cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of a gene for a minor chorion protein in Drosophila melanogaster: a new chorion structural locus.

A minor chorion protein (called s70) with an approximate molecular weight of 70,000 D has been characterized in Drosophila melanogaster. The Staket geographic strain was found to carry an electophoretic variant of this eggshell component and was used to determine the chromosomal location of the s70 gene. Our results establish a new locus for a chorion gene near yellow on the X chromosome and represent the first mapping of a quantitatively minor eggshell protein.
Learning Multiple Latent Variables with Self-Organizing Maps

Inference of latent variables from complicated data is one important problem in data mining. The high dimensionality and high complexity of real world data often make accurate inference difficult. We approach this challenge with a neural architecture we call Conjoined Twins, which is a two-layer feed forward network with a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) as its hidden layer. Its output layer can preferentially use different numbers (k) of SOM winners for the inference of different latent variables. We introduced this architecture in our previous work. In this paper we propose an automated procedure for the customization of k and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by the inference of two physical parameters of icy planetary surfaces from spectroscopic data.
An environmental impact comparison of single-use and reusable thermally controlled shipping containers

Pharmaceutical and biological materials require thermally controlled environments when being transported between manufacturers, clinics, and hospitals. It is the purpose of this report to compare the life cycle impacts of two distinct logistical approaches to packaging commonly used in cold chain logistics and to identify the method of least environmental burden. The approaches of interest are single-use packaging utilizing containers insulated with either polyurethane or polystyrene and reusable packaging utilizing containers with vacuum-insulated panels. This study has taken a cradle-to-grave perspective, which covers material extraction, manufacture, assembly, usage, transportation, and end-of-life realities. The functional unit of comparison is a 2-year clinical trial consisting of 30,000 individual package shipments able to maintain roughly 12 L of payload at a controlled 2–8 °C temperature range for approximately 96 h. Published life-cycle inventory data were used for process and material emissions. A population-centered averaging method was used to estimate transportation distances to and from clinical sites during container use. Environmental impacts of the study include global warming potential, eutrophication potential, acidification potential, photochemical oxidation potential, human toxicity potential, and postconsumer waste. The average single-use approach emits 1,122 tonnes of CO2e compared with 241 tonnes with the reusable approach over the functional unit. This is roughly a 75 % difference in global warming potential between the two approaches. Similar differences exist in other impact categories with the reusable approach showing 60 % less acidification potential, 65 % less eutrophication potential, 85 % less photochemical ozone potential, 85 % less human toxicity potential, and 95 % less postconsumer waste. The cradle-to-gate emissions of the single-use container were the overwhelming cause of its high environmental burden as 30,000 units were required to satisfy the functional unit rather than 772 for the reusable approach. The reusable container was about half the mass of the average single-use container, which lowered its transportation emissions below the single-use approach despite an extra leg of travel. The reusable logistical approach has shown to impose a significantly smaller environmental burden in all impact categories of interest. A sensitivity analysis has shown some leeway in the degree of the environmental advantage of the reusable approach, but it confirms the conclusion as no case proved otherwise.
Vascular smooth muscle: aerobic glycolysis linked to sodium and potassium transport processes

Under aerobic conditions, glucose is primarily catabolized by vascular smooth muscle to lactate, in spite of an adequate oxidative capacity. Although this is often considered to be indicative of some nonspecific metabolic insufficiency, there is evidence that aerobic glycolysis is specifically coupled to sodium and potassium transport processes, whereas oxidative metabolism is couple to contracticle energy requirements.
Automated tool sequence selection for 3-axis machining of free-form pockets

Abstract This paper describes an efficient method to find the lowest cost tool sequence for rough machining free-form pockets on a 3-axis milling machine. The free-form pocket is approximated to within a predefined tolerance of the desired surface using series of 2.5-D layers of varying thicknesses that can be efficiently removed with flat-end milling cutters. A graph-based method finds an optimal sequence of tools for rough machining the approximated pocket. The algorithm used here can be tuned to suit any available tool set and preferred cost models. The tool sequence that is obtained is near optimal, and may take into account tool wear, as well as various overhead costs of the machine shop.
POSTER: “Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain NCIMB 11764, a unique bacterium with cyanide adaptation features”

Cyanide is a potent poison that can be found naturally in some environments, and released as a waste in human activities. Cyanide waste is indeed a public health and an environmental concern. Its removal is an important issue, which has been addressed by chemical-physical methods or by alternatives such as bioremediation, which utilize organisms that can degrade cyanide. Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB11764 (Pf11764) bacterium is capable of utilize cyanide as its sole nitrogen source. However, the complete pathways involved in its metabolism are unclear. Therefore, to learn more about the unique genetic features of Pf11764, we characterized the bacterium's genome using next-generation sequencing technology. Our main objectives were to characterize and identify the genes involved in cyanide degradation and to study potential resistance pathways present in this genome.
Vera Zasulich, the shooting of Trepov and the growth of political terrorism in Russia, 1878–1881

