cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of heating rate on the martensite to austenite transformation in Fe-Ni-C alloys

Abstract The martensite to austenite (α′ → γ) transformation was studied as a function of heating rate in a series of Fe-Ni-C alloys with carbon contents of 0.004, 0.05, 0.3 and 0.6 wt. %. Observations of microstructure, fine structure, surface relief and the transformation temperatures determined from thermal arrest data for heating rates between about 3 and 28,000°C/sec showed that the α′ → γ transformation can occur by two different, often competing mechanisms. The mechanism which predominates at the higher heating rates in the three higher-C alloys (and over the entire range of rates in the 0.004C alloy) results in second generation γ plates with high dislocation densities and is accompanied by the sharp tilt surface relief characteristic of a martensitic-type transformation. At lower heating rates the α′ → γ transformation in the three higher-C alloys occurs largely by a thermally activated mechanism as indicated by a significant initial increase in the transformation finish temperature, Af, with heating rate and confirmed by the observation of newly-formed γ areas with equiaxed morphology, relatively low dislocation density and lack of sharp tilt relief. The thermally activated transformation apparently involves short-range diffusion across a curved, incoherent interface.
Experimental studies of pattern formation in a reaction-advection-diffusion system.

Experiments are presented on pattern formation in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction in a blinking vortex flow. Mixing in this flow is chaotic, with nearby tracers separating exponentially with time. The patterns that form in this flow with the BZ reaction mimic chaotic mixing structures seen in passive transport. The behavior is analyzed in terms of a mixing time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{m}$ and a characteristic decorrelation time ${T}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{Z}}$ for the BZ system. Flows with ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{m}$ comparable to or smaller than ${T}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{Z}}$ generate large-scale patterns whose features are captured by simulations of mixing fields for the flow.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor enhances neuronal survival in embryonic rat hippocampal cultures.

First described as a survival factor for chick ciliary ganglion neurons, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has recently been shown to promote survival of chick embryo motor neurons. We now report neurotrophic effects of CNTF toward three populations of rat hippocampal neurons, the first demonstration of effects of CNTF upon rodent CNS neurons in culture. CNTF elicited an increase in the neurofilament content of hippocampal cultures prepared from embryonic day 18 (E18) rat brain. This was accompanied by increases of 2-, 28-, and 3-fold in the number of GABAergic, cholinergic, and calbindin- immunopositive cells, respectively. CNTF totally prevented the 67% loss of GABAergic neurons that occurred in control cultures over 8 d. CNTF also increased high-affinity GABA uptake and glutamic acid decarboxylase activity. Effects of CNTF were in all cases dose dependent, with maximal stimulation at approximately 100 pg/ml. When addition was delayed for 3 d, CNTF failed to elicit increases either in the number of cholinergic neurons or in GABA uptake.
Lay Community and Church Instituions of the Lahngau in the Late Middle ages

The relationship of the lay community to clerical institutions during the Middle Ages and especially in the pre–Reformation Era has long been a subject of methodical investigation. It has, however, proven extremely difficult to gain reliable evidence regarding subjective attitudes towards the clergy. Once the basic literary sources have been culled, further elucidation of the development of attitudes on the part of the majority of the people tends to become vague and hesitant or to rely on post hoc explanations. In this brief study, I have experimented with a statistical approach to the problem by tabulating the records of donations to three church institutions of the Lahngau in order to be able to trace, if at all possible, the evolution of attitudes which they reflect. I have, furthermore, attempted to test the hypothesis that the subjective attitudes of a social class towards a church institution are partially conditioned by the effective power exercised on the institution in question at the local level by the donor group.
Knowledge level of youth in india regarding human sexuality and AIDS

A sample 893 students (397 females, 493 males) at a public school in New Delhi, India, were surveyed in grades 6 through 12. The survey instrument (questionnaire) had 99 questions and took approximately 1 hour and 10 minutes to complete. Anonymity was assured to the subjects. The survey revealed that Indian adolescents have limited knowledge about human sexuality and AIDS. Males scored higher than the females on both knowledge and AIDS scales. The higher the grade level, the higher the scores on both the scales.
Subliminal Conditioning of Attitudes

Most of the literature on attitude formation assumes that attitudes are the products of deductive integration of an individual's beliefs about an object's attributes. Two studies demonstrate that attitudes can develop without deduction from such beliefs and, indeed, without individuals' being aware of the antecedents of those attitudes. Subjects viewed nine slides of a target person going about normal daily activities; immediately preceding the presentation of each photograph was a subliminal exposure of an affect-arousing photograph. Half the subjects in each study were subliminally exposed to positive-affect-arousing photos and half to negative-affect-arousing photos. The subliminal photographs affected attitudes toward the target person and shaped beliefs about the target person's personality traits. Presumably because relevant objective data were available, the subliminal photographs apparently had less impact on judgments of the target person's physical attractiveness. These findings demonstrate cond...
Porcine sperm viability, oocyte fertilization and embryo development after staining spermatozoa with SYBR-14

