cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thorium and radium isotopic relationships in manganese nodules and sediments at MANOP Site S

Abstract Relationships among Th and Ra isotopes in nodule, sediment and water phases at MANOP Site S establish the most likely source for Th in the nodules, the frequency of nodule turning, and the similarity of micro and macro nodules. Manganese nodules and bottom waters have 230 Th 232 Th activity ratios considerably higher than other phases at this site suggesting that sea water is the likely source of Th for the nodules. Similar 230 Th 232 Th activity ratios in nodule tops and bottoms and in certain cases departure from expected 226 Ra 230 Th activity ratios in nodule tops and bottoms indicate that the nodules rotate every one to ten thousand years. The micro nodules have diffusion coefficients of Ra similar to macro nodule bottoms. I suggest that they may act as a carrier phase for transporting metals through oxic sediments to nodules.
Recurrent Rejection in Pediatric Cardiac Transplantation 110

Cardiac transplantation has become an accepted therapy for end-stage pediatric cardiac disease. While acute rejection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, recurrent (≥ 2 episodes) rejection in pediatric recipients has had limited analysis. We characterized recurrent rejection in 95 consecutive pediatric (0-18 years) heart transplant recipients treated with the same triple immunosuppression protocol (cyclosporine, azathioprine, steroids). Median follow-up for the population was 24 months (range 6-132 months) and 53 (56%) were infant (≤1 year) recipients. Rejection was diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy (ISHLT Grade 3A or greater). Of all patients, 27 (28%) had more than 1 rejection episode (median of 2, range 2-5). Furthermore, 7/27 (26%) patients with recurrent rejection have died any time after transplant compared to 5/68 (7%) without recurrent rejection(p 12 months of age (p 12 months (Odds Ratio 3.6, p<0.005, 70%CI 2.4-5.4) and non-white race (Odds Ratio 3.4, p<0.002, 70%CI 2.6-4.6) to be risk factors for recurrent rejection. These results indicate that recurrent rejection is less likely to occur in infant and white recipients. This implies that immunosuppression and rejection surveillance protocols should be tailored for specific populations of recipients. Further studies are needed to determine if these differences are a result of biologic or non-biologic(compliance) phenomena.
Risk of limb birth defects and mother's home proximity to cornfields

Abstract Background Although previous studies have linked proximity to crops and birth defects, they lacked individual-level exposure data and none was based on using planted area instead of linear proximity to crops as the exposure metric. We studied birth defects in relation to the area of corn or soybeans within 500 m of the mother's residence. Methods We selected all singleton births from rural areas conceived during the 2000–2004 spring-summer months (n = 48,216). We determined whether the area with corn or soybeans around the home was associated with birth defects using multiple unconditional logistic regression. Results We found that limb birth defects (ICD-9-CM 754.5, 755) increased in relation to cornfields (Adjusted OR = 1.22; 95 % CI = 1.01, 1.47 per additional 10 ha planted with corn within 500 m). None of the birth defect types studied was associated with soybeans. Conclusions In the Midwest, a significant and expanding proportion of the population is now living in close proximity to cornfields. Our results suggest that additional studies should be conducted to identify which factor(s) associated with cornfields are behind the observed increase in limb birth defects.
Components of metaphoric processing

Three experiments examined whether sentences interpretable as metaphorical and literal expressions differed on three components of processing: perceptual decoding, sense selection, and integration of terms. In Experiments 1 and 2 metaphorical words were identified more readily than literal words on separate tests of perceptual identification and word recognition. In Experiment 3 the conveyed meaning of a metaphor was not recalled better than a literal interpretation of the same target sentence. It is concluded that metaphorical and literal sentences utilize separate perceptual and selectional decoding strategies, but do not differ with respect to comprehension processes once metaphorical and literal referents are instantiated. Discussion is given as to whether these differences constitute a separate metaphor strategy.
DOA: DSR over AODV Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We present a lightweight hierarchical routing model, way point routing (WPR), in which a number of intermediate nodes on a route are selected as waypoints and the route is divided into segments by the waypoints. The waypoints, including the source and the destination, run a high-level intersegment routing protocol, while the nodes on each segment run a low-level intrasegment routing protocol. One distinct advantage of our model is that when a node on the route moves out or fails, instead of discarding the whole original route and discovering a new route from the source to the destination, only the two waypoint nodes of the broken segment have to find a new segment. In addition, our model is lightweight because it maintains a hierarchy only for nodes on active routes. On the other hand, existing hierarchical routing protocols such as CGSR and ZRP maintain hierarchies for the entire network. We present an instantiation of WPR, where we use DSR as the intersegment routing protocol and AODV as the intrasegment routing protocol. This instantiation is termed DSR over AODV (DOA) routing protocol. Thus, DSR and AODV - two well-known on-demand routing protocols for MANETs - are combined into one hierarchical routing protocol and become two special cases of our protocol. Furthermore, we present two novel techniques for DOA: one is an efficient loop detection method and the other is a multitarget route, discovery. Simulation results show that DOA scales well for large networks with more than 1,000 nodes, incurring about 60 percent-80 percent less overhead than AODV, while other metrics are better than or comparable to AODV and DSR
Phonetic category structure of [I]: extent, best exemplars, and organization.

