cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Résultats à long terme de l’endartériectomie carotidienne par éversion

Introduction L’usage de l’endarteriectomie carotidienne (EAC) comme traitement standard des patients ayant une stenose carotidienne extra-crânienne symptomatique ou asymptomatique est soutenu par des etudes de niveau de preuve 1. L’EAC par eversion (EACE) a ete proposee comme alternative acceptable a l’endarteriectomie classique de la bifurcation carotidienne pour la plupart des patients, cependant, les resultats a long terme de cette technique n’ont pas ete rapportes a ce jour. Cette etude avait pour but d’analyser la durabilite de l’EACE a long terme chez les patients symptomatiques et asymptomatiques. Methodes De Juin 1989 a Mars 2002, 534 EACEs etaient realisees chez 485 patients (60% d’homme, 44% de patients symptomatiques, 1,0% de reinterventions). Les caracteristiques preoperatoires, les resultats, et les donnees doppler postoperatoires etaient collectees prospectivement dans une base de donnees. Ces donnees etaient revues retrospectivement pour determiner l’incidence des evenements cardiovasculaires indesirables majeurs (ECIMs) au cours des 30 premiers jours postoperatoires, la survie tardive, et l’incidence de la maladie carotidienne homolaterale tardive. Les variables associees aux restenoses carotidiennes etaient soumises a une analyse statistique. Resultats Le suivi moyen etait de 8,86 ans (intervalle de confiance [IC] a 95% 6,56-9,16, mediane 6,6). Des ECIMs etaient notes chez 19 patients (3,8%): 13 accidents vasculaires cerebraux (2,6%) et 6 deces (1,2%). Lorsque les ECIMs etaient additionnes aux complications du site operatoire, le taux de complications Conclusion L’etude actuelle constitue le plus long suivi de patients operes d’une EACE a ce jour. Les resultats de cette etude soutiennent l’idee que l’EACE est un traitement sur et durable a long terme dans la prise en charge des stenoses carotidiennes extra-crâniennes symptomatiques ou asymptomatiques.
Dynamic Calibration of Electrochemical Sensor for Accelerated Analyte Quantification

The conventional sensor calibration aims at mathematically relating the steady-state sensor responses to the target analyte concentrations to realize environment monitoring. However, commonly used chemical sensors usually require a relatively long time (say, minutes) to reach a steady state, and exhibit delayed responses when the analyte concentration changes quickly over time. To reduce the lag time and achieve real-time monitoring, this paper takes a statistical modeling approach. Based on the experimental data collected following the proposed design of experiments strategies, transfer function models are estimated to calibrate the dynamic behavior of a sensor. Such dynamic calibration models enable the use of transient sensor signals (as opposed to the steady-state responses) to track the rapid change in the target analyte concentration. In this paper, the dynamic modeling method is employed to calibrate a high-temperature electrochemical carbon monoxide (CO) sensor, and the empirical results have shown that the proposed method can reduce the time lag of a sensor by an order of magnitude (from minutes to seconds) compared with the steady-state calibration.
Glucose-induced islet hyperemia is mediated by nitric oxide.

Purpose To determine whether hyperglycemia affects pancreatic islet microcirculation in vivo and whether nitric oxide is a mediator. Methods Islet blood flow was measured before and after infusion of glucose during in vivo microscopy of mouse pancreatic islet. The pancreas of male BALB/c mice was exteriorized and viewed under the microscope utilizing monochromatic transmitted light. The carotid artery and tail vein were cannulated and systemic blood pressure was monitored continuously. Under fluorescent light, a 0.02 mL bolus of 2% fluorescein isothyocyanate (FITC-albumin) was injected intra-arterially and the first pulse of FITC-albumin through an islet capillary was videorecorded. Following equilibration, either glucose or normal saline 300 mg/g of body weight was given Intravenously. Five minutes later, a second bolus was given and the second pulse was videorecorded. The study was repeated in the presence of Nω-ni-tro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME). The FITC-albumin bolus mean transit time (TT) and observed cross time (OCT) through the islet were calculated using slow-motion video analysis of the recorded images. Results Infusion of glucose resulted in a significant increase in islet blood flow with no change in systemic blood pressure: baseline TT was 20 ±1.3 pixel/0.03 sec and baseline OCT was 0.6 ±0.04 seconds; during hyperglycemia, TT was 16.1 ± 1 pixel/0.03 sec, and OCT was 0.48 ± 0.03 seconds (n = 11, P l -NAME negated the effect of hyperglycemia on islet blood flow: baseline TT was 20 ± 1.8 pixel/0.03 sec and OCT was and 0.6 ± 0.05 seconds; during hyperglycemia, TT was 20 ± 1.1 pixel/0.03 sec and OCT was 0.6 ±0.33 seconds (n = 10; P Conclusions These data suggest that hyperglycemia results in Increased islet capillary flow and nitric oxide is a regulator of islet blood flow during in vivo microscopy of the mouse islet.
The effects of a simulated refinery effluent and its components on the estuarine crustacean,Mysidopsis bahia

