cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated With Delayed Treatment of Acute Testicular Torsion—Do Demographics or Interhospital Transfer Matter?

Purpose: Testicular torsion is a true urological emergency. We determined whether a delay in treatment due to hospital transfer or socioeconomic factors would impact the orchiectomy rate in children with this condition.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the records of boys seen at a single institution emergency department who proceeded to surgery for a diagnosis of acute testicular torsion from 2003 to 2008. Charts were reviewed for transfer status, symptom duration, race, insurance presence or absence and distance from the hospital. Orchiectomy specimens were evaluated for histological confirmation of nonviability.Results: We reviewed 97 records. The orchiectomy rate in patients who were vs were not transferred to the emergency department was 47.8% vs 68.9%, respectively (p = 0.07). Symptom duration was greater in the orchiectomy group with a mean difference of 47.9 hours (p <0.01). The mean transfer delay was 1 hour 15 minutes longer in the orchiectomy group (p = 0.01). Boys who underwe...
Continued fractions and the origins of the Perron–Frobenius theorem

The theory of nonnegative matrices is an example of a theory motivated in its origins and development by purely mathematical concerns that later proved to have a remarkably broad spectrum of applications to such diverse fields as probability theory, numerical analysis, economics, dynamical programming, and demography. At the heart of the theory is what is usually known as the Perron–Frobenius Theorem. It was inspired by a theorem of Oskar Perron on positive matrices, usually called Perron’s Theorem. This paper is primarily concerned with the origins of Perron’s Theorem in his masterful work on ordinary and generalized continued fractions (1907) and its role in inspiring the remarkable work of Frobenius on nonnegative matrices (1912) that produced, inter alia, the Perron–Frobenius Theorem. The paper is not at all intended exclusively for readers with expertise in the theory of nonnegative matrices. Anyone with a basic grounding in linear algebra should be able to read this article and come away with a good understanding of the Perron–Frobenius Theorem as well as its historical origins. The final section of the paper considers the first major application of the Perron–Frobenius Theorem, namely, to the theory of Markov chains. When he introduced the eponymous chains in 1908, Markov adumbrated several key notions and results of the Perron–Frobenius theory albeit within the much simpler context of stochastic matrices; but it was by means of Frobenius’ 1912 paper that the linear algebraic foundations of Markov’s theory for nonpositive stochastic matrices were first established by R. Von Mises and V.I. Romanovsky.
Re: Hoffman, Gretchen L., “Meeting Users’ Needs in Cataloging: What is the Right Thing to Do?” CCQ 47, no. 7 (2009), pp. 631–641

I was disappointed in the tone of the article by Gretchen L. Hoffman and would have hoped for a more upbeat, inspirational article and especially an ending to guide us to actions to help users rath...
How regional analgesia might reduce postoperative cancer recurrence

Cancer surgery still represents the main treatment indication for a large variety of cancers. At the time of surgery, an unknown number of dormant tumors may already exist distal to the primary cancer. At the same time, a large number of malignant circulating cells are released into the blood stream due to tumor manipulation. The immune system plays an important role in clearing cancer cells, thus a competent immune system is required to avoid further progression of the minimal residual disease in the perioperative period. Unfortunately, volatile anesthetics, opioids and surgical stress cause significant immune depression. At the humoral level, there is a predominant increase in pro-tumor cytokines such as interleukin 4 and 10. At the cellular level, there is impairment in the function of natural killer cells. An alternative, to a volatile-opioid general anesthetic technique is the use of regional anesthesia and analgesia, since this reduces the consumption of volatile anesthetics, opioids and diminishes surgical stress. Thus, it has been speculated that regional anesthesia may improve cancer recurrence when used during “curative” surgery. Although, animal experiments suggest that the use of regional anesthesia may reduce further tumor growth; to date, there is no solid clinical evidence to suggest that the use of regional anesthesia or analgesia may reduce cancer recurrence. Unfortunately, all evidence comes from retrospective studies.
Calcium activation of Ras mediated by neuronal exchange factor Ras-GRF

Tyrosine kinase receptors stimulate the Ras signalling pathway by enhancing the activity of the SOS nucleotide-exchange factor. This occurs, at least in part, by the recruitment of an SOS-GRB2 complex to Ras in the plasma membrane. Here we describe a different signalling pathway to Ras that involves activation of the Ras-GRF exchange factor in response to Ca2+ influx. In particular, we show that the ability of Ras-GRF to activate Ras in vivo is markedly enhanced by raised Ca2+ concentrations. Activation is mediated by calmodulin binding to an IQ motif in Ras-GRF, because substitutions in conserved amino acids in this motif prevent both calmodulin binding to Ras-GRF and Ras-GRF activation in vivo. So far, full-length Ras-GRF has been detected only in brain neurons. Our findings implicate Ras-GRF in the regulation of neuronal functions that are influenced by Ca2+ signals.
Properties of bubbles in three phase fluidized beds as measured by an electroresistivity probe

