cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kurosawa's Ran (1985) and King Lear: Towards a Conversation on Historical Responsibility

Adaptations have a way of speaking back to their sources, and a brilliant adaptation revises its source and provokes a conversation. This may not at first be apparent about Kurosawa's Ran (1985), s...
A Parametric, Temporal Model of Musical Tension

tension in music is a high-level concept that is difficult to formalize due to its complex, multidimensional nature. This paper proposes a quantitative model of musical tension that takes into account the dynamic, temporal aspects of listening. The model is based on data from two experiments. The first was a web-based study that was designed to examine how individual musical parameters contribute directly to a listener9s overall perception of tension and how those parameters interact. The second study was an in-lab experiment in which listeners were asked to provide continuous responses to longer, more complex musical stimuli. Both studies took into account a number of musical parameters including harmony, pitch height, melodic expectation, dynamics, onset frequency, tempo, meter, rhythmic regularity, and syncopation. As an initial step, linear and nonlinear models were explored for predicting tension given analytical descriptions of various musical parameters. These models were tested on the continuous-response data from Experiment 2 and shown to be insufficient. An alternate model was proposed based on the notion of a moving perceptual window in time and the concept of trend salience. High correlation with empirical data indicates that this parametric, temporal model accurately predicts tension judgments for complex musical stimuli.
Renal dopamine and angiotensin II receptor signaling in age-related hypertension

Kidneys play a vital role in long-term regulation of blood pressure. This is achieved by actions of many renal and nonrenal factors acting on the kidney that help maintain the body's water and electrolyte balance and thus control blood pressure. Several endogenously formed or circulating hormones/peptides, by acting within the kidney, regulate fluid and water homeostasis and blood pressure. Dopamine and angiotensin II are the two key renal factors that, via acting on their receptors and counterregulating each other's function, maintain water and sodium balance. In this review, we provide recent advances in the signaling cascades of these renal receptors, especially at the level of their cross talk, and discuss their roles in blood pressure regulation in the aging process.
Active frequency stabilization of diode-laser-pumped nonplanar ring oscillators

The design and operation of a laser diode-pumped Nd:YAG ring laser are described. This laser is shown to be capable of efficient generation of both the fundamental and second harmonic frequencies, and can operate either CW or Q-switched. The single frequency power obtained was 542 mW at the fundamental and 19 mW at 532 nm. Q-switched operation produced 22.4 micro-J per pulse at 5 kHz in the fundamental and 7.3 micro-J per pulse at 532 nm.
Anaesthetic technique for transvenous pulmonary embolectomy

Transvenous pulmonary catheter embolectomy is being used as a method of treatment for patients suffering from massive pulmonary embolism. The anaesthetic management of these patients can be complex. Presented is a case of transvenous pulmonary embolectomy in a patient who also had an intravascular volume deficit secondary to haemorrhage and possible reperfusion oedema. A discussion of appropriate monitoring during procedure follows.
Regional catching up and productivity growth in Chinese reform period

Following the catching‐up hypothesis and using new published provincial data, this paper examines Chinese regional productivity growth by way of catch‐up in the reform period. It provides a general catch‐up measurement and a special assessment for regional development “trickle‐down” effects. Number of measurements include regional productivity averages, indices, growth rates, absolute increments, the coefficients of variation, rank correlation coefficients, and so on. The study indicates that the strength of Chinese catch‐up varied from time to time with weakened potentiality and the regional development spreading effects from coastal area to interior provinces have been limited so far. The review of social capabilities indicates that their different degrees of development acted to limit the strength of technological potentiality in the interior areas, though such changes on their surface did not exhibit the uniformly self‐limiting character for different regions. Furthermore, the pace of realization of the potentiality for catch‐up was affected by a number of factors that govern the diffusion of knowledge, the mobility of resources and the rate of investment.
Bodies in Relation—Bodies in Transition: Lesbian Partners of Trans Men and Body Image

Presenting published narratives of transgender and transsexual men (henceforth "trans men"), along with case study interview narratives from five lesbian-identified partners of trans men, I consider how body image issues may surface both individually and interpersonally in relation to the body dysphoria of a trans partner. In addition to self-reports of negatively shifting body image among some interviewees, I also discuss how negative body image may adversely affect these relationships in terms of sexual and non-sexual intimacy, bodily self-expression, and self-confidence. I term these processes and effects relational body image in order to trouble dominant conceptualizations of negative body image as primarily an individual issue arising from external, macro-sociological forces and pressures. I present these cases as a starting point for future sociological theorizing and empirical work with this under-studied population.
Local Magnetic Fields, Uplift, Gravity, and Dilational Strain Changes in Southern California

