cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roger Sperry and his chemoaffinity hypothesis

In the early 1940s, Roger Sperry performed a series of insightful experiments on the visual system of lower vertebrates that led him to draw two important conclusions: When optic fibers were severed, the regenerating fibers grew back to their original loci in the midbrain tectum to re-establish a topographical set of connections; and the re-establishment of these orderly connections underlay the orderly behavior of the animal. From these conclusions, he inferred that each optic fiber and each tectal neuron possessed cytochemical labels that uniquely denoted their neuronal type and position and that optic fibers could utilize these labels to selectively navigate to their matching target cell. This inference was subsequently formulated into a general explanation of how neurons form ordered interconnections during development and became known as the chemoaffinity hypothesis. The origins of this hypothesis, the controversies that surrounded it for several decades and its eventual acceptance, are discussed in this article.
Three-generation superstring models with Z3 R-symmetry

Abstract A class of three-generation superstring models with Z 3 R -symmetry is investigated. Three different definitions of matter-parity are considered in the investigation. It is found that only two models can provide phenomenologically interesting results: all but the known quarks are superheavy; there is one and only one pair of light Higgs doublets; a proton does not decay fast; renormalization group equation analysis gives sin 2 θ W ≈ 0.23−0.25; and two or three additional light lepton doublets and charged singlets are predicted to have mass ∼ 10 3 GeV.
The COP9 signalosome negatively regulates proteasome proteolytic function and is essential to transcription.

Abstract The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is an evolutionarily conserved protein complex formed by eight subunits (CSN1 through CSN8). Deneddylating cullin family proteins is considered the bona fide function of the CSN. It has been proposed that the CSN regulates the assembly and disassembly of the cullin-based ubiquitin ligases via its deneddylation activity. Here we report that down-regulation of CSN8 by RNA interference destabilized differentially other CSN subunits and reduced the amount of CSN holo-complexes, leading to increases in neddylated cullin proteins and reduction of F-box protein Skp2 in HEK293 cells. Moreover, suppression of CSN8 enhanced the degradation of a proteasome surrogate substrate and cyclin kinase inhibitor p21cip. Reduced transcript levels of cyclin kinase inhibitor p21cip and p27kip were also observed upon down-regulation of CSN8. These data suggest that the homeostatic level of CSN8/CSN suppresses proteasome proteolytic function and regulates transcription.
Surface properties of photo-oxidized bituminous vitrains

Abstract The principal aim of this research was to determine whether correlations could be established among surface oxygen functionality, hydrophobicity induced by photo-oxidation, and measurements of fluorescence alteration. Polished surfaces of vitrain bands were photo-oxidized using a blue-light flux and then changes in surface properties were measured. The data obtained reveal significant variations depending upon the level of surface oxidation. There is a progressive and significant increase in the amount of near-surface oxygen concentration which appear to lower the hydrophobicity as shown by contact angle measurements. Although this influence diminished as coal rank increased, the level of oxygen uptake was about the same, suggesting that the type of oxygen functionality formed during oxidation may be of great importance in modifying surface hydrophobicity. Changes in functional-group chemistry showed a general increase in the concentration of carbonyl-containing groups while those of CH 2 groups decreased. All of these observations follow the trends observed in previous investigations of naturally weathered coals. The photo-oxidation technique also resulted in the development of phenolic, ester and anhydride moieties instead of the expected emplacement of carboxylic acid groups which are normally associated with naturally weathered coals. Increase in the concentration of esters and anhydrides would be expected to result in a more hydrophobic surface, the opposite of what was actually encountered.
For the Love of Pleasure: Women, Movies, and Culture in Turn-of-the-Century Chicago

One of the most readable books on early cinema I have ever encountered. . . . Rabinovitz ably brings together a wealth of information about the exciting era of social change that marked the beginning of U.S. cinema." --Gaylyn Studlar, author of This Mad Masquerade: Stardom and Masculinity in the Jazz Age. The period from the 1880s until the 1920s saw the making of a consumer society, the inception of the technological, economic, and social landscape in which we currently live. Cinema played a key role in the changing urban landscape. For working-class women, it became a refuge from the factory. For middle-class women, it presented a new language of sexual danger and pleasure. Women found greater freedom in big cities, entering the workforce in record numbers and moving about unchaperoned in public spaces. Turn-of-the-century Chicago surpassed even New York as a proving ground for pleasure and education, attracting women workers at three times the national rate. Using Chicago as a model, Lauren Rabinovitz analyzes the rich interplay among demographic, visual, historical, and theoretical materials of the period. She skillfully links cinema theory and women's studies for a fuller understanding of cultural history. She also demonstrates how cinema dramatically affected social conventions, ultimately shaping modern codes of masculinity and femininity. Lauren Rabinovitz is a professor of American studies and film studies at the University of Iowa. She is the author of Points of Resistance: Women, Power, and Politics in the New York Avant-Garde Cinema, 1943-71, co-author of the award-winning CD-ROM The Rebecca Project, and co-editor of Seeing Through the Media: The Persian Gulf War.
Early Childhood Preservice Teachers' Constructions of Becoming an Intentional Teacher

