cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model Uncertainty in Sociological Research: An Application to Religion and Economic Growth

Model uncertainty is pervasive in quantitative research. Classical statistical theory assumes that only one (true) model is applied to a sample of data. In practice, however, researchers do not know which exact model specification is best. Modern computing power allows researchers to estimate a huge number of plausible models, yet only a few of these estimates are published. The result is a severe asymmetry of information between analyst and reader. The applied modeling process produces a much wider range of estimates than is suggested by the usual standard errors or confidence intervals. I demonstrate this using the work of Barro and McCleary on religion and economic growth. Small, sensible changes in their model specification produce large changes in the results: the results are inconsistent across time, and the instrumental variables strategy suffers from a weak instrument set. Also, the observed relationship between religiosity and economic growth does not hold in the West; it is largely a feature of ...
Transition vesicle-enriched fractions isolated from rat liver exhibit a unique peptide pattern

Isolated fractions enriched in transition vesicles isolated by preparative free-flow electrophoresis from transition elements of endoplasmic reticulum incubated with ATP and a cytosol fraction in a cell free system, exhibited a polypeptide composition distinct from that of the original transitional endoplasmic reticulum fractions. The transition vesicles were deficient in peptides of apparent molecular mass between 200 and 270 kD, in the vicinity of 65 kD and less than 40 kD. Immunoblot analysis suggested a 140 kD protein to be concentrated in transition vesicles and low or absent from the endoplasmic reticulum fractions from which the transition vesicles were derived.
Finite-Element Model of the Silk Electrogelation Process

Driven by the desire to fulfill major needs for medical adhesives that fully degrade with time, adhere to wet tissues, control bleeding, and are mechanically durable with controlled drug-release capabilities, our group has discovered a unique new material called “e-gel”. The e-gel forms during a process called electrogelation, when a low-voltage direct-current field causes a sol-gel transition in an aqueous silk protein solution. The e-gel is fully biocompatible and exhibits exceptional adhesive properties, both to tissue and synthetic surfaces (including water environments) and can also be re-dissolved into solution by reversal of electrical polarity. Furthermore, small shear forces induce structural alignment of silk proteins resulting in the irreversible transition to the gel state. To help elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing e-gel formation and growth we have developed a finite element model of the electrogelation process. The model examines how the dynamics of the pH field, caused by electrolysis of water, controls e-gel growth. The pH field is variable during electrogelation due to the interplay of positive H+ ions generated at the e-gel forming (+) electrode and the negative OH- ions formed at the opposite (-) electrode. The acidic pH propagates from the positive electrode and induces a gradual transition of the silk protein to the gel state. Our ion electro-diffusion model has been experimentally verified and provides the ability to predict, for a given set of conditions (e.g. strength of the current, geometry of the setup) the growth of the e-gel from the positive toward the negative electrode, including its final, steady-state length. The model is adaptable and can serve as a platform for more intricate, multiscale models that would couple conformational changes of silk proteins with macro-scale ion and protein transport.
Enjoying A Good Story: Why We Use Children’s Literature When Teaching Adults

Early childhood teacher educators frequently enhance their teaching by reading children’s books to their adult students. It is not unusual for faculty outside of early childhood to question devoting precious class time to read-alouds which they may consider a curious, if not frivolous, instructional strategy. Quality children’s literature can, however, enhance students’ experiences in the college classroom, contribute to their understanding of course content, promote their personal growth and self-understanding, increase their appreciation for quality children’s literature, and enhance their ability to integrate storybooks into their own teaching. Children’s books often capture a child’s point of view. They have the potential to provide historical or cultural perspectives on children and families. They also can lead to the examination of universal truths and can facilitate the discussion of sensitive or emotional issues A list of books with suggested uses is included.
Distributed channel assignment in cognitive radio networks

Considering an ad hoc cognitive radio network, this paper presents channel assignment methods that can be used by a cognitive radio node to select a channel for communication. The proposed channel assignment methods aim to maximize spectral efficiency, minimize transmit power, or maximize data rate. When a number of available channels are detected, based on the proposed methods, a cognitive radio node can decide a suitable channel to use. These methods are executed distributively in cognitive radio nodes without using central controllers. This reduces the complexity of spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks.
Isolation of the uma-4 gene encoding the 26 kDa subunit of the Neurospora crassa vacuolar ATPase

Abstract We have isolated the vma-4 gene, which encodes a 25 746 Dalton subunit of the vacuolar ATPase, from Neurospora crassa . The gene contains two introns and was mapped to the left arm of linkage group 1. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence with homologous proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Manduca sexta , and Bos taurus showed only 25% sequence identity. However, computer-assisted predictions of secondary structures gave similar results for all four proteins. Analysis of the sequence and the available biochemical data indicated that the vma-4 gene product may play the same structural role in the vacuolar ATPase as does the γ-subunit in F-type ATPases.
Martensitic phase transitions with surface effects

