cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addressing fisheries bycatch in a changing world

Fisheries bycatch is a threat to species of marine megafauna across the world’s oceans. Work over the past several decades has greatly advanced our understanding of the species affected, the magnitude and the spatial extent of bycatch. In the same time period, there have been substantial advances in the development of mitigation strategies and best practices to reduce bycatch. In this paper, we take stock of bycatch knowledge and science to address the critical question “Where do we go from here?” First, we review the current state of global bycatch science, including bycatch rate estimation and biological effects of bycatch, and bycatch mitigation practices and gear. We then identify knowledge gaps as well as socio-cultural constraints that hamper effective knowledge transfer or implementation, and discuss emerging transdisciplinary approaches to address these issues. Finally, we discuss the need to consider bycatch in a changing ocean and socio-cultural context where species, ecosystems, and people are responding to multiple stressors and dynamic conditions. As the field of bycatch research moves into the 21st century, a new perspective is needed to develop responsive strategies that effectively address the shifting ecological, social, cultural and economic contexts of the global bycatch seascape.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Digital Media Arts: A Psychological Perspective on the Production Process

The complexity of digital media technologies requires artists to form teams of specialized experts integrating their contributions. Studies on interdisciplinary collaborations in organizational and scientific research-and-development teams have revealed that three processes N communication, coordination and knowledgesharing - significantly influence their efficiency and effectiveness. This model was applied to an international and interdisciplinary digital media art production team to analyze the effects of team membersO geographical dispersion, differing nationalities and heterogeneity of disciplines. The results are in accordance with previous studies of teams in corporate and scientific settings but also reveal differences between artistic and industrial product development processes.
Phase II trial of cetuximab in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer.

Purpose To determine the efficacy of cetuximab in patients with recurrent or progressive non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after receiving at least one prior chemotherapy regimen. Patients and Methods This was an open-label, phase II study of patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) –positive and EGFR-negative advanced NSCLC with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 1. Patients received cetuximab 400 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) during 120 minutes on week 1 followed by weekly doses of cetuximab 250 mg/m2 IV during 60 minutes. A cycle was considered as 4 weeks of treatment and therapy was continued until disease progression or intolerable toxicities. The primary end point was to assess response rate. Secondary end points included an estimation of time to progression and survival. Results Patient and disease characteristics (n = 66) included EGFR-positive status (n = 60); EGFR-negative status (n = 6); number of prior regimens (one, n = 28; two, n = 27; ≥ three, n = 11); male ...
Modeling infinite dilution and Fickian diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide in water

We propose a new model for calculating infinite dilution diffusion coefficients for carbon dioxide and water mixtures. The model takes into account temperature dependence of the dipole moment of water and polarizability of CO2, and fits experimental CO2H2O data at low and high pressures with an accuracy of 4.9%. Remarkably, the proposed model also accurately predicts infinite dilution diffusion coefficients for other binary water mixtures where solute polarizability is close to that of CO2, such as CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and H2S. Moreover, we present—to the best of our knowledge—the first predictions of composition-based Fickian diffusion coefficients for CO2H2O mixtures over the temperature range 298.15–413.15 K, and pressures up to 50 MPa. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Preventing Infant Obesity - It's Never too Soon to Start

Preventing Infant Obesity - It’s Never too Soon to Start Obesity in early childhood tracks to later childhood, with associated risks for adverse outcomes such as heart disease evident as early as age 3. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 10.4% of US children aged 2-5 years are obese (BMI for age ≥ 95th percentile). Remarkably, the rate for infants under age 2 is estimated to be even higher at 12.5%. Although an Expert Committee recently declined to recommend energy restriction as a means to reduce weight in infants, it is nevertheless true that overweight status in infancy carries its own co-morbidities.
Decoupling change from design

Parnas' seminal 1972 paper, "On the Criteria To Be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules," identified simplifying change as a critical criterion for modularizing software. Successful designs are those in which a change can be accommodated by modifying a single module. There is a tacit assumption in most of the literature that once a change has been limited to a single module, the cost of making the change is essentially inconsequential. But modules have complexity of their own and are frequently large. Thus, making a change can be expensive, even if limited to a single module.We present a method of decomposing modules into smaller components for the purpose of supporting change. Although similar to the approach of modularizing programs described by Parnas, our approach is specific to decomposing modules. It is not intended to replace traditional high level modularization but rather to augment it with a second level of modularization where the standard of information hiding can be relaxed. The goal of the method is to make modules easier to change by decomposing them around smaller design decisions---ideally encoding only one design choice per submodule component.In this paper we show how submodule components can be used to address the issue of change. We also demonstrate how the ability to address change with submodule components is, to a large extent, independent of the design level modularization. Moreover, we show that, at least in some cases, by using submodule components the choice of high level modularization can itself be changed without having to rewrite large amounts of code.A method of implementation is presented using inheritance, parameterization, and static binding in a way that minimizes implementation dependencies between components. The method supports fine grained decomposition with flexible composability and almost no runtime overhead.
Initiation of silencing of maize MuDR/Mu transposable elements

