cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid Gold: Calambra Olive Oil (B)

The Liquid Gold cases are an adaptation of the original Calambra Olive Oil cases (UVA-QA-0440 and UVA-QA-0442). This version has been written to support a modified classroom experience. The cases describe the start-up of Calambra, a company built to sell a premier brand of olive oil. Frank Lockfeld, the founder, has to determine how much olive oil to make for the second year’s production. Unfortunately, he has to make this decision before learning the results of the first year’s sales. Thus, there is enormous uncertainty around the decision. The A case (UVA-QA-0587) tells the start-up story and presents enough information for students to do a sensitivity analysis to decide which of the many uncertainties are most important. This leads to a discussion of tornado diagrams. The B case (UVA-QA-0588) provides information on those critical uncertainties. This leads to a class on spreadsheet modeling and simulation modeling, searching for an optimal order quantity, adjusting for risk, etc. It also enables a discussion of a key general business issue: the difference between make-to-order and make-to-inventory businesses and the fundamental flaw in most business plans that leads to gross overestimates of potential profitability. Excerpt UVA-QA-0588 Rev. May 23, 2010 LIQUID GOLD: CALAMBRA OLIVE OIL (B) You: Okay, the Tornado chart shows we need to think more about demand—particularly the 1994 demand, the sales price, and the broker discount. Let’s talk about demand first. Do you mind if I tape our conversation? That way, I can review the tape and make sure I remember what you say. Frank: That’s fine with me. Demand Assessment You: Great. Let’s start with demand. Do you still think you will sell all of the 1993 oil? What are the chances of this? . . .
Variables influencing law enforcement off-road route proliferation on an arid site

Abstract Off-road vehicle impacts are a common and often severe form of disturbance in arid and semiarid lands around the world. Determining the underlying impetus behind the generation of new routes may allow better management of their impacts. We hypothesized that six variables may have predictive power: distance from slopes greater than 34% (impassible slopes), distance from unauthorized routes, slope, view from authorized routes (driving to places that cannot be seen), distance from authorized routes, and elevation. Route proliferation in the San Cristobal Valley, Arizona, USA, a site with border enforcement travel but without recreational use, was measured using remotely sensed imagery and 7014 km of unauthorized routes were identified. Two variables were significant ( p R 2 =0.57) predictors of route proliferation: distance from slopes greater than 34% and distance from unauthorized routes. For each kilometer distant from the slope, route density decreased by a factor of two and, for each 100 m distant from unauthorized routes, route density decreased by a factor of five. Slope, view from authorized routes, distance from authorized routes, and elevation were also tested but were not significant and were not included in the model. Unauthorized route density appears at least partially predictable and analysis of geographic variables may offer a way to prioritize route management decisions.
Robustness Analysis of Algorithms to Estimate Constitutive Laws of Biological Filaments

The structure-function relationship of biological filaments is greatly impacted by their mesoscale mechanics that involves twisting and bending deformations. For example, the mechanics of DNA looping is a key driver in gene regulation. The continuum-rod models have emerged as efficient tools for simulating the nonlinear dynamics of such deformations. However, there is no direct way to derive or measure the constitutive law of biological filaments for their continuum modeling. Therefore, it is an active area of research to develop inverse algorithms based on a continuum rod model that can estimate the constitutive law from the atomistic configurations of the filament. This paper presents a set of such algorithms that can use data from the dynamic states of deformation obtained from atomistic simulations or other sources. Depending on the kinematic quantities that are computed from the configuration data, the inverse algorithms differ in their steps to estimate the internal restoring moments and forces. The paper investigates and compares the robustness of these inverse algorithms accounting for the effect of noise in the data.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Conformational studies on hexahelicenes—III

Abstract From the analysis of NMR data of several mono- and dimethylhexahelicenes it has been concluded that the conformation of hexahelicenes substituted at C(1) or C(3) does not alter when a second substituent is introduced in a non-hindering position (C14) of the other terminal ring. From the NMR spectrum of 1,16-dimethylhexahelicene and the known structure of hexahelicene it was possible to give a general description of the conformational changes in the helix due to methyl groups in the overcrowded region (C1 and C16). The proposed conformation has been fully substantiated by an X-ray analysis of 1,16-dimethylhexahelicene.
BLUEPRINT RECORDS OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAMS.

