cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ABC model and the diversification of floral organ identity.

Broad studies of the ABC program across angiosperms have found that interactions between gene duplication, biochemical evolution, shifts in gene expression and modification of existing identity programs have been critical to the evolution of floral morphology. Several themes can be recognized in this context. First, the original concept of “A” function applies only very narrowly to Arabidopsis and its close relatives. Second, while many types of petaloid organs are associated with the expression of AP3/PI homologs, there is growing evidence that there are other genetic mechanisms for producing petaloidy, especially in first whorl organs. Third, pre-existing organ identity programs can be modified to yield novel organ types, often in association with gene duplications. Lastly, there are many aspects of ABC gene function outside the major model systems that remain a mystery, perhaps none more so than the C-terminal amino acid motifs that distinguish specific ABC gene lineages.
Broken Symmetries and Massless Particles

The following generalization of a theorem conjectured by Goldstone is proven: In a theory admitting a continuous group of transformations, suppose a set of operators ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{i}(x)$, transforming under an irreducible representation of the group, has the property that in the vacuum some expectation values $〈{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{i}(x)〉\ensuremath{\ne}0$ for $i={i}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. The theorem then asserts that ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{D}}_{\mathrm{ij}}(p)$, the Fourier transform of the propagator of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{i}(x)$, is singular at ${p}^{2}=0$ for some $i\ensuremath{\ne}{i}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. (The maximum number of $〈{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{i}〉\ensuremath{\ne}0$ is a property of the group representation. The further identification of the singularities as poles and their interpretation as massless particles depends on the usual apparatus of quantum field theory.)The appropriate choice to be made for the field ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{i}$ when it describes a boson excitation and when the Lagrangian contains only direct fermion-fermion coupling is discussed. It is suggested that such Fermi interaction theories may be renormalizable when expanded in terms of the coupling between fermions and the collective boson field.The theorem is illustrated by the following models: (A) ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5}$ gauge group (Nambu and Jona-Lasinio), where a massless pseudoscalar meson is predicted; (B) isospin group (Nambu and Jona-Lasinio) where massless charged mesons are predicted; (C) $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ octet model (Baker and Glashow) where six or four massless mesons are predicted; (D) Lorentz group (Bjorken) where the massless photon is predicted. The limitations of the theorem are also discussed.
Learning Ethics on a Pedagogical Playground A Book Review of The Brewsters

Ethics educators of a stodgier ilk may be inclined, in reading The Brewsters, to check their enjoyment with the assessment that they’re (guiltily) engaged in a kind of intellectual recess. How can one feel at play in gaining an exposure to the rudiments of interprofessional ethics? Should one? On the other hand, the delight may trigger the recollection that important lessons— even certain ethical lessons—are learned, pleasurably, on the various playgrounds of our lives. Authored by Jeffrey Spike, Tom Cole, and Richard Buday, The Brewsters represents, foremost, a pedagogical accomplishment grounded in a dazzling display of muted rhetorical sophistication. It is a narrative fiction fashioned after the “Choose Your Own Adventure” books. Readers are invited to identify with a character, then, inhabiting the narrative, confront various ethical dilemmas that call for a decision. Each decision, in turn, takes the reader to a different place in the narrative progression. The nature of the engagement, then, is the rather existential creation of the plot of life through a series of ethical choices and through some confrontation with the consequences of the choices—all in the safe world of fiction where the costs of those choices remain, thankfully, imagined and instructively so. The family of the Brewsters is humorously, sometimes endearingly, dysfunctional. The father, Wayne, is a hypochondriac and is given to alcoholism; his wife, Sheila, is having an affair with her boss and is trying to get daughter, Stephanie, (not sexually active) on birth control without the 16 year-old’s knowing about it; son Walter, just beginning medical school, gets drunk and crashes his car; grandmother Gloria—the most normal of the lot—is J Med Humanit (2015) 36:85–88 DOI 10.1007/s10912-012-9190-8
Tag tables

Tag Tables enable storage of tags for very large set-associative caches — such as those afforded by 3D DRAM integration — with fine-grained block sizes (e.g. 64B) with low enough overhead to be feasibly implemented on the processor die in SRAM. This approach differs from previous proposals utilizing small block sizes which have assumed that on-chip tag arrays for DRAM caches are too expensive and have consequently stored them with the data in the DRAM itself. Tag Tables are able to avoid the costly overhead of traditional tag arrays by exploiting the natural spatial locality of applications to track the location of data in the cache via a compact "base-plus-offset" encoding. Further, Tag Tables leverage the on-demand nature of a forward page table structure to only allocate storage for those entries that correspond to data currently present in the cache, as opposed to the static cost imposed by a traditional tag array. Through high associativity, we show that Tag Tables provide an average performance improvement of more than 10% over the prior state-of-the-art — Alloy Cache — 44% more than the Loh-Hill Cache due to fast on-chip lookups, and 58% over a no-L4 system through a range of multithreaded and multiprogrammed workloads with high L3 miss rates.
A symbolic approach to the fast design of industrial piping systems

Methode rapide pour la conception d'un reseau de tuyauteries industrielles dans laquelle les tuyauteries sont representees de facon symbolique
The Hospital City in an Ethnic Enclave Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston’s Chinatown, and the Urban Political Economy of Health Care

Many leading hospitals and medical centers in the United States are located in large urban centers. This has meant that the post–World War II growth of the U.S. health care sector has been deeply i...
BPOZ-2 Gene Delivery Ameliorates Alpha-Synucleinopathy in A53T Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease.

