cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chains in Power Sets

When studying ordered sets a natural question that arises is: How many chains are there in a typical finite, partially ordered set? Generic questions about partially ordered sets (posets) have a long history and this particular question about the number of chains in a partially ordered set has connections to questions dealing with ordered partitions and trees that may be traced back to work by Cayley [3] in 1859. Our main goal in this article is to develop recursive and closed formulas for the total number of chains and the number of chains of a particular length in the power set of an n-element set, partially ordered by set inclusion. We also discuss a canonical relationship between these chains and the preferential arrangements of an n-element set discussed in [7] and [9]. Another objective is to use this question about chains to make two pedagogical points. First, frequently in mathematics there may be several approaches to solving a problem with each approach illuminating a different aspect of the problem. Chain counting provides such an occasion for illustrating a wide variety of techniques from classical combinatorics and, as a consequence, we sketch more than one line of attack for most of our results. Second, most of the results in this article are subsumed in more advanced and modern treatments of combinatorics. (Explicit reference to the literature is contained in our concluding remarks.) However, the classical combinatorial techniques used here are elementary and accessible to those familiar with counting techniques, generating functions, distribution and occupancy problems, Stirling numbers, and elementary differential equations. In particular, the generating function techniques exploit the remarkable correspondence, discovered by Laplace, between set theoretic operations and operations on formal power series. A comprehensive discussion of these classical techniques may be found in most advanced undergraduate texts on combinatorics (e.g., [11, Chapters 2, 3, 5, and 6]). Before we begin, a word of caution is in order. As in elementary number theory, questions about partially ordered sets may be easy to pose but quite difficult to resolve. Indeed, a simply stated open question [12, p. 103], closely related to the one we discuss here, is: What is the number of antichains in the power set of an n-element set? (An antichain is a subset of a poset in which no two elements are comparable.) We start by fixing some notation. Identifying an arbitrary n-element set in the natural way with Xn = (1, 2, .. ., n}, we partially order the power set 9Y(X,T) by set inclusion. If C: No C N1 C ... C Nk is a chain in A(Xn), we say C has length k. In particular, chains consisting of a single element of 32(Xn) have length 0. Furthermore, an k and an will denote, respectively, the number of chains of length k and the
Dansyl labeled proteins: Determination of extinction coefficient and number of bound residues with radioactive dansyl chloride

Abstract A method is described for preparing fluorescent conjugates of proteins labeled by reaction with methyl-C14-dansyl chloride and for determining their radioactivity by scintillation counting. The extinction coefficient of the bound dye varies in conjugates of different proteins and is considerably lower than the value generally employed to calculate degree of labeling. For assays of dansyl groups using absorption spectroscopy, a value of ϵ = 3.4 × 103M−1 cm−1 will probably be approximately correct. However, the radioactive dye technique allows much more accurate determinations of degree of labeling, as well as of the extinction coefficient, which may be of interest in itself.
Hydrogen multicenter bonds and reversible hydrogen storage

A new strategy for reversible hydrogen storage based on the properties of hydrogen multicenter bonds is proposed. This is demonstrated by carrying out ab initio calculations of hydrogen saturation of titanium and bimetallic titanium-aluminum nanoclusters. Hydrogen saturation leads to the formation of exceptionally and energetically stable hydrogen multicenter bonds. The stabilization results from sharing of the hydrogen atom electron density with the frontier orbitals of the metal cluster. The strength of the hydrogen multicenter bonds can be modulated either by varying the degree of hydrogen loading or by suitable alloying. Mode-specific infrared excitation of the vibrational modes associated with the multicenter hydrogen bonds can release the adsorbed hydrogen, thereby enabling efficient reversible hydrogen storage. The possible formation of hydrogen multicenter bonds involving titanium atoms and its implication to hydrogen adsorption/desorption kinetics in hydrogen cycled Ti-doped NaAlH4 is also discussed.
Modeling elastic waves in heterogeneous anisotropic media using a k-space method

We generalize the theory of the k-space method to the case of elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous anisotropic media. The k-space operator is derived in the spatially continuous form using the displacement formalism of elastodynamics. The k-space scheme is then discretized in space using a Fourier collocation spectral method. This leads to an efficient and accurate numerical algorithm, where the time advancement can be performed in order of N operations, where N is the number of unknowns. As opposed to the classical k-space theory for the elastic waves in isotropic media [1], [2], the new algorithm does not need any field splitting. Hence, it is more efficient once used to model isotropy. The proposed method is temporally exact for homogeneous media, unconditionally stable for heterogeneous media, and also allows larger time-steps without loss of accuracy. We validate the method against canonical model problems of elastodynamics.
Guilt and Child Soldiers

