cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public health costs accounting of inorganic PM2.5 pollution in metropolitan areas of the United States using a risk-based source-receptor model

In order to design effective strategies to reduce the public health burden of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) imposed in an area, it is necessary to identify the emissions sources affecting that location and quantify their contributions. However, it is challenging because PM2.5 travels long distances and most constituents are the result of complex chemical processes. We developed a reduced-form source-receptor model for estimating locations and magnitudes of downwind health costs from a source or, conversely, the upwind sources that contribute to health costs at a receptor location. Built upon outputs from a state-of-the-art air quality model, our model produces comprehensive risk-based source apportionment results with trivial computational costs. Using the model, we analyzed all the sources contributing to the inorganic PM2.5 health burden in 14 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States. Our analysis for 12 source categories shows that 80-90% of the burden borne by these areas originates from emissions sources outside of the area and that emissions sources up to 800 km away need to be included to account for 80% of the burden. Conversely, 60-80% of the impacts of an MSA's emissions occurs outside of that MSA. The results demonstrate the importance of regionally coordinated measures to improve air quality in metropolitan areas.
Roles of reaction kinetics of CO2 on a PrBaCo2O5.5+δ surfaces

A symmetric PBCO/YSZ/PBCO cell (where PBCO refers to PrBaCo2O5.5+δ, and YSZ to yttria stabilized zirconia) was designed and fabricated for the investigation of the catalytic nature and reaction kinetics of CO2 on PBCO surfaces. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to probe the CO2 reaction behavior on the PBCO electrode. The symmetric equivalent circuit cell characterization reveals that the surface resistance of CO2 on PBCO is only 30.2 Ω cm2 and the maximum surface exchange coefficient kchem is 2.0 × 10−4 cm s−1 at 1147 K, suggesting that PBCO can be an excellent candidate for CO2 reduction.
Rectifying Yesterday Versus Creating Tomorrow: Leadership Challenges in Balancing a Portfolio of Processes

We are at a critical juncture now. We are dissatisfied with the tried-and-tested strategy of vertical integration and the corresponding functional organization and are experimenting with newer models of strategy and alternative forms of organization. We are moving away from a predominant focus on information technology and systems as a source of competitive advantage towards recognizing information technology-enabled processes as key building blocks for the new organizational logic. This paper focuses on the leadership and management challenges in leveraging information technology functionality to design a process-centered organization to drive the creation and deployment of capabilities to compete effectively in the 21st century marketplace. Specifically, I assert that much of the current process redesign efforts have been directed at rectification of past weaknesses—inherent in the business design adopted to leverage the potential of the industrial revolution. This could improve bottom-line profits but cannot create top-line growth. Management attention should be directed at processes— especially those involving external partners and alliances in the extended business network-that are building blocks of the critical capabilities of future success. For this purpose, I develop a portfolio of processes and discuss specific actions for managing the different types of processes. Effectively designing and balancing a portfolio of processes that create distinctive organizational capabilities to deliver superior customer value is a key requirement for success in the 21st century.
Beneficial Effects of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093 Pigments and Derivatives: A Mini Review

The production of Monascus pigments and related byproducts, via microbial fermentation, has been broadly utilized as coloring by traditional food industries and as a natural textile dye. In addition to these traditional purposes, Monascus pigments have been recently favored for a variety of commercial and academic purposes. Pigments and derivatives formed during Monascus fermentation have pharmaceutical and clinical properties that can counteract common diseases, including obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cancer. Various research attempts have investigated the optimum conditions for this derived compound synthesis, as well as the still-unknown bio-functional effects. Recently, several studies were conducted using Monascus sp. KCCM 10093 and its derivatives. These experimental outcomes potentially reflect the bio-functional features of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093. However, no publication to date provides an overview of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093's unique metabolite products, functionalities, or biological pathways. In order to develop profitable commercial applications of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093, it is necessary not only to conduct continuous research, but also to systematically organize previous Monascus studies. The goals of this review are to investigate the current derivatives of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093 pigments-some of which have demonstrated newly-identified functionality-and the relevant uses of these molecules for pharmaceutical or nutraceutical purposes.
Thioureas and Squaramides: Comparison with Ureas as Assembly Directing Motifs for m-Xylene Macrocycles

Intentional design of crystalline frameworks requires a good understanding of how inter- and intramolecular forces act together to afford solid-state structures. Herein, we synthesize and crystallize bis-thiourea and bis-squaramide m-xylene macrocycles and compare the conformational preferences of these functional groups as well as their assembled structures to their bis-urea counterpart. Four new crystal structures of the bis-thiourea macrocycle and the bis-squaramide macrocycle are reported. The m-xylene macrocycles of urea, thiourea, and squaramide each display trans–trans conformers in their pure crystal forms. The thiourea macrocycles show edge to face interactions driven by sulfur bonding to afford 2D sheets. This macrocycle also shows an ethylene diamine solvate that displays both trans–trans and cis–trans conformers in the same structure. Solution 2D EXSY NMR studies suggest that these and additional conformations interconvert at room temperature. Squaramide macrocycles display 2D hydrogen bonding...
Post Locoregional Therapy Treatment Imaging in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients: A Literature-based Review

Imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as well as in determining treatment efficacy, or complications, following therapy. Unlike other cancers, HCC is most commonly treated by locoregional therapies (LRTs) such as thermal ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and transarterial radioembolization. These treatments can lead to changes on imaging that make determination of residual/recurrent disease difficult. This literature-based review discusses the expected postimaging findings following LRT.
Intermedia visual agenda setting: Comparing wire service top photo distribution to what makes the front page

This study combines and extends two existing aspects of agenda setting: intermedia and visual agenda setting. It defines and explores intermedia visual agenda setting by comparing the Associated Press’ top photos to what appears on the front pages of top-circulation U.S. newspapers. Only 25.88% of Associated Press photos used on the front pages came from the Associated Press’ top visual agenda, but findings indicate top general news photos are more likely to be used and top sports photos are less likely to be used. Additionally, photos from the Associated Press’ top visual agenda are more likely to be in non-dominant positions on the front page. These findings indicate that some intermedia visual agenda setting takes place and calls for more research in this area.
Anti-VEGF for Management of Neovascularization of Iris and Neovascular Glaucoma:

Purpose:To study the treatment effect of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections on eyes with iris neovascularization (NVI).Methods:Retrospective study of patients who underwe...
Delayed Drainage in a Stream-Aquifer System

In a recent paper published in this journal, Higgins considered the problem of nonsteady flow from an unconfined aquifer into a fully penetrating stream in which the water level fluctuates in a prescribed fashion. To check the validity of his theoretical expressions, Higgins conducted a laboratory experiment with the aid of a sand box. The experimental results were in agreement with theory for the case where the water level in the stream declined linearly with time. However, when the water level in the stream was lowered instantaneously to its final position, the experimental drawdown of the water table at early time was higher than that predicted by theory; at large values of time, some of the experimental water table drawdowns were less than those predicted by theory. Higgins attributed this lack of correspondence between experiment and theory to a failure on the part of his theory to account for unsaturated flow above the water table. The purpose of this note is to develop an alternative theory which does not account for unsaturated flow and yet, is able to explain Higgins' experimental results.
The Regulation of Assessment Practices: Challenge and Opportunity for School Counselors

This article reviews three key pieces of legislation regarding the assessment of children in public schools, with an emphasis on those aspects of the law that are most pertinent to the school couns...
Assessing the accuracy of an automated atrial fibrillation detection algorithm using smartphone technology: The iREAD Study

Background The Kardia Mobile Cardiac Monitor (KMCM) detects atrial fibrillation (AF) via a handheld cardiac rhythm recorder and AF detection algorithm. The algorithm operates within predefined parameters to provide a "normal" or "possible atrial fibrillation detected" interpretation; outside of these parameters, an "unclassified" rhythm is reported. The system has been increasingly used, but its performance has not been independently tested. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the KMCM system can accurately detect AF. Methods A single-center, adjudicator-blinded case series of 52 consecutive patients with AF admitted for antiarrhythmic drug initiation were enrolled. Serial 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) and nearly simultaneously acquired KMCM recordings were obtained. Results There were 225 nearly simultaneously acquired KMCM and ECG recordings across 52 enrolled patients (mean age 68 years; 67% male). After exclusion of unclassified recordings, the KMCM automated algorithm interpretation had 96.6% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity for AF detection as compared with physician-interpreted ECGs, with a κ coefficient of 0.89. Physician-interpreted KMCM recordings had 100% sensitivity and 89.2% specificity for AF detection as compared with physician-interpreted ECGs, with a κ coefficient of 0.85. Sixty-two recordings (27.6%) were unclassified by the KMCM algorithm. In these instances, physician interpretation of KMCM recordings had 100% sensitivity and 79.5% specificity for AF detection as compared with 12-lead ECG interpretation, with a κ coefficient of 0.71. Conclusion The KMCM system provides sensitive and specific AF detection relative to 12-lead ECGs when an automated interpretation is provided. Direct physician review of KMCM recordings can enhance diagnostic yield, especially for unclassified recordings.
Annals Consult Guys – Pros and Cons of Therapy to Increase Bone Mineral Density

The Guys (Howard and Geno) take on a tough one: Will calcium supplementation increase the risk for cardiovascular disease, and should it be avoided in a patient with aortic stenosis?
Pendulum Swings in Educational Policymaking: A Quantitative Analysis of the Effects of Federal and State Policymaking on Poorer School Districts in Michigan

Reforms in American public education have not resolved the wide academic performance gap between students. Officials respond by developing reforms, that is, the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act and ...
Aspergillus fumigatus induction of IL-33 expression in chronic rhinosinusitis is PAR2-dependent.

