cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of the Right to Property in India before the Drafting of the Constitution

The Fundamental Right to Property enjoys the unique distinction of not only being the second most contentious provision in the drafting of the Indian Constitution, but also the most amended provision, and the only fundamental right to be ultimately abolished. The debate over property rights began early in the Constituent Assembly even while the terms of independence were being worked out and the controversy was more prolonged and acute than that over any subject, except that of official languages. The contentious origins of the right to property in the Constitution had a tremendous impact not only on India’s socio-political and legal history, but also within the commonwealth. Existing scholarly literature has described the history of the fundamental right to property as a tussle between progressive legislatures, that were trying to bring about much needed land reform in India, and reactionary courts, that impeded such reform efforts by protecting the property rights of rich zamindars. I have argued elsewhere that this narrative is simplistic, and therefore somewhat misleading both as to the real issues at stake in the contentious history of the right to property, but also the learnings we can take from that history for political and constitutional reform in India and other constitutional democracies that are also developing countries. In this paper, I trace the intellectual currents, and political and social movements, that framed the contours of the contentious debates surrounding the adoption of the fundamental right to property and restrictions on this right, during the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. I show that there were two broad discourses underpinning the debates on the right to property. The first was the “rights” discourse, with its sub-discourses on “civil and political rights” and “social and economic rights”. The second was the “development” discourse with its concomitant focus on “land reform” and “industrialisation and capital formation”. Both were enabling discourses, but grounded in different premises. While the Development discourse was a utilitarian discourse premised on the philosophy of the “greatest good of the greatest number”, the Rights discourse was a dignitarian discourse, premised on the dignity of individuals and their right to realise their full potential as human beings and equal citizens of newly independent India. The contention over the inclusion of the right to property in the Constitution was a contention between the Rights discourse that sought to empower the disempowered and respect individual rights, and the Development discourse which sought to give the state, as representatives of the people, power to take measures to bring about development according to a utilitarian calculus that fundamentally contradicted rights of individual citizens, including, but not limited to, the right to property.
Basic Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials and Numbers and q -Zeta Function

Certain q-Fourier expansions found in the previous chapter give us a possibility to introduce analogs of the Bernoulli polynomials and numbers, the Euler polynomials and numbers, and the Riemann zeta function [146]. We shall study some of their properties that are close to the classical ones.
Playing Around: Benefits, Assessments, and Guidelines for Adolescents' Educational Games

(1978). Playing Around: Benefits, Assessments, and Guidelines for Adolescents' Educational Games. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 107-110.
Immunobiology of acute cytotoxic drug reactions.

While relatively rare, the clinical presentation of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TENS) is often very dramatic and unfortunately it frequently results in the loss of life due to extensive epidermal necrosis and subsequent complications. The etiology of TENS is fairly well known and linked to ingestion of various medications. However, the pathophysiology and treatment of TENS is less well understood, but abnormal immunological mechanisms have been implicated by some investigators. The purpose of this chapter is to review the clinical features of TENS, followed by dermatopathological and immunopathological aspects of the skin lesions. A review of basic skin biology as regards regulation of keratinocytes’ life and death is provided with emphasis on premature cell death. After a review of the immunopathogenic theories for TENS, a discussion of possible therapeutic interventions concludes the chapter. Clearly, many new insights are required at multiple levels of understanding to better manage and perhaps even prevent TENS.
Oxidation of olive oil fortified with quercetin, caffeic acid, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate effects of the fortification of polyphenolic compound mixtures of quercetin, caffeic acid, tryrosol and hydroxytyrosol in olive oil oxidation. Design/methodology/approach – The authors measured olive oxidation initiated by copper using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Findings – Overall, most mixture combinations exhibited oxidation similar to olive oil alone. Some mixture combinations of polyphenolic compounds acted as antioxidants; however, as the concentrations were changed, they became prooxidant in nature. Research limitations/implications – In vitro studies have limitations for extrapolation to in vivo and clinical studies. Practical implications – Such information will be useful in determining optimal concentrations and combinations of antioxidants for reducing rancidity and perhaps as models that could be used to modulate various chronic diseases that are associated with oxidative stress. Originality/value – Olive ...
Have We Sold the Environment Down the River

