cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compiler Support for Software Cache Coherence

The advent of multi-core processors with a largenumber of cores and heterogeneous architecture poses challengesfor achieving scalable cache coherence. Several recent researchefforts have focused on simplifying or abandoning hardwarecache coherence protocols. However, this adds a significantburden on the programmer, unless automated compiler supportis developed. In this paper, we develop compiler support for parallel systemsthat delegate the task of maintaining cache coherence to software. Algorithms to automatically insert software cache coherenceinstructions into parallel applications are presented. This freesthe programmer from having to manually insert coherenceannotations, which can be tedious and error-prone. Experimentalevaluation over a number of benchmarks demonstrates thateffective compiler techniques can make software cache coherencecompetitive with hardware coherence schemes both in terms ofenergy and performance.
Oceanus: A multi-spacecraft flagship mission concept to explore Saturn and Uranus

Abstract Uranus, together with Neptune in our Solar System, belongs to a class of planets called ice giants, which have never been explored using a dedicated mission. A mission to explore the ice giants is one of the highest priority missions of NASA. In this paper, we present a new and unique multi-probe, multi-planet spacecraft to explore two of the outer planets, Saturn and Uranus. The mission concept addresses the high-priority science goals of Saturn and Uranus as set forth by the National Research Council’s Planetary Sciences Decadal Survey: Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022. The growing importance of understanding the evolution and role of ice giants in extra-solar planetary systems makes Uranus a pertinent scientific target. The mission concept employs the Space Launch System to deliver a 1700 kg orbiter to Uranus using a ballistic Saturn-Uranus trajectory with a time-of-flight of 11.5 years. The baseline mission concept includes two atmospheric entry probes: one deployed at Saturn and another at Uranus prior to an impulsive orbit capture. A payload of nine remote sensing and in situ plasma instruments onboard the orbiter support a broad array of investigations during the nominal 2-year science mission. In addition to the baseline concept, system trade studies were conducted to explore the advantages of aerocapture and use of the Space Launch System. Based on the results of these trade studies, a preferred point design within constraints of NASA’s Flagship program can be launched in the late 2020s. A neural network model using analogy-based data was developed to estimate the mission cost, which was found to be $1.9 billion in FY15$.
Education and intimate war of position: The National Security League's Committee on Patriotism through Education, 1917–1919

Abstract The National Security League was an elite private lobbying group in the World War I preparedness movement in the United States. Its educational wing was a group consisting mostly of college professors called the Committee on Patriotism through Education, which sought to use education to promote a militaristic brand of patriotism. This paper adds to our knowledge of the geopolitics of the period by critically reviewing the Committee's propaganda efforts, as organized into its Patriotism through Education Series. More importantly, this paper theorizes this propaganda by engaging with two literatures that seldom cross paths: emerging interest in intimacy-geopolitics and Gramsci's concept of war of position. Intimacy-geopolitics is used to highlight the performative edge of war propaganda, as it directs desire and affect to toward geopolitical visions which accord with elite visions of the good life. Intimacy-geopolitics as an analytical framework helps connect affect and war in a way that avoids scalar hierarchies of violence. The Committee deliberately sought to direct emotion toward militaristic ends, and saw teachers as foot soldiers in that effort. Understanding how war propaganda works through affect, that is, how it positions country as an object of affection, also qualifies and dovetails with an understanding of war propaganda as elemental to the Gramscian war of position. Quite apart from accusations of war-profiteering, elite manipulation of desire and affect toward the war effort also worked to obfuscate class interest in favor of gender and other social roles.
Controlled Ion Release from Novel Polyester/Ceramic Composites Enhances Osteoinductivity

Due to the growing number of patients suffering from musculoskeletal defects and the limited supply of and sub-optimal outcomes associated with biological graft materials, novel biomaterials must be created that can function as graft substitutes. For bone regeneration, composite materials that mimic the organic and inorganic phases of natural bone can provide cues which expedite and enhance endogenous repair. Specifically, recent research has shown that calcium and phosphate ions are inherently osteoinductive, so controllably delivering their release holds significant promise for this field. In this study, unique aliphatic polyesters were synthesized and complexed with a rapidly decomposing ceramic (monobasic calcium phosphate, MCP) yielding novel polymer/ceramic composite biomaterials. It was discovered that the fast dissolution and rapid burst release of ions from MCP could be modulated depending on polymer length and chemistry. Also, controlled ion release was found to moderate solution pH associated with polyester degradation. When composite biomaterials were incubated with mesenchymal stems cells (MSCs) they were found to better facilitate osteogenic differentiation than the individual components as evidenced by increased alkaline phosphate expression and more rapid mineralization. These results indicate that controlling calcium and phosphate ion release via a polyester matrix is a promising approach for bone regenerative engineering.
Hematologic Malignancies Are Associated with Adverse Perioperative Outcomes following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

