cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cavity occupation and defensive behaviour in the stomatopod Gonodactylus festai: Evidence for chemically mediated individual recognition

Abstract Pairs of the mantis shrimp Gonodactylus festai fought in an open arena. Later, the dominant individual was placed in a cavity and defended it against the subordinate. Visual, tactile, and acoustical displays used during contents for cavities are here described. Fifteen minutes later the subordinate animal was placed in an arena with a cavity containing water from the aquarium of the animal that had just defeated it, water from the aquarium of a stomatopod it had never met, or water that had never contained a stomatopod. Animals readily entered cavities containing clean water, investigated and entered cavities containing strange stomatopod water, and avoided cavities containing water from the home aquarium of the animal that had previously defeated them.
Technocracy and management control systems

Abstract There is a pervasive, and persuasive, call for “new” management control systems commensurate with the applications of advanced technologies within modern organizations. Unfortunately, there is little consideration given to the possible consequences and alternative trajectories of the changes. Our purpose is to initiate a discourse directed toward better understanding the changes occurring in organizational structure and management control systems fostered by advanced technology applications. We propose that advanced technology coupled with the dynamic market environment is precipitating a new organizational form, technocracy, that is replacing the traditional bureaucratic form. Technocracy is the organizational manifestation of the technocratic restructuring taking place as technical remedies are administered to the current economic and management crises. This new organizational form is related to a technocratic ideology that alleges objectivity, meritocracy, and an apolitical perspective. We argue that the proposals for revitalizing management accounting and control systems are unquestioningly grounded in technocratic ideology, embodying, and perpetuating, the characteristics of technocracy.
Cloned human T cells synthetize Ia molecules and can function as antigen presenting cells

TNP-specific proliferative cloned human T cell lines were investigated for their synthesis and cell surface expression of HLA-DR molecules and for their capacity to function as antigen presenting cells. Utilizing radioactive amino acid precursors for metabolic labeling, these studies demonstrated endogenous synthesis of HLA-DR molecules by cloned T cells, which by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were similar to HLA-DR molecules expressed by B cells and monocytes. Moreover, when TNP-modified, the irradiated cloned T cells functioned very effectively to stimulate TNP-specific proliferation by cloned responders; when unmodified they were potent stimulators of allogeneic mixed leukocyte responses. Thus, for haptens covalently attached to cell membrane proteins and for allogeneic HLA antigens, Ia+ cloned T cells can function as effectively for antigen presentation and T cell activation as other Ia+ populations to which such properties have been ascribed.
Bio-functionalized nanofibrous membranes as a hybrid platform for selective antibody recognition and capturing

Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (PVA-co-PE) is attractive for a variety of bio-applications due to its intrinsic hydrophilicity and ease of functionalization. The successful preparation of PVA-co-PE nanofibrous membranes and its applications as an ideal matrix for enzyme immobilization and dye/metal affinity purification have been reported. In this study, we specifically focused on versatile surface chemistries to activate PVA-co-PE nanofibers and their subsequent protein ligand couplings for antibody recognition and capturing, where surface activation can afford the largest amount as well as the highest activity of immobilized protein ligand. Protein A/G and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were applied here as a model pair of affinity ligand and antibody target. Disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC) was found to offer the highest amount of immobilized affinity ligands. However, its high reactivity toward hydroxyl and amine groups from protein molecules may trigger a multi-binding effect of immobilized ligands and subsequently limit the conformation changes of the ligands, eventually leading to a low ligand activity. Among all of the tested agents, glutaraldehyde (GA) was observed to provide the highest antibody binding capacity as a synergetic result of the high ligand activity and the desired amount of attached ligands. Its higher ligand activity can be ascribed to the potential spacer effect of the oligomeric units formed by GA molecules. The excellent selectivity and efficient capturing ability for target antibody, the desired stability and reliable reusability of protein A/G attached GA pre-activated PVA-co-PE nanofibrous membranes were demonstrated through IgG static binding capacity tests and SDS-PAGE analysis. These exciting results indicate the great potential of the bio-functionalized nanofibrous membranes as a hybrid platform for selective antibody recognition and purification.
Old World Archaeometallurgy

Over the last twenty years, there has been a discernable increase in the number of scholars who have focused their research on metal production, working and use in antiquity, a field of study which has come to be known as archaeometallurgy. Materials scientists and conservators have worked primarily in the laboratory while archaeologists have conducted fieldwork geared to the study of metal technology in cultural context with laboratory analysis as one portion of the interpretive program.
The effect of gestured instruction on the learning of physical causality problems

