cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aphidicolin resistance in Herpes simplex virus type I reveals features of the DNA polymerase dNTP binding site

We describe the mapping and sequencing of mutations within the DNA polymerase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 which confer resistance to aphidicolin, a DNA polymerase inhibitor. The mutations occur near two regions which are highly conserved among DNA polymerases related to the herpes simplex enzyme. They also occur near other herpes simplex mutations which affect the interactions between the polymerase and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate substrates. Consequently, we argue in favor of the idea that the aphidicolin binding site overlaps the substrate binding site and that the near-by conserved regions are functionally required for substrate binding. Our mutants also exhibit abnormal sensitivity to another DNA polymerase inhibitor, phosphonoacetic acid. This drug is thought to bind as an analogue of pyrophosphate. A second-site mutation which suppresses the hypersensitivity of one mutant to phosphonoacetic acid (but not its aphidicolin resistance) is described. This second mutation may represent a new class of mutations, which specifically affects pyrophosphate, but not substrate, binding.
Aftermaths of Empire and the unmixing of peoples: Historical and comparative perspectives

Abstract This article provides a historical and comparative analysis of post‐imperial migrations of ethnic unmixing. It examines the post‐Soviet migration of ethnic Russians to Russia in the light of the migrations of other once‐dominant ‘new minorities’ engendered by transitions from multinational empire to incipient nation‐states: Balkan Muslims during and after the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, Hungarians after the collapse of the Habsburg Empire, and Germans after the collapse of the Habsburg Empire and the German Kaiserreich.
Aluminum/ammonia heat pipe gas generation and long term system impact for the Space Telescope's Wide Field Planetary Camera

In the Space Telescope's Wide Field Planetary Camera (WFPC) project, eight heat pipes (HPs) are used to remove heat from the camera's inner electronic sensors to the spacecraft's outer, cold radiator surface. For proper device functioning and maximization of the signal-to-noise ratios, the Charge Coupled Devices (CCD's) must be maintained at -95 C or lower. Thermoelectric coolers (TEC's) cool the CCD's, and heat pipes deliver each TEC's nominal six to eight watts of heat to the space radiator, which reaches an equilibrium temperature between -15 C to -70 C. An initial problem was related to the difficulty to produce gas-free aluminum/ammonia heat pipes. An investigation was, therefore, conducted to determine the cause of the gas generation and the impact of this gas on CCD cooling. In order to study the effect of gas slugs in the WFPC system, a separate HP was made. Attention is given to fabrication, testing, and heat pipe gas generation chemistry studies.
The components of sucking in the human newborn.

Two studies were performed to test the ability of the newborn human infant to separate the “suction” and “expression” components of the sucking response. An experimental nipple and nutrient delivery system were devised which permitted the delivery of nutrient as a function of the occurrence of either response component and which permitted independent measurement of the components. Thirty infants, 2 to 5 days old, were studied during two successive feedings, 4 hours apart. The results indicated that newborn infants were able to modify the components of the sucking response when performance of these components led to nutritive consequences. When Ss had to express at one of two different pressure levels in order to obtain nutrient they showed significant shifts in expression amplitudes. The results indicate that some learning might have occurred as a result of the experimental manipulations. However, the infant's ability to adapt his sucking behavior seems to be well established before the fifth day of life.
Critical point regularity conditions and asymptotic solutions to the time stationary, linearized, inhomogeneous solar wind flow problem

The assumption of the existence of steady state, linearized, inhomogeneous solar wind flow imposes a relation between the perturbation variables such that the solutions are regular at the critical points. The critical point regularity conditions are derived for the case of hydromagnetic flow with no rotation, for which there are two critical points, and the case of hydrodynamic flow with rotation and one critical point. It is possible the organization imposed by the critical points is reflected in correlations observed between solar wind parameters near the orbit of Earth. Analytic asymptotic solutions are also derived to complete the description given previously of the intermediate range flow obtained by numerical integrations. The asymptotic solutions can be described in terms of pressure waves that in general propagate radially with respect to the zero-order flow. The pressure perturbation for expected solar wind conditions is found to increase with distance and the velocity perturbations to decrease.
Proteoglycomics: Recent progress and future challenges

Proteoglycomics is a systematic study of structure, expression, and function of proteoglycans, a posttranslationally modified subset of a proteome. Although relying on the established technologies of proteomics and glycomics, proteoglycomics research requires unique approaches for elucidating structure-function relationships of both proteoglycan components, glycosaminoglycan chain, and core protein. This review discusses our current understanding of structure and function of proteoglycans, major players in the development, normal physiology, and disease. A brief outline of the proteoglycomic sample preparation and analysis is provided along with examples of several recent proteoglycomic studies. Unique challenges in the characterization of glycosaminoglycan component of proteoglycans are discussed, with emphasis on the many analytical tools used and the types of information they provide.
Effect of ionization mode in the analysis of proteolytic protein digests

