cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor necrosis factor activation of the sphingomyelin pathway signals nuclear factor kappa B translocation in intact HL-60 cells

Recent investigations suggest that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha may utilize the sphingomyelin pathway for signal transduction. Signaling in this system involves hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide by action of a neutral sphingomyelinase and stimulation of a ceramide-activated protein kinase (Dressler, K. A., Mathias, S., and Kolesnick, R. N. (1992) Science 255, 1715-1718). To clarify the role of this pathway in TNF action, the present studies assessed the effect of the sphingomyelin pathway on activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), an event considered integral to the transfer of the TNF message to the cell nucleus. As shown previously, TNF (1 nM) induced a marked increase in nuclear NF-kappa B binding in human leukemia (HL-60) cells within 5 min, and elevated binding was detected for as long as 1 h. Addition of a maximally effective concentration of sphingomyelinase, 0.1 units.ml-1, induced a 50% reduction in sphingomyelin content by 5 min from a basal level of 560 pmol.10(6) cells-1 and a quantitative increase in ceramide levels from 89 pmol.10(6) cells-1. Sphingomyelinase 0.1 units.ml-1 also induced an increase in nuclear NF-kappa B binding within 5 min, an effect measurable for as long as 1 h. As little as 1 x 10(-5) units.ml-1 sphingomyelinase was effective and a maximal effect occurred with 1 x 10(-3) units.ml-1. A cell-permeable ceramide analog, C8-ceramide, which mimics biologic effects of TNF-alpha, also enhanced nuclear NF-kappa B activation within minutes. In contrast, addition of a phospholipase C or a synthetic diacylglycerol (DG) analog, 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol, failed to enhance nuclear NF-kappa B binding despite large increases in cellular DG content. Further, TNF-alpha induced elevation in ceramide content by 2 min to 185% of control but did not affect DG levels. These studies provide evidence that stimulation of the sphingomyelin pathway leads to NF-kappa B activation in HL-60 cells.
Presynaptic glycine receptors enhance transmitter release at a mammalian central synapse

Glycine and GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid A) receptors are inhibitory neurotransmitter-gated Cl- channels localized in postsynaptic membranes. In some cases, GABAA receptors are also found presynaptically, but they retain their inhibitory effect as their activation reduces excitatory transmitter release. Here we report evidence for presynaptic ionotropic glycine receptors, using pre- and postsynaptic recordings of a calyceal synapse in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Unlike the classical action of glycine, presynaptic glycine receptors triggered a weakly depolarizing Cl- current in the nerve terminal. The depolarization enhanced transmitter release by activating Ca2+ channels and increasing resting intraterminal Ca2+ concentrations. Repetitive activation of glycinergic synapses on MNTB neurons also enhanced glutamatergic synaptic currents, indicating that presynaptic glycine receptors are activated by glycine spillover. These results reveal a novel site of action of the transmitter glycine, and indicate that under certain conditions presynaptic Cl- channels may increase transmitter release.
Effects of case removal in prognostic models

Constructing and updating prognostic models that learn from training cases is a time-consuming task. The more compact, and yet informative, the training sets are, the faster one can build and properly evaluate such models. We have compared different regression diagnostic methods for selection and removal of training cases in prognostic models. Univariate determinations were performed using classical regression diagnostic statistics. Multivariate determinations were performed using (1) a sequential "backward" selection of cases, and (2) a non-sequential genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm produced final models that kept few cases and retained predictive capability. A genetic algorithm approach to case selection may be better suited for guiding removal of cases in training sets than a univariate or a sequential multivariate approach, possibly because of its ability to detect sets of cases that are influential en bloc but may not be sufficiently influential when considered in isolation.
The interrelationship of the anterior hypophysis and the ovaries

Abstract The recent advances in our knowledge of the physiology of the anterior hypophysis and its relation to the female genital organs have served to open a field of investigation which is of the utmost importance to the gynecologist and the obstetrician. The purpose of this review is to consider some of the outstanding reports of experimental work dealing with the interrelationship of the anterior pituitary body and the ovaries, and with the preliminary attempts at a clinical application of these findings. In order to classify the work that has been done on this very complicated problem, it may be advantageously considered under a number of headings. (1) Effects of hypophysectomy. (2) Effects of the administration of anterior hypophyseal extracts. (3) Effects of the transplantation of fresh anterior pituitary gland tissue. (4) Is there more than one anterior pituitary hormone? (5) The Zondek-Aschheim test for anterior pituitary hormone. (6) The anterior pituitary gland during pregnancy. (7) The anterior hypophysis following castration. (8) Relation to gynecologic disease and therapeutic possibilities.
A PAC-Style model for learning from labeled and unlabeled data

