cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Multidimensional Workaholism Scale: Linking the conceptualization and measurement of workaholism

Scholarly interest in workaholism has increased dramatically in recent years. This research has underscored the detrimental effects of workaholism for employees, their families, and the organizations that employ them. Despite drastic improvements in the quality of studies examining workaholism over the past several decades, researchers continue to almost exclusively rely on older measures of workaholism or new measures derived from these original measures. In the present study, we outline why a new measure is needed and propose a multidimensional conceptualization of workaholism that encompasses motivational, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. We then develop and validate a new multidimensional measure of workaholism: the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale (MWS). Evidence from 5 samples representing individuals working in a wide variety of occupations and industries throughout the United States (total N = 1,252) provides support that (a) our proposed 4-factor structure replicates and fits better than alternative models; (b) the measure demonstrates high reliability and content validity; (c) the measure demonstrates evidence for convergent and discriminant validity with constructs in workaholism's nomological network; (d) the measure demonstrates incremental validity in the prediction of important outcomes over and above prior measures of workaholism; and (e) the different dimensions demonstrate incremental validity in the prediction of specific outcomes over and above other dimensions of the MWS. Overall, results from the present study suggest that the MWS is a reliable and valid measure that can advance a more nuanced approach to research and practice relating to workaholism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Lmo7a Coordinates Neural Crest Migration and Lineage Specification by Regulating Cell Adhesion Dynamics

Cell migration requires dynamic regulation of cell-cell signaling and cell adhesion. Neural crest (NC) cells are highly migratory cells, which undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to leave the neural epithelium and migrate throughout the body to give rise to many different derivatives. We have identified a Lim-domain only (Lmo) protein, Lmo7a, expressed in early NC cells that controls both actin cytoskeletal dynamics and Wnt signaling during NC migration. In embryos deficient in Lmo7a, many NC cells fail to migrate away from the dorsal midline, and form aggregates. Unlike the majority of NC cells that appear to migrate normally, cells that aggregate in Lmo7a-deficient embryos mislocalize paxillin (Pxn) and have reduced levels of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK). Lmo7a loss-of-function also disrupts canonical Wnt signaling such that after the onset of NC cell migration, Wnt responses and nuclear β-catenin levels increase in the cells that aggregate. However, this increase in Wnt signaling appears secondary to the defect in migration. Similar to mutants for other Wnt regulators in NC cells, the NC cells in Lmo7a-deficient aggregates exhibit gene expression signatures of pigment cell progenitors, but also express markers of Schwann cell progenitors, suggesting a role for Lmo7a in pigment-glial specification. We propose that Lmo7a modulates cell adhesion to facilitate both robust NC cell migration and a subset of lineage decisions.
Challenges in Performance Improvement of Silicon Systems on Chip in Advanced Nanoelectronics Technology Nodes

Speed or clock rate of the first microprocessor released to the market in 1971 was 740 kHz. This microprocessor was intended for calculator application. Continuing increase of microprocessor speed and computing power led to explosion of numerous applications. Five decades later microprocessors speed reached 5 GHz and they have enough computing power leading to such wonders as an artificial intelligence, virtual reality and self-driving autonomous cars which were before only in a science fiction domain. However, an increase of a chip speed is very challenging and it comes with high price. The most straightforward chip speed improvement based on transistor physical dimensions scaling eventually ran out of steam. This led to stress (1990s) followed by strain (2000s) techniques development. When this became insufficient new device structure, FinFET, has been introduced into main stream manufacturing in 2011. However, similarly to the previous approaches, increasing computing power of microprocessors based on FinFET is running now out of steam due to difficult technological barriers and integration challenges. Difficulties and challenges outlined in this paper may end era of microprocessor computing power improvement based on classical silicon technology.
Crystallographic orientation dependent fracture behavior in tantalum single crystals

Abstract We report crystallographic orientation dependent fracture behavior in tantalum single crystals with the tensile axes oriented close to [100], [110] and [111] directions. Three tantalum single crystals were deformed in quasi-static, uniaxial tension and their fracture surfaces were characterized. To understand different deformation modes and failure mechanisms, crystal plasticity-finite element (CP-FE) simulations were performed. Both experiments and CP-FE simulations showed strong strain localization and shear banding in the ~[100] specimen, little rotation and profuse necking in the ~[110] specimen, and significant crystal rotations associated with shear-dominated behavior in the ~[111] single crystal. In addition, voids were observed in fracture surfaces of ~[100] and ~[111] single crystals while the ~[110] specimen was void-free. The failure processes of these single crystals showed that dislocation boundaries are necessary for void nucleation in pure tantalum. This work demonstrates strong effects of crystallographic orientations in failure behaviors.
JAKET: Joint Pre-training of Knowledge Graph and Language Understanding

