cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of public perceptions on support/opposition of frac sand mining development

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing, a process in which oil and gas is produced from unconventional sources using frac sand has made the U.S. the world’s leading producer of natural gas. Since 2003, the sand mining industry has grown exponentially. In 2013, the number of sand mining facilities increased more than two-fold in Wisconsin. This raised contentions between those for and against sand mining activities. This study investigated underlying reasons and factors indicative of public support/opposition in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin. Data were collected from mail surveys (n = 269) and in-depth semi-structured interviews (n = 22). Overall, there is opposition to frac sand mining development. Four categories of respondents were identified - support (17%), undecided but support (23%), oppose (38%), and undecided but oppose (22%). Perceptions of environmental and health risks, costs and benefits were indicative of support/opposition. Also, use of sand in hydraulic fracturing has influenced public perceptions.
Ethnographic Mapping Discourses of Whiteness

Drawing upon an ethnographic project in a farm community, this article outlines one specific procedure for (and benefits of) ethnographic mapping in the study of discourses of whiteness. Situated w...
Let’s (Not) Make This Work! Why Stare Decisis Workability Should Be a Sword but Not a Shield

A factor of the United States Supreme Court’s stare decisis test, workability differentiates precedential rules that have proven easy for lower courts to apply in a consistent and fair manner from those that have not. This note addresses the question of whether workability is a legitimate reason for retaining a given interpretation of a statute. The Note begins by providing an illustration of what this Note will sometimes refer to as the “preservative use” of workability. The Note then lays out the history of workability as a consideration of stare decisis and describes how the factor has changed in recent decades. In so doing, its focus is on workability in the context of statutory interpretation. In order to explain the background and development of the factor, however, it is necessary to discuss specific cases in which the Supreme Court has applied workability in the context of constitutional interpretation. The two contexts must be differentiated for purposes of this Note because the thesis of this Note—i.e., that preserving an incorrect interpretation of a statute because of its relative workability violates separation of powers—has no parallel when a court interprets a constitution because in that case there is no inherent infringement on legislative power. This Note then explains why the change toward using workability to preserve erroneous precedent is not required logically, contravenes the basic purposes of stare decisis, and is constitutionally invalid as a violation of separation of powers. Finally, this Note proposes a new way to articulate the stare decisis test that does not discard workability as a consideration but precludes the preservative use criticized by this Note.
Using machine learning to predict auditor switches: How the likelihood of switching affects audit quality among non-switching clients

Abstract In this paper, we utilize machine learning techniques to identify the likelihood that a company switches auditors and examine whether increased likelihood of switching is associated with audit quality. Building on research that finds a deterioration in audit quality associated with clients that engage in audit opinion shopping, we predict and find lower audit quality among companies that are more likely to switch auditors but remain with their incumbent auditor. Specifically, we find that companies more likely to switch auditors have a higher likelihood of misstatement and larger abnormal accruals. These results are consistent with auditors sacrificing audit quality to retain clients that might otherwise switch. Our findings are especially concerning because there is no public signal of this behavior, such as an auditor switch. Our methodology is designed such that it could be implemented by investors, audit firms and regulators to identify companies with a higher probability of switching auditors and preemptively address the deterioration in audit quality.
Serial comprehensive geriatric and quality of life assessments in adults age ≥ 50 years undergoing autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation

Abstract Objectives We sought to examine the natural history of geriatric assessment (GA) and quality of life (QOL) domains among adults age ≥ 50 years undergoing autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (autoHCT). Materials and Methods A QOL tool and cancer-specific GA were completed before autoHCT in patients ≥50 years, and at 100 days, six months, and one year post-transplant. Results One hundred eighty-four patients completed the pre-transplant QOL/GA assessment, 169 (92%) completed the 100-day assessment, 162 (88%) completed the six-month assessment, and 145 (79%) completed the twelve-month assessment. Functional status, as measured by instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), decreased from baseline to day 101 (mean change −0.42 points, 95% CI, −0.75 to −0.09, p = 0.01) but returned to baseline by one year. Physical function as measured by Medical Outcomes Study-Physical Health (MOS-PH) increased by mean of 3.27 points (95% CI, −0.02 to 6.56, p = 0.05) by one year. Physician-rated KPS improved by one year, but patient-rated KPS did not. No QOL metric deteriorated from baseline. Baseline factors predictive of IADL and MOS-PH as measured over time included comorbidities and disease status at transplant. IADL and MOS-PH as measured over time were not significantly associated with age. Conclusions AutoHCT for adults age ≥ 50 years resulted in an initial decrease in functional status, with subsequent improvement back to baseline by one year. Physical health and QOL measures were improved or unchanged over time. AutoHCT is well tolerated in well selected older patients, using patient reported geriatric metrics as outcomes.
Historically recontextualizing Sidman's Tactics: How behavior analysis avoided psychology's methodological Ouroboros.