Measurements of regional magnetic field during gravity, strain and leveling surveys near the San Andreas fault at Cajon, Palmdale and Tejon are strongly correlated with changes in gravity, areal strain, and uplift in these regions during the period 1977-1984. This correlation principally depends on data taken during 1978-79 and 1981-82 when episodes of the ‘Palmdale Uplift’ occurred in this general region. Because the inferred relationships between these parameters are in approximate agreement with those obtained from simple deformation models, the preferred explanation appeals to short-term strain episodes independently detected in each data set. Transfer functions from magnetic to strain, gravity, and uplift perturbations, obtained by least-square linear fits to the data, are -0.98nT/ppm, -0.03nT/μGal, and 9.1nT/m respectively. Tectonomagnetic model calculations underestimate the observed changes and those reported previously for dam loading and volcano-magnetic observations. A less likely alternative explanation of the observed data appeals to a common source of meteorologically generated crustal or instrumental noise in the strain, gravity, magnetic, and uplift data.
Infrared Spectra of Hydronium Ion in Micaceous Minerals.

X-ray diffraction measurements of the d(001) spacing and the infrared absorption spectra of hydrogensaturated saturated micas show that an ion of approximately the same size and properties as hydronium is present and gives a unique absorption band at about 3470 cm-1.
Substrate-induced efflux of anions from bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria and its relationship to steroidogenesis

Abstract The efflux of DHAP and pyruvate from bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria, incubated with αGP and malate respectively, has been studied. With αGP as substrate, virtually all the DHAP formed leaves the mitochondria. With malate as substrate, 75% of the pyruvate formed leaves the mitochondria. These observations support the concept that the “α-glycerophosphate shuttle” and the “malate shuttle” can be operative in bovine adrenal cortex.
Regional deposition of gases and particles in the lung: implications for mixtures

Considerations of the health effects of pollutant mixtures usually focus on the interactions of biochemically-induced events. For example, the effect of metabolic enzyme induction by one pollutant on the subsequent effect of another pollutant is often considered. Another important aspect of mixture interactions is the modulating effects exposure to one pollutant can have on the dosimetry of another pollutant and, indirectly, on the effects of the other pollutant. Dose-modulating effects may be particularly important when considering effects of inhaled mixtures on the lung. In this paper, the specific case of O3-induced changes on the human lung and the resulting effects on inhaled particle dose are considered as a specific example. Ozone has multiple effects on the lung ranging from alterations in pulmonary function to effects on lung defense mechanisms such as mucociliary transport of particles, and alveolar macrophage engulfment and translocation. To better understand how the O3-induced changes can affect particle dosimetry, the basic concepts of particle dosimetry are considered first. Then the specific O3-induced effects on the human lung are considered in the context of the factors governing inhaled particle dose.
Complex signal representation, Mandel's theorem, and spiral phase quadrature transform

Complex (or analytic) signal representation as introduced by Gabor plays an important role in optical signal processing and in coherence theory of optical fields. Several definitions for extending the notion of complex signal representation to two dimensions have appeared in the literature. These definitions differ in their choice of the quadrature transform for a two-dimensional signal. We study the problem of determining the complex representation for two-dimensional real signals (or images) using a least-square minimization framework first used by Mandel [J. Opt. Soc. Am.57, 613 (1967)JOSAAH0030-3941]. In particular, we seek a suitable quadrature transform such that the resultant complex image has the least fluctuating envelope in an ensemble-averaged sense. It is observed that the spiral phase quadrature transform for two-dimensional signals is a solution of this analysis.
Identifying the Gaps in Ethical Perceptions Between Managers and Salespersons: A Multidimensional Approach

This research examines, in a general manner, the degree and character of perceptual congruity between salespeople and managers on ethical issues. Salespeople and managers from a diversity of organizations were presented with three scenarios having varying degrees of ethical content and were asked to evaluate the action of the individual in each scenario. Findings indicate that, in every instance, the participating managers tended (1) to be more critical of the action displayed in the scenarios, (2) to view the action as violating a sense of contract or promise, and (3) to view the action as less culturally acceptable than did the salespeople.
Morphological studies on the mechanisms of pigmentary organelle transport in fish xanthophores and melanophores

Pigmentary organelle translocations within fish chromatophores undergo physiological color changes when exposed to external signals. Chromatophores can be isolated in high yields, and their pigmentary organelles can be tracked readily by microscopy. The combined efforts of morphology and biomolecular chemistry have led to the identification of and determination of the interrelationships between cytoskeletal elements and accessory proteins, motor molecules, cytomatrix, and pigmentary organelles of various sizes. Fish chromatophores have been classified as fast, intermediate, and slow translocators, based on the relative numbers of microtubules. Studies on cultured goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) xanthophores for over 20 years have demonstrated that in this slow translocator, tubulovesicular structures of the smooth endoplasmic reticular (SER) cisternae are involved in the disperson and aggregation of associated carotenoid droplets (CD) with some involvement of cytoskeletal elements. Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus L.) melanophore, a fast translocator, was also examined. Recent work demonstrates a bright fluorescent "starburst"-like spot that we call an actin filament-organizing center (AFOC) with radiating microfilaments, akin to the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) with radiating microtubules. Melanosomes translocate single-file on microtubules and are not associated with SER cisternae. Slower CD dispersion or aggregation in goldfish xanthophores seems to be predominantly microfilament-based transport, or microfilament- and microtubule-based transport, respectively. Faster melanosome translocations in killifish melanophores are based on microtubules, with our evidence indicating microfilament involvement. Neural crest-derived chromatophores are models for vesicular transport in axons, and immunocytochemical and imaging technologies may help to elucidate the cellular transport mechanisms.
Assessing depression in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis: A comparison of three measures

