cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide Water-Immiscible Ionic Liquids Electrochemical Properties at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces

This study presents the electrochemical properties of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) at a variety of liquid-liquid interfaces. The RTILs used here consist of l-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium (C n mim, n = 6, 8, 10, 12) cations with bis(perfluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide (BMSI) and bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (BETI) anions. Ion transfer across the polarizable 1,2-dichloroethane/ water and the neat RTIL/water interfaces were examined. The ion-transfer experiments suggested that the RTILs made with C n mim and BMSI or BETI are moderately hydrophobic with polarizable potential windows as large as 274 mV for C 1 2 mimBETI in 1,2-dichloroethane and 137 mV for the neat C 1 2 mimBETI/water interface. In addition, the effect of the junction potential at the aqueous Ag/AgCl reference electrode/RTIL interface was studied using the oxidation/reduction of ferrocene and decamethylfer-rocene. The junction potential at the reference electrode was found to decrease as a function of the cation chain length for both anions studied. The Δ w o G t r of transfer found for all the systems studied was ∼3 kJ/mol per CH 2 group of the cation.
Approximation algorithms for the minimum cardinality two-connected spanning subgraph problem

The minimum cardinality 2-connected spanning subgraph problem is considered. An approximation algorithm with a performance ratio of 9/7 ≈ 1.286 is presented. This improves the previous best ratio of 4/3 for the problem. An approximation algorithm with a performance ratio of 5/4 in graphs with a minimum-degree of three at every node is also presented. This class includes all 3-connected graphs.
On the Computational Complexity of the Resolution of Plane Curve Singularities

We present an algorithm which computes the resolution of a plane curve singularity at the origin defined by a power series with coefficients in a (not necessarily algebraically closed) field k of characteristic zero. We estimate the number of k-operations necessary to compute the resolution and the conductor ideal of the singularity. We show that the number of k-operations is polynomially bounded by the complexity of the singularity, as measured for example by the index of its conductor ideal. Our algorithm involves calculations over reduced rings with zero divisors, and employs methods of deformation theory to reduce the consideration of power series to the consideration of polynomials. The problem of resolving singularities is of fundamental interest in modern algebraic geometry. In this paper we make a small step toward approaching this problem from the point of view of computational complexity. We present an algorithm, suitable for machine implementation, which computes the resolution of a plane curve singularity-that is, a singularity at the origin defined by a formal power series F in two variables x and y over a field k. As we describe it, the algorithm requires that k be of characteristic zero (or at least of "large" characteristic) but this hypothesis can certainly be removed at the expense of some complications. The algorithm obtains explicit equations for the blowingup of the singularity, and therefore yields all of the interesting invariants of the singularity, such as its conductor and its Milnor number. We also provide upper bounds for the number of k-operations needed for the operation of the algorithm. The problems we consider in this paper have a long history. In [18], Kung and Traub consider the complexity of Newton's method for solving analytic equations. There, they present estimates for the number of times Newton's method must be applied to obtain an approximate solution to an analytic equation before an iterative method can be employed to refine the solution. This process is closely related to the resolution problem. Berry, in [3], considers the complexity of Coates' algorithm [8] for computing Puiseux expansions. Chudnovsky and Chudnovsky [7] have looked at computing Puiseux expansions from the point of view of differential equations. The work of Duval and Dicrescenzo Received March 14, 1988. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 14B05, 68Q40. This research was supported in part by a Rackham Postdoctoral Research Fellowship at the University of Michigan and by an NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship. Q 1990 American Mathematical Society 0025-5718/90 $1.00 + $.25 perpage
Nonenzymatic Oligomerization of Activated Nucleotides on Hairpin Templates

This unit describes a protocol for nonenzymatic oligomerization of activated ribonucleotides on DNA hairpins appended by templates containing threofuranosyl nucleic acid (TNA). TNA-cytidylate templates effectively promote oligomerization of 2-MeImpG, and give 3′,5′-linked oligomerization products predominantly, with good base-pairing fidelity. Although the rates of oligomerization depend on TNA content, after 3 days of incubation, oligomerization products are apparent, and full-length products are present after 10 days. Characterization of product phosphodiester bond regiochemistry is accomplished by digestion with RNase T1. Additionally, exposure of oligomerization products to calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase enables detection of any endcapping due to pyrophosphate formation. Base-pairing fidelity is assessed by challenging the template to oligomerize 2-MeImpA. The protocols described for nonenzymatic, template-directed synthesis in this unit are applicable to oligomerization of activated monomers on templates of different compositions, with respect to both base identity and polymer backbone. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 39:3.18.1-3.18.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: nonenzymatic; template-directed; oligomerization; RNA; DNA; TNA; prebiotic
ANALYSIS OF SUNSPACE ASSISTED WATERHEATING HEAT PUMP - WITH CONSIDERATION TO PASSIVE HEATING

