cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Cre–loxP Technology and Inducible Systems to Generate Mouse Models of Cancer

Genetically engineered mice carrying targeted modification of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes have greatly advanced our understanding of their roles in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. However, alterations of these genes often result in lethality at stages prior to tumor formation. This obstacle has been effectively overcome by the use of the Cre–loxP technology in conjunction with inducible systems to generate genetic switches for precise DNA recombination. The ability to silence or activate genes of interest in a spatial and temporal manner makes it straightforward for studying their functions both in vitro and in vivo. This review summarizes the technical aspects of designing and generating mice carrying conditional loss or gain of function mutations, and strategies for tissue-specific Cre–loxP-mediated recombination. Applications of several major inducible systems in cancer research are also discussed.
Regeneration of pancreatic endocrine cells in interferon-gamma transgenic mice.

There has been an enormous amount of research on the destruction of pancreatic islets, especially the β-cells, a condition which leads to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. On the contrary, not as much emphasis has been placed on the development and the maintenance of this endocrine tissue. In order to understand fully the pathogenesis of diabetes, it is equally important to gain insights into the growth and potential regenerative aspects of pancreatic islets. The mammalian pancreas first appears as dorsal and ventral buds from the embryonic gut.1-3 The rudimentary pancreas grows rapidly, increasing its length, and extends to the surrounding tissue. The endocrine cells are first detected either in the wall of ducts or adjacent to the newly formed ducts. They form clusters as they grow in size and are segregated from the ducts as islets of Langerhans. Under normal conditions, the pancreatic islets and ducts remain relatively quiescent with minimal cell turnover throughout adult life. In streptozotocin-treated animals, and in type 1 diabetes no further growth apparently occurs. It should be noted, however, that several exceptions have been recently reported. For example, in the mouse there is a transient increase in islet β-cell number and islet size during pregnancy.4,5 An increase in islet size and β-cell hyperplasia also occurs in mutant ob/ob mouse one month after birth and persists throughout life. These enlarged islets are only seen along the pancreatic ducts while those islets situated away from the ducts appear normal.5,6 Another example of β cell growth in adults is the transgenic mouse carrying SV 40 large T antigen (Tag) linked to the insulin regulator gene. The mice which inherit the Tag transgene all show hyperplasia of the islets some of which transform to β-cell tumors.5,7
Species Concepts and Definitions

The importance of one fact of nature is being recognized to an ever increasing extent: that the living world is comprised of more or less distinct entities which we call species. Why are species so important? Not just because they exist in huge numbers, and because each species, when properly studied, turns out to be different from every other, morphologically and in many other respects. Species are important because they represent an important level of integration in living nature. This recognition is fundamental to pure biology, no less than to all subdivisions of applied biology. An inventory of the species of animals and plants of the world is the base line of further research in biology. Whether he realizes it or not, every biologist — even he who works on the molecular level — works with species or parts of species and his findings may be influenced decisively by the choice of a particular species. The communication of his results will depend on the correct identification of the species involved, and thus, on its taxonomy.
Inheritance and Rheumatic Diseases

Patients are often worried about the chances of passing their condition on to their children. The following information may be helpful.
The Hugoniot Relationships for Nonlinear Elastic Substances

The classical theory of shock waves in liquid and gases is the prototype for similar developments in the theory of shock waves in nonlinear elastic media. In this paper, we explore the weak shock waves in solids using the Lagrangian description. In particular, we present the formula for the entropy jump in the weak shock waves which generalizes the classical result for shocks in liquids.
Dual targeting of aurora kinases with AMG 900 exhibits potent preclinical activity against acute myeloid leukemia with distinct post-mitotic outcomes

Aurora kinase A and B have essential and non-overlapping roles in mitosis, with elevated expression in a subset of human cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, pan-aurora kinase inhibitor (AKI) AMG 900 distinguishes itself as an anti-leukemic agent that is more uniformly potent against a panel of AML cell lines than are isoform-selective AKIs and classic AML drugs. AMG 900 inhibited AML cell growth by inducing polyploidization and/or apoptosis. AMG 900 and aurora-B–selective inhibitor AZD1152-hQPA showed comparable cellular effects on AML lines that do not harbor a FLT3-ITD mutation. AMG 900 was active against P-glycoprotein–expressing AML cells resistant to AZD1152-hQPA and was effective at inducing expression of megakaryocyte-lineage markers (CD41, CD42) on human CHRF-288-11 cells and mouse Jak2V617F cells. In MOLM-13 cells, inhibition of p-histone H3 by AMG 900 was associated with polyploidy, extra centrosomes, accumulation of p53 protein, apoptosis, and cleavage of Bcl-2 protein. Co-administration of cytarabine (Ara-C) with AMG 900 potentiated cell killing in a subset of AML lines, with evidence of attenuated polyploidization. AMG 900 inhibited the proliferation of primary human bone marrow cells in culture, with a better proliferation recovery profile relative to classic antimitotic drug docetaxel. In vivo, AMG 900 significantly reduced tumor burden in a systemic MOLM-13 xenograft model where we demonstrate the utility of 3′-deoxy-3′-18F-fluorothymidine [18F]FLT positron emission tomographic (PET)–CT imaging to measure the antiproliferative effects of AMG 900 in skeletal tissues in mice.
Developing informed consent materials for non-English-speaking participants: An analysis of four professional firm translations from English to Spanish.

