cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A four year retrospective study of 1,062 patients presenting with maxillofacial emergencies at a specialist paediatric hospital.

AIMS: To examine the nature of maxillofacial injuries that presented to the Birmingham Children's Hospital according to aetiology, incidence and characteristics of patients. METHODS: The maxillofacial unit at Diana Princess of Wales Birmingham Children's Hospital serves a catchment area of 5.2 million. We examined all children who presented with maxillofacial trauma from 2002 to 2006. Details including characteristics of patients and aetiology and nature of injury, were entered prospectively into a database. RESULTS: The total number of patients who presented was 1062. The ratio of boys to girls was 2:1. The main reason for attendance was a fall (70%). 149 (17%) patients presented after interpersonal violence. Soft tissue injuries accounted for 70% of injuries and 14% presented with a maxillofacial fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that the range and mechanism of presenting injuries have not changed within the time frame. Despite public perception of increasing interpersonal violence, this was not reflected in our series of patients. Language: en
Government documents as bibliographic references and sources in dissertations

Abstract The purpose of this article is to compare the use of government documents as bibliographic references and source citations in dissertations written by doctoral candidates of The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences, and College of Education during the years 1977–1979. General findings are: (1) there is no significant difference in the percentage of government documents cited as bibliographic references by candidates between the respective colleges, (2) there is no significant difference between the percentage of government documents used as source citations in dissertations written by candidates of the respective colleges, (3) limited inclusion of government documents as references and source citations was identified among all the various departments studied. The implications of limited use of government documents in doctoral dissertations are discussed and recommendations offered by the authors to better integrate government documents into the doctoral dissertation research process.
The Uses of Intelligence

I am going to start at the end of this short book on the history of intelligence, where psychologists Anna C. Cianciolo and Robert J. Sternberg write that "scholarly thinking about intelligence has an illustrious history," (p. 140) a statement that would stop most historians in their tracks. That the book includes no references to Paul Chapman's Schools as Sorters: Lewis Terman, Applied Psychology, and the Intelligence Testing Movement (1988), or Hamilton Cravens' The Triumph of Evolution: American Scientists and the Heredity Environment Controversy, 1900-1941 (1978), or Steven Selden's Inheriting Shame: The Story of Racism and Eugenics in America (1999), or James W. Trent's Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History ofMental Retardation in the United States (1994), or Leila Zenderland's MeasuringMinds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing (1998), or any of the many other works by historians on intelligence testing and its many uses should be further warning. This is a book about the history of intelligence that contains no references to research written by historians, though Stephen Jay Gould is deservedly referred to many times. It's as if an historian of education had written a book on psychology with no references to psychological research. The blithe confidence of the book's last sentence is characteristic. "There has never been a more exciting time than the present to explore many facets of intelligent behavior...." (p. 140). While this may be true, given Harvard President Lawrence Summer's recent remarks on women and science, historians have shown this kind of bland optimism about time periods and science to be problematic presentist positivism. The sentence continues, "... .our knowledge will continue to grow and scientific understanding
Comparative analysis of65Zn and40K in human urine by Library Least Squares and window methods using a personal computer

The Library Least Squares method was adapted for use on a standard personal computer. It was found to be considerably more sensitive than the window method in the accurate assessment of65Zn and40K simultaneously presented in human urine samples.
Repetitive DNA sequences in methotrexate- and methasquin-sensitive and -resistant Chinese hamster cell lines

DNA purified from a Chinese hamster cell line of lung fibroblast origin (DC83F) was analyzed by density gradient centrifugation and by gel electrophoresis after restriction endonuclease digestion in order to fractionate discrete repetitive fractions within the total DNA. No obvious satellite DNAs were resolved using the CsCl or Ag-Cs2SO4 density gradient conditions described herein. However, analysis of the digestion products of a battery of restriction endonucleases indicated that three of these enzymes, EcoR1, HaeIII, and XhoI, yielded discrete fragments which could be visualized with EtBr staining or identified by scintillation counting of [3H] DNA. DNAs from several highly (≥ hundredfold increased resistance) antifolate-resistant sublines of DC-3F, characterized by a large homogeneously staining region (HSR) in the chromosome complement, were examined with both techniques and compared to the parental, antifolate-sensitive cell line DNA. The density gradient profiles and electrophoretic patterns of restriction endonuclease digests were identical among all the cell lines examined and were indistinguishable from those of the parental DC-3F DNA.
Pleuropulmonary blastoma in childhood. A malignant degeneration of pulmonary cysts

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is an extremely rare intrathoracic neoplasm of early childhood with an unfavorable outcome. In this article, two children with PPB associated with pre-existing pulmonary cysts are presented. It is emphasized that surgical excision is the treatment of choice for all pulmonary cysts.
DEXAMETHASONE REDUCES VENTILATOR DEPENDENCE IN BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA

Eight ventilator-dependent infants with clinical and radiographic BPD (birth weight 924 ± 118 grams; age 22 ± 7 days) were treated with IV dexamethasone (Dex), 0.5 mg/kg/day, for 7 days. Dex was then tapered over 2 weeks and discontinued. These infants were compared to 8 controls (birth weight 986 ± 138 grams) with improving lung disease. At study entry, treated infants had significantly increased ventilator requirements compared to controls at 14 days. Controls were extubated at age 13.3 ± 14 days. FiO2, rate, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and alveolar arterial oxygen differences (AaDO2) were compared before and after 7 days of Dex and to controls at age 28 days, using two-tailed Student-t test. All infants were extubated 6.1 ± 2 days after Dex treatment. Compared to 28 day controls, treated infants had higher AaDO2 (P <0.05). FiO2, ventilator requirements, and infection rates were similar in both groups. At one year of age, all Dex treated infants were alive, well, living at home, receiving neither oxygen nor diuretic therapy. Conclusion: Early Dex therapy significantly reduces ventilator dependence and may improve prognosis in developing BPD.
Historical reflections on the afterhyperpolarization–firing rate relation of vertebrate spinal neurons

In mammalian spinal motoneurons (MNs), the slow component of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that follows the spike of each action potential is a major but not the sole determinant of the cells' firing rate. In this brief historical review, we emphasize four points about the AHP-firing rate relation. (1) There is a relatively sparse literature across vertebrates that directly addresses this topic. (2) After the advent of intracellular recording in the early 1950s, there was evidence from mammals to the contrary of an idea that subsequently became prevalent: that the high-firing rates attainable by spinal interneurons (INs) and low-threshold MNs was attributable to their small AHP at rheobase. (3) Further work is needed to determine whether our present findings on the AHP-firing rate relation of turtle cells generalize to the spinal neurons of other vertebrate species. (4) Relevant to point 3, substantial in vivo and in vitro work is potentially available in raw data used in reports on several mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates. In summary, the factors in addition to the slow AHP that help determine spinal INs and MN firing rate deserve further evaluation across vertebrates, with relevant data already potentially available in several laboratories.
Broadband Permittivity Measurements of Liquid and Biological Samples using Microfluidic Channels

We have developed an integrated microfluidic-microelectronic measurement platform in order to accurately measure the dielectric properties of sub-?L volumes of liquids at frequencies up to 40 GHz. We use on-wafer calibration techniques to obtain accurate S-parameter measurements of fluids and biological samples in solution contained within microfluidic structures directly integrated with patterned coplanar waveguide transmission lines. Our analysis yields the capacitance and conductance per unit length of our fluid-loaded transmission lines, and finite element simulations yield the relative permittivity as a continuous function of frequency up to 40 GHz. We demonstrate the technique with measurements of the complex permittivity of de-ionized water and methanol. Results for the frequency-dependent permittivity obtained in our microfluidic test structures show good agreement with bulk fluid measurements over a comparable frequency range. We expect this technique to be useful for rapid electromagnetic characterization of sub-microliter volumes of both liquids and biological samples in solution.
Objective evaluation of the quality of voice following radiation therapy for T1 glottic cancer

Abstract Background : Radiation therapy is commonly considered the treatment of choice for T 1 glottic cancer. While it is generally believed that the quality of voice following irradiation is quite satisfactory, few studies have reported the results of objective assessment of voice after radiation therapy. Purpose : To objectively evaluate the quality of voice following radiation therapy for T 1 glottic cancer. Materials and methods : The voices of 12 patients treated for T 1 glottic cancer with radiation therapy were evaluated by acoustic analysis and speech aerodynamic studies. Eleven patients received between 6300 and 6665 cGy at a daily fraction size of 180–225 cGy. One patient received 7000 cGy at a daily fraction size of 200 cGy. Evaluation of the quality of voice was done 3 months to 7 years following completion of radiation therapy. Results : The number of patients who scored abnormal values for the measurements of fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer and harmonic to noise ratio was 2, 10, 4 and 3, respectively. The number of patients who scored abnormal values for transglottic airflow rate, subglottal pressure and glottal resistance was 12, 8 and 9, respectively. None of the studied patients scored normal values in all given tests. Conclusion : Although radiation therapy cures a high proportion of patients with T 1 glottic cancer, the quality of voice does not return to normal following treatment.
Predicting the Effect of Applied Potential on Crack Tip Hydrogen Concentration in Low-Alloy Martensitic Steels

Abstract The dependency of hydrogen environment embrittlement on applied potential of an ultrahigh-strength steel was explained. This is accomplished through (1) definition of crack chemistry and p...
Physical Properties of Polar Coronal Rays and Holes as Observed with the Spartan 201-01 Coronagraph

Physical conditions and characteristics of polar coronal rays and polar coronal holes are derived from white-light coronal observations aboard the Spartan 201-01 spacecraft and the ground-based K-coronameter in Mauna Loa, Hawaii, on 1993 April 11-12. An array of polar rays extending from 1.16 to 5.0 R☉ was observed in both the north and south polar coronal hole regions. They appear as coherent structures at much higher altitudes than previously observed. Densities and scale height temperatures are estimated as a function of radial height for the holes and the rays. These profiles suggest that there is extended heating up to heights of 1.4-2.6 R☉.
Effect of the route of nutrient administration on whole-body protein kinetics in man.

