cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Outcome in Relation to Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Ethnicity

Purpose The obesity epidemic raises concerns about the impact of excessive and insufficient weight gain during pregnancy. Methods We examined the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and preterm birth, term small- and large-for-gestational-age (SGA and LGA), term birthweight, and term primary Cesarean delivery, considering prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and ethnicity in a cohort of 33,872 New York City residents who gave birth between 1995 and 2003 and delivered in hospitals elsewhere in New York State. Results Preterm birth ( Conclusions Although the study is limited by potential selection bias and measurement error, our findings support the contention that GWG may be a modifiable predictor of pregnancy outcome that warrants further investigation, particularly randomized trials, to assess whether the relation is causal.
Gas-phase electron diffraction as a detection method in capillary gas chromatography

The effectiveness of gas-phase electron diffraction as a method of detecting and identifying isomers in capillary gas chromatography has been examined. Illustrative results for solutions of ortho- and meta-dichlorobenzene are presented. The sensitivity and dynamic range of this technique were tested under the nonoptimal experimental constraints imposed by the existing diffraction camera. Methods to improve sensitivity of detection to perhaps 100 pg or better are discussed.
Brunhes-Matuyama Magnetic Reversal Dated at 790,000 yr B.P. by Marine-Astronomical Correlations

The presence of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal in deep-sea core sediments makes possible an alternative to the usual K/Ar radioistope method of dating the reversal as found in rocks. The alternative method uses correlations of Northern Hemisphere summer insolation with oxygen-isotope ratios from tropical cores. The latitude-dependent insolation variations are calculated from planetary mechanics and thus provide a highly accurate astronomical time scale. The insolation variations strongly influence glacial-ice volume fluctuations that dominate the oxygenisotope ratio changes recorded in core sediments. The summer half-year insolation variations are identified with corresponding isotope-ratio changes in cores from the present through glacial Stage 20. Misleading effects of discontinuities or major nonuniformities of sediment deposition are avoided by an analysis of the uniformity of V28-238 and V28-239, the principal cores studied, and by comparisons with other cores. The top section (Stages 1 to 10) of V28-238 is uniformly deposited, and for this section an isotope-ratio time scale is chosen that agrees with the thorium-uranium date for the high sea stand of the last interglacial extreme. Over this interval, major glacial extremes (strong isotope-ratio minima) coincide consistently with major insolation minima at times of low orbital eccentricity. In addition interstadials are directly associated with precessional insolation peaks, and the envelope of isotope-ratio peaks resembles the envelope of precessionally dominated insolation peaks. The assumption that the glacial extremes depended similarly on insolation minima during Stages 10 to 20 permits minor age shifts of strong isotope-ratio minima in the two cores (relative to ages based on uniform overal deposition) to match the ages of low-eccentricity insolation minima. The age shifts reflect residual nonuniformities of deposition. The validity of this matching procedure is supported by a resulting consistent identification of principal isotope-ratio peaks with high- and low-latitude coincident insolation maxima. The Brunhes-Matuyama reversal is found intinterglacial Stage 19, and is dated on the astronomical time scale at 790,000 ± 5000 yr B.P.
Properties of ribonucleotide reductase from Ehrlich tumor cells; multiple nucleoside diphosphate activities and reconstitution of activity from components.

Abstract The ribonucleotide reductase activities toward the substrates, CDP, ADP, UDP and GDP, were studied under a variety of experimental conditions. Treatment of the enzyme with pyridoxal phosphate and BH−4 resulted in a modified enzyme fraction which had a marked alteration in the ratios of CDP/UDP and ADP/GDP reductase activities. Triton X-100 inhibited CDP reductase to a greater extent than ADP or UDP reductase activity. GDP reductase activity was stimulated by Triton X-100. Blue dextran inhibited the reduction of CDP to a greater extent than the other substrates. UDP did not inhibit the reduction of CDP even though both substrates utilized the same effector, ATP. The data suggest that the mammalian enzyme system consists of multiple, independent substrate binding sites (or proteins). The mammalian reductase from Ehrlich tumor cells has been separated into two components, Neither of these components has activity but the combination of the two fractions constitutes an active enzyme. The properties of the two components have been shown to be similar to the B1 and B2 proteins of the E. coli enzyme. A substance which inhibits reductase activity has been found in rat liver and slow-growing Morris hepatoma (8999). However, this inhibitor(s) is not present in extracts prepared from the fast growing hepatoma (3924A).
Volcanic explosions and overthrusts

The problem of Heart Mountain and associated thrust sheets—On the west side of the Bighorn Basin, in the vicinity of Cody, Park County, Wyoming, Paleozoic limestones lie as isolated thrust-masses on top of the truncated edges of Mesozoic and Early Tertiary strata (see Geologic map of Wyoming, 1:500,000, U.S. Geol. Survey, 1925). Dake (C. L. Dake, The Heart Mountain overthrust and associated structures in Park County, Wyoming, J. Geol., v. 26, 45–55, 1918) was the first to recognize their structural nature. To the five thrust-masses shown on his reconnaissance map Hewett (D. F. Hewett, The Heart Mountain overthrust, Wyoming, J. Geol., v. 28, 536–557, 1930) added a sixth one.
Phosphoglyceride biosynthesis by brain microsomes: Centrophenoxine, SaH-42348, and DH-990 inhibit phospholipid N-methylation

