cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secure CAN for Connected Vehicles

A Controller Area Network (CAN) bus facilitates real time data/command transfer over small distances. It is frequently used in automotive, off-road, and industrial environments with several IoT nodes connected to it. Control messages with commands can cause an actuator to perform some action. An adversary might observe the control message and subsequent action. Injecting the control message at a later time (replay attack) should not replay the same action. Unfortunately current CAN protocol provides no protection against such attacks. Third party components may reverse engineer messaging protocols to gain control over critical systems resulting in dangerous system malfunctions. In a connected vehicle ecosystem, these attacks can also originate at peer vehicles with transactions coming in through one of the IoT nodes on the CAN bus. The proposed solution is to verify the integrity and authenticity of messages. Verifying the integrity of a freshness value appended to messages prevents replay attacks. Authenticity guarantees messages do not come from a malicious party. A keyed hash function using a shared secret key enables authenticated messages. The challenges are: (1) establishing a shared secret and (2) synchronizing a freshness value. Past standards limit CAN message sizes to 8 bytes. New standards (CAN-FD) allow for longer messages. We propose appending 8 bytes to messages to provide integrity and authenticity. Nodes require a shared key and freshness value for creating these bytes. Many scenarios require shared key renegotiation. The shared key is negotiated using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) infrastructure. Protocols are developed for establishing a shared key and synchronizing a freshness value. Protocol correctness is verified through simulations.
Longitudinal Effects of Racial Discrimination on Depressive Symptoms Among Black Youth: Between- and Within-Person Effects.

Objective Black youth experience racial discrimination at high rates. This study sought to further understand the longitudinal effects of racial discrimination on the mental health of Black youth by examining cross-lagged associations between perceived racial discrimination and depressive symptoms at the between-person (interindividual) level and the within-person (intraindividual) level. Method A group of 346 Black youths (mean age 10.9 years) from the rural southern United States reported racial discrimination and depressive symptoms 4 times over 24.5 months. A cross-lagged panel model was used to examine between-person concurrent and lagged effects, and a random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to examine within-person concurrent and lagged effects. Results There were significant concurrent associations at all waves in both models. Additionally, there were significant lagged effects from perceived racial discrimination to depressive symptoms, but not from depressive symptoms to perceived racial discrimination, in both models. Conclusion Youth experiencing higher levels of racial discrimination subsequently develop more depressive symptoms than youth experiencing less discrimination (between-person effects), and youth experiencing higher levels of discrimination relative to their own average subsequently report increases in depressive symptoms (within-person effects). These findings provide a rigorous test of conceptual models outlining the harmful effects of racial discrimination on mental health, add to a growing body of work documenting these effects on Black youth, and underscore the need for systemic changes to reduce the amount of discrimination Black youth experience and for interventions to promote resilience among Black youth in the face of cultural marginalization.
Individual Risk, Country-Level Social Support, and Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimization Among Youths: A Cross-national Study:

This study examined the relationships between three life domains—physical health, risky/deviant lifestyle, and psychosocial adjustment—and traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization among...
Surprising Privacy Threats from Innocuous Sensors

Smartphones incorporate a plethora of diverse and powerful sensors that enhance user experience. Two such sensors are accelerometer and gyroscope, which measure acceleration in all three spatial dimensions and rotation along the three axes of the smartphone, respectively. These sensors are often used by gaming and fitness apps. Unlike other sensors deemed to carry sensitive user data, such as GPS, camera, and microphone, the accelerometer and gyroscope do not require user permission on Android. This paper presents our IRB-approved studies showing that the these sensors gather sufficient data to quickly infer user's biological sex within a minute of holding the phone. Other approaches to inferring the user's sex rely directly or indirectly on significantly longer time periods. We started with 36 in-person participants, with 89% accuracy, and followed up with 256 on-line participants to show the effectiveness of our technique. We have implemented our technique as transparent background activities in an Android app, and in a Javascript browser web-app for Android and iOS smartphones. We show that even a low-skilled attacker, without expertise in signal processing or deep learning, can succeed at inferring the user's sex. Our approach is device agnostic and does not require tampering with the victim's device or specialized hardware; all study participants used their own phones.
Love/Power

Love supplants power as it is often understood in contemporary justice practice, obliterating it utterly. What, then, fills the vacuum? How can justice hope to endure without any mechanism for coercion? By what mechanism can justice hope to function? This essay will explore briefly Foucault’s thought about power as it functions in contemporary criminal justice, but will then develop a theoretical foundation inspired by Simone Weil, as well as a practical guide for a power modality that is consonant with the creation and sustainment of a loving justice.
NOT BUILT TO LAST: Military Occupation and Ruination under Settler Colonialism

