cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of prostaglandin E1 in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of the dog and rat

Abstract : It has been shown that the enzymatic activity of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase is very high in the lung, kidney, testicle and placenta, and is low in the plasma, heart, uterus and ovary. Presently, the significance of the uneven distribution of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase is a moot question. It is tempting to speculate that the velocity of the inactivation of released prostaglandins may be commensurate with the physiological roles of prostaglandins in particular tissues. It is well established that the prostaglandins given intravenously are inactivated very effectively by the enzyme in the lungs during even a single circulation. It can be conceived that a given amount of released prostaglandins in the central nervous system may exert their actions much longer than that of the intravenously administered prostaglandin in the system since the enzymatic activity is markedly lower in the CNS than the activity in the lungs and kidney. (Author)
Mobilities of doubly charged rare-gas ions in their parent gases

The mobilities of the doubly charged rare-gas ions He/sup 2 +/, Ne/sup 2 +/, Ar/sup 2 +/, Kr/sup 2 +/, and Xe/sup 2 +/ in their parent gases have been determined in a drift-tube mass-spectrometer apparatus. The finding of more than one mobility for each of the doubly charged ions (with the exception of He/sup 2 +/) is attributed to the presence of the /sup 3/P, /sup 1/D, and /sup 1/S long-lived, lowest-energy states of these ions. At 300 K the reduced mobilities (in units of cm/sup 2//V sec) extrapolated to zero field have the values ..mu../sub 0/(He/sup 2 +/ in He) = 18.3; ..mu../sub 0/(Ne/sup 2 +/ in Ne) = 6.5(/sup 1/D), 7.0(/sup 3/P), 8.5(/sup 1/S); ..mu../sub 0/(Ar/sup 2 +/ in Ar) = 2.7(/sup 3/P), approx. 2.2(/sup 1/D); ..mu../sub 0/(Kr/sup 2 +/ in Kr) = 1.11 and 1.28; ..mu../sub 0/(Xe/sup 2 +/ in Xe) = 0.65 and 0.75. The measured values are accurate to +- 3%.
TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSFER OF NALTREXONE IN RATS

Extracts of fetal (20 days gestation) brain, heart, and liver were evaluated for naltrexone in rats 1 hour following maternal injection of 50 mg/kg opioid antagonist; adult plasma from the pregnant rats was analyzed. Samples were prepared by ultrafiltration, lyophilized, reconstituted in mobile phase, and separated by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. This qualitative analysis revealed the presence of naltrexone in all fetal tissues, as well as in adult plasma. These results indicate naltrexone, maternally administered, passes through the placenta and enters the fetus. The data would suggest that reports concerning somatic and neurobiological acceleration in offspring exposed to naltrexone during gestation may be the result of a direct opioid antagonist action in the fetus.
On the theory of financial intermediation

This paper surveys the theory of financial intermediation and argues that innovations are changing the demand for services of intermediaries. It concludes that intermediation is being fundamentally transformed. After identifying ten elemental risks in finance, the paper reviews how instruments (contracts), agencies, and the government affect protfolio choice. It analyzes financial institutions, assets, and markets and argues that derivative securities and technical innovations are eroding the traditional market niches of intermediaries. In the new markets, they are in danger of losing market share. Data from the United States suggest that such a decline is in progress.
A Non-Chromatographic Method for the Purification of a Bivalently Active Monoclonal IgG Antibody from Biological Fluids

This paper describes a method for the purification of monoclonal antibodies (rat anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl IgG: IgG(DNP); and mouse antidigoxin IgG: IgG(Dgn)) from ascites fluid. This procedure (for IgG(DNP)) has three steps: (i) precipitation of proteins heavier than immunoglobulins with ammonium sulfate; (ii) formation of cyclic complexes of IgG(DNP) by causing it to bind to synthetic multivalent haptens containing multiple DNP groups; (iii) selective precipitation of these dimers, trimers, and higher oligomers of the target antibody, followed by regeneration of the free antibody. This procedure separates the targeted antibody from a mixture of antibodies, as well as from other proteins and globulins in a biological fluid. This method is applicable to antibodies with a wide range of monovalent binding constants (0.1 microM to 0.1 nM). The multivalent ligands we used (derivatives of DNP and digoxin) isolated IgG(DNP) and IgG(Dgn) from ascites fluid in yields of >80% and with >95% purity. This technique has two advantages over conventional chromatographic methods for purifying antibodies: (i) it is selective for antibodies with two active Fab binding sites (both sites are required to form the cyclic complexes) over antibodies with one or zero active Fab binding sites; (ii) it does not require chromatographic separation. It has the disadvantage that the structure of the hapten must be compatible with the synthesis of bi- and/or trivalent analogues.
Future of Engineering Technology Education