The objective of these experiments was to determine the efficacy of the new membrane permeant nucleic acid stain, SYBR-14, for assessing boar sperm viability and to determine it's effect on fertilization and early embryonic development using the pig as a model. We examined the staining patterns of SYBR-14 and another vital stain, Hoechst 33342, both in combination with the dead cell stain, propidium iodide (PI), to quantify the proportion of living and dead spermatozoa in ejaculated and epididymal semen. Flow cytometry analyses of semen from 4 boars revealed significant differences among boars for the proportion of SYBR-14-stained spermatozoa in both epididymal and ejaculated samples, but not for Hoechst 33342 or PI stained spermatozoa. Gilts were inseminated with unstained spermatozoa or spermatozoa stained with 2 levels of SYBR-14 or 2 levels of the reference stain, Hoechst 33342. Embryos recovered at 42 to 48 h postinsemination were morphologically evaluated, and only 4 to 8-cell embryos were continued in culture. Overall, fluorescent staining of boar spermatozoa with SYBR-14 or Hoechst 33342 neither affected their ability to fertilize oocytes, nor the developmental competence of the resultant embryos.
Some alternative litter materials used for growing broilers and turkeys

This paper discusses materials used as bedding or litter for the rearing of broilers and turkeys in the U.S.A. The U.S. poultry industry has historically used pine shavings as the litter of choice ...
Novel method for vector mixer characterization and mixer test system vector error correction

This paper presents a novel method for characterizing RF mixers, yielding magnitude and phase response for input match, output match, and conversion loss, and works for mixers which have reciprocal conversion loss and for which the image response can be filtered out. The characterized mixer is used to accomplish a full vector correction of a mixer test system, which can measure other mixers that are not reciprocal. A key contribution is phase and absolute group delay measurements of the mixer-under-test.
The Role of Corporations in Achieving Ecological Sustainability

Ecological problems rooted in organizational activities have increased significantly, yet the role corporations play in achieving ecological sustainability is poorly understood. This article examines the implications of ecologically sustainable development for corporations. It articulates corporate ecological sustainability through the concepts of (a) total quality environmental management, (b) ecologically sustainable competitive strategies, (c) technology transfer through technology-for nature-swaps, and (d) reducing the impact of populations on ecosystems. It examines the implications that these concepts have for organizational research.
‘By seeing with our own eyes, it can remain in our mind’: qualitative evaluation findings suggest the ability of participatory video to reduce gender-based violence in conflict-affected settings

Gender-based violence is pervasive and poses unique challenges in conflict-affected settings, with women and girls particularly vulnerable to its sequelae. Furthermore, widespread stigmatization of gender-based violence promotes silence among survivors and families, inhibiting access to services. Little evidence exists regarding effective gender-based violence prevention interventions in these settings. Through Our Eyes, a multi-year participatory video project, addressed gender-based violence by stimulating community dialogue and action in post-conflict settings in South Sudan, Uganda, Thailand, Liberia and Rwanda. The present qualitative analysis of project evaluation data included transcripts from 18 focus group discussions (n = 125) and key informant interviews (n = 76). Study participants included project team members, representatives from partner agencies, service providers and community members who either participated in video production or attended video screenings. Study findings revealed that the video project contributed to a growing awareness of women's rights and gender equality. The community dialogue helped to begin dismantling the culture of silence gender-based violence, encouraging survivors to access health and law enforcement services. Furthermore, both men and women reported attitude and behavioral changes related to topics such as wife beating, gender-based violence reporting and girls' education. Health education professionals should employ participatory video to address gender-based violence within conflict-affected settings.
EigenNail for Finger Force Direction Recognition

This paper presents a technique termed eigennails to classify fingertip force during contact based on the coloration patterns in the fingernail and surrounding skin. Fingertip force is classified into six directions: no force, normal force only, two directions (left/right) of lateral shear force, and two directions (forward/backward) of longitudinal shear forces. Based on the face recognition technique eigenfaces, a small number of eigennails are sufficient to express the color pattern features for shear force direction classification. Results show that 98% of 960 fingernail images of 8 different subjects are correctly classified. The lowest imaging resolution without sacrificing classification accuracy is found to be 10-by-10.
Behavioral risk, emotional risk, and child abuse among adolescents in a nonclinical setting.

