cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine with rhodium(I) and iridium(I) olefin complexes

Rh(I) and Ir(I) complexes of the type [Rh(cod)(η2-TMPP)]1+ (1) and M(cod)(η2-TMPP-O) (M = Rh (2), Ir (3); cod = cyclooctadiene; TMPP = tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine; TMPP-O = mono-demethylated form of TMPP) have been isolated from reactions of [M(cod)Cl]2 with M′BF4 (M′ = Ag+, K+, Na+) followed by addition of the tertiary phosphine ligand. This chemistry is dependent on the identity of the metal, as both the cationic phosphine complex and the neutral phosphino-phenoxide compound are stable for Rh(I), whereas only the latter is stable for Ir(I). The three complexes have been characterized by IR and NMR (1H and 31P) spectroscopies as well as by cyclic voltammetry. The 1H NMR spectrum of [Rh(cod)(η2-TMPP)]1+ (1) is in accord with the formula and reveals that the TMPP phenyl rings are undergoing rapid exchange between coordinated and non-coordinated modes; the corresponding spectra of 2 and 3 support free rotation about the PC bonds of the unbound phenyl rings with no fluxionality of the bound demethylated ring. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of the neutral species 2 exhibits a significant upfield shift with respect to the analogous cationic compound 1. This shielding is the result of improved electron donation to the metal from a phenoxide group as compared to an ether substituent. In situ addition of CO to the reaction between TMPP and [Rh(cod)Cl]2 or [Ir(cod)Cl]2 in the presence of M′BF4 results in the isolation of the monocarbonyl species [Rh(TMPP)(η2-TMPP)(CO)][BF4] (5) and the stable dicarbonyl compound [Ir(TMPP)2(CO)2][BF4] (4), respectively. Single crystal X-ray data for 4·CH2Cl2:P1, a = 13.512(2), b = 18.348(3), c = 13.358(2) A, α = 97.26(1), β = 90.55(1), γ = 95.02(1)°, V = 3272(2) A3, Z = 2, R = 0.051, Rw = 0.065. The geometry of 4 is square planar, with essentially ideal angles for the mutually trans disposed phosphine and carbonyl ligands, as found in earlier studies for the analogous Rh dicarbonyl compound. The 1H NMR spectrum of 4 supports the assignment of magnetically equivalent phosphorus nuclei in solution. The results of this study indicate that cyclooctadiene is a particularly strong ligand for monovalent late transition metals ligated by TMPP, to the extent that it is inert with respect to substitution in the absence of π-acceptor ligands such as carbon monoxide.
New blooms in established fields: Four domains of learning and doing

Educational taxonomies developed by Bloom, Krathwohl, and collaborators have been used for decades as frameworks for instructional objectives, curriculum design, and assessments of achievement. However, their scope is now too limited. The well‐known cognitive domain is extended to include ideational functions of imagination and creativity, and the affective domain is enhanced to include internalization, wonder, and risk taking. The psychomotor domain is expanded into a sensorimotor domain, incorporating five senses along with balance, spatial relationships, movement, and other physical activity. A social domain is introduced to accentuate sociocultural processes that accompany thinking, feeling, and sensing/movement. Lastly, the four domains are synthesized into a unified domain of thinking, feeling, sensing/moving, and Interacting to optimize potential and self‐fulfillment for all students.
Natural convection on vertical and horizontal plates with vectored surface mass transfer

Abstract An analysis is performed to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of laminar free convection on isothermal vertical and horizontal flat plates with uniform vectored surface mass transfer. The governing equations are first cast into a dimensionless form by a nonsimilar transformation and the resulting equations are then solved by a finite difference method. Numerical results for gases with a Prandtl number of 0.7 are presented for representative values of the normal and streamwise components of the uniform surface mass transfer. For both vertical and horizontal plates, it has been found that an increase in the normal injection ( v w >0) results in a decrease in the local surface heat transfer rate for both downstream vectoring ( u w >0) and upstream vectoring ( u w >0). On the other hand, an increase in the normal suction ( v w >0) results in an increase in the local surface heat transfer rate. For a given value of the normal injection or suction parameter, an increase in the downstream vectoring increases the local surface heat transfer rate and decreases the local wall shear stress. The opposite is true for the case of increasing upstream vectoring. No experimental data are available for comparison.
When a product takes on characteristics of the person who created it: Sometimes it sounds sweeter

Abstract We investigated when consumers' judgments about a product reflect information about its product source (the person who creates the product). Three experiments manipulated congruence between the source's gender and the gender-typing of the source's product. When congruent with expectations (a male conductor played male-typed music), pre-trial source information had the same effect on post-trial product judgments as when source information was absent. Incongruence (a female conductor played male-typed music) distorted product attribute judgments when the source's competence was questioned. Her music was judged to be more delicate, less powerful and worse quality than his. This process of product experience being assimilated into incompetence stereotypes required minimal cognitive resources. When the incongruent source was undoubtedly competent, the amount of experiential evidence about an attribute influenced distortion. Consumers judged powerful music as powerful regardless of conductor gender, but, lacking much evidence about its delicacy, judged hers as more delicate than his. The selective effect of source gender information reflects consumers' cognitively effortful hypothesis testing of beliefs that gender expresses itself in a person's output against experiential evidence.
Large-signal response of p-i-n photodetectors using short pulses with small spot sizes

In this paper, the response of a surface-normal p-i-n photodetector that was incorporated in an optically controlled optical gate was analyzed using short-pulsed, high-energy optical inputs with small spot sizes. Simulation results based in part on diffusive conduction were compared against the experimental data, providing an understanding of the device response. Results also demonstrated that p-i-n photodetectors may be designed so that reducing the spot size, counterintuitively, results in negligible additional field screening.
The value of laryngeal electromyography in the evaluation of laryngeal motion abnormalities.