This teacher research study focuses on an initial cohort of early childhood preservice teachers who participated in a case study of teachers' constructions of becoming a teacher. The purpose was to determine, through qualitative teacher research, how our teacher preparation program can better prepare preservice teachers to develop, make, and implement instructional decisions appropriately and intentionally. The emerging themes of intentionality in curriculum planning and uses of assessment are explored in our findings. The impact of our teacher preparation program on these themes is outlined in the discussion as a way to help us understand our initial findings. The researchers' reflections and related program implications are discussed.
Statistical modeling of competitive threshold collision-induced dissociation

Collision-induced dissociation of (R1OH)Li+(R2OH) with xenon is studied using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. R1OH and R2OH include the following molecules: water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 1-butanol. In all cases, the primary products formed correspond to endothermic loss of one of the neutral alcohols, with minor products that include those formed by ligand exchange and loss of both ligands. The cross-section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond energies for (R1OH)Li+–R2OH and relative Li+ binding affinities of the R1OH and R2OH ligands after accounting for the effects of multiple ion–molecule collisions, internal energy of the reactant ions, and dissociation lifetimes. We introduce a means to simultaneously analyze the cross sections for these competitive dissociations using statistical theories to predict the energy dependent branching ratio. Thermochemistry in good agreement with previous work is obtained in all cases. In essence, this statistical approach prov...
Enhancement of Healthy Personality Through Psychiatric Medication: The Influence of SSRIs on Neuroticism and Extraversion

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors’ (SSRIs’) wide use, combined with the blurry limit between health and psychological illness, have led neuroscientists, clinicians and ethicists to envision the possibility of these medications’ use in non-clinical populations. This prospect has evoked ethical debates, which have often ignored the findings of the empirical literature. In this context, an evaluation of the empirical evidence for SSRIs’ personality enhancing effects is needed. The present paper examines SSRIs’ effects on healthy personality, including the Five Factor Model traits Neuroticism and Extraversion, as well as some of their facets: Angry Hostility, Impulsiveness, Vulnerability, Warmth, Gregariousness and Assertiveness. The review encompasses investigations in healthy humans, human clinical populations, as well as relevant animal studies. Emerging data raise the possibility that SSRIs, when used by people without a currently diagnosable mental disorder, may reduce some facets of Neuroticism, especially Angry Hostility. On the other hand, very limited support exists for an SSRI-driven change in other Neuroticism facets, such as Impulsiveness, in healthy humans. An increase in Extraversion (potentially, Warmth, Gregariousness, and, in some contexts, Assertiveness) is possible, but currently available evidence is only indirect. Future research is needed, both to clarify methodological ambiguities in existing studies, and to answer unaddressed questions, such as ones of the stability, predictors, moderators, dose- and context-dependency of the effects.
Necessary, but not sufficient: links between neurocognition, social cognition, and metacognition in schizophrenia are moderated by disorganized symptoms.

Abstract Intact neurocognition has been posited as a necessary, but not sufficient prerequisite for efficient social cognition and metacognition in schizophrenia. Disorganized symptoms likely play a prominent role in these cognitive processes, given the detrimental effects of disorganization on one's ability to synthesize discrete information into an organized whole. However, the relationship between disorganized symptoms and cognitive processes remains unclear. In this study, we examined whether disorganized symptoms: 1) exhibited stronger inverse relationships with cognitive processes than other symptoms, and 2) moderated links between neurocognition and a) social cognition, and b) metacognition. Trained raters assessed psychotic symptoms, neurocognition, social cognition, and metacognition in patients with schizophrenia from a Midwestern VA Medical Center (n = 68) using validated, clinician-rated instruments. We observed significantly greater inverse associations with cognitive processes for disorganized compared to reality distortion symptoms; inverse associations with neurocognition and social cognition were significantly greater for disorganized than negative symptoms. Our hypotheses that disorganized symptoms would moderate relationships between neurocognition and a) social cognition, and b) metacognition were also supported. These findings highlight the importance of disorganized symptoms in elucidating links between neurocognition and social cognitive and metacognitive abilities. Future work should assess whether similar findings occur across the schizophrenia-spectrum, and investigate if targeting disorganization can ameliorate social cognitive and metacognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
We Will No Longer Be Servile: Aprismo in 1930s Ayacucho

