cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Habit Changes and Growth Mechanisms of In2O3 Grown from PbO‐B2O3 Melts

Crystals of In2O3 grown from a PbO-B2O3 melt show habit changes and imperfections that appear to result from the growth mechanisms and the relative supersaturations in the melt. The habit of the crystals is {100} at high super-saturations and {100} modified by {211} at low super-saturations. Surface features indicate growth by two-dimensional corner and edge nucleation followed by growth spirals caused by screw dislocations. Striations and trapped flux occurred in the crystals grown by corner and edge nucleation. The striations occurred in three zones, each of which was related to the growth mechanism and to the supersaturations. The frequency of the striations decreased when the primary mechanism changed from edge nucleation to screw dislocation.
Quantum Pseudo-Fractional Fourier Transform Using Multiple-Valued Logic

This paper presents the multivalued logic version of the quantum pseudo-fractional Fourier transform (QFrFT), which is a more general transform of which the widely used quantum Fourier transform (QFT) is a special case. We also show how to efficiently implement the QPFrFT using O(n^3) two qudit rotation gates. It is possible to implement an approximate QPFrFT by eliminating the rotation gates which implement exponentially decreasing rotation angles. The multivalued logic QPFrFT has improved approximation properties as the radix d of the logic used increases. The binary QPFrFT has the same circuit complexity and yet has the worst approximation properties when compared to multivalued logic implementations.
Expecting the Impossible? Abolitionist Appeals to the Irish in Antebellum America

When examining the divide that existed between Irish immigrants and abolitionists in the antebellum era, some historians have blamed the abolitionists, accusing them of harboring anti-Catholic views. In reality, William Lloyd Garrison and most antislavery stalwarts were well disposed toward Irish Catholics and made several attempts to reach out to them in the 1830s and '40s.
Implementation of Evaluation Results

Evaluation is but one step in a process intended to raise an organization to a maximum level of efficient and effective performance. If evaluation is to have the greatest possible impact on the organization the findings must be fully and appropriately implemented. The purpose of this paper is to consider some of the links and problems that occur in the movement from evaluation to implementation and to offer suggestions for enhancing the probability that evaluation findings from the Accreditation Plus Model (as well as any others) will actually be used to improve programs. A set of guidelines for readers to follow in implementing evaluation results is keyed to the major headings and appears following the text.
Triglyceride Synthesis in Epididymal Adipose Tissue CONTRIBUTION OF GLUCOSE AND NON-GLUCOSE CARBON SOURCES

The obesity epidemic has generated interest in determining the contribution of various pathways to triglyceride synthesis, including an elucidation of the origin of triglyceride fatty acids and triglyceride glycerol. We hypothesized that a dietary intervention would demonstrate the importance of using glucose versus non-glucose carbon sources to synthesize triglycerides in white adipose tissue. C57BL/6J mice were fed either a low fat, high carbohydrate (HC) diet or a high fat, carbohydrate-free (CF) diet and maintained on 2H2O (to determine total triglyceride dynamics) or infused with [6,6-2H]glucose (to quantify the contribution of glucose to triglyceride glycerol). The 2H2O labeling data demonstrate that although de novo lipogenesis contributed ∼80% versus ∼5% to the pool of triglyceride palmitate in HC- versus CF-fed mice, the epididymal adipose tissue synthesized ∼1.5-fold more triglyceride in CF- versus HC-fed mice, i.e. 37 ± 5 versus 25 ± 3 μmol × day–1. The [6,6-2H]glucose labeling data demonstrate that ∼69 and ∼28% of triglyceride glycerol is synthesized from glucose in HC- versus CF-fed mice, respectively. Although these data are consistent with the notion that non-glucose carbon sources (e.g. glyceroneogenesis) can make substantial contributions to the synthesis of triglyceride glycerol (i.e. the absolute synthesis of triglyceride glycerol from non-glucose substrates increased from ∼8 to ∼26 μmol × day–1 in HC- versus CF-fed mice), these observations suggest (i) the importance of nutritional status in affecting flux rates and (ii) the operation of a glycerol-glucose cycle.
Effects of esfenvalerate on aquatic organisms in littoral enclosures

The effects of esfenvalerate [(S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate] on plant and animal communities were observed in 12 littoral enclosures (5 × 10 m) in a 2-ha pond near Duluth, Minnesota, at six concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.08, 0.2, 1, and 5 μg/L, nominal) for eight weeks. Esfenvalerate exposures of 1 and 5 μg/L resulted in drastic reductions or elimination of most crustaceans, chironomids, juvenile bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), and larval cyprinids. Abundance of some copepod and insect genera declined at esfenvalerate concentrations of 0.08 to 0.2 μg/L, and these effects were apparent up to 53 d. Some invertebrate communities were able to recover by day 25 in enclosures containing concentrations of ≤0.2 μg/L esfenvalerate.
System-of-Systems Engineering Management: A Review of Modern History and a Path Forward

