cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcellular Localization of Nox-Containing Oxidases Provides Unique Insight Into Their Role in Vascular Oxidant Signaling

Originally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were thought to be key participants in cellular injury. However, it is rapidly becoming realized that many of the individual species, such as hydrogen peroxide, are important mediators in a diverse array of cellular signaling processes. These processes include physiological regulation associated with the cellular sensing of oxygen tension, forces derived from stretch and shear, the control of cellular growth, and death.1–4 One of the most active areas under investigation in cellular regulation is the subcellular localization and organization of signaling mechanisms. In the article in this issue of Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology ,5 Hilenski and colleagues provide the first report on the subcellular localization of the Nox-1 and Nox-4 subunit–containing NAD(P)H oxidases in vascular smooth muscle cells on caveolae and focal adhesions, respectively. These observations have important implications for the organization of oxidant signaling mechanisms thought to be involved in the control of fundamental physiological processes, including the role of Nox-1 expression in promoting cell growth3–5 and roles for Nox oxidase activation by p47phox subunit binding in the sensing of cellular stretch forces.6 See page 677 Localization of ROS-producing oxidases influences the function of both the signaling mechanisms, which activate the specific oxidases, and the regulatory pathways they control. Because there appear to be specific mechanisms of activation for the individual oxidases that may depend on processes such as the binding of subunits including p47phox and rac,3–5 there need to be ways to control the activation mechanisms for these systems in the subcellular regions where the oxidase is localized. For example, it is not known whether the signaling systems that …
Clostridial myonecrosis in horses

Clostridial myonecrosis is an infrequent but life-threatening complication of intramuscular or inadvertent perivascular injections in horses. Rapid diagnosis and aggressive therapeutic intervention can improve chances of recovery. This retrospective study examines the diagnosis, case management, and specific treatment of 37 cases of clostridial myonecrosis with a survival rate of 73%. Authors’ addresses: Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 (Peek and Semrad); Department of Clinical Sciences, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853 (Perkins). © 2002 AAEP.
Single institutional experience of interrupted aortic arch repair over 28 years

A single institutional outcome of the biventricular repair for congenital heart disease with interrupted aortic arch between 1982 and 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 48 consecutive patients with a mean follow-up of 10.0 ± 7.9 years. The staged repair was applied in 27 patients, and primary complete repair was applied in 21. The actuarial survival was 79.0% at 10 years. There was a significant difference in survival between the patients operated before 2000 and after 2001 (65.2 vs. 100% at 10 years, P = 0.005), but not in survival between the staged repair and the primary complete repair (77.4 vs. 81.0% at 10 years, P = 0.793). There was no significant difference in freedom from unplanned reoperation between the staged repair and the primary complete repair (47.9 vs. 70.6% at 5 years, P = 0.249). No patients with primary complete repair had reoperation for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, whereas five patients with staged repair did. The patients with interposition graft placement between ascending and descending aorta had significantly low freedom from reoperation for the aortic arch compared with other techniques (7.2 vs. 90.0% at 10 years, P = 0.001). In conclusion, surgical outcomes for interrupted aortic arch have been significantly improved in the last decade and the staged repair remains an effective option in selected patients.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of clustered transition state precursors IHI - ·Ar and BrHI - ·Ar

Photoelectron (PE) spectra of the IHIAr and BrHIAr clusters were measured in order to probe the eAect of clustering on the transition state spectroscopy of the Xa HI! XHa I( Xa I, Br) reactions. Addition of one argon atom to XHIleads to a shift of the IHIand BrHIspectra to lower electron kinetic energies by 18 and 36 meV, respectively. It also significantly reduces the contribution of vibrational hot bands to the photoelectron spectra. The IHIAr spectrum shows a new progression corresponding to hindered IHI rotor states near the Ia HIOma 1U
A parallel-plate resistive-anode gaseous detector for X-ray imaging

A novel gaseous detector, based on parallel-plate gas amplification with a resistive anode and remote readout electrode, is described. The detector is significantly less prone to discharges than other gaseous wireless detectors and unique in its ability to achieve high gain at high counting rates. A local counting rate > 5 /spl times/ 10/sup 5/ counts/mm/sup 2/-sec at a gas gain of up to 10/sup 5/ has been achieved in a 14 /spl times/ 14 cm/sup 2/ area detector for diffraction applications. The detector radiation hardness is characterized by the anode accumulated charge > 100 Coul/cm/sup 2/. The detector is sealed and its re-gassing period is estimated to be 5-10 years. The operating characteristics of the new detector, its spatial resolution, and linearity are described and preliminary X-ray diffraction data are presented.
Biomedical information technology: from digital dawn to NGI