Abstract The kinetic mechanism resulting in nitrogen (N) retention during oral or continuous intravenous feeding (IVF) was investigated in normal subjects and hospitalized patients. The whole-body protein turnover rate (Q) in these adult subjects was estimated using a primed-constant infusion of 15 N-glycine and measuring the isotope enrichments in urinary urea and ammonia. Based on a stochastic model, the total protein synthesis (S) and breakdown (C) rates were calculated from N excretion and intake. These protein kinetic responses were studied either after brief (two or three days) or extended (ten days) fasting or during the fourth day of defined formula oral feeding or the tenth to 14th day of parenteral repletion by IVF. The mean daily intake during feeding was 270 ± 7 mg N/kg and 28 ± 2 nonprotein kcal/kg. The results from a total of 120 studies are summarized. In the absence of any N intake, depleted patients with cancer demonstrated a higher Q (+ 16%), with increased S (+25%) than depleted patients without cancer or acutely depleted normals. In all groups, protein kinetics were increased to a greater extent by oral feeding, compared to IVF. All subjects are in positive N balance during feeding and the mean N retention is 32 ± 3%, which is not different among groups. Protein accretion during oral feeding is due to an increase in S and a similar decrease in C of body protein. During IVF this is achieved by a larger decrease in C with relatively little or no change in S.
Synthesis and characterization of dichloro[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-tolyl)porphyrinato]osmium(IV), a potential precursor to organometallic porphyrinato complexes of osmium

Abstract Dichloro[5,10,20-tetrakis(p-tolyl)porphyrinato]osmium(IV), Os(TTP)Cl2, was prepared by reaction of stannous(II) chloride dihydrate with dioxo[5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-tolyl)porphyrinato]osmium(VI), Os(TTP)O2. The compound was characterized by 1H NMR, IR, and UV-Visible spectroscopy and by X-ray crystallography. The compound has a trans-dichloro configuration with octahedral Os(IV). The short OsCl bond distances of 2.294(2) A, magnetic moment of 1.63 BM, and isotropic shifts in the 1H NMR spectrum are consistent with π-donation from the halide.
Modeling and analyzing the impact of location inconsistencies on geographic routing in wireless networks

Recently, geographic routing in wireless networks has gained attention due to several advantages of location information. Location information eliminates the necessity to set up and maintain explicit routes, which reduces communication overhead and routing table size. These advantages allow scalability especially in dynamic and unstable wireless networks. However, no matter which technologies or techniques a location system uses, its measurements will have some amount of quantifiable inaccuracy depending on environment and system. These inaccuracies may affect the performance and even correctness of geographic routing. However, thus far, these impacts have not been studied in-depth. In this paper, we analyze the impact of location inaccuracy on geographic routing. First, we model location inaccuracy metrics - absolute location inaccuracy, relative distance inaccuracy, absolute location inconsistency and relative distance inconsistency. Then, we analyze how location inaccuracy metrics affect the building blocks of geographic routing including greedy forwarding and local maximum resolution. We use extensive NS-2 simulations to evaluate the performance of geographic routing using a wide array of parameter settings including inaccuracy level, node degree and network diameter. In our simulation results, reasonable location inaccuracy (of 20 percent or less of radio range) caused packet drop reaching up to 54 percent, non-optimal path up to 53 percent and packet looping. These observations indicate the importance of re-visiting geographic routing protocols, and the significance of considering location inaccuracy in their design and evaluation.
Derivation of a Logistic Equation for Organizations, and its Expansion into a Competitive Organizations Simulation

One of the earliest and most famous of the models that produce chaotic behaviour is the Logistic equation. It has a long history of use in economics and organization science studies. In those studies, the applicability of the equation is generally assumed rather than derived from first principles, with only conjecture offered as to the identity of the parameters. This paper shows a deductive derivation of a Logistic equation for organizations in a competitive economy. The construct is based on a system that consists of one or more organizations, each with its own cost, productivity, and reinvestment parameters, and each having its individual population of employees. The model is chaotic, and demonstrates some fascinating characteristics when organizations with parameters that individually would generate chaotic behaviour are mixed with organizations with parameters that individually would generate complex or stable behaviour. Some such mixed systems tend to initially behave like a complex or chaotic system, but transition over time to match the behaviour of the organization with the most "stable" parameters. If a system is at equilibrium, changing one organization's parameters can result in a burst of oscillations or chaotic activity while the system transitions to a new equilibrium. However, this activity can be delayed or might not occur at all. Adding a number of real world complications to the Organization Logistic equation created a deterministic time-step simulation of an economic system. This simulation was also found to exhibit chaotic behaviour, nonmonotonicity, and the Butterfly Effect, as well as spontaneous bankruptcies. The possibility that a competitive economic system might be inherently chaotic deserves further investigation. A broader insight is that the Scientific Method is not an appropriate scientific paradigm under which to grow social science knowledge if those social science systems are governed by chaotic mechanisms.
LKB1 regulates development and the stress response in Dictyostelium.