The treatment of hematologic malignancies has advanced over the years, resulting in an improved survival of patients. As a result, these patients may be a part of the increasing population requiring total knee arthroplasty (TKA); however, they might be at a higher risk of adverse perioperative outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the perioperative outcomes (complications, length of stay [LOS], and costs) of patients with hematologic malignancies following TKA. This study used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) to identify patients who underwent TKA in the United States from 2000 to 2011. Patients diagnosed with any hematologic malignancy (N = 24,714) were then stratified by Hodgkin's disease (N = 791), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (N = 7,096), plasma cell dyscrasias (N = 1,621), leukemia (N = 8,005), myeloproliferative disease (N = 5,746), and/or myelodysplastic syndromes (N = 1,608) for determining the complications that occurred during admission. Propensity matching was performed for demographics, hospital characteristics, and comorbidities, which yielded 24,491 patients with any hematologic malignancy and 24,458 control patients. Additionally, propensity matching was performed for the hematologic malignancy subtypes. Multivariable regression models were used to analyze the surgical and medical complications, LOS, and costs. The annual frequency of THA in patients with any hematologic malignancy increased from 2000 to 2011 (p < 0.0001). Hematologic malignancies were associated with an increased risk of any surgery-related complication (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, p < 0.0001) and any general medical complication (OR = 1.38, p < 0.0001). Patients with any hematologic malignancy had increased odds of complications, including acute postoperative anemia (OR = 1.29, p < 0.0001), hematoma/seroma (OR = 1.65, p < 0.02), peripheral vascular disease (OR = 2.23, p = 0.046), deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (OR = 1.95, p = 0.02), and blood transfusion (OR = 1.61, p < 0.0001). Hematologic malignancies were associated with an increased incremental LOS (0.13 d, p < 0.0001) and an increased incremental cost ($788, p < 0.0001). Thus, we conclude that following TKA, patients with hematologic malignancies are at an increased risk of perioperative complications, longer LOS, and higher costs. The risk quantification for adverse perioperative outcomes in association with an increased cost may help design different risk stratification and reimbursement methods in such patients when undergoing TKA.
Entrepreneurship addiction: Shedding light on the manifestation of the “dark side” in work-behavior patterns

We examine the notion of entrepreneurship addiction, the compulsive engagement in entrepreneurial activities. We address what is unique about this type of behavioral addiction compared to related w...
The Street: A Quintessential Social Public Space

The Street: A Quintessential Social Public Space. By Vikas Mehta. xiv and 256 pp.; maps, ills., bibliog., index. New York: Routledge, 2013. $190.00 (cloth), isbn 9780415527101; $69.70 (paper), isbn...
Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions and Loose Bodies of the Elbow

Ostochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions consist of a localized portion of the articular surface separating from the underlying bone [1]. Elbow OCD lesions typically occur in the capitellum of the dominant upper extremity. These injuries typically occur in adolescent baseball players and gymnasts, likely due to the repetitive overhead activity and upper extremity weight bearing performed in these sports [2–5].
Cost(s) of caring for patients with cystic fibrosis.

Purpose of review Cystic fibrosis (CF) has received a lot of attention in the past few years because of increased longevity and the emergence of ground-breaking new drugs targeting the molecular and cellular defects, making a huge clinical difference, and - not incidentally - carrying massive price tags. The prices of these new drugs make the question of overall costs of CF care highly relevant. Recent findings This article reviews recent developments in CF science and treatment, and highlights areas that contribute to costs of CF care, emphasizing how these costs have increased. Summary This article should help the pediatrician stay abreast of high points of CF care, with an awareness of the factors that wield the biggest influence on overall costs, to patients, families and the US healthcare system.
Correlates of prescription opioid misuse among Black adults: Findings from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Abstract Background Prescription drug misuse, especially opioid misuse, has become a public health crisis in the US. While much research attention has been focused on prescription drug misuse, a number of notable gaps in the literature remain. The current research addresses one of these gaps by examining racial/ethnic variation in prescription opioid misuse among adults. Methods We use data from the 2015 NSDUH to identify correlates of prescription opioid misuse among Black respondents aged 18 and older. The NSDUH defines prescription drug misuse as the use of prescription drugs in any way a doctor did not direct respondents to use them, including (a) without a prescription of their own; (b) in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told to use; or (c) in any other way a doctor did not tell respondents to use the drug. Results Findings indicate that Black respondents have a very similar prevalence rate of prescription opioid misuse compared to White respondents. A number of factors (i.e., gender, socioeconomic status, educational attainment) were significantly correlated with prescription opioid misuse only among Black respondents. In addition, many factors (i.e., depression, general health, other illicit drug use, being approached by a drug dealer) were significantly associated with prescription opioid misuse among both Black and White respondents. Conclusions The current research identified a number of unique correlates of prescription opioid misuse among Black adults. To more effectively deal with the current public health crisis, research must identify risk factors among various groups within the population.
Changes in Utilization and Discard of HCV Antibody-Positive Deceased Donor Kidneys in the Era of Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy.

