cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging reactive oxygen species in arthritis.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of arthritides. Luminol was used as the primary reporter of ROS and photons resulting from the chemiluminescence reaction were detected using a super-cooled CCD photon counting system. Luminol was injected intravenously into groups of animals with different models of arthritis. Imaging signal correlated well with the severity of arthritis in focal and pan-arthritis as determined by histological measurement of ROS by formazan. Measurements were highly reproducible, sensitive, and repeatable. In vivo chemiluminescence imaging is expected to become a useful modality to elucidate the role of ROS in the pathogenesis of arthritides and in determining therapeutic efficacy of protective therapies. Mol Imaging (2004) 3, 159 – 162.
Media suitable for industrial production of Entomophthora virulenta zygospores

Entomophthora virulenta has been grown using inexpensive, commercial grade nutrient sources in order to produce a resting spore formulation available to agriculture. Solid media and liquid media in shake flasks and fermentors were examined. The best carbon sources for sporulation were dextrose and corn syrup, while the best nitrogen sources were yeast extract, soybean, and cottonseed flours. The optimal nutrient concentration (12%) produced 3 × 106spores/ml with a 70% germination rate within five days.
Sequencing Strategies and Coordination Issues in Outsourcing and Subcontracting Operations

Managing the supply chain has recently been the most significant task for manufacturing companies toward cost efficiency and customer satisfaction. Globalization not only increased the size of supply chains, but also created an environment where competing suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors need to cooperate. Even when firms own a significant portion of their supply chain, multiple parties with different performance measures and goals are involved in the decision-making processes. Examples from the automotive industry include General Motors, Ford Motor Company and others. Each division in such organizations tries to reach optimal plans for the portion of the overall system under its authority. However, the extent to which the individual goals are achieved depends on the decisions made by other parties involved in supply chains. Therefore, the quality of the strategic decisions made by such decision makers depends on the amount of information they have regarding other members of the supply chain. The more information is shared among the decision makers, the greater the resulting coordination benefits.
A Review of Climate Loads Relevant to Assessing the Watertightness Performance of Walls, Windows, and Wall-Window Interfaces

When assessing a wall assembly's ability to manage rainwater and control rain penetration, the two key climatic elements to consider are wind speed and rainfall intensity. However, of significance to rain penetration is the effect of wind-driven rain on the building cladding — that is wind coincident with rainfall. When water is present at openings in the cladding, water is driven into the layers of the assembly by the action of wind. Paths providing a direct line from openings in the cladding to inside the assembly offer particularly vulnerable points for water entry. Performance testing helps determine the location of vulnerable locations in a wall assembly and the test loads at which penetration occurs, and it possibly relates the amount of entry to specific details and simulated climate effects. Undertaking watertightness performance tests requires knowledge of extremes in wind-driven rain or specifically the occurrence and level of extreme rainfall events for locations of interest. A review of climate information on wind-driven rain is provided, and its relevance to assessing the watertightness performance of walls, windows, and wall-window interfaces is discussed. Values of rainfall intensity, duration, and frequency or occurrence are given, emphasizing the level of significance of these variables to different North American climates.
To simply identify “up or down” displacement of the ST segment in the electrocardiogram can lead to serious errors

The purpose of this brief communication is to emphasize that serious errors can occur when the interpreter of electrocardiograms simply identifies, but does not understand, the mechanism responsible for ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction or non-ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction. Such interpretive errors may, in turn, lead to the incorrect treatment of myocardial infarction. In addition, errors of omission are made when the interpreter states what is not present (non-ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction) rather than stating what is present in the electrocardiogram. Finally, the real question is, why does properly used thrombolytic therapy or angioplasty rejuvenate injured myocytes that are located in the epicardium but do not rejuvenate injured myocytes located in the subendocardial area?
Functional response in Antedon mediterranea (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Crinoidea): the interaction of prey concentration and current velocity on a passive suspension-feeder

