cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Contemporary Block Rotation in Strike-Slip Environments: Examples from the San Andreas Fault System, Southern California

Recent moderate size earthquakes in southern California indicate seismic slip on both right- lateral faults trending north to northwest, and left-lateral faults trending northeast to east. These sets of faults are most prevalent in areas of local extension parallel to the regional strike of the San Andreas system, and are consistent with a model in which contemporary crustal deformation is partially accommodated by block rotation in response to distributed right-lateral shear. Block rotation by strike-slip faulting is inferred from the seismicity based on: sets of small crustal blocks defined by domains of active, nearly-parallel left-slip cross-faults; the unusual kinematic pattern of faulting exhibited by the seismicity around rotating block edges; and the identification at depth of seismic slip on low-angle detachments to decouple the blocks and permit rotational movement. As block corners rotate into or away from edge- bounding master faults, they increase or decrease normal stress and can therefore generate time-dependent asperities that control fault behavior, thus modifying the rupture patterns of large earthquakes.Where reliable data exists, there is often good agreement between seismicity and seismic reflection profiles, structural controls from geologic evidence, paleomagnetic results, and geodetic constraints for support of a rotating block model associated with the observed interacting left- and right-slip faults, distributed regional right-lateral shear, and basal detachments. Since edge-bounding secondary faults rotate with the adjacent block material, new faults must form as old faults rotate into positions unfavorable for further slip. Observations suggest that block rotation by strike-slip faulting is highly non-uniform in space and time, can occur on several scale lengths from millimeters to several tens of kilometers (requiring multiple zones of decoupling within the upper crust), and can accommodate both elastic and non-elastic strain accumulation. Identifying the conditions whereby block rotation is preferred over simple linear translation will be a critical element in understanding the processes controlling contemporary crustal deformation in strike-slip environments.
Spatial Processes in Host-Parasite Genetics

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with spatial processes in host-parasite genetics. The chapter suggests that increasing potential diversity causes a qualitative shift in metapopulation dynamics. The chapter presents a simple model to illustrate the importance of potential diversity. The chapter also reviews evidence that many host-parasite systems do in fact have high potential diversity. The antagonistic interactions between cytoplasmic and nuclear genes in cytoplasmic male sterility are discussed. Data from these studies suggest that spatial variation and colonization-extinction dynamics are important in the observed patterns of diversity. The chapter emphasizes use of space-time scaling when interpreting host-parasite diversity. Spatial scales that are small, relative to migration distance, have well-mixed populations dominated by local interactions. Local processes also dominate on temporal scales that are short, relative to the expected times to extinction and recolonization of genotypes.
Canine model for the study of intraepithelial lesions (IELs) associated with human breast cancer: histopathological study

1081 PURPOSE: Intraepithelial lesions (IELs) including hyperplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ are thought to be premalignant lesions and have been recognised as risk factors for invasive breast cancer in humans. Reducing the burden of breast IEL through intervention is believed to result in a decreased burden of invasive cancer. Rapid evolution of chemopreventative agents may reduce breast cancer risk. An animal model that develops spontaneous IEL similar to human IEL is needed to test different prevention modalities prior to human clinical trials. The purpose of this study is to characterize the canine IEL that occurs spontaneously in canine mammary tumors and compared its histopathology to those that occur in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded mammary biopsy specimens from 123 female dogs with spontaneous mammary tumors were retrieved from the archives of the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Purdue University. All tumors were classified histologically according to the WHO International Histologic Classification of Tumors of Domestic Animals. Histologic sections were also evaluated for the presence of mammary hyperplasia, dysplasia, or intraepithelial neoplasia. The distinction between atypical hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ was made using size (in millimetres and/or number of ducts involved), and morphological criteria (cytologic and architectural features). RESULTS: IELs morphologically identical to human breast disease were identified in 50 of 123 female dogs with mammary neoplasia. The lesions identified included those not associated with significant increased risk [such as intraductal papilloma (3), adenosis (blunt duct adenosis)(7), sclerosing adenosis (4), Sclerotic papilloma (1), and fibroadenoma (1)] to those associated with intermediate risk [moderate epithelial ductal hyperplasia (papillomatosis) (7)] to those associated with high risk of developing invasive cancer [atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) (3), and Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (22)]. In 21/22 DCIS and in 3/3 ADH lesions were associated with histologically malignant mammary tumors. In addition, one case each of atypical papilloma, and fibroadenoma with high cellularity/ phylloides tumor were observed. CONCLUSION: Canine pre-neoplastic lesions show cytological and architectural features identical to their human breast counterparts. The similarity between canine and human IELs and their association with invasive carcinoma suggest that the canine mammary gland may be a useful model for studying carcinogenesis, cancer progression, treatment, and prevention. The U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command under W81WXH-04-1-0196 supported this work
An alternate metabolic route for the synthesis of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) in the Lesch-Nyhan erythrocyte.

