cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scalable collective message-passing algorithms

Governments, universities, and companies expend vast resources building the top supercomputers. The processors and interconnect networks become faster, while the number of nodes grows exponentially. Problems of scale emerge, not least of which is collective performance. This thesis identifies and proposes solutions for two major scalability problems. Our first contribution is a novel algorithm for process-partitioning and remapping for exascale systems that has far better time and space scaling than known algorithms. Our evaluations predict an improvement of up to 60x for large exascale systems and arbitrary reduction in the large temporary buffer space required for generating new communicators. Our second contribution consists of several novel collective algorithms for Clos and torus networks. Known allgather, reduce-scatter, and composite algorithms for Clos networks suffer the worst congestion when the largest messages are exchanged, damaging performance. Known algorithms for torus networks use only one network port, regardless of how many are available. Unlike known algorithms, our algorithms have a small amount of redundant communication. Unlike known algorithms, our algorithms can be reordered so that congestion hinders small messages rather than large, and all ports can be fully used on multi-port torus networks. The redundant communication gives us this flexibility. On a 32k-node system, we deliver improvements of up to 11x for the reduce-scatter operation, when the native reduce-satter algorithm does not use special hardware, and 5.5x for the allgather operation. We show large improvements over native algorithms with as few as 16 processors.
DIVERGENT SELECTION UNDER TWO NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR PACKED ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME IN JAPANESE QUAIL

Two-way selection for two-week packed erythrocyte volume (PCV) was practiced for four generations under two nutritional environments in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). One environment was an iron, copper-"adequate" diet and the other was iron, copper-deficient "stress" diet. Response to selection was greater in both directions under the adequate environment than under the stress environment. After four generations of selection there were 29% and 18% differences between the high and low lines under the adequate and the stress environments, respectively. An asymmetry of response was observed toward the low line under the adequate environment and toward the high line under the stress environment. The realized heritability estimates for the high and low Fe-Cu-adequate lines were.26 and.35, respectively, while those for the high and low Fe-Cu-deficient lines were.16 and.06, respectively.
THE SATELLITE IONIZATION PHENOMENON AS STUDIED BY CW-REFLECTION AND PULSE RADAR TECHNIQUES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the satellite ionization phenomenon as studied by CW-reflection and pulse radar techniques. The observations made on satellite-related ionization effects are by both CW-reflection and pulse radar techniques mostly in the 10- to 20-Mc frequency range. Using the CW-reflection technique, the evidence is based to a considerable extent on close time correlations between reflected CW signals and passes of artificial earth satellites. Such events are considered to have some probability of relation to a satellite only if no other significant reflected signals are observed for long periods. Additional evidence of correlation with satellites may be inferred in the case of CW signal burst groups having a high degree of symmetry or other unique characteristics. Artificial earth satellites orbit at heights of the order of 100 miles or more in regions above the sensible earth's atmosphere.
Effect of Reduced Pressure and CO2 on the Toxicity of Methyl Bromide to Two Species of Stored-Product Insects

The combination of methyl bromide with either CO2 or reduced pressure (100 mm of Hg (absolute pressure)), or both, was tested against adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilas oryzae (L.) adults. The combinations increased the susceptibility of T. castaneum to methyl bromide by 1.6-fold. Their susceptibility to the combination of methyl bromide with both CO2 and reduced pressure was increased by ca. 2-fold at the LD50 but the LD95 was similar to those of the other treatments. Combining methyl bromide with 20% CO2 increased the susceptibility of adult S. oryzae to methyl bromide by 1.5-fold; the combination of methyl bromide with pressure reduced to 100 mm of Hg produced a response curve such that the LD50 of methyl bromide was lowered by ca. 4-fold, but the LD95 was not significantly different than the response to either methyl bromide alone or methyl bromide with 20% CO2, The combination of 20% CO2 with pressure reduced to 100 mm of Hg without methyl bromide produced 60% mortality of S. oryzae adults. Apparently, reduced pressure altered the mode of action of CO2 or methyl bromide against S. oryzae .
Identification of species-specific DNA sequences in North American blackflies

Blackflies are vectors for Onchocerca volvulus, a filarial parasite that infects tens of millions of people in Africa and Latin America. Different species of the insect vectors, varying greatly in their ability to transmit the infection, may populate overlapping geographical regions and be morphologically similar. A rapid and reliable method for distinguishing among blackfly species is presently not available. We have isolated cloned DNAs coding for repetitive sequences that can distinguish between two species of North American blackflies, Simulium pictipes and Simulium vittatum. These DNAs do not cross hybridize to three African blackfly species. The assay is very sensitive, less than 1/1000th of the amount of DNA in a single fly being sufficient for detection with a radioactive probe. Diagnosis with nonradioactive probes by a procedure that is amenable for use in the field was also demonstrated.
Inscribing ethics and values in designs for learning: a problematic