The current investigation examined the structure of the phonetic category [I] for 13 listeners. Experiments reported are results from identification, "best exemplar," and discrimination tasks using...
Efficient computation of three-dimensional scattering of vector electromagnetic waves

A review of different methods of solving for the solution of scattering by three-dimensional objects is presented. There are two main classes of methods: one is for solving the differential equation directly, and the other is for solving the integral equation derived from the differential equation. The differential equation method has the advantage of generating a sparse matrix but could potentially suffer from grid-dispersion error. The radiation condition in the differential equation approach is sometimes approximated. The alternative approach, which is the integral equation approach, provides a solution that satisfies the radiation condition immediately and possibly with less grid-dispersion error. However, it gives rise to a dense matrix that is more computationally intensive to solve and to invert. Recent methods developed for inverting and solving the integral equation efficiently are discussed. They involve the recursive method, the nesting method, and the iterative method. The recursive method seeks the solution of (n + 1) subscatterers from the solution of n subscatterers. The nesting method nests a smaller problem within a larger problem. The iterative method uses the conjugate gradient method but exploits recursion and nesting to expedite the matrix-vector multiply in the conjugate gradient method. Some results for solving three-dimensional scattering of electromagnetic fields are presented.
A 10-year spatial climatology of squall line storms across Oklahoma

Severe thunderstorms are an important and relatively common component of the annual weather across the State of Oklahoma. Such weather brings hazardous features such as, large hail, damaging winds, and tornadoes, while also providing beneficial precipitation vital to the state's agricultural and hydrological needs. In any given year, severe weather activity is dictated by seasonal and monthly changes in atmospheric conditions, which frequently determine the type and severity of subsequent storms. This study focuses on a 10-year period between 1994 and 2003 to quantify the spatial and temporal characteristics of severe squall line storms across Oklahoma. A squall line is a linearly organized set of storms that has a sharp radar reflectivity gradient at its leading edge typically followed by a less intense stratiform region. Squall line storms are one of the most significant storm modes observed in Oklahoma due to their large aerial extent, long durations, high winds, heavy rains, and hail. For this study, geographic information systems (GIS) were used to store geo-referenced storm data and spatially analyse storm events across varying timescales. The analysis revealed that squall lines were most predominant across eastern Oklahoma with a decreasing westward gradient. The annual averaged storm track was from the west to east, while the monthly mean squall line tracks were oriented from southwest to northeast from January through April, from west to east during May, from northwest to southeast from June through September, and from southwest to northeast through the end of the year. In addition, high-resolution analyses of squall line initiation and termination locations revealed important geographical variability in typical storm lifecycle. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Modeling and testing polity boundaries in the Classic Tuxtla Mountains, Southern Veracruz, Mexico

Combined application of GIS modeling of polity boundaries and qualitative characterization of those boundaries in the Tuxtla Mountains, southern Veracruz, Mexico generated interesting questions and some answers regarding the regional political landscape. Not only did this process elucidate possible boundary locations, the process of evaluating these different hypotheses proved to be a useful exercise in characterizing the boundary and the nature of interaction between the polities controlled by Matacapan and Totocapan during the Classic period. I develop a seven variable classification for political boundaries to be used with coarse-grained settlement data.
Yahweh’s Breast: Interpreting Haggai’s Temple through Melanie Klein’s Projective Identification Theory

Haggai’s emphasis on the temple is driven more by a concern for a defensive preservation of social-political identity than it is for the institutional restoration of the cult. As a heuristic device, Melanie Klein's theory on projective identification helps identify constructivist elements in Haggai that highlight postures of defensive preservation as legitimations of the Jerusalem temple as a shared object. Haggai’s vision of a “restored” society is based on his belief that the symbolic value of the temple is a necessary, constructive element in the creation or manifestation of that society and its corresponding identity.
Bridging the Gap: Linking Simulation and Testing

The Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) which is a key enabler for the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership, announced in 2011 by U.S. President Barack Obama, was established to accelerate the development and deployment of advanced materials. The MGI is driven by the need to "bridge the gap" between (I) experimental results and computational analysis to enable the rapid development and validation of new mateirals, and (II) the processes required to convert these materials into useable goods.
Gaussian basis sets for polarizability calculations

Abstract A simple set of rules for choosing gaussian basis sets for molecular polarizability calculation is proposed. The rules have been applied in coupled Hartree-Fock calculations on several first row diatomics and have been found to give polarizabilities accurate to within 2%. Because of their simplicity and lack of laborious exponent optimization, the rules should prove especially useful for polyatomic molecule calculations.
Judgment, probability, and Aristotle's rhetoric