Abstract This article is an analysis of a trial that has been described as the most momentous in the history of Imperial Russia. In January 1878 Vera Zasulich, later a correspondent of Marx and a critic of Lenin, shot at and wounded Fyodor Trepov, the Governor of St. Petersburg; her trial and acquittal a few months later sparked a wave of political terrorism in Russia that culminated on March 1, 1881 in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II. The article attempts to demonstrate, among other things, that the Trepov shooting was hardly the political act it was perceived to be by contemporaries who were inspired by it to resort to terrorism in an effort to overthrow autocracy. That historians as well have treated the Trepov shooting as “political'’ makes it imperative that this misperception be corrected. The author concludes from a lengthy exploration of Zasulich's motives that, in moral terms, they compare favorably with those of most terrorists today.
Polymorphisms in the paraoxonase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase genes and the risk of early-onset myocardial infarction.

In young patients, the accumulative burden of traditional cardiovascular risk factors may not be as significant as in an older population. Genetic risk factors were suggested to have a role in the early development of myocardial infarction (MI). However, data about the association between polymorphisms in heart disease–related genes and the early onset of a first MI are limited. In the present study, age at onset of a first MI was related to individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms in each of 18 prespecified candidate genes in a cohort of 814 patients enrolled in the Thrombogenic Factors and Recurrent Coronary Events (THROMBO) Study. Multivariate regression analysis showed in patients who had the high-risk genotypes of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Q192R and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) E298D that ages at onset of a first MI were 1.8 (p = 0.02) and 3.5 years (p = 0.02) earlier than in noncarriers of the genotypes, respectively. Consistently, high-risk genotypes of the PON1 Q192R and eNOS E298D polymorphisms were significantly associated with onset of a first MI at age
A radiotracer technique for determining the solubilities of thallium crown ether complexes in organic solvents

A radiotracer method to measure the solubility of thallium crown ether complexes is reported. Tl-204 is used as the radiotracer. The method is capable of a precision of 1% or better. The solubilities of 18-crown-6-bis-/thallium-o-nitrophenoxide/ in acetonitrile, benzene, chloroform and DMF were measured.
II. On Edmund Burke's Doctrine of Prescription; or, An Appeal from the New to the Old Lawyers

Until about fifteen years ago, most modern scholars saw Edmund Burke's thought largely as a reaction to the philosophical and political rationalism of his time: to them, although Burke was reactive, his revolt was original. When scholars did seek the historical ‘origin’ of his thought, it was generally found in Whiggery and that convenient catch-all ‘the’ British tradition of empiricist philosophizing. Of late, two groups of scholars have sought and found other ‘origins’: the first group, larger and perhaps better-known, finds Burke's thought to be rooted in the principles of ‘the’ natural law and, perhaps, also in the dictates of scholastic prudence; the other group, tiny and less well known, finds in Burke's traditionalism a partial continuation of the traditional way of thinking of seventeenth-century common lawyers. One consequence of undertaking this disinterment of Burke's ‘origins’ has been the burial of Burke's originality.
Composite Propagation Experiments on Pulsed Microwaves

Composite Propagation Experiments on Pulsed MicrowavesGeorge C. GiakosDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Tennessee, P0. Box 63209, Memphis, TN 38163T. Koryu IshiiDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringMarquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233Abstract: This paper describes a series of experiments and calibrationtechniques aimed at a better understanding of observed anomalous pulsedmicrowave composite propagation phenomena. It will be demonstrated thatearlywavefront contributions, associated with the precursor of pulsed microwavespropagating in air—waveguide structures, and observed slightly above the noiselevel of the system, exhibit small propagation times corresponding to thephase velocity of the pulsed microwave in the dispersive medium. On the otherhand, lack of detection sensitivity, can lead to the observation ofunphysicallarge time delays, and be interpreted based on the intuition of the observer,or in the worst of the cases, as noise.1. INTRODUCTIONPropagation studies in composite media has been always of increasinginterest not only from an academic view point but also for engineeringapplications such as electromagnetic interactions with the atmosphere,ionosphere and troposphere, subsurface imaging, sea—ice electromagnetics,metereological applications, propagation in chiral media, and biomedicalinterrogation of multilayered dispersive media as applied to medical imagingand treatment. However, the already existing information mainly relies onthe net characteristics of the received signal. Thepurpose of this work is topresent a detailed study on the propagation characteristics of the earlywavefront onset, measured just above the noise level of the
A Study of Point Defects and Cause of Nonstoichiometry in InSb Nanowires