Psychology is undergoing major cultural changes methodologically, with efforts to redefine how psychologists analyze and report their data. Davidson (2018) argued that psychology's methodological crises stem from mechanical objectivity involving the adoption of an analytic tool as source of dependable knowledge. This has led to institutionalization, and eventually uncritical ritualistic use, such as happened with null hypothesis statistical testing. Davidson invoked the mythological symbol of the Ouroboros to represent the endless churning of statistical fads. Sidman (1960), in his Tactics of Scientific Research provided a shield from these problems in terms of the premium he placed on the experience, expertise, judgement, and decision-making of the scientist, that appear to be absent in psychology's ritualized processes.
Disposable E-Cigarette Use among U.S. Youth - An Emerging Public Health Challenge.

Disposable E-Cigarette Use among U.S. Youth Despite efforts to curtail the use of e-cigarettes among youth, millions of middle and high school students use them. This study, which compares use in 2...
Chronic myeloid leukemia-leukemia cutis mimicking a neutrophilic panniculitis-like leukemia cutis: Report of a rare case.

While drug-induced panniculitis is not uncommon in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients on tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, it is rare for CML to initially present as a leukemic panniculitis. We present the case of a 45-year-old male with no relevant prior medical history presenting with six months of migratory nodules, two months of drenching night sweats, and a 20 pound weight loss. Physical examination showed firm subcutaneous nodules with overlying ecchymoses present on the right lateral thigh and left lower back. Biopsy of a nodule from the right thigh showed a subcutaneous lobular panniculitis involved by a dense infiltrate of neutrophils and granulocyte precursors. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) was positive for t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)BCR-ABL1 fusion. A concurrent hemogram revealed a white blood cell count (WBC) elevation of 600,000 K/μL. Bone marrow biopsy examination demonstrated marked myeloid expansion with an increase in granulocyte precursors and Philadelphia chromosome positivity by FISH, consistent with bone marrow involvement by CML. Herein, we describe this unusual and rare case of CML initially presenting as a neutrophilic panniculitis-like leukemia cutis. Arriving at this challenging diagnosis may be easily missed without clinical and laboratory correlation, which would certainly lead to the patient not receiving life-saving treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Interstellar Enolization-Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and Vinyl Alcohol (H2CCH(OH)) as a Case Study

Owing to the unique conditions in cold molecular clouds, enols-the thermodynamically less stable tautomers of aldehydes and ketones-do not undergo tautomerization to their more stable tautomers in the gas phase because they cannot overcome tautomerization barriers at the low temperatures. Laboratory studies of interstellar analog ices have demonstrated the formation of several keto-enol tautomer pairs in astrochemically relevant ice mixtures over the last years. However, so far only one of them, acetaldehyde-vinyl alcohol, has been detected in deep space. Due to their reactivity with electrophiles, enols can play a crucial role in our understanding of the molecular complexity in the interstellar medium and in comets and meteorites. To study the enolization of aldehydes in interstellar ices by interaction with galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), we irradiated acetaldehyde ices with energetic electrons as proxies of secondary electrons generated in the track of GCRs while penetrating interstellar ices. The results indicate that GCRs can induce enolization of acetaldehyde and that intra- as well as intermolecular processes are relevant. Therefore, enols should be ubiquitous in the interstellar medium and could be searched for using radio telescopes such as ALMA. Once enols are detected and abundances are established, they can serve as tracers for the non-equilibrium chemistry in interstellar ices thus eventually constraining fundamental reaction mechanisms deep inside interstellar ices.
Functional family therapy

Functional Family Therapy (FFT) is all about helping youth and families who are in trouble. Central to FFT is the belief this can be accomplished by changing family interactions and improving relationship functioning as the primary vehicle for changing dysfunctional individual behaviors. FFT shares many similarities with other systems approaches; however, FFT offers a comprehensive framework for understanding adolescent behavior problems that is quite unique. This framework provides the context for integrating and linking behavioral and cognitive intervention strategies to the specific familial and ecological characteristics of each family. As such, FFT is also about therapists, about training and supervision, and about treatment and other (educational, judicial, religious, cultural, political, economic, marketing) systems that surround families, therapists, and agencies.
Movement of Insecticides in the Environment

The major source of environmental contamination by pesticides is the deposits resulting from application of these chemicals to control agricultural pests and pests causing public health problems. Other sources of contamination could be pesticides used in urban areas and industrial wastes. Misplacement and leakage during the transportation, distribution, or storage processes related to the manufacture of pesticides could result in environmental contamination. In any case, the pesticides enter the environment. They are absorbed by various constituents of the environment and transported to other places mainly by water and air movements. They are picked up by various biological systems and are, at the same time, chemically or biochemically transformed to other nontoxic or toxic compounds in the environment.
Perception and action influences on discrete and reciprocal bimanual coordination