Aristotle discussed various forms of rationality in the Organon and other works. Aristotle held that in making judgments, the soul used five means— intelligence, episteme (scientific knowledge), sophia (theoretical wisdom), techne (art), and phronesis (practical wisdom). The nature of rhetoric as a techne employed in persuasion and grounded in probabilities distinguishes it from discourse in natural science, metaphysics, and philosophy. Aristotle's comparative study of the reasoning used by each of these means enables us to recognize rhetoric's uniqueness.
IgA antibody, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Immunoglobulin fractions containing antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were isolated from different sera and tested in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. All cytotoxic activity resided in the IgG fraction. IgA antibodies were not cytotoxic in this assay against cells expressing the EBV-induced membrane antigen complex. However, IgA antibodies were able to block the IgG-mediated ADCC reaction, indicating that the IgA and IgG antibodies recognized the same EVB-specific antigenic determinants. This was supported by results from radioimmune precipitation experiments. Our findings suggest that low ADCC titers previously identified in the sera of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who had a poor prognosis could be due to the blocking activity of IgA antibodies. The results further suggest that IgA antibodies are detrimental to the patient with this disease, if one assumes that ADCC functions in vivo in immunity to this tumor
Analysis of NO structure in a methane–air edge flame

Abstract We present computations of a methane–air edge flame stabilized against an incoming flow mixing layer, using detailed methane–air chemistry. We analyze the computed edge flame, with a focus on NO-structure. We examine the spatial distribution of NO and its production/consumption rate. We investigate the breakdown of the NO source term among the thermal, prompt, N 2 O, and NO 2 pathways. We examine the contributions of the four pathways at different locations, as the edge flame structure changes with downstream distance, tending to a classical diffusion flame structure. We also examine the dominant reaction flux contributions in each pathway. We compare the results to those in premixed, non-premixed, and opposed-jet triple flames.
Role of van der Waals force in latex film formation

Capillary pressure force and direct surface tension force are known to be sufficient though probably not necessary to drive the compaction stage of latex film formation. There is abundant evidence that van der Waals force can draw particles together progressively more around the perimeters of interparticle contacts, but their role in compaction remains unanswered. With the powerful technique of high-resolution cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), together with fast-freezing and freeze-drying followed by controlled annealing at temperatures below and around the nominal glass transition temperature, we have documented the role of van der Waals force in film formation in the water-free condition, i.e., with capillary pressure and surface tension forces absent. Results of imaging the freeze-dried and annealed coatings are fully consistent with the hypothesis that van der Waals force alone can compact a latex coating. The rate at which particles flatten and thus the coating compacts by annealing increases, as expected, with temperature and time. The results of rewetting tests of coatings annealed at various temperatures demonstrate that compacted coating is not necessarily coalesced, and that even full compaction of solid particles can be elastic, hence reversible, rather than viscoelastic or viscoplastic. Some of the results suggest that soluble ionic surfactant and oligomeric and grafted polymeric stabilizers at particle surfaces, collapse to undetectable dimensions during freeze-drying, yet reswell to detectable size during rewetting, if they have not dissolved into polymer particles during annealing.
Evolving Turbulence Realizations of Atmospheric Flow

A significant difference exists between estimates of contaminant atmospheric transport and dispersion calculated by an ensemble-averaged model and the turbulent details of any particular atmospheric transport and dispersion realization. In some cases, however, it is important to be able to make inferences of these realizations using ensemble-averaged models. It is possible to make such inferences if there are sensors in the field to report contaminant concentration observations. Any information determined about the atmospheric transport and dispersion realization can then be assimilated into a forecast model. This approach can enhance the accuracy of the atmospheric transport and dispersion forecast of a particular event. This work adopts that approach and reports on a genetic algorithm used to optimize the variational problem. Given contaminant sensor measurements and a transport and dispersion model, one can back-calculate unknown source and meteorological parameters. In this case, we demonstrate the dynamic recovery of unknown meteorological variables, including the transport variables that comprise the “outer variability” (wind speed and wind direction) and the dispersion variables that comprise the “inner variability” (contaminant spread). The optimization problem is set up in an Eulerian grid space, where the comparison of the concentration field variable between the predictions and the observations forms the cost function. The transport and dispersion parameters, which are determined from the optimization, are in Lagrangian space. This calculation is applied to continuous and instantaneous releases in a horizontally homogeneous wind field such as that observed during traditional transport and dispersion field experiments. The method proves to be successful at recovering the unknown transport and dispersion parameters for a numerical experiment.
The Effectiveness of Adult Safety Belt Systems for Child Occupants: What Is the Role of the Booster Seat?