The acute and chronic toxicities of a simulated refinery effluent and its components toMysidopsis bahia were examined. The 96 hr LC50 forM. bahia was 4.7% of the Artificial Refinery Mixture (ARM). The mysid was more sensitive than an estuarine fish and grass shrimp, as well as 17 freshwater organisms previously tested. Fuel oil was the most toxic component of the ARM (96 hr LC50 0.73 mg/l) and contributed disproportionately to the toxicity of the mixture. Chronic exposure to 2.7% of the ARM formulation resulted in growth inhibition by day 8 and reproductive impairment. Long-term exposure to the 96 hr LC10 had deleterious effects on growth and/or reproduction for each component tested.
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine Treatment of Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Ninety patients with advanced refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) administered either as a 0.1 mg/kg/day 7-day continuous intravenous infusion or as a 0.028 mg to 0.14 mg/kg/day 2-hour bolus for 5 consecutive days. One patient had stage A disease, seven patients had stage B disease, and 82 patients had stage C disease. Twenty-seven patients were female and 63 were male, with an age range of 40 to 84 years, median 63 years. All patients had received prior therapy and failed, with a range of one to four and a median of two prior therapies. Six patients had previously failed fludarabine therapy. Four patients (4%) experienced complete remissions, and 40 patients (40%) experienced partial remissions, yielding an over all response rate of 44%. The median duration of response was four months, with a range of two to 30 months. Of 50 patients who were non-responders, 27 (54%) had a greater than 50% sustained reduction in the absolute lymphocyte count desp...
Catalytic oxidation of aqueous Mn(II)

Abstract The oxidation of manganous ion, whether during the formation of nodules in natural waters and undesirable precipitates in water supplies or during processes for removing Mn from potable water, can be catalyzed by a variety of metal-oxide surfaces. The reaction is also autocatalytic because solid manganese oxides catalyze the oxidation. Various solid surfaces possess quite different activities for catalyzing this oxidation and the activity of such catalysts is not simply correlated with tendency to sorb Mn(II). Experimental results are presented for the autocatalytic reaction, for the heterogeneous oxidation reaction and for the sorption of Mn(II) on various solid materials. It is shown that there are wide differences in the catalytic and sorptive behavior of these materials and the results are fitted to simple kinetic models.
Interferon gamma protects against hepatic tumor growth in rats by increasing Kupffer cell tumoricidal activity

Abstract An increasing number of hepatic resections are being performed as potentially curative surgery for malignant liver neoplasms. Hepatectomy and subsequent liver regeneration produce a local environment that enhances growth of microscopic residual tumor. To determine if pretreatment with murine interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) can protect against such enhanced tumor growth, Buffalo rats were randomized to receive a 3-day treatment of IFN-gamma (50,000 U/qD intraperitoneally) or saline. Groups then underwent intrasplenic injection of 10(6) Morris hepatoma cells, followed 1 hour later by sham (control) or partial hepatectomy (PH) of 70%. PH significantly enhanced tumor growth within the liver (control, 8 ± 3 nodules per liver; PH, 73 ± 12 nodules per liver; P
Pitfalls in magnetic resonance imaging of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the airways

Involvement of the airways by adenoid cystic carcinoma is best evaluated with multiple sequences of MRI in various planes, as long as the interpreting physician is aware of the potential pitfalls. Adenoid cystic malignancy (cylindroma) of the airways is an uncommon malignancy which can be treated with positive results by surgery and radiation therapy. Pre-therapeutic assessment is important in determining the extent of local tumor invasion and the involvement of mediastinal structures, especially if surgery is proposed as part of the therapy. A case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the airways with multi-planar MRI in multiple sequences is presented, together with a discussion of the pitfalls of chemical shift artifact in the distal trachea.
Sociology in the 1990s

Sociology in the 1990s is so hopelessly fragmented that it is increasingly difficult to detrme its subject matter and to find a common voice in the babel of competing theories and specialties. Not unrelated, it is also under attack by beleaguered administrators looking for vulnerable targets for budget cuts in this recessionary period. Contemporary sociology has no theoretical, methodological, or institutional center. The field takes different organizational forms depending on the audience its members have to deal with. When sociologists act in their capacity as intellectuals and scientists, their collective action takes the form of a discipline; vis-~vis their university, their action takes the form of a department; in relation to other professional groups, it takes the form of professional organizations. Professional Specialties Despite its struggles for logical coherence, intellectually sociology has always had an ad hoc character. Coming late to the academic table, it got the scraps, those forms of collective action not already taken over by earlier arrivals. History commanded the past and anthropology non-western exotica. Psychology had the individual, economics the market, and political science the state. Sociology got what was left: the family, crime, immigration, race, and all the other topics conceived of at the time as "social problems." Because there were so few sociologists, they had to make common cause in the academic arena. So, whatever the differences in the actual subject matter, they looked for common themes. They created organizational and intellectual coherence, justifying the melange of topics that made up the field by creating
Noncooperative general exchange with a continuum of traders: Two models