BackgroundThe availability of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy might have impacted use of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected (HCV+) deceased donor kidneys for transplantation.MethodsWe used 2005 to 2018 Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data to identify 18 936 candidates willing to acc
Helix-Turn-Helix Motif

The helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif is commonly found in proteins that bind DNA, especially transcription factors. In recognizing DNA, the last helix of the HTH motif that is commonly referred to as the recognition helix inserts into the DNA major groove to mediate base-specific DNA recognition. The regulatory activity of transcription factors containing the HTH motif is dependent upon the context of the HTH domain within the larger protein and is found in both the basal transcriptional machinery and the gene- or operon-specific transcriptional activators and repressors. Importantly, however, the HTH motif also occurs in other protein families, especially multidomain proteins involved in nucleic acid metabolism, where it functions to recruit the protein to the nucleic acid. Finally, though much less common, some proteins instead utilize the HTH domain in protein–protein interactions.
Effects of SB 1070 on Children

Although Arizona is perhaps the most visible state to initiate draconian policies to apprehend and deport undocumented immigrants and to deter others from coming into the state, it is not the only one. In spite of costly litigation against SB 1070, economic boycotts to the state, and numerous protests, other states have followed the actions of Arizona legislators. Several states have proposed and passed Arizona-style bills since SB 1070 was signed into law in April 2010 in Arizona.
U.S. policy and Taiwan’s reintegration into the global community

Taiwan is making headway in its campaign to improve its international position. After years of publicly ignoring Taiwan, many foreign governments are willing to upgrade relations with Taipei. This article outlines the background of Taiwan’s new “pragmatic” approach to foreign policy and explores various considerations that are helping the island break out of its diplomatic isolation. In conclusion, the author suggests that the United States should support Taiwan in its bid to rejoin the international community.
Biodiversity and Biogeochemical Cycles

Ever-increasing human activity across the tropical landscape inevitably results in the loss of biodiversity at some spatial scales (Wilson 1988; Whitmore and Sayer 1992). For example, it is well known that the replacement of diverse tropical forests with less species-rich systems results in the loss of genetic resources and of new, potentially useful plants and animals. Global-scale changes are also likely to have an impact on biodiversity, both directly through physiological responses to climate change, and indirectly through changes in the physical environment, ecosystem processes, and species interactions (Harte et al. 1992). To better determine the outcome of human-induced changes to tropical forests, we must understand the role of biodiversity in mediating ecosystem-level processes. This chapter examines the relationship between biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles in tropical forests. We begin by defining appropriate terms for biodiversity and biogeochemistry and then build a conceptual framework for linking species and ecosystem processes. Finally, we discuss the empirical evidence documenting the effects of changes in biodiversity on energy processing and nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
Artificial General Intelligence through Large-Scale, Multimodal Bayesian Learning

An artificial system that achieves human-level performance on open-domain tasks must have a huge amount of knowledge about the world. We argue that the most feasible way to construct such a system is to let it learn from the large collections of text, images, and video that are available online. More specifically, the system should use a Bayesian probability model to construct hypotheses about both specific objects and events, and general patterns that explain the observed data.
Design and Technology Co-Optimization for exploring Power, Performance, Area and Manufacturability Trade-offs in Advanced FDSOI and FinFET Technologies

Advanced Technology Development requires detailed and extensive Design and Technology Co-optimization (DTCO), from device to design to application, to balance system-dependent Power, Performance and Area (PPA) with manufacturability of the technology for steep yield ramp in production. The multi-dimensional exploration and trade-off analysis requires deeper understanding of the process, lithography, device, digital, analog and memory design constraints, as well as application- and system-level implications at a very early stage of technology development. In this paper, we will present the top challenges, mitigation and trade-offs needed to realize an optimized solution in both FDSOI and FinFET Technologies.
Microfluidic affinity separation chip for selective capture and release of label-free ovarian cancer exosomes

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles found in many bodily fluids which play a significant role in cell-to-cell signaling and contain biomolecules indicative of their cells of origin. Recently, microfluidic devices have provided the ability to efficiently capture exosomes based on specific membrane biomarkers, but releasing the captured exosomes intact and label-free for downstream characterization and experimentation remains a challenge. We present a herringbone-grooved microfluidic device which is covalently functionalized with antibodies against general and cancer exosome membrane biomarkers (CD9 and EpCAM) to isolate exosomes from small volumes of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) serum. Following capture, intact exosomes are released label-free using a low pH buffer and immediately neutralized downstream to ensure their stability. Characterization of captured and released exosomes was performed using fluorescence microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow-cytometry, and SEM. Our results demonstrate the successful isolation of intact and label-free exosomes, indicate that the amount of both total and EpCAM+ exosomes increases with HGSOC disease progression, and demonstrate the downstream internalization of isolated exosomes by OVCAR8 cells. This device and approach can be utilized for a nearly limitless range of downstream exosome analytical and experimental techniques, both on and off-chip.
Survey design to assess condition of wetlands in the United States