The use of child soldiers in armed conflict is an increasing global concern. Although philosophers have examined whether child soldiers can be considered combatants in war, much less attention has been paid to their moral responsibility. While it is tempting to think of them as having diminished or limited responsibility, child soldiers often report feeling guilt for the wrongs they commit. Here I argue that their feelings of guilt are both intelligible and morally appropriate. The feelings of guilt that child soldiers experience are not self-censure; rather their guilt arises from their attempts to come to terms with what they see as their own morally ambiguous motives. Their guilt is appropriate because it reaffirms their commitment to morality and facilitates their self-forgiveness.
Consumers' preference and willingness to pay for pharmacist counselling for non‐prescription medicines

Pharmacist counselling for non-prescription medicine purchases is one way of ensuring that these medicines are used in a safe and effective manner. Data collected as part of a larger study of information sources on non-prescription medicines were used to determine consumers' preference for pharmacist counselling for non-prescription medicine purchases, their willingness to pay for the service, and the amount they were willing to pay. A total of 458 (15.2%) consumers from six contiguous states in the U.S.A. responded to the mailed questionnaire. Of the consumers who responded, 63.4% indicated a preference for such a counselling service and, of these consumers, 20.4% indicated a willingness to pay for the service. Of the consumers who indicated a willingness to pay for pharmacist counselling for non-prescription medicines, 56.5% were willing to pay between 50 cents and $1.50, 28.2% between $1.51 and $3, and about 15.3% were willing to pay more than $3. Significant differences were noted in consumers' preference for pharmacist counselling when compared on the basis of certain consumer characteristics. Consumers who indicated a preference for pharmacist counselling for non-prescription medicines showed a significantly higher involvement in non-prescription medicine purchase decision, perceived pharmacists to be more credible, and indicated more favourable previous encounters with pharmacists than consumers who did not prefer pharmacist counselling. Consumers who consulted pharmacists and usually accepted their recommendations were also more likely to prefer pharmacist counselling for non-prescription medicines.
Transtympanic balloon dilatation of eustachian tube: a human cadaver pilot study.

Objective: To determine the feasibility and safety of transtympanic balloon dilatation of the eustachian tube. Methods: Transtympanic eustachian tube dilatation was performed on six cadaver heads using balloon catheters. Catheters were placed in each eustachian tube and the head scanned by computed tomography. Randomised, blinded dilatation of one balloon in each head was performed, followed again by a second computed tomography scan. The scans were reviewed by a neurotologist and neuroradiologist who were blinded to previous treatment, and measurable dilatation and incidental damage noted. Results: There was adequate placement of the balloon catheter beyond the bony isthmus in 6 of 10 eustachian tubes. There was one insufficient catheter placement and three adverse placements (one into the petrous carotid canal and two into the vidian canal). Only one dilated tube showed a measurable increase in diameter. Conclusion: This experiment revealed serious safety issues with transtympanic eustachian tube dilatation. Therefore, this approach should not be considered feasible at this time.
The maximization of a function over the efficient set via a penalty function approach

Abstract In this paper we present several equivalent mathematical programming formulations of the problem of maximizing a function over the efficient set, in the case of a polytopal feasible region and linear functions. Penalty function formulations and their properties are given. An examination is made of computational aspects, epsilon efficiency, the appropriateness of the original problem formulation, and of nonlinear extensions.
FramerD: representing knowledge in the large

Content-aware media applications require rich, interconnected descriptions of media content. FramerD is an object-oriented database developed at the MIT Media Laboratory to support just such descriptions in a scalable and distributed manner. Conventional databases, even the newer object-oriented ones, focus mostly on data structures whose components are scalar or literal values, rather than references to other objects. FramerD is optimized to support objects that have components consisting of references to other objects in an environment where the storage of and the operations over the objects are distributed over local- and wide-area networks. This paper discusses the design, implementation, and performance of FramerD, and sketches some current applications of the system.
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flash Parameters Associated with Heavy Rainfall Alarms in the Denver, Colorado, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District ALERT Network

Abstract Rainfall data from the Denver, Colorado, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time (ALERT) network were used to identify heavy rainfall alarms for the period 1999–2003. Twenty-nine heavy rainfall-rate alarms were identified. Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) were analyzed for the 90 min prior to each heavy rainfall alarm. Spatial patterns from NLDN data were extracted using a point-polygon topology developed with basic Geographic Information System procedures. The information extracted from the polygons was used to calculated summary statistics for rainfall rates, CG flash rates, and CG flash duration. Heavy rainfall episodes were divided into two groups based on latitude, longitude, and elevation. Heavy rainfall episodes in the higher elevations of the study area produced an average of 29 mm of rainfall per episode and 1095 CG flashes in the 90 min prior to the rainfall-rate alarm. Only five poly...
Are Requirements Alive and Kicking

