cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Property relations and class relations in Genovese and the modes of production controversy

The method used to specify modes of production has important consequences for Marxian analysis, since many of the historical and theoretical questions central to Marxism are shaped by this concept. Yet the Marxian scholarship which has attempted this task has encountered many problems. Over twenty years ago Eugene V. Genovese (1961), in his now classic work on US antebellum slavery, tried to specify the laws of motion of the slave mode of production.1 While this text initially posed a challenge to the mainstream view of the economics of slavery, it failed to initiate a discussion of the class dynamics of antebellum southern society.2 More recently, Marxists have paid explicit attention to this problem in a body of literature aptly named 'The Modes of Production Controversy' (Alavi, 1972; Amin, 1976; Banaji, 1977; Brewer, 1980; Cardoso, 1972; Emmanuel, 1974; Foster-Carter, 1976, 1978; Laclau, 1971; McEachern, 1976; McMichael, Petras and Rhodes, 1974; Rey, 1975; Warren, 1973; Wolpe, 1977)3. These works debated the criteria for specifying modes of production but, after almost ten years, nothing conclusive was established and the debate just fizzled out. Despite these efforts to extend the Marxian concept of mode of production to antebellum slave society and the problems of economic development there is still much confusion surrounding the specification of modes of production. A critical reading of this literature reveals that a major source of this muddle is the failure to make a sharp distinction between property relations and class relations. To demonstrate both the methodological sources and the concrete effects of this confusion we shall first carry out a 'deconstruction' of the classic Marxian work on the slave mode of production. The insights produced by this exercise will then be used
Abstract 149: Can Prevention of Risk Factors Pre-Stroke Reduce 30-Day Post-Stroke Mortality?

Introduction: Studies of short-term survival after stroke generally identify patients in the hospital, providing limited insights about the association between pre-stroke risk factors and outcomes. We hypothesized that pre-stroke risk factors will be related to 30-day case fatality. Methods: We prospectively studied the association of Framingham Stroke Risk Score (FSRS) factors on 30-day mortality following incident ischemic stroke (IS) among 28,253 stroke-free participants, aged 45+ in REGARDS, a national population based cohort enrolled 2003-2007. Suspect IS events were physician-reviewed. Logistic regression evaluated the association of pre-stroke risk factors with 30-day case-fatality after adjustment for age, race, sex and region of country. The six FSRS factors (hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart disease) were considered as predictors of case-fatality (individually, as a composite FSRS, and cumulative number present). Results: Of 792 i...
Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression (PLDD): Twelve Years' Experience with 752 Procedures in 518 Patients

Surgical treatment of intervertebral disc herniation by open discectomy, microdiscectomy, or automated nucleotome discectomy achieves its goals through reducing the volume of the nucleus pulposus. In 1984, this author first proposed pressure reduction by laser energy introduced through a needle, to vaporize a small volume of nucleus pulposus. Percutaneous laser disc decompression (PLDD) is based on the principle that a small reduction of volume in a closed hydraulic space such as intact disc resukts in a disproportionately large fall of pressure, an outcome first demonstrated through in vitro studies [4] (Fig. 1).
Oxygen sensing by mitochondria at complex III: the paradox of increased reactive oxygen species during hypoxia

All eukaryotic cells utilize oxidative phosphorylation to maintain their high-energy phosphate stores. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption is required for ATP generation, and cell survival is threatened when cells are deprived of O(2). Consequently, all cells have the ability to sense O(2), and to activate adaptive processes that will enhance the likelihood of survival in anticipation that oxygen availability might become limiting. Mitochondria have long been considered a likely site of oxygen sensing, and we propose that the electron transport chain acts as an O(2) sensor by releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to hypoxia. The ROS released during hypoxia act as signalling agents that trigger diverse functional responses, including activation of gene expression through the stabilization of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-alpha. The primary site of ROS production during hypoxia appears to be complex III. The paradoxical increase in ROS production during hypoxia may be explained by an effect of O(2) within the mitochondrial inner membrane on: (a) the lifetime of the ubisemiquinone radical in complex III; (b) the relative release of mitochondrial ROS towards the matrix compartment versus the intermembrane space; or (c) the ability of O(2) to access the ubisemiquinone radical in complex III. In summary, the process of oxygen sensing is of fundamental importance in biology. An ability to control the oxygen sensing mechanism in cells, potentially using small molecules that do not disrupt oxygen consumption, would open valuable therapeutic avenues that could have a profound impact on a diverse range of diseases.
Approximate Bogomol’nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield States

We consider dimensionally reduced three-dimensional supersymmetric Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons theory. Although the N=1 supersymmetry of this theory does not allow local massive Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield (BPS) states, we find approximate BPS states which have nonzero masses that are almost independent of the Yang-Mills coupling constant and which are a reflection of the massless BPS states of the underlying N=1 super-Yang-Mills theory. The masses of these states at large Yang-Mills coupling are exactly at the n-particle continuum thresholds. This leads to a relation between their masses at zero and large Yang-Mills coupling.
Doublet translocation at GGA is mediated directly by mutant tRNA(2Gly).