There has been growing interest in practice in using unlabeled data together with labeled data in machine learning, and a number of different approaches have been developed. However, the assumptions these methods are based on are often quite distinct and not captured by standard theoretical models. In this paper we describe a PAC-style framework that can be used to model many of these assumptions, and analyze sample-complexity issues in this setting: that is, how much of each type of data one should expect to need in order to learn well, and what are the basic quantities that these numbers depend on. Our model can be viewed as an extension of the standard PAC model, where in addition to a concept class C, one also proposes a type of compatibility that one believes the target concept should have with the underlying distribution. In this view, unlabeled data can be helpful because it allows one to estimate compatibility over the space of hypotheses, and reduce the size of the search space to those that, according to one's assumptions, are a-priori reasonable with respect to the distribution. We discuss a number of technical issues that arise in this context, and provide sample-complexity bounds both for uniform convergence and e-cover based algorithms. We also consider algorithmic issues, and give an efficient algorithm for a special case of co-training.
A firm real-time system implementation using commercial off-the-shelf hardware and free software

The emergence of multimedia and high-speed networks has expanded the class of applications that combine the timing requirements of hard real-time applications with the need for operating system services typically available only on soft-real time or time-sharing systems. These applications, which the authors describe as firm real-time, currently have no widely-available, low-cost operating system to support them. They discuss modifications they have made to the popular Linux operating system that give it the ability to support the comparatively stringent timing requirements of these applications, while still giving them access to the full range of Linux services. Using their firm real-time system as a basis, they have developed the ATM Reference Traffic System (ARTS) that is capable of recording and accurately reproducing packet-level ATM traffic streams with timing resolution in microseconds. The effectiveness of this application, as well as the comparative ease with which it was developed illustrate the performance and utility of the system.
Differential regulation of interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-1 beta production in human myeloid leukemia cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Natural killer cell-stimulatory factor or interleukin-12 (NKSF/IL-12) was originally identified and purified from the conditioned medium of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-cell lines. Phorbol diesters were observed to be potent stimulators of NKSF/IL-12 production from the B-cell lines. Although monocytes were found to be the major producers of NKSF/IL-12 in peripheral blood (PB) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or to Staphylococcus aureus, several myeloid leukemia cell lines tested did not produce detectable NKSF/IL-12 either constitutively or upon stimulation with phorbol diesters. However, three lines, ML-3, HL-60, and THP-1, responded to LPS with significant levels of NKSF/IL-12 production, whereas S aureus was effective only on THP-1 cells. When the cell lines were preincubated with compounds known to induce them to differentiate, production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and IL-1 beta was in most cases maximal in cells with differentiated characteristics, whereas NKSF/IL-12 production in response to LPS in all three producing cell lines was significantly enhanced only by pretreatment with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for 24 hours, or by costimulation with interferon gamma (IFN gamma). The efficiency of DMSO enhancement of NKSF/IL-12 production decreased after 2 to 5 days of incubation, when the cells acquired differentiated characteristics. Unlike DMSO, IFN gamma enhanced NKSF/IL-12 production, and IL-10 and dexamethasone inhibited it in cell lines and PB mononuclear cells stimulated by either LPS or S aureus. The ability of the cell lines to respond to these mediators of possibly physiologically relevant function provides a tissue-culture model for studying their mechanism of action.
ESTIMATION OF A PRODUCTION FRONTIER MODEL: WITH APPLICATION TO THE PASTORAL ZONE OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA

This paper considers a statistical model for a production frontier that is consistent with the traditional (nonstochastic) definition of a production function given in microeconomic theory. Limiting cases of the model are the familiar average production function and an envelope production function. Maximum-likelihood estimators for the parameters of the model are defined. The three related models are applied in the estimation of a production frontier for the Pastoral Zone of Eastern Australia with use of data from the Australian Grazing Industry Survey.
Enhanced contrast of bacteriophage plaques in Salmonella with ferric ammonium citrate and sodium thiosulfate (FACST) and tetrazolium red (TZR)

Abstract Visualization of bacteriophage plaques may be enhanced by addition of ferric ammonium citrate and sodium thiosulfate (FACST) or 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (tetrazolium red, TZR) to the soft agar layer of a traditional bacteriophage plaque assay. Background color from these reagents improved contrast between clear plaques and turbid host lawns in trypticase soy agar (TSA) plates. Enhancement by FACST is based on reaction with hydrogen sulfide gas (H 2 S) produced by some strains of bacteria and was tested here using H 2 S+ and H 2 S− strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica with a bacteriophage ( Podoviridae ) isolated from swine lagoon effluent. Only the H 2 S+ strain produced dark brown-black color in FACST-amended agar. Both strains showed bright pinkish-red color in TZR-amended agar. Color intensity for both reagents decreased with decreasing concentrations of the reagents. Contrast in FACST-amended plates appeared greater than that with TZR, but diminished after 12 h, while contrast in TZR-amended plates remained constant. At the concentrations tested, neither reagent affected plaque counts in the H2S+ strain. The FACST should be useful in bacteriophage plaque assays with H 2 S+ strains of Salmonella and other H 2 S+ bacteria.
Streamline Tracing on General Triangular or Quadrilateral Grids

