cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of positional constancy on searching menus for information

One of the more popular methods today for instructing software designers on how to structure man-display interfaces is with guidelines. Numerous design guidelines have been promulgated in the last several years (Engel and Granda, 1975; Ramsey and Atwood, 1980; Smith, 1980; Kennedy, 1974; Pew and Rollins, 1975) and there is still much current activity in collecting and expanding screen guidelines (Smith, 1981; Smith & Aucella, 1982)In the past few years an increased number of empirical investigations quantifying directly the behavioral impacts of individual design guidelines have appeared in the literature. Issues such as the depth of menu hierarchies (Miller, 1981), eye movements during menu viewing (Card, 1982; Kolers, Duchnicky, and Ferguson, 1981), or location of screen entry areas (Granda, Teitelbaum, and Dunlap, 1982) have been experimentally studied.
Experimental determination of tire forces and road friction

This paper presents experimental results of using extended Kalman-Bucy filtering (EKBF) and Bayesian model selection to extract tire force characteristics and road friction coefficient from measured motion of ground vehicles on smooth surfaces. The filter estimates wheel slip and slip angles, along with longitudinal and per axle lateral tire forces. Force estimates are based on vehicle-mounted sensors and are derived without knowing road conditions and without a tire force model. Force estimates are compared statistically with those that result from a nominal tire model to select the most likely friction coefficient from hypothesized values. This paper verifies tire force estimation and road friction identification using off-line processing of field test data. Results confirm applicability of the EKBF and Bayesian selection approaches.
Are 20-F reconciliations between IAS and US-GAAP value-relevant? A discussion

Abstract Harris and Muller (1998) present some interesting evidence on the market valuation of accounting numbers under IAS and US-GAAP. I view this evidence as a first step in contributing to the debate on whether foreign firms following IAS should be allowed to list in the US without providing 20-F reconciliations. In my discussion, I evaluate the contribution and limitations of the study and suggest some extensions.
Effects of Congruence between Locus of Control and Task Instructions on Self-Efficacy

Summary.-Although self-efficacy theory has generated research, investigations concerning how individual difference variables may influence selfefficacy have been lacking. The present study addressed the relationship between locus of control and self-efficacy. Subjects were 40 undergraduate females (20 with internal locus of control and 20 with external locus of control) who were asked to solve five single-solution anagrams. Prior to exposure to the anagrams, half of the subjects received a set of skill instructions and the rest were given chance instructions. When instructions were congruent with locus of control (e.g., internal-skill, external-chance) subjects expended more effort to solve the anagrams. Locus of control and instructions did not significantly affect estimates of self-efficacy, but means were ordered as predicted. According to theory (Bandura, 1977, 1982), a person's self-efficacy or self-perception of ability to cope and deal with a given situation controls the probability of adaptive coping responses being initiated and maintained during stressful circumstances. Within this conceptual framework, che therapeutic effectiveness of any psychological treatment is best predicted by estimates of self-efficacy. Although self-efficacy theory has elicited a great deal of interest, investigations of how individual difference variables may influence self-efficacy are lacking. For example, there are few data examining the relationship between personality variables, such as locus of control (Rotter, 1966), and self-efficacy theory. Chambliss and Murray (1979a, 1979b) found that subjects whose locus of control was internal improved more than external subjects in treatment conditions designed to enhance self-efficacy and external subjects improved more than internal subjects in treatments designed to enhance drugefficacy. Results were explained in terms of congruence between locus of control and treatment attributions. When locus of control and treatment expectations are congruent (e.g., internal-self-efficacy conditions) the treatment effects were more powerful. Consistent with this hypothesis, Brice and Sassenrath (1978) found that subjects who received task instructions congruent with their locus of control (e.g., internal locus of control-skill instructions; external locus of conuol-chance instructions) expended more effort on a matching linear-figures task. The importance of the above studies to self-efficacy theory is limited since
Suspended sediment observations from ERTS-1

Satellite imagery from four successful ERTS-1 passes over Delaware Bay during different portions of the tidal cycle are interpreted with special emphasis on visibility of suspended sediment and its use as a natural tracer for gross circulation patterns. The MSS red band (band 5) appears to give the best contrast, although the sediment patterns are represented by only a few neighboring shades of grey. Color density slicing improves the differentiation of turbidity levels. However, color additive enhancements are of limited value since most of the information is in a single color band. The ability of ERTS-1 to present a synoptic view of the surface circulation over the entire bay is shown to be a valuable and unique contribution of ERTS-1 to coastal oceanography.
The uses of popular culture by rival elites: The case of alsace, 1890–1914