Presents an overview of the IT roadmap as we move from basic Internet to next-generation Internet (NGI) initiatives and from the information-centric to the knowledge-centric paradigm. Medicine and health care issues are discussed in light of these developments. With the continuing evolution of the numerous technologies and their support components, medicine and health care are in the midst of a major paradigm shift to embrace the Electronic Age. As these disciplines constantly generate new requirements, we stand poised to invent new protocols and technologies that support new problems. Over the past decade, the technology path has taken us through major infrastructure transitions. These developments have had significant impact on the R&D and information infrastructure aspects in biomedicine. While the Internet provides access to hundreds of thousands of globally distributed and heterogeneous information repositories and information resources, it is critical that we build an efficient information retrieval infrastructure to organize these distributed repositories into a coherent collection as well as manage the billions of digital objects that constitute these databases. Current research on digital libraries addresses such issues with the goals to efficiently capture, store, organize, search, process and retrieve knowledge from electronic collections containing text, images and multimedia clips. Intelligent integrated systems, knowledge management and data mining are areas that are currently being explored.
Numerical investigation of incompressible flow in grooved channels. Part 1. Stability and self-sustained oscillations

Incompressible moderate-Reynolds-number flow in periodically grooved channels is investigated by direct numerical simulation using the spectral element method. For Reynolds numbers less than a critical value Rc the flow is found to approach a stable steady state, comprising an ‘outer’ channel flow, a shear layer at the groove lip, and a weak re-circulating vortex in the groove proper. The linear stability of this flow is then analysed, and it is found that the least stable modes closely resemble Tollmien–Schlichting channel waves, forced by Kelvin–Helmholtz shear-layer instability at the cavity edge. A theory for frequency prediction based on the Orr–Sommerfeld dispersion relation is presented, and verified by variation of the geometric parameters of the problem. The accuracy of the theory, and the fact that it predicts many qualitative features of low-speed groove experiments, suggests that the frequency-selection process in these flows is largely governed by the outer, more stable flow (here a channel), in contrast to most current theories based solely on shear-layer considerations. The instability of the linear mode for R > Rc is shown to result in self-sustained flow oscillations (at frequencies only slightly shifted from the originating linear modes), which again resemble (finite-amplitude) Tollmien-Schlichting modes driven by an unstable groove vortex sheet. Analysis of the amplitude dependence of the oscillations on degree of criticality reveals the transition to oscillatory flow to be a regular Hopf bifurcation.
Development of the electronic health record.

A definition of electronic health records and an overview of their history. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Effects of quinacrine on calcium active transport by rat intestinal epithelium.

To determine the possible role of acidic lysosomal vesicles in the transcellular transport of Ca, bidirectional Ca fluxes were measured across intestinal segments in vitro in the absence of electrochemical gradients. Mucosal addition of the weak base quinacrine (0.2 mM) caused a 67% decline in the mucosal-to-serosal Ca flux (Jm----s) across duodenum (175 +/- 34 vs. 58 +/- 9 nmol.cm-2.h-1, P less than 0.007) and reduced cecal Ca Jm----s (177 +/- 15 vs. 45 +/- 4, P less than 0.0001). Higher concentrations of up to 2.0 mM caused no further decline in cecal Ca Jm----s. Inhibition of cecal Ca Jm----s by mucosal chloroquine (0.1 mM) or ammonium chloride (10 mM) varied from 37 to 50%. Addition in vitro of quinacrine to enterocyte basolateral membrane vesicles failed to inhibit ATP-dependent Ca uptake. The present studies demonstrate that agents that collapse lysosomal pH gradients inhibit transcellular Ca transport. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that Ca destined for transcellular transport is functionally associated with acidic lysosomes and that these organelles play an important role in transepithelial Ca translocation.
Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia: SOURCES OF CONTINUITY: THE SOVIET LEGACY IN CENTRAL ASIA

Long before “imminent collapse” became the favored forecast among observers of the storms underway in the Soviet Union, predictions of violent ethnic, primarily religious, rebellion throughout Central Asia began to dominate scholarly accounts of politics in this region. These expectations were accelerated in the late 1980s as nationalist movements proliferated in other parts of the former Soviet Union, and ultimately, contributed to the country's demise in 1991. Thus, alongside Central Asia's so-called “liberation” from Soviet rule came a steady stream of predictions that this newfound independence would result in the “resurrection” of pre-Soviet identities in the form of tribal divisions and Islamic fundamentalism, or the violent “rejection” of the Soviet legacy in the form of nationalism and ethnic conflict. Others claimed that independence would reveal that Soviet policies and institutions had left Central Asia virtually untransformed from its pre-Soviet cultural and historical past. The first decade since independence in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, however, has failed to validate these claims. While tribal, religious, and national identities may indeed have been present, none has emerged as politically salient and/or ignited violent conflict. Incidents of interethnic conflict in these three newly independent states have been rare, short-lived, and confined to a particular city or regional administrative-territorial division ( oblast ). Islam has also yet to become a dominant cultural or political force beyond the Fergana Valley.
Coherent transmission technologies for 100-Gbit/s/ch + beyond, and their impact on photonic networking

