cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Land Use Regulation (Third Edition)

The table of contents for this casebook reveals the breadth of topics covered, including zoning, site design, aesthetic regulation, historic preservation, constitutional law (including takings and eminent domain), and environmental law. The casebook offers a concise, user-friendly presentation of land use law which incorporates a focus on critical thinking and practice throughout. It devotes an entire chapter to complex and realistic scenarios that provide students an opportunity to bring to bear what they have learned throughout the semester to solve challenging legal and strategic problems. New materials in this edition - including materials on climate change and environmental law - ensure that readers will become familiar with the latest trends in land use law.
RadTranslate: An Artificial Intelligence-Powered Intervention for Urgent Imaging to Enhance Care Equity for Patients With Limited English Proficiency During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Abstract Purpose Disproportionally high rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been noted among communities with limited English proficiency, resulting in an unmet need for improved multilingual care and interpreter services. To enhance multilingual care, the authors created a freely available web application, RadTranslate, that provides multilingual radiology examination instructions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of this intervention in radiology. Methods The device-agnostic web application leverages artificial intelligence text-to-speech technology to provide standardized, human-like spoken examination instructions in the patient’s preferred language. Standardized phrases were collected from a consensus group consisting of technologists, radiologists, and ancillary staff members. RadTranslate was piloted in Spanish for chest radiography performed at a COVID-19 triage outpatient center that served a predominantly Spanish-speaking Latino community. Implementation included a tablet displaying the application in the chest radiography room. Imaging appointment duration was measured and compared between pre- and postimplementation groups. Results In the 63-day test period after launch, there were 1,267 application uses, with technologists voluntarily switching exclusively to RadTranslate for Spanish-speaking patients. The most used phrases were a general explanation of the examination (30% of total), followed by instructions to disrobe and remove any jewelry (12%). There was no significant difference in imaging appointment duration (11 ± 7 and 12 ± 3 min for standard of care versus RadTranslate, respectively), but variability was significantly lower when RadTranslate was used (P = .003). Conclusions Artificial intelligence–aided multilingual audio instructions were successfully integrated into imaging workflows, reducing strain on medical interpreters and variance in throughput and resulting in more reliable average examination length.
Longitudinal associations between objective and perceived healthy food environment and diet: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Abstract Introduction Research examining the influence of neighborhood healthy food environment on diet has been mostly cross-sectional and lacked robust characterization of the food environment. We examined longitudinal associations between features of the local food environment and healthy diet, and whether associations were modified by race/ethnicity. Methods Data on 3634 adults aged 45–84 at Exam 1 and followed for 10 years were obtained from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Diet quality was assessed using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index at Exam 1 (2000–2002) and Exam 5 (2010–2012). We assessed four measures of local food environment using survey-based measures (e.g. perceptions of healthier food availability) and geographic information system (GIS)-based measures (e.g. distance to and density of healthier food stores) at Exam 1 and Exam 5. Random effects models adjusted for age, sex, education, moving status, per capita adjusted income, and neighborhood socioeconomic status and interactions terms to assess effect modification by race/ethnicity. Results Net of confounders, one standard z-score higher average composite local food environment was associated with higher average AHEI diet score (1.39, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.73) over the follow-up period from Exam 1 to 5. This pattern of association was consistent across both GIS-based and survey-based measures of local food environment and was more pronounced among minoritized racial/ethnic groups. There was no association between changes in neighborhood environment and change in AHEI score, or effect modification by race/ethnicity. Conclusion Our findings suggest that neighborhood-level food environment is associated with better diet quality, especially among racially/ethnically minoritized populations.
The Automorphism Group of the Toroidal Queen's Graph

Denote the n × n toroidal queen’s graph by Qn. We find its automorphism group Aut(Qn) for each positive integer n, showing that for n ≥ 6, Aut(Qn) is generated by the translations, the group of the square, the homotheties, and (for odd n) the automorphism (x, y) → (y + x, y − x). For each n we find the automorphism classes of edges of Qn, in particular showing that for n > 1, Qn is edge-transitive if and only if n is prime. We find the number of automorphism classes of regular solutions of the toroidal n-queens problem, generalizing work of Burger, Cockayne, and Mynhardt.
The Sphere-Rod Transition in SDS Micelles

We have employed laser light scattering methods to investigate the size, shape, and polydispersity of alkyl sulfate micelles in aqueous NaCl solutions. Our studies have demonstrated the existence of a continuous transition from roughly spherical aggregates (R ~ 25 A) to polydisperse rod-like structures whose mean size increases with increasing NaCl, decreasing temperature and increasing detergent concentration. We present here a brief description of a thermodynamic model for this sphere-to-rod transition. In this model, detergent molecules are assumed to form a distribution of micelles with aggregation numbers n = no, no +1, ..., no +k, where no corresponds to the minimum spherical micelle and no +k corresponds to a prolate sphero-cylinder with K molecules in the cylindrical portion between hemispherical endcaps each having no /2 molecules. The theory describes the micellar size distribution using two parameters: (X-XB), the amount of detergent in micellar form, and K, which reflects the difference in chemical potential between a molecule in the spherical and cylindrical portions of the micelle. We first present experimental data which tests the ability of our theory to predict successfully the dependence of the mean hydrodynamic radius Rn, on detergent concentration and the shape of the micellar size distribution. New data on the influence of chain length, counterion size and the addition of urea are discussed.
The unfortunates: towards a history and definition of the motion comic