The importance of discovering and understanding stakeholders' needs and delivering quality products that meet those needs is timeless. Nevertheless, dramatic changes in the IT environment over the past decade have introduced challenges that demand new and innovative approaches impacting almost every aspect of the requirements process.
Conduction electron g-factor measurements in Au using the de Haas-van Alphen effect

The conduction electron g-factor in Au was measured with three different techniques using the de Haas-van Alphen effect. On the neck orbits, the three techniques are in very good agreement and show a variation in the g-factor of ~60%, with a minimum of 1.15 at 〈111〉. On the belly at an isolated spin splitting zero at 71.6 ° from 〈100〉 the g-factor was found to be 2.35. A calibration procedure for the field modulation technique which allows accurate measurement of absolute amplitudes is presented. Absolute amplitudes measured with this procedure compare favorably with those made by torque magnetometer. A detailed discussion of magnetic interaction is given, including the effects of the vector nature of the magnetization and local demagnetizing fields caused by finite sample size.
The Influence of Hot Boning Broiler Breast Muscle on pH Decline and Toughening

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the relationship of the postmortem pH decline of hot-boned broiler breast muscle (Pectoralis major) to the increased toughness often associated with hot boning. A total of 68 broilers were New York dressed, and trials were conducted to compare breast halves either hot boned at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, or 240 min postmortem with the other (control) half allowed to remain on the carcass for 24 hr prior to removal. The pH values were taken on each bird at time of kill, time of excision on the excised or hot-boned muscle, and after 24 hr on both halves. Following a 24-hr ice chill, each muscle half was cooked at 100 C for 20 min, allowed to cool, and muscle tenderness determined using an Instron equipped with an Allo-Kramer shear cell. Results indicated that as postmortem pH values decreased, muscle toughness decreased with increased holding time prior to excision. Decreases in muscle pH values tended to level off at 5.9 after 4 hr or before, as did shear values of about 4.5 to 5.5 kg force/g sample. Thus, it appears that without the application of an effective accessory tenderizing treatment, muscle should be held for at least 4 hr postmortem prior to hot boning to avoid the adverse toughening effects commonly associated with hot-boned broiler breast meat.
Test driven development: the state of the practice

Test-Driven Development has been a practice used primarily in agile software development circles for a little more than a decade now. In software development circles, this is a relatively young and immature practice. How much acceptance has it gained it its short life span? What do we know about its effectiveness? This paper will explore these topics.
Rheological and kinetic study of the ultrasonic degradation of xanthan gum in aqueous solutions.

Abstract The effectiveness of ultrasound to degrade the molecular weight of xanthan gum in aqueous solutions was investigated for sonication times up to 60 min at 20 °C and for polymer concentrations up to 0.1 g/dl. The Huggins equation was found to be applicable to the intrinsic viscosity of xanthan gum prior to sonication, while a truncated form was found to be adequate for estimating the intrinsic viscosity of the degraded xanthan. To better understand the influence of salting-in and salting-out salts (classified on the basis of the Hofmeister series) on degradation, xanthan-gum solutions were pre-mixed with 0.1, 10 −2 , 10 −3 , or 10 −4 M NaCl or Na 2 SO 4 , prior to ultrasonication. A kinetic model was developed and successfully applied to quantify and predict the degradation rates and efficiency. The various reaction rate constants and reaction orders were found to correlate with the different salt species and concentrations used, suggesting that salting-in and salting-out salts could increase or inhibit ultrasonic degradation by adjusting the molecular conformation of the xanthan.
Free and bound amino acids and proteins in developing grains of rice with enhanced lysine/proteins

Free amino acids were determined in developing seed of a rice mutant with enhanced grain lysine. This phenotype frequently has enhanced protein. Some free amino acids of developing seed are inversely related to the level of total amino acids in proteins of the mature grain. Amino acids that were enhanced in protein, including aspartic acid, threonine, methionine and lysine, were notably lower in the free amino-acid pool. Our conclusion is that mutant-developing grains process aspartate amino acids more rapidly than the controls. Conversely, arginine, valine and glutamic acid/glutamine accumulate as free amino acids with mutant/control ratios of 1.39, 1.29 and 1.12, respectively. Glutamic acid/glutamine in proteins of mature seeds is lower in the mutant than the control. 3H-lysine incorporation showed enhanced isotope incorporation into at least four proteins. One mutant protein was less actively labelled than analogous controls. The 3Hlysine pattern indicates processing modifications in this useful rice mutant.
Island Explorations: Discovering Effects of Environmental Research-Based Lab Activities on Analytical Chemistry Students