This article explores the afterlife of a military base on the islands of Haida Gwaii, unceded territory of the Indigenous Haida Nation. Canadian Forces Station Masset was officially decommissioned in 1997, its buildings abandoned by Canada’s armed forces. The understanding of both Haida and their settler neighbors was thus that the army was gone, leaving only ruins and ambivalent affects in its wake. Yet the military had not actually left; rather, it remained in concealment, continuing to monitor the territory it had occupied. At work in this strange juxtaposition of absence and presence, I argue, is the deliberate production of a paradox, a constitutive contradiction that serves to reinforce the structures of settler domination even as it mitigates the visible presence of the forces of occupation. The affects of ruination engendered by the military’s departure, I contend, form part of these processes of settler concealment and deception.
Premorbid traumatic stress and veteran responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had unprecedented effects on lifestyle stability and physical and mental health. We examined the impact of preexisting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), and depression on biopsychosocial responses to the pandemic, including psychiatric symptoms, COVID-19 exposure, and housing/financial stability, among 101 U.S. military veterans enrolled in a longitudinal study of PTSD, a population of particular interest given veterans' trauma histories and defense-readiness training. Participants (83.2% male, 79.2% White, Mage = 59.28 years) completed prepandemic, clinician-administered psychiatric diagnostic interviews and a phone-based assessment between May and September 2020 using a new measure, the Rapid Assessment of COVID-19-Related Experiences (RACE), which was used to assess pandemic responses and its effects on mental and physical health; COVID-19 diagnosis and testing were also extracted from electronic medical records. Multivariate regressions showed that, controlling for demographic characteristics, prepandemic PTSD, β = .332; p = .003, and AUD symptoms, β = .228; p = .028, were associated with increased pandemic-related PTSD symptoms. Prepandemic AUD was associated with increased substance use during the pandemic, β = .391; p < .001, and higher rates of self-reported or medical record-based COVID-19 diagnosis, β = .264; p = .019. Minority race was associated with pandemic-related housing/financial instability, β = -.372; p < .001, raising concerns of population inequities. The results suggest that preexisting PTSD and AUD are markers for adverse pandemic-related psychiatric outcomes and COVID-19 illness. These findings carry implications for the importance of targeting prevention and treatment efforts for the highest-risk individuals.
Environmental protection from allergic diseases: From humans to mice and back

Allergic diseases have a strong environmental component, illustrated by the rapid rise of their prevalence in the Western world. Environmental exposures have been consistently shown to either promote or protect against allergic disease. Here we focus on protective exposures and the pathways they regulate. Traditional farming, natural environments with high biodiversity, and pets in the home (particularly dogs) have the most potent and consistent allergy-protective effects and are actively investigated to identify the environmental and host-based factors that confer allergy protection. Recent work emphasizes the critical protective role of microbial diversity and its interactions with the gut/lung and skin/lung axes-a cross-talk through which microbial exposure in the gut or skin powerfully influences immune responses in the lung.
WE‐E‐201‐02: Phases, Levels, Controls, and All That: An Informal Session On Clinical Trials

Physicists are often expected to have a solid grounding in experimental design and statistical analysis, sometimes filling in when biostatisticians or other experts are not available for consultation. Unfortunately, graduate education on these topics is seldom emphasized and few opportunities for continuing education exist. Clinical physicists incorporate new technology and methods into their practice based on published literature. A poor understanding of experimental design and analysis could Result in inappropriate use of new techniques. Clinical physicists also improve current practice through quality initiatives that require sound experimental design and analysis. Academic physicists with a poor understanding of design and analysis may produce ambiguous (or misleading) results. This can Result in unnecessary rewrites, publication rejection, and experimental redesign (wasting time, money, and effort). This symposium will provide a practical review of error and uncertainty, common study designs, and statistical tests. Instruction will primarily focus on practical implementation through examples and answer questions such as: where would you typically apply the test/design and where is the test/design typically misapplied (i.e., common pitfalls)? An analysis of error and uncertainty will also be explored using biological studies and associated modeling as a specific use case. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand common experimental testing and clinical trial designs, what questions they can answer, and how to interpret the results 2. Determine where specific statistical tests are appropriate and identify common pitfalls 3. Understand the how uncertainty and error are addressed in biological testing and associated biological modeling.
Husserl's static and genetic phenomenology: Translator's introduction to two essays. Essay 1: Static and genetic phenomenological method. Essay 2: The phenomenology of monadic individuality and the phenomenology of the general possibilities and compossibilities of lived-experiences: static and genetic phenomenology

Presentation du probleme de la definition de la methodologie phenomenologique qui se pose a Husserl en 1921 des lors qu'il se propose de formuler la difference entre les methodes statique et genetique en phenomenologie, qui constitue le sujet des deux essais issus des manuscrits B III 10 et publies dans leur traduction anglaise dans les articles suivants («Static and genetic phenomenolgoical method» et «The phenomnology of monadic individuality» in «continental philosophy review», 31, 2, 1998, pp. 135-42, 143-52)
Stem Cell Therapies in Clinical Trials: Progress and Challenges

