cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Markers for dysplasia of the upper aerodigestive tract. Suprabasal expression of PCNA, p53, and CK19 in alcohol-fixed, embedded tissue.

Abstract Recognition of premalignant lesions in the oral epithelium has the potential to increase survival rates for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. It has previously been reported that cytokeratin 19 (CK19), a 40-kd epithelial cytoskeletal protein within the suprabasal squamous epithelium, is a specific marker of moderate-to-severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ in oral cavity squamous epithelium. In contrast, normal epithelium and hyperplastic lesions reportedly express CK19 only in the basal layer if at all. The authors chose to test and extend this hypothesis by studying suprabasal CK19 expression and dysplasia of the oral cavity and upper aerodigestive tract in paraffin-embedded specimens that had been fixed in alcohol, a superior fixative for the preservation of cytokeratins. The authors examined 56 alcohol-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens including 37 from the oral cavity, using two antibodies specific for CK19 (Ks19.1 and 4.62), an antibody to the nuclear proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (19A2), and an antibody to the putative tumor suppressor gene, p53 (pAb1801). The lesions were classified as normal, hyperplasia, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, or invasive squamous cell carcinoma, following standard histologic criteria. Immunocytochemically stained sections were scored for the presence or absence of suprabasal CK19, suprabasal PCNA, and p53 positivity, regardless of location. The immunostaining patterns of the two anti-CK19 antibodies were essentially equivalent. Except for one laryngeal specimen, normal epithelium, when positive, showed CK19 expression only in scattered cells throughout the basal layer. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive nuclei were found exclusively in the basal layer. In areas of hyperplasia, CK19 immunostaining was absent or confined to the basal layer in 20 of 38 specimens and was expressed in suprabasal cells in 18 of 38 hyperplastic specimens. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining in all cases of hyperplasia was limited to the basal layer. Severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ showed suprabasal CK19 staining in six of nine specimens and no CK19 staining in three of nine specimens. In contrast, suprabasal PCNA immunostaining was found in all dysplasia and carcinoma in situ cases. p53 expression was detected in three of nine severe dysplasia/CIS specimens and was immunocytochemically undetectable in all normal, hyperplasia, and mild to moderate dysplasia specimens. The authors conclude that suprabasal CK19 expression is neither a sensitive nor a specific marker of premalignancy in oral epithelium and cannot be used to distinguish hyperplasia from dysplasia. In contrast, a strong correlation between suprabasal expression of PCNA, a marker for proliferating cells, and dysplasia/carcinoma in situ was evident.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Inferring Social Relationships Through Network: A Systematic Literature Review

Nowadays networks are developing extensively in size, intricacy, and diversity. Due to modification in social networks, advanced and distinctive kind of networks is emerging such as wireless networks, social networks, criminal networks and ego networks. Social network identification is the key to gather significant details from networks. Systematic Literature Review has been discerned to distinguish 31 papers from 2010 to 2018 to provide the set of frameworks that researchers could focus on. The aim is to organize the main categories of community discovery based on their definition of community and to identify algorithms, models, methods, and approaches that have been proposed. Consequently, 7 different categories of social networks have been identified. Furthermore, 20 algorithms, 4 approaches, 4 methods and 3 models for identifying social relationships from the network have been proposed. Based on the results obtained from the systematic review, we conclude that most of the work has been done on inferring community detection.
A Principal Components Analysis Approach to Quantifying Foot Clearance and Foot Clearance Variability.

Low foot clearance and high variability may be related to falls risk. Foot clearance is often defined as the local minimum in toe height during swing; however, not all strides have this local minimum. The primary purpose of this study was to identify a nondiscrete measure of foot clearance during all strides, and compare discrete and nondiscrete measures in ability to rank individuals on foot clearance and variability. Thirty-five participants (young adults [n = 10], older fallers [n = 10], older nonfallers [n = 10], and stroke survivors [n = 5]) walked overground while lower extremity 3D kinematics were recorded. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the toe height waveform yielded representation of toe height when it was closest to the ground. Spearman’s rank order correlation assessed the association of foot clearance and variability between PCA and discrete variables, including the local minimum. PCA had significant (P < .05) moderate or strong associations with discrete measures of foot clearance an...
“Poor in World”: Hannah Arendt’s critique of imperialism

This article addresses Hannah Arendt’s controversial engagement with European imperial ventures in Africa. For many of her critics, Arendt’s description of imperialism either duplicates the ideologically inflected accounts and justifications of mass-murder, or conveys her own personal (and racist) views of Africans and peoples of African descent. I argue that Arendt’s account in the “Imperialism” chapter of the Origins of Totalitarianism must be read parallel to her discussion of the conflict in Palestine between Jewish settlers and native Arabs. Rather than provide us with an anthropological account of Africans, Arendt provides a political account of the necessity for cooperation in order to blunt imperial power-politics. In a second move, I develop a normative critique from Arendt’s remarks by relying on Heideggerian aspects of “World.” I argue that Arendt’s criticisms are really directed at Europeans who were unable to take the Africans’ point of view.
980. Using Videoconferencing with the Clinical Microbiology Lab to Enhance Medical Student Learning During Clinical Rotations.

