cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards Better Shared Memory Programming Models

In an often-cited paper, A. Karp [1] commented on the “sorry state” of parallel programming, lamenting the difficulties in programming and debugging parallel programs on existing programming models. Indeed, a variety of programming models have been proposed with not entirely satisfactory results. In this note, we focus on the world of massively parallel shared memory machines and examine programming models for these machines. A shared memory parallel computer is one in which the processors communicate by reading and writing data words to a shared memory. We consider shared memory parallel computers with the following characteristics. Each processor has some fast, relatively small, private memory (e.g. registers, cache). There is a large shared memory composed of a series of memory banks that are accessible by all processors via an interconnection network. Each processor has one such memory bank which is local to it, i.e. it can access the bank without going through the interconnection network. The access time to a memory bank for a processor depends in part on the lengths of the links traversed and the number of hops in the path from the processor to the bank. Special coprocessors take care of interprocessor communication: both programmers and processors are relieved of the burden of routing the parallel requests to shared memory, including handling intermediate hops of requests traveling to their destinations. In order to overcome the high latency of accessing global memory, the parallel computer supports the pipelining of global memory accesses through the network. This implies that the interconnection network has sufficient bandwidth to handle the multiple requests per processor.
Virtual PBL: Online Student Interaction to Enhance Learning, Interest, and Peer Feedback

We piloted an online PBL case method. Two student groups shared a common online facilitator and contributed to an online document. Students reported improved group interaction and participation vs. conventional PBL. Peer feedback was more accurate and specific. The method is promising for training students in virtual communication strategies.
Effects of Cash and Counseling on Personal Care and Well-Being

Medicaid beneficiaries who have disabilities and receive supportive services from home care or case management agencies often have little control over who provides their care, when they receive it, and how it is delivered. Under Cash and Counseling, consumers could arrange services as they saw fit. Greater flexibility and autonomy were expected to result in greater satisfaction and reduced unmet needs. On the other hand, eliminating agency supervision raised concerns about consumer safety. States considering adopting consumer-directed models need to understand how such programs affect the care that consumers receive. This article presents findings about the effects of Cash and Counseling on the types and amount of personal assistance services received by demonstration participants, as well as on their satisfaction with care, unmet needs, and incidence of adverse health events.
Service System Design and Commercialization

The design of service systems is particularly difficult because of the intangible nature of the attributes associated with services. Due to this characteristic, customers are not able to touch or easily measure the elements of the service they receive. Thus, their perceptions of quality are based on qualitative assessments of how well they believe the service has met their expectations. Because of this subjective assessment of quality, service providers must design their service delivery systems in ways that control customer expectations for the service and their perceptions of that service.
Pleural macrophages differentially alter pleural mesothelial cell glycosaminoglycan production

Glycosaminoglycans are produced in abundance by the pleural mesothelium and likely participate in the inflammatory response to pleural injury. Because intrapleural tetracycline (TCN) results in pleural macrophage influx and pleural fibrosis, this study attempted to define the role of pleural macrophage products on mesothelial glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production. Pleural macrophages were isolated 72 h after intrapleural TCN or intrapleural carrageenan (CAR), a substance that recruits pleural macrophages without producing pleural fibrosis. Macrophage cultured for 24 h produced a conditioned medium that was added to pleural mesothelial cell culture containing [3H]-glucosamine and was compared to control cultures treated with RPMI culture media alone or with the addition of TCN or CAR. After 72 h, GAGs were isolated by pronase digestion, cetyl pyridinium precipitation, and MgCl2 and ethanol extraction. The majority of GAGs were found in the culture media as compared to the combined mesothelial cell and basement membrane fractions of control mesothelial cells (883 +/- 33 vs. 216 +/- 16, cpm, counts per minute), TCN-treated (792 +/- 48 vs. 204 +/- 18 cpm), CAR-treated (849 +/- 45 vs. 223 +/- 13 cpm), and macrophage-conditioned media-treated mesothelial cells (TCN macrophage-conditioned media: 1420 +/- 42 vs. 356 +/- 11 cpm; CAR macrophage-conditioned media: 1241 +/- 38 vs. 339 +/- 10 cpm) (all p < .05). Media samples were enzymatically digested and individual GAG species were separated by Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. TCN macrophage-conditioned media induced more GAG production by the mesothelial cell into the cell media (1420 +/- 42 cpm) than CAR macrophage-conditioned media (1241 +/- 38 cpm) (p < .05), which was predominantly a difference in hyaluronate production (342 +/- 53 cpm vs. 186 +/- 7 cpm) (P. < .05). The results show that pleural macrophages modulate mesothelial GAG production during tetracycline pleural injury. Increases in mesothelial cell hyaluronate production may be important in the fibrotic response to chemical pleural injury.
Examining the Effects of Health in Explaining Fear of Crime: A Multi-Dimensional and Multi-Level Analysis