Summary Laryngeal electromyography (EMG) functions routinely as a prognostic tool in the evaluation of vocal fold paralysis, as a guide for therapeutic injections into the laryngeal muscles, and more recently as an assessment tool in the evaluation of vocal fold paresis. This study investigates the clinical utility of laryngeal EMG as a diagnostic aid in the evaluation of movement disorders of the larynx in patients complaining of dysphonia. A retrospective chart review of all laryngeal EMGs performed at a tertiary laryngology referral center over a 13-month period was performed. All laryngeal EMGs were performed to evaluate laryngeal motion abnormalities in dysphonic patients. Thirty-seven laryngeal EMGs were completed during this study period. Analysis of the data revealed that the medical treatment plan changed as a result of findings on laryngeal EMG in 10/37 patients (27.0%); laryngeal EMG guided and/or confirmed the course of treatment in 12/37 patients (32.4%) and did not change the treatment plan in 15/37 patients (40.5%). Laryngeal EMG is a useful diagnostic tool that, in this study, contributed significantly to and helped guide the evaluation and management of motion disorders in the larynx of dysphonic patients.
Sex Bias in the Representation of Male and Female Characters in Children's Picture Books

Abstract Through content analysis, significant differences were found in the representation of male and female characters in a sample of children's picture books published in the years 1976 through 1987. Male characters outnumbered female characters, were given the majority of central character roles, and were more likely to be the recipients of help. In addition, male characters helped other male characters more than they helped female characters, and male helping behavior tended to be instrumental rather than expressive. Furthermore, female characters were frequently presented in a limited number of stereotyped roles, whereas male characters were presented in a wide variety of roles. The authors of children's picture books may need to become more responsible in their representation of the sexes.
Two Recent Studies Involving Pressure Tuning Spectroscopy

In this paper we present two recent studies utilizing pressure tuning spectroscopy. In the first of these we use high pressure photoluminescence to characterize the large difference in luminescence efficiency at one atmosphere between [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [Ru(bpy)2py2]2+ ions. The lower efficiency of the latter ion is due to dissipation of excitation energy by motion of the pyridines. The second study involves a combination of photo-and thermoluminescence of doped ZnS phosphors of technical importance. In the phosphor doped with CI and Cu+ we demonstrate that the donors are pinned to the conduction band and the acceptors to the valence band. We invoke the presence of “deep levels” to describe the behavior of the traps. In the phosphor doped with Mn+2 plus C1- and Cu+ a series of traps appeared as the pressure was increased. By comparison with ZnS doped only with Mn+2 it was possible to assign some of the traps to C1- and others to Mn+2.
Kinetics of conformational transitions of demetalized Concanavalin A.

Abstract Demetalized Concanavalin A exists in two conformational states, known as locked (PL) and unlocked (P) [Brown et al. , Biochemistry 16, 3883 (1977)]. The equilibrium ratio [ PL ] [ P ] is 0.14±0.01 at 25 °C, pH 6.4 [Brown et al. , Biochemistry 21, 465 (1982)]. We now report values of the rate constants for the P ai PL equilibrium; k1 = (33±4 h)−1 and k−1 = (4.6±0.6 h)−1 for the P → PL and PL → P transitions, respectively, at 25 °C, pH 6.4. The experiments utilize the fact that saccharide binds to PL [Koenig et al ., Biochemistry 17, 4251 (1978)], producing a time-dependent increase in the total concentration of locked forms at equilibrium, and use a new technique for measuring this concentration.
Nursing staff perceptions of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and infection control in a long-term care facility.

Objectives To assess perceptions of nursing staff regarding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), infection control (IC) and prevention strategies, barriers to IC, and IC resources. Design Cross-sectional mixed methods study. Setting Atlanta Veterans Affairs (VA) long-term care facility (LTCF). Participants Forty-two direct-care nursing staff employed at the LTCF during August 2006. Measurements Health Belief Model (HBM) guided the development of 6 focus group discussions combined with a quantitative form assessing 5 IC practices, risk perceptions, and sources of IC information. Results Only 59% of participants perceived that MRSA posed a risk to patients. Consistency of self-reported IC practices varied by specific behavior. Lack of supplies (26%) and lack of information/communication (24%) were reported as primary barriers to IC. All participants perceived patient behavior as a barrier, and all were interested in additional education about MRSA and IC. Comparing nurses with nursing assistants (NAs), nurses more frequently reported the IC professional as the most trusted information source (60% versus 0%, P Conclusion These results suggest that the perceptions regarding the real threat of MRSA and infection transmission that would drive IC prevention behaviors in this high-risk population vary among nursing staff, as do nursing staff IC practices. This study provides insight into the complex educational and other strategies needed to implement multilevel, multidimensional IC in LTCFs.
Biochemical and Microbial Analysis of Ovine Rumen Fluid Incubated with 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX)