The cells of the Lesch-Nyhan individual, which are deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity, lack the ability to convert the 6-keto purines, hypoxanthine and guanine, to the corresponding nucleotides (1). Mammalian cells, in general, lack appreciable kinase activity for the 6-keto purine nucleosides, inosine and guanosine (2,3). Thus, the major route to IMP and GMP in the Lesch- Nyhan cell is via the overall pathway of de novo purine nucleotide synthesis in which the purine ring of IMP is built up on carbon 1 of a molecule of ribose 5-phosphate (4), The IMP is readily converted to GMP in normal human and Lesch-Nyhan cells.
Complications and Litigation Associated With Injectable Facial Fillers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose Soft-tissue injectable fillers are a popular treatment option for patients seeking minimally invasive facial rejuvenation. The use of soft-tissue fillers has increased significantly in the past 10 years. In 2017 alone, clinicians administered nearly 2.7 million soft-tissue fillers, up from 1.3 million in 2007. Although injectable fillers have a relatively high safety profile compared with more invasive rejuvenation procedures, serious adverse events, including intra-arterial injections, necrosis, and visual symptoms such as blindness, have been documented. Complications from injectable fillers have also been a source of litigation, which has been shown to be associated with a perceived lack of informed consent. We sought to document the reported complication rates associated with injectable facial fillers from a national database and to report on the available cases of malpractice litigation. Materials and Methods The US Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database was used to collect the reported complications from 2013 to 2017 for the following injectable fillers: Artefill, Bellafill, Belotero, Juvederm, Radiesse, Restylane, Sculptra, and Kybella. Complications were organized by filler type, injection location, and complication type. The Thomson Reuters Westlaw Edge database was used to collect the reported jury verdicts and settlements from 2008 to 2017 for injectable facial fillers. Results A total of 2813 adverse events were analyzed. The most common locations for complications were the cheek (915 [32.5%]), lips (503 [17.9%]), and nasolabial fold (412 [14.6%]). The commonly reported adverse events were swelling (1,691 [60.1%]), nodule (948 [33.7%]), and pain (636 [22.6%]). Severe complications included intra-arterial injections resulting in necrosis and visual symptoms (eg, blurred vision and blindness). Forehead and dorsal nasal injections were significantly associated with intra-arterial complications resulting in necrosis and visual symptoms (P Conclusions The complications associated with injectable facial fillers varied greatly, depending on factors involved with their application. The most common adverse effects were swelling, nodule formation, and pain. Serious complications stemming from intra-arterial injections included necrosis and visual disturbances, including blindness. These complications have been raised in legal cases, in which the lack of informed consent was frequently alleged. The present analysis has documented some of the potential risks involved with injectable facial fillers and demonstrated the need for a thorough informed consent process before their administration.
Artiphysiology reveals visual preferences underlying V4-like blur selectivity in a deep convolutional neural network

Blurry visual scenes arise from many causes and image blur is known to be important for scene interpretation, yet there have been very few studies of the visual encoding of blur in biological visual systems or in artificial visual systems trained for object recognition. Recently, a study of single neurons in the visual cortex of macaque monkeys found that a significant fraction of neurons were more responsive to blurred visual stimuli than to sharply defined stimuli. This raises two questions: (1) what types of visual features in natural scenes might underlie blur selectivity in macaque cortex, and (2) can blur selectivity be found in artificial neural networks using the simple artificial stimuli previously applied in vivo? To answer these questions, we presented simple shape stimuli to the widely studied deep convolutional neural network (CNN) known as AlexNet and used deconv-net visualization to identify features that are critical for driving blur selective units. We found that a substantial number of units in the CNN were selective for blur and that several categories of blur selectivity emerged in early-to-middle processing stages. Prominent among these is a set of units selective for spatial boundaries defined by blur contrast. These blur-contrast boundary units may serve the important task of segmentation in natural photographic images and may relate to a large body of literature on second-order boundary detection. Our results lead to the prediction that such units could exist in the visual cortex but have yet to be well characterized and localized, and they provide direction for future neurophysiological tests of blur selectivity in vivo.
Chapter Eight – Reflection Models

Publisher Summary This chapter defines a set of classes that are used in pbrt for describing the way light scatters at surfaces. Reflection from surfaces can be split into four broad categories: diffuse, glossy specular, perfect specular, and retro-reflective. Most real surfaces exhibit reflection that is a mixture of these four types. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) abstraction describes light reflection at a surface, the BTDF describes transmission at a surface, and the BSDF encompasses both of these effects. The chapter defines a generic interface to these surface reflection and transmission functions. Scattering from realistic surfaces is often best described as a mixture of multiple BRDFs and BTDFs. Surface reflection models come from a number of sources: measured data, phenomenological models, simulation, physical (wave) optics, and geometric optics. The chapter describes implementations of reflection models based on measured data, phenomenological models, and geometric optics.
Predictors of Occurrence and Risk of Hepatic Encephalopathy After TIPS Creation: A 15-Year Experience.

