cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tetrahedral anisotropy of x-ray anomalous scattering.

Diffraction of synchrotron radiation in crystals of potassium chromate and germanium reveals a tetrahedral anisotropy of anomalous (resonant) scattering with respect to polarization and wave vectors that introduces a third-rank tensor into the intensity equations. This tensor arises from a mixed dipole-quadrupole term that vanishes for forward scattering and for centrosymmetric atoms. At resonances 13 eV below the Cr K edge and 7 eV above the Ge K edge large changes of intensities with rotation of azimuth are observed for weak and forbidden Bragg reflections in agreement with the optical model.
A spectroscopic study of some substituted tris(diimine) complexes of ruthenium(II) and their reduction products

Abstract The electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectra of the parent and one- to six-electron reduction products of tris(5,5′-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and tris(5,5′-bis(phenyl)- 2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) indicate that the redox orbitals are single-ring localized throughout the reduction series. The analogous 4,4′-complexes exhibit extensive shifts of both electronic absorption bands and vibrational bands as electrons are added. The shifts are rationalized within the localized redox orbital model. The occurrence of backbonding between the metal and unreduced ligands can successfully account for the observed shifts in the vibrational spectra, while electrostatic interaction between redox orbitals is consistent with the observed shifts in the electronic spectra.
Age-associated differences in prevalence of group A streptococcal type-specific M antibodies in children

Our prior studies of the molecular epidemiology of group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis indicated that the most common emm types associated with pediatric pharyngitis in North America were 12, 1, 28, and 4. We previously reported that the proportions of pediatric pharyngitis due to emm types 12 and 4 decreased with increasing age throughout childhood. We hypothesized that this is due to age-associated acquisition of antibodies to the amino-terminal type-specific region of common GAS M proteins during childhood. We sought to demonstrate this in sera from healthy children by using ELISAs for M 12, 1, 28, and 4. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using chemically synthesized peptides copying amino-terminal type-specific regions of the M proteins were performed on sera from four age groups of healthy children (group I: 3-6 years, group II: 7-10 years, group III: 11-14 years, group IV: 15-18 years). ELISA data were correlated with opsonophagocytic assays for a subset of sera and M 1 GAS. Sera from healthy 12-20-month-old children were used as negative controls. Our results showed that the highest percentage of positivity was for M12, which also showed progressive seropositivity in older children. For the other serotypes, the highest seroprevalence rates were in the 11-14-year-old age group. The presence of ELISA antibodies against M1 correlated with opsonophagocytic activity, a previously studied indicator of immunologic protection.
Chloride cells and osmoregulation

Chloride cells and osmoregulation. The chloride cells of the gill secretory epithelium of fish that make the transition from fresh water to sea water adapt to the increased salinity by responding to a rapid signal that stimulates chloride secretion. In this paper, data are presented supporting the view that the transient increase in plasma osmolarity that can be measured during the transition is responsible for the stimulation of chloride secretion. A maximal increase of 65mOsm in the plasma of Fundulus heteroclitus (the killifish) was found during acclimation to sea water. Similar or greater increases of osmolarity induced by mannitol on the basolateral side of isolated opercular epithelial membranes of the same species of fish containing great numbers of chloride cells produced stimulation of chloride secretion detected as the short circuit current. The shrinkage of the chloride cell activates the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter, and the Na/H exchanger and requires the integrity of apical chloride channels and normal levels of Ca. A Cl/HCO 3 exchanger did not participate in this osmotic response to higher salinity. Chloride cell volume responses to osmolarity were studied with imagine and quantitative optics.
Cell saver filtering of extravasated rhBMP-2 after degenerative scoliosis reconstruction

Abstract RhBMP-2 is a bone fusion enhancer commonly used in scoliosis reconstruction surgery. It is delivered via an absorbable collagen sponge but has been known to migrate away from its delivery site. RhBMP-2 extravasation in surgical drainage has been noted during first two days post-surgery. Cell savers are widely used in scoliosis reconstruction to limit transfusion requirements and are commonly deployed in cases where rhBMP-2 is used for fusion augmentation. It is not known whether rhBMP-2 is present in salvaged blood or filtered away during cell saver recycling. Through this case series of four patients who underwent scoliosis reconstruction, we assess cell saver efficacy in filtering rhBMP-2 molecules by quantifying the amount of rhBMP-2 present in salvaged blood obtained after postoperative drainage recycling by OrthoPAT® cell saver and comparing it to rhBMP-2 leakage in postoperative drainage without cell saver recycling. We report an almost 10-fold reduction of rhBMP-2 concentration in salvaged blood obtained after cell saver recycling of postoperative drainage, suggesting cell saver effectiveness in filtering rhBMP-2 molecules.
Spherical probes for corona discharges

Abstract Expressions are derived for the current—voltage characteristics of a conducting spherical probe immersed in a corona discharge. Schemes are also given for extracting estimates of space potential, field and conductivity from current—voltage scans. Applicability of these expressions is tested by measurement in a coaxial cylindrical discharge and agreement is found to be satisfactory. These tests also constitute an independent check of conventional bombardment charging theory for particles immersed in a unipolar corona. Probe fabrication is simple and the measurement technique is straightforward. The method promises to be useful in electrostatic precipitator testing.
Sensitivity of human tissue heme oxygenase to a new synthetic metalloporphyrin.

Heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme for heme degradation, can be inhibited by several new synthetic metalloporphyrins. Under certain conditions, a depression in heme oxygenase activity has important clinical significance in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia, and, in this regard, tin-protoporphyrin has been shown to decrease the production of bilirubin in vitro as well as in vivo. Similarly, our study was concerned with finding a new metalloporphyrin which will inhibit heme oxygenase. Many of the synthetic heme analogs that we analyzed were quite effective inhibitors of heme oxygenase, but the most powerful inhibitor was found to be zinc-deuteroporphyrin IX, 2,4-bisglycol. This metalloporphyrin almost completely inhibits liver heme oxygenase at concentrations as low as 0.5 μM. Its potency as an inhibitor was found to be greater than that of tin-protoporphyrin; the Ki of zinc-deuteroporphyrin IX, 2,4-bisglycol was calculated to be 0.003 μM. In conclusion, we demonstrated that zinc-deuteroporphyrin IX, 2,4-bisglycol has potent inhibitory effects on human liver, kidney and brain heme oxygenase so that this metalloporphyrin can be considered as an alternative to tin-protoporphyrin in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia.
A numerical method for relating two- and three-dimensional pressure distributions on transonic wings

This paper presents a preliminary design method for determining a wing's design pressure distribution and geometry based on airfoil normal Mach numbers and airfoil loading. In this method, the perturbation velocities in supercritical regions are computed from airfoil transonic normal Mach numbers and include the influence of local sweep, taper, and three-dimensional induced velocities, so that the appearance and strength of shocks can be expected to resemble those of the airfoil. The velocities in subcritical wing regions are scaled first with simple sweep theory, and then to achieve the desired load distribution. The method was applied to the design of an oblique flying wing, using a linear potential method. The required wing area could be reduced by 14 percent using this method rather than simple sweep theory.
Formulation of the Restricted Three-Body Problem with Two-Center Problem Orbits as Intermediate Orbits

The restricted three-body Hamiltonian is partitioned into a two-center type principal part and its accompanying perturbational part. The mathematical analysis, involving the Jacobian elliptic functions, is adapted for the case of figure-eight orbits winding around the two given mass points. For many such orbits the elliptic function modulusk is small and can serve as a small parameter.
CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF BLUE‐TYPE CHEESE FLAVOR BY SUBMERGED FERMENTATION OF Penicillium roqueforti

A two-stage continuous process for the production of Blue cheese flavor from lipolyzed milk fat by submerged fermentation of Penicillium roqueforti was developed. In the first stage, P. roqueforti was grown aerobically on a corn-steep liquor/sucrose medium at 25° C, pH 7, aeration rate 1 liter air/min/L medium, and dilution rate 0.05 hr−1. The effluent air and culture over-flow were led to a maturing tank and allowed to age 24 hr. The mycelial culture was then pumped into a second fermentor to which lipolyzed milk fat was also fed continuously. An average 24 hr contact time between mold mycelium and fatty acids was maintained. The fatty acids and perhaps other components of the lipolyzed cream were metabolized by the P. roqueforti mycelium to produce a fluid product with a Blue cheese-type flavor. Small portions of this product were acceptably added to snack and party dips and salad dressings, as a Blue cheese replacement.
Transcription factors activated in mammalian cells after clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation.

Over the past 15 years, a wealth of information has been published on transcripts and proteins 'induced' (requiring new protein synthesis) in mammalian cells after ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. Many of these studies have also attempted to elucidate the transcription factors that are 'activated' (i.e., not requiring de novo synthesis) in specific cells by IR. Unfortunately, all too often this information has been obtained using supralethal doses of IR, with investigators assuming that induction of these proteins, or activation of corresponding transcription factors, can be 'extrapolated' to low-dose IR exposures. This review focuses on what is known at the molecular level about transcription factors induced at clinically relevant (< or =2 Gy) doses of IR. A review of the literature demonstrates that extrapolation from high doses of IR to low doses of IR is inaccurate for most transcription factors and most IR-inducible transcripts/proteins, and that induction of transactivating proteins at low doses must be empirically derived. The signal transduction pathways stimulated after high versus low doses of IR, which act to transactivate certain transcription factors in the cell, will be discussed. To date, only three transcription factors appear to be responsive (i.e. activated) after physiological doses (doses wherein cells survive or recover) of IR. These are p53, nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kappaB), and the SP1-related retinoblastoma control proteins (RCPs). Clearly, more information on transcription factors and proteins induced in mammalian cells at clinically or environmentally relevant doses of IR is needed to understand the role of these stress responses in cancer susceptibility/resistance and radio-sensitivity/resistance mechanisms.
Relationships between Annual Variations in Reservoir Conditions and Age-0 Largemouth Bass Year-Class Strength