Clinical investigations using stem cell products in regenerative medicine are addressing a wide spectrum of conditions using a variety of stem cell types. To date, there have been few reports of safety issues arising from autologous or allogeneic transplants. Many cells administered show transient presence for a few days with trophic influences on immune or inflammatory responses. Limbal stem cells have been registered as a product for eye burns in Europe and mesenchymal stem cells have been approved for pediatric graft versus host disease in Canada and New Zealand. Many other applications are progressing in trials, some with early benefits to patients.
Pulsed-laser deposition of YBa2Cu307-La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 thin film multilayers for spin injection devices

Pulsed laser deposition has been used for the growth of high quality YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 and La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 thin films and multilayers for electronic device applications. In particular, YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 - (SrTiO 3 , CeO 2 ) - La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 trilayer devices were fabricated to study the supercurrent suppression by the injection of a spin-polarized quasiparticle current. Our results show that the critical current for a YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 - 50 angstroms SrTiO 3 - La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 device was found to decrease from 120 mA to 15 mA, for an injection current of 60 mA of spin polarized current yielding a negative current gain of approximately 1.8. The effect of film microstructure on the critical current suppression was investigated. Defects in the SrTiO 3 and CeO 2 layers were found to control the device properties. Once optimized, spin injection represents a new approach to fabricating superconducting transistors which could impact electronic systems for many important next generation.
Prototype Neutron Portal Monitor Detector

Abstract A very large drum-shaped neutron detector which could replace the 3 He neutron portal monitor detector is under development. Detection is based on the 6 Li(n, 3 H) 4 He reaction. 6 Li metal is evaporated onto aluminum plates then covered with 22-cm x 27-cm ZnS(Ag) scintillation sheets and sealed about the edges. The equivalent of 40 detector plates will be arrayed in the 80-cm diameter drum housing and viewed by a single 20-cm diameter hemispherical photomultiplier tube without the use of light guides. Presently 25 detector plates are installed. Light collection tests are performed with a bare 210 Po alpha source on a ZnS(Ag) disk. Neutron detection studies include neutrons from a 2-curie PuBe source and from a 0.255-gram 240 Pu source.
AIDS and Addiction in New York City

The association between AIDS and intravenous drug abuse is emerging as a critical component of the AIDS epidemic due to several factors: the high rate of infection of this group with the HTLV-III virus-approximately 50%; the risk of infection to others through shared needles, sexual contact, and intrauterine transmission to the fetus; and the impact of large numbers of new cases of AIDS among addicts on the health care services of a few urban areas. This paper outlines the projected dimensions of the AIDS epidemic among intravenous drug abusers in New York City and its implications for hospital utilization and local health care expenditures. These considerations indicate the urgent need for a rapid expansion of addiction treatment services and modification of treatment objectives to deal with this new problem.
Acoustic modal analysis of a full-scale annular combustor

An acoustic modal decomposition of the measured pressure field in a full scale annular combustor installed in a ducted test rig is described. The modal analysis, utilizing a least squares optimization routine, is facilitated by the assumption of randomly occurring pressure disturbances which generate equal amplitude clockwise and counter-clockwise pressure waves, and the assumption of statistical independence between modes. These assumptions are fully justified by the measured cross spectral phases between the various measurement points. The resultant modal decomposition indicates that higher order modes compose the dominant portion of the combustor pressure spectrum in the range of frequencies of interest in core noise studies. A second major finding is that, over the frequency range of interest, each individual mode which is present exists in virtual isolation over significant portions of the spectrum. Finally, a comparison between the present results and a limited amount of data obtained in an operating turbofan engine with the same combustor is made. The comparison is sufficiently favorable to warrant the conclusion that the structure of the combustor pressure field is preserved between the component facility and the engine.
Distinction between tectonic mixing and mass transfer processes in a ductile shear zone

Abstract A petrological, geochemical and microtextural study of an upper amphibolite facies shear zone, developed in interlayered mafic and felsic layers, permits the relative roles of tectonic mixing and fluid-assisted mass transfer processes to be determined. Geochemical evidence indicates that the chemical changes in the deformed rocks result from mixing of mafic and felsic layers together with fluid-assisted mass transfer within the shear zone. During mylonitization, most major elements and some trace elements (LREE, Rb, Sr, Ba, Cu, Ni) exhibited mobile behavior. The HREEs, Ti, V, Sc, Co and Fe, on the other hand, were immobile. Based on mass conservation of these elements, a two-component mixing model using mafic and felsic rocks from outside the shear zone as end-members explains the major and trace element data. The chemical composition of the felsic mylonite is modeled by mixing 12±5% mafic rock and 88±5% felsic rock, whereas, the mafic mylonite is modeled by mixing 55±4% mafic rock and 45±4% felsic rock. A closed system mixing model yields a good fit for immobile elements, such as HREEs, Ti, V, and Sc, but significant chemical differences between the calculated data and observed data are explained by fluid-assisted mass transfer of mobile elements under open system conditions. A 24% volume loss in the felsic mylonite and 13% volume loss in mafic mylonite are derived from the mass balance, assuming the HREE, Ti, V and Sc were immobile.
A phosphatidyl diglucosyl diglyceride from Acholeplasma laidlawii B.