Members of the sufS class of -1 frameshift suppressors have alterations of the GGA/G-decoding tRNA(2Gly). Suppressor-promoted frameshifting at GGA was shown in this study to be directly mediated by the mutant tRNA(2Gly). We disproved the possibility that, in the presence of the compromised mutant tRNA(2Gly), either wild-type tRNA(1Gly), wild-type tRNA(3Gly), a GGA-reading mutant form of tRNA(3Gly), or any other agent suppresses the frameshift mutation trpE91. Images
A framework for certified program analysis and its applications to mobile-code safety

A certified program analysis is an analysis whose implementation is accompanied by a checkable proof of soundness. We present a framework whose purpose is to simplify the development of certified program analyses without compromising the run-time efficiency of the analyses. At the core of the framework is a novel technique for automatically extracting Coq proof-assistant specifications from ML implementations of program analyses, while preserving to a large extent the structure of the implementation. We show that this framework allows developers of mobile code to provide to the code receivers untrusted code verifiers in the form of certified program analyses. We demonstrate efficient implementations in this framework of bytecode verification, typed assembly language, and proof-carrying code.
Information Gulags, Intellectual Straightjackets, and Memory Holes:

I would like to focus on three problem areas that are alluded to in the title of this essay. They all have to do with the social, rather than the technical, systems in research that undermine data preservation functions or the subsequent exploitation of the data for the benefit of research and society.
A Spitzer IRS Study of Debris Disks Around Planet-Host Stars

Since giant planets scatter planetesimals within a few tidal radii of their orbits, the locations of existing planetesimal belts indicate regions where giant planet formation failed in bygone protostellar disks. Infrared observations of circumstellar dust produced by colliding planetesimals are therefore powerful probes of the formation histories of known planets. Here we present new Spitzer IRS spectrophotometry of 111 Solar-type stars, including 105 planet hosts. Our observations reveal 11 debris disks, including two previously undetected debris disks orbiting HD 108874 and HD 130322. Combining our 32 micron spectrophotometry with previously published MIPS photometry, we find that the majority of debris disks around planet hosts have temperatures in the range 60 < T < 100 K. Assuming a dust temperature T = 70 K, which is representative of the nine debris disks detected by both IRS and MIPS, we find that debris rings surrounding Sunlike stars orbit between 15 and 240 AU, depending on the mean particle size. Our observations imply that the planets detected by radial-velocity searches formed within 240 AU of their parent stars. If any of the debris disks studied here have mostly large, blackbody emitting grains, their companion giant planets must have formed in a narrow region between the ice line and 15 AU.
Lymphocyte proliferative responses of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis to parasite and retinal antigens.

In vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to purified toxoplasma antigens and the retinal S-antigen were evaluated in 40 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis; 16 (40%) had a positive in vitro response to the retinal S-antigen. The proliferative responses to the 2G11 (p22) toxoplasma membrane antigen approached that of a crude antigen preparation of Toxoplasma gondii , whereas the response to the 1E11 immunodominant p30 membrane antigen was considerably less striking. HLA typing was also performed, and none correlated to S-antigen or toxoplasma reactivity. The evidence strongly suggests that patients with a clearly infectious ocular disorder may have part of their disease mediated by a putative autoimmune mechanism. An immune response to the 2G11 toxoplasma antigen may increase the risk of developing ocular disease or a substrain of toxoplasma with 2G11 as its immunodominant membrane antigen may have a greater affinity for the retina.
Temporal synergism of corticosterone and prolactin controlling fat storage in the white-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis.

Abstract Increases in body fat were induced by daily injections of corticosterone. However, the time of injection is of critical importance. Injections given 6 hr after the onset of a daily photoperiod of 6 hr caused fat increases, whereas injections at 12 or 18 hr after “dawn” were ineffective. In addition to fat increases, injections at 6 hr after “dawn” also induced nocturnal locomotor activity in the white-throated sparrow, a nocturnal migrant. Nocturnal activity was absent in the untreated birds as well as in those receiving corticosterone at 12 or 18 hr after “dawn.” Apparently, the daily variations in responses to corticosterone depend on the circadian release of endogenous pituitary prolactin. In birds kept on continuous light, it was discovered that a temporal synergism of injected corticosterone and injected prolactin can regulate the level of fat stores. Daily injections of prolactin at 4 or 12 hr after corticosterone produced high levels of obesity in lean photorefractory birds after 5 days. Injections at 8 or 20 hr after corticosterone depressed fat stores, and injections at 0 or 16 hr after the adrenal steroid produced intermediate levels of fat. It is concluded that seasonal levels of fat stores are the cumulative results of daily changes that are regulated by a temporal synergism of corticosterone and prolactin.
CUTICLES OF TWO SPECIES OF ALETHOPTERIS