Motivating students in analytical chemistry can be challenging, in part because of the complexity and breadth of topics involved. Some methods that help encourage students and convey real-world relevancy of the material include incorporating environmental issues, research-based lab experiments, and service learning projects. In this paper, we describe an approach that combines all three of these methods by integrating environmental research-based activities into the second-year undergraduate analytical chemistry course. We discuss the development, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of the research-based labs employed during the new summer analytical chemistry course. Students perform environmental investigations of sites on Beaver Island, Michigan, and prepare reports to contribute to an ongoing research project analyzing these locations that began in the 1970s. Preliminary impacts on analytical students were examined using pre- and postsurveys, including the Chemistry Attitudes and Experiences Qu...
Radiations from a Spinning Rod

The angular distribution and total value of the power carried in the gravitational and electromagnetic radiations from a spinning rod are evaluated and compared.
Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Holocene coastal sediments adjacent to archaeological ruins in Aqaba, Jordan

Stratified cultural remains from the Early Roman/Nabataean to Byzantine periods in the coastal zone of Aqaba, Jordan, and analyses of thirteen sediment cores provide evidence for changes in the depositional environment during the Holocene. The overall trend in subsurface sediments is a basal marine transgressive layer overlain by a regressional sequence of embayment lagoonal sediments identified from microfossil analyses, and backshore pond, alluvium, and eolian deposits until the 1st century B.C., when mudbrick structures appear. Based on two radiocarbon dates, a brackish water coastal embayment formed prior to ca. 5900–5700 B.C. and was subsequently filled by siltation. Local tectonic subsidence along faults of the Dead Sea transform may have helped form the lagoon. Freshwater Candona sp. ostracods found in sand layers in the lagoon facies show signs of having been transported and redeposited. These data indicate that lakes or marshes were likely located inland of the study area. Supporting faunal and floral evidence for wetter climatic conditions, wetland habitats, and extensive water diversion and agricultural terraces has been excavated at late Chalcolithic (4000–3500 B.C.) sites in the Aqaba region (Khalil & Schmidt, 2009). By the 8th century B.C., the depositional environment along the coastal plain of Aqaba was dominated by distal alluvial fan and eolian sedimentation and the shoreline had prograded about 400m seaward. The migration of human settlements since the 8th century B.C. from the center of the valley toward the southeast may be driven by the changing course of Wadi Yutim and conditions along the coastal plain. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Promoter by Nuclear Receptors Liver Receptor Homologue-1 and Small Heterodimer Partner A MECHANISM FOR DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS AND UPTAKE

Cholesterol homeostasis in mammals involves pathways for biosynthesis, cellular uptake, and hepatic conversion to bile acids. Key genes for all three pathways are regulated by negative feedback control. Uptake and biosynthesis are directly regulated by cholesterol through its inhibition of the proteolytic activation of the sterol regulatory element binding proteins. The conversion of cholesterol into bile acids in the liver is regulated through the bile acid-dependent induction of the negatively acting small heterodimer partner nuclear receptor. In this report, we have shown that the small heterodimer partner also directly regulates cholesterol biosynthesis through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase but has no effect on low density lipoprotein receptor expression. This has significant metabolic significance, as it provides both a mechanism to independently regulate cholesterol synthesis from uptake (an essential regulatory feature known to occur in vivo) and a pathway for direct regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by bile acids. This latter feature ensures that the early phase of bile acid synthesis (pre-cholesterol) is in metabolic communication with the later stages of the pathway to properly regulate whole pathway flux. This highlights an important regulatory feature that is shared with other key branched, multienzyme pathways, such as glycolysis, where pathway outflow through pyruvate kinase is regulated by the concentration of a key early intermediate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
A comparison of albuterol administered by metered-dose inhaler and spacer with albuterol by nebulizer in adults presenting to an urban emergency department with acute asthma.