In this study, the rumen was assessed for its potential to detoxify RDX using molecular microbial ecology as well as analytical chemistry techniques. Results indicated significant loss (P < 0.05) of RDX in <8-h post incubation, and qualitative LC-MS/MS analysis showed evidence for the formation of 1-NO-RDX (M–O + HCOO) and methylenedinitramine metabolites. A total of 1106 16S rRNA-V3 clones were sequenced, and most sequences associated with either the phyla Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes. A LibCompare analysis for the RDX treatment showed an enrichment (P < 0.01) of the genus Prevotella. From these results, it can be concluded that the rumen is capable of detoxifying RDX, and the members of the genus Prevotella are linked to this detoxification.
Bottle-Feeding and Malnutrition in a Developing Country: The ‘Bottle-Starved’ Baby

To measure the impact of bottle-beeding on nutrition 510 consecutive mothers were studied including their infants under 3 attending an urban health center in North Yemen. Infants were weighed and their mothers interviewed on use of cows milk and other foods and on demograhic educational and economic status. Of those who bottle-fed most (74%) used powdered whole-milk products and not special infant formulas. Bottle-fed infants under 6 months had a markedly increased risk of severe malnutrition over those fully breast-fed (16.2% vs. 2.2%). Despite the inadequacy of local weaning foods a regression model suggested nutritional advantage from early introduction of solids for bottle-fed but not for fully breast-fed infants. Milk tended to be made diluted and feedings small. Only 21% of all bottle-fed infants (27% of those aged 3 to 9 months) received over 60 kcal/kg body weight daily from milk. Use of diluted milk (less than 50 kcal/dl) appeared to double the risk of severe malnutrition in bottle-fed infants. Milk concentration was correlated with size of the measuring scoop supplied in the tin. Concentration and daily intake were both related more strongly to family income than to parental literacy or othery socio-demographic measures. Interim strategies to prevent the syndrome of the bottle-starved infant should focus on early provision of additional calories from all possible sources particularly breast milk and suitable solids. To affect feeding patterns regulation of the infant-formula industry must control producers of other milk products as well.
Conditions for Producing Intense Ionic Beams

Conditions for the optimum production of positive ions and their complete removal from the ionization region to form a beam are developed. The calculations take into account the variation in ionization cross section as a function of electron energy. The mechanism of proton production is considered and the efficiency of arc type sources is discussed.
Movement of Gulf Menhaden through Three Marshland Routes in Southwestern Louisiana

Abstract The life history of gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus and their movements through three routes between the marsh and the Gulf of Mexico were studied to determine ways to facilitate passage of these fish through existing and proposed water-control structures. We used stationary traps at the water surface, mid-depth, and bottom of the channels; most gulf menhaden were captured in the upper two-thirds of the water column. Indirect evidence indicated that spawning occurred from late August to May. Apparently, low dissolved oxygen sometimes forced the fish to emigrate in summer. Compared to those of earlier studies done in more open-water situations, our highest catches occurred at considerably higher salinities and lower temperatures. For fisheries, it may usually be best if water-control structures are not installed. If installed, such structures should allow maximum migration past the structure. To allow aquatic species to escape from lethal conditions, the structures should have permanent openings...
THE TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART: AN EFFECTIVE BRIDGE TO TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED HEART FAILURE

The total artificial heart(TAH) is a self-contained mechanical circulatory device designed to temporarily support the failing heart as a bridge to transplantation. We examined the clinical outcomes of the first 22 patients treated with the total artificial heart at Cedars-Sinai. 22 patients with
Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

