cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of HIV Risks among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Heterosexual Homeless Youth

Youth who are homeless and gay, lesbian or bisexual (GLB) are one of the most disenfranchised and marginalized groups in our society. The purpose of this study is to examine and compare HIV in GLB homeless youth with their heterosexual counterparts. Participants for this study included 268 youth involved in treatment outcome studies with substance abusing homeless youth. Results suggest that GLB youth have greater HIV risks and that these risks are greater among bisexual females. In examining the predictors of sexual health risks, survival sex emerged as the most significant. Survival sex was high among females regardless of their sexual orientation and also among gay males. Implications of these findings suggest that a greater emphasis needs to be paid to preventive interventions among this population.
Velocity and pressure profiles for Newtonian creeping flow in regular packed beds of spheres

A theoretical analysis is made of Newtonian creeping flow through dense cubic and simple cubic beds of spheres. Velocity and pressure profiles are obtained in equation form by Galerkin's error-distribution method. The profiles satisfy the conservation equations approximately, and the boundary conditions and symmetry conditions exactly. The calculated friction factors are within 5% of experimental values for both packing arrangements.
Combined Heat and Power Sizing Methodology

As deregulation of the electric market finds legitimate global acceptance, more efficient alternatives to centralized power production, such as the Combined Heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, are finding growing reception. Advances in sizing methodologies, selection criteria, and control technologies, as well as development of associated regulatory issues, must accompany this favorable disposition. This paper presents an overview of some important applications of a heat recovery system and discusses a simplified method of sizing a CHP as a part of an early feasibility decision.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A second-order effect of stratospheric vertical motions

A byproduct of stratospheric motion distinct from the normal downgradient transport represented by vertical eddy diffusion is studied. It is suggested that an air parcel executes a random walk over a range that could be several kilometers, and similar amplitudes could be present in wavelike oscillations. The photochemical loss rate should therefore be averaged over this range, which give an effect that is proportional to the curvature of the profile of loss rate, and is particularly large for fluorocarbon-11, CFCl3. Test computations are presented which indicate that the known discrepancy between observations and predictions for this compound can be at least partly reconciled for plausible values of the amplitude.
Extrageniculostriate vision in the monkey: discrimination of luminous flux-equated figures.

Abstract Six monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were tested before and after histologically confirmed total removal of the striate area and complete degeneration of the lateral geniculate nuclei. Using Kluver's pulling-in technique with nonmovable transillu-minated targets, two discrimination problems were given at both a high and a low photometric level. In the first test, the targets were of equal area and differed in luminance and total luminous flux (B-F problem). In the second test, figures differed in luminance and area in an inverse proportion ( B A problem) which resulted in their being closely matched for total luminous flux. Postoperatively, the animals showed significant deficits on all tests. Every monkey, however, achieved criterion level of performance not only on the B-F but on the B A problem as well. Performance on the latter test did not change after dilatation of the pupils, or when minimal flux differences were eliminated as cues by making the rewarded target to have the lesser flux in half of the trials and the greater flux in the other half. These findings indicate that monkeys can be trained to discriminate between stimuli equated for total luminous flux after exclusion of the geniculostriate system. Although it is possible that other stimulus parameters are discriminated by such animals, our results do not necessarily negate Kluver's original concept. Indeed, destriated monkeys may still utilize a luminous flux cue to discriminate flux-equated figures through the detection of differences in the rate of change of this parameter during eyes, head and/or body movements.
EXPERIENCE WITH SURGICAL TREATMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS IN CHILDREN.

Since 1945, 33 children with thyrotoxicosis have had subtotal thyroidectomiesperformed at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Of these, 19 have been followed for more than one year postopertively, and 15 for more than two years. Results were considered to be very satisfactory in 80 per cent of the patients followed. This figure compares favorably with those reported for medical therapy. From our experience, the surgical treatment of children with hyperthyroidism has considerable merit and often is to be preferred to prolonged medical therapy.
Momentum Transport by Gravity Waves

Abstract The momentum flux by orographic gravity waves and the turbulent heat flux in wave-breaking regions are estimated from aircraft data from ALPEX. The fluxes on 6 March 1982 are controlled by low-level directional shear of the mean flow and associated critical level with wave stress decreasing toward the critical level. On 25 March 1982 a critical level does not occur and wave stress is approximately constant with height within the observational domain. The calculation of these fluxes appears to be the first direct comparison between simple models of gravity-wave momentum flux and observed atmospheric fluxes. To develop a simple formulation of gravity wave drag for large-scale models, the gravity-wave stress super-saturation theory by Lindzen is generalized for the application to vertically varying mean flows. The wave momentum flux estimated from the generalized model agrees well with the observations for the two ALPEX days. For the 6 March case, the vertical divergence of wave momentum flux below ...
Developmental changes in hypothalamic melatonin levels of male rats.

