cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon adsorption onto Fe oxyhydroxide stalks produced by a lithotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria

Iron (Fe)-oxidizing bacteria have the potential to produce morphologically unique structures that may be used as biosignatures in geological deposits. One particular example is Mariprofundus ferrooxydans, which produces extracellular twisted ribbon-like stalks consisting of ferrihydrite, co-located with organic and inorganic elements. It is currently thought that M. ferrooxydans excrete and co-precipitate polysaccharides and Fe simultaneously; however, the cellular production of these polysaccharides has yet to be confirmed. Here, we report on a time-series study that used scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and C 1s and Ca 2p near-edge X-ray adsorption fine structure spectroscopy to investigate production of polysaccharides over the growth cycle of M. ferrooxydans. The production and morphology of twisted iron stalks were consistent with previous observations, but unexpectedly, in the log phase, the carbon content of the stalks was extremely low. It was not until stationary growth phase that a significant component of carbon was detected on the stalks. During the log phase, low levels of carbon, only detectable when the stalks were thin, suggested that M. ferrooxydans produce an extracellular polysaccharide template onto which the Fe precipitates. By stationary phase, the increased carbon association with the stalks was a result of adsorption of organic compounds that were released during osmotic shock post-stalk production. In the environment, elevated concentrations of DOC could adsorb onto the Fe stalks as well as a number of other elements, for example, Si, P, Ca, which, by preventing chemical interactions between the Fe nanoparticles, will prevent structural deformation during recrystallization and preserve the structure of these filaments in the rock record.
Non-nutritive Sweeteners

Five non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are currently approved for use in the United States as food additives by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): acesulfame-K, aspartame, neotame, saccharin, and sucralose; stevia glycosides (principally rebaudioside A) are also permitted for use based on a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) petition submitted to the FDA. The daily intake of each NNS by children and adults in the United States is well below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) set by the FDA. The ADI is the amount that can be consumed daily for life without health or safety concern. The FDA approval process for new food additives (including GRAS) includes the generation and submission of extensive safety databases in animals and humans. Nutritive and NNS initiate sweet taste in the mouth by binding to the same sweet-taste receptor, located on the cell membrane of taste bud cells. The oral sweet-taste receptor consists of two membrane-associated proteins coupled to an intracellular G-protein. The variety of molecules that taste sweet (nutritive and non-nutritive) bind to different parts of these membrane proteins. The same sweet-taste receptor is also found on enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine. Both nutritive and NNS bind to these receptors and can cause the release of hormones involved in glucose homeostasis. The sweet-taste receptor is also found on pancreatic, insulin-secreting beta cells, and while not mediating glucose-induced insulin secretion, can promote insulin secretion in vitro in the presence of high (non-physiologic) concentrations of NNS. Unlike nutritive sweeteners (NS), the ingestion of NNS by fasting humans does not elevate plasma concentrations of the hormones secreted by enteroendocrine or pancreatic beta cells. NNS ingestion may enhance some of these responses to NS when both are ingested together, but the effects thus far reported are not consistent among studies. The body of epidemiologic evidence exploring for associations between NNS use and body weight gain is not convincing; moreover, epidemiologic studies cannot prove causality. Active intervention studies in which NNS are covertly substituted for NS in the diet for extended periods of time (e.g., up to 18 months in children) show that NNS do not cause weight gain or obesity.
Melanoma initiating cells: where do we stand?

. In addi-tion, they are chemo- and radio-resistant, and play a major role in disease recurrence and metastatic spread, the two major causes of patients’ mortality and morbid-ity. Therefore to effectively ‘cure’ a patient from a malignancy, CSCs need to be eradi -cated along with differentiated tumor cells, as the latter have been shown to de-differ -entiate into CSCs
Aesthetic journeys

Researchers and designers are increasingly creating technologies intended to support urban mobility. However, the question of what mobility is remains largely under-examined. In this paper we will use the notion of aesthetic journeys to reconsider the relationship between urban spaces, people and technologies. Fieldwork on the Orange County bus system and in the London Underground leads to a discussion of how we might begin to design for multiple mobilities.
On the effect of rotating secondary principal stresses in scattered-light photoelasticity

The lack of understanding of the effect of the rotation of secondary principal axes has been a severe limitation of the scattered-light method. The method of Poincare's equivalent system has been applied in order to develop a general formula for scattered-light intensity. Relationships among the orientation of eigenvectors and their phase retardation and stresses have been found. The method is illustrated by the solution of the problem of a circular rod loaded by a combination of torsion and axial load. An experimental procedure has also been suggested.
Spacecraft Pointing for Science Obsevations for MESSENGER's Venus Flyby 2 and Mercury Flyby 1

The MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemsitry, and Ranging) spacecraft completed its second flyby of Venus in June 2007 and its first flyby of Mercury in January 2008. A comprehensive set of science observations was obtained with the instrument suite during both of these flybys. Complex and tightly coordinated sets of spacecraft attitude and instrument commands were designed to achieve the diverse geometries required for these observations. The flyby pointing sequences exercised nearly all of the available guidance targeting options, often in combination with scan patterns. Durations and start times of each spacecraft turn and instrument observing session had to be carefully chosen based on control system capabilities. Observed areas had to be chosen to keep the sunshade pointing within the allowable zone for spacecraft thermal safety. The successful completion of both flybys has demonstrated the versatility of the MESSENGER pointing options and has provided valuable experience that will now be applied in designing observations for the remaining two Mercury flybys and for the orbital phase of the mission.
Postoperative Behavioral Variables and Weight Change 3 Years After Bariatric Surgery.

Importance Severe obesity (body mass index ≥35 [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared]) is associated with significant medical comorbidity and increased mortality. Bariatric surgery induces weight loss, the extent of which can vary. Postoperative predictors of weight loss have not been adequately examined. Objective To describe postoperative eating behaviors and weight control and their effects on 3-year change in weight. Design, Setting, and Participants The Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-2 (LABS-2) study is a multicenter observational cohort study at 10 US hospitals in 6 geographically diverse clinical centers. Adults undergoing first-time bariatric surgical procedures as part of routine clinical care were recruited between 2006 and 2009 and followed up until September 2012. Participants completed detailed surveys regarding eating and weight control behaviors prior to surgery and then annually after surgery for 3 years. Main Outcomes and Measures Twenty-five postoperative behaviors related to eating behavior, eating problems, weight control practices, and the problematic use of alcohol, smoking, and illegal drugs. Behaviors examined were divided into those that were never present (preoperatively or postoperatively), those that were always present (preoperatively and postoperatively), and those that underwent a healthy change after surgery (development of a positive behavior or omission of a negative behavior). Results The sample included a total of 2022 participants (median age, 47 years [interquartile range, 38-55 years]; median BMI, 46 [interquartile range, 42-51]; 78% women): 1513 who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and 509 who had undergone laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. If we consider the cumulative effects of the 3 behaviors that explain most of the variability (16%) in 3-year percent weight change following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, ie, weekly self-weighing, continuing to eat when feeling full more than once a week, and eating continuously during the day, a participant who postoperatively started to self-weigh, stopped eating when feeling full, and stopped eating continuously during the day after surgery would be predicted to lose a mean (SE) of 38.8% (0.8%) of their baseline weight. This average is about 14% greater weight loss compared with participants who made no positive changes in these variables (mean [SE], −24.6% [1.6%]; mean difference, −14.2%; 95% CI, −18.7% to −9.8%; P P Conclusions and Relevance The results suggest the importance of assessing behaviors related to eating behavior, eating problems, weight control practices, and the problematic use of alcohol, smoking, and illegal drugs in bariatric surgery candidates and patients who have undergone bariatric surgery, and they suggest that the utility of programs to modify problematic eating behaviors and eating patterns should be addressed in research.
Toward high-performance key-value stores through GPU encoding and locality-aware encoding

Abstract Although distributed key–value store is becoming increasingly popular in compensating the conventional distributed file systems, it is often criticized due to its costly full-size replication for high availability that causes high I/O overhead. This paper presents two techniques to mitigate such I/O overhead and improve key–value store performance: GPU encoding and locality-aware encoding. Instead of migrating full-size replicas over the network, we split the original file into smaller chunks and encode them with a few additional parity codes using GPUs before dispersing them onto remote nodes. The parity code is usually much smaller than the original file, which saves the extra space required for high availability and reduces the I/O overhead. Meanwhile, the compute-intensive encoding process is largely accelerated by the massive number of GPU cores. Yet, splitting the original file into smaller chunks stored on multiple nodes breaks data locality from application’s perspective. To this end, we present a locality-aware encoding mechanism that allows a job to be dispatched as finer-grained tasks right on the node where the required chunk resides. Therefore, the data locality is preserved at the finer granularity of sub-job (i.e., task) level. We conduct an in-depth analysis of the proposed approach and implement a system prototype named Gest. Gest has been deployed and evaluated on a variety of testbeds demonstrating that high data availability, high space efficiency, and high I/O performance could be collectively achieved at the same time.
REPRESENTATIONS OF FINITE GROUPS : A HUNDRED YEARS, PART II

