cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simplified model of dendritic growth in the presence of natural convection

The terrestrial growth of fixed dendrites is accompanied by a natural convection process which manifests as a buoyancy-induced flow field surrounding the dendrite tip. This flow field is intrinsically coupled to the temperature field that evolves around a dendrite and acts to thin the thermal boundary layer, resulting in increased growth velocity for a fixed supercooling. An exact analytical treatment of this phenomenon requires solving coupled energy and momentum equations. As reviewed in the literature, these solutions are varied and difficult to apply in a rapid estimation of the growth velocity. The present study attempts to simplify the representation and solution of the convection process by deriving a modified Ivanstov growth model. The convective process is analyzed by a simple superposition technique. The thermal field, emanating from a single dendrite tip, generates a natural convection process and adjusts the energy transport in a lumped fashion. The direct analogy is the prediction of the heat transfer rate from a sphere due to natural convection. An interfacial energy balance is written at the dendrite tip, from which the nondimensional supercooling is written as a function of an undetermined tip-local Nusselt number. The Nusselt number is formulated in terms of a Rayleigh number, the undetermined dendrite tip radius and the supercooling. The equation for the nondimensional supercooling is then solved approximately by applying marginal stability theory and the baseline advection–diffusion result, and is written as the product of the Ivanstov solution, and a multiplier which is determined by the Peclet number and a convection grouping. The model is tested against experimental data from five references. The Peclet and Prandtl number data range from 10−4⩽Pe⩽10−2 and 2⩽Pr⩽130, respectively. Despite the simplicity of the model, the nondimensional supercooling data are predicted with an average absolute deviation of 18.2%. The clarity-of-prediction suggests that the natural convection process is fundamental and can be simplified using this control-volume technique with negligible loss of fidelity.
Sialendoscopy: Minimally invasive approach to the salivary ductal system

Non-neoplastic disorders of the major salivary glands (submandibular and parotid) include idiopathic or recurrent sialadenitis subsequent to salivary stones, stenosis, infective, inflammatory, or autoimmune etiology. Traditionally, failed conservative therapy has necessitated surgical excision of the gland(s). Sialendoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that allows endoscopic visualization of the salivary ductal system and permits diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory and obstructive pathology of the ductal system, thus providing an alternative to open surgery and its related complications. In this article, the authors describe indications, operative technique, postoperative management, differences in approaches to the submandibular and parotid glands, complications of sialendoscopy, and discuss literature relevant to operative decision making.
Iron-catalyzed lipid oxidation in emulsion as affected by surfactant, pH and NaCl

Abstract Corn oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Brij 35 or dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) were prepared to determine the influence of surface charge on iron-catalyzed lipid oxidation. Oxidation was measured using lipid peroxides, conjugated dienes, and thiobarbituric reactive substances. At pH 6.5, initial oxidation rates were in the order of SDS> Brij>DTAB. As pH was decreased from 8 to 3, oxidation of SDS-stabilized emulsions increased, while oxidation of Brij and DTAB emulsions were unaffected. NaCl (1.0%) decreased oxidation of the SDS-stabilized emulsion by 20% but had minimal influence on oxidation of Brij and DTAB emulsions. These results indicate that the surface charge of emulsion droplets plays an important role in their oxidative stability.
Homemaking and the Aesthetic and Moral Perimeters of the Soviet Home during the Khrushchev Era

This article explores the role of design and decoration in the process of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s. Situated within the context of the liberalizing reforms initiated by Nikita Khrushchev in the political and economic realms, it focuses on one key policy program of the era ending the Soviet housing crisis and providing each family its own apartment. Based on the premise that this objective was part of a broader return to the task of building Communism, this exposition argues that the domestic realm was ideologically charged and metaphoric for the moral order of society. Therefore, much more was at stake in homemaking than simply creating a cozy living space, and household objects became saturated with meaning: simple, modern lines in decorative wares as for housing design in general signified a productive society, fundamentally opposed to individualism and materialism.
School and television: A new alliance for new reasons

(1996). School and television: A new alliance for new reasons. Continuum: Vol. 9, Media Education, pp. 35-57.
Molecular diversity of the human T-gamma constant region genes

The human T cell antigen-receptor gamma chain, which is expressed on the surface of a subpopulation of CD3+ T lymphocytes, exhibits size polymorphism and varies in its ability to form disulfide bonds with a second polypeptide. Analysis of both genomic and complementary DNA clones encoding the human gamma polypeptide shows differences in lengths of the coding portions of the two constant region genes, C gamma 1 and C gamma 2. A single second-exon segment is always present in the C gamma 1 gene. C gamma 2 alleles containing either duplicated or triplicated second-exon segments are present in the normal human population and are expressed as messenger RNAs. Furthermore, a cysteine residue, encoded by the second exon of C gamma 1 and probably involved in interchain disulfide bridging, is absent in all C gamma 2 second-exon segments. These differences between C gamma 1 and the two alleles of C gamma 2 may explain the variability in molecular weight and disulfide bonding of gamma molecules expressed in different cells.
Toward a comparative overview of dependence potential and acute toxicity of psychoactive substances used nonmedically.

