cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of relative growth rate to root foraging by annual and perennial grasses from California oak woodlands

Plants forage for nutrients by increasing their root length density (RLD) in nutrient-rich soil microsites through root morphological changes resulting in increased root biomass density (RBD), specific root length (SRL), or branching frequency (BF). It is commonly accepted that fast-growing species will forage more than slow-growing species. However, foraging responses may be due solely to differences in relative growth rates (RGR). There is little evidence, after the effects of RGR are removed, that the fast versus slow foraging theory is correct. In a pot study, we evaluated foraging of four grass species that differed in RGR: one fast-growing annual species, Bromus diandrus, two intermediate-growing species, annual Bromus hordeaceus and perennial Elymus glaucus, and one slow-growing perennial species, Nassella pulchra. We harvested plants either at a common time (plants varied in size) or at a common leaf number (plants similar size, surrogate for common biomass). By evaluating species at a common time, RGR influenced foraging. Conversely, by evaluating species at a common leaf number, foraging could be evaluated independent of RGR. When RGR was allowed to contribute to foraging (common time harvest), foraging and RGR were positively correlated. B. diandrus (fast RGR) foraged to a greater extent than did E. glaucus (intermediate RGR) and N. pulchra (slow RGR). E. glaucus (intermediate RGR) foraged to a greater extent than N. pulchra (slow RGR). Root growth within nutrient-rich microsites was due to significant increases in RBD, not to modifications of SRL or BF. However, when RGR was not allowed to influence foraging (common leaf number harvest), none of the four species significantly enhanced RLD in nutrient-rich compared to control microsites. This suggests that RGR strongly influenced the ability of these grass species to forage and also supports the need to evaluate plastic root traits independent of RGR.
Telepathy: maximizing resident exposure to surgical pathology decision making.

Abstract Background General surgery residents are often not present for the critical intraoperative discussion between surgeon and pathologist regarding surgical pathology findings. Methods A prospective pilot study analyzed general surgery resident exposure to surgical pathology. Thereafter, an operating room was equipped to view frozen section images in real time and verbally communicate with the pathologist (TelePATHy). Total operative cases, cases using frozen sections, and use of TelePATHy were recorded. Results Most residents (78%) reported they were exposed to frozen-section surgical pathology ≤10% of the time. Overall, 202 operations were performed over the 123-day period. Forty-four cases had frozen-section specimens. General surgery residents were present for 40 cases. TelePATHy was successfully used in 32 cases (80%). Conclusions General surgery resident exposure to intraoperative pathology findings increased from a reported ≤10% to an observed 80%. TelePATHy is a novel intraoperative tool capable of maximizing the intraoperative experience of the surgical resident.
On the enzymatic conversion of 14C-labeled chlorophyll a to 14C-labeled chlorophyll b.

Abstract Through the addition of NADP + to homogenates of soybean leaves incubated in the dark at room temperature with uniformly 14 C-labeled chlorophyll a , significant yields of 14 C-labeled chlorophyll b (purified as pheophytin b ) were obtained. The activity of the enzyme proposed as responsible for this conversion appears to be relatively unaffected by acetone, but is at least partially denatured by heating.
K conversion coefficients of transitions in87Sr

TheK conversion coefficients of the 388 and 483 keV transitions in87Sr populated in the decay of87Y have been measured with Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors by the NPG method. We find αK values of 0.162 ± 0.010 and 0.00260 ± 0.00013 for the 388 and 483 keV transitions, respectively.
The effect of long-distance bicycling on ulnar and median nerves: an electrophysiologic evaluation of cyclist palsy.

BackgroundDistal ulnar neuropathies have been identified in cyclists because of prolonged grip pressures on handlebars. The so-called cyclist palsy has been postulated to be an entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve in the Guyon canal of the wrist. Previous studies utilizing nerve conduction studies have typically been either case reports or small case series.HypothesisElectrophysiologic changes will be present in the ulnar and median nerves after a long-distance multiday cycling event.Study DesignCohort study; Level of evidence, 2.MethodsA total of 28 adult hands from 14 subjects underwent median and ulnar motor and sensory nerve conductions, which were performed on both hands before and after a 6-day, 420-mile bike tour. A ride questionnaire was also administered after the ride, evaluating the experience level of the cyclist, equipment issues, hand position, and symptoms during the ride.ResultsDistal motor latencies of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve to the first dorsal interosseous were significan...
The impact of frozen section analysis during partial nephrectomy on surgical margin status and tumor recurrence: a clinicopathologic study of 433 cases.