The exponential growth in technological capability has resulted in increased interest on the short- and long-term effects of designed artifacts, leading to a focus in many design fields on the ethics and values that are inscribed in the designs we create. While ethical awareness is a key concern in many engineering, technology, and design disciplines—even an accreditation requirement in many fields—instructional design and technology (IDT) has not historically focused their view of practice on ethics, instead relying on a more scientistic view of practice which artificially limits the designer’s interaction with the surrounding society through the artifacts and experiences they design. In this paper, we argue for a heightened view of designer responsibility and design process in an ethical framing, drawing on methods and theoretical frameworks of ethical responsibility from the broader design community. We then demonstrate the frequency of ethical concerns that emerge in a content analysis of design cases that document authentic instructional design practice. We conclude with two paths forward to improve instructional design education and research regarding the nature of practice, advocating for increased documentation of design precedent to generatively complicate our notions of the design process, and for the creation and use of critical designs to foreground ethical and value-related concerns in IDT research and practice.
Inferences of Extreme Value Distributions

In this chapter some inferences of extreme value distributions will be given. Some characterizations of the extreme value distributions are presented.
Safety of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Treatments and Practices

Abstract Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices and treatments is increasing around the world due to perceived health benefits, low cost and relatively low risk. The current literature on the safety and reported adverse, and especially toxic, effects of CAM treatments and practices was reviewed. A literature search of PubMed, Google Scholar, NIH, CINAHL, Science Direct and WHO databases for meta-analyses, case studies, and case reports published in English in the year 2016 was conducted to obtain data on the safety of CAM therapies and any reported adverse effects or contaminants. In this review, adverse effects of herbal dietary supplements (HDS) are organized by the different physiological systems affected. As expected, hepatotoxicity was the most frequently associated adverse effect with the HDS since the vast majority are consumed orally. Many examples of unintentional and intentional contamination of HDS, the latter most prevalent with sexual and performance enhancing HDS, were recorded. The adverse effects reported for mind–body therapies were fewer in number and severity as compared to HDS. The increasing use of CAM therapies and instances of toxicity and other adverse effects underscore the need for a better reporting and monitoring system for CAM. Safety of CAM practices and treatments is not prospectively regulated. In many cases, there is a lack of information until complaints against a particular product or practice are brought to governmental authorities. Healthcare providers should familiarize themselves with CAM practices and their benefits and risks to best care for their patient population.
Tobacco cessation and household spending on non-tobacco goods: results from the US Consumer Expenditure Surveys.

Objectives To estimate the impact of tobacco cessation on household spending on non-tobacco goods in the USA. Methods Using 2006–2015 Consumer Expenditure Survey data , 9130 tobacco-consuming households were followed for four quarters. Households were categorised during the fourth quarter as having: (1) recent tobacco cessation, (2) long-term cessation, (3) relapsed cessation or (4) no cessation. Generalised linear models were used to compare fourth quarter expenditures on alcohol, food at home, food away from home, housing, healthcare, transportation, entertainment and other goods between the no-cessation households and those with recent, long-term or relapsed cessation. The full sample was analysed, and then analysed by income quartile. Results In the full sample, households with long-term and recent cessation had lower spending on alcohol, food, entertainment and transportation (p Conclusions Households that quit tobacco spend less in areas that enable or complement their tobacco cessation, most of which may be motivated by financial strain. The most robust association between tobacco cessation and spending was the significantly lower spending on alcohol.
Efficacy of passive sampler collection for atmospheric NO2 isotopes under simulated environmental conditions.

Rationale Nitrogen oxides or NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) play an important role in air quality, atmospheric chemistry, and climate. The isotopic compositions of anthropogenic and natural NO2 sources are wide-ranging, and they can be used to constrain sources of ambient NO2 and associated atmospheric deposition of nitrogen compounds. While passive sample collection of NO2 isotopes has been used in field studies to determine NOx source influences on atmospheric deposition, this approach has not been evaluated for accuracy or precision under different environmental conditions. Methods The efficacy of NO2 passive sampler collection for NO2 isotopes was evaluated under varied temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions in a dynamic flux chamber. The precision and accuracy of the filter NO2 collection as nitrite (NO2–) for isotopic analysis were determined using a reference NO2 gas tank and through inter-calibration with a modified EPA Method 7. The bacterial denitrifer method was used to convert 20 μM of collected NO2– or nitrate (NO3–) into N2O and was carried out on an Isoprime continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Results δ15N-NO2 values determined from passive NO2 collection, in conditions of 11–34 °C, 1–78% RH, have an overall accuracy and precision of ±2.1 ‰, and individual run precision of ±0.6 ‰. δ18O-NO2 values obtained from passive NO2 sampler collection, under the same conditions, have an overall precision of ± 1.3 ‰. Conclusions Suitable conditions for passive sampler collection of NO2 isotopes are in environments ranging from 11 to 34 °C and 1 to 78% RH. The passive NO2 isotope measurement technique provides an accurate method to determine variations in atmospheric δ15N-NO2 values and a precise method for determining atmospheric δ18O-NO2 values. The ability to measure NO2 isotopes over spatial gradients at the same temporal resolution provides a unique perspective on the extent and seasonality of fluctuations in atmospheric NO2 isotopic compositions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revival of the oxidation number method for balancing redox equations

