cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interplanetary Scintillation Observations of the High-Latitude Solar Wind

Until the ULYSSES spacecraft reached the polar regions of the solar wind, the only high-latitude measurements available were from indirect techniques. The most productive observations in regions of the solar wind between 5 R⊙ and 200 R⊙ have been the family of radio scattering techniques loosely referred to as Interplanetary Scintillation (IPS) (Coles, 1978). Useful observations can be obtained using a variety of radio sources, for example spacecraft beacons, planetary radar echoes and compact cosmic sources (quasars, active galactic nuclei, pulsars, galactic masers, etc.). However for measurement of the high-latitude solar wind cosmic sources provide the widest coverage and this review will be confined to such observations. IPS observations played a very important role in establishing that polar coronal holes (first observed in soft x-ray emission) were sources of fast solar wind streams which occasionally extend down to the equatorial region and are observed by spacecraft. Here I will review the IPS technique and show the variation of both the velocity and the turbulence level with latitude over the last solar cycle. I will also outline recent work and discuss comparisons that we hope to make between IPS and ULYSSES observations.
A Conserved E7-derived Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitope Expressed on Human Papillomavirus 16-transformed HLA-A2+ Epithelial Cancers

Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) has been identified as the causative agent of 50% of cervical cancers and many other HPV-associated tumors. The transforming potential/tumor maintenance capacity of this high risk HPV is mediated by two viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, making them attractive targets for therapeutic vaccines. Of 21 E6 and E7 peptides computed to bind HLA-A*0201, 10 were confirmed through TAP-deficient T2 cell HLA stabilization assay. Those scoring positive were investigated to ascertain which were naturally processed and presented by surface HLA molecules for CTL recognition. Because IFNγ ELISpot frequencies from healthy HPV-exposed blood donors against HLA-A*0201-binding peptides were unable to identify specificities for tumor targeting, their physical presence among peptides eluted from HPV-16-transformed epithelial tumor HLA-A*0201 immunoprecipitates was analyzed by MS3 Poisson detection mass spectrometry. Only one epitope (E711–19) highly conserved among HPV-16 strains was detected. This 9-mer serves to direct cytolysis by T cell lines, whereas a related 10-mer (E711–20), previously used as a vaccine candidate, was neither detected by MS3 on HPV-transformed tumor cells nor effectively recognized by 9-mer specific CTL. These data underscore the importance of precisely defining CTL epitopes on tumor cells and offer a paradigm for T cell-based vaccine design.
Differential involvement of dopamine receptors in conditioned suppression induced by cocaine

Abstract Cocaine-paired stimuli can suppress food-reinforced operant behavior in rats, providing an animal model of conditioned drug effects. To study the neuropharmacological basis of this phenomenon, we examined the effects of various dopamine receptor antagonists on the acquisition and expression of cocaine-induced conditioned suppression in rats. Superimposed on an ongoing baseline of food-reinforced operant responding, a stimulus was paired with response-independent cocaine (3.0 mg/kg, i.v.) during each of 8 training sessions. To study acquisition, independent groups of rats were given saline, the dopamine D 1 -like receptor antagonist R (+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H -3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SCH 23390) (0.001–0.03 mg/kg, i.p.), or the dopamine D 2 -like receptor antagonist eticlopride (0.001–0.03 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to each training session. To study expression, independent groups of rats were trained first, then given saline, SCH 23390, eticlopride, or N -[4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazinyl)butyl]-2-naphthamide (BP 897) (a dopamine D 3 partial receptor agonist; 0.1–1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) before test sessions in which the stimulus was presented without cocaine. Pre-treatment with either SCH 23390 or eticlopride during acquisition reduced the direct suppressant effects of cocaine, but conditioning was blocked only in rats that were treated with SCH 23390 during acquisition training. Expression of conditioning was attenuated only by eticlopride. Thus, dopamine at least partially mediates both the acquisition and expression of cocaine-induced conditioned suppression, with activation of dopamine D 1 - and D 2 -like receptors underlying these respective processes.
Effects of regional pool size on local diversity in small-scale annual plant communities

The shape of the relationship between local and regional richness has been used to infer the relative strength of local vs. regional processes in structuring communities. While most empirical work has demonstrated linear relationships, recent reviews suggest that prior work has contained biases by selecting communities from different biological provinces and by defining large-scale local communities. We evaluate the utility of inferring interaction strength from local–regional relationships by examining 11 years of data from small-scale, annual plant communities at one site with strong local interactions. Both winter and summer annual plant assemblages exhibited linear rather than saturating relationships over a wide range of regional pool sizes. Our empirical work supports recent theory suggesting that local–regional relationships cannot be used to infer the strength of interactions in communities.
PS1-31: Early Impact of Lean Redesign in Primary Care