Abstract The effects of centrophenoxine, SaH-42348, and DH-990 on several enzymes involved in aminophospholipid biosynthesis in brain have been examined in vitro . Relatively high concentrations of centrophenoxine were required to achieve 50% inhibition of the microsomal enzymes CDP-ethanolamine:1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase (EPT), CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CPT), phosphatidyl- N -methylethanolamine N -methyltransferase (PME-NMT), and phosphatidyl- N,N -dimethylethanolamine N -methyltransferase (PDE-NMT). Intermediate concentrations of SaH-42348 inhibited CPT (IC 50 = 2.0 m m ), EPT (IC 50 = 1.9 m m ), PME-NMT (IC 50 = 0.19 m m ), and PDE-NMT (IC 50 = 0.17 m m ). Of the three drugs tested, DH-990 was the most potent inhibitor of the phospholipid-synthesizing enzymes. Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, a mitochondrial inner-membrane enzyme [ A. K. Percy, J. F. Moore, M. A. Carson, and C. J. Waechter (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 223 , 484–494 ], was virtually unaffected by the three drugs added at millimolar concentrations. Kinetic analyses indicated that the inhibitory action of DH-990 on the brain enzymes was noncompetitive with respect to all substrates. The relatively high sensitivity of CPT (IC 50 = 0.6 m m ), EPT (IC 50 = 2.2 m m ), PME-NMT (IC 50 = 2.5 μ m ), and PDE-NMT (IC 50 = 2.5 μ m ) to inhibition by DH-990 in brain microsomes suggests that this compound may be useful for cellular studies on the possible relationships between phospholipid metabolism and neurobiological functions.
Chalcogenide glass planar photonics: from mid-IR sensing to 3-D flexible substrate integration

Chalcogenide glasses, namely the amorphous compounds containing sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium, have emerged as a promising material candidate for integrated photonics given their wide infrared transparency window, low processing temperature, almost infinite capacity for composition alloying, as well as high linear and nonlinear indices. Here we present the fabrication and characterization of chalcogenide glass based photonic devices integrated on silicon as well as on flexible polymer substrates for mid-IR sensing, optical interconnect and nonlinear optics applications.
Could Uric Acid be a Modifiable Risk Factor in Subjects with Pulmonary Hypertension

A high serum uric acid is common in subjects with pulmonary hypertension. The increase in serum uric acid may be a consequence of the local tissue ischemia and/or hypoxia, and it may also result from other factors independent of ischemia or hypoxia that occur in various forms of pulmonary hypertension. While classically viewed as a secondary phenomenon, recent studies suggest that hyperuricemia may also have a role in mediating the local vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling in the pulmonary vasculature. If uric acid does have a contributory role in pulmonary hypertension, we may see an increasing prevalence of pulmonary hypertension as hyperuricemia is common in subjects with obesity and metabolic syndrome. We propose studies to investigate the role of uric acid in pulmonary hypertension and to determine if lowering serum uric acid may have clinical benefit in this condition.
X-ray absorption and photoemission study of the adsorption of aqueous Cr(VI) on single crystal hematite and magnetite surfaces

Abstract The speciation of chromium in overlayers on atomically clean surfaces of single crystal magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) were studied using Cr L-edge, Fe L-edge, and O K-edge X-ray absorption spectra collected with synchrotron radiation. The overlayers were produced by reaction of the surfaces with 5 mM or 50 μM Na 2 CrO 4 aqueous solutions in a N 2 -filled glove bag in opaque containers at exposure times ranging from 1 min to over 60 min. X-ray absorption data were acquired using total electron yield and more surface-sensitive Auger yield detection. O 1s, Cr 2p, and Fe 2p photoemission spectra taken on the same samples corroborate findings from the Cr and Fe L-edge and O K-edge spectroscopy, and show that the outermost portion of the overlayers contains mostly Cr with little if any Fe, and are ∼15 A thick for the high concentration exposures. The thickness of the overlayer increases with Cr(VI) solution concentration and exposure time up to this maximum thickness. The presence of chemically shifted components in the O 1s photoemission spectra indicates OH − ligands around Cr and Fe. Comparison of the Cr L-edge X-ray absorption spectra of crystalline PbCrO 4 , which contains tetrahedrally coordinated Cr(VI), and crystalline FeCr 2 O 4 , which contains octahedrally coordinated Cr(III), with Cr L-edge spectra of the aqueous Cr(VI)-exposed iron oxide surfaces shows that Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) on magnetite (111). For magnetite (111) surfaces reacted with 5 mM solutions for 10 min or longer, a significant amount of Cr(VI) is present in the outermost portion of the overlayer, indicating that Cr(VI) reduction is incomplete. Complete reduction of Cr(VI) was found on magnetite (111) exposed to the 50 μM Na 2 CrO 4 solution for 1 min or longer, indicating rapid reaction kinetics. We find that while Cr adsorbed on the (1102) surface of hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) remains in the original Cr(VI) form, small amounts are reduced to Cr(III) on (0001) hematite surfaces. This difference is due to the presence of Fe(II) on the (0001) hematite surfaces produced during annealing in a vacuum environment. These results corroborate earlier studies which have demonstrated that oxides containing Fe(II) in the near-surface region can reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and they show that the overlayer consists of a mixture of FeOOH- and CrOOH-like phases, with the latter concentrated in the outermost 7–15 A and the former concentrated in the innermost portion of the passivating overlayer. At a thickness of >15 A, the passivating overlayer causes a reduction in the kinetics of the Cr(VI)+3Fe(II)=Cr(III)+3Fe(III) redox reaction.
Behavior-based evacuation planning