ABSTRACT Water heating heat pumps (WHHPs) have become popular as domestic water heating systems. Theory and studies show that the efficiency of a WHHP is dependent on the ambient air temperature. To take advantage of this trait, the concept of placing a WHHP in a sunspace (SS) was developed. In previous work, a computer model of a sunspace assisted WHHP (SS/WHHP) has been developed and verified with experimental data (3,4). In this paper the model is briefly presented, and is used to study the effect of combining passive space heating with WHHP operation in the SS. The simulation results indicate that while WHHP operation decreases the space heating ability of SS, the combination of the two processes greatly increase the net energy yield from the SS. Space heating is seen to have little effect on WHHP performance.
WIN 52035-2 inhibits both attachment and eclipse of human rhinovirus 14

WIN compounds inhibit attachment of human rhinovirus 14 by binding to a hydrophobic pocket within the capsid and inducing conformational changes in the canyon floor, the region that binds the cellular receptor. To study the basis of drug resistance, we isolated and characterized a family of human rhinovirus 14 mutants resistant to WIN 52035-2. Thermostabilization data and single-cycle growth curves provided evidence for two classes of resistant mutants. One class, here called exclusion mutants, showed a marked decrease in drug-binding affinity and was characterized by substitution to bulkier amino acid side chains at two sites lining the hydrophobic pocket. The other class, called compensation mutants, displayed single-amino-acid substitutions in the drug-deformable regions of the canyon; these mutants were able to attach to cells despite the presence of bound drug. A delay in the rise period of the growth curves of compensation mutants indicated a second locus of drug action. WIN 52035-2 was found to inhibit the first step of uncoating, release of VP4. Attempts to identify this site of drug action by using single-step growth curves were obscured by abortive elution of a major fraction of cell-attached virus. The drug had no effect on the rate of this process but did affect the spectrum of particles produced.
Optimization in Model Based Control 1

Abstract This paper examines the design of controllers with emphasis on their ability to handle state and control constraints and nonlinearity. A major motivation is the presence of hard constraints in most applications, not least in the petro-chemical industry where steady state optimization forces the operating point to lie on or near the boundary of the feasible set. Efficient handling of constraints requires nonlinear controllers even if the system being controlled is linear and design of nonlinear systems involves optimization. The interaction between nonlinear control and optimization is explored, particular attention being given to model predictive control of constrained systems, linear and nonlinear.
Measuring the Food Environment: State of the Science

The past decades have seen an increased interest in understanding how the environment affects population health. In particular, public health practitioners and researchers alike are eager to know how the food environments of neighborhoods, schools, and worksites affect food choices and, ultimately, population risk for obesity and other diet-related chronic disease. However, the measurement tools for assessing the environment and the employed study designs have limited our ability to gain important ground. The field has not yet fully considered the psychometric properties of the environmental measurement tools, or how to deal with the copious amounts of data generated from many environmental measures. The field is dominated by research using unsophisticated study designs and has frequently failed to see the role of social and individual factors and how they interrelate with the physical environment. This paper examines some of the measurement issues to be considered as public health practitioners and researchers attempt to understand the impact of the food environment on the health of communities and takes a broad look at where the science currently is with regard to how the food environment is measured, thoughts on what issues may benefit from more deliberate inspection, and directions for future work.
Rat Submandibular and Parotid Protein Phosphorylation and Exocytosis: Effect of Site-Selective cAMP Analogs

A series of cAMP analogs that have different specificities for the two different binding sites on the regulatory subunit of type I and type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) were used to determine whether selective activation of type I or type II PKA could link either or both isozyme forms of PKA with exocytosis and specific protein phosphorylation in salivary gland cells. Using dispersed rat submandibular or parotid cells, selective activation of either type I or type II resulted in a synergistic response for both rat submandibular mucin and parotid amylase secretion and the phosphorylation of a 26-kDa integral membrane phosphoprotein. These data suggest that the activation of either isozyme of PKA can elicit cellular exocytosis and specific protein phosphorylation in both of these cell types.
La radiografía del cuerpo de Yolanda Blanco en la poesía

La representacion del cuerpo de la mujer en lapoesia de la autora nicaraguense Yolanda Blanco es elobjetivo central de este ensayo. Al crear la ecuacioncuerpo=texto en el libro, la escritora construye un sujetofeminista que se enfrenta a los valores falogocentricosde la cultura occidental. Exploramos las dicotomiasexistentes en el discurso poetico. Al mismo tiempo y pormedio de los ciclos lunares, se examinan los temas quese originan de estas fases en la produccion textual.
Benzotriazole-Mediated [2,3]-Wittig Rearrangement. General and Stereocontrolled Syntheses of Homoallyl Alcohols and beta,gamma-Unsaturated Ketones.