In the final years of the nineteenth century, the artistic and intellectual elite of the former French province of Alsace became the chief supporters and creators of popular culture. Buoyed by patronage from the urban middle classes in such cities as Strasbourg and Colmar, the so-called ‘Alsatian Awakening’ movement succeeded between 1890 and 1914 in founding journals, museums devoted to folk arts, and theaters where contemporary plays written in Alsatian dialect were performed.’ The artists’ deliberate attempt to lay claim to popular culture as their own arose as a response to similar claims from Germany. In effect, two elites-one Alsatian, the other composed of German settlers and administrators who had immigrated following the forced annexation of Alsace in I871confronted one another over the the issue of interpreting and preserving Alsatian popular culture. By the eve of World War I, the Germans had virtually conceded defeat, while a native Alsatian intellectual elite had fashioned an image of Alsatian identity which endures substantially unaltered to this day. The significance of this brief episode in the cultural history of Alsace lies in the light that it sheds on the relations between elite and popular culture, as well as on the conditions for survival of popular culture in the modern era. (By ‘elite’ I mean here those-both German and Alsatian-possessing political or economic power, or those whose formal education or artistic training set them apart from a less educated public. With the exception of a few German aristocrats, they were predominantly middle-class; virtually all came from urban backgrounds. By ‘popular’ I mean those lacking that power or training, of peasant or workingclass origins, whether from the city or the countryside.) Why should the rivalry between two elites be played out in the arena of popular culture? Further, what does this contest suggest about elite and popular culture as definitional categories? Elite and popular cultures are commonly viewed as mutually exclusive-what belongs to one, by definition, cannot belong to the other. Yet here we find the boundaries blurred. In 1978 there appeared two influential books that largely set the terms for the discussion of popular culture in the ensuing decade. Peter Burke’s Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe and Robert Muchembled’s Culture pupuluire e? culture des Sites both chronicled the decline of a once-vigorous popular culture. Both agreed that the relations between elite and popular culture in Europe had passed through three distinct stages since the Middle Ages. In the first, ‘participatory’ stage, Burke wrote, ‘the elite participated in the little tradition [of popular culture], but the common people did not participate in the great
Photoinduced fabrication of complex surface relief structures on azobenzene functionalized polymers

Light induced fabrication of complex surface relief structures on azobenzene functionalized polymers is reported. Large class of side chain and main chain polymers can be utilized to record these relief structures. The recording and erasure process are strongly dependent on the polarization. Possible transport mechanism of polymer chains well below the glass transition temperature due to photoinduced effect is discussed.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Fe, Co, and Ni with NO: Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of MNO+and M(NO)x(M = Fe, Co,x= 1-3; M = Ni,x= 1, 2), and M(NO)x-(M = Co, Ni;x= 1, 2)

Laser-ablated iron, cobalt, and nickel atoms, cations, and electrons have been reacted with NO molecules during condensation in excess neon and argon. The end-on bonded Fe(NO)1-3, Co(NO)1-3, and Ni(NO)1-2 nitrosyls and side-bonded Fe−(η2-NO), Co−(η2-NO), and Ni−(η2-NO) species are formed during sample deposition or on annealing. The FeNO+, CoNO+, and NiNO+ mononitrosyl cations are also produced via metal cation reactions with NO. Evidence is also presented for the Ni(NO)1,2- and Co(NO)1,2- anions. The product absorptions are identified by isotopic substitution (15N16O, 15N18O, and mixtures), electron trapping with added CCl4, and density functional calculations of isotopic frequencies. This work provides the first vibrational spectroscopic characterization of Fe, Co, and Ni nitrosyl cations and anions.
FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION OF BOVINE OPSIN IN THE METHYLOTROPHIC YEAST PICHIA PASTORIS

Abstract The methylotrophic yeastPichia pastoriswas examined for functional expression of bovine opsin. An expression plasmid was constructed where the bovine opsin gene was placed downstream from theP. pastorisalcohol oxidase 1 gene promoter and fused at its amino-terminus to the acid phosphatase secretion signal. Quantitative–competitive PCR analysis of a stable yeast transformant showed that one copy of the opsin gene was integrated into the yeast genome. The expression level in this transformant corresponded to ∼0.3 mg of opsin per liter of cell culture (A600= 1.0). Sucrose density sedimentation analysis indicated that the opsin was associated exclusively with the membrane fraction. Similar to retinal opsin,P. pastoris-expressed opsin migrated as a single band of ∼37 kDa on SDS–PAGE and showed high mannose N-glycosylation. A portion of the expressed opsin (∼4–15%) reacted with 11-cis-retinal to form the rhodopsin chromophore (λmax500 nm), and after purification showed ground and excited state spectral characteristics indistinguishable from those of the native pigment. Further, the metarhodopsin-II-mediated G-protein-activating potential of yeast expressed rhodopsin was similar to that of native rhodopsin. These results show thatP. pastoriscells have the capacity to functionally express bovine opsin.
Controlling correlations in latin hypercube samples