Abstract The bottom-up sequencing approach relies on an accurate mass fingerprint of the peptide fragments produced from enzymatic digestion. However, this technique is complicated by “dirty” mass spectra due to matrix interferences and, especially with regard to electrospray ionization data, the presence of multiply-charged species, both of which produce false and incorrect hits in database searches. Here, it is shown that the quality of mass spectra of peptide digests can be improved significantly by changing the polarity of the mass spectrometer’s ionization source. Using the negative ion mode in both matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and electrospray ionization of peptide digests results in the detection of a number of peaks in the mass spectra that are not observed in positive ion mode. In addition, there is considerable reduction in interference from contaminant species in the negative ion mode versus the positive ion mode. By combining the positive ion and negative ion mode data, greater sequence coverage and improved database search scores were obtained. When digestion is incomplete, a dramatic enrichment in the observed abundances for digest product peptides versus the intact proteins could be obtained by changing the pH and the ionization mode. The present results highlight the importance of using positive ion mode and negative ion mode combined to improve overall amino acid sequence coverage and improve confidence in protein identification.
[3+2] Cyclopentane annulation reactions using organoiron reagents. Hydroazulene synthesis.

Abstract A one step synthesis of 4-ketohydroazuleneiron complexes 6,7 and 8 from troponeiron tricarbonyl is described.
Applications of Programmed Experimental Teaching Exercises

Programmed Experimental Teaching Exercises have been used for laboratory instrument familiarization and for demonstration of basic circuit phenomena in conjunction with a first course in circuit theory for electrical engineering students. The exercises were used as part of the normal classroom presentation and covered such subjects as signal waveforms, time constants, superposition, impedance, resonance, power, Bode plots, and dependent sources. The students confirmed that the exercises materially strengthened the course and were of definite help in understanding basic concepts. The exercise on the use of the dual-trace oscilloscope, as an example of the utilization of these exercises for instrument familiarization, provided sufficient theory and training to enable the students to confidently use the oscilloscope as a measuring instrument.
Group B Streptococcal Disease: A Life-Threatening Infection in the Newborn

Group B streptococcal (GBS) disease, a life-threatening infection in newborns in the United States, causes considerable neonatal morbidity and mortality. GBS is also a major source of maternal infection. Screening during pregnancy leads to early identification. Intrapartal treatment of affected mothers can prevent harmful neonatal effects. Implementation of screening and treatment protocols is recommended for the protection of all obstetric and neonatal patients.
Consequence analysis of toxic substance clouds

Abstract New Jersey's Toxic Catastrophe Prevention Act (TCPA) mandates that the Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) ‘… establish criteria or quantitative standards for determining risk reflecting the size of the potentially exposed population and the gravity of consequences’. The method of consequence analysis described in this paper incorporates air dispersion modelling, toxicological data and population density parameters to relate acute impacts of the release of the substances of the expanded TCPA list back to the source of release. The method provides a systematic, consistent approach to apply location-specific parameters in the determination of the consequence of a release of toxic vapour or gas. It fills the need for determining the magnitude of the risk to offsite population of handling a particular quantity of toxic substance to satisfy a number of goals, ranging from setting the criteria for further study to the preparation of a risk curve of likelihood versus consequence.
Zero modes of the non-relativistic self-dual Chern-Simons vortices on the Toda backgrounds

Abstract The two-dimensional self-dual equations are the governing equations of the static zero-energy vortex solutions for the non-relativistic, non-Abelian Chern-Simons models. The zero modes of the non-relativistic vortices are examined by index calculation for the self-dual equations. The index for the self-dual equations is zero for non-Abelian groups, but a non-zero index is obtained by the Toda Ansatz which reduces the self-dual equations to the Toda equations. The number of zero modes for the non-relativistic Toda vortices is 2Σ α , β r K αβ Q β which is twice the total number of isolated zeroes of the vortex functions. For the affine Toda system, there are additional adjoint zero modes which give a zero index for the SU ( N ) group.
Experimental transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by a strain of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from New Orleans, Louisiana.