Abstract Measurements of local bubble properties in a gas—liquid fluidized bed have been made using an electroresistivity probe. The probe data were analyzed with a hybrid computer using the techniques applied by Park et. al. to gas fluidized beds. Results are reported for the variation of bubble frequency, volume fraction, size and size distribution, and rising velocity as a function of fluidization level, particle size and position within the bed. The bubble size and rising velocity size and rising velocity were correlated in terms of the overall bed porosity. Bed viscosity was also measured to assess its effect on bubble velocity. A comparison of the present data has been made with the available literature.
Managing information and supplies inventory operations in a manufacturing environment. Part 1: An action research study

In the first part of this research study, we describe the application of the action research method in the nuclear fuel manufacturing industry to process information and to develop a lean operating supplies inventory program. The motivation for our work stems from the interaction we had with AREVA Richland, the nuclear reactor fuel production site located in the state of Washington to investigate the important role that information processing and maintenance inventory play in keeping the production process functioning on schedule. AREVA's data systems are not well documented. Hence, designing a methodology to obtain good data and perform any validity checks was critical for the company. Additionally, the importance of meeting delivery schedules to nuclear power plants throughout the world cannot be overestimated. Late deliveries of fuel can easily destroy the precise schedules for power plant outages designed to minimise plant downtime and maximise electric power output. Therefore, AREVA cannot tolerate s...
Robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty: minimum 1-year follow-up

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty has been shown to have a success rate comparable to that of the open surgical approach. However, the steep learning curve has hindered its acceptance into mainstream urologic practice. The introduction of robotic assistance provides advantages that have the potential to facilitate precise dissection and intracorporeal suturing. Methods: A total of 50 patients underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty. A four-trocar technique was used. Most patients were discharged home on day 1, with stent removal at 3 weeks. Patency of the ureteropelvic junction was assessed in all patients with mercaptotriglycylglycine Lasix renograms at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, then every 6 months for 1 year, and then yearly. Results: Each patient underwent a successful procedure without open conversion or transfusion. The average estimated blood loss was 40 ml. The operative time averaged 122 minutes (range 60 to 330) overall. Crossing vessels were present in 30% of the patients and were preserved in all cases. The time for the anastomosis averaged 20 minutes (range 10 to 100). Intraoperatively, no complications occurred. Postoperatively, the average hospital stay was 1.1 days. The stents were removed at an average of 20 days (range 14 to 28) postoperatively. The average follow-up was 11.7 months; at the last follow-up visit, each patient was doing well. Of the 50 patients, 48 underwent one or more renograms, demonstrating stable renal function, improved drainage, and no evidence of recurrent obstruction. Conclusions: Robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty is a feasible technique for ureteropelvic junction reconstruction. The procedure provides a minimally invasive alternative with good short-term results.
Limited liability, wealth differences and tenancy contracts in agrarian economies

Abstract An explanation is provided for two observations concerning variations in the choice of tenants and their welfare. Differences in tenants' wealth imply corresponding differences in liability when default is possible on fixed rental commitments. In this context, the inability of landlords to specify their tenants' effort lead to effort choices that vary with the type of contract offered. The selection of tenants and the contract terms they receive thus depend on wealth with wealthier tenants being preferred and receiving fixed rent contracts. These results also predict that wealthier tenants earn higher profits on their leased plots.
CORRELATION BETWEEN ENDOGENOUS CONVERSION OF 18:3|[omega]|3 AND 18:2|[omega]|6 IN TERM AND PRETERM INFANTS. |[utrif]| 1902

Endogenous conversion of both 18:3ω3 and 18:2ω6 varies as a function of diet and age (Sauerwald et al. Pediatric Res, 1995) but there also is substantial variation within diet and age groups. We hypothesized that this latter variation is due to individual differences in conversion of the two fatty acids. To test this hypothesis, the fractional rates of conversion (FRC) of 18:3ω3 and 18:2ω6 and the fractional rates of incorporation(FRI) of 22:6ω3 and 20:4ω6 into plasma phospholipid (PL) were determined at 43 and 56 wk postmenstrual age in 11 preterm and 27 term infants fed formulas with 0.4%, 1% or 3.2% of fat as 18:3ω3 and correlations among FRC of 18:3ω3 and 18:2ω6 as well as FRI of 22:6ω3 and 20:4ω6 were determined by regression analysis. FRCs and FRIs were determined by a precursor/product compartmental model based on changes in enrichments of [M+18] fatty acids in plasma PL following administration of[U-13C]-18:3ω3 and -18:2ω6. The correlation coefficients(r) among FRCs and FRIs in 10 term infants on the same diet at 43 and 56 wk are shown: Table In all infants studied at both times, 55% of the variation in FRC of 18:2ω6 was explained by FRC of 18:3ω3 but only 12% of the variation in FRI of 20:4ω6 was explained by FRI of 22:6ω3. Although inherently obvious (ie, 18:3ω3 and 18:2ω6 are converted by the same desaturases and elongases), this is the first demonstration of such a correlation. It indicates that not only diet and age but individual differences in activity of desaturases and elongases may be important determinants of ω3 andω6 fatty acid status during infancy.
The Absolute Values of the Mobility of Gaseous Ions in Pure Gases

