cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management information technology: its effects on orgnizational form and function

Advancements in management information technologies in the past half decade are bringing to organizations forms and functions unanticipated even a few years ago. The revolution in personal communication and computation power is changing organizational roles and tasks and is offering increased effectiveness and productivity to organizational designers who choose to take advantage of technological innovations. This article articulates the nature of those changes and their impact on a particular organization within the General Motors family.
Thymic epithelium in vitro. III. Cytokine production by a thymic epithelial subset.

Abstract We have previously shown that two populations of thymic epithelium can be separated in culture on the basis of their differential growth rates and their adherence to the culture substratum, and maintained as long-term, morphologically distinct cell cultures, TEC S and TEC L . We have also described the effects of supernatants from the small epithelial cell (TES S ) on the proliferative responses of thymocytes cocultured with mitogen and TES S over a 72-hr period. We now describe the effects in thymic epithelial supernatants (TES L ) of soluble factors produced by TEC L (the large epithelial cell) on thymocytes costimulated with mitogen and compare their effects to those derived from TEC S . Both TES L and TES S suppress optimally stimulated thymocytes and enhance the proliferative responses of suboptimally stimulated thymocytes over a 72-hr period. The suppressive activities produced by TEC L and TEC S appear distinct, based upon markedly different molecular weights, but have similar sensitivities to heat treatment. The enhancing activities are of similar molecular weight, but have different sensitivities to heat treatment. In addition, TEC L synthesize four- to fivefold less PGE 2 than TEC S . These results provide additional distinctions between the two cell types, and taken in conjunction with data on the anatomic distribution of similar cells, suggest that although they have similar functional effects in vitro , they may prove to have separable roles in vivo .
CMOS technology: Present and future

Presently, we are going through an exciting phase of the semiconductor industry, as the miniaturization of the dimensions is accelerated and at the same time some of the fundamental limits of device scaling, as well as optical lithography, are rapidly drawing near. In this paper, the impact of these limits on the future development of CMOS technology are examined and some of the advanced device, interconnect, and functional integration techniques to further extend technology scaling are discussed. Beyond these advances, the spectacular success that the semiconductor industry has had can only continue by increasing the silicon chip functional integration, once the device performance and miniaturization starts to saturate. The success of this phase of the semiconductor business relies heavily on circuit and architectural innovations, aided by embedded technologies. The cost of the integrated system on a chip should remain significantly below the price of the system that it intends to replace in addition to delivering added performance.
Mental health status of varenicline and bupropion users during a quit attempt compared to current smokers, other quitters, and non-smokers ☆

a b s t r a c t Background: Varenicline and bupropion are commonly prescribed non-nicotine containing smoking cessation agents. Post-marketing reports suggest an increased incidence of psychiatric disturbances asso- ciated with varenicline and bupropion. However, pre-existing psychiatric disorders may confound the association between these smoking cessation agents and psychiatric disturbances. We compared the mental health status of individuals using varenicline or bupropion to that of people quitting without medication, current smokers, and non-smokers while controlling for pre-existing conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. Data were from 2006-2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Sur- vey. Mental health status was assessed using the mental component summary (MCS) from the 12-item Short Form survey (SF-12v2), 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), and Kessler 6 Scale (K6). Dif- ferences in MCS score were compared using linear regression. Logistic regressions were used to compare positive screenings for depression using PHQ-2 and for psychological distress using K6. Results: Of 578 use episodes, 453 (78.38%) were bupropion and 125 (21.62%) were varenicline. After adjusting for potential confounders, mental health status of varenicline users was not different from cur- rent smokers or people who quit smoking without medication, but worse than non-smokers; bupropion was strongly associated with lower mental health status relative to all groups across all three measures. Conclusion: Varenicline was not associated with worse mental health compared to smokers or those who quit without medication, after adjusting for pre-existing psychiatric disorders. Bupropion was associ- ated with worse mental health status than smokers, former smokers who quit without medication, and nonsmokers, even after adjusting for pre-existing psychiatric disorders.
Men’s and Women’s Experience of Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of Ten Years of Comparative Studies in Clinical Samples; Part I

The present paper reviews literature published between 2002 and 2013 regarding gender differences in the perpetration, motivation, and impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) in clinical samples in order to update and extend a previous review by Hamberger (2005). Results showed that although both women and men are active participants in acts of physical IPV and emotional abuse, women’s physical violence appears to be more in response to violence initiated against them. Although both men and women participate in emotional abuse tactics, the type and quality appears to differ between the sexes. Men tend to use tactics that threaten life and inhibit partner autonomy; women use tactics that consist of yelling and shouting. Men are the predominant perpetrators of sexual abuse. Analysis of patterns of violence and abuse suggests that women are more highly victimized, injured, and fearful than men in clinical samples. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
Gulf War Reparations