Background/Aims:An increasing body of research is being conducted with non-English-speaking subjects. Study-related materials, including those essential for obtaining informed consent, must often b...
Efficiency enhancements in methane recovery from natural gas hydrates using injection of CO2/N2 gas mixture simulating in-situ combustion

Abstract Thermal stimulation was combined with an injection of a mixture of CO2 (85%) + N2(15%) to investigate efficiency enhancements from pure thermal stimulation and thermal stimulation with CO2 injection approaches. Tests were performed at initial hydrate saturation of 10% and 300 ml/min CO2 + N2 injection rate with three different heating rates of 20, 50 and 100 W. The results indicate that thermal stimulation with CO2 + N2 injection is the most efficient method available for methane gas recovery. At 10% Hydrate Saturation (SH) and 100 W heating rate, the number of moles of CH4 recovered increased from 8.5 to 16 to 20 in the case of thermal stimulation, thermal stimulation with CO2 exchange and thermal stimulation with CO2 + N2 exchange respectively. The experimental results reported here are aligned with model and Raman spectroscopy predictions in terms of replacement mechanism and recovery efficiency, reported in the literature. The results obtained from CO2/N2 composition ratio show that in the exchange process, CO2 first replaces CH4 in the large cages of Structure I hydrates followed by N2 targeting CH4 in the small cages of Structure I hydrates. This replacement mechanism has been predicted in the literature by Liu et al. (2016) using Molecular Dynamics simulations. It is also found from this work that N2 is selectively captured in hydrate cages below 12 °C. The values of carbon sequestration index (defined as moles of CO2 sequestered divided by moles of CH4 recovered) were 0.32, 0.52 and 0.85 respectively for 100, 50 and 20 W heating tests. The data obtained from our work in terms of gas composition, methane recovery and CO2 sequestered is consistent with the key findings reported in the literature.
Accelerated Coronary Mri Using 3D Spirit-Raki With Sparsity Regularization

Coronary MRI is a non-invasive radiation-free imaging tool for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. One of its limitations is the long scan time, due to the need for high resolution imaging in the presence of respiratory and cardiac motions. Machine learning (ML) methods have been recently utilized to accelerate MRI. In particular, a scan-specific ML technique, called Robust Artifical-neural-network for k-space Interpolation (RAKI) has shown promise in cardiac MRI. However, it requires uniform undersampling. In this study, we sought to extend this approach to arbitrary sampling patterns, using coil self-consistency. This technique, called SPIRiTRAKI, utilizes scan-specific convolutional neural networks to nonlinearly enforce coil self-consistency. Additionally, regularization terms can also be incorporated. SPIRiT-RAKI was used to accelerate right coronary MRI. Reconstructions were compared to SPIRiT for different undersampling patterns and acceleration rates. Results show SPIRiT-RAKI reduces residual aliasing and blurring artifacts compared to SPIRiT.
Persistence of Vaginal Spermatozoa as Assessed by Routine Cervicovaginal (Pap) Smears

Retrospective review of cervicovaginal (Pap) smears of women with known sexual histories affords an opportunity to assess the potential for postcoital sperm recovery for large numbers of individuals. This study reviewed 542 individuals' Pap smears with accompanying sexual histories. Three hundred forty-nine respondents reported at least one act of sexual intercourse during the five days preceding the Pap smear. Unlike a previous report, the current study showed very poor sperm recovery (maximum of 25% during the first postcoital day). The observed results roughly correlate with the incidence of sperm noted on screening of large numbers of routine clinical Pap smears in a private reference laboratory. Routine Pap smears can detect sperm but do not appear to be an ideal method to substantiate recent sexual intercourse.
Urinary tract infection and bladder cancer risk in Los Angeles