This paper reviews digital coherent transmission technologies for data rates of 100 Gbit/s/ch and beyond. It offers both application to metro/access networks and functional improvements in photonic networking.
Initial changes in habitat and abundance of cavity-nesting birds and the Northern Parula following hurricane Andrew

We examined the initial effects of Hurricane Andrew on nest site availability and abundances of seven species of cavity-nesting birds and the Northern Parula (Parula americana) in a large bottomland hardwood forest associated with the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana. As hurricane damage increased, so did the density of understory vegetation and the number of snags, however, the abundance of cavities did not change. None of the abundances of the individual cavity-nesting species were related to hurricane damage or the availability of cavities. Northern Parula abundance was negatively correlated with hurricane damage and density of understory vegetation. The low abundance of this species in forests heavily damaged by the hurricane may be due to loss of canopy foraging habitat or of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides), one of its principal nesting sites.
Delivering Safe Levels of Co2 for Insect Anesthesia

Edwards and Patton, in 1965, published data pointing out the potentially deleterious effects of the indiscriminate use of CO2 as an anesthetic for insects. The adverse effects on the insects were documented by that work, which substantiated previously published work by Brooks (1957) and Brady and Sternburg (1964).
Progressive pharmaceutical services in a small community hospital.

The pharmaceutical services in an 86-bed community hospital in rural Maine are described. With a staff of two full-time pharmacists, one hospital pharmacy resident, and 2.6 full-time equivalent technicians, the pharmacy department operates a 24-hour unit dose drug distribution system with complete i.v. admixture services. In addition, the department supervises nurses on medication administration and i.v. therapy teams. Clinical pharmacy services include patient-education programs, protocols giving pharmacists responsibility for initiating and monitoring specific drug therapies when authorized by a physician, and concurrent antibiotic review. The department publishes a bimonthly newsletter for physicians and nurses and a quarterly newsletter for hospital employees and patients; it also conducts continuing-education programs for nurses. By maintaining a delicate balance between creativity and practicality, pharmacists in small hospitals can develop progressive services.
Thyroxine and Mammary Gland Growth in Rat.

SummaryThe effect of mild hyperthyroidism upon mammary gland growth has been studied by injection of exogenous T4 into normal pregnant rats at levels of 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 μg/100 g BW/day. Normal pregnant rats showed mean total of DNA of 7.63 ± .39 mg/100 g BW. Group of 45 pregnant rats injected with T4 showed a mean DNA of 9.07 ± .25 mg/100 g BW, an increase of 22%. It is suggested sub-optimal T4 secretion may be one of the limiting factors in attainment of maximum mammary gland proliferation.
Femtosecond band-edgc index nonlinearities in active AIGaAs waveguides

Measurements of ultrafast optical nonlinearities in active semiconductor waveguide structures are of interest as a means of investigating fundamental carrier dynamics in semiconductors. The results of these studies are also relevant to several areas of practical importance, such as all-optical switching and amplification, diode-laser mode locking, and four-wave mixing in diode lasers.
Serotonin modulates N- and P-type calcium currents in neocortical pyramidal neurons via a membrane-delimited pathway

1. The effects of serotonin (5HT) on neocortical pyramidal neurons were studied using whole cell and ON-cell patch-clamp recordings from acutely dissociated neurons. 2. 5HT decreased high voltage-activated calcium channel currents in a dose-dependent and reversible manner in acutely dissociated neocortical pyramidal neurons. The maximum block was 30% of the peak whole cell current (at -10 mV). 3. The 5HT modulation was mimicked by 5HT1A agonists and was reduced by 5HT1A antagonists. 5HT2 antagonists had no effect on the modulation. These data suggest that the 5HT effects were mediated by 5HT1A receptors. 4. The 5HT1A modulation was reduced in the presence of the specific N-type blocker omega-conotoxin GVIA (CgTx) and by the P-type channel blocker omega-agatoxin IVA (AgTx), but not by the L-type blocker nifedipine. 5HT did not modulate the slowed tail currents in the presence of the dihydropyridine agonist Bay K 8644. These data suggest that N- and P-type channels (but not L-type channels) were targeted by 5HT. 5. The modulation involved G proteins and utilized a membrane-delimited pathway. The modulation was rapid in onset (tau approximately 600 ms) and offset. About 50% of the reduction in current by 5HT1A agonists was overcome by prepulses to 120 mV. 6. Slowing of current onset kinetics in response to 5HT1A agonists was seen rarely in neocortical pyramidal neurons (11% of cases). The presence of slowing depended on agonist concentration, being evident only with high micromolar doses.
Genetic Algorithms Versus Simulated Annealing: Satisfaction of Large Sets of Algebraic Mechanical Design Constraints