. On February 27, 1991, the government of Iraq accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 674, a measure requiring it to pay reparations to the victims of its aggression in the Gulf Crisis of 1990–1991. The economic problems and consequences that may result as Iraq faces the provisions of Resolution 674 are discussed. This latest example of international economic compensation is placed in the context of the transfer problem and the economic debate engendered by the experience of Germany in dealing with its reparations burden after World War I. Lessons gained from this historical example of reparations are then applied to the case of Iraq, one of the world's major petroleum producers, a country that must rely on oil exports to make its reparations payments.
Circulating and localized immune complexes in experimental mycoplasma-induced arthritis-associated ocular inflammation.

Ocular deposits of immune complexes are believed to contribute to the anterior segment inflammations observed in association with the human arthritides. Arthritis-related ocular inflammations may be reproduced in animals by infection with certain species of mycoplasma. To evaluate the role of immune complexes in the production of ocular lesions, we studied their involvement in the rodent model of experimental arthritis-associated ocular inflammation induced by Mycoplasma arthritidis. Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with viable concentrates of M. arthritidis and monitored for the production of related circulating and intraocular immune complexes. Circulating immune complexes were monitored by antigen capture systems, and localized intraocular complexes were identified by indirect immunohistochemistry. Polyacrylamide gel immunoblot analysis of captured complexes confirmed the antigen(s) involved as proteins derived from M. arthritidis. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed localized complexes containing mycoplasma antigens within the ciliary-iris vasculature. Concentrations of the generated complexes diminished rapidly over a 30-day period. While complex deposits within ocular tissues could represent a contributing cause to the localized anterior segment inflammation reported in this rodent model, secondary challenge with viable M. arthritidis, which reproduced high concentrations of intraocular and circulating immune complexes, failed to elicit any ocular response. Images
Phylogeny and photosynthesis of the grass tribe Paniceae

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The grass tribe Paniceae includes important food, forage, and bioenergy crops such as switchgrass, napiergrass, various millet species, and economically important weeds. Paniceae are also valuable for answering scientific and evolutionary questions about C4 photosynthetic evolution, drought tolerance, and spikelet variation. However, the phylogeny of the tribe remains incompletely resolved. METHODS Forty-five taxa were selected from across the tribe Paniceae and outgroups for genome survey sequencing (GSS). These data were used to build a phylogenetic tree of the Paniceae based on 102 markers (78 chloroplast, 22 mitochondrial, 2 nrDNA). Ancestral state reconstruction analyses were also performed within the Paniceae using both the traditional and two subtype classification systems to test hypotheses of C4 subtype evolution. KEY RESULTS The phylogenetic tree resolves many areas of the Paniceae with high support and provides insight into the origin and number of C4 evolution events within the tribe. The recovered phylogeny and ancestral state reconstructions support between four and seven independent origins of C4 photosynthesis within the tribe and indicate which species are potentially the closest C3 sister taxa of each of these events. CONCLUSIONS Although the sequence of evolutionary events that produced multiple C4 subtypes within the Paniceae remains undetermined, the results presented here are consistent with only a subset of currently proposed models. The species used in this study constitute a panel of C3 and C4 grasses that are suitable for further studies on C4 photosynthesis, bioenergy, food and forage crops, and various developmental features of the Paniceae.
Overwinter Survival of Bean Rust Urediniospores in North Dakota

Bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) reached epidemic proportions in North Dakota and Minnesota from 1993 to 1996. Although U. appendiculatus is a macrocyclic autoecious rust, neither pycnia nor aecia have been observed in commercial dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in North Dakota fields. The source of initial inoculum is not clearly understood. This study determined the potential for urediniospore survival overwinter. Uredia-bearing bean leaves from artificially inoculated greenhouse-grown plants were kept outside near a field from November to May from 1990 to 1996. Based on bioassays urediniospores survived overwinter, but viability declined over time. Overwinter survival indicates urediniospores may function as initial inoculum.
Charge-density distortions and lattice dynamics: A general theory and application to Nb

A general formulation is given of phenomenological models for lattice dynamics which use localized electronic variables as additional adiabatic degrees of freedom. This formulation encompasses shell models of all types, bond-charge models, and charge-fluctuation models. Restrictions due to symmetry are discussed. In a specific application to Nb, ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}$ (scalar), and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{{25}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ (quadrupolar) degrees of freedom are introduced. All symmetry-allowed parameters out to second-neighbor coupling are kept. The resulting 18-parameter model gives a good fit to the measured phonon dispersion, and a number of the parameters are found to be ignorable. The anomalies in the LA branches arise from interatomic-stabilized charge fluctuations, while the anomalies in TA branches are associated with dispersionless quadrupolar fluctuations. It is suggested that in a similar model for $A$ 15 metals, charge fluctuations alone might explain the TA anomalies.
Material Welfare and Changing Political Preferences: The Case of Support for Redistributive Social Policies