Abstract Price formation and trade in a large exchange economy is modelled as a non-atomic strategic game in two contrasting forms. (1) The ‘pay-later’ form uses paper money or IOUs which the players must redeem at the final accounting or face overdraft penalties. (2) The ‘cash-in-advance’ form uses a valuable commodity as money with no need for a central clearing house. Several results connecting strategic equilibrium (Cournot-Nash) and competitive equilibrium (Walras) are obtained for (1) and (2). In the final section, a basic problem of measurability when strategies are selected independently by a continuum of agents is raised, and a way of resolving it is proposed.
Apoptosis in podocytes induced by TGF-β and Smad7

Primary and secondary forms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are characterized by depletion of podocytes and constitute a central manifestation of chronic progressive glomerular diseases. Here we report that podocytes undergo apoptosis at early stages in the course of progressive glomerulosclerosis in TGF-β1 transgenic mice. Apoptosis is associated with progressive depletion of podocytes and precedes mesangial expansion. Smad7 protein expression is strongly induced specifically in damaged podocytes of transgenic mice and in cultured murine podocytes treated with TGF-β. TGF-β1 and Smad7 each induce apoptosis in podocytes, and their coexpression has an additive effect. Activation of p38 MAP kinase and caspase-3 is required for TGF-β‐mediated apoptosis, but not for apoptosis induced by Smad7. Unlike TGF-β, Smad7 inhibits nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of the cell survival factor NF-κB. Our results suggest a novel functional role for Smad7 as amplifier of TGF-β−induced apoptosis in podocytes and a new pathomechanism for podocyte depletion in progressive glomerulosclerosis.
Evaluating Evidence of Psychological Adaptation: How Do We Know One When We See One?

Evolutionary psychologists argue that human nature contains many discrete psychological adaptations. Each adaptation is theorized to have been functional in humans' ancestral past, and empirical evidence that an attribute is an adaptation can come from showing it possesses complexity, efficiency, universality, and other features of special design. In this article, we present a tutorial review of the evidentiary forms that evolutionary psychologists commonly use to document the existence of human adaptations. We also present a heuristic framework for integrating and evaluating cross-disciplinary evidence of adaptation. Pregnancy sickness, incest avoidance, men's desires for multiple sex partners, and an easily learned fear of snakes are evaluated as possible human adaptations using this framework. We conclude that future research and teaching in evolutionary psychology would benefit from more fully utilizing cross-disciplinary frameworks to evaluate evidence of human adaptation.
Selenium nutrition of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) bioavailability, toxicity and interaction with vitamin E

Two concurrent 12-week feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of inorganic sodium selenite and organic seleno-DL-methionine and to investigate the potential interaction between selenium and vitamin E in juvenile hybrid striped bass. In experiment 1, purified diets utilizing casein, gelatin and an amino acid premix as protein sources with a basal selenium concentration of 0.11 mg Se kg⁻¹ were supplemented with either Na₂SeO₃ to provide selenium concentrations of 1.19, 2.00, 5.17 and 21.23 mg Se kg⁻¹ or with seleno-DL-methionine to provide 0.90, 1.26 and 2.55 mg Se kg⁻¹ and fed to juvenile hybrid striped bass in aquaria. A second experiment evaluated potential interactions by feeding these purified diets with or without supplemental vitamin E or sodium selenite, singularly or in combination. No overt selenium deficiency signs were exhibited by fish in either of the experiments; however, signs of selenium toxicity including retarded weight gain (WG), reduced feed intake and feed efficiency ratio (FER) as well as increased mortality, were observed in fish fed the diet containing more than 20 mg Se kg⁻¹. Whole-body selenium and whole-body selenium retention were linearly influenced by sodium selenite and selenomethionine. However, there was no significant effect of dietary selenium, vitamin E or their interaction on WG, FER and survival. Slope-ratio analysis showed that bioavailability of seleno-DL-methionine as a selenium source for juvenile hybrid striped bass was significantly (P < 0.01) higher (3.3-fold) than sodium selenite.
An algorithm for orbits of g-sets

We present an efficient algorithm for determining the orbits of a G-set using only a set of generators of the group. Examples of combinatorics, graph theory, and group theory are provided to illustrate possible applications of the algorithm.
Principles of ultrasonography

Sound is a mechanical vibration of particles in a medium around an equilibrium position. Sonic waves require a medium of a molecular nature in order to propagate. The highest frequency sound audible to the human ear is 20,000 cycles per second or 20 kiloHertz (kHz). Sound waves above this frequency are described as ultrasound. Unlike electromagnetic waves, sound cannot travel across a vacuum (9).
DNA-nuclear matrix interactions and ionizing radiation sensitivity