Continuum treatments of martensitic phase transformations are capable of accounting for a variety of important surface effects attributable to the spatially localized interaction of coexisting material phases. Such phenomena are thought to play a critical role in determining the size, shape, and stability of nucleated embryos as well as to affect the conditions under which nucleation events occur. These issues are examined within a purely mechanical context wherein the special properties are modeled as traction and energy fields defined on a two-dimensional abstraction of the interface region. Materials that undergo martensitic phase changes are modeled as having a hyperelastic character in both the bulk and interface. The characterization of such bodies is examined in detail and a representation theorem is presented for describing the interfaces of isotropic, hyperelastic media. A class of isotropic, nonlinearly hyperelastic bulk material is introduced that is capable of modeling the dilatative component of martensitic phase transformations. Such materials are considered within a noninertial setting referred to as The Cylinder Problem. This problem provides a means of exploring a variety of surface effects, and a criterion for nucleation based on energy is presented towards this end. Here nucleation events are modeled as deterministic, temporal shocks that are global in spatial extent. The fundamental development presented does more than capture the desired surface effects. It shows how they are related to specific assumptions regarding interface and bulk constitution. Four different interface characterizations are presented that serve to illustrate this.
The measurement and theoretical calculation of quench velocities within large fully epoxy impregnated superconducting coils

The velocity of normal region propagation was measured in a 2-m diameter superconducting coil. The measured data made with small sense coils, did not agree very well with theories which have been used for the last 15 years. An adiabatic quench propagation theory, which takes into account the properties of both the superconductor and the matrix material and which assumes there is no heat transfer out of the wire, was found to agree with the experimental measurements. Both the theory and experimental measurements are given in this paper.
Group Dynamics in Janis's Theory of Groupthink: Backward and Forward

Janis's groupthink theory is an appealing explanation of how group process can get in the way of optimal decision making. Unfortunately, Janis was selective and not always consistent in his application of research in group dynamics. This paper traces groupthink to its theoretical roots in order to suggest how a broader and more consistent use of research in group dynamics can advance understanding of decision-making problems. In particular, the paper explores and reinterprets the groupthink prediction that poor decision making is most likely when group cohesion is based on the personal attractiveness of group members.
Prepare Graduate Students for Teaching Responsibilities

During graduate training, students often undertake some teaching responsibilities, which provides useful experience for a future career in academia. However, they receive little guidance to prepare them for this role. This article describes some of the attempts that have been made to overcome this deficiency, with emphasis on the specially developed teaching course offered to graduate students at the University of Kentucky; this provides instruction on planning, implementing and evaluating instruction, and classroom training in instructional skills. Evaluation suggests that the programme is relevant and effective, and provides a useful model for other medical schools.
From complete exclusion to minimal inclusion: African Americans and the public accounting industry, 1965–1988

Abstract African Americans have always been severely under-represented among certified public accountants. After active exclusion for the first several decades of this century, in 1965 African Americans comprised only 0.1% of CPAs. Twenty-five years later, African Americans comprised close to 1% of CPAs, still far below their 12% representation in the population. This paper examines the accounting industry's response to the change in public expectations regarding equal employment opportunity that followed the civil rights movement. The study reveals that, in the late 1960s and early 1970s when support for equal opportunity was at its peak, the industry ended its complete exclusion and engaged in some visible efforts to recruit African Americans. However, even these minimal efforts waned with the decline in emphasis on fair employment in the 1980s.
Coupling of folding and binding for unstructured proteins

There are now numerous examples of proteins that are unstructured or only partially structured under physiological conditions and yet are nevertheless functional. Such proteins are especially prevalent in eukaryotes. In many cases, intrinsically disordered proteins adopt folded structures upon binding to their biological targets. Many new examples of coupled folding and binding events have been reported recently, providing new insights into mechanisms of molecular recognition.
Backward four-wave mixing in a four-level medium with electromagnetically induced transparency

We analyze backward four-wave mixing in a four-level system exhibiting electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We show that EIT suppression of the linear absorption leads to the resonantly enhanced four-wave mixing process and the conversion efficiency near 100% may be achieved in a dense four-level medium with negligible decoherence decay.
PREVENTION OF MUSCLE CRAMPS IN HÆMODIALYSIS PATIENTS BY QUININE SULPHATE

Nine patients on maintenance haemodialysis with frequent muscle cramps were given 320 mg quinine sulphate or placebo (in an identical gelatin capsule) at the beginning of each dialysis for a period of 12 weeks. The frequency of cramps was significantly reduced during dialysis in patients receiving quinine sulphate. None of the haematological, auditory, or visual disturbances ascribed to quinine sulphate were noted.
Systemic mastocytosis in adults: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management.