Recent research has demonstrated instruction that includes gesture can greatly impact the learning of certain mathematics tasks for children and much of this work relies on face-to-face instruction. We extend the work on this problem by asking how gesture in instruction impacts adult learning from a video production for a science concept. Borrowing from research by Perry and Elder (1997), the research presented here examines what role adding gesture to instruction plays for adults learning about gear movement. In this pretest-instruction-posttest design, 56 college-aged participants were asked to complete problems relating to gear movement. Participants viewed either an instructional video in which an instructor used speech only (control) or speech-plus-gesture (experimental) to explain a fundamental principle in the physics of gear movement. Results showed that adults who knew less actually learned more and that instruction was effective, but significantly more effective when gesture was added. These findings shed light on the role of gesture input in adult learning and carry implications for how gesture may be utilized in asynchronous instruction with adults.
Optical Micromirror Actuation using Thermocapillary Effect in Microdroplets

This paper presents a simple means that utilizes surface tension gradient to cause droplet deformation, and to tilt micro-objects. Thermocapillary or Marangoni effect, and contact angle hysteresis are employed to control the droplet shape and position. The device consists of a microplate placed onto a microdroplet, and can produce a 6.5° tilting angle when actuated at 30 V. It shows the potential applications in scanning micromirror and display technology.
A p53-dominant transcriptional response to cisplatin in testicular germ cell tumor-derived human embyronal carcinoma

Testicular germ cell cancers remain one of the few solid tumors routinely cured in advanced stages with conventional cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The mechanisms remain largely unknown. Through use of gene-expression array profiling we define immediate transcriptional targets in response to cisplatin in testicular germ cell-derived human embryonal carcinoma cells. We report 46 genes upregulated and five genes repressed by cisplatin. Several of these gene products, including FAS, TRAILR3, PHLDA3, LRDD, and IER3 are previously implicated in the apoptotic death receptor pathway, while others including SESN1, FDXR, PLK3, and DDIT4 are known mediators of reactive oxygen species generation. Approximately 54% of the upregulated genes are established or suspected downstream targets of p53. Specific siRNA to p53 prevents cisplatin-mediated activation of p53 and p53 pathway genes and renders embryonal carcinoma cells relatively resistant to cisplatin cytotoxicity. Interestingly, in p53 knockdown cells nearly the entire set of identified cisplatin targets fail to respond or have a diminished response to cisplatin, suggesting that many are new direct or indirect targets of p53 including GPR87, STK17A, INPP5D, FLJ11259, and EPS8L2. The data indicate that robust transcriptional activation of p53 is linked to the known hypersensitivity of testicular germ cell tumors to chemotherapy. Many of the gene products may participate in the unique curability of this disease.
A light-scattering method for soot concentration measurements

The validity of light-scatter measurements as a basis for determining soot particle size and concentration from point to point within a flame has been examined in relation to measurements on a special propane burner. The monodisperse spherical particle model relied on in the past was found to predict scatter diagrams in poorer agreement with experiment than a cluster model developed here. Both scatter diagrams and electron micrographs of collected soot support a chaincluster model, which predicts in addition mass concentrations that are within a factor of 2 of those determined by total filtration. Soot concentration measurements were made on a turbulent acetylene diffusion flame to demonstrate the light-scatter technique in application to a turbulent system characterized by large background radiation. Soot particle size was found to be uniform throughout the burnout region, and a soot burnout rate that was first order in soot concentration was deduced. These results are consistent with a burning model in which eddies of soot-containing gas mix with oxygen-rich eddies and the soot particles burn rapidly.
Enzyme-DNA interactions required for efficient nucleotide incorporation and discrimination in human DNA polymerase β

In the crystal structure of a substrate complex, the side chains of residues Asn279, Tyr271, and Arg283 of DNA polymerase beta are within hydrogen bonding distance to the bases of the incoming deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate (dNTP), the terminal primer nucleotide, and the templating nucleotide, respectively (Pelletier, H., Sawaya, M. R., Kumar, A., Wilson, S. H., and Kraut, J. (1994) Science 264, 1891-1903). We have altered these side chains through individual site-directed mutagenesis. Each mutant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and was soluble. The mutant enzymes were purified and characterized to probe their role in nucleotide discrimination and catalysis. A reversion assay was developed on a short (5 nucleotide) gapped DNA substrate containing an opal codon to assess the effect of the amino acid substitutions on fidelity. Substitution of the tyrosine at position 271 with phenylalanine or histidine did not influence catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) or fidelity. The hydrogen bonding potential between the side chain of Asn279 and the incoming nucleotide was removed by replacing this residue with alanine or leucine. Although catalytic efficiency was reduced as much as 17-fold for these mutants, fidelity was not. In contrast, both catalytic efficiency and fidelity decreased dramatically for all mutants of Arg283 (Ala > Leu > Lys). The fidelity and catalytic efficiency of the alanine mutant of Arg283 decreased 160- and 5000-fold, respectively, relative to wild-type enzyme. Sequence analyses of the mutant DNA resulting from short gap-filling synthesis indicated that the types of base substitution errors produced by the wild-type and R283A mutant were similar and indicated misincorporations resulting in frequent T.dGTP and A.dGTP mispairing. With R283A, a dGMP was incorporated opposite a template thymidine as often as the correct nucleotide. The x-ray crystallographic structure of the alanine mutant of Arg283 verified the loss of the mutated side chain. Our results indicate that specific interactions between DNA polymerase beta and the template base, but not hydrogen bonding to the incoming dNTP or terminal primer nucleotide, are required for both high catalytic efficiency and nucleotide discrimination.
The Effect of Hypocarbia on the Cardiovascular System of Puppies

