cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF INSTANTANEOUS AND INTEGRATED LIGHT-FLUX DENSITY ON LEAF ANATOMY AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS'

Experiments were conducted to examine whether leaf adaptation to light in Fragaria virginiana (Rosaceae) was determined by peak photon-flux density or by total quanta received during the day. Leaf structure and apparent photosynthesis rates were similar under environments where total energy received was the same even though peak photon-flux density was different. When peak photon-flux density was held constant and total quanta varied, significant differences were noted in apparent photosynthesis, leaf thickness, specific leaf weight, mesophyll cell volume, and Ames/A ratio. High total quanta produced high-light or sun-type leaves even at relatively low peak intensities. Thus, total light energy received during the day has a greater influence on leaf adaptation to light than does peak photon-flux density. THE EFFECTS of light on plant leaves are known in considerable detail (Bj6rkman, 1975; Boardman, 1977). In virtually all experiments which have been reported, the parameter used to characterize different light environments has been illuminance, irradiance, or some other measure of instantaneous flux density. Recent findings by Nobel (1976) on Hyptis emoryi growing under natural conditions, our own studies with two native strawberry species, and some work on photosynthesis in tomato (Hurd and Thornley, 1974) suggested that leaf adaptation is determined by integrated light energy rather than instantaneous flux density. Consequently, the experiments described here were conducted to directly test the hypothesis that leaves cue on instantaneous flux density in order to set their adaptive state. Two sets of experiments were performed under controlled conditions. In the first, peak photosynthetic photon-flux density (PPFD, 400-700 nm) was varied while the total number of quanta received during a 24-hr period was held constant. The other set held PPFD constant while total number of quanta received was varied.
Suicidal status, depression, and intellectual functioning in preadolescent psychiatric inpatients

Abstract One hundred six preadolescent psychiatric inpatients were studied. Suicidal behavior occurred in children with most psychiatric diagnoses but was significantly associated only with a major depressive disorder (MDD). All children with MDD exhibited suicidal behavior. A borderline personality disorder (BPD) was the only other DSM-III Axis I or II diagnosis with which MDD was significantly associated. The co-occurrence of BPD and MDD was not related to more serious suicidal behavior. Intelligence test scores were not related to suicidal status or severity of depression. The implications of developmental level for these findings were discussed.
Gustav Meyrink and the Evolution of the Literary Vampire: From Feared Bloodsucker to Esoteric Phenomenon

When the satirist, fantasist, and occultist Gustav Meyrink (1868–1932) began publishing in the early twentieth century, the figure of the vampire was already well-established as a literary motif in German literature. During this period numerous works appeared that depicted vampires based upon the model of Bram Stoker. While commonly conceived as a fearsome, bloodsucking, and seductive creature, short stories by Gustav Meyrink challenged this conventional representation of the vampire. The following study introduces Meyrink’s vampire tales and highlights how the author employs and comments on the traditional features of this motif, in the process of which he radically reshapes the motif itself. The result is that Meyrink offers his readers descriptions of vampiric phenomena informed by esoteric thought and turn-of-the-century occultist trends. If vampires and their monstrous kin are indeed carriers of culture, as Jeffrey Cohen, a leading critic of monster theory, contends, then Meyrink’s creation of an esoteric vampire gives voice to the significant role of the occult movement at the turn of the century and its place within the crisis of modernity.
The use of case vignettes for Addiction Severity Index training

In an attempt to enhance the reliability of Addiction Severity Index (ASI) interviewer severity ratings (ISRs), we developed a set of eight ASI vignettes, fictionalized narrative case summaries that reproduced the quantitative ASI information in case report format. Each vignette has an ISR answer key, a consensus ISR of two expert ASI trainers for each problem area. Additionally, for four of the vignettes the rationale for the correct ISRs was operationalized. This report is a description of the ASI vignette packet, its use as a supplement to standard ASI training and the results of a pilot study to gauge its effectiveness in improving criterion validity of ISRs. Five ASI videotapes were also developed for the purposes of this investigation. There was limited evidence in this preliminary investigation that the addition of the ASI vignette packet to standard ASI training increased agreement with expert consensus ISRs. The ASI vignettes, relative to videotaped or live observed interviews, do however provide a brief means of assessing the adequacy of ASI interviewer skills with regard to ISRs.
An effect of insulin on peptide synthesis independent of glucose or amino-acid transport.