Summary Streamline methods have received renewed interest over the past decade as an attractive alternative to traditional finite-difference (FD) simulation. They have been applied successfully to a wide range of problems including production optimization, history matching, and upscaling. Streamline methods are also being extended to provide an efficient and accurate tool for compositional reservoir simulation. One of the key components in a streamline method is the streamline tracing algorithm. Traditionally, streamlines have been traced on regular Cartesian grids using Pollock’s method. Several extensions to distorted or unstructured rectangular, triangular, and polygonal grids have been proposed. All of these formulations are, however, low-order schemes. Here, we propose a unified formulation for high-order streamline tracing on unstructured quadrilateral and triangular grids, based on the use of the stream function. Starting from the theory of mixed finite-element methods (FEMs), we identify several classes of velocity spaces that induce a stream function and are therefore suitable for streamline tracing. In doing so, we provide a theoretical justification for the low-order methods currently in use, and we show how to extend them to achieve high-order accuracy. Consequently, our streamline tracing algorithm is semi-analytical: within each gridblock, the streamline is traced exactly. We give a detailed description of the implementation of the algorithm, and we provide a comparison of low- and high-order tracing methods by means of representative numerical simulations on 2D heterogeneous media.
The impact of forest to urban land conversion on streamflow, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon inputs to the converse reservoir, Southern Alabama, USA

High total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations in Converse Reservoir, a water source for Mobile, Alabama, have concerned water treatment officials due to the potential for disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. TOC reacts with chlorine during drinking water treatment to form DBPs. This study evaluated how increased urbanization can alter watershed-derived total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and TOC inputs to the Converse Reservoir. Converse Watershed, on the urban fringe of Mobile, is projected to undergo urbanization increasing watershed urban land from 3% in 1992 to 22% urban land by 2020. A pre-urbanization scenario using 1992 land cover was coupled with 2020 projections of land use. The Loading Simulation Program C++ watershed model was used to evaluate changes in nutrient concentrations (mg L−1) and loads (kg) to Converse Reservoir. Urban and suburban growth of 52 km2 simulated from 1991 to 2005 (15 year) caused overall TN and TP loads to increase by 109 and 62%, respectively. Simulated urban growth generally increased monthly flows by 15%, but resulted in lower streamflows (2.9%) during drought months. Results indicate that post-urbanization median TN and TP concentrations were 59 and 66% higher than corresponding pre-urbanization concentrations, whereas TOC concentrations were 16% lower. An increase in urban flow caused TOC loads to increase by 26%, despite lower post-urbanization TOC concentrations.
Toward evidence-based interventions for diverse populations: The San Francisco General Hospital prevention and treatment manuals

Clinical trials have seldom included adequate samples of people of color. Therefore, practitioners serving ethnic minorities often do not have access to readily available evidence-based interventions. This article summarizes the development and empirical evaluation of prevention and treatment manuals designed for low-income ethnic minority populations at San Francisco General Hospital. The manuals were often designed by people of color familiar with the communities for which they were developed. Independent research teams in multi-site national and international clinical trials have evaluated many of these manuals with encouraging results.
Architecture implications of high-speed I/O for distributed-memory computers

We consider the problem of high-speed I/O for a single application running on multiple nodes of a distributed-memory parallel computer. Our model is that the parallel system is connected to an I/O system that provides the interface between the internal connections of the parallel system and one or more external connections, such as HIPPI links. We identify two primary operations for this I/O system: scattering data from a high speed link across several lower speed links and gathering data from multiple links onto a single high speed link. We show that these core operations are the basis of the I/O system, independent of the relative speeds of the internal and external connections.We identify several architectural features that are critical for supporting high-speed scatter and gather operations. They include flexible routing methods in the parallel system, low overhead communication, and the ability to support multiple data streams in and out of the memory on the I/O node.
Efficacy of automated cervical cytology screening.

The Papanicolaou stained cervicovaginal smear (Pap smear) is a gynecologic cytologic screening tool that has dramatically reduced the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Recently, a number of problems with the Pap smear test, including severe cytotechnologist shortages, lack of internal quality controls, and high false negative rates have been emphasized by the scientific community and the general public. To address some of these problems, there has been increased development of number of automated and semiautomated cytologic screening systems. A semiautomated screening system (PAPNET®) was used to retrospectively evaluate 527 conventionally prepared Pap smears from 500 consecutive unselected patients. This system scanned the slides and displayed 128 of the most abnormal areas of each slide on a monitor. A screener reviewed these abnormal images in a blinded fashion and decided whether they represented variants of normal cytology, were inadequate for evaluation, or were abnormal and warranted manual review of the material. The screener's evaluations were then compared to the previously made diagnosis and discrepancies were reviewed. After review of the images from 500 patients, 343 (69%) were deemed to be normal cytology, 140 (28%) were abnormal and needed manual review, and 17(3%) were inadequate. Of the 343 called normal using this system, 338 were previously called normal and five patients were previously diagnosed with either atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASQUS) or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL). Of the 140 thought to need review, 43 were previously diagnosed with squamous or glandular disease and 97 were previously diagnosed as normal. Slides from the apparent false negatives and false positives were again reviewed in a blinded fashion. Of the 97 thought to need review by the automated system but with previously normal diagnosis, 15 additional cases were thought to have cytopathic changes (12 ASQUS and 3 LGSIL). Of the five patients that were called normal using the automated review but with previous disease, only two were felt to be true false negatives. Semiautomated Pap smear screening appears to be a sensitive as well as specific method for the identification of cervical pathology. Further, it may be incorporated as a mechanism for quality control in the laboratory. Diagn Cytopathol 1995 ;13 :26-30. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Severity of brain injury following neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and outcome at age 5 years.