Abstract : Experimental studies were undertaken to ascertain the vector competence of a strain of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) collected in New Orleans, LA, (Gentilly strain) for an epizootic (Trinidad donkey) strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. This strain of Ae. albopictus was significantly more susceptible to infection with VEE virus than were any of the four strains tested previously, including two from North America and two from South America. Likewise, dissemination (148 of 180) (82%) and transmission (40 of 88) (45%) rates were significantly higher in the Gentilly strain than in any of the strains previously tested. Analysis of the results of the present study along with those of a previous study with a second alphavirus, chikungunya (CHIK) virus, indicated that, although all three strains of Ae. albopictus tested were more susceptible to VEE virus than to CHIK virus, susceptibility to infection and dissemination with one alphavirus appeared to be directly related to susceptibility to infection and dissemination with the other virus and may indicate shared receptor sites for these two alphaviruses in Ae. albopictus.... Insects, Aedes albopictus, Vector competence, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.
Liquid-liquid equilibrium of the castor oil + soybean oil + hexane ternary system

Liquid−liquid equilibria for the ternary system castor oil + soybean oil + hexane are studied at 298.15 K. Mixtures are equilibrated in a temperature-controlled water bath. After evaporation of hexane, the oil compositions of each phase are determined by a combination of gravimetric measurements and the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using gas chromatography. Since castor and soybean triglycerides are a mixture of five or six fatty acids, the castor and soybean fractions are characterized by the relative concentration of ricinoleic acid. Fitting the K-ratios for castor oil, soybean oil, and hexane smoothed the liquid−liquid equilibrium data. A computational cross-flow extraction is designed on the basis of the smoothed phase diagram and is experimentally validated.
A kinetic model for anisotropic reactions in amorphous solids

When mechanical constraints are present, solid-state reactions often induce deviatoric inelastic strains in addition to volume change. Existing models either attribute such deformation to the plastic flow driven by the stress exceeding a non-measurable kinetic-dependent yield strength, or need to introduce a deviatoric-stress-dependent chemical potential. By employing the transformation strain to characterize the state of reaction, this letter formulates a kinetic model via averaging the reaction rate at all possible orientations. The model is illustrated through the constrained lithiation–delithiation process of silicon as an example. With just one fitting parameter, the model can quantitatively capture the experimental results. The model only hypothesizes linear kinetics, and does not need to introduce kinetic-dependent plasticity or modify basic thermodynamic quantities. This approach can also be applied to other material systems, as well as extended to the nonlinear kinetics of far-from-equilibrium reactions.
Macroglobulin-Producing Plasma-Cell Tumor in Mice: Identification of a New Light Chain.

A transplantable plasmacell tumor in mice produces both a γM-macroglobulin serum protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 17S and a kappa-type urinary protein. The reduced and alkylated macroglobulin, when examined by electrophoresis in acid-urea polyacrylamide gel, had a fast component which migrated in the same position as the urinary protein and also a slow component. These two components, as shown by exclusion chromatography, represent the light and heavy polypeptide chains of the γM-macroglobulin. The aforementioned macroglobulin was antigenically related to that in normal mouse serum.
The Hotelling Principle, backwardation of futures prices and the values of developed petroleum reserves — the production constraint hypothesis

Abstract We explore the practitioner-stylized facts that petroleum wells require large initial investments, have daily production capacities, and have small marginal costs for production rates meaningfully below these capacities. Long-run backwardation of futures prices is required to induce drilling new wells. In contrast to Miller and Upton (1985a,b) and Litzenberger and Rabinowitz (1995), production from developed reserves is essentially a corner solution at capacity regardless of backwardation or price volatility. Economically interesting supply decisions take the form of investment in exploration and drilling. Empirical evidence strongly rejects the Miller and Upton hypothesis in favor of our more general model.
Filters on Computable Posets

We explore the problem of constructing maximal and un- bounded lters on computable posets. We obtain both computability results and reverse mathematics results. A maximal lter is one that does not extend to a larger lter. We show that every computable poset has a 0 maximal lter, and there is a computable poset with no 0 or 0 maximal lter. There is a com- putable poset on which every maximal lter is Turing complete. We obtain the reverse mathematics result that the principle \every count- able poset has a maximal lter" is equivalent to ACA0 over RCA0. An unbounded lter is a lter which achieves each of its lower bounds in the poset. We show that every computable poset has a 0 unbounded
Soluble Glucokinase Activity in Bovine Tissues

PREVIOUS investigations of glucokinase activity in ruminant tissues have involved the measurement of glucose or oxygen uptake (in the presence of glucose as substrate) by tissue homogenates, mitochondria or supernatants after centrifugation of homogenates at 9,000g1–3. These methods showed glucokinase activity in brain and intestinal mucosa, but not in the liver of sheep. The apparent lack of glucokinase activity in the liver preparations may have been due to the presence of powerful glucose-6-phosphatase activity4. The interfering enzyme can be removed by centrifugation of homogenates at 100,000g, and this step has revealed appreciable activity of soluble glucokinase in rat liver5, which was previously thought to have only slight glucokinase activity. This technical development suggested that glucokinase activity in ruminant tissues should be re-evaluated, for it is of interest in at least two respects. First, from the comparative view, overall glucose utilization is less in intact ruminants than in other mammals6, so low glucokinase activities may be expected in some tissues. Secondly, some metabolic diseases, such as pregnancy toxaemia in sheep and acetonaemia in cows, resemble diabetes in some regards, and the hepatic glucokinase activity of fasting or alloxan-diabetic rats is only about 40 per cent that of normal, fed rats5.
At-risk drinking among patients making routine primary care visits.