Knowledge graphs (KGs) contain rich information about world knowledge, entities, and relations. Thus, they can be great supplements to existing pre-trained language models. However, it remains a challenge to efficiently integrate information from KG into language modeling. And the understanding of a knowledge graph requires related context. We propose a novel joint pre-training framework, JAKET, to model both the knowledge graph and language. The knowledge module and language module provide essential information to mutually assist each other: the knowledge module produces embeddings for entities in text while the language module generates context-aware initial embeddings for entities and relations in the graph. Our design enables the pre-trained model to easily adapt to unseen knowledge graphs in new domains. Experimental results on several knowledge-aware NLP tasks show that our proposed framework achieves superior performance by effectively leveraging knowledge in language understanding.
Source of Early Regenerating Axons in Lamprey Spinal Cord Revealed by Wholemount Optical Clearing with BABB

Many studies of axon regeneration in the lamprey focus on 18 pairs of large identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons, whose regenerative abilities have been individually quantified. Their axons retract during the first 2 weeks after transection (TX), and many grow back to the site of injury by 4 weeks. However, locomotor movements begin before 4 weeks and the lesion is invaded by axons as early as 2 weeks post-TX. The origins of these early regenerating axons are unknown. Their identification could be facilitated by studies in central nervous system (CNS) wholemounts, particularly if spatial resolution and examination by confocal microscopy were not limited by light scattering. We have used benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate (BABB) clearing to enhance the resolution of neuronal perikarya and regenerated axons by confocal microscopy in lamprey CNS wholemounts, and to assess axon regeneration by retrograde and anterograde labeling with fluorescent dye applied to a second TX caudal or rostral to the original lesion, respectively. We found that over 50% of the early regenerating axons belonged to small neurons in the brainstem. Some propriospinal neurons located close to the TX also contributed to early regeneration. The number of early regenerating propriospinal neurons decreased with distance from the original lesion. Descending axons from the brainstem were labeled anterogradely by application of tracer to a second TX close to the spinal–medullary junction. This limited contamination of the data by regenerating spinal axons whose cell bodies are located rostral or caudal to the TX and confirmed the regeneration of many small RS axons as early as 2 weeks post-TX. Compared with the behavior of axotomized giant axons, the early regenerating axons were of small caliber and showed little retraction, probably because they resealed rapidly after injury.
Rates of Mainland Marsh Migration into Uplands and Seaward Edge Erosion are Explained by Geomorphic Type of Salt Marsh in Virginia Coastal Lagoons

Complexities of terrestrial boundaries with salt marshes in coastal lagoons affect salt marsh exposure to waves and sediments creating different potentials for marsh migration inland and seaward-edge erosion, and consequently, for marsh persistence. Between 2002 and 2017, migration and edge erosion were measured in three mainland geomorphic marsh types (headland, valley, hammock) and were used to assess the rate and spatial extent of marsh change for a Virginia coastal lagoon system. Treelines, shorelines, and marsh perimeters were delineated in ArcGIS at 1:600 resolution. All marsh types increased in spatial extent; increases were greatest for the valley type (0.58 ha ± 0.31 ha or + 0.32% per annum). Measured rates of migration (headland > valley > hammock) and erosion (headland > hammock > valley) for each geomorphic type were averaged and applied to obtain changes in these same marsh types at the regional scale. At this scale, valley marsh area increased (82.5 ha or 5.5 ha a−1) more than the other two marsh types combined. This analysis demonstrates the critical influence that geomorphic type has on lateral marsh responses to sea-level rise and that efforts to conserve or restore salt marshes are most likely to be successful when focused on valley marshes.
Balancing Monetary and Fiscal Policy Objectives: Central Bank Independence During the Global Pandemic

The use of unconventional monetary tools, and particularly the resort by central banks to asset purchase programs instigated as a means of addressing prolonged periods of low inflation, has not only heralded times during which new and innovative approaches to regulation can be expected, but also highlights the significance of a growing acknowledgement that changes in financial instruments, payment systems and trading platforms are significantly altering the financial landscape and also the need for monetary policies to adopt more accommodative approaches to regulation since traditional tools and inflation targeting mechanisms are not as relevant as they used to be - particularly against the backdrop of the impact of crypto currencies and the need to ensure that financial stability can be guaranteed where such assets, which have great potential to trigger systemically relevant risks, and more specifically, stable coins which are backed by a basket of commodities or government bonds, are in operation. As well as highlighting why unconventional and conventional accommodative monetary policies have been propagated as being crucial to achieving dual mandates and goals of leading central bank economies, drawing from lessons and experiences whereby accommodative monetary policies have been instigated as a means of addressing prolonged periods of low inflation, this paper highlights how such experiences can also be used to bolster the proposition that "since monetary policy space is limited, and since many of the challenges faced are beyond mandates of central banks, these should be addressed through structural and fiscal policies."
What the World Owes the Comfort Women

The women who served in Japan’s military brothels across Asia during the Second World War are a focus of the politics of memory in East Asia as well as a touchstone for international human rights and sexual violence against women. By the 1990s, the “comfort women” had become a “traveling trope,” which like the Holocaust, both recognized and transcended its original time and place. Gluck traces their “coming into memory” through changes in five areas of the evolving postwar “global memory culture”: law, testimony, rights, politics, and notions of responsibility. She shows how the ideas and practices of public memory changed over time, in the course of which the comfort women became “global victims” in a transnational memoryscape.
A re-evaluation of the modern psychiatric hospital from the standpoint of the Kyoto school's critique of modernity.

