cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chi-squared and C statistic minimization for low count per bin data

Results are presented from a computer simulation comparing two statistical fitting techniques on data samples with large and small counts per bin; the results are then related specifically to X-ray astronomy. The Marquardt and Powell minimization techniques are compared by using both to minimize the chi-squared statistic. In addition, Cash's C statistic is applied, with Powell's method, and it is shown that the C statistic produces better fits in the low-count regime than chi-squared.
The Mechanics of Regime Instability in Latin America

The paper is narrowly addressed to a single puzzle: How did it happen that countries that attempted to install democracy earlier enjoyed it less frequently? Regime dynamics are driven by two mechanisms: (1) Democracies become more durable as per capita income increases, and (2) Past experiences with democracy destabilize both democracies and autocracies. As a result, countries that experiment with democracy at lower income levels experience more regime instability. Moreover, until they reach some income threshold, at any time such countries are less likely to be democratic than countries that first enter democracy when they have higher incomes. Hence, paradoxically, the resistance of European monarchies against democracy resulted in democracies that were more stable than those following postindependence attempts in Latin America.
Automobile Energy Requirements

Variations in automobile fuel use as a function of trip length and of driving conditions (urban and intercity) are calculated for three hypothetical automobiles: subconmpact; “average”; and full size. In addition to direct (propulsion) energy use, total energy requirements for these three cars, operated under both urban and intercity driving conditions, are calculated. Fuel use declines markedly with increasing trip length, because the adverse impacts of cold start are spread over more miles. Fuel use is considerably higher for urban driving than for intercity driving, because of frequent stop-and-go cycles and cold start operations (due to shorter trip lengths for urban driving). Subcompacts use much less fuel and do full size cars, particularly in urban areas. Total energy requirements for autos exceed direct gasoline consumption by about 70%.
Multimodality Monitoring in Patients with Elevated Intracranial Pressure

Conventional paradigms for the management of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) are in many ways imperfect. Clinicians respond to increases in ICP, or to worsening of the clinical neurological examination, after critical thresholds of brain ischemia have been crossed, at a point when irreversible injury may have already occurred and the window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention has closed. Even with the benefit of direct ICP monitoring, the true biochemical environment of the brain is unknown, so that measurable changes in blood pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), circulating blood volume and rheology, blood oxygen and glucose levels, and other clinical parameters result in uncertain global or regional effects in areas of the brain at risk. The goal of multimodality monitoring is to titrate clinical therapy at the bedside to foster a biochemical environment that favors preservation of function and healing within the brain — a proactive, in place of a reactive, approach. This chapter suggests different ways in which ICP, brain tissue and jugular bulb oxygen content, microdialysis, continuous electroencephalography (EEG), and transcranial Doppler ultrasound data can be integrated into a practical management algorithm for patients with elevated ICP.
Control of organ shape by a secreted metalloprotease in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

The molecular controls governing organ shape are poorly understood. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the gonad acquires a U-shape by the directed migration of a specialized ‘leader’ cell, which is located at the tip of the growing gonadal ‘arm’1. The gon-1 gene is essential for gonadal morphogenesis: ingon-1 mutants, no arm elongation occurs and somatic gonadal structures are severely malformed2. Here we report that gon-1 encodes a secreted protein with a metalloprotease domain and multiple thrombospondin type-1-like repeats. This motif architecture is typical of a small family of genes that include bovine procollagen I N-protease (P1NP), which cleaves collagen3, and murine ADAMTS-1, the expression of which correlates with tumour cell progression4. We find that gon-1 is expressed in two sites, leader cells and muscle, and that expression in each site has a unique role in forming the gonad. We speculate that GON-1 controls morphogenesis by remodelling basement membranes and that regulation of its activity is crucial for achieving organ shape.
Author's reply to a review of his book Native American Place-Names of Indiana

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Michael McCafferty Year: 2008 Pages: 336 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 978-0-252-03268-4 (hard cover).
Scalable and heterogeneous rendering of subsurface scattering materials

In many natural materials, such as skin, minerals, and plastics, light scatters inside the material and gives them their distinctive appearance. The accurate reproduction of these materials requires new rendering algorithms that can simulate these subsurface interactions. Unfortunately, adding subsurface scattering dramatically increases the rendering cost. To achieve efficiency, recent approaches have used an approximate scattering model and have two significant limitations: they scale poorly to complex scenes and they are limited to homogeneous materials. This thesis proposes two new algorithms without these limitations. The first is a scalable, subsurface renderer for homogeneous scattering. Using a canonical model of subsurface light paths, the new algorithm can judiciously determine a small set of important paths. By clustering the unimportant paths and approximating the contributions of these clusters, the new algorithm significantly reduces computation. In complex scenes, this new approach can achieve up to a three hundred fold speedup over the most efficient previous algorithms. The second is the first, general, efficient and high-quality renderer for heterogeneous subsurface scattering. It based on a carefully derived formulation of the heterogeneous scattering problem using the diffusion equation and it solves that problem quickly and accurately using the finite element method. The new algorithm is designed for high-quality rendering applications producing, in minutes, images nearly identical to exact solutions produced in hours.
Corporate Governance and Corporate Political Activity: What Effect will Citizens United have on Shareholder Wealth?