Motion comics – despite being widely overlooked by the discipline of Comics Studies – are a formally diverse multimedia format. Straddling the line between limited animation and the comic book, the diversity of motion comics have allowed them both to elude general definitions and to evolve into another new media format: the motion book. This article argues against the disciplinary prejudice that has defined this maligned format over the past decade in order to better grasp both the industrial overlap between the American comic book and film industries and the developmental processes of new media. Moreover, this article begins to explore how tablets and e-readers are remediating and re-inventing the comic in 2014.
The first demonstration of symmetric blocking SiC gate turn-off (GTO) thyristor

This paper reports the development of symmetric blocking SiC p-GTO thyristors. The proposed thyristor structure features a positive bevel edge termination implemented by orthogonal dicing technique. In this paper, a detailed design of the device structure, forward current-voltage characteristics, and symmetric blocking capabilities are discussed.
The Purification and Properties of the Flavoprotein Melilotate Hydroxylase

Abstract A bacterium has been isolated from soil by enrichment culture using melilotate as the sole carbon source and has been tentatively identified as a Pseudomonad. Crude extracts of this organism contain a melilotate hydroxylase (melilotate, NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylation)) capable of converting melilotate (2-hydroxyphenylpropionate) to 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate. This enzyme has been purified to homogeneity making use of a substrate-specific elution from DEAE-cellulose. Melilotate hydroxylase contains FAD as the prosthetic group, with 1 mole of FAD per protein of 65,000 molecular weight. The enzyme exists as a tetramer in solution. The apoprotein of the enzyme can be converted to holoenzyme by incubation with FAD and dithiothreitol. The visible absorption spectrum of the enzyme depends on temperature, with the extinction coefficient at 454 nm changing from 11,300 m-1 cm-1 at 25° to 11,900 m-1 cm-1 at 1°. Unlike many other flavoproteins, this enzyme does not react with sulfite. Melilotate hydroxylase is reduced rapidly by irradiation with visible light in the presence of EDTA or by dithionite. The oxidized enzyme is converted directly to the reduced enzyme with no evidence for a semiquinone intermediate. Slightly more than 1 mole of dithionite per mole of enzyme flavin is required for full reduction, whereas the reduced enzyme is completely reoxidized by 1 mole of 2,6-dichloroindophenol. A complex (1:1) is formed between enzyme and melilotate. Formation of this complex affects the visible absorption and circular dichroism properties of the enzyme. The free enzyme is slowly reduced by NADH; the rate of this reduction is dramatically increased by melilotate.
Dermorphin gene sequence peptide with high affinity and selectivity for delta-opioid receptors.

Abstract Skin of the frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei contains a cDNA sequence that codes for the selective mu-receptor peptide dermorphin and a new heptapeptide we have designated as dermorphin gene-associated peptide (DGAP). Investigation of the opioid receptor binding characteristics of synthetic DGAP and [D-Met2]DGAP revealed that the latter peptide had high affinity and selectivity for delta-type opioid receptors in rat brain synaptosomes. The IC50 values for DGAP on mu- and delta-receptors were only 28 microM and 670 nM, respectively, while that for [D-Met2]DGAP was 0.80 nM for delta-receptors and greater than 1 microM for mu-receptors yielding a very high delta selectivity ratio (SR) of 1345. In comparison, the SR values for [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin, [D-Ser2,Leu5,Thr6]enkephalin, and [D-Pen2,5]enkephalin, ligands which are considered to be specific for delta-receptors, were 20, 42, and 301, respectively. Dermorphin, which contains a D-Ala2 residue and is a selective mu-receptor ligand (Lazarus, L.H., Guglietta, A., Wilson, W.E., Irons, B.J., and de Castiglione, R. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 354-362), exhibits a SR of 0.0055 similar to that for the conventional mu-agonist [D-Ala2,NMePhe4,Gly-ol]enkephalin (0.0040). This finding that frog skin cDNA contains the information to code for dermorphin and DGAP, or the presumed [D-Met2]DGAP molecule, which are among the most selective high affinity opioid ligands described for mu- and delta-receptors, may permit new insight into the design of future opioid receptor agonists and antagonists.
Class A Amplifiers

The class A amplifier is typically used as the first amplification stage of a receiver or transmitter where minimum distortion is desired. This comes with a cost of relatively low efficiency. Since the first stages in an amplifier chain handle lowpower levels, the low efficiency of these amplifiers actually wastes little power. The variety of amplifier classes are described in [1] and will be covered more extensively in a later chapter. The primary properties of importance to class A amplifier design are gain, bandwidth control, stability, and noise figure. These are the topics that will be considered here.
Steroid requirement for androgen receptor dimerization and DNA binding : modulation by intramolecular interactions between the NH2-terminal and steroid-binding domains