There have been many published studies over the past few years regarding the use of belt positioning booster seats [1–4]. A recurring conclusion of these studies is that when it comes to protecting child motor vehicle occupants 4–8 years old, buckling them up in adult restraint systems is not enough. These studies also recommend that children should be restrained with safety systems that correspond with their stage of development and should progress through a series of age appropriate restraints such as child safety seats and belt positioning booster seats before moving on to adult restraint systems. Despite these recommendations, an overwhelming number of 4–8 year olds graduate to adult seat belts before they “properly fit”. It has been shown that correct safety belt fit is not usually achieved with adult lap/shoulder belt systems until children are about 4 feet 9 inches tall and weigh roughly 80 pounds [5]. For most children, this will not occur until they are about 9 years old.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A new partial discharge detection method for live UHV/EHV cable joints

Partial discharge (PD) detection on live UHVEHV power cables and accessories is one of the most important techniques to prevent cable systems from serious difficulties caused by slight errors in joining the cables. A new PD detecting method is proposed in this paper. A resonance-type partial discharge (REDI) sensor is developed for detecting PD occurring inside the joints of live XLPE insulated cables. This sensor picks up the high-frequency components of PD current pulses on the surface of live cables, hence the output signals can clearly be observed at the noiseless area (for example, 10-60 MHZ). This new method was applied to the initial ac breakdown tests with three different types of joints of UHV/EHV power cables. The PD pulse sequence was detected before their breakdown in all cases. The charge quantity and the number of pulses increased tremendously just before the breakdown. In addition, the phase of PD pulse against the applied voltage (ϕ-q characteristics) changes with time or with the progress of deterioration. According to these experimental results, the REDI sensor can be applied to the insulation diagnosis of live power cable joints.
The Prebiotic Synthesis of Modified Purines and Their Potential Role in the RNA World

Modified purines are found in all organisms in the tRNA, rRNA, and even DNA, raising the possibility of an early role for these compounds in the evolution of life. These include N6-methyladenine, 1-methyladenine, N6,N6-dimethyladenine, 1-methylhypoxanthine, 1-methylguanine, and N2-methylguanine. We find that these bases as well as a number of nonbiological modified purines can be synthesized from adenine and guanine by the simple reaction of an amine or an amino group with adenine and guanine under the concentrated conditions of the drying-lagoon or drying-beach model of prebiotic synthesis with yields as high as 50%. These compounds are therefore as prebiotic as adenine and guanine and could have played an important role in the RNA world by providing additional functional groups in ribozymes, especially for the construction of hydrophobic binding pockets.
The unimolecular chemistry of quaternary ammonium ions and their neutral counterparts

Abstract The quaternary ammonium ions (CH3)4N+ (1+), (CH3CH2)4N+ (2+), C6H5N+ (CH3)3(3+), C6H5CH2N+ (CH3)3 (4+) and C6H5CH2N+ (CH2CH3)3 (5+) and the corresponding ammonium radicals 1–5 have been studied in the gas phase by metastable ion (MI) characteristics, collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and neutralization—reionization mass spectrometry (NRMS). The unimolecular chemistry of the ammonium ions is influenced by the nature of their substituents (R). Based on cations 3+–5+, which carry different types of N+R bonds, preferential dissociation at N+—benzyl > N+—alkyl > N+—phenyl takes place. The two major fragmentation channels observed for all ions are (i) direct cleavage of the N+R bond with charge retention on the species of lowest ionization energy and (ii) formation of an immonium ion by loss of the hydrocarbon RH (from all cations) or RCH3 (only from 2+ and 5+). These decompositions proceed after initial, rate-determining isomerization of 1+–5+ to ion/dipole complexes R3N +/ R or, in case of benzyl substitution, to R+/NR3. The NRMS experiments reveal that the hypervalent radicals 1–5 are unstable, decaying within ⪡ 0.2 μs by rupture of one of the NR bonds. 3–5 mainly cleave the NR bond which yields the thermodynamically most stable products.
Moser and tardos meet Lovász

Beck's early work [3] gave an efficient version of the Lovasz Local Lemma(LLL) with significant compromise in the parameters. Following several improvements [1,7,4,13], Moser [8], and Moser and Tardos [9] obtained asymptotically optimal results in terms of the maximal degree.For a fixed dependency graph G the exact criterion under which LLL applies is given by Shearer in [12]. For a dependency structure G, let LO(G) be the set of those probability assignments to the nodes of G for which the Lovasz Local Lemma holds. We show that: Both the sequential and parallel ersions of the Moser-Tardos algorithm are efficient up to the Shearer's bound, by giving a tighter analysis. We also prove that, whenever p ∈ LO(G)/(1+e), the expected running times of the sequential and parallel versions are at most n/e and O(1/e log n/e), the later when e
Protein Disulfide Isomerase A6 Controls the Decay of IRE1α Signaling via Disulfide-Dependent Association