This article challenges the notion that the APRA party's poor electoral showings in Peru's southern sierra during the i930s reflected regional lack of interest in the party and that APRA held little appeal for indigenous peasants. Focusing on two rural districts in the department of Ayacucho, the article reveals that APRA was indeed a formidable presence in rural Ayacucho during the 1930s- With its calls for regional inclusion and decentralisation, APRA appealed to progressive hacendados, schoolteachers and even wealthy peasants, who linked APRA's national discourses to their local struggles for political power and land. Tipping his hat and smiling, Don Marcelino Lizarbe told me, 'I was an Aprista then. There were many Apristas here.'1 An elderly Ayacucho cam- pesino from the indigenous peasant community of Carhuanca, Don Marcelino shared with me his memories of APRA mobilisation in the 1930s. Like many men and women in Peru during that decade, Don Marcelino had believed that APRA (the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana) would bring about comprehensive economic, political and social change. Such change seemed especially necessary in a national context of increasing ur- banisation and industrialisation, and in an international context of severe economic depression. A fundamentally populist party, APRA promised both socio-economic justice and a national political transformation that would wrest power from the hands of the aristocracy and turn that power over to the masses. Don Marcelino's words invite a reconsideration of the APRA's early history, as they run counter to two general assumptions about the party: that APRA's poor electoral showings in Peru's southern sierra reflected a
Computing Schedules for Time-Triggered Control using Genetic Algorithms

Abstract In this work, we study the optimal scheduling problem for embedded control systems. Given a number of numerical computation tasks that must be executed on an embedded computer, the goal is to find a periodic schedule that minimizes the error of the implementation with respect to the ideal system. In this paper, we pose two open problems : the decidability of the optimal scheduling problem for timed-triggered controllers (OSTTC) and the time complexity of the corresponding bounded version of the problem. We conjecture that the former is undecidable and that the latter is NP-Complete. In view of the previous conjectures, we present a Genetic Algorithm (GA) for the OSTTC problem. Initial experimental results of GA-OSTTC are very promising when compared to random search and exhaustive bounded search.
Structure of Trimeric Calcium/Proton Antiporter Protein YfkE Reveals the Mechanisms of Calcium Efflux and its pH Regulation

Ca2+ efflux by Ca2+ cation antiporter (CaCA) proteins is important to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis across the cell membrane in all kingdoms of life. CaCA proteins extrude Ca2+ out of the cells by utilizing a counter electrochemical gradient of other cations such as Na+ or H+ as energy. To understand Ca2+/cation exchange mechanism, we determined crystal structure of the Ca2+/H+ antiporter protein YfkE from Bacillus subtilis at 3.1 A resolution. YfkE forms a homotrimer confirmed by disulfide crosslinking, and each protomer contains 11 transmembrane helices. The protonated state of YfkE is locked in an inward-facing conformation with a large hydrophilic cavity in each protomer opening to the cytoplasm and ending in the middle of the membrane at the Ca2+ binding site, whereas a hydrophobic "seal" closes its periplasmic exit. Two highly conserved helices, TMs 2 & 7, kink toward each other, forming a X-like Ca2+ translocation pathway, which is blocked by a histidine residue at the Ca2+ binding site. Our structural and functional analyses suggest that Ca2+/H+ alternating access on each side of the membrane induces the rotation of the kink angles of TMs 2 and 7 and the transition between inward- and outward-facing conformations is mediated by large conformational changes of TMs 1 and 6. These studies not only establish structural bases for the novel mechanisms for Ca2+ efflux and its pH regulation, but also shed light on the evolutionary adaptation of different energy modes, Na+ vs. H+, in the CaCA protein family.
Finite element analysis of conformal antennas

Microstrip antennas have been the most widely used conformal aperture primarily due to their low-profile, simple construction, and durability. However, they are inherently low bandwidth apertures due to the fact that they form a leaky cavity. In this paper, the beginning of a new investigation into conformal apertures that are inspired by thin patch radiators yet have features designed to modestly enhance the bandwidth performance without requiring the addition of significant additional complexity. The goal is to design an antenna that can bear substantial structural loads. A hybrid finite element-boundary integral method is used in this study to accommodate the structural and material inhomogeneous features of the design.
SOME EFFECTS OF CONSTANT INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS INTO NORMAL CONSCIOUS DOGS

THE MAJORITY of workers are in disagreement as to the nature of the fundamental I cause or causes of adrenal insufficiency. The most widely held theory is that the syndrome is due to some defect in salt and water metabolism. Some have suggested that defective sodium metabolism is the primary cause (I, 2, 3); others, that it is a failure of the blood-diluting mechanism (4, 5, 6, but see also 7); and still others, that the syndrome is due to hyperpotassemia (8, 9, 10). Various workers have induced some of the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency by KCl administration, but the majority of the authors have not examined their animals or experimental subjects on more than a few of the facets of the problem. Zwemer and Trusskowski (11) present the most comprehensive report to date, but their report lacks details of experimental technic and treats only subjectively of the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency.
Use of adult day services and home health care services by older adults: a comparative analysis.

