cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A neonicotinoid pesticide impairs foraging, but not learning, in free-flying bumblebees

Neonicotinoids are widely-used pesticides implicated in the decline of bees, known to have sub-lethal effects on bees’ foraging and colony performance. One proposed mechanism for these negative effects is impairment to bees’ ability to learn floral associations. However, the effects of neonicotinoids on learning performance have largely been addressed using a single protocol, where immobilized bees learn an association based on a single sensory modality. We thus have an incomplete understanding of how these pesticides affect bee learning in more naturalistic foraging scenarios. We carried out the first free-foraging study into the effects of acute exposure of a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) on bumblebees’ (Bombus impatiens) ability to learn associations with visual stimuli. We uncovered dose-dependent detrimental effects on motivation to initiate foraging, amount of nectar collected, and initiation of subsequent foraging bouts. However, we did not find any impairment to bees’ ability to learn visual associations. While not precluding the possibility that other forms of learning are impaired, our findings suggest that some of the major effects of acute neonicotinoid exposure on foraging performance may be due to motivational and/or sensory impairments. In light of these findings, we discuss more broadly how pesticide effects on pollinator cognition might be studied.
Equilibrium clamshell drops on conical surfaces: effect of curvature and gravity

Abstract Although extensive research has been performed on barrel shaped drops on fibers and cones, little research has been reported for clamshell shaped drops on curved surfaces with a gradient in the curvature. In this article, equilibrium clamshell shaped drops have been simulated on conical fiber sections via finite-element simulation. The equilibrium drop shape, Gibbs free energy, and curvature-induced force along the cone of the equilibrium clamshell drops were obtained using a series of Surface Evolver (SE) simulations including the unique wetting behavior caused by the significant circumferential spreading near the apex of the cone. This series also incorporated the effect of drop volume, cone half-angle and contact angle. Furthermore, the effect of gravity was simulated based on the difference between sessile and pendant drops on the conical surface.
The Meaning of Meaningful.

Most of our arithmetic teaching has followed the course of the Fiji war dance. The meaning behind the arithmetic symbols has all but disappeared. The pupil develops skill in arranging and relating symbols without developing any awareness of what the symbols might represent or how they might be used in the real problems of life. Not that some pupils do not enjoy learning to manipulate meaningless symbols. The Fiji Islanders probably enjoy their war dances as much now as when those dances represented the real problems of real conflict. Many pupils find refuge from the real problems in a pleasant preoccupation with the paper-and-pencil problems of meaningless symbolism. Such pupils are often bewildered by any suggestion that they might learn to use arithmetic in the quantitative problems of real life. The paper-andpencil problems have provided a cozy world of make-believe more attractive than
Do they want to know?: analysis of the decision for presymptomatic testing

This study examined the decision-making process involved when individuals consider being tested presymptomatically for two different diseases, Huntington's disease and HIV infection (including the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Each disease has a long latency period between contracting the disease and developing obvious symptoms. Both illnesses follow a debilitating, catastrophic path often involving neurological and cognitive deterioration. No successful cure currently exists for either disease. Recent advances in medical diagnostic technology have presented patients with the opportunity to know if they will develop these illnesses. Positive test results may be devastating while no successful cure for the diagnosed disease is currently available. The circumstances under which an individual will choose to be tested for such an illness is examined in this study. Policy capturing techniques (PCT) were used to determine the contribution of the independent variables by covarying the five dichotomous variables to create 32 hypothetical diagnostic testing situations to assess the individual decision processes of 217 undergraduate subjects. These five independent variables were: transmission mechanism, health status of the subject, partner/parent carrier status, physician test recommendation, and reproductive plans. Results indicate significant main effects for each of the five factors for the whole group. The five variables combined to account for more than 65% of the variance in the diagnostic decisional choices from the hypothetical scenarios. Cluster analysis was performed on the Individual patterns of beta weights to determine if there were groups of subjects with similar decisions strategies. Seven clusters were found to represent different decisional patterns. Subject variables were of some use in describing the membership of each cluster. History of previous serious illness, plans for diagnostic testing, native language, and income were found to predict cluster membership and hence decision strategy. The implications of inadequate descriptors for the clusters and possible limitations in PCT are
Gesture in contexts of scopal ambiguity: Negation and quantification in English