The association between inherent ionizing radiation sensitivity and DNA supercoil unwinding in mammalian cells suggests that the DNA-nuclear matrix attachment region (MAR) plays an important role in radiation response. In radioresistant cells, the MAR structure may exist in a more stable, open configuration, limiting DNA unwinding following strand break induction and maintaining DNA ends in close proximity for more rapid and accurate rejoining. In addition, the open configuration at these matrix attachment sites may serve to facilitate rapid DNA processing of breaks by providing (1) sites for repair proteins to collect and (2) energy to drive enzymatic reactions.
Marketing Researchers as Consumers: An Analysis of the Use of the Journal o f Marketing

Citations of and references in the Journal of Marketing are examined to determine the contribution of JM to marketing and the social sciences. The results indicate that while JM may make a contribution to the marketing literature, its contribution to the social sciences is limited. In addition, it was found that the authors of JM articles tend to rely on more proven works, rather than citing very recent literature that has not passed the test of time. Lastly, both the Advances in Consumer Research and the AMA Educators' Proceedings were found to make significant contributions to the Journal of Marketing.
Mechanical stress as a function of temperature in aluminum films

Mechanical stress in interconnection is a problem of growing importance in VLSI devices. Open circuits due to metal cracking and voiding and short circuits due to hillocks are stress-related phenomena. The origins of this stress are discussed including intrinsic stresses from the synthesis of the films and thermally induced stresses. A measurement technique based on the determination of wafer curvature with a laser scanning device is utilized to directly measure the film stress in situ as a function of temperature during thermal cycling. The changes in stress observed during thermal cycles are interpreted quantitatively and mechanisms that lead to plastic deformation and their relationship to hillocks are discussed. In the stress vs. temperature measurements, several regions have been identified including elastic and plastic behavior both under compression and tension, the yield strength, recrystallization, gain growth, hardening, and solid-state reactions. The effects of deposition conditions on these regions are also examined. >
Wavelength conversion by dual-pump four-wave mixing in an integrated laser modulator

Dual-pump four-wave mixing for wavelength conversion is demonstrated using a distributed-feedback laser integrated with two electroabsorption modulators. The device acts as both the conversion medium and the dual-pump source. For a given input probe signal, output conjugate signal-to-noise ratio values of greater than 10 dB were measured over probe wavelengths ranging from 1557 to 1564 nm for a probe-conjugate detuning of 0.5 nm.
Mouse sperm antigens that participate in fertilization. II. Inhibition of sperm penetration through the zona pellucida using monoclonal antibodies.

To dissect the process of mammalian sperm interaction with the egg at a molecular level, we have generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to mature mouse sperm using syngeneic mouse testis as the immunogen. In this paper, we report upon three members of a mAb family, all of which displayed identical immunofluorescence patterns on cauda epididymal mouse sperm. Each of these mAbs, termed M42, M5, and M41, localized to a restricted region of plasma membrane overlying the acrosome. When tested for an effect on the fertilization process in vitro, two of the mAbs, M42 and M5, demonstrated significant inhibition. The inhibitory capacity was dependent upon the presence of the zona pellucida; neither M42 nor M5 was capable of blocking fertilization when zona pellucida-free mouse eggs were used. Identification of the antigens recognized by this group of mAbs was achieved by immunologic detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate-extracted sperm components separated via electrophoresis on 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylainide gels followed by transfer to nitrocellulose. M42, which blocked fertilization, recognized a high molecular weight cluster of bands with Mr of approximately 220,000 to 240,000. MS. which also prevented fertilization, specifically recognized a sperm component with subunit molecular weight of approximately 54,000. M41, which did not interfere with fertilization, did not interact with any high molecular weight components, but recognized components with Mr of approximately 60,000, 35,000, and 21,000. Taken together with the work presented in a companion paper (Saling, Irons, and Waibel, this issue), we have demonstrated that it is possible to describe particular cellular regions of mammalian sperm with respect not only to location and function, but also to the molecules that are candidates for a role in that function.
Phase I Study of Antisense Oligonucleotide Against Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: Decrease in Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor With Potential Clinical Efficacy