In this work, we present a formulation of an evacuation planning problem that is inspired by motion planning and describe an integrated behavioral agent-based and roadmap-based motion planning approach to solve it. Our formulation allows users to test the effect on evacuation of a number of different environmental factors. One of our main focuses is to provide a mechanism to investigate how the interaction between agents influences the resulting evacuation plans. Specifically, we explore how various types of control provided by a set of directing agents effects the overall evacuation planning strategies of the evacuating agents.
Predicting toxicity using computed molecular topologies: The example of triorganotin compounds

Abstract The LC50 values of eight triorganotin compounds for crab zoeae, Rhithropanopeus harrisii correlate with substituent constants reflecting partitioning effects. Computed molar surface areas predict toxicity as well as any parameter used suggesting that partitioning into lipids controls the toxicity.
What is the value of B-type natriuretic peptide testing for diagnosis, prognosis or monitoring of critically ill adult patients in intensive care?

Background: B-natriuretic peptide (BNP) and aminoterminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) are clinically useful for the diagnosis of decompensated heart failure and for prognosis in heart failure and acute coronary syndromes. Clinical use of these biomarkers in critically ill patients being treated in intensive care is not well established. Methods: This is a narrative review of evidence identified searching MEDLINE with the strategy [(BNP OR NT-proBNP) AND (critical illness AND intensive care)]. Seven primary reports and two narrative reviews were retrieved. For completeness, literature from each of the following searches was reviewed: [(BNP OR NT-proBNP) AND (critical illness)] and [(BNP OR NT-proBNP) AND (intensive care)]. Results: Primary literature used BNP and NT-proBNP for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring. For diagnosis of acute lung injury in unselected intensive care patients and for diagnosis of heart failure in trauma patients, the biomarkers had low sensitivity and are of modest use. BNP and NT-proBNP were found to have a significant ability to prognosticate adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. A single paper examined the use of BNP as a non-invasive replacement for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, finding little value. The impact of renal insufficiency on the markers was noted as a confounder in most studies. In the secondary searches, some preliminary data suggested a possible role for the natriuretic peptides in exclusion of a cardiac cause for certain conditions among intensive care unit (ICU) patients. However, the general findings were that the performance of BNP and NT-proBNP is unimpressive among ICU patients. Conclusions: Currently, utilization of BNP and NT-proBNP does not appear to provide much useful information or have a substantial role in the care of critically ill patients in intensive care.
Enzyme activities in experimental skin flaps.

Seven enzymes participating in glucose catabolism were assayed under optimal assay conditions in the epidermis, dermis (papillary and reticular), and the panniculus carnosus at various regions of the pedicle skin flaps of guinea pigs. The skin, excluding the panniculus carnosus, exhibited minor alterations in enzyme activities in the proximal portions, considerable increases in glycolytic enzyme activities in the midregions, and progressive inactivation of all enzymes assayed in the distal end of the flaps. The panniculus carnosus displayed little alteration in glycolytic enzyme activities but a marked increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity throughout the flaps.
Reading strategies of first grade children taught by a language experience approach and a basal approach

Abstract This paper discusses reading strategies of first grade children taught by a language experience approach and a basal reader approach. Twenty‐one language‐experience‐taught subjects and twenty‐one basal‐reader‐taught subjects read a 140 word story from a basal reader not used in the classroom. A modified version of Goodman and Burke's mis‐cue analysis procedures was used to examine use of graphophonic, syntactic and semantic cues. Results showed no significant differences between these two groups in use of these cues. Twenty‐five words, randomly chosen from the Harris‐Jacobsen Core List, were presented one at a time to the subjects. No significant differences were found for number correct, number of non‐responses, number of real word substitutions, or number of nonsense word substitutions. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for further research.
Sequential and Parallel Feature Extraction in Hyperspectral Data Using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

