cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative genetics provides predictive power for paleontological studies of morphological evolution.

Blending molecular developmental biology and quantitative genetics, Hlusko et al. (1) present in PNAS a framework for identifying phenotypic traits whose genetics are suitable for testing hypotheses about adaptive evolution in the fossil record. In recent years, startling advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of development and the genomic structures that underpin them. Laboratory manipulations are able to determine the patterns of gene expression that produce phenotypic structures such as brains, bones, and teeth (2, 3); computational models of the spatial dynamics of development are capable of predicting the phenotypic outcomes of up- or down-regulation of gene expression (4); and genomic analyses reveal the regulatory mechanisms that govern cascades of gene expression (5). These tools have mapped the causal links between genotype and phenotype that were largely missing from 20th century evolutionary biology. However, this new understanding is based on a small number of model organisms. Translating molecular genetics from them to the fossil record, which provides the only direct evidence for most evolutionary transitions, can be problematic because many aspects of morphogenesis depend on the organism’s genetic and environmental context (6, 7). In the fossil record, genetic and nongenetic components of phenotypic variation can rarely be separated, and many important fossil taxa are phylogenetically distant from model organisms like mice and chickens. Hlusko et al. (1) combine the predictive power of gene expression and quantitative genetics to identify fossilizable morphological traits that are both heritable and uncomplicated by pleiotropy (genetic correlations) with other traits. Traits that meet these criteria are ones from which the history of natural selection, genetic … [↵][1]1Email: pdpolly{at}indiana.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
How historical analogies in newspapers of five countries make sense of major events: 9/11, Mumbai and Tahrir Square

Abstract We analyze how historical analogies are used in the media to make sense of novel events. While earlier work focused on single case studies, this is the first quantitative analysis comparing historical analogies invoked in three events in newspapers from five countries. With very high intercoder reliability we found 881 invocations of historical analogies. We found an interesting contrast between the roles of historical analogies in foreign policy decision making vs. newspaper articles. When the task is advocacy for policy choice, a compelling historical analogy will be one in which the causal mechanisms are as similar as possible to the current situation so that similar actions are likely to lead to similar results. Instead, newspapers spend more time at the early stages of sense-making and help the audience understand just a few features of the current situation. Newspapers thus offer a much broader range of historical analogies without much regard to maximizing similarity.
Involuntary Symptoms: Grief and Depression

This chapter begins a series on involuntary symptoms, the last group in our catalog of EDPs. Here we look at grief and depression. While grief is normal and healthy, and depression is not, they have much in common. We examine those common aspects, and, then, imagining them removed from the picture of depression, we focus on the essential and unique qualities of that condition. What stands out is that depression can be seen as an EDP in which the nonconscious problem solver is trying to cope with an impossible choice, one in which a vital need comes into conflict with a human connection we must protect. The solution is to turn the resulting anger against the self.
Focused Ultrasound-Triggered Release of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor From Thermosensitive Liposomes for Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Abstract This study reports, for the first time, development of tyrosine kinase inhibitor–loaded, thermosensitive liposomes (TKI/TSLs) and their efficacy for treatment of renal cell carcinoma when triggered by focused ultrasound (FUS). Uptake of these nanoparticles into renal cancer cells was visualized with confocal and fluorescent imaging of rhodamine B–loaded liposomes. The combination of TKI/TSLs and FUS was tested in an in vitro tumor model of renal cell carcinoma. According to MTT cytotoxic assay and flow cytometric analysis, the combined treatment led to the least viability (23.4% ± 2.49%, p p p p
Modelingteam Behavior: Coordination and Decision

Abstract A distributed mathematical model is developed for a hierarchical team coordination problem which was examined in an experiment with human teams. The model treats team members as individual decision entities and captures team coordination as exchange of decision information. Comparing experimental data and model solutions, three salient team coordination trends are found, i.e., human teams tend to (1) over-communicate in coordination, especially under low time pressure; (2) over-cooperate on team tasks of multiple DMs' responsibility; and (3) reduce planning horizon and coordination activities as time pressure increases. These descriptive factors are quantified and incorporated in the model to develop a normative-descriptive model. The efficacy of this modeling method is demonstrated by the close matching of resulting model solutions and experimental data.
Secular trends in regional differences in nutritional biomarkers and self-reported dietary intakes among American adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988–1994 to 2009–2010