Infection of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells with recombinant human androgen receptor (AR) baculovirus results in expression of a 118-kDa phosphoprotein that displays high affinity androgen binding and androgen-dependent targeting to the nucleus. Using the DNA mobility shift assay, specific in vitro binding of full-length AR to androgen response element DNA (ARE) requires intracellular hormone exposure. The ability of a variety of steroids to induce ARE binding paralleled their transcriptional potential. Certain antihormones, cyproterone acetate and RU486, promote ARE binding, but a pure antiandrogen, hydroxyflutamide, inhibits AR binding to ARE DNA. AR dimerization requires incubation of recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells with androgen, but only when one or both components of the dimer contain the NH2-terminal domain. Based on the intensities of ARE binding and lack of binding to an ARE half-site, it appears that, unlike the glucocorticoid receptor, AR binds DNA primarily as a dimer. Thus, full-length baculovirus-expressed AR requires intracellular hormone exposure for dimerization and ARE binding to overcome inhibition imposed by the AR NH2-terminal domain. Antihormones with agonist activity promote dimerization and ARE binding, while a pure antiandrogen blocks AR DNA binding. It is concluded that intramolecular interactions between the NH2-terminal and steroid-binding domains are regulated by the specificity of hormone binding and modulate receptor dimerization and DNA binding.
Social, Psychological, and Physiological Reactions to Stress

Emerging research examines biological processes not as primary causes of social outcomes but rather as mechanisms that themselves depend on social environments. In particular, environments that produce toxic stress help shape brain development and brain and body function throughout the lifespan. Early life stress, in particular, has serious consequences for life-long health and affects cognitive performance, emotional intelligence, and self-regulation. Because the brain is plastic, social as well as individual behavioral interventions can alter some of these developmental paths, modifying brain function and individual life trajectories—but with increasing difficulty as children become adolescents and adults. Now reflecting the new era of “epigenetics” and a life course perspective, this new view of stress, the brain, and social environments highlights the importance of the social, psychological, and biological sciences working together to elucidate underlying mechanisms both to expand knowledge and help promote a better society. Keywords: social; psychology; physiology; stress; stress reaction; epigenetics; life course; toxic stress; allostasis
Studies on the function of conserved sequence motifs in the T4 Dam-[N6-adenine] and EcoRII [C5-cytosine] DNA methyltransferases.

Abstract We used site-directed oligodeoxyribonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis and kinetic studies with purified wild-type (wt) and mutant proteins to evaluate the role of the conserved sequence motifs in two prokaryotic DNA MTases. We suggest that: (i) the main role of Pro in the M· Eco RII PC-motif is to restrict the conformational freedom of Cys and orient it in a manner essential for catalysis; (ii) in both M· Eco RII and T4 Dam the FXGXG-motif positions AdoMet with respect to the catalytic site; (iii) the DPPY-motif in T4 Dam (region IV) is important for AdoMet-binding and may be part of the binding site; and (iv) the RXNXKXXFXXPFK-motif in T4 Dam (region III) is part of the DNA binding/ recognition domain.
In Vivo Cardiac Muscle Perfusion: A New Measurement Method

A nonradioactive tracer technique for the evaluation of heart disease is presented. A microprocessor controlled scanning system is used to position a germanium detector such that it interrogates an isolated segment of myocardial tissue. Iodine based contrast agent in intravenously injected while irradiating the tissue segment with a low energy X-ray spot beam. X-ray induced iodine fluorescence of the passing contrast agent is then used to monitor the local tissue perfusion.
Rotational and Vibrational Excitation of H 2 by Electron Impact at 4.5 eV: Angular Distributions

The differential cross sections for rotational, vibrational, and rotational-vibrational excitation by electron impact at 4.5 eV in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ have been measured with a resolution of 18-22 meV. The cross-section ratio of pure vibrational excitation ($\ensuremath{\Delta}j=0$) to rotational-vibrational ($j=1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3$) excitation for $v=1, 2, \mathrm{and} 3$ shows the expected $p$-wave character. However, at a given angle of observation, this ratio decreases as the vibrational quantum number increases. This effect has not been predicted by theory.
Risk assessment of low-level chemical exposures from consumer products under the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission chronic hazard guidelines.