A B S T R A C T Specimens of Alethopteris sullivanti (Lesquereux) Schimper and Alethopteris lesquereuxi Wagner were found in Middle Pennsylvanian coal balls from the Lovilia, Iowa and West Mineral, Kansas localities. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study macerated cuticles of these two foliage types of the pteridosperm, Medullosa. The lower epidermises of both species of Alethopteris possess sunken stomata, papillae, and evidence of multicellular hairs. The upper epidermises are devoid of these features. Critical point drying and subsequent observation with SEM were used to document the structure of the multicellular hairs of A. lesquereuxi. Replicas of the lower epidermal features of an impressioncompression specimen of A. sullivanti were observed with SEM and compared with the petrified specimens. IMPRESSION-COMPRESSION specimens of fern-like foliage are common in Pennsylvanian rocks. It is often difficult to distinguish whether such foliage belonged to true ferns or to the seed ferns (pteridosperms), an extinct group of gymnospermous plants. However, it is generally accepted that Alethopteris was a foliage type belonging to the Pennsylvanian pteridosperm, Medullosa (Scott, 1899; Halle, 1927; Steidtman, 1944; Leisman,
The Impact of the LHC on Cosmology

The last 2 years has seen an immense amount of activity and results from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Most notable is the discovery of a new particle which may very well be the long sought Higgs boson associated with electroweak symmetry breaking. There have also been many (up to now) unsuccessful searches for new particles associated with supersymmetry. One of the most attractive candidates for dark matter is the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). The recent results from the LHC have had a dramatic impact on our expectations for the properties of the LSP. These results can be used to revise expectations for both direct and indirect detection of dark matter.
Short‐term relationship of total electron content with geomagnetic activity in equatorial regions

[1] The short-term relationship between equatorial ionosphere and geomagnetic activity is examined. Hourly averages of the total electron content (TEC) and critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) are compared with the Dst index, a proxy for equatorial geomagnetic activity, at three local times (0700–0800, 1200–1300, and 1600–1700 LT) from March 1998 to August 1999. Owing to the geomagnetic latitude and local times used, positive storms, almost exclusively, are observed (cf. Prolss, 1995). While foF2 measurements over an extended period (∼10 years) have been studied (Matsushita, 1959) and TEC and foF2 are coupled, TEC measurements can provide a significantly better signal-to-noise ratio. At timescales of 2–3, 3–5, 5–9, and 9–11 days, there are significant correlations (∼0.4 at local noon, when all the data are included) between TEC and Dst. These correlations increase from morning to afternoon. By comparison, correlations between foF2 and Dst are significantly smaller, ∼0.2 (near the noise level) at local noon. Even during geomagnetically quiet times (Dst > −20), a clear correlation (0.21, which exceeds the 95% confidence level by 0.05) is seen between TEC and Dst at the shortest timescale examined. As geomagnetic activity increases, the correlations increase rapidly. For example, when moderate levels of geomagnetic activity (Dst > −50) are included for observations at local noon, distinct correlations (∼0.3) are seen and persist for all but the longest timescale; with higher levels of geomagnetic activity included, there are distinct correlations at all the timescales examined. The presence of a significant correlation at quiet conditions and persistence of the correlation at moderate levels of activity are both unexpected.
MR contrast media for myocardial viability, microvascular integrity and perfusion

Cardiovascular imaging requires an appreciation of rapidly evolving MR imaging sequences as well as careful utilization of intravascular, extracellular and intracellular MR contrast media. At the present time, clinical studies are restricted to the use of extracellular MR contrast media. MR imaging has the potential to noninvasively measure multiple parameters of the cardiovascular system in a single imaging session. Recent advances in fast and ultrafast MR imaging have considerably enhanced the capability of this technique, beyond the assessment of left ventricular wall motion and morphology into visualization of the coronary arteries and measurement of blood flow. During the course of the last several years, multiple strategies for imaging viable myocardium have been developed and validated using MR contrast media. Contrast enhanced dynamic MR imaging provides information regarding microvascular integrity and perfusion. Because these information can be provided noninvasively by MR imaging, repeated measurements can be performed in longitudinal studies to monitor the progression or regression of myocardial injury. Similar studies are needed to examine the effects of newly developed cardioprotective therapeutics. Development of suitable intravascular MR contrast medium may be essential for visualization of the coronary arteries and interventional therapies. MR imaging may emerge as one-stop-shop for evaluating the heart and coronary system. This capability will make MR imaging cost-effective in the first decade of this millennium.
Caregivers' health literacy and gaps in children's Medicaid enrollment: findings from the Carolina Oral Health Literacy Study.