This study compares adult day services (ADS) and home health care (HHC) users on the indicators of personal characteristics, physical health, mental health and social network contacts. Analysis inc...
Change in Susceptibility to Vestibular-Visual Conflict Sickness in Monkeys by Repeated Exposure

Igarashi M, Kobayashi K, Kulecz WB, HimiT. Change in susceptibility to vestibular-visual conflict sickness in monkeys by repeated exposure. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1986; 102:432–437.Squirrel monkeys, susceptible to the vestibular-visual conflict sickness in pitch (with frank vomiting), were subjected to repeated exposure to pitch conflict in various modes and in a randomly mixed order (30 min daily, for 10 consecutive days). Immediately after the training, a significant decline in susceptibility was found, represented by reduced vomiting rates, reduced sickness scores, reduced salivation and improved regularity of vertical oculomotor responses. Susceptibility at the pre-training level returned when the test was repeated 10 days later. Temperary suppression of pitch conflict sickness susceptibility indicates the possibilityt of training crew members prior to their space fight missions to control the space motion sickness, particularly vomiting.
Crystal fields and the Kondo properties of CeAl3

Abstract Crystal fields are included in a model calculation of the magnetization of the Kondo compound CeAl3. Using parameters taken from experiment, the predicted magnetization at T=1.4 and 4.2K for applied magnetic fields H less than 10T is in good agreement with experiment. Using this magnetization, the model also correctly predicts the decrease in the specific heat C as a function of H for 0.35 ⩽T⩽0.9K. In particular, it correctly predicts that this decrease is approximately linear in H and that ( ∂H ∂H ) T is approximately temperature independent.
Simulating the Ares Aircraft in the Mars Environment

NASA Langley proposed the Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey (ARES) of Mars science mission in response to the NASA Office of Space Science 2002 Mars Scout Opportunity. The science-driven mission proposal began with trade studies and determined that a rocket powered aircraft was the best suited platform to complete the ARES science objectives. A high fidelity six degree of freedom flight simulation was required to provide credible evidence that the aircraft design fulfilled mission objectives and to support the aircraft design process by providing performance evaluations. The aircraft was initially modeled using the aero, propulsion, and flight control system components of other aircraft models. As the proposed aircraft design evolved, the borrowed components were replaced with new models. This allowed performance evaluations to be performed as the design was maturing. Basic autopilot features were also developed for the ARES aircraft model. Altitude hold and track hold modes allowed different mission scenarios to be evaluated for both science merit and aircraft performance. Platform stability and data rate requirements were identified for each of the instruments and the aircraft performance was evaluated against those requirements. The results of the simulation evaluations indicate that the ARES design and mission profiles are sound and meet the science objectives.
Analogies Of Optical And Digital Technology: Evolution And Motivation

Electro/acousto optic technology has been proposed for a number of advanced programs. A review of these developments and their maturity lead to the apparent conclusion that the primary application of electro/acousto optics may be in ultra-high speed matrix or Fourier multiplication. Their current use and maturity are not sufficient to compete with digital electronics in other areas. A significant amount of basic research is still required to achieve demonstrative results which lead to technology insertion.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of genital sex pheromones in Amblyomma americanum and A. maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae).

Amblyomma americanum andA. maculatum were studied to determine if genital sex pheromones were present, as reported inDermacentor species. Chemical analysis of methanol extracts of the anterior reproductive tracts (source of the genital sex pheromone) ofA. americanum andA. maculatum confirmed the presence of the same fatty acids that act as components of the genital sex pheromone inDermacentor variabilis andD. andersoni. In bothAmblyomma species, removal of the anterior reproductive-tract of fed females eliminated the male copulatory response. ForA. americanum, use of anterior reproductive tract extracts made with water, methanol, ether and hexane elicited significant probing and copulatory responses by conspecific males. However, inA. maculatum, use of anterior reproductive-tract extracts made with water, methanol, ether, chloroform: methanol (4∶1), hexane and pentane did not restore mating response by males. Treatment with known components ofDermacentor genital sex pheromones elicited weak but significant responses inA. americanum, but did not restore male mating responses inA. maculatum. These results indicate that genital sex pheromones exist inA. americanum and are not restricted to the genusDermacentor. Characteristics of theAmblyomma genital sex pheromone, however, do differ considerably from those inDermacentor. No genital sex pheromone was present inA. maculatum.
A simple, rapid assay for cysteamine and other thiols.

Abstract Cysteamine is under investigation as an aid in radiation therapy and as a treatment for the inherited disorder cystinosis. An assay is presented for its measurement in biological fluids. The specific reaction of thiosulfonates with sulfhydryl compounds is employed to form a radiolabeled derivative of cysteamine which is then isolated by high-voltage electrophoresis on paper. Cysteamine can be measured in aqueous solutions, plasma, and urine with this method.
Comparative aspects of muscle fiber types in different species.