A procedure is outlined for comparing dependence potential and acute toxicity across a broad range of abused psychoactive substances. Tentative results, based on an extensive literature review of 20 substances, suggested that the margin of safety (“therapeutic index”) varied dramatically between substances. Intravenous heroin appeared to have the greatest risk of dependence and acute lethality; oral psilocybin appeared to have the least. Hazards due to behavioral deficits, perceptual distortion, or chronic illness were not factored into the assessments.
Tubular and interstitial renal disease due to immunologic mechanisms

It is generally accepted that many types of glomerular diseases are mediated by antibodies, either through deposition of circulating immune complexes or due to antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies (anti-GBM disease) [1,2]. Until recently, however, little consideration was given to the possibility that there might be immunologically mediated damage directly involving renal tubules or interstitial tissue. However, there is now compelling evidence, derived from experimental models as well as human disease, that tubular and interstitial lesions can result from immune complexes or from autoantibodies against tubular basement membrane constituents (anti-TBM disease) [2]. Moreover, in contrast with the glomerulus, it appears that the renal interstitium is an area where cell-mediated reactions can occur, accounting for some forms of interstitial nephritis. We shall describe the experimental models of immunologically mediated tubular and interstitial renal disease (Table 1) as well as evidence concerning the occurrence and importance of similar lesions in man.
Some implications of a constant fiber stress hypothesis in the diastolic left ventricle

A thick-wall incompressible, elastic sphere was used as a model for the diastolic rat left ventricle. A model for myocardial nonhomogeneity was derived assuming that fiber (circumferential) stress was independent of position in the ventricular wall. The theoretical implications of the resulting constitutive relations together with the spherical model were analyzed in the context of large deformation elasticity theory. It was found that muscle stiffness at a given level of uniaxial stress increased monotonically from the endocardium to the epicardium. In addition, fiber stress was found to be essentially a linear function of transmural pressure above a pressure of 6 g/cm2. It was also shown theoretically that neglecting the nonhomogeneity of the myocardium resulted in a state of stress which differed significantly from that predicted by the nonhomogeneous model. For example, at a transmural pressure of 14 g/cm2, fiber stress in the nonhomogenous model was equal to 17 g/cm2 while fiber stress in the homogeneous model varied between 100 g/cm2 at the endocardial surface and 2 g/cm2 at the epicardial surface. The change in muscle stiffness with position which characterized the nonhomogeneous model also tended to linearize the highly curvilinear radial stress distribution predicted by the homogeneous model at a given transmural pressure.
Solid phase synthesis of thymosin β9

Thymosin beta 9, a 41 residue thymic polypeptide, has been synthesized by a solid phase method. A modification of the low HF method was used to deprotect and cleave the peptide from the resin. Thymosin beta 9 was then obtained in analytically pure form by a one-step purification procedure in 32% yield. The activity of thymosin beta 9 in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay was greater than calf thymus fraction 5, but comparable to thymosin beta 4. In contrast to thymosin alpha 1, neither beta 4 nor beta 9 was active in the rosette inhibition assay.
High expression of the mammalian X chromosome in brain

Divergence between the sex chromosomes has led to loss and differentiation of Y-linked genes and haplo-insufficiency for X-linked genes in males. A mechanism of dosage compensation, for which we recently found evidence in mammals, evolved to restore a balanced expression of the genome by doubling the transcriptional output from the X chromosome. X inactivation would then serve to avoid hyper-transcription of X-linked genes in females by silencing one X chromosome. We also found that, compared to the rest of the genome, the X chromosome contains an excess of genes highly expressed in brain tissues. The exceptionally important role of the X chromosome in brain function, evident from the prevalence of X-linked forms of mental retardation, is discussed in view of sex chromosome regulation and evolution and sexual reproduction.
Radioiodine dosimetry and the use of radioiodines other than 131I in thyroid diagnosis

