cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Order in Informal Markets: How the State Shapes Private Governance

Property rights are important for economic exchange, but many governments don't protect them. Private market organizations can fill this gap by providing an institutional structure to enforce agreements, but with this power comes the ability to extort group members. Under what circumstances, then, will private organizations provide a stable environment for economic activity? Based on market case studies and a representative survey of traders in Lagos, Nigeria, this book argues that threats from the government can force an association to behave in ways that promote trade. The findings challenge the conventional wisdom that private good governance in developing countries thrives when the government keeps its hands off private group affairs. Instead, the author argues, leaders among traders behave in ways that promote trade primarily because of the threat of government intrusion.
Houston hurricane Harvey health (Houston-3H) study: assessment of allergic symptoms and stress after hurricane Harvey flooding.

In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey caused unprecedented flooding across the greater Houston area. Given the potential for widespread flood-related exposures, including mold and sewage, and the emotional and mental toll caused by the flooding, we sought to evaluate the short- and long-term impact of flood-related exposures on the health of Houstonians. Our objectives were to assess the association of flood-related exposures with allergic symptoms and stress among Houston-area residents at two time points: within approximately 30 days (T1) and 12 months (T2) after Hurricane Harvey’s landfall. The Houston Hurricane Harvey Health (Houston-3H) Study enrolled a total of 347 unique participants from four sites across Harris County at two times: within approximately 1-month of Harvey (T1, n = 206) and approximately 12-months after Harvey (T2, n = 266), including 125 individuals who participated at both time points. Using a self-administered questionnaire, participants reported details on demographics, flood-related exposures, and health outcomes, including allergic symptoms and stress. The majority of participants reported hurricane-related flooding in their homes at T1 (79.1%) and T2 (87.2%) and experienced at least one allergic symptom after the hurricane (79.4% at T1 and 68.4% at T2). In general, flood-exposed individuals were at increased risk of upper respiratory tract allergic symptoms, reported at both the T1 and T2 time points, with exposures to dirty water and mold associated with increased risk of multiple allergic symptoms. The mean stress score of study participants at T1 was 8.0 ± 2.1 and at T2, 5.1 ± 3.2, on a 0–10 scale. Participants who experienced specific flood-related exposures reported higher stress scores when compared with their counterparts, especially 1 year after Harvey. Also, a supplementary paired-samples analysis showed that reports of wheezing, shortness of breath, and skin rash did not change between T1 and T2, though other conditions were less commonly reported at T2. These initial Houston-3H findings demonstrate that flooding experiences that occurred as a consequence of Hurricane Harvey had lasting impacts on the health of Houstonians up to 1 year after the hurricane.
Computation of gravitational particle production using adiabatic invariants

Analytic and numerical techniques are presented for computing gravitational production of scalar particles in the limit that the inflaton mass is much larger than the Hubble expansion rate at the end of inflation. These techniques rely upon adiabatic invariants and time modeling of a typical inflaton field which has slow and fast time variation components. A faster computation time for numerical integration is achieved via subtraction of slowly varying components that are ultimately exponentially suppressed. The fast oscillatory remnant results in production of scalar particles with a mass larger than the inflationary Hubble expansion rate through a mechanism analogous to perturbative particle scattering. An improved effective Boltzmann collision equation description of this particle production mechanism is developed. This model allows computation of the spectrum using only adiabatic invariants, avoiding the need to explicitly solve the inflaton equations of motion.
Biomechanics of the Vertebral Column and Internal Organ Response to Seated Spinal Impact in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta)

Abstract : Rhesus monkeys were anesthetized; radiographed; restrained by lap belt, torso harness, and limb retention straps; positioned in an impact carriage; and exposed to +Gz scated rectangular acceleration-time histories from predetermined drop heights. The shock programmer used throughout these experiments was aluminum honeycomb. Pulse accelerations ranged 25-900 G and total time duration 2-22 ms. Shortly after impact, all primates were radiographed, killed, and a necropsy performed. Attempts were made to determine injury potential as a function of plateau acceleration and pulse duration for various target organs. Spinal injury data support previous results and theoretical considerations that there are two distinct injury potential regimes; one, for which the velocity change is the determining physical parameter, and their other for which peak g is the determining factor. Injuries observed in parenchymatous organs included external and surface hemorrhaging in the liver, lesions of the lung, and cardiac lesions. Their severity ranged from minor reversible abrasions to lethal trauma. These experiments strengthened confidence in the applicability of animal experiments to the quantitative explanation of human injury and to the extrapolation of animal results -- after the application of the proper scaling factors -- to human situations.
Sparse Generalized HyperGrids for Performance Scalability