Background/Aims With increased pressure to provide higher quality care while reducing costs, healthcare organizations are redesigning systems using industry-based tools. “Lean” is a management tool that aims to maximize value for patients by eliminating inefficiencies and waste. The Palo Alto Medical Foundation (PAMF) is implementing Lean throughout its delivery system, which began with a pilot demonstration site in primary care. Lean redesigns included co-location of physicians and staff to facilitate more efficient communication, and creation of new workflows such as agenda setting with patients at the start of visits. The current study presents early results of the impact of Lean after its first year of implementation.
Fabric interconnection of fiber channel standard nodes

The Fiber Channel (FC) being defined by the ANSI X3T9.3 task group provides a general transport vehicle for a number of upper level protocols. Interconnection of Fiber Channel nodes is accomplished using the Fiber Channel Fabric which is being defined by the FC Fabric Special Subject Working Group (SSWG). This paper discusses the general concepts of a fabric, describes the various fabric topologies being considered, and discusses some of the characteristics of a fabric.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Predicting watershed acidification under alternate rainfall conditions

The effect of alternate rainfall scenarios on acidification of a forested watershed subjected to chronic acidic deposition was assessed using the model of acidification of groundwater in catchments (MAGIC). The model was calibrated at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, near Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. using measured soil properties, wet and dry deposition, and modeled hydrologic routing. Model forecast simulations were evaluated to compare alternate temporal averaging of rainfall inputs and variations in rainfall amount and seasonal distribution. Soil water alkalinity was predicted to decrease to substantially lower concentrations under lower rainfall compared with current or higher rainfall conditions. Soil water alkalinity was also predicted to decrease to lower levels when the majority of rainfall occurred during the growing season compared with other rainfall distributions. Changes in rainfall distribution that result in decreases in net soil water flux will temporarily delay acidification. Ultimately, however, decreased soil water flux will result in larger increases in soil-adsorbed sulfur and soil-water sulfate concentrations and decreases in alkalinity when compared to higher water flux conditions. Potential climate change resulting in significant changes in rainfall amounts, seasonal distribution of rainfall, or evapotranspiration will change net soil water flux and, consequently, will affect the dynamics of the acidification response to continued sulfate loading.
Transitions, aims, and initiatives for alcohol with the new editorship.

Last December, after much discussion with Tom Jerrells and Herb Niemirow, Elsevier’s recently appointed publisher of the journal, I accepted the appointment to become the next Editor-in-Chief of Alcohol. Three months into the process of climbing the steep learning curve of being a new editorin-chief, I understand first-hand what Tom meant in his farewell editorial when he wrote about waking up in the early morning hours, with a fear that everything might come crashing down around him because of all the things yet to get done and all of the things that must still be learned.
Age-related Changes in Spontaneous Food Intake and Hunger in Humans

Elderly people eat less than younger individuals. The nature of the changes in the meal pattern that occur with age were investigated by having 307 healthy adults, ages 20 to 80, maintain 7-day diaries of everything they ingested, the timing and conditions present, and subjective hunger, anxiety, depression, and activity. The lower intakes that occur with age were a consequence of the ingestion of smaller meals, eaten relatively slowly. The elderly were as responsive as younger subjects to a number of influences on intake, the time of day, the number of other people present, the subjective state of hunger, and the premeal contents of the stomach. These results suggest that the lower intakes in the elderly are a normal response to lower caloric expenditures. The state of hunger in the elderly affected intake equivalently to the young but intake did not affect hunger to the same extent as in younger subjects. This suggests that the internal state becomes less able to influence the subjective state as aging progresses and as a result the intake of the elderly may become primarily influenced by external factors.
Project management at a university

Managing instrumentation projects, large or small, involves a number of common challenges-defining what is needed, desiging a system to provide it, producing it in an economical way, and putting it into service expeditiously. Doing these things in a university environoment provides unique challenges and opportunities not obtaining in the environment of large projects at NASA or national labs. I address this topic from the viewpoint of knowledge of two such projects, the development of OAO-2 at the University of Wisconsin and the relocation of Fairborn Observatory to the Patagonia Mountains in Arizona, as well as my own developemnt of the Tennessee State 2-m Automatic Spectroscopic Telescope. For the university environment, I argue for a more traditional management style that relies on more informal techniques than those used in large-scale projects conducted by big bureaucratic institutions. This style identifies what tasks are really necessary and eliminates as much wasteful overhead as possible. I discuss many of the formalities used in project management, such as formal reviews (PDR, CDR, etc.) and Gantt charts, and propose other ways of acheving the same results more effectively. The university environment acutely requires getting the right people to do the project, both in terms of their individual personalities, motivation, and technical skills but also in terms of their ability to get on with one another. Two critical challenges confronting those doing such projects in universities are 1) keeping the contractors on task (the major challenge to anyone doing project management) and 2) dealing with the purchasing systems in such institutions.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Systems with Thiol Functionalized Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles

We have shown that superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with a surface functionalization of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) are an effective sorbent material for toxic soft metals such as Hg, Ag, Pb, Cd, and Tl, which effectively bind to the DMSA ligands and for As, which binds to the iron oxide lattices. The nanoparticles are highly dispersible and stable in solutions, have a large surface area (114 m2/g), and have a high functional group content (1.8 mmol thiols/g). They are attracted to a magnetic field and can be separated from solution within a minute with a 1.2 T magnet. The chemical affinity, capacity, kinetics, and stability of the magnetic nanoparticles were compared to those of conventional resin based sorbents (GT-73), activated carbon, and nanoporous silica (SAMMS) of similar surface chemistries in river water, groundwater, seawater, and human blood and plasma. DMSA-Fe3O4 had a capacity of 227 mg of Hg/g, a 30-fold larger value than GT-73. The nanoparticles removed 99 wt % of 1 mg...
Technology investment strategy in the presence of competitor entry: Broadband deployment in the US telecommunications industry

Abstract We evaluated the broadband deployment strategy of incumbent firms in the local exchange sector of the US telecommunications industry (1994–1998), each of which must devise strategies for dealing with new firms entering their markets. We found that incumbents consistently under-invested in fiber optics that would have enabled them to upgrade their broadband infrastructure in the face of competitive entrants. Contrary to theories of entry deterrence, this behavior did not signal accommodation by monopolistic incumbents. Rather, it was consistent with an entrapment strategy: when a new firm entered and invested in capacity, the incumbents used their monopoly power to deny access or to provide poor-quality access, thereby making the competitors’ product quality worse than the incumbent's, leading to customer dissatisfaction and revenue losses that could eventually weaken the rival. Yet, such a strategy was dysfunctional. A strategy of investment would have been best for the incumbents since the gains from triggering network externalities would have been substantial. As new competitors entered the incumbents’ markets, the best strategy for the incumbents would have been to reciprocate positively, invest in fiber capacity, and then play tit for tat . If the incumbents had invested in broadband and even more competitive entrants followed, which in turn caused greater broadband investment, and so on, the wiring of the entire United States by new entrants and incumbents with broadband technology would today be complete.
Non‐combustible suspended matter in surface waters off eastern Asia*

A total of about 1100 well-distributed samples of suspended matter in surface waters off the length of eastern Asia are available. From these samples, 180 were selected for detailed examination of the non-combustible fraction using optical and electron microscopy along with computer methods of particle measurement and counting. The results showed that, generally, all major components of the suspended matter are most abundant in the nearshore belt (combustible fraction, mineral grains of silt size, skeletal debris, and clay minerals), the result of mechanical transport of detrital sediment and chemical transport of nutrients from the land. Mineral grains of silt size average about 2%, skeletal debris plus clay minerals—23%, and combustible organic matter—75% of total sample weights, but the last two categories vary over a wide range depending upon geographical positions of the samples. Most evident is an oceanward decrease in percentage and concentration of the total noncombustible fraction and an oceanward increase in median diameter of the mineral grains.
Photoacoustic generation for a spherical absorber with impedance mismatch with the surrounding media.

Pressure generation in a spherical absorber due to energy deposition from pulsed lasers is studied. For a variety of conditions, analytical solutions are derived that allow quick computation of exact results. For the special case of identical acoustic impedance, the pressure transient spreads to the surrounding medium by a single compressive pulse followed by a tensile pulse at the end of illumination. For the general case of impedance mismatch, the pressure transient is in the form of a series of dampened compressive and tensile pressure pulses. In this paper both the amplitude ratio and the sign of consecutive pressure pulses are determined analytically, and are shown to be dependent upon the impedance mismatch. For laser pulses of duration much less than the absorber's characteristic oscillation time, a stress confinement limit is reached for most of the absorber, but a sharp tensile stress in the core region of the sphere is predicted. This region of high stress is defined by $rl~{r}_{c},$ and we show that ${r}_{c}$ is proportional to the laser pulse duration ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}.$ Upon further shortening of the laser pulse duration, the strength of this tensile stress continues to increase while its spatial distribution is sharpened. This observation has relevance to a number of experiments where laser-induced pressure transients cause the absorber to fracture.
Epidemiology of infant ocular and periocular injuries from consumer products in the United States, 2001-2008.