In Citizens United, the Supreme Court relaxed the ability of corporations to spend money on elections, rejecting a shareholder-protection rationale for restrictions on spending. Little research has focused on the relationship between corporate governance – shareholder rights and power – and corporate political activity. This paper explores that relationship in the S&P 500 to predict the effect of Citizens United on shareholder wealth. The paper finds that in the period 1998-2004 shareholder-friendly governance was consistently and strongly negatively related to observable political activity before and after controlling for established correlates of that activity, even in a firm fixed effects model. Political activity, in turn, is strongly negatively correlated with firm value. These findings – together with the likelihood that unobservable political activity is even more harmful to shareholder interests – imply that laws that replace the shareholder protections removed by Citizens United would be valuable to shareholders.
The Effects of Organic Matter Amendments on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Mitigation Wetland in Virginia’s Coastal Plain

There is concern that widespread restoration and/or creation of freshwater wetlands may present a radiative forcing hazard because of the potential for methane (CH4) emissions. Yet data on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from restored wetlands are sparse and there has been little investigation into the GHG effects of amending wetland soils with organic matter (OM), a practice used to improve function of mitigation wetlands in the Eastern United States. In this study we measure GHG emissions across an OM gradient at the Charles City Wetland (CCW) in Charles City County, Virginia. We found soils heavily loaded with OM emit significantly more CO2 than those that have received little or no OM. CH4 emissions from CCW are low compared to reference wetlands and show no relationship with the loading rate of added OM or total soil carbon. We conclude that adding moderate amounts (< ~150 kg m−2) of OM to the CCW does not greatly increase GHG emissions, while the addition of high amounts of OM produces additional CO2, but not CH4. CH4 flux is highest under flooded conditions during warmer months but it still a modest contribution to global warming potential compared to soil CO2 flux.
The electrophysiologic effects of intravenous propranolol in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Abstract Fourteen patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome were studied by means of intracardiac stimulation techniques, before and after the intravenous administration of propranolol, 0.1 mg./Kg. There was no significant change, or only a slight increase, in the effective refractory periods of all parts of the re-entry tachycardia circuit studied, in either anterograde or retrograde directions. Re-entry tachycardia was initiated in nine patients in the control state, and in 10 patients after propranolol. The rate of re-entry atrioventricular node-accessory pathway tachycardia was decreased, but by only 10 per cent. The duration and outer limit of the tachycardia zone of atrial extrastimuli were not significantly decreased. Propranolol, by rapid intravenous infusion administration, is unlikely to be effective primary therapy for PSVT in the WPW syndrome.
Mood induction and instructions to sustain moods: A test of the subject compliance hypothesis of mood congruent memory

Abstract Laboratory mood induction procedures that enlist subjects' co-operation in creating and sustaining moods tend to bias memory toward mood congruence, but this phenomenon may be explained in ways that are not directly related to mood. One such account is the “subject compliance hypothesis” (proposed by Blaney, 1986). which argues that mood congruent recall is the result of subjects' attempts to maintain or boost their moods, not the result of the moods per se. To test this hypothesis, happy and sad moods were induced using the musical mood induction procedure, which enlists subjects' co-operation in altering their moods. After subjects had performed several tasks, however, they were told that they could stop maintaining their mood. When asked to recall autobiographical memories a minute later, subjects nevertheless exhibited mood congruent bias. This finding argues against the subject compliance hypothesis, and suggests that subjects' moods persisted without active maintenance. Implications concern...
Color tests for the detection of alpha-dicarbon compounds formed in the autoxidation of fats

Tests have been devised for detectingα-dicarbonyl compounds in autoxidized fats. The tests are based upon the conversion of theα-dicarbonyl compounds to their dioximes, formation of the nickelous, cupric and bis-pyridine-ferrous derivatives of the dioximes, and extraction of these colored metallic dioxime derivatives into organic solvent phases. The presence ofα-dicarbonyl compounds in a number of autoxidized fatty materials has been demonstrated by these tests. Peroxides in autoxidized fatty materials could be destroyed by treatment with ferrous chloride without destruction ofα-dicarbonyl compounds.
Binding and susceptibility to postentry restriction factors in monkey cells are specified by distinct regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid.

