cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Commensal Microbiota

The commensal microbiota in the intestinal tract are important to the host, not only in relation to food digestion, but also in terms of reducing infection by pathogens (colonization resistance) and it is becoming increasingly apparent that the commensal microbiota are important in developmental programming and function of organ systems in the adult. This is not surprising as there are ten times as many microbial cells as host cells and 100 times as many microbial genes. The commensal microbiota could be considered an additional organ that not only influences function in the adult, but also development in the neonate. The commensal microbiota is an important component of the host animal’s genome. During and immediately after birth, the intestinal tract is colonized by a succession of bacteria. The presence of these bacteria is important for functional development of the intestinal tract (angiogenesis, epithelial tissues, mucosal system) and more recent data suggests a role in development and function of the brain and hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) that last throughout life.
Vetogates, Staggered Elections, and the Durability of Reform Coalitions

Most discussion of vetogates emphasizes how these institutional features limit and constrain the possibilities for reform. Less discussed, however, is how these same vetogates, aided by a staggered electoral calendar for each House of Congress and the Presidency, allow reform coalitions - once entrenched - to successfully fend off conservative challenges in the aftermath of reform. I plan to discuss this dynamic in the context of post-Reconstruction and the anti-busing legislative efforts of the 1970s.
Implementing Mixed-Criticality Systems Upon a Preemptive Varying-Speed Processor

A mixed criticality (MC) workload consists of components of varying degrees of importance (or "criticalities"); the more critical components typically need to have their correctness validated to greater levels of assurance than the less critical ones. The problem of executing such a MC workload upon a preemptive processor whose effective speed may vary during run-time, in a manner that is not completely known prior to run-time, is considered. Such a processor is modeled as being characterized by several execution speeds: a normal speed and several levels of degraded speed. Under normal circumstances it will execute at or above its normal speed; conditions during run-time may cause it to execute slower. It is desired that all components of the MC workload execute correctly under normal circumstances. If the processor speed degrades, it should nevertheless remain the case that the more critical components execute correctly (although the less critical ones need not do so). In this work, we derive an optimal algorithm for scheduling MC workloads upon such platforms; achieving optimality does not require that the processor be able to monitor its own run-time speed. For the sub-case of the general problem where there are only two criticality levels defined, we additionally provide an implementation that is asymptotically optimal in terms of run-time efficiency.
SYNOPSIS OF THE POLYPORACEAE OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA

This paper presents preliminary taxonomic information which has been developed as part of a general research program directed toward a treatment of the Polyporaceae of North America. A synopsis of the polypores of the southeastern United States (Lowe and Gilbertson, 1961) has previously been published. The area covered here includes the western states of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico; the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan; and Yukon Territory and the western portion of the Northwest Territories. Much of this area has not been explored mycologically and the wood-rotting fungus flora of most of the area is inadequately known. Increased collecting by regional workers is very desirable, and it is hoped that this paper may stimulate such activity. The richness of a wood-rotting fungus flora seems to depend upon the variety of available substrata and the climatic factors, primarily temperature and amount and distribution of precipitation. Because the western forests are composed largely of gymnosperms, the variety of substrata is much more limited than in eastern North America where, in addition to conifers, a large number of woody angiosperms are found. Also, average annual precipitation in much of western North America is less than 20 inches. In higher elevations in the interior mountains it may be as much as 40 inches, but much of this is snow. Even in the coastal forests, where annual precipitation may total over 100 inches, the summer months preceding the critical fall fruiting period for fleshy fungi are frequently so dry that logging operations are suspended because of the extreme fire danger. The wood-rotting fungi, in contrast to the fleshy terrestrial forms, require a relatively long period of favorable moisture and temperature conditions before their basidiocarps appear in large numbers. From our experience, we judge that in most regions of the West, a favorable season for fruiting of wood-rotting fungi may occur in one year out of five. 474
Genetics of Cochliobolus Heterostrophus. III. Genetic Factors Inhibiting Ascus Formation

In previous investigations on the genetics of sexual reproduction in the fungi, major emphases have been placed largely upon a determination of the type of sexual reproduction (i.e., homothallic or heterothallic) and evolution of the positive genetic factors conditioning crossor selffertility. It is of considerable significance to note that in fungus species in which the genetic systems have been examined extensively, such as Neurospora tetrasperma, Schizophyllum commune, and Glomerella cingulata, a number of genetic factors have been reported to block the completion of the sexual process at various stages in the reproductive cycle (2, 4, 9, 11). Within the Ascomycetes, there are at least 3 specific stages in sexual reproduction at which genetic factors are capable of precluding subsequent development. In heterothallic species, perhaps the most basic inhibition is the failure of nuclei from apparently compatible strains to pair and thus initiate plasmogamy. In recent studies with Cochliobolus heterostrophus, it was shown that monoconidial and monoascosporic isolates of both compatibility groups, A and a, vary in their degree of compatibility in that known compatible isolates frequently fail to produce perithecia when paired (6). The genetic mechanism for such variability apparently is controlled quantitatively, although its operation still is not fully understood. A recent cross of strains of C. heterostrophus has yielded monoascosporic isolates that exhibit mating inhibition to the compatible parental isolate and to certain wild-type isolates of the opposite compatibility group. A number of mutant genes in G. cingulata have been reported to block plasmogamy (10). Three
Commentary from an Agricultural Educator.