As our knowledge of system of systems (SoS) has grown and evolved, so has our understanding of how to engineer and manage them. In systems engineering, we develop architectures and frameworks to bring meaning to this kind of uncertainty, but for SoS engineering (SoSE) we are still in search of how we can structure this understanding. In this paper, we review the SoS literature to illustrate the need to create an SoSE management framework based on the demands of constant technological progress in a complex dynamic environment. We conclude from this review that the history and evolution of defining SoS has shown that: (1) SoS can be defined by distinguishing characteristics and (2) SoS can be viewed as a network where the ldquobest practicesrdquo of network management can be applied to SoSE. We use these two theories as a foundation for our objective to create an effective SoSE management framework. To accomplish this, we utilize modified fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security (FCAPS) network principles (SoSE management conceptual areas). Furthermore, cited distinguishing characteristics of SoS are also used to present a SoSE management framework. We conclude with a case analysis of this framework using a known and well-documented SoS (i.e., Integrated Deepwater System) to illustrate how to better understand, engineer, and manage within the domain of SoSE.
Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness

Previous research indicates that long-term meditation practice is associated with altered resting electroencephalogram patterns, suggestive of long lasting changes in brain activity. We hypothesized that meditation practice might also be associated with changes in the brain’s physical structure. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess cortical thickness in 20 participants with extensive Insight meditation experience, which involves focused attention to internal experiences. Brain regions associated with attention, interoception and sensory processing were thicker in meditation participants than matched controls, including the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula. Between-group diierences in prefrontal cortical thickness were most pronounced in older participants, suggesting that meditation might oiset age-related cortical thinning. Finally, the thickness of two regions correlated with meditation experience. These data provide the ¢rst structural evidence for experience-dependent cortical plasticity associated with meditation practice. NeuroReport 16:1893^1897 � c 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
On the graph isomorphism problem

We relate the graph isomorphism problem to the solvability of certain systems of linear equations and linear inequalities. The number of these equations and inequalities is related to the complexity of the graphs isomorphism and subgraph isomorphim problems.
On predicting the effective elastic properties of polymer bonded explosives using the recursive cell method

Polymer bonded explosives are particulate composites containing elastic particles in a viscoelastic binder. The particles occupy an extremely high fraction of the volume, often greater than 90%. Under low strain rate loading (� 0.001–1 s � 1 ) and at room temperature and higher, the elastic modulus of the particles can be four orders of magnitude higher than that of the binder. Rigorous bounds and analytical estimates for the effective elastic properties of these materials have been found to be inaccurate. The computational expense of detailed numerical simulations for the determination of effective properties of these composites has led to the search for a faster technique. In this work, one such technique based on a real-space renormalization group approach is explored as an alternative to direct numerical simulations in determining the effective elastic properties of PBX 9501. The method is named the recursive cell method (RCM). The differential effective medium approximation, the finite element method, and the generalized method of cells (GMC) are investigated with regard to their suitability as homogenizers in the RCM. Results show that the RCM overestimates the effective properties of particulate composites and PBX 9501 unless large blocks of subcells are renormalized and the particles in a representative volume element are randomly distributed. The GMC homogenizer is found to provide better estimates of effective elastic properties than the finite element based homogenizer for composites with particle volume fractions less than 0.80. � 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Helping the self help others: self-affirmation increases self-compassion and pro-social behaviors.

Reflecting on an important personal value in a self-affirmation activity has been shown to improve psychological functioning in a broad range of studies, but the underlying mechanisms for these self-affirmation effects are unknown. Here we provide an initial test of a novel self-compassion account of self-affirmation in two experimental studies. Study 1 shows that an experimental manipulation of self-affirmation (3-minutes of writing about an important personal value versus writing about an unimportant value) increases feelings of self-compassion, and these feelings in turn mobilize more pro-social behaviors to a laboratory shelf-collapse incident. Study 2 tests and extends these effects by evaluating whether self-affirmation increases feelings of compassion toward the self (consistent with the self-compassion account) or increases feelings of compassion toward others (an alternative other-directed compassion account), using a validated storytelling behavioral task. Consistent with a self-compassion account, Study 2 demonstrates the predicted self-affirmation by video condition interaction, indicating that self-affirmation participants had greater feelings of self-compassion in response to watching their own storytelling performance (self-compassion) compared to watching a peer’s storytelling performance (other-directed compassion). Further, pre-existing levels of trait self-compassion moderated this effect, such that self-affirmation increased self-compassionate responses the most in participants low in trait self-compassion. This work suggests that self-compassion may be a promising mechanism for self-affirmation effects, and that self-compassionate feelings can mobilize pro-social behaviors.
Determining the cost–effectiveness of adult pneumococcal vaccination strategies

