cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human vision fails to distinguish widespread sexual dichromatism among sexually “monochromatic” birds

Historical scenarios of evolution of avian plumage coloration have been called into question with the discoveries that most birds can see UV light (which normal humans cannot), and that UV-reflecting plumages are widespread in birds. Several examples of sexual dichromatism not detectable with human visual capabilities suggest that our categorizations of plumages as sexually mono- or dichromatic might often be incorrect. Nonetheless, given the limited taxonomic scope of those examples, the vast majority of sexually monochromatic birds are still treated as such without question in avian research. Herein, I show that >90% of 139 species, in a broad sampling of presumed sexually monochromatic passerine birds, were actually sexually dichromatic from an avian visual perspective, based on comparisons of plumage reflectance data using a visual model of color discrimination thresholds. The taxonomic ubiquity of this result suggests that many existing interpretations of evolutionary patterns of sexual dichromatism in birds are erroneous. The visual model used herein provides a method for quantifying sexual dichromatism, revealing that most (58.7%) feather patches sampled lie along a continuum of dichromatism between avian and human discriminatory abilities and could represent unrecognized sexually selected signals. Sexual dichromatism in this study rarely resulted from intersexual differences in UV coloration alone, emphasizing the need for analysis of bird coloration in relation to the full extent of avian visual discriminatory abilities, including, but not limited to, UV-visual capabilities.
Lung transplant reperfusion injury involves pulmonary macrophages and circulating leukocytes in a biphasic response.

Abstract Objective: Both donor pulmonary macrophages and recipient circulating leukocytes may be involved in reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. By using the macrophage inhibitor gadolinium chloride and leukocyte filters, we attempted to identify the roles of these two populations of cells in lung transplant reperfusion injury. Methods: With our isolated, ventilated, blood-perfused rabbit lung model, all groups underwent lung harvest followed by 18-hour cold storage and 2-hour blood reperfusion. Measurements of pulmonary artery pressure, lung compliance, and arterial oxygenation were obtained. Group I (n = 8) served as a control. Group II (n = 8) received gadolinium chloride at 14 mg/kg 24 hours before lung harvest. Group III (n = 8) received leukocyte-depleted blood reperfusion by means of a leukocyte filter. Results: The gadolinium chloride group had significantly improved arterial oxygenation and pulmonary artery pressure measurements compared with control subjects and an improved arterial oxygenation compared with the filter group after 30 minutes of reperfusion. After 120 minutes of reperfusion, however, the filter group had significantly improved arterial oxygenation and pulmonary artery pressure measurements compared with the control group and an improved arterial oxygenation compared with the gadolinium chloride group. Conclusions: Lung transplant reperfusion injury occurs in two phases. The early phase is mediated by donor pulmonary macrophages and is followed by a late injury induced by recipient circulating leukocytes. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:1069-75)
Designing a graduate Capstone course for an online information assurance program

Many of the Information Assurance programs are looking for ways to improve their programs and incorporate assessment into the program. One way to do this is to add a capstone course at the end of the program. A well designed capstone course can allow your students to demonstrate their mastery of the program knowledge and skills.Walsh College offers a Master of Science in Information Assurance (MSIA) degree program that includes a capstone course. The capstone course is modeled after the Master of Science in Business Information Technology (MSBIT) capstone course originally developed by Dr. W. Don Gottwald. The capstone course was designed to meet the school's goals and objectives, be integrative, span the program curriculum, and be rigorous for the students. To complete the capstone course, every student needs to demonstrate a mastery of the skills taught across the twelve courses in the IA program which is exclusively offered online.This project attempts to identify the design issues that a school should address before launching a capstone course. A well designed capstone course will help the school, faculty, and students succeed with the program.
Probabilistic quantum gates between remote atoms through interference of optical frequency qubits

Entangled quantum states, at the heart of quantuminformation processing, are notoriously difficult to generate and control. Generating entangled states becomes dramatically simpler when the entanglement operations are allowed to succeed with only a finite perhaps small probability, as long as it is known when the operations succeed 1‐5 .I f entangling gates can be implemented in such a probabilistic fashion, it has recently been shown that scalable quantum computation is still possible, no matter how small the gate success probability 6,7. Compared with deterministic gates, the additional overhead in resources such as the number of qubit manipulations for probabilistic quantum computation scales only polynomially with both the size of the computation and the inverse of the gate success probability 6. There have been recent proposals for implementation of probabilistic gates 7‐9, using atomic qubits inside optical cavities. In this paper, we propose a scheme for probabilistic quantum gate operations that act on trapped atoms or ions in free space with or without cavities. Compared with previous methods, this scheme has two outstanding features. First, optical frequency qubits are used to connect and entangle matter qubits at distant locations. The two states comprising this optical qubit have the same polarization, but differ in
Human CD133-derived bone marrow stromal cells establish ectopic hematopoietic microenvironments in immunodeficient mice