Objective To understand the contribution of regional differentials in dietary exposures to regional gradients in health, we examined 20-year trends in the association of US census region of residence with nutritional biomarkers and dietary intakes of American adults. Design Observational. Setting The biomarker and 24 h dietary recall data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) conducted during 1988–1994 and 1999–2010. The US census region was operationalized as Northeast, Midwest, South and West. Nutritional biomarker outcomes were serum folate, vitamins B6, B12, C, D and E, and carotenoids; dietary outcomes were intakes of nutrients, food groups and eating patterns. Subjects US adults, n>8000–40 000 for biomarkers and >43 000 for dietary outcomes. Results The interactions of survey time period and region were not significant for the examined biomarker and dietary outcomes, indicating similar secular trends among regions. The main effect of region was significant for all nutritional biomarkers except serum vitamin B6, most dietary micronutrients, food groups and eating patterns (P<0·001). The mean serum folate, vitamins B12, C and E, and all carotenoid (except lycopene) biomarker levels, and intakes of dietary fibre, vitamins A, E, C and B6, folate, K, Ca, Mg and Fe, fruits, vegetables and whole grains, were higher in the West and Northeast regions, relative to the South and Midwest regions. Conclusions Overall, the regional gradients in dietary exposure, expressed objectively as biomarkers or as self-reported nutrient and food group intakes, paralleled trajectories reported for health outcomes and were remarkably persistent over time.
Ethno-Racial and Nativity Group Differences in U.S. Intercounty Migration and Move Distances

This paper examines nativity differences in intercounty migration and move distances for U.S. Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White ethno-racial groups drawing on confidential micro-data samples from the 2007–2011 multiyear ACS. Human capital and spatial assimilation theory guided the research. The analysis shows that net of group differences in individual characteristics, all foreign- and native-born minority groups were significantly less likely to move counties than native-born non-Hispanic Whites. The differential was greatest for foreign-born Hispanics. If nativity is not considered, Asians have a higher rate of intercounty migration than non-Hispanic Whites. The findings for ethno-racial nativity differences in move distances indicated that native born Asians and Hispanics moved comparable distances as native-born Whites but that was not the case for native-born Blacks. All the foreign-born groups moved significantly shorter distances than native-born non-Hispanic Whites. We found that the correlates of migration are consistent with human capital and spatial assimilation theory. Compared to non-migrants, migrants have more education and English language fluency, and are more likely to be men, never married, younger, school attendees, and non-citizens. Longer distance movers are younger, more educated, and residents in mixed nativity households. The examination of racial differences within 13 national origin groups found evidence of racial effects on migration and migration distance for only a few groups. Non-Whites from five of 13 origins had higher rates of county migration than Whites, but those differentials disappeared after controlling for individual characteristics. Non-Whites from Mexico, Honduras and the Dominican Republic migrated significantly shorter distances than did their White co-ethnics.
ATN/IPS security approach: Two-way mutual authentication, data integrity and privacy

Currently there are various industry and regulatory activities (Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee Internet Protocol Suites (IPS) Working Group, Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics SC-223, EUROCAE Working Group 108, and ICAO Working Group I) underway to develop the future aviation safety service Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN) based on Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) IPv6, which is the selected protocol for air/ground communication in support of Air Traffic Service (ATS) safety service applications. This will provide IPv6 as an alternative to the traditional ACARS and ATN/OSI protocols for the air/ground aviation safety services network, but it also exposes the aviation safety services data communication to various cyber security threats. Data communication security plays an important role in the successful development of ATN/IPS as a next generation aviation safety service network that support ATS, ATC, AOC messages over various air/ground radio links. Security countermeasures help ensure the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of ATN/IPS systems by preventing or mitigating harm from cyber security attacks. This paper introduces the motivation and context for ATN/IPS security in terms of the aviation safety service data communication network. It describes the first fully implemented two-way authentication security, data integrity scheme for the aircraft air/ground safety service communications based on existing internet standards, specifically the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol. The security approach uses Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC), which is the most efficient, matured, and widely accepted public key cryptography algorithm. This paper presents the DTLS implementation in the context of an air/ground system architecture and overall feasibility and the scheme's feasibility (low overhead and high interoperability). This is further demonstrated through extensive evaluation of a prototype using an existing avionics hardware platform and an existing ground system.
Locus Specific Identification of Transcribed Sequences Using Yacs and Whole Yeast Genomic DNA

A large fraction of mammalian genomes contain DNA which appears to be very poor in biologic information. Unless or until nucleic acid sequencing procedures emerge that are capable of a much higher throughput of good quality sequence at a lower cost than the present protocols, it appears attractive to approach characterization of these genomes by focussing attention on transcribed regions and immediately adjacent sequences. The advantages gained by such an approach are that nearly all the genes of man will be identified and probes for these genes made available long before the first human genome is sequenced. Our laboratory has been concentrating on hybridization selection approaches (1) to identify transcribed sequences in yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) or other cloned genomic DNA, and on affinity selection procedures to identify cDNAs that embed particular motifs.
Drug Use and Risk for HIV Among Women Arrestees in California