In this replication study of adolescents in a nonclinical setting, the prevalence of reported problem behaviors, emotions, and abuse is evaluated, and the impact of abuse on multivariate emotional and behavioral risk is assessed. A total of 3998 students (69%) in a rural midwestern community in grades 7 to 12 participated in the study. Almost 20% of the students reported some form of physical and/or sexual abuse, with more girls than boys reporting sexual abuse (chi 2 = 48.5, P less than .001). Some problem behaviors (alcohol use) and emotions (trouble sleeping, difficulty with anger) were common among all adolescents and some were strongly associated with a history of abuse (especially, considering or attempting suicide, running away, laxative use, and vomiting to lose weight). Higher emotional and behavioral risk scores among abused students were confirmed. The effects of physical and sexual abuse on risk scores were independent and additive; no interaction was observed. An interaction of gender and sexual abuse on problem behavior was observed, with problem behavior being significantly greater among sexually abused boys. The results confirm increased risk of problem behaviors and negative feelings among abused adolescents when compared with nonabused peers, and better define influences of gender and abuse type on emotional and behavioral risks. Language: en
Geology and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the medium- to high-K Tanaga volcanic cluster, western Aleutians

We used geologic mapping and geochemical data augmented by 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating to establish an eruptive chronology for the Tanaga volcanic cluster in the western Aleutian arc. The Tanaga volcanic cluster is unique in comparison to other central and western Aleutian volcanoes in that it consists of three closely spaced, active, volumetrically significant edifices (Sajaka, Tanaga, and Takawangha), the eruptive products of which have unusually high K 2 O contents. Thirty-five new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages obtained in two different laboratories constrain the duration of Pleistocene–Holocene subaerial volcanism to younger than 295 ka. The eruptive activity has been mostly continuous for the last 150 k.y., unlike most other well-characterized arc volcanoes, which tend to grow in discrete pulses. More than half of the analyzed Tanaga volcanic cluster lavas are basalts that have erupted throughout the lifetime of the cluster, although a considerable amount of basaltic andesite and basaltic trachyandesite has also been produced since 200 ka. Major- and trace-element variations suggest that magmas from Sajaka and Tanaga volcanoes are likely to have crystallized pyroxene and/or amphibole at greater depths than the older Takawangha magmas, which experienced a larger percentage of plagioclase-dominated fractionation at shallower depths. Magma output from Takawangha has declined over the last 86 k.y. At ca. 19 ka, the focus of magma flux shifted to the west beneath Tanaga and Sajaka volcanoes, where hotter, more mafic magma erupted.
Multipoint identity-by-descent computations for single-point polymorphism and microsatellite maps

We used the LOKI software to generate multipoint identity-by-descent matrices for a microsatellite map (with 31 markers) and two single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps to examine information content across chromosome 7 in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism dataset. Despite the lower information provided by a single SNP, SNP maps overall had higher and more uniform information content across the chromosome. The Affymetrix map (578 SNPs) and the Illumina map (271 SNPs) provided almost identical information. However, increased information has a computational cost: SNP maps require 100 times as many iterations as microsatellites to produce stable estimates.
Mapping the Way: Testing Methods to Map Water Points in Developing Countries

As awareness of the high percentage of failed water systems increases, there is a demand for more accountability in the development sector to create sustainable and long-lasting water systems. It has been estimated that 35-50% of water systems in developing countries become inoperable within five years of installation, and the inability to effectively monitor systems is a major contributing factor to these failures. Yet, many implementing organizations do not have the ability to collect data that would allow them to perform proper project monitoring, helping to ensure longterm viability of water projects. Water point mapping (WPM) technologies are growing in popularity and provide a quick method for collecting data about a water system. This report is the first to conduct a side-by-side comparison of the most promising technologies currently in use, based on an authentic field experience in rural Nicaragua. A rubric was developed in order to allow organizations to compare each of the technologies tested, as well as other technologies not tested in this report, and decide which best fits their needs.
Antipsychotic therapy: a pharmacoeconomic perspective

The pharmacoeconomics of antipsychotic therapy is discussed. Schizophrenia is a chronic illness that develops early in life and has a long-term impact on the health care system, including costs. Treatment goals therefore include a reduction in the rate of rehospitalization, a primary source of the health care costs related to this disease. Atypical antipsychotics are often associated with improved efficacy and better tolerability than the older, conventional antipsychotic agents, and their use in schizophrenia has increased. However, the atypical drugs have higher acquisition costs that may limit their use in the cost-influenced health care environment. These acquisition costs vary widely among drugs and are often dependent on dosage. Analysis of the use of atypical antipsychotics in the Veterans Affairs Health System and other health systems demonstrates that, despite their higher acquisition costs, significant health and economic benefits can be obtained compared with conventional agents. Given the approximately equivalent efficacy demonstrated thus far by atypical antipsychotics, an appropriate cost-reduction strategy may include using the agent with the lowest acquisition cost.
Multiple Domain Integral Equation Method For 3D Electromagnetic Modeling In Complex Geoelectrical Structures

