cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionic transport properties and their empirical correlations for thermal-to-electrical energy conversion

Abstract Thermal-to-electrical energy conversion due to the thermo-diffusion of ions is an emerging field of study, which has attracted significant research efforts over the past several years due to unprecedentedly large thermopower over several mV/K compared to 10−2–10−1 mV/K from conventional electronic thermoelectric materials. Nevertheless, key enabling principles and general rules for achieving the extraordinary properties have yet to be fully unveiled due to the complexity in establishing consolidated theories unlike crystalline solids. Here we suggest empirical relationships between ionic conductivity and ionic thermopower as well as their dependency on relative humidity (RH). It is very intriguing to see both ionic electrical conductivity and ionic thermopower are simultaneously improved as RH is raised, in contrast to their adverse correlation in conventional electronic thermoelectrics, offering potential breakthroughs for large performance enhancement. This paper mainly focuses on the thermo-diffusion of ions called the Soret effect in solid-state polyelectrolytes due to their large thermopower, and their transport properties were described in comparison to electronic Seebeck effects. Representative materials and their device applications are introduced along with underlying physics and perspectives. We anticipate that this work serves as a guide for exercising their outstanding properties as well as opening up new strategies for thermal-to-electrical energy conversion.
Stipulated Smartphones for Students: The Requirements of Modern Technology for Academia

Technology has become pervasive in everyday life. College students are required to use internet-enabled computers and smartphones to access and interact with course material, often via browser software. However, the trend of requiring technology disadvantages lowerincome students. Additionally, the increased cycle of manufacturing, purchasing, and discarding devices comes with an environmental cost in the form of eWaste. Research has been done examining how long users can and do keep devices before discarding them, but we wish to understand this in the context of requirements for college students.
From Instantaneous Schedulability to Worst Case Schedulability: A Significant Moment Approach.

The method of significant moment analysis has been employed to derive instantaneous schedulability tests for real-time systems. However, the instantaneous schedulability can only be checked within a finite time window. On the other hand, worst-case schedulability guarantees schedulability of systems for infinite time. This paper derives the classical worst-case schedulability conditions for preemptive periodic systems starting from instantaneous schedulability, hence unifying the two notions of schedulability. The results provide a rigorous justification on the critical time instants being the worst case for scheduling of preemptive periodic systems. The paper also show that the critical time instant is not the only worst case moments.
MOSafely: Building an Open-Source HCAI Community to Make the Internet a Safer Place for Youth

The goal of this one-day workshop is to build an active community of researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers who are jointly committed to leveraging human-centered artificial intelligence (HCAI) to make the internet a safer place for youth. This community will be founded on the principles of open innovation and human dignity to address some of the most salient safety issues of modern-day internet, including online harassment, sexual solicitation, and the mental health of vulnerable internet users, particularly adolescents and young adults. We will partner with Mozilla Research Foundation to launch a new open project named “MOSafely.org,” which will serve as a platform for code library, research, and data contributions that support the mission of internet safety. During the workshop, we will discuss: 1) the types of contributions and technical standards needed to advance the state-of-the art in online risk detection, 2) the practical, legal, and ethical challenges that we will face, and 3) ways in which we can overcome these challenges through the use of HCAI to create a sustainable community. An end goal of creating the MOSafely community is to offer evidence-based, customizable, robust, and low-cost technologies that are accessible to the public for youth protection.
Disease Risk & Landscape Attributes of Tick-Borne Borrelia Pathogens in the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Habitat heterogeneity influences pathogen ecology by affecting vector abundance and the reservoir host communities. We investigated spatial patterns of disease risk for two human pathogens in the Borrelia genus–B. burgdorferi and B. miyamotoi–that are transmitted by the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus. We collected ticks (349 nymphs, 273 adults) at 20 sites in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA. Tick abundance, pathogen prevalence and density of infected nymphs varied widely across sites and habitat type, though nymphal western black-legged ticks were more frequently found, and were more abundant in coast live oak forest and desert/semi-desert scrub (dominated by California sagebrush) habitats. We observed Borrelia infections in ticks at all sites where we able to collect >10 ticks. The recently recognized human pathogen, B. miyamotoi, was observed at a higher prevalence (13/349 nymphs = 3.7%, 95% CI = 2.0–6.3; 5/273 adults = 1.8%, 95% CI = 0.6–4.2) than recent studies from nearby locations (Alameda County, east of the San Francisco Bay), demonstrating that tick-borne disease risk and ecology can vary substantially at small geographic scales, with consequences for public health and disease diagnosis.
Saxagliptin and tadalafil differentially alter left ventricular mechanics in a translational miniature swine model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (652.15)