Objective: In the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) can upregulate IL-33 from human sinonasal epithelial cells (SNECs), which then activates innate lymphoid cells causing release of IL-13, an important driver of allergic inflammation. However, the mechanism by which A. fumigatus mediates the induction of IL-33 expression remains to be elucidated. The objectives of this study were to determine the specific fungal component(s) and the receptor responsible for mediating the A. fumigatus induced increase in IL-33 expression in SNECs from patients with CRSwNP. Methods: SNECs from CRSwNP patients were cultured and stimulated with various fungal components in the absence or presence of 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride, an irreversible serine protease inhibitor, or GB83, a reversible protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) inhibitor. IL-33 expression was evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). PAR2 expression was examined in inflamed mucosa from nonatopic control and CRSwNP patients. Results: Elevation of IL-33 expression in primary SNECs was found in response to fungal protease but not fungal cell wall components. PAR2 expression was elevated in inflamed mucosa from CRSwNP patients in comparison to controls. The A. fumigatus fungal protease-mediated elevation in IL-33 expression by human SNECs was serine protease- and PAR2-dependent. Conclusion: These data suggest that serine protease activity of A. fumigatus is capable of inducing IL-33 expression in CRSwNP SNECs via PAR2, a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of CRSwNP. Level of evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 129:2230-2235, 2019.
An Exploratory Study of Teachers' Experience with Interagency Collaboration for the Education of Students with EBD.

AbstractInteragency collaboration can easily be recognized as an intensive supportive practice that helps meet the complex needs of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). The purpo...
Dynamite, Opium, and a Transnational Shadow Economy at Tonkinese Coal Mines

The rise of the coal-mining industry in colonial Vietnam has often been associated with the French economic presence and their drastic methods of exploitation. But, beyond the confines of French mining enterprises, coal mining gave rise to transnational economic links, fuelled clandestine economic activities, and bound communities across the Chinese–Vietnamese borderland. Drawing from business and police records located at the Vietnamese national archives including those of the Societe Francaise des Charbonnages du Tonkin (SFCT)—the largest French coal-mining company in Indochina, this article reveals a thriving, complex, and intersected world of criminal activities involving the theft and trafficking of explosives and opium at Tonkinese coal mines. An investigation into the patterns of these crimes and their perpetrators exposes a transnational shadow economy that managed to stay under the radar of both the French surveillance system and the Vietnamese nationalist movement. Breaking away from the metropole–colony paradigm in colonial historiography, this blended history of labour and crime provides a new lens through which to explore the dynamics of colonial rule and the interplay of the local and the global, as well as the creation of new and important inter-Asian networks.
Understanding (as) Dialogue

For the twentieth-century German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer, Martin Buber’s ontology of dialogue captured something fundamental about the process of human understanding. Gadamer’s philosophic hermeneutics, like much of Buber’s thought, was directed at correcting the instrumental and reductive biases in theories of knowledge propagated by the Enlightenment and turn-of-the century positivism. This chapter examines several key Gadamerian concepts to show how Buber’s language of I and Thou is central to Gadamer’s own argument that understanding is fundamentally dialogical and cannot be reduced to or modeled on scientific method. For Gadamer, even when we are interacting with a text, we must, if we are to truly understand it, approach it as a Thou and refrain from treating it as an It. Against those who find little political worth in Gadamer’s use of the I-Thou, this chapter defends the relevance of Gadamer’s account of dialogic understanding for producing human solidarity.
Rotator Cuff Repair: A Biological Approach to Improve Outcomes

Biologic agents are increasingly being used within the field of orthoapedic surgery to treat a variety of musculoskeletal conditions. Most agents attempt to stimulate or manipulate the local cellular environment to increase the innate healing response. This is especially appealing for the management of rotator cuff disease, since most pathology is secondary to chronic, degenerative changes within the rotator cuff tendon. The most commonly used biologic agents in the management of rotator cuff disease are platelet-rich plasma, cell-based approaches using bone marrow or adipose-derived progenitor cells, and extracellular matrix “patches.” The past decade has seen a substantial increase in demand for these agents, yet data to support their use are currently limited. Physicians must remain well educated about these agents as new information becomes available. The following chapter offers background and review of the literature for the most commonly used biologic agents in the management of rotator cuff disease.
Analog architectures for neural network acceleration based on non-volatile memory

Analog hardware accelerators, which perform computation within a dense memory array, have the potential to overcome the major bottlenecks faced by digital hardware for data-heavy workloads such as deep learning. Exploiting the intrinsic computational advantages of memory arrays, however, has proven to be challenging principally due to the overhead imposed by the peripheral circuitry and due to the non-ideal properties of memory devices that play the role of the synapse. We review the existing implementations of these accelerators for deep supervised learning, organizing our discussion around the different levels of the accelerator design hierarchy, with an emphasis on circuits and architecture. We explore and consolidate the various approaches that have been proposed to address the critical challenges faced by analog accelerators, for both neural network inference and training, and highlight the key design trade-offs underlying these techniques.
Is Bad News Biased? How Poll Reporting Affects Perceptions of Media Bias and Presumed Voter Behavior

