cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiative forcing and the optimal rotation age

Abstract Forests help mitigate climate change by sequestering atmospheric carbon. However, boreal and high-latitude temperate forests may also contribute to global warming due to the albedo effect. The relative effects of carbon sequestration and albedo can be quantified in terms of radiative forcing. We present a stylized, stand-level analysis to determine the optimal rotation age when considering a tax/subsidy scheme based on radiative forcing and the notion of equivalent carbon emissions. Additional management decision variables considered include species choice and regeneration effort, since these can impact the albedo effect. We demonstrate analytically that the optimal rotation length is likely shortened when albedo-related equivalent emissions are incorporated, relative to a policy based only on carbon. Empirical results indicate that rotation ages do decrease relative to a “carbon only” policy, and approach the traditional (timber only) Faustmann rotation age as equivalent emission rates increase. Our results suggest that forestation does not necessarily provide climatic benefits in all circumstances, and that, at the margin, other opportunities for carbon reduction (e.g. abatement), or pursuing forestation in other locations, become more attractive.
Randomization, balance, and the validity and efficiency of design-adaptive allocation methods

Few topics have stirred as much discussion and controversy as randomization. A reading of the literature suggests that clinical trialists generally feel randomization is necessary for valid inference, while biostatisticians using model-based inference often appear to prefer nearly optimal designs irrespective of any induced randomness. Dissection of the methods of treatment assignment shows that there are five basic approaches; pure randomizers, true randomizers, quasi-randomizers, permutation testers, and conventional modelers. Four of these have coherent design and analysis strategies, even though they are not mutually consistent, but the fifth and most prevalent approach (quasi-randomization) has little to recommend it. Design-adaptive allocation is defined, it is shown to provide valid inference, and a simulation indicates its efficiency advantage. In small studies, or large studies with many important prognostic covariates or analytic subgroups, design-adaptive allocation is an extremely attractive method of treatment assignment.
Optical Properties of the Retinal Receptors

In the study of receptor optics, the current era originates with the discovery of retinal directional sensitivity by Stiles and Crawford in 1933. In recent years the essential complexities of receptor-optical properties have been revealed.These properties give rise to directional sensitivity, hue, saturation, and resolution changes. They have been employed to separate photopic from scotopic functions, and to indicate the status of receptor-orientation properties. In some patients exhibiting amblyopia or retinal pathology, characteristic disturbances in receptor directional sensitivity have been noted. It is now possible to induce changes in human receptor orientation.Retinal receptors, mitochondria in receptor ellipsoids, and the lamellae and the photosensitive pigment in each lamella of receptor outer segments are orientated. Taper of ellipsoids in retinal cones allows more efficient energy transfer and probably plays an important role in receptor directionality. The configurations, diameters, and indexes of the receptors give rise to the waveguide modal-pattern form of energy transfer. This results in nonuniform distributions of energy in and about receptor outer segments. These distributions and their transmissivity vary within single, and between different retinal receptors as a function of wavelength, and angle of incidence of light. The roles played by these phenomena in vision (particularly the wavelength separation mechanism) require evaluation.
Preparing School Counseling Students to Aid Families: Integrating a Family Systems Perspective

In this article, the value of integrating family systems theory into a school counseling curriculum is explored. Some programs have historically placed school counselors in a difficult position by not adequately preparing them for the demands of incorporating family systems and community collaboration into clinical practice. The rationale for incorporating family systems theory, ethical and accreditation considerations, and three approaches to integrating family systems theory into a school counseling curriculum are addressed.
Reconnection-Driven Dynamics of Coronal-Hole Boundaries

We investigate the effect of magnetic reconnection on the boundary between open and closed magnetic field in the solar corona. The magnetic topology for our numerical study consists of a global dipole that gives rise to polar coronal holes and an equatorial streamer belt, and a smaller active-region bipole embedded inside the closed-field streamer belt. The initially potential magnetic field is energized by a rotational motion at the photosphere that slowly twists the embedded-bipole flux. Due to the applied stress, the bipole field expands outward and reconnects with the surrounding closed flux, eventually tunneling through the streamer boundary and encountering the open flux of the coronal hole. The resulting interchange reconnection between closed and open field releases the magnetic twist and free energy trapped inside the bipole onto open field lines, where they freely escape into the heliosphere along with the entrained closed-field plasma. Thereafter, the bipole field relaxes and reconnects back down into the interior of the streamer belt. Our simulation shows that the detailed properties of magnetic reconnection can be crucial to the coronal magnetic topology, which implies that both potential-field source-surface and quasi-steady magnetohydrodynamic models may often be an inadequate description of the corona and solar wind. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding the dynamics of the boundary between open and closed field on the Sun and the origins of the slow wind.
Integrated Telehealth Care for Chronic Illness and Depression in Geriatric Home Care Patients: The Integrated Telehealth Education and Activation of Mood (I‐TEAM) Study