1756 Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common kidney and urologic disease in the United States and far more common in women than in men. Approximately 50% of women have ≥1 symptomatic UTI during their lifetime and many have recurrent episodes; while UTIs in men are uncommon until after age 50 years, when increasing prostatic hypertrophy may obstruct urinary flow. About 80-85% of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli. In two prior studies, UTIs have been found to be associated with increased risk of bladder cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: A population-based case-control study of bladder cancer was conducted in Los Angeles County from 1987-99. A total of 1586 age-, gender-, race- matched cases and neighborhood controls were included in the analyses. Participants were asked if they were told by a doctor that they had kidney infection, bladder infection, or other type of UTI. If the answer was yes, the year of first and last diagnosis, and total number of diagnosis were also requested. Results: Bladder infection was more frequent in women than in men in our study (48% vs. 8%, respectively). A history of bladder infection significantly reduced the risk of bladder cancer (multivariate odds ratio - OR, 0.77; 95% confidence interval - 95% CI, 0.60-0.99), particularly in women (OR, 0.63, 95% CI, 0.43-0.91). Among them, frequency of bladder infection was statistically significantly associated with reduced risk of bladder cancer [ORs (95% CI) for 1, 2-3, and >3 diagnoses of bladder infection were 0.87 (0.47-1.59), 0.59 (0.33, 1.03), and 0.53 (0.32-0.89), respectively (P trend = 0.006)]. Among men, the association was less consistent. Relative to men that did not have a history of bladder infection, those with a history of 1 bladder infection had a 34% reduction in risk (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.43-1.01), while those with a history of >3 bladder infections had two times higher risk (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 0.89-4.71), although recurrent infections (>3) among men were very rare ( 3 kidney or other UTIs, especially among those diagnosed within 5 years of the diagnosis of cancer. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a history bladder infection is associated with a reduced risk of bladder cancer. Cytotoxicity against bladder cancer cells from antibiotics commonly used to treat bladder infections is proposed as one possible mechanism to explain this association.
The Relationship Between Ethical Reasoning and the Perception of Difficulty with Ethical Dilemmas in Pharmacy Students: Implications for Teaching Professional Ethics

The pharmacy profession, as is the case with much of health carein the United States, is undergoing a paradigm change from a profession that hashistorically emphasized the dispensing of prescriptions to one that is more patient-focused. As a result, opportunities for encountering ethical dilemmas may increase. The presentinvestigation explored the relationship between 59 second year pharmacy students' moraldevelopment and their perceptions regarding the difficulty of resolving ethicalproblems commonly found in pharmacy practice. Based on theory it was hypothesized thatthose students who were more advanced in their moral development would perceive as lessproblematic common ethical dilemmas faced by practicing pharmacists. The DefiningIssues Test (DIT) was used as the surrogate measure of students' ethical reasoning. The hypothesis was supported (r = −0.287) at the 0.05 alpha level. The results and implications for educators are discussed.
Direct method of extracting complex refractive index from routine Fourier transform infrared reflectance/transmittance measurements

We describe an algorithm to extract the complex refractive index of a material from reflectance and transmittance measurements commonly taken by spectrophotometers. The algorithm combines Kramers-Kronig analysis with an inversion of Fresnel's equations to provide a direct method of solving for the refractive index which is accurate, even for weakly absorbing materials. We discuss the details of the uncertainty analysis of the algorithm. The algorithm is validated by extracting the complex refractive index of polydimethylsiloxane between 2 μm and 18 μm and comparing against existing literature.
An Empirical Study on Regular Expression Bugs

Understanding the nature of regular expression (regex) issues is important to tackle practical issues developers face in regular expression usage. Knowledge about the nature and frequency of various types of regular expression issues, such as those related to performance, API misuse, and code smells, can guide testing, inform documentation writers, and motivate refactoring efforts. However, beyond ReDoS (Regular expression Denial of Service), little is known about to what extent regular expression issues affect software development and how these issues are addressed in practice. This paper presents a comprehensive empirical study of 350 merged regex-related pull requests from Apache, Mozilla, Facebook, and Google GitHub repositories. Through classifying the root causes and manifestations of those bugs, we show that incorrect regular expression behavior is the dominant root cause of regular expression bugs (165/356, 46.3%). The remaining root causes are incorrect API usage (9.3%) and other code issues that require regular expression changes in the fix (29.5%). By studying the code changes of regex-related pull requests, we observe that fixing regular expression bugs is nontrivial as it takes more time and more lines of code to fix them compared to the general pull requests. The results of this study contribute to a broader understanding of the practical problems faced by developers when using regular expressions.
Centromere drive and suppression by parallel pathways for recruiting microtubule destabilizers

Selfish centromere DNA sequences bias their transmission to the egg in female meiosis. Evolutionary theory suggests that centromere proteins evolve to suppress costs of this ″centromere drive″. In hybrid mouse models with genetically different maternal and paternal centromeres, selfish centromere DNA exploits a kinetochore pathway to recruit microtubule-destabilizing proteins that act as drive effectors. We show that such functional differences are suppressed by a parallel pathway for effector recruitment by heterochromatin, which is similar between centromeres in this system. Disrupting heterochromatin by CENP-B deletion amplifies functional differences between centromeres, whereas disrupting the kinetochore pathway with a divergent allele of CENP-C reduces the differences. Molecular evolution analyses using newly sequenced Murinae genomes identify adaptive evolution in proteins in both pathways. We propose that centromere proteins have recurrently evolved to minimize the kinetochore pathway, which is exploited by selfish DNA, relative to the heterochromatin pathway that equalizes centromeres, while maintaining essential functions.
Electrochemical capacitors: Materials, technologies and performance