A study published in 2009 involving first-year students at Tshwane University of Technology in Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, showed that most of the students at that institution were not able...
Gestion des images additionnelles en IRM : le bilan de second-look

Resume Le bilan de « second-look », realise apres l’IRM mammaire, cherche a trouver une traduction aux rehaussements mis en evidence en IRM et a pratiquer des biopsies en cas de suspicion. Pour optimiser cette detection en echographie, il est necessaire de relire l’IRM, de connaitre les variations de position d’une lesion lors des differentes modalites, et de savoir reperer des images subtiles. Il peut etre interessant devant un rehaussement non-masse de pratiquer des cliches mammographiques complementaires, notamment des agrandissements a la recherche de microcalcifications. La tomosynthese peut aider a reveler des distorsions architecturales subtiles. Le taux de detection lors du bilan de second-look est tres heterogene dans la litterature ; les lesions malignes et a type de masses sont plus souvent detectees ; l’absence de detection d’une lesion n’exclut pas la malignite. Lorsqu’une biopsie percutanee a ete realisee, il est indispensable de placer un repere metallique dans le site de la biopsie afin de s’assurer de la bonne correlation multimodalites.
Uncertainties Related to Thermal Expansion in Dimensional Metrology

Thermal expansion effects are very important in dimensional metrology. In this paper a measurement model, and associated equations, are developed for the case of a one-dimensional measurement of a ...
Neutrophil and T-Cell Homeostasis in the Closed Eye.

Purpose This study sought to examine the changes and phenotype of the tear neutrophil and T-cell populations between early eyelid closure and after a full night of sleep. Methods Fourteen healthy participants were recruited and trained to wash the ocular surface with PBS for at-home self-collection of ocular surface and tear leukocytes following up to 1 hour of sleep and a full night of sleep (average 7 hours), on separate days. Cells were isolated, counted, and incubated with fluorescently labeled antibodies to identify neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. For neutrophil analysis, samples were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or calcium ionophore (CaI) before antibody incubation. Flow cytometry was performed. Results Following up to 1 hour of sleep, numerous leukocytes were collected (2.6 × 105 ± 3.0 × 105 cells), although significantly (P < 0.005) more accumulated with 7 hours of sleep (9.9 × 105 ± 1.2× 106 cells). Neutrophils (65%), T cells (3%), and monocytes (1%) were identified as part of the closed eye leukocyte infiltration following 7 hours of sleep. Th17 cells represented 22% of the total CD4+ population at the 7-hour time point. Neutrophil phenotype changed with increasing sleep, with a downregulation of membrane receptors CD16, CD11b, CD14, and CD15, indicating a loss in the phagocytic capability of neutrophils. Conclusions Neutrophils begin accumulating in the closed eye conjunctival sac much earlier than previously demonstrated. The closed eye tears are also populated with T cells, including a subset of Th17 cells. The closed eye environment is more inflammatory than previously thought and is relevant to understanding ocular homeostasis.
Identification of bitter compounds in extruded corn puffed products.

Abstract Differences in the taste profile of corn puffed products formulated with refined versus whole grain mix flour were characterized. The perceived bitter intensity was reported to be the main taste difference between the samples. Based on multidimensional sensory-guided fractionation techniques and subsequent identification by MS and NMR analysis, the primary bitter compounds identified in the whole grain sample were l -tryptophan, chaenorpine, N1,N5-Di-[E]-p-coumaroyl-spermidine, and terrestribisamide. All compounds were reported to contribute to bitterness perception at the concentrations reported in the saliva after mastication of the extruded products; chaenorphine had the highest contribution to the perceived bitterness. All bitter compounds were endogenous products of the corn.
Barley β-glucan in poultry diets

There has been an increased interest in the use of immunomodulators as substitutes for antibiotics in food animal production. Beta-glucans from yeast and fungi may be ideal substitutes because of their positive effects on the avian immune system without adversely affecting poultry performance. Barley β-glucans, however, have not shown this potential due to the adverse effects dietary inclusion of barley has on poultry performance.
Advanced Model Initialization Techniques