Abstract Background Frozen section analysis (FSA) is frequently performed during partial nephrectomy (PN) to ensure complete tumor resection. We investigate the utility of intraoperative FSA by evaluating its impact on final surgical margin (SM) status and on patient outcomes. Patients and Methods We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive series of patients (n = 433, including 326 with renal cell carcinomas [RCCs]) undergoing PN (n = 447; 136 open/311 laparoscopic) for a suspected renal tumor at the University of Rochester Medical Center from 2004 to 2012. Results FSA was performed in 293 patients (67.7%) undergoing 300 PNs (67.1%). Overall, positive SMs were found significantly more often ( P P = .002)/papillary ( P = .041) subtypes, upper ( P = .004)/mid ( P = .022) pole tumors, exophytic ( P = .029)/endophytic ( P = .014) tumors, pT1a ( P P P = .004)/2 ( P = .007) tumors. Kaplan–Meier analysis in RCC cases revealed that FSA did not considerably contribute to preventing recurrence ( P = .114). However, performing FSA during laparoscopic PN strongly correlated with improved recurrence-free survival in patients with pT1 ( P = .004) or exophytic ( P = .011) RCC. No impact of FSA on recurrence was seen in any subgroup of patients undergoing open surgery. Conclusions Although FSA reduces the risk of positive SMs, our data may argue against routine FSA during PN that does not affect patient outcomes overall. However, FSA may be useful in select patients who have pT1 or exophytic tumor and undergo laparoscopic PN.
Noise-assisted spike propagation in myelinated neurons

We consider noise-assisted spike propagation in myelinated axons within a multicompartment stochastic Hodgkin-Huxley model. The noise originates from a finite number of ion channels in each node of Ranvier. For the subthreshold internodal electric coupling, we show that (i) intrinsic noise removes the sharply defined threshold for spike propagation from node to node and (ii) there exists an optimum number of ion channels which allows for the most efficient signal propagation and it corresponds to the actual physiological values.
The underestimation of egocentric distance: evidence from frontal matching tasks

There is controversy over the existence, nature, and cause of error in egocentric distance judgments. One proposal is that the systematic biases often found in explicit judgments of egocentric distance along the ground may be related to recently observed biases in the perceived declination of gaze (Durgin & Li, Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, in press), To measure perceived egocentric distance nonverbally, observers in a field were asked to position themselves so that their distance from one of two experimenters was equal to the frontal distance between the experimenters. Observers placed themselves too far away, consistent with egocentric distance underestimation. A similar experiment was conducted with vertical frontal extents. Both experiments were replicated in panoramic virtual reality. Perceived egocentric distance was quantitatively consistent with angular bias in perceived gaze declination (1.5 gain). Finally, an exocentric distance-matching task was contrasted with a variant of the egocentric matching task. The egocentric matching data approximate a constant compression of perceived egocentric distance with a power function exponent of nearly 1; exocentric matches had an exponent of about 0.67. The divergent pattern between egocentric and exocentric matches suggests that they depend on different visual cues.
Electrochemical characterization of immobilized NAD

Abstract Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) has been covalently attached to alginic acid using carbodiimide coupling, thereby producing a macromolecular adduct of NAD, which can be rendered either soluble or insoluble by adjustment of pH. It was found that this NAD + · alginic acid complex was enzymatically active, and also that the oxidized form could be electrochemically reduced without loss in enzymatic activity. This NAD + adduct has now also been polarographically characterized as to its two-step reduction waves, which are slightly shifted toward more cathodic potential as compared to free NAD + . When controlled electrolysis was conducted to reduce the bound NAD + at the cathode, the NADH so formed by electrochemical action was found to be again oxidizable either enzymatically or electrochemically without loss in co-enzymic function. The NADH adduct produced by electrochemical reduction of the NAD + adduct has also been characterized by voltammetry.
Effect of molecular motion and solvent interactions on nitrogen-15 relaxation in anilines

Dipolar relaxation of 15N in anilines and anilinium ions is influenced by overall motion of the molecule, by rotation about the aryl–-nitrogen bond, by inversion of the aniline nitrogen and by interactions of the NH2 or NH3+ group with the solvent. These factors are assessed by comparison of the 13C and 15N dipolar relaxation times as a function of para-substitution on the aryl ring. In the anilines (solvent CDCl3), electron withdrawal brings about faster relative motion of the amine side-chain, contrary to expectation from consideration of CN rotation but in agreement with the effects from nitrogen inversion. The 15N dipolar relaxation time correlates with the Hammett σp. For the anilinium ions (solvent Me2SO-d6), there is no correlation with σp and no qualitative relationship with either CN rotation or N inversion. Nitrogen-15 relaxation, corrected for overall motion as judged by ring 13C relaxation, correlates with the inductive parameter σI. Electron withdrawal through induction reduces hydrogen bonding and increases side-chain mobility. For most of the anilines and for all of the anilinium ions, solvent interactions cause the nitrogen side-chain to be less mobile than the aryl ring. Under these circumstances, the Woessner approach cannot be used to calculate barriers. The hydrogen bond donor properties of the anilines are reduced in the absence of electron-donating substituents, and the first barriers to NH2 rotation/inversion were calculated by this procedure: aniline in CDCl3 3.5 kcal/mol, p-chloroaniline in CDCl3 3.4 kcal/mol and p-nitroaniline in acetone 3.8 kcal/mol.
Laser fabrication of semiconducting ferroelectric single crystal SbSI features on chalcohalide glass

This paper demonstrates a laser direct-write method to form single crystal semiconductor ferroelectric SbSI features on chalcogenide glasses for integration into infrared devices. The method overcomes a major limitation of thin-film deposition techniques, viz. the uncontrolled stoichiometry of SbSI due to very different vapor pressure of its constituents. It promises advantages of selective single-crystal formation and control on the morphology of the crystal. Mechanism of and control parameters for laser crystallization are explored.
Equilibrium folding and stability of myotrophin: a model ankyrin repeat protein.

