cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interannual Variability Influences Brown Tide (Aureococcus anophagefferens) Blooms in CoastalEmbayments

Blooms of Aureococcus anophagefferens in Chincoteague Bay were observed during 5 of 6 years between 2002 and 2007. In order to understand factors controlling blooms, interannual differences in nitrogen and carbon uptake and concentrations of dissolved constituents were compared at two sites in Chincoteague Bay, MD and VA over the 6-year time period. Over that time, we observed that there was no single nitrogen compound that fueled blooms each year. Instead, A. anophagefferens took up a wide range of nitrogen compounds to meet its nutritional demands. Although photosynthetic carbon fixation was the dominant form of carbon acquisition during blooms, organic carbon uptake contributed up to 30 % of the total carbon uptake. In addition to interannual variability in nitrogen and carbon uptake, we observed that there was an increase in bloom intensity and duration over the 6-year study period during which dissolved organic carbon appeared to accumulate in the system.
Categorical Inequality: Schools As Sorting Machines

Despite their egalitarian ethos, schools are social sorting machines, creating categories that serve as the foundation of later life inequalities. In this review, we apply the theory of categorical inequality to education, focusing particularly on contemporary American schools. We discuss the range of categories that schools create, adopt, and reinforce, as well as the mechanisms through which these categories contribute to production of inequalities within schools and beyond. We argue that this categorical inequality frame helps to resolve a fundamental tension in the sociology of education and inequality, shedding light on how schools can—at once—be egalitarian institutions and agents of inequality. By applying the notion of categorical inequality to schools, we provide a set of conceptual tools that can help researchers understand, measure, and evaluate the ways in which schools structure social inequality.
Canine Height and Jaw Gape in Catarrhines with Reference to Canine Reduction in Early Hominins

Until recently, there has been little consensus as to the functional benefits of having vertically-shortened canines in the earliest humans. In an effort to resolve this problem, Hylander (2013) tested the hypothesis that canine height dimensions in catarrhines are linked to modifications in the amount of jaw gape. The data demonstrate that most adult male catarrhines have relatively larger canine overlap dimensions and relatively larger gapes than do conspecific females. Humans and hylobatids are the exceptions in that canine overlap is nearly the same between sexes, and so is relative gape, although humans have relatively small gape and hylobatids have relatively large gape. A correlation analysis demonstrated that a large portion of relative gape (maximum gape/projected jaw length) is predicted by relative canine overlap (canine overlap/jaw length). Relative gape is mainly a function of jaw muscle position and/or jaw muscle-fiber length. All things equal, more caudally positioned jaw muscles and/or longer muscle fibers increase the amount of gape. The net benefit for increasing gape in catarrhines is related to within species interactions as well as predation patterns. The cost, however, is to decrease bite force. In order to compensate for a decrease in bite force, jaw muscle mass must be increased so as to assure that the original bite force is maintained. On the other hand, and all things equal, more rostrally positioned jaw muscles and/or shorter muscle fibers decrease gape. The net benefit to decreasing gape is to increase bite force without a corresponding increase in muscle mass. Alternatively, the original bite force can be maintained whereas the costs of original muscle size can be reduced. Overall, the data support the hypothesis that canine reduction in early hominins is functionally linked to increased mechanical efficiency of the jaws. The purpose of this chapter is to review certain aspects of the original paper by Hylander (2013), as well as discussing additional implications of this study not previously considered. These include, but are not restricted to: (1) a review of recent developments about muscle mass and fiber lengths in a highly dimorphic model catarrhine primate, Macaca fascicularis ; (2) a discussion of the fact that relative canine overlap in male catarrhines do not mirror those in female catarrhines; and (3) based on the catarrhine data, interpretations are advanced as to relevance of the functional significance of the high mandibular condyle position in certain catarrhines, with a particular emphasis on the high condyle of robust australopithecines.
Business Cycles Under Resource Constraints

This chapter looks at the different relationships between resources and recessions, depending on whether the recession is caused by events in resource markets, or caused by something else, then having effects on resource markets. It also looks at the limitations on policy efficacy when recessions are driven by resource events.
Crowdsourced Health Data: Comparability to a US National Survey, 2013-2015.

Objectives. To determine the generalizability of crowdsourced, electronic health data from self-selected individuals using a national survey as a reference.Methods. Using the world’s largest crowdsourcing platform in 2015, we collected data on characteristics known to influence cardiovascular disease risk and identified comparable data from the 2013 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We used age-stratified logistic regression models to identify differences among groups.Results. Crowdsourced respondents were younger, more likely to be non-Hispanic and White, and had higher educational attainment. Those aged 40 to 59 years were similar to US adults in the rates of smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Those aged 18 to 39 years were less similar, whereas those aged 60 to 75 years were underrepresented among crowdsourced respondents.Conclusions. Crowdsourced health data might be most generalizable to adults aged 40 to 59 years, but studies of younger or older populations, racial and et...
Resenha de Conspirações da raça de cor, de Iacy Maia Mata.