Recapitulation The origin of the representation theory of finite groups can be traced back to a correspondence between R. Dedekind and F. G. Frobenius that took place in April of 1896. The present article is based on several lectures given by the author in 1996 in commemoration of the centennial of this occasion. In Part I of this article we recounted the story of how Dedekind proposed to Frobenius the problem of factoring a certain homogeneous polynomial arising from a determinant (called the “group determinant”) associated with a finite group G . In the case when G is abelian, Dedekind was able to factor the group determinant into linear factors using the characters of G (namely, homomorphisms of G into the group of nonzero complex numbers). In a stroke of genius, Frobenius invented a general character theory for arbitrary finite groups, and used it to give a complete solution to Dedekind’s group determinant problem. Interestingly, Frobenius’s first definition of (nonabelian) characters was given in a rather ad hoc fashion, via the eigenvalues of a certain set of commuting matrices. This work led Frobenius to formulate, in 1897, the modern definition of a (matrix) representation of a group G as a homomorphism D : G → GLn(C) (for some n). With this definition in place, the character χD : G → C of the representation is simply defined by χD(g) = trace(D(g)) (for every g ∈ G). The idea of studying a group through its various representations opened the door to a whole new direction of research in group theory and its applications. Having surveyed Frobenius’s invention of character theory and his subsequent monumental contributions to representation theory in Part I of this article, we now move on to tell the story of another giant of the subject, the English group theorist W. Burnside. This comprises Part II of the article, which can be read largely independently of Part I. For the reader’s convenience, the few bibliographical references needed from Part I are reproduced here, with the same letter codes for the sake of consistency. As in Part I, [F: (53)] refers to paper (53) in Frobenius’s collected works [F]. Burnside’s papers are referred to by the year of publication, from the master list compiled by Wagner and Mosenthal in [B]. Consultation of the original papers is, however, not necessary for following the general exposition in this article.
Numerical Modeling for Time-Dependent Problems

The possibility of a plutonium-fueled nuclear-powered reactor, such as a fast breeder reactor that could produce more fuel than it consumed, was first raised during World War II, in the United States by scientists involved in Manhattan Project and the US Atomic Bomb Program. In the past two decades, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and India followed the United States in developing a nationalized plutonium breeder reactor programs, while Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands collaborated with the French and German programs. In all of these programs, the main driver of this effort was the hope of solving the long-term energy supply problem using the large-scale deployment of fissional nuclear energy for electric power. Breeder reactors, such as plutonium-fueled breeder reactors, appeared to offer a way to avoid a potential shortage of the low-cost uranium required to support such an ambitious vision using other kinds of reactors, including today’s new generation of power reactors known as GEN IV.
Magnetic exchange interactions of rare-earth-substituted DyCrO 3 bulk powders

Effects of the substitution of rare-earths $R=\mathrm{Y}$, Er, and Ho on the magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{Dy}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{R}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{CrO}}_{3}$ are reported here in order to probe the nature of magnetism and related exchange interactions in these materials. By fitting the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility to a modified Curie-Weiss law, which includes a correction for the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction, the strengths of the symmetric and antisymmetric ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ exchange interactions were determined. It was found that the rare-earth substitutions had a slight effect on the strength of the symmetric ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ interaction (reflected in the slight changes in the N\'eel temperatures), while the antisymmetric ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ interaction remained unchanged. Isothermal magnetic measurements of the samples at successive temperatures revealed a plateau in the temperature dependent magnetic coercivity data, which was explained by the magnetic properties of the substituted ions. It was found that the Y substitution led to the reduction of the strength of the magnetization and a larger peak value of magnetic coercivity as compared to that in pure ${\mathrm{DyCrO}}_{3}$. The observed increase in magnetic coercivity with Er and Ho substitution can be attributed to an increased ${\mathrm{R}}^{3+}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ interaction strength dominated by the DM mechanism.
Biopsy first: Lessons learned from Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 140503

Abstract Objective Cancer and Leukemia Group B 140503 is an ongoing, multicenter randomized trial assessing whether sublobar resection is equivalent to lobectomy for the treatment of stage I A non−small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ≤2 cm in diameter. The objective of this report is to determine the reasons precluding intraoperative randomization. Methods From June 15, 2007, to March 22, 2013, 637 patients were preregistered to the trial. Three hundred eighty-nine were randomized successfully (61%), and 248 patients were not randomized (39%). We analyzed the reasons for nonrandomization among a subset of the nonrandomized patients (208) for whom additional data were available. Results Of these 208 patients, undiagnosed benign nodules (n =104, 16% of all registered patients) and understaging of NSCLC (n =45, 7% of all registered patients) were the dominant reasons precluding randomization. Granulomas represent one-quarter of the benign nodules. The understaged patients had unsuspected nodal metastases (n =28) or other more advanced NSCLC. The rate of randomization was significantly greater in those patients who had a preoperative biopsy ( P Conclusions In a carefully monitored cohort of patients with suspected small NSCLC ≤2 cm, a substantial number are misdiagnosed (benign nodules) or understaged. These patients may not have benefited from a thoracic surgical procedure. Preoperative biopsy significantly increased the rate of correct diagnosis. Preoperative biopsy of small suspected NSCLC will reduce the number of nontherapeutic or unnecessary thoracic procedures. Accuracy in preoperative diagnosis is increasingly important as more such small nodules are discovered through lung cancer screening.
A full 3-D verification technique for static field IMRT