Vision . . . Focus . . . Change . . . Influence! These terms are commonly used in the language of leaders and leadership education. In the context of the National Leadership Education Research Agenda (NLERA) (Andenoro, et al., 2013) those terms reflect higher-level meanings and applications. First and foremost, the overarching vision of a ‘living’ document to guide and direct future leadership education research has far-reaching implications for faculty, students, and ultimately the knowledge base of leadership education. Scholars of leadership education should be motivated and challenged by the NLERA to identify how their individual and collective contributions expand the knowledge base of our discipline. Having foresight and recognizing what leadership education aspires to be and become in the future was prerequisite to the development of the NLERA. The ability to envision a preferred future through a new and different lens is the very essence of a vision. Based upon that vision, we now have a framework and pathway to build upon our existing knowledge by adding new knowledge that, by consensus, is both important and significant (Warmbrod, 1986; 1987, 1993).
Assessment of STBLI DNS Data and Comparison against Experiments

The direct numerical simulation data of a Mach 2.9 turbulent boundary layer flowing over a 24-degree compression ramp are assessed. A summary of the flow features and the comparison of the simulation data against experiments are given. Of main interest are discrepancies found in the wall-pressure distribution. The flow characteristics of the separation shock foot are studied to better understand the wall-pressure prediction, and the effect of the numerical shock capturing technique on the data is considered.
Response to Janine de Peyer’s “Uncanny Communication and the Porous Mind”

Janine de Peyer has done pioneering work in (re)opening the exploration of uncanny phenomena within the context of the psychoanalytic encounter. In this response her achievement is celebrated and placed against the backdrop of recent advances in Jungian or Analytical Psychology. In particular the application of complexity theory to synchronistic phenomena is suggested as a valuable means of assess these experiences. The use of field theory to help capture the distributed, nonlocal aspect of the interactive field active in such material is traced back to 19th-century physics and William James’s introduction of this concept into psychology. In an attempt to take another step forward, an ecological approach to these phenomena is suggested.
Implementation of Tier 2 Reading Interventions in the Primary Grades

There is strong research evidence and a clear convergence of findings that providing Tier 2 interventions for students with reading difficulties in the primary grades is an effective practice. In this chapter, the current research and practice for implementing Tier 2 interventions are examined. First, the research-based recommendations for implementation of Tier 2 intervention at the early elementary level are reviewed. Both content and delivery aspects of intervention implementation are investigated. Then, survey and observational data regarding current implementation of Tier 2 interventions in practice and the extent to which current practice aligns with the research base are examined. Finally, a study of a hybrid Tier 1 and 2 intervention and its effects on the early literacy outcomes of kindergarten students at risk for reading difficulties are presented. Implications and direction for future research on the implementation of Tier 2 interventions are discussed.
The Patient–Physician Clinical Encounter

Certain barriers can impede opportunities to learn what matters to people and to achieve a successful clinical encounter. A multicultural physician and patient population present a dual and sometimes formidable barrier when providing appropriate and equal health care access. There is extensive study of individual and systemic barriers to positive encounters, and thus the health-care system is evolving and slowly becoming more aware of necessary ingredients for achieving successful health outcomes. We are improving, but have a long way ahead. This chapter focuses on the patient–physician encounter, factors determining its success or failure, effects on treatment decisions and health-care outcomes, and steps to develop it to an expected standard in health care. While dedicated to physicians, the information shared in this chapter is applicable to all health care professionals.
A Virtual Steel Sculpture for Structural Engineering Education: Development and Initial Findings:

We describe the development and evaluation of a virtual steel sculpture for engineering education. A good connection design requires the engineer to have a solid understanding of the mechanics and ...
Study on the TiO_2 films deposited by medium-frequency reactive magnetron sputtering under PEM

Titanium dioxide(TiO2) films were deposited on unheated glass substrates by medium-frequency reactive magnetron sputtering process with twin Ti target.To achieve a deposition rate over 50nm/min which is much higher than that by other processes,the stable and quick deposition proceeded in a 'transition region' via an advanced multichannel reactive plasma gas control system,i.e.,the plasma emission monitoring(PEM),thus obtaining the homogeneous TiO2 films.With the increasing SP value,the increase in deposition rate became linear.Comparing the spectra of the films prepared at different SP values,it was found that the proper SP value is in the range from 2.5 to 3.8 for the quick and stable deposition of TiO2 thin films.
Holsteins are the genomic selection poster cows.

