cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compositional performance verification of NoC designs

We present a compositional approach to formally verify quality-of-service (QoS) properties of network-on-chip (NoC) designs. A major challenge to scalability is the need to verify latency bounds for hundreds to thousands of cycles, which are beyond the capacity of state-of-the-art model checkers. We address this challenge by a compositional form of k-induction. The overall latency bound problem is divided into a number of sub-problems, termed latency lemmas. Each latency lemma states that a packet spends a smaller number of cycles at a particular “stage” of progress. We present a partially-automated method of computing these stages based on the topology of the network and a subset of relevant state, and verify the latency lemmas using k-induction. The effectiveness of this compositional technique is demonstrated on illustrative examples as well as an industrial ring interconnection network.
Abstract 1761: Breast cancers with compromised DNA repair exhibit selective sensitivity to elesclomol-induced oxidative DNA damage

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Hereditary breast cancers due to germline mutations in BRCA1 and sporadic breast cancers of the basal-like subtype are often triple-negative, i.e. lack expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and lack overexpression/amplification of the HER2/neu oncogene. Given that the triple-negative status of these cancers renders them relatively insensitive to existing “targeted” therapy, improved treatment options are needed. We tested a panel of cell lines that represent the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer for sensitivity to elesclomol, an experimental therapeutic that produces elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage, using the MTT assay. We found that both BRCA1-mutated and basal-like breast cancer cell lines with defective base-excision DNA repair (BER) were markedly more sensitive to elesclomol than cell lines that represent the normal breast or other subtypes of breast cancer with proficient BER. We also assessed sensitivity to elesclomol in breast cancer cell lines that were stably transduced with shRNA to OGG1, a BER glycosylase required for the repair of the most common type of oxidative DNA damage. Two different cell lines with decreased levels of OGG1 (shOGG1A, 50% knock-down; shOGG1B, 20% knock-down) were more sensitive to elesclomol (IC50 = 0.04nM and 0.3nM, respectively) compared to two different isogenic control cell lines (IC50 = 2nM and 3nM, respectively). Taken together, these data suggest that compromised repair of oxidative DNA damage by BER represents a functional target for elesclomol. Overall, BRCA1-mutated and/or basal-like breast cancers may benefit from treatment regimens that include elesclomol. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1761. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1761
Use of the superficial femoral vein for femoropopliteal bypass

Summary The absence of adequate long saphenous and cephalic veins made it necessary to use the superficial femoral vein as a bypass graft in three patients with severe femorpopliteal occlusive disease. Follow-up arteriograms demonstrate function of the grafts without dilatation at six months and one year after operation in two of the patients. Moderate to severe edema was encountered in the early postoperative period, but the two surviving patients are free of edema sixteen months and three years after operation. The superficial femoral vein should be used only in those situations in which limb salvage demands a vein bypass, and both long saphenous and arm veins are absent or unsuitable.
A Role for p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-mediated Threonine 30-dependent Norepinephrine Transporter Regulation in Cocaine Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference

The noradrenergic and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) systems are implicated in cocaine-elicited behaviors. Previously, we demonstrated a role for p38 MAPK-mediated norepinephrine transporter (NET) Thr30 phosphorylation in cocaine-induced NET up-regulation (Mannangatti, P., Arapulisamy, O., Shippenberg, T. S., Ramamoorthy, S., and Jayanthi, L. D. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 20239–20250). The present study explored the functional interaction between p38 MAPK-mediated NET regulation and cocaine-induced behaviors. In vitro cocaine treatment of mouse prefrontal cortex synaptosomes resulted in enhanced NET function, surface expression, and phosphorylation. Pretreatment with PD169316, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, completely blocked cocaine-mediated NET up-regulation and phosphorylation. In mice, in vivo administration of p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 completely blocked cocaine-induced NET up-regulation and p38 MAPK activation in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. When tested for cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP), mice receiving SB203580 on cocaine challenge day or on postconditioning test day exhibited significantly reduced cocaine sensitization and CPP. A transactivator of transcription (TAT) peptide strategy was utilized to test the involvement of the NET-Thr30 motif. In vitro treatment of synaptosomes with TAT-NET-Thr30 (wild-type peptide) completely blocked cocaine-mediated NET up-regulation and phosphorylation. In vivo administration of TAT-NET-Thr30 peptide but not TAT-NET-T30A (mutant peptide) completely blocked cocaine-mediated NET up-regulation and phosphorylation. In the cocaine CPP paradigm, mice receiving TAT-NET-Thr30 but not TAT-NET-T30A on postconditioning test day exhibited significantly reduced cocaine CPP. Following extinction, TAT-NET-Thr30 when given prior to cocaine challenge significantly reduced reinstatement of cocaine CPP. These results demonstrate that the direct inhibition of p38 MAPK or the manipulation of NET-Thr30 motif/phosphorylation via a TAT peptide strategy prevents cocaine-induced NET up-regulation, locomotor sensitization, and CPP, suggesting a role for Thr30-linked NET regulation in cocaine-elicited behaviors.
Optimization in simulation: Current issues and the future outlook