The stalkless crinoid Antedon mediterranea (Lamarck) is a passive suspension-feeder, relying on exogenous currents to supply it with food. The animal uses aerosol filtration mechanisms to remove particles from suspension and thus can feed on particles which are smaller than the mesh of its filter. The influence of food availability on feeding activity of Antedon were monitored quantitatively in a laboratory flow chamber. Because the rate at which the animal encounters food particles, is a combined function of particle concentration and of ambient current speed, both these variables were manipulated simultaneously and their combined influence on feeding activity were monitored. Ambient current speeds were varied between 0.4 and 3.7 cm · s−1 and concentrations of food (the unicellular alga Hymenomonas) ranged from 0 controls to 10000 cells · ml−1. Both particle concentration and ambient current speed shape the functional response of Antedon at all values tested; however, they do not show an interactive effect. I.e., the feeding activity of the crinoid is not a function of the rate at which particles approach the filter but depends only on the ambient particle concentration and current speed. This observation can be accounted for by hydromechanical effects at the filter and a complex behavioral modulation of the feeding response. In addition to the above effects, a novel form of hysteresis in the feeding behavior was discovered: response to a given current velocity depends on whether that velocity was reached by an increase or a decrease in speed. This response may result from down regulation of receptor mediated events.
Physically-based edge labeling

The authors present a physically based approach, using polarization, to distinguish three types of image edges; limb edges, specular edges, and albedo/physical edges. Assuming general imaging conditions and smooth dielectric surfaces, a labeling scheme which enables one to distinguish among these edge types has been developed. The method is demonstrated on laboratory images. >
Enigmatic bipolar cell of rat visual cortex

Our earlier Golgi-electron microscopic study of bipolar cells in the rat visual cortex showed the axons of these neurons as forming asymmetric synapses (Peters and Kimerer; J. Neurocytol, 10:921-946, '81) in which the most common postsynaptic elements were dendritic spines. This result was unexpected, since Parnavelas (Parnavelas, Sullivan, Lieberman, and Webster: Cell Tissue Res. 183:499-517, '77) had earlier shown a bipolar cell from the same cortex to have an axon forming symmetric synapses with dendritic shafts. Here then was an enigma, strengthened by examination of neuronal components labelled by antibodies to two compounds in particular--namely, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Antibodies to these compounds preferentially label bipolar cells in the rat cerebral cortex, and the labelled axon terminals form symmetric synapses. Against this background the present study was performed, and it has been shown that the resolution to the enigma is that there are two different populations of bipolar cells in the rat visual cortex. Thus some Golgi-impregnated bipolar cells examined by electron microscopy after gold toning have been found to possess axons forming asymmetric synapses, and others have been found to have axons forming symmetric synapses. The axons of the bipolar cells forming asymmetric synapses most commonly synapse with dendritic spines (67%), although other terminals synapse with dendritic shafts (33%). In contrast, the bipolar cells with axons forming symmetric synapses preferentially synapse with dendritic shafts (100%). The population of bipolar cells that form symmetric synapses includes the ones that label with antibodies to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), for the axons of VIP-labelled bipolar cells have been traced to labelled terminals forming symmetric synapses. However, examination of the population of VIP-labelled axon terminals shows that in addition to dendritic shafts, some of the labelled terminals synapse with the cell bodies of pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells. This includes bipolar cells, some of which receive large numbers of VIP-labelled axon terminals. It is also shown that some VIP-positive bipolar cells have myelinated axons. Analysis of tissue labelled with VIP antibody reveals that about 50% of the total population of bipolar cells in the rat visual cortex is VIP positive. These results are discussed in the light of information about labelling of bipolar cells with antibodies to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and to other peptides, and it is suggested that most VIP-positive bipolar cells also contain GABA.
Determinants of gregariousness in the spectral tarsier (Prosimian: Tarsius spectrum)

Interspecific comparisons of mammals and primates suggest that the major determinants of gregarious behaviour are the distribution of food resources in space and time, predation pressure and infanticide avoidance. This study of gregarious behaviour in the spectral tarsier Tarsius spectrum at Tangkoko Nature Reserve, Sulawesi Indonesia suggests that all three may be important in understanding the relatively gregarious nature of spectral tarsiers. To test whether predation pressure was the major determinant of sociality for this species, I mimicked predation pressure by using predator models and playback predator vocalizations. In response to increased predation pressure from rubber models of snakes, the family group was observed mobbing the ‘predator’. On the other hand, when plastic bird of prey models were placed throughout the tarsier's territory the adult group members often increased their distance from one another. No significant response was made by the spectral tarsiers in response to playbacks of predator vocalizations. To test whether infanticide avoidance was the major determinant of sociality for this species, I compared the distance between adult males and females for three reproductive phases. When adult females were lactating, adult males were observed to decrease the distance between themselves and the adult female, while the female often attempted to increase the distance. However, groups containing either a pregnant female or a non-reproductive (cycling) female did not differ in their gregariousness. To explore whether the temporal distribution of resources was the major determinant of sociality in spectral tarsiers I collected insects hourly. The diet of spectral tarsiers is restricted to insects. Distance between group members closely followed hourly and monthly changes in insect abundance. During hours when abundance was high, distance between group members decreased and vice versa. Additional long-term and more fine-grained data need to be collected to ascertain the relative importance of resources, predators and infanticide in determining sociality in the spectral tarsier.
From the Glory of Hera to the Wrath of Achilles: Narratives of Second-Wave Masculinity and Beyond