MATA, Iacy Maia. Conspiracoes da raca de cor. Escravidao, Liberdade e tensoes raciais em Santiago de Cuba (1864-1881) . Campinas: Editora Unicamp, 2015. 303 pp.
A total synthetic approach to CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and homology directed repair

CRISPR/Cas9 has become a powerful tool for genome editing in zebrafish that permits the rapid generation of loss of function mutations and the knock-in of specific alleles using DNA templates and homology directed repair (HDR). We directly compared synthetic, chemically modified sgRNAs to in vitro transcribed sgRNAs and demonstrate the increased activity of synthetic sgRNAs. We harnessed the efficacy of synthetic sgRNAs to generate large chromosomal deletions over 100kb in size. By developing an in vivo genetic assay to measure HDR efficiency, we systematically examined the characteristics of synthetic DNA templates to promote HDR. Utilizing these principles, we successfully performed precise knock-in of fluorophores at multiple genomic loci. Collectively, our studies demonstrate the utility of enhanced synthetic sgRNA activity for a wide range of applications in vivo including precise homology directed repair and genome editing.
Reframing Indigenous Cultural Artifacts Disputes: An Intellectual Property-Based Approach

Indigenous cultural artifacts are traditionally seen through the prism of physical property. Disputes over a spectrum of objects from human remains to sacred objects center around who has title and possession, when import and export can be prevented, and under what circumstances remuneration or repatriation are appropriate. Museums, countries of origin, and indigenous descendents fight bitterly over these issues, which are often difficult to resolve given the finite, and highly rivalrous, nature of the objects in question.This Article fundamentally reframes the debate. It posits that artifacts are not just physical property, governed by a physical-property paradigm, but also a species of intellectual property that can be regulated independently of physical status. The IP-based approach to indigenous artifacts asks not who has title to the objects, but how information generated by and related to such objects in the course of research, restoration, curation, display, and handling ought to be treated. Because it is easier to share an idea than a thing, the IP-based approach offers a toehold into longstanding disputes that have proven intractable under the physical-property paradigm and its winner-take-all stakes. It also suggests a more nuanced reading of the history underlying these objects, which may facilitate increased dialogue through recognition of multidimensional rights and obligations of all parties. Along the way it provides a limiting principle to the expansion of intellectual property rights not previously available in the context of intangible heritage such as songs and ceremonies: the objects themselves. In so doing, it may enable all sides to find previously overlooked common ground.
Modular learning in neural networks

In the development of large-scale knowledge networks much recent progress has been inspired by connections to neurobiology. An important component of any "neural" network is an accompanying learning algorithm. Such an algorithm, to be biologically plausible, must work for very large numbers of units. Studies of large-scale systems have so far been restricted to systems Without internal units (units With no direct connections to the input or output). Internal units are crucial to such systems as they are the means by which a system can encode high-order regularities (or invariants) that are Implicit in its inputs and outputs. Computer simulations of learning using internal units have been restricted to small-scale systems. This paper describes away of coupling autoassociative learning modules Into hierarchies that should greatly improve the performance of learning algorithms in large-scale systems. The Idea has been tested experimentally with positive results.
Inverse Scattering and Diffraction Tomography Using Intensity Data

In linearized inverse scattering [1] and diffraction tomography [2] the complex index of refraction profile of a weakly inhomogeneous scattering object is reconstructed from measurements of the scattered field generated in a set of scattering experiments. In the so-called “classical” inverse scattering configuration the incident waves are monochromatic plane waves and the scattered field measurements are performed over the surface of a sphere, centered within the scatterer, and having a radius ρ that is much larger than the wavelength of the incident wave. This then amounts to having the complex valued scattering amplitude of the object as data and reconstruction algorithms exist [3–5] that allow the index of refraction profile to be estimated (reconstructed) from this data.
Christian Perspectives on Faith at Work: An Empirical Exploration of Faith and Work Associations Across Christian Religious Traditions