The serine/threonine kinase LKB1 is a master kinase that regulates a number of critical events such as cell transformation, polarization, development, stress response, and energy metabolism in metazoa. After multiple unsuccessful attempts of generating Dictyostelium lkb1-null cells, an RNAi-based knockdown approach proved effective. Depletion of lkb1 with a knockdown construct displayed severe reduction in prespore cell differentiation and precocious induction of prestalk cells, which were reminiscent of cells lacking GSK3. Similar to gsk3− cells, lkb1 depleted cells displayed lower GSK3 activity than wild type cells during development and compromised cAMP-mediated inhibition of the DIF-1 mediated ecmB induction. In response to stress insult, the kinase activity of LKB1, but not that of GSK3, increased. Therefore, LKB1 positively functions at the upstream of GSK3 during development and responds to stress insults independently from GSK3.
One-electron spectrum of singly ionized ytterbium (Yb ii)

The spectrum produced by the hollow-cathode discharge was measured from 2107 to 1377 A. With these new data and the previously published observations of Yb ii at longer wavelengths, new 4f14nl series terms were found, including 10s, 7p, 7–11d, 5–14f, and 5–6g. A value of 98 269(50) cm−1 was deduced for the ionization energy.
Upstream-Propagating Potential Disturbances Interacting with A Compressible Cascade

Phase-locked, unsteady surface-pressure measurements were made at eight suction-side and six pressure-side chord locations on the turning vanes of a compressible cascade. Cascade inlet Mach numbers ranged from 0.427 to 0.500, resulting in a maximum local Mach number through the cascade vane row of 0.730. Unsteady forcing of the cascade was obtained by von Karm´ an vortex shedding from a row of e ve circular cylinders positioned 0.80 vane chords downstream of the cascade trailing edge. The resulting measured surface pressures were found to be on the same order of magnitude as those measured previously in forward-forcing studies, in which the circular cylinders were placed 0.80 vane chords upstream of the vane-row leading edge. Frequency decomposition of the rearward-forced surface-pressure signals provided for the construction of disturbance position-vs-phase maps, allowing the measured disturbances to be unambiguously interpreted as potential in nature, originating at the forcing cylinders, and propagating upstream through the vane row at acoustic speeds. The effect of these potential disturbancesonthevane-rowpressureresponsewastoelicittwo,previouslyunexpectedamplie cationmechanisms: a large-magnitude pressure rise near the vane-row trailing edge and a Mach-number-related, midchord pressure increase known as acoustic blockage.
Oncogenic proteins as tumor antigens.

Abstract Human immune responses to oncogenic proteins have been reported and are continuing to be defined. Immunity to nonmutated overexpressed oncoproteins as well as to mutated or unique cancer-specific oncoproteins has been identified. Immune system based treatments targeting oncogenic proteins have shown therapeutic efficacy in animals models and are currently being translated into human clinical trials
Consolidating duodenal and small bowel toxicity data via isoeffective dose calculations based on compiled clinical data

Abstract Purpose To consolidate duodenum and small bowel toxicity data from clinical studies with different dose fractionation schedules using the modified linear quadratic (MLQ) model. A methodology of adjusting the dose–volume ( D,v ) parameters to different levels of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) was presented. Methods and Materials A set of NTCP model parameters for duodenum toxicity were estimated by the χ 2 fitting method using literature-based tolerance dose and generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) data. These model parameters were then used to convert ( D,v ) data into the isoeffective dose in 2 Gy per fraction, ( D MLQED2 , v ) and convert these parameters to an isoeffective dose at another NTCP ( D MLQED2 ',v ). Results The literature search yielded 5 reports useful in making estimates of duodenum and small bowel toxicity. The NTCP model parameters were found to be TD 50 (1) model = 60.9 ± 7.9 Gy, m = 0.21 ± 0.05, and δ = 0.09 ± 0.03 Gy -1 . Isoeffective dose calculations and toxicity rates associated with hypofractionated radiation therapy reports were found to be consistent with clinical data having different fractionation schedules. Values of ( D MLQED2 ',v ) between different NTCP levels remain consistent over a range of 5%-20%. Conclusions MLQ-based isoeffective calculations of dose–response data corresponding to grade ≥2 duodenum toxicity were found to be consistent with one another within the calculation uncertainty. The ( D MLQED2 ,v ) data could be used to determine duodenum and small bowel dose–volume constraints for new dose escalation strategies.
Optical elements derived from stretched glass

