cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flamelet Modeling for Supersonic Combustion

Flamelet models have proven useful in enabling fast and accurate simulations of subsonic turbulent combustion. However, in supersonic combustion, these models face many challenges. The current work presents an a priori analysis of the steady flamelet model using the HIFiRE Direct Connect Rig (HDCR) dual-mode scramjet combustor. The analysis uses Reynolds-averaged simulation (RAS) data obtained with a finite-rate reaction mechanism to assess some of the flamelet model assumptions. Two flight conditions are numerically simulated: Mach 5.84 and Mach 8. These conditions cover a range of combustion phenomena that could be expected to occur in a scramjet engine during flight. The analysis reveals that both nonpremixed and premixed combustion occur in the HDCR combustor. In addition, under some conditions, strong finite-rate effects are also present. These physical aspects could be readily modeled with existing flamelet techniques, however, the effects of variable pressure, wall heat transfer, and flamelet equation boundary conditions are more challenging to address. The latter three elements present the key barriers to utilizing flamelets for supersonic combustion simulations. Although techniques to address these additional challenges are limited, a few perspectives are provided highlighting physics-based requirements in the context of flamelet modeling.
The myonuclear DNA methylome in response to an acute hypertrophic stimulus.

In addition to multi-nucleated muscle fibres, numerous resident and infiltrating mononuclear cells populate the muscle compartment. As most epigenetic assays in skeletal muscle are conducted on who...
Optimism and alienation – colour schemes and soundscapes as means for the social construction of risk in climate education videos

While the field of climate change communication has become increasingly interested in visual representations, there has been a lack of research that attempts to capture the breadth and variety of s...
A Lagrangian fluctuation–dissipation relation for scalar turbulence. Part II. Wall-bounded flows

We derive here Lagrangian fluctuation–dissipation relations for advected scalars in wall-bounded flows. The relations equate the dissipation rate for either passive or active scalars to the variance of scalar inputs from the initial values, boundary values and internal sources, as those are sampled backward in time by stochastic Lagrangian trajectories. New probabilistic concepts are required to represent scalar boundary conditions at the walls: the boundary local-time density at points on the wall where scalar fluxes are imposed and the boundary first hitting time at points where scalar values are imposed. These concepts are illustrated both by analytical results for the problem of pure heat conduction and by numerical results from a database of channel-flow turbulence, which also demonstrate the scalar mixing properties of near-wall turbulence. As an application of the fluctuation–dissipation relation, we examine for wall-bounded flows the relation between anomalous scalar dissipation and Lagrangian spontaneous stochasticity, i.e. the persistent non-determinism of Lagrangian particle trajectories in the limit of vanishing viscosity and diffusivity. In Part I of this series, we showed that spontaneous stochasticity is the only possible mechanism for anomalous dissipation of passive or active scalars, away from walls. Here it is shown that this remains true when there are no scalar fluxes through walls. Simple examples show, on the other hand, that a distinct mechanism of non-vanishing scalar dissipation can be thin scalar boundary layers near the walls. Nevertheless, we prove for general wall-bounded flows that spontaneous stochasticity is another possible mechanism of anomalous scalar dissipation.
Attractors in Dynamical Systems

Mathematical and physical dissipative systems occur naturally; for example in heat diffusion and viscous fluid flow, some of the kinetic energy dissipates into heat. Due to the presence of wandering sets, in general dissipative systems exhibit complicated dynamics on some part of the domain. Loosely speaking, an attractor is “where the wandering sets end up,” and this set of points can take many forms. The subject of attractors in dynamical systems provides an important connection between measure theoretic and topological dynamics. There are several definitions of attractors that have evolved over the years, and we give two here that are closely related under our standing assumption that we always work on standard spaces. When μ(X) = ∞, Example 2.17 shows that ergodicity does not imply conservativity. Indeed, there are many important examples of maps that are ergodic but dissipative. Among these are certain unimodal maps of the interval from well-studied families ([19], and see also Section 3.3.1), and other more exotic unimodal interval maps [28]. Fluid flows offer physical examples of dissipative dynamical systems whose ergodic properties remain mostly open problems.
Perceptions That Influence Acupuncture Use in Hospice Settings: Results of a State-Wide Survey Study.

