cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deproteinization with phenol of alternating polydeoxyadenylate-deoxythymidylate and other DNA-like polymers.

Abstract It has been reported that the deoxythymidylate-deoxyadenylate-rich satellite DNA from the land crab is lost into the phenol phase during phenol extraction of tissues from that organism. Others report that alternating poly deoxyadenylate-deoxythymidylate is lost into the phenol phase during deproteinization. The reasons for this selective loss were investigated, and it was shown that the high NaCl concentrations used during extraction are responsible. A phenol extraction method that gives quantitative recovery of alternating poly deoxyadenylate-deoxythymidylate and other enzymically synthesized polymers is described.
Longitudinal current dissipation in Bose-glass superconductors.

A scaling theory of vortex motion in Bose-glass superconductors with currents parallel to the common direction of the magnetic field and columnar defects is presented. Above the Bose-glass transition, the longitudinal dc resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}(T)\ensuremath{\sim}{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{BG}})}^{{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{z}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ vanishes much faster than the corresponding transverse resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}(T)\ensuremath{\sim}{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\mathrm{BG}})}^{{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}({z}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}2)}$, thus reversing the usual anisotropy of electrical transport in the normal state of layered superconductors. In the presence of a current J at an angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{J}$ with the common field and columnar defect axis, the electric field angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{E}$ approaches $\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2}$ as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{\mathrm{BG}}^{+}$ Scaling also predicts the behavior of penetration depths for the ac currents as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{\mathrm{BG}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and implies a jump discontinuity at ${T}_{\mathrm{BG}}$ in the superfluid density describing transport parallel to the columns.
Creating a searchable map library via data mining

Maps in journal articles are difficult to access since they are rarely indexed apart from the articles themselves. Our prototype of a searchable map library was built by extracting maps and harvesting metadata from scanned articles to classify each map.
Chain length-dependent effects of alkylmaltosides on nasal absorption of enoxaparin.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the hydrophobic chain length of alkylmaltosides affects their efficacy as absorption promoters for nasally administered low-molecular-weight heparin and to study whether these agents enhance nasal absorption in a time-dependent manner without causing irreversible damage to the nasal epithelial membrane. For the nasal absorption studies, enoxaparin formulated with different alkylmaltosides was administered nasally to anesthetized rats and absorption of the drug was determined by measuring plasma anti-factor Xa activity. Reversibility studies were performed by administering enoxaparin at different time points after administration of alkylmaltosides. The AUC 0–360 for plasma anti-factor Xa-time curves increased with the increase in alkylmaltoside concentration in the formulations. Absolute and relative bioavailability of enoxaparin were increased by two-fold when the alkyl chain length of maltosides was increased from 8 to 14 carbons. Alkylmaltosides therefore increase nasal absorption of enoxaparin in a dose- and chain length-dependent manner. Of the alkylmaltosides tested, tetradecylmaltoside is the most potent enhancer of nasal absorption of enoxaparin. Longer chain alkylmaltosides produce a more prolonged effect on nasal mucosa compared with those with shorter alkyl chain. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association
IN VITRO MUSCLE CONTRACTURES INDUCED BY HALOTHANE AND SUXAMETHONIUM II: Human Skeletal Muscle from Normal and Malignane Hyperthermia Susceptible Patients

The role of lipolysis in halothone-induced contractures of human skeletal muscle was examined using three inhibitors of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity (quinacrine, spermine and indomethacin) and exogenously administered PLA2 In addition, we examined the effects of the same PLA2 inhibitors on contractures induced by halothane in combination with suxamethonium. The studies were conducted on directly stimulated muscle strips isolated from biopsies from patients diagnosed as MH susceptible, or not susceptible, by the halothane contracture test The liberation of fatty acids from skeletal muscle homogenates was examined to determine whether PLA2 activity might be increased in MH susceptible patients. The three PLA2 inhibitors antagonized halothane-induced contractures of muscle from MH susceptible patients as well as induction of contractures by suxamethonium and halothane. Pre-exposing preparations that were previously unresponsive to halothane to bee venom PLA2 caused the muscle strips to respond with contractures upon subsequent challenge with halothane, but not with suxamethonium. Free fatty acid production during an in vitro incubation of skeletal muscle homo-genates was greater in preparations from MH susceptible patients than in those from patients who were not susceptible. These results suggest that excess liberation of fatty acids may be involved in halothane-induced contractures of muscle from MH susceptible individuals, in the synergism observed between halothane and suxamethonium, and in human MH.
Visibility-atmospheric turbidity dependence at Raleigh, North Carolina