Michel Foucault defines the modern psychiatric hospital as an institution of power that excludes and disciplines those who are deemed immoral, perverse, or abnormal in society. Rather than a facility for healing, as Foucault has taught us, the psychiatric hospital operates more as a punitive method of the body. But what is not considered in Foucault’s historical account of the psychiatric institution are the epistemological preconditions that allowed for its original formation. Drawing on the Kyoto School philosophers’ critique of modernity, this article will discuss how the biomedical model underlying modern psychiatric care is rooted in a prior epistemological duality that was developed even earlier within Western intellectual history—a duality we will call the “epistemology of nihilism.” Foucault’s political technology of the body is therefore a symptom of the epistemology of nihilism, that which leads to consequences beyond mere panoptical surveillance. This article will discuss such consequences, in particular the mechanization of human life derived from the excesses of scientific technology, in the service of introducing a new way of thinking about the limits of psychiatric treatment in today’s world.
Horizontal shareholding, technology, and compensation: An evaluation

This note reports an evaluation of the impact of broadband deployment on average compensation levels, after accounting for the moderating impact of large, medium, and small levels of horizontal shareholding among US telecommunications firms. The moderating effect of large asset control on broadband deployment does not lead to any significant impacts on the technology diffusion and compensation relationship, but the moderating effect of medium asset control on broadband deployment leads to significantly negative impacts. The moderating effect of small asset control leads to a significant positive impact; overall, the net outcomes of labor market oligopsony have been significantly negative.
THE EFFECT OF LEGAL STATUS ON RESPONSES TO BRIEF MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING WITH SUBSTANCE USERS

ix Review of the Literature 1 Substance Use Disorder 1 Prevalence and Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorders 1 Transtheoretical Model of Change.... 6 Self Determination Theory 7 Motivational Interviewing (MI) 12 Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) 15 Prevalence Rates Among Correctional Populations 17 Existing Approaches with Substance Use in Correctional Populations 19 MI/MET Research 20 Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses 27 Methods 29 Participants 29 Study Procedures 32 Measures 36 Variables for Present Study 38 Data Analysis Plan 43 iii
Electrophysiological Properties of Developing Skeletal Muscle Cells in Culture

Various electrophysiological properties of skeletal muscles have been extensively studied in adult vertebrates (Hodgkin and Horowicz, 1959; Nakajima et al., 1962; Adrian et al., 1970; Campbell and Hille, 1976; Campbell, 1976; Beaty and Stefani, 1975; Sanchez and Stefani, 1978). Characteristics of ion channels activated by a transmitter, acetylcholine, have also been the subject of exhaustive studies (Katz and Miledi, 1972; Anderson and Stevens, 1973; Neher and Sakmann, 1976; Takeuchi and Takeuchi, 1960; Maeno et al., 1977). All of these distinct membrane properties may be regulated by and expressed through large protein molecules that reside in the lipid bilayer of the sarcolemma (Singer and Nicholson, 1972). These molecules may be inserted into the membrane de novo or may be activated during membrane differentiation at certain developmental stages.
His‐Story or Her‐Story: Deconstruction of the Concepts of Somatization Towards a New Approach in Advanced Nursing Practice Care

PURPOSE: This article will endeavor to present an alternative view of somatoform disorders, assist in understanding the possible underlying comorbid psychiatric symptoms, and identify psychopharmacological options for treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Recognizing symptom clusters is a useful strategy when considering psychotropic options for treatment and management. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The alternative strategies presented and discussed in this article can contribute to a useful and positive experience for both the clinician and the individual suffering from medically unexplained physical symptoms as they promote the care, health, and well-being of the individual rather than a cure, illness, and/or disease state that needs rendering, mending, and/or surgery.
Fetal haemoglobin levels and haematological characteristics of compound heterozygotes for haemoglobin S and deletional hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin.