Background: Acupuncture is an effective and low-risk therapy for a wide spectrum of medical conditions. In the hospice setting, where comfort is the top priority, acupuncture could play a vital role in reducing symptom burden at the end of life. Objective: This state-wide survey study explored perceived barriers to acupuncture use in the hospice setting from acupuncturist and hospice staff perspectives. Specific barriers addressed included insurance coverage/funding for acupuncture, lack of knowledge of acupuncture as a therapeutic modality, and perceived insufficient evidence base for acupuncture. Materials and Methods: Acupuncturists and hospice staff in Oregon were recruited by e-mail and/or telephone to complete their survey. Results: Among acupuncturists, a response rate of 50% was obtained. The response rate of hospice staff could not be obtained. There were a total of 270 providers and hospice staff (102 acupuncturists, 16 hospice doctors, 14 hospice directors, 93 hospice nurses, 30 hospice social workers, and 15 hospice chaplains). The majority of acupuncturists (76% and 89%, respectively) and hospice staff (59% and 82%, respectively) strongly agreed or somewhat agreed that insurance coverage/funding for acupuncture and lack of knowledge of acupuncture as a therapeutic modality are important barriers. With respect to the perceived evidence base for acupuncture, the majority of acupuncturists (91%) and hospice staff (69%) strongly agreed or somewhat agreed that acupuncture can help provide a higher quality of life for hospice patients, although knowledge of specific conditions amenable to acupuncture among acupuncturists and hospice staff varied. Conclusions: From the acupuncturist and hospice staff perspectives, insurance coverage/funding for acupuncture, lack of knowledge of acupuncture as a therapeutic modality, and perceived insufficient evidence base for acupuncture are primary barriers to the use of acupuncture in hospice care. Increased awareness/education about acupuncture in the hospice setting, as well as improved funding structures, is critical.
Validation of National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines (NCCN) at a single institution.

e20556Background: Invasive mediastinal staging is necessary to identify locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We sought to validate NCCN guidelines for invasive mediastinal staging. ...
Pollinators contribute to the maintenance of flowering plant diversity.

Mechanisms that favour rare species are key to the maintenance of diverse communities1–3. One of the most critical tasks for conservation of flowering plant biodiversity is to understand how plant–pollinator interactions contribute to the maintenance of rare species4–7. Here we show that niche partitioning in pollinator use and asymmetric facilitation confer fitness advantage of rarer species in a biodiversity hotspot using phylogenetic structural equation modelling that integrates plant–pollinator and interspecific pollen transfer networks with floral functional traits. Co-flowering species filtered pollinators via floral traits, and rarer species showed greater pollinator specialization leading to higher pollination-mediated male and female fitness than more abundant species. When plants shared pollinator resources, asymmetric facilitation via pollen transport dynamics benefitted the rarer species at the cost of more abundant species, serving as an alternative diversity-promoting mechanism. Our results emphasize the importance of community-wide plant–pollinator interactions that affect reproduction for biodiversity maintenance. The authors show that plant–pollinator interactions confer a fitness advantage to rare plant species in a biodiversity hotspot.
Guided Image Art Therapy as a Problem-based Learning Tool for Stress Reduction within the Context of a Scientific Literacy Course

This research article describes a method for integrating stress reduction methods and skills into a university curriculum with the dual intention scientific literacy instruction and development of lifelong skills in biofeedback regulation and stress reduction. Twenty-one university students enrolled in a scientific literacy course were introduced to Bloom’s Taxonomy of educational objectives for higher order thinking processes, and subsequently encouraged to apply these higher cognitive levels of thinking to scientific method and scientific inquiry. Students and instructor designed a study, Pulse “As a Surrogate Marker for Biofeedback Regulation”, in which students became the study subjects. Students were instructed on taking pulse measurements and were assessed by instructor and by laboratory partner for skill in pulse measurement. In the second phase of this case-control study, students participated in a 50 minute guided image art therapy session. Each student acted as his/her case control, measuring pulse pre-art therapy to establish a baseline, and then measuring pulse post-art therapy session. Results revealed a clinically significant reduction in pulse in 19 of 21 student subjects. A clinically significant difference in pulse was set at greater than 5 beats per minute in difference of the mean comparison of pulse preand post-art therapy session. In conclusion, this exercise fulfilled the requirements of instruction in scientific inquiry, while offering students new mechanisms for controlling stress and regulating their individual biofeedback mechanisms. This model may serve as a template for instructional courses. The exercise was well received by students.
American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War

1. Prologue Part I. The People's Sovereignty in the States: 2. Revolutionary constitutionalism 3. Grass-roots self-government: America's early determinist movements 4. Revolutionary tensions: 'friends of government' confront 'the regulators' in Massachusetts Part II. The Sovereign Behind the Federal Constitution: 5. The federal constitution and the effort to constrain the people 6. Testing the constitutionalism of 1787: the Whiskey 'Rebellion' in Pennsylvania 7. Federal sovereignty: competing views of the federal constitution Part III. The Struggle over a Constitutional Middle Ground: 8. The collective sovereign persists: the people's constitution in Rhode Island 9. Epilogue.
The Potential Contribution of Mentor Programs to Relational Permanency for Youth Aging out of Foster Care.

