cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Seebeck coefficient of thermoelectrochemical cells by controlling ligand complexation at metal redox centers

Practical conversion of waste heat into electricity via thermoelectrochemical cells requires high Seebeck coefficient (α) to increase cycle efficiency. The complexation of Cu2+ species with dissolved multidentate ligands, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and the control of dimerization equilibria with bridging ligands, such as 1,6-diaminohexane or 1,2-diaminoethane, dramatically improve, by up to ∼185%, the magnitude of the α of Cu/Cu2+ thermoelectrochemical cells. This results in the highest α for any Cu/Cu2+ redox system yet reported. The coefficient α is directly proportional to the change in entropy (ΔS). It was experimentally measured and correlated with ΔS obtained from quantum-chemical methods. This offers a deeper insight about a molecule-based interpretation of the macroscopic response. The agreement between the theoretically estimated and experimentally observed α is remarkable. Hence, we believe that this synergistic approach allows us to systematically scan different systems to obtain efficient thermoelectrochemical cells with enhanced Seebeck coefficient.
Upfront Immunotherapy at the Time of Metastatic Cancer Diagnosis Leads to Lower Brain Metastasis Velocity in Patient Undergoing Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Prior series assessing the effect of immunotherapy (I/O) on outcomes of patients receiving stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases have been confounded by the usage of I/O at variable time points during the natural history of patients' cancers. As upfront I/O has become more standard for treatment of many metastatic cancers, we sought to assess its role in the management of brain metastases in patients receiving SRS. MATERIALS/METHODS We performed a retrospective review of patients presenting with brain metastases simultaneously with the first diagnosis of metastatic disease and were treated with upfront I/O as part of their treatment regimen and SRS to the brain metastases. We compared this cohort with a historical control population derived prior to immunotherapy being used in the upfront setting (2014-19) who were treated with pre-I/O standard of care systemic therapy and with SRS to the brain metastases. Using these populations standardized the timing of when immunotherapy was administered in the natural history of patients' cancer. Kaplan Meier method was used to calculate overall survival. Competing risks analysis was used to analyze the cumulative incidence of distant brain failure and neurologic death. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the brain metastasis velocity (BMV) between cohorts. RESULTS A total of 100 patients were in the upfront I/O cohort and 93 patients were in the historical control cohort. Primary cancers included lung (n = 160), melanoma (13) and renal cell (20) carcinoma. Median overall survival time was improved in the patients receiving upfront I/O compared to the historical cohort (48 months vs 8.4 months, P = 0.001). Median time to distant brain failure was statistically equivalent (P = 0.3) between the upfront I/O cohort and historical control cohort (10.3 vs 12.6 months). Brain metastasis velocity was lower in the upfront I/O cohort (median 3.72 metastases per year) than in the historical controls (median 9.48 metastases per year, P = 0.001). Cumulative incidence of neurologic death at one year was 12% in the upfront I/O cohort and 28% in the historical control cohort (P = 0.1). CONCLUSION Upfront I/O appears to improve overall survival and decrease BMV compared to historical controls. While previously published series have recognized the potential value of BMV as a prognostic marker in the setting of distant brain failure after SRS, the present series represents the first study to demonstrate that a class of systemic agents can reduce BMV. AUTHOR DISCLOSURE E. Scott: None. M.D. Chan: None. H. Johnston: None. C.M. Lanier: None. M.C. LeCompte: None. C.K. Cramer: None. J. Ruiz: None. H. Lo: None. K. Watabe: None. S.S. O'Neill: None. C.T. Whitlow: None. A. Laxton: None. J. Su: None.
The Theory of Superspace

In this work a theory of superspace is introduced. The superspace, or space of all geometries, of a fixed closed (compact without boundary) 3-dimensional manifold M is defined as the orbit space \(S(M) = \frac{{Riem (M)}}{{Diff (M)}}\) of the group of diffeomorphisms, Diff (M), acting by “coordinate-transformation” on the space of Riemannian metrics, Riem (M). A geometry is then a point in S(M), i.e. an equivalence class of isometric Riemannian metrics. Superspace, as the space of physically distinguishable states, is the proper configuration space for a dynamical theory of relativity. It is the space in which the momentary geometries of space itself evolve. Our first result states that this space is in fact a metric space.
Robust adaptive control of a class of nonlinear systems: state and output feedback

A new adaptive design procedure is presented which guarantees robustness to parametric and dynamic uncertainties for a class of nonlinear systems, and also rejects any bounded, unmeasurable disturbances entering the system. The uncertainties in the system are assumed to be unknown, except that they are bounded by an unknown pth order polynomial; in the arguments. For the state feedback case, we identify systems transformable to a special strict feedback form. For the case, where only the outputs are measured, the adaptive design procedure applies to systems transformable to the output feedback form, where the output dependent nonlinear terms are unknown. Results in both cases are presented for state-output tracking and regulation problems.
Arias intensity assessment of liquefaction test sites on the east side of San Francisco Bay affected by the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of 17 October 1989