Abstract Hypothalamic melatonin levels of Long-Evans male rats were studied at three ages (25, 55–60 and 90 days), at four times of the day in the autumn (6:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00), and at two times (12:00 and 24:00) in the spring using radiommunoassay. Melatonin levels increased markedly at noon at 55–60 days of age, compared with the levels at the same time of the day at 25 and 90 days. This increase persisted in autumn and spring. The 24-hr pattern in hypothalamic melatonin was the inverse of that in the pineal, with the levels at noon higher than those at midnight. This pattern was detectable at 25 days of age although the difference in melatonin between 12:00 and 24:00 hr was not great. The day/ night difference was prominent by 55–60 days of age and disappeared by adulthood (90 days). This 24-hr pattern was similar in spring and autumn in the three ages studied. Although in the 55–60-day-old group the melatonin ratio (noon/midnight) was the same in autumn and spring, the absolute levels of melatonin in spring were significantly lower. The findings are consistent with the general concept of a modulatory role of melatonin in control of hypothalamo-hypophyseal GnRH and gonadotropin function and the timing of the developmental maturation of this neuroendocrine axis. Demonstration of the mechanism of melatonin's action at the hypothalamic level will be facilitated by further definition of quantitative developmental changes.
Robust power system controller design based on measured models

This paper presents combined power system identification and controller design methods to dampen low-frequency oscillations in multimachine power systems. An iterative closed-loop identification method is used to find a linear model for the power system. Linear quadratic Gaussian controller design with loop transfer recovery (LQG/LTR), based on a generalized technique for the nonminimum phase (NMP) power system model, is used to design the controllers. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the robustness of these controllers based on closed-loop identified plant models and the amount of loop transfer recovery that is possible for NMP plant models.
Holding on to success: A case study in mental health care reform

This article analyzes the changes experienced by a mental health care organization in response to environmental threats and fluctuating expectations. On a general, more theoretical level, the article demonstrates how processes of environmental selection as well as organizational adaptation shape organizational forms. On a concrete, applied level, those administrative practices are articulated that can help ensure that reform efforts are successful. Administrators also must be aware of the inertial forces operating upon stable organizational forms and work to ensure that the organization remains vital and open to change.
Microanalytical techniques and image analysis in the evaluation of immunogold-labeled specimens at the ultrastructural level.

Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) interfaced to a scanning/transmission electron microscope allows direct visualization and photographing of structures analyzed under the electron beam. EDX can perform a point-by-point analysis as it searches for the ion whose X-ray window the computer has been instructed to localize. This technique has been utilized to define ultrastructural im-munogold labeling patterns. Once a specimen is immunolabeled with gold, microanalytical techniques can identify the quantity and distribution of detected and labeled antigenic epitopes. Microanalytical techniques add a new objective dimension to ultrastructural gold labeling procedures. Quantitative microanalysis of the gold-labeled antigenic sites provides a way of assessing the specificity of the reactions and permits comparison of the degree of expression of antigenic determinants in different specimens. Image processing allows visual representation of the immunolabeling results. Furthermore, statistical analysis of a...
Basal Forebrain Afferent Projections Modulating Cortical Acetylcholine, Attention, and Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disorders

: Cortical acetylcholine (ACh) mediates the detection, selection, and processing of stimuli and associations, and the allocation of processing resources for these attentional functions. For example, loss of cortical cholinergic inputs impairs the performance of rats in tasks designed to assess sustained or divided attention. Intrabasalis infusions of benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) agonists block increases in cortical ACh efflux and impair attentional abilities. Studies on the regulation of cortical ACh efflux by nucleus accumbens (NAC) dopamine (DA) demonstrate that increases in cortical ACh efflux are attenuated by intra-accumbens administration of D1 and, more potently, D2 receptor antagonists. These and other data support the hypothesis that NAC DA, via GABAergic projections to the basal forebrain, controls the excitability of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. As increases in NAC DA have been hypothesized to represent a major neuronal mediator of schizophrenia and the compulsive use of addictive drugs, the data predict that the abnormal regulation of cortical ACh release represents a crucial neuronal mechanism mediating the cognitive components of these psychopathological disorders.
Characteristics of vertical velocity in marine stratocumulus: comparison of large eddy simulations with observations