Summary Homology-dependent gene silencing contributes to genomic stability through suppression of transposable elements. Co-ordinate epigenetic silencing is the main regulatory mechanism controlling dispersed, multicopy MuDR/Mu elements responsible for Mutator activity in maize. Silencing eliminates transposition and proceeds through transcriptional inactivation of MuDR genes and DNA methylation of the terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) in both the regulatory MuDR and non-autonomous Mu elements. In plants with active MuDR/Mu elements, initiation of silencing coincides with nuclear retention of non-polyadenylated RNA derived from MuDR and recently described MuDR homologs (hMuDR elements). Nuclear accumulation of MuDR/hMuDR RNA is developmentally progressive, paralleling loss of Mutator activity and is predictive of loss of Mu somatic excision in the progeny. A high ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic RNA is the earliest molecular marker for MuDR silencing suggesting that the nuclear RNA may trigger transcriptional silencing. We also demonstrate the constitutive presence of small transposon-specific RNAs of 21–26 nucleotides in all maize lines tested, independent of the Mutator activity. The role of the small RNAs in transposon silencing and translational regulation of transposon-encoded proteins is discussed.
Opportunities for Composites from Recycled Wood Based Resources

A reduction is urgently needed in the quantities of industrial and municipal solid waste materials that are currently being landfilled. Major components of municipal solid waste include waste wood, paper, agriculture wastes, and other biomass fibers. In 1990, there were approximately 80 million tons of 6,000 different paper and paperboard products and 5.8 million tons of wood in the municipal solid waste stream. There are also potential millions of tons of wood fiber in timber thinnings, industrial wood waste, demolition waste, pallets, and pulp mill sludges. These materials offer great opportunities as recycled ingredients in wood-based composites. This paper discusses possibilities for manufacturing selected composites from these materials as well as materials which coexist with the wood-based resources such as plastics, fly ash, and gypsum.
Rapid Thermal Processes for Future Nanometer MOS Devices

Scaling of MOS devices is projected to continue down to device dimensions of at least 50 nm. However, there are many potential roadblocks to achieving such dimensions and many standard materials and front-end processes which must be significantly changed to achieve these goals. The most important areas for change include (a) gate dielectric materials, (b) gate contact material, (c) source/drain contacting structure and (d) fundamental bulk CMOS structure. These projected changes are reviewed along with possible applications of rapid thermal processing to achieving future nanometer scale MOS devices.
Architectural tradeoffs for reconfigurable dense wavelength-division multiplexing systems

Advances in optical technology now allow practical reconfigurable wavelength networks to be constructed. These networks use wavelength-switching components to dynamically route wavelengths, and provide a level of flexibility and scalability previously not possible. Other components such as low-noise optical amplifiers, electronic dispersion compensators, and advanced modulation techniques simplify system operation, increase capacity, and extend reach. From an application perspective, the architecture of optical transport networks is evolving based on the requirement to support a higher bandwidth access infrastructure. The network architecture also needs to provide the flexibility to incrementally expand on the basis of customer demand and to provide key features such as optical broadcast to lower the cost of video services. The development of new architectures for optical transport networks and how these networks are influenced by critical system parameters and emerging component technologies is reviewed
Two New Zammara Species from South America (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Two new members of the widespread Neotropical genus Zammara Amyot & Serville, Zammara olivacea n.sp. from Columbia and Zammara medialinea n.sp. from Venezuela are described.
Myoblast fusion: lessons from flies and mice

The fusion of myoblasts into multinucleate syncytia plays a fundamental role in muscle function, as it supports the formation of extended sarcomeric arrays, or myofibrils, within a large volume of cytoplasm. Principles learned from the study of myoblast fusion not only enhance our understanding of myogenesis, but also contribute to our perspectives on membrane fusion and cell-cell fusion in a wide array of model organisms and experimental systems. Recent studies have advanced our views of the cell biological processes and crucial proteins that drive myoblast fusion. Here, we provide an overview of myoblast fusion in three model systems that have contributed much to our understanding of these events: the Drosophila embryo; developing and regenerating mouse muscle; and cultured rodent muscle cells.
Increased Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis as a Result of 5-Oxoproline (Pyroglutamic Acid): A Role for Acetaminophen