Proteins containing stretches of repeating amino acid sequences are prevalent throughout nature, yet little is known about the general folding and assembly mechanisms of these systems. Here we propose myotrophin as a model system to study the folding of ankyrin repeat proteins. Myotrophin is folded over a large pH range and is soluble at high concentrations. Thermal and urea denaturation studies show that the protein displays cooperative two-state folding properties despite its modular nature. Taken together with previous studies on other ankyrin repeat proteins, our data suggest that the two-state folding pathway may be characteristic of ankyrin repeat proteins and other integrated α-helical repeat proteins in general.
Black's theory on the behavior of law revisited

En 1976, Donald Black introduit sa theorie de la « conduite du droit » presentee, en tant que « controle social gouvernemental » , comme quantifiable, previsible et soumise a des regles generales. Dans cette theorie, cinq variables independantes predisent et expliquent la « conduite » du droit : la stratification ou distribution « verticale » ; la morphologie ou distribution « horizontale » ; la culture ; l'organisation ou capacite a l'action collective ; et, enfin, le controle social. Cet article se penche tout d'abord sur l'etat de la sociologie du droit, entre ses aspects scientifiques et ses aspects normatifs, entre sociologues et juristes. Puis, l'A. developpe une critique comprehensive de la theorie de Black a travers son apport general a la discipline toute entiere, une evaluation de la methodologie employee, ainsi qu'une analyse critique sur le plan theorique. Enfin, il presente quelques implications de cette theorie pour les recherches a venir
Characterization of Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te Based Virtual Frisch Grid Detectors for High Energy Gamma Ray Detection

Abstract Detector grade CZT single crystals have been grown from zone refined Cd, Zn, and Te (∼7 N) precursor materials using a tellurium solvent method. Infrared transmission imaging has shown an average tellurium inclusion size of ∼8 μm in the as-grown crystal. Radiation detectors were fabricated in planar and virtual Frisch grid geometry and characterized for their spectroscopic performance. Charge transport properties revealed a high drift mobility of∼1200 cm 2 /V s and a mobility–lifetime product of ∼2.8×10 −3 cm 2 /V. A detector with planar configuration (dimensions 6.9×6.9×4.8 mm 3 ) showed an energy resolution of 4.7% for 59.5 keV gamma rays. The detector in a Frisch grid configuration (dimensions 4.2×6.2×6.5 mm 3 ) exhibited an energy resolution of 1.4% for 662 keV gamma rays. Digital spectroscopic measurements were carried out using a high-resolution digitizer card. A biparametric correlation scheme was employed to study the effect of charge loss on energy resolution of the planar detector. Based on this correlation scheme, a digital correction method was applied and improved pulse-height spectrum was obtained for 662 keV gamma rays using the planar detector with spectral features comparable to those of the virtual Frisch grid detector.
Growth-inhibitory volatile aromatic compounds produced by Solanum tuberosum tubers☆

Abstract Some of the aromatic compounds evolved by stored potato tubers have been identified by combined GLC-MS. Of the identified compounds, benzothiazole, 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene and 1,6-dimethylnaphthalene are comparatively potent inhibitors of sprout growth in the potato tuber. The growth suppressing activity of the two dimethylnaphthalenes is comparable with that of isopropyl-( N -3-chlorophenyl)-carbamate, which is used commercially in potato storage.
An embeddable mobile agent platform supporting runtime code mobility, interaction and coordination of mobile agents and host systems

Abstract Agent technology is emerging as an important concept for the development of distributed complex systems. A number of mobile agent systems have been developed in the last decade. However, most of them were developed to support only Java mobile agents. In order to provide distributed applications with code mobility, this article presents a library, the Mobile-C library, that allows a mobile agent platform, Mobile-C, to be embeddable in an application to support mobile C/C++ codes carried by mobile agents. Mobile-C uses a C/C++ interpreter as its Agent Execution Engine (AEE). Through the Mobile-C library, Mobile-C can be embedded into an application to support mobile C/C++ codes carried by mobile agents. Using mobile C/C++ codes, it is easy to interface a variety of low-level hardware devices and legacy systems. Through the Mobile-C library, Mobile-C can run on heterogeneous platforms with various operating systems. The Mobile-C library has a small footprint to meet the stringent memory capacity for applications in mechatronic and embedded systems. The Mobile-C library contains different categories of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) in both binary and agent spaces to facilitate the design of mobile agent based applications. In addition, a rich set of existing APIs for the C/C++ interpreter employed as the AEE allows an application to have complete information and control over the mobile C/C++ codes residing in Mobile-C. With the synchronization mechanism provided by the Mobile-C library for both binary and agent spaces, simultaneous processes across both spaces can be coordinated to get correct runtime order and avoid unexpected race condition. The study of performance comparisons indicates that Mobile-C is about two times faster than JADE in agent migration. The application of the Mobile-C library is illustrated by dynamic runtime control of a mobile robot’s behavior using mobile agents.
Sampling time effects on signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios in spin-echo MRI