This article details the numerous constitutional, legal, and environmental shortcomings of the American Heritage Rivers Initiative (AHRI). Sutton explains each of these shortcomings by examining constitutional principles, prior federal action, and case law. The article begins with an examination of how the AHRI violates basic rights and principles. The article also suggests how the AHRI violates the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requirement that environmental assessments and environmental impact statements be completed prior to major federal action that would significantly impact the human environment. Sutton also questions whether the NEPA is enabling legislation for the AHRI, then she provides reasoning to show how the AHRI violations several constitutional principles. Explanation is then given on how the AHRI violates the separation of powers principle, the Tenth Amendment, the commerce clause, and the Property Clause of Article IV. There is also a discussion provided in the article on the potential problems that may arise under the Fifth Amendment, the Administrative Procedures Act’s requirement of public notice and comment, the Spending Clause of the Constitution, and the Federal Advisory Committee Act. Last, the article discusses congressional opposition to the AHRI before providing her recommendations as a former Assistant Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy.
Therapeutic Approaches to Promoting Axonal Regeneration in the Adult Mammalian Spinal Cord

Publisher Summary Earlier it was believed that the axons of the central nervous system (CNS) were incapable of regeneration, but later it was demonstrated that transected spinal cord axons could regenerate long distances through peripheral nerve grafts. This suggested that the CNS environment played a key role in limiting regeneration and soon CNS myelin and the glial scar were identified as inhibitors of axonal growth. This chapter describes various pharmacological strategies that have arisen from these findings and the way in which these have been used to encourage axonal regeneration in the injured spinal cord. These include the administration of agents that reverse the inhibitory properties of CNS myelin and the glial scar, the transplantation of cells that create a permissive substrate for axonal growth, and the implantation of artificial scaffolds that have been designed to guide regenerating axons through the injury site.
Consequences of “greenwashing”

Purpose – This quasi-experimental study aimed to investigate, drawing upon influential discounting behavior theory and cognition – affect – behavior (C-A-B) paradigm, consumers’ reactions to the phenomenon of “greenwashing” in the lodging industry. More specifically, this paper proposed and tested a theoretical model that examined whether recognizing the ulterior motive caused consumer skepticism about hotels’ environmental claims, which in turn influenced consumers’ intention to participate in linen reuse program and intention to revisit the hotel. Additionally, the moderating effects of ecological concern on the relationship between skepticism and intention to participate and between skepticism and intention to revisit were examined. Design/methodology/approach – A quasi-experimental design was used with two conditions (control vs ulterior motive) employing staff members of a US public university as study participants. In total, 638 useful responses were received. Findings – The results of this study re...
The Johns Hopkins Hospital template for urologic cytology samples: parts II and III: improving the predictability of indeterminate results in urinary cytologic samples: an outcomes and cytomorphologic study.

BACKGROUND: The most important indicator for urologic surgeons at The Johns Hopkins Hospital to have a patient undergo cystoscopy is a cytologic diagnosis of high-grade urothelial carcinoma. The template was designed to standardize diagnostic categories so clinicians can manage their patients uniformly. The template was based in part on the Bethesda System for cervical cytology. METHODS: According to the template, reactive/inflammatory changes were included in the negative group (no urothelial atypia or malignancy identified). The category atypical urothelial cells of undetermined significance (AUC-US) was akin to atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), as was the category of atypical urothelial cells, favor high-grade carcinoma (AUC-H). The categories high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) and low-grade urothelial carcinoma also were added. RESULTS: The Pathology Data System at the Johns Hopkins Hospital was searched for cases that met the following criteria over a period from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2009: all cytologic specimens from the urinary tract and all surgical specimens with a diagnosis of HGUC, regardless of invasion status. All cytologic specimens were then matched with biopsies during the same period, and all surgical specimens from patients who had a cytologic diagnosis of AUC-US or AUC-H were retrieved for 18 months after the end of the 2-year study period. Greater than 50% of patients who had biopsy-confirmed HGUC had a preceding cytologic diagnosis of AUC-H or HGUC. When patients with AUC-US were added to the analysis, 80% of patients with HGUC had at least 1 abnormal urinary cytology result. Of those patients who had a diagnosis of AUC-H, 38% had urothelial cancer discovered at biopsy compared with only 10% of those with an AUC-US diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that their template is effective in targeting those patients who need to undergo cystoscopy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:15–20 © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Learning from soft power.

A need for soft healing in the 21st century The limitations of direct military intervention—“hard power”—for achieving foreign policy are increasingly highlighted by international events. Policy makers, military leaders, and intelligence experts now recognise the crucial role of preventive policy approaches—“soft power”—to tackle the multifaceted, upstream causes of conflict and instability.1 2 3 Soft power encompasses diplomacy, development, trade agreements, sanctions, foreign aid, and the promotion of education, women’s rights, and democracy. It prioritises prevention, the shaping of international affairs to pre-empt or minimise crises before they arise, and is supported by bipartisan commissions, independent agencies, and the military.4 Hard power is reserved as a last resort. Used early and efficiently, soft power not only provides effective and diverse policy options, but it costs far less and risks fewer lives. These hard learnt lessons in national security provide eye opening parallels to a second, major industrial complex: the healthcare system. The modern approach to health emphasises “hard healing”—the reactive, individualised treatment of risk factors and diseases. Like the military, healthcare systems benefit from highly trained, dedicated personnel who use complex, advanced, and dizzyingly expensive technologies to achieve a proximal aim: treating a disease. And they both primarily respond to, rather than prevent, major crises. This is expensive and inefficient. Just as military interventions may resolve acute crises but leave behind fragile or …
Política en arqueología, (re) forzando la práctica