The absolute method of measuring the mobilities of gaseous ions developed by Tyndall and Grindley has been employed to study the ionic mobility in gases of high purity. The method was slightly altered to improve the resolving power. An intense source of high voltage x-rays previously used in recombination measurements provided an external source of ionization for the Pyrex glass mobility chamber. Under these conditions a high degree of gas purity could be maintained in the baked out chamber, and definite knowledge concerning the existence of a velocity spectrum could be obtained from the shape of experimental curves. Careful purification and drying by liquid air was employed for all gases. At time intervals of the order of 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ seconds only a single class of each ion was found for the positive and negative ion in air. The mobility, 1.60 cm/sec. per volt/cm for the positive ion and 2.21 cm/sec. per volt/cm for the negative ion is in agreement with other absolute values. Oxygen prepared from KCl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ gave an anomalous high mobility of 2.65 for the negative ion, due probably to the presence of chlorine oxides. Oxygen from KMn${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and from a commercial tank source carefully purified gave the values 1.58 for the positive ion and 2.18 for the negative ion. Nitrogen, as finally prepared by extreme purification of the commercial tank gas gave no negative ions and a positive ion of mobility 2.09. Hydrogen was found to give no negative ions and a predominating positive ion of mobility 8.2. Indications of a higher mobility ion at 13.1 were also found. This is in agreement with the results of Loeb on ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ions in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. Helium gave no negative ions and a positive ion of mobility 17.0. This agrees with an approximate value observed by Tyndall and Powell for lower pressures and shorter ion ages. For pure gases and ion ages of the order of magnitude of those employed in these experiments (0.04\ensuremath{''} to 0.07\ensuremath{''}) sharp peaks, indicative of a single class of ion, were always observed.
Superflavor symmetry for heavy vector mesons and heavy quarks

Abstract Superflavor symmetry between quarks and vector mesons in a heavy particle effective field theory is investigated. The results are applied to calculate various hadronic matrix elements.
OPTIMAL OPEN MULTISTEP DISCRETIZATION FORMULAS FOR REAL-TIME SIMULATION

The performance of digital real-time simulations is considered. A figure of merit is derived that quantifies a simulation's fidelity in terms of the time-domain discrepancy between its output and that of the plant it simulates, assuming that the plant is linearizable and asymptotically stable. This performance index is then used in deriving an easily automated procedure for calculating optimal values for free parameters in plant discretizations based on a generalized form of open linear multistep integration formulas. The theory is demonstrated in simulating the rigid-body dynamics of a fully articulated helicopter rotor blade system.
High-resolution paleoclimatology of the Santa Barbara Basin during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and early Little Ice Age based on diatom and silicoflagellate assemblages in Kasten core SPR0901-02KC

Abstract Diatom and silicoflagellate assemblages documented in a high-resolution time series spanning 800 to 1600 (AD) in varved sediment recovered in Kasten core SPR0901-02KC (34°16.845′ N, 120°02.332′ W, water depth 588 m) from the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) reveal that SBB surface water conditions during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the early part of the Little Ice Age (LIA) were not extreme by modern standards, mostly falling within one standard deviation of mean conditions during the pre anthropogenic interval of 1748–1900. No clear differences between the character of MCA and the early LIA conditions are apparent. During intervals of extreme droughts identified by terrigenous proxy scanning XRF analyses, diatom and silicoflagellate proxies for coastal upwelling typically exceed one standard deviation above mean values for 1748–1900, supporting the hypothesis that droughts in southern California are associated with cooler (or La Nina-like) sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Increased percentages of diatoms transported downslope generally coincide with intervals of increased siliciclastic flux to the SBB identified by scanning XRF analyses. Diatom assemblages suggest only two intervals of the MCA (at ∼897 to 922 and ∼1151–1167) when proxy SSTs exceeded one standard deviation above mean values for 1748 to 1900. Conversely, silicoflagellates imply extreme warm water events only at ∼830 to 860 (early MCA) and ∼1360 to 1370 (early LIA) that are not supported by the diatom data. Silicoflagellates appear to be more suitable for characterizing average climate during the 5 to 11 year-long sample intervals studied in the SPR0901-02KC core than diatoms, probably because diatom relative abundances may be dominated by seasonal blooms of a particular year.
Nonparametric Modeling of Neural Point Processes via Stochastic Gradient Boosting Regression