Gestures can play a facilitative role in the interpretation of structural ambiguities (Guellaii, Langus, & Nespor, 2014; Prieto, Borras-Comes, Tubau, & Espinal, 2013; Tubau, Gonzalez-Fuente, Prieto, & Espinal, 2015) and are associated with spoken expression of negation (Calbris, 2011; Harrison, 2014a; Kendon, 2002, 2004). This study examines gestural forms and timing patterns with specific interpretations intended by speakers in a context of negation in English where the presence of quantification (all/most/many) yields scope ambiguities, for example, All the students didn’t go = (1). Some number of the students went, but all is not the correct number (negation takes wide scope over the quantifier; not>all), versus (2) some number of the students didn’t go, and all is that number (negation takes narrow scope over the quantifier, all>not; see Horn, 2001, Jackendoff, 1972; Syrett, Simon, & Nisula, 2014b). Twenty-five native English speakers produced scopally ambiguous sentences. Analyses of 317 co-occurring gestures revealed a preponderance of head gestures and use of semantically congruent head shakes, alignment of gestures with the negator, and lengthening of gesture strokes where interpretations involved narrow-scope negation. Results are discussed with reference to scope of negation and gesture (Harrison, 2010, 2013, 2014a, 2014b) particularly in comparison to variable patterns found for prosody (Syrett, Simon, & Nisula, 2014a).
Correction to: The catecholaldehyde hypothesis: where MAO fits in.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The presentation of Figure 1 was incorrect. The corrected Figure 1 is given below.
Preflight and Flight Instructions on the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Agricultural Applications

This 5-page document provides guidance on the appropriate use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for agricultural applications in Florida. It contains step-by-step instructions for preparing a UAV for flight, creating a mission path (using flight mission planning apps), and collecting UAV-based data. Written by Sri Charan Kakarla, Leon De Morais Nunes, and Yiannis Ampatzidis, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, November 2019.
Bioconcentration potential and microbial toxicity of onium cations in photoacid generators

Despite the widespread utilization of onium salts as photoacid generators (PAGs) in semiconductor photolithography, their environmental, health, and safety (EHS) properties remain poorly understood. The present work reports the bioconcentration potential of five representative onium species (four sulfonium and one iodonium compound) by determining the octanol–water partition coefficient (POW) and lipid membrane affinity coefficient (KMA); microbial toxicity was evaluated using the bioluminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). Four of the oniums exhibited varying degrees of hydrophobic (lipophilic) partitioning (log POW: 0.08–4.12; KMA: 1.70–5.62). A strong positive linear correlation was observed between log POW and KMA (KMA = log POW + 1.76, R2 = 0.99). The bioconcentration factors (log BCF) estimated from POW and KMA for the four oniums ranged from 0.13 to 3.67 L kg−1. Bis-(4-tert-butyl phenyl)-iodonium and triphenylsulfonium had 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 4.8 and 84.6 μM, whereas the IC50 values of the other three oniums were not determined because these values were higher than their aqueous solubility. Given the increased regulatory scrutiny regarding the use and potential health impacts from onium PAGs, this study fulfills critical knowledge gaps concerning the EHS properties of PAG oniums, enabling more comprehensive evaluation of their environmental impacts and potential risk management strategies.
An integrative eco-evo-devo framework identifies complex drivers of oral morphology in tailed frog (Ascaphus spp.) tadpoles

Morphological variation is often maintained by complex and interrelated factors, complicating the identification of underlying drivers. Comprehensive understanding of the evolution of morphological traits thus requires the use of integrative methods that can simultaneously investigate potentially interacting drivers. Tadpole oral morphology is one such trait that may be driven by the direct and indirect effects of the environment and variation in developmental processes. Although many studies have investigated tadpole oral morphological diversity among species, few have sought to understand the drivers that underlie intraspecific variation. In this study, we investigated potential drivers of labial tooth number variation among populations of two species of tailed frogs, the Rocky Mountain tailed frog (Ascaphus montanus) and the Coastal tailed frog (A. truei). We used an integrative eco-evo-devo framework to test the direct and indirect effects of developmental processes (population variation in size by developmental stage) and environmental selection (temperature) on labial tooth number across three tooth rows in 240 tadpoles. Using this framework, we explained 64-81% of the variation in labial tooth number variation in three labial tooth rows for A. montanus and 37-54% of the variation in labial tooth number in the same tooth rows for A. truei. Apart from the consistent effects of tadpole length on labial tooth number, we found strong support for temperature as a direct driver for increased labial tooth number, supporting our eco-evo hypothesis in both species. In A. montanus, we also found strong support for variation in our proxy for developmental processes influencing labial tooth number variation (devo-evo), as well as the interacting effects of temperature and this developmental process proxy (i.e., developmental plasticity; eco-devo). In A. truei, we found mixed support for these latter two drivers among labial tooth rows. We conclude that labial tooth number variation in tailed frogs is driven by complex and interacting environmental and developmental factors. Without the use of an interdisciplinary framework, these relationships may not have been uncovered and our ability to explain the variation in this morphological trait would have been limited.
Accountability.org: Online Disclosures by U.S. Nonprofits