We previously demonstrated pathological cardiac remodeling in a swine model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) was associated with altered left ventricular (LV) mechanics. The inhibitory effect of cGMP (cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate) on pathological hypertrophic signaling is well established. Reduced cGMP signaling in HFpEF may occur as a result of dysfunctional production or enhanced catabolism via increased phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. We hypothesized preservation of cGMP expression would attenuate pathological remodeling and improve LV mechanics in HFpEF. Thus, the purpose of this study was to promote cGMP signaling via two mechanisms: 1) the DPP4 inhibitor saxagliptin; and 2) the PDE5 inhibitor tadalafil. We assessed LV mechanics with 2D strain echocardiography 1 and 3 months post-aortic banding in mini-swine divided into four groups (n=5); control non-banded (CON), HFpEF (HF), HFpEF saxagliptin-treated (HF-SAX) and HFpEF tadalafil-treated (HF-TAD). Tadalafil attenua...
Pathology and Development of the Grasshopper Inclusion Body Virus in Melanoplus sanguinipes

Grasshoppers, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), infected with the grasshopper inclusion body virus (GIBV) showed a general torpor, took longer to develop, and had abnormally high rates of mortality. Infection was found only in the fat body, and developing viruses and inclusion bodies were observed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of infected cells. Although the size of the inclusion bodies in cells varied at different stages of infection, the inclusion bodies appeared to grow during the infection. Electron microscopic investigations of viral replication showed that at about 8 days after inoculation presumptive viral particles had developed as buds or protrusions from precursor granular masses; thereafter, these particles underwent internal differentiation and were incorporated into developing inclusion bodies. The GIBV was similar to insect viruses in the genus Vagoiavirus Weiser and to pox viruses, particularly vaccinia.
An Empirical Investigation of Biased Survey Data and an Attempted Cure

In this paper I investigate response bias in survey data on annual driving mileage and evaluate the performance of a proposed remedy, Orbit. Individuals systematically exaggerate their deviation from the sample average, and using the self-reported data leads to misleading estimates of the income elasticity of travel mileage. I extend the Orbit procedure, which is designed to correct for reporting bias, to allow misreporting at the lower censoring point. Orbit fails to detect the nature of the bias and distorts the income elasticity estimate even further. The message for practitioners using biased data is therefore a cautionary one.
SU-E-T-341: DVH-Based Comparison of True 3D Measurements to a Delta4 System

Purpose: Delta4 dosimetric software can be used to calculate DVH-based metrics for patient-specific quality assurance from measurements made by a Delta4 QA device. This study investigates the effectiveness of a novel transform method that transposes measurements made with a full-density 3D dosimeter onto patient anatomy, enabling the calculation of DVHs. This allows for DVH comparisons from the transformed dose distribution, which are based on true 3D measurements, to those from the Delta4 system, which are based on semi-3D measurements and interpolation. Methods: A double-arc VMAT treatment for a head-and-neck case was delivered to a 1kg PRESAGE 3D dosimeter inserted into a polyurethane head phantom. The dosimeter was readout using an in-house optical-CT scanner to gather full-density 3D dosimetric data. The transform method is achieved by multiplication of the measured doses with a “transformation matrix” which accounts for heterogeneities and differences in geometry between the patient and the phantom. The transformation matrix is a voxel-by-voxel division of the patient planned dose by the phantom planned dose, both calculated in the treatment planning system (Eclipse). The transformed distribution was then overlaid on the patient CT data, enabling the calculation of DVHs. The same VMAT treatment was delivered to the Delta4 phantom and DVH data was calculated using its associated software. Results: The transformed dose distribution showed good agreement with calculated patient values, determined by similarity in dose profiles between the two distributions and a 3D gamma index passing rate of 94.87% for 3%/3mm criteria. For every structure contained within the dosimeter volume, the transformed DVHs demonstrated better agreement than the Delta4 DVHs, when compared to the values calculated in the treatment planning system. Conclusion: The coupled technique of full-density 3D dose measurements and the presented transform method enables clinical patient-specific quality assurance data that is more accurate than the semi-3D Delta4 system. This work was supported by NIH R01CA100835.
Effect of variable water intake as mediated by dietary potassium carbonate supplementation on rumen dynamics in lactating dairy cows.