Statistical nonparametric modeling tools that enable the discovery and approximation of functional forms (e.g., tuning functions) relating neural spiking activity to relevant covariates are desirable tools in neuroscience. In this article, we show how stochastic gradient boosting regression can be successfully extended to the modeling of spiking activity data while preserving their point process nature, thus providing a robust nonparametric modeling tool. We formulate stochastic gradient boosting in terms of approximating the conditional intensity function of a point process in discrete time and use the standard likelihood of the process to derive the loss function for the approximation problem. To illustrate the approach, we apply the algorithm to the modeling of primary motor and parietal spiking activity as a function of spiking history and kinematics during a two-dimensional reaching task. Model selection, goodness of fit via the time rescaling theorem, model interpretation via partial dependence plots, ranking of covariates according to their relative importance, and prediction of peri-event time histograms are illustrated and discussed. Additionally, we use the tenfold cross-validated log likelihood of the modeled neural processes (67 cells) to compare the performance of gradient boosting regression to two alternative approaches: standard generalized linear models (GLMs) and Bayesian P-splines with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. In our data set, gradient boosting outperformed both Bayesian P-splines (in approximately 90% of the cells) and GLMs (100%). Because of its good performance and computational efficiency, we propose stochastic gradient boosting regression as an off-the-shelf nonparametric tool for initial analyses of large neural data sets (e.g., more than 50 cells; more than 105 samples per cell) with corresponding multidimensional covariate spaces (e.g., more than four covariates). In the cases where a functional form might be amenable to a more compact representation, gradient boosting might also lead to the discovery of simpler, parametric models.
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery using single-lumen endotracheal tube anesthesia.

Background: Most general thoracic surgeons use double-lumen endotracheal tube (DLET) anesthesia for all video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). We evaluated a single-lumen endotracheal tube (SLET) for VATS for drainage of pleural effusions and pleural biopsies. Methods: A consecutive series of patients with recurrent pleural effusions underwent VATS using an SLET and only one incision. Operations were accomplished via one 2-cm incision using a 5-mm rigid thoracoscope and mediastinoscopic biopsy forceps for directed pleural biopsies. A working area was accomplished with low tidal volumes. Results: There were 376 patients (191 women). The indications for VATS were a nondiagnosed or benign pleural effusion in 294 patients, and a malignant effusion in 82 patients. Two hundred eight patients underwent biopsy of the parietal pleura, and mean operative time was 17 min. Adequate visibility was obtained in all. When compared to preoperative cytology, VATS was more sensitive (45% compared to 99%, p Conclusion: VATS using SLET and only one incision is possible, and it affords excellent visualization of the pleural space, allowing pleural biopsies and talc insufflation. It avoids the risk, time, and cost of a DLET. It is significantly more sensitive and accurate than preoperative cytology, and it should be considered as the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure of choice in patients with recurrent pleural effusions.
Large deformation of red blood cell ghosts in a simple shear flow

Red blood cells are known to change shape in response to local flow conditions. Deformability affects red blood cell physiological function and the hydrodynamic properties of blood. The immersed boundary method is used to simulate three-dimensional membrane-fluid flow interactions for cells with the same internal and external fluid viscosities. The method has been validated for small deformations of an initially spherical capsule in simple shear flow for both neo-Hookean and the Evans-Skalak membrane models. Initially oblate spheroidal capsules are simulated and it is shown that the red blood cell membrane exhibits asymptotic behavior as the ratio of the dilation modulus to the extensional modulus is increased and a good approximation of local area conservation is obtained. Tank treading behavior is observed and its period calculated.
Core temperature and heart rate response to repeated bouts of firefighting activities

During live-fire firefighting operations and training evolutions, firefighters often consume multiple cylinders of air and continue to wear their personal protective equipment even after fire suppression activities have ceased. However, most studies have only reported core temperature changes during short-term firefighting activities and have shown a very modest increase in core temperature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate core temperature and heart rate (HR) during repeated bouts of firefighting activity over ∼3 h. The results of this study show that core temperatures increase by an average of 1.9°C – to a larger magnitude than previously reported – and continue to increase during subsequent work cycles (38.4 vs. 38.7) even after long breaks of more than 30 min. The rate of core temperature increase during work continues to increase later in the training exercise (from 0.036 to 0.048°C/min), increasing the risk for exertional heat stress particularly if long-duration firefighting acti...
Effect of propranolol and controlled cardiac output on acute tolerance to noradrenaline.

