cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis from callus cultures of sweet sorghum

Tissue culture methods were developed for the induction, maintenance, and regeneration of embryogenic callus in sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars Keller, Rio, and Wray. No significant differences were observed in production of embryogenic callus in cultures established from developmentally immature or mature embryo explants cultured on LS medium with 2 mg/1 2,4-D plus 0.5 mg/1 kinetin. Prolific callus production did not occur until the third four-week culture period. Long-term maintenance of embryogenic callus was dependent upon the selective transfer of embryogenic callus, with other callus types discarded. High-frequency plant regeneration was achieved and quantified on a fresh weight basis of embryogenic callus.
The effect of financing decisions on the choice of manufacturing technologies

This paper demonstrates the importance of jointly considering financing and technology choices when making manufacturing investments. We show that considerable value can be added to investments through financing decisions, and that the gains due to financing are sensitive to technology choice. A model of financing and technology choice is presented that considers differences in cost structure and product flexibility, and applies it to an example involving flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs). Three main results emerge. First, optimal financing decisions are different for different technologies and the choice of technology can change when financing and technology decisions are made simultaneously. Second, if one technology's fixed and variable costs are lower or its initial investment higher than another technology's the former has higher value added due to financing. Since empirical data shows that FMS and conventional technologies have this pattern, ignoring the benefits of debt financing leads to undervaluation of new technology. Third, product flexibility can add considerable value through its effect on financing decisions because product flexibility reduces variability of cash flows. A major conclusion is that financing and technology choice are long-term strategic decisions that should be made jointly. Firms that make these decisions separately, not considering the effect of one on the other, may make suboptimal technology decisions.
The ionization of water in NaCl media to 300°C

The apparent ionization quotient for water has been measured potentiometrically near the saturation pressure from 25 to 295°C in 1 and 3m NaCl using a previously described hydrogen-electrode concentration cell. The results are presented in terms of a modification of the Bronsted-Guggenheim treatment for activity coefficients of ions. The mathematical form of the temperature dependence for the interaction coefficients was indicated by the more extensive data on \(\gamma _{{\rm H}^ + } \gamma _{{\rm O}{\rm H}^ - } \) in KCl media. From a least-squares analysis of these data in NaCl along with the very precise data from the literature for NaCl media from 0 to 50°C, the following expression for the effect of salt concentration and temperature on logQw′ is obtained $$\begin{gathered} log Q'_W = log K_W + 2.0AI^{1/2} /(1 + I^{1/2} ) - [p_1 + p_2 /T + p_3 T^2 + p_4 F(I)]I \hfill \\ - 0.0157\phi m_{NaCl} \hfill \\ F(I) = [1 - (1 + 2I^{1/2} - 2I) exp( - 2I^{1/2} )]/4I \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
An Investigation of the Signal Obtained from a Flame Infrared Emission (FIRE) Detector

The effect of temperature on the atmospheric asymmetric stretching vibration of carbon dioxide is studied by flame/furnace infrared emission (FIRE) spectroscopy, and a mathematical expression is developed for the resulting infrared emission signal produced by the FIRE detector. This theoretical model, which can easily be extended to other species besides carbon dioxide, is used to calculate the signal obtained for propane when the FIRE system is used as a detector for gas chromatography. Comparison of the calculated (70 μV) and experimentally observed (75.8 μV) chromatographic signal shows that the theoretical model should be of great value in improving and optimizing the FIRE detector.
Western Medical Education on Trial: The Endurance of Peking Union Medical College, 1949–1985

AbstractIn the early twentieth century, Beijing's Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) stood as a prominent symbol of Western medical science and education in China. After the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) took control of the College between 1952 and 1956.This article argues that the endurance of PUMC as an institute of scientific, Western biomedicine in China was largely contingent upon reforms that the PLA instituted there. Drawing on Chinese accounts, as well as the observations of North American and European physicians, it asserts that political campaigns under Army leadership vehemently attacked American influences on the College but avoided direct criticisms of Western medical science itself. This dynamic politically legitimized the Western medical education that the College embodied. It also permitted PUMC to contribute to the development of Chinese military medicine, suggesting a significant connection between civilian and military medical ed...
Runaway Youth Utilizing Crisis Shelter Services: Predictors of Presenting Problems

The evidence is clear that the problems of runaway youth are immense, varied, and persistent. Services must be designed to address these problems and the factors associated with them. This study investigated a sample (n=156) of runaway youths admitted to basic shelter services and evaluated the individual and family factors associated with various problem domains, including: family relationships, abuse, mental health, substance use, and educational difficulties. Findings demonstrated that family-oriented issues were the predominant predictors of youth problems. Results point to the need for developing and evaluating new approaches in solving problems of runaway youth that incorporate strengthening family relationships.
The Colombian Council of State: A Study in Administrative Justice