Genomic selection (GS) is the process by which the genetic improvement of plants or animals is accomplished using the genomic prediction (GP) of additive genetic merits [known as genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs)] of selection candidates. Alternative statistical models for GP were first described in 2001 by Meuwissen et al. (1), who used simulation to evaluate the performance of linear mixed models and Bayesian mixture models for the prediction of marker effects and GEBVs. This work was truly visionary, because it was not until January 2008 that the first high-density genotyping chip for an agricultural species, the Illumina BovineSNP50 (2), became publically available, allowing the generation of datasets that would enable GP and facilitate the deployment of GS (Fig. 1). In PNAS, Garcia-Ruiz et al. (3) characterize the impact of 7 y of implementation of GS on a national breeding program and remarkably demonstrate that rates of annual genetic improvement in US Holstein dairy cows have increased from 50% to 100% for moderately heritable yield traits and from 300% to 400% for lowly heritable fitness traits. These increases in response to selection come with little evidence of any increase in rates of inbreeding that can lead to reductions in population fitness. Moreover, the rate of adoption of GS within the US dairy industry has been astounding. Although Garcia-Ruiz et al. (3) analyzed data from over 25 million US Holstein cows born since 1975 and 316,485 bulls born since 1950, almost 1.2 million of these animals have now been chip-genotyped (Fig. 1), representing an industry investment of at least $50 million. Garcia-Ruiz et al. (3) demonstrate that GS is the most important technology adopted by the US dairy industry since artificial insemination (AI) 75 y ago and that this industry has become the GS poster child as agriculture attempts to feed … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: taylorjerr{at}missouri.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Ice Scraper Product Family Development at Innovation Factory

Many companies have developed product families based on common platforms with varying degrees of success. Many studies of these platforms are based on product dissection. It can be challenging to gain complete information from the companies about the product development for a number of reasons including intellectual property protection. Also, many new products are developed by teams, making it difficult to get the complete picture from any individual. The case study in this chapter comes from a small company of only two primary people, so it was possible to gain insight about the complete process. Of particular interest is that the company started their design with full intent of using platform strategies for developing their product family. The following is a description of their top-down approach to platform-based product development.
Policy analysis framework for sustainable forestry: national forest case study.

Policy analysis contributes to sustainable forestry by defining forestry problems in social and decision contexts to generate sustainable management options through synthesis of multiple perspectives. Scale issues are accommodated by limiting analysis to a location appropriate to the problem and context, including institutional arrangements and spatial and temporal concepts of fairness perceived by stakeholders. Management policies for National Forest System lands produce some sustainability problems. Statutory changes offering improvement include legitimizing the modern integrated sustainable forest management concept and requiring inclusive, consensus-building processes for generating durable forestry project decisions.
Share the Recipe and Teach the Meal

Received wisdom since I taught my first writing class in the early 1990s told me to avoid red pens. Red ink discouraged students. Even today I read or hear arguments about the relative merits of green ink, and whether red is just easy to read. For some, word processing programs render the question moot. Teachers enter comments right into a paper.
Generating Pseudo Search History Data in the Absence of Real Search History

Previous studies in Information Retrieval literature have shown that users’ search history can be leveraged to improve current search results. However sometimes we have little to no search history available. In such cases, it would be helpful to obtain data similar to search history data. One way of doing this is by simulating previous search interactions. In the present study, we focus on generating simulated “related queries” that can serve as an additional source of information about the current search [1]. Assuming that users reformulate their queries by leveraging some of the terms and key phrases they find in ranked documents during their search, we proposed simple models for generating such related queries.
Rise of an argon bubble in liquid steel in the presence of a transverse magnetic field

The rise of gaseous bubbles in viscous liquids is a fundamental problem in fluid physics, and it is also a common phenomenon in many industrial applications such as materials processing, food processing, and fusion reactor cooling. In this work, the motion of a single argon gas bubble rising in quiescent liquid steel under an external magnetic field is studied numerically using a Volume-of-Fluid method. To mitigate spurious velocities normally generated during numerical simulation of multiphase flows with large density differences, an improved algorithm for surface tension modeling, originally proposed by Wang and Tong [“Deformation and oscillations of a single gas bubble rising in a narrow vertical tube,” Int. J. Therm. Sci. 47, 221–228 (2008)] is implemented, validated and used in the present computations. The governing equations are integrated by a second-order space and time accurate numerical scheme, and implemented on multiple Graphics Processing Units with high parallel efficiency. The motion and terminal velocities of the rising bubble under different magnetic fields are compared and a reduction in rise velocity is seen in cases with the magnetic field applied. The shape deformation and the path of the bubble are discussed. An elongation of the bubble along the field direction is seen, and the physics behind these phenomena is discussed. The wake structures behind the bubble are visualized and effects of the magnetic field on the wake structures are presented. A modified drag coefficient is obtained to include the additional resistance force caused by adding a transverse magnetic field.
Aspirin, the Unsung Champion of Deep Venous Thrombosis Chemoprophylaxis: A Historical Perspective