Study objectives To determine the efficacy of albuterol by metered-dose inhaler (MDI) and spacer compared to a nebulizer. Design A prospective, open-label study. Setting Large urban emergency department (ED). Patients All consecutive adult asthma patients over a 2.5-year period. Interventions ED personnel used a standardized treatment algorithm, which included albuterol administered by nebulization, for patients presenting to the ED during the first 12 months of the study. The treatment algorithm then was switched to one that utilized albuterol administered by MDI/spacer as the primary mode of delivery for the following 18 months. As part of the conversion to MDI/spacer, ED staff counseled patients on self-management and supplied patients with a peak flowmeter, an MDI/spacer, and an inhaled steroid for home use. Measurements Pulmonary function, clinical outcome, laboratory data, and financial data were assembled and analyzed from 2,342 ED visits and 1,420 patients. Results While there was no significant difference in hospital admission rates between patients in the MDI/spacer group and the nebulizer group (13.2% and 14.6%, respectively), there was a statistically greater improvement in peak flow rates in the MDI/spacer group (126.8 vs 111.9 L/min, respectively; p=0.002). The MDI/spacer group also spent significantly less time in the ED (163.6 and 175 min, respectively; p=0.007), had a lower total albuterol dose (1,125 μg and 6,700 μg, respectively; p Conclusions Albuterol administered by MDI/spacer is an efficacious and cost-effective alternative to nebulization in adults with acute asthma who present at a large urban ED.
Human CpG binding protein interacts with MLL1, MLL2 and hSet1 and regulates Hox gene expression

Human encodes several histone H3-Lysine 4 (H3K4) specific methyl-transferases (HMTs) such as MLL1 (mixed lineage leukemia 1), MLL2, MLL3, hSet1 etc, that play critical roles in gene expression. These HMTs are present as distinct multi-protein complexes with several proteins in common. Herein, we have affinity purified and characterized human CpG binding protein (CGBP) and its interacting proteins from human cells. We demonstrated that CGBP is co-purified with three H3K4 specific HMTs MLL1, MLL2, and hSet1. We also performed independent immuno-precipitation of MLL1, MLL2 and hSet1 complexes from human cell and demonstrated that each of these complexes contains CGBP. In addition, CGBP is co-localized with MLL1, MLL2 and hSet1 in vivo and binds to the promoter of MLL target gene HoxA7. Antisense mediated knock down of CGBP diminished the recruitment of MLL1 and down regulated levels of H3K4 trimethylation in HoxA7 promoter affecting its expression. These results demonstrated that CGBP interacts with MLL1, MLL2 as well as hSet1 HMTs and plays critical roles in regulations of MLL target genes.
A simple inertial model for Neptune's zonal circulation

Voyager imaging observations of zonal cloud-tracked winds on Neptune revealed a strongly subrotational equatorial jet with a speed approaching 500 m/s and generally decreasing retrograde motion toward the poles. The wind data are interpreted with a speculative but revealingly simple model based on steady gradient flow balance and an assumed global homogenization of potential vorticity for shallow layer motion. The prescribed model flow profile relates the equatorial velocity to the mid-latitude shear, in reasonable agreement with the available data, and implies a global horizontal deformation scale L(D) of about 3000 km.
Enzymic correlates of physiological regression of follicles and corpora lutea in ovaries of normal rats.

Histochemical changes in the activity of two hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatasc and aminopeptidase) considered to be characteristic of lysosomes were studied in ovarian structures. Ovaries from juvenile, adult cyclic, pregnant, lactating, and post-lactating rats were examined. Healthy follicles exhibited almost no detectable enzymic activity. Whenever follicles appeared atretic, marked activity had developed in the follicular epithelium. Comparison of these preparations with sections prepared by routine staining methods suggested that a rise in enzymic activity may be indicative of incipient atresia. Similarly, an increased enzymic activity developed in lutein cells prior to the next ovulation, before shrinkage of the corpora lutea was detectable. The results tend to support the hypothesis that these methods permit recognition of early destructive changes in follicles and corpora lutca, which in both cases may be hormonally determined. Contrariwise, no rise in activity occurred in oocytes of atretic fol...
Posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use, and physical health concerns.

PTSD is a risk factor for alcohol problems and both in turn have been independently associated with increased health problems. However, it is unclear whether alcohol use moderates the relationship between PTSD and health. Participants were battered women (N = 336) recruited from local domestic violence shelters and non-shelter victim-assistance agencies. A 2 (PTSD diagnosis) × 3 (abstainer, infrequent/light, regular/heavy drinking) ANCOVA was conducted, with injuries and length of abuse as covariates and health concerns as the dependent variable. Main effects for PTSD and alcohol use were significant but not the interaction. Women with PTSD reported the greatest number of health concerns. Women who abstained from drinking and those who drank regularly/heavily reported more health concerns than the infrequent/light drinkers. Health concerns associated with PTSD do not appear to be due to problem drinking. In addition, infrequent/light drinking, even for women with PTSD, may be associated with fewer health concerns.
Primacy of angiotensin converting enzyme in angiotensin-(1–12) metabolism