Abstract Monte Carlo integration is competitive for high-dimensional integrands. Latin hypercube sampling is a stratification technique that reduces the variance of the integral. Previous work has shown that the additive part of the integrand is integrated with error Op (n −1/2) under Latin hypercube sampling with n integrand evaluations. A bilinear part of the integrand is more accurately estimated if the sample correlations among input variables are negligible. Other authors have proposed an algorithm for controlling these correlations. We show that their method reduces the correlations by roughly a factor of 3 for 10 ≤ n ≤ 500. We propose a method that, based on simulations, appears to produce correlations of order Op (n −3/2). An analysis of the algorithm indicates that it cannot be expected to do better than n −3/2.
Effect of the nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog SDZ PSC-833 on colchicine and doxorubicin biliary secretion by the rat in vivo.

Colchicine and doxorubicin are secreted into bile as a major pathway of their elimination. Colchicine and doxorubicin are also substrates for P-glycoprotein, and P-glycoprotein has been demonstrated to be present at the liver canalicular membrane. Cyclosporin (CsA) inhibits colchicine biliary secretion in vivo. In the present study, the effects of SDZ PSC-833, a nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin D analog, on the biliary secretion of colchicine and doxorubicin were investigated. SDZ PSC-833 given at a bolus dose of 2 mg/kg promptly decreased colchicine biliary clearance from 9.05±0.2 to 2.41±0.43 ml min−1 kg−1 (P<0.001) and the colchicine bile/plasma ratio from 146±8 to 35±5 (P<0.001). SDZ PSC-833 also inhibited doxorubicin biliary clearance (basal: 10.5±3 vs post-SDZ PSC-833: 2.48±0.94 ml min−1 kg−1;P=0.06) and the doxorubicin bile/plasma ratio (basal: 228±64 vs post-SDZ PSC-833: 48±22;P<0.01). Colchicine renal secretion was completely inhibited by SDZ PSC-833. Thus, SDZ PSC-833 inhibits the constitutive transport of the multidrug-resistance substrates colchicine and doxorubicin and is more potent than cyclosporin in this regard. The possibility of increased toxicity to normal tissues because of impaired elimination of cytotoxic agents will need to be considered if SDZ PSC-833 is used to chemosensitize cancer cells.
NT-4-mediated rescue of lateral geniculate neurons from effects of monocular deprivation

ALTERING the balance of activity between the two eyes during the critical period for visual-system development profoundly affects competitive interactions among neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex1–6. Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus that are deprived of activity by closing or silencing one eye atrophy as a result of competition with non-deprived neurons for some critical factor(s) presumed to be present in the cortex. Based on their actions in the developing visual system7–12, neurotrophins are attractive candidates for such factors. We tested whether neurotrophins mediate intracortical competition of affer-ents from the lateral geniculate nucleus by using monocular deprivation and a new method for highly localized, in vivo delivery of neurotrophins. This method allowed unambiguous identification of neurons that were exposed to neurotrophin. Here we report that only one neurotrophin, the TrkB ligand NT-4, rescued neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus from the dystrophic effects of monocular deprivation.
Effect of stimulus bandwidth and duration on monaural envelope correlation perception.

Monaural envelope correlation perception is the ability to discriminate between stimuli composed of two or more bands of noise based on envelope correlation. Sensitivity decreases as stimulus bandwidth is reduced below 100 Hz. The present study manipulated stimulus bandwidth (25–100 Hz) and duration (25–800 ms) to evaluate whether performance of highly trained listeners is limited by the number of inherent modulation periods in each presentation. Stimuli were two bands of noise, separated by a 500-Hz gap centered on 2250 Hz. Performance improved reliably with increasing numbers of envelope modulation periods, although there were substantial individual differences.
Explanations of protectionism in international trade votes

In this study, we analyze the voting records of U.S. senators on three recent international trade bills. Our objective is to assess the importance of ideology and constituent interest as forces that influence protectionist vs. free trade voting behavior. The methodology uses discriminant analysis supplemented with expert judgement. The first conclusion is that ideology is the more important force in generic protectionism issues, and local constituent interests are more important for commodity-specific issues. Second, we find that protectionism is especially associated with liberal ideology, high import impact, and low export dependence. Although the discriminant analysis outperforms expert judgement in classifying protectionist vs. free trade votes in two of the three bills studied, the best explanation is obtained by using both methods together.
Measures of Effectiveness for S.T.E.M. Program: The Arizona Science of Baseball