This article summarizes published research regarding the effectiveness of mentor programs in general, and for youth in foster care specifically, as a basis for evidence-based practice in child welfare. It examines the pros and cons of mentor programs and characteristics of programs that are more or less effective for achieving specific social goals. The author explores the opportunity cost of investments in transitional mentor programs versus efforts to find permanent parents for youth aging out of care, and concludes with practice and policy implications of these findings.
Women's Religious Affiliation in the Jōdo Shinshū

How can we talk about female religious professionals in a non-celibate Buddhist tradition with no formal ordination or convents for nuns? Is there any distinction between laywomen and nuns? In this survey essay, I summarize the body of research on women in the Jōdo Shinshū (True Pure Land Buddhism) to highlight the importance of women's roles as wives and mothers to their identities as religious professionals. On the other hand, laywomen in this tradition are notable for their organization into all-female confraternities, and later into modern women's associations, whose members were voracious consumers of religious educational literature. I conclude the essay by pointing the way for future scholarship on these subjects and exploring the potential contributions of this theme to our understanding of women in Buddhism more broadly.
Health disparities among Latina/o adolescents in urban and rural schools: Educators' perspectives

This qualitative pilot study examined health disparities among rural and urban Latina/o adolescents from the perspective of middle and high school administrators, counselors, nurses, and teachers. Participants were asked to describe Latina/o health disparities in their schools, reasons attributed to health disparities, and school-based interventions for addressing health disparities. Focus group participants reported that common health disparities for Latina/o youth in rural and urban settings include poor vision care and high teenage pregnancy rates. However, participants reported differences in physical health and mental health disparities, as well as differences in social-cultural-economic contributors to disparities and school-based interventions.
Development of a method for the determination of cefovecin in plasma by HPLC.

A simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of cefovecin in small volume plasma has been developed. Following solid-phase extraction using Oasis HLB cartridges, samples were separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on an XBridge C8 (3.5 µm) 4.6 × 250 mm column and quantified using ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. The mobile phase was a mixture of 10 mm ammonium acetate (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile (89:11), with a flow rate of 0.85 mL/min. The standard curve ranged from 0.1 to 200 µg/mL. Intra- and Inter-assay variability for cefovecin was 90%. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.1 µg/mL. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of cefovecin samples at our institution. This is also the first fully validated method with an internal standard that does not use mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ultra-low-energy, variation-tolerant fpga architecture using component-specific mapping

As feature sizes scale toward atomic limits, parameter variation continues to increase, leading to increased margins in both delay and energy. Parameter variation both slows down devices and causes devices to fail. For applications that require high performance, the possibility of very slow devices on critical paths forces designers to reduce clock speed in order to meet timing. For an important and emerging class of applications that target energy-minimal operation at the cost of delay, the impact of variation-induced defects at very low voltages mandates the sizing up of transistors and operation at higher voltages to maintain functionality. With post-fabrication configurability, FPGAs have the opportunity to self-measure the impact of variation, determining the speed and functionality of each individual resource. Given that information, a delay-aware router can use slow devices on non-critical paths, fast devices on critical paths, and avoid known defects. By mapping each component individually and customizing designs to a component's unique physical characteristics, we demonstrate that we can eliminate delay margins and reduce energy margins caused by variation. To quantify the potential benefit we might gain from component-specific mapping, we first measure the margins associated with parameter variation, and then focus primarily on the energy benefits of FPGA delay-aware routing over a wide range of predictive technologies (45 nm–12 nm) for the Toronto20 benchmark set. We show that relative to delay-oblivious routing, delay-aware routing without any significant optimizations can reduce minimum energy/operation by 1.72× at 22 nm. We demonstrate how to construct an FPGA architecture specifically tailored to further increase the minimum energy savings of component-specific mapping by using the following techniques: power gating, gate sizing, interconnect sparing, and LUT remapping. With all optimizations considered we show a minimum energy/operation savings of 2.66× at 22 nm, or 1.68–2.95× when considered across 45–12 nm. As there are many challenges to measuring resource delays and mapping per chip, we discuss methods that may make component-specific mapping more practical. We demonstrate that a simpler, defect-aware routing achieves 70% of the energy savings of delay-aware routing. Finally, we show that without variation tolerance, scaling from 16 nm to 12 nm results in a net increase in minimum energy/operation; component-specific mapping, however, can extend minimum energy/operation scaling to 12 nm and possibly beyond.
Resonant frequency of Hilbert curve fractal antennas

An approximate formulation for the resonant frequency of a dipole Hilbert curve fractal antenna (HCFA) is derived here. These can be used as small resonant antennas, useful in VHF/UHF communication. The formulas presented here can be appropriately inverted to obtain the design equations for the antenna, for a given resonant frequency.
Memory Effects and Stereochemistry in Multiple Carbonium Ion Rearrangements