The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is known to be economically reasonable in adults. With the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) now available, the question is whether 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine offers sufficient protection in adults compared with PCV13. Our cost-effectiveness analyses favor adult PCV13 use, but results depend largely on assumptions regarding PCV13 effectiveness in preventing non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia and on herd immunity effects from childhood PCV13 use, neither of which are well characterized at present. An ongoing randomized trial of adult PCV13 use and future surveillance data should clarify these issues for some population groups, but in others, such as the immunocompromised, modeling that rigorously accounts for uncertainty can and should be used to assist policymakers in their decisions.
Explaining Your Design

Have you ever tried to explain some aspect of your design and not known where to start? Perhaps you had to present how you solved a problem or justify your chosen design among several alternatives, and you weren't sure how to highlight key design aspects critical in achieving a certain requirement. Design decisions with widespread impact or design nuances that might confuse new team members can benefit from good definitions and narrative explanations. When fellow designers repeatedly ask, "why did you do it that way?" It's good to have an effective presentation that explains the tricky parts of your design without losing people in the details
Outage analysis and optimization of a stacked orthogonal space-time architecture and near-outage codes

We propose a stacked orthogonal space-time architecture for the quasi-static, MIMO Rayleigh fading channel where the K transmit antennas are divided into K/2 groups. Each group employs the Alamouti design as the inner code with the indeterminates being uncoded symbols or symbols from some outer code. Successive group interference suppression strategies based on decorrelating and MMSE filters are used to decode the component codes in some fixed or channel dependent order. These strategies exploit the specific structure of the inner codes to yield high diversity orders while preserving the decoupling property, thereby enabling the use of single-input, single-output (SISO) outer codes. The problems of finding the exact frame error probability (FEP) or outage probability of the interference suppression schemes are challenging. Nevertheless, these analysis problems are solved for the decorrelating case. Alternatively, the outage probability is minimized over channel dependent ordering rules via a greedy algorithm for any given rate and power tuples. We also demonstrate the intimate connection between outage probability and the achievable FEP for long frame-lengths. In the case of the optimized stacked space-time systems with (SISO) outer coding, we show that much better diversity orders and frame error probabilities (of about 4 dB in one example) are obtained relative to the codes of V. Tarokh et al. (1999) and these improvements are also obtained with a lower decoding complexity.
Tropical-Midlatitude Interaction on the Time Scale of 30 to 60 Days during the Northern Summer of 1979.

Abstract The relationship between the low-frequency oscillation of convective activity in the tropics and the intensity of planetary-scale upper-tropospheric (200 mb) systems in the subtropics during the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer is studied using data obtained in the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE). The mid-Pacific trough and the South Asian (Tibetan) and Mexican anticyclones undergo cycles of amplification and decay with the 30–60 day fluctuation of convective activities in the Indonesia-western Pacific (IWP) region and in the intertropical covergence zone (ITCZ) over Central America. The thermal contrast between the Asian continent and the North Pacific and the resulting east-west circulation show similar time variations. This circulation regulates the intensity of the South Asian anticyclone and the mid-Pacific trough. Divergent circulation associated with convection over Central America maintains the Mexican anticyclone. The low-frequency transients in the upper troposphere around the mid-Pa...
Screening of herbicides for selective weed control in African marigold (Tagetes erecta)

African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) was screened for tolerance to preemergence and postemergence herbicides. Three preemergence herbicides, pendimethalin, bensulide, and trifluralin, had an acceptable margin of crop safety both in the greenhouse and in the field when applied at one, two, and four times their labeled rates. Two postemergence herbicides, topramezone and encapsulated acetochlor, caused minimal visual injury to the crop and encapsulated acetochlor had a minimal effect on plant dry weight. Dry weight response to topramezone varied among experiments. Additional studies were conducted to better define African marigold tolerance to topramezone. African marigolds tolerated rates up to 36.8 g topramezone ha-1. Visual injury five days after application (DAA) was 3.1 or less (one to nine scale) for plants treated with the label rate, 18.4 g ha-1, or less of topramezone. Fifteen DAA, injury was no longer evident. Applications of 73.7 g ha-1 and greater caused visual ratings exceeding 3.5 at the five day evaluation and eventually resulted in plant death. Topramezone and acetochlor were applied in a tank mix to African marigold in the greenhouse and in the field. In the greenhouse, visual injury was 4.6 or less seven DAA and plants made a full visual recovery by 15 DAA. In the field, visual injury was 3.3 or less one week after application (WAA). Plants treated with 18.4 g ha-1 topramezone recovered by three WAA, other visual injury was less than 2.7. Data from both studies indicated minimal injury and rapid visual recovery of treated plants. A study observing crop response to topramezone application when African marigold was grown in pendimethalin treated soils indicated that pendimethalin did not affect topramezone
Group inference: A silent voice for the buyer’s decision-making

