cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New B7 Family Members with Positive and Negative Costimulatory Function

The B7 family of T-cell costimulatory molecules has expanded considerably in recent years. Among the new costimulatory molecules discovered are inhibitory and activating pathways. Both ligands and receptors often have multiple binding partners, adding to the complexity of T-cell regulation. Some B7 molecules also exhibit reverse signaling, affecting activation of both antigen-presenting cells and T cells. An increased understanding of these pathways of T-cell regulation results in promising new therapeutics because T-cell interference can be better targeted to specific states of activation or location. This will decrease side-effects such as systemic immunosuppression and increase efficiency. Targeting B7 molecular pathways for either inhibiting or increasing cell-mediated immunity has so far shown promising results in models of autoimmunity, transplant rejection and tumor immunotherapy.
Effect of Poly-Ethylenimine Dynamics on DNA Nanoparticle Packing

Polyethylenimine (PEI) has been demonstrated as an alternative vector of gene delivery to targeted cells. Its cationic properties are effective in neutralizing the anionic properties of DNA and causes the DNA to be compacted into nanometer size particles. In this compact form, DNA can easily be transported into the cells for molecular biology studies, drug delivery applications and possibly genetic therapy. PEI also possesses pH buffering capabilities, which are necessary for the stability of DNA nanoparticles in the acidic environment of cell vesicles, and for the release of these nanoparticles into the cell's cytoplasm and subsequently the nucleus.Since PEI is a hydrophobic weak-base polyelectrolyte, it switches between regimes of interchain and intra-chain charge repulsion as a function of salt and polymer concentrations. Its hydrophobic nature also causes aggregated phases to co-exist in solution. It is not known how the PEI polyelectrolyte regime alters its interactions with DNA and therefore the packing of DNA-PEI complexes. We investigate the effect of PEI polyelectrolyte dynamics on the coarse packing of DNA-PEI complexes by complementary solution studies with Dynamic Light Scattering and surface studies with Atomic Force Microscopy. We show that the PEI state changes the size, morphology, packing density, and nanomechanics of the DNA-PEI complex. We also present how oligosaccharide grafting alters the packing of the DNA-PEI complex.
Modeling of the vapor release from the LCROSS impact: Parametric dependencies

[1] The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission included an intentional impact into the Cabeus crater, a permanently shadowed region near the Moon's south pole. The impact produced a vapor plume of volatile species liberated from the impact site. Using a Monte Carlo model to simulate the vapor plume expansion, this paper investigates the expansion as a function of the physical properties of the gas. For a thermal release scenario, the cloud expands with the highest density at the center, with the density dropping within the cloud in time as the cloud expands. When a significant non-thermal component to the velocity (a bulk speed) exists, the vapor expands as a hemispheric shell outward from the impact site. For heavier species, the high bulk velocity produces a hemisphere of higher density of gas that appears as a ring from above. For lighter gases like H2, the thermal velocity is on the same order as the bulk velocity. If the source is prolonged, the source rate is dominant in determining the local density, however. Gases produced by photodissociation have a prolonged source close to the impact site compared to promptly produced vapors.
Dynamic, Morphotype-Specific Candida albicans β-Glucan Exposure during Infection and Drug Treatment

Candida albicans, a clinically important dimorphic fungal pathogen that can evade immune attack by masking its cell wall β-glucan from immune recognition, mutes protective host responses mediated by the Dectin-1 β-glucan receptor on innate immune cells. Although the ability of C. albicans to switch between a yeast- or hyphal-form is a key virulence determinant, the role of each morphotype in β-glucan masking during infection and treatment has not been addressed. Here, we show that during infection of mice, the C. albicans β-glucan is masked initially but becomes exposed later in several organs. At all measured stages of infection, there is no difference in β-glucan exposure between yeast-form and hyphal cells. We have previously shown that sub-inhibitory doses of the anti-fungal drug caspofungin can expose β-glucan in vitro, suggesting that the drug may enhance immune activity during therapy. This report shows that caspofungin also mediates β-glucan unmasking in vivo. Surprisingly, caspofungin preferentially unmasks filamentous cells, as opposed to yeast form cells, both in vivo and in vitro. The fungicidal activity of caspofungin in vitro is also filament-biased, as corroborated using yeast-locked and hyphal-locked mutants. The uncloaking of filaments is not a general effect of anti-fungal drugs, as another anti-fungal agent does not have this effect. These results highlight the advantage of studying host–pathogen interaction in vivo and suggest new avenues for drug development.
Horizontal advancement flap for symmetric reconstruction of small to medium-sized cutaneous defects of the lateral nasal supratip ☆

Abstract Background Aesthetic repair of small cutaneous defects of the nose is a common challenge for the dermatologic surgeon because nonmelanoma cancers occur frequently in this location. Objective Our aim was to devise a simple flap for repair of small to medium-sized defects of the lateral nasal supratip. Methods The mechanics of the proposed horizontal advancement ("east-west") flap are described. Patient selection, flap design, and flap mechanics are discussed. The benefits and limitations of this repair are compared with those of alternative closures. Results The horizontal-advancement flap is an easily visualized, constructed, and executed flap that permits repair of small to moderately sized lateral nasal supratip defects without inducing asymmetry of the nasal architecture. The flap is well camouflaged in skin lines, the ala and nares are not distorted, and the large, untwisted pedicle contributes to flap viability. Large defects and defects far lateral to the midline may not be amenable to this repair. Conclusions In selected patients with small to medium-sized lateral nasal supratip defects, the horizontal advancement flap is a simple, reliable, and aesthetically pleasing reconstruction option.
The secondary school football coach's relationship with the athletic trainer and perspectives on exertional heat stroke.