Angiotensin-(1–12) [ANG-(1–12)], a new member of the renin-angiotensin system, is recognized as a renin independent precursor for ANG II. However, the processing of ANG-(1–12) in the circulation in...
High-linearity class B power amplifiers in GaN HEMT technology

A 36-dBm, high-linearity, single-ended class B MMIC power amplifier is reported in GaN HEMT technology. The circuit demonstrates high linearity, greater than 35 dBc of third-order intermodulation (IM3) suppression and high power added efficiency (PAE) of 34%. We demonstrate experimentally that class B power amplifiers can achieve IM3 suppression comparable to class A, while providing approximately 10% improved power added efficiency.
Macaque Frontal Eye Field Input to Saccade-Related Neurons in the Superior Colliculus

Extracellular recordings were made simultaneously in the frontal eye field and superior colliculus in awake, behaving rhesus monkeys. Frontal eye field microstimulation was used to orthodromically ...
Concurrency-Enhancing Transformations for Asynchronous Behavioral Specifications: A Data-Driven Approach

Several asynchronous system design tools are based on syntax-driven translation of behavioral specifications (e.g., Balsa, Haste). While they provide rapid design times, the performance of the resulting implementations is typically limited, in part because specifications written by designers often have limited concurrency due to unpipelined operation and unnecessary sequencing. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a "source-to-source'' transformation (i.e., code rewriting) of the original specification into a new one using a variety of concurrency-enhancing optimizations: (i) automatic parallelization, (ii) automatic pipelining, (iii) arithmetic optimization, and (iv) reordering of channel communication. Our approach has been integrated into an existing design flow, and applied to a suite of examples. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach correctly and efficiently rewrites the original specifications into highly concurrent ones. If code length is used as an indicator of designer effort, our approach reduces the required effort by a factor of 3.3x on average (up to 8.8x). Alternatively, the impact of our approach can be quantified by the throughput improvement achieved by optimizing the original specification: up to 59x speedup using our basic approach, and a further 5.2x using arithmetic optimization.
The impact of pair programming on student performance, perception and persistence

This study examined the effectiveness of pair programming in four lecture sections of a large introductory programming course. We were particularly interested in assessing how the use of pair programming affects student performance and decisions to pursue computer science related majors. We found that students who used pair programming produced better programs, were more confident in their solutions, and enjoyed completing the assignments more than students who programmed alone. Moreover, pairing students were significantly more likely than non-pairing students to complete the course, and consequently to pass it. Among those who completed the course, pairers performed as well on the final exam as non-pairers, were significantly more likely to be registered as computer science related majors one year later, and to have taken subsequent programming courses. Our findings suggest that not only does pairing not compromise students' learning, but that it may enhance the quality of their programs and encourage them to pursue computer science degrees.
mHealth: A Mechanism to Deliver More Accessible, More Effective Mental Health Care

The increased popularity and functionality of mobile devices has a number of implications for the delivery of mental health services. Effective use of mobile applications has the potential to (a) increase access to evidence-based care; (b) better inform consumers of care and more actively engage them in treatment; (c) increase the use of evidence-based practices; and (d) enhance care after formal treatment has concluded. The current paper presents an overview of the many potential uses of mobile applications as a means to facilitate ongoing care at various stages of treatment. Examples of current mobileapplicationsinbehaviouraltreatmentandresearcharedescribed,andtheimplicationsofsuchuses are discussed. Finally, we provide recommendations for methods to include mobile applications into current treatment and outline future directions for evaluation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message:  Mobile devices are becoming increasingly common among the adult population and have tremendous potential to advance clinical care.  Mobile applications have the potential to enhance clinical care at stages of treatment—from engaging patients in clinical care to facilitating adherence to practices and in maintaining treatment gains.  Research is needed to validate the efficacy and effectiveness of mobile applications in clinical practice.  Research on such devices must incorporate assessments of usability and adherence in addition to their incremental benefit to treatment.
A lightweight fast hopping synthesizer for EHF satellite applications

A 15-watt, 6-lb dual fast hopping synthesizer has been developed at Lincoln Laboratory as a technology prototype for potential use in spread spectrum EHF satellite applications. The dual unit provides a pair of independently controllable hopping outputs with sub-microsecond phase-settling times. The low DC power consumption is achieved mainly through the use of a 40-MHz radiation hardened CMOS direct digital synthesizer (DDS). The small available bandwidth from this DDS is expanded to 540 MHz centered near 10 GHz using a single, fast-settling phase locked loop (PLL). A novel adaptive pre-tune approach has been implemented to enable the PLL to maintain its fast-settling characteristics over a -40/spl deg/C to +60/spl deg/C temperature range and mitigate the effects of component aging. This design has made extensive use of chip and wire hybridization to achieve the small size despite the relative complexity of the PLL circuitry. To provide a convincing demonstration that the design is suitable for on-orbit usage, parts selection was appropriately limited and a flight qualifiable packaging strategy was adopted. The performance of this synthesizer design was validated in a system context through the incorporation of two prototype units into a laboratory based spread spectrum EHF communications system simulator.
Adaptive Resonance Theory Design in Mixed Memristive-Fuzzy Hardware

