cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Physical Layer Security Scheme for Mobile Health Cyber-Physical Systems

Mobile health (m-Health) is one potential application of cyber-physical systems, where biomedical sensors and mobile devices interact tightly together to transmit medical data to an m-Health server. In this paper, we consider a three-tier hierarchical m-Health system: 1) the sensor network tier capturing vital signals; 2) the mobile computing network tier processing and routing the sensed data to a fixed remote location; and 3) the back-end network tier processing and analyzing the sensed medical data along with patient’s medical history. Based on this architecture, a physical layer security scheme for the second tier is developed and network performance of the introduced scheme is analyzed under different metrics using stochastic geometry. To be specific, secure transmission range and average end-to-end delay are analyzed for two different strategies: the mobile device transmits: 1) to the nearest neighbor and 2) to the furthest neighbor. Furthermore, we consider the cases of full knowledge on eavesdroppers’ locations and when such information is unavailable. Results show that transmitting to the nearest neighbor achieves the highest secure transmission distance with the lowest mean delay when full information on eavesdroppers is available.
The Good Farmer: Morality, Expertise, and Articulations of Whiteness in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACTIn Zimbabwe, land has always been a visible index of racial domination and oppression. Following independence in 1980, the redistribution of white property to black farmers emerged as one of the most contentious battlegrounds for refiguring citizenship and nationhood. This article explores how white farmers in a small community in western Zimbabwe fought to establish claims to belonging as they faced the threat of imminent land reform at the turn of the millennium. Drawing upon Tania Li’s concept of articulation [2000. “Articulating Indigenous Identity in Indonesia: Resource Politics and the Tribal Slot.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 42 (1): 149–179], I suggest that farmers constructed themselves both as moral subjects who cared for the environment, and skilled subjects with the technical know-how to safeguard and maximise the country’s resources. In the absence of claims to indigeneity, farmers attempted to offset their own compromised morality by invoking the language of expertise....
Gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnostics, spectroscopic imaging, drug delivery, and plasmonic photothermal therapy

Abstract Over the past two decades, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged as promising tools for the pharmaceutical industry. Specifically, AuNPs have been utilized in diagnostic and imaging applications, as drug delivery vectors, and in cancer treatment strategies. Their increasing use has been attributed to their simple colloidal synthesis, straightforward surface functionalization that allows for their conjugation to a wide range of targeting and/or therapeutic ligands, and their unique optical properties that enable sensitive detection and effective treatment strategies. Here, we explore the design and use of AuNPs for their implementation in single cell detection methodologies, which allows for the real-time evaluation of drug delivery, drug efficacy, cell cycle perturbation, and cell death mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic applications of AuNPs in the context of cancer treatment through tumor targeting and photothermal therapies.
The Hippocampus and Hormonal Cyclicity

In recent years, considerable importance has been attributed to the role of the hormonal environment in modulating the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) and, conversely, the role of the CNS in regulating endocrine and associated physiological functions. It has become evident that any final analysis of behavior attempting to deal with CNS alterations induced by lesion, stimulation, drugs, etc., must take into account the resultant effects on endogenous levels of hormones. In addition, not only do normal cyclical alterations in the hormonal environment have widespread effects on the CNS, but these effects vary over time. The endocrine-CNS interaction could be an important factor in the complex behavioral changes observed as a result of interruption of either of these systems. This chapter deals specifically with the relationship of the limbic system, especially the hippocampus and amygdala, to alterations in the hormonal environment, with primary emphasis on cyclical changes in gonadal and adrenal steroids.
Cytomegalovirus Infection in Bone Marrow Transplantation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs in approximately 50% of all marrow transplant recipients, but is more common in CMV-seropositive patients than CMV-seronegative patients. Sources of infection include reactivation of latent endogenous virus, blood products from CMV-seropositive blood donors, and bone marrow from a CMV-seropositive donor. The most common and severe clinical syndrome associated with CMV infection is interstitial pneumonia, which occurs in about 15% of all allotransplants but is less frequent in syngeneic and autologous transplants. Risk factors for CMV pneumonia include CMV-seropositivity before transplant, older age, conditioning with total-body irradiation, and severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The rapid diagnosis of CMV pneumonia has been facilitated by using CMV monoclonal antibodies in either immunochemical stains or centrifugation cell cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment of CMV pneumonia remains problematic, but therapy with a combination of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) plus ganciclovir has resulted in the best survival rates. In CMV-seronegative patients, CMV infection and pneumonia can be prevented or modified by the use of CMV-seronegative blood products and IVIG. IVIG also reduces other infections and GVHD. For CMV-seropositive patients, effective prophylaxis for CMV reactivation and pneumonia has not yet been established, but trials of prophylactic ganciclovir are being conducted.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Vietnam Veterans