Background Preclinical medical student learning in the microbiology laboratory traditionally focuses on enhancing understanding of microbiology but less on understanding clinical workflow. During a novel course that revisited foundational sciences during clerkships, we designed a virtual microbiology laboratory session to enhance understanding and familiarity with clinical workflow on testing of patient samples.
A comprehensive study of telecytology using robotic digital microscope and single Z-stack digital scan for fine-needle aspiration-rapid on-site evaluation

Background: The current technology for remote assessment of fine-needle aspiration-rapid on-site evaluation (FNA-ROSE) is limited. Recent advances may provide solutions. This study compared the performance of VisionTek digital microscope (VDM) (Sakura, Japan) and Hamamatsu NanoZoomer C9600-12 single Z-stack digital scan (SZDS) to conventional light microscopy (CLM) for FNA-ROSE. Methods: We assembled sixty FNA cases from the thyroid (n = 16), lymph node (n = 16), pancreas (n = 9), head and neck (n = 9), salivary gland (n = 5), lung (n = 4), and rectum (n = 1) based on a single institution's routine workflow. One Diff-Quik-stained slide was selected for each case. Two board-certified cytopathologists independently evaluated the cases using VDM, SZDS, and CLM. A “washout” period of at least 14 days was placed between the reviews. The results were categorized into satisfactory versus unsatisfactory for adequacy assessment (AA) and unsatisfactory, benign, atypical, suspicious, and malignant for preliminary diagnosis (PD). Results: For AA, the Cohen's kappa statistics (CKS) scores of intermodality agreement (IMA) were 0.74–0.94 (CLM vs. VDM) and 0.86–1 (CLM vs. SZDS). The discordant rates of IMA were 3.3% (4/120) for VDM versus CLM, and 1.7% (2/120) for SZDS versus CLM. For PD, the CKS scores of IMA ranged 0.7–0.93. The overall discordant rates of IMA were 15% (18/120) for CLM versus VDM and 10.8% (13/120) for CLM versus SZDS. The discordant rates of IMA with 2 or higher degrees were 5.8% (7/120) for CLM versus VDM and 1.7% (2/120) for CLM versus SZDS. The average time spent per slide was 270 s for VDM, significantly longer than that for CLM (113 s) or for SZDS (122 s). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that both VDM and SZDS are suitable to provide AA and reasonable PD evaluation. VDM, however, has a significantly longer turnaround time and worse diagnostic performance. The study demonstrates both the potentials and challenges of using VDM and SZDS for FNA-ROSE.
PREVIOUSLY UNDIAGNOSED FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA PRESENTING AS ACUTE CORORNARY SYNDROME

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), a rare disease of medium sized arteries, can have obscure presentation leading to delay in diagnosis. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), when associated with FMD, can be a clue to presence of systemic disease. A 33 year old woman in good health presented
Biological effective dose, cumulative radiation dose, risk of malignancy and mortality rate estimation in adult patients who have a history of cancer and exposed to recurrent computed tomography

Computed tomography is commonly used for the initial diagnosis of a tumour to provide information about the stage of cancer & to assess whether the disease is responding to treatment. Leukemia & solid tumour may have developed as a result of exposure to a low dose of diagnostic ionizing radiation so another primary tumour may develop as a result of radiation exposure. We used information in the patient sheet to measure patient effective radiation dose(E) in millisievert (mSv) & calculate cumulative dose by summation of dose over three years, estimated life attributed risk & mortality rate. The results of the current study revealed that from 50 patients 37 (74%) of them were female & 13 (26%) of them were male, age range 23- 80yr, breast cancer was the commonest cause of malignancy follow by lung cancer. Cumulative dose in mSv/yr rang 12-80 mSv, about 43(86%) of our patients exposed to more than 20mSv /yr & 7(14%) of them expose to 20 & less than 20 per year. Collective dose in three years’ range was 35-250 mSv mean 97 ± 37 Estimated radiological effective dose was more than 100 mSv in 22 (44%) per three years & 28(56%) of them had less than 100mSv. Life attributed risk for incidence of cancers was 1:285 -1:40 & mortality rate 0.21%-1.5%. A high percentage of patient 86% with cancer receive high radiation dose annually from CT scan more than considerable safe radiation dose for a worker in this field and 44% of our patient expose to cumulative dose more than 100 mSv per three which is also excess allowed dose for the radiological worker.
Modeling mixed boundary conditions in a Hilbert space with the complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM).

