cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irreversible eclipse of poliovirus by HeLa cells.

Abstract The binding of poliovirus to receptors of either intact or disrupted human cells results in an apparent eclipse of infectivity immediately upon adsorption. However, this is not a true eclipse, for full virus infectivity is restored by treatment with a number of agents (by very concentrated salt solutions, or by hydrogen bond-disrupting agents such as 8 M urea, or by very low pH). Of those agents capable of reversing the binding between virus and cell, only concentrated salt solutions (e.g., 6 M LiCl) did not also destroy the virus-binding ability of receptor protein, a result supporting the concept that electrostatic forces may be the major binding forces in specific adsorption of poliovirus and other enteroviruses. No evidence for disulfide bridging between cell and virus in adsorption or penetration was obtained using sulfhydryl compounds. Trypsin digestion, which readily destroyed poliovirus receptor activity of HeLa cell microsomes nevertheless failed to release virus already bound to receptor, indicating that adsorbed virus is in close proximity to the trypsin-sensitive receptor protein. Poliovirus attached to living HeLa cells, when tested at intervals for restoration of infectivity with 6 M LiCl or 8 M urea, lost infectivity exponentially upon incubation at 37° but not at 0°. This appears to be a “true eclipse,” and it did not occur following adsorption of virus to receptors of disrupted cells. This eclipse of virus parallels virus “penetration” as measured by loss of antiserum sensitivity of adsorbed virus at intervals. At no time was most of the cell-bound virus found to have penetrated beyond the cell surface (beyond antiserum sensitivity) and to have retained infectivity recoverable with salt or urea treatment. This finding suggested that poliovirus is eclipsed either at the cell surface or very soon after having left the surface. Attempts to block virus eclipse with metabolic inhibitors were not successful. A poliovirus-resistant HeLa cell population failed to eclipse virus at the normal rate, and most uneclipsed virus remained at the cell surface. Even disrupted HeLa cells were able to eclipse poliovirus infectivity, but only when the cells were disrupted after virus attachment to receptors. Finally, it was found that cell membrane fractions of HeLa cell homogenates (membranes which sediment at low speeds) adsorbed and eclipsed poliovirus, whereas microsomal membranes adsorbed, but failed to eclipse poliovirus. It is concluded that irreversible eclipse of poliovirus may occur at the cell surface following reversible attachment to cell receptors, and that one of the consequences of this eclipse may be loss of antiserum sensitivity of the virus-cell complex.
Childhood cancer survivors’ primary care and follow-up experiences

Although most childhood cancer survivors see a primary care provider (PCP), little is known about these encounters. We explored themes related to survivors’ (1) experiences with primary care, (2) communication with their PCPs about their cancer, and (3) their knowledge and impressions about follow-up care, including their interest in a survivor care plan (SCP). From April to July 2012, we conducted in-depth, semi-structured telephone interviews with 53 adult survivors recruited from the Utah Cancer Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registry. Participants were randomly selected from sex, age, and rural/urban strata and were younger than 21 years at the time of diagnosis. Participants were asked if they had a PCP and whether they discussed their cancer history with their provider and their interest in a SCP. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and content-analyzed. The average age at interview was 39.1 years (SD = 11.2). Most survivors had a current PCP (83.0 %). Almost half were not worried about their health despite having had cancer. Detailed discussions about cancer history with PCPs were generally rare. Few survivors had a follow-up care plan, but over half thought a SCP could empower their medical decision making. However, one-third of the survivors were skeptical about the usefulness of a SCP and some were worried about health-care costs. Childhood cancer survivors need better care coordination. Of concern is that many do not discuss their cancer history with their current PCPs and most have no SCP.
Dissociative adsorption of CCl4 on the Fe3O4(111)-(2×2) selvedge of α-Fe2O3(0001)

Abstract The surface reactions of CCl4 with the Fe3O4(1 1 1)-(2×2) selvedge of naturally occurring α-Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) single-crystals have been investigated using synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). CCl4 was found to dissociate on the Fe3O4 surface at 100 K producing chemisorbed Cl and adsorbed CCl2. TPD shows that the large majority of the dissociatively adsorbed CCl2 fragments extract lattice oxygen and desorb as phosgene at >275 K. However, the XPS spectra show no evidence for the formation of surface-bound phosgene, at 100 K, indicating that its formation involves two steps. The first step, dissociation, is spontaneous at 100 K, whereas the second, oxygen atom abstraction to form phosgene, requires thermal excitation. Cl chemisorption yielded two separate species, the mono- and dichloride terminations of surface iron sites. The identification of these two surface terminations is based on the coverage dependence and the surface temperature history of their Cl 2p3/2 peak intensity. For example, heating to >450 K allows the monochloride to transform into iron dichloride, indicating Cl adatom mobility at these temperatures.
ACOUSTIC TRAVEL TIME COMPUTATION BASED ON PE SOLUTION