Abstract Variable recruitment has been documented in populations of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides throughout the species' range. Shoreline electrofishing was used from 1988 to 1998 to assess the magnitude of variations in year-class strength of largemouth bass at the time cohort mean lengths reached 50 mm in Jordan Lake, North Carolina. Concurrent measures of adult stock characteristics, dynamics of larval and juvenile shad Dorosoma spp., lake elevation dynamics, and seasonal air temperatures were used to test published findings concerning factors that influence largemouth bass year-class strength. Catch rates of juvenile largemouth bass varied fourfold from 1988 to 1995. No significant relationships were observed between largemouth bass year-class size and spawning stock size, shad dynamics, or variations in lake elevations. However, late-winter and early spring air temperatures explained a significant amount of the observed variation in catch rates of age-0 largemouth bass. Abundance of yearling...
One naturalized epistemological argument against coherentist accounts of empirical knowledge

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle l'epistemologie naturalisee est incompatible avec les theories coherentiste et internaliste de la connaissance empirique. Se referant a la theorie de la coherence developpee par L. BonJour, l'A. montre qu'une certaine approche de la justification des croyances cognitives peut etre admise
Sensor placement for on-orbit modal identification via a genetic algorithm

The selection and reproduction schemes of the genetic algorithm are modified, and a new operator called forced mutation is introduced. These changes are shown to improve the convergence of the algorithm and to lead to near-optimal sensor locations. Two practical examples are investigated: sensor placement for an early version of the space station and an individual space station photovoltaic array
Estimation of the lower flammability limit of organic compounds as a function of temperature.

Abstract A new method of estimating the lower flammability limit (LFL) of general organic compounds is presented. The LFL is predicted at 298 K for gases and the lower temperature limit for solids and liquids from structural contributions and the ideal gas heat of formation of the fuel. The average absolute deviation from more than 500 experimental data points is 10.7%. In a previous study, the widely used modified Burgess–Wheeler law was shown to underestimate the effect of temperature on the lower flammability limit when determined in a large-diameter vessel. An improved version of the modified Burgess–Wheeler law is presented that represents the temperature dependence of LFL data determined in large-diameter vessels more accurately. When the LFL is estimated at increased temperatures using a combination of this model and the proposed structural-contribution method, an average absolute deviation of 3.3% is returned when compared with 65 data points for 17 organic compounds determined in an ASHRAE-style apparatus.
AAA proteins. Lords of the ring.

AAA ATPases (those associated with various cellular activities) play important roles in numerous cellular activities including proteolysis, protein folding, membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal regulation, organelle biogenesis, DNA replication, and intracellular motility. Recent structural and
The resolution of platelet serologic problems using Western blotting.

Serologic identification of anti-PLAl and other platelet specific antibodies is difficult because other platelet reactive antibodies (e.g. anti-HLA) are commonly found in the samples. We have developed and evaluated a method using Western blotting to identify platelet specific antibodies. Since anti-PLAl is the most frequently encountered antibody, we used this antibody to validate the method. The PLAl antigen was found on a 95,000 Dalton protein, confirmed as glycoprotein IIIa by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The usefulness of Western blotting in resolving difficult platelet serologic problems was compared to a radiolabeled antiglobulin test using intact platelets. Our results showed that all sera with anti-PLAl identified by serology were confirmed by Western blotting. In addition, one anti-PLAl was detectable only by the proposed method. Western blotting was also as useful as a serologic method to PLAl type platelets. HLA antibodies were not demonstrable by this technique. In summary, Western blotting is a highly specific and sensitive way of identifying anti-PLAl in a variety of clinical situations. This approach may be used to identify antibodies to other platelet specific antigens and to standardize platelet antigen typing sera.
The geographic distribution and ecological preferences of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), in the U.S.A.

Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by two parasitic organisms, Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, is a tick-borne disease of recent concern in horses in the U.S.A. Outbreaks of EP have been detected in Florida, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. In 2009, EP transmission in Texas occurred through the adults of two tick species, Amblyomma mixtum [formerly known as Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787)] Koch (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), the American dog tick (ADT). In this study, we developed a continent-scale map for the distribution of the EP vector species D. variabilis, using a presence-only modelling approach to assess the habitat preferences of this tick. We used identification records from our tick geodatabase of locations in which the presence of the ADT had been noted. The potential distribution of the ADT in the U.S.A. was estimated from environmental factors using the maximum entropy approach based on localities in which there is a high probability of occurrence according to habitat suitability. Elevation and temperature were found to be biologically significant environmental variables influencing the presence of this tick species. Properly designed and constructed probability surfaces using maximum entropy offer one useful approach to the mapping of distribution ranges of tick species based on suitable habitat in the U.S.A.
Skeletal muscle cell-derived insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins inhibit IGF-I-induced myogenesis in rat L6E9 cells.

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), which are expressed by skeletal muscle cells, may enhance or inhibit IGF actions. To explore the role of skeletal muscle-derived IGFBPs in IGF-induced myogenesis, we compared the differentiation-inducing effects of IGF-I and des(1-3)IGF-I in rat L6E9 skeletal myoblasts. Des(1-3)IGF-I is a naturally occurring IGF-I analog with markedly reduced affinity for IGFBPs but with an affinity for the IGF-I receptor that is comparable to that for native IGF-I. We find that rat L6E9 cells produce principally IGFBP-4 and BP-6, with a minor component of IGFBP-5. Both IGFBP-4 and BP-6 accumulate during differentiation and increase further in response to IGF-I or des(1-3)IGF-I treatment. We find that an IGF-I analog with reduced affinity for IGFBPs is significantly more potent than native IGF-I in stimulating myogenesis (as assessed by myogenin messenger RNA abundance and muscle creatine kinase ac...
Off-pump snare technique for congenital left atrial appendage aneurysm.

Abstract Left atrial appendage aneurysm is an extremely rare anomaly and as such has been rarely imaged or seen intraoperatively with very little accumulated management experience. The available scant published literature stresses resection on cardiopulmonary bypass as the safest and by far the most commonly applied technique. We suggest a novel alternative imaging-guided management utilising an off-pump tourniquet snare technique under live transoesophageal echocardiography.
A fresh look at livestock greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential in Europe

This journal published an article by Bellarby et al. entitled "Livestock greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential in Europe" (Bellarby et al., 2013), which became the sole source for a news release by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre entitled "GHG emissions from the EU livestock sector could be mitigated by up to 60%" (EC, 2013). I will outline four sets of issues that may change the Joint Research Centre’s conclusions.
Visualization of Dislocation Dynamics in Colloidal Crystals

The dominant mechanism for creating large irreversible strain in atomic crystals is the motion of dislocations, a class of line defects in the crystalline lattice. Here we show that the motion of dislocations can also be observed in strained colloidal crystals, allowing detailed investigation of their topology and propagation. We describe a laser diffraction microscopy setup used to study the growth and structure of misfit dislocations in colloidal crystalline films. Complementary microscopic information at the single-particle level is obtained with a laser scanning confocal microscope. The combination of these two techniques enables us to study dislocations over a range of length scales, allowing us to determine important parameters of misfit dislocations such as critical film thickness, dislocation density, Burgers vector, and lattice resistance to dislocation motion. We identify the observed dislocations as Shockley partials that bound stacking faults of vanishing energy. Remarkably, we find that even on the scale of a few lattice vectors, the dislocation behavior is well described by the continuum approach commonly used to describe dislocations in atomic crystals.
Longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans reduced by mating but not gamete production

THEORIES of life-history evolution propose that trade-offs occur between fitness components, including longevity and maximal reproduction1–3. In Drosophila, female lifespan is shortened by increased egg production4, receipt of male accessory fluid5 and courting6. Male lifespan is also reduced by courting and/or mating7. Here we show that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, mating with males reduces the lifespan of hermaphrodites by a mechanism independent of egg production or receipt of sperm. Conversely, males appear unaffected by mating. Thus, in C. elegans there is no apparent trade-off between longevity and increased egg or sperm production, but there is a substantial cost to hermaphrodites associated with copulation.
Intentions and Motivations of Nurses to Migrate: A Review of Empirical Studies

Six empirical studies of nurse migration motivations and intentions were identified for review. The review revealed that motivations and intentions varied by country of origin and by individual nurses. Nurses from more developed countries migrated for personal reasons, while nurses from less developed countries migrated for economic, professional and family reasons. Country‐level studies are needed in resource‐poor countries to inform health system policies and workforce development. These policies must simultaneously protect the right of the individual nurse to migrate and create conditions conducive to retention of nurses. Additional research is needed to understand the decision‐making processes related to migration and the experiences of individual nurses who migrate to more developed countries.
Orthograde and retrograde axonal transport of dopamine-β-hydroxylase in ileal mesenteric nerves of rats with chronic streptozotocin diabetes