Simulation is commonly used to find the best values of decision variables for problems which defy analytical solutions. This objective is similar to that of optimization problems and thus, mathematical programming techniques may be applied to simulation. However, the application of mathematical programming techniques, e.g., the gradient methods, to simulation is compounded by the random nature of simulation responses and by the complexity of the statistical issues involved. The literature relevant to optimization in simulation is scattered, and no comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the subject is presently available. To that end, this article brings together numerous concepts related to t he problem of optimization in simulation. Specifically, it discusses the application of mathematical programming techniques to optimization in simulation, response surface methodology and designs, perturbation analysis, and frequency domain simulation experiments. The article provides a user with an overview of the available optimization techniues and identifies future research possibilities.
Deference and Defiance: The Shifting Rhythms of Executive‐Legislative Relations in Foreign Policy

The presidencies of Bill Clinton and George W. Bush contrast in many ways, perhaps no more so than in their divergent experiences in dealing with Congress on foreign policy. Clinton confronted a Congress that frequently sought to defy his initiatives and at times seemed to take glee in doing so. His list of defeats on Capitol Hill is long. Congress forced him to withdraw U.S. troops from Somalia in 1994. It slashed his foreign aid requests. It refused to grant him fast-track trade negotiating authority. It forced him to accept national missile defense and regime change in Iraq as goals of U.S. foreign policy even though he and many of his advisers doubted the wisdom and practicality of both. It blocked his efforts to pay U.S. back dues to the United Nations. The Senate rejected the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Even when Congress backed Clinton on foreign policy, as with the dispatch of U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia and the Senate’s approval of the Chemical Weapons Convention and NATO enlargement, the victories seemed to require inordinate administration effort. Bush’s experience has been far different. Congress was eager to defer to his leadership on many foreign policy issues. It overwhelmingly authorized him to wage not one but two wars. It acceded to his decisions to leave the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and move to develop an expansive new national missile defense. It gave him most everything he requested for defense and foreign affairs spending. It embraced his request to begin the largest reorganization of the federal government in more than a century. It gave him the trade-promotion (formerly fast-track) authority it had denied
Standardizing EM structures for evaluation and qualification of aluminum alloys with barrier metals

Barrier metal interconnects are the most used metal systems in the semiconductor industry. Barrier metal electromigration (EM) performance and characteristics are significantly different than "old" aluminum alloy systems, and different EM structures are needed to properly evaluate the EM performance. A proposed EM structure for barrier metal reliability evaluation takes into account via interfaces, ion reservoirs, line width, and line length.
Megamelanus bicolor Ball (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae): a Specialist Planthopper on Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata; Poaceae) in Nebraska's Alkaline and Saline Wetlands

Abstract. Originally described in 1902, Megamelanus bicolor Ball is an infrequently collected delphacid planthopper whose host plants have remained unknown. Nymphs and adults were collected on saltgrass, Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene (Poaceae), in the critically imperiled saline wetlands of eastern Nebraska, as well as in alkaline wetlands of western Nebraska. We suggest that the planthopper is a saltgrass specialist. In addition to the new state record of Nebraska, we give other new North American records based on examination of museum specimens: Louisiana, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming in the United States, and British Columbia in Canada. A diagnosis of M. bicolor and illustrations and photographs of the male terminalia are provided.
Cystine in Human Serum Proteins

1. The amount of cystine was determined in a number of serum protein fractions separated by the procedure of E. J. Cohn. In albumin, the average value was 6.40 per cent for cystine; for γ-globulin the average value was 1.94 per cent; the other fractions tested were mixtures and varied according to the different globulins present. Globin from human hemoglobin contained 1.90 per cent cystine. 2. Separated fractions from three types of multiple myeloma cases have been presented showing abnormal fractions in the α-, β-, and γregions. The percentage of cystine was determined, and except for the fraction from the "gamma" type of myelomas, which contained 6.15 per cent cystine, the anomalous protein fractions contained about the same amount found in separated fractions of normal serum.
Product diversification, production systems, and economic performance in U.S. agricultural production

The U.S. agricultural sector is experiencing significant structural change. Farm size is rising and activities are broadening, including more off-farm employment, implying economic incentives for larger and more diversified farms, and complementarities among agricultural netputs. We quantify such patterns for farms in the corn belt, by measuring scale economies, and output and input contributions and jointness. We estimate the multi-output and -input production technology by stochastic frontier techniques applied to output and input distance functions. We find that both scope and scale economies have important economic performance implications, and that an input-oriented framework including off-farm income best characterizes agricultural production.
Local constraint integration in a connectionist model of stereo vision