Objectives: To evaluate an integrated telehealth intervention (Integrated Telehealth Education and Activation of Mood (I-TEAM)) to improve chronic illness (congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and comorbid depression in the home healthcare setting. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Hospital-affiliated home healthcare setting. Participants: Medically frail older homebound individuals (N = 102). Intervention: The 3-month intervention consisted of integrated telehealth chronic illness and depression care, with a telehealth nurse conducting daily telemonitoring of symptoms, body weight, and medication use; providing eight weekly sessions of problem-solving treatment for depression; and providing for communication with participants' primary care physicians, who also prescribed antidepressants. Control participants were allocated to usual care with in-home nursing plus psychoeducation (UC+P). Measurements: The two groups were compared at baseline and 3 and 6 months after baseline on clinical measures (depression, health, problem-solving) and 12 months after baseline on health utilization (readmission, episodes of care, and emergency department (ED) visits). Results: Depression scores were 50% lower in the I-TEAM group than in the UC+P group at 3 and 6 months. Those who received the I-TEAM intervention significantly improved their problem-solving skills and self-efficacy in managing their medical condition. The I-TEAM group had significantly fewer ED visits (P = .01) but did not have significantly fewer days in the hospital at 12 months after baseline. Conclusion: Integrated telehealth care for older adults with chronic illness and comorbid depression can reduce symptoms and postdischarge ED use in home health settings.
Determination of Azo Dyes by Resonance-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

An examination of the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy to determine strongly absorbing solutes has been made, with the use of the azo dyes Eriochrome Blue SE, Eriochrome Black T, and Eriochrome Blue Black B as target compounds. These compounds are representative of the large class of dyes which are not easily determined because of their low volatility. They also are examples of compounds which absorb strongly, causing pronounced nonlinear behavior when attempts are made to use resonance-enhanced bands to improve analytical limits of detection, and which produce intense fluorescence which interferes with Raman bands when the strong 514-nm band of the argon-ion laser is used for excitation. The efficacy of internal standard correction for eliminating the effects of self-reversal and variation in intensity of the exciting beam is demonstrated. Limits of detection for the three compounds listed above are 99 ppb, 340 ppb, and 1.5 ppm, respectively.
Turnover of dihydrofolate reductase in rapidly dividing cells.

The turnover of dihydrofolate reductase has been studied in rapidly dividing cells of mouse lymphoma L1210 and Lactobacillus casei. Cells in culture were exposed to [14C]leucine for 24 hr and the subsequent decrease in radioactivity of the enzyme was followed as a function of time. The L1210 enzyme was isolated in pure form by subjecting the cell sonicate to affinity chromatography on amethopterin-Sepharose. The L. casei cells were processed by a multistep procedure which yielded the pure enzyme in both of its principal forms: (I), without TPNH; and (II), containing an equimolal amount of noncovalently bound TPNH. The half-lives (t12>) of dihydrofolate reductase in the amethopterin-sensitive L1210 cells (L1210/S) and in the cells of a partially resistant subline (L1210/R2), characterized by an 8-fold increase in enzyme level, were 18 and 19 hr. When these cells were grown in the presence of sublethal concentrations of amethopterin, t12 values were increased to 39 and 90 hr. These results suggest that the transient increase in dihydrofolate reductase activity, observed when cells are exposed to amethopterin, is due largely to a decreased susceptibility of the enzyme-inhibitor complex to degradation. Bound TPNH also increases the half-life of dihydrofolate reductase as shown by the fact that forms (I) and (II) of the L. casei enzyme had tx12 values of approximately 3 and 9 hr.
Computer-Prepared Questionnaires and Grouping Theories: Considerations for Mail Surveys in Academic Settings.

Possible respondents in a 1974 survey of University of Kentucky doctoral graduates were sent either computer-prepared or offset-printed questionnaires, personalized and identical in content. No difference was found in the overall response rates to the two types of instruments. But when the responses were categorized by the academic major of each recipient according to the theories of Holland (1973) and Biglan (1973a, 1973b), differential response rates appeared. Moreover, interactions of questionnaire type and grouping category were also evident. Response rates were projected using the best type of questionnaire for each grouping category in which a significant interaction occurred. Neither grouping theory was found to be superior to the other in projected response rates.
The Indo-Asian continental collision: A 3-D viscous model