Distintas son las metas que se ha trazado la produccion de la teoria arqueologica, en especial a partir de considerar los marcos de los discursos nacionalistas, multiculturalistas; y postnacionales. Las relaciones entre la arqueologia, politica, sociedad y su confluencia en tematica como cultural. Recurso de bienes de consumo y otros, y las connotaciones sociales y economicas, de esta han alterado panoramas ante definido como estrictamente academico con la irrupcion de nuevos actores y contextos sociales e historicos. Es a partir de esta intricada relaciones que las definen de patrimonio cultural, identidad, comunidades locales y otras. Han cobrado considerable vigencia y ha sido incluidas explicitamente como parte central de las agendas de eventos academicos y publicos . no afrontar nuevos contextos y situaciones que requieren de nuestra participacion y nuestra practica este articulo se refiere a esos nuevos contextos y situaciones.
On Developing The Writing Skills Course For Accounting Students

The CSU, Stanislaus, accounting program is providing a new course that meets the university-wide upper-division writing requirement and offers accounting students additional professional study. While a writing skills course is not unusual in a business program, few offer an alternative centered on the accounting body of knowledge. Undergraduate students’ research questions are usually not addressed before graduate study and reinforce skills learned in their regular accounting courses. Initial reactions from students have ranged from appreciation for additional time spent on accounting topics to disappointment at missing out on the "general business" writing course. Continual reassessment of the course is planned.
Regulation of ANP secretion by endothelin-1 in cultured atrial myocytes: desensitization and receptor subtype.

We examined endothelin-1 (ET-1) binding and ET-1-regulated atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion in primary cultures of adult rat atrial myocytes. ET-1 binding was analyzed as a reversible bimolecular reaction, with bimolecular association rate constant = 1.9 x 10(9) M-1.h-1, dissociation rate constant = 0.028 h-1, and a dissociation constant, calculated from these values = 0.015 nM. ET-1 increased ANP secretion with a one-half effective concentration (EC50) of 0.62 nM, which correlated with EC50 receptor occupancy under equivalent experimental conditions (0.75 nM). The secretory response rapidly desensitized (half-time = 10 min at 10 nM ET-1). The time courses for ET-1 binding, ET-1-stimulated secretion, and desensitization were all comparable. Recovery from desensitization was slow and paralleled the recovery of 125I-labeled ET-1 binding. The ETA receptor subtype-selective antagonist, BQ-123, inhibited 125I-ET-1 binding and ET-1-activated ANP secretion with high affinity, whereas the ETB-selective agonists, endothelin-3 and sarafotoxin S6c, inhibited binding with low affinity and did not effectively stimulate ANP secretion. We conclude that 1) ET-1 can stimulate ANP secretion by direct action on the atrial myocytes; 2) primary cultures of adult rat atrial myocytes express only the ETA receptor subtype; 3) the ANP secretory response to ET-1 desensitizes rapidly but recovers slowly; and 4) occupation of the ETA receptors by ET-1 initiates the unidirectional sequence of receptor activation, signal transduction, ANP secretion, and finally, desensitization.
Representation in remote sensing classifications of Aboriginal landscape descriptions