Cultured adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are capable of forming ectopic hematopoietic microenvironments (HMEs) in immunodeficient mice. However, the cell surface phenotype of the native bone marrow stem/progenitor cell that gives rise to BMSCs that support hematopoiesis remains poorly defined. We recently reported the derivation of human BMSC-like cells (CD133BMSCs) by magnetic cell sorting against Prominin-1 (CD133), an epitope expressed by embryonic, fetal, and adult stem cells. Here we demonstrate that CD133BMSCs are capable of forming ectopic HMEs. Cultured adherent CD133BMSCs derived from sorted CD133-positive cells lacked CD133 expression, but were uniformly positive for CD146, an epitope recently described to identify self-renewing osteoprogenitor cells that could transfer the HME. CD133BMSCs were genetically-tagged by lentivirus, expanded, and seeded into HA/TCP/fibrin constructs that were implanted subcutaneously. After 60 days, CD133BMSCs produced human osteocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and reticular cells that supported murine hematopoiesis. CD133BMSCs that were not transduced with lentivirus also formed HMEs. Control constructs seeded with human dermal fibroblasts formed connective tissue, but failed to form HMEs. Our data indicate that CD133 expression identifies a native human bone marrow stem/progenitor cell that gives rise to BMSCs capable of forming the HME.
Current status of experimental searches for QCD exotics

Abstract QCD predicts the existence of ‘exotic’ structures with explicit gluonic degrees of freedom, such as q q g hybrids and gg glueballs. We report here the recent discovery of JPC = 1+− mesons which must be exotic (most likely q q g) because q q mesons can not have these quantum numbers. We also report on the present status of the experimental searches for scalar (0++) and tensor (2++) glueballs.
Tensions of Reimagining Our Roles as Teacher Educators in a Third Space: Revisiting a Co/autoethnography Through a Faculty Lens

This co/autoethnography uses our lens as university faculty to examine how engaging in a year-long self-study with mentors nurtured a complicated third space where we could together begin to reimagine our roles as teacher educators. Two secondary faculty members and a doctoral assistant used co/autoethnography to revisit a collaborative self-study with mentors to better identify both the individual and programmatic complexities that arise when a third space is opened and we are invited to reinvent our perspectives and responsibilities as co-teacher educators. We ask two questions: What happens when faculty facilitate a third-space teacher education program with mentor teachers? How does this third space influence the teacher education practices in an urban teacher residency program? We present a series of tensions about our work together as teacher educators in the third space. They include professional into authentic relationships, authority into collaboration, collaborative agency into individual agency...
Bicelles exhibiting magnetic alignment for a broader range of temperatures: a solid-state NMR study.

Bicelles are increasingly used as model membranes to suitably mimic the biological cell membrane for biophysical and biochemical studies by a variety of techniques including NMR and X-ray crystallography. Recent NMR studies have successfully utilized bicelles for atomic-resolution structural and dynamic studies of antimicrobial peptides, amyloid peptides, and membrane-bound proteins. Though bicelles composed with several different types of lipids and detergents have been reported, the NMR requirement of magnetic alignment of bicelles limits the temperature range in which they can be used and subsequently their composition. Because of this restriction, low-temperature experiments desirable for heat-sensitive membrane proteins have not been conducted because bicelles could not be aligned. In this study, we characterize the magnetic alignment of bicelles with various compositions for a broad range of temperatures using 31P static NMR spectroscopy in search of temperature-resistant bicelles. Our systematic in...
Sarbanes-Oxley and the New Form 990: Are Arts and Culture Nonprofits Ready?

Eighty-five arts and culture nonprofits were surveyed to determine the extent to which their financial and managerial practices conform to Sarbanes-Oxley and the New Form 990. Approximately half of...
Selenium heterostructure solar cells

The fabrication of improved selenium solar cells with an exposed area efficiency of 3.72% and an engineering efficiency of 3.04% is reported. Engineering efficiencies of better than 10% are projected for these devices. The stability and ease of fabrication of these selenium cells make them candidates for low cost solar cells. (SPH)
PREVENTION OF BROWNING OF BANANA SLICES USING NATURAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