To identify clinical variables, including use of newer Viatorr TIPS endoprosthesis with controlled expansion (VCX) that may affect the occurrence and risk of hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation. A total of 376 patients who underwent TIPS creation at our institution between 2003 and 2018 were retrospectively identified. Of these patients, 71 received a Viatorr controlled expansion endoprosthesis and 305 received a Viatorr TIPS endoprosthesis (older version without controlled expansion). Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify factors predicting the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy after TIPS creation; a Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess risk of HE through time to HE onset A total of 194 patients (52%) developed hepatic encephalopathy after TIPS creation, including 28 of 71 patients (39%) who received a VCX endoprosthesis. Older patient age and the use of Viatorr endoprosthesis without controlled expansion were significantly associated with the development of hepatic encephalopathy overall. Pre-TIPS pressure variables, patient age, plasma international normalized ratio, and model for end-stage liver disease score were risk factors for time to hepatic encephalopathy. Several variables are mild predictors of early hepatic encephalopathy development after TIPS creation, and the use of VCX endoprosthesis in TIPS creation is associated with a modest lower risk of hepatic encephalopathy. These preliminary findings should be considered in regard to patient selection, endoprosthesis selection, and post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation monitoring for the development of hepatic encephalopathy.
Preliminary evaluation of MR diffusion tensor imaging in children with acute renal injury

Objective To investigate the study of magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion tensor imaging in children with acute kidney injury, and further improve the clinical research level of early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods Twenty-two children who met the clinical AKI diagnostic criteria were collected from the Children's Hospital of Hunan Province. Twenty-three children volunteers were collected as the control group. The anisotropy fraction (FA) and mean diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the renal cortex and medulla of all the tested children were detected, and the serum creatinine value and disease test results of children with AKI were collected. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the renal and medullary ADC values and FA values and serum creatinine values in the children with AKI. Results There were no significant differences in the FA, ADC values of left and right renal cortex and medulla of case group (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the FA, ADC values of left and right renal cortex and medulla of control group (P>0.05). The medullary FA value, cortical FA and ADC value of the children with AKI were significantly lower than those of normal children (P 0.05). The medullary FA value and cortical ADC value of AKI patients were negatively correlated with serum creatinine value (r=-0.868, -0.436, P<0.05), and there was no correlation between cortical FA, medullary ADC and serum creatinine in the rest of the children. Conclusions As a non-invasive imaging method, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can reflect the early renal damage of AKI and has potential application value for clinical diagnosis of AKI. Key words: Diffusion tensor imaging; Magnetic resonance imaging; Acute kidney injury; Child
Potential therapeutic agents and associated bioassay data for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus infections

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has led to several million confirmed cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. To support the ongoing research and development of COVID-19 therapeutics, this report provides an overview of protein targets and corresponding potential drug candidates with bioassay and structure-activity relationship data found in the scientific literature and patents for COVID-19 or related virus infections. Highlighted are several sets of small molecules and biologics that act on specific targets, including 3CLpro, PLpro, RdRp, S-protein-ACE2 interaction, helicase/NTPase, TMPRSS2, and furin, which are involved in the viral life cycle or in other aspects of the disease pathophysiology. We hope this report will be valuable to the ongoing drug repurposing efforts and the discovery of new therapeutics with the potential for treating COVID-19.
Explaining achievement gaps in kindergarten and third grade: The role of self-regulation and executive function skills

Abstract The present study examines whether teacher-rated self-regulation skills exhibited within the classroom context and directly assessed individual executive function abilities at kindergarten entry uniquely contribute to kindergarten and third grade achievement gaps among children from economically disadvantaged families and Spanish-speaking English-Language learners (ELLs). We used nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten cohort of 2010–2011 (ECLS-K: 2011) in hierarchical nested regression models to describe the achievement gaps and subsequent reductions in the achievement gaps once child covariates, classroom self-regulation, and executive function skills were added to the models. Classroom self-regulation explained a moderate proportion of the kindergarten math and literacy gaps, but only among children from economically disadvantaged families. After accounting for classroom self-regulation, executive function skills explained a more substantial proportion of kindergarten achievement gaps for children from economically disadvantaged families and Spanish-speaking ELLs. Moreover, although executive function skills continued to explain achievement gaps in third grade for both groups, effect sizes were small. Results highlight the independent contribution of classroom self-regulation and individual executive function skills for school readiness gaps in kindergarten among children from economically disadvantaged families and suggest that improving executive function abilities prior to kindergarten could be effective for attenuating initial achievement gaps. Applications to policy and practice are discussed.
Parsing propagule pressure: Simulated and experimental disentanglement of introduction size and number of introductions for colonizing individuals