Second-wave psychoanalytic feminism understood masculinity through theories that converge in seeing masculinity in mother-son terms. The dread of women, primary femininity, disidentification, father absence, and society without the father all portray an overpowering mother. Men’s reaction is to define masculinity as the not-feminine and as superior, to deny and deprecate femininity in themselves and in women. After Slater, I call these dynamics the “Glory of Hera.” I suggest that they more accurately describe the generic conflicts of men than Freud’s Oedipus. Here, I suggest a third classical narrative. Masculinity is equally, perhaps more basically, understood in terms of the “Wrath of Achilles.” The fundamental developmental and psychic challenge for men is how to be the senior male who humiliates rather than the junior male who feels humiliated and inferior. These dynamics are widespread clinically, and we find them not only in The Iliad but also throughout the literary and operatic canon.
Effect of CCK pretreatment on the CCK sensitivity of rat polymodal gastric vagal afferent in vitro.

To prevent the blood-borne interference and reflex actions via neighboring organs and the central nervous system, the study was conducted in an in vitro isolated stomach-gastric vagus nerve preparation obtained from overnight-fasted, urethan-anesthetized rats. Afferent unit action potentials were recorded from the gastric branch of the vagus nerve. The left gastric artery was catheterized for intra-arterial injection. In vitro we found that 1) 55/70 gastric vagal afferents (GVAs) were polymodal, responding to CCK-8 and mechanical stimuli, 13 were mechanoreceptive, and 2 were CCK-responsive; 2) sequential or randomized intra-arterial injections of CCK-8 (0.1-200 pmol) dose-dependently increased firing rate and reached the peak rate at 100 pmol; 3) the action was suppressed by CCK-A (Devazepide) but not by CCK-B (L-365,260) receptor antagonist; 4) neither antagonist blocked the mechanosensitivity of GVA fibers. These results are consistent with corresponding in vivo well-documented findings. Histological data indicate that the layered structure of the stomach wall was preserved in vitro for 6-8 h. Based on these results, it seems reasonable to use the in vitro preparation for conducting a study that is usually difficult to be performed in vivo. For instance, because there was no blood supply in vitro, the composition of the interstitial fluid, i.e., the ambient nerve terminals, can be better controlled and influenced by intra-arterial injection of a defined solution. Here we report that acutely changing the ambient CCK level by a conditioning stimulus (a preceding intra-arterial injection of increasing doses of CCK-8) reduced the CCK sensitivity of GVA terminals to a subsequent test stimulus (a constant dose of CCK-8 intra-arterial injection).
The Economics - Micro-, Behavioral, and Political - of 'Subsequent Remedial Measures' Evidence

Economic analyses of evidence law have proliferated in recent years. This paper criticizes the economic justifications that have been advanced on behalf of one rule in particular: the ban on proof of “subsequent remedial measures” to suggest inadequate precautions were taken before an accident. The conventional economic defense of this rule - that allowing SRM proofs discourages parties from taking steps to prevent recurrence of accidents - ignores the negative effect that banning SRM evidence has on incentives to take care ex ante. The behavioral economic rationale - that factfinders will overvalue SRM proofs because of “hindsight bias” - fails to weigh the risk of erroneous imposition of liability when such evidence is admitted against the risk of erroneous nonimposition of liability when it is excluded. Rather than a categorical ban, economic analysis supports a case-by-case evaluation of whether SRM proofs should be admitted in light of the strength of the remaining evidence in the case. The uneven enforcement of the SRM ban often noted by commentators can in fact be defended on these grounds. The scholarly defense of a categorical ban, the paper concludes, reflects a decidedly unempirical (and necessarily conservative) style of economic analysis that seeks to win assent by showing that it can rationalize existing legal rules. This form of law and economics is singularly unsuited for the analysis of evidence because it exacerbates the tendency of undesirable rules of proof to perpetuate themselves through the effect they have in shaping popular beliefs about how the world works.
Epidemiologic analysis of epidemic situation in two malaria outbreak spots