Purpose Vascular endothelial growth factor antisense (VEGF-AS) is an antisense oligonucleotide that targets VEGF, inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. This study established the safety, biologic effects, and pharmacokinetics of VEGF-AS in 51 patients with advanced malignancies. Methods VEGF-AS was administered as a 2-hour infusion daily for 5 consecutive days for only one cycle on the first four dose levels, and then administered daily for 5 days every other week for up to 4 months on subsequent levels. Pharmacokinetics, tumor response, and the effect on plasma VEGF levels were determined. Results The maximum-tolerated dose was 200 mg/m 2 . Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 4 fever, and pulmonary embolism in one patient each at 250 mg/m 2 . Mild anemia, fever, fatigue, and gastrointestinal complaints were the most common adverse events. VEGF-AS t1/2 (beta-phase terminal half-life of drug concentration) was 2.25 hours (range, 1.97 to 2.95 hours). Mean plasma VEGF-A (P.002) and VEGF-C (P .01) levels decreased 24 hours postinfusion, with a trend towards greater decreases at higher dose levels. At the maximum-tolerated dose, five of six patients demonstrated reductions in plasma VEGF. Clinical responses included complete remission in one patient with AIDS-Kaposi’s sarcoma, a mixed but dramatic response in one patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and prolongation of progression-free survival compared with that obtained on the immediate prior regimen in six patients (12%) with renal cell, bronchoalveolar, small cell lung, thyroid, and ovarian carcinomas, and chondrosarcoma, respectively. Conclusion VEGF-AS was well tolerated, with biologic effects and preliminary evidence of clinical efficacy.
Optimal distributed planning of multi-robot placement on a 3D truss

This paper considers the problem of allocating tasks among robots that operate on a 3D truss. Each robot is commanded to navigate to a different location for work. When the information about the robots' initial and desired locations are centrally known, this problem reduced to a classical disjoint-path problem. In this paper we consider the distributed problem where each robot knows its own goals only and we wish to plan an optimal set of steps for each robot that minimizes energy while fulfilling the task requirements. The challenge is to cope with possible path collisions. We present and analyze a distributed algorithm. We describe a simulation of this algorithm and show data from a physical experiment.
Cutaneous ulcers associated with hydroxyurea therapy in myeloproliferative disorders.

Hydroxyurea (HU) is an established chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) including chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). polycythemia Vera and essential thrombocythemia (ET). It is well tolerated, has minimal toxicities, and produces hematological response in most patients treated. Side effects of hydroxyurea are few and include myelosuppression, oral ulcers and skin rashes. Cutaneous toxicity is rare. This study aims to describe the Occurrence of cutaneous ulcerations attributed to HU therapy in patients with MPD, and familiarize the oncology community with this unusual but disturbing toxicity of HU. Five patients with MPD receiving HU therapy at doses of 0.5 to 4g/day who developed skin ulceration were reviewed (median age was 53 years). Three patients had Philadelphia positive CML, and two had ET. Cutaneous ulcers developed after a long period of HU therapy (median 36 months, range 7 to 96 months). The time after discontinuation of HU to the healing of the ulcers w...
Insemination doses: how low can we go?

Abstract This manuscript presents a brief historical review of investigations related to equine artificial insemination. The origin of recommended insemination doses for use fresh, cooled and frozen semen will be reviewed. Over 30 years ago, an insemination dose of 500 × 106 progressively motile sperm (PMS) was recommended to maximize pregnancy rates when mares were bred with fresh semen under less than ideal conditions. Since that time, 500 × 106 progressively motile sperm has been almost universally accepted as a standard insemination dose, regardless of a stallion's fertility or the refinements that have been made in mare management and semen extenders. Insemination doses for cooled-transported and frozen-thawed semen have also been extrapolated from this dose. Data from a number of studies will be presented which demonstrate the feasibility and rationale of reducing sperm numbers used to breed mares with fresh, cooled and frozen-thawed semen, including the use of deep-horn insemination techniques.
A Reevaluation of the Justifications for Property Tax Exemption

A systematic reevaluation of the traditional justifications for property tax exemptions is presented. The paper explicitly considers the effects of exemptions upon local governments. Most traditional arguments for property tax exemptions are not valid today. Considerations of equity and efficiency strongly suggest the elimination of the exemptions, yet the elimination of property tax exemptions for local governments-and perhaps for certain private institutions-would lead to serious practical problems. The paper concludes by recommending a selective elimination of exemptions the property of local governments should continue to be exempt from property taxation, but federal and state property should be subject to local property taxes. The theoretical arguments also suggest eliminating exemptions for eleemosynary, fraternal, and religious organizations, but popular support for such exemptions probably justifies keeping them.
An Architecture for Interactive Target-Oriented e/m-Learning Systems

In this paper, an architecture is proposed for the development of an e/m-Learning system with the following features: (1) learning paths can be tailored to the userâ??s aims and, during the learning process, dynamically modified in order to meet his needs; (2) in context of m-Learning facilities, contents can be scaled and adapted to the userâ??s device and connection technology. As far as learning paths are concerned, each learner is allowed to specify his initial target and, if he decides to deepen some issues, is authorised to redefine such target over time. This process is guided by a â??Path Decision Module
Perspective-taking vs. mental rotation transformations and how they predict spatial navigation performance