In cells of Old World and some New World monkeys, dominant factors restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections after virus entry. The simian immunodeficiency virus SIV mac is less susceptible to these restrictions, a property that is determined largely by the viral capsid protein. For this study, we altered exposed amino acid residues on the surface of the HIV-1 capsid, changing them to the corresponding residues found on the SIV mac capsid. We identified two distinct pathways of escape from early, postentry restriction in monkey cells. One set of mutants that were altered near the base of the cyclophilin A-binding loop of the N-terminal capsid domain or in the interdomain linker exhibited a decreased ability to bind the restricting factor(s). Consistent with the location of this putative factor-binding site, cyclophilin A and the restricting factor(s) cooperated to achieve the postentry block. A second set of mutants that were altered in the ridge formed by helices 3 and 6 of the N-terminal capsid domain efficiently bound the restricting factor(s) but were resistant to the consequences of factor binding. These results imply that binding of the simian restricting factor(s) is not sufficient to mediate the postentry block to HIV-1 and that SIV mac capsids escape the block by decreases in both factor binding and susceptibility to the effects of the factor(s).
ALTERNATIVE POLLUTION PERMIT SYSTEMS FOR TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS BASED ON ORIGIN/DESTINATION PAIRS AND PATHS

Abstract In this paper, we introduce two new pollution permit systems for congested transportation networks based, respectively, on origin/destination pairs and on paths. We derive the governing equilibrium conditions for each system, provide the variational inequality formulations, and compare these permit systems to the existing link-based permit system model. As in the case of the link-based permit system model, we show that either new system achieves the environmental quality standard provided that the initial license allocations are set accordingly. We also prove that, given the equilibrium solution to the origin/destination permit system problem, we can construct from it a solution to the path-based permit system problem and vice versa. We discuss qualitative properties of the equilibrium solution patterns and propose an algorithm for the computation of the patterns for both models. Finally, we present a numerical example that illustrates the permit systems. In light of this work, transportation planning agencies now have available alternative permit systems for their use for pollution reduction.
Bilateral choroidal osteomas with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

BACKGROUND A choroidal osteoma is a benign osseous tumor typically arising in the juxtapapillary or peripapillary area. The major cause of visual loss is secondary to the development of a subretinal neovascular membrane. The pattern of neovascularization that develops with osteomas has been typically described as classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV). METHODS Interventional case report. RESULTS A case of bilateral polypoidal choroidal neovascularization (PCV) occurring with bilateral choroidal osteomas is described in a 55-year-old Japanese woman. To our knowledge, this variant form of vasogenesis has not previously been described in association with this tumor. Clinical, angiographic, and optical coherence tomographic features are discussed. Subretinal hemorrhage in the left eye from polypoidal neovascularization in the macula was successfully treated with photodynamic therapy. CONCLUSIONS The association between choroidal osteoma and PCV may have a better prognosis than that with classic CNV. Indocyanine green angiography is a useful tool in characterizing the nature of the neovascularization.
Tamoxifen in Advanced Male Breast Cancer

A 47-year-old man with metastatic carcinoma of the breast was found to have positive estrogen and progesterone receptors but refused castration or estrogens. After failing on combination chemotherapy he was started on tamoxifen, which resulted in a partial response lasting seven months. He relapsed in bone and then consented to orchiectomy, which resulted in further clinical improvement. Thus, the tamoxifen did not preclude further hormonal therapy. This case, added to others reported, suggests that tamoxifen may be useful in the treatment of advanced male breast cancer. Further studies are needed to determine the level of activity, when to use the drug, and the predictive value of hormone receptors. ( Arch Intern Med 139:480-481, 1979)
Intercrystalline stable isotope diffusion: a fast grain boundary model

We formulated a numerical model for stable isotope interdiffusion which predicts the temperatures recorded between two or more minerals, and the intragranular distribution of stable isotopes in each mineral, as functions of mineral grain sizes and shapes, diffusivities, modes, equilibrium isotopic fractionations, and the cooling rate of a rock. One of the principal assumptions of the model is that grain boundaries are regions of rapid transport of stable isotopes. This Fast Grain Boundary (FGB) model describes interdiffusion between any number of mineral grains, assuming that local equilibrium and mass balance restrictions apply on the grain boundaries throughout the volume modeled. The model can be used for a rock containing any number of minerals, and number of grain sizes of each mineral, several grain shapes, and any thermal history or domain size desired. Previous models describing stable isotope interdiffusion upon cooling have been based on Dodson's equation or an equivalent numerical analogue. The closure temperature of Dodson is the average, bulk temperature recorded between a mineral and an infinite reservoir. By using Dodson's equation, these models have treated the closure temperature as an innate characteristic of a given mineral, independent of the amounts and diffusion rates of other minerals. Such models do not accurately describe the mass balance of many stable isotope interdiffusion problems. Existing models for cation interdiffusion could be applied to stable isotopes with some modifications, but only describe exchange between two minerals under specific conditions. The results of FGB calculations differ considerably from the predictions of Dodson's equation in many rock types of interest. Actual calculations using the FGB model indicate that closure temperature and diffusion profiles are as strongly functions of modal abundance and relative differences in diffusion coefficient as they are functions of grain size and cooling rate. Closure temperatures recorded between two minerals which exchanged stable isotopes by diffusion are a function of modal abundance and differences in diffusion coefficient, and may differ from that predicted by Dodson's equation by hundreds of degrees C. Either or both of two minerals may preserve detectable zonation, which may in some instances be larger in the faster diffusing mineral. Rocks containing three or more minerals can record a large span of fractionations resulting from closed system processes alone. The results of FGB diffusion modeling indicate that the effects of diffusive exchange must be evaluated before interpreting mineral fractionations, concordant or discordant, recorded within any rock in which diffusion could have acted over observable scales. The predictions of this model are applicable to thermometry, evaluation of open or closed system retrogression, and determination of cooling rates or diffusion coefficients.
The Role of Beliefs in the Practice of Teaching.