While personal experiences and family socialization are likely to influence beliefs and behaviors linking faith to work, religious congregations also are likely to play a prominent role in shaping faith-work connections. Our purpose in this chapter is to draw upon a nationally representative sample of over a thousand working adults to describe the role of Christian congregations in making faith relevant to the workplace. Two variables that have particular relevance to the association of faith and work are the Congregational Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale (CEOS) and the Congregational Faith at Work Scale (CFWS). The CEOS variable assesses the behavior of congregational leaders related to being innovative and demonstrating a willingness to take risks, whereas the CFWS variable assesses the extent to which specific beliefs about faith and work integration are emphasized within a congregation. This chapter reports on the association of these congregational variables, across religious traditions, with work attitudes and behaviors and offers recommendations for future research.
Optical Comb Assisted OFDM RF Receiver

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a widely used signaling format in wireless communication and ultrawide band radio-frequency (RF) applications. An OFDM transceiver relies on a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processor that matches both the resolution and the bandwidth of wireless link. A conventional wideband OFDM receiver necessarily relies on high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADC) followed by a Fourier processing core. Both fundamental and practical ADC considerations that include bandwidth-resolution tradeoff impose strict limits on high precision digitization of the wideband OFDM signal. In addition to the quantization barrier, computational complexity of the high-speed DFT processor leads to high dissipation levels in conventional receivers. This report demonstrates an alternative OFDM receiver architecture that eliminates the need for high-speed ADC and digital DFT processor. The new design is based on hybrid, optoelectronic DFT processor, capable of generating DFT coefficients of wideband RF signal in real time. We demonstrate demodulation of a 4-quadratic amplitude modulation OFDM signal with 60 subcarriers positioned within 4–15.8 GHz band and separated by 200 MHz. The error vector magnitude is measured for all channels to characterize the performance of the comb-assisted OFDM RF receiver.
The effects of alpha amylase on collagen-proteoglycans and collagen-glycoprotein complexes in connective tissue matrices.

Different connective tissues were digested with Bacillus subtilis α-amylase in an effort to determine the effects of this enzyme on the glycoprotein-collagen complexes. It was found that in some tissues insoluble collagen could not be attacked by Clostridium histolyticum collagenase unless a glycoprotein fraction, strongly associated with the fibers, was removed. This removal was achieved by α-amylase, thus supporting earlier observations that sugar-containing compounds are strongly bound to collagen. Using alpha amylase an unexpected and interesting result demonstrated that this enzyme(s) releases acid glycosaminoglycans from the various connective tissues. Chemical studies have shown that the α-amylase preparation was not contaminated to any significant extent by hyaluronidase or by a protease.
Nonsuicidal Self-injury: Examining the Relationship Between Diagnosis and Gender

This study examined the perceptions of counselors in training concerning nonsuicidal self-injurious behaviors (NSSI), diagnosis, and the influence of gender-normative expectations on clinical decision making. Participants were asked to respond to a set of questions after reading a randomly assigned case study. The purpose was to determine the process through which counseling professionals diagnosed adolescents who self-injure and whether the sex of the client influenced the decision. Cases presented were identical except that the sex of the client was altered. It appears that societal expectations associated with biological sex may influence counselor diagnostic decisions at the training level. Implications for diagnosis, counselor training, and future research are presented.
Sabah and Brunei

Thus far Sabah, the former Colony of British North Borneo, is the only principal Malaysian area without a more or less formal Communist organization — in the manner of the MCP in Malaya or the CCO in Sarawak — of its own, or for that matter without distinctive Communist front groups. Such scattered Communist activity as exists has largely been an appendix of CCO operations, or a hithertofore minor corollary of the Indonesian confrontation. This is not to say that Sabah is likely to remain exempt from overt Communist penetration in the future. On the occasion of the opening of Special Branch police headquarters in Jesselton in July 1965, the Malaysian Minister of Home Affairs, Dato Ismail, aptly pointed out that Sabah would not likely remain free from Communist subversion much longer. “... It is unthinkable,” the Minister declared, “that Sabah, in juxtaposition to Sarawak and Indonesia, where Communist organizations are very strong and firmly entrenched, would be isolated and free from subversion for long.”1 In a sense the Minister’s explanation was misleading because incomplete: the Communist threat to Sabah comes not just from her juxtaposed position between Sarawak and Indonesia (in the latter country, as has been noted, the Communist party has suffered a grievous blow as a result of its abortive September 30, 1965 coup anyway), but also from the by now familiar pattern of internal communal divisions and political ambivalences of the kind encountered elsewhere in Malaysia.
Reducing Energy of Approximate Feature Extraction in Heterogeneous Architectures for Sensor Inference via Energy-Aware Genetic Programming

