cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synchronous distance delivery of an electrical and computer engineering program

This paper describes the synchronous distance delivery of electrical and computer engineering (ECE) courses between the main campus of the University of West Florida in Pensacola and the Fort Walton Beach (FWB) campus. The FWB campus is located about 55 miles from the main campus and is in an area that contains a number of high-tech industries and is in close proximity to Eglin Air Force Base. Given the high-tech industries in the area, the university determined that it would be beneficial to extend its ECE program to FWB via distance delivery. With financial support from industries in the FWB area, synchronous delivery of ECE courses to the FWB campus began in the Fall of 2002. This paper describes the technologies used for synchronous distance delivery, changes in teaching methods induced by distance learning technology, a discussion of the benefits and limitations experienced, and feedback on the program from students at the remote campus. It also describes steps being taken to mitigate some of the limitations experienced so far: one of these steps is a new requirement for students in the program to have tablet PCs. This is expected to facilitate better interaction between faculty and students at the remote campus
Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children. Report of 100 patients and review of the literature.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is an acute leukocytoclastic vasculitis that primarily affects children. In the current report, the author presents the clinical features of 100 children with HSP and reviews the literature, placing particular emphasis on new information concerning the etiology, immunopathogenesis, and treatment of HSP. The dominant clinical features of HSP are cutaneous purpura (100%), arthritis (82%), abdominal pain (63%), gastrointestinal bleeding (33%), and nephritis (40%). The etiology of HSP remains unknown, but it is clear that IgA plays a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of HSP, as evidenced by increased serum IgA concentrations, IgA-containing circulating immune complexes, and IgA deposition in vessel walls and renal mesangium. There are 2 subclasses of IgA, but HSP is associated with abnormalities involving IgA1 exclusively, and not IgA2. This finding may be a consequence of abnormal glycosylation of O-linked oligosaccharides unique to the hinge region of IgA1 molecules. Although several lines of evidence suggest a genetic susceptibility to HSP, the fundamental basis for the abnormalities involving IgA remain unclear. In general, HSP is an acute, self-limited illness, but one-third of patients will have 1 or more recurrences of symptoms. Corticosteroid therapy may hasten the resolution of arthritis and abdominal pain, but does not prevent recurrences. To date, no form of therapy has been shown to shorten appreciably the duration of HSP. The long-term prognosis of HSP is directly dependent on the severity of renal involvement. Corticosteroids in usual doses have no effect on established nephritis. Evidence is emerging that treatment with high-dose intravenous pulse methylprednisolone coupled with azathioprine or cyclophosphamide may be beneficial in patients with severe nephritis.
Pneumonia in the Nursing Home

Pneumonia syndromes may be caused by infection or the aspiration of food, acid, or particulate material. Antibiotic-resistant organisms or recurrent aspiration should be considered if the response to treatment is poor. Clinicians should consider discontinuing antibiotics if the resident’s status rapidly returns to baseline after a noninfectious macro-aspiration event. The natural history of this process, however, is not well characterized. Diagnostic procedures including sputum gram stain, culture, and urinary antigen testing should be pursued to diagnose pathogens not covered by empiric therapy or to focus therapy with narrow spectrum agents. Sources of aspiration, including pharyngeal dysphagia, periodontal disease, and gastric regurgitation, should be identified and treated in hopes of preventing recurrence.
Permanent press allergy in an active duty U.S. Army soldier.

ABSTRACTEthylene urea/melamine formaldehyde resin (permanent press) is a common fabric finishing agent added to Army Combat Uniforms for a wrinkle-free appearance and to strengthen the fabric. We describe the case of an active duty U.S. Army soldier with a diffuse eczematous dermatitis in whom patch testing was used to identify an allergy to permanent press, a ubiquitous fabric finishing agent in the Army combat uniform. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a soldier with an allergic contact dermatitis to ethylene urea/melamine formaldehyde resin. This case highlights the importance of considering the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis in patients with a recurrent eczematous dermatitis that does not respond appropriately to therapy and the unique occupational impact of diagnosing an Army soldier with permanent press allergy.
Serum ceruloplasmin and copper are early biomarkers for traumatic brain injury-associated elevated intracranial pressure

High intracranial pressure (ICP) is a prominent secondary pathology after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no clinically proven methods for predicting which TBI patients will develop high ICP. In the present study, we examined whether the serum levels of the copper-binding protein ceruloplasmin are differentially altered in patients with elevated ICP (� 25 mmHg) vs. those whose ICP remained below 20 mmHg throughout the study period. Consistent with its role as an acutephase reactant, we found that ceruloplasmin levels were significantly increased by 3 days post-TBI compared with healthy volunteers. However, prior to this delayed increase, ceruloplasmin levels during the first 24 hr following injury were found to be significantly reduced in patients who subsequently developed high ICP. This decrease was found to have prognostic accuracy in delineating TBI patients based on their ICP status (cutoff of 140 lg/ml; sensitivity: 87%, specificity: 73%), Likewise, low total serum copper (below 1.32 lg/ml) was also found to be predictive of high ICP (sensitivity 86%, specificity 73%). These results suggest that initial serum ceruloplasmin/copper levels may have diagnostic value in predicting patients at risk for developing high intracranial pressure. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Predominant coronary and cerebral atherosclerosis in captive nonhuman primates