The relationship between political preferences and material circumstances has stimulated one of the most vibrant discussions in the social sciences. However, the verdict is still out on the extent to which political preferences are a function of material circumstances, stable ideological commitments, or some combination thereof. Drawing on new panel data from the General Social Survey, we further this debate by examining whether becoming unemployed or losing income affects individuals’ preferences for redistribution. Using individual-level fixed-effects models, we show that preferences for redistribution are malleable, rather than fixed, corresponding to predictions offered by a materialist perspective. Individuals want more redistribution when they experience unemployment or lose household income. Ultimately, we contribute new empirical insights that further the sociological understanding of the forces shaping political preferences.
Vibrational spectrum and structure of the ICl+2 cation

Abstract The Raman spectra of the antimony and aluminium complexes SbICl 8 and AlICl 6 , known to contain the ICI + 2 cation, are presented. Partial infrared spectra (to 200 cm −1 ) are also measured. Bands belonging to the bent ICl + 2 cation (C 2 v ) and also to the anionic components of the complexes, SbCl − 6 and AlCl − 4 , have been identified and assigned. Force constants, calculated for ICl + 2 , are shown to be in good agreement with corresponding constants of other isoelectronic ions.
Infrared bands of the CN red system (A2Π-X2Σ)

Abstract The CN red system ( A 2 Π -X 2 Σ ) has been obtained in emission from a C2N2 + 1.4 N2O flame. The Δv = −1 and Δv = −2 progressions have been identified and the locations of the R22 band heads are given. The (0,1) and (1,2) bands have been investigated by employing a high resolution infrared spectrograph in the spectral region 7100-6350 cm−1. A rotational analysis of these two bands is presented.
Increasing technical excellence, leadership and commitment of computing students through identity-based mentoring

Recent years have seen a growing awareness in the computing education community that initiatives outside the classroom are vital for retaining students and preparing them for a collaborative and dynamic professional environment. Particularly important are programs that develop rich technical skills while increasing students' interest in computing disciplines. We present Computing Identity Mentoring, an intervention designed to increase commitment to computing while enhancing students' technical and leadership skills. This program was implemented at seven universities during 2008-2009. Preliminary results suggest that Computing Identity Mentoring contributes to students' self-efficacy regarding computing and leadership, and solidifies students' commitment to a career in computing. This paper presents early findings on the effectiveness of the approach and illustrates Computing Identity Mentoring in the context of three of the seven institutions where it has been implemented.
Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.
Documenting children's learning activities: Advancing professional development in early childhood teacher education

Abstract This article describes how our early childhood education undergraduate certificate program incorporates documentation into the course content. We explain our rationale for choosing documentation as an entry point to learn about the Reggio Emilia approach and how documentation supports our program goals. Then we discuss the process we use to teach the documentation concept including the guidelines and rubrics we developed. The conclusion section presents a set of provocations that have emerged as we reflect on documentation as a form of professional development.
The electrical activity of the cat colon in vivo. I. The normal electrical activity and its relationship to contractile activity.

1. Spontaneous electrical and contractile activity were studied in the colon of fasted, unanesthetized cats. Needle electrodes and strain-gage transducers had been implanted on the serosal side along the colon 10 days to 5 months prior to the experiments. 2. Electrical activity consisted of spikes, oscillations, and slow waves. Slow waves were omnipresent. Spikes and oscillations occurred intermittently. 3. Mean slow-wave frequency was 5.3 cpm in the ascending, 5.4 cpm in the transverse, and 5.5 cpm in the descending colon. 4. Spike bursts exhibited 2 different rhythmic patterns: a) short bursts which were phase locked to slow waves; b) prolonged sequences occurring at frequencies of 0.7–1.4 cpm. The first type was prevalent in the proximal, the second one in the distal colon. 5. The patterns of contractions followed those of the spikes, i.e. contractions of the descending colon were very slow and sustained, in contrast to the proximal colon. 6. It is concluded that motility of the intact colon is determined largely by 2 types of electrical oscillators: A slow-wave oscillator which is more labile than in upper parts of the gut and an ultraslow oscillator.
Obesity and self-reported general health, Hawaii BRFSS: are Polynesians at higher risk?

