cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibrational spectrum on an exact fractal lattice

Abstract The vibrational properties were studied on the two-dimensional Sierpinski gasket. If one allows the mass on each site to move in two orthogonal directions, one needs to introduce a transverse coupling K in addition to the longitudinal couplings K1 and K2. Using the standard decimation procedures, one derives the rescaling properties of the couplings K1, K2 and K. One finds, if K is the geometric mean of K1, K2, then upon rescaling, the new coupling K' remains as the geometric mean of K'1 and K'2. By using the lattice Green's function and its rescaling properties, one is able to obtain the density of vibrational states as well as the correlation between two given sites. According to the correlation function, one finds there exists an energy dependent localization length ξ, such that when | r 1 − r 2 |>ξ, the ratios K/K1 and K/K2 go to constants upon rescaling. Also, in the limit of K = 0, the two orthogonal motions are completely decoupled and our results reduce to the case of one degree of freedom.
Reversible cardiomyopathy caused by administration of interferon alpha.

Background A 56-year-old man with normal cardiac function received treatment with interferon α-2b for malignant melanoma. Eight months after the initiation of therapy he developed fatigue and dyspnea on exertion. Two months later, he was admitted to hospital with ORTHOPNEA, worsening dyspnea and cough. Physical examination findings were consistent with congestive heart failure. Laboratory studies were notable for hypothyroidism. Echocardiography revealed severe, global left-ventricular dysfunction. Investigations Echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, serum chemistries, coronary angiography, right-heart and left-heart catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy. Diagnosis Interferon α-2b-induced cardiomyopathy. Management Intravenous dobutamine and dopamine for cardiogenic shock and discontinuation of interferon α-2b.
Decision making in a multicultural group

Abstract A large-group simulation, titled “Lump Sum,” demonstrates decision-making processes in multicultural groups. Simulation directions, results, and supporting publications are presented.
False-Positive 32P Uptake Tests

• Three patients had suspected choroidal melanoma and positive results for radioactive phosphorus ( 32 P) uptake tests, leading to enucleation in two of the patients. No malignancy was present on histopathologic examination. This experience reemphasizes the need for the ophthalmologist to evaluate the total clinical picture and not to give inappropriate consideration to a "positive" 32 P uptake test in deciding for or against enucleation in a suspected choroidal melanoma. The positive 32 P uptake test, even with high values, cannot be equated with malignancy, and a variety of nonmalignant lesions may give false-positive results.
The 1-alkoxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole system

The 1-alkoxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole system has been synthesized and defined on the basis of its physical and spectral properties. Bond orders and charge densities of the parent compound in the series 1-methoxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole have been calculated. All-valence-electron calculations with configuration interaction give a reasonable account of the observed absorption spectrum.
A Monte Carlo Study of the SU(3) Adjoint Higgs Model

Abstract We examine the full SU(3) gauge-Higgs theory, with the Higgs fields in the adjoint representation, and allow for radial fluctuations of the Higgs fields by means of a Monte Carlo simulation. We compare the resulting phase diagram with the predictions based on a perturbative analysis of the model and find qualitative agreement. We were not able to isolate a Coleman-Weinberg-type phenomenon.
Information-theoretic bounds on average signal transition activity [VLSI systems]

Transitions on high-capacitance buses in very large scale integration systems result in considerable system power dissipation. Therefore, various coding schemes have been proposed in the literature to encode the input signal in order to reduce the number of transitions. In this paper, we derive lower and upper bounds on the average signal transition activity via an information-theoretic approach, in which symbols generated by a process (possibly correlated) with entropy rate H are coded with an average of R bits per symbol. The bounds are asymptotically achievable if the process is stationary and ergodic. We also present a coding algorithm based on the Lempel-Ziv data-compression algorithm to achieve the bounds. Bounds are also obtained on the expected number of ones (or zeros). These results are applied to determine the activity-reducing efficiency of different coding algorithms such as, entropy coding, transition signaling, and bus-invert coding, and determine the lower bound on the power-delay product given H and R. Two examples are provided where transition activity within 4% and 9% of the lower bound is achieved when blocks of eight symbols and 13 symbols, respectively, are coded at a time.
Nuclear gamma rays in 19F following stopping pions

Abstract The yield per stopped pion of 197 and 109 keV γ-rays in CF 2 has been found to depend on target thickness. The probable excitation mechanism and methods to reduce such yields in studies of muonic and pionic atoms are discussed. More precise determinations of the energies of the first and second excited states of 19 F are listed.
Bridges: a uniquely flexible HPC resource for new communities and data analytics