Abstract Six years of turbidity measurements and visibility observations from rural Raleigh, North Carolina are analyzed to determine their interdependence. Exponential least squares regression equations were computed by month for all data and for three stratifications by relative humidity. Regression results showed a distinct seasonal dependence with the best results (i.e. greatest explained variance) in summer and poorest in winter. Stratification of the data by relative humidity improved the results for all months. During summer best results were obtained with lowest relative humidities. Under these conditions there is a significant dependence of visibility on atmospheric turbidity; the explained variance exceeded 66% during June to September.
Effect of quantity of light on the early growth and development of the peanut

The effects of the quantity and quality of radiation must be determined over a period of time in order to model the growth and development of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Two phytotron experiments were conducted in which light intensity and the duration of light were varied and Florigiant peanuts grown. Dry weights of leaflets, petioles and stems, leaf area, and number of flowers of young noncompetitive plants were measured at four-to five-day intervals over a 39- or 46-day growth period. Top dry weight increased curvilinearly with increasing photosynthetically active radiation becoming asymptotic above about 23 E m−2 day−1. Leaf area differed due to light treatment much as did top dry weight but differences in light did affect the leaf area per gram of leaflet and the leaflet to top ratio. That the latter also was related to top weight should be useful in modeling. The main stems were quite elongated under the low light treatments but light quality may be a factor in this response. The number of flowers was markedly reduced as less light was received by the plants. Regression techniques were used to fit an equation to describe a daily radiation factor that can be used in a simulation model. This daily radiation factor compared well with those from field estimates. These relations emphasize the importance of radiation only at quite low light levels. There was no apparent interaction between intensity and duration so use of total light should be valid.
Human-robot interactions to promote play and learning

Research shows that children construct much of their knowledge through active manipulation of the environment, which allows them to connect abstract concepts to observable outcomes. Despite these findings, although the integration of novel pedagogical technologies into classroom settings has begun, the technologies predominantly have focused on instruction in virtual contexts. To date, however, little is known about novel technologies that step outside of the virtual realm into the physical classroom, thereby leveraging findings on embodied mathematical cognition to influence educational practices. As a first step in filling this gap, we present the Active Learning Environment with Robotics Tangibles (ALERT) framework. Our system relies on human-robot interaction and tangible instruction to motivate and trigger learning in students through a variety of activities that integrate play and instruction in mixed reality environments. Here we describe some of the activities supported by ALERT, and discuss plans for evaluating the pedagogical utility of the system.
Production of (14±2) MeV neutrons in a reactor with an enriched 3LiD irradiation capsule

Abstract A small double-walled zirconium irradiation capsule containing 95.56% enriched 6 LiD was tested in the Georgia Tech Research Reactor in an incident neutron flux of 4.65 × 10 13 n/cm 2 sec at 1 MW power. The 6 Li(n, t) 4 He- 2 H(t, n) 4 He reaction sequence produced a (14±2) MeV flux of 4.48 × 10 10 n/cm 2 sec inside the approximately 1.3 cm 3 irradiation volume, indicating for this design an effective conversion ratio 9.6 × 10 −4 , equivalent to a thermal conversion ratio of 2.46 × 10 −3 . The fast neutron flux present inside the irradiation volume was monitored by various (n, 2n), (n, α) and (n, p) reactions having thresholds from 1 to 14 MeV, and the incident flux of thermal and epithermal neutrons was monitored at various locations over the exterior surface of the capsule by the 59 Co(n, γ) 60 Co reaction. In addition, the In+Cd and Cd ratios were measured without the capsule in the beamport, in order to determine the approximate energy profile of the thermal and epithermal flux of reactor neutrons. The temperature rise in the capsule as a function of reactor power level due to heat generated in the 6 LiD layer was measured in a non-water-cooled location, indicating a rise to 350°C at a power level of only 300 kW in a few minutes time, so that the maximum flux (at 1–5 MW power) can be produced only with water cooling of the capsule. The presence of a large flux of epithermal neutrons above the Cd cutoff (0.4 eV) gives rise to appreciable (n, γ) reactions; to remove most of this epithermal flux requires a relatively thick shield of boron nitride inside the 6 LiD layer. Some design characteristics of a larger capsule which can accommodate both the thicker boron nitride shielding and water cooling channels are discussed.
148 THREE FORMS OF CARNITINE PALMITOYL TRANSFERASE (CPT) II DEFICIENCY: (1) FATAL AT BIRTH OR (2) AT AGE 20 YEARS WITH CARDIAC FAILURE, OR (3) LIFE-COMPATIBLE WITH MODERATE MUSCLE SYMPTOMS