The endogenous organic acid metabolic acidoses that occur commonly in adults include lactic acidosis; ketoacidosis; acidosis that results from the ingestion of toxic substances such as methanol, ethylene glycol, or paraldehyde; and a component of the acidosis of kidney failure. Another rare but underdiagnosed cause of severe, high anion gap metabolic acidosis in adults is that due to accumulation of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid). Reported are four patients with this syndrome, and reviewed are 18 adult patients who were reported previously in the literature. Twenty-one patients had major exposure to acetaminophen (one only acute exposure). Eighteen (82%) of the 22 patients were women. Most of the patients were malnourished as a result of multiple medical comorbidities, and most had some degree of kidney dysfunction or overt failure. The chronic ingestion of acetaminophen, especially by malnourished women, may generate high anion gap metabolic acidosis. This undoubtedly is an underdiagnosed condition because measurements of serum and/or urinary 5-oxoproline levels are not readily available.
“That Feeling of Not Feeling”: Numbing the Pain for Substance-Dependent African American Women:

Using ethnographic methodology, the author uncovered the meanings and expressions of recovery care for substance-dependent African American women residing in an inner-city transitional home for substance abuse. A convenience sample of 12 key and 18 general participants revealed emotional pain associated with negative life experiences, including overt and covert racism, primarily within society but also within their family networks; and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse from parents, siblings, and male relationships. The women described feelings of abandonment associated with the death of loved ones, particularly mothers. They had attempted to numb their emotional pain with alcohol and drugs. As they moved through treatment and recovery, they began to work through past and current painful life experiences without using alcohol and drugs.
Throughput Optimal Control for Relay-Assisted Wireless Broadcast with Network Coding

We consider the problem of exchanging packets from the individual queues at multiple wireless terminals with the assistance of a single relay node. In an earlier paper, we studied this for a backlogged traffic model, where each node always had packets to transmit. Here, we consider stochastically varying packet traffic and compare the stable operation under plain routing, and digital and analog network coding. For each scheme, we specify the queue dynamics at the terminal and relay nodes, and evaluate the maximum throughput region optimized over all transmission schedules. We then give throughput optimal policies, which involve maximizing an appropriate differential backlog for each scheme. The analysis leads to the extension of the classical backpressure algorithms for plain routing to digital and analog network coding. Any achievable rates in the maximum throughput region can be stabilized by dynamic scheduling such that the average queue lengths are asymptotically bounded.
PDRAM: a hybrid PRAM and DRAM main memory system

In this paper, we propose PDRAM, a novel energy efficient main memory architecture based on phase change random access memory (PRAM) and DRAM. The paper explores the challenges involved in incorporating PRAM into the main memory hierarchy of computing systems, and proposes a low overhead hybrid hardware-software solution for managing it. Our experimental results indicate that our solution is able to achieve average energy savings of 30% at negligible overhead over conventional memory architectures.
On The Computation Of Eigenvalue Assignment Problem

This note shows that in computing the feedback gain for eigenvalue assignment in multivariable systems, the reduction of the condition number of the closed loop eigenvector matrix (CLEM) is a necessary step to achieve some highly important and desirable technical and computational properties. This note also shows that the reduction of the condition number of other relevant matrix does not sufficiently imply the achievement of these properties. The only existing algorithm capable of reducing the condition number of CLEM computes the explicit CLEM. Fortunately, this computation is very efficient and numerically stable, and is completely different from the computation of the eigenvector matrix of a given matrix.
A selective vision algorithm based on aggregation of fuzzy evidence

A task-oriented algorithm that selectively processes image data is developed. The task of the algorithm is detecting/locating circular shaped road signs. Structural characteristics of the road scenes allow us to extract high level (contextual) information directly from the scene. This information is used as evidence for a road sign and aggregated with more evidence obtained by low level (pixel based) processing. The result is interpreted as an image of fuzzy singletons whose membership values quantify the likelihood for a road sign. This image is obtained by simple, computationally inexpensive operations and allows us to allocate our computational resources for the areas of the image that deserve most attention.
Histone Biosynthesis and the Cell Cycle

As potential genetic repressors of DNA in chromatin, histones have received considerable attention during the past decade. Since the advances in structural, biophysical and biochemical properties of histones are described in other parts of this book, this chapter will be limited to the discussion of biosynthesis and turnover of histones as related to the temporal sequence of cellular life and differentiation.
Intentions for bilateral mastectomy among newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.