Abstract The aortas and the coronary and cerebral arteries have been examined for atherosclerotic involvement in a group of 91 captive nonhuman primates, including 32 species. In prosimians, monkeys, and baboons the distribution of lesions was similar to that recorded in the literature, and to that in humans without ischemic disease; i.e., aortic greater than coronary greater than cerebral atherosclerosis. The reverse was true in three of the five anthropoids studied. In these animals (two chimpanzees and one gorilla), focal proximal coronary and cerebral artery plaques were numerous, and, more important, were several times as thick as their more diffuse aortic counterparts. Literature review revealed several examples of marked coronary or cerebral atherosclerosis in chimpanzees, and the combination of this information with the present data suggests that the chimpanzee may represent an appropriate model for the study of precocious coronary and cerebral artery artherosclerosis.
Compiler Management of Communication and Parallelism for Quantum Computation

Quantum computing (QC) offers huge promise to accelerate a range of computationally intensive benchmarks. Quantum computing is limited, however, by the challenges of decoherence: i.e., a quantum state can only be maintained for short windows of time before it decoheres. While quantum error correction codes can protect against decoherence, fast execution time is the best defense against decoherence, so efficient architectures and effective scheduling algorithms are necessary. This paper proposes the Multi-SIMD QC architecture and then proposes and evaluates effective schedulers to map benchmark descriptions onto Multi-SIMD architectures. The Multi-SIMD model consists of a small number of SIMD regions, each of which may support operations on up to thousands of qubits per cycle. Efficient Multi-SIMD operation requires efficient scheduling. This work develops schedulers to reduce communication requirements of qubits between operating regions, while also improving parallelism.We find that communication to global memory is a dominant cost in QC. We also note that many quantum benchmarks have long serial operation paths (although each operation may be data parallel). To exploit this characteristic, we introduce Longest-Path-First Scheduling (LPFS) which pins operations to SIMD regions to keep data in-place and reduce communication to memory. The use of small, local scratchpad memories also further reduces communication. Our results show a 3% to 308% improvement for LPFS over conventional scheduling algorithms, and an additional 3% to 64% improvement using scratchpad memories. Our work is the most comprehensive software-to-quantum toolflow published to date, with efficient and practical scheduling techniques that reduce communication and increase parallelism for full-scale quantum code executing up to a trillion quantum gate operations.
A critical reconsideration of the clinical effects and treatment recommendations for sodium channel blocking drug cardiotoxicity.

The cardiac sodium channel is comprised of proteins that span the cardiac cell membrane and form the channel pore. Depolarisation causes the proteins to move and open the sodium channel. Once the channel is open (active conformation), sodium ions move into the cell. The channel then changes from the active conformation to an inactive conformation — the channel remains open, but influx of sodium ions ceases. Recovery occurs as the channel moves from the inactive conformation back to the closed conformation and is then ready to open following the next depolarisation. Sodium channel blocking drugs (NCBDs) occupy receptors in the channel during the active and inactive conformations. The drug dissociates from most of the channel receptors during recovery, but the time it takes the drug to dissociate slows recovery. The slowed recovery prolongs conduction time, the main toxicity of NCBD overdose. Conduction time is further prolonged if heart rate increases as there are more available active and inactive conformations/unit time, which increases channel receptor binding sites for the NCBD. In addition to prolonging conduction time, NCBDs also decrease inotropy.
Growth of rat salivary glands after terbutaline or dobutamine

Six days after commencement of a regimen of twice daily administration of 25, 50, or 75 mg/kg body wt doses of the beta 1 adrenergic agonist, dobutamine, or the beta 2 adrenergic agonist, terbutaline, submandibular and parotid glands of rats were enlarged in size. The beta 1 receptor was responsible for mediation of these changes with both agonists, since the effects of either agonist were prevented when a 10 mg/kg dose of the beta 1 antagonist, atenolol, was injected 20 min prior to the agonists but were not prevented when the beta 2 antagonist butoxamine, was given prior to each agonist. The increase in gland size caused by dobutamine was more marked than that induced by terbutaline; total amount of DNA of the parotid gland was also higher with dobutamine than with terbutaline. The response of the parotid gland to each dose of either agonist was greater than that of the submandibular gland, suggesting that the parotid gland has more beta receptors than does submandibular gland. The data also show that the increase in cell size precedes an increase in cell number. The increase in cell size depends on activation of fewer receptors than are required for the increase in DNA, since at the same dose of dobutamine, e.g., increase in cell size but not cell number was observed; moreover, the same dosage effected an increase in DNA of parotid but not submandibular gland. The data thus show that enlargement of both glands, as well as increase in size and number of their acinar cells, is dependent on activation of beta 1 adrenoceptors only.
SiC Based Optically-Gated High-Power Solid-State Switch for Pulsed-Power Application