Feature extraction refers to the groups of techniques that, when applied to large dimensional and redundant data result in significant dimensionality reduction while preserving or even enhancing the information content. Among various techniques investigated for feature extraction, of new interest is nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). In NMF, it is assumed that the data is formed as a linear nonnegative combination of positive sources and the NMF solution recovers the original sources and the mixing matrix. In this paper, we first look at ways NMF can be applied for feature extraction in hyperspectral imagery a data known for large sizes and redundancy. While some of the associations are natural to linear mixing model (LMM - that assumes that hyperspectral images are formed as a linear mixture of endmember information), we also show NMF to be a slow method. To counter this, we investigate alternative solutions such as projected NMF approaches and provide an insight to how parallel implementations would contribute to speedup. Experimental results on various data show projected NMF outperforming regular NMF with parallel implementations providing a promising speedup advantage.
Tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplantation

Tacrolimus has been shown to be a safe and effective immunosuppressive agent in adult renal transplantation with significant advantages, including the ability to taper corticosteroids in up to 65% of recipients.1–4 The use of this agent in the pediatric population is less well described. We and others have previously reported that its use in pediatric patients is associated with excellent patient and graft survival results in a relatively small number of patients.5–9 Here we report our expanded experience on the use of tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplantation.
GENDER EQUALITY, HOUSEHOLD LABOR, AND JOB STRUCTURES

The spread of capitalism has been associated with the adoption of egalitarian achievement‐oriented values. Perhaps it is this emphasis on reward for personal achievement that led some economists to investigate the causes of women's unequal economic and social status in nineteenth century Europe. A handful of those economists underscored the discrepancies in the treatment of men and women in the workplace, a treatment which resulted in significantly lower wages for women than men.
SU-FF-I-87: Qualifying Magnetic Moments in Small Cylindrical Objects by Complex Sum Method

Purpose: Our ultimate goal is to quantify magnetic moments of small cylindrical objects in‐vivo from MR images, without any a priori information. We want to achieve this goal with the complex sum method [1,2]. Methods: Simulation procedures and the experimental setups were described in [1]. The magnetic moment is defined as p = 0.5γΔχB o TEa 2 . The magnetic moment of an object is proportional to the phase values around the object in MR phase images. Three concentric circles were chosen on a phase image with radii R1, R2 and R3. In the simulations, if the magnetic moment is known in advance, the phase values around the object can be used to determine the radii, using formulas in [3]. Each radius has to be larger than the size of the phase aliasing area[2]. Knowing the radii can be used to determine the magnetic moment of the object [2]. We also study the uncertainties of the magnetic moment with the presence of both systematic and thermal noises through error propagation methods. A gelimage is also analyzed.Results: For the uncertainty studies, we found that the phase combination (φ1,φ2,φ3)=(3,2,1), in units of radians, leads to an uncertainty of the magnetic moment within 3% of the expected moment, which seems to be the lowest uncertainty. Using this phase combination and the known magnetic moment −5.78 ppm‐mm2 from gel data [1], we were able to determine those three radii and then solve the magnetic moment between the gel‐air interface. The result is −5.53 ppm‐mm2 which is within 5% uncertainty of the expected value. Conclusions: We have shown that the current method is feasible of extracting the magnetic moment of a small cylindrical object within good accuracy.
Response of convection to relative sea surface temperature: Cloud-resolving simulations in two and three dimensions

[1] The properties of equilibrated tropical convection are studied using a cloud‐resolving model with large‐scale dynamics parameterized by the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation. Model integrations are performed in both 2‐D and 3‐D geometries. The target profile toward which horizontal mean free tropospheric temperature is relaxed is held fixed, while sea surface temperature (SST) is varied. Consistent with previous studies, large‐scale ascent and precipitation increase under WTG as the SST is increased, but more rapidly in two dimensions than in three dimensions. This is related to greater extremes of near‐surface buoyancy in two dimensions as well as a lower gross moist stability, and perhaps also to weaker entrainment. In both two and three dimensions, the vertical profiles of large‐scale vertical velocity are top heavy and remarkably self‐similar in shape as SST is increased. When all integrations are analyzed together, precipitation increases with column‐integrated relative humidity once the latter reaches a threshold, as in observations and other models. However, within each integration, the two quantities are correlated negatively, albeit over a very narrow range.
Production planning and scheduling integration through augmented Lagrangian optimization

Abstract To improve the quality of decision making in the process operations, it is essential to implement integrated planning and scheduling optimization. Major challenge for the integration lies in that the corresponding optimization problem is generally hard to solve because of the intractable model size. In this paper, augmented Lagrangian method is applied to solve the full-space integration problem which takes a block angular structure. To resolve the non-separability issue in the augmented Lagrangian relaxation, we study the traditional method which approximates the cross-product term through linearization and also propose a new decomposition strategy based on two-level optimization. The results from case study show that the augmented Lagrangian method is effective in solving the large integration problem and generating a feasible solution. Furthermore, the proposed decomposition strategy based on two-level optimization can get better feasible solution than the traditional linearization method.
Effect of ACTH 1–17 at different circadian stages on [3H]TdR incorporation into DNA

The objective was to determine the effect of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH 1-17) on the incorporation of [3H]TdR into DNA (DNA synthesis) in the tongue, esophagus and stomach of CD2F1 mice standardized to 12 hours of light alternating with 12 hours of darkness. A question asked was whether the time of administration along the 24-hour time scale influenced any response found. The response was complex as ACTH 1-17 was capable of bringing about statistically significant increases in the incorporation of [3H]TdR into DNA at certain times, decreases at other times, or no response at still another time. In general the most marked effects of 20 IU/kg of ACTH 1-17 when compared to controls, was to decrease DNA synthesis of as much as 60% 4 hours after administration at the end of the dark or beginning of the light span. A 2- and 3-way analysis of variance supported the conclusion that the kind-of-treatment, time-of-treatment and the interval-to-kill (Sampling time) as well as their interactions are important factors when determining any response of ACTH 1-17 or placebo.
Direct measurement of the rate of collagen synthesis in skin.