We simulated a marine stratus deck sampled during the Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) with a three-dimensional large eddy simulation (LES) model at different model resolutions. Various characteristics of the vertical velocity from the model simulations were evaluated against those derived from the corresponding aircraft in situ observations, focusing on standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, probability density function (PDF), power spectrum, and structure function. Our results show that although the LES model captures reasonably well the lower-order moments (e.g., horizontal averages and standard deviations), it fails to simulate many aspects of the higher-order moments, such as kurtosis, especially near cloud base and cloud top. Further investigations of the PDFs, power spectra, and structure functions reveal that compared to the observations, the model generally underestimates relatively strong variations on small scales. The results also suggest that increasing the model resolutions improves the agreements between the model results and the observations in virtually all of the properties that we examined. Furthermore, the results indicate that a vertical grid size <10 m is necessary for accurately simulating even the standard-deviation profile, posing new challenges to computer resources.
SIPEF: Biological Assets at Fair Value Under IAS 41

This case examines fair value accounting under lAS 41 for a European-listed agricultural firm. Students identify the firm's core operations, distinguishing the IFRS treatment for three distinct assets: land; agricultural assets that reside on the land; and inventory harvested from the land. They also analyze key reporting decisions relating to the agricultural assets, which create frictions such that market value and book value do not converge despite the application of fair value for the majority of the firm's assets. The case also highlights how fair value accounting affects key valuation inputs such as earnings, and the implications for abnormal-earnings based valuation.Learning Objective:For MBA, Exec Ed.
CCR5 and CXCR4 Usage by Non-Clade B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates

CCR5 and CXCR4 usage has been studied extensively with a variety of clade B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates. The determinants of CCR5 coreceptor function are remarkably consistent, with a region critical for fusion and entry located in the CCR5 amino-terminal domain (Nt). In particular, negatively charged amino acids and sulfated tyrosines in the Nt are essential for gp120 binding to CCR5. The same types of residues are important for CXCR4-mediated viral fusion and entry, but they are dispersed throughout the extracellular domains of CXCR4, and their usage is isolate dependent. Here, we report on the determinants of CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptor function for a panel of non-clade B isolates that are responsible for the majority of new HIV-1 infections worldwide. Consistent with clade B isolates, CXCR4 usage remains isolate dependent and is determined by the overall content of negatively charged and tyrosine residues. Residues in the Nt of CCR5 that are important for fusion and entry of clade B isolates are also important for the entry of all non-clade B HIV-1 isolates that we tested. Surprisingly, we found that in contrast to clade B isolates, a cluster of residues in the second extracellular loop of CCR5 significantly affects fusion and entry of all non-clade B isolates tested. This points to a different mechanism of CCR5 usage by these viruses and may have important implications for the development of HIV-1 inhibitors that target CCR5 coreceptor function.
An Examination of Paternal Influence on High-Achieving Gifted Males:

The challenges facing contemporary boys are complex, highlighting the importance of positive paternal influence for young men to achieve success. This study examines the father-son relationships of...
Nitrogen budget of the Mobile–Alabama River System watershed

We have determined the nitrogen mass balance for the Mobile–Alabama River System (MARS) for two years of different hydrologic regimes (i.e. low flow vs. high flow). The maximum riverine export of N from the watershed is only 7%, suggesting relatively high retention and/or losses of N by denitrification within the watershed. Previous investigations of other watersheds within the USA demonstrate export percentages of c. 20–25%. Our calculations indicate that during a high flow year such as 1990, c . 13% of the new N introduced to the watershed annually is lost within the riverine system either through diatom uptake or denitrification. Another 4% is lost to the groundwater while 25–38% is sequestered by the terrestrial biomass (i.e. crop production and forest growth). Thus, as much as 51% of the N input to the landscape in the MARS is unaccounted for. We believe the location of this ‘missing’ N is probably within the soil, or the N has been lost through denitrification within the terrestrial ecosystem. The relatively low N yield from the MARS suggests that the watershed is not as saturated with respect to N as are many other U.S. drainages.
How work environments affect creativity

A componential model of creativity is presented, in which three essential components-domain-relevant skills, creativity-relevant skills, and intrinsic task motivation-enter into the creative process. Evidence is presented demonstrating that work environments can influence intrinsic motivation and, thus, creativity. An effort is then made to explore how motivation influences cognition. >
Emerging Clusters: Theoretical, Empirical and Political Perspectives on the Initial Stage of Cluster Evolution – Edited by Dirk Fornahl, Sebastian Henn, and Max‐Peter Menzel

A review of the book "Emerging Clusters: Theoretical, Empirical and Political Perspectives on the Initial Stage of Cluster Evolution," edited by Dirk Fornahl, Sebastian Henn, and Max Menzel is presented.
Presupposition incorporation in adverbial quantification