Among the 24 radioisotopes of iodine, only four, 123 I, 125 I, 131 I, and 132 I, have been utilized clinically to any significant extent. Optimal use of radioiodine involves a consideration of a particular nuclide's physical properties in relation to the economics and logistics of shipment, the quality of clinical studies generated, and radiation dosimetry. In this paper, 123 I, 125 I, and 132 I are critically evaluated in reference to each of these considerations. In terms of absorbed dose to the thyroid, 123 I and 132 I are the nuclides of choice, each giving a dose about 1/70 and 1/100 of the dose from 125 I and 131 I, respectively. Because of its abundant high-energy photons, 132 I is impractical for thyroid imaging procedures. Its very short half-life and availability in a generator system, however, are an advantage for low-radiation-dose, serial thyroid function studies. The relatively long half-life (60 days) and ready availability of 125 I are an economic advantages. Equivocal clinical results and only a slightly lower radiation dose than 131 I, however, are significant disadvantages. The low energy of the 125 I gamma ray creates tissue absorption and equipment design problems which must be considered. Iodine-123, in addition to giving a low radiation dose, theoretically provides the best combination of physical properties for clinical ulilization. Currently, however, the economics of 123 I production and contamination with the higher-energy nuclide, 124 I, have limited its utilization. Despite the 124 I contamination, highresolution images have been obtained, particularly with a gamma camera and pinhole collimator, and newer methods of production hold promise of economical production of large amounts of highpurity 123 I.
Prolactin Stimulates Proliferation of Cultured Human Keratinocytes

The effect of the pituitary hormone prolactin on in vitro proliferation of human keratinocytes has been studied. Cell proliferation was determined by [3H] thymidine incorporation and cell enumeration in culture. Physiologic concentrations of prolactin markedly stimulated proliferation of newborn foreskin keratinocytes in serum-free medium. In addition, it was able to replace almost completely the growth-promoting effects of bovine pituitary extract, a commonly added supplement for keratinocyte culture. This activity was also evident in the absence of epidermal growth factor, but required the presence of insulin. Radioligand- binding studies confirmed the expression of specific prolactin binding sites (Kd 8.9 nM; 1350 sites per cell) on freshly procured keratinocyte membranes. These results extend its hormonal influences to include regulation of in vitro proliferation of human keratinocytes, and suggest the possibility of a completely defined growth medium for keratinocytes.
Percutaneous coronary intervention before noncardiac surgery: more threat than benefit?

We read with great interest the report by Wilson et al. [(1)][1]entitled “Clinical Outcome of Patients Undergoing Non-Cardiac Surgery in the Two Months Following Coronary Stenting.” This very interesting study supports previous evidence that both percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (
In search of perinatal quality outcome measures: 1 hospital's in-depth analysis of the Adverse Outcomes Index

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the Adverse Outcome Index perinatal quality indicator system that was derived from administrative data. Study Design Adverse events were identified for 10 component measures; the Adverse Outcome Index was calculated by the National Perinatal Information Center from 42 months of administrative data. After retrospective chart review, we estimated positive predictive value for 10 measures that were obtained by corrected calculations of Adverse Outcome Index. Results Positive predictive values were 86-100% in 7 indicators, with lower values in 3 indicators: neonatal death, 0/2 fetuses; inborn birth trauma, 22/33 infants (67%); and maternal return to the operating room, 16/33 women (48.5%). In term admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, 107 false negatives were identified, with a negative predictive value of 45%. Conclusion Indicator positive predictive value was variable. Performance can be strengthened by methods to identify both false-positive and false-negative adverse events that would include chart review and some measure specification revisions to improve alignment with original indicator intent. Interhospital comparison application requires further study.
Electron and hole transport in amorphous As2Se3

Abstract The model of charged defects is used to interpret transport experiments in As2Se3. An explanation is given for the observation of two activation energies in the hole mobility at different experimental time scales, and for the absence of electron transport.
Solving small spaces: investigating the use of landmark cues in brown capuchins (Cebus apella)

Some researchers have recently argued that humans may be unusual among primates in preferring to use landmark information when reasoning about some kinds of spatial problems. Some have explained this phenomenon by positing that our species’ tendency to prefer landmarks stems from a human-unique trait: language. Here, we test this hypothesis—that preferring to use landmarks to solve such tasks is related to language ability—by exploring landmark use in a spatial task in one non-human primate, the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). We presented our subjects with the rotational displacement task, in which subjects attempt to relocate a reward hidden within an array of hiding locations which are subsequently rotated to a new position. Over several experiments, we varied the availability and the salience of a landmark cue within the array. Specifically, we varied (1) visual access to the array during rotation, (2) the type of landmark, (3) the consistency of the landmark qualities, and (4) the amount of exposure to the landmark. Across Experiments 1 through 4, capuchins did not successfully use landmarks cues, suggesting that non-linguistic primates may not spontaneously use landmarks to solve some spatial problems, as in this case of a small-scale dynamic spatial task. Importantly, we also observed that capuchins demonstrated some capacity to learn to use landmarks in Experiment 4, suggesting that non-linguistic creatures may be able to use some landmarks cues in similar spatial tasks with extensive training.
Fine, ultrafine and nanoparticle trace element compositions near a major freeway with a high heavy-duty diesel fraction