Three unrelated patients had Vmax normal for CPT I but reduced for CPT II, and normal Km for both. Palmitoyl CoA synthase, carnitine acetyl transferase, 4 acyl CoA dehydrogenases were normal. The patients: (1) A girl died at 5 days of encephalo-cardiomyopathy. Lipid was high in heart, liver, muscle; in these and in fibroblasts. CPT II was < 6% or not detectable. Total Carnitine was low, acyl carnitine high (Hug el al.Pediatr Res 25:115A;1989). (2) A male without muscle symptoms died at 20 years of dilated cardiomyopathy, as did his half-brother (of a different father). In heart, lipid was not excessive, carnitine was 50% and CPT II was 19%. (3) A male at 20 years had symptoms as in muscle CPT deficiency (DiMauro et al.Science 182:929;1973). Liver and heart were normal clinically. CPT II was 6% in muscle and fibroblasts. - Deficient CPT II and normal CPT I in the same patient indicate thai the 2 enzymes differ. Whether different phenotypes in CPT deficiency reflect differences in tissue distribution and in extent of the defect must be studied in multiple tissues obtained at biopsy or autopsy.
Managerial Commitment to Sustainable Supply Chain Management Projects

Most companies are under pressure to improve the environmental sustainability of their supply chains. However, there is considerable variance in companies' ability to successfully deploy environmental management projects. One important factor, according to articles in the academic and business press, is the ability of champions of sustainable supply chain management (SCM) projects within organizations to gain the commitment of colleagues (e.g., other managers from a variety of functions) to help these projects succeed. Therefore, this paper examines variables that affect a project champion's ability to gain this commitment from colleagues. In particular, building on existing research, this research employs a video-based experimental design to examine the effect of the influence approach that the project champion employs, the values of the person the champion is trying to influence, and the organizational climate. The results suggest that organizational climate and certain individual values directly affect commitment. There are also interactions between values and influence tactics. The research adds to the field's growing knowledge on the antecedents of sustainable SCM within companies while providing valuable guidance for environmental champions and for top managers.
Parametric Influences on System Soft Error Rates

An extremely alpha-radiation sensitive test population of 16K RAMs was subjected to a test matrix designed to determine the actual influence of major system operating parameters on dynamic RAM alpha particle induced soft error rates. Two megabytes of memory (1024 each 16K RAMs) were exercised in a specially developed system capable of distinguishing between and logging all types of error/failure events. In excess of 4 million device hours were accumulated in the course of this experiment. The alpha particle induced soft error rate dependence on VDD, VBB, refresh interval, and system ambient temperature was investigated. A second population was subjected to tests designed to yield insight to the soft error rate behavior over the life of the system. A general description of the test system and a discussion of the philosophical aspects of error/failure event segregation is included. Parametric guidelines are developed and a microcomputer system example is presented to illustrate how these guidelines can be followed to minimize system level alpha induced soft error rates.
Detection and quantification of angiogenesis in experimental valve disease with integrin-targeted nanoparticles and 19-fluorine MRI/MRS

Background Angiogenesis is a critical early feature of atherosclerotic plaque development and may also feature prominently in the pathogenesis of aortic valve stenosis. It has been shown that MRI can detect and quantify specific molecules of interest expressed in cardiovascular disease and cancer by measuring the unique fluorine signature of appropriately targeted perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticles. In this study, we demonstrated specific binding of ανβ3 integrin targeted nanoparticles to neovasculature in a rabbit model of aortic valve disease. We also showed that fluorine MRI could be used to detect and quantify the development of neovasculature in the excised aortic valve leaflets.
Countermovement, Neoliberal Platoon, or Re‐Gifting Depot? Understanding Decommodification in US Food Banks

In this paper, I explore the decommodification that takes place in US food banks. I argue that food banks are neither Polanyian countermovements re-embedding the market in society nor tiny platoons of neoliberalism that advance market relations and state withdrawal. Rather, food banks are best understood as re-gifting depots that are part of the capital accumulation process. Recent scholarship on primitive accumulation, the disarticulations approach, and waste suggests that the devaluation of food products and the exclusion of human labor are everyday elements of capitalism. I conclude by examining the potential for progressive politics in US food banking.
Thermoelectric properties of large-scale Zn 3 P 2 nanowire assemblies

Gram quantities of both unfunctionalized and 1,4-benzenedithiol (BDT) functionalized zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) nanowire powders, synthesized using direct reaction of zinc and phosphorus, were hot-pressed into highly dense pellets (≥98% of the theoretical density) for the determination of their thermoelectric performance. It was deduced that mechanical flexibility of the nanowires is essential for consolidating them in randomly oriented fashion into dense pellets, without making any major changes to their morphologies. Electrical and thermal transport measurements indicated that the enhanced thermoelectric performance expected of individual Zn3P2 nanowires is still retained within large-scale nanowire assemblies. A maximum reduction of 28% in the thermal conductivity of Zn3P2 resulted from nanostructuring. Use of nanowire morphology also led to enhanced electrical conductivity in Zn3P2. Interface engineering of the nanowires in the pellets, accomplished by hot-pressing BDT functionalized nanowires, resulted in an increase on both the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity of the nanowire pellets. It is believed that filtering of low energy carriers resulting from the variation of the chemical compositions at the nanowire interfaces is responsible for this phenomenon. Overall, this study indicated that mechanical properties of the nanowires along with the chemical compositions of their surfaces play a hitherto unknown, but vital, role in realizing highly efficient bulk thermoelectric modules based on nanowires.
Version management and recoverability for large object data