Abstract Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) outreach programs are becoming increasingly popular and widespread, providing the necessary opportunity to engage K-12 students in these fields. However, it is unclear what the best measures of effectiveness are for these types of programs. It is known that behavioral, academic, and changes in career-related choices can be observed among STEM program participants but limited objective evidence exists to support the goodness of any single measure. Moreover, the reliability of the data sources, namely the youth, parent, teacher, or administrative records that provide key information about the program experience is unknown. There are also short-term (e.g., improved grades, improved self- confidence) and long-term (e.g., removal of barriers to advancement in math and science) outcomes which present even more difficulties in determining the ideal measures of success. This paper explores these issues in the context of a STEM outreach program called the Arizona Science of Baseball, managed by the University of Arizona, employing systems engineering principles. Participants in a 2012 pilot program were 7 th and 8 th grade students from Mansfield Middle School in Tucson, Arizona which provide a useful case for testing and evaluating a variety of measures.
Correct tonotopic representation is necessary for complex pitch perception

The ability to extract a pitch from complex harmonic sounds, such as human speech, animal vocalizations, and musical instruments, is a fundamental attribute of hearing. Some theories of pitch rely on the frequency-to-place mapping, or tonotopy, in the inner ear (cochlea), but most current models are based solely on the relative timing of spikes in the auditory nerve. So far, it has proved to be difficult to distinguish between these two possible representations, primarily because temporal and place information usually covary in the cochlea. In this study, “transposed stimuli” were used to dissociate temporal from place information. By presenting the temporal information of low-frequency sinusoids to locations in the cochlea tuned to high frequencies, we found that human subjects displayed poor pitch perception for single tones. More importantly, none of the subjects was able to extract the fundamental frequency from multiple low-frequency harmonics presented to high-frequency regions of the cochlea. The experiments demonstrate that tonotopic representation is crucial to complex pitch perception and provide a new tool in the search for the neural basis of pitch.
Family Members' Views on Seeking Placement in State-Supported Living Centers in Texas

This study investigated the factors that influence family members' decisions to seek placement for relatives with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (ID/DD) into state-supported living centers in Texas. The sample included 51 family caregivers between the ages of 26 and 95. Using descriptive statistics, correlation, and inferential analysis, it was found that family members' decisions to seek such placement was influenced by age, income, and the need for a more protected/secure environment for their relatives with ID/DD. The findings of this study may be helpful to social work professionals and Texas policymakers in addressing the decision-making challenges facing family caregivers regarding the future of their relatives with ID/DD.
High energy density z-pinch plasma conditions with picosecond time resolution

Using an X-pinch configuration, we have determined that micropinches produced by exploding-wire z pinches can have densities approaching solid density and temperatures of 0.5-1.8 keV, depending upon the wire material used. These plasma parameters, determined from x-ray spectra recorded using an x-ray streak camera, vary drastically on time scales ranging from <10 to 100 ps. Computer simulations require radiation loss to reproduce the observed plasma implosion, suggesting that a radiative-collapse hypothesis for micropinch plasma formation may be correct.
Atrial Fibrillation with Ventricular Pre-excitation after Intravenous Adenosine as a Treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia

Adenosine is well known as a safe and effective drug for the termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), and is also widely used for the termination of both narrow and wide QRS-complex tachycardia of unknown origin in the setting of hemodynamic stability. However, due to a shortening of atrial refractoriness, adenosine can facilitate the induction of atrial fibrillation. A life threatening tachycardia may result from a potential rapid conduction of the atrial fibrillation over an accessory pathway. A case of patient, where the intravenous administration of adenosine, during regular, narrow QRS tachycardia, was followed by atrial fibrillation with rapid conduction over a manifest accessory pathway, is reported. (Korean Circulation J 2003;33 (10):933-935)
Genetic Population Structure of Olympic Peninsula Bull Trout Populations and Implications for Elwha Dam Removal

Abstract In the Elwha River, two hydroelectric dams constructed nearly a century ago fragment previously continuous habitat and isolate migratory bull trout. Removal of the dams is scheduled to begin in 2011, and represents an opportunity to help recover this threatened species. Large-scale disturbance is expected when accumulated sediments behind the dams are released downstream, which may initially negatively affect bull trout. To inform restoration planning, we investigated levels of genetic variation within and among bull trout populations from six Olympic Peninsula watersheds with an emphasis on the Elwha River. We determined genetic relationships among Elwha bull trout from four distinct river sections and performed population assignments for fish collected from the lower Elwha and Dungeness rivers. There were greater levels of variation and gene flow in coastal watersheds (Hoh, South Fork Hoh, Kalaloch) compared to populations isolated by dams (Elwha, North Fork Skokomish). Elwha bull trout represe...
Application of a digitizer for measuring sound spectrograms.