Abstract Electrochemical capacitor energy storage technologies are of increasing interest because of the demand for rapid and efficient high-power delivery in transportation and industrial applications. The shortcoming of electrochemical capacitors (ECs) has been their low energy density compared to lithium-ion batteries. Much of the research in recent years has focused on increasing the energy density of ECs. This paper is a review of that research. The two primary approaches to increasing the energy density are to increase the maximum voltage of the EC cell and to increase the specific capacitance (F g−1) of its electrodes. Hence this review has focused on the evaluation of the use of nano-structured carbons, metal oxides, and the latest promising pseudocapacitive materials including carbides and nitrides (MXenes) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in the electrodes and, ionic liquid and redox electrolytes towards this goal through the development of advanced electrochemical capacitors. Available test for ECs indicates that the hybrid capacitor approach is likely the best approach to developing ECs with high energy density, high power capability, and long cycle life. A focus of the paper is to examine protocols for evaluating the electrochemical performance and discuss the challenges in developing high-performance cells using different electrochemical energy storage technologies for practical applications. We hope this effort will provide multiple perspectives that can be helpful in addressing advancements from synthesis to development of advanced EC devices.
The Effect of Thoracolumbar Injury Classification in the Clinical Outcome of Operative and Non-Operative Treatments

This review assesses the validity of a biomechanical approach using finite element analysis in the Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score System (TLICS) by addressing the "gray zone" decision discrepancy of thoracolumbar spinal injuries. A systematic review was performed using the keywords "Thoracolumbar Injury Classification" AND "finite element analysis of the spinal column" to evaluate the validity of the TLICS and finite element analysis of the thoracolumbar spinal column. Results were classified according to the main conclusions and level of evidence. Thirteen articles are included. Four of the articles evaluated the TLICS in comparison to other classification systems of thoracolumbar spinal injuries. A notable finding is that the TLICS had inconsistencies with other classification systems in the treatment of burst fractures without neurological deficits. One article evaluated the TLICS with the inclusion of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation, which decreased the agreement between the suggested and actual treatment. Among the three finite element analysis studies, limited data have been published on the posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) status when an injury is suspected or indeterminate. The TLICS has been a reliable classification system in the management of single-column fractures and three-column injuries treated with surgical stabilization. Special attention to enhancing the TLICS classification system by eliminating the "gray zone" of a TLICS score of 4 is essential. Biomedical computational modeling evaluating the PLC status of indeterminate or injury suspected is needed to enhance the current TLICS system and to clarify the decision discrepancy in the "gray zone."
Motivations for maintaining crop diversity: Evidence from Vermont's seed systems

Abstract Crop diversity is fundamental to the sustainability of agricultural and ecological systems. However, there has been relatively little attention to crop diversity in the US, despite its continued decline. Moreover, most past research on crops in the US has principally focused on crops grown commercially, neglecting the crop diversity that occurs through non-commercial activities. In this paper, we explore the influence of various motivations on the decision to maintain crop diversity among commercial and non-commercial seed producers in the US state of Vermont. Drawing on an original online survey of seed producers (n = 151), we consider who is producing seed, the crop diversity these seed producers maintain, and their motivations for doing so. Findings suggest that seed producers maintain crop diversity for myriad reasons beyond profit accumulation, including environmental, social, and cultural motives – indicating that the avenues through which crop diversity conservation can be encouraged within the US are numerous. Our findings also suggest that motivations for crop diversification can be understood through a variety of theoretical lenses – many of which are not being widely considered by scholars – suggesting that research, policies, and programs focused on monetary incentives alone may miss important opportunities to encourage the maintenance of crop diversity.
Emicizumab initiation and bleeding outcomes in people with hemophilia A with and without inhibitors: A single-center report

Background Emicizumab, a bispecific antibody factor VIII mimetic, is approved for prophylaxis in hemophilia, and has different risks and side effects compared to factor VIII products. Objective To better understand the early impact of emicizumab on our patients at the University of Colorado Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center (UCHTC), we evaluated adverse reactions, factor prophylaxis overlap, and bleeding rates after starting emicizumab through a quality improvement project. Patients/Methods A retrospective chart review and structured phone interview were conducted from June to September 2019 for all patients who had started emicizumab at the UCHTC. Data about emicizumab dosing, reactions, bleeding events, and bleeding treatment were collected in 68 children and adults (aged 0.55-79.8 years, on emicizumab a median 213 days; range, 51-1229 days) with hemophilia A (35.3% with past or current inhibitor). Results Adverse reactions were primarily skin reactions, with no anaphylactic reactions or thrombosis. Bleeding events, defined as pain or swelling treated with factor or supportive measures, demonstrated wide variability, with 25 of 68 experiencing zero bleeds and 5 of 68 experiencing >8 bleeds per year. The most prevalent bleed type was traumatic musculoskeletal bleeding. Bleeding events occurred more often in the first 10 weeks after starting emicizumab, but no time period was without bleeding events. The majority of patients were prescribed every-week or every-2-week dosing, but some had alternative dosing frequency. Conclusions Real-world emicizumab use in our center was characterized by variations in prescribing practices and bleeding outcomes and lack of severe adverse reactions.
A Life in Science