The response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress relies on activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) sensors, and the outcome of the UPR depends on the duration and strength of signal. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism that attenuates the activity of the UPR sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α). A resident ER protein disulfide isomerase, PDIA6, limits the duration of IRE1α activity by direct binding to cysteine 148 in the lumenal domain of the sensor, which is oxidized when IRE1 is activated. PDIA6-deficient cells hyperrespond to ER stress with sustained autophosphorylation of IRE1α and splicing of XBP1 mRNA, resulting in exaggerated upregulation of UPR target genes and increased apoptosis. In vivo, PDIA6-deficient C. elegans exhibits constitutive UPR and fails to complete larval development, a program that normally requires the UPR. Thus, PDIA6 activity provides a mechanism that limits UPR signaling and maintains it within a physiologically appropriate range.
The robber route problem

Abstract We are given a polygon P together with a point x on the boundary of P , a set S of edges of P (the sights), and a set T of points in P (the threats). The robber route (or {{ S, T }-route) problem is to find a shortest route (if one exists) from x to x and such that every point in S is visible from some point along the route while the route is not visible to any of the points in T . We present necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a robber route and results on the complexity of the robber route problem and its relationship to the watchman route problem.
Simple upper bounds for partition functions

We tweak Siegel’s method to produce a rather simple proof of a new upper bound on the number of partitions of an integer into an exact number of parts. Our approach, which exploits the delightful dilogarithm function, extends easily to numerous other counting functions.
Steady-State Modeling of Electroultrafiltration at Constant Concentration

Abstract A simple mathematical model was developed to predict the steady-state electroultrafiltration (a combination of ultrafiltration and electrophoresis) flux for processing bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions at constant concentration. The assumption that the wall concentration is an exponential function of the electric field strength gave a linear dependence of flux on electric field strength. This dependence was experimentally confirmed for electroultrafiltration of 1–4 wt% BSA solutions at pH 7.4, using Amicon XM-50 membranes with a transmembrane pressure drop of 5 psig. The mathematical model uses the values of the solution and solvent fluxes for normal ultrafiltration plus the electrophoretic mobility of the solute to predict the electroultrafiltration flux. The difference between the model predictions and the measured performance was 7.5%.
Full-motion video analysis for improved gender classification

The ability of computer systems to perform gender classification using the dynamic motion of the human subject has important applications in medicine, human factors, and human-computer interface systems. Previous works in motion analysis have used data from sensors (including gyroscopes, accelerometers, and force plates), radar signatures, and video. However, full-motion video, motion capture, range data provides a higher resolution time and spatial dataset for the analysis of dynamic motion. Works using motion capture data have been limited by small datasets in a controlled environment. In this paper, we explore machine learning techniques to a new dataset that has a larger number of subjects. Additionally, these subjects move unrestricted through a capture volume, representing a more realistic, less controlled environment. We conclude that existing linear classification methods are insufficient for the gender classification for larger dataset captured in relatively uncontrolled environment. A method based on a nonlinear support vector machine classifier is proposed to obtain gender classification for the larger dataset. In experimental testing with a dataset consisting of 98 trials (49 subjects, 2 trials per subject), classification rates using leave-one-out cross-validation are improved from 73% using linear discriminant analysis to 88% using the nonlinear support vector machine classifier.
A new sensitive colorimetric assay for peroxidase using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine as hydrogen donor

Abstract A new simple colorimetric assay for measurement of peroxidase activity using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride as hydrogen donor is described. The DAB is stable under the usual assay conditions, and its rate of auto-oxidation is negligible. Under optimal conditions, a linear relationship is found between peroxidase concentration and the rate of oxidation of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (ΔA405nm/min). Using horseradish peroxidase, the DAB method appears more sensitive than the o-dianisidine and the guaiacol assays for peroxidase. This method can also be used for measurement of peroxidase activity in tissue fractions.
Landscape dynamics fostering the development and persistence of long-lived creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) clones in the Mojave Desert

Outward growth of single genetic individuals of creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) produces large, ring-shaped clones. Clones may reach ages of several thousand years and it has been predicted that old clones should occur in older, geologically stable parts of the landscape. Paradoxically, large clones are rare or absent on older, stable geomorphic surfaces (Pleistocene alluvial fan remnants). Instead, clones are most common in places where fluvial and eolian deposition has repeatedly occurred throughout the Holocene. Clones in such locations are derived from plants that originally established on surfaces of older, now buried deposits. The unweathered sandy alluvium of young surface deposits readily absorbs precipitation; plant function is enhanced in these settings. Repeated alluvial deposition also provides fine sand that is locally redistributed by the wind to form sub-canopy coppice dunes. Moisture absorbed by and retained in coppice dunes further enhances plant performance and prospects for long-term survival. On older surfaces where repeated alluvial deposition has not occurred, development of fine-textured soil horizons strongly inhibits infiltration of precipitation and the depth of moisture percolation, which negatively impacts plant performance. Long-lived clones and associated coppice dunes are extremely sensitive landscape features; this sensitivity has conservation implications in terms of land use and management.
A New Method to Reduce Cure-Induced Stresses in Thermoset Polymer Composites, Part III: Correlating Stress History to Viscosity, Degree of Cure, and Cure Shrinkage