Engineering technology education in the United States can trace its history back to the Wickenden and Spahr study of 1931, which identified the place of engineering technology education in the technical spectrum [1]. By 1945, the Engineering Council for Professional Development developed the first accreditation procedures for two-year engineering technology programs and by 1946, the first program was accredited. On this timeline the Purdue University engineering technology programs at Indianapolis can trace their history back to 1946 [2]. Over the last 70 years, engineering technology education in the United States has distinguished itself by a history of evolution, development and continuous improvement. Engineering technology education faces significant challenges during the next several years. These challenges are driven by the rapid evolution of computer technology and changing expectations of the educational process by the stakeholders. Stakeholders include not only students and faculty but also various groups in both the public and private sectors including industry, professional organizations, funding agencies, state government and the university system. Two specific challenges facing engineering technology educators are ‘basic faculty credentials’ and changing expectations for ‘creative activities’. These two challenges can be delineated by the following questions: • Will a doctorate degree be necessary for engineering technology faculty in the future for promotion and tenure in the university environment? • Will applied research or pedagogical research be ‘good enough’ for tenure? This paper addresses these two issues using a study of current engineering technology faculty hiring practices as a basis. Ultimately, critical future discussions must occur as engineering technology education continues to evolve and move into the future.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A Human Capital Approach to Academic Advising.

Human capital, defined as any characteristic of a worker that contributes to that worker's productivity, is presented in this article as a unifying theme for academic advising in higher education. ...
An Effective Approach To System Integration: A Comprehensive Checklist

System integration is one of many ambiguous terms used in high technology system development communities which needs to be better understood and recognized. Its definition often depends on one's point of view and purpose. However, it must be recognized that system integration is an idea which must drive the development process from start to finish. The influence of system integration must carry significant weight at the beginning during requirements development and system design as well as through the detailed design, build, and test activities as more traditionally recognized. This paper attempts to treat system integration as a more universal activity by first defining it from different aspects and then by presenting an approach which can be effective in a wide variety of situations. The approach is offered in the form of a checklist, which tends to be more easily visualized, understood, and incorporated into a plan of action. This paper also attempts to remain independent of particular technology applications and business areas to maximize its applicability.
Alterations of gamma globulin with plasma cell neoplasm in mice.

SummaryExperimental mouse plasma cell tumor, X5563, produces plasma gamma globulin alterations. Temporary disappearance of abnormal globulin occurs following partial removal of neoplasm. Homologous transplantation of tumor has been carried out. Because surviving tumor can be readily identified by changes in plasma proteins without animal sacrifice, it provides a new and useful tool for investigation of tumor immunity.
Nonlinear optical media in photonic crystal waveguides: Intrinsic localized modes and device applications

A review is given of some of the properties of photonic crystal waveguides containing or interacting with nonlinear optical media including discussions of potential device applications. An introduction is given to photonic crystals, photonic crystal waveguide technologies, the properties of Kerr nonlinear dielectric media, the properties of new types of excitations in these systems known as intrinsic localized modes, and optical bistability. Device designs for switches, waveguide couplers, interferometers, transistors, photonic crystal receivers and transmitters, and photonic crystal sensors are reviewed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 12: 18–32, 2007
Diverting ileostomy for colonic Crohn's disease. Part 2: Radiological findings in the colon following diversion.

In 14 patients, the radiological and clinical features preceding and following diverting ileostomy were evaluated. Clinical improvement was usually associated with disappearance of ulcers and nodules. There was either no change in length or width of the colon or only slight increases or decreases in length or width, in various combinations. Clinical relapses were all severe enough to warrant colectomy and were marked by severe narrowing or narrowing and shortening of the colon, or reappearance of ulcers or nodules. Asymptomatic radiographic relapses also occurred. Radiological follow-up is therefore essential, and intestinal continuity should not be re-established for some time after a radiological relapse has become evident.
Cardinality of finite topologies

Abstract Let S denote a finite set of cardinal n. The discrete topology on S contains 2n open sets; the indiscrete topology contains 2 open sets. A partial answer is given to the question: For which intermediate integers m is there a topology on S with cardinal m? It is shown that no topology, other than the discrete, has cardinal greater than 3/4 2n. Other bounds are derived on the cardinality of connected, non-T0, connected and non-T0, and non-connected topologies. Proofs involve results in the theory of transitive digraphs.
A computational algorithm for multiple equation models with panel data

Abstract By stacking observations by individuals across equations, we propose a simpler computational algorithm to estimate multiple-equations error-components models with or without simultaneity using the Choleski decomposition of the resultant covariance matrix of residuals. This generalizes the Fuller-Batesse transformation to the multiple equation case.
A case study of precision farming for nutrient management of corn.