Abstract A method for measuring collagen synthesis using punch biopsies of human and rat skin is presented. Minces of dermis are incubated with [ 14 C]proline in Krebs-Ringer buffer for 3 h and the specific activity of radioactive proline determined on either whole dermis or a hot 5% TCA extract of dermis. The proline incorporation observed is shown to involve protein (collagen) synthesis. The method is practical, yielding significant and reproducible results. The level of proline incorporation correlates well with growth in man and animals. Preliminary findings in the skin of patients with scleroderma and other diseases are reported.
Soluble glycosylated phosphoproteins of cementum.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetate and hydrochloric acid (EDTA) (HCl) extracts of cementum were fractionated by molecular sieving, ion exchange chromotography, and reverse phase high precision liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nine fractions were isolated, all of which contained serine phosphate, threomine phosphate, and high concentrations of aspartic acid (asp) and glutamic acid (glu). Five of the fractions obtained by repeated HPLC consisted of a single band by SDS-PAGE; the others contained at least one other minor component. All of the protein bands stained with both Rhodamine B and alcian blue, the latter consistent with analytical determinations that demonstrated that the phosphoprotein component contained a significant amount of carbohydrate, including neuraminic acid.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the BEM Sex-Role Inventory

Confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analyses of the long and short versions of Bern's Masculinity and Femininity scales were conducted using two samples. The long-form Femininity Scale contained...
Advances in modeling of Aerodynamic forces on bridge decks

Aerodynamic forces on bridges are commonly separated into static, self-excited, and buffeting force components. By delving into the relationships among force descriptors for static, self-excited, and buffeting components, novel perspectives are developed to unveil the subtle underlying complexities in modeling aerodynamic forces. Formulations for airfoil sections and those based on quasi-steady theory are both considered. Time domain modeling of unsteady aerodynamic forces is presented, including their frequency-dependent characteristics and spanwise correlation, which are often neglected in current time domain analyses due to modeling difficulty. A nonlinear aerodynamic force model is given that considers nonlinear dependence of the aerodynamic forces on the effective angle of incidence. Nonlinear aerodynamics may become increasingly critical when aerodynamic characteristics of innovative bridge deck designs, with attractive aerodynamic performance, exhibit significant sensitivity with respect to the effective angle of incidence and with the increases in the bridge span. Synergistic review of the authors' recent work in bridge aerodynamics presented here, in light of current state-of-the-art in this field, may serve as a building block for developing new analysis tools and frameworks for the accurate prediction of the response of long span bridges under strong wind excitation.
Secondary electron beam loading

Beam loading plays an important part in the determination of the power gain and efficiency of klystrons; hence it is desirable to have an accurate theoretical knowledge of this phenomenon. The usual beam loading analysis considers only the loading effects of a d-c beam of primary electrons on a resonator. It can be shown that these electrons effectively change the shunt impedance of the resonator and shift its resonant frequency1. However, if this magnitude of this effect is subject to investigation in a resonator with grids, it is found that observed beam loading is many times more severe than primary theory predicts2,3.
THE DEEP ULTRA-VIOLET FREE ELECTRON LASER (DUV-FEL) AT BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY.

Brookhaven National Laboratory has established an initiative in FEL science and technology development which includes the Deep Ultra-Violet Free Electron Laser (DUV-FEL) experiment. It is configured as a sub-harmonically seeded High Gain Harmonic Generator (HGHG) to improve coherence and pulse control as contrasted with other schemes that start up from noise. In its initial configuration the DUV-FEL will allow operation at wavelengths down to 200 nm at pulse lengths below a picosecond. The DUV-FEL will be used as a test-bed for experiments to utilize the UV radiation it produces, and serve as model for extending its principles to much shorter wavelengths (x-rays).
Structural issues and policy in the management of depressive illness: Overview and expert panel commentary

Opening with an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding management of depression and anxiety spectrum disorders, this paper then reports commentary from the expert panel on the question: When there are effective treatments, why are optimal outcomes not achieved in clinical practice?
Natural resonance theory: II. Natural bond order and valency