INSULIN enhances incorporation of amino-acids labelled with carbon-14 into protein of isolated rat diaphragms independent of its action in facilitating entry of glucose1–3. Kipnis and Noall4 report that in similar circumstances insulin increases the accumulation of 14C-α-aminoisobutyric acid, a non-utilizable amino-acid. If the rate of penetration of the utilizable labelled amino-acids is also increased by insulin, the result would be a rise in the radioactivity of the intracellular amino-acid pool. Then an apparent increase in the rate of incorporation could occur without an actual change in the rate of peptide synthesis. This possibility has now been tested. Increased transport does not account for the insulin-mediated increase in the incorporation of utilizable amino-acids.
Progress towards a realistic numerical model for elastomer reciprocating seals

Currently there is no adequate analytical tool that can be used to predict the lubrication conditions, and hence friction and leakage, in an elastomer reciprocating seal. The full film lubrication models that have been tried do not predict the typical performance that is seen in practice. A new model is described in this feature that uses mixed lubrication and takes account of seal roughness. It appears to provide improved predictions that are closer to practical experience.
Graph Problems on a Mesh-Connected Processor Array

On donne des algorithmes fonctionnant par etapes de O(n) pour resoudre un certain nombre de problemes de graphes sur un reseau n×n de processeurs. Le probleme considere comprend: la recherche des ponts et points d'articulation d'un graphe non oriente, la recherche de la longueur du cycle le plus court, la recherche d'un arbre maximal, minimal et d'autres problemes
Orbital Analysis of Molecular Optical Activity Based on Configuration Rotatory Strength

We present a method to analyze the origin of molecular optical activity in terms of orbital contributions and rotatory strength in configuration space. The method uses quantities already available at completion of standard linear-response calculations of specific rotation and requires minimal manipulation. Preliminary application to (1S,4S)-norborne-none and (P)-2,3-pentadiene shows that only a few orbitals (6 and 4, respectively) contribute significantly to the specific rotation and can be used directly for a qualitative interpretation of this fundamental property.
Effects of Electronic Fourth-Order Correlations on the Pump-Probe Response of Semiconductors

The pump-and-probe response of a ZnSe quantum well is investigated. In this particular sample the binding energy far exceeds both the exciton damping and the inhomogeneous broadening. A comparison between experimental data and model calculations shows that with co-circularly polarized beams the nonlinear mean-field contributions dominate those induced by four-particle correlations. In contrast, only the four-particle correlations contribute to the signal in counter-circular configuration. For this configuration, the exciton–biexciton interaction dominates the response for resonant excitation of the exciton. The occurrence of exciton–biexciton transitions leads to a renormalization of the period of coherent oscillations at negative pulse delay.
Display and interpretation of solvent electron density distributions in insulin crystals

Abstract In macromolecular crystallography, three-dimensional contour surfaces are useful for interactive computer graphics displays of the protein electron density but are less effective for presenting static images of large volumes of solvent density. A raster-based computer graphics program which displays depth-cued projections of continuous density distributions has been developed to analyze the distribution of solvent atoms in macromolecular crystals. Maps of the water distribution in the cubic insulin crystal show some well-ordered waters, which are bound to surrounding protein atoms by multiple hydrogen bonds, and an ill-defined solvent structure at a greater distance from the protein surface. Molecular dynamics calculations were used to assist in the interpretation of the time-varying solvent structure within two enclosed cavities in the crystal. Two water molecules that ligate a sodium ion were almost immobile during the simulation but the majority of water molecules were found to move rapidly between the density maxima identified from the crystallographic refinement.
Thermal stability of the eutectic composition in LiNO3–NaNO3–KNO3 ternary system used for thermal energy storage

Abstract The new eutectic composition in the LiNO 3 –NaNO 3 –KNO 3 ternary salt system has a very low melting point (118 °C) and is a potential candidate for use in parabolic trough solar power generation. The short and long-term thermal stabilities and reliability of the eutectic composition in this ternary system were determined using the Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The system demonstrates excellent short-term thermal stability and reliability during thermal cycling. However, the system showed 8% weight loss during long-term thermal stability test. Long-term isothermal stepwise study reveals that below 435 °C the weight change is minimal and this temperature is taken as the upper limit of thermal stability of the system. The eutectic composition in the ternary system was characterized by XRD and SEM techniques before and after the thermal stability experiments to identify the morphology and compositions of the phases. From the present study it can be concluded that the major contributor to the weight loss is the dissociation of lithium nitrate to lithium oxides.
Co-Opting the Wolves: National Film Industry Reform in China After 1978

This article is about the relationship between the film industry, society, and the state, in the context of economic reforms. I first provide an overview of current writings on the field and then explain the film industry's structure since 1949. I also examine policy changes over the past 30 years. What exactly did the state change? And why did it change? By way of analyzing Chinese cinema, this article examines the relationship between the market, the state, society, and transnational capital. Although the government has increasingly been in favor of a market economy, it has never given up its official ideology over films. Moreover, the domestic film industry did not collapse after the entry of transnational capital; instead, the state successfully co-opted the “wolves” not only to save the film industry but also to enable the state to accumulate both economic and political capital.
Fröbel's forgotten gift: textile construction kits as pathways into play, design and computation

