cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microelectromechanical Systems for Aerodynamics Applications.

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) embody the integration of sensors, actuators, and electronics on a single substrate using integrated circuit fabrication techniques and compatible micromachining processes. Silicon and its derivatives form the material base for the MEMS technology. MEMS devices, including micro-sensors and micro-actuators, are attractive because they can be made small (characteristic dimension about microns), be produced in large numbers with uniform performance, include electronics for high performance and sophisticated functionality, and be inexpensive. MEMS pressure sensors, wall-shear-stress sensors, and micromachined hot-wires are nearing application in aeronautics. MEMS actuators face a tougher challenge since they have to be scaled (up) to the physical phenomena that are being controlled. MEMS actuators are proposed, for example, for controlling the small structures in a turbulent boundary layer, for aircraft control, for cooling, and for mixing enhancement. Data acquisition or control logistics require integration of electronics along with the transducer elements with appropriate consideration of analog-to-digital conversion, multiplexing, and telemetry. Altogether, MEMS technology offers exciting opportunities for aerodynamics applications both in wind tunnels and in flight
Experiments on the stability of viscous flow between rotating cylinders - IV. The ion technique

The development of an instrument which responds to the radial component of a Taylor vortex is described. The method is to measure the current passing through the vortex in a fluid of low conductivity, such as carbon tetrachloride. Experiments performed to check the usefulness of the technique are reported.
Ambient and high temperature experiments on boron-doped polycrystalline graphites☆

Abstract Physical properties have been measured as functions of boron content and temperature for a series of extruded, resin bonded graphites. The boron concentration range considered was from 0 to 0.79 weight per cent; up to at least 0.16 per cent the solubility appears to be substitutional. Effects of the boron at room temperature were determined for lattice spacing, elastic modulus, electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity. Temperature effects on electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity are reported to 2500°C and for coefficient of thermal expansion to 645°C. The observed results are discussed in qualitative terms and appear to be self-consistent. The boron exhibited a surprisingly strong effect on the thermal conductivity: an addition of 0.1 per cent B reduced the room temperature λ by ~ 20 per cent although the electrical conductivity was simultaneously increased. Temperature effects on the electrical resistivity vary in a complex manner with boron concentration and it is of interest to note that at 0.081 per cent B the electrical resistivity was found to be stable and constant within about ±3 per cent over the temperature interval 25–2500°C.
Conceptualizing sexual arousal and attraction

Abstract Conceptual and empirical uncertainties concerning the measurement of sexual arousal are discussed. An initial sexual arousal trichotomy of aesthetic, approach, and genital responses is proposed. This proposal is meant to stimulate research and theory. Sexual arousal may take place through central processes, independent of somatic and visceral sensation. However, this fact need not diminish the utility of measuring sexual arousal affectively and somatically, and partitioning its components, in normal functioning. Finally, speculations are offered concerning the interactions, sequencing, and separate determinants of the three proposed components.
Efficient message routing in Mega-Micro-Computer networks

With rapidly developing microprocessor technology, we can anticipate an entire microcomputer being contained on a single, low-cost LSI chip. It will be technically and economically feasible to interconnect thousands or millions of these microcomputers to form a very large and powerful machine—a Mega-Micro-Computer (MMC). This paper defines a system of interlocking buses allowing dense message flow within an MMC. Each microcomputer shares two buses; each bus is shared by sixteen computers. There is a simple algorithm for optimal routing of messages. Data activity on each bus is analytically determined as a function of network size and the spatial distribution of messages between nodes. MMCs are about equally efficient whether connected by buses or by Pierce rings. For equal line costs, an MMC can allow 200 times denser message flow than a million computer network structured like Illiac IV.
Impact of preprogramming course curriculum on learning in the first programming course

This paper reports the results of research that measured the value of integrating problem solving, algorithm development, pseudocode, and diagramming techniques into introductory computer science courses. The hypothesis was that the introduction of these topics prior to the introduction of a programming language would reduce the learning curve requirements and increase the success rate for beginning programmers. Posttest programming scores for like tests exhibited some difference within the sample, with the treatment group performing better than the control group. Members of the treatment group reported a better experience in the introductory course and saw more applicability for that course than members of the control group. In addition, treatment group members utilized pseudocode more consistently and applied the idea of drawing pictures to aid in writing code during their posttest experience. The combined results indicated that learners, in general, found that the introductory course contained useful content and that they could successfully apply processes learned in that course as part of a programming strategy.
Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas

Racial profiling has emerged as a highly contentious practice in a range of social settings. This article examines the role of racial profiling in the property insurance industry and how such pract...
Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Depression in Older Adults