Maternal allergy and gestational exposures can alter the concentration of type-1/type-2/T-regulatory markers in breast milk. We tested whether maternal risk factors are related to breast milk immune markers. Expecting mothers were enrolled in 2008–2010 in South Carolina in prenatal clinics and classes. Interferon (IFN)-γ–induced protein 10 (CXCL10), CCL11, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and immunoglobulin (Ig)A in 115 whey samples were measured by immunoassays. Maternal asthma, eczema, rhinitis, smoking, urogenital infections during gestation, pet exposure, education, race/ethnicity, age, body mass, and the child’s birth date and sex were ascertained. The effects of these risk factors on immune markers were estimated using general linear models. Maternal asthma was linked to higher levels of IL-5, rhinitis to lower levels of IL-5 and INF-γ, and eczema to lower levels of IL-6. Gestational smoking was related to increased concentrations of CXCL8 and IL-6. African-American mothers had markedly higher levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, and CXCL8. Urogenital infections, maternal age, body mass, child’s sex, and season of birth contributed to the variation. The impact of maternal allergies on immune markers in breast milk was small compared with that of maternal nondisease characteristics.
Differential Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Neuroactive Steroids in Men with Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: To compare serum levels of neuroactive steroids among men with epilepsy who take various antiepileptic drugs, untreated men with epilepsy and normal controls (NC). Methods: Subjects were 85 men with localization-related epilepsy [unmedicated >6 months (No Rx)-10, carbamazepine (CBZ)-25, phenytoin (PHT)-25, lamotrigine (LTG)-25] and 25 NC. Sexual function scores (S-Score), hormone levels [dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), bioactive (BA) testosterone (T), estradiol (BAE), and androstanediol (BAL)] and the ratios of inhibitory to excitatory neuroactive metabolites of T, i.e., BAL/BAE, were compared among groups. Results: S-scores, DHEAS, and bioactive testosterone (BAT) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower and BAL and BAL/BAE were significantly higher among CBZ and PHT groups than among NC and LTG groups. LTG did not differ from NC in any of these measures. BAT correlated significantly with BAL/BAE for PHT (r = 0.44, p = 0.02) and CBZ (r = 0.42, p = 0.03) but not for NC (r = 0.03, p = NS) and LTG (r = 0.06, p = NS) groups. Conclusions: In comparison to LTG, enzyme inducing AEDs (CBZ, PHT) are associated with a more favorable neuroactive steroid balance (lower DHEAS and higher BAL/BAE) for seizure management, but at the expense of reduced serum bioavailable testosterone levels and sexual function. Key Words: Epilepsy—Reproductive—Neurosteroids— Endocrine—Men.
The Informational Efficiency of the Art Market

Two measures of informational efficiency are applied to the market for paintings. The first is a measure of market efficiency as captured by serial dependency in returns. The serial correlation in an index of art returns suggests the possibility of persistent trends in the art market, however there is no empirical evidence that these trends can be easily exploited. The second is a measure of “price risk,” or instantaneous uncertainty about the immediate resale value of a work of art. The magnitude of the price risk suggests that there is a major role for dealers in the art market. Using historical data, I find that the price risk has been declining since the beginning of the painting market, indicating increasing informational efficiency. Paintings are like stocks and a dealer is like a broker. Someone makes money, then there is someone else who's really good at investing in stocks, and he tells the investor what to buy. If someone tells you to go to a good gallery rather than one that's not so good, you'll get a painting that might turn out to be worth something, a painting you like that's also a good investment. Its like having a broker tell you what stocks to buy. Andy Warhol
SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME IN CHILDREN AND SMALL INTESTINAL TRANSPLANTATION

This article discusses the management of short bowel syndrome from the time of intestinal resection until the patient either recovers free of supplemental parenteral and enteral nutrition or progresses to the point of needing intestinal transplantation. The importance of aggressive use of enteral feedings is emphasized, especially in relation to the process of intestinal adaptation. An approach to the various complications of short bowel syndrome, especially small bowel bacterial overgrowth, is discussed. Surgical options short of transplantation also are described. Intestinal transplantation and its present and future roles in the management of patients with short bowel syndrome are discussed.
The ritual origin of the balance

A l'origine de la balance, la bascule et d'autres machines, a broyer les grains ou a faire monter l'eau. La balance chez les Incas, les Grecs, les Hebreux, en Amerique du nord, en Extreme-Orient. Son origine rituelle, sa signification de don. L'Aga Khan, Ramses II. Pratique de la pesee, les poids utilises, l'or. E. Nordenskiold, A.M. Hocart, L. Kretzenbacher, E.B. Tylor, W. Ridgeway.
Extracting subject demographic information from abstracts of randomized clinical trial reports.

In order to make more informed healthcare decisions, consumers need information systems that deliver accurate and reliable information about their illnesses and potential treatments. Reports of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) provide reliable medical evidence about the efficacy of treatments. Current methods to access, search for, and retrieve RCTs are keyword-based, time-consuming, and suffer from poor precision. Personalized semantic search and medical evidence summarization aim to solve this problem. The performance of these approaches may improve if they have access to study subject descriptors (e.g. age, gender, and ethnicity), trial sizes, and diseases/ symptoms studied. We have developed a novel method to automatically extract such subject demographic information from RCT abstracts. We used text classification augmented with a Hidden Markov Model to identify sentences containing subject demographics, and subsequently these sentences were parsed using Natural Language Processing techniques to extract relevant information. Our results show accuracy levels of 82.5%, 92.5%, and 92.0% for extraction of subject descriptors, trial sizes, and diseases/symptoms descriptors respectively.
SHORT-TERM CELL VOLUME REGULATION IN MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS GILL

