cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of National Tides and District-Level Effects on Electoral Outcomes: The U.S. Congressional Elections of 1862-63

We examine the U.S. Congressional elections of 1862-63, which resulted in a stunning setback for President Abraham Lincoln and the incumbent Republican Party. After the electoral "dust" had cleared, the Republicans lost control of the House, as their share of seats declined from 59 percent to just over 46 percent. While historians contend that the national electorate's general unhappiness with the war effort produced a largely systematic backlash against all Republican candidates, we explore the impact of both national tides and district-level effects on electoral outcomes. Specifically, we hypothesize that the emergence of quality challengers, district-specific war casualties, and the timing of the midterm elections in conjunction with changing national conditions influenced individual electoral fortunes. Our empirical analysis confirms each of these expectations. More generally, our results provide support for modern theories of electoral outcomes in a previously unexplored historical context and suggest several potential avenues for further research. W hile the economic, social, and military aspects of the American Civil War have been the focus of intensive research by historians and social scientists, the political aspects have not received the same careful attention. In particular, aside from some studies of the U.S. Presidential Election of 1864,1 little is known about general electoral politics during the war, both North and South. This article takes a small step toward filling that void by examining one particularly important political event, the U.S. Congressional elections of 1862-63, which would dramatically shape the political conduct of the war effort in the United States until the conclusion of hostilities.2 The midterm House elections were a disaster for President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans, as the party lost twenty-three seats and saw its majority status disappear: while the Republicans made up 59 percent of the 37th House, they would only comprise 46.2 percent of the 38th House
Risk factors for placenta accreta: a large prospective cohort

Objective Placenta previa and prior cesarean delivery are known risk factors for placenta accreta. However, other risk factors have not been identified. Our objective was to examine risk factors for accreta using data collected prospectively in a large multicenter cohort. Study Design Secondary analysis of women with accreta compared to those without accreta in a large multicenter cesarean delivery cohort. Potential accreta risk factors were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results In this study, 196 of 73,257 (0.27%) cesarean deliveries were complicated by accreta. As expected, women with increasing numbers of prior cesareans were more likely to have an accreta (p Conclusion Patients with previa have increased risk for accreta that increases with the number of prior cesarean deliveries. However, no other maternal characteristics were associated with accreta.
Invariant two-component structure of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)

The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS; Randolph, 1998 , 2012 ) is a brief neurocognitive instrument used to evaluate cognitive functioning in clinical settings. Prior investigations of the factor structure have revealed subtle differences across samples. It was hypothesized that these differences are primarily the result of methodological decisions made by researchers. The present study utilized empirically supported extraction criteria (parallel analysis; minimum average partial procedure) and uniformly investigated 5 samples. RBANS data from 4 previously published studies (Carlozzi, Horner, Yang, & Tilley, 2008 ; Duff, Hobson, Beglinger, & O'Bryant, 2010 ; Duff et al., 2006 ; Wilde, 2006 ) were reanalyzed, and a new clinical sample was obtained from the Gundersen Health System Memory Center. The congruence of factor structures was investigated by conducting orthogonal vector matrix comparisons (Barrett, 2005 ), and a robust 2-factor structure reliably emerged across samples. The invariant RBANS 2-factor structure primarily emphasized memory and visuospatial functioning. This finding offered further support for a 2-factor RBANS structure identified in previous studies and additionally provided empirical documentation of replication across diverse samples. Due to the expansive use of the RBANS, this psychometric knowledge has significant clinical implications. It should facilitate accurate interpretation of test data and allow clinicians to make more informed decisions regarding whether the instrument is appropriate to use in various clinical settings.
The cerebral ventricles of the dog

The present investigation examined the ependymal linings of the cerebral ventricles of the dog following a single intracisternal injection of the viable antigen, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). One or 3 days following the injection of BCG, animals were perfused with buffered aldehydes. Portions of the linings of the lateral, third and fourth cerebral ventricles were removed and routinely prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Following BCG injection, a tremendous increase in the number of supraependymal cells is apparent throughout the entire cerebral ventricular system. Especially high concentrations of cells were observed on the ependyma overlying the following regions; the caudate nucleus, in the lateral ventricles; the interthalamic adhesion, lateral walls and floor of the third ventricle; lateral margin of the floor, lateral apertures and median sulcus of the fourth ventricle. The supraependymal cell population of infected animals was composed of macrophages, B lymphocytes, neutrophils, and lymphoblasts. Macrophages were found in highest concentration within these supraependymal cell populations. Furthermore, large aggregates of macrophages were observed on the ependyma overlying the interthalamic adhesion of the third ventricle and median sulcus of the fourth ventricle. It was suggested that these clusters may represent the early development of epithelioid granulomas.
Synthesis of Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_(8+δ) Superconducting Film by Pechini Method

Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ( Bi2212) superconductor thin films were deposited on STO( 100) singlecrystal substrate by Pechini method. The effect of metal ions ratio and preheated temperature on phase formation and surface morphology of final film were investigated. The results reveal that phase purity of Bi2212 film is improved by increasing Ca2 +molar ration in solution. Both surface morphology and phase purity of Bi2212 film are influence by preheated temperature. Pure c-axis Bi2212 film is formed at 1108 K for 10 min under optimum experimental condition.
Exceptional Thermal Conductance across Hydrogen‐Bonded Graphene/Polymer Interfaces