Respiratory alkalosis (hypocapnia) is used to treat persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborns. With the exception of the brain, there are no data on the effects of hypocapnia on organ blood flow in the neonate. Therefore, we examined the effects of 2 h of hypocapnia on blood pressure, oxygen consumption, cardiac output and organ blood flows in puppies. In six animals (group I), reducing the PaCO2 to 21.8 +/- 1.5 mm Hg (pH 7.62 +/- 0.04) caused an immediate and sustained reduction in cerebral blood flow (40%) and in myocardial blood flow (25%). There were no significant changes in arterial blood pressure, total body oxygen consumption, cardiac output, right and left ventricular rate-pressure product, or blood flow to the gut, liver, muscle, and kidneys. In four control animals (group II)(PaCO2 39.8 +/- 3.0, pH 7.38 +/- 0.04), there were no changes in any of the measured variables (arterial blood pressure, total body oxygen consumption, cardiac output, or blood flow to any organ, including brain and heart) during 2 h of normocarbic ventilation. We did not determine whether the reductions in cerebral and myocardial blood flows were detrimental. We suspect that they were not because the animals did not develop metabolic acidosis and they had normal cardiac outputs, and ventricular rate-pressure products throughout the study.
Functional Interaction of NF-Y and Sp1 Is Required for Type A Natriuretic Peptide Receptor Gene Transcription

The vasorelaxant and anti-mitogenic activities of the atrial and brain natriuretic peptides depend upon their binding to the type A natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A) expressed on the surface of vascular cells. Intervention strategies aimed at controlling NPR-A expression are limited by the paucity of studies in this area. Here we identify a sequence CCAAT between −141 and −137 of the NPR-A promoter that, when mutated, reduces promoter activity by 90% in rat aortic smooth muscle (RASM) cells. Protein/DNA cross-linking and immunoperturbation of electrophoretically shifted complexes formed between RASM nuclear extracts and an oligonucleotide surrounding the CCAAT sequence indicates that the heterotrimeric transcription factor NF-Y binds specifically to the wild-type, but not mutated, CCAAT element. Cotransfection of a dominant negative mutant of the NF-YA subunit results in a concentration-dependent decrease in the activity of the NPR-A promoter in RASM cells confirming that endogenous NF-Y is an activator of the promoter. Mutation of the CCAAT element, in conjunction with mutation of all three Sp1 sites previously shown to be involved in NPR-A promoter regulation, virtually eliminates NPR-A promoter activity in RASM cells. Coexpression of all three NF-Y subunits together with Sp1 in Drosophila cells deficient in these factors indicates that NF-Y and Sp1 act synergistically to reconstitute NPR-A promoter activity. A direct physical association between NF-Y and Sp1 can be demonstrated both in vitro by glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay and in the intact cell by coimmunoprecipitation and functional studies. Together, these studies show that NPR-A promoter activity is dominantly regulated through functional, and possibly physical, interactions of NF-Y and Sp1.
Synthesis, structural activity-relationships, and biological evaluation of novel amide-based allosteric binding site antagonists in NR1A/NR2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors

The synthesis and structure-activity relationship analysis of a novel class of amide-based biaryl NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonists are presented. Some of the studied compounds are potent, selective, non-competitive, and voltage-independent antagonists of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. Like the founding member of this class of antagonists (ifenprodil), several interesting compounds of the series bind to the amino terminal domain of the NR2B subunit to inhibit function. Analogue potency is modulated by linker length, flexibility, and hydrogen bonding opportunities. However, unlike previously described classes of NR2B-selective NMDA antagonists that exhibit off-target activity at a variety of monoamine receptors, the compounds described herein show much diminished effects against the hERG channel and alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors. Selections of the compounds discussed have acceptable half-lives in vivo and are predicted to permeate the blood-brain barrier. These data together suggest that masking charged atoms on the linker region of NR2B-selective antagonists can decrease undesirable side effects while still maintaining on-target potency.
Response of transmural electrical parameters across in vitro everted sacs of hamster jejunum to variations in oxygenation rate.