We consider a new large-scale electromagnetic (EM) modeling technique based on the multiple-domain integral equation (IE) method. In geophysical applications, it is difficult to describe an earth structure using the horizontally layered background conductivity model, which is required for the efficient implementation of the conventional IE approach. The new method allows us to consider multiple inhomogeneous domains, where the conductivity distribution is different from that of the background, and to use independent discretizations for different domains. This reduces dramatically the computational resources required for large-scale modeling. In addition, using this method, we can analyze the response of each domain separately without an inappropriate use of the superposition principle for the EM field calculations. The method was carefully tested for the modeling the marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) and the Magnetotelluric (MT) fields for complex geoelectric structures with multiple inhomogeneous domains. We have also used this technique to investigate the EM coupling effects between inhomogeneous domains, which can distort the EM response from the geophysical exploration target.
Speed Sit-Ups

(1944). Speed Sit-Ups. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 75-77.
478 LIPOSOMAL CURCUMIN REDUCES GROWTH IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA CELL LINES.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) represents 5% of cancers diagnosed annually in the United States. Five-year survival rates for advanced head and neck cancer have not improved significantly in the last 30 years. The significant morbidity associated with current treatments has led to continuing investigation of potential alternative and less toxic therapies. One such therapeutic agent, curcumin, has been shown to reduce tumor volume both in vitro and in vivo, but studies also have shown that absorption of curcumin is poor. In this study, we developed a new modality of delivering curcumin, via liposomes, that is less toxic and has increased absorption. This study compares the toxicity and effectiveness of curcumin delivery by DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) versus liposomes in two aggressive oral cancer cell lines: SCC-1 and CAL-27. After 24 hours of growth followed by 24 hours of serum starvation, the tumor cells were treated with DMSO, DMSO + curcumin, liposomes, or liposomal curcumin at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 600 μM for 8 hours. After treatment, cells were allowed to grow additionally for 12 or 36 hours without any treatment. Media was then removed, and an MTT assay was performed by measuring OD at 570 nm. Results show that liposomes are significantly less toxic than DMSO in both cells lines (p value = 0.0125 with a two-sample unequal variance t-test). Growth inhibition by liposomal curcumin is similar to that achieved with curcumin dissolved in DMSO and was similar for cells grown for 12 or 36 hours after treatment. These results suggest that liposomal curcumin is a more efficacious way of delivering curcumin to target cells. Since liposomes are taken in by membrane encapsulation, it is anticipated that curcumin absorption will also increase in vivo. We feel that liposomal delivery of curcumin will be valuable as a potential novel chemotherapeutic agent for the inhibition of head and neck tumor growth in animal models. Promising data from studies of in vivo models would lend support for testing liposomal curcumin in a phase 1, dose-escalation and safety trial in patients with HNSCC.
DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY ON CELL MAPPING METHODS

This paper presents briefly the research and development of cell mapping methods. Several main cell mapping methods are summarized, including simple cell mapping, generalized cell mapping, digraph cell mapping, symbolic analysis method of digraph cell mapping, set-oriented method of digraph cell mapping, adjoining cell mapping, Poincare-like simple cell mapping, interpolated cell mapping and point mapping under cell reference. For these methods, basic features and characteristics are analyzed, and both domestic and foreign research developments are outlined. Furthermore, the research developments of cell mapping method for control and related fields are presented. Finally, the paper suggests some research prospects and some directions that may first be broken through in the research field of cell mapping method.
Cathodic delamination of polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite coatings from steel substrates

Abstract Polyurethane composite coatings with different multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) contents were prepared on steel substrates to study the effect of MWCNT content on the cathodic delamination of the polyurethane composite coatings. The cathodic delamination of the polyurethane composite coatings was measured using a Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP). An increase in MWCNT content to 0.5 wt% significantly reduced the cathodic delamination of the polyurethane composite coatings because the high density of MWCNTs blocked the transport pathways of water and oxygen molecules through the coating. It could be concluded that the incorporation of MWCNTs was a possible way to lessen the cathodic delamination of the polyurethane coatings.
Phenotypic expression of an oxytocin peptide null mutation in mice.