Thematic maps derived from remote sensing must be relevant to their users. The accuracy of classification rubrics closely relates to the understanding a person has of a feature's physical characteristics, use and cultural meaning. Geographical concepts incorporated in traditional ecological knowledge are learned through experience of the land and communicated orally. This article examines the cultural dimension of remote sensing-derived information. A series of Anishinaabe terms are put in the context of the remote sensing-based classification systems developed for the US National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 and the Atlas of Canada. The NLCD 2001 better represents Anishinaabe descriptions of geographical features. Its simplicity makes it more inclusive, particularly with the classification of exposed soils, forest types and wetlands. This classification scheme uses nominal information and has no climate- or region-specific categories. The results suggest that a foundation exists for Aboriginal people to benefit from remote sensing technologies from which to extract information compatible with their knowledge of the landscape. La classification d’images de teledetection des paysages decrits par des Autochtones Les cartes thematiques realisees par teledetection doivent presenter un interet pour les utilisateurs et etre bien adaptees aux usages pour lesquels elles ont ete concues. La garantie de l’exactitude des categories de classification passe par notre comprehension des caracteristiques physiques, de l’utilite et de la signification culturelle des objets representes. Dans ce travail, la dimension culturelle des informations obtenues par teledetection occupe une place centrale. Les connaissances ecologiques traditionnelles du paysage s’appuient sur des conceptions geographiques qui ne sont pas definies a partir de donnees provenant de la teledetection. Elles sont le plus souvent fondees sur l’experience vecue sur le terrain et transmises oralement. Des descriptions de paysage en dialecte Anishinaabe issu de la langue algonquine ont servi de base a cette etude. Les champs lexicaux sont ensuite traites en fonction des systemes de classification par teledetection de la couverture terrestre developpes dans le cadre d’une commande du US National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 et de l’Atlas du Canada. Il ressort de l’analyse que le NLCD 2001 est une source d’informations plus complete et precise sur les objets representes par les Anishinaabe. La precision et la grande simplicite d’utilisation de cette base de donnees facilitent la classification des sols nus, des types de foret et des milieux humides. Il existedes correspondances etroites entre les descriptions Anishinaabe et un systeme de classification comportant des donnees nominales et excluant des categories relatives aux conditions climatiques ou aux regions. Les resultats montrent qu’une assise est en place, laquelle permettrait d’exploiter la teledetection de la couverture terrestre en fonction de connaissances ecologiques traditionnelles autochtones.
Race/Ethnicity and Other Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes

Although gestational diabetes is estimated to complicate between 1% and 5% of pregnancies, there are only limited data on the role of race/ethnicity as well as other risk factors in the development of this disorder. Epidemiologic characteristics of gestational diabetes were assessed in an ethnically diverse cohort of 10,187 women who had undergone standardized screening for glucose intolerance and who delivered a singleton infant at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City between January 1987 and December 1989. The overall prevalence of gestational diabetes was 3.2%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed excess risks for Oriental women, Hispanics born in Puerto Rico or elsewhere outside the United States, women from the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East, older mothers, heavier women, those with a positive family history of diabetes, women with a history of infertility, and those who delivered on the clinic service. These data suggest that, after controlling for traditional risk factors (maternal age, prepregnancy weight, and a family history of diabetes), Orientals, first generation Hispanics, women from the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East, those with a history of infertility, and low socioeconomic status women are at an increased risk for gestational diabetes.
Evaluation of rate-based transport protocols for lambda-grids

Lambda-grids are richly interconnected collections of plentiful, geographically-distributed computing and storage resources. This rich connectivity is enabled by dedicated dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical paths. With abundant bandwidth in the center of the network (many DWDM links), contention and sharing bottlenecks move from the network core to end systems. In such networks, traditional TCP is insufficient to provide acceptable performance. We identify the key communication characteristics of this radically different network, introducing a new multipoint-to-point communication pattern for data-intensive application. We evaluate several promising rate-based data transport protocols (RBUDP, SABUL/UDT and GTP) for lambda-grids under a range of communication patterns (single stream, multiple parallel streams, converging streams, and rapid transitions). Our experiments use a range of performance metrics, including sustained throughput and loss rate, inter- and intra-protocol fairness, protocol overhead, and rate adaptation speed to flow transitions. The results provide insights into the capabilities of these three protocols and also for improvements in design and implementation of rate-based protocols.
Resuscitation of the Elderly

The changing demographics of America's population over the past couple of decades have propelled geriatric medicine into the fore-front. Due to this, emergency medicine physicians will face numerous challenges managing an increasing number of critically ill elderly patients. This article will focus on success of resuscitation in this population, important pathophysiologic changes that occur with aging, as well as ethical considerations in end-of-life care.
An impact technique to accelerate flier plates to velocities over 12 km/s

Abstract Very high pressure and acceleration is necessary to launch flier plates to hypervelocities. In addition, the high pressure loading must be uniform, structured, and shockless, i.e., time-dependent to prevent the flier plate from either fracturing or melting. In this paper, a novel technique is described which allows the use of 100 GPa megabar loading pressures and 109-g acceleration to launch intact flier plates to velocities of 12.2 km/s. The technique has been used to launch nominally 1-mm thick aluminum, magnesium, and titanium alloy plates to velocities over 10 km/s, and 0.5-mm thick aluminum and titanium alloy plates to velocities of 12.2 km/s.
CLAPP: characterizing loops in Android applications