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has emerged as a critical tool for dose escalation in three-dimensional (3-D) conformal therapy. Although several IMRT techniques have been tested for clinical application, the mechanism for 3-D verifying conformal radiation delivery relative to specific patient anatomy has not been fully established. Only limited quality assurance procedures and verification methods have been proposed and tested for IMRT (Refs.1–5). Current investigation on the verification methods using portal CT is very encouraging (Refs.6–9). However, some critical issues remain to be resolved. For example, it requires too many conventional projections for reconstruction, which, in turn, involves excess radiation to patient and long imaging time. There is no dosimetry information related to the reconstructed anatomy. As a result, they are not feasible for clinical application of IMRT with static fields.
Rudy’s Paradox: The ALIENation of Race and Its Non-Humans

This chapter seeks to extend the conversation beyond the gravitational forces of typical humanist discourses. Christopher Driscoll’s “Rudy’s Paradox: The ALIENation of Race and its Non-Humans” gives an account of the alien presence already at work in the non-humanist world. Would a threat from alien forces give us pause to rethink the binary of “humanism” and “non-humanist?” This and other existential questions are posed with help from a very unlikely source, Rudy of Germany, the tall white alien race traitor.
Status of the Genera Colpoon , Osyris and Rhoiacarpos in South Africa

Background: The taxonomic and phylogenetic status of Colpoon, Osyris and Rhoiacarpos (Santalaceae, Osyrideae) is reviewed. Objectives: To resolve confusion regarding whether Colpoon is deserving of generic status separate from Osyris . Methods: Existing morphological information was examined for the three genera as well as previously published molecular phylogenies. Results: From both morphological and phylogenetic perspectives, Colpoon is distinct from Osyris . The status of Rhoiacarpos was not contentious and this genus is also easily differentiated from the other two genera in Osyrideae. Conclusions: Colpoon and Osyris are not congeneric; therefore, floras, databases and herbarium collections should recognise these as distinct taxa.
Nanocharacterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts by Ex Situ and In Situ STEM

Heterogeneous catalysts are an important set of materials that increase the rate of chemical reactions. The increase in the reaction rate can be many orders of magnitude and depends on the degree to which the activation energy of the reaction can be lowered. Heterogeneous catalysts have traditionally played major roles in fields such as fuel processing, chemical synthesis and polymer production (van Santen et al. 1999). More recently they have played increasing roles in the environmental technology, energy production and materials synthesis. The field is undergoing a significant expansion and it is widely recognized that, for substantial progress, it is necessary to develop an atomic-level understanding of the interaction between the catalyst and the reactants/product in order to design novel catalytic materials that can address the problems of the 21 st century.
Lipids as a principle for the identification of archaebacteria.

The 'Archaebacteria' consist of several distinct subgroups including methanogens, extreme halophiles and specific thermoacidophiles. These bacteria are distinct from other bacteria with respect to their characteristic RNA compositions, the absence of muramic acid in the cell walls and the predominance of nonsaponifable lipids. The lipid composition of the Archaebacteria consists of isoprenoid and hydroisoprenoid hydrocarbons and isopranyl glycerol ether lipids. The pathways for the biosynthesis of the lipid components are those shared by most microorganisms and demonstrate a close relationship; however, an independent line of descent is indicated by the formation of the isopranyl glycerol ether lipids. This discontinuity formulates a point for delineating the early stages of biological evolution and for dividing bacteria into two subgroups.
Friction-Induced Inflammation

Friction-induced inflammation is a new hypothesis that implicates interfacial shear stress as a trigger for the production of pro-inflammatory signals, which in severe cases may lead to chronic inflammation and pain. If frictional shear stresses at the interface exceed physiological norms, a likely cellular response may involve the release of pro-inflammatory signals (e.g., proteins, cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes). Ocular lubricity and comfort are critically dependent on the stability of the tear film and the health of the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. The insertion of a contact lens may increase contact pressures and shear stresses on the epithelia, but these are difficult to measure in vivo. Epithelial cells are known to sense and respond to mechanical strains and deformations through a process called mechanotransduction. The effects of frictional shear stress on cellular responses were experimentally measured in vitro by sliding soft, spherical shell hydrogel probes against human corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cell monolayers with two different normal forces: 500 and 1000 µN, giving ~ 30 and ~ 60 Pa shear stresses, respectively. Molecular biology assays (quantitative reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) followed friction experiments. Compared to control populations, RT-qPCR revealed frictional shear stresses of 60 Pa were sufficient to increase gene expression of the pro-inflammatory genes Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and pro-apoptotic genes DNA Damage-Inducible Transcript 3 (DDIT3) and FAS Cell Surface Death Receptor (FAS). An ELISA of growth media sampled after sliding revealed IL-6 cytokine release increased by 100% following shear stress experiments. These results suggest that frictional shear stress may be at least partly responsible for inducing inflammatory responses in corneal epithelial cells in vitro.
Human-in-the-Loop Evaluation of Dynamic Multi-Flight Common Route Advisories