Generalized HyperGrid multiprocessors (GHG), the generalization of k-ary n-cubes with N d nodes in each dimension d, are often criticized for their inability to scale efficiently, as the number of processors grows. In this paper, we define the concept of performance scalability as the property of a multiprocessor network to sustain a constant throughput per processor, as the number of processors increases. To satisfy this property, we introduce the concept of Sparse Point-to-Point GHGs, in which, only a subset of the network's nodes is allowed to generate messages. We prove, both using theoretical analysis and simulation results, that Sparse Point-to-Point GHGs are performance scalable, even for high and irregular traffic. Finally, we show that GHGs are more easily expandable than k-ary n-cubes and we describe how this property extends to Sparse GHGs.
The Domain of Courts

those Rules should be interpreted. Constitutional law scholars have already made plain the complexities of analysis based upon "framers' intent." We proceduralists should learn those lessons and be reluctant to draw too much meaning from "the framers." Moreover, whatever one believes about analysis based upon intent, the utility of that approach in the context of the Federal Rules is exceedingly questionable. Given the process of rule enactment, the statutory and self-proclaimed limits of the Advisory Committees, and the self-described minimal involvement of the Judicial Conference and of the Supreme Court, privileging the words of the Advisory Committee notes and the supposed intent behind those words becomes all the more suspect. Second, a remarkable aspect of this conference has been the repeated references to the "political" aspects of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. From a variety of perspectives, many of the speakers have made comments about the political implications of various Rules. Others, seeming to accept the political content of the Rules, have warned that "we" (that is, all litigants) are safer when the facade, if not the reality, is maintained that "neutral" Rules are applied to "anonymous" (that is, not identifiable in advance) plaintiffs and defendants. I believe we cannot and should not ignore the political content and consequences of procedural rules. Over the last decade, a variety of powerful "repeat players" have sought, sometimes openly, to influence "court reform" efforts. By and large, that work has been done not by letters written to the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules, but rather by lobbying efforts directed towards legislatures and the public, by well-
Reflections Upon Transitions: An Essay on Learning How to Teach after Practicing Law

Every academic year, new law school faculty enter legal academia. Many of these new teachers are practitioners with varying levels of legal practice experience. While the transition from practice to teaching is particular to each person, for clinical professors there are some specific challenges that transform our professional identity. Clinical professors wear many hats: teacher, lawyer, mentor, and scholar. Navigating those many hats and adjusting to various goals of teaching emerging attorneys is only a couple of challenges. Other challenges include changing the focus of our professional identity from career-centered, in its many facets, to student centered. A core component of clinical legal education is the reflective process. A reflective lawyer is one who thoughtfully digests information and thinks about how an experience affects his or her professional growth. A reflective teacher does the same. This article shares some of my reflections on becoming a clinician and what I learned through experiences about becoming a more effective teacher. In Part I, I reflect on my role as a supervisor of emergent attorneys and a goal facilitator for these same students who are exploring their educational and professional development. Part II includes lessons unique, I believe, to a clinician of color. Finally, Part III concludes with reflections on five core tools I have used that helped me in my transition; these tools, I believe, could be useful to new clinicians, especially those that have been practicing for a long time before teaching.
Extremal Hypergraphs for the Biased Erdős-Selfridge Theorem

A positional game is essentially a generalization of Tic-Tac-Toe played on a hypergraph $(V,{\cal F}).$ A pivotal result in the study of positional games is the Erdős–Selfridge theorem, which gives a simple criterion for the existence of a Breaker's winning strategy on a finite hypergraph ${\cal F}$. It has been shown that the bound in the Erdős–Selfridge theorem can be tight and that numerous extremal hypergraphs exist that demonstrate the tightness of the bound. We focus on a generalization of the Erdős–Selfridge theorem proven by Beck for biased $(p:q)$ games, which we call the $(p:q)$–Erdős–Selfridge theorem. We show that for $pn$-uniform hypergraphs there is a unique extremal hypergraph for the $(p:q)$–Erdős–Selfridge theorem when $q\geq 2$.
‘Playing’ at the ethnic boundary: strategic boundary making/unmaking among ethnic Chinese groups in Australia

ABSTRACTThe sociological literature has constructed a systematic typology of ‘modes’ and ‘means’ of strategic ethnic boundary making/unmaking. Through exploring different strategies, scholars illustrate the processes and contexts of boundary expansion or contraction. Other scholars also distinguish ethnic elements and ‘moral' values attached to certain ethnicities but not to others. This paper acknowledges dynamic boundary making/unmaking and moral aspects of ethnicity, while exploring the different degrees to which national and pan-national identity nest within each other among ethnic Chinese groups, as well as how ethnic boundary becomes a field where people ‘play' in their everyday interactions. Based on participant observations and in-depth interviews from two pan-Chinese worksites in Australia, the paper argues that different interpretations of ethnic identity as well as how different identities (national and pan-national) are nested give people room to ‘play' at the ethnic boundary and result in dif...
Crossing Party Lines: The Eects of Information on Redistributive Politics