Depressive symptoms are prevalent among individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis. Prior studies have used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and the "dysphoric mood" item of the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) to assess depressive symptoms in CHR samples. We compared the psychometric properties of these instruments in a CHR cohort, to support the selection of appropriate depressive symptoms measures in future studies and in clinical settings. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was assessed through correlations with SOPS items that were expected or not expected to be related to depressive symptoms. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing scores between patients with and without a major depressive disorder diagnosis. We hypothesized based on the schizophrenia literature that the BDI would have superior internal consistency and discriminant validity compared to the HDRS, and that all three measures would show convergent validity and criterion validity. The BDI demonstrated superior internal consistency and construct validity in this at-risk sample. The BDI and HDRS differentiated patients with major depressive disorder, but SOPS dysphoria did not. This has implications for the choice of depression measures in future CHR studies and for the interpretation of past findings.
Normal phase liquid chromatographic analysis of toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids

A normal phase, isocratic, analytical high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the analysis of toxic methylsuccinimidoanthranoyllycoctonine (MSAL) norditerpenoid alkaloids occurring in poisonous larkspurs (Delphinium sp.). The method has good sensitivity, specificity for MSAL norditerpenoid alkaloid and rapid analysis times. The technique employs 5 μm neutral alumina as the stationary phase and utilizes a mixture of hexane: 95% isopropyl alcohol as the mobile phase. Accurate and reproducible analyses can be performed on 1 g samples of plant material. The method has been applied to the analysis of the chemical phenology of the MSAL norditerpenoid alkaloids methyllycaconitine and 14-deacetylnudicauline in three species of tall larkspurs (Delphinium barbeyi, D. occidentale, D. glaucescens). Analytical results confirm the primary occurrence of these toxic alkaloids in early vegetative tissues of these plants, their concentration in reproductive plant tissues and their reduction in level with plant maturation. The chemical phenology results further confirm the observed difference in the toxicity of the three tall larkspurs (D. barbeyi > D. glaucescens > D. occidentale) to livestock. Intraspecies differences of toxic alkaloid occurrence associated with site were also demonstrated.
Effects of arsenic trioxide inhalation exposure on pulmonary antibacterial defenses in mice

The effects of single and multiple (5 and 20) 3-h inhalation exposures to aerosols of arsenic trioxide on the pulmonary defense system of mice were investigated. Arsenic trioxide mist was generated from an aqueous solution and dried to produce particulate aerosols of 0.4 micron mass median aerodynamic diameter. Aerosol mass concentration ranged from 125 to 1000 micrograms As/m3. Effects of the exposures were evaluated by determination of changes in susceptibility to experimentally induced streptococcal aerosol infection and in pulmonary bactericidal activity to 35S-labeled Klebsiella pneumoniae. Significant increases in mortality due to the infectious challenge and decreases in bactericidal activity were seen after single 3-h exposures to 270, 500, and 940 micrograms As/m3. Similarly, 5 or 20 multiple 3-h exposures to 500 micrograms As/m3 produced consistently significant increases in mortality and decreases in pulmonary bactericidal activity. At 125 or 250 micrograms As/m3, a decrease in bactericidal activity was seen only after 20 exposures to 250 micrograms/m3. Results from earlier studies with an arsenic-containing copper smelter dust were compared to these data. The possibility of the development of adaptation during multiple exposures to arsenic trioxide is also considered.
A three-dimensional boundary element method for piecewise homogeneous viscoelastic media and its application in mining engineering

Abstract A 3-D boundary element method of viscoelasticity is presented for analyzing the time-dependent deformation and stress state around underground mine workings. It assumes that the rocks are stratified with bedding planes and reinforced by fully or partially grouted rock bolts. The Kelvin-Voight and Burgers models are used to represent the viscoelastic behavior of rock strata. Boundary integral equations for these types of separately homogeneous media are developed based on the correspondence principle of viscoelasticity. The time-dependent functions involved in the equations are obtained through the use of the Laplace transformation technique. Thus, the method can compute the stress state of a rock structure without the need to discretize variables which alter with time. An example is presented to show the application of this method to mining engineering.
Formation of Molecular Bromine from the Reaction of Ozone with Deliquesced NaBr Aerosol: Evidence for Interface Chemistry