Colonization of novel habitats is more likely with increasing propagule pressure, the total number of individuals introduced to a site. Two key components of propagule pressure are the number of introduction events and the size of those introduction events. It is unclear which of these components is more important for colonization success, or under what environmental conditions their relative importance might shift. Using demographic simulations paired with a Tribolium flour beetle microcosm experiment, we introduced 20 total individuals into replicated novel habitats of stable or fluctuating quality and manipulated the number and size of introduction events used to distribute them through time. After seven generations, we evaluated how different combinations of the number and size of introductions affected establishment probability, size of established populations, and whether effects depended on the variability of the recipient environment. We found no effect of biologically realistic environmental stochasticity on establishment probability or size of established populations in the demographic simulations. However, there was strong evidence that establishment probability was enhanced with more, smaller introductions. In the microcosm, we similarly found no effect of environmental stochasticity on establishment probability, but unlike the simulations found that populations that established were larger in the stable environment, especially with more introduction events. The microcosm experiment yielded greater overall establishment probability and larger populations compared to the demographic simulations. Genetic mechanisms likely underlie these differences in results and thus deserve more attention in efforts to parse propagule pressure. Our results highlight the importance of preventing further introductions of undesirable species to invaded sites, and suggest conservation efforts should focus on increasing the number of introductions or re-introductions of desirable species rather than increasing the size of those introduction events.
Employee engagement and the service profit chain in a quick-service restaurant organization

Abstract This study examines employee engagement in a quick-service restaurant’s (QSR’s) service profit chain. It addresses calls for new research from the service profit chain literature by using large sample sizes, a new employee perception construct (i.e., employee engagement), and financial data across multiple years. The findings support service management theory and the service profit chain, in that employee engagement was significantly linked to faster service value performance times, service value performance was significantly linked to customer perception of service, and customer perception of service was significantly linked to sales and controllable profit in year 1 and comparable (year-over-year) sales growth in year 2. The study shows that employee engagement, directly and indirectly, affects operational, customer, and financial performance measures in the QSR and provides initial support for the importance of fostering employee engagement in the workplace.
Physics-embedded deep learning for computational 3D phase microscopy

Intensity Diffraction Tomography (IDT) is a new computational microscopy technique providing quantitative, volumetric phase imaging of biological samples over a large field-of-view. This approach uses computationally efficient inverse scattering models to recover the 3D phase objects from a set of intensity measurements taken under diverse illumination at a single focal plane. IDT is easily implemented in a standard microscope equipped with an LED array source and requires no exogeneous contrast agents, making the technology easily accessible to the biological research community. Here, I will discuss physics-embedded deep learning-based strategies for improving the imaging capabilities of IDT for handling highly scattering 3D objects.
Efficient DIEP Flap: Bilateral Breast Reconstruction in Less Than Four Hours

Introduction The DIEP flap is considered the gold standard in autologous breast reconstruction. Despite the benefit of a lifelong natural reconstruction, some argue that the potential drawbacks, specifically operative time and recovery, are significant. We recently focused specifically on process analysis in our DIEP flap practice and present a comprehensive analysis in efficient DIEP flap breast reconstructions. Methods Fifty consecutive bilateral DIEP flaps were prospectively tracked (100 flaps). The procedure was divided into segments (recipient site preparation, DIEP flap dissection/harvest, microsurgery, breast shaping, and abdominal closure). All individual step times were recorded for each team member. Relevant patient characteristics, intraoperative details and postoperative outcomes were recorded. Results Average surgical time was 3 hours and 58 minutes (the fastest time recorded was 2 h and 14 min). There were no immediate postoperative complications. The anastomotic revision rate was 6%. Four surgeons contributed 34.7% of the time, three surgeons 32.2% of the time, two surgeons 23.6% of the time, and one surgeon 4.8% of total time. In procedures under 4 hours, four surgeons contributed simultaneously 36.7% of the time compared to 21.8% in the longer procedures (P = 0.004). Four surgeons contributed 45.4% of the time (P = 0.01) in the sub-three-hour bilateral DIEP flap procedures. Conclusions Efficient DIEP flap breast reconstruction can be accomplished with a well-trained and coordinated team approach involving like-minded surgeons with extensive experience working together. The synergistic map shows constant movement with utilization of hidden time, without sacrificing education, outcomes, or innovation.
Classification of adaptive cruise control vehicle type based on car following trajectories