Purpose To quantify and characterize eye injuries related to consumer products in the infant population (0-12 months) treated in United States hospital emergency departments during the period from 2001 to 2008. Methods This study is a descriptive analysis of consumer-product related eye injury data derived from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a probability sample of 100 hospitals nationwide with 24-hour emergency departments. Narrative data were used to assign each case with the consumer products (CPs) causing the eye injury. The proportions of eye injury visits were calculated by age, sex, diagnosis, disposition, locale of incident, and CP categories. We examined the US Consumer Product Safety Commission National Electronic Injury Surveillance System data for all nonfatal eye injuries (853 cases) in the infant population (0-12 months) treated in US emergency departments from 2001 to 2008. These data can be used to project national, annual, weighted estimates of nonfatal injury treated in US emergency departments. Results There were an estimated 21,271 visits to US emergency departments by patients aged 0-12 months for CP-related eye injuries during the study period. Of these, 63% involved infants aged 9-12 months and 54% involved male patients; 78% of all injuries occurred at home. The CPs causing the most eye injuries belonged to the categories of chemical (46%) and household items (24%). Contusions and abrasions were the leading eye injuries diagnoses (37%). Conclusions This study suggests that most CP-related infant eye injuries in the United States occur at home and are predominantly caused by chemicals and household products.
The Impact of the Operationalization of "Innovation":

This research note reports the results of a study into differences in the definition and measurement of the innovation phenomenon. Such an undertaking addresses the conten tion that the lack of agr...
A review of the complementary information available with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and multi-slice computed tomography (CT) during the study of congenital heart disease.

The incidence of congenital heart disease is approximately 4–6 per 1000 new births; however, the number of people living with congenital heart disease (CHD) is increasing, because of improved diagnosis, medical, and surgical management. While echocardiography continues to be the mainstay of non-invasive imaging, cardiac MRI (cMRI) and computed tomography (CT) have taken on increasing roles in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in infants, children, and importantly, adults who may have limited echocardiographic windows, especially if post-operative. Cardiac MRI and multi-slice CT can complement the diagnostic information obtained by echocardiography and invasive cardiac catheterization. Post-operative imaging of CHD is especially enhanced by the spin echo MRI techniques, while gradient cine echo MRI imaging allows functional information that is not encumbered by geometric assumptions. Phase contrast (velocity encoding) cardiac MRI data can provide information about flow, allowing accurate determination of regurgitation and shunt volume. Gadolinium enhanced cMRI or three-dimensional reconstructed images from multi-slice CT angiography allow excellent delineation of vascular structures in complex heart disease. Coronary imaging, while possible with both modalities, appears more facile with fast CT imaging. This article reviews the literature to provide an assessment of the special techniques and considerations needed during the conduct of cardiac MRI/MRA and multi-slice CT examinations during the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in pediatric and adult patients.
Dental treatment and late prosthetic joint infections

Abstract Hospital and dental charts of 2,693 patients in whom total prosthetic joints had been placed at the Veterans Administration Hospitals of Ann Arbor and Allen Park, Michigan, as well as at The University of Michigan Hospital, were analyzed. Of the thirty (1.1%) late prosthetic joint infections (>6 months after placement), only one (0.04%) could be temporally associated with dental treatment. A Fisher's exact test of the data reflected that dental treatment in this population did not increase the incidence of late prosthetic joint infections (p value is 0.0005). Nine of the thirty late infections occurred in insulin-dependent diabetic patients and patients on long-term immunosuppressive therapy. An analysis of the organisms isolated from the late infections shows that 54% where Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. These data do not support the practice of prescribing prophylactic antibiotic coverage of prosthetic hip and knee joints prior to all dental therapy. Rather, use of antibiotics during dental treatment appears warranted only if a chronic bacteremia is anticipated or where a predisposing systemic condition may exist.
Early plasma complement C3a levels correlate with functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: Studies have documented an inflammatory response in the circulating plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). In particular, early upregulation of several complement proteins, including C3a, C4a, and C5b-9, has been demonstrated after the initial hemorrhagic insult. The inflammatory actions of the complement cascade are largely mediated through the anaphylatoxins, C3a and C5a. Recent investigations have established a critical role for C3a in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. We attempt to confirm that plasma C3a and C5a values are elevated in patients with aSAH and to determine whether or not these levels are reliable independent predictors of functional outcome irrespective of clinical presentation. METHODS: Fifty-two patients with aSAH were prospectively enrolled and stratified according to admission Hunt and Hess grade, demographic variables, and functional status at the time of discharge (modified Rankin Scale score). Plasma C3a and C5a levels were determined at early and late time points after aSAH through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: After aSAH, early C3a and C5a values were increased compared with levels in non-SAH control patients (P<0.001). Univariate analysis demonstrated that elevations in early C3a (P = 0.010) and C5a (P = 0.041) levels and poor admission Hunt and Hess grade (P = 0.015) correlated significantly with unfavorable outcome. In our multivariate model, only early C3a levels retained a strong correlation with outcome when modeled with Hunt and Hess grade (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate an association between early complement C3a levels and outcome after aSAH that seems to be independent of the initial hemorrhage. The findings suggest that inflammatory processes involving C3a may contribute to delayed morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal rupture.
Optimizing the x-ray photon energy for digital radiographic imaging systems