This work discusses the effect of sampling time on noise, signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios in magnetic resonance imaging. A simple imaging experiment is performed to demonstrate the effect of sampling time on noise, confirming theoretical expectations that doubling the sampling time while decreasing the read gradient strength by a factor of two reduces statistical noise to 1/square root 2 of its original level. This result suggests that sampling time should be maximized within the constraints of the pulse sequence: namely, that sampling time should be increased and read gradient strength decreased as TE is increased. Revised expressions for signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios are presented based on the assumption that sampling time increases linearly with echo delay time above a certain minimum TE value. The revised expressions are then used to derive new predictions of the interpulse delay times that maximize signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios in spin-echo imaging. It is demonstrated that sampling times are critical in determining whether T1-weighted or T2-weighted sequences produce superior tissue contrast in spin-echo imaging.
Affinity and hydrophobic chromatography of mushroom tyrosinase

Abstract Mushroom tyrosinase was subjected to affinity and hydrophobic chromatography on 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, methimazole, mimosine
The analysis and calculation of equilibria in complex metallurgical systems

The analysis of equilibrium and an iterative method of calculation of the equilibrium state in selected metallurgical systems are presented. The methods of matrix algebra are coupled with the chemical knowledge about the system to determine the number of independent reactions occurring at equilibrium. The role of the stoichiometric constraint in heterogeneous systems is delineated. The method of calculation of the equilibrium state in complex systems using high-speed digital computer is illustrated by two examples, namely, Al-C-O-Cl and Fe-C-O-H reaction systems at elevated temperatures.
Prospective Study of Asymptomatic Valvular Aortic Stenosis Clinical, Echocardiographic, and Exercise Predictors of Outcome

Background Only limited data on the rate of hemodynamic progression and predictors of outcome in asymptomatic patients with valvular aortic stenosis (AS) are available. Methods and Results In 123 adults (mean age, 63±16 years) with asymptomatic AS, annual clinical, echocardiographic, and exercise data were obtained prospectively (mean follow-up of 2.5±1.4 years). Aortic jet velocity increased by 0.32±0.34 m/s per year and mean gradient by 7±7 mm Hg per year; valve area decreased by 0.12±0.19 cm2 per year. Kaplan-Meier event-free survival, with end points defined as death (n=8) or aortic valve surgery (n=48), was 93±5% at 1 year, 62±8% at 3 years, and 26±10% at 5 years. Univariate predictors of outcome included baseline jet velocity, mean gradient, valve area, and the rate of increase in jet velocity (all P≤.001) but not age, sex, or cause of AS. Those with an end point had a smaller exercise increase in valve area, blood pressure, and cardiac output and a greater exercise decrease in stroke volume. Multiv...
The soybeans of the Kumaon Hills of India

In the rainy season, rice and ragi are the primary crops grown in the Kumaon Hills while the soybean and the common pulses must be considered the secondary crops.
Independent Component Analysis for Multiple Access interference noise cancellation

Abstract: Multiple access interference cancellation system is based on the emerging unsupervised neural network learning technique called Independent Component Analysis (ICA) which can determine both thechannel propagation transfer function [A] and independent sources 5, provided that the channel is linear and an array of receiver antenna exists. The proposed technique works at various levels in a base bandsynchronous Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) system. Simulation resultsshow that the performance equivalent to single user is achievable in principle The realistic channel propagation case involving time delay and multiple path effects will be considered for a practical systemimplementation. 1. Multiple Users in Unit Cell Sharing Single Base band The capabilities that digital active array antennas bring to radar systems can also be applied to communications systems [12]. A great deal of active research is in the application of digital beam forming to wireless communications systems. In a conventional wireless mobile telephone network, a largegeographic area is divided into a large number of cells, namely "cellular phones". A single base stationhandles all of the mobile traffic within its cell. Frequency reuse is employed but in nonadjacent cells to
Cultured rat embryo accumulation of DNA, RNA, and protein following maternal administration of sodium arsenate.