Uncompacted artificial-fill deposits on the east side of San Francisco Bay suffered severe levels of soil liquefaction during the Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. Damaged areas included maritime-port facilities, office buildings, and shoreline transportation arteries, ranging from 65 to 85 km from the north end of the Loma Prieta rupture zone. Typical of all these sites, which represent occurrences of liquefaction-induced damage farthest from the rupture zone, are low cone penetration test and Standard Penetration Test resistances in zones of cohesionless silty and sandy hydraulic fill, and underlying soft cohesive Holocene and Pleistocene sediment that strongly amplified ground motions. Postearthquake investigations at five study sites using standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests provide a basis for evaluation of the Arias intensity-based methodology for assessment of liquefaction susceptibility.
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-amino-4-substitutedanilino-6-(2,4-dichloro) phenylmethyl pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases

3946 Angiogenesis involves the generation and growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature. It has been well documented that angiogenesis plays a key role in the growth of solid tumors and their invasion and metastasis. RTKs are receptors that transduce the signals from extracellular domain of endothelial cells to the nucleus during angiogenesis. Inhibition of RTKs is a new paradigm in the treatment of cancers. Gangjee et al . designed and synthesized 2-amino-4-m-bromoanilino-6-arylmethyl -7 H -pyrrolo [2, 3- d ] pyrimidines as inhibitors of RTKs. Based on the superimposition on ATP from IRK modeled into VEGFR2, we propose two possible binding modes for 2-amino-4-m-bromoanilino-6-arylmethyl -7 H- pyrrolo [2, 3- d ] pyrimidines. Using the most potent analogs of the previous series, we have synthesized compounds with a methyl group on the 4-amino group or on the pyrrolo 7-NH group as well as on both positions in an attempt to determine the binding mode of these analogs to RTK. The design, synthesis and RTK inhibitory activities of these compounds will be presented and discussed.
Organ-weight/brain-weight ratios as a parameter of prenatal growth: A balanced growth theory of visceras

Abstract Except for the spleen, organ-weight/brain-weight ratios (O/B ratios) remained practically constant for each group in infants weighing 1,000 to 3,500 grams. This suggests that organ weights seem to increase proportionately at constant rates during the prenatal period (a balanced growth theory of viscera). Subtle weight changes in internal organs were detected by using O/B ratios. The thymus was small in infants with erythroblastosis; the lungs were large in infants of diabetic mothers; and the lungs and kidneys were small in infants of toxemic mothers. The liver was small in Negro male infants and twins, two groups known to have high perinatal mortality rates. Brain weights in infants with diabetes, toxemia, and erythroblastosis were within the normal expected range.
Central Plant Pumping and Distribution Systems

The term “central” plant refers to a grouping of one or more chillers and/or boilers supplying chilled and hot water (or steam) to HVAC units located at various points in a building or a complex of buildings. The plant is not necessarily centrally located with respect to the HVAC units. Some plants may have only one or two elements, whereas others may contain a dozen or more chillers and boilers. Some large plants, which have grown over a period of years as a campus developed, have been spread out in two or three locations as the originally assigned spaces have become too small.
Justice: The Impact of a Lawyer's Personal Philosophy

In approaching the topic of justice, it is natural for us, as lawyers, to contemplate how we can further this goal by the actions we take in our professional lives. At first blush, our personal lives may seem incidental, or even irrelevant, to this subject. This essay suggests an alternative view; namely, that living by a philosophy of respect for others will inevitably influence how we conduct ourselves in our professional lives. In effect, a lawyer's personal philosophy can reinforce the effort to practice honorably and inspire the individual to treat people fairly and respectfully in the course of one's profession. Hence, each lawyer's personal philosophy can potentially contribute to the furtherance of a just society.
Do “Reverse Payment” Settlements Constitute an Anticompetitive Pay-for-Delay?

AbstractBrand and generic drug manufacturers frequently settle patent litigation on terms that include a payment to the generic manufacturer. The Federal Trade Commission contends that these agreements extend the brand’s market exclusivity and amount to anticompetitive market division. Involved parties defend the settlements as normal business agreements that reduce business risk. The anticompetitive hypothesis implies brand stock prices should rise with settlement announcements. We classify 68 brand-generic settlements into those with and without indication of a “reverse payment,” and conduct an event study of the settlement announcement’s influence on the brand’s stock price. For settlements with indication of a reverse payment, brand stock prices rise on average 6% at the announcement. A control group of brand-generic settlements without indication of a reverse payment had no significant effect. Our results support the hypothesis that settlements with a reverse payment increase the expected profits of ...
Strategy for promoting greater responsiveness in adolescent parent/infant relationships: Report of a pilot study