We conducted an evidence-based review of psychological treatments for geriatric depression using coding criteria, and we identified six treatments to be beneficial: behavioral therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive bibliotherapy, problem-solving therapy, brief psychody-namic therapy, and reminiscence therapy. Other interventions were found to be promising but were lacking replication. These findings suggest that (a) there are several treatment choices for consumers and practitioners across a relatively broad range of theoretical orientations and modalities, (b) there needs to be a recognition of the viability of psychological treatments for depressed elders by other disciplines, and (c) there is an opportunity to provide training in evidence-based treatments for present and future providers to the growing number of older adults.
A portrait of widowhood and aging among urban blacks: Toni Cade Bambara's “My man bovanne”

Abstract Imaginative literature offers social scientists the chance to explore human behavior in a quasi-naturalistic form, and is also a means to confirm or question observations and assumptions based on other types of research. Toni Cade Bambara 's short story, “My Man Bovanne,” is one example of a literary portrait of widowhood and aging in an urban black setting that illustrates significant aspects of current gerontological research.
Wild-derived mouse stocks: an underappreciated tool for aging research

Virtually all biomedical research makes use of a relatively small pool of laboratory-adapted, inbred, isogenic stocks of mice. Although the advantages of these models are many, there are a number of disadvantages as well. When studying a multifaceted process such as aging, the problems associated with using laboratory stocks are greatly inflated. On the other hand, wild-derived mouse stocks, loosely defined here as either wild-caught individuals or the recent progeny of wild-caught individuals, have much to offer to biogerontology research. Hence, the aims of this review are threefold: (1) to (re)acquaint readers with the pros and cons of using a typical inbred laboratory mouse model for aging research; (2) to reintroduce the notion of using wild-derived mouse stocks in aging research as championed by Austad, Miller and others for more than a decade, and (3) to provide an overview of recent advances in biogerontology using wild-derived mouse stocks.
Biology of Snail-Killing Flies in Sweden (Dipt., Sciomyzidae)1

The major biological features of 53 of the 70 Swedish species of Sciomyzidae (Diptera: Acalyptratae) are summarized. The larvae are found in many kinds of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and those of most species are air-breathing, overt, polyphagous predators of aquatic and hygrophilous, non-operculate snails. Larvae of a few species are predators or oligophagous, solitary and internal parasitoids of terrestrial snails, Tetanocera elata attacks slugs, and Antichaeta spp. feed in egg-masses of Lymnaeidae and Succineidae. Knutsonia lineata and certain Renocera spp. are the only insects known to feed obligatorily in bivalve Sphaeriidae.
Isothermal fatigue of low tin lead based solder

Low tin lead based solder fails by intergranular and/or transgranular modes depending upon experimental conditions. At low frequency and in tests with hold times separation of grains is the main mode of fracture. In the 5 to 100 °C temperature range at high frequency (> 10−2 Hz) and at high total strain range (0.75 pct) the failure mode is mixed transgranular-intergranular; at a low total strain range (0.3 pct) the mode of failure is intergranular. Change in failure mode leads to a bend in the Coffin-Manson plot. Tensile hold time and combined tensile and compressive hold times are found to reduce dramatically the fatigue cycles to failure of this solder. A simple mathematical relation between the fatigue life of the solder and ramp time, tensile, and compressive hold times is developed.
Genotyping by sequencing resolves shallow population structure to inform conservation of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Recent advances in population genomics have made it possible to detect previously unidentified structure, obtain more accurate estimates of demographic parameters, and explore adaptive divergence, potentially revolutionizing the way genetic data are used to manage wild populations. Here, we identified 10 944 single-nucleotide polymorphisms using restriction-site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to explore population structure, demography, and adaptive divergence in five populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from western Alaska. Patterns of population structure were similar to those of past studies, but our ability to assign individuals back to their region of origin was greatly improved (>90% accuracy for all populations). We also calculated effective size with and without removing physically linked loci identified from a linkage map, a novel method for nonmodel organisms. Estimates of effective size were generally above 1000 and were biased downward when physically linked loci were not removed. Outlier tests based on genetic differentiation identified 733 loci and three genomic regions under putative selection. These markers and genomic regions are excellent candidates for future research and can be used to create high-resolution panels for genetic monitoring and population assignment. This work demonstrates the utility of genomic data to inform conservation in highly exploited species with shallow population structure.
IMMUNOGENICITY OF GROUPS A AND C MENINGOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDES OF DIFFERING MOLECULAR WEIGHTS