In this paper, we present a critique of the uniform treatment of nominaland adverbialquan tification in van der Sandt's binding theory of presuppositions. We develop an alternative account of adverbial quantification framed in terms of Beaver's reconstruction of Karttunen's satisfaction theory. This account provides a simpler characterization of adverbialquan tification that does not require recourse to accommodation to explain the basic facts regarding presupposition incorporation.
Professional versus consumer interests in regulation: the case of the US child care industry

Professional licensure benefits producers by creating entry barriers into the profession, but consumers might also gain if licensure induces producers to supply high levels of quality. Whether consumers or producers gain most form licensure can be determined by examining the effect of licensure requirements on aggregate consumption. This paper uses a cross-sectional model to estimate the relationship between variations in state licensure rules and consumption of child care services. The results suggest that professional interests, and not those of consumers, are dominant in the setting of regulatory standards for the US child care industry.
Hands-on exposure to signal processing concepts using the SPC Toolbox

We present an interactive software package developed to complement and facilitate the teaching of digital signal processing (DSP) concepts in various courses. The Signal Processing and Communications (SPC) software takes advantage of graphical user interface (GUI) capabilities contained in MATLAB. SPC is a window-based, user-friendly tool that allows users to develop digital filters, analyze signals, and easily design basic signal modeling tools without requiring the user to have strong coding abilities or be very familiar with MATLAB. To illustrate how SPC can be used in the classroom, we present applications of the SPC Toolbox that were used in two courses at the Naval Postgraduate School-Discrete System and Digital Signal Processing.
Antiretroviral medication knowledge among New York State pharmacists: room for improvement.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. As of December 2004, an estimated 944 306 persons had received a diagnosis of AIDS of which more than half (529 113; 56%) have died. Approximately 1.1 million people are currently infected with HIV in the United States, including 21% who are unaware of their positive status. The New York City AIDS case rate (41/100 000 population) is more than 3 times the national average and is 45 times the Healthy People 2010 Goals. Clearly, HIV/AIDS remains an important therapeutic area for pharmacists to remain updated. Recently the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) revised HIV-testing recommendations for pregnant women and patients in health care settings. These recommendations suggest that separate written consent for HIV testing should not be required and general consent for medical care should be considered sufficient to encompass consent for HIV testing. The objectives of these recommendations are to increase HIV screening, foster earlier detection of HIV infection, identify and counsel persons with unrecognized HIV infection, and provide them with access to medications and necessary services. Medication access is extremely important because antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved survival rates. The CD4 T-cell count (or CD4 count) serves as the major clinical indicator of immune function in HIV-infected patients. A normal CD4 count for most laboratories ranges from 800 to 1050 cells/mm. Prior HIV treatment guidelines recommended ART when the CD4 cell counts dropped below 200 cells/mm. However, guidelines available at the time of this project recommended ART initiation in people with CD4 cell counts less than 350 cells/mm or in people with CD4 cell counts >350 cells/mm with specific conditions. A recent landmark study showed a statistically significant improved survival benefit (70%; P 350 cells/mm and reinstitution of ART when CD4 cell counts dropped below 250 cells/mm) resulted in a greater risk of virologic failure. Uninterrupted ART results in better health and survival. In light of the recommendations to initiate ART earlier, it is likely that more patients will receive ART, resulting in increased numbers of ART prescriptions. The inappropriate use of these medications can lead to virologic failure, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and inappropriate dosing, potentially resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. It is therefore important that all pharmacists be knowledgeable about antiretroviral medications to reduce and prevent medication misadventures. A survey of pharmacists in Arizona conducted by Katz and colleagues in 1993 found that pharmacists felt prepared, comfortable, and possessed positive attitudes regarding the disease state, HIV/AIDS, but had limited knowledge of ART. Our research study is the most recent evaluation of ART medication knowledge in New York State(NYS) licensed pharmacists.
A new approach to hydrodynamic interactions in polydisperse suspensions