Why do some nonprofits signal their respect for accountability via unilateral website disclosures? We develop an Accountability Index to examine the websites of 200 U.S. nonprofits ranked in the Chronicle of Philanthropy’s 2010 “Philanthropy 400.” Our intuition is that nonprofits recognize that the “nondistributional constraint” by itself may not generate sufficient trust. We expect nonprofits’ incentives for website disclosures will be shaped by their organizational and sectoral characteristics. Our analyses suggest that nonprofits appearing frequently in newspapers disclose more accountability information while nonprofits larger in size disclose less. Religion-related nonprofits tend to disclose less information, suggesting that religious bonding enhances trust and reduces incentives for self-disclosure. Nonprofits in the health sector disclose less information, arguably because governmental regulations in which they are embedded reduce marginal benefits from voluntary disclosures. Education nonprofits, on the other hand, tend to disclose more accountability information perhaps because they supply credence goods.
69. Retrospective review of outcomes after oophoropexy through the NASPAG Fellows Research Consortium

Background Adnexal torsion is a rare pediatric event. Normal ovaries can torse and are more likely to re-torse, especially in premenarchal girls. Oophoropexy (OP) has been proposed to decrease the risk of recurrent torsion, yet there is no consensus to describe appropriate candidates or optimal surgical technique. Our study describes rates of recurrent adnexal torsion with and without OP. Using data from centers across the country, we aim to define if there are circumstances when OP may be beneficial. Methods This is an IRB-approved retrospective chart review of all patients aged 18 and under who experienced 2 or more ovarian torsions and/or underwent OP between 1 January 2009 and 30 August 2019. We determined the total number of patients who experienced torsion during the study period and collected data only for those meeting inclusion criteria using CPT, ICD9 and ICD10 codes. We recorded the number of surgically confirmed torsions, if OP was performed and surgical technique. Only data for the pilot site is included in this abstract. Results We identified 141 unique patients with at least one surgically-proven torsion and 171 torsion events. There were 44 patients who had at least 2 torsions and/or at least one OP. Mean age at first torsion was 10.6 years with a range of 2 to 18 years. The rate of recurrent torsion was 14.9% (21/141 patients) with 18 of 21 occurring in premenarchal girls. A total of 34 patients had at least one OP (mean age at first torsion 10 years, range 2-18 years). There were 6 patients who had a torsion after OP (17.6%). Of the 7 patients who had three or more torsions, 5 also had two or more OP. Conclusions The pilot site data for this ongoing multicenter cohort is the largest series to date. The overall rate of recurrent torsion, as well as the rate of torsion after OP, are comparable to existing literature. The majority of patients with recurrent torsion were premenarchal. All but two patients with three or more torsions also had two or more OP, and at least one torsion after OP. Although this is a limited sample, it suggests that some patients may retain the risk of recurrent torsion even after OP. Collecting data from additional sites will allow for further evaluation of these trends.
Uncovering electronic and geometric descriptors of chemical activity for metal alloys and oxides using unsupervised machine learning

Summary We show that unsupervised machine learning (ML) using principal-component (PC) analysis provides a straightforward pathway for developing accurate and interpretable electronic-structure descriptors of the chemical and catalytic properties of materials. We demonstrate the approach by finding chemisorption descriptors for metal alloys and surface oxygens on metals and metal oxides. In both cases, the PC descriptors yield ML models that predict the material's chemical properties with competitive accuracy compared with ML models built using established descriptors. Importantly, interpreting the electronic-structure patterns captured by each PC descriptor via signal reconstruction suggests potential design motifs for future electronic-structure descriptor design and allows us to identify links between a material's geometric and catalytic properties. Ultimately, we show that the unsupervised ML approach provides a route to find electronic-structure descriptors of the catalytic properties of materials that readily connect to geometric structure and composition.
NAD-seq for profiling the NAD+ capped transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Eukaryotic RNAs can be modified with a non-canonical 5' nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cap. NAD-seq identifies transcriptome-wide NAD+ capped RNAs. NAD-seq takes advantage of click chemistry to allow the capture of NAD+ capped RNAs. Unlike other approaches, NAD-seq does not require DNA synthesis on beads, but this technique uses full NAD+ capped transcripts eluted from beads as the substrates for strand-specific RNA sequencing library preparation. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Yu et al. (2021).
Defect cluster configurations and mobilities in α-Zr: A comparison of the BMD19 and M07 interatomic potentials