The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) initiated planning in 2007 and conducted field work in 2011 for the first National Wetland Condition Assessment (NWCA) as part of the National Aquatic Resource Surveys (NARS). It complements the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) National Wetland Status and Trends (S&T) program that estimates wetland acres nationally. The NWCA used a stratified, unequal probability survey design based on wetland information from S&T plots to select 900 sites for the conterminous 48 states. Based on site evaluation information, the NWCA estimates that there are 94.9 (± 6.20) million acres of wetlands in the NWCA target wetland population (reported in acres to be consistent with S&T). Not all of the estimated target population acres could be sampled due to accessibility and field issues. Based on the sites that could be sampled, the sampled population for the NWCA is estimated to be 62.2 (± 5.28) million acres of wetland area. Landowner denial for access was the main reason (24.7% ± 3.5%) for the sampled population being smaller than the target population, and physical inaccessibility was the second reason (6.8% ± 2.1%). The NWCA 2011 survey design was successful in enabling a national survey for wetland condition to be conducted and coordinated with the USFWS S&T survey of wetland extent. The NWCA 2016 survey design has been modified to address sample frame issues resulting from the difference in S&T focusing only on national estimates and NWCA focusing on national and regional estimates.
Site-Specific Mechanisms in OH-Initiated Organic Aerosol Heterogeneous Oxidation Revealed by Isomer-Resolved Molecular Characterization

Organic aerosols (OA) in the atmosphere are composed of molecules with highly diverse chemical structures and functionalities. The OH-initiated heterogeneous aging of these organic molecules could ...
Peptide-functionalized Single-walled Carbon Nanotube Field-effect Transistors for Monitoring Volatile Organic Compounds in Breath

This paper presents peptide-functionalized carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) aimed to discriminate four different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (isopropyl alcohol, acetone, isoprene, and toluene) found in breath. Previous CNT FETs for VOC detection have shown detection of explosives or food quality indicators. Sensing human breath gases related to an individual’s health and/or performance, however, has not yet been explored by using peptide-based CNT FETs. In addition, previous CNT FETs have required complicated immobilization techniques, such as design of fusion peptides (combination of known peptides with linker residuals), or special chemical treatments for the CNT functionalization. The present, novel CNT FETs are functionalized with 12-mer peptides identified using phage display. The identified peptides have an affinity to CNTs, making them easy to be functionalized without additional conjugate linkers or surface modifications. From VOCs exposure test results, the present CNT FETs, utilizing the specific peptides, successfully showed not only discrimination of the four different breath-related VOCs, but also the advantageous characteristics of being easily functionalized. The proposed CNT FETs have potentials for wearable breath monitoring applications such as personal health diagnosis and real-time human performance assessments.
Strategy Instruction to Support Struggling Readers in Comprehending Expository Main Ideas

This article describes a comprehension strategy that can be used by teachers to help students identify and construct the main ideas for expository texts. The BURNS Strategy (i.e., Box. Underline. R...
SMOOTH BIMODULES AND COHOMOLOGY OF II1 FACTORS

Author(s): Galatan, Alin | Advisor(s): Popa, Sorin | Abstract: The work in this thesis, which is based to a large extent on a joint paper with ProfessorPopa [GP14], provides a systematic study of derivations of von Neumann algebras M with values in Banach M -bimodules that satisfy a combination of smoothness and operatorial conditions. A typical example of such a smooth bimodule for M is the ideal of compact operators K(H) on the Hilbert space H on which M acts, a case that was fully analyzed in [JP72; Pop84], where it was shown that any derivation of M into K(H) is inner, i.e. it is implemented by an element in K(H).However, we show that the class of smooth subbimodules of B(H) is much larger. We then provide a far reaching generalizations of the results in [JP72, Pop84], by showing that given any norm-closed smooth M -subbimodule B0 B(H), any derivation of M into B0is inner. Moreover, we prove that if the von Neumann algebra M is either properly infnite, or it is finite but has \good decomposability" properties (e.g, if it contains a diuse amenable wq-normal von Neumann subalgebra), then given any abstract Banach M -bimodule B_0 satisfying the operatorial and smoothness conditions, all derivations of M into B0 are inner.
"Alexa, stop spying on me!": speech privacy protection against voice assistants