Reflecting on one of Frobel's overlooked "gifts", sewing and embroidery, this paper explores a recent renaissance in commercially available textile construction kits for children. Through a survey of such kits, we argue that revisiting embroidery in this digital age is a powerful leverage to introduce computation into material culture. In particular, we highlight the evolution of recent children's textile construction kits beginning with the Barbie Fashion Designer in 1996 then moving onto more recent developments, like the LilyPad Arduino, that combines computation, ICT, fashion and craft. We discuss the implications of these designs for learning, play, and broadening participation in computing fields.
Effects of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716, alone and in combination with dexfenfluramine or naloxone, on food intake in rats.

Rationale: Recent studies in animals have implicated endogenous cannabinoids in the regulation of palatable food intake, but it is not yet clear to what extent pharmacological agents acting on this system may have sustained actions and applicability to different feeding protocols. Objectives: In the present study, we examine the effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716 on food intake of rats, and its behavioral specificity. We examine whether tolerance develops to the anorectic actions of SR 141716, and whether it has either additive or synergistic actions with dexfenfluramine or naloxone. Methods: Undeprived rats were trained to eat a daily sweet milk dessert and on test days were administered single or combination drugs and intakes were recorded. In other studies, rats were deprived for 24 h of either food or water and intakes recorded after drug administration at the end of this time. In one study, rats were fed ad libitum chow with SR 141716 added. Results: SR 141716 (1–3 mg/kg) suppressed both palatable food intake in undeprived rats and food, but not water, intake after deprivation. Using an isobolographic analysis, SR 141716 had an additive anorectic effect with dexfenfluramine. In contrast, SR 141716 in combination with naloxone had a significantly supra-additive anorectic action. SR 141716 was also effective orally and no tolerance to its anorectic effect developed over 3 days. Conclusions: These data show that SR 141716 is an effective anorectic agent using both palatable foods and bland chow, and is selective because water intake was unaffected. SR 141716 is also effective orally and has an effect sustained for at least several days. There appears to be a synergistic interaction between opioid and cannabinoid systems in the regulation of feeding, whereas the combination of a serotonin releasing agent and the CB1 antagonist is additive.
A modal interpretation of three-valued logic

It is well-known that the intuitions which led Lukasiewicz to propose his system of three-valued logic were modal in character, having to do with the indeterminacy of contingent future tense propositions.' It is also wellknown that the truth-tables for conjunction and negation which he proposes appear to be inconsistent with any such modal interpretation. Specifically, Lukasiewicz adds to the usual values of truth and falsity a third value, intermediate between these two, which he calls "the possible" (but which is more accurately designated "the contingent"). He argues quite plausibly that when a sentence p has this value, its negation Np should also have it. The process by which he arrives at the table for conjunction is not explicitly stated, but in any event, it has the result that the conjunction Kpq is "possible" when both its arguments are.2 The objection is now immediate: although 'Lukasiewicz will be in Warsaw on Friday' and 'Lukasiewicz will not be in Warsaw on Friday' may both (on Monday) be contingent, the same can surely not be said of 'Lukasiewicz will and will not be in Warsaw on Friday', for the latter is always and necessarily false, on Monday as well as every other day. This objection seems so clear and decisive, that it might be (and often has been) supposed that there is no way at all to interpret Lukasiewicz's system modally.3 Surprisingly, however, this turns out not to be the case. On the contrary, we shall see that there is a translation of his system into the modal system S5, such that exactly those formulas are theses of threevalued logic whose translations are theses of S5. The translation is not without its own peculiarities, however.
ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012: Recommendations on bladder cancer-progress in a cancer that lacks the limelight.

It has been my privilege to chair the recently completed International Consultation on Urologic Diseases (ICUD) Recommendations on Bladder Cancer. After>1 yr of intense interactive and enthusiastic collaboration of >100 experts in various aspects of bladder cancer (BCa), the recommendations from the 10 committees were presented at the 2011 European Association of Urology (EAU) Congress in Vienna on March 18, 2011. Each committee had a chair and co-chair, and they selected a broad-based group of men and women with expertise in BCa to work together in an effort to reach recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of this common cancer. This editorial emphasizes just a few of the highlights of the consultation. The papers that follow provide an expanded summary of the committee’s conclusions as found in the book Bladder Cancer [1]. BCa is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary (GU) tract. Its protracted course and requirement for frequent monitoring is responsible for the huge costs involved with the care of patients with BCa. It is a heterogeneous neoplasm ranging from the benign behavior of low-grade Ta papillary tumors to the relatively poor prognosis associated with high-grade invasive cancers. An understanding of the many variants within the spectrum of BCa is critical to proper management. Unlike prostate cancer, which has reached a high degree of public awareness due to the dramatic increase in the number of men diagnosed and the willingness of public figures to assume the role of ‘‘poster boys,’’ there is little knowledge about BCa. This is best exemplified by
Chronic Foot Ulcers in a Patient with Hepatitis C