Abstract The large-scale physical process of the Indo-Asian continental collision and the formation of the Himalayan–Tibetan Plateau have been simulated in various viscous thin-sheet models, but the thin-sheet simplification also kept some important issues from being fully explored. Among these issues are the role of strike-slip fault zones in facilitating large-scale lateral translation of lithospheric blocks (the escaping tectonics) during the collision, and the speculated lateral flow of the ductile middle–lower crust under the Tibetan Plateau. Here we present a fully three-dimensional finite element model to simulate the Indo-Asian continental collision. The model includes major boundary faults to simulate the escaping tectonics, and vertically variable rheological structures to model lower crustal flow. The collisional process is constrained by the history of the Indo-Eurasian plate convergence and the present crustal thickness and topography of the Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicate that the restrictive boundaries of the Tibetan Plateau, including the rigid Tarim and South China blocks, largely control the spatiotemporal patterns of crustal deformation in the collision zone. As the Indian indenter moves toward the Tarim block, higher strain rates and topography developed in the western part of the collision zone than in the eastern part, causing the northward migration of the deformation front to gradually change to eastward migration in the past 10–20 Myr, broadly consistent with the initiation of widespread E–W extension in the Plateau. These restrictive boundary blocks also force the crustal and mantle materials in the collision zone to flow coherently, hence providing an alternative explanation for the apparently vertically coherent deformation in Tibet. Assuming that the crust weakens as it thickens, our model predicts the lateral expansion of the Tibetan Plateau, an important feature of the Tibetan tectonics that is missing in previous models with constant rheology.
Mechanism of Inactivation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by X-rays

INACTIVATION of tobacco mosaic virus by X-rays has been studied by Gowen and Price, by Lea and associates1 and by us2. The fraction surviving is an exponential function of dose with D 0 about 2.3 × 105 r. This value corresponds to a target 3000 A. long and about 40 A. in diameter2.
Intra-individual variability across neurocognitive domains in chronic hepatitis C infection: elevated dispersion is associated with serostatus and unemployment risk.

Approximately one-third of persons infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) evidence mild cognitive impairment that is consistent with frontostriatal systems dysfunction, including cognitive dyscontrol, and impacts everyday functioning. The present study examined the effects of HCV on neurocognitive dispersion, or within-person variability in neurocognitive performance across domains, which may be a function of poor sustained cognitive control. High dispersion was also hypothesized to increase risk for unemployment. The study sample included 37 individuals with HCV infection (HCV+) and 45 demographically comparable uninfected comparison participants (HCV−). Dispersion was operationalized as an intra-individual standard deviation (ISD) calculated across the demographically adjusted T-scores of 13 standard neuropsychological tests. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression approaches were used to evaluate associations between dispersion and HCV serostatus and employment status, respectively. HCV s...
Standards-based approaches to 3D and multiview video coding

The extension of video applications to enable 3D perception, which typically is considered to include a stereo viewing experience, is emerging as a mass market phenomenon, as is evident from the recent prevalence of 3D major cinema title releases. For high quality 3D video to become a commonplace user experience beyond limited cinema distribution, adoption of an interoperable coded 3D digital video format will be needed. Stereo-view video can also be studied as a special case of the more general technologies of multiview and "free-viewpoint" video systems. The history of standardization work on this topic is actually richer than people may typically realize. The ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), in particular, has been developing interoperability standards to specify various such coding schemes since the advent of digital video as we know it. More recently, the ITU-T Visual Coding Experts Group (VCEG) has been involved as well in the Joint Video Team (JVT) work on development of 3D features for H.264/14496-10 Advanced Video Coding, including Multiview Video Coding (MVC) extensions. This paper surveys the prior, ongoing, and anticipated future standardization efforts on this subject to provide an overview and historical perspective on feasible approaches to 3D and multiview video coding.
Molecular simulations of recognitive behavior of molecularly imprinted intelligent polymeric networks

A method simulating the formation of densely cross-linked polymeric networks was developed that incorporates both intramolecular as well as intermolecular interactions and the subsequent effects they have on the end network structure. The all-atom nature of the model allows for the simulation of network formation in a variety of conditions including differing solvent qualities, presence of inert species, as well as nonlocal effects such as polymerization in the presence of a template molecule. We employed an all-atom kinetic gelation technique that utilized an off-lattice approach that tracked the position and interaction of all atoms throughout the simulation. This model was then used to study the formation of polymeric networks capable of recognizing and binding a specific molecule out of a host of competing species. Simulation of the imprinted network formation was done using the all-atom kinetic gelation framework, which helped identify the interactions central to recognition. These results were verif...
Secondary Response of Ovarian Tumors to Topotecan Treatment

Three patients presented with ovarian cancer that was initially treated with paclitaxel and platinum-based compounds. Although responses to these agents occurred, tumor progression was evident by elevated CA 125 levels after a period of 11 to 35 months. These patients were then treated with topotecan and exhibited a response and stopped therapy. All patients subsequently had progression of disease. The patients were again treated with topotecan and have experienced favorable responses. All three patients are currently receiving treatment with topotecan and have stable disease. The results presented here suggest that re-treatment with anti-tumor agents, such as topotecan, may be able to elicit a response in tumors previously sensitive to these agents.
The Effect of Temperature and Density on Broiler Performance