The reaction of ozone with aqueous sodium bromide particles is investigated with a combination of aerosol chamber experiments, kinetics modeling, and molecular dynamics simulations. The molecular bromine production in the chamber experiments is approximately an order of magnitude greater than that predicted by known chemistry in the gas and bulk aqueous phases with use of a comprehensive computer kinetics model. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that ozone has significant residence time at the air−solution interface, while making frequent contacts with bromide ions for as long as 50 ps in the surface layer of a 6.1 M NaBr solution. The formation of a complex between ozone and bromide ion, [O3···Br-], which can lead to production of Br2 by reaction at the air−water interface, is therefore feasible. Experimentally observed Br2 is well predicted by including an interface process with a reaction probability of [1.9 ± 0.8] × 10-6 (1 s) as the first step in a surface mechanism to produce additional gas-ph...
On the Number of Rays in Starfish1

Multiradiate starfish evolved independently in fourteen living families. Twenty living families are strictly 5-rayed. The FIVE-PLUS hypothesis is that supernumerary rays develop separately from the five primary rays. The ontogeny of the primary rays is proposed to be highly integrated (“en bloc” hypothesis), closely timed (synchronic hypothesis) and a developmental constraint (“tamper-proof” hypothesis). The “en bloc” hypothesis postulates that the five primary rays develop as a unit. The deep structure of this unit is believed to be a 2-1-2, BA-A-BA, organization. The synchronic hypothesis postulates that there is only a brief time at metamorphosis during which the “en bloc” pathway operates. There is a pause before the development of supernumerary rays. The “tamper-proof” hypothesis postulates that the “en bloc” pathway has no heritable variation and cannot be co-opted for the production of supernumerary rays. There is diversity of timing and pattern in the development of supernumerary rays. Postgeneration of rays in the rudiment and intercalary regeneration of rays in the imago are independent ray-producing pathways that may have been co-opted variously and recurrently in the multiple origins of multiradiate starfish.
Chemical origins of life: Prebiotic RNA unstuck

Non-enzymatic copying of an RNA template is appealing as a transition from pre-life to an RNA world, but it has been difficult to demonstrate in the laboratory. Now, two separate studies focusing on RNA's backbone connectivity offer partial solutions to some of the problems raised with this hypothesis for the origin of life.
Crystal-size Distributions of Clays During Episodic Diagenesis: The Salton Sea Geothermal System

Crystal-size distributions (CSDs) for clay minerals with depth were measured from the Salton Sea Geothermal Field (SSGF) as a test for the presence and meaning of theoretical crystal-size distributions in a natural system. The SSGF is a classic open hydrothermal system, and crystals are forming directly without apparent modification of early-formed crystals, over a wide range of temperature. Thus, the measured CSDs are the actual distributions for a single episode in which all crystals grew at the same time from solution at different temperatures and depths, rather than through modifications of shallower samples. Some TEM images of ion-milled samples from a range of depths were used to measure the crystal thicknesses of illite, chlorite and biotite. Grain-size histograms flatten, broaden and shift to larger sizes with increasing depth. Values of α and β were calculated and used to verify that the measured distributions are log normal. Reduced grain-size distributions for illite in SSGF samples obey steady-state constraints. The observations appear to be consistent with evolution of illite with increasing depth in the SSGF system by growth in an open system giving rise to log-normal distributions, followed by supply-controlled growth in an open system. Because crystals at different depths grew simultaneously under different temperature and fluid conditions as a function of depth, they do not represent different stages of a single evolving system. The relations imply that isochemical and isothermal systems which permit an evolving system to be sampled are rare or non-existent. The data for distributions for a given depth in the SSGF are consistent with growth in an open system. The collective relations therefore imply that caution should be used in interpreting conditions of crystal growth in natural systems even where CSDs give results which are necessary for, but not sufficient to prove, a given modeled mechanism.
Relevance of CONSORT reporting criteria for research on eHealth interventions

Abstract Objective In 1996, 2001, and 2010, the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) group released criteria for reporting critical information about randomized clinical trials [1] , [2] . These criteria were intended to improve the quality and completeness of reporting of RCTs in health care research. This paper discusses the relevance of the CONSORT recommendations for the reporting and design of eHealth research. Methods We reviewed the CONSORT recommendations and discussed their particular relevance to eHealth (electronic information, support and/or communication resources designed to promote health) research. This review focuses on such issues as recruitment and screening of participants, description of treatment elements, and reporting of outcome data and adverse events. Results eHealth research presents special challenges regarding the comprehensive and effective reporting of research information. However, the strategic application of CONSORT recommendations holds great promise for improving the quality and informativeness of eHealth research. Conclusion Investigators need to consider CONSORT recommendations at all stages of the research enterprise, including planning, execution and reporting in order to increase the informativeness of their research efforts. Practice implications The recommendations contained in this paper have the potential to enhance the public health and scientific value of eHealth research.
Time course and mechanism of hippocampal neuronal death in an in vitro model of status epilepticus: Role of NMDA receptor activation and NMDA dependent calcium entry