For nearly four decades bimanual coordination, "a prototype of complex motor skills" and apparent "window into the design of the brain," has been intensively studied. Past research has focused on describing and modeling the constraints that allow the production of some coordination patterns while limiting effective performance of other bimanual coordination patterns. More recently researchers have identified a coalition of perception-action constraints that hinder the effective production of bimanual skills. The result has been that given specially designed contexts where one or more of these constraints are minimized, bimanual skills once thought difficult, if not impossible, to effectively produce without very extensive practice can be executed effectively with little or no practice. The challenge is to understand how these contextual constraints interact to allow or inhibit the production of complex bimanual coordination skills. In addition, the factors affecting the stability of bimanual coordination tasks needs to be re-conceptualized in terms of perception-related constraints arising from the environmental context in which performance is conducted and action constraints resident in the neuromotor system.
Acoustic Power in Non-Uniform Lined Ducts

Abstract A definition of acoustic power in conservation form in lined infinitely long uniform ducts is extended to include axially symmetric non-uniform ducts with potential mean flow and finite length lining. The definition includes a contribution at the lined boundary. Benchmarking is accomplished by verification of acoustic power conservation in the case of a purely reactive lining. Calculations in the case of reactively lined ducts show that intense acoustic gradients near the lined surface can occur, and contributions to acoustic power from the boundary power term become relatively large. This observed behavior diminishes as the resistive component of lining impedance is increased. Power calculations for propagation and radiation from a typical turbo-fan inlet and equivalent calculations for an infinite duct propagation model of the same inlet contour are compared. Results are remarkably similar for the case considered, though it is noted that this conclusion is geometry dependent.
Why indeterminate probability is rational

Abstract This essay has two objectives: (1) To offer a general motivation for the use of sets of probabilities to represent states of credal probability judgment. Doubt as to which of rival answers to a given question is true is representable by the set of potential answers that have not ruled out as impossible. Doubt concerning probability is representable by the set of probability distributions over potential answers that are not ruled out as impermissible to use in delibration. (2) To defend a more specific thesis that the set of permissible probability distributions ought to be convex.
Neutralization of the aspartic acid residue Asp-367, but not Asp-454, inhibits binding of Na+ to the glutamate-free form and cycling of the glutamate transporter EAAC1.

Abstract Substrate transport by the plasma membrane glutamate transporter EAAC1 is coupled to cotransport of three sodium ions. One of these Na+ ions binds to the transporter already in the absence of glutamate. Here, we have investigated the possible involvement of two conserved aspartic acid residues in transmembrane segments 7 and 8 of EAAC1, Asp-367 and Asp-454, in Na+ cotransport. To test the effect of charge neutralization mutations in these positions on Na+ binding to the glutamate-free transporter, we recorded the Na+-induced anion leak current to determine the Km of EAAC1 for Na+. For EAAC1WT, this Km was determined as 120 mm. When the negative charge of Asp-367 was neutralized by mutagenesis to asparagine, Na+ activated the anion leak current with a Km of about 2 m, indicating dramatically impaired Na+ binding to the mutant transporter. In contrast, the Na+ affinity of EAAC1D454N was virtually unchanged compared with the wild type transporter (Km = 90 mm). The reduced occupancy of the Na+ binding site of EAAC1D367N resulted in a dramatic reduction in glutamate affinity (Km = 3.6 mm, 140 mm [Na+]), which could be partially overcome by increasing extracellular [Na+]. In addition to impairing Na+ binding, the D367N mutation slowed glutamate transport, as shown by pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of transport currents, by strongly decreasing the rate of a reaction step associated with glutamate translocation. Our data are consistent with a model in which Asp-367, but not Asp-454, is involved in coordinating the bound Na+ in the glutamate-free transporter form.
Lichen planus of the esophagus: What dermatologists need to know

Background Esophageal lichen planus (ELP) is a rare manifestation of mucocutaneous lichen planus (LP). Objectives We aimed to report our experience and review all cases of ELP reported in the English-language literature. Methods We report our experience with 4 cases and reviewed PubMed for reports of ELP. Cases were evaluated for age of onset, sex, location of LP, relationship of the onset of ELP to extra-ELP, endoscopic findings, whether biopsy was performed, histopathology of esophageal biopsy specimens, medical history (including gastrointestinal history), development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, therapies tried, and response to treatment. Results A total of 72 cases of ELP were studied. In all, 87% of patients were female, with a median age of 61.9 years at time of diagnosis. Dysphagia was present in 81% and odynophagia was present in 24%. Oral LP was present in 89%, anogenital/vulvar LP in 42%, and cutaneous LP in 38%. Fourteen patients developed ELP as the sole or first manifestation of LP. Proximal esophageal lesions were present in 64%, distal in 11%, and both proximal and distal in 26%. Histology was "consistent with" LP in 71%. Four patients developed squamous cell carcinoma in association with ELP. Limitations This is a review of our cases and others reported in the literature. Conclusions ELP is underrecognized and underreported. There is often a significant delay between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis. Malignant transformation of ELP to squamous cell carcinoma has been reported.
The multiple-scale wave equation