Rats with chronic streptozotocin-induced diabetes develop a neuropathy involving the ileal mesenteric nerves. Distal portions of these postganglionic sympathetic axons develop markedly dilated, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-containing dystrophic swellings. These findings led us to develop a quantitative method to examine orthograde and retrograde axonal transport of DBH in ileal mesenteric nerves. Surprisingly, no significant alteration in orthograde or retrograde axonal transport of DBH was identified.
Characterization of near-wall hydrodynamic lift forces using sedimentation field-flow fractionation

Abstract In field-flow fractionation (FFF), a family of high resolution techniques for the separation of particles and polymers, the measured retention time of entrained particles eluting through a thin (50-500 μm) parallel plate channel is determined by the transverse forces acting on the particles during their migration. For particles in the size range ∼l-100μm an applied transverse driving force (in the present case sedimentation) rapidly brings the particles into balance with hydrodynamic lift forces, so that the two force vectors are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. By subjecting latex microspheres of known size and density to a specified rotation rate in a centrifuge, the applied sedimentation force is known and thus the magnitude of the lift forces is immediately obtained. The transverse particle position can be determined from the measured particle retention time. Thus lift forces can be determined as a function of particle size, transverse position, and flowrate. This strategy has be...
Mass changing cosmology and solar evolution

A recent group theory analysis (1) of masses and spins in curved space-time strongly suggests that the rest mass of all particles varies with cosmic time. In this analysis a generalization of the Casimir operator of the Poincar4 group was considered for the case of isotropic and homogeneous cosmological models and the following results was obtained: given a particle (or any other system held together by electromagnetic or strong forces), the constancy of its rest mass, m, has to be replaced by the constancy of the product m(t)R(t) , where re(t) is the rest mass and R(t) is the four-dimensional radius of curvature of the universe at cosmic time t. (Cosmic t ime t is that canonical t ime in which the Robertson-Walker metric takes its standard form. This time is absolute in that it does not depend on any fundamental constants.) A class of cosmological models which satisfy m ( t ) R ( t ) = const was obtained (2). I t contains spherical, euclidean, and pseudospherical spaces which all have R(t)oc SS(t) and hence give
Utilization of an Electron Beam for Density Measurements in Hypersonic Helium Flow

S methods have been investigated for making nondestructive measurements of various wind tunnel parameters. Herein is described a study to determine the feasibility of using an electron beam to measure the freestream static density of gaseous helium over a range of hypersonic flow conditions. Measurements were made for a range of stagnation pressures and temperatures which produced freestream number densities of 1.53xl0 to 1.25x IO molecules/m and static temperatures from 2 to 80 K. The results showed the collision quenching cross section to be 4.4 x 10 ~ cm at 1 K and to have a weak temperature dependence of T'. Knowing these values, the freestream number density can be determined quite accurately. These results are reported in more detail in Ref. 1.
Athletes and work

Abstract The paper has added to the literature by providing new empirical evidence on the labor market effects of participating in high school athletics using the 1990 wave of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) data set which allowed us to examine several measures of work attainment and provided a rich set of control variables. The major finding of this study is that former high school athletes are more likely to be in jobs that are associated with better labor market outcomes than their nonathlete counterparts.
Definitive radiotherapy for ewing tumors of extremities and pelvis: long-term disease control, limb function, and treatment toxicity

Purpose More than 70% of Ewing tumors occur in the extremities and pelvis. This study identified factors influencing local control and functional outcomes after management with definitive radiotherapy (RT). Patients and Methods A total of 75 patients with a localized Ewing tumor of the extremity or pelvis were treated with definitive RT at the University of Florida between 1970 and 2006 (lower extremity tumors in 30, pelvic tumors in 26, and upper extremity tumors in 19). RT was performed on a once-daily (40%) or twice-daily (60%) basis. The median dose was 55.2 Gy in 1.8-Gy daily fractions or 55.0 Gy in 1.2-Gy twice-daily fractions. The median observed follow-up was 4.7 years. Functional outcome was assessed using the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score. Results The 10-year actuarial overall survival, cause-specific survival, freedom from relapse, and local control rate was 48%, 48%, 42%, and 71%, respectively. Of the 72 patients, 3 required salvage amputation. Inferior cause-specific survival was associated with larger tumors (81% for tumors p 3 . Conclusions Limb preservation was effectively achieved through definitive RT. Treating limited field sizes with hyperfractionated high-energy RT could minimize long-term complications and provides superior functional outcomes.
North America plate is driven westward by lower mantle flow