SUMMARY In Experiment 1, participants completed one of two versions of a computerized pointing direction task that used the same stimuli but different spatial transformation instructions. In the perspectivetaking version, participants were to imagine standing at one location facing a second location and then to imagine pointing to a third location. In the array-rotation version, participants saw a vector pointing to one location, were to imagine the second vector with the same base as the first pointing to a second location, to mentally rotate the two vectors, and finally to indicate the direction of the imagined vector after the rotation. In Experiment 2, participants completed the perspective-taking, mental rotation, and four large-scale navigational tasks. The results showed that the perspectivetaking task required unique spatial transformation ability from the array rotation task, and the perspective-taking task predicted unique variance over the mental rotation task in navigational tasks that required updating self-to-object representations. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Determination of Real Time Peer to Peer Communication Characteristics of EtherNet/IP

The improvement in Ethernet based technologies has resulted in its use in real-time applications on the factory floor. Manufacturers, vendors and end users of automation devices are aiming at the economical and technical benefits of Ethernet based communication. Many Ethernet based protocols have been developed due to the promotion by several companies and organizations. There has been a considerable amount of research on whether these Ethernet based systems are able to fulfill the real-time requirements. To this end, this paper presents an evaluation of EtherNet/IP and its applicability for peer-to-peer communications on the factory floor.
APPLICATIONS OF PHASE TRANSITIONS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE

ABSTRACT Applications of phase transitions are classified into four groups: those utilizing the formation and/or motion of mobile boundaries between two or more phases that coexist below a critical temperature Tc, those utilizing metastable phases obtained by control of the kinetics of nucleation and/or diffusion required for transformation to the stable phase or phases, those utilizing changes in physical properties as T approaches Tc, and those utilizing changes in physical properties at Tc.
Estimating the dim light melatonin onset of adolescents within a 6-h sampling window: the impact of sampling rate and threshold method

Abstract Objective/Background Circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders (CRSWDs) often manifest during the adolescent years. Measurement of circadian phase such as the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) improves diagnosis and treatment of these disorders, but financial and time costs limit the use of DLMO phase assessments in clinic. The current analysis aims to inform a cost-effective and efficient protocol to measure the DLMO in older adolescents by reducing the number of samples and total sampling duration. Patients/Methods A total of 66 healthy adolescents (26 males) aged 14.8–17.8 years participated in a study; they were required to sleep on a fixed baseline schedule for a week before which they visited the laboratory for saliva collection in dim light ( Results and Conclusions Within a 6-h sampling window, 60-min sampling provided DLMO estimates within ± 1 h of DLMO from 30-min sampling, but only when an absolute threshold (3 or 4 pg/mL) was used to compute the DLMO. Future analyses should be extended to include adolescents with CRSWDs.
Research Article: Relationships among vernal pool invertebrate assemblages with habitat morphology and distribution

Abstract The discrete nature of vernal pools provides opportunities for experiments revealing information applicable to numerous habitats otherwise more difficult to examine in their entirety. This study examines vernal pool diversity in relation to pool thermal regime, morphology, and inter-pool distribution. Using Island Biogeography theory, we predicted that (1) the number of species in a community should be positively correlated with habitat size, and (2) inter-pool distance should be negatively correlated with biological similarity. We developed two alternative hypotheses, based on the expectation that larger pools should be more thermally stable. These hypotheses ask whether thermally stable or variable pools facilitate invertebrate diversity. We studied eight vernal pools on Kennedy Table in Madera County, California. We took measurements of surface-area, mean depth, and volume of each pool, temperature was logged for four weeks, and invertebrates were systematically sampled. All data was analyzed ...
Is Kantian ethics left defenseless in the face of evil

Within this essay the question of whether Kantian ethics is left defenseless in the face of evil is unfolded. Some thinkers claim that it is not advisable to rigorously adhere to the categorical imperative. That is to say, it is prudent only to follow the categorical imperative, acting in such a way that you may will that the maxim of your actions becomes a universal law, when one is dealing with other ethical beings. However, when dealing with evil, it is claimed that we should develop other special principles that allow for consequences favorable to the ethical party. This essay takes exception with this claim, demonstrating that for Kant such a problem would not have even appeared. Furthermore, this essay argues that to deviate from the moral principle does damage to the truth and humanity as a whole.
Double Taxation in Indian Country: Unpacking the Problem and Analyzing the Role of the Federal Government in Protecting Tribal Governmental Revenues