Abstract 1. 1. The response of the electrical potential difference, short circuit current, and resistance across everted sacs of hamster jejunum to variations in the mucosal solution gassing rate was investigated. 2. 2. Contrary to previous reports by others, it was found that the potential difference responds to increases in mucosal solution gassing rate by increasing in magnitude during the first 20 min of incubation. 3. 3. The increases in potential difference were paralleled by increases in short circuit current but not by changes in resistance. 4. 4. Increases in mucosal solution gassing rate increased epithelial cell O 2 availability and this effect was determined to be due to increased stirring by gas bubbles. From the data, it was deduced that the minimum thickness of the mucosally located functional unstirred layer is between 0.08 and 0.16 cm when less than the full magnitude of electrical activity is observed across the everted sac preparation. 5. 5. Serosal N 2 or O 2 had little or no effect on electrical parameters under maximum mucosal oxygenating conditions but dramatically affected these parameters when less than maximum mucosal oxygenating conditions were used. 6. 6. Qualitative variations in the magnitude of the short circuit current across this preparation with respect to Cl − dependence were demonstrated. These variations were dependent upon the level of O 2 availability, being apparent at high levels of O 2 and absent at low levels. 7. 7. It is concluded that the thickness of mucosally located unstirred layers can determine the O 2 availability to the mucosa of everted sacs of hamster jejunum and thereby influence the observable magnitude and pattern of ionic dependence of the short circuit current across this preparation.
Biotransformation of norcocaine to norcocaine nitroxide by rat brain microsomes.

In the mid1970's, norcocaine was identified as a metabolite of cocaine in rat brain tissue. We extend these studies by demonstrating that rat brain FAD-containing monooxygenase metabolizes norcocaine to N-hydroxynorcocaine. This hydroxylamine is then further oxidized to the nitroxyl free radical norcocaine nitroxide by rat brain cytochrome P-450. Brain microsomal reduction of norcocaine nitroxide leads to the generation of superoxide. Finally, incubation of rat brain microsomes with either N-hydroxynorcocaine or norcocaine nitroxide leads to significant lipid peroxidation as monitored by spin-trapping techniques.
Pressure transitions in solid H2 below 0.5 K

Abstract We report measurements of orthohydrogen conversion induced pressure changes in samples of solid H 2 held at constant temperatures below 0.5 K. Sudden pressure changes were noted at orthohydrogen concentrations, X ( J = 1) ≈ 0.53, as the samples converted from the ordered f.c.c. structure to the quadrupolar glass region. These results are compared with NMR and X-ray evidence concerning the f.c.c. phase boundary at low temperatures.
US–Thailand trade at the commodity level and the role of the real exchange rate

Abstract Previous studies that have investigated the impact of real depreciation of the Thai baht on Thailand's trade flows have either used aggregate trade data between Thailand and the rest of the world, or between Thailand and its major trading partners. These studies have provided mixed results. In this paper, we disaggregate the trade flows between Thailand and its major trading partner, the US, by commodity and investigate the impact of currency depreciation on the export earnings of 118 American exporting industries and the outpayments of 42 American importing industries. While most industries are affected in the short run, the short-run results last into the long run in several small industries. The inpayments of large exporting industries and the outpayments of large importing industries are not affected. Economic activity seems to be the major long-run determinant of the performance of most industries.
Trans‐species communication in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐infected macrophage

Much of the infection cycle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is spent within its host cell, the macrophage. As a consequence of the chronic, enduring nature of the infection, this cell-cell interaction has become highly intimate, and the bacterium has evolved to detect, react to, and manipulate the evolving, immune-modulated phenotype of its host. In this review, we discuss the nature of the endosomal/lysosomal continuum, the characterization of the bacterium's transcriptional responses during the infection cycle, and the dominant environmental cues that shape this response. We also discuss how the metabolism of both cells is modulated by the infection and the impact that this has on the progression of the granuloma. Finally, we detail how these transcriptional responses can be exploited to construct reporter bacterial strains to probe the temporal and spatial environmental shifts experienced by Mtb during the course of experimental infections. These reporter strains provide new insights into the fitness of Mtb under immune- and drug-mediated pressure.
High-energy gamma-ray emission in heavy-ion collisions.

Energy and angular distributions were measured for high-energy (E/sub ..gamma../>10 MeV) gamma rays from collisions of /sup 14/N on Pb, Zn, and C at beam energies of E/A = 20, 30, and 40 MeV. The gamma-ray energy spectrum was measured to about 120 MeV at E/A = 40 MeV and to about 80 MeV at E/A = 20 MeV. For E/sub ..gamma../>20 MeV the spectra are roughly exponential with characteristic slope parameters ranging from 10.0 MeV for /sup 14/N+Pb at E/A = 20 MeV to 14.2 MeV at E/A = 40 MeV. Although the mechanism responsible for high-energy gamma-ray emission is not well understood, reasonable agreement is obtained with a model employing bremsstrahlung from individual neutron-proton collisions in the heavy-ion collision.
Issues in transitioning from the traditional blue-book to computer-based writing assessment

Abstract With the increasing popularity of computers in learning and instruction, it is evident that students are no longer doing much pen-and-paper writing in the classroom. Since most academic work is done on computers, handwriting any piece of academic work is tacitly becoming foreign to students. As such, their placement writing assessments, too, should be administered on computers. However, the decision to transition from the traditional blue book to computer-based writing assessment requires a careful understanding of issues that affect students and raters and that college writing programs must be quipped to manage. This article discusses such critical issues necessary for making informed transitioning and suggests ways to ensure tests administered in both modes are comparable.
Quantifying solid–fluid interfacial phenomena in porous rocks with proton nuclear magnetic resonance