Flights often experience large delays when they are routed around weather. Multi-flight common route advisories provide delay recovery by suggesting time-saving re-routes for groups of flights whose current weather-avoidance routes have become outdated because the weather has dissipated and/or moved away. A laboratory evaluation of these advisories was conducted by four subject matter experts having extensive experience in traffic flow management operations. These experts provided a total of 120 data points in the airspace of Houston Center. The multi-flight common route tool provides time-saving route change advisories taking into account flight plans, wind fields, and the spatio-temporal evolution of predicted convective weather. It is not designed to account for complex operational factors such as non-standard sector traversal and interactions with local traffic management initiatives; hence a relatively low percentage (37%) of advisories generated by the tool were rated as acceptable. However, a high percentage (81%) of advisories were rated as acceptable after the subject matter experts used the tool's user interface to make route modifications that accounted for relevant operational factors not considered by the tool. The workload associated with using the tool, as measured by the NASA Task Load Index, was quite low (1.1 on a scale of 0 to 10). The results of this evaluation make a good case for human-automation teaming to design operationally valid weather re-routes for delay recovery.
EEG findings in CAR T-cell therapy-related encephalopathy.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells emerged as promising immunotherapy in refractory lymphoid malignancies.1 Despite efficacy, toxicities include cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity.1 We report EEG findings in patients with chemotherapy-refractory stage IV diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL-4) who received CAR T cells and developed neurotoxicity.
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AS A CONSEQUENCE OF RADIAL JET REATTACHMENT

This chapter discusses heat and mass transfer as a consequence of Radial Jet Reattachment (RJR). History of technology shows that fluid jets have been used extensively for heating or cooling a surface. At present, there are numerous industrial and commercial applications in areas such as manufacturing, paper drying, food preparation, and electronics cooling. The applications involve processes that utilize a nozzle or pipe to direct a fluid against a surface that is to be dried, heated, or cooled. The chapter illustrates forced convection heat transfer between a fluid and a surface. In addition to forced convection heat transfer, there are applications where this type of configuration may be used for carrying out mass transfer between the fluid and the surface. The chapter also describes the characteristics of the flow field, heat transfer, and mass transfer of the configuration, which is well documented in the engineering literature. The surface transport coefficients are much higher for turbulent flow than for laminar flow; however, with realistic flow conditions, the flow generally is turbulent. Under most circumstances, the highest transport coefficients occur directly at the centerline of the impinging jet. The transport coefficients then tend to decrease in a radial direction from the centerline. Thus, the maximum transport coefficients are produced at the smallest values of the radius, and there is little area over which the high rate of transport can occur. The chapter also discusses RJR nozzle configuration that has great potential for heat and mass transfer because of the high turbulent transport coefficients that are produced in a ring adjacent to a reattachment surface.
Application of Pattern Recognition Techniques to Acoustic Emission from Steel and Aluminum

Much of the interest in using acoustic emission to monitor structural components is a result of the ability of the technique to detect growing cracks. The greatest problem standing in the way of applying this technique is the presence of signals from innocuous sources, which can make identification of crack-produced emission difficult, especially in those circumstances when cracks must be detected in real time and without other reliable correlation parameters. The test results presented here suggest an approach to eliminate spurious signals from acoustic emission data, which may be applicable to real time analysis and amenable to a variety-of monitoring methods.
The Correspondence between Forms of Integral and Half-integral Weight

In this section we will associate a certain theta function with an indefinite quadratic form, and prove its automorphy properties. In later sections we will employ the function in various ways. In later sections we will employ the function in various ways.
Effects of obesity and knee osteoarthritis on gait and postural stability in pre-bariatric surgery candidates