Context: Prior researchers have examined the first-aid knowledge and decision making among high school coaches, but little is known about their perceived knowledge of exertional heat stroke (EHS) o...
Optically Controlled Waveplate at a Telecom Wavelength Using a Ladder Transition in Rb Atoms for All-Optical Switching via the Quantum Zeno Effect

We show, theoretically and experimentally, how to realize an optically controlled waveplate at a telecommunication wavelength using a ladder transition in Rb atoms at room temperature for all-optical switching via the quantum Zeno effect
An informal survey of computer science coursesr

Recently, I surveyed the undergraduate and graduate offerings in Computer Science of a number of universities. The catalogs surveyed were all recent -- no more than three years old. The universities were selected solely on the basis of the local availability of their catalogs.
Racial differences between African and White Americans in the presentation of borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is commonly thought of as a disorder of White females. Despite evidence indicating similar prevalence rates across races and genders, no study has examined the experience of BPD among ethnic minorities and how this differs from Whites. The affective and behavioral symptoms of BPD were studied in 17 African Americans and 27 White Americans with the disorder. Results indicated that African Americans experience greater affective intensity and emotional dysregulation, fewer self-harming behaviors, and more thoughts of interpersonal aggression than Whites. Differences in affective symptoms were accounted for by group differences in substance use and receipt of inpatient services, whereas differences in behavioral symptomatology persisted after adjusting for potential confounders. These findings suggest that not only is BPD not a disorder exclusive to White females, but that the experience of the disorder may differ substantially across races. Implications for future research and directions for developing culturally relevant treatments are discussed.
The anticonvulsant activity of cannabidiol and cannabinol

Abstract The anticonvulsant activity of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was compared with that of two other naturally occurring cannabinoids, cannabidiol and cannabinol, in a maximal electroshock test in mice. The drugs were administered as an emulsion of sesame seed oil, Tween 80 and saline to mice i.p. The results indicate that all three cannabinoids are effective anticonvulsants. The time for peak effect is about 2 hr. In terms of relative potencies, cannabidiol and delta-9-THC are similar but both of them are more active than cannabinol.
A two factor model of denial of illness: A confirmatory factor analysis

Abstract Analyses of the data obtained by the use of a reliable semi-structured interview format, the Levine Denial of illness Scale (LDIS) confirmed the existence of two distinct, but interrelated factors of denial of illness. The two factors were termed denial of cognitions and denial of affects. One hundred medical patients from four different patient groups (cardiac, epilepsy, stroke, hypertensive) were interviewed and assessed. Confirmatory factor analytic procedures were used, and they demonstrated that these two factors accounted for a major proportion of the variance in the observed data that reflected denial of illness. A moderate but significant correlation between these two factors, in addition to their discriminant validity, also supported the validity of the unifying and overarching construct, denial of illness. The concurrent and discriminant validity of the two factors was further supported by the different relationships of the two factors with external criterion measures. The reliability, validity and the potential predictive validity of these two factors may be useful in further investigations of the use of denial. Further studies of their different influences on the initial and continued resistance of seriously ill patients to comply with medical treatment and prescribed self care are indicated. When seriously ill patients persist in denial, appropriate interventions may help them to give up their evasive behavior and they may comply with medical recommendations.
Persisting subsensitivity of the striatal dopamine system after fetal exposure to β-endorphin

Fetal exposure of rats to beta-endorphin during the third trimester, either alone or with alpha-MSH, resulted in mild developmental delay and significant decreases in striatal dopamine receptor density (subsensitivity) persisting through maturity. The apparent paradoxical down-regulation of dopamine receptors in the presence of beta-endorphin was consistent with fetal exposure to dopamine receptor antagonists and synthesis inhibitors. These findings suggest biophysical properties of receptors which are unique to fetal development including loss of plasticity after exposure to antagonists. Permanent, down-regulation of the striatal dopamine system may be one mechanism underlying delayed development after fetal exposure to beta-endorphin which may accompany hypoxia. Even though there were no statistically significant differences between males and females in density of the dopamine receptor, the behavioral profile after peptide treatment was sexually demorphic. Behaviorally, female rats appeared sensitized to perinatal alpha-MSH and males to alpha-endorphin.
Alcohol-related expectancies and assaults among injured drinkers in the emergency department setting.