The authors' approach to stereo vision involves: (1) designing a general-purpose low-level matching algorithm: (2) testing it on a wide range of stereo pairs; and (3) adding mechanisms to the low-level algorithm that solve any remaining problems without interfering with its successful behavior. They begin by building the general support algorithm (GSA), a low-level matching algorithm that integrates the influence of a number of a locally defined constraints cooperatively and in parallel using only positive constraint influences (except for uniqueness). The constraints include uniqueness, coarse-to-fine and fine-to-coarse multiresolution, detailed match, figural continuity, and the disparity gradient. The GSA is implemented in a connectionist network. When tested on a wide-range of natural and synthetic images it produces a high percentage (97%) of correct matching decisions. The errors arise in situations that can not be identified using locally-defined constraints. These include partially occluded periodic regions, occlusions, and significant structural differences between the images. >
Husserl on Perceptual Constancy

Abstract: In philosophy, perceptual constancy refers to the puzzling phenomenon of the perception of properties of objects despite our changing experience of those properties. Husserl developed a sophisticated description of perceptual constancy. In this paper I sketch Husserl's approach, which focuses on the suggestion that perception is partly constituted by the continuous interplay of intention and fulfilment. Unlike many contemporary theories, this framework gives us a way to understand the relationship between different appearances of the same object. I will show how Husserl's work connects with contemporary theories which emphasize perceptual constancy from particular perspectives. These theories include appeals to perspectival properties and Cohen's counterfactual theory. Also, I show how Husserl's account shares important themes with Kelly's recent interpretation of Merleau-Ponty on perceptual constancy.
Multiple-Antenna Interference Cancellation and Detection for Two Users Using Precoders

We consider interference cancellation for a system with two users when users know each other channels. The goal is to utilize multiple antennas to cancel the interference without sacrificing the diversity or the complexity of the system. Before, in the literature, it was shown how a receiver with two receive antennas can completely cancel the interference of two users and provide a diversity of 2 for users with two transmit antennas. We propose a system to achieve the maximum possible diversity of 4 with low complexity. Then, we extend the results to two-user systems with any number of transmit and receive antennas. Our main idea is to design precoders, using the channel information, to make it possible for different users to transmit over orthogonal spaces. Then, using the orthogonality of the transmitted signals, the receiver can separate them and decode the signals independently. We analytically prove that the system provides full diversity to both users. In addition, we provide simulation results that confirm our analytical proof.
Ergodic and non-ergodic phase transitions in globular protein suspensions

The equilibrium and nonequilibrium phase behavior of a protein suspension is investigated as a function of strength of interparticle attraction and protein concentration. The equilibrium phase behavior suggests that the range of the particle attractions is a small fraction of their diameter. At volume fractions and strengths of attractions smaller than those characterizing the spinodal of a metastable fluid–fluid transition, the suspensions gel before they crystallize. At higher volume fractions and lower strengths of attraction, gels are formed first from which crystals nucleate over a period of time. However, at higher strength of attraction, crystals form first at lower volume fractions while gels are observed at higher volume fractions. We hypothesize that this behavior results from the competition between the rates of gelation and crystal nucleation. The location of the gel line is well predicted by mode coupling theories adapted for low volume fractions and square well fluids. At low strength of attraction, the gel line occurs at small supersaturations suggesting gels will be seen before nucleation. However, at higher strengths of attraction the gel line occurs at greatly increased supersaturations such that crystal nucleation can occur before the gel line is crossed. That mode coupling theories should predict gelation when crystallization does not intervene is tested by investigating the gel dynamics.
Contact inhibition of locomotion probabilities drive solitary versus collective cell migration

Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is the process whereby cells collide, cease migrating in the direction of the collision, and repolarize their migration machinery away from the collision. Quantitative analysis of CIL has remained elusive because cell-to-cell collisions are infrequent in traditional cell culture. Moreover, whereas CIL predicts mutual cell repulsion and 'scattering' of cells,thesamecellsinvivoareobservedtoundergoCILatsomedevelopmental times and collective cell migration at others. It remains unclear whether CIL is simplyabsent during collective cell migration, or if the two processes coexist and are perhaps even related. Here, we used micropatterned stripes of extra- cellular matrix to restrict cell migration to linear paths such that cells polarized in one of two directions and collisions between cells occurred fre- quently and consistently, permitting quantitative and unbiased analysis of CIL. Observing repolarization events in different contexts, including head- to-head collision, head-to-tail collision, collision with an inert barrier, or no collision, and describing polarization as a two-state transition indicated that CIL occurs probabilistically, and most strongly upon head-to-head collisions. In addition to strong CIL, we also observed 'trains' of cells moving collectively with high persistence that appeared to emerge from single cells. To reconcile these seemingly conflicting observations of CIL and collective cell migration, we constructed an agent-based model to simulate our experiments. Our model quantitatively predicted the emergence of collective migration, and demonstrated the sensitivity of such emergence to the probability of CIL. Thus CIL and collective migration can coexist, and in fact a shift in CIL probabilities may underlie transitions between solitary cell migration and collective cell migration. Taken together, our data demonstrate the emergence of persistently polarized, collective cell movement arising from CIL between colliding cells.
Activation of Src-family tyrosine kinases in hyperproliferative epidermal disorders.