In this paper, we describe Bridges, a new HPC resource that will integrate advanced memory technologies with a uniquely flexible, user-focused, data-centric environment to empower new research communities, bring desktop convenience to HPC, connect to campuses, and drive complex workflows. Bridges will differ from traditional HPC systems and support new communities through extensive interactivity, gateways (convenient web interfaces that hide complex functionality and ease access to HPC resources) and tools for gateway building, persistent databases and web servers, high-productivity programming languages, and virtualization. Bridges will feature three tiers of processing nodes having 128GB, 3TB, and 12TB of hardware-enabled coherent shared memory per node to support memory-intensive applications and ease of use, together with persistent database and web nodes and nodes for logins, data transfer, and system management. State-of-the-art Intel® Xeon® CPUs and NVIDIA Tesla GPUs will power Bridges' compute nodes. Multiple filesystems will provide optimal handling for different data needs: a high-performance, parallel, shared filesystem, node-local filesystems, and memory filesystems. Bridges' nodes and parallel filesystem will be interconnected by the Intel Omni-Path Fabric, configured in a topology developed by PSC to be optimal for the anticipated data-centric workload. Bridges will be a resource on XSEDE, the NSF Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment, and will interoperate with other advanced cyberinfrastructure resources. Through a pilot project with Temple University, Bridges will develop infrastructure and processes for campus bridging, consisting of offloading jobs at periods of unusually high load to the other site and facilitating cross-site data management. Education, training, and outreach activities will raise awareness of Bridges and data-intensive science across K-12 and university communities, industry, and the general public.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-secreting tumor (VIPoma) with liver metastases: Dramatic and durable symptomatic benefit from hepatic artery embolization, a case report

Neuroendocrine tumors often manifest an excess production of hormones that create severe metabolic abnormalities resulting in significant patient morbidity, independent of the tumor burden itself. VIPomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from the pancreas and are associated with secretory diarrhea and electrolyte disturbances. We present a patient with VIPoma and hepatic metastases who had greater than 10 loose stools a day for 4 yr since diagnosis, despite debulking surgery, multiple antidiarrheal medications, large doses of octreotide, and targeted radioisotope injections. The patient required several hospitalizations for treatment of dehydration and electrolyte disturbances, despite receiving daily intravenous fluids at home. Hepatic artery embolization (HAE) immediately stopped the patient’s diarrhea and provided a return to normal formed stools without any other symptom-support measures. One year after HAE, the patient remains asymptomatic and has returned to a productive life. HAE can be a very effective and durable treatment modality for patients with metastatic VIPomas (or other neuroendocrine tumors) and who are clinically symptomatic from the effects of hormone hypersecretion.
Overview of the spectroscopy of the atmosphere using far-infrared emission experiment

The SAFIRE experiment was conceived to satisfy a long-standing need for simultaneous middle atmosphere observations of ozone and important O(y), HO(y), NO(y), ClO(y), and BrO(y) gases, coupled with dynamics data. This will be accomplished using interferometry and broadband radiometry to sound the Earth limb in the far IR and mid IR, respectively. The experiment will employ the latest developments in detector and cryogenic cooling technology in order to achieve the measurement objectives. Detailed instrument and simulated atmospheric retrieval studies show that important gases such as OH, HO2, H2O2, HDO, N2O5, and HOCl can be observed with good accuracy.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Advancements in high-performance timing for long term underwater experiments: A comparison of chip scale atomic clocks to traditional microprocessor-compensated crystal oscillators

We discuss the merits and performance of two commercially available time bases — a microprocessor-compensated crystal oscillator designed and manufactured by Seascan, Inc. of Falmouth, MA, and a chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC), designed and manufactured by Symmetricom, Inc. of San Jose, CA — for use in autonomous underwater instrumentation. Over the last ∼10 years, the WHOI Ocean Bottom Seismology group has used the Seascan time base in its fleet of ∼100 Ocean-Bottom Seismographs (OBS), and has acquired a record of Seascan performance amounting to over 183 cumulative seafloor years and over 25 years of cumulative test time in a temperature-chamber across 120 clocks. These data show that the Seascan clocks perform within their quoted specification in almost all cases, and if carefully selected can provide performance significantly exceeding their specifications, all at a very modest 5 mW of power consumption. Our testing has also shown some unexpected effects in certain units that may undermine timing quality if not understood and controlled. Within the last year or so, chip-scale atomic clocks have become available, and we have installed these time bases in 15 OBS. These CSACs offer two orders of magnitude improvement in precision, at the cost of significantly greater power consumption (∼120 mW). We have deployed thirteen instruments on the ocean floor for a 6-month experiment using CSACs as the time base. In addition we have tested 4 more units in the lab. Based on the performance that we have seen in the field and in the lab, both time bases are worthy of consideration in new ocean instrumentation. As expected, the CSACs show better stability, lower aging, and better temperature response, at the expense of higher power consumption. This paper will present a detailed comparison of both clocks, showing the tradeoffs that need to be considered when selecting a time base. We will also look at techniques available to improve the aggregate performance of the Seascan time bases to well above their nominal specifications.
Panglossian accounting theories: The science of apologising in style☆