The emergence of vehicles with driver-assist features or other automated driving capabilities has been shown to dramatically alter traffic dynamics at the aggregate level. These new traffic flow dynamics usher in the possibility for specialized traffic control based on the types of vehicles with differing car following dynamics and the resulting shift and macroscopic traffic flow behavior. To enable such control, vehicle identification techniques are needed that allow realtime identification of the types of vehicles in the traffic flow to predict the aggregate behavior of the resulting flow. This work presents a novel, model-based approach to classify the type of adaptive cruise control (ACC) equipped vehicle based on the vehicle car following dynamics. The approach first calibrates best-fit car following model parameter values based on observed car following trajectories and classifies the vehicle type based on the calibrated model parameter values. Both the k nearest neighbor and support vector machine classifiers are tested on an experimental vehicle trajectory dataset. The support vector machine classifier is found to perform best. This result enables rapid, real-time classification of ACC vehicle type which will enable the next generation of traffic control based on the individual constituents of the traffic flow.
A Reply to Hosack and Sagers "Applied Doctorates in IT: A Case for Designing Data Science Graduate Programs"

This article presents a response to the argument presented by Hosack and Sagers (2015) in regards to the need and value for applied doctoral programs in Data Science. This response analyzes this proposition critically from the viewpoints of scope, doctoral program model, and program delivery.
Tight Closure in Characteristic Zero. Affine Case

We will develop a tight closure theory in characteristic zero which is different from the Hochster-Huneke approach discussed briefly in §5.6. In this chapter we treat the affine case, that is to say, we develop the theory for algebras of finite type over an uncountable algebraically closed field K of characteristic zero; the general local case will be discussed in Chapter 7. Recall that under the Continuum Hypothesis, any uncountable algebraically closed field K of characteristic zero is a Lefschetz field, that is to say an ultraproduct of fields of positive characteristic, by Theorem 2.4.3 and Remark 2.4.4. In particular, without any set-theoretic assumption, ℂ, the field of complex numbers, is a Lefschetz field. The idea now is to use the ultra-Frobenius, that is to say, the ultraproduct of the Frobenii (see Definition 2.4.21), in the same manner in the definition of tight closure as in positive characteristic. However, the ultra-Frobenius does not act on the affine algebra but rather on its ultra-hull, so that we have to introduce a more general setup. It is instructive to do this first in an axiomatic manner (§6.1) and then specialize to the situation at hand (§6.2). We briefly discuss a variant construction in §6.3, and conclude in §6.4 with another example how ultraproducts can be used to transfer constructions from positive to zero characteristic, to wit, the balanced big Cohen-Macaulay algebras of Hochster and Huneke.
Molecular Biology of Protozoan and Helminth Parasites

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of selected aspects of the molecular biology of parasitic protozoans and helminths. Molecular analysis of parasitic organisms has been remarkably productive in revealing unusual and unexpected pathways of gene expression. The chapter discusses trypanosomatids as “representative” protozoans and nematodes as “representative” helminths. These organisms yield biochemical insight into parasite gene expression. The three important areas, transcription, trans-splicing, and RNA editing are selected because, in addition to providing important insight into parasite gene expression, they impinge upon understanding of the molecular biology of eukaryotic cells. Compared to other eukaryotic organisms, trypanosomes contain a number of tandem arrays of genes coding for housekeeping and developmentally regulated proteins. The biogenesis of mature trypanosome mRNA takes place via RNA processing and requires two cleavage reactions of the pre-messenger RNA, one at the splice acceptor site and the other at the site of addition of the poly (A) tail. The chapter summarizes that this does not diminish the importance of the discoveries and further investigations in parasitic organisms will continue to provide novel insights into mechanisms of eukaryotic gene expression in general while simultaneously suggesting targets for chemotherapeutic intervention.
Reviving the Lawyer’s Role as Servant Leader: The Professional Paradigm and a Lawyer’s Ethical Obligation to Inform Clients About Alternative Dispute Resolution