Ankyrin-rich BTB/POZ domain containing protein-2 or BPOZ-2, a scaffold protein, has been recently shown to control the degradation of many biological proteins ranging from embryonic development to tumor progression. However, its role in the process of neuronal diseases has not been properly explored. Since, abnormal clearance of metabolic proteins contributes to the development of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathologies in Parkinson’s disease (PD), we are interested to explore if BPOZ-2 participates in the amelioration of α-syn in vivo in basal ganglia. Here we report that lentiviral administration of bpoz-2 gene indeed lowers the burden of α-syn in DA neurons in the nigra of A53T transgenic (A53T-Tg) mouse. Our detailed immunological analyses have shown that the overexpression of bpoz-2 dramatically improves both somatic and neuritic α-syn pathologies in the nigral DA neurons. Similarly, the specific ablation of bpoz-2 by lentiviral-shRNA stimulates the load of monomeric and polymeric forms of α-syn in the nigral DA neurons of A53T-Tg. While investigating the mechanism, we observed that BPOZ-2 was involved in a protein-protein association with PINK1 and therefore could stimulate PINK1-dependent autophagic clearance of α-syn. Our results have demonstrated that bpoz-2 gene delivery could have prospect in the amelioration of alpha-synucleinopathy in PD and other Lewy body diseases.
Adjuvant and palliative immunotherapy of colorectal carcinoma

A review of the clinical trials on immune therapies in cancer reveals that this approach can, in rare cases, induce complete remissions in individual cancers. Since these trials have usually involved patients with large tumor masses, tumor cell inaccessibility is probably a major reason for the prevailing failures. Minimal residual disease, the stage when tumor cells are few and dispersed, should therefore be a more promising target for immunological approaches. This hypothesis is supported by a prospective randomized trial on patients with resected Dukes C colorectal carcinoma. 189 patients were assigned to an observation regimen or to postoperative treatment with 500 mg of 17-1A antibody, followed by four 100 mg infusions each month. After a median follow-up of five years, antibody treatment reduced the overall death rate by 30% and decreased the recurrence rate by 27%. The effect of antibody was most pronounced in patients who had distant metastasis as first sign of a relapse, an effect that was not seen for local relapses. Thus in addition to strategies designed to produce more effective reagents, efforts need to be concentrated on directing immunological effectors towards the appropriate target.
Basic Phenomena Underlying Novel use of Cholinergic Agents, Anticholinesterases and Precursors in Neurological Including Peripheral and Psychiatric Disease

This paper concerns the bases underlying clinical uses of peripherally and centrally acting cholinergic drugs, described elsewhere in this section. Certain additional uses of such drugs that, while not described in this volume, deserve advocacy will also be mentioned. Besides the clinical uses mention in the chapter there are some twenty classical indications for cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs and anticholinesterases (antiChE’s) that include glaucoma, gastric hypermotility, motion sickness and parkinsonian disease (49,64,65), as well as certain novel uses (as for example in anxiety or fear); these cannot be discussed here for lack of space.
Study of Photon Correlation in the 100-Nanosecond Range with Photoelectron Time-of-Arrival Technique

Among the many advantages of studying photon correlation with the photoelectron time-of-arrival technique, one of the apparent unsurpassing capabilities is the measurement of the correlation time in the range around 10−6 to 10−7 seconds. This is the region for which both the conventional light beating and the interferometric (Fabry-Perot) techniques are likely to become unreliable. We present in this paper such a study encountered in Rayleigh scattering experiments. We first review briefly the historical development, ranging from single-stop to multi-stop measurements, of this time-of-arrival technique. This is followed by an examination on the dead-time effect of the photomultiplier in general counting experiments. The analysis is based upon the single time-interval counting statistics developed by Glauber. Some close-form analytical expressions are derived for the case of intensity-stabilized laser light. This consideration of the dead-time effect is of crucial importance for correlation time measurements in the time scale mentioned above. It indicates that in this particular case a single-stop measurement is the only appropriate approach. We also discuss for this technique the effect due to the imperfection of spatial coherence, which is of practical interest but has not been mentioned before.
Oblique Pitch-Catch Imaging of Defects in Multi-Layered Structures