(1987). The role of beliefs in the practice of teaching. Journal of Curriculum Studies: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 317-328.
Vegetable parenting practices scale. Item response modeling analyses.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of a vegetable parenting practices scale using multidimensional polytomous item response modeling which enables assessing item fit to latent variables and the distributional characteristics of the items in comparison to the respondents. We also tested for differences in the ways item function (called differential item functioning) across child's gender, ethnicity, age, and household income groups. Method: Parents of 3–5 year old children completed a self-reported vegetable parenting practices scale online. Vegetable parenting practices consisted of 14 effective vegetable parenting practices and 12 ineffective vegetable parenting practices items, each with three subscales (responsiveness, structure, and control). Multidimensional polytomous item response modeling was conducted separately on effective vegetable parenting practices and ineffective vegetable parenting practices. Results: One effective vegetable parenting practice item did not fit the model well in the full sample or across demographic groups, and another was a misfit in differential item functioning analyses across child's gender. Significant differential item functioning was detected across children's age and ethnicity groups, and more among effective vegetable parenting practices than ineffective vegetable parenting practices items. Wright maps showed items only covered parts of the latent trait distribution. The harder- and easier-to-respond ends of the construct were not covered by items for effective vegetable parenting practices and ineffective vegetable parenting practices, respectively. Conclusions: Several effective vegetable parenting practices and ineffective vegetable parenting practices scale items functioned differently on the basis of child's demographic characteristics; therefore, researchers should use these vegetable parenting practices scales with caution. Item response modeling should be incorporated in analyses of parenting practice questionnaires to better assess differences across demographic characteristics.
Shock-tube study of the ignition of multi-component syngas mixtures with and without ammonia impurities

Abstract Ignition delay times have been measured behind reflected shock waves at 1.5, 12 and 30 atm for a mixture representative of a syngas produced from biomass (0.29659% CO/0.29659% H 2 /0.15748% CO 2 /0.08924% CH 4 /0.20997% H 2 O/0.95013% O 2 in 98% Ar (mol.%)) and for the same biomass-derived syngas mixture doped with 200 ppm of NH 3 . The importance of the various constituents on the ignition delay time was investigated by comparing the results with data from various baseline mixtures (H 2 /O 2 /Ar, H 2 /CO/O 2 /Ar and H 2 /CO/O 2 /Ar with one of the other constituent of the syngas ( i.e. CO 2 , H 2 O, CH 4 or NH 3 )). The equivalence ratio was set to 0.5 during this study. Several recent detailed kinetics mechanisms from the literature were computed against these data, with fair agreement. Results showed that the mixture composition can have an important effect on the ignition delay time, with most of the effect being due to CH 4 addition through the reaction CH 4 + OH ⇄ CH 3 + H 2 O. The ammonia impurity had very little effect on the ignition delay time over the range of conditions studied.
Velocity field interpolation in stratified estuaries using a pseudo-potential method☆

Abstract A method of numerically deriving a steady state three-dimensional velocity field from defined boundary values is described. The field is continuous, and subject to certain constraints on the vorticity. It would appear to offer a suitable description of the stratified circulation in type 1 and type 2 estuaries.
The culture of communication among intercollegiate sport information professionals

Two questions are stimulated by the dawning of the 'Communication Age' (Lull, 2002). Has modern society overly engrossed in communicating with technology, and has face-to-face communication become obsolete? The purpose of the study was to 'crack the code' of the culture of communication in the Division I-A sports information office. An ethnographic study was utilised to discover the verbal, non-verbal and technological communication methods of the SID. The study also examined the artefacts and rituals of the SID help form the communicative culture. Five thematic areas of SID culture were identified: 1. office space; 2. a sporadic and rushed verbal culture; 3. electronic communication indicated a major paradigmatic shift in SID culture; 4. non-verbal communication was used as defense mechanisms; 5. the analysis of SID rituals and artefacts showed a culture of production, task immediacy, paper culture versus electronic technology and a culture of virtual anonymity.
Effect of a combined aspiration and core biopsy technique on quality of core bone marrow specimens