In a syntactical approach to animal communication, temporal and frequency patterns of vocalizations are important measures. A technique is described here which makes use of a digitizer for obtaining X,Y coordinates from sound spectrograms corresponding to temporal and frequency values. This technique is proposed as an alternative to the method of obtaining measurements using an overlaying grid. It is demonstrated that the digitizer records more data per unit time and reduces chances of error during data recording and transcriptions. A spectrogram of wolf (Canis lupus) vocalizations is measured using the two methods. Using a computer plotter to redraw the spectrogram from the two sets of coordinates, the relative accuracy of the two methods is compared. In a similar amount of time the digitizer is able to sample many more points along a spectrographic trace; thus the redrawn trace is a more accurate representation of the original spectrogram.
Controlling chaos using nonlinear feedback with delay

We generalize a method of control of chaos that uses delayed feedback at the period of an unstable orbit to stabilize that orbit. The generalization consists of substituting some portion of the nonlinear dynamical system with a delayed dynamics rather than using a linear delay function for control. A further generalization, in which the control function retains memory of all previous periods, allows the region of the parameter space over which control can be achieved to be extended, but at the price of losing the ability to achieve superstability. Nonlinear feedback results in a larger basin of attraction to the stabilized orbit than linear feedback. For the simple test mapping studied (the logistic map) the dimension of the system increases from 1 to 2 by introducing control. We show in the case involving memory, for a particular choice of the relationship between the control parameters, that the superstable orbit can be recovered without reducing the parameter space that can be controlled. This particular solution, in addition to having the largest basin of attraction of the methods considered, retains the dimension of the uncontrolled system. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Critical Surveys Edited by STEPHEN ROPER

Leichenko, R. M. and Solecki, W. D. (2005) Exporting the American dream: the globalization of suburban consumption landscapes, Regional Studies 39 , 241–253. This paper examines how cultural, economic and political aspects of globalization interact with processes of urbanization in less developed country (LDC) cities to create new landscapes of housing consumption. Drawing evidence from the current literature, the paper demonstrates that globalization processes influence the housing preferences and housing consumption decisions of a small yet growing, middle‐income segment of LDC urban residents. These changes lead to patterns of urban resource use akin to those associated with suburbanization and suburban sprawl in more developed countries (MDC), particularly the USA. In effect, these changes amount to the manifest export of the American Dream – the ideal of homeownership of a single‐family house in a suburban area – to LDC cities. A critical element of this process explored in the paper is how this subu...
Helium spectroscopy using an InGaAs laser diode.

Absorption spectroscopy in 3He and 4He has been performed with an InGaAs single-mode distributed Bragg reflection laser diode. The laser source provides as much as 120 mW of single-mode, single-frequency output in the 1083-nm region of the spectrum. Frequency tuning of the laser diode output by means of the junction temperature allows for mode-hop-free scanning of the entire 23S–23P manifold in both the 3He and 4He absorption spectra. The authors believe this to be the first report of semiconductor laser spectroscopy at this wavelength. Such a device will have significant applications in optical pumping, atomic cooling and trapping, fundamental nuclear studies, magnetometry, and gas dynamics.
From Small Area Variations to Accountable Care Organizations: How Health Services Research Can Inform Policy

Much of health services research seeks to inform particular policy choices and is best characterized as policy-driven research. The reverse, research-driven policy, occurs when studies alter how people perceive reality, which eventually leads to new policy. An example of the latter is nearly four decades of work by John Wennberg and colleagues. Observing variations in practice across small geographic areas led to the notion that some care is preference sensitive, whereas other care is supply constrained. For the former, patient, rather than physician, preferences should be honored, after acquiring and effectively communicating the best available information on the benefits and risks of treatment options. Finding that areas with high use of services have no better quality or outcomes than do areas with lower use led to the notion of accountable care organizations (ACOs). Eventually, both patient engagement and ACOs were written into the Affordable Care Act of 2010.
A mathematical model separates quantitatively the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of a HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor

Oncogene signaling is known to deregulate cell proliferation resulting in uncontrolled growth and cellular transformation. Gene amplification and/or somatic mutations of the HER2/Neu (ErbB2) proto-oncogene occur in approximately 20% of breast cancers. A therapeutic strategy that has been used to block HER2 function is the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib. Using human mammary epithelial cells that overexpress HER2, we determined the anti-proliferative effect of lapatinib through measuring the total cell number and analyzing the cell cycle distribution. A mathematical model was used to interpret the experimental data. The model suggests that lapatinib acts as expected by slowing the transition through G1 phase. However, the experimental data indicated a previously unreported late cytotoxic effect, which was incorporated into the model. Both effects depend on the dosage of the drug, which shows saturation kinetics. The model separates quantitatively the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of lapatinib and may have implications for preclinical studies with other anti-oncogene therapies.
Characterization of a Bacterial Community in an Abandoned Semiarid Lead-Zinc Mine Tailing Site