Two lots of bivalent groups A and C meningococcal polysaccharides were evaluated in children 2-10 years old. Molecular weights of both the A and C polysaccharides were 100,000-300,000 in Lot S and >2,000,000 in Lot X. 68 children received a single dose of vaccine (34 Lot S, 34 Lot X) and 45 received 2 doses of vaccine 2 months apart (27 Lot S and 18 Lot X). Antibody responses were assessed by indirect immuno-fluorescence (FA) and by bactericidal activity (BA). Preimmunization FA titers of anti-A and anti-C were 5.9 and 6.7. One month post-primary, anti-A FA titers were 33.5 with Lot S and 134.1 with Lot X (p< .05); BA titers were 15 and 388 (p< .01). Significant anamnestic responses to A polysaccharide were not observed after either Lot S or Lot X. Anti-C FA titers one month post-primary were 32.0 after Lot S and 121.4 after Lot X (p< .05); BA titers were 45 and 697. Neither enhancement nor suppression of anti-C responses were seen after the second dose of vaccine with either lot. Protection of infants with vaccines similar in size to Lot S has been achieved against group A, but not group C meningococcal disease. The immunogenicity of large molecular weight vaccines similar to Lot X In infants is currently under investigation.
Remembrances of Jacques Jenny, DrMedVet 1917–1971

Editor's note: The holding of the 19th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons in Philadelphia in conjunction with the Centennial Celebration of the School of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania provides an opportunity for reflection. Dr. Jacques Jenny, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at the School, was Chairman of the Organizing Committee that gave rise to the American College of Veterinary Surgeons on December 16,1965, and was elected as first President of the College. The solid foundation and high ideals that the Organizing Committee established are in large part responsible for the success of the College. Dr. Jenny died on November 20, 1971. Those of us fortunate to have known him personally realize the immense gap that his premature death left. For those that did not know him, I hope that this article permits some appreciation of the contributions of Dr. Jenny the comparative orthopedic surgeon, as well as of the very special human qualities of Jacques Jenny the man. The first author, Dr. Mark Allam, was Professor of Surgery and Dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine during most of Dr. Jenny's career at the University of Pennsylvania, and was the first Chairman of the Board of Regents of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons. The second author, Dr. David Nunamaker, is the first holder of the Jacques Jenny Professorship in Veterinary Orthopedics at the University of Pennsylvania.
Aerosol filtration by fibrous filters at intermediate Reynolds numbers (≤ 100)

Abstract The collision efficiencies for spherical aerosol particles impacting on a cylindrical fibre are reported in the intermediate range of Reynolds numbers (≤ 100). The complete Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the successive overrelaxation method to obtain the flow field around the fibre. The calculated flow field is used in computing the particle trajectories in order to obtain the grazing trajectory and thereby the collision efficiency. The effect of the finite size of the particles is considered in terms of the direct interception of the particles on the fibre. Calculations are performed for Reynolds numbers of 1, 10 and 60, Stokes numbers of 1, 2.81, 7.14 and 20, and the particle to fibre radii ratios of 0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15. The calculated collision efficiencies for finite Re are found to lie between the reported limiting values for the viscous and the potential flows, as expected. The collision efficiencies for Re = 10 are also compared with those reported by Davies and Peetz (1956) and Landahl and Hermann (1949).
Reductive Dehalogenation of Gas-Phase Chlorinated Solvents Using a Modified Fuel Cell

The reductive dehalogenation of gas-phase chlorinated alkanes (CCl4, CHCl3, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) and alkenes (perchloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE)) was conducted in a modified fuel...
Targeting T Cells with Bispecific Antibodies for Cancer Therapy

Bispecific antibodies (BiAbs) offer a unique opportunity to redirect immune effector cells to kill cancer cells. BiAbs combine the benefits of different binding specificities of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) into a single construct. This unique feature of BiAbs enables approaches that are not possible with single mAbs. Advances in antibody engineering and antigen profiling of malignant cells have led to the development of a number of BiAb formats and their combinations for redirecting effector cells to tumor targets. There have been significant advances in the design and application of BiAbs for intravenous and local injection.The initial barrier of cytokine storm has been partially overcome by more recent constructs that have improved clinical effectiveness without dose-limiting toxicities. Since the recent revival of BiAbs, there has been multiple, ongoing, phase I/II and III trials, and some promising clinical outcomes have been reported in completed clinical studies. This review focuses on arming T cells with BiAbs to create the 'poor man's cytotoxic lymphocyte'.
EP1(-/-) mice have enhanced osteoblast differentiation and accelerated fracture repair.