Background Recent trends suggest that bilateral mastectomy (BM) is on the rise among women diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer. Few studies have investigated the factors associated with the decision to have more aggressive surgery among young, high risk patients.
The Professional Health Educator in HMOs: Implications for Training and Our Future in Medical Care

Health Educators who work in HMOs face most of the problems and predicaments of their colleagues in medical care as well as some additional challenges. In keeping with the national interest in role definitions for health educators in various settings, this paper examines the role, functions, and skills of health educators in medical care, with special attention and case examples in HMOs. Several key issues, in role definition, are identified: 1) the lack of standards for training health educators in medical care; 2) the lack of agreement on health education roles and functions; and 3) the lack of reality-based training for health educators in medical care settings. The one hopeful note for the future is that current efforts at role definition are by and large efforts of the health education profession to set its own standards. Countering that note are directions that the profession is moving that jeopadize its effectiveness and future in medical care. This paper recommends that health educators from acade...
Simulation of Radar Reflectivity and Surface Measurements of Rainfall

Raindrop size distributions (RSDs) are often estimated using surface raindrop sampling devices (e.g., disdrometers) or optical array (2D-PMS) probes. A number of authors have used these measured distributions to compute certain higher-order RSD moments that correspond to radar reflectivity, attenuation, optical extinction, etc. Scatter plots of these RSD moments versus disdrometer-measured rainrates are then used to deduce physical relationships between radar reflectivity, attenuation, etc., which are measured by independent instruments (e.g., radar), and rainrate. In this paper RSDs of the gamma form as well as radar reflectivity (via time series simulation) are simulated to study the correlation structure of radar estimates versus rainrate as opposed to RSD moment estimates versus rainrate. The parameters N0, D0 and m of a gamma distribution are varied over the range normally found in rainfall, as well as varying the device sampling volume. The simulations are used to explain some possible features related to discrepancies which can arise when radar rainfall measurements are compared with surface or aircraft-based sampling devices.
3-D tracking in a miniature time projection chamber

Abstract The three-dimensional (3-D) detection of millimeter-scale ionization trails is of interest for detecting nuclear recoils in directional fast neutron detectors and in direction-sensitive searches for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), which may constitute the Dark Matter of the universe. We report on performance characterization of a miniature gas target Time Projection Chamber (TPC) where the drift charge is avalanche-multiplied with Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) and detected with the ATLAS FE-I3 Pixel Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). We report on measurements of gain, gain resolution, point resolution, diffusion, angular resolution, and energy resolution with low-energy X-rays, cosmic rays, and alpha particles, using the gases Ar:CO2 (70:30) and He:CO2 (70:30) at atmospheric pressure. We discuss the implications for future, larger directional neutron and Dark Matter detectors. With an eye to designing and selecting components for these, we generalize our results into analytical expressions for detector performance whenever possible. We conclude by demonstrating the 3-D directional detection of a fast neutron source.
Abstract 2862: Therapeutic intervention of preclinical symptoms in a NF1 mouse model

We previously generated a mouse model by using Schwann cell lineage-specific ablation of Nf1, which recapitulates human plexiform neurofibroma with high penetrance throughout the peripheral nerves including the sciatic nerves. Although it takes more than 12 months for these mutant mice to develop frank neurofibromas, we have identified pre-neoplastic phenotypes in mutant sciatic nerves at as early as 3 months of age. In sciatic nerves of mutant mice at post natal day 90 (P90), we identified a subset of non-myelinating Schwann cells (nmSCs) as early stage neurofibroma cells, which exhibit a spectrum of abnormalities. These abnormal nmSCs are either dissociated or dissociating from axons, often accompanied by axonal degeneration and mast cell infiltration. Proliferation of these abnormal nmSCs leads to significantly increased cellularity in mutant nerves. Altered mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activity was also observed at this stage. Based upon these observations, we propose that deregulated mTOR activity may be underlying molecular mechanism of neurofibroma initiation. To test this hypothesis, we are using rapamycin, a mTOR inhibitor, to treat mice starting from P30 until P90, at which time point they are analyzed. The extent of pre-neoplastic phenotypes at P90 can serve as assays for the efficacy of this treatment. Our preliminary data show that rapamycin treatment may have effect in alleviating pre-neoplastic phenotypes in some mutant mice, evidenced by the absence of dissociated SCs and unassociated SCs, as well as decreased cellularity in the sciatic nerves of those mice. However, further experiments need to be done to confirm these results. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2862.
A procedure for quantifying susceptibility of human lymphocytes to transformation by Epstein-Barr viruses.

