cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing geographic boundaries in songbird demography data with vegetation boundaries: a new approach to evaluating habitat quality

To plan for the habitat needs of forest songbirds of conservation concern, managers need to understand how spatial heterogeneity in forest conditions influences habitat quality. I used difference boundary detection (wombling) and spatially constrained clustering to delineate boundaries in various combinations of four forest vegetation variables (understory height, understory density, percent deciduous vs. conifer understory, and percent canopy closure) in two Michigan northern hardwood forests. My goal was to identify vegetation boundaries that corresponded with boundaries in an understory-dependent songbird’s distribution, and with boundaries in demographic measures for this songbird that indicate habitat quality (e.g., occupancy by older vs. yearling males, reproductive success). Both forests were actively-managed, mature stands: The first site (78 ha) was heavily deer-browsed (HB), with many browse-resistant conifers in the understory, and the second (62 ha) was less-browsed (LB), with deciduous-dominated understory. I compared the vegetation difference and cluster boundaries to difference boundaries based on 6 years of distribution and demographic data for black-throated blue warblers (Dendroica caerulescens). At the HB site, warbler boundaries overlapped strongly with vegetation boundaries that included all four variables, and clustering effectively divided the habitat into areas with different warbler occupancy and demographic characteristics. At the LB site, warbler distribution showed high overlap with difference and cluster boundaries based on just the height and density of understory vegetation, and cluster boundaries again effectively partitioned the study area into sites that varied in habitat quality. Thus, geographic boundary analysis is likely to be a useful tool for identifying key vegetation variables for management, and for delineating clusters (habitat patches) within sites that capture differences in habitat quality.
Metastable structures in drop tube processed niobium based alloys

Analytical electron microscopy has been employed to reveal metastable structures in near eutectic niobium-germanium alloys which were processed in a 100 meter drop tube. Drop masses were generally 300 to 400-mg, with undercooling as much as 0.14-Tm prior to recalescence. Specimens which were slightly hypoeutectic and undercooled 0.10 below the liquidus prior to recalescence contain β cells which grew with solute rejection, and an intercellular metastable α + Nb5Ge3 eutectic. When deep undercooling was followed by Rapid Solidification Processing (RSP) via splatting onto a copper block, cellular β formed with solute entrapment, though the high cooling rate of RSP did not prevent the formation of Nb5Ge3 precipitates from the Ge enriched β. In one specimen, an amorphous Nb-Ge phase has been identified.
NMR in flowing superfluid 3He

The effects of flow on the NMR absorption in the A and B phases of /sup 3/He have been studied. While no flow-induced changes in the absorption were seen in the B phase, a variety of phenomena were observed in the The phenomena include the development of time-dependent satellite peaks, height reductions of the signal, and a splitting of the signal, with a fraction of the signal shifting to lower frequencies. These effects are described and discussed in light of the existing theoretical models. In addition, the NMR shift in the static B-phase liquid confined between 135-..mu..m-spaced parallel plates has been measured as a function of temperature and the angle between the magnetic field and the plates. These results are compared with previous measurements and are found to be in good agreement. Finally, two effects observed in the static liquid, the disappearance of the B-phase signal under certain conditions and the splitting of the A-phase signal, are described.
Mass transfer along the Yellowstone hotspot track II: Kinematic constraints on the volume of mantle-derived magma

Abstract This paper evaluates the Neogene kinematic evolution of the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) to estimate the volume of mafic magma transferred from mantle to crust during passage over the Yellowstone hotspot. Four major kinematic processes affected the ESRP including densification due to emplacement of gabbro into the middle crust, subsidence and consequent filling of a 6–km–deep basin with volcanic and plutonic rocks, 20% extension via dike injection or faulting/ductile attenuation, and lower crustal flow from ESRP to the adjacent Basin and Range. Two kinematic models involving these processes are proposed. Overall, the two models are viable only if the initial crustal thickness were 43–47–km–thick; otherwise, the lost mass of the ESRP is not balanced by the excess mass in the Basin and Range. In the first model (densification, eruption, and extension by dike injection), the ESRP crust receives mantle-derived gabbro equivalent to a 16–km–thick layer, but would need to lose 10 km of crust via lower crustal flow. In the second model (densification, eruption, and extension by faulting and ductile attenuation), the ESRP crust receives a 9.4 km equivalent thickness of mantle-derived gabbro, and would need to lose 6 km of crust via lower crustal flow. The cumulative amount of mantle-derived gabbro in the ESRP crust derived by this kinematic analysis (equivalent to a 9.4–16–km–thick layer) is nearly identical to the amount estimated independently using a mass balance petrologic model, suggesting it is a robust result.
Meta-analysis for single-case consultation outcomes: Applications to research and practice

Abstract The application of meta-analysis holds much appeal for single-case consultation outcome research. We review a meta-analytic method for using within-study treatment effect sizes in reporting consultation outcomes. The strengths and limitations of traditional group design meta-analysis are examined. Various methods for analyzing single-case outcomes are discussed briefly, followed by an examination of the use of meta-analysis in single-case reviews across independent studies. Within-study meta-analytic results are presented that were derived from treatments implemented in consultations in natural settings. To conclude the article, an illustration is offered of a single-case data analysis display that incorporates meta-analytic results along with other indices of treatment outcome. Recommendations are provided for using meta-analytic methods to evaluate outcomes of single-case consultation treatment.
Democracy and Human Rights in the Mexican States: Elections or Social Capital?