Neurodevelopmental evaluation in childhood provides an opportunity to study complex neurological compensation following documented neonatal brain injury, and furnishes important clinical information which may have an impact on patient care. We studied 152 term children treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as neonates and who received routine neonatal neuroimaging and comprehensive neurodevelopmental evaluation at age 5 years. The cohort was divided into four groups based on an independent neuroimaging score: No lesion, N=88; Mild lesion, N=38; Moderate lesion, N= 12; and Severe lesion, N=14. Standardized testing at age 5 included complete neuropsychological assessment, neurological evaluation, and assessment of motor function. All testing was conducted without knowledge of the neuroimaging score. The occurrence of disability by severity of neuroimaging was: No lesion=10%; Mild=13%; Moderate=33%; Severe=57%. The relative risk within the ECMO population for disability at age 5 after moderate or severe neonatal lesion was 4.3 (CI=1.0 to 17.5) and 11.7 (CI=3.3 to 41.3), respectively. The remaining non-disabled children who had moderate to severe lesions functioned within normal limits. Severity of neonatal neuroimaging was inversely associated with IQ scores, pre-academic skills, and neuromotor function. The effect size was small but the rank order was predictable. Our data identify in 5-year-old children an impact of brain lesion severity demonstrated on routine neonatal neuroimaging. The results indicate potential compensation following moderate and severe lesions, and suggest a subtle but consistent influence of even mild neonatal brain injury.
The asymmetric epoxidation of divinyl carbinols : theory and applications

Abstract The asymmetric epoxidation of symmetric divinyl carbinols is illustrative of a reaction process that combines an initial asymmetric synthesis with a subsequent kinetic resolution to provide products with extraordinary levels of enantiomeric purity. The application of this process to the asymmetric synthesis of natural products is presented herein.
ADENOMA OF THE THYROID WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM (THYROTOXIC ADENOMA). HISTORY OF THE RECOGNITION OF THIS DISEASE AS A CLINICAL ENTITY. A STUDY OF THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY WITH BASAL METABOLIC RATES

Recent advances in the practical application of indirect calorimetry have rendered it possible for the physician to measure accurately and fairly readily under standard conditions one of the most fundamental phenomena of life, namely, the rate at which the life process of combustion is proceeding within the body. Calorimetry, like the taking of the temperature, is a measurement of certain heat phenomena. Just as the thermometer has furnished the means of distinguishing accurately and readily two great classes of diseases, the febrile and the afebrile, indirect calorimetry similarly allows precise differentiation of three large groups of diseases: (1) diseases characterized by a normal rate of metabolism; (2) diseases characterized by an increased rate of metabolism, and (3) diseases characterized by a decreased rate of metabolism. Furthermore, just as there are various diseases with abnormal temperatures, there are several diseases that have per se abnormal basal metabolic rates. So far the most clearly d...
Structural and electronic features of BaIrO3 causing the simultaneous occurrence of weak ferromagnetism and charge density wave formation

Abstract The ferromagnetic transition of BaIrO 3 at 175 K is accompanied by charge density wave formation [Solid State Commun. 113 (2000) 657]. We examined the probable cause for this observation on the basis of tight-binding band electronic structure calculations for BaIrO 3 . In support of the experimental observation, our calculations show that BaIrO 3 should be regarded as a weakly localized metal above 175 K, its t 2g -block band density of states has a sharp peak at the Fermi level, and its Fermi surfaces have partially nested pieces.
Improvisation as a performance strategy for African‐based theatre

Improvisation offers an African‐based performance strategy for the development of an African‐American theatre aesthetic. As a performance strategy, improvisation aims to move theatrical productions toward efficacious performance by stimulating healing among the community members involved. The essay documents two productions which use improvisation as a fundamental performance strategy. Analysis of the two productions identifies unresolved tensions in developing an African‐American theatre aesthetic and suggests directions for the continued exploration of dramaturgical alternatives based in African performance practices.
Up-regulation of AMP-activated kinase by dysfunctional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells mitigates excessive inflammation

AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is a ubiquitous metabolic sensor that inhibits the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). To determine whether CFTR reciprocally regulates AMPK function in airway epithelia and whether such regulation is involved in lung inflammation, AMPK localization, expression, and activity and cellular metabolic profiles were compared as a function of CFTR status in CF and non-CF primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. As compared with non-CF HBE cells, CF cells had greater and more diffuse AMPK staining and had greater AMPK activity than their morphologically matched non-CF counterparts. The cellular [AMP]/[ATP] ratio was higher in undifferentiated than in differentiated non-CF cells, which correlated with AMPK activity under these conditions. However, this nucleotide ratio did not predict AMPK activity in differentiating CF cells. Inhibiting channel activity in non-CF cells did not affect AMPK activity or metabolic status, but expressing functional CFTR in CF cells reduced AMPK activity without affecting cellular [AMP]/[ATP]. Therefore, lack of functional CFTR expression and not loss of channel activity in CF cells appears to up-regulate AMPK activity in CF HBE cells, presumably through non-metabolic effects on upstream regulatory pathways. Compared with wild-type CFTR-expressing immortalized CF bronchial epithelial (CFBE) cells, ΔF508-CFTR-expressing CFBE cells had greater AMPK activity and greater secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and the interleukins IL-6 and IL-8. Further pharmacologic AMPK activation inhibited inflammatory mediator secretion in both wild type- and ΔF508-expressing cells, suggesting that AMPK activation in CF airway cells is an adaptive response that reduces inflammation. We propose that therapies to activate AMPK in the CF airway may be beneficial in reducing excessive airway inflammation, a major cause of CF morbidity.
Three-color spectral FRET microscopy localizes three interacting proteins in living cells.

FRET technologies are now routinely used to establish the spatial relationships between two cellular components (A and B). Adding a third target component (C) increases the complexity of the analysis between interactions AB/BC/AC. Here, we describe a novel method for analyzing a three-color (ABC) FRET system called three-color spectral FRET (3sFRET) microscopy, which is fully corrected for spectral bleedthrough. The approach quantifies FRET signals and calculates the apparent energy transfer efficiencies (Es). The method was validated by measurement of a genetic (FRET standard) construct consisting of three different fluorescent proteins (FPs), mTFP, mVenus, and tdTomato, linked sequentially to one another. In addition, three 2-FP reference constructs, tethered in the same way as the 3-FP construct, were used to characterize the energy transfer pathways. Fluorescence lifetime measurements were employed to compare the relative relationships between the FPs in cells producing the 3-FP and 2-FP fusion proteins. The 3sFRET microscopy method was then applied to study the interactions of the dimeric transcription factor C/EBPα (expressing mTFP or mVenus) with the heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α, expressing tdTomato) in live-mouse pituitary cells. We show how the 3sFRET microscopy method represents a promising live-cell imaging technique to monitor the interactions between three labeled cellular components.
The Role of Entrainment in the Diurnal Cycle of Continental Convection

Abstract In continental convective environments, general circulation models typically produce a diurnal cycle of rainfall that peaks close to the noon maximum of insolation, hours earlier than the observed peak. One possible reason is insufficient sensitivity of their cumulus parameterizations to the state of the environment due to weak entrainment. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, run at cloud-resolving (600 and 125 m) resolution, is used to study the diurnal transition from shallow to deep convection during the monsoon break period of the Tropical Warm Pool–International Cloud Experiment. The WRF model develops a transition from shallow to deep convection in isolated events by 1430–1500 local time. The inferred entrainment rate weakens with increasing time of day as convection deepens. Several current cumulus parameterizations are tested for their ability to reproduce the WRF behavior. The Gregory parameterization, in which entrainment rate varies directly with parcel buoyancy and inver...
Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in the South Carolina Piedmont between 1936 and 2005

Abstract With the widespread land-use conversion from abandoned farmlands to forests since 1930s, the Piedmont region of eastern United States has likely become an important carbon (C) sink. To quantify this potential C sink and understand its implication to the regional carbon budget and future forest management, we estimated the changes in forest biomass carbon storage in the South Carolina (SC) Piedmont between 1936 and 2005. Based on the nine periods of Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data obtained for the Piedmont of South Carolina (18 counties, about 2.8 × 106 ha land area), we used allometric biomass regression equations, directly developed from recent FIA data, and biomass expansion factors to estimate the forest biomass carbon pool for each inventory year. Since 1936, the SC Piedmont forests have accumulated 81.84 Tg C due to forest expansion and regrowth, increasing from 57.36 Tg C in 1936 to 139.20 Tg C in 2005. Hardwood and softwood forests accounted for 74% (60.38 Tg C) and 26% (21.45 Tg C) of carbon accumulation during this period, respectively. The aboveground forest biomass carbon pool represented 80% or 65.17 Tg C of the total carbon accumulation while the belowground fine and coarse roots only accounted for 20% or 16.67 Tg C. From 1936 through 2005, forest carbon accumulated at a rate of 1.19 Tg C yr−1, offsetting 5.7% of CO2 emission (20.94 Tg C in 2003) of the entire state of South Carolina.
Developmental dysphasia: relation between acoustic processing deficits and verbal processing.