Abstract STUDIES by Barrott and Pringle (1949, 1950), Ota and Garver (1954), Prince et al. (1960) and Howes et al. (1962) indicated that the optimum environmental temperature for growing broilers decreased to approximately 12.8° to 18.3° at 4 to 5 weeks of age. Some controversy exists in the literature concerning density effects on broiler performance. Tomhave and Seeger (1945), Mehrhof and O’Steen (1948), Heishman et al. (1952), Thayer et al. (1953), Hartung (1955), Brooks et al. (1957, 1958), Milligan et al. (1957), McHenry (1958), and Hanson and Becker (1960) reported a reduction in growth rate as floor area per bird was decreased. Siegel and Coles (1958), compared 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 square feet of floor space per broiler and found little difference in body weight. Olinde et al. (1965) used bird densities of 0.50, 0.67, and 1.00 square feet of floor space under fogging and non-fogging conditions. Fogging of broilers . . .
A Surface Pitting Life Model for Spur Gears: Part II—Failure Probability Prediction

A predictive pitting model for estimating failure probabilities and service lives has been developed. This paper presents the failure probability analysis and a discussion of the model’s application to spur gears. Probability estimates are based on an initial crack size distribution and on possible interaction between cracks and inclusions. Plots of the fraction of components experiencing pitting (percent) versus life show less spread than would be expected. However, trends predicted based on parametric variation are consistent with service behavior. The model is applied by linking the pitting model with a spur gear performance code. Results are compared with AGMA standards.
Identification of beta-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor target gene

SPECIFIC AIMSWe wished to characterize the promoter of the mouse gene (Bcm) for β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase (BCM), which catalyzes the first step of vitamin A biosynthesis from provitamin A car...
Ruut Veenhoven: Pioneer in Empirical Research on Happiness

Ruut Veenhoven is professor emeritus of social conditions for human happiness at Erasmus University Rotterdam and is still active at that university in the Erasmus Happiness Economics Research Organization (EHERO). He is also professor at North-West University in South Africa where he is involved in the Optentia research program. Veenhoven is founder of theWorld Database of Happiness and of the Journal of Happiness Studies.
Growth Evolution of Gallium Nitride Films on Stepped and Step-Free SiC Surfaces

Silicon carbide (SiC) is rapidly becoming the substrate of choice for the development of high frequency and high power electronic devices employing the III-V nitride family of materials. This heteroepitaxial growth system continues to receive considerable attention, as materials issues remain the fundamental limiters to device performance. The heteroepitaxial growth of gallium nitride (GaN) thin films on stepped and step-free 4H SiC surfaces is reported. Step-free SiC surfaces are created by mesa patterning of a SiC wafer and subsequent epitaxial growth in a process described previously. This process results in a collection of both step-free and stepped surfaces on a given sample. We have employed an established metalorganic chemical vapor deposition process to grow first a thin (1200A) aluminum nitride (AIN) nucleation layer and then a 2 μm thick GaN thin film. We have interrupted growth at various stages of AIN and GaN growth to evaluate the growth evolution using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show marked differences in the manner in which the initial AIN layer deposits. Nucleation is random with elongated grains on step-free SiC surfaces, while stepped surfaces have round nuclei of uniform dimensions and a high degree of spatial correlation with the nuclei arranged in rows. These differences diminish as the AIN layer approaches the desired thickness. Growth of the GaN epilayer is also markedly different on the two types of surfaces with step-free surfaces leading to random and low density nucleation of crystallites that remain as single grains for long growth times, whereas the stepped surfaces have large numbers nuclei that rapidly grow laterally. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that grain sizes are 2–3X larger on step-free surfaces.
What student teachers learn about multicultural education from their cooperating teachers

Abstract Teacher education has struggled to better prepare beginning teachers for an increasingly diverse student population. This research examines the role that cooperating teachers play in developing multicultural/equity pedagogy knowledge and skills among student teachers. Five cooperating teachers working in California, USA, each of whom had extensive and successful experiences teaching multicultural/equity pedagogy curricula, were asked to describe how they encourage their student teachers to engage in the materials and strategies they promote. Generally, the cooperating teachers reported that their most successful student teachers were those who came to understand the difference between expecting high-quality work from their students and sympathizing and identifying with their students’ plight as low-income Latino children. More specifically, they noted that student teachers had difficulty leading instructional conversations in small groups of students.
Middle-IR Random lasing of Cr:ZnS nanocrystalline powder - from diffusion to photon localization regimes

First room temperature mid-IR lasing due to intra-shell transitions in the doped semiconductor nanocrystals (NC) is reported. The 27 nm Cr:ZnS NCs oscillate at 2200 nm with 325 mJ/cm2 laser threshold. Temperature dependence of photoluminescence decay, lasing threshold and lasing wavelength maxima of Cr:ZnS NCs are studied.
Refractory Idiopathic Urge Urinary Incontinence and Botulinum A Injection