Fresh-cut banana slices were treated with pineapple juice, neutral sugars, isoascorbic acid, citric acid, other organic acids, N-acetylcysteine, 4-hexylresor-cinol and mixtures of these compounds and evaluated for browning reaction. A number of other compounds previously reported to be antibrowning agents were also tested. Preliminary tests revealed that many purported antibrowning agents, including pineapple juice, had only transitory or no effects on browning of banana slices. Subsequent replicated treatments of slices stored at 5C and 15C for 7 days showed that of the several treatments, those using citric acid and N-acetylcysteine were highly effective at reducing browning. Reflectance measurements taken immediately after treatment, after 2 days of storage, and at the end of the 1 week storage period confirmed that a mixture of 0.5 M citric acid and 0.05 M N-acetylcysteine provided the best protection against browning at both temperatures. No microbial decay was observed during the 7 day period studied.
A posteriori error estimation and adaptive finite element computation of the Helmholtz equation in exterior domains

Abstract This paper presents adaptive finite element methods for the Helmholtz equation in exterior domains, with application to time-harmonic acoustics problems. Particular focus is given on the a posteriori error estimator, which is an explicit function of residuals and provides an upper bound on global L 2 -norm of the error. An h -adaptive strategy, which does not require knowledge of the scaling constant appearing in the error estimator, is described. Numerical results for a two-dimensional model problem show that significant problem size reduction can be obtained through this adaptive approach. An algorithm is presented to compute the scaling constant, which leads to computable error estimates . The accuracy of the error estimates, indicated by the global effectivity index, varies with the wave number.
Infection in the intensive care unit alters physiological networks

Physicians use clinical and physiological data to treat patients every day, and it is essential for treating a patient appropriately. However, medical sources of clinical physiological data are only now starting to find use in bioinformatics research. We collected 29 types of physiological and clinical data on a minute-by-minute basis from trauma patients in the intensive care unit along with whether they contracted an infection during their stay. Dividing the patients into two groups based on this criterion, we determined that the correlational network amongst pairs of physiological variables changes based on whether the patient contracted an infection. Examining the variable pairs with the largest change in correlation across groups reveals potential changes in the way our treatments affect the patient's physiology and in how our bodies react to physiological insults. These findings highlight the usefulness of physiological informatics and suggest new relationships to study while also validating previously reported relationships.
Elderly Felons and Sentencing Severity: Interregional Variations in Leniency and Sentencing Trends:

This research examines differences in sentencing severity for 4,848 elderly felons in selected counties in Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee, and from a sample of counties in Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin, for the period from 1970 to 1984. An examination of sentencing trends for elderly offenders disclosed increasing leniency during the period of the investigation in all jurisdictions. Northern jurisdictions, however, were more severe on elderly offenders than were the southern jurisdictions. The proportion of elderly felony offenders in the southern jurisdictions was significantly higher than for northern jurisdictions, and an examination of the possible interaction effects of sentencing severity and social and regional variables yielded significant results.
Molecular targets of doxazosin in human prostatic stromal cells.

BACKGROUND. We used cDNA microarray analysis to obtain insights into the mechanisms of action of doxazosin, an a1-adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS. Hierarchical clustering analysis and significance analysis of microarray (SAM) were performed to identify genes differentially expressed between untreated stromal cells cultured from normal tissue and BPH, and changes in gene expression induced by doxazosin. Transcript levels of selected genes were validated by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS. Hierarchical clustering analyses separated untreated normal and BPH cells. Sixtyseven genes whose expression varied at least twofold after doxazosin treatment in both normal and BPH cells were identified, as were 93 genes differentially regulated in normal versus BPH cells. Molecular targets consistent with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a-related activity were identified. CONCLUSIONS. Normal versus BPH stromal cells differ in global gene transcription. Doxazosin induced gene expression changes relevant to proliferation/apoptosis, immune defense, cell‐cell signaling/signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation. Prostate 62: 400–410, 2005. # 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adrenocortical cell transplantation reverses a murine model of adrenal failure

Abstract Purpose Although adrenal insufficiency can be managed with steroid replacement, transplantation of adrenocortical cells may represent a more definitive therapy. Methods An adrenal failure model was created by adding stress to mice that underwent staged bilateral adrenalectomy. Murine adrenocortical cells were seeded onto collagen sponges. The grafts were implanted under the renal capsule during the first adrenalectomy. Some mice had an additional graft placed next to the kidney. A contralateral adrenalectomy and a laparotomy were performed 1 week after the first adrenalectomy. Two weeks later, blood was collected for corticosterone measurement; and implants were retrieved for adrenal-specific messenger RNA analysis and histology. Mice that underwent the same procedures but received a graft without cells served as controls. Results Control group mortality was 100%. Mice that had only one cell-seeded implant had 42% survival, whereas mice that had 2 cell-seeded implants had 100% survival. Retrieved implants demonstrated viable cells and expression of adrenocortical genes. The plasma corticosterone concentration in animals that survived was similar to that in normal mice. Conclusion Cells transplantation restored the adrenocortical function in these mice. Further optimization of this technique could bring a curative therapy to patients with adrenal insufficiency.
Processing of Listeria monocytogenes antigens and the in vivo T-cell response to bacterial infection.