Precision farming relies on the cost effectiveness of collecting and interpreting data, which describes the variations of agricultural conditions such as crop stresses, nutrient deficiencies, water stresses, or pest infestation. Hyperspectral remote sensing from satellites and airborne sensors can be a way to obtain data needed to develop site-specific farming management strategies. The primary objective of the hyperspectral applications in precision farming is to provide farmers with a technology, which can detect specific crop conditions that can be used to program variable-rate applications. Applications of water, pesticides, and fertilizer can be tailored to the needs of the agricultural crops, based on the conditions reflected on the imagery. This paper presents an experimental study performed in Beltsville, Maryland for assessing the plant density and nutrient uptake of corn using a simple photographic method from a model airplane versus obtaining hyperspectral imagery from an airborne sensor. The hyperspectral sensor utilized in this study was the AISA sensor. These remote sensors can measure the temperature of plants; or to be more specific, they can measure how much energy plants emit at the visible and near-infrared wavelengths of the spectrum, such as water and vegetation.
Religious authoritarianism and psychopathology in college students.

This study tested the hypothesis that religious authoritarianism is associated with indices of psychopathology in late adolescent college students (ages 18–20). The Mayo Religious Authoritarianism Scale was administered to 161 lower division college students who also completed the MMPI, the clinical scales of which were used to provide measures of emotional disturbance. Religious authoritarianism was not associated with any of the MMPI clinical scale scores; however, religious authoritarian subjects scored higher on the Ego Strength Scale of the MMPI than did high authoritarian subjects.
Utilization review and the treatment of mental illness: Emerging norms and variabilities

The increasing importance and pervasiveness of utilization review requires efforts to support patient advocacy and to monitor shifting of costs.
Conformation of O-(L-α-Glyceryl-phosphoryl)-ethanolamine in the Crystal Structure of its Monohydrate

WE have determined the crystal structure and absolute configuration of the monohydrate of O-(L-α-glycerylphosphoryl)-ethanolamine (GPE) and have found that there are close relationships between the conformation of the zwitterion of GPE and those which have been reported for O-(L-α-glyceryl-phosphoryl)-choline (GPC) in two previous crystal structure determinations1,2. The recurrent features in the observed stereochemistry of GPE (Fig. 1a) and the three conformers of GPC (Fig. 1b, c and d) suggest configurations for the polar moieties of the parent phosphatidyl ethanolamines and cholines which may be involved in the functioning of these molecules as major components of biological membranes. Because of difficulties in growing suitable crystals, the structures of the intact phospholipids have not yet been determined by X-ray methods.
Selfishness and sex or cooperation and family values

Evolutionary models of behavior often encounter resistance due to an apparent focus on themes of sex, selfishness, and gender differences. The target article might seem ripe for such criticism. However, life history theory suggests that these themes, and their counterparts, including cooperation, generosity, and gender similarities, represent two sides of the same coin - all are consequences of reproductive trade-offs made throughout development.
Expression of simian immunodeficiency virus Nef protein in CD4 + T cells leads to a molecular profile of viral persistence and immune evasion

The Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus is expressed early in infection and plays an important role in disease progression in vivo. In addition, Nef has been shown to modulate cellular functions. To decipher Nef-mediated changes in gene expression, we utilized DNA microarray analysis to elucidate changes in gene expression in a Jurkat CD4+ T-cell line stably expressing SIV-Nef protein under the control of an inducible promoter. Our results showed that genes associated with antigen presentation including members of the T-cell receptor and major histocompatibility class 1 complex were consistently down-regulated at the transcript level in SIV-Nef-expressing cells. In addition, Nef induced a transcriptional profile of cell-cycle-related genes that support the survival of Nef-expressing cells. Furthermore, Nef enhanced the transcription of genes encoding enzymes and factors that catalyze the biosynthesis of membrane glycolipids and phospholipids. In conclusion, gene expression profiling showed that SIV-Nef induces a transcriptional profile in CD4+ T cells that promotes immune evasion and cell survival, thus facilitating viral persistence.
Camouflage Patterning in Maize Leaves Results from a Defect in Porphobilinogen Deaminase

Maize leaves are produced from polarized cell divisions that result in clonal cell lineages arrayed along the long axis of the leaf. We utilized this stereotypical division pattern to identify a collection of mutants that form chloroplast pigmentation sectors that violate the clonal cell lineages. Here, we describe the camouflage1 (cf1) mutant, which develops nonclonal, yellow-green sectors in its leaves. We cloned the cf1 gene by transposon tagging and determined that it encodes porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), an enzyme that functions early in chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis. While PBGD has been characterized biochemically, no viable mutations in this gene have been reported in plants. To investigate the in vivo function of PBGD, we characterized the cf1 mutant. Histological analyses revealed that cf1 yellow sectors display the novel phenotype of bundle sheath cell-specific death. Light-shift experiments determined that constant light suppressed cf1 sector formation, a dark/light transition is required to induce yellow sectors, and that sectors form only during a limited time of leaf development. Biochemical experiments determined that cf1 mutant leaves have decreased PBGD activity and increased levels of the enzyme substrate in both green and yellow regions. Furthermore, the cf1 yellow regions displayed a reduction in catalase activity. A threshold model is hypothesized to explain the cf1 variegation and incorporates photosynthetic cell differentiation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and PBGD function.
Revisional surgery for failed vertical-banded gastroplasty.