Purpose: We compared 200 U intradetrusor botulinum toxin A vs placebo in women with refractory idiopathic urge incontinence.Materials and Methods: This institutional review board approved, multicenter registered trial randomized women with refractory urge incontinence, detrusor overactivity incontinence and 6 or greater urge incontinence episodes in 3 days to botulinum toxin A or placebo at a 2:1 ratio. Refractory was defined as inadequate symptom control after 2 or more attempts at pharmacotherapy and 1 or more other first line therapies for detrusor overactivity incontinence. The primary outcome measure was time to failure, as evidenced by a Patient Global Impression of Improvement score of 4 or greater at least 2 months after injection, or changes in treatment (initiation or increase) at any time after injection. Safety data, including increased post-void residual volume, defined as more than 200 ml irrespective of symptoms, was obtained at specified time points.Results: Approximately 60% of the women ...
Validation of ovarian cancer gene expression signatures for survival and subtype in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues.

Abstract Introduction Gene expression signatures have been identified for epithelial ovarian cancer survival (TCGA) and intrinsic subtypes (Tothill et al.). One obstacle to clinical translation is that these signatures were developed using frozen tissue, whereas usually only formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue is available. The aim of this study was to determine if gene expression signatures can be translated to fixed archival tissues. Methods RNA extracted from FFPE sections from 240 primary ovarian cancers was analyzed by DASL on Illumina BeadChip arrays. Concordance of expression at the individual gene level was assessed by comparing array data from the same cancers (30 frozen samples analyzed on Affymetrix arrays versus FFPE DASL). Results The correlation between FFPE and frozen survival signature estimates was 0.774. The TCGA signature using DASL was predictive of survival in 106 advanced stage high grade serous ovarian cancers (median survival 33 versus 60months, estimated hazard ratio for death 2.30, P=0.0007). Similar to Tothill, we found using DASL that most high grade serous ovarian cancers (102/110, 93%) were assigned to subtypes 1, 2, 4 and 5, whereas most endometrioid, clear cell, mucinous and low grade serous cases (39/57, 68%) were assigned to subtypes 3 and 6 (P Conclusions Although individual probe estimates of microarrays may be weakly correlated between FFPE and frozen samples, combinations of probes have robust ability to predict survival and subtype. This suggests that it may be possible to use these signatures for prognostic and predictive purposes as we seek to individualize the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Influencing mental models of security: a research agenda

Over 80 million households in the United States have a home computer and an Internet connection. The vast majority of these are administered by people who have little computer security knowledge or training, and many users try to avoid making security decisions because they feel they don't have the knowledge and skills to maintain proper security. Nevertheless, home computer users still make security-related decisions on a regular basis -- for example, whether or not to click on a shady link in an email message -- without even knowing that's what they are doing. Their decisions are guided by how they think about computer security, or their "mental models," which do not have to be technically correct to lead to desirable security behaviors [44]. In other words, sometimes even "wrong" mental models produce good security decisions. By eliminating the constraint that nontechnical users must become more like computer security experts to properly protect themselves, we believe that we can create more effective ways of helping home computer users make good security decisions. To that end, we propose a research agenda that will help us learn how to shape the mental models of regular non-technical computer users.
Neutrophil Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Preeclampsia

The objective of this study was to determine whether (1) neutrophils of preeclamptic women express cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and (2) COX-2 mediates neutrophil interleukin 8 (IL-8) production. Neutrophils were isolated from heparinized blood collected from women with preeclampsia and normal pregnancy and from normal nonpregnant women. Cyclooxygenase 2 protein was measured in the neutrophils of the 3 groups by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To study the role of COX-2 in IL-8 production, neutrophils of normal pregnant women were activated with arachidonic acid (AA) and incubated overnight in Medium 199 with and without NS398, a specific COX-2 inhibitor. We found that neutrophils from preeclamptic women expressed significantly more COX-2 than neutrophils from normal pregnant or normal nonpregnant women. Arachidonic acid activated neutrophils to produce IL-8, which was completely inhibited by NS398. These data demonstrate that COX-2 is expressed in neutrophils of preeclamptic women and that COX-2 mediates IL-8 production by activated neutrophils.
Factor structure of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th ed.) for gifted children

Abstract Administration of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th ed.) to 60 elementary school students resulted in means consistent with their “gifted” status. With two exceptions subtest “g” factor loadings from these children are similar to the g factor loadings from the standardization sample. An orthogonal rotation, varimax solution, resulted in four factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. Like the standardization sample, these gifted children yielded some subtest loadings which are consistent with the Stanford-Binet “model”; also like the standardization sample, not all the subtests loadings agreed with the model-based assignment. Results from a second factor analysis, a LISREL confirmatory analysis, also only partially supported the Binet model. Implications for interpretation are discussed.
High Q/V Microdisk Resonators for Observation of Purcell Effect in Silicon Nanocrystals