March, 1968. I’m in uniform (2nd Lt., Medical Service Corps, U.S. Army), on a plane ride between Pittsburgh (my hometown) and Philadelphia, flying on my way to the West Coast to depart to Vietnam. The plane filled up, except it seemed for the seat next to me. And then I saw, in the front of the plane, a young, uniformed Army youth being assisted onto the plane. He had no legs, and a patch over one eye, and he was coming down the aisle, very slowly, after everyone else had been seated. I thought, selfishly, “Oh, no, please don’t sit down next to me, soldier.” And, of course, he did. … And, after exchanging a polite hello, I was so very awkward in my silence and caught up in my own thoughts about the “irony” of being on my way to Vietnam and sitting next to a severely disabled vet—promoting my own worst catastrophic fantasies about my fate. After we took off, he started talking, obviously wanting to engage with me in conversation. Among other things, I remember him telling me how rough it was the last time he had gone home on leave from his hospital recovery process, especially when one of his high school buddies had told him, “It’s such a shame that you lost your legs and eye for nothing.” “That really hurt,” he said to me. … And then, a little later, he turned to me and said, “But you know, sir, I’m the lucky one—no one else in the foxhole survived.” (Scurfield, 1988a)
Analysis of a crack-tip dual zone model

An analytic model is proposed for an opening mode of crack face displacement with crack-tip dual zones, i.e. an elastic core zone plus a plastic strip zone. A presence of such dual zones in the vicinity of the crack tip was experimentally observed in a recent study based on the generation of dislocations. A Papkovich-Neuber formulation of the resulting four-part mixed boundary value problem leads to a set of quadruple integral equations which are solved with an application of finite Hilbert transform technique. With conditions of boundedness on the stresses in the plastic strip zone, the results show an inverse square root of the distance type singularity at the base of the crack tip and a relaxation of stresses in the crack-tip elastic core zone is realized. The stress intensity factors and the crack-tip opening displacements are presented in exact forms involving elliptic integrals and Heuman's lambda function and are shown to depend upon the crack size, the applied loading and the crack-tip dual zone lengths. The analytic and graphical solutions are compared with the Dugdale model to which they reduce as a limiting case of vanishing elastic core zone.
Separation and characterization of hepatocytes from immature and adult rats into distinct subpopulations by centrifugal elutriation

Summary Hepatocytes were isolated from immature and adult rat liver by retrograde perfusion with calcium free buffer, followed by enzymic digestion, and separated into subpopulations by centrifugal elutriation. Several subpopulations with increasing cell diameters were distinguished. The smaller cells were attributed to the periportal area, the larger ones to the perivenous (centrilobular) region. Profiles of total cytochrome P-450 concentration, benzphetamine N-demethylation and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, NADPH-cytochrome c-reductase, glucose-6-phosphatase and glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase activities were determined in all subpopulations. With adult hepatocytes an increasing cytochrome P-450 concentration with increasing cell diameter (increasing from periportal to perivenous hepatocytes) could be observed, paralleled by increasing activities of benzphetamine N-demethylation and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation activities. while NADPH-cytochrome c-reductase did not show a distinct zonation, glucose-6-phosphatase and glutamate-pyruvate-trans-aminase revealed increasing activities with increasing cell diameter. Immature hepatocytes (rats aged 11–15 days) were smaller, and more fragile. They could not be isolated with the same enzyme solution as adult hepatocytes and they did not show any zonation of cytochrome P-450 concentration, although the zonation of benzphetamine N-demethylation and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation was almost fully developed. For NADPH-cytochrome c-reductase a zonation with higher activities in the perivenous cells could be demonstrated, in contrast to the lack of zonation in adult rats. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity showed a decline with increasing cell diameter in immature hepatocytes, whereas glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase activity did not show any zonation. In rats aged 20 days the zonation of these parameters in liver was in between that of younger and older animals.
4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal, a novel precursor to the formation of unsubstituted etheno adducts.