Summary Compound heterozygotes for sickle haemoglobin (HbS) and hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH) have high fetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels but few, if any, sickle cell disease-related complications. We studied 30 cases of HbS-HPFH (types 1 and 2), confirmed by molecular analysis, and report the haematological features and change in HbF levels over time. These results were compared to those of patients with sickle cell anaemia or HbS-β0 thalassaemia, including a subgroup of patients carrying the XmnI polymorphism, known to be associated with elevated HbF. Among the HbS-HPFH patients, HbF level was 50–90% during infancy and declined steeply within the first few years of life, stabilizing between ages 3 and 5 years, at approximately 30%. Mean HbF of individuals age 5 or older was 31 ± 3%, average haemoglobin concentration was 130 ± 10 g/l and average mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 75 ± 4 fl. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses significantly associated HbF with age, haemoglobin concentration, and MCV (P < 0·001). There was a strong inverse association between HbF and age (r = −0·9, P < 0·001). Despite having a much higher HbF level, patients with HbS-HPFH have a similar age-related pattern of HbF decline and associations as patients with sickle cell anaemia or HbS-β0 thalassaemia.
Nonlinear time series analysis of Kepler Space Telescope data: Mutually beneficial progress

Nonlinear time series analysis, though a powerful tool, has not been used widely in astronomy and astro-physics because the principle requirements that the data be sampled uniformly and continuous are rarely met. Kepler Space Telescope variable-star light curves satisfy these and almost all other requirements. These data have allowed a more systematic study of the methodology and yielded new information. Nonlinear noise reduction is the aspect we focus on here. Nonlinear time series power spectra often have relevant information across all the frequencies in a spectrum. As opposed to traditional filtering that results in a loss of information at the high frequencies, nonlinear local projective noise reduction allows us to significantly reduce noise while keeping high-frequency information. Nonlinear noise reduction is discussed for a number of Kepler Space Telescope targets with different power-spectral characteristics. The extremely high quality of the Kepler data has also allowed us to explore the novel use of average mutual information (AMI) for distinguishing signal from noise in broadband spectra. We report on noise reduction for targets with power spectra that contain a fundamental and harmonics, power spectra with no such lines and spectra with high-frequency lines (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Non-leptonic decays B→DK and the determination of |VubVcb|

Abstract We propose a way to extract the ratio of CKM matrix elements V ub V cb from the measurement of the two-body non-leptonic decays B − → D 0 K − ,B − →D − K 0 , and B 0 → D 0 K 0 , which are proportional to |Vub|2, and the decays B − →D 0 K − , B 0 →D + K − and B →D 0 K 0 , which are proportional to |Vcb|2, based on isospin symmetry. We also analyze the modification of our predictions due to final state interactions, and find them to be significant.
Calling Rare Variants from Genotype Data

DNA microarrays have been successfully used for human genetics research to assay single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the genome. DNA microarrays work by measuring the relative amount of binding of input DNA to a set of complementary oligonucleotide probes for each allele using a photometric assay. Once the raw data are collected, they need to be converted into a genotype call automatically and with high accuracy. Over the past decade, many groups have published calling algorithms that are able to achieve greater than 99.5 % accuracy. However, these algorithms work best for common SNPs and are not as accurate for low-frequency and rare variants (minor allele frequency <5 %). With the widespread usage of microarrays targeting rare variants such as Exome Chip and MetaboChip, new calling algorithms that accurately call rare variants have been published over the last year. In this chapter, we will describe how DNA microarrays work (see section “Microarray Technology”), give a brief overview of genotype calling algorithms (see section “Genotype Calling Algorithms”), and summarize the different algorithms designed for rare variants and how well they perform (see section “Application to Rare Variants”).
Some Reflections on Countertransference: A Discussion of Dr. Derek Polonsky's Presentation

Following Dr. Polonsky's erudite discussion of the challenges of dealing with patients with low sexual desire, I briefly present a variety of related topics: classification of expertise; a list of circumstances that clinicians can expect to encounter among patients with this problem; a reminder of the importance of trying to separate personal sexual developmental failures in classic Freudian terms from those acquired in marriage difficulties; the notion that a young couple's sexual equilibrium is a valuable, underappreciated, frequently mismanaged resource; an iteration of the human basis of psychotherapy; and an illustration of the constant private internal dialogue that every therapist has with every patient, individual, or couple.
The effects of excess PbO addition and composition variation on the processing and properties of tape cast PLZT RAINBOW actuators

High-displacement RAINBOW actuators were fabricated from tape cast PLZT 7/65/35 and 9/65/35 ceramics which were hatched with 0 to 5% excess PbO by weight. Fired densities of the starting ceramics were maximized with 3% excess PbO. It was found that the electromechanical characteristics of the RAINBOWs were more dependent on grain size than density. Actuator displacements of the 9/65/35 composition were enhanced by static loading, while 7/65/35 exhibited decreased displacements with load.
Coping with Gendered Racial Microaggressions among Black Women College Students