Battleground state polls are a prominent part of U.S. election news coverage. In this experimental study ( N = 863), we tested how polling results impact how partisans evaluate the news stories through which the polls are reported. Consistent with the hostile media perception, partisans tended to see articles as biased against their candidate, and perceived bias was amplified when their candidate trailed in the poll. Additionally, we found that a majority of news consumers believed the article would encourage their political copartisans in battleground states to vote, but would not impact the voting behavior of their political opponents.
Progestins Inhibit Interleukin-1β-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 and Interleukin 8 Expression via the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Primary Human Amnion Mesenchymal Cells

Preterm premature rupture of membranes is a leading cause of preterm births. Cytokine induced matrix metalloproteinase1 and interleukin 8 production from amnion mesenchymal cells may contribute to fetal membrane weakening and rupture. Progestins inhibit inflammation induced fetal membrane weakening but their effect on the inflammatory response of amnion mesenchymal cells is unknown. This study was designed to determine the role of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 and the glucocorticoid receptor in mediating the effects of progestins on interleukin-1 induced matrix metalloproteinase 1 and interleukin-8 expression in human amnion mesenchymal cells. Primary amnion mesenchymal cells harvested from human fetal membranes were passaged once and treated with vehicle, progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate at 10-6 M for 1 h followed by stimulation with interleukin-1 at 1 ng/ml for 24h. Medroxyprogesterone acetate but not progesterone inhibited interleukin-1-induced interlukin-8 and matrix metalloproteinase 1 mRNA expression. In subsequent dose response studies, medroxyprogesterone acetate, but not progesterone, at doses of 10-6 to 10-8 M inhibited interleukin-1 induced interleukin-8 and matrix metalloproteinase 1 mRNA expression. We further demonstrated that inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor expression, but not progesterone receptor membrane component 1 knockdown with small interfering RNA transfection, resulted in a reversal in medroxyprogesterone acetate’s (10-7M) inhibition of interleukin-1- induced matrix metalloproteinase 1 mRNA expression and interleukin-8 mRNA expression and protein expression. Our findings demonstrate that medroxyprogesterone acetate exerts its anti-inflammatory effect primarily through the glucocorticoid receptor in human amnion mesenchymal cells. Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor signalling pathways maybe a useful therapeutic strategy for preventing inflammation induced fetal membrane weakening leading to preterm premature rupture of membranes.
Anharmonic Origin of the Giant Thermal Expansion of NaBr

All phonons in a single crystal of NaBr are measured by inelastic neutron scattering at temperatures of 10, 300, and 700 K. Even at 300 K, the phonons, especially the longitudinal-optical phonons, show large shifts in frequencies and show large broadenings in energy owing to anharmonicity. Ab initio computations are first performed with the quasiharmonic approximation (QHA) in which the phonon frequencies depend only on $V$ and on $T$ only insofar as it alters $V$ by thermal expansion. This QHA is an unqualified failure for predicting the temperature dependence of phonon frequencies, even 300 K, and the thermal expansion is in error by a factor of 4. Ab initio computations that include both anharmonicity and quasiharmonicity successfully predict both the temperature dependence of phonons and the large thermal expansion of NaBr. The frequencies of longitudinal-optical phonon modes decrease significantly with temperature owing to the real part of the phonon self-energy from explicit anharmonicity originating from the cubic anharmonicity of nearest-neighbor NaBr bonds. Anharmonicity is not a correction to the QHA predictions of thermal expansion and thermal phonon shifts but dominates the behavior.
Development of a straight vertebrate body axis

The vertebrate body plan is characterized by the presence of a segmented spine along its main axis. Here, we examine the current understanding of how the axial tissues that are formed during embryonic development give rise to the adult spine and summarize recent advances in the field, largely focused on recent studies in zebrafish, with comparisons to amniotes where appropriate. We discuss recent work illuminating the genetics and biological mechanisms mediating extension and straightening of the body axis during development, and highlight open questions. We specifically focus on the processes of notochord development and cerebrospinal fluid physiology, and how defects in those processes may lead to scoliosis.
The Role of Goal and Meaning in Life for Older Adults Facing Interpersonal Stress

Interpersonal stressful events (ISE) have been shown to be potent predictors of major depressive symptoms among older adults. This study examines the relationships between recent ISE and depressive...
A Regulatory Review Approach for Evaluation of Micafungin for Treatment of Neonatal Candidiasis.