Abstract. Preferred defect cluster configurations and diffusion behavior are calculated with the recently published BMD19 interatomic potential for α -zirconium and compared with results calculated from the M07 potentials. Both potentials predict that small SIA clusters form configurations contained entirely within a single basal plane, while large SIA clusters form perfect dislocation loops on first-order prismatic planes with Burgers vector b ⇀ = 1 3 11 2 ¯ 0 . The M07 potentials predict stable void formation for vacancy clusters while the BMD19 potential accurately indicates a preference for planar configurations on either first-order or second-order prismatic planes. Small basal vacancy clusters are found to form faulted pyramidal structures and only transform to faulted c-loops at larger sizes. In evaluating the defect diffusivity, single vacancies and interstitials are both found to exhibit anisotropic diffusion within the basal-plane. Small SIA clusters are found to migrate exclusively in 2-D within a single basal plane with the BMD19 potential but migrate in 3-D with the M07 #3 potential. Small vacancy clusters are either unstable or immobile with the M07 #3 and #2 potentials, while these clusters exhibit appreciable mobility either along the c-axis or in a quasi-isotropic manner with the BMD19 potential. The apparent difference in the diffusional anisotropies of defect clusters, rather than point defects, could be a critical component for improving predictive capabilities for mesoscale modeling of microstructural evolution in α-zirconium.
Large deformation mechanics of a soft elastomeric layer under compressive loading for a MEMS tactile sensor application

Abstract The study is motivated by the need to develop highly sensitive tactile sensors for both robotic and bionic applications. The ability to predict the response of an elastomeric layer under severe pressure conditions is key to the development of highly sensitive capacitive tactile sensors capable of detecting the location and magnitude of applied forces over a broad range of contact severity and layer depression. Thus, in this work, a large deformation Mooney–Rivlin material model is employed in establishing the non-linear mechanics of an elastomeric layer of finite thickness, subjected to uniform displacement of controlled compression. Thus, an analytical non-linear model for the above described problem which is validated numerically via the method of finite elements is developed. Two dimensional, plane strain conditions of an infinitely long and of finite thickness elastomeric layer are assumed. The layer is subjected to a uniform vertical large displacement with symmetry conditions applied at the contact center. Cauchy normal and shear stress profiles as well as displacement profiles are established over a broad range of a layer compression including up to 40% of layer thinning. The model allows for the determination of the non-linear relationship between the relative separation of embedded conducting electrodes and thus the sensor capacitance during touch, to the force magnitude of the force concentrated at the symmetry plane or sensor center. The current model is expected to further improve the sensitivity and range of polymeric tactile sensors currently under development (Charalambides and Bergbreiter, 2013) [1] . As shown elsewhere (Kalayeh et al., 2015) [2] , capacitance–force model predictions are found to be in remarkable agreement with experimental measurements for a broad family of self-similar pressure sensors.
Getting Things Wrong Really Does Help, as Long as You Keep Trying to Get Things Right: Developing Theories About Why Homicide Rates Rise and Fall

How can we come up with new ideas in criminology that have a chance of being better than the ideas that have come before? That’s a humbling question for scholars like me, whose insights have been born of failure. It’s a daunting thing, even in a world of tenure, to work for a decade on a project, only to find that the data have made a hash of your hypotheses. As I put it to friends at the time, “my theories died a horrible death in the face of the evidence.” It’s tough to end up with a bigger puzzle than the one you started with and no responsible way to publish what you have found, because the data don’t make sense in light of your initial theories or the theories of your colleagues. But that’s the way many advances in knowledge come about, especially in criminology, where official data are of such poor quality and so limited across time and space that we have to gather our own data, project after project, without knowing what they will reveal. And the data, once gathered, almost always surprise us—indeed, I believe they will always surprise us if we are open to what they can tell us. But that’s a wonderful thing, because it means, as I remind my students constantly, that we don’t have to be geniuses to do original work in criminology. We just have to work long hours and trust that better hypotheses will emerge from the data.
K -Capture Branch in the Decay of In 1 1 3 m

$^{113m}\mathrm{In}$ is known to decay with a 99-min half-life predominantly by an $M4$ transition of 393 keV to $^{113}\mathrm{In}$. We find that it also decays by a weak $K$-capture branch of (0.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01)% to $^{113}\mathrm{Cd}$. Using a high-resolution Ge(Li) detector (600 eV for the $^{55}\mathrm{Fe}$ $K$ x ray) and $^{113m}\mathrm{In}$ sources we have carried out careful experiments which reveal the presence of Cd $K$ x rays with an intensity of 0.0024 relative to In $K$ x rays. Supporting evidence comes from the $\frac{(\mathrm{Cd}K\ensuremath{\alpha})}{(\mathrm{Cd}K\ensuremath{\beta})}$ ratio of 4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, the half-life, and the observation that chemical treatment to remove Cd impurity that might be fluorescence-excited by the In $K\ensuremath{\beta}$ x rays did not affect the Cd $K$ x-ray intensity. The measured intensity corresponds to a $log\mathrm{ft}$ of 5.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3. This is rather low but not unusual for a first-forbidden transition. Analysis of the effects of backscattering and collimation was crucial to the success of the experiment. The significance of the result lies in the fact that the inverse reaction $^{113}\mathrm{Cd}+\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{113m}\mathrm{In}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{113}\mathrm{In}+393 \mathrm{keV}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ could serve as a possible low-threshold detector for low-energy neutrinos (100 keV).
Legal Issues for Business and Business Ethics