Businesses operating on Indian reservations may be subject to double taxation. Such double taxation results because, under Supreme Court jurisprudence, both states and tribes may validly impose taxes on non-tribal members doing business in Indian country. Indian tribes have long complained that the possibility of double taxation stifles economic activity on their reservations. This problem is particularly important today as Indian tribes look to expand their economies by seeking non-Indian businesses to come on to the reservation to assist in gaming, natural resource exploitation, or more traditional enterprises. This Article summarizes the genesis of the double tax problem and reviews which types of tribal economies are likely to be most affected. The problem is then unpacked by distinguishing the Indian double tax problem from other examples of double taxation that proliferate the economy. This analysis makes clear that double taxation in Indian country is similar to double taxation in international and multistate taxation settings, and therefore represents a deviation from normative tax policy. Finding that redress is necessary to restore horizontal equity and tax neutrality in tribal economies, the Article then reviews the efficacy of potential remedial measures, including the use of state-tribal tax compacts, the use of federal tax credits, and federal preemption of state taxation in Indian country. In reviewing the potential for preemption, the Article leverages off of research on federalism in state taxation in general. The Article concludes that a limited federal rolein preempting selected state taxes and encouraging tribes and states to negotiate fair tax compactsshould be considered in ameliorating the double tax problem, but suggests that any federal action should be guided by further research into the fairness of the tax compacting process itself.
Prediction of Particle Laden Turbulent Channel Flow Using One-Dimensional Turbulence

This paper presents a method for integrating two-phase flow into the vector formulation of the One-Dimensional Turbulence model (ODT) without the introduction of any additional free parameters into the model. ODT is an unsteady turbulent flow simulation model implemented on a one-dimensional domain, representing flow evolution as observed along a line of sight through a 3D turbulent flow. Overturning motions representing individual eddies are implemented as instantaneous rearrangement events. Particles are simulated in a turbulent channel using one-way coupling.
Nanoscale RingFETs

Nanoscale RingFETs with effective gate lengths of 22, 32, and 45 nm and inner implanted region radius from 5 to 25 nm with inner or outer drain positions are studied using rotational symmetric 2-D hydrodynamic finite element simulations. In this geometry, the active area is wrapped around itself; hence, the device does not suffer from leakage currents induced by the defects and fixed charges at the side interfaces. The simulation results show that if the inner contact is used as the drain, the impact of the drain fields on the source barrier is significantly reduced as the gate length is scaled below 45 nm.
THE EVOLUTION OF BILL SIZE DIFFERENCES AMONG SYMPATRIC CONGENERIC SPECIES OF BIRDS

Recently, Hutchinson (1959), Klopfer and MacArthur (1961), and Klopfer (1962) have introduced the use of the quantitative comparison of bill size differences among groups of sympatric congeneric species of birds in the study of the evolution of niche overlap and size. In his analysis of character displacement, Hutchinson (1959) has shown that the ratio of the size of the larger to smaller trophic appendages of congeneric species generally falls between 1.2 and 1.4 where they are sympatric, but is less where they are allopatric. Klopfer and MacArthur (1961), using Ridgway's data, found a much smaller ratio for certain associations of sympatric tropical birds. This paper presents the results of an analysis of bill length, in which representatives of 46 bird families inhabiting temperate, subtropical, and tropical zones are compared. Several models are proposed to explain interfamilial, regional, and intrafamilial differences. Finally, the implications of this study for the concepts of niche overlap and behavioral stereotypy are discussed.
CONSTITUENTS AND CAUSES OF EMOTION AND ACTION

to regard one occurrence as " part "-a component-of a broader episode or state. Here is an uncontroversial and hence uninteresting case. When you go out for exercise this morning, each stride you take is part of your two-mile hike. Yet nobody would imagine that the steps you took were causes of your hiking. Naturally your strides did have effects. They produced your fatigue and your footprints. And your hiking might have resulted from your encounter with a friend who persuaded or compelled you to engage in that form of exercise. My inquiry is sparked off by more than metaphysical curiosity about such trifling examples. I believe my distinction will help us cut through four prominent knots in contemporary philosophy of mind. The first one, which has been debated least, has to do with the hook-up between your emotion and the thinking upon which your emotion is based. The second enigma is the much discussed connection between your deeds and your reasons for acting. In both these cases philosophical opinion is sharply divided (see Appendix). Some writers insist that the occurrences in question must be causally linked. Others, whom I dub "entailment theorists ", maintain that the bonds are logical. My analysis may ruffle both parties, since I hold that the paired events are neither causally nor logically connected. My thesis is that thinking is an element of emotion, and that reasons are ingredients of what we do for reasons. To causal theorists I offer the consolation that various events which constitute emotion and action may be causally interrelated. Entailment theorists should be comforted by my
Should silent ischemia be treated in asymptomatic individuals

In the United States, there may be as many as two million totally asymptomatic men with silent myocardial ischemia due to coronary artery disease. Because detection of such patients is often fortuitous, a rigorous screening protocol has been suggested for high-risk subgroups (i.e., persons with multiple coronary risk factors and/or family histories of premature coronary artery disease). At present, the initial procedure of choice for a screening protocol is the exercise test, followed by radionuclide procedures to differentiate true-positive from false-positive responses if coronary angiography is being considered. Holter monitoring is useful in documenting out-of-hospital ischemic events in asymptomatic patients with documented coronary artery disease. Prognostic studies in patients with and without coronary angiographic data indicate that asymptomatic patients with an ischemic ST-segment depression on exercise tests comprise a high-risk subgroup that has a well-defined morbidity and mortality due to future cardiac events. The angiographic surveys show that the greatest risk is in those individuals with more extensive disease. Treatment in asymptomatic persons requires the use of objective measurements as end points. Several reports have demonstrated the efficacy of beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and coronary angioplasty in this population, at least so far as reducing total ischemic activity is concerned. How nonsurgical therapy will affect ultimate prognosis is still unclear. However, surgical therapy in asymptomatic patients with left main coronary artery disease and triple-vessel disease has been reported to improve long-term survival.
Terrorism preparedness for practicing physicians.