Objective To investigate the reason that the new case of malaria has never been found in Zhenou village since malaria outbreak in 2004,while there are new cases in Shenli village every year.Method The living environment of two villages were compared,and questionnaire investigation was made on the awareness rate of malaria prevention by cluster sampling.Results The awareness rate in Zhentou village was 80.77%,obviously higher than that in Shenli village(52.31%).Conclusions There is positive effect on epidemic control by strengthening the health education.
On the Metaphysical Basis and Modern Interpretation of Dong Zhongshu's Political Philosophy

The research on Dong Zhongshu should start with his achievements on historical philosophy in integrating, inheriting, studying and annotating Confucian classics and observe their central propositions. Dong Zhongshu's thought does not totally depend on political facts of the Han Dynasty but on Confucianism and the philosophers in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States. He put forward the theory of "telepathy between heaven and man" based on Spring and Autumn as well as The Annals of Spring and Autumn. His Confucian thoughts originated from the theories of The Book of Change, The Book of History, The Annals of Spring and Autumn and different schools in Pre-qin Period. Besides, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, there was a realistic demand in political change and the government wanted to transform from being inactive to being enterprising, which is the basis for the formation of Dong Zhongshu's thought. Dong Zhongshu's political philosophy has not only metaphysical basis but also modern interpretation. It can be called as the management system of modern ecology.
Creating the physical environment for transition cow success.

Field studies of transition cow management using Transition Cow Index™ as the outcome variable have shown that housing constraints are the major risk factors for fresh cow health in freestall dairies today. Key factors to improve fresh cow health are provision of sufficient bunk space so that all transition cows can eat simultaneously; minimizing social stress or the need to establish social rank during the prepartum period; provision of soft, bedded surfaces for standing and resting; and sizing of stalls and packs to facilitate the motions of lying and rising for large, mature cows. Provision of these conditions allows caregivers to screen for fresh cows that need attention in the most effective way.
Polyketide Glycosides from Bionectria ochroleuca Inhibit Candida albicans Biofilm Formation

One of the challenges presented by Candida infections is that many of the isolates encountered in the clinic produce biofilms, which can decrease these pathogens’ susceptibilities to standard-of-care antibiotic therapies. Inhibitors of fungal biofilm formation offer a potential solution to counteracting some of the problems associated with Candida infections. A screening campaign utilizing samples from our fungal extract library revealed that a Bionectria ochroleuca isolate cultured on Cheerios breakfast cereal produced metabolites that blocked the in vitro formation of Candida albicans biofilms. A scale-up culture of the fungus was undertaken using mycobags (also known as mushroom bags or spawn bags), which afforded four known [TMC-151s C–F (1–4)] and three new [bionectriols B–D (5–7)] polyketide glycosides. All seven metabolites exhibited potent biofilm inhibition against C. albicans SC5314, as well as exerted synergistic antifungal activities in combination with amphotericin B. In this report, we descr...
Is deception for reimbursement in obstetrics and gynecology justified

Deceptive reporting to insurers of procedure indications to obtain reimbursement for non-covered services creates ethical and legal problems for practitioners. The motive for deceptive reporting is rooted in the expectation that any medical intervention recommended by the physician--even if of marginal benefit--should be covered. This traditional expectation collides with changing medical economics. Patient expectations of medical technology and insurance also promote deception. The deceptive physician fails to acknowledge a changed paradigm of medical economics, threatens his or her future practice, and does not model technical and ethical virtues to residents and students. Such deception preempts any possible dialogue with insurers that might result in coverage for a larger group of patients. The harmful outcomes of false reporting, present and future, far outweigh any temporary monetary gain for the patient or physician.
Advancing the science of health disparities research.

Research to eliminate health disparities in the United States is best approached from the perspective of population health. The objectives of this paper are to: a) describe how ongoing research at the eight national Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities (CPHHD) is using a population health perspective and a community-based approach to advance the field of health disparities research; and b) to discuss potential implications of such research for health policies that target some of the determinants of population health. (Ethn Dis. 2007;17:427–433)
Exploring the Notion of Spatial Lenses

We explore the idea of spatial lenses as pieces of software interpreting data sets in a particular spatial view of an environment. The lenses serve to prepare the data sets for subsequent analysis in that view. Examples include a network lens to view places in a literary text, or a field lens to interpret pharmacy sales in terms of seasonal allergy risks. The theory underlying these lenses is that of core concepts of spatial information, but here we exploit how these concepts enhance the usability of data rather than that of systems. Spatial lenses also supply transformations between multiple views of an environment, for example, between field and object views. They lift these transformations from the level of data format conversions to that of understanding an environment in multiple ways. In software engineering terms, spatial lenses are defined by constructors, generating instances of core concept representations from spatial data sets. Deployed as web services or libraries, spatial lenses would make larger varieties of data sets amenable to mapping and spatial analysis, compared to today’s situation, where file formats determine and limit what one can do. To illustrate and evaluate the idea of spatial lenses, we present a set of experimental lenses, implemented in a variety of languages, and test them with a variety of data sets, some of them non-spatial.
A high power circuit model for the gate turn off thyristor