The three order‐of‐magnitude variation in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) longitudinal relaxation time T1 of water adsorbed on silica surfaces versus that of bulk water makes proton NMR studies of porous materials powerful tools to study the effects of adsorption. Recent theory permits the utilization of this different response to obtain pore space surface‐to‐volume (S/V) distribution functions by inverting the decay of the z component of magnetization of fully saturated porous rocks; information can likewise be obtained on the fluid distribution at partially saturated conditions. A computer program has been developed to invert the NMR relaxation curves for the S/V distribution function, assuming an isolated pore regime, the ramifications of which are examined. The program has been applied to experimental results from water, porous sandstones, and tight gas sands at various pore fluid saturations and varying electrolyte content. For the fully saturated case, the results show promise in the app...
Thin Ceramic Ferroelectric Phase Shifter for Steerable Microstrip Patch Antenna Array

The possibility of having an electronically steerable antenna system is of significant current importance for many communication technologies. Applications such as airport traffic control, satellite tracking for mobile communication system, and radar systems emphasize the importance of electronically steerable antennas. A novel design using ferroelectric material which dramatically reduces the size and the cost of the phase shifter used to achieve an electronically steerable antenna system is presented in this paper. A total beam scan of 36° is obtained for a two element microstrip antenna system while the side lobe level is kept below 10 dB, and the reflection coefficient at resonance frequency is maintained below 20 dB.
Attention processing abnormalities in children with traumatic brain injury and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differential impairment of component processes

Individuals with acquired and neurodevelopmental brain disorders often exhibit deficits in attention. Recent models of attention have conceptualized it as a multicomponent system. One influential model proposed by Mirsky et al. (1991) consists of factors that include focus, sustain, shift, and encode components. This model has been used to examine the structure of attention in a variety of clinical populations although few studies have contrasted performance of various clinical groups in order to determine whether these components are differentially affected. To address this issue, the current study investigated the differential sensitivity of these attention components in 90 children: 30 who had sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI), 30 who were diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 30 normal controls. Results demonstrated that the TBI group had significantly lower focus factor scores, the ADHD group had significantly lower sustain scores, and that both clinical groups had lower encode factor scores than controls. Stepwise discriminant function analysis (DFA) retained the focus and encode factors in predicting clinical groups from controls with 75.6% accuracy. A second DFA retained the focus factor in differentiating the two clinical groups with 70.0% accuracy. These findings provide evidence of differential attention deficits resulting from TBI and ADHD.
Stimulation of Progesterone Synthesis in Luteinized Human Granulosa Cells by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and 8-Bromo-Adenosine 3′;,5′- Monophosphate: TheEffect of Low Density Lipoprotein*

Primary cultures of luteinized human granulosa cells reduced progestin secretion when taken from serum- and gonadotropin-containing medium into serum- and hormone-free medium. When added individually hCG, 8-bromo-cAMP and low density lipoprotein (LDL) stimulated progestin secretion by the cells after they spent 48 h in serum- and hormone-free medium. However, combinations of hCG or 8-bromo-cAMP and LDL were most effective in increasing steroidogenesis. The effects of hCG in enhancing steroidogenesis in the presence of LDL were first detectable after 3 h, but were most marked after 20 h of culture. hCG and 8-bromo-cAMP increased the conversion of [3H] cholesteryl linoleate, which had been incorporated into the core of LDL, into [3H] progesterone. hCG also stimulated cellular accumulation of LDL cholesterol, as assessed by incorporation of [l-14C]oleic acid into sterol esters or by measurement of total cellular cholesterol in the presence of aminoglutethimide to block steroidogenesis. In contrast to progest...
Defeasible reasoning in law

Abstract Numerous legal scholars have asserted that legal reasoning is largely a deductive process in which legal rules are applied to the facts of a case in order to derive a conclusion. Though some might contest this assertion, it seems that what we know as law is largely a system of rules. However, these rules are not immutable and fully consistent; in many cases, multiple rules can be applied to the facts of a case, the conclusion derived from one rule conflicting with and potentially defeating that derived from another rule. In this paper, we discuss legal reasoning as defeasible reasoning and present a prototype of a computer-based legal reasoning system to illustrate the advantages of our approach. Defeasible reasoning is an appropriate foundation for the development of legal support systems because it not only can support the non-monotonicity of legal rules but also can resolve many of the conflicts that arise in applying these rules.
Bartlett's correction and the bootstrap in normal linear regression models