Pathogenesis of neonatal candidiasis (NC) is distinct from systemic candidiasis in adults and older pediatric patients due to the significant incidence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in neonates. Thus, although adequate and well-controlled trials in NC are often unfeasible due to difficulty enrolling patients, extrapolation of efficacy from antifungal drug trials in adults is generally not appropriate. However, treatment of NC is an area of great unmet need. We describe a regulatory review approach that combined the assessment of limited clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety data from neonates and young infants along with microbiology outcomes and pharmacokinetic data from relevant nonclinical models of candidemia/invasive candidiasis to inform the use of micafungin in pediatric patients younger than 4 months of age, while communicating areas of remaining uncertainty in labeling.
Novel MEAF6‐SUZ12 fusion in ossifying fibromyxoid tumor with unusual features

Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor (OFMT) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm of uncertain differentiation that has the capacity for local recurrence and metastasis. Many OFMTs, including typical, atypical, and malignant tumors, have demonstrated recurrent gene fusions. The fusion partners reported to date share a common core function in that they play either a direct or indirect role in processes influencing histone modification. Herein, we report an OFMT with unusual morphology and non-specific immunoprofile harboring a novel MEAF6-SUZ12 fusion. A 34-year-old male presented with a slowly growing mass in the right antecubital fossa. Excision demonstrated a 6.9 cm partially encapsulated, tan-white, lobulated, and calcified lesion. Microscopic evaluation demonstrated cytologically bland spindle to ovoid cells arranged in a haphazard manner within a fibromyxoid background containing dense collagen, often with sclerotic nodules, and randomly distributed ossification. The tumor cells were diffusely positive for CD34 while essentially negative for S100, desmin, MUC4, SOX10, AE1/3, SMA, and EMA. Next-generation sequencing studies (sarcoma gene fusion next-generation sequencing panel with subsequent Sanger confirmation) performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue detected a fusion product between MEAF6 exon 4 (NM_001270875) and SUZ12 exon 2 (NM_001321207.1). The proposed mechanism of pathogenesis in OFMT, namely epigenetic dysregulation, is reinforced by the fact that both of these partner genes are involved in histone modification.
Testing the febrile response of snakes inoculated with Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, the causative agent of snake fungal disease

Abstract Snake Fungal Disease (SFD) negatively impacts wild snake populations in the eastern United States and Europe. Ophidiomyces ophidiicola causes SFD and manifests clinically by the formation of heterophilic granulomas around the mouth and eyes, weight loss, impaired vision, and sometimes death. Field observations have documented early seasonal basking behaviors in severely infected snakes, potentially suggesting induction of a behavioral febrile response to combat the mycosis. This study tested the hypothesis that snakes inoculated with Ophidiomyces ophidiicola would seek elevated basking temperatures to control body temperature and behaviorally induce a febrile response. Eastern ribbon snakes (Thamnophis saurita, n = 29) were experimentally or sham inoculated with O. ophidiicola. Seven days after inoculation, snakes were tested on a thermal gradient and the internal body temperature and substrate temperature of each snake was recorded over time. Quantitative PCR was used when snakes arrived, during pre-inoculation, and post-inoculation to test snakes for the presence of O. ophidiicola. Some snakes arrived with O. ophidiicola and were subsequently inoculated, allowing for an assessment of secondary exposure effects. Snake thermoregulatory behavior was compared between 1) O. ophidiicola inoculated vs. sham inoculated treatments, 2) infected vs. disease negative groups, and 3) disease naive vs. pre-exposed immune response categories. Neither internal nor substrate temperatures differed among initially prescribed, and qPCR recovered disease states, although infected snakes tended to reach a preferred body temperature faster than disease negative snakes. Snakes experiencing their first exposure (disease naive) sought higher substrate temperatures than snakes experiencing their second exposure (pre-exposed). Here, we recover no evidence for behaviorally induced fever in snakes with SFD but do elucidate a febrile immune response associated with secondary exposure.
Complete 1H NMR spectral analysis of ten chemical markers of Ginkgo biloba

The complete and unambiguous (1)H NMR assignments of ten marker constituents of Ginkgo biloba are described. The comprehensive (1)H NMR profiles (fingerprints) of ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J, bilobalide, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, isoquercetin, and rutin in DMSO-d(6) were obtained through the examination of 1D (1)H NMR and 2D (1)H,(1)H-COSY data, in combination with (1)H iterative full spin analysis (HiFSA). The computational analysis of discrete spin systems allowed a detailed characterization of all the (1)H NMR signals in terms of chemical shifts (δ(H)) and spin-spin coupling constants (J(HH)), regardless of signal overlap and higher order coupling effects. The capability of the HiFSA-generated (1)H fingerprints to reproduce experimental (1)H NMR spectra at different field strengths was also evaluated. As a result of this analysis, a revised set of (1)H NMR parameters for all ten phytoconstituents was assembled. Furthermore, precise (1)H NMR assignments of the sugar moieties of isoquercetin and rutin are reported for the first time.
On Realizing a Broadband Kernel for Multimedia Networks