Abstract A comparative histochemical study was performed on chick, mouse, bovine, and procine red and white muscles, to determine whether the system of nomenclature for muscle fiber types, previously described for chick muscle, is applicable to other species. In all species, βR fibers exhibit the highest SDH/phosphorylase ratio despite the fact that in mouse muscles SDH activity is less in βR fibers than in αR fibers. Species differences are apparent in α fiber ATPase reactions after alkali preincubation. Nevertheless, it is concluded that the terms of αR, αW, and βR are adequate to describe the types and metabolic states of muscle fibers in all of the species examined.
Synergetic combination of different types of defect to optimize pinning landscape using BaZrO 3 -doped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7

Retaining a dissipation-free state while carrying large electrical currents is a challenge that needs to be solved to enable commercial applications of high-temperature superconductivity. Here, we show that the controlled combination of two effective pinning centres (randomly distributed nanoparticles and self-assembled columnar defects) is possible and effective. By simply changing the temperature or growth rate during pulsed-laser deposition of BaZrO(3)-doped YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) films, we can vary the ratio of these defects, tuning the field and angular critical-current (Ic) performance to maximize Ic. We show that the defects' microstructure is governed by the growth kinetics and that the best results are obtained with a mixture of splayed columnar defects and random nanoparticles. The very high Ic arises from a complex vortex pinning landscape where columnar defects provide large pinning energy, while splay and nanoparticles inhibit flux creep. This knowledge is used to produce thick films with remarkable Ic(H) and nearly isotropic angle dependence.
Dermal histocompatibility and in vitro lymphocyte reactions of three newH-2 mutants

Histocompatibility of skin grafts and in vitro lymphocyte reactions of three new H-2 mutants (B6-H-2bg1, B6-H-2bg2, and B6-H-2 bh ) are described. Complementation tests indicated thatH-2bg1,H-2bg2, andH-2 bh were mutations at the same locus (z-1) and allelic withH-2 ba . Two of the lines, B6-H-2bg1 and B6-H-2bg2, appeared identical, although they were of spontaneous and independent origin. The third line, B6-H-2 bh , was unique. Such graft rejection was paralleled by reactivity in the MLR and by the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro. The pattern of crossreactivity among antigens specified by these mutant genes supports the notion that thez-1 locus controls multiple specificities. The results indicate that a single point mutation can simultaneously affect histocompatibility, MLR, and CML reactions.
SOME EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON ADULT HORN FLIES, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS

Abstract Pharate adult horn flies, Haematobia irritans, treated with 2-Krad of ionizing radiation from a 137Cs source were extracted as 2-hr-old males and females and analyzed for physiological (free) amino acids and for total (hydrolysates) amino acids. The physiological assays showed that irradiated flies had increased levels of asparagine-glutamine and creatinine, but neither ammonia nor total amino acids were affected. Several compounds previously unreported in insects were found to occur in horn flies: creatinine, creatine phosphate, anserine, carnosine, α-aminoadipic acid, sarcosine, and allo-hydroxylysine.
Metabolism and regulation of canonical histone mRNAs: life without a poly(A) tail

The canonical histone proteins are encoded by replication-dependent genes and must rapidly reach high levels of expression during S phase. In metazoans the genes that encode these proteins produce mRNAs that, instead of being polyadenylated, contain a unique 3' end structure. By contrast, the synthesis of the variant, replication-independent histones, which are encoded by polyadenylated mRNAs, persists outside of S phase. Accurate positioning of both histone types in chromatin is essential for proper transcriptional regulation, the demarcation of heterochromatic boundaries and the epigenetic inheritance of gene expression patterns. Recent results suggest that the coordinated synthesis of replication-dependent and variant histone mRNAs is achieved by signals that affect formation of the 3' end of the replication-dependent histone mRNAs.
Mutations produced by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli after in vitro synthesis in the absence of single-strand binding protein

Single-stranded plasmid DNA, containing the mnt gene, was replicated in vitro with DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Escherichia coli mutH bacteria, defective in mismatch repair, were transformed with the products of in vitro synthesis. Mutations in mnt were readily identified and 33 out of 65 isolates were single base changes including transition, transversion and frameshift mutations. The remaining 32 isolates were deletions of apparently random length and substitutions (deletion/insertions). The intergenic deletions as well as the transition and frameshift mutations were identical to those previously isolated from mismatch repair-defective cells in vivo.
Prime III: a user centered voting system

Mr. Wilson never votes. He doesn't vote because he is not confident in his reading capabilities; however, he decided that he will vote this year because he heard that blind people will be able to privately cast their vote. He said, "If blind people can vote, then so can I" At the voting precinct, he shows his identification and receives a blank, numbered ballot sheet. He enters a voting booth, placing the ballot into the printer. Using a headset with a microphone, he is able to make his selections by speaking numbers, which gives him confidence that his vote is private. Before printing his ballot, he listens to a summary of his selections. He leaves the voting booth and places his printed ballot into a secure box. Like Mr. Wilson, there are millions of people that don't participate in our electoral process due to disabilities and lack of confidence in the equipment. Through usable security, Prime III aims to broaden voter participation and confidence.
Nonaqueous biocatalytic synthesis of new cytotoxic doxorubicin derivatives: exploiting unexpected differences in the regioselectivity of salt-activated and solubilized subtilisin.