Objective: This study compared the relationship between fair/poor general health status among overweight and obese Polynesians with that among other overweight and obese persons in Hawaii. Methods and Procedures: Data were pooled from the 1998–2003 Hawaii Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and logistic regression used to examine the predictors of fair/poor health status. Results: Polynesians were significantly more likely to be obese than non-Polynesians; overweight Polynesians were more likely than other overweight individuals to report fair/poor health status. After adjusting for confounders, among Polynesians, being obese was no longer associated with fair/poor health. Non-Polynesians who were obese (odds ratio 1.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.4–2.6), older, less educated, smokers, diabetic, hypertensive, and physically inactive were more likely to report fair/poor health. Discussion: Although Polynesians were significantly more obese than the rest of the Hawaii population, their weight was not independently associated with their odds for fair/poor health as it was with non-Polynesians. The difference may be that, for Polynesians, hypertension and diabetes overrode the effect of obesity on general health status or this group maintains different cultural perceptions of body size. Regardless, these findings show a major health risk among Polynesians and suggest the need for culturally specific health interventions.
Gender Differences in Throwing Form of Children Ages 6–8 Years During a Throwing Game

The study purposes were to describe throwing form and gender differences before and after instruction during a game. Children's (ages 6–8, n = 105) throwing form was assessed while they played a game (snowball) using the Body Component Assessment for Throwing in Games to determine the modal developmental levels for the step, trunk, and forearm components. Each student received four 30-min sessions of throwing instruction. There were significant (p < .017) gender differences at each session and for each component. A Wilcoxon-Signed Ranks Test revealed differences (p < .017) between pretest and after instruction for boys' trunk and forearm components and girls' step and trunk components. The improvement after instruction and gender differences were similar to those found in a controlled, practice context.
Long-term efficacy of a self-disinfecting coating in an intensive care unit

Background Cleaning and disinfecting fomites can effectively remove/kill pathogens on surfaces, but studies have shown that more than one-half the time, surfaces are not adequately cleaned or are recontaminated within minutes. This study evaluated a product designed to create a long-lasting surface coating that provides continuous disinfecting action. Methods This study was performed in an intensive care unit (ICU) in a major hospital. Various sites within the ICU were cultured before treatment and then at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 15 weeks after application of an antimicrobial coating. Samples were cultured for total bacteria, as well as Clostridium difficile , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, and carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Results The average bacterial count on all treated surfaces was reduced by >99% (2 logs) for at least 8 weeks after treatment. Overall, average levels of bacteria never returned to those observed before treatment even after 15 weeks. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were found on 25% of the sites tested before treatment, but were isolated at only 1 site during the 15 weeks after treatment. Conclusions The product assessed in this study was found to have persisted over 15 weeks in reducing the total number of bacteria and antibiotic resistant bacteria on surfaces within an ICU.
Predictive power of T wave alternans in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and QRS prolongation

Background: T wave alternans (TWA) is associated with increased risk of arrhythmic events in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 0.41. However, it has been reported that TWA lacks predictive power in patients with QRS 120 msec, i.e., that there is a significant interaction between TWA and QRS with respect to death and sustained ventricular arrhythmias (SVA). This analysis examines the relationship between TWA and QRS duration in 549 patients with LVEF 0.41. Our hypothesis was that TWA predicts non-fatal SVA and death in patients with LVEF 0.41 regardless of QRS duration. Methods: The 549 eligible patients had LVEF 0.41, and had no history of SVA, class IV heart failure or recent myocardial infarction or coronary bypass graft surgery (CABG). All patients underwent TWA and results were categorized as normal or abnormal. Follow-up was for 2 years and the composite endpoint was all-cause mortality and non-fatal SVA. Cox models were used to determine the independent predictive accuracy of TWA and QRS and whether there was an interaction between the two. Results: Of the 549 patients, 49% had ischemic cardiomyopathy, 51% had non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, 27% had QRS 120 msec, and 66% had an abnormal TWA test. During follow-up there were 51 events (11 non-fatal SVA and 40 deaths). Univariate Cox regression models demonstrated a HR for TWA of 6.5 (95% CI 2.4-18.1) and 1.6 (95% CI 0.9 -2.9) for QRS duration. A Cox model constructed to test for interaction between QRS duration and TWA showed no significant interaction (z-statistic 0.82, p 0.33). Conclusion: TWA was a strong predictor of adverse events in patients with QRS 120 msec or 120 msec. Additionally, TWA had a low false negative rate regardless of QRS duration. Lack of interaction between TWA and QRS indicates that TWA can risk stratify patients with left ventricular dysfunction, regardless of QRS duration.
Does Free Will Remain a Mystery? A Response to Van Inwagen

In this paper, I argue against Peter van Inwagen’s claim (in “Free Will Remains a Mystery”), that agent-causal views of free will could do nothing to solve the problem of free will (specifically, the problem of chanciness). After explaining van Inwagen’s argument, I argue that he does not consider all possible manifestations of the agent-causal position. More importantly, I claim that, in any case, van Inwagen appears to have mischaracterized the problem in some crucial ways. Once we are clear on the true nature of the problem of chanciness, agent-causal views do much to eradicate it.
Acceleration of tumor growth and peri-tumoral blood clotting by imatinib mesylate (Gleevec).

Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) inhibits the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Previous studies have demonstrated that imatinib mesylate also inhibits the survival and functions of normal mast cells by interfering with the receptor tyrosine kinase for stem cell factor (SCF), c-kit, which is expressed by mast cells. Because mast cells extensively surround many types of cancer and contain powerful anticoagulants such as heparin, we investigated the effects of imatinib mesylate on blood clotting and tumor growth within subcutaneous implants of a mammary adenocarcinoma cell line (4T1) in BALB/c mice. After 5 days of oral treatment with 10 mg/kg of the drug, the average mass of the tumors in treated mice (198 +/- 42 mg, n = 5) was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than the average mass of the tumors from untreated (control) mice (60 +/- 23 mg, n = 5). Moreover, the tumors in the treated mice were frequently surrounded by large lakes of clotted blood that were not evident in tumors from the control mice. Accelerated growth and blood clotting were also observed in tumor-bearing mice treated with heparinase I enzyme to destroy endogenous mast cell heparin and in NDST-2 knockout mice in which there is a targeted disruption in the gene coding for mast cell heparin synthesis. We conclude that imatinib mesylate accelerated the growth and peri-tumoral blood clotting of implants of mammary adenocarcinoma in mice. These results suggest that imatinib mesylate may have significant effects on mast cells infiltrating tumors, in addition to its other biologic activities. Our results also indicate that the mechanism of this effect may be related to the anticoagulant properties of mast cell heparin.
Indications of strongly flux-limited electron thermal conduction in laser- target experiments

It is shown by comparison with calculations that anomalies in the results of intense laser irradiation of solid targets, including two-humped ion distributions, indicate a reduction of electron thermal conduction to considerably below classical values. This reduction is interpreted as a flux limit and appears to be sufficiently restrictive to modify significantly the design of laser fusion targets.
Reducing conflicts between climate policy and energy policy in the US: The important role of the states

The absence of US national action on global climate change policy has prompted initiatives by the US Congress, cities, states, and regions toward what is likely to become a long-term, collaborative effort to harmonize national energy and climate policies. This upward evolution in the face of a reluctant administration is historically consistent with the development of national legislation on other environmental and social issues in the US. At the heart of this movement is the need to resolve conflicts between high-intensity use of low-cost fossil energy supplies, and the dominating impact of carbon dioxide emissions on global climate change. US states are among the largest carbon dioxide emitters in the world and play a critical role in supplying and transforming energy, as well as consuming it, for economic advantage. State governments are also likely to have to shoulder some of the cost of potentially extensive climate damages and bear the brunt of the cost of implementing future federal mandates. As a result, many are taking proactive stances on the development of climate mitigation policy to prepare for, accelerate, and/or guide national policy. As US states show leadership on addressing greenhouse gas emissions, they also play an important role in forging policies and measures that reduce economic conflict between energy and climate goals. A number have launched or completed greenhouse gas mitigation plans and other major policies in the past few years that address these conflicts through: (1) finding ways to reduce mitigation costs, including the use of incentive-based policy instruments; (2) promoting an open and democratic policy process that includes major stakeholders; (3) promoting equity across socioeconomic groups, regions, and generations; and (4) promoting interregional cooperation. The results are promising and suggest that the state arena for climate and energy policy is evolving quickly and constructively toward alternatives that reduce conflict. Regional efforts are also unfolding, along with greater congressional attention to the lessons learned and commitments made by sub-federal actions. In the next few years many national energy and climate conflicts are likely to be tested and addressed by states. Among these, Pennsylvania is likely to be an important player due to its high profile of energy production and potential for leadership.
Distance estimation and information load.