The stereochemical configuration at the initial site of heterolysis in a carbonium ion process in solution controls the specificity of migration two steps later in many sequential multiple rearrangements. These “memory effects” are attributable to the presence on the potential energy surface of small, hitherto undetectable minima. A variety of structural, stereochemical, and isotopic marking techniques are used to demonstrate that memory effects are a general feature of the ring-expansion route to bicyclic carbonium ions. The intermediates formed in these reactions, although necessarily symmetrical or quasi-symmetrical at equilibrium, act unsymmetrically. The memory effect uses the rate of an intramolecular carbonium ion rearrangement as a calibration with which to compare the rate of symmetrization. In this way, the system functions as a sensor of sub-species.
Grass Species and Cultivar Effects on Establishment of Grass–White Clover Mixtures

Grasses may differ in their compatibility with white clover (Trifolium repens L.) during establishment. We conducted greenhouse and field experiments to evaluate the compatibility of early- and late-maturing cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) with 'Will' white clover during establishment. Monocultures and binary mixtures of each cultivar with white clover were established from seed in pots in two greenhouse studies. After an initial harvest at 6 wk of growth, plants were harvested every 2 or 4 wk at a 4- or 8-cm height for 8 wk. The same monocultures and mixtures were planted in field plots and harvested twice at 4 or 8 cm after an 11-wk establishment period. White clover produced more (P < 0.05) stolon + leaf mass and clover proportion of herbage yield was greater when grown with early-maturing than with late-maturing grass cultivars in the field and greenhouse. This indicates that early-maturity grasses were more compatible with white clover. Individual perennial ryegrass plants had about twice as many tillers per plant (P < 0.01) and yielded 24% more (P < 0.01) dry matter than orchardgrass in mixture with clover. Perennial ryegrass-clover mixtures yielded 20% more herbage and had 40% more tillers per unit area than orchardgrass-clover in the field. Clover plants in monoculture were heavier and more complex in structure than plants in mixture in both field and greenhouse. We conclude that maturity of grass cultivars has an effect on white clover establishment and that early-maturing cultivars of perennial ryegrass or orchardgrass are more compatible with Will white clover during the establishment phase.
Stereospecific bioactions of 5-hydroxyicosatetraenoate

5(S)-Hydroxyicosatetraenoate stimulates human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to raise their cytosolic calcium. It also potentiates the cells' degranulation responses to platelet-activating factor and diacylglycerols. We synthesized 5(R)-hydroxyicosatetraenoate and found it to be 20–100-fold weaker than the natural isomer in these assays. Thus, the arachidonic acid metabolite activates PMNs by a stereospecific possibly receptor-mediated mechanism.
An approximate procedure for predicting the evolution of crystallographic texture in bulk deformation processing of fcc metals

Abstract An approximate procedure for predicting the evolution of crystallographic texture during bulk deformation processing of fcc materials is proposed. The two steps in the proposed procedure are: (1) extract the history of the local deformation gradient in the neighborhood of a material point of interest with a finite element calculation using an isotropic plasticity model ; (2) use this deformation gradient history in a separate Taylor-type polycrystal model calculation outside the finite element procedure , to predict the evolution of crystallographic texture at the material point of interest. Using this approximate but quicker procedure we have simulated two different plane-strain forgings of initially isotropic OFHC copper, and evaluated the accuracy of the procedure by comparing predictions for the overall load-displacement curves and texture evolution against corresponding experimental results. The two-step approximate procedure is shown to work well for the high-symmetry fcc copper formed in closed dies.
On the theory of radical depolymerization: A rigorous solution

A rigorous solution to a model of radical depolymerization is presented. The model includes random chain scission, depropagation, radical transfer, and first-order radical termination. The evolution of the molecular weight distribution in the course of depolymerization has been determined under the condition that the initial polymer is characterized by Flory's distribution. The kinetic equations consider the presence of chains with two radicalized ends, which are usually neglected. The commonly used simplifying assumption of the steady-state radical concentration is not employed, and this makes the obtained results valid at any ratios between the rate constants. The predictions of the steady-state approximation are compared to those of the rigorous approach in the case of depolymerization accompanied by volatilization of monomeric species.
Role of buried cracks in mitigating strain in crack free GaN grown on Si (1 1 1) employing AlN interlayer schemes

This paper investigates the effect of buried cracks in the AlN interlayer buffer on mitigation of the large, tensile, thermal expansion mismatch strain in the GaN/Si system, which is a key hurdle for achieving crack free GaN epitaxy on silicon. The thermally induced strain is determined by temperature-dependent, high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements carried out from room temperature up to the growth temperature. It is found that in addition to the balancing effect of compressive lattice-mismatch strain induced by the AlN interlayers, buried cracks in the AlN interlayer region can also relax some of the thermal expansion mismatch strain through elastic distortion at crack edges. The degree of relaxation is dependent on the spacing-to-height aspect ratio of the buried cracks, consistent with prediction of crack-edge-induced relaxation models.
A real-time model predictive control for building heating and cooling systems based on the occupancy behavior pattern detection and local weather forecasting