Trace elements and metals in the ultrafine (<0.18 μm) and accumulation (0.18–2.5 μm) particulate matter (PM) modes were measured during the winter season, next to a busy Southern California freeway with significant (∼20%) diesel traffic. Both ambient and concentrated size-segregated impactor samples were taken in order to collect enough mass for chemical analysis. Data at this location were compared to a site located 1 mile downwind of the freeway, which was reflective of urban background. The most abundant trace elements in the accumulation mode detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) were S (138 ng m−3), Na (129 ng m−3), and Fe (89 ng m−3) while S (35 ng m−3) and Fe (35 ng m−3) were the most abundant in the ultrafine mode. The concentrations of several trace elements, including Mg, Al, and Zn, and in particular Ca, Cu, and Pb, did not uniformly increase with size within fine PM, an indication that various roadway sources exist for these elements. Calculation of crustal enrichment factors for the two sites indicates that the freeway traffic contributed to enriched levels of ultrafine Cu, Ba, P and Fe and possibly Ca. The results of this study show that trace elements constitute a small fraction of PM mass in the nanoparticle size range, but these can and should be characterized due to their likely importance to human health.
The impact of state level behavioral regulations on traffic fatality rates

INTRODUCTION: A state by year panel is analyzed to simultaneously explore the statistical correlation between state level traffic fatality rates and state level behavioral regulations regarding teen licensing, seat belt use, and driving under the influence (DUI) in a model that also controls for other correlates. METHOD: By including measures of all three of these policies, the estimated policy effects should not be overstated due to underspecification bias. The panel includes the 48 contiguous U.S. states for the time period from 1999 through 2003. State fatality rates are measured as fatalities per million miles traveled. Measures of state policies regarding traffic safety related behavior are based on information gathered by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Estimates are calculated via a time fixed effects model that uses the double-log form to allow for interaction effects between the independent variables. RESULTS: Least squares estimates indicate that, on average, more restrictive graduated teen licensing and DUI policies significantly reduce traffic fatality rates, while stricter seat belt enforcement policies have a statistically insignificant negative impact on fatality rates. Language: en
Acute parotid gland swelling following intravenous injections of iodinated contrast medium

Abstract A severe case of painful, bilateral parotid gland swelling immediately following administration of tri-iodinated contrast medium is reported. Intravenous diphenhydramine (Benadryl) was used to reverse the swelling and is advocated in similar situations. Corticosteroids are recommended for salivary gland swelling unresponsive to antihistamines and for prophylactic administration when an examination must be performed in the iodine-sensitive patient.
The problem of interpreting modal logic

There are logicians, myself among them, to whom the ideas of modal logic (e. g. Lewis's) are not intuitively clear until explained in non-modal terms. But so long as modal logic stops short of quantification theory, it is possible (as I shall indicate in §2) to provide somewhat the type of explanation desired. When modal logic is extended (as by Miss Barcan1) to include quantification theory, on the other hand, serious obstarles to interpretation are encountered—particularly if one cares to avoid a curiously idealistic ontology which repudiates material objects. Such are the matters which it is the purpose of the present paper to set forth.
Neuropharmacology: Effects on Rat Brain K1- and K2-Opioid Receptors after Chronic Treatment with Non-peptide K-Agonists

Injection of kappa-agonist dynorphins and non-peptide kappa-agonists into the hippocampus induces a reduction in blood pressure. It has been postulated that kappa-opioid agonists and kappa-receptors are important in one mechanism of antihypertension and might have clinical potential for the treatment of hypertension. We have investigated whether chronic treatment with U-50488H and U-62066E, two non-peptide kappa-agonists, effects brain kappa 1- or kappa 2-receptor numbers or affinities in areas that might correlate with changes in blood pressure. kappa 1- and kappa 2-Opioid receptor affinities and densities were determined in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain and pons after 14 days subcutaneous infusion of two non-peptide kappa-agonists, U-50488H and U-62066E, 9.6 mg kg day-1, by means of osmotic minipumps, to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. This infusion significantly reduced blood pressure. Brains were removed within 48 h of the end of drug infusion and kappa-receptor binding studies were performed on homogenates from each brain area using [3H]U-69593 to assay kappa 1-receptors and [3H]bremazocine to assay kappa 2-receptors. U-62066E treatment seemed to cause a slight decrease in the number of [3H]bremazocine binding sites (kappa 2-receptors) from 98.2 +/- 9 to 74.9 +/- 8 fmol (mg protein)-1 in the hippocampus when compared with SHR controls. A small decrease in kappa 2-receptor density in the pons of WKY rats was also observed after U-50488H treatment (control, 51.2 +/- 5; U-50488H-treated, 24.3 +/- 9 fmol (mg protein)-1. Although SHR blood pressure values were consistently reduced by treatment with kappa-agonists, there was little if any significant change in apparent numbers of kappa 1- or kappa 2-receptors or their affinities in any of the brain regions examined. These data indicate that although chronic treatment with kappa-agonists reduces blood pressure in SHR, the treatment does not elicit major changes in brain kappa-receptors either in SHR or in WKY rats. The potential use of kappa-agonists for treating hypertension might not cause receptor changes in the brain and might, therefore, result in fewer side effects or negligible rebound hypertension.
Control of Ras-Mediated Signaling in Aspergillus fumigatus