Popular online group buying websites introduced a tipping point mechanism to the e-commerce world. However, the effects of this mechanism on an individual buyer’s purchase decisions require further investigation. In this study, we developed a new construct, ‘group inference’, to study how information about the purchase group’s behaviours can influence a customer’s online group buying intention in the tipping point mechanism. We find that group inference as well as the buyer’s satisfaction with the price discount and his expectation of quality can have significant positive effects on the buyer’s intention to buy. The findings provide several important implications for online group buying research and management.
The SRR: an aberrometer with null endpoint

The SRR uses a null end-point and makes no assumptions about the internal properties of the eye. The redesigned instrument, without moving parts, tracks the pupil during the 3 minutes of a measurement.
Factors associated with increased incidence of severe toxicities following yttrium-90 resin microspheres in the treatment of hepatic malignancies

Factors associated with increased incidence of severe toxicities following yttrium-90 resin microspheres in the treatment of hepatic malignancies
La tortuga marina negra de Guanacaste amenazada de extinción por prácticas humanas

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer las acciones humanas que amenazan de extincion a la tortuga verde del Pacifico o tortuga negra ( Chelonia mydas ). Se realizo un relevamiento para conocer las playas donde ocurre anidacion de tortugas negras en la costa norte de Guanacaste y se registraron amenazas encontradas durante estos recorridos. Al mismo tiempo se realizaron observaciones en playas donde se estaban realizando proyectos de investigacion. Las principales playas de anidacion para esta especie fueron Nombre de Jesus, Zapotillal, Blanca, Matapalo, Prieta y Cabuyal. Las amenazas detectadas fueron: recoleccion ilegal de huevos, desarrollo de playas de anidacion y turismo sin control. Costa Rica posee el segundo sitio de anidacion en importancia conocido para esta especie en el oceano Pacifico y las playas de mayor importancia para la especie carecen de proteccion. Aumentar el control en estas playas y en las aguas adyacentes es esencial para preservar a esta poblacion de tortugas negras de la extincion.
Methyl Cyclohexanepropionate and Related Chemicals as Attractants for the Japanese Beetle

Among 88 chemicals tested alone and in combination with eugenol (9: 1) as attractants for Popillia japonica Newman, 5 combinations were more attractive than the presently used standard, phenethyl butyrate + eugenol (9: 1); the relative attractancies of these 5 lures ranged from 1.1 to 3.1 times that of the standard. Four of the 5 chemicals (admixed with eugenol) were cyclohexanc- substituted esters. The best lure was a mixture of methyl cyclohexanepropionate and eugenol.
Reflexivity and Qualitative Family Research:: Insider's Perspectives in Bereaving the Loss of a Child

The author uses her experiences with death and bereavement to select her research problem and to become a sensitive collaborator and listener with others who had the same experience of the loss of a loved one. From deep listening and opening of her heart to colleagues she began the integration of personal, empirical, theoretical, practical and spiritual knowledge into her research. A reconceptualization of maternal bereavement occurred. It is an open, fluid, dialectical process of change.
Fetal rat lung development: lipids and surface tension properties after decapitation in utero.

SummaryDecapitation in utero produces hormonal deficiencies which do not influence lung organogenesis but retards pneumocyte differentiation at the organelle and molecular levels. Such lungs contain decreased quantities of phospholipid and functionally are impaired in their ability to reduce surface tension to normal levels. The mechanisms by which these alterations are produced are most likely related to hormonal deficiencies during fetal development. These deficiencies may specifically alter lung phospholipid metabolism. Retardation of phospholipid metabolism may, however, be secondary to a more generalized retardation of pneumocyte differentiation. We favor the latter hypothesis in so far as pituitary failure occurring in man and animals with fully mature lungs does not lead to clinical respiratory distress (33, 38). Further inquiry into the manner in which hormones influence lung metabolism will require evaluation of the effect of specific hormonal replacements on in utero decapitated or hypophysectom...
High-pressure vibrational and polymorphic response of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene single crystals: Raman spectroscopy.

Raman spectroscopy was used to examine the vibrational and polymorphic behavior of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) to elucidate its structural and chemical stability under high pressure. Measurements were performed on single crystals compressed in a diamond anvil cell, and data were obtained over the entire frequency range of FOX-7 Raman activity. Several new features were observed with increase of pressure: (i) new vibrational peaks and discontinuity in the shifts of the peaks at 2 and 4.5 GPa, (ii) apparent coupling or mixing of several modes, and (iii) changes in the NH2 stretching spectral shape and modes shift. The spectral changes at 2 GPa, in contrast to previous reports, involved only a few peaks and likely resulted from a small molecular transformation. In contrast, changes at 4.5 GPa involved most of the modes, and the pressure for the onset and completion of the changes depended on the pressure medium. A large pressure hysteresis regarding the changes at 4.5 GPa implies a reconstructive t...
Lessons from the Physician Group Practice Demonstration--a sobering reflection.