Disease overview: Systemic mastocytosis (SM) results from a clonal proliferation of abnormal mast cells (MC) in one or more extracutaneous organs. Diagnosis: The major criterion is presence of multifocal clusters of morphologically abnormal MC in the bone marrow. Minor diagnostic criteria include elevated serum tryptase level, abnormal MC expression of CD25 and/or CD2, and presence of KITD816V. Risk stratification: The prognostic relevance of the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of SM has recently been confirmed. Classification of SM patients into indolent (SM), aggressive SM (ASM), SM associated with a clonal non-MC lineage disease (SM-AHNMD), and mast cell leukemia (MCL) subgroups is a useful first step in establishing prognosis. Risk-adapted therapy: SM treatment is generally palliative. ISM patients have a normal life expectancy and receive symptom-directed therapy; infrequently, cytoreductive therapy may be indicated for refractory symptoms. ASM patients have disease-related organ dysfunction; interferon-α (±corticosteroids) can control dermatological, hematological, gastrointestinal, skeletal, and mediator-release symptoms, but is hampered by poor tolerability. Similarly, cladribine has broad therapeutic activity, with particular utility when rapid MC debulking is indicated; the main toxicity is myelosuppression. Imatinib has a therapeutic role in the presence of an imatinib-sensitive KIT mutation or in KITD816-unmutated patients. Treatment of SM-AHNMD is governed primarily by the non-MC neoplasm; hydroxyurea has modest utility in this setting. Dasatinib's in vitro anti- KITD816V activity has not translated into significant therapeutic activity in most SM patients. In contrast, preliminary data suggest that Midostaurin may produce significant decreases in MC burden in some patients. Am. J. Hematol. 86:363–371, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parent-Adolescent Relationships, Physical Disciplinary History, and Adjustment in Adolescents†

Physical discipline occurs within the context of the parent-child relationship, yet it is often not examined within this important context. The current study examined whether negative effects of physical discipline on older adolescent adjustment are mediated by the overall parent-child relationship. The sample consisted of 253, mostly Caucasian, middle-class, adolescent participants (mean age = 18.4, 67% female). Physical punishment history, parent-adolescent relationships, and adjustment were assessed with self-report instruments. For females, relationships with parents partially mediated the association between physical punishment and adjustment. Physical punishment was negatively associated with both adjustment and parent-adolescent relationships. For males, physical punishment was not related to adjustment. Parent-adolescent relationships were positively associated with adjustment for both females and males. Physical punishment by fathers was negatively associated with father-son relationships. The results suggest the importance of exploring links between physical punishment and adjustment within the context of parent-child relationship, as well as examining males, females, mothers, and fathers separately.
Two Types of Water Passages in Okra Hypocotyls

Abrasion of okra hypocotyl segments with carborundum enhances the rate of water uptake into segments, while it decreases the response to auxin. Incubation of abraded segments in buffer recovers the decreased response to auxin. In abraded segments, mercuric chloride is found to inhibit auxin-induced cell elongation. When abraded segments were soaked in 0.3M sorbiiol, they maintained the ability to shrink in the presence of mercury. In contrast, when abraded segments were soaked in a 0.1M sorbitol solution, mercury completely suppressed osmotic shrinkage. These results suggest that water flows through at least two types of passages; One, which is resistant to mercury, requires a high osmotic pressure such as that provided by 0.3 M sorbitol. The other, which is vulnerable to mercury, requires a low osmotic pressure for water to pass through it.
Transitional Justice in Eastern Germany

On October 3, 1990, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) ceased to exist. On that celebrated day of German unity, the GDR incorporated itself into the legal and political system of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Economic and social union had taken place a few months earlier.1 After 40 years, a people who had become accustomed to central planning, full employment, and state ownership of almost everything suddenly found themselves compacted into a profit-driven market economy rooted in private ownership. Equally swift was the legal revolution, for Unity Day witnessed the toppling of the GDR's judicial system, along with its superstructure of socialist legality, and its replacement by West German judicial institutions. The hurried changeover touched the lives of all GDR legal professionals judges, prosecutors, lawyers, notaries, and law professors. What some of them encountered and felt in the overnight shift from a socialist legal system to a capitalist one is the subject of Inga Markovits's remarkable book.
Lunar Orbiter Ranging Data: Initial Results

Data from two Lunar Orbiter spacecraft have been used to test the significance of corrections to the lunar ephemeris. Range residuals of up to 1700 meters were reduced by an order of magnitude by application of the corrections, with most of the residuals reduced to less than 100 meters. Removal of gross errors in the ephemeris reveals residual patterns that may indicate errors in location of observing stations, as well as the expected effects of Lunar nonsphericity.
EFFECTS OF THIOACETAMIDE ON LABELING OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID OF ISOLATED NUCLEOLI IN VITRO.