We examine the understudied link between mental/physical health problems and their relationship with perceived unsafety via higher levels of vulnerability. We examine this relationship by linking data at the individual-level, the neighborhood-level, and the county-level using the Portraits of American Life Survey (PALS). Using this data we examine the effect of individual and neighborhood conditions on perceived safety while controlling for county-level crime rates. Findings indicate that higher numbers of physical impairment and mental health issues are independently related to higher levels of perceived unsafety. Both mental and physical health problems are associated with higher levels of fear. These higher levels of vulnerability then directly contribute to higher levels of feeling of unsafety. Unlike past research, we find a mental health link to fear of crime that cannot be explained by physical impairments.
Subsection Pricing Control Strategy Based on Resource Occupancy Percentage of Network and the Strategy's Implementation

The variance of optimize goal between the users and the system of network under the flat pricing strategy is discussed, a new pricing strategy is applied. The resource occupancy percentage is introduced into the pricing function, and three extents are built to construct different pricing functions based on the resource occupancy percentage. Then the network can adjust pricing function in time, and the pricing strategy can forced the users to adjust occupancy state of network. The strategy ensures that the users and the system achieve the optimized target value at the same time, and also promotes the network's distribution in reason. Lastly, the pricing strategy is implemented by the accounting manage system.
Confocal thermoreflectance for spatially resolved surface thermography of transparent LEDs

We report on the use of confocal thermoreflectance for accurate surface temperature measurement of transparent LEDs. Confocal thermoreflectance effectively suppresses light from beneath the LED surface, compared to widefield measurements, for a red GaP LED.
On the investigation of transactional and interoperability issues between IPv4 and IPv6

The process of transitioning from IPv4 network to new version of Internet Protocol IPv6 is currently being extensively studied with a goal to achieve high level compatibility and clear procedure for easy and autonomous deployment of IPv6. IPv6 offers variety of enhancements including increased addressing capacity and capabilities, QoS control, mobility, built in IPSEC security and improved routing efficiency, which are seen as potential improvements to IPv4 and serve as main drivers for adopting it. This paper discusses prominent constraints in migration and provides a comparison between the protocols. The paper aims to critique diverse techniques, mechanisms and provide proposals for movement towards IPv6 with a consideration to parameters such as high level compatibility, smooth transitioning and superior interoperation between IPv4 and IPv6 by removing the constraints. In addition, investigation has been carried to find out the feasibility of these diverse techniques in different real life situations.
Characterization and modeling of P-type electrosensory afferent responses to amplitude modulations in a wave-type electric fish

The first stage of information processing in the electrosensory system involves the encoding of local changes in transdermal potential into trains of action potentials in primary electrosensory afferent nerve fibers. To develop a quantitative model of this encoding process for P-type (probability-coding) afferent fibers in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus, we recorded single unit activity from electrosensory afferent axons in the posterior branch of the anterior lateral line nerve and analyzed responses to electronically generated sinusoidal amplitude modulations of the local transdermal potential. Over a range of AM frequencies from 0.1 to 200 Hz, the modulation transfer function of P-type afferents is high-pass in character, with a gain that increases monotonically up to AM frequencies of 100 Hz where it begins to roll off, and a phase advance with a range of 15–60 degrees. Based on quantitative analysis of the observed gain and phase characteristics, we present a computationally efficient model of P-type afferent response dynamics which accurately characterizes changes in afferent firing rate in response to amplitude modulations of the fish's own electric organ discharge over a wide range of AM frequencies relevant to active electrolocation.
Virginia Henderson and her timeless writings

This paper provides a reflection on the written works of Miss Virginia Avenel Henderson. Miss Henderson is a nurse, a scientist, an artist and a quintessential human being--all traits which informed her written output. Nursing practice, research and education were all subjects of her extensive chronicle. The four-volume Nursing Studies Index is her contribution to nursing research. The Index was sandwiched between two revisions of Principles and Practice of Nursing (5th and 6th eds), the placement of which caused the Index to focus on practice and the Principles (6th ed.) to be based on research. The sixth edition of Principles, written with Gladys Nite and 17 contributors, is considered the most important single professional document written in the twentieth century. The book synthesizes nursing practice, education, theory and research in an age when many nurses are challenged by the seeming incongruity in these essential professional functions.
Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in hepatobiliary disease.