The embodiment phase of mechanical design is, in part, a constraint specification and satisfaction problem. A set of tools to specify and satisfy sets of inequality and equality non-linear constraints has been developed and is presented in this paper. A combination of constraint-based methods and optimization techniques—a direct search method and two adaptive search methods—was applied to the problem of constraint satisfaction of large sets of highly coupled, non-linear, equality and inequality constraints. The constraint-based methods were used to reduce the constraint space size through algebraic manipulation of the constraints. Adaptive search techniques, genetic algorithms and simulated annealing, were used to find designs that satisfy all the imposed constraints.
DC Bias Effect Using Mesh Ring Electrode on Properties of YBCO Superconducting Thin Film by Laser Evaporation

We examined a dc bias effect of excimer laser pulse evaporation with a mesh electrode. Deposition was performed on MgO (100) substrates at substrate temperature of 600°C. With bias voltage of +75 V and +100V on the electrode, significant changes of orientation and improvement of the surface morphology were observed, and the superconducting transition temperature was also increased from 20K up to 75K.
Multinationals’ Responsibility in the Developing World

This entry provides an overview of business responsibilities with regard to international development and human and social development in less developed nations. Areas of ethical concern have grown in variety and complexity as understanding of development has changed from such narrow economic treatment in the era following World War II to the present. This entry traces that growth and considers responsibilities of multinational business engaging directly with and subcontracting in the developing world, most notably in telecommunications, the extractive industries of oil, gas and minerals, and in garment manufacture. Topical consideration is given to political entanglement, corruption, warfare, non-sustainable practices and exploitation of workers. In light of these activities and topics, candidate ethical principles for multinational activity under the present global order are suggested in the final section.
MAN MACHINE COMMUNICATION IN THREE DIMENSIONS

Publisher Summary The three-dimensional (3-D) man–machine interaction as a fast growing field, spurred on by the increasing number of beneficial applications and by the promise of greater rewards. This chapter describes some devices and techniques which, it is believed, will contribute to a better understanding of what is possible and what is needed to improve man–machine communications in three dimensions. Motivated by the need for direct 3-D position input, a number of devices have been developed, some more successful than others. There are many techniques available for graphical output than for input. Almost all available devices produce images on two-dimensional surfaces, the impression of 3-D being produced by various illusions. The chapter also discusses recent and unusual developments in 3-D communication with a computer.
Medical complications of head injury

There are many common and significant medical complications of head injury. These include (1) cardiovascular problems such as hyperdynamic state, myocardial injury, and dysrhythmias; (2) respiratory changes such as neurogenic pulmonary edema, hypoxia, abnormal ventilatory patterns, pulmonary infections, and pulmonary emboli secondary to deep vein thrombosis; (3) consumption coagulopathy; (4) water and electrolyte derangements--hypo- and hypernatremia; (5) hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction--syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and diabetes insipidus; (6) increased general metabolism with loss of immunocompetence, respiratory compromise, and complications of decreased activity; (7) gastrointestinal difficulties, particularly stress gastritis; and (8) infectious problems including those related to contamination from open wounds and foreign bodies such as monitors.
Role of aberrations in the relative illumination of a lens system

Several factors impact the light irradiance and relative illumination produced by a lens system at its image plane. In addition to cosine-fourth-power radiometric law, image and pupil aberrations and light vignetting also count. We use an irradiance transport equation to derive a closed form solution that provides insight into how individual aberration terms affect the light irradiance and relative illumination. The theoretical results are in agreement with real ray tracing.
Ultrafine Particulate Matter Increases Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore

Ultrafine particulate matter (UFP) has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the mechanisms that drive PM-associated cardiovascular disease and dysfunction remain unclear. We examined the impact of oropharyngeal aspiration of 100 μg UFP from the Chapel Hill, NC, air shed in Sprague–Dawley rats on cardiac function, arrhythmogenesis, and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using a Langendorff working heart model. We found that exposure to UFP was capable of significantly exacerbating cardiac I/R injury without changing overall cardiac function or major changes in arrhythmogenesis. Cardiac I/R injury was attenuable with administration of cyclosporin A (CsA), suggesting a role for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in UFP-associated cardiovascular toxicity. Isolated cardiac mitochondria displayed decreased Ca2+ buffering before opening of the mPTP. These findings suggest that UFP-induced expansion of cardiac I/R injury may be a result of mPTP Ca2+ sensitization resulting in increased mitochondrial permeability transition and potential initiation of mPTP-associated cell death pathways.
Optimal Control of Completion Times in Single-Stage Max-Plus Systems 1 .