We propose the modal spectrum of the PE field (MOSPEF) method for computing modal travel time under strong mode coupling environments. Instead of dealing with the coupled equations governing the complex modal amplitudes, the coupled modal amplitudes and phases are obtained from the spectral expansion of the full wave field given by the PE solution. Consequently, the method is very efficient and is free of problems at critical coupling points. Numerical simulations for computing modal travel time perturbations caused by a mesoscale eddy are conducted. A case which illustrates the failure of the adiabatic mode theory is also presented, the result of which raises an important issue for ocean acoustic tomography schemes.
Anisotropy of the Fermi surface, Fermi velocity, many-body enhancement, and superconducting energy gap in Nb

Determination de la variation angulaire du rayon de Fermi k, de la vitesse de Fermi v F (k), du facteur d'augmentation a plusieurs corps λ(k) et de la bande interdite de supraconduction Δ(k), pour des electrons sur la surface de Fermi de Nb, en utilisant les donnees de Haas-van Alphen, de Karim, Ketterson et Crabtree, un schema de parametrisation de Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker, et un calcul empirique de structure de bandes de Koelling
Axillary Surgery Among Estrogen Receptor Positive Women 70 Years of Age or Older with Clinical Stage I Breast Cancer, 2004–2010: A Report from the National Cancer Data Base

Randomized trials have not demonstrated a survival benefit for axillary dissection in the elderly, but the use of axillary staging for women 70 years of age and older remains controversial. We utilized the National Cancer Data Base to study the use of axillary staging from 2004 to 2010 on 102,026 clinically node-negative and estrogen receptor-positive cases of pT1N0 tumors. Chi-square and logistic regression models were used to determine the trends and factors related to axillary staging. Axillary nodes were examined in 88.9 % of the total cohort, and the trend significantly increased from 87.7 % in 2004 to 89.2 % in 2010. A total of 77.2 % of patients underwent lumpectomy and 22.8 % mastectomy, with 87.0 % of lumpectomy patients undergoing axillary staging compared to 95.5 % of mastectomy patients. Predictors of axillary staging examined were age, comorbidity, income, histology, grade, facility type, facility location, and population density. The strongest independent predictor of axillary staging was age: 96.0 % of women aged 70–75 years underwent axillary staging, versus 92.3 % of women 75–80 years old, 83.2 % of women 80–85 years old, 66.5 % of women 86–90 years old, and 45.6 % of women >90 years old. Patients treated at academic/research facilities were 18.5 % less likely (odds ratio 0.81, 95 % confidence interval 0.76–0.87) than community cancer programs to undergo axillary staging. There was significant regional variation among U.S. Census regions: patients treated in the Midwest were 3.8 times more likely to undergo axillary staging than those treated in the Northeast. Despite data indicating decreased utility, axillary staging remains overutilized in women with advancing age.
Biochemical Characterization and Quantification of the Storage Protein (Secalin) Types in Rye Flour

ABSTRACT Kernels of the rye cultivars Danko and Halo were milled into white flour and compared with flour of the wheat cultivar Rektor. Flour proteins were extracted stepwise with a salt solution (albumins-globulins), 60% ethanol (prolamins), and 50% 2-propanol under reducing conditions (glutelins). The quantification by reversed-phase HPLC indicated that the extractable proteins of both rye flours consisted of ≈26% albumins-globulins, 65% prolamins, and 9% glutelins. Compared with wheat flour, rye flours comprised significantly higher proportions of nonstorage proteins (albumins-globulins) and lower proportions of polymerized storage proteins (glutelins). SDS-PAGE revealed that the prolamin fractions of rye contained all four storage protein types (HMW, γ-75k, ω, and γ-40k secalins), whereas the glutelin fractions contained only HMW and γ-75k secalins. The quantification of secalin types by RP-HPLC showed a close relationship between the two cultivars.The γ-75k secalins contributed nearly half (≈46%) of ...
Biodefense and public health preparedness in Virginia.

This study examined preparedness across the 35 health districts of Virginia in 4 defined categories of preparedness: personnel, services, technology, and emergency preparedness. The article also presents a methodology for determining preparedness levels based on local data combined with national criteria.
Kinetic overshoot in actin network assembly induced jointly by branching and capping proteins

We report an experimental study of the kinetics of actin assembly mediated by branching and capping proteins. Our findings confirm the recent prediction of a "branching explosion" occurring during polymerization. Fluorescence imaging shows a number of actin filaments with branches within a few minutes of polymerization, induced by the activated branching protein complex Arp2/3, but the number of visible branches decreases over time. The light-scattering intensity displays an overshoot as a function of time, which we attribute to the formation of highly branched clusters early in polymerization. Furthermore, the overshoot occurs over a limited range of the ratio of concentrations of branching and capping proteins, also consistent with the theoretical model. These results establish a natural link between the kinetic theory of actin assembly in vitro and the cytoskeletal structure and actin dynamics in motile cells.
Supersymmetric formulation of gravity theories with nontrivial Lorentz connection

