cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning to remember: cognitive training-induced attenuation of age-related memory decline depends on sex and cognitive demand, and can transfer to untrained cognitive domains

Aging is associated with progressive changes in learning and memory. A potential approach to attenuate age-related cognitive decline is cognitive training. In this study, adult male and female rats were given either repeated exposure to a T-maze, or no exposure to any maze, and then tested on a final battery of cognitive tasks. Two groups of each sex were tested from 6 to 18 months old on the same T-maze; Group one received a version testing spatial reference memory, and Group two received only the procedural testing components with minimal cognitive demand. Groups three and four of each sex had no maze exposure until the final battery, and were comprised of aged or young rats, respectively. The final maze battery included the practiced T-maze plus two novel tasks, one with a similar, and one with a different, memory type to the practice task. Group five of each sex was not maze tested, serving as an aged control for the effects of maze testing on neurotrophin protein levels in cognitive brain regions. Results showed that adult intermittent cognitive training enhanced performance on the practice task when aged in both sexes, that cognitive training benefits transferred to novel tasks only in females, and that cognitive demand was necessary for these effects, since rats receiving only the procedural testing components showed no improvement on the final maze battery. Further, for both sexes, rats that showed faster learning when young demonstrated better memory when aged. Age-related increases in neurotrophin concentrations in several brain regions were revealed, which were related to performance on the training task only in females. This longitudinal study supports the tenet that cognitive training can help one remember later in life, with broader enhancements and associations with neurotrophins in females.
Electroluminescence of ballistically injected electrons in AlGaAs/GaAs heterodiodes

La luminescence permet aux electrons emis balistiquement d'etre nettement distingues de ceux qui sont emis par un ou plusieurs phonons optiques longitudinaux (LO). L'electroluminescence donne une serie de pics espaces par l'energie d'un phonon (LO) dont la largeur est en accord avec les calculs de distribution d'energie des electrons injectes. La position du pic balistique est un nouveau moyen pour mesurer avec precision la discontinuite de la bande de conduction dans les heterostructures semiconductrices
Relative importance of molecular, neontological, and paleontological data in understanding the biology of the vertebrate invasion of land.

Meyer and Wilson's (1990) 12S rRNA phylogeny unites lungfish and tetrapods to the exclusion of the coelacanth. These workers also provide a list of morphological features shared in common between modern lungfish and tetrapods, and they conclude that these traits were probably present in their last common ancestor. However, the exquisite fossil records of the abundant extinct lungfishes and rhipidistians show that at least 13 out of Meyer and Wilson's 14 supposed ancestral traits were not present in the last common ancestor of lungfishes and tetrapods. Using extant taxa to infer ancestral morphologies is fraught with difficulties; just like molecular sequences, ancestral character states of morphological traits may be severely overprinted by subsequent modifications. Modern lungfish are air-breathing nonmarine forms, yet their Devonian forebears were marine fish that did not breathe air. Fossils dating from the time of origin of tetrapods in the Devonian offer the only hope of understanding the morphological innovations that led to tetrapods; morphological analysis of the “living fossils,” the coelacanth and lungfish, only lends confusion.
Remote Sensing of Molecular Pollutants in the Atmosphere by Stimulated Raman Emission

ONE method of measuring atmospheric molecular pollutants at remote locations uses the Raman backscatter from a laser beam: the scattered wavelengths are characteristic of each pollutant, and their intensities give a measure of the respective concentrations1–3. But, because of the isotropic nature of the scatter, large telescopes are required to collect even a small fraction of the total scatter, and so the probing distance is small.
SU-E-T-25: Real Time Simulator for Designing Electron Dual Scattering Foil Systems

Purpose: To create a user friendly, accurate, real time computer simulator to facilitate the design of dual foil scattering systems for electron beams on radiotherapy accelerators. The simulator should allow for a relatively quick, initial design that can be refined and verified with subsequent Monte Carlo(MC) calculations and measurements. Methods: The simulator consists of an analytical algorithm for calculating electron fluence and a graphical user interface (GUI) C++ program. The algorithm predicts electron fluence using Fermi‐Eyges multiple Coulomb scattering theory with a refined Moliere formalism for scattering powers. The simulator also estimates central‐axis x‐ray dose contamination from the dual foil system. Once the geometry of the beamline is specified, the simulator allows the user to continuously vary primary scattering foil material and thickness, secondary scattering foil material and Gaussian shape (thickness and sigma), and beam energy. The beam profile and x‐ray contamination are displayed in real time. Results: The simulator was tuned by comparison of off‐axis electron fluence profiles with those calculated using EGSnrc MC. Over the energy range 7–20 MeV and using present foils on the Elekta radiotherapy accelerator, the simulator profiles agreed to within 2% of MC profiles from within 20 cm of the central axis. The x‐ray contamination predictions matched measured data to within 0.6%. The calculation time was approximately 100 ms using a single processor, which allows for real‐time variation of foil parameters using sliding bars. Conclusions: A real time dual scattering foil system simulator has been developed. The tool has been useful in a project to redesign an electron dual scattering foil system for one of our radiotherapy accelerators. The simulator has also been useful as an instructional tool for our medical physics graduate students.
Effect of the trimethylgallium flow during nucleation layer growth on the properties of GaN grown on sapphire