Abstract This paper shows that a bootstrap Bartlett adjustment to the likelihood ratio statistic may be used to estimate p values, with errors of order n- 3 2 , for tests of linear restrictions in the normal linear regression model. The results help to explain the encouraging performance of the bootstrap in some simulation evidence reported recently by Rocke (1989) in the case of the seemingly unrelated regressions model. Bartlett-type adjustments to the Wald and Lagrange multiplier tests are also investigated.
A fast algorithm for the simulation of polycrystalline misfits. II. Martensitic transformations in three space dimensions

We present a fast numerical method for the simulation of martensitic transformations in three–dimensional polycrystals. To produce the relevant overall elastic energy arising from given boundary conditions, this method proceeds by reducing the corresponding non–convex minimization problem to minimization of a certain quadratic form—over the set of arrays of transformation strains which are compatible with a given distribution of crystallite orientations. The evaluation of this quadratic form for a given array of transformation strains requires solution of certain linear elasticity problems. An acceleration strategy we use, which for a polycrystal containing N grains reduces the complexity of the algorithm from O(N^2) to O(N) operations, results from a formulation of the minimization problem which takes advantage of certain decorrelations present in the minimizing arrays of transformation strains. We illustrate our presentation with a number of examples involving cubic–to–monoclinic and cubic–to–orthorhombic polycrystalline phase transitions, such as those arising in the TiNi and CuAl shape–memory alloys. In particular, our study quantifies the effects of texture on the overall properties of such polycrystalline shape–memory alloys.
Multiplexed fluorescence lifetime measurements by frequency-sweeping Fourier spectroscopy.

We report simultaneous measurements of fluorescence lifetimes at multiple excitation wavelengths with a Fourier transform frequency domain fluorescence lifetime spectrometer. The spectrometer uses a Michelson interferometer with its differential optical path length scanning at a 22,000 Hz scan rate. The scan speed of the optical delay varies linearly during each scan and creates interference modulations that sweep from −150 to 150MHz in 45.5μs. The frequency-sweeping modulation allows nanosecond fluorescence lifetime measurements within 45.5μs. Because the interference modulation frequency is wavelength dependent, under the Fourier multiplexing principle, the spectrometer can perform lifetime measurements on multiple excitation wavelengths simultaneously.
Updates of Relational Views

The problem of translating updates of database views is studied. View updates are disambi- guated by requiring that a specified view complement (i.e., a second view that contains all the information omitted from the given view) remain constant during the translation. Some of the computational problems related to the apphcafion of this general methodology in the context of relational databases are studied. Projective views of databases that consist of a single relation and satisfy funcuonal dependencies are emphasized. After characterizing complementary views, the authors show that finding a minimum complement of a given view is NP-complete. The problem of translating the insertion of a tuple into a view is then studied in detail, and the results are extended to the cases of deletion and replacement of a tuple. Finally, the explicit functional dependencies, a new kind of dependency that intuitively states that some part of the database information can be computed from the rest, are defined and studied.
Localized Corrosion Growth Kinetics in AA2024 Alloys

This work was supported by the United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research through grant no. F49620-99-1-0103.
Internet practice and sociability in South Louisiana

This article examines the extent to which internet practice is associated with sociability in south Louisiana. Known for having a long and unique history of traditional values and a high frequency of social interaction, this sub-region is ideal to test the contradictory findings of previous research. Based on a survey of 371 randomly selected residents, the study utilizes 11 sociability and eight internet measures. The descriptive findings are consistent with the diffusion of innovations perspective, while regression analyses suggest that internet practice is associated with both more and less sociability, depending on what measures are used.
New self-dual codes over GF(4) with the highest known minimum weights

The purpose of this correspondence is to construct new Hermitian self-dual codes over GF(4) of lengths 22, 24, 26, 32, and 34 which have the highest known minimum weights. In particular, for length 22, we construct eight new extremal self-dual [22,11,8] codes over GF(4) which do not have a nontrivial automorphism of odd order. The existence of such codes has been left open since 1991 by Huffman.
Constrictive Pericarditis Diagnosed by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Pacemaker Patient

A 71-year-old male was referred for evaluation of 6 months of progressively worsening dyspnea on exertion and peripheral edema, mainly of the legs. During the symptomatic period, he had undergone 3 thoracentesis procedures, each draining more than 1500 mL of transudative fluid. His functional impairment was so severe that he contemplated suicide. His cardiac history was significant for syncope attributable to sinus node dysfunction 19 years earlier, requiring implantation of an atrioventricular pacing system. Because of atrial lead fracture, a second atrial lead had been placed 1 month before the onset of the dyspnea and leg edema. Physical examination revealed diminished breath sounds over both lung fields and moderate (2+) edema of both lower extremities to the level of the knee. The 12-lead ECG demonstrated normal sinus rhythm at 79 bpm with low-voltage and diffuse ST and T-wave abnormalities (Figure 1). A chest x-ray revealed a dual-chamber permanent cardiac pacemaker, 2 retained leads, and bilateral pleural effusions (Figure 2). Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography and …
Farm Income Variability and the Supply of Off-Farm Labor