Fuzzification of neural networks show great promise in improving system reliability and computational efficiency. In the present work we explore the possibility of combining fuzzy inference with Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) neural networks implemented on massively parallel hardware architectures including memristive devices. Memristive hardware holds promise to greatly reduce power requirements of such neuromorphic applications by increasing synaptic memory storage capacity and decreasing wiring length between memory storage and computational modules. Storing and updating synaptic weight values based on synaptic plasticity rules is one of the most computationally demanding operations in biologically-inspired neural networks such as Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART). Our work indicates that Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) can significantly improve computational efficiency. In this chapter, we introduce a novel method, based on fuzzy inference, to reduce the computational burden of a class of recurrent networks named recurrent competitive fields (RCFs). A novel algorithmic scheme is presented to more efficiently perform the synaptic learning component of ART networks in memristive hardware. RCF networks using FIS are able to learn synaptic weightswith small absolute error rates, and classify correctly. Using the FIS methodology it is possible to significantly reduce the computational complexity of the proposed memristive hardware using computationally cheaper and more robust fuzzy operators.
Probing microhydration effect on the electronic structure of the GFP chromophore anion: Photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical investigations

The photophysics of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) chromophore is critically dependent on its local structure and on its environment. Despite extensive experimental and computational studies, there remain many open questions regarding the key fundamental variables that govern this process. One outstanding problem is the role of autoionization as a possible relaxation pathway of the excited state under different environmental conditions. This issue is considered in our work through combined experimental and theoretical studies of microsolvated clusters of the deprotonated p-hydroxybenzylidene-2,3-dimethylimidazolinone anion (HBDI−), an analog of the GFP chromophore. Through selective generation of microsolvated structures of predetermined size and subsequent analysis of experimental photoelectron spectra by high level ab initio methods, we are able to precisely identify the structure of the system, establish the accuracy of theoretical data, and provide reliable description of auto-ionization process as a function of hydrogen-bonding environment. Our study clearly illustrates the first few water molecules progressively stabilize the excited state of the chromophore anion against the autodetached neutral state, which should be an important trait for crystallographic water molecules in GFPs that has not been fully explored to date.
Combined continuous paracervical and continuous pudendal nerve block anesthesia in labor.

Abstract A highly satisfactory method of administering combined continuous paracervical and continuous pudendal nerve block anesthesia in labor with the use of precurved catheters is presented. This modality appears to have wide application for the relief of pain in labor. Its value is particularly significant when we consider that only 15 per cent of parturients in this country have the advantage of trained anesthesiologists in labor and delivery rooms. l In addition, this method markedly reduces the dosage of systemic analgesic drugs required and avoids the maternal dangers inherent in other forms of conduction anesthesia.
Adjunctive therapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease. A practical approach

Alzheimer's disease (AD) primarily results in memory impairment and cognitive deficits in areas such as language, visuospatial function, calculation, praxis and judgement. However, over 30% of patients with dementia develop a group of secondary behavioural disturbances, including depression, hallucinations and delusions, agitation, insomnia and wandering. Because these secondary symptoms impair patients' function, increase their need for supervision, and often influence the decision to institutionalise them, the control of these symptoms is a priority in managing AD. Psychotropic drugs, particularly antipsychotics (neuroleptics), have been a mainstay in treating many of these symptoms, but carry a high risk of adverse effects. Patients with AD may be particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of medications because of changes in pharmacokinetics and neurotransmitter systems, related to both AD and aging. At present, treating secondary symptoms of AD is more of an art than a science. For virtually every group of symptoms, older and newer classes of medications are available, with proven efficacy in patients without dementia and less clear results in AD patients. We review current treatment options and suggest preferences for each symptom complex, based on a trade-off between efficacy and adverse effects. New agents, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and atypical antipsychotics, may herald the arrival of symptom- (and receptor-) specific drugs with minimal adverse effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of cavitating open propeller and azimuth thruster with nozzle in open water