Permanent records of thin-layer chromatograms are obtained by a simple method employing blueprint paper and not requiring special equipment.
System Model for Selective NOx Recirculation (SNR) to be Used in Stationary Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engines

A model for a possible system to implement Selective NOx Recirculation (SNR) technology for stationary lean-burn natural gas engines was developed. SNR is a NOx (NOx includes the various oxides of nitrogen found in an exhaust stream) removal after-treatment technology with four phases; cooling the hot exhaust gas, NOx adsorption onto a sorbent material, periodic NOx desorption using heat, and NOx decomposition within the combustion process. This paper presents the model, summarizes the research used to develop the model, and presents model output. NOx decomposition in the combustion process was investigated by injecting nitric oxide (NO) into the intake of a Cummins L10G natural gas fueled spark-ignited engine (210 kW at 2100 rpm). Experimental campaigns were conducted during lean-burn and rich-burn operation to quantify in-cylinder NOx decomposition. Data previously published suggest that rich burn is essential for adequate NOx decomposition and that lean burn was ineffective. The NOx adsorption/desorption characteristics of the sorbent material were quantified using a bench top adsorption system equipped with four thermocouples, an in-line heater, a mass flow controller and a Rosemont Analytical NOx analyzer. The sorbent chamber was filled with activated carbon sorbent material. Extensive testing of the adsorption characteristics using 500 ppm NO (balance nitrogen) from a pressure tank yielded a mass percent of .0005 NO to carbon. These results suggested that unacceptably large adsorbers would be needed in industrial applications. However, further measurement using real exhaust showed a loading of 0.65 mass percent of NO to carbon. The presence of oxygen and water are implicated in this improved adsorption. This scaled system considered the heating rates (for desorption) and cooling rates (for adsorption) for the bed at the time when desorption and adsorption processes were initiated. An adsorption/desorption model that considered gas temperature and heat and mass transfer was formulated based on these data. A simplified linear driving force model was developed to predict NOx adsorption into the sorbent material as cooled exhaust passed over fresh sorbent material.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Progress and achievements of global fund rolling continuation channel project in Yunnan,2010-2012

Objective To analyze the progresse and implement effects of Global Fund RCC Project in Yunnan from 2010 to 2012. Methods The output and impact indicators were analyzed by utilizing the data collected from China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention,specific report form,field investigation and comprehensive surveillance together with the annual report and monitor report. Results The project targets have been achieved,HIV infection rate among female sex workers( FSW) dropped from 1. 6% in 2010 to 1. 1% in 2012. The HIV infection rate remained4. 9% to 8. 3% among men who have sex with men( MSM),and 24. 0% to 26. 0% among injected drug users( IDUs).From 2010 to 2012,the CD4 test rate for those who received ART rose from 82. 5% to 94. 2%,and the viral load test rate from 75. 8% to 95. 2%. Conclusions Project contents have been accomplished and project objectives have been achieved. Through implementation of RCC project,the project work was integrated in the routine work,the participation of community based originations( CBOs) in AIDS response has been promoted by exploring the ways in which CBOs were involved. It indicated that prevention of sexual transmitted HIV should be strengthened in IDUs in Yunnan province.
Stimulating Influenza Vaccination via Prosocial Motives.

Objective Americans do not vaccinate nearly enough against Influenza (flu) infection, despite severe health and economic burden of influenza. Younger people are disproportionately responsible for transmission, but do not suffer severely from the flu. Thus, to achieve herd immunity, prosocial motivation needs to be a partial driver of vaccination decisions. Past research has not established the causal role of prosociality in flu vaccination, and the current research evaluates such causal relationship by experimentally eliciting prosociality through messages about flu victims. Methods In an experimental study, we described potential flu victims who would suffer from the decision of others to not vaccinate to 3952 Internet participants across eight countries. We measured sympathy, general prosociality, and vaccination intentions. The study included two identifiable victim conditions (one with an elderly victim and another with a young victim), an unidentified victim condition, and a no message condition. Results We found that any of the three messages increased flu vaccination intentions. Moreover, this effect was mediated by enhanced prosocial motives, and was stronger among people who were historical non-vaccinators. In addition, younger victim elicited greater sympathy, and describing identifiable victims increased general sympathy and prosocial motives. Conclusions These findings provide direct experimental evidence on the causal role of prosocial motives in flu vaccination, by showing that people can be prompted to vaccinate for the sake of benefiting others.
Current use of de-escalation strategies: Similarities and differences in de-escalation across professions

ABSTRACTDe-escalation is a skill most commonly discussed in mental health settings, but it occurs across professions in fields such as law enforcement, nursing, and customer service. While much of the literature describes what could be done to de-escalate someone, we know very little about what is actually being done in practice. In this study, we survey 56 professionals with expertise in de-escalation about the strategies that they use to help people in distress. Using group concept mapping, multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis, we provide a description of similarities and differences in what mental health providers rate as most important as compared to those working in other professions. Findings suggest that across professions, communication, body language, listening and validation are considered highly important for effective de-escalation. Although both groups also emphasize environmental safety, safety was less of a primary concern for mental health professionals. Applications for these fi...
Accurate and Precise Silicon Isotope Analysis of Sulfur‐ and Iron‐Rich Samples by MC‐ICP‐MS

