cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiologic Evaluation in Lung Cancer: Diagnosis and Staging

Radiology and surgery are not competing but are complementary modalities in the care of patients with lung cancer. In certain areas, such as evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule, radiologic studies can have an important impact on patient care. Mediastinal staging with imaging studies is inexact, and CT may be most effective as a road map for more definitive surgical staging. MRI currently offers no advantages over CT in staging of the mediastinum but can be helpful in evaluation of parts of the chest not well demonstrated on axial images. A discussion of newer nuclear medicine imaging modalities is included.
Haemostatic derangements associated with arenavirus infection in the guinea-pig: radioimmunoassay of fibrinopeptide A to assess thrombin action in infected animals

Pichinde virus infection of inbred guinea-pigs is a model for arenaviral infections in humans. Infected animals experience reduced levels of multiple coagulation factors caused by either consumption coagulopathy or impaired factor synthesis. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) of guinea-pig fibrinopeptide A (gFPA) has been developed to measure the degree of thrombin action in vivo. gFPA was synthesized via the solid-phase method and conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA). A double antibody RIA was established employing goat anti-rabbit IgG to precipitate the primary complex composed of either 125I-5-Tyr-gFPA or 125I-12-Tyr-gFPA and rabbit anti-gFPA-BSA. The cross-reaching material was removed by mixing the plasma with 3 vol of ethanol. The supernatant was filtered through a hollow fibre apparatus by centrifugation. Plasma gFPA immunoreactivities of outbred guinea-pigs averaged 6.56 ng/ml. The gFPA-RIA was validated by determining the quantity of gFPA released from thrombin-degraded fibrinogen. A transient elevation of gFPA levels was detected in Pichinde-infected animals by the gFPA-RIA using 125I-12-Tyr-gFPA as a tracer. The pathogenic mechanism by which the increased gFPA levels may lead to the lethality of Pichinde virus infection remains to be elucidated. It is possible that the coagulopathy triggers changes in immune and inflammatory pathways that induces high cytokine concentrations, with deleterious effects on organs such as the heart and lungs.
IMPROVED CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION AND FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN B6 COMPOUNDS IN FOODS

Several fluorometric procedures have been previously developed for the determination of vitamin B6 compounds in foods. These have mainly been based on the separation of pyridoxal (PAL), pyridoxine (PIN), and pyridoxamine (PAM) by column chromatography on Dowex AG 50W-X8, chemical conversion of PIN and PAM to PAL, and formation of the 4-pyridoxic acid lactone fluorophore by reaction with KCN. These procedures were limited by a cumbersome chromatographic procedure utilizing boiling potassium acetate buffers, and interfering compounds in the PAL fraction often precluded accurate measurement. In this study, Maillard browning pigments resulting from the autoclave extraction procedure were shown to interfere by reacting with KCN to form highly fluorescent products. To alleviate the interference problem, an alternative ion exchange chromatographic method was developed which eliminated the KCN-reactive browning pigments from the PAL fraction. After the ion exchange clean up steps, PAL was determined directly by reaction with KCN, whereas PIN and PAM were fist converted to PAL by reaction with MnO2 and sodium glyoxylate, respectively. The effectiveness of the procedure was demonstrated on casein in the presence or absence of glucose, and on selected food samples.
Design of Triple-Level Multiple Models Fuzzy Logic Controller for Adaptive Speed Control with Unknown External Disturbances

Abstract This paper presents an Triple-Level Adaptive Multiple Models Fuzzy Logic Controller (TAM-FLC) with model identification used for speed control in an unmanned vertical parking process. Adaptive Multiple Models fuzzy control ensures good performance with fast convergence and minimal chattering despite of variation in external disturbances. In contrast to conventional fuzzy logic controller where intensive controller tuning is required to achieve optimal control performance, the addition of Triple-Level adaptation in the proposed TAM-FLC increases the controller robustness to uncertainties in system parameters, and also the use of multiple models increase the accuracy of controller significantly. The proposed TAM-FLC is proven to stabilize and experimental results is given to prove the improvement compared with previous designs.
MR imaging of carcinoma within urinary bladder diverticulum

Cystoendoscopic examination and standard radiological techniques occasionally fail to correctly establish that a pelvic mass is due to carcinoma arising within a urinary bladder diverticulum. MR imaging in oblique planes can facilitate the diagnosis in such cases by demonstrating the neck of the diverticulum. Also, T2-weighted images allow differentiation between tumor within a diverticulum and a necrotic extravesical mass.
Optical metrology: Everything under control

High-fidelity line-by-line spectral shaping has been applied to more than 100 phase-stable optical frequency-comb components. This represents a significant step towards optical arbitrary waveform generation and control.
Situational interest and physical activity in fitness testing: A need for pedagogical engineering