H. Gobind Khorana was born in 1922 in Raipur, Punjab, India (now Pakistan). He trained as an organic chemist, and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1968, together with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg, "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis." In this essay, Khorana recounts the many turns his life and research took, from his origins in India via England and Switzerland, to Canada and the United States, and from organic chemistry to molecular biology and studies of the sensory system.
A case of refractory adult-onset Still's disease treated with anakinra.

Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) often presents both a diagnostic and a therapeutic challenge. We report a 40-year-old Chinese woman, in whom multiple adjustments of drug combinations were required before successful control of the patient’s disabling symptoms. The patient failed multiple therapies including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoid, methotrexate (MTX), cyclosporine, leflunomide and infliximab. Treatment was complicated by hyperglycemia, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, worsening hypertension and vaginal candidiasis. She suffered recurrent hospitalisation for active disease, developed carpal joint erosions and lost her employment over the course of 1 year. In view of refractoriness to multiple conventional therapies, anakinra was initiated in combination with MTX with a rapid and sustained improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters over 12 months. However, radiographic damage ensued despite aggressive therapies.
DEVELOPMENT OF MORE ACTIVE AND DURABLE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST CATALYSTS

Beaded catalysts with improved activity and durability have been developed. This has been achieved largely as a result of modifying the physical characteristics of the alumina substrate. Changes in density, pore size distribution and geometrical surface area, coupled with improved techniques of distributing noble metals, have resulted in catalysts with significantly improved durability. Furthermore, we have been able to build into the catalysts added degrees of physical and thermal stability, while still maintaining catalyst preformance.
The Sources of Civil Society in Italy

"Why did the North and South get started on such divergent paths in the eleventh century?" The hierarchical Norman regime in the South is perhaps readily explained as the consequence of conquest by an unusually effective force of foreign mercenaries. More problematical and potentially more interesting are the origins of the communal republics. How did the inhabitants of north-central Italy first come to seek collaborative solutions to their Hobbesian di-
Dysfunctional methods and the effective potential

Abstract The effective potential is a useful and much-studied object. It is known to be both real and convex, but a perturbative calculation often gives a complex and nonconvex result. In this letter we address the apparent conflict between perturbation theory and the convexity of the effective potential.
Creep substructure formation in sodium chloride single crystals in the power law and exponential creep regimes

Creep tests conducted on NaCl single crystals in the temperature range from 373 to 1023 K show that true steady state creep is obtained only above 873 K when the ratio of the applied stress to the shear modulus is less than or equal to 0.0001. Under other stress and temperature conditions, corresponding to both power law and exponential creep, the creep rate decreases monotonically with increasing strain. The transition from power law to exponential creep is shown to be associated with increases in the dislocation density, the cell boundary width, and the aspect ratio of the subgrains along the primary slip planes. The relation between dislocation structure and creep behavior is also assessed.
Non-Cytotoxic Therapeutics: Past and Future

Advances continue to be made in tumor immunology and in strategies to integrate the growing number of bioimmunotherapeutic molecules into the treatment of ovarian cancer as well as other malignancies. Extensive studies have provided support for antigen-driven T-cell activation in vivo. The number of known tumor antigen epitopes is expanding although advances in this area remain behind that of melanoma. Evidence also suggests that the tumor environment is contributing to a state of in vivo immunosuppression; however, in vitro experiments and laboratory correlative studies also suggest that immune suppressor activity might be reversible. These findings could lead to new approaches, such as the use of antibodies or cytokines to overcome the immunosuppressive effects, in addition to the more established surgical and chemotherapeutic debulking. Both prophylactic and therapeutic bioimmunotherapeutic strategies require pharmacodynamic and immunologic end points that can guide each phase in the development of an effective approach. Review of systemic and intraperitoneal immunotherapy trials of interferon alpha, gamma and IL2 as well as newer agents, such as IL12 and Flt3-Ligand, overall continues to offer promise of a role for bioimmunotherapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Future developments lie in improved target specificity of activated cells and cell surface binding molecules and a systematic plan for combining chemotherapy with cytokines, growth factors and polyvalent vaccines that are based on the in vivo dynamics of each agent. Another totally different approach, which could set a new paradigm, might be to target cells from the inflammatory immune system which could contribute to tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis.
Rôle of gustation and olfaction in food plant discrimination in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract The role of the various chemoreceptors in behavioural discrimination among closely related food plants was studied in Manduca sexta larvae. Amputation of the three types of receptors in various combinations showed that: (1) removal of the maxillary styloconica (gustatory) causes a drastic loss of discrimination; (2) ablation of either the maxillary palpi or antennae (olfactory) also reduces discrimination, but to a lesser degree; and (3) amputation of both palpi and antennae simultaneously causes a severe discriminatory loss comparable to that of gustatory loss. We conclude that both gustation and olfaction are important for host plant discrimination. These chemosensory organs were also shown to play a strong role in the induction of preference. Unilateral extirpations of all three sense organs caused no detectable loss, demonstrating their redundancy in normal animals.
Elevation related variation in aggressive response to mirror image in mountain chickadees