Silicon isotope determination of sulfur-rich samples by MC-ICP-MS can be challenging because cation-exchange chromatography used for Si purification does not efficiently remove anionic sulfur species. Results for pure Si standard solutions with addition of sulfate showed shifts of up to +1.04 ± 0.10‰ (2s) in δ30Si. Doping of both standard solutions and samples with S to a fixed S/Si ratio can eliminate the relative change in instrumental mass fractionation due to variable S/Si in samples and also boosts the relative sensitivity of Si by up to 66%. Moreover, Fe hydroxide precipitation during sample processing adsorbs Si resulting in isotopic fractionations. Tests using Fe-rich samples showed that this could be a major factor for observed shifts in δ30Si. Acidification of the sample and standard solutions to a pH < 1 aggressively dissolved any Fe hydroxide precipitates, even in relatively Fe-rich samples such as chondrite meteorites. The pH values of the sample solutions were subsequently adjusted to a range of 2–3 by adding ultra-pure NaOH solutions. The combination of sulfur doping and the pH adjustment protocol ensured a full recovery of Si and proved to be an efficient and reliable method for Si isotope determination of S- and Fe-rich materials.
Long Term Follow-Up of 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide Purged Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Patients with High Risk of Bone Marrow Involvement.

Introduction: High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) can result in long term survival for patients with advanced non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) but relapse remains a common cause of treatment failure. Bone marrow (BM) involvement is common in NHL and there is controversy over whether or not reinfusion of BM stem cells contaminated by clonogenic tumor cells is a major cause of relapse following ASCT. Bone marrow purging can reduce the number of tumor cells in vitro , but the impact on relapse and disease free survival (DFS) remains unknown. Methods: Between 1990 and 1993, 20 pts with poor prognosis NHL (B-symptoms, high LDH, bulky adenopathy, stage III or IV, or relapsed disease) at high risk for BM involvement underwent 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-hc) purged BM transplantation. Thirteen pts had low grade B-cell NHL, 6 had an intermediate grade B-cell NHL with a small B-cell component, and 1 had T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Seven of 20 pts had received ≥3 prior chemotherapeutic regimens. Three pts underwent transplantation in first complete remission and 17 pts were in chemotherapy-responsive relapse. At diagnosis, 11 of 20 pts had documented BM involvement, and at ASCT, 6 of 20 pts had BM involvement (all 8 /kg (range: 0.87–5.5). The median time to granulocyte recovery was 26 days (range: 14–59). Two pts died at days 31 and 35 without achieving platelet transfusion independence. In the remaining 18 pts, the last platelet transfusion was given at a median of 29 days post-marrow infusion (range 18–149), and the median in-patient hospital days was 27 (range: 16–82 days). Results: There were 2 deaths (fungal infection and CNS relapse) during ASCT. One pt died in CR after developing secondary AML 5.34 yrs after ASCT. Post-ASCT, 18 of 20 pts achieved CR (including 1 pt who had no evidence of disease at autopsy), 1 pt had a PR, and 1 pt died during BMT and was not evaluable for response. Median follow-up for the group was 8.2 yrs (range: 0.1–12.4 yrs). At last follow-up, 9 pts remain in CR (1 died of AML in CR), 5 pts had relapsed and remain alive, and 5 pts died of progressive disease. Median follow-up for survivors was 11.1 yrs (range: 5.2–12.4 yrs). 65% of pts remain alive at last follow-up. The median EFS was 9.4 yrs (range: 0.1–12.4 yrs). Those who achieved a CR post-ASCT had a median DFS of 10.6 yrs (range: 1.1–12.4 yrs). At 8.2 yrs, 4/6 pts with involved BM at the time of harvest had relapsed or died compared to 7/14 pts with negative BM which is not significantly different. Conclusion: ASCT using 4-hc BM purging is feasible and can result in long term relapse free survival, even for pts with subtypes of NHL at high risk for BM involvement. Whether 4-hc BM purging is equivalent or superior to immunologic approaches to stem cell processing remains to be determined.
The Effects of Capital Campaigns on Other Nonprofits’ Fundraising

This study focuses on the effects of capital campaigns on the fundraising performance of other nonprofits within the same geographic region. Drawing from research in organizational ecology and charitable giving, we offer a theory of capital campaign impact that says any impact of a campaign must be looked for in a carefully circumscribed area or population of organizations, and that campaigns raise awareness of the need for services within a particular area. We use data on capital campaigns at arts nonprofit organizations in forty-eight counties across the United States between 1999 and 2007, coupled with financial data on nonprofits in the arts in the same county to test our hypotheses. The results from our analyses show that a major capital campaign positively affects other nonprofits’ fundraising, and the effect varies depending on the phase of the capital campaign. We discuss possible mechanisms that drive the positive effects of capital campaigns, and conclude with a short illustration.
I Know What I Like, I Like What I Know: How Breadth of Brand Experience and Cognitive Effort Influence Brand Switching