Using Breitenlohner's algebra, we study the supersymmetric extension of the 9-parameter gravity Lagrangian of Sezgin and van Nieuwenhuizen, which has the vierbein and Lorentz connection as independent fields. The requirements that the theory be unitary and invariant under local supersymmetry transformations are so strict that the only feasible supersymmetric extension is ordinary supergravity. The same holds for a more general 17-parameter Lagrangian considered by Neville. We discuss the close relationship between our results and the structure of the supersymmetry transformations of Breitenlohner's potentials.
Langley hypersonic facilities complex - Description and application

The Langley Hypersonic Facilities Complex (HFC) consists of hypersonic, blowdown wind tunnels developed and put into operation between the late 1950's and early 1970's. These facilities complement one another to presently provide ranges of Mach number from 6 to 22, unit Reynolds number from 0.1 to 15 million per foot, and normal shock density ratio from 4 to 12. Descriptions of these facilities are presented along with the testing techniques routinely used. Examples of the application of the HFC to generate data bases for proposed entry vehicles and for the verification of computer codes are given. Plans to upgrade the facilities to improve flow quality, productivity, capability and reliability are discussed.
On relationships between various distribution functions in balanced unicellular growth

The relationships between various size distributions in balanced exponential growth of a batch culture of microorganisms are presented. Starting from the partial differential integral equations (Eakmanet al., 1966; Fredricksonet al., 1967) derived for the growth of a microbial culture expressions are obtained for the growth rate of organisms of specific size and size range. These expressions were first obtained by Collins and Richmond (1962) by an entirely different method. Also derived are equations which link probability functions, which are basic to the growth of a microbial culture, with other size distributions that can be estimated experimentally.
Determination of Electron and Hole Capture Rates in Nickel-Doped Germanium Using Photomagnetoelectric and Photoconductive Methods

Although room-temperature electron and hole capture rates for nickel atoms in germanium have been previously reported, no conclusive result has as yet been reached. This is due to the fact that carrier capture rates for nickel-doped germanium reported previously were determined mainly from the temperature dependence of lifetimes, which is further complicated and prone to obtain incorrect results when the capture rates become temperature dependent. In this paper, we have demonstrated that by including the excess-carrier trapping effect in the theory of photomagnetoelectric (PME) and photoconductive (PC) effects and by elaborately controlling the compensation ratio of nickel and shallow-impurity densities in germanium, we are able to determine accurately three of the four capture rates for nickel atoms in germanium from room-temperature PME and PC measurements. In addition, with the present results, we are able to interpret the previous results consistently at room temperature. The present results are ${C}_{n1}=1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$, ${C}_{n2}=8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$, and ${C}_{p2}=4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ in units of ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $T=300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K.
High Current Betatron

In the conventional Betatron the problems of electron injection, beam stability during acceleration and beam extraction were solved. The electron current was limited by the method of injection. We propose to inject electrons by the method of inductive charging. This involves a toroidal magnetic field in addition to the normal Betatron fields. It should then be possible to increase the electron current by a factor of 10 4 - 10 6 . The toroidal magnetic field is stabilizing for collective instabilities such as negative mass, but it introduces particle orbit resonances that are absent in a normal Betatron. We show how orbital instabilities can be eliminated. After accelerating the electrons the toroidal magnetic field is no longer necessary to control space charge. It can be allowed to decay so that the beam can be extracted with a conventional magnetic peeler.
Energy-efficient dot product computation using a switched analog circuit architecture

In this paper, we present switched analog circuit (SAC), a new circuit architecture, to implement an energy-efficient mixed-signal dot product (DP) kernel for machine learning and signal processing applications. SAC operates by fast switching the analog inputs to output via variable width digital pulses. The output accuracy and energy consumption of SAC is analyzed and verified for an average and Gaussian blur filter. Simulations in a commercial 130 nm process for a 120 x 120 image show energy savings of 19x-to-32x compared to a digital implementation for signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 30 dB-to-24 dB, respectively.
Fiber Optic Particle Concentration Sensor

A particle concentration sensor would be useful in many industrial process monitoring applications where in situ measurements are required. These applications include determination of butterfat content of milk, percent insolubles in engine oil, and cell concentration in a bioreactor. A fiber optic probe was designed to measure particle concentration by monitoring the scattered light from the particle-light interaction at the end of a fiber-optic-based probe tip. Linear output was obtained from the sensor over a large range of particle loading for a suspension of 1.7 μm polystyrene microspheres in water and E. coli bacteria in a fermenter.
Three Bearing Method for Passive Triangulation in Systems with Unknown Deterministic Biases

An operationally simple method for triangulation in systems with strong biases is presented. The method requires three bearing measurements and two turns by the aircraft. Analysis of the method shows that accurate triangulation can be performed without knowing the bias function. The method has been tested by numerical simulation and in actual flights, and the test results are reported. An approximate method for including small random fluctuations and confidence contours about the point of triangulation is given.
Production of a new compound, 7,10-dihydroxy-8-(E)-octadecenoic acid from oleic acid byPseudomonas sp. PR3