In this study, we explored the strategies that Black women use to cope with gendered racial microaggressions, or the subtle and everyday verbal, behavioral, and environmental expressions of oppression based on the intersection of one’s race and gender. A total of 17 Black women undergraduate, graduate, and professional students participated in one of two semi-structured focus group interviews. Results from dimensional analysis indicated five coping strategies: two resistance coping strategies (i.e., Using One’s Voice as Power, Resisting Eurocentric Standards), one collective coping strategy (i.e., Leaning on One’s Support Network), and two self-protective coping strategies (i.e., Becoming a Black Superwoman, Becoming Desensitized and Escaping). The theme of Picking and Choosing One’s Battles was also uncovered as a process whereby participants made deliberate decisions about when and how to address the microaggressions they experienced. Findings indicated that Black women used a combination of coping strategies depending on contextual factors, which supports and extends previous research. Implications and directions for future research in the field of African American studies are discussed.
Heart disease, cancer, and stroke mortality trends and their interrelations. An international perspective.

BACKGROUNDChanges in mortality from heart disease, cancer, and stroke over recent decades in many countries have received much attention. However, comprehensive and concurrent analyses of these trends and their effect on total mortality have been lacking. Moreover, the extent to which the trends for one disease may relate to those for another disease is unknown. Concordance of trends for major diseases would suggest that they have common causes and thus may be responsive to the same preventive measures.METHODS AND RESULTSAge-adjusted death rates for total mortality and mortality from heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and cancer other than lung cancer were obtained for the years 1950 to 1987 in 27 countries by sex and ages 35 to 74 years from the World Health Organization statistical reports. Concordance of mortality trends was assessed for ages 35 to 74 between 1950 and 1983 through visual inspection and semiquantitative measurements of percentage change over time. The epidemic increase in heart disease...
Breast Reduction Techniques and Outcomes: A Meta-analysis

Abstract Background: Although sequelae such as visible scarring often are an expected result of reduction mammaplasty, successful aesthetic outcomes depend on the surgeon’s thorough understanding of the available techniques. Objective: A literature review was undertaken to compare published outcome data for the five classical reduction mammaplasty techniques as described by Pitanguy, Skoog, McKissock, Goldwyn, and LeJour. Methods: Complication rates, patient satisfaction, and symptom relief are reviewed. Management of common pitfalls is discussed. Results: Reported complication rates range from 6.5% to 22% for reduction mammaplasty, whereas reported patient satisfaction rates range from 80% to 95%. Reported rates of symptom improvement range from 70% to 100%, with a dramatic improvement in psychological well-being. Conclusion: It is hoped that an understanding of the principles and caveats published by the originators of these five techniques will promote enhanced skill in performing reduction mammaplasty.
Syntheses of Isomerically Pure Reference Octalins and Hydrindanes.

We describe herein the development of efficient and stereoselective synthetic routes to a range of cis- and trans-octalin and hydrindane target compounds.
Stretched arc discharge in produced water

The objective of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of stretching an arc discharge in produced water to increase the volume of produced water treated by plasma. Produced water is the wastewater generated by hydraulic fracturing of shale during the production phase in shale-oil or shale-gas exploration. The electric conductivity of produced water is in the range of 50-200 mS/cm, which provides both a challenge and opportunity for the application of plasmas. Stretching of an arc discharge in produced water was accomplished using a ground electrode and two high-voltage electrodes: one positioned close to the ground electrode and the other positioned farther away from the ground. The benefit of stretching the arc is that the contact between the arc and water is significantly increased, resulting in more efficient plasma treatment in both performance and energy cost.
Propagation of a cleavage crack front across a field of persistent grain boundaries

Abstract The nonuniform propagation of a cleavage front across a field of persistent grain boundaries is analyzed. When a cleavage crack advances in a field of grains, some of the grain boundaries cannot be directly broken through, which interrupts the crack growth process. When the crack front bypasses such persistent grain boundaries (PGB), the overall crack growth driving force must be increased so that the local stress intensity can overcome the local fracture resistance. A theoretical model is developed based on the R -curve analysis. A closed-form expression of the critical stress intensity factor is given as a function of the line content of PGB.
ZETA POTENTIAL STUDIES OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITES IN WATER-BASED COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION

We determine the zeta potential (ZP) by using electrophoretic laser light scattering and Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). Particle sizes are measured by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). We studied the ZP for colloidal suspensions of TiO2 and Ag metal particles in order to determine the kinetic interaction and charge exchange between the particles. We investigated the natural tendency of the particles for aggregation and varied the pH of the solution. It was found that the ZP versus pH curve for the mixed TiO2 /Ag did not behave as the average of the individual TiO2 and Ag curves as one would expect, and instead there was a slight horizontal shift towards higher pH values which implies that the particles in the mixed TiO2 /Ag colloid are interacting with the result of charge exchange. The average particle size was measured in terms of effective diameter, for the TiO2 , Ag and the mixed TiO2 /Ag particles. The results indicated an increase of approximately 100 nm in the effective diameter of the mixed TiO2 /Ag particles size compared to the size of the individual TiO2 particles. This can be explained as the fact that 50 nm Ag particles are adsorbed on the surface of the TiO2 particles.© 2006 ASME
Activation of STAT transcription factors in oncogenic tyrosine kinase signaling