The warty lesions (figure 1) and ulcers (figure 2) were consistent with a chronic, indolent infectious process. Biopsy of the heel ulcer revealed marked verrucuform hyperplasia and occasional microabscesses in the epidermis. The biopsy showed spherules with mixed inflammatory infiltrates and granulomas characteristic of Coccidioides immitis in the dermis (figure 3). Fungal culture of a deep swab of the calcaneal ulcer grew C. immitis. Routine culture grew mixed gram-negative species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Serologic tests showed a highly elevated Coccidioides complement-fixation antibody titer of 1:256. Results of a total coccidioidal IgG EIA were positive. Findings of a chest radiograph were normal. Plain films of the foot showed no bone destruction, but a bone scan of the affected foot revealed uptake consistent with osteomyelitis. The case we report illustrates disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a patient with classic risk factors. He was of Filipino descent, lived for an extended time in the southwest corner of the United States, and worked outdoors. All of these factors, in addition to his sex, increased the risk for the development of active disease caused by this endemic fungus [1]. Coccidiomycosis has also been reported in patients with end-stage liver disease who live in an area where Coccidioides species are endemic [2]. The stage of this patient's liver disease, which resulted from hepatitis C infection, was not known at the time this report was prepared. Despite the localized presentation of his coccidioidal infection, this patient most likely had an initial pulmonary infection with subsequent dissemination. Disseminated coccidioidal infection is thought to result from hematogenous spread from the lungs after inhalation of arthroconidial spores, which can survive in soil [1, 3]. At least two-thirds of primary pulmonary infections are benign and self-limited [3, 4]. A recent, large
Introduction to Special Issue: Visual Experience in Urban Africa

Cities in Africa, like their counterparts elsewhere in the world, are intensely visual environments. For visitors and residents alike, it is seemingly impos sible to amble through certain city neighborhoods without visual traffic pulling the eye in several directions at once. Myriad ocular phenomena? from the spatial configurations of neighborhoods and the built environment to public spectacles, billboards, graffiti, personal sartorial expression, and print and electronic media?are central to visual experience in, and of, urban Africa. This special issue o? Africa Today presents articles that examine such visual experience in selected urban sites: Bamako, Johannesburg, Dakar, Kumasi, Cape Town, and Lagos. By focusing on the operations and inter pretations of visual forms within urban sites, the articles center the city as a discursive field at the heart of visual experience. Rather than positioning the city as a backdrop or stage, the articles explore the relationships and processes connecting visual experience to urban life. This special issue thus illuminates how urban elements are crucial to constructing the visual and how urban experience is predicated on and contoured by visual experience. Specifically, the following questions frame the articles: How do visual forms operate as individual expressions and collective urban resources? How is belonging?whether to community, city, or nation?articulated and engen dered through urban visual experience? How do visual projects entangle and interface with political agendas, social practices, and expressive forms inflecting urban life? How do urban residents engage the world of images to make images? In addressing these questions, this special issue underscores the visual as a critical area of focus for African urban studies. A steadily growing corpus of scholarship, largely by social historians and anthropologists, focusing on urban Africa has taken new directions in the past decade. As Coquery-Vidrovitch (2005) assesses in her discussion of scholarship on African urban spaces, recent interdisciplinary studies have done much to expand the core body of groundbreaking literature on this subject. Representing diverse perspectives by urbanists in the social sci ences and humanities, both monographs and edited volumes have treated a vibrant constellation of subjects, from city-specific studies to thematic and issue-based edited volumes (De Boeck and Plissart 2004; Enwezor et al. 2002; Malaquais 2005; Mbembe and Nutall 2004; Roberts and Roberts 2003; Salm and Falola 2005; Simone 2004).
Broad beam neutral ion machining for patterning of substrates

Broad beam neutral ion machining is investigated as a process for patterning submicrometer features. An ion machining system (IMS) has been designed and constructed to conduct the ion machining experiments on large samples using an 11 cm diameter ion source. A series of experiments were conducted with this broad beam argon ion source impinging on photoresist-masked silicon and glass substrates. A calibration mask with representative features characteristic of those used in diffraction gratings compact discs, and magneto-optical storage devices has been produced and used to evaluate the achievable pattern resolution of the photoresist layer. Several photoresists have been used to generate sub-micrometer features, and their performance as mask materials is compared.
The Neuroscience Nursing 2005 Role Delineation Study: Implications for Certification