Bacterial diversity in mine tailing microbial communities has not been thoroughly investigated despite the correlations that have been observed between the relative microbial diversity and the success of revegetation efforts at tailing sites. This study employed phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA genes to compare the bacterial communities present in highly disturbed, extremely (pH 2.7) and moderately (pH 5.7) acidic lead-zinc mine tailing samples from a semiarid environment with those from a vegetated off-site (OS) control sample (pH 8). Phylotype richness in these communities decreased from 42 in the OS control to 24 in the moderately acidic samples and 8 in the extremely acidic tailing samples. The clones in the extremely acidic tailing sample were most closely related to acidophiles, none of which were detected in the OS control sample. The comparison generated by this study between the bacteria present in extremely acidic tailing and that in moderately acidic tailing communities with those in an OS control soil provides a reference point from which to evaluate the successful restoration of mine tailing disposal sites by phytostabilization.
African American Dietary Patterns at the Beginning of the 20th Century

Early field studies in human nutrition documented the eating habits of African Americans living in a variety of circumstances. We compare the results of these investigations. Our analysis shows systematic differences along a continuum reaching from remote, rural communities in the South toward increasingly metropolitan locations. On the latter end of the continuum, we find diets richer in protein, composed of a wider variety of foods and containing fewer of what we now call "soul foods." Greater market involvement and access to low cost alternatives to more traditional foods help explain these developments.
Phase II trial of galiximab (anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody) plus rituximab (CALGB 50402): Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) score is predictive of upfront immunotherapy responsiveness

ABSTRACT Background This phase II CALGB trial evaluated the activity and safety of an extended induction schedule of galiximab (G) plus rituximab (R) in untreated follicular lymphoma (FL). Patients and methods Patients with previously untreated FL (grades 1, 2, 3a) received 4 weekly infusions of G + R, followed by an additional dose every 2 months four times. International Workshop Response Criteria were used to evaluate response. Results Sixty-one patients were treated and antibody infusions were well tolerated. The overall response rate (ORR) is 72.1% (95% confidence interval 59.2% to 82.9%): 47.6% complete response (CR)/unconfirmed complete response (CRu) and 24.6% partial response. At a median follow-up time of 4.3 years (range, 0.3–5.3 years) median progression-free survival (PFS) is 2.9 years. Notably, Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) correlated with ORR, CR rate, and PFS, and the low-risk FLIPI group (n = 12) achieved a 92% ORR, 75% CR/CRu rate, and 75% 3-year PFS. Conclusions An extended induction schedule of G + R in previously untreated FL is well tolerated and appears particularly efficacious in those patients with low-risk FLIPI scores. In addition, this trial served as the initial platform for additional CALGB ‘doublet’ combination regimes of rituximab plus other novel targeted agents.
eloquent knowledge: Lesotho migrants' songs and the anthropology of experience

Oral literary forms such as sefela sung poetry of Basotho migrant workers in Southern Africa have important methodological and theoretical implications for cultural anthropology. The study of such performances privileges subjects' own self-conscious discourse and provides an internal, reflexive account of the experience of labor migration and its social consequences. As aesthetic formulations of experience these performances both draw upon and are measured against the expressive traditions and authoritative values of Sotho historical culture. Current approaches to the anthropology of rhetoric, poetics, and performance are inadequate to the interpretation of forms like sefela unless they are revised so as to incorporate intra-societal differences in experience, status, and autonomy among Basotho migrant workers and their women, [oral literature, poetics, performance, migrant labor, Southern Africa, gender and culture]
A novel closed-head model of mild traumatic brain injury caused by primary overpressure blast to the cranium produces sustained emotional deficits in mice.

Emotional disorders are a common outcome from mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans, but their pathophysiological basis is poorly understood. We have developed a mouse model of closed-head blast injury using an air pressure wave delivered to a small area on one side of the cranium, which we have used to create mild TBI. We found that 20-psi blasts in 3-month old C57BL/6 male mice yielded no obvious behavioral or histological evidence of brain injury, while 25-40 psi blasts produced transient anxiety in an open field arena but little histological evidence of brain damage. By contrast, 50-60 psi blasts resulted in anxiety-like behavior in an open field arena that became more evident with time after blast. In additional behavioral tests conducted 2-8 weeks after blast, 50-60 psi mice also demonstrated increased acoustic startle, perseverance of learned fear, and enhanced contextual fear, as well as depression-like behavior and diminished prepulse inhibition. We found no evident cerebral pathology, however, and only scattered axonal degeneration in brain sections from 50-60 psi mice 3-8 weeks after blast. Thus, the TBI caused by single 50-60 psi blasts in mice exhibits the minimal neuronal loss coupled to “diffuse” axonal injury characteristic of human mild TBI. A reduction in the abundance of a subpopulation of excitatory projection neurons in basolateral amygdala enriched in Thy1 was, however, observed. The reported link of this neuronal population to fear suppression suggests their damage by mild TBI may contribute to the heightened anxiety and fearfulness observed after blast in our mice. Our overpressure air blast model of concussion in mice will enable further studies of the mechanisms underlying the diverse emotional deficits seen after mild TBI.
Elution fractionation of crystalline and amorphous polymers