Most applications that access large data objects do so through file systems, but file systems provide an incomplete solution, as they maintain insufficient metadata and do not provide general purpose query engine. Storing large objects in a database addresses these problems, but, for applications that need to update object data, databases are inefficient as they do not provide direct access to data. Additionally, databases often relax the integrity and consistency constraints for large objects, as it the case with objects stored through the Binary Large Object (BLOB) data type. These shortcomings are exacerbated by multiple users or applications that wish to access large objects concurrently. We describe an architecture, based on the Datalink data type, in which large objects in a database are continuously available for read access and can be read and written through a file system interface. Additionally this system does not relax version management, consistency and recoverability guarantees, as with the BLOB data type.
Methylphenidate transdermal system: clinical applications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The methylphenidate transdermal system (MTS) provides a novel method of delivery for methylphenidate, a well-studied and effective medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The MTS achieves two major goals. First, the delivery system allows for administration throughout the day with a single patch, thus improving adherence. Second, it is the first approved attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication that is not administered orally, thus bypassing gastrointestinal absorption and first-pass metabolism through the enteric circulation. In this article, we review the current data on MTS, including preclinical, clinical and post-marketing studies, and compare efficacy and tolerability to currently available treatments.
Cladoceran remains reveal presence of a keystone size-selective planktivore

We tested the use of cladoceran remains as a proxy for the presence and life history type of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) from pre-colonial times to present in a group of coastal lakes in southern New England. Alewife are a keystone predator that structure the zooplankton community through strong predation on large-bodied zooplankton species, which releases small zooplankton species, such as Bosmina spp., from competition and predation pressure. In southern New England there are lakes without alewife, lakes with anadromous alewife that only reside in lakes during the summer, and lakes with landlocked alewife that reside in lakes year-round. The entire zooplankton commu- nity of these lakes is structured differently based on the presence and type of alewife they contain. We examined differences in the morphology of Bosmina spp. from sediment core samples and contemporary zooplankton samples between lakes with different types of alewife. We found that there were significant differences in the morphology of Bosmina spp. between lakes with and without alewife. We also used discriminant analysis on the morphology of Bosmina spp. to classify lakes in terms of alewife presence and alewife type. We found that the morphology of Bosmina spp. can serve as a useful proxy for detecting the presence, but not the life history type of alewife from paleoecological and contemporary inferences.
Vein occlusion by upper versus forearm tourniquets in humans.

Abstract Study Objective To determine the optimal location for a tourniquet applied to the arm during cannulation of a hand vein. Design Experimental study. Setting Operating room of a university hospital. Subjects 15 volunteers, 6 men and 9 women. Measurements A vein on the dorsum of the hand was cannulated and attached to a pressure transducer. A blood pressure cuff was applied to the forearm or upper arm and inflated in graded steps. Vein pressure was recorded when it became steady. Studies were carried out in random order with the cuff on both the forearm and upper arm of both arms of each subject. Main Results Vein pressure averaged 70% to 80% of cuff pressure and was higher when the cuff was located on the forearm at cuff pressures of 20 to 40 mmHg. Time to reach a steady pressure was longer with the cuff on the upper arm (average 109 ± 58 s) than on the forearm (75 ± 52 s; P Conclusions A tourniquet on the forearm effectively distends hand veins and does so more quickly than a tourniquet on the upper arm.
Air-Coupled Seismic Waves at Long Range from Apollo Launchings

Microphones and seismographs were co-located in arrays on Skidaway Island, Georgia, for the launchings of Apollo 13 and 14, 374 km to the south. Simultaneous acoustic and seismic waves were recorded for both events at times appropriate to the arrival of the acoustic waves from the source. The acoustic signal is relatively broadband compared to the nearly monochromatic seismic signal; the seismic signal is much more continuous than the more pulse-like acoustic signal; ground loading from the pressure variations of the acoustic waves is shown to be too small to account for the seismic waves; and the measured phase velocities of both acoustic and seismic waves across the local instrument arrays differ by less than 6 per cent and possibly 3 per cent if experimental error is included. It is concluded that the seismic waves are generated by resonant coupling to the acoustic waves along some 10 km of path on Skidaway Island.
THE ANALYSIS OF OUTLYING DATA POINTS USING ROBUST REGRESSION: A MULTIVARIATE PROBLEM-BANK IDENTIFICATION MODEL*