ABSTRACT A general approach is presented for the computation of hydro dynamic interactions between spheres of disparate sizes in a polydisperse suspension of rigid spheres in a Newtonian solvent. The theory applies when the particle-based Reynolds number is small ( usually valid for colloidal suspensions ). The cornerstone of the method consists of a new class of image solutions for singularities near a rigid sphere. The new approach facilitates analytical [ see equations (12) and (13)] and numerical computations as well as physical interpretation of the velocity fields induced by the particles. The applications in particle aggregation and aerosol deposition are discussed. In addition, the solution methodology can be extended to more general situations, such as interactions between viscous drops.
Syncope in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Background: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating pain syndrome characterized clinically by severe pain along with signs and symptoms of autonomic dysfunction. Presyncope and syncope are common in these patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cause of these symptoms in these patients. Hypothesis: Patients with CRPS are more prone to presyncope and syncope as evidenced by head-up tilt table testing (HUTT). Methods: Patients with CRPS underwent a complete cardiac evaluation that included a 12-lead electrocardiogram, 2-dimensional echocardiography, 24-hour Holter monitoring, and HUTT. Results: Seventy-four patients with CRPS were evaluated. Eight CRPS patients (10%) could not complete a HUTT due to pain. Of the 66 CRPS patients who completed a HUTT, 15 (37.9%) reported pretest symptoms of presyncope or syncope. Twenty-eight CRPS patients (42.4%) had a positive HUTT. CRPS patients with lower limb involvement were more likely to have vasovagal syncope or orthostasis on HUTT than those with upper extremity or total body involvement (12 of 18 [67%] vs 16 of 48 [33%]; P = 0.015). Conclusions: Syncope is common in patients with CRPS, especially with lower limb involvement. Autonomic dysregulation of the lower extremities leads to impaired sympathetic vasoconstriction and venous pooling, which can predispose these patients to syncope. Physician awareness of this syndrome will lead to improved recognition and treatment of their symptoms of presyncope or syncope.
Victor Turner's Pilgrimage: The Play of Life as Performance of the Sacred; Theatre and Anthropology; Gender, Class, and Self in Norway; The Dehuman Syndrome

Victor Turner. From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play. Performance Studies Series, No. 1. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications. 1982. 127 pp. $6.95 (paper). Richard Schechner. The End of Humanism: Writings on Performance. Performing Arts Journal Publications, 1982, 128 pp. (paper). Marianne Gullestad. Kitchen-Table Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. 356pp. $20.00 (paper) Ashley Montagu and Floyd Matson. The Dehumanization of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983. xxxvii. 246 pp. $14.95 (cloth)
An Algebraic Language for Semantic Data Integration on the Hidden Web

Semantic integration in the hidden Web is an emerging area of research where traditional assumptions do not always hold. Frequent changes, conflicts and the sheer size of the hidden Web demand vastly different integration techniques that rely on autonomous detection and heterogeneity resolution, correspondence establishment, and information extraction strategies. In this paper, we present an algebraic language, called Integra, as a foundation for another SQL-like query language called BioFlow, for the integration of Life Sciences data on the hidden Web. The algebra presented here adopts the view that the web forms can be treated as user defined functions and the response they generate from the back end databases can be considered as traditional relations or tables. These assumptions allow us to extend the traditional relational algebra to include integration primitives such as schema matching, wrappers, form submission, and object identification as a family of database functions. These functions are then incorporated into the traditional relational algebra operators to extend them in the direction of semantic data integration. To support the well known concepts of horizontal and vertical integration, we also propose two new operators called link and combine. We show that these family of functions can be designed from existing literature and their implementation is completely orthogonal to our language in the same way many database technologies are (such as relational join operation). Finally, we show that for traditional relations without integration, our algebra reduces to classical relational algebra establishing it as a special case of Integra.
A Mixture Theory for Response Fields in Complex Structures

A formal procedure is developed for the calculation of fields when two (or more) component subsystems are thoroughly interlocked, so that their surface of contact extends through the total structure. The coupling between subsystems is accounted for in a global fashion, using Green's functions for each of the subsystems, together with matching conditions at their interface
The prevalence of calcified carotid artery atheromas on the panoramic radiographs of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Background People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are disproportionately at risk of experiencing stroke, because hyperglycemia and other risk factors associated with diabetes accelerate development of cervical carotid artery atheromas. Removal of these atheromas may reduce the incidence of stroke. The authors conducted a study to ascertain if those treated without insulin (noninsulin-treated, or NIT) would have a lower prevalence of atheromas on their radiographs and a lower prevalence of risk factors than those treated with insulin (insulin-treated, or IT). Methods The authors evaluated the panoramic radiographs and medical records of 46 neurologically asymptomatic men (n = 34) and women (n = 12) (age range 62–77 years, mean age 68.5 years) with type 2 diabetes. They used Fisher exact test to perform a statistical comparison of the prevalence of atherogenic atheromas and risk factors between groups. Results The radiographs showed that 24 percent of the NIT patients and 36 percent of the IT patients had atheromas; this difference was not statistically significant ( P = .52). The groups had similar risk factors—that is, high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin A, or HbA 1c ; smoking; hypertension; and obesity ( P > .05). When compared with the 4 percent atheroma prevalence rate among healthy people of similar age, the rates were significantly higher in both the NIT ( P = .02) and IT ( P = .0006) patients. Conclusion These results demonstrate that people with type 2 diabetes, irrespective of treatment modality, have high rates of atheromas as visualized on their panoramic radiographs. Clinical Implications Dentists treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus must review their panoramic radiographs carefully for evidence of atheroma formation. Patients with atheromatous lesions must be referred to their physicians for further evaluation and treatment, because the modification of atherogenic risk factors and the surgical removal of atheromas in certain people have been shown to reduce the likelihood of stroke.
Comparison of Mie theory and the light scattering of red blood cells