Sixty-two cultures from the ARS Culture Collection and 10 cultures isolated from soil and water samples collected in Illinois were screened for their ability to convert agricultural oils to value-added industrial chemicals. A new compound, 7,10-dihydroxy-8-(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) was produced from oleic acid by a new strain,Pseudomonas sp. PR3 isolated from a water sample in Morton, IL. Strain PR3 is a motile, small rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium. It has multiple polar flagellae and is oxidase-positive. Strain PR3 grows aerobically and cannot grow anaerobically. The strain produces white, smooth colonies on agar plate and no water-soluble pigment. The yield of the product was greater than 60%. The optimum time, pH and temperature for the production of DOD were: 2 days, 7.0, and 30°C, respectively. Glycerol and dextrose support the growth of strain PR3, but the cells grown from the former failed to catalyse the conversion of oleic acid to DOD. The production of DOD is unique in that it involves a hydroxylation at two positions and a rearrangement of the double bond of the substrate molecule.
Modulation of stimulus-secretion coupling in porcine adrenal chromaffin cells by receptor-mediated increases in protein kinase C activity.

Catecholamine (CAT) secretion by adrenal chromaffin cells is primarily triggered by nicotinic receptor-dependent increases in cytosolic Ca(2+). The principal aim of the present study was to determine whether pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), which is coreleased with acetylcholine from the splanchnic nerve, can modulate nicotinic receptor-dependent Ca(2+) signaling and catecholamine secretion in porcine adrenal medullary chromaffin (PAMC) cells. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) dose- and time-dependently inhibited nicotine (NIC)-induced Ca(2+) transients. At 100 nM PMA, peak Ca(2+) levels were reduced by 27% +/- 2% (P < 0.05) and 41% +/- 3% (P < 0. 05) after 10 and 20 min exposure, respectively. The inhibitory effects of PMA were significantly reduced by preincubation with the PKC inhibitor staurosporine. KCl-induced Ca(2+) transients were also reduced by 20 min PMA treatment (Delta -27% +/- 4%; P < 0.05), suggesting that PKC affects voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel activity. Pretreatment with PACAP also resulted in both time- and concentration-dependent suppression of Ca(2+) transients. After 20 min exposure to 1 microM PACAP, NIC- and KCl-induced transients were reduced by 36% +/- 5% (P < 0.05) and 51% +/- 6% (P < 0.05), respectively. These effects could also be prevented by staurosporine pretreatment. NIC-induced CAT secretion was significantly reduced by pretreatment with both PMA (Delta -56% +/- 2%; P < 0.05) and PACAP (Delta-53% +/- 7%; P < 0.05). This suppressive effect on secretion could be prevented by pretreatment with staurosporine. These data suggest that, in addition to having direct stimulatory effects on catecholamine synthesis and secretion, PACAP can also negatively modulate nicotinic receptor-dependent Ca(2+) signaling and secretion in PAMC cells.
Association of frequent use of food labels with weight loss behaviors among low-income reproductive-age women.

Objective: To examine whether frequent use of food labels is associated with weight loss behaviors among low-income reproductive-age women.Methods: A self-administered survey of 1245 women aged 16 to 40 years assessed the frequency of food label use and weight loss behaviors during the past 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between frequent use of food labels and weight loss behaviors after adjusting for confounders.Results: Overall, 10.4% to 19.6% of women frequently used food labels to obtain information on different sections (ingredient list, nutrient claims, nutrition panel, serving size, or health claims), dietary components (calories, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium/salt, fiber, sugar, vitamins, or minerals), and food products (desserts, snacks, frozen dinners, cereals, salad dressings, table spreads, or raw/processed meat). Women who used food labels frequently were more likely to engage in healthy weight loss behaviors comp...
Temperature-dependent optical constants of water ice in the near infrared: new results and critical review of the available measurements.

The optical constants of water ice have been determined in the near infrared from 4000 to 7000 cm-1. Polycrystalline ice films with thickness as great as ∼1164 µm were formed by condensation of water vapor on a cold silicon substrate at temperatures of 166, 176, 186, and 196 K. The transmission of light through the ice films was measured during their growth from 0 to 1164 µm over the frequency range of approximately 500–7000 cm-1. The optical constants were extracted by means of simultaneously fitting the calculated transmission spectra of films of varying thickness to their respective measured transmission spectra with an iterative Kramers–Kronig technique. Equations are presented to account for reflection losses at the interfaces when the sample is held in a cell. These equations are used to reanalyze the transmission spectrum of water ice (358-µm sample at 247 K) recorded by Ockman in 1957 [Philos. Mag. Suppl.7, 199 (1958)]. Our imaginary indices for water ice are compared with those of Gosse et al. [Appl. Opt.34, 6582 (1995)], Kou et al. [Appl. Opt.32, 3531 (1993)], Grundy and Schmitt [J. Geophys. Res.103, 25809 (1998)], and Warren [Appl. Opt.23, 1206 (1984)], and with the new indices from Ockman’s spectrum. The temperature dependence in the imaginary index of refraction observed by us between 166 and 196 K and that between our data at 196 K and the data of Gosse et al. at 250 K are compared with that predicted by the model of Grundy and Schmitt. On the basis of this comparison a linear interpolation of the imaginary indices of refraction between 196 and 250 K is proposed. We believe that the accuracy of this interpolation is better than 20%.
Doxycycline Indirectly Inhibits Proteolytic Activation of Tryptic Kallikrein-Related Peptidases and Activation of Cathelicidin