Summary: Presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes is a critical step in the clearance of pathogens from their hosts and in the establishment of protective immunity. Several animal models have been developed to study this process, but few have been as informative as the murine immune response to Listerio monocytogenes infection. Herein we review the presentation of L, monocytogenes proteins by the MHC class I antigen-processing pathway and the in vivo T-cell response to these bacterial antigens. These studies demonstrate the following: I) The size of a peptide-specific T-cell response does not correlate with the amount of epitope presented by infected cells; 2) T cells specific for dominant epitopes do not, in the case of L. monocytogenes infection, inhibit responses to subdominant epitopes; 3) T cells responding to different epitopes presented by MHC class la molecules expand, contract and enter the memory pool synchronously; 4) Repeated in vivo expansion of antigen-specific T-cell populations results in a narrowing of their T-cell receptor repertoire and in an increase in their affinity for antigen; and S) T cells restricted by H2-M3 MHC class Ib molecules constitute a major part of the primary response to bacterial infection, but appear to play a relatively smaller role in memory responses. These studies have provided a novel glimpse of the relationship between antigen processing and in vivo T-cell responses to infection, and provide a foundation for more detailed analyses of T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity.
Infant sex-specific placental cadmium and DNA methylation associations.

Background Recent evidence suggests that maternal cadmium (Cd) burden and fetal growth associations may vary by fetal sex. However, mechanisms contributing to these differences are unknown.
Effects of exercise and diet-induced weight loss on markers of inflammation I: impact on body composition and markers of health and fitness

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of participating in a resistance-exercise based circuit training program while adhering to a higher protein diet designed to preserve fat free mass (FFM) during weight loss on body composition and markers of health. Then, in a companion paper, determine if exercise and diet-induced weight loss affect markers of inflammation.
Stability of nuclear matter against neutral pion condensation

Abstract The global stability of the uniform ground state of nuclear matter is tested relative to a π 0 -condensed state characterized by static spin-(isospin-) waves. Strong nuclear correlations are introduced into the trial wave functions for each phase, thereby permitting models of the realistic two-nucleon force to be employed. In low cluster-order comparison, the uniform phases of symmetrical nuclear matter and neutron matter are emphatically favored over the entire density range considered.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis Implicates a Threonine Residue in TM6 in the Subtype Selectivities of UH-AH 37 and Pirenzepine at Muscarinic Receptors

The structural basis for the selectivity of the antagonist UH-AH 37 at human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors was investigated by expressing mutant receptors in COS-7 cells. Previous studies have de
Renal Cell Carcinoma with t(X;17): Singular Pediatric Neoplasm with Specific Phenotype/Genotype Features:

Renal cell carcinomas in children are extremely rare and are usually associated with specific chromosomal rearrangements, different from those seen in adult patients. We present the case of a 9-year-old girl with a renal cell carcinoma with t(X;17) diagnosed at our institution. We also review the pertinent literature, with an emphasis on the genetic and molecular aspects associated with this rare neoplasm.
Fiction, business studies, and leadership: From know-how to embracing the impossible

In his article, “Educational Research: The Hardest Science of All,” policy scholar David Berliner (2002) asserts that “no unpoetic description of the human condition can ever be complete” (p. 20). Berliner's words echo the epistemological and methodological climate of late 1970s and early 1980s social science research, a phase often characterized as the “literary turn.” In this historical moment, social science scholars turned to interdisciplinary sources, most notably literary theory and the humanities, for new means of addressing the ineffable, aesthetic aspects of human activity. This work and emphasis remains a prominent, growing genre within several fields, exemplified by widespread recognition of Margaret Wheatley's poetic approach to leadership inquiry and pedagogy (2009), frequent inclusion of aesthetic works in leading research journals (such as Qualitative Inquiry), and recent creation of arts- and humanities-based educational research criteria for submissions to the American Educational Research Association's annual conference and sponsored journals. No field of inquiry better illustrates the need to understand human activity as “poetic” than leadership, which is perhaps the quintessential marker of social existence. Accordingly, in this symposium we wish to explore how such interdisciplinary approaches, specifically those grounded in the humanities, have manifested in leadership inquiry and pedagogy. It is our hope that this collection of essays will illustrate the breadth and depth of the field of leadership studies, as well as offer our readers new perspectives and inspiration in their own research and practice.
Failure modes of integrated circuits and their relationship to reliability