Two enzymes, Mucor javanicus lipase and subtilisin Carlsberg (SC), catalyzed the nonaqueous acylation of doxorubicin (DOX). Compared to the untreated enzyme the rate of DOX acylation at the C-14 position with vinyl butyrate in toluene was 25-fold higher by lipase ion-paired with Aerosol OT (AOT) and 5-fold higher by lipase activated by 98% (w/w) KCl co-lyophilization (3.21 and 0.67 μmol/min g-lipase, respectively, vs 0.13 μmol/min g-lipase). Particulate subtilisin Carlsberg (SC) was nearly incapable of DOX acylation, but ion-paired SC (AOT-SC) catalyzed acylation at a rate of 2.85 μmol/min g-protease. The M. javanicus formulations, AOT-SC, and SC exclusively acylated the C14 primary hydroxyl group of DOX. Co-lyophilization of SC with 98% (w/w) KCl expanded the enzyme's regiospecificity such that KCl-SC additionally acylated the C4‘ hydroxyl and C3‘ amine groups. The total rate of DOX conversion with KCl-SC was 56.7 μmol/min g-protease. The altered specificity of KCl-SC is a new property of the enzyme impa...
Color blind‐sided: Racial bias in network television's coverage of professional football games

Research into the portrayal of African Americans in the media shows that nearly 30 years after the Kerner Commission Report, the media still portray African Americans inaccurately and stereotypical...
Measuring Aggregate Media Exposure: A Construct Validity Test of Indicators of the National News Environment

This study seeks to determine a parsimonious set of media indicators to represent the national media news environment at the daily, weekly, and monthly levels. It provides evidence of the convergent validity of these indicators using cancer and drunk driving news coverage for 1981–2006, and of criterion validity using cancer news coverage for 2003–2006. Validated search terms were used to retrieve stories about cancer and drunk driving from the Lexis-Nexis database. Results revealed that, of the indicators selected, the best aggregate measure of the national news environment is a combined measure of Associated Press, Washington Post, and New York Times. Together, these three sources consistently predicted national newspaper, broadcast, and combined news environment at the daily, weekly, and monthly levels. Since the convergent validity test revealed that the relationship between AP, WPOST, and NYT varies across health topics and time, use of a single indicator is not recommended.
Mind, Soul and Spirit: Conceptions of Immaterial Identity in Different Cultures

The cognitive science of religion has recently focused attention on whether concepts of mind, soul, and spirit derive from the same or different intuitive foundations of immaterial identity. The present research is the first to look at intuitions about these three concepts simultaneously in different cultures. Methodologically, hypothetical transplants or transfers of minds or brains have been commonly used to examine the development of inferences about the continuity of mental identity despite bodily displacement. The present research extends the transfer paradigm to compare inferences about transfers of “soul” and “spirit” as well as the “mind.” American, Brazilian, and Indonesian undergraduate participants were presented with a series of scenarios in which a character's soul, mind, or spirit is transferred to another character's body. Participants made judgments about the consequences of such transfers on behaviors selected to potentially differentiate underlying intuitive categories. Results indicate ...
Sex–specific association of the androgen to oestrogen ratio with adipocytokine levels in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study

Objective Androgens and oestrogens have opposing effects on some adipocyte functions. Thus, the androgen to oestrogen balance may be as important as the individual hormones in determining the biological interaction between endogenous sex hormones and adipocyte-derived factors such as adiponectin and leptin. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the sex-specific, cross–sectional association of sex hormones and androgen to oestrogen ratios with serum adiponectin and leptin in older men and postmenopausal women. Design Cross-sectional. Participants A total of 1510 community dwelling men and postmenopausal women aged 50–92 years. Measurements Serum leptin, adiponectin and sex hormone levels. Results Adiponectin and leptin levels were higher in women than men (P < 0·001). In both sexes, adiponectin concentrations were lower, and leptin levels higher, with increasing BMI and waist girth (all P < 0·001). Although the ratio of total testosterone to total oestradiol was significantly associated with both adipocytokines in both sexes, the strongest and most consistent hormone–adipocytokine associations were observed when the androgen to oestrogen ratio was expressed as total testosterone to bioavailable oestradiol. In linear regressions, the testosterone to bioavailable oestradiol ratio was positively related to adiponectin and inversely related to leptin, with nearly identical standardized β-coefficients for men and women (all P < 0·001). The strength of the hormone ratio–adipocytokine associations was reduced, but not eliminated, after adjustment for age, adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk factors, including insulin resistance. Conclusions The striking similarity of the hormone ratio–adipocytokine associations for men and women, despite wide differences in sex hormone and adipocytokine levels, suggests these results reflect underlying physiological mechanisms common to both sexes.
X-ray diffraction analysis of the inhibition of porcine pancreatic elastase by a peptidyl trifluoromethylketone.