Why does the relationship between a government and its citizens deteriorate to violence? Large-N cross-national quantitative analyses of human rights violations have found an inverse relationship between democracy and violations. These analyses, however, have not been able to address the central finding of an influential subnational analysis of democracy that stresses the importance of a single dimension of democracy, social capital. In this article we combine these two streams of research with fresh data from the Mexican states to investigate how and why democracy inhibits violations. Theoretically, we connect a policy interest in protecting human rights to politicians' office-seeking goals and to the level of social capital. Empirically, our data allow us to disentangle two principal components of democracy, elections and social capital, and include important control variables, notably ethnic diversity, which have been largely left out of the cross-national analyses. Our central finding is that the electoral components rather than social capital produce important consequences for the protection of citizens' human rights.
Norgestomet- and oestradiol valerate-induced luteolysis is dependent upon the uterus.

Abstract Beef heifers were assigned to three groups: (1) untreated controls ( n =4), (2) Syncro-Mate B® (SMB)-treated ( n =5), and (3) hysterectomized and SMB-treated ( n =4). SMB was administered 8 or 9 days after oestrus, approximately 30 days after hysterectomy. This study was conducted to determine if the uterus was necessary for SMB to induce luteolysis. SMB induced premature luteolysis as only 20% of the intact SMB-treated heifers had ≥0.75 ng/ml of progesterone 7 days after the time of SMB treatment, compared to all (100%) of the untreated heifers ( p p 2α , is probably the secretion from the uterus that mediates the SMB-induced luteolysis. SMB treatment, however, required 7–8 days to induce luteolysis.
Ethical implications in psychotherapy.

The past two decades of pastoral ministry have been characterized by in creasing psychological sophistication.1 Perhaps most noticeable has been the emergence of a pattern of referral. Equipped with new insights into be havioral problems, ministers have referred to psychologists and psychiatrists persons whose problems were beyond their capacity to counsel.2 However, the decades of referral have not introduced a panacea for the pastoral minister. If anything, his experience has convinced him that ulti mate solution to man's behavioral difficulties is not located in the confines
Marginally restricted D-optimal designs

Abstract In experimental design it often happens that values of some of the relevant carriers cannot be specified by the experimenter. We consider the problem of obtaining approximate D-optimal designs when the design space is a product space and the carriers associated with one margin are not subject to control. An equivalence theorem for D-optimal designs is presented. The essential ingredients of iterative schemes for generating designs are discussed and an example is presented.
A learning-based autoregressive model for fast transient thermal analysis of chip-multiprocessors

Thermal issues have become critical roadblocks for the development of advanced chip-multiprocessors (CMPs). In this paper, we introduce a new angle to view transient thermal analysis - based on predicting thermal profile, instead of calculating it. We develop a systematic framework that can learn different thermal profiles of a CMP by using an autoregressive (AR) model. The proposed AR model can serve as a fast alternative for predicting the transient temperature of a CMP with reasonably good accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed AR model can achieve approximately 113X speed-up over existing thermal profile estimation methods, while introducing an error of only 0.8°C on average.
Grounding, DC Supplies, and Controlling Signal Issues for a Tunable Reflectometry System

Reflectometry, which uses the microwave radar technique to probe the magnetically confined fusion plasmas, is a very powerful tool to observe the density fluctuations in the fusion plasmas. Typically, two or more microwave beams of different frequencies are used for this purpose. If the intention is to study the plasma density correlations in real time, a tunable microwave source of finite bandwidth with real time control system will be desired. Because the tunable microwave source assembly and other sources as well as amplifiers in the system usually require multiple dc voltage supplies, different grounding schemes and filtering to break the ground loops have to be implemented in order to guarantee the system performance. In this paper, these grounding problems and the system performance impacts will be discussed while designing a new reflectometer with a tunable YIG oscillator for the Alcator C-Mod experiments.
h-Adaptive finite element computation of time-harmonic exterior acoustics problems in two dimensions