Pathogenic fungi employ numerous mechanisms to flourish in the stressful environment encountered within their mammalian hosts. Central to this arsenal for filamentous fungi is invasive growth within the host microenvironment, mediated by establishment and maintenance of polarized hyphal morphogenesis. In Aspergillus fumigatus, the RasA signal transduction pathway has emerged as a significant regulator of hyphal morphogenesis and virulence, among other processes. The factors contributing to the regulation of RasA itself are not as thoroughly understood, although proper temporal activation of RasA and spatial localization of RasA to the plasma membrane are known to play major roles. Interference with RasA palmitoylation or prenylation results in mislocalization of RasA and is associated with severe growth deficits. In addition, dysregulation of RasA activation results in severe morphologic aberrancies and growth deficits. This review highlights the relationship between RasA signaling, hyphal morphogenesis, and virulence in A. fumigatus and focuses on potential determinants of spatial and temporal RasA regulation.
Biotinylated polyalkylthiophene thin films and monolayers that specifically incorporate phycobiliproteins: toward smart materials

We are investigating thin film and monolayer systems that involve conjugated conducting polymers and specific biological macromolecules. One class of conducting polymers, polyalkylthiophenes, are derivatized with biotin. These biotinylated polymers form the basis for a generic cassette system of attachment for any biological molecule through biotinylation or interaction with streptavidin. The high affinity of the biotin-streptavidin system, used in sequential steps, forms the basis of the cassette method. We have formed both monolayers and thin films (a few nanometers) of the cassette assembly in which phycobiliproteins are incorporated. We are investigating the optical signal transduction properties of specific phycobiliproteins (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanain) using the cassette system on the inner surface of glass capillaries and on optical fiber surfaces. Phycobiliprotein photocurrent signals in conducting polymer matrices on microelectrodes are also being investigated. Our aim is to integrate the signal transduction mechanisms of the phycobiliproteins within monolayers or thin films of the conducting polymers to create biosensors and related smart materials for applications in biomedicine and biotechnology.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Safety of performing dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm ≥4 cm in diameter

Dobutamine stress echocardiography is frequently used for preoperative assessment of cardiac risk before major vascular surgical procedures. Dobutamine increases myocardial contractility, heart rate, and rate of increase of left ventricular pressure and has a variable effect on blood pressure. These effects could potentially increase the likelihood of rupture of a vascular aneurysm. The safety of performing dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with vascular aneurysms has not been adequately addressed. Of 1,968 consecutive patients who underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography at our institution, 98 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms > or = 4 cm in diameter were identified. Records were reviewed to determine whether there was any evidence of aneurysm rupture or adverse vascular events as a result of the stress test. There was no case of aneurysm rupture or hemodynamic instability precipitated by dobutamine stress echocardiography. In addition, dobutamine stress echocardiography that was negative for ischemia identified patients at very low risk of perioperative cardiac events. The positive predictive value of ischemia during dobutamine echocardiography was 29%. Dobutamine stress echocardiography may be performed safely in patients with aortic aneurysms. Precipitation of an aneurysmal complication, including rupture, by the test is unlikely. In addition, preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiography can identify patients at very low risk of perioperative cardiac events.
Staphylococcus epidermidis Adhesion to Hydrophobic Biomedical Polymer Is Mediated by Platelets

A quantitative investigation on the effects of plasma proteins and platelets on the adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A to a hydrophobic biomedical polymer (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute reference polyethylene) was carried out under well-defined shear conditions approximating human blood circulation by using a rotating disk system. The results showed that contact-activated platelets mediated S. epidermidis adhesion to the polymer surface. In the range of physiologic shear conditions, the adhesive coefficient (ratio of bacteria per unit area to the product of bacterial flux and the duration of the experiment) to platelets was significantly greater than to the protein-adsorbed polyethylene surface by at least one order of magnitude (P < or = .01). The presence of absorbed plasma proteins on polyethylene reduced the adhesion of S. epidermidis compared with that seen with the bare polymer surface. These studies show that S. epidermidis adhesion to polyethylene is mediated by contact-activated platelets, not absorbed plasma proteins.
Internally Pressurized Radially Polarized Piezoelectric Cylinders