elements derived from stretched glassN. F. BorrelliResearch, Development and EngineeringLaboratory, Corning Inc. Corning, N.Y. 14831ABSTRACTThe physical elongation of a phase—separated glass by theapplication of a pulling stress to the glass above its softeningtemperature leads to a material with a number of interestingoptical properties. This study will be concerned with silverhalide as the separated phase in an alkali—alumino—borosilicateglass. The initially spherically shaped halide particle iselongated into an elliptical shape by the action of the stretchingprocess. As a consequence, the composite body acquires opticalanisotropy exhibited as birefringence and dichroism. Experimentalresults show how the magnitude of the optical anisotropy can berelated shape anisotropy of the particles and, in turn, to thepulling stress. These results are discussed in terms of a simplepolarizability model which adequately explains the results.2. INTRODUCTIONThe idea of inducing optical anisotropy in materials bystretching or drawing is not new. The optical anisotropy canresult from two sources, 1) the alignment of anisotropic moleculesor dipolar species and, 2) the anisotropy f the local fieldassociated with elongated shapes. Polaroid m materials are a goodexample of the process when carried out in plastic materials wherethe stress and the temperature required to achieve significantelongation are low. For the case of inorganic materials, inparticular glass, the elongation becomes a high temperature andstress process and, consequently, more difficult. One requires aglass that is phase—separable, that is, a thermal treatment causesthe glass to undergo a separation into two phases. Because bothphases are isotropic, the optjcal anisotropy arises from theanisotropy of the local field .
Reading, writing, and learning in the classroom

Recently, the study of reading has moved out of the laboratory and into the real world. From a broad range of perspectives, researchers have been studying reading as it occurs in classrooms, communities, and families, among other settings. In this article, we will discuss the emerging picture of classroom reading provided by the new work of researchers from the perspectives of anthropology, social psychology, and sociolinguistics. We will first present a brief overview of reading as a social process. Of special emphasis will be recent work on the social context of reading and reading as a cultural activity. Then, we will discuss recent findings-especially those concerned with the classroom processes of gaining access and text reproduction. Finally, we will discuss the implications of this new direction for educators concerned with special students. Although our discussion emphasizes reading, reading and writing often co-occur and are related in numerous ways. To understand classroom reading often requires understanding the nature of classroom writing (and vice versa). Thus, we will occasionally discuss both classroom reading and writing.
The relationship of histology to the spread of cancer

This paper investigates the question of whether different types of histology at the same site can affect the spread of metastases—that is, producing a greater or fewer number of metastases depending on the histological diagnosis. Autopsy records were the source of the data analyzed in this paper. The metastases were subdivided into four categories—central nervous metastases, endocrine metastases, metastases at various lymphatic areas, and a miscellaneous group of metastases called the “remainder” group. It was found that adenocarcinoma and oat-cell carcinoma of the lungs are more aggressive in their metastatic spread than squamous cell carcinoma at the same site. Adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri had more widespread metastases than squamous cell carcinoma at the same site. No difference at all was detectable in the number of metastases, in men or in women, between transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the bladder and kidney. Cystadenocarcinoma of the ovaries appeared to be less widespread than adenocarcinoma (not otherwise specified) of the same site.
Characteristics of Successful Southeastern U.S. Agribusiness Exporters

Abstract A survey of southeastern U.S. agribusiness exporters showed that export firms had many characteristics in common regardless of commodity category. In general, the profile of a successful southeastern U.S. agribusiness exporter in terms of export sales is one that tends to have higher total sales, foreign and domestic, and more export-market experience though the firm tends to be relatively young. While almost half of the firms engaged in promotion activities, less than a quarter of the respondents availed themselves of federal export promotion/assistance programs because of unfamiliarity or perceived costs. An overwhelming majority considered freight forwarding companies as indispensable parties to all transactions because of the extreme complexity of export-import logistics.
Extrahepatic metastases occur in a minority of hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with locoregional therapies: analyzing patterns of progression in 285 patients.

Although most cancers are considered predominantly systemic processes, this may not hold true for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The literature regarding patterns of progression of HCC (local versus systemic) has been relatively sparse. Our objectives were to: (1) analyze patterns of progression in HCC patients presenting with intrahepatic disease from initial treatment until death, and (2) identify clinically relevant risk factors for the development of metastases. Over a 9-year period, 285 patients treated with transarterial locoregional therapies underwent scheduled imaging follow-up from treatment until death and were categorized by pattern of progression: (i) intrahepatic (increased tumor enhancement/size, development/progression of vascular invasion, new hepatic lesions) progression or (ii) extrahepatic (adrenal/bone/lung/lymph node) metastases. Uni/multivariate analyses assessing the risk factors for the development of metastases were performed. The median time from last scan to death was 2.4 months (interquartile range: 1.3-4.8 months). The time to development of metastases, vascular invasion, and/or new lesions was 13.8 months (confidence interval: 11.3-17.7 months). Of the 209 patients followed until death, only 50 developed extrahepatic metastases (24%). Multivariate analyses identified age 200 ng/mL (P = 0.04), and vascular invasion (P = 0.017) as significant predictors of metastases development. Conclusion: Knowledge of the risk factors associated with the development of metastases may help guide assessment of patient prognosis. Because 76% of patients presenting with local disease treated with locoregional therapies die without developing extrahepatic metastases, the notion of HCC as a systemic disease, as detected by imaging, may be reconsidered. (HEPATOLOGY 2011)
Synthesis and characterization of ring-protected electro-optic chromophores