[1] The sense of shear traction which the deeper mantle exerts on the North America plate is controversial. To test this, we compute laterally-varying thin-shell models. Fault elements are used to outline the plate, so the velocity of North America is not fixed. The basal boundary condition is set in one of three ways: (a) for resistive drag, we assume that the lower mantle is static with respect to Africa; (b) we test models with no basal traction; (c) for active drag, we assume that the lower mantle moves as a rigid plate but 10% faster than North America. Each model is scored by comparison with sea-floor spreading rates, geodetic velocities, stress directions, and NUVEL-1A. Only models with active drag are successful. While these results do not determine the exact azimuth or pattern of basal drag on the North America plate, they establish the modal sense as active.
The use of Neuro Emotional Technique with competitive rowers: A case series

Introduction Power has been shown to consistently predict rowing performance, yet traditional methods to improve power may negatively impact performance when coupled with endurance training. Neuro Emotional Technique (NET) has been found to reduce stress and anxiety, which are also known to impair performance. The aim of this prospective case series was to describe how NET was used with competitive rowers, and to report any changes in average power output following the intervention.
Real time penetration of multiple moving threats

A local hill-climbing heuristic based on the weighted Voronoi diagram (WVD) is illustrated in an example of military application in simulated air-to-air scenario. For the risk measure, defined as the maximum of the ratio of lethality over distance, the WVD from computational geometry gives an intuitive suggestion of the best place to be. To find the least-cost path along the WVD, the author presents a motion-planning algorithm based on Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm where the cost of an edge is the risk of traversing the edge. By imposing a discrete graph over the area of interest, the author reduces a continuous problem to a combinatorial problem. If the start or goal position does not lie on this graph, it is retracted by either the path of shortest distance or the path of steepest descent. A simple and easily computed path connects the disconnected components by the shortest distance or by a circular path. On the basis of this heuristic, the run-time cost of motion planning is kept to O(n/sup 2/logn). >
An adaptive high-order discontinuous Galerkin method with error control for the Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Part I: The one-dimensional steady state case

We propose and study an adaptive version of the discontinuous Galerkin method for Hamilton–Jacobi equations. It works as follows. Given the tolerance and the degree of the polynomial of the approximate solution, the adaptive algorithm finds a mesh on which the approximate solution has an L 1 -distance to the viscosity solution no bigger than the prescribed tolerance. The algorithm uses three main tools. The first is an iterative solver combining the explicit Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method and the implicit Newton’s method that enables us to solve the Hamilton–Jacobi equations efficiently. The second is a new a posteriori error estimate based on the approximate resolution of an approximate problem for the actual error. The third is a method that allows us to find a new mesh as a function of the old mesh and the ratio of the a posteriori error estimate to the tolerance. We display extensive numerical evidence that indicates that, for any given polynomial degree, the method achieves its goal with optimal complexity independently of the tolerance. This is done in the framework of one-dimensional steady-state model problems with periodic boundary conditions.
Distortion of Three-Unit Implant Frameworks During Casting, Soldering, and Simulated Porcelain Firings

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess distortion inherent in casting, soldering, and simulated porcelain firings of screw-retained, implant-supported three-unit fixed partial dentures (FPDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten wax patterns were fabricated on a die-stone cast containing two implants, 20 mm apart from center to center. Five specimens were cast in a high-palladium alloy, exposed to simulated porcelain firings, sectioned, and then soldered with low-fusing solder. Five specimens were cast, sectioned, soldered with high-fusing solder, and then exposed to simulated porcelain firings. For each specimen, two horizontal and six vertical distances between appropriately scribed reference points were measured with a traveling microscope. Comparisons were made among the various measurements taken after wax-pattern fabrication, casting, high- and low-fusing soldering, and each porcelain firing. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures factorial ANOVA (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Significant difference was detected in the amount of horizontal distortion during casting (53 +/- 24 microns) and high-fusing soldering (-49 +/- 50 microns), as well as in the amount of horizontal distortion during high-fusing soldering (-49 +/- 50 microns) and low-fusing soldering (17 +/- 26 microns). However, no clinically significant difference was found in the amount of horizontal distortion during casting, low-fusing, and high-fusing soldering. The greatest amount of distortion during the simulated porcelain firings took place during the oxidizing cycle. CONCLUSIONS: Soldering did not improve the casting misfit of a three-unit implant-retained FPD model. Metal-ceramic implant frameworks should be oxidized before intraoral fit evaluation.
A Content Analysis of Print News Coverage of Media Violence and Aggression Research

We conducted a content analysis of news articles (N = 540) to examine whether news coverage of media violence accurately reflects scientific knowledge about exposure to media violence and its effects on viewer aggression. The analysis revealed that over the past 30 years, news articles generally suggested that a link between media violence and aggression exists. However, the tone shifted sharply back toward a neutral conclusion since 2000. This shift may be attributable to the type of medium discussed (e.g., television vs. video games), the number of unaffiliated sources that are cited in the news article, and the sex of the journalist. Implications for how this news coverage may influence news readers are discussed.
Animating human athletics