As a downstream product of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a crucial role in the regulation of bone formation. It has four different receptor subtypes (EP1 through EP4), each of which exerts different effects in bone. EP2 and EP4 induce bone formation through the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, whereas EP3 inhibits bone formation in vitro. However, the effect of EP1 receptor signaling during bone formation remains unclear. Closed, stabilized femoral fractures were created in mice with EP1 receptor loss of function at 10 weeks of age. Healing was evaluated by radiographic imaging, histology, gene expression studies, micro–computed tomographic (µCT), and biomechanical measures. EP1−/− mouse fractures have increased formation of cartilage, increased fracture callus, and more rapid completion of endochondral ossification. The fractures heal faster and with earlier fracture callus mineralization with an altered expression of genes involved in bone repair and remodeling. Fractures in EP1−/− mice also had an earlier appearance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP)–positive osteoclasts, accelerated bone remodeling, and an earlier return to normal bone morphometry. EP1−/− mesenchymal progenitor cells isolated from bone marrow have higher osteoblast differentiation capacity and accelerated bone nodule formation and mineralization in vitro. Loss of the EP1 receptor did not affect EP2 or EP4 signaling, suggesting that EP1 and its downstream signaling targets directly regulate fracture healing. We show that unlike the PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4, the EP1 receptor is a negative regulator that acts at multiple stages of the fracture healing process. Inhibition of EP1 signaling is a potential means to enhance fracture healing. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Promoting Fecal Occult Blood Testing in Rural African American Women

purpose: The purpose of this experimental study was to test the effectiveness of a multiphasic culturally relevant intervention, delivered over a 1-year period to increase the rates of participation in fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) at the initial screening opportunity and at the 1-year follow-up screening opportunity among rural African American women. description of study: The study used a pretest/post-test design among African American women who attended senior citizen centers in a rural southern state. The centers were randomly assigned to the cultural and self-empowerment group, who received the five-phased intervention, the modified cultural group, who received phase I of the intervention only, or the traditional group, who served as the control group. Data were collected at the initial and 1-year follow-up screenings. Hemoccult kits were distributed, collected, and analyzed at no cost to the participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated measures, and longitudinal models for binary outcomes. results: Women in the cultural and self-empowerment group had a significantly higher rate of participation in FOBT than did those in the modified cultural group and the traditional group. The modified cultural group had a significantly higher rate of participation in FOBT than the did the traditional group. Predictors of participation in FOBT were the women's family history of colorectal cancer and the average number of visits to their healthcare provider. clinical implications: Colorectal cancer screening and diagnostic testing opportunities should be offered consistently to women who visit their provider for routine, nonemergent office visits. As successful interventions to increase colorectal cancer screening are introduced into community settings, these interventions also should be tested within physicians' offices and other community agencies.
SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ASF2 RADICAL

The electronic spectrum of the AsF2 radical was observed between 330 and 380 nm using one-color, mass-resolved, 2+1 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy. The spectrum arises from two-photon resonances with the F (T0=54 355±15 cm−1, ν1′=813±6 cm−1, and ν2′=308±5 cm−1) and H (T0=57 480±15 cm−1, ν1′=810±10 cm−1, and ν2′=310±20 cm−1), Rydberg states. A third photon ionized the radicals. The REMPI spectrum exhibits vibrational hot bands that give spectroscopic constants for AsF2 (X 2B1) of ν1″=705±10 cm−1 and ν2″=285±10 cm−1. Solutions of the Rydberg equation indicate that plausible assignments for the F and H states are limited to the set of 4d and 5p Rydberg states.
Social Competence and Early Intervention.

This article explores the relationship between young children's social competence and the goals of early intervention programs. Social competence is seen as a central organizing construct in development, and competence with peers during the preschool years is examined in detail. Specifically, the peer-related social competence difficulties of handicapped children are discussed from a developmental perspective. The nature of assessment and intervention strategies and the importance of the social context are described as part of a general program to improve the peer-related social competence of handicapped children. It is concluded that the social context provided by mainstreamed programs establishes essential conditions forpromoting the peer-related social competence of handicapped children.
Information Systems Success in the Context of Different Corporate Cultural Types: An Empirical Investigation

Previous studies surrounding the DeLone and McLean model of information systems (IS) success have called for future research and further examination of its measure in different contexts. We draw from the literature on strategic IS planning and organizational culture to contextualize the DeLone and McLean model. There is some evidence that a high-quality information technology (IT) plan leads to system success; therefore, we empirically examine the inclusion of the IT plan quality construct as an antecedent to IS success. We also empirically examine the relationships among constructs in the model of IS success in the context of different corporate cultural types-entrepreneurial and formal. The results provide strong support for the research model and suggest that variations in IS success are explained by the quality of the IT plan and the corporate culture exhibited by a firm. We discuss implications related to our finding that IT plan quality has a greater impact on IS success in organizations that exhibit an entrepreneurial corporate culture than in those that exhibit a formal corporate culture. Furthermore, we discuss how the relationships in the DeLone and McLean model of IS success differ in diverse corporate cultural types and the meaning of these differences.
Cation Tracer Diffusion in Cr2O3 and Cr2O3‐0.09 wt% Y2O3