Individuals received 4 or 10 pieces of information while walking a short or long distance. Following the walk, participants recalled the presented information and estimated the distance walked and time spent walking. Recall was affected by the amount of information presented while distance and time estimates were affected by walk distance. Contrary to the hypothesis, information load did not affect distance or time estimates.
On the integration of unstable linear systems

An efficient approach to the problem of numerically computing the solution to a system of ordinary autonomous differential equations has been proposed by Davison and Maki. In this letter, their algorithm is modified to effectively treat the problem of integrating in unstable system whose forcing function is a constant.
Duty and discretion in a wayward agency: The U.S. environmental protection agency implementation of the hazardous waste laws

Abstract In the early 1980s the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Anne (Gorsuch) Burford became a battleground between President Reagan's appointees and the career civil servants. The new administration wanted to ease the regulatory burden, cooperate with industry, and reduce inflationary costs. The civil servants wanted to continue the existing policies of the Carter administration, or as they saw it, to implement the laws. The hazardous waste program, headed by Rita Lavelle, serves as a case study of the tension between the agency's duty (to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act) and the administrative discretion to carry out President Reagan's policy.
Concentrating Antarctic Meteorites on Blue ice Fields: The Frontier Mountain Meteorite Trap

The collection of meteorites in Antarctica has greatly stimulated advancement in the field of meteoritics by providing the community with significant numbers of rare and unique meteorites types and by yielding large numbers of meteorites that sample older infall epochs (Grady et al., 1998). The majority of Antarctic meteorites are found on blue ice fields, where they are thought to be concentrated by wind and glacial drift (cf. Cassidy et al., 1992). The basic "ice flow model" describes the concentration of meteorites by the stagnation or slowing of ice as it moves against a barrier located in a zone with low snow accumulation. However, our limited knowledge of the details of the actual concentration mechanisms prevents establishing firm conclusions concerning the past meteorite flux from the Antarctic record (Zolensky, 1998). The terrestrial ages of Antarctic meteorites indicate that their concentration occurs on time scales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years (Nishiizumi et al., 1989). It is a challenge to measure a mechanism that operates so slowly, and since such time scales can span more than one glacial epoch one cannot assume that the snow accumulation rates, ice velocities and directions, etc. that are measured today are representative of those extant over the age of the trap. Testing the basic "ice flow model" therefore requires the careful measurement of meteorite locations, glacialogical ice flow data, ice thicknesses, bedrock and surface topology, ice ablation and snow accumulation rates, and mass transport by wind over an extended period of time in a location where these quantities can be interpreted in the context of past glacialogical history.
Does overcrowding and health insurance type impact patient outcomes in emergency departments

We examine the impact of Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding on wait times and patient outcomes using a unique cross section of about 32,000 patients for an ED located in the Southwestern United States. We construct a measure of a patient’s outcome and estimate the extent to which it is worsened by long waits in the ED. We find that waiting at an ED due to overcrowding tends to generate a negative outcome for all patients. We also find that this negative outcome is larger for those on Medicaid or who have no insurance and smaller for those with private insurance or Medicare. JEL Classification Codes: I12; I13
A role for D2, but not D1, dopamine receptors in the response-reinstating effects of food reinforcement

Although the reinforcing properties of food are reduced in the presence of dopamine antagonist drugs, controversy exists about the relative roles of D1 vs D2 receptor subtypes in the actions of these drugs. The current experiment compared the effects of raclopride (a selective D2 receptor antagonist) and SCH 39166 (a selective D1 receptor antagonist) in the response-reinstating effects of food reinforcement. Hungry rats were trained to run a straight-alley for food reinforcement during single daily trials. The operant was then extinguished during consecutive daily non-reinforced trials. Subjects were then injected with one of four doses of raclopride (0.0, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) or SCH 39166 (0.0, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min prior to a single reinforced treatment trial. Twenty-four h later, a test trial was conducted in an unbaited runway. The single reinforced trial in the midst of extinction was observed to reinstate operant runway performance. Raclopride, but not SCH 39166, dose-dependently attenuated this reinstatement. Motor control groups ruled out the possibility that these results were due to differential residual motor effects of the drugs. Results suggest that D2, but not D1, dopamine receptors, are involved in the response-reinstating properties of food reinforcement.
Influence of Aluminum Passivation on the Reaction Mechanism: Flame Propagation Studies

Currently, two main known mechanisms of aluminum (Al) nanoparticle reaction are discussed in the literature, namely those based on diffusion through an oxide shell and melt-dispersion. The two mechanisms lead to opposite predictions in nanoparticle design. The diffusion mechanism suggests that the reduction or complete elimination of the oxide shell will increase Al reactivity, whereas the meltdispersionmechanismsuggestsanincreaseininitialoxidethicknessuptoanoptimalvalue.Thegoalofthis study is to perform critical experiments in a confined flame tube apparatus to compare these two predictions. Specifically, the flame propagation rates of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (C13F27COOH)treatedAlnanoparticleswithandwithoutanaluminashellweremeasured.Resultsshowthatwhenthereis no alumina passivation shell encasing the Al core, the flame rate decreases by a factor of 22-95 and peak pressure deceases by 3 orders of magnitude, in comparison with the Al particles with an oxide shell. These results imply that the melt-dispersion reaction mechanism is responsible for high flame propagation rates observed in these confined tube experiments.
A Catalog of Three-Variable Or-Invert and And-Invert Logical Circuits

This report gives a complete catalog of minimal NOR circuits and minimal NAND circuits, assuming complements not available, for all logic functions of three variables. Minimal circuits for a function are those that satisfy these conditions: 1) The number of logic blocks of the circuit is least possible for performing the function; 2) The number of connections in the circuit (total number of inputs) is least possible, subject to the condition that the circuit satisfies the first condition. In addition, the circuits satisfy certain reasonable restrictions on fan-in and fan-out.
Caffeine toxicity is inversely related to DNA repair in simian virus 40-transformed xeroderma pigmentosum cells irradiated with ultraviolet light.