The existence of an administrative court system in Colombia, distinct from the ordinary judiciary, is derived from an interpretation of the doctrine of the separation of powers, which is different from the traditional interpretation found in the United States. In Colombia the doctrine receives the French interpretation. In relation to the judiciary 1 North American interpretation is that any function of a truly judicial nature may be exercised only by the judicial branch of government. Therefore, the ordinary judiciary takes cognizance of all litigation regardless of the parties or subject matter. The courts in the United States may not exercise any nonjudicial power,2 nor may they be prevented from exercising an inherently judicial power.3 The operation of the doctrine as interpreted in the United States does not, however, prevent administrative adjudication when it is not an exercise of judicial power. Administrative agencies are entrusted with quasi judicial functions, subject to judicial review in matters pertaining to fundamental rights and statutory interpretation. Actually, in the United States, adjudication does exist in fact at the adminis-
Space-blur bandwidth product in correlator performance evaluation

The effects of space-invariant blurring in the frequency plane of a coherent optical correlator on the system’s performance are considered. The correlator performance criteria used include loss in output correlation peak amplitude, output signal-to-noise ratio, and variation in the probability of a false alarm for a fixed probability of detection. A statistical approach is used to derive general expressions for the mean m and variance var of the output correlation. Expressions for the three correlator performance criteria are then obtained in terms of m and var. When these results are applied to several specific cases, we find that the performance of a correlator can be described and controlled by a new parameter, the space-blur bandwidth product.
Far-Infrared Ferroelectric Vibration Mode in SrTi O 3

The real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant of SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ have been obtained for the region 2.5 to 3000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ from an analysis of the reflectivity. The imaginary part exhibits a very strong peak at 100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at room temperature which shifts to 40 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 93\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This mode is of sufficient strength to account for more than 90% of the low-frequency dielectric constant. The accompanying dispersion of the real part of the dielectric constant is of resonant form. The connection of this mode with Cochran's theory of ferroelectricity is discussed.
Oviposition and offspring survival within eggs of European corn borer : discrimination of the host embryo by female Trichogramma nubilale

Oviposition preference and offspring survival relative to the location of the host embryo was tested in the egg parasitoid Trichogramma nubilale on European corn borer host eggs. Females preferentially oviposited near to the embryo on hosts about 24 h old. Survival of Trichogramma was lower when females oviposited far from the embryo, and a higher proportion of host embryos hatched. Females did not show preferences for drilling or oviposition within very young hosts relative to where the embryo would develop, and these eggs did not produce wasps or host larvae. Female behavior was apparently adaptive in day-old hosts, not to very young hosts.
Milestones in electron crystallography

Electron crystallography determines the structure of membrane embedded proteins in the two-dimensionally crystallized state by cryo-transmission electron microscopy imaging and computer structure reconstruction. Milestones on the path to the structure are high-level expression, purification of functional protein, reconstitution into two-dimensional lipid membrane crystals, high-resolution imaging, and structure determination by computer image processing. Here we review the current state of these methods. We also created an Internet information exchange platform for electron crystallography, where guidelines for imaging and data processing method are maintained. The server (http://2dx.org) provides the electron crystallography community with a central information exchange platform, which is structured in blog and Wiki form, allowing visitors to add comments or discussions. It currently offers a detailed step-by-step introduction to image processing with the MRC software program. The server is also a repository for the 2dx software package, a user-friendly image processing system for 2D membrane protein crystals.
Late death fromneuroblastoma

7. Holland, N. H., Jurichs, R., and Clemons, G.: Detection of asymptomatic urinary tract infection in girls, J. Ky. Med, Assoc. 67: 662, 1969. 8. Dodge, W. F., West, E. F., Fras, P. A., and Travis, L. B.: Detection of bacteriuria in children, J. PEDIATR. 74: 107, 1969. 9. Wahen, M. G., Jr., and Kunin, C. M.: Significance of borderline counts in screening programs for bacteriuria, J. PEmATm 78: 246, 1971. 10. Dodge, W. F., West, E. F., Holloway, J. G., Bridgforth, E. B., and Travis, L. B.: Pattern of maternal desires for child health care, Am. J. Public Health 60: 1421, 1970.
Single-element elliptical hard x-ray micro-optics.

Using micro-fabrication techniques, we have manufactured a single element kinoform lens in single-crystal silicon with an elliptical profile for 12.398 keV (1A) x-rays. By fabricating a lens that is optimized at fixed wavelengths, absorption in the lens material can be significantly reduced by removing 2π phase-shifting regions. This permits short focal length devices to be fabricated with small radii of curvatures at the lens apex. This feature allows one to obtain a high demagnification of a finite synchrotron electron source size. The reduced absorption loss also enables optics with a larger aperture, and hence improved resolution for focussing and imaging applications. Our first trial of these lenses has resulted in a one micron line focus (fwhm) at the National Synchrotron Light Source X13B beamline.
Ten years of sirolimus therapy in orthotopic liver transplant recipients.