This paper describes algorithms for the animation of male and female models performing three dynamic athletic behaviors: running, bicycling, and vaulting. We animate these behaviors using control algorithms that cause a physically realistic model to perform the desired maneuver. For example, control algorithms allow the simulated humans to maintain balance while moving their arms, to run or bicycle at a variety of speeds, and to perform two vaults. For each simulation, we compare the computed motion to that of humans performing similar maneuvers. We perform the comparison both qualitatively through real and simulated video images and quantitatively through simulated and biomechanical data.
Sequence schedules of reinforcement

The performance of pigeons was studied under a second-order schedule composed of fixed-interval components, each of which was associated with a different discriminative stimulus, the stimuli occurring in a fixed order. In one condition, food presentation followed the completion of the fourth component. This was designated a fixed-ratio sequence schedule. In another condition, responses in the first component completed after a fixed time were reinforced. This was designated a fixed-interval sequence schedule. Although the stimulus order and maximum reinforcement frequency were identical under the two schedules, considerably more responding occurred under the fixed-interval sequence schedule in all components. Relatively few food presentations occurred after responding during any but the terminal components of the fixed-interval sequence schedule, a feature independent of the parameter values investigated. In addition, while a pattern of increased responding between food presentations prevailed under both schedules, under the fixed-interval sequence schedule the rate in the terminal component was frequently less than in the penultimate component. The fixed-interval sequence schedule appeared to have several properties of simple fixed-interval schedules.
Spatial Analysis of Water Use in Oregon, USA, 1985–2005

Water use patterns are not distributed evenly over space and time. Determining the amount of water used within a region, as well as the various ways in which water is used is important for making adequate and sustainable water management policies and determining future water availability. We examined differences in spatial trends in Oregon freshwater use (total, municipal, and agricultural water withdrawals), by county, between the years 1985 and 2005. We also explored biophysical and socioeconomic factors that explain spatial patterns using Moran’s I, local index of spatial autocorrelation (LISA), and spatial regression models. There was a moderate positive spatial autocorrelation among counties that had similar total and irrigation withdrawals. LISA analysis identified hot spots between certain arid agricultural counties in the southeastern Oregon and cold spots between certain humid northwestern counties, including within the Portland metro area. Annual precipitation and income are negatively associated with total water withdrawals. Summer temperature and farm size is positively associated with irrigation water withdrawals, while net cash return and income are negatively associated with irrigation water withdrawals. When compared to ordinary least square regression models, spatial error models that take into account spatial dependence provide a more comprehensive explanation of the variations of water use, suggesting that water resource planning and management should incorporate spatial and neighborhood effects to effective manage limited natural resources.
Marketing planning for colleges and universities

Abstract History proves that institutions of higher education have been notoriously slow in adapting to changes in their environments, especially in their student-markets' needs. It is time for them to employ the techniques of strategic marketing planning used by the business sector. With adjustments made for their nonprofit nature and without comprising their cultural responsibilities, institutions of higher education could clearly better serve their students, benefactors, and communities by developing an ongoing system of environmental analysis and by acting on the insight they gain. This article demonstrates how institutions of higher education can implement strategic marketing planning. Frequent references are made to actual situations.
Markedness and Salience in Second‐Language Acquisition

This paper examines the acquisition of a typologically marked construction, preposition stranding, and its unmarked counterpart, preposition pied piping, by learners of English as a second language. Acquisition data from 95 college-age learners show unequivocally that preposition stranding (the marked form) is acquired before preposition pied piping (the unmarked form). This apparent counterexample to the markedness hypothesis, which predicts that unmarked forms should be acquired before marked forms, suggests that a second factor, salience, also plays a role in determining acquisition order.
Obesity: A Bibliographic Review

The study of obesity is a relatively new interdisciplinary academic field. The community college library shelves should contain two types of resources. First, several kinds of reference materials, and second, a host of broader materials that place the discussion of obesity within a cultural framework. This overview is divided into two major sections, the first is reference materials, the second is a list of useful and current monographs that discuss the societal implications of obesity.
Nucleotides induce higher order chromatin degradation.