ABSTRACT This study examined the extent to which alcohol-related expectancies were associated with assaults among 278 injured drinkers in the emergency department setting. Results of logistic regression analyses indicated that patients who were male, had high blood alcohol levels and who expected alcohol to make them more careless were more likely to report being assaulted. Conversely, among males, patients who expected to become more powerful and aggressive when drinking were less likely to be assaulted. These findings suggest that helping patients understand how expectancies surrounding alcohol use shape drinking and its behavioral concomitants may circumvent their risk for future assaults.
A comparison of a commercial polybrominated biphenyl mixture, 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexabromobiphenyl and 2,3,6,7-tetrabromonaphthalene as inducers of liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.

Abstract The commercial polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) mixture, Firemaster BP-6, is a mixed inducer of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in the rat. Its effects resemble those of a combination of the phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene classes of inducers. 2,3,6,7-Tetrabromonaphthalene (TBN) was studied as a prototype of the brominated naphthalenes which are present as minor contaminants of Firemaster BP-6. TBN is an isostere of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), the most potent known inducer of the 3-methylcholanthrene class. TBN is a 3-methylcholanthrene-type inducer; however, it is 10 4 times less potent than TCDD and it is only slightly more potent than Firemaster. The relatively low potency of TBN does not appear to be due to metabolism, since comparable amounts of TBN and Piremaster were found in the liver at equivalent doses. In contrast to TBN, the predominant component, 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexabromobiphenyl (HBB), is a pure phenobarbital-type inducer. The no effect level for the effects of a single dose of Firemaster or 2,4,5,2',4',5'-HBB on hepatic microsomal enzymes was 8 μmoles/kg (4.7 mg/kg of Firemaster). When Firemaster was given chronically 5 days a week for 15–30 days, changes in hepatic enzymes occurred with doses as low as 0.3 mg/kg/day. Using liver enzyme activities as an index of hepatic change, a 30-day recovery study showed that the liver does recover partially after exposure ceases. The degree of recovery correlates with a decrease in the concentration of PBBs in the liver as PBBs are redistributed from the liver to the fat. Porphyria was not observed during the chronic experiment, but gross hepatic porphyria developed in the Firemaster-treated rats during the recovery period.
A test of the aural comprehension of English for native speakers of Spanish

(1948). A test of the aural comprehension of English for native speakers of Spanish. Speech Monographs: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 121-132.
Contemporary tectonics and seismicity of the Western United States with emphasis on the Intermountain Seismic Belt

The Intermountain seismic belt, a north-trending zone of seismicity in the western United States, is interpreted as a boundary between subplates of the North American plate. The seismic activity closely follows the boundary between the Great Basin and the Colorado Plateau–Middle Rocky Mountains and extends northwestward into the Northern Rocky Mountains. Seismicity is characterized by shallow focal depths, most less than 15 km, and by earthquake swarms that are coincident in some cases with geothermal features and areas of high heat flow. A secondary zone of earthquakes extends from southwestern Utah along the southern margin of the Great Basin. The Northern Rocky Mountains are separated from the Great Basin and the Snake River Plain by an east-trending seismic zone in Idaho. Together, these patterns of seismicity outline the Great Basin and Northern Rocky Mountain subplates. The contemporary motions of the subplates with respect to one another and with respect to the North American plate are inferred from fault-plane solutions of earthquakes around their borders. The Northern Rocky Mountain and Great Basin subplates are moving relatively west with respect to the stable part of the North American plate. The Idaho seismic zone exhibits north-south extension, the same as that postulated for the Snake River Plain. The overall motions of the subplates of the Intermountain West may be explained as a response to a mantle plume that tracked beneath the Snake River Plain and that is now beneath Yellowstone Park. On the basis of a comparison of the calculated and observed rates of the motion for the Yellowstone plume with respect to that for the North American plate, we conclude that the Yellowstone plume has remained stationary relative to the Hawaiian plume. Deformation along the southern and western margins of the Great Basin is dominated by northwest-southeast extension and appears to be primarily related to the relative motion between the Pacific and North American plates.
Establishment of stem cell identity in the Drosophila germline

In the adult Drosophila ovary the continuous production of eggs depends upon a small group of stem cells located at the anterior tip of the germarium. These stem cells divide asymmetrically to self renew and to generate a cystoblast, which in females is committed to the oocyte differentiation pathway. While much is known about the development of poststem cell cystoblasts, little is known about when stem cells are formed or how their identity is initially established. To investigate these questions we have used the P-M hybrid dysgenesis syndrome as a tool for ablating the "pre-stem cell" progenitors of the stem cells. Our experiments indicate that the pre-stem cells in females assume stem cell identity during the early pupal stage. Our results also suggest a model in which at least two pre-stem cells must be present within an ovariole for the specification of stem cell fate. When only a single pre-stem cell is sequestered by an ovariole, this cell does not assume stem cell identity, but instead follows the cystoblast-cystocyte differentiation pathway.
Superior intensity and reproducibility of SHU-454, a new right heart contrast agent.