Vertical-banded gastroplasty (VBG) was once a common bariatric procedure. It has fallen out of favor due to the emergence of the adjustable gastric band and late complications including band erosion and stenosis. Options for revision include conversion to a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or VBG reversal via gastrogastrostomy. Patients undergoing revision of a previous VBG were identified. VBG reversal was performed laparoscopically. Conversion to RYGB was performed by both laparotomy and laparoscopy. Perioperative outcomes and long-term weight loss were evaluated. A total of 34 patients with a previous open VBG underwent revision over a nearly 8-year period (January 2003 to September 2010). Conversion to RYGB was performed in 25 (four laparoscopically) and VBG reversal in nine patients. Mean age for all patients was 56.3 years (range 36–70), and VBG had been performed 23 years previously (range 16–30). Patients to undergo VBG reversal were more likely to be male and less likely to be morbidly obese at the time of revision. Operative time and length of stay were shorter for laparoscopic procedures. Complication rates did not differ based on technique or procedure. Patients with a previous VBG may present with complications and obesity decades after the primary procedure. Revisional surgery can be accomplished laparoscopically. Following VBG reversal, most patients gain weight and many become morbidly obese again. Conversion to RYGB is associated with weight loss and resolution of morbid obesity in most patients. When feasible, laparoscopic conversion to RYGB may offer the best outcomes.
Correlated ab initio geometry and vibrational spectra of imidazole and its different forms

The equilibrium geometry, rotational constants, and vibrational frequencies for neutral imidazole, the protonated imidazole cation, the deprotonated imidazole anion, imidazole ylide and the imidazole-Li+ complex have been calculated at the second-order MP level with the 6-31G* basis set. The ylide form of imidazole is found to be 32.5 kcal/mot less stable than the neutral form. Infrared spectra predicted at this level of theory reproduce the experimental spectra sufficiently accurately to enable a reliable assignment for cationic, anionic, and ylide forms and to confirm the interpretation of the SERS spectra of imidazole adsorbed on a silver electrode. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Extended finite-element modelling of asphalt mixtures fracture properties using the semi-circular bending test

The semi-circular bending (SCB) test is becoming a more popular candidate for measuring asphalt mixtures fracture properties. It is a simple and inexpensive test, the sample preparation is straightforward, and the mode of failure in SCB samples is due to tensile stress induced by bending. The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using the SCB test to quantify asphalt mixture fracture properties. Seven asphalt mixtures were tested in the laboratory. Part of the experimental program results were used to develop and calibrate an extended finite-element model (XFEM) coupled with cohesive zone modelling (CZM). The XFEM-CZM model was then used to investigate crack propagation in SCB and to predict SCB simulations for experimental results not used in the calibration process. The model calibration had a very good agreement with the experimental results and the model successfully predicted the SCB testing results. Based on XFEM-CZM results, the crack propagation in SCB is mainly attributed ...
Application Of Multi-Channel Hough Transform To Stereo Vision

A feature-based stereo vision technique is described in this paper where curve-segments are used as the feature primitives in the matching process. The local characteristics of the curve-segments are extracted by the Generalized Hough Transform (R-table) representation of the curve-segment. The left image and the right image are first filtered by using several Laplacian of a Gaussian operators (VG) of different widths. At each channel, the Generalized Hough Transform of each curve-segment in the left and the right image is evaluated. This is done by calculating the R-table representation of each curve-segment based upon the centroid of the curve-segment. The R-table, curve-length, and the average gradient of the curve are used as a local feature vector in representing the distinctive characteristics of the curve-segment. The feature vector of each curve-segment is used as a constraint to find an instance of the same curve-segment in the right image. The epipolar constraint on the centroids of the curve-segment is used to limit the searching space in the right image. A relational graph is formed from the left image by treating the centroids of the curve-segment as the nodes of the graph. The local features of the curve-segments are used to represent the local properties of the nodes, and the relationship between the nodes represents the structural properties of the object in the scene. A similar graph is also formed from the right image curve-segments. Sub-graph isomorphism is then formed between the two graphs by using the epipolar constraint on the centroids, the local properties of the nodes (node assignment), and the structural relationship (compatibility) between the nodes.
The impacts of service learning on students and community members: Lessons from design projects for older adults