Abstract Background Sirolimus therapy has been used in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients diagnosed with a variety of diseases; chronic graft rejection (CR), calcineurin associated renal toxicity, preemptive immune suppression, calcineurin related neurotoxicity, preemptive therapy in transplant recipients with history of hepatocellular carcinoma, and steroid resistant allograft rejection. Methods A search for the medical literature and experiences involving sirolimus was done. Results Several animal and human reports evaluating the use sirolimus in liver transplant recipients are found and discussed. Conclusion Sirolimus has been used for multitude of indications, primarily based on anecdotal experiences. However, reports of sirolimus related side effects have decreased the transplant communities’ enthusiasm towards promoting this agent as a safe immune suppression agent.
Equal or complementary? Women in the new Tunisian Constitution after the Arab Spring

The Arab Spring has inaugurated a new form of politics that represents a shift from a ‘politics from above’ to a ‘politics from below’ in regard to gender policy in Tunisia. Discourse surrounding state policy on gender, formerly the purview of elite groups, has recently been shaped and driven by popular organisations and associations. This article draws on Habermas to argue that the shift has been facilitated by the emergence of a new public sphere and engaged civil society following the fall of the Zine El Abidine Ben Ali regime in 2011. To demonstrate the emergence and diversity of Tunisian civil society, we focus on the promulgation of a new constitution and the debate surrounding Article 28, which has been contested by some Tunisians as reducing women's status to ‘complementary’. A discussion of women's status in the history of Tunisian family law, especially in the popularly valorised Code of Personal Status, illustrates how women's rights were historically expanded as a top-down policy or ‘politics ...
Testing regression function adequacy in nonlinear multiresponse models

Abstract The problem of testing a proposed nonlinear multiresponse regression function for lack of fit is considered. With replication and general alternative, pseudo and classical likelihood ratio tests are determined. Asymptotic distributions and consistency properties are derived.
Scalp to meningeal arterial anastomosis in the parietal foramen.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the parietal foramen and to determine whether it is the site of an anastomosis between the meningeal and scalp arteries. Methods Forty parietal regions from 20 adult cadavers, in which the arteries were perfused with colored latex, were examined for this study. The scalp was separated from the parietal foramen, and the vasculature in the foramen and adjacent scalp and dura were examined using x3 magnification. The scalp arteries that anastomosed with the meningeal arteries through the parietal foramen were followed into the dura after craniotomy. Results Parietal foramen was found in 20 of the 40 (50%) parietal regions. They were present bilaterally in eight heads and unilaterally in four. Every parietal foramen transmitted an anastomosis between the middle meningeal and scalp arteries. In 11 (55%) of the 20 foramina found in this study, the superficial temporal and occipital artery formed an anastomosis in the galea and pericranial layer that sent a branch through the parietal foramen to anastomose with parietal branches of the middle meningeal artery. In the remaining nine (45%) sides, the middle meningeal artery had a connection through the foramen with a small pericranial artery. Conclusion Every parietal foramen was the site of a connection between the middle meningeal and scalp arteries. The scalp end of the anastomosis most commonly arose in an anastomosis between the superficial temporal and occipital arteries. This anastomosis may be involved in several pathologies.
Federal-State Tax Interactions in the United States and Canada

The potential for vertical tax competition is strongest when different levels of government share the same base. Because there is greater sharing of common tax bases in Canada than in the United States, we expect vertical tax competition to be weaker in the United States than in Canada. Econometric analysis of US data supports this hypothesis. Taking account of the deductibility-related endogeneity of federal tax burdens by state, federal income tax burdens have no effect on average state income tax burdens. Introducing distributional considerations into the vertical tax competition model, we do find a significant displacement effect for higher income taxpayers, with higher federal burdens associated with lower state income tax burdens in the highest income quintile. For low-income taxpayers, federal and state tax burdens are complementary.
Intermediate results of the anatomic repair for congenitally corrected transposition.

Abstract Background . Anatomic repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries has several advantages over the traditional approach but lacks long-term evaluation. Methods . The data on 12 patients who had the procedure between January 1989 and June 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. Associated lesions included ventricular septal defect in 12 patients, pulmonary stenosis in 10 patients, and moderate to severe tricuspid valve regurgitation in 4 patients. Mean age at operation was 9 ± 3.6 months. All patients had venous switch Mustard procedure. Tunneling of the morphologic left ventricle through the ventricular septal defect to the aorta with insertion of right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit was performed in 10 patients, and arterial switch operation in 2. Concomitant tricuspid valvuloplasty was done in 2 patients and ventricular septal defect enlargement in 1. Results . There was one hospital death (9%) in the patient who needed ventricular septal defect enlargement. Complications included atrioventricular block requiring pacemaker insertion in 1 patient (9%) and superior vena caval obstruction in 1 patient (9%). Follow-up is available on all patients 0.5 to 10 years (mean, 7.6 ± 3.1 years). All patients are asymptomatic. Exercise test results on the three oldest patients were normal. Bradytachyarrhythmias developed in 4 patients (36%). Right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit replacement was needed in 5 patients 2.2 to 7.1 years (mean 5.2 ± 3.6 years) postoperatively. Mild to moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation persisted in 2 patients. Systemic left ventricular fractional shortening was 36% to 47% (mean, 39% ± 4.6%), and ejection fraction was 49% to 70% (mean, 60.8% ± 7.9%). Conclusions . The double switch operation can be performed safely with minimal intermediate and long-term complications.
H3K36me3 key to Polycomb-mediated gene silencing in lineage specification