Behavioural syndrome literature suggests that behavioural traits may be coupled to form behavioural strategies that are consistent and repeatable across contexts. Typically these behavioural types are composed of bold, aggressive, dominant individuals and shy, less aggressive, subordinate individuals. Mountain chickadees living in varying climatic conditions across a montane environment appear to exhibit consistent behavioural types, such that high elevation birds, which experience harsher winter conditions and rely more heavily on spatial memory to retrieve food caches to survive winter, explore a novel environment at a slower rate (i.e., shy) and are socially subordinate to low elevation birds. Dominance is typically expressed in individual pairwise interactions, but it is not always clear which traits predispose an individual to become a dominant in such interactions. Aggression is frequently suggested to be associated with higher dominance status, yet the data are equivocal. Here we aimed to test whether previously described elevation related differences in social dominance might be associated with elevation related differences in aggression levels in mountain chickadees by using the mirror test. The mirror test can address potential differences in reactive and proactive aggression, although caution should be taken when using the mirror test as some species are able to self-recognize. Low elevation birds responded more aggressively to their mirror image than high elevation birds, suggesting that elevation related differences in aggression may be partially responsible for previously found differences in social dominance status.
Recent Progress in the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Prostaglandin Synthesis

The discovery of an inducible form of prostaglandin synthase initiated a reexamination of the biochemical pathways for ligand-induced prostaglandin synthesis. As a result, new pharmaceutical agents with potential activity against pain, fever, chronic and acute inflammation, cardiovascular disorders, and colon cancer have been developed and are currently under intense investigation. Careful biochemical and pharmacologic studies of the differences between the constitutive and inducible prostaglandin synthase enzymes have suggested a previously unexpected mechanism for some of the therapeutic effects of aspirin. Identification of a new phospholipase, and recognition of its role in mast cell prostaglandin production and in transcellular prostaglandin synthesis, have identified additional potential targets for pharmacologic intervention in inflammation and other prostaglandin-mediated disorders.
BEHAVIOUR OF UNSEDATED CHILDREN IN THE ANAESTHETIC ROOM

The behaviour of 344 unsedated children in the anaesthetic room was assessed using a method similar to that described by Doughty (1959). The influence of the experience of the anaesthetist was found to be unimportant. The influence of the child's age was studied; children aged 7 yr and more behaved in a more satisfactory manner. The frequency of satisfactory behaviour compared favourably with that in published trials of sedative premedication which have used this method of assessment. The results support the view that the inclusion of unsedated children in such behavioural studies is essential.
Self-Consistent Calculation of Work Function, Charge Densities, and Local Densities of States for Cu(100)

A fully self-consistent calculation of electron charge densities, work function, and local densities of states is reported for an unsupported three-layer copper thin film with (100) surfaces. The work function agrees well with experiment. The electronic charge density contours are bulklike for the central plane. There is a marked variation of the local density of states in the surface region. Comparison is made with photoemission spectra and bulk calculations.
Bridging vs. bonding: achieving participatory parity in recovery communities

Purpose – Mental health professionals have increasingly taken for granted the discourse of social inclusion, and so the purpose of this paper is to highlight two competing visions of community that exist for people with mental illnesses. Design/methodology/approach – Review of literature. Findings – The first vision of community holds to the Durkheimian belief that social integration not only promotes mental health, but also signifies successful adaptation and recovery from a pathological state. The second vision holds to the Foucauldian belief that integration can be a means of social control. What is often overlooked is how these contending paradigms might play out differently in liberal welfare states when compared to social democracies. Originality/value – The author draws from Nancy Fraser's theory of redistribution and recognition to interrogate both positions. How can society achieve universal citizenship and inclusion for people with mental illnesses by only providing surface-level reallocations? ...
Research on Clouds and Precipitation: Past, Present and Future, Part II.