The rate of women entering the criminal justice system, particularly from drug-related crimes, is increasing. This study examined the characteristics and HIV risk behaviors of drug-using women arrestees in 13 California counties (N = 532). The injecting drug users (IDUs) (18%) were compared with the noninjecting drug users. The IDUs were older, more often White than African American, and were more likely to have a history of STDs, previous arrest, and polydrug use. Although the IDUs were at higher risk for HIV from their injection drug use and greater involvement in sex work, a substantial number of non-IDUs also engaged in high-risk sexual behaviors. Only a small percentage of the women sampled tested positive for HIV antibodies, however, the generally high-risk profile of this sample of drug-using women arrestees suggests that they would benefit from interventions that link them with needed treatment and services.
BIOPHOTOLYSIS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Abstract Biophotolysis is the production of hydrogen from water by sunlight energy using biological systems. Several approaches are possible using either isolated cellular components or algae cultures. Technical and economic considerations restrict practical applications to algae cultures, The only algae system demonstrated to meet the basic requirements of biophotolysis uses nitrogen starved cultures of nitrogen–fixing heterocystous blue–green algae. Photosynthetic bacteria could be used for hydrogen production from wastes. Development of practical biophotolysis systems is limited by the low efficiency of photosynthesis, lack of basic scientific knowledge, and severe economic constraints.
The Role of AvrXa7 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Resistance and Disease

AvrXa7 is dual acting member of the avrBs3 gene family, which encodes proteins targeted to plant cells by the Hrp type III secretion apparatus. AvrXa7, the product of avrXa7, elicits resistance to bacterial blight disease in rice harboring the gene Xa7 and is a virulence factor in strain PX086 of X. oryzae pv. oryzae. AvrXa7 has a C-terminal domain with transcriptional activation activity and three nuclear localization signal sequences, mutations in which caused the loss of both avirulence and virulence activities. AvrXa7 also was found to bind double-stranded DNA with a preference for dA/dT rich sequences. The results indicate that products of the avrBs3-related genes are virulence factors targeted to host cell nuclei and potentially interact with the host transcriptional machinery as part of their mode-of-action. The results also lend evidence to the suggestion that the host defensive recognition mechanisms are targeted to the virulence factors site-of-action. The dependency of the disease complex on the action of the avrBs3 family of genes will be discussed.
Stimulation and Inhibition of Oxygen Radical Formation by Ascorbic Acid and 13-CIS-Retinoic Acid

Oxygen radicals are implicated in various stages of carcinogenesis and radical scavengers inhibit tumorigenesis in some models (1–4). However, many presumed radical scavengers exhibit radical generating activity under certain conditions. For example, vitamin C (L-(+)-ascorbic acid) is well known to act as an antioxidant and a prooxidant (5–10). Its antioxidant activity derives from its ability to reduce peroxyl radicals that propagate lipid peroxidation or to reduce the oxidized form (tocopheryl oxyl radical) of the naturally-occuring antioxidant vitamin E (6,7,11). Its prooxidant activity is a result of its ability to reduce metals (especially Fe+3-complexes) to forms that react with O2 to initiate lipid peroxidation (5).
Lebesgue’s “Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ” Revisited

As the title attempts to suggest, this article is written for readers who (like the author) have been there, liked what they saw, but feel there ought to be a better way to get there.
Disparities in access to palliative care for patients treated for gynecologic oncology.

136Background: Palliative care intends to improve quality of life for patients with life-threatening illness, but ethnic and linguistic minority patients have worse outcomes with palliative care. M...
Automating the Paris System for urine cytopathology-A hybrid deep-learning and morphometric approach.

Background The Paris System for Urine Cytopathology (the Paris System) has succeeded in making the analysis of liquid-based urine preparations more reproducible. Any algorithm seeking to automate this system must accurately estimate the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio and produce a qualitative "atypia score." The authors propose a hybrid deep-learning and morphometric model that reliably automates the Paris System. Methods Whole-slide images (WSI) of liquid-based urine cytology specimens were extracted from 51 negative, 60 atypical, 52 suspicious, and 54 positive cases. Morphometric algorithms were applied to decompose images to their component parts; and statistics, including the NC ratio, were tabulated using segmentation algorithms to create organized data structures, dubbed rich information matrices (RIMs). These RIM objects were enhanced using deep-learning algorithms to include qualitative measures. The augmented RIM objects were then used to reconstruct WSIs with filtering criteria and to generate pancellular statistical information. Results The described system was used to calculate the N:C ratio for all cells, generate object classifications (atypical urothelial cell, squamous cell, crystal, etc), filter the original WSI to remove unwanted objects, rearrange the WSI to an efficient, condensed-grid format, and generate pancellular statistics containing quantitative/qualitative data for every cell in a WSI. In addition to developing novel techniques for managing WSIs, a system capable of automatically tabulating the Paris System criteria also was generated. Conclusions A hybrid deep-learning and morphometric algorithm was developed for the analysis of urine cytology specimens that could reliably automate the Paris System and provide many avenues for increasing the efficiency of digital screening for urine WSIs and other cytology preparations.
Machine-Iearning-Assisted Topology Optimization for Highly Efficient Thermal Emitter Design