For cases requiring both a bone marrow aspirate and core biopsy, using the same needle and site (i.e., a combined technique) can decrease time, expense, and discomfort compared with the independent (direct) collection of each specimen. The benefits of the combined approach should not be achieved at the expense of specimen quality. In this study, core bone marrow samples obtained from the proximal humerus of 26 dogs by a combined technique immediately posteuthanasia were compared with core samples obtained directly from the opposite humerus. Both core samples from each dog were compared for relative overall quality. Biopsies were unsuccessful in four dogs using the combined technique and in one dog by the direct technique. Marrow length was shorter and hemorrhage artifact was more common using the combined technique. There were no differences in cellularity, megakaryocyte count, the myeloid/erythroid ratio (M/E ratio), iron stores, or diagnostic quality. Direct core biopsy remains the ideal technique; however, the degree of compromise was small in the samples obtained from the combined technique. For clinical patients, the advantages of the combined technique must continue to be weighed against potential loss of diagnostic sensitivity.
Management of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes

Mortality from cardiovascular disease is 2 to 4 times higher in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with patients with similar demographic characteristics but without diabetes. The management of hypertension in patients with diabetes is as important as glucose control in the prevention of long-term diabetes complications. This article discusses the incidence of hypertension in diabetes, the impact of hypertension on the development of long-term complications, diagnosis of hypertension in patients with diabetes, blood pressure goals, the treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes, and antihypertension medications.
Specific heat of around the glass transition

Dynamic calorimetric measurements are performed for the quaternary metallic glass Zr65Al7.5Cu17.5Ni10 in order to analyse the dependence on different heating rates for the glass transition temperature Tg. We compare two different temperature programs used for sample relaxation, to estimate the influence of the thermal history on Tg. A lower limit for the glass transition temperature Tg was calculated according to two different models based on the fact, that width and temperature of the glass transition depend on the experimental time scale set by the heating rate: One model assumes a Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann type behaviour, as used to describe more or less “fragile” glass formers and the other assumes an Arrhenius-like behaviour, which is related to “strong” glass formers. The values obtained from both models differ by about 80K. From additional absolute specific heat capacity measurements we calculate the Kauzmann temperature TK, as a lower limit for the temperature of the glass transition from thermodynamic aspects. Comparing TK with the temperature values obtained from the two evaluation models we can classify the quaternary metallic glass Zr65Al7.5Cu17.5Ni10, to behave more like a “strong” glass former.
What Tumor Dynamics Modeling Can Teach us about Exploiting the Stem-Cell View for Better Cancer Treatment:

The cancer stem cell hypothesis is that in human solid cancers, only a small proportion of the cells, the cancer stem cells (CSCs), are self-renewing; the vast majority of the cancer cells are unable to sustain tumor growth indefinitely on their own. In recent years, discoveries have led to the concentration, if not isolation, of putative CSCs. The evidence has mounted that CSCs do exist and are important. This knowledge may promote better understanding of treatment resistance, create opportunities to test agents against CSCs, and open up promise for a fresh approach to cancer treatment. The first clinical trials of new anti-CSC agents are completed, and many others follow. Excitement is mounting that this knowledge will lead to major improvements, even breakthroughs, in treating cancer. However, exploitation of this phenomenon may be more successful if informed by insights into the population dynamics of tumor development. We revive some ideas in tumor dynamics modeling to extract some guidance in designing anti-CSC treatment regimens and the clinical trials that test them.
The Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM) Local Exhaust Hood Flow Fields

The boundary integral equation method (BIEM) is a flexible solver for predicting three-dimensional velocity fields into local exhaust hoods. A numerical validation of a computer program based on the BIEM shows excellent agreement with an analytic model for flow into a flanged rectangular hood. Theoretical velocity contours generated for an unflanged rectangular hood compare favorably with empirical contours. Centerline velocities generated using the BIEM for both flanged and unflanged rectangular hoods are in excellent agreement with accepted empirical values. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed and a comparison with the finite difference and the finite element method is made.
Agent-Based Simulation of Ecospeed-Controlled Vehicles at Signalized Intersections

Ecospeed control systems attempt to reduce vehicle fuel consumption levels by optimization of vehicle trajectories in the vicinity of signalized intersections while these systems account for traffic signal timing constraints. The proposed algorithm uses dynamic programming to compute the vehicle trajectory needed to navigate through the intersection with the amount of minimum fuel subject to several constraints, including vehicular interactions, traffic signal timing changes, and vehicle and roadway constraints. The proposed application uses infrastructure-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-vehicle communication to receive traffic signal and vehicle data. The research presented in the paper developed an agent-based modeling tool to simulate and test the system under various traffic volume and market penetration levels. The simulation model used a variety of microscopic inputs, such as the roadway vertical profile, roadway surface condition, traffic volumes, and traffic signal timing information. The system was tes...
Intellectually Stimulating Students' Intrinsic Motivation: The Mediating Influence of Affective Learning and Student Engagement