Abstract The Laplace equation that results from specifying either the normal or tangential force equilibrium equation in terms of the warping functions or its conjugate can be modeled as a complex variable boundary element method or CVBEM mixed boundary problem. The CVBEM is a well-known numerical technique that can provide solutions to potential value problems in two or more dimensions by the use of an approximation function that is derived from the Cauchy Integral in complex analysis. This paper highlights three customizations to the technique. • A least squares approach to modeling the complex-valued approximation function will be compared and analyzed to determine if modeling error on the boundary can be reduced without the need to find and evaluated additional linearly independent complex functions. • The nodal point locations will be moved outside the problem domain. • Contour and streamline plots representing the warping function and its complementary conjugate are generated simultaneously from the complex-valued approximating function.
Ortho-metalation and carboxylate coordination in the reaction between the dipotassium salt of phthalic acid and Cp*Ir(PMe3)Cl2: X-ray diffraction structure of Cp*Ir(PMe3)[C6H3(CO2)(CO2H)]

The cyclopentadienyl complex Cp*Ir(PMe3)Cl2 reacts with the dipotassium salt of phthalic acid in the presence of AgPF6 via chloride substitution to give the ortho-metalated compound Cp*Ir(PMe3)[C6H3(CO2)(CO2H)]. This new compound has been isolated by recrystallization and has been characterized in solution by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, and the solid-state structure has been verified by X-ray crystallography. Cp*Ir(PMe3)[C6H3(CO2)(CO2H)] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 9.1010(6) A, b = 16.715(1) A, c = 14.3965(9) A, β = 108.24(1)°, V = 2080.0(2) A3, Z = 4, and dcalc = 1.813 mg/m3; R = 0.0276, Rw = 0.0810 for 2730 reflections with I > 2σ(I). Coordination of the benzene ring to the iridium center via one of the carboxylate groups and ortho-metalation of the C–H moiety that was α to the iridium-bound carboxylate group is confirmed.
Systematic Review of Pathogenic GJB2 Variants in the Latino Population.

Objectives Define the extent to which GJB2-related hearing loss is responsible for non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) in the Latino population. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed. PubMed and MEDLINE were accessed from 1966 to 2019 using permutations of the MeSH terms: "Hearing Loss," "Hearing Impairment," "Deafness," "Latin American," "Latino," "GJB2," and "Genetic." Additionally, countries designated as Latino by the US Office of Management and Bureau were cross-referenced as key terms against the aforementioned search criteria. Exclusion criteria included non-English publications, a non-Latino study population, and literature not investigating GJB2. An allele frequency analysis of pathogenic GJB2 variants in the Latino population was performed and stratified by country of origin and reported ethnicity. Results One hundred twenty two unique studies were identified of which 64 met our inclusion criteria. Forty three studies were included in the GJB2 systematic review. A total of 38 pathogenic GJB2 variants were identified across 20 countries in the Latino population. The prevalence of pathogenic GJB2 variants varied by country; however, were generally uncommon with the exception of c.35delG (p.Gly12Valfs*) which displayed an allele frequency of 3.1% in the combined Latino population; ranging from 21% in Colombia to 0% in Guatemala. Conclusion Variation in the prevalence of pathogenic GJB2 variants by country likely reflect the heterogeneous nature of ethnic ancestral contributions to the Latino population. Additional research utilizing next generation sequencing might aid in the development of assays for high throughput diagnosis of inherited hearing loss in the multitude of ethnic sub-groups that comprise this and other traditionally marginalized populations.
Preference Shocks and Contemporaneous Cash-flow Risk

I propose an asset-pricing model with preference shocks and contemporaneous cash-flow risk that can explain key asset-pricing patterns related to business cycle. In this consumption-based model with preference shocks, contemporaneous cash-flow risk of equities drives the cross section of risk premia in bad times, i.e. during periods with a high recession probability, relatively more than in good times. This model makes new predictions about the conditional relevance of cash flow risk for asset prices that are confirmed in data. Unlike in models with external habits or long-run risks, a model with preference shocks correlated with business-cycle shocks further implies that reasonable quantities of contemporaneous cash-flow risk have a significant effect on conditional risk premia of assets and return volatility.
Low-cost adsorbents for urban stormwater pollution control

Stormwater represents a major non-point pollution source at an urban environment. To improve the treatment efficacy of stormwater infrastructure, low-cost adsorbents have increasingly gained attention over the past decades. This article aims to briefly discuss several key aspects and principles for utilization of low-cost adsorbents for urban stormwater treatment. To determine whether a low-cost adsorbent is suitable for stormwater treatment, two aspects should be carefully assessed, including: 1) its adsorption mechanisms and behaviors that can influence the binding strength, adsorption kinetics, and treatment capacity; and 2) unwanted chemical leaching patterns that can affect the extent of water quality degradation. Furthermore, the application mode of an adsorbent in the system design influences the utilization efficiency. Adsorbents, after dosed to soil media in infrastructure, would eventually become ineffective after oversaturation. In contrast, standalone filters or innovative composite adsorbents (e.g., adsorbent-coated mulch chips) can enable a long-lasting adsorption due to periodic replacement with fresh adsorbents. The aforementioned principles play a key role in the success of urban stormwater treatment with low-cost adsorbents.
Research on Line Simulation and Flexible Configuration Scheme of Distribution Network Practical-Test-Platform