Abstract Dr. Pangloss's comment about, “the best of all possible worlds”, is widely remembered, but what we tend to forget is how unpleasant his world really is. Candide's life is marred by pillage, murder, rape, war, torture and natural disasters. The only relief Voltaire provides Candide after each disaster is a bizzare re-iteration of Pangloss's absurd refrain that, “this must be the best of all possible worlds”. Voltaire's Candide warns us about scholarly self-deception and wishful thinking. This warning extends to theorizing about large organizations and corporate accountability: that monopolistic and oligopolistic elements may be underplayed: that the disciplining effect of market competition may be overrated; that managerial self-aggrandizement may be idealized as entrepreneurial heroics, and that research may be trivialized in the quest for objective results and tractable theories. This paper uses Agency Theory and Transaction Cost Theory to spell out the dangers of Panglossian theorizing. It rejects the notion that theories are dispassionate reflections of reality; instead, it views them as materialistically grounded in social conflict — as intellectual terrains on which social interests struggle to re -present and control their realities. In focussing on Agency and Transactional Cost Theory, three types of re-presentational distortion are considered here: those emanating from failing to acknowledge the constituitive potential of theorizing (stressing instead its natural and law-like character); those arising from overstating the empirical validity of theories, and those emerging from neglecting the interests that benefit from research. The implications of the paper are analogous to lessons that Voltaire teaches us through Dr. Pangloss: we may pay a high price if we listen to “simplifying assumptions” and “analytic approaches” of the Pangloss's of accounting thought. Their intellectual pollyannaism frequently promotes social causes that, after some reflection, we might prefer to dissociate ourselves from. Only by explicating the social underpinnings of accounting practices — contemporaneously and historically — and by investigating the social allegiances of different forms of theorizing, do we give ourselves the opportunity of such social self-awareness.
Pattern mapping with quad-pattern-coverable quad-meshes

Pattern mapping (i.e. texturing arbitrary surfaces with repetitive patterns [Soler et al. 2002]) is a particularly useful texture mapping technique, since repeating a pattern reduces the memory cost, by mapping the same texture image to all faces. Moreover, pattern mapping does not require painting a texture image for each surface or generating a global texture map on each surface. Pattern mapping can potentially provide natural-looking materials, such as stone, wood, or marble, as well as human-made materials, such as wallpapers or repeating tiles. One of the main challenges arising when mapping patterns to arbitrary polyhedral meshes is to avoid texture discontinuities caused by singularities non-4-valent vertices in the quad-meshes. These discontinuities can appear at seams along the edges, which can be visually distracting. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to avoid non-4-valent vertices, since 4-regular quadmeshes exist only for genus-1 surfaces.
GPR37 and GPR37L1 are receptors for the neuroprotective and glioprotective factors prosaptide and prosaposin

GPR37 (also known as Pael-R) and GPR37L1 are orphan G protein-coupled receptors that are almost exclusively expressed in the nervous system. We screened these receptors for potential activation by various orphan neuropeptides, and these screens yielded a single positive hit: prosaptide, which promoted the endocytosis of GPR37 and GPR37L1, bound to both receptors and activated signaling in a GPR37- and GPR37L1-dependent manner. Prosaptide stimulation of cells transfected with GPR37 or GPR37L1 induced the phosphorylation of ERK in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner, stimulated 35S-GTPγS binding, and promoted the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. Because prosaptide is the active fragment of the secreted neuroprotective and glioprotective factor prosaposin (also known as sulfated glycoprotein-1), we purified full-length prosaposin and found that it also stimulated GPR37 and GPR37L1 signaling. Moreover, both prosaptide and prosaposin were found to protect primary astrocytes against oxidative stress, with these protective effects being attenuated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous astrocytic GPR37 or GPR37L1. These data reveal that GPR37 and GPR37L1 are receptors for the neuroprotective and glioprotective factors prosaptide and prosaposin.
Factors Influencing the Nutritional Health and Food Choices of African American HIV-Positive Marginally Housed and Homeless Female Substance Abusers

The toll of HIV/AIDS and drug abuse on economically disadvantaged women of color in the United States is a public health problem of epidemic proportions. Malnutrition, believed to be pervasive in this population, exacerbates the devastating health effects of addiction and HIV. This study documented dietary deficiencies in this population and examined factors influencing the food choices and eating patterns of marginally housed and homeless African American HIV-positive substance abusing women. Data were collected from 28 women ages 19–55 using two 24-hour dietary recalls and a semi-structured interview guide. Data revealed multiple nutritional intake hazards including skipped meals, substitution of carbohydrate-laden foods for dairy foods rich in animal fat and proteins, and an absence of raw fruits and vegetables indicative of deficiencies in key macro- and micronutrients. Food risks were increased for homeless women who were more likely to lack public assistance, have difficulty accessing free food serv...
Finding and Characterizing the Complexes of Drug Like Molecules with Quadruplex DNA: Combined Use of an Enhanced Hydroxyl Radical Cleavage Protocol and NMR