Hardware acceleration substantially enhances both energy efficiency and performance, but raises major challenges for programmability. This is especially true in the domain of approximate computing, where energy-approximation tradeoffs at the hardware level are extremely difficult to encapsulate in interfaces to the software level. The programmability challenges have motivated co-design of accelerators with program-synthesis frameworks, where the structured computations resulting from synthesis are exploited towards hardware specialization. This paper proposes energy-aware code synthesis targeting heterogeneous architectures for approximate computing. A heterogeneous architecture for embedded sensor inference is employed, demonstrated in custom silicon, where programmable feature extraction is mapped to an accelerator via genetic programming. The high level of accelerator specialization and structured mapping of computations to the accelerator enable robust energy models, which are then employed in a genetic-programming algorithm to improve the energy-approximation Pareto frontier. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated in an electroencephalogram-based seizure-detection application and an electrocardiogram-based arrhythmia-detection application. At the same level of baseline inference performance, the energy consumption of genetic-programming models executed on the accelerator is 57.4% and 21.8% lower, respectively, with the proposed algorithm, compared to a conventional algorithm without incorporating energy models for execution on the accelerator.
Efficient Computation of the Riemannian SVD in Total Least Squares Problems in Information Retrieval

Recently, a nonlinear generalization of the singular value decomposition (SVD), called the Riemannian-SVD (R-SVD), for solving full rank total least squares problems was extended to low rank matrices within the context of latent semantic indexing (LSI) in information retrieval. This new approach, called RSVD-LSI, is based on the full SVD of an m × n term-by-document matrix A and requires the dense m × m left singular matrix U and the n × n right singular matrix V. Here, m corresponds to the size of the dictionary and n corresponds to the number of documents. We dicuss this method along with an efficient implementation of the method that takes into account the sparsity of A.
The standard sagittal starting point and entry angle for tibia intramedullary nails results in malreduction of proximal tibial fractures

The aim of this study was to determine the sagittal starting point and entry angle necessary for anatomic reduction in proximal tibial fractures and to compare reductions obtained using a standard versus modified sagittal entry angle. Extra-articular proximal tibial fracture sawbone models were divided into three groups. The first group was used to determine the sagittal starting point and entry angle necessary for an anatomic reduction by inserting nails into the distal fragment and then reducing the proximal fragment over the nail. The second and third groups had nails inserted through the standard coronal and sagittal starting point using the standard sagittal entry angle (parallel to the anterior cortex) versus a more posteriorly directed modified sagittal entry angle (directed at the center of the tibia at the level of the tibia tubercle prominence). Fracture gapping and translation in the sagittal plane were measured for each group. Anatomic reduction was only possible with a sagittal starting point that was too posterior for actual use. The standard sagittal entry angle resulted in greater posterior fracture translation and less anterior fracture gapping then the modified sagittal entry angle, 10.6 ± 1.1 versus 1.6 ± 2.8 mm (p < 0.01) and 1.3 ± 0.5 versus 5.3 ± 2.5 mm (p = 0.01), respectively. Anatomic reduction was not achieved with the standard sagittal starting point and entry angle. Considering these finding, surgeons should have a low threshold to utilize adjunct reduction methods for these injuries.
Tacit Knowledge and Innovative Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Biopharmaceutical Alliances

We examine the impact on innovation performance of alliance partners’ intent to exchange tacit knowledge. Building on insights from the alliance governance and organizational learning literatures w...
Development of a HPLC-MS/MS method for assessment of thiol redox status in human tear fluids.

Abstract Oxidative stress is reported to be part of the pathology of many ocular diseases. For the diagnosis of ocular diseases, tear fluid has unique advantages. Although numerous analytical methods exist for the measurement of different types of biomolecules in tear fluid, few have been reported for comprehensive understanding of oxidative stress-related thiol redox signaling. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine a panel of twelve metabolites that systematically covered several thiol metabolic pathways. With optimization of MS/MS parameters and HPLC mobile phases, this method was sensitive (LOQ as low as 0.01 ng/ml), accurate (80–125% spike recovery) and precise (
Parental Education Differently Boosts Health and Happiness of American Men and Women.

Background Parental educational attainment is a strong social determinant of health. Parental educational attainment may, however, be differently important for the health and happiness of various demographic groups. Aim To understand if parental educational attainment is similarly salient for men and women, we tested gender differences in the association between parental educational attainment and health and happiness of American adults. Methods This cross-sectional study used data of the General Social Survey (1972-2018), a series of nationally representative surveys in the United States. Our analytical sample included 65,814 adults. The main independent variable was parental education attainment. Outcomes were self-rated health and happiness measured using single items. Age, gender, marital status, employment, and year of the study were the covariates. Gender was the moderator. Results Overall, individuals with more educated parents reported better self-rated health and happiness. We, however, found significant interactions between gender and parental educational attainment on the outcomes, which suggested that the effect of high parental educational attainment on self-rated health and happiness is larger for women than men. Conclusion In the United States, while parental educational attainment is an important social determinant of health and happiness, this effect may be more pronounced among women than men.
An integrative economic optimization model to is development risk management