Abstract In this paper we carry out adaptive finite element computations of the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions, in the context of time-harmonic exterior acoustics. The purpose is to demonstrate potentially significant cost savings engendered through adaptivity for propagating solutions at moderate wave numbers (ka = 2π, 4π). The computations are performed on meshes of linear triangles, and are adapted to the solution by locally changing element sizes (h-refinement). The adaptive procedure involves applying an explicit, residual-based a posteriori error estimator and an h-adaptive strategy, which were derived in a previous paper. The adaptive meshes are then obtained through global mesh regeneration using an advancing front mesh generator. Two different finite element formulations are considered: The Galerkin and Galerkin Least-Squares (GLS) methods. The infinite physical domain is truncated by an artificial exterior boundary, on which a fully coupled Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) boundary condition is applied. Two different problems are computed: Plane wave scattering by a rigid infinite surface (circular and square cross sections), and nonuniform radiation from an infinite circular cylinder. Detailed cost studies with respect to an active column direct solver are performed. For the nonuniform radiation problem, the adaptive mesh is twenty times more cost effective than a uniform mesh (for Galerkin). When coupled with the GLS formulation, the adaptive mesh is forty times more efficient than Galerkin computations on a uniform mesh.
Consistency of the labial temperature change measure of human female eroticism

Abstract Six adult, human female volunteers participated in a study to determine the consistency of their pattern of sexual arousal to two erotic films over two experimental sessions. Sexual arousal was assessed objectively by means of continuous measurement of temperature changes of the labia minora and subjectively by periodic self-ratings. Each subject developed increases in labial temperature to both film presentations that ranged from about 0.10°C to 1.36°C above basal levels. The amount of temperature change in a subject's labia minora during the first film presentation was significantly correlated with that during the second film, and there was a reasonable degree of consistency across the two sessions with regard to the rate at which the subject's labial temperature subsided towards basal levels after the cessation of erotic stimulation. Labial temperature changes and subjective ratings were also significantly correlated during each of the two film presentations.
Culture as text: hazards and possibilities of Geertz's literary/literacy metaphor

This paper considers the conceptual, ethnographic, ethical, and methodological implications of Geertz's influential metaphors of culture as ‘text’ and of fieldwork as ‘reading.’ In Morocco, one of Geertz's two long-term field sites, large segments of the rural population, Berber-speaking even more than Arabic-speaking, are unschooled and nonliterate. Women's rich expressive culture, including religious culture, is oral. Drawing on long-term fieldwork among Tashelhit-speaking Berber women in southwestern Morocco, I consider the language ideologies that shape women's attitudes toward the production and dissemination of religious oral texts. These ideologies complicate the supposed transparency of Geertz's literary/literacy metaphor. The paper reconsiders the possibilities of this metaphor for the anthropology of language, and locates Geertz's contribution and critical responses to it within the history of ideas and ethics shaping ethnographic research.
On principle of stationary mutual complementary energy and its application to optimal structural design

Un principe d'energie mutuelle, complementaire et stationnaire est etabli pour une poutre elastique sous l'influence de deux systemes de charge. Grâce a ce principe d'energie stationnaire, la condition necessarire et suffisante pour une optimisation locale peut etre derivee pour les problemes de construction de poutres statiquement indeterminees avec une fleche minimale, le poids total et les contraintes etant prescrits. La condition d'optimisation ainsi derivee est appliquee au probleme de fleche centrale minimale pour une poutre ≪sandwich≫ encastree aux deux extremites et soumise a l'action d'une charge uniformement repartie.
Evaluating the uncertainty in exchange parameters determined from off-resonance R1ρ relaxation dispersion for systems in fast exchange.

Abstract Spin relaxation in the rotating frame ( R 1 ρ ) is a powerful NMR technique for characterizing fast microsecond timescale exchange processes directed toward short-lived excited states in biomolecules. At the limit of fast exchange, only k ex = k 1 + k − 1 and Φ ex = p G p E (Δ ω ) 2 can be determined from R 1 ρ data limiting the ability to characterize the structure and energetics of the excited state conformation. Here, we use simulations to examine the uncertainty with which exchange parameters can be determined for two state systems in intermediate-to-fast exchange using off-resonance R 1 ρ relaxation dispersion. R 1 ρ data computed by solving the Bloch–McConnell equations reveals small but significant asymmetry with respect to offset ( R 1 ρ (Δ Ω ) ≠ R 1 ρ (−ΔΩ)), which is a hallmark of slow-to-intermediate exchange, even under conditions of fast exchange for free precession chemical exchange line broadening ( k ex /Δ ω > 10). A grid search analysis combined with bootstrap and Monte-Carlo based statistical approaches for estimating uncertainty in exchange parameters reveals that both the sign and magnitude of Δ ω can be determined at a useful level of uncertainty for systems in fast exchange ( k ex /Δ ω R 1 ρ data and requires a thorough examination of the multidimensional variation of χ 2 as a function of exchange parameters. Results from simulations are complemented by analysis of experimental R 1 ρ data measured in three nucleic acid systems with exchange processes occurring on the slow ( k ex /Δ ω = 0.2; p E = ∼0.7%), fast ( k ex /Δ ω = ∼10–16; p E = ∼13%) and very fast ( k ex = 39,000 s −1 ) chemical shift timescales.
Muramyl peptide probes derived from tracheal cytotoxin of Bordetella pertussis.