We report on the effect of the trimethylgallium flow during nucleation layer growth on the electrical, optical and structural properties of epitaxial GaN films grown on basal plane sapphire by atmospheric pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The 1.2 µm thick GaN films grown on nucleation layers with the optimum trimethylgallium flow of 45 µmol/min had a room temperature mobility of 644 cm2/s and minimum width of the (002) and the (102) X-ray diffraction peaks. The roughness of the as-grown nucleation layers decreased with increased trimethylgallium flow. However, smooth, as-grown, nucleation layers showed a strong tendency for island coarsening and an increased surface roughness after heating to the bulk GaN growth temperature.
Cyclic voltammetry of dye-modified BLMS

Abstract This paper describes an investigation of dye-modified bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) using the cyclic voltammetry method. A number of organic dyes interact on BLM, changing its electrochemical properties, which reflects in registered voltammograms. Electrochemical parameters of the dye in the BLM system were determined by measuring the current peaks and the peak potentials of obtained voltammograms. The number of charges transferred per molecule of the dye, concentration of the dye in the membrane phase and the aqueous phase/membrane phase partition coefficient were calculated using thin-layer voltammetry description. Obtained results proved that thin-layer voltammetry description is appropriate to this BLM system. Agents influencing the dye-modified BLM voltammograms were also investigated. Dependencies on lipid content of the membrane-forming solution, on pH of the bathing solution, on the dye concentration and on the presence of redox substances have been determined.
Comparison of the surface morphology and microstructure of in situ and ex situ derived YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x thin films

The surface morphology and microstructure of in situ and ex situ derived YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) thin films have been investigated. In situ films were deposited by single-target off-axis sputtering and three-target co-sputtering. Ex situ films were derived by metalorganic deposition (MOD) of trifluoroacetate precursors. Surface defects resulting from mixed a-axis and c-axis orientation as well as secondary phases have been identified in these films. Despite these defects, films with excellent electrical properties have been formed. However, defects interfere with film patterning and the fabrication of multi-layered structures. Several secondary phase precipitates have been identified, including CuO, Y2O3, Cu-Ba-O, and Y2Cu2O5. Secondary phases resulting from a lack of stoichiometry can be eliminated by direct composition control in the MOD and three-target sputtering techniques, and by composition control through the application of an externally applied magnetic field in single-target off-axis sputtering. Secondary phases caused by contamination were also identified: Cr-Ba-O in off-axis sputtering, resulting from contamination by the oxidized heater block; and BaSO4 in MOD, resulting from gas phase impurities. These results suggest that cation composition control is not sufficient to prevent the formation of secondary phases and that small levels of contamination may prevent phasepure material from being formed.
Olfactory coding: inhibition reshapes odor responses.

How is information transmitted from the outside world to the inside of the brain? In recent work [1,2], Rachel Wilson, Glenn Turner and Gilles Laurent have addressed this big question by focusing on a small neural circuit: the olfactory system of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Why the fly? The animal's relatively small number of neurons and its amenability to sophisticated genetic tricks allow unprecedented insight into the design and function of its olfactory apparatus.
Platelet-derived growth factor-alpha receptor activation is required for human cytomegalovirus infection.

Human platelet derived growth factor-alpha (PDGFR-α) receptor has been found to be a requirement for the infection of human cells by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the herpesvirus that's the most common cause of congenital human infections, and causes life threatening disease in HIV-infected and transplant patients. If the receptor is inactivated, HCMV cannot enter the cell and viral genes are not expressed. Importantly, two currently available pharmaceutical agents — the anticancer drug imatinib (Gleevec) and PDGFR-α blocking antibody IMC-3G3 — are active against the virus in human cells suggesting that they might prove useful in the treatment of HCMV infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that can cause life-threatening disease in the fetus and the immunocompromised host1. Upon attachment to the cell, the virus induces robust inflammatory, interferon- and growth-factor-like signalling2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. The mechanisms facilitating viral entry and gene expression are not clearly understood4. Here we show that platelet-derived growth factor-α receptor (PDGFR-α) is specifically phosphorylated by both laboratory and clinical isolates of HCMV in various human cell types, resulting in activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI(3)K) signalling pathway. Upon stimulation by HCMV, tyrosine-phosphorylated PDGFR-α associated with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI(3)K and induced protein kinase B (also known as Akt) phosphorylation, similar to the genuine ligand, PDGF-AA. Cells in which PDGFR-α was genetically deleted10 or functionally blocked were non-permissive to HCMV entry, viral gene expression or infectious virus production. Re-introducing human PDGFRA gene into knockout cells restored susceptibility to viral entry and essential viral gene expression. Blockade of receptor function with a humanized PDGFR-α blocking antibody (IMC-3G3)11 or targeted inhibition of its kinase activity with a small molecule (Gleevec)12 completely inhibited HCMV viral internalization and gene expression in human epithelial, endothelial and fibroblast cells. Viral entry in cells harbouring endogenous PDGFR-α was competitively inhibited by pretreatment with PDGF-AA. We further demonstrate that HCMV glycoprotein B directly interacts with PDGFR-α, resulting in receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and that glycoprotein B neutralizing antibodies13 inhibit HCMV-induced PDGFR-α phosphorylation. Taken together, these data indicate that PDGFR-α is a critical receptor required for HCMV infection, and thus a target for novel anti-viral therapies.
Formation of membrane-bound polyribosomes.