Background and Objectives Recent evidence supports a link between caregivers’ health literacy and their children’s health and use of health services. Disruptions in children’s health insurance coverage have been linked to poor health care and outcomes. We examined young children’s Medicaid enrollment patterns in a well-characterized cohort of child/caregivers dyads and investigated the association of caregivers’ low health literacy with the incidence of enrollment gaps.
The Molecular Basis of Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death in an Immortalized Retinal Ganglion Cell Line

Purpose To characterize the molecular basis of oxidative stress-induced death, a process that has been implicated in several chronic eye diseases, in RGC-5 cells, an immortalized retinal ganglion cell (RGC) line. Methods The responses of RGC-5 cells to oxidative stress induced by three different treatments--glutathione depletion, tert-butyl peroxide addition, and hydrogen peroxide addition--were examined and compared. The level of cell death was monitored with the MTT assay. The effects of glutathione depletion on the intracellular levels of glutathione, reactive oxygen species, and calcium were determined. The type of cell death was assessed with assays for DNA fragmentation and caspase activation. Compounds that were shown to be protective of central nervous system-derived nerve cells exposed to oxidative stress were tested to see whether they could also protect the RGC-5 cells. In addition, several compounds that have been found to be protective in primary cultures of RGCs or in animal models of retinal dysfunction were tested against each of the inducers of oxidative stress. Results The cell death triggered by all three inducers of oxidative stress shared several features, suggesting that there is a final common pathway of oxidative stress-induced death in the RGCs. In addition, several compounds were identified that protected RGCs from multiple forms of oxidative stress. Conclusions The RGC-5 line is an excellent model for studying mechanisms of RGC death in response to oxidative stress and for the identification of neuroprotective compounds.
Power-limiting mechanisms in VECSELs

Vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs) have been considered the “ultimate disk-laser” due to their extremely thin active regions and because they take advantage of the high gain found in semiconductor material. This paper discusses power scaling limitations, including heating effects, surface roughness losses, and laterally guided amplified spontaneous emission (ASE).
Maximal function of minimal K+ channel subunits

Schroeder et al.1xA constitutively open potassium channel formed by KCNQ1 and KCNE3. Schroeder, B.C. et al. Nature. 2000; 403: 196–199Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (319)See all References1 propose that KCNQ1–KCNE3 channels conduct the basolateral K+ current that hyperpolarizes secretory epithelial cells and thereby increases the secretion of Cl− from the apical membrane via cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channels. K+-dependent, electrogenic Cl− secretion, first described in tracheal epithelium by Smith and Frizzel in 1984 (Ref. 17xChloride secretion by canine tracheal epithelium: IV. Basolateral membrane K permeability parallels secretion rate. Smith, P.L. and Frizzell, R.A. J. Membr. Biol. 1984; 77: 187–199Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (52)See all ReferencesRef. 17), also occurs in the intestine and colon and requires a K+ conductance at negative membrane potentials. The voltage-independent open probability of KCNQ1–KCNE3 channels meets this requirement. Heterologously expressed KCNQ1–KCNE3 channels are also stimulated by cAMP and inhibited by both chromanol 293B and clotrimazole at concentrations similar to those that affect the K+ current of native cells. Together with the finding that transcripts for both subunits co-localize in colonic crypt cells, it seems reasonable to equate KCNQ1–KCNE3 channels with the native K+ current in secretory epithelial cells of the intestine. However, because the pharmacology of cAMP-activated basolateral K+ conductance differs between tissues18xImportance of basolateral K+ conductance in maintaining Cl− secretion in murine nasal and colonic epithelia. MacVinish, L.J. et al. J. Physiol. 1998; 510: 237–247Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (68)See all References18, it is unlikely that KCNQ1–KCNE3 channels represent the common molecular correlate of this current.These latest findings, which describe the effect of a KCNE1-like protein on K+-channel gating, emphasize that the functional roles for these minK proteins are anything but minimal. Future experiments should focus on the biophysical characterization and structural basis of how KCNE1 and KCNE3 can have such strikingly different effects on the gating of KCNQ1 channels. In addition, it will be interesting to determine the functional role of KCNE3 in tissues where it is most prominently expressed, such as the kidney and small intestine. Given the track record of KCNE1 and related proteins, it is likely that mutations in KCNE3 will soon be associated with human disease. Finally, the discovery of KCNQ1–KCNE3 channel function should facilitate high-capacity screening for compounds to treat disorders caused by defective or excessive epithelial Cl− secretion.
Water flea sensitivity: Case report

Abstract A case of bronchial asthma caused by sensitivity on inhalation of the water flea is reported. Indirectly, fish may be placed with other animals as responsible for inhalant sensitivities in allergic persons.
Some like it hot: curcumin and CFTR

The activation of mutant forms of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), particularly the most frequent mutant allele (ΔF508), is a potential strategy for the treatment of the disease cystic fibrosis (CF). Therefore, it is of great interest that curcumin, a component of the spice turmeric, is reported to restore function to this allele, both in heterologous expression systems and in ΔF508 CF mice. Although other laboratories have not been able to confirm the initial observations, activating ΔF508 CFTR could have such important therapeutic implications that a thorough investigation of the potential of curcumin is warranted.
Direct coupling of photonic modes and surface plasmon polaritons observed in 2-photon PEEM

We report the direct microscopic observation of optical energy transfer from guided photonic modes in an indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film to surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) at the surfaces of a single crystalline gold platelet. The photonic and SPP modes appear as an interference pattern in the photoelectron emission yield across the surface of the specimen. We explore the momentum match between the photonic and SPP modes in terms of simple waveguide theory and the three-layer slab model for bound SPP modes of thin metal films. We show that because the gold is thin (30-40 nm), two SPP modes exist and that momentum of the spatially confined asymmetric field mode coincides with the dominant mode of the ITO waveguide. The results demonstrate that photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) can be an important tool for the observation of photonic to SPP interactions in the study of integrated photonic circuits.
Survivorship patterns of larval amphibians exposed to low concentrations of atrazine