2310 Increased lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is thought to occur during redox cycling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon catechols that are formed by sequential action of specific cytochromes P-450 and aldo-keto reductases. Transition metal ions or vitamin C induce the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides to the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, which react with DNA bases to form DNA-adducts [1]. 4-Oxo-2-nonenal (4-ONE), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), 4,5-epoxy-2( E )-decenal (4,5-EDE) and 4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal (4-HPNE) were identified as breakdown products from homolytic decomposition of ω-6 lipid hydroperoxide, 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HpODE). The heptanone-etheno-2′-deoxyguanosine (dGuo), 2′-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) and 2′-deoxycytidine (dCyd) adducts are formed in high yield from the reaction of DNA and 4-ONE, a major product of 13-HpODE decomposition. 4,5-EDE forms unsubstituted etheno adducts, a mutagenic lesion observed in human tissue DNA samples. 4-HPNE was shown to undergo transition metal ion- or vitamin C-mediated breakdown to 4-ONE and 4-HNE, suggesting that 4-HPNE can form heptanone-etheno- and propano- adducts with DNA 4-HPNE, 4-ONE, 4-HNE (25 mM) and 4-HNE (25 mM) with 70% t -butyl hydroperoxide (BTH) were allowed to decompose respectively in the presence of dGuo (5 mM) in Chelex-treated phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37°C for 24h or at 60°C for 48h. Reaction products were analyzed by LC/APCI/MS. Mass spectrometry was conducted with a Finnigan LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an APCI source. LC/MS analysis of the reaction between 4-HPNE and dGuo at 37°C for 24h revealed sixteen adducts. The mass spectrum of the most abundant adduct (35.8 min) was identical to that for heptanone-etheno-dGuo (B). Four isomers of heptanone-ethano-dGuo were also observed at 30.4 (A 1a ), 30.8 (A 1b ), 32.7 (A 2 ) and 33.9 (A 3 ) min. When the reaction was conducted at 60°C for 48h, all of heptanone-ethano-dGuo adducts were converted to heptanone-etheno-dGuo, which was consistent with the reaction of 4-ONE with dGuo. The dGuo adduct that eluted at 13.2 min had an MH + at m / z 292 and a BH 2 + ion at m / z 176. These LC/MS characteristics were identical to those for 1, N 2 -etheno-dGuo (G 1 ). The later eluting adducts (G 2 –G 7 ) had identical LC/MS characteristics to those formed by the reaction of 4-HNE and dGuo in the presence of BTH. Propano adducts (H 1 –H 4 ) were not detected in the reaction mixture after 24h at 37°C and appeared as minor adducts when the reaction mixture was heated at 60°C for 48h. When 4-HPNE was allowed to decompose in the presence of vitamin C and dGuo, the same adduct profile was observed. These results confirmed that 4-HPNE is a novel precursor to the formation of unsubstituted etheno-adducts as well as heptanone-etheno- and propano-adducts. 1. Lee SH, Oe T, Blair IA. Science 2001; 292: 2083-86. Suported by NIH grants RO1 CA 91016 and PO1 CA 92537
Instrumental Perspectivism: Is AI Machine Learning Technology Like NMR Spectroscopy?

The question, “Will science remain human?” expresses a worry that deep learning algorithms will replace scientists in making judgments of classification and inference and that something crucial will be lost if that happens. Ever since the introduction of telescopes and microscopes humans have relied on technologies to extend beyond human sensory perception in acquiring scientific knowledge. In this paper I explore whether the ways in which new learning technologies extend beyond human cognitive aspects of science can be treated instrumentally. I will consider the norms for determining the reliability of a detection instrument, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in predicting models of protein atomic structure. Can the same norms that apply in that case be used to judge the reliability of Artificial Intelligence deep learning algorithms?
Lifting the floor? Economic development, social protection and the developing World's poorest

Abstract It is theoretically ambiguous whether people in richer countries have a higher floor to their living standards. Nor is it clear whether social protection spending reaches the poorest and thus lifts the floor. Across countries, the paper finds that higher mean incomes come with a higher floor. The bulk of this is direct rather than via public spending on social protection. Social insurance (mainly public pensions) does the “heavy lifting” of the floor. Social assistance (mainly targeted cash-transfers) lifts the floor by only 1.5 cents per day on average, which is less than 10% of mean spending on social assistance.
Large eddy simulation of hot jet ignition in moderate and high-reactivity mixtures

Abstract Hot jet ignition technology is a promising improvement to conventional spark ignition for reducing emissions in premixed combustion engines as it can extend the lean-burn limits. In addition, the rapidity of the ignition via hot jet makes this technology appropriate for deflagrative pressure-gain combustors using a wave rotor, which have high-frequency operation and fast-burn requirements. In order to improve the controllability of the ignition process, the thermofluidic and chemical mechanisms by which the ignition is promoted need to be rigorously elaborated. In the present work, the chemical thermofluid dynamics of a transient turbulent hot jet in a reactive environment is studied via large eddy simulation (LES) with detailed kinetic chemistry. Computational model of the reacting and non-reacting jets are presented, analyzed and compared to the available experimental data. Various mesh sizes in conjunction with adaptive mesh refinement were tested to ensure the insensitivity of the solution to the grid. To quantify the effect of main chamber fuel reactivity on the ignition process, two different blends of methane-hydrogen under the same equivalence ratios are tested and the effective thermo-chemical mechanisms of ignition are investigated. It is understood that the ignition kernels emerge at the regions with minimal scalar dissipation rate, mainly at the trailing shear layer of the jet, and are partially transported to or formed at the head vortex. The temporal variation of the heat release rate and formaldehyde distribution at the fuel mixture with lower hydrogen content suggests that auto-ignition is responsible for the subsequent flame formation. However, for higher hydrogen content, it is observed that auto-ignition is not as prolonged beyond the initial kernels, while the propagating premixed flame that emanates from the shear layer mostly comprises the overall heat release.
Primed mesenchymal stem cells package exosomes with metabolites associated with immunomodulation.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) based therapies are currently being evaluated as a putative therapeutic in numerous human clinical trials. Recent reports have established that exosomes mediate much of the therapeutic properties of MSCs. Exosomes are nanovesicles which mediate intercellular communication, transmitting signals between cells which regulate a diverse range of biological processes. MSC-derived exosomes are packaged with numerous types of proteins and RNAs, however, their metabolomic and lipidomic profiles to date have not been well characterized. We previously reported that MSCs, in response to priming culture conditions that mimic the in vivo microenvironmental niche, substantially modulate cellular signaling and significantly increase the secretion of exosomes. Here we report that MSCs exposed to such priming conditions undergo glycolytic reprogramming, which homogenizes MSCs' metabolomic profile. In addition, we establish that exosomes derive from primed MSCs are packaged with numerous metabolites that have been directly associated with immunomodulation, including M2 macrophage polarization and regulatory T lymphocyte induction.
Cytology of rabbit thymus and regeneration of its thymocytes after irradiation; with some notes on the human thymus.