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are cytoplasmic transcription factors that translocate to the nucleus and regulate gene expression in response to cytokine and growth factor stimulation. Emerging evidence indicates that STAT signaling is also frequently activated by oncogenes and in tumor cells. Constitutive activation of STAT proteins has been reported in cell lines stably transformed by diverse oncoproteins that directly or indirectly activate specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. In addition, STAT activation has been detected in a variety of human tumors and tumor cell lines, many of which are known to harbor activated tyrosine kinases. Recent findings support a model in which activation of STAT signaling in the context of oncogenesis induces gene expression that participates in malignant transformation.
Legacy of Disunion: The Enduring Significance of the American Civil War

Legacy of Disunion: The Enduring Significance of the American Civil War Susan-Mary Grant and Peter J. Parish, Editors. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. This collection of twelve essays on The Enduring Significance of the American Civil War has a strong British flavor to it. Most of the essays originated as papers given at a conference on that subject at the University of London in 1997, and two thirds of the contributors teach at British universities. Six years passed between this conference and the publication of the collection, years tragically marred by the illness and death of the coeditor of the volume (and contributor of two of the essays), Peter J. Parish. Parish's works on slavery and the Civil War are some of the best that have originated on his side of the Atlantic. Despite the passage of time, the essays collected in this volume, like their subject, have enduring significance. It is a wide-ranging collection that first examines the war in memory, in mythology, and in the movies. A second group of essays examines Civil War political parties and various aspects of Abraham Lincoln's continuing legacy. A final section includes essays that analyze the impact of the war on civil-military relations, the Constitution, nationalism, and America's status as a world power. American scholar Charles Joyner contributed one of the best of the memory essays. In "Forget Hell!: The Civil War in Southern Memory," Joyner confronts the problem of loving the South without ignoring or loving the darker aspects of the region's past. It is an answer to today's neoConfederates who refuse to forget the Civil War, but who choose to "remember" only an incomplete and distorted picture of the past. This true son of the South accepts that the war was fought by men "who sought to reap what they did not sow" (22). He knows the realities of racial and class injustice, and believes that southerners cannot move into the future without confronting these aspects of their past. "Forget Hell!" he declares, "The past is within us, part of us; we forget its lessons at our peril. But we ought to learn its lessons before we refuse to forget them" (23). Bruce Collins also offers an intriguing piece that places the current revival of interest in the Confederacy into a broader context. He demonstrates that today's appreciation of some elements of the Confederate past has been selective and piecemeal compared with "the sentimental and enthusiastic commemoration of the Confederate experiment that occurred m the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries" (46). …
Lipoproteins in the hemolymph of the tarantula, Eurypelma californicum

Abstract 1. 1. The hemolymph of the desert tarantula contains two lipoproteins that stain with Sudan Black. 2. 2. One, a very high density lipoprotein (1.28 g/ml); contains approximately 8% lipid. 3. 3. The other, a high density lipoprotein (1.12 g/ml); contains 56% protein and 44% lipid and is composed of two glycosylated apoproteins ( M r = 250,000 and 80,000). 4. 4. Phospholipid and diacylglycerol are the major lipid components of the high density lipoprotein; significant amounts of monoacylglycerol, triacylglycerol and free fatty acids are also present. 5. 5. The structural similarity of the high density lipoprotein to insect lipoproteins suggests the name lipophorin.
Time course of the effect of maternal deprivation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the infant rat.

Prolonged (i.e., 24-hr) maternal deprivation leads to a marked disinhibition of the infant rat's adrenocortical response to stress and/or ACTH. In the following study we examined the time course over which these effects develop. Pups were maternally deprived for varying lengths of time (i.e., 0, 2, 4, 8, & 24 hr); at the end of this period, corticosterone (CORT) secretion in response to stress (novelty or novelty plus saline injection) and ACTH injection was measured. Basal levels of CORT increased progressively over time in 7- and 11- (but not 3-) day-old pups. CORT release in response to stress followed a similar pattern. In contrast, ACTH injection resulted in marked increases in CORT levels regardless of the length of maternal deprivation in 3-day-old animals; at older ages, however, 24 hr of deprivation led to a much larger increase. These findings support the hypothesis that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the neonatal rat is subject to maternal regulation.
A Charged Particle Detector System for High Rate Experiments