Because the eight largest bank failures in United States history have occurred since 1973 [24], the development of early-warning problem-bank identification models is an important undertaking. It has been shown previously [3] [5] that M-estimator robust regression provides such a model. The present paper develops a similar model for the multivariate case using both a robustified Mahalanobis distance analysis [21] and principal components analysis [10]. In addition to providing a successful presumptive problem-bank identification model, combining the use of the M-estimator robust regression procedure and the robust Mahalanobis distance procedure with principal components analysis is also demonstrated to be a general method of outlier detection. The results from using these procedures are compared to some previously suggested procedures, and general conclusions are drawn.
The analysis and statistics of line distribution

We gathered more than a thousand different programs from various computer graphics applications on the Internet. We checked program source code one by one and compiled the statistical distributions of line lengths and orientations of the line drawing programs. This article presents our data collection methods, lists the statistical data in detail, and discusses analytical results. We believe that our work will help researchers better understand the properties of line drawing in real applications and improve line scan-conversion methods. Detailed, accurate knowledge of the drawing environment in which an interface or functional capability will be used is the best basis for comparing algorithms or making design decisions about hardware graphics accelerator interfaces and software device driver interfaces.
Teaching Social Work Students to Analyze and Apply Organizational Theory

This paper describes an approach to introducing social work students to perspectives on organizations based on two change-related aspects of a theory. The first dimension is a theory's emphasis on change versus stability. The second dimension is whether a theory stresses high or low control over change. To be useful, a theory must be restated into propositions to guide intervention. A focus on these two change-related aspects helps students to develop their ability to recast theories into practice strategies. Class exercises and course assignments are presented.
How far can ion trap miniaturization go? Parameter scaling and space‐charge limits for very small cylindrical ion traps

A broad effort is underway to make radiofrequency (RF) ion trap mass spectrometers small enough for portable chemical analysis. A variety of trap geometries and fabrication approaches are under development from several research groups. A common issue is the reduced trapping capacity in smaller traps, with the associated reduction in sensitivity. This article explores the key variables that scale with trap size including RF voltage, frequency, electrical capacitance, power and pseudopotential well depth. High-field electric breakdown constrains the maximum RF voltages used in smaller ion traps. Simulations show the effects of space charge and the limits of trapping capacity as a function of trap dimensions for cylindrical ion traps down to the micrometer level. RF amplitudes that scale as the1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 power of trap radius, r0, were studied. At a fixed level of performance, the number of analyzable ions scales as r0n, with n ranging from 1.55 to 1.75 depending on the choice of voltage scaling. The implications for miniaturized ion trap mass spectrometry are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creatine phosphokinase MB isoenzyme in hypothermia: Case reports and experimental studies☆

Six patients with severe medical disorders and profound hypothermia are presented who had elevated total serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and CPK-MB isoenzyme activity without clinical or postmortem evidence of acute myocardial infarction. Experiments in dogs indicate that hypothermia reduces total CPK activity in both striated and myocardial muscle resulting in increased serum enzyme activity. These data suggest that profound hypothermia may result in diffuse striated and cardiac muscle cellular injury without evidence of discrete infarction with consequent release of CPK-MB isoenzyme into serum.
Technology, Flaked Stone Technology, and Risk

Recent theoretical studies of flaked stone technology have identified many factors that affect the ways in which human beings make and use tools. However, these studies lack a unified body of theory that might help to integrate their diverse perspectives. This paper expands recent anthropological discussions of risk as the basis for such a theory. We begin by defining risk, emphasizing two distinct components of this concept-the probability that some problem will occur and the cost of such an occurrenceand argue that technology can be seen as a means of reducing such probabilities in the face of unacceptably high costs. We support this argument using cross-cultural data on hunter-gatherer technology and archaeological and historic data on the construction of defensive works on the northern Great Plains. Next, we consider specific problems in applying this perspective archaeologically, concluding that existing limits on our ability to estimate failure probabilities and costs prevent us from testing the ideas outlined here in archaeological contexts. However, accepting this perspective as provisionally validated by ethnographic data allows us to see how it can illuminate archaeological cases, and we exemplify this by comparing the production of Araya microblade projectile points in the Japanese Paleolithic and Folsom fluted projectile points on the North American Great Plains.
Dynamic models of nine muscles in the cat's shank

The design parameters of a functional-electrical-stimulation-based external control system are partly dependent upon the dynamic properties of the muscles involved. The dynamic response of muscle may be dependent upon its function, architecture, mass, length, fiber composition, and tendon length. The objective of this study is to discern the importance of these parameters in determining the frequency response of the major muscles in the cat's shank. >
Changing Attitudes Toward Aging Policy in the United States During the 1980s and 1990s A Cohort Analysis