Antiparallel interaction among dipolar chromophores is the dominant force in the solid state of conventional EO chromophores (long and flat). This interaction is responsible for the formation of acentric aggregates and prevents electro-optic coefficient from scaling with chromophore concentration. Antiparallel interaction can be selectively attenuated by attaching bulky groups to the middle part of chromophore. However, it is synthetically challenging to provide sufficient steric protection without causing severe reduction of chromophore concentration. In this paper, we will present the synthesis and characterization of atom-economic ring protection of chromophores against H-aggregation and show the effect of ring protection on optical properties of the chromophores in solution and film.
Theory of Vibrational Properties of Amorphous Alloys: Application to Si x Ge 1-x

The phonon density of states of amporphous ${\mathrm{Si}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ alloys has been calculated for the entire range of concentrations. My calculation is based on the cluster Bethe lattice approximation in which the Bethe lattice leaves out everything but the short-range order. Effects of like-atom and unlike-atom bonds are studied. Localized resonant and extended states are identified.
Mexico, Our Closest Neighbor: Three Elementary Teachers' Perspectives

ABSTRACT The authors describe how three elementary teachers working in very different parts of the United States teach about Mexico. These teachers' practices allow them to enhance the traditional social studies curriculum, help children learn about themselves and other people, and increase children's capacities for global citizenship.
A xenic, partially synthetic diet for the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae).

An inexpensive, artificial diet made with carrot powder, a commercially available product of Saccharomyces fragilis, ascorbic acid, mold inhibitors, and agar gave as good or better yields of G. molesta (Busck) moths as was reared from apples. One moth per 1.25 ml of medium at a cost of.08c per moth was the best obtained.
Serum, Atrial, and Urinary Digoxin Levels During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children

Serum, urine, and tissue samples were collected from 42 children undergoing open-heart surgery and analyzed for digoxin by radioimmunoassay. Of these, 24 had been digitalized prophylactically (RECENT) and 18 had been receiving maintenance therapy (MAINT) for one month or longer. Twenty-five percent of the RECENT patients exhibited arrhythmias during the postoperative period as compared to none in the MAINT group. Serum digoxin levels were equivalent in the two groups throughout the study. Although no change in tissue digoxin concentrations occurred during bypass, right atrial appendage concentrations were significantly higher in the RECENT group (109 vs 62 ng/g; P < 0.001). This high atrial digoxin concentration presumably resulted from the large doses used for initial digitalization, and concomitant with postoperative hypokalemia and myocardial metabolic changes secondary to perfusion, may have been responsible for the high incidence of arrhythmias in the RECENT group. Both digoxin and creatinine excreti...
Integrating Instructional Technologies in a Local Watershed Investigation with Urban Elementary Learners.

The author describes an after-school science club program for urban 4th-grade students that integrated instructional technologies to investigate a pond ecosystem in the local schoolyard. The author conducted a design-based evaluation study to examine the effectiveness of the program in promoting environmental attitudes and understandings of the local watershed. Students used Web-based GIS maps and Google Earth visualizations to understand the geographic nature of their watershed. Results indicate that participation in the long-term pond investigation enhanced environmental attitudes, promoted a sense of environmental stewardship, and fostered responsible environmental behavior.
Clostridial cystitis emphysematosa.

Abstract Two cases of cystitis emphysematosa with clostridial bacteremia are presented, and the potential importance of anaerobic organisms in producing this condition is emphasized.
Glucocorticoids and the expression of mRNAs for neurotrophins, their receptors and GAP-43 in the rat hippocampus

The genes encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are all expressed in the adult rat hippocampus. The colocalization of the these factors with the receptors to which they bind, namely trkB, trkC and the bFGF receptor, respectively, suggests that in the hippocampus they may exert their putative protective and trophic effects through an autocrine mechanism. The morphology and survival of hippocampal neurons are also affected by glucocorticoids, which can act as transcriptional activators of gene expression. In this study we have used in situ hybridization to investigate the adrenal steroid regulation of the mRNAs encoding the neurotrophic factors BDNF, NT-3, and bFGF, their respective receptors, and the growth-associated protein GAP-43. After 7 days of adrenalectomy (ADX), there was an increase in the level of GAP-43 mRNA expression in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus, that was prevented by corticosterone replacement to the ADX animals. In the CA2 subregion, adrenalectomy resulted in a decrease in bFGF mRNA expression, that was reversed by steroid treatment. There was evidence for glucocorticoid modulation of the BDNF and NT-3 mRNAs in pyramidal cell layers and in the dentate gyrus, but not of the mRNAs encoding the trkB, trk C or bFGF receptors.
A Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase Adapted to Function in Group I Intron Splicing by Acquiring a New RNA Binding Surface