Transmission line model is one of the most important models in the primary equipment of distribution network practical-test-platform. For this reason, the research work on the equivalent $\pi$ circuit of transmission line and the flexible configuration technology of line simulator is carried out in this paper. Based on the characteristic equation which can reflect the system oscillation frequency, line length and the chained number of equivalent $\pi$ circuits, as well as the oscillation frequency requirements of fault line selection and fault location, a method for determining the chained number of equivalent $\pi$ circuits is proposed in this paper. Then, a flexible configuration scheme of line simulator is proposed in this paper, and its purpose is to meet the simulation accuracy requirements of transmission lines of different lengths. The simulation results verify the effectiveness and rationality of the equivalent $\pi$ circuit of transmission line and flexible configuration scheme proposed in this paper.
Normal and abnormal patterns of Tc-99m pertechnetate distribution in Meckel’s scans

1125 Objectives: After reviewing this presentation, attendeesshould be able to 1) describe the normal, physiologic patterns of radiotracer distribution after intravenously administered Tc-99m pertechnetate, 2) discuss the pathophysiologic basis for Tc-99m pertechnetate uptake in Meckel’s diverticulum, and 3) recognize abnormal patterns of radiotracer distribution and identify potential reasons for them. Abstract: The Meckel’s scan is well-regarded for its straightforward execution, simple radiopharmaceutical preparation, and high diagnostic accuracy. The fact that the radiotracer utilized here is simply Tc-99m pertechnetate, eluted directly from the generator and free of any additional radiochemical processing, may suggest that abnormal patterns of radiotracer distribution should not be expected and might even be impossible. However, we have observed abnormal patterns of Tc-99m pertechnetate distribution with obvious delayed clearance from the liver and cardiac blood pool. Beyond the Meckel’s scan, Tc-99m pertechnetate is extensively utilized in nuclear medicine, making it even more important to recognize the possibility of its altered biodistribution and delayed clearance. In this presentation, we will discuss 1) the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of Meckel’s diverticulum, 2) the use of Tc-99m pertechnetate in Meckel’s scans and its other indications in nuclear medicine, 3) examples of positive and negative Meckel’s scans, 4) the potential effect of certain medications on the distribution of Tc-99m pertechnetate, 5) how altered biodistribution might affect the accuracy of Meckel’s scan, 5) illustrative cases of abnormal distribution and clearance of Tc-99m pertechnetate from the liver and cardiac blood pool, and finally, 6) potential agent-specific and patient-specific factors that may have contributed to the observed abnormal distribution.
Diagnostic Accuracy and Failure Mode Analysis of a Deep Learning Algorithm for the Detection of Cervical Spine Fractures.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Artificial intelligence decision support systems are a rapidly growing class of tools to help manage ever-increasing imaging volumes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of an artificial intelligence decision support system, Aidoc, for the detection of cervical spinal fractures on noncontrast cervical spine CT scans and to conduct a failure mode analysis to identify areas of poor performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 1904 emergent noncontrast cervical spine CT scans of adult patients (60 [SD, 22] years, 50.3% men). The presence of cervical spinal fracture was determined by Aidoc and an attending neuroradiologist; discrepancies were independently adjudicated. Algorithm performance was assessed by calculation of the diagnostic accuracy, and a failure mode analysis was performed. RESULTS: Aidoc and the neuroradiologist’s interpretation were concordant in 91.5% of cases. Aidoc correctly identified 67 of 122 fractures (54.9%) with 106 false-positive flagged studies. Diagnostic performance was calculated as the following: sensitivity, 54.9% (95% CI, 45.7%–63.9%); specificity, 94.1% (95% CI, 92.9%–95.1%); positive predictive value, 38.7% (95% CI, 33.1%–44.7%); and negative predictive value, 96.8% (95% CI, 96.2%–97.4%). Worsened performance was observed in the detection of chronic fractures; differences in diagnostic performance were not altered by study indication or patient characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: We observed poor diagnostic accuracy of an artificial intelligence decision support system for the detection of cervical spine fractures. Many similar algorithms have also received little or no external validation, and this study raises concerns about their generalizability, utility, and rapid pace of deployment. Further rigorous evaluations are needed to understand the weaknesses of these tools before widespread implementation.
Catastrophic health expenditures, insurance churn, and nonemployment among gynecologic cancer patients in the United States