Abstract Two syllable words were presented at various rates to 5–9-year old developmentally dysphasic and normal children. In one condition the words comprised two 250 msec duration syllables separated by a 500 msec interval. In a second condition disyllabic words were presented in which syllables were 150 msec in duration and were separated by a 50 msec interval. Subjects were operantly trained to indicate nonverbally the two syllables that formed each word. Whereas there was no significant difference between groups when the syllables were presented slowly, when the same syllables were presented more rapidly as words the dysphasics' performance was significantly poorer than that of the controls.
Optical Infantile Hemangiomas Assessment with a Handheld Wireless Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Device

A handheld wireless device has been developed to assess the progression of infantile hemangioma lesions. Results from an on-going pilot study are presented.
Correlations between measures of insulin sensitivity and weight loss

Abstract Objective Many formulas have been proposed to calculate insulin sensitivity and studies have shown their effectiveness. However, few studies have been done to compare formulas. Methods Seventy-two obese participants completed a randomized weight loss study. Weight loss, change in body fat and change in waist circumference were used as surrogates for change in insulin sensitivity. Correlation coefficients were calculated for each of these surrogates with proposed formulas for insulin sensitivity found in the literature. Results The change in insulin sensitivity using the formula proposed by McAuley (exp(2.63 − 0.28 × ln(fasting insulin) − 0.31 × ln(fasting triglyceride in mmol/l)) showed the greatest correlation with weight loss ( r = −0.59, p Conclusions The insulin sensitivity formula proposed by McAuley provides an accurate means of detecting insulin resistance. As it does not require a glucose tolerance test, it is also easier and less expensive than most other formulas. Use of this formula rather than fasting glucose would detect many more patients with insulin resistance who are at risk for subsequent diabetes and other complications.
Part IV. Designing for producibility: Manufacturing and design: A symbiosis: If robots and other advanced assembly methods are to be used efficiently, products must be scrutinized in terms of manufacturability early in the design cycle

Three examples are presented to show how product and process engineers can improve design and choose the best manufacturing techniques. The agenda of a design team is described. Factors to be taken into account in selecting an assembly method are described. Three examples presented as case studies are: IBM matrix printer, digital oscilloscopes; and AT&T phone chip.
Hydrocodone in postoperative personalized pain management: pro-drug or drug?

Abstract Background Genetic variations in enzymes that produce active metabolites from pro-drugs are well known. Such variability could account for some of the clinically observed differences in analgesia and side effects seen in postoperative patients. Using genotyping and quantitation of serum concentrations of hydrocodone and its metabolites, we sought to demonstrate the clinical effects of the metabolites of hydrocodone on pain relief. The objective of the current study was to determine whether CYP2D6 genotype and serum hydromorphone levels account for some of the variability in pain relief seen with hydrocodone in a cohort of women post-Cesarean section. Methods In 156 post-Cesarean section patients who received hydrocodone, we assessed serum opioid concentrations and CYP2D6 genotypes. Blood samples were collected at that time for genotyping and determination of concentrations of hydrocodone and metabolites by LC–MS/MS. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the relationship between CYP2D6 genotypes, pain relief, side effects, and serum concentrations of hydrocodone and hydromorphone. Results The CYP2D6 genotyping results indicated that 60% of subjects were extensive, 30% intermediate, 3% poor, and 7% ultra-rapid metabolizers. In the poor metabolizers, the mean plasma hydromorphone concentration was 8-fold lower when compared to that of ultra-rapid metabolizers. Hydromorphone, and not hydrocodone concentrations correlated with pain relief. Conclusions This study shows that hydromorphone is generated at substantially different rates, dependent on CYP2D6 genotype. Pain relief correlated with plasma concentrations of hydromorphone, and not with hydrocodone. This suggests that pain relief will vary with CYP2D6 genotype. Inability to metabolize hydrocodone to hydromorphone as seen in the poor metabolizers should alert the clinician to consider alternative medications for managing pain postoperatively.
Top-down analysis of the elemental carbon emissions inventory in the United States by inverse modeling using Community Multiscale Air Quality model with decoupled direct method (CMAQ-DDM)

[1] A Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model based inverse method is used for calibrating the 2004 elemental carbon (EC) emissions in the continental United States. We convert the Thermal Optical Transmittance (TOT) EC measurements to the Thermal Optical Reflectance (TOR) equivalents to fully utilize available observational networks. The reestimate of the total emissions is 0.40 Tg yr−1, about 13% higher than the a priori. The posterior CMAQ simulation driven by the adjusted emissions had an ∼10% reduction in annual average fractional error based on 24 h EC observations. Comparison of simulated EC concentrations to hourly aethalometer black carbon (BC) measurements improved as well. Also, using the EC scaling factors to adjust the primary particulate organic matter (OM) emissions improved performance for OM simulation. Results show that splitting sources further spatially and category-wise increases the flexibility of adjusting emissions according to the spatial variability of the emissions strength and hence makes a better reestimate of emissions.
Value of the Bruce protocol to determine peak exercise oxygen consumption in patients evaluated for cardiac transplantation.