A newly uncovered activity of a family of Polycomb-group proteins provides insight into the mechanisms by which active genes become repressed during the transition from pluripotency to restricted cell fates as stem cells undergo lineage specification.
Anatomy, histology, and pathology of coronary arteries: a review relevant to new interventional and imaging techniques--Part IV.

In the last 15 years, intense interest has focused on various interventional, pharmacologic, and mechanical forms of therapy for the treatment of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Many techniques and devices (dilating balloons, perfusion catheters, thermal probes and balloons, lasers, atherectomy devices, stents, intravascular ultrasound) have been used or are under study for future use. Many of these techniques and devices require an understanding of histologic and pathologic features of the coronary arteries and diseases which affect them. This article reviews selective areas of anatomy, histology, and pathology relevant to the use of various new interventional techniques. Part II of this four-part review will focus on aging changes seen in the epicardial coronary arteries and will review selected features of atherosclerotic plaque, including fissure and topography.
ACCURACY AND SPEED OF MEMORY IN DEPRESSED AND ORGANIC AGED

Forty‐three subjects aged 50 and over were tested on a Sternberg recognition‐memory task to explore the relative effects of depression and altered brain function on short‐term memory in later life. Organic, depressed, and control subgroups were compared on accuracy and speed of response. Speed‐of‐memory scanning was differentiated from other speed‐of‐response components; separate estimates of memory efficiency and subjective response criteria were calculated from accuracy data by signal‐detection methods. Organic subjects performed much less accurately and quickly than others, showing great variability of response speeds. Depressed subjects performed less accurately and quickly than controls, particularly on negative trials, but did not differ in rate of memory scanning. Depression was associated with poorer memory efficiency and laxer response criteria (greater tolerance for false‐positive errors). Slower and less accurate responding was also associated with a poorer educational background. Many performa...
Quantification of free sphingosine in cultured cells by acylation with radioactive acetic anhydride.

A simple and sensitive method for quantification of sphingosine in cellular lipid extracts was developed. The assay is based on quantitative conversion of sphingosine to N-[3H]acetylated sphingosine ([3H]C2-ceramide) by N-acylation with [3H]acetic anhydride under certain conditions. Sphingosine was extracted from cultured cells with chloroform and methanol and then treated with base to remove interfering glycerolipids having reactive amino groups (e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylserine). Sphingosine was acylated with [3H]acetic anhydride in the presence of 0.004 N NaOH. Acylation was complete in 1 h at 37 degrees C when sphingosine was present in the picomole range. After the acylation, samples were treated with NaOH to reduce background radioactivity by removing the remaining [3H]acetic anhydride and hydrolyzing any ester linkages formed during the acylation and resolved by thin-layer chromatography. [3H]C2-ceramide converted from sphingosine with the acylation was detected with radioautography and quantitated by scraping the corresponding band and counting its radioactivity with a scintillation counter. [3H]C2-ceramide formed was quantitatively measured. This assay allows quantification of sphingosine over a range of 10 to 1500 pmol. The amount of sphingosine in lipid extracts from cultured cells was proportional to the number of cells. Sphingosine levels in human gastric cancer KATO III cells, human promyelocytic leukemic HL60 cells, and human monoblastic U937 cells, determined by this method, were 26.6 +/- 2.2, 6.3 +/- 0.4, and 6.8 +/- 0.6 pmol per 10(6) cells, respectively. Our new procedure allows quantification of sphingosine levels present in the low picomole range in lipid extracts from biological samples.
Taming the bull: safety in a precise surgical robot

The authors have developed an image directed robotic system for orthopaedic bone machining applications, aimed initially at cementless total hip replacement surgery. A clinical trial in dogs needing such surgery has begun. The fact that the application requires a robot to move a tool in contact with a patient has motivated the authors to implement a number of redundant consistency checking mechanisms. The paper provides a brief system overview and outlines the requirements defined by the veterinary surgeon who uses the system. It then describes the authors' approach to implementing these requirements and concludes with a few remarks about their experience so far and possible extensions of their work. >
Critical Literacy in East Asian Literacy Classrooms