Ursodeoxycholic acid is a hydrophilic bile acid that under normal circumstances represents a small fraction of the bile acid pool in humans. It is effective in dissolving cholesterol gallstones in appropriately selected patients. Ursodeoxycholic acid improves serum alkaline phosphatase and aminotransferase levels in primary biliary cirrhosis, but its effects on rates of liver transplantation and death are less certain. Ursodeoxycholic acid has no promising effects in several other cholestatic liver diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, but data are too preliminary to make recommendations about its routine use in these conditions. Its effects are mediated by amelioration of damage to cell membranes caused by retained toxic bile acids. Ursodeoxycholic acid improves biliary secretion of bile acids, may improve bile flow, and it has immunomodulatory properties that may reduce immune-mediated liver damage. However, its use in the treatment of cholestatic liver disease remains uncertain pending additional randomized trials.
Selections from current literature: smoking and depression.

paralleled increased in CES-D score (P < 0.0001 for men and for women). The quit ratio decreased as the CES-D score increased (P < 0.01 for men and P < 0.0001 for women). After adjusting prevalence estimates for age and level of education there were no appreciable differences. Of the original cohort, of 1167 smokers eligible in the NHEFS, data from only 820 (70.3%) were available for analysis. The mean length of follow-up for the cohort of smokers was 8.2 years. Sixteen per cent of smokers (2.1 per 100 person years) quit during the follow-up period. Persons who were depressed had the lowest incidence of quitting of any subgroup. Heavier smokers, women, young persons and the less educated were also less likely to have quit during the follow-up period. The estimated cumulative incidence of quitting after 9 years of follow-up was 9.9% for depressed smokers and 17.7% for non-depressed smokers (P < 0.05). After adjusting for the amount of tobacco smoked, sex, age and educational attainment, it was found that depressed smokers were 40% less likely to have quit when compared with those who were not depressed (relative risk 0.6, P < 0.05). Comment These data suggest that depression plays an important role in the dynamics of smoking in the US. Cross-sectional data from NHANES 1 shows that the prevalence of smoking increased as the CES-D score increased. Furthermore, the likelihood of having quit smoking decreased as the CES-D score increased. Finally, prospective data from the NHEFS also indicated that smokers classified as depressed on the basis of the CES-D had a substantially lower likelihood of quitting during the followup period. As the NHEFS excluded persons who were adolescents at baseline, there were too few persons beginning smoking during the follow-up period available to enable assessment of the relationship between depression and smoking initiation. This issue is important because advertisements promising happiness and improved well-being encourage adolescents to use tobacco and may be particularly alluring for adolescents who are depressed.
Cloning and analysis of s-triazine catabolic genes from Pseudomonas sp. strain NRRLB-12227.

Abstract Pseudomonas sp. strain NRRLB-12227 degrades the s-triazine melamine by a six-step pathway which allows it to use melamine and pathway intermediates as nitrogen sources. With the plasmid pLG221, mutants defective in five of the six steps of the pathway were generated. Tn5-containing-EcoRI fragments from these mutants were cloned and identified by selection for Tn5-encoded kanamycin resistance in transformants. A restriction fragment from ammelide-negative mutant RE411 was used as a probe in colony hybridization experiments to identify cloned wild-type s-triazine catabolic genes encoding ammeline aminohydrolase, ammelide aminohydrolase, and cyanuric acid amidohydrolase. These genes were cloned from total cellular DNA on several similar, but not identical, HindIII fragments, as well as on a PstI fragment and a BglII fragment. Restriction mapping and Southern hybridization analyses of these cloned DNA fragments suggested that these s-triazine catabolic genes may be located on a transposable element, the ends of which are identical 2.2-kb insertion sequences.
Rethinking design thinking: Empathy supporting innovation

Background The material landscape we construct within our personal lives and inherit in public environments has significant impact upon our daily experiences. They affect our productivity, our feeling of wellbeing, and sense of being socially connected. Products that provide a positive userexperience can empower people and contribute to a healthful environment. Products that do not meet the product user’s functional or emotional needs can cause a person’s sense of independence to be eroded. Method The authors have developed an empathic design research strategy that builds on the capitals (e.g., background, physical abilities, and education) of the individual and the designer, to ensure that more intuitive design outcomes are generated which meet real needs, rather than assumed needs. Acknowledging that all people have an empathic horizon (a boundary to their knowledge, experience, and awareness), further learning can take place by the designer in direct consultation and collaboration with the users. Results Well-designed products that are intuitive to use contribute to a person’s quality of life and independence. The possessions surrounding us can generate a sense of balance, harmony, and wellbeing. The number of possessions we own is not critical, but their usefulness and meaning to us is. As we age and develop disabilities, being able to live independently lives becomes increasingly important.
PCR-based diagnostics for infectious diseases: uses, limitations, and future applications in acute-care settings.