Intravenous injection of a variety of fluids has been shown to produce right heart contrast by ultrasound, but the intensity and reproducibility achieved are variable. Thus, a new polysaccharide agent being developed for commercial distribution, SHU-454, was quantitatively compared for intensity and variability with agitated saline solution, indocyanine green, carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. Videodensitometry was used to measure peak and total opacification of the right ventricle after peripheral intravenous contrast administration. One hundred eighty injections were performed in nine closed chest dogs while two-dimensional echograms were re corded. SHU-454 yielded the highest peak (p
On the mechanism of binding of human lymphocyte products to guinea pig macrophages

When lymphocytes from a majority of patients with cancer are incubated with encephalitogenic factor, a lymphocyte product is released that reduces the anodic electrophoretic mobilities of guinea pig macrophages and fixed, tanned sheep erythrocytes. Although these reactions are not specific for cancer, it is distinctly possible that in patients with cancer, products from stimulated lymphocytes are capable of altering the surfaces of the patients' own macrophages, thereby modifying the course of their disease. In this paper, we attempt to elucidate some mechanisms for the binding of lymphocyte products to macrophages, such as occurs in the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test, since this may be of general interest. Binding of lymphocyte product to macrophages has been monitored by measurements of their electrophoretic mobilities and by electron microscopic determination of the density of binding of electron-dense, cationic colloidal iron hydroxide particles to their surfaces. The results show that the lymphocyte products reduce the net surface negativity of the macrophages by (coulombic) binding of this net positively charged material to sialic acids at the macrophage surface. Product-binding can be prevented by prior treatment of the macrophages with neuraminidase. It appears that only a minority of sialic acids are involved in the binding process, which occurs without demonstrable blocking of adjacent sialic acids or redistribution of such sites over the macrophage surface. Parallel experiments with fixed tanned erythrocytes also suggest that binding of lymphocyte products is not solely determined by surface sialic acids, although it cannot occur without them.
A Dialogue with Don Dumond

Don Dumond is one of the leading figures of American archaeology. Here, and with his active assistance, I explore his long, productive, and continuing saga. Together we trace his youth, his military career and remarkable marriage and then move on to an exploration of the formation of his areas of expertise in the archaeology of Mesoamerica and Alaska and his fruitful interest in human demography.
The effect of interface quality on Si / SiO2resonant tunnel diodes

Abstract The effect of monolayer roughness on the peak-to-valley ratio of Si / SiO 2 resonant tunnel diodes is numerically modeled. Atomic scale roughness is shown to be acceptable. As the roughness, that is the island size increases above the atomic scale, the peak-to-valley ratio quickly degrades to less than 5 for 1 nm roughness and less than 2 for 2 nm roughness.
Fireball interaction with lithium mist in light ion beam driven fusion reactor cavities

Abstract The EAGLE (Energy Absorbing Gas, Lithium Ejector) concept has been developed as a method of first wall protection and energy recovery in light ion beam fusion reactors. This concept uses a mist of liquid lithium to cool the target chamber gas between target shots and to protect the first wall from target X-rays and the shock and heat flux of the target generated fireball. The wall protecting nature of this mist is investigated with a one-dimensional Lagrangian multigroup radiation transport hydrodynamics code. Modifications to this code have been made to include the effects of condensation and evaporation of the mist during the propagation of the fireball. Simulations with this code of fireball propagation in EAGLE type reactor cavities have shown that phenomena which may be important to first wall survival are the reflection of the shock off of the mist, the absorption of fireball radiation by the mist and acceleration of mist droplets by the shock.
Preschoolers' moral judgments: distinctions between realistic and cartoon-fantasy transgressions

One aspect of children's moral development yet to be adequately addressed in the literature concerns how preschoolers' perceptions of fantasy-based events, particularly moral transgressions presented in televised cartoon violence, are interpreted from a moral reasoning vantage point. Children, between three and five years of age, demonstrated an understanding of the distinction between reality and fantasy, and made judgments regarding the seriousness and worthiness of punishment for moral transgressions presented in realistic and cartoon scenarios. The results of the present study provide a greater understanding of preschoolers' informational assumptions about moral transgressions and their ability to understand the reality-fantasy distinction, which has further implications in designing interactive media for educational purposes.
THE SYNTHESIS OF A DNA-LIKE RNA IN THE CYTOPLASM OF HELA CELLS INFECTED WITH VACCINIA VIRUS.