Aspirin chemoprophylaxis for thromboembolic events following total joint arthroplasty was introduced by Harris et al. in the late 1970s1. It was an era when patients who underwent hip replacement were typically bed-bound in balanced suspension for a week or more following the surgical procedure and patients who underwent knee replacement were similarly managed, except for a Jones wrap and long-leg splints replacing the balanced suspension. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were a pall overshadowing total joint arthroplasty, and any glimmer of hope with regard to these dreaded complications was welcomed by the orthopaedic community. Low-molecular-weight dextrin and low-dose heparin, among other modalities, underwent trials with variable clinical success. Perhaps more than anyone, Dr. Paul Lotke championed the use of aspirin throughout the 1980s and 1990s with clinical and venographic data showing efficacy in both men and women …
Abstract 108: Glycolysis, Cardioprotection and Their Modulation by Differential Interactions of Hexokinase I and II with Mitochondria

Rationale: Neonatal heart is more glycolytically active and less susceptible to anoxia/reoxygenation injury than adult heart. Hexokinase (HK) is the first step in glycolysis and its binding to mitochondria is known to be cardioprotective. Since neonatal cardiac myocytes mainly express the HKI isoform, whereas HKII predominates in adults, we explored the functional consequences of such difference. Objective: To investigate whether differential interactions of HKI and HKII with mitochondria in neonatal (NRVM) and adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM) account for their different metabolic profiles and susceptibility to anoxia/reoxygenation injury. Methods and Results: We performed real-time imaging in isolated NRVM and ARVM expressing the genetically-encoded biosensors FLIPglu-600µM to track intracellular glucose metabolism and YFP-tagged HK constructs to track subcellular HK localization, together with a propidium iodide-based cell death assay. We show that HKI remains bound to mitochondria in both NRVM and ARVM, while HKII distributes between the mitochondria and cytoplasm. Extracellular glucose removal displaced HKII from mitochondria in ARVM, but not in NRVM, whereas iodoacetate (IAA) displaces HKII in both. These differences were associated with a 35-fold greater glycolytic activity and markedly enhanced resistance to anoxia/reoxygenation injury in NVRM. NRVM became comparably susceptible to anoxia/reoxygenation injury only when treated with IAA to suppress HK interaction with mitochondria (whereas glucose removal alone had no effect). Conclusions: HKs exhibit stronger interaction with mitochondria in NRVM, accounting for their enhanced glycolytic activity and increased resistance to anoxia/reoxygenation injury. HKI may be superior to HKII in protecting the heart because of its stronger interaction with mitochondria.
Laboratory Settlement of the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica Influenced by Substratum Concavity, Orientation, and Tertiary Arrangement

To examine the role of substratum concavity in determining oyster [Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791)] settlement success, laboratory settlement was examined on natural and artificial substrata of various concavities, defined by width-to-depth (W:D) ratio. Experiments were conducted in 204-l capacity laboratory flumes. Concavities tested include W:D ratios of 2, 5, and 16, plus a flat surface for control comparisons. Active settlement, passive settlement, and flow around these concavity treatments were examined. In addition, settlement on oyster shell cultch presented in different surface orientations, and either zip-tied to open mats, or packed in mesh bags, was examined. Results indicate that concavity can affect settlement success (W:D ratio of 5 resulted in the highest settlement success under this study's conditions). Examination of flow rates and patterns suggests that water movement over W:D 5 treatments delivers larvae to the settlement surface, but active attachment behavior is required to explain W:D 5's higher settlement densities relative to W:D 2. The highest settlement occurred with open mats on surfaces oriented horizontally and facing downward. Comparisons of mat, bag, and orientation results suggest that optimal current range for settlement is between 0.3 and 2.0 cm/sec. Too little flow results in supply failure, while flow exceeding 2 cm/sec inhibits searching and attachment behaviors.
Genome-wide homology analysis reveals new insights into the origin of the wheat B genome