Lawyers need a particular ideal that embodies their skills, qualities, and aspirations - a model to emulate, a standard for judging professional development, and a source of pride in being a lawyer. To accomplish this, the legal profession must function within the professionalism paradigm and re-create the lawyer of practical wisdom who serves clients by informing them of all their options in resolving disputes. The most important step in this movement is to recognize that every lawyer ought to have an ethical obligation to counsel clients about alternative dispute resolution (ADR) as an alternative to adversarial proceedings. By enacting this ethical obligation, lawyers will reacquaint themselves and the law with the professional ideal of putting the client first in a meaningful way. Part I of this Article introduces the historically human-focused legal profession, the struggling-to-find-meaning legal profession, and how the emerging professionalism crisis colors the modern legal profession's perspective on the competing paradigms from within which it can function. Next, Part II considers the professionalism paradigm, including an examination of its definition and theory, a description of an ideal lawyer-statesman, a proposal for its implementation, and an evaluation of the paradigm. Then, Part III considers the business paradigm, including an examination of its history and theory, a description of an ideal "Middle Range" approach, a proposal for its implementation, and an evaluation of the paradigm. Following, in Part IV, I argue that we are more likely to revive lawyers' commitment to serve the common good, or at least reduce self-serving behavior, and shape lawyers' character and conduct under the professionalism paradigm. Next, Part V discusses how to recapture the professionalism paradigm through a lawyer's ethical obligation to counsel clients about ADR as an alternative to adversarial proceedings. In addition, Part V considers the functional paradigms of mediation and the adversarial process and concludes that the mediation paradigm will more likely foster client-focused, ethical lawyer behavior and realign lawyers with the professionalism paradigm's common good focus. Finally, Part VI examines the current reception of lawyer's ethical obligation to counsel clients about ADR. Overall, we must first examine the paradigm in which we view ourselves and our profession, and then we must design a system within that paradigm to recapture what we have lost and re-claim our commitment to our clients, to our profession, and to ourselves. It is in the combination of the revival of the professionalism paradigm and the further use of ADR that lawyers will rediscover their sense of self, sense of vocation, and sense of service.
Particles driven to diffraction.

Almost 70 years after it was first proposed, an experiment shows that electrons can be diffracted by light waves. This result highlights the interchangeable roles of matter and light.
Foot musculoskeletal disorders, pain, and foot-related functional limitation in older persons.

Objectives To examine whether common musculoskeletal disorders of feet are associated with pain and foot-related functional limitation. Design A cross-sectional study using stratified random sampling. Setting A residential community. Participants Ethnically diverse sample of elderly persons (n=784). Measurements Foot disorders (hallux valgus/bunion, pes planus (flat foot), pes cavus (high arch), hammertoe, mallet toe, claw toe, overlapping toes, bunionette, and plantar fasciitis), foot pain, the foot health functional status (FHFS, range 0-100, 100=no problems) scale, and walk time score (range 0-4, 4=fastest). Results Most commonly assessed musculoskeletal disorders, including hallux valgus and toe deformities, were not associated with pain or function limitation. Plantar fasciitis and, to a lesser extent, pes cavus were associated with worse FHFS scores; foot pain partially explained this association. Neither foot disorders nor foot pain were significantly associated with slower walk times. Conclusion Many foot disorders had little relationship with foot pain or function and may not require clinical attention when asymptomatic. Risk factors and preventive and therapeutic interventions for plantar fasciitis require further longitudinal investigation.
The impacts of apportionment method, and legal and illegal immigration, on Congressional apportionment in the year 2000

This paper first discusses two methods for apportioning the US House of Representatives, Equal Proportions and Major Fractions. The method of Equal Proportions will be used in the 2000 apportionment, but it is biased in favor of smaller states. The method of Major Fractions is a mathematically unbiased method, but will not be used in 2000. However, we show that apportionments for 2000 would not differ much according to these two methods. We also consider different definitions of the apportionment population, mainly based on including or excluding legal and illegal immigrants from the apportionment process. We show that the apportionment results for 2000 will not differ if illegal immigrants who entered the USA in the 1990s are kept in, or removed from, the apportionment population. But the apportionment results will differ in a major way if all persons immigrating to the USA in the 1990s are kept in, or removed.
Quantification of large uncertainties in fossil leaf paleoaltimetry

[1] Estimates of paleoelevation potentially constrain geodynamic models of continental deformation and inform interpretations of landscape and climate evolution. One widely used, paleobotanical approach reconstructs paleoelevation from the difference in estimated atmospheric enthalpy between a known sea level and a targeted, coeval, elevated fossil floral site. Enthalpy is estimated using Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) on 31 leaf size and shape variables that have been calibrated in living forests. Errors related to CLAMP are significantly greater than often reported, and there are many sources of large potential error related to this method that are either difficult to quantify or unquantifiable and are thus not documented. Here, we quantify one significant bias, toward underestimation of leaf area in the CLAMP data set (∼50%), that affects all CLAMP climate estimates, including enthalpy. Crucially, errors in paleoelevation when the leaf size bias is included are in the range of ±2 km or more, at least 2 times the previous estimates, and exceeding the plausible paleoelevations of many fossil sites. Previously published paleoelevations derived from this technique are unlikely to be accurate either in magnitude or in estimated error.
The octanol/water partition coefficient of methylmercuric chloride and methylmercuric hydroxide in pure water and salt solutions