Abstract Whole embryo culture techniques were used to test the effects of sodium arsenate on the rates of DNA, RNA, and protein accumulation. Rat embryos were isolated on the 10th gestational day (sperm day = Day 0) either 4 or 24 hr after maternal injection. The cultivation period was for 24 or 42 hr. DNA, RNA, and protein values were not significantly different for in utero treatment 4 hr prior to dissection. For embryos treated in utero 24 hr prior to dissection, DNA, RNA, and protein levels were significantly lower at the beginning of cultivation and after 24 hr in culture. By 42 hr, DNA and RNA values were still significantly reduced. A number of morphologic differences were also noted following cultivation for embryos treated in utero 24 hr prior to dissection. These include a significant number of embryos failing to (1) rotate to a ventroflexed position, (2) have a closed anterior neuropore, (3) establish a visceral yolk sac circulation, and (4) fuse the allantoic sac in placental formation. It is concluded that sodium arsenate takes longer than 4 hr to affect the embryo and that a 24-hr in utero exposure is adequate to initiate teratogenic responses. The abnormal persistence of a definitive allantoic sac after culture may be indicative of abnormalities in urogenital system formation. The effects of sodium arsenate seem to be related to proliferative embryonic cell requirements with some insult recovery of the embryo possible.
The stress field created by a circular sliding contact on transversely isotropic spheres

Abstract Equations are obtained for the complete stress field due to contact between identical, transversely isotropic, rough spheres loaded normally and tangentially. The stresses are given explicitly for any point in the medium.
Identification and characterization of a novel outer membrane protein receptor FetA for ferric enterobactin transport in Vibrio anguillarum 775 (pJM1)

In this work we demonstrate the existence in Vibrio anguillarum 775 (pJM1) of two chromosomal genes encoding outer membrane proteins that operate in the transport of ferric enterobactin. One of them is a novel receptor that we named FetA and the other is the already characterized FvtA that functions in the uptake of iron complexes of both enterobactin and vanchrobactin. Ferric enterobactin transport proficiency was resumed in double mutants for these two genes when they were complemented with either fetA or fvtA, whereas only the cloned fvtA could complement for ferric vanchrobactin transport. Quantitative RT-PCR assays demonstrated that transcription of the fetA gene is regulated by FetR, that is encoded upstream and in reverse orientation from fetA. This gene as well as fetA, are up-regulated in iron limiting condition in a Fur-dependent manner. The two divergent promoters are located in the intergenic region between fetR and fetA that has a putative Fur binding site and an IrgB binding site in the overlapping promoters of fetR and fetA. FetA and FetR show high homology to V. cholerae IrgA and IrgB respectively and the intergenic regions fetA–fetR and irgA–irgB are also highly related suggesting a vertical transmission of the fetA–fetR cluster from V. cholerae to V. anguillarum.
A cell-centered lagrangian-mesh diffusion differencing scheme

Abstract A new cell-centered diffusion differencing scheme for the quadrilateral meshes associated with Lagrangian hydrodynamics codes is described. Computational comparisons of this scheme and existing schemes are given. It is shown that the new scheme is much more accurate than existing schemes when the mesh is significantly skewed. The new scheme is also more costly because there are special cell-edge unknowns in addition to the standard cell-center unknowns, and the associated diffusion matrix is asymmetric. The disadvantages of an asymmetric diffusion matrix are mitigated by a multigrid solution technique that is quite effective.
Absence of donor-derived keratinocyte stem cells in skin tissues cultured from patients after mobilized peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Abstract Objective Recent studies suggest that primitive bone marrow-derived cells contribute to regeneration of many tissues, including muscle, endothelium, myocardium, neural tissues, liver, and skin. Conversely, primitive cells resident in muscle and other tissues have been reported to reconstitute hematopoiesis. We investigated the contribution of cells with a primitive hematopoietic phenotype to human epidermal skin formation in recipients of allogeneic mobilized peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. Patients and Methods Our study population included female patients who had received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilized peripheral blood HSC transplants from male donors for a variety of benign and malignant hematologic disorders at least 6 months before study entry, with a history of skin graft-vs-host disease. Epidermal skin cells (keratinocytes) obtained from punch biopsies of the skin were cultured under conditions specific for growth and expansion of homogenous populations of keratinocytes from keratinocyte stem cells. After multiple passages, DNA was extracted from cultured cells and evaluated by two different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detection of Y chromosome specific sequences. Results Neither sensitive PCR-based technique revealed the presence of male donor-derived keratinocyte stem cells in keratinocytes cultured from skin biopsies of female allogeneic transplantation recipients. Conclusions We could not confirm the contribution of donor mobilized peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells to keratinocyte stem cell populations after HSC transplantation. These results cannot explain the presence of donor-derived cells with keratinocyte phenotypic markers in tissue sections of HSC transplant recipients.
A (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation with multiple soliton solutions and multiple singular soliton solutions

In this work, a (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation is investigated. The Hirota's bilinear method is applied to determine the necessary conditions for the complete integrability of this equation. Multiple soliton solutions are established to confirm the compatibility structure. Multiple singular soliton solutions are also derived. The resonance phenomenon does not exist for this model.
Continuous dense-phase CO2 processing of a coconut water beverage