We coupled generative adversarial network with topology optimization for efficient thermal emitter design development. The proposed method can generate highly efficient metasurface designs with a non-trivial topology for efficient spectral control of thermal blackbody radiation. © 2019 The Author(s)
Abstract 104: Amplification of Systolic Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure is Higher in Resistant Hypertensive Patients Irrespective of Blood Pressure Control

Background: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is higher in peripheral than in central arteries, a phenomenon referred to as BP amplification. A greater amplification of SBP and pulse pressure (PP) is a...
Renormalization of an SU(3)⊗SU(3) Chiral-Invariant σ Model

We examine the single-loop charge renormalization of an $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ chiral-invariant $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model. This requires that a systematic way of treating charge renormalization for models with the added complexity of $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ be developed. The model we consider has two nonderivative four-point couplings and one nonderivative three-point coupling. We find that two of these three independent chiral-invariant couplings are not individually renormalizable, as their higher-order $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ structure is not expressible in terms of the $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ structure of their respective tree diagrams. Only when all three invariant couplings are considered simultaneously is the resultant $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ structure given by the tree diagrams. Hence, each of the three charge renormalization constants is a function of all three coupling constants.
Advanced 2D material optoelectronic devices (Conference Presentation)

2D materials have a number of intriguing value proposition that could be harnessed for compact, tunable, high-performance optoelectronic devices when heterogeneously integrated in photonic circuits. Here I review our latest work including; (1) tunable TMD-based microring resonator with engineered critical-coupling condition, (2) a broadband graphene plasmon-slot photodetector (R=0.7A/W), (3) a 200mV bandgap-shifted strain-engineered absorption-enhanced MoTe2 photodetector (R=0.5A/W, low-dark-current <10nA@-1V), (4) a record-high responsivity (R=1.36A/W) slot-plasmon exciton-modulated MoTe2 photodetector, (5) a MoS2 electro-absorption modulator all enabled by our recently developed method of cross-contamination-free yet deterministic dry transfer 2D material ‘printer’ mimicking a 3D printer for enabling rapid prototyping. These devices are based co-integration of 2D materials into Silicon and SiN photonics, with the latter used for on-exciton modulation or exciton absorption.
High density lipoproteins are a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration

Strong evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism involving dysfunction of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. A hallmark of AMD is the overproduction of lipid- and protein-rich extracellular deposits that accumulate in the extracellular matrix (Bruch's membrane (BrM)) adjacent to the RPE. We analyzed apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1)-containing lipoproteins isolated from BrM of elderly human donor eyes and found a unique proteome, distinct from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) isolated from donor plasma of the same individuals. The most striking difference is higher concentrations of ApoB and ApoE, which bind to glycosaminoglycans. We hypothesize that this interaction promotes lipoprotein deposition onto BrM glycosaminoglycans, initiating downstream effects that contribute to RPE dysfunction/death. We tested this hypothesis using two potential therapeutic strategies to alter the lipoprotein/protein profile of these extracellular deposits. First, we used short heparan sulfate oligosaccharides to remove lipoproteins already deposited in both the extracellular matrix of RPE cells and aged donor BrM tissue. Second, an ApoA-1 mimetic, 5A peptide, was demonstrated to modulate the composition and concentration of apolipoproteins secreted from primary porcine RPE cells. Significantly, in a mouse model of AMD, this 5A peptide altered the proteomic profile of circulating HDL and ameliorated some of the potentially harmful changes to the protein composition resulting from the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet in this model. Together, these results suggest that targeting HDL interactions with BrM represents a new strategy to slow AMD progression in humans.
The Correlation between Absolute Lymphocyte Counts and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients

Introduction The Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2, or Sars-Cov-2, more commonly called coronavirus (COVID-19) is a global pandemic of epic proportions. The global spread occurred as many patients carrying the virus were unaware that asymptomatic patients can still spread the infection. Common manifestations of COVID-19 include: fever, chills, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, radiologic evidence of bilateral infiltrates, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-organ failure leading to death. Treatment options for the coronavirus are rapidly changing, because there is a lack of evidence. There is currently very limited data regarding lab prognosis for patients with the novel coronavirus. Lab prognosis is beneficial to physicians making life decisions without guideline recommendations to support their decisions. A decrease in absolute lymphocyte counts, ALC, is a common manifestation in many viral diseases as well as in Covid-19 infection. At later disease stage, more profound hematological changes are evidenced, particularly a significant reduction in the lymphocytes number. This finding was more evident in those who suffered death compared to those who survived as reported in a study in China. Our study investigates the correlation between ALC and clinical outcomes in African American population. Methods In this article, we performed a retrospective cohort study on 92 patients admitted to a community hospital for Covid‐19. The patient population was 80% over the age of 61, 88% African Americans, 61% male and 32% obese. We split the 92 patients into four groups based on age in years: Group 1 was 21-40, Group 2 was 41-60, Group 3 was 61-80 and Group 4 was 81-100. The electronic medical record system was used to collect baseline demographics and laboratory data for analysis. Additionally, we evaluated baseline ALC at the time of hospital admission as well as the subsequent ALC to asses the correlation with clinical outcomes. A Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine correlation between improving ALC and better clinical outcomes. Results For group 1, we did not have enough patients to make an assessment for correlation. The two largest groups 41-60 and 61-80 years showed the biggest improvement in average ALC from baseline 1.1, 1.2 respectively to end result 1.64, 1.5 and showed a significant correlation with clinical outcomes as, a majority, 65% of these patients was discharged. A total of 24% of patients in group 4 expired and can be explained by increased d-dimer levels greater than 4 mg/dL and increased PT possibly leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Overall, 64% of our patient population was discharged and 36% expired. Conclusion This study showed correlation between clinical outcomes and ALC. Recording of ALC had clinical values, with decreasing ALC noted in severe /fatal disease and improvements noted in patients with favorable outcomes leading to safe hospital discharge. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Technical Note: Patient-morphed mesh-type phantoms to support personalized nuclear medicine dosimetry — a proof of concept study

Purpose Current standard practice for clinical radionuclide dosimetry utilizes reference phantoms, where defined organ dimensions represent population averages for a given sex and age. Greater phantom personalization would support more accurate dose estimations and personalized dosimetry. Tailoring phantoms is traditionally accomplished using operator-intensive organ-level segmentation of anatomic images. Modern mesh phantoms provide enhanced anatomical realism, which has motivated their integration within Monte Carlo codes. Here, we present an automatable strategy for generating patient-specific phantoms/dosimetry using intensity-based deformable image registration between mesh reference phantoms and patient CT images. This work demonstrates a proof-of-concept personalized dosimetry workflow, presented in comparison to the manual segmentation approach. Methods A linear attenuation coefficient phantom was generated by resampling the PSRK-Man reference phantom onto a voxel grid and defining organ regions with corresponding Hounsfield unit (HU) reference values. The HU phantom was co-registered with a patient CT scan using Plastimatch B-spline deformable registration. In parallel, major organs were manually contoured to generate a "ground truth" patient-specific phantom for comparisons. Monte Carlo derived S-values, which support nuclear medicine dosimetry, were calculated using both approaches and compared. Results Application of the derived B-spline transform to the polygon vertices comprising the PSRK-Man yielded a deformed variant more closely matching the patient's body contour and most organ volumes as-evaluated by Hausdorff distance and Dice metrics. S-values computed for fluorine-18 for the deformed phantom using the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System showed improved agreement with those derived from the patient-specific analog. Conclusions Deformable registration techniques can be used to create a personalized phantom and better support patient-specific dosimetry. This method is shown to be easier and faster than manual segmentation. Our study is limited to a proof-of-concept scope, but demonstrates that integration of personalized phantoms into clinical dosimetry workflows can reasonably be achieved when anatomical images (CT) are available.
PostSLP: Cross-Region Vectorization of Fully or Partially Vectorized Code.

Modern optimizing compilers rely on auto-vectorization algorithms for generating high-performance code. Both loop and straight-line code vectorization algorithms generate SIMD vector instructions out of scalar code, with no intervention from the programmer.
What's trending: a review of social media in ophthalmology.