The cation diffusivities in the lattice and along dislocations and grain boundaries have been measured on sintered polycrysals of Cr2O3; and Cr2Cr2O3-0.09 wt% Y2O3 at1100°C and at the pO2 corresponding to that of Cr/Cr2O3 equilibrium at that temperature. Results for lattice and dislocation diffusivities in pure Cr2O3 are in good agreement with previous work. The present results indicate that yttrium additions have negligible effect on lattice and dislocation diffusion. However, grain-boundary diffusion in pure Cr2O3 is significantly slower than grain-boundary diffusion in Cr2O3-0.09 wt% Y2O3. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the reactive-element effect in high-temperature oxidation of chromium-containing alloys.
Competitive exclusion and coexistence in an n-species Ricker model

We analyse a discrete-time Ricker competition model with n competing species and give sufficient conditions, which depend on the competition coefficients only, for one species to survive (not necessarily at an equilibrium) and to drive all the other species to extinction. Our results complement and extend similar existing results from the literature. For the model reduced to three species ([Formula: see text]), we also investigate various scenarios under which all species coexist, in the sense that each species is robustly uniformly persistent. We provide a few numerical simulations to illustrate that coexistence does not necessarily mean convergence to the interior equilibrium, and that the interior dynamics can be quite complex.
The distribution, status, and level of exploitation of the freshwater turtle Dermatemys mawei in belize, central

Dermatemys mawei is common to abundant in many areas of northern and central Belize and is present in two river systems of extreme southeastern Belize. It mainly exists in larger, deeper, lowland rivers and large freshwater lagoons. It has seriously declined in some areas near human population centres and in other accessible, easily collected habitats. It is mainly marketed in Belize City, Belize District, in low to moderate numbers that peak during the spring reproductive season. The main source of animals is the Belize River. Some animals from the Rio Grande River are marketed in spring in Punta Gorda, Toledo Dist. While the status of Dermatemys is relatively good in Belize, compared to Mexico, it is not currently protected by law, and is vulnerable to increasing exploitation from an increasing human population. Other commonly marketed freshwater turtle species in Belize, Staurotypus triporcatus and Pseudemys scripta venusta, are common to abundant, and widely distributed throughout the country.
Abiotic Transformation of Perchloroethylene in Homogeneous Dithionite Solution and in Suspensions of Dithionite-Treated Clay Minerals

The reductive dechlorination of perchloroethylene (PCE) in homogeneous solutions of dithionite and at the surfaces of dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) treated ferruginous smectite and Na-montmorillonite was studied. Transformation products of PCE identified in dosed dithionite-treated samples included TCE, DCE, 1,1,2-trichloroethane (TCA), 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA), chloroacetylene, acetylene, ethene, and ethane. The decomposition of dithionite to sulfate yielded both protons and electrons necessary for hydrodechlorination (hydrogenolysis) of PCE. Dithionite treatment of the Fe-poor Na-montmorillonite enhanced reductive dechlorination of PCE relative to dithionite-treated Fe-rich ferruginous smectite, within the range of 11.5-137.8 mM dithionite. For the same dithionite concentration, the kinetics of the heterogeneous reactions of PCE was generally faster than that of the homogeneous reaction, and higher concentrations of TCE were measured in the heterogeneous reactions. Interestingly, increases in the mass of the clay minerals used, the Fe2+ content in the clay mineral structure, or the dithionite concentration used did not necessarily enhance the abiotic transformation of PCE, as would otherwise be predicted. The most efficient reductive dechlorination of PCE was observed with 0.5% clay (m/v) treated with 34.5 mM dithionite buffered at pH 8.5. The solid-state transfer of electrons to surfaces and edges, rather than the redox capacity, limited the dechlorination of PCE by reduced ferruginous smectite and/or suspensions containing a higher clay mass. The greater reactivity of dithionite-reduced montmorillonite than similarly treated ferruginous smectite is attributed to (i) the well-documented layer collapse and aggregation of chemically reduced clays that increases with the clay's iron content, (ii) the location of solid-phase Fe2+ in the reduced clay mineral and whether it is accessible or inaccessible for reaction with PCE at the mineral edges and surfaces where the reactions are thought to occur, and (iii) the greater swellability of montmorillonite versus ferruginous smectite. The faster dechlorination rate of PCE observed with dithionite-reduced Fe-poor montmorillonite than similarly reduced iron-rich ferruginous smectite suggests that the use of dithionite barriers for in-situ treatment of chlorinated solvent plumes should not be limited to aquifers with Fe-rich sediments.
Second-order non-linear optical properties of Fe(SALEN) complexes

Abstract The second-order non-linear (NLO) properties of the set of compounds iron (III),[N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylaldiminato)(pyridyl)(X), [Fe(SALEN)(pyridyl)X], where X = F−, Cl−, Br−, I, N3−, NCS− were examined. Complexes where X is a halide or thiocyanate exhibited weak SHG intensities (0.05–0.2 × urea). Considerable enhancement of SHG intensity was demonstrated by the azide complex (X = N3−), which has a powder SHG efficiency twice that of urea. Complexes of the form Fe(SALEN)(N3)(B), where B = 4-aminopyridine and 4-dimethylaminopyridine, did not demonstrate any second-order NLO properties. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 shows it crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P65 with a = 17.480(2), c = 12.513(3) A and Z = 6 . The iron is octahedrally coordinated with the SALEN ligand binding to the four equatorial sites. One of the axial sites is occupied by a nitrogen atom of the azide and the other site is coordinated to the pyridyl nitrogen. The non-linearity in this material originates from charge-transfer transitions in both the SALEN ligand and the pyridyl-Fe π-system.
Group learning in adult education: Its historical roots