Abstract Background Peak exercise oxygen consumption (peak V O 2 ) is an important discriminator of survival in patients with systolic heart failure and is used to select ambulatory patients for transplantation. The major trials assessing the relationship between peak V O 2 and survival have used a variety of low-level exercise protocols. It is unknown how peak V O 2 measured in this patient population by the more vigorous Bruce treadmill protocol compares with that obtained on less intense protocols. Methods We studied 15 patients (50 ± 12 years old) with severe heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction 23.5% ± 8.6%). Patients randomly performed 3 exercise tests with the Bruce treadmill, modified Naughton treadmill, and modified bicycle protocols within 14 days. To determine the ability of this patient population to perform the Bruce protocol, we also retrospectively analyzed the ability of 84 patients to perform this test on their initial evaluations at our center. Results All patients reached the anaerobic threshold (AT) on all 3 protocols. The Bruce and modified Naughton treadmill protocols resulted in similar peak V O 2, percent predicted peak V O 2 , and V O 2 at AT values (17.7 ± 3.8 mL/kg/min, 57.2% ± 21.1% and 15.4 ± 4.1 mL/kg/min vs 18.0 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min, 58.1% ± 22.5% and 15.6 ± 4.4 mL/kg/min, respectively). Peak V O 2 and V O 2 at AT on both treadmill protocols were higher than those obtained with bicycle testing (15.3 ± 3.1 and 11.8 ± 3.0 mL/kg/min, P P Conclusions The Bruce protocol was more time efficient than the modified Naughton protocol and yielded similar peak V O 2 , percent predicted peak V O 2 , and V O 2 at AT values. Bicycle exercise may underestimate peak V O 2 values. The form of exercise should be considered when assessing peak V O 2 criteria for transplant listing. (Am Heart J 2001;142:466-75.)
Old and New Scales for the Assessment of Body Image

Two new carefully constructed figure rating scales showed no greater validity than did the first such scale to be developed, as determined by the correlation between scale scores and body mass index and body weight.
A Simpler Approach to "Analysis of Integrated Voice/Data Multiplexing"

This paper gives a conceptually and algorithmically much simpler method for the model of a moving-boundary, fixed frame length, integrated multiplexor of the above paper. The method uses a Markov chain to obtain H_{[0,R]} and H_{R+t,s} , which can then be used to solve for the same joint distributions of queue length and expected waiting time as in the paper. This method enables a practitioner to use available standard packages to obtain system performance measures.
Phospholipase Cγ1 controls surface expression of TRPC3 through an intermolecular PH domain

Many ion channels are regulated by lipids1,2,3, but prominent motifs for lipid binding have not been identified in most ion channels. Recently, we reported that phospholipase Cγ1 (PLC-γ1) binds to and regulates TRPC3 channels4, components of agonist-induced Ca2+ entry into cells. This interaction requires a domain in PLC-γ1 that includes a partial pleckstrin homology (PH) domain—a consensus lipid-binding and protein-binding sequence5,6. We have developed a gestalt algorithm to detect hitherto ‘invisible’ PH and PH-like domains, and now report that the partial PH domain of PLC-γ1 interacts with a complementary partial PH-like domain in TRPC3 to elicit lipid binding and cell-surface expression of TRPC3. Our findings imply a far greater abundance of PH domains than previously appreciated, and suggest that intermolecular PH-like domains represent a widespread signalling mode.
A Study of Several Mixed Cationic Systems of (Pr/La)Co(CN)6·5H2O

Three mixed cationic (Pr/La)Co(CN){sub 6}{center_dot}5H{sub 2}O Compounds have been synthesized where the ratios of (Pr/La) are 1:9, 2:8, and 4:6. The structural analyses of these systems using single-crystal diffractometry and full-matrix least-squares refinement yielded reliability factors of 0.036, 0.044, and 0.067 based on 643, 594, and 578 observed reflections, respectively. These complexes crystallize in the centrosymmetric hexagonal space group P6{sub 3}/m with cell parameters a = 7.500(1), 7.491(2), and 7.477(2) and c = 14.317(3), 14.297(2), and 14.265(2) {Angstrom}, respectively (Z = 2). Observed densities, thermogravimetric results, and infrared spectroscopic data are presented, as well as X-ray powder diffraction analyses. The trivalent lanthanide (Ln) metal atoms are nine-coordinate in the form of (Ln)N{sub 6}(H{sub 2}O){sub 3} groups (TTP) which are linked to the octahedrally arranged CoC, groups by cyanide bridging. Three of the five H{sub 2}O molecules are coordinated to the Ln atoms and two are zeolitic in nature, occupying cavities in the polymeric array within hydrogen-bonding distances to the coordinated H{sub 2}O molecules. Selective bond distances and angles are listed and discussed as well as oxygen-oxygen intermolecular contact lengths.
A CRY to Rise