Thymocytes are genuine lymphocytes. The largest lymphocytes of lymph nodes do not occur in the thymus; the smallest ones with pacychromatic nuclei and scanty cytoplasm are more numerous in the thymus. Some lymphoblasts similar to myeloblasts occur in the rabbit thymus. All three types of granulocytes develop from lymphocytes and to some extent from the mesenchymatous reticulum in the rabbit. In the rabbit the heterophil and eosinophil granules are acidophilic when first formed, while in the human thymus many have a basophilic quota as in the marrow. The reticulum is largely of epithelial origin and retains its epithelial characteristics in cytoplasm and nucleus. In the rabbit some mesenchymatous tissue is blended with the reticulum and may give origin to lymphocytes and granulocytes. The epithelium may form macrophages but does not differentiate to lymphocytes and other types of cells. In imprints from the rabbit the epithelial cells usually can be distinguished from those of the mesenchymatous reticulum. During regeneration following irradiation the latter tissue can be seen to form some lymphocytes locally; other lymphocytes enter the organ through the lymph vessels. Imprints stained with May-Grunwald and Giemsa are of great value for detailed cytology of the thymus and for determining cell relationships. Sections of thymus fixed in Helly’s fluid, stained with methyl green and pyronin and dehydrated in dioxan are excellent for lymphocytes and the transitional stages resulting from their development from fixed mesenchymatous tissue during regeneration of the organ following exposure to x-rays.
Low-level cyclic tibial compression attenuates early osteoarthritis progression after joint injury in mice

Summary Objective Mechanical loading and joint health have a unique relationship in osteoarthritis (OA) onset and progression. Although high load levels adversely affect cartilage health, exercise that involves low to moderate load levels can alleviate OA symptoms. We sought to isolate the beneficial effects of mechanical loading using controlled in vivo cyclic tibial compression. We hypothesized that low-level cyclic compression would attenuate post-traumatic OA symptoms induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Methods 10-week-old C57Bl/6J male mice underwent DMM surgery (n = 51). After a 5-day post-operative recovery period, we applied daily cyclic tibial compression to the operated limbs at low (1.0N or 2.0N) or moderate (4.5N) magnitudes for 2 or 6 weeks. At the completion of loading, we compared cartilage and peri-articular bone features of mice that underwent DMM and loading to mice that only underwent DMM. Results Compared to DMM alone, low-level cyclic compression for 6 weeks attenuated DMM-induced cartilage degradation (OARSI score, P = 0.008, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.093 to 0.949). Low-level loading attenuated DMM-induced osteophyte formation after 2 weeks (osteophyte size, P = 0.033, 95% CI: 3.27–114.45 μm), and moderate loading attenuated subchondral bone sclerosis after 6 weeks (tissue mineral density (TMD), P = 0.011, 95% CI: 6.32–70.60 mg HA/ccm) compared to limbs that only underwent DMM. Finally, loading had subtle beneficial effects on cartilage cellularity and aggrecanase activity after DMM. Conclusion Low-level cyclic compression is beneficial to joint health after an injury. Therefore, the progression of early OA may be attenuated by applying well controlled, low-level loading shortly following joint trauma.
Review and thought of Guangxi hybrid rice regional trial conducted in 2009.