Abstract The paper is divided into four major sections, namely: (1) General survey of integrated circuits failure modes, (2) Reliability requirements, (3) Reliability prediction, and (4) Information retrieval. The first section will acquaint the reader with some of the process oriented failure modes of integrated circuits. Three classifications of defects have been selected for discussion: cracks in silicon dice, diffusion and oxide faults, and metallization faults. Cracks, around die periphery, radiating from bonding areas, and through the active areas of the die, are discussed. The diffusion and oxide faults discussed are: pinholes, spurious diffusion sites, oxide scratches, oxide undercutting and field induced junctions. The metallization faults discussed are scratches, voids, thin spots, undercutting and current induced metallization failures. The section “Reliability requirements” lists cases of extreme high reliability proven by application successes in the field and projects these requirements to the future. It also demonstrates the economic futility of proving reliability by mass-life testing techniques. The section “Reliability prediction” is a discussion of the high stress testing concept. Mathematical models utilized for reliability prediction are discussed. The lack of acceleration of low activation energy reactions is discussed in some detail. The skewness in the failure mode distribution introduced by high stress testing is demonstrated by two examples; current induced metallization opens and Kirdendall void formation in Au-Al bonds. The section “Information retrieval” is a suggestion to prove reliability by field performance. A relative figure of “demerit” could be assigned on the basis of observed failure occurrence rates. Coupling these rates with adequate failure analysis should enable the vendor to minimize them. Thus, reliability would be improved through progressive elimination of weak links. The program, in addition, will provide proof of their elimination by cross correlating between process corrective actions, screening procedures, design changes and device performance in the field. The necessity of tightly maintained customer-vendor communications is stressed.
Age-related change in adrenergic regulation of glycogen phosphorylase in rat hepatocytes

The effects of development on adrenergic regulation of glycogenolysis were studied in rat liver. In isolated hepatocytes, the activation of glycogen phosphorylase by alpha-adrenergic stimulation decreased moderately with advancing age. However, activation by beta-adrenergic receptors more markedly declined and almost disappeared in isolated hepatocytes from 6-month-old rats. Furthermore, the ability to glucagon to stimulate phosphorylase activity and cAMP generation was found to decrease with increasing age. The age-related changes in the pattern of stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase by catecholamines in isolated hepatocytes were accompanied by parallels changes in the numbers of alpha 1- and beta-adrenoceptors in membranes prepared from the isolated hepatocytes. A progressive decrease in the total number of alpha 1-receptors measured with [3H]-prazosin and beta-receptors measured with [125I]cyanopindolol (CYP) was found with increasing age. The loss of beta-adrenergic receptors was much more dramatic. Our results suggest that age-related alterations of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase activation by catecholamines may in part be explained by the changes in the expression adrenergic receptors.
The Best We Can Be Is Yet to Come

Dr Winstein is recognized for her outstanding achievements in research, administration, and education. She has been dedicated to finding solutions to the problems that physical therapists face in the clinic and improving the lives of patients with neurological disorders, significantly in the area of motor learning and rehabilitation of patients poststroke. Internationally recognized as a leader for her research in the area of motor learning and neuroscience, Dr Winstein has had great success in funded research in particular, which is considered unusual for the physical therapy profession. She has received 25 research awards, cumulatively totaling more than $15 million. Dr Winstein is a member of the Research and Neurology sections of the American Physical Therapy Association. She has served as a guest editor for Physical Therapy and co-chaired the program committee for III STEP, a conference sponsored by the Neurology and Pediatric sections in 2005. Between 2002 and 2005, she was instrumental in helping to establish and direct the first clinical research network in physical therapy (PTClinResNet), funded in part through a grant from the Foundation for Physical Therapy. She has given more than 100 invited presentations over the course of her career, both nationally and internationally. Dr Winstein's record of publication is further proof of the impact of her contributions to the science of motor control and learning for neurorehabilitation. She has authored 55 publications in peer-reviewed journals, with 18 as first author, and 73 published abstracts. She has authored 10 chapters in refereed volumes, another 5 in non-refereed texts, and 6 invited commentaries. In her 36-year career, Dr Winstein has been honored with some of the most prestigious awards in the physical therapy profession, including the Research Award from the Neurology Section, the Eugene Michels New Investigator Award, the Marian Williams Award for Research, and the John Maley Lecture Award. She was elected a Catherine Worthingham Fellow in 2003.
AHS safe control laws for platoon leaders