Summary Molecular diagnostics are revolutionising the clinical practice of infectious disease. Their effects will be significant in acute-care settings where timely and accurate diagnostic tools are critical for patient treatment decisions and outcomes. PCR is the most well-developed molecular technique up to now, and has a wide range of already fulfilled, and potential, clinical applications, including specific or broad-spectrum pathogen detection, evaluation of emerging novel infections, surveillance, early detection of biothreat agents, and antimicrobial resistance profiling. PCR-based methods may also be cost effective relative to traditional testing procedures. Further advancement of technology is needed to improve automation, optimise detection sensitivity and specificity, and expand the capacity to detect multiple targets simultaneously (multiplexing). This review provides an up-to-date look at the general principles, diagnostic value, and limitations of the most current PCR-based platforms as they evolve from bench to bedside.
Organizational Skills for a Corporate Citizen: Policy Analysis

In a globalized world of retreating nation states and governments, corporations find themselves in the middle of society. A new organizational skill set is needed that enables corporations to position themselves as corporate citizens. It is the purpose of this study to identify a best practice to develop these organizational skills based on a policy analysis. The implementation of process structures is proposed as a best practice, and a 10-step approach for implementation is outlined. Also, implications for the field of human resource development and future research are discussed when considering issues of corporate responsibility and citizenship.
‘A ondi queras’: Ranchero identity construction by U.S. born Mexicans on Facebook

This study describes how transnational second-generation Mexican bilinguals use a stigmatized variety of Mexican Spanish to communicate on Facebook and construct an identity. The stereotyped features of this variety index a ranchero identity. Historically, ranchero is an ambivalent identity for Mexican society in general. On the one hand, ranchero culture is a positive reminiscence of Mexico's agrarian past, while on the other, rancheros, along with indigenous Mexicans, are at the bottom of the hierarchy in Mexican society. A discourse-centered, ethnographic analysis of digitally mediated conversations demonstrates how language use allows participants to reminisce about their collective past, maintain Mexican identities tied to their ancestors, fit their identities to contemporary U.S. Mexican culture, and distance themselves from the stigma associated with the ranchero background. Este estudio describe la forma en la que mexicanos bilingues transnacionales de segunda generacion utilizan una variedad del espanol mexicano estigmatizada para comunicarse via Facebook y construir una identidad. Las caracteristicas estereotipicas de esta variedad denotan una identidad de rancheros. Historicamente, ranchero es una identidad que es ambivalente para la sociedad mexicana en general. Por una parte, la cultura ranchera es una reminiscencia del Mexico agrario pasado. Por otra parte, los rancheros se encuentran al fondo de la jerarquia en la sociedad mexicana, junto con los indigenas mexicanos. Mediante el analisis etnografico cualitativo de conversaciones digitales en linea, los resultados de esta investigacion demuestran como el utilizar este espanol vernaculo les permitio conservar reminiscencias del pasado colectivo agrario, manteniendo las identidades mexicanas atadas a sus ancestros, pero amoldadas a la cultura de origen mexicano en los Estados Unidos, distanciandose del estigma asociado a un antecedente ranchero.
When is a Parent Not a Parent? On Doma, Civil Unions, and Presumptions of Parenthood

By recognizing civil unions, Vermont permits same-sex couples to secure all of the benefits of marriage afforded by the state including the partner's right to be considered the presumptive parent of a child born into the union. Given the Federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) and the mini-DOMAs passed by various states, this presumptive parental status might be at risk were a couple who had celebrated a civil union to travel through or move to another state with their child. The partner's parental status would be less subject to attack were he or she to have taken advantage of Vermont's second-parent adoption provision. Because second-parent adoptions are not predicated on the partners' having a marriage or marriage-like status, such adoptions would not fall within the exception created by DOMA (even if broadly construed) and thus would be much less likely to be challenged successfully in a state with a mini-DOMA.
Site-specific immobilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes onto single and one-dimensional DNA origami.

Development of a simple and efficient methodology to control the placement, spacing, and alignment of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is essential for nanotechnology device application. Building on the growing understanding that the strong π–π interaction between the bases of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and CNTs is sufficient not only to drive CNT solubility in water but also to stabilize individual nanotubes against clustering in aqueous solution, a new motif for functionalizing DNA origami (DO) with CNTs is demonstrated. CNTs solubilized via wrapping with ssDNA react with DO constructs displaying linear arrays of ssDNA, leading to immobilization of the CNTs onto the DO scaffold. This study demonstrates the immobilization of ssDNA-wrapped CNTs at specific positions on single DO constructs. Furthermore, multiple DO constructs assembled into extended one-dimensional arrays have been used to successfully align pairs of CNTs exceeding 500 nm in length in a parallel orientation. This result provides a...
Video Digitizer for the Rapid Measurement of Leaf Area Lost to Herbivorous Insects