Students' situational interest and physical activity are crucial for their engagement and well-being in physical education. This study examined (a) whether students’ perceived situational interest and physical activity differed in Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) and One-mile Run (OR), and (b) the effects of the tests on different groups of students' interest and physical activity. Seventh-grade students (N = 178) completed PACER and OR wearing accelerometers in two consecutive weeks during a cardiovascular endurance unit, and completed Situational Interest Scale afterwards. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Students were vigorously active more than twice as much time in OR than PACER, generating approximately 933 more steps. There were statistically significant yet small differences in attention demand, exploration intention, and novelty between OR and PACER. The top 33% performing students engaged in significantly longer physical act...
What Underlies the Anderson Hamiltonian

The Anderson Hamiltonian characterizes a model in which local orbitals interact with each other through Coulomb interactions and with a bath of itinerant states through hybridization. It has been utilized with considerable success to discuss phenomena ranging from the Kondo problem to the occurrence of two peaks in the photoetnission spectra of Ce compounds. Normally, it is studied by examining the content of its solutions. Of comparable significance, however, is the determination of the various parameters entering the model. In trying to find a prescription for the parameters of the model, one simultaneously develops some understanding of the states involved and studies whether the model incorporates enough of the essential physics. One useful tactic is to compare this model with other models and ask how different effects are accommodated. Here, I will compare results from the model with atomic, band, and modified band calculations for f-electron materials. In light of the complexity of the problems posed, it should be appreciated that I will concentrate more on posing questions than on providing answers.
Cancer gene therapy using mesenchymal stem cells expressing interferon-β in a mouse prostate cancer lung metastasis model

Cell-based therapy for cancer is a promising new field. Among cell types that can be used for this purpose, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear to hold great advantage for reasons including easier propagation in culture, possible genetic modification to express therapeutic proteins and preferential homing to sites of cancer growth upon in vivo transfer. The present study evaluated the potential of genetically modified MSC, constitutively expressing interferon (IFN)-β, in an immunocompetent mouse model of prostate cancer lung metastasis. A recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) encoding mouse IFN-β was constructed and initially tested in vitro for high-level expression and bioactivity of the transgenic protein. MSCs were transduced by the rAAV-IFN-β or green fluorescent protein ex vivo and used as cellular vehicles to target lung metastasis of TRAMP-C2 prostate cancer cells in a therapy model. Cohorts of mice were killed on days 30 and 75 to determine the effect of therapy by measurement of tumor volume, histology, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Results indicated a significant reduction in tumor volume in lungs following IFN-β-expressing MSC therapy. Immunohistochemistry of the lung demonstrated increased tumor cell apoptosis and decreased tumor cell proliferation and blood vessel counts. A significant increase in the natural kill cell activity was observed following IFN-β therapy correlating the antitumor effect. Systemic level of IFN-β was not significantly elevated from this targeted cell therapy. These data demonstrate the potential of MSC-based IFN-β therapy for prostate cancer lung metastasis.
Search and uncertainty: Determinants of the degree of underpricing of initial public offerings

This paper reexamines the issue of IPO underpricing. The behavior of each of the three decision makers involved with an IPO, the original shareholders (the firm), the underwriter, and the prospective shareholders, is modeled explicitly. Using basic maximizing behavior in the present of uncertainty, it is shown that the institutional constraint that prevents the underwriter from adjusting the going-public price in the face of under or over subscription results in expected underpricing. In addition, the analysis identifies the factors that determine the degree of underpricing. Thus, it provides a unified framework within which existing empirical results are easily and continuously interpreted.
Preparation and properties of oxynitride glasses

Abstract Mixtures of oxides and nitrides can be melted and quenched to form glasses that contain up to 20 at % nitrogen. Adding nitrogen to an oxide glass increases its Tg, hardness, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, and chemical durability. Those changes suggest that nitrogen substitutes for oxygen in the network to produce a more highly cross-linked structure. Nitrides will be stable in oxide melts only if they are not oxidized by other components. To a first approximation, the possibility of redox reaction between a given oxide and nitride can be predicted by comparing ΔG° for the oxide with ΔG° for oxidation of the nitride. In agreement with experiment, the analysis predicts Al2O3, Li2O, CaO, Y2O3, and La2O3 will not cause decomposition in melts containing Si3N4 and SiO2, whereas K2O, Na2O, P2O5, and B2O3 will bw unstable.
The Accuracy of Students' Reports of Course Taking in the 1994 National Assessment of Educational Progress

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), in addition to the assessment itself, collects students' reports of courses they have taken in the subject area of the test. A comparison of reports from the 1994 history NAEP with information from the 1994 High School Transcript Study reveals that students greatly overestimate the number of history classes taken and fail to distinguish among different types of history classes. Though less definitive, limited evidence suggests that these erroneous reports may result in misunderstandings of the impact of course work on student knowledge. Finally, there is indirect evidence of bias in reports of course content coverage in NAEP. We discuss various alternatives to the continued use of inaccurate reports.
Modeling the effects of high contrast and saturated images on target acquisition performance