Resonance weights derived from the Natural Resonance Theory .NRT , introduced in the preceding paper are used to calculate ''natural bond order,'' ''natural atomic valency,'' and other atomic and bond indices reflecting the resonance composition of the wave function. These indices are found to give significantly better agreement with observed properties empirical valency, . bond lengths than do corresponding MO-based indices. A characteristic feature of the NRT treatment is the description of bond polarity by a ''bond ionicity'' . index resonance-averaged NBO polarization ratio , which replaces the ''covalent-ionic resonance'' of Pauling-Wheland theory and explicity exhibits the complementary relationship of covalency and electrovalency that underlies empirical assignments of atomic valency. We present ab initio NRT applications . to prototype saturated and unsaturated molecules methylamine, butadiene , . polar compounds fluoromethanes , and open-shell species: hydroxymethyl . radical to demonstrate the numerical stability, convergence, and chemical reasonableness of the NRT bond indices in comparison to other measures of valency and bond order in current usage. Q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 610)627, 1998
Separate Model Versus Experimenter as Model in Vicarious Concept Attainment.

The effects on observational concept learning of the experimenter as his own model, versus the experimenter plus a separate model, versus a nonmodeling (control) procedure, as well as the provision of favorable versus neutral outcome-expectation, and sex of child, were studied across baseline, imitation, and transfer phases in a 3 X 2 X 2 X 3 factorial design, using ninety-six economically-disadvantaged first-graders. Neither expectation nor sex created significant differences, but each modeling group surpassed the controls in imitative concept-attainment and transfer. As expected, learning and transfer were very comparable for the alternative modeling formats. The relevance of the results to the information-transmitting features of modeled displays, and to the use of modeling techniques in practical pedagogy were discussed
A NEW PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF THE CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH

Magnetism dominates the structure and dynamics of the solar corona. Current theories suggest that it may also be responsible for coronal heating. Despite the importance of the magnetic field in the physics of the corona and despite the tremendous progress made recently in the remote sensing of solar magnetic fields, reliable measurements of the coronal magnetic field strength and orientation do not exist. This is largely due to the weakness of coronal magnetic fields, previously estimated to be on the order of 10 G, and the difficulty associated with observing the extremely faint solar corona emission. Using a very sensitive infrared spectropolarimeter to observe the strong near-infrared coronal emission line Fe XIII λ10747 above active regions, we have succeeded in measuring the weak Stokes V circular polarization profiles resulting from the longitudinal Zeeman effect of the magnetic field of the solar corona. From these measurements, we infer field strengths of 10 and 33 G from two active regions at heights of h = 0.12 R☉ and h = 0.15 R☉, respectively. We expect that this measurement technique will allow, in the near future, the routine precise measurement of the coronal magnetic field strength with application to many critical problems in solar coronal physics.
MRI Evaluation of a Stented Abdominal Aorta of a Rabbit

MRI is an attractive non-invasive angiographic modality not requiring nephrotoxic contrast agents and damaging exposure to radiation such as traditional angiography and multislice CT. It has previously been shown to provide consistently accurate non-invasive information from the stented regions of peripheral vessels even under stenotic conditions [1–3]. The aim of this study is to show that phase contrast magnetic resonance (PC-MR) can be used to provide accurate quantitative information of blood flow in smaller stented vessels such as the coronaries, using an in-vitro model and a rabbit aorta model. The ultimate goal of the project is to evaluate in-stent restenosis in stented coronary vessels, ultimately describing the degree of stenosis based on blood velocity indices such as translesional pressure gradient and peak systolic velocity ratio (PSVR).Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Differential effects of task memory demand on haptic matching of shape by blind and sighted humans

Abstract The role of prior perceptual experience in retention of haptic information was studied, comparing blind and sighted individuals in a matching task that systematically varied task memory demand. The results indicated that whereas greater memory demand reduced retention for both groups of Ss, the blind showed better retention under such memory demand than did the sighted. The outcome was interpreted in light of the effects of prior experience in gathering information by hand, on the way the stimulus is explored, and the way it is coded.
Preliminary Proton/Electron Mass Ratio using a Compensated Quadring Penning Trap

A new type of compensated Penning trap with the ring electrode split into equal quadrants allows intense unshifted ion cyclotron resonances to be synchronously detected with very small relative linewidths ( 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$). By measuring the cyclotron frequencies of both protons and electrons in the same magnetic field (5 T) and the same trapping volume (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$), a preliminary value of the mass ratio $\frac{{m}_{p}}{{m}_{e}}=1836.15300(25)$ is obtained with an accuracy that is more than four times greater than any previous direct measurement.
Dispersive initiation of replication in the Chinese hamster rhodopsin locus.