When performing program analysis, loops are one of the most important aspects that needs to be taken into account. In the past, many approaches have been proposed to analyze loops to perform different tasks, ranging from compiler optimizations to Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) analysis. While these approaches are powerful, they focus on tackling very specific categories of loops and known loop patterns, such as the ones for which the number of iterations can be statically determined. In this work, we developed a static analysis framework to characterize and analyze generic loops, without relying on techniques based on pattern matching. For this work, we focus on the Android platform, and we implemented a prototype, called CLAPP, that we used to perform the first large-scale empirical study of the usage of loops in Android applications. In particular, we used our tool to analyze a total of 4,110,510 loops found in 11,823 Android applications. As part of our evaluation, we provide the detailed results of our empirical study, we show how our analysis was able to determine that the execution of 63.28% of the loops is bounded, and we discuss several interesting insights related to the performance issues and security aspects associated with loops.
1074 A PATHOGENIC FACTOR IN CONGENITAL CMV INFECTIONS (C-CMV)

To better define the role of primary (PMI) and recurrent (RMI) CMV infections in the pathogenesis of C-CMV a longitudinal study of both middle (MI) and low (LI) income pregnant women was initiated. Susceptibility to CMV at the onset of pregnancy was 39% (1630 of 4130) in MI women and 16% (399 of 2375) in LI women. In these two groups, newly acquired infections were confirmed in 0.7% and 1.5% of serosusceptibles, respectively. Interestingly, independent from economic strata, PMI lead to C-CMV in only 36% of cases. However C-CMV after a recurrence in previously infected women occurred in 0.2 and 1.4% of infants born to MI and LI women respectively. This dissimilarity accounts for the major difference in the overall incidence of C-CMV between these two populations (0.2% vs. 0.8%). From this and previous studies we have identified 19 and 17 infants whose C-CMV resulted from primary and recurrent maternal infections respectively. Thus far, disease has occurred in only 3 infants (one fatal) and all belong to the former group. Also increased IgM in cord sera and the quantity of CMV shed in urine of these infants up to 4 months of age, were significantly higher among those infected after PMI. These observations indicate that PMI does not always result in C-CMV nor does it cause acute or delayed morbidity in all infected infants. Yet, its pathogenic potential may be significantly higher than RMI.
On the Sampling Requirements for Exponential-Work Free-Energy Calculations

Calculation of free-energy differences using exponential-work averaging methods is examined, focusing on the amount of sampling required to converge to an accurate result. Prior research that has demonstrated that the necessary amount of sampling scales exponentially with the dissipated work associated with the reverse trajectory is reviewed. The result is demonstrated through a pedagogical application to a model process involving adiabatic compression and expansion of a gas.
Mapping membrane protein backbone dynamics: a comparison of site-directed spin labeling with NMR 15N-relaxation measurements.

The ability to detect nanosecond backbone dynamics with site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) in soluble proteins has been well established. However, for membrane proteins, the nitroxide appears to have more interactions with the protein surface, potentially hindering the sensitivity to backbone motions. To determine whether membrane protein backbone dynamics could be mapped with SDSL, a nitroxide was introduced at 55 independent sites in a model polytopic membrane protein, TM0026. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectral parameters were compared with NMR 15N-relaxation data. Sequential scans revealed backbone dynamics with the same trends observed for the R1 relaxation rate, suggesting that nitroxide dynamics remain coupled to the backbone on membrane proteins.
Assessing law enforcement preparedness to address Internet fraud

Abstract Recent societal concern regarding computer crime was well documented in the research literature. To date, however, modest research addressed how large, local police and sheriff's departments confront Internet fraud. Using data collected from surveys distributed to the seven hundred largest police- and sheriff's departments, the present article addresses law enforcement: (1) preparedness to enforce Internet fraud crimes; (2) perceptions of Internet fraud; (3) cooperative policing efforts; and (4) Internet fraud information dissemination practices. Among other things, results suggested that individuals within these departments believed Internet fraud was problematic, although they lacked the resources to properly address the problem. These results are discussed as they relate to the organizational design of law enforcement agencies and their potential to adapt to innovative crimes. Suggestions are offered for a more effective approach to confronting Internet fraud.
Engine vibration analysis

Describes the piezoelectric accelerometer used for vibration monitoring and analysis and discusses its use. Reports on an advanced technique developed by Rolls‐Royce for application in a test cell ‐ the scanning laser Doppler vibrometer.
Development and solution of finite-difference equations for burn injury with spreadsheet software.