Amphibians can be exposed to contaminants in nature by many routes, but perhaps the most likely route is agricultural runoff in amphibian breeding sites. This runoff results in high-level pulses of pesticides. For example, atrazine, the most widely used pesticide in the United States, can be present at several parts per million in agricultural runoff. However, pesticide levels are likely to remain in the environment at low levels for longer periods. Nevertheless, most studies designed to examine the impacts of contaminants are limited to short-term (approximately 4 days) tests conducted at relatively high concentrations. To investigate longer-term (approximately 30 days) exposure of amphibians to low pesticide levels, we exposed tadpoles of four species of frogs--spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), American toads (Bufo americanus, green frogs (Rana clamitans), and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)--at early and late developmental stages to low concentrations of a commercial preparation of atrazine (3, 30, or 100 ppb; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standard is 3 ppb). We found counterintuitive patterns in rate of survivorship. Survival was significantly lower for all animals exposed to 3 ppb compared with either 30 or 100 ppb, except the late stages of B. americanus and R. sylvatica. These survival patterns highlight the importance of investigating the impacts of contaminants with realistic exposures and at various developmental stages. This may be particularly important for compounds that produce greater mortality at lower doses than higher doses, a pattern characteristic of many endocrine disruptors.
Unusual features of the T-system of the pectoralis muscle of the chicken.

The T-system of the pectoralis muscle of the chicken was studied by the presentation of a high concentration of horseradish peroxidase to a localized area of skeletal muscle. The entire T-system of each individual muscle fiber was filled with the cytochemical tracer. The demonstrated tubular system lacked uniformity in shape and distribution with many T-tubules making lateral turns, coursing in a longitudinal direction and exhibiting extensive branching. An unusual circular array of tubules was also present. In the immediate subsarcolemmal area a moderately high degree of micropinocytotic activity was observed. The described features are unusual in comparison to muscle fibers of other vertebrates.
Incorporating Turbula mixers into a blending scale-up model for evaluating the effect of magnesium stearate on tablet tensile strength and bulk specific volume

Abstract Turbula bottle blenders are often used in lab-scale experiments during early-stage pharmaceutical product development. Unfortunately, applying knowledge gained with these blenders to larger-sized diffusion mixers is limited by the lack of blending models that include Turbula mixers. To address this need for lubrication blending scale-up, 2:1 blends of microcrystalline cellulose and spray-dried lactose or dibasic calcium phosphate were mixed with 1% magnesium stearate using Turbula bottle blenders, varying bottle volume, V (30–1250 mL); bottle headspace fraction, Fheadspace (30–70%); and the number of blending cycles, r (24 to ∼190,000 cycles). The impact of lubrication blending on tensile strength and bulk specific volume quality attributes, QA, was modeled by: QA QA 0 = ( 1 − β ) + β exp ( − γ × L × F headspace × r ) , where QA0 is initial QA value, β is sensitivity of QA to lubrication, γ is formulation-specific lubrication rate constant, and L is characteristic mixing length scale (i.e. 1.5V1/3 for Turbula blenders, V1/3 for simple diffusion mixers). The factor of 1.5 captures the bottle dimensions and the more complex mixing dynamics of the Turbula blender. This lubrication blending process model is valid for scale-up from 30-mL to 200-L blenders. Assessing bulk specific volume may provide a simpler, more material-sparing means for determining γ than tensile strength, since these QAs exhibited similar γ values.
Ultrashort-pulse laser ablation of biological tissue

Temperature and shock wave propagation in water (as a model of tissue) irradiated by sub-picosecond and nanosecond pulses were modeled. The high temperature and pressure generated during sub-picosecond irradiation did not penetrate deeply into the water due to quickly ejected plasma while significant pressure and temperature increases were observed in deep regions with nanosecond pulses. Knowing that the sub- picosecond pulses are effective for tissue ablation, additional studies were done to examine the effect of short pulse widths (less than 20 ps). Ablation threshold, temperature rise and ablation crater quality on human dentine were investigated for different pulse widths in the range of 150 fs - 20 ps. The ablation threshold fluence was approximately 4 times higher with 20 ps pulses than with 150 fs pulses but the quality of the alation craters were not significantly different in this pulse width range.
The 1986 Eruption of Mount St. Augustine: Field Test of a Hazard Evaluation