Hybrid SiC pulsed-power switch (having bipolar transistor structure) with 5 kV breakdown voltage and 1 kA peak current rating has been designed, which can be triggered optically using a GaAs or SiC front-end triggering structure with a rise time
Field observations of slush ice generated during freeze-up in arctic coastal waters

Abstract In some years, large volumes of slush ice charged with sediment are generated from frazil crystals in the shallow Beaufort Sea during strong storms at the time of freeze-up. Such events terminate the navigation season, and because of accompanying hostile conditions, little is known about the processes acting. The water-saturated slush ice, which may reach a thickness of 4 m, exists for only a few days before freezing from the surface downward arrests further wave motion or pancake ice forms. Movements of small vessels and divers in the slush ice occurs only in phase with passing waves, producing compression and rarefaction, and internal pressure pulses. Where in contact with the seafloor, the agitated slush ice moves cobble-size material, generates large sediment ripples, and may possibly produce a flat rampart observed on the arctic shoreface in some years. Processes charging the slush ice with as much as 1000 m 3 km −2 of sediment remain uncertain, but our field observations rule out previously proposed filtration from turbid waters as a likely mechanism. Sedimentary particles apparently are only trapped in the interstices of the slush ice rather than being held by adhesion, since wave-related internal pressure oscillations result in downward particle movement and cleansing of the slush ice. This loss of sediment explains the typical downward increase in sediment concentration in that part of the fast-ice canopy composed largely of frazil ice. The congealing slush ice in coastal water does not become fast ice until grounded ridges are formed in the stamukhi zone, one to two months after freeze-up begins. During this period of new-ice mobility, long-range sediment transport occurs. The sediment load held by the fast-ice canopy in the area between the Colville and Sagavanirktok River deltas in the winter of 1978–1979 was 16 times larger than the yearly river input to the same area. This sediment most likely was rafted from Canada, more than 400 km to the east, during a brief time period in the previous fall. Ocean turbulence is greatly reduced while the congealing slush ice drifts about. Therefore, new ice then forming in intervening open-water areas is clean. These events explain the patchy appearance of the fast ice after the summer snowmelt. More work on the important phenomena reported here is needed to close a major gap in the knowledge of the arctic marine environment.
Study of Tetanus Agglutinins and Antitoxin in Human Serums

A study of the bacteriology of wound infections by Tulloch1 .2 may be considered as the starting point of our newer knowledge concerning CI. tetani. Seven serologic groups had been differentiated. Recently Bauer and Meyer3 in this laboratory isolated from human stools three strains which we have tentatively considered to belong to a new group (type 8). We4 have confirmed the specificity of these type strains, all of which belong to the same serologic
Hand modeling and tracking from voxel data: An integrated framework with automatic initialization

We propose an integrated framework for automated hand model initialization and tracking using voxel data. Starting with an initial specific hand pose, the Laplacian Eigenspace (LE) based segmentation method is applied to segment hand voxel into different parts. This segmentation result is then used to extend the kinematically constrained gaussian mixture model (KC-GMM) method for articulated body pose inference with an automated hand model initialization. Our experiment with both synthesized hand voxel and real hand voxel captured from multi-perspective thermal cameras show that by combining the two methods, we have a more powerful system than using each one solitarily.
Reoperative Surgery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease, specifically Crohn’s disease (CD) and chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC), are often managed surgically. Reoperations, especially in the setting of Crohn’s disease are common.
Soil Organic Carbon Fractions and Aggregation in the Southern Piedmont and Coastal Plain