Non-thermoelastic effects such as cure shrinkage of a polymer can play a role in residual stresses in composite parts. Studies have shown that cure shrinkage can place significant stresses on fiber...
Parental Contributions to Preschoolers' Understanding of Emotion

SUMMARY We hypothesized that parents who express positive emotions and are supportive of their preschoolers' emotional expressions and experiences are likely to engage in talking and teaching about emotions, thereby enhancing children's emotion knowledge. Observational and self-report indices of parents' socialization of emotion were obtained for 134 families when children were 3 and 4 years old, along with children's emotion knowledge from ages 3 to 5. Mothers' valuing teaching about emotions mediated the positive effects of their positive expressions and reactions on the emotion knowledge of 3-year-olds. More limited paternal contributions were found for 4-year-olds' emotion knowledge only. Departures from predicted relations suggested that fathers might see their role in emotion socialization as different from that of mothers. Prediction of 5-year-old emotion knowledge was not as strong as at earlier ages.
Octa-O-propanoyl-β-maltose: crystal structure, acyl stacking, related structures, and conformational analysis

Abstract The crystal structure of β-maltose octapropanoate (1) was solved to improve understanding of di-, oligo-, and polysaccharide conformations. The O6 and O6′ atoms are in gg and gt orientations, respectively. Extrapolation of the coordinates of the non-reducing residue and observed linkage bond and torsion angles of 1 ( τ C1 ′ – O4 – C4 = 116.0 ° , ϕ O5 ′ – C1 ′ – O4 – C4 = 77.1 ° , ψ C5 – C4 – O4 – C1 ′ = - 157.5 ° ) yields a left-handed helix similar to amylose triacetate I. The ϕ and ψ values of 1 are also similar to those of other crystalline, acylated maltose compounds as well as some hydroxyl-bearing molecules. Acylated maltose moieties are often stabilized by stacking of the carbonyl groups and α-carbons on O3 and O2′ as well as by the exo-anomeric effect. The conformation of 1 is within the 1-kcal/mol contour on a hybrid energy map built with a dielectric constant of 7.5, but corresponds to higher energies on maps made with lower dielectric constants. In one region of ϕ,ψ space, both hydroxyl-bearing and derivatized maltose moieties are found but no inter-residue, intramolecular hydrogen-bonding occurs. In another region, only hydroxyl-bearing molecules crystallize and O2′⋯O3 hydrogen bonds are always found. In agreement with the energy surfaces, amylose helices extrapolated from available linkage geometries were almost all left-handed.
A study of thermodynamic restrictions, constraint conditions, and material symmetry in fully strain-space theories of plasticity

A thermodynamic theory is presented for modeling elastic-plastic response at large deformations. A study is conducted on how one may impose different constraint conditions, including that imposed by the yield function, and the implications of the entropy production inequality on the elastic-plastic response in the presence of these constraints. Both single and multiple constraints are considered. Representations are provided for Cauchy stress, heat flux, free energy, entropy, the flow rule, and the hardening rule for an initially isotropic material.
On-Line Monitoring of the Electric Arc-Spraying Process Based on Acoustic Signatures:

Electric arc spraying (or metal arc spraying) is a process that deposits metal particles on suitable substrates using two consumable wire electrodes. The high-temperature arc formed between these electrodes in an atomizing jet of air produces small molten particles which are used to coat the substrate. The contribution of the process parameters and their interactions on the coating thickness is analysed using Taguchi's design of experiments. The time and frequency domain sound signals generated during the process are utilized to characterize the spraying phenomenon. Stochastic modelling of acoustic signals forms the basis for a closed-loop control mechanism of the arc-spraying process proposed for the first time. Experimental proof of the Gaussian nature of the deposition profile is provided and a mathematical approach has been suggested to obtain a uniform deposit thickness in a single pass.
Simulation of detonation wave interaction using an ignition and growth model

A kinetics based detonation model has been integrated with an existing object oriented hydrocode. The model has been demonstrated to correctly predict the shock initiation of explosives and captures key features such as the von Neumann pressure spike and reaction zone. Comparisons to experimental flyer plate data for both primary and secondary class explosives have been performed and key features such as detonation wave form and resulting target disk velocities are reproduced. Simulations have also been performed representing the interaction of various mechanical waves. First, the interaction of detonation waves, a key process in energetic systems, is simulated. Next, the response of an established detonation wave to an explosive that has been preconditioned by a weak compression wave is modeled. These have been carried out to determine the utility of the existing kinetic schemes for such problems.
Molecular hydrogen emission in the vacuum ultraviolet from an inductively coupled plasma