A charged particle detector system under development at BNL for use at the Multiparticle Spectrometer (MPS) and eventually at ISABELLE is described. The object is to take full advantage of the position accuracy, resolving time and instantaneous rate capabilities of narrow anode spacing drift-proportional chambers. The system will have position resolution sigma approximately equal to 100..mu.., time resolution approximately equal to 8 ns, detector sensitive time approximately equal to 50 ns, and consecutive particle resolving power of 40 ns per wire. It is planned to implement this system in a large system of 30,000 wires at the MPS and greater than 100,000 wires in ISABELLE experiments. Central to the development of this detector system is the production of two custom integrated circuits.
Truly silent ischemia and the relationship of chest of plain and ST segment changes to the amount of ischemic mycardium: Evaluation by supine bicycle stress echocardiography

Objectives. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the relationship between the amount of exercise-induced ischemic myocardium and the presence or absence of chest plain and ST segment depression, and 2) to define the incidence and characteristics of “truly silent ischemia,” that is, ischemia that is not manifested by symptoms or electrocardiographic (ECG) findings. Background. There are no prior data relating ischemiato chest pain and ST depression. Thallium-201 imaging studies have evaluated perfusion but not ischemia. In contrast, supine bicycle stress echecardiograpny demonstrates exercise-induced ischemicdysfunction. Methods. Suprine bicycle stress echocardiography and arteriography were performed in 130 patients and the severity and geographic extent of ischemic myocardium were compared in three groups. On exercise, Group I patients had both chest pain and ST segment depression (symptomatic ischemia), Group II patients ST depression without chest pain (asymptomatic ischemia) and Group III patients had neither chest nor ST depression (truly silent ischemia). Results. There were no difference among groups in arteriographics. characteristic. The incidents of “truly silent ischemia” was 43%. The number of abnormally contracting ischemic segments, average score per segment and sum of scores were virtually identical in Groups I and II and significantly greater than in Group III for the patients (p < 0.01 to < 0.0001), for the vessels as a group (p < 0.01 to < 0.0001) and for the left anterior descending (p < 0.01 to < 0.0001) and right (p < 0.05) coronary arteries. By multivariate analysis, positive findings on the stress ECG was the single most significant variable in relation to the amount of ischemia (p < 0.001); exercise chest pain had no significant relationship. Conclusions. Exercise-induced ST segment depression is the single most significant variable in relation to the amount of ischemic myocardium; exercise-induced chest pain is not related to the amount of ischemia. Patients with “truly silent ischemia” constitute almost 50% of patients with coronary artery disease and have less ischemia than do patients with ECG indications of ischemia, with or without chest pain.
Geminating Pollen Has Tubular Vacuoles, Displays Highly Dynamic Vacuole Biogenesis, and Requires VACUOLESS1 for Proper Function

Vacuoles perform multiple functions in plants, and VCL1 (VACUOLESS1) is essential for biogenesis with loss of expression in the vcl1 mutant leading to lethality. Vacuole biogenesis plays a prominent role in gametophytes, yet is poorly understood. Given the importance of VCL1, we asked if it contributes to vacuole biogenesis during pollen germination. To address this question, it was essential to first understand the dynamics of vacuoles. A tonoplast marker, δ-TIP::GFP, under a pollen-specific promoter permitted the examination of vacuole morphology in germinating pollen of Arabidopsis. Our results demonstrate that germination involves a complex, yet definable, progression of vacuole biogenesis. Pollen vacuoles are extremely dynamic with remarkable features such as elongated (tubular) vacuoles and highly mobile cytoplasmic invaginations. Surprisingly, vcl1 did not adversely impact vacuole morphology in pollen germinated in vitro. To focus further on VCL1 in pollen, reciprocal backcrosses demonstrated reduced transmission of vcl1 through male gametophytes, indicating that vcl1 was expressive after germination. Interestingly, vcl1 affected the fertility of female gametophytes that undergo similarly complex vacuole biogenesis. Our results indicate that vcl1 is lethal in the sporophyte but is not fully expressive in the gametophytes. They also point to the complexity of pollen vacuoles and suggest that the mechanism of vacuole biogenesis in pollen may differ from that in other plant tissues.
Some Implications of Variations in Techniques of Group Therapy for Social Controls