Thin-walled multi-layered structures, with sealants in-between the layers, may develop interface defects on deeper interfaces. For nondestructive inspection it is desirable to generate a visual indication of such defects by an ultrasonic imaging technique. For aircraft structures the imaging must generally be done with one-sided access only and by the use of contact transducers. A conventional normal incidence reflection technique is not practical because the interference of multiple reflections at the interfaces makes it difficult to extract relevant signals for image generation. In this paper these difficulties have been overcome by the use of an oblique pitch-catch transducer configuration. The parameters in such a configuration are wedge angles for the contact transducers, center frequencies, and the spacing of the transducers in the pitch-catch configuration. These parameters must be selected correctly for optimal penetration into the multi-layered structure and optimal reception of ultrasonic signals. The theoretical background of the technique is discussed and images are presented of second layer corrosion in wing structures.
Bursts of Reprogramming: A Path to Extend Lifespan?

In a thought-provoking study, Ocampo et al. show that the cyclic expression of stem cell reprogramming factors in vivo increases the lifespan of a mouse model of premature aging and provides health benefits to chronologically old, normal mice.
An interpretation of the spectral variations of Theta Coronae Borealis

Measurements are presented of the strengths and displacements of sharp absorption components of the resonance lines of Si IV, C IV, and Al III in the spectrum of Theta CrB. No evidence is found for mass loss at a detectable rate. A qualitative model of a Be star is developed. It is suggested that the spectral variations of Theta CrB are the result of changes in the rate at which magnetic flux is generated in the envelope of the star and extruded through the photosphere of the star.
Avian and Human Seasonal Influenza Hemagglutinin Proteins Elicit CD4 T Cell Responses That Are Comparable in Epitope Abundance and Diversity.

Avian influenza viruses remain a significant concern due to their pandemic potential. Vaccine trials have suggested that humans respond poorly to avian influenza vaccines, relative to seasonal vaccines. It is important to understand, first, if there is a general deficiency in the ability of avian HA proteins to generate immune responses and if so, what underlies this defect. This question is of particular interest because it has been suggested that in humans, the poor immunogenicity of H7 vaccines may be due to a paucity of CD4 T cell epitopes. Because of the generally high levels of cross-reactive CD4 T cells in humans, it is not possible to compare the inherent immunogenicity of avian and seasonal HA proteins in an unbiased manner. Here, we empirically examine the epitope diversity and abundance of CD4 T cells elicited by seasonal and avian HA proteins. HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR4 transgenic mice were vaccinated with purified HA proteins and CD4 T cells to specific epitopes were identified and quantified. These studies revealed that the diversity and abundance of CD4 T cells specific for HA do not segregate on the basis of whether the HA was derived from human-seasonal or avian influenza viruses. Therefore, we conclude that failure in responses to avian vaccines in humans is likely due to a lack of cross-reactive CD4 T cell memory perhaps coupled with competition with or suppression of naive, HA-specific CD4 T cells by memory CD4 T cells specific for more highly conserved proteins.
Relation of Growth and Development to Mineral Nutrition

Plants are unique organisms that have the capacity to absorb inorganic elements and water through their root systems and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combine these into cellular constituents using energy from sunlight. Managing the supply of inorganic elements (nutrients) is a fundamental component of all plant production systems. If nutrient deficiencies are occurring, achievement of optimal yields requires a producer to supply fertilizer nutrients to supplement the pool of available nutrients in the soil to meet the nutritional needs of the specific plant. In addition, the timing of fertilizer applications should ensure that high availability of the applied nutrient(s) corresponds to the peak nutrient requirements of the developing root system. A basic understanding of the growth pattern and nutrient uptake with time by the cotton plant is essential in making wise nutrient management decisions, especially in production systems where nutrients may be deficient (Gerik et al., 1998). This chapter will focus on the elements considered essential for cotton plants, and their uptake and distribution within the plant.
Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung metastasizing to the tonsil

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) is a rare tumor that typically originates in gastrointestinal tissue, such as the stomach, but can also occasionally originate in the lung. The majority of HACs express α-fetoprotein (AFP) on tumor cells, and serum AFP can be used as a marker of response to treatment or disease progression. HAC has a poor prognosis, although early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can result in long-term survival. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of HAC metastasizing to the tonsil. Irradiation using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to 30 Gray (Gy) achieved a significant, and durable tumor response. IMRT can be considered for local control of HAC at other metastatic sites of disease.
CO2 Reduction Selective for C≥2 Products on Polycrystalline Copper with N-Substituted Pyridinium Additives