Readily accessible allyl 1-(benzotriazol-1-yl)alkyl ethers (13 and 19), upon treatment with 2.5 equiv of nucleophilic lithium reagents, give secondary and tertiary homoallyl alcohols (16 and 21), respectively, exclusively in the E configuration in excellent yields. This is achieved by deprotonation followed by [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement, departure of the benzotriazolyl group, and then nucleophilic addition to the resulting carbonyl compound. Following a similar protocol, primary E-homoallyl alcohols 18 are prepared in good yield by the reaction of ethers 13 with LDA in the presence of NaBH4. Our approach complements the stereochemical Z-selective syntheses of primary homoallyl alcohols of Still and of Bruckner. Wittig rearrangement of the anions of 19 generated with LDA analogously furnishes E-β,γ-unsaturated ketones 20 in excellent yields.
Photoionization of atomic barium including effects of relaxation and polarization.

Calcul des sections efficaces de photoionisation des sous-couches 4d 10 , 5s 2 , 5p 6 , et 6s 2 de l'atome de Ba ainsi que des parametres d'asymetrie de distribution angulaire pour les sous-couches 4d 10 et 5p 6 par la theorie de perturbation a n corps. Etude des effets de relaxation de cœur, de polarisation et d'autres effets d'ordre eleve sur les sections efficaces partielles de 4d
CCR6 as a mediator of immunity in the lung and gut

Abstract Chemokines are key mediators of leukocyte recruitment during pathogenic insult and also play a prominent role in homeostasis. While most chemokine receptors bind to multiple chemokines, CCR6 is unique in that this receptor is one of only a few that can bind only a single chemokine ligand, CCL20. CCR6 is an important receptor that is involved in regulating several aspects of mucosal immunity, including the ability to mediate the recruitment of immature dendritic cells (DCs) and mature DCs, and professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to the sites of epithelial inflammation. Further, CCR6 mediates the homing of both CD4+ T (T-helper; Th) cells and DCs to the gut mucosal lymphoid tissue. DCs, which are known to be essential immune cells in innate immunity and in the initiation of adaptive immunity, play a central role in initiating a primary immune response. Herein, we summarize the role of CCR6 in immune responses at epithelial and mucosal sites in both the lung and gut based on a review of the current literature.
Local convergence analysis of a grouped variable version of coordinate descent

LetF(x,y) be a function of the vector variablesx∈R n andy∈R m . One possible scheme for minimizingF(x,y) is to successively alternate minimizations in one vector variable while holding the other fixed. Local convergence analysis is done for this vector (grouped variable) version of coordinate descent, and assuming certain regularity conditions, it is shown that such an approach is locally convergent to a minimizer and that the rate of convergence in each vector variable is linear. Examples where the algorithm is useful in clustering and mixture density decomposition are given, and global convergence properties are briefly discussed.
Effect of Cdc42 domains on filopodia sensing, cell orientation, and haptotaxis

Abstract Filopodia are sensors which, along with microtubules, regulate the persistence of locomotion. To determine whether protrusions were involved in sensing adhesion, epithelial cells were cultured on platinum and tantalum gradients. Protrusions were defined by an unbiased statistical method of classification as factors 4 (filopodia), 5 (mass distribution), and 7 (nascent neurites). When the prevalence of protrusions was measured in zones of high (H), middle (M), and low (L) adhesiveness, the main differences were in factor 4. Its values were highest at H and declined at M and L regardless of the gradient composition. The significance of the differences was enhanced when T (top/adhesive end) and B (bottom/nonadhesive end) sides of cells were analyzed separately. Since information about sidedness increased the statistical power of the test, this result suggested that cells pointed more filopodia toward the adhesive end. Trends occurred in factors 5 and 7 only when conditions allowed for a marked trend in factor 4. The data showed that gradient sensing is proportional to the prevalence of filopodia, and filopodia are the only protrusions engaged in comparing adhesiveness across a cell. The probability (P) of the significance of a trend was then used to determine how cells sense the gradient. Binding peptides (BPs) were introduced representing sequences critical for Cdc42 docking on a specific partner. BPs for IQGAP (IQ(calmodulin-binding domain)-containing GTPase-activating protein) and ACK (Cdc42-associated kinase) reduced factor 4 values and prevented cell orientation on the gradient. Micrographs showed attenuated or stubby filopodia. These effectors may be implicated in gradient sensing. Another IQGAP BP increased filopodia prevalence and enhanced orientation on the gradient (P
Should the Reflex Be Reflux? Throat Symptoms and Alternative Explanations.