We describe a prototype implementation of a broadband kernel, an open programming environment that facilitates the easy creation of network services and provides mechanisms for efficient resource allocation. We present a service creation methodology and show how scalable multimedia network services can be constructed from a set of broadband kernel services. As a proof of concept, we built a multi-party teleconferencing service upon the broadband kernel. The service creation framework has the following characteristics: binding of different classes of transport protocols to the application, dynamic renegotiation of application QOS using the signalling network and, support for multiple resource reservation algorithms.
Computing and network performance of a distributed parallel processing environment using MPI and PVM communication methods

* Copyright © 2003 by the Consortium for Computing in Small Colleges. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the CCSC copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Consortium for Computing in Small Colleges. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission.
Impurity Effects on Bonding Charge in Ni3Al

Microalloying studies have shown1 that doping with certain impurities, which prefer to segregate towards grain boundaries, can significantly improve the ductility of polycrystalline Ni3Al.2 The addition of only 0.05 wt% (0.25 at%) of boron increases the room temperature elongation of polycrystalline Ni3Al from a few percent to values of 45–50%. This effect, however, is only observed in specimens that contain excess Ni. Because boron is known to segregate preferentially to grain boundaries, one explanation for its dramatic effect on ductility is that it promotes better cohesion across the grain boundary planes.3 More recent experiments have shown that boron also improves the ductility of single Ni3Al crystals,4 suggesting that a “bulk effect” should be considered in addition to the grain boundary strengthening effect of boron when explaining the improvement in ductility of polycrystalline Ni3Al due to B additions.
Paleo-Indian Archaeology in the High Plains and Rocky Mountains of Montana

The Late Pleistocene and initial Holocene occupation of Montana by Paleo-Indians may eventually include evidence for transient pre-Clovis peoples. Any one of several possible pathways southward would have crossed the state via the northwestern High Plains, along the east slope and foothills of the northern Rocky Mountains, or within the north-south trending or broad intramontane valleys within the Rockies. That pre-Clovis remains are not known in Montana may be due partly to an enduring lack of problem-oriented fieldwork. However, the possibility of a pre-Clovis cultural manifestation is an open question (e.g., Clark 1988; Morlan 1988; Chapter 15, this volume).
Voltage dependence of the apparent affinity for external Na(+) of the backward-running sodium pump.

The steady-state voltage and [Na+]o dependence of the electrogenic sodium pump was investigated in voltage-clamped internally dialyzed giant axons of the squid, Loligo pealei, under conditions that promote the backward-running mode (K+-free seawater; ATP- and Na+-free internal solution containing ADP and orthophosphate). The ratio of pump-mediated 42K+ efflux to reverse pump current, Ipump (both defined by sensitivity to dihydrodigitoxigenin, H2DTG), scaled by Faraday's constant, was −1.5 ± 0.4 (n = 5; expected ratio for 2 K+/3 Na+ stoichiometry is −2.0). Steady-state reverse pump current-voltage (Ipump-V) relationships were obtained either from the shifts in holding current after repeated exposures of an axon clamped at various Vm to H2DTG or from the difference between membrane I-V relationships obtained by imposing Vm staircases in the presence or absence of H2DTG. With the second method, we also investigated the influence of [Na+]o (up to 800 mM, for which hypertonic solutions were used) on the steady-state reverse Ipump-V relationship. The reverse Ipump-V relationship is sigmoid, Ipump saturating at large negative Vm, and each doubling of [Na+]o causes a fixed (29 mV) rightward parallel shift along the voltage axis of this Boltzmann partition function (apparent valence z = 0.80). These characteristics mirror those of steady-state 22Na+ efflux during electroneutral Na+/Na+ exchange, and follow without additional postulates from the same simple high field access channel model (Gadsby, D.C., R.F. Rakowski, and P. De Weer, 1993. Science. 260:100–103). This model predicts valence z = nλ, where n (1.33 ± 0.05) is the Hill coefficient of Na binding, and λ (0.61 ± 0.03) is the fraction of the membrane electric field traversed by Na ions reaching their binding site. More elaborate alternative models can accommodate all the steady-state features of the reverse pumping and electroneutral Na+/Na+ exchange modes only with additional assumptions that render them less likely.
Association of codon 72 polymorphism of p53 with lower prostate cancer risk.

Background A common germline polymorphism of p53 produces a protein with an Arg to Pro change at codon 72. This Pro variant has altered biochemical properties suggesting altered cancer susceptibility. Methods A case control study with 115 men with prostate cancer and 181 community control male subjects was conducted. Demographics, family history of cancer, and blood were obtained. Codon 72 genotypes were determined using PCR. Results The Pro/Pro genotype was associated with a markedly lower risk of prostate cancer (OR = 0.23, CI = 0.07–0.79, P = 0.012). Similar reduction in risk was observed when the analysis was limited to Caucasian subjects (86% of total). Reduction in risk remained significant in a logistic regression model after correcting for age and family history of prostate cancer (OR = 0.14, CI = 0.03–0.71, P = 0.017). Conclusions Men with the p53 codon 72 Pro/Pro genotype appear to be at reduced risk of prostate cancer. Prostate 49:263–266, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Temperature dependence and anisotropy of charge carrier mobilities in durene