Voice assistants (VAs) are becoming highly popular recently as a general means of interacting with the Internet of Things. However, the use of always-on microphones on VAs imposes a looming threat on users' privacy. In this paper, we propose MicShield, the first system that serves as a companion device to enforce privacy preservation on VAs. MicShield introduces a novel selective jamming mechanism, which obfuscates the user's private speech while passing legitimate voice commands to the VAs. It achieves this by using a phoneme level jamming control pipeline. Our implementation and experiments demonstrate that MicShield can effectively protect a user's private speech, without affecting the VA's responsiveness.
CRITERION-BASED REHABILITATION PROGRAM WITH RETURN TO SPORT TESTING FOLLOWING ACL RECONSTRUCTION: A CASE SERIES

Background Less than 50% of those sustaining an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury return to their preinjury level of sports participation or participate in competitive sport at two to seven years post ACL reconstruction (ACLR). After ACLR, it has been reported that frequency of subsequent ACL tears has reached as high as 31%. Purpose The purpose of this case series was to evaluate return to sport and reinjury rates following the use of a criterion-based rehabilitation protocol with a final return to sport test that utilizes minimal equipment following ACL reconstruction. Study design Case series. Methods Following ACL reconstruction, participants were included if they had a goal of returning to their pre-injury sport or level of activity, were between 16 and 50 years of age at the time of evaluation, had at least 25 physical therapy visits covered by insurance, and planned to complete physical therapy until clearance for return to sport. Results Forty-three participants met the inclusion criteria and enrolled in the study. Twenty-one participants completed the full course of rehabilitation including passing their return to sport test and nineteen participants completed the two-year follow-up. Data obtained at two years indicated that 84% were able to return to their preinjury level of sports competition. A smaller percentage (16%) were able to return to a reduced level of sport and only one participant reported a second ACL injury. Conclusion Participants that completed the full course of rehabilitation and passed return to sport testing had a larger percentage that were able to return to preinjury participation levels than currently reported in the literature. This case series did not exclude participants based on graft type, single vs double bundle procedure, ACL revision surgeries, nor concomitant procedures or injuries. Level of evidence Level 4.
Photon-limited bounds for phase retrieval.

We show that the optimal Cramer-Rao lower bound on the mean-square error for the estimation of a coherent signal from photon-limited intensity measurements is equal to the number of signal elements, or the number of signal elements minus one when we account for the unobservable reference phase. Whereas this bound is attained by phase-quadrature holography, we also show that it can be attained through a phase-retrieval system that does not require a coherent reference. We also present the bounds for classic phase-retrieval and ptychography, and show that practical coding strategies can approach optimal performance.
Silent tracker: in-band beam management for soft handover for mm-wave networks

In mm-wave networks, cell sizes are small due to high path and penetration losses. Mobiles need to frequently switch softly from one cell to another to preserve network connections and context. Each soft handover involves the mobile performing directional neighbor cell search, tracking cell beams, completing cell access request, and finally, context switching. The mobile must independently discover cell beams, derive timing information, and maintain beam alignment throughout the process to avoid packet loss and hard handover. We propose Silent Tracker which enables a mobile to reliably manage handover events by maintaining an aligned beam until the successful handover completion. It is an entirely in-band beam mechanism that does not need any side information. Experimental evaluations show that Silent tracker maintains the mobile's receive beam aligned to the potential target base station's transmit beam till the successful conclusion of handover in three mobility scenarios: human walk, device rotation, and 20 mph vehicular speed.
Management of Early-Stage Rectal Cancer.

CASE SUMMARY A 59-year-old man underwent screening colonoscopy that identified a 2-cm rectal polyp in the posterior midline, 7 cm from the anal verge. Biopsy revealed a tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia. The patient underwent a robotic-assisted transanal minimally invasive surgery with full-thickness excision (Fig. 1). Final pathology confirmed a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma extending into the submucosa (sm2). There was no lymphovascular or perineural invasion, and the radial margin was 5 mm.
Implications of Using the Tool

The tool is designed to help organizations make decisions based on the data collected. The data collected is significant since it is the basis from which instructional design decisions are made regarding structure and content. Because training is closely linked to performance goals, the overall goals of the organization influence the type of content that will be delivered. Design and content decisions are also dependent on the infrastructural capacity of the organization. Learner characteristics also have an influence on how content is packaged for delivery.
Securing Hardware via Dynamic Obfuscation Utilizing Reconfigurable Interconnect and Logic Blocks