Quantification of the impact of long-term agricultural land use on soil organic C (SOC) is important to farmers and policymakers, but few studies have characterized land use and management effects on SOC across physiographic regions. We measured the distribution and total stock of SOC to a depth of 20 cm under conventional tillage (CvT), conservation tillage (CsT), and pasture in 87 production fields from the Southern Piedmont and Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Areas. Across locations, SOC at a depth of 0 to 20 cm was: pasture (38.9 Mg ha -1 ) > CsT (27.9 Mg ha -1 ) > CvT (22.2 Mg ha -1 ) (P < 0.02). Variation in SOC was explained by management (41.6%), surface horizon clay content (5.2%), and mean annual temperature (1.0%). Higher clay content and cooler temperature contributed to higher SOC. Management affected SOC primarily at the soil surface (0-5 cm). All SOC fractions (i.e., total SOC, particulate organic C, soil microbial biomass C, and potential C mineralization) were strongly correlated across a diversity of soils and management systems (r = 0.85-0.96). The stratification ratio (concentration at the soil surface/concentration at a lower depth) of SOC fractions differed among management systems (P ≤ 0.0001), and was 4.2 to 6.1 under pastures, 2.6 to 4.7 under CsT, and 1.4 to 2.4 under CvT; these results agree with a threshold value of 2 to distinguish historically degraded soils with improved soil conditions from degraded soils. This on-farm survey of SOC complements experimental data and shows that pastures and conservation tillage will lead to significant SOC sequestration throughout the region, resulting in improved soil quality and potential to mitigate CO 2 emissions.
HOT SPRING MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES RECREATED IN MODIFIED “WINOGRADSKI COLUMNS”1

A modification of the “Winogradski column” in which hot spring sediment and inoculum is used has recreated the sequence of thermophilic microbial communities that develop in the normal thermal gradient of the source spring. The mixed sediment and inoculum is packed into glass cylinders filled with spring water and a spot source of heat applied with an incandescent flood lamp or infrared spot lamp. A thermal gradient from over 90C to less than 40C can be established along the sediment-glass interface. Photosynthetic and other microbial species developed in their normal range of temperature and have been maintained for several weeks or months.
Interactive video cutout

We present an interactive system for efficiently extracting foreground objects from a video. We extend previous min-cut based image segmentation techniques to the domain of video with four new contributions. We provide a novel painting-based user interface that allows users to easily indicate the foreground object across space and time. We introduce a hierarchical mean-shift preprocess in order to minimize the number of nodes that min-cut must operate on. Within the min-cut we also define new local cost functions to augment the global costs defined in earlier work. Finally, we extend 2D alpha matting methods designed for images to work with 3D video volumes. We demonstrate that our matting approach preserves smoothness across both space and time. Our interactive video cutout system allows users to quickly extract foreground objects from video sequences for use in a variety of applications including compositing onto new backgrounds and NPR cartoon style rendering.
From Primary Goods to Capabilities: Distributive Justice and the Problem of Neutrality

The capability approach to distributive justice, as defended by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, represents perhaps the most influential recent attempt to reconcile the competing demands of liberty...
Developmental changes in fact and source recall: Contributions from executive function and brain electrical activity

a b s t r a c t Source memory involves recollecting the contextual details surrounding a memory episode. When source information is bound together, it makes a memory episodic in nature. Unfor- tunately, very little is known about the factors that contribute to its formation in early development. This study examined the development of source memory in middle child- hood. Measures of executive function were examined as potential sources of variation in fact and source recall. Continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) measures were collected during baseline and fact and source retrieval in order to examine memory-related changes in EEG power. Six and 8-year-old children were taught 10 novel facts from two different sources and recall for fact and source information was later tested. Older children were better on fact recall, but both ages were comparable on source recall. However, source recall performance was poor at both ages, suggesting that this ability continues to develop beyond middle childhood. Regression analyses revealed that executive function uniquely predicted variance in source recall performance. Task-related increases in theta power were observed at frontal, temporal and parietal electrode sites during fact and source retrieval. This investigation contributes to our understanding of age-related differences in source memory processing in middle childhood. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
SELECTION FOR EGG NUMBER WITH X-RAY-INDUCED VARIATION.

XPERIMENTS designed to utilize radiation-induced genetic variability E through artificial selection are relatively recent. Unlike studies with mutations of specific well known genes where mutation frequencies can be obtained by enumeration, the quantitative experiments rely on the measure of genetic variation and selection response as the measure of induced mutation effects. Neither the frequencies nor the magnitude of individual gene effects are known under those circumstances, so that much less precise statements can be made about genetic mechanisms underlying radiation response. Nevertheless, it has been shown for Drosophila and many species of plants that radiation-inkred polygenic variation can be of sufficient magnitude to be important. With relatively high doses of radiation (up to 100,000r) plant geneticists have been able to increase genetic variation up to sixfold of that observed in natural populations, but the effectiveness of such treatments clearly depends on whether the character considered shows an average decline from irradiation (BROCK and LATTER 1961). Thus. improvements from selection following irradiation appear more pronounced for traits such as plant height (RAWLINGS, HANWAY, and GARDNER 1958 for soya beans) or early maturity (BROCK and LATTER 1961 for subterranean clover) than for yield, which is initially reduced by radiation (GREGORY 1955 for peanuts; RAWLINGS, HANWAY, and GARDNER 1958 for soya beans). In animals almost all published evidence on selection with radiation-induced variation has been obtained with Drosophila. Two early experiments by SEREBROVSKY (1935) and ROKIZKY (1936) in Drosophila melanoguster showed relatively little added selection response in abdominal bristles due to radiation. More striking responses were obtained by SCOSSIROLI (1954) who was able to almost double the number of sternopleural bristles by alternative selection and radiation in a population that had presumably reached a plateau for that trait under previous selection. He ( SCOSSIROLI and SCOSSIROLI 1959) later repeated essentially the same experiment with isogenic lines and a population based on crossing two isogenic lines with very similar results. In the latter case he was able to increase sternopleural bristle number from about 17 to 25 over ten generations of selection with 3000r of X radiation given to both males and females. Smaller but consistent effects of radiation on selection response and genetic variation were obtained by CLAYTON and ROBERTSON (1955) for abdominal bristles in highly inbred lines of D. melunoguster derived from their Kaduna population, and using a dose of only 1800r of X rays per generation. In contrast to these successful selection experiments with bristles there is little evidence that viability in Drosophila can be improved by radiation followed by selection (WALLACE 1956; CARSON 1964).
Retirement and Residential Moves by Elderly Households