Interaction Coaching for Adolescent Parents and their Infants (ICAP) an intervention developed by the author was found in a small pilot project to be effective in increasing the responsiveness of teen mothers to their infants. The assumption of this model is that the achievement of effective communication with the infant increases the adolescents sense of competence as a parent and general self-esteem both of which provide a solid foundation for a successful parent-child relationship. Enrolled in the project were 12 adolescent parents and their infants (average age 3 months). Didactic and experiential information on infant development cuing and other forms of matching of maternal behaviors to signals from the infant and differences in temperament was provided in three group sessions that were part of an ongoing teen parent support group at a maternal-child health clinic. The Dyadic Mutuality Code (containing items on mutual attention positive affect turn-taking maternal pauses infant clarity of cues and maternal sensitive responsiveness) Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale and the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale were administered at baseline and after the intervention. Responsiveness scores increased significantly from a mean of 8.5 (out of a maximum of 12) to 10.8 self-esteem rose significantly from a mean of 28.4 (out of a maximum of 40) to 32.9 and parenting confidence increased slightly from a mean of 40.6 (out of a maximum of 60) to 41.5. The ICAP is adaptable for use with individuals or groups in the hospital clinic home or school settings.
An empirical analysis of remittance flows into West African Economic and Monetary Union: a panel time-series approach

ABSTRACTThe article empirically analyses the motivations and long-run economic outcomes of remittance inflows into the West African Economic and Monetary Union. Using Westerlund’s (2007) ECM for panel time series and data spanning 1975–2011, the results show that there is no evidence of a long-run impact of remittances on income per capita in the region. The inflows seem to be motivated by investment, but the money may be used to promote consumption instead. This phenomenon could be characterized by information asymmetry between migrants and the recipients.
Syntactic heads in statistical language modeling

The use of syntactic structure in general and heads of syntactic constituents in particular has recently been shown to be beneficial for statistical language modeling. The paper provides an insightful analysis of this role of syntactic structure. It is shown that the predictive power of syntactic heads is mostly complementary to the predictive power of N-grams: they help in positions where an intervening phrase or clause separates the heads from the word being predicted, making the N-gram a poor predictor. Furthermore, a significant portion of this predictive power comes in the form of a more sophisticated back-off effect via the syntactic categories (nonterminal tags) of the heads. Finally, it is shown that using the categories of the syntactic heads is better than using the categories (part-of-speech tags) of the two preceding words, confirming that it is the syntactic analysis and not just the improved back-off strategy which leads to improvements over N-gram models. Experimental results for perplexity and word error rate are presented on the Switchboard corpus to support this analysis.
The flat model structure on complexes of sheaves

Let Ch(O) be the category of chain complexes of 0-modules on a topological space T (where O is a sheaf of rings on T). We put a Quillen model structure on this category in which the cofibrant objects are built out of flat modules. More precisely, these are the dg-flat complexes. Dually, the fibrant objects will be called dg-cotorsion complexes. We show that this model structure is monoidal, solving the previous problem of not having any monoidal model structure on Ch(O). As a corollary, we have a general framework for doing homological algebra in the category Sh(0) of 0-modules. I.e., we have a natural way to define the functors Ext and Tor in Sh(O).
A Zinc-Dependent Cl− Current in Neuronal Somata

Extracellular Zn2+ modulates current passage through voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels, at concentrations less than, or near, those produced by release at certain synapses. Electrophysiological effects of cytoplasmic Zn2+ are less well understood, and effects have been observed at concentrations that are orders of magnitude greater than those found in resting and stimulated neurons. To examine whether and how neurons are affected by lower levels of cytoplasmic Zn2+, we tested the effect of Zn2+-selective chelators, Zn2+-preferring ionophores, and exogenous Zn2+ on neuronal somata during whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. We report here that cytoplasmic zinc facilitates the downward regulation of a background Cl- conductance by an endogenous protein kinase C (PKC) in fish retinal ganglion cell somata and that this regulation is maintained if nanomolar levels of free Zn2+ are available. This regulation has not been described previously in any tissue, as other Cl- currents have been described as reduced by PKC alone, reduced by Zn2+ alone, or reduced by both independently. Moreover, control of cation currents by a zinc-dependent PKC has not been reported previously. The regulation we have observed thus provides the first electrophysiological measurements consistent with biochemical measurements of zinc-dependent PKC activity in other systems. These results suggest that contributions of background Cl- conductances to electrical properties of neurons are susceptible to modulation.
Soluble polyisobutylene-supported reusable catalysts for olefin cyclopropanation

Abstract Polyisobutylene oligomers (PIB) have been used as soluble supports for the immobilization of cyclopropanation catalysts. In addition to simple carboxylate ligands, chiral bisoxazolines have been successfully attached to these heptane-soluble polymers. Their use and recovery has been investigated using cyclopropanation of styrene as an example. An achiral PIB-bound Rh(II) catalyst showed good activity and could be easily recycled nine times using a liquid–liquid biphasic separation technique. PIB-supported bisoxazoline ligands for Cu(I) catalysts were also prepared. These chiral catalysts showed good catalytic activity and stereoselectivity. A chiral ligand prepared from phenylglycine provided the most effective stereocontrol and gave the trans- and cis-cyclopropanation products in 94% ee and 68% ee, respectively. All three PIB-bound chiral bisoxazoline-Cu(I) catalysts prepared could be reused five to six times.
Elicitor-stimulation of monoterpene indole alkaloid formation in suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus

Abstract Upon treatment of 5 cell lines of Catharanthus roseus with homogenates of various fungi, as well as with chemically defined phytoalexin elicitors, all except one (non-alkaloid producing #916) responded with browing and accumulation of tryptamine within 6 – 24 h. Cells of line #615 responded with not only accumulating tryptamine, but also N-acetyl tryptamine, strictosidine lactam, ajmalicine, tabersonine, lochnericine, and catharanthine. Based on amounts of alkaloids accumulated, cells of line #615 performed best when treated with homogenates of Alternaria zinnae, Pythium apbanidermatum, Verticillium dabliae, and Rhodotorula rubs. A Pythium homogenate concentration of 5 % and a Rhodotorula homogenate concentration of 0.5 % effected maximum alkaloid yields, and, thus, were used in subsequent studies. These revealed a temporary increase of the level of alkaloids in cells and in their medium after 12 – 24 h of treatment. Ten-day-old subcultures responded better than younger and older ones. The elicitor stimulated accumulation of alkaloids and alkaloid composition did not depend on the use of 1-B5 or alkaloid production medium. A 5 l cell suspension of #615 grown in a 7.5 l bioreactor and treated with 5 % Pythium homogenate for 18 h was found to contain strictosidine lactam, ajmalicine, and catharanthine in concentrations of 27, 10, and 13 μg/g DW respectively, the medium contained 42 % of total ajmalicine.
Assessing School Psychology Supervisor Characteristics: Questionnaire Development and Findings

The practice of supervision is crucial to the development of novice and future school psychologists. Given the changes in contemporary practice, it is valuable to determine the supports and continuing education opportunities that could benefit supervisors. One hundred forty-two school psychology supervisors completed a 34-item questionnaire that surveyed the following: (a) their practice as school psychologists, (b) their use of contemporary practices, (c) their training in supervision, (d) their knowledge of supervision, (e) their role as supervisor, (f) their ongoing education as supervisors, and (g) their beliefs about the needs of supervisors. Respondents practice in a variety of states, with a concentration from the northeast. Data indicate that supervisors receive little training for the role and use varied strategies to remain current and address training gaps. Findings and their implications for training programs are discussed.
Ethnic segregation in urban Israel

Using an ecological perspective, one aspect of the relationship of social distance and physical distance is analyzed in the three largest cities in Israel. The principal aim of the paper is to examine ethnic (country of origin) residential segregation as an indicator of social patterning within the society. p ]Despite the different demographic, topographical and functional characteristics of the three cities, fairly similar patterns of ethnic segregation are found using the technique of Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I) to analyze index of dissimilarity matrices. Patterns of ethnic segregation are then related to the SES of sub-quarters to determine the nature of the internal structure of the cities. p ]It is suggested that ethnicity is an important variable in the process of social stratification in urban Israel, at least insofar as ecological relationships are concerned.
Reassessing the pleasures of store shopping

Abstract Despite a growing array of nonstore shopping alternatives, consumers still do the vast majority of their shopping by visiting brick-and-mortar stores. This study takes a fresh look at the pleasures of store shopping, employing data from a study of over 1300 shoppers. The results indicate that, contrary to the speculation of some writers, relatively few consumers shop in order to mingle with other shoppers. Instead, consumers tend to be drawn to shopping's more private pleasures, particularly the enjoyment of bargain hunting. The findings suggest that bargain hunting, rather than being antithetical to shopping enjoyment, may be one of its most common sources. In addition, the data suggest that the sources of shopping enjoyment vary markedly among different demographic groups. The paper closes by discussing implications of the study's findings and potential directions for future research.
Investigation of the properties of type 303 stainless steel thin films deposited with the anodic vacuum arc

Abstract The low-current anodic vacuum arc has been utilized to deposit type 303 stainless steel thin films. The stoichiometry of the deposited films was found to be independent of the film thickness. The stoichiometry of the deposited film approached that of the source material as the arc current increased and was indistinguishable from that of the source material value for arc currents above 80 A. In addition, the stoichiometry of the deposited film approached that of the source material as the angle between normal to the anode surface and the substrate was decreased, again being indistinguishable from that of the source material for angles of less than 45°. The stoichiometry of the deposited films was found to be independent of the thickness of the film.
Estimation of activity coefficients of barium and several lanthanide elements in liquid bismuth from distribution coefficient and thermochemical data