Five hundreds and sixty hybrid combinations participated in Guangxi hybrid rice regional trail in 2009.Yield /unit area of hybrid rice increased obviously,the highest increasing rate of yield in early and middle maturing groups planted in early crop,and photosensitive group planted in late crop were 6.86%,8.96% and 7.84%,respectively.In screening test,the highest increasing rate of yield of late maturing group planted in early crop,and middle maturing planted in late crop and group planted in middle crop were 10.01%,13.20% and 10.32%,respectively.On the whole,the photosensitive hybrid rice was better than thermo-sensitive one in grain quality.Chalky rice rate and chalk degree of the photosensitive hybrid rice whose chalky grain rate was the first class according to rice quality standards of China was 50.0% and 20.8%,respectively,and both of them were higher than thermo-sensitive hybrid rice.No combination was found moderate or high susceptible to rice blast and bacterial blight.Overall,method of hybridization between wide and cultivated species was put forward to solve the problem of breeding selection.
Transforming City Streets To Promote Physical Activity And Health Equity

Most US cities lack built environments that support physical activity, which is a key determinant of health. Making permanent changes to the physical environment to promote physical activity is not always feasible. Play Streets is a place-based intervention that is typically organized by local governments or community organizations and involves temporarily closing streets to create safe places and free opportunities for physical activity. In this descriptive study we examined 162 of Chicago's PlayStreets, held in the summer of 2018, to assess the volume and type of physical activity among youth participants and the variety of services provided to residents. We analyzed implementation data and forms completed after PlayStreets, and we conducted systematic observations at a purposeful sample of PlayStreets. We found that PlayStreets provides opportunities for youth physical activity in areas where opportunities do not otherwise always exist. PlayStreets also provides an avenue for residents to access community resources. This research on Chicago's experience with PlayStreets showed how one city is temporarily turning streets into places for youth physical activity to advance health equity. Local policies that facilitate temporarily closing streets and that provide resources to support opportunities for physical activity and access to community resources can advance health equity in cities nationwide.
GS-Preprocess: Containerized GUIDE-seq Data Analysis Tools with Diverse Sequencer Compatibility

RNA-guided nucleases (e.g. CRISPR-Cas) are used in a breadth of clinical and basic scientific subfields for the investigation or modification of biological processes. While these modern platforms for site-specific DNA cleavage are highly accurate, some applications (e.g. gene editing therapeutics) cannot tolerate DNA breaks at off-target sites, even at low levels. Thus, it is critically important to determine the genome-wide targeting profile of candidate RNA-guided nucleases prior to use. GUIDE-seq is a high-quality, easy-to-execute molecular method that detects and quantifies off-target cleavage. However, this method remains costly and inaccessible to many researchers due to its library sequencing and analysis protocols, which require a MiSeq platform that must be preprogramed for non-standard output. Here, we present GS-Preprocess, an open-source containerized software that can use standard raw data output (BCL file format) from any Illumina sequencer to create input for the Bioconductor GUIDEseq off-target profiling package. Single-command GS-Preprocess performs FASTQ demultiplexing, adapter trimming, alignment, and UMI reference construction, improving the ease and accessibility of the GUIDE-seq method for a wide range of researchers.
Small donor size does not negatively impact outcomes after deceased-donor renal transplantation.

Higher body mass index (BMI) of deceased-donors is associated with poorer outcomes in transplant recipients. The effect of low donor BMI on recipient graft function is not clear. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data on recipients of deceased-donor kidneys from 2000 to 2019 were categorized by donor BMI (donor BMI 27). Primary outcome was death-censored graft survival. The impact of multiple recipient and donor variables, including low donor BMI and the difference between donor and recipient BMI, was evaluated using a multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model. Low BMI donors (LBD) were more likely to be younger, female, and white (all P < .05). LBD were less likely to be Hispanic, diabetic, or have hypertension (all P < .001). LBD recipients were more likely to be younger and female (both P < .001). Low donor BMI was not significantly associated with recipient graft survival. Donor-recipient BMI difference did not correlate with an increased risk of graft failure. Similar results were obtained when donors were classified using body surface area (BSA). Small donor size in terms of BMI or BSA or a large discrepancy between donor and recipient size should not necessarily preclude transplantation of an otherwise acceptable kidney.
Computing $\nu$-invariants of Joyce's compact $G_2$-manifolds

Crowley and Nordstrom introduced an invariant of $G_2$-structures on the tangent bundle of a closed 7-manifold, taking values in the integers modulo 48. Using the spectral description of this invariant due to Crowley, Goette and Nordstrom, we compute it for many of the closed torsion-free $G_2$-manifolds defined by Joyce's generalized Kummer construction.
Antioxidant thioether core-crosslinked nanoparticles prevent the bilateral spread of secondary injury to protect spatial learning and memory in a controlled cortical impact mouse model of traumatic brain injury