TheU.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) isanindependant regulatory agencythat was created in1973.TheCPSChasjurisdiction overmore the15,000 typesofconsumer products usedinandaround thehomeorbychildren, exceptitemssuchasfood, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, pesticides, certain radioactive materials, products that emitradiation (e.g., microwave ovens), andautomobiles. TheCPSChasinvestigated many low-level exposures fromconsumer products, including formaldehyde emissions fromurea-formaldehyde foam insulation andpressed woodproducts, COandNO2emmisions fromcombustion appliances, and dioxin inpaperproducts. Manychemical hazards areaddressed under theFederal Hazardous Substances Act(FHSA), whichapplies toacuteandchronic health effects resulting fromhigh- or low-level exposures.In1992theCommission issued guidelines forassessing chronic hazards under theFHSA,including carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, exposure,bioavailability, risk assessment, andacceptable risk. Thechronic hazard guidelines describe a series ofdefault assumptions, whichareusedintheabsence ofevidence tothe contrary. However, theguidelines areintended tobesufficiently flexible toincorporate thelatest scientific information. Theuseofalternative procedures ispermissible, on acase-by-case basis, provided that theprocedures usedarescientifically defensible andsupported byappropriate data. Theapplication ofthechronic hazard guidelines inassessing therisks fromlow-level exposures isdiscussed.Environ HealthPerspect 106(Suppl 1):387-390 (1998). http.//ehpnetl.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1998/Suppl-1/387-390babich/abstract.html
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM II. THE PROPAGATION OF VIRUS IN CONJUNCTION WTH THE HOST CELLS

Experiments have been reported on the propagation of influenza viruses in the allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo during the first infectious cycle. After adsorption of the seed virus onto the host cells, only a small percentage of it remains demonstrable by infectivity titrations. This amount remains constant for 4 hours in the case of infection with PR8 virus, and for 6 hours in that of infection with Lee virus. Thereafter, a sharp rise in infectivity occurs 2 to 3 hours before liberation of the new generations of active virus into the allantoic fluid can be detected. Injection of homologous virus, inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation, following infection prevents or delays the production of virus in the tissues, depending to some extent upon the number of ID(50) of active virus used as inoculum. The smaller the dose, the more pronounced the inhibitory effect. With increasing delay in the injection of the inhibitor, progressively more virus is produced and liberated 6 and 9 hours after infection with PR8 and Lee virus, respectively. Thus, production of virus may be interrupted by the homologous inhibitor when given up to 3 hours after infection with PR8, and up to4(1/2) hours after infection with Lee virus. Since no increase in infectivity can bedetected during these 3 and 4(1/2) hour periods in the tissues, it is suggested that influenza virus propagates in at least two major stages: first, non-infectious, immature virus material is produced which, subsequently, is converted into the fully active agent. Presumably the first step can be interrupted by the homologous inhibitor, while the second cannot. Heterologous irradiated virus, injected after infection of the tissue, exerts only a slight inhibitory effect on the production of virus.
Characterizations of maximal monotone operators

LET X BE A Banach space, A be a subset of X, and T: A + 2x* be a monotone operator. It is known that in the case of an open A, the following assertions are equivalent (see [l]): (1) T is maximal monotone; (2) T is convex and w*-compact valued, and w*-upper semicontinuous; (3) T is minimal (with respect to graph inclusion) among all convex and w*-compact valued, w *-upper semicontinuous multivalued maps defined on A. In [2, corollary I] we proved that (1) is equivalent to (2) for monotone operators defined on much more general sets (e.g. for relatively open or dense subsets of the set of nonsupport points of a convex set whose affine hull is X). When A has “support points”, T may be unbounded and the above statements are no longer equivalent. In [2] we were able to characterize maximal monotone operators in terms of their behavior at the support points and a certain upper semicontinuity property. This note contains improvements of some of our results in [2] and also extensions of some results obtained in [3]. Among others, we give, in a very general context, characterizations of the maximality of monotone operators, which, for open sets, reduce to those stated at the beginning of this introduction.
Surface potential measurements of vacuum ultraviolet irradiated Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/, and SiO/sub 2/

Vacuum ultraviolet radiation (VUV), generated during plasma processing of semiconductors devices can induce charge on dielectric materials. By exposing dielectric coated wafers to synchrotron radiation of varying energy, it is possible to separate the photoemission and photoconductive effects, both of which result in an increase in the surface potential of the dielectric. Maps of the surface potential induced on the dielectrics by VUV can be obtained by the use of a Kelvin probe.
The influence of wrist position on different types of pinch strength

This study examines the effects of different wrist positions on maximum voluntary (MVC) pinch strength. Peak MVC forces of 30 male adults were measured for lateral, chuck, pulp-2 and pulp-3 pinches, each in five wrist positions-natural, radial deviation, ulnar deviation, dorsiflexion and palmar flexion. The results showed that all the deviated wrist positions degraded pinch strength, with palmar flexion having the greatest effect and radial deviation the least. Strength degradation ranged from 14% to 43%, depending on wrist position and type of pinch. The lateral pinch was less affected than the others. Biomechanical explanations are offered for these measurements, and implications for work and tool designs are discussed.
The influence of age on collagen and non-collagen protein production by human gingival epithelial cells