The authors propose that segmenting loyal consumers according to their history of switching in a product category may help managers improve advertising effectiveness by stimulating appropriate levels of elaboration. More elaboration by multiple-brand consumers for their current brand choice increases the likelihood of future switching, whereas single-brand consumers are unaffected. For single-brand consumers, need for cognition decreases switching intent under high elaboration conditions, whereas multiple-brand consumers are unaffected. Lastly, the effect of cognitive processing on brand switching is greater for single-brand consumers for high elaboration advertisements, and greater for multiple-brand consumers for low elaboration advertisements.
Risk of Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules 4 cm or Larger

Background Several authors have questioned the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in large nodules. Some surgeons recommend thyroidectomy for nodules ≥4 cm even in the setting of benign FNAC, due to increased risk of malignancy and increased false negative rates in large thyroid nodules. The goal of our study was to evaluate if thyroid nodule size is associated with risk of malignancy, and to evaluate the false negative rate of FNAC for thyroid nodules ≥4 cm in our patient population. Methods This is a retrospective study of 85 patients with 101 thyroid nodules, who underwent thyroidectomy for thyroid nodules measuring ≥4 cm. Results The overall risk of malignancy in nodules ≥4 cm was 9.9%. Nodule size was not associated with risk of malignancy (odds ratio, 1.02) after adjusting for nodule consistency, age, and sex (P=0.6). The false negative rate for FNAC was 0%. Conclusion Nodule size was not associated with risk of malignancy in nodules ≥4 cm in our patient population. FNAC had a false negative rate of 0. Patients with thyroid nodules ≥4 cm and benign cytology should not automatically undergo thyroidectomy.
Smarter Than Smart Cities: GIS and Spatial Analysis for Socio-Economic Applications That Recover Humanistic Media and Visualization

This article discusses the need for integrating spatial ethnographic fieldwork into our computational spatial analysis. In addition to helping to correct errors in models and missing variables, doing so can help counter potential regressive policy and planning implications by continuing to undercount already marginalized populations.
The Scale of Student Engagement in Statistics: Development and Initial Validation:

Student engagement has been a focal point of research, partly due to its efficacy in promoting long-term academic success. However, many scales are designed to measure engagement across the school ...
Precambrian Structures of Western Ohio

Ten wells in western Ohio, eastern Indiana, and northern Kentucky have penetrated pre-Mount Simon sedimentary rocks and several hundred kilometers of seismic data allow us to map units below the Mount Simon Sandstone in western Ohio. Most of the wells sampled a lithic arenite, the Middle Run Formation, but one well penetrated over 300 m of carbonate rocks. The seismic data reveal pre-Mount Simon basins that are about 25 km wide and are normally about 2000 m deep, but range in depth. They appear to be structural basins that formed primarily after the Middle Run Formation was deposited. Two basins are located on top of the Grenville Front and, therefore, are younger than Grenville rocks and older than Late Cambrian Mount Simon rocks. Thus the basins could be as young as Middle Cambrian, but at least post-date the Grenville Orogeny.
Application of Smart Handheld Device in Agricultural Product Traceability System

The quality and safety of agricultural products is becoming more and more important nowadays. The devices commonly used are POS (Point of Sales) terminals, electronic scales, bar-code scanners, etc. The mismatches among various devices cause a lot of problems during data communication, synchronization, manipulation and flow control. Here a smart handheld device will be introduced, which can resolve these problems. Highly integrated design reduces the total cost of the traceability devices; an overall control makes the cooperation easy and guarantees the traceability flow more reliable and robust. The device hardware mainly consists of an ARM (Advanced RISC Machines) core, a power management block and some functional peripherals. The implementation of the device focused on four issues: 1. power circuit and power management design in multi-power system; 2. peripheral cooperation under CPU control; 3. signal integrity and power integrity in PCB design; 4. transaction model based software design and database synchronization.
The Kingdom of Hanover and the Guelphs

The particularist sentiment against which Bismarck was to contend in Hanover after 1866 had a tradition which had developed and grown stronger over hundreds of years and which set Hanover apart from other areas of Germany. Although the size of the kingdom of Hanover caused it to rank below such German states as Bavaria and Wurttemberg, its territorial size belies its importance and influence in European history. By the nineteenth century Hanover, under the guidance of the royal family of Guelph, had established many ties, political and dynastic, with the nations of Europe. The statement that Germany has given Europe its royalty is especially true of Hanover, whose Guelphs were not only the rulers of Great Britain but were also related to the royal families of Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
Bacterial infection in children with HIV: a prospective study from Cape Town South Africa.