Elution fractionation has been applied to crystalline and amorphous polymers. Variables such as the method of polymer deposition, elution rate, and temperature have been studied. Atactic polystyrene can be fractionated successfully by either selective or nonselective deposition of the polymer onto the sand column support. However, only polymers having a sufficiently high diffusion rate can be fractionated by nonselective deposition methods. Other polymers with low diffusion rates, such as polyethylene, must be selectively deposited by precipitating the high molecular species first. The fractionation, in this case, is done during the deposition step. The reliability of the fractionation has been checked by additional measurements on the fractions with light scattering, osmotic pressure, and sedimentation. Reproducibility was checked by repeated fractionation of the same polymer, by a blend of two polymers with previously determined molecular weight distributions, and by comparison of calculated and observed molecular weight distribution curves. Intergral and differential molecular curves have also been compared to theoretical logarithmic distributions with good agreement. The paper describes some of the limitations of the elution method such as high molecular weight, highly branched polyethylenes. The elution fractionation has been shown to be a reliable method for establishing molecular weight distributions.
Creatinine for Evaluation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Children

This report is to provide primary care physicians with a convenient method for identifying children with impaired kidney function. This is important because of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in adults and because intervention may delay disease progression. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured using cimetidine clearance and calculated using height and serum creatinine concentration were compared during 222 clearance studies in 32 pediatric patients over 8 years. A child 1 year or older with a calculated GFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 has a significantly reduced GFR and should be referred to a pediatric nephrologist for further evaluation.
Advanced hydroxychloroquine maculopathy against medical advice

A 67-year-old female with systemic lupus erythematosus returned to her ophthalmologist for evaluation of nyctalopia and decreased peripheral vision in both eyes for several months. On her initial presentation two years prior, she was noted to have signs of advanced hydroxychloroquine toxicity on fundus examination, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography. Despite counseling by multiple physicians, she refused to discontinue the medication and did not return for her regularly scheduled eye examinations for the next 24 months. Her current presentation details and documents (with several imaging modalities) the progression of advanced hydroxychloroquine maculopathy while continuing treatment. With some regularity, Ophthalmologists are faced with the difficult clinical dilemma to help determine if a patient should discontinue HCQ therapy. This case emphasizes why detecting clinical toxicity and discontinuing therapy is crucial for the safe usage of this frequently prescribed medication.
Theta-Contingent Trial Presentation Accelerates Learning Rate and Enhances Hippocampal Plasticity During Trace Eyeblink Conditioning

Hippocampal theta activity has been established as a key predictor of acquisition rate in rabbit (Orcytolagus cuniculus) classical conditioning. The current study used an online brain--computer interface to administer conditioning trials only in the explicit presence or absence of spontaneous theta activity in the hippocampus-dependent task of trace conditioning. The findings indicate that animals given theta-contingent training learned significantly faster than those given nontheta-contingent training. In parallel with the behavioral results, the theta-triggered group, and not the nontheta-triggered group, exhibited profound increases in hippocampal conditioned unit responses early in training. The results not only suggest that theta-contingent training has a dramatic facilitory effect on trace conditioning but also implicate theta activity in enhancing the plasticity of hippocampal neurons.
Moderate deviations for M-estimators

General sufficient conditions for the moderate deviations of M-estimators are presented. These results are applied to many different types of M-estimators such as the p-th quantile, the spatial median, the least absolute deviation estimator in linear regression, maximum likelihood estimators and other location estimators. Moderate deviations theorems from empirical processes are applied.
Classification of Hybridomas to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Glycoproteins

AbstractWe have classified 28 hybridomas to the RS virus glycoproteins, VP66, VP84, by virus neutralization, RIP, and RIA tests. Without resorting to RIP, a combination of neutralization tests and RIA on BCH4 and RS/HO cells could be used to classify 79% of the hybridomas antibodies correctly. VP66 contains major determinants for virus neutralization since 11/13 hybridoma antibodies to this protein neutralized RS virus while 0/15 hybridoma antibodies to VP84 neutralized the virus.
A CHARACTERIZATION OF MINIMAL ZERO-SEQUENCES OF INDEX ONE IN FINITE CYCLIC GROUPS