The authors present GTO (gate turn off thyristor) model which simulates both the static negative differential resistance characteristics and the dynamic switching characteristics. The model consists of parallel connection of two-transistor, three-resistor (2T-3R) circuits which make it compatible with the SPICE program. An experimental validation test shows that the accuracy of the model can be improved by increasing the number of 2T-3R cells. >
Mixed Methodology in Group Research: Lessons Learned.

Mixed methods research (MMR) is a useful paradigm for group work as it allows exploration of both participant outcomes and “how” or “why” such changes occur. Unfortunately, the group counseling literature is not replete with MMR studies. This article reviews the application of MMR to group contexts and summarizes the corpus of MMR on groups. Then, we synthesize lessons learned from planning, conducting, and analyzing 3 of our own mixed methods group studies that utilize consensual qualitative research. Practical guidance is presented as insights researchers may consider when they attempt to conduct meaningful and feasible MMR in a group setting.
Implementation and adaptation of the Re-Engineered Discharge (RED) in five California hospitals: a qualitative research study

Project Re-Engineered Discharge (RED) is an evidence-based strategy to reduce readmissions disseminated and adapted by various health systems across the country. To date, little is known about how adapting Project RED from its original protocol impacts RED implementation and/or sustainability. The goal of this study was to identify and characterize contextual factors influencing how five California hospitals adapted and implemented RED and the subsequent impact on RED program sustainability. Participant observation and key informant and focus group interviews with 64 individuals at five California hospitals implementing RED in 2012 and 2013 were conducted. These involved hospital leadership, personnel responsible for Project RED implementation, hospital staff, and clinicians. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach and constant comparative analysis. Both internal and external contextual factors were identified that influenced hospitals’ decisions on RED adaptation and implementation. These also impacted RED sustainability. External factors included: impending federal penalties for hospitals with high readmission rates targeting specific diagnoses, and access to external funding and technical support to help hospitals implement RED. Internal or organizational level contextual factors included: committed leadership prioritizing Project RED; RED adaptations; depth, accountability and influence of the implementation team; sustainability planning; and hospital culture. Only three of the five hospitals continued Project RED beyond the implementation period. The sustainability of RED in participating hospitals was only possible when hospitals approached RED implementation as a transformational process rather than a patient safety project, maintained a high level of fidelity to the RED protocol, and had leadership and an implementation team who embraced change and failure in the pursuit of better patient care and outcomes. Hospitals who were unsuccessful in implementing a sustainable RED process lacked all or most of these components in their approach.
Delay Minimization by Adaptive Framing Policy in Cognitive Sensor Networks

In this paper, a delay-minimal joint framing and scheduling policy is proposed for cognitive sensor networks, where a secondary sensor node collects measurement samples, combines them together into packets and transmits the packets to a central data fusion center after proper scheduling, when a shared channel is released by primary nodes. The main objective of this study is to minimize the end-to-end delivery time for secondary sensor nodes based on the current input traffic rate, channel availability process and channel bit error probability. The proposed method outperforms conventional constant-length framing policies for any choice of packet length by minimizing the delay and preventing potential queue instability under dynamic channel conditions. This method can be utilized by secondary nodes in a wide variety of wireless sensing applications in order to collect time-sensitive data with minimal delays
DEVELOPMENT OF TRIGONOMETRY LEARNING PACKAGE BY APPLYING COGNITIVE STRATEGIES AND SCIENTIFIC APPROACH IN GRADE X AT SMA