This article presents a brief description of a set of equations by which the thermal burn process may be modeled, a formulation of the differential equations into a finite-difference format, and a simple method of solution using a standard commercial spreadsheet software application. A companion article provides a discussion of results that can be obtained with the modeling techniques presented here. A short version of the spreadsheet program is available from the author. Language: en
Merging Applicability Domains for in Silico Assessment of Chemical Mutagenicity

Using a benchmark Ames mutagenicity data set, we evaluated the performance of molecular fingerprints as descriptors for developing quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models and defining applicability domains with two machine-learning methods: random forest (RF) and variable nearest neighbor (v-NN). The two methods focus on complementary aspects of chemical mutagenicity and use different characteristics of the molecular fingerprints to achieve high levels of prediction accuracies. Thus, while RF flags mutagenic compounds using the presence or absence of small molecular fragments akin to structural alerts, the v-NN method uses molecular structural similarity as measured by fingerprint-based Tanimoto distances between molecules. We showed that the extended connectivity fingerprints could intuitively be used to define and quantify an applicability domain for either method. The importance of using applicability domains in QSAR modeling cannot be understated; compounds that are outside the appl...
Parameter-Constrained Adaptive Control

Under certain conditions, parameter constraints that impose a priori information about the open-loop system can dramatically improve the performance of explicit adaptive controllers. Under other conditions, the constraints can actually decrease performance. First, this paper presents a novel parameter-constrained identifier on the basis of an efficient, quadratic program solver applied semirecursively, making it ideal for real-time adaptive control. Second, several useful linear constraints for second-order ARMAX models are provided, along with a few examples of their development. Third, the algorithm and the constraints are applied to a benchmark model to explore several conditions, summarized as six guidelines, under which parameter constraints improve or worsen adaptive control. In this last part, it is shown that common orthogonal projection can produce poor results. It is also shown that a priori information is increasingly valuable as excitation decreases and that it is especially useful for adaptive control when combined with re-identification techniques. These results are then applied to the pharmacological control of a time-varying second-order ARMAX model of blood pressure.
How evolutionary biology challenges the classical theory of rational choice

A fundamental philosophical question that arises in connection with evolutionary theory is whether the fittest patterns of behavior are always the most rational. Are fitness and rationality fully compatible? When behavioral rationality is characterized formally as in classical decision theory, the question becomes mathematically meaningful and can be explored systematically by investigating whether the optimally fit behavior predicted by evolutionary process models is decision-theoretically coherent. Upon investigation, it appears that in nontrivial evolutionary models the expected behavior is not always in accord with the norms of the standard theory of decision as ordinarily applied. Many classically irrational acts, e.g. betting on the occurrence of one event in the knowledge that the probabilities favor another, can under certain circumstances constitute adaptive behavior. One interesting interpretation of this clash is that the criterion of rationality offered by classical decision theory is simply incorrect (or at least incomplete) as it stands, and that evolutionary theory should be called upon to provide a more generally applicable theory of rationality. Such a program, should it prove feasible, would amount to the logical reduction of the theory of rational choice to evolutionary theory.
Diasporic and Transnational Social Practices in Central Asia

Diaspora has become such a popular concept in recent years because it so effectively challenges the authenticity of the nation-state and the bounded identities it supports. A core premise of this critique is that not every diaspora or nation-state is the same. An ideal context in which to explore this idea is the region of Central Asia. Transnational practices emerging among dispersed members of each state's population draw into question the very idea of diaspora as connoting a condition of displacement and nation as relating to a discreet territorially fixed identity community. The complexity of the diasporic form among Central Asia's dispersed communities highlights the need to be mindful of the material, historical, and political settings within which individuals and groups create and sustain their own social and cultural networks. This essay reviews major debates and offers a survey of diasporic conditions within Central Asia.
Steroid synthesis-dependent, oxygen-mediated damage of mitochondrial and microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes in rat Leydig cell cultures.

Treatment of primary cultures of rat Leydig cells with 1 mM 8-bromo-cAMP for 2 days at ambient oxygen tension (19%) caused a 59% decrease in mitochondrial cholesterol sidechain cleavage (P-450scc) activity. This decrease was completely prevented when the oxygen tension was reduced to 1% O2 or when steroid synthesis was inhibited by aminoglutethimide. When the endogenous concentration of pregnenolone was increased by inhibiting its further metabolism, P-450scc activity was reduced by 80% in unstimulated cultures and was completely eliminated in cAMP-treated cultures. These losses were prevented when cells were maintained at 1% O2. The amount of immunoreactive P-450scc was also decreased by treatments that reduced P-450scc activity. Stimulation with cAMP also lowered microsomal C17_20 lyase activity by an oxygen-mediated, steroid synthesis-dependent mechanism. Treatment of cultures with testosterone caused a similar oxygen tension-sensitive decrease in C17_20 lyase activity. These results suggest that the e...
Evaluation of an antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 shedding from feedlot cattle.