Several higher eukaryotic replication origins appear to be composed of broad zones of potential nascent strand start sites, while others are more circumscribed, resembling those of yeast, bacteria, and viruses. The most delocalized origin identified so far is approximately 55 kb in length and lies between the convergently transcribed dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and the 2BE2121 genes on chromosome 2 in the Chinese hamster genome. In some of our studies, we have utilized the rhodopsin origin as an early replicating internal standard for assessing the effects of deleting various parts of the DHFR locus on DHFR origin activity. However, it had not been previously established that the rhodopsin locus was located at a site far enough away to be immune to such deletions, nor had the mechanism of initiation at this origin been characterized. In the present study, we have localized the rhodopsin domain to a pair of small metacentric chromosomes and have used neutral/neutral 2-D gel replicon mapping to show that initiation in this origin is also highly delocalized, encompassing a region more than 50 kb in length that includes the nontranscribed rhodopsin gene itself. The initiation zone is flanked at least on one end by an actively transcribed gene that does not support initiation. Thus, the DHFR and rhodopsin origins belong to a class of complex, polydisperse origins that appears to be unique to higher eukaryotic cells.
Exciton transfer in DNA

Abstract Fluorescent risetimes are measured to be less than 20 ps for DNA-acridine orange complexes. This result is consistent with a rapid non-radiative depletion of the excited singlet state of DNA due to exciton-phonon interactions.
Surface Modification of Guinea Pig Sperm during In Vitro Capacitation: An Assessment Using Lectin-induced Agglutination of Living Sperm

Plant lectins have been used to advantage to study carbohy- drate-containing cell surface receptors in numerous systems. In this study, a sim- ple, reliable assay was developed to quantitate lectin-induced agglutinability of sperm. This assay was used successfully to compare some of the surface proper- ties of uncapacitated and capacitated guinea pig sperm. Capacitation was induced by incubating sperm in minimum capacitation medium (MCM) or modified Tyrodes solution (T-PL). Control incubations were done in Ham's F-10 or Hank's balanced salt solution which do not support capacitation. At timed in- tervals during incubation, sperm samples were assessed for pattern and degree of lectin-induced agglutination. Results establish that: (1) soybean agglutinin (SBA) and to a lesser extent concanavalin A (Con A) induced agglutinability of guinea pig sperm increase during in vitro capacitation in MCM; (2) a similar in- crease in SBA induced agglutinability occurs during capacitation in T-PL, but not in the non-capacitating media; and (3) for sperm incubated in MCM or T-PL, there is a significant increase in tail to tail agglutination after capacitation. The results with SBA demonstrate that D-galactose and/or N-acetyl-D-galac- tosamine containing receptor sites or the guinea pig sperm surface are affected by capacitation, and this effect occurs, at least in part, in the sperm tail. Possible explanations for the observed increase in agglutinability are discussed. The agglutination assay may prove useful as a direct test for the occurrence of capaci- tation and may be especially valuable for species having a small acrosome or limited number of eggs. Mammalian sperm undergo capacitation prior to the acrosome reaction and penetration of the zona pellucida of the egg (reviewed by Bedford, '74). Although the molecular basis for capacitation is, as yet, poorly understood, there is evidence that the sperm surface is al- tered during this process. In particular, modi- fication of surface glycoproteins is indicated by removal of decapacitation factor (Chang, '57; Weinman and Williams, '64; Dukelow et al., '671, loss of sperm coating antigens (Johnson and Hunter, '72; Oliphant and Brackett, '73; Aonuma et al., '73; Oliphant, '76; Koehler, '76), and a decrease in con- canavalin A binding sites at the acrosomal apex (Gordon, et al., '74, '75). Further evi- dence suggesting that glycoprotein modifica- tion is involved in capacitation is derived from experiments in which partial capacitation was
Spread of carious lesions in dentin

The nature and characteristics of carious dentin have generated much controversy regarding its final disposition in cavity preparation. The author presents additional information concerning the treatment of carious lesions.
The problem of peritoneal membrane area and permeability.

Currently there is high interest in determining the pathophysiologic importance of molecules of intermediate molecular weight (500 to 5000) in the clinical syndrome of uremia [1, 2]. For extracorporeal hemodialysis, the efficiency with which these solutes are removed depends on the area and permeability characteristics of the dialysis membrane, as well as the time spent on dialysis [3, 4]. When contrasting peritoneal with extracorporeal hemodialysis, it becomes important to know how the area and permeability characteristics of the peritoneal membrane compare with conventional cellulosic hemodialysis membranes. It is widely held from the anatomical work of Wegner (1877) [5], cited by Boen [6] in his monograph on peritoneal dialysis, that peritoneal membrane area approximates skin surface area. Applying the nomogram of Dubois [7] for determining the skin surface area for a standard 70kg (154 lb) body weight, 170cm (5' 7") height patient would yield a 1.8 m2 area; that for an 80kg (175 lb), 183cm (6') patient would yield a 2.0 m2 area. A similar but unestablished estimate is provided by Miller and Tassistro, in an unreferenced comment [8], indicating that peritoneal membrane area is "approximately that of the glomerular capillaries." Pappenheimer [9] estimates the latter area to be between 0.5 and 1.5 m2/100 g of kidney. Given an average single kidney weight of 150 g, peritoneal membrane area according to this method of estimation would be between 1.5 and 4.5 m2.
Effect of sodium 5-allyl-5(methylbutyl) barbiturate (sodium seconal) on oxygen consumption in rats.