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to generate multicarbon products is of interest for applications in artificial photosynthetic schemes. This is a particularly attractive goal for CO2 reduction by copper electrodes, where a broad range of hydrocarbon products can be generated but where selectivity for C–C coupled products relative to CH4 and H2 remains an impediment. Herein we report a simple yet highly selective catalytic system for CO2 reduction to C≥2 hydrocarbons on a polycrystalline Cu electrode in bicarbonate aqueous solution that uses N-substituted pyridinium additives. Selectivities of 70–80% for C2 and C3 products with a hydrocarbon ratio of C≥2/CH4 significantly greater than 100 have been observed with several additives. 13C-labeling studies verify CO2 to be the sole carbon source in the C≥2 hydrocarbons produced. Upon electroreduction, the N-substituted pyridinium additives lead to film deposition on the Cu electrode, identified in one case as the reductive coupling product of N-arylpyridinium. Pr...
Repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: Preoperative imaging and evaluation

Imaging is a critical component of the pre-procedure evaluation and planning of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Imaging is the mainstay for proper assessment of procedural candidacy, relevant vascular anatomy, device selection, and surgical approach. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) has long been considered the preferred modality for pre-operative imaging and evaluation prior to EVAR. Recently, advances in image quality and software technology have further enhanced the proceduralist’s ability to plan and perform EVAR. In this review, we highlight the current state of the art to provide interventionalists a contemporary assessment of the available tools for pre-operative imaging and evaluation prior to EVAR.
Meta-Analysis of Surgeon Burnout Syndrome and Specialty Differences.

Objective Surgeon burnout compromises the quality of life of physicians and the delivery of care to patients. Burnout rates and interpretation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) complicates the interpretation of surgeon burnout. The purpose of this study is to apply a standardized interpretation of severe surgeon burnout termed, “burnout syndrome” to analyze inherent variation within surgical specialties. Design A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EMBASE to identify studies reporting MBI data by surgical specialty. Data extraction was performed to isolate surgeon specific data. Setting A meta-analysis was performed. Results A total of 16 cross-sectional studies were included in this meta-analysis, totaling 3581 subjects. A random effects model approximated burnout syndrome at 3.0% (95% CI: 2.0%-5.0%; I2 = 78.1%). Subscale analysis of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment indicated subscale burnout in 30.0% (CI: 25.0%-36.0%; I2 = 93.2%), 34.0% (CI: 25.0%-43.0%; I2 = 96.9%), and 25.0% (CI: 18.0%-32.0%; I2 = 96.5%) of surgeons, respectively. Significant differences (p Conclusions Approximately 3% of surgeons suffer from extreme forms of burnout termed “burnout syndrome,” although surgeon burnout may occur in up to 34% of surgeons, characterized by high burnout in 1 of 3 subscales. Surgical specialties have significantly different rates of burnout subscales. Future burnout studies should target the specialty-specific level to understand inherent differences in an effort to better understand methods of improving surgeon burnout.
Revising a conceptual model of partnership and sustainability in global health.

Objectives Models to guide global health partnerships are rare in the nursing literature. The Conceptual Model for Partnership and Sustainability in Global Health while significant was based on Western perspectives. The purpose of this study was to revise the model to include the voice of nurses from low- and middle-resource countries. Design and sample Grounded theory was used to maintain fidelity with the design in the original model. A purposive sample of 15 participants from a variety of countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia and having extensive experience in global health partnerships were interviewed. Measures Skype recordings and in-person interviews were audiotaped using the same questions as the original study. Theoretical coding and a comparison of results with the original study was completed independently by the researchers. Results The process of global health partnerships was expanded from the original model to include engagement processes and processes for ongoing partnership development. New concepts of Transparency, Expanded World View, and Accompaniment were included as well as three broad themes: Geopolitical Influence, Power differential/Inequities, and Collegial Friendships. Conclusion The revised conceptual model embodies a more comprehensive model of global health partnerships with representation of nurses from low- and middle-resource countries.
Abstract 4193: Biochanin A in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer, with its dismally low survival rate ( Citation Format: Vilas Desai, Satya Murthy Tadinada, James C K Lai, Alok Bhushan. Biochanin A in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4193.
Surface-Based Microwave Humidity Retrievals over the Equatorial Indian Ocean: Applications and Challenges

AbstractThe interactions between equatorial convection and humidity as a function of height, at a range of time scales, remain an important research frontier. The ability of surface-based microwave...
The extraction of guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) from Escherichia coli using low pH reagents: a reevaluation.