Water is a critical nutrient for dairy cows, with intake varying with environment, production, and diet. However, little work has evaluated the effects of water intake on rumen parameters. Using dietary potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as a K supplement to increase water intake, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of K2CO3 supplementation on water intake and on rumen parameters of lactating dairy cows. Nine ruminally cannulated, late-lactation Holstein cows (207 ± 12 d in milk) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 18-d periods. Dietary treatments (on a dry matter basis) were no added K2CO3 (baseline dietary K levels of 1.67% dietary K), 0.75% added dietary K, and 1.5% added dietary K. Cows were offered treatment diets for a 14-d adaption period followed by a 4-d collection period. Ruminal total, liquid, and dry matter digesta weights were determined by total rumen evacuations conducted 2 h after feeding on d 4 of the collection period. Rumen fluid samples were collected to determine pH, volatile fatty acids, and NH3 concentrations, and Co-EDTA was used to determine fractional liquid passage rate. Milk samples were collected twice daily during the collection period. Milk, milk fat, and protein yields showed quadratic responses with greatest yields for the 0.75% added dietary K treatment. Dry matter intake showed a quadratic response with 21.8 kg/d for the 0.75% added dietary K treatment and 20.4 and 20.5 kg/d for control and the 1.5% added dietary K treatment, respectively. Water intake increased linearly with increasing K2CO3 supplementation (102.4, 118.4, and 129.3 L/d) as did ruminal fractional liquid passage rate in the earlier hours after feeding (0.118, 0.135, and 0.141 per hour). Total and wet weights of rumen contents declined linearly and dry weight tended to decline linearly as dietary K2CO3 increased, suggesting that the increasing water intake and fractional liquid passage rate with increasing K2CO3 increased the overall ruminal turnover rate. Ruminal ammonia concentrations declined linearly and pH increased linearly as K supplementation increased. As a molar percentage of total volatile fatty acids, acetate increased linearly as dietary K increased, though propionate declined. Increasing dietary K2CO3 and total K in the diets of lactating dairy cows increased water consumption and modified ruminal measures in ways suggesting that both liquid and total ruminal turnover were increased as both water and K intake increased.
Vitamin D therapy

The fat-soluble vitamin D prohormones, ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), are essential for the efficient intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate and the subsequent mineralization of bone. Inadequate vitamin D leads to chronic secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteoporosis. The increasing prevalence of osteoporosis has paralleled a pandemic of vitamin D insufficiency. Based on observational and prospective trials with clinical end points, the standards for vitamin D sufficiency have been recently revised. All patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis should be monitored with a reliable assay to maintain serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels more than 32 ng/dL. Patients who are taking bisphosphonates and those with coexisting primary hyperparathyroidism are not exempt from taking supplemental vitamin D.
Simultaneous Synthesis of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in a Magnetically-enhanced Arc Plasma

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very promising application for molecular sensors, field effect transistor and super thin and flexible electronic devices1-4. Anodic arc discharge supported by the erosion of the anode material is one of the most practical and efficient methods, which can provide specific non-equilibrium processes and a high influx of carbon material to the developing structures at relatively higher temperature, and consequently the as-synthesized products have few structural defects and better crystallinity. To further improve the controllability and flexibility of the synthesis of carbon nanostructures in arc discharge, magnetic fields can be applied during the synthesis process according to the strong magnetic responses of arc plasmas. It was demonstrated that the magnetically-enhanced arc discharge can increase the average length of SWCNT 5, narrow the diameter distribution of metallic catalyst particles and carbon nanotubes 6, and change the ratio of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes 7, as well as lead to graphene synthesis 8. Furthermore, it is worthwhile to remark that when we introduce a non-uniform magnetic field with the component normal to the current in arc, the Lorentz force along the J×B direction can generate the plasmas jet and make effective delivery of carbon ion particles and heat flux to samples. As a result, large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes were simultaneously generated by such new magnetically-enhanced anodic arc method. Arc imaging, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze the characterization of carbon nanostructures. These findings indicate a wide spectrum of opportunities to manipulate with the properties of nanostructures produced in plasmas by means of controlling the arc conditions.
A Reduced Dimensional Model for the Multi-Pulsing Transition in a Waveguide Array Mode-Locked Laser

The onset of multi-pulsing is studied using a reduced-order model based on the proper orthogonal decomposition. This model completely characterizes the transition and agrees qualitatively with previous numerical studies and experimental results.
Performance of microdot (MDOT) detectors with conductive coating of doped amorphous silicon carbide (a-Si:C:H)

Abstract A conductive coating of doped amorphous silicon carbide (a-Si:C:H) has been used in the fabrication of microdot (MDOT) detectors, to minimize the defocusing, away from the anodes, of the drifting primary electrons. This defocusing is caused by the existence of the readout line passing below the insulating layer. The defocusing effect and other effects of the conductive coating on the performance of these detectors fabricated in this way have been investigated.
Changes in pulmonary mechanics after lung volume reduction surgery.

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is a promising new treatment for emphysema and leads to increased flow rates. We investigated the mechanisms by which flow rates could increase and the correlates of lessened dyspnea in patients undergoing LVRS before and 3 months after LVRS in patients with severe emphysema. The following were done: routine pulmonary function testing, measurements of elastic recoil (Pel), tidal breathing patterns, inspiratory work of breathing (Winsp), construction of static recoil-maximum flow curves, and measurement of baseline and transitional dyspnea index (TDI). There were increases in forced vital capacity (FVC: 2.24 ± 0.71 to 2.92 ± 0.63 liters; p < 0.05), forced expired volume in 1 (FEV1: 0.64 ± .16 to 1.03 ± 0.28 liters; p < 0.01), and decreases in all divisions of lung volume, e.g. total lung capacity (TLC: 6.86 ± 1.41 to 5.96 ± 1.49 liters; p < 0.01). Maximum Pel increased (11.7 ± 3.7 to 19.8 ± 7.8 cmH2O; p < 0.02) as did the coefficient of retraction (CR= Pel/TLC: 1.8 ± 0.7 to 3.6 ± 3.6 ± 2.2 cmH2O/liter). However, the individual responses in other parameters were markedly different among patients. There was no consistent trend in changes in the slope or position of the static recoil-maximum flow curve or Winsp. The only positive correlate of improved dyspnea (TDI = 3.22 ± 2.22; p < 0.01) was improvement in CR, FEV1 being a weak negative correlate and change in lung volume not being a correlate at all. We conclude that there is a heterogeneous response of the airways to LVRS. Increased elastic recoil was the primary determinant of improved flow rates after LVRS and is the only positive correlate for improvement in dyspnea.
Biology and Feeding Requirements of Larval Hunter Flies Coenosia attenuata (Diptera: Muscidae) Reared on Larvae of the Fungus Gnat Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