The I-octanol/water partition coefficient (K,.) of methylmercury was determined at pH 7 in water and in aqueous solutions ranging from 0.0003 to 0.6000 m in sodium chloride. It was also determined over a pH range of 2 to 10 with a fixed sodium chloride concentration of 0.0045 M. In these experiments, K,, was seen to increase with increasing chloride concentrations in the range 0.0 to 0.075 m and to decrease with increasing pH above 7. Results were similar whether low levels of methylmercuric chloride or methylmercuric hydroxide were used as the starting materials. Partition- ing wai not affected by changes in ionic strength. Keywords-Octanol/.ater partition coefficient Methylmercury K.,,,
Probabilistic neural networks for multi-class tissue discrimination with gene expression data

With the emergence and rapid advancement of DNA microarray technologies, construction of gene expression profiles for different cancer types has already become a promising means for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Most previous research has focused on binary classification. Here, we use a probabilistic neural network (PNN) for multi-classification of cancer data. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the PNN in addressing gene expression data.
GATA-3 regulates the transcriptional activity of tyrosine hydroxylase by interacting with CREB.

The zinc finger transcription factor GATA-3 is a master regulator of type 2 T-helper cell development. Interestingly, in GATA-3–/– mice, noradrenaline (NA) deficiency is a proximal cause of embryonic lethality. However, neither the role of GATA-3 nor its target gene(s) in the nervous system were known. Here, we report that forced expression of GATA-3 resulted in an increased number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing neurons in primary neural crest stem cell (NCSC) culture. We also found that GATA-3 transactivates the promoter function of TH via specific upstream sequences, a domain of the TH promoter residing at −61 to −39 bp. Surprisingly, this domain does not contain GATA-3 binding sites but possesses a binding motif, a cAMP response element (CRE), for the transcription factor, CREB. In addition, we found that site-directed mutation of this CRE almost completely abolished transactivation of the TH promoter by GATA-3. Furthermore, protein–protein interaction assays showed that GATA-3 is able to physically interact with CREB in vitro as well as in vivo. Based on these results, we propose that GATA-3 may regulate TH gene transcription via a novel and distinct protein–protein interaction, and directly contributes to NA phenotype specification.
Alveolar Wall Relations

We have presented a highly dynamic view of the alveolar septum and its main enclosed structure, the dense capillary network. The septal or perimicrovascular interstitium is the space between alveolar epithelial sheets after exclusion of the capillary network. It contains cells, fibers, and a viscous matrix. Capillaries form a very complex network, which closely follows the geometry of the terminal airways and participates in functional adaptations of the wall, particularly septal pleating. The level of filling and configuration of different capillaries ranging from collapse to full distension are variable, depending on factors such as transmural balance of forces but also on tissular configuration. Alveolar flooding of any cause will produce an immediate change of capillary configuration and volume.
Inhibiting Surface Crystallization of Amorphous Indomethacin by Nanocoating

An amorphous solid (glass) may crystallize faster at the surface than through the bulk, making surface crystallization a mechanism of failure for amorphous pharmaceuticals and other materials. An ultrathin coating of gold or polyelectrolytes inhibited the surface crystallization of amorphous indomethacin (IMC), an anti-inflammatory drug and model organic glass. The gold coating (10 nm) was deposited by sputtering, and the polyelectrolyte coating (3−20 nm) was deposited by an electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly of cationic poly(dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA) and anionic sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) in aqueous solution. The coating also inhibited the growth of existing crystals. The inhibition was strong even with one layer of PDDA. The polyelectrolyte coating still permitted fast dissolution of amorphous IMC and improved its wetting and flow. The finding supports the view that the surface crystallization of amorphous IMC is enabled by the mobility of a thin layer of surface molecules, a...
Unexpected consequences? Bicameral policymaking shifts through term limits

Purpose – The imposition of term limits in bicameral (two‐chamber) state legislatures could produce unforeseen consequences in the policymaking process. Supporters of term limit rules have not considered that their imposition could fundamentally shift the sequence of policymaking in legislatures. This is important given that research on sequential bicameral policymaking suggests qualities of the lower chamber allow it to cultivate policy expertise such that the upper chamber will defer to the lower chamber in policymaking. This project aims to explore whether this proposed policymaking sequence exists in term‐limited states.Design/methodology/approach – A comparison of policy adoptions in states with and without term limits is performed using an original data set on bill adoptions for all US bicameral legislatures that had a regular session between the years 2000 and 2006. Least‐squares regression models evaluate whether basic characteristics of legislatures are as relevant as term limit characteristics i...
Stochastic a posteriori blockmodels: Construction and assessment