Background: Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are important regulators of keratinocyte growth and differentiation. In a broad range of cell types, persistent activation of SFKs correlates with increased cell proliferation. In this study, we determined if SFK activity is increased in cutaneous neoplasia and psoriasis, common hyperproliferative epidermal disorders. Methods: Formalin-fixed tissue sections of unremarkable epidermis, psoriasis, actinic keratoses (AKs), squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCIS) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for activated SFKs. Results: All psoriasis specimens displayed significantly greater staining for activated SFKs than sections of unremarkable skin. In the psoriasis biopsies, the degree of epidermal hyperplasia was proportional to the level of activated SFK staining. All AKs, SCISs and SCCs exhibited more prominent staining than sections of unremarkable epidermis. No discernable difference in activated SFK staining was seen between AKs, SCIS and SCC specimens. Conclusions: This study shows increased staining of activated SFKs in human biopsy specimens of psoriasis and cutaneous neoplasia. These data provide direct evidence for increased activation of SFKs in the pathogenesis of hyperproliferative epidermal disorders.
Fairy, tadpole, and clam shrimps (Branchiopoda) in seasonally inundated clay pans in the western Mojave Desert and effect on primary producers

Background Fairy shrimps (Anostraca), tadpole shrimps (Notostraca), clam shrimps (Spinicaudata), algae (primarily filamentous blue-green algae [cyanobacteria]), and suspended organic particulates are dominant food web components of the seasonally inundated pans and playas of the western Mojave Desert in California. We examined the extent to which these branchiopods controlled algal abundance and species composition in clay pans between Rosamond and Rogers Dry Lakes. We surveyed branchiopods during the wet season to estimate abundances and then conducted a laboratory microcosm experiment, in which dried sediment containing cysts and the overlying algal crust were inundated and cultured. Microcosm trials were run with and without shrimps; each type of trial was run for two lengths of time: 30 and 60 days. We estimated the effect of shrimps on algae by measuring chlorophyll content and the relative abundance of algal species.
Applications of Surgical Robotics in Gynecologic Surgery

Surgeons strive to minimize surgical complications and new procedures are developed with this goal in mind. It is critical when evaluating new innovations that their be no compromise in overall surgical technique and treatment goals. The emergence of minimal invasive surgery (MIS) has led to a significant reduction in perioperative morbidity, mortality and length of hospital stay as compared to traditional laparotomy. However, current conventional laparoscopy has seen limited application in many complex pelvic procedures due to the pelvis’s limited space and complex anatomy. The introduction of robotic assisted MIS has overcome many of these limitations by providing superior dexterity, intuitive movement, 3-D vision, ergonomics and autonomy. The use of the da Vinci surgical system has now become an integral surgical tool in gynecologic surgeries. This chapter will review the current robotic platform’s development and use in the field of gynecology and gynecologic oncology since 2005 demonstrating its feasibility and safety.
Inverse reactive transport simulator (INVERTS): an inverse model for contaminant transport with nonlinear adsorption and source terms

Abstract A numerically based simulator was developed to assist in the interpretation of complex laboratory experiments examining transport processes of chemical and biological contaminants subject to nonlinear adsorption and/or source terms. The inversion is performed with any of three nonlinear regression methods, Marquardt–Levenberg, conjugate gradient, or quasi-Newton. The governing equations for the problem are solved by the method of finite-differences including any combination of three boundary conditions: 1) Dirichlet, 2) Neumann, and 3) Cauchy. The dispersive terms in the transport equations were solved using the second-order accurate in time and space Crank–Nicolson scheme, while the advective terms were handled using a third-order in time and space, total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme that damps spurious oscillations around sharp concentration fronts. The numerical algorithms were implemented in the computer code INVERTS, which runs on any standard personal computer. Apart from a comprehensive set of test problems, INVERTS was also used to model the elution of a nonradioactive tracer, 185 Re, in a pressurized unsaturated flow (PUF) experiment with a simulated waste glass for low-activity waste immobilization. Interpretation of the elution profile was best described with a nonlinear kinetic model for adsorption.
A Quantitative Study of the Fragmentation and Haemolysis of Mammalian Red Cells by Heat