Abstract A novel semisynthetic scheme was developed to couple amine-reactive labeling reagents to the muramyl peptide tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) without affecting a critical amine group. Tracheal cytotoxin,N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl-Ala-γ-Glu-A2pmAla (A2pm, diaminopimelic acid), is released byBordetella pertussis,the etiologic agent of whooping cough. This glycopeptide reproduces the specific ciliated cell damage observed in the respiratory tract duringB. pertussisinfection. To examine binding of TCT to target respiratory cells, we have produced labeled TCT analogs. Structure–function studies have shown that the primary amine of the A2pm side chain is essential for TCT toxicity in respiratory tissue. The methodology described here allows coupling of amine-reactive reagents to TCT without affecting this essential amine. The terminalN-acetylglucosamine ring is opened by oxidation with periodic acid, a dihydrazide linker is coupled to the oxidized ring, and pH control is used to selectively derivatize the free hydrazide with anN-hydroxysuccinimide ester, while the A2pm side-chain amine remains free. Using this method, we have coupled the Bolton–Hunter reagent to TCT, producing a biologically active125I-labeled TCT analog.
Lagrangian Covariance Analysis of β-Plane Turbulence

The effects of Rossby wave–turbulence interactions on particle dispersion are investigated in a Lagrangian analysis of the potential vorticity equation. The analysis produces several exact statistical results for fluid particle dispersion in barotropic turbulence on a β-plane. In the inviscid problem the first integral time scale of the meridional velocity is found to be zero, as might occur in pure wave processes, and the meridional particle dispersion is bounded. The second integral time scale, which determines the magnitude of the bound, is shown to depend explicitly on β, the enstrophy and the energy of the meridional velocity. Expressions relating the autocorrelation of the vorticity to the autocorrelation of the meridional velocity are derived and the Lagrangian integral time scale of the relative vorticity is diagnostically related to the meridional velocity correlation. The applicability of these predictions is verified in a series of numerical simulations. For a range of β values, the meridional extent of quasisteady alternating zonally averaged jets occurring in the numerical solutions scales with a length scale given by the the standard deviation of the meridional particle dispersion.
Novel Monodisperse Functional (Co)polymers Based on the Selective Living Anionic Polymerization of a New Bifunctional Monomer, trans,trans-1-Methacryloyloxy-2,4-hexadiene

A new bifunctional monomer, trans,trans-1-methacryloyloxy-2,4-hexadiene (MAHE), was prepared through the reaction between the sodium salt of 2,4-hexadien-1-ol and methacryloyl chloride. Using 1,1-diphenylhexyllithium (DPHL) as initiator, in THF, in the presence of LiCl ([LiCl]/[DPHL]0 = 3), at −70 °C, the anionic polymerization of MAHE proceeded quantitatively, generating monodisperse polymers (Mw/Mn = 1.04−1.05) with well-controlled molecular weights. Under similar conditions, well-defined block copolymers with controlled molecular weights and compositions as well as very narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 1.04−1.06) were prepared by the anionic block copolymerization of MAHE and MMA, regardless of the polymerization sequence (MAHE followed by MMA or vice versa). Similarly, the copolymers resulting from the random copolymerization of these two monomers possessed monodispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.04−1.05), regardless of the feed amount ratio. Further, block copolymers of St and MAHE with various compo...
Suppression of the dielectric secondary relaxation of poly(2-vinylpyridine) by strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding

The secondary relaxation of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PVPy) in a complex and blends with poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVPh) was studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The polymer complex can be obtained by mixing PVPh and PVPy in methyl ethyl ketone as a result of the very strong hydrogen bonding between two polymers, and it has a glass transition temperature higher than that of either component. The secondary relaxation of PVPy is clearly suppressed in the complex, and it is found that the reduction of its dielectric relaxation strength is approximately proportional to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding fraction. In addition, the relaxation time of unassociated PVPy side groups is also slowed down by about 1 decade compared to that of the neat PVPy. Homogeneous PVPh/PVPy blends can be achieved if the polymers are mixed in N,N-dimethylformamide. However, the degree of intercomponent hydrogen bonding is much lower in the blends, and therefore the suppression of the PVPy secondary relaxation is not as signific...
Tri-tert-butylsilylsilylenes with Alkali Metal Substituents (tBu3Si)SiM (M = Li, K): Electronically and Sterically Accessible Triplet Ground States

Lithium-, sodium-, and potassium-substituted silirenes 2a−c have been prepared by the reaction of bis(tri-tert-butylsilyl)silirene 1 with the corresponding alkali metals and characterized by NMR sp...
Managing antidepressants in primary care: physicians' treatment modifications.