The piezoelectric phenomenon has been exploited in science and engineering for decades. Recent advances in smart structures technology have lead to a resurgence of interest in piezoelectricity, and in particular, in the solution of fundamental boundary-value problems. In this paper, we develop an analytic solution to the axisymmetric problem of an infinitely long, radially polarized, radially orthotropic piezoelectric hollow circular cylinder. The cylinder is subjected to uniform internal pressure, or a constant potential difference between its inner and outer surfaces, or both. An analytic solution to the governing equilibrium equations (a coupled system of second-order ordinary differential equations) is obtained. On application of the boundary conditions, the problem is reduced to solving a system of linear algebraic equations. The stress distributions in the cylinder are obtained numerically for two typical piezoceramics of technological interest, namely PZT-4 and BaTiO3. It is shown that the hoop stresses in a cylinder composed of these materials can be made virtually uniform throughout the cross-section by applying an appropriate set of boundary conditions.
The development of the negative pain thoughts questionnaire.

▪ Abstract Background: Cognitive processes play a pivotal role in the perception of pain intensity, pain-related disability, and response to medical treatments including surgeries. While various measures of dysfunctional pain coping exist in the literature, there is no instrument available to examine such negative cognitions in relation to perceptions of medical treatment in pain patients presenting to a surgical orthopedics practice. Aims: The purpose of this article is to report on the development and preliminary testing of the Negative Pain Thoughts Questionnaire (NPTQ). Methods: The NPTQ is an 11-item questionnaire assessing cognitions about pain and its treatment in patients presenting to orthopedics surgical practices. It was administered to 2 samples of patients with hand and arm pain seeking medical treatment in a hospital surgical practice. Patients in the second sample also completed a measure of depression and one of disability of hand, arm, and shoulder. Results: The NPTQ was found to be internally consistent, and unidimensional. The NPTQ total score was found to have a moderate to high positive correlation with perceived hand, arm, and shoulder disability, and a moderate positive correlation with depression. In multivariate analyses, high scores on the NPTQ significantly predicted high perceived hand, arm, and shoulder disability, even after controlling for depression. Conclusion: This short and easily administered measure of negative pain thoughts could potentially help surgeons identify at risk patients, and facilitate referrals to cognitive behavioral therapy. This, in turn, may prevent unnecessary surgeries, may decrease healthcare costs, and prevent transition toward costly chronic pain syndrome. ▪
Logarithmic Transformations into G

Recently the author introduced the logarithmic matrix L t and studied as it mappings into l. In this paper, we study L t as mappings into G. The necessary and sufficient conditions for L t to be G-G is proved. The strengths of L t in the G-G is settings is investigated. Also, it is shown that L t is translative in the G-G senses for certain sequences.
Diary days needed to estimate activity among older African-American and Hispanic women.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to estimate variation in energy expenditure among older African-American and Hispanic female workers and nonworkers, and identify the number of days of diary self-report necessary to reliably estimate activity. Methods 227 women (111 African-American, 116 Hispanic) from the Women On The Move study completed a 7-d diary and were used in the analysis for this study (mean age 49.3 yr, SD = 7.0; mean weight 77.0 kg, SD = 17.6 kg; mean BMI 30, SD = 6.5). Kcal per day for total activity and specific types of activity were calculated for each subject and used in generalizability analyses. Results Results indicated that 11 d of activity are needed to reliably estimate total activity for African-American nonworkers and 8 d for Hispanic nonworkers. For workers, 12 d of activity are needed to reliably estimate total activity for African-Americans and 14 d are required for Hispanics. Days of diary self-report required by activity type for African-Americans range from 6 to 48 for nonworkers and from 6 to 30 for workers. For Hispanics, days of diary self-report required by activity type range from 8 to 111 for nonworkers and 7 to 42 for workers. Conclusions The results of this study indicate the need for more than 7 d of diary self-report to achieve reliable estimates of total activity in older African-American and Hispanic women. The study also found that certain types of activity could be reliably estimated in less than 7 d. However, when there is less variability in the measure/behavior, the reliability is expected to be less and more measurement days are needed to achieve a desired level of reliability.
Magnetic studies of chromatium flavocytochrome c552 A mechanism for heme-flavin interaction

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic susceptibility studies of Chromatium flavocytochrome c552 and its diheme flavin-free subunit at temperatures below 45 °K are reported. The results show that in the intact protein and the subunit the two low-spin ( S  1 2 ) heme irons are distinguishable, giving rise to separate EPR signals. In the intact protein only, one of the heme irons exists in two different low spin environments in the pH range 5.5 to 10.5, while the other remains in a constant environment. Factors influencing the variable heme iron environment also influence flavin reactivity, indicating the existence of a mechanism for heme-flavin interaction.
Child fosterage in the United States: signs of an African heritage.