Current research studies show that building heating, cooling and ventilation energy consumption account for nearly 40% of the total building energy use in the U.S. The potential for saving energy through building control systems varies from 5% to 20% based on recent market surveys. This papers introduces and illustrates a methodology for integrated building heating and cooling control to reduce energy consumption and maintain indoor temperature set-point, based on the prediction of occupant behavior patterns and local weather conditions. Advanced machine learning methods including Adaptive Gaussian Process, Hidden Markov Model, Episode Discovery and Semi-Markov Model are modified and implemented into this study. A Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) is designed and implemented in real-time based on dynamic programming. The experiment test-bed is setup in the Solar House, with over 100 sensor points measuring indoor environmental parameters, power consumption and ambient conditions. The experiments are carried out for two continuous months in the heating season and for a week in the cooling season. The results show that there is a 30.1% measured energy reduction in the heating season compared with the conventional scheduled temperature set-points, and 17.8% energy reduction in the cooling season.
Comparative Evaluation of Two Pharmaceutical Binders in the Wet Granulation of Hydrochlorothiazide Lycatab™ Dsh Versus Kollidon® 30

LYCATAB ** DSH, a new pharmaceutical binder for the wet granulation process, was compared to KOLLIDON R K30, a frequently used povidone binder. Formulations containing 5% binder were prepared under the same processing conditions. Granule, compaction, ejection, and tablet properties, were evaluated to characterize differences between the two binders. Both binders produced end-products of similar quality. The LYCATAB however, produced a system which exhibited better granule friability, companion profile, and ejection profile. This indicates that LYCATAB produced a more robust system when compared to KOLLIDON R
Scientific computing in the age of complexity

Climate modeling has come a long way since von Neumann declared it a problem too hard for pencil and paper, but tailor-made for the new digital computers. As the models and computers both evolve toward ever-greater complexity, they are changing our notions of digital simulation itself.
Endovascular Treatment of Chronic Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Associated with Hemodialysis Access A Case Report

Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome was first described in 1757 by William Hunter as a complication of a syphilitic aneurysm. With the advent of antibiotics, 74% to 93% of reported cases are now secondary to a malignant process. Benign causes include goiter, mediastinal fibrosis, pericardial constriction, Behcet's disease, polyarteritis nodosa, and thrombosis secondary to catheter placement, most notably pacing wires. This case report describes a patient who was diagnosed with chronic SVC syndrome after multiple hemodialysis access procedures were performed over a short span of time. The patient is a fifty-five-year-old man with hypertension and end-stage renal disease, etiology unknown, who presented with left upper limb swelling one week after placement of an arteriovenous (AV) graft in his left forearm. One month prior he had had an AV fistula created in the left distal forearm. Owing to difficulty in accessing the fistula, a Shiley catheter was placed in the left internal jugular vein for temporary dialysis. The AV graft was placed later that week. He presented the following week with progressive left upper limb edema associated with limitation of hand movement and pain/numbness of the fingers. The pain was relieved with upper limb elevation.
Effects of Cu on the crystallization behaviour of amorphous Fe71Cr15Mo4B10

Following the approach of earlier studies which have demonstrated that nanocrystalline microstructures can be produced in soft magnetic alloys through the addition of one percent of Cu to Fe based amorphous precursor alloys, it is demonstrated that substantial grain refinement can be produced in alloys of interest for structural applications. Grain sizes of approximately 50 nm were produced in the alloy Fe70Cr15Mo4B10Cu1. Such grain sizes should permit superplastic consolidation of powder or flake at reasonable rates with moderate die pressures at temperatures in the vicinity of 650 °C.
Modes of Power in Technical and Professional Visuals.

Treating visuals as sites of power inscription, the authors advance a Foucauldian design model based on the Panopticon—Bentham's late-eighteenth-century architectural figure for empowerment based on bimodal surveillance. Numerous examples serve in demonstrating that maximum effectiveness results when visuals foster simultaneous viewing in the two panoptic modes, the synoptic and the analytic. The panoptic theory of visual design is shown to be compatible with many privilegings in the literature of visual design that have hitherto appeared ad hoc and undertheorized, with relations masked by the disparate terminologies employed. The limitations of panoptic theory are located in its neglect of oppositional practices—seen as the most compelling horizon for research on the empowerment of designer and viewer through visual design.
Towards understanding the mechanism for the selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to tetrahydrofuran over palladium