Summary To examine antidepressant management practices in primary care, patients (N = 148) given an antidepressant for at least one month completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI–II), the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ–9), and a demographic survey. Participants' mean age was 50.7 yr. and 80% were women. Patients' charts indicated whether physicians had made changes to prescribed antidepressants or dose either 6 wk. before or 6 wk. after study entry. For the 87% of participants whose depression status could be determined, 10% met dysthymic disorder criteria and only 33% had had a medication change in the previous month. Major depressive disorder occurred in 37% but only 18% had had a medication change. Co-existing dysthymic disorder and major depressive disorder were diagnosed in 34%, with 24% receiving a medication change. Participants not receiving a medication change had mean BDI–II scores indicating moderate depression. Lack of antidepressant adjustment suggests physicians may need to monitor ...
The Excess Burden of the Social Security Payroll Tax

The conventional measure of the excess burden of a discrete increase in the rate of either a labor income tax or an excise tax is typically represented by a trapezoid in the supply/demand framework...
Role of adenosine A2 receptors in regulation of cerebral blood flow during induced hypotension

The mechanisms responsible for vascular autoregulation in the brain during changes in mean arterial blood pressure are ambiguous. Potentially, adenosine, a purine nucleoside and potent vasodilator, may be involved as earlier studies have documented an increase in brain adenosine concentrations with cerebral ischemia and hypotension. Consequently, we tested the hypothesis that adenosine is involved in vasodilatation during hypotension within the autoregulatory range (>50 mm Hg) by exposing adenosine 2a receptor (A2aR) knockout and wild type (WT) mice to short (2 to 5 mins) periods of hypotension. We found that autoregulation was significantly (P A2b:10–85>1), ZM-241385, in a dose (1, 5, 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally)-related manner, attenuated autoregulation in WT mice. In knockout mice treated with ZM-2413585 (5 and 10 mg/kg), autoregulation was further impaired indicating that A2b receptors also participated in cerebral vasodilatation. Treatment with dipyridamole (1.0 mg/kg) that increases extracellular concentrations of adenosine improved autoregulation in the A2aR knockout mice. We would conclude that adenosine through both A2a and A2b receptors is involved in physiologic vascular regulation during hypotension even within the autoregulatory range.
Multiple head and neck neoplasia following radiation for benign disease during childhood

A woman received radiation therapy to the adenoids for benign disease at the age of 10 years and subsequently developed an adenocarcinoma of the middle ear, a parathyroid adenoma, and a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in adulthood. This appears to be the first such case on record. The literature of neoplasia after head and neck irradiation is briefly reviewed.
Detection of CT occult aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage using a novel spectrophotometric analysis of cerebral spinal fluid

In North America, approximately 30,000 people annually suffer an aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Using computerized tomography (CT), the blood is generally not visible after 12 hours. Currently lumbar puncture (LP) results are equivocal for diagnosing SAH largely because of technical limitations in performing a quick and objective evaluation. Having ruptured once, an aneurysm is statistically more likely to rupture again. Therefore, for those individuals with a sentinel (or warning) hemorrhage, detection within the first 12 hours is paramount. We present a diagnostic technology based on visible spectroscopy to quickly and objectively assess low-blood volume SAH from a diagnostic spinal tap. This technology provides clinicians, with the resources necessary for assessing patients with suspected aneurismal SAH beyond the current 12-hour limitation imposed by CT scans. This aids in the improvement of patient care and results in rapid and appropriate treatment of the patient. To perform this diagnosis, we quantify bilirubin and hemoglobin in human CSF over a range of concentrations. Because the bilirubin and hemoglobin spectra overlap quantification is problematic. To solve this problem, two algorithmic approaches are presented: a statistical or a random stochastic component known as Partial Least Square (PLS) and a control theory based mathematical model. These algorithms account for the noise and distortion from blood in CSF leading to the quantification of bilirubin and methemoglobin spectroscopically. The configurations for a hardware platform is introduced, that is portable and user-friendly composed of specific components designed to have the sensitivity and specificity required. This aids in measuring bilirubin in CSF, hemorrhagic-CSF and CSF-like solutions. The prototype uses purpose built algorithms contained within the platform, such that physicians can use it in the hospital and lab as a point of care diagnostic test.
Statistical Phonon Transport Model of Thermal Transport in Silicon

Thermal transport in crystalline materials at various length scales can be modeled by the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE). A statistical phonon transport (SPT) model is presented that solves the BTE in a statistical framework that incorporates a unique state-based phonon transport methodology. Anisotropy of the first Brillouin zone (BZ) is captured by utilizing directionally-dependent dispersion curves obtained from lattice dynamics calculations. A rigorous implementation of phonon energy and pseudo-momentum conservation is implemented in the ballistic thermal transport regime for a homogeneous silicon nanowire with adiabatic specular boundary conditions.
Product Rule and Chain Rule Estimates for Fractional Derivatives on Spaces that Satisfy the Doubling Condition