The hippocampus is especially vulnerable to seizure-induced damage and excitotoxic neuronal injury. This study examined the time course of neuronal death in relationship to seizure duration and the pharmacological mechanisms underlying seizure-induced cell death using low magnesium (Mg2+) induced continuous high frequency epileptiform discharges (in vitro status epilepticus) in hippocampal neuronal cultures. Neuronal death was assessed using cell morphology and fluorescein diacetate-propidium iodide staining. Effects of low Mg2+ and various receptor antagonists on spike frequency were assessed using patch clamp electrophysiology. We observed a linear and time-dependent increase in neuronal death with increasing durations of status epilepticus. This cell death was dependent upon extracellular calcium (Ca2+) that entered primarily through the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor channel subtype. Neuronal death was significantly decreased by co-incubation with the NMDA receptor antagonists and was also inhibited by reduction of extracellular (Ca2+) during status epilepticus. In contrast, neuronal death from in vitro status epilepticus was not significantly prevented by inhibition of other glutamate receptor subtypes or voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Interestingly this NMDA-Ca2+ dependent neuronal death was much more gradual in onset compared to cell death from excitotoxic glutamate exposure. The results provide evidence that in vitro status epilepticus results in increased activation of the NMDA-Ca2+ transduction pathway leading to neuronal death in a time-dependent fashion. The results also indicate that there is a significant window of opportunity during the initial time of continuous seizure activity to be able to intervene, protect neurons and decrease the high morbidity and mortality associated with status epilepticus.
On criteria for active transport.

Abstract Transcellular movement across epithelial membranes involves the generation of a force by some process occurring within the membrane structure itself. It is widely believed that this mechanism consists of a primary transport of sodium ion or sodium chloride. Some of the evidence on which this belief is based is reviewed. Using the model of a Frank-Mayer osmotic pump it is shown that it is theoretically possible to generate a flux of solute against its chemical potential gradient in the absence of both an external hydrostatic gradient and a specific interaction with the solute inside the membrane. Hence the observation that a solute or several solutes move across a membrane in a direction opposed to their respective chemical potential gradients, even in the absence of an external driving force such as a hydrostatic pressure difference, does not imply that there are specific transport systems within the membrane involving specific chemical interaction with any of the solutes so moving.
The role of the gastric antrum in the pathogenesis of reflux gastritis

Abstract The effect of antrectomy on the histopathologic changes of alkaline reflux gastritis was investigated in an effort to elucidate a possible protective role for the gastric antrum in the pathogenesis of this postgastrectomy syndrome. A canine model for reflux gastritis was utilized in 10 animals, 5 of which were antrectomized. Evaluating parameters of gastritis, parietal cell and mitotic counts, and mucosal dimensions, we found significantly more severe gastritis, parietal cell atrophy, and mucus cell hyperplasia in the antrectomized animals as compared with those which were not antrectomized. It is concluded that the gastric antrum does exert a protective effect on gastric mucosa which is chronically exposed to duodenal contents. Possible mechanisms for this protection and the pathogenesis of alkaline reflux gastritis are reviewed, and clinical implications are proposed.
Damping behavior of discontinuously reinforced ai alloy metal-matrix composites

High damping materials allow undesirable mechanical vibration and wave propagation to be passively suppressed. This proves valuable in the control of noise and the enhancement of vehicle and instrument stability. Accordingly, the scientific community is continually working toward the development of high damping metals (hidamets) and high damping metal-matrix composites (MMCs). The MMCs are particularly attractive in weight-critical applications when the matrix and reinforcement phases are combined to provide desirable property combinations, such as high damping and low density. Inspection of the available scientific literature, however, reveals that an understanding of the precise correlation between the presence of secondary phases (either reinforcements or precipitates) and material damping has eluded investigators, partly as a result of the superposition of multiple mechanisms. As a step toward the clarification of damping phenomena in discontinuously reinforced MMCs, this article describes the damping behavior and mechanisms that are present in discontinuously reinforced MMCs, with particular emphasis on particulate-reinforced Al alloy MMCs processed using spray atomization and deposition. The operative damping mechanisms in the particulate-rein-forced MMCs are discussed in light of the data obtained from microstructural studies and damping capacity measurements.
Lithium chloride-induced avoidance of a conspecific odor: Effect of prior exposure to the conditional stimulus

The relationship between the avoidance of an odor of a conspecific and postnatal development was studied in two experiments. Adult male mice were poisoned with LiCl after exposure to a male stimulus mouse from the same or different litter. Avoidance of the odor of a stimulus mouse was acquired only if that mouse was from a different litter. The use of a split-litter rearing procedure in the second experiment indicated the effect was dependent on postnatal experience.
Confocal Absorption Microscopy of Biomolecules in the Atto-Mole Range