Two important optical properties of red blood cells (RBCs), their microscopic scattering cross sections sigma(s), and the mean cosine of their scattering angles micro, contribute to the optical behavior of whole blood. Therefore, the ability of Mie theory to predict values of sigma(s) and was tested by experiment. In addition, the effect of red blood cell size on sigma(s) and micro was investigated in two ways: (1) by studying erythrocytes from the dog, goat, and human, three species known to have different RBC sizes and (2) by allowing the RBCs from each species to shrink or swell osmotically. Values of sigma(s) obtained by measuring the collimated transmittance of dilute RBC suspensions illuminated with a He-Ne laser agreed with those predicted by Mie theory. Moreover, measured as values were directly proportional to RBC volume. By contrast, values of from Mie theory were consistently greater than those obtained experimentally by making angular scattering measurements in a goniometer. Thus Mie theory appears to yield adequate values for the RBC's microscopic scattering cross section, but by treating the RBC as a sphere with an equal volume, Mie theory fails to take the RBC's anisotropy into account and thus yields spuriously high values for micro.
Predictors of yoga use among patients with breast cancer.

Objective Emerging research suggests that yoga may be beneficial for reducing symptoms and improving quality of life among breast cancer patients. However, very little is known about the characteristics of breast cancer patients who use yoga; thus, this study seeks to identify the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of yoga users among this population. Design A cross-sectional survey study was conducted. Setting The study was conducted at an outpatient breast oncology clinic at a large university hospital. Participants Three hundred postmenopausal breast cancer patients currently receiving aromatase inhibitors were included in this study. Main outcome measurement Self-reported use of yoga following the cancer diagnosis was collected along with sociodemographic and clinical data. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of yoga use among breast cancer patients. Results Of 300 participants, 53 (17.7%) reported having used yoga following cancer diagnosis. White patients were significantly more likely to use yoga than nonwhite patients ( P = .02). Higher education level, lower BMI (body mass index), part-time employment status, previous chemotherapy, and radiation therapy were all associated with greater yoga use (all P Conclusion Yoga use following breast cancer diagnosis was substantially higher for white patients and those with lower BMI and higher education levels. Considering its potential benefits for symptom management in cancer, more research is needed to understand the attitudes and barriers to yoga use among individuals with nonwhite race, lower education, and higher BMI level. Such investigation will help design yoga programs that are aligned to the needs of these populations.
The kinetochore NUPtials.

The most interesting discoveries are often those that couple distinct fields of science in unexpected ways. The marriage of the nuclear pore complex to the kinetochore and spindle checkpoint regulation is a recent example, raising the question of why such divergent processes as mitosis and nuclear transport use common proteins.
Accuracy and bias in estimates of others' knowledge

Perspective-taking is central to much social interaction, but the processes by which it is accomplished are poorly understood. The current study examines accuracy and bias in one type of perspective-taking: inferences about what others know. Twenty-two New York City landmarks were presented in three conditions: Picture Only, Picture-+ Name and Name Only. Subjects estimated the proportion of short- and long-term New York City residents who could identify each landmark from its picture. They also rated their subjective recognition of the stimuli. Subjects in all three conditions were good at estimating stimulus identifiability, but their estimates were biased in the direction of their own knowledge. Estimates of the difference in identifications by short-and long-term residents were relatively inaccurate, probably because the two groups differed less than anticipated. For most but not all subjects, subjective feelings of recognition were significantly correlated with estimates of identifiability. We conclude that perceptions of the distribution of knowledge are socially shared.
Targeting nitric oxide in the subacute restorative treatment of ischemic stroke

Introduction: Stroke remains the leading cause of adult disability. Thus, it is imperative to develop restorative therapies for ischemic stroke designed specifically to treat the intact brain tissue to stimulate functional benefit. Therapies targeting amplification of brain repair processes with nitric oxide (NO) donors and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in preclinical studies are emerging and showing improvement of functional recovery after stroke. Areas covered: This review will mainly cover the effect of NO donors, which produce NO, and PDE5 inhibitors, which elevate cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP), on neural restorative events in ischemic brain and highlight mechanisms underlying their restorative therapeutic activity. Expert opinion: During stroke recovery, interwoven restorative events occur in ischemic brain, which include angiogenesis, neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, astrogliosis and neurite outgrowth. Emerging preclinical data indicate that restorative therapies targetin...
The Reactions of Silver(I) With Tetraaza Macrocyclic Ligands