The mixed results of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Physician Group Practice Demonstration project should dampen unreasonable expectations, particularly in terms of potential savings, for accountable care organizations.
Adenoviral gene delivery can inactivate Kupffer cells: role of oxidants in NF-κB activation and cytokine production

Kupffer cells play a significant role in the pathogenesis of several liver diseases; therefore, a potential therapeutic strategy would be to inactivate the Kupffer cell with a gene-delivery system. Although recombinant adenovirus provides robust, transgene expression in parenchymal cells, whether adenovirus transduces Kupffer cells is unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate this possibility. In animals infected with adenovirus, Kupffer cells were identified positively to express adenoviral transgenes by immunohistochemical techniques and Western blot analysis, indicating that Kupffer cells are transduced in vivo. Indeed, isolated Kupffer cells were transduced in vitro with recombinant adenovirus in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, adenoviral transduction of Kupffer cells was blocked by inhibitors of alphaVbeta5 integrin, the co-receptor for adenovirus binding, supporting the hypothesis that adenovirus transduces Kupffer cells via an alphaVbeta5 integrin-dependent mechanism. Indeed, it is shown here that Kupffer cells express alphaVbeta5 integrins. In a functional assay, infection of isolated Kupffer cells with adenovirus containing superoxide dismutase or IkappaB alpha super-repressor blunted LPS-induced nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production but not IL-10 production. Moreover, superoxide production was blocked by expression of superoxide dismutase. These data support the hypothesis that LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha production in Kupffer cells are oxidant-dependent. These findings suggest that Kupffer cell-targeted approaches may be a potential therapeutic strategy against many inflammatory diseases including early alcohol-induced liver injury.
Southeastern Atlantic deep-water evolution during the late-middle Eocene to earliest Oligocene (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1263 and Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 366)

Comparison of new benthic foraminiferal δ18O and δ13C records from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1263 (Walvis Ridge, southeast Atlantic, 2100 m paleodepth) and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 366 (Sierra Leone Rise, eastern equatorial Atlantic, 2200–2800 m paleodepth) with published data from Atlantic and Southern Ocean sites provides the means to reconstruct the development of deep-water circulation in the southeastern Atlantic from the late-middle Eocene to the earliest Oligocene. Our comparison shows that in the late-middle Eocene (ca. 40 Ma), the South Atlantic was characterized by a homogeneous thermal structure. Thermal differentiation began ca. 38 Ma. By 37.6 Ma, Site 1263 was dominated by Southern Component Water; at the same time, warm saline deep water filled the deeper South Atlantic (recorded at southwest Atlantic ODP Site 699, paleodepth 3400 m, and southeast Atlantic ODP Site 1090, paleodepth 3200 m). The deep-water source to eastern equatorial Site 366 transitioned to Northern Component Water ca. 35.6–35 Ma. Progressive cooling at Site 1263 during the middle to late Eocene and deep-water thermal stratification in the South Atlantic may be attributed at least in part to the gradual deepening and strengthening of the proto–Antarctic Circumpolar Current from the late-middle Eocene to the earliest Oligocene, as the Drake and Tasman gateways opened. Our isotopic comparisons across depth and latitude provide evidence of the development of deep-water circulation similar to modern-day Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
1.27 – Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodenitrogenation

Despite the large-scale applications of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) in the oil refining industry and the extensive knowledge on practical heterogeneous catalysts, the reaction mechanisms are not fully understood. Organometallic modeling of HDS and HDN has become a powerful additional tool for addressing a number of fundamental questions on the mechanistic details of these important reactions. This chapter deals with the organometallic chemistry of HDS- and HDN-relevant compounds such as the thiophenes, pyrroles, and pyridines, with particular emphasis on the structures, bonding, and reactions of well-defined metal complexes, as molecular analogs of surface species and interactions. The development of active homogeneous and supported catalysts for hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, and sulfur and nitrogen extrusion related to HDS and HDN is also described.
An overview of degradation phenomena modeling in lithium-ion battery electrodes

The formation of solid electrolyte interphase and diffusion induced microcrack in the lithium-ion battery electrodes are predominant degradation mechanisms, which cause capacity fade and cell impedance rise. Physics-based degradation models reveal new insights and allow fundamental understanding of the transport–chemistry–mechanics interactions. In addition, simulation-based diagnostics (e.g. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, acoustic emission characteristics) can enable virtual probing and interrogation of electrode degradation behavior. This short perspective highlights the recent progress in physics-based degradation modeling and virtual diagnostics in lithium-ion battery electrodes.
Evaluation of phenolic bioactive-linked functionality of blackberry cultivars targeting dietary management of early stages type-2 diabetes using in vitro models