Maximizing profits while minimizing risk in a technologically advanced silicon industry has motivated the globalization of the fabrication process and electronic hardware supply chain. However, with the increasing magnitude of successful hardware attacks, the security of many hardware IPs has been compromised. Many existing security works have focused on resolving a single vulnerability while neglecting other threats. This motivated to propose a novel approach for securing hardware IPs during the fabrication process and supply chain via logic obfuscation by utilizing emerging spin-based devices. Our proposed dynamic obfuscation approach uses reconfigurable logic and interconnects blocks (RIL-Blocks), consisting of Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM)-based Look Up Tables and switch boxes flexibility and resiliency against state-of-the-art SAT-based attacks and power side-channel attacks while incurring a small overhead. The proposed Scan Enabled Obfuscation circuitry obfuscates the oracle circuit’s responses and further fortifies the logic and routing obfuscation provided by the RIL-Blocks, resembling a defense-in-depth approach. The empirical evaluation of security provided by the proposed RIL-Blocks on the ISCAS benchmark and common evaluation platform (CEP) circuit shows that resiliency comes with reduced overhead while providing resiliency to various hardware security threats.
Power semiconductor device models for use in circuit simulators

The publicly available power semiconductor device models are surveyed, their performances are compared, and recommendations for specific simulation applications are presented. It is shown that the accurate models available for the power BJT and MOSFET often cannot run on the same simulators, power transistor models are more completely developed than thyristor models, and no suitable power rectifier model exists that can produce accurate switching waveforms. >
Global, in situ, site-specific analysis of protein S-sulfenylation

Protein S-sulfenylation is a reversible oxidative modification of cysteine thiol groups. Modified sites react with a dimedone-based probe, DYn-2 which can be used for both enrichment and detection by mass spectrometry as described in this protocol.
Optical implementation of various interconnection networks

The use of reversible nonlinear interface devices (RNIs) to design optical interconnection networks for single instruction multiple data (SIMD) machines is proposed. An optical two-by-two switch requires four RNI devices. This design is shown. The basic two-by-two optical switches can be used to construct small and medium-size optical crossbar networks. The performances of the optical versions of Benes, Clos, shuffle exchange, and delta networks are compared. >
Task Environments for the Dynamic Development of Behavior

The development of complex, adaptive behavior in biological organisms represents vast improvement over current methods of learning for artificial autonomous systems. Dynamical and embodied models of cognition [1-13] are beginning to provide new insights into how the chaotic, non-linear dynamics of heterogeneous neural structures may self-organize in order to develop effective patterns of behavior. We are interested in creating models of ontogenetic development that capture some of the flexibility and power of biological systems. In this paper we present a testbed for the creation and testing of models of development. We present some results on standard neural networks in learning to perform this task and discuss future plans for developmental models in this environment.
Administrative Law: Immigration, Amnesty, and the Rule of Law, 2007 National Lawyers Convention of the Federalist Society

Immigration is a divisive issue, but it is interesting that it is not one that necessarily falls along partisan lines. Recall when President Bush made common cause with the Democratic majority in the House and the Senate in 2007, and they were unable together to pass comprehensive immigration reform legislation. Why is that? Rudy Giuliani may have had it right: After the failure of the legislation, he said that the problem with the bill was that there was no overarching theme; there was no compelling narrative to the legislation. I agree with that. The bill that was proposed in the House and the Senate was one that simply seemed to be cobbled together as a melange of compromise provisions and conflicting elements: border enforcement, regularization, and the guest worker program. It didn’t hold together. Interestingly, that combination of elements had worked in 1986, the last time we had major immigration reform. In that legislation, Congress imposed sanctions on employers who hired undocumented immigrants, and also provided a massive legalization program. But in 1986, we had a consistent story that put those elements together.
Depressive Symptoms in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Objective To assess depression in children with chronic kidney disease and to determine associations with patient characteristics, intellectual and educational levels, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Study design Subjects aged 6-17 years from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children cohort study completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-II-Abbreviated, and the Pediatric Inventory of Quality of Life Core Scales 4.0. Regression analyses determined associations of CDI score and depression status with subject characteristics, intellectual and educational levels, and HRQoL. A joint linear mixed model and Weibull model were used to determine the effects of CDI score on longitudinal changes in glomerular filtration rate and time to renal replacement therapy. Results A total of 344 subjects completed the CDI. Eighteen (5%) had elevated depressive symptoms, and another 7 (2%) were being treated for depression. In adjusted analyses, maternal education beyond high school was associated with 5% lower CDI scores (estimate, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99). Depression status was associated with lower IQ (99 vs 88; P = .053), lower achievement (95 vs 77.5; P Conclusion Children with depression had lower psychoeducational skills and worse HRQoL. Identifying and treating depression should be evaluated as a means of improving the academic performance and HRQoL of children with chronic kidney disease.
Mutations in the nucleotide binding pocket of MreB can alter cell curvature and polar morphology in Caulobacter