Introduction/Background Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of chronic disability and is frequently comorbid with obesity. The personal burden of knee OA and obesity are substantial. Adults with knee OA with obesity demonstrate postural instability, which makes them susceptible to falls. The purpose of this study was to investigate gait and postural stability during flat ground walking and obstacle crossing in pre-bariatric surgery candidates. Material and method Forty-four adults with obesity (mean BMI = 43.35, SD = 4.33) and 30 adults without obesity (mean BMI = 23.10, SD–3.98) walked 60 feet at self-selected paces for 25 trials under five conditions: initial baseline on flat ground, crossing low (4 cm), medium (11 cm), and high (16 cm) obstacles, and final baseline on flat ground. Spatiotemporal kinematics were collected with a gait carpet (Protokinetics). Results During the final baseline, for adults with obesity, most parameters improved (Ps Conclusion The findings suggest that obstacles pose a challenge beyond flat ground walking for pre-bariatric surgery candidates. Obstacle height also influenced participants’ gait. This supports the utility of examining gait in this population during tasks beyond flat ground walking.
A diary without the I: embodiment and self-construction in Felix Hartlaub's extrospective Second World War Paris writings

In this article, I study identity construction in a diary that is not dependent on an inward-focus or first-person pronouns. Felix Hartlaub, a German occupier in Paris in 1941, kept a diary that pu...
Paleo calendar-effect adjustments in time-slice and transient climate-model simulations (PaleoCalAdjust v1.0): impact and strategies for data analysis

Abstract. The “paleo calendar effect” is a common expression for the impact that changes in the length of months or seasons over time, related to changes in the eccentricity of Earth's orbit and precession, have on the analysis or summarization of climate-model output. This effect can have significant implications for paleoclimate analyses. In particular, using a “fixed-length” definition of months (i.e., defined by a fixed number of days), as opposed to a “fixed-angular” definition (i.e., defined by a fixed number of degrees of the Earth's orbit), leads to comparisons of data from different positions along the Earth's orbit when comparing paleo with modern simulations. This effect can impart characteristic spatial patterns or signals in comparisons of time-slice simulations that otherwise might be interpreted in terms of specific paleoclimatic mechanisms, and we provide examples for 6, 97, 116, and 127 ka. The calendar effect is exacerbated in transient climate simulations in which, in addition to spatial or map-pattern effects, it can influence the apparent timing of extrema in individual time series and the characterization of phase relationships among series. We outline an approach for adjusting paleo simulations that have been summarized using a modern fixed-length definition of months and that can also be used for summarizing and comparing data archived as daily data. We describe the implementation of this approach in a set of Fortran 90 programs and modules (PaleoCalAdjust v1.0).
Recent Recommendations and Emerging Science in Neonatal Resuscitation

The Neonatal Resuscitation Program, initially an expertise- and consensus-based approach, has evolved into an evidence-based algorithm. Ventilation remains the key component of successful resuscitation of neonates. Recent changes in recommendations include management of cord clamping, multiple methods to prevent hypothermia, rescinding of mandatory intubation and suction of the nonvigorous meconium-stained infant, electrocardiographic monitoring, and establishing an airway for ventilation before initiation of chest compressions. Emerging science, including issues such as cord milking, oxygen targeting, and laryngeal mask use, may lead to future program modifications. Technology such as video laryngoscopy and telemedicine will affect the way training and care is delivered.
Predictors of venous thromboembolism in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.

e13022 Background: Patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have a high risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). We conducted a single center retrospective review to study the impact of ...
Using acoustic features of mothers’ infant-directed speech to predict changes in infant biobehavioral state

Infant directed speech is marked by exaggerated frequency modulation and strong high frequency power, features that may provide physiological cues for mobilization or calming (Porges and Lewis, 2010; Kolacz et al., 2018). We examined whether these features predicted changes in infant biobehavioral state during the Still Face Paradigm, a stressor in which the mother withdraws and reinstates social cues. 98 mother-infant dyads participated when infants were 4-8 months old. Infant heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (a measure of cardiac parasympathetic control) were derived from an electrocardiogram (ECG). Infant behavioral distress was measured by vocal, facial, and body movement distress. Mothers’ vocalizations were measured using spectral analysis within designated frequency bands and modulation using a 2-dimensional fast Fourier transform of the audio spectrogram. Maternal frequency modulation predicted decreases in infant heart rate (p = .030), mid-frequency acoustic power (500–5000 Hz) predicted increases in cardiac parasympathetic regulation in infants with low parasympathetic tone (p = .024), and high frequency power predicted increases in infant behavioral distress in infants who were not initially distressed (p = .011). These results suggest that mothers’ vocal frequency band power and modulation may be aspects of infant-directed speech that are relevant for regulating infant biobehavioral state.
Design and demonstration of a vari-focal optical see-through head-mounted display using freeform Alvarez lenses.