This paper explores how the quality of information available to voters in‡uences the choices they make in the polling booth and in turn aects the strategies of political parties competing for their support. To do so, the paper builds a model of redistributive politics under asymmetric information and then tests the resulting propositions with data from recent elections in Sierra Leone. Using the Lindbeck and Weibull (1987) model as a foundation, I incorporate a new determinant of voting choice— candidate quality— which is only imperfectly observed by voters. I show that voters with better information about candidates are more likely to cross ethnic party lines to support a high quality candidate. Furthermore, since information encourages voters to consider characteristics like candidate charisma that are di¢ cult for parties to observe, it makes party forecasting of expected vote shares more uncertain. Such electoral uncertainty in turn induces parties to spread their resources more evenly across jurisdictions. Two institutional attributes of the empirical setting— ethnicity-based politics and decentralization— enable direct tests of these informational propositions as well as a novel identi…cation strategy for the classic swing voter hypothesis. My results suggest that information could break the low accountability equilibrium in which citizens cast their votes blindly along partisan lines, creating little incentive for political parties to invest in candidate quality or provide resources to areas outside the most tightly contested jurisdictions.
A Method for Simulating and Measuring the Concentration of Oxygen by Absorption Laser Spectroscopy

It is important for dynamic combustion control to collect the information of gaseous species in combustion systems including their concentrations and distributions. Absorption laser spectroscopy has been an effective tool for detection and measurement of gaseous species found and produced in combustion process. This paper studies the computation model to inverse oxygen concentrations from measurement data based on Beer-Lambert law, Lorentz distribution and HITRAN2004 database. The paper presents a fixed wavelength laser absorption spectroscopy consisting of economical laser sensors. The scheme of experiment was presented for measuring the concentration of gaseous oxygen in a single species and a mixture of Oxygen and Helium separately using a 780 nm laser diode and a 633 nm Helium Neon laser. Experimental data were agreed well with the data in HITRAN2004.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Phylogenetic distribution of acid phosphatase inhibited by (+)-tartrate.

AN interesting stereo-specific inhibition by (+)-tartaric acid of certain acid phosphatases of human origin has been reported by Abul-Fadl and King1. We have had occasion in our work to note, as certainly many others must have, that inhibition by (+)-tartrate is a property which extends to other mammalian phosphatases. On the other hand, we have observed that none of a number of acid phosphatases present in crude extracts obtained from higher plants was preferentially inhibited by this substance. On further investigation of acid phosphatases of both plant and animal sources, we have consistently found the property of specific inhibition by (+)-tartrate to be associated with those organisms which are universally accepted as members of the animal kingdom, whereas those which are customarily regarded as plants invariably did not possess such an enzyme. In view of this sharp division, it became of interest to examine the protists, and these results are shown in Table 1, along with those obtained with bona fide ‘plants’ and ‘animals’. Only a few examples of the many which are available for the higher plants and animals are given. We have listed all the lower forms of plants and animals and of the protists which we have been able to test (except a number of bacteria, all of which were negative).
THE EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE DEPRIVATION OF STATES OF SLEEP IN THE DEVELOPING MONKEY

Four groups, two comprising three neonatal rhesus monkeys and two comprising two juvenile rhesus monkeys, were selectively deprived of either low-voltage, fast-wave sleep (LVF) or of high-voltage, slow-wave sleep (HVS), respectively. Both infant and juvenile Ss displayed an over-all increase in threshold to the tone-shock combination during the deprivation of either phase of sleep. However, the thresholds of the infant Ss were greater, throughout deprivation, than the thresholds of the juvenile Ss. The juvenile Ss exposed to LVF deprivation were unique in exhibiting a sharp increase in frequency of forced awakenings from LVF, to values significantly greater than for the other groups, and in displaying compensatory recovery effects, manifested by increases in proportion of total sleep time spent in LVF, following termination of deprivation. Behavioral disturbances accompanying deprivation were not evident in any of the experimental groups. The study revealed a number of methodological problems related to the definition and to the selective deprivation of a particular state of sleep.
Left in the Dust: Uranium's Legacy and Victims of Mill Tailings Exposure in Monticello, Utah

With increased discussions of nuclear energy as a solution to both energy and climate change issues, addressing nuclear policy deserves urgent attention. Though waste storage dominates public attention, uranium mining and milling present their own complexities for individual and community well-being. This case study of Monticello, Utah, a rural community in southeastern Utah that hosted a uranium mill, illustrates uranium's problematic legacy on the Colorado Plateau. Monticello's story—related through interview excerpts, analyses of government documents, and local newspaper articles—tells of individuals still coping with health impacts from America's last foray into nuclear technology. Framed within the literatures of risk society and environmental health movements, this study examines community health issues, the federal government's response to these issues, and residents' reactions to government. Through this study, we better understand people's daily struggles in the rural, isolated communities likely...
Pemoline therapy in college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A retrospective study.