Most infrared sensors allow for adjustment of the sensors gain and level settings. This adjustment of gain and level effects the contrast of the output image. This process is accounted for in the current US Army thermal target acquisition model (NVThermIP), using the scene contrast temperature. By changing the scene contrast temperature in NVThermIP, the system gain can be modified to reflect varying contrast levels presented at the display. In this paper, the results of perception experiments dealing with image contrast and saturation are reviewed. These results are compared with predicted performance based on the target task difficulty metric used in NVThermIP.
Fate of nitrate and bromide in an unsaturated zone of a sandy soil under citrus production

Understanding water and nutrient transport through the soil profile is important for efficient irrigation and nutrient management to minimize excess nutrient leaching below the rootzone. We applied four rates of N (28, 56, 84, and 112 kg N ha -1 ; equivalent to one-fourth of annual N rates being evaluated in this study for bearing citrus trees), and 80 kg Br ha -1 to a sandy Entisol with >25-yr-old citrus trees to (i) determine the temporal changes in NO 3 -N and Br distribution down the soil profile (2.4 m), and (ii) evaluate the measured concentrations of NO 3 -N and Br at various depths with those predicted by the Leaching Estimation and Chemistry Model (LEACHM). Nitrate N and Br concentrations approached the background levels by 42 and 214 d, respectively. Model-predicted volumetric water content and concentrations of NO 3 -N and Br - at various depths within the entire soil profile were very close to measured values. The LEACHM data showed that 21 to 36% of applied fertilizer N leached below the root zone, while tree uptake accounted for 40 to 53%. Results of this study enhance our understanding of N dynamics in these sandy soils, and provide better evaluation of N and irrigation management to improve uptake efficiency, reduce N losses, and minimize the risk of ground water nitrate contamination from soils highly vulnerable to nutrient leaching.
Pharmacologic rationale for anesthetic agents in ambulatory practice.

Abstract Patients undergoing surgery in the ambulatory setting require anesthetic agents that expedite postoperative recovery, minimize adverse side effects, and contribute to patient satisfaction. The newer anesthetic agents that are currently used in today's practice offer the flexibility needed to provide anesthesia care for a wide variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed on an outpatient basis. It is important for the perianesthesia nurse to be familiar with the anesthetic agents used in the operating room to fully understand the influence of these drugs on the patient's recovery process. The role of the perianesthesia nurse is vital in assessing the residual effects of the anesthetic agents and instituting proper nursing interventions during the patient's postanesthesia experience. This article focuses on the rationale for the use of a variety of anesthetic and related agents necessary for the provision of ambulatory anesthesia. The commonly used agents used in ambulatory anesthesia care and their influences on the continuum of care is reviewed. © 2001 by American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.
Total station geologic mapping: an innovative approach to analyzing surface-faulting hazards

Abstract We have developed an innovative application of high-precision geologic mapping with an electronic total station to assess the potential for seismic surface rupture in areas of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Our method of total station mapping enables recognition of secondary faults, with as little as 30 cm of vertical displacement that are not exposed at the surface, have no topographic expression, and would otherwise likely go unnoticed. It has been applied to preclude the presence of faulting in large areas (several km2) of proposed and existing critical facilities at LANL. The method involves surveying of points on geologic features, and detailed computer-aided and field analyses of anomalies in the elevations of surveyed points. We examine vertical anomalies in elevations that are the result of dominantly normal and reverse faulting; however, the method could also be applied to strike-slip faulting. Surveying of geologic contacts allows for easy integration of geologic data into a Geographical Information System (GIS) and detailed 3D analysis of small-scale structures. Field data are analyzed in profiles, 3D surface diagrams, and maps that are constructed with a variety of commercially available software packages. We apply the method to delineate volcanic map-unit boundaries in the 1.2-million-year-old Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff to characterize portions of the Pajarito fault system. The ability of this method to identify faults with very small displacements that otherwise might be unrecognizable allows for discrimination of varying styles of deformation, decreases in displacement along strike through splaying into many smaller faults, monoclinal flexures, and cross structures between faults.
Assimilation of Lagrangian data into a numerical model