Observation of Purcell enhancement, stimulated emission and nonlinear optical effects in microresonators depend critically on their quality factors (Q) and mode volumes (V). Ideally, a high value of Q/V ratio is desired. However, in most systems, there is a trade off between achieving a higher Q and reducing the size of the resonator (small V). For resonators containing Si nanocrystals (nc-Si), the Q-limiting optical loss mechanisms are: (a) the radiation loss resulting from low indices of refraction of the host material, (b) the sidewall scattering loss and (c) the material absorption. Based on these considerations, the aim of the present work is to experimentally characterize the quality factors and mode volumes of microdisk resonators containing luminescent silicon nanocrystals. This study helps us estimate the dimensions of optimal structures needed to observe the abovementioned effects (in particular, the Purcell effect) for nc-Si in the visible wavelength range. We report fabrication and characterization of micron sized, nc-Si coated, silicon nitride microdisk resonators with diameters ranging from 2 mum to 10 mum. Consistent with ray-optics and finite element simulations (FEM), small (diameter < 3 mum) microdisks appear to be limited by radiation loss whereas larger microdisks suffer from material absorption/sidewall scattering loss. These two competing mechanisms lead to a parameter window which achieves maximum Q/V for our system. We use these experimentally obtained values to predict the range of maximum Purcell enhancement achievable in our structures.
Relative Gains and the Pattern of International Cooperation.

Many political situations involve competitions where winning is more important than doing well. In international politics, this relative gains problem is widely argued to be a major impediment to cooperation under anarchy. After discussing why states might seek relative gains, I demonstrate that the hypothesis holds very different implications from those usually presumed. Relative gains do impede cooperation in the two-actor case and provide an important justification for treating international anarchy as a prisoner's dilemma problem; but if the initial absolute gains situation is not a prisoner's dilemma, relative gains seeking is much less consequential. Its significance is even more attenuated with more than two competitors. Relative gains cannot prop up the realist critique of international cooperation theory, but may affect the pattern of cooperation when a small number of states are the most central international actors.
Validation of Monte Carlo Estimates of Three-Class Ideal Observer Operating Points for Normal Data

Rationale and Objectives Traditional two-class receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is inadequate for the complete evaluation of observer performance in tasks with more than two classes. Materials and Methods Here, a Monte Carlo estimation method for operating point coordinates on a three-class ROC surface is developed and compared with analytically calculated coordinates in two special cases: (1) univariate and (2) restricted bivariate trinormal underlying data. Results In both cases, the statistical estimates were found to be good in the sense that the analytical values lay within the 95% confidence interval of the estimated values about 95% of the time. Conclusions The statistical estimation method should be key in the development of a pragmatic performance metric for evaluation of observers in classification tasks with three or more classes.
Interface Velocity Transients During Melting of a-Si/c-Si Thin Films

We report transient conductance measurements of liquid/solid interface velocities during pulsed laser melting of amorphous Si (a-Si) films on crystalline Si (c-Si), and a more accurate, systematic procedure for analyzing these measurements than described in previous work. From these analyses are extracted relations between the melting velocities of a-Si and c-Si at a given interface temperature, and between the temperature during steady-state melting of a-Si and c-Si at a given interface velocity. 14 refs., 3 figs.
CH3I vapor etching of masked and patterned GaAs

CH3I vapor etching of masked and patterned GaAs substrates has been experimentally investigated. For GaAs samples masked with silicon nitride stripes that are wider than 30 tzm, the etch depth increased compared to unmasked samples, the magnitude of which increased with increasing mask width. Etching of bulk substrates of (lll)Ga and (lll)As GaAs revealed a dependence of etch rate on crystal orientation, with (lll)Ga > (100)GaAs > (lll)As. Increasing etch temperature reduced the orientation dependence of etch rates. Orientation dependence of etch rates was also observed on non-planar GaAs substrates patterned to expose different orientations on wet-etched groove structures. In this case, etch rate differences between the different orientations were amplified when compared to the bulk substrate results. Finally, it was found that the extent of mask undercutting depended on the direction of mask stripes in a fashion consistent with the orientation reactivity results. Mask stripes on (100)GaAs oriented in the [011] direction were severely undercut whereas stripes oriented in the [011] direction were undercut less.
The Sexual Domain of Identity: Sexual Statuses of Identity in Relation to Psychosocial Sexual Health