Abstract A phosphorus-containing lipid migrating on thin-layer chromatograms between phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol was found in aged cultures of Acholeplasma laidlawii B. Acid hydrolysis yielded fatty acids, glycerol, glycerophosphate and glucose. Strong alkaline hydrolysis yielded fatty acids, glycerophosphates, and 1-[O-α- d - glucopyranosyl -(1→2)-O-α- d - glucopyranosyl -](1→1)-sn- glycerol . Phospholipase A 2 from hog pancreas degraded the lipid to fatty acids and a more polar phosphorus-containing lipid. Phospholipase C action resulted in the formation of 1,2-diglyceride and lipid fragment which yielded a diglucosyl diglyceride upon treatment with alkaline phosphatase. The structure of this lipid was determined to be 1- O - α -kojibiosyl-2,3-diglyceride containing a phosphatidyl radical attached to the C-6 of one of the two glucoses. Data on molar ratios of the components and periodate consumption by the intact and deacylated lipid are compatible with such a structure.
Measuring service quality: a systems approach

Initially, development of theory and processes for the evaluation of service quality lagged behind that for evaluating product quality. Even now, service quality measurement is beset by several problems. Describes some of the difficulties in evaluating service quality and presents a framework for evaluating it which uses a general systems theory approach. Suggests that, to understand consumers′ views of the quality level in the firm, service managers should consider perceptions of service inputs and the service process as well as perceptions of service outcomes. Presents the results of two studies involving six types of service in support of the framework. Discusses recommendations for the implementation of a systems outlook and its implications for services marketers.
Sympathy, empathy, and physician resource utilization.

Objective:To test the hypothesis that physicians preferring a sympathetic over an empathetic response to a hypothetical patient’s misfortune will utilize more health care resources in the care of their patients. Design:Physicians were asked to select either the sympathetic response or the empathetic response to a hypothetical patient’s misfortune (death of a spouse) and to state their preferences for intubation of a hypothetical end-stage lung-disease patient. For each physician, hospital records were retrospectively reviewed to assess the mean number of laboratory tests ordered per clinic patient and the mean duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitations he or she performed before declaring his or her efforts unsuccessful. Setting:General medicine clinic at a large urban hospital. Participants:101 physicians above the postgraduate year-1 level who attended the general medicine clinic. Measurements and main results:As hypothesized, physicians selecting the sympathetic option (n=58) had a greater mean preference for intubation (p<0.02), ordered more laboratory tests per patient in clinic (p<0.03), and performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation for longer periods of time before declaring their efforts unsuccessful (p<0.06) than did physicians selecting the empathetic option (n=38). Conclusions:These data suggest that the constructs of sympathy and empathy reflect psychological aspects of physicians that have a measurable influence on their practice behaviors.
Genre Matters: An Examination of Women Working Behind the Scenes and On-screen Portrayals in Reality and Scripted Prime-Time Programming

A content analysis of prime-time programming on the six US broadcast networks revealed unexpected differences between scripted programs and reality programs. Past research posited and found that women working in powerful behind-the-scenes roles are associated with greater on-screen representation of female characters and more egalitarian portrayals of conflict and its resolution. Although our hypotheses were confirmed for scripted programs, the presence of women behind the scenes on reality programs was negatively related to on-screen representation. Further, women behind the scenes on reality programs were less effective at eliminating gender differences in the portrayal of conflict resolution.
Photoinduced, controlled generation of palladium crystallite structures in polyimide films

Structures of Pd crystallites with nanometer dimensions are formed on the surface of and inside polyimide films by a combination of photochemical and thermal processes. Photoinduced transformations of polyamic acid films containing Pd 2 + complexes prior to thermal curing affect the subsequent thermal imidization of the polymer and reduction of the remaining palladium ions. The extent of photolysis controls the formation and characteristics of surface and subsurface metallic layers as well as the sizes of Pd particles generated within and below the interlayer region. Interference between waves reflected from the continuous embedded Pd layer and waves reflected from the continuous surface metal layer is the origin of the colors observed in photolyzed and cured films. Multicolored areas are a result of nanometer range variations of the interlayer distance. Optical properties typical of Fabry-Perot filters are observed when the thickness of the surface layer and internal metal layer are similar. The etalon-like films experience significant reversible dimensional changes upon exposure to white light.
The Lewis number in reacting systems