The larval feeding requirements and biology of the generalist predatory muscid hunter fly Coenosia attenuata Stein 1903 (Diptera: Muscidae) were investigated at 25 degrees C. Larval C. attenuata were fed second-, third, and fourth-instar (L2, L3, and L4) larvae of the fungus gnat Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen) (Diptera: Sciaridae) at variable rates to determine minimum and optimum numbers of these prey required for normal development. The proportion of C. attenuata larvae surviving to pupation differed significantly as a function of L2 and L3 prey numbers. When the number of prey/d was increased from 10 to 15 L2 and from 5 to 7 L3 per day, the respective percentages of pupation increased from 0 to 77% and from 0 to 48%. In contrast, all numbers of L4 prey (1-7 prey per d) supported pupation, and the pupation rate did not vary with prey number. At the highest prey numbers tested, mortalities of C. attenuata larvae fed L2, L3, and L4 fungus gnat larvae were 7, 30, and 75%, respectively. The higher mortality of larvae fed L4 prey was clearly the result of lethal wounds inflicted by the fungus gnat larvae in defensive strikes against the predators. At prey numbers supporting maximum rates of adult emergence, larval development required 12-14 d, and duration of the pupal stage was approximately 10 d. C. attenuata larvae killed large numbers of prey during their development (means of up to 232 L2, 144 L3, or 87 L4 fungus gnats), and larvae provided with marginally inadequate numbers of prey survived for long periods (mean 14-22 d, maximum 34 d) before succumbing to apparent starvation. These are favorable attributes with respect to use of C. attenuata as a biological control agent, suggesting a strong potential to substantially impact high-density pest populations and to survive in low-density pest populations.
Photoperiodic regulation of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in castrated and castrated-adrenalectomized male hamsters.

In several seasonally breeding species, gonadectomy of animals in the nonbreeding condition results in an increase in serum LH and FSH levels, which is greatly attenuated when compared to that observed after castration of animals in the breeding condition. Additionally, exposure of seasonal breeders to nonstimulatory daily photoperiods can induce an increase in the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to the negative feedback effect of steroid hormones, as determined by measurements of serum LH and FSH titers. The present study was designed to determine if the attenuated castration response is due to a hypersensitivity of the hypothalamic- pituitary axis to extragonadal steroids. The attenuated increase in serum LH and FSH levels after castration of male hamsters kept on a nonstimulatory photoperiod was also observed in hamsters which were castrated and adrenalectomized and in hamsters maintained on a low steroid diet. Thus, the inhibitory photoperiod appears to suppress serum LH and FSH levels ...
Bond activation sequence observed in the chemisorption and surface reaction of ethanol on Ni(111)

Abstract The mechanism of ethanol decomposition on the Ni(111) surface has been investigated between 155 and 500 K. The sequence of bond scission steps which occur as ethanol undergoes dissociative reactions on this surface has been deduced using deuterium and 13 C isotopic labels. Bond activation occurs in the order (1) OH, (2) CH 2 (methylene CH), (3) CC, (4) CH 3 (methyl CH). The products observed are CH 3 CHO(g), CH 4 (g), CO(g), H 2 (g) and surface carbon, C(a). The latter species exhibits a carbidic AES lineshape in the temperature range 450 to 670 K, at which temperature it dissolves into the Ni bulk. Acetaldehyde, CH 3 CHO, and methane, CH 4 , desorb with the same threshold temperature (260–265 K), and the formation of both of these products is controlled by scission of the methylene CH bond (CH 2 group). The CH 3 group is cleaved from the intermediate surface CH 3 CHO species to form CH 3 (ads). H 2 exhibits a broad, doublet desorption peak from 300 to 450 K. The carbonoxygen bond in ethanol remains intact and CO ultimately desorbs in a single desorption limited process ( T p = 430 K). A small fraction of CO(a) species undergo exchange with the carbidic surface carbon in a minor process observed above 440 K.
Binding of steroidal sex hormones by supernatant from Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda)