Abstract Cycloheximide is used to study the entrance of messenger RNA into membrane-bound and into free polyribosomes. The drug has no effect on the transport of messenger RNA from nucleus to cytoplasm. It inhibits by 35 to 50% the attachment of newly-synthesized messenger RNA to membranes. It increases the concentration of newly-synthesized messenger RNA in small polyribosome structures. These structures are present on free polyribosomes and absent on membrane-bound polyribosomes. They are shown to be precursors of both large membrane-bound and of large free polyribosomes.
N-Ocular Volume Holographic Imaging

Volume holographic imaging utilizes Bragg selectivity to optically slice the object space of the imaging system and measure four- (three spatial and one spectral) dimensional object information. The N-ocular version of this method combines multiple-volume holographic sensors and digital postprocessing to yield high-resolution three-dimensional images for broadband objects located at long working distances. We discuss the physical properties of volume holography pertinent to imaging performance and describe two computational algorithms for image inversion based on filtered backprojection and least-squares optimization.
The orexigenic effect of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is influenced by sex and stage of the estrous cycle

Recently, it was shown that the orexigenic effect of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is attenuated by estradiol treatment in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. This suggests that female rats may be less responsive than male rats to the behavioral effects of MCH. To investigate this hypothesis, the effects of lateral ventricular infusions of MCH on food intake, water intake, meal patterns, and running wheel activity were examined in male and female rats. To further characterize the impact of estradiol on MCH-induced food intake, female rats were OVX and tested with and without 17-beta-estradiol benzoate (EB) replacement. In support of our hypothesis, food and water intakes following MCH treatment were greater in male rats, relative to female rats. Specifically, the orexigenic effect of MCH was maximal in male rats and minimal in EB-treated OVX rats. In both sexes, the orexigenic effect of MCH was mediated by a selective increase in meal size, which was attenuated in EB-treated OVX rats. MCH-induced a short-term (2 h) decrease in wheel running that, unlike its effects on ingestive behavior, was similar in males and females. Thus, estradiol decreases some, but not all, of the behavioral effects of MCH. To examine the influence of endogenous estradiol, food intake was monitored following MCH treatment in ovarian-intact, cycling rats. As predicted by our findings in OVX rats, the orexigenic effect of MCH was attenuated in estrous rats, relative to diestrous rats. We conclude that the female rat's reduced sensitivity to the orexigenic effect of MCH may contribute to sex- and estrous cycle-related differences in food intake.
Subjective evaluation of composite econometric policy inputs

Abstract Studies have suggested that a composite forecast may be preferred to a single forecast. In addition, forecasting objectives are often conflicting. For example, one forecast may have the smallest sum of absolute forecast errors, while another has the smallest maximum absolute error. This paper examines the appropriateness of using multiple objective linear programming to determine weighted linear combinations of forecasts to be used as inputs for policy analysis. An example is presented where the methodology is used to combine the forecasts for several policy variables. The forecasts are selected from large econometric, consensus, and univariate time series models.
Alteration of cellular adhesion molecule gene expressions in the lungs of newborn mice exposed to hyperoxia. † 1569

Hyperoxic lung injury is a frequent and unfortunate consequence of supraphysiologic oxygen therapy. Relative to adults, newborns of most species are resistant to lung O2 toxicity. However, the development of newborn lung exposed to hyperoxia is profoundly affected with a marked inhibition of normal alveolization. We have previously shown increases in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1(PECAM-1), and P-Selectin in adult mouse lungs exposed to hyperoxia that coincided with a rapid deterioration of respiratory status. In the present study, we will compare the gene expression of ICAM-1, PECAM-1, and P-Selectin in the lungs of newborn mice exposed to 100% O-2 for 4, 7 or 10 days. Age-matched animals exposed to room air will serve as control. Cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) mRNA expression was assessed by in situ hybridization. In control animals, only PECAM-1 mRNA was detected in the endothelium of large arteries with a slight increase at 10 days. ICAM-1 mRNA was not detected before 7 d of hyperoxia, whereas it was abundantly expressed in the alveoli and airway epithelium. A marked increase in PECAM-1 mRNA expression was also seen in endothelial cells, and alveoli after 7 d of hyperoxia. In contrast, only barely detectable P-Selectin mRNA was observed in the endothelial cells of large vessels of the same animals. Both ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 expression appeared maximum at 7 days of hyperoxia. In contrast to the adult mouse, the increase in CAMs expression occurred later and was not associated with lethal lung damage. Moreover, the increase in PECAM-1 mRNA was higher than in the adults, but P-Selectin increase was smaller. We speculate that the induction of some CAMs during hyperoxia could be beneficial by promoting the healing process.
Fault diagnosis in nonlinear chemical processes. Part II. Application to a chemical reactor