Abstract A single diffusion coefficient, D ′ applicable to steady-state processes in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium, multicomponent reacting systems is presented. This diffusion coefficient can be used to define the frozen Lewis number in its conventional form. An explicit expression for D ′ can be obtained in a multicomponent system only in the special case of a single-reaction, multicomponent system with identical binary diffusion coefficients. By analyzing an equilibrium reaction 2 AB 2 ⇄ 2 AB + B 2 (of the type: 2NO 2 ⇄ 2NO + O 2 but with unequal diffusion coefficients) it is shown that D ′ is insensitive to the thermodynamic state of the system.
Influence of terbufos and nicosulfuron on iron chlorosis and growth of corn

The larval stage of the spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica vigifera zeae), the Mexican corn rootworm, is a highly devastating pest of cornfields in Texas and the Southwest. A systemic organophosphate insecticide, standard release terbufos (ST), applied in row with the corn seed at planting, has been termed effective in reducing crop damage from the Mexican corn rootworm. However, recent field observations have indicated possible association of micronutrient deficiency symptoms with use of terbufos and over-the-top sulfonyl urea herbicides (nicosulfuron, primisulfuron) on crops such as corn. This experiment was conducted to determine if this systemic soil insecticide would affect plant metabolic activities as measured by nutrient deficiency chlorosis and plant growth. The study also involved testing a controlled release terbufos (CR) version of the same insecticide. Each soil insecticide was compared with and without foliar treatments with one of the sulfonyl urea herbicides (nicosulfuron) used in control...
Feedback control of tethered satellites using Lyapunov stability theory

This paper treats the three-dimensional aspects of tethered satellite deployment and retrieval. Feedback control laws with guaranteed closed-loop stability are obtained using the second method of Lyapunov. Tether mass and aerodynamic effects are not included in the design of the control laws. First, a coordinate transformation is presented that partially uncouples the in-plane and out-of-plane dynamics. A combination of tension control as well as out-of-plane thrusting is shown to be adequate for fast retrieval. Next, a unified control design method based on an integral of motion (for the coupled system) is presented. It is shown that the controller designed by the latter, method is superior to that of the former, primarily from the out-of-plane thrust usage point of view. A detailed analysis of stability of the closed-loop system is presented and the existence of limit cycles is ruled out if out-of-plane thrusting is used in conjunction with tension control. Finally, a tether rate control law is also developed using the integral of motion mentioned previously. The control laws developed in the paper can also be used for stationkeeping.
Comparison of Monte Carlo and analytical calculations of average dose deposited in aluminum foils by broad beams of electrons

Abstract The calculation of average absorbed dose in aluminum foils struck perpendicularly by broad plane-parallel beams of electrons is reviewed. Effects of foil thickness, electron energy, stopping power, multiple scattering, backscattering, breamsstrahlung and delta-rays are considered. Results of simple analytical calculations are compared with Monte Carlo computations for selected test cases. The relevance of this problem to cavity theory, as it has been applied to electron beam dosimetry, is also discussed.
The role of FAK in tumor metabolism and therapy

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays a vital role in tumor cell proliferation, survival and migration. Altered metabolic pathways fuel rapid tumor growth by accelerating glucose, lipid and glutamine processing. Besides the mitogenic effects of FAK, evidence is accumulating supporting the association between hyper-activated FAK and aberrant metabolism in tumorigenesis. FAK can promote glucose consumption, lipogenesis, and glutamine dependency to promote cancer cell proliferation, motility, and survival. Clinical studies demonstrate that FAK-related alterations of tumor metabolism are associated with increased risk of developing solid tumors. Since FAK contributes to the malignant phenotype, small molecule inhibition of FAK-stimulated bioenergetic and biosynthetic processes can provide a novel approach for therapeutic intervention in tumor growth and invasion.
A comparison of electrocardiographic changes observed during the “anoxemia test” on normal persons and on patients with coronary sclerosis

Abstract 1. 1. In 157 cases of coronary sclerosis, the anoxemia test was electrocardiographically positive in 49 per cent, and furnished presumptive evidence of coronary insufficiency, by the occurrence of pain, in another 20 per cent. It was thus helpful in the recognition of a diminished coronary reserve in 69 per cent. 2. 2. The RS-T deviation in each individual lead, as well as the total RS-T deviation in the four leads which were employed, was greater in the 157 patients with coronary sclerosis than in 136 normal persons. 3. 3. The amount of total RS-T deviation usually increased in linear fashion in relation to the duration of the period of anoxemia. Occasionally the degree of deviation rose to a peak level and then decreased, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms operated to bring about a favorable adjustment in coronary blood flow. 4. 4. Comparison of the results on different patients with coronary sclerosis showed no direct relationship between the duration of the test and the amount of total RS-T deviation; patients who breathed the lowoxygen mixture for twenty minutes did not tend to show greater RS-T deviation than those whose tests were terminated earlier because of pain. 5. 5. The incidence of significant T-wave change increased with the degree of total RS-T deviation. 6. 6. The combination of partial T-wave reversal and RS-T deviation of 1 mm. or more in Lead IVF, as the sole criterion of a positive test, was observed in less than 2 per cent of the cases of coronary sclerosis and was found with equal frequency in normal persons. Its use as a sign of a positive reaction has, therefore, been discontinued.
A Planning Framework for Non-Prehensile Manipulation under Clutter and Uncertainty