An analytic and numerical study of the behavior of the linear nonhomogeneous wave equation of the form @e^2u"t"t = @Du + tf with high wave speed (@e @? 1) is carried out. This study was initially motivated by meteorological observations which have indicated the presence of large spatial scale gravity waves in the neighborhood of a number of summer and winter storms, mainly from visible images of ripples in clouds in satellite photos. There is a question as to whether the presence of these waves is caused by the nearby storms. Since the linear wave equation is an approximation to the full system describing pressure waves in the atmosphere, yet is considerably more tractable, we have chosen to analyze the behavior of the linear nonhomogeneous wave equation with high wave speed. The analysis is shown to be valid in one, two, and three space dimensions. Partly because of the high wave speed, the solution is known to consist of behavior which changes on two different time scales, one rapid and one slow. Additionally, because of the presence of the nonhomogeneous forcing term tf, we show that there is a component of the solution which will vary only on a very large spatial scale. Since even the linearized wave equation can give rise to persistent large spatial scale waves under the right conditions, the implication is that certain storms could be responsible for the generation of large-scale waves. Numerical simulations in one and two dimensions confirm analytic results.
High male:female ratio of germ-line mutations: an alternative explanation for postulated gestational lethality in males in X-linked dominant disorders.

In this paper I suggest that a vastly higher rate of de novo mutations in males than in females would explain some, if not most, X-linked dominant disorders associated with a low incidence of affected males. It is the inclusion of the impact of a high ratio of male:female de novo germ-line mutations that makes this model new and unique. Specifically, it is concluded that, if an X-linked disorder results in a dominant phenotype with a significant reproductive disadvantage (genetic lethality), affected females will, in virtually all cases, arise from de novo germ-line mutations inherited from their fathers rather than from their mothers. Under this hypothesis, the absence of affected males is explained by the simple fact that sons do not inherit their X chromosome (normal or abnormal) from their fathers. Because females who are heterozygous for a dominant disorder will be clinically affected and will, in most cases, either be infertile or lack reproductive opportunities, the mutant gene will not be transmitted by them to the next generation (i.e., it will be a genetic lethal). This, not gestational lethality in males, may explain the absence of affected males in most, if not all, of the 13 known X-linked dominant diseases characterized by high ratios of affected female to male individuals. Evidence suggesting that this mechanism could explain the findings in the Rett syndrome is reviewed in detail.
Effect of Doping Simultaneously with Iron and Titanium on the Diffusional Creep of Polycrystalline A12O3

The effect of doping simultaneously with iron and titanium was studied in dense, polycrystalline alumina over a range of grain sizes (10 to 100 μm) and temperatures (1250° to 1550°C). In the double-doped system, the titanium concentration was varied between 0.05 and 0.15 cation %, whereas the iron-dopant level was varied between 0.05 and 6 cation %. For iron concentrations below about 2 to 3%, the aluminum vacancy concentration was dominated by the presence of quadrivalent titanium in substitutional solid solution and Nabarro-Herring diffusional creep at 1450°C was rate-limited by aluminum lattice diffusion. As the iron-dopant level was increased, the concentration of divalent iron became comparable to that of quadrivalent titanium, leading to a suppression in the cation lattice diffusivity at an iron-to-titanium ratio of ∼60. These results suggested that, at the dopant levels and temperatures studied, more than 98% of the iron was in the trivalent state. The diffusional creep of polycrystalline alumina doped with a single iron impurity (0.2 to 2%) was reinterpreted in terms of simultaneous contributions of aluminum lattice and grain-boundary diffusion, consistent with a grain-size dependence corresponding to a mixture of Nabarro-Herring and Coble creep. Aluminum grain-boundary diffusion was found to be significantly enhanced by the presence of iron in solid solution. Evidence is presented to suggest that the diffusional creep of polycrystalline Al2O3 doped with a single titanium dopant is interface-controlled. Interfacial kinetics can be promoted by several factors, including (1) a small grain size, (2) a high cation lattice diffusivity, (3) slow cation grain-boundary diffusion, and (4) the presence of a grain-boundary second phase.
Alternate task inhibits single-neuron category-selective responses in the human hippocampus while preserving selectivity in the amygdala

One fifth of neurons in the medial-temporal lobe of human epilepsy patients respond selectively to categories of images, such as faces or cars. Here we show that responses of hippocampal neurons are rapidly modified as subjects alternate (over 60 sec) between two tasks (1) identifying images from a category, or (2) playing a simple video game superimposed on the same images. Category-selective responses, present when a subject identifies categories, are eliminated when the subject shifts to playing the game for 87% of category-selective hippocampal neurons. By contrast, responses in the amygdala are present during both tasks for 72% of category-selective amygdalar neurons. These results suggest that attention to images is required to evoke selective responses from single neurons in the hippocampus, but is not required by neurons in the amygdala.
Response to the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force Decision on Prostate Cancer Screening