In this study, we investigated which photon energy results in the lowest patient does when the image contrast to nosie ratio (CNR) is kept constant. This optimum photon energy was obtained for a range of patient sizes, as well as for the detection of lesions with atomic number ranging from 6.5 to 53. Mono-energetic photons from 20 keV to 140 keV were investigated with an x-ray detector that had 100 percent quantum detection efficiency. Patients were modeled as slabs of water with a thickness that ranged from 5 to 30 cm. Image contrast was computed from the x-ray attenuation of small lesions consisting of low Z materials as well as higher Z materials. Relative values of the CNR as a function of the x-ray photon energy were obtained by assuming that the image noise was proportional to the square root of the incident number of x-ray photons under scatter free conditions. The energy imparted to the patient as a function of photon energy was obtained using published data of the absorbed percentage of the incident energy fluence. For each patient thickness and lesion composition, the CNR was kept constant by appropriate adjustment of the x-ray beam intensity, and the corresponding x-ray photon energy that resulted in the minimum patient dose was determined. The optimum photon energy for detection ga low Z lesion increased monotonically from approximately 62 keV for small patients to approximately 78 keV for large patients. For high Z lesions, optimum photon energies were approximately 34 keV for small patients, and increased to approximately 40 keV for large patients. The optimum photon energy was found to vary by about a factor of two over the range of patient thickness investigated. The optimum photon energy also varied by a factor of two for the range of detection tasks investigated.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Estimates of the risk of cardiovascular death attributable to low-dose oral contraceptives in the United States ☆ ☆☆ ★ ★★

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to estimate the annual risk of death in the United States from cardiovascular disease attributable to low-dose combination oral contraceptives. Study Design: Estimates of the risk of death from cardiovascular disease attributable to low-dose oral contraceptives were modeled on data from studies published through 1997 and from age-specific mortality rates in the United States for 1993 and 1994. Results: Attributable risk of death from cardiovascular disease resulting from oral contraceptive use is 0.06 and 3.0 per 100,000 nonsmokers 15 to 34 years of age and 35 to 44 years of age, respectively. In smokers this risk increases, respectively, to 1.73 and 19.4 per 100,000 users in these 2 age groups; however, 97% and 85% of this risk is due to the combined effects of smoking and using oral contraceptives. The attributable risk of death from cardiovascular disease in nonsmoking oral contraceptive users is lower than the risk of death from pregnancy in nonusers of oral contraceptives at all ages; however, among smoking oral contraceptive users more than 35 years of age, the excess risk of death from oral contraceptives is higher than the risk of death from pregnancy. Conclusion: There is virtually no excess attributable risk of death from cardiovascular disease related to oral contraceptive use in young women. However, smokers more than 35 years of age should use a nonestrogen contraceptive. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:241-9)
Small for gestational age associated with short stature during adolescence

This study examined the relationship between intrauterine growth retardation and adolescent stature in a sample of 1510 White subjects (754 males and 756 females) who were evaluated at birth and at the ages of 15, 16, and 17 years. The subjects were classified into two groups based on birthweight, small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA), corresponding respectively to values below the 10th, and between the 11th and 99th, percentiles of gestational age and sex. Results showed that boys and girls born prematurely (gestational age 37 weeks of gestation). In contrast, those born SGA were significantly shorter than their counterparts born AGA. The average reduction in stature was 4.9 cm for males and 2.9 cm for females. When the analysis included adjustments for parental stature (and adolescent's age at menarche for females), the average reduction in stature equaled about 3.5 cm for males and 2.0 cm for females. It is thus concluded that the stature deficit reflects a reduction in growth rate rather than delay in maturation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Study of carbon dioxide electrolysis at electrode/electrolyte interface: Part II. Pt-YSZ cermet/YSZ interface

CO2 electrolysis to produce O2 has been investigated by means of solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) in preparation for future human exploration of Mars. In order to increase the cell efficiency, a new cermet electrode mixture of Pt and YSZ was studied. SOE cells constructed from the Pt-YSZ cermet electrodes have been tested in a temperature range from 1023 to 1123 K. Comparisons of CO2 electrolysis performances have been conducted between cells using Pt-YSZ cermet electrodes and Pt electrodes. Characteristics investigated include current–voltage performance, ohmic resistances and activation overpotentials. The results demonstrate that the current density is nearly tripled and the performance improvement made by Pt-YSZ cermet electrodes is more significant at low temperature. Both the ohmic resistance and activation overpotential at the anode decrease significantly for the Pt-YSZ cermet electrodes. It suggests that the contact resistance and the electrode delamination are greatly reduced. However, change to the Pt-YSZ cermet electrodes does not have a profound influence on the cathode.
Breast cancer genetics: Family history, heterogeneity, molecular genetic diagnosis, and genetic counseling