A versatile approach for absorption spectroscopy on the micron scale is presented allowing label-free characterization of as few as 10∧7 molecules in a pico-liter volume. Our setup employs a confocal microscope with spatial resolution at the cellular level (1-2 microns) over a wide spectral range from the near-infrared to the ultraviolet. Spectra of amino acid, proteins, and DNA bases in solution are acquired on a timescale of seconds with spectral resolution of 0.3 nm. We analyze samples in nanoliter quantities containing a few concentrations of two different dyes. In combinations with factor analysis we can reconstruct the spectra as a superposition of the individual dyes. We explore applications to spatially inhomogeneous samples and single cells.
Psychological correlates of speech characteristics: on sounding "disadvantaged".

Grade school teachers tended to differentiate the speech samples of children along two gross and relatively independent dimensions tentatively labeled “confidence-eagerness” and “ethnicity-nonstand...
Using analogue computers in power system studies

IN THE PAST FEW YEARS a great interest has developed in the use of digital computers for solving the engineering problems of utility companies. The utility engineer already was familiar with t h e use of computers such as the network analyzer for power system studies, but many types of problems were encountered which were either long and tedious or impossible of solution on the network analyzer. As digital computers became more available, often because they could be bought or rented for use by both the engineering and accounting staffs, the engineer turned to them as a new tool for solving his problems. In doing this, he often overlooked the new methods that have been developed in analogue computers.
A convenient route to a new bicyclobutane monomer: Isopropyl 1-bicyclobutanecarboxylate

Isopropyl 1-bicyclobutanecarboxylate was prepared over 5 steps in 24% overall yield from readily available materials. This monomer was highly reactive toward radical polymerization, and gave good yields of high polymers.
Transforming trace information in architectural documents into re-usable and effective traceability links

Architectural analysis processes, such as the Architecture Trade-off and Analysis Method (ATAM), utilize a scenario based approach to evaluate the extent to which an architectural solution meets a potentially competing set of quality goals. The resulting architectural documents contain a rich set of trace relationships between quality goals, decisions, and architectural elements. Unfortunately this information is not readily accessible for supporting tasks other than initial architectural assessments. In this paper we describe a technique and supporting tools for extracting and generating traceability links from the architectural documents. A specialized Traceability Information Model is used to guide the user through the task of establishing traceability links from design decisions to the architectural elements in which the decision is realized. The retrieved and generated traceability links can then be used to support a far broader set of activities including visualization of design rationale and architectural preservation. We evaluate our approach using a case study of the NASA Crew Exploration Vehicle.
Sample entraining 3-electrode argon plasma source for atomic emission spectroscopy

Abstract A new 3-electrode argon plasma torch has been designed to entrain a sample stream in the center of hot plasma in a manner similar to an induction coupled plasma. The design uses three concentric quartz tubes with electrodes running parallel to the tubes in the space between the sample and middle quartz tubes. Performance is better than a previous model developed in this laboratory. Advantages include a low cost power supply with no radio frequency noise, and a linear dynamic range of four orders of magnitude. Detection limits for five elements range from 0.1 to 2 mgl−1. Phosphate has a slightly enhancing effect on Ca emission.
Shear Rate Dependence of the Viscosity of Whole Blood and Plasma

The analysis of the shear stress/shear rate relationship, and thus the viscosity/shear rate relation, of blood and plasma shows that (i) freshly drawn whole blood has a large shear rate dependence on viscosity (viscosity falls as shear rate increases), and (ii) the shear rate dependence of viscosity of whole blood, or plasma, that has not been treated to prevent clotting is substantially greater than that of whole blood or plasma treated with anticoagulants. The influence of this phenomenon upon the fluid mechanics of the microcirculation is commented upon.
Effect of pyrophosphate and two diphosphonates on 45Ca and 32Pi uptake and mineralization by matrix vesicle-enriched fractions and by hydroxyapatite

Abstract Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and two diphosphonates, ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl 2 MDP), were found to inhibit in vitro mineralization induced by matrix vesicle-enriched fractions from chicken epiphyseal cartilage. Inhibitor concentrations from 0.20 to 20 μM caused a dosage-dependent decrease in 45 Ca and 32 Pi uptake by the vesicle fraction. These inhibitors were also tested in a hydroxyapatite (HA)-seeded system to help distinguish between effects on the mineral vs nonmineral portions of the vesicle fraction. The order of inhibition of the HA-seeded system was EHDP > PPi > C 2 MDP, except for inhibitor concentrations of 0.20 μm where EHDP was the least inhibitory. This variation may be due to differences in the binding of the inhibitors to HA crystals. In general, inhibition of HA mineralization was greatest during later time periods, whereas vesicle ion uptake was affected more during early stages of incubation. The differential effects of the three inhibitors were most obvious at the 2.0 μM concentration. With PPi, substantial inhibition of HA-seeded mineralization was observed even in late stages of the study; in contrast, with time the vesicle fraction overcame this inhibition. This suggests that alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme notably enriched in matrix vesicles, catalyzed the hydrolysis of PPi, reducing its concentration to a level where mineralization could proceed. Our findings show that matrix vesicle-induced mineralization differs significantly from apatite-induced mineralization. The data support the concept that vesicle alkaline phosphatase acts, at least in part, to remove physiological crystal growth inhibitors.
First principles-based approach to modeling of microfluidic systems