One can argue that most legal issues that affect business have some ethical component. One can break the legal issues affecting business and business ethics into three categories: constituional, regulatory, and private. The Constitution is a restiction of the power of government not business, but through Congress laws can be passed that affect business. Regulatory principles represent a major attempt for societal regulation of business. Private law in the common law system has deep roots in judical development of doctrines that protect people from actions of busines and has been amplified in many legislative reforms. These bodies of law, rules have been established to punish wrongdoing. Keywords: business ethics; business law; Federal Sentencing Guidelines; Dodd-Frank Act of 2010; regulatory; private law; constitutional
Indirect memory tests in Alzheimer's disease

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses indirect memory tests in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Anterograde amnesia is one of the core symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and one of the major criteria for the clinical diagnosis of the illness. Although the research on indirect memory tests with AD patients is still relatively new, the results to date are fairly coherent. It appears that multiple mechanisms are involved. First, the ability to learn new motor programs appears intact in AD; this can probably be attributed to the relative sparing of subcortical structures and cortical motor areas known to be important for this type of learning. Second, impairments in lexical retrieval and reduced semantic knowledge (or access to that knowledge) along with intact perceptually based word skills may account for the observed findings with verbal repetition priming tests. Also, limits on attention may impact some indirect memory tests. These limits may explain difficulties on the serial reaction time (SRT) task and may contribute to the obtained pattern of impairments on the verbal tasks. Although this proposed list of mechanisms does not provide a parsimonious explanation of indirect memory test performance in AD, there is relatively strong independent evidence for each mechanism in the research literature. Given that AD involves multiple cognitive deficits, the necessity for complex explanations is plausible.
Identification of receptors for platelet-activating factor in rat Kupffer cells.

Abstract Ligand binding studies demonstrated that isolated rat Kupffer cells possess high affinity binding sites for platelet-activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, AGEPC). AGEPC binding reached saturation within 10 min at 25 degrees C and was reversible. A Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of AGEPC receptors numbering about 10,600 sites/cell and possessing a dissociation constant of 0.45 nM. Similar values for the dissociation constant for AGEPC (0.12 and 0.34 nM) were obtained independently by kinetic analysis of specific AGEPC binding. AGEPC binding was stereospecific and was inhibited by Zn2+ and AGEPC receptor antagonists including BN52021 and U66985. The AGEPC receptor was functionally active since it was shown to mediate arachidonic acid release and eicosanoid production in Kupffer cells, and these events were inhibited by AGEPC receptor antagonist BN52021. The receptor-mediated arachidonic acid release was extracellular calcium-dependent and was abolished by calcium channel blocker prenylamine and by [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid, indicating that calcium influx through a receptor-regulated calcium channel in the plasma membrane is involved in the AGEPC-induced arachidonic acid release. It is suggested that rat Kupffer cells have specific and functionally active AGEPC receptors which are involved in signaling mechanisms which govern the production of several other autacoid-type mediators in the liver.
Quantum Encryption Takes First Step to Orbit

For sending a secret code, nothing beats quantum mechanics--at least in the laboratory. To be useful, however, quantum messages, such as the numerical "keys" required to decode secure messages sent by other means, will have to travel long distances, for example, from the ground to a military or telecommunications satellite. Now a team of physicists has transmitted a key over a distance of 1 kilometer in the chill night air of the New Mexico desert using a broad laser beam that is yet so faint that each bit of data is represented by the polarization of a single photon.
Improving Health Education for Women Who Carry an FMR1 Premutation

Women who carry an FMR1 (i.e., fragile X) premutation have specific health risks over their lifetime. However, little is known about their experience understanding these risks and navigating their health needs. The aim of this study was to use qualitative analysis to uncover both barriers and facilitators to personal healthcare using a framework of the Health Belief Model. Five focus groups were conducted with a total of 20 women who carry the FMR1 premutation using a semi-structured discussion guide. All sessions were transcribed verbatim and independently coded by two researchers. The coders used a deductive - inductive approach to determine the prominent themes related to the participants' experiences seeking healthcare for premutation-related conditions. Salient barriers to personal healthcare included difficult clinical translation of research findings, lack of knowledge among healthcare providers and among the women themselves, different priorities, and shortage of premutation-specific support and targeted educational materials. Facilitators included family members, national and community support organizations, research studies, compassionate physicians, and other premutation carriers. Addressing barriers to personal healthcare through up-to-date educational materials can help diminish misperceptions regarding health risks. Targeted educational materials will aid in information sharing and awareness for women who carry the FMR1 premutation and their physicians.
Signature of the magnetic transitions in Y 0.2 Pr 0.8 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ in high field angular magnetoresistivity