Abstract Vacuum ultraviolet radiation is observed through a sampling orifice in a metal cone inserted directly into an Ar inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The many-lined spectrum of the H 2 Lyman bands is observed from an argon ICP with either H 2 gas or nebulized water added. The most prominent bands are from the ν = 3, 4, 5 or 6 vibrational levels of the B 1 Σ + u electronic state of H 2 . The energies of the ν = 3, 4 and 5 levels are close to those of the Ar metastable levels and of photons from the Ar resonance lines (11.5 to 11.8 eV). These H 2 levels are probably populated at least in part by selective energy transfer reactions between Ar metastable atoms and H 2 and/or by absorption of Ar resonance photons by H 2 . The H 2 emission emanates only from the upstream reaches of the axial channel, i.e. the part of the axial channel that is inside the load coil and induction region.
A note on generalized (n, K, λ)-systems

This paper studies a generalized combinatorial structure a special case of which is the (n, k, λ-system introduced in [1]. We establish some basic properties of these structures but show how their study may be reduced to a matrix factorization problem similar to that considered in [1].
A test for equality of two exponential distributions

Let X1., Xn1 and Y1., Yn1, be two independent random samples from exponential populations. The statistical problem is to test whether or not two exponential populations are the same, based on the order statistics X[1],.X[r1] and Y[1],.Y[rs] where 1 r1n1 and 1 r2n2. A new test is given and an asymptotic optimum property of the test is proved.
Cloud-based malware detection for evolving data streams

Data stream classification for intrusion detection poses at least three major challenges. First, these data streams are typically infinite-length, making traditional multipass learning algorithms inapplicable. Second, they exhibit significant concept-drift as attackers react and adapt to defenses. Third, for data streams that do not have any fixed feature set, such as text streams, an additional feature extraction and selection task must be performed. If the number of candidate features is too large, then traditional feature extraction techniques fail.In order to address the first two challenges, this article proposes a multipartition, multichunk ensemble classifier in which a collection of v classifiers is trained from r consecutive data chunks using v-fold partitioning of the data, yielding an ensemble of such classifiers. This multipartition, multichunk ensemble technique significantly reduces classification error compared to existing single-partition, single-chunk ensemble approaches, wherein a single data chunk is used to train each classifier. To address the third challenge, a feature extraction and selection technique is proposed for data streams that do not have any fixed feature set. The technique's scalability is demonstrated through an implementation for the Hadoop MapReduce cloud computing architecture. Both theoretical and empirical evidence demonstrate its effectiveness over other state-of-the-art stream classification techniques on synthetic data, real botnet traffic, and malicious executables.
Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: a useful radiological tool in diagnosing pediatric IBD.

Background Recent advances in gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (G-MRI) have been developed to enhance the resolution of the intestinal mucosa and facilitate the differentiation of ulcerative colitis (UC) from Crohn's disease (CD). The objective of this study is to apply this technology in Pediatrics. Methods A G-MRI was performed on 58 consecutive children with suspected IBD between 1999 and 2002 using intravenous gadolinium, fat suppression, and respiration-suspended sequences to enhance the resolution of the intestinal wall. The sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing either UC or CD was determined by comparing the G-MRI to the established histologic diagnosis. Results G-MRI confirmed the diagnosis of either CD (21) or UC (7) with a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 92%, respectively. Among the 21 patients with CD, 14 showed proximal small bowel involvement by G-MRI. In total, 17 patients were diagnosed with indeterminate colitis (IC) based on histologic criteria alone, and among these patients, G-MRI had a significantly lower non-classification rate (P < 0.02). In comparison, endoscopy was less sensitive (57%), but more specific (100%) than either histology or G-MRI in diagnosing IBD. G-MRI also showed a strong concordance with computed tomography in diagnosing CD (P = 0.001). Conclusion G-MRI is a both a sensitive and specific radiologic tool in diagnosing pediatric IBD. In patients with CD, G-MRI may be useful in identifying proximal small bowel involvement. Longitudinal follow-up studies are needed in those patients diagnosed with IC to determine the predictive value of G-MRI testing.
Percutaneous Fenestration of the Aorta for Mesenteric Ischemia Complicating Acute Aortic Dissection

Thoracic aortic dissections are estimated to occur approximately 0.5–4/100,000/year. Given the relatively low frequency as well as the myriad of symptoms, up to half of the patients will die without an antemortem diagnosis. Due to the complex morphology of descending thoracic aortic dissections, they can result in acute mesenteric ischemia, renal failure, and ischemic limbs. Oftentimes, it can be difficult to completely delineate the true and false lumens and what arteries arise from each. In the patient that presents with acute mesenteric ischemia complicating an aortic dissection, one treatment option involves the intentional fenestration of the aorta. This may allow for improved blood flow into the compromised visceral artery. A case of percutaneous fenestration of an aortic dissection for acute mesenteric ischemia is presented. This case further highlights need for close monitoring and aggressive re-intervention if necessary.
Highlights from the Ninth International Congress on Molecular Plant–Microbe Interactions