This research develops an integrative model to managing IT investment risk from an economic optimization perspective by consolidating and building on the strengths of two research streams. The traditional stream is concerned with software development risk management and its focus on the “building” stage in the IT investment lifecycle enables addressing granular risks using well-established project management practices, but precludes managing risk from a comprehensive economic perspective. By contrast, the more recent stream uses real options theory (ROT) to study the economic implications of risk in relation to the flexibility one can build into IT investments to enable deployment of contingent risk countermeasures. However, this stream’s macro level perspective is not geared towards granular risk management practices at the execution level. The economic optimization orientation of our model follows from the use of ROT as an economic basis for unifying microand macro-level risk management practices studied by both streams.
Two factors secreted by the goldfish optic nerve induce retinal ganglion cells to regenerate axons in culture

Unlike mammals, lower vertebrates can regenerate an injured optic nerve and other pathways of the CNS throughout life. We report here that in dissociated cell culture, goldfish retinal ganglion cells regenerate their axons in response to two factors derived from the sheath cells of the optic nerve. Axogenesis factor 1 (AF-1) is a small peptide (700–900 Da) that is inactivated by treatment with proteinase K but heat stable. A second factor, AF-2, is a polypeptide of ca 12 kDa. In the absence of these factors, dissociated retinal cells remained viable in serum-free, defined media for at least a week but showed little outgrowth, as visualized using the vital dye 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (5,6- CFDA). The addition of AF-1 induced up to 25% of cells in culture to extend processes > 75 microns in length by 6 d; AF-2 had a lesser but highly significant effect. To verify that neurite outgrowth was from retinal ganglion cells per se, we applied the lipophilic dye 4-Di-10- ASP to the optic tectum and allowed it to diffuse up the optic nerve for several days before culturing the retina. A far greater percentage of cells containing the dye showed axonal outgrowth than was observed from the overall cell population, indicating that ganglion cells are selective targets of the factors. The effects of AF-1 or AF-2 were not secondary to enhanced viability, since neither overall cell survival nor the number of retinal ganglion cells remaining in culture after 6 d was affected by the presence of the factors. The activity of AF-1 and AF-2 was not mimicked by several defined factors tested over a broad concentration range, for example, NGF, BDNF, NT-3, CNTF, taurine, retinoic acid, acidic or basic fibroblast growth factors. The concentration of AF-1 is considerably higher in CM than in optic nerve homogenates, suggesting that it is actively secreted; AF-2 has a similar concentration intra- and extracellularly. Insofar as AF-1 and AF-2 derive from cells of the optic nerve and act upon retinal ganglion cells, they are likely to be important in inducing optic nerve regeneration in vivo.
Fuzzy Analysis for Modeling Regional Delineation and Development: The Case of the Sardinian Mining Geopark

Although defining geographic regions for analysis can be a complex exercise, involving both physical and human geographic perspectives, employing both qualitative and quantitative data, and integrating a wide range of social, economic, and political factors, it is frequently a necessary exercise in the pursuit of regional development. This article presents a method for modeling and delineating regions with fuzzy analysis for the purpose of regional development. A review of the literature regarding fuzzy analysis is provided, which demonstrates that this method is both novel and necessary. An application of this method is described in the context of the Sardinian Geopark. The fuzzy clustering analysis demonstrates how combinations of factors can inform decisions regarding where and how to initiate or continue regional development efforts. Suggestions for improvements and extensions to this process are provided.
Suggestions on Teaching Advanced Archery

(1936). Suggestions on Teaching Advanced Archery. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 322-355.
Temporal Rule Specification and Management in Object-oriented Knowledge Bases*

There have been many recent research efforts on temporal databases for managing current and historical data and on active databases for monitoring real-world events as well as data conditions/constraints by rules and triggers. However, the specification and management of temporal rules in active OODBs has not been investigated. This paper deals with the specification and management of temporal requirements and constraints of real-world applications. We present a temporal knowledge model in which temporal rules are defined as part of the semantic specifications of object instances and object classes. We also present a temporal specification language which is characterized by its validity time specification, its trigger specification that involves time and system/user-defined operations, and the inclusion of temporal conditions and association patterns in temporal rules. Two general types of temporal rules are distinguished: constraint rules for specifying the legitimate or illegitimate states of a temporal knowledge base and deductive rules for deducing objects’ data values and object associations which are not explicitly stored. Activations of temporal rules are controlled by triggers which specify the various times and conditions for rule evaluation. Rules can be updated resulting in historical rules. Rules can be inherited in a superclass-subclass hierarchy or a lattice as the inheritance of attributes and operations in the object-oriented paradigm. Temporal rules are modeled as first class objects and thus can be managed uniformly as temporal data by a temporal knowledge base management system. The methods for updating, retrieving, triggering, and evaluating temporal rules are also presented.
The Alignment of Internal and External Control Mechanisms: The Differential Market Valuation and Performance Effects in High-Growth Versus Low-Growth Industries