Structural information on the complexes of drug like molecules with quadruplex DNAs can aid the development of therapeutics and research tools that selectively target specific quadruplex DNAs. Screening can identify candidate molecules that require additional evaluation. An enhanced hydroxyl radical cleavage protocol is demonstrated that can efficiently provide structural information on the complexes of the candidate molecules with quadruplex DNA. NMR methods have been used to offer additional structural information about the complexes as well as validate the results of the hydroxyl radical approach. This multi-step protocol has been demonstrated on complexes of the chair type quadruplex formed by the thrombin binding aptamer, d(GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG). The hydroxyl radical results indicate that NSC 176319, Cain’s quinolinium that was found by screening, exhibits selective binding to the two TT loops. The NMR results are consistent with selective disruption of the hydrogen bonding between T4 and T13 as well as unstacking of these residues from the bottom quartet. Thus, the combination of screening, hydroxyl radical footprinting and NMR can find new molecules that selectively bind to quadruplex DNAs as well as provide structural information about their complexes.
40Gbit/s interface conversion circuit for 40GbE, STM-256/OC-768 and OTU3 serial signal transport

We develop 40Gbit/s interface conversion prototype circuits for 40GbE, STM-256/OC-768 and OTU3 tri-rate serial signal transport with 65nm CMOS technology. A conversion function between the SFI-5.1 and the SFI-5.2/XLAUI is demonstrated for the first time. The 16∶4 MUX and 4∶16 DEMUX prototype chips consume 1.6 and 1.7 W, respectively.
Technological Change as a Social Process: A Case Study of Office Automation in a Manufacturing Plant

As new computer technology moves into more and more workplaces, the study of its potential impacts on workers and their work is becoming increasingly common. However, such research is often weakened by a too-narrow conception of technology and technological change as primarily a technical issue. In fact, it is impossible to abstract the “impacts” of technology from the dense web of social relations and the complex milieu surrounding technology's design and use. this article describes a different approach to studying technological change as a social and cultural process. Using ethnographic principles and methods, it reports on the key social and organizational issues surrounding the implementation of a complex computer system at a small manufacturing plant. It also argues that this ethnographic approach has special promise for helping work organizations analyze and understand their experiences with technological change.
Illumination-dependent changes in the intrinsic fluorescence of bacteriorhodopsin

The paper describes the intrinsic UV fluorescence of bacteriorhodopsin in some detail and determines the changes during the rapid cyclic reaction following light flashes. The results suggest that several tryptophan residues are affected in the protein, among them one or more exposed to aqueous medium. The kinetics of the fluorescence changes coincide closely with events involving the retinal residue during the deprotonation and reprotonation of the Schiff base group.
RRA: an audio format for single-source music and lyrics

Karaoke music has world-wide appeal, especially for non-professional singers. However, most karaoke-audio architectures involve separate text and audio data streams which run in different threads. Such an approach suffers from timing synchronization problems. Another drawback is the need for a karaoke system to process at least two different formats: one used for karaoke-text and other used for audio data. To reduce the existing complexity of karaoke generation and thus make it more accessible to beginning computer science students, a novel audio format is introduced in this paper. To produce a karaoke track, lyrics are embedded as textual comments within a readily-readable-audio (RRA) file. The RRA format is an uncompressed and textual representation of a sampled audio stream and can be easily read and written by first and second semester computer science students without the need of an audio library. It is designed to allow comments that serve as directives to post-processing audio filters, including music players themselves. A lyric-aware RRA player will display lyrics as the audio track is played while an non-aware player simply ignores the embedded comments. The new audio format and utilities were used in the introductory computer science sequence at the University of Alabama. This paper also presents a wide variety of RRA multimedia projects for students, including karaoke generation.
Molecular biology: Protein binding cannot subdue a lively RNA

Ribosomes, the cell's protein-synthesis machines, are assembled from their components in a defined order. It emerges that the first assembly step must overcome dynamic structural rearrangements. See Article p.334 The assembly of protein–RNA complexes can involve the sculpting of RNA structure as proteins are sequentially bound, but direct demonstration of the details of these changes has been difficult. Sarah Woodson and colleagues have used sophisticated three-colour fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and modelling to look at the events occurring early in the assembly of the 30S ribosome. They find that when the S4 ribosomal protein interacts with the 16S rRNA, there is a stable, on-path, non-native intermediate, and that the S4 protein can alter the RNA helix dynamics to facilitate conformational changes that enable subsequent protein binding.
The clefts of Schmidt-Lantermann: a quantitative electron microscopic study of their structure in developing and adult sciatic nerves of the rat.