Education in groups has a long history in American adult education. Modern adult education has reinvigorated the original emphasis on social change through groups.
The replication of kinetoplast DNA networks in Crithidia fasciculata

Kinetoplast DNA from the mitochondria of Crithidia is in the form of a two-dimensional network of thousands of minicircles each containing about 2.5 kb, and a small number of maxicircles each containing about 40 kb. Fractionation of kinetoplast DNA by equilibrium centrifugation in a CsCl-propidium diiodide gradient resolves it into three types of networks. Form I networks band at high density and contain minicircles which are covalently closed; form II networks band at low density and contain minicircles which are nicked or gapped; and replicating networks band at intermediate density and contain some minicircles of each type. Form I networks contain about 5000 minicircles; form II networks contain about 11,000; and replicating networks contain an intermediate number. When cells are pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine, radioactivity in mitochondrial DNA is preferentially incorporated into replicating networks, but after a chase it appears first in form II networks and finally in form I. Examination of replicating networks by electron microscopy in the presence of ethidium bromide reveals that minicircles in the central region of the network are twisted and therefore covalently closed, whereas those in the peripheral region are not twisted and therefore must be nicked or gapped. The pulse-label is incorporated into the nicked or gapped minicircles of the replicating networks. These results indicate that replication of form I networks begins in peripheral minicircles and that progeny minicircles remain nicked or gapped. As replication proceeds, the size of the network increases, and the peripheral zone of nicked or gapped minicircles enlarges. Finally, when all minicircles have replicated, the network, now form II is double the size of form I and contains only nicked or gapped minicircles. The final step in replication presumably includes both the cleavage of the network into two form I species and the covalent closure of all the minicircles.
Do we produce enough fruits and vegetables to meet global health need

Background Low fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is a leading risk factor for chronic disease globally, but much of the world’s population does not consume the recommended servings of FV daily. It remains unknown whether global supply of FV is sufficient to meet current and growing population needs. We sought to determine whether supply of FV is sufficient to meet current and growing population needs, globally and in individual countries. Methods and Findings We used global data on agricultural production and population size to compare supply of FV in 2009 with population need, globally and in individual countries. We found that the global supply of FV falls, on average, 22% short of population need according to nutrition recommendations (supply:need ratio: 0.78 [Range: 0.05–2.01]). This ratio varies widely by country income level, with a median supply:need ratio of 0.42 and 1.02 in low-income and high-income countries, respectively. A sensitivity analysis accounting for need-side food wastage showed similar insufficiency, to a slightly greater extent (global supply:need ratio: 0.66, varying from 0.37 [low-income countries] to 0.77 [high-income countries]). Using agricultural production and population projections, we also estimated supply and need for FV for 2025 and 2050. Assuming medium fertility and projected growth in agricultural production, the global supply:need ratio for FV increases slightly to 0.81 by 2025 and to 0.88 by 2050, with similar patterns seen across country income levels. In a sensitivity analysis assuming no change from current levels of FV production, the global supply:need ratio for FV decreases to 0.66 by 2025 and to 0.57 by 2050. Conclusion The global nutrition and agricultural communities need to find innovative ways to increase FV production and consumption to meet population health needs, particularly in low-income countries.
Programming by manipulation for layout

We present Programming by Manipulation, a new programming methodology for specifying the layout of data visualizations, targeted at non-programmers. We address the two central sources of bugs that arise when programming with constraints: ambiguities and conflicts (inconsistencies). We rule out conflicts by design and exploit ambiguity to explore possible layout designs. Our users design layouts by highlighting undesirable aspects of a current design, effectively breaking spurious constraints and introducing ambiguity by giving some elements freedom to move or resize. Subsequently, the tool indicates how the ambiguity can be removed, by computing how the free elements can be fixed with available constraints. To support this workflow, our tool computes the ambiguity and summarizes it visually. We evaluate our work with two user-studies demonstrating that both non-programmers and programmers can effectively use our prototype. Our results suggest that our tool is 5-times more productive than direct programming with constraints.
Abnormal sterol metabolism in a patient with Antley-Bixler syndrome and ambiguous genitalia

Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS) is a rare multiple anomaly syndrome comprising radiohumeral synostosis, bowed femora, fractures of the long bones, premature fusion of the calvarial sutures, severe midface hypoplasia, proptosis, choanal atresia, and, in some, ambiguous genitalia. Of fewer than 40 patients described to date, most have been sporadic, although reports of parental consanguinity and affected sibs of both sexes suggests autosomal recessive inheritance in some families. Known genetic causes among sporadic cases of ABS or ABS-like syndromes are missense mutations in the IgII and IgIII regions of FGFR2, although the assignment of the diagnosis of ABS to such children has been disputed. A third cause of an ABS-like phenotype is early in utero exposure to fluconazole, an inhibitor of lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase. The fourth proposed cause of ABS is digenic inheritance combining heterozygosity or homozygosity for steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency with effects from a second gene at an unknown locus. Because fluconazole is a strong inhibitor of lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase (CYP51), we evaluated sterol metabolism in lymphoblast cell lines from an ABS patient without a known FGFR2 mutation and from a patient with an FGFR2 mutation and ABS-like manifestations. When grown in the absence of cholesterol to stimulate cholesterol biosynthesis, the cells from the ABS patient with ambiguous genitalia but without an FGFR2 mutation accumulated markedly increased levels of lanosterol and dihydrolanosterol. Although the abnormal sterol profile suggested a deficiency of lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, mutational analysis of its gene, CYP51, disclosed no obvious pathogenic mutation in any of its 10 exons or exon-intron boundaries. Sterol metabolism in lymphoblasts from the phenotypically unaffected mother was normal. Our results suggest that ABS can occur in a patient with an intrinsic defect of cholesterol biosynthesis at the level of lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, although the genetic nature of the deficiency remains to be determined. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermally generated [ Li ] 0 centers in CaO

Thermal quenching of Li-doped CaO crystals annealed at temperatures in excess of 1400-K results in the formation of ${[\mathrm{Li}]}^{0}$ defects in the same manner as previously observed in Li-doped MgO crystals. These defects are lithium ions substituting for calcium and having a bound hole at a neighboring oxygen site which, unlike the same defects produced by low doses of ionizing radiation at low temperature, are stable against hole release well above room temperature. Three additional centers are observed in thermally treated CaO which are also stable well above room temperature and, of which at least two appear to involve holes and nearby ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ions. The four stable defects are also produced by high-dose electron irradiations at room temperature. The model previously proposed for MgO involving localized regions of high lithium concentration, can also account for the stability of the thermally generated defects in CaO.
Architecture prototyping in the software engineering environment

This technical essay presents a perspective on the evolution and problems of the software development craft and how software engineering techniques show promise to solve these problems. It introduces architecture prototyping as a program development technique for improving software quality. Experience with large software systems shows that over half of the defects found after product release are traceable to errors in early product design. Furthermore, more than half the software life-cycle costs involve detecting and correcting design flaws. In this paper, we explore a disciplined approach to software development based on the use of formal specification techniques to express software requirements and system design. As a consequence, we can use techniques like rapid prototyping, static design analysis, design simulation, and dynamic behavior analysis to validate system design concepts prior to element design and implementation. We explore how these techniques might be organized in a software architecture prototyping facility that would be similar to the Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CADAM) tools used in other engineering disciplines. We also examine the process by which software engineers might use these facilities to create more reliable systems.
Drilling Technology: Present Trends and Future Prospects

This paper addresses the subject of how new technology can be expected to influence future drilling engineering and drilling operations. The work is based upon a review of past developments in drilling technology; a survey of current research and development efforts; personal contacts; and recent workshops, publications and presentations. The impact of measurements while drilling, Polycrystalline Diamond Compact bits, downhole motors, and utilization of computers are discussed with regard to future developments of computer aided drilling, drilling optimization and hole direction control. Recent work by others on measurement while drilling, drilling simulators, and drilling optimization has been extended to emphasize setting goals for future drilling technology developments.
Behavior of Various Clays with Crude and Reclaimed Rubber

Abstract 1—The chemical analysis of clays gives but little information regarding their behavior in crude or reclaimed rubber. Acidity or alkalinity should be determined for effect on rate of cure. Color of the clay is no criterion of its purity. 2—Clays show wide variations in plasticity, retentivity, and softness in crude and reclaimed rubber. 3—Commercial clays vary widely in their effect on the physical properties of crude and reclaimed rubber. In general, the effect of the clays is the same in reclaimed as in crude rubber. There is not quite the percentage variation in tensile strength in reclaimed rubber that there is in crude rubber. The alkalinity of the reclaim may have decreased the variation. 4—Bomb aging is an important test for differentiating between various clays. 5—The uncured as well as cured properties of a compound should be noted in compounding and processing various samples. 6—Microscopic examination of clays makes it possible to predict their effect on the uncured and cured properties...
Strategies for Preparing Preschool Children with Special Needs for the Kindergarten Mainstream

This study examined the effects of reducing teacher support during reading activities on the on-task behavior of 11 young children with special needs in three cross-categorical early childhood special education classrooms. The results showed that on reduction of teacher attention, the children in two of the classrooms performed their reading tasks appropriately. The children in the third classroom did not maintain their on-task behavior with minimal teacher support; however, on implementation of a simple checksheet procedure, three of the four children's performance improved. A discussion follows of implications for arranging instructional environments to promote successful experiences for children with special needs in regular classrooms.
The isolation and identification of volatile insect repellents from the fruit of the Osage orange (Maclura pomifera).