Abstract A total of 457 nasal swab specimens from cases of respiratory disease in 2 feedlots were evaluated for the detection of bovine herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1) by ELISA. Thirty-three were found to be positive for BHV-1 by the recovery of infectious virus and 21 of these were positive by ELISA, yielding a sensitivity of 64%. Fifteen other virus isolations were made and included bovine viral diarrhea viruses, rhinoviruses and parainfluenza Type 3 viruses; none of these cases were positive with the BHV-1 ELISA. Specificity of the ELISA was 100%. Eighty percent of the specimens with BHV-1 titers > 105 TCID50 were detected by ELISA; the median amount of virus in positive specimens that were detected by ELISA was 7 × 105 TCID50 and the median amount of virus in specimens not detected was 1.5 × 104 TCID50. BHV-1 infection was most frequently diagnosed in feedlot cattle that had been in the feedlot for 40–80 days. Approximately half of the infected cattle were carrying virus-neutralizing antibodies in their serum.
A low-temperature gas-flow total electron yield detector for XAFS measurements

Abstract A design of a low temperature total electron yield (TEY) detector for XAFS is described. Transmission and TEY XAFS data obtained at 80 K on a Au film, GaAs (100) single crystal (TEY) and powder (transmission) are presented and compared. We find excellent agreement between the data obtained using these two techniques for both Au and GaAs.
The 22-kDa Antigen in Optic Nerve and Retinal Diseases

ObjectivePatients with unexplained visual loss were evaluated for the possibility of immunologic involvement. Antibody reactions were sought that might identify a common indication of retinal hypersensitivity.MethodsThe enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis were used to
A music therapy clinical case study of a girl with childhood apraxia of speech: Finding Lily's voice

Abstract This clinical case study describes a 3-year-old girl diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech and her progress in weekly music therapy. The child was seen for a total of 24 sessions over a period of 9 months. The music therapy treatment involved a mixture of behavioral, improvisational, and creative approaches in what has been termed a data-based music therapy approach. A variety of musical interventions, visual, and interactive aids were used, as well as an engaging, playful dialogue between child and the clinician. The child's communicative methods at the beginning of her treatment process were almost exclusively non-verbal. By the final session, she was pronouncing a number of syllables, combination sounds, and words. The treatment program is described as it unfolded in three phases, and significant events from each individual session are described in detail.
Synthesis and elastic characterization of zinc oxide nanowires

Zinc oxide nanowires, nanobelts, and nanoneedles were synthesized using the vapor-liquid-solid technique. Young's modulus of the nanowires was measured by performing cantilever bending experiments on individual nanowires in situ inside a scanning electron microscope. The nanowires tested had diameters in the range of 200-750 nm. The average Young's modulus, measured to be 40 GPa, is about 30% of that reported at the bulk scale. The experimental results are discussed in light of the pronounced electromechanical coupling due to the piezoelectric nature of the material.
On the eigenproblem for convolution integral equations

This paper concerns the eigenproblem for convolution integral equations whose kernels can be expressed as finite or infinite Fourier transforms of integrable functions. A procedure which closely parallels previous work on displacement integral equations is derived and the problem of existence is treated. Approximations are obtained for both the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions.
A Framework for Guaranteed Maximum Price and Contingency Development for Integrated Delivery of Transportation Projects

This paper discusses the components of a guaranteed maximum price (GMP) and proposes a framework for the development of GMPs as contract payment provisions for construction manager-at-risk (CMR) and design-build (DB) contracts for transportation projects. The framework is the synthesis of a comprehensive literature review, a content analysis of CMR and DB solicitation documents and contracts, and case study project output from twelve projects in nine states worth $3.1 billion. The research also discusses the development of three common types of contingencies that are often utilized in projects with GMPs. The study concludes that owners should specify the structure of the GMP and its components to enhance clarity and understanding of the GMP`s composition. It recommends that this structure be included in the CMR and DB solicitation documents so that pricing proposals can be formulated in a manner that is consistent with the contract payment provisions that will be useful to practitioners that need to implement GMP-based contracts.
A Little More Noise and a Little Less Conversation? Ambient Noise in Restaurants

The purpose of this exploratory study is to expand the current literature on servicescapes by examining the total noise environment in restaurants. Its goal is to gain an understanding of restaurant customers' expectations and preferences for background noise and to determine whether demographic variables, especially age, affect these preferences. The researchers surveyed guests at one casual restaurant in the southwestern United States. The results showed that guests were satisfied with the overall noise and music levels, which, as measured by decibel level, were in the acceptable range. There were significant differences in guests' perceptions of noise in both typical restaurants and this specific restaurant based on both age and education levels. Restaurant managers can use these findings to determine the noise levels most appropriate for their target markets.
Creating Work-Life Balance: A Model of Pluralism across Life Domains:

This article develops a theoretical framework that explains how life complexity and dynamism affect work-life balance. The authors explain the moderating effects of munificence and accessibility of...
Neuronal death, cytoplasmic calcium and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation: evidence for DNA fragments being released from cells