Abstract In 1983, Holland, Laskey, and Leinhardt, using the ideas of Holland and Leinhardt, and Fienberg and Wasserman, introduced the notion of a stochastic blockmodel. The mathematics for stochastic a priori blockmodels, in which exogenous actor attribute data are used to partition actors independently of any statistical analysis of the available relational data, have been refined by several researchers and the resulting models used by many. Attempts to simultaneously partition actors and to perform relational data analyses using statistical methods that yield stochastic a posteriori blockmodels are still quite rare. In this paper, we discuss some old suggestions for producing such posterior blockmodels, and comment on other new suggestions based on multiple comparisons of model parameters, log-linear models for ordinal categorical data, and correspondence analysis. We also review measures for goodness-of-fit of a blockmodel, and we describe a natural approach to this problem using likelihood-ratio statistics generated from a popular model for relational data.
In Situ expression of a B7-like adhesion molecule on keratinocytes from human epidermis

The B7 adhesion molecule, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has previously been identified primarily on cells of hematopoietic origin. Because B7 has been shown to facilitate interactions with T cells and because cells of the epidermis are proficient at binding and activating T lymphocytes, studies were performed to determine whether B7 was expressed in human epidermis. A subpopulation of brightly staining B7-positive cells was observed in situ in normal human epidermis. Flow-cytometric examination of epidermal cell suspensions that had been cultured for 24 h or longer demonstrated that between 10 and 40% of cells expressed B7 or a closely related antigen. Immunoelectron microscopy, double-staining procedures, and examination of epidermal suspensions depleted of Langerhans cells all confirmed that the B7-positive cells were keratinocytes. These studies identify human epidermal keratinocytes, a non-hematopoietic cell population, as a cell type capable of expressing a B7-like adhesion molecule.
C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: a review of risk prediction and interventions

Background: Coronary vascular disease (CVD) has a high prevalence in the United States, yet 40–50% of those with that diagnosis have normal or mildly increased cholesterol levels. Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) has been associated with CVD, in those presenting after an acute coronary event, and also in apparently healthy individuals. Methods: We reviewed the literature on this association, and on the relationship between CRP and traditional CVD risk factors including smoking, hypertension, cholesterol and obesity. Also examined is the effect of various medications used in patients with CVD on CRP concentrations. Results: CRP correlates with risk of CVD in patients who have a history of acute coronary disease, stable angina, and in those who have never been diagnosed with CVD. CRP imparts risk that is independent of hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: Once commercially available CRP assays are shown to be reliable, CRP may help predict short- and long-term cardiovascular outcomes and may have a role in CVD screening analogous to that of lipid. In the future CRP may modify treatment and preventive therapies.
Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events.

It is argued that insufficient attention has been paid to the nature and processes underlying positive experiences. An analogy is drawn between coping with negative events and the processes of taking advantage of, or capitalizing on, positive events. It was hypothesized that expressive displays (e.g., communicating the event to others, celebrating, etc.) and perceived control would be effective capitalizing responses after positive events. These responses were predicted to augment the benefits of the events on temporary moods and longer-term well-being. Two daily-diary studies of college undergraduates showed that expressive responses and perceived control were associated with positive affect above and beyond the benefits due to the valence of the positive events themselves
Symmetric and asymmetric T-shaped plasmonic waveguides

We fabricate, experimentally characterize and numerically validate the origin of modes on periodically spaced T-shaped structure for Terahertz input. Effect of parameters such as height, periodicity, asymmetry and symmetry of ‘T’ structure is explained.
Can Voters Predict Changes in Theor Own Attitudes

Although scholars have established that voters have unstable preferences (e.g., Converse, 1964; Zaller, 1992) and that they are not accurate when recalling past preferences (e.g., Markus, 1986; Niemi, Katz, & Newman, 1980; Smith, 1984), existing research has not systematically explored whether voters can accurately predict the changing nature of their own opinions. The question of whether whether people recognize the instability of their political preferences was explored in a random sample of Pennsylvania registered voters who were surveyed in August and October 1996, during the presidential election campaign. The first survey elicited respondents' positions on two political issues (welfare reform and the environment) and on the two major candidates, and also asked them to estimate the likelihood that each of these positions would change during the next 2 months. The second survey elicited positions at that time and also asked voters to recall their prior positions. Measured both by expectations and recall, respondents tended to underestimate the degree to which their own positions would change or had changed over time. This research has implications for the use of public opinion polling and more broadly for the practice of democratic politics.