The secondary phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is partly caused by the release of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the primary injury. However, there are currently no therapies that have been shown to reduce the secondary spread of injury beyond the primary insult. Nanoparticles offer the ability to rapidly accumulate and be retained in injured brain for improved target engagement. Here, we utilized systemically administered antioxidant thioether core-cross-linked nanoparticles (NP1) that scavenge and inactivate ROS to reduce this secondary spread of injury in a mild controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model of TBI. We found that NP1 treatment protected CCI mice from injury induced learning and memory deficits observed in the Morris water maze (MWM) test at 1-month post-CCI. This protection was likely a result of NP1-mediated reduction in oxidative stress in the ipsilateral hemisphere as determined by immunofluorescence imaging of markers of oxidative stress and the spread of neuroinflammation into the contralateral hippocampus as determined by immunofluorescence imaging of activated microglia and neuron-astrocyte-microglia triad formation. These data suggest NP1-mediated reduction in post-traumatic oxidative stress correlates with the reduction in the spread of injury to the contralateral hippocampus to protect spatial memory and learning in CCI mice. Therefore, these materials may offer an improved treatment strategy to reduce the secondary spread of TBI.
§ 245A and T.D. 9865: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back for Temporary Treasury Regulations?

This "prompt" for the Columbia Journal of Tax Law's "Tax Matters" online publication analyzes the Treasury Department's assertion of the good cause exception when it issued temporary Treasury regulations without notice and comment under the new IRC § 245A, enacted as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to provide a dividends received deduction for U.S. corporations receiving dividends from certain non-U.S. subsidiaries.
Dimensional Disparate Treatment

Last year’s decision in Bostock v. Clayton County was an important victory for gay and transgender workers—but the Supreme Court’s textual analysis has failed to persuade a number of thoughtful commentators, and it threatens to leave anti-discrimination law in disarray. The root of the problem is that Bostock trumpeted a “simple test” of but-for causation that could not alone explain the correctness of the results that the Court reached. This explanatory gap not only has left Bostock’s holding vulnerable to attack, but also has engendered uncertainty about the panoply of disparate-treatment questions for which Bostock now provides the governing precedent. Indeed, because Bostock took it upon itself to interpret Title VII from textualist first principles, its analysis will orient—and perhaps disorient—judicial approaches to all manner of disparate-treatment claims for many years to come. What disparate-treatment law needs, but the Court has thus far failed to provide, is a coherent, general, and textually grounded account of what it means for a decision to be made “because of” a protected characteristic—one that accords with Bostock’s motivating intuitions but transcends its overly simplistic account of its own reasoning. Drawing on a venerable body of work in analytic philosophy concerning “determinable” properties and their corresponding “determinates,” this Article develops an account that meets that need. In brief, this “dimensional” account of disparate treatment recognizes a decision as being made “because of [an] individual’s X” whenever the decision is motivated by a property that characterizes the individual in the dimension of X—regardless of whether a different decision would have been made if the individual had belonged to any other determinate class that is defined along that dimension. After introducing and defending this analysis, the Article traces its implications for a wide range of current controversies—involving bisexuality, pregnancy, race and gender stereotypes, and more. Finally, the Article defends the dimensional account and its implicit application in Bostock on textualist terms. It argues that the account captures the meaning that an “ordinary reader” would ascribe to Congress’s enactment of a disparate-treatment statute—so long as the reader construes the statute in light of characteristic features of legislative communication, as sophisticated accounts of modern textualism would demand.
Chapter 5 – Raman spectroscopy of polymers

This chapter discusses Raman spectroscopy of polymers that also measures the vibrational energy levels. Raman spectroscopy has become the most important tool for the characterization of polymers. With the development of improved near-IR lasers, the fluorescence problem is diminishing. With the development of multichannel detectors, the sensitivity of the Raman measurement is improving. With the development of notch filters, the need for multimonochromators is decreasing. With the development of tunable filters such as the AOEE, the portability of the Raman equipment itself is increasing. With the development of improved fiber optical materials, the capability of doing remote Raman spectroscopy is improving. The utility and applications of Raman spectroscopy to structure problems in polymers is growing at an astronomical rate. Advances in Raman instrumentation have been dramatic and the polymer spectroscopists must now seriously consider the use of Raman as complementary to infrared. It will never replace infrared; however, it is taking its place as an equal partner in vibrational spectroscopy.
The relative distribution of United States direct investment

This paper adopts the traditional (Mundellian) international capital movements framework in order to examine the changing distribution of U.S. manufacturing direct investment between the United Kingdom and the six original countries of the European Economic Community, as the Community has moved from an initial grouping which excluded the U.K. to a larger group of countries which now includes that country. The study employes an intercept-shift/slope-shift estimating framework to address this question. The results of the study suggest that relative U.S. manufacturing investment in the U.K./‘EEC6’ has responded significantly to the applicability of the common external tariff to Britain. Relative market size, moreover, apparently ceased to be a determining variable in the years following British entry into the EEC due to its integration into a more unified EEC market.
Financial Holding Company Liability After Gramm-Leach-Bliley