Abstract Measurements of the equilibrium distribution of barium and several lanthanides between liquid bismuth solutions and molten lithium halide salts yielded distribution coefficients that could be used in conjunction with published thermochemical data to estimate activity coefficients for the various elements (at low concentration) in liquid bismuth. The standard state for each element was the pure metal. At 600° C, the temperature at which most data were available, values of log γM were about −12 for barium, −13 for lanthanum, −14 for cerium, −8 for neodymium, and −9 for gadolinium and dysprosium.
Regulation of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA by insulin and the glucocorticoids in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

The levels of functional mRNA encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) were examined in hepatocytes from fasted and fasted/carbohydrate-refed rats and in hepatocytes inoculated into primary culture. Functional G6PDH mRNA was assessed in a cell-free protein synthesis system in vitro. We observed that hepatocytes from fasted/carbohydrate-refed rats had a 12-fold higher level of mRNA than did hepatocytes from fasted rats. The possibility that the adrenal glucocorticoids and insulin were responsible for the increase in G6PDH mRNA in refed rats was examined by studying the effect of insulin and the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, on the level of functional G6PDH mRNA in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes maintained in a chemically defined medium. Hepatocytes from fasted rats were inoculated into primary culture and maintained for 48 h either in the absence of hormones or in the presence of insulin alone, dexamethasone alone or both hormones together. We observed that dexamethasone alone caused a fourfold increase in G6PDH mRNA while insulin caused about a twofold increase. Both hormones together elicited an increase that was additive. A comparison of functional G6PDH mRNA levels with the effect of the hormones on G6PDH activity and relative rate of enzyme synthesis suggests that the glucocorticoid elevates the level of G6PDH mRNA within the cell without causing a concommitant increase in the rate of synthesis of the enzyme or the level of G6PDH activity. The results obtained with the primary cultures of hepatocytes indicate that insulin and the glucocorticoids are probably involved with the regulation of hepatic G6PDH mRNA. However, involvement of other hormones, such as thyroid hormone, seems likely since the induced levels of G6PDH mRNA in hepatocytes in culture was one-third of that observed in refed rats.
The influence of contaminant and water quality conditions on larval striped bass in the Potomac River and upper Chesapeake Bay in 1990 : an in situ study

In situ contaminant and water quality studies were conducted with striped bass prolarvae,Morone saxatilis, in two major spawning areas of the Chesapeake Bay in 1990 to explore the possible effects of water quality and contaminants conditions on survival. Three 96-hin situ survival studies with striped bass prolarvae were conducted at three stations in the Potomac River and three stations in the upper Chesapeake Bay during a major portion of the spawning season (13–20°C). Water quality parameters, inorganic contaminants and organic contaminants were monitored in the water column at these three stations during the experiments. Concentrations of 10 metals associated with precipitation events occurring at field sites on the Potomac River and upper Chesapeake Bay were also determined.
An oracle builder's toolkit

We show how to use various notions of genericity as tools in oracle creation. In particular, 1. we give an abstract definition of genericity that encompasses a large collection of different generic notions; 2. we consider a new complexity class AWPP , which contains BQP (quantum polynomial time), and infer several strong collapses relative to SP -generics; 3. we show that under additional assumptions these collapses also occur relative to Cohen generics; 4. we show that relative to SP -generics, ULIN ∩ co- ULIN ⊈ DTIME ( n k ) for any k , where ULIN is unambiguous linear time, despite the fact that UP ∪ ( NP ∩ co- NP ) ⊆ P relative to these generics; 5. we show that there is an oracle relative to which NP/1 ∩ co- NP/1 ⊈ ( NP ∩ co- NP )/ poly ; and 6. we use a specialized notion of genericity to create an oracle relative to which NP BPP ⊉MA .
CHARGE AND CURRENT NEUTRALIZATION IN THE FORMATION OF ION RINGS IN A BACKGROUND PLASMA

For typical field‐reversed ion ring experiments, an intense ion beam is injected across a plasma‐filled magnetic cusp and propagated into a solenoidal field downstream. The characteristic time τ satisfies 2π/Ωe≪τ≤2π/Ωi and the background plasma can be modeled as an electron magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) fluid. In the nearly collisionless regime, such that νe≪Ωe, the plasma response is governed by the whistler mode. The role of the wall boundaries in such experiments to control the charge and current neutralization of the injected beam is considered for axisymmetric ∂/∂θ=0 geometry. It is found that for close enough conducting walls, such that the whistler transit time to the wall is short compared to the beam transit time, effective control of the return currents can be established such that current neutralization can be suppressed while maintaining good charge neutralization (νe is the electron collision frequency and Ωe is the corresponding gyrofrequency).
EM-PSYCH: a training program scheduling database

EM-PSYCH is a scheduling database for training programs. It stores scheduling records and generates schedules and letters informing students, supervisors, and advisors of deadlines. Since EM-PSYCH was originally designed for a psychoanalytic institute, the institute model is presented as well as the database model to illustrate how the database program can be applied. EM-PSYCH is very user friendly and makes scheduling and sending reminders efficient and easy. It can handle any number of trainees and can be modified for any number of years or schedule interval. It can be easily adapted for psychiatric residencies, medical student education, psychology internships, and other training programs.
The capacitance of p-n junctions☆