OT has been implicated in several aspects of reproduction including sexual behavior, induction of labor, milk ejection and maternal behavior (Carter, 1992; Witt, 1995). Pharmacological and biochemical studies have also implicated OT in the modulation of separation distress, social preference and aggressive behavior. To further examine the role of endogenous OT in the development and expression of reproductive and other social behavior, a transgenic mouse was engineered to produce deletion of the DNA sequence encoding the OT peptide (Nishimori et al., 1996). In particular, embryonic stem cells were electroporated with the deletion-targeting DNA sequence. Homologous recombination of the targeting sequence with the OT gene resulted in a recombinant allele lacking the DNA sequences coding for the OT peptide, which are located on the first exon. Cell lines with the correct recombination event were injected into blastocysts in order to create chimeras. Chimeras with germ-line transmission were used to create the strain of OT “knockout” mice.
Measuring Beach Profiles along a Low-Wave Energy Microtidal Coast, West-Central Florida, USA

Monitoring storm-induced dramatic beach morphology changes and long-term beach evolution provides crucial data for coastal management. Beach-profile measurement using total station has been conducted along the coast of west-central Florida over the last decade. This paper reviews several case studies of beach morphology changes based on total-station survey along this coast. The advantage of flexible and low-cost total-station surveys is discussed in comparison to LIDAR (light detection and ranging) method. In an attempt to introduce total-station survey from a practical prospective, measurement of cross-shore beach profile in various scenarios are discussed, including: (1) establishing a beach profile line with known instrument and benchmark locations; (2) surveying multiple beach profiles with one instrument setup; (3) implementation of coordinate rotation to convert local system to real-earth system. Total-station survey is a highly effective and accurate method in documenting beach profile changes along low-energy coasts.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing

The concomitant gas exchange measurement furthers the modality of exercise testing by estimating oxygen consumption at different exercise intensities. Oxygen consumption, in turn, can be approximated to the measurable metabolic equivalent (MET). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) remains the sole method for the direct MET measurement. During this test, many variables are recorded including the expiratory ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange (oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output), along with electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure recordings [1].
Induction with Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide and Rituximab Followed by Maintenance with Rituximab: Results of a Prospective Study in 75 Patients (LNHF-03).

Objectives. To evaluate clinical efficacy, molecular response and safety following the use of a regimen of fludarabine (25 mg/m2 x 3 days) Cy (1g/m2 x 1 day) and Rituximab (375 mg/m2/ x 1 day) (FCR)x 6 cycles, followed by maintenance with rituximab (375 mg/m2/week/x 4 weeks every 6 months x 2 years). (LNHF-03 Study). Patients and methods. Seventy-five (75) patients with a diagnosis of follicular NHL were included in the study between October 2004 and January 2006. The median age was 54 years (30–75). Twenty-one per cent (21%) of the patients had bulky disease. According to the FLIPI index: (0–1): 22.6%; 2: 40,3%; 3: 37,1%. Minimal residual disease (MRD): A clonal population on diagnosis was identified by means of the bcl–2/IgH major and minor rearrangement study by means of quantitative PCR rearrangements of the Igs by means of fluorescent PCR. Subsequently, samples were studied following the induction treatment and during the maintenance treatment. The analysis is performed in the 70 patients that completed the six induction regimens and were evaluated. Results. 64/70 patients were given the six cycles planned (91%). The presence of persistent cytopenia limited the cycles given in the other 6 patients to 4 or 5. Three hundred and thirty-eight (338) adverse effects were documented in the 414 cycles given to the 70 patients evaluated, almost all of them being mild, and 26 severe (degree 3–4), and almost all the cases were neutropenias. Infectious complications were frequent and many were severe: herpes zoster (5), pneumonia (5), cerebral toxoplasmosis (1), aspergillosis (1), infection by CMV (2). One patient developed erythroleukaemia within the first year following completion of the treatment. Three patients died ( CMV + aspergillosis, pneumonia, erythroleukaemia). 86% of the patients reached CR following induction, 6% unconfirmed CR and 8% partial response. On diagnosis, a clonal population was identified in 63% (45/71) of the cases. Of these 45 patients, samples are available following induction treatment in 35 cases. The molecular disease was negativised in all the cases, except one case with persistence of positive bcl2/IgH (0.3% as opposed to diagnosis) and is in uncertain CR. Of the 34 cases with negative ER, 32 are in CR or uncertain CR and 2 PR. Conclusions. The FCR regimen has proven to have a potent antitumoral activity in recently diagnosed follicular lymphoma patients with very high clinical (86% CR) and molecular (95%) responses. The immunosuppression caused is profound, with the appearance of opportunistic infections, and in some cases prolonged lymphopenias and neutropenias that call for future assessment and follow-up.
Genomic profiling of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for personalized targeted therapy using CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy (TTNB).