Synthesis of InSb nanowires using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is technically challenging due to the tuning of III-V vapor pressures. Growth parameters such as the choice of the metal catalyst, growth temperature and vapor pressure of constituents affect the morphology and stoichiometry of InSb nanowires. By controlling the growth temperature, it was possible to grow either stoichiometric InSb nanowires or In nanowires that contained no Sb within detectable limits. We present a simple model to show that the occurrence of native point defects in InSb is influenced by the growth kinetics and by the thermodynamics of defect formation. Results from this model are in good agreement with our experimental findings of the evidence of point defects in these nanowires.
Hospice Caregivers' Experiences With Pain Management: “I'm Not a Doctor, and I Don't Know if I Helped Her Go Faster or Slower”

Context Those caring for their loved ones in hospice experience tremendous stress, being faced with numerous decisions as they work to manage the pain experienced by their loved one. Although hospice care teams create pain management strategies, it is the role of the caregiver to implement these plans.
Community Health Centers And Medicaid At 50: An Enduring Relationship Essential For Health System Transformation

Community health centers reach their fiftieth anniversary in 2015, along with Medicaid. Health policy makers have understood the programs’ symbiotic connection from the earliest days of their implementation. Medicaid’s expansion and growth have made the modern community health center program possible, while health centers represent one of the principal sources of primary care for the nation’s Medicaid population. With their shared mission and high level of interdependence, Medicaid and community health centers are essential for continued health system transformation in medically underserved communities nationwide—for example, by implementing delivery system reforms aimed at increasing clinical integration and improving efficiencies and by becoming medical homes for high-risk patients. Achieving this transformation will depend on the ability of community health centers and Medicaid to understand and respond to the challenges that each faces, while fully deploying the strengths that each has to offer.
Popularizing Biotechnology: The Influence of Issue Definition

In recent years, the image of biotechnology has been transformed from one of danger and uncertainty to one of opportunity and familiarity. This article explores the process of issue definition by examining the efforts of private interests and public officials. An analysis of interview data, public documents, and other sources reveals four methods of issue definition: (1) establishing the "biotechnology industry" as a collective voice, (2) forging alliances with established public and private interests, (3) associating biotechnology with popular issues on the policy agenda, and (4) discrediting opponents and critics of biotechnology. These methods of issue definition reveal the importance not only of defining a specific issue but also of influencing the context in which it is considered.
Discovering chiral Higgsinos at the CERN LHC

The concept of chirality is extended to the minimal supersymmetric standard model and the {mu}-term is forbidden by a gauged U(1){sup '} symmetry. R-parity automatically emerges after symmetry breaking, suppressing proton decay and protecting the lightest supersymmetric particle. Exotics charged under the standard model pose a challenge to traditional SU(5) unification, but unification is still implemented in deconstructed grand unified theories. Because of the multitude of additional states to the minimal supersymmetric standard model, the Z{sup '} has a large width, and the standard model background, neglected in previous theoretical studies, becomes important for Z{sup '} discovery. As a result, the CERN LHC reach is reduced from 3.2 TeV, for a Z{sup '} with standard model decays, to 1.5 TeV, when additional decay channels are included. This model also predicts possibly long-lived colored and electroweak exotics.
Oxidative Stress and Atrial Fibrillation: Finding a Missing Piece to the Puzzle

Atrial fibrillation (AF), one of the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmias, afflicts >3 million people in the United States.1 Because the risk of developing AF increases with age, the prevalence of AF is projected to be 7.6 million in 2050,1 when 1 in 5 Americans will be over the age of 65.2 AF not only causes debilitating symptoms and functional impairments owing to worsened hemodynamics and embolic stroke, it also increases the risk of mortality up to 1.5- to 1.9-fold.3 Despite the significant morbidity and mortality burden incurred with AF, there are limited therapeutic options that may improve the outcomes of AF patients, and these options are associated with significant AF recurrence rates.4 Article see p 1748 One possible explanation for the limitations of current therapies is that they do not address effectively or completely the underlying causes of AF. Evidence has been mounting that AF is associated with systemic and cardiac oxidation.4,5 Risk factors for AF are similar to those of atherosclerosis, a disease known to be perpetuated by oxidative stress. These risk factors, such as hypertension, aging, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery bypass surgery, have each been associated with increases in the systemic markers of oxidation.4 In addition, there is also evidence of increased cardiac oxidation of myofibrillar protein5 and membrane lipids6 with AF or with risk factors linked to AF. Although it is not clear whether cardiac oxidation leads to systemic markers of oxidation or whether systemic oxidation leads to cardiac oxidation, the association of oxidative stress and AF is robust and suggests that AF is possibly a manifestation of a systemic disease. Despite the link between oxidative stress and AF, systemic antioxidant therapy for arrhythmias has not met with much success in clinical trials.7, …
Automated RFLP pattern comparison and similarity coefficient calculation for rapid delineation of new and distinct phytoplasma 16Sr subgroup lineages

Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria that cause numerous diseases in several hundred plant species. During adaptation to transkingdom parasitism in diverse plant and insect hosts, phytoplasma evolution has given rise to widely divergent lineages. Since phytoplasmas cannot be cultured in a cell-free medium, measurable phenotypic characters suitable for conventional microbial classification are mostly inaccessible. Currently, phytoplasma differentiation and classification are mainly dependent on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Extending our recent efforts in the exploitation of computer-simulated 16S rRNA gene RFLP analysis and virtual gel plotting for rapid classification of phytoplasmas, we have developed a Perl program for automated RFLP pattern comparison and similarity coefficient calculation. This program streamlines virtual RFLP pattern analysis and has led to the establishment of a criterion for phytoplasma 16Sr subgroup classification and to the delineation of new and distinct subgroup lineages in the clover proliferation phytoplasma group (16SrVI).
Factors associated with increased cesarean risk among African American women: evidence from California, 2010.

Objectives. We studied if both observed and unobserved maternal health in African American women in hospitals or communities were associated with cesarean delivery of infants.Methods. We examined the relationship between African American race and cesarean delivery among 493 433 women discharged from 255 Californian hospitals in 2010 using administrative data; we adjusted for patient comorbidities and maternal, fetal, and placental risk factors, as well as clustering of patients within hospitals.Results. Cesarean rates were significantly higher overall for African American women than other women (unadjusted rate 36.8% vs 32.7%), as were both elective and emergency primary cesarean rates. Elevated risks persisted after risk adjustment (odds ratio generally > 1.27), but the prevalence of particular risk factors varied. Although African American women were clustered in some hospitals, the proportion of African Americans among all women delivering in a hospital was not related to its overall cesarean rate.Conc...
Triple Antiplatelet Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes

Heightened platelet activity plays a critical role in thrombus formation, which is central to acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including non-ST-segment elevation (NSTE)-ACS (comprising unstable angina pectoris and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and has been implicated in poor clinical outcome. Platelets not only impact coronary thrombus but are major contributors to microcirculatory dysfunction and vascular inflammation. Efforts to inhibit platelet function, including antiplatelet therapy, are paramount to the management of ACS; thus, a growing recognition of the various pathways driving platelet activity has given rise to the need for multiple agents that impart complimentary mechanisms of action. While only inhibiting platelet activation will still allow for aggregation, i.e. the binding of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptors to fibrinogen, solely blocking aggregation may leave platelet-activating pathways free to sustain the production and release of various pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic compounds.
“I’m so excited for you!” How an enthusiastic responding intervention enhances close relationships

The positive impact of active–constructive responding (i.e., showing enthusiasm) to the sharing of good news (i.e., capitalization attempts) on relationship well-being is well documented. The objective of this research was to determine whether individuals in a close relationship benefit from training to increase active–constructive responding to partner capitalization attempts and to document its impact on relationship well-being. Compared with a joint activity control group, individuals who received training in providing active–constructive responses perceived a greater amount of gratitude from their study partner and perceived their study partner as having greater relationship satisfaction; however, there were no significant differences in reported relationship satisfaction or gratitude expression. Gratitude receipt from a study partner mediated the relationship between experimental condition and perceived study partner relationship satisfaction. These results are discussed in terms of their potential i...
Geo-statistical analysis of wireless spectrum occupancy using extreme value theory

In this paper, we present preliminary investigations into modelling the geographical variation of spectrum utilization. While spectrum occupancy has typically been characterized by a parameterized subset of probability distributions, through extreme value theory (EVT) the tails of non-degenerate distributions can be estimated by the generalized pareto distribution. Spectrum usage parameters were determined from data collected between 88 MHz–2686 MHz at twenty geographically separated sites across four mid-sized cities located within the United States. EVT is then used to approximate the tail distributions for the 20 sites, illustrating the suitability of the generalized pareto distribution. The relationship between overall spectrum occupancy and the tail estimates is then investigated.
The Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus Stimulates Chloride/Hydroxyl Exchange Activity in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Probiotics are viable nonpathogenic microorganisms that are considered to confer health benefits to the host. Recent studies indicated that some Lactobacillus species function as probiotics and have been used as alternative treatments for diarrhea, which occurs due to increased secretion, decreased absorption, or both. However, the direct effects of probiotics on intestinal electrolyte absorption are not known. Therefore, we examined the effects of Lactobacillus on luminal chloride/hydroxyl (Cl(-)/OH(-)) exchange activity in human intestinal epithelial cells. Postconfluent Caco-2 cells were treated with the Lactobacillus species Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, or Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) for 3 h at a multiplicity of infection of 50. Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange activity was measured as 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid-sensitive (36)Cl uptake in base-loaded cells. Treatment with live, but not heat-killed, LA and LR significantly increased Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange activity (approximately 50%), whereas other species were ineffective. Similarly, the conditioned medium (supernatant) of live LA increased Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange. The ability of LA or its conditioned culture medium to enhance Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange activity was blocked by PI-3 kinase inhibition but was unaffected by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Corresponding to the increased Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange activity, LA treatment increased the surface expression of the apical anion exchanger, SLC26A3 [Down Regulated in Adenoma (DRA)]. The increased DRA membrane localization might contribute to the increased Cl(-) absorption by LA. Our results suggest that LA secretes soluble effector molecule(s) into the culture medium that stimulate apical Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange activity via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase mediated mechanism.
The Role of a Common Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase (AMPD)-1 Polymorphism in Outcomes of Ischemic and Nonischemic Heart Failure