The 1986 eruption of Mount St. Augustine, an island volcano in Cook Inlet of southcentral Alaska, provided a good test of previously prepared volcanic hazard models for that volcano. The 1986 eruption was generally similar to other historic eruptions. An initial vent-clearing explosive eruptive phase in late March of 1986 removed part of the dome emplaced at the end of the last eruption (1976). Pyroclastic flows reached the sea during this phase, and airborne ash spread over much of Cook Inlet, including Anchorage. The initial explosive phase was followed by dome growth which continued over much of the spring and late summer of 1986. Pyroclastic flows, much less intense than those of March 1986, accompanied dome growth. Volcanic hazards from the 1986 eruption were generally within the limits set by previous hazard studies. Pyroclastic flows were confined to a very high hazard zone on and immediately surrounding Augustine Island. Airborne ash and volcanic gases presented a moderate hazard over much of Cook Inlet and presented a serious hazard to aircraft encountering the ash plume. The potential for a large debris avalanche that could enter Cook Inlet and result in a tsunami existed during the 1986 eruption. Previous work on Mount St. Augustine underestimated the landslide-related hazard, and more work is needed to assess fully the potential of this hazard. These new data, when incorporated into existing hazard assessments, will improve an already successful hazard evaluation for Mount St. Augustine. Assuming that Augustine Island will never be developed, far-field hazards associated with ashfalls and tsunamis are the most serious. Real-time satellite and radar imagery can potentially provide adequate warnings about ash plumes, but the warning time for tsunami hazards is short. Improvements in the tsunamis warning system are needed to reduce the hazard.
Containment of network worms via per-process rate-limiting

Network worms pose a serious threat to the Internet infrastructure as well as end-users. Various techniques have been proposed for detection of, and response against worms. A frequently-used and automated response mechanism is to rate-limit outbound worm traffic while maintaining the operation of legitimate applications, offering a gentler alternative to the usual detect-and-block approach. However, most rate-limiting schemes to date only focus on host-level network activities and impose a single threshold on the entire host, failing to (i) accommodate network-intensive applications and (ii) effectively contain network worms at the same time. To alleviate these limitations, we propose a per-process-based containment framework in each host that monitors the fine-grained runtime behavior of each process and accordingly assigns the process a suspicion level generated by a machine-learning algorithm. We have also developed a heuristic to optimally map each suspicion level to the rate-limiting threshold. The framework is shown to be effective in containing network worms and allowing the traffic of legitimate programs, achieving lower false-alarm rates.
Treatment of Periorbital Wrinkles

background Chemical peels are an effective treatment for wrinkles, but their use is limited because of the associated risk of scarring, hypapigmentation, and the inability to accurately control the depth of tissue injury. High energy, pulsed, or computer scanned continuous wave carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers cause minimal thermal injury, decrease the risk of scarring, and allow for precise control of tissue vaporization to predictable depths. objective To compare the effectiveness and side effect profile of a medium-depth chemical peel to that of the Silk Touch CO2, laser in the treatment of periorbital wrinkles. methods Twenty-four subjects (nine male, 15 female) with moderate to severe periorbital wrinkles were assigned a wrinkle score (1 = mild through 5 = severe) before treatment and 6 months after treatment. Each subject was treated with Jessner's solution and 35% trichloroacetic acid on one side and the Silk-Touch CO2 laser on the other side. results The average periorbital wrinkle score decreased from 4.00 ± 0.78 before laser treatment to 1.75 ± 0.68 6 months after treatment. The chemical peel wrinkle score decreased from 4.13 ± 0.85 to 3.29 ± 0.99. The degree in which the wrinkle score improved after laser treatment compared with after chemical peel treatment was statistically significant. Posttreatment erythema lasted an average of 4.5 months for the laser-treated areas and 2.5 months for the chemical peel-treated areas. conclusion Treatment of periorbital wrinkles with the Silk-Touch CO2 laser resulted in a greater degree of improvement than treatment with a medium-depth chemical peel but had longer lasting posttreatment erythema.
Status of the CLEO III silicon tracker

Abstract The CLEO-III silicon vertex detector is a 4-layer device with double-sided silicon sensors arranged in a barrel design, covering 93% of the solid angle. After initially meeting its design goals of signal-to-noise performance and spatial resolution, the signal efficiency deteriorated on the rφ sensor side in the two innermost layers due to radiation induced sensor effects. Operation of the two outermost layers and the z -coordinate readout in all layers is stable.
Long-term outcomes and patterns of relapse of early-stage extranodal marginal zone lymphoma treated with radiation therapy with curative intent.

Purpose To report the long-term outcome and patterns of relapse of a large cohort of marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) patients treated with curative-intent radiation therapy (RT) alone. Patients and Methods We reviewed the charts of 490 consecutive patients with stage IE or IIE MZL referred between 1992 and 2012 to our institution. Of those, 244 patients (50%) were treated with RT alone. Pathology was confirmed by hematopathologists at our institution. Patient and disease factors were analyzed for association with relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Median age of the cohort was 59 years, and median follow-up was 5.2 years. Ann Arbor stage was IE in 92%. Most common disease sites were stomach (50%), orbit (18%), non-thyroid head-and-neck (8%), skin (8%), and breast (5%). Median RT dose was 30 Gy. Five-year OS and RFS were 92% and 74%, respectively. Cumulative incidence of disease-specific death was just 1.1% by 5 years. Sixty patients (24%) developed relapse of disease; 10 were in the RT field. Crude rate of transformation to pathologically confirmed large-cell lymphoma was 1.6%. On multivariable analysis, primary disease site ( P =.007) was independently associated with RFS, along with age ( P =.04), presence of B-symptoms ( P =.02), and International Prognostic Index risk group ( P =.03). All disease sites except for head-and-neck had worse RFS relative to stomach. Conclusion Overall and cause-specific survival are high in early-stage extra-nodal MZL treated with curative RT alone. In this large cohort of 244 patients, most patients did not experience relapse of MZL after curative RT; when relapses did occur, the majority were in distant sites. Stomach cases were less likely to relapse than other anatomic sites. Transformation to large-cell lymphoma was rare.
Brain damage and associated behavioral deficits following the administration of L-cysteine to infant rats