The maintenance of cell shape in Caulobacter crescentus requires the essential gene mreB, which encodes a member of the actin superfamily and the target of the antibiotic, A22. We isolated 35 unique A22-resistant Caulobacter strains with single amino acid substitutions near the nucleotide binding site of MreB. Mutations that alter cell curvature and mislocalize the intermediate filament crescentin cluster on the back surface of MreB's structure. Another subset have variable cell widths, with wide cell bodies and actively growing thin extensions of the cell poles that concentrate fluorescent MreB. We found that the extent to which MreB localization is perturbed is linearly correlated with the development of pointed cell poles and variable cell widths. Further, we find that a mutation to glycine of two conserved aspartic acid residues that are important for nucleotide hydrolysis in other members of the actin superfamily abolishes robust midcell recruitment of MreB but supports a normal rate of growth. These mutant strains provide novel insight into how MreB's protein structure, subcellular localization, and activity contribute to its function in bacterial cell shape.
Immunogenic Activity of a Ribosomal Fraction Obtained from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Youmans, Anne S. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.), and Guy P. Youmans. Immunogenic activity of a ribosomal fraction obtained from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 89:1291-1298. 1965.-The highly immunogenic particulate fraction obtained from mechanically ruptured cells of the H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was suspended and centrifuged at 20,360 x g. The supernatant liquid from this centrifugation was centrifuged at 56,550 x g to remove the larger particles, and the supernatant liquid from this was centrifuged at 144,000 x g to obtain a ribosomal fraction. The sediments from the first two centrifugations were highly immunogenic, but the ribosomal fraction showed only slight capacity to immunize mice. However, when the ribosomal fraction was mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant, the immunogenic activity was equivalent to the particulate fraction from which it was prepared. To test the hypothesis that some membranous substance in the particulate fraction was acting as an adjuvant for the smaller particles in the ribosomal fraction, portions of the particulate fraction were treated separately with each of the membrane-disrupting agents, sodium deoxycholate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and 1 m sodium chloride. The treated materials were then centrifuged at 144,000 x g, and the sediments were tested for immunogenicity both with and without the addition of Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Without the adjuvant, the immunizing activities were very weak or absent; with the adjuvant, they were equivalent to that of the particulate fraction from which they were prepared. Other factors which have been found to damage or destroy membranes, such as freezing and thawing, and heat, also significantly decreased the immunogenic activity of the particulate fraction unless it was incorporated into Freund's incomplete adjuvant. The larger particles which sedimented at 56,550 x g were also treated with sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium chloride. Again, immunogenicity was greatly reduced but was fully restored by use of Freund's incomplete adjuvant. The data suggest, then, that the immunizing component of the particulate fraction is a substance (ribosomal?) which sediments at 144,000 x g, but for maximal immunizing activity a labile, possibly membranous, moiety of the mycobacterial cell, which has the properties of an adjuvant, is required.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor activation does not elevate intracellular cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate in cells expressing high levels of receptors

Activation of TRH receptors (TRH-R) stimulates a signal transduction pathway that leads to the formation of two second messenger molecules, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol. It has been suggested that TRH may also cause an elevation of another second messenger, cAMP. As adenovirus-mediated gene transfer allows expression of TRH-R to high levels in a number of cell types, we tested again whether TRH-R activation might elevate intracellular cAMP in these more sensitive cell systems. In five cell lines, including three human lines, infection with a replication defective adenovirus that encodes the mouse TRH-R complementary DNA (AdCMVmTRHR) induced the expression of 0.2-2 million TRH-R/cell. AdCMVmTRHR-infected cells were activated by a maximally effective dose of TRH, and the levels of inositol phosphates and cAMP were measured. TRH stimulated the production of inositol phosphates from 5- to 9-fold in all cell types, but did not elevate cAMP in any cell type. These data confirm that TRH-R activation does not lead to an elevation of intracellular cAMP.
The Marshall syndrome: report of a new family and review of the literature.

The Marshall syndrome is an autosomal dominant trait comprising ocular abnormalities, sensorineural hearing loss, craniofacial anomalies, and anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. To our knowledge, only seven additional multigenerational families have been reported since the initial description of the disorder by Marshall in 1958. We present a family in which six members in four generations are affected with apparent Marshall syndrome. We also review and compare similar disorders, such as Stickler, Weissenbacher-Zweimuller, and Wagner syndromes, and conclude that Marshall syndrome is a distinct entity.
Dust Grain Damage to Interstellar Laser-Pushed Lightsail

Lightsails pushed by laser beams to velocities around 0.1c have been proposed as propulsion systems for interstellar travel. These lightsailswill undergo high-energy collisionswith small ( » 1-μm)dust grains in the interstellar environment. For a very thin beryllium sail, the grains pass through the sail with only 10i 4 of the energy coupled into the sail. The resulting damaged area is not signi cantly larger than the cross section of the dust grain. Only a small fraction (10i 6 –10 i 4) of the sail will be destroyed by these 1-μm-sized grains during the sail acceleration. For thick sails or larger grains, the damage can be more signi cant.
Customer satisfaction in the restaurant industry: an examination of the transaction‐specific model