Abstract First-principles density functional (DFT) quantum chemical calculations were carried out to understand the overall energetics for the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to tetrahydrofuran (THF), over a Pd(1 1 1) cluster model. The calculated vapor phase structures and vibrational frequencies for maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, γ-butyrolactone and THF compare well with the reported experimental X-ray crystal structure data and infrared (IR) frequency measurements. The overall reaction energies for vapor phase maleic anhydride hydrogenation to THF, determined using DFT, are within 5 kcal/mol of the enthalpies of reaction, based on standard heats of formation. The adsorption structures for maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, γ-butyrolactone, THF, water and atomic hydrogen were completely optimized on a fixed Pd(12,7) cluster model of the Pd(1 1 1) surface. The binding energies for maleic anhydride on the Pd19 cluster in the di-σ, π and η1 adsorption modes were −83, −34 and −28 kJ/mol, respectively. The computed adsorption energy and vibrational frequencies for di-σ bound maleic anhydride on Pd(1 1 1) are in good agreement with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) measurements of Xu and Goodman [Langmuir 12 (1996) 1807-1816]. Preliminary calculations indicate that the most favorable adsorption mode for succinic anhydride, γ-butyrolactone, THF and water on Pd(1 1 1) is η1, with binding energies of −28, −38, −45 and −30 kJ/mol, respectively. The energetically most stable adsorption site for atomic hydrogen on the Pd(1 1 1) surface is the 3-fold fcc site, with a binding energy of −257 kJ/mol. Towards understanding the detailed reaction mechanism on Pd(1 1 1), we have postulated elementary reaction pathways for C–H bond formation in maleic anhydride hydrogenation and the ring opening reaction of maleic anhydride on Pd(1 1 1). The DFT-computed activation barrier for C–H bond formation in maleic anhydride hydrogenation to maleic anhydryl on a Pd19 cluster is +82 kJ/mol and the energy of reaction is −9 kJ/mol. The ring opening reaction of maleic anhydride on Pd(1 1 1) has an activation barrier of +163 kJ/mol and is endothermic by 90 kJ/mol. The activation barrier on Re(0 0 0 1), however, is only +80 kJ/mol, whereas the reaction is exothermic by −96 kJ/mol. These results are consistent with the observations from UHV experiments.
Autonomous molecular cascades for evaluation of cell surfaces

Molecular automata are mixtures of molecules that undergo precisely defined structural changes in response to sequential interactions with inputs. Previously studied nucleic acid-based automata include game-playing molecular devices (MAYA automata) and finite-state automata for the analysis of nucleic acids, with the latter inspiring circuits for the analysis of RNA species inside cells. Here, we describe automata based on strand-displacement cascades directed by antibodies that can analyse cells by using their surface markers as inputs. The final output of a molecular automaton that successfully completes its analysis is the presence of a unique molecular tag on the cell surface of a specific subpopulation of lymphocytes within human blood cells.
Thermodynamic properties of nucleotide reductase reactions.

Recent thermodynamic measurements have made it possible to calculate the apparent equilibrium constants of the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase reaction and the ribonucleoside triphosphate redu...
Exploiting P2P systems for DDoS attacks

When a P2P system has millions of concurrently active peers, there is the risk that it could serve as a DDoS engine for attacks against a targeted host. In this paper we describe two approaches to creating a DDoS engine out of a P2P system: the first involves poisoning the distributed index in the peers; the second involves poisoning the routing tables in the peers. For both approaches, the targeted host does not have to be a participant in the P2P system, and could be a web server, a mail server, or a user's desktop. We then examine these two poisoning attacks in Overnet, a popular DHT-based P2P file-sharing system. By using limited poisoning attacks of short duration on Overnet's indexing and routing tables, we create DDoS attacks against a targeted host. We find that with modest effort, both DDoS attacks can direct significant traffic from diverse peers to the target.
Personality Characteristics of Patients with Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction (MPD) Syndrome Unresponsive to Conventional Therapy

The composite MMPI profiles of 42 successfully-treated and 42 unsuccessfully-treated female patients with MPD syndrome were compared statistically. The profiles did not differ in configuration, but that of the unsuccessful patients was significantly higher than that of the successful group, indicating a greater degree of emotional distress. The pattern of deviation from normal for both groups was diagnostic of a psychophysiological disorder marked by repression and somatization.
Optical pumping in indium phosphide: 31P NMR measurements and potential for signal enhancement in biological solid state NMR.

Abstract The initial results of optically-pumped, directly-detected NMR experiments on InP are reported. At low temperatures (4.2 K and above) and in a 9.39 T magnetic field, irradiation of a sample of an undoped InP wafer with 835-nm-wavelength light from a diode laser enhances the spin polarization of 31 P nuclei near the sample surface in a manner that depends on the polarization of the light. The nuclear spin polarization is monitored by direct radio-frequency detection of nuclear free induction-decay signals. The maximum nuclear spin polarization 〈 S zn 〉 generated by optical pumping is approximately −0.004, corresponding to a spin temperature of −0.5 K. The nuclear spin polarization may be limited in these experiments by the use of a high photon energy (1.484 eV) relative to the InP band gap (1.423 eV at low temperatures). It is proposed that optically-pumped InP may be useful as a source of enhanced nuclear spin polarizations for solid state NMR measurements on organic and biological overlayers deposited on InP substrates. Estimates are given for the magnitude of the spin polarization and the efficiency of the polarization transfer from the semiconductor substrate to the overlayer that would be required to permit solid state NMR measurements on sub-nanomole quantities of molecules in the overlayer. These estimates appear well within the range of possibility.
Thermoelectric Properties of Bismuth Telluride and its Alloys