This article investigates the timing of residential moves in relation to retirement of the household head and spouse, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Among the unmarried, rates of mobility are higher in the year surrounding retirement than they are for either current workers or long-term retirees. Among married respondents, households in which the head is retired have higher rates of mobility compared to households with a working head, but the pattern of higher mobility at the time of retirement is muted. Head's health and wife's labor force status do not have an effect on residential mobility, but the lack of findings may result from the limited measures available.
A fully integrated micromagnetic actuator with a multilevel meander magnetic core

To generate and to confine a magnetic flux in the magnetic core and at the same time minimize coil series resistance, low-resistance meander conductors located in a single plane were interwoven with multilevel meander magnetic cores. This 'wrapped' solenoid (with the core wrapped around the conductor) was fabricated in a fully integrated fashion. A micromagnetic actuator was realized by incorporating a surface micromachined nickel-iron cantilever beam as part of the magnetic circuit of the core. The nickel-iron cantilever beam was 2.5 mu m thick, 25 mu m wide and 780 mu m long, and the magnetic circuit contained 17 turns of meander type solenoid coils. Tip deflection of 4 mu m in the vertical direction was achieved when a DC voltage less than 1 V (and resulting drive current of 600 mA) was applied to the coils. This fully integrated multilevel topology offers a variety of micromagnetic applications, which can be fabricated on the same substrate with an integrated circuit and actuated with low voltages. >
Comment [on “The Parker Challenge”]

Recently John Greene took up the “Parker Challenge” [Parker, 1996]. Parker argued that the correct approach to understanding magnetospheric phenomena is to use the magnetic field and plasma flow velocity (B,u) as the primary quantities, with the electric field and current (E,j) being secondary in that E and j can be determined from B and u. Here, I propose the correct approach to be dependent on the phenomenon under investigation. There is no single paradigm that is always superior to others for treating macroscopic magnetospheric problems. Insisting on one particular approach as the only correct one is unjustified and may stifle innovative pursuit in research. Thus, I am motivated to address both the limitations of the B-u paradigm, and the merits of the E-j paradigm.
Multireference Model Chemistries for Thermochemical Kinetics.

By combining the generalized valence bond ansatz of correlated participating orbitals (CPO) with the complete-active-space prescription for selecting configurations and with the use of multireference second order perturbation theory (MRMP2) for including dynamical correlation, we define three levels of multireference (MR) theoretical model chemistries for electronic structure calculations of chemical reaction energies and barrier heights. The three levels differ in their choice of which orbitals are considered to be participating; the choices are called nominal (nom-CPO), moderate (mod-CPO), and extended (ext-CPO). Combining any of these three choices with a method for treatment of dynamical correlation energy and a one-electron basis set yields a theoretical model chemistry. Unlike the full-valence choice of active orbitals, the CPO choices lead to active spaces that contain the orbitals needed to include important static correlation effects on chemical reactions but do not increase with the size of the nonparticipating portion of the system, and hence they remain viable computational options even for many large and complex reacting systems. The accuracies of the new levels, combined with the MG3S basis set (a partially augmented, multiply polarized valence triple-ζ basis with appropriately tight d functions for 3p-block elements) and with the fully augmented correlation-consistent aug-cc-pVTZ basis set, are assessed against a previously presented database of barrier heights for diverse reaction types. We find that nom-CPO level captures the bulk of the static correlation energy, and MRMP2/nom-CPO calculations have an average error of only 1.4 kcal/mol in barrier heights, which may be compared to 5.0 kcal/mol for single-reference MP2 theory, 2.5 kcal/mol for CCSD, and 4.1 and 1.0 kcal/mol for the B3LYP and M06-2X density functionals, respectively. The accuracy of MRMP2/CPO for transition structure bond lengths and donor-acceptor distances is excellent, with a mean unsigned error of only 0.007 A as compared to 0.018 A for CCSD, 0.019 A for M06-2X, and 0.039 A for MP2 and B3LYP. We also introduce a new multireference diagnostic, called the M diagnostic, that allows one to measure the importance of static correlation in a given reagent or transition state.
Stoichiometric model of Escherichia coli metabolism: incorporation of growth-rate dependent biomass composition and mechanistic energy requirements.