SummaryAn assay for determining the minimal number of leukocytes required for transformation (MNLRT) by the EB virus has been devised. Close MNLRT values of 3.14 ± 0.27 log were obtained for the peripheral leukocytes of seven EBV-seronegative persons. Depletion of surface Ig-bearing cells increased the MNLRT value by at least 2.5 log. Applying this assay to the leukocytes of three chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients we obtained the values of 6.5, >6.5, and >6.5 log.Addendum: Since the submission of this manuscript the following relevant article has appeared: Mizuno, F., Aya, T. and Osato, T. Brief Communication: Growth in semi-solid agar medium of human cord leukocytes freshly transformed by EB virus. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 56, 171 (1976).
High-density lipoprotein metabolism and endothelial function.

Purpose of reviewHigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) protects against atherosclerosis, transporting cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver, where it is excreted into the bile. However, HDL also has prominent vascular protective effects.Recent findingsRecent studies have uncovered mechanisms throu
An extremely simple and fast microlitre method for the determination of total carbon dioxide in biological samples

For those clinical laboratories equipped with a microprocessor-controlled gas analyser, an extremely simple method is described for the determination of the total carbon dioxide content in various biological fluids. Since this method needs only 20 microL of blood plasma or is less dependent on the original total carbon dioxide content, it is especially suited for paediatric purposes. With our procedure the time necessary for one determination equals the time for one capillary blood gas analysis.
The Soviet Union and the Growth of Resistance Politics in South Africa

If we propound the solution of the right of self-determination for the colonies . . . we lose nothing by it. The most outright national movement is only water for our mill, since it contributes to the destruction of imperialism.(Nikolai Bukharin, member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, 1919)
Multi-channel data acquisition and transmission display system based on SCM

The three-channel temperature, two-channel humidity detection system was designed by using STC90C516 SCM as main control unit, digital temperature sensor DS18B20 as a temperature sensor, digital temperature humidity sensor DHT11 as humidity sensor and TFT2.4 LCD as display module. The hardware and software design methods of the microcontroller unit, temperature and humidity detection unit, LCD display unit and auxiliary unit were given. The experimental results show that the system deviation is less than 0.5 ℃ at the detection temperature of -55～125 ℃. It can display real-time clock, clock correction and alarm clock. The system has the advantages of high reliability, small volume, portability, low cost, friendly interface, etc, suitable for most of temperature and humidity data acquisition.
The Struggle for Human Dignity in a Consumer-Oriented Culture:

This article addresses the need to ground our discussions and advocacy to rectify economic injustice in the basic affirmation that the most vulnerable victims of injustice are above all full human ...
The Undiscovered Country

E. S. Bates cautions wordily but wisely that ‘no deduction can be made … as to whether Shakespeare ever left England or the reverse, because his capacity for using second-hand knowledge was so unique that it may be said of him as can be said perhaps of no other writer, that it is impossible to make a reasonable guess as to when his knowledge is firsthand and when it is not’.1 So far there has come to light no documentary evidence whatsoever that Shakespeare visited Italy. For him, it seems, Italy was an ‘undiscovered country’. However, this fact has not deterred many commentators from speculating about the possibility of an Italian sojourn.
Universalism After the Post-colonial Turn: Interpreting the Haitian Revolution

This essay explores the possibilities and limits of decentering Europe by examining the Haitian Revolution and contemporary invocations of its legacy among political theorists and historians. Recen...
Compressed-tube pressure cell for optical studies at ocean pressures: Application to glucose mutarotation kinetics

A self-contained compressed-tube pressure cell is tested to 25 MPa. The cell is very simple to construct and offers stable pressure control with optical access to fluid samples. The physical path length of light through the cell is large enough to measure optical activity. The entire system is relatively small and portable, and it is vibration-free, since a compressor is not used. Operation of the cell is demonstrated by measuring the mutarotation rate of aqueous glucose solutions at 25 °C. A logarithmic plot of the rate constant vs. pressure yields an activation volume for mutarotation of −22 cm3/mol, approximately twice the value measured previously at higher pressures.
On the performance of randomized embedding of reproduction trees in static networks

High performance computing requires high quality load distribution of processes of a parallel application over processors in a parallel computer at runtime such that both the maximum load and dilation are minimized. The performance of a simple randomized tree embedding algorithm that dynamically supports tree-structured parallel computations on arbitrary static networks is analyzed in this paper. The algorithm spreads newly created tree nodes to neighboring processors, which actually provides randomized dilation-1 tree embedding in static networks. We develop a linear system of equations that characterizes expected loads on all processors under the reproduction tree model, which can generate trees of arbitrary size and shape. It is shown that as the tree size becomes large, the asymptotic performance ratio of the randomized tree embedding algorithm is the ratio of the maximum processor degree to the average processor degree. This implies that the simple randomized tree embedding algorithm is able to generate high quality load distributions on virtually all static networks commonly employed in parallel and distributed computing.
Implementation of a generic PMU model using LabVIEW