An IBM PC or compatible microcomputer equipped with a Tekmatic Systems Video Van Gogh digitizer card can be interfaced with a standard video camera for rapidly measuring the percentage of leaf area lost (LAL) to herbivorous insects. This capability can be added to an existing color PC for about 600 in additional hardware. The system digitizes a video camera image of a reconstructed leaf and displays the amount of LAL in about 20 s. The video digitizer simultaneously measures area removed from, and area remaining in, the leaf without tracing of these areas by the operator. Minimized operator interaction greatly increases the number of leaves that can be measured. Before digitizing, a photocopied image of the leaf must have its outer perimeter completed with a dark pencil line if it has been interrupted by folivore feeding. The video signal is digitally encoded into a 256 × 256 element false-color picture of the reconstructed damaged leaf on the computer monitor. A keyboard-adjustable brightness threshold distinguishes between leaf and background. Digitized measurements are saved to a sequential ASCII data file compatible with most popular database, spreadsheet, and word processor programs. The video digitizer software allows two video camera work stations to be supported by a single computer. Software for the video digitizer is released into the public domain and can be obtained from the authors for the cost of a diskette and postage.
Strata of Greek Religion in Aeschylus

Professor H. J. Rose's thoughtful and suggestive article, “Mythology and Theology in Aeschylus,” has probably led many students of Aeschylus to reread his tragedies with an eye on the specific problems to which Rose directs our attention and also to rethink such impressions and views concerning Aeschylus' religious outlook as they may previously have formed. Professor Rose skillfully illustrates the difference between mythology and theology by contrasting the praise of Zeus in the first great chorus of Agamemnon with the references to Cassandra's experience which we find in a later part of the same play. It is probably true that there are in Aeschylus' work masses of traditional mythology that have not been reforged by his own creative imagination, not become organically assimilated to his own religion, but these are few and far between. On the whole, mythology provides the material which his vigorous and intense thought hammers into shape — into a new mythos which shows the gods acting as Aeschylus' own religious — or theological — convictions demand that they should act. In the larger part of his paper Professor Rose unless I have missed some points, is less anxious to separate the areas of mythology and theology by a clearly drawn boundary line, and to me at least this restraint seems very wise; for if one thinks too rigidly in the terms of these two concepts one runs a risk of cutting through the live tissue and of tearing asunder what has become intimately blended in the poet's own religion.
Effect of acute bradycardia on pulmonary vascular pressures in anesthetized dogs.

SummaryThe bradycardia produced by vagal stimulation and by the administration of acetylcholine or acetyl-beta-methylcholine resulted in an elevation of mean pulmonary venous pressure and a small fall in mean pulmonary artery pressure. These observations are discussed in relation to the genesis of pulmonary edema in situations in which bradycardia occurs.
Marxism, Modernity and Marginality:

Since the October Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent century of revolutions in the global South, Marxism has been more at home in the margins – in what Immanuel Wallerstein described as the periphery and semi-periphery – than anywhere else. In the core capitalist countries, Marxism continues to have a great impact among intellectuals, but also often finds itself challenged by social and cultural theory grounded in a rhetoric of marginality, usually identifiable by the prefix post – poststructuralism, postcolonial theory, and that bogeyman ‘postmodernism’ (see Chari and Verdery, 2009). One of the more unfortunate situations of left theory today is the mutual suspicion and even hostility sometimes found between the ‘posts’ and Marxists. Some have read poststructuralism – apparently ignorant of its political provenance – as inherently hostile to Marxism and some Marxists have mirrored this incorrect understanding, returning the unwarranted and unproductive enmity.1 In Marx at the Margins Kevin B. Anderson makes it clear that Marx himself was a theorist of the margins and that his work on the margins fundamentally shaped his theoretical masterpiece, the three volumes of Capital. One of the important achievements of Marx at the Margins is to help connect Marxist theory with the poststructuralist, deconstructionist, subaltern-studies, and postcolonial approaches with which Marxism sometimes, incorrectly, appears at odds. Anderson treats at least two types of margins. The first margin is the one indicated in the subtitle of the book, regions outside of England and north-west Europe, outside, that is, of those areas thought in modernization theory to represent the most advanced cases along a single track of development. Marx’s occasional and ephemeral writing – newspaper articles, notes, letters, and unpublished drafts – make up the second margin. The two margins are interrelated empirically, since many of Marx’s most extensive writings on the margins of capitalism occur in his marginal writings. Both of these margins can be studied now better than ever before because of the excellent work proceeding on the new Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe (1972–). Anderson’s book is especially important because it not only analyzes these two marginal aspects of Marx, but because it also relates these two margins to the core of Marx’s achievement: a dialectical approach to history, and
Risk factors for and consequences of persistent lower respiratory symptoms among World Trade Center Health Registrants 10 years after the disaster