Certification, as defined by the American Board of Nursing Specialties (ABNS), “is the formal recognition of the specialized knowledge, skills, and experience demonstrated by the achievement of standards identified by a nursing specialty to promote optimal health outcomes” (ABNS, 2006). The American Board of Neuroscience Nursing (ABNN) was established to design, implement, and evaluate a certification program for professional nurses involved in the specialty practice of neuroscience nursing (American Association of Neuroscience Nurses [AANN], 2006). Since 1978, the certification granted by ABNN to nurses practicing in this specialty is the Certified Neuroscience Registered Nurse (CNRN) designation. Studies of role delineation within nursing specialties are used to provide evidence that a certification examination provided by a certification program is reliable and valid. The Joint Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (American Psychological Association, 1999) state that “the content domain to be covered by a credentialing test should be defined clearly and justified in terms of imiportance of the content for the credential-worthy performance in an occupation or profession” (p. 161). In 2002 ABNS awarded a 5-year accreditation to the CNRN examination, signifying that the examination demonstrated compliance with certification standards. ABNS Standard 7 states, “The certifying organization has conducted validation studies to assure that inferences made on the basis of test scores are appropriate and justified,” and generally recommends that job analyses be conducted within 5 years of the last full analysis (ABNS, 2004). ABNN conducted its most recent role delineation study (RDS) in 2001 (Blissitt, Roberts, Hinkle, & Kopp, 2003). Repeating the process within 5 years is consistent with both the ABNS standard and the practice of other nursing specialty organizations (McMillan, Heusinkveld, Chai, Miller-Murphy, & Huang, 2002; Muenzen, Greenberg, & Pirro, 2004). This article describes the background, methodology, results, and implications for certification of the 2005 study of role delineation in neuroscience nursing undertaken at the direction of ABNN. The study was conducted by a task force appointed by ABNN.
POLLEN AND OVULE SOURCES AFFECT SEED PRODUCTION OF LOBELIA CARDINALIS (LOBELIACE AE)

To examine the breeding system and components of male and female reproductive success in the hermaphroditic plant Lobelia cardinalis, we performed three crossing experiments with plants taken from natural populations. The experiments were designed to determine if the crossing success of plants as pollen and ovule parents was affected by the distance among mates, including self-pollinations and pollinations between populations; to determine if plants differed in their abilities to sire or mature seed; and to determine if there was a correlation between a plant's success at siring and maturing seed. Selfpollinations resulted in significantly fewer seeds per fruit and significantly smaller seeds. There were no significant differences in germinability between selfed and outcrossed seeds. Distance among parents within a population did not affect any of the traits. Outcrosses within and between population produced similar numbers of seeds per fruit, similar seed weights, and similar germination success. There were highly significant differences among maternal plants in all three experiments ir the number of seeds they matured, mean seed weight, and seed germinability. The maternal parent was the most important factor determining seed production, but there were also significant differences among paternal plants in the number of seeds they sired (all three experiments), in the germinability of the seeds they sired (two experiments), and in the sizes of seeds they sired (one experiment). Our results indicate that differences in success of Lobelia plants as male parents cannot be due solely to their relatedness to the female parent.
Hhal methyltransferase flips its target base out of the DNA helix

The crystal structure has been determined at 2.8 A resolution for a chemically-trapped covalent reaction intermediate between the HhaI DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, and a duplex 13-mer DNA oligonucleotide containing methylated 5-fluorocytosine at its target. The DNA is located in a cleft between the two domains of the protein and has the characteristic conformation of B-form DNA, except for a disrupted G-C base pair that contains the target cytosine. The cytosine residue has swung completely out of the DNA helix and is positioned in the active site, which itself has undergone a large conformational change. The DNA is contacted from both the major and the minor grooves, but almost all base-specific interactions between the enzyme and the recognition bases occur in the major groove, through two glycine-rich loops from the small domain. The structure suggests how the active nucleophile reaches its target, directly supports the proposed mechanism for cytosine-5 DNA methylation, and illustrates a novel mode of sequence-specific DNA recognition.
A salt-concentration gradient method for the determination of the maximum salt concentration for microbial growth

A method is described for establishing a discontinuous salt concentration gradient which is useful for determining the maximum salt concentration which can be tolerated by growing microorganisms. The technique can be used aerobically or anaerobically, and has a standard error varying from ± 0.1% to ± 0.4%, depending on the organism. Data are given for several yeasts and forSerratia marcescens. The results indicate that the method has a potential usefulness for separating and identifying closely related microorganisms.
Determination of the ignition temperatures of sewage sludge

Abstract A method to determine the flash‐ and self‐ignition temperatures of dried sewage sludge is described. A hot air furnace, similar to that used in ASTM Standard D 1929, was used to test two municipal and two industrial sludges. The flash‐ignition temperatures ranged from 344 to 432°C, and the self‐ignition temperatures ranged from 439 to 481°C. These ignition temperatures may be useful in assessing the potential of sludge combustion in dryers or in storage.
SU‐GG‐T‐532: A Method for Dose Calculation and Collision Detection in Gamma Plan Pre‐Planning Mode