Effects of dense-phase CO 2 (DPCD) on microbial, physical, chemical and sensorial quality of coconut water (CW) beverage were evaluated. Pressure during DPCD treatment was not significant in microbial reduction whereas temperature and % CO 2 levels were significant. DPCD-treated (34.5 MPa, 25 °C, 13% CO 2 , 6 min), heat-pasteurised (74 °C, 15 s) and untreated CW beverages were evaluated during 9 weeks of refrigerated storage (4 °C). Total aerobic bacteria of DPCD and heat-treated samples decreased whereas that of untreated samples increased to > 10 5 CFU mL -1 after 9 weeks. DPCD increased titratable acidity but did not change pH (4.20) and °Brix (6.0). Likeability of DPCD-treated CW was similar to untreated. Heat-treated samples were less liked (α = 0.05) at the beginning of storage. Off flavour and taste-difference-from-control scores of heated samples were higher than DPCD during the first two weeks. DPCD extended shelf life of acidified, sweetened and carbonated CW over 9 weeks at 4 °C.
Trends in Sexual Risk Behavior and Unprotected Sex Among High School Students, 1991-2005 : The Role of Substance Use

OBJECTIVES: To determine the trends in sexual activity and unprotected sex among substance-using youth we examined data from the 1991-2005 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys on drug and alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors. METHOD: We examined the association of alcohol and illicit drug use with recent sexual activity and unprotected sex. We assessed linear trends in behaviors and assessed logistic regression models to examine the relationship of alcohol and illicit drug use on trends in the behavioral outcomes. RESULTS: Strong associations exist between recent sexual activity and alcohol and illicit drug use from 1991 to 2005. In the multivariate model the odds ratio of having sex in the past 3 months for lifetime illicit drug users compared with nonusers was 3.84 (CI = 3.48-4.23). Among past-month alcohol users compared to nonusers the odds ratio was 3.23 (CI = 2.93-3.58). Overall the trend in sexual activity was downward but not for users of alcohol and illicit drugs. Among the sexually active unprotected sex was not associated with alcohol use over this time period but was associated with illicit drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Illicit drug and alcohol use have a strong association with being recently sexually active. Trends in reported sexual activity declined during 1991-2005 but the trends among alcohol and drug users have not. Many youth remain at dual risk from both substance use and sexual behaviors.
Fludarabine, Melphalan, and Alemtuzumab Conditioning in Adults With Standard-Risk Advanced Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Purpose This prospective phase II study evaluated toxicity, relapse rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival after allogeneic transplantation and conditioning with fludarabine, melphalan, and alemtuzumab in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Patients and Methods Fifty-two consecutive adults with AML and MDS were enrolled onto the study. Median age was 52 years (range, 17 to 71 years) and the majority of patients had high-risk disease, comorbidities, and/or modest reduction in performance status. Fifty-six percent of patients had unrelated or mismatched related donors. Results After a median follow-up of 18 months (range, 2 to 34 months), 1-year survival was 48% (95% CI, 34% to 61%), progression-free survival was 38% (95% CI, 25% to 52%), relapse rate was 27% (95% CI, 15% to 40%), and treatment-related mortality was 33% (95% CI, 20% to 46%). The cumulative probability of extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was only 18% (95% CI, 8% to 4...
Demonstration of automated robotic workcell for hazardous waste characterization

An automated robotic workcell to classify hazardous waste stream items with previously unknown characteristics is designed, tested and demonstrated. The object attributes being quantified are radiation signature, metal content, and object orientation and volume. Multi-sensor information is used to make segregation decisions and to perform automatic grasping of objects. The workcell control program uses an off-line programming system as a server to perform both simulation control as well as actual hardware control of the workcell. The overall workcell layout, sensor specifications, workcell supervisory control, 2-D vision-based automated grasp planning, and object classification algorithms are discussed. >
Approaches to Encouraging Conservation Behavior: A Review and Conceptual Framework

This paper introduces a conceptual framework aimed at integrating the conservation behavior literature and facilitating the comparison of findings across studies. Within this framework, conservation behavior is approached from the theoretical orientations of attitude change, behavior modification and behavior maintenance. Seven commonly used approaches to encouraging conservation behavior are described in terms of these perspectives. Illustrative research related to each approach is reviewed.
Distributed Document Clustering Using Word-clusters

Document clustering has become an increasingly important task in analyzing huge numbers of documents distributed among various sites. The challenging aspect is to analyze this enormous number of extremely high dimensional distributed documents and to organize them in such a way that results in better search and knowledge extraction without introducing much extra cost and complexity. This paper presents a distributed document clustering approach called distributed information bottleneck (DIB). DIB adopts a two stage agglomerative information bottleneck (aIB) algorithm to generate local clusters. At the first stage, the high-dimensional document vector is significantly reduced by finding word-clusters. These word-clusters are then used to obtain document-clusters in the second stage. DIB then extracts compact but informative local models from these document-clusters and transfers them to a central site. At the global site, the local models, that are likely to describe the same document set, are first combined. The resultant local models are then clustered by using the aIB algorithm to produce a hierarchical organization of all distributed documents. Our experimental results demonstrate the robustness, efficiency and effectiveness of DIB approach to cluster distributed documents.
Stress Buildup of Sn3.5Ag Soldered Stacked CSPs to Board-Level Drop Impact