The automated highway system (AHS) architecture of the California PATH program organizes traffic into platoons of closely spaced vehicles. A large relative motion between platoons can increase the risk of high relative velocity collisions. This is particularly true whenever platoons are formed or broken up by the join and split control maneuvers and by the decelerate to change lane control maneuver, which allows a platoon to create a gap before switching from one lane to another. In this paper we derive a safety region for the relative velocity between two platoons. By guaranteeing that the relative velocity between platoons remains in this region, impacts of high relative velocity can be avoided. Under normal operating conditions, there are four control laws for a platoon leader: leader law, join law, split law, and decelerate to change lane law. For each control law, a desired velocity profile for the platoon that satisfies safety and time-optimality requirements is derived. A nonlinear velocity controller is designed to track the desired velocity profile within a given error bound. When safety is not compromised, this controller keeps the acceleration and jerk of the vehicles in the platoon within comfort limits.
The Appropriateness and Utility of a Child-Focused View of Jeopardy: A Family-Focused Alternative.

The characterization of young children with handicaps and developmental delays as a group in jeopardy for abuse and neglect often is based on methodologically flawed incidence reports and poor methods of calculation. A concept of jeopardy that is based on child characteristics may result in a child-focused view of maltreatment that ignores family and environmental factors that also contribute to abuse and must be considered in an assessment of risk. This paper questions the appropriateness and utility of characterizing infants and young children who are handicapped or developmentally delayed as a group in jeopardy for abuse and neglect. It proposes the adoption of a family-focused view of jeopardy, which considers child, family, and environmental variables to determine risk and provide services to abusive and neglectful families with young children who are handicapped or developmentally delayed.
Subject searching in online catalogs: metaknowledge used by experienced searchers

This paper begins to identify and characterize the knowledge used by experienced librarians while searching for subject information in online catalogs. Ten experienced librarians performed the same set of six subject searches in an online catalog. Investigated was the knowledge used to solve retrieval problems. This knowledge represents expertise in the use of the catalog. Data were collected through the use of think-aloud protocols, transaction logs, and structured interviews. Knowledge was defined as knowledge of objects (factual knowledge), knowledge of events (experiential knowledge), knowledge of performance (process knowledge), and metaknowledge. Metaknowledge is the sense of whole derived from the integration of factual, process, and experiential knowledge about the search and the conditions under which it is performed. The focus of this paper is on metaknowledge. For evidence of metaknowledge the data were examined for explanations that participants gave for their actions and observations, and for ways that participants evaluated their own progress during the process of searching. Reasons and explanations given by searchers were related to all phases of the library information retrieval process from the user's receipt of material to policies for collection development, and not just events directly related to the performance of a particular search task.
Predictors of academic achievement: The role of older sibling and peer relationship factors

The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between an adolescent’s older sibling and peers on their academic achievement applying Bowlby’s attachment theory. Data for this study originated from Wave 1 (1989), Wave 2 (1990), and Wave 4 (1992) of the Iowa Youth and Family Project (IYFP). This study utilized a sample of 217 adolescents and their older siblings to predict adolescent’s academic achievement. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses estimated the relationship positive older sibling warmth and support had on an adolescent’s closeness to peers and their academic achievement. This study partialed out demographic characteristics that can predict an adolescent’s academic achievement. The results of this study substantiate previous findings revealing that positive warmth and support from an older sibling directly influences an adolescent’s academic achievement. This study failed to find peer relationships mediating positive older sibling warmth and support and academic achievement. Observed older sibling warmth and support significantly increased academic achievement but failed to increase closeness to peers. However, this study found a significantly indirect effect that indicated, through selfreported measures, when the target adolescent felt high warmth and support from their sibling, there was a positive effect on closeness with peers which resulted in an increase in academic achievement.
Meteorological Command & Control: Architecture and Performance Evaluation

IP1 is a prototype CASA radar sensor network located in southwestern Oklahoma whose goal is to detect severe weather in the lower part of the atmosphere. At the center of this system's control loop is its Meteorological Command and Control (MC&C). In this paper, we presented the overall control architecture for the IP1 network and highlight new features that have recently been added to the MC&C. We also present an analysis of the MC&C performance based on measurement data from a 5-day operation period. In addition, we introduce a distributed version of the MC&C.
Conduct and affective disorders in developmental perspective: A systematic study of adolescent psychopathology

This study examined the relationship of psychiatric diagnoses to gender, IQ, and ego development level in an inpatient sample of 269 adolescents. It was found that adolescents with an affective disorder diagnosis, in contrast to those with a diagnosis of conduct or mixed affective-conduct disorder, were more likely to (a) be female, (b) have higher IQ scores, and (c) have higher ego development levels. No significant age differences were found between groups. Comparisons between the single diagnosis and mixed disorder groups indicated that the mixed disorder group is characterized by the most severe symptoms found in each of the pure affective and conduct disordered groups. A relationship between type of DSM-III diagnosis and ego development level in adolescence was demonstrated after controlling for the effects of age, gender, and IQ. These results are offered as an explication of the developmental dimensions inherent in DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses.
Optimal temperature control for batch beer fermentation