Abstract Pemoline, a dopamine agonist, is effective in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but its efficacy in adults is unknown. The authors studied the efficacy and safety of pemoline, using retrospective chart review of treated students with ADHD over a 2-year period. Forty students met diagnostic and treatment criteria; pemoline was associated with much improved or very much improved Clinical Global Impression symptoms scores in 70% of the students during a treatment period of 14 or more days. Severity of illness scores dropped from 4.11 to 3.01 between baseline and subsequent evaluation. Nine evaluable patients had adverse events, most commonly headaches, insomnia, and decreased appetite. Five additional students, who failed to meet the treatment-duration criterion, terminated because of severe initial insomnia. The authors concluded that pemoline is effective and safe in students with ADHD and has a lower abuse potential than methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine, the othe...
Ag‐Sn‐Hg alloys as electron compounds

The extraordinary stability of the γ1 phase of dental amalgam was believed to indicate that part of the Sn in dental amalgam was contained in this phase. By extending the Hume-Rothery “electron compound” ideas to the three component Ag-Sn-Hg system, an estimate was made of the amount of Sn which could be held in the γ1 structure. A Ag-Sn alloy containing 9.1 weight per cent Sn was prepared, spheroidized, and sized. Portions were amalgamated and molded into tensile specimens, parts of which were subjected to X-ray diffraction, corrosion tests, and tests to determine amalgamation rate and dimensional changes during setting. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a complete absence of the γ2 phase, (thus indicating that all Sn was in the γ1 phase) and a stability intermediate between γ Ag-Hg and the γ1 phase of dental amalgam. Physical tests showed a low amalgamation rate, low 1-hr strength, high 7-day strength, and high corrosion resistance.
Individual differences in positivity offset and negativity bias: Gender-specific associations with two serotonin receptor genes

Individual differences in the evaluation of affective stimuli, such as the positivity offset and negativity bias may have a biological basis. We tested whether two SNPs (HTR2A; 102T>C and HTR1A; 1019C>G) related to serotonin receptor function, a biological pathway associated with affective regulation, were differentially related to positivity offset and negativity bias for males and females. Participants were 109 cigarette smokers who rated a series of affective stimuli to assess reactions to positive and negative pictures. Gender × genotype interactions were found for both SNPs. Males with the 102T allele showed a greater positivity offset than males with the 102C allele. For females, in contrast, the 1019C allele was associated with a greater positivity offset than the 1019G allele, whereas the 102T allele was associated with a greater negativity bias than the 102C allele. Identifying how gender differences may moderate the effect of serotonin receptor genes on affective information processing may provide insight into their role in guiding behavior and regulating affect.
An H I/Optical Atlas of Isolated Galaxies

We present an H I and optical survey of 41 extremely isolated galaxies in an attempt to search for the gaseous remnants of the galaxy formation process, predicted to exist by hierarchical models of galaxy formation. By observing extremely isolated, quiescent, nonpeculiar galaxies we minimize the chances that any extragalactic H I found will be another galaxy, tidal debris, or ejecta from a galactic fountain or superwind. We have obtained new and archival data from the VLA and ATCA in a search for H I clouds down to M ~ 107 M☉ around these galaxies. We found 13 H I-rich companions around 10 of the 41 galaxies surveyed. Optical imaging finds spatially coincident stars associated with all 13 companions. We find that the isolated galaxies have properties fairly similar to those of field galaxies, while the companions are similar to dwarf irregular galaxies. The presence of stars in all 13 companions suggests that H I clouds without stars discovered by other authors around field galaxies are not primordial and most likely have either a tidal or ejecta origin.
The Contemporary Presidency: Presidents, Lawmakers, and Spies: Intelligence Accountability in the United States

Since the end of the Second World War, intelligence accountability (“oversight”) in the United States has gone through five major phases: an Era of Trust (1947-74); an Era of Uneasy Partnership (1975-1986); an Era of Distrust (1987-1991); an Era of Partisan Advocacy (1992-2001); and an Era of Ambivalence (2002- ). The major obstacles hindering effective oversight have been the motivation of individual lawmakers and the willingness of the executive branch to share information with overseers on Capitol Hill. Overall, intelligence oversight has been a story of spotty efforts by lawmakers to carry out these duties on a regular basis, relying instead on ad hoc responses to scandals and major intelligence failures after they arise.
Splenectomy-sparing strategies for the treatment and long-term maintenance of chronic idiopathic (immune) thrombocytopenic purpura

Patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) have vulnerability to additional bleeding, leaving them susceptible to severe hemorrhaging. Low platelet counts contribute to this rare, but significant outcome, but may not be the sole determinant. Although the only current treatment of ITP felt to be curative is surgical removal of the spleen, the long-term outcome for these patients is not well defined. Our group Investigated the use of Intravenous gamma-globulin in the treatment of children with chronic ITP as a means to defer splenectomy. A variation of this approach uses anti-D to block splenic macrophages with antibody-coated red blood cells. There may be a correlation between response to anti-D and response to splenectomy in adults with ITP. Because the long-term results of splenectomy are not well defined, additional clinical studies are warranted. Questions requiring further study Include whether repeated Infusions of anti-D could allow the postponement and ultimate avoidance of splenectomy and whether the role of anti-D may be for pregnant women who are not readily eligible for splenectomy. Such an analysis should include information on the long-term outcome of splenectomy as well as information on whether patients have a durable improvement. Such studies about the potential outcomes of splenectomy and of avoidance of splenectomy will help identify new treatment strategies that may help to eliminate the need for this procedure in patients with chronic ITP.
Action of serotonin in the medial prefrontal cortex: mediation by serotonin3-like receptors.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of various serotonin (5-HT) antagonists on 5-HT's action on medial prefrontal cortical cells (mPFc) using the techniques of single cell recording and microiontophoresis. The microiontophoretic application of 5-HT (10-80 nA) produced a current-dependent suppression of mPFc cell firing and this effect was blocked by the selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (+/-)-zacopride, ICS 205930 and granisetron at currents of 5-20 nA. Furthermore, the intravenous (i.v.) administration of (+/-)-zacopride (5-50 micrograms/kg) markedly attenuates the suppressive action of 5-HT on mPFc cell firing. In contrast, the microiontophoresis of 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor antagonists such as (+/-)-pindolol, spiperone, metergoline, and ritanserin (10-20 nA) failed to block 5-HT's effect. In fact, in some cells, spiperone and ritanserin potentiated 5-HT's action and prolonged neuronal recovery. In addition, the intravenous administration of either ritanserin (5-2,000 micrograms/kg) or metergoline (4-2,400 micrograms/kg) failed to alter 5-HT's action. The electrical stimulation of the caudal linear raphe nucleus (CLi) suppressed the spontaneous activity of 83% of the mPFc cells tested by 45 +/- 2%. This suppression was significantly attenuated by the iontophoresis of granisetron (2.5-5 nA) but not by the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptor antagonist ritanserin or the relatively selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist (+)-MDL 11,939 (10-40 nA). However, the i.v. administration of ritanserin (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) or S-zacopride (0.1 mg/kg) significantly blocked the suppression of mPFc cell firing produced by CLi stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Determination of Atomic Charges Including solvation and Conformational Effects

We present a method to calculate the charge redistribution that occurs during ionophore potential of mean force (PMF) calculations. A new charge distribution is calculated at the beginning of each simulation that is used to assemble the PMF energy profile. This charge distribution reflects the environment of the ionophore (i.e., the proximity of the ion and solvent) and we have tested this method on the association of K + with 18-crown-6 in methanol. The charges of the oxygens that bind the ion become less negative as the ion is discharged from the complex. We have compared the PMF profile obtained from this method to two PMF profiles obtained using fixed charge models
Integrating Spirituality and Religion Into Psychotherapy: Persistent Dilemmas, Ethical Issues, and a Proposed Decision-Making Process

Religion and spirituality are important aspects of the lives of most psychotherapy clients. Unfortunately, many psychotherapists lack the training to effectively and ethically address these issues with their clients. At times, religious or spiritual concerns may be relevant to the reasons clients seek treatment, either as areas of conflict or distress for clients or as sources of strength and support that the psychotherapist may access to enhance the benefit of psychotherapy. This article reviews persistent ethical issues and dilemmas relevant to providing psychotherapy to clients for whom issues of religion and spirituality are clinically relevant. Ethical considerations include assessment, advertising and public statements, informed consent, competence, boundary issues and multiple relationships, cooperation with other professionals, and how to effectively integrate religious and spiritual interventions into ongoing psychotherapy. A decision-making process is presented to guide psychotherapists in their...
Single crystal growth and characterization of the large-unit-cell compound Cu13Ba

Abstract Single crystals of Cu 13 Ba were successfully grown out of Ba–Cu self flux. Temperature dependent magnetization, M ( T ), electrical resistivity, ρ ( T ) , and specific heat, C p ( T ) , data are reported. Isothermal magnetization measurements, M ( H ) , show clear de Haas-van Alphen oscillations at T = 2 K for applied fields as low as μ 0 H = 1 T . An anomalous behavior of the magnetic susceptibility is observed up to T ≈ 50 K reflecting the effect of de Haas-van Alphen oscillations at fairly high temperatures. The field- and temperature-dependencies of the magnetization indicate the presence of diluted magnetic impurities with a concentration of the order of 0.01 at.%. Accordingly, the minimum and lower temperature rise observed in the electrical resistivity at and below T = 15 K is attributed to the Kondo-impurity effect.
Separation and identification of isoflavones with on‐line liquid chromatography‐electrochemistry‐thermospray mass spectrometry

The on-line high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemistry-thermospray mass spectrometry (LCEC-LC/MS) for separation and identification of the phenolic isoflavones genistein, formononetin, and Biochanin A is described. The isoflavones are separated on a C-18 reversed phase column with methanol: 0.1 M ammonium acetate pH (70:30 v/v) as eluent, which is compatible for both LCEC and LC/MS detection. Low ng detection is achieved with a conventional glassy carbon thin-layer electrochemical cell at 1.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode LCMS results in detection levels at the 20–50 ng range, and the compounds are positively identified. In the on-line detection, the electrochemical cell is connected to the thermospray and the column effluent flows from the working electrode into the heated thermospray capillary tube. The results show that on-line coupling between a thin-layer LCEC and a thermospray-LC/MS can be used to characterize analytical systems.
Introgression of Root‐Knot Nematode Resistance into Tetraploid Cottons