Neuronal death, secondary to endogenous agents such as glutamate, may involve changes in cytoplasmic calcium. Besides its well recognized role as a second messenger mediating cellular response, calcium is necessary for the activation of endonuclease(s), resulting in DNA fragmentation and cell death. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between changes in cytoplasmic calcium, DNA fragmentation and neuronal death, using PC12 and NCB-20 cell lines. The calcium ionophore, A23187, caused a dose-dependent increase in cytoplasmic calcium, loss of cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-release, and DNA fragmentation. DNA fragments, typical of internucleosomal digestion of genomic DNA, characteristic of endonuclease(s) activation, were consistently detected in the incubating medium. Release of DNA fragments into the medium was seen with A23187 in concentrations as low as 10 nM, and within an hour of treatment. Furthermore, calcium added to preparations of PC12 nuclei also produced DNA fragmentation, although, less pronounced than when intact cells were treated with A23187. The findings indicate that A23187-induced neuronal death involves the activation of endonuclease(s). The role of cytoplasmic calcium in this process is supported by evidence that A23187 selectively mobilizes cytoplasmic calcium, and that calcium can directly activate endonuclease(s) in nuclear preparations.
HEARING DEGENERATION IN SHAKER-1 MOUSE. CORRELATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS WITH BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES AND WITH COCHLEAR ANATOMY.

Introduction The studies of Deol have shown that the hereditary deafness in the Shaker-1 mouse is genetically recessive and is transmitted by both sexes. 1,2 He has also reported that the cochlea is histologically normal at the age at which deafness behaviorly becomes total, namely, at about 3 weeks of age. Later, the cochlear structures become atrophic. The anatomical and behavioral observations from this laboratory are in agreement with Deol's. The present investigation correlates these observations with the changes found at different ages in the cochlear potentials and the eighth nerve activity. A strain of normal CBA-J mice was used for comparison with the deaf mice. Method Sixteen litter groups of Shaker-1 mice were used, comprising 78 animals. Litters were used throughout so that the mice could be controlled with their siblings. The round window of the mouse was exposed by making a hole in the laterocaudal aspect of the
Educational audit: One department's approach in an HMO setting*

The emergency staff of a large prepaid group practice developed a system of in house education for practicing emergency physicians based directly on feedback from their own practice. This feedback is derived from 1) the continuous audit of cases suggested for review by colleagues, deaths within 48 hours of admission through the emergency department and resuscitations in the emergency department, and 2) intermittent audit in the conventional manner of selected clinical entities. The theory of this system is that physicians' education should be based on individual strengths and weaknesses identified by the audit. The relevance of educational material thus identified increases the physicians' motivation to learn. Five cases discussed in the continuous audit are presented. The results of an intermittent audit of 50 cases of head injury, prompted by a case discussion, showed appropriate diagnoses and outcomes but deficiencies in the recording of process in medical records.
TREBIG: A 360/75 FORTRAN program for three-mode factor analysts designed for big data sets

In the analysis of multifactor, longitudinal data, it has long been the practice of investigators to factor analyze the data in each time period separately and then compare the factor structures by eye. This has obvious problems and various measures of similarity were devised, none of which really worked properly.
Picosecond intensifier gating with a plated webbing cathode underlay

Irising time of microchannel plate intensifiers with fiberopticcathode windows has been reduced to less than 100 ps. This is achieved by metalizing the fiberoptic's cladding glass to reduce cathode substrata resistance without reducing transmission of the cathode window. During irising, a bright ring is seen, first at the edge as it propagates toward the center. This time lag is caused by the distributed time constant of the substrata resistance and the cathode-to-MCP capacitance. Since the capacitance is fixed by restraints of tube geometry, our goal was to reduce the distributed resistance sufficiently to achieve sub-nano-second irising times. The process involves a number of steps. First, an approximately 34-nm-thick layer of nickel is evaporated over the cathode side of the fiberoptic window. Next, the nickel is coated with photoresist, which is exposed through the faceplate and the nickel, using the fiberoptics as a self-aligning mask. The photoresist is developed and washed off, exposing the nickel covering the active fiber area or core glass. At this point, photoresist still covers the nickel over the cladding glass or webbing, protecting it when the exposed nickel covering the core glass is etched away. Finally, the remaining photoresist is removed, leaving only the nickel covering the fiberoptic webbing. We processed several 18-mm faceplates from ITT, Fort Wayne, Indiana, and ITT used the plates to construct intensifiers which we tested for irising time. Photographs, as well as computer processed 3-D images of the output showed no irising. This means that any irising that occurs is clearly faster than the time resolution of our measurement system (which is estimated to be less than 50 ps).