Purpose – To determine the factors that explain customer satisfaction in the full service restaurant industry.Design/methodology/approach – Secondary research and qualitative interviews were used to build the model of customer satisfaction. A structured questionnaire was employed to gather data and test the model. Sampling involved a random selection of addresses from the telephone book and was supplemented by respondents selected on the basis of judgment sampling. Factor analysis and multiple regression were used to test the model.Findings – The regression model suggested that customer satisfaction was influenced most by responsiveness of the frontline employees, followed by price and food quality (in that order). Physical design and appearance of the restaurant did not have a significant effect.Research limitations/implications – To explain customer satisfaction better, it may be important to look at additional factors or seek better measures of the constructs. For example, the measures of food quality ...
Effect of the P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor, Cyclosporine A, on the Distribution of Rhodamine-123 to the Brain: An in Vivo Microdialysis Study in Freely Moving Rats

The p-glycoprotein is a transmembrane efflux transporter found on the luminal side of the capillary endothelial cells that comprise the blood-brain barrier. This study examined the effect of a p-glycoprotein inhibitor, cyclosporin A, on the distribution to the brain of a p-glycoprotein substrate, rhodamine-123, in freely moving rats using intracerebral microdialysis coupled with on-line HPLC analysis. Results from crossover experiments show that the coadministration of cyclosporin A significantly increased the distribution of rhodamine-123 to the brain. The plasma disposition of rhodamine-123 was unchanged by cyclosporin A, indicating that the change in brain exposure was mediated by a process at the level of the blood-brain barrier, possibly by inhibition of the p-glycoprotein efflux transporter. This finding suggests a functional activity of the p-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier and validates an in vivo model to examine the role of this transporter in the brain distribution of drugs.
Eating disorders and alcohol use: group differences in consumption rates and drinking motives

Alcohol use and drinking motives were investigated among college women divided into four probable eating disorder groups: Bulimia Nervosa, purging subtype (BN n=16) Binge Eating Disorder (BED n=30) Eating Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS n=85) and Non-Eating Disordered Controls (NEDC n=252). Participants completed questionnaires that assessed eating behaviors and attitudes, motives for drinking alcohol, quantity and frequency of alcohol use, and binge drinking. The BED group reported greater weekend alcohol consumption and binge drinking than the EDNOS and NEDC groups. The BN and BED groups were significantly more likely to endorse Coping as a drinking motive than the EDNOS and NEDC groups. The NEDC group was more likely to endorse Mood Enhancement than the EDNOS group. These results offer one explanation for the relationship between eating and alcohol use disorders. Women with eating disorders may use alcohol to cope with negative affect, analogous to findings that women with eating disorders report binge eating to regulate negative affect [Mizes, J. S. (1985). Bulimia: A review of its symptomatology and treatment. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 7, 91-142].
An empirical study of program quality during testing and maintenance

In this paper, we report the results of a study conducted on a large commercial software system written in assembly language. Unlike studies of the past, our data represent the unit test, integration, and all categories of the maintenance phase: adaptive, perfective, and corrective. The results confirm that faults and change activity are related to software measurements. In addition, we report the relationship between the number of design change requests and software measurements. This new observation has the potential to aid the software engineering management process. Finally, we demonstrate the value of multiple regression models over simple regression models.
IQ, the worst performance rule, and Spearman's law: a reanalysis and extension

Abstract This paper focused on two hypotheses: the worst performance rule, which states that worst performance on a cognitive task predicts g-loaded measures such as IQ better than best performance, and Spearman's law, which states that the g-loading of IQ decreases with aptitude and with age during childhood. Combining these two hypotheses, the present study tested a new hypothesis: the worst performance rule should hold for younger and lower-IQ children, whose IQs should be highly g-loaded, but perhaps not for older and higher-IQ children, whose IQs should be less g-loaded. The new hypothesis was tested by reanalyzing archival data and extending Coyle's [Intelligence 29 (2001) 117] worst performance analysis. Nongifted (n=81, mean IQ=108.94) and gifted (n=85, mean IQ=140.19) children in second through fourth grade received five study-recall trials of words. IQ was correlated with worst performance (fewest words recalled across trials), best performance (most words recalled across trials), and strategy use. As predicted, only the younger nongifted children showed evidence of the worst performance rule (i.e., worst performance was the best predictor of IQ). However, gifted–nongifted difference tests of the IQ-worst performance correlation were not significant at any grade level, although the magnitude of the differences varied in the predicted direction (i.e., gifted–nongifted differences were most pronounced at the lower grades and declined with age). The results were interpreted in the context of the differentiation hypothesis, which states that mental ability becomes more differentiated and less g-loaded with increases in age and IQ.