Abstract Background A common variant of the adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD)-1 gene (C34T) results in enzymatic inactivity and may increase adenosine in cardiac muscle and confer cardioprotection through ischemic preconditioning. Methods and Results We hypothesized that AMPD1 carriers with ischemic heart failure (HF) in the Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST) might have a relative survival advantage. Patients (n = 1038, 20% black) with ischemic (58%) and nonischemic (42%) HF were followed for an average of 2.0 years for cardiovascular mortality. DNA was purified from blood using phenol/chloroform. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with 5′ exonuclease chemistry. Differences in survival were assessed by comparing Kaplan-Meier curves with the log-rank test. Genotype frequencies differed by ethnicity ( P P = .23), or ischemic non-blacks (HR = 0.74, CI = 0.44–1.24, P = .25). Genotype did not modify the effect of bucindolol on mortality. Conclusions Results of this study failed to confirm a reported survival benefit among HF patients carrying the AMPD1 T-allele. However, further studies in larger, more homogeneous populations should explore the possibility of a modest survival advantage for patients with ischemic HF.
Acute blood pressure elevation during repetitive hypocapnic and eucapnic hypoxia in rats

Bao, Gang, Preet M. Randhawa, and Eugene C. Fletcher.Acute blood pressure elevation during repetitive hypocapnic and eucapnic hypoxia in rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(4): 1071–1078, 1997.—Using a rat ...
Use of preplant sulfentrazone in no-till, narrow-row, glyphosate-resistant Glycine max

Abstract Field studies were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate crop response, weed control, Glycine max yield, and economic returns with sulfentrazone alone and tank-mixed with glyphosate, cloransulam, or chlorimuron at two preplant application timings in no-till, narrow-row, glyphosate-resistant G. max. No significant crop injury was observed. Setaria faberi and Polygonum pensylvanicum control 5 wk after planting (WAP) was generally greater with sulfentrazone applied early preplant (EPP) than with sulfentrazone applied at planting (AP). When applied AP, glyphosate plus sulfentrazone provided greater S. faberi control than sulfentrazone alone. Control of Amaranthus rudis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Ipomoea hederacea was greater in 1998 than in 1999 because of more timely early-season precipitation. Sulfentrazone-based programs provided 80 to 100% control of A. rudis in 1998, but control in 1999 ranged from 72 to 95% at Columbia and 46 to 83% at Novelty. Cloransulam alone, at either application timin...
Basic versus detailed sonography: what do we miss?

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of restrictive versus routine use of “detailed” second-trimester sonography. Methods. Records of singleton pregnancies undergoing evaluation from 2004 to 2008 were reviewed. A detailed examination (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT ] code 76811) was routinely performed on all patients. Major structural abnormalities were categorized on the basis of whether the structure would be included in a “basic” examination (CPT code 76805). Risk factors for anomalies were identified. The Fisher exact test and Student t test were used for statistical comparison. Results. Major anomalies were identified in 218 patients, 75 of whom elected to undergo abortion. In 88 patients (40.4%), the abnormal structure would not be included in a basic examination. Risk factors were not more prevalent in those with anomalies requiring a detailed examination for diagnosis or in those patients who chose to undergo abortion. Conclusions. Restricting detailed evaluation to those with risk factors would have prevented detection of a substantial proportion of anomalies. Key words: fetal anomalies; prenatal diagnosis; sonography.
TESTIMONY OF PROFESSOR MICHAEL E. WATERSTONE OF LOYOLA LAW SCHOOL (LOS ANGELES) BEFORE THE SENATE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON AGING: JANUARY 31, 2008

In this testimony before the US Senate Special Committee on Aging, I discuss challenges faced by elderly voters and voters with disabilities when they vote. This includes difficulties these voters may encounter at the polling place as well as problems and opportunities with the practice of absentee voting. I conclude by suggesting how vigorous enforcement and implementation of federal laws, combined with some law reform, can and should create more equal voting opportunities for older voters and voters with disabilities in the election of 2008 and beyond.
The Developmental and Probabilistic Nature of the Functional Consequences of Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Children