Abstract It has been found that the most widely used method for the extraction of guanosine 5′-diphosphate, 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) from E. coli (1 M formic acid at 0°) results in its in vitro degradation to ppGp and GDP. A comparison with several other extraction procedures indicated that this breakdown is due to the low pH of the reagents used during extraction. This degradation can largely be prevented by using a new extraction technique which involves freezing and thawing of the cells in the presence of lysozyme at a neutral pH followed by treatment with deoxycholate. With this method it is possible to recover from three to five times as much ppGpp from both unstarved and amino acid starved stringent strains of E. coli as compared with the most widely used formic acid procedure. Consequently, it will be necessary to reevaluate the ppGpp values obtained from cells when formic acid or other low pH reagents were used during extraction.
Gene Knockout: New Approach to the Physiology of Cytokines

Advances in the last decade in both molecular biology and mammalian embryology make it possible to study gene structure-function relationships in new ways. Cloning techniques have become routine and the body of genomically cloned genes is increasing daily. With reliable DNA transfection methods like DNA microinjection or electroporation it is possible to transfer altered genes into established cell lines, where they can stably integrate into chromosomes [1–4]. For studies of gene function in vivo, genetic material can be introduced into mice and other species; such transgenics are in wide use for studying overexpression of gene products [5] and promoter function [6] or for expression of inhibitory molecules [7].
Does Where You Stand Depend On If You Served? How Military Backgrounds Influence The Behavior Of Leaders

The observation that life experiences shape an individual’s future behavior constitutes a central assumption in fields such as psychology and sociology. While many political scientists may intuitively grasp this insight, for the most part it has escaped careful and systematic analysis. However, three short anecdotes demonstrate the potential power of life experience in explaining the behavior and policy choices of political leaders. First, while many factors shaped the 2008 campaign for President in the United States, one prominent factor was the comparison between Barack Obama’s background as a community organizer versus John McCain’s background as a decorated fighter pilot. Pundits and voters wondered whether Obama’s lack of military experience should count against him, just as they had with regards to Bill Clinton in 1992. The question of military service and candidate backgrounds in general nearly always plays a role in US presidential campaigns. In the 2004 election, John Kerry’s military service became a source of strength to his supporters and a target for fierce criticism by his detractors. Kerry and his handlers suggested that his combat experience in Vietnam provided him with insight that would prove helpful in the War on Terrorism if the public were to elect him.3 Across the Atlantic in 2003, some commentators discussing the French position opposing the American led invasion of Iraq linked the life experiences and political behavior of the French president Jacques Chirac, arguing that Chirac’s military service in Algeria in the 1950s powerfully influenced the way he calculated the costs and benefits of armed conflict.4 Finally, when Hu Jintao rose to power in China in 2002, some argued that his status as the first leader of China since 1949 lacking revolutionary experience and military education would profoundly affect the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy. This paper presents results from a new dataset on the background experiences of heads of state from 1869-2004, or almost 16,000 leader years worth of data. We seek to systematically test the effect of background experiences on the behavior of leaders once they get into office. This paper focuses specifically on the issue of military experience and how different types of military experience may shape the behavior of leaders once they get into office. While many different background experiences likely shape the behavior of future leaders, one of the most important is undoubtedly military service.
Oxygen Activation and Reactivity

The cytochrome P450-catalyzed insertion of an oxygen into a substrate culminates a process that reduces molecular oxygen to a species equivalent, in terms of formal electron count and reactivity, to an oxygen atom.1–6 The cytochrome P450 catalytic cycle traverses the following steps (Fig. 1): (1) reversible substrate binding, (2) reduction of cytochrome P450 from the ferric to the ferrous state by auxiliary electron transport proteins, (3) binding of molecular oxygen to give the ferrous dioxygen complex, (4) transfer of a second electron from the auxiliary electron transport proteins, (5) cleavage of the oxygen-oxygen bond to give a molecule of water and an oxidizing species in which the second oxygen is bound to the iron, (6) insertion of the iron-bound oxygen into the substrate, and (7) product dissociation. In the case of microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes, the auxiliary electron transport protein is cytochrome P450 reductase, although cytochrome b 5 is able in some instances to provide the second electron. In the case of most bacterial and mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes the electron transfer partners are a flavoprotein (e.g., adrenodoxin reductase) and an iron-sulfur protein (e.g., adrenodoxin) (see Chapters 3 and 11). Uncoupling of catalytic turnover from substrate oxidation can divert the consumption of reducing equivalents toward the production of superoxide, H2O2, or water rather than substrate-derived products (see Chapter 3).6 Although the physiological turnover of cytochrome P450 generally adheres to the above sequence, alternative oxygen donors such as peroxides can react with cytochrome P450 via “shunt” mechanisms that produce the activated oxidizing species without recourse to reducing equivalents or molecular oxygen. The early parts of this catalytic cycle involving reductive activation of molecular oxygen are discussed in detail in Chapters 3 and 7. This chapter concentrates on the nature of the activated oxidizing species, the shunt pathways for its formation, and its reactions with organic substrates.
HISTOCHEMICAL AND MICROPUNCH ANALYSIS OF AMINERGIC AND CHOLINERGIC PATHWAYS

1 A summary of the localization of brain catecholaminergic pathways and areas of terminal innervation is presented. 2 Noradrenergic axonal pathways are plotted on transverse sections of a stereotaxic atlas. Two distinct major bundles, the dorsal and ventral pathways are described.
Differences in accuracy and vividness of motor imagery in children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder

Abstract Motor imagery (MI) provides a unique window on the integrity of movement representation. Studies have shown that children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) experience problems with tasks thought to rely on an internal model of movements. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare MI accuracy and MI vividness between typically developing (TD) and children with DCD. Ninety-three children with ages between 7 and 12 years (TD: n = 51; DCD: n = 42) were tested with the Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-c) to assess MI vividness and the Florida Praxis Imagery Questionnaire (FPIQ) to assess MI accuracy. To compare differences between the groups for each assessment and in the subscales, two separate general linear model analyses were conducted: A 2 × 3 (Group [TD, DCD] × Subscales [internal visual imagery, external visual imagery, kinesthetic imagery]) for MI vividness and a 2 × 4 (Group [TD, DCD] × Subscales [position, object, kinesthetic, action]) for MI accuracy. Results indicated that children with DCD scored significantly lower (p
Anti-Sanctuary & Immigration Localism

A new front in the war against sanctuary cities has emerged. Until recently, the fight against sanctuary cities has largely focused on the federal government’s efforts to defund states like California and cities like Chicago and New York for resisting federal immigration enforcement. Thus far, in this federal anti-sanctuary campaign, localities have mainly prevailed on federalism grounds, based in the Tenth Amendment’s anti-commandeering and anti-coercion doctrines. In the past year, however, the battle lines have shifted with the proliferation of state level laws that similarly seek to punish sanctuary cities. States across the country are directly mandating local participation and courts thus far have upheld those state policies. These laws, like Texas’ SB 4, prohibit local sanctuary policies and impose severe punishments on the cities and officials that support them. This new state vs. local terrain creates doctrinal, political and normative implications for the future of local government resistance to immigration enforcement, which have thus far been under-theorized in immigration law scholarship. This Essay seeks to change that. This Essay is the first to focus on this emerging wave of state anti-sanctuary laws. In so doing, it makes four contributions. First, descriptively, the Essay documents the upsurge of anti-sanctuary laws that have appeared across the United States, and explains how they differ from prior state enforcement efforts. Second, doctrinally, it argues that the passage of these laws nudges sanctuary cities to unchartered legal territory in immigration law—localism. Under conventional localism principles, state anti-sanctuary laws are in a position to more fully quash local sanctuary policies and effectively conscript local officials into federal immigration enforcement. However, as the Essay’s third point contends, the draconian structure of state anti-sanctuary laws provides a unique context in which to advance what we call immigration localist claims and protect three distinct interests that concern local governments—structural integrity, accountability and local democracy. Fourth, as a normative matter, the Essay contends that immigration localism provides a more accurate descriptive and theoretical account of how current immigration enforcement operates and promotes community engagement on immigration enforcement. Specifically, the reorientation towards localism accounts for the powerful role that cities play in immigration enforcement and decenters the federal government’s dominant role in immigration enforcement. To be sure, this Essay recognizes that casting our theoretical gaze towards local discretion may end up emboldening the most exclusionary impulses of localities and supporting local anti-sanctuary policies. In the long run, however, local discretion in immigration enforcement is likely to better serve the interests of noncitizens and citizens alike.
A Unique Case of Cryptococcus and Histoplasmosis Co-infection in an HIV-negative Male on Chronic Steroid Therapy

Histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis are systemic fungal diseases frequently encountered in immunocompromised hosts, particularly in patients with HIV/AIDS with low CD4 counts. However, co-infection with histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis is an uncommon clinical scenario, hence carrying the risk of under diagnosis by medical professionals. For instance, when one infection is identified, most health professionals will have a low suspicion for an additional co-infection. Here, we report the case of a 71-year-old gentleman with a new diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (MG) requiring recent steroid therapy who presented with recurrent respiratory symptoms despite treatment for community acquired pneumonia. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed; BAL samples revealed presence of Cryptococcus neoformans and histoplasma antigen (Ag). Serum cryptococcal Ag and urine histoplasma Ag returned positive as well. The patient then required inpatient treatment with amphotericin B, with eventual transition to oral fluconazole at discharge. Pulmonology and Infectious disease consults assisted in appropriate diagnosis and management of this rare presentation. Given the high prevalence of immunocompromised states in a myriad of medical co-morbidities, it is important to highlight this case to create awareness regarding possibility of concomitant systemic fungal diseases.
40. PREPARING PEDIATRIC RESIDENTS FOR THE GENERAL PEDIATRICS BOARDS USING QUARTERLY EXAMS