Robotic manipulation systems suffer from two main problems in unstructured human environments: uncertainty and clutter. We introduce a planning framework addressing these two issues. The framework plans rearrangement of clutter using non-prehensile actions, such as pushing. Pushing actions are also used to manipulate object pose uncertainty. The framework uses an action library that is derived analytically from the mechanics of pushing and is provably conservative. The framework reduces the problem to one of combinatorial search, and demonstrates planning times on the order of seconds. With the extra functionality, our planner succeeds where traditional grasp planners fail, and works under high uncertainty by utilizing the funneling effect of pushing. We demonstrate our results with experiments in simulation and on HERB, a robotic platform developed at the Personal Robotics Lab at Carnegie Mellon University.
Electron Beam Coater for Reduction of Charging in Ice-Embedded Biological Specimens using Ti88Si12 Alloy

Biological macromolecules embedded in vitreous ice are known to suffer from charging while being imaged in an electron transmission cryomicroscope. We developed an electron beam coater that deposits conductive films onto the surface of frozen-hydrated specimens. The conductive films help to dissipate charge during electron irradiation of poorly conductive ice-embedded biological samples. We observed significant reduction in charging of ice-embedded catalase crystals suspended over holes in a holey carbon film after coating them with a 30-A-thick layer of an amorphous alloy, Ti88Si12. Images of the crystals after coating showed diffraction spots of up to 3 A resolution.
Neurophysiological correlates of age-related changes in human motor function

Background: There are well-defined and characteristic age-related deficits in motor abilities that may reflect structural and chemical changes in the aging brain. Objective: To delineate age-related changes in the physiology of brain systems subserving simple motor behavior. Methods: Ten strongly right-handed young ( 50 years of age) subjects with no evidence of cognitive or motor deficits participated in the study. Whole-brain functional imaging was performed on a 1.5-T MRI scanner using a spiral pulse sequence while the subjects performed a visually paced “button-press” motor task with their dominant right hand alternating with a rest state. Results: Although the groups did not differ in accuracy, there was an increase in reaction time in the elderly subjects (mean score ± SD, young subjects = 547 ± 97 ms, elderly subjects = 794 ± 280 ms, p right), and contralateral cerebellum of the elderly subjects. Conclusions: The results of this study show that elderly subjects recruit additional cortical and subcortical areas even for the performance of a simple motor task. These changes may represent compensatory mechanisms invoked by the aging brain, such as reorganization and redistribution of functional networks to compensate for age-related structural and neurochemical changes.
Auditor workload compression and busy season portfolio changes: US evidence

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of auditor workload compression on the likelihood of changes to the busy season client portfolio of an audit firm. We find evidence of a positive association between workload compression and the likelihood of changes to the constituents of the busy season client portfolio of a local office. We also find evidence of a positive association between auditor-client misalignment and the likelihood of such changes. The results for our auditor risk proxies are consistent with prior studies, in support that auditors with greater levels of risk in their portfolios are more likely to engage in busy season client turnover. By using alternative research methods and considering previously overlooked variables, this study sheds new light on the factors influencing the portfolio management decisions of auditors.
The Alabama Preterm Birth Study: diffuse decidual leukocytoclastic necrosis of the decidua basalis, a placental lesion associated with preeclampsia, indicated preterm birth and decreased fetal growth.

Objective. Laminar necrosis, a band-like distribution of coagulative necrosis, has been reported at the choriodecidual interface of the free membranes of placentas of women with various adverse neonatal outcomes. Our goal in this study was to evaluate the frequency of an equivalent feature in the decidua basalis, diffuse decidual leukocytoclastic necrosis (DDLN), a diffuse coagulative necrosis admixed with karyorrhectic debris, in preterm births <32 weeks, and to determine its association with various obstetric conditions, markers of placental inflammation, and newborn outcome.Study design. Four hundred and forty-six mother/infant dyads who delivered between 23 and 32 weeks gestational age (GA) had their medical records abstracted, a variety of placental and cord blood cultures performed, cord interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels determined, and the placentas evaluated histologically by a single pathologist (OFP).Results. Women with DDLN (27%) were significantly more likely than other women to have preeclampsia (5...
Coarse-grain speculation for emerging processors

The impending multi/many-core processor revolution requires that programmers leverage explicit concurrency to improve performance. Unfortunately, a large body of applications/algorithms are inherently hard to parallelize due to execution order constraints imposed by data and control dependencies or being sensitive to their input data and not scale perfectly, leaving several cores idle. The goal of this research is to enable such applications leverage multi/many-cores efficiently to improve their performance.
Expression of Desmoglein 1 Compensates for Genetic Loss of Desmoglein 3 in Keratinocyte Adhesion