This study is research and development to produce learning package by applying cognitive strategy and scientific approach ini solving mathematics problem. The package include: (1) lesson plan, (2) student’s textbook, (3) teacher handbook, and (4) student’s worksheet. The development model used refers to 4-D model of Thiagaranjan, Semmel & Semmel which consists of defening phase, design phase, development phase, and dissemination phase. The study was conducted twice. The first tryout was conducted in grade X IPA 1 at SMAN 1 Bantaeng and the second tryout was conducted in grade X IPA 2 at SMAN 1 Bantaeng. The results obtained in the first tryout was: (1) the learning package is already practical, but still there are some suggestions need to be considered to improve the practicality of the package, (2) the learning package is yet effective because the classical completeness has not been achieved and students activity is not yet appropriate as expected, although the teacher’s ability to manage learning are already in high category and students’ response is already in positive category. The results of these analyzes are used to revise the package prior to the second trial. The results obtained in the second tryout were (1) the package is already practical, (2) the learning package is already effective, because the classical completeness has been reached, student’s activity is suitable as expected, the ability to manage the learning is in high category and students are already in positive category. Therefore, in the second tryout, prototype III was obtained which was valid, practical, and effective and continued with dissemination phase to obtain the final prototype. After 4 phases had been conducted, it is obtained learning package by applying cognitive strategies in solving mathematical problems which is are valid, practical, effective
Functional Communication Training

For full access, check the book out through your local library, request it on interlibrary loan, or order it through a book dealer.
Decision making and uncertainty quantification for individualized treatments using Bayesian Additive Regression Trees

Individualized treatment rules can improve health outcomes by recognizing that patients may respond differently to treatment and assigning therapy with the most desirable predicted outcome for each individual. Flexible and efficient prediction models are desired as a basis for such individualized treatment rules to handle potentially complex interactions between patient factors and treatment. Modern Bayesian semiparametric and nonparametric regression models provide an attractive avenue in this regard as these allow natural posterior uncertainty quantification of patient specific treatment decisions as well as the population wide value of the prediction-based individualized treatment rule. In addition, via the use of such models, inference is also available for the value of the optimal individualized treatment rules. We propose such an approach and implement it using Bayesian Additive Regression Trees as this model has been shown to perform well in fitting nonparametric regression functions to continuous and binary responses, even with many covariates. It is also computationally efficient for use in practice. With Bayesian Additive Regression Trees, we investigate a treatment strategy which utilizes individualized predictions of patient outcomes from Bayesian Additive Regression Trees models. Posterior distributions of patient outcomes under each treatment are used to assign the treatment that maximizes the expected posterior utility. We also describe how to approximate such a treatment policy with a clinically interpretable individualized treatment rule, and quantify its expected outcome. The proposed method performs very well in extensive simulation studies in comparison with several existing methods. We illustrate the usage of the proposed method to identify an individualized choice of conditioning regimen for patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation and quantify the value of this method of choice in relation to the optimal individualized treatment rule as well as non-individualized treatment strategies.
The Klan's Constitution

For 150 years, the Ku Klux Klan has engaged in a campaign of violence and terror to maintain white rule. A central aspect of the Klan that has received little attention is that, from the time it was created in 1866 until today, the Klan has defined its mission as a defense of the Constitution. This article examines what the Constitution has meant to the Klan and what it means for American constitutional culture that the nation’s most notorious hate group has defined its mission in constitutional terms. As this article shows, the Klan has consistently been guided by the conviction that the United States is fundamentally a white nation, that the nation’s founders were dedicated to white rule, and that the Constitution should be understood as the source of white power. The Klan has long used its expressed dedication to the Constitution to justify violence as necessary to defend the nation and what it believes to be the true meaning of the Constitution. The history of the Klan illustrates the recurring ways that political movements use constitutional rhetoric to advance narrow conceptions of American identity. The Klan has risen to prominence whenever whites have believed that their dominant status is threatened. Over the course of its existence, the Klan has succeeded in recruiting thousands of members by portraying threats to white power as attacks on the nation itself. Mobilizing to defend white power, Klan members have naturally rallied around the Constitution, which Americans have long understood to embody the nation’s fundamental values. To those who think of the United States as a white nation, defending the Constitution means defending whiteness.
Re-imagining Russia’s Social Care System in the Age of the Internet: the Gerontological NGO Dobroe Delo, the Madrid Plan, and the Rights of the Elderly

Jane Gary Harris – Professor emerita, Department of Slavic Languages, Literatures and Cultures, and MSW in Gerontology, University of Pittsburgh, USA. Email: jgharris@pitt.edu enced significant challenges and changes. This paper explores the rationale behind those challenges and the agency behind the changes. In doing so it raises several questions: it asks what role NGOs, and more specifically, Gerontological NGOs, played in advocating for and bringing about change, where and how they may or should be credited with helping to re-imagine a modern aging policy for the Russian Federation, and what implications this may have for aging policy priorities in the present and imminent future? It proposes that the incipient Gerontological NGO sector was instrumental in re-imagining a modern social care system for older persons – the basis for a modern comprehensive aging policy: by, among other things, utilizing the internet in the social sphere to advocate for the principles and recommendations of the United Nations model Madrid Plan; by advocating for the rights of the elderly; by calling for integrated social and medical care; and by linking gerontological research and aging policy. An inquiry into the nature of the influence of these NGOs on aging policy priorities required a micro-level examination of the particularly influential Gerontological NGO Dobroe Delo, suggesting its seminal role in unifying an inchoate Gerontological NGO sector, while simultaneously transforming the basic paradigm of aging policy to focus on the 'Rights of the Elderly.' In addition, this paper proposes that such research is critical to understanding how Russia’s aging policy has been re-imagined over the past decade and a half while asking what policy issues yet remain to confront future demographic demands.
Binding-promoted chemical reaction in the nanospace of a binding site: effects of environmental constriction