The purpose of this paper is to prove some classical estimates for fractional derivatives of functions defined on a Coifman–Weiss space of homogeneous type, in particular the product rule and chain rule estimates in (T. Kato and G. Ponce, 1988, Comm. Pure Appl. Math.41, 891–907) and (F. M. Christ and M. I. Weinstein, 1991, J. Funct. Anal.100, 87–109). The fractional calculus of M. Riesz was extended to these spaces in (A. E. Gatto, C. Segovia, and S. Vagi, 1996, Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana12). Our main tools are fractional difference quotients and the square fractional derivative of R. Strichartz in (1967, J. Math. Mech.16, 9) extended to this context. For the particular case of Rn, our approach unifies the proofs of these estimates and clarifies the role of Calderon's formula for these results. Since the square fractional derivative can be easily discretized, we also show that the discrete and continuous Triebel–Lizorkin norms for fractional Sobolev spaces on spaces of homogeneous type are equivalent.
Proteoglycans as modulators of growth factor activities

l Drosophila and Neurospora clock genes have been found to code for proteins that resemble certain mammalian proteoglycans (McClung et al., 1989); l the ligand for CD44, a lymphocyte homing receptor, has turned out to be the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (Aruffo et al., 1990); l proteoglycans bind to extracellular proteins such as fibronectin (see Ruoslahti, 1989); l finally, proteoglycans have been found to be binders of many growth factors. This review summarizes some of the recent developments in this latter field.
Single-beam adaptive holographic interferometry (AHI) and small-size devices for industrial inspection

We propose a new technique of AHI which combines the high speed operation advantages of dynamic holographic interferometry and a real- time, high resolution, high stability, Denisyuk's holograms. Based on a new high sensitive phototerfractive reversible crystals group 23 doped (P and Cu) a small power CW laser was used for continuously hologram read and read-out processing. Portable wariant of a small size AHI sensor and practical demonstration of this technique are described.
Efficient Depth of Field Rasterization Using a Tile Test Based on Half-Space Culling

For depth of field (DOF) rasterization, it is often desired to have an efficient tile versus triangle test, which can conservatively compute which samples on the lens that need to execute the sample-in-triangle test. We present a novel test for this, which is optimal in the sense that the region on the lens cannot be further reduced. Our test is based on removing half-space regions of the (u, v) -space on the lens, from where the triangle definitely cannot be seen through a tile of pixels. We find the intersection of all such regions exactly, and the resulting region can be used to reduce the number of sample-in-triangle tests that need to be performed. Our main contribution is that the theory we develop provides a limit for how efficient a practical tile versus defocused triangle test ever can become. To verify our work, we also develop a conceptual implementation for DOF rasterization based on our new theory. We show that the number of arithmetic operations involved in the rasterization process can be reduced. More importantly, with a tile test, multi-sampling anti-aliasing can be used which may reduce shader executions and the related memory bandwidth usage substantially. In general, this can be translated to a performance increase and/or power savings. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Keep your fingers off my DNA: Protein-protein interactions mediated by C2H2 zinc finger domains

Cys2-His2 (C2H2) zinc finger domains (ZFs) were originally identified as DNA-binding domains, and uncharacterized domains are typically assumed to function in DNA binding. However, a growing body of evidence suggests an important and widespread role for these domains in protein binding. There are even examples of zinc fingers that support both DNA and protein interactions, which can be found in well-known DNA-binding proteins such as Sp1, Zif268, and Ying Yang 1 (YY1). C2H2 protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are proving to be more abundant than previously appreciated, more plastic than their DNA-binding counterparts, and more variable and complex in their interactions surfaces. Here we review the current knowledge of over 100 C2H2 zinc finger-mediated PPIs, focusing on what is known about the binding surface, contributions of individual fingers to the interaction, and function. An accurate understanding of zinc finger biology will likely require greater insights into the potential protein interaction capabilities of C2H2 ZFs.
Formation of molecular species of mitochondrial cardiolipin. 1. A novel transacylation mechanism to shuttle fatty acids between sn-1 and sn-2 positions of multiple phospholipid species.

Mitochondrial cardiolipin undergoes extensive remodeling of its acyl groups to generate uniformly substituted species, such as tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin, but the mechanism of this remodeling has not been elucidated, except for the fact that it requires tafazzin. Here we show that purified recombinant Drosophila tafazzin exchanges acyl groups between cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine by a combination of forward and reverse transacylations. The acyl exchange is possible in the absence of phospholipase A2 because it requires only trace amounts of lysophospholipids. We show that purified tafazzin reacts with various phospholipid classes and with various acyl groups both in sn-1 and sn-2 position. Expression studies in Sf9 insect cells suggest that the effect of tafazzin on cardiolipin species is dependent on the cellular environment and not on enzymatic substrate specificity. Our data demonstrate that tafazzin catalyzes general acyl exchange between phospholipids, which raises the question whether pattern formation in cardiolipin is the result of the equilibrium distribution of acyl groups between multiple phospholipid species.
Effect of the Carrier Gas on the Sensitivity of Thermal Conductivity Detectors in Gas Chromatography

IT has recently been suggested1 that the use of argon or other carrier gases of low thermal conductivity will lead to increased sensitivity of thermal conductivity detectors used in gas Chromatography. While this may be so in certain special cases, it is by no means a general effect, and it is the purpose of this communication to point out some of the many disadvantages of carrier gases of low thermal conductivity. The effects we wish to discuss may be illustrated qualitatively by the use of the approximate equation1 for the variation of filament temperature (t) with composition (x) of the eluted gas. where k1,k2 are the thermal conductivities of the carrier gas and organic vapour respectively. Substituting the thermal conductivity data from Table 1 in equation 1 leads to the predicted relative sensitivities shown in Table 1. The substances investigated, benzene, n-heptane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloride, would appear from Table 1 to show a higher sensitivity with argon than with helium but ethanol would show a lower sensitivity, and methanol would show a peak reversal compared to ethanol. It should be pointed out that these estimates are only crude approximations since the initial temperature of the detector filament is unknown and is probably considerably higher than 100° C. for our apparatus in which the block temperature is 100° C.
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Broiler Houses in the Southeastern United States