Long-term acclimation of Mytilus californianus to 60% artificial sea water (585 mosmol l-1; ASW) led to a 30-40% decrease in the taurine (53.5-36.9 mumol g-1 wet mass) and betaine (44.8-26.2 mumol g-1 wet mass) content of gill tissue, compared with that of control animals held in 100% ASW (980 mosmol l-1). The K+ content of gills did not change following long-term acclimation to reduced salinity. In contrast, losses of all three solutes during a brief (60 min) exposure to 60% ASW were less than or equal to 15%. Nevertheless, the swelling of gill cells that occurred after acute exposure to 60% ASW was followed by a return towards the control volume. Direct optical measurement of single gill filaments confirmed that, during an acute exposure to reduced salinity, ciliated lateral cells increased in cell height (volume) and then underwent a regulatory volume decrease (RVD) with a half-time of approximately 10 min. This short-term RVD was completely inhibited by exposure to 1 mmol l-1 quinidine, a K+ channel blocker, but only when the drug was applied to the basolateral aspect of the gill epithelium. Application of 1 mumol l-1 valinomycin relieved the inhibition by quinidine of the gill RVD. However, addition of valinomycin did not accelerate the rate of RVD observed in the absence of quinidine. These results indicate that long-term acclimation of Mytilus californianus gill in dilute sea water involves primarily losses of taurine and betaine, whereas short-term regulation of cell volume may involve an electrically conductive loss of intracellular K+ and a counter ion.
MPBind: a Meta-motif-based statistical framework and pipeline to Predict Binding potential of SELEX-derived aptamers.

Summary: Aptamers are ‘synthetic antibodies’ that can bind to target molecules with high affinity and specificity. Aptamers are chemically synthesized and their discovery can be performed completely in vitro, rather than relying on in vivo biological processes, making them well-suited for high-throughput discovery. However, a large fraction of the most enriched aptamers in Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) rounds display poor binding activity. Here, we present MPBind, a Meta-motif-based statistical framework and pipeline to Predict the Binding potential of SELEX-derived aptamers. Using human embryonic stem cell SELEX-Seq data, MPBind achieved high prediction accuracy for binding potential. Further analysis showed that MPBind is robust to both polymerase chain reaction amplification bias and incomplete sequencing of aptamer pools. These two biases usually confound aptamer analysis. Availability and implementation: MPBind software and documents are available at http://www.morgridge.net/MPBind.html. The human embryonic stem cells whole-cell SELEX-Seq data are available at http://www.morgridge.net/Aptamer/. Contact: gro.egdirgrom@trawetSR Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Remarks on dynamical and noncompact groups in physics and chemistry

In contrast to the usual degeneracy or symmetry groups, the new dynamical groups generate all the energy levels and spectrum of a system in one infinite-dimensional representation. The origin and nature of these groups as they came up first in high-energy physics, then in atomic physics, are outlined. The known dynamical groups, e.g., for the rigid rotor, the harmonic oscillator, and the hydrogen atom, are displayed. Possible applications in molecular spectroscopy are discussed.
Phase I study of VP‐16 (etoposide) and amsacrine (AMSA) in the treatment of refractory acute leukemia

Fourteen patients with refractory acute non-lymphocytic leukemia were entered into a dose-seeking trial of combination therapy with etoposide and amsacrine given daily for five consecutive days. There were three complete responses lasting 2 months, 3 months, and 10 months and two transient partial remissions. Dose-limiting toxicities were stomatitis and diarrhea. Prolonged aplasia occurred at the highest doses tested and appeared to result from repetitive doses of the combination given as maintenance. We recommend for induction and consolidation/intensification treatment VP-16, 125 mg/m2, and AMSA, 125 mg/m2, intravenously daily for 5 days. A reduction by at least 50% in the dose of each drug is recommended for maintenance of complete remissions.
Regulation of sterol biosynthesis in Saprolegnia ferax by 25-azacholesterol

Abstract Mycelia of Saprolegnia ferax were used to study the functional significance of metabolism of the Δ 24,25 -bond in the sterol side chain of oomycetous fungi. The fungus produced a mixture of Δ 5 -24-desalkyl (cholesterol and cholesta-5,24-dienol) and 24-alkylidene sterols (24-methylenecholesterol and 24Z-ethylidenecholesterol). Through feeding and trapping studies using 24-tritiolanosterol, the mechanism of C-24 alkylation was confirmed to involve a 1,2-hydride shift from C-24 to C-25. The mechanism of C-24 alkylation and Δ 24 -reduction was interfered with by 25-azacholesterol. When 10 ppm of the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor was fed to S. ferax , growth remained essentially unchanged, although Δ 24 -reduction and S -adenosylmethionine C-24-transferase activity were blocked producing an altered sterol composition. In contrast to the growth response, oosporogenesis was completely abolished. The results are interpreted to imply that S. ferax produces multiple sterol end products each of which plays different physiological roles in sterol-controlled developmental regulation of fungal ontogeny.
Combination Therapy with Vidaza and Entinostat Suppresses Tumor Growth and Reprograms the Epigenome in an Orthotopic Lung Cancer Model

Epigenetic therapy for solid tumors could benefit from an in vivo model that defines tumor characteristics of responsiveness and resistance to facilitate patient selection. Here we report that combining the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat with the demethylating agent vidaza profoundly affected growth of K-ras/p53 mutant lung adenocarcinomas engrafted orthotopically in immunocompromised nude rats by targeting and ablating pleomorphic cells that occupied up to 75% of the tumor masses. A similar reduction in tumor burden was seen with epigenetic therapy in K-ras or EGFR mutant tumors growing orthotopically. Increased expression of proapoptotic genes and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was seen. Hundreds of genes were demethylated highlighted by the reexpression of polycomb-regulated genes coding for transcription factor binding proteins and the p16 gene, a key regulator of the cell cycle. Highly significant gene expression changes were seen in key regulatory pathways involved in cell cycle, DNA damage, apoptosis, and tissue remodeling. These findings show the promise for epigenetic therapy in cancer management and provide an orthotopic lung cancer model that can assess therapeutic efficacy and reprogramming of the epigenome in tumors harboring different genetic and epigenetic profiles to guide use of these drugs.
Robotic loading during treadmill training enhances locomotor recovery in rats spinally transected as neonates