Although laryngopharyngeal reflux, also known as extraesophageal reflux (EER), was codified more than 25 years ago, it has not been characterized fully. There is no sensitive and specific diagnostic test, and its symptoms often are nonspecific and overlap with those of other conditions commonly seen in primary care and specialist practices. Otolaryngologists have an important role in the evaluation and management of these patients—they must investigate persistent reflux-attributed symptoms by direct visualization of the upper airway and larynx, and, in some circumstances, the esophagus. It is of utmost importance to rule out the possibility of malignancy, which often presents with symptoms similar to those of EER. Once cancer is excluded, many benign upper airway conditions also can masquerade as, and often incorrectly are attributed to, EER. Although reflux is a potential etiologic factor for upper-airway symptoms, it is important not to reflexively blame reflux. We discuss other etiologies that should be considered carefully for persistent symptoms.
An electronic structure perspective of graphene interfaces

The unusual electronic structure of graphene characterized by linear energy dispersion of bands adjacent to the Fermi level underpins its remarkable transport properties. However, for practical device integration, graphene will need to be interfaced with other materials: 2D layered structures, metals (as ad-atoms, nanoparticles, extended surfaces, and patterned metamaterial geometries), dielectrics, organics, or hybrid structures that in turn are constituted from various inorganic or organic components. The structural complexity at these nanoscale interfaces holds much promise for manifestation of novel emergent phenomena and provides a means to modulate the electronic structure of graphene. In this feature article, we review the modifications to the electronic structure of graphene induced upon interfacing with disparate types of materials with an emphasis on iterative learnings from theoretical calculations and electronic spectroscopy (X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD)). We discuss approaches for engineering and modulating a bandgap in graphene through interfacial hybridization, outline experimental methods for examining electronic structure at interfaces, and overview device implications of engineered interfaces. A unified view of how geometric and electronic structure are correlated at interfaces will provide a rational means for designing heterostructures exhibiting emergent physical phenomena with implications for plasmonics, photonics, spintronics, and engineered polymer and metal matrix composites.
Examining Teacher Agency: Why Did Les Leave the Building?

Effective teachers have been described as possessing a vision for their teaching. However, the current high-stakes accountability climate has provided challenges for teachers attempting to align their instruction with their vision for teaching. The goal of this study was to explore 3 in-service teachers' visions and perceived obstacles they faced as they worked to enact their vision in their respective schools. Although teachers' visions focused on adapting to fit the needs of their students, this was often at odds with their schools' recommendations. Findings from this study suggest the challenges associated with enacting one's vision given the constraints of high-stakes accountability systems.
Consultation-liaison outcome evaluation system (CLOES): resident or private attending physicians' concordance with consultants' recommendations.

Abstract Systematic investigation of consultee concordance with the recommendations of the psychiatric consultant in general medical settings can enhance the role of the consultant as well as measure the efficacy of the psychiatric consultation service. Two hundred psychiatric consultations in a community based teaching hospital were studied for concordance with suggestions for psychotropic medications and diagnostic tests as well as the representation of the psychiatric diagnosis in the discharge summary. Results indicated that orders for medications and suggestions for diagnostic tests had a greater yield if the consultant personally wrote such orders. There was no difference in concordance rates between consultees who were private practitioners or resident physicians. Finally psychiatric diagnoses of dysthymic disorders and adjustment disorders were more likely to be omitted from the discharge summary than other psychiatric disorders.
Iterative most-likely point registration (IMLP): a robust algorithm for computing optimal shape alignment.

We present a probabilistic registration algorithm that robustly solves the problem of rigid-body alignment between two shapes with high accuracy, by aptly modeling measurement noise in each shape, whether isotropic or anisotropic. For point-cloud shapes, the probabilistic framework additionally enables modeling locally-linear surface regions in the vicinity of each point to further improve registration accuracy. The proposed Iterative Most-Likely Point (IMLP) algorithm is formed as a variant of the popular Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm, which iterates between point-correspondence and point-registration steps. IMLP’s probabilistic framework is used to incorporate a generalized noise model into both the correspondence and the registration phases of the algorithm, hence its name as a most-likely point method rather than a closest-point method. To efficiently compute the most-likely correspondences, we devise a novel search strategy based on a principal direction (PD)-tree search. We also propose a new approach to solve the generalized total-least-squares (GTLS) sub-problem of the registration phase, wherein the point correspondences are registered under a generalized noise model. Our GTLS approach has improved accuracy, efficiency, and stability compared to prior methods presented for this problem and offers a straightforward implementation using standard least squares. We evaluate the performance of IMLP relative to a large number of prior algorithms including ICP, a robust variant on ICP, Generalized ICP (GICP), and Coherent Point Drift (CPD), as well as drawing close comparison with the prior anisotropic registration methods of GTLS-ICP and A-ICP. The performance of IMLP is shown to be superior with respect to these algorithms over a wide range of noise conditions, outliers, and misalignments using both mesh and point-cloud representations of various shapes.
Aperiodic Volume Optics