Abstract Background : Addressing non-alcoholic, at-risk patterns of alcohol consumption that are associated with increased morbidity and mortality is an important health care priority. Objective : The objective was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of at-risk drinkers in a population-based sample of adults with routine primary care visits. Methods : Three thousand four hundred thirty-nine patients with advance appointments in 23 primary care practices completed a health survey prior to their visit. At-risk drinking was defined as consuming an average of two or more drinks per day (chronic drinking), or two or more occasions of consuming five or more drinks in the past month (binge drinking), or, in the past month, one or more occasion of driving after consuming three or more drinks (drinking and driving). Results : Prevalence was: 11% at-risk drinking; 63% light to moderate drinking; 26% abstinence. Abstainers differed from alcohol users on demographics (older, fewer Caucasian, lower income, more unemployed), other health behaviors (less exercise, lower rates of smoking, and marijuana and cocaine use), and family history of alcohol problems (lower). Abstainers also reported poorer physical and psychological health. Compared to light to moderate drinkers, at-risk drinkers were more likely to be male, unmarried, and to use other substances (tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine). Among at-risk drinkers, those with two or more risk factors were more likely male, consumed more alcohol per week, had higher AUDIT scores and were more motivated to change their drinking. Among those with only one risk factor, binge drinkers reported high rates of tobacco and marijuana use, relatively poor perceived health, and the highest proportion of negative consequences from drinking. Conclusions : At least 1 in 10 patients making routine primary care visits have drinking practices that place them at risk for negative consequences from drinking. Three drinking patterns that can be used to define at-risk drinking are relatively distinct.
Manipulation planning with soft task constraints

We present a randomized configuration space planner that enforces soft workspace task constraints. A soft task constraint allows an interval of feasible values while favoring a given exact value. Previous work only allows for enforcing an exact value or an interval without a specific preference. Soft task constraints are a useful concept in everyday life. For example when carrying a container of liquid we want to keep it as close to the upright position as possible but want to be able to tilt it slightly in order to avoid obstacles. This paper introduces the necessary algorithms for handling such constraints, including projection methods and useful representations of everyday constraints. Our algorithms are evaluated on a series of simulated benchmark problems and shown to yield significant improvement in constraint satisfaction.
GROUP SIZE EFFECTS IN EMPLOYMENT TESTING

Effects of the number of individuals (1 to 10) coacting while taking two standardized motor performance tests were examined. Scores on the manual and finger dexterity sections of the General Aptitude Test Battery were collected from two state employment agencies for 2,261 actual applicants. Increases in aptitude scores corresponding to increases in group size were predicted based upon the summation hypothesis of social facilitation theory. Results indicated a group size effect with performance appearing to increase somewhat linearly with increases in number of coactors. The implications for social facilitation theory and the interpretation of tests administered in a group setting were discussed.
REE patterns versus the origin of the basaltic achondrites

The spectral uniqueness of asteroid 4 Vesta has led to suggestions that it is the eucrite parent body. However, there exist other basaltic achondrite types besides eucrites; either they also came from Vesta or else there exist other achondrite parent bodies. Howardites appear to be mixtures of eucrites and diogenites, and mesosiderites mixtures of eucrites or howardites and iron; thus one may infer that all four classes come from the same parent body. The REE patterns of eucrites and diogenites are modeled in order to test this hypothesis; eucrites can be made easily, but the patterns of diogenites are more difficult to match. The other basaltic achondrites are so rare that one cannot argue from statistics of abundances against a disrupted parent body for their origin. Pallasites and most irons likely had an origin separate from eucrites, again in parent bodies since disrupted.
Leveraging Social Networks for P2P Content-Based File Sharing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Current P2P file sharing methods in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) can be classified into three groups: flooding-based, advertisement-based and social contact-based. The first two groups of methods can easily generate high overhead and low scalability, and the third group fails to consider the social interests (content) of mobile nodes, which otherwise can improve file searching efficiency. In this paper, we propose a P2P content-based file sharing system for MANETs. The system uses an interest extraction algorithm to derive a node's interests from its files for complex queries. For efficient file searching, it groups common-interest nodes that frequently meet with each other as communities. Further, it takes advantage of node mobility by designating stable nodes, which has frequent contact with community members, as community coordinators for intra-community searching, and highly-mobile nodes as community ambassadors for inter-community searching. An interest-oriented file searching scheme further enhances the file searching success rate. We first deployed our system on the real-world GENI Orbit testbed with a real trace and then conducted experiment on the ns2 simulator with both real trace and simulated disconnected and connected MANET scenario. The test results show that our system significantly lowers transmission cost and improves file searching success rate compared to current methods.
Reflectometry for TSV etching depth inspection