Development of synchronized phasor measurements is one of the most significant developments in the area of power systems in recent times. A lot of research is being conducted in their applications and optimal placement as well. However, more efforts are needed to develop models of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) which can be directly utilized in power system simulations without the need for spending money or efforts to update the model algorithm each time the system parameters change. We have addressed this issue in this paper by implementing a PMU model which is highly configurable and easy to use. It can also serve as a teaching aid for engineering students to help them learn about synchronized phasor measurements.
Integral equation methods for the calculation of the current distributions of power cables in the high frequency band

The high-frequency characteristics of power cables are very important in many application situations, especially the current distributions of power cables in the high frequency band. This paper mainly presents two important integral equation methods, volume integral equation (VIE) and surface integral equation (SIE), which can be applied to arbitrary shape of cross section of cables. This paper also gives a detailed study of the analytical method for the calculation of the current distribution over circular cross section as well as the partial diffusion equation (PDE)-series method for the calculation of current distribution over rectangular cross section. The current distribution shows strong singularity when the frequency is high enough that the skin depth is smaller than the cable's dimension size. An accurate volume integral equation is presented without approximation by using the Hankel function as the integral kernel. At very low frequencies, it reduces to the widely-used quasi-static VIE. The quasi-static VIE is not accurate enough for the calculation of current distribution. Detailed discussion is given for the different current distributions calculated from different methods.
A hydrophobic anchor mechanism defines a deacetylase family that suppresses host response against YopJ effectors

Several Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas species are plant pathogens that infect the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana and important crops such as Brassica. Resistant plants contain the infection by rapid cell death of the infected area through the hypersensitive response (HR). A family of highly related α/β hydrolases is involved in diverse processes in all domains of life. Functional details of their catalytic machinery, however, remained unclear. We report the crystal structures of α/β hydrolases representing two different clades of the family, including the protein SOBER1, which suppresses AvrBsT-incited HR in Arabidopsis. Our results reveal a unique hydrophobic anchor mechanism that defines a previously unknown family of protein deacetylases. Furthermore, this study identifies a lid-loop as general feature for substrate turnover in acyl-protein thioesterases and the described family of deacetylases. Furthermore, we found that SOBER1’s biological function is not restricted to Arabidopsis thaliana and not limited to suppress HR induced by AvrBsT.
Modelling the structural response of vegetation to climate change

Prediction of the response in vegetation either locally or globally to a change in the climate presents a rich array of scientific challenges. One must understand the dynamics of ecological systems at different time and space scales (Delcourt et al. 1983). One must understand how to handle the mutual causality between the structure of ecosystems and their functioning (Shugart in press). One must extrapolate from the physiological responses of the few species that we know fairly well to a vast array of species that we hardly know at all.
Some Metabolites Act as Second Messengers in Yeast Chronological Aging

The concentrations of some key metabolic intermediates play essential roles in regulating the longevity of the chronologically aging yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These key metabolites are detected by certain ligand-specific protein sensors that respond to concentration changes of the key metabolites by altering the efficiencies of longevity-defining cellular processes. The concentrations of the key metabolites that affect yeast chronological aging are controlled spatially and temporally. Here, we analyze mechanisms through which the spatiotemporal dynamics of changes in the concentrations of the key metabolites influence yeast chronological lifespan. Our analysis indicates that a distinct set of metabolites can act as second messengers that define the pace of yeast chronological aging. Molecules that can operate both as intermediates of yeast metabolism and as second messengers of yeast chronological aging include reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), glycerol, trehalose, hydrogen peroxide, amino acids, sphingolipids, spermidine, hydrogen sulfide, acetic acid, ethanol, free fatty acids, and diacylglycerol. We discuss several properties that these second messengers of yeast chronological aging have in common with second messengers of signal transduction. We outline how these second messengers of yeast chronological aging elicit changes in cell functionality and viability in response to changes in the nutrient, energy, stress, and proliferation status of the cell.
Simulating ATR spectra for detecting nerve agent-sorbent binding

Prototype simulations of attenuated total re ection (ATR) applied for infrared molecular binding spectroscopy, which is for nerve-agent detection, are presented. The simulations use: calculated estimates of permitivity functions (for the custom sorbent SiFA4H, nerve agent simulant DMMP and molecular structure SiFA4H-DMMP); and a model of re ection from multicomponent-multilayer systems, which is based on the scattering-matrix representation of electromagnetic-wave propagation. The physical assumptions and approximations underlying these simulations, and model-parameter sensitivity are examined with respect to quantitative prediction of ATR spectra associated with nerve-agent detection. Experimentally measured ATR spectra are utilized for qualitative comparison and quantitative adjustment of model parameters.
Granulocyte transit from bone marrow to blood.