Chemical reactions in a confined nanospace can be very different from those in solution. Imine formation between molecular amines and an aldehyde inside a molecularly imprinted receptor was promoted strongly by the binding. Although how well the amine fit in the binding pocket and its electronic nature both influenced the reaction, the freedom of movement for the amine was the most important factor determining the binding-normalized reactivity.
Quadrilateral Space Syndrome: Diagnosis and Clinical Management

Quadrilateral space syndrome (QSS) is a rare disorder characterized by axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery (PHCA) compression within the quadrilateral space. Impingement is most frequently due to trauma, fibrous bands, or hypertrophy of one of the muscular borders. Diagnosis can be complicated by the presence of concurrent traumatic injuries, particularly in athletes. Since many other conditions can mimic QSS, it is often a diagnosis of exclusion. Conservative treatment is often first trialed, including physical exercise modification, physical therapy, and therapeutic massage. In patients unrelieved by conservative measures, surgical decompression of the quadrilateral space may be indicated.
Environmental DNA quantification in a spatial and temporal context: a case study examining the removal of brook trout from a high alpine basin

Analysis of aquatic environmental DNA (eDNA) is a promising tool to determine species distribution, abundance, and biomass. Understanding how the amount of eDNA collected is affected by spatial and temporal processes needs to become better understood before eDNA quantification can be used in species management. In this study, we analyzed how the amount of eDNA changed across space and time in a high mountain basin where nonnative fish were being removed. We sampled from restoration (sites with fish removal activities; n = 6) and control sites (sites with no fish removal activities where fish were present; n = 3) and found the number and biomass of fish removed were related to the quantities of DNA collected and not related to site position within the drainage. Our results indicate that the amount of eDNA collected in an open system can provide an index of population size despite inherent complications of analyzing a spatially connected and temporally dynamic watershed. However, there are complications when applying these methods in species management: (1) small increases in eDNA density corresponded to large increases in trout density; (2) eDNA and traditional field techniques disproportionately target certain life stages, complicating comparisons between techniques; and (3) eDNA index values may need to be calibrated when sampling different species, life stages, environments, and habitats. We call for further research before this process can be used in a management context.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an umbrella term for two species of viruses, BVDV1 and BVDV2, within the genus Pestivirus of the family Flavivirus. BVDV viruses are further subclassified as cytopathic and noncytopathic based on their activity in cultured epithelial cells. Noncytopathic BVDV predominate in nature. BVDV are found worldwide and acute infections may result in enteric, respiratory, and/or reproductive disease of varying severity, depending on the BVDV strain, the immune and reproductive status of the host, and the presence of secondary pathogens. Acute BVDV infections are always accompanied by immune suppression due, at least in part, to the death of immune cells within lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue and reduction of numbers of circulating white blood cells. The suppression of the immune system leaves infected animals vulnerable to secondary infections. BVDV infections are most commonly associated with cattle but can occur in a wide variety of domesticated and wild ruminants including white tail and mule deer, bison, elk, and sheep. In addition to acute infections, BVDV strains may establish persistent infections which result from exposure in utero to a noncytopathic BVDV. Persistently infected animals that become superinfected with cytopathic BVDV may develop mucosal disease (MD).
Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of kepone in field-collected avian tissues and eggs

A procedure is described for determining Kepone (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd] pentalene-2-one) residues in avian egg, liver, and tissue. Samples were extracted with benzene-isopropanol, and the extract was cleaned up with fuming H2SO4-concentrated H2SO4. Kepone was separated from organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls on a Florisil column and analyzed by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The average recovery from spiked tissues was 86%. The analyses performed on 14 bald eagle carcasses and livers, 3 bald eagle eggs, and 14 osprey eggs show measurable levels which indicate that Kepone accumulates in the tissues of fish-eating birds. Residues were confirmed by GLC-mass spectrometry.
What's in a URL? Genre Classification from URLs