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), from broiler houses located in the southeastern United States were continuously monitored over a one-year period. The birds were grown to 52 days of age at an average stocking density of 11.8 birds/m2 (1.1 birds/ft2). Methane and CO2 emissions were measured in two broiler houses while N2O emissions were measured in one house. Carbon dioxide and N2O concentrations were measured using a photoacoustic multi-gas analyzer and CH4 concentrations were measured using a dual-channel methane/non-methane-hydrocarbon (NMHC)/total hydrocarbon analyzer with dual flame ionization detectors. Ventilation rates in each house were continuously calculated by monitoring the building static pressure and operational status of all ventilation fans in conjunction with individual fan performance curves developed and verified in situ using a Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS) unit. Annual CO2 emissions measured from the two broiler houses averaged 606 Mg (668 US tons) per house. On a marketed bird basis the CO2 emissions averaged 4.64 Mg (5.49 US tons) per 1,000 birds marketed. Annual CH4 emissions averaged 445 kg (982 lbs) per house, or 3.41 kg (7.52 lbs) per 1,000 birds marketed. Annual N2O emissions measured from one broiler house was 225 kg (496 lbs) per house, or 1.72 kg (3.8 lbs) per 1,000 birds marketed. The CO2 equivalents of the CH4 and N2O emissions were, respectively, 85.3 kg (188 lb) and 512.6 kg (1,128 lb) per 1,000 birds marketed. Hence the total CO2 equivalent GHG emissions for the broiler operations monitored in this study were 5.238 Mg per 1,000 birds marketed, with 88.6% contributed by CO2.
Clinical review: The use of aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction and superovulation.

Context: Anovulation is likely responsible for 20% of female infertility. Although clomiphene citrate remains the first-line therapy for ovulation induction in anovulatory patients who are not estrogen-deficient and to treat unexplained infertility, there remains a discrepancy between ovulation and conception rates with its use, attributed to its antiestrogenic effects on cervical mucus and the endometrium. Alternative agents, including aromatase inhibitors, have been used that have not been associated with these side effects. Evidence Acquisition: A literature search was conducted to specifically explore the use of aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction and superovulation. Evidence Synthesis: Recent studies have found that aromatase inhibitors may be safe and useful agents for ovulation induction in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome as well a treatment option for superovulation in patients with either unexplained infertility or endometriosis. Conclusions: Aromatase inhibitors may be an effe...
Developing an Indicator System for Schools of Choice: A Balanced Scorecard Approach

ABSTRACT This article describes the process of developing an indicator system that goes beyond a single indicator of school progress or performance. The system relies on a set of school indicators that uses data that public schools routinely report to state agencies for compliance purposes. The framework for the indicator system is based on the idea of “the balanced scorecard.” This indicator system offers multiple measures of school performance, combining both academic and financial data, to assess student learning, program effectiveness, and school operations. Lessons learned in the development and reporting of these indicators of school performance are discussed.
Survival of frogs in low temperature

Anurans that hibernate at or near the ground surface can survive prolonged exposure to low winter temperatures of northern latitudes by tolerance to freezing. An accumulation of glycerol during winter was correlated with frost tolerance, indicating that this compound is associated with natural tolerance to freezing in a vertebrate.
The USNS MERCY's Southeast Asia Humanitarian Cruise: The Perioperative Experience

ABSTRACT MANY PEOPLE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA are in desperate need of medical attention, but because of poverty, remoteness, and inadequate medical services, they do not receive this care. BEGINNING IN APRIL 2006, a diverse group of health care professionals from around the world served for five months aboard the USNS MERCY, a 1,000-bed, US Navy hospital ship. DESCRIPTIONS OF PROCEDURES performed, local health conditions, and the experiences of volunteers during this humanitarian mission are detailed in this article. AORN J 86 (November 2007) 781–790.
Linking functional morphology and feeding performance in larvae of two coral-reef fishes