Abstract The effects of donor age on the proliferation and secretory phenotype of cultured human gingival epithelial cells were investigated. Pure cultures of epithelial cells were isolated from human gingiva of old (61–75 yr) and young (18–30 yr) adults and serially cultivated in a serum-free medium at 37 °C in humidified air containing 5% CO2. For each experiment, cells were seeded at 150/mm2 and the medium changed every other day. Cell number, collagen and non-collagen protein production and relative collagen synthesis (percentage collagen synthesized) were determined at days 2, 4, 6 and 8. Epithelial strains from old and young adults became confluent by day 8 and there were no differences in their rates of proliferation. Likewise there was no difference in collagen production between the two groups; however, cells from elderly individuals produced significantly less non-collagen protein. Over time the decrease in non-collagen protein production ranged from 56% below the non-collagen protein levels of epithelium from young adults at day 2 to 24% below at day 8. The reduction of non-collagen protein coupled with the unchanged secretion of collagen resulted in a statistically significant increase in relative collagen synthesis by epithelial cells from elderly individuals. These differences in non-collagen protein production and relative collagen synthesis by cultured gingival epithelium of old adults suggest a selective conversion in protein secretion.
Clinical signs of the pigment dispersion syndrome in blacks

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) is considered rare in blacks, and minimal literature exists concerning the condition in this patient population. The diagnosis of PDS in blacks may present unique challenges because some of the typical clinical signs that are present in whites,
Identification of the portal vein: wedge hepatic venography with CO2 or iodinated contrast medium.

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of CO 2 versus iodinated contrast medium for wedge hepatic venography in identifying portal vein anatomy during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedures. Materials and Methods. Wedge hepatic venograms obtained with CO 2 or iodinated contrast medium and direct portograms of 43 patients undergoing TIPS procedures were analyzed retrospectively. Wedge venography was performed in 23 patients with CO 2 and in 21 with iodinated contrast medium; direct portography was subsequently performed in 42 of 44 patients with iodinated contrast medium and in one with CO 2 . All cases were reviewed systematically to compare portal vein anatomy and completeness of anatomic identification between direct portography and wedge venography, and the results with CO 2 were compared to those with iodinated contrast material. Results. On the basis of opacification of the main portal trunk, branches, or both, the portal vein appearance (definition of the portal bifurcation) was good to excellent in 21 of 23 patients imaged with CO 2 but in only two of 20 patients imaged with iodinated contrast medium. Wedge venograms agreed with direct portograms in 91% (21 of 23) of the CO 2 cases and in 10% (two of 20) of the iodinated contrast medium cases. The two patients with poor opacification using CO 2 had poor delineation of the main portal trunk, branches, and varices. TIPS could not be created in three patients. In two, abnormal morphology was identified at CO 2 venography; in the third, wedge venography was not performed. Conclusion. Wedge hepatic venography with CO 2 compared with iodinated contrast medium has a substantially higher likelihood of correctly and completely identifying the location and anatomy of the portal vein.
Ataxia, Ophthalmoplegia, and Impairment of Consciousness in a 19-Month-Old American Boy

A 19-month-old, white, Pennsylvanian boy, with an unremarkable medical history, presented to our hospital with a 3-week history of nonbloody, nonbilious emesis up to 5 times a day and nonbloody diarrhea. Ten days before admission, his gait became progressively unsteady, until he finally refused to walk. A day before admission, he found it difficult to move his eyes. The patient was hypoactive. History, physical and neurologic examination, blood and cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid studies, and neuroimaging studies ruled out the most frequent causes of acute ataxia. The etiology of bilateral, complete ophthalmoplegia was also taken into consideration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of bilateral thalami and mammillary bodies provided diagnostic clues. Additional history and specific tests established the final diagnosis and treatment plan. The patient improved to a normal neurologic state. This case provides important practical information about an unusual malnutrition cause of acute ataxia, particularly in young children of developing countries.
Quantitative Determination of Factor‐VIII Protein by Two‐Stage Gel Electrophoresis

A new method for the quantification of factor-VIII protein in plasma is described which utilizes only commercially available equipment and material. The procedure involves separation of factor VII from other plasma proteins by a two-stage sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoretic technique and quantification of the protein by scanning densitometry. The plasma from normal individuals, haemophiliacs, obligate carriers of haemophilia and patients with von Willebrand's disease have been examined by this technique. In general, the data support the earlier findings obtained by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. In addition, some abnormalities not detected by immunoelectrophoresis are observed by the gel electrophoresis technique.
Reversal by aminoguanidine of the age-related increase in glycoxidation and lipoxidation in the cardiovascular system of Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract Non-enzymatic glycoxydation and lipoxidation of proteins continues to stimulate great interest in gerontology as both markers and promoters of aging. The first aim of the study was to determine the age-related changes in levels of N ɛ -(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) present on proteins of the cardiovascular system of Fischer 344 rats and identify the particular polypeptides being modified. The second objective was to evaluate whether pharmacological administration of aminoguanidine (1 g/L in the drinking water) could reverse protein glycoxidation and lipoxidation. CML content in serum, aorta, and heart proteins from 28-month-old rats was double of that found in 4-month-old animals. AG administration to old rats for 3 months from the age of 25 months lowered CML content by 15 ( P = .2275), 44 ( P P = .0072) in serum, aorta, and heart, respectively. Serum albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins were most prominently adducted by both CML and HNE. While the extent of albumin and transferrin modification was comparable between age groups, CML and HNE bound to immunoglobulins increased in the sera of old rats as a result of the accumulation of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. AG treatment prevented immunoglobulin accumulation in serum, suggesting a beneficial action on renal filtration. Lipoxidation of heart mitochondrial proteins was prevalent over glycoxidation, either as CML or pentosidine. Although AG prevented HNE-induced inactivation of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in vitro, it had no effect in rat hearts, suggesting AG could not reach the mitochondrial matrix.
The expression of cerebellar LTD in culture is not associated with changes in AMPA-receptor kinetics, agonist affinity, or unitary conductance.