Engineering for Humanity, an interdisciplinary engineering design and anthropology course at Olin College of Engineering, is a semester-long service-learning partnership between the college and nearby Councils on Aging. This paper examines the effects of this service learning on our students and their partners. Our research suggests that this experience has positively impacted students' and elder partners' behavior and attitudes. We collected data from student and partner surveys, from interviews with the community partners, and from student reflections. By comparing student behavior and attitudes before and after this course, we have observed the following behavioral and attitudinal changes: 1) development of empathetic knowledge and understanding, 2) increased appreciation for user-centered design, 3) redefinition of career trajectories. We also saw transformations in the lives of the community partners. Outcomes for elders were related to quality of life and wellbeing, including 1) decreases in isolation, 2) increased purpose and meaning, and 3) improved feelings of wellbeing. Lasting effects included continuation of decreased isolation through a sustained increase in social engagement, as well as positive thoughts about and mechanisms for aging in place. This paper briefly describes the curriculum and reports on these trends over three years of coursework.
The packaging capacity of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and the potential for wild-type-plus AAV gene therapy vectors

Because of its ability to integrate chromosomally and its non-pathogenic nature, adeno-associated virus (AAV) has significant potential as a human gene therapy vector. Here we investigate the maximum amount of DNA which can be inserted into the AAV genome and still allow efficient packaging into an infectious virus particle. Altered wild-type AAV genomes were constructed with inserts, which increased in size by 100 bp, ligated at map unit 96. These large wild-type-plus genomes were able to replicate and produce infectious virus, at levels slightly reduced but comparable to normal sized wild type, until the insert size reached 1 kb. These data indicate that the maximum effective packaging capacity of AAV is approximately 900 bp larger than wild type, or 119%. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that these large AAV genomes are able to latently infect cells by chromosomal integration as does wild-type AAV. These data suggest that therapy vectors carrying a foreign gene of 900 bp or less can be generated from AAV, by ligation into non-essential locations, and result in a recombinant AAV virus with a fully wild-type phenotype. Such wild-type-plus AAV vectors will have both advantages and disadvantages over defective recombinant AAV virus — the most important advantages being the ease in which high titers of infectious virus can be generated and the ability to specifically integrate within chromosome 19. Once the concern subsides over the presence of wild-type AAV in clinical applications, wild-type AAV vectors may find specific application niches for use in human gene therapy.
Responding to Fiscal Tensions and a Changing Educational Context: A Librarian Entrepreneur

This case explores various entrepreneurial initiatives introduced by Dr. Ron Dow, dean of libraries, at a private, research-extensive institution in the northeastern United States. The case serves as an example of how entrepreneurial ideas can be applied within educational contexts, specifically, the academic support context of the university library. The accompanying teaching notes facilitate analysis of the potential and limits of entrepreneurial practice for educational leaders who operate within the ever-changing fiscal landscape of academe.
Rainbow schlieren and its applications

In this modification of the schlieren apparatus the knife-edge is replaced by a radial-rainbow filter with a transparent center and opaque surround. Consequently, refractive-index inhomogeneities in the test section appear varicolored, whereas uniformities appear white. The rainbow schlieren is simple, is easy to use, and accentuates detail regarding inhomogeneities more than the ordinary schlieren. The rainbow schlieren permits quantitative evaluation of certain refractive-index distributions, including turbulence, by simple calculations from observations of hue rather than irradiance.
A Test for Lack of Fit of a Linear Multiresponse Model

This article introduces a multivariate test for lack of fit of a linear multiresponse model. The test requires that replicated observations be taken at some points in the experimental region. A procedure is presented for the purpose of detecting which responses are responsible for lack of fit whenever the multivariate test is significant. An example is given to illustrate the procedure.
HOW A HYBRID ZONE IS MAINTAINED: BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS OF INTERBREEDING BETWEEN CALIFORNIA AND GAMBEL's QUAIL (CALLIPEPLA CALIFORNICA AND C. GAMBELII)

Hybridizing California and Gambel's Quail (Callipepla californica and C. gambelii) are unlike many hybridizing avian species in that pairing primarily occurs within a flock, or covey, that is composed of several families. Coveys in the area of sympatry contain mostly hybrid individuals, relative to parental types. I tested whether individuals perceive covey mates as a single species and whether pairing within the covey causes inbreeding and a loss of reproductive success. Individuals discriminated between the parental species in captivity, but actual pairing in the wild was random with respect to species. Contrary to expectation, coveys were not more inbred than the local population. Results suggest that potential costs of inbreeding may be avoided through sex-biased dispersal and nonrandom pairing. Furthermore, breeding occurred earlier and with greater success in pairs formed within the resident covey, rather than outside it. These findings suggest that fitness benefits gained from pairing early within a mixed-species covey promote interspecific pairing. This study provides evidence that mating behaviors specific to local conditions maintain hybrid zones when genetic costs to interbreeding are small.
What's the PointiSA?