Loading on the limbs has a powerful influence on locomotion. In the present study, we examined whether robotic-enhanced loading during treadmill training improved locomotor recovery in rats that were spinally transected as neonates. A robotic device applied a force on the ankle of the hindlimb while the rats performed bipedal stepping on a treadmill. The robotic force enhanced loading during the stance phase of the step cycle. One group of spinally transected rats received 4 wk of bipedal treadmill training with robotic loading while another group received 4 wk of bipedal treadmill training but without robotic loading. The two groups exhibited similar stepping performance during baseline tests of bipedal treadmill stepping. However, after 4 wk, the spinally transected rats that received bipedal treadmill training with robotic loading performed significantly more weight-bearing steps than the bipedal treadmill training only group. Bipedal treadmill training with robotic loading enhanced the ankle trajectory and ankle velocity during the step cycle. Based on immunohistochemical analyses, the expression of the presynaptic marker, synaptophysin, was significantly greater in the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of the rats that received bipedal treadmill training with robotic loading. These findings suggested that robotic loading during bipedal treadmill training improved the ability of the lumbar spinal cord to generate stepping. The results have implications for the use of robotic-enhanced gait training therapies that encourage motor learning after spinal cord injury.
A dynamic anchor-cell assisted paging with an optimal timer for PCS networks

An intra location area (intra-LA) location update (LU) scheme is proposed to increase paging accuracy for PCS networks. In the proposed scheme, each mobile terminal (MT) has a valid/invalid anchor-cell, which may be dynamically changed. A MT updates its anchor-cell information only when the status is changed, i.e., from the valid to the invalid or vice versa. Therefore, the intra-LA LU cost is minimized. Whenever the MT enters a cell, a timer is set. The MT realizes that the entered cell is its current anchor-cell if the timer expires before leaving the cell. An analytical model is proposed, and the optimal time threshold is derived explicitly.
MicroRNA-155 Promotes Autoimmune Inflammation by Enhancing Inflammatory T Cell Development

Mammalian noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of gene regulators that have been linked to immune system function. Here, we have investigated the role of miR-155 during an autoimmune inflammatory disease. Consistent with a positive role for miR-155 in mediating inflammatory responses, Mir155^(−/−) mice were highly resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). miR-155 functions in the hematopoietic compartment to promote the development of inflammatory T cells including the T helper 17 (Th17) cell and Th1 cell subsets. Furthermore, the major contribution of miR-155 to EAE was CD4^+ T cell intrinsic, whereas miR-155 was also required for optimum dendritic cell production of cytokines that promoted Th17 cell formation. Our study shows that one aspect of miR-155 function is the promotion of T cell-dependent tissue inflammation, suggesting that miR-155 might be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
TWO TREKS THROUGH THE SAME TRAUMA, WITH AND WITHOUT SOCIAL SUPPORT

Abstract This article expands on a hospital diary I began after my second coronary bypass surgery in 1987. My wife, son, and daughter were close at hand throughout my second, 1987 surgery, and this level of support contrasts sharply with my social isolation for my first surgery in 1977. My two surgeries can be construed as a repeated-measures quasi-experiment in which the same trauma is experienced with high and low social support. Noteworthy features of the diary include a surprising amount of concrete instrumental support (aid and assistance), which comprised the proximal stimuli of emotional support, a rich and nourishing intrapsychic life during the second, supported surgery, a prominent role for my computer and a teddy bear (“Bear”), and help with the implementation of decisions. My interactions with Bear and the Microsoft Word artificial intelligence broaden my conceptualization of the “social” in social support. Cognitive representations of interaction sequences with my supporters from the past wer...
The Equilibrium Range for Waves in Water of Finite Depth

The validity of Kitaigorodskii and colleagues’ finite-depth equilibrium spectrum is investigated by comparing the proposed equation with the best-fit curve, in the least-squares sense, to observed spectra.
Fan Dancing and Fan Belts: Selling Optimism at the 1933 Chicago World’s Fair

In 1833, Chicago was a tiny backwoods settlement on the western frontier. It ranked as the world’s fourth largest city a century later. To celebrate the city’s remarkable rise, civic leaders and businessmen decided to host the city’s second world’s fair. The theme of this 1933–34 international exposition was “A Century of Progress.” Amazingly, in the midst of the Great Depression, this celebration championed corporate capitalism—the very culprit that many Americans blamed for their economic woes. The fair celebrated the advances of science and its application to consumer goods. Unlike earlier world’s fairs, this international venue de-emphasized the ...
Inhalant abuse in pregnancy