Root-knot nematode (RKN) resistance introgression into tetraploid cotton (Gossypium spp.) and its ancestral genome origin were examined. Resistance sources (‘Acala NemX’, ‘Clevewilt 6’, Auburn 623 RNR) were compared with diverse germplasm using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from chromosomes 7, 11, and 14 and DNA sequence information. Differences (P < 0.05) were observed for mean root galling index (GI; scale 0–10) between the 56 resistant and susceptible entries. In resistance sources, GI ranged from 0.3 to 2.9, but no consistent differences were observed at allele-marker or DNA sequence level. Except for CIR316 allele (206– 207 bp) on chromosome 11, no alleles from other SSRs were observed on resistant entries (GI < 3). Allotetraploid G. hirsutum L. (AD 1 ) and G. barbadense L. (AD 2 ) showing the same SSR marker alleles as G. arboreum L. (A 2 ) might suggest resistance introduction from the diploid cotton A 2 genome (genetic distance 0.19 to 0.27). However, percent sequence identity from MUCS088 and CIR316 revealed G. barbadense and resistant G. hirsutum (206–207 bp) also were close to diploids G. herbaceum L. (A 1 ), G. thurberi Tod. (D 1 ), and G. trilobum (DC.) Skovst. (D 8 ). Other G. hirsutum DNA sequences were closer to G. raimondii Ulbr. (D 5 ). These analyses indicated resistance introgression into G. hirsutum allotetraploid cottons occurred by artifi cial hybridization with ancestral genome origin from G. arboreum as well as G. thurberi and not during cotton genome evolution.
Enabling Air-Path Systems for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Transient Control

This paper explores the possibility of using a cost-effective air-path system that includes a dual-loop (exhaust gas recirculation) EGR and a (variable geometry turbocharger) VGT to achieve independent control of the main in-cylinder charge conditions (i.e. in-cylinder oxygen, inert gas amounts, and gas temperature at the intake valve closing) for HCCI engine combustion transient operation. An engine simulation model consisting of the air-path system and a HCCI combustion model was developed and synthesized to evaluate the control authority of the air-path system on the in-cylinder charge conditions as well as their effects on combustion. A variety of simulations unveiled that such an air-path system can enable independent control of the main in-cylinder charge conditions and active compensation of the effects of the wall temperature variations on HCCI combustion.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Silencing of Fshr occurs through a conserved, hypersensitive site in the first intron

Expression of the FSH receptor (Fshr) is restricted to testicular Sertoli cells and ovarian granulosa cells, thereby limiting the direct targets of FSH action to these somatic cells of the gonads. Earlier studies indicate that transcription of Fshr in the gonads requires elements outside the gene’s immediate 5′ flanking sequence. To help uncover candidate regulatory sequences, comparative genomics and deoxyribonuclease I hypersensitivity mapping were employed. A total of 156 evolutionarily conserved sequences were found, and partial deoxyribonuclease I hypersensitivity mapping across 45 kb of 5′ flanking sequence and the first intron identified four hypersensitive sites, DHS1–4. Notably, DHS1 and DHS2 localized to conserved sites in the promoter region and exon 1 and correlated with the active state of the gene. DHS3 also corresponded to a conserved site (site 7) but was more pronounced in nonexpressing myoid cells, suggesting a role in gene silencing. Transient transfection analysis of DHS3 confirmed its role in gene silencing, a function that was promoter, cell type, and position dependent. Protein-DNA binding studies on DHS3 revealed that octamer transcription factor 1 (OCT-1) and GATA-4 bound site 7, in vitro, and transient transfection analysis showed that their binding sites were required for silencing activity. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that OCT-1 bound to site 7 in the endogenous gene, but only in myoid cells. In contrast, GATA-1 bound site 7 predominantly in Sertoli cells, suggesting that it attenuates silencer activity. The findings reveal that OCT-1 binds within DHS3 to silence Fshr transcription and implicate members of the GATA family in the modulation of this activity.
Localized excitations in a three-dimensional nonlinear model of A 310-helix☆

Abstract A simple, three-dimensional model of a so-called 3 10 -helix is presented. In the model three hydrogen bonded spins are linked together through a backbone. The covalent bonds in the backbone are described by harmonic potentials while the hydrogen bonds are described by Lennard-Jones potentials. Using this model we have studied the influence of the interaction between the hydrogen bonded spines on pulses propagating along the spines. For lower values of the initial energy the pulses are extremely sensitive to disturbances in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Further, for higher values of the initial energy a new trapping phenomenon is observed.
Tin(IV) enolates from allylic O-stannyl ketyls: Reactions with alkyl halides and HMPA