Human cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) are more sensitive to killing by ultraviolet light when grown in caffeine after irradiation. The degree of sensitization at 2 mM caffeine (expressed as the ratio of the 37% survival dose for control cells divided by the 37% survival dose for cells grown in caffeine, i.e., the dose modification factor) was approximately 1.9 in transformed normal cells and 3.8-5.8 in excision-defective xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) groups A, C, and D cells. A large dose modification factor of 12 was observed in a transformed XP variant cell line. Chinese hamster ovary cells were not significantly different from transformed normal human cells, with a maximum dose modification factor of 1.5. Two radioresistant XP revertants that do not excise cyclobutane dimers gave different responses; one resembled its group A parent in being sensitized by caffeine, and one did not. These results can be interpreted on the basis of a single hypothesis that cells are killed as a result of attempts to replicate damaged DNA. Increased replication rates caused by transformation, increased numbers of replication forks in DNA caused by caffeine, and increased numbers of damaged sites ahead of replication forks in excision-defective cells are all processesmore » that will consequently increase killing according to this hypothesis. A corollary is that the XP variant may be highly sensitized to caffeine because of excision defects at the DNA replication forks, an idea that may be important in designing cloning strategies for the XP variant gene.« less
Estimation of Relative Sensitivities of Amino Acids by Selected Ion Monitoring GC/MS Analysis

A linear correlation between the sensitivity and the product of the intensity of monitored fragment ion, molecular weight and molar refraction of an amino acid was found in the selected ion monotoring GC/MS analysis for three kinds of derivatives of amino acids. Using this relationship, it is possible to estimate a relative sensitivity of amino acid derivative by selected ion monitoring GC/MS analysis.
Feature based process planning in environmentally conscious machining – Part 2: macroplanning

Abstract A second aspect of integrating environmental factors into manufacturing process planning is macroplanning, where the inter-relationships between features are accounted for. While micro-planning results in a process plan which is the aggregation of feature-level optimal plans, the aggregation of microplans does not necessarily result in a globally feasible process plan for a given part. Macro-planning issues which have significant environmental impact include process sequence selection for intersecting or nested features and feature clustering based on common setups and catalysts (tools and cutting fluids). These macro-planning issues influence both batch-level routing and scheduling decisions in a job shop and resource allocation, line balancing and facility planning decisions in a transfer line. Building upon the feature-level optimization presented in Part 1, case studies of feature interactions will be presented and an overall sequencing algorithm will be outlined. Both the micro and macro-planning schemes are integrated with a solid modeling environment to serve as a platform for analyzing incremental component design changes.
Laser-based detection of chemical contraband

The goal of our work is tow fold; 1) develop a portable and rapid laser based air sampler for detection of specific chemical contraband and 2) compile a spectral data base in both the near- and mid-IR of sufficiently high quality to be useful for gas phase spectroscopic identification of chemical contraband. During the synthesis or 'cooking' of many illicit chemical substances, relatively high concentrations of volatile solvents, chemical precursors and byproducts are unavoidably released to the atmosphere. In some instances, the final product may have sufficient vapor pressure to be detectable in the surrounding air. The detection of a single high-value effluent or the simultaneous detection of two or more low-value effluents can be used as reliable indicators of a nearby clandestine cooking operation. The designation of high- versus low-value effluent reflects both the commercial availability and legitimate usage of a specific chemical. This paper will describe PNNL's progress and efforts towards the development of a portable laser based air sampling system for the detection of clandestine manufacturing of methamphetamine. Although our current efforts ar focused on methamphetamine, we see no fundamental limitations on detection of other forms of chemical contraband manufacturing. This also includes the synthesis of certain classes of chemical weapons that have recently been deployed by terrorist groups.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Über eine verbesserte autogene Wasserstoff-Bezugselektrode†