The release of granulocytes from marrow to blood was studied in the dog by hourly sampling of the peripheral blood from 48 to 143 hours after injection of tritiated thymidine. Labeled granulocytes were classified by grain count and cells with 30 or more grains were considered to represent the progeny of a single generation. The blood curve for the most heavily labeled cells was corrected for exponential cell loss with a T½ of 6 hours. It was possible in this way to determine that granulocyte release from bone marrow was normally distributed with a mean time from labeling as a myelocyte to appearance in blood of 102 ± 13.8 hours. The mean transit time of segmented granulocytes in marrow is about 50 hours, which is indicative of a much larger pool of mature cells than formerly thought.
North America, Archaeology of

The archaeology of North America includes at least 16 000 years of occupation. The archaeological record is the product of communities of diverse cultural practices and worldviews who negotiated social and ecological environments. Although it contains evidence for many social and technical strategies, the archaeology of North America has much to contribute to contemporary and future concerns with climate change and the reconstitution of communities.
Alpha Is Not the False Alarm Rate: An Activity to Dispel a Common Statistical Misconception:

When a psychologist announces a new research finding, it is often based on a rejected null hypothesis. However, if that hypothesis is true, the claim is a false alarm. Many students mistakenly beli...
Predictive Biomarkers and Targeted Therapies for Lymphoid Malignancies

Neoplasms derived from lymphoid cells include precursor lymphoid neoplasms, mature B-cell neoplasms, plasma cell myeloma, mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms, and Hodgkin lymphoma. The morphology and immunophenotype of B-cell neoplasms correlate with various stages of normal B-cell differentiation and are currently used as a basis for their classification and nomenclature. Alterations in the major physiologic pathways in B cells such as the B-cell receptor signaling pathway, T-cell receptor pathway, NF-kB pathway, MAPK pathway, PI3K/AKT1, MTOR pathway, NOTCH signaling pathway, inhibition of apoptosis, impairment of differentiation to plasma cells, and epigenetic alterations play a major role in neoplastic transformation. Advances in understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of lymphomas in recent years, especially using next-generation sequencing, have enabled identification of novel diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive molecular biomarkers. Novel-targeted therapies based on these biomarkers have revolutionized the therapeutic landscape for relapsed and refractory lymphomas.
Cars and Clouds: New Drivers for Efficient Power Management

The electrification of transportation and the continued expansion of cloud based computing are two drivers for optimizing power efficiency. The automotive power requirements focus on highly efficie...
Dynamics of Cellular Magnetic Domain Patterns

Cellular magnetic domains in magnetic garnet films are a rich and experimentally accessible system in which to study the dynamics of patterns in two dimensional systems. The evolution of these patterns with increasing magnetic field is governed to a large extent by topological constraints. We describe two phenomena relevant to current issues in condensed matter physics: 1) Front mediated transitions that “melt” ordered hexagonal domain lattices, leaving behind a disordered cellular “froth”, and 2) Avalanche-like topological rearrangements of disordered cellular patterns which have the signatures of self-organized criticality, including power law distributions of avalanche size and duration, with exponents that correspond to “1/f” noise.
Applying ADM and OpenFlow to Build High Availability Networks

This paper presents an application of using OpenFlow (OF) to build high availability networks. The approach comes from Add-Drop-Multiplexer (ADM) on the legacy SONET network. The use of ADM avoids the complexity of the MAC learning process and prevents broadcast storm in the loop topology. The proposed solution is demonstrated on Mininet with the POX controller and vSwitch. The observed failover time is within the GR-253 requirement of 50ms. We also compared the proposed approach to the fast failover group in the OF specification and showed its limitation in practical use.
Statewide Evaluation of Washington's State Innovation Model Initiative: A Mixed-Methods Approach.

The Washington State Innovation Model (SIM) $65 million Test Award from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation is a statewide intervention expected to improve population health, quality of...
Post radical prostatectomy prostate-specific antigen doubling-time kinetics: Observations of increasing versus decreasing doubling times.

e17002Background: Biochemical recurrence (BCR) following radical prostatectomy (RP) is an unreliable predictor of distant metastatic progression or prostate cancer (PC) death, consequently resultin...
A Reinforcement Learning Approach for GNSS Spoofing Attack Detection of Autonomous Vehicles