Abstract This paper concerns the problem of due-date matching in single-stage max-plus systems with respect to input parameters. Cast in the framework of optimal control, the problem appears to be nonconvex and possibly of a large dimension. However, it can be replaced by an equivalent convex-programming problem, which can be solved by specialized techniques. Specifically, it is shown that a solution of the latter problem can be obtained by sequentially solving N single-variable convex programs, where N is the dimension of the original problem. The paper carries out the analysis and algorithm's development under the most general assumptions considered yet. Applications to timing control in manufacturing will be discussed.
FEC Coding for Nonuniform QAM

Nonuniform-QAM based on Huffman code is studied together with the LDPC coding. Our experimental results show that the proposed LDPC-coded nonuniform-QAM can improve the performances in both short and long-haul transmission systems.
Ascendant India, digital India: how net neutrality advocates defeated Facebook’s Free Basics

This article analyzes the 2015 campaign by net neutrality advocates against Facebook’s Free Basics service in India, and argues that their victory can be best understood by analyzing their privileged place in an India that imagines itself high tech and global. The advocates, predominantly tech workers, loosely organized under the banner of Save the Internet (STI) echoing the net neutrality debate in the United States. The article assesses the competing claims and modes of contention of both Facebook and STI, and examines how STI’s appeals were able to mobilize public opinion in record numbers. I argue that STI formed a ‘recursive public’, which practiced a technopolitics that resonated within the broader narrative of technocultural nationalism championed by the current ruling party. I trace the historical origins of this dominant discourse that eventually led the regulator to ban all zero-ratings plans, including Free Basics.
Irish Protestants in the Theatre of the World: The Apostolic Hospice for the Converting, Rome,1677–1745

This essay seeks to investigate the presence and the role played by the Irish Protestants who were admitted to the Ospizio dei Convertendi, a charitable foundation established in 1677 to assist and convert the Protestants who came to Rome. By examining some specific case studies of conversions, the essay will explain how these Irish Protestants decided to come to Rome, and through which networks. Particular attention will be devoted to the process of conversion, and how these Irish converts fitted within the “global” context of the Ospizio dei Convertendi.
Clinical Reasoning: A 60-year-old man with arm weakness and numbness

A 60-year-old previously healthy man awoke with right arm pain and numbness. Opioids resulted in modest pain relief, but over the following weeks, the pain worsened. He began dropping things and had more difficulty writing, buttoning clothing, and opening jars. Cervical MRI demonstrated mild central canal stenosis and moderate foraminal stenosis at multiple levels, worse on the left. He received physical therapy and an epidural steroid injection for cervical radiculopathy, but his weakness worsened to near-paralysis of his right wrist and fingers.
Abstract MS2-2: Understanding the unique biology of ILC

Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is characterized by distinct etiological, pathological, and clinical features, yet the underlying biology is poorly understood. To extend the molecular determinants of ILC beyond the well-known loss of E-cadherin, we combined a plethora of in silico and wet-bench approaches, and comprehensively characterized ILC tumor models and clinical samples. In support of recent data from The Cancer Genome Atlas on differences in mutations in critical ER co-factors between invasive lobular and ductal cancers, we have identified distinct ER signaling pathways, and mechanisms of endocrine resistance in ILC. These include the acquisition of unique ER target genes, activation of IGF and FGFR signaling, and changes in metabolic pathways. As part of our efforts to elucidate mediators of ILC progression, transcriptomic analysis of primary tissue from patients with and without disease recurrence identified potential genetic drivers, including Cortactin, an actin binding protein with a known role in metastasis. To further identify genes that mediate the unique metastatic properties of ILC cells, we sequenced metastases to the ovary and the gastrointestinal tract, and uncovered pathways that might serve as critical vulnerabilities and therapeutic opportunities. In this lecture, I will review our progress, and discuss the potential clinical significance and implications of these findings. Citation Format: Oesterreich S. Understanding the unique biology of ILC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr MS2-2.
Prenatal Genetic Testing and Screening