A twofold stimulation in the rate of RNA synthesis in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells infected with vaccinia virus is observed 2 hr after infection ; as the infectious cycle progresses, the rate of cytoplasmic RNA synthesis declines. The rate of nuclear RNA synthesis is unaffected until 4·25 hr and is then markedly and progressively inhibited. No qualitative changes in the species of nuclear RNA that are formed could be detected by sedimentation analysis until 7·25 hr after infection. At this time, a sharp suppression in the synthesis of 35 s and 45 s RNA is observed. Throughout the infectious cycle, the base composition of the newly-formed nuclear RNA is similar to nuclear RNA of uninfected cells. After 4·75 hr, the cytoplasmic RNA formed in infected cultures, except for the RNA in the 4 s region, is similar in base composition to vaccinia DNA. However, in contrast to vaccinia DNA, the composition of most of the DNA-like RNA (D-RNA) shows a deviation from base pairing with lower values for cytidylic and uridylic acids as compared with guanylic and adenylic acids. A small fraction of the vaccinia D-RNA has a base ratio in agreement with a complementary structure. Vaccinia D-RNA appears to be heterogeneous in size as judged by its sedimentation behavior, with the major fraction found in the 10 to 30 s region. Newly-synthesized ribosomal RNA is almost completely excluded from the cytoplasm of infected cells. Other alterations in the metabolism of infected cultures are discussed.
Is visual resolution after adaptive optics correction susceptible to perceptual learning

The visual benefit of correcting high-order aberrations may not be fully realized due to neural mechanisms that compensate for the aberrations of the eye. We examined the extent to which these neural mechanisms might be susceptible to perceptual learning in an adaptive optics (AO)-corrected test of visual resolution. Visual resolution was measured in an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) in 3 conditions: (1) low-order correction (defocus and astigmatism) without AO, (2) 3-mm pupil with AO correction, and (3) 5.81-mm pupil with AO correction. Measurements were made on both eyes in all three conditions before training. Subjects underwent 5 days of monocular training in both AO-corrected conditions and were retested in all three conditions in both eyes after training. The range of minimum angle of resolution (MAR) for each condition was: (1) without AO: 0.53-0.95 arcmin, (2) AO 3-mm pupil: 0.33-0.6 arcmin, and (3) AO 5.81-mm pupil: 0.36-0.56 arcmin. AO correction provided an immediate and significant improvement in visual resolution. There was no significant difference in resolution when correcting aberrations over a 5.81-mm pupil versus a 3-mm pupil. Training on this task provided a minimal improvement in performance. Adaptation to aberrations did not hinder AO correction from providing an immediate visual benefit.
COMMENT: Genetic Variability in Insulin Action Inhibitor Ikkβ (IKBKB) Does Not Play a Major Role in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes

Recent evidence indicates that IB kinase (Ikk) may be a mediator of acquired forms of insulin-resistance. In this study, we examined whether genetic variability at the Ikk locus (IKBKB) contributes to the development of genetic forms of early-onset type 2 diabetes transmitted with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Linkage with four markers flanking the IKBKB gene was evaluated in 32 multigenerational families. Included in the study were 233 diabetic (mean age at Dx 37 18) and 152 nondiabetic subjects. The overall LOD scores were negative (54.9 and 46.2 on the centromeric and telomeric sides, respectively) indicating that variability in IKBKB was not a major determinant of diabetes in these families. Positive values, however, were observed for selected pedigrees. All 17 families for which linkage with the IKBKB locus could not be excluded were screened for sequence differences in the 22 exons and 1.6 kb of the 5 flanking region by dideoxyfingerprinting or direct sequencing. Polymorphisms were identified in the 5 flanking region (1775del/insC and 1547T > A), exon 11 (c.1083A > G, L361L) and in intron 12 (IVS1214t > a). However, no mutations segregating with diabetes could be found in these families. Furthermore, all four polymorphisms had similar allele frequencies in the 32 family probands, 171 individuals with common, later-onset type 2 diabetes, and 182 nondiabetic controls. We conclude that sequence differences in the IKBKB gene do not play a major role in either early-onset, autosomal dominant type 2 diabetes, or common forms with a later-onset. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 1894 –1897, 2002)
The tension between might and rights: Siberians and energy developers in post-socialist binds

Abstract One of the flashpoints of post-socialist life has been the conflict between indigenous peoples and energy developers in the Russian Federation North. As a result of tensions over land and resources, multiple identities and political rivalries have been revealed. Such tensions spark the uncertainties that are not only a hallmark of post-socialism, but also hallmarks of post-colonial and post-welfare societies. The many levels of social interaction in ‘transition societies’ provide a challenge for anthropologists accustomed to focus refined ethnographic lenses at the nomadic camp, village or ‘ethnic’ level. This article covers conflicts of values and expectations for several Siberian groups regarding ecology, land and homeland, as well as cultural rights and revitalisation. Featured cases derive from West Siberia (Yamal and Khanty-Mansi okrug) as well as the Far East (Sakha Republic), and highlight the author's field experience in Siberia for over 25 years. Conclusions urge greater sensitivity to i...
Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of aluminum nitride thin films at 200-250 °C

The atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of aluminum nitride coatings using hexakis(dimethylamido)dialuminum, Al2(NMe2)6, and ammonia precursors is reported. The films were characterized by ellipsometry, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The films were deposited at 200–250 °C with growth rates up to 1000 A/min. They displayed good adhesion to silicon, vitreous carbon, and glass substrates and were chemically inert, except to concentrated hydrofluoric acid. Rutherford backscattering analysis showed that the N/Al ratio ranged from 1.1 to 1.2. Refractive indexes were 1.8–1.9. The films were smooth and amorphous by transmission electron microscopy.
Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation after autologous islet transplantation