Abstract The conditions that were optimal for incorporation of [14C]uridine triphosphate into RNA of nucleoli of normal liver cells were found to be optimal for incorporation of [14C]uridine triphosphate into nucleoli of thioacetamide-treated rat livers. Maximum incorporation of isotope was found at 15–30 min after the incubation was begun. Thioacetamide produced a marked increase in the rate of uptake of total isotope into RNA and in the specific activity of the RNA despite the increased amount of RNA in the nucleoli obtained from thioacetamide-treated animals. These data suggest that thioacetamide may derepress the genomic segments involved in biosynthesis of nucleolar RNA.
Congenital Intrapericardial Aneurysmal Dilatation of the Left Atrial Appendage

Congenital intrapericardial aneurysmal dilatation of the left atrial appendage is a rare but correctable lesion. One such patient who underwent aneurysmectomy is described, and the literature is reviewed.
Visualization of lipid raft membrane compartmentalization in living RN46A neuronal cells using single quantum dot tracking

Lipid rafts are cholesterol-enriched subdomains in the plasma membrane that have been reported to act as a platform to facilitate neuronal signaling; however, they are suspected to have a very short lifetime, up to only a few seconds, which calls into question their roles in biological signaling. To better understand their diffusion dynamics and membrane compartmentalization, we labeled lipid raft constituent ganglioside GM1 with single quantum dots through the connection of cholera toxin B subunit, a protein that binds specifically to GM1. Diffusion measurements revealed that single quantum dot-labeled GM1 ganglioside complexes undergo slow, confined lateral diffusion with a diffusion coefficient of ∼7.87 × 10(-2) μm(2)/s and a confinement domain about 200 nm in size. Further analysis of their trajectories showed lateral confinement persisting on the order of tens of seconds, comparable to the time scales of the majority of cellular signaling and biological reactions. Hence, our results provide further evidence in support of the putative function of lipid rafts as signaling platforms.
Angular distributions of inner-shell photoelectrons from rare-gas clusters

The photoionization of Ar, Kr, and Xe rare-gas clusters was investigated using angle-resolved time-of-flight photoelectron spectroscopy. Fine-structure-resolved photoelectron angular distributions were determined for the Ar $2p$, Kr $3d$, and Xe $4d$ core levels and the Ar $3s$ inner-valence level as a function of photon energy for two average cluster sizes. Overall, the angular distributions of inner-shell photoelectrons from the cluster and the free atom are found to be very similar, except for the first $10--15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ above the respective photoionization thresholds, where the angular anisotropy of the atomic photoelectrons is high, while our measurements demonstrate considerably less anisotropy in the cluster photoelectron emission. The angular distribution of Ar $3s$ inner-valence photoelectrons from the cluster is substantially less anisotropic than for the atomic photoelectrons throughout the covered photon energy range, but the difference decreases for increasing photon energy.
Correlation of serum anti‐DNA topoisomerase I antibody levels with disease severity and activity in systemic sclerosis

Objective To investigate correlations between serum levels of topoisomerase I–specific antibody (anti–topo I) and clinical features of systemic sclerosis (SSc), including disease severity (the total skin score [TSS]) and disease activity. Methods Using highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, we measured the levels of anti–topo I antibody, including total IgG, individual IgG subclasses, and IgA, and analyzed their correlations with the TSS in 59 patients with SSc, all of whom had diffuse cutaneous involvement. Serial serum samples were obtained from 11 of these patients. Results The titers of anti–topo I antibody, including IgG and IgA, were positively correlated with the TSS, a measure of SSc disease severity. In 8 of the 11 patients from whom serial serum samples were obtained, changes in the levels of both IgG and IgA, when detectable, paralleled changes in the TSS. In 3 patients, an increasing anti–topo I IgG level preceded an increase in the TSS. The level of each IgG subclass also correlated with and tended to parallel the TSS. The patients with very active disease had higher mean IgG (P < 0.001) and IgA (P < 0.05) titers than did those with inactive disease. Conclusion Serum levels of anti–topo I antibody correlate positively with disease severity and disease activity in SSc.
Drag Coefficients Associated With a Moving Drop Experiencing Condensation

For a moving liquid drop experiencing condensation, three different drag coefficients govern the motion and the transport. These coefficients are associated with friction, pressure, and condensation. Unlike situations involving the motion of a rigid sphere or a liquid drop without the presence of condensation, there is a large pressure recovery in the rear of a moving drop experiencing condensation. As a consequence, the pressure drag coefficient exhibits interesting behavior. While the coefficients for the friction drag and the condensation drag increase with the level of condensation, the pressure drag coefficient decreases rapidly. In this note, the roles played by the various drag forces in condensing situations are delineated. Results for the variation of average condensation heat transfer with vertical-fall height of the drop are presented.
Potential advantages of solar electric propulsion for outer planet orbiters.