We examine the impact of the alignment of internal control mechanisms (governance and management control systems) with external control mechanisms on market valuation and operating performance for 1,693 firm observations over the period 2000-2006 in high versus low-growth industries. The probability of acquisition (merger activity) is used as a proxy for external control. Consistent with theory, the probability of acquisition is hypothesized to be traded off against the two internal control systems, governance and management control systems. We find that firms in high-growth industries generally experience operational benefits from an internal and external controls alignment that emphasizes external control. In contrast, we find that firms in low-growth industries benefit operationally from an alignment of internal and external controls that emphasize internal controls. Further, we find that in low-growth industries, a control alignment that favors internal controls is directly related to equity and debt market valuation effects, while in the high-growth industry, an emphasis on internal controls is inversely related to equity market valuation effects, yet directly related to debt market valuation effects. This suggests that firms in low-growth industries may not be able to take advantage of the level of external control (merger activity) and may consequently be rewarded for investments in internal control mechanisms. Conversely, in high-growth industries, merger activity or opportunity for external growth may be more important to equity investors than increased investments in internal controls. However, these same internal control investments may serve to protect debt holders who do not stand to gain from risky high-growth firm activities. Our results imply that management's investment in internal control systems may be mitigated by the firm's operational environment and its growth strategy, a matter of concern for regulators as evidenced by Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
A NEO‐STOIC APPROACH TO EPISTEMIC AGENCY

What is the best model of epistemic agency for virtue epistemology? Insofar as the intellectual and moral virtues are similar, it is desirable to develop models of agency that are similar across the two realms. Unlike Aristotle, the Stoics present a model of the virtues on which the moral and intellectual virtues are unified. The Stoics� materialism and determinism also help to explain how we can be responsible for our beliefs even when we cannot believe otherwise. In this paper I show how a neo-Stoic model of epistemic agency can address common objections to treating epistemic and moral agency similarly and allow a robust explanatory role for character in determining our actions and beliefs. The picture of epistemic responsibility that flows from this model also explains why we often deserve credit for our knowledge, while demonstrating that the truth of our beliefs is not something for which we are epistemically responsible.
An Analysis of the Effect of Age on Implantation Rates

Purpose: To evaluate implantation rate as a function of age. Methods: A total of 1621 consecutive cycles of IVF wereevaluated for implantation as a function of age at The NewYork Hospital/Cornell Medical Center. Results: An overall implantation rate of 23.3% (1328/5691)was found. The implantation rate as a function of agedecreased in a nonlinear fashion. Implantation remainedconstant until the age of 35 and then decreased in a significantly,linear fashion by 2.77% per year (P < 0.001, R2 =0.975). A formula to predict implantation rates for a givenage was developed: Implantation rate = −119.352 + (9.985× Age − (0.164 × Age2)). Conclusions: We have demonstrated that implantation ratesremain constant until the age of 35 at which time a lineardecrease of 2.77% per year is observed.
A process decomposition technique for distributed workflow management

Workflow Management Systems (WfMS) are expanding from Itranets to Extranets. The automation of inter-organization processes requires interaction between heterogeneous distributed systems, and coordination becomes an issue. While traditional solutions are based on strong centralization, we pursue a completely distributed approach.
Electronic archives: an essential element in complete electronic journals solutions

For libraries, the transition from paper to electronic journals raises a number of critical questions, chief among them is the issue of electronic archives. Frequently overlooked by those outside the library community is the fundamental role the library plays as information repository and preservationist. The fact that increasingly more information is moving from paper to electronic form, and is correspondingly more accessible, does not obviate the need for a permanent record and ongoing availability. While there are a great many specific issues involved in a comprehensive discussion of who should provide electronic journal archives and how they are constructed, most fall under one of four broad topic areas - technical proficiency, permanence, location and trusteeship. This paper evaluates these areas and attempts to frame the how, where and who questions that both libraries and providers of e-journal services must ponder in the establishment of electronic journal archives.
Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin in treatment of dyslipidemia