Abstract The mild free radical reaction of an α,β-unsaturated ketone and tributyltin radical produced a resonance-stabilized allylic O-stannyl ketyl intermediate. A subsequent hydrogen atom transfer produced a tin(IV) enolate which reacts readily with activated alkyl halides and HMPA to provide a useful and mild alternative to analogous LiNH 3 alkylations.
Quantum Noise-Limited Images In Screen Film Systems

AbstractThe limits imposed on the spatial resolution obtained with screen -film systems for low contrast imagesare determined primarily by x -ray quantum noise rather than by the spatial response (MTF curve) of the system.For 40 keV x rays incident on a HiPlus /XRP screen -film system, the x -ray quantum noise limits the spatialresolution in the density region of unity from approximately 0.2 to 1 line pair per mm for film densitydifferences respectively in the region from .02 to 0.1. By comparison, the MTF effect over most of thisregion of density differences, produces less than a 10 percent degradation of the spatial resolution.IntroductionThere are several factors which may limit the information content in an x -ray image obtained with ascreen film imaging system. Some of these factors, such as geometric effects involving the focal spot sizeof the x -ray source or x -ray scatter effects in the object of interest, are extraneous to the imaging system. Here we consider only the effects associated with the screen -film system proper, for which theinformation- limiting factors may be summarized as follows:
Green Fluorescence of Guanidinium Compounds with Ninhydrin

CURRENTLY available methods for the determination of creatine and other guanidinium compounds are based on non-specific chromogenic reactions. These include the Jaffe, the diacetyl α-naphthol, the Sakaguchi, and the sodium nitroprusside–potassium ferrocyanide reactions. Determination of the individual members of the guanidinium group requires chromatographic separation, chemical degradation, or specific enzymatic destruction of the compound. In a search for a more satisfactory reaction for detection of guanidinium compounds than is at present afforded by chromogenic reactions we have found that ninhydrin (1,2,3-indantrione hydrate) in strongly alkaline media forms highly fluorescent products with guanidine and monosubstituted or N,N-disubstituted guanidines. The most highly fluorescent product is formed with creatine, which can be determined in concentrations as low as 0.07 µgm./ml.; other guanidinium compounds form less fluorescent products.
Myceloid cell formation in Arthrobacter globiformis during osmotic stress

C.E. DEUTCH AND G.S. PERERA. 1992. Arthrobacter globiformis was grown in a semi-defined liquid medium containing added solutes to determine the effects of osmotic stress on its reproduction and cell morphology. There was a progressive reduction in the specific growth rate during exponential phase as the concentration of NaCl was increased, although the final yields of the cultures during stationary phase were not affected. Clusters of branching myceloid cells rather than the typical bacillary forms predominated during exponential phase. These myceloids did not undergo complete septation and persisted into stationary phase. Similar responses were observed with potassium sulphate as the exogenous solute but less dramatic morphological effects were found with added polyethylene glycol or sucrose. The myceloids formed in response to osmotic stress could not be disrupted mechanically but were more sensitive than normal cells to lysozyme, particularly during stationary phase. Addition of osmoprotective compounds such as proline, glutamate, glycine betaine, or trehalose to the growth medium did not significantly relieve the effects of osmotic stress on growth rate or morphology. A. simplex also formed myceloid cells during osmotic stress but A. crystallopoietes did not. These results indicate that arthrobacters exhibit characteristic responses to osmotic stress and suggest these bacteria may contain novel osmoprotective compounds.
A comparison of phytoplankton responses to nutrient additions in acidic and circumneutral pH lakewater

An in situ bag experiment was conducted at circumneutral, mesotrophic Lake O'Woods. West Virginia, during summer 1984. Four bags were untreated controls, while four others were gradually acidified to pH 4.5. After 35 days, the algal community in the acid bags closely resembled that of precipitation-acidified lakes in North America. On day 39, two acid and one control bag were fertilized with phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). In both cases, algal biomass increased. However, the maximal level reached was 350% higher in the acid plus PN treatment, where the herbivorous zooplankton density had become very low. In the control plus PN treatment, Ulothrix sp. replaced Gymnodinium sp. as the most important alga. However, in the acid plus PN treatment, Peridinium inconspicuum continued to account for ca. 50% of algal biomass until the end of the experiment, as it did in the unfertilized acid treatment. The results suggest that fertilization-induced changes in algal community structure are less pronounced in acid waters than in circumneutral ones. Differential sensitivity to the harsh environmental conditions may strongly control dominance in the acid lake phytoplankton community, regardless of nutrient status.
Dynein is required for polarized dendritic transport and uniform microtubule orientation in axons

Dendrites and axons differ in microtubule orientation and in composition of organelles and protein. In Drosophila melanogaster dendritic arborization neurons, dynein is required for axonal microtubule polarization and for dendrite-specific targeting of Golgi outposts.
Accelerated drying of water-dispersible polyurethane blends

Mixtures of water-dispersible isocyanate and polyol-terminated oligomers were blended with methacrylate-terminated urethanes and a water-dispersible photoinitiator to accelerate the dry time of thin polymer films. Thermomechanical properties of the polyurethane blends were measured using dynamic mechanical analysis. Kinetics of the ultraviolet-initiated radical polymerization reaction and the polyol/isocyanate addition reaction were monitored using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Unusual presentations in obstetrics and gynecology.