Abstract X-ray crystallographic data to 2·57 A resolution (1 A = 0·1 nm) have been measured for the complex of a peptidyl trifluoromethylketone inhibitor with porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE); R = 0·14. The inhibitor forms a stable complex with the enzyme by means of a covalent attachment to active site Ser195Oγ, resulting in a hemiketal moiety with tetrahedral geometry. The tripeptide protion binds as an antiparallel β-sheet, with four hydrogen bonds augmenting the active-site covalent linkage, Ki = 9·5 μm. His57 exhibits a bifurcated H-bond to both Ser195Oγ and an F atom of the inhibitor. This study is one of a series which explores the binding geometry of a variety of small substrates and inhibitors to PPE. This peptidyl-PPE complex affords insight into the binding geometry of a novel trifluoromethylketone moiety to a serine proteinase.
Increased minimum vein diameter on preoperative mapping with duplex ultrasound is associated with arteriovenous fistula maturation and secondary patency

Objective Autogenous arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses (arteriovenous fistulas [AVFs]) are preferred for chronic hemodialysis access. Preoperative vein mapping by duplex ultrasound is recommended before AVF creation, but there are few data correlating vein diameter with postoperative outcomes. Also, vein diameter has not been included in prior predictive models of fistula maturation. This study aims to test whether preoperative vein diameter is associated with failure of AVF maturation and long-term (secondary) patency. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical variables of patients undergoing brachiobasilic or brachiocephalic AVF creation. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression models tested whether preoperative minimum vein diameter (MVD) and clinical covariates were associated with failure of AVF maturation and secondary patency. Results The sample included 158 adults (54 ± 14 years; 45% male; 61% white; 56% diabetes; body mass index, 32 ± 8; MVD, 3.4 ± 1.1 mm; follow-up, 12 ± 9 months [range, P = .005 and P = .001, respectively). Conclusions Patients with a larger MVD on preoperative vein mapping are at lower risk for failure of fistula maturation and have increased long-term AVF patency. MVD is the only clinical or demographic factor associated with both AVF maturation and long-term patency. MVD is an important preoperative indicator of fistula success in assessment of potential AVF sites. Future predictive models of fistula maturation and patency should include MVD.
On the separation of gas mixtures in a jet

In 1954 Becker found that the components of a gas mixture could be separated by allowing a jet of the gas mixture to expand in a low-pressure chamber. The heavier molecules would concentrate near the center of the jet and the lighter ones near the edge. Thus the jet could be split into two streams, one containing more of the heavy component and one containing more of the light component. In this paper it will be shown that this effect can be predicted from the kinetic theory of gases and that the predicted magnitude of the effect agrees favorably with the experimental data of Becker.
Quantitative analysis of 180 degree turns for fall risk assessment using video sensors

In this paper, we present a method for quantitatively and objectively assessing 180 degree turns using low cost video sensors. A three-dimensional voxel reconstruction, which is built using silhouettes captured from two calibrated web camera views, is used to represent the human body. Experiments were conducted in which participants performed the standard Timed Up and Go tests where 180 degree turns are evaluated. Our two calibrated cameras captured the images during the test. Two key parameters including turn time and turn steps are extracted using the voxel data. Good agreement for the turn time was found for our system compared to the expert rating. The extracted numbers of turn steps are one step less than the expert rating in many test runs. The difference comes mainly from the nature of the pivot turns, and the turn time difference between the expert rating and the algorithm, namely the determination of the time duration from the beginning to the end of the turn. The development of this technology provides potential for assessing 180 degree turns in the home setting as part of a balance, stability and fall risk assessment tool.
EFFECTS OF INVENTED SPELLING AND DIRECT INSTRUCTION ON SPELLING PERFORMANCE OF SECOND‐GRADE BOYS

Four second-grade boys, 2 rated by their classroom teacher as below average and 2 as above average in basic language skills, participated in a 16-week spelling investigation. The participants alternately received, in counterbalanced order, 5 weeks of an invented spelling approach that incorporated 15-min creative writing periods and 5 weeks of direct instruction that involved 15-min periods of guided practice on spelling word lists. At the end of 10 weeks, each condition was replicated for 3 additional weeks. Although direct instruction resulted in more targeted words spelled correctly, invented spelling resulted in more nontargeted words spelled correctly, higher preference ratings by children, and higher teacher ratings of the quality of 3 of the children's writing samples.
On the functions of the h subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 in late stages of translation initiation.