Autologous islet transplantation after pancreatectomy has been used in the surgical management of patients with intractable pain secondary to chronic pancreatitis. Total or near total pancreatectomy invariably leads to exogenous insulin dependence in these patients unless they undergo islet transplantation. Transplantation of autologous islet cells harvested from the patient's pancreas into the liver through portal vein infusion has led to long-term euglycemia in 30% to 50% of patients. We report the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and fatal hemorrhagic shock in a 36-year-old woman after total pancreatectomy and autologous islet transplantation through retrograde infusion into the splenic vein. We report the clinical and pathological findings and discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation after this procedure.
The Mineralization of Enamel Surfaces. A Constant Composition Kinetics Study

The in vitro remineralization of acid-etched enamel surfaces offers an attractive model for simulating carious lesion recalcification and the repair of teeth in the oral environment. In the present work the influence of the extent of etching with hydrochloric and phosphoric acids has been examined. The kinetics of growth of hydroxyapatite as an exclusive phase on the pretreated enamel surfaces has been studied by means of a constant solution composition procedure. This method enables studies to be made at low constant supersaturations so that the stoichiometry of the precipitating phase may be defined. The very small rates of mineralization with HAP were determined with a precision hitherto unattainable. In addition, the influence of fluoride ion in enhancing the remineralization of damaged enamel has been investigated.
Convenient synthesis and single-crystal X-ray structures of two tetrafluoro[2,2]paracyclophane isomers

Abstract Fluorinated [2,2]paracyclophanes are useful precursors to poly( p -xylylene) polymers. The cyclophanes 1,1,9,9-tetrafluoro[2,2] p -cyclophane ( 3a ) and 1,1,10,10-tetrafluoro[2.2] p -cyclophane ( 3b ) can be readily prepared via a convenient two-step synthesis from the parent hydrocarbon [2,2] p -cyclophane ( 1) . The structures of 3a and 3b are confirmed via single crystal X-ray analysis.
Grain-boundary buckling and spin-glass models of disorder in membranes

A systematic investigation is presented of grain boundaries and grain-boundary networks in two-dimensional flexible membranes with crystalline order. An isolated grain boundary undergoes a buckling transition at a critical value of the elastic constants, but, contrary to previous findings, the shape of the buckled membrane is shown to be asymptotically flat. This is in general not true in the case of a network of intersecting grain boundaries, where each intersection behaves as the source of a long-range stress field. Unlike the case of isolated dislocations or disclinations, the energy associated with these stresses is finite; they can, however, destabilize the flat phase. The buckled phase can be modeled by an Ising spin glass with long-range antiferromagnetic interactions. These findings may be relevant to the understanding of the wrinkling transition in partially polymerized vesicles reported in recent experiments.
Transverse form factors in the Riemann rotational model

The Riemann rotational model is an extension of the Bohr-Mottelson collective model which allows for linear nuclear currents, indexed by the rigidity {ital r}, between the limits of rigid rotation {ital r}=1 and irrotational flow {ital r}=0. The Riemann moment of inertia and transverse form factors are shown to be weighted linear combinations of the corresponding rigid and irrotational values. The resulting simple analytic formulas for the transverse factors are useful for the analysis and interpretation of data from state of the art electron scattering experiments.
Practice Makes Perfect—Research Makes Perfect Practice

RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED to identify best practices and improve the quality of nursing care—to perfect clinical practice. To improve the quality of nursing practice, clinical problems are identified from practice, then programs are developed to address these clinical problems, and the effectiveness of these programs is tested through research. This systematic research process generates new evidence that is translated back to clinical practice with the goal of improving the quality of nursing care. Thus, this interrelationship between clinical practice and nursing research is critical to the establishment of best practices. Pediatric nursing practice focuses on providing quality care to children and their families in a variety of settings. The scope of pediatric nursing practice addresses physiologic, functional health, and developmental problems while promoting health and preventing psychosocial and emotional problems, improving relationships, communication, and social support with the ultimate goal of improving quality of life for children and their families. Best practices for pediatric nursing are translated from research findings to improve the quality of care for children and their families. In this issue of the Journal of Pediatric Nursing, seven articles use a variety of approaches to illustrate efforts to translate research into best practices to improve pediatric nursing practice: • A systematic review of the literature was conducted to examine the effectiveness of glucose in reducing needle-associated procedural painininfants, suggesting that 25% to 50% glucose is more effective on crying
Plugged In or Disconnected? A Model of the Effects of Technological Factors on Employee Job Embeddedness