This article reviews the uncommon yet potentially emergent obstetric and gynecologic conditions that may present to the emergency department. It discusses adnexal masses (ovarian cysts, ovarian torsion, and tubo-ovarian abscess), gynecologic malignancies and trophoblastic neoplastic disease and complications of their treatment, pelvic organ prolapse, and the unique pediatric gynecologic disorder of congenital vaginal obstruction.
Nonequilibrium chemical analysis of the coma of comet P/Stephan-Oterma

Abstract A computer code to calculate the time-dependent nonequilibrium chemistry taking place within the coma of a comet has been developed. This code incorporates 1249 chemical reactions involving 128 species. Models were fit to data on Comet P/Stephan-Oterma ( A. L. Cochran and E. S. Barker, 1985 , Icarus 62 , 72–81). It was shown that (1) HCN is the parent for CN; (2) C 2 H 2 is a parent for C 2 ; (3) pure gas-phase chemistry with known species cannot adequately reproduce the observed C 3 but a single step process can; and (4) at least prior to perihelion, the vaporization rate seems to have been controlled by water vaporization.
Electrophoretic variation of aconitase and phosphoglucomutase detected in Microtus californicus

Abstract Four electrophoretic variants of cytoplasmic aconitase (citrate (isocitrate) hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.3) were detected in a population of Microtus californicus when samples were screened by starch gel electrophoresis using Tris/citrate buffers at pH 7.0 and pH 8.7. Variation at what is presumed to be the phosphoglucomutase-3 locus (α- d -glucose-1,6-diphosphate:α- d -glucose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) was also detected with liver samples but was not detected in kidney samples or red blood cell lysates. This nongenetic variation is due to oxidation of free sulfhydryl groups.
Oxidant requirements for the acidification of precipitation

Abstract A simple storm model is used to provide a qualitative estimate of the concentration of oxidant and SO 2 required to produce rainwater with a chemical composition as observed by the MAP3S monitoring network. The essential features of this model are that planetary boundary layer air is pseudo-adiabatically lifted, the chemical composition of the resulting condensed water is assumed to be identical to that observed on the ground, and a fraction of the sulfate found in precipitation is attributed to in-cloud oxidation of SO 2 . According to this model, average summer precipitation is stoichiometrically related to a gas phase SO 2 and oxidant concentration of between 3.3 and 4.7 ppb. Possible sources of H 2 O 2 are examined.
Role perceptions and behavior of the immediate superior: Moderating effects on the prediction of leadership effectiveness

Abstract The relationship between role conflict or role ambiguity and behavior of the immediate superior is investigated. It is hypothesized that behaviors which are associated with subordinates' role perceptions will moderate the relationship between subordinates' ability and their performance. First- and second-level leaders were asked to provide data on their job attitudes, co-worker relations, and experience. Respondents were also given a short test of intelligence, and their job performance was rated by knowledgeable superiors. Results show that boss behavior creating role conflict for first-level leaders was a significant moderator for these leader's ability and performance correlations. For second-level leaders, boss behavior which created role ambiguity was a significant moderator of ability and performance correlations. It is concluded that experience has a positive relationship with performance when stress is high and that intelligence has a positive relationship with performance only when stress is low. It is further argued that stress with the boss is best described as behavior which leads to role conflict and ambiguity for subordinates in leadership positions. Implications for role theory and leadership theory are discussed.
Pfr phytochrome and sucrose requirement for rhythmic leaflet movement in Albizzia.

—Albizzia leaflets open and close with a circadian periodicity without damping during extended dark periods if supplied with sucrose and irradiated with red each rhythmic cycle. In the absence of a carbohydrate source, the rhythm damps irrespective of phytochrome status and the differential effects of red and far-red light treatments tend to disappear after 2 or 3 cycles. The rhythm also damps if leaflets are exposed to red only once, or if they are exposed to far-red once or cyclically. Sucrose does not prevent such damping but affects the stable angle assumed; the rhythm damps in the closed position in the presence of sucrose, and in the partially open position in its absence. Sucrose appears to have two distinct effects; it interacts with Pfr to promote manifestation of the rhythm and it reduces the average angle, whether the Pfr level is low or high.
Exhibit of the effects of substrate reflectance and medium depth in a two-dimensional, multiple scattering experiment

Abstract Possible undesired, extraneous effects of a scattering volume are presented in qualitative form. Assuming normal incidence from above this scattering volume, the effects of the substrate reflectance characteristics and the depth of the volume are viewed from the standpoin of the variations of scattering center concentration and lateral distance.