AbstractIn this non-empirical study I examine the significance of implementing a critical literacy curriculum into East Asia literacy classrooms, focusing on the Korean and the Vietnamese context. Although critical literacy is not a new issue in most countries, no study has been published about critical literacy in East Asia countries. The fundamental goal of this study is to provide a more democratic vision for literacy teaching and learning to teachers, educators and policymakers, especially in East Asia countries. This study will be beneficial not only for teachers in East Asia, but also for Western countries that still need more knowledge to develop appropriate usage of critical literacy throughout the world.
Termination of resuscitative efforts for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests

Objective: To determine the rate of termination of resuscitative efforts for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients and whether variability exists among different base hospitals providing online medical control (OLMC). Methods: This was an observational one-year study that included all adult patients in the city of Los Angeles with nontraumatic, out-of-hospital cardiac arrests with attempted resuscitative efforts by paramedics. OLMC was provided by 13 base hospitals. The main outcome measure was the incidence of termination of resuscitative efforts on scene as directed by OLMC. Results: Of 1,700 patients, 151 (9%) had resuscitative efforts terminated on scene via direction by OLMC. Patients pronounced on scene were statistically more likely to be older, be found in an extended care facility, have an unwitnessed arrest, and present in asystole. Two base hospitals were more likely to terminate resuscitative efforts via OLMC than all others. Incidence at base hospital A was 37% (odds ratio, 18.6; 95% confidence interval = 11.7 to 30.0; p < 0.0001); incidence at base hospital B was 14% (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.9 to 5.5; p < 0.0001), and incidence at all other base hospitals was 5%. Cardiac arrest patients handled by base hospital A were more likely to be found in ventricular fibrillation; those patients handled by base hospital B had shorter emergency medical services response times and were more likely to be found in an extended care facility. All other characteristics of cardiac arrest patients were not significantly different among the base hospitals. Conclusions: There is significant variability in Los Angeles, depending on the particular base hospital that provides OLMC, in pronouncement of death and termination of resuscitative efforts for medical cardiac arrest in the field. Given potential ethical, logistical, and economic concerns, efforts to assure consistency in the practice of discontinuing resuscitative efforts in the field is warranted.
Dosing sequence-dependent pharmacokinetic interaction of oxaliplatin with paclitaxel in the rat.

Abstract Background. In a phase I clinical trial of oxaliplatin (OPT) in combination with paclitaxel (PXL), a pharmacokinetic interaction was observed when OPT was given as a 2-h i.v. infusion followed by a 1-h i.v. infusion of PXL. The purpose of this study was to use a rat model to evaluate whether the pharmacokinetic interaction between OPT and PXL is dosing sequence-dependent. Methods. One group of rats was given OPT as a 2-h i.v. infusion followed by a 1-h i.v. infusion of PXL formulated in 50% Cremophor EL (CrEL)/50% ethanol (OPT→fPXL), similar to the current phase I clinical protocol. In a second group of rats, the fPXL was infused first to reach a quasi-steady-state plasma level of PXL, followed by an i.v. bolus dose of OPT (CIfPXL→OPT). In a third group of rats, fPXL was replaced with the formulation vehicle, CrEL, which was infused in the same manner as in the second group. Each combination was accompanied with a control of either OPT alone or with replacement of PXL with dextrose 5% in water (CID5W→OPT). The total platinum (Pt) levels in plasma and plasma ultrafiltrate were measured by a validated inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) method. The protein binding, red blood cell (RBC) uptake and urinary elimination of Pt were also examined in each group of rats. Results. The concentration-time profiles of plasma Pt and ultrafiltrable Pt followed triexponential decays in all groups of rats. In the rat receiving OPT→fPXL, the terminal elimination rate constant (γ) of plasma Pt increased, with essentially no change in the total body clearance (CL) and the AUC value, when compared to those without PXL infusion (CID5W→OPT). The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) of the ultrafiltrable Pt also showed an increase in the combination group receiving OPT→fPXL (P<0.01). These results were similar to those from the clinical trial, although the magnitude of change was less. However, in the CIfPXL→OPT group, both CL and Vss of Pt in plasma and plasma ultrafiltrate decreased, with corresponding increases in AUCs (P<0.01). The 24-h urinary elimination of total Pt increased in both combination groups, irrespective of the dosing sequence. No difference in protein binding of Pt was observed among the groups. There was a decrease in RBC uptake in the presence of steady-state level of fPXL, but the same was not observed in the OPT→fPXL group. Additionally, similar results were observed with OPT in combination with CrEL alone. Conclusions. These results suggest that alterations in the pharmacokinetics of OPT by fPXL are dosing sequence-dependent and mainly caused by the formulation vehicle CrEL. It is suggested that the dosing sequence of fPXL followed by OPT would be more clinically favorable because it would prolong the residence of OPT in systemic circulation. It is further recommended that the use of other formulations of PXL without CrEL or docetaxel would avoid the complication effect of CrEL.
In Situ X-ray Diffraction and Solid-State NMR Study of the Fluorination of γ-Al2O3 with HCF2Cl