A first principles based modeling approach for microfluidic systems is developed. The equations for conservation of mass, momentum and energy are developed for quasi 1D, incompressible fluid flow through MEMS fluid components. The equations are cast in terms of common flow variables, geometric and fluid properties. The results are validated against published data. Analyses and simulations are carried out to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize dynamic and steady-state component/subsystem/system properties that would affect the design and control of such systems.
Cell-free Hydrogenase from Chlamydomonas

10. LATIES, G. G. 1959. The development and control of coexisting respiratory systems in slices of chicory root. Archiv. Biochem. Biophys. 79: 378-91. 11. LATIES, G. G. 1962. Controlling influence of thickness on development and type of respiratory activity in potato slices. Plant Physiol. 37: 679-90. 12. MAcDONALD, I. R. AND P. C. DEKOCK. 1958. Temperature control and metabolic drifts in aging disks of storage tissue. Ann. Botany NS 22: 429-48. 13. MAcDONALD, I. R., P. C. DEKOCK, AND A. H. KNIGHT. 1960. Variations in the mineral content of storage tissue disks maintained in tap water. Physiol. Plantarum 13: 77-89. 14. SPLITTSTOESSER, W. E. 1963. Some aspects of dark CO2 fixation in storage tissues. Ph.D. thesis. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. 15. ULRICH, A. 1941. Metabolism of non-volatile organic acids in excised barley roots as related to cation-anion balance during salt accumulation. Am. J. Botany. 28: 526-37. 16. WOLF, B. AND V. ICHESAKA. 1947. Rapid chemical soil and plant tests. Soil Sci. 64: 227-44.
A germ line specific DNA sequence is transcribed in Tetrahymena.

Abstract In the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena 10–20% of the DNA sequences are micronucleus (germ line) specific. Six members of a family of repeated mic-specific DNA sequences are homologous to a 1.5-kb poly(A) + RNA. The transcript is present in mature cells starved in 10 or 60 m M Tris, in starved immature cells, and in stationary cells. RNA from log-phase and heat-shocked cells does not have detectable levels of the transcript. These data indicate that at least one germ line limited DNA sequence is transcribed in the micronucleus of Tetrahymena .
Agency, communion, and gender as predictors of communication style and being liked in adult male-female dyads

Agency, communion, and gender were compared as predictors of communication style in the conversations of 76 unacquainted pairs of male-female college students. Each dyad was given a popular issue to discuss for 5 min. Agency and communion were measured using Spence and Helmreich's (Masculinity and Femininity: Their Psychological Dimensions, Correlates, and Antecedents, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1978) Personal Attributes Questionnaire. Self-perceived agency was significantly associated with verbal assertiveness: High-agency persons used fewer indirect statements and fewer passive self-references than low-agency persons. Nonsignificant trends indicated that self-perceived communication tended to be associated with interpersonal involvement: High-communion persons used fewer impersonal references and were liked more than low-communion persons.
Variations in ground reaction force parameters at different running speeds

Abstract Ground reaction forces are often used as a primary descriptive component in the analysis of the support phase of running. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in ground reaction force parameters during the support phase of the running stride at different running speeds. Ten skilled distance runners, who ran with a heel-toe football pattern at all running speeds, served as subjects. The experimental set-up consisted of a Kistler force platform interfaced to a Tektronix 4051 Graphics Calculator. Each subject performed 10 successful trials at each of 4 running speeds ranging from a sprint pace (7m/s) to a jogging pace (4m/s). Running speed was monitored by a photoelectric timing system. Data processing consisted of the evaluation of 19 descriptive variables of the relative ground reaction force-time curves for each of the 4 10-trial conditions. Ten vertical, 5 antero-posterior and 4 medio-lateral variables were used in the analysis. The relative force-time curves were generated using a cubic spline technique which transformed the absolute time events into 200 equally spaced data points to assist in making between speed comparisons. Separate multivariate analyses of variance with planned comparisons were carried out on each of the 3 relative data sets. Statistically significant differences were found for the relative ground reaction force parameters at the different running speeds ( p
Female quail prefer testosterone-mediated traits, rather than the ornate plumage of males