The AMA is leading physicians' disaster preparedness by training first responders through three National Disaster Life Support courses. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Quality of Life in Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

Eye disease related to dysregulation of thyroid signalling can vary from minimally symptomatic eye dryness to severe proptosis with vision-threatening optic nerve compression. The degree to which patients’ eye disease affects their health-related quality of life can vary to an equal degree. Objective measures of eye pathology do not correlate well with patients’ subjective symptoms, making patient-reported measures vital to the treatment and care of those with thyroid eye disease. Several instruments to assess quality of life are available in both clinical and research settings with focuses on general health, eye-specific health, and thyroid disease-related health. Studies carried out with these surveys have identified eye discomfort, diplopia, and change in appearance as factors which more greatly affect a patient’s social and emotional well-being. More severe symptoms can lead to disability and a significant negative economic impact, thus compounding the emotional distress. Improved ability to quantify how thyroid eye disease affects a person leads to more personally tailored treatments and an opportunity for holistic patient care.
Meat and Poultry Plant Sanitation

An efficient cleaning system can significantly reduce labor costs in meat and poultry plants. The optimal cleaning system depends on the type of soil and type of equipment present. High-pressure, low-volume cleaning equipment is normally the most effective for removing heavy organic soil, especially when deposits are located in areas that are difficult to reach and penetrate. However, foam, slurry, and gel cleaning have become more prominent because cleaning is quicker and cleaners are easier to apply using these media. Because of high equipment costs and cleaning limitations, cleaning-in-place (CIP) systems are typically limited primarily to applications that involve large storage containers.
Vegetation Stability and Change in the Prescott Region and other Areas of the Southwest

The Copper Basin Archaeological Project included the collection of historical, ecological, and biocultural data relevant to the past vegetation in Copper Basin south of Prescott, Arizona. These dat...
Microfluidic platform for electrophysiological recordings from host-stage hookworm and Ascaris suum larvae: A new tool for anthelmintic research

Abstract The screening of candidate compounds and natural products for anthelmintic activity is important for discovering new drugs against human and animal parasites. We previously validated in Caenorhabditis elegans a microfluidic device (‘chip’) that records non-invasively the tiny electrophysiological signals generated by rhythmic contraction (pumping) of the worm's pharynx. These electropharyngeograms (EPGs) are recorded simultaneously from multiple worms per chip, providing a medium-throughput readout of muscular and neural activity that is especially useful for compounds targeting neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels. Microfluidic technologies have transformed C. elegans research and the goal of the current study was to validate hookworm and Ascaris suum host-stage larvae in the microfluidic EPG platform. Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. caninum infective L3s (iL3s) that had been activated in vitro generally produced erratic EPG activity under the conditions tested. In contrast, A. ceylanicum L4s recovered from hamsters exhibited robust, sustained EPG activity, consisting of three waveforms: (1) conventional pumps as seen in other nematodes; (2) rapid voltage deflections, associated with irregular contractions of the esophagus and openings of the esophogeal-intestinal valve (termed a ‘flutter’); and (3) hybrid waveforms, which we classified as pumps. For data analysis, pumps and flutters were combined and termed EPG ‘events.’ EPG waveform identification and analysis were performed semi-automatically using custom-designed software. The neuromodulator serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) increased EPG event frequency in A. ceylanicum L4s at an optimal concentration of 0.5 mM. The anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM) inhibited EPG activity in a concentration-dependent manner. EPGs from A. suum L3s recovered from pig lungs exhibited robust pharyngeal pumping in 1 mM 5HT, which was inhibited by IVM. These experiments validate the use of A. ceylanicum L4s and A. suum L3s with the microfluidic EPG platform, providing a new tool for screening anthelmintic candidates or investigating parasitic nematode feeding behavior.
Revitalizing an Organization through Disruptive Innovation: The Story of Nintendo

In recent years the evolution of the global market has prompted firms to reconfigure strategies in order to compete and maintain ground on the global business platform. The rapid changes in consumer demand and in technological advancements through innovation has organizations seeking new strategies to maintain market stature by venturing into new opportunities to create consumer demand. While innovation encompasses a broad range of strategic approaches and outputs, the core focus is on making change, which is reflected in the impact of the disruption. The following paper will provide an analysis of Nintendo’s disruptive strategy with the Wii product line and provide a conceptual framework to continue to sustain Nintendo’s success within the video game industry.