Solder balls, albeit mechanically soft, are the only structural support to the stacking of chip-scale packages (CSPs). This paper investigates the structural response of a Sn3.5Ag soldered bi-level stacked CSP module to board-level drop impact per the JEDEC criteria, and quantifies the stress buildup in the critical solder balls. The structural response is understood by tracking the force transmission through this 3-D packaging assembly by an elastic structural analysis, in which the solder plasticity is deliberately excluded. The elastic analysis shows that the solder balls at the ball-out level, which is the bottom level of the stacked package interconnecting to the mounting board, suffer the severest stress buildup. The results suggest that understanding of relative vibration amplitude among each level of the stacked package and the mounting board enables a good estimation of the location of critical solders without detailed modeling. For this stacked CSP module, the critical solders locate at the corners of the center package at the ball-out level. Solder balls are more severely loaded in the 0° orientation drop, about one order of magnitude larger than in the 90° orientation drop. The critical solder balls will be promptly loaded to a state in the highly plastic regime after the impact is initiated, as suggested by detailed finite element analysis which accounts for the strain-hardening of Sn3.5Ag. Larger plastic strain accumulation is observed near the interfaces to the solder pad. The solder balls at the higher level of the stacked packages are likely always free of plastic deformation in the drop testing.
Turning real-world systems into verification-driven learning cases

Based on the verification-driven learning (VDL) model, we have proposed a methodology for turning real-world software systems into platforms for CS students to carry out active and in-depth studies in software development. The purpose of the VDL model is to enrich the context of software engineering education. VDL cases can be a supplement to other teaching approaches to software engineering.
Screening and Evaluation of Mixture Formulations for Electronics Thermal Management Using Pool Boiling

Computer-aided molecular design and figure of merit analysis were used to screen mixture formulations that enhance the pool boiling heat transfer performance of Novec fluid HFE 7200. Mixtures of HFE 7200 with methanol and ethoxybutane were identified as promising candidates for further study, and their thermophysical and dielectric properties were measured. The pool boiling performance of the two mixtures was investigated on a 1 cm × 1 cm silicon substrate with copper nanowire arrays. The addition of both methanol and ethoxybutane to HFE 7200 resulted in a substantial increase in the critical heat flux. However, the addition of methanol had a detrimental effect on incipience superheat and heat transfer coefficient, whereas these properties only changed marginally upon the addition of ethoxybutane to HFE 7200. This suggests that HFE 7200 + ethoxybutane mixtures show promise as candidates for direct immersion cooling of electronics.
The Value of Exercising Control Over Monetary Gains and Losses

Using functional MRI, we examined how the affective experience of choice, the means by which individuals exercise control, is modulated by the valence of potential outcomes (gains, losses). When trials involved potential gains, participants reported liking cues predicting a choice opportunity better than cues predicting no choice opportunity—an effect that corresponded with blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) increases in ventral striatum (VS) activity. Surprisingly, no differences were observed between choice and no-choice cues when participants anticipated potential losses. Individual differences in subjective choice preference in the loss condition, however, corresponded to choice-related BOLD activity in VS. We conducted a second experiment to examine whether monetary losses were perceived differently in the context of simultaneous gains. When losses occurred in the absence of gains, participants showed an increased affective experience of choice—they reported greater liking of choice than no-choice t...
A Bayesian design for phase II clinical trials with delayed responses based on multiple imputation

Interimmonitoring is routinely conducted in phase II clinical trials to terminate the trial early if the experimental treatment is futile. Interim monitoring requires that patients’ responses be ascertained shortly after the initiation of treatment so that the outcomes are known by the time the interim decision must be made. However, in some cases, response outcomes require a long time to be assessed, which causes difficulties for interim monitoring. To address this issue, we propose a Bayesian trial design to allow for continuously monitoring phase II clinical trials in the presence of delayed responses. We treat the delayed responses as missing data and handle them using a multiple imputation approach. Extensive simulations show that the proposed design yields desirable operating characteristics under various settings and dramatically reduces the trial duration.
Hallux valgus correction with proximal metatarsal osteotomy: two-year follow-up.

We evaluated the results of 33 feet in 23 patients who underwent a basilar crescentic osteotomy with a modified McBride procedure with a minimum 24-month follow-up. The average hallux valgus improv...
Compact readout electronics for position sensitive photomultiplier tubes

Two charge multiplexed readout schemes for Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tubes (PSPMTs) have been developed and evaluated. A two-stage split-charge method is compared to standard positional charge division. The resulting electronic circuits are highly compact and will be initially incorporated into a small hand-held nuclear gamma ray imager for cancer staging. Electrical tests on the readout electronics are performed and intrinsic scintillation camera performance is evaluated using a 23/spl times/23 array of pixilated 2/spl times/2/spl times/3 mm/sup 3/ LSO crystals coupled to a H8500 flat-panel PSPMT.
Clinical outcomes after microfracture of the glenohumeral joint.