Abstract In the course of the twentieth century, African American families have been the objects of a great deal of debate and commentary in social science fields, as well as in popular discourse. The article considers the basis for this discussion: the presence of significant numbers of family and household structures among African Americans that differ from traditional Euro-American models. Western nuclear families are typically centered around marriage, while African, and to a significant degree African American, families are structured around children. The recently developed U.S. Census public use samples and measures oriented to the practices of informal child fosterage are used to examine and compare these different bases of family life. Data from the turn of the century provide some historical distance from previous explanations of difference centered on slavery, or explanations that focus on contemporary social issues such as urban problems or the welfare state. Comparisons with studies of the contemporary U.S., Africa, the Caribbean, and historical materials give broader scope to fosterage analysis and to the consideration of cultural family differences.
Competition‐interaction landscapes for the joint response of forests to climate change

The recent global increase in forest mortality episodes could not have been predicted from current vegetation models that are calibrated to regional climate data. Physiological studies show that mortality results from interactions between climate and competition at the individual scale. Models of forest response to climate do not include interactions because they are hard to estimate and require long-term observations on individual trees obtained at frequent (annual) intervals. Interactions involve multiple tree responses that can only be quantified if these responses are estimated as a joint distribution. A new approach provides estimates of climate–competition interactions in two critical ways, (i) among individuals, as a joint distribution of responses to combinations of inputs, such as resources and climate, and (ii) within individuals, due to allocation requirements that control outputs, such as demographic rates. Application to 20 years of data from climate and competition gradients shows that interactions control forest responses, and their omission from models leads to inaccurate predictions. Species most vulnerable to increasing aridity are not those that show the largest growth response to precipitation, but rather depend on interactions with the local resource environment. This first assessment of regional species vulnerability that is based on the scale at which climate operates, individual trees competing for carbon and water, supports predictions of potential savannification in the southeastern US.
Changes in fibrinogen adsorbed to segmented polyurethanes and hydroxyethylmethacrylate-ethylmethacrylate copolymers.

Fibrinogen adsorption from blood to biomaterials may regulate platelet adhesion and thrombus formation because of fibrinogen's central role in the coagulation cascade and its ability to bind specifically to the platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa. Adsorption of fibrinogen from blood plasma to many materials exhibits a maximum with respect to plasma dilution and exposure time (the Vroman effect). In this study fibrinogen adsorption to several polymers was examined to ascertain the influence of controlled changes in surface chemistry on the Vroman effect. The materials included hydroxyethylmethacrylate-ethylmethacrylate (HEMA/EMA) copolymers, Biomer, and a series of segmented polyurethanes (PEUs), two of which contained fluorinated chain extenders. Each material exhibited maximal adsorption of fibrinogen at intermediate plasma concentrations. Little effect of soft-segment type or molecular weight was observed and no significant differences in fibrinogen adsorption to the fluorinated PEUs were seen. Changes in the strength of fibrinogen attachment to these materials with time after adsorption were also assessed. Fibrinogen adsorbed for 1 min was displaced more readily by blood plasma than that adsorbed for 1 h, regardless of the material. The more hydrophobic polymers exhibited greater retention of adsorbed fibrinogen. In addition, the fraction of fibrinogen retained by polyethylene depended on the amount of fibrinogen adsorbed to the surface, being greatest when the surface loading was the least. These studies indicate that spreading or transition of adsorbed fibrinogen molecules from a weakly to tightly bound state is a general consequence of protein adsorption to solid surfaces. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The cultural psychology of Palestinian youth: A narrative approach:

Contemporary Palestinian youth engage with a tragic master narrative of loss and dispossession supported by the social structure of ongoing intractable conflict and Israeli military occupation. This article illustrates a narrative and idiographic approach to research in cultural psychology, interrogating the relationship between constructions of personal identity and the master narrative of Palestinian history and collective identity among contemporary youth. Narratives of youth reveal points of both convergence and divergence with the master narrative of Palestinian identity, the most notable of which are the reproduction of tragic stories of loss and dispossession and the current ideological divisions within Palestinian society between secular and religious nationalism. Implications for theory and methodological practice in cultural psychology are discussed.
Anna-Monika Award Lecture, DGPPN Kongress, 2013: The role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in the pathogenesis of psychotic major depression

AbstractObjectives. This Anna Monika Award Lecture updates the role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of psychotic major depression (PMD). Methods. Published reports from our group and others on the clinical phenomenology (including cognition), HPA axis activity, and genetics of PMD are reviewed as are published trials of the GR antagonist, mifepristone. Results. Current prevalence of PMD is 0.4%. PMD patients demonstrate significant elevations in HPA activity (e.g., particularly high rates of dexamethasone non-suppression, high post-dexamethasone cortisol, etc.) as well as significant impairment in cognition (attention, executive function/response inhibition and verbal and visual memory). High cortisol levels correlate with a number of cognitive deficits (e.g., verbal memory). Allelic variants of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene contribute significantly to both cortisol levels and to measures of psychosis; corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 va...
Nature and Nanotechnology