In this chapter, we introduce several advanced deep neural network (DNN) model initialization or pretraining techniques. These techniques have played important roles in the early days of deep learning research and continue to be useful under many conditions. We focus our presentation of pretraining DNNs on the following topics: the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), which by itself is an interesting generative model, the deep belief network (DBN), the denoising autoencoder, and the discriminative pretraining.
Some Essential Elements of Quantum Mechanics

This chapter reviews basic concepts in quantum mechanics, operators and their applications, energy quantization in quantum-confined systems (i.e. nanostructures) such as quantum wells, wires and dots, and ends with a description of time-independent and time-dependent perturbation theory. The purpose is to present the essential tools needed to understand and appreciate the quantum foundations of nanostructured solid state devices. As an example of applying quantum mechanics to a solid state device, time-independent perturbation theory is employed to elucidate the operation of an electro-optic modulator based on the quantum-confined Stark effect. Performance metrics of this device are calculated using perturbation theory, thereby exemplifying how quantum mechanics plays a critical role in device operation.
The Enhanced Detection of Persistent Disease After Prostatectomy with a New Prostate Specific Antigen Immunoassay

AbstractProstate specific antigen (PSA) determinations after radical prostatectomy are valuable in detecting persistent disease. Previously, we determined that 0.4ng./ml. PSA was a reliable clinical threshold using the Hybritech Tandem-R PSA assay. Recently, we reported that a new PSA immunoassay (Abbott IMx PSA††Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois.) correlated well with results of the Tandem-R immunoradiometric PSA assay and had a lower threshold. Using a conservative threshold of 0.1ng./ml. PSA for the IMx PSA assay, we analyzed IMx PSA values in serial postoperative serum from 72 radical prostatectomy patients whose initial Tandem-R levels were less than 0.4ng./ml. PSA. The lower detection limits of the IMx PSA assay allowed approximately a third (15 of 42) more detection of persistent disease within 8 months of surgery. When the PSA level remained undetectable for more than 8 months but the disease eventually recurred the lead times averaged 9 to 12 months when 0.1ng./ml. PSA was used to signif...
A novel method for demonstrating a nuclear 30-32S precursor of the RNA of the smaller ribosomal subunit in Amoeba proteus.

Nuclei containing 3H-RNA were transplanted into unlabeled cytoplasms. The next day the nuclei were separated from the cytoplasms and analyses were made of the 3H-RNA that had left the nucleus and the 3H-RNA that had appeared in the cytoplasm. The sucrose density patterns of these 2 kinds of RNA were not alike and the simplest explanations of the difference appears to be that nuclear 30-32S RNA contains a precursor of cytoplasmic 19S ribosomal RNA.
Flow-induced oscillations of low-aspect-ratio flexible plates with various tip geometries

The distinctive oscillations and induced wake of wall-mounted thin plates with flat, elliptic, and aristate tips were experimentally studied under nearly uniform flows for various Cauchy numbers, Ca. Particle tracking velocimetry and planar particle image velocimetry were used to characterize the dynamics of the plates and surrounding flow. The results show that the oscillations of the plates were dominated by their natural frequency across Ca. The structures underwent distinctive reconfigurations which led to asymmetric distributions of the tip fluctuations with respect to the equilibrium position. Interestingly, the oscillation intensity of the plates reached a local maximum at a critical Cauchy number Cacri, which increased with narrower tip. This is explained with a basic model that accounts for the nonlinear structure bending and the flow fluctuations in the vicinity of the structures. The very near wake was characterized by two recirculation regions at sufficiently low Ca, one at the base of the plates and another right above it extending up to the tip. However, the recirculation region near the tip eventually vanished under large structure bending at sufficiently high Ca, which led to increased mean shear. Also, the turbulence levels were dominated by the streamwise component of the velocity fluctuations around the tips, where the aristate tip induced the lowest levels.
Blazing Scholarly Ground: From International Studies to Global Studies

Esser and Mittelman argue that Manfred Steger’s work lays the groundwork for reimagining theoretical categories and methodologies to study the global knowledge structure. They introduce four recurrent themes in his writing: identifying the limitations of disciplinary social science, conceptualizing transdisciplinarity, developing globalization research and global studies, and translating ideational constructs into action in the form of ‘justice globalism.’ Esser and Mittelman then offer a comprehensive overview of subsequent chapters with a focus on synthesizing Steger’s main scholarly contributions. These centrally include his critique of dominant ontological formations, his embrace of plurality, and his openness to understanding globalization as practice. They conclude by stressing the need for global studies as an emerging transdisciplinary field to constructively engage with the mainstream’s resistance against epistemological innovation.
The ‘Rich’ and ‘Poor’: The Widening Income and Development Gap Between Rich and Poor Nations Worldwide