Background Graduating pediatric trainees are required to pass the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) General Pediatrics Certifying Examination (the Boards) to be board certified in pediatrics. Many residencies use the annual ABP In-Training Exam (ITE) for preparation, but it is only given at the beginning of the academic year. Objective To implement a series of Quarterly Exams (QEs) and explore the relationship between scores on QEs and scores on the Boards. Methods We instituted a series of QEs in our mid-sized, community-based and university-affiliated pediatric residency. Each QE consisted of 45 board-style questions to be answered in 1 hour. QEs were created and proctored by chief residents at 3 month intervals throughout 3 years of training. QEs were mandatory; make-up sessions were held for residents who could not make the scheduled time. Each exam tested the topics covered in the previous 3 months of systems-based didactic conferences. After the exam, a program director facilitated a review session to discuss the 10 most missed questions and related testing strategies. The primary outcome of this study was the correlation between scores on QEs and scores on the Boards. Results Residents who graduated in years 2016, 2017, and 2018 were included in the study (N=42). For each resident, the overall 3-year mean score on QEs was positively associated with their board score (r=.48, p .05) residents. Scores on the ITE and scores on the Boards were significant and positively associated for PL3 (r =.70, p Conclusions Performance on QEs correlated with performance on the Boards. QEs can help pediatric residents prepare for the Boards and identify residents at risk of failing.
Optimizing utilization of beta-lactam surgical prophylaxis through implementation of a structured allergy assessment tool in a presurgical clinic.

In patients with β-lactam allergies, administration of non–β-lactam surgical prophylaxis is associated with increased risk of infection. Although many patients self-report β-lactam allergies, most are unconfirmed or mislabeled. A quality improvement process, utilizing a structured β-lactam allergy tool, was implemented to improve the utilization of preferred β-lactam surgical prophylaxis.
Assessing Variability in Toxicity Testing of PV Modules

The present work is a continuation of a research study published at the IEEE PVSC 2018. Last year we investigated crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) module toxicity testing results using the Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) method for four different mechanical sample removal approaches: coring, cell cut, strip cut and hybrid. Our previous results showed considerable variability, in particular with the amount of lead in the module, due to differences between these sample removal approaches. In the present work, use of a nonmechanical sample removal approach using a waterjet machine has been explored. Twenty-four samples were extracted by waterjet from twelve PV modules—three different manufacturers and four modules per manufacturer. Each of the test samples was tested with the TCLP method by two independent testing laboratories. This paper reports that the variability of the TCLP test results can be significantly reduced using the waterjet method as compared to the previously reported mechanical methods.
InP MOSFETs Exhibiting Record 70 mV/dec Subthreshold Swing

Low InP/dielectric interface trap density $D_{\mathrm{it}}$ will enable low subthreshold swings $(SS)$ in mm-wave MOSFETs [1] using InGaAs/InP composite channels [2] for increased breakdown and in tunnel FETs (TFETs) [3] using InAs/InP heterojunctions [4] for increased tunneling probability. Reducing $D_{\mathrm{it}}$ at the etched InP mesa edges of DHBTs and avalanche photodiodes will reduce leakage currents and increase breakdown voltages. While it can be difficult [5] to extract $D_{\mathrm{it}}$ of III-V interfaces from MOSCAP characteristics, $D_{\mathrm{it}}$ can be readily determined from the $SS$ of long gate length $L_{\mathrm{g}}$ MOSFETs. Here we report InP-channel MOSFETs with record low $SS$ indicating record low $D_{\mathrm{it}}$ at the semiconductor-dielectric interface. The devices use an AlO x N y /ZrO 2 gate dielectric and a 14nm channel thickness $T_{\mathrm{ch}}$ . A sample of 13 MOSFETs at $2\ \mu \mathrm{m}L_{\mathrm{g}}$ shows $SS=70\mathrm{mV}/\mathrm{dec}$ . (mean) $\pm 3\mathrm{mV}/\mathrm{dec}$ . (standard deviation), corresponding to a minimum $D_{\mathrm{it}}\sim 3\times 10^{12}\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\mathrm{eV}^{-1}$ . The lowest $SS$ observed at $2\ \mu \mathrm{m}L_{\mathrm{g}}$ is 66mV/ dec. The results suggest that wide-bandgap InP layers can be incorporated into MOS device designs without large degradations in DC characteristics arising from interface defects.
Towards Aerodynamic Control of Miniature Rockets with MEMS Control Surfaces

We demonstrate a MEMS-actuated aerodynamic control surface integrated into an untethered 16.9 g, 20 cm rocket. The system's flight performance was characterized inside a wind tunnel. The actuator system generates $3.6\ \mu\text{Nm}$ of torque about the rocket's body axis in 13.3 m/s airflow with 5.1° angle of attack, inducing a maximum roll velocity of 100°/s. This is the first electrostatic inchworm motor-actuated MEMS control surface to perform aerodynamic maneuvers in a self-contained rocket body.
Central line bundle including split-septum device and single-use prefilled flushing syringes to prevent port-associated bloodstream infections: a cost and resource-utilization analysis