Purpose of review With social media use continuing to increase in popularity, ophthalmologists use social media daily for interactions with patients, colleagues, and the academic community. Recent findings The potential reach of social media is overwhelmingly encouraging, but academic organizations have much work to do in order to compete for viewership on social media platforms, and users need to remain vigilant of easily spread misinformation. Individual ophthalmology practices can tailor their social media presence to attract and educate patients. Using hashtags to supplement the experience of academic conferences has boosted engagement both of attendees and other interested parties. As an effective indicator of the popularity of different subjects in medicine, new studies are leveraging social media for epidemiological models. Finally, social media is emerging as a powerful tool for patient advocacy in ophthalmology. Summary The accessibility of social media uniquely positions it to educate patients, disseminate public eye health initiatives, and increase the reach of individual physicians. It is also able to enhance the academic experience of conferences, connecting new research colleagues, and is becoming the subject of epidemiologic studies itself. Whether using social media for patient education, research, clinical practice, or patient advocacy, ophthalmologists will find social media an increasingly important workplace contributor.
Monolingual post-editing by a domain expert is highly effective for translation triage

Various small-scale pilot studies have found that for at least some documents, monolingual target language speakers may be able to successfully post-edit machine translations. We begin by analyzing previously published post-editing data to ascertain the effect, if any, of original source language on post-editing quality. Schwartz et al. (2014) hypothesized that post-editing success may be more pronounced when the monolingual post-editors are experts in the domain of the translated documents. This work tests that hypothesis by asking a domain expert to post-edit machine translations of a French scientific article (Besacier, 2014) into English. We find that the monolingual domain expert post-editor was able to successfully post-edit 86.7% of the sentences without requesting assistance from a bilingual post-editor. We evaluate the post-edited sentences according to a bilingual adequacy metric, and find that 96.5% of those sentences post-edited by only a monolingual post-editor are judged to be completely correct. These results confirm that a monolingual domain expert can successfully triage the post-editing effort, substantially reducing the workload on the bilingual post-editor by only sending the most challenging sentences to the bilingual post-editor.
The Evolution of Mate Preferences, Sensory Biases, and Indicator Traits

Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This chapter was originally published in the book Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 41, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who know you, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial From: Gregory F. Grether, The Evolution of Mate Preferences, Sensory Biases, and Indicator Traits. In H. Jane Brockmann, editor: Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 41, Burlington: Academic Press, 2010, pp. 35-76. ISBN: 978-0-12-380892-9 © Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. Academic Press.
Fast coupled path planning: from pseudo-polynomial to polynomial

The coupled path planning (CPP) problem models the motion paths of the leaves of a multileaf collimator for optimally reproducing the prescribed dose in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Two versions of the CPP problem, unconstrained and constrained CPPs, are studied based on whether specifying the starting and ending positions of the leave paths. By exploring the underlying properties of the problem such as submodularity and L-convexity, we solve both CPP problems in polynomial time using the path-end hopping, local searching and proximity scaling techniques, improving current best known pseudopolynomial time algorithms. Our algorithms are simple and easy to be implemented. Experimental results on real medical data showed that our CPP algorithms outperformed previous best-known algorithm by at least one order of magnitude.
A simple reconstruction of GPSG

Like most linguistic theories, the theory of generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG) has described language axiomatically, that is, as a set of universal and language-specific constraints on the well-formedness of linguistic elements of some sort. The coverage and detailed analysis of English grammar in the ambitious recent volume by Gazdar, Klein, Pullum, and Sag entitled Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar [2] are impressive, in part because of the complexity of the axiomatic system developed by the authors. In this paper. We examine the possibility that simpler descriptions of the same theory can be achieved through a slightly different, albeit still axiomatic, method, Rither than characterize the well-formed trees directly, we progress in two stages by procedurally characterizing the well-formedness axioms themselves, which in turn characterize the trees.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE ROLES OF THE CADMIUM POOL IN THE MARK-IV ELECTROREFINER

Idaho National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory have developed and demonstrated a pyroprocessing technology for the U.S. Department of Energy to reprocess spent nuclear fuel. One of the key steps in the pyroprocessing was electrorefining the spent fuel in a metal form in a molten LiCl-KCl-UCl 3 /liquid cadmium (Cd) system using the Mark-IV an engineering-scale electrorefiner (ER). This paper summarizes experimental observations and engineering aspects for the roles of the Cd in electrorefining spent fuel in the Mark-IV ER. It was found that the Cd pool acted as an intermediate electrode during the electrorefining process. The Cd level gradually decreased because of its high vapor pressure at the ER operating temperature. The low Cd level caused the anode assembly to electrically short with the ER vessel hardware, which resulted in difficulty determining the endpoint of uranium dissolution from the anode baskets and reduced the current efficiency. A reflux Cd vapor trap successfully prevented the Cd level from decreasing and mitigated Cd vapor deposition on the cold metal surface inside the ER.
Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Temperature in the 3.7 µm CO2 Band