It is now thirty-four years since the 1st International Conference on Cloud Physics was held in Switzerland. The 1988 conference marks the tenth in this series of conferences. On this occasion it is perhaps appropriate to glance back to our origins, to reflect on the current situation, and to look to the future.
Specificity and generality of the involvement of catecholaminergic afferents in hypothalamic responses to immune insults

Catecholamine-containing projections from the medulla have been implicated in the mediation of activational responses of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) provoked by moderate doses of interleukin-1 (IL-1). To test the generality of this mechanism, rats bearing unilateral transections of aminergic projections were challenged with intravenous IL-1 (2 microg/kg), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.1, 2.0, or 100 microg/kg), or saline and perfused 3 hours later; their brains were then prepared for quantitative analysis of Fos induction and relative levels of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA. LPS provoked a robust and dose-related increase in Fos expression within the PVH on the intact side of the brain at all doses tested; the response to IL-1 approximated that to the lowest LPS dose. On the lesioned side, Fos induction was significantly reduced at all dosage levels but was eliminated only at the lowest dosage. The percentage reduction was greatest (75%) in IL-1-challenged rats and was progressively less in animals treated with increasing LPS doses (67, 59, and 46%, respectively). Specificity of aminergic involvement was tested by using intra-PVH administration of the axonally transported catecholamine immunotoxin, antiDBH-saporin. This treatment abolished IL-1-induced elevations of Fos-ir and CRF mRNA in the PVH but left intact comparable responses to restraint stress. These data support a specific involvement of ascending catecholaminergic projections in mediating PVH responses to IL-1 and LPS. Residual Fos induction seen in lesioned animals in response to higher doses of LPS provides a basis for probing additional circuits that may be recruited in a hierarchical manner in response to more strenuous or complex immune insults.
Generalized correction of numerical error in kinematical differential equations based on Euler-Rodrigues parameters

It is shown how to correct the solutions of kinematical differential equations for arbitrary two-axis rotations represented by Euler-Rodrigues parameters. Two methods are described: minimizing the errors in the Euler-Rodrigues parameters themselves and minimizing the errors in the Frobenius norm of the direction cosine matrix. Details of the former are developed and numerical experiments are done which show an average improvement of about 17% in the root mean square values of the Euler-Rodrigues parameters. This generalizes the method of [2] and completes the framework developed in [3] for the practical use of these parameters in multiboy dynamic simulation.
Interwedge Variation in the Membrane Filter Method for Airborne Asbestos Fibers

The poor precision of the current asbestos method (NIOSH P&CAM 139) has been linked to the variation in fiber deposition on the filter, but the cause of this variation had been unknown. A fluidized bed generator was constructed to produce a test atmosphere containing asbestos fibers, and air samples were collected. Fibers were counted at filter positions corresponding to the trench pattern in the cassette directly below the filter. The average fiber counts on wedges taken from above radial trenches were significantly higher (Pr>F=0.0001) than counts on wedges taken from other portions of the filters. The chief cause of variation in asbestos fiber deposition on the filter is the trench pattern in the cassette supporting the filter.
Lipophilic multiple antigen peptide system for peptide immunogen and synthetic vaccine

Abstract We describe the development and structural requirements of a new lipophilic multiple antigen peptide (lipoMAP) system for immunogens that contains a built-in lipophilic adjuvant and has the ability to elicit cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). In addition to the peptide antigens of choice at the amino terminus, the basic lipoMAP design consists of three components: a tetravalent symmetrical core matrix containing two levels of branching β-alanyl-lysine as a building unit, a hydrophilic Ser-Ser dipeptide linker, and at the carboxyl terminus, palmitoyl lysines (PL) with alternating chirality. An 18-residue peptide from the third variable region in the gp120 of HIV-1 was used as antigen in eight models for a structure-function study. Alternating palmitoyl lysine (PL) was introduced as the lipid anchor and built-in adjuvant because d and l Lys (Pal) was found via molecular modeling to best mimic phosphatidylcholine and thus provide the most stable peptide antigens on the ordered lipid membranes. The requirements of the palmitoyl lysines and the l -Ser- l -Ser linker were crucial, since replacement with palmitoyl serines or l -Ser- d -Ser linkers led to a marked decrease in immune response. The stoichimetric ratio of PL vs MAP was also important. Multiple antigen peptide (MAP) constructs without the lipophilic PLs, those that were underlipidated and contained one PL, or those that were overlipidated containing four PLs, were ineffective. LipoMAPS containing three palmitic acids elicited significant humoral responses in oil-based emulsion and liposomes, but not in water or alum formulations. LipoMAP containing only two PLs was found best to be incorporated in liposomes and elicited a significant immune response and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). These models were compared favorably with a preparation using tripalmitoyl- S -glyceryl cysteine (P3C) as the lipid anchor. We also developed a modular synthesis of MAP-P3C that incorporated P3C as a premade unit containing a thiopyridine, which simplified the overall scheme and minimized oxidation during stepwise peptide synthesis. This lipoMAP model is a new addition to the design of our macromolecular assemblage approach mimicking peptide antigens on the surface of micro-organisms. It may be a potentially useful approach to the design of a synthetic vaccine for humans.
An Investigation of Doped Perovskites Based on La, Pr, and Sm Ferrites as Cathode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Perovskites with the composition ABO3 have been studied as cathode candidate materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Both the A and B sites can be doped. This paper investigates ABO3 perovskites in which the A site ion is lanthanum (La), praseodymium (Pr), or samarium (Sm), doped with strontium (Sr). The B site ion is iron (Fe) doped with cobalt (Co) or nickel (Ni). Powders were prepared by the glycine-nitrate process, and were calcined at temperatures between 700°C and 900°C. XRD analysis was performed to determine the effect of calcination temperature on structure. Cathode pellets were made and sintered at 1200°C for 4 hours. The electrical conductivity of these pellets was measured, in ambient air, at temperatures ranging from 200°C to 800°C. The measured conductivity was generally higher for the ferrite-nickelates than the ferrite-cobaltites. Additionally, the samples with lanthanum as the A site cation demonstrated higher electrical conductivity than those with samarium or praseodymium.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
An Alternative Model of Special Education Teacher Education Socialization.