Although the maternal and placental/fetal blood circulations are physically separate, there is bidirectional exchange of small numbers of cells between the mother and fetus. Cell-free fetal DNA also circulates in maternal plasma during pregnancy. Certain cell types can reside in maternal organs for decades (long-term fetal microchimerism), but the majority of circulating fetal cells disappear after delivery (short-term fetal microchimerism). Noninvasive prenatal genetic diagnosis by isolating rare circulating fetal cells and analyzing their DNA content is a promising area of intense investigation but is not yet optimized for clinical use because of the challenges with cell purification. Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma, thought to derive from apoptotic trophoblasts, is already clinically used for noninvasive screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities and single gene disorders. Other sources of maternal chimerism, such as iatrogenic chimerism from organ and stem-cell transplants, can affect the efficacy and interpretation of cell-free fetal DNA-based screening and testing. Chimerism found in very rare dizygotic monochorionic twins with placental vascular anastomoses can complicate interpretation of prenatal genetic testing results, especially from cord blood samples. These possibilities should be considered when prenatal genetic screening and testing yield unexpected and difficult to interpret results.
Green Interaction for Extracting Family Information from OCR'd Books

Repetitively formatted historical books are tokenized and tagged according to eight token types (capitalized words, numbers, punctuation …). To extract family information, templates of short sequences of tags are generated around frequent proper nouns and specified tokens like "born". Each template is associated with a user-assigned class (head of household, father, mother, spouse, geographic location …) and a pointer to an overlapping or nearby fragment of text to be extracted. Matching the template against the book text yields class-labeled factoids. In an interaction cycle, new extraction templates are proposed for user approval or editing. Each edit-then-extract cycle typically yields thousands of factoids and a dozen new templates. With five approximately half-hour interactive sessions, 44,000 genealogical factoids were extracted from a 17th century Scottish register of marriages and births and from published 19th-20th century Ohio funeral parlor records. The experience indicates that this method quickly yields quality results with higher F-score than reported for hand-constructed rule templates.
Viral Hepatitis in Taiwan: Status in the 1990s

Until fairly recently, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections were endemic to Taiwan. Since the start of a national hepatitis control program in 1981 and the launch of a national HBV vaccination program in 1984 HAV and HBV infections have decreased remarkably. Currently, less than 5% of children below age 15 are seropositive for anti-HAV or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). However, there are still large numbers of HBsAg carriers, and new cases of hepatitis, including acute hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, continue to occur in the adult population. A recent study conducted in our unit comparing these figures with data from the 1980s showed that the proportion of acute hepatitis B and non-A, non-B had increased and that acute hepatitis in previously unrecognized chronic HBsAg carriers had decreased significantly. While the majority of non-A, non-B hepatitis cases were type C hepatitis, 10% and 20% were sporadic hepatitis E and non-A, non-B, non-C, non-D, non-E, respectively. The etiology of chronic liver diseases remained unchanged, with 75%–80% being HBsAg positive. Of the patients with chronic viral hepatitis, 17% had dual viral infections (HBV+HDV or HBV+HCV) and 1% had triple viral infections (HBV+HCV+HDV). Among patients with chronic viral hepatitis of various etiologies, the clinical course is similar in that acute exacerbation frequently occurs and cirrhosis as well as hepatocellular carcinoma may develop. In dual or triple hepatitis viral infections, HCV may suppress HBV or HDV and lead to HBsAg clearance or even take over the role of HBV in causing persistent hepatitis. While mass vaccination and education are effective for HAV, HBV, HDV, and HEV prevention, and interferons are available for the treatment of chronic viral infections, further studies are needed to control the progression of existing chronic liver diseases and the spread of HCV.
Proteomic Approaches for Studying the Phases of Wound Healing

Proteome level information is necessary to understand the function of specific cell types and their roles in health and disease. Proteomics is a rapidly developing field with a wide range of applications in wound healing. The ability to use proteomics to assess the wound healing process would have many benefits, including earlier evidence of healing and better understanding of how different treatments affect the wound at the protein level. The basis of what is known about the chronic wound proteome is based on results from a broad collection of studies utilizing a number of different proteomic techniques on fluids and tissues from wounds with different etiologies. The identification of biomarkers associated with healing or delayed healing in chronic wounds could have great significance in the use of current treatments, as well as in the development of new therapeutic interventions.
Allocating Observations in the Random Effects Balanced One-Way ANOVA

To design a random effects one-way analysis of variance experiment one needs to determine both a, the number of treatments that are to be included in the experiment, as well as n, the number of times that each treatment is to be replicated needs to be d..
Diagnosis and Treatment of Erectile Problems