Abstract Common blackberry ( Rubus spp.) is a rich source of phenolic antioxidants and has potential as a dietary source for the management of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) such as early stages type 2 diabetes (T2D). While the potential health benefits are well-known, a gap in knowledge exists regarding differences in bioactive phenolic profiles of various commercial blackberry cultivars. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to screen and compare different blackberry cultivars for their phenolic antioxidant-linked functionalities targeting dietary management of early stages T2D using in vitro assay models. Water and 12% ethanol extracts of 13 blackberry cultivars were screened for total soluble phenolic (TSP) content, phenolic profile (HPLC), total antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging), α-glucosidase, α −amylase, and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. Overall, higher TSP content, moderate to high antioxidant activity, and high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were found in ethanol extracts when compared to the water extracts. Among cultivars Natchez, A2215, Navaho, Ouachita, Chickasaw had higher TSP content, high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (even at 1/5 th dilution), and higher catechin in water and rutin in ethanol extracts. High DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed in cultivars A2195, Prime Jan, Chickasaw, APF 27, and Navaho, while A2195, APF27, Ouachita, and Navaho had higher α–amylase inhibitory activity. Based on the results of this study, screened blackberry cultivars such as A2195, Ouachita, Navaho, and Natchez can be further evaluated as a whole fruit or functional ingredients for the dietary management of early stages T2D in animal models.
Design of semi-rigid type of flexible pavements

Abstract The primary objective of the study presented in this paper is to develop design curves for performance prediction of stabilized layers and to compare semi-rigid flexible pavement designs between the empirical AASHTO 1993 and the mechanistic-empirical pavement design methodologies. Specifically, comparisons were made for a range of different sections consisting of cementitious layers stabilized with different types and percentages of additives. It is found that the design thickness is influenced by the type of soil, additive, selection of material property and design method. Cost comparisons of sections stabilized with different percentage and type of additives showed that CKD-stabilization provides economically low cost sections as compared to lime- and CFA-stabilized sections. Knowledge gained from the parametric analysis of different sections using AASHTO 1993 and MEPDG is expected to be useful to pavement designers and others in implementation of the new MEPDG for future pavement design.
USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory: History and Current Research on Western North American Rangelands

On the Ground Poisonous plants on western North American rangelands have historically been troublesome to livestock producers. Research on toxic plants was initiated by the United States Department of Agriculture in the late 1890s to solve problems for the livestock industry. TheUnitedStatesDepartment ofAgricultureAgricultural Resource Service Poisonous PlantResearch Laboratory in Logan, Utah continues to provide research-based solutions to poisonous plant problems besetting livestock producers, hobby farmers and small holders, veterinarians, and extension personnel. Principal plants of current research interest include larkspur, lupine, locoweed, selenium accumulating plants, pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants, and ponderosa pine.
Norovirus outbreaks: using agent-based modeling to evaluate school policies

Norovirus is a highly contagious gastrointestinal illness that causes the rapid onset of vomiting, diarrhea and fever. The virus relies on fecal-oral transmission making children particularly susceptible because of their increased incidence of hand-to-mouth contact. Side effects from the virus' symptoms can be problematic for children, i.e. severe dehydration. This paper examines transmission of the virus among elementary school classrooms, evaluating policies to reduce the number of children who become infected. The model focuses on the daily activities that allow for students' exposure to the virus including classroom activities and lunch/recess. Two policies that limit the amount of student-student interaction and were derived from guidelines published by the Center for Disease Control were explored. The results demonstrated that implementation of either policy helps reduce the number of students who become ill and that the sooner the policy is implemented the shorter the duration of the outbreak.
Research on the Vocational Habilitation of the Retarded: The Present, The Future

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the research on the vocational habilitation of the retarded. The habilitation of the mentally retarded exists within a context where the population with whom it deals is perceived by almost everyone as being far less capable than is really the case. Long-standing expectancies, which have recently been shown to be inappropriate, are slow to change. The majority of efforts expended have been on the development of the organizational structures, leaving little for actual program. This chapter describes the present status of research on the vocational habilitation of the retarded. It also proposes the directions for future efforts. The vocational training of mentally retarded individuals presently utilizes the resources of three primary disciplines: rehabilitation, psychology, and education. Research from these disciplines is also discussed in this chapter. Research from two other sources not normally associated with rehabilitation is also discussed in terms of its potential contribution to the field. These are industrial management and industrial engineering. This chapter describes the importance of the relationship between principles developed in laboratory settings and the application of these principles to vocational training.
Abstract 245: Metabolic Syndrome and Common Carotid Artery Remodeling: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