Technology continues to play an ever-increasing role in both our work and private lives. In parallel with this expanding reliance on technology has been a shift in how people now view their jobs. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical model that bridges these two areas—technology and employee attitudes (more specifically, work-related feelings of embeddedness). Within our model, we consider aspects of common work-related technologies and key perceptual variables related to technology, and how both areas can influence embeddedness in one's job. We conclude the article by providing examples of how specific technologies that are commonly found in today's work environment may influence job embeddedness perceptions, and we discuss the implications of the model on both theory and practice
Bilirubin conformation and intramolecular steric buttressing. C(1O)-gem-dimethyl effect

Abstract Bilirubin prefers to adopt either of two enantiomeric, intramolecularly hydrogen bonded conformations shaped like ridge tiles. Such conformations may be deformed or destabilized through the action of non-bonded steric repulsions, such as from gem-dimethyl substitution at the central methylene group connecting the two central pyrrole rings, as in 10,10-dimethylglaucorubin (1), (2,10,10,1 8-tetramethylmesobilirubin-XIIIα). In the folded intramolecularly hydrogen bonded pigment conformation, such substitution forces the gem-dimethyls into close proximity to the CH2 groups at the β position of the propionic acid chains, as detected by 1H-NMR NOE. It lowers the activation barrier to conformational enantiomerism, which proceeds at twice the rate of its parent (2) without the gem-dimethyls. Conformational energy maps of 1 and 2 from molecular dynamics calculations show stable isoenergetic local minima for 1 lying only 7 kcal/mole above the isoener- getic global minima; whereas, the local minima in 2 lie ≈9 kcal/mole above the global minima.
Having Students See the Human Context of Their Work through Narrative

In teaching an introductory course whose content was part computer literacy and part digital logic, an innovative approach to getting students to be engaged with the material was attempted. All homework assignments were part of a large narrative story with a protagonist that has many adventures, and during his adventures, he must ask for help from his friend. The friend is, of course, the student doing the homework. This provides a context and targeted audience for the students' writing, makes the student feel like their work is part of a larger coherent whole, situates the specific skills necessary in doing the homework, and results in the students directing their dislike of the assignment at the protagonist of the story rather than at the instructor. In doing this, students develop writing skills (as they write answers to questions from the story's protagonist) which are different in nature than what they would in an assignment in which they were asked to "show your work"; these writing skills more closely approximate the communication skills that these technical students would need to communicate with a non-technical audience. Integrating the large narrative story within the context of popular culture references, previous and future assignments, and allowing for it to build up suspense and tension with regard to the coming assignments and topics provides a continuity of instructional flow which is advantageous to retaining students' interest. This integration also helps with the education of various other non-technical skills as students learn to see their work in the larger human context of what they are doing through the use of the continually running narrative which holds the course together. In this paper I will describe this approach in detail, provide examples of how this approach was used, and provide survey results from students regarding the effectiveness of the approach in accomplishing the aforementioned items.
Integrated circuit digital rights management techniques using physical level characterization

Digital rights management (DRM) of integrated circuits (ICs) is a crucially important task both economically and strategically. Several IC metering techniques have been proposed, but until now their effectiveness for royalty management has not been quantified. IC auditing is an important DRM step that goes beyond metering; it not only detects that a pirated IC has been produced but also determines the quantity of pirated ICs. Our strategic objective is to create a new intrinsic passive metering technique as well as the first IC auditing technique, and to maximize and quantify their effectiveness using statistical analysis and IC characterization techniques. Our main technical innovations include physical level gate characterization, a Bayesian approach for coincidence analysis, and an adaptation of animal counting techniques for IC production estimation. We evaluate the accuracy of the IC metering and auditing approach using simulations on a set of ISCAS benchmarks.
Multiple Arterial Thromboembolisms in a Patient With the 20210 A Prothrombin Gene Mutation

The most recently characterized genetic defect contributing to venous thrombophilia is the 20210 A prothrombin gene mutation. We describe a patient with this defect who had arterial thrombosis resulting in considerable mesenteric ischemia. Several environmental factors, which might otherwise be considered of low thrombotic risk, may also have contributed to her condition. The recognition of the potential for novel presentations of hypercoagulable states may contribute to a reduction in the morbidity associated with acute mesenteric ischemia.
Beta- and Gamma-Radiation of Al 28

The beta- and gamma-rays occurring in the decay of ${\mathrm{Al}}^{28}$ have been measured by means of lens spectrometers using sources activated by the ($n,\ensuremath{\gamma}$) and ($d,p$) reactions on aluminum. The gamma-ray has an energy of 1.782\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 Mev and the beta-ray end point is found to be 2.865\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 Mev. The total disintegration energy is consistent with nuclear reaction $Q$-values linking ${\mathrm{Al}}^{28}$ and ${\mathrm{Si}}^{28}$. It is shown that a discrepancy of 0.4 mMU in the ${\mathrm{Si}}^{28}$-${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ mass difference exists when reaction data is compared to mass spectroscopic values. A mass for ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ of 26.990 140\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 035 is proposed, based on ${\mathrm{Si}}^{28}$, ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$, and ${\mathrm{S}}^{32}$ as standards.
Reliability Assessment of Systems at the All Stages of Life Cycle

The methods of reliability assessment of technical system at the base stages of life cycle, such as conceptual design, detail design, test, and service are described. The developed by authors new methods of taking into account the mutual correlation between failure of separated components of system at reliability evaluation are proposed. The practical examples of employment of described methods confirm the rationality of their practical use.
A male specific hepatic estrogen binding protein: characteristics and binding properties.