Purpose: The latest version of the Gamma Plan treatment planningsystem allows for treatment “pre‐planning” using an image set with no headframe. However, in pre‐planning mode the user is not able to define the Gamma Knife coordinate system, so collision checks and dose time calculations cannot be performed. This restriction is particularly limiting when pre‐planning head and neck cases or cases for lesions located in the posterior fossa. We have developed a simple method to establish the Gamma Knife coordinate system and to therefore run collision checks and dose time calculations. Method and Materials: An image set of the Gamma Knife headframe and fiducial box is imported into Gamma Plan and opened in treatment mode. An MR or CT patient image set without a headframe is imported into the same treatment planning window. The two image sets are then co‐registered and fused. The resulting composite images may then be used to plan a treatment with the full Gamma Plan functionality, including collision monitoring and dose time calculations. Results: The headframe image set was successfully co‐registered and fused to patient image sets and used for treatment planning. The fused image set was then able to be checked for collisions and dose delivery times were able to be calculated. Conclusion: We have developed a simple method that allows for the Gamma Knife coordinate system to be established in Gamma Plan pre‐planning mode. This technique lets the user check for collisions and calculate dose times prior to headframe placement. It also may serve as an aid for determination of headframe placement on treatment day. The main limitation of this method is that it does not allow for gamma angles not equal to 90. Supported in part by NCI T‐32 CA113267.
Making the Pie and Spliting the Pie: Joint Value Creation and Opportunism in Volatile Environment

In this study, we specifically unveiled the relationship between joint value creation and opportunism from a new, choice-based perspective. We argued that in a given interorganizational relationshi...
Cortical glucose metabolic rate correlates of abstract reasoning and attention studied with positron emission tomography

Abstract Three groups of young, healthy males underwent positron emission tomography of the head, using 18fluoro-2-deoxyglucose as the uptake tracer. During the uptake, one group (n = 8) did an abstract reasoning test (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices [RAPM]); another (n = 13) performed a visual vigilance task (Continuous Performance Test [CPT] task); and the other (n = 9) simply watched flashing visual stimuli (CPT no task). ANOVA revealed that both the RAPM and the CPT groups activated the right hemisphere. A priori and exploratory t-tests indicated some left-hemisphere areas of activation for the RAPM, especially posterior cortex. Performance on the RAPM showed significant negative correlations with cortical metabolic rates. CPT performace showed few significant correlations with cortical metabolic rate. Although this study does not strongly implicate any one brain region in performance of the RAPM or CPT task, the inverse glucose/RAPM performance correlations suggest that some individual differences in cognitive ability may be related to efficiency or density of neutral circuits.
PURIFICATION OF PROTAMINE SULFATE FOR THE QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS.

Abstract A method is described for the purification of protamine sulfate by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The precipitation of soluble RNA and ribosomal RNA by purified protamine is quantitative, while oligonucleotides of low molecular weight are not precipitated. The procedure allows the quantitative removal of soluble RNA from solutions and the preparation of soluble RNA samples of high purity.
Making frameworks work: a project retrospective

Various issues make framework development harder than regular development. Building product lines and frameworks requires increased coordination and communication between stakeholders and across the organization.The difficulty of building the right abstractions ranges from understanding the domain models, selecting and evaluating the framework architecture, to designing the right interfaces, and adds to the complexity of a framework project.
The First Structural Characterization of α-Zincated (Reformatsky) Amides and Phosphine Oxides

The dizinc organometallic complex LZn2Ph2, where L2- is a binucleating bis(amidoamine) ligand, reacts with N,N-dimethylacetamide to form the α-zincated derivative LZn2[CH2C(O)NMe2]2 in moderate yie...
Aqueous Extraction and Membrane Techniques Improve Coconut Protein Concentrate Functionality

Functional properties of coconut protein concentrates (CPC) from fresh coconut meat and commercial desiccated coconut meat were assessed and compared with other protein sources. Coconut proteins were extracted from undefatted meats at pH 7 in 0.5M NaCl solution. Protein recovery in the ultrafiltration retentates was about 40% (as % nitrogen) in the starting meats. Water absorption capacities of CPC products were lower than those of soy protein concentrates (SPC) and Na-caseinate, but there was no difference in oil absorption values among CPC, SPC and Na-caseinate. CPC products were more soluble than SPC, but less soluble than Na-caseinate at pH 8 and 10. Emulsifying properties of CPC were superior to those of caseinate and SPC. Total essential amino acids contents of CPC products were lower than caseinate, but similar to SPC.
An examination of spouse abuse: Practice issues for the profession