Central line bundle programs were found to be effective in decreasing central line-associated bloodstream infection rates in pediatric cancer patients with ports. However, cost-effectiveness studies of central line bundle programs in pediatric cancer patients are limited, and most available data are from intensive care unit or adult studies. In this cross-sectional study spanning 6 years, comprehensive assessment of total health care costs attributable to CLABSI’s associated with ports between two periods. This cross-sectional study was carried out in the pediatric hematology-oncology ward of Dr. Behcet Uz Children’s Hospital from 1 August November 2011 to 31 July 2017. The CLABSI rates decreased significantly from 8.31 CLABSIs to 3.04 per 1000 central line days (p < 0.001). In the pre-bundle period, total attributable costs spent for of patients with CLABSI were $130,661, and in the bundle period, total attributable costs spent for patients with CLABSI were $116,579. Within bundle implantation, 71 potential CLABSI were prevented, which saved an additional $208,977. Our study shows that central line bundles decreases not only the CLABSI rate but also decreases attributable costs due to CLABSI. Expenses spent for bundle elements, were covered by savings by preventing CLABSI with higher costs.
Does criminal justice stigma affect health and health care utilization? A systematic review of public health and medical literature.

This paper aims to determine whether criminal justice (CJ) stigma affects health outcomes and health care utilization.,The authors reviewed medical and public health literature through May 2020. Structured terms were used to search four databases identifying articles that related to CJ stigma. Included articles were in English, examined CJ stigma and had people with CJ involvement as subjects. The studies without health outcomes were excluded. Quantitative and qualitative studies were reviewed and assessed for bias. Results were synthesized into a systematic review.,The search yielded 25 studies relating to CJ stigma and health. Three stigma domains were described in the literature: perceived or enacted, internalized and anticipated stigma. Tenuous evidence linked CJ stigma to health directly (psychological symptoms) and indirectly (social isolation, health care utilization, high-risk behaviors and housing or employment). Multiple stigmatized identities may interact to affect health and health care utilization.,Few studies examined CJ stigma and health. Articles used various measures of CJ stigma, but psychometric properties for instruments were not presented. Prospective studies with standard validated measures are needed.,Understanding whether and how CJ stigma affects health and health care utilization will be critical for developing health-promoting interventions for people with CJ involvement. Practical interventions could target stigma-related psychological distress or reduce health care providers’ stigmatizing behaviors.,This was the first systematic review of CJ stigma and health. By providing a summary of the current evidence and identifying consistent findings and gaps in the literature, this review provides direction for future research and highlights implications for policy and practice.
Legal Issues in Mutual Aid Operations: A Preliminary Guide

This is a preliminary guide to legal issues that impact groups engaged in mutual aid It is targeted to groups that have been responding to the COVID-19 crisis
The β subunit of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase exhibits a tight membrane binding property

Abstract We have developed a chromatographic procedure to analyze the association of the subunits of the Escherichia coli F1F0-ATP synthase with the cytoplasmic membrane. Minicells containing [ 35 S ]-labeled ATP synthase subunits are treated with lysozyme, solubilized, and chromatographed on a Sepharose CL-2B column in buffer containing urea and taurodeoxycholate. ATP synthase subunits are resolved into membrane intrinsic and membrane extrinsic subunits. Interestingly, a significant amount (36%) of the F1 subunit β fractionates with the membrane intrinsic F0 subunits. About half of this amount (19%) of β is non-specifically bound to the membrane. Interaction of β with the membrane is not mediated by the amino terminal portion of β.
Refining Envelope Analysis Methods usingWavelet De-Noising to Identify Bearing Faults

In the field of machine health monitoring, vibration analysis is a proven method for detecting and diagnosing bearing faults in rotating machines. One popular method for interpreting vibration signals is envelope-demodulation, which allows the maintainer to clearly identify an impulsive fault source and its severity. In some cases, in-band noise can make impulses associated with incipient faults difficult to detect and interpret. In this paper, we use Wavelet De-Noising (WDN) after envelope-demodulation to improve the accuracy of bearing fault diagnostics. This contrasts the typical approach of de-noising raw vibration signals prior to demodulation. We find that WDN removes low amplitude harmonics and spurious reflections which may interfere with FFT techniques to identify low-frequency peaks in the signal spectrum. When measuring impact frequencies in the time-domain using a peakthresholding method, the proposed algorithm exhibits increasingly confident periodicity at bearing fault frequencies.
Relative Price Differentials in Various Market Structures for Healthcare

Recent proposed changes in federal healthcare laws by leading U.S. political parties will lead to higher prices for consumers and heftier profits for retailers especially in monopolistic markets. This is due to the way that the surcharges are proposed to be levied which is as a percentage of the base price of the healthcare service. This paper explains how prices are formed by a profit maximizing firm under the assumption of a production function that is homogeneous of degree one. This paper also demonstrates the relationship between markups and the price elasticity of demand. An analysis of how the newly proposed healthcare rules would impact relative prices in markets of varying levels of competition is then performed.