A quantitative electron microscopic study of the clefts of Schmidt-Lantermann in fibers of the sciatic nerves of young and adult rats showed that the clefts are formed by two conical “male” and “female” portions of the sheath. The circumference of the female cone is approximately 15% larger than the male cone. The surfaces of the cleft transect the sheath at angle of approximately 9°. The present data indicate, also, that both the configuration of the conical portions of the sheath and their position relative to each other may change prior to fixation. Calculations indicate that each cleft permits a change in axoplasmic volume by 22%, and a change in fiber length by 9% of the fiber diameter. Clefts were not observed in nerves of rats before the twelfth day of age nor in sheaths of fibers composed of less than 20 lamellae. Newly formed clefts were wider than adult clefts. Transitional forms suggest that clefts may develop from fibers with redundant loops of myelin sheath. Radioautographic data on the incorporation of H3−leucine in nerve fibers did not indicate transport of significant amounts of this isotope into the clefts.
Novel Myosin Associated Proteins

A synchronous insect flight muscle (IFM) relies on high frequency operation to achieve higher power output than a comparable synchronous muscle. The biochemical, ultrastructural, and mechanical adaptations that define the performance of this muscle type are not completely understood. IFM is characterized by its high stiffness, a property that influences the magnitude of stretch activation and ability to deliver high power to the wings. IFM is also characterized by the presence of unique (novel) myofibrillar proteins, and atypical modifications of conventional proteins, that likely affect the functional properties of this muscle. Here we review the properties of three thick filament associated proteins that may be important in stabilizing the myofilament lattice and impart rigidity to the myofibril. Drosophila flightin is an ∼20 kDa myosin rod binding protein found exclusively in IFM that exists as two unphosphorylated and nine phosphorylated isovariants in adult muscle. Genetic analyses have shown that flightin is essential for IFM development, structural integrity and function. Zeelins are found in Lethocerus leg (zeelin 1) and flight muscle (zeelin 1 and zeelin 2). Although the exact role of zeelins is not known, it has been speculated that they play a role in maintaining the structural organization of the thick filament and the regularity of the myofilament lattice. Stretchin-MLCK is a conceptual Drosophila protein that has been studied through the virtual translation of its coding region. The transcription unit is hypothesized to express seven different transcripts. None of the conceptual protein products have been shown to be expressed in IFM, although preliminary studies have identified a protein that may correspond to one of the small kinase isoforms and a second, kettin-like isoform that does not correspond to any of the predicted products.
HAMSTER: using search clicklogs for schema and taxonomy matching

We address the problem of unsupervised matching of schema information from a large number of data sources into the schema of a data warehouse. The matching process is the first step of a framework to integrate data feeds from third-party data providers into a structured-search engine's data warehouse. Our experiments show that traditional schema-based and instance-based schema matching methods fall short. We propose a new technique based on the search engine's clicklogs. Two schema elements are matched if the distribution of keyword queries that cause click-throughs on their instances are similar. We present experiments on large commercial datasets that show the new technique has much better accuracy than traditional techniques.
Automating high-throughput fluid sample handling for biotechnology and chemistry

The Genomation Laboratory at the University of Washington has been developing ACAPELLA, an automated submicroliter fluid sample handling system. This general-purpose, chemistry analysis system has applications to DNA sequencing, diagnostics, forensics, protein crystallography, and so on. In the first phase of prototype development, the ACAPELLA-IK system was designed to process 1,000 samples in 8 hours. After extensive tests and subsystem modifications, this system has successfully demonstrated high-throughput preparation of restriction enzyme digests, polymerase chain reactions, and sequencing reactions for genome analysis. The lessons learned in this prototype development and testing phase have been used to design the next generation ACAPELLA-SK system that processes 5,000 samples in 8 hours and has more functionality. The prototype design, development, and evolution into the ACAPELLA-SK system are described, and the ACAPELLA-SK system is presented.
Some improved encoding and decoding schemes for balanced codes

A binary code of length n is called a balanced code if each codeword contains exactly [n/2] (or [n/2]) ones and [n/2] (or [n/2]) zeros. In this paper, we give two improved methods for encoding and decoding balanced codes. The first one, called improved single map, improves the computation complexity of Knuth's single map function. This method, instead of complementing one bit at a time as done in Knuth's method, complements several appropriate bits at a time. Some simulation results show the improvement of this scheme over the previously known methods. The second one is a parallel implementation of this method.
Cardiovascular disease risk reduction in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk-reduction practices are suboptimal in populations at high risk for CVD, and this problem may be worse in women than in men. Methods In 2003, CVD risk-reduction practices were compared between men and women after stratification by CVD risk status (high, intermediate, low) in a cross-sectional analysis of the 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a random-digit telephone survey of state population-based samples of the civilian non-institutionalized population of adults. This analysis included persons aged >40 years who answered questions regarding lipid and blood pressure screening, recommendations for lifestyle modification, that is, exercise and reduced fat intake, and aspirin use. Risk status was defined according to Adult Treatment Panel III definitions. Results In the 97,387 adults included in this analysis, high CVD risk was associated with lipid and blood pressure screening, lifestyle modification, and aspirin use in both men and women compared to intermediate-risk and low-risk ( p p p Conclusions Among people at high risk for CVD, women report lifestyle modification more often than men, while men report use of aspirin more often than women. These findings may assist with targeting interventions to reduce CVD risk to the unique needs of men and women.
John G. Bartlett: Contributions to the Discovery of Clostridium difficile Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

In 1975 John Bartlett began trials investigating the problem of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. His work led the discovery of Clostridium difficile and he identified it as the leading cause of hospital-associated infections.
Gastric bypass for treating severe obesity.