Wheat is a typical allopolyploid with three homoeologous subgenomes (A, B, and D). The ancestors of the subgenomes A and D had been identified, but not for the subgenome B. The goatgrass Aegilops speltoides (genome SS) has been controversially considered a candidate for the ancestor of the wheat B genome. However, the relationship of the Ae. speltoides S genome with the wheat B genome remains largely obscure, which has puzzled the wheat research community for nearly a century. In the present study, the genome-wide homology analysis identified perceptible homology between wheat chromosome 1B and Ae. speltoides chromosome 1S, but not between other chromosomes in the B and S genomes. An Ae. speltoides-originated segment spanning a genomic region of approximately 10.46 Mb was identified on the long arm of wheat chromosome 1B (1BL). The Ae. speltoides-originated segment on 1BL was found to co-evolve with the rest of the B genome in wheat species. Thereby, we conclude that Ae. speltoides had been involved in the origin of the wheat B genome, but should not be considered an exclusive ancestor of this genome. The wheat B genome might have a polyphyletic origin with multiple ancestors involved, including Ae. speltoides. These novel findings provide significant insights into the origin and evolution of the wheat B genome, and will facilitate polyploid genome studies in wheat and other plants as well.
Comparison of Cinnamon Essential Oils from Leaf and Bark with Respect to Antimicrobial Activity and Sensory Acceptability in Strawberry Shake.

Cinnamon leaf and bark essential oils have long been used as natural preservatives and flavoring agents in foods. This study determined antimicrobial effects of leaf and bark of cinnamon essential oils (CEOs) against 2 foodborne pathogens, Salmonella Typhimurium (S.T.) and Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.), at 2 initial bacterial levels (4- and 9-log CFU/mL) in strawberry shakes. The antimicrobial study of CEOs at 0.1% and 0.5% in strawberry shakes against S.T. and L.M. showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in log reductions of both bacterial growth at low (4-log CFU/mL) and high (9-log CFU/mL) initial bacterial levels. Addition of 0.5% CEOs into strawberry shakes at 4 °C completely inhibited both bacteria after a period of 8 d storage. Shelf-life study showed that acidity and total solid content were not affected during storage. The strawberry shakes containing bark CEO had higher ratings of sensory acceptability compared to leaf CEO, with or without the addition of 1% masking agent. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CEO derived from bark was better than that from leaf in terms of their antimicrobial activity and sensory aspect. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This study demonstrates that essential oils derived from cinnamon bark and leaf have the potential to be used as natural antimicrobial ingredient in milk beverages with respect to sensory aspect. This finding promotes the acceptance of natural antimicrobials among consumers, while providing enhanced safer products to the food industry application.
Back to the future: The Cecil-Culp technique for salvage penile reconstructive procedures

Summary Introduction Re-operative penile reconstruction is challenging and requires tension-free skin closure. The repair popularized by Cecil and Culp in the 1940s, using the scrotum to provide a temporary vascularized bed for complex hypospadias repairs, fell out of favor due to temporal trends towards single-stage repairs and concern for utilizing hair-bearing skin on the penile shaft. Objective It was hypothesized that a modified Cecil-Culp (CC) concept of penile scrotalization, leaving the penis attached to the scrotum for 1 year rather than 6 weeks as originally described, improves outcomes with this reconstruction for ventral skin deficiency or poor vascular support. Methods Institutional Review Board-approved registries were reviewed to identify patients who underwent a CC repair during 1987–2016 at two institutions. Cecil-Culp technique was utilized in multi-stage hypospadias complication repairs or for insufficient ventral penile shaft skin coverage. Anatomic abnormality, number and type of prior surgeries, and complications before and after CC were recorded. Results Thirty-nine patients underwent CC: 23 failed hypospadias repairs, three hypospadias after bladder exstrophy, 10 penile curvature following circumcision, and three with skin loss from trauma. Mean age at CC was 61.8 months (hypospadias), and 59.8 months (non-hypospadias). Hypospadias patients underwent a mean of 3.6 surgeries (range 1–9) prior to CC. Four of the 39 patients (10.3%) had perioperative complications after CC, including scrotal abscess, skin infections, and difficulty removing the urethral stent. Eight of 37 (21.6%) patients had longer-term complications related to their hypospadias repair, including fistulae, diverticula, dehiscence, and stricture. Mean time from CC placement to release was 345 and 473 days for hypospadias and non-hypospadias cases, respectively. There was no apparent scrotal skin transferred to the penile shaft at the final take-down. Mean follow-up was 22.3 months. Discussion Embedding the penis into the scrotum for added vascularity and ventral skin coverage has been used effectively in cases of the most tenacious fistulas and for significant skin loss and trauma. Limitations of this study were its retrospective approach at two institutions over an extended period of time by multiple surgeons, so patient selection and procedure may have varied. Conclusions Modification of CC repair by delaying 9–12 months before CC take-down enhanced the benefits of a robust vascular bed for wound healing, and helped to avoid transfer of hair-bearing scrotal skin to the penile shaft. The CC technique is an important tool for penile reconstructive surgery of complex hypospadias repairs with inadequate skin, and for traumatic injuries.
The evolution of greater humoral immunity in females than males: implications for vaccine efficacy