Abstract During 1983 and 1984, approximately 40 neutrally buoyant (isopycnal) floats were released into the Gulf Stream. These floats, which were released at approximately weekly intervals, measured their location and depth three times a day for 30–45 days. The basic statistics of these floats are briefly described. This float data set has been applied to the important problem of assimilation of Lagrangian information into a numerical model of the oceanic mesoscale. The assimilation method is a Kalman-filter type technique. Since the processed float data consists of a time series of position, velocity and depth it is natural to use a dynamical model that uses these variables directly. For this purpose a simple shallow-water model utilizing a Lax-Wendroff numerical scheme is used. This type of numerical model has been successfully used in meteorological data assimilation studies. Some results using both one- and two-dimensional versions of this model are described.
Lower-Extremity Muscle Cross-Sectional Area After Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Objectives (1) To quantify skeletal muscle size in lower-extremity muscles of people after incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), (2) to assess differences in muscle size between involved lower limbs, (3) to determine the impact of ambulatory status (using wheelchair for community mobility vs not using a wheelchair for community mobility) on muscle size after incomplete SCI, and (4) to determine if differential atrophy occurs among individual muscles after incomplete SCI. Design Case-control study. Setting University research setting. Participants Seventeen people with incomplete SCI and 17 age-, sex-, weight-, and height-matched noninjured controls. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Maximum cross-sectional area (CSA) of individual lower-extremity muscles (soleus, medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings) as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Results Overall, subjects with incomplete SCI had significantly smaller (24%-31%) average muscle CSA in affected lower-extremity muscles as compared with control subjects (P Conclusions Our results suggest marked and differential atrophic response of the affected lower-extremity muscles that is seemingly affected by ambulatory status in people with incomplete SCI.
Serial Isolation Effect as a Function of Instructions and Stimulus Intensity

(1971). Serial Isolation Effect as a Function of Instructions and Stimulus Intensity. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 107-114.
Specialized junction in the distal convoluted tubule of rat kidney

The ultrastructure and permeability of the apical junctions between epithelial cells of the distal nephron have been studied in rat kidney using a collidal lanthanum tracer and uranyl acetate staining en bloc. The apical intercellular junctions of the macula densa and juxtaglomerular segment of the early distal convoluted tubule measure up to 0.5 mu in length and about 50 A in width. Lanthanum permeates the occluding portion of these junctions in a discontinuous manner, defining a series of closely spaced and parallel lines of fusion that run in a direction perpendicular to the apical-basal axis of the tubular cells. The apical junctions of the remainder of the distal convoluted and cortical collecting tubules are impermeable bolanthanum. This distinctive apical tight junction can account for the greater permeability to ions of the early distal convoluted vs. late distal convoluted and cortical collecting tubules.
Linking science with environmental decision making: Experiences from an integrated modeling approach to supporting sustainable water resources management

The call for more effective integration of science and decision making is ubiquitous in environmental management. While scientists often complain that their input is ignored by decision makers, the latter have also expressed dissatisfaction that critical information for their decision making is often not readily available or accessible to them, or not presented in a usable form. It has been suggested that scientists need to produce more ''usable'' information with enhanced credibility, legitimacy, and saliency to ensure the adoption of research results. In basin-scale management of coupled human-water systems, water resources managers, like other decision makers, are frequently confronted with the need to make major decisions in the face of high system complexity and uncertainty. The integration of useful and relevant scientific information is necessary and critical to enable informed decision-making. This paper describes the main aspects of what has been learned in the process of supporting sustainable water resources planning and management in the semi-arid southwestern United States by means of integrated modeling. Our experience indicates that particular attention must be paid to the proper definition of focus questions, explicit conceptual modeling, a suitable modeling strategy, and a formal scenario analysis approach in order to facilitate the development of ''usable'' scientific information. We believe that these lessons and insights can be useful to other scientific efforts in the broader area of linking environmental science with decision making.
The fourth disease, 1900-2000

Summary Measles and scarlet fever were differentiated from one another in the 17th century. Rubella was accepted as the third distinct paediatric exanthem in 1881. Nil Filatow in 1885 and Clement Dukes in 1894 described two distinct forms of rubella, and in 1900 Dukes proposed that one of these forms of rubella was a separate entity which he called the fourth disease. For the past five decades, fourth disease has been considered a non-entity, perhaps a mild form of scarlet fever, but certainly not a distinct disease. In 1979 Keith Powell resurrected the idea of the fourth disease and argued that it was caused by exotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. We present additional arguments for the existence of fourth disease, as well as information to link the disease to S aureus.
Patient with terminal duplication 3q and terminal deletion 5q: comparison with the 3q duplication syndrome and distal 5q deletion syndrome

Partial duplication of chromosome 3q is a well-described condition of multiple congenital anomalies and developmental delay that resembles the Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. Similarly, an emerging phenotype of a distal 5q deletion syndrome has recently been described. The combination of both chromosome abnormalities has not been previously described. We report on a child with both a de novo duplication of distal 3q (q27 --> qter) and terminal deletion of 5q (q35.2 --> qter). The patient had facial anomalies, hypoplastic toenails, lymphedema of the dorsum of the feet, type I Chiari malformation, a seizure disorder, and moderate developmental delays. The phenotype is compared and contrasted to the few reports of patients with similar terminal 3q duplications and 5q deletions. Our patient did not have the characteristic phenotype of the 3q duplication syndrome, suggesting that the chromosome region responsible for this phenotype is more proximal than the terminal 3q27 region. In addition, comparison with three other reported cases of terminal 5q35 deletions suggests a possible association of terminal 5q deletions with central nervous system (CNS) structural abnormalities.
Chemical analysis of soil and leachate from experimental wetland mesocosms lined with coal combustion products.