PREVIOUS publications from this Laboratory have described the progress made with bismuth telluride in connexion with thermoelectric refrigeration or generation. With a thermo-junction between p-type bismuth telluride and bismuth the maximum temperature difference obtained1 was 26° C., and between p- and n-type bismuth telluride2 40°C. This corresponded with a figure of merit 0.0335 degree–1/2. Here η is the thermoelectric power, σ the electrical conductivity, and K the thermal conductivity.
The application of fine-grained, tensile polysilicon to mechanicaly resonant transducers

Abstract Resonant force sensors are devices which convert axially applied forces to changes in resonant frequency. These structures are fundamentally wires or beams or more complicated structures which are in a vacuum envelope. They become interesting and useful if they can be miniaturized, can be fabricated from a single material in a cost effective manner and can be excited and read via simple techniques. The devices which are reported here satisfy most of the above criteria. The construction material involves a silicon substrate, tensile strain polysilicon films and strain-compensated silicon nitride deposits. Clamped-clamped beams of polysilicon, typically 400,μm long, 40,μm wide and 2μm thick are fabricated with an isoplanar process over an oxide filled tub. Low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposited (LPCVD) nitride is used as a second sacrificial layer which also serves to support a second polysilicon layer which is part of the vacuum envelope. Internal surface adhesion problems are avoided by freeze-sublimation procedures which remove surface tension-induced beam deflections. Passivation and sealing is accomplished via LPCVD nitride and reactive sealing. Excitation and sensing is accomplished via ion implanted resistors. Experimental results always produce quality factors, Q , above 35 000. Resonant frequencies to 750 kHz have been achieved. It is estimated that these devices can measure axially applied forces below 0.1 dyne with standard electronic interfaces.
ELF-1 Interacts with and Transactivates the IgH Enhancer π Site

Abstract We previously identified a B-cell-specific regulatory element in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) enhancer, π, with striking similarity to binding sites for ets-related transcription factors. Whereas the ability of ets-related factors to bind to and transactivate the π site has been substantiated, the identification of the particular member of the ets family responsible for B-cell-specific regulation of the π site has remained controversial. We have used antibodies specific for individual members of the ets family to evaluate which ets-related factor in B-cell nuclear extracts interacts with the IgH π site. We present strong evidence that ELF-1 is highly expressed in B-cells and is one of two major factors specifically interacting with the murine IgH enhancer π site in B-cell nuclear extracts. Binding of ELF-1 correlates with activity of the π site, since mutations abolishing function of π also inhibit binding of ELF-1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ELF-1 can transactivate the IgH enhancer in HeLa cells, suggesting a role for ELF-1 in B-cell-specific IgH gene expression.
Sex‐Related Differences in Adult Language Learning: Socialization and Memory Factors

which it is presented. For example, women attach great importance to expressing themselves verbally and men value facility with visual and spatial information--all socially sanctioned gender-appropriate behaviors learned by the respective gender groups. The school environment sheds further light on a broad scope of socialization experiences germane to sex differences in learning: role models, promotion of one gender group over another in specific discipline areas, and the importance attached to test-taking. All these social forces influence achievement to some
Metabolic Activation of the Potent Carcinogen Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene by cDNA-Expressed Human Cytochromes P450

The metabolic activation of the potent carcinogen dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DB[a,h]A) was investigated with recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2E1, 3A3, 3A4, and 3A5 expressed in hepatoma G2 cells and with 14 different human liver microsomes. Three dihydrodiols, three phenols, and one diphenol were formed and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by UV absorption and mass spectra. Of all P450s tested, 1A2 and 2C9 were the most active and 2B6 was moderately active in the rate of total DB[a,h]A metabolism (2.5- to 12-fold greater activity than that for other P450s). The trans-3,4-dihydrodiol, generally recognized as a precursor of the ultimate carcinogenic 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides, was produced most actively by 2C9, then 1A2 and 2B6. The values of enzymatic kinetics (K(m) and V(max)) indicated that 2C9 had the highest catalytic efficiency (V(max)/K(m) = 9.7) in the formation of 3,4-dihydrodiol, in contrast to 1A2 (5.9) and 2B6 (4.4). 1A2 had the highest activity toward production of the 1,2-dihydrodiol, which is considered to be a weakly carcinogenic metabolite. Although specific activities of human liver microsomes in overall metabolism of DB[a,h]A markedly differed between individuals, metabolic patterns were observed similar to that generated from 1A2. Since human 1A1, a predominant enzyme for metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is not significantly expressed in the liver, hepatic microsomal 2C9, 1A2, and 2B6 all probably contribute to the metabolic activation of DB[a,h]A.
Signal Fidelity in Radar Processing