Alvarez lenses offer accurate and high-speed, dynamic tuning of optical power through a lateral shifting of two lens elements, making them an appealing solution to eliminate the inherent decoupling of accommodation and convergence seen in conventional stereoscopic displays. In this paper, we present a design of a compact eyepiece coupled with two lateral-shifting freeform Alvarez lenses to enable a compact, high-resolution, optical see-through head-mounted display (HMD). The proposed design is able to tune its focal depth from 0 to 3 diopters, rendering near-accurate focus cues with high image quality and a large undistorted see-through field of view (FOV). Our design utilizes an 1920x1080 color resolution organic light-emitting diode (OLED) microdisplay to achieve a >30 degree virtual diagonal FOV, with an angular resolution of 0.4 contrast over the full field. We also experimentally demonstrate a fully functional benchtop prototype using mostly off-the-shelf optics.
A Novel Antenna Protein Complex in the Life Cycle of Cyanobacterial Photosystem II

In oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, photosystem II (PSII) is a unique membrane protein complex that catalyzes light driven oxidation of water. PSII undergoes frequent damage due to its demanding photochemistry. However, many facets of its repair and reassembly following photodamage remain unknown. We have discovered a novel PSII subcomplex that lacks five key PSII core reaction center polypeptides: D1, D2, PsbE, PsbF, and PsbI. This pigment protein complex does contain the PSII core antenna proteins CP47 and CP43, as well as most of their associated low molecular mass subunits, and the assembly factor Psb27. Immunoblotting analysis, multiple mass spectrometry techniques, and ultrafast spectroscopic results supported the absence of a functional reaction center in this chlorophyll protein complex. We therefore refer to it as the No Reaction Center complex (NRC). Additionally, genetic deletion of PsbO on the PSII lumenal side resulted in an increased NRC population, indicative of a faulty PSII repair scheme at the cellular level. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies and clear native acrylamide gel analysis showed that the NRC complex is a stable pigment protein complex and not a mixture of free CP47 and CP43 proteins. Our finding challenges the current model of the PSII repair cycle and implies an alternative PSII repair strategy. We propose that formation of this pigment protein complex maximizes PSII repair economy by preserving an intact PSII core antenna shell in a single complex that is available for PSII reassembly, thus minimizing the risk of randomly diluting multiple recycling components in the thylakoid membrane following a photodamage event at the RC.
GREB1 regulates proliferation of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer through modulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling

Abstract Over 70% of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor (ER) and depend on ER activity for survival and proliferation. While hormone therapies that target receptor activity are initially effective, patients invariably develop resistance which is often associated with activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. While the mechanism by which estrogen regulates proliferation is not fully understood, one gene target of ER, growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer 1 (GREB1), is required for hormone-dependent proliferation. However, the molecular function by which GREB1 regulates proliferation is unknown. Herein, we validate that knockdown of GREB1 results in growth arrest and that exogenous GREB1 expression initiates oncogene-induced senescence, suggesting that an optimal level of GREB1 expression is necessary for proliferation of breast cancer cells. Under both of these conditions, GREB1 is able to regulate signaling through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. GREB1 acts intrinsically through PI3K to regulate PIP3 levels and Akt activity. Critically, growth suppression of estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells by GREB1 knockdown is rescued by expression of constitutively activated Akt. Together, these data identify a novel molecular function by which GREB1 regulates breast cancer proliferation through Akt activation and provides a mechanistic link between estrogen signaling and the PI3K pathway.
Truth and Conformity on Networks

Typically, public discussions of questions of social import exhibit two important properties: (1) they are influenced by conformity bias, and (2) the influence of conformity is expressed via social networks. We examine how social learning on networks proceeds under the influence of conformity bias. In our model, heterogeneous agents express public opinions where those expressions are driven by the competing priorities of accuracy and of conformity to one’s peers. Agents learn, by Bayesian conditionalization, from private evidence from nature, and from the public declarations of other agents. Our key findings are that networks that produce configurations of social relationships that sustain a diversity of opinions empower honest communication and reliable acquisition of true beliefs, and that the networks that do this best turn out to be those which are both less centralized and less connected.
Applications of critical path analysis to uniform grain packings with narrow conductance distributions: II. Water relative permeability

Abstract Accurate estimation of water relative permeability has been of great interest in various research areas because of its broad applications in soil physics and hydrology as well as oil and gas production and recovery. Critical path analysis (CPA), a promising technique from statistical physics, is well known to be applicable to heterogeneous media with broad conductance or pore size distribution (PSD). By heterogeneity, we mean variations in the geometrical properties of pore space. In this study, we demonstrate that CPA is also applicable to packings of spheres of the same size, known as relatively homogeneous porous media. More specifically, we apply CPA to model water relative permeability (krw) in mono-sized sphere packs whose PSDs are fairly narrow. We estimate the krw from (1) the PSD and (2) the PSD and saturation-dependent electrical conductivity (σr) for both drainage and imbibition processes. We show that the PSD of mono-sized sphere packs approximately follows the log-normal probability density function. Comparison with numerical simulations indicate that both the imbibition and drainage krw are estimated from the PSD and σr data more accurately than those from the PSD. We show that CPA can estimate krw in mono-sized sphere packs precisely.
Faster Surface Ligation Reactions Improve Immobilized Enzyme Structure and Activity