Invasive bacterial infection in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is common. South African data on this problem are limited. Over 1 year we prospectively studied 108 HIV-infected children hospitalized for 136 presumed infective episodes. Blood culture was positive in 24.8% of episodes. Streptococcus pneumoniae predominated (14/30 positive blood cultures); one-third of isolates showed resistance to penicillin. Acute lower respiratory tract infection accounted for 44% of clinical diagnoses, a bacterial cause being established for 23.8% of these. Age and stage of HIV infection did not influence the likelihood of a positive culture. A high proportion of presumed infective episodes requiring hospitalization of young HIV-infected children have a bacterial cause. Blood culture appears to be a useful method of obtaining the microbiological information required to focus antibiotic therapy.
Brain and Cranial Nerves

Anatomy: Gross examination of the CNS reveals two distinct types of tissue (gray and white matter), which are also easily visible on MRI. Histology: Population of pluripotent neural stem cells (capable at least in vitro of dividing into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia) exists throughout the brain and spinal cord. Pathophysiology: No discrete lesion is pathognomonic for radiation injury to the CNS, which is classically associated with pathologic changes common to most other mechanisms of CNS injury, including demyelination, malacia (decrease in white and gray matter volume), gliosis (scarring), and vascular damage. Pathogenesis: Damage to endothelial tissue within the CNS appears to play a key role in post-radiation demyelination. This was elegantly demonstrated by a boron neutron capture experiment. Biology: An increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, triggered by blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, appears to play a key role in the pathogenesis of white matter lesions. Clinical Syndromes: Brain radiation has been frequently cited as the major cause of neurocognitive decline in cancer patients. All were treated in a fashion that would significantly increase the risk of late radiation toxicity, i.e., large daily fractions and concurrent radiosensitizer. Special Topics: Exposure of the fetal nervous system to ionizing radiation between the gestational ages of 8–25 weeks is associated with microcephaly and mental retardation. An exposure of 1 Gy at the most sensitive gestational age of 8–15 weeks is associated with an estimated 43 % risk of mental retardation. Neurocognitive and neuropsychologic consequences of brain radiation in children may occur in up to 50 % of children who undergo brain radiation. Radiation-induced dementia associated with diffuse leukoencephalopathy is characterized by depression, emotional lability, and deficits in memory and attention which progress to gait disturbance and incontinence in approximately 80 % of patients. Detection Diagnosis: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive imaging modality for white matter lesions. Both the incidence and severity of white matter lesions in the brain are directly related to increasing RT dose and worsen with time. Diagnosis: CNS radionecrosis is a focal, well-circumscribed lesion that develops in regions of the brain near the primary tumor that have received high doses of radiation. Management: Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment for many radiation-induced CNS toxicities, including radiation necrosis, cranial nerve palsy, and peripheral neuropathy.
Nutrient enrichment in wadeable urban streams in the Piedmont Ecoregion of the Southeastern United States.

Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Southeastern Stream Quality Assessment (SESQA) collected weekly samples for nitrogen and phosphorus in 76 wadeable streams in the urbanized Piedmont Ecoregion of the Southeastern United States, during April–June 2014. Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in excess of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines and statistically greater than at reference locations indicated nitrogen-nutrient enrichment in streams draining poultry confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) or urban centers. Nitrate plus nitrite (NO3 + NO2) dominated TN species in urban/CAFO-influenced streams. Streams that drained poultry CAFO and Washington DC had statistically higher NO3 + NO2 concentrations than streams draining Atlanta, Charlotte, Greenville, or Raleigh. In contrast, total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in Atlanta and Washington DC streams statistically were comparable to and lower than, respectively, reference stream concentrations. Over 50% of TP concentrations in Greenville, Charlotte, Raleigh and CAFO-influenced streams exceeded the EPA guideline and reference-location mean concentrations, indicating phosphorus-nutrient enrichment. Urban land use, permitted point sources, and soil infiltration metrics best predicted TN exceedances. Elevated TN and NO3 + NO2 concentrations in urban streams during low flow were consistent with reduced in-stream dilution of point-source or groundwater contributions. Urban land use, permitted point sources, and surface runoff metrics best predicted TP exceedances. Elevated TP in CAFO and urban streams during high flow were consistent with non-point sources and particulate transport.
Effects of post-irradiation annealing on the IASCC susceptibility of neutron-irradiated 304L stainless steel

Abstract Post-irradiation annealing (PIA) was conducted on a 304L stainless steel irradiated to 5.9 dpa in the Barseback-1 BWR reactor, to investigate its effect on the mitigation of irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) susceptibility. IASCC susceptibility was measured for the as-irradiated and four PIA conditions (500 °C: 1 h and 550 °C: 1, 5, and 20 h) via interrupted constant extension rate tensile and four-point bend experiments under simulated BWR-NWC conditions. The annealing treatments were observed to progressively reduce IASCC susceptibility, as measured by the final intergranular fracture fraction (tensile) and crack length per unit area (four-point bend), with full removal of IASCC susceptibility being observed following annealing at 550 °C: 1 h for tensile specimens and 500 °C: 1h for four-point bend specimens. Among the microstructure and mechanical property parameters measured as a function of PIA, the average dislocation channel spacing was observed to decrease by ∼25% and ∼40% from the as-irradiated condition after annealing at 500 °C: 1 h and 550 °C: 1 h, respectively. The mitigation of IASCC susceptibility correlated well with the decrease in the average dislocation channel spacing and is consistent with a process in which crack initiation is controlled in part by the high tensile stress at dislocation channel-grain boundary intersections.
HPV33+ HNSCC is associated with poor prognosis and has unique genomic and immunologic landscapes.