Purpose. The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, dosage and administration, and place in therapy of rosuvastatin are reviewed. Summary. Rosuvastatin, the latest statin to receive approved labeling by the Food and Drug Administration, has shown superior efficacy in lowering low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. At daily doses of 5–40 mg, rosuvastatin produces mean reductions in plasma LDL cholesterol of 45–63%, statistically greater than those achieved with equivalent doses of atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin. Rosuvastatin also improves triglyceride, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol levels to produce a more favorable lipid profile. Rosuvastatin’s safety was studied in more than 10,000 patients, exceeding the number of patients evaluated before the launch of any other statin. Many of these patients took the drug for up to 96 weeks. With regard to muscle, renal, and hepatic toxicity and the withdrawal rate due to adverse events, rosuvastatin demonstrates a safety profile similar to that of the other marketed statins. Rosuvastatin undergoes only minor metabolism (10% of the administered dose) by the cytochrome P-450 2C9 isoenzyme. Significant drug interactions were reported with cyclosporine, gemfibrozil, warfarin, and antacids. Evidence suggests that rosuvastatin will be a valuable addition to the choices for treatment of patients with dyslipidemia. Conclusion. Rosuvastatin has greater efficacy in lowering LDL cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol concentrations than the other statins. It has been shown to enable more patients to reach their LDL cholesterol goals than other statins and to do so with an acceptable safety profile.
Methodologic issues in studying behavioral effects of infant iron-deficiency anemia

Methodologic challenges proving that iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) adversely affects infant behavior and development are examined. This community-based study in Costa Rica included 191 infants aged 12-23 mo with varying degrees of iron deficiency. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered before and both 1 wk and 3 mo after intramuscular or oral administration of iron. Appropriate placebo-treatment control infants were also tested. Infants with IDA showed significantly lower mental and motor test scores, even after factors relating to birth, nutrition, family background, parental IQ, and the home environment were considered. The methodologic issues raised by the study point to the need to assess behavioral effects in a prospective, randomized trial of measures to prevent iron-deficiency anemia in infancy.
A Molecular Approach to Ultrathin Multilayered Films of Titanium Dioxide

We have used solution-phase inorganic chemistry to form ultrathin, covalently bonded layers of TiO2 on silicon wafers. Ellipsometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to monitor the growth of the films. The ellipsometric thickness of the TiO2 films increased linearly with the number of reaction cycles, the first absorption cycle resulting in about 3–4 A of growth, and subsequent cycles resulting in about 1 A of growth. We attribute this limited growth to the limited number of reactive sites on the surface.
Variations in Gastric Tone Associated with Duodenal Motor Events After Activation of Central Emetic Mechanisms in the Dog

To define the variations in gastric tone associated with the intestinal motor correlates of vomiting, we studied the effects of intracerebroventricular pharmacological manipulation in four fasting, conscious dogs with an injection catheter implanted into the fourth cerebral ventricle. Simultaneous monitoring of gastric tone and duodenal motility allowed us to study the correlation between gastric and duodenal motor events. We compared the effects of i.c.v. morphine (0.1 to 1 μLg/kg), apomorphine (0.003 to 0.03 (μg/kg), and the α2-adrenoceptor agonist ST91 (0.1 to 1 μg/kg). These agonists, by the i.c.v. route all induced gastric relaxation accompanied by a retrograde power contraction in the duodenum and, at the highest doses, emesis; subsequently, a burst of intense phasic pressure activity developed in the duodenum. However, at a dose that was fully effective i.c.v., they had no effect when given intravenously. Naloxone or domperidone, at doses that had no effect per se, blocked the effects of morphine and apomorphine, respectively, except for a residual gastric relaxation. Idazoxan failed to block the effects of ST91. We conclude that a common pattern of motor events is triggered in the upper gut by different drugs by activation of receptors involved in the mechanism of vomiting and probably located in the central nervous system, and that the effects of morphine and apomorphine are mediated respectively by opioid and dopamine receptors.
The Personnel Managers: A Study in the Sociology of Work and Employment

The article reviews the book “The Personnel Managers: A Study in the Sociology of Work and Employment,” by Tony J. Watson.
Advantages of RT-PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for analysis of genomic imprinting: Detection of new mouse and human expressed polymorphisms

Genomic imprinting, or differential expression of alleles based on parental origin, is documented for numerous mouse and human loci and is implicated in various phenotypes such as Wilms tumor, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Angelman syndrome. Improved methods would facilitate the analysis of imprinting, and we describe a simple strategy designed to analyze transcripts for imprinting in mouse and human using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in combination with GC-clamped denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). As a demonstration, novel polymorphisms in the untranslated portions of mRNA between CBA/NJ and Skive strains of mice were identified and used to document paternal expression of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein associated polypeptide N (Snrpn) in brain, maternal expression of H19 in liver, and biallelic expression of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapd) in liver. The method was also used to demonstrate a new polymorphism and monoallelic expression of H19 in human peripheral leukocytes. Assessment of imprinting for novel or unstudied transcripts requires identification and analysis of polymorphisms at the RNA level, and we believe that RT-PCR with DGGE is a preferred method for this application, with advantages over nuclease protection and other methods. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Central calcitonin exerts anoretic effects via the hypothalamus in chicks