Volumetric integrated optical micro- and nanosystems are becoming the new frontier in photonics. Fine control over the material structure within a volume enables novel physical phenomena and previously unthinkable design freedom for spatial, spectral and temporal functions. For instance, materials have been tailored to control light through the use of metamaterials, disordered media and photonic crystals. Although periodic structures have been thoroughly investigated, volumetric aperiodic structures remain largely unexplored. The design of higher dimensional structures is of interest for controlling the multidimensional coherence function (which describes light fields) through diffraction, refraction, radiation and scattering. This report presents a three-dimensional scattering approach to the design of aperiodic volume optical elements and explores new functionalities making use of the now available three-dimensional degrees of freedom. Aperiodic volume elements that multiplex spatial and spectral information are numerically designed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time, hence expanding the traditional capabilities of volume holography, photonic crystals and diffractive optics.
RFID Trees: A Distributed RFID Tag Storage Infrastructure for Forest Search and Rescue

We create a distributed storage infrastructure by embedding passive RFID tags in trees, for forest search and rescue. As a hiker moves through the forest, her reader writes a unique identifier (ID) and increasing sequence numbers (SNs) to tags, called (ID,SN) pairs. This creates a digital path for searchers to follow if the hiker is lost. Since tag memory is limited, hikers must share this constrained resource to preserve their digital paths. At each tag, we consider a hiker overwriting an existing (ID,SN) pair if the tag is already full, according to one of four algorithms. In Oldest Selection (OS), the hiker deletes the oldest (ID,SN) pair. In Random Selection (RS), the hiker randomly deletes an (ID,SN) pair. In Highest Frequency Selection (HFS), the hiker deletes the (ID,SN) pair associated with the ID that she has seen the most in previous tag encounters. In Lowest Delete Frequency Selection (LDFS), the hiker deletes the (ID,SN) pair associated with the ID that she has deleted the least in previous tag encounters. HFS performs the best, but requires hikers to remember the number of ID encounters in the past, for each hiker ID.
Evidence-Based Treatment and Stuttering—Historical Perspective

Purpose To illustrate the way in which both fluency shaping (FS) and stuttering management (SM) treatments for developmental stuttering in adults are evidence based. Method A brief review of the hi...
An Almost-Linear Algorithm for Two-Processor Scheduling

A well-known problem in scheduling theory is to execute n unit-length jobs subject to precedence constraints on two processors in mininum finish time. Previous algorithms begin by finding the transitive closure of the precedence dag and so use time o(min(en,n/sup 2.61/)). An o(e+nalpha(n)) algorithm is presented which is based on the idea of a highest-level-first (hlf) schedule. Such a schedule always executes nodes on the longest paths of the precedence dag. An hlf schedule is guaranteed to be optimum and can be constructed efficiently. 20 references.
Genetic and environmental determinants of skin color

Skin reflectance measurements on a sample of 154 Black and 191 White same-sex twin pairs, attending Philadelphia area schools, are analyzed to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors. The measurements obtained in July and August, on the forehead, inner upper arm, and flexor surface of the forearm with red, green, and blue filters, were reduced to one index which we call skin color. Analysis of this index using the path analysis of Rao et al. ('74) estimates the major variance components due to racial, residual genetic, and common environmental factors as 67%, 5%, and 22%, respectively.
Activity of synthetic ion channels is influenced by cation–π interactions with phospholipid headgroups

A suite of synthetic hydraphile ion channels has been used to probe the possibility of cation–π interactions between the channel and the phospholipid bilayer. The hydraphiles selected for this study contained either no sidearm, aliphatic sidearms or aromatic sidearms that varied in electron-richness. An ion selective electrode (ISE) method was used to evaluate the ion transport ability of these hydraphiles across synthetic bilayers. Transport was dependent on sidearm identity. Ion transport activity for the aromatic sidechained compounds was greatest when the sidearms were electron rich and vesicles were prepared from 100% DOPC (trimethylammonium cation headgroup, overall neutral). When the lipid headgroups were made more negative by changing the composition from DOPC to 70 : 30 (w/w) DOPC : DOPA, transport by the aromatic-sidechained channels was reduced. Fluorescence studies showed that when the lipid composition changed, the headgroups experienced a different polarity, suggesting reorientation. The data are in accord with a stabilizing cation–π interaction between the aromatic sidearm of the hydraphile channel and the ammonium phospholipid headgroup.
Multiplexed Imaging of Osteocytes in Bone