A two-level strategy for fault detection and diagnosis developed in Part I is applied to a chemical reactor in which heptane is converted to toluene. Simulation of various faults demonstrates that the proposed strategy is valid, and that it also represents an improvement over fault diagnosis via an extended Kalman filter.
A diplomat looks at aid to Latin America

This important new book will be preferred reading for persons in our government who are concerned with diplomacy and aid. It will be invaluable to students of international affairs. And as a case-study of our multibillion-dollar aid program to Latin America it will be of great interest to the American taxpayer.Ambassador to five Latin American countries where aid was one of his principal responsibilities, Mr. Beaulac believes that aid programs can be important to our foreign policy objectives. However, he points out that they can be a form of escapism. He is highly critical of the Act of Bogota and less than enthusiastic about the Alliance for Progress, which, he feels, has tended to increase problems. Yet, Ambassador Beaulac was one of our government s earliest proponents of aid, and he remains an enthusiastic supporter. His advice and suggestions for the future of our aid programs is therefore important and timely."
Latest Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation of Baffin Island, Arctic Canada: key patterns and chronologies

Abstract Melting glaciers and ice caps on Baffin Island contribute roughly half of the sea-level rise from all ice in Arctic Canada, although they comprise only one-fourth of the total ice in the region. The uncertain future response of arctic glaciers and ice caps to climate change motivates the use of paleodata to evaluate the sensitivity of glaciers to past warm intervals and to constrain mechanisms that drive glacier change. We review the key patterns and chronologies of latest Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation on Baffin Island. The deglaciation by the Laurentide Ice Sheet occurred generally slowly and steadily throughout the Holocene to its present margin (Barnes Ice Cap) except for two periods of rapid retreat: An early interval ∼12 to 10 ka when outlet glaciers retreated rapidly through deep fiords and sounds, and a later interval ∼7 ka when ice over Foxe Basin collapsed. In coastal settings, alpine glaciers were smaller during the Younger Dryas period than during the Little Ice Age. At least some alpine glaciers apparently survived the early Holocene thermal maximum, which was several degrees warmer than today, although data on glacier extent during the early Holocene is extremely sparse. Following the early Holocene thermal maximum, glaciers advanced during Neoglaciation, beginning in some places as early as ∼6 ka, although most sites do not record near-Little Ice Age positions until ∼3.5 to 2.5 ka. Alpine glaciers reached their largest Holocene extents during the Little Ice Age, when temperatures were ∼1–1.5 °C cooler than during the late 20th century. Synchronous advances across Baffin Island throughout Neoglaciation indicate sub-Milankovitch controls on glaciation that could involve major volcanic eruptions and solar variability. Future work should further elucidate the state of glaciers and ice caps during the early Holocene thermal maximum and glacier response to climate forcing mechanisms.
An Algorithm for Finding a Rectangular Dual of a Planar Graph for Use in Area Planning for VLSI Integrated Circuits

An O(n /sup 2/) algorithm for finding a rectangular dual of a planar triangulated graph is presented. In practice, almost linear running times have been observed. The algorithm is useful for solving area planning problems in VLSI IC design.
WHATEVER HAPPENED TO SPELLING?: THE ROLE OF SPELLING INSTRUCTION IN PROCESS‐CENTERED CLASSROOMS

ABSTRACT This article looks at spelling instruction in literature‐based, process‐centered classrooms. Student teachers in collaboration with their cooperating teachers wrote academic observations which included spelling instruction. This article details the discoveries made through these observations about spelling instruction. The majority of the teachers in these classrooms were relying on single classroom lists of spelling words to teach spelling. Many of the lists required that students rotely memorize unrelated words. Following from these discoveries, several recommendations for spelling instruction, more in line with current research, are offered.
Diffusion coatings formed in molten calcium systems IV. Intrinsic diffusivities of iron and chromium and diffusivity calculations

Abstract The Matano-Boltzmann method has been used to calculate interdiffusion coefficients as a function of chromium concentration in a chromium-iron diffusion coating on iron. These interdiffusion coefficients agreed well with calculations made by a new, modified Grube method, using the concentration gradient for the diffusion coating. At NCr = 0.48 and 1180 °C the intrinsic diffusivity of chromium, DCr, equals 2.3 × 10−9cm2/s, and DFe = 0.66 × 10−9cm2/s.The diffusion coating was prepared by treating iron in liquid calcium containing finely-divided chromium powder. The specimen lost iron to the liquid whilst it gained chromium; the calculated chromium-gained/iron-lost ratio equals D cr × at. wt. Cr D Fe × at. wt. Fe , or 3.2, which agrees with experimental results. A simplified experimental method involving diffusion couples in which one half of the couple is a liquid or gaseous phase is presented for calculating intrinsic diffusivities. The concept of bulk diffusivity is defined and discussed.
Approach to epigenetic analysis in language disorders