Background In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the financial burden of severe illness, including associations with higher rates of nonemployment, uninsurance, and catastrophic out-of-pocket health spending. Patients with gynecologic cancer often require expensive and prolonged treatments, potentially disrupting employment and insurance coverage access, and putting patients and their families at risk for catastrophic health expenditures. Objective This study aimed to describe the prevalence of insurance churn, nonemployment, and catastrophic health expenditures among nonelderly patients with gynecologic cancer in the United States, to compare within subgroups and to other populations and assess for changes associated with the Affordable Care Act. Study Design We identified respondents aged 18 to 64 years from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2006 to 2017, who reported care related to gynecologic cancer in a given year, and a propensity-matched cohort of patients without cancer and patients with cancers of other sites, as comparison groups. We applied survey weights to extrapolate to the US population, and we described patterns of insurance churn (any uninsurance or insurance loss or change), catastrophic health expenditures (>10% annual family income), and nonemployment. Characteristics and outcomes between groups were compared with the adjusted Wald test. Results We identified 683 respondents reporting care related to a gynecologic cancer diagnosis from 2006 to 2017, representing an estimated annual population of 532,400 patients (95% confidence interval, 462,000–502,700). More than 64% of patients reported at least 1 of 3 primary negative outcomes of any uninsurance, part-year nonemployment, and catastrophic health expenditures, with 22.4% reporting at least 2 of 3 outcomes. Catastrophic health spending was uncommon without nonemployment or uninsurance reported during that year (1.2% of the population). Compared with patients with other cancers, patients with gynecologic cancer were younger and more likely with low education and low family income (≤250% federal poverty level). They reported higher annual risks of insurance loss (8.8% vs 4.8%; P=.03), any uninsurance (22.6% vs 14.0%; P=.002), and part-year nonemployment (55.3% vs 44.6%; P=.005) but similar risks of catastrophic spending (12.6% vs 12.2%; P=.84). Patients with gynecologic cancer from low-income families faced a higher risk of catastrophic expenditures than those of higher icomes (24.4% vs 2.9%; P Conclusion Patients with gynecologic cancer faced high risks of uninsurance, nonemployment, and catastrophic health expenditures, particularly among patients from low-income families. Catastrophic spending was uncommon in the absence of either nonemployment or uninsurance in a given year.
Financial Frictions in Macroeconomics

Abstract I review two examples that show how the nature of the financial system can play a central role in shaping the behavior of the aggregate economy. In the first example, variations over time in the cross-sectional dispersion of a productivity shock, which would have no aggregate effect in a frictionless model, produce effects that look like business cycles because of the nature of financial (and nominal) frictions. The second example suggests how a shock originating outside the financial system, which ordinarily might not be expected to have a large aggregate effect, can lead to a systemic banking collapse. The relevance of the examples to the US economy is discussed.
What Is the Numerical Nature of Pain Relief

Pain relief, or a decrease in self-reported pain intensity, is frequently the primary outcome of pain clinical trials. Investigators commonly report pain relief in one of two ways: using raw units (additive) or using percentage units (multiplicative). However, additive and multiplicative scales have different assumptions and are incompatible with one-another. In this work, we describe the assumptions and corollaries of additive and multiplicative models of pain relief to illuminate the issue from statistical and clinical perspectives. First, we explain the math underlying each model and illustrate these points using simulations, for which readers are assumed to have an understanding of linear regression. Next, we connect this math to clinical interpretations, stressing the importance of statistical models that accurately represent the underlying data; for example, how using percent pain relief can mislead clinicians if the data are actually additive. These theoretical discussions are supported by empirical data from four longitudinal studies of patients with subacute and chronic pain. Finally, we discuss self-reported pain intensity as a measurement construct, including its philosophical limitations and how clinical pain differs from acute pain measured during psychophysics experiments. This work has broad implications for clinical pain research, ranging from statistical modeling of trial data to the use of minimal clinically important differences and patient-clinician communication.
The Vioxx Litigation: A Critical Look at Trial Tactics, the Tort System, and the Roles of Lawyers in Mass Tort Litigation

Merck’s strategy in the Vioxx cases exposes an alarming deficiency in the legal system’s ability to achieve the fundamental goals of tort law in prescription drug cases. Utilizing a “try every case” approach, Merck’s strategy revealed significant challenges in the achievement of deterrence, corrective justice, and social justice in the tort system where large numbers of consumers suffer harmful reactions to the same defective drug. This article contends the Vioxx litigation most likely reveals the present way of providing legal services to mass tort victims is not adequate to provide compensation to those individual victims who justly deserve corrective justice. Instead, policy makers should adopt new judicial tools and remedies to discourage parties and lawyers from minimizing the importance of individual justice.
Reinforcing ethical decision making through corporate culture

Behaving ethically depends on the ability to recognize that ethical issues exist, to see from an ethical point of view. This ability to see and respond ethically may be related more to attributes of corporate culture than to attributes of individual employees. Efforts to increase ethical standards and decrease pressure to behave unethically should therefore concentrate on the organization and its culture. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how total quality (TQ) techniques can facilitate the development of a cooperative corporate culture that promotes and encourages ethical behavior throughout an organization.
London penetration depth and superfluid density of single-crystalline Fe 1 + y ( Te 1 − x Se x ) and Fe 1 + y ( Te 1 − x S x )