Sexual identity has been substantially underinvestigated relative to other aspects of identity. The purpose of this study was to document the relationship between sexual psychosocial maturity, positive sexual self-concepts, and effective sexual decision-making/coping styles with the identity processes that college students choose to use in defining their sexual self. Participants in the study were 275 undergraduate male and female students between the ages of 18 and 24 who were attending a liberal arts college in New Jersey. A sexual domain of the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS) recently developed was used in this study to investigate sexual self-definitional processes. It was found that sexual identity achievement was most strongly endorsed and sexual identity diffusion was least endorsed, across age and gender, suggesting that this is an important domain of self-definition for college students. As hypothesized, sexual identity achievement had the strongest, positive relations...
FDI spillovers in the Chinese hotel industry: The role of geographic regions, star-rating classifications, ownership types, and foreign capital origins

Abstract Although productivity spillovers have long been recognized to be a major benefit of foreign direct investment (FDI), such spillovers have not yet been systematically studied in the context of the hotel industry. This paper investigates hotel-related FDI spillover effects as well as moderating factors (geographic region, star rating classification, ownership type and foreign capital origin) in China. Evidence from province-level panel data reveals the existence and significance of intra-industry spillovers from foreign to domestic hotels in China, although the nature and magnitude vary based on different moderating factors. Domestic hotels in eastern and western China and those with alliance and limited liability ownership structures benefit significantly from productivity spillovers. Foreign-invested three-star hotels transfer a significant amount of positive productivity, whereas domestic three- and five-star hotels benefit the most from productivity spillovers. Moreover, foreign-invested hotels from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (HMT) and non-HMT countries generate positive spillovers of similar magnitudes.
A REFERENCE-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING THE ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF STREAM NETWORKS IN SMALL WATERSHEDS

Nine field indicators were identified for evaluating the hydrologic, biogeochemical, and/or habitat functioning of stream channels, riparian zones, or both. We ranked condition from “relatively unaltered” to “severely altered” for each of the identified indicators based on the range of conditions actually encountered among reference sites in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA. The rankings provided a framework for developing a narrative used for scoring condition of the indicators at the scale of a reach (100-m-long × 60-m-wide segment). Reach condition was then derived by aggregating indicator scores, which were weighted by the number of functions with which each indicator was affiliated. Watershed-scale assessments were conducted by sampling randomly chosen first- to fourth-order reaches within stream networks at the density of approximately one 100-m reach per 1.0 km2 of watershed drainage area. We used the association between indicators and hydrologic, biogeochemical, and habitat functions to obtain aggregated, weighted scores for channel and riparian zone condition. We used both aggregated network scores and mean indicator scores to compare condition among stream networks. At a reach scale, scores of indicators suggest strategies for restoration. At the watershed scale, aggregate scores showed differences among stream networks that could be used to prioritize restoration efforts and monitor change over time.
Rapid Deployment of International Tele–Intensive Care Unit Services in War-Torn Syria

The conflict in Syria has created the largest humanitarian emergency of the twenty-first century. The 4-year Syrian conflict has destroyed hospitals and severely reduced the capacity of intensive care units (ICUs) and on-site intensivists. The crisis has triggered attempts from abroad to support the medical care of severely injured and acutely ill civilians inside Syria, including application of telemedicine. Within the United States, tele-ICU programs have been operating for more than a decade, albeit with high start-up costs and generally long development times. With the benefit of lessons drawn from those domestic models, the Syria Tele-ICU program was launched in December 2012 to manage the care of ICU patients in parts of Syria by using inexpensive, off-the-shelf video cameras, free social media applications, and a volunteer network of Arabic-speaking intensivists in North America and Europe. Within 1 year, 90 patients per month in three ICUs were receiving tele-ICU services. At the end of 2015, a network of approximately 20 participating intensivists was providing clinical decision support 24 hours per day to five civilian ICUs in Syria. The volunteer clinicians manage patients at a distance of more than 6,000 miles, separated by seven or eight time zones between North America and Syria. The program is implementing a cloud-based electronic medical record for physician documentation and a medication administration record for nurses. There are virtual chat rooms for patient rounds, radiology review, and trainee teaching. The early success of the program shows how a small number of committed physicians can use inexpensive equipment spawned by the Internet revolution to support from afar civilian health care delivery in a high-conflict country.
The crystal structure of thornasite, Na12Th3[Si8O19]4(H2O)18: A novel interrupted silicate framework