Wealth inequalities both within and between nations has reached an extreme point and is continuing to increase (Collier P. The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007; Henneberg S, The wealth gaps. Farmington Hills: Greenhaven Publishing, 2017). Today, approximately 8% of the world’s population owns approximately 85% of the world’s wealth, much of it held just by the upper 1% of the global population, whereas the “bottom” 92% of the world’s population hold somewhat less than 15% of global wealth (Burton J, 25 Highest income earning countries. World Atlas; Economics, April 25. Retrieved March 23, 2018 from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-incomes-in-the-world.html, 2017a; Countries with the lowest income in the world. World Atlas: Economics, April 25. Retrieved March 23, 2018 from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-lowest-income-in-the-world.html, 2017b; Frank RH, Falling behind: how rising inequality harms the middle class. University of California Press, Berkeley 2007; Piketty T, Capital in the twenty-first century (A. Goldhammer, Trans.). Belknap Press, Cambridge, 2017). Further, contemporary trends in the global wealth patterns contribute to a high sense of subjective ill-being among large segments of the global population, even within economically advanced countries (Clark A, Senik C, Happiness and economic growth: lessons from developing countries. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017; Helliwell J, Layard R, Sachs J, World happiness report, 2017. Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York, 2017). The present scenario can be improved upon however, but it will require a more equitable flow of net national wealth to a larger share of the world’s national and global populations (Estes RJ, Sirgy MJ, Chapter 20: Well-being from a global perspective. In R. J. Estes & M. J. Sirgy (Eds.), The pursuit of well-being: the untold global history. Springer, Cham, 2017b; Graham C Happiness around the world: the paradox of happy peasants and miserable millionaires. Oxford University Press, New York, 2012; Stiglitz JE, The price of inequality: how today’s divided society endangers our future. W.W. Norton Books, New York, 2013).
A Corpus of Encyclopedia Articles with Logical Forms.

People can extract precise, complex logical meanings from text in documents such as tax forms and game rules, but language processing systems lack adequate training and evaluation resources to do these kinds of tasks reliably. This paper describes a corpus of annotated typed lambda calculus translations for approximately 2,000 sentences in Simple English Wikipedia, which is assumed to constitute a broad-coverage domain for precise, complex descriptions. The corpus described in this paper contains a large number of quantifiers and interesting scoping configurations, and is presented specifically as a resource for quantifier scope disambiguation systems, but also more generally as an object of linguistic study.
Dietary carbohydrates restriction inhibits the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

Aims A diet with modified components, such as a ketogenic low-carbohydrate (LC) diet, potentially extends longevity and healthspan. However, how a LC diet impacts on cardiac pathology during hemodynamic stress remains elusive. This study evaluated the effects of a LC diet high in either fat (Fat-LC) or protein (Pro-LC) in a mouse model of chronic hypertensive cardiac remodeling. Methods and results Wild-type mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction, followed by feeding with the Fat-LC, the Pro-LC, or a high-carbohydrate control diet. After 4 weeks, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, histological and biochemical analyses were performed. LC diet consumption after pressure overload inhibited the development of pathological hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction compared to the control diet. An anti-hypertrophic serine/threonine kinase, GSK-3β, was re-activated by both LC diets; however, the Fat-LC, but not the Pro-LC, diet exerted cardioprotection in GSK-3β cardiac-specific knockout mice. β-hydroxybutyrate, a major ketone body in mammals, was increased in the hearts of mice fed the Fat-LC, but not the Pro-LC, diet. In cardiomyocytes, ketone body supplementation inhibited phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy, in part by suppressing mTOR signaling. Conclusions Strict carbohydrate restriction suppresses pathological cardiac growth and heart failure after pressure overload through distinct anti-hypertrophic mechanisms elicited by supplemented macronutrients. Translational perspective Hemodynamic stress, such as hypertension, induces pathological cardiac hypertrophy, leading to heart failure. There is growing evidence that modulating components of diet affects cardiac function in humans, although the causality and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Our study demonstrates that strict restriction of dietary carbohydrates supplemented with either fat or proteins during acute hemodynamic stress attenuates the development and progression of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure by activating distinct anti-hypertrophic and cardioprotective signaling mechanisms. The study suggests that it would be useful to investigate the therapeutic benefit of carbohydrate restriction in patients with hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in clinical studies.
A Welcoming Office