Abstract The New World quail belong to the avian order Galliformes, in which plumage dichromatism is oestrogen based; oestrogen induces the expression of female-like plumage. We examined female mate choice in two congeneric species of New World quail, Gambel's quail, Callipepla gambelii , a highly ornate and dichromatic species, and scaled quail, C. squamata , a monochromatic species, to determine the kinds of male traits involved in female mate choice. In trials of unmanipulated males, as well as trials involving manipulations of single and multiple feather ornaments, female choice was not related to male plumage. Rather, in both species, females preferred high rates of male courtship. We predictably manipulated female mating decisions by presenting males that displayed at different rates. In scaled quail only, female choice also correlated with males of larger size. Consistent with studies of other galliform species, male plumage is not a primary means by which female quail make mating decisions. Instead, females appear to favour traits capable of signalling male condition, such as testosterone-mediated displays and body size. Numerous investigators have proposed that traits linked to testosterone honestly reflect male condition. We conclude that ornate plumage may not play a primary role in female choice, because it may not accurately indicate male quality.
Colon interposition for advanced nonmalignant esophageal stricture: experience with 40 patients

This report details our experience in 40 patients with benign strictures of the esophagus who underwent colon (or gastric) interposition with our without esophageal resection between 1972 and 1980. There were 23 men and 17 women ranging from 5 to 76 years old. Twenty-seven patients had fibrotic strictures secondary to reflux esophagitis including 12 after failure of antireflux procedures; 4 had caustic strictures; 3 had a Barrett's esophagus; 2 had systemic candidiasis; 2 had scleroderma; and in 2 the etiology was undetermined. the right colon was used in 27 patients, the left colon in 4, the transverse colon in 1, and the jejunum in 1. In 7 patients the stomach was employed because of vascular insufficiency of the colon. Three surgical approaches were utilized. Manometric studies were done post-operatively in 10 patients. Complications occurred in 7 patients: cervical leaks, 4; reflux colitis, 2; and a late cervical stricture, 1. There were 4 deaths, only 1 of which was related directly to technique. This report summarizes the beneficial effect of right colon interposition for long esophageal strictures. Its vasculature is adequate, and it functions properly to propel food into the stomach irrespective of the peristaltic orientation.
Mathematical analysis of the reaction–diffusion of water in glass tubes

The diffusion and reaction of water with glass tubes are mathematically analyzed. A general mathematical model is developed that takes into account the absorption of molecular water from the vapour phase on to the glass tube surface, its subsequent diffusion, and both the forward and backward reactions of formation of the silanol groups. The general solutions are obtained numerically while analytical solutions are obtained for special cases of small time or fast reaction. An approximate integral solution is obtained for the latter and it is shown that the equilibrium model with fast reaction can be cast into a simple yet accurate algebraic form which is easy to implement. The models are applied to few cases of practical importance to optical fiber processing.
Respecting the margins of agency: Alzheimer's patients and the capacity to value.

[A] man does not consist of memory alone. He has feeling, will, sensibilities, moral being…. And it is here … that you may find ways to touch him. —A. R. Luria1
Effect of Morphology on Placentome Size, Vascularity, and Vasoreactivity in Late Pregnant Sheep

Abstract Ovine placentomes vary in shape, with type A placentomes being concave, type D convex, and types B and C intermediate in morphology. It has been speculated that as placentomes advance in type they differ in vascularity and nutrient transport capacity. Our objective was to determine cellularity and vascularity measurements, angiogenic factor expression, and arterial vasoactivity within different morphologic types of placentomes. On Day 130 of gestation, placentomes were collected from multiparous ewes (n = 38) and were evaluated for size, cellularity estimates, angiogenic factor mRNA expression, capillary vascularity (capillary size, capillary surface density [CSD], capillary number density [CND], and capillary area density [CAD]), and vasoreactivity to potassium chloride and angiotensin II. The average weight and size of type A and B placentomes were less (P < 0.01) than those of type C and D placentomes. Placentome morphology did not affect (P ≥ 0.24) cotyledonary or caruncular cellularity estim...
Eosinophilic interstitial lung disease.

Purpose of review Although rare, the eosinophilic lung diseases are being increasingly identified as distinct clinical entities. These disorders are a heterogeneous group of disorders in which there is an increased number of eosinophils in the airways and/or lung parenchyma. These disease entities may be broadly separated into airway disorders (asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, eosinophilic bronchitis, and bronchocentric granulomatosis) and parenchymal (interstitial) disorders. This review and update will concentrate on the latter group of entities. Recent findings Recent publications in the field have concentrated on expanding the list of causative agents and clinical situations. An especially promising number of articles report advancements in the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms behind the development of the clinical syndromes. Summary Whatever the function of the eosinophil in these disorders, it is important to remember that the disease processes lumped together as the eosinophilic lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of diseases. In an attempt to categorize these disorders, they have been connected, either appropriately or artificially, by their association with the eosinophil. Nevertheless, the eosinophilic connection may serve as a clue to pathogenesis and treatment.