The desmoglein compensation hypothesis, namely that one desmoglein can compensate for loss of function of another, has been proposed to explain the tissue specificity of the autoantibody-induced loss of cell adhesion in pemphigus. To validate this hypothesis genetically, we used desmoglein-3 knockout mice (DSG3–/–) that lose their telogen hair prematurely due to loss of adhesion between keratinocytes of the telogen hair club and the outer root sheath, where the only desmoglein expressed in normal mice is desmoglein-3. To determine if desmoglein-1 could substitute for the function of desmoglein-3 in telogen hair, we produced transgenic mice that express desmoglein-1 driven off the keratin 14 promoter, and then bred the transgene (TG) into DSG3–/– mice. Immunoblotting showed transgene expression in skin, and immunofluorescence showed desmoglein-1 in the telogen club of DSG3–/–TG+ but not DSG3–/–TG– mice. DSG3–/–TG– mice lost telogen hair with each wave of telogen, whereas DSG3–/–TG+ mice had markedly delayed and decreased hair loss. DSG3–/– mice also show low weights due to blisters in the oral mucosa. Surprisingly, DSG3–/–TG+ mice showed similar low weights, because the transgene, although expressed in skin, was not well expressed in oral mucous membranes. These studies show that desmoglein-1 can compensate for loss of desmoglein-3-mediated adhesion, and provide genetic evidence confirming the desmoglein compensation hypothesis.
Natural geochemical isolation of neutron-activated waste: Scenarios and equilibrium models

Abstract A coupled geochemical/geohydraulic model is used to discuss and interpret possible mechanisms for contaminant transport and accumulation in inorganic environments. The geochemical part of the code, the triple layer model for adsorption, allows one to estimate the variation of the contaminant distribution coefficient with solution composition. The hydraulic part of the model establishes a deterministic correlation of the spatial variation of the distribution coefficient. Scenarios are constructed incorporating computed system behavior. A comparison of potential contaminant concentrations with acceptable ones allows one to quantify the degree of geochemical isolation of the contaminant which a chosen environment provides. Long lived waste, activated in the thermal neutron flux of a light water reactor, is classified using the proposed methodology and a very conservative scenario: beryllium, lead, molybdenum, selenium, tin and zirconium activated in the bulk of the reactor decommissioning waste (the bioshield) might be sufficiently isolated by the chemistry in common soils. The concentration of nickel in oxidizing inorganic noncomplexing drinking water has an upper limit given by the precipitation of nickel minerals. Above pH = 7 is an effective geochemical barrier for nickel activated anywhere in the reactor, except the high neutron flux region.
Getting Them on the Same Page: Strategies for Enhancing Coordination and Communication in Sports Teams

When a quarterback and a receiver stand facing one another after an incompletion with their arms and eyebrows raised, it is clear that a key challenge for sports teams is achieving team coordination; that is, arranging team members’ actions so that, when they are combined, they are in suitable relation for effective team functioning. A prerequisite to achieving team coordination is effective communication between team members, including coaches, about game plans and the roles and responsibilities of team members. This article presents strategies for enhancing team coordination and communication during practice and competition.
Mechanism of protective effect of hydrocortisone in staphylococci infected adrenalectomized mice.

Summary1. The increased tolerance of mice to an i.v. challenge of staphylococci as compared to an injection of the bacteria by the i.p. route was found to be related to the rapid clearance of bacteria from the blood following the i.v. injection. However, adrenalectomy markedly reduced the resistance to an i.v. challenge without altering the rates of clearance or bacterial destruction by the R. E. system. 2. It was postulated that digestion of the bacteria by the R. E. system liberated bacterial material which was noxious to the adrenalectomized mouse. “Solubilization” of the bacterial preparation increased its toxicity as compared to control viable or heat-sterilized preparations, indicating the independence of this toxicity to numbers of viable bacteria. 3. Hydrocortisone pretreatment of adrenalectomized mice was found to be protective, relevant to dosage, in minute amounts, against i.v. challenge with either viable staphylococci or extracts of this organism.
Neuronal activity in the midbrain reticular formation related to behavioral habituation and sensitization.