Language and learning disorders such as reading disability and language impairment are recognized to be subject to substantial genetic influences, but few causal mutations have been identified in the coding regions of candidate genes. Association analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms have suggested the involvement of regulatory regions of these genes, and a few mutations affecting gene expression levels have been identified, indicating that the quantity rather than the quality of the gene product may be most relevant for these disorders. In addition, several of the candidate genes appear to be involved in neuronal migration, confirming the importance of early developmental processes. Accordingly, alterations in epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and histone modification are likely to be important in the causes of language and learning disorders based on their functions in gene regulation. Epigenetic processes direct the differentiation of cells in early development when neurological pathways are set down, and mutations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation are known to cause cognitive disorders in humans. Epigenetic processes also regulate the changes in gene expression in response to learning, and alterations in histone modification are associated with learning and memory deficits in animals. Genetic defects in histone modification have been reversed in animals through therapeutic interventions resulting in rescue of these deficits, making it particularly important to investigate their potential contribution to learning disorders in humans.
Relationship of suspected blood indicator and blood transfusions in wireless capsule endoscopy

Relationship of suspected blood indicator and blood transfusions in wireless capsule endoscopy
Animal Cognition: Chimpanzee Alarm Calls Depend On What Others Know

Summary After a wild chimpanzee encounters a model of a dangerous snake, whether or not he gives an alarm call depends on his perception of another individual's knowledge.
Wave function in the presence of constraints: Persistent current in coupled rings

We present a new method for computing the wave function in the presence of constraints. As an explicit example we compute the wave function for the many electrons problem in coupled metallic rings in the presence of external magnetic fluxes. For equal fluxes and an even number of electrons the constraints enforce a wave function with a vanishing total momentum and a large persistent current and magnetization in contrast to the odd number of electrons where at finite temperatures the current is suppressed. We propose that the even-odd property can be verified by measuring the magnetization as a function of a varying gate voltage coupled to the rings. By reversing the flux in one of the ring the current and magnetization vanish in both rings; this can be used as a non-local control device.
Comparison of modeled and observed astronomical refraction of the setting Sun

In this study a ray-tracing model that uses atmospheric data from VIZ and Vaisala RS80 rawinsondes is compared with the observed astronomical refraction presented by the setting Sun as seen from Stony Plain, Alberta, Canada. Photogrammetric measurements taken from photographs of the setting Sun show good agreement with the model for the 14 and 22 December 1998 sunsets. The poorer model results for the 8 December sunset appear to be caused by an obsolete and possibly defective VIZ rawinsonde. The results suggest that the ray-tracing model can produce improved refraction values when compared with the Pulkovo tables [Pulkovo Observatory, Refraction Tables of the Pulkovo Observatory, 5th ed. (Nauka, Leningrad, 1985)]. However, they also indicate that the inverse solution (i.e., extracting the temperature profile from refraction measurements) may produce no improvement on U.S. Standard Atmosphere adjusted to the surface conditions.
C-Semigroups and the Cauchy Problem

Abstract We extend the definition of generator to C -semigroups that may not be exponentially bounded, where the range of C may not be dense. We then characterize linear operators, A , for which the associated abstract Cauchy problem has a unique solution, for every initial value in the domain of another operator, B , without assuming that the domain of A is dense, or the solutions are exponentially bounded. We also give Hille-Yosida type characterizations of generators that may not be densely defined.
Optimal coalition size when making proposals is costly

Though some costs of proposing legislation are borne by individual congressmen, the benefits accrue to many. To encourage legislators to incur these costs, members may wish to form coalitions which are larger than a minimum majority, and they may want to allow the proposer of a policy to incorporate private benefits into his proposal.
Progress of labor in women induced with misoprostol versus the Foley catheter

Objective To estimate and compare the duration and progress of labor in women induced with misoprostol vs Foley catheter plus oxytocin. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of labor progress among 617 consecutive term pregnancies induced with misoprostol (n = 503) or Foley catheter plus oxytocin (n = 114) who completed the first stage of labor. Labor duration and progress in the entire cohort, and stratified by parity, were compared in multivariable interval-censored regression models adjusting for maternal obesity and birthweight. Repeated-measures analysis with 9th degree polynomial modeling was used to construct average labor curves. Results Total duration of labor was not significantly different in women induced with misoprostol compared with the Foley catheter (median duration from 1 to 10 cm: 12 vs 14.2 hours, P = .19). Progress from 1 to 4 cm was more rapid with the Foley catheter (median: 3.4 vs 5.6 hours, P P Conclusion Induction of labor with the Foley catheter is associated with more rapid initial cervical dilation, but transition to active labor occurs later compared with misoprostol. These differences should be considered in the management of induced labor.
Subtypes of binge eating disorder based on psychiatric history