Background The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) has multiple roles during the initiation of translation of cytoplasmic mRNAs. How individual subunits of eIF3 contribute to the translation of specific mRNAs remains poorly understood, however. This is true in particular for those subunits that are not conserved in budding yeast, such as eIF3h.
Early stages of spinodal decomposition in an aluminum-zinc alloy

Abstract A small-angle X-ray scattering study has been made of isothermal decomposition in an Al-Zn alloy containing 22 at.% Zn. The changes in the X-ray spectra in the early stages of the decomposition at 65°C were in accord with the theory of spinodal decomposition proposed by J.W. Cahn. [ Acta Met. 9 , 795 (1961).] The diffusion coefficient derived from the kinetics agreed with an extrapolation of high-temperature data and the measured value of the gradient-energy coefficient was (16 ± 3) × 10 −6 erg cm −1 .
New matrices and accelerating voltage effects in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization of synthetic polymers

Most matrices used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) have been selected for their sound performance in the detection of proteins. We evaluated a series of new matrices for the analysis of synthetic polymers and compared their performance to that of conventional ones. Among substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid (9=ACA), and its mixtures with 5methoxysalicylic acid (‘super’ 9-ACA) offered better signal quality for analysis of synthetic polymers. To test the performance of these new matrices, authentic standards of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), Jeffamine, polybutadiene, poly(methy1 methacrylate), poly(dimethy1 siloxane), and some of their mixtures were analyzed. By generating mainly [M + Na]+ ions, 9-ACA showed superior performance to most conventional matrices and provided higher effective mass resolution. The ‘super’ 9-ACA composite matrix was found to be more suitable for larger polymer molecules (>8000 Da). Broader acceptance of MALDI-MS for synthetic polymer analysis has been delayed by systematic differences observed between MALDI-MS and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in terms of oligomer size distributions (R. S. Lehrle and D. S. Sarson, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., Vol. 9, p. 91(1995). We found that part of the discrepancy can be explained by the profound dependence of mass distributions on the accelerating voltage of the time-of-flight mass spectrometer. With decreasing accelerating voltage both the ion intensity and the mass resolution decreased, and the high-mass end of the mass spectrum became truncated. For example, when the accelerating voltage was changed from 30 kV to 18 kV the center of the peak area distribution for poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) 6000 shifted to lower values by about 210 Da. At the same time, the skewness of the distribution increased tenfold indicating serious discrimination phenomena. These detrimental effects of lower accelerating voltage were particularly strong for relatively large synthetic polymer molecules.
Congenital lobular capillary hemangioma of the larynx: A case report

Abstract Objective To report a rare occurrence of a congenital lobular capillary hemangioma, also known as a pyogenic granuloma, of the neonatal larynx. Secondarily, this manuscript serves as an overview of the differential diagnosis of the laryngeal causes of upper airway obstruction. Study design Case report and comprehensive literature review. Methods A retrospective case review of a pediatric patient presenting with a congenital lobular capillary hemangioma. Comprehensive literature review was completed over viewing the complex differential diagnosis and management principles. A stepwise evaluation technique is described for patient work-up. Setting A tertiary care pediatric hospital. Result The primary objective of this investigation is to review the history of a neonate who presented at birth with stridor. The diagnosis was discovered to be a congenital lobular capillary hemangioma of the larynx, in as much as there was no prior history of airway manipulation, endotracheal intubation, or any other form of local laryngeal trauma. Conclusion It is important to consider the diagnosis of a congenital lobular capillary hemangioma of the larynx when evaluating the stridorous neonate with no prior history of airway manipulation. Lobular capillary hemangiomas are commonly mistaken to be synonymous with reactive granulomas. Whereas the clinical appearance and inciting events in these conditions are comparable, their histopathology is quite different. The lobular capillary hemangioma has diagnostic, lobular arrangement of capillaries at its base with associated stromal edema; superficial ulceration is also a common feature. To the best of our knowledge, only one publication has previously described a similar finding.
Psychiatric morbidity following Hurricane Andrew

The nature of psychiatric morbidity in previously non-ill subjects from the area most affected by Hurricane Andrew was investigated at 6–12 months posthurricane. Preliminary associations of morbidity with personal and event-related risk factors were also determined. Fifty one percent (31/61) met criteria for a new-onset disorder, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 36%, major depression (MD) in 30%, and other anxiety disorders in 20%. Thirty four subjects (56%) had significant symptoms persisting beyond 6 months. Having sustained “severe damage” was the risk factor most strongly associated with outcome. Our data underscore the range of psychiatric morbidity related to a natural disaster, and suggest a relationship to chronic stressors.
Novel Targets in Head and Neck Cancer: Should We Be Optimistic?

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas have distinct mutation and copy number profiles depending on human papillomavirus status. Although several challenges remain in biomarker implementation and clinical trial feasibility, incorporating available genomic data will expedite the development of novel therapeutics and predictive biomarker-driven clinical trials.