10592 Background: Genomic profiling for personalized targeted therapy is emerging for NSCLC. DFCI introduced systematic testing for mutations in BRAF, HER2, PIK3CA and ALK translocations in additio...
Downscaling Extreme Precipitation from CMIP5 Simulations Using Historical Analogs

AbstractAn approach for downscaling daily precipitation extremes using historical analogs is applied to simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The method employs a multistep procedure in which the occurrence of extreme precipitation on a given target day is determined on the basis of the probability of extreme precipitation on that day’s closest historical analogs. If extreme precipitation is expected, daily precipitation observations associated with the historical analogs are used to approximate precipitation amounts on the target day. By applying the analog method to historical simulations, the ability of the CMIP5 models to simulate synoptic weather patterns associated with extreme precipitation is assessed. Differences between downscaled and observed precipitation extremes are investigated by comparing the precipitation frequency distributions for a subset of rarely selected extreme analog days with those for all observed days with extreme precipitation. A suppl...
Kidney Transplant Recipient Surgery

The basic principles of kidney transplant recipient surgery have remained fairly constant for the past 20 years, and the wide variation in individual surgeon practice speaks to the many routes that can give a solid technical result. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the key principles of the operation and to then articulate a suggested technical approach.
From petri dishes to politics - a multi-pronged approach is essential for saving endangered species.

As many species spiral toward extinction, the spotlight shines bright on scientists and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) as the last hope for a few. Although it can be a powerful conservation tool, ART alone is not enough to save species from extinction. Since the 1970s, the potential role of ART in species conservation has been touted by a small but ever-increasing cohort of reproductive scientists committed to their cause. The rapid advancement of ARTs, embraced and incorporated into the human fertility field and livestock industries, emboldened convictions that the same technologies would figure prominently in endangered species breeding programs. Approximately 40 years later, endangered species’ ARTs are in greater demand as populations shrink, genetic diversity is lost and breeding programs falter. In a few cases, ART now represents the only viable strategy for potentially saving genes from certain imperiled individuals or populations like the Northern white rhino sub-species1. However, the development of ARTs for wildlife species has not lived up to early expectations2. There are isolated reports of progress employing high-tech procedures like cloning, but in almost all cases, they result in lost pregnancies and/or neonatal mortalities, efficiency is extremely low and overall conservation value questionable3. In contrast, a plethora of studies have demonstrated that artificial insemination (AI), one of the simplest ARTs, can produce offspring in nearly 60 different exotic mammals and fertile eggs in over 35 non-domestic birds4. Regardless, routine use of ARTs in wildlife management remains rare. To date, AI has proven truly beneficial to the genetic management and breeding programs of just three endangered mammals: the giant panda, black-footed ferret, and Asian elephant, though it is peripherally employed to assist managing a handful of other threatened and endangered species. Given the potential power of ART as a conservation tool, it is worth examining why it is not well-established or embraced by those striving to conserve endangered species, the promise it holds and its inherent limitations.
Hierarchical Weight Optimization Design of Aircraft Power Electronics Systems Using Metaheuristic Optimization Methods

In the background of the development of More Electric Aircraft (MEA) framework, weight-optimized design of an aircraft's electric power system is essential. Power electronics systems have played an important role in the on board power distribution system. However, the difficulties in its design variable identification and the design interaction decoupling process have been primary obstacles to design the electric power system in an optimized and efficient manner. In this paper, a hierarchical weight optimization design procedure has been applied to solve this problem. To accelerate the design iterations, metaheuristic optimization methods, such as genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and simulated annealing (SA) are considered due to the nonlinear and discrete nature of power electronics converters. Finally, a design example of a 2 kW voltage source inverter (VSI) is shown to illustrate the hierarchical optimization design process using metaheuristic optimization methods.
Einführung und Problemaufriss

Die Aussage “fallor ergo sum” (zitiert nach Heinzmann, 2008, S. 78) vom Kirchenlehrer Augustinus stellt das Irren des Menschen ins Zentrum des Seins und ist somit ein Hinweis auf die Relevanz des nicht Richtigen, des Misslungenen, des Fehlers. Dennoch haftete Fehlern uber lange Zeit und bis heute andauernd das Negative, Ungewollte, Schlechte an, das es schambesetzt zu vermeiden gilt.
“Is the Young Lady Mad?”: Psychiatric Disability in Louisa May Alcott’s Fiction

This chapter identifies psychiatric disability as a recurring but under-analyzed feature of the fiction Louisa May Alcott wrote for adults. Valerius explores how a disability studies approach prioritizing representations of mental health and illness complicates established readings of Alcott’s fiction. The discussion focuses on three texts that invite readerly identification with female characters variously described as mad, moody, melancholy, or insane: Alcott’s anonymously published sensation story “A Whisper in the Dark,” her first published novel Moods, and the autobiographical novel Work. Read together, these texts map the intricate intersections of psychiatric disability and gender inequality in the lives of nineteenth-century women, challenging reductive associations between madness and femininity and positing alternative, more affirmative narratives of women’s experiences with disordered moods and depression.
BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and posttraumatic stress symptoms in U.S. military veterans: Protective effect of physical exercise.