BackgroundMicrofracture is an effective surgical treatment for isolated, full-thickness cartilage defects with current data focused on applications in the knee. No studies describing clinical outcomes of patients who have undergone microfracture in the shoulder joint have been reported.HypothesisTreatment of glenohumeral joint articular defects using microfracture would demonstrate similar short-term clinical outcomes when compared with other joints.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsFrom March 2001 to August 2007, 16 patients (17 shoulders) who underwent arthroscopic microfracture of the humeral head and/or glenoid surface were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were examined by an independent, blinded examiner and completed surveys containing the Simple Shoulder Test (SST), American Shoulder and Elbow Score (ASES), and visual analog scale (VAS).ResultsTwo patients were lost to follow-up, for a follow-up rate of 88%. Three patients went on to subsequent shoulder surgery and were con...
Visualizing spatial multivalue data

We introduce multivalue data as a new data type in the context of scientific visualization. While this data type has existed in other fields, the visualization community has largely ignored it. Formally, a multivalue datum is a collection of values about a single variable. Multivalue data sets can be defined for multiple dimensions. A spatial multivalue data set consists of a multivalue datum at each physical location in the domain. The time dimension is equally valid. This leads to spatio-temporal multivalue data sets where there is time varying, multidimensional data with a multivalue datum at each location and time. The spatial multivalue data type captures multiple instances of the same variable at each location in space. Visualizing spatial multivalue data sets is a new challenge.
α-Tocopherol Enrichment of Monocytes Decreases Agonist-Induced Adhesion to Human Endothelial Cells

Background —Monocyte-endothelium adhesion is a crucial early event in atherogenesis. Several reports indicate that α-tocopherol (AT) is a potent antioxidant in plasma and LDL and also has intracellular effects that are antiatherogenic. Recently, it has been shown that AT supplementation results in decreased monocyte–endothelial cell adhesion. However, there is a paucity of data on the mechanisms by which AT inhibits adhesion of monocytes. We studied the effect of AT enrichment of a human monocytic cell line, U937, on adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods and Results —Both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)– and N -formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)–stimulated U937 adhesion to HUVECs were studied. AT (50 and 100 μmol/L) significantly decreased adhesion of both LPS- and FMLP-stimulated U937 cells to HUVECs (LPS-treated cells, P <0.0125; FMLP-treated cells, P <0.05). Expression of the adhesion molecules CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), and L-selectin, as assessed by flow cytometry, was increased in the stimulated U937 cells, and AT resulted in significant reduction in the expression of CD11b and VLA-4. In addition, activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as assessed by gel shift assays, was inhibited by pretreatment with AT in LPS-treated U937 cells. Conclusions —AT significantly decreases adhesion of activated monocytes to endothelial cells by decreasing expression of CD11b and VLA-4 on monocytes, possibly by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB.
Cartilage magnetic resonance imaging techniques at 3 T: current status and future directions.

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the imaging modality of choice for morphological and compositional evaluation of the articular cartilage. Accurate detection and characterization of cartilage lesions are necessary to guide the medical and surgical therapy and are also critical for lo
Particulate Flow Solutions Through Centrifugal Impeller With Two Splitters

Centrifugal impeller with splitters is one of the design techniques used in small engines. Many such engines are operating in different environmental conditions. One of which is where the atmosphere is polluted by small solid particles. Engines operating in such particulate environment are exposed to erosion and performance deterioration.In this paper the flow field through an impeller with two different size splitters is presented. The mean streamline pattern in the meridional plane was estimated by the computer code ‘MERDIL’, and an improved panel method was used to calculate the blade-to-blade flow solution. In addition, the particle trajectories were calculated by direct integration of the particle equations of motion. Particle collisions with the blade, hub and casing surfaces were determined. The data obtained from this analysis can be applied for calculating the erosion and performance deterioration in turbomachinery with such impellers.Copyright © 1986 by ASME
Risk of Status Epilepticus in Epilepsy

The occurrence of status epilepticus (SE) after the initial diagnosis of epilepsy was determined in a prospective community-based cohort study of 613 children at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT; and BIOS/NIU, DeKalb, IL.
Fundamental Factors in Corrosion Control

THE subject of corrosion increasingly impresses one with its national and international scope and importance. There are several reasons for this beyond the fact that corrosion problems, whether rec...
Scribal Authorship and the Writing of History in Medieval England. By Matthew Fisher. (Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press, 2012. Pp. x, 221. $54.95.)

This book begins with a puzzle: a lavish manuscript initial, with fine detail and gold, but at its core the figure of a seated scribe left in outline. The accompanying text is badly mangled; the in...