The increased abundance and activity of cathelicidin and kallikrein 5 (KLK5), a predominant trypsin-like serine protease (TLSP) in the stratum corneum, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rosacea, a disorder treated by the use of low-dose doxycycline. Here we hypothesized that doxycycline can inhibit activation of tryptic KLKs through an indirect mechanism by inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in keratinocytes. The capacity of doxycycline to directly inhibit enzyme activity was measured in surface collections of human facial skin and extracts of cultured keratinocytes by fluorescence polarization assay against fluorogenic substrates specific for MMPs or TLSPs. Doxycycline did inhibit MMP activity but did not directly inhibit serine protease activity against a fluorogenic substrate specific for TLSPs. However, when doxycycline or other MMP inhibitors were added to live keratinocytes during the production of tryptic KLKs, this treatment indirectly resulted in decreased TLSP activity. Furthermore, doxycycline under these conditions inhibited the generation of the cathelicidin peptide LL-37 from its precursor protein hCAP18, a process dependent on KLK activity. These results demonstrate that doxycycline can prevent cathelicidin activation, and suggest a previously unknown mechanism of action for doxycycline through inhibiting generation of active cathelicidin peptides.
Requirement of MADS domain transcription factor D-MEF2 for muscle formation in Drosophila

Members of the myocyte enhancer binding factor-2 (MEF2) family of MADS (MCM1, agamous, deficiens, and serum response factor) box transcription factors are expressed in the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle lineages of vertebrate and Drosophila embryos. These factors bind an adenine-thymidine-rich DNA sequence associated with muscle-specific genes. The function of MEF2 was determined by generating a loss-of-function of the single mef2 gene in Drosophila (D-mef2). In loss-of-function embryos, somatic, cardiac, and visceral muscle cells did not differentiate, but myoblasts were normally specified and positioned. These results demonstrate that different muscle cell types share a common myogenic differentiation program controlled by MEF2.
In vivo histologic and biomechanical characterization of a biodegradable particulate composite bone cement

A biodegradable particulate composite bone cement consisting of a crosslinked gelatin matrix and tricalcium phosphate particles was implanted intraosseously in rabbits for up to 12 weeks. Cured cylindrical implants were inserted in holes drilled in the proximal tibial metaphysis. Sequential fluorochrome labeling and radiographs were done, and specimens were processed for decalcified and nondecalcified histology. At 4 weeks, the cross-sectional diameter of the implant was slightly greater than at implantation. There was considerable dissolution of the matrix and some new bone ingrowth. At 12 weeks, the diameter was reduced to half the original diameter and bone had grown throughout the matrix. In the distal femur, freshly mixed cement was used to stabilize an osteochondral fracture. Mechanical testing of the cement-stabilized fracture revealed a decrease in compressive strength and modulus at 4 weeks followed by an increase to greater than initial values at 12 weeks. Over time, the osteochondral fragment subsided into the underlying cement, but the subsidence did not correlate with mechanical strength. This osteochondral fracture model permits measurement of the overall material properties of a cement simultaneously weakened by resorption and reinforced by ingrowing bone.
Comparison of interpretation with outcome in emergency radiology

The purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative method of evaluating radiologists’ performance. A sample of the interpretations of 169 emergency abdominal CT scans was correlated with outcome as defined by discharge summary, operative report, pathology report, or discharge from the Emergency Department. Interpretations were ranked as consistent with outcome, probably consistent, probably inconsistent, or inconsistent using a scale of 1–4. A subset of 71 examinations was evaluated by three radiologists independently in order to assess the reproducibility of the rankings. Those examinations ranked poorly were reviewed. The mean correlation ranking was 1.09 with a range of 1–3 for all studies. The rank difference coefficient for three evaluators was 0.9987. Quantitative and reproducible correlation of interpretations with outcome is possible. The cause of discrepancies can be identified. The method is useful for regulatory and competitive purposes and is also of inherent interest to our radiologists.
Seasonal patterns of reproductive and vegetative sink activity in early and late maturing peach (Prunus persica) cultivars

Weekly measurements of fruit growth, fruit respiration and shoot extension growth were made in the field on early (June Lady) and late (O'Henry) maturing cultivars of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). The seasonal patterns of fruit growth and respiration for the two cultivars were very similar except that the early maturing cultivar bloomed a few days earlier than the late cultivar and had a shorter intermediate stage (Stage II) of fruit growth. Maximum rates of fruit respiration per unit weight at 20°C were similar for both cultivars during the first two stages of fruit growth but higher for the early cultivar during the final stage of fruit growth. Maximum fruit growth rates within any particular stage of fruit growth were similar for both cultivars, but the mean fruit weight of the late cultivar was greater at the end of Stage II, because of the extended length of this stage compared to the early cultivar. The final stage of most rapid fruit growth and respiration coincided with the period of most rapid shoot extension growth in the early maturing cultivar but occurred after this period in the late maturing cultivar. Genetic selection for early fruit maturity in peach has apparently had little effect on timing of shoot growth and this may result in increased competition between vegetative and reproductive sinks during peak periods of fruit growth in early maturing cultivars.
Hormonal involvement in thermal acclimation in the fiddler crab Uca pugilator (BOSC)—II. Effects of extracts on tissue respiration