The population-level data demonstrate that the inception of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has lowered mortality for prostate cancer over the past 2 decades. However, more recent evidence from randomized trials has presented conflicting results regarding the benefit of PSA screening for prostate cancer mortality. Using available data, the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force recently recommended against PSA screening for prostate cancer. However, prostate cancer continues to kill over 30,000 men annually, and as such, completely abandoning screening for this disease is a disservice to many patients. Rather, the emphasis should be on utilizing evidence-based medicine to reduce overdiagnosis and overtreatment through less frequent screening for low-risk individuals or those unlikely to benefit from screening, halting further screening when appropriate, and utilizing observational strategies in patients unlikely to suffer clinically significant effects of prostate cancer over their anticipated life expectancy.
Radioimmunoassay of human follicle-stimulating hormone with antisera to the ovine hormone

ABSTRACT Since anti-human FSH sera suitable for specific measurement of human FSH (HFSH) in homologous radioimmunoassays (i.e., assays in which the hormone used as antigen and the labeled hormone are from the same species) have been located infrequently, we investigated the possibility of using heterologous systems (i.e., assays in which antisera to a hormone of one species are used in combination with labeled hormone of another species). In the present study, anti-ovine FSH (OFSH) sera from 33 rabbits have been tested for their ability to bind labeled HFSH and to be used subsequently to measure HFSH. Most of the anti-OFSH sera capable of binding appreciable amounts of labeled HFSH could be considered for development of HFSH radioimmunoassays, since the resulting heterologous systems discriminated to a high degree between FSH and HCG. One of these systems has been validated for specific measurement of HFSH. Inhibition curves for sera and pituitary preparations were parallel to each other and to both stand...
In vitro evaluation of shear bond strengths of resin to densely-sintered high-purity zirconium-oxide ceramic after long-term storage and thermal cycling

Abstract Statement of problem The few available studies on the resin bond to zirconium-oxide ceramic recommend airborne-particle abrasion and modified resin luting agents containing adhesive monomers for superior and long-term durable bond strengths. It is unknown whether this regimen can also be successfully applied to the intaglio surface of a commercial zirconia-based all-ceramic system. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare bond strengths of different bonding/silane coupling agents and resin luting agents to zirconia ceramic before and after artificial aging. Material and methods Composite cylinders (2.9 mm × 3.0 mm) were bonded to airborne-particle–abraded intaglio surfaces of Procera AllZirkon specimens (n=80) with either Panavia F (PAN) or Rely X ARC (REL) resin luting agents after pretreatment with Clearfil SE Bond/ Porcelain Bond Activator (Group SE). In another group, Rely X ARC was used with its bonding/silane coupling agent (Single Bond/Ceramic Primer, Group SB). PAN without any bonding/silane agent (Group NO) was the control. Subgroups of 10 specimens were stored in distilled water for either 3 or 180 days before shear bond strength was tested. One hundred eighty–day–old specimens were repeatedly thermal cycled for 12,000 cycles between 5 and 60°C with a 15-second dwell time. Data were analyzed with 1- and 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey multiple comparisons test (α=.05). Failure modes were examined under original magnification ×25. Results After 3 days, SE-REL (25.15 ± 3.48 MPa) and SE-PAN (20.14 ± 2.59 MPa) groups had significantly superior mean shear bond strengths ( P =.0007) compared with either NO-PAN (17.36 ± 3.05 MPa) or SB-REL (16.90 ± 7.22 MPa). SE-PAN, NO-PAN, and SB-REL groups were not significantly different. Artificial aging significantly reduced bond strengths. After 180-day storage, SE-PAN (16.85 ± 3.72 MPa), and SE-REL (15.45 ± 3.79 MPa) groups demonstrated significantly higher shear bond strengths than NO-PAN (9.45 ± 5.06 MPa) or SB-REL (1.08 ± 1.85 MPa) groups. The modes of failure varied among 3-day groups but were 100% adhesive at the ceramic surfaces after artificial aging. Conclusion Artificial aging significantly reduced bond strength. A bonding/silane coupling agent containing an adhesive phosphate monomer can achieve superior long-term shear bond strength to airborne-particle– abraded Procera AllZirkon restorations with either one of the 2 resin luting agents tested.
Simultaneous quantitation of 1,8,9-anthracenetriol, 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, and 1,8,1',8'-tetrahydroxy-10,10'-dianthrone by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A sensitive and specific reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of anthralin (1,8,9-anthracenetriol) and its known degradation products: quinone (l,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone) and dimer (l,8,l′,8′-tetrahydroxy-10,10′-dianthrone). The method provides for rapid and simple quantitation of nanogram amounts of the three compounds. The molar absorptivities for anthralin in different solvents and solvent systems, including the mobile phase, are presented.
Can the College Vote Turn Out?: Evidence from the U.S. States, 2000–08:

College students in the U.S. have long faced barriers to college town registration and voting. Arguably, these barriers raise the costs associated with electoral participation for students living away from home. Despite ongoing debate about where students should vote, the extent to which college town restrictions limit participation by students has never been estimated. This article is the first to demonstrate that college town registration barriers implemented by the U.S. states reduce participation in national elections.
Synthesis of Protein-Loaded Hydrogel Particles in an Aqueous Two-Phase System for Coincident Antigen and CpG Oligonucleotide Delivery to Antigen-Presenting Cells

Materials that effectively deliver protein antigens together with activating ligands to antigen-presenting cells are sought for improved nonviral vaccines. To this end, we synthesized protein-loaded poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel particles by cross-linking PEG within the polymer-rich phase of an emulsion formed by a poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer in saturated aqueous salt solution. These particles (500-nm diameter) contained high levels of encapsulated protein (approximately 75% of dry mass), which was selectively released by proteolytic enzymes normally present in the phagosomal/endosomal compartments of dendritic cells (DCs). For co-delivery of cellular activation signals, gel particles were surface-modified by sequential adsorption of poly(l-arginine) and CpG oligonucleotides. DCs pulsed with protein-loaded particles activated naive T cells in vitro approximately 10-fold more efficiently than DCs incubated with soluble protein. This organic solvent-free strategy for protein encapsulation within submicron-sized hydrophilic particles is attractive for macromolecule delivery to a variety of phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells.
Can there be a feminist ethnography

Abstract Many feminist scholars have identified ethnographic methods as ideally suited to feminist research because its contextual, experiential approach to knowledge eschews the false dualisms of positivism and, drawing upon such traditionally female strengths as empathy and human concern, allows for an egalitarian, reciprocal relationship between knower and known. This paper discusses the irony that ethnographic methods also subject research subjects to greater risk of exploitation, betrayal, and abandonment by the researcher than does much positivist research. Fieldwork and its textual products represent an intervention into a system of relationships that the researcher is far freer than the researched to leave. The paper calls for greater dialogue between feminism and the new ethnography which addresses similar methodological concerns and suggests certain constraints on that dialogue.
Florence-Niagara terrane: An early Proterozoic accretionary complex, Lake Superior region, U.S.A.

The Florence-Niagara terrane is an elongate fault-bounded block ∼ 10 km wide and 80 km long, composed of miogeoclinal assemblage lithologies, bounded on the north by a generally coherent miogeocline extending to the Superior craton, and on the south by a probably exotic, magmatic arc terrane. The Florence-Niagara terrane is composed of a collage of eight fault-bounded packets. All fault packets are characterized by faults that trend west to west-northwest, with a dominant west-northwest-striking, deeply dipping foliation. Elongation lineations plunge down the dip of foliations in all cases except in packet 1, where bulk extension locally parallels shallowly plunging fold axes, a probable product of superimposed strains. Fold axes are subhorizontal, or girdled in the mean foliation plane, or plunge steeply. Packets containing girdled fold axes probably were subjected to greater strain than were packets with subhorizontal fold axes. Steeply plunging fold axes are not easily explained, but they were, perhaps, formed by noncoaxial deformation. One of the packets contains a younger generation of folds formed during east-west shortening. Another packet contains folds associated with later strike-slip faulting. Convergence between the magmatic terrane and the miogeocline probably resulted in accretion of miogeoclinal sediments in the forearc area of the magmatic terrane. The Florence-Niagara terrane may represent such a zone of forearc accretion formed prior to, and during, collision, and thus it may be referred to as an accretionary complex.
Chemical analysis of metal impurity distribution of zone-refined mercuric iodide by ICP-AES and DSC

A mercuric iodide single crystal is being developed for X-ray and gamma-ray detector applications where high-purity starting material is required. Zone-refining processing has been proven to be an effective step in the purification of large amounts of mercuric iodide for crystal growth. In this study we used the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) to identify and determine the distribution of impurity concentrations along the ampoule after zone-refining mercuric iodide. The results show that for Ag, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cr and Al, the zone-refining process does sweep the impurities to the last-to-freeze zone, due to an effective distribution coefficient, keff < 1. For Na, Ni, Cd, Mn and Pb the concentration gradient seems to be fairly independent of the position along the ingot. Differential Scanning Calorimetry was also employed to investigate the deviation from stoichiometry caused by the zone-refining process, and the results indicated that the first-to-freeze section is Hg-rich, and the middle section tends to become slightly Hg-rich, while the last-to-freeze section becomes I-rich.
Nanoporous crystals of chicken embryo lethal orphan (CELO) adenovirus major coat protein, hexon