A stoichiometric model of metabolism was de- veloped to describe the balance of metabolic reactions during steady-state growth of Escherichia coli on glucose (or metabolic intermediates) and mineral salts. The model incorporates 153 reversible and 147 irreversible reactions and 289 metabolites from several metabolic data bases for the biosynthesis of the macromolecular precursors, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups necessary for synthesis of all cellular macromolecules. Correlations describing how the cellular composition changes with growth rate were developed from experimental data and were used to calculate the drain of precursors to macro- molecules, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups from the metabolic network for the synthesis of those macromol- ecules at a specific growth rate. Energy requirements for macromolecular polymerization and proofreading, trans- port of metabolites, and maintenance of transmembrane gradients were included in the model rather than a lumped maintenance energy term. The underdetermined set of equations was solved using the Simplex algorithm, employing realistic objective functions and constraints; the drain of precursors, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups and the energy requirements for the synthesis of macromolecules served as the primary set of constraints. The model accurately predicted experimentally deter- mined metabolic fluxes for aerobic growth on acetate or acetate plus glucose. In addition, the model predicted the genetic and metabolic regulation that must occur for growth under different conditions, such as the opening of the glyoxylate shunt during growth on acetate and the branching of the tricarboxylic acid cycle under anaerobic growth. Sensitivity analyses were performed to deter- mine the flexibility of pathways and the effects of differ- ent rates and growth conditions on the distribution of fluxes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 398-421, 1997.
The human peroxisomal targeting signal receptor, Pex5p, is translocated into the peroxisomal matrix and recycled to the cytosol

Peroxisomal targeting signals (PTSs) are recognized by predominantly cytosolic receptors, Pex5p and Pex7p. The fate of these PTS receptors following their interactions on the peroxisomal membrane with components of docking and putative translocation complexes is unknown. Using both novel and multiple experimental approaches, we show that human Pex5p does not just bind cargo and deliver it to the peroxisome membrane, but participates in multiple rounds of entry into the peroxisome matrix and export to the cytosol independent of the PTS2 import pathway. This unusual shuttling mechanism for the PTS1 receptor distinguishes protein import into peroxisomes from that into most other organelles, with the exception of the nucleus.
An approximate projection method for incompressible flow

We present an approximate projection method for incompressible flows. This method is derived from Galerkin orthogonality conditions using equal-order piecewise linear elements for both velocity and pressure, hereafter Q1Q1. By combining an approximate projection for the velocities with a variational discretization of the continuum pressure Poisson equation, one eliminates the need to filter either the velocity or pressure fields as is often needed with equal-order element formulations. This variational approach extends to multiple types of elements; examples and results for triangular and quadrilateral elements are provided. This method is related to the method of Almgren et al. and the PISO method of Issa. These methods use a combination of two elliptic solves, one to reduce the divergence of the velocities and another to approximate the pressure Poisson equation. Both Q1Q1 and the method of Almgren et al. solve the second Poisson equation with a weak error tolerance to achieve more computational efficiency. A Fourier analysis of Q1Q1 shows that a consistent mass matrix has a positive effect on both accuracy and mass conservation
Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation in Children

In the past 30 years, much research has been conducted elucidating the role of sleep in memory and learning; however, the interaction between sleep and cognitive functioning may be unknown in clinical realms. This article serves to provide a primer on sleep-dependent memory consolidation, a process in which memory is stabilized or even enhanced over a period of sleep. Given the increased amounts of sleep needed in infancy and childhood, the link between sleep and neuronal plasticity is highlighted in this article. Furthermore, sleep disruptions are common to children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; thus, recent studies showing direct relationships between sleep and memory functioning in such vulnerable groups are discussed.
Metastasectomy After Targeted Therapy in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Metastasectomy is often incorporated in overall treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. While this approach was studied in the immunotherapy era, only a few cases have been described in the targeted therapy era. Thus, we evaluated the role of metastasectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received prior targeted therapy.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the records of patients who underwent consolidative metastasectomy after targeted therapy at 3 institutions from 2004 to 2009. All patients received at least 1 cycle of targeted therapy before surgical resection of all visible disease.Results: We identified 22 patients. Metastasectomy sites included the retroperitoneum in 12 patients, lung in 6, adrenal gland in 2, bowel in 2, and mediastinum, bone, brain and inferior venal caval thrombus in 1 each. A total of 6 postoperative complications were observed in 4 patients within 12 weeks after surgery, which resolved with appropriate management...
Plasma membrane changes during keratinization