Abstract 1. 1. A factor is present in cold-acclimated crabs which significantly increases respiration in tissues from warm-acclimated animals. 2. 2. Activity was present in extracts of the supraesophageal ganglion and the sinus gland, but not in extracts of sinus-glandless eyestalks. 3. 3. Ethanol extracts showed greater respiration-enhancing activity than saline extracts. Activity decreased after extracts were heated and disappeared after treatment of the extracts with pronase.
A plasmid cloning vector for the direct selection of strains carrying recombinant plasmids

Abstract A plasmid cloning vector with ampicillin-resistance and streptomycin-sensitivity markers is suitable for the direct selection of strains carrying recombinant plasmids. The selection for plasmid transformants utilizes their ampicillin resistance whereas selection for recombinant plasmids is based on the inactivation of the rpsL gene contained on the plasmid. When streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli strains are used as recipients in transformation, transformants carrying the parental plasmid are phenotypically sensitive to streptomycin while those carrying hybrid plasmids are resistant to streptomycin.
GLOBALLY AWARE ROUTING IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS NETWORKS: A FORMULATION AND ANALYSIS

Routing in multi-hop wireless networks is typically greedy, with every connection attempting to establish a path with the smallest number of hops. However, interference plays a major role in limiting the capacity of such networks. While recent protocols have attempted to account for interference, they do so reactively and without coordination. Approaches that coordinate routing to account for mutual interference achieve better performance than traditional approaches. Modeling routing with interference constraints is a complex non-linear optimization problem. We approach the problem using a Multi Commodity flow (MCF) formulation. We analyze the interaction of multiple routes and propose effective objective functions which attempt to maximize interference separation while limiting path inflation. We also show that the pattern of interference experienced by a link plays an important role in defining capacity. The model is directly useful in traffic engineering, provisioning and QoS admission control for mesh networks. In addition, it provides a tool for analyzing effective operation in MHWN providing insight into developing effective distributed protocols for them. We evaluate the formulation against routes obtained using a conventional routing algorithm under several scenarios and show that better performance is achieved in terms of throughput, goodput, and end-to-end delay.
Ethno-Psychological Characteristics and Terror-Producing Countries: Linking Uncertainty Avoidance to Terrorist Acts in the 1970s

Most of the world's terrorism occurs in but a few of the world's countries. This study examines why. The extent to which Hofstede's cultural values relate to terrorism in the 1970s in 51 countries is analyzed. Uncertainty avoidance emerges as the single cultural value that is related to terrorism. Uncertainty avoidance, related to stress, may provide important prerequisites for group-induced aberrant behavior when formerly alienated group members find comfort in adhering to a collective belief system where dissent is discouraged, a sense of group purpose is reinforced, and rules are strictly imposed—apparently confirming the writings of terrorism psychologists.
A cationic dicarbene complex of iron. The crystal structure of [Fe(CO)2(S2CNMe2)(CNMe2)2S]PF6 · C2H4Cl2

Abstract The structure of the compound [Fe(CO)2(S2CNMe2)(CNMe2)2S]PF6 · 1 2 C2H4Cl2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallizes in space group C2/c with eight formula units in a unit cell of dimensions a 23.939(18), b 15.771(7), c 12.314(4) A, β 92.01(5)°. Full-matrix least-squares refinement of 2084 counter data yielded R = 0.051. The complex cation contains an unusual chelating dicarbene ligand, and the structure of this complex is compared with related species. The bonding properties of the dicarbene ligand are discussed.
Stoichiometry of Murine Leukemia Virus Envelope Protein-Mediated Fusion and Its Neutralization

Envelope glycoproteins (Envs) of retroviruses form trimers that mediate fusion between viral and cellular membranes and are the targets for neutralizing antibodies. Understanding in detail how Env trimers mediate membrane fusion, and how antibodies interfere with this process, is a fundamental problem in biology with practical implications for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. We investigated the stoichiometry of Env-mediated fusion and its inhibition by antibody by inserting an epitope from human immunodeficiency virus for a neutralizing antibody (2F5) into the surface (SU) or transmembrane (TM) protein of murine leukemia virus Env, along with point mutations that abrogate SU and TM function but complement one another. We transfected various combinations of these Env genes and investigated Env-mediated cell fusion and its inhibition by 2F5 antibody. Our results showed that heterotrimers with one functional SU molecule were fusion competent in complementation experiments and that one antibody molecule was sufficient to inactivate the fusion function of a trimer when its epitope was in functional SU or TM. 2F5 antibody could also neutralize trimers with the 2F5 epitope in nonfunctional SU or TM, but less efficiently.
Context and crossover in unilateral neglect