Cerebellar long-term synaptic depression (LTD) is a model system of neuronal information storage that is expressed postsynaptically as a functional down-regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. What properties of postsynaptic AMPA receptors are changed? Several lines of evidence argue against changes in AMPA-receptor kinetics. Neither LTD evoked in cultured granule-cell Purkinje cell (PC) pairs nor an LTD-like phenomenon evoked by phorbol ester application was associated with alterations in evoked AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC) or mEPSC kinetics. LTD produced by pairing glutamate pulses with depolarization was not altered by prior application of the desensitization-reducing compound cyclothiazide. Finally, rapid application of glutamate to lifted PCs revealed no significant alterations in AMPA-receptor kinetic properties after LTD induction. When this system was used to apply varying concentrations of glutamate, no alteration in AMPA-receptor glutamate affinity was seen after LTD induction. Finally, peak-scaled nonstationary fluctuation analysis was applied to estimate AMPA-receptor unitary conductance before and after LTD induction in a cultured cell pair, and this analysis too revealed no significant change. These results suggest that cerebellar LTD may be expressed solely as a reduction in the number of functional AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic density [Wang, Y.-T. & Linden, D. J. (2000) Neuron 25, 635–664].
The base promoted oligomerization of a 15-dehydro-PGB1 analog: Structural insights into the complex oligomeric mixture termed PGBX

Abstract The base promoted oligomerization of the 15-dehydro-PGB 1 analog 2 takes place by a Michael addition pathway involving multiple nuclephilic and acceptor sites.
The distribution of dynorphinergic terminals in striatal target regions in comparison to the distribution of substance P-containing and enkephalinergic terminals in monkeys and humans.

Abstract Single- and double-label immunohistochemical techniques using several different highly specific antisera against dynorphin peptides were used to examine the distribution of dynorphinergic terminals in globus pallidus and substantia nigra in rhesus monkeys and humans in comparison to substance P-containing and enkephalinergic terminals in these same regions. Similar results were observed in monkey and human tissue. Dynorphinergic fibers were very abundant in the medial half of the internal pallidal segment, but scarce in the external pallidal segment and the lateral half of internal pallidal segment. In substantia nigra, dynorphinergic fibers were present in both the pars compacta and reticulata. Labeling of adjacent sections for enkephalin or substance P showed that the dynorphinergic terminals overlapped those for substance P in the medial half of the internal pallidal segment, but showed only slight overlap with enkephalinergic terminals in the external pallidal segment. The substance P-containing fibers were moderately abundant along the borders of the external pallidal segment, and enkephalinergic fibers were moderately abundant in parts of the internal pallidal segment. Dynorphinergic and substance P-containing terminals overlapped extensively in the nigra, and both extensively overlapped enkephalinergic fibers in medial nigra. Immunofluorescence double-labeling studies revealed that dynorphin co-localized extensively with substance P in individual fibers and terminals in the medial half of the internal pallidal segment and in substantia nigra. Thus, as has been found in non-primates, dynorphin within the striatum and its projection systems appears to be extensively localized to substance P-containing striatopallidal and striatonigral projection neurons. Nonetheless, our results also raise the possibility that a population of substance P-containing neurons that projects to the internal pallidal segment and does not contain dynorphin is present in primate striatum. Our results also suggest the possible existence of populations of striatopallidal and striatonigral projection neurons in which substance P and enkephalin or dynorphin and enkephalin, or all three, are co-localized. Thus, striatal projection neurons in primates may not consist of merely two types, one containing substance P and dynorphin and the other enkephalin.
Thermal and mechanical behavior of flexible polyurethane-molded plastic films and water-blown foams with epoxidized soybean oil