CELO (chicken embryo lethal orphan) virus is an avian adenovirus that is being developed as a gene transfer vector. Its trimeric major coat protein (942 residues, 106,709 Da) has 42% sequence identity to human adenovirus type 2 (AdH2) hexon and 45% to AdH5 hexon. For structural studies, the growth of CELO virus has been optimized, and its hexon purified and crystallized. The hexon crystals, the first non-human example, diffract to 3.9 A resolution. Molecular replacement using the AdH5 model was used to identify the location of the CELO hexon within the unit cell. There is one hexon monomer in the asymmetric unit of the trigonal space group P321 (a=b=157.8 A, c=114.2 A, gamma=120 degrees) and the solvent content is 67.8%. The hexons pack in a hexagonal honeycomb so that large approximately 100 A diameter channels run through the entire crystal. This remarkable property of the crystals lends itself to their exploitation as a nanomaterial. Structural studies on CELO will elucidate the differences between avian and human adenoviruses and contribute to a better understanding of adenoviruses with non-human hosts.
Two-Dimensional Phase Diagram of Decanethiol on Au(111)

On the basis of variable-temperature ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy data, we propose a two-dimensional phase diagram of monolayer decanethiol on Au(111). Four triple-point temperatures were determined: T1 at ≈27 °C, T2 at ≈33 °C, T3 at ≈35 °C, and T4 at ≈56 °C. T1 defines the lowest temperature melting point, and T4 defines the temperature above which striped phases are metastable. These data provide a fundamental framework to understand and control mesoscale monolayer structure; moreover, they provide fundamental insight into the two-dimensional phase behavior of molecules with many degrees-of-freedom.
Sonochemical synthesis and characterisation of bio-based hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

Bio-based hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesised via the sonochemical route using phosphoric acid and bio-based calcium carbonate particles extracted from eggshells. Hydroxyapatite is a natural bio ceramic material that contains calcium phosphate group. In this procedure phosphoric acid solution was used as the source of phosphorus and eggshell particles were used as the source of calcium. Eggshells represent a great renewable material for structural applications due to the high content of inorganic calcite. Eggshells were cleaned and ball milled to reduce their sizes to nanoscale. The particles were then heated in a tube furnace to produce calcium oxide particles; these calcium oxide particles were stirred in water for 24 hours at room temperature and formed calcium hydroxide. Phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide particles were irradiated with high intensity ultrasonic horn for two hours at 10°C in the presence of distilled water. The resultant product was characterised using XRD, TEM and surface area measurements. These results showed that the as-prepared hydroxyapatiteparticles are porous (~20–50 nm), crystalline in nature and thermally stable at least up to 750°C. BET studies showed that as-prepared hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have a surface area of 58.8 m 2 /g. These nanoparticles can be used in bio medical applications and in the field of nanocomposite structures.
Influence of small rings on the thermodynamics of equilibrium self-assembly.

The competition between the formation of linear chain clusters and ring structures in an equilibrium self-assembling system is reexamined by developing a new Flory-Huggins type theory that combines an estimate for the loss of configurational entropy ΔSring upon ring formation with the standard treatment of the free energy of a polydisperse solution of linear chains. The excess entropy of ring formation ΔSring is obtained from an analytical fit to exact enumeration data for self-avoiding chains and rings with 30 or fewer steps on a cubic lattice. Illustrative calculations of the spinodal curves and the extent and the average degree of self-assembly highlight the physical conditions for which the cyclic structures impact the thermodynamic characterization of equilibrium self-assembling systems.
Infaunal density, biomass and bioturbation in the sediments of the Arctic Ocean

Abstract Little is known about the benthic communities of the Arctic Ocean's slope and abyssal plains. Here we report on benthic data collected from box cores along a transect from Alaska to the Barents Abyssal Plain during the Arctic Ocean Section of 1994. We determined: (1) density and biomass of the polychaetes, foraminifera and total infauna; (2) concentrations of potential sources of food (pigment concentration and percent organic carbon) in the sediments; (3) surficial particle mixing depths and rates using downcore 210Pb profiles; and (4) surficial porewater irrigation using NaBr as an inert tracer. Metazoan density and biomass vary by almost three orders of magnitude from the shelf to the deep basins (e.g. 47 403 individuals m−2 on the Chukchi Shelf to 95 individuals m−2 in the Barents Abyssal Plain). Water depth is the primary determinant of infaunal density, explaining 39% of the total variability. Potential food concentration varies by almost two orders of magnitude during the late summer season (e.g. the phaeopigment concentration integrated to 10 cm varies from 36.16 mg m−2 on the Chukchi Shelf to 0.94 mg m−2 in the Siberia Abyssal Plain) but is not significantly correlated with density or biomass of the metazoa. Most stations show evidence of particle mixing, with mixing limited to ≤3 cm below the sediment-water interface, and enhanced pore water irrigation occurs at seven of the nine stations examined. Particle mixing depths may be related to metazoan biomass, while enhanced pore water irrigation (beyond what is expected from diffusion alone) appears to be related to total phaeopigment concentration. The data presented here indicate that Arctic benthic ecosystems are quite variable, but all stations sampled contained infauna and most stations had indications of active processing of the sediment by the associated infauna.
A stand density index for complex mixed species forests in the northeastern United States