TSV (Through Silicon Via) is a vertical via that passes through a silicon wafer or chip. This technology is a major enabler for three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) of stacking different functional chips. Vertical stacking chips of 3D ICs allows gates to be placed closer and thereby provides more computing process in a compact space. As TSV technique with unique processing steps that are not used in standard 2D ICs, a number of new parameters need to be measured and controlled. TSV etching depth is a critical parameter for ensuring the performance of 3D ICs, thus metrology and inspection of the TSV etching depth are very profitability of the overall manufacturing process. Spectroscopic reflectometry (SR) is currently being used in industry to measure the internal reflectance of thin films, from which the thickness and other properties can be obtained. It is a non-contact and non-destructive in-line metrology tool. In this study, we demonstrate the use of SR by employing the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for measuring the etching via depth and the thickness of oxide layer in one shot measurement. First, the specifications of reflectometer system, such as spectral range and resolution of spectrometer for depth analysis are discussed. The depth resolution is better in the longer measuring spectral range, thus small difference of TSVs' depth can be well distinguished. The spectrometer with high resolution is used to collect the authentic spectrum from etching depth with high aspect ratio. We verified our system through a mutual measurement comparison with the national standard traceable step height system. Our system is capable of measuring step height up to 100 um and measurement precision is in the range of 0.6 um. In this report, TSV arrays with nominal CD 5~25 um, and aspect ratio up to 10 are measured. Metrology results from actual 3D interconnect processing wafers indicate our system provides excellent correlation to cross-section scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurement results. The maximum discrepancy between each other is smaller than 1 um.
A new ultra-high pressure phase in samarium

Abstract Structural changes in samarium under pressure were studied in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC) to 189 GPa. A number of phase transformations were observed between room pressure and 75GPa. At about 91 GPa samarium transforms to a body-centered tetragonal structure, and the unit cell parameters at 189 GPa are a=2.402(4) A and c=4.231(17) A , V=24.40(12) A 3 and Z=2. Identification of a body-centered tetragonal phase in Sm at about 90 GPa, which is similar to that reported in Ce, suggests that this phase could appear in other rare-earth elements too.
Nonlinear theory for laminated and thick plates and shells including the effects of transverse shearing

Nonlinear strain displacement relations for three-dimensional elasticity are determined in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. To develop a two-dimensional theory, the displacements are expressed by trigonometric series representation through-the-thickness. The nonlinear strain-displacement relations are expanded into series which contain all first and second degree terms. In the series for the displacements only the first few terms are retained. Insertion of the expansions into the three-dimensional virtual work expression leads to nonlinear equations of equilibrium for laminated and thick plates and shells that include the effects of transverse shearing. Equations of equilibrium and buckling equations are derived for flat plates and cylindrical shells. The shell equations reduce to conventional transverse shearing shell equations when the effects of the trigonometric terms are omitted and to classical shell equations when the trigonometric terms are omitted and the shell is assumed to be thin.
Theoretical predictions of heats of formation of fcc binary transition-metal alloys using the corrected effective-medium theory.

We present heats of formation of ordered fcc transition-metal binary alloys as predicted by the non-self-consistent electron density functional corrected effective-medium (CEM) theory. Two forms of the CEM theory are used. The first includes explicit numerical evaluation of the kinetic-exchange-correlation energy functional, a computationally intensive task. The second approximates this term as a local function of electron density and leads to a formulation that is very similar to the embedded-atom method. Calculated values of the energies of formation from the two forms of the CEM method are compared to each other and to experimental data. We demonstrate that both forms of the CEM theory provide formation energies accurate to within about 0.05--0.1 eV/atom (5--10 kJ/mol) for 3[ital d] and 4[ital d] binary alloys.
Transition structures of diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrile oxides to chiral homoallylic alcohols.