Small-scale (1 m 2 ) wetland mesocosm experiments were conducted over two consecutive growing seasons to investigate the effects on soil and leachate chemistry of using a recycled coal combustion product as a liner. The coal combustion product used as a liner consisted of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products and fly ash. This paper provides the chemical characteristics of mesocosm soil and leachate after 2 yr of experimentation. Arsenic, Ca, and pH were higher in FGD-lined mesocosm surface soil relative to unlined mesocosms. Aluminum was higher in the soils of unlined mesocosms relative to FGD-lined mesocosms. No significant difference of potentially phytotoxic B was observed between lined and unlined mesocosms in the soil. Higher pH, conductivity, and concentrations of Al, B, Ca, K, and S (SO 4 -S) were observed in leachate from lined mesocosms compared with unlined controls while Fe, Mg, and Mn were higher in leachate from unlined mesocosms. Concentrations of most elements analyzed in the leachate were below national primary and secondary drinking water standards after 2 yr of experimentation. Initially high pH and soluble salt concentrations measured in the leachate from the lined mesocosms may indicate the reason for early effects noted on the development of wetland vegetation in the mesocosms.
Michael Slote and ‘Sentimentalist moral education’:

Although I think most of what Michael Slote asserts in his article ‘Sentimentalist moral education’ is correct, I worry about three important ideas that are conspicuous by their absence. The first ...
Fatigue behavior of solution-treated and quenched Ti6Al4V

Abstract The solution treating and quenching of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V were studied to improve fatigue resistance. Four separate heats of Ti6Al4V rod were solution treated at temperatures ranging from 825 to 1040 °C and then water quenched. Particular solution-treating temperatures in the α + β field produced distinct improvements in fatigue resistance compared with the annealed and solution-treated plus aged conditions. The optimum solution-treating temperature varied for each heat, but typically was about 875–900 °C. The resistance of solution-treated and quenched materials to cyclic strain was also significantly increased over their entire lifetime range. Optimum solution-treated and quenched conditions were characterized by low yield strengths, low elastic moduli and high work-hardening rates. During constant-strain-amplitude cyclic loading, solution-treated and quenched samples also exhibited significantly lower rates of strain softening, indicating a higher cyclic stability than annealed or aged material. The effects of solution treating and quenching in Ti6Al4V appear to be general, thus suggesting the possibility of improving the fatigue resistance in other α + β titanium alloys.
Effects of Exposure to Diesel Emissions Among Coal Miners: A Prospective Evaluation

Abstract This paper reports results from a prospective design employed to test the hypothesis that exposure to diesel emissions leads to chronic respiratory effects amongst underground coal miners. Changes in respiratory function and development of chronic respiratory symptoms were measured over a 5-year study period in diesel exposed and control miners from Eastern and Western U.S. underground coal mines. Spirometric measures of respiratory function included Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1). Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), and Forced Expiratory Flow Rate at 50 per cent of FVC (FEF50). Chronic respiratory symptoms, which included persistent cough, persistent phlegm, and breathlessness, were obtained by questionnaire as were smoking status and occupational history. The pattern of evidence does not support the tested hypothesis when comparing the data on diesel vs. non-diesel exposed miners.
Computers and Thematics: Where to Start? Some Aspects of Computational Thematics

L'A. montre que la thematique computationnelle ne represente pas seulement un outil informatique precieux, mais permet egalement de mieux comprendre les processus psychologiques utilises lors de la recherche du theme d'un texte. Il propose pour cela un modele informatique base sur un modele connexionniste afin de resoudre les limites de vitesse et de stockage de l'ordinateur. Il souligne ainsi que les modeles connexionnistes representent le point de depart de la recherche thematique par ordinateur, ce qui le conduit a reformuler la question posee dans le titre de l'article, dans la mesure ou il ne s'agit plus de determiner par ou commencer, mais quand commencer
Non-linearity and self-similarity: patterns and clusters

Abstract We introduce a qualitative similarity analysis, which yields relations between the geometry and kinematics of traveling localized solutions, associated to certain non-linear equations. This method predicts the existence of solitons, compactons, dublets, triplets, as well as other non-linear patterns. A finit supported wavelet-like frame is constructed in terms of compacton kink–antikink (KAK) solutions.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of repeated sequences in a long term wheat suspension culture