1. 1. Binding of sex steroids by a supernatant from the ruminant nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis was determined by isoelectric focusing of radiolabeled hormones. 2. 2. Progesterone was recovered from the gels at pH 6.3 and 7.7 while 17-β-estradiol was found at pH 5.9 and 6.5. Testosterone was focused at pH 4.3. The binding of hormones was different in the sexes of nematode. 3. 3. T. colubriformis may contain binding proteins and/or receptors for sex steroids.
Friedmann equations from nonequilibrium thermodynamics of the Universe: A unified formulation for modified gravity

Inspired by the Wald-Kodama entropy $S=A/(4{G}_{\text{eff}})$ where $A$ is the horizon area and ${G}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is the effective gravitational coupling strength in modified gravity with field equation ${R}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{-}R{g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}/2=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}8\ensuremath{\pi}{G}_{\mathrm{eff}}{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}^{(\text{eff})}$, we develop a unified and compact formulation in which the Friedmann equations can be derived from thermodynamics of the Universe. The Hawking and Misner-Sharp masses are generalized by replacing Newton's constant $G$ with ${G}_{\mathrm{eff}}$, and the unified first law of equilibrium thermodynamics is supplemented by a nonequilibrium energy dissipation term $\mathcal{E}$ which arises from the revised continuity equation of the perfect-fluid effective matter content and is related to the evolution of ${G}_{\mathrm{eff}}$. By identifying the mass as the total internal energy, the unified first law for the interior and its smooth transit to the apparent horizon yield both Friedmann equations, while the nonequilibrium Clausius relation with entropy production for an isochoric process provides an alternative derivation on the horizon. We also analyze the equilibrium situation ${G}_{\mathrm{eff}}=G=\text{constant}$, provide a viability test of the generalized geometric masses, and discuss the continuity/conservation equation. Finally, the general formulation is applied to the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology of minimally coupled $f(R)$, generalized Brans-Dicke, scalar-tensor-chameleon, quadratic, $f(R,\mathcal{G})$ generalized Gauss-Bonnet and dynamical Chern-Simons gravity. In these theories we also analyze the $f(R)$-Brans-Dicke equivalence, find that the chameleon effect causes extra energy dissipation and entropy production, geometrically reconstruct the mass ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{m}V$ for the physical matter content, and show the self-inconsistency of $f(R,\mathcal{G})$ gravity in problems involving ${G}_{\mathrm{eff}}$.
Patterns and prognostic implications of low high-density lipoprotein levels in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

Aims The patterns and prognostic significance of low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels have not been well characterized. We sought to determine the prevalence and prognostic significance of low HDL cholesterol levels in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS). Methods and results We evaluated HDL levels among NSTE ACS patients [ischaemic ECG (electrocardiogram) changes and/or positive cardiac markers] from the CRUSADE [Can Rapid Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC(American College of Cardiology)/AHA(American Heart Association) Guidelines] initiative treated at 555 US hospitals from January 2001 through June 2006. Clinical and angiographic characteristics, treatments, and in-hospital outcomes were analysed by categories of HDL levels measured during hospitalization. Among 93 263 NSTE ACS patients with HDL measurements, 16 854 (18.1%) had very low HDL levels (10–29 mg/dL), 32 185 (34.5%) had low HDL levels (30–39 mg/dL), 35 875 (38.5%) had normal HDL levels (40–59 mg/dL), and 8349 (9.0%) had high HDL levels (60–100 mg/dL). Patients with very low HDL levels were younger, more often male, and more commonly obese and diabetic. Patients with very low HDL levels had the greatest risk of multi-vessel coronary disease on angiography and in-hospital mortality compared with patients with normal and high HDL levels. Conclusion Almost one-fifth of patients with NSTE ACS have very low HDL levels – a finding that adds incrementally to a greater burden of atherosclerosis and a higher risk of mortality. Consequently, strategies for mitigating the adverse prognosis associated with very low HDL levels warrant further exploration in patients with ACS.
Microphase separation during binary electrophoretic deposition of particles with dissimilar polarizabilities

Abstract We describe a two-dimensional, microphase separation in a binary mixture of yeast cells and colloidal polystyrene particles driven by the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. Self-organized core-shell clusters with predominantly yeast cores surrounded by shells of polystyrene (PS) particles were observed after applying uniform 5 Hz, 10 V/cm ac electric fields to initially randomly mixed monolayers adjacent to an ITO electrode. Depending on the type, size and ζ-potential of the colloids, the interplay between an aggregative electrohydrodynamic (EH) force and a repulsive induced-dipole–induced-dipole (ID) force produced either particle separation, aggregation or a combination of both in single component experiments conducted at 5Hz, 10 V/cm. In binary systems, the PS particle size and ζ-potential had only a secondary effect on the microphase structure, and the yeast–PS binary cluster morphology was frequency dependent. Differences in the particle dielectric response, characterized by the induced-dipole strength for PS and yeast, and in their relative vertical displacements during an alternating field cycle gave rise to the different self-organized morphologies observed in binary systems, while differences in the vertical motions of the assembling particles were directly observed to play a critical role in the binary sorting process.
Magnetic resonance imaging of knee trauma: biomechanical approach.