In-plane (ab) and out-of-plane (c-axis) magnetoresistivity display different symmetry crossovers and/or transitions in 14 T magnetic field applied parallel to the CuO 2 planes. The in-plane magnetoresistivity crosses over from four-fold symmetry below 6 K to two-fold symmetry at higher temperatures, which becomes dominant at temperatures higher than 40 K. The out-of-plane magnetoresistivity changes at 17 K from four fold symmetry to ordinary sin 2 θ at higher temperatures. The behaviour of the c-axis magnetoresistivity can be ascribed to the antiferromagnetic ordering of the Pr spins whereas the symmetry change of the in-plane magnetoresistivity at 6 K might be attributed to commensurate to incommensurate crossovers of the spin subsystems. The antiferromagnetic order of the Cu(2) sublattice seems to have only a week effect on the magnetoresistivity.
Immunoglobulin G levels and use of immunosuppressives with an intrauterine device in the rat. Evidence for an immunologic antifertility mechanism.

Abstract The possible immunologic mechanism of the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) was studied in the rat. With transcervical insertion of an IUD, serum and uterine fluid levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) were studied. Immunosuppression of the IUD antifertility effect was examined with the use of Cytoxan, Leukeran, and butylated hydroxytoluene. Serum IgG levels increased by 52 and 95.4 per cent, 4 and 8 weeks after IUD insertion, respectively. IgG levels in uterine fluid increased 214 per cent after 4 weeks. Antifertility effectiveness was decreased by each of the immunosuppressives used. This evidence along with other current findings indicates the possibility that the IUD functions via an immunologic mechanism. IgG antibodies may participate in the antifertility action.
Method for producing large, stable concentrations of Sc2+in optically clear CaF2 crystals

This communication describes a new method for producing stable, high concentrations of Sc2+ in optically clear CaF2 crystals. We have achieved Sc2+ concentrations as high as 3 × 1018 cm−3 without degradation of optical quality. We have converted as much as 5% of the scandium dopant to the divalent state. The concentration of divalent scandium is stable during room temperature storage for periods of at least one year.
Informed consent procedures with cognitively impaired patients: A review of ethics and best practices

Aims The objectives of this article are to discuss ethical issues of informed consent in cognitively impaired patients and review considerations for capacity determination. We will also discuss how to evaluate capacity, determine competence, and obtain informed consent when a patient is deemed incompetent. This review emphasizes how to carry out informed consent procedures when capacity is questionable and discusses measures supported for use when determining cognitively impaired patients' ability to consent. Methods Information was gathered from medical and psychological codes of ethics, peer-reviewed journals, published guidelines from health-care organizations (e.g., American Medical Association), and scholarly books. Google Scholar and PsycINFO were searched for articles related to ‘informed consent’ and ‘cognitive impairment’ published in English between 1975 and 2014. Relevant sources referenced in retrieved publications were subsequently searched and reviewed. Results We selected 49 sources generated by our search. Sources were included in our review if they presented information related to at least one of our focus areas. These areas included: review of informed consent ethics and procedures, review of cognitive impairment evaluations, recommendations for measuring cognitive capacity, and alternative forms of informed consent. Conclusions Patients' cognitive impairments can hinder the ability of patients to understand treatment options. Evaluating the capacity of patients with cognitive impairment to understand treatment options is vital for valid informed consent and should be guided by best practices. Thus, proper identification of patients with questionable capacity, capacity evaluation, and determination of competence, as well as reliance upon appropriate alternative consent procedures, are paramount.
Parental Knowledge of Kawasaki Disease 1920

Parents of children diagnosed with Kawasaki Disease were surveyed to determine the amount of information they had received about Kawasaki Disease and coronary artery disease (CAD) since their child's acute illness and what further information they felt would be useful. A total of 78 surveys were mailed with 25 (32.0%) returned as undeliverable. Of the 53 delivered, 23(43.4%) completed surveys were returned. The mean length of time since diagnosis was 8.83 years with a range of 0.75 to 14 years. At the time of initial diagnosis, 82.6% of parents received information on Kawasaki Disease with 82.6% of the information in the form of discussions with doctors and nurses. Other forms included pamphlets (13.%) and personal research (17.4%). Following the acute illness, 82.6% of parents had not received any updated follow-up information while 4.3% had received information at least once every year and 4.3% once every three years from discussions with doctors or nurses; 8.7% obtained follow-up information through personal research. All of the parents surveyed (100%) felt it would be helpful to receive future updated information. Parents requested any information available on the diagnosis(34.8%); treatment (39.1%); and long-term effects (52.5%) of Kawasaki Disease and CAD. 78.3% believed the most useful information format would be a newsletter; other acceptable forms included pamphlets (56.5%); videos (34.8%); and personal discussion with medical personnel (30.4%). Summary: Although most parents receive information of Kawasaki Disease at the time of their child's acute illness, most have not received any follow-up information and all respondents would like continued updated information. The medical profession should keep parents better informed.
Label Space Transfer Learning