Patients with left-neglect bisect horizontal lines to the right of true center. Their bisection bias is affected by line length, so that longer lines are bisected further to the right. Patients often crossover and bisect very short lines to the left of true center. We tested the hypothesis that the context in which lines are apprehended accounts for the crossover phenomenon. We replicated previous findings that a line is bisected further leftward when it is preceded by a longer line and further rightward when it is preceded by a shorter line. These contextual effects occur with relatively short and relatively long target lines. Bisection patterns in two different series of lines, one ranging from 10 to 150 mm, and the other from 110 to 250 mm, were investigated. If crossover bisections were simply due to contextual effects then left-sided errors would be observed on bisections of the shorter lines of both series. Our findings did not support this hypothesis. Crossover bisections occurred only with objectively short lines, those shorter than 40 mm. Even though we found significant contextual effects on line bisection biases, these effects per se do not account for the crossover phenomenon. Rather, our data suggest that the absolute length of the line is associated specifically with the crossover phenomenon.
Probabilistic Model-Based Diagnosis: An Electrical Power System Case Study

We present in this paper a case study of the probabilistic approach to model-based diagnosis. Here, the diagnosed system is a real-world electrical power system (EPS), i.e., the Advanced Diagnostic and Prognostic Testbed (ADAPT) located at the NASA Ames Research Center. Our probabilistic approach is formally well founded and based on Bayesian networks (BNs) and arithmetic circuits (ACs). We pay special attention to meeting two of the main challenges often associated with real-world application of model-based diagnosis technologies: model development and real-time reasoning. To address the challenge of model development, we develop a systematic approach to representing EPSs as BNs, supported by an easy-to-use specification language. To address the real-time reasoning challenge, we compile BNs into ACs. AC evaluation (ACE) supports real-time diagnosis by being predictable, fast, and exact. In experiments with the ADAPT BN, which contains 503 discrete nodes and 579 edges and produces accurate results, the time taken to compute the most probable explanation using ACs has a mean of 0.2625 ms and a standard deviation of 0.2028 ms. In comparative experiments, we found that, while the variable elimination and join tree propagation algorithms also perform very well in the ADAPT setting, ACE was an order of magnitude or more faster.
Factors Contributing To Employee Decisions To Ignore Diversity Policies

Diversity is examined beyond the traditional definitions in the context of employers and the changing workforce. Realization by employers of non-compliance with diversity policies is revealed, as well as an exploration of reasons why perceptions and lingering stereotypes exist. Solutions for training the workforce on successfully embracing differences are explored to provide employers with the tools to commit to their missions and cultural goals for a diverse workplace.
The Power of Exhaustive Bridge Diagnosis using IDDQ Speed, Confidence, and Resolution

A method is presented for high-speed diagnosis of all two-node bridging defects in a logic circuit using IDDQ. The method is tractable for large industrial circuit designs, requiring less than two CPU minutes to evaluate the ten trillion bridging defects on a 4.5-million gate ASIC. More significant than the speed of the method, however, is the precise diagnostic resolution typically achieved when the list of bridge faults diagnosed is examined in light of the circuit's physical layout. The robustness of the IDDQ bridge fault model and the near impossibility of matching a long IDDQ signature by chance result in a confidence in the results rarely matched by diagnostic methods that must rely on modeling the logical behavior of a bridging defect. Performance data and results from physical failure analysis are presented for a variety of production ASIC designs.
Photochemical and acoustic interactions of biochar with CO2 and H2O: Applications in power generation and CO2 capture

A critical literature review suggests that carbonaceous compounds react with (CO2 +H2O) mixture through thermal, photochemical, and sonochemical/sonophysical routes. A biochar was selected for studying these effects at 60°C and 1 atm for its potential benefits on power generation and CO2 capture. All treatments remove sizable minerals (K, Na, and Si) detrimental in power generation, and introduce carbon (up to 16% of original carbon in biochar) into the biochar matrix. Most treatments show increased hydrogen (up to 24%). Treatments lead to notable increased heating value of biochar (up to 50%). Treated biochars show increase (up to 19 fold) in internal surface area. The ultrasound energy output is a fraction of the increased heating value. Thus, pretreatment is potentially attractive for increasing the energy efficiency in combustion and gasification. Moreover, better understandings of the salient reactions of these processes will be advantageous for the development of advanced adsorbents for CO2 capture. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1054–1065, 2014
The free one-generated left distributive algebra: basics and a simplified proof of the division algorithm

The left distributive law is the law a· (b· c) = (a·b) · (a· c). Left distributive algebras have been classically used in the study of knots and braids, and more recently free left distributive algebras have been studied in connection with large cardinal axioms in set theory. We provide a survey of results on the free left distributive algebra on one generator, A, and a new, simplified proof of the existence of a normal form for terms in A. Topics included are: the confluence of A, the linearity of the iterated left division ordering <L of A, the connections of A to the braid groups, and an extension P of A obtained by freely adding a composition operation. This is followed by a simplified proof of the division algorithm for P, which produces a normal form for terms in A and is a powerful tool in the study of A.
Molecular phylogenetics reveals convergent evolution in lower Congo River spiny eels