Summary:Knee trauma often produces predictable groupings of ligamentous and meniscal injuries. Structures that perform related kinematic functions are damaged by the same traumatic mechanisms. When one supporting structure is disrupted, synergistic structures are jeopardized. Locations of meniscal t
Effect of dislocation dissociation on crack tip plasticity in Ll2 intermetallic alloys

Abstract A model describing the energy associated with emission of a dissociated a〈1 1 0〉 {111} dislocation from a crack tip in ordered intermetallic alloys with the Ll2 crystal structure has been formulated. The model incorporates five material parameters and two parameters defining the slip system orientation relative to the crack. Numerical calculations using the model allow determination of the range of slip system orientations for which there is no energy barrier for emission of a dissociated superlattice dislocation from a crack tip. Application of the model to a variety of intermetallic alloys with the Ll2 crystal structure has revealed a correlation between the observed fracture mode and the calculated range of slip system orientations for which there is no energy barrier for emission of a dissociated superlattice dislocation. The model has also been used to predict the effect of lowering the {111} APB or SISF energy on the fracture mode of Al67Ni8Ti25 and Al3Sc.
Delayed response by squirrel monkeys under various delay lighting conditions

Four squirrel monkeys were tested on direct delayed response problems with delays up to 60 sec. At delays of 5 sec. or more, performance was higher when the delay interval was lighted than when it was darkened. The presence of glolights at the response loci during the darkened delay was without discernible effect on performance.
Fluorescence quenching in Photosystem II of chloroplasts

Abstract A simple photochemical model for the photosynthetic units of Photosystem II based on first-order rate constants for de-excitation of excited chlorophyll molecules is presented in the form of equations which predict the yields of fluorescence (i.e. at the initial F0 level, at the maximal FM level and the fluorescence of variable yield, FV = FM − F0). Two types of quenching mechanisms are recognized: (1) increasing nonradiative decay processes in the bulk chlorophyll by creating quenching centers which complete with the reaction centers for the excitation energy (this mechanism quenches both F0 and FV) and (2) increasing nonradiative decay of the excited reaction center chlorophyll (this mechanism quenches FV but not F0). Quenching in the bulk chlorophyll preserves the relationship that F V F M is equal to the maximum yield of photochemistry; quenching at the reaction center chlorophyll decreases F V F M substantially (since FV is quenched specifically) but may have very little effect on the yield of photochemistry. Estimates are made of the relative magnitudes of the rate constants for de-excitation of the excited reaction center chlorophyll by photochemistry, kp, by nonradiative decay processes, kd, and by energy transfer back to the bulk chlorophyll, kt. Fluorescence is assumed to emanate only from the bulk chlorophyll. Energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I may occur from either the excited bulk chlorophyll or from the excited reaction center chlorophyll. The model is valid for any degree of energy transfer between Photosystem II units.
Why Startups Need Libraries (and Librarians)

Academic libraries must play a direct role in supporting the next generation of entrepreneurs to get their start. The primary way to do this is through the development of library space to support innovation. Additionally, entrepreneurial library and information science (LIS) students should look for work beyond the library. The knowledge and skills that they acquire in the classroom are exactly those that startup companies need and want in new hires. If academic libraries embrace the need to break from the old and try something new, they can become hubs of innovation on increasingly entrepreneurial college campuses. And if entrepreneurial LIS students embrace the learning objectives of their programs, they can become the ideal new hire for any number of emerging innovative startup companies.
Square-Lattice Ising Model in a Weak Uniform Magnetic Field: Renormalization Group Analysis

For the two-dimensional ferromagnetic Ising critical point, I show that the known values of the critical exponents imply the absence of logarithms of the reduced temperature in the leading contributions to any field derivative of the free energy at zero magnetic field. For the square-lattice Ising antiferromagnet in a weak magnetic field, I compute the critical line ${T}_{c}$(H)=${T}_{c}^{0}$(1-0.038 023 259${H}^{2}$) and the leading contribution to the susceptibility \ensuremath{\chi}=0.014 718 006 6${H}^{2}$ln(1/\ensuremath{\Vert}t\ensuremath{\Vert}), where t is the reduced temperature.
The Role of Law Enforcement Agencies in the Reporting of Family Mistreatment

Abstract One effect of the mandatory reporting laws spawned by the 1974 federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act has been a steady increase in the reporting of abuse and neglect. Since a substantial proportion of these reports, about 40 percent, are initiated by non-professional community members, a community survey was conducted to investigate definitions of family mistreatment and reporting behavior. An important finding of this research was that a large proportion of reports of child abuse and neglect involve law enforcement agencies. They act as intermediaries between community members and professionals and agencies. This was found to hold true not only for children as victims, but also for adult victims such as an elderly parent, husband, or wife. Also examined were the effects of socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, their definitions of family mistreatment, and their likelihood of reporting abuse and neglect on whom respondents would report instances of family mistreatment.
Improved surface extraction via parameter-space voting techniques