Past studies of solar electric propulsion for outer planet orbiters have generally emphasized the advantages of flight time reduction and payload increases. However, several subtle advantages exist, which may become important in an environment of increasingly difficult requirements as ways to extend current technology are sought. These advantages accrue primarily because of the inherent capability, unique to electric propulsion, to efficiently shape a trajectory while enroute. Stressed in this paper are: the ability to meet orbital constraints due to assumed radiation belts, science flexibility in a dual launch program, increased numbers of observational passes, and the lengthening of launch periods. These are examined for years representative of relatively easy and difficult ballistic missions. The results indicate that an early investment in solar electric technology will provide a strong performance foundation for a long range outer planet exploration program which evolves from current spacecraft technology.
Systematic image-driven analysis of the spatial Drosophila embryonic expression landscape

Discovery of temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression is essential for understanding the regulatory networks and development in multicellular organisms. We analyzed the images from our large-scale spatial expression data set of early Drosophila embryonic development and present a comprehensive computational image analysis of the expression landscape. For this study, we created an innovative virtual representation of embryonic expression patterns using an elliptically shaped mesh grid that allows us to make quantitative comparisons of gene expression using a common frame of reference. Demonstrating the power of our approach, we used gene co-expression to identify distinct expression domains in the early embryo; the result is surprisingly similar to the fate map determined using laser ablation. We also used a clustering strategy to find genes with similar patterns and developed new analysis tools to detect variation within consensus patterns, adjacent non-overlapping patterns, and anti-correlated patterns. Of the 1800 genes investigated, only half had previously assigned functions. The known genes suggest developmental roles for the clusters, and identification of related patterns predicts requirements for co-occurring biological functions.
Salmeterol vs theophylline: sleep and efficacy outcomes in patients with nocturnal asthma.

Study objectives To compare the efficacy, safety, and effects on sleep quality of salmeterol and extended-release theophylline in patients with nocturnal asthma. Design Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, three-period crossover. Setting Outpatients at a single center. Patients spent 1 night during screening and 2 nights during each study period in a sleep laboratory for completion of sleep studies. Patients Male and female patients who were at least 18 years old with nocturnal asthma (baseline FEV 1 , 50 to 90% of predicted) and who required regular bronchodilator therapy. Patients on inhaled corticosteroids, cromolyn, and nedocromil were allowed into the study if their dosing remained constant throughout the study. Interventions Inhaled salmeterol (42 μg per actuation), extended-release oral theophylline (titrated to serum levels of 10 to 20 μg/mL), and placebo taken twice daily. Measurements and results Efficacy measurements included nocturnal spirometry, nocturnal polysomnography, sleep questionnaires, and daily measurements of lung function and symptoms. Salmeterol was superior to theophylline (p ≤ 0.05) in maintaining nocturnal FEV 1 levels and was superior to placebo (p ≤ 0.05) in improving morning and evening peak expiratory flow (PEF) and in decreasing nighttime albuterol use. The use of salmeterol significantly increased the percentage of days and nights with no albuterol use and decreased daytime albuterol use compared with theophylline and placebo (p ≤ 0.05). Sleep quality global scores significantly improved with salmeterol and placebo (p Conclusions Salmeterol (but not theophylline) was associated with sustained improvements in morning PEF, protection from nighttime lung function deterioration, reductions in albuterol use, and improvements in patient perceptions of sleep. No differences were seen in polysomnographic measures of sleep quality.
Using dynamic cache management techniques to reduce energy in a high-performance processor

In this paper, we propose a technique that uses an additional mini cache, the LO-Cache, located between the instruction cache (I-Cache) and the CPU core. This mechanism can provide the instruction stream to the data path and, when managed properly, it can effectively eliminate the need for high utilization of the more expensive I-Cache. In this work, we propose, implement, and evaluate a series of run-time techniques for dynamic analysis of the program instruction access behavior, which are then used to preactively guide the access of the LO-Cache. The basic idea is that only the most frequently executed portions of the code should be stored in the LO-Cache since this is where the program spends most of its time. We present experimental results to evaluate the effectiveness of our scheme in terms of performance and energy dissipation for a series of SPEC95 benchmarks. We also discuss the performance and energy tradeoffs that are involved in these dynamic schemes.
The Lived Experience of College Student Lesbians’ Encounters with Health Care Providers A Preliminary Investigation