First impressions are important and your patient’s experiences with your front office, nurses, and their perceptions of your personal commitment will influence their opinion of your suitability for their care, respect for your ability, and regard for your advice. Engage with your patient using good listening skills; be alert to body language. Learn to consider the real reason your patient is in your office and how this may be different than the chief complaint. Learn how to show empathy without trivializing your patient’s feelings. The doctor-patient relationship is about a collaboration with you, the expert in medicine, and your patient an expert in their own personal needs. Consider your patient’s physical comfort and emotional needs. To be a success, your patient must feel you have paid proper attention to their story and you care about their health. Without that, your patient is not likely to adhere to the treatment plan, and the office consultation will have been a waste of time and money. Social media can add education and outreach to an office practice, but as with any personal interaction, there are certain rules one should follow or disaster can result.
Intelligent IoT systems for civil infrastructure health monitoring: a research roadmap

This paper addresses the problem of efficient and effective data collection and analytics for applications such as civil infrastructure monitoring and emergency management. Such problem requires the development of techniques by which data acquisition devices, such as IoT devices, can: (a) perform local analysis of collected data; and (b) based on the results of such analysis, autonomously decide further data acquisition. The ability to perform local analysis is critical in order to reduce the transmission costs and latency as the results of an analysis are usually smaller in size than the original data. As an example, in case of strict real-time requirements, the analysis results can be transmitted in real-time, whereas the actual collected data can be uploaded later on. The ability to autonomously decide about further data acquisition enhances scalability and reduces the need of real-time human involvement in data acquisition processes, especially in contexts with critical real-time requirements. The paper focuses on deep neural networks and discusses techniques for supporting transfer learning and pruning, so to reduce the times for training the networks and the size of the networks for deployment at IoT devices. We also discuss approaches based on machine learning reinforcement techniques enhancing the autonomy of IoT devices.
Interplay between Cation and Anion Redox in Ni-Based Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes

The reversibility of the redox processes plays a crucial role in the electrochemical performance of lithium-excess cation-disordered rocksalt (DRX) cathodes. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of the redox reactions in a representative Ni-based DRX cathode. The aim of this work is to elucidate the roles of multiple cations and anions in the charge compensation mechanism that is ultimately linked to the electrochemical performance of Ni-based DRX cathode. The low-voltage reduction reaction results in the low energy efficiency and strong voltage hysteresis. Our data reveal that the Mo migration between octahedral and tetrahedral sites enhances the O reduction potential, thus offering a potential strategy to improve energy efficiency. This work highlights the important role that the high-valence transition metal plays in the redox chemistry and provides useful insights into the potential pathway to further address the challenges in Ni-based DRX systems.
Neighborhood Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in the Food and Alcohol Environment: Are There Differences by Commercial Data Sources?

This study examined neighborhood racial and socioeconomic disparities and the density of food and alcohol establishments. We also examined whether these disparities differed by data source. This study included commercial data for 2003 and 2009 from InfoUSA and Dun and Bradstreet (D&B) in 416 census tracts in Allegheny County, PA. Food and alcohol establishment densities were calculated by using area and population data from the 2000 US census. Differences between InfoUSA and D&B of food and alcohol densities across neighborhood racial and socioeconomic characteristics were tested using correlations and two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA). There were differences by data source in the association between neighborhood racial and socioeconomic characteristics and food/alcohol establishment density. There was a positive correlation between grocery store/supermarket density and percentage black, poverty, and percentage without a car among D&B data but not in InfoUSA. Alcohol outlet density (AOD) increased as neighborhood poverty increased for both data sources, but the mean difference in AOD between InfoUSA and D&B was highest among neighborhoods with 25–50 % poverty (Cohen’s d −0.49, p < 0.001) compared to neighborhoods with lower or higher poverty (2003 data). Mean grocery store density increased as percentage poverty increased, but only among D&B (2009 data). Differences in commercial data in the location and numeration of food and alcohol establishments are associated with neighborhood racial and socioeconomic characteristics and may introduce biases concerning neighborhood food and alcohol environments, racial and socioeconomic disparities, and health.
An estimate from below for the Markov constant of a Cantor repeller

(2) ‖Dp‖E ≤M(deg p)‖p‖E , E is a compact in R, p is a polynomial of n real variables. When J lies on a line in C (1) becomes exactly the one-dimensional version of (2). Let us start with mentioning that the description of compacts E (or J) satisfying (2) is not known. Some partial results are known. W. Paw lucki and W. Pleśniak [1], [2] showed that (2) holds whenever E is uniformly polynomially cuspidal (UPC). In particular, every subanalytic compact set E with E = intE being UPC satisfies (2). J. Siciak gave an important sufficient condition for (2). Let us consider E ⊂ R ⊂ C. For (2) to hold, it is sufficient that the function
Causes and Predictors of 30-Day Readmission After Shoulder and Knee Arthroscopy: An Analysis of 15,167 Cases