Objective The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, including stroke. Measures of maladaptive carotid artery remodeling such as greater common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness (IMT), and wider adventitial diameter (AD) are more prevalent among older women, varies by race/ethnicity and is predictive of stroke, however, data are lacking in women during the menopausal transition. Thus, we hypothesized more maladaptive carotid remodeling among MetS than those without MetS by race/ethnicity. Methods Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) participants, free of clinical CVD and with IMT and AD data at the 12th annual visit were evaluated. Lumen diameter (LD), circumferential wall stress (CWS) and circumferential wall tension (CWT) were calculated. Multivariable linear regressions were used to investigate the relationship between MetS and CCA parameters in all women and by race/ethnicity. Covariates included were age, height, site, LDL-c, education, medication use, menopause status and smoking. Results A total of 1183 women (41.3% MetS; 96.9% Postmenopausal; 52.1% Caucasian, 27.6% African American, 14.6% Chinese, 5.8% Hispanic) from 6 sites across the USA, aged 60.1±2.7 years old at visit 12 were included. MetS was associated with a larger LD (β(SE)): 0.222(0.033) mm, P Conclusion MetS is associated with maladaptive remodeling of the CCA, as evidenced by larger AD, LD, IMT and CWT. Importantly, the association between MetS and CCA remodeling varies between race/ethnicity, which could partially explain differences in stroke rates by race.
Effect of Ongoing Assessment of Resident Operative Autonomy on the Operating Room Environment

Objective We have previously demonstrated the feasibility and validity of a smartphone-based system called Procedural Autonomy and Supervision System (PASS), which uses the Zwisch autonomy scale to facilitate assessment of the operative performances of surgical residents and promote progressive autonomy. To determine whether the use of PASS in a general surgery residency program is associated with any negative consequences, we tested the null hypothesis that PASS implementation at our institution would not negatively affect resident or faculty satisfaction in the operating room (OR) nor increase mean OR times for cases performed together by residents and faculty. Methods Mean OR times were obtained from the electronic medical record at Northwestern Memorial Hospital for the 20 procedures most commonly performed by faculty members with residents before and after PASS implementation. OR times were compared via two-sample t -test. The OR Educational Environment Measure tool was used to assess OR satisfaction with all clinically active general surgery residents ( n = 31) and full-time general surgery faculty members ( n = 27) before and after PASS implementation. Results were compared using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test. Results A significant prolongation in mean OR time between control and study period was found for only 1 of the 20 operative procedures performed at least 20 times by participating faculty members with residents. Based on the overall survey score, no significant differences were found between resident and faculty responses to the OR Educational Environment Measure survey before and after PASS implementation. When individual survey items were compared, while no differences were found with resident responses, differences were noted with faculty responses for 7 of the 35 items addressed although after Bonferroni correction none of these differences remained significant. Conclusions Our data suggest that PASS does not increase mean OR times for the most commonly performed procedures. Resident OR satisfaction did not significantly change during PASS implementation, whereas some changes in faculty satisfaction were noted suggesting that PASS implementation may have had some negative effect with them. Although the effect on faculty satisfaction clearly requires further investigation, our findings support that use of an autonomy-based OR performance assessment system such as PASS does not appear to have a major negative influence on OR times nor OR satisfaction.
Partnership Bound: Using MAPS With Transitioning Students and Families From All Backgrounds:

The McGill Action Planning System (also referred to as Making Action Plans or MAPS) is a supportive, strengths-based process that enables teams to understand each other and work together to support...
A compact interferometric radar for studying clear air turbulence

Modern radio frequency integrated circuits and modular microwave components open the possibility of realizing many different kinds of compact microwave systems. In this paper we present the analysis and design of a compact interferometric radar at 10 GHz (X-band) for studying clear air turbulence. The interferometric radar design makes use of the Analog Devices AD8302 2.7 GHz Radio Frequency (RF) / Intermediate Frequency (IF) Gain Phase Detector integrated circuit to make phase difference and signal strength measurements in a two channel interferometer. Down converters are used in each channel of the interferometer to convert the received signal spectrum from 10 GHz RF input into a 1 GHz IF. A description of the fabrication and assembly of the interferometer is provided along with details of some performance measurements. The interferometer is intended to measure microradian angle-of-arrival errors in an X-band wave front caused by clear air turbulence. The interferometer described in the paper was used in a Naval Innovative Science and Engineering (NISE) research project and may prove useful for other applications requiring a compact microwave interferometric radar.
Realism and Quantum Logic

If we espouse a realist interpretation of quantum mechanics, need we advocate quantum logic? No. If we take a quantum logical approach to the theory, need we be realists? Again, no. But, although the two need not go together, in fact they have often done so: Hilary Putnam, using a lattice approach, and, more recently, Simon Kochen, using partial Boolean algebras, are two realists who come to mind. They see quantum theory as providing descriptions (in some sense of that word) of microsystems.
Anatomic relationship of the first olfactory neuron and trochlea: cadaveric study with surgical implications.