Abstract The reactions of silver(I) with 1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (isocyclam), 1,4,8,1 l-tetraazacyclotetra-decane (cyclam) and 1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadecane ([I5]aneN4) resulted in the production of silver and a silver(II) tetraaza macrocyclic complex, AgL2 + The mechanisms of these reactions involve the formation of AgLl+ which is oxidized by silver(I) to Ag and AgL2 +. However, the reaction of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacycIododecane ([12]aneN4) with silver(I) resulted in the formation of an unstable complex. Silver(I) did not react with 1,4,7,10-tetrabenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacycIododecane. The most stable Ag(II) complex in aqueous solution with regards to decomposition contains the [15]aneN4 ligand, while the Ag(II) complex containing [12]aneN4 is the least stable. Attempts to oxidize benzyl alcohol to benzyl aldehyde using [Ag(cyclam)](ClO4)2 were unsuccessful.
Creative States: A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Understanding and Improving Creativity in Design

The aim of the present paper is to discuss recent evidence from cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience that bear on the cognitive and neural processes underlying creative production. The paper will review factors that may obstruct idea generation in creative design and will discuss instructional approaches with the potential to support the resolution of such obstacles. Specifically, the issues of fixation to pictorial examples, as well as functional fixedness in object use during creative problem solving, will be addressed. Furthermore, the paper will examine the hypothesis that creative generation might benefit from a tradeoff in neural activity between anterior and posterior brain regions. Within this context, evidence from cognitive neuroscience that points to distinct brain areas implicated in non-creative and creative tasks will be presented. The paper will conclude by considering creativity as the ability for prospective thinking and perspective taking and the implications of such a definition for creative design.
Effect of fludarabine, cytarabine, filgrastim, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin (FLAG-GO) on relapse-free survival in patients with newly diagnosed core-binding factor acute myelogenous leukemia.

6528 Background: Prior modulation with fludarabine increases cytarabine-triphosphate (ara-CTP) accumulation and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) increases the fludarabine-triphosphate ...
Urban Wildlife Science in Coupled Human–Natural Systems

Coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) are defined as systems in which human and natural components interact. Nowhere is this coupling as intense as in cities, and therefore, urban wildlife is distinguished from other wildlife by the increased level of interaction with people and human modified environments. Efforts to understand urban wildlife ecology therefore require explicit consideration of interactions and feedback between social and natural systems. In this chapter, we describe the dominant models developed for conceptualizing CHANS, and explain key principles for urban wildlife science that emerge from a perspective rooted in CHANS.
Primary care patients with drug use identified by screening self-medicate with alcohol and other drugs for chronic pain

Background Chronic pain is common among patients with drug use disorders. The prevalence of chronic pain and its consequences in primary care patients who use drugs is unknown and deserves further study. The objectives are to determine the prevalence of chronic pain and pain-related dysfunction among primary care patients who screen positive for drug use. To examine the prevalence of substance use to self-medicate chronic pain in this population.
Advances in vapor phase processing techniques

Fabrication techniques based on the reaction of vapor phase starting materials to form ultrapure glasses have proved the most effective methods for the production of optical fibers. This is especially true for silica-based glasses and is being investigated for fluoride-based glasses. The advantages of vapor phase processing include not only high purity but also flexibility, allowing the fabrication of the complex-index profiles required to optimize liber performance.
The Effect of Collisions Upon the Virtual Heights of Low‐Frequency Radio Waves Reflected From the Ionosphere

This paper presents some results of virtual-height computations by full-wave and ray-optics methods for low-frequency radio waves reflected from a stratified ionosphere. It is concluded that ray optics without collisions included would give more accurate results than if collisions are included in the computations for both the ordinary and extraordinary modes. This has been substantiated by accurate full-wave computations taking into account the earth's magnetic field. The subject of a correction factor is briefly considered.
IT Outsourcing in the Public Sector: A Literature Analysis

AbstractThis article presents an analysis of geographically and disciplinary scattered academic publications on ITO in public organizations. The interdisciplinary scope of public ITO research area is defined, and conceptual approaches of IS and Public Administration research fields to public ITO are compared. Highlighting the impact of certain organizational characteristics on ITO decisions, governance and results makes a contribution to ITO research in general. Consolidation and analysis of diverse findings will benefit both public officials and outsourcing vendors. Finally, the study suggests directions for future research. Discussion on control in outsourced IT projects can be found in the literature belonging to several research disciplines.
Continuous arterio-venous ultrafiltration in cirrhotic patients with ascites or renal failure.