The in-plane London penetration depth, $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$, was measured in single crystals of the iron-chalcogenide superconductors ${\text{Fe}}_{1.03}({\text{Te}}_{0.63}{\text{Se}}_{0.37})$ and ${\text{Fe}}_{1.06}({\text{Te}}_{0.88}{\text{S}}_{0.14})$ by using a radio-frequency tunnel diode resonator. Similar to the iron-arsenides and in stark contrast to the iron-phosphides, iron-chalcogenides exhibit a nearly quadratic temperature variation of $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$ at low temperatures. The absolute value of the penetration depth in the $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limit was determined for ${\text{Fe}}_{1.03}({\text{Te}}_{0.63}{\text{Se}}_{0.37})$ by using an Al coating technique, giving $\ensuremath{\lambda}(0)\ensuremath{\approx}560\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20\text{ }\text{nm}$. The superfluid density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T)={\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}(0)/{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}(T)$ was fitted with a self-consistent two-gap $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ model. While two different gaps are needed to describe the full-range temperature variation in ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T)$, a nonexponential low-temperature behavior requires pair-breaking scattering, and therefore an unconventional (e.g., ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ or nodal) order parameter.
Chapter 10 - Insurance Reimbursement

This paper discusses theoretical and empirical findings concerning insurance reimbursement of patients or providers by insurers operating in private markets or in mixed public and private systems. Most insurances other than health insurance do not “reimburse”; instead they pay cash to insureds conditional on the occurrence of a prespecified event. In contrast, health insurance ties the payment to medical expenditures or costs incurred in some fashion, often making payments directly to medical providers. These differences are caused by a much higher degree of moral hazard and the dominant effect of insurer demand on provider prices. Health insurances also often prohibit “balance billing,” provider charges in excess of some prespecified amount. Such prohibitions are related to patient inability to shop or bargain, and to insurer market power. Empirical evidence suggests that some versions of physician and hospital reimbursement have increased the level of medical spending relative to the level that would be experienced under prospective payment. In particular, cost-based reimbursement raises total spending. Optimal reimbursement, with balance billing prohibited, may also be chosen to control moral hazard; payment will generally involve a mix of fee-for-service and predetermined (salary or capitation) payment, and may well involve positive patient cost sharing. Monopsony behavior by dominant insurers is possible, and may improve consumer welfare but not total welfare.
Skill School Boys: Masculine Identity Formation Among White Boys in an Urban High School Vocational Autoshop Program

Through interviews and observations, I explore how a group of white working-class boys who have family traditions in auto repair construct notions of masculinity in a public-vocational-school autoshop class in Buffalo, New York. Many of the students in this group say that they plan to open their own garages on graduation. Although there are many facets to the production of a sense of manhood, I focus on the ways in which young white males in a restructuring economy narrate a sense of self grounded in the area of work on a multiethnic shopfloor—a sphere which they ultimately coconstruct around notions of the racially deviant “other.” At present, there is not a lot of literature on identity formation processes among youth who are trained in school to become trades-people, particularly in relation to jobs that are typically coded “male.”
Handbuch zu den 'Kinder- und Hausmärchen' der Brüder Grimm

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Hans-Jorg Uther Year: 2008 Pages: 644 Publisher: De Gruyter ISBN: 978-3-11-019441-8 (hard cover). Prices: $86.00 USD(hard cover).
Studies on the Nature of the Binding of Thiamine Pyrophosphate to Enzymes

Abstract The binding of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) to several enzymes has been determined by measuring cofactor-dependent activity after passage of each enzyme through a column of Sephadex G-25 to remove non-protein-bound cofactors. TPP was found to be bound irreversibly to yeast and Zymomonas pyruvate decarboxylases, Aerobacter α-acetolactate synthetase, and Escherichia glyoxylate carboligase. Cofactors were lost when Proteus pyruvate oxidase, Escherichia pyruvate dehydrogenase, and Micrococcus diacetyl carboligase were gel-filtered; the binding of TPP was strongest for diacetyl carboligase. A procedure has been devised for efficient resolution of enzymes for TPP and divalent cations. Resolved enzymes reconstituted for cofactors had properties similar to those of native enzymes. Resolved pyruvate decarboxylases from both yeast and Zymomonas mobilis failed to bind Mg++ in the absence of TPP. Cofactor reconstitution for yeast pyruvate decarboxylase was shown to be a slow process for low concentrations of TPP. TPP alone, in high concentrations, was able to activate and partially reconstitute TPP enzymes in the absence of added divalent cations. Zymomonas pyruvate decarboxylase, Aerobacter α-acetolactate synthetase, and Escherichia glyoxylate carboligase appear to be heterogeneous, in that part of each enzyme can bind TPP irreversibly; this cofactor dissociates reversibly for the remainder of the enzyme. When yeast pyruvate decarboxylase, saturated for cofactors, was gel-filtered at pH 8.0, 50% of the enzyme-bound TPP dissociated from the enzyme, the remainder being irreversibly bound. "Thiazole pyrophosphate," a potent inhibitor of resolved yeast pyruvate decarboxylase, acts by binding to coenzyme sites on the enzyme. Unlike TPP, thiazole pyrophosphate was shown to be bound reversibly to the enzyme and could be displaced by high concentrations of TPP. The results obtained question the validity of calculating dissociation constants for cofactors which do not dissociate from their enzymes.
Outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium: Transmembrane diffusion of some hydrophobic substances