Let G ! Zn where n is a positive integer. A finite sequence S = {g1,... ,gk} of not necessarily distinct elements from G for which ! k=1 gi = 0 is called a zero-sequence. If a zero-sequence S contains no proper subzero-sequence, then it is called a minimal zero-sequence. The notion of the index of a minimal zero-sequence (see Definition 1) in Zn has been recently addressed in the mathematical literature. In this note, we o!er a characterization of minimal zerosequences in Zn with index 1.
The Application of a Simple Free Convection Model to the Pool Fire Pulsation Problem

The pulsation of small-scale ethyl alcohol pool fires has been examined using high speed imaging techniques, and a method for determining pulsation frequency by analyzing the temporal fluctuation of RGB image components is presented. Using this method, pulsation rates for six different ethyl alcohol pool fires ranging from 30 to 125 mm in diameter were found to be in good agreement with existing experiments. Based on experimental results, a new physical model to explain the mechanism of fire pulsation is developed. This model describes the development of “thermals,” or isolated structures of strong local buoyancy, as the primary cause of oscillatory behavior in pool fires.
Fiber Reinforced Composites – Advanced Materials for the Renewal of Civil Infrastructure

Fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials hitherto used predominantly in aerospace and marine applications are increasingly being considered for use in the renewal of civil infrastructure ranging from the seismic retrofit of bridge columns and the strengthening of parking garage floor slabs to their use in replacement bridge decks and in new bridge structures. Their corrosion resistance, potentially high overall durability, light weight, tailorability and high specific performance attributes enable their use in areas in which the use of conventional materials might be constrained due to durability, weight or lack of design flexibility. This paper provides an overview of the use of composites in the renewal of civil structures with particular emphasis on bridges and pipelines. Examples of large scale testing for the validation of structural effectiveness are given and future design and research advances are presented.
Using nonlinear least squares to assess relative expression and its uncertainty in real-time qPCR studies

Relative expression ratios are commonly estimated in real-time qPCR studies by comparing the quantification cycle for the target gene with that for a reference gene in the treatment samples, normalized to the same quantities determined for a control sample. For the "standard curve" design, where data are obtained for all four of these at several dilutions, nonlinear least squares can be used to assess the amplification efficiencies (AE) and the adjusted ΔΔCq and its uncertainty, with automatic inclusion of the effect of uncertainty in the AEs. An algorithm is illustrated for the KaleidaGraph program.
What Should We Expect After a Complete Cytoreduction at the Time of Interval or Primary Debulking Surgery in Advanced Ovarian Cancer

To compare the impact, in terms of survival, of complete cytoreduction after primary debulking surgery (PDS) and interval debulking surgery (IDS) in patients with advanced ovarian cancer (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages III–IV) by reviewing the recent literature. A search of the PubMed database during the last 7 years (2008–2014) was carried out looking for studies specifically showing data on median survival or disease-free survival after complete cytoreduction after either PDS or IDS. We found 24 publications including 14,182 patients with stages III to IV ovarian cancer. A total of 11871 patients (83.7 %) underwent PDS and 2311 (16.3 %) underwent interval debulking after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A total of 4684 patients (33 %) were considered completely resected with microscopic residual disease. After PDS, the weighted average of median overall and progression-free survival was 43 and 17 months, respectively, for the whole group. After IDS, median and progression-free survival were 33 and 14 months. The rate of complete cytoreduction after PDS was inferior to the obtained in patients with IDS (27 vs. 59 %). However, the median survival in patients with complete cytoreduction with primary cytoreduction was 23 months longer than in the group with interval debulking (69 vs. 45 months). Complete cytoreduction after IDS yields a inferior outcome in terms of median survival than PDS of almost 2 years. Despite the higher rate of complete resection, IDS apparently fails to improve the results obtained by primary debulking.
The use of laser light to enhance the uptake of foliar-applied substances into citrus (Citrus sinensis) leaves.

Premise of the study: Uptake of foliar-applied substances across the leaf cuticle is central to world food production as well as for physiological investigations into phloem structure and function. Yet, despite the presence of stomata, foliar application as a delivery system can be extremely inefficient due to the low permeability of leaf surfaces to polar compounds. Methods: Using laser light to generate microscopic perforations in the leaf cuticle, we tested the penetration of several substances into the leaf, their uptake into the phloem, and their subsequent movement through the phloem tissue. Substances varied in their size, charge, and Stokes radius. Results: The phloem-mobile compounds 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG), lysine, Biocillin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), trehalose, carboxyfluorescein-SE, and poly(amidomine) (PAMAM) dendrimer G-4 nanoparticles (4.5 nm in size) showed a high degree of mobility and were able to penetrate and be transported in the phlo...
Unique Random Utility Representations

Random utility representations of stochastic choice data on a nite set of alternatives are not necessarily unique. In fact, failures of uniqueness are shown here to be widespread: any random utility function with full support is nonunique. To restore uniqueness this paper introduces a nite state space and considers random choice over