In the last decade, there have been tremendous gains in knowledge concerning the diagnosis and treatment of male erectile dysfunction. Many problems previously felt to be beyond help have responded to current therapeutic approaches. Unfortunately, this new information is not readily available to most clinicians, and most professionals treating erectile problems are poorly prepared to evaluate these complaints. Nonmedical professionals are understandably ill prepared to evaluate and appreciate biological influences on sexual behavior. Many physicians are minimally trained in the evaluation and treatment of patients with complaints of impotence. It is comparatively recently that medical schools have included instruction in the evaluation and treatment of sexual problems.1 With the recent advances in knowledge concerning human sexuality, it is nearly impossible for any subspecialist’s knowledge and clinical experience to encompass all the relevant information concerning the diagnosis and treatment of erectile problems. An additional problem is that the necessary knowledge base cuts across traditional medical subspeciality boundaries. For example, a thorough evaluation of a complaint of impotence might require nocturnal penile tumescence testing in a neurophysiology laboratory, penile blood flow studies in a vascular laboratory, full evaluation of endocrine status, a careful review of the patient’s medical and pharmacological history, a thorough physical examination, as well as a specialized psychiatric interview focusing on sexual behavior and marital interaction.
Circles and Disks on Spheres

Generalized numerical systems. Different numerical systems: decimal, dyadic, positional, continuous fractions. A new kind of function—translators from one numerical system to another. Application to basic harmonic functions.
Intraseason Waning of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness.

BACKGROUND In the United States, it is recommended that healthcare providers offer influenza vaccination by October, if possible. However, if the vaccine's effectiveness soon begins to wane, the optimal time for vaccination may be somewhat later. We examined whether the effectiveness of influenza vaccine wanes during the influenza season with increasing time since vaccination. METHODS We identified persons who were vaccinated with inactivated influenza vaccine from 1 September 2010 to 31 March 2017 and who were subsequently tested for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by a polymerase chain reaction test. Test-confirmed influenza was the primary outcome and days-since-vaccination was the predictor of interest in conditional logistic regression. Models were adjusted for age and conditioned on calendar day and geographic area. RSV was used as a negative-control outcome. RESULTS Compared with persons vaccinated 14 to 41 days prior to being tested, persons vaccinated 42 to 69 days prior to being tested had 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 1.55) times the odds of testing positive for any influenza. The odds ratio (OR) increased linearly by approximately 16% for each additional 28 days since vaccination. The OR was 2.06 (95% CI, 1.69 to 2.51) for persons vaccinated 154 or more days prior to being tested. No evidence of waning was found for RSV. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine wanes during the course of a single season. These results may lead to reconsideration of the optimal timing of seasonal influenza vaccination.
Who Helps Build Mexican-Origin Female College Students’ Self-Efficacy? The Role of Important Others in Student Success:

The present study examined interrelations among sociocultural factors, communication, and academic support from mothers, fathers, sisters, brothers, professors, romantic partners, and close friends...
Competency Assessment in Simulation-Based Training: Educational Framework and Optimal Strategies

Simulation-based training can be used to evaluate communication and teamwork competencies among interdisciplinary teams and promote healthcare quality and safety (Rosen MA et al., Sim Health Care 3:33–41, 2008; Guise J et al., Sim Healthcare. 3:217–223, 2008; Goffman D et al., Semin perinatol. 37:140–142, 2013). Simulation has been used as an instructional design method to teach medical students, residents, and subspecialty fellows (Medical simulation in medical education: results of an AAMC survey. /https://www.aamc.org/download/259760/data/medical simulation in medical education an aamc survey.pdfS; Deering S et al., Semin Perinatol. 37:143–14, 2013). It is also recognized as a method of evaluating professional competence for practicing physician (Sidi A et al., J Grad Med Educ 489–494, 2014; Chiu M et al., Can J Anesth. 63:1357–1363, 2016). Simulation-based training is most effective when it is designed to successfully capture the knowledge, skills, and clinical reasoning that underlie expected behavior within the framework of the competencies assessed. Accurate and objective evaluation of trainee performance depends on the assessment method and the assessment tools selected. In this chapter, we will review a commonly recommended framework for evaluating the quality of an assessment tool. We end the chapter with examples of checklists and global rating scales, two common assessment tools that can be used during simulation-based training to determine if the expected clinical and procedural performance outcomes for learners have been achieved.
Retired Surgeons as Mentors for Surgical Training Graduates Entering Practice: An Underutilized Resource.