Transition structures of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of substituted nitrile oxides with chiral homoallylic alcohols were explored with density functional theory (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)+CPCM(dichloromethane)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d)). The diastereoselectivity observed in these reactions was explained. The anti product is favored in both the thermal and magnesium-mediated reactions. Selectivity is predicted to increase in the presence of magnesium, in agreement with experimental results. The energetics of the magnesium-mediated reaction are similar to those previously found for allylic alcohols.
Patient motion correction for multiplanar, multi-breath-hold cardiac cine MR imaging

Purpose To correct for spatial misregistration of multi-breath-hold short-axis (SA), two-chamber (2CH), and four-chamber (4CH) cine cardiac MR (CMR) images caused by respiratory and patient motion. Materials and Methods Twenty CMR studies from consecutive patients with separate breath-hold 2CH, 4CH, and SA 20-phase cine images were considered. We automatically registered the 2CH, 4CH, and SA images in three dimensions by minimizing the cost function derived from plane intersections for all cine phases. The automatic alignment was compared with manual alignment by two observers. Results The processing time for the proposed method was <20 seconds, compared to 14–24 minutes for the manual correction. The initial plane displacement identified by the observers was 2.8 ± 1.8 mm (maximum = 14 mm). A displacement of ≥5 mm was identified in 15 of 20 studies. The registration accuracy (defined as the difference between the automatic parameters and those obtained by visual registration) was 1.0 ± 0.9 mm, 1.1 ± 1.0 mm, 1.1 ± 1.2 mm, and 2.0 ± 1.8 mm for 2CH-4CH alignment and SA alignment in the mid, basal, and apical regions, respectively. The algorithm variability was higher in the apex (2.0 ± 1.9 mm) than in the mid (1.4 ± 1.4 mm) or basal (1.2 ± 1.2 mm) regions (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Conclusion An automated preprocessing algorithm can reduce spatial misregistration between multiple CMR images acquired at different breath-holds and plane orientations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:965–973. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of overlearning on single habit reversal in naive rhesus monkeys

Naive rhesus monkeys, trained to a criterion on a visual discrimination task, were given reversal trials on the same problem after either 6 or 126 additional trials. The two groups did not differ in visual performance as would have been predicted by the overlearning reversal effect. This failure is not easily attributable to procedural variation which has been present in previous primate studies, and it suggests the possibility of phylogenetic differences in habit reversal problems.
Simulating the Behavior of GRS Bridge Abutments

Geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) bridge-supporting abutments are similar in principle to GRS retaining walls, except that GRS abutments are typically subjected to a much higher area load, and that the loads are close to the wall face. The GRS abutment technology is relatively new, but it has great potential, and it has been gaining some popularity in recent years. This paper describes the finite element analyses of two full-scale loading tests of GRS bridge abutments referred to as the "National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) experiment." The analysis was carried out using the computer program Dyna3d, developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The finite element analysis of the NCHRP experiment will help with the understanding of the complex behavior of GRS structures in general, and the behavior of GRS bridge abutments with modular block facing in particular. The analysis of the two full-scale loading tests allows the loading conditions that are of greatest concern in the design of the bridge abutments to be examined rationally. The analysis shows that the performance of a GRS abutment, resulting from the complex interaction among the various components, while subject to a service load or a limiting failure load can be simulated in a reasonably accurate manner. In addition, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the performance of the modular block facing GRS bridge abutments subjected to live and dead loads from a bridge superstructure. This study investigated the performance of the GRS bridge abutments as they are affected by backfill properties, reinforcement stiffness properties, and reinforcement vertical spacing.
The Labor of Older Americans: Retirement of Men On and Off the Job, 1870–1937

Labor force participation rates for American men sixty and over are estimated for the period 1870 through 1937. They suggest a higher frequency of retirement and quite different trends in the incidence of retirement than have usually been supposed. Evidence is also presented to establish that many older industrial workers changed to less renumerative and less demanding occupations late in their working life. This “on-the-job retirement” may have made the transition from employment to full retirement less sudden than today.
The potential of functional MRI as a biomarker in early Alzheimer's disease

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a relative newcomer in the field of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). fMRI has several potential advantages, particularly for clinical trials, as it is a noninvasive imaging technique that does not require the injection of contrast agent or radiation exposure and thus can be repeated many times during a longitudinal study. fMRI has relatively high spatial and reasonable temporal resolution, and can be acquired in the same session as structural magnetic resonance imaging. Perhaps most importantly, fMRI may provide useful information about the functional integrity of brain networks supporting memory and other cognitive domains, including the neural correlates of specific behavioral events, such as successful versus failed memory formation.
Printmedia poll reporting in Poland: Poll as news in Polish parliamentary campaigns, 1991–2007

Abstract Information about the support given by the public opinion to political actors has become a constant element of the public debate in Poland after the fall of Communism. Very soon polls became an argument in debates, a premise, or a way to justify decisions. At the same time they were criticized both by politicians and journalists convinced that polls can significantly influence the election results. But the fact was not noticed in Poland that all debates about the influence of polls on election outcomes should be preceded by a discussion of the way they are presented in the media. The present article joins this debate by subjecting to analysis the polls published in the Polish press during parliamentary campaigns in the dimensions of the role they played during the recent several years, the quality of methodological information, and of the way the polls were used in the media. As opposed to European and American analyses, no improvement in the conformity to standards of minimal disclosure in newspapers’ reporting of public opinion polls was noticed, although—like in other countries—a dramatic increase in the number of polls reported was observed.
Error-corrected quantum annealing with hundreds of qubits