Objectives. This research assessed how the attitudes of Americans toward government programs that serve older people changed between the mid-1980s and late 1990s and how much of the shift was due to intracohort change and how much was due to cohort replacement. Methods. Data come from three nationally representative cross-sectional samples, surveyed by telephone in 1986 (N = 1,209), 1990 (N = 1,500), and 1997 (N = 1,559). Results. Attitudes of Americans have become less supportive of expanding entitlement programs for older people and more supportive of cutting their costs and benefits. Between 1986 and 1997, most cohorts, particularly older adults, grew more in favor of maintaining Social Security benefit levels but less in favor of expanding them. Young adults tended to be driving the societal shift in attitudes toward decreasing benefits. Intercohort change was more important than cohort replacement in this process. Analyses of change in 2 attitude domains between 1990 and 1997 revealed that the general population felt less strongly that older people are entitled to benefits and expressed greater opposition to the associated costs. However, young adults moderated their concerns about costs as they got older, although the young adults in the cohort replacing them had become more critical of the principle of entitlement. Discussion. These findings enhance the understanding of the roles that historical conditions and aging play in shaping the attitudes of adult cohorts toward public programs for older citizens. Discrepant findings based on the intercohort change in younger age groups are reconciled by differentiating maturation effects from period effects on impressionable youth.
Mid-IR type-II diode lasers

A 2.9 micrometer superlattice diode laser with an InAs/GaSb/Ga0.75In0.25Sb/GaSb active region displayed high temperature operation and low current injection thresholds. The maximum operating temperature was 260 K, and at 200 K the threshold current density was 1.1 kA/cm2 and the quantum efficiency greater than 15%. The peak output power per facet for this laser exceeded 800 mW at 100 K and 200 mW at 200 K for a 0.05% duty cycle. For two similar lasers, internal losses were extracted from optical pumping experiments. The first laser was designed to minimize Auger recombination by avoiding resonances between the bandgap and intervalence transitions (at zone center), while the second was designed to maximize these resonances. Internal losses for the Auger minimized (maximized) laser diode were 14(10) cm-1 at T equals 100 K, and rose rapidly to 51(120) cm-1 at 200 K. However, Auger coefficients were suppressed (less than or equal to 1.6 X 10-27 cm6/s at T equals 260 K) for both samples when compared to a type-I material with a similar bandgap. For optical pumping, peak output powers up to 6.5 W per facet at 100 K and 3.5 W per facet at 180 K were obtained for these samples at lambda approximately equals 3.1 micrometer.
Purpose: giftedness in intrapersonal intelligence

Purpose is an internal compass that integrates engagement in activities that affect others, self‐awareness of one’s reasons, and the intention to continue these activities. We argue that purpose represents giftedness in intrapersonal intelligence, which processes information related to self, identity, self‐regulation, and one’s place in the world. Purpose is an extraordinary achievement. It is an ideal that young people are expected to accomplish by the end of high school, yet in our mixed methods study, only 26% of our sample overall (N=270 youth age 12–22) expressed a purpose. Still, purpose can be achieved precociously. Some youth achieve purpose much earlier than the norm: 11 6th graders in our sample showed a purpose.
Electrophysiological effects of cocaine in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system: studies in the ventral tegmental area.

Extracellular single-cell recording and microiontophoretic techniques were used to characterize the effects of cocaine on the activity of mesoaccumbens A10 dopamine (DA) neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area (VTA), which have been implicated in the rewarding effects of this and other drugs of abuse. Because cocaine inhibits the reuptake of DA, norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT), and exerts local anesthetic actions, the possible involvement of each of these various mechanisms in the effects of cocaine on A10 DA neurons was investigated. Intravenous administration of cocaine caused a significant, dose- dependent, partial inhibition (50–70%) of the firing of antidromically identified mesoaccumbens DA neurons. Similar partial inhibition of A10 neurons was observed following intravenous administration of nomifensine, GBR-12909, and norcocaine, all of which inhibit DA reuptake. Neither the selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor fluoxetine nor the selective NE uptake inhibitor desmethylimipramine (DMI) inhibited the firing of A10 DA neurons. The local anesthetic agent procaine, which lacks DA uptake blocking efficacy, caused a slight, transient increase in firing rate. These results suggest that the effects of cocaine on A10 DA neurons are due to inhibition of DA reuptake, a conclusion that has been supported by several other findings. Pretreatment with reserpine to deplete vesicular stores of DA significantly reduced the ability of intravenous cocaine to suppress A10 DA neuronal activity. Microiontophoretic administration of cocaine caused only a weak (15–20%) inhibition of the activity of A10 DA neurons, but significantly increased and prolonged the inhibition produced by iontophoretic DA. This effect was not observed with iontophoretically administered procaine iontophoresis of cocaine also significantly potentiated the inhibition of A10 DA activity caused by electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Both unilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the NAc and hemitransections of the brain rostral to the VTA significantly reduced the inhibitory effects of intravenous cocaine on A10 DA neurons, suggesting that both somatodendritic impulse-regulating DA autoreceptors and inhibitory NAc- VTA feedback processes are involved in the effects of intravenous cocaine on A10 DA neurons. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the relatively weak inhibitory effects of cocaine on A10 DA neurons may represent a poor compensatory response to enhanced DA neurotransmission within the NAc, and may help to explain the extremely potent rewarding effects of this important drug of abuse.
Characterization of “plasma proteins” secreted by cultured rat macroglial cells