Males and females differ in their effector and memory immune responses to foreign and self-antigens. The difference in antibody responses (i.e., humoral immunity), in particular, is one of the most well conserved sex differences in immunology. Certain sex differences in humoral immunity are present throughout life, whereas others are only apparent after puberty and prior to reproductive senescence, suggesting that both genes and hormones are involved. Importantly, these sex-based differences in humoral immunity contribute to variation in the responses to vaccines and may explain some disparities in vaccine efficacy between the sexes. Elevated humoral immunity in females compared with males is phylogenetically well conserved, suggesting an adaptive advantage of elevated antibody for reproductive success, including for the transfer of protective antibodies to offspring.
Practice Patterns of Fenestrated Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Nationwide Comparison of Z-Fen Adoption at Academic and Community Centers Since Commercial Availability

Context:Over the past decade, a number of endovascular approaches have evolved to treat aortic aneurysms with anatomy that is not amenable to traditional endovascular repair, although the optimal p...
Symmetry in Dynamic Economic Models

In their survey, Arrow and Intriligator (1981) identified three distinctive periods in the development of mathematical economics: the calculus based marginalist period (1838–1947), the set-theoretic/linear model period (1948–1960) and the current period of integration (1961 onwards). The early period was one in which economics borrowed heavily from the methodology of physical sciences, particularly the use of total and partial derivatives and the Lagrange multipliers to characterize maxima and minima. This period culminated in the classical theses of Hicks (1946) and Samuelson (1947).
The Rwandan Minister of Rape - A Woman's Work

Slaughter, and then worse, came to Butare, a sleepy, sun-bleached Rwandan town, in the spring of 1994. Hutu death squads armed with machetes and nail-studded clubs had deployed throughout the countryside, killing, looting and burning. Roadblocks had been set up to cull fleeing Tutsis. By the third week of April, as the Rwanda genocide was reaching its peak intensity, tens of thousands of corpses were rotting in the streets of Kigali, the country's capital. Butare, a stronghold of Tutsis and politically moderate Hutus that had resisted the government's orders for genocide, was the next target. Its residents could hear gunfire from the hills in the west; at night they watched the firelight of torched nearby villages. Armed Hutus soon gathered on the edges of town, but Butare's panicked citizens defended its borders.
The gero-inflammatory manifold

Inflammatory processes during Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be considered as part of a larger manifold of oxidative and inflammatory processes that slowly develop during aging in many tissue beds throughout the organism as well as in the brain. Other chapters in this volume have described the many cellular and molecular interactions between aggregates of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and inflammatory system components. In considering whether inflammatory processes are primary or secondary during AD and in aging, we discuss evidence that inflammatory processes are associated with amyloid formation in many tissues. We also point out similarities and differences between AD and brain aging changes in humans and in various laboratory models. Moreover, some experimental and clinical interventions of aging in the brain and in non-neural tissues may work by modulating oxidative and inflammatory processes through systemic physiological factors. Thus, inflammatory processes during AD could be considered in a larger systemic context of age-related pathobiology which we designate the gero-inflammatory manifold (Fig. 1).
Tightening McCormick Relaxations Toward Global Solution of the ACOPF Problem

We demonstrate that a strong upper bound on the objective of the alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) problem can significantly improve the effectiveness of optimization-based bounds tightening (OBBT) on a number of relaxations. We additionally compare the performance of relaxations of the ACOPF problem, including the rectangular form without reference bus constraints, the rectangular form with reference bus constraints, and the polar form. We find that relaxations of the rectangular form significantly strengthen existing relaxations if reference bus constraints are included. Overall, relaxations of the polar form perform the best. However, neither the rectangular nor the polar form dominates the other. Ultimately, with these strategies, we are able to reduce the optimality gap to less than 0.1% on all but 5 NESTA test cases with up to 300 buses by performing OBBT alone.
MATE, a Unified Model for Communication-Tolerant Scientific Applications

We present MATE, a model for developing communication-tolerant scientific applications. MATE employs a combination of mechanisms to reduce or hide the cost of network and intra-node data movement. While previous approaches have been proposed to reduce both sources of communication overhead separately, the contribution of MATE is demonstrating the symbiotic effect of reducing both forms of data movement taken together. Furthermore, MATE provides these benefits within a single unified model, as opposed to hybrid (e.g., MPI+X) approaches. We demonstrate MATE’s effectiveness in reducing the cost of communication in three scientific computing motifs on up to 32k cores of the NERSC Cori Phase I supercomputer.
Discrete Dynamical Systems