The crystal structure of thornasite, Na 12 Th 3 [Si 8 O 19 ] 4 (H 2 O) 18 , Z = 6, rhombohedral, a = 29.124(1), c = 17.2602(9) A, V = 12,679.2(9) A 3 , space group R 3 c , has been solved by direct methods, and refined to an agreement index ( R 1) of 5.7% calculated, based on 2266 unique observed reflections collected using Mo K α X-radiation and a CCD-based detector. The structure consists of a new interrupted silicate framework with composition [Si 8 O 19 ] 6− . The framework density is 15.4 atoms per 1000 A 3 , which is typical for microporous aluminosilicate materials. The framework density, together with the presence of a three-dimensional network of channels in the structure, permit thornasite to be designated as a new member of the zeolite structure family. The framework consists of cubic cages and distorted six-membered rings linked via common edges. The circuit symbol is (4 3 14 3 )(4 3 6 2 14) 3 (6.10.12) 3 (6 2 10) 6 . Interruptions of the framework are caused by the presence of Th 4+ cations that are coordinated by eight O atoms. Na + cations and H 2 O groups are located in channels through the structure. The theoretical parent framework for thornasite may be constructed by the insertion of two additional Si atoms in place of one Th atom. The theoretical framework density is 18.0 atoms per 1000 A 3 ; the circuit symbol is (4 3 10 3 )(4 3 6 2 10) 6 (4 3 6 2 8) 3 (4 3 6.8.10) 3 (4 2 6 2 8.10) 3 (4 1 6 3 8.10) 3 .
Second-Opinion Subspecialty Consultations in Musculoskeletal Radiology.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the significance of subspecialty second-opinion consultations for CT and MRI examinations in musculoskeletal (MSK) radiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS. All 3165 MSK CT and MRI examinations referred to one academic institution for second-opinion consultation during a 24-month period were reviewed by three MSK-trained radiologists. Outside and inside reports were compared by two independent MSK radiology fellows using a previously published 5-point scale. Clinically important differences (categories 4 and 5) were defined as those likely to change patient management. Statistical comparisons of rates were performed using a chi-square test with Bonferroni corrections. Interobserver reliability was reported using linear weighted kappa statistics and the percentage of agreement. RESULTS. Of all second-opinion examinations, 73.5% (2326/3165) had an outside report available for comparison and inclusion in this study. There were 610 of 2326 (26.2%) examinations wit...
Survival of the Sugarcane Borer Overwintering in Corn Stalks in Louisiana

Reason for the absence of the sugarcane borer, Diatraca saccharalis (F.), from the intervening areas between the commercial sugarcane producing sections of Texas, Louisiana, and Florida is not presently understood. Com, a preferred host of this insect, is well distributed over most of this area. Results of a 2-year investigation of this species overwintering in old cornstalks are given. The insect entered the winter in the larval stage inside cornstalks. Under normal winter conditions larval development continued place in the spring. All larvae in the stalks were killed in the winter of 1961-62. The data presented show this species is capable of overwintering under average weather conditions in old cornstalks in the Baton Rouge area, and that a relatively high number of overwintering larvae emerge as adults the following spring. The red-winged blackbird, Agelaius Phoeniceus phoeniceus (L.), was observed to be an effective predator on this insect overwintering in cornstalks.
Digging for “Spanish Gold”

The current study introduces the concept of ethnic compatibility to explain differences between strong and weak Hispanic identifiers' evaluation of print advertising. The findings challenge the effectiveness of multicultural advertisements that are intended to reach multiple ethnic groups simultaneously by featuring various ethnicities' models together. Although this non-adaptation communication strategy is mainstream in the United States, the findings suggest that it may be ineffective in connecting with strong Hispanic identifiers.
Application du modèle de comportement du consommateur «Defender»

Cet article examine la possibilite d'utiliser en pratique le modele de comportement du consommateur propose par Hauser et Shugan (1983), il explore aussi sa capacite predictive. Nous presentons des resultats sur deux categories de produits chacune representant plus de 100 millions de dollars de ventes annuelles. nous developpons des configurations perceptuelles "par dollar" et des distributions empiriques des "gouts" des consommateurs. Comme premier test du modele, nous comparons la capacite predictive du modele dans une categorie de produits a: 1/ des modeles de pre-test de marche utilisant des mesures en laboratoire, 2/ des methodes traditionnelles de configuration perceptuelle, 3/ un modele hybride utilisant le prix comme attribut, et 4/ des parts de marche reelles observees dans des villes tests. Pour la seconde categorie de produits, nous montrons comment utiliser le modele quantitatif pour ameliorer le jugement du manager. Au-dela du developpement d'une version empirique du modele "defender", nos analyses menent a un certain nombre d'hypotheses sur le comportement du consommateur qui valent la peine d'etre etudiees de facon plus approfondie.
Tundra-Taiga Biology: Human, Plant, And Animal Survival In The Arctic. By R. M. M. Crawford: New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 270 pp. $125.00 (softcover). ISBN 9780199559404

Professor Emeritus R. M. M. Crawford has written an engaging, thorough, and current text describing the arctic biome and its inhabitants. The unifying theme, as laid out in the preface, is consider...
Aedes albopictus and arboviruses: a concise review of the literature.

Ae. albopictus est un vecteur efficace des 4 virus de la dengue et est aussi capable de transmettre par voie ovarienne ces virus. Il peut aussi servir d'hote et/ou de vecteur a plusieurs autres arbovirus presentant une considerable importance medicale et veterinaire. Cette revue compile les etudes anterieurement publiees qui ont demontre une association experimentale ou naturelle entre Ae. albopictus et des arbovirus specifiques