It is often assumed that the psychometric tools currently available measure accurately the effects of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) on cognition in young children and that such effects are rooted in cerebral changes. It is also assumed that snapshots of development within a clinical trial can document such effects. I challenge these assumptions on the basis of four considerations. The first is that there are multiple biological, physical and social-psychological factors that reorient the trajectory of different psychobiological domains in early life after intense and prolonged stress. Further, psychobiological development changes are not necessarily caused by brain changes; there are other mechanisms that also affect development (e.g., biomechanics). A second consideration focuses on intraindividual, interindividual and intergroup differences concerning the nature of the effect of IDA and the response to iron treatment. Individual and group factors can moderate the effects of IDA; for example, different stages of iron deficiency involve different systemic changes, which in turn affect different psychobiological domains. The third consideration is that differences in the time of measurement of an intervention within a randomized trial could lead to detecting effects in different domains or effects of different intensity within the same domain. Finally, developmental assessments with the traditional developmental scales during the first 18 mo of life yield equivocal findings. Snapshots of development will overlook the course of effects of a nutrition intervention over time. Repeated measures over time within the same domain are considered particularly useful to draw the course of development.
Middle cerebellar peduncles: Magnetic resonance imaging and pathophysiologic correlate

We describe common and less common diseases that can cause magnetic resonance signal abnormalities of middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP), offering a systematic approach correlating imaging findings with clinical clues and pathologic mechanisms. Myelin abnormalities, different types of edema or neurodegenerative processes, can cause areas of abnormal T2 signal, variable enhancement, and patterns of diffusivity of MCP. Pathologies such as demyelinating disorders or certain neurodegenerative entities (e.g., multiple system atrophy or fragile X-associated tremor-ataxia syndrome) appear to have predilection for MCP. Careful evaluation of concomitant imaging findings in the brain or brainstem; and focused correlation with key clinical findings such as immunosuppression for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopahty; hypertension, post-transplant status or high dose chemotherapy for posterior reversible encephalopathy; electrolyte disorders for myelinolysis or suspected toxic-drug related encephalopathy; would yield an appropriate and accurate differential diagnosis in the majority of cases.
Old objects, new media: Historical collections, digitization and affect:

Digital resources mobilized by museums, archives and other cultural heritage institutions are opening up collections and vistas onto the past from an increasing variety of perspectives. Digitization is enabling the juxtaposition of material from far-flung repositories and creating new ways of presenting historical insights as well as new types of historical engagements. New media can allow the assemblage of a multiplicity of voices, accounts, songs, and artworks, among other things – layers of meaning that are hard to capture and present in other formats, and which can be especially helpful in uncovering and accommodating non-Western perspectives. At the same time, the relationship of digital objects to ‘actual artefacts’ requires further consideration. This article investigates the implications of digitizing objects in cultural institutions, and the advantages and disadvantages of this process for those with differing interests in such objects. What are the effects for historical researchers, museum visi...
Prevalence and significance of vitamin D deficiency in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis requiring corrective surgery

IntroductionVitamin D deficiency may affect children in terms of growth disturbance, deformity and metabolic disease. The senior authors have felt significant difference in bone quality intra opera...
The Rise of Normative Judaism. I. To the Reorganization at Jamnia

The centuries which we designate politically by the names of the dominant powers of the age successively as the Persian, Greek, and Roman periods of Jewish history constitute as a whole an epoch in the religious history of Judaism. In these centuries, past the middle of which the Christian era falls, Judaism brought to complete development its characteristic institutions, the school and the synagogue, in which it possessed, not only a unique instrument for the education and edification of all classes of the people in religion and morality, but the centre of its religious life, and to no small extent also of its intellectual and social life. Through the study of the Scriptures and the discussions of generations of scholars it defined its religious conceptions, its moral principles, its forms of worship, and its distinctive type of piety, as well as the rules of law and observance which became authoritative for all succeeding time. In the light of subsequent history the great achievement of these centuries was the creation of a normative type of Judaism and its establishment in undisputed supremacy throughout the wide Jewish world.
Comparison of Advanced Vehicle Concepts through Pareto-Optimal Technology Sets