Die von Giner beschriebene, mit platiniertem Platin arbeitende Wasserstoff-Vergleischselektrode, bei welcher der benotigte Wasserstoff in situ an der Meselektrode selbst entwickelt wird, hat den Nachteil, das sie wegen der relativ hohen und je nach Gute der Platinierung auch schwankenden Uberspannung geeicht werden mus. Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellte Elektrode, die mit Raney-Platin arbeitet und die als „autogene Wasserstoff-Bezugselektrode” bezeichnet wurde, ist fur die meisten Zwecke ohne Eichung verwendbar. Das gilt sowohl fur galvanostatische als auch fur potentiostatische, potentiodynamische sowie fur Impulsmessungen in stark alkalischen und stark sauren Elektrolyten selbst bei hohen Konzentrationen. Es wird auch hier kein zusatzlicher Wasserstoff, etwa aus der Gasflasche, benotigt, und es werden keine Fremdionen in den Elektrolyten eingebracht.
Urban Design as a Frame for Site Readings of Heritage Landscapes: A Case Study of Champaner-Pavagadh, Gujarat, India

Conservation of heritage sites in South Asia should be guided by a new post-colonial paradigm of thinking about cultural landscape. This paper proposes an urban design approach drawing upon Kevin Lynch's concepts regarding representation of time in place and visual perception of urban form such that cultural heritage landscapes are experienced not as artefacts but as places. Using Champaner-Pavagadh in Gujarat, India as a case study, the paper shows that urban design interventions can provide a framework for thoughtful and imaginative site reading and interpretation. The interventions use a different medium of expression than reproducing historical precedent—the attempt is not to mimic the past but to evoke it through a visual and spatial vocabulary of design.
The role of MRI when relapsing polychondritis is suspected but not proven

Relapsing polychondritis (RP), while relatively rare, presents a characteristic clinical picture. Based upon a symptom complex of auricular, nasal, and respiratory chondritis associated with ocular and otic complaints, diagnosis can frequently be made with confidence in the absence of histologic confirmation. We present a case where a therapeutic intervention was required without sufficient criteria for diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proved useful in initial evaluation and allowed follow-up imaging demonstrating a gratifying response to steroid treatment. We believe that MRI has an important role in the diagnosis and subsequent evaluation of patients with proven or suspected RP, particularly those with tracheal involvement.
Learning the synergy of a new teammate

In many multi-robot problems, the performance of a team of robots is not the sum of their individual capabilities; there is often synergy among the robots. We recently introduced the synergy graph model to model such phenomena, where robots are represented by vertices in a graph, their capabilities represented by Normally-distributed variables, and the interactions of robots represented with the structure of the graph. The synergy graph is learned from observations of robot team performances, with the underlying assumption that observations of all the robots are available at once. However, it is common that new information becomes available over time, in particular as new robots enter the domain. In this paper, we contribute a learning algorithm that uses new information to add a new robot into an existing synergy graph, that requires a smaller number of observations and faster computation than relearning the entire synergy graph using the existing learning algorithms. We introduce three heuristics to initialize the learning algorithm, and perform extensive simulations to analyze their characteristics, as well as compare two methods of learning robot capabilities, over a variety of graph structure types. We also compare three approaches to learning synergy graphs, and demonstrate that adding a new teammate into an existing synergy graph introduces higher error than completely relearning the synergy graph. However, it is computationally less expensive to add a new teammate, especially when the number of robots is large.
A unified framework for the performance analyses of diversity energy detectors over fading channels

This paper revisits the problem of energy detection of an unknown deterministic signal over a myriad of fading environments. Specifically, a new analytical approach based on six alternative series representations of the generalised Marcum Q-function of real order in conjunction with moments or derivatives of the Moment Generating Function of Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNR is proposed to analyse the performance of Maximal-Ratio Combining MRC and Square-Law Combining SLC energy detectors with independent but non-identically distributed i.n.d fading statistics. Our analytical framework is sufficiently general, and capable of handling half-odd integer values for the time-bandwidth product and non-integer fading severity indices for the Nakagami-m fading environment, as well as i.n.d Rice and mixed fading scenarios. Many of these cases were either intractable with the classical probability density function/contour integral approaches, or had resisted a simple/computationally efficient solution. Selected numerical results are also provided for the Receiver Operating Characteristic ROC of MRC and SLC diversity-based energy detectors over Rice and Nakagami-m channels.
Luminescent, three-coordinate azadipyrromethene complexes of d10 copper, silver, and gold

Boron azadipyrromethenes are red-light-absorbing dyes with chromophoric capabilities deriving from a conjugated, chelating framework. Reported here are tricoordinate copper(I), silver(I), and gold(I) complexes of a tetraphenylazadipyrromethene ligand. The new complexes are characterized by optical absorption and emission spectroscopy, multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction crystallography. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations indicate that the principal absorption features in azadipyrromethene complexes result from optically allowed intraligand transitions that undergo configuration interaction.