Scientists and engineers are rapidly developing techniques to produce nanostructures for various applications: nano-devices include electronic components, catalysts, and mechanical systems such as levers and motors. Biomedical applications include nanobots intended to function in various body fluids, pumps and drug delivery products, and implantable biosensors. Nature has been developing processes and products at the nano scale throughout the evolutionary process. There are several biochemical processes that involve energy-producing reactors, synthesis, and various mechanical processes. The relationships between the recent accomplishments of scientists and engineers in nanotechnology and natural processes are the subject of this paper. Numerous examples are provided in which the structure of a biological system at the nano-scale relates to some elaborate biological function. The structure and function for biological systems and biochemicals can in some cases be correlated to the structure and function of man-made nanomaterials. In this paper, we focus on proteins, but similar insight can be attained from other biomolecules and a wide variety of biological processes.
Optimal routing and process scheduling for a mobile service facility

This paper deals with the problem of delivering a well-defined service to a given set of points efficiently. Efficiencies are sought through providing the services by use of a mobile service unit (MSU). The service facility is mobile in the sense that it can move from point to point at some “move” cost. Unlike the traveling salesman-type problems however the present problem does not require a physical visit to every point for servicing. Points can be serviced from a distance, while the facility is stationed at a nearby point, at some “processing” cost that may depend on many factors, including the distance involved. The problem is to find the subset and the sequence of nodes that the mobile service unit should physically visit and the set of other points it should service while at each of these visited nodes so as to minimize the sum of move and processing costs. A Lagrangean-based branch-and-bound algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is aided by a powerful upper-boundig routine and sensitivity tests and logical dominance rules to fix zero/one variables. Somewhat encouraging computational results are presented.
It's (Not) All About the Money: Using Behavioral Economics to Improve Regulation of Risk Management in Financial Institutions

Despite considerable recent legislative attention to risk management, including the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act, excessive risk-taking by financial institutions is still rampant. Risk-related decision makers do not make decisions about risk-taking in a vacuum, but in an environment where multiple factors, noticed and unnoticed, can influence the decisions. Such factors include cognitive-related biases and group-related biases. And there are tools, which have not yet been analyzed in literature that regulators can use to reduce undesired or excessive risk-taking. Indeed, by shaping such environmental factors in which risk-related decisions in financial institutions are made, regulation can help actors make better, less pro-risk-taking, choices. With the goal of reducing excessive risk-taking by financial institutions, this article builds on an emerging focus in behavioral law and economics on prospects for “debiasing” actors through the structure of legal rules. Under this approach, legal policy may reduce biases’ effects and judgment errors by directly addressing them. Doing so will then help the relevant actors either to reduce or to eliminate these effects and errors. Accordingly, the article suggests using behavioral economic-based legal guidelines to supplement the Dodd-Frank Act‘s risk management provisions, and specifically the requirement that financial institutions create separate risk committees. Such legal guidelines would help reduce the degree of biased behavior that risk committees exhibit. The legal guidelines proposed in the article focus on the composition, obligations and work procedures of the financial institutions’ newly mandated risk committees. These guidelines provide behavioral incentives that will not only help reduce excessive risk-taking, but may even raise social responsibility awareness, while not compromising financial institutions’ legal and financial responsibilities. The article uses JPMorgan’s 2012 multi-billion dollar loss and MF Global’s collapse in 2011 as case studies for certain behavioral effects and biases that are relevant in the context of risk-taking. Within the context of these two events, the article analyzes the impact that diversity has on group dynamics; the influence that prior experiences and internal honesty standards can have on decision makers; the choice shift phenomenon; the illusion of control; the framing effect; the impact of accountability; the impact that the association of risk with potential disastrous outcomes has on decision makers; the familiarity bias; and the hindsight bias. As demonstrated in the article, the proposed guidelines, which address these biases, could have helped avoid — or at least mitigate the damages from — the great JPMorgan losses and the MF Global collapse.
THE COST OF BORROWING, INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY, AND CAPITAL OPENNESS

Does improving institutional quality lower borrowing costs or raise them? Better institutions the marginal productivity of capital, the demand for funds and the interest rate. They may also lending risks, raising the supply of funds and lowering the cost of capital. Using data from 100 this paper shows that the impact of institutional quality on borrowing costs depends on whether country has favored improving financial institutions, which is proxied by its openness to capital flows, controlling for a host of factors. These results are robust to changes in definitions and specification.