Abstract We determined a 1.95 A X-ray crystal structure of a C-terminally truncated Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (CYT-18 protein) that functions in splicing group I introns. CYT-18's nucleotide binding fold and intermediate α-helical domains superimpose on those of bacterial TyrRSs, except for an N-terminal extension and two small insertions not found in nonsplicing bacterial enzymes. These additions surround the cyt-18-1 mutation site and are sites of suppressor mutations that restore splicing, but not synthetase activity. Highly constrained models based on directed hydroxyl radical cleavage assays show that the group I intron binds at a site formed in part by the three additions on the nucleotide binding fold surface opposite that which binds tRNA Tyr . Our results show how essential proteins can progressively evolve new functions.
On the Sintering rate of cleavage cracks

Abstract Cleavage cracks in partially cleaved single crystals of lithium fluoride will sinter as a result of surface tension forces. The rate of sintering is found to reach a steady state; it has been measured as a function of temperature and crack width. The crack tip profile was obtained using scanning electron microscopy and was found to have the same general shape irrespective of sintering temperature and crack width. On the basis of the crack tip profile, expressions for the sintering rate were derived for various mass transfer processes. By comparison of theory and experiment it is concluded that at temperatures above 700°C, cracks sinter by volume diffusion with an activation energy of 46 kcal/mole and at temperatures below 700°C, by surface diffusion with an activation energy of 20 kcal/mole. The fracture surface energy was found to be the same for the sintered and the unsintered cracks in spite of a wider crack tip width for the sintered cracks.
A convenient assay for ADP reductase activity using Dowex-1-borate columns.

Abstract A convenient assay for ADP reductase activity has been developed in which [14C]deoxyadenosine is separated from [14C]adenosine on Dowex-1-borate columns. The separation is complete and the recovery of deoxyadenosine is quantitative. Using disposable Pasteur pipets as the columns, a large number of ADP reductase assays can be handled at one time.
Ethnic Identity, Cultural Variation, and Processes of Change: Rethinking the Insights of Standardization and Orthopraxy

Watson’s view that culture held late imperial China together appears to be problematic with regard to standardization and insightful with regard to social theory. Ethnographic evidence about the as...
Free radical mediation of the effects of acidosis on calcium transport by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in whole heart homogenates

Generation of oxygen free radicals by xanthine acting on xanthine oxidase as a substrate significantly depressed calcium transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum in canine whole heart homogenates at 37 degrees C. At pH 7.0, this effect was completely inhibited by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD), a scavenger of the superoxide anion radical. At pH 6.4, SOD (5 to 20 micrograms X ml-1) was ineffective but catalase (20 micrograms X ml-1) was able to inhibit the effects of the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. SOD + catalase (20 micrograms X ml-1) and SOD + mannitol, a scavenger of the hydroxyl free radical, inhibited the effects of the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system at pH 6.4. Preincubation at pH 6.4, in the absence of an exogenous free radical generating system, depressed calcium transport. This depression was more severe the longer the duration of incubation. However, return of the pH to 7.0 after preincubation at pH 6.4 partially restored calcium uptake velocity. The degree of reversibility was decreased the longer the period of incubation at pH 6.4. SOD reversed the effects of incubation at pH 6.4 for 5 min, but not those for incubations of 10 and 15 min. Mannitol alone was ineffective. The combinations of SOD and mannitol significantly reversed the effects of pH 6.4 up to 15 min. These results demonstrate that both exogenously generated and endogenously generated free oxygen radicals are capable of depressing calcium transport by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in the whole heart homogenate in the presence of endogenous scavenging systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Force exerted on a single spherical particle by a freezing interface: Experiments

Freezing naphthalene, salol, camphor, and succinonitrile exerted forces on the order of 10−5 N on glass beads fixed on the end of tungsten wire. The force increased with decreasing freezing rate and with increased bead size. Impurity additions increased the force exerted by naphthalene, but reduced that produced by succinonitrile. Purified camphene produced no detectable force.
Heme-assisted S-Nitrosation Desensitizes Ferric Soluble Guanylate Cyclase to Nitric Oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) signaling regulates key processes in cardiovascular physiology, specifically vasodilation, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte rolling. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the mammalian NO sensor, transduces an NO signal into the classical second messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP). NO binds to the ferrous (Fe2+) oxidation state of the sGC heme cofactor and stimulates formation of cGMP several hundred-fold. Oxidation of the sGC heme to the ferric (Fe3+) state desensitizes the enzyme to NO. The heme-oxidized state of sGC has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism of NO desensitization and find that sGC undergoes a reductive nitrosylation reaction that is coupled to the S-nitrosation of sGC cysteines. We further characterize the kinetics of NO desensitization and find that heme-assisted nitrosothiol formation of β1Cys-78 and β1Cys-122 causes the NO desensitization of ferric sGC. Finally, we provide evidence that the mechanism of reductive nitrosylation is gated by a conformational change of the protein. These results yield insights into the function and dysfunction of sGC in cardiovascular disease.
The PT1-Ca2+ Gla domain binds to a membrane through two dipalmitoylphosphatidylserines. A computational study.