Abstract The effects of propranolol and controlled blood flow on the acute tolerance which develops to the pressor response to noradrenaline infusions was studied in the anaesthetized open-chest dog, both intact and during left heart bypass, and in the perfused forelimb. The acute tolerance which develops to noradrenaline infusion is characterized by an early and a late phase. The early phase of tolerance observed during infusion of low noradrenaline concentrations was due to a decrease in vascular resistance in the anaesthetized dog and in the perfused forelimb. Since the early phase of tolerance was not observed after treatment with propranolol, it is suggested that vascular β-adrenoreceptors are involved in the phenomena of tolerance. The early phase of tolerance is abolished and the late phase diminished during infusion of high concentrations of noradrenaline when blood flow is maintained constant with a pump although venous return decreased. It is concluded that changes in the cardiac output are important in the development of acute tolerance to the pressor effect of noradrenaline in the dog.
The Hepatic Interaction of Aliphatic Alcohols with Halogenated Hydrocarbons

As has been noted, advancement in understanding of chemical interactions requires an integrated approach. Given the large number of binary mixtures of aliphatic alcohols and halogenated hydrocarbons that can be formulated, and because limitations of time and resources make it impossible to test them all, careful thought should be given to selection of pairs for laboratory experimentation. For any given pair of chemicals, the type of interaction (addition, synergism, antagonism, potentiation) should be determined and described by appropriate experimental designs and statistical methodology. This has been done for various alcohol-halocarbon mixtures. Work to expand our understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying the interaction of aliphatic alcohols and halogenated hydrocarbons would be particularly useful, as an improved mechanistic understanding would improve our ability to extrapolate across dose levels (from high laboratory exposure concentrations to typical human environmental exposure concentrations) and across species (from laboratory animals to humans).
Perceptions of How Parents of Early Adolescents Will Personally Benefit From Calcium-Rich Food and Beverage Parenting Practices

Objective: Toidentifyand rank perceivedpersonal benefits from parentingpracticesthatpromote intake of calcium-rich foods and beverages (CRF/B) by early adolescents. Methods: A convenience sample of parents/caregivers (n ¼ 133) of early adolescents (10‐13 years) from 6states(CA,HI,MN,OH,OR,UT)participated inaqualitativestudyusingaNominalGroupTechnique process. Benefits identified by parents/caregivers were ranked by importance, given a score weight, and summed to create a total weighted score across states. Results: The top benefit from making CRF/B available was parent emotional rewards. The top benefit perceived by parents from role modeling intake of CRF/B and setting expectations for intake of CRB was child health promotion. Conclusions and Implications: Child health promotion and parent emotional rewards were important perceived benefits derived from CRF/B parenting practices, and thus, should be included as the focus of education to increase the frequency of these practices.
Early disruptions of the blood-brain barrier may contribute to exacerbated neuronal damage and prolonged functional recovery following stroke in aged rats

We examined the effects of age on stroke progression and outcome in order to explore the association between blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuronal damage, and functional recovery. Using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), young (3 months) and aged (18 months) rats were assessed for BBB disruption at 20min post-MCAO, and 24h post-MCAO with tissue plasminogen activator induced reperfusion at 120min. Results showed that BBB disruptions in aged rats occurred early and increased nearly two-fold at both the 20min and 24h time points when compared to young animals. Neuronal damage in aged rats was increased two-fold as compared to young rats at 24h, while no neuronal damage was observed at 20min. Young and aged rats exhibited neurological deficits when compared to sham-controls out to 14 days following MCAO and reperfusion; however, aged rats exhibited more severe onset of deficits and prolonged recovery. Results indicate that aged rats suffer larger infarctions, reduced functional recovery and increased BBB disruption preceding observable neuronal injury.
User Experience in Online Social Networks: A Qualitative Analysis of Key Activities and Associated Features

Social networks have recently been identified as the most popular form of communication online. Research across a set of academic disciplines examining the nature and implications of this popular medium has begun to emerge. The importance of the network structure as well as the behaviors and motivations of member individuals and organizations are gradually becoming better understood. However, there is relatively little work to tie the behaviors of individuals with specific features in social networks, particularly given the complexity of considering multiple devices and contexts for use. We describe an analysis of the rich data obtained through 86 qualitative interviews on social network features and how they are valued by users. Key user activities are identified and related to specific social network features. The results could help to inform the ongoing discussion about "monetization" of social networks.
Atlas of Utah

Utilizing nearly 400 maps graphs and diagrams...this volume depicts the land and natural resources the climate the people (past and present) the economy and the recreational resources of Utah. Extensive demographic data are provided including data on permanent settlement population patterns family characteristics and mortality. (EXCERPT)
Mixed-Domain Systems and Signal Processing Based on Input Decomposition

Using input decomposition as a starting point, a variety of new types of systems and signal processors, which mix together domains traditionally kept separate, are derived, and their properties are examined. In one of these systems, digital signals are processed in continuous time, thus avoiding sampling and consequent aliasing, while maintaining the advantages of digital implementations in terms of programmability and noise immunity. In another approach, digital bit waveforms are processed directly by conventional analog filters. In a third approach, a nonlinear input decomposition results in systems in which signals are processed with a compressed dynamic range; this is done in a way that avoids output transients that characterize other approaches to compression, and also avoids the need for precise nonlinearity control. Several other possibilities are discussed. In all cases, the resulting systems can be input-output linear
Commentary Paper on "Recognizing Shapes in Video Sequences Using Multi-class Boosting"