A resilient and robust positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) system is a necessity for the navigation of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Global Navigation Satelite System (GNSS) provides satellite-based PNT services. However, a spoofer can temper an authentic GNSS signal and could transmit wrong position information to an AV. Therefore, a GNSS must have the capability of real-time detection and feedback-correction of spoofing attacks related to PNT receivers, whereby it will help the end-user (autonomous vehicle in this case) to navigate safely if it falls into any compromises. This paper aims to develop a deep reinforcement learning (RL)-based turn-by-turn spoofing attack detection using low-cost in-vehicle sensor data. We have utilized Honda Driving Dataset to create attack and non-attack datasets, develop a deep RL model, and evaluate the performance of the RL-based attack detection model. We find that the accuracy of the RL model ranges from 99.99% to 100%, and the recall value is 100%. However, the precision ranges from 93.44% to 100%, and the f1 score ranges from 96.61% to 100%. Overall, the analyses reveal that the RL model is effective in turn-by-turn spoofing attack detection.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place-Colonic Obstruction Between Two Kidneys: A Case Report.

ABSTRACT We report a case of a 70-year-old woman with a history of end-stage renal disease secondary to polycystic kidney disease with a previous failed transplant who presented for a cadaveric extraperitoneal renal transplant. The patient developed a progressively worsening bowel obstruction postoperatively and evidence of an obstruction was observed on computed tomography imaging with a transition point at the level of the sigmoid colon. Consequent to this, she underwent an exploratory laparotomy, which revealed kinking of the colon secondary to the compression between the transplanted and the left native polycystic kidneys. There were adhesive bands between the native kidney and the descending colon in the retroperitoneal space maintaining it in a fixed position mechanically. The addition of a retroperitoneal transplant exacerbated this kink and was responsible for the bowel obstruction. Her left colon was completely mobilized to relieve her obstruction, and owing to her bowel distension, her abdomen was left open for 2 days before returning to the operating room to remove her left native polycystic kidney to allow space for safe closure. This report highlights an extremely unusual cause of large bowel obstruction post–kidney transplantation.
A Review of Mechanisms of Inhalational Anesthetic Agents

Long before the discovery of intravenous techniques, man has inhaled vapors to mitigate pain. Smoking cannabis and opium to achieve both pleasurable sensations and decreased consciousness has been described for over 3,000 years. Theodoric, a thirteenth-century monk and surgeon, devised a balanced anesthetic of opium, mulberry, hyoscyamine, hemlock, mandragora, woody ivy, dock, and water hemlock. These ingredients were to be boiled on a sponge, with or without the addition of alcohol, until dried out. The sponge could be rehydrated and inhaled until the patient became unconscious and surgery could commence. Reversal from the hypnotic state was by inhalation from a sponge soaked in vinegar. And while use of the spongia somnifera was largely abandoned by the end of the Middle Ages, ether and chloroform were to become the children of alcohol. Paracelsus discovered the hypnotic effect of ether around 1540, and the first surgical use was credited to Crawford Long in 1842. The first public demonstration of ether was on October 16, 1846, in Boston in what is now known as the “Ether Dome”. As cautery became integral to surgical technique during the twentieth century, anesthetic agents that did not explode had to be found. The halogenated anesthetics were born. Nitrous oxide, a weak agent, was discovered by Joseph Priestly in 1772. It was widely used as a recreational drug for over 40 years but later found places both in dentistry and as an analgesic or anesthetic-sparing component of balanced techniques.
Measuring alliance value and risk

Alliances have been the focus of research studies often because they offer an attractive alternative to traditional arrangements. With a global economy, rapid product cycles, capital constraints and advances in technology, no one firm has all the capability to maintain and grow market share. Factors such as these are leading firms to consider different forms of partnerships including alliances. Contemporary alliance research is often segmented by types of arrangements, durations, returns, failures and best practices. Studies that evaluate and rank specific alliance criteria are somewhat limited. To explore specific alliance risk and value variables a study was conducted at a large manufacturing organization with extensive alliance history. A questionnaire was developed and distributed that contained both ordinal and scale rankings of specific alliance value and risk criteria. The aggregate responses were prioritized and a weight was assigned allowing for quantitative assessment for both alliance value and risk. The information was later converted into an alliance value/risk check sheet to be used to rank multiple projects.
The gap-matchingN/D method: Inelastic systems and the CDD ambiguity

TheN/D formalism is used to develop a method for calculating partial-wave scattering amplitudes using theR-function to express the inelasticity. The discontinuity across the distant part of the left-hand cut is parameterized and the parameters are fixed by requiring theN/D amplitude to closely agree with a given gap amplitude. The method is tested with several models and we find it to work very well. We also find that the low-energy phase shifts are correctly given even in cases where a resonance is present due to coupling of a bound state from a higher-lying channel. In such cases, the resonance emerges without any Castillejo-Dalitz-Dyson (CDD) pole, and the only role of such a term is to modify the phase shifts at high energy above the resonance so as to give the correct asymptotic behavior.