Abstract The capacitance of a p - n junction is unlike the capacitance between parallel metal plates in that the charge carriers in the p - n junction are distributed throughout the device rather than fixed at well-separated distances. An analysis of both the displacement current and the two charge-carrier currents in the transition region leads to a rigorous solution for the differential capacitance of a p - n junction. It is shown that the capacitance of the p - n junction is given by the integral of the differential concentration of either holes or electrons, as hypothesized by Shockley. Analysis of the capacitance is obtained by numerical integration using the Automatic Taylor Series method. The results of this analysis are as follows. The p - n junction capacitance is nearly a square-root function of the voltage, in agreement with the Schottky theory. However, the capacitance measurements cannot be used to determine the junction barrier height.
Macromolecular interactions of [14C-ring]melphalan in blood☆

Abstract The pharmacokinetics and macromolecular interactions of [14C-ring]melphalan ( l -PAM) in blood were studied in rats following a single oral dose (20 mg/kg, 0.1 mCi/kg). Radioactivity levels were monitored in blood over a period of 72 hr. The highest levels of radioactivity were observed at 2 hr. The decline of radioactivity from the blood was biphasic with T 1 2 α = 7 hr and T 1 2 β = 75 hr. The radioactive species in plasma corresponded to unchanged l -PAM and its two known hydrolytic products 4,2-hydroxyethyl 2-chloroethylamino- l -phenylalanine ( l -MOH) and 4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]- l -phenylalanine ( l -DOH). In addition, four other major, previously unknown, metabolites of l -PAM were detected in plasma. At 72 hr, most of the radioactivity was bound to macromolecular components, 26% to plasma macromolecules and 62% in red blood cells. Covalent binding to blood cells was mainly to membrane proteins. Binding to hemoglobin and other soluble components of the red cells was also observed, with a 5000-fold greater affinity for membranes. These studies suggest extensive interaction of melphalan, or its metabolites, with membrane and soluble proteins of red blood cells.
Leveraging scale effects to create next-generation photovoltaic systems through micro- and nanotechnologies

Current solar power systems using crystalline silicon wafers, thin film semiconductors (i.e., CdTe, amorphous Si, CIGS, etc.), or concentrated photovoltaics have yet to achieve the cost reductions needed to make solar power competitive with current grid power costs. To overcome this cost challenge, we are pursuing a new approach to solar power that utilizes micro-scale solar cells (5 to 20 μm thick and 100 to 500 μm across). These micro-scale PV cells allow beneficial scaling effects that are manifested at the cell, module, and system level. Examples of these benefits include improved cell performance, better thermal management, new module form-factors, improved robustness to partial shading, and many others. To create micro-scale PV cells we are using technologies from the MEMS, IC, LED, and other micro and nanosystem industries. To date, we have demonstrated fully back-contacted crystalline silicon (c-Si), GaAs, and InGaP microscale solar cells. We have demonstrated these cells individually (c-Si, GaAs), in dual junction arrangements (GaAs, InGaP), and in a triple junction cell (c-Si, GaAs, InGaP) using 3D integration techniques. We anticipate two key systems resulting from this work. The first system is a high-efficiency, flexible PV module that can achieve greater than 20% conversion efficiency and bend radii of a few millimeters (both parameters greatly exceeding what currently available flexible PV can achieve). The second system is a utility/commercial scale PV system that cost models indicate should be able to achieve energy costs of less than $0.10/kWh in most locations.
Low-temperature magnetization study of U6X (X=Mn,Fe,Co,Ni) compounds.

Magnetization and susceptibility measurements have been performed on ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$Fe and ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$Co at temperatures 4 K\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}290 K and applied magnetic fields ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ T\ensuremath{\le}H\ensuremath{\le}5 T. Low-temperature magnetization measurements at H${=10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ T were also made on ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$Mn, ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$Ni, and ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Co}}_{0.5}$. All of these materials have strongly paramagnetic, weakly-temperature-dependent susceptibilities at T\ensuremath{\le}290 K. Low-field magnetization and metallography results provide information concerning the nature of small concentrations of ferromagnetic impurity phases found in all of the samples studied. An analysis of the data with use of paramagnon models implies that all of the ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$X compounds are strongly-exchange-enhanced paramagnets. Recent Fermi-liquid models are discussed in relation to predictions of p-wave superconductivity, exchange-enhanced paramagnetism, and electron localization in heavy-fermion systems. An empirical correlation is examined between the ratio of the total magnetic susceptibility to the electronic specific heat and the occurrence of either superconductivity or ferromagnetism for a broad class of metallic solids. The correlation suggests that the ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$X compounds are near the boundary between superconducting and ferromagnetic ground states.
Factors affecting skin resistance measurements in pipfruit