Objectives The prevalence of persistent lower respiratory symptoms (LRS) among rescue/recovery workers, local area workers, residents and passers-by in the World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) was analysed to identify associated factors and to measure its effect on quality of life (QoL) 10 years after 9/11/2001. Methods This cross-sectional study included 18 913 adults who completed 3 WTCHR surveys (2003–2004 (Wave 1 (W1)), 2006–2007 (Wave 2 (W2)) and 2011–2012 (Wave 3 (W3)). LRS were defined as self-reported cough, wheeze, dyspnoea or inhaler use in the 30 days before survey. The prevalence of three LRS outcomes: LRS at W1; LRS at W1 and W2; and LRS at W1, W2 and W3 (persistent LRS) was compared with no LRS on WTC exposure and probable mental health conditions determined by standard screening tests. Diminished physical and mental health QoL measures were examined as potential LRS outcomes, using multivariable logistic and Poisson regression. Results Of the 4 outcomes, persistent LRS was reported by 14.7%. Adjusted ORs for disaster exposure, probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at W2, lacking college education and obesity were incrementally higher moving from LRS at W1, LRS at W1 and W2 to persistent LRS. Half of those with persistent LRS were comorbid for probable PTSD, depression or generalised anxiety disorder. Enrollees with persistent LRS were 3 times more likely to report poor physical health and ∼ 50% more likely to report poor mental health than the no LRS group. Conclusions LRS, accompanied by mental health conditions and decreased QoL, have persisted for at least 10 years after 9/11/2001. Affected adults require continuing surveillance and treatment.
Root Growth of Cotton as Influenced by CO2 and Temperature

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] is increasing and it is important to know how this will affect crop growth. Understanding crop response to climate change requires knowledge of how roots respond to changes in the aerial environment. Changes in rate and amount of root growth could affect the root distribution in the soil profile and absorption of water and nutrients. Growth and distribution of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) roots were examined at day/night temperatures of 15°/7°C, 20712°C, 25717°C, 30722°C and 35727°C and at [CO2] of 350 and 700 μL. L-1 in the shoot chambers. Plants were grown in controlled-environment chambers with a perspex top under nearly natural daylight. Twice a week root observations were made on one 2 m2 glass side of the soil bin. Root weight was significantly greater in the 700 μL. L-1 CO2 treatment at all depths and at all temperatures. Number of roots increased with increasing temperature up to 25717°C but was not affected by the CO2 treatment. Roots in the 350 μL. L-1 [CO2] treatments were longer (root length per root axis) and penetrated the soil profile faster at the lower temperatures. In the 700 μL. L-1 CO2 treatment, roots were more evenly distributed down the soil profile than in the ambient [CO2] treatment. Root growth was depressed 63 days after emergence (DAE) in virtually all treatments when fruits (bolls) were developing. The optimum temperature for root growth was also the optimum temperature for shoot growth (30722°C). The effect of elevated [CO2] was to make roots heavier, but there was no evidence that this was translated into a root system with increased length. Roots were shorter in elevated [CO2], penetrating the soil profile less rapidly but perhaps more thoroughly.
The Genetic System

The use of genetics to study the interactions of adenoviruses with permissive and nonpermissive host cells has had two primary goals. One is to enumerate the genes and the functions encoded by them, a task that in recent years has depended more on the ability to map specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to particular regions of the genome than on classic genetic analysis. The other is to use mutants of various kinds in functional studies to determine the role of specific genes in such processes as the control of RNA transcription, DNA replication, host-cell transformation, and viral assembly. In these functional roles, adenovirus mutants have been of great practical benefit, as a reading of the following chapters in this volume will show. With the development of in vitro systems to study specific processes, mutants have been and will continue to be of great value in dissecting the steps involved and, importantly, in confirming the faithfulness of the reconstituted systems to the events detected in vivo.
Frequency of “over” and “under” treatment with empiric dosage of I-131 in patients with and without lung metastasis secondary to well-differentiated thyroid cancer

1013 Objectives: We have previously reported (1) that empiric dosages of 100 to 300 mCi (3.7 to 11.1 GBq) of 131I for the treatment of metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) when compared to a dosimetrically-determined maximum tolerated activity (MTA) of 131I, would result in 1% to 28% of these patients receiving a dose in excess of 200 rads(cGy) to the blood--“over-treatment”. Conversely, 72 % to 99% of the patients would receive a dose to the blood of less than 200 rads(cGy)--“under-treatment”. Determining an appropriate dosage of 131I may be even more problematic for patients with known lung metastasis in order to maximize the therapeutic effect while not exceeding the MTA. In the present study we evaluated the frequency of “over” and “under” treatment of patients who had lung metastasis (LM) in comparison to those patients who had no evidence of lung metastasis (NELM). Methods: The MTA was calculated using the dosimetric approach of Benua and Leeper, including the 48hr retention limit of 80 mCi(3 GBq). The percentage of patients who would have received less than or more than the MTA was determined for various empiric dosages of 131I. Results: Of 152 patients with WDTC with suspected metastatic thyroid cancer, 53 had LM. Assuming the empiric dosages of 131I of 100 mCi (3.7 GBq), 150 mCi (5.55 GBq), 200 mCi (7.4 GBq), 250 mCi (9.25 GBq) and 300 mCi (11.1 GBq), the percentage (number) of patients for whom LM patients would have received more than 200 rads (cGy) to the blood were 0%(0), 7%(4), 17%(9), 24%(13), and 30%(16), respectively. The results for NELM patients were 2%(2), 3%(3), 4%(4), 11%(11), and 18%(18), respectively. The MTA was significantly lower (p Conclusions: 1) For empiric dosages ≥ 200 mCi (7.4 GBq), LM patients exceed the MTA 1.7 to 4 times more frequently than NELM patients (“over” treatment). This suggests that even greater caution should be used when selecting empiric dosages ≥ 200 mCi (7.4 GBq) for LM patients. 2) Nevertheless, the majority of LM patients (70% to 83%) would still receive less than the MTA (“under” treatment) for dosages ≥ 200 mCi (7.4 GBq). Both of these observations underscore the importance of a dosimetric approach in the selection of 131I dosages for treatment of patients with lung metastasis. (1)Atkins FB, et al. J Nucl Med 2005;46:129P
Factor structure and criterion validity of secondary school teacher ratings of ADHD and ODD