Quantifying stand density is important for accurate prediction of net biomass and carbon accumulation, for estimating growth and mortality risks of trees, stands, and regions, and for the management of forests for multiple goods and services. Building on previous work relating maximum stand density to wood specific gravity, we develop a stand density equation for the mixed species forests of the northeastern United States using data from the US Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis program. We used quantile regression, in concert with a quantile selection and evaluation procedure, to ensure conformity between our density measure and previously developed guidance for well-studied stand types. The resulting strictly additive relative density measure appears to provide reasonable prediction of maximum density even for plantations of exotic conifers in the region. The results suggest that maximum stand densities after accounting for wood specific gravity may be lower in northeastern North America than in the south or west.
Postnatal development of two nicotinic cholinergic receptors in seven mouse brain regions

Abstract The developmental profiles for binding of α-[ 125 I]bungarotoxin and l -[ 3 H]nicotine to putative nicotinic cholinergic receptors were determined in seven mouse brain regions. The overall pattern of development of α-bungarotoxin binding was similar in all of the regions. Neonatal binding values tended to be greater than those observed in adult brain regions. Maximal binding occurred within 10 days of birth and adult binding values were reached by 20 days of age. The patterns of development of nicotine binding in each of the seven brain regions differed according to region. Gross similarities in developmental profiles for nicotine binding were found among the more caudal and among the more rostral regions. In hindbrain and cerebellum, maximal nicotine binding was found at birth (5 days of age in cerebellum); binding declined approximately 4-fold by 20 days and remained relatively constant thereafter. In midbrain and hypothalamus, a less extensive decrease in nicotine binding occurred from birth to adulthood (midbrain, 25%; hypothalamus, 50%). Nicotine binding in hippocampus and cortex remained unchanged between birth and adulthood. The developmental pattern for nicotine binding in striatum differed from that found in the other brain regions. At 5 days of age, binding was about 65% of adult binding, which was reached at 30 days of age. In most of the brain regions the developmental profile for α-bungarotoxin binding was different from that of nicotine. This difference was especially notable in striatum, where adult nicotine binding was higher than neonatal nicotine binding, whereas adult α-bungarotoxin binding was lower than neonatal α-bungarotoxin binding.
Investigating the surface reactivity of SiO2–TiO2–CaO–Na2O/SrO bioceramics as a function of structure and incubation time in simulated body fluid

This study focuses on evaluating the biocompatibility of a SiO2–TiO2–CaO–Na2O/SrO glass and glass–ceramic series. Glass and ceramic samples were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction. Each material was subject to maturation in simulated body fluid over 1, 7 and 30 days to describe any changes in surface morphology. Calcium phosphate (CaP) deposition was observed predominantly on the Na+ containing amorphous and crystalline materials, with plate-like morphology. The precipitated surface layer was also observed to crystallize with respect to maturation, which was most evident in the amorphous Na+ containing glasses, Ly-N and Ly-C. The addition of Sr2+ greatly reduced the solubility of all samples, with limited CaP precipitation on the amorphous samples and no deposition on the crystalline materials. The morphology of the samples was also different, presenting irregular plate-like structures (Ly-N), needle-like deposits (Ly-C) and globular-like structures (Ly-S). Cell culture analysis presented a significant increase in cell viability with the Na+ materials, 134 %, while the Sr2+ containing glasses, 60–80 % and ceramics, 60–85 % presented a general reduction in cell viability, however these reductions were not significant.
Effect of Alternative Milling Techniques on the Yield and Composition of Corn Germ Oil and Corn Fiber Oil

ABSTRACT The effects of alternative corn wet-milling (intermittent milling and dynamic steeping (IMDS), gaseous SO2 and alkali wet-milling) and dry grind ethanol (quick germ and quick fiber with chemicals) production technologies were evaluated on the yield and phytosterol composition (ferulate phytosterol esters, free phytosterols, and fatty acyl phytosterol esters) of corn germ and fiber oil and compared with the conventional wet-milling process. Small but statistically significant effects were observed on the yield and composition of corn germ and fiber oil with these alternative milling technologies. The results showed that the germ and fiber fractions from two of the alternative wet-milling technologies (the gaseous SO2 and the IMDS) had, for almost all of the individual phytosterol compounds, either comparable or signficantly higher yields compared with the conventional wet-milling process. Also, both of the modified dry grind ethanol processes (the quick germ and quick fiber) with chemicals (SO2 an...
Dynamics of the 3He A-B phase boundary.

We investigate the friction coefficient of the moving boundary. At not too low temperatures the friction is ascribed primarily to transmission and Andreev reflection of quasiparticles; the resulting theoretical value of the terminal velocity v-italic/sub A-italic//sub B-italic/ is in reasonable agreement with the data of Buchanan, Swift, and Wheatley. At lower temperatures we predict a saturation of v-italic/sub A-italic//sub B-italic/ and underdamped oscillations of the pinned boundary.