Water-blown flexible polyurethane foams and molded plastic films were made by replacing 0 to 50% of Voranol® 4701 in the B-side of foam and plastic film formulation by epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). Physical properties of foams including density, 50% compression force deflection (CFD), 50% constant deflection compression (CDC), and resilience were determined. A dynamic mechanical spectrometer (DMS) and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to characterize the hard segment (HS) and soft segment (SS) ratio and thermal properties of plastic. Various functional groups in both flexible polyurethane foam and plastic film were characterized using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). When increasing the ESBO content, both density and 50% CFD of water-blown polyurethane foams decreased first, then increased. On the other hand, the 50% CDC and resilience of foams showed a sharp increase and decrease, respectively. When increasing the ESBO content, the peak of tan δ in DMS analysis and Δcp in DSC analysis of plastic films both decreased indicating the hard segment increased and the soft segment decreased in plastic film, respectively. The FTIR-ATR results also show the hydrogen-bonded urethane group increased in plastic films with increasing ESBO content. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Obtaining lower bounds using artificial components

Abstract In this paper, we consider the technique of creating artificial components to obtain good lower bounds in the fixed order algebraic decision tree model, for geometric decision problems whose solution space (set of Yes instances) consists of very few connected components. Using this technique, we obtain an Ω(log m) lower bound for the Convex Polygon Inclusion problem for convex m-gons, and an Ω(n log n) lower bound for the Max Gap problem, and the Path Testing problem.
Neuroanatomical site specific modulation of spontaneous motor activity by neurotensin

Abstract Immunohistofluorescent neurotensin (NT) is found in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and bilateral injection of NT into the VTA produces an increase in exploratory behaviours. The VTA also contains dopaminergic cell bodies with axonal projections to the nucleus accumbens. In this study it was shown that bilateral microinjection of NT (4.0 μg/side) into the nucleus accumbens blocked the behavioral hyperactivity produced by intra-VTA injection of NT (2.5 μg/side).
The calculation of grain charge in a dense dusty plasma with a nonuniform surface potential

Abstract Any study of astrophysical and laboratory dusty plasmas takes into consideration the calculation of individual dust grain charge when part of a dust cloud. At sufficiently high dust cloud densities, the effective Debye length of the cloud is of the same order as the intergrain distance, and the individual dust grains cannot be considered to be electrically isolated. As well, at moderate plasma temperatures, currents such as the secondary-electron current become significant and can be strongly radius-dependent at submicron levels. Thus, in these dusty plasma regimes the dust surface potential is not uniform throughout a cloud which has a distribution of grain sizes. We present the derivation of dust grain charge in a cloud with a size distribution immersed in a plasma, the dust cloud surface potential being nonuniform.
Photosensitization of liposomes by porphyrins

Abstract Lipid peroxidation was photosensitized in egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) liposomes by hematoporphyrin (HP), hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) and urorporphyrin I (Uro-I). Photosensitization by HP was type II via singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) for the monomeric and dimeric states and type I for aggregated HP. Uro-I was an efficient type II 1 O 2 photosensitizer. The HpD fraction enriched in the active biological component (HpD-A) was a type II 1 O 2 photosensitizer at high and low concentrations. The spectral differences between HpD-A in buffer and solubilized in small EPC liposomes are attributed to a conformation change of a key dimer constituent from a folded to a planar geometry. The implications of the results for the action mechanism in photoradiation therapy of tumors with these porphyrins are discussed.
Stochastic conformational pumping: a mechanism for free-energy transduction by molecules.

Proteins and other macromolecules can act as molecular machines that convert energy from one form to another through cycles of conformational transitions. In a macroscopically fluctuating environment or at the single-molecule level, the probability for a molecule to be in any state j fluctuates, and the probability current from any other state i to state j is given as the sum of a steady-state current and a pumped current, Iij=Issij+FijdPj/dt, where Fij is the fraction of the fluctuating current into and out of state j coming directly from state i, and dPj/dt is the rate of change of the probability for the molecule to be in state j. If the fluctuations arise from an equilibrium source, microscopic reversibility guarantees that the time average of the pumped current is zero. If, however, the fluctuations arise due to the action of a nonequilibrium source, the time average of the pumped current is not in general zero and can be opposite in sign to the steady-state current. The pumped current provides a mec...
Determination of fluidized bed granulation end point using near‐infrared spectroscopy and phenomenological analysis

Simultaneous real-time monitoring of particle size and moisture content by near-infrared spectroscopy through a window into the bed of a fluidized bed granulator is used to determine the granulation end point. The moisture content and particle size determined by the near-infrared monitor correlates well with off-line moisture content and particle size measurements. The measured particle size is modeled using a population balance approach, and the moisture content is shown to follow accepted models during drying. Given a known formulation, with predefined parameters for peak moisture content, final moisture content, and final granule size, the near-infrared monitoring system can be used to control a fluidized bed granulation by determining when binder addition should be stopped and when drying of the granules is complete.
Electrophysiologic evaluation of the antiarrhythmic effects of N-acetylprocainamide for ventricular tachycardia secondary to coronary artery disease.