Abstract Objective To determine the influence of high-risk HPV genotype on outcomes in HNSCC patients. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas HNSCC cohort. Results Using multivariate Cox regression analysis, we revealed that HPV33+ HNSCC patients have inferior overall survival compared to HPV16+ HNSCC patients independent of anatomical site (HR 3.59, 95% CI 1.58–8.12; p = 0.002). A host anti-viral immune response, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, and catalytic polypeptide-like mutational signature, was under represented and, aneuploidy and 3p loss were more frequent in HPV33+ tumors. A deconvolution RNA-Seq algorithm to infer immune cell fractions revealed that CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell infiltration was reduced in HPV33+ compared to HPV16+ tumors (1.3% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.007). TGFB1, a negative modulator of T-cell infiltration and function, showed expression and pathway enrichment in HPV33+ tumors. Conclusions Our work reveals that HPV genotype, in particular HPV33, has a powerful impact on HNSCC patient survival. We argue that p16 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate biomarker for HPV+ status will lead to sub-optimal risk stratification and advocate HPV genotype testing as standard of care.
Bioelectronic Medicine: Treating Diseases with Miniaturized Biomimetic Devices

Bioelectronic Medicine (BM) has been recognized as a new type of medicine to treat/manage chronic diseases and injuries that currently cannot be cured pharmaceutically. Unlike conventional pharmaceutical approaches in which pharmacological agents are delivered at the targeted molecular/cell mechanism related to the targeted tissues/organs via systemic blood circulation, lacking of anatomical/cellular specificity and the adaptability to each individual treatment, as a result the undesirable side effect is usually accompanied. On the other hand, bioelectronic medicine stands at the nexus of engineering, medical device, computation science, biology, physiology, neuroscience, as well as clinical science, aiming to regulate the electro-chemical molecular/cellular mechanism that directly relates to the diseases via electrical neuromodulation at the nervous systems using miniaturized devices, thus potentially avoids the side effects. Thus contrasting to conventional biomolecular based medicine, the practicing clinicians of bioelectronic medicine will prescribe patients with dosage in electrical and magnetic signals, rather than prescribing the dosage of drugs as in the conventional medicine.
"Them:" Bridging Divides Between Distant Neighbors After Masterpiece Cakeshop

This Article looks at the theological and public policy concerns surrounding the faith and equality debate regarding anti-discrimination laws and religious liberty convictions of various small-business owners. It first traces the complicity claims that often emerge in these issues through the lens of religious conviction. It then offers a historical look at the various approaches others have taken in order to resolve the tension often triggered by a "weak" conscience. It then offers a method towards a renewed public policy of litigation and an approach based on rebuilding the faith/equality divide in society.
Unbeaten Tracks in Japan: Revisiting Isabella Bird: Kiyonori Kanasaka (Notes and Commentaries trans. by Nicholas Pertwee). Folkestone, Kent, UK: Renaissance Books, 2020. xxxiii, xxiv, 336, 32 pp., maps, photos, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index, appendix. £55 cloth (ISBN 978-1-898823-79-7).

This new annotated edition of Isabella Bird’s classic text invites us on her 1878 journey under the expert guidance of Kyōto University geographer Kiyonori Kanasaka. Why the English-speaking world ...
Increasing Utilization of MRI Before Prostate Biopsy in Black and Non-Black Men: An Analysis of the SEER-Medicare Cohort.

OBJECTIVE. The potential for significant disparities exists in the setting of increased adoption of prostate MRI. We sought to assess temporal trends in the utilization of MRI before prostate biops...
Investigative Advocacy: The Mechanics of Muckraking

This essay argues that drafting a complaint is a form of investigative advocacy and that the best of them uphold the tradition of muckraking journalism.
Content-Category Analysis

The general problem with which the content-analysis procedure developed by Gottschalk and his associates deals is the accurate measurement of psychological states or traits, a problem of equal consequence to psychiatrists, psychologists, behavioral and social scientists.
Dynamic DSCPs for heterogeneous QoS in DiffServ multicasting

The significant growths of group communications and QoS-aware applications over the Internet have accelerated the development of two key technologies, namely, multicasting and Differentiated Services (DiffServ). Although both are complementary technologies, their integration is a non-trivial task due to several architectural conflicts between them. The inherent heterogeneous nature of QoS multicasting further complicates this problem with the sender-driven nature of DiffServ. Thus, in this paper, we propose a method for providing heterogeneous QoS to multicast groups via dynamic DSCPs without per-group state information in the DiffServ core. We detail our approach as well as examine implications for an adaptive method for both multicast and unicast connections. Finally, we present simulation studies regarding the performance benefits of dynamic DSCPs in multicasting.
Ultrasonic system models and measurements