Abstract : The importance of URLs in the representation of a document cannot be overstated. Shorthand mnemonics such as wiki or blog are often embedded in a URL to convey its functional purpose or genre. Other mnemonics have evolved from use (e.g., a Wordpress particle is strongly suggestive of blogs). Can we leverage from this predictive power to induce the genre of a document from the representation of a URL? This paper presents a methodology for webpage genre classification from URLs which, to our knowledge, has not been previously attempted. Experiments using machine learning techniques to evaluate this claim show promising results and a novel algorithm for character n-gram decomposition is provided. Such a capability could be useful to improve personalized search results, disambiguate content, efficiently crawl the Web in search of relevant documents, and construct behavioral profiles from clickstream data without parsing the entire document.
A retrospective analysis of carboplatin plus etoposide in patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma.

e16591Background: Unresectable/metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with limited treatment options. The current standard of care is to provide etoposide, doxorubicin, ci...
Race and the Likelihood of Intimate Partner Violence Arrest and Dual Arrest

Research on the impact of race on the likelihood an incident of intimate partner violence will result in arrest is mixed. Some scholars find racial minorities to be at lower risk of arrest, some fi...
Sport versus climate: Introducing the climate vulnerability of sport organizations framework

© 2018 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand Climate change presents a significant and growing challenge to the sport industry, especially outdoor and winter sports. The authors present a conceptual framework that elucidates the varying states of climate vulnerability a sport organization may face, so practitioners may better understand the risks of climate change. The authors developed the Climate Vulnerability of Sport Organizations (CVSO) framework by building on—and linking—concepts of climate vulnerability, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity in the context of sport organizations. By placing potential impact on one axis and organizational climate capacity on the other, the authors present four quadrants representing four types of climate vulnerability: the Problem State, the Redundant State, the Responsive State, and the Fortified State. Positioning organizations within the CVSO framework facilitates a better understanding of the effort and resources needed to address climate-related risks. Though not all sport organizations will be equally impacted by climate change, all must be prepared to identify the risks to their organizations.
Time-Dependent Cone Penetration Resistance of a Postliquefaction Sand Deposit at Shallow Depth

AbstractThe liquefaction resistance of postliquefaction sand is time-dependent and still largely unknown. In this paper, the time-dependent liquefaction resistance of a postliquefaction sand deposi...
In-situ observation of cutting-induced failure processes of single high-performance fibers inside a SEM

Abstract Insight into the detailed fracture processes of single high-performance fibers improves understanding for the nature of their unique resistances to external loads. Here, we show the in-situ observation of entire fracture processes of an uncoated single Kevlar® KM2 Plus and Dyneema® SK76 fiber cut by a razor blade at various angles in a Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), including initial contact, deformation, crack initiation and propagation until final failure. The effects of gauge length, sputter coating of the platinum, fiber type and cutting angle on the fiber failure were investigated and discussed. The mass-efficient cutting resistance of a single fiber was evaluated by the specific energy. The diversity of the failure modes and cutting resistance were analyzed and attributed to the specific fiber nanostructure and different cutting angles.
Cannabidiol: A Brief Review of Its Therapeutic and Pharmacologic Efficacy in the Management of Joint Disease.

Cannabis use in the management of musculoskeletal diseases has gained advocacy since several states have legalized its recreational use. Cannabidiol (CBD), a commercially available, non-neurotropic marijuana constituent, has shown promise in arthritic animal models by attenuating pro-inflammatory immune responses. Additional research has demonstrated the benefit of CBD in decreasing the endogenous pain response in mice subjected to acute arthritic conditions, and further studies have highlighted improved fracture healing following CBD use in murine mid-femoral fractures. However, there is a lack of high-quality, novel research investigating the use of CBD in human musculoskeletal diseases aside from anecdotal accounts and retrospective reviews, perhaps due to legal ramifications limiting the enrollment of patients. The purpose of this review article is to highlight the extent of current research on CBD and its biochemical and pharmacologic efficacy in the treatment of joint disease, as well as the evidence for use of CBD and cannabis in patients undergoing joint arthroplasty. Based on available literature relying on retrospective data and case reports, it is challenging to propose a recommendation for CBD use in perioperative pain management. Additionally, a number of CBD products currently available as supplements with different methods of administration, and it is important to remember that these products are non-pharmaceuticals. However, given the increased social relevance of CBD and cannabis-based medicines, future, prospective controlled studies evaluating their efficacy are needed.