Very high charge-carrier drift mobilities have been measured in durene (1,2,4,5 tetramethyl benzene) single crystals by the transient-photoconductivity technique. In the crystal ($a, b$) plane both hole and electron mobilities are isotropic, 5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec and 8 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec, respectively, at room temperature, and follow a ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2.5}$ temperature dependence. In the ${c}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ direction only hole mobilities could be measured, which were 0.15 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec at room temperature and followed a ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2.8}$ temperature dependence. These results indicate that charge-carrier transport in durene can be treated within the frame of the band model. The charge-carrier generation process for the excitation wavelength (nitrogen laser $\ensuremath{\lambda}=3371$ \AA{}) was also studied. It is shown that the process involves a direct two-photon absorption to produce singlet excitons which then dissociate at surface states giving charge carriers. A lower limit of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}48}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{4}$ sec/(photon molecule) was estimated for the molecular singlet-singlet excitation-rate constant.
Harnessing the potential of myogenic satellite cells

Adult skeletal muscle has remarkable regenerative potential, which is mainly attributable to a small population of undifferentiated skeletal muscle precursors called satellite cells. These cells reside underneath the basal lamina of skeletal myofibers and can be activated to proliferate, differentiate and fuse to form new muscle tissue. Satellite cells have long been considered promising mediators of therapeutic muscle regeneration. However, in practice, the regenerative function of such cells, which in many cases have been derived or expanded by ex vivo cultures, can be surprisingly low. A recent study from Montarras and colleagues has provided new insights into the requirements for efficient muscle engraftment from purified muscle satellite cells, suggesting possible strategies to enhance their therapeutic potential.
ICS reinforcement of DRL behavior in the rat

An albino rat was trained on a DRL schedule with intracranial stimulation (ICS) as a reinforcer. Reinforcement was contingent upon completion of a chain of responses similar to the chain of responses required for water reinforcement (pressing a bar and licking a dipper). The results support the generalization that ICS acts essentially like food or water reinforcement when the experimental paradigms are comparable.
Absorption by Some Molecular Gases in the Extreme Ultraviolet

The absorption spectra of several polyatomic molecules (hydrides and fluorides) have been measured in the range of photon energies 100-200 eV. High resolution was obtained by the use of synchrotron radiation and a grazing-incidence spectrometer. Rydberg series were observed with sharp structure converging upon the ${L}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I},\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$ edges of Si${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, P${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S, and HCl. These molecules all have argon as a united atom and the observed series correspond to excitation of a $2p$ core electron to $s$- and $d$-like final states. In silane the $d$-like final states show a splitting due to the molecular field. The assignments are confirmed by a molecular-orbital calculation which will be reported elsewhere. The ${L}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I},\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$ spin-orbit splittings and threshold energies are compared with other experimental and theoretical data.
Bioeconomics and post Keynesian economics: a search for common ground

Abstract This paper is concerned with the links between two schools of economic thought which challenge the neoclassical synthesis. Bioeconomics refers to that school of economics stressing the fact that the human species is a part of the larger biosystem of the planet and ultimately subject to the same laws and limitations as other life forms. Post Keynesian economics is a specific school of macroeconomics stressing the fundamental ideas of Keynes, Marx, and Kalecki concerning uncertainty, the nature of production, and the role of government in economic affairs. Bioeconomics and post Keynesian economics have much in common in terms of their methodological framework, their emphasis on production rather than exchange, and their interpretation of the social rate of discount. A potential area of conflict between the two schools is their attitude toward economic growth. The areas of commonality between the two schools are discussed and a research and policy program which combines the insights of both approaches is suggested.
Serum prolactin levels in the prepubertal period in male and female rats. Control by photoperiod and gonadal status and relationship to puberty onset

In female rats there is a temporary afternoon rise in prolactin during the transition from the weaning period to the period just preceding puberty. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a similar tempopary prolactin peak occurs in males at the same age and to assess the dependence of this elevation upon gonadal status and light cycle cues. Blood samples were collected at 08.00, 20.00 and 02.00 h colony time during the prepubertal period. A prolactin peak occurred only at 28 days of age in males. This peak did not occur in either males or females gonadectomized at 22 days of age Animals reared in constant light from weaning (21 days of age) failed to shoow an afternoon prolactin peak at 28 or 32 days of age. Animals in constant light from weaning age showed maximum prolactin at 08.00 h on days 28, 30, and 32 with minimum levels at 20.00 h. It can be concluded that both males and females exhibit a transient peak of prolactin during the prepubertal period. This peak was abolished by gonadectomy and by constant light, suggesting that it is an expression of a clock mechanism sensitive to photoperiod and gonadal steroids. The prolactin peak does not appear to correlate with pubertal onset per se since both vaginal opening and balanopreputial separation are precocious in constant light despite the fact that the prolactin peak is abolished in the population as a whole.
Photometry of Phobos and Deimos from Viking Orbiter images