A side-drilled hole (SDH) is a commonly used reference reflector in ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. In this paper, we will develop reciprocity-based measurement models along with scattering models that allow us to predict the ultrasonic response from a SDH in a pulse-echo immersion setup. Two measurement models will be derived, one suitable for large SDHs where variations of the incident fields over the cross section area of the SDH are considered, and a second model which neglects those variations. Two scattering models are also used along with these measurement models. These include an explicit model based on the Kirchhoff approximation, as well as an exact model obtained using the separation of variables method. Examples of the model-based received waveforms and peakto-peak voltage responses are presented for a number of SDHs of different sizes and compared with experimentally determined SDH responses.
Formation and destruction of vortices in a motored four-stroke piston-cylinder configuration

THE effects of the compression ratio, engine speed, boreto-stroke ratio, and valve seat angle on the turbulent flowfield within an axisymmetric piston-cylinder configuration have been studied by means of an implicit finite difference method which solves the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy, and two additional equations for the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. The numerical results indicate that the turbulent intensity at topdead-center of the compression stroke is independent of the rpm and decreases with decreasing compression ratio. The turbulent intensity also increases when decreasing the bore-tostroke ratio. It has been found that the valve seat angle has the most important effect on the flowfield. A valve seat angle of 45 deg produces two vortical structures which break down and merge by the end of the compression stroke, and persist into the expansion stroke. For smaller valve seat angles there is no vortex breakdown and the vortical structures created during the intake stroke disappear by the end of the compression stroke. The importance of vortical structures on fuel mixing and turbulence levels within an internal combustion engine is also discussed. Contents The purpose of this paper is to report some numerical results concerning the effects of the compression ratio, boreto-stroke ratio, rpm, and valve seat angle on the formation and destruction of vortices, and turbulent levels within an axisymmetric piston-cylinder configuration equipped with a centrally located valve. The calculations reported here were performed with an implicit finite difference algorithm that solves the conservation equations of mass, axial and radial momentum components, and energy. Turbulence has been modeled by means of a two-equation model for the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. The motion of the valve has been accounted for by means of the two-domain technique developed in Ref. 1. Calculations were performed at several engine speeds, i.e., rpm, and showed that as long as the valve seat angle is less than 45 deg (this angle is measured with respect to the engine cylinder centerline) the flowfield in the intake stroke is characterized by the formation of two vortical structures. One of these structures is located at the corner between the cylinder
ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCES IN INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS

The observation of microwave spectra of molecules in interstellar clouds allows separation and detection of the lines of isotopes of many of the more common elements. Comparison of intensities of isotopic lines shows that the relative isotopic abundances for C, O, S, N, and Si are generally rather similar to those found on Earth. However, there are interesting and provocative differences.
“I Feel My True Colors Began to Show.” Designing and Teaching a Course on Improvisation

This article discusses my design and teaching of an interdisciplinary, multi-style course "Improvisation in Music". It discusses fundamental considerations on improvisation and a variety of pedagogical considerations and factors that influenced the course design. After a synopsis of the core elements and topics, each course meeting is described as it happened, and the article concludes with a final analysis of the overall process.
Decision Matrix Reduction in Preliminary Design

Matrix methods such as the house of quality (HOQ) are useful as a first step in organizing the information relating product attributes to engineering design parameters. However, they frequently result in a large number of elements, making it very difficult to focus attention on elements that bring maximum benefits. This paper presents a method for reducing a large set of engineering parameters to a more efficient subset. This subset offers the greatest potential for cost control, and is where product development, experimental, and optimization efforts should be focused. An example of a new air pollution control system illustrates the method. The most efficient set of engineering parameters are identified, and are then defined as decision variables in a cost minimization model. The optimal design identified by the method significantly reduces cost.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The American Stroke Association A Division of the American Heart Association

In January, the American Heart Association announced a major change that will influence how the organization will function—and hopefully be perceived—as an advocate for and supporter of research and educational programs on stroke. It introduced the American Stroke Association, a Division of the American Heart Association. It is not a new entity but actually a new name for the AHA’s Stroke Division, created 1 year ago to coordinate and direct the association’s increasing emphasis on stroke research and education. I am particularly pleased that this name change has occurred during my presidency of the AHA. To our external and internal audiences, the new name demonstrates that the AHA’s passion in the fight against death and disability from stroke is as strong as its fight against death …
Efficient content-based indexing of large image databases