Objective Our study evaluated the willingness of retired surgeons to mentor newly trained surgeons. Summary background data Although mentoring is very important during the transition in practice, many novice surgeons are faced with inadequacy or lack of mentoring. Methods A survey regarding mentorship of new surgeons was sent in April 2018 to retired general, colorectal, vascular, and cardiothoracic surgeons that are members of the American College of Surgeons. The analysis of the data was performed in September 2018 and October 2018. Results A total of 2295 of 5282 surveys were completed (43.4% response rate). Mean age was 79.0 ± 0.8 years, mean retirement age was 63.9 ± 0.1 years, and mean interval since retirement was 15.2 ± 0.9 years. Most retired surgeons were in private practice (66.4%), with other practice environments, including academic teaching hospital (12%), academic/private combination (11.3%), employment by community hospital or health system (6.4%), veteran affairs institution (2.7%), military hospital (1%), and Indian Health Service (0.09%). Approximately a third (31.1%) of respondents were not mentored when they first entered practice. The vast majority (98.3%) of participants considered mentoring beneficial during transition in practice. More than half (51.2%) of retired surgeons are interested in mentoring recently trained surgeons, with most of them (81.8%) willing to mentor even for free. Conclusion Our findings suggest that a significant number of retired surgeons are enthusiastic about mentoring young surgeons during their transition in practice. Specific programs are necessary to meet the needs of newly hired surgeons and better utilize the expertise of retired surgeons.
When Many Wrongs Make a Right: An Asymptotic Analysis of Risk Aversion and Additive Risks

When confronted by a sequence of independent, identical, favorable-though- risky investments, a risk-averse agent will in fact elect to invest as part of a large syndicate even if he or she would not undertake even one of the investments by himself or herself. This willingness to invest emanates from the risk reduction associated with the risk pooling effected by the syndicate. Our first two theorems describe the syndicate size needed to induce the agent's participation.The consequence of adding risks is considered next. We demonstrate that the agent will undertake a large number of these independent investments by himself or herself even if each investment taken by itself constitutes a poor risk. The conditions needed to ensure this somewhat surprising result are (a) moment bounds on the investments, and (b) either a polynomial or an exponential bound on the lower tail of the agent's utility function. Finally, we draw the connection between this result, proper risk aversion, and monotonicity of the agent's absolute aversion to risk.
Clusters on Surfaces: Adsorption of {M6Cl12}n+ (M = Nb, Ta) to Gold and Silver Surfaces via Thiocyanate Bridges

The redox-active metal clusters {Ta6Cl12}n+ and {Nb6Cl12}n+ were immobilized on gold and silver surfaces with thiocyanate ligands as the linking agents. Gold surfaces treated with [Bu4N]NCS, Au/SCN, adsorb [Bu4N]2[Ta6Cl12(OSO2CF3)6] from methylene chloride with a concomitant loss of OSO2CF3- as determined by XPS. Cyclic voltammetry on Au/SCN electrodes exposed to [Bu4N]2[Ta6Cl12(OSO2CF3)6] reveal a single reduction wave at −0.56 V vs Ag/AgCl and a surface coverage of 2.0 × 10-10 mol/cm2. Upon reduction, the cluster desorbs from the surface leaving a Au/SCN film. QCM measurements on gold electrodes exposed to the clusters [Bu4N]z[M6Cl12(NCS)6] (M = Nb, z = 4; M = Ta, z = 3) reveal that both compounds adsorb in a monolayer fashion; however, only [Bu4N]4[Nb6Cl12(NCS)6] is retained on the surface after a rinse with pure CH2Cl2. Redox couples associated with [Nb6Cl12(NCS)6]4- immobilized on a gold electrode are virtually undetectable by cyclic voltammetry, these films also block the oxidation of ferrocene in s...
MATRICS: A System for Human-Machine Hybrid Forecasting of Geopolitical Events

In this paper, we present MATRICS, a human-machine hybrid system that accurately performs geopolitical forecasting by combining crowdsourcing with ensemble machine learning on online data. The system employs a pair of parallel, but highly-interconnected processing pipelines to perform “machine-aided human forecasting” and “human-aided machine forecasting”. This configuration allows the machine to provide information to the human population, saving research time and reducing fatigue, while simultaneously allowing the human population to provide feedback to the machine learning components, allowing them to filter data sources and quickly adapt to a task via online machine learning. The final forecast for each question was computed as an aggregate of the human and machine responses. The system was evaluated using data collected during the IARPA Hybrid Forecasting Competition, in which it answered 187 forecasting questions with a mean Brier score of 0.27 using volunteers and participants that were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk and open-source “big” data scraped from online sources such as social media, search engine results, and online historical data.
Breast cancer in transgender women: A case report

Abstract The risk of breast cancer in transgender women continues to be a topic of debate in the medical literature. Studies have theorized an increased risk in transgender women taking feminizing hormone therapy on the basis of established risk factors and histological characteristics in cisgender men and established increased risk in cisgender women on hormone replacement therapy. Historically, testing this theory has been challenging due to a relative lack of cases and large-scale, long-term studies reported in the literature. Studies to date have been contradictory, and a lack of medical consensus has led to inconsistencies in establishing universally accepted standards of care, including guidelines for screening. We hope to contribute to the ongoing discussion by presenting a case report of a transgender woman who had taken feminizing hormone therapy intermittently over 40 years and was subsequently diagnosed with breast cancer.