A rapidly growingTriticum aestivum L. (wheat) derived long term suspension culture (named TaKB1), that is probably not regenerable, was analysed for karyotype rearrangements, stability and changes in repetitive DNA. The cell line has an average chromosome number of 21 and the DNA amount of unreplicated cells of TaKB1 measured by flow cytometry is about 30% lower than an unreplicated (1C) bread wheat genome.In situ hybridization of a repetitive DNA sequence (pSc119.2), which occurs as tandemly repeated blocks (heterochromatin) in wheat, shows that chromosomes from the TakB1 line have fewer and weaker subtelomeric locations of the sequence than wheat, suggesting deletions of distal chromosome segments and a reduction in the sites and copy number of the sequence. Thein situ hybridization pattern and chromosome morphology allowed 27 chromosome types to be identified in the cell line. No two analysed cells contained the same chromosome complement, although some chromosome types were present in every cell. Using Southern hybridization the structure and copy number of a retroelement (Wis-2) and its flanking sequence was shown to be the same in the TaKB1 cell line and wheat. Anin situ analysis of rDNA in the TaKB1 cell line (using the probe pTa71) showed a reduction in number of sites and rRNA genes in each cell from that in wheat. Interphase cells of the cell line showed dispersed signal throughout the nucleolus with no evidence for clusters of condensed and inactive rRNA genes.
On simultaneously orthogonal expansions and choosing observables for discriminating two Gaussian signals

Relations among four simultaneously orthogonal expansions (SOE), two of them previously known, are obtained. It is shown with the help of information theory that any of these SOE's can be derived from any other. The coefficients of the SOE's are employed to investigate the problem of choosing observables for discriminating two Gaussian signals under the probability of error criterion. The best single observable is found. It is also shown that the best n independent observables are not necessarily those having the smallest n individual error probabilities. The difficulties in picking the best observables are pointed out. As a byproduct, it is proved that even when the most important features of one signal are the least important of the other and vice versa; still, feature extraction and signal discrimination are not related in the sense that the best set for the former is not necessarily the best for the latter.
Synthesis of Nanosize Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia by a Molecular Decomposition Process

Nanosize yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was synthesized by a novel approach based on molecular decomposition. In this approach, yttria-doped BaZrO{sub 3} (Y-BaZrO{sub 3}) or yttria-doped Na{sub 2}ZrO{sub 3} (Y-Na{sub 2}ZrO{sub 3}) precursors were first synthesized from BaCO{sub 3}, ZrO{sub 2}, and Y2O{sub 3} or BaCO{sub 3} and commercial YSZ for Y-BaZrO{sub 3}, and from Na2CO{sub 3} and YSZ for Y-Na2ZrO{sub 3}, by a conventional solid-state reaction method. The precursors were then boiled to leach away the unwanted species, BaO or Na{sub 2}O, either in a dilute HNO{sub 3} solution in water in the case of Y-BaZrO{sub 3}, or in deionized water in the case of Y-Na{sub 2}ZrO{sub 3}. During boiling in HNO{sub 3} or water, the residue of Zr-Y-O skeleton formed fine, nanosize YSZ particles. The particle size of the as-synthesized nanosize powders estimated from X-ray diffraction peak broadening was {approximately}2-3 nm, while that estimated from specific surface area measurements by BET adsorption isotherm was {approximately}15 nm. Examination under a transmission electron microscope showed that the crystallite size was {approximately}5 nm. Samples were also examined by Raman spectroscopy to determine the crystallographic polymorph of the YSZ formed. Subsequent heating in air led to particle growth. However, even when the particles weremore » heated to a temperature as high as 1000 C, the particle size was well in the nanosize range.« less
Impulsivity in hoarding

Abstract Acquisition in hoarding appears to have impulsive features likely to be evident in behavioral impulsivity and response inhibition. This study used a multi-dimensional model of impulsivity to examine this construct in participants with hoarding ( n =32) and anxiety disorders ( n =32) who received a diagnostic assessment and completed self-report forms and neuropsychological tasks measuring impulsivity. A diagnosis of hoarding predicted higher levels of self-reported urgency, as well as greater difficulties with response inhibition and lowered adaptive and maladaptive risk taking, independent of social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. However, when age was controlled, hoarding ceased to predict these outcomes independent of other psychiatric diagnoses. Although specific symptoms of hoarding appeared significantly related to some aspects of impulsivity, analyses indicated that age accounted for these findings. In the present study, as in other studies, hoarding participants averaged approximately 25 years older than those with anxiety disorders, rendering examination of response inhibition and risk taking in hoarding versus anxiety disorders more difficult. Further research on other aspects of impulsivity (e.g., reward delay, planning/foresight) in hoarding and other psychiatric conditions with age matched comparison samples can advance understanding of these disorders and potentially lead to innovative treatments.
FY 1988 Budget: A brief look

Research funding fared relatively well in the abbreviated budget proposal for fiscal year (FY) 1988 that was submitted to Congress by the Reagan administration on January 5, 1987. Under the plan, funding of civilian basic research is proposed to increase by 4.5% over the FY 1987 level. This budget proposal, the first ever to top the $1-trillion mark, was released 1 month earlier than past proposals, in compliance with the new timetable established by the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings deficit control legislation passed in 1985. Because of the earlier deadline, the proposal was presented in abbreviated form, with a promise that more details will be made available in late January.
Histone Deacetylase 6 Regulates Growth Factor-Induced Actin Remodeling and Endocytosis