The purpose of this preliminary study was to explore the lived experience of four self-identified college student lesbians coming out and their encounters with health care providers. This study used a qualitative method of phenomenology for data collection and analysis. Results of the study revealed a phenomenological model that embodied the core theme of navigating self-disclosure. Two major themes stemming from the core theme were also uncovered. Navigating self-disclosure in homophobic waters and navigating self-disclosure encounters with health care providers unveiled a continuum of self-disclosure to nondisclosure experiences encountered by lesbians. Strategies are offered to enhance interactions between lesbians and health care providers in primary and acute care settings.
Polarographic catalytic hydrogen currents observed with native and modified bovine serum albumin

Abstract Catalytic hydrogen (presodium) currents (ip.s.) obtained with bovine serum albumin (BSA), completely reduced BSA, ❘(SH)35, and ❘(SCH2COO)35Na35 have been studied in various buffers and at varying pH. At the same pH ip.s.. of BSA increases with ammonium concentration in ammonia buffer and is considerably greater in ammonia than in borate and greater in the latter than in tris buffers. Calcium(chloride) greatly increases ip.s. in all buffers, except in the presence of 8 M urea. Treatment of 1% BSA for 24 hours or longer with a large excess of formaldehyde in a phosphate buffer and dilution in a buffer reduces ip.s. to very small values, but the calcium effect is now relatively much greater than before treatment. The same is true when the buffers after treatment are made 8 M in urea. Evidence is presented that the effect is due to a complexation of calcium with the reaction product of formaldehyde with amino and imino groups. With ❘(SH)35 practically no calcium effect on ip.s. was observed. However, after reaction with formaldehyde in a borax buffer, ip.s. is strongly reduced and after this treatment there is a large calcium effect. With ❘(SCHC2COO)35Na35 ip.s. is very poorly defined and occurs at more negative potential, and is much smaller than observed with BSA. There is again a distinct calcium effect. Presodium currents are also poorly defined with cystine and cysteine, a distinct calcium as well as formaldehyde effect being observed. Polarographic evidence is presented that sulfhydryl in cysteine reacts with formaldehyde. This accounts for the fact that after formaldehyde treatment ip.s. with cystine is different from that with cysteine.
Relative price changes and the benefits and costs of alternative power projects

What are the conclusions that we have to draw from the foregoing discussion? We must conclude that the prevailing practice of evaluating benefits and costs in terms of present costs and prices is not only likely to lead to an under-statement of actual costs, but also may lead to gross inefficiencies in project selection. This danger is particularly great in cases of hydro projects with long construction time horizons or long-term project sequences that depend for their feasibility on some common facility. While the need to estimate future price relationships may seem to introduce new uncertainties into project evaluations the use of prevailing prices is even less satisfactory. A somewhat inaccurate estimate of future changes, as long as it points in the right direction and as long as it is backed up by a sensitivity analysis that tests the effects of the assumptions on overall benefits and costs will provide a better and more realistic picture. Today this issue is of particular urgency since the traditional cost advantage of hydro over thermal alternatives is quickly disappearing. Given the very dramatic cost reductions expected from the introduction of second and third generation atomic power plants it becomes mandatory for any power system planner to take these expected changes explicitly into account.
TEACHER ROLE EXPECTATIONS OF TEACHER CANDIDATES.

Senior practice teaching groups were administered the Teacher Practices Questionnaire (TPQ) before and after their practice-teaching experience; sophomore students in an educational psychology course were also administered the TPQ at the beginning of this course. Results for all groups were compared with those reported by Sorenson, et al. on a group enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles. Though significant differences on the five scales of the TPQ were noted among all groups, the present authors feel that the area most promising for further investigation would be the gross differences noted for the group in the educationa. psychology course. The TPQ results reflect the effectiveness of training in professional education courses in the development of teacher role expectations.
Expression of IGF-1 mRNA in the murine subventricular zone during postnatal development

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates the proliferation and maturation of neuroglia in vitro. To further investigate its role in gliogenesis, in situ hybridization was utilized to determine whether IGF-1 mRNA was expressed in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the postnatal mouse forebrain. The SVZ is a transient germinal zone and in the neonate is the principle source of oligodendroglia for myelinating fiber tracts of the forebrain. Strong hybridization signal was detected over cells in the SVZ at postnatal day (PND) 4, the earliest time point examined. Positive signal persisted in the SVZ at PND 8, however, the number of IGF-1-labeled cells declined rapidly during the second postnatal week. IGF-1 mRNA was not uniformly distributed throughout the SVZ and the majority of labeled cells were located within its so-called ‘border’ region. In contrast to the SVZ, IGF-1 mRNA-expressing cells were only rarely found in forebrain fiber tracts. IGF-1 transcripts were not detected in ependymal lining or choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. In light of its known gliotrophic activity, the localization of IGF-1 mRNA in the SVZ suggests that locally produced IGF-1 may act as a mitogen or differentiation-inducing agent during gliogenesis.
Correlations and the Magnetic Moment of MnSi