In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and NMR methods were used to follow the structural changes that occur during the dismutation reaction of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (CHClF2) over γ-alumina. Use of a flow cell allowed diffraction patterns to be recorded, while the reaction products were simultaneously monitored downstream of the catalyst bed, by gas chromatography. No visible structural changes of γ-Al2O3 were observed at 300 °C, the temperature at which this material becomes active for catalysis. A new phase began to form at 360 °C, which by 500 °C completely dominated the XRD powder pattern. 19F/27Al cross-polarization (CP) experiments of γ-Al2O3 activated at 300 °C showed that AlF3 had already begun to form at this temperature. By 400 °C, resonances from a phase that resembles α-AlF3 dominate both the 19F and 27Al NMR spectra of the used catalyst. In situ XRD experiments of the catalytically inactive α-AlF3 phase were performed to investigate the structural changes of this material, associated with the e...
Macroeconomic and Sectoral Effects of International Trade: A Vector Error-Correction Study

This study examines various claims that in the U.S., international trade has contributed to a loss of manufacturing base, an increased gap between unskilled and skilled wages, lower employment, and a loss of productivity. Cointegration tests indicate that in the long run and at the macro level, the ratio of trade to output and FDI to output are correlated with the manufacturing share of output, the ratio of unskilled to skilled wages, labor productivity, and the employment rate. However, Granger causality tests reveal that, with one exception, causation does not run from trade to the domestic variables, the only exception being that FDI Granger causes productivity. When the focus is shifted to the manufacturing sector, the results support the proposition that openness to trade has had adverse effects on this sector.
Chromosomal location and evolution of isozyme structural genes in hexaploid wheat

The genetic control of the production of multiple forms of lipoxygenase, endopeptidase, acid phosphatase, aminopeptidase, and alcohol dehydrogenase in hexaploid wheat has been studied using the zymogram technique. Aneuploid strains which encompass a range of from zero to four doses of each chromosome in the complement were analysed. The localisation of 22 structural genes to specific chromosome arms is reported. Extensive inter-genomic variation between homoeologous isozyme structural genes has been detected. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that many of the duplicated structural genes of this species have diverged in structure and function subsequent to the origin of the polyploid wheats.
The Performance of MRP Purchase Lot-Size Procedures Under Actual Multiple Purchase Discount Conditions

Several heuristic procedures for purchase lot sizing in material requirements planning (MRP) systems were tested with actual data from manufacturing companies. Information provided by the companies for each purchased item included the estimated requirements and costs, the price discount structure from the vendor, and the actual company ordering policy. Simulation tests for each purchased item involved comparisons of several purchase lot-size procedures from the research literature along with the actual procedure used by the company providing the data. Results indicate that one of the heuristic lot-size procedures from the literature consistently outperformed the company policies as well as all other models tested. Another noteworthy result is that, in some cases, the actual company order policy was more cost-effective than some of the models from the research literature.
Measurements of the overall heat transfer from combustion gases confined within elliptical tube heat exchangers

Measurements of the overall heat transfer for elliptical cylinders in cross-flow are presented for various flatness ratios and incidence angles. The measurements included the internal convective transfer of confined flowing (hot) gases combined with the external convective transfer. The internal hot gases were created using natural gas flames whereby combustion was completed prior to entering the elliptical test section. Results are reported for three flatness ratios, 0.20, 0.31, and 0.52, in addition to three incidence angles, 0, 45, and 90 degrees. The measurements are compared to round tube measurements and previous studies on elliptical cylinders in cross-flow. Results indicate that a significant flatness (0.30 or less) must be achieved to realize any appreciable (greater than 10 percent) change in the overall heat transfer coefficient. The effect of flattening heat exchanger tubes is presented in terms of the heat transfer enhancement gained without any consideration of the increase in the internal pressure losses.
The specificity of the generality problem

In “Why the generality problem is everybody’s problem,” Michael Bishop argues that every theory of justification needs a solution to the generality problem. He contends that a solution is needed in order for any theory to be used in giving an acceptable account of the justificatory status of beliefs in certain examples. In response, first I will describe the generality problem that is specific to process reliabilism and two other sorts of problems that are essentially the same. Then I will argue that the examples that Bishop presents pose no such problem for some theories. I will illustrate the exempt theories by describing how an evidentialist view can account for the justification in the examples without having any similar problem. It will be clear that other views about justification are likewise unaffected by anything like the generality problem.
Design of broadband GaN doherty power amplifiers