The fruit of the Osage orange tree, Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid, was tested for repellency using the European house cricket, Gryllus domesticus (L.). After preliminary tests showed the fruit to possess repellent properties, two volatile components of the fruit were isolated and identified by GC/MS. The two isomeric alcohols, isoamyl alcohol and 2-methyl-2-butanol, were found to be repellent both in combination and individually.
Synchrotron radiation applications to macromolecular crystallography

Progress has been rapid in the development and application of four different types of macromolecular crystallographic experiment at synchrotron hard X-ray sources: multiwavelength anomalous diffraction; studies of crystals with very large unit cell dimensions; structure determination at atomic or near-atomic resolution; and time-resolved studies. The results illustrate the interplay between the advanced technical capabilities available at new beamlines and more challenging scientific issues.
Redundancy and complexity of logical elements

This paper deals with the problem of increasing the reliability of gate-type logical circuits through the use of redundancy. We will derive a lower bound on the amount of redundancy necessary to achieve a certain error correcting ability and show how this bound varies with the complexity of the elements used in the design of the redundant circuit, measured by the number of inputs. The complexity of encoders of block codes for transmission of information is defined. A bound similar to the one mentioned above on the error correcting ability of codes is derived which depends on the codes' rate of transmission and on the complexity of their encoders. Finally, we establish a connection between the bound on the error correcting ability of a redundant circuit and the bound on the error correcting ability of a block code.
Genome-wide analysis of redox-regulated genes in a dinoflagellate

In this study, the effects of 1 mM sodium nitrite, a reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generator, and 0.5 mM paraquat, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), on gene expression in the marine dinoflagellate species Pyrocystis lunula were investigated using microarrays containing 3500 complementary DNAs (cDNAs). A total of 246 differentially expressed genes were identified under these treatments: 204 genes were specifically regulated in response to nitrite and 37 genes specifically to paraquat. Only six genes showed a dependence on both nitrite and paraquat, indicating that the two agents act predominantly via distinct pathways. Although many of these redox-regulated genes encode proteins from a diverse range of functional categories, the majority of them (68%) represent novel sequences. Temporary abnormal spherical cells occurred in nitrite-treated cultures, but not in those exposed to paraquat, suggesting that this response involves a specific pathway triggered by RNS. The genes involved include one that encodes a transcription factor unique to dinoflagellates (HPl), and genes encoding proteins similar to those regulating developmental processes in plants and animals such as NYD-SP5, shaggy and calcium-dependent kinases, the COP9 signalosome complex, ubiquitin-related proteases and a metacaspase.
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA profile‐based measures of genetic diversity in crayfish correlated with environmental impacts

Environmental insults diminish an ecosystem's ability to maintain productive and adaptable populations of organisms. We have analyzed randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR)-generated DNA profiles of naturally occurring rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) populations from eight different populations collected from three separate sets of Ohio (USA) streams and find that changes in the underlying genetic diversity of these populations are significantly correlated (n = 144, p ≪ 0.001) with the extent to which they have been exposed to anthropogenic stressors. Because a population's genetic diversity is largely responsible for its vigor and ability to adapt to subsequent stressors, these results suggest that RAPD-PCR-based measures of genetic diversity may be suitable for development as a sensitive means of directly assessing the impact of stressors upon ecosystems.
In-orbit performance of the spectrometers of the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer

The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), launched on June 7, 1992, is an extremely successful NASA astrophysics mission that contains three extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometers designed to be used in pointed spectroscopic observations of astrophysical sources in the 70-760 angstrom wavelength region. The spectrometers utilize a slitless design based on grazing- incidence optics and variable line-space gratings. Detailed wavelength scales determined from ground-based calibrations and refined with in-orbit data are used to assign wavelengths for each detected photon to within half a resolution element (less that 0.8 angstrom in all cases). Spectral resolving power (FWHM of non-Gaussian profiles) varies in the range R approximately 150-450. Spectrometer throughputs were determined from an extensive laboratory calibration and then were adjusted slightly based on in-flight calibration spectra of known astrophysical continuum sources (hot DA white dwarf stars). We also have measured count rates from the detector and the geocoronal and distributed backgrounds, parameters critical to assessment of accurate flux levels from the astrophysical sources.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.