A method is described by means of which the fragmentation and haemolysis resulting from heat can be studied quantitatively, and by means of which certain situations as regards the rigidity and the extent of haemoglobinization of the ghost can be distinguished from each other. Fragmentation and haemolysis increase with time so as to become virtually complete after 15 min. heating at any temperature. The fragmentation and haemolysis at the end of 15 min. is linear with the temperature, and so can be expressed in terms of four constants, two referring to the former process and two to the latter. Heating of human red cells under different conditions may give rise to ghosts with different properties as regards rigidity and degree of haemoglobinization. Conditions which render the cells spherical prevent its fragmentation, and plasma contains substances (albumins) which inhibit both fragmentation and haemolysis by heat. Similar conclusions can be reached by examining the heat fragmentation and haemolysis of the red cells of mammals other than man.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HORMONAL BIOSYNTHESIS IN HUMAN FETAL THYROIDS

ABSTRACT Analysis of the iodinatcd components of the thyroids of fetuses from mothers given radioiodine prior to legal abortion (Japan) indicated ability to concentrate iodide at 1.4 weeks and ability to synthesize organic iodine compounds at 15 to 19 weeks. In 2 ancncephalic fetuses the thyroid was able to synthesize the normal thyroidal iodine compounds.
Self-Help and the Helpless Subject

Cara E. Murray, “ Self-Help and the Helpless Subject: Samuel Smiles and Biography’s Objects” (pp. 481–508) This essay examines how the changing relationship between human subjects and industrial objects in the industrial age redraws the conventions of the most influential strand of nineteenth-century biography, self-help. It argues that Samuel Smiles’s greatest contribution to biography, self-help, arises from his initial recognition of how, in an industrial age, objects shape subjects, and then from his subsequent demonstration of how subjects surmount that very phenomenon. By tracing the strides that Smiles makes in his biographical project from his earliest speeches in the mid-1840s, and then to his technical and biographical writings of the following decade, to his synthesis of these two forms in Self-Help (1859), this essay demonstrates how Smiles develops the genre of self-help out of writing about men’s changing relation to objects. It argues that Self-Help teaches the paradoxical lesson that at the height of industrialization men no longer need to depend upon machines. With this message, Self-Help invigorates biography by providing it with the ideological purpose of teaching Victorians that in the age of machines man can help himself.
Pioneering Women on Boards: Pathways of the First Female Directors

There is considerable interest in increasing the representation of women on the boards of publicly traded corporations. Currently, only 17 percent of independent directors in the United States are women. In this Closer Look, we examine the pathways that women took to become the first female directors of Fortune 250 companies. We examine their biographies and professional experiences, and compare these experiences to the backgrounds of female directors today. We ask: * How have the pathways for women to get on corporate boards changed? * Did the first female directors have to be substantially better than their male peers in order to stand out? * Are the opportunities and obstacles today the same or different? Topics, Issues and Controversies in Corporate Governance and Leadership: The Closer Look series is a collection of short case studies through which we explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance. In each study, we take a targeted look at a specific issue that is relevant to the current debate on governance and explain why it is so important. Larcker and Tayan are co-authors of the book "Corporate Governance Matters", and "A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance."
Using nursing history to inform decision-making: Infectious diseases at the turn of the 20th century.

Abstract Background This historical paper examines the impact of infectious diseases on the urban poor of Chicago and New York a century ago, before most vaccines were developed. Purpose Working on the front lines of health promotion and health care, nurses and other providers are charged with informing the public about offered vaccines. The intent of this paper is to supplement providers’ knowledge about vaccination with an appreciation of the devastation these diseases once caused. Method Historical methodology guided this study in which archival and oral sources were used. Discussion The continued outbreaks of smallpox at the turn of the twentieth century, when a vaccine was available, may be compared with the re-emergence of measles today. Additionally, this paper shows the devastation caused by other, non-preventable, infections of the period. Conclusions Awareness of the history related to the impact of infectious diseases, especially the role nurses played in decision-making related to care, is critical for today's health care providers.
Homeostatic regulation of trace mineral transport by ubiquitination of membrane transporters

Post-translational modification is a critical mechanism by which trace mineral transporters rapidly adapt to their environment to homeostatically regulate ion transport. Recently, a novel pathway was described whereby iron stimulates the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the trace mineral transporter ZIP14. Discovery of this pathway suggests the proteasome as a potential therapeutic target for regulation of iron storage. Moreover, these findings contribute to a theoretical framework that can be applied to other ubiquitinated trace mineral transporters. This review will detail the current state of knowledge regarding the ubiquitination of trace mineral transporters, focusing on iron and zinc transporters, and the potential utility of post-translational modification of trace mineral transporters in the treatment of disease.
Assessment of high-speed multi-megawatt electric machines