Numerous electron microscopic studies have demonstrated that the plasma membranes of keratinizing epithelial cells undergo striking morphological changes. From a more or less symmetrical, trilaminar structure similar to that described for most cells, the membrane undergoes a marked increase in thickness and becomes highly resistant and impervious to the action of strong reagents. In the present electron microscopic study on rat tongue epithelium, this membrane thicken-ing was observed to begin by the appearance within cells of a moderately dense band of material, about 100 A thick, in the peripheral cytoplasm against the intracyto-plasmic face of the plasma membrane. This peripheral dense band was observed in epithelial cells each of which still possessed a nucleus and all its usual cytoplasmic organelles. Following its initial appearance, this peripheral intracytoplasmic band increased in density so that it became indistinguishable from the inner layer of the plasma membrane. The electron microscopic image at this stage gave the impression that the inner layer of the plasma membrane had undergone a considerable increase in thickness, whereas the outer and middle layers had remained essentially unchanged. Finally, in fully keratinized cells, the outer layer of the plasma membrane was not always demonstrable, so that in these cells the plasma membrane seemed to be composed of a single thick, dense layer of membrane material. The possible implications of these membrane alterations in the total process of keratinization are discussed.
Targeting tumors with nonreplicating Toxoplasma gondii uracil auxotroph vaccines

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that has evolved to actively control its invaded host cells. Toxoplasma triggers then actively regulates host innate interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses that elicit T cell control of infection. A live, nonreplicating avirulent uracil auxotroph vaccine strain ( cps ) of Toxoplasma triggers novel innate immune responses that stimulate amplified CD8 + T cell responses and life-long immunity in vaccinated mice. Here, we review recent reports showing that intratumoral treatment with cps activated immune-mediated regression of established solid tumors in mice. We speculate that a better understanding of host–parasite interaction at the molecular level and applying improved genetic models based on Δ ku80 Toxoplasma strains will stimulate development of highly effective immunotherapeutic cancer vaccine strategies using engineered uracil auxotrophs.
An inventory problem with obsolescence

A stochastic single product convex cost inventory problem is considered in which there is a probability, πj, that the product will become obsolete in the future period j. In an interesting paper, Barankin and Denny essentially formulate the model, but do not describe some of its interesting and relevant ramifications. This paper is written not only to bring out some of these ramifications, but also to describe some computational results using this model. The computational results show that if obsolescence is a distinct possibility in the near future, it is quite important that the probabilities of obsolescence be incorporated into the model before computing the optimal policies.
A real-space non-local phase-field model of ferroelectric domain patterns in complex geometries

Ferroelectric perovskites are used in various transducer, memory and optical applications due to their attractive properties. In these applications, the ferroelectric materials often have complex geometries and electrode arrangements, and are subjected to domain switching. Therefore, it is important to understand the domain pattern that forms in these geometries. However, models of domain evolution often make assumptions like periodicity and complete shielding which make them unrealistic for these applications. In this paper, we develop a phase-field approach that can study domain patterns and domain evolution in complex geometries with no a priori assumption on geometry, electrode arrangement, and dielectric properties. The key idea is a boundary element method to resolve the electrostatic fields. We illustrate the method by examining the closure domains that form at a free surface and domain switching under cyclic electric field in a device with interdigitated electrodes.
Is p16 immunohistochemistry a more cost-effective method for identification of human papilloma virus–associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma?

Tobacco and alcohol use are established risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, patients with a unique subset of human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated HNSCC have been documented to have a better survival outcome. These tumors occur more frequently in the tonsils and oropharyngeal sites, among younger patients, higher socioeconomic group, and those exposed to more sexual partners and oral sex compared with HPV-negative HNSCC. Although tobacco- and alcohol-related HNSCCs appear to be on the decline, tonsillar and oropharyngeal HPV-associated tumors seem to be on the rise, and their prevalence varies widely in published reports, ranging from 20% to 60%. Human papilloma virus detection methods in tumor tissue vary and include polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization (ISH) technique for HPV DNA, and E6/E7 messenger RNA, with p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a surrogate marker. The sensitivity and specificity of the different methods used are likely contributory factors to this wide variation. This study compares the p16 IHC staining patterns in HNSCC and laryngeal papillomas and assesses the concordance of p16 and high-risk HPV-ISH to determine the usefulness of p16 as a first-line marker. Using an objective criterion of diffuse intense confluent staining pattern as definite positive (akin to the 3+ of HER2/neu in breast cancer) and focal scattered staining pattern as equivocal reaction requiring confirmatory HPV assay, p16 IHC expression shows good concordance with high-risk HPV-ISH and can be used as a first-line marker. We propose p16 overexpression as a suitable surrogate and screening marker, with high potential of impacting the standard of care.
Congenital spigelian hernias and cryptorchidism.