Abstract The Met allele of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism is associated with reduced levels of BDNF release, heightened hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity, and impaired fear extinction. As a result, Met allele carriers may be at risk for greater severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. In this study, we examined the relationship between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and PTSD symptoms in two nationally representative samples of European American U.S. military veterans (main sample, n = 1386; replication sample, n = 509). Results revealed that, relative to Val/Val homozygotes, Met allele carriers reported greater severity of lifetime and current PTSD symptoms, specifically re-experiencing symptoms. Met allele carriers with high trauma burden also reported greater severity of lifetime and past-month PTSD symptoms. Greater engagement in physical exercise moderated this gene-by-environment interaction. Specifically, among veterans with high lifetime trauma burden, Met allele carriers who exercised had significantly lower severity of PTSD symptoms compared to those who did not exercise. These findings suggest that interventions designed to bolster engagement in physical exercise may help mitigate PTSD symptoms in veterans who are Met allele carriers and highly exposed to trauma.
The political economy of distillers’ grains and the frictions of consumption

Global political economists have highlighted how states and corporations enact environmentally destructive practices and create commodities that legitimate those same activities. Linking macroecono...
Auditory System III

In considering how the auditory system processes information, we again encounter the themes of parallel and hierarchical processing. Parallel processing is manifested by the frequency-specific pattern of afferent innervation of hair cells by spiral ganglion cells so that different frequencies are conveyed to the CNS along separate “labeled lines.” The axons from the different populations of ganglion cells then terminate in a topographically specific fashion on the neurons in the cochlear nuclei of the brainstem. This topographically specific organization on the basis of tones is termed a tonotopic organization. Within the CNS, different components of the circuitry are specialized for frequency discrimination versus sound localization.
“Alexa, Write an Audit Opinion”: Adopting Intelligent Virtual Assistants in Accounting Workplaces

ABSTRACT In recent years, there has been exponential growth in the volume of “always listening” intelligent virtual assistant devices used in the home. The adoption of intelligent virtual assistant...
N*'s IN THE DEUTERON GROUND STATE.

Abstract: The development over the past year of spectator experiments in search for isobars in the deuteron ground state is reviewed as well as nonrelativistic coupled-channel calculations of isobar configurations and a relativistic three-body model. In the past few years models involving nucleon resonances, i.e. isobars or N*'s, as possible nuclear constituents have been studied vigorously [1] . These models may be regarded as descriptions of the off-mass-shell behavior of bound nucleons and are attempts to shed light on the structure of nuclei in the regime of small inter-nucleon distances which may be studied with present medium and high energy facilities. In such kinematic configurations one expects indeed to measure the mutual polarization of nucleons in close collisions which, via the processes NN→(NN* or N*N*)→NN, reveal their internal structure and complex excitation spectrum.
Toxicogenomic identification of repositioned therapy for a monogenic disease

Abstract The cost of drug development from initial concept to FDA approval has been estimated to be about 2.6 billion USD.1 This cost precludes development of targeted therapies for rare diseases such as monogenetic cardiomyopathies. As part of the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) program funded by the NIH, the Broad Institute of MIT has publicly released transcriptional profiles quantifying the effects of more than 25,000 perturbagens on the expression of 978 genes in up to 77 cell lines.2 Transcriptomics has been shown to be a powerful tool in repurposing drugs3,4 and this dataset affords us the unique opportunity to systematically identify small molecule mimics or inhibitors of specific genes, thereby identifying novel treatments for genetic disorders. In this report, we take this approach to identify a novel drug therapy for a monogenic form of familial dilated cardiomyopathy with the transcriptional profile of FDA approved drugs. This approach could potentially be replicated for a wide range of monogenic diseases.
Interdisciplinary bodyweight management program for persons with SCI.

Objective: Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) have a higher prevalence of being overweight than the general population, which is thought to be due to a variety of metabolic, physiologic and psyc...
Leg dominance as a risk factor for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome.