The outer membrane, which is composed of lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids, and proteins, is a layer of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, and apparently acts as a penetration barrier for various substances. It had been shown by other workers that "deep rough" mutants of Salmonella typhimurium, whose lipopolysaccharides lack most of the saccharide chains, were much more sensitive than the wild type strain to certain antibiotics and dyes, but not to others. We found that the former group of agents are usually hydrophobic and the latter group mostly hydrophilic. All hydrophilic antibiotics had molecular weights lower than 650, and one of them was shown to diffuse through the outer membrane of 0 degrees C. In contrast, some hydrophobic antibiotics had molecular weights in excess of 1200, and the rate of diffusion of one of them was shown to be extremely dependent both on temperature and on the structure of lipopolysaccharide present. These data and results presented elsewhere suggest, but do not necessarily prove, that most hydrophilic antibiotics diffuse through aqueous pores, whereas hydrophobic antibiotics and dyes mainly penetrate by dissolving into the hydrocarbon interior of the out membrane. In contrast to the outer membrane of deep rough mutants, that of the wild type strain and less defective rough mutants was unusual among biological membranes in that it was practically impermeable to hydrophiobic agents. It is proposed that the difference in hydrophobic permeability between the two types of strains is due to radical differences in the organization of the outer membrane, more specifically to the presence or absence of exposed phospholipid bilayer regions.
Environmental Enrichment as a Therapy for Autism: A Clinical Trial Replication and Extension

Based on work done in animal models showing that autism-like symptoms are ameliorated following exposure to an enriched sensorimotor environment, we attempted to develop a comparable therapy for children with autism. In an initial randomized controlled trial, children with autism who received sensorimotor enrichment at home for 6 months had significant improvements in both their cognitive ability and the severity of their autism symptoms (Woo & Leon, 2013). We now report the outcomes of a similar randomized controlled trial in which children with autism, 3 to 6 years old, were randomly assigned to groups that received either daily sensorimotor enrichment, administered by their parents, along with standard care, or they received standard care alone. After 6 months, enriched children showed statistically significant gains in their IQ scores, a decline in their atypical sensory responses, and an improvement in their receptive language performance, compared to controls. Furthermore, after 6 months of enrichment therapy, 21% of the children who initially had been given an autism classification, using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, improved to the point that, although they remained on the autism spectrum, they no longer met the criteria for classic autism. None of the standard care controls reached an equivalent level of improvement. Finally, the outcome measures for children who received only a subset of sensory stimuli were similar to those receiving the full complement of enrichment exercises. Sensorimotor enrichment therapy therefore appears to be a cost-effective means of treating a range of symptoms for children with autism.
Insights on Adolescence from A Life Course Perspective.

In this essay, we argue that viewing adolescence within the full life course will improve our understanding of both adolescence itself and the life course more generally. Such an approach makes explicit how adolescence is linked to developmental processes in the years both before and after adolescence in ways that are shaped by broader patterns of social change. We highlight insights from research over the past decade that illustrate the kinds of life course questions about adolescence that need to be posed in the next decade, focusing on connections between adolescence and the 2 life stages that border it: childhood and young adulthood. Although life course themes cut across the many different topics that adolescence scholars typically study, we draw our examples from 3 specific substantive areas—educational success, puberty, and problem behavior.
Bioequivalence for Liposomal Drug Products

Liposomal drug products often pose a challenge in demonstrating bioequivalence between generic and brand name products. After administration, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in a liposomal drug product usually exists in multiple forms in plasma (e.g., free drug and encapsulated drug). The products often have physical and chemical properties that critically impact therapeutic effect and safety profile. Many of these critical physicochemical properties need to be characterized by a distribution. Liposomal drug products also exhibit complex in vivo release patterns that are affected by the liposome vesicles, drug substance, and inactive ingredients. Consequently, to demonstrate bioequivalence, it is important to identify the most physiologically relevant analyte(s) for BE purposes, conduct comprehensive, comparative physicochemical testing on a wide range of product properties, and perform in vitro release testing under controlled, physiologically relevant conditions. This chapter reviews scientific literature for characterizing different types of liposomal drug products. Using PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride injection as an example, this chapter will discuss the challenges and solutions in determining the proper bioequivalence recommendations for specific liposomal drug products.
Abstract 2769: PKC/MARCKS pathway is a novel therapeutic target associated with breast cancer malignancy potential and paclitaxel resistance