Abstract The process of organizational socialization sheds light on the difficulty of a university program to effectively socialize its special education teacher candidates into believing and acting on theories of inclusion for students with disabilities in public schools. In general, people are socialized by prior experiences, then the university, then the workplace. In this case, the workplace socialization exists prior to participation in the university setting and in conjunction with it potentially complicating traditional university socialization. This study explores how prospective special education teachers in a moderate/severe special education teacher credential program adopt, adapt, and redefine the concept of inclusion. An analysis of their use of the term “inclusion” in semi-structured interviews draws attention to the degree to which they have or have not been socialized into believing and acting on inclusion at their schools.
Nonconstructive advances in polynomial-time complexity

Abstract The field of computational complexity for concrete, practical combinatorial problems has developed in a remarkably smooth fashion. One can point to several features of the theory of polynomial-time computability which make it especially well-behaved, including: (1) the modelling of feasible computing by polynomial-time complexity is well-supported by the fact that almost all known polynomial-time algorithms for natural problems have running times bounded by polynomials of small degree; (2) problems are invariably known to be decidable in polynomial time by direct evidence in the form of efficient algorithms; (3) while the theory is formulated in terms of decision problems, almost all known algorithms proceed by actually constructing a solution to the problem at hand. Herein we illustrate how recent advances in graph theory and graph algorithms dramatically alter this situation on all three counts. Powerful and easy-to-apply tools are now available for classifying problems as decidable in polynomial time by nonconstructively proving only the existence of polynomial-time decision algorithms. These tools neither specify the degree of the polynomial, nor produce the decision algorithm, nor guarantee that such an algorithm is of any use in constructing a solution. These developments present both practitioners and theories with novel challenges.
Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant crop systems in the United States. Part 2: Perspectives†

A six-state, 5 year field project was initiated in 2006 to study weed management methods that foster the sustainability of genetically engineered (GE) glyphosate-resistant (GR) crop systems. The benchmark study field-scale experiments were initiated following a survey, conducted in the winter of 2005-2006, of farmer opinions on weed management practices and their views on GR weeds and management tactics. The main survey findings supported the premise that growers were generally less aware of the significance of evolved herbicide resistance and did not have a high recognition of the strong selection pressure from herbicides on the evolution of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds. The results of the benchmark study survey indicated that there are educational challenges to implement sustainable GR-based crop systems and helped guide the development of the field-scale benchmark study. Paramount is the need to develop consistent and clearly articulated science-based management recommendations that enable farmers to reduce the potential for HR weeds. This paper provides background perspectives about the use of GR crops, the impact of these crops and an overview of different opinions about the use of GR crops on agriculture and society, as well as defining how the benchmark study will address these issues.
Physico-mechanical properties determination using microscale homotopic measurements: Application to sound and caries-affected primary tooth dentin

Microscale elastic moduli, composition and density have rarely been determined at the same location for biological materials. In this paper, we have performed homotopic measurements to determine the physico-mechanical properties of a second primary molar specimen exhibiting sound and caries-affected regions. A microscale acoustic impedance map of a section through this sample was acquired using scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM). Scanning electron microscopy was then used to obtain mineral mass fraction of the same section using backscattered images. Careful calibration of each method was performed to reduce system effects and obtain accurate data. Resorption, demineralization and hypermineralization mechanisms were considered in order to derive relationships between measured mineral mass fraction and material mass density. As a result, microscale mass density was determined at the same lateral resolution and location as the SAM data. The mass density and the acoustic impedance were combined to find the microscale elastic modulus and study the relationship between microscale composition and mechanical properties.