This Article examines the extent to which financial holding companies formed under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLB Act) will bear the costs of the failure of their bank subsidiaries. Pre-GLB Act banking law provided numerous ways to impose liability on bank holding companies for bank failure. The GLB Act itself added some provisions dealing with holding company liability, providing protections for receivers of failed institutions and adding ammunition to the regulators' "source of strength" theory for imposing liability on bank holding companies, and, by extension, on financial holding companies. But despite tinkering at the edges, the GLB Act did not provide a comprehensive new approach to resolving failed banking institutions. Instead, the GLB Act is essentially an overlay on top of the existing bank holding company act. Resolution of failed banks will continue to be conducted primarily under the pre-GLB Act regime, but changes in the financial services industry may change the application of those resolution techniques. Passed as it was during a time of strong performance in the banking sector, it is perhaps not surprising as a political matter that the GLB Act is silent on an issue that will not arise again until the next period of banking industry distress. This Article discusses the modest changes to the bank resolution scheme implemented by the GLB Act and raises some unanswered questions about the resolution of failed banks in the GLB Act era. It concludes by suggesting that the goals of the failed bank resolution process ought to be clarified and the rules of the process spelled out and respected.
Alternative methods for evaluating the impact of interventions: An overview

Abstract This paper presents methods for estimating the impact of training on earnings when non-random selection characterizes the enrollment of persons into training. We explore the benefits of cross-section, repeated cross-section and longitudinal data for addressing this problem by considering the assumptions required to use a variety of new and conventional estimators given access to various commonly encountered types of data. We investigate the plausibility of assumptions needed to justify econometric procedures when viewed in the light of prototypical decision rules determining enrollment into training. We examine the robustness of the estimators to choice-based sampling and contamination bias.
Deregulation of mouse antibody-forming cells by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE): III. Modification of T-cell-dependent plaque-forming cell responses of mouse immunocytes is a common property of highly purified and of crude preparations of SPE

Abstract Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) is a potent modulator of the immune system when used experimentally in mice. Typically, a late burst of plaque-forming cells (PFC) follows an early suppression of the antibody response in appropriately immunized and SPE-treated mice or their spleen cells in vitro. This altered response to antigen caused by SPE is termed a deregulated antibody response. The site of action of SPE was studied by use of cellular reconstruction and complementation experiments using the separated subpopulations of immunocytes which are required for full expression of mouse spleen PFC responses to sheep erythrocytes or to trinitrophenylated (TNP) rabbit erythrocytes in vitro. The SPE site was thus localized to the T-cell subpopulation. Recently SPE has been purified to a very high degree, making it possible to ascertain that SPE alone generates the deregulation of the immune system as described before and to limit the role of nondefined components of cruder preparations of SPE. A purified horse anti-scarlet fever antitoxin which recognizes highly purified SPE as being homogeneous also recognized a single component of crude SPE by agar-gel analysis. A rabbit anti-SPE immunoglobulin raised against crude SPE and absorbed with killed, strain NY5, Group A streptococci recognized the pure SPE and a major component of the homologous crude SPE similarly. Both of these antisera neutralized the capacity of SPE to deregulate the in vitro PFC response to TNP almost completely. A third antiserum raised in rabbits against a NY5 Group A streptococcal whole cell vaccine recognized a different component of crude SPE and totally failed to recognize pure SPE. This antiserum also recognized a purified Group A streptococcal peptidoglycan as being related to components contained in the crude SPE preparation. This antiserum, however, totally failed to neutralize the capacity of SPE to deregulate the PFC response to TNP. These results show that SPE-A is the active component of cruder preparations of SPE which deregulates PFC responses.
Neighborhood Demographics and the Distribution of Hazardous Waste Risks: An Instrumental Variables Estimation

This paper examines whether the marginal price of risk reduction varies by the demographic characteristics of neighborhoods. Using an instrumental-variables approach to control for the two-way relationship between housing prices and environmental risk, the paper finds that the marginal valuation of risk reduction is higher in high-education and high-income neighborhoods. The results also suggest that environmental risks are greater in neighborhoods with low-priced houses and in neighborhoods with low levels of collective action, suggesting that polluters consider these characteristics when making their siting decisions.
Temporal integration of alpha 1-adrenergic responses in BC3H-1 muscle cells. Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase activity.

Abstract Regulation of Ca2+-dependent glycogen phosphorylase activity by alpha 1-adrenergic and H1-histamine receptors has been examined in BC3H-1 muscle cells. Stimulation by either norepinephrine or histamine elevates the phosphorylase activity ratio within 5 s from a resting value of 0.37 +/- 0.03 to maximal values of 0.8-0.9. Phosphorylase activation by alpha-adrenergic agonists is sustained over 20-30 min of agonist exposure, whereas histamine exposure only transiently activates phosphorylase during the initial 5 min of stimulation. The initial activation of phosphorylase by either receptor is not attenuated by treated cells with Ca2+-deficient and [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid-supplemented buffer, whereas the response to sustained adrenergic stimulation depends largely, but not totally, upon extracellular Ca2+. The involvement of protein kinase C in agonist responses was tested by treating cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate inhibits receptor-mediated mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ (IC50 = 3.6 nM) yet activates phosphorylase independently of agonist. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate has no effect on cellular 45Ca2+ fluxes in the absence of agonist. Thus, the two receptors coordinately regulate intracellular signaling through Ca2+- and protein kinase C-mediated pathways. alpha 1-Adrenergic receptors elicit sustained phosphorylase activation whereas H1-histaminergic receptors desensitize.
Recent advances in intra-arterial thrombolysis