Between 5% and 10% of breast cancer cases can be traced to primary genetic factors. Before the discovery of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, if a first-degree relative in direct genetic lineage had hereditary breast cancer or hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, the best estimate of family members' genetic risk for breast cancer was 50%. Now the lifetime cancer destiny of a patient who carries a BRCA1 or BRCA2 germ line mutation can be determined with an extraordinary degree of precision. However, a major concern facing clinicians is how to use this powerful genetic knowledge without harming the patient. This presentation focuses on the need for (a) compilation of a detailed family history of cancer of all anatomic sites; (b) understanding of the natural history of hereditary breast cancer and its heterogeneous forms and the pathobiology of hereditary breast cancer; and (c) preparation for performance of genetic counseling that is based on the results of DNA sequencing to detect genes related to cancer susceptibility. The discussion addresses the advantages of this molecular genetic movement, which include the abilities (a) to predict who is and who is not at inordinately high risk for cancer; (b) to provide opportunities for highly targeted disease surveillance and management; (c) to give patients the information they need to make appropriate long-term decisions about matters such as procreation; and (d) to give genetic counselors the information they need to appreciate the emotions patients may encounter, such as fear, anxiety, and apprehension, and the ordeal of being subjected to discrimination by insurance companies and employers.
Phenomenological model for the electronic structure of graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract The electron energy bands for graphite intercalation compounds are calculated using a model based on the well-established electronic structure of pristine graphite. The π-band Hamiltonian for graphite is folded in k -space appropriate to the intercalant superlattice which includes the k z -axis and in-plane zone folding. The folded k -space Hamiltonian is transformed into a layer representation and modifications are incorporated into the Hamiltonian to properly account for the peturbations due to the intercalate layer. With the inclusion of an interaction between the intercalate layer and the graphite bounding layer, electronic structures appropriate to both donor and acceptor compounds can be deduced. The model is applicable to any intercalant and stage, and predicts stage dependent Shubnikov-de Haas and optical spectra.
‘Space, the final frontier’? Social movements as organizing spaces for applying HRD

This article suggests a qualitatively different type of ‘space’ that fits the classic definition of what constitutes an ‘organization’, but that is frequently rejected as being beyond the scope of HRD because it does not fit preconceived notions of an ‘organization’. In this article, I describe how social movements are spaces analogous to organizations that can enrich our understanding of HRD principles and that may benefit from our professional experience in fostering learning and development for and within organizations. Using concepts of sensemaking in the organizing process (Weick, K. E. 1979. The Social Psychology of Organizing. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications) and concepts of space (Foucault, M. 1986. “Of Other Spaces.” Translated by J. Miskowiec. Diacritics 16 (1): 22–27; Lefebvre, H. 1991. The Production of Space. Translated by D. Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell), I show how the social movement, Occupy Wall Street, can be seen as an important site of HRD practice and research.
Kinetics of the reaction of H(2S) with HBr

The rate constants for the reaction H + HBr H2 + Br were measured between 217 and 383 K using pulsed laser photolysis of HBr and cw resonance fluorescence detection of H(2S). The temporal profiles of the product Br atoms were also monitored to obtain the rate constant at 298 K. The yield of Br from the reaction was determined to be unity. The rate coefficient as a function of temperature is given by the Arrhenius expression, k1 = (2.96 ± 0.44) × 10−11 exp(−(460 ± 40)/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The quoted errors are at the 95% confidence level and include estimated systematic errors. Our results are compared with those from previous direct measurements. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RLS in middle aged women and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in their offspring

Background Previous studies have suggested that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) could share some common genetic backgrounds, but the effect of these genetic components could be modest. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a large-scaled cross-sectional study to examine whether women with a child with ADHD had a higher risk of having RLS than women of unaffected children.
A new multivariable decoupling pole-zero placement self-tuning controller

This paper presents a new multivariable self-tuning controller with decoupling control structure which not only achieves pole-zero placement but also realizes adaptive decoupling control. The controller proposed specifically handles different time delays between each of the input-output pairs, and deals with unknown or varying time delay without requiring an explicit estimate of each delay. It is able to track varying time reference signals and control stochastically disturbed systems. The simple explicit and implicit schemes are also discussed.
Orascopic visualization technique for conventional and surgical endodontics.