Abstract Mammalian liver is a sex-steroid responsive tissue in that androgen and estrogen receptors are present and mediate differential hepatic hormonal effects. Further, we and others have found a sexual dimorphism in the hepatic cytosolic content of estrogen binding proteins. In addition to the estrogen receptor, the male has a high-capacity (12.0–15.0 pmol/mg protein) estrogen binding protein (MEB) which demonstrates a moderate affinity for estradiol (Kd = 31.0–43.2 nM) if estradiol metabolizing enzymes are first precipitated with protamine sulfate. This protein exhibits a unique specificity for steroidal estrogens: 2-methoxyestriol > estradiol > estriol = 2-methoxyestradiol > 2-hydroxyestradiol > estrone > 2-methoxyestrone > estriol 3-glucuronide > 2-hydroxyestrone = 3-methoxyestriol> androstanediol> dihydrotestosterone> testosterone. Other androgens such as androstenedione and methyltrienolone, nonsteroidal estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol, and the antiestrogens tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen do not compete for [3H]estradiol ([3H]E2) binding. MEB is a relatively small-molecular-weight protein with a Sr of 20.4 A as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The kinetics of [3H]E2 association and dissociation at 4 °C are very rapid, with t 1 2 values of less than 5 s. Sodium molybdate, generally used to stabilize steroid receptors, inhibits MEB-[3H]estradiol binding activity in cytosol in a time- and dose-dependent manner, an effect not observed with partially purified MEB. Magnesium chloride inhibits binding activity of the Sephadex G-100 MEB pool, an effect reversed by EDTA. Other divalent cations also inhibit binding: Mn2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+. Furthermore, EDTA complexes of these cations slightly enhance binding relative to EDTA alone: Ca2+EDTA > Mg2+EDTA > Mn2+EDTA. These results demonstrate that MEB is a unique sex-steroid binding protein, albeit of unknown function, which is distinct from hepatic steroid receptors.
Sodium Transport from Blood to Brain: Inhibition by Furosemide and Amiloride

: Brain sodium uptake in vivo was studied using a modified intracarotid bolus injection technique in which the uptake of 22Na + was compared with that of the relatively impermeable molecule, [3H]l-glucose. At a Na + concentration of 1.4 mM, Na + uptake was 1.74 ± 0.07 times greater than l-glucose uptake. This decreased to 1.34 ± 0.04 at 140 mM Na +, indicating saturable Na + uptake. Relative Na + extraction was not affected by pH but was inhibited by amiloride (Ki= 3 ± 10−7M) and by 1 mM furosemide. The effects of these two inhibitors were additive. Brain uptake of 86Rb +, a K + analogue, was measured to study interaction of K + with Na + transport systems. Relative 86Rb + extraction was also inhibited by amiloride; however, it was not inhibited by furosemide. The results suggest the presence of two distinct transport systems that allow Na + to cross the luminal membrane of the brain capillary endothelial cell. These transport systems could play an important role in the movement of Na + from blood to brain.
Depth-resolved image mapping spectrometer (IMS) with structured illumination

We present a depth-resolved Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) which is capable of acquiring 4D (x, y, z, λ) datacubes. Optical sectioning is implemented by structured illumination. The device’s spectral imaging performance is demonstrated in a multispectral microsphere and mouse kidney tissue fluorescence imaging experiment. We also compare quantitatively the depth-resolved IMS with a hyperspectral confocal microscope (HCM) in a standard fluorescent bead imaging experiment. The comparison results show that despite the use of a light source with four orders of magnitude lower intensity in the IMS than that in the HCM, the image signal-to-noise ratio acquired by the IMS is 2.6 times higher than that achieved by the equivalent confocal approach.
The strategic dimension of computer systems planning

Abstract : The computer, formerly a determinant of the efficiency of internal corporate systems, is fast becoming a key to corporate effectiveness in the total business environment -- a major factor influencing corporate performance viz-a-viz competition. To effectively capitalize on the true potential of corporate computer systems today, all levels of management must contribute and participate in their development. Too often the orphan of company computer system planning has been corporate top management, and the chief executive officer in particular. A fundamental requirement for the computer systems success is direction from the top. The form of this direction should be a company computer strategy: an explicit statement by top management of the computer's role in attaining the strategic objectives of the corporation.
The effect of the Medicare Part D prescription benefit on drug utilization and expenditures.

The authors analyzed prescriptions from a random sample of pharmacy customers to estimate changes in utilization and out-of-pocket expenditures due to the Medicare Part D prescription benefit progr...