This paper describes a learning-based approach to recognizing shapes in video sequences using spatial and temporal features of the shape. The spatial characteristics are encoded in the mean frame, while the temporal characteristics are extracted using the Iwasawa decomposition of the shape sequence. Training is done using logistic regression, namely the LogitBoost algorithm. The method obtains good results on outdoor surveillance datasets.
RESPONSE OF IMPACT DAMPERS WITH GRANULAR MATERIALS UNDER RANDOM EXCITATION

This paper presents the results of an experimental and analytical study of the performance of granular material dampers with tungsten powder, as an impacting mass, under wide-band random excitation. The influence of some of the major system parameters such as the total auxiliary mass ratio, container dimensions and intensity of the excitation are investigated using a small building model under base excitation. An approximate analytical solution based on the concept of an equivalent single-unit impact damper is presented. Comparison between the experimental and analytical results shows that, with the proper use of the equivalent single-particle impact damper approach, reasonably accurate estimates of the rms response of a primary system under stationary random excitation can be obtained.
Angiotensin IV has mixed effects on left ventricle systolic function and speeds relaxation.

Objective: A novel angiotensin receptor has been described and named AT4. Ligands for this receptor include the angiotensin II (Ang II) metabolite Ang II (3–8), known as angiotensin IV (Ang IV). There is 10-fold more AT4 receptor than AT1 receptor in rabbit myocardium. The AT4 receptor has a high affinity for Ang IV ( K i in rabbit myocardium 10−6). Although several functions have been attributed to the novel Ang IV peptide/AT4 receptor system, the effect of this system on left ventricular (LV) function has not been studied. We hypothesized (1) that Ang IV would affect LV function and (2) that any effects would be opposite to those of Ang II. Methods: Using the buffer-perfused (30°C) isolated rabbit heart, we studied the effect of the AT4 agonist Nle1-Ang IV on LV systolic function, quantified using both Frank–Starling and end-systolic pressure–volume relationships, and relaxation. We also studied the effect of the AT1/AT2 agonist, Sar1-Ang II on LV function. Finally, because the profile of effect of Nle1-Ang IV was similar to the reported effect of nitric oxide (NO), we also studied the effect of Nle1-Ang IV in the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor N G-monomethyl-l-arginine. Results: Nle1-Ang IV reduced LV pressure-generating capability at any volume but increased the sensitivity of pressure development to volume change. Nle1-Ang IV reduced LV ejection capability. Sar1-Ang II had the opposite effect – increasing both pressure generation and ejection capability. Finally, both Sar1-Ang II and Nle1-Ang IV speeded LV relaxation. Inhibition of NO synthase did not alter the effect of Nle1-Ang IV on LV systolic function or relaxation. Conclusions: AT4 receptor agonism has mixed effects on LV systolic function, depressing pressure-generation and ejection capabilities, but enhancing the sensitivity of pressure development to volume change. It also speeds relaxation. The effect of Ang IV on systolic function is generally opposite to the effect of Ang II, whereas the Ang IV influence on relaxation is similar to the effect of Ang II.
The Influence of Corporate Governance Ratings on Buy-Side Analysts' Earnings Forecast Certainty: Evidence from the United States and the United Kingdom (Retracted)

ABSTRACT: The current study investigates how corporate governance ratings affect the certainty of buy-side analysts' earnings forecasts. Nineteen financial analysts from the United States (U.S.) and 17 from the United Kingdom (U.K.) participated in a 1 × 2 (corporate governance ratings: below or above industry average) within-participant experiment. We find that, on average, analysts exhibit more certainty in their range forecasts when the corporate governance rating is above average, relative to below average. We also observe a significant interaction between the corporate governance ratings and country, indicating that U.K. analysts exhibit stronger responses to a below average rating than U.S. analysts, while responses to an above average rating are not significantly different between the two countries. These results suggest a need to investigate cultural or other factors that can impede the seamless integration of national capital markets into a unified global financial network. Data Availability: Ava...
Patient use of the internet for information in a lung cancer clinic.

Study objectives: To determine how frequently patients attending a lung cancer clinic use the Internet for their own health information, to determine whether there are demographic differences between Internet users and nonusers, and to determine how patients compare the quality of Internet information with other sources of lung cancer information. Design: Sequentially administered patient questionnaire. One hundred eighty-four patients were surveyed, and 139 patients (75.5%) completed the questionnaire. Setting: A multidisciplinary thoracic oncology clinic in a Midwestern University hospital. Patients or participants: Patients attending the multidisciplinary thoracic oncology clinic over a 3-month period. Measurements and results: The Internet was the most commonly used nonphysician source of information among our patients. Sixteen percent of the patients sought information on the Internet, but 60% expressed interest in using the Internet for information. Users were on average of higher income level and educational attainment but did not differ from nonusers by community size. Internet users rated the quality of information available on the Internet of similar quality to information from all sources. Conclusions: Older patients are increasing using the Internet for self-education in lung cancer. While certain barriers continue to exist, patients from rural areas use the Internet to the same degree, as do patients from urban areas. Patients do, however, overrate the quality of information on the Internet.
Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: To prescribe or not to prescribe—What is the question?