Information from a variety of sources suggests the possibility of adverse effects of maternal inhalant abuse, although a well-controlled, prospective study in this area has not been conducted. One source of this concern is the data from occupational exposure to some of the abused solvents, specifically toluene and TCE, with numerous reports suggesting increased spontaneous abortion and fetal malformations. There are also data suggesting decreased fertility and an increased risk for spontaneous abortion in health care workers exposed to nitrous oxide. The relevance of these studies to problems of inhalant abuse is not clear. Although the chemicals involved are the same, there are many differences in the exposure parameters, the populations exposed, and the types of associated risk factors. Nonetheless, there are more than 100 cases reported in the literature of children born to solvent-abusing mothers. Many of these children were small at birth, and some have craniofacial abnormalities not unlike that seen in children with FAS. In the few studies reporting the findings of follow-up in these children, some evidence has been obtained for retardation in growth and development and for residual deficits in cognitive, speech, and motor skills. Clearly, more research is needed to rule out the concomitant risk factors and to identify specific chemicals and patterns of use associated with adverse effects. Animal studies provide more direct evidence that prenatal exposure to toluene or TCE can produce reduced birth weights, occasional skeletal abnormalities, and delayed neurobehavioral development, even under conditions designed to mimic inhalant abuse patterns. Additional research is needed to identify other chemicals with adverse effects, critical periods of exposure, effects of combinations of inhalants, or interactions with drugs of abuse. The research literature seems sufficient to alert clinicians to possible problems in patients who abuse inhalants while pregnant. Diagnosis and good prenatal care for these women are important. The evidence for neonatal withdrawal is limited at this time; however, infants born to women who have recently used inhalants should be observed carefully for an alcohol-like withdrawal syndrome. Although it is not possible to link a specific birth defect or developmental problem in the child of an inhalant abuser to prenatal exposure to a specific chemical, it is clear that inhalant abuse and its associated lifestyle place children at increased risk. A wider appreciation of this is needed among health care professionals and the general public.
Energy Efficient Buffer Cache Replacement for Data Servers

Power consumption is an increasingly impressing concern for data servers as it directly affects running costs and system reliability. Prior studies have shown that most memory space on data servers is used for buffer caching and thus cache replacement becomes critical. Two conflicting factors of buffer caching impacts memory energy efficiency: (1) a higher hit rate reduces memory traffic and thus saves energy, (2) temporally concentrating memory accesses to a smaller set of memory chips increases the chances of "free riding" through DMA overlapping and also makes more memory chips have opportunities to power down. This paper investigates the tradeoff between these two interacting, sometimes conflicting factors and proposes three energy-aware buffer cache replacement algorithms: On a cache miss for a new block b in a file f, evict an victim block from (1)the most recently accessed memory chip, (2) the memory chip that is accessed most recently by file f, or (3) the memory chip that is accessed most recently by file f and whose last access block belongs to the same hot or cold categories as block b. Simulation results based on three real-world I/O traces, including TPC-R, MSN-BEFS and Exchange, show that our algorithms can save up to 24.9% energy with marginal degradation in hit rates. Our algorithms show degradation in response time in some experiments. We propose an off-line energy sub optimal replacement algorithm that serves as a theortical reference.
Efficient backbone synthesis algorithm for multi-radio wireless mesh networks

Wireless local area network (WLAN) systems are widely implemented today to provide hot spot coverage. Operated typically in an infrastructure mode, each WLAN is managed by an access point (AP). Wireless mesh networks are considered for implementation for the purpose of extending wireless coverage. The capability and performance behavior of the wireless mesh network can further be upgraded by using multiple communications channels and by having more capable nodes employ multiple radios modules. In this paper, we present an efficient multi-radio backbone synthesis algorithm (MR-BSA), which serves to construct a mesh backbone network of access points. We assume more capable nodes such as APs to be equipped with two radio modules while less capable nodes employ a single radio module. The presented topology construction algorithm and the associated on-demand backbone based routing mechanism are shown to improve the system's delay-throughput performance as well as its asynchronous, distributed and stable dynamic behavior
Showing How to Derive Knowing How

Jason Stanley’s Know How is a rich and fascinating book, and an excellent example of the value of focused philosophical inquiry. Stanley’s book is deeply motivated by the understanding that with good philosophical judgment, we can choose focused topics for detailed inquiry which nevertheless have broad and philosophically important implications. His book also shows that even focused inquiry can itself be wide-ranging in its appeal to data, inspiration, and methodology. He is just as comfortable quoting Heiddeger as Evans, just as illuminating in expositing Ryle as Groenendijk and Stokhof, and just as interested in criticizing Korsgaard as Lewis. It’s a remarkable book. The lead idea of the book is that knowledge how is factual knowledge. Very roughly, to know how to do something is just to know, of some way in which you can do it, that you can do it in that way. But Stanley holds not only that this analysis of knowing how is right in its own terms, but that it is predicted by the compositional structure of sentences of the form, ‘Emile knows how to get his dad’s attention’. And this is a good thing. For insofar as we use sentences like this to ascribe knowledge how, and insofar as they have compositional structure, something about how they are composed must constrain how we manage to talk about knowledge how by using them. In what follows I am going to argue that Stanley’s semantic treatment of embedded wh-interrrogatives is inadequate, show where the inadequacy comes from, and show how to repair it. The inadequacy is particularly sharp, given that it is inadequacy in his own terms, because the compositional semantics fails to generate the result that even Stanley intuitively agrees is the right result. However, I will argue that my solution is arguably conservative enough to re-capture the main substance of Stanley’s view.
β-Catenin Binds to the Activation Function 2 Region of the Androgen Receptor and Modulates the Effects of the N-Terminal Domain and TIF2 on Ligand-Dependent Transcription