Despite the well acknowledged phenomenon that the biology of marine teleost fish larvae is much different from that of juvenile and adult conspecifics, very little is known about the changes in design of the feeding apparatus as larvae develop from hatching through metamorphosis. Furthermore, our understanding of the consequences of these developmental changes for feeding performance is very limited. In this study, we examined the relationship between the development of the feeding apparatus and feeding performance in larvae of Amphiprion ocellaris and Pseudochromis fridmani using cluster analysis, multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Several patterns emerge from our analyses. First, the state of development of the feeding apparatus increased in complexity through ontogeny, from a simple, hyoid-driven system at the onset of exogenous feeding to a more complex feeding system involving all adult functional elements of the cranium just prior to metamorphosis. Although the feeding apparatus converged to the hyoid-opercular-mandible linkage state around metamorphosis in both species, P. fridmani had a lesser developed hyoid-mandible linkage system relative to A. ocellaris at the onset of first-feeding. Second, first-feeding larvae fed on smaller, less elusive zooplankton. In contrast, larvae that survived beyond the first-feeding stage fed on more diverse prey types, including larger, more elusive zooplankton. Third, intra- and inter-specific variation in the development of the feeding apparatus is associated with variation in feeding performance. The post-hatch developmental trajectory in both species showed a pattern consistent with stage (i.e., ontogenetic state)-specific shifts in morphology and performance. Furthermore, the number of developmental transitions in both feeding functional morphology and feeding performance differ between species that exhibit contrasting incubation periods.
Anomalous Fresnel coefficients for orthoexciton–polaritons in Cu2O☆

Abstract Using resonant two-photon excitation, we create a coherently propagating orthoexciton–polariton wave packet and measure its reflectance ( R ) and transmittance ( T ) at the boundary opposite the incoming surface. We find an enhanced reflection of orthoexciton–polaritons from sample surfaces such that the ratio T / R deviates significantly from the present theory based on the additional boundary condition. This anomalous boundary effect most likely arises from the quadrupole excitonic component of orthoexciton–polaritons, resulting in an enhanced reflection at boundaries.
Lost in Lewis Structures: An Investigation of Student Difficulties in Developing Representational Competence

Because Lewis structures provide a direct connection between molecular structure and properties, the ability to construct and use them is an integral component of many chemistry courses. Although a great deal of time and effort has been dedicated to development of “foolproof” rules, students still have problems with the skill. What is more, many students fail to connect the skill with the reasons for learning it. In fact, it appears that conventional instructional practices involved in teaching Lewis structures are in direct conflict with much of what we know about how people learn. In support of this assertion, we present the results of a mixed-methods study designed to investigate how students at all levels draw Lewis structures, and how students perceive the utility of Lewis structures. We offer suggestions for alternative methods of developing this skill in order to provide students with an approach to meaningful learning.
Immunochemical studies on myosin I. Effects of different methods of preparation on the immunochemical properties of chicken skeletal muscle myosin

Abstract 1. 1. When the fluorescent antibody method was first used to study the localization of myosin in the myofibrils of skeletal muscle, the observation of fluorescence in the A band of the sarcomere was thought to be in general agreement with prior conclusions that had been based on the differential removal of specific proteins from the myofibril by extraction procedures. The heterogeneity subsequently observed in preparations of antimyosin has been variously attributed to contamination of the immunizing antigen with AMP deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6), or with actomyosin and nucleoprotein. 2. 2. Because the presence of heterologous antibodies in fluorescein-labeled antimyosin may give false or misleading information about the precise spatial distribution of myosin within the sarcomere, the myosin-antimyosin system has been reinvestigated to determine: (a) whether the heterogeneity of myosin is influenced by its method of preparation; (b) how this in turn affects the homogeneity of antisera to myosin; and (c) if the extraneous antigens are (random) fragments of myosin, or true contaminants. 3. 3. Myosin and actomyosin were prepared from chicken skeletal muscle, purified by two different methods, and used to produce antisera in rabbits. The three aspects of the problem were then examined by correlating the different methods of preparation with variations in the ultraviolet absorption spectra, AMP deaminase activities, ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activities and the immunochemical properties of the purified proteins. 4. 4. The results show that the heterogeneity of myosin is reduced by ammonium sulfate fractionation, that both myosin and its antisera remain heterogeneous, and that the heterogeneity is due to the presence of true contaminants in the purified antigen.
Traumatic bowing of the forearm bones in children

Traumatic bowing of the forearm bones is an unusual injury that can occur after a child falls on his outstretched hand. The emergency physician may see no fracture or dislocation but note an abnormal amount of bowing of one or both forearm bones on the x-ray films. The physician should be aware that this is a real entity. If in doubt, comparison films are helpful. Reduction is necessary, especially in the older child. Two cases are presented and the pathophysiology reviewed.
Ceramide: A stress signal and mediator of growth suppression and apoptosis

A novel pathway termed the sphingomyelin cycle has been identified whereby membrane sphingomyelin is hydrolyzed in response to multiple extracellular stimuli (such as tumor necrosis factor alpha) which cause activation of regulated sphingomyelinases. The product, ceramide, has emerged as a second messenger that mediates many of the cellular effects of these extracellular stimuli. An intriguing relation exists between activation of the sphingomyelin cycle and the action of multiple stress stimuli that induce growth arrest and programmed cell death. Exogenously administered ceramide mimics these growth-suppressing effects, including the induction of apoptosis. This review will highlight the role of the sphingomyelin cycle in signal transduction and will focus on the role and function of ceramide in the regulation of cell growth in general and apoptosis specifically.