Gastric bypass (RY-GBP) has a very small gastric pouch with a 1-cm diameter Roux-Y gastrojejunostomy. RY-GBP is associated with early satiety and an aversion to sweets secondary to dumping syndrome symptoms and has a signifi- cantly better weight loss than various gastroplasty procedures, including the vertical banded gastroplasty. However, it may be associated with vitamin B-12 deficiency and iron deficiency ane- mia in menstruating females, preventable with prophylactic oral iron and vitamin B-12. With an 80% 5 y follow-up, RY-GBP patients lose two-thirds of their excess weight within 2 y, 60% at 5 y, and > 50% at 9 y. The RY-GBP can be beaten by nibbling "junk foods" (potato or corn chips). Conversion to a malab- sorptive procedure may cause severe malnutrition and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies and should be used only for "superobese" patients who fail a standard RY-GBP and have severe comor- bidity. RY-GBP is the most effective procedure for morbid obe- sity, especially in patients addicted to "sweets." Am J Clin Nutr I992;55:560S-6S.
Modeling of a strike formation with coherent self-protection jammers

This paper proposes a simple model for simulating quasi-coherent electronic countermeasures using multiple self-protection jammers. By studying the effects of time-difference of arrival between multiple signals at the radar receiverpsilas matched filter output, the probability of coherence is defined for determining probability of survival in mission planning. A theoretical derivation for probability of coherence between jamming pulse signals is postulated and the theoretical data is compared with empirical data extracted from flight simulation. The method is applied to a study of various tactical flight formations with respect to the victim radar. The proposed method allows one to determine probability of survival for the multiple jamming case by simply scaling established probabilities for the single-ship jamming case.
Cryptoanalysis Based on 2-Adic Rational Approximation

This paper presents a new algorithm for cryptanalytically attacking stream ciphers. There is an associated measure of security, the 2-adic span. In order for a stream cipher to be secure, its 2-adic span must be large. This attack exposes a weakness of Rueppel and Massey's summation combiner. The algorithm, based on De Weger and Mahler's rational approximation theory for 2-adic numbers, synthesizes a shortest feedback with carry shift register that outputs a particular key stream, given a small number of bits of the key stream. It is adaptive in that it does not neeed to know the number of available bits beforehand.
Bacteriologic and nutritional evaluation of a commercial raw meat diet as part of a raw meat safety program.

This study evaluated selected bacteriologic and nutritional components of a commercially prepared ground raw horsemeat diet as part of a raw meat safety program. Six lots of meat were analyzed in triplicate. Frozen meat samples were thawed for 44 hr at 5°C. Meat samples were tested at three times during thawing (t = 0, 24, 44 hr) for selected bacteria. Samples were screened for Salmonella sp. using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Escherichia coli and total coliform bacteria were quantified using a ready-made culture medium system. Proximate, energy, macro and trace mineral composition was determined at a reference laboratory. Salmonella sp. antigen was detected in one sample of meat at t = 0 hr. Frozen meat samples had low average maximum expected numbers of E. coli and coliforms. The average maximum number of E. coli did not change significantly at t = 24 or 44 hr, but the average maximum number of coliforms increased significantly by t = 44 hr. These bacteriologic tests were easily incorporated into a raw meat safety program. Median concentrations of moisture, dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, ash, calcium, and phosphorus conformed to the guaranteed analysis but median crude fiber exceeded the guaranteed maximum. Median magnesium, potassium, and sodium concentrations conformed to the approximate nutrient content. Median concentrations of copper exceeded, whereas iron, zinc, and manganese fell below, the approximate nutrient content. Median copper and manganese concentrations exceeded the National Research Council's recommendation for adult domestic cats, whereas iron and zinc were below the National Research Council's recommendations for adult cats.
Neonatal social isolation alters both maternal and pup behaviors in rats.