Large image databases have emerged in various applications in recent years. A prime requisite of these databases is the means by which their contents can be indexed and retrieved. A multilevel signature file called the Two Signature Multi-level Signature File (2SMLSF) is introduced as an efficient access structure for large image databases. The 2SMLSF encodes image information into binary signatures and creates a tree structures can be efficiently searched to satisfy a user's query. Two types of signatures are generated. Type I signatures are used at all tree levels except the leaf level and are based only on the domain objects included in the image. Type II signatures, on the other hand, are stored at the leaf level and are based on the included domain objects and their spatial relationships. The 2SMLSF was compared analytically to existing signature file techniques. The 2SMLSF significantly reduces the storage requirements; the index structure can answer more queries; and the 2SMLSF performance significantly improves over current techniques. Both storage reduction and performance improvement increase with the number of objects per image and the number of images in the database. For an example large image database, a storage reduction of 78% may be archieved while the performance improvement may reach 98%.
Numerical Solutions of Three-Dimensional Non-Grey Gas Radiative Transfer Using the Statistical Narrow-Band Model

Three-dimensional non-grey gas radiation analyses were conducted using the statistical narrow-band model along with updated band parameters. The exact narrow-band averaged radiative transfer equation was solved using a ray-tracing method. Accurate numerical results were presented for non-grey real gas radiative transfer in a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure containing (i) an isothermal pure water vapor at 1000 K and I atm, (ii) an isothermal and inhomogeneous H 2 O/N 2 mixture at 1000 K and I atm, and (iii) a nonisothermal and homogeneous mixture of CO 2 /H 2 O/N 2 at 1 atm
Homer W. Smith: The humanist

I came to these rocky shores of Maine from my native Brooklyn in the summer of 1938 before I entered medical school at New York University (NYU). It was here that I met Homer Smith, Jim Shannon and Robert Pitts. I worked in the laboratory of Homer Smith the entire summer on the excretion of phenol red by the dogfish and on the daddy sculpin, which has glomeruli when young and becomes aglomerular in adulthood, and therefore filters inulin when young and does not in adulthood. I had to fish for the sculpins and from time to time I hoped there were easier ways to catch the fish. It was an exciting and productive two months and a time when I made wonderful friends and became a colleague of Shannon and Pitts. I was sent here by my uncle Joe Bunim, who worked in the Department of Physiology after his fellowship at Yale and before he joined the faculty of the Department of Medicine at NYU. He was my big brother, who carefully and with wisdom, guided me through my years until he died at an early age in 1964. Smith and Shannon were Joe's idols. Shannon became my mentor. I worked with Shannon summers and during my school years. But always, Smith was the overseer and the constant source of stimulation and provider of knowledge. He was always at NYU, whereas Shannon and Pitts left NYU and continued their highly productive lives in other institutions, Shannon at NIH and Pitts at Syracuse and Cornell. I guess that, in this august group of scientists who came to celebrate Smith's 100th birthday, I was invited because I had known Homer Smith longer than anybody else. I met Homer 57 years ago when he was 43 years old and had been Chairman of the Department of Physiology at NYU for a good number of years and received worldwide acclaim as a scientist, author, philosopher and scholar. He was a very humble man who was constantly in pursuit of knowledge, always thinking constructively and analytically. He always seemed to be in deep thought. Here in Maine, during the summer months at Salsbuiy Cove, he was at home or in the lab always reading or writing. While in the labs he was looking over and studying data, or planning and suggesting experiments. At sunset almost every day, weather permitting, he would sit by himself close to the beach and watch the beautiful sunset and sit and think. He was never disturbed by anybody. When we in the lab were invited to his home we were most welcomed. He alone prepared and served the food. After we discussed the latest published books, especially novels, he frequently played the piano. He was a master at the piano. His insights into whatever was discussed were unique and extraordinary. None of the people in the room could match his scholarship.
Elaborate reflections on a simple manifesto.

Abstract In an earlier article ( McFall, 1991 ), I urged clinical psychologists to work toward the goal of integrating science and practice and proposed the adoption of a principle and two corollaries aimed at achieving this goal. In general, I argued that all aspects of clinical psychology must be guided by the highest scientific and ethical standards, that clinical practice be limited to empirically supported procedures, and that clinical training be devoted to producing clinical scientists. In the present article, I elaborate and defend these points by offering reflections on a number of submitted questions provoked by the earlier article. I address four major issues: the philosophical foundations for a scientific epistemology, the implications of this epistemology for clinical practice, the implications for clinical training, and the likely impact of adopting this epistemology on the field of clinical psychology.
Simple rheometer for definition of viscoelastic properties of structural liquids

Abstract A “rising sphere” instrument is described which records the stress as a function of strain imposed on a liquid by a sphere being pulled upwards. Measurements involve only strain of the liquid structure and not flow. Relaxation constants and other elastic constants are derived via the typical mechanical models for viscoelasticity. The results are believed to be particularly valuable to the study of sedimentation of suspensions. Examples of data for several structural systems are presented. The apparatus is simple and inexpensive to construct.