Variations in techniques of group psychotherapy are related to the clients' ego strength. Clients with developmental or pathological ego deficit have different needs for social controls than those with good ego endowment. This paper illustrates differential use of such controls in three areas. 1. Constacy of the treatment milieu as a frame of reference: For patients with good ego endowment, time and place of group meetings should be kept constant to allow them to look inwards and permit experience of feelings hitherto avoided. A patient is described who, following a break-through of feelings in the group, attempted to disrupt the therapy by usurping control over time and place of sessions. Holding time and place of group meetings constant allows patients with ego deficit to anticipate events and helps them build additional controls over impulses. Responses of borderline patients to changes in the treatment milieu are described. 2. Control of group interactions: Matching group members for ego strength is considered essential. Clinical vignettes illustrate contrasts in group interactions considered therapeutic for patients with ego deficit and those with good ego endowment. Techniques for the first group include ritualising the group process, emphasis on reality rather than fantasy and dilution of inter-patient rapport; techniques that aid patients with good ego endowment to relinquish pathological controls include support of basic questions concerning the individual's identity, free flow of fantasy, tolerance of tension, silences or strong ventilation of affect and facilitating observations from patients concerning the process of interaction. 3. Relationship to the leader: For patients with developmental or pathological ego deficit, it is essential that the therapist be ready to set limits and lend defences when the patient's controls fail. Patients with good ego endowment often have too much control. It follows that the therapist will intervene, clarify and provide structure in the first group much more frequently than in groups for psychoneurotics. For patients with ego deficit the relation to the therapist may have to be moderated lest it further weaken ego boundaries. Such patients often need personal distance. Transference to the institution, to the treatment milieu and to the group as a concrete object provides these patients with a natural means of distancing relationships. The therapist should attempt to fit into this series. He should be highly visible in the benign exercise of his professional function. Rapport should be kept stable and primarily positive even after termination of treatment. In contrast, groups of patients with good ego endowment may relate to the therapist more intensively if he is less visible. These patients, unless they can move back and forth between positive and negative rapport, can hardly be said to be working. They will often attempt to control rapport with the therapist by splitting the transference...
New horizons spacecraft comprehensive performance test development

The New Horizons spacecraft was launched on January 19, 2006, from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station aboard a Lockheed Martin Atlas V launch vehicle. It is the first mission of NASA's New Frontiers program and will be the first spacecraft to visit Pluto and its moon Charon, arriving July 14, 2015. An extended mission would include visits to one or more Kuiper Belt objects between 2016 and 2020. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) was responsible for the design, manufacturing, and test for the New Horizons mission and is now conducting mission operations. In order for this long mission to be completed successfully, it was critical that the appropriate testing be planned and executed prior to launch to verify all applicable mission requirements. A Comprehensive Performance Test (CPT) was performed that provided baseline test results. The spacecraft was subsequently subjected to environmental tests such as acoustic, thermal vacuum, shock release and spin tests. It was moved from JHU/APL to the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) for environmental testing and to the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) for launch. The CPT was repeated numerous times throughout these tests and moves. Results that were not consistent with the baseline test results were carefully evaluated to determine whether they indicated a hardware problem or the possibility of a hardware problem occurring after launch. This paper discusses the development of the CPT, emphasizing the following: Selection of the requirements to be tested in the CPT, CPT building blocks , Building block development, CPT organization, CPT Challenges, CPT results, New Horizons Operations Simulator (NHOPS) certification using the CPT, Conclusions.
Drinking games and contextual factors of 21st birthday drinking

AbstractBackground: 21st birthday celebrations are among the highest risks for alcohol use throughout emerging adulthood and celebrants often experience a range of alcohol-related consequences. Objectives: The present research considered what happens when drinking games are paired with an already high-risk event (i.e., 21st birthday celebrations) and how drinking games compare with other contextual factors on 21st birthdays. Methods: Approximately four days after turning 21, 1124 college students (55% women) completed an online survey assessing alcohol use and related consequences experienced during their birthday celebrations. Participants were also asked whether drinking games and other contextual factors were associated with their celebrations. Results: Overall, 18% of participants reported playing drinking games during their 21st birthday celebrations. These individuals reported consuming more alcohol, had higher estimated BACs, and experienced more negative consequences than those who did not play dr...
Classification of industrial services: A model with strategic implications

Abstract Increased competition has created a marketplace that has become hypercompetitive. The industrial sector of the economy has not been immune to the escalation in domestic and international competitors. The need to effectively service industrial customers has become a necessary element in the market mix of producers as well as members of industrial channels of distribution. This article addresses the classification of industrial goods/services to aid industrial marketers' marketing efforts.
Isosexual precocious pseudopuberty secondary to a feminizing adrenal tumor.

We report a 2 10/12-yr-old girl with precocious pseudopuberty due to a feminizing adrenal carcinoma without Cushing’s syndrome. The patient had marked elevation of plasma concentrations of the Δ6 adrenal steroids dehydroepiandosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and increased levels of androstenedione, estrone, estradiol, and testosterone. Adrenal microsomal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase 17-hydroxylase, 17,20-desmolase, and 21-hydroxylase activities in the tumor and adjacent normal adrenal gland were measured. The tumor had approximately normal levels of 17- hydroxylase and 17,20-desmolase activity, with low levels of 21- hydroxylase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activities. This combination of enzyme activity may explain the absence of Cushing's syndrome and the high levels of Δ5 adrenal steroids. This patient demonstrates that adrenal neoplasms arising in girls may mimic isosexual true precocious puberty and should be included in the differential diagnosis of precociou...