Quantum annealing is a quantum computational approach exploiting ground-state dynamics of a system to find optimal solutions. Pudenz et al. present an error correction scheme for quantum annealing and show that it provides improved performance on a quantum annealer with up to 344 superconducting flux qubits.
Simplified direct optimization of tubular truss structures

The general problem of optimum design of trusses composed of tubular elements requires the determination of cross-sectional dimensions for each element which satisfy a set of side constraints on those dimensions as well as Euler and local buckling constraints. A formulation is presented which eliminates the necessity to use mathematical programming methods for the determination of feasible cross-sectional dimensions. The minimization problem is shown to be expressible in terms of area variables only, with each area subject to bounds which are functions of truss stiffness but which may be obtained by explicit analysis of the element ‘desing space’ for any design. This‘direct’ formulation is completely general and compatible with any minimization algorithm. The formulation also leads to a simple and efficient recursive procedure for producing near-optimal fully-constrained designs. Several examples illustrate results obtained by both the direct and recursive procedures.
Starting aspirin therapy after operation. Effects on early graft patency. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group.

BACKGROUNDAlthough aspirin therapy started before operation improves vein graft patency after coronary artery bypass grafting, it also causes bleeding. The objective of this prospective, centrally directed, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to compare the effects of aspirin therapy started before operation with aspirin started 6 hours after operation on early (7-10-day) graft patency.METHODS AND RESULTSPatients were randomized to receive either aspirin 325 mg or placebo the night before surgery; after operation, all patients received aspirin 325 mg daily, with the first dose administered through the nasogastric tube 6 hours after operation. Angiography was performed in 72% of the analyzed patients an average of 8 days after operation, and the primary end point was saphenous vein graft patency in 351 patients. Internal mammary artery graft patency was also assessed in 246 patients because many individuals received both internal mammary artery and vein grafts. In the patients given preo...
Evaluation of dream content in combat-related PTSD

Nightmares that replicate traumatic events are among the criteria that define posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, there has been limited systematic assessment of the content of dreams in PTSD. A PTSD dream rating instrument was developed to ope rationalize features attributed to dreams associated with combat-related PTSD that incorporated dimensions from the dream content analysis literature, and its reliability was assessed. Then the instrument was used to characterize dream reports in 18 Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed with PTSD. Approximately half of the group's target dreams contained features characteristic of combat, and all but 3 (17%) were moderately to highly threatening. Fifty-three percent were set at least partially in the present and 79% contained distorted elements. We therefore conclude that target dreams of combat veterans with PTSD vary with regard to replication of trauma and elements normally associated with dreaming, but typically are threatening.
Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on G-proteins, cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity and mucin secretion in the rat submandibular salivary glands

Studies were conducted to determine whether beta-adrenergic cell signalling is altered in submandibular salivary glands (SMSG) is essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. Three groups of rats were fed diets which were deficient in EFA (EFAD), marginally deficient in EFA (MEFAD) or contained sufficient amount of EFA (Control). Rats were killed after 20 wk on diets, SMSG were dissected out and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity was measured. The specific enzyme activities were higher in the homogenates and supernatant fractions of the gland from EFAD and MEFAD rats compared with the controls. The relative levels of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (Gs and Gi) were also measured in the SMSG membranes of rats fed the 3 diets. The levels of Gs were significantly higher in the EFAD and MEFAD groups than in the controls. No significant differences were observed in the secretion of trichloroacetic acid-phosphotungstic acid (TCA-PTA) precipitable glycoproteins from the SMSG slices among the 3 dietary groups.
Atomic Migration in Monatomic Crystals

A theory of the diffusion-jump process in monatomic crystals is presented. The theory treats large atomic displacements causing diffusion jumps as a summation of phonon amplitudes. By using the Debye approximation to the phonon spectrum, a theoretical basis for the empirical Zener relation is established. The elastic theory gives a satisfactory quantitative account of (a) the motion energy; (b) the motion entropy; (c) the motion volume; (d) the isotope effect. Low-temperature diffusion phenomena may be examined because the theory employs a sufficiently general description of the phonon system. Attention is drawn to some enhanced diffusion effects caused by zero-point phonons. A quantum-mechanical calculation of diffusion rates for very light impurities is made with a model potential. Anomalous isotope effects are found at temperatures below the characteristic temperature of the localized mode. The relevance of these results to low-temperature annealing of radiation damage is discussed.
Differential stimulation by Cl− of H+ transport and ATPase activity in purified plasma membrane vesicles from maize (Zea mays L.) roots