Aim To present a technique of integrating fibre optic orascope and rod-lens endoscope for visualization in conventional and surgical endodontic treatments. Summary Innovative advancements in fibre optic and rod-lens endoscope technology have allowed for the development and evolution of orascopic endodontics. The use of orascopy in conventional and surgical endodontic treatments has enabled the endodontist to become more discerning about the endodontic aetiology and the treatment procedures. Key learning points • Orascopy is a procedure that uses an orascope or a rod-lens endoscope for visualization in the oral cavity. • An orascope is made up of fibre optics and an endoscope is made up of glass rods. • Orascopic endodontics is the use of orascopy for visualization in conventional or surgical endodontic treatment. • A 0.8 mm lens diameter, 0°, 10K fibre optic orascope and a 4 mm lens diameter, 30°, 4 cm rod-lens endoscope are used for visualization in conventional endodontics. • The 2.7 mm lens diameter, 70°, 3 cm long rod-lens endoscope is used for visualization in surgical endodontics.
Application of Geodesy to Geodynamics: 7. Surface Gravity and New Techniques for the Geophysical Interpretation of Gravity and Geoid Undulation

We are currently getting information about the earth's gravity field through potential coefficients derived from satellite data, from interpretation of altimeter data, and from direct observations on the surface of the Earth. In this session direct observational instrumentations and techniques, both relative and absolute, were discussed, as well as standardization of gravity values to the worldwide system. Results in the form of mean anomalies from satellite and surface observations were compared in the worldwide scale. Some techniques of interpretation of the gravity anomaly field and undulations were interpreted geophysically and accuracy analyses of vertical deflection determinations were reported.
Electrocardiographic changes associated with papillary muscle infarction in congenital heart disease

Abstract The electrocardiograms of 18 infants and children with congenital heart disease (4 with aortic stenosis and 14 with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection) and necropsy evidence of infarction of the papillary muscle or free wall, or both, were reviewed. In the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, a Q wave in lead V3R followed by a small R wave is strong evidence of infarction of the anterior left papillary muscle or anterior left ventricular free wall, or both. When associated with serially diminishing amplitude of the R wave in lead V3R this is diagnostic of infarction. In the presence of right ventricular hypertrophy a Q wave in lead V3R may be due to the hypertrophy. The finding of a serially diminishing R wave in this lead, however, is evidence of infarction of the anterior right papillary muscles or anterior right ventricular free wall. Hence, with left ventricular hypertrophy or right ventricular hypertrophy a Q wave in lead V3R assumes diagnostic significance for infarction when accompanied by a diminishing R wave amplitude over the right precordial leads.
An immunohistochemical and radioimmunological study of the distribution of [met5]- and [leu5]-enkephalin in the gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract The identification of opiate-like substances in extracts of the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system of vertebrates suggests that the known endogenous opiate-like peptides [Met 5 ]- and [Leu 5 ]-enkephalin might have a role in neurotransmission. In this study the gastrointestinal tract of guinea-pigs, rats and hamsters was examined by the immunoperoxidase-bridge method using specific antisera raised against [Met 5 ]- and [Leu 5 ]-enkephalin. Immunostained nerve fibers were most numerous in Meissner's plexus of the duodenum and in the circular muscle layer of the stomach and rectum of the guinea-pig. Nerve fibers in the guinea-pig esophagus and cardia of the stomach stained with [Met 5 ]- but not with [Leu 5 ]-enkephalin antiserum. Staining was not observed in any epithelial cells. The regional distribution of these peptides was also examined by radioimmunoassay of extracts of the gut of guinea-pigs and rats. The highest concentrations of [Met 5 ]- and [Leu 5 ]-enkephalin were found in extracts of guinea-pig duodenum at a ratio of 11:1, respectively. These findings provide evidence for an enkephalinergic nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract.
A spectroscopic survey of B supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud

The results of a low-dispersion digital optical spectral survey of about 100 B-type supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud are presented. The MK spectral classification framework for B supergiants has been transferred to the metal-weak LMC stars, and recommended classification standards have been designated. Variations among the metal line strengths are examined. The most extreme variations are found for the nitrogen lines, for which a range of a factor of 3 or more may be seen in the equivalent widths within some spectral subclasses. It is suggested that these variations indicate a range of nitrogen surface abundances among the B supergiants, resulting from contamination of some of the stellar surfaces by processed material from the original H-burning core.
An iterative algorithm for inverse filtering

If the Z transform of a filter has some zero points which are on or very close to the unit circle, the inverse filter will extend for many significant terms instead of vanishing in a few terms, and a tremendous truncation error will result. An iterative algorithm has been found to handle this zero-point problem. This paper describes the iterative algorithm and shows mathematically that it converges and that the limit is equal to the original signal. Numerical results indicate that the restoration of the original signal is reasonably good.
Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion increases circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines.

Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion is an established method of treatment for regionally advanced melanoma. Recent studies suggest that exogenously administered cytokines potentiate tumor response in patients with in-transit melanoma. We hypothesized that isolated limb perfusion induces an immunogenic response characterized by increased circulating levels of cytokines in the pump circuit, potentially contributing to the antitumor effect. We obtained blood samples from the perfusion circuit and systemic circulation at various intervals from patients undergoing isolated chemotherapeutic perfusion for melanoma. Samples were analyzed for serum cytokine profiles by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. When compared with baseline values, significant increases in serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) occurred within the perfusion circuit during isolated limb perfusion (P<0.05). In addition, there was a corresponding increase in IL-8 within the systemic circulation at the 60-min interval (P<0.05), suggesting some degree of leakage from the isolated circuit due to the extremely high levels of IL-8 in the perfusion circuit. A transient but insignificant decrease in circulating levels of neutrophils was also observed during the perfusion process, which may be attributed to margination. Increased levels of cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF occurred within the isolated circuit during hyperthermic limb perfusion and may contribute to tumor response seen in patients treated with isolated limb perfusion.
The classification of inflorescences

To a science which prides itself upon precision of language, any confusion in terms is a reproach. The terms of systematic botany enjoy a respectable antiquity, but sometimes lend a regrettable obscurity to the scene. The names applied to inflorescences were confused from the beginning. In current manuals they are usually classified as determinate (cymose) or indeterminate (racemose). Umbels and panicles are included among the latter; yet the same manuals will refer to the compound determinate clusters of Allium, Pelargonium and Asclepias as umbels and to the aggregated cymose clusters of Gilia and Penstemon as panicles. The inflorescence of Claytonia is commonly described as a raceme, whereas to a more than casual glance it is evidently cymose. Usage of botanical terms can not be settled, like that of botanical names, by a principle of priority; it would not advantage the science to compel taxonomists to adhere to the definitions of Linnaeus. An alternative is to adopt current usage; in view of the somewhat chaotic conditions indicated above, this also seems an unreliable guide. To reverse the old dictum: Res si nescis, perit et cognitio nominum. A rational terminology mirrors that upon which it is based-an understanding of the things concerned. To discuss the terms which have been applied to inflorescences (or to flowers, or to fruits) is to examine the concepts through which our current understanding (or lack of understanding) of these parts has been developed. Such a survey may indicate the problems that await investigation, besides clearing away the accumulated rubbish of the ages. In short, an attempt to arrive at a rational terminology is ipso facto an effort to evaluate scientific concepts and generalizations. Much knowledge of inflorescences has accumulated since the first great flowering of botany in the eighteenth century; and many theories. Unfortunately, names and classes of inflorescences have been proposed under the influence of certain theories now discredited or which ought to be discredited. and in the absence of 187
Aspen Recovery Since Wolf Reintroduction on the Northern Yellowstone Winter Range

Abstract Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) recruitment and overstory stem densities were sampled in 315 clones in 1991 and 2006 on 560 km2 of the Northern Yellowstone Winter Range (NYWR). A primary objective was to observe if aspen status had improved from 1991 to 2006: evidence of a wolf (Canis lupus) caused trophic cascade. Recruitment stems (height > 2 m and diameter at breast height 2 m) represent the cohort of stems, which will insure the sustainability of the clone. Overstory stem densities declined by 12% (P = 0.04) on the landscape scale when compared with paired t-tests. Overstory stems declined in 58% of individual clones and in 63% of the 24 drainages of the study area. The second objective was to determine which factors influenced changes in aspen density. Winter ungulate browsing (P = 0.0001), conifer establishment (P = 0.0001), and cattle (Bos spp.) grazi...
Multi-drop path model for multicast routing and wavelength assignment

We investigate the problem of multicast routing and wavelength assignment under the multi-drop path model (MRWA-MP). In a multi-drop path model, multiple paths are employed to establish a multicast session and each path can drop signals at no more than a predefined number of destination nodes. Given a network topology and a multicast session, the MRWA-MP problem is to minimize the number of wavelengths used to establish the multicast session and, as an auxiliary objective, minimize the number of fibers used. We derive bounds for both objectives. The lower bound on the number of wavelengths derived is tighter and thus more accurate than that in recent papers. To gain an insight into the complexity of the MRWA-MP problem, we formulate it as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem and solve it using CPLEX integer optimizer. Our experience indicates that this problem can easily overwhelm even a state-of-the-art computing facility. To solve the MRWA-MP problem efficiently, we develop a heuristic, MFBH, based on the Edmonds-Karp maximum flow algorithm. Through experiments, we show that the MFBH heuristic achieves the lower bound on the number of wavelengths in almost all instances of the real-life and randomly generated networks that we tested. Furthermore, MFBH tends to use fewer fibers when the maximum number of drops allowed on a single path decreases, the number of destination nodes in a multicast session increases, or the connectivity of the network decreases.