Abstract KOOTZ, J. P. AND H. M. SINNAMON. Neuronal activity in the midbrain reticular formation related to behavioral habituation and sensitization . BRAIN RES. BULL. 3 (5) 533–539, 1978.— Single units of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) were recorded in the active rat ( N = 10) during the presentation of repetitive trains of clicks or flashes. The movement and orienting behavior elicited by the stimuli, measured by direct observation and in terms of electrical disturbances in the recording cable, showed habituation in 14 cases, sensitization in six cases, and no decrement in nine cases. Of the 18 MRF units recorded during at least one of these behavioral conditions, seven were classed as congruent, i.e., they showed activity that paralleled the behavioral response. The majority of MRF units were behaviorally incongruent; in the most frequently observed case, their activity failed to change reliably when behavior habituated. Although the activity of congruent units generally showed moderate correlations with behavior that followed stimulation, disassociations between the two responses were commonly found. While the data are consistent with a role for the MRF in behavioral habituation and sensitization, they provide little evidence that the region is closely linked to the systems in direct control of behavior.
Enhancement of neurotransmitter release from invertebrate synaptosomes by pyrethroids during pulsed-depolarization : a functional assay for effects on repolarization

The release of [3H]neurotransmitters was used as a functional assay to assess the actions of selected neurotoxins on the synaptosomal membranes prepared from the invertebrate nervous systems of squid and house fly. A reproducible release of [3]neurotransmitter was evoked by pulsed-depolarization in the presence of elevated K+ or of veratridine. Pretreatment with deltamethrin resulted in a substantial enhancement of [3H]neuro-transmitter release during pulsed-depolarization. This enhanced neurotransmitter release was greatly reduced or absent when synaptosomes of knockdown-resistant house flies were examined. No enhanced neurotransmitter release due to deltamethrin pretreatment was apparent from any synaptosomal preparation under non-depolarizing conditions. Under similar conditions, collaborative experiments demonstrated that deltamethrin causes a significant change in protein phosphorylation activities which follow depolarization. The most significant change caused by deltamethrin was the prolonged elevation of the level of phosphorylation on a number of key synaptic proteins beyond the normal time of their recovery to the dephosphorylated state. The most notable protein reacting to deltamethrin in this manner was calcium-cadlmodulin-dependent protein kinase.
Surgical Correction of Posttraumatic VSD Via the Right Atrium

We report the cases of four patients seen with ventricular septal defects (VSDs) resulting from penetrating chest trauma; initial surgical management was via left thoracotomy and comprised relief of tamponade and suture of the surface cardiac wound. A VSD was suspected in all four patients postoperatively on the basis of a holosystolic murmur as confirmed with two-dimensional echo and angiography. Elective surgical repair was undertaken on cardiopulmonary bypass with bicaval cannulation and cardioplegic arrest. The interventricular septum was approached through the right atrium (no attempt was made to free the anterior surface of the right ventricle from adhesions). Three defects were closed directly and one was closed with a pericardial patch. The surgical correction of posttraumatic VSD from a penetrating injury can be safely and effectively achieved via a right atrial approach.
Effect of bilateral spreading depression and scopolamine on motor activity in rats.

Rats (N = 40) were surgically prepared to receive bilateral cortical spreading depression. Approximately 24 hr. postoperatively their level of motor activity was measured after administration of scopolamine or saline in the presence or absence of spreading depression (2 × 2 design). Although the data seemed to reflect a slight activating effect of scopolamine, they clearly indicated a significant depressant effect of spreading depression on motor activity which suggests that spreading depression may impair learning tasks by reducing motor activity.
“I’m not running around with my pants sagging, so how am I not acting like a lady?”: Intersections of Race and Gender in the Experiences of Female Middle School Troublemakers

Careful examination of the discipline gap reveals growing disproportionality in the use of exclusionary discipline measures with female students of color, particularly African American females. Most often, adolescent girls of color are disciplined for subjectively defined behaviors, or behaviors considered inappropriate by educators. This study seeks to understand how seven middle school girls of color explain and justify their compliant and noncompliant behaviors and how their interactions with educators shape their beliefs about such behaviors. Using the theory of intersectionality, we examine how these girls both experience oppression and resist it within various domains of power. Findings show that a hostile school environment characterized by a lack of academic and social support, challenges to justice and fairness, presumptions of guilt, miscommunications and misunderstandings, and peer conflict alienates these young females of color from the learning process. Additionally, findings suggest participants strive to be heard and respected at school, using it as a site of resistance and reflecting their individual empowerment and self-advocacy.
Study of Microscopic Degradation in Teeth

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is an effective tool for investigating molecular processes involved in tooth degradation. This technic was used to investigate organic destruction due to microbial invasion, X-ray exposure, and grinding.
The influence of organic chelators on the toxicity of copper to embryos of the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

The effects of copper on the development ofCrassostrea gigas embryos were determined with a 48-hr static bioassay. In filtered, sterilized seawater from Bodega Bay, California, the LC100 was 20μg Cu/L, and the LC50 was 12μg Cu/L. Destruction of the naturally occurring dissolved organic material in the culture water by UV oxidation decreased embryo survival at 10μg Cu/L. The addition to seawater of five organic chelators (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium citrate, glycine, and oxalate at 1×10−6 M, and humic matter at 2 mg/L) increased embryo survival. EDTA and humic matter were the most effective chelators; EDTA significantly increased survival at 100μg Cu/L and humic matter did so at 40μg Cu/L. The ability of a chelator to increase survival was related to the stability constant of the copper-chelator complex.