Objective This investigation sought to identify subtypes of binge eating disorder (BED) based on history of mood disorder (MOOD) and substance use disorder (SUD). Method Eighty-four women who met criteria for BED were administered semistructured interviews and completed self-report questionnaires assessing eating pathology, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, and personality traits. Results Thirty-nine participants (46.4%) had a lifetime history of a SUD and 60 (71.4%) had a lifetime history of a MOOD. The SUD subtype was associated with a greater impulsivity and frequency of binge eating episodes compared with the no SUD subtype. The MOOD subtype participants reported greater distress, more psychopathology, less dietary restraint, lower self-esteem, more frequent binge eating, higher levels of negative affect, and more frequent trauma and abuse history than the no MOOD subtype. Discussion The results of this study indicate that subtypes of BED on the basis of MOOD and SUD may be associated with a more severe variant of the disorder. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intramolecular catalysis of biomimetic Michael additions to cyclopentenones

Abstract A study of the Michael additon of n -propyl mercaptan to a series of cyclopentenones shows that intramolecular hydrogen bonding enhances the rate. The possible significance of this observation is discussed.
Is Intravascular Ultrasound the Gold Standard Surrogate for Clinically Relevant Atherosclerosis Progression

Are progressive changes in intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-derived indexes of plaque size sufficiently predictive of in-trial or future cardiovascular event risk that IVUS can serve as an efficient surrogate for clinical events in coronary disease trials? This question remains unanswered by clinical trials reported to date. Indeed, the answer may well be “yes.” Nevertheless, there are enough concerns about the physical limitations, the fundamental assumptions, and the interpretation of the IVUS measurements that the answer cannot be taken for granted. Here, we review the evidence to date, discuss some of the concerns, and compare IVUS results with those of quantitative arteriography.
ErbB kinases and NDF signaling in human prostate cancer cells

Prostate carcinoma (PCA) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in American men. Our knowledge of PCA growth regulation lags behind that of other cancers, such as breast and colon carcinomas. Among receptor tyrosine kinases, the ErbB family is most frequently implicated in neoplasia. We report here the expression of ErbB family kinases and their ligands in PCA cell lines and a xenograft. While ErbB1/EGFR, ErbB2/NEU, and ErbB3 were always observed in a distinct pattern, ErbB4 was not observed. Interestingly, while TGF-alpha was expressed in the majority of PCA lines, the ligand Neu Differentiation Factor/Heregulin (NDF) was expressed only in an immortalized, non-transformed prostate epithelial line. Concomitantly, there was a significant difference in biological response to these ligands. NDF inhibited LNCaP growth and induced an epithelial-like morphological change, in contrast to TGF-alpha, which accelerated cell growth. We also performed the first comprehensive analysis of NDF signaling in a prostate line. LNCaP stimulated with NDF demonstrated crosstalk between ErbB3 and ErbB2 which did not involve ErbB1. NDF also turned on several cascades, including those of PI3-K, ERK/MAPK, mHOG/p38 and JNK/SAPK, but not those of PLCgamma or the STAT family. This signaling pattern is distinct from that of TGF-alpha. The activation of mHOG by ErbB2 or ErbB3 has not been reported, and may contribute to the unusual phenotype. PI3-K activation is characterized by the formation of a striking 'activation complex' with multiple tyrosine-phosphorylated species, including ErbB3. Our studies provide a framework in which to dissect the growth and differentiation signals of prostate cancer cells.
Time-domain spectroscopy of recoilless gamma rays

Abstract Alternatives to the conventional Doppler-scanning method of Mossbauer spectroscopy, which might offer improved resolution in spectroscopy of recoilless gamma rays, are considered. It is shown that the gamma ray frequency spectrum can be determined by observation of the time-distribution of delayed coincidence counts of photons transmitted by a stationary resonant filter. This may be the best alternative to Doppler scanning for long-lived transitions, especially if experiments to reduce the inhomogeneous linebreadth are to be undertaken. Some practical aspects of the design of systems for making this measurement are discussed, and experiments are suggested which would evaluate the method with known Mossbauer isotopes. In particular, it is suggested that one may be able to resolve the hyperfine splitting in natural iron and that one might observe dependence of the linebreadth upon the direction of emission from an oriented iron-57 nucleus and on the hydrogen concentration in metallic tantalum. Long counting times and high background of chance coincidences are the principal limitations to the technique.
Treatment of ragweed hay fever with urea-denatured antigen E

Abstract Urea-denatured antigen E (UDE) has lost the major determinants of antigen E (AgE), eliciting neither IgE nor IgG antibodies to native AgE in mice. UDE, however, stimulates T cells so that repeated injections result in specific but partial suppression of ongoing IgE responses to native AgE. An attempt was made to apply this property to the treatment of 10 ragweed-allergic human volunteers by repeated subcutaneous injections of UDE over about 18 mo. Local and systemic allergic reactions limited the dose to 4 to 75 μg UDE per injection. Little or no antibody response to AgE was induced. Five patients had increased basophil sensitivity to UDE after 4 mo of injections. Five of eight patients who completed the study had evidence of suppression of IgE responses by exhibiting a 20% or less increase of IgE antibodies to ragweed on natural seasonal exposure. Three patients still exhibited this evidence at the next season of exposure 10 mo after the last injection. The two patients who received the lowest doses had greater than usual seasonal rises of IgE antibodies. There was no clinical evidence of improvement of hay fever symptoms. The results indicate that the immunologic properties of UDE in humans are similar to those in mice. The clinical applicability of these properties remains doubtful.
Interactive Effects of Nutrient Availability and Light Levels on the Periphyton Composition of a Large Oligotrophic Lake