Binding of vitamin K-dependent proteins to cell membranes containing phosphatidylserine (PS) via γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domains is one of the essential steps in the blood coagulation pathway. During activation of the coagulation cascade, prothrombin is converted to thrombin by prothrombinase, a complex consisting of serine protease FXa and cofactor FVa, anchored to anionic phospholipids on the surface of activated platelets in the presence of calcium ions. To investigate the binding of the Gla domain of prothrombin fragment 1 (PT1) to anionic lipids in the presence of Ca2+, we have conducted MD simulations of the protein with one and two dipalmitoylphosphatidylserines (DPPS) in a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer membrane. The results show a well-defined phosphatidylserine binding site, which agrees generally with crystallographic studies [Huang, M., et al. (2003) Nat. Struct. Biol. 10, 751−756]. However, in the presence of the lipid membrane, some of the interactions observed in the cry...
Human health effects of selected pesticides, chloroaniline derivatives.

Abstract The health effects of two pesticides, chlordimeform and propanil, are discussed. Chlordimeform and 2‐methyl‐4‐chloroaniline, a major metabolite of chlordimeform, cause severe hemorrhagic cystitis in humans. In cats, however, only a mild effect on the bladder was noted. The herbicide propanil has produced chloracne in humans, and along with 3,4‐dichloroaniline, hyperkeratosis in rabbits. The contaminants 3,4,3’,4'‐tetrachloroazobenzene and 3,4,3’,4'‐tetrachloroazoxybenzene are responsible for the chloracnegenic characteristics of propanil, 3,4‐dichloroaniline, and methazole.
Didymium eremophilum: A New Myxomycete from the Sonoran Desert

Didymium eremophilum is a new species of Myxomycetes cultured from dead tissue of Carnegiea gigantea (saguaro) in moist chambers. It is characterized by small stalked sporangia, crystalline peridia...
5,5'-diphenylhydantoin (dilantin) decreases cytosol and specific nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine binding in rat anterior pituitary in vivo and in cultured GC cells

To study the effect of 5,5′-diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on cellular and specific nuclear T3 binding, we have studied the effect of DPH on binding of T3 by rat anterior pituitary in vivo and in cultured GC cells, a rat pituitary tumor cell line that secretes GH. As determined by in vivo displacement techniques, DPH (10 mg/100 g BW daily for 3 days or as a single dose of 20 mg/100 g BW) resulted in a significant decrease in T3 binding by cytosol and specific nuclear sites in rat anterior pituitary. In cultured GC cells, the addition of 400 μM DPH resulted in a 70–80% decrease in specific nuclear T3 binding and a 40–50% decrease in cytosol T3 binding without affecting the rate of T3 equilibration. The effect of DPH was dose dependent between 10 and 400μM. Similar effects, but of a smaller magnitude, were noted in studies of isolated GC cell nuclei. The maximum percent decrease in specific T3 binding in isolated nuclei was 22% at 400 μM DPH. Scatchard analysis suggested that the DPH-induced decrease in specific n...
Jitex: a case study of apparel marketing in the Czech Republic

As Czech apparel and textile firms have moved towards privatization following the 1989 revolution, they have reduced their dependence on the state‐owned export organization, Centrotex, and they have introduced in‐house marketing activities, departments and strategies. Discusses the evolving marketing strategies at Jitex, a major formerly state‐owned vertical knitting firm. Jitex employs 3,000 people and produces knitted underwear, T‐shirts, jogging suits, and bathrobes. To strengthen their export and domestic market position, Jitex responded with product development, pricing, distribution and promotional strategies in the transforming economy. These included the introduction of computer‐assisted design, fashionable screen printing and appliqued knits, cotton/lycra knits and a new shrinkage finishing process. Jitex also consolidated domestic retail channels and established Western export markets. Concludes that Jitex′s size and lack of marketing structure and experience appears to be a disadvantage. Howeve...
Photogalvanic cells using heteropoly electrolytes

Abstract Heteropoly compounds upon irradiation with near visible and ultra violet light, in the presence of organic reagents, undergo reduction with concomitant oxidation of the organic species which is consumed during the reaction. The potential difference developed between the photoreduced ‘light’ half-cell and a similar ‘dark’ half-cell is the basis for the photogalvanic cell studied. Connection between the two half-cells, both with Pt-electrodes, produces a current until equilibrium is established. The dark cell is air oxidized to the original non-reduced form, whereas light regenerates the reduced ‘light’ half-cell. With {PW 12 O 40 } 3− , 1 × 10 −4 M, isoprophyl alcohol ∼0.8 M in 0.1 M HClO 4 , maximum photopotentials of ∼600 mV were recorded. The cycle was repeated more than 20 times with no loss in activity other than consumption of the organic reagent. Other combinations of heteropoly compounds and organic reagents can be used to optimize the results.