In previous work a technology portfolio composition problem was formulated from a multi-objective optimization perspective in order to find favorable combinations of technologies for a given vehicle configuration to satisfy prescribed environmental goals. The work implemented the Non-Sorted Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) on a pool of 91 technologies applied to a Large Twin Aisle tube-and-wing aircraft and optimized for: percent fuel burn reduction relative to a 2005 reference vehicle, LTO NOX percent reduction relative to CAEP/6 limits, and cumulative noise margin relative to Stage IV limits. This work expands upon the previous work by studying six vehicles including: Large Single Aisle Tube and Wing (LSA), Large Single Aisle Over the Wing Nacelle (LSA OWN), LTA, Large Twin Aisle Mid Fuselage Nacelle (LTA MFN), Large Twin Aisle Hybrid Wing Body (LTA HWB), and Large Twin Aisle Box Wing (LTA BW). Pareto frontiers for each vehicle are generated and are thoroughly examined by evaluating which technologies govern clustering and patterns on the Pareto surface, the corners of the performance trade space, and comprise the region surrounding the compromise point. The Pareto surface is also assessed in terms of emerging patterns in the number of technologies of non-dominated solutions as well as the overall location and span of the Pareto surface in the objective space. Based on the characterization of the Pareto set of solutions for each aircraft concept a comparative analysis is drawn across concepts to identify overarching technology trends, outline technology scalability phenomena, and isolate the performance impact of aircraft concepts in the objective space. Altogether this work provides greater insight into trends, interactions, and tradeoffs of next generation technologies and aircraft concepts, and in parallel it demonstrates a new approach to systems analysis where single solutions are replaced by the entire locus of Pareto optimal solutions.
Longitudinal Effects of Parent–Child Interactions on Children’s Social Competence:

Purpose:This study examined normative change in children’s levels of social competence and parent–child interactions (PCIs) from kindergarten through second grade as well as relations between levels of PCI and children’s social development.Methods:Multiple waves of data were collected from parents and teachers of 379 children ranging in age from 4 to 6½ years. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to estimate change over time in social competence controlling for children’s exposure to early learning programs such as home visiting and preschool programs. Next, frequency of PCI was entered as a time-varying predictor of children’s social competence levels.Results:Results indicated discrepancies between parent and teacher reports of children’s social development. Parents reported normative growth in children’s social competence, whereas teachers reported declines in this area. Parents also reported decreases in PCIs over time. Parent-reported social competence scores were positively associated with levels of...
Cultural naming practices in children's literature with adoption themes

This paper analyzes texts for children ages 4–8 focused on adoption to understand how naming practices are presented. Findings show how books use naming (a) to connect children to their birth culture by keeping a given name or choosing one with special meaning associated with the child's nation, race, or ethnicity of origin, and (b) for assimilation by giving normalized names associated within parental culture. Naming is based on white middle class norms, which may be problematic since these norms likely fit with the parents and teachers who are purchasing books, but not with the adoptees that are being read to.
Determination of hexavalent chrome from water with ion chromatography

Objective To establish a methods for determination of hexavalent chrome in water by iron chromatography.Meth- otis The analysis was performed under condition of a SUPP4-250 separation column(4.0250mm,9.0μm) and electric conductivity detector.The mobile phase composed of 1.8mmol·L~(-1) NaCO_3-1.7mmol·L~(-1) NaHCO_3 was used at a flow rate of 1.2ml·min~(-1). Results Linear curve was obtained in the range of 0.01 rag·L~(-1)～1.00rag·L~(-1)with a correlation coefficient of 0.9993 and a RSD of 1.82%～3.25%.Detection limit was 0.005mg·L~(-1).Reeoveries obtained were in the range of 91.2 % - 100.5 %.Fluorinion,chlo- ridion,nitrate nitrogen and sulphate can be determined under controlled eoudition by the method.Conclusion The method is accu- rate,simple,rapid and esay for operation.
Molecular Origin of Mechanical Sensitivity of the Reaction Rate in Anthracene Cyclophane Isomerization Reveals Structural Motifs for Rational Design of Mechanophores

The observed pressure sensitivity of the isomerization reaction rate of bis-anthracene cyclophane photoisomer has attracted significant attention in the rational design of mechanically sensitive materials. However, the molecular origin of this sensitivity remains unclear. We developed an ab initio molecular model to quantify the effect of pressure on the reaction rate and to elucidate its molecular origin. Pressure-induced deformations and changes along the reaction free-energy surfaces are estimated from ab initio molecular dynamics trajectories. Our model predicts a barrier reduction of ∼2 kcal/mol at 0.9 GPa (in agreement with experiment). The barrier reduction is linear in the low-pressure regime (up to 2 GPa) but has a nonlinear dependence at higher pressures. We find that pressure alters the reaction path and that the mechanical sensitivity of the reaction rate is caused by an uneven distribution of the free-energy increase along the reaction surface. The uneven distribution primarily results from d...
El Regionalismo Centroamericano: Entre La Unión Y La Integración (Central American Regionalism: Between Unión and Integration)