Abstract L-cysteine in doses of 1.2–1.3 mg/g, was administered to 4-day-old rats which were tested throughout development and as adults on a variety of behavioral tasks. Lesions of the type previously described from L-cysteine treatment were confirmed in several cortical and limbic structures. No neurodegenerative changes were observed in NaCl (10 mmoles/kg) controls. Surviving L-cysteine treated animals displayed no obvious impairments in motor ability or growth rate, but did show behavioral deficits when tested as adults on 3 behavioral tasks: spontaneous alternation; Lashley III maze; and pattern discrimination. Activity in the open field was significantly higher in the L-cysteine group at 20 days of age. Amphetamine, administered in doses of 1.5 to 3.0 mg/kg, hadno differential effects on open-field activity in the two groups. The behavioral changes observed in L-cysteine treated animals is similar to that which has been reported in adult rats with extensive hippocampal damage.
Responses of the three-toed box turtle, Terrapene Carolina triunguis, to heat stress

Abstract 1. 1. Ten Terrapene carolina triunguis were exposed to 40, 45, and 50°C experimental environments to assess their ability to physiologically thermoregulate during heat stress and to determine the effects of heat stress on selected blood parameters. 2. 2. Air to core gradients of 0.56 and 3.88°C were established and maintained with efficiencies of evaporation of 3.7 and 8.7% in the 40 and 45°C environments respectively. In the 50°C environment core temperatures climbed steadily to the lethal temperature of 43°C. 3. 3. No significant changes occurred in red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, mean corpuscular volumes, and the different kinds of white blood cells. A decrease in hematocrit occurred during heat stress. 4. 4. Terrapene carolina triunguis does not have the physiological mechanisms to combat extremely hot environments to which it is not ordinarily subjected.
Achieving external and internal targets with exchange-rate and interest-rate intervention

Abstract This paper analyses how exchange-rate and interest-rate intervention rules can be computed so as to stabilize price and output and real exchange rate in the face of a variety of random shocks. The major finding is that there exist a unique optimal intervention rule for both internal and external targets in the face of all random disturbances except for LM and foreign interest rate disturbances.
Spatial reconstruction of signals from short-wavelength cones

Because the retinal cone mosaic samples an image only at discrete locations, our continuous visual percept must arise from a spatial reconstruction process. How this process combines information from the three cone types is presently unclear. To investigate, we asked whether L and M cone information can modify the visual system's reconstruction of signals from S cones. In Expt 1, we used a matching paradigm to measure the effect of L and M cone information on filling-in at the foveal tritanopic area. We found that a small luminance disk superimposed at the tritanopic area decreases the amount of filling-in, showing that the reconstruction of S cone signals can be influenced by the spatial pattern seen by the L and M cones. In Expt 2, we asked whether L and M cone information can modify the splotchy low-frequency alias seen when an observer views fine S cone gratings. Here there was no evidence for an interaction. We conclude that though L and M cone information can influence the visual system's reconstruction of S cone signals, this influence may be confined to relatively coarse spatial patterns.
Utility of intravascular ultrasound in carotid stenting.

Purpose:To illustrate the utility of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging during endoluminal interventions in the carotid artery.Methods and Results:A patient with symptomatic internal carotid a...
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF THE MESOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS, 5-PHENYL-l-THIA-5-PHOSPHACYCLOOCTANE, CIS- AND TRANS-1,5-DIPHENYL-1,5-DIPHOSPHACYCLOOCTANE AND THEIR PHOSPHINE OXIDES

Three 1.5-disubstituted eight-membered ring meSocycles, 5-phenyl-l-thia-5-phosphacyclooctane, 2, cis-and trans-1,5-diphenyl-1,5-diphosphacyclooctane. 5a and 5b, have been synthesized. The diastereomers 5a and 5b were separated by preparative HPLC and the stereochemical assignments confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure of 5b. The X-ray crystal structures of 5-phenyl-1-thia-5-phosphacyclooctane 5-oxide, 1, and trans-l,5-diphenyl-l,5-diphosphacyclooctane 1.5-dioxide, 3b, are also reported. MeSocycles 1, 3b and 5b are in the boat-chair conformation and are devoid of any indications of transannular interactions.
Early Cretaceous Sedimentation and Tectonics in Southeastern Arizona: ABSTRACT