The President of the International Society for Molecular Plant–Microbe Interactions (IS-MPMI), Barry Rolfe, wrote most insightfully in a recent online article about the importance of basic scholarship to the cultural integrity of modern civilized society (<http://www.scisoc.org/ismpmi/pubs/99spr.
Fine grinding of silicon wafers: effects of chuck shape on grinding marks

Silicon wafers are used for production of most microchips. Various processes are needed to transfer a silicon ingot into wafers. With continuing shrinkage of feature sizes of microchips, more stringent requirement is imposed on wafer flatness. Fine grinding of silicon wafers is a patented technology to produce super flat wafers at a low cost. Six papers on fine grinding were previously published in this journal. The first paper discussed its uniqueness and special requirements. The second one presented the results of a designed experimental investigation. The third and fourth papers presented the mathematical models for the chuck shape and the grinding marks, respectively. The fifth paper developed a mathematical model for the wafer shape and the sixth paper studied machine configurations for spindle angle adjustments. This paper is a follow up of the above-mentioned work. A mathematical model to predict the depth of grinding marks for any chuck shape will be first developed. With the developed model, effects of the chuck shape (as well as the wheel radius) on the depth of grinding marks will be studied. Finally, results of pilot experiments to verify the model will be discussed.
Hepatic vascular response to endotoxin.

SummaryEndotoxin induced transient, tachyphylactic decreases in flow in rat livers perfused with whole blood. In contrast, no flow decrements accompanied endotoxin administration to livers perfused with rat erythrocytes in balanced salt solution, heparin-plasma, or balanced salt solution. By varying the combination of endotoxin and the major blood constituents, the hepatic vasoconstrictor response was found dependent on plasma, buffy coat cells, and endotoxin.
Fluid Mixing Control Inside a Y-shaped Microchannel by Using Electrokinetic Instability

A parametric study was conducted to improve our understanding pertaining to the fundamental physics of electrokinetic instability (EKI) and to explore the effectiveness of manipulating EKI waves to control/enhance fluid mixing inside a Y-shaped microchannel. The dependence of the critical strength of the applied static electric field to trigger the EKI waves on the conductivity ratio of the two mixing streams inside the Y-shaped microchannel was quantified at first. The effects of the applied electric field strength on the evolution of the EKI waves and the resultant fluid mixing were assessed in terms of scalar concentration distributions, shedding frequency of the EKI waves and fluid mixing efficiency. The effectiveness of manipulating the EKI waves by adding alternative perturbations to the applied static electric fields were also explored for the further enhancement of the fluid mixing inside the Y-shaped microchannel. The measurement results revealed that the relationship between the critical strength of the applied static electric field and the conductivity ratio of the two mixing streams in the Y-shaped microchannel can be represented well by a power function with the power index about -0.246. The fluid mixing efficiency was found to increase monotonically with the increasing strength of the applied electric field. The fluid mixing process was found to be further enhanced by adding alternative perturbations to the applied static electric fields with the mixing process being most enhanced when the frequency of the alternative perturbation is close to the natural shedding frequency of the EKI waves. The fluid mixing efficiency was found to increase rapidly as the amplitude of the alternative perturbation increases.
FOXP3 Expression and Prognosis: Role of Both the Tumor and T Cells

FOXP3 is a transcription factor that is well known to be the hallmark of immune suppressive T regulatory cells (Tregs), especially thymically derived natural Tregs. 1 Lack of FOXP3-expressing T cells can lead to autoimmune disease, whereas an abundance of FOXP3expressing T cells can result in immune deficiency. Increased levels of FOXP3-positive Tregs in peripheral blood and tumor have been reported in patients with various types of cancer, including ovarian, 2,3 breast, 4 and other tumors. 5 Abundance of FOXP3-positive Tregs in tumors has been associated with worse prognosis. 2-4 For example, Batesetal 4 reportedthathighnumbersofFOXP3-positiveTregswere identifiedinpatientswithductalcarcinomainsituatincreasedriskof relapse, and in patients with invasive breast tumors with both shorter relapse-freeandoverallsurvival.Inadditiontotheirpotentialvaluein predicting disease progression and relapse, FOXP3-positive Tregs haverecentlybeenreportedtobeamarkerformonitoringtherapeutic response. A recent study has suggested that pathologic complete response of breast carcinoma to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with the disappearance of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3-positive Tregs. 6 Furthermore,FOXP3hasbeenstudiedasatherapeutictarget, andithasbeenshownthatvaccinationtoeradicateFOXP3-expressing cellsenhancestumorimmunity. 7 IthadbeenassumedthatTregswere the major cell type mediating immune suppression regulated by FOXP3 expression. Only recently has it been demonstrated that the tumor cell itself can express FOXP3.