Software watermarking, fingerprinting, digital content identification, and many other desirable security properties can be improved with software protection techniques such as tamper resistance and obfuscation. Previous research has demonstrated software protection can be significantly enhanced using a Process-level Virtual Machine (PVM). They can provide robust program protections, particularly at run time, which many other software protection techniques lack. PVMs have been used to provide tamper detection, dynamic code obfuscation, and resistance to static disassembly. Over-all, the presence of PVMs makes it more difficult for the adversary to achieve their goals. Recently, a new attack methodology, called Replacement Attacks, was described that successfully targeted PVM-protected applications. This methodology circumvents execution of the protective PVM instance through the use of another virtual machine to execute the program. The replacement occurs dynamically and allows execution of the application without any PVM-based protections. In this work, we formalize the notion of a replacement attack using a novel model. We then present a defense against such attacks. To the best of our knowledge, this technique is the first defense against replacement attacks. The technique relies on software interpretation of instructions, which forms the basis of PVMs. By carefully modifying the semantics of some individual instructions, it is possible to make the application unusable without the presence of the protective PVM instance. The technique is called PointISA, named after a point function|a function which returns true for only one given input. We provide a formal description of PointISAs and an evaluation of the strength of the approach.
Some technological features of the production of fusion-cast corundum products

Measurements of the temperature cooling of corundum melt in graphite molds (from 2100° C and below) can be made with tungsten — rhenium thermocouples.
The Cross-Language Transfer of Phonological Skills of Hispanic Head Start Children

Abstract This article determines the interlanguage relationships between oral language skills and phonological awareness abilities in 100 Spanish-speaking Head Start children learning English. Children's oral language abilities, measured using the pre-Language Assessment Scale 2000, along with their phonological awareness, measured using the Phonological Sensitivity Test, were assessed in both English and Spanish. A hierarchical multiple regression was conducted in which the unique variance of oral proficiency in each language and phonological awareness in Spanish indicated an effect on performance for phonological awareness tasks in English, with Spanish phonological awareness and English oral proficiency accounting for the most variance. Results suggest strengthening the language and metalinguistic skills of these children in their first language as a tool for later acquiring English literacy skills.
Human breath analysis: methods for sample collection and reduction of localized background effects

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was applied, in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human breath samples without requiring exhaled breath condensate collection. A new procedure, exhaled breath vapor (EBV) collection, involving the active sampling and preconcentration of a breath sample with a SPME fiber fitted inside a modified commercial breath-collection device, the RTube, is described. Immediately after sample collection, compounds are desorbed from the SPME fiber at 250 degrees C in the GC-MS injector. Experiments were performed using EBV collected at -80 degrees C and at room temperature, and the results compared to the traditional method of collecting exhaled breath condensate at -80 degrees C followed by passive SPME sampling of the collected condensate. Methods are compared in terms of portability, ease-of-use, speed of analysis, and detection limits. The need for a clean air supply for the study subjects is demonstrated using several localized sources of VOC contaminants including nail polish, lemonade, and gasoline. Various simple methods to supply clean inhaled air to a subject are presented. Chemical exposures are used to demonstrate the importance of providing cleaned air (organic vapor respirator) or an external air source (tubing stretched to a separate room). These techniques allow for facile data interpretation by minimizing background contaminants. It is demonstrated herein that this active SPME breath-sampling device provides advantages in the forms of faster sample collection and data analysis, apparatus portability and avoidance of power or cooling requirements, and performance for sample collection in a contaminated environment.
Thou Shalt Emulate the Most Knowledgeable Living Cleric: Redefinition of Islamic Law and Authority in Usuli Shi‘ism

This paper analyses the reconceptualization of Islamic law and authority as defined by Murtada al-Ansari (d. 1864), the influential scholar and first sole supreme exemplar (marja‘ al-taqlid al-mutlaq) of the international Shi‘i community. This paper argues that by redefining core concepts related to Islamic legal theory and clerical authority, Ansari significantly increased the power of individual Shi‘i clerics. Ansari’s conception of marja‘ al-talqid required all lay Shi‘is to emulate the judgments of the most knowledgeable living Shi‘i jurist (mujtahid). Ansari’s legacy in Islamic law is that he streamlined the process of ijtihad, which enhanced the ability of mujtahids to issue rulings on virtually any case. Therefore, Ansari refined theories and practices associated with the generation and dissemination of legal rulings. These contributions gave mujtahids supreme socio-legal authority in the Shi‘i world, which continues to operate within many of the general premises established by the school of Shaykh al-Ansari.
Alcohols from menhaden oil by sodium reduction

Menhaden oil, a low cost fatty acid glyceride containing a high percentage of polyunsaturated material, has been reduced by means of sodium with 86–88% yields of alcohols having a correspondingly high degree of unsaturation. It has been shown that about one-half of the polyolefinic unsaturation isomerized during the sodium reduction to conjugated double bonded structures. The higher unsaturated alcohols were selectively hydrogenated to give a colorless product which was substantially odorless and which had an average of one double bond per molecule.
Low incidence of adverse experiences after measles or measles-rubella mass revaccination at a college campus