The recent American Academy of Neurology position paper by Franklin, "Opioids for chronic noncancer pain," suggests that the benefits of opioid treatment are very likely to be substantially outweighed by the risks and recommends avoidance of doses above 80-120 mg/day morphine equivalent. However, close reading of the primary literature supports a different conclusion: opioids have been shown in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to be highly effective in the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain; long-term follow-up studies have shown that this effectiveness can be maintained; and effectiveness has been limited in many clinical trials by failure to take into account high variability in dose requirements, failure to adequately treat depression, and use of suboptimal outcome measures. Frequency of side effects in many RCTs has been inflated by overly rapid dose titration and failure to appreciate the high interindividual variability in side effect profiles. The recent marked increase in incidence of opioid overdose is of grave concern, but there is good reason to believe that it has been somewhat exaggerated. Potential causes of overdose include inadequately treated depression; inadequately treated pain, particularly when compounded by hopelessness; inadvertent overdose; concurrent use of alcohol; and insufficient practitioner expertise. Effective treatment of pain can enable large numbers of patients to lead productive lives and improve quality of life. Effective alleviation of suffering associated with pain falls squarely within the physician's professional obligation. Existing scientific studies provide the basis for many improvements in pain management that can increase effectiveness and reduce risk. Many potentially useful areas of further research can be identified.
In vitro electrophysiology of neurons in subnuclei of rat inferior colliculus

We compared membrane and synaptic properties of neurons in the three major subdivisions of inferior colliculus (IC), central nucleus (ICc, N=18), external cortex (ICx, N=38), and dorsal cortex (ICd, N=31) of slices from rat IC, using intracellular neuronal recording. Three types of responses occurred in each IC subdivision in response to depolarizing currents: on-type (N=20), rapidly-adapting (N=11), and sustained firing (N=56), which was most common. The on-type neurons have lower input resistances and shorter time constants, with wider and lower amplitude action potentials (APs) than sustained neurons. A calcium-mediated 'hump' was often evoked by depolarizing current pulses in ICd neurons (11 of 28), was infrequent in ICx, but was absent in ICc. ICx and ICc neurons often exhibited spontaneous repetitive spike firing, lower repetitive AP firing thresholds, and faster repetitive spike firing than ICd neurons. Calcium-mediated fast after-hyperpolarizations and spike frequency adaptation were regularly seen in IC. Neurons in ICx and ICd, but not ICc, had synaptic responses to stimulation of the collicular commissure (CoIC). In ICx, large epileptiform depolarizing events were often elicited by strong electrical stimulation of CoIC, which was not normally seen in ICd. These results indicate that ICx neurons exhibit a greater degree of synaptic excitability than neurons in ICc or ICd, which may contribute to the proposed role of ICx in pathological IC hyperexcitability.
Role of NHERF-1 in Regulation of the Activity of Na-K ATPase and Sodium-Phosphate Co-transport in Epithelial Cells

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), acting at least in part through a cAMP signaling pathway, regulates three important transporters in the renal proximal convoluted tubule, namely Na-H exchanger 3, Na-K ATPase, and type IIa sodium phosphate cotransporter (NaPi IIa). The regulation of Na-H exchanger 3 by protein kinase A requires a protein co-factor from the sodium-hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) family of proteins (NHERF-1 and NHERF-2). However, the role of NHERF in PTH regulation of Na-K ATPase and NaPi IIa has not been explored. For studying the role of NHERF-1 on PTH regulation of these transporters, wild-type mNHERF-1 (1-355) or mNHERF-1 (1-325) lacking the ezrin-binding domain were expressed in proximal tubule-derived opossum kidney cells. PTH inhibited Na-K ATPase activity in cells expressing wild-type NHERF-1 associated with increased serine phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the transporter. By contrast, in cells expressing mNHERF (1-325), the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of Na-K ATPase was blunted and the activity of the transporter was stimulated in response to PTH. Basal sodium-dependent phosphate transport was lower in cells expressing mNHERF-1 (1-325) as compared with cells expressing mNHERF-1 (1-355). Nonetheless, there were no differences in PTH-associated inhibition of the activity or the decrease in membrane expression of the NaPi IIa in any of the cell lines. These experiments document for the first time an association between NHERF-1 and PTH regulation of Na-K ATPase in epithelial cells. These experiments also suggest that the mechanism for retrieval of NaPi IIa transporters from the apical membrane in response to cAMP does not require NHERF.
Low-Power Architecture for Epileptic Seizure Detection Based on Reduced Complexity DWT