When we need to wake at a certain time, some of us resort to setting several alarm clocks to ring at different times, or in different locations, to ensure that we don't oversleep. The biological timing system appears to use a similar strategy: It relies on a multi-tiered approach to detect environmental signals and deliver multifaceted information regarding ambient light conditions. In Drosophila , a light-sensitive protein called CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) serves as a light sensor that each day helps to reset the fly's circadian clock. On page 1409 of this issue, Fogle et al. ( 1 ) show that CRY also directly increases the firing rate of critical circadian “pacemaker” neurons by sensing blue wavelengths of light. This represents a mechanism for photo-activation of neurons that is not based on opsin, the protein typically involved in light-responsive brain activity.
Reoperative revascularization of a left internal mammary artery ostial stenosis

A severe ostial stenosis of the left internal mammary artery graft was responsible for unstable angina in a patient with a previous coronary artery bypass graft. Successful revascularization of the lesion was achieved with a subclavian artery-to-left internal mammary artery bypass using a saphenous vein conduit. This procedure was performed through a left thoracotomy incision to avoid potential hazards of a redo median sternotomy.
Management and control of CCSDS cross-support services

A candidate architecture for management and control of Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) services is presented. An operations concept is presented. Candidate management procedures and a management information base for the resources to be managed are suggested. This architecture is based on concepts of network management of computer and telecommunication networks which are under study by other international standards bodies such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCITT). >
Composites of aluminium alloys: fabrication and wear behaviour

In this paper processes for fabrication of aluminium-alloy composites containing paniculate non-metals, the net shape forming of these composites, their microstructures, their friction and wear behaviours and their mechanical properties are described. Composites of two wrought (2014 and 2024) and one cast (201) aluminium alloys containing 2 to 30 wt% of Al2O3 and SiC particles in the size range of 1 to 142μm were prepared. The non-metallic particles were added to a partially-solid vigorously-agitated matrix alloy. The particles were then retained in the matrix until interface interaction, for example, the formation of MgAl2O4 spinel in the case of Al2O3 particles, were faciliated. These composites were solidified and subsequently reheated to above their liquidus temperature and formed under high pressure in a closed-die forging type of apparatus. Composites with particulate additions of size larger than 5μm possessed homogeneous structures; particles of size 1μm, however, tended to cluster. The wear behaviour of the composites was studied using a pin-on-disc type machine. It was shown that composites containing large amounts of non-metals, ≈ 20 wt%, exhibit excellent wear resistance whilst those with small to moderate amounts of non-metals possess tensile properties comparable to the matrix alloy. Increasing the amount of particulate additions results in reduced ductility. Finally, a method was investigated of producing components with high weight-fractions of non-metals near their surface.
The structures of the glia and of the synapses in the sympathetic chain of man (a study with silver carbonate).

Del Rio Hortega teilte die Glia der sympathischen und spinalen Ganglien in 2 Gruppen ein: 1. die perisomatische Glia, welche das Perikaryon der Parenchymzellen mit 2 ubereinandergelagerten Schichten umgibt und 2. periaxonale Glia (Spirocyten), welche die Fortsatze der Ganglienzellen versorgt.
Ocean Circulation: Its Effects on Seasonal Sea-Ice Simulations

A diagnostic ice-ocean model of the Arctic, Greenland, and Norwegian seas is constructed and used to examine the role of ocean circulation in seasonal sea-ice simulations. The model includes lateral ice motion and three-dimensional ocean circulation. The ocean portion of the model is weakly forced by observed temperature and salinity data. Simulation results show that including modeled ocean circulation in seasonal sea-ice simulations substantially improves the predicted ice drift and ice margin location. Simulations that do not include lateral ocean movment predict a much less realistic ice edge.
Composition and Structure of High-Oil Oat

Abstract Oat (Avena sativaL.) selections with elevated oil concentrations ranging from 6·9 to 18·1% were obtained from a recurrent selection breeding regime at Iowa State University. These selections, along with two control cultivars, were analysed to determine their tocol (tocopherol and tocotrienol), protein, starch and β-glucan concentrations. Selections were also compared by histochemical techniques that stained the oil bodies, protein and β-glucan. Tocotrienol concentration was correlated with oil concentration (r2=0·83), but tocopherol concentration was not. Tocotrienols are predominantly located in the endosperm, whereas tocopherols are concentrated in the germ. Tocotrienols are antioxidants and have cholesterol-lowering properties in humans and experimental animals. Protein and β-glucan concentrations also increased with increasing oil concentration, whereas starch concentration decreased. The micrographs showed that oil and protein were distributed throughout the endosperm. Selections having greater oil and protein concentration by nuclear magnetic resonance and near infrared transmittance assay also showed increased fluorescence.
Resolving the CO/CN ligand arrangement in CO-inactivated [FeFe] hydrogenase by first principles density functional theory calculations

The currently presumed assignment of CO/CN ligands in the structure of the active cluster in CO-inactivated [FeFe] hydrogenase is shown to be inconsistent with the available IR data in the enzyme from Clostridium pasteurianum I. A different arrangement has the correct qualitative and quantitative features, reproducing the observed line spacing and intensities and the observed line shift consequent to inactivation with labeled 13CO instead of 12CO. The new assignment is also consistent with the observed change from rhombic to axial symmetry of the electron paramagnetic resonance g tensor upon inactivation.