This paper reviews the substantial problem of spouse abuse. Initially, the scope of the problem is reviewed. Who the victim is, why she stays, who the batterer is, the relationship between violence and alcohol, and other victims of abuse are covered in detail. A clinical paradigm for helping clients is elucidated. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the phenomenon for the profession.
Axisymmetric Postbuckling and Nonsymmetric Buckling of a Spherical Shell Compressed Between Rigid Plates

Presents an analysis of the stresses and deflections produced during axisymmetric postbuckling and determines the deformation states at which the shell may buckle into a nonsymmetric shape. The analysis accounts for finite deflections and rotations, but assumes that the material remains linearly elastic throughout the deformation. An experiment shows that both the primary axisymmetric bifurcation point and the secondary nonsymmetric bifurcation point are stable for a shell with R/h approximately equal to 40.
Building an Advanced Region-Based Image Retrieval System (ARBIRS)

In this chapter, we introduce the Advanced Region-Based Image Retrieval System (ARBIRS) that we have recently developed. We first describe the goal set for ARBIRS, and discuss the optimal feature space to achieve the goal. Then we explain the challenges accompanied by the feature space selection, and elaborate on the approaches taken to meet the challenges. Finally we outline the framework of, and explain the major components of the system.
An accreditation dilemma: The tension between program accountability and program improvement in programmatic accreditation

An examination of the experiences of the Teacher Education Accreditation Council highlights the conflicting and sometimes incompatible expectations for accreditation.
Spurring plant diversification: are floral nectar spurs a key innovation?

High levels of species diversity in taxonomic groups have often been explained by a key innovation. However, the difficulty in establishing a causal role between a proposed key innovation and increased species diversity, as well as in substantiating that diversity patterns are different from null models has led to major criticisms of key innovation hypotheses. Here we show that patterns of diversification within and among clades that have evolved floral nectar spurs strongly support the hypothesis that floral nectar spurs represent a key innovation. Both reproductive success and reproductive isolation can be influenced by simple changes in nectar spur morphology and the acquisition of nectar spurs in a wide array of plant groups is highly correlated with increased species diversity.
Prolactin and Growth Hormone in Health and Disease

The pituitary is best considered as five more or less independent endocrine secretory units that happen to be accommodated in the same anatomical location. Because the thyrotropin, corticotropin, and gonadotropin secretory units are more readily considered in relation to their end organ effects, this review focuses on the two secretory units for prolactin and growth hormone (GH) that act without an intermediary endocrine target gland. While prolactin exerts all of its physiologic effects directly, some of the physiologic actions of GH are mediated by the somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors). In this chapter the principal recent contribution to our knowledge of prolactin, GH, and somatomedins as it relates to human physiology and disease will be reviewed. Even with this restricted scope no attempt has been made to include all publications in this area, but those of greatest interest and application will be considered.
Comparative genomics reveals a constant rate of origination and convergent acquisition of functional retrogenes in Drosophila

Background Processed copies of genes (retrogenes) are duplicate genes that originated through the reverse-transcription of a host transcript and insertion in the genome. This type of gene duplication, as any other, could be a source of new genes and functions. Using whole genome sequence data for 12 Drosophila species, we dated the origin of 94 retroposition events that gave rise to candidate functional genes in D. melanogaster.
A general formulation and approach to constrained, continuum manipulation

A continuum manipulator is particularly suitable for performing tasks in cluttered environments with limited space for maneuvering and is even more flexible with a mobile base. However, to perform a task, the motion of a continuum manipulator must not only avoid obstacles, i.e. subject to environment constraints, but also satisfy certain position and orientation constraints imposed by the task. An important open issue is how to enable a (mobile) continuum manipulator to perform a task-constrained motion while avoiding obstacles. In this paper, we introduce a general formulation of the problem and an approach to automatic planning of mobile continuum manipulation under general task and environmental constraints. The effectiveness of the approach is verified by simulation and real experiments.
Information elicitation for decision making

Proper scoring rules, particularly when used as the basis for a prediction market, are powerful tools for eliciting and aggregating beliefs about events such as the likely outcome of an election or sporting event. Such scoring rules incentivize a single agent to reveal her true beliefs about the event. Othman and Sandholm [16] introduced the idea of a decision rule to examine these problems in contexts where the information being elicited is conditional on some decision alternatives. For example, "What is the probability having ten million viewers if we choose to air new television show X? What if we choose Y?" Since only one show can actually air in a slot, only the results under the chosen alternative can ever be observed. Othman and Sandholm developed proper scoring rules (and thus decision markets) for a single, deterministic decision rule: always select the the action with the greatest probability of success. In this work we significantly generalize their results, developing scoring rules for other deterministic decision rules, randomized decision rules, and situations where there may be more than two outcomes (e.g. less than a million viewers, more than one but less than ten, or more than ten million).
Women's Representation: A Comparison between Europe and the Americas