This short chapter presents the mathematics of matrix population models. The first section examines discrete linear systems using scalar notation and computer simulations. The simulations lead to the discovery of an asymptotic growth rate and stage structure, which we can determine by ad hoc methods for systems of only two or three components. The second section presents the matrix algebra that is needed as background for a more mathematical study of discrete linear systems. The two threads are united in the final section, which develops the ideas of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, methods for finding them, and interpretations for population models. The problem sets include population viability case studies for endangered falcons, cheetahs, and loggerhead turtles as well as population models for aphids and the teasel plant.
P19 An Examination of the Immigrant Paradox and Unhealthy Eating Behaviors

Background Childhood obesity is a growing health concern in the US, affecting about 13.7 million children in 2016. Latino children have the highest incidence of obesity. According to the “immigrant paradox” immigrant families face higher levels of health risks with each subsequent generation in the US. Disparities may be due to lifestyle or buildup of acculturative stress. Previous research has ignored unhealthy eating behaviors that may be linked to behavioral health, such as sneaking food or emotional eating. Objective This study assessed two competing hypotheses for the immigrant paradox. We examine differences in body mass index (BMI) and health behaviors across ethnicity and acculturative status (operationalized as parent language). We also examine the potential moderational role of child gender. Study Design, Settings, Participants This study used baseline data from the Family Check Up 4 Health randomized control trial. Two hundred and forty families with children aged 5-12 years at elevated BMI (≥ 85th%) were recruited from three primary care clinics serving primarily Latino and low income families. Seventy three percent of children received Medicaid. Thirty three percent of parents spoke Spanish. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Parents reported on child health behaviors using the Family Health Behavior Scale and the HABITS Questionnaire. Tanita scales were used to measure BMI percentile. Hypotheses were tested via multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results Ethnicity did not predict BMI or health behaviors. Males had higher BMI and engaged in more unhealthy eating behaviors. Acculturation was not related to BMI, but children with less acculturated parents engaged in more unhealthy eating behaviors and less physical activity. A trend was found for an interaction of gender and acculturation on emotional eating, with less acculturated males engaging in the highest levels of emotional eating. Conclusion Gender and acculturation are important predictors of unhealthy eating. The next step is to conduct mediational analyses to understand links with BMI. Funding Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Artery Disease.

The Food and Drug Administration approved the first direct oral anticoagulant nearly a decade ago. Since then, antithrombotic therapy has evolved swiftly, with research systematically addressing th...
Updates in the management of cranial dural arteriovenous fistula

Dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) accounts for approximately 10% of all intracranial vascular malformations. While they can be benign lesions, the presence of retrograde venous drainage and cortical venous reflux makes the natural course of these lesions aggressive high risk of haemorrhage, neurological injury and mortality. Endovascular treatment is often the first line of treatment for dAVF. Both transarterial and transvenous approaches are used to cure dAVF. The selection of treatment approach depends on the angioarchitecture of the dAVF, the location, the direction of venous flow. Surgery and, to a lesser extent, stereotactic radiosurgery are used when endovascular approaches are impossible or unsuccessful.
Association of Sex Hormones with Risk of Cancers of the Pancreas, Kidney, and Brain in the UK Biobank Cohort Study.

Background: There is some evidence to suggest that endogenous levels of sex hormones might influence the etiology of cancers of the pancreas, kidney, and brain, but epidemiologic data are lacking. Methods: We evaluated the association of circulating levels of total and free testosterone, and of sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), with the risk of cancers of the pancreas, kidney, and brain, and of total and free estradiol with the risk of kidney cancer, in the UK Biobank cohort study (n = 425,793; 225 pancreatic cancers, 749 kidney cancers, 467 brain cancers). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRs and 95% confidence intervals for the associations. Results: Testosterone and SHBG levels were not associated with risk of pancreatic cancer. Most of the associations for the other two anatomic sites were null. There were inverse associations between total testosterone and brain cancer in men and between SHBG and risk of kidney cancer in the total sample and in women. Estradiol was not associated with the risk of kidney cancer. Conclusions: The results of this study provide little support for associations between sex hormones/SHBG and risk of cancers of the pancreas, kidney, and brain. Larger studies are warranted. Impact: Although these results provide little support for roles for sex hormones and SHBG in the etiology of cancers of the pancreas, kidney, and brain, there is a need for studies with larger numbers of cases.
Effect of Stator's Insulation Failure on the Performance of Motor Drive system

This study investigates the influence of the stator's turn-to-turn failures (TTFs) on the electromagnetic (EM) fields, such as air gap flux density, flux density in stator and rotor iron core, as well as, current density in rotor bars, inside of a direct self control (DSC) driven induction machines (IMs). The purpose of the investigation is to capture the fault signatures in the air gap EM flux for detecting the stator's fault at its embryonic stage
RESPIRE: Robust Sensor Placement Optimization in Probabilistic Environments