In this article, we present a low-power, user-programmable architecture for discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based epileptic seizure detection algorithm. A simplified, low-pass filter (LPF)-only-DWT technique is employed in which energy contents of different frequency bands are obtained by subtracting quasi-averaged, consecutive LPF outputs. Training phase is used to identify the range of critical DWT coefficients that are in turn used to set patient-specific system level parameters for minimizing power consumption. The proposed optimizations allow the design to work at significantly lower power in the normal operation mode. The system has been tested on neural data obtained from kainate-treated rats. The design was implemented in TSMC-65nm technology and consumes less than 550-nW power at 250-mV supply.
Reuse of coronary angioplasty equipment: Technical and clinical issues

Abstract The reuse of equipment for percutaneous coronary intervention is common in countries outside the United States. However, little is known about the risks or cost savings afforded by this practice. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that reusing balloon angioplasty catheters and related equipment is not associated with increased risk of particulate body embolization, infection, endotoxic reaction, or toxicity. However, the only prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial of catheter reuse suggests that this practice may be associated with a lower success rate in crossing lesions, longer procedure times, and higher complication rates. Cost-benefit modeling demonstrates that these factors potentially offset any cost savings afforded by catheter reuse.
Modeling Chemical Reaction Kinetics

In previous chapters of this text, we have considered various forms of energy, however, we treated them mostly in isolation. Transitions between different forms of energy were accomplished by so—called energy transducers, but, until now, no more than two forms of energy were involved in any such transition. Chapter 8 shed some light on distributed processes and showed how one form of energy, namely, heat, is transported by and transmitted through matter. In this chapter, we shall discuss what happens to the total energy balance when one type of matter interacts with another, i.e., we shall look at the thermodynamics of chemical reaction systems. Notice that, in this analysis, we are not so much interested in the chemical properties of matter (such as color, taste, smell, or toxicity), as we are interested in the physical properties of matter (such as temperature, pressure, volume, flow rate, or concentration). In this discussion, it will be unavoidable to consider a multitude of simultaneously occurring energy transitions.
Photorefractive delay line for the visualization and processing of time-dependent signals.

We present an optical time-delay line based on photorefractive beam coupling in a rotating crystal. The delay line can be tapped continuously or at selected positions.We demonstrate a 64-channel device with a BaTiO(3) crystal rotating at 1.5 rpm, which gives approximately a 167-Hz bandwidth and 0.5 s of time delay for each channel.
Targeting ncRNAs to combat metastases

“The advent of high-throughput techniques for the study of the whole miRNome (defined as the full spectrum of miRNAs in a genome) in one biologic sample, has allowed the detection of specific signatures of deregulated miRNAs in cancer versus normal tissues, with diagnostic and sometime prognostic implications .”
PGE2 suppression of innate immunity during mucosal bacterial infection

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important lipid mediator in inflammatory and immune responses during acute and chronic infections. Upon stimulation by various proinflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, PGE2 synthesis is upregulated by the expression of cyclooxygenases. Biologically active PGE2 is then able to signal through four primary receptors to elicit a response. PGE2 is a critical molecule that regulates the activation, maturation, migration, and cytokine secretion of several immune cells, particularly those involved in innate immunity such as macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria can induce PGE2 synthesis to regulate immune responses during bacterial pathogenesis. This review will focus on PGE2 in innate immunity and how bacterial pathogens influence PGE2 production during enteric and pulmonary infections. The conserved ability of many bacterial pathogens to promote PGE2 responses during infection suggests a common signaling mechanism to deter protective pro-inflammatory immune responses. Inhibition of PGE2 production and signaling during infection may represent a therapeutic alternative to treat bacterial infections. Further study of the immunosuppressive effects of PGE2 on innate immunity will lead to a better understanding of potential therapeutic targets within the PGE2 pathway.
Genome Scans of DNA Variability in Humans Reveal Evidence for Selective Sweeps Outside of Africa

The last 50,000-150,000 years of human history have been characterized by rapid demographic expansions and the colonization of novel environments outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Mass migrations outside the ancestral species range likely entailed many new selection pressures, suggesting that genetic adaptation to local environmental conditions may have been more prevalent in colonizing populations outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Here we report a test of this hypothesis using genome-wide patterns of DNA polymorphism. We conducted a multilocus scan of microsatellite variability to identify regions of the human genome that may have been subject to continent-specific hitchhiking events. Using published polymorphism data for a total of 624 autosomal loci in multiple populations of humans, we used coalescent simulations to identify candidate loci for geographically restricted selective sweeps. We identified a total of 13 loci that appeared as outliers in replicated population comparisons involving different reference samples for Africa. A disproportionate number of these loci exhibited reduced levels of relative variability in non-African populations alone, suggesting that recent episodes of positive selection have been more prevalent outside of sub-Saharan Africa.