To asses whether continuous arteriovenous ultrafiltration (CAVU) might constitute a useful alternative to hemodialysis in the management of patients with advanced liver failure, we carried out CAVU...
Guidelines for Initiating a Research Agenda: Topic Selection and Evidence of Impact.

The focus on scholarly productivity as an outcome measure for performance evaluations of personnel and/or units and benchmarking purposes is increasing in both the academic and clinical settings. This article presents avenues for identifying achievable research projects in both the academic and clinical settings. Factors for consideration when selecting a project include its significance or impact on the profession, feasibility for implementing the project, and ethical issues related to human subjects protection. A review of the literature is essential for identifying gaps in knowledge and for constructing the hypothesis or research question. Decisions concerning IRB submission, budget allocation, and collection of data must also be considered before implementation of the research design. ABBREVIATIONS:DV- Dependent variable, IRB - Institutional Review Board, IV - Independent variable, NIH - National Institute of Health, ORI - Federal Office of Research Integrity
Special Random Processes

This chapter discusses some special random processes that are used to model many physical systems. These include the Bernoulli process, Gaussian process, random walk, Poisson process and Markov process.
Shear in Reinforced Concrete Beams

In the classic two-dimensional structural studies of beams typically three separate internal forces are identified on any selected section. These are the axial force, P, (tension or compression) that acts along the axis of the member; the shear force, V, that acts in the plane of the section perpendicular to the axis of the member; and the ng moment, M (see Fig. 4.1).
Tuberculosis Notification Completeness and Timeliness in the Republic of Korea During 2012-2014.

Abstract Objectives Completeness and timeliness are key attributes of accurate disease surveillance. This study aimed to evaluate the completeness and timeliness of tuberculosis (TB) notification in the Republic of Korea, by comparing notification data from the Korean National Tuberculosis Surveillance System and reimbursement data from the National Health Insurance. Methods We evaluated reimbursement data from 103,075 cases (2012–2014) and surveillance data from 215,055 cases (2011–2015); cases were matched using Resident Registration Numbers. Completeness was evaluated using notifications that were reported within 365 days of the corresponding insurance claim. Timeliness was evaluated using the delay between starting TB treatment and the corresponding notification. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze factors that affected completeness (e.g., sex, age, institution type, and nationality). Results The completeness values were 90.0% in 2012 (33,094/36,775), 93.0% in 2013 (31,445/33,803), and 94.0% in 2014 (30,537/32,497). The rates of notification within 7 days of the corresponding claim were 81.6% in 2012 (27,323/33,489), 79.8% in 2013 (25,469/31,905), and 80.4% in 2014 (24,891/30,978). Increases over time were observed in the sex-, age-, institution type-, and nationality-specific analyses. Multivariate analyses revealed that completeness was affected by institution type [hospitals: odds ratio (OR) = 1.82, p Conclusion Notification completeness exhibited a 4.0% increase during 2012–2014 in Korea, and institution type and nationality significantly affected the completeness of TB notifications.
Task-based evaluation of motion compensated reconstructed images using 4D channelized Hotelling observer in dual gated SPECT

We developed a 4D SPECT image reconstruction method with respiratory motion (RM) and cardiac motion (CM) compensation, and evaluated its performance using a previously developed 4D channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) model for the task based evaluation of 4D medical images. A series of 4D XCAT (eXtended CArdiac Torso) phantoms with and without a regional CM abnormality was generated that divided a respiratory cycle into 24 frames and a cardiac cycle into 48 frames for each respiratory phase. Almost noise-free projection data were generated from the 1152 3D XCAT phantoms at each respiratory and cardiac (R&C) gated time frame using the SimSET simulation modeling a typical 99mTc Sestamibi gated myocardial perfusion (GMP) SPECT study. They were scaled and combined to form 6 equal-amplitude respiratory gates and 8 equal-time cardiac gates. Poisson noise was then added before image reconstruction using the 3D OS-EM with or without RM and CM compensation. Using a group-wise B-spline non-rigid image-based registration method, the deformation field (DF) of the RM were estimated and applied to each cardiac phase of the R&C gated SPECT images for RM correction. Then, the RM compensated GMP SPECT images were transformed using the estimated DF of the CM. The 2D reconstructed image slices were extracted and reorganized into a set of cine images and the space-time channels of the 4D CHO were applied to produce the space-time feature vectors to which the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was applied and areas under the ROC curve (AUC) values calculated. The result demonstrated that the RM and CM compensated images showed drastically reduced noise level without blurring and its AUC values were significantly higher than those without compensation. We conclude that the RM and CM compensation allow significant reduction of image blurring and noise level in dual gated SPECT images resulting in significant improvement in detecting a regional CM abnormality using a 4D CHO model.