A set of methods is presented for detecting complex surfaces, using collections of simple, uniform processes. The methods are designed to detect surfaces in range data with parameters that can be estimated from local regions (for example, natural quadrics such as spheres). The system uses combinations oflocal estimates of zeroth and first derivative properties, to produce votes for specific parameterizations. Accumulations of votes lead to hypothesized surfaces. A conflict resolution strategy is used to separate the true surface hypotheses from the false ones. The overall approach is based on the ideas ofthe Hough transform and parameter space methods, but is designed to explicitly address shortcomings of these techniques, while maintaining their modularity and efficiency. Examples of these techniques, used to detect natural quadrics in real, low resolution range data scenes, are presented.
Aversiveness of Denatonium Saccharide and Quinine in Grasshopper Mice Onychomys Leucogaster

The responses toward denatonium saccharide and quinine by three rodent species differ from those exhibited by humans. This study measured the relative aversiveness of these two compounds in grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster) to determine if this species responded similarly to or differently from these other rodents. In a choice test, the mice clearly preferred quinine over denatonium saccharide at concentrations of 1/10,000 and 1/50,000, but only marginally preferred quinine at a concentration of 1/1000. When denatonium or quinine was paired with toxicosis, both suppressed drinking at concentrations from 1/10,000 to 1/50,000, but only denatonium suppressed drinking at 1/100,000. Neither compound suppressed drinking at 1 part in million. Grasshopper mice perceived denatonium saccharide as more aversive than quinine in both experiments. Such a response resembled the behavior of humans more than that of the other three rodents previously tested.
A discussion of some single-compartment systems using intravascular tracers for the estimation of respiratory parameters

A compartmental theory for pulmonary tracer gas dynamics has been developed. Analytic results which estimate lung volume during breathing and breath holding, and alveolar ventilation are shown to agree closely with independent experimental methods. The techniques presented are based entirely on the use of intravascular tracers (indocyanine green, iodoantipyrine and xenon), and do not require measurements at, or control of, the airway. Tracer concentration is sampled as a ‘dye-dilution curve’ in a systemic artery following a bolus injection into the right heart. Transient analyses of tracer distribution in the proposed lung models give estimates of functional residual capacity, lung volume distal and including respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ventilation. Lung tissue and blood volumes are similarly estimated. Under steady-state conditions with a constant-tracer infusion, the analytic model reduces to a simple form requiring only two tracer sample measurements, rather than a dilution curve, to determine alveolar ventilation. Incomplete recovery of tracers, the effects of vessel transit delays and nonlinear blood-gas partition coefficients, that occur with oxygen and carbon dioxide, are discussed.
A multilinearity property of determinant functions

Let N′ = {2, 3, 4 … }; let n e N′ let K be a field; let M(n, K) be the vector space over K of all n × n matrices over K; and let (M(n,K)n be the nth Cartesian power ot M(n,K). A function Fn : (M(n,K))n→K is defined in terms of the determinant function on M(n.K). It is shown that Fn is n-multilinear. Also, it is observed that a function defined analogously in terms of the permanent function on M(n,K) is n-multilinear. Fn is then expressed in terms of the trace function on M(n,K), in the case in which K is a field of characteristic zero. From this expression for Fn a "reduced" expression for Fn in terms of the trace function is derived. This latter expression for Fn is valid for all fields K, and makes the n-multilinearity of Fn manifest. The Frechet derivative of the determinant function on M(n,K) is expressed simply in terms of Fn . Finally, several simple properties of Fn are given.
The Effect of Trees on Crime in Portland, Oregon

The authors estimate the relationship between trees and three crime aggregates (all crime, violent crime, and property crime) and two individual crimes (burglary and vandalism) in Portland, Oregon....
Mapping the Word, Reading the World: Biocartography and the “Historical” Jesus

In the early nineteenth century, the study of “sacred” geography gained traction in American Sunday schools, buoyed by the popular belief that students needed to familiarize themselves with the Holy Land in order to understand the Bible. As religious educators designed geographic curricula, they turned to cartography for assistance and developed map-based lesson plans that would, they hoped, enliven the study of scripture by making visible the spatial layout of ancient Palestine. This article tracks the emergence and widespread use of a particular type of thematic map that featured the life of Jesus superimposed onto the Holy Land, a form of biographical mapmaking that I call “biocartography.” To help students visualize scripture, mapmakers translated the gospel narratives into vectors that crisscrossed Palestine, which meant that they had to overlook the New Testament’s textual discontinuities in order to create a seemingly authentic mosaic of biblical history. Paying close attention to the semiotics of cartography, I explain how biographical circuits that were largely (if not entirely) speculative were regarded as historical fact and how educators who used such maps invented a wide range of cartographic activities to help students comprehend and internalize the Bible’s most salient passages.
Pyruvate minimizes rtPA toxicity from in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation

Clinical application of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) for stroke is limited by hemorrhagic transformation, which narrows rtPA's therapeutic window. In addition, mounting evidence indicates that rtPA is potentially neurotoxic if it traverses a compromised blood brain barrier. Here, we demonstrated that pyruvate protects cultured HT22 neuronal and primary microvascular endothelial cells co-cultured with primary astrocytes from oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation stress and rtPA cytotoxicity. After 3 or 6h OGD, cells were reoxygenated with 11mmol/L glucose±pyruvate (8mmol/L) and/or rtPA (10µg/ml). Measured variables included cellular viability (calcein AM and annexin-V/propidium iodide), reactive oxygen species (ROS; mitosox red and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate), NADPH, NADP(+) and ATP contents (spectrophotometry), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) activities (gelatin zymography), and cellular contents of MMP2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2), and phosphor-activation of anti-apoptotic p70s6 kinase, Akt and Erk (immunoblot). Pyruvate prevented the loss of HT22 cells after 3h OGD±rtPA. After 6h OGD, rtPA sharply lowered cell viability; pyruvate dampened this effect. Three hours OGD and 4h reoxygenation with rtPA increased ROS formation by about 50%. Pyruvate prevented this ROS formation and doubled cellular NADPH/NADP(+) ratio and ATP content. In endothelial cell monolayers, 3h OGD and 24h reoxygenation increased FITC-dextran leakage, indicating disruption of intercellular junctions. Although rtPA exacerbated this effect, pyruvate prevented it while sharply lowering MMP2/TIMP2 ratio and increasing phosphorylation of p70s6 kinase, Akt and Erk. Pyruvate protects neuronal cells and microvascular endothelium from hypoxia-reoxygenation and cytotoxic action of rtPA while reducing ROS and activating anti-apoptotic signaling. These results support the proposed use of pyruvate as an adjuvant to dampen the side effects of rtPA treatment, thereby extending rtPA's therapeutic window.
Evaluation and Treatment of Superficial Esophageal Cancer

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is the fastest increasing cancer in the USA, and an increasing number of patients are identified with early-stage disease. The evaluation and treatment of these superficial cancers differs from local and regionally advanced lesions. This paper is a review of the current methods to diagnose, stage, and treat superficial esophageal adenocarcinoma. Intramucosal adenocarcinoma can be effectively treated with endoscopic resection techniques and with less morbid surgical options including a vagal-sparing esophagectomy. However, submucosal lesions are associated with a significant risk for lymph node metastases and are best treated with esophagectomy and lymphadenectomy. There has been a major shift in the treatment for Barrett’s high-grade dysplasia and superficial esophageal adenocarcinoma in the past 10 years. New therapies minimize the morbidity and mortality of traditional forms of esophagectomy and in some cases allow esophageal preservation. Individualization of therapy will allow maximization of successful outcome and quality of life with minimization of complications and recurrence of Barrett’s or cancer.
Suppression of tumorigenicity by the cell‐cycle‐dependent control of cellular differentiation and proliferation

The experiments described in this report were designed to determine if suppression of tumorigenicity can be mediated by cell-cycle-dependent mechanisms that control cellular differentiation and/or proliferation in mesenchymal stem cells of the 3T3 T type. These cells were employed because they possess distinct, well-characterized cell-cycle-dependent mechanisms to control both cellular differentiation and proliferation. To achieve our goal we developed by non-mutagenic procedures 23 clonal variants of 3T3 T stem cells that expressed one of 4 distinct phenotypes for the regulation of cellular differentiation and proliferation. Six clones expressed combined defects in the control of differentiation and proliferation; 6 expressed intact mechanisms to control proliferation but defects in the control of differentiation; and 3 expressed intact mechanisms to control differentiation but defects in the control of proliferation. Finally, 8 clones expressed no detectable phenotypic defects in the control of either differentiation or proliferation. Once isolated and characterized, each of these clones was assayed for its tumorigenic potential. The results establish that clones which express combined defects in the control of differentiation and proliferation are highly tumorigenic. By contrast, tumorigenicity is markedly suppressed in clones that maintain the ability to control their proliferation or their differentiation. Furthermore, clones that maintained the ability to control both proliferation and differentiation showed no evidence of tumorigenicity. These data are interpreted to suggest that stringently regulated control of cellular differentiation and/or proliferation can act as a cancer suppressor mechanism.
Operations planning for kanbans between two adjacent workstations

A production line with a single-stage kanban system which works between two adjacent workstations is considered here. Raw materials are replenished at the first workstation and they are processed through the workstations resulting in the final product for dispatching to the next demanding point. The kanban which transports the work-in-processes from the first station to the second works as a circulating mechanism between the stations. A study is pursued to determine the number of kanbans between two workstations for a varying (linear) demand pattern. This decision eventually determines batch sizes of the kanbans, the dispatching time intervals, and the schedule for production. Results of the model are demonstrated to show the operational mechanism of the kanbans between the workstations.