Osteocytes are embedded in bone and account for 90% of cells within mature bone. Although previously viewed as quiescent cells, recent research has revealed the importance of osteocytes in regulation of bone remodeling, both as a mechanosensor and a source of signaling molecules for regulating osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Many osteocyte imaging techniques rely on imaging the lacunocanalicular space around the cell rather than directly imaging osteocytes themselves. To better characterize differences in osteocyte morphology and structure in aging and disease, we have developed a multiplexed imaging technique with the goal of examining osteocytes in 3D within their bone environment. 50-100 micron-thick decalcified bone sections were prepared and a variety of imaging dyes were used in combination with confocal microscopy to image bone matrix, lacunocanalicular space, osteocyte cell membrane, nuclei, and cytoskeleton in various combinations. We have simultaneously imaged collagen matrix (using a transgenic mouse line expressing GFP-tagged-collagen), lacunocanalicular space (using a fixable Texas Red-labeled dextran), osteocyte cytoskeleton (using alexa-647-phalloidin) and nuclei (using DAPI). We have also employed DiO labeling of the cell membrane in addition to dextran labeling of the lacunocanalicular system and DAPI imaging of cell nuclei. DiI labeling of the membrane in combination phalloidin labeling of the cytoskeleton was problematic in bone slices with either incomplete penetration of DiI in the sample or loss of phalloidin specificity. Mounting of bone slices in 2-2'-thiodiethanol increased imaging depth and resolution but resulted in loss of GFP and phalloidin signal over time, therefore requiring imaging immediately after mounting. From multiplexed confocal image stacks it is possible to simultaneously study several aspects of osteocyte structure in demineralized bone matrix with sufficient resolution to render detailed 3-D reconstructions of imaged volumes. These methods can be applied to studying osteocyte structure/morphology in normal and diseased bone tissues.
Economic scale, energy and sustainability: an international empirical analysis

SUMMARY This paper examines the relationship of economic scale, as reflected in a country's energy throughput, to that of renewable energy flows through the supporting ecosystem. The renewable flow is net primary productivity (NPP) and is calculated by country and grouped by income per capita levels. The use of fossil fuels first rises and then declines relative to available renewable energies as gross national product (GNP) per capita rises, suggesting that sustainability may be feasible in developed countries if energy efficiency is pursued rigorously. A strong sustainability condition requiring only renewable energy use is investigated by calculating GNP with two levels of NPP energy. Excess GNP (i.e. beyond current levels) is shown to be positive in developing countries but negative in developed countries, suggesting that a reduction in GNP is in order for developed economies or that additional renewable supplies must be found. The ‘energy intensity’-i.e. the energy used to generate a dollar (or a giv...
FAMILY, FEMINISM, AND RACE IN AMERICA

Feminist scholarship has advanced our understanding of the family's relationship to the economy and the state over different historical periods. Theorizing about gender, class, and family life has led us to conclude that global explanations of the family are false. Our knowledge about the meaning of racial stratification for family life, however, still remains fragmented. This article asks, What does including race have to offer the study of the family? Analysis of two streams of revisionist family scholarship demonstrates the need for reconceptualizing racial diversity in a way that embraces the experiences of White families as well as racial ethnic families. Family upheavals created by industrialization and deindustrialization offer concrete examples of the importance of race in theorizing family life throughout American society.
Imaging in the Evaluation of Pulmonary Artery Hemodynamics and Right Ventricular Structure and Function

Among the many approaches for evaluating patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), imaging plays a crucial role. The primary role of imaging is to identify the severity of PH based on noninvasive hemodynamic assessment and to evaluate right ventricular morphology and function. The major modalities used in current clinical practice for these purposes are echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. This review discusses the merits, limitations, and clinical utility of several echocardiographic and CMR techniques used in the evaluation of PH. It also includes a brief discussion of the role of computed tomography and radionuclide imaging.
Transmissible Resistance to Penicillin G, Neomycin, and Chloramphenicol in Rhizobium japonicum

The genetic basis for resistance to a number of antibiotics was examined in Rhizobium japonicum. Resistance to penicillin G, neomycin, and chloramphenicol appears to be mediated by an extrachromosomal element similar to that found in the Enterobacteriaceae. Resistance to these antibiotics was eliminated from cells by treatment with acridine orange, and resistance to all three antibiotics could be transferred en bloc to Agrobacterium tumefaciens under conditions excluding transformation or transduction as possible genetic mechanisms.
Digital Portfolios in Physical Education Teacher Preparation.

Abstract With digital portfolios, preservice students can directly demonstrate competence through audio and video components.
Approaches for the analysis of chlorinated lipids

Leukocytes are key cellular mediators of human diseases through their role in inflammation. Identifying unique molecules produced by leukocytes may provide new biomarkers and mechanistic insights into the role of leukocytes in disease. Chlorinated lipids are generated as a result of myeloperoxidase-containing leukocyte-derived hypochlorous acid targeting the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens. The initial product of this reaction is α-chlorofatty aldehyde. α-Chlorofatty aldehyde is both oxidized to α-chlorofatty acid and reduced to α-chlorofatty alcohol by cellular metabolism. This review focuses on the separation techniques and quantitative analysis for these chlorinated lipids. For α-chlorofatty acid, the negative charge of carboxylic acids is exploited to detect the chlorinated lipid species of these acids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode. In contrast, α-chlorofatty aldehyde and α-chlorofatty alcohol are converted to pentafluorobenzyl oxime and pentafluorobenzoyl ester derivatives, which are detected by negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. These two detection methods coupled with the use of stable isotope internal standards and either liquid chromatography or gas chromatography provide highly sensitive analytical approaches to measure these novel lipids.
Stem cells: Differentiated cells in a back-up role