A postvaccination questionnaire and review of student and employee clinic visits were carried out at Notre Dame University in the spring of 1990 after mass campus revaccination with measles or measles-rubella vaccines in the autumn of 1989, in order to assess the incidence of adverse experiences after revaccination. Rates of adverse experiences (AE), which included chiefly local injection site discomfort and flu-like symptoms, among respondents were 6.6% and 13.4%, male and female students, respectively, and 9.3% and 25%, male and female employees, respectively. Rates of joint-related complaints (4%) were lower than reported after primary vaccination, particularly in young adult women. AEs in general, and joint reaction rates in particular, were generally mild and transient, and only 0.23% resulted in a clinic visit. Revaccination of prior vaccinees appears to be associated with relatively low AE rates.
Radiology of the human segmental pancreatic transplant.

Twenty-three segmental pancreatic transplants have been performed for treatment of diabetes mellitus between July 1978 and March 1981 at the University of Minnesota. The radiologic evaluation of the transplants included ultrasonography,15Se-methionine isotope scanning, angiography, and CT scanning. Transplants of normal appearance by these studies had normal endocrine function. Pathologic findings are presented and their significance discussed.
A method for testing the elastic modulus of single cellulose fibrils via atomic force microscopy

In this study, the atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to measure the nano-Newton forces and nanometer deflections of cellulose fibrils by nano-scale three-point bending tests, and the elastic moduli of single fibrils were evaluated by a pure bending formula. In calculating the deflections of fibrils during these tests, it became apparent that portions of the AFM tips penetrated the cellulose fibril surfaces was a factor that had to be taken into account. The elastic modulus of cellulose fibrils, of diameter approximately 170 nm isolated from Lyocell fibers by high intensity ultrasonication was evaluated to be 93 GPa.
Corneal Complications in Streptozocin-Induced Type I Diabetic Rats

PURPOSE. This study seeks to characterize corneal functions and complications in a streptozocin (STZ)-induced rat model of type I diabetes mellitus (DM) and to understand the pathogenesis of diabetic keratopathy. METHODS. DM was induced via STZ injection in Sprague-Dawley rats. Body weight, length, and corneal size were measured and compared with the age-matched normal controls. Corneal morphology and histology were evaluated with slit lamp, digital confocal microscopy and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tear secretion was measured with cotton threads, and corneal sensitivity was determined with an esthesiometer. Protein expression and distribution were assessed with Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Wound healing was determined using an in vivo corneal epithelial debridement model. RESULTS. Compared with the normal control rats, STZ rats had reduced body weight, and body length, but minimally affected corneal size. No significant changes in ocular surface regularity, corneal thickness, and morphology were noted in diabetic corneas. STZ rats showed stronger Rose Bengal staining, decreased tear secretion, slightly attenuated sensitivity, less innervation, delayed epithelial wound healing, and impaired epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in their corneas. While the expression of adherens junction protein β-catenin, and tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 was unchanged, the formation of these junctions after wound closure was delayed. CONCLUSIONS. Pathogenesis of diabetic keratopathy involves multiple tissues and/or cell types and several events including reduced tear secretion, impaired innervation, weakened cell junction, and altered wound responses. These insights may prove useful for the clinical translation of evolving strategies for the management and treatment of diabetic corneal complications.
The Effects of Male Nuptial Coloration On Stickleback Aggression: a Reexamination

1. Territorial male threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, do not always attack an intruder (a dummy) with red undersides more than one lacking this feature even when it is presented within their own territory. Males in this study showed an overall tendency to bite a dummy without red undersides more than one with this feature during both simultaneous and serial presentations. 2. Considerable variation in attack rates exists between individual males, but whether or not a given male attacks the nonred dummy more appears to be unrelated to whether he exhibits high or low attack rates. 3. Males showed an increased attack rate after they acquired eggs in their nest, but the tendency for a male to attack the nonred dummy more than the red one appears to be unchanged after he acquires eggs. 4. It is suggested that the nuptial coloration of male threespine sticklebacks be interpreted more generally as an indicator of the male's social and physiological status, emphasizing its intimidating effects as well as its aggression eliciting effects for rival males. This is consistent with the observation that nuptial coloration is capable of increasing avoidance as well as attack in rival males and increasing sexual attractiveness to females.
Nuclear In Vitro Method of Continuously Measuring Dissolution Rates

A new nuclear in vitro continuous dissolution-rate measuring method has been developed and evaluated for use in determining the dissolution release rates of labeled materials from solid dosage forms. The results obtained were compared with dissolution rates of similar dosage forms using the U.S.P. disintegration apparatus and the rotating-bottle method. In all three cases the concentration of material released was directly proportional to the square root of time, although the release rates were different for each method. The nuclear method was found to be more precise than either the U.S.P. or rotating-bottle method.
Arthroscopic surgery in the management of contamination and infection of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae

Abstract Arthroscopic surgery has been reported to provide advantages in the management of infected joints in man and the use of endoscopy (arthroscopy) is now common in treating infected synovial structures in horses. It is proposed that the objectives in managing contaminated and infected joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae are optimized by inclusion of arthroscopy in their evaluation and treatment. This requires no additional equipment over and above that commonly used for equine arthroscopy, although motorized apparati are highly advantageous. This paper describes the author's current protocol in managing such cases and discusses the role of arthroscopy and its relationship with other concurrently employed treatment modalities. Its principal contributions to case management are considered to be comprehensive evaluation of the cavity, identification and removal of foreign material and contaminated or infected tissues, and by concurrent directed high-pressure lavage. These produce efficient mechanical cleansing of the cavity, which is combined with minimal tissue trauma and uncomplicated postoperative care.
Full mouth restoration on dental implants utilizing titanium laser-welded frameworks.

In today’s dental literature, most frequently, esthetics are addressed with fixed restorations. This article will illustrate the opportunity to provide our patients with very good esthetic outcomes with a hopeless dentition utilizing dental implants, laser-welded titanium components, and characterized acrylic resin prostheses. The definitive prostheses provide excellent facial support, phonetics, esthetics, smile line, and function. The steps in such a treatment will be presented from the clinical to dental laboratory procedures. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Incorporating newer technology into our patient treatment plans, which increasingly includes dental implants, may allow more time-efficient, esthetic, predictable, and reliable treatment. Laser-welded titanium frameworks offer many advantages for the patient, clinician, and dental technician, which are illustrated. (J Esthet Restor Dent 21:215–228, 2009)
Whole brain radiotherapy with hippocampal avoidance and simultaneously integrated brain metastases boost: a planning study.

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of using tomotherapy to deliver whole brain radiotherapy with hippocampal avoidance, hypothesized to reduce the risk of memory function decline, and simultaneously integrated boost to brain metastases to improve intracranial tumor control. Methods and Materials Ten patients treated with radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy underwent repeat planning using tomotherapy with the original computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging–computed tomography fusion-defined target and normal structure contours. The individually contoured hippocampus was used as a dose-limiting structure ( Results A 1.0-cm FW compared with a 2.5-cm FW significantly improved the dose distribution. The mean conformation number improved from 0.55 ± 0.16 to 0.60 ± 0.13. Whole brain homogeneity improved by 32% ( p 2 and 5.8 ± 1.9 Gy 2 for 2.5- and 1.0-cm FW, respectively. The mean treatment delivery time for the 2.5- and 1.0-cm FW plans was 10.2 ± 1.0 and 21.8 ± 1.8 min, respectively. Conclusion Composite tomotherapy plans achieved three objectives: homogeneous whole brain dose distribution equivalent to conventional whole brain radiotherapy; conformal hippocampal avoidance; and radiosurgically equivalent dose distributions to individual metastases.
Tacrolimus Associated Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome – A Case Series and Review

Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug mainly used to lower the risk of transplant rejection in individuals who are post solid organ or hematopoietic transplantation. It is a macrolide which reduces peptidyl-propyl isomerase activity and inhibits calcineurin, thus inhibiting T-lymphocyte signal transduction and interleukin-2 (IL-2) transcription. It has been associated with Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES), a disease of sudden onset that can present as a host of different symptoms, depending on the affected area of the brain. While infectious causes of encephalopathy must always be entertained, the differential diagnosis should also include PRES in the appropriate context. We report three cases of PRES in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) placed on tacrolimus after receiving a bone marrow transplant (BMT). The focus of this review is to enhance clinical recognition of PRES as it is related to an adverse effect of Tacrolimus in the setting of hematopoietic transplantation.
Nonenzymatic deiodination of thyroxine by hydrogen peroxide.

The deiodination of 131I-labeled T4 in the presence of H2O2 and phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, was followed by measuring iodide release. In a metal-free system H2O2 did not cause deiodination. Fe2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ca2+, purified EDTA, serine, ribonuclease, alanine, tyrosine or sulfosalicylic acid plus H2O2 were also ineffective. However, Fe2+ chelated with EDTA functioned actively as a peroxidase so that as much as 80 % of thyroxine was deiodinated within 30 min in the presence of 4 X10-4M EDTA, 4 X10-4M Fe2+ and 10-2M H2O2. The Fe3+-EDTA complex was less active and Zn2+ and Ca2+ were ineffective. Cu2+ caused deiodination by peroxide in the absence of chela tors and this effect was inhibited by EDTA. (Endocrinology 78: 1248, 1966)