We investigated the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and light on periphyton in a clear oligotrophic lake. Experimental treatments consisted of three levels each of nitrogen, phosphorus, and light ...
Dating the Lindenmeier Folsom site, Colorado, U.S.A., before the radiocarbon revolution

Determining the age of the Lindenmeier Folsom site a decade before the advent of radiocarbon dating required the combined application of stratigraphy, geomorphology, and glacial chronology as well as archaeology. Eventually, radiocarbon dating at the site proved the estimates to be remarkably close to the true age. This paper summarizes Kirk Bryan and Louis L. Ray's efforts during the 1930s and early 1940s to determine the age of the Folsom horizon at Lindenmeier, and compares their relative chronology with the radiocarbon chronology established by others and myself for the site. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A simple method for analysis of travel data

Abstract A very simple method for the analysis of travel data is presented in the paper. It is a statistically sound technique with outputs which are easy to interpret—especially since it is free of pitfalls like those induced by “multicollinearity”. In this paper the procedure called elementary analysis is described and its use illustrated with the aid of examples. Furthermore, it is compared with methods frequently used in the literature for the analysis of travel data.
Large-Scale Simulation of the Clocking Impact of 2D Combustor Profile on a Two Stage High Pressure Turbine

This paper presents sliding-mesh unsteady CFD simulations of high-pressure turbine sections of a modern aviation engine in an extension of previously presented work [1]. The simulation included both the first and second stages of a two-stage high-pressure turbine. Half-wheel domains were used, with source terms representing purge and film flows. The end-wall flow-path cavities were incorporated in the domain to a limited extent. The passage-to-passage variation in thermal predictions was compared for a 1D and 2D turbine inlet boundary condition. Substantial impact was observed on both first and second stage vanes despite the mixing from the first stage blade. Qualitative and quantitative differences in surface temperature distributions were observed due to different ratios between airfoil counts in the two domains.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Electrochemistry of Encapsulated Guests: Ferrocene inside Cram's Hemicarcerands

The electrochemistry of ferrocene is substantially affected by its encapsulation inside Cram's hemicarcerands. Encapsulation hinders both thermodynamically and kinetically the heterogeneous electron transfer (represented in the diagram) between ferrocene and the electrode surface.
Corporate social responsibility, continuous process improvement orientation, organizational commitment and turnover intentions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how employee's perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) relate to their perceptions of an organization's orientation toward continuous process improvement orientation (CPIO). In addition, this research considers how employee perceptions of CSR and CPIO relate to work attitudes and behavioral intentions. Design/methodology/approach – Using structural equations analysis, the paper examines survey data obtained from employees of a USA-based financial services firm to test hypotheses regarding employee's perceptions of corporate engagement in CSR and continuous process improvement, as well as their work attitudes. Findings – Employee perceptions of CSR and of CPIO are strongly related. Both CSR and CPIO have similar, but still unique effects upon organizational commitment (OC). CSR and CPIO do not directly impact employee's intentions to leave, but they do have an indirect effect on intentions to leave, which operates through OC. Research limitatio...
A breakthrough technique for the removal of a hemodialysis catheter stuck in the central vein: endoluminal balloon dilatation of the stuck catheter.

BackgroundHemodialysis (HD) catheters can get stuck in the central vein after long-term use and their removal might become difficult especially in patients with fibrosed or occluded central veins. ...
Protein synthesis-dependent and -independent induction of p69 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase by interferon-alpha

The 2'-5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetases are a family of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) inducible enzymes that block viral replication by activating a latent endonuclease during viral infections. In Ramos cells, induction of mRNAs for the intermediate isoform of 2-5A synthetase (p69) requires five-fold higher IFN-alpha than is required for induction of the small isoform (p40). The p40 and p69 isoforms are similarly induced between 1 and 24 h with maximal induction at 8 h. At 48 h, however, p69 is more strongly induced than p40. Induction of p69 and p40 between 1 and 24 h is protein synthesis independent whereas at 48 h, p69 induction becomes dependent on protein synthesis. Initial induction of both isoforms requires tyrosine kinase activation and is enhanced by activation of a separate signalling pathway by the tumour promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). These data suggest that induction of the p40 is predominantly protein synthesis independent, whereas p69 induction occurs in two phases, an initial protein synthesis independent phase and a delayed protein synthesis dependent phase.
Developmental Changes in Flavonoids and Enzyme Activities of Primary Leaves from Field-Grown Barley