Abstract The accuracy and applicability of different methods for estimating resistance to gas diffusion through the analysis of the efflux of preloaded inert gas out of a fruit were critically assessed. The inert gas neon was introduced as a good replacement for the non-inert gas ethane. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the importance of the different parameters and indicated the importance of the internal free space volume and of the fruit surface area. Experiments with fruit of two apple and two pear cultivars confirmed that the results obtained with non-linear regression were more accurate. The largest resistance to gas diffusion was found in ‘Doyenne du Comice’ pears, followed by ‘Conference’ pears and ‘Braeburn’ apples, and the lowest value was found for ‘Jonica’ apples. Storage duration did not influence the resistance to gas diffusion except for ‘Doyenne du Comice’ pears where a significant increase in resistance to gas diffusion during storage was found. Harvest date had no influence on resistance to gas diffusion.
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction: From a simple pain in the butt to integrated care for complex low back pain

In the last 40 years, significant advances have been made in the understanding of the neurophysiologic processes involved in the experience of trauma and pain. This knowledge, together with the rapid growth and understanding in the behavioral health sciences, has expanded to include a much better appreciation of how these fields are converging and contribute to a process called neuroplasticity. These basic mechanisms common to all patients have important implications for clinical outcome and for improving clinical practice. This article is written for clinicians who manage patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction, a specific type of nonspecific low back pain.
Glycosylated human prolactin: detection by immunoblotting of biological fluids is confounded by antisera crossreactivity with immunoglobulins.

Abstract Glycosylated human prolactin is found in several biological fluids and can only be detected by western immunoblotting. Glycosylated prolactin migrates at 25,000-27,000 molecular weight while prolactin migrates at 23,000. We have discovered that several antihuman prolactin sera crossreact with some light chain components of human immunoglobulins, which also migrate at 25,000 on electrophoretic gels run under reducing conditions. Evidence is provided for prolactin binding to immunoglobulins in biological fluids, which may explain why some polyclonal anti-prolactin sera demonstrate this crossreactivity.
Survival and function of bursa-derived cells in bursectomized chickens.

Abstract Chicken given heterologous antibodies to μ chains as embryos and again following bursectomy at hatching were rendered permanently agammaglobulinemic, whereas treatment with anti-μ alone resulted in transient hypogammaglobulinemia. These and other observations indicate that sites other than the bursa of Fabricius are unable to serve as sources of immunoglobulin-producing cells. Agammaglobulinemia did not develop in birds bursectomized at 1, 14, or 35 days after hatch during an observation period of 21–125 wk. Some bursectomized birds developed 10 × normal IgM levels but were very deficient in IgG; this pattern persisted throughout life. B lymphocytes, identified by surface immunoglobulins in high density, were permanently deficient in bursectomized animals despite development of hypergammaglobulinemia and high levels of antibodies to ferritin following hyperimmunization. In experiments employing embryonic bursectomy, the level of the circulating pool of B lymphocytes was shown to be dependent upon the time allowed for the bursa to function before removal.
Accountability in the greenhouse

An International climate convention will require a means of measuring relative national emissions of greenhouse gases that is simple, fair and (preferably) empirical.
Frequency Spectrum of Crystalline Solids. III. Body‐Centered Cubic Lattices

This is a study of the dynamics of a Born‐Karman atomic model of a body‐centered cubic lattice developed with the assumption that only interactions between nearest and next nearest atomic neighbors are significant. The equations of motion of these systems are derived and the secular equations are given from which one can calculate the frequencies of the crystal's normal modes of vibration. From the secular equations the moments of the frequency spectrum are determined and by solving the ``moment problem'' the frequency spectrum itself is obtained as a function of the force constants of the lattice. There are two maxima of approximately equal height in the frequency spectrum. Asymptotic expressions are derived for the specific heat of a body‐centered cubic lattice which are valid at high and low temperatures.
Authority vs. peer: how interface cues influence users

From the most e-mailed stories of the day to the most favorite stocks of the week, Web interfaces are rife with cues conveying other users' ratings and reviews of products and services. Do these peer opinions indeed affect our decisions? And if so, are they as strong in their impact as cues conveying authority/expertise (i.e., high source credibility)? We explored these questions through an experiment (N = 243) guided by the heuristic-systematic model in social psychology. Bandwagon/peer cues are generally more persuasive, but when they are inconsistent, the authority cue influences decisions. In general, task involvement promotes systematic processing of these cues. Interestingly, we found no difference in perceived authority between CNET Editor's Choice seal and a seal from a fictitious "authority" (Zig!), among other indications of heuristic processing. We discuss design implications for user interfaces in general and recommendation agents in particular.
Recovery of octyl β-glucoside from detergent/protein mixtures

Abstract Octyl β-glucoside is a nonionic detergent which is useful in the purification and characterization of membrane proteins. However, the cost of this reagent is prohibitive for large-scale protein purifications. A simple procedure to recover pure octyl β-glucoside from mixtures of detergents with proteins and buffer salts is described.
Digital eco-systems: the next generation of business services