Abstract We have investigated the origin of the anomalously low measured moment of MnSi ( 0.4 μ B / Mn ) when compared to DFT calculations ( 1.0 μ B / Mn ) by adding a Hubbard-U. By treating the Hubbard-U as an adjustable parameter, we have found two ground state solutions. For low values of U, a high-moment solution is energetically favored with μ ≈ 1.0 μ B / Mn . For U ⩾ 0.5 Ry , the low-moment solution becomes favorable with a moment comparable to the experimental value. However, for any value of U, the calculation's predictions for the system under pressure do not agree with experiment.
Spatial and temporal regulation of ventral spinal cord precursor specification by Hedgehog signaling

Graded Hedgehog (Hh) signaling patterns the spinal cord dorsoventral axis by inducing and positioning distinct precursor domains, each of which gives rise to a different type of neuron. These domains also generate glial cells, but the full range of cell types that any one precursor population produces and the mechanisms that diversify cell fate are unknown. By fate mapping and clonal analysis in zebrafish, we show that individual ventral precursor cells that express olig2 can form motoneurons, interneurons and oligodendrocytes. However, olig2+ precursors are not developmentally equivalent, but instead produce subsets of progeny cells in a spatially and temporally biased manner. Using genetic and pharmacological manipulations, we provide evidence that these biases emerge from Hh acting over time to set, maintain, subdivide and enlarge the olig2+ precursor domain and subsequently specify oligodendrocyte development. Our studies show that spatial and temporal differences in Hh signaling within a common population of neural precursors can contribute to cell fate diversification.
Neo‐confucianism: the bane of foreign firms in China

Explores Chinese culture and the problems foreign firms and governments encounter when dealing with China. Emphasizes Confucianism’s dominant cultural tradition in China and attempts to explain it to improve foreign firms’ chances of success. Describes Confucianism as a way of living, incorporating the principles of humanism and the notion of filial piety. Mentions the five cardinal relations, harmony and Neo‐Confucianism’s “Principle of universal truth, order, law, production and reproduction”. Assesses the implications of social inequality, social ritual, familism, guan xi (connections), face, and sun yung (mutual trust) for foreign firms. Concludes that foreign firms wishing to do business with China need to understand the labyrinth of Confucianism.
Higher multipole surface plasmons, plasmon bands in periodic metallic heterostructures, and plasma modes of semiconductor superlattices☆

The electronic collective excitations are investigated for a number of different systems whose equilibrium electron density n0(z) is spatially varying. The relation between higher multipole surface modes, waveguide like plasma modes of a low electron density layer embedded in a high density host, and plasmon bands of periodic metallic heterostructures and semiconductor superlattices is pointed out.
A low-power up-conversion CMOS mixer for 22-29-GHz ultra-wideband applications

A double-balanced, low-power, and low-voltage dual-gate up-conversion mixer working at K-band is designed and fabricated in the UMC 130-nm logic CMOS process. The mixer achieves a 3-dB conversion-gain bandwidth of 1.8 GHz at the input IF port and a 3-dB conversion-gain bandwidth of 10 GHz at the output RF port. The mixer achieves an output referred 1-dB compression point as high as -5.8 dBm and an output referred third-order intercept point as high as 5.8 dBm, while consuming 8.0 mW from a 1.2-V supply. This study demonstrates that the implementation of low-power mixers operating in the 22-29-GHz band for ultra-wideband automotive radar applications is possible in low-cost and low-voltage logic CMOS technology
Using Combined 532 NM HSRL and 1064 NM Elastic-Scatter Lidar Observations to Verify and Update CRAM Dual-Wavelength Aerosol Retrieval Models

The widely employed Fernald lidar equation solution relation retrieves aerosol backscatter versus height for an assumed aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio, Sa, and known system calibration factor, C, at a given wavelength, subject to the constraint/assumption that Sa is spatially constant over the solution layer (height range). At 532 nm, the calibration factor may be estimated fairly accurately by Rayleigh (molecular) normalization in high-altitude, clean-air regions. For elevated aerosol layers embedded in clean air, the direct transmittance approach may be used to estimate the optical depth of the layer, thereby giving an auxiliary input that permits Sa to be determined as a part of the solution. Otherwise, Sa must be specified based on models or determined through use of some other constraining information. The retrieval at 1064 nm is more problematic because the molecular scatter contribution is much weaker, typically making it difficult to either calibrate by molecular normalization or to accurately estimate the transmittance of an elevated aerosol layer, particularly for the weak signals from satellite lidar or eye-safe airborne lidar. As such, aerosol retrievals from dual-wavelength satellite lidars such as those onboard ICESat and CALIPSO have largely been limited to 532 nm retrievals using a table look-up approach to select assumed Sa values based on climatological/geographically determined models. Dual-wavelength retrievals using a Constrained Ratio Aerosol Model-fit (CRAM) retrieval method, employing AERONET based model ratio parameters, have also been obtained with some success for a few satellite lidar data sets.
Special Considerations in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis in Adolescents: The Role of Antihistamine Therapy

The symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis often develop during adolescence. Teen-age students with seasonal allergic rhinitis may experience decreased academic performance and productivity from the disease or because of the sedative effects of some antihistamines. The pharmacologic effects of nonsedating second-generation antihistamines are compared with those of classical antihistamines. The effects of antihistamines on sedation and motor and cognitive function are discussed. The role of antiinflammatory agents, decongestants, and combination products is reviewed. Potential drug interactions must be considered along with factors such as drug-induced weight gain and the use of antihistamines in potentially pregnant patients in selecting appropriate antihistamine therapy for adolescent patients.
Persuasion and Development in Counselor Supervision

This article attempts to integrate three models dealing with aspects of human behavior for the domain of counselor supervision. One model, the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, reflects current thinking and research evidence regarding a traditional and important area of social psychology dealing with attitude change. Another is a classic model from the counseling literature, the Interpersonal Influence Model with roots in social psychology dealing with social influence that has been adapted for the supervision context. The final model is developmental in nature and derived specifically for the supervision process: the Integrated Developmental Model. The article discusses how each model adds to our understanding of counselor supervision with recommendations for practitioners and suggestions for future research
DNA Vaccination Against VEGF Receptor 2 Reduces Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor–Deficient Mice

Objective— Similarities between neovascular ingrowth in atherosclerotic plaques and angiogenesis in tumors suggest that antiangiogenic factors that target tumor expansion may prove efficacious in the treatment of atherosclerosis. This study examined whether an oral DNA vaccine against the murine VEGF receptor 2 (Flk-1) with demonstrated antitumor effect through inhibition of pathological neovascularization can prevent or retard progression of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic low density lipoprotein receptor–deficient (LDLr−/−) mice. Methods and Results— Vaccination against Flk-1 resulted in T cell activation, suppression of neoangiogenesis, and a marked reduction in atherosclerosis which was independent of hypercholesterolemia in both male and female mice. Immunohistochemical characterization of aortic sinus lesions showed that the decreased lesion area was not associated with reduced plaque stability and had a lower density of microvessels. Conclusions— These findings demonstrate for the first time that a DNA vaccine targeting activated endothelial cells in atherosclerotic lesions provides direct atheroprotective effects.
Emotional cascades and self-injury: investigating instability of rumination and negative emotion.

Objective Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a public health concern and risk factor for suicide. The Emotional Cascade Model (ECM) proposes that NSSI partially functions as a distraction from cascades of negative affect and rumination. The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of trait rumination, and momentary instability of rumination and negative emotion, in NSSI. Method Experience sampling methods were used to monitor thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in 47 individuals reporting dysregulated behaviors including NSSI. Instability indices were generated for rumination and negative emotion using the momentary assessments. Results Twenty-five episodes of NSSI were reported during monitoring. Trait rumination prospectively predicted NSSI episodes, and the instability indices interacted to predict NSSI. Conclusions Consistent with the ECM, the interaction between rumination instability and negative affect instability during monitoring significantly predicted NSSI, with the strongest effects occurring for sadness and rumination about past. These findings may enhance conceptualization and treatment of patients with NSSI.
Sparse Kernel Principal Component Analysis

'Kernel' principal component analysis (PCA) is an elegant nonlinear generalisation of the popular linear data analysis method, where a kernel function implicitly defines a nonlinear transformation into a feature space wherein standard PCA is performed. Unfortunately, the technique is not 'sparse', since the components thus obtained are expressed in terms of kernels associated with every training vector. This paper shows that by approximating the covariance matrix in feature space by a reduced number of example vectors, using a maximum-likelihood approach, we may obtain a highly sparse form of kernel PCA without loss of effectiveness.
Risk of Compassion Fatigue and Burnout and Potential for Compassion Satisfaction Among Employee Assistance Professionals: Protecting the Workforce

Employee Assistance Program (EAP) professionals provide a majority of the mental health services to adults within the workplace. With increased traumatic events at work, including workplace violenc...
Bromo-6-methoxy-8-aminoquinolines: Preparation and 13C-NMR Assignments

Preparation of all possible monobromo-6-methoxy-8-amino-quinolines is reported. These materials provided an opportunity to assess the effect of bromine substitution on 13C-NMR chemical shift patterns. An explanation of the isomerization of 5-bromo-6-methoxy-8-acetamidoquinoline to 7-bromo-6-methoxy-8-aminoquinoline during hydrolysis is presented.