One etiological factor of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is high impact athletics involving deep hip flexion, axial loading and jumping during skeletal development. Previous work has established that there is physiologic asymmetry of the lower limbs regarding function, with the dominant limb being primarily responsible for propulsion and kicking while the non-dominant limb is responsible for stability and planting. The authors hypothesize that the dominant limb will be more likely to undergo hip arthroscopy for symptomatic FAIS. Four hundred and sixty-nine patients at a single surgical center who underwent primary or revision hip arthroscopy for cam-type FAIS were identified. Patients were asked to identify their dominant lower extremity, defined as the lower extremity preferred for kicking. Sixty patients who indicated bilateral leg dominance were excluded. It was assumed that with no association between limb dominance and the need for surgery, the dominant side would have surgery 50% of the time. Enrichment for surgery in the dominant limb was tested for using a one-sample test of proportions, determining whether the rate differed from 50%. The enrichment for surgery on the dominant side was 57% (95% confidence interval 52-62%) which was significantly different from the rate expected by chance (50%), P = 0.003. No other significant differences were noted between groups. Limb dominance appears to be an etiological factor in the development of cam-type FAIS. Patients are more likely to undergo arthroscopic treatment of FAIS on their dominant lower extremity, although the non-dominant lower extremity frequently develops FAIS as well.
A Novel Spatial Layout Representation for Object Recognition

Most successful approaches on image classification apply the Bag-of-Words (BoW) approach in the context of category-level image classification. To incorporate spatial image information in the BoW model, Spatial Pyramids (SPs) are used. However, spatial pyramids are rigid in nature and are based on predefined grid configurations. As a consequence, they often fail to coincide with the underlying spatial structure of images from different categories which may negatively affect the classification accuracy.
On the proliferation of cell proliferation tests

Abstract Proliferation is a fundamental cell behavior integral to biomaterial and tissue engineering outcomes. Numerous methods have been developed in order to quantify this relatively complex cell behavior. Measuring proliferation in the context of biomaterials and tissue engineering poses unique challenges. Seemingly trivial factors can affect measurement outcomes and make interpretation challenging. This chapter outlines the array of methods used to measure proliferation and factors to consider when performing these experiments. In particular, we focus on factors relevant to the fields of biomaterials and tissue engineering and criticize each measurement method. We intend this chapter to be a primer for those working in the field to help improve scientific use and interpretation of these seemingly simple cell proliferation measurements.
Non-Compete Agreements: A Review of the Literature

Non-compete agreements (NCAs) are employment contracts that limit the post-employment options of workers. On the one hand, they potentially solve an investment hold-up problem, allowing firms to make mutually beneficial investments in workers. On the other hand, the agreements potentially erode workers’ future bargaining position by limiting their outside options. In this paper, we review the economic literature on non-compete agreements in the U.S.
An Instructional Design Process for Emergency Remote Teaching

In this chapter, the authors offer a process for the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of emergency remote teaching experiences. The process is outlined by the well-known ADDIE instructional design framework with special considerations and guidance added for emergency remote teaching (ERT). A job aid to guide planning for ERT based on the information in this chapter is provided.
Thermomechanically influenced dynamic elastic constants of laser powder bed fusion additively manufactured Ti6Al4V

Abstract This paper reports the dynamic elastic constants of laser powder bed fusion additively manufactured Ti6Al4V alloy by recently developed effective bulk modulus elastography technique and compares them with the static elastic constants evaluated using the nanoindentation technique. With this elastography technique, two ultrasound frequencies (10 MHz and 20 MHz) were employed, which distinctly identified spatially varying the dynamic elastic constants and effective density in additively manufactured Ti6Al4V while comparing to the wrought Ti6Al4V. The spatial resolution of elastic constants and effective density of the scanned region significantly improved at 20 MHz ultrasound frequency. The dynamic elastic constants were 5 % –8 % lower than static elastic constants obtained for the additively manufactured Ti6Al4V and wrought Ti6Al4V. In addition, the present study compares the elastic moduli of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V, wrought Ti6Al4V, and solutionized and water quenched wrought Ti6Al4V. The microstructural examination of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V using scanning electron microscopy revealed a high density of internal twins within martensite laths contrary to scarcely twinned martensite lath in water quenched wrought Ti6Al4V. The origin of such high defect density was realized by a thermo-mechanical computational model that predicted rapidly changing alternating tensile-compressive stresses in the range of 49–720 MPa that, in turn, affected the dynamic and static elastic constants.
Pectoralis Major Muscle Belly Repair in a Young Male Adult: A Case Report.

CASE A 29-year-old man sustained a near-complete laceration to the left pectoralis major muscle belly. The muscle and epimysium were repaired using the Kragh technique-a combination of running interlocked and Mason-Allen stitches. At the 6-year follow-up, the patient had an excellent outcome as measured by clinical scores (Short Form Survey-36, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score), bench press, cosmesis, and magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSIONS Acute traumatic open pectoralis muscle belly tears may be successfully repaired in select patients using the Kragh technique with excellent postoperative function and cosmesis.