Thrombolytic therapy has revolutionized acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treatment; however it is clear that intravenous (IV) thrombolytic therapy has certain limitations, including a short-time window for use, poor specificity for the site of arterial occlusion, and suboptimal recanalization rates. Some of these problems may be circumvented by using intra-arterial (IA) thrombolysis. In this article, we will discuss the various thrombolytic agents being used in AIS, their mechanisms of actions and doses, and the rationale for use of IA therapy as opposed to IV thrombolysis, and review the clinical trials using IA thrombolysis. We will also discuss other approaches to IA thrombolysis, including mechanical and other endovascular techniques
Social cognitive predictors of body image in preschool children

To better understand origins of gender differences in body confidence, the present study examines predictors of body image suggested by Social Cognitive Theory (A. Bandura, 1997): models (from mothers, peers), verbal messages (from mothers, peers, teachers), physiological factors (age, body mass, health status), and experience of competence related to body image (social competence, food competence). Variables were gathered from child interviews, mother questionnaires, and teacher questionnaires for 94 preschool children (52 boys, 42 girls; mean age – 54.2 months; 90.2% Caucasian). Body image was measured with seven same-gender silhouettes (M. E. Collins, 1991). No gender differences were found for the body image of preschool children. Messages from the mother to “be bigger” were the most consistent predictor of body image. However, only for boys were mother's messages a valid reflection of the child's actual body mass, which if continued, could produce greater body confusion for girls at later ages.
Predictors of prognosis in patients with mild to moderate paravalvular leakage after mitral valve replacement.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate predictors of clinical events in patients with mild to moderate paravalvular leakage (PVL) after mitral valve replacement (MVR). Methods and Results We retrospectively reviewed all the medical records and echocardiography of 60 patients with PVL after MVR. After excluding 18 patients who required immediate surgical repair for severe symptoms or regurgitation and four patients with severe anemia who required transfusion, two patients with concomitant infective endocarditis, two patients with severe stenosis or regurgitation of other valves, and one patient with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, the remaining 33 patients who were not indicated for reoperation or immediate blood transfusion comprised the study population. During a median follow-up period of 19 months, there were 18 events, including two cardiac deaths, one noncardiac death, 13 repeat surgeries, and two admissions for heart failure. Cox regression analysis revealed that the presence of hemolytic anemia at the diagnosis of PVL was the only independent predictor of event-free survival (p = 0.035). The estimated three-year event-free survival rates were 78 ± 12% in patients without hemolytic anemia and 16 ± 10% in those with hemolytic anemia (p = 0.004). Conclusion Presence of hemolytic anemia was associated with poor short-term clinical outcome in mild to moderate PVL after MVR, even in the cases when the degree of anemia was not severe at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, in PVL patients after MVR with hemolytic anemia, more early aggressive therapeutic approaches should be considered, regardless of the severity of anemia. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12298 (J Card Surg 2014;29:149–154)
Piecewise-Linear Model With Transient Relaxation for Circuit-Level ESD Simulation

This work presents a new type of model, i.e., piecewise-linear model with transient relaxation (PWL-TR), to describe the nonlinear transient characteristics of electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices and circuits. The PWL-TR model represents the device as a finite-state machine; hence, no proprietary information is disclosed. The PWL-TR model offers accuracy comparable to a compact model but enables more computationally efficient simulation.
A Hybrid Location Model with a Computable Location Identifier for Ubiquitous Computing

Location modeling and representation are crucial technologies for context-aware applications. In this paper, we present a novel location model combining the virtues of both the hierarchical and coordinate location models, and we introduce a computable location identifier, namely Aura Location Identifier (ALI). We then describe how the Aura space service uses this hybrid model to handle spatial queries for contextaware applications. Asimple example of such a query is a range query, e.g. "select name from printer where distance(location, 'ali://cmu/wean-hall/floor3/3100-corridor#(10,10,0)')
Moving from Needs to Self-Efficacy

SUMMARY One hundred women participated in a needs assessment and goal-planning process at a community-based agency soon after release from prison. The assessment indicated some fit between women's identified needs and how they placed themselves on “contemplation” ladders that facilitated their planning for reentry. Follow-up interviews with 14 women found a high level of satisfaction with the process, though they struggled with unmet goals. Participants and social service providers made programmatic recommendations that go beyond social services to address economic and self sustainability in the transition from prison to community.