Purpose To evaluate the incidence, causes, and risk factors for unplanned 30-day readmission after shoulder and knee arthroscopy. Methods A multicenter, prospective clinic registry, the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, was queried for Current Procedural Terminology codes representing the most common shoulder and knee arthroscopic procedures. Unplanned readmissions within 30 days were evaluated dichotomously, and causes of readmission were identified. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify variables predictive of readmission. Results In total, we identified 15,167 patients who underwent shoulder and knee arthroscopic procedures in 2012. Overall, 136 (0.90%) were readmitted within 30 days, and the rates were similar after shoulder (0.86%) and knee (0.92%) procedures. Readmissions were most common after arthroscopic debridement of the knee (1.56%) and lowest after rotator cuff and labral repairs (0.68%) and cruciate reconstructions (0.78%). The most common causes of readmission were surgical-site infections (37.1%), deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (17.1%), and postoperative pain (7.1%). Multivariate analysis identified age older than 80 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 8.1), chronic steroid use (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.5 to 7.2), and elevated American Society of Anesthesiologists class (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 12.0) as independent risk factors for readmission. Conclusions The rate of unplanned readmissions within 30 days of shoulder and knee arthroscopic procedures is low, at 0.92%, with wound-related complications being the most common cause. In patients with advanced age, with chronic steroid use, and with chronic systemic disease, the risk of readmission may be higher. These findings may aid in the informed-consent process, patient optimization, and the quality-reporting risk-adjustment process. Level of Evidence Level III, prognostic study.
Radiation Time, Dose, and Fractionation in the Treatment of Lung Cancer

Radiation therapy has been an important component of potentially curative treatment of lung cancer for more than 40 years. The radiosensitivity of normal tissues in the thorax, especially the normal lung and esophagus, has led to efforts to enhance the antitumor effects of radiation while reducing its acute and late adverse effects on normal tissues. Improving local control of medically inoperable or locally advanced unresectable disease (stage III non-small cell lung cancer or limited-stage small cell lung cancer, defined as disease confined to one hemithorax and the ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph nodes) can favorably influence overall survival rates. The therapeutic ratio of radiation for the treatment of lung cancer can be improved by increasing the biological dose to maintain local control while protecting normal tissues. One way of doing so is through the use of fractionation, that is, manipulating the time interval and dose of radiation to optimize the therapeutic ratio. Topics covered in this chapter include dose escalation with standard fractionation or hyperfractionation; large-dose fractionation and stereotactic body radiation therapy; accelerated fractionation; means of reducing the target volume by using techniques such as 3-dimensional conformal or intensity-modulated radiation therapy; proton therapy; the importance of accounting for tumor motion; and the use of combined thoracic radiation and concurrent chemotherapy.
Calculation of decision levels and minimum detectable concentrations from method blank and sample uncertainty data — utopian statistics

Calculation of meaningful minimum detectable concentrations (MDCs) and decision levels (DLs) requires proper evaluation of all uncertainties and biases of the measurement process as determined by appropriate blanks. Using a population of method blank results to estimate σblank is appropriate for calculation of MDCs since MDC is an a priori concept and not intended to be sample specific. Using a population of method blanks for calculation of sample specific decision levels (DLs) requires estimation of σblank from net counts or count-rate so that sample specific efficiency, recovery, decay correction, and other factors can be used. However, data has shown that DLs calculated as 1.65σsample are easier to implement and compare favorably with DLs calculated as the tσblank when a total propagated uncertainty (TPU) is reported by the laboratory and used to estimate σsample instead of just the counting uncertainty. DLs calculated in either of these ways resulted in no more than 5% false positives.
Evaluating pH in the Extracellular Tumor Microenvironment Using CEST MRI and Other Imaging Methods

Tumor acidosis is a consequence of altered metabolism, which can lead to chemoresistance and can be a target of alkalinizing therapies. Noninvasive measurements of the extracellular pH (pHe) of the tumor microenvironment can improve diagnoses and treatment decisions. A variety of noninvasive imaging methods have been developed for measuring tumor pHe. This review provides a detailed description of the advantages and limitations of each method, providing many examples from previous research reports. A substantial emphasis is placed on methods that use MR spectroscopy and MR imaging, including recently developed methods that use chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI that combines some advantages of MR spectroscopy and imaging. Together, this review provides a comprehensive overview of methods for measuring tumor pHe, which may facilitate additional creative approaches in this research field.
Who's Pulling the Fracking Strings? Power, collaboration and Colorado fracking policy