The brain is isolated behind a blood-tissue barrier that restricts the access of circulating proteins to neural cells. There is evidence that some of these proteins are synthesized within the central nervous system. The present study examines the synthesis and secretion of such proteins by cultured macroglial cells. Primary glial cultures were derived from cortical and subcortical regions of neonatal rat brains, and subsequent secondary cultures were enriched in type-1 astrocytes, type-2 astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. Newly synthesized proteins were immunoprecipitated from the culture media using antisera directed against whole rat serum. All three types of glial cells secreted a range of plasma proteins. In general, type-1 astrocytes secreted more of these proteins than did type-2 astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, although the one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) profiles were specific for each cell type. Antisera directed against specific plasma proteins identified three of the most abundant proteins secreted by type-1 astrocytes as transferrin, α-2-macroglobulin, and ceruloplasmin. Northern blot analysis of cellular RNA confirmed that type-1 astrocytes contained transferrin mRNA, and that it was more abundant in cultures derived from subcortical regions than from cortical regions. In situ hybridization studies revealed that virtually all type-1 and type-2 astrocytes contained transferrin mRNA. Since the proteins identified in this study have been proposed to have a variety of neurotrophic roles in the central nervous system, these data further extend the range of possible functions that glial cells may serve in the CNS.
A digital leakage cancellation scheme for monostatic FMCW radar

A novel heterodyne scheme based on real-time digital signal processing is proposed for leakage cancellation in monostatic frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars. Compared to conventional analog implementation, the advantages of the proposed scheme include that the DC offset existing in analog mixers affecting the cancellation performance are eliminated. A radar test bed at 26 GHz has been built. The measurement results show more than 40 dB suppression in transmitter leakage, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Beach and Dune Restoration: Options in spatially restricted environments

Alternative restoration outcomes Coastal environments should be managed as large units, taking adjacent areas into account (van der Meulen and Salman 1995), but restoration of full geomorphological and ecological gradients across the shore may be impossible because of spatial restrictions and fragmentation of habitats caused by humans (Rhind and Jones 1999; Doody 2001; Freestone and Nordstrom 2001; Pethick 2001). Abiotic thresholds, physical barriers, and disturbances create boundaries between adjacent ecological systems in nature (Gosz 1991; Johnstone et al . 1992; Risser 1995). Human impacts often sharpen these boundaries (Correll 1991), segment them by land-use or ownership (Forman 1995), halt natural flows across them (Harris and Scheck 1991), and create new flows (Bennett 1991). Given the ever-increasing pace and scale of human inputs, it is crucial to identify the way natural habitats can be accommodated in environmental gradients that are truncated, compressed, decoupled, or fragmented. The on-going conversion of natural landscapes to human use places increased emphasis on maximizing use of remaining undeveloped enclaves and converting developed holdings to natural environments. Conversion of vast tracts of intensively altered landscapes back to naturally functioning ones may be unlikely, but phased restoration of smaller tracts is possible and can be advantageous in the short term to address local problems with sediment budgets and flood risks and long-term changes in thinking about the value of natural landforms and habitats and adaptive policies (Pethick 2001).
Nausea is associated with endotoxemia during a 161-km ultramarathon.

ABSTRACTThis study explored possible contributing factors to gastrointestinal distress, including endotoxemia, hyperthermia, dehydration and nutrition, during a 161-km ultramarathon. Thirty runners participated in the study and 20 finished the race. At three checkpoints and the finish, runners were interviewed to assess the incidence and severity of 12 gastrointestinal symptoms and to determine dietary intake. Core temperature was measured at the same locations. Runners were weighed pre-race, at the three checkpoints and the finish to monitor hydration status. Blood markers for endotoxemia (sCD14) and inflammation (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) were measured pre- and post-race. Gastrointestinal symptoms were experienced by most runners (80%), with nausea being the most common complaint (60%). Runners with nausea experienced significantly greater (P = 0.02) endotoxemia than those without nausea (sCD14 mean increase 0.7 versus 0.5 µg · mL−1). There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.652, ...
Is the Alternative Medicine? Managed Care Apparently Thinks so