Because the atmosphere is not completely transparent, even in the least absorbing regions of the terrestrial spectrum, the outgoing spectral radiance observed from space will be influenced not only by the sea surface, but also by the composition and thermal structure of the atmosphere. The observed radiance will be further modified by the presence of hazes and clouds and by scattered solar radiation. It is therefore necessary to take all of these factors into account if accurate and reliable sea surface temperatures are to be obtained.
Linearly Combining Density Estimators via Stacking

This paper presents experimental results with both real and artificial data combining unsupervised learning algorithms using stacking. Specifically, stacking is used to form a linear combination of finite mixture model and kernel density estimators for non-parametric multivariate density estimation. The method outperforms other strategies such as choosing the single best model based on cross-validation, combining with uniform weights, and even using the single best model chosen by “Cheating” and examining the test set. We also investigate (1) how the utility of stacking changes when one of the models being combined is the model that generated the data, (2) how the stacking coefficients of the models compare to the relative frequencies with which cross-validation chooses among the models, (3) visualization of combined “effective” kernels, and (4) the sensitivity of stacking to overfitting as model complexity increases.
Use of Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Elucidate RNA Folding Pathways

This overview unit discusses fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for studying RNA folding. Ribozymes and oligonucleotides can be labeled with a fluorescent probe and analyzed to give information about both slow and fast kinetic processes with real-time data acquisition. The unit discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various pendant probes and nucleotide analogs, the analytical methods that can be used, instrument setup, control experiments, and a variety of kinetic experiments that can be performed, such as determination of rate constants.
A case study in multi-sensory investigation of geoscientific data

In this paper, we report our ongoing research into multi-sensory investigation of geoscientific data. Our Geoscientific Data Investigation System (GDIS) integrates three-dimensional, interactive computer graphics, touch (haptics) and real-time sonification into a multi-sensory Virtual Environment. GDIS has been used to investigate geological structures on the high-resolution bathymetry data from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Haptic force feedback was used to precisely digitize line features on three-dimensional morphology and to feel surface properties via varying friction settings; additional, overlapping data can be perceived via sound (sonification). We also report on the results of a psycho-acoustic study about the absolute recognition of sound signals, and on the actual feedback that we have received from a number of geoscientists during a recent major geoscience conference.
The dnaA gene region of Mycobacterium avium and the autonomous replication activities of its 5' and 3' flanking regions.

A 3·9 kb DNA fragment containing the dnaA gene region of Mycobacterium avium was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. Nucleotide sequence analyses indicated that this region encodes three genes in the order rpmH (ribosomal protein L34), dnaA (the putative initiator protein) and dnaN (the β subunit of DNA polymerase III). The intergenic regions between the rpmH–dnaA and dnaA–dnaN genes were found to contain several putative DnaA boxes, 9 nt long DnaA protein recognition sequences. A DNA fragment containing the 3′ but not the 5′ flanking region of the M. avium dnaA gene when cloned in Escherichia coli plasmids, which are otherwise non-replicative in mycobacteria, exhibited autonomous replication activity in M. avium but not in Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The 5′ flanking region of dnaA, on the other hand, exhibited autonomous replication activity in M. bovis BCG but not in M. avium and M. smegmatis. The implications of these results for the understanding of the M. avium oriC replication initiation process are discussed.
Reform of the Social Sphere: Institutional Barriers at the Regional Level

This publication is about the institutional barriers which reduce the social policy outcome in the Russian Federation. Many efforts of the executive power and legislators undermine the incentives of the physical persons to invest in the social sphere both in the financial form and in the form of social activity. Analyzed examples of the social policy in Canada and in other countries with transition economies underline this issue the solution of which is not connected with additional burden on the budget and could have made social institutions in Russia more stable to external economic shocks.
Screening for hospitalization and nutritional risks among community-dwelling older persons

Background The potential for the use of nutritional screening to identify older persons at risk of hospitalization has not been contrasted with the use of tools developed for predicting hospital admissions. Objective Our goal was to compare the associations of items from the Level II Nutrition Screen (LII) and the Probability of Repeated Admissions (P(ra)) questionnaire with the outcome of hospitalization. Design This was a cohort study of participants in a Medicare managed-risk health plan who completed both the LII and P(ra) (n = 386). All hospitalizations within 1 y of screening were recorded. Hierarchical multivariate logistic regression was used to model associations with hospitalization. Results P(ra) items that retained significant associations with hospitalization were self-reported health, hospitalization in the past year, and >6 doctor visits in the past year (positive predictive value: 20%; sensitivity: 53.1; specificity: 69.7). LII items that retained significant associations with hospitalization were eating problems and polypharmacy (positive predictive value: 17.9%; sensitivity: 58.0; specificity: 56.3). Those persons designated by the P(ra) score as being at high risk of hospitalization (P(ra) > or = 0.30, 75th percentile) were also more likely to report weight loss, polypharmacy, consumption of a special diet, and functional limitation on the LII. Conclusions Retained items from the P(ra) and the LII were comparable in identifying participants at risk of hospitalization. These observations suggest that nutritional risk factors such as eating problems, weight loss, and consumption of special diets should be considered in the management of older persons at risk of hospitalization, irrespective of the screening approach selected.
Temperature and foliage quality affect performance of the outbreak defoliator Ormiscodes amphimone (F.) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