Sedimentary strata of Aptian to Albian age are widespread in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Mexico. These rocks comprise a transgressive/regressive marine/nonmarine basinal sequence, locally over 3,000 m thick, of sandstone, shale, limestone, and conglomerate mapped as the Bisbee Group. In general, the nonmarine lower third of the sequence is composed of coarse clastic alluvial fan and basin-fill deposits of local origin and rests unconformably on rocks of Jurassic to Precambrian age. These syntectonic sediments were deposited during regional southwest-northeast extension where local fault-block uplifts bounded by northwest-trending normal faults created a basin-and-range paleogeography with isolated clastic-filled basins and mountain ranges r mmed by alluvial fans. The marine and marginal-marine shales and limestones of the middle third are restricted to the southeastern part of the region and represent the northwestern end of a shallow marine sea (Bisbee Sea) which advanced northwestward across northeast Mexico from the Jurassic rift basins of the Gulf of Mexico. Shallow-water platform carbonates were deposited over a wide area, with coral-algal-rudist patch reefs localized over paleo-structural highs. The upper part of the Bisbee Group is the regressive facies of this sea and is composed primarily of nonmarine deltaic (fan delta), lacustrine and fluvial sandstones, and siltstones. This facies reconstruction suggests that differential vertical displacements along northwest-trending normal faults controlled the regional variations in thickness, lithology, and grain size in the Bisbee Group. End_of_Article - Last_Page 549------------
How Well Do We Know Max Weber After All? A New Look at Max Weber and His Anglo-German Family Connections

Guenther Roth's study places Max Weber in an intricate network of ties among members of his lineage. This paper presents core findings of Roth's analysis of Weber's family relations, discusses the validity of Roth's core theses and some of the implications of his analysis for Weber as a person and scholar, and addresses how Roth's book may influence future approaches to Weber's sociology.
ON POSSIBLE VENOMOUS EFFECTS OF SPELEONECTES SP. (REMIPEDIA)

[This study investigates the phenoloxidase activity of a glandular substance that is supposedly injected in prey by Speleonectes sp. Phenoloxidase in that substance may be derived from a hemocyanin-like component produced by glands of the injecting apparatus and may cause deleterious effects on prey. We describe general morphology of the postulated injection apparatus of Speleonectes sp. and measurements of phenoloxidase activity of the putative injected substance. We also describe deleterious effects of a manually injected phenoloxidase (laccase) on Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis, 1949. En el presente estudio se midio la actividad fenoloxidativa de una substancia que al parecer es inyectada por Speleonectes sp. a sus presas. La presencia de fenoloxidasa en esta substancia podria derivarse de un componente similar a la hemocianina, el cual se produce en las glandulas del aparato inyector y que potencialmente podria tener un efecto mortal en la presa. En este trabajo se describe la morfologia del propuesto aparato inyector de Speleonectes sp. asi como el ensayo enzimatico de la substancia que se supone es inyectada a las presas. Ademas se describen los efectos de la fenoloxidasa (lacasa) en Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis, 1949., This study investigates the phenoloxidase activity of a glandular substance that is supposedly injected in prey by Speleonectes sp. Phenoloxidase in that substance may be derived from a hemocyanin-like component produced by glands of the injecting apparatus and may cause deleterious effects on prey. We describe general morphology of the postulated injection apparatus of Speleonectes sp. and measurements of phenoloxidase activity of the putative injected substance. We also describe deleterious effects of a manually injected phenoloxidase (laccase) on Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis, 1949. En el presente estudio se midio la actividad fenoloxidativa de una substancia que al parecer es inyectada por Speleonectes sp. a sus presas. La presencia de fenoloxidasa en esta substancia podria derivarse de un componente similar a la hemocianina, el cual se produce en las glandulas del aparato inyector y que potencialmente podria tener un efecto mortal en la presa. En este trabajo se describe la morfologia del propuesto aparato inyector de Speleonectes sp. asi como el ensayo enzimatico de la substancia que se supone es inyectada a las presas. Ademas se describen los efectos de la fenoloxidasa (lacasa) en Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis, 1949.]
Reaction of singlet oxygen with trans-cyclooctene. Evidence for a 1,2-dioxetane intermediate.

Evidence is presented that the reaction of 1O2 with trans-cyclooctene yields an unstable trans-fused bicyclic dioxetane as a significant product.
A Critique of the Double-Bind Theory of Infantile Autism

Abstract King's (1975) double-bind theory of infantile autism requires greater clarity and specificity for scientific validation. Research failed to control for observer bias and did not provide adequate evidence.
The photochemistry of some cobalt(III) complexes in the solid state

Abstract The thermal and photochemical reactions in the solid state of [Co(NH 3 ) 5 OH 2 ]X 3 where X = Cl − , Br − and I − have been studied. The reactions proceed like the analogous aqueous reactions except that tetrahedral Co(II) species are produced in the solid state. The steps in the thermal reaction were studied in some detail and the photochemical reaction is shown to follow the same path. In addition, the photodecomposition of K 3 [Co(C 2 O 4 ) 3 ]·XH 2 O in the solid state is shown to involve a radical intermediate.