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is currently viewed as a heterogeneous disorder with two factors: inattention and impulsivity–hyperactivity. This conceptualization of ADHD is based primarily on research with children or samples that mix children and adolescents. To examine if the 2-factor ADHD model is appropriate for adolescents and if the ADHD factors are distinct from Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in adolescents, teacher rating data were collected for 2 samples of adolescents. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis supported the convergent and divergent validity of a model with separate but correlated factors for inattention, impulsivity–hyperactivity, and defiant behavior. Further evidence of construct validity was found when factor scores were examined relative to the criterion variables of academic performance and rule-breaking behavior. The results support the utility of teacher ratings of ADHD and ODD in the assessment of adolescents, and the applicability of the DSM-IV conceptualization of these disorders to adolescents.
It's not what you do, but what everyone else does: On the role of descriptive norms and subjectivism in moral judgment

Abstract How do people evaluate moral actions, by referencing objective rules or by appealing to subjective, descriptive norms of behavior? Five studies examined whether and how people incorporate subjective, descriptive norms of behavior into their moral evaluations and mental state inferences of an agent's actions. We used experimental norm manipulations (Studies 1–2, 4), cultural differences in tipping norms (Study 3), and behavioral economic games (Study 5). Across studies, people increased the magnitude of their moral judgments when an agent exceeded a descriptive norm and decreased the magnitude when an agent fell below a norm (Studies 1–4). Moreover, this differentiation was partially explained via perceptions of agents' desires (Studies 1–2); it emerged only when the agent was aware of the norm (Study 4); and it generalized to explain decisions of trust for real monetary stakes (Study 5). Together, these findings indicate that moral actions are evaluated in relation to what most other people do rather than solely in relation to morally objective rules.
Transformational creases: Collaborative teaching project

Transformational Creases was a Cotton Inc. sponsored collaborative project. The goal of this advanced digital textile design teaching project was to develop textile prints for 100% cotton fabric which are designed specifically to either hide the naturally occurring wrinkles or work with the fabric wrinkling. The outcome incorporated integrated multiple surface design techniques which embrace the natural wrinkle/creasing qualities of cotton fabric.
Amplitude modulation detection with a short-duration carrier: Effects of a precursor and hearing loss

This study tests the hypothesis that amplitude modulation (AM) detection will be better under conditions where basilar membrane (BM) response growth is expected to be linear rather than compressive. This hypothesis was tested by (1) comparing AM detection for a tonal carrier as a function of carrier level for subjects with and without cochlear hearing impairment (HI), and by (2) comparing AM detection for carriers presented with and without an ipsilateral notched-noise precursor, under the assumption that the precursor linearizes BM responses. Average AM detection thresholds were approximately 5 dB better for subjects with HI than for subjects with normal hearing (NH) at moderate-level carriers. Average AM detection for low-to-moderate level carriers was approximately 2 dB better with the precursor than without the precursor for subjects with NH, whereas precursor effects were absent or smaller for subjects with HI. Although effect sizes were small and individual differences were noted, group differences are consistent with better AM detection for conditions where BM responses are less compressive due to cochlear hearing loss or due to a reduction in cochlear gain. These findings suggest the auditory system may quickly adjust to the local soundscape to increase effective AM depth and improve signal-to-noise ratios.
High–Order Constitutive Equations for Thick Cylindrical Shells