En los bosques templados de Chile y Argentina la polilla fitofaga Ormiscodes amphimone (F.) genera severas defoliaciones sobre la lenga (Nothofagus pumilio [Poepp. & Endl.] Krasser). El reciente aumento en la frecuencia de defoliacion en algunas areas de la Patagonia pareceria estar influenciada por un clima mas calido. Para evaluar los efectos de la temperatura y la heterogeneidad espacial en la calidad del follaje sobre el desempeno y la tasa de consumo relativo del defoliador O. amphimone en el noroeste de la Patagonia argentina llevamos a cabo un experimento factorial. El desempeno larval fue medido como tasa de crecimiento relativo, tiempo de desarrollo, supervivencia larval y peso de las pupas. Las larvas de O. amphimone fueron criadas bajo dos temperaturas constantes (15 °C y 20 °C) y alimentadas con dos tipos de follaje de N. pumilio (de un sitio mesico y de uno xerico). Las larvas criadas a la temperatura mas alta y alimentadas con hojas del sitio mesico exhibieron desempenos y tasas de consumo mas elevadas que las larvas en los otros tratamientos. La temperatura mas alta y el follaje del sitio mesico tuvieron efectos positivos en la tasa de crecimiento relativo, el tiempo de desarrollo y la tasa de consumo relativo. Sin embargo, el peso de las pupas fue influenciado positivamente por el follaje mesico pero no por la temperatura, y la supervivencia larval no mostro diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Nuestros resultados sugieren preliminarmente que el desempeno y la tasa de consumo de O. amphimone podrian aumentar bajo condiciones de temperatura mas elevadas, especialmente en los sitios mesicos del gradiente de precipitacion. Sin embargo, estos resultados deben ser interpretados en forma prudente ya que mas estudios son necesarios para evaluar los efectos de temperaturas elevadas sobre la calidad foliar de N. pumilio.
Collision judgment when viewing minified images through a HMD visual field expander

Purpose: Patients with tunnel vision have great difficulties in mobility. We have developed an augmented vision head mounted device, which can provide patients 5x expanded field by superimposing minified edge images of a wider field captured by a miniature video camera over the natural view seen through the display. In the minified display, objects appear closer to the heading direction than they really are. This might cause users to overestimate collision risks, and therefore to perform unnecessary obstacle-avoidance maneuvers. A study was conducted in a virtual environment to test the impact of minified view on collision judgment. Methods: Simulated scenes were presented to subjects as if they were walking in a shopping mall corridor. Subjects reported whether they would make any contact with stationary obstacles that appeared at variable distances from their walking path. Perceived safe passing distance (PSPD) was calculated by finding the transition point from reports of yes to no. Decision uncertainty was quantified by the sharpness of the transition. Collision envelope (CE) size was calculated by summing up PSPD for left and right sides. Ten normally sighted subjects were tested (1) when not using the device and with one eye patched, and (2) when the see-through view of device was blocked and only minified images were visible. Results: The use of the 5x minification device caused only an 18% increase of CE (13cm, p=0.048). Significant impact of the device on judgment uncertainty was not found (p=0.089). Conclusion: Minification had only a small impact on collision judgment. This supports the use of such a minifying device as an effective field expander for patients with tunnel vision.
The effect of turbulence on the rate of evaporation of LNG on water

The present study provides new measurements of the rate of evaporation of cryogenic liquids, liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquid nitrogen (LN2), floating on a water surface with different levels of turbulence intensity. The turbulent water surface is generated with an upward-pointing submerged jet with controlled jet velocity, an approach which has often been used in studies of free-surface turbulence. Direct measurements of the rate of evaporation were carried out for different pool thicknesses and turbulence intensities of the water surface. These tests reveal a strong dependence of the evaporation rate on the turbulence intensity, as well as a dependence on the thickness of the cryogenic liquid layer above the water surface. Models of LNG spills on water currently use a single rate of evaporation; these findings show that this approach is inadequate. Future models should incorporate the water turbulence intensity, and possibly the LNG spill thickness for improved accuracy.