Small datasets pose a tremendous challenge in machine learning due to the few available training examples compounded with the relative rarity of certain labels which can potentially impede the development of a representative hypothesis. We define ``Rare Datasets" as ones with low samples/features ratio and a skewed label distribution. Since a generalized training model can not be theoretically guaranteed, a method to leverage similar data is needed. We propose the first algorithm that utilizes transfer learning for the label space, present theoretical verification of our method and demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework with several real-world experiments. In addition, we formally describe what constitutes a "Rare Dataset" and present a detailed characterization of related methods.
Recognition of solvent exposed protein surfaces using anthracene derived receptors.

A new class of receptor is described that can selectively bind to the solvent exposed surface of proteins such as cytochrome c and lysozyme with low micromolar affinity over cytochrome c551, α-lactalbumin, myoglobin and RNase A, under physiologically relevant conditions (5 mM phosphate, pH 7.4). The use of anthracene as a hydrophobic scaffold allows the receptor to act as a selective chemosensor via fluorescence quenching or FRET. The study reveals that co-operative electrostatic interactions over a large surface area dominate binding. Further investigations reveal that the receptor binds to the solvent exposed heme edge of cytochrome c inhibiting its reaction with small reducing agents and validating the strategy for the disruption of protein function.
A rumor of empathy: reconstructing Heidegger’s contribution to empathy and empathic clinical practice

Heidegger's 1927 call to provide "a special hermeneutic of empathy" is linked with his later commitment at the Zollikon Seminars to engage explicitly with issues in psychodynamic therapy with psychiatrists. The task of providing a special hermeneutic of empathy is one that Heidegger assigns in Being and Time, but on which he does not deliver. Inspired by the assignment, this article applies the distinctions of Heidegger's Daseinanalysis to human interrelations. This article generates a Heideggerian account of empathy as a multi-dimensional process that delimits and illuminates the field of possibilities of authentic human relationships. The multiple dimensions of empathy include affectedness (Befindlichkeit), understanding of possibility, interpretation, and speech, the latter including listening. The result is a reconstruction of a Heideggerian account of empathic human relations in the sense that it goes beyond what Heidegger explicitly says to what the Heideggerian method of inquiry can contribute to understanding and implementing the process of empathy. In particular, a two-by-two matrix is built and engaged in detail, cross referencing the four possibilities of authentic and inauthentic relationships with the individual and the other. A specifically Heideggerian analysis of the multi-dimensional process of empathy is the result. The clinical relevance of Heidegger's work is made explicit as empathy is positioned as the foundation of clinical practice as exemplified in psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Multiparticle interactions in backward proton production, subthreshold antiproton production, and inclusive electron scattering from nuclei.

The phenomena of backward proton emission and subthreshold antiproton production in the proton-nucleus interactions, and findings from the inclusive scattering of electrons from nuclei, are interpreted in terms of multiparticle interactions. Rates for multiparticle collisions are calculated using the results from many-body theory, with the products of the squared interaction amplitudes and Wigner functions. The rates for the processes with different number of particles are proportional to the different powers of spatial density. The many-body amplitudes are expanded in terms of propagators and elementary amplitudes with only two particles in the initial state. The leading processes are isolated on a tree level. They correspond to the expansion of a ground-state nuclear wave function. Reasonable agreement with data is obtained.
A new look at Japan's honorable elders

Abstract This article critically examines the literature on modernization and the status of the elderly in Japan. Based on a review of recent social gerontology studies in Japan, an evaluation is made of recent changes in the structure of Japanese families, attitudes of both the aged and nonaged to living in three generation families, and the impact living in a three generational family has on the image of the elderly among the younger generation. This review challenges a commonly stated thesis in the literature that due to the existence of unique cultural norms, the elderly in Japan have been able to maintain a higher level of social status and integration than their Western counterparts. It concludes with some cautionary comments on evaluating the social role of traditional family structures in rapidly changing societies.
Book review: Multiple Access Protocols: Performance and Analysis by Raphael Rom and Moshe Sidi (Springer Verlag, 1990)

Multiple Access Protocols, the focus of this book, are the rules and procedures which dictate the behavior of switches and channels in computer networks, they are the channel allocation schemes that can be found in the medium Access Control layer in the OSI reference model. Most of us have heard of FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, ethernet, CSMA, CSMA/CD, Aloha, token passing, packet switching, or their many, many variations. According to their preface, the authors aim this book at the student and professional engineer who is (or will be) responsible for the design and/or operation for such networks. Rather than giving a vast compendium of protocols and their analysis, they hope to give an understanding of the behavior and operation of multiple access systems through their performance analysis. They try to cover all types of protocols for random access networks and most of the analytical methods used in their performance analysis with a uniform notation.
Shadow images for in-line holography in a STEM instrument.