If farmers are risk averse, greater farm income variability should increase off-farm labor supply. This effect is confirmed for a sample of Kansas farmers. Off-farm employment of farmers and their spouses is also found to be significantly influenced by farm experience, off-farm work experience, farm size, leverage, efficiency, and farm-specific education. In addition, farm operators and spouses who receive significant income support through government farm programs are less likely to work off the farm. This may suggest that policy changes reducing farm income support payments may increase off-farm employment of farmers and their spouses.
Insight learning through structured observations of classroom interaction

Twenty-six teachers, from different school systems and grade levels, were used in experimental and control groups to investigate the use of checklist structured observations as a self-improvement technique for modifying teachers' verbal behaviors. Pre- and post-treatment data were analyzed with Flanders Interaction Analysis System; and 20 indices of teacher influence and pupil response were subjected to analyses of covariance to test the significance of changes in teacher and student verbal behaviors. Eighty percent of the teaching pattern indices were significant. Pupil participation increased, however, predicted changes in types of pupil participation were not significant.
Locality in genetic algorithms

Quantifies spatial locality in various genetic algorithms. In particular, the following algorithms are examined: Goldberg's (1989) standard genetic algorithm (SGA), several "island" models, and two cellular algorithms (fixed topology and random walk). The approaches are also applicable to evolution strategies that employ methods such as recombination or parameter averaging. Two different locality metrics are presented: the percentage of remote references (for parallel machines with a few processors), and the traffic per link (for massively parallel machines). We derive expressions for computing locality in this manner, and discuss the utility, implications and limitations of our results. >
Gender and Democracy in Cuba . By Ilja A. Luciak. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 2007. 143 pp. $59.95 cloth, $29.95 paper.

time work, the burden of proof directive, the updated equal treatment directive, the directive against racial and ethnic discrimination, the general framework directive against discrimination based on religion, disability, age, or sexual orientation, and the directive on equal treatment in the areas of goods and services. These directives, for the most part, are much weaker than those of the 1970s. The empowerment of the European Parliament brought to the stage a supportive new actor, but overall, institutional innovation has not produced strong, costly gender equality policies. It is interesting to note that in this second part of the book, van der Vleuten’s rationalist framework seems to lose its power. As the soft mechanisms of social dialogue and gender mainstreaming have been added to legal strategies, and as supranational and nonstate actors (the parliament, employers, and unions) have gained an institutional role in EU policymaking, the complexity of resulting politics may be captured more easily through a discursive analysis than an analysis of rational choice. But the strength of this book lies in its brilliant recounting of a lively history, combined with thorough documentation and evidence. It is a wonderful addition to Ashgate Publishing Group’s series on “Gender in a Local/Global World,” which is rapidly becoming a publication venue of choice for feminist work in international relations.
How phylogenetic inference can shape our view of heterochrony: examples from thecideide brachiopods

Heterochrony is considered to be an important and ubiquitous mechanism of evolutionary change. Three components are necessary to describe heterochrony: phylogenetic relationships, size and shape change, and timing of developmental events. Patterns and processes of heterochrony are all too often invoked before all three components have been investigated. Phylogenetic hypotheses affect the interpretation of heterochrony in three ways: rooting of a clade, topology of a clade, and character polarity. To study these effects we examined the distribution of shell microstructure, lophophore support structures, and body size in four different phylogenetic hypotheses of thecideide brachiopods (Triassic to Recent), a group of minute, cryptic, benthic marine invertebrates.Thecideides are consistently monophyletic in experiments using terebratulide, strophomenate, and spire-bearing outgroups together and separately, varying ingroup membership, and experimentally withholding certain character complexes. Thecideide monophyly is also supported by bootstrap analysis. Hypotheses of heterochrony in thecideide origins and evolution are therefore not merely artifacts of classification and can be pursued further. Using either strophomenate or spire-bearing outgroups, Triassic Thecospira is the most primitive thecideide. Trees constructed using terebratulide outgroups are rooted instead at Eudesella, a taxon derived in every other phylogenetic reconstruction, and the Triassic thecideides occupy derived rather than primitive positions.Our phylogenetic results support the traditional interpretation of the reduction or loss of the secondary fibrous shell layer as a paedomorphic pattern, whereas the evolution of lophophore support structures suggests a peramorphic pattern. Reduction in thecideide adult body size is gradual, phylogenetically, and results in an overall paedomorphic pattern. Heterochrony in these three character suites may play a role in the subsequent evolution of the clade, but apparently not in the origin of the clade, as is commonly thought. Heterotopy, rather than—or in addition to—heterochrony, may account for both the origin and evolution of the lophophore support structures and in the reduction and loss of the secondary shell layer. These phylogenetic hypotheses suggest that heterochrony can result from a complex mosaic of processes and provide specific, testable predictions about the processes responsible for producing the patterns, whether heterochronic or not. Categorizing an entire clade (such as thecideides), rather than individual characters, as globally paedomorphic may allow interesting peramorphic patterns in individual characters to be overlooked.
Foreword: Erie’s Gift - Symposium, Erie Under Advisement: The Doctrine After Shady Grove