The lower Congo River (LCR) is a region of exceptional species diversity and endemism in the Congo basin, including numerous species of spiny eels (genus Mastacembelus). Four of these exhibit distinctive phenotypes characterized by greatly reduced optic globes deeply embedded into the head (cryptophthalmia) and reduced (or absent) melanin pigmentation, among other characteristics. A strikingly similar cryptophthalmic phenotype is also found in members of a number of unrelated fish families, strongly suggesting the possibility of convergent evolution. However, little is known about the evolutionary processes that shaped diversification in LCR Mastacembelus, their biogeographic origins, or when colonization of the LCR occurred. We sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear genes from Mastacembelus species collected in the lower Congo River, and compared them with other African species and Asian representatives as outgroups. We analyzed the sequence data using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses, and Bayesian coalescent methods for species tree reconstruction, reveal that endemic LCR spiny eels derive from two independent origins, clearly demonstrating convergent evolution of the cryptophthalmic phenotype. Mastacembelus crassus, M. aviceps, and M. simbi form a clade, allied to species found in southern, eastern and central Africa. Unexpectedly, M. brichardi and brachyrhinus fall within a clade otherwise endemic to Lake Tanganikya (LT) ca. 1500 km east of the LCR. Divergence dating suggests the ages of these two clades of LCR endemics differ markedly. The age of the crassus group is estimated at ~4 Myr while colonization of the LCR by the brichardi-brachyrhinus progenitor was considerably more recent, dated at ~0.5 Myr. The phylogenetic framework of spiny eels presented here, the first to include LCR species, demonstrates that cryptophthalmia and associated traits evolved at least twice in Mastacembelus: once in M. brichardi and at least once in the M. crassus clade. Timing of diversification is broadly consistent with the onset of modern high-energy flow conditions in the LCR and with previous studies of endemic cichlids. The close genetic relationship between M. brichardi and M. brachyrhinus is particularly notable given the extreme difference in phenotype between these species, and additional work is needed to better understand the evolutionary history of diversification in this clade. The findings presented here demonstrate strong, multi-trait convergence in LCR spiny eels, suggesting that extreme selective pressures have shaped numerous phenotypic attributes of the endemic species of this region.
Variations of 137Cs depositions and soil concentrations between alpine and montane soils in northern Colorado

Abstract 137 Cs was measured in soil samples taken from two high-elevation sites in the northern Front Range of Colorado. The first site was in an alpine meadow adjacent to a glacial lake, while the second site was in a nearby montane forest at a slightly lower elevation. The samples were all of equal volume and represented an equal ground surface area. The coefficients of variation of 137 Cs soil activity concentration (Bq g −1 ) were similar for the two sites, as were the CVs for activity deposition (Bq m −2 ). The mean 137 Cs depositions we found were generally in agreement with values reported in the literature for similar elevations and higher than values found at lower elevation sites in the same region. Activity deposition was less variable than activity concentration at both sites. The alpine site had a significantly higher mean 137 Cs concentration than the montane site, but a significantly lower mean deposition value.
GEOMETRIC METHODS AND THE GAUGE STRUCTURE OF BERRY'S PHASE

The use of geometric methods to obtain the connection associated with Berry's phase is discussed. Failures and successes in past attempts at using only geometry are presented. It is argued that this approach is most useful for Hamiltonians rotated on the parameter space.
Forest turnover rates follow global and regional patterns of productivity

Using a global database, we found that forest turnover rates (the average of tree mortality and recruitment rates) parallel broad-scale patterns of net primary productivity. First, forest turnover was higher in tropical than in temperate forests. Second, as recently demonstrated by others, Amazonian forest turnover was higher on fertile than infertile soils. Third, within temperate latitudes, turnover was highest in angiosperm forests, intermediate in mixed forests, and lowest in gymnosperm forests. Finally, within a single forest physiognomic type, turnover declined sharply with elevation (hence with temperature). These patterns of turnover in populations of trees are broadly similar to the patterns of turnover in populations of plant organs (leaves and roots) found in other studies. Our findings suggest a link between forest mass balance and the population dynamics of trees, and have implications for understanding and predicting the effects of environmental changes on forest structure and terrestrial carbon dynamics.
Evolving Information Priorities of Hematologic Cancer Survivors, Caregivers, and Other Relatives

Little is known about information priorities of people touched by hematologic cancers. We interviewed and surveyed 29 survivors/patients, 13 caregivers, and 19 non-caregiver relatives. Qualitative interviews indicated limited information describing topics other than specific cancer subtypes and treatment options. The survey exercise revealed the following priorities: at diagnosis, cancer types and treatment options; during initial treatment, treatment options and coping with side effects; after treatment, follow-up tests and long-term side effects; at remission/during maintenance treatment at relapse, treatment options and follow-up tests; for patients, cancer types and treatment options; for caregivers, future outlook and support; for non-caregivers, finances. Information priorities vary by role and over time.