Optimal control theory was applied to the process of batch beer fermentation. The performance functional considered was a weighted sum of maximum ethanol production and minimum time. Calculations were based on the model of Engasser et al. modified to include temperature effects. Model parameters were determined from isothermal batch fermentations. The fermentor cooling duty was the single available control. Temperature state variable constraints as well as control variable constraints were considered. The optimal control law is shown to be bang-bang control with the existence of a singular arc corresponding to isothermal operation at the maximum temperature constraint. An iterative algorithm is presented for computing appropriate switching times using a penalty-function-augmented performance functional.
Treatment of Hypertension in the Perioperative Patient

OBJECTIVE:To review studies and drug therapy relating to the treatment of hypertension in perioperative patients.DATA SOURCES:Articles were selected from a MEDLINE search (1966–August 1998), and several textbooks on hypertension and surgery were reviewed. In addition, bibliographies of all articles and textbook chapters were studied for articles not found in the computerized searches.STUDY SELECTION:Clinical studies involving hypertension in the perioperative setting were included. The initial search was limited to studies conducted in humans and published in English.DATAEXTRACTION:Information regarding drug therapy was reviewed and guidelines were constructed for managing surgical patients with acute blood pressure elevations.DATA SYNTHESIS:Although nitroprusside and nitroglycerin, with their short onset of action and duration of effect, are indicated for hypertensive emergencies, a variety of agents are available for hypertensive urgencies. An algorithm that can be used as a template for the development...
Tandem duplications of the histidine operon observed following generalized transduction in Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Unstable merodiploid transductants may be observed among the progeny of certain generalized transductional crosses between complementing mutations in the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium . In the presence of a functional recombination system, these transductants are unstable and they segregate His − clones of both parental genotypes. The properties of these His + transductants suggest that they contain tandem duplications of a region of DNA which includes the histidine operon, such that each copy of the duplication contains one of the two complementing mutations involved in the transduction. Transductional duplications have been observed from 14 pairs of his mutations, but only with complementing pairs of parental mutations. The length of duplicated material may be quite large: two duplications were found to include genetic markers ten minutes removed from the histidine operon on the Salmonella chromosomal map. These transductants appear to arise in a subpopulation of recipient cells which contain pre-existing tandem duplications of the histidine operon. As much as 0.01 to 0.1% of the cell population appears to be tandemly duplicated for a chromosomal region which includes the histidine operon.
Differences in (G+C) content between species: a commentary on Forsdyke's "chromosomal viewpoint" of speciation.

Abstract Forsdyke (1999) has recently argued that differences in (G+C)%, or G+C content, may trigger new species formation. He further argues that the genic model has shortcomings that can be overcome by his “chromosomal” (hereafter, “G+C”) model. We disagree on several counts. First, we do not accept that the genic model has the shortcomings suggested by Forsdyke. There is an abundance of empirical support for the contribution of individual genes, as well as of mapped chromosomal regions, to post-zygotic reproductive isolation (and Haldane's rule). Further, we argue that the G+C model suffers from the same theoretical difficulties as other speciation models based on underdominance. We also question the evidence Forsdyke uses to support his model. Finally, we describe analyses of G+C content in a well-studied model system of speciation (the Drosophila melanogaster species complex), the results of which are incompatible with the G+C model. Thus, while Forsdyke's G+C model cannot be explicitly ruled out, it is not directly supported by empirical data. In contrast, the genic model is well supported by empirical data, holds up on theoretical grounds, and does not require any assistance from the G+C model.
ProbeCast: MANET admission control via probing

An inelastic flow is a flow with inelastic rate: i.e., the rate is fixed, it cannot be dynamically adjusted to traffic and load condition as in elastic flows like TCP. Real time, interactive sessions and video/audio streaming are typical examples of inelastic flows. Reliable support of inelastic flows in wireless ad hoc networks is extremely challenging because flows and routes dynamically change and flows compete for the shared wireless channel. Bandwidth must be reserved for inelastic flows at session set up time. To avoid repeated attempts to set up reservations in a "volatile" network and prevent serious network capacity degradation due to call set up overhead, a Call Admission Control strategy robust to mobility must be developed. In this paper we propose ProbeCast, a probe based call admission control scheme with QoS guarantees for inelastic flows. ProbCast was designed for multicast streams but can also work, by default, for unicast. In ProbeCast, a path (or a tree) is probed for capacity availability. If an intermediate link along the probed path fails to meet the QoS requirement, the flow is "pushed back" via backpressure upstream to the source. The backpressure principle is simple; however its implementation requires some care to avoid unfairness and eventually capture by one of the flows sharing a congested bottleneck. We show that proportional fairness among inelastic contenders will prevent capture. To achieve this, we have developed the Neighborhood Proportional Drop (N-PROD) scheme. N-PROD guarantees the same proportional drop rate among all flows competing in the same contention domain. We demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of ProbeCast for unicast as well as multicast scenarios using the Qualnet simulation platform.
Automaton: an autonomous coverage-based multiprocessor system verification environment