Due to their inherent high power density, high-speed multi-megawatt electric machines are becoming increasingly more popular in many applications including industrial, petro-chemical, mining, and marine. In this paper, state-of-the-art high-speed multi-megawatt electric machines are reviewed. The power range, speed range, and specific power of different high-speed multi-megawatt electric machine topologies, mainly non-cryogenic machines, are compared. The scaling laws of different machine parameters such as the electric machine rating, losses, and power density are examined. In addition, the special challenges for high-speed multi-megawatt electric machines are overviewed. This paper will facilitate the design of high-speed multi-megawatt electric machines and help the understanding of the differences between multi-megawatt level and kilowatt level electric machines.
Structure Stabilization by Mixed Anions in Oxyfluoride Cathodes for High-Energy Lithium Batteries.

Mixed-anion oxyfluorides (i.e., FeOxF2–x) are an appealing alternative to pure fluorides as high-capacity cathodes in lithium batteries, with enhanced cyclability via oxygen substitution. However, it is still unclear how the mixed anions impact the local phase transformation and structural stability of oxyfluorides during cycling due to the complexity of electrochemical reactions, involving both lithium intercalation and conversion. Herein, we investigated the local chemical and structural ordering in FeO0.7F1.3 at length scales spanning from single particles to the bulk electrode, via a combination of electron spectrum-imaging, magnetization, electrochemistry, and synchrotron X-ray measurements. The FeO0.7F1.3 nanoparticles retain a FeF2-like rutile structure but chemically heterogeneous, with an F-rich core covered by thin O-rich shell. Upon lithiation the O-rich rutile phase is transformed into Li–Fe–O(−F) rocksalt that has high lattice coherency with converted metallic Fe, a feature that may facilitat...
Morphologic Effects of Acute Inanition on Motor End Plates.

SummaryStarvation of the albino rat is fatal within 8 to 15 days and produces a structural detachment of about 20% of the motor nerves in skeletal muscle, morphologically manifested by: (1) progressive retraction and eventual uprooting of the hypolemmal end plate from within the atrophic muscle fiber and loss of the granular sole plate of Kuhne, and (2) enormous distention of the epilemmal axons which stain very intensely with gold chloride.
Gelation and Cross-Linking in Multifunctional Thiol and Multifunctional Acrylate Systems Involving an in Situ Comonomer Catalyst

Dynamic rheology in combination with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to examine the gelation kinetics, mechanism, and gel point of novel thiol–acrylate systems containing varying concentrations of an in situ catalyst. Gelation, as evidenced from the gel time determined using the Winter–Chambon criterion, is found to occur more quickly with increasing catalyst concentration up until a critical catalyst concentration of 22 mol %, whereupon the gel time lengthens. Such a minimum in gel time may be attributed to changes in the number of available reaction sites and percentage conversion required for gelation. Chemical conversions at the gel point measured for representative samples are consistent with theoretical values calculated using Flory–Stockmayer’s statistical approach, confirming our hypothesis. Relaxation exponents of 0.97 and fractal dimensions of 1.3 are calculated for all samples, consistent with coarse-grained discontinuous molecular dynamics (DMD) simulations. The elevated...
III. Experimental rickets The prevention of rickets in rats by exposure to sunlight.1

In recent papers it was shown by Hess and Unger that rickets in infants could be cured by frequent short exposures to the sun's rays.1, 2 By this means and without any alteration whatsoever of the dietary, the characteristic signs of this disorder begin to disappear in three to four weeks as noted by clinical examination and by the x-ray. As a result of favorable experiences of this nature, it was concluded in a study of the seasonal incidence of rickets3 that “hygienic factors, especially sunlight, and not dietetic factors play the dominant role in the marked seasonal variations of this disorder.” It seems probable that the ultra-violet rays play a large part in this curative power of the sun, judging from the work of Huldschinsky4 and others who recently have shown that infantile rickets can be cured by means of the rays produced by the mercury-vapor lamp. In 1918 we tried the curative effect of rays from this source, but, lacking the aid of x-ray examinations, could not convince ourselves of their effi...
Factitious Disorder, Munchausen Syndrome, Munchausen by Proxy, and Malingering

This article describes psychological disorders involving exaggerated, fabricated, simulated, and induced medical problems. Factitious disorder and Munchausen syndrome are characterized by feigning or inducing illness or injury in oneself for primarily psychological benefits. Factitious disorder imposed on another and Munchausen by proxy are characterized by feigning or inducing illness or injury in another person, most commonly a child or dependent adult, for primarily psychological benefits. Malingering, although not a psychiatric diagnosis, is characterized by feigned illness or injury for primarily material benefits.
Quantitative immunoblotting of plasma and platelet protein S.