The development of emotional behavior is dependent on the early experiences of the infant and the quality of maternal care. In these experiments, the effects of social isolation during the preweaning period on both pup behavior and maternal responsivity were examined. In the first study, the number of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted after brief maternal separation was measured in neonatal rats with differing histories of social isolation. The social isolation procedure consisted of 5 days of daily separation from the dam and littermates for either 3 or 6 hr. At both ages tested, socially isolated pups vocalized significantly less than control pups. In the second study, the effects of prior isolation either daily for 5 previous days (Chronic Isolation) or for 4 hr prior to testing (Acute Isolation) were examined in a T-maze choice test. Pup vocalizations in the presence of the dam and dams' maternal behavior were assessed. When the dam was confined to the start box or during the maternal free access period, both Chronic and Acute Isolates vocalized less than pups that had never left the home nest. Dams spent more time with and licked and groomed more frequently and for a longer time both Chronic and Acute Isolates compared to pups that had always been with dams in the home nest. These results suggest that early isolation experience can alter subsequent responses to separation stress in neonatal rats and that maternal behavior is sensitive to the prior experiences of offspring.
Effect of omega-3 and vitamin E supplementation on dry mouth in patients with Sjögren's syndrome

To determine whether omega-3 (n-3) increases saliva production in patients with Sjogren's syndrome, 61 patients with Sjogren's received either wheat germ oil (n = 23) or n-3 supplement (TheraTears Nutrition®) (n = 38) in a prospective, randomized, double-masked trial. The outcomes assessed were salivary secretion and markers for oral inflammation. The differences between the n-3 group and wheat germ oil group were not statistically significant for either unstimulated (US) or stimulated (SS) salivary secretion (p= 0.38 and p= 0.346, respectively) nor for the number of sites with probing depth (PD) ≥ 4 mm (p= 0.834). In this pilot study, supplementation with n-3 was not found to be significantly better than wheat germ oil in stimulating saliva production in patients with Sjogren's syndrome.
Defining the orientation of the human U1A RBD1 on its UTR by tethered-EDTA(Fe) cleavage

The N-terminal RNA binding domain of the human U1A protein (RBD1) specifically binds an RNA hairpin of U1 snRNA as well as two internal loops in the 3' UTR of its own mRNA. Here, a single cysteine has been introduced into Loop 1 of RBD1, which is subsequently used to attach (EDTA-2-aminoethyl) 2-pyridyl disulfide-Fe3+ (EPD-Fe). This EDTA-Fe derivative is used to generate hydroxyl radicals to cleave the proximal RNA sugar-phosphate backbone in the RNA-RBD complexes. RBD1(K20C)-EPD-Fe cleaves the 5' strand of the RNA hairpin stem, centered four base pairs away from the base of the loop, and cleaves the UTR in two places, again centered on the 5' side of the fourth base pair from each internal loop. These data, extrapolated to the position of Lys 20 in RBD1, orient the two proteins bound to the UTR, and provide direct biochemical evidence for the proposed model of the RBD1:UTR complex.
Synthesis and self-assembly of fcc phase FePt nanorods.

We report a synthesis of FePt nanorods by confining decomposition of Fe(CO)5 and reduction of Pt(caca)2 in surfactant reverse cylindrical micelles. The controlled nucleation and growth kinetics in confined environment allows easy control over Fe/Pt composition, nanorod uniformity, and nanorod aspect ratio. The FePt nanorods tend to self-assemble into ordered arrays along three-dimensions. Directed assembly under external magnetic field leads to two-dimensional ordered arrays, parallel to the substrate magnetic field. We expect that with optimized external magnetic fields, we should be able to assemble these nanorods into orientated one or two-dimensional arrays, providing a uniform anisotropic magnetic platform for varied applications in enhanced data storage, magneto-electron transport, etc.
Electrical characteristics of Ir/Au and Pd/Ir/Au ohmic contacts on p-InGaAs

Ohmic contacts based on Ir/Au and Pd/Ir/Au metallisations have been formed on highly doped p-type InGaAs. Their electrical characteristics were measured and compared with those of conventional Ti/Pt/Au ohmic contacts. They were found to have ohmic contact resistance as low as Ti/Pt/Au metallisation but with superior thermal stabilities.
The impact of controller naturalness on spatial presence, gamer enjoyment, and perceived realism in a tennis simulation video game

The introduction and popularity of the Nintendo Wii home console has brought attention to the natural mapping motion capturing controller. Using a sample that identified sports as their most frequently played video games, a mental models approach was used to test the impact that perceived controller naturalness (traditional controller vs. natural mapping motion capturing controller) had on perceptions of spatial presence, realism, and enjoyment. The results showed that perceived video game realism is a predictor of spatial presence and enjoyment. Furthermore, the results supported predictions that controller naturalness would influence perceived video game realism of graphics and sound. Future research should investigate whether or not these controllers lead to greater presence and enjoyment in different genres of games (e.g., first-person shooters). In addition, future research should consider whether or not these controllers have the ability to prime violent mental models.
PS2-36: Demographic Variation in Sleep Hygiene Among Adult Kaiser Permanente Northern California Health Plan Members

Background/Aims To investigate age, gender, and race-ethnic differences in prevalence of short duration of sleep, frequent problems with sleep, sleep medication use, and effort made to get enough sleep among adult Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) Health Plan members.
Factors contributing to nonadherence to follow-up appointments in a resident glaucoma clinic versus primary eye care clinic.