This paper presents a modified Doherty power amplifier (DPA) architecture to release bandwidth limitation of the conventional DPA. The proposed DPA structure eliminates two quarter wavelength impedance inverters used in the conventional DPAs (one is after the output matching network of the carrier amplifier and the other one is before the load of the DPA). Instead, both the carrier and peak amplifiers in the proposed DPA are matched to 70 Ω (1.4*Z 0 ) at the output ports, which enables the easy implementation of broadband matching networks. Broadband input and output matching networks are then designed to achieve wideband Doherty power amplifiers with enhanced performance. To verify the design concept, a broadband microstrip DPA is designed, fabricated, and measured on a Duroid 5880 substrate with 2.2 dielectric constant and 0.787 mm substrate thickness. In the working frequency band (0.8 to 1.2 GHz), the designed DPA provides 50.8% to 78.5% power-added efficiency (PAE) at full output power, 30.3% to 40.1% PAE at 6 dB of output power back-off (OBO), 10.8 to 14.8 dB gain (the gain variation is within 2.6 dB over different input power levels at each specific frequency), and maximum output power between 40.2 and 42.9 dBm.
WARING'S PROBLEM WITH POLYNOMIAL SUMMANDS

Let f ( x ) be an integer-valued polynomial with no fixed integer divisor [ges ] 2, that is, for no integer d [ges ] 2 does d [mid ] f ( x ) for all integers x . One generalization of the famous Waring problem is to determine whether, for large enough s , the equation formula here is solvable in positive integers x 1 , …, x s for sufficiently large integers n . The existence of such s for every f was established by Kamke [ 5 ] in 1921. Subsequent authors (Pillai, Hua [ 2–4 ], Vinogradov, Nacaev [ 7 ], and others) have studied the problem of bounding G ( f ), the least s for which (1.1) is solvable for all large n . Questions of local solubility of (1.1), that is, solubility of the congruence formula here play a more important and complicated role in this problem than in the classical Waring problem. Let Γ 0 ( f ) denote the least number s so that (1.2) is solvable for every pair n , q . It is well known that Γ 0 ( x k ) [les ] 4 k for every k , but Hua [ 4 ] found that for every k , the polynomial formula here satisfies Γ 0 ( f k ) [ges ] 2 k − 1 (take s = 2 k −2, q = 2 k and n = (−1) k in (1.2)). Clearly G ( f ) [ges ] Γ 0 ( f ), but one can say more by restricting the values of n under consideration, as has been done by several authors in the case f ( x ) = x 4 (for example [ 1 , 6 ]). The singular series formula here where e ( z ) = e 2π iz , encapsulates the local solubility information. In particular, [Sfr ] s, f ( n ) [ges ] 0 for every n and [Sfr ] s, f ( n ) > 0 if and only if (1.2) is soluble for every q . Define G ( f ) to be the least number s so that for every δ >0 and every n > n 0 (δ) with [Sfr ] s, f ( n ) [ges ] δ, (1.1) is soluble. The reason for taking [Sfr ] s, f ( n ) [ges ] δ instead of [Sfr ] s, f ( n ) > 0 is that we wish to exclude from consideration certain n lying in sparse sequences for which (1.1) is insoluble but [Sfr ] s, f ( n ) > 0. For example, taking f ( x ) = x 4 , s = 15 and n j = 79·16 j ( j = 0, 1, …), it can be shown that (1.1) is not soluble for n = n j , that [Sfr ] s, f ( n j ) > 0 for all j , and that [Sfr ] s, f ( n j ) → 0 as j → ∞. It is known that G ( x 4 ) = 16 (see [ 1 ]) and that G ( x 4 ) [ges ] 11 almost holds (see [ 6 ]).
The Beginning of the Iliad: The ‘Contradictions’ of the Proem and the Burial of Hektor

“The Beginning and End of the Iliad: The ‘Contradictions’ of the Proem and the Burial of Hektor” treats three ‘discrepancies’ between the story apparently promised in the proem of the Iliad and the story that the poem goes on to tell. Discussed extensively by the Analysts of the past century, these discrepancies were construed as evidence of the Iliad’s origins in multiple sources. More recently, oral theorists have seen them as signs of a singer composing rapidly and relatively unreflectively in performance, indifferent to self-contradiction. The present article argues instead that we can approach the proem as a prayer, addressed by Homer to the Muse—and the main story of the poem as her answer. On such a reading, we can construe the contradictions as evidence for the view that while Homer has asked for one story, the Muse has given him another slightly different story. While this suggestion has had advocates in the literature, none has attempted to work it out with reference to the discrepancies between the Iliad’s proem and main story. The article argues that once we examine the discrepancies, we find that they point us toward a new interpretation of the significance of Hektor’s burial.
The response of compact bone in tension at various strain rates