During integration into materials, the inactivation of enzymes as a result of their interaction with nanometer size denaturing "hotspots" on surfaces represents a critical challenge. This challenge, which has received far less attention than improving the long-term stability of enzymes, may be overcome by limiting the exploration of surfaces by enzymes. One way this may be accomplished is through increasing the rate constant of the surface ligation reaction and thus the probability of immobilization with reactive surface sites (i.e., ligation efficiency). Here, the connection between ligation reaction efficiency and the retention of enzyme structure and activity was investigated by leveraging the extremely fast reaction of strained trans-cyclooctene (sTCOs) and tetrazines (Tet). Remarkably, upon immobilization via Tet-sTCO chemistry, carbonic anhydrase (CA) retained 77% of its solution-phase activity, while immobilization via less efficient reaction chemistries, such as thiol-maleimide and azide-dibenzocyclooctyne, led to activity retention of only 46% and 27%, respectively. Dynamic single-molecule fluorescence tracking methods further revealed that longer surface search distances prior to immobilization (>0.5 μm) dramatically increased the probability of CA unfolding. Notably, the CA distance to immobilization was significantly reduced through the use of Tet-sTCO chemistry, which correlated with the increased retention of structure and activity of immobilized CA compared to the use of slower ligation chemistries. These findings provide an unprecedented insight into the role of ligation reaction efficiency in mediating the exploration of denaturing hotspots on surfaces by enzymes, which, in turn, may have major ramifications in the creation of functional biohybrid materials.
Social work and reparations: applying a restorative justice approach

Reparations for chattel enslavement and residual social and economic inequities are justice issues that warrant the attention of social work. Exploration of pathways by which to attain reparations ...
Long-Term, Infection-Acquired Immunity Against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in a Hamster Model

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) has raised concerns about reduced sensitivity of the virus to antibody neutralization and subsequent vaccine breakthrough infections. In a live virus neutralization assay with sera from Pfizer- and Moderna-vaccinated individuals, we observed a 3.9-and 2.7-fold reduction, respectively, in neutralizing antibody titers against the Delta variant compared with a control virus bearing only a D614G substitution in its spike. Similar reduced sensitivity was observed with sera from hamsters that were previously infected with an early isolate of SARS-CoV-2 (spike 614D). Despite this reduction in neutralizing antibody titers against the Delta variant, hamsters that were previously infected (up to 15 months earlier) with an early virus isolate (spike 614D) were protected from infection with the Delta variant, suggesting that the immune response to the first infection was sufficient to provide protection against subsequent infection with the Delta virus. Funding: National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (HHSN272201400008C) and the Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Center (75N93019C00051) and by a Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (JP19fk0108113 and JP20fk0108412), the Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases (J-GRID) (JP19fm0108006), the Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure (JP21wm0125002) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED). Declaration of Interests: None to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: After informed consent was obtained, blood samples were collected from individuals who received the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) as part of the Immunity Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (IASO) study under the IRB-approved protocol of the University of Michigan Medical School (protocol number HUM00184533). All experiments with hamsters were performed after approval from the Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in accordance with the approved protocol (protocol number V6426).
The Uncertain Relation between Coherence and Renown: Ronald Dworkin Reconsidered

This paper presents a critical reassessment of the legal philosophical writings of Ronald Dworkin, identifying fundamental difficulties and ultimately incoherency in Dworkin’s work. The author argues that not merely did Dworkin fail to establish, as appeared to be his most urgent objective, a universal connection between morality and the definition of “law,” but he failed, ultimately, even to stake out a comprehensible or consistent position on the matter. Starting with the difficulties that emerge from Dworkin’s original, explicit and implicit definitions of “legal positivism,” the paper traces Dworkin’s work through his doctrines of “interpretivism” and the “Rights Thesis,” identifying conceptual inconsistencies and failures of Dworkin’s arguments to connect to the conclusions that were apparently intended to follow. The paper finishes with extended discussion of Dworkin’s position on the issue of natural law, arguing that – after evading for most of his career the question whether an immoral rule can be “law” – Dworkin ended, in his final book, by offering an ill-conceived, conclusory assessment that stood in more or less direct contradiction to much of his previous work.
Hypnosis: Medicine's Dirty Word

This paper attempts to understand the relationship between the clinical efficacy of hypnosis and its negative perception among many medical educators, practitioners and the general public. By exploring the history of hypnosis, an attempt was made to point out several events that may have led to both the past and current misperception of hypnosis which the author believes have caused hypnosis to become "medicine's dirty word".