Prior research on women's representation conducted in various parts of the world has indicated that the type of electoral system, quotas, the timing of women's suffrage, women's participation in the workforce and a country's development all have an influence. In this study all of these characteristics are first investigated for the national parliaments of Europe. In a second step, the robustness of the model is tested by applying it to the Americas. This analysis reveals that the model generated for Europe does not provide a good fit for explaining the extent of women's representation in North, Central and South America. Consequently, it is still impossible to generalise about the state of women's representation.
Network Model of State-Dependent Sequencing

A network model with temporal sequencing and state-dependent modulatory features is described. The model is motivated by neurocognitive data characterizing different states of waking and sleeping. Computer studies demonstrate how unique states of sequencing can exist within the same network under different aminergic and cholinergic modulatory influences. Relationships between state-dependent modulation, memory, sequencing and learning are discussed.
Acceleration of Wound Healing by Multiple Growth Factors and Cytokines Secreted from Multipotential Stromal Cells/Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Background: Although multipotential stromal cells/mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) initially gained attention because of their ability to differentiate into multiple cell lineages, it is their capacity to produce and secrete growth factors and cytokines that makes them particularly valuable as potential cell therapeutics. The Problem: Wound healing is an intricate process consisting of several integrated stages, including angiogenesis, collagen production, and cell migration and proliferation. Coordinating these processes to ensure rapid and thorough wound healing is necessary when developing therapeutics. This coordination, however, is disrupted in chronic nonhealing wounds, wherein the impaired blood supply and resulting ischemia compromise cellular functions and make it difficult to deliver the necessary signaling molecules. Basic/Clinical Science Advances: MSCs secrete a combination of growth factors and cytokines, which have been shown to promote wound repair. This combination of growth factors and cytok...
Use of lymphoplasmapheresis or plasmapheresis in the management of acute renal allograft rejection

Several recent reports have documented the value of intensive plasmapheresis as an adjunct to standard immunosuppressive therapy for patients suffering acute renal allograft rejection. We have treated four rejection episodes in three patients with intensive plasmapheresis and two rejection episodes in two additional patients with intensive lymphoplasmapheresis. Five of six rejection episodes were reversed, and four of the five patients treated have retained functioning grafts for follow-up periods ranging from 4 months to 3 years. Previous investigators have reported encouraging results using plasmapheresis, and we believe our experience supports the requirement for further controlled studies with this procedure. Moreover, we note that no previous work has been described with lymphoplasmapheresis and suggest that removal of lymphocytes, in addition to plasma, may further augment immunosuppression in the treatment of renal allograft rejection.
Liquid crystal polymers. IV. Thermotropic polyesters with flexible spacers in the main chain

Two closely related series of polyesters that contain mesogenic units interconnected by flexible spacers along the main chain were prepared and characterized for their liquid crystal properties. All of these polymers showed theotropic behavior, which was examined by DSC, hot-stage microscopy on a polarizing microscope, small-angle light and wide-angle x-ray scattering methods, and visual observation of stir-opalescence of the polymer melts. The effect of the length of the flexible spacer and the nature of the substituent, which is on the central aromatic ring of the mesogenic unit, on the stability and molecular order of the mesophase for each of the polymers was investigated and the results are discussed on the basis of the thermodynamic data obtained.
The Role of the Investment Climate and Tax Incentives in the Foreign Direct Investment Decision: Evidence from South Africa

In this article, the author uses microdata and firm interviews to explore the role of foreign direct investment drivers in South Africa. Reinforcing the majority of the foreign direct investment literature, she finds that pecuniary incentives play a negligible role in the investment decision for the majority of firms. The micro level of analysis enables specification of the investment climate constraints that are decisive—notably political and regulatory uncertainty, skills, labor regulation, and exchange volatility. This area-specific analysis contains potential lessons for other sub-Saharan countries.
Post-Transplant EBV Induced Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Epstein Barr virus induced lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-LPD) is a heterogeneous disorder, ranging from polyclonal lymphoproliferations to malignant lymphoma, typically seen in individuals with inadequate cellular immunity to EBV. The diagnosis of EBV-LPD following transplant requires a high index of suspicion in those patients at risk. Unlike organ transplant patients, in whom lymphomas are generally of host origin and respond to decreases in immunosuppression, bone marrow transplant recipients have donor origin tumors that are not as responsive to conservative treatment modalities. For the latter group, adoptive immunotherapy with donor lymphocytes is the treatment of choice and generally results in complete eradication of these tumors. Whether adoptive immunotherapy can be used for EBV-LPD in patients following organ transplantation is currently being investigated.