The paper examines the behavior of anisotropic compact bone in tension at a range of strain rates. Specimens of fresh bovine bone were loaded at strain rates between. 001 and 200 sec−1. This bone was shown to exhibit considerable plasticity throughout the range, except when tested in a direction normal to the long axis. The modulus of elasticity, breaking stress and breaking strain were found to vary with strain rate. There is a maximum energy absorbtion capability at a strain rate of .1 sec−1.
Efficient isothermal expansion of human telomeric and minisatellite repeats by Thermococcus litoralis DNA polymerase

Repeating DNA sequences, such as telomeres, centromeres, and micro- and mini-satellites, comprise 50% of the genome and play important roles in regulatory and pathogenic mechanisms. In order to study structures and functions of such repeating sequences, it is important to have simple and efficient methods for making them in vitro. Here, we describe the efficient and convenient expansion of repetitive telomeric and minisatellite DNA sequences starting from small synthetic templates to final product lengths of several hundreds to thousands of nucleotides by the thermostable DNA polymerase from Thermococcus litoralis (Vent DNA polymerase). This enzyme was so far unknown to catalyze repeat expansion. Either single-stranded or double-stranded DNAs could be produced, depending on nucleotides present. Compared to earlier results obtained with other enzymes, the expansion reaction is highly efficient both in its yield and product length, and proceeds without thermal cycling. Moreover, the products are characterized by a narrow length distribution.
DISCOLORATION PROBLEMS IN MECHANICALLY DEBONED FISH

When fish are deboned in an “auger-type” deboning machine darkening of the minced product occurs. The objective of this work was to determine the cause of the discoloration. Two different reactions leading to discoloration were found to occur, one during processing and the other during frozen storage. The first discoloration occurred immediately after deboning and had a characteristic “grayness.” The second discoloration occurred during frozen storage and was characterized by the development of yellow to brownish colors. It was found that the gray discoloration was skin related and pressure dependent. The release of black pigments, melanins, from the fish skin was found to be the source of the initial gray discoloration.
Combined Schiff Procedures

The usefulness of the PAS reaction in histological investigation is frequently enhanced when it can be combined with other procedures. This is frequently difficult to accomplish due to adverse interaction of the more numerous reagents necessary for combined techniques. Details are given for methods of combining PAS staining with iron hematoxylin, direct silver, and aldehyde fuchsin and for the use of the Feulgen reaction to provide nuclear staining for Sudan black preparations.
Recent studies of dispersion matched steering for the ILC bunch compressor and main linac

The dispersion matched steering (DMS) method is studied in detail in the context of a curved main linac. In the absence of cavity tilts (rotations in the YZ plane), DMS provides a unique and stable solution with negligible emittance growth. If cavity tilts are about 300 murad, the algorithm is not very robust. The emittance growth through the entire linac for positrons is about 5 nm, if the system is strictly static and statistical averaging can be used to improve beam position measurements. This growth is mostly eliminated if the dispersion and its derivative at injection can be adjusted. If anticipated ground motion, beam and klystron jitter, beam position measurement resolution are introduced (i.e. dynamical case), the emittance preservation goal is currently not achieved by DMS alone. Mitigation strategies are outlined.
Calculating eGFR using the MDRD equation

Sir, In a recent paper, MacGregor et al . suggested that the recently developed IDMS-traceable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation should be used to calculate GFR from serum creatinine measurements.1 This equation was developed for use with creatinine results from measurement procedures with calibrations that are traceable to the isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (IDMS) creatinine reference method. Since most routine measurement procedures for serum creatinine have not been calibrated to be traceable to the IDMS reference method, the authors suggest that measurement-procedure-specific correction factors derived …
Application of pole-zero concepts to design of sampled-data systems

This paper relates the pole-zero configuration of an error-sampled control system to the transient and steady-state response in a form amenable to straightforward synthesis procedures. The approximate transient response, as defined by percent overshoot and rise time, is specified for a generalized quadratic model in terms of readily discernable parameters. The steady-state error coefficients are developed in terms of the closed-loop poles and zeros. Several examples are used to illustrate the procedure and indicate certain practical conclusions.
Ethics in Human Subjects Research: Do Incentives Matter?

There is considerable confusion regarding the ethical appropriateness of using incentives in research with human subjects. Previous work on determining whether incentives are unethical considers them as a form of undue influence or coercive offer. We understand the ethical issue of undue influence as an issue, not of coercion, but of corruption of judgment. By doing so we find that, for the most part, the use of incentives to recruit and retain research subjects is innocuous. But there are some instances where it is not. Specifically, incentives become problematic when conjoined with the following factors, singly or in combination with one another: where the subject is in a dependency relationship with the researcher, where the risks are particularly high, where the research is degrading, where the participant will only consent if the incentive is relatively large because the participant's aversion to the study is strong, and where the aversion is a principled one. The factors we have identified and the kinds of judgments they require differ substantially from those considered crucial in most previous discussions of the ethics of employing incentives in research with human subjects.