Increasing evidence had suggested important roles of protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) in modulating various cellular processes, including cancer cell growth and metastasis. However, there is a lack of information regarding to the roles of MARCKS and its pSer 159/163 phosphorylated product in breast cancer cells and tissues. To tackle this concern, we recently initiated both immunohistochemical and western blot analyses on a series of clinical specimens and several breast cancer cell lines. We have observed a significant elevation of phospho-MARCKS associated with advanced-stage breast cancer tissues as compared with benign ones, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of MARCKS expression resulted in suppressions of lamellipodia/filopodia formation and migration/invasion as well as down-regulation of Src activity in these TNBC cell lines. Of note, MARCKS-silenced TNBC cells grew much more slowly and more sensitive to paclitaxel than the control and parental cells. Treatment with paclitaxel was shown to induce MARCKS phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner, which may be related to an enhanced paclitaxel resistance in some of TNBC cells. However, PKC inhibitors were able to abrogate paclitaxel-induced MARCKS phosphorylation. Consistent with this potential, treatments of TNBC cells with a MARCKS N-terminus sequence peptide, namely MANS, to down regulate PKC/MARCKS pathway not only attenuated the associated aggressive phenotype but also synergistically enhanced paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate an association of PKC-mediated MARCKS phosphorylation with breast cancer malignancy potential and MARCKS phosphorylation as a predictor of paclitaxel resistance in TNBC cells. It is suggestive that an inhibition of PKC/MARCKS pathway may serve as an alternative therapeutic strategy for enhancing efficacy of chemotherapy. Citation Format: Ching-Hsien Chen, Muhammad Arif, Wen-Hsin Chang, Yuan Yuan, Jing Zhai, David K. Ann, Reen Wu. PKC/MARCKS pathway is a novel therapeutic target associated with breast cancer malignancy potential and paclitaxel resistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2769. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2769
A globalização cultural e os desafios para uma governança global democrática / Cultural globalisation and the challenges for democratic global governance

O presente texto visa apresentar apontamentos preliminares sobre como a questao do contato intercultural tem evoluido na tradicao teorica de Relacoes Internacionais. Da mesma forma, procura-se tambem compreender melhor como seria possivel promover padroes mais harmonicos de convivencia multicultural dado que os mais variados grupos humanos se encontram nos dias de hoje, cada vez mais, em uma nova, acelerada e potencialmente conflitiva dinâmica de interacoes em uma escala nunca antes vista. ABSTRACT This text aims to present some preliminary findings about how the issue of intercultural contact has developed within the theoretical tradition of international relations. Likewise, it seeks better to understand how more harmonious patterns of multicultural cohabitation can be fostered in view of the fact that the most varied of human groups are increasingly coming into contact with one another in a new, faster-paced and potentially conflictive dynamic of interactions on a previously unseen scale. Palavras-chave: Teoria das Relacoes Internacionais, contato intercultural, convivencia multicultural. Keywords : International Relations Theory, intercultural contact, multicultural cohabitation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2010.5282
Effects of Dress on Compliance to Requests in a Field Setting

Summary Neatly and sloppily dressed female confederates (Cs) approached 62 male and 62 female Ss at Boston's Logan Airport and made the following request: “Excuse me. Could you lend me a dime?” Significantly more Ss gave dimes to neatly rather than sloppily dressed Cs (81% vs. 32%) and significantly more males gave dimes than females (64% vs. 50%).
Did the Oklahoma City Bombers Succeed

The worst case of domestic terrorism in our country's history, the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, led to the enactment of a landmark antiterrorism statute. Not surprisingly, several of the statute's provisions strengthen federal power in extraordinary and unprecedented ways to counter the threat of terrorism. But other provisions radically restrict the ability of federal courts to enforce the federal constitutional rights of state prisoners. How could Congress miss the apparent irony of responding to the destruction of a federal courthouse with its own assault on federal judicial power? This article argues that the role of federal habeas corpus has changed substantially over the past three decades. Whereas federal habeas had emerged during the Warren Court as a general forum for supervising state court compliance with constitutional norms, it has now become primarily a forum for death penalty litigation. Congress appears to have recognized this transformation, and the a...
DEPP functionally graded piezoceramics via micro-fabrication by co-extrusion

This paper introduces the Dual Electro/Piezo Property (DEPP) gradient technique via Micro-Fabrication through Co-eXtrusion (MFCX) which pairs a high displacement lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoceramic with a high permittivity barium titanate (BT) dielectric. By grading with this material combination spatially across an actuator, the electric field is concentrated in the more active region for improved efficiency, higher displacements, and complex motions. To aid in synthesis and analysis of any gradient profile, compositional maps are provided for key material properties (density, stiffness, permittivity, and piezoelectric coefficients). The DEPP technique was validated, independent of the MFCX process, by powder pressing a conventional bimodal gradient beam which demonstrated through experiments high displacement capabilities at lower driving potentials than comparable functionally graded piezoceramic actuators. For more complex gradients, the MFCX process was adapted to the DEPP gradient technique and illustrated by the fabrication of a linearly graded prototype whose monolithic nature and gradual material variation significantly reduces internal stresses, improves reliability, and extends service lifetime.