Abstract Purpose Spigelian hernias in childhood are rare. Only 24 infants in the English literature have been identified to have spigelian hernias, and 12 of these have been associated with cryptorchidism. Spigelian hernias are more commonly seen in the adult population and are considered to be acquired because they are typically associated with trauma or other etiologies of increased intraabdominal pressure. In the infant however, the etiology remains unclear, but a congenital defect in abdominal wall development is suspected. Methods We discuss the presentation and treatment of 4 additional patients with spigelian hernias (2 siblings included) associated with cryptorchidism. Results The hernias occurred within the well-described spigelian hernia belt in the semilunar line at the level of the semicircular fold of Douglas. Of the 6 repaired spigelian hernias, 5 were closed primarily with absorbable suture similar to previously reported cases; the sixth hernia required a patch closure because of its large size. All cryptorchid testes (7) were repaired in single-stage orchiopexies. Conclusions Spigelian hernias are rare entities in infants. We present 4 new cases of spigelian hernias associated with cryptorchidism and, with previously reported cases, discuss the probability of a congenital origin of these hernias in infants.
Relevance and retrieval evaluation: perspectives from medicine

The traditional notion of topical relevance has allowed much useful work to be done in the evaluation of retrieval systems, but has limitations for complete assessment of retrieval systems. While topical relevance can be effective in evaluating various indexing and retrieval approaches, it is ineffective for measuring the impact that systems have on users. An alternative is to use a more situational definition of relevance, which takes account of the impact of the system on the user. Both types of relevance are examined from the standpoint of the medical domain, concluding that each have their appropriate use. But in medicine there is increasing emphasis on outcomes-oriented research which, when applied to information science, requires that the impact of an information system on the activities which prompt its use be assessed. An iterative model of retrieval evaluation is proposed, starting first with the use of topical relevance to insure documents on the subject can be retrieved. This is followed by the use of situational relevance to show the user can interact positively with the system. The final step is to study how the system impacts the user in the purpose for which the system was consulted, which can be done by methods such as protocol analysis and simulation. These diverse types of studies are necessary to increase our understanding of the nature of retrieval systems. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cyclic codes over GF( q ) with simple orbit structure

Abstract Let C be a cyclic (n, k) code over F = GF(q) with generator polynomial g(x) and parity check polynomial h(x) = (xn − 1)/g(x). Let G denote the subgroup of the group of units of the algebra F[x]/(xn − 1) generated by x + (xn − 1) and the nonzero element sof F. This group acts on C by left multiplication and the elements in an orbit have the same weight. We say that C has simple orbit structure if the generators of C form a single G-orbit. This implies that the set of generators of each ideal in C is also a single G-orbit which makes it possible to determine the weight distribution of such a code with relative ease. The main result of this paper is the determination of all polynomials h(x) for which C has simple orbit structure. The proof proceeds by reducing the problem to a study of the group of units of the ‘parity check’ algebra F[x]/(h(x)).
Assessing Cognitive Distraction Using Event Related Potentials

This report examines the utility of using Event-Related Brain Potentials (ERPs) to evaluate cognitive distraction in the context of driving an automobile. Across two studies, ERPs (both P300 latency and P300 amplitude) were found to be effective in quantifying the cognitive workload experienced by drivers when they interact with in-vehicle voice-command systems.
Introduction: A History of Executive Functioning as a Theoretical and Clinical Construct

Executive function (EF) has come to be an umbrella term used for a diversity of hypothesized cognitive processes, including planning, working memory, attention, inhibition, self-monitoring, self-regulation, and initiation carried out by prefrontal areas of the frontal lobes.
From physical security to cybersecurity

Security is a critical concern around the world. In many domains from cybersecurity to sustainability, limited security resources prevent complete security coverage at all times. Instead, these limited resources must be scheduled (or allocated or deployed), while simultaneously taking into account the importance of different targets, the responses of the adversaries to the security posture, and the potential uncertainties in adversary payoffs and observations, etc. Computational game theory can help generate such security schedules. Indeed, casting the problem as a Stackelberg game, we have developed new algorithms that are now deployed over multiple years in multiple applications for scheduling of security resources. These applications are leading to real-world use-inspired research in the emerging research area of “security games.” The research challenges posed by these applications include scaling up security games to real-world-sized problems, handling multiple types of uncertainty, and dealing with bounded rationality of human adversaries. In cybersecurity domain, the interaction between the defender and adversary is quite complicated with high degree of incomplete information and uncertainty. While solutions have been proposed for parts of the problem space in cybersecurity, the need of the hour is a comprehensive understanding of the whole space including the interaction with the adversary. We highlight the innovations in security games that could be used to tackle the game problem in cybersecurity.