The results of a study of the effect of subanesthetic doses of Seconal on oxygen consumption are reported. Peoples' photographic method was modified to measure continuous oxygen consumption of rats. In 30 rats the average rate of oxygen consumption under control conditions was 4.5 cc. per minute which was reduced by Seconal to 4.0 cc. per minute with no change in respiratory rate. In 5 rats, not included in the results above, slight excitation was produced so that the oxygen consumption increased from 4.4 cc. per minute to 5.1 cc. per minute without effect on the respiration. These results show that in the majority of animals a significant reduction in oxygen consumption (metabolic rate) occurs with subanesthetic doses of Seconal without change in respiratory rate, or due to the effects of muscular relaxation.
Treatment effects of stimulant medication in young boys with fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability and is caused by a CGG repeat expansion at Xq27.3 on the FMR1 gene. The majority of young boys with FXS display poor attention and hyperactivity that is disproportionate to their cognitive disability, and approximately 70% meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology is employed with 82% of young males 5–17 years of age, with stimulant medication as the most common medication prescribed. This study evaluated the effects of stimulant medication on the academic performance, attention, motor activity, and psychophysiological arousal of boys with FXS, as well as the concordance of effects within individuals. Participants in this study included 12 boys with FXS who were treated with stimulants. Participants completed videotaped academic testing on two consecutive days and were randomly assigned to be off stimulants for 1 day and on stimulants the other day. On each day, multiple measures including academic performance, behavior regulation, and psychophysiological arousal were collected. Approximately 75% of participants performed better on attention and academic measures, and 70% showed improved physiological regulation while on stimulant medication. A high degree of concordance among measures was found. Lower intelligence quotient (IQ), but not age, correlated with greater improvements in in-seat behavior. IQ and age did not relate to on-task behaviors. The frequency and magnitude of response to stimulant medication in boys with FXS is higher than those reported for most children with non-specific intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder.
Lipids in raw and cooked beef

Lipids in the separable lean of raw and cooked beef were determined, as part of an extensive cooperative study to provide current data on the nutrients in retail cuts and quality grades. Paired cuts from right and left sides of 8 carcasses were analyzed raw and cooked; an additional 172 raw cuts, each from a different carcass of prime, choice, or good grade, were also analyzed raw. In raw separable lean beef, representative values were as follows: total fat minimum, 3.2% in round top round steak, good grade, total fat maximum, 14.6% in rib roast large end, prime grade; cholesterol minimum, 49.9 mg/100 g in round eye round roast, good grade, cholesterol maximum, 68.1 mg/100 g in brisket flat half boneless, good grade; linoleate minimum, 1.6% in brisket flat half boneless, choice grade, linoleate maximum, 5.3% in round top round steak, good grade; saturated fatty acids minimum, 37.9% in brisket point half boneless, prime grade, saturated fatty acids maximum, 48.8% in loin tenderloin steak, choice grade; P/S ratio minimum, 0.04 in brisket flat half boneless, choice grade, P/S ratio maximum, 0.16 in round tip roast, left, good grade; trans-monoene minimum, 1.3% in round top round steak, choice grade, trans-monoene maximum, 4.4% in rib roast large end, good grade. Cooking caused a loss of fat from the cuts as a whole, but caused an increase in the fat in the separable lean, ranging from 0.75% in the round eye round roast to 3.26% in the chuck arm pot roast. Estimates of the true retention of fat averaged 125 ± 2.0%, of volatiles 59 ± 9.0%, and of cholesterol 106 ±.9%. Cholesterol in the raw separable lean was positively correlated with fat (r = 0.58) and negatively correlated with nonfat solids (r = −0.53).
α V β 3 Integrin Crystal Structures and Their Functional Implications

Many questions about the significance of structural features of integrin α(V)β(3) with respect to its mechanism of activation remain. We have determined and re-refined crystal structures of the α(V)β(3) ectodomain linked to C-terminal coiled coils (α(V)β(3)-AB) and four transmembrane (TM) residues in each subunit (α(V)β(3)-1TM), respectively. The α(V) and β(3) subunits with four and eight extracellular domains, respectively, are bent at knees between the integrin headpiece and lower legs, and the headpiece has the closed, low-affinity conformation. The structures differ in the occupancy of three metal-binding sites in the βI domain. Occupancy appears to be related to the pH of crystallization, rather than to the physiologic regulation of ligand binding at the central, metal ion-dependent adhesion site. No electron density was observed for TM residues and much of the α(V) linker. α(V)β(3)-AB and α(V)β(3)-1TM demonstrate flexibility in the linker between their extracellular and TM domains, rather than the previously proposed rigid linkage. A previously postulated interface between the α(V) and β(3) subunits at their knees was also not supported, because it lacks high-quality density, required rebuilding in α(V)β(3)-1TM, and differed markedly between α(V)β(3)-1TM and α(V)β(3)-AB. Together with the variation in domain-domain orientation within their bent ectodomains between α(V)β(3)-AB and α(V)β(3)-1TM, these findings are compatible with the requirement for large structural changes, such as extension at the knees and headpiece opening, in conveying activation signals between the extracellular ligand-binding site and the cytoplasm.