Background Iatrogenic injury to the trochlea is a potential complication of the Draf III or endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure; however, the location of the trochlea from within the sinus cavity has yet to be clearly characterized. We performed the first cadaveric study assessing the position of the trochlea in relation to the first olfactory neuron, a commonly identified landmark during the Draf III procedure. Methods Thirteen external dissections of the trochlea were performed on 7 disarticulated cadaveric heads via an extended Lynch type incision. An endoscopic Draf III procedure was then performed on all cadavers. A burr hole was then created at the trochlear fovea. A straight vector between the trochlear attachment and the ipsilateral first olfactory neuron was then created. The vector was then viewed from within the sinuses using a 30-degree endoscope. The endoscope was maneuvered to create an upright midline view centered on the olfactory neurons. An image was subsequently captured and analyzed using ImageJ software to calculate a vector angle. The linear distance between the 2 structures was also recorded. Results Relative to the first olfactory neuron, the trochlea was found to be 19.52 ± 4.68 mm away and at an angle of 39.42 ± 8.54 degrees in the anterolateral, superior direction along the frontal bone. Conclusion We report the first anatomical dissection characterizing the position of the trochlea relative to the ipsilateral first olfactory neuron. Intraoperative recognition of this relationship during Draf III procedures can prevent potential injury to the trochlea.
Stochastic electromagnetic-circuit simulation for system-level EMI analysis

A stochastic electromagnetic-circuit modeling workflow is presented for the computer-aided analysis of electromagnetic interference effects in multi-scale, shielded environments. The multi-scale complexity of the environment is tackled through the selective relaxation of the full electromagnetic coupling between different sub-domains when appropriate. The Stochastic Collocation technique is relied upon for the sampling of the random space. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through its application to the modeling of radiated noise coupling to a High Speed Link circuit inside a partially shielded metallic enclosure.
Mixed Cytoses and Cytopenias

Leukocytosis is defined as leukocyte count ≥13 × 109/L; in this chapter, the focus is leukocytosis due to an increase of neutrophils and their precursors. Thrombocytosis is defined by a platelet count ≥450 × 109/L. Leukocytosis either in isolation or as the main abnormal feature of blood is discussed in Chap. 5, whereas thrombocytosis as the primary presenting abnormality is discussed in Chap. 8. This chapter covers conditions presenting with either leukocytosis or thrombocytosis and one or two cytopenias. As well as reactive conditions that may present with this mixed picture in the blood, specific myeloid neoplasms most commonly present with mixed cytosis and cytopenias are discussed here: atypical chronic myeloid leukemia; myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN), unclassifiable; and primary myelofibrosis. A proposed algorithmic approach to the diagnosis of neutrophilic leukocytosis accompanied by anemia and/or thrombocytopenia is shown in Fig. 10.1. Myelodysplastic syndromes with isolated del(5q) and with inv(3) that can frequently present with thrombocytosis despite other cytopenias will also be discussed. The MDS/MPN entity with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis, although most classically presenting with thrombocytosis and anemia, is discussed separately in Chap. 8.
Developing Leadership: Blacks in Graduate and Professional Schools.

Today, the development of leadership in America is primarily an artifact of higher education and professional training. It is no longer possible to rise to high public office through self-education (like Abraham Lincoln) and reading the law in a judge's chambers. Nor is one likely to become a self-made scientific genius (like Benjamin Banneker) because of the complexity of technological advances and science and the necessity of systematic training. Although some white Americans by virtue of socioeconomic class and wealth can rise to leading positions (like Henry Ford II) without benefit of a university education, even they are in the minority. Among blacks, except for ministers (who represent a unique historical case), attainment of academic and professional leadership is almost exclusively a result of graduate education and professional training in colleges and universities. Therefore, participation rates for blacks in such training is an extremely sensitive barometer of either progress or retrogression in the production of black leaders. Consequently, when we see a decline in black undergraduate enrollments, it triggers an alarm that the ripple effect will be felt throughout the
A Review on Quantitative Multiplexed Proteomics

Over the last few decades, mass spectrometry-based proteomics has become an increasingly powerful tool that is now able to routinely detect and quantify thousands of proteins. A major advance for global protein quantification was the introduction of isobaric tags, which, in a single experiment, enabled the global quantification of proteins across multiple samples. Herein, these methods are referred to as multiplexed proteomics. The principles, advantages, and drawbacks of various multiplexed proteomics techniques are discussed and compared with alternative approaches. We also discuss how the emerging combination of multiplexing with targeted proteomics might enable the reliable and high-quality quantification of very low abundance proteins across multiple conditions. Lastly, we suggest that fusing multiplexed proteomics with data-independent acquisition approaches might enable the comparison of hundreds of different samples without missing values, while maintaining the superb measurement precision and accuracy obtainable with isobaric tag quantification.