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a cytoplasmic deacetylase that uniquely catalyzes α-tubulin deacetylation and promotes cell motility. However, the mechanism underlying HDAC6-dependent cell migration and the role for microtubule acetylation in motility are not known. Here we show that HDAC6-induced global microtubule deacetylation was not sufficient to stimulate cell migration. Unexpectedly, in response to growth factor stimulation, HDAC6 underwent rapid translocation to actin-enriched membrane ruffles and subsequently became associated with macropinosomes, the vesicles for fluid-phase endocytosis. Supporting the importance of these associations, membrane ruffle formation, macropinocytosis, and cell migration were all impaired in HDAC6-deficient cells. Conversely, elevated HDAC6 levels promoted membrane ruffle formation with a concomitant increase in macropinocytosis and motility. In search for an HDAC6 target, we found that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), another prominent substrate of HDAC6, was also recruited to membrane ruffles and macropinosomes. Significantly, inhibition of Hsp90 activity suppressed membrane ruffling and cell migration, while expression of an acetylation-resistant Hsp90 mutant promoted ruffle formation. Our results uncover a surprising role for HDAC6 in actin remodeling-dependent processes and identify the actin cytoskeleton as an important target of HDAC6-regulated protein deacetylation.
Recent advances in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Constitutively activating mutations in the KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) RTKs play a crucial role in the biology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and this disease has served as an effective model for targeting gain-of-function kinase mutations in cancer. Imatinib has entered the clinical arena in the last decade and substantially improved the outcome in these formerly untreatable cancers. However, most advanced GISTs responding to imatinib progress within 2–3 years due to heterogeneous subclones harboring a range of imatinib-resistant secondary KIT mutations. Sunitinib, and more recently, regorafenib, have obtained US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of GISTs after imatinib failure, and thus expanded the treatment options in resistant disease. Within this framework, we present an evaluation of current GIST management, emphasizing the most recent advances in the field together with a discussion on future steps to be taken in refractory disease.
Fluid motion produced by ultrasonic Lamb waves

Fluid motion induced by traveling flexural waves in 4- mu m-thick membranes was observed using 2.5- mu m-diameter polystyrene spheres in water to make their fluid motion visible. Visual observation of the spheres indicates that their velocity is in the direction of wave propagation and is proportional to the square of the acoustic amplitude. The maximum speed is 130 mu m/s for an RF drive voltage of 7.1 V/sub rms/ at 3.5 MHz; the wavelength is 100 mu m. Sphere motion has been observed in regions without acoustic waves, suggesting fluid recirculation. Standing Lamb waves, which can be seen visually with a phase-contrast microscope, are found to trap particles, including bacteria located in a drop of water in contact with the membrane. A first-order model of Lamb-wave micropumping is based on acoustic streaming theory. Possible applications include temperature redistribution in ICs and miniature chemical processing systems. >
Efficient indexing techniques for model based sensing

Indexing is a model-based recognition technique, in which unknown objects are identified using lookup tables. Indexing coordinates are extracted from sensed features, and the indexing coordinates specify a table entry containing the object's identity. Usually, only a small fraction of the possible indexing coordinates correspond to modeled objects, and hash tables are often used to save space. In this paper, we present a new indexing data structure called a tree grid which has two advantages over hash tables. (i) The tree grid preserves spatial ordering, so that nearby indexing entries can be retrieved efficiently (ii) The tree grid compacts the storage size of the table by a factor of as much as two orders of magnitude. k coordinates index an ordering of the interpretations, and 1 coordinate determines the consistent interpretations for objects with k degrees of freedom. We also show that for almost all model sets, 2k+1 indexing coordinates care sufficient to discriminate between two generic models, implying that 2k+1 indexing coordinates specify a unique in interpretation. We have implemented an indexing algorithm for recognizing 3D objects from pairs of image rays using the tree grid technique, and the results are reported. >
Determining the Ce2O2S–CeOx phase boundary for conditions relevant to adsorption and catalysis

Abstract The interaction of sulfur with ceria under highly reducing conditions was investigated. The phase boundary between CeO 1.83 and Ce 2 O 2 S was determined for temperatures between 873 and 1073 K. This data was used to derive an empirical equation for Δ G f ° of Ce 2 O 2 S in this temperature range. This equation along with thermodynamic data for cerium oxides and sulfides obtained form the literature was used to predict Ce–O–S phase diagrams at 873 and 973 K. These phase diagrams provide insight into the mechanism of the deactivation of ceria-based catalysts by sulfur under reducing conditions.
Trace Chemical and Major Constituents Measurements of the International Space Station Atmosphere by the Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor

We report on trace gas and major atmospheric constituents results obtained by the Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor (VCAM) following almost two years of operation aboard the International Space Station (ISS). VCAM is an autonomous environmental monitor based on a highly compact gas chromatograph/quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. It was flown to the International Space Station (ISS) on shuttle mission STS-131 and commenced operations on June 2010. VCAM is capable of providing measurements of both parts-per-billion (ppb) levels of volatile trace-gas constituents, and of the atmospheric major constituents (nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide) in a space vehicle or station. It is designed to operate autonomously and maintenance-free, approximately once per day, with a self-contained gas supply sufficient for a one-year lifetime. VCAM’s performance is sufficient to detect and identify 90% of the target compounds at their 180-day Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration levels.
Consulting Behaviors and the Role of Computer Consultants in Student Learning and Anxiety

Abstract As computer applications are added to social work, educators are increasingly likely to encounter computer anxiety. This form of anxiety has been well-documented in the literature, including warnings that students attracted to fields that are “people professions” such as social work may be especially prone to problems. This qualitative study used a naturalistic approach to observe and describe the behaviors and activities of computer consultants that seemed to have an effect on student anxiety. Analysis of the results indicated that some behaviors of consultants may actually have increased student feelings of anxiety and uncertainty, while others appeared to be quite helpful.
Can blogs empower women?: designing agency-enhancing and community-building interfaces

The much-touted empowerment potential of blogs is empirically examined in this study through an online survey of female bloggers (N = 340). Our findings indicate that by affording users either a strong sense of community, or a deep sense of agency, or both, blogging is indeed psychologically empowering to those undertaking it. This is part of an ongoing series of investigations into the empowerment potential of Web 2.0 interfaces for marginalized groups in society. Implications for design are discussed.
Millimeter-scale contact printing of aqueous solutions using a stamp made out of paper and tape

This communication describes a simple method for printing aqueous solutions with millimeter-scale patterns on a variety of substrates using an easily fabricated, paper-based microfluidic device (a paper-based “stamp”) as a contact printing device. The device is made from inexpensive materials, and it is easily assembled by hand; this method is thus accessible to a wide range of laboratories and budgets. A single device was used to print over 2500 spots in less than three minutes at a density of 16 spots per square centimetre. This method provides a new tool to pattern biochemicals—reagents, antigens, proteins, and DNA—on planar substrates. The accuracy of the volume of fluid delivered in simple paper-to-paper printing is low, and although the pattern transfer is rapid, it is better suited for qualitative than accurate, quantitative work. By patterning the paper to which the transfer occurs using wax printing or an equivalent technique, accuracy increases substantially.
Horizontal transfer in the phytopathogenic fungal genus Leptosphaeria and host-range expansion

All isolates examined of the phytopathogenic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans that are aggressive to Brassica napus and Brassica rapa have a repetitive element, LMR1. Horizontal transfer of LMR1 to an isolate of a closely related species of Leptosphaeria correlates with the expansion of the host range of this isolate to include Brassica juncea.
What's Hot in Adolescent Literacy 1997–2006

Each year, the International Reading Association's membership newspaper, Reading Today (see www.reading.orgpublicationsreading_today), publishes a listing of “what's hot, and what's not” in reading and reading instruction. The authors reviewed 10 years' of lists, and identified some trends relevant to adolescent literacy.
THE MOSAIC OF DISCRETION: CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY

Martin A. Levin, Urban Politics and the Criminal Courts Lynn RI. Mather. Plea Bargaining or Trial? Ralph A. Rossum. Thr Politics of the Criminal Justice Process Thomas M. Uhlman. Racial Justice Lexington, Mass.
BLENDS OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) AND POLY(BUTYL METHACRYLATE) WITH MODIFIED POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE-CONTAINING HYDROGEN-BONDING DONOR GROUPS

Les mesures de point de fusion et de temperature de transition vitreuse des melanges du polysiloxane [SiO(Me)R] n R=-(CH 2 ) 3 −C(CF 3 ) 2 OH avec le PEO et avec le PBMA montrent que ces melanges sont miscibles grâce a la formation de liaisons hydrogenes
Positioning 3 Qualitative Trait Loci on Soybean Molecular Linkage Group E

In soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), 3 qualitative trait loci (Pb, Y9, and Y17) are located on classical linkage group 14, which corresponds to molecular linkage group (MLG) E. The Pb locus conditions sharp/blunt pubescence tip; the y9 and y17 loci condition green/chlorotic foliage. The gene order is not known. Our objective was to determine the gene order on soybean MLG E of the Pb, Y9, and Y17 loci using previously mapped simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Allelism tests between y9 and y17 gave normal green foliage F 1 plants, indicating nonallelism. Our F 2 data from the allelism test could not distinguish between a 1:1 : or a 9:7 ratio. The F 2:3 family segregation indicated a very close genetic linkage between the y9 and the y17 loci. Two molecular mapping populations were developed. Population-1 segregated for Pb and y9, and population-2 segregated for Pb and y17, The gene order on soybean MLG E, using SSR markers, was Pb, Y9, and Yl 7.