Purpose: To determine the rate of adherence to follow-up appointment recommendations in a resident glaucoma clinic with no mechanism for reminders, compared to a resident cataract and primary eye care (CPEC) clinic in which telephone reminders were used, and to identify factors that contribute to adherence in each patient group. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included subjects in the CPEC clinic who received telephone reminders and those in the glaucoma clinic who did not. Each sample was selected to have a similar proportion of follow-up recommendations for 1, 3, and 6 months. Subjects were considered adherent if they returned within a specified timeframe. Results: A total of 144 subjects from the glaucoma clinic and 151 subjects from the CPEC clinic were included. There was no significant difference between follow-up adherence rates of patients who received telephone reminders and those who did not (odds ratio [OR] =1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79–2.32, P=0.28). Patients who were on more than two ocular medications were more likely to return for follow-up (OR=3.11, 95% CI 1.53–6.35, P=0.0018). Subjects between the ages 50 and 80 years were more likely to be adherent compared to their younger and older peers (P=0.02). Conclusion: The follow-up adherence of patients in a CPEC clinic who received telephone reminders was similar to patients in a glaucoma clinic who did not receive any intervention to increase their adherence. Younger (,50 years old) and elderly (.80 years old) subjects, as well as patients using less than two glaucoma medications, were less likely to adhere to their follow-up appointments.
An Innovation in Chinese Biographical Writing

The Chinese literary renaissance has produced in the past few decades many distinctly new results. The universal acceptance of the vernacular as a literary medium by a whole generation of writers, the absorption of modern western ideas, and the transvaluation of all traditional values brought about radical changes in creative literature. New theories were studied and practised, new forms and genres developed, and an appreciable number of distinguished works of poetry, fiction and essays created during this period can be assured of a permanent place in the history of Chinese literature. Yet one ancient literary genre, biography, seems to have benefited little by the new movement. It is this fact that makes the excellent work now under review deserve more than usual attention.
Study comparing methods of testing milk powder for bacteria species

Objective To study methods of detecting bacteria species in milk powder. Methods Enrichment culture and direct plate isolation were used to grow and isolate species of bacteria controlled during milk powder production.A comprehensive determination was made based on species growth characteristics,colony characteristics on plates,microscopic examination of Gram strains,and results of biochemistry and serology tests. Results Multiple species were controlled during milk powder production,including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157: H7. Conclusion Direct plate isolation is more effective at detecting bacteria species in samples,and methods of inducing flagellar antigen with BHI broth culture are worthy of promotion.
Clinical study on Reptilase in adjuvant treatment of neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage

ve To observe the effect of Reptilase in adjuvant treatment of neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage. Method Intraveneous and endotracheal administration of Reptilase except for conventional therapy. Results The observation group had the survival rate of 87. 5 (7/8). Conclusion Reptilase is effective in the treatment of neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage.
Silicon nanowire-gold nanoparticle heterostructures for Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract In this paper, we report a facile approach for the fabrication of silicon (Si) nanowire-gold (Au) nanoparticle heterostructures and their application in molecular sensing using Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). Si nanowires were grown via an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) method. The growth conditions such as silicon source feed rate, growth duration, temperature, and catalyst amount were studied to control the morphology and structure evolution of Si nanowires. Further surface decoration of Si nanowires with Au nanoparticles was achieved using a galvanic deposition approach combined with a subsequent annealing process. This process enabled the formation of uniformly- and tightly-packed Au nanoparticles on Si nanowires with controlled size and inter-particle spacing. Such novel Si nanowire-Au nanoparticle heterostructures were subjected to SERS-based chemical detection of water-containing organic dyes. The results indicate that these heterostructured substrates have significantly improved Raman sensitivity and uniformity, and will be potential for future SERS-based bio/chemical sensors.
Comparison of Free Amino Acid and Dipeptide Absorption in the Jejunum of Sprue Patients

Utilizing a marker perfusion technique, jejunal absorption rates of free glycine and glycylglycine were investigated in five healthy human volunteers and 3 patients with an intestinal lesion resembling sprue. The absorption rates of both free glycine and glycylglycine were markedly reduced in the sprue patients, the reduction being more severe for free glycine than for glycylglycine (15-fold decrease versus 4-fold). In each patient, the glycine absorption rate was significantly greater from a test solution containing 50 mM glycylglycine than from a test solution containing a similar amount of glycine in the free form (100 mM). In 2 additional sprue patients the jejunal absorption rates of glycylglycine and glycyl-L-leucine were compared. There was no significant difference in the absorption rates of these two dipeptides, but both were markedly reduced. Our studies indicate that dipeptide is superior to free amino acid as a substrate for amino acid absorption even when the membrane transport is markedly reduced. Furthermore, the reduction in transport involves equally both a dipeptide with a poor potential (glycylglycine), as well as one with an excellent potential (glycylleucine) for hydrolysis by mucosal enzymes.