Images of Phobos and Deimos acquired by the Viking orbiter television system have been used to determine the photometric functions of the Martian moons. Data covering wavelengths from 445 nm to 593 nm and solar phase angles between 0.5 deg and 122 deg were used. Normal reflectances of 0.066 + or - 0.006 for Phobos and 0.069 + or - 0.006 for Deimos were determined. No variations in either photometric function or average normal albedo were observed over the wavelength range studied. The photometric functions demonstrate that the surface of Phobos and Deimos are intricate in texture brightness surges near opposition that are more pronounced than that of the moon.
A consistent set of statistical potentials for quantifying local side‐chain and backbone interactions

The frequencies of occurrence of atom arrangements in high-resolution protein structures provide some of the most accurate quantitative measures of interaction energies in proteins. In this report we extend our development of a consistent set of statistical potentials for quantifying local interactions between side-chains and the polypeptide backbone, as well as nearby side-chains. Starting with ϕ/ψ/χ1 propensities that select for optimal interactions of the 20 amino acid side-chains with the 2 flanking peptide bonds, the following 3 new terms are added: (1) a distance-dependent interaction between the side-chain at i and the carbonyl oxygens and amide protons of the peptide units at i ± 2, i ± 3, and i ± 4; (2) a distance-dependent interaction between the side-chain at position i and side-chains at positions i + 1 through i + 4; and (3) an orientation-dependent interaction between the side-chain at position i and side-chains at i + 1 through i + 4. The relative strengths of these 4 pseudo free energy terms are estimated by the average information content of each scoring matrix and by assessing their performance in a simple fragment threading test. They vary from −0.4–−0.5 kcal/mole per residue for ϕ/ψ/χ1 propensities to a range of −0.15–−0.6 kcal/mole per residue for each of the other 3 terms. The combined energy function, containing no interactions between atoms more than 4 residues apart, identifies the correct structural fragment for randomly selected 15 mers over 40% of the time, after searching through 232,000 alternative conformations. For 14 out of 20 sets of all-atom Rosetta decoys analyzed, the native structure has a combined score lower than any of the 1700–1900 decoy conformations. The ability of this energy function to detect energetically important details of local structure is demonstrated by its power to distinguish high-resolution crystal structures from NMR solution structures. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The connections of the nucleus reuniens thalami: Evidence for a direct thalamo-hippocampal pathway in the rat†

The afferent and efferent connections of the rat's midline nucleus reunions thalami (reuniens) were studied by experiments using the methods of retrograde cell marking by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and anterograde fiber tracing by autoradiography. A microelectrophoretic deposit of tritiated amino acids in reuniens provided the first evidence of a direct thalamo-hippocampal connection. Labeled reuniens efferents ascend to the genu of the corpus callosum and turn caudally in the cingulate fasciculus, from which fibers distribute to layer I of the anterior medial, cingulate, and retrosplenial cortices. A longer component of this system curves around the callosal splenium and forms a massive rostrally directed fiber sheet that innervates entorhinal and parahippocampal areas and Ammon's horn. Entorhinal afferents are localized to layers I and III, whereas the hippocampal afferent plexus is remarkably restricted to the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the CA1 field and the corresponding stratum of the ventral subiculum. Reuniens projects more sparsely and diffusely to many subcortical structures, a number of which lie in the limbic domain: the anterior olfactory nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, claustrum, septum, preoptic area, medial and lateral hypothalamic regions, deep portions of the pretectum and superior colliculus, rostral levels of the ventral tegmental area and central gray substance and, perhaps, the median eminence. The efferent connections of reuniens were examined with HRP. HRP deposited in the nucleus labeled small to moderate numbers of neurons in many structures extending from the frontal cortex to caudal midbrain levels. The appearance of cell labeling in regions projected upon by reuniens suggests a reciprocity of connections between it and the medial cortex, septum, preoptic area, amygdala, medial and lateral hypothalamic regions, ventral tegmental area, central gray substance, pretectum, superior colliculus and the subiculum. Cell labeling in regions not receiving its efferents – the ventral thalamus, midbrain tegmentum, mesencephalic raphe, and parabrachial nuclei – may hold another clue to the future understanding of the role of the nucleus reuniens in limbic functions.
Copulatory behaviour of male Rattus norvegicus in a multiple-female exhaustion test

Summary The copulatory behaviour of eleven male rats in sexual exhaustion tests each with one oestrous female was compared with that of the same males in tests with five oestrous females. Prior to the first ejaculation there were more mounts and intromissions in the multiple-female test than in the single-female test. Subsequent ejaculatory series were essentially equivalent in the two situations. These results are thought to cast doubt on the ‘habituation’ theory of sexual exhaustion. In multiple-female tests, the copulatory responses of the males were distributed among the five females in a way such that all females which received ejaculations also received enough intromissions to support pregnancy, but not all females received ejaculations.