Is the Alternative Medicine? argues against legislation compelling third party payors to cover unproven complementary and alternative modalities CAM. Further, it suggests that the popularity of CAM evidences that the market is inadequate to protecting consumers against invalid treatments. As such, the article suggests that managed care regulators should monitor the representations being made by payors offering CAM options that are not supported by reliable studies of safety and efficacy.
Visualization Techniques for Studying Large-Scale Flow Fields from Fusion Simulations

This article presents a joint study between computer scientists and fusion scientists in developing visual tools for studying patterns in flow fields from large-scale magnetic confinement fusion simulations. The authors visualize time-varying flow data by generating trajectory curves via massless particle advection and design a set of color functions, pathline filters, and projection methods specific to achieve fusion research objectives. These tools aid scientists in managing the visual complexity of large trajectory datasets and are crucial in locating and understanding subtle features of interest. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of their techniques by using real fusion simulation data and provide insight by domain scientists. They also discuss how their methods address common scalability concerns.
Trait anger, anger expression, and anger control in trichotillomania: Evidence for the emotion regulation model

Abstract Researchers have proposed emotion regulation (ER) as one model of trichotillomania (TTM). This model suggests that hair pulling may function as a maladaptive coping mechanism given difficulty managing negative emotions such as anger. This study compared hair pullers versus the normative population on trait anger, anger expression, and anger control and explored whether there is a relationship between anger variables and hair pulling severity. 158 adult females with TTM or chronic hair pulling completed self-report measures of anger and hair pulling severity. Hair pullers reported significantly higher rates of inwardly directed anger and more difficulty controlling their inward anger. Frequency of inward directed anger was a significant predictor of hair pulling severity even after controlling for psychiatric illness, providing support for the ER model of TTM. These findings underscore the potential importance of understanding and addressing ER in TTM.
Energetic Cost of Lactation in Microtus pinetorum

Captive lactating pine voles ( Microtus pinetorum ) were monitored for total metabolizable energy intake (MEI). Metabolic energy requirements increased throughout the 21 days of lactation. Lactating females exhibited positive relationships between MEI and litter size (one to three young) and MEI and litter weight. The average litter size was 2.2 ± 0.1 (SE). The average neonate weighed 2.0 ± 0.1 (SE) g at birth. Tissue production by young was estimated at 1.76 kcal/g of live weight gain. The amount of energy deposited as suckling growth was related to both litter size and day of lactation. The average female had an MEI of 418.9 ± 21.2 (SE) kcal for the 21 days of lactation, an estimated 134.7 ± 9.4 (SE) kcal beyond the maintenance requirement for the nonbreeding female. The average litter incorporated an estimated 35.1 ± 1.8 (SE) kcal of energy into tissue production, which was 26.0% of the metabolizable energy above nonbreeding female requirements. The metabolic cost of supporting a litter increased with each day of lactation. The average lactating female and her litter had a 47.5% increase in metabolizable energy requirement above that for the nonbreeding female.
Gramática para la composición

TEACHER'S MANUALPart 1: General 1.1 Changes in this edition1.2 The approach of "Grammar for Composition" 1.3 The proficiency of "advanced" students1.4 Addressing student needs: A functional selection and sequencing Part 2: Course Use2.1 Syllabus and general course plan2.2 The exercises2.3 Testing Part 3: Methodology 3.1 The treatment of grammar in language learning3.2 Presenting new material: A sample plan3.3 Maintaining the pace for language acquisition3.4 The treatment of composition3.5 Themes and topics3.6 Correcting and grading written work Part 4: Specific notes and additional activities for each lesson Part 5: For more information -- The bibliography Part 6: Sectional index
Analysis for patients visiting outpatient clinics for enteric communicable disease in Haidian district,Beijing during 2008 to 2010

Objective To understand epidemiological characteristics and clinical use of medication in patients with communicable enteric disease in Haidian district,Beijing during the years of 2008 to 2010 to provide scientific evidence for formulating measures of its control and prevention. Methods Epidemiological characteristics of patients who visited outpatient clinics for enteric communicable disease in Haidian district during 2008 to 2010 were described and analyzed. Results Patients diagnosed as"diarrhoea with unknown cause"at the out - patient clinics accounted for 27. 22 percent of the total visitors,and patients diagnosed as other enteric communicable disease accounted for 23. 79 percent. Peak of occurrence of enteric communicable disease was in July and August and at age groups of 20 ～ 40 years in Haidian district,Beijing during 2008 to 2010. Patients with symptoms of abdominal pain,nausea and fever accounted for 53. 18 percent,35. 57 percent and 25. 58 percent of the total visitors, respectively. Conclusion Traing for the professionals at out - patient clinics of enteric communicable disease should be strengthened,focusing on knowledge of its prevention and treatment and health education. It is suggested that surveillance network of enteric communicable disease be broadened to gradually include some health-care facilitiesin a planned way by health administration,and use of medication for its treatment be standardized.