Spanish Abstract: El trabajo examina la experiencia de la region centroamericana, constituida inicialmente por Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua y Costa Rica, como una entidad integrada bajola colonia espanola, una federacion durante sus primeros anos de vida independiente, su separacion, la constitucion de las republicas actuales y los repetidos esfuerzos realizados en un comienzo para reconstituir una union y, posteriormente, para una integracion. Se examina en particular el rol del Sistema de Integracion Centroamericano (SICA), analizando las etapas por las que ha atravesado, los diversos paradigmas que han guiado el proyecto, su proyeccion en la arena multilateral, sus problemas y perspectivas actuales. Se sostiene que su modelo de regionalizacion es especifico ya que, a diferencia de otros modelos de integracion, el centroamericano se distingue por tener como raiz una experiencia historica de unidad. La discusion se ubica en el marco del proceso de globalizacion. English Abstract: This article examines the experience of the Central American region, constituted at first by the countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica; from its beginnings as an entity integrated under the Spanish colony, a federation during its first years of independent life, their separation and the constitution of the present republics, and the repeated efforts to reconstitute a union initially and to achieve an integration later. The experience of the Central American Integration System (SICA) is examined, analyzing the stages of its development, the diverse paradigms that have guided the project, their projection in the multilateral arena, and their present problems and perspectives. It is affirmed that unlike other models of integration, the Central American model is distinctive because it is rooted in a historical experience of unity. The discussion of the process is located within the framework of globalization.
Self‐Assembly of Thermoresponsive Recombinant Silk‐Elastinlike Nanogels

Recombinant silk-elastinlike protein polymers (SELPs) combine the biocompatibility and thermoresponsiveness of human tropoelastin with the strength of silk. Direct control over structure of these monodisperse polymers allows for precise correlation of structure with function. This work describes the fabrication of the first SELP nanogels and evaluation of their physicochemical properties and thermoresponsiveness. Self-assembly of dilute concentrations of SELPs results in nanogels with enhanced stability over micelles due to physically crosslinked beta-sheet silk segments. The nanogels respond to thermal stimuli via size changes and aggregation. Modifying the ratio and sequence of silk to elastin in the polymer backbone results in alterations in critical gel formation concentration, stability, aggregation, size contraction temperature, and thermal reversibility. The nanogels sequester hydrophobic compounds and show promise in delivery of bioactive agents.
Railway Engineering Education Symposium: Evolving to Rebuild a Growing Rail Academic Community

Although freight traffic declined in 2016, North American railways have experienced a decades-long period of growth in freight ton-miles and in the number of commuter and intercity passenger rail trips. This growth, combined with the aging railway workforce, has triggered renewed demand for university graduates to enter railway careers. However, after decades of neglect, only a few North American academic programs are engaged in rail-related research and education. The railway academic community must be rebuilt to meet the industry workforce needs of the future. Since 2008, the Railway Engineering Education Symposium (REES) has been staged as a biannual collaboration between academia and industry to expose professors to railway engineering education topics. REES has prompted faculty at numerous universities to expand railway content in introductory transportation courses and to establish new courses on railway engineering topics. According to feedback from surveys of attendees, REES has evolved to support...
Improving wettability and preventing Li-ion batteries from thermal runaway using microchannels

Abstract Effects of using microchannels on the wettability of the porous electrodes and preventing the battery cell from thermal runaway have been studied. Two-dimensional Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) simulation was carried out to simulate the effects of embedded microchannels inside the electrodes on the electrolyte transport in the porous electrodes as well as their effects to lead the generated gases during thermal runaway out of the battery cell. The two-phase intermolecular potential model was utilized to investigate the microscopic behavior of the electrolyte flow in the porous electrodes. The results showed that embedding microchannels inside the electrodes significantly improves the wettability of the electrodes, especially for the electrodes with lower porosities. Furthermore, the use of microchannels inside the electrodes could considerably reduce possibility of occurrence of the thermal runaway. During thermal runaway, the electrodes with higher number of smaller microchannels could drive the generated gases out of the battery cell much quicker than the electrodes with lower number of larger microchannels.
Discovery of JTZ-951: A HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Renal Anemia

Inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) represents a promising strategy for the discovery of a next generation treatment for renal anemia. We identified several 5,6-fused ring systems as novel scaffolds of the PHD inhibitor on the basis of pharmacophore analysis. In particular, triazolopyridine derivatives showed potent PHD2 inhibitory activities. Examination of the predominance of the triazolopyridines in potency by electrostatic calculations suggested favorable π–π stacking interactions with Tyr310. Lead optimization to improve the efficacy of erythropoietin release in cells and in vivo by improving cell permeability led to the discovery of JTZ-951 (compound 14), with a 5-phenethyl substituent on the triazolopyridine group, which increased hemoglobin levels with daily oral dosing in rats. Compound 14 was rapidly absorbed after oral administration and disappeared shortly thereafter, which could be advantageous in terms of safety. Compound 14 was selected as a clinical candidate.
Cataclastic Metamorphism along Transform Faults

Our knowledge of cataclastic metamorphism in general, and of cataclastic metamorphism along transform faults, is very superficial and scrappy. In view of the tectonic importance of transform faults, a brief review of cataclastic rocks and particularly of those related to transform faults will be given in this chapter.