Optimal sensor coverage considers where to place sensors at minimal cost while maximizing coverage. This approach often overlooks the robustness of the entire system. If sensors break down, the application performance might severely be affected. This paper constructs a multi-objective optimization model that considers not only optimal coverage, but also robustness. Our method increases the system robustness by up to 50% compared to a coverage-only approach with 201% higher probability of monitoring the entire environment.
Strategic State Capacity: How States Counter Opposition to Climate Policy:

When can states implement policies against the opposition from powerful interest groups? Research on state capacity has examined bureaucratic sources of capacity, leaving unexplained why countries ...
PV Array Fault Detection Based on Deep Neural Network

This paper develops an artificial intelligence based method to detect different types of faults associated with photovoltaic (PV) arrays. This method is integrated with the powerful deep neural network including multilayer perceptron (MLP) and one-dimension convolutional neural network (1-D CNN). To test and validate the proposed method, a PV system which can simulate typical line-line, line-ground, open-circuit faults is first modeled via Matlab/Simulink and large amounts of normal and fault data are simulated. Then, extensive simulation data are fed into MLP and 1-D CNN to learn the characteristics of different types of faults, and thus detect and distinguish those faults. Finally, the results have shown the high accuracy and effectiveness of the neural network based PV array fault detection method.
Advanced System Integration for High Performance Computing with Liquid Cooling

5G and AI technologies are widely applied to highly connected world across cloud, network and edge applications. The compute and bandwidth of high performance computing (HPC) systems such as supercomputer, data center and high-end servers are constantly upgraded to fulfill the ever-increasing challenge from data analytic workload on massive and complicated data. As such, the thermal dissipation issue becomes more of a concern when advanced technology node logic processor operates at high frequency, in particular co-packages with high bandwidth memory (HBM). In this study, we present an industry first advanced liquid cooling technology for HPC on a CoWoS (Chip on Wafer on Substrate) with thermal design power (TDP) up to 2KW. The measurement results show the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance $\theta_{\text{JA}}$ is about 0.064 (°C/W) for lidded liquid cooling with thermal interface material (TIM) and 0.055 (°C/W) for direct liquid cooling at a flow rate of 40 ml/s. A finite element analysis model is further applied to find out the influence of key parameters on the heat dissipation performance.
Incentives for the over-provision of public goods

Abstract A wide range of public goods, such as open source software, possess two often-ignored features: (i) excludable and potentially rivalrous contribution benefits (e.g. status seeking) and (ii) nonexcludable and nonrival consumption costs (e.g. adoption costs). I develop a model of the voluntary provision of public goods that incorporates these features. I find that these additional features mitigate the well-known incentive problems, but introduce new ones. Costly consumption lessens the free-rider problem, leading to more efficient provision. Private benefits similarly reduce the free-rider problem, but can lead to over-provision via a negative congestion externality on the supply side. Status-seeking induces an increase in contributions to the benefit of each contributor but imposes a cost on all other consumers and contributors. Efforts to maximize welfare by a community leader or social planner often involve transferring surpluses from consumers to producers.
Primary Care Referral Perspectives in Pediatric Failure to Thrive and Outcomes From a Diagnostic Clinic

Background: Decades of data demonstrate the overwhelming rates of failure to thrive (FTT) nutritional causes (80-90%) even in patients with complex medical conditions and diagnoses. Primary care providers (PCPs), the initial FTT evaluators, have been underrepresented in the FTT literature, despite their pivotal role in overseeing management. Our purpose was to assess PCPs ’ FTT referral strategies and their concerns for their FTT patients referred to an academic pediatrician diagnostic clinic. Methods: We surveyed PCPs who referred FTT patients to a diagnostic clinic (the Diagnostic Referral Group (DRG)) for their main concern prompting referral, and next management if consult was unavailable. Chart review determined the hospitalization rates of FTT patients, and DRG interventions. Results: Of the 81 PCP responses, 66.7% were most concerned with an uncertain underlying diagnosis, contrasting with the 20.6% of patients that DRG providers suspected to have an organic etiology. PCPs ’ next preferable management was subspecialist referral (58.0%) and hospitalization (22.2%). DRG providers most commonly recommended nutritional interventions such as increasing caloric density, decreased snacking and juice, and structured meals for 72.4% of patients. Conclusions: This study suggests that FTT due to nutritional causes continues to be a challenging diagnosis for PCPs. More investigation is needed to identify interventions to empower primary providers to diagnose nutritional causes, such as practical standardized assessments to evaluate the nutritional and psychosocial FTT contributors. Int J Clin Pediatr. 2021;10(1):1-5 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/ijcp419