Two independent studies show that, if push comes to shove, differentiated cells of the stomach and lung can act as adult stem cells, generating various cell types of the tissues, including a pool of stem cells. See Article p.218 Using in vivo lineage tracing in mice and sorted cells in culture, Jayaraj Rajagopal and colleagues have investigated the ability of differentiated secretory cells in mouse airway epithelia to dedifferentiate into basal cells that function as stem cells for the adult airway. Their findings suggest that the dedifferentiation of committed cell types into stem cells may contribute more generally to the regenerative capacity of higher vertebrates in different organs and injury contexts.
Optimal operation of an integrated energy system including fossil fuel power generation, CO2 capture and wind

Abstract This study considers the optimization of operations for an integrated fossil-renewable energy system with CO2 capture. The system treated consists of a coal-fired power station, a temperature-swing absorption CO2 capture facility powered by a natural gas combustion turbine, and wind generation. System components are represented in a modular fashion using energy and mass balances. Optimization is applied to determine hourly system dispatch to maximize operating profit given energy prices and wind generation data. A CO2 emission constraint, modeled after a California law, is enforced. Idealized and realistic scenarios are considered, along with several different system specifications. For a year of operation, simulated using available wind and energy price data, operating profit for optimized operation is shown to be approximately 20% greater than profit using a heuristic procedure. The benefit from optimization is positively correlated with electricity price variability and mean wind generation. The impact of different component specifications and different CO2 absorption solvents on the optimal operation of the energy system is also assessed. In total, this study demonstrates that the effective operating cost of an integrated energy system operating under a CO2 emission constraint can be substantially reduced via optimal flexible operation.
The International Financial Crisis: Macroeconomic Linkages to Agriculture: Discussion

Korea, and eventually spread to Russia and Brazil. Figure 1 traces U.S. agricultural trade with the five crisis countries studied by Shane and Liefert over the past decade. As they note, the crisis led to a sharp contraction in agricultural exports to these countries by the United States during 1997 and 1998, which is projected to continue into 1999. At the same time, agricultural imports have remained more or less constant, causing the U.S. agricultural trade surplus with these countries to fall sharply. Shane and Liefert's story for the sharp drop in U.S agricultural trade balance with the crisis countries goes as follows: The depreciation in the exchange rate and decline in consumer income in each of the crisis
Kinetic Study of the Hydrosilylation of Acetophenone by [Rh(cod)Cl]2/(R)-BINAP

The [Rh(cod)Cl]2/(R)-BINAP catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction between acetophenone and H2SiPh2, H2SiEt2, H2SiBu2, HSiBu3, HSiPh3, and HSi(p-F3CC6H4)3 in benzene-d6 at 63 °C has been studied by 1H N...
An affinity column for renin.

Abstract An affinity column for renin was prepared making use of the strong affinity of pepstatin for renin. Pepstatin is an N-acylated pentapeptide from Actinomycetes with the following structure: isovaleryl-L-valyl-L-valyl-4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoyl-L-alanyl-4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid. This peptide was coupled to aminoethylated polyacrylamide gel either directly with the water-soluble carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, or through the N-hydroxy succinimide ester. Submaxillary renin was selectively retained by a small column of the gel and was eluted by a salt gradient to produce a highly pure material. This column was also effective for the purification of renal renin.
THE SPACE TELESCOPE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

The paper describes the space telescope with a 2.4 m aperture to be launched at 500 km altitude in late 1983. Four axial-bay and one radial-bay scientific instrument, a wide-field and planetary camera, a faint-object camera, a faint-object spectrograph, and a high-speed photometer are to be installed to conduct the initial observations. The axial instruments are constrained to envelopes with dimensions 0.9 x 0.9 x 2.2 m and their masses cannot exceed 317 kg. The observatory will also be equipped with fine-guidance sensors and a microprocessor. The design concepts of the instruments are outlined and some of the astronomical capabilities including studies of distant and local galaxies, physical properties of quasars, interrelations between quasars and active galactic nuclei are mentioned.
Optimizing Dvl PDZ domain inhibitor by exploring chemical space