The paper provides a framework consisting of three different steps: digital business eco-system creation, monitoring and evaluation. In the creation phase, the analysis of available financial resources has to carried out, the value creation and sharing among the actors of the digital business ecosystem have to be stimulated and strategic decisions have to be chosen. After the creation it essentially embodies an active management where the digital business ecosystem is continuously monitored as well as its healthiness is actively improved. In order to carry out the management of the digital business ecosystem some parameters are important to considered such as: quantifiable parameters, competitive assets and current roles and strategies. Finally the impact of DBE have to be measured in term of productivity, robustness and niche creation.
Evidence for the presence of N2‐(1,3‐dicarboxypropyl)‐L‐amino acids in crown‐gall tumors induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains 181 and EU6

Abstract Using crown-gall tumors induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains 181 and EU6 several unusual compounds have been isolated in a single fraction. Physicochemical analysis of the compounds in this fraction showed that they are N 2 -(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-amino acids derived from neutral and acidic amino acids. Asparagine and glutamine derivatives (asparaginopine and glutaminopine) are the main components. Synthesis of asparaginopine from asparagine, α-ketoglutarate and NADPH, and degradation of asparaginopine to asparagine have also been demonstrated using enzyme prepared from Pinto bean strain 181 tumor.
Experimental and Theoretical Mid-Series Characteristic Impedance of Acoustic Wave Filters

The simplified theory of Stewart and the less approximate theory of Mason are compared with experimental measurements with respect to the mid-series characteristic acoustic impedance of a high-pass, a low-pass and a single-band-pass filters. The comparison is made over a large range of frequencies including a considerable portion of both the attenuation and transmission regions. There is remarkable agreement between theory and experiment, considering the approximations that are made in the theories. For the low-pass filter there seems to be no appreciable advantage of the more accurate theory of Mason. In the other two cases, however, there is a distinct superiority for this theory. For purposes of ascertaining cut-offs, and the characteristic impedance for the low-pass filter, the simpler theory of Stewart is more readily applicable.
Computer-Aided design: Selections from the 10th annual design automation workshop

In the January 1974 issue of Computer, Art Collmeyer presented several papers describing recent developments in classical design automation. This issue expands on that theme, opening up the wide ranging application of DA techniques. All the papers selected for this issue are drawn from the proceedings of the Tenth Design Automation Workshop held in Portland, Oregon June 25–27, 1973.
Changes in Glenohumeral Joint Mechanics, Shoulder Strength, and Clinical Outcomes Over Two Years After Rotator Cuff Repair

Rotator cuff tears are a common injury that have a major impact on function, comfort, and medical care costs. Treatment procedures rely implicitly on the belief that restoring normal glenohumeral joint (GHJ) mechanics is necessary to obtain a satisfactory clinical result. However, it is unknown if rotator cuff repair restores and maintains normal GHJ mechanics. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare in-vivo GHJ contact patterns between the repaired and contralateral shoulders of patients who underwent rotator cuff repair. We hypothesized that GHJ contact patterns would be significantly different between repaired and contralateral shoulders.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Influence of cationic lipids on the stability and membrane properties of paclitaxel‐containing liposomes

Paclitaxel (taxol) is a poorly soluble anticancer agent that is in widespread clinical use. Liposomes provide a less toxic vehicle for solubilizing the drug and increasing the therapeutic index of paclitaxel in model tumor systems. The role of liposome membrane composition in the stability of paclitaxel-containing formulations is understood partially for neutral and anionic liposomes, but poorly for other compositions. We investigated the effect of dialkyl cationic lipids on the stability and physical properties of paclitaxel-containing liposomes, using circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy, and differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC). DOTAP (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane), a cationic lipid used frequently for gene delivery, was combined at various ratios with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), or distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC). In the absence of DOTAP, the stability of liposomes containing > or =3 mol% paclitaxel was observed to follow the following rank order: DPPC >DSPC > DMPC. Increasing concentrations of DOTAP increased the physical stability of all compositions, and maximal stabilization was achieved at 30-50 mol% DOTAP, depending on the paclitaxel concentration and the acyl chain length of the phosphatidylcholine. The relationship between stability and mole fraction of DOTAP was complex for some compositions. DOTAP exerted a major fluidizing effect on DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC membranes, and the addition of paclitaxel at 3-8 mol% did not increase fluidity further. Studies of membrane phase domain behavior using the probe Laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene) indicated that both paclitaxel and DOTAP were miscible with the phosphatidylcholine phase. The physical events leading to destabilization of formulations are hypothesized to arise from concentration-dependent paclitaxel self-association rather than immiscibility of the membrane lipids. Given the increased incorporation and stability of paclitaxel in DOTAP-containing membranes and the potential for enhanced interaction with cells, cationic liposomes may provide a therapeutic advantage over previously described liposome formulations.