The number of computation cycles used for simulation-based verification of multiprocessor systems is the available throughput of simulation. This paper presents Automaton, a verification framework for multiprocessor systems based on the state-space coverage of interacting state machines in the system components. Automaton provides focused verification of those components and minimizes the demand on computing resources while ensuring improved verification coverage at the system level. Automaton makes use of a coverage-based directed-random simulation approach employing a network of workstations. The overall result is a more thorough and efficient system-level verification with a given simulation resource.
Evaluation of Fecal DNA Preservation Techniques and Effects of Sample Age and Diet on Genotyping Success

Optimal collection and preservation protocols for fecal DNA genotyping are not firmly established. We evaluated 3 factors that influence microsatellite genotyping success of fecal DNA extracted from coyote (Canis latrans) scats: 1) age of scat, 2) preservative, and 3) diet content. We quantified genotyping success by comparing rates of allelic dropout, false alleles, and failed amplifications among consensus genotypes. We used a panel of 6 microsatellite loci to genotype 20 scat samples, each of which was subjected to 3 age (1 day, 5 days, and 10 days post-deposition) and 3 preservation (DET buffer, 95% ethanol (EtOH), and lysis buffer) treatments. Both sample age and storage buffer had a significant effect on success and reliability. Ethanol and DET buffer preserved fecal samples with similar efficiency, and both were superior to lysis buffer. Our analysis of DNA degradation rates revealed that samples collected as early as 5 days of age yielded DNA that was highly degraded relative to samples collected on day 1. We tested the influence of dietary remains on microsatellite genotyping by using scat samples consisting predominantly of insect prey (n ¼ 5), mammalian prey (n ¼ 9), or the remains of juniper (Juniperus spp.) berries (n ¼ 6) and compared EtOH and DET buffer preservation efficacy. We observed a significant interaction effect between storage buffer and diet for the probability of a false allele in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), suggesting that the optimal preservation technique depended on the food remains comprising the scat. Scats comprised of juniper berry remains were more reliably genotyped when preserved in DET than EtOH. Mammalian prey- based scats were more reliable when stored in EtOH than DET buffer. Insect-predominant scats were preserved in EtOH and DET buffer with similar efficiency. Although accurate and reliable results can be obtained from scats collected at � 5 days of age, we suggest sampling design to include collection of scats <5 days of age to minimize field and laboratory expenses. We suggest EtOH preservation for scats of obligate carnivores and of facultative carnivores with a diet consisting primarily of mammals. We suggest DET buffer preservation for animals with a diet consisting of plant-derived foods. Lysis buffer protocols that we employed should not be used for fecal DNA preservation. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The Affective Regulation of Social Interaction

The recent publication of David Heise's Expressive Order (2007) provides an occasion for discussing some of the key ideas in Affect Control Theory. The theory proposes that a few dimensions of affective meaning provide a common basis for interrelating personal identities and social actions. It holds that during interpersonal interactions, social behavior is continually regulated to maintain an affective tone compatible with whatever social roles or identities define the situation. We outline the intellectual history of the proposed dimensions and of the idea that each social action invites an action from the other that has a particular location along these dimensions. We also relate these ideas to the Affect-as-Information hypothesis, an approach that often guides research in psychology on the role of affect in regulating judgment and thought.
Transcendental functions in backward error propagation

Trigonometric transcendental functions such as the sine and cosine functions are shown to be effective as transfer functions in a backpropagation network. Unlike the logistic function, the cosine and sine transfer functions are capable of solving the XOR problem with one processing node. Experiments using the sine and cosine instead of the logistic function show that these function may converge more quickly for certain classes of problems, especially when polynomial correlations are found in training data. Taylor series expansion shows why, for some problems, these functions may give faster convergence than the logistic function. >
Automatic analysis of eye movements with a PC

A program package, called MEMDAP (Multipurpose Eye Movements Data Analysis Program), for the acquisition, analysis and plotting of eye movements is introduced. The eye movements are measured by means of an infrared reflectometry technique and recorded with a digital computer. In order to perform a reasonable quantitative analysis, calibration is necessary. The package and the signal processing techniques described can be used by researchers in a large variety of fields. >