Beta-catenin is a multifunctional molecule that is activated by signaling through WNT receptors. beta-Catenin can also enhance the transcriptional activity of some steroid hormone receptors such as the androgen receptor and retinoic acid receptor alpha. Androgens can affect nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and influence its subcellular distribution. Using mammalian two-hybrid binding assays, analysis of reporter gene transcription, and coimmunoprecipitation, we now show that beta-catenin binds to the androgen receptor ligand-binding domain (LBD) and modulates the transcriptional effects of TIF2 and the androgen receptor N-terminal domain (NTD). In functional assays, beta-catenin bound to androgen receptor only in the presence of ligand agonists, not antagonists. Beta-catenin binding to the androgen receptor LBD was independent of and cooperative with the androgen receptor NTD and the p160 coactivator TIF2, both of which bind to the activation function 2 (AF-2) region of the androgen receptor. Different mutations of androgen receptor helix 3 amino acids disrupted binding of androgen receptor NTD and beta-catenin. beta-Catenin, androgen receptor NTD, and TIF2 binding to the androgen receptor LBD were affected similarly by a subset of helix 12 mutations, but disruption of two sites on helix 12 affected only binding of beta-catenin and not of TIF2 or the androgen receptor NTD. Mutational disruption of each of five LXXLL peptide motifs in the beta-catenin armadillo repeats did not disrupt either binding to androgen receptor or transcriptional coactivation. ICAT, an inhibitor of T-cell factor 4 (TCF-4), and E-cadherin binding to beta-catenin also blocked binding of the androgen receptor LBD. We also demonstrated cross talk between the WNT and androgen receptor signaling pathways because excess androgen receptor could interfere with WNT signaling and excess TCF-4 inhibited the interaction of beta-catenin and androgen receptor. Taken together, the data show that beta-catenin can bind to the androgen receptor LBD and modulate the effects of the androgen receptor NTD and TIF2 on transcription.
Polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase enables neurogenesis via multiple DNA repair pathways to maintain genome stability.

Abstract Polynucleotide kinase–phosphatase (PNKP) is a DNA repair factor possessing both 5′‐kinase and 3′‐phosphatase activities to modify ends of a DNA break prior to ligation. Recently, decreased PNKP levels were identified as the cause of severe neuropathology present in the human microcephaly with seizures (MCSZ) syndrome. Utilizing novel murine Pnkp alleles that attenuate expression and a T424GfsX48 frame‐shift allele identified in MCSZ individuals, we determined how PNKP inactivation impacts neurogenesis. Mice with PNKP inactivation in neural progenitors manifest neurodevelopmental abnormalities and postnatal death. This severe phenotype involved defective base excision repair and non‐homologous end‐joining, pathways required for repair of both DNA single‐ and double‐strand breaks. Although mice homozygous for the T424GfsX48 allele were lethal embryonically, attenuated PNKP levels (akin to MCSZ) showed general neurodevelopmental defects, including microcephaly, indicating a critical developmental PNKP threshold. Directed postnatal neural inactivation of PNKP affected specific subpopulations including oligodendrocytes, indicating a broad requirement for genome maintenance, both during and after neurogenesis. These data illuminate the basis for selective neural vulnerability in DNA repair deficiency disease.
Feedback control of growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of pancreatic endocrine progenitors in an epithelial plexus niche

In the mammalian pancreas, endocrine cells undergo lineage allocation upon emergence from a bipotent duct/endocrine progenitor pool, which resides in the “trunk epithelium.” Major questions remain regarding how niche environments are organized within this epithelium to coordinate endocrine differentiation with programs of epithelial growth, maturation, and morphogenesis. We used EdU pulse-chase and tissue-reconstruction approaches to analyze how endocrine progenitors and their differentiating progeny are assembled within the trunk as it undergoes remodeling from an irregular plexus of tubules to form the eventual mature, branched ductal arbor. The bulk of endocrine progenitors is maintained in an epithelial “plexus state,” which is a transient intermediate during epithelial maturation within which endocrine cell differentiation is continually robust and surprisingly long-lived. Within the plexus, local feedback effects derived from the differentiating and delaminating endocrine cells nonautonomously regulate the flux of endocrine cell birth as well as proliferative growth of the bipotent cell population using Notch-dependent and Notch-independent influences, respectively. These feedback effects in turn maintain the plexus state to ensure prolonged allocation of endocrine cells late into gestation. These findings begin to define a niche-like environment guiding the genesis of the endocrine pancreas and advance current models for how differentiation is coordinated with the growth and morphogenesis of the developing pancreatic epithelium.