Protein S, the activated protein C cofactor, was measured in plasma and in platelets by a quantitative immunoblotting assay using a double antibody technique. Either whole plasma or platelet lysates were electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes by electroblotting. Based on the demonstration of proportional transfer of protein S from the gel to the nitrocellulose membrane, a reproducible and sensitive quantitative assay for protein S antigen (approximately 70,000 MW) was developed that correlated well with the Laurell rocket assay for plasma protein S. Pooled normal plasma contains 22 micrograms/ml protein S. Total platelet protein S antigen at approximately 70,000 MW was determined in gel filtered platelets of ten healthy adults (mean, 163 ng per 10(8) platelets). In the supernatants of thrombin-stimulated platelets, 63% of the total platelet protein S antigen was measured. Thus, quantitative immunoblotting is a useful method to detect low levels of protein S in platelets or in plasma with the advantage of giving qualitative information, i.e. apparent MW, of protein S.
STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL INEQUALITIES OF Itô TYPE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the theory of stochastic differential inequality of Ito type. Many mathematical models of biological and physical systems can be represented by Ito type system dm = g ( t, m ) dt + G ( t, m ) dz ( t ), m ( t 0 ) = m 0, in which g(t, m) represents average rate vector of the quantities within the system and G(t, m) represents the diffusion rate matrix under stochastic excitation (white noise type) z(t) during infinitesimal length of interval dt . Therefore, it is natural to expect m to be non-negative whenever m ( t 0 ) ≥ 0. In addition, this non-negativity plays an important role in proving theorems on differential inequalities. An important technique in the theory of differential equations is concerned with estimating a function satisfying a differential inequality by the extremal solutions of corresponding differential equation.
Computational Analysis of the Ligand Binding Site of the Extracellular ATP Receptor, DORN1

DORN1 (also known as P2K1) is a plant receptor for extracellular ATP, which belongs to a large gene family of legume-type (L-type) lectin receptor kinases. Extracellular ATP binds to DORN1 with strong affinity through its lectin domain, and the binding triggers a variety of intracellular activities in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, information on the tertiary structure of the ligand binding site of DORN1is lacking, which hampers efforts to fully elucidate the mechanism of receptor action. Available data of the crystal structures from more than 50 L-type lectins enable us to perform an in silico study of molecular interaction between DORN1 and ATP. In this study, we employed a computational approach to develop a tertiary structure model of the DORN1 lectin domain. A blind docking analysis demonstrated that ATP binds to a cavity made by four loops (defined as loops A B, C and D) of the DORN1 lectin domain with high affinity. In silico target docking of ATP to the DORN1 binding site predicted interaction with 12 residues, located on the four loops, via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The ATP binding pocket is structurally similar in location to the carbohydrate binding pocket of the canonical L-type lectins. However, four of the residues predicted to interact with ATP are not conserved between DORN1 and the other carbohydrate-binding lectins, suggesting that diversifying selection acting on these key residues may have led to the ATP binding activity of DORN1. The in silico model was validated by in vitro ATP binding assays using the purified extracellular lectin domain of wild-type DORN1, as well as mutated DORN1 lacking key ATP binding residues.
PTU-223 Conversion to open surgery from laparoscopy: to ‘try and fail’ or ‘not try at all’?

Introduction Clarification as to whether conversion to open surgery during laparoscopic colectomy leads to adverse clinical outcomes when compared to laparoscopic surgery that is completed will help establish if the minimally invasive approach should routinely be attempted in most instances with open surgery reserved for only when this were to fail. Method The National Surgery Quality Improvement Program 2012 database was used for analysis of patients who underwent laparoscopic colectomy. Patients were categorised into those who completed laparoscopic procedures, who had laparoscopic procedures with conversion to open, and who had open procedures. Analysis was carried out using chi-squared test, fisher exact test, and logistic regression. Results Of the 16,648 patients included, 7409 (44.50%) underwent open surgery. Of the 9239 who underwent laparoscopic colectomy, 1147 (12.41%) had conversion to open procedure. Strongest association with conversion was found with emergency procedures, preoperative sepsis and septic shock. The other associated factors were male sex, history of CHF, COPD, hypertension, steroid use and disseminated cancer. Post-operatively, compared to the patients who had laparoscopic procedure those who had conversion to open procedure had a higher risk of surgical and medical complications (see Table 1). However, when compared to patients who completed open surgery straightaway, patients who had conversion to open surgery had a higher risk for superficial SSI. While other complications were comparable to open surgery, converted patients had a lower risk of post-operative pneumonia, re-intubation, need for ventilation > 48 h, bleeding that required transfusion, sepsis, septic shock and return to the operating room. Conclusion While patients who have open conversion have worse outcomes than those who complete laparoscopic colectomy, outcomes for converted patients are not significantly worse than for comparable patients who undergo open surgery straightaway. Considering the benefits of the minimally invasive approach, laparoscopic colectomy may reasonably be attempted in any patient, even when completion may not be assured, with conversion reserved for when this is not feasible. Disclosure of interest None Declared.
Effective third-order nonlinearities in refractory plasmonic TiN thin films