A refined two-dimensional theory for thick cylindrical shells and its application in the finite element analysis are presented in this paper. The shell equations given here do not only incorporate the effect of transverse shear deformations but also account for the initial curvature as well as the radial stress. The proposed theory presents a very good approximation for the shell constitutive equations and the nonlinear stress distributions along the thickness of the shell. Due to the incorporation of the initial curvature effect, stress resultants and stress couples in the proposed refined shell theory are not symmetric. These unsymmetric stress resultants and couples are not convenient for use in the finite element analysis. The effective stress resultants and couples are used to make the stress resultant and couple tensors symmetric. The strain components which correspond to the effective stress resultants and couples are also given here. A coupled strain energy density is proposed which provides the foundation for the C° assumed strain element developed in this paper. A simple and efficient C° quadrilateral shell element is developed by the quasi-conforming element technique. The element stiffness matrix presented here is given explicitly. This C° thick/thin shell element satisfies the rigid body motion, passes the patch test, and exhibits neither shear locking nor spurious kinematic modes. The numerical examples solved here demonstrate that the C° quasi-conforming shell element gives very good results in the analysis of both thick and thin shells.
Chapter 2 – The Column in Gas Chromatography

Separations are possible in gas chromatography if the solutes differ in their vapor pressure and/or intensity of solute-stationary phase interactions. As a minimum requirement, the sample must be thermally stable at the temperature required for vaporization. The fundamental limit for sample suitability is established by the thermal stability of the sample and system suitability by the thermal stability of column materials. In contemporary practice, an upper temperature limit of about 400°C and a sample molecular weight less than 1,000 is indicated, although higher temperatures have been used and higher molecular-weight samples have been separated in a few instances. When a solid adsorbent serves as the stationary phase, the separation technique is called gas–solid chromatography (GSC). When the stationary phase is a liquid spread on an inert support or coated as a thin film onto the wall of a capillary column, the separation technique is called gas–liquid chromatography (GLC). Five types of columns are used in gas chromatography: classical packed columns, micropacked columns, packed capillary columns, SCOT (support-coated open tubular) columns, and WCOT (wall-coated open tubular) columns. The most significant difference among the various column types is their permeability.
Effect of histological subtype on overall survival in cutaneous melanoma: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result program (SEER) database review.

e21051Background: The most common histological subtypes of cutaneous melanoma (CM) include superficial spreading (SSM) and nodular melanoma (NM). We aimed to compare overall survival (OS) between t...
Letting the Readers have a Say: Crowd Theory in Collection Development

One of the pressing concerns for academic and research librarians is collection development, or choosing and purchasing new books for the library. Librarians spend countless hours scanning through system-recommended book titles, trying to determine which ones the students will use and benefit from as academic resources. Do students look at book covers more than at content, for instance? Do they choose books based on five-star Amazon reviews? Do they prefer books with interesting titles or interesting descriptions? Every year we do our best to decide what will be most useful for students and their research needs.
Detection of circumstellar helium in Type Iax progenitor systems

We present direct spectroscopic modeling of 44 Type Iax supernovae (SNe Iax) using spectral synthesis code SYNAPPS. We confirm detections of helium emission in the early-time spectra of two SNe Iax: SNe 2004cs and 2007J. These He I features are better fit by a pure-emission Gaussian than by a P-Cygni profile, indicating that the helium emission originates from the circumstellar environment rather than the SN ejecta. Based on the modeling of the remaining 42 SNe Iax, we find no obvious helium features in other SN Iax spectra. However, $\approx 76\%$ of our sample lack sufficiently deep luminosity limits to detect helium emission with a luminosity of that seen in SNe 2004cs and 2007J. Using the objects with constraining luminosity limits, we calculate that 33% of SNe Iax have detectable helium in their spectra. We examine 11 SNe Iax with late-time spectra and find no hydrogen or helium emission from swept up material. For late-time spectra, we calculate typical upper limits of stripped hydrogen and helium to be $2 \times 10^{-3}$ M$_{\odot}$ and $10^{-2}$ M$_{\odot}$, respectively. While detections of helium in SNe Iax support a white dwarf-He star binary progenitor system (i.e., a single-degenerate [SD] channel), non-detections may be explained by variations in the explosion and ejecta material. The lack of helium in the majority of our sample demonstrates the complexity of SN Iax progenitor systems and the need for further modeling. With strong independent evidence indicating that SNe Iax arise from a SD channel, we caution the common interpretation that the lack of helium or hydrogen emission at late-time in SN Ia spectra rules out SD progenitor scenarios for this class.
Invisible oil beyond the Deepwater Horizon satellite footprint.

Major oil spills are catastrophic events that immensely affect the environment and society, yet determining their spatial extent is a highly complex task. During the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout, ~149,000 km2 of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) was covered by oil slicks and vast areas of the Gulf were closed for fishing. Yet, the satellite footprint does not necessarily capture the entire oil spill extent. Here, we use in situ observations and oil spill transport modeling to examine the full extent of the DWH spill, focusing on toxic-to-biota (i.e., marine organisms) oil concentration ranges. We demonstrate that large areas of the GoM were exposed to invisible and toxic oil that extended beyond the boundaries of the satellite footprint and the fishery closures. With a global increase in petroleum production–related activities, a careful assessment of oil spills’ full extent is necessary to maximize environmental and public safety.