Because of advances in the high-throughput screening technology, identification of a hit that can bind to a target protein has become a relatively easy task; however, in the process of drug discovery, the following hit-to-lead and lead optimization still remain challenging. In a typical hit-to-lead and lead optimization process, the analogues of the most promising hits are synthesized for the development of structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis, and in turn, in the effort of optimization of lead compounds, such analysis provides guidance for the further synthesis. The synthesis processes are usually long and labor-intensive. In silico searching has becoming an alternative approach to explore SAR especially with millions of compounds ready to be screened and most of them can be easily obtained. Here, we report our discovery of 15 new Dishevelled PDZ domain inhibitors by using such an approach. In our studies, we first developed a pharmacophore model based on NSC668036, an inhibitor previously identified in our laboratory; based on the model, we then screened the ChemDiv database by using an algorithm that combines similarity search and docking procedures; finally, we selected potent inhibitors based on docking analysis and examined them by using NMR spectroscopy. NMR experiments showed that all the 15 compounds we chose bound to the PDZ domain tighter than NSC668036.
Differential mRNA localization in astroglial cells in culture.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) targeting to specific subcellular domains has been studied extensively in many cell types, and there is increasing evidence suggesting that mRNA sorting also occurs in astrocytes. As a step toward developing strategies to evaluate the signals that govern mRNA sorting in astrocytes, the authors studied the subcellular distribution of several representative mRNAs, poly(A) RNA and ribosomal RNA, in process-bearing (type-2) astroglial cells in culture. Nonradioactive in situ hybridization analysis revealed a gradual increase in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA as type-2 astrocytes differentiated in culture. In mature cells, labeling was present in both cell bodies and processes. GFAP mRNA labeling was granular in nature and was particularly concentrated at branch points and at the tips of the processes. Unlike GFAP mRNA, vimentin, beta-tubulin, and beta- and gamma-actin mRNAs were mainly confined to the cell bodies, with only occasional labeling seen in the processes. Nonradioactive and radioactive in situ hybridization analysis of poly(A) and ribosomal RNA, respectively, revealed labeling in cell bodies and processes of immature and differentiated astrocytes. Treatment with nocodazole, a microtubule depolymerizing agent, resulted in a substantial reduction of GFAP mRNA labeling in the processes, whereas treatment with cytochalasin D, a microfilament-disrupting agent, did not alter GFAP mRNA distribution. The results indicate that cultured type-2 astrocytes have the capacity to sort mRNAs to different subcellular domains and that the localization of GFAP mRNA to astrocyte processes requires intact microtubules.
Hybrid integration platform for planar lightwave subsystems

We report on a hybrid organic/inorganic platform that allows the integration of passive and active optical functions to form planar lightwave subsystems. The integration approaches include chip-to-chip attach, flip-chip mounting, and insertion of films in slots formed in optical waveguiding circuitry. The materials integrated include polymer, silica, silicon, silicon oxynitride, lithium niobate, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, yttrium iron garnet, and neodymium iron boron. The functions enabled by the hybrid integration approaches span the range of building blocks needed in optical circuitry, while using the highest-performance material system for each function. We demonstrate a number of subsystems on a chip, including fully reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers and tunable optical transmitters.
Theoretical aspects of flame spread in an opposed flow over flat surfaces of solid fuels

The creeping spread of flames over surfaces of solid fuels is studied theoretically for conditions under which rates of heat transfer control spread rates and radiant transfer is negligible. Use is made of recent theoretical results to investigate influences of the Lewis number, of the gas-phase velocity profile and of other parameters on the spread rate. It is found that changes in the velocity profile modify the functional dependence of the spread rate on the gas velocity and on other parameters. An improved correlation between the nondimensional spread rate and the Damkohler number is presented.
Nonlinear α-Effect in Dynamo Theory

The standard two-scale theory of the dynamo coefficient α in incompressible isotropic helical MHD turbulence is extended to include nonlinear effects of , the large-scale magnetic field. We express α in terms of statistical quantities that can be calculated from numerical simulations of the case =0. For large magnetic Reynolds numbers, our formula agrees approximately with that of Kraichnan but disagrees with that of Cattaneo & Hughes.
Correlations of electrons from Heavy Flavor Decay with Hadrons in Au+Au and p+p Collisions

Measurements of electrons from the decay of open-heavy-avor mesons have shown that the yields are suppressed in Au+Au collisions compared to expectations from binary-scaled p+p collisions. These measurements indicate that charm and bottom quarks interact with the hot-dense matter produced in heavy-ion collisions much more than expected. Here we extend these studies to two-particle correlations where one particle is an electron from the decay of a heavy-avor meson and the other is a charged hadron from either the decay of the heavy meson or from jet fragmentation. These measurements provide more detailed information about the interactions between heavy quarks and the matter, such as whether the modication of the away-side-jet shape seen in hadron-hadron correlations is present when the trigger particle is from heavy-meson decay and whether the overall level of away-side-jet suppression is consistent. We statistically subtract correlations of electrons arising from background sources from the inclusive electron-hadron correlations and obtain two-particle azimuthal correlations at sNN =200 GeV between electrons from heavy-avor decay with charged hadrons in p+p and also rst results in Au+Au collisions. We nd the away-side-jet shape and yield to be modied in Au+Au collisions compared to p+p collisions.