Here we study the third-order susceptibility of TiN thin films using the dual-arm Z-scan technique at 780 nm and 1550 nm. Due to its refractory nature, TiN is a promising metallic nonlinear component.
Monocytes Are a Particularly Favorable Target for Surface Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) Antigenic Complex Formation in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: New Insights into the Thrombotic Risk in HIT

Abstract Monocytes are a Favored Target for Surface Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) Antigenic Complex Formation in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: New Insights into the Thrombotic Risk in HIT Lubica Rauova, Gowthami Arepally, Douglas Cines and Mortimer Poncz HIT is a drug-induced autoimmune thrombocytopenia caused by antibodies to heparin/PF4 complexes that predispose to thrombotic complications. The studies described below examine how monocytes (Mo) may contribute to the thrombotic risk. We demonstrated previously that glycosaminoglycans (GAG) on the surface of platelets bind PF4, forming complexes that are recognized by HIT antibody, leading to platelet activation via the platelet FcγRIIA receptor in vitro and thrombocytopenia/thrombosis in vivo. However, heparin not only induces antibodies to develop against the PF4/GAG surface antigenic complexes, but also rapidly removes the same PF4/GAG complexes from the platelet surface, which may limit the likelihood of developing HIT and help limit its duration. This led us to study the involvement of Mo, which are a rich potential source of tissue factor and are known to be activated in HIT. Moreover, unlike platelets, which are coated with GAG composed almost entirely of chrondroitin sulfate (CS), Mo also express heparan sulfate, which has the capacity to bind PF4 with greater avidity and be resistant to the effect of plasma heparin. We found that Mo bind PF4 with greater avidity than platelets and higher concentrations of UFH are needed to remove PF4/GAG complexes and reduce the binding of a HIT monoclonal antibody KKO. In contrast to platelets, dissociation of PF4/GAG complexes from monocytes requires heparinases in addition to chondroitinases. In addition, macrophages GAG undergo hypersulfation during inflammation. Because clinical studies have shown inflammation predisposes to HIT, we examined the binding of KKO to unstimulated and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, E. coli serotype 011) stimulated cultured macrophages. Macrophages were derived from primary human Mo or murine bone marrow, cultured in the presence of M-CSF and stimulated with 0–500 ng/mL of LPS for 72 hrs. LPS increased KKO binding in the presence of PF4 2.7±0.7-fold compared to unstimulated cells (p
Hematology and oncology patient perceptions of inpatient care coordination at an urban academic teaching center.

109Background: Outpatient doctors increasingly defer inpatient care to hospital-based physicians. At academic medical centers, inpatient care coordination is further complicated by frequent handoffs between resident teams. Breaks in inpatient care continuity may disproportionately affect hematology and oncology patients, given their often complicated longitudinal histories and specialized problems. We sought to understand hematology and oncology patient perceptions of inpatient care coordination at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). Methods: Between July 2014 and June 2015, patients admitted to any MGH service were randomly selected to complete a survey about their perception of inpatient care coordination. In total, 1,783 patients responded. Of these, 158 were admitted to hematology or oncology. Hematology and oncology patient responses were compared to all MGH patient responses using chi-squared analysis, with p values less than or equal to 0.05 used as the threshold for statistical significance. Res...
A review: applications of the phase field method in predicting microstructure and property evolution of irradiated nuclear materials

Complex microstructure changes occur in nuclear fuel and structural materials due to the extreme environments of intense irradiation and high temperature. This paper evaluates the role of the phase field method in predicting the microstructure evolution of irradiated nuclear materials and the impact on their mechanical, thermal, and magnetic properties. The paper starts with an overview of the important physical mechanisms of defect evolution and the significant gaps in simulating microstructure evolution in irradiated nuclear materials. Then, the phase field method is introduced as a powerful and predictive tool and its applications to microstructure and property evolution in irradiated nuclear materials are reviewed. The review shows that (1) Phase field models can correctly describe important phenomena such as spatial-dependent generation, migration, and recombination of defects, radiation-induced dissolution, the Soret effect, strong interfacial energy anisotropy, and elastic interaction; (2) The phase field method can qualitatively and quantitatively simulate two-dimensional and three-dimensional microstructure evolution, including radiation-induced segregation, second phase nucleation, void migration, void and gas bubble superlattice formation, interstitial loop evolution, hydrate formation, and grain growth, and (3) The Phase field method correctly predicts the relationships between microstructures and properties. The final section is dedicated to a discussion of the strengths and limitations of the phase field method, as applied to irradiation effects in nuclear materials.