Usually in a radar signal-processing scheme, the primary consideration is the geometrical resolution of the system, or, if a particular measurement is desired, the accuracy of the system. Thus a given signal-to-noise ratio may be sought in order to meet a simple detection requirement or a desired accuracy. Usually, beyond these simple criteria, the matter of signal amplitude fidelity is not particularly stressed. In many processes, however, signal fidelity can be an important consideration in evaluating the over-all effect on the observer. In this paper the loss of information caused by signal interference in correlation or matched filter techniques is evaluated in an approximate manner. This is related to the invariance of the total integral of the Woodward ambiguity function. Degradation of the desired signal due to the statistical fluctuation of the signal itself is also considered. The distinction between pre-detection integration, which is involved in the correlation process, and post-detection integration is made. How these fluctuations can be reduced by post-detection integration is discussed and the resulting probability distributions of the signal are evaluated. Finally some brief comments are made on the philosophy of providing adequate gray-level rendition in radar displays. Attention is given to reconciling the dynamic ranges of the display and the signal, and to the number of resolvable gray levels available in the signal. A good example of these principles is the problem of recognition of objects in maps obtained from high-resolution radars.
Scripting in Pastoral Counseling

The article presents scripting as a useful method in the supervision of pastoral counseling. It is especially helpful for pastoral counseling supervisees who get so caught up in what counselees are saying that they abandon their counseling plan. Scripting consists of first writing down the questions that, for example, a supervisee wants to use to open a session-and then actually asking those questions. In advance, they set down key questions or statements in order to facilitate actually doing what they have set out to do. This method can help supervisees to accomplish, in their counseling practice, more of what they talk about in supervision.
Model Amplitudes Containing Arbitrary Trajectories, Nondegenerate Daughters, and Duality

Model amplitudes are discussed which can accommodate nonlinear trajectories, satisfy duality, and have a nondegenerate spectrum of daughter resonances.
Primary prevention of sudden death as a novel treatment strategy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Case Report : A 20-year-old asymptomatic man was diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) after routine physical examination during which a systolic heart murmur was detected. Echocardiography showed massive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy with ventricular septal thickness of 36 mm extending into the anterolateral wall (30 mm); outflow obstruction was absent. Ambulatory (Holter) ECG showed 3 isolated premature ventricular contractions, and blood pressure response to exercise was normal. Echocardiographic examinations in parents and siblings were negative for HCM. Although 2 centers advised against an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) based on the presence of only 1 risk factor for sudden death (ie, extreme hypertrophy), a prophylactic device was recommended by a third cardiac consultant. After an uneventful 16-month period during which the ICD neither detected nor treated arrhythmias, an unprovoked episode of ventricular fibrillation triggered a defibrillation shock that immediately restored sinus rhythm (Figure 1). Figure 1. Primary prevention of sudden death in HCM. Continuous recording of a stored intracardiac ventricular electrogram from a young asymptomatic man with extreme LV hypertrophy (septal thickness 36 mm). The ICD senses ventricular fibrillation and automatically delivers a defibrillation shock (arrow), which restores normal rhythm. HCM is the most common genetic cardiovascular disease, and since its description 45 years ago, sudden death has been its most visible and devastating consequence.1–5 Indeed, HCM is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young people (including trained athletes).5 Such events usually occur in previously healthy individuals without significant symptoms or as the initial clinical manifestation of the disease, thus generating considerable anxiety and a sense of vulnerability among patients and families.2–5 Identification of high-risk patients and efforts at prevention of sudden death represent important clinical challenges in HCM.6 The ICD was introduced 25 years ago as a treatment strategy for lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias.7 …
Complaining Like a Liberal: Redefining Law, Justice, and Official Misconduct in Venezuela, 1790-1850

One night in April 1822, a slave snuck into Caracas' main plaza, and under cover of darkness, threw the feces of his entire household into the public well. A month later, a local magistrate appeared at the store of Jose Castellano and Manuel Gonzalez with a contingent of soldiers and arrested them for having ordered their slave to commit this heinous crime. From their jail cell, the two men asserted their innocence and insisted that the magistrate had behaved unacceptably: “Because we have never had any previous warning, because we have not previously been called to appear in court and also because there is no proof … [the magistrate] cannot have been authorised to commit the public insult that he has shamelessly and scandalously put upon our persons.” Their defense relied not only on questions of evidence but also on attacks against the magistrate's civility; they claimed that his actions had transgressed both proper legal and social behavior. This combination of legislative and non-legislative concerns was typical for complaints against officials from the colonial period, and we see it persist directly after independence. In the coming years, however, the formal responsibilities of government employees would change, as would the paradigm for complaints against them.