Motivating students is an important part of effective instruction. Thus, researchers have been interested in learning how to promote motivation, specifically intrinsic motivation, in students. One way of achieving this goal is through the use of intellectually stimulating behaviors. Though scholars know that the promotion of these behaviors works to influence students' intrinsic motivation, what has yet to be explained is how. Results indicated that both affective learning and student engagement mediated the influence of intellectual stimulation on students' intrinsic motivation. Implications for students' course workloads and instructors are discussed.
Experimental Evaluation of Hydrodynamic Bearings for a High Speed Turbocharger

Many high speed turbochargers are known to operate with limit cycle vibration as a result of fluid-film instability. The goal of this research was to achieve a stable synchronous response with a minimum of self-excited non-synchronous contribution. Those vibration components excited by the engine harmonics and exhaust pressure pulsations were not the target of this research. This paper will review the experimental results of the fixed geometry fluid-film bearing designs selected to replace the standard stock floating-ring design. In addition, the paper documents a novel radial tilting pad bearing concept that was designed to replace the fixed geometry bearings, with a minimum of modification to the stock bearing housing. A summary of the on-engine testing over the past seven years is documented in this paper.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Redox-sensitive homodimerization of Pex11p: a proposed mechanism to regulate peroxisomal division.

Pex11p (formerly Pmp27) has been implicated in peroxisomal proliferation (Erdmann, R., and G. Blobel. 1995. J. Cell Biol. 128; 509-523; Marshall, P.A., Y.I. Krimkevich, R.H. Lark, J.M. Dyer, M. Veenhuis, and J.M. Goodman, 1995. J. Cell Biol. 129; 345-355). In its absence, peroxisomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae fail to proliferate in response to oleic acid; instead, one or two large peroxisomes are formed. Conversely, overproduction of Pex11p causes an increase in peroxisomal number. In this report, we confirm the function of Pex11p in organelle proliferation by demonstrating that this protein can cause fragmentation in vivo of large peroxisomes into smaller organelles. Pex11p is on the inner surface of the peroxisomal membrane. It can form homodimers, and this species is more abundant in mature peroxisomes than in proliferating organelles. Removing one of the three cysteines in the protein inhibits homodimerization. This cysteine 3-->alanine mutation leads to an increase in number and a decrease in peroxisomal density, compared with the wild-type protein, in response to oleic acid. We propose that the active species is the "monomeric" form, and that the increasing oxidative metabolism within maturing peroxisomes causes dimer formation and inhibition of further organelle division.
Glucose biosensor based on Raman spectroscopy and liquid-filled photonic crystal fiber

We present the first quantitative glucose Raman detection in the physiological concentration range with a low laser power, a short integration time, and an extremely small sampling volume using the liquid-filled photonic crystal fiber probe.
Antigenic relatedness between human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and phospholipases of the A2 family

Abstract A monoclonal antibody, B10, generated against pure human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) caused the inhibition of the esterolytic and cholesterol esterifying activities of the enzyme. This antibody also reacted with a number of pancreatic and snake venom phospholipases A2 species but not phospholipase A1. A concentration-dependent inhibition of phospholipase A2 was also seen in the presence of B10. Treatment of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase or B10-reacting phospholipases with phenacyl bromide, a reagent known to interact with the active site of phospholipase A2, inhibited both their esterolytic activity and their capacity to bind to b10. A dimeric phospholipase A2 species with a known occluded active site did not cross-react with B10. Thus, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and some enzymes of the phospholipase A2 family share a common antigenic determinant which is probably located near or at their esterolytic active site.
In-situ characterization of Ni-CuSiO2 catalysts

Abstract Novel equipment and analytical methods for in-situ magnetic, adsorptive, and kinetic analyses were developed primarily to characterize highly dispersed NiCu catalysts. Extended superparamagnetic superposition analysis provided direct evidence of composition heterogeneity in the NiCu SiO 2 samples studied. Hydrogen chemisorption and coupled magnetic-adsorptive experiments were consistent with mass balance limited surface enrichment in Cu. No definite mechanism selection was made, but phase separation is indicated.
ALKYL-SUBSTITUTED INDENYL TITANIUM PRECURSORS FOR SYNDIOSPECIFIC ZIEGLER-NATTA POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE

Abstract A variety of 1- and 3-substituted alkylindenes (R = H, Me, Et, tert-butyl, Me3Si) as well as 2-methylindene and 3-(methylthio)indene have been prepared in good yields. The substituted indenes were converted into trimethylsilyl derivatives via reactions of intermediate organolithium complexes with chlorotrimethylsilane. The corresponding titanium complexes, (R-Ind)TiCl3, were synthesized in excellent yield from reactions of the trimethylsilyl derivatives with TiCl4. The titanium complexes were evaluated as styrene polymerization catalysts in toluene solution when activated by methylaluminoxane. Activities increased in the order: Cp
Drivers of New Product Recommending and Referral Behavior at Social Network Sites

Managers of new brands seek to leverage positive WOM and establish a critical mass of consumers who interact with their brands at social-network sites (SNS). Effective selection of "seeds" or influencers at SNS who will recommend the product and leverage the power of their social networks to influence other consumers is key to organic growth. This research examines the role of an influencer‟s activity at social network website (network size, membership duration, share-of-posts), brand message source (marketer-generated versus member-generated), and recipient type (SNS member versus non-member) on an influencer's decision to recommend a new brand and the recipient‟s decision to make a referral visit. Empirical analyses of clickstream data from SNS at a commercial website show that marketer- and consumer-generated brand ads differ in their impact on recommending propensity for high share-of-posts and long-term influencers and for member and non-member recipients which have implications for referral management.
Design elements of a prototype self-mooring AUV

The Virginia Tech Self-Mooring Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is capable of mooring itself on the seafloor for extended periods of time. The AUV is intended to travel to a desired mooring location, moor itself on the seafloor, and then release the mooring and return to a desired egress location. In addition, the AUV is designed to be inexpensive. The self-mooring concept was successfully tested on a small-scale platform known as the Virginia Tech 475 AUV. This report covers the major design elements of the self-mooring AUV, experiments that were conducted to refine the engineering analysis, and the results of successful field trials with this small-scale prototype.
Reduced-complexity LQR design using canonical correlation analysis

Abstract Canonical correlation analysis is developed for the discrete infinite time LQR problem having an asymptotically stable plant. It is shown that the optimal control sequence belongs to the range space of the canonical vectors weighted by the canonical correlation coefficients. Using this analysis a reduced-complexity controller for the LQR problem is obtained. Furthermore, it is established that when this reduced-complexity controller is applied to the original plant, the corresponding closed loop system is asymptotically stable.
Dividing and conquering the square

Abstract A local minimum of a matrix is a cell whose value is smaller than those of its four adjacent cells. For an n × n square matrix, we find a local minimum with at most 2.554n queries, and prove a lower bound of 2n queries required by any method. For a different neighborhood corresponding to the eight possible moves of a chess king, we prove upper and lower bounds of3n + O(log n) and 2n, respectively.
Increase in cortical and midbrain tryptophan hydroxylase activity by intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin releasing factor: block by adrenalectomy, by RU 38486 and by bilateral lesions to the central nucleus of the amygdala.

Abstract Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) infused bilaterally into the lateral ventricles of awake, chronically cannulated, male Sprague-Dawley rats produced a dose-dependent increase in the in vitro activity of cortical and midbrain tryptophan hydroxylase after 60 min. The maximal increase in enzyme activity of 60% over that of vehicle-treated controls was reached 45 min after an infusion of 3 μg CRF. The increase in enzyme activity after a single dose of CRF resembled that seen after exposure of rats to an acute sound stress: it was reversed by preincubation of the enzyme preparation with alkaline phosphatase and was nonadditive with the increase in activity obtained in the presence of phosphorylating conditions. The response to intracerebroventricularly administered CRF was abolished by bilateral adrenalectomy, but restored by repeated daily systemic administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (500 μg/day, i.p. for 3 days), to the adrenalectomized rats. Intracerebroventricular administration of the glucocorticoid antagonist, RU 38486 (200 μg/day for 4 days), also blocked the acute increase in tryptophan hydroxylase activity in response to CRF. Finally, bilateral lesions to the central nucleus of the amygdala, a region involved in mediating behavioral, endocrine and autonomic responses to stressful stimuli, abolished the increase in enzyme activity in response to intraventricular CRF. The glucocorticoid sensitivity of the response to CRF, as well as the involvement of the central nucleus of the amygdala support the view that CRF may have a role in mediating the enhancement of tryptophan hydroxylase activity by acute sound stress.
Some models for the propagation of bores

Abstract In this work, we consider alternative models for the propagation of bores. We consider the Boussinesq–Burgers system and the Kawahara–Burgers equation as models for the propagation of bores. We show the existence of travelling waves solutions corresponding to bore-like initial data.
The roots of primate predatory behavior