Calcitonin (CT) causes satiety in mammals, but the mechanisms that mediate this effect are poorly understood. Additionally, there are no reports on CT-induced satiety within the avian class. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to elucidate some of the central mechanisms regulating CT-induced satiety in a non-mammalian vertebrate, the chick. Broiler-type chicks, at 4 days of age, responded to central CT (0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 nmol) with both reduced food and water intake. The effect on water intake was secondary to that of food. An increased number of c-Fos immunoreactive cells were found in hypothalamic nuclei associated with satiety including the arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamus after central CT injection. Increased jumps, distance traveled and time spent perching on food containers were also observed, and these behaviors are likely not competitive with ingestion. Also, central CT injection was associated with reduced food pecks, but increased pecking efficiency. Blockage of corticotrophin releasing factor receptors did not prevent central CT-induced satiety. Central CT appears to be a regulator of satiety in chicks and this effect is likely mediated via interactions within the hypothalamus.
Moderate fetal alcohol exposure impairs neurogenic capacity of murine neural stem cells isolated from the adult subventricular zone

Gestational alcohol exposure leads to a spectrum of neurological symptoms which range from severe mental retardation caused by high dose exposure, to subtle cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms caused by low-to-moderate doses. We and other investigators have demonstrated that exposure to moderate levels of alcohol throughout gestation leads to impaired neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are not known. To begin to distinguish cell-intrinsic from microenvironmental contributions to impaired adult neurogenesis, we isolated neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs) from the adult SVZ of mice exposed to moderate levels of alcohol throughout gestation. We found that NSPCs isolated from fetal alcohol exposed (FAE) mice displayed reduced neurosphere formation in culture, as assessed by a serial passage neurosphere assay, and reduced neuronal differentiation upon growth factor withdrawal. These studies suggest that gestational alcohol exposure leads to long-lasting NSPC-intrinsic dysregulation, which may underlie in vivo neurogenic deficits.
Characterization of the alumina scale formed on a commercial MCrAlYHfSi coating

Abstract A commercial NiCoCrAlYHfSi coating deposited on a Ni-base superalloy substrate was characterized before and after high temperature oxidation. The combination of Y, Hf and Si additions is reported to improve coating performance. Advanced characterization techniques including scanning-transmission electron microscopy were used to study the segregation behavior of Y and Hf ions to the alumina grain boundaries after 200 h at 1050 °C and 100 and 200 h exposures at 1100 °C. After both exposure times, two distinct oxide layers were observed. The outer transient layer included many Y- and Hf-rich oxide particles. The inner layer consisted of columnar α-Al 2 O 3 grains normal to the surface of the coating. Segregation of Y and Hf ions was found on the alumina grain boundaries as has been observed in model alloys with similar compositions. Isothermal exposures for up to 200 h at 1050° and 1100 °C caused a minimal increase in surface roughness. However, 200 1-h cycles at 1100 °C resulted in a more significant increase in surface roughness.
Free-standing birth centers: prospects and problems.

ABSTRACT: In this paper we examine the four major barriers to the operation of free-standing birth centers: lack of regulation, underuse, unavailability of professional liability insurance, and lack of systematic, continuing medical outcome data-collection systems. Recommendations for overcoming each of these barriers are offered.
Age and Month of Calving Adjustments of Holstein Protein, Milk, and Fat Lactation Yields

Abstract Effects of age and month of calving on Holstein protein, fat, and milk yields were estimated from 15,867 lactation records from the Pennsylvania Dairy Herd Improvement Association files. Herds were absorbed, and constants were fit for year of calving before the function of age was derived. A separate quadratic function of age for each calendar month of calving was determined. Herd effects accounted for 28.9% of variation in protein yield, 27.1% in fat yield, and 26.7% in milk yield. Increases in multiple correlations squared were .6% for fat and milk and .8% for protein with inclusion of year in the model and 1.3% for protein, 1.4% for fat, and 2.1% for milk with the inclusion of month of calving. Linear effects of age within month of calving accounted for multiple correlation squared increases of 13.2, 13.4, and 14.2% for protein, fat, and milk whereas quadratic effects increased these percentages additional 5.8, 5.7, and 5.6%, respectively. These models were used to calculate factors for age and month of calving for each trait. The factors adjust for age and month of calving to maturity and average month of calving.