Abstract Antiarrhythmic properties of N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), an active metabolite of procainamide, were studied in 12 patients with coronary artery disease who presented with cardiac arrest or documented sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT). Programmed electrical stimulation (PES) studies were performed in 10 men and 2 women, aged 52 to 80 years (mean 63), who had a left ventricular ejection fraction of 16 to 69% (mean 33). All patients tested had inducible VT provoked by PES without antiarrhythmic therapy. Patients were then tested with procainamide, 1,000 mg administered intravenously. VT could be provoked after procainamide treatment in 8 of 10 patients. Twenty-four to 36 hours later NAPA was administered, 18 mg/kg body weight intravenously, and PES was performed after 20 minutes. NAPA did not significantly change heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, electrocardiographic intervals and AH or HV conduction times. The QT interval lengthened, but not significantly. The mean serum NAPA levels were 15.7 ± 4 μg/ml in the group protected by NAPA and 16.2 ± 4 μg/ml in the group not protected by NAPA. Five patients were discharged with NAPA therapy, 1.5 g orally every 8 hours. Two patients have been maintained with chronic NAPA therapy (10 ± 3 months), and 2 patients had breakthrough VT on follow-up Holter monitoring and alternative therapy was given. One patient died while taking oral therapy. NAPA demonstrates antiarrhythmic efficacy in preventing induction of VT by PES in a high-risk group of patients. During chronic oral therapy in some patients, NAPA appears to be well tolerated, with antiarrhythmic efficacy that may be enhanced with further upward dose titration.
Neonatal hemiorchidectomy of bulls alters plasma growth hormone levels and advances onset of pubertal testosterone secretion.

Abstract Bovine GH and testosterone profiles were determined in plasma collected at 20 min intervals during 3 hr bleeding periods on day 25 of life and every 15 days thereafter in six intact (I) Holstein bull calves and in six others which had been hemiorchidectomized (HO) at 10 days of age. In I bulls average plasma GH concentratrions varied between 7.9 and 14.5 ng/ml (P > 0.05) until 130 days of age, after which the GH level gradually rose (P = 0.007) to a maximum of 19.4 ng/ml on day 205 of life. Episodic release of GH was apparent in 55 day-old and older I bulls and in HO bulls of all ages. Plasma GH concentrations in HO bulls were higher than in I bulls 15 and 30 days after surgery (P = 0.07), at which times the levels in HO bulls averaged 19.6 and 22.5 ng/ml and in I bulls 10.3 and 10.2 ng/ml, respectively. Plasma GH in HO bulls again exceeded that of I bulls at ages of 130–190 days (P = 0.04). Plasma testosterone was virtually nondetectable before 130 days of age in I bulls but thereafter exhibited the typical episodic pattern. In HO bulls, plasma testosterone concentrations began to rise 15 to 30 days before those in I bulls, resulting in an age × treatment interaction (P
Child welfare workers go to court: The impact of race, gender, and education on the comfort with legal issues

Abstract This study examines perceptions of 425 public and private agency child welfare workers from one state in terms of their level of comfort with the court work components of their jobs, at baseline, which is after their initial training but before beginning their child welfare work, and again after six months on the job. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were undertaken. Bivariate analyses reveal that being older and male were associated with higher court comfort levels at baseline and at six months. Being white was associated with higher comfort levels at six months. In addition, private agency workers were more comfortable with court at baseline and six months. Workers with a social work education had higher court comfort levels at baseline and six months, when compared to those with criminal justice or other education. In the multivariate analysis, there were no significant differences in level of comfort with court work based upon worker characteristics at baseline. However, at six months on the job, predictors of comfort with child welfare work were being white and being male; having a social work education approached statistical significance. When change in comfort level was examined, the only significant positive predictor of court comfort was having a social work education.
Antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide liners onStreptococcus sanguis andS. mutans

Abstract The antimicrobial activity of 10 calcium hydroxide liners on Streptococcus sanguis and S. mutans was studied. One hundred plates of tryticose soy agar-sheep red blood cells (10%), each with four distinct 3 mm diameter wells, were divided into two groups of 50. One group was inoculated with S. sanguis and the second group with S. mutans . A 4 mg liner was placed in each of three wells; the fourth well was left empty as a control. Plates were incubated at 37 °C and observed at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days. All liners inhibited growth of both organisms. The inhibitory zones for S. mutans were larger than inhibitory zones for S. sanguis for all tested liners. Life Fast Set material had significantly less inhibitory effect on S. mutans . VLC Dycal, Life, and Life Fast Set materials had significantly less inhibitory effect on S. sanguis at p=0.05.
Studies on the metabolism of norepinephrine, epinephrine and their o-methyl analogs by partially purified enzyme preparations.

Abstract Studies concerning the actions of a soluble, partially purified monoamine oxidase (MAO) on norepinephrine and other catecholamines and on their 3-methoxy analogs are presented. The intermediate in the oxidation of norepinephrine to 3, 4-dihydroxymandelic acid has been shown to be 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylglycolic aldehyde, and some properties of the latter compound are presented. The roles of MAO and catechol-O-methylpherase in the in vivo metabolism of norepinephrine and epinephrine are discussed.