Higher order chromatin degradation (HOCD) is a stepwise dismantling of the genome through the excision of chromatin loops and their oligomers at matrix attachment regions (MARs) during the early stages of programmed cell death. Although HOCD ultimately leads to the inactivation of the genome and cell death, a partial HOCD in cells receiving sublethal signals may result in the loss of genetic stability leading to neoplasia, degeneration, and aging. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in HOCD. Nuclei isolated from rat glioma C6 cells were able to carry poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation as assessed by the incorporation of 32P-NAD+ into TCA-insoluble fraction. Under the same experimental conditions, millimolar NAD+ induced rapid HOCD in nuclei. However, while poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation was totally abrogated by specific inhibitor, benzamide, NAD+-induced HOCD was unaffected. Benzamide also failed to inhibit HOCD induced by H2O2 exposure in intact cells. These results indicate that HOCD is not mediated through chromatin poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, and that NAD+ activates MAR-associated endonuclease or facilitates the access of the enzyme to DNA by other mechanisms. Furthermore, other nucleotides including NADP+, ATP, UTP, GTP, and CTP were also found to induce HOCD in isolated nuclei indicating that HOCD is controlled by nucleotide-related ligands.
Cardiac Changes in the Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Fetus

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which complicates approximately 3% to 10% of all pregnancies leads to preferential hemodynamic changes in affected fetuses. Advanced ultrasound modalities allow reliable and reproducible assessment of the intrauterine fetal cardiac function. Among other methods, combined cardiac output, individual ventricular ejection forces, E/A ratio, and Tei index can be utilized to quantify fetal heart function. While systolic ejection forces significantly increase with advancing gestational age in normal fetuses, there is a significant decline in the systolic function in IUGR fetuses. From the diastolic cardiac function point, IUGR fetuses have significantly lower left and right ventricular diastolic filling without significant changes in diastolic function. Overall, IUGR fetuses demonstrate progressive hemodynamic changes. It appears that there is an earlier and more pronounced right than left and diastolic than systolic fetal cardiac function deterioration in growth-restricted fetuses.
Thermal performance of mechanical face seal with built-in heat pipe

Performance of a prototype mechanical face seal with built-in heat pipe is experimentally evaluated. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using phase change to remove frictional heating and thus reduce interfacial temperature. In this design, the heat pipe is integrated into the seal mating ring and there is no need to modify the gland design or the flush arrangement. The experimental results show that by means of phase change, this design is capable of significantly reducing the temperature at the seal rings’ interface. To gain insight into the heat transfer enhancement of the heat pipe mating ring, a one-dimensional steady-state heat transfer analysis is applied to predict the ring wall temperature distribution and to estimate the saturated vapor temperature. The effective thermal conductivity of heat pipe mating ring is estimated. These results of prediction are in good agreement with experimental measurements.
BRANDAID: A Marketing-Mix Model, Part 1: Structure

Marketing managers make decisions about price, advertising, promotion, and other marketing variables on the basis of factual data, judgments, and assumptions about how the market works. BRANDAID is a flexible, on-line model for assembling these elements to describe the market and evaluate strategies. This paper motivates the model and presents its mathematics. The structure is modular so that individual decision areas can be added or deleted at will. The model is of the aggregate response type, in which decision variables relate closely to specific sales performance measures. The major submodels are advertising, promotion, price, salesmen, and retail distribution. The advertising submodel employs a long-run sales response to advertising function and a linear lag process. Promotional effects are built up from a characteristic time pattern for the type of promotion and a response curve. Salesman affect sales through a response process structurally similar to that for advertising. Retail distribution variables are intermediaries that the company affects and that in turn affect customer response. Submodel outputs combine multiplicatively. Competition enters in a modular, symmetric way through a matrix of competitive coefficients that determine the source of sales for each brand as it seeks to increase its market position.
Potassium Hydride–Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide

(KH) [7693-26-7] HK (MW 40.11) InChI = 1S/K.H InChIKey = NTTOTNSKUYCDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (HMPA) [680-31-9] C6H18N3OP (MW 179.24) InChI = 1S/C6H18N3OP/c1-7(2)11(10,8(3)4)9(5)6/h1-6H3 InChIKey = GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (strong base used for the deprotonation of alcohols, ketones, and silanes; HMPA appears to facilitate subsequent transformations such as fragmentations and sigmatropic rearrangements) Physical Data: see entries for Potassium Hydride and Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide.
Profile-guided proactive garbage collection for locality optimization

Many applications written in garbage collected languages have large dynamic working sets and poor data locality. We present a new system for continuously improving program data locality at run time with low overhead. Our system proactively reorganizes the heap by leveraging the garbage collector and uses profile information collected through a low-overhead mechanism to guide the reorganization at run time. The key contributions include making a case that garbage collection should be viewed as a proactive technique for improving data locality by triggering garbage collection for locality optimization independently of normal garbage collection for space, combining page and cache locality optimization in the same system, and demonstrating that sampling provides sufficiently detailed data access information to guide both page and cache locality optimization with low runtime overhead. We present experimental results obtained by modifying a commercial, state-of-the-art garbage collector to support our claims. Independently triggering garbage collection for locality optimization significantly improved optimizations benefits. Combining page and cache locality optimizations in the same system provided larger average execution time improvements (17%) than either alone (page 8%, cache 7%). Finally, using sampling limited profiling overhead to less than 3%, on average.