Summary C-glycosylflavone levels, fresh weight, soluble protein, and activities of eight enzymes of phenolic and general metabolism were investigated in primary leaves of field-grown Atlas 68 barley over a 35-day period from juvenility to leaf senescence. Three distinct patterns of metabolic activity were found. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and shikimate dehydrogenase levels were highest during the earliest stages of leaf development and decreased progressively as the leaves matured. Catalase, malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, soluble protein, the flavonoids saponarin and lutonarin, and fresh weight showed dramatic increases during the early development of the leaves, reached maximum levels around 15-20 days, and decreased progressively as the leaves senesced. Peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and chalcone-flavanone isomerase activities were maximal at 15-20 days, decreased, but exhibited a surge of activity just prior to death of the primary leaves. When 15-day-old leaves were divided into apical, middle and basal sections of equivalent lengths, the basal portion had the highest levels of peroxidase and chalcone-flavanone isomerase while the apical sections had the highest activities of the other enzymes. At the stages of maximum flavonoid accumulation, saponarin levels were about 4 times higher than lutonarin levels. As saponarin content decreases, isovitexin, the 7-O-aglycone of saponarin, was detected. The results are discussed in terms of the balance of biosynthesis and degradation of flavonoids in the primary leaf throughout its development from juvenile to senescent stages under field conditions.
A new class of light absorber–electron acceptor dyad

The ligand 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (tpp) can be used to bind to one or two metal centers. When this ligand is bound in a tridentate fashion to a single metal, three remote nitrogens remain, which are uncoordinated. Methylation of one of the pyridine nitrogens is possible in high yield to form a covalently coupled viologen. This viologen functions as an electron acceptor to form the basis of a molecular dyad composed of a light absorber–electron acceptor framework. Two such dyads have been synthesized utilizing the other polypyridine ligands 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (tpy). The spectroscopic, electrochemical and photochemical properties of these dyads, [Ru(tpy)(Metpp)]3+ and [Ru(bpy)(Metpp)(CH3CN)]3+, as well as the unmethylated analogs, [Ru(tpy)(tpp)]2+ and [Ru(bpy)(tpp)(CH3CN)]2+, have been studied (Metpp, 2-[2-(1-methylpyridinium)]-3,5,6-tris(2-pyridyl)pyrazine). Electrochemically, in the unmethylated complexes, we observe an Ru(II)/Ru(III) oxidation and a tpp/tpp− reduction, which is localized on the pyrazine portion of tpp. On methylation, the ruthenium metal becomes slightly harder to oxidize and a new reduction appears prior to the reduction of the pyrazine ring of the Metpp ligand. This can be attributed to the reduction of the viologen portion of Metpp. Optical excitation of the methylated complex is similar to that of the unmethylated species, with the lowest lying spectroscopically accessible excited state involving Ru(dπ)→tpp(π*) charge transfer with the acceptor orbital being largely localized on the pyrazine portion of the tpp ligand. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in the methylated complexes resides on the viologen portion of the Metpp ligand, making these complexes light absorber–electron acceptor dyads.
Energy Logic (EL): a novel fusion engine of multi-modality multi-agent data/information fusion for intelligent surveillance systems

ABSTRACT The rapidly advancing hardware technology, smart sensors and sensor networks are advancing environment sensing. One major potential of this technology is Large-Scale Surveillance Systems (LS3) especially for, homeland security, battlefield intelligence, facility guarding and other civilian applications. The efficient and effective deployment of LS3 requires addressing number of aspects impacting the scalability of such systems. The scalability factors are related to: computation and memory utilization efficiency, communication bandwidth utilization, network topology (e.g., centralized, ad-hoc, hierarchical or hybrid), network communication protocol and data routing schemes; and local and global data/information fusion scheme for situational awareness. Although, many models have been proposed to address one aspect or another of these issues but, few have addr essed the need for a multi-modality multi-agent data/information fusion that has characteristics satisfying the requirements of current and future intelligent sensors and sensor networks. In this paper, we have presented a novel scalable fusion engine for multi-modality multi-agent information fusion for LS3. The new fusion engine is based on a concept we call: Energy Logic. Experimental results of this work as compared to a Fuzzy logic model strongly supported the validity of the new model and inspired future directions for different levels of fusion and different applications. Keywords : Energy Logic (EL). Situation awareness/assessment, Data Fusion, multi-modality multi-agent, large-scale Intelligent surveillance systems, sensor networks, Fusion Engine.
Organic Infrared Upconversion Device

In addition to low efﬁciencies, inorganic orhybrid upconversion devices are expensive to fabricate forlarge-area applications.In recent years, both high-efﬁciency OLEDs and high-efﬁciency organic photodetectors have been demonstrated. Allorganic upconversion devices can be realized by integrating anOLED and an organic photodetector into one device. Because oftheir compatibility with lightweight, ruggedness, and ﬂexibleplastic substrates, all organic upconversion devices open upmany applications that cannot be realized using conventionaltechnologies. Yase and co-workers reported that ﬂuorescentOLEDs with titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) as a photosensitivehole injection layer exhibited NIR-to-blue as well as red-to-greenupconversion.