Maize (Zea mays L.) root plasma membranes purified by the aqueous polymer two-phase technique have previously been shown to be very low in tonoplast H + -ATPase and H + -PPase activities. Western blots of a similar preparation showed that, compared to a microsomal fraction, there was practically no reaction with antibodies to the tonoplast enzymes, but a strong reaction with an antibody to the plasma membrane H + -ATPase. Freeze/thaw treatment of the plasma membrane vesicles increased the proportion with an inside-out orientation to about 40%. This preparation was used to demonstrate that substitution of KCl for K 2 SO 4 resulted in a 14-fold stimulation of H + transport, but an increase in ATPase activity of less than 10%. In contrast to its effect on tonoplast vesicles, Cl - had only a small effect on the membrane potential of plasma membrane vesicles, assayed by oxonol V fluorescence quench recovery. To account for the apparent variability in the H + /ATP coupling ratio, it may be necessary to devise a model that takes into consideration the possibility of non-linear behaviour with respect to the membrane potential of the proton leak and/or of slip in the ATPase.
Relationship of Aqueous Outflow Resistance to Age and Total Volume Perfused in Rhesus and Cynomolgus Monkeys

Purpose. The effect of total volume perfused on outflow resistance (the reciprocal of outflow facility) and the effect of age on the rate of change in resistance as a function of total volume were determined in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys.
Quantitation of the major proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane by amino acid analysis.

The proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane have been separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the resulting gel cut into 2-mm sections, and the amino acid content and composition of each slice measured using a sensitive method of amino acid analysis. The distribution of proteins among bands coincides closely with that estimated using staining intensity. Composition data for the major bands agree well with those reported for the purified proteins in all cases except that of band 4.5. Using quantitative amino acid analysis and resistive particle counting the total protein content of purified membranes was found to be 3.75 × 10−13 g/cell, which is substantially less than previous estimates based on indirect methods. These data are used to calculate the number of copies of each major protein in a single erythrocyte.
Systematic Decision Support for Engineering Change Management in PLM

Engineering Change Management (ECM) is an important component of PLM. ECM modules in current PLM solutions conform to the industry-standard CMII closed-loop change model. They provide customised forms and pre-defined workflows for creating and processing change requests, change orders, etc. Evaluating the effects of the proposed Engineering Change on manufacturing processes, BOM, lead times, inventory, etc., usually form tasks in this generic workflow. However, each change has different downstream effects, which themselves lead to further changes that may not be evident. Identifying these impacts requires considerable experience and expertise. This paper addresses the need for automated tools to assist this process. The approach involves dynamic creation of workflow tasks for evaluating cascaded effects of any change using a predefined industry specific knowledge base. The process is further enhanced by prioritising the evaluation of effects based on experience generated by past engineering changes.© 2005 ASME
Some recent results on list coloring

Abstract Abstract We present several recent results and questions concerning the list chromatic number, focusing on locally sparse graphs and random graphs.
Global urban land-use trends and climate impacts

In 2008, the global urban population exceeded the nonrural population for the first time in history, and it is estimated that by 2050, 70% of the world population will live in urban areas, with more than half of them concentrated in Asia. Although there are projections of future urban population growth, there is significantly less information about how these changes in demographics correspond with changes in urban extent. Urban land-use and land-cover changes have considerable impacts on climate. It has been well established that the urban heat island effect is more significant during the night than day and that it is affected by the shape, size, and geometry of buildings as well as the differences in urban and rural gradients. Recent research points to mounting evidence that urbanization also affects cycling of water, carbon, aerosols, and nitrogen in the climate system. This review highlights advances in the understanding of urban land-use trends and associated climate impacts, concentrating on peer-reviewed papers that have been published over the last two years.
Optimal reservoir production scheduling by using reservoir simulation

This paper addresses the optimization of field operations under a given set of technical and economic constraints and demonstates that an optimal control procedure may be applied to any industrial oil and/or gas reservoir at reasonable cost and at acceptable accuracy level. Both primary and secondary recovery processes can be considered. The method proposed here is presented in two main sections. First, the modeling phase provides an approximately and locally linear model of the reservoir. A previously calibrated reservoir simulator model is used to perform a series of experiments, and a multiple variable regression analysis is used to fit the experimental data. The experimental design was one of the key issues in this work. Second, the optimization phase is performed with a linear programming algorithm. Nonlinear effects, such as those generated by the presence of gas, are approximated by several procedural iterations. The application of this method to the case of a hypothetical reservoir demonstrates the validity of the optimal control procedure and shows convergence within an acceptable number of iterations.