Scholars have looked towards collaborative governance as one means to resolve complex environmental issues and this has travelled to the administrative policy realm in the form of negotiated rulemaking or more recently shuttle diplomacy. What is missing from this administrative literature, and that of collaborative governance literature more generally, is a discussion of the role of power in these processes. This paper provides a case study of the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission's (COGCC) collaborative rule-making, the Statewide Groundwater Baseline Sampling and Monitoring Rule, to serve as a launch point to evaluate the role of power in state-level collaborative processes. This research provides original interview data from agency staff and stakeholders to explore the ability of certain groups to exercise the power of agenda control to influence the outcome of the process in the controversial fracking arena. Here, the governor and agency staff were important in defining the problem, but determining the available solutions was more open to privileged stakeholders, namely industry. The interviewees suggested that these dynamics carry over to other COGCC rule-makings and as such future scholars should evaluate the agenda control strategies of these groups to better understand why collaborative policy-making, especially in the administrative realm, unfolds as it does. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Compressibility of liquids: Theoretical basis for a century of empiricism

We show how the successful empirical results of the past century for the compressibility of liquids can be obtained from a recent statistical-mechanical theory that includes dense fluids as well as low-density gases and vapors. The theory also shows to what extent the results for liquids can be extended to dense supercritical fluids and how they can be generalized to any number of dimensions. For simplicity only argon and a Lennard-Jones (12,6) fluid are examined in detail, but the results can probably be extended to real molecular fluids.
'Hungry Eyes' : visual processing of food images in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome

Background Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder associated with intellectual disabilities, compulsivity, hyperphagia and increased risks of life-threatening obesity. Food preferences in people with PWS are well documented, but research has yet to focus on other properties of food in PWS, including composition and suitability for consumption. It is also unclear how food perceptions differ across the two major genetic subtypes of PWS. Methods This study examined neural responses to food stimuli in 17 adults with PWS, nine with paternal deletions and eight with maternal uniparental disomy (UPD), and in nine age-matched typical controls. Visual event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in response to food images varying in food composition and suitability for consumption during a passive viewing paradigm. Results Group differences were observed for the N1 and P3 responses reflecting perceptual categorisation and motivational relevance respectively. The deletion group categorised food stimuli in terms of composition while the UPD group performed more similar to the controls, and focused on the suitability of food for consumption. Individual differences in N1 amplitude correlated with body mass index and scores on the Hyperphagia Questionnaire. Conclusion Differences are seen in how people with PWS because of deletion or UPD perceive visual food stimuli even within the first milliseconds of stimuli exposure. Implications are discussed for in vivo food behaviours and for future ERP or neuroimaging studies on hunger, satiety and food perception in PWS.
Aggressive behavior in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) of two ages.

Frequency of eight components of aggressive behavior was observed in small groups of parr and yearling rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri Richardson) maintained in aquarium environments. Parr and yearlings interacted aggressively at comparable rates. However, these rates were considerably higher than those observed in natural environments byJenkins 1969, probably because stimuli which elicit aggression (i.e., cues arising from cohabitants, especially submissive ones) are continuously present in aquaria while escape is possible for a submissive fish in nature. Although age groups did not differ in rate of aggressive interaction, the composition of their respective repertories was markedly different. Parr had a higher probability of biting each other than yearlings, while the latter showed a higher probability of resolving agonistic encounters with ritualized activities. These differences are interpreted in terms of differentiation of attack-intention movements and social learning during the first year of ontongeny.
Distribution of Lipase in Milk Proteins. II. Dissociation from κ-Casein with Dimethylformamide

Abstract The distribution of lipase among milk proteins was investigated by chromatography on DEAE cellulose and filtration through Sephadex G-200. Protein components were identified by electrophoresis in starch gel containing 7 m urea. The effect of the dissociating agent dimethylformamide on distribution of lipase was studied. Results showed that the lipase in milk is normally associated with κ -casein but can be dissociated from it. It is concluded that lipase is a discrete minor component of the casein system.
Accelerating nonlinear diffusion tensor estimation for medical image processing using high performance GPU clusters

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a non-invasive magnetic resonance technique that produces in vivo images of biological tissues with local microstructural characteristics such as water diffusion. It can be used, for example, to localize white matter lesions, or in neuro-navigation surgery of brain tumors. Diffusion tensor maps are usually computed on a voxel-by-voxel basis by fitting the signal intensities of diffusion weighted images as a function of their corresponding data acquisition parameters. This processing is highly computation-intensive and can be time-consuming which constraints the clinical use of DTI. This study presents the application of using high performance GPU clusters in diffusion tensor estimation by accelerating the multivariate non-linear regression. The results are tested in simulated DTI brain datasets and show significant performance gain in tensor fitting in addition to favorable scalability characteristics. The proposed GPU implementation framework can further promote the clinical use of DTI, and can be used to accelerate statistical analysis of DTI where Monte Carlo simulations are employed, or readily applied to quantitative assessment of DTI using bootstrap analysis.