Cavitation is crucial to control when designing a propeller as it is a major source of noise and vibrations. This type of pressure pulses, at least at low order close to the blade rate frequency, can today relatively exactly be modeled using potential flow methods. These type of methods do however have physical limitations, preventing them to develop much further. With Computation fluid dynamics (CFD), on the other hands, some development is still needed to come to the same level as well validated potential flow codes. The possibilities to develop more advanced numerical models, also including higher order frequencies, are however much greater using CFD as compared to potential flow. In this work a RANS method including cavitation modeling is used to study the cavitating flow in the Potsdam propeller Test Case (PPTC). This is done to validate the method with regard to cavitation including complex cavitation phenomena responsible for higher order pressure pulses. Furthermore, the same method is applied to a propeller on a ducted Azimuth thruster which introduces non-uniform loading on the propeller due to the azimuth structure.
Experimental Evaluation and Energy Modeling of a Greenhouse Concept with Semi-transparent Photovoltaics

Abstract The use of semi-transparent photovoltaics (STPV) as a greenhouse cladding material can serve to transmit daylight while providing some shading and solar electricity generation. This paper experimentally validates an energy model of a greenhouse concept employing STPV. The model is then used to compare the energy performance of a full-scale greenhouse and a vertical farm concept, with both employing STPV. Simulation results for Montreal indicate that the vertical farm generates 49% less solar electricity and consumes up to 31% less heating than the greenhouse, whereas their cooling energy demand is approximately equal. This research evaluates promising design concepts for year-round urban agriculture and renewable energy generation.
Complex-Pulse Characterization Using a One Dimensional Scheme

We show that complex pulses can be measured using autocorrelation, fundamental and second harmonic spectra (or with the first and second order interferometric autocorrelations). Our approach also differentiates pulses with indistinguishable autocorrelation and fundamental spectrum.
Posters for Peace: Visual Rhetoric and Civic Action by Thomas W. Benson

Over twenty years ago in William Nothstine, Carole Blair, and Gary Copeland’s edited volume, Critical Questions, Thomas W. Benson likened his research to doing “part of society’s homework” (185). T...
Discrepancies between bilinguals' performance on the Spanish and English versions of the WAIS Digit Span task: Cross-cultural implications

This study explored within-subjects differences in the performance of 40 bilingual participants on the English and Spanish versions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Digit Span task. To test the linguistic hypothesis that individuals would perform worse in Spanish because of its syllabic demand, we compared the number of syllables correctly recalled by each participant for every correct trial. Our analysis of the correct number of syllables remembered per trial showed that participants performed significantly better (i.e., recalling more syllables) in Spanish than in English on the total score. Findings suggest the Spanish version of the Digit Span (total score) was significantly more difficult than the English version utilizing traditional scoring methods. Moreover, the Forward Trial, rather than the Backward Trial, was more likely to show group differences between both language versions. Additionally, the Spanish trials of the Digit Span were correlated with language comprehension and verbal episodic memory measures, whereas the English trials of the Digit Span were correlated with confrontational naming and verbal fluency tasks. The results suggest that more research is necessary to further investigate other cognitive factors, rather than just syllabic demand, that might contribute to performance and outcome differences on the WAIS Digit Span in Spanish-English bilinguals.
Colonial Firearms Regulation

Firearms regulation in Colonial America was primarily focused on encouraging gun ownership for defense against external threats (Indians, pirates, non-British European powers) and internal threats (slave rebellions).
Monitoring on Drinking Water in Huaying City From 2005 to 2008

Objective To analyze and grasp the current hygienic condition of drinking water in Huaying from 2005 to 2008,so as to provide the scientific evidence for improving water supply in cities and water renovation in the rural areas.Method The data of quality monitoring of drinking water in Huaying during dry season and rainy season from 2005 to 2008 were collected and analyzed.Results From 2005 to 2008,the average qualified rate of drinking water quality was only 65.31%.The indexes which were not compliant to the standard limit were turbidity,total hardness,manganese,total numbers of colony,and coli-group.The qualified rate of drinking water quality could be ordered from top to bottom: out-waterworks water,terminal tap water,and well water.There was no statistical difference between the qualified rate of dry season and the rainy season(χ2=0.57,P 0.05).On the other hand,there was statistical difference between qualified rate in urban(78.92%)and rural areas(47.66%)(χ2=31.2,P0.05).Conclusion The hygienic quality of drinking water and water supply system in Huaying should be improved further in order to protect the safety of drinking water for the inhabitants.
Human cytomegalovirus - no longer just a DNA virus.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is classified as a DNA herpesvirus. A recent study showed that the HCMV virion contains not only DNA, but also four species of mRNA, indicating that this virus is more complex than previously believed.