This foreword is an introduction to a symposium on the ways in which the Supreme Court’s recent Shady Grove decision has affected the Erie doctrine. The foreword briefly examines the jurisprudential, constitutional, interpretive, legal, and political dimensions of the Erie doctrine in its most vexing context: the choice between federal and state procedural rules.
3D Numerical Study of MHD Flow in a Rectangular Duct with a Flow Channel Insert

This study continues our ongoing investigation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows in poloidal ducts of the Dual-Coolant Lead-Lithium (DCLL) blanket with an insulating flow channel insert (FCI). We ...
Effect of Cyanide, Hydrogen Sulphide and Carbon Monoxide on Response of Smooth Muscle to Drugs

Attention has been called to the fact that cyanide in low concentration may reversibly inhibit the stimulating action of drugs on the smooth muscle of rabbit uteri and intestinal strips.1 The usual procedure∗ was to produce a contracture by the addition of a certain amount of drug to the solution bathing the muscle in the Trendelenberg apparatus. After washing out the drug, a solution of neutralized, buffered M/2000 NaCN was added. Three to 5 minutes later the drug was again added in the original concentration. This almost invariably failed to produce any contracture whatever. Washing and again testing the tissue with the same concentration of drug produced a contracture similar to that first obtained.Garry2 noted that the response of smooth muscle to certain drugs may be abolished by oxygen lack, and that the normal tonus of the strips was decreased by small amounts of cyanide. We find that cyanide in concentrations as low as M/200,000 is capable of exerting an inhibiting action on the response of the st...
Effect of cortisone on serum glycoprotein and seromucoid levels of rats.

SummaryDaily doses of 2-3 mg of cortisone acetate injected subcutaneously were without significant effect on the seromucoid hexose polysaccharide in rats after treatment for 14 days. Massive dosages (5-10 mg per day) resulted in significant elevations of seromucoid and slightly lowered serum glycoprotein polysaccharide levels. Starvation resulted in similarly lowered serum glycoprotein levels, but had no significant effect on seromucoid. Injection of turpentine subcutaneously in rats resulted in large elevations of both glycoprotein and seromucoid 4 days after injection. It appears unlikely therefore, that elevations of protein bound carbohydrate following stress can be related to the elaboration of cortisone-like compounds.
Sex differences in associations between cannabis craving and neural responses to cannabis cues: Implications for treatment.

Preclinical and clinical research indicates that there are sex differences in how men and women initiate, progress, respond to, and withdraw from cannabis use; however, neurophysiological differences, such as neural responses to cannabis cues, are not well understood. Using functional MRI and an event-related blood oxygen level-dependent backward-masking task, we compared neural responses to backward-masked cannabis cues to neutral cues in treatment-seeking, cannabis-dependent adults (N = 44; 27 males) and examined whether sex differences exist. In addition, functional MRI findings were correlated with cannabis craving. Backward-masked cannabis cues elicited greater neural responses than neutral cues in reward-related brain regions, including the striatum, hippocampus/amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, p 121 voxels. Although no significant sex differences in neural responses to cannabis cues emerged, women showed a positive correlation between neural responses to cannabis cues in the bilateral insula and cannabis craving and an inverse correlation between neural responses to cannabis cues in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex and cannabis craving. Men, however, showed a positive correlation between neural responses to cannabis cues in the striatum and cannabis craving. Given that cues and craving are important triggers and the focus on many behavioral treatment approaches, these findings suggest that treatment-seeking, cannabis-dependent men and women may benefit from sex-specific and tailored cannabis use disorder treatments.
"The Appointment of White Elm" between Wang Shizhen and Wang Daokun

In TaiHan Collection by Wang Daokun,he mentioned the appointment of white elm with Wang Shizhen and himself and some others,the enjoyment of the tales of west garden. It has been unknown Whether Wang Shizhen kept the appointment,what kind of story of the tales of west garden. From the textual research of history document concerned,Wang Shizhen went to Qing County for the appointment himself. But is there any relation between the tales of west garden and the tales of Hu Zongxian in The Golden Lotus,further textual research is needed.
Nonaffine Rearrangements of Atoms in Deformed and Quiescent Binary Glasses

The influence of periodic shear deformation on nonaffine atomic displacements in an amorphous solid is examined via molecular dynamics simulations. We study the three-dimensional Kob-Andersen binary mixture model at a finite temperature. It is found that when the material is periodically strained, most of the atoms undergo repetitive nonaffine displacements with amplitudes that are broadly distributed. We show that particles with large amplitudes of nonaffine displacements are organized into compact clusters. With increasing strain amplitude, spatial correlations of nonaffine displacements become increasingly long-ranged, although they remain present even in a quiescent system due to thermal fluctuations.