In a dedicated STEM instrument equipped with a field emission gun, shadow images are easily obtained and have many uses. They are very sensitive to misalignment of the instrument and astigmatism, and therefore can be used for rapid and accurate alignment of the microscope. For crystalline materials, the shadow image contains both the bright-field and dark-field images. It is a summation of the transmitted and diffracted beams, and is basically a kind of Gabor's in-line hologram. Under small or medium defocus, shadow images of a thin, well-orientated crystalline specimen take the characteristic form of Ronchigrams, which offer a unique means to calibrate the microscope operation parameters, such as the spherical aberration coefficient Cs and defocus settings of the objective lens, with high accuracy. With the calibrated values of Cs and δ, a transfer function of the objective lens may be generated. In the stage of numerical reconstruction, by adapting this transfer function to the experimentally recorded hologram the lens aberration introduced in forming the hologram may be corrected and an improved resolution may be achieved for electron microscope images. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonsingularity criteria for matrices involving combinatorial considerations

Abstract We survey related nonsingularity criteria for matrices which involve combinatorial considerations, generally involving combinatorial restrictions on the matrices considered and conditions on various graphs of those matrices. These criteria include the existence of nonzero diagonal products for matrices over arbitrary fields; sign-nonsingularity (due to J. Maybee), potential nonsingularity, and stable nonsingularity (due to W. Anderson), all for real matrices; and some recent work for matrices over arbitrary fields involving a closure operator on matrices (due to the author and D. Hershkowitz).
Electroencephalographic Changes During Simple Partial Seizures

We analyzed retrospectively the clinical and EEG data in 13 patients with simple partial seizures (SPS). All EEGs were recorded with surface electrodes with the standard 10-20 system and additional closely spaced scalp and subfrontotemporal skin electrodes. Seventy-seven seizures were recorded. We detected electrographic correlates with SPS in 10 of 13 patients (77%) and in 47 of 77 seizures (61%). The most common ictal correlates were rhythmic theta waves or spikes. Of the SPS with EEG changes, 58% were motor, 14% were sensory, and 28% were psychic seizures. Use of additional electrodes and recording channels may account for the higher incidence of EEG changes in this study than has been reported previously in the literature.
Cognitive dysfunction with cardiovascular disease

Recent investigations have suggested that cerebral hypoxia due to cardiac insufficiency may produce cognitive impairment. Experimental evidence confirming cognitive dysfunction in persons having cardiovascular disease has, however, not been thoroughly developed. Cognitive and visual-motor impairment with cardiovascular disease in men has been confirmed in the present study; this is apparently related neither to aging nor to hypertension.
Low risk of complications associated with the fenestrated peritoneal catheter used for intraperitoneal chemotherapy in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives We previously reported a 10% rate of catheter complications, including inflow obstruction and infection, using a fenestrated catheter to administer intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Because of recent reports of higher rates of catheter complications, we performed this study to update our experience with the fenestrated catheter. Methods We reviewed the medical records of all patients who had a fenestrated catheter placed at our institution from 5/97–5/06. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, surgical procedure, timing of catheter insertion, and reasons for discontinuing IP chemotherapy. Results We identified 342 patients who had fenestrated catheters placed and for whom follow-up data were available. Nine patients (3%) required discontinuation of chemotherapy due to catheter complications. Three patients experienced catheter infection, 5 patients had inflow obstruction, and 1 patient's port could not be accessed. Seventy-one patients (21%) discontinued IP chemotherapy for reasons unrelated to the catheter. The percentage of patients who completed the intended chemotherapy regimen was similar for patients who underwent a bowel resection (22/30 [73%]) compared to those who had not (226/312 [72%]) ( P =1.0). Conclusions The fenestrated catheter for IP chemotherapy continues to be associated with a low risk of catheter-related complications. The low rate of complications, even in the setting of bowel resection and increase in utilization during upfront chemotherapy, suggest that the fenestrated catheter is still a feasible method for the administration of IP chemotherapy.
Mechanism of Fluoride Uptake by Hydroxyapatite from Acidic Fluoride Solutions: I. Theoretical Considerations

A mathematical model for the mechanism of calcium fluoride formation on hydroxyapatite in buffered fluoride solutions is proposed. It takes into account the physical and chemical processes that occur during the reaction. With the model it is possible to evaluate a priori the fluoride uptake potential of fluoride solutions.