Evidence is examined that supports the view that in collecting-predatory primates many of the behaviours associated with the predatory component of the subsistence pattern are similar to those occurring during omnivorous collecting activities. General similarities are found between some elements of predatory behavior and some overall features of omnivorous foraging and feeding, and more specific similarities are found with collecting behavior directed towards rarely occurring, clumped, or highly favoured plant foods. It is suggested that there are few elements in primate predatory behavior that require more than the general behavioral plasticity and adaptability that omnivorous, ground foraging primates exhibit with respect to the exploitation of different types of plant foods. The emergence of the gathering-hunting human subsistence pattern out of a collecting-predatory pattern that was in turn based on omnivorous collecting is a model for an evolutionary pathway that is consistent with both direct and comparative evidence. While the comparative evidence enables some general features of this model to be described, caution is advised about applying more detailed features of the subsistence behavior of non-human mammals to the postulated subsistence patterns of hominid populations the morphology and behavior of which were not identical to those of living primate or other mammalian species.
The KAIZEN Leader: Continuously Improving Administration

Organizations need high levels of human performance from all personnel, including leaders. Unfortunately, standard organizational practices in selecting and promoting leaders reinforce behaviors that interfere with high performance from them and those they supervise. The leap from current performance levels to high performance must occur in incremental steps based on a theory of management that requires nothing less than cultural and personal change. This article defines the term “KAIZEN” and describes the changes leaders must make in their attitudes and behavior if they are to create continuously improving organizations.
Counting models in universal Horn classes

Definen K (λ) to be either ω, or the number of non-isomorphic models inK having cardinality α, whichever cardinal is larger. This paper contains a proof that for a congruence modular variety ⋎ of algebras of countable similarity type, there are only six possible functionsn ⋎. It is also proved that ifn K (λ)≠2λ for some λ, andK is a universal Horn class of models for a countable language, thenK must satisfy two conditions, one of which is quite restrictive and requires that the members ofK are all in a certain sense Abelian.
Novel irreversible butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: 2-chloro-1-(substituted-phenyl)ethylphosphonic acids.

2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) as the dianion phosphorylates butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) at its active site. In contrast, the classical organophosphorus esterase inhibitors include substituted-phenyl dialkylphosphates (e.g., paraoxon) with electron-withdrawing aryl substituents. The chloroethyl and substituted-phenyl moieties are combined in this study as 2-chloro-1-(substituted-phenyl)ethylphosphonic acids (1) to define the structure--activity relationships and mechanism of BChE inhibition by ethephon and its analogues. Phenyl substituents considered are 3- and 4-nitro, 3- and 4-dimethylamino, and 3- and 4-trimethylammonium. Phosphonic acids were synthesized via the corresponding O,O-diethyl phosphonate precursors followed by deprotection with trimethylsilyl bromide. They decompose under basic conditions about 100-fold faster than ethephon to yield the corresponding styrene derivatives. Electron-withdrawing substituents on the phenyl ring decrease the hydrolysis rate while electron-donating substituents increase the rate. The 4-trimethylammonium analogue has the highest affinity (K(i)=180 microM) and potency (IC(50)=19 microM) in first binding reversibly at the substrate site (possibly with stabilization in a dianion--monoanion environment) and then progressively and irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme activity. These observations suggest dissociation of chloride as the first and rate-limiting step both in the hydrolysis and by analogy in phosphorylation of BChE by bound at the active site.
Evolutionary Processes and Reversals of the Earth's Magnetic Field

IT has been suggested that there is a connexion between reversals of the Earth's magnetic field and evolutionary processes1–3. This topic has excited much interest since the discovery of an apparent correlation between levels of field reversal and microfaunal discontinuities in deep sea sediment cores4. The Earth's magnetic field is known to have reversed its polarity at least nine times during the past 4 × 106 yr5,6 and at frequent intervals before that except during the Permian7. Briefly, the ideas of Uffen1,2 and Simpson3 are that during the process of a reversal there is a period of reduced or zero intensity of the dipole field during which there should be a great increase of cosmic radiation at the Earth, which is no longer shielded by its magnetic field. This enhanced radiation will produce a higher mutation rate, which will result in some kind of evolutionary discontinuity. There is good evidence that during the process of reversal, the Earth's dipole field is reduced in strength, probably passing through zdro4,8. The other assumptions are less acceptable.
Expert system diagnosis of CMOS VLSI fabrication problems

TEMPIC is a diagnostic expert system capable of providing process and device engineers with real time assistance in determining the origin of CMOS fabrication faults. The increased complexity of 1.25 and submicron CMOS processes presents the device engineer with large statistical data bases in which parametric relationships and dependencies must be analyzed and correlated. Corrective action is then initiated to remedy the identified process fault. The TEMPIC expert system functions as an advisor to the device engineer. Numerical data is gathered and is assigned qualitative descriptors with respect to the deviation of the experimental data from the process specification. Three related but independent data bases are used: Process control data, on-chip critical dimension data, and parametric electrical data. In this paper we discuss the knowledge engineering methodology used in developing the rules for the system and the way in which the system diagnostic architecture evolved from those sessions. The method by which the expert system determines candidate faults is presented. In cases where several possible faults are identified an interactive dialogue is initiated.