Ineffective heat transfer between dissimilar materials of drastically different properties is a challenge for many areas including nanoelectronics and nanocomposites. Here, using atomistic simulations, it is demonstrated that the thermal conductance across the interfaces between graphene and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) can be improved by 273% by introducing hydrogen-bond-capable hydroxyl groups to the interfaces. Stronger than van der Waals interactions, the hydrogen bonds are found to improve the interfacial association, thereby enhancing the coupling of low-frequency vibrational modes. Using the integrated autocorrelation of interfacial heat power, it is shown directly that the hydrogen bond donors, i.e., oxygen atoms in the hydroxyl groups, build the most effective thermal transport pathways at the graphene/PMMA interfaces. The enhanced interfacial thermal conductance is tunable in a wide range by varying the degree of functionalization, with an upper limit imposed by the saturation of hydrogen bonding. All these results suggest the design of “hydrogen-bonded material interfaces” for drastically improving interfacial thermal transport toward a wide range of applications.
Genital Swelling Secondary to Leakage from Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: Computerized Tomography Diagnosis

We report a case of acute genital swelling in a patient receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Physical examination did not identify or localize any defect. Computerized tomography demonstrated extravasation into the left groin and scrotum. Surgical repair of an inguinal hernia resulted in complete resolution of the genital swelling.
TH-AB-209-11: Breast Microcalcification Classification Using Spectral X-Ray Coherent Scatter Computed Tomography

Purpose: To investigate the ability of Coherent Scatter Computed Tomography (CSCT) to distinguish non-invasively between type I calcifications, consisting of calcium oxalate dihydrate (CO) compounds which are more often associated with benign lesions, and type II calcifications containing hydroxyapatite (HA) which are predominantly associated with malignant tumors. Methods: The coherent scatter cross sections of HA and CO were measured using an energy dispersive x-ray diffractometer. The measured cross sections were introduced into MC-GPU Monte Carlo simulation code for studying the applicability of CSCT to discriminate between the two types of microcalcifications within the whole breast. Simulations were performed on a virtual phantom with inserted HA and CO spots of different sizes and placed in regions of interest having different background compositions. We considered a polychromatic x-ray source and an energy resolving photon counting detector. We applied an algorithm that estimates scatter components in projection space in order to obtain material-specific images of the breast. As material components adipose, glandular, HA and CO were used. The relative contrast of HA and CO components were used for type I and type II microcalcification discrimination. Results: The reconstructed CSCT images showed material-specific component-contrast values, with the highest CO or HA component contrast corresponding generally to the actual CO or HA feature, respectively. The discrimination performance varies with the x-ray intensity, calcification size, and background composition. The results were summarized using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with the area under the curve (AUC) taken as an overall indicator of discrimination performance and showing high AUC values up to unity. Conclusion: The simulation results obtained for a uniform breast imaging phantom indicate that CSCT has potential to be used as a non-invasive method for discrimination between type I and type II microcalcifications.
The DRCOG Revision Guide: Examination Preparation and Practice Questions

Following the format change to single best answer questions (SBAs) for the Diploma of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, this excellent resource is fully aligned with the new syllabus and exam style. Topics covered include basic clinical and surgical skills, all stages of pregnancy from antenatal care to postpartum problems, and general gynaecological and fertility concerns. Containing 310 single best answer (SBA) style questions, detailed explanations ensure candidates understand the reasoning and evidence-based decision-making behind each answer. With a recommended reading source also provided readers can explore and revise topics in further detail to reinforce their learning. A further 130 questions are included in two mock exam papers, helping candidates to strengthen their time management skills. Written by an author with many years' experience working on the DRCOG, candidates can be sure of the exact question format and how best to prepare for the actual exam.
Exact binomial sample sizes by successive substitution

On presente un algorithme de substitution successive qui calcule une sequence de tailles d'echantillons exacts pour des intervalles de confiance binomiaux sur la base de parametres classiques dans les problemes d'assurance qualite
Greenhouse gas emissions from dairy manure management in a Mediterranean environment.

Livestock agriculture is a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with a substantial proportion of emissions derived from manure management. Accurate estimates of emissions related to management practices and climate are needed for identifying the best approaches to minimize, and potentially mitigate, GHG emissions. Current emissions models such as those of the IPCC, however, are based on emissions factors that have not been broadly tested against field-scale measurements, due to a lack of data. We used a diverse set of measurements over 22 months across a range of substrate conditions on a working dairy to determine patterns and controls on soil-based GHG fluxes. Although dairy soils and substrates differed by management unit, GHG fluxes were poorly predicted by these or climate variables. The manure pile had the greatest GHG emissions, and though temperature increased and O2 concentration decreased following mixing, we detected almost no change in GHG fluxes due to mixing. Corral fluxes were characterized by hotspots and hot moments driven by patterns in deposition. Annual scraping kept the soil and accumulated manure pack thin, producing drier conditions, particularly in the warm dry season. Summed over area, corral fluxes had the greatest non-CO2 global warming potential. The field had net CH4 consumption, but CH4 uptake was insufficient to offset N2 O emissions on an area basis. All sites emitted N2 O with a similar or greater climate impact than CH4 . Our results highlight the importance of N2 O emissions, a less commonly measured GHG, from manure management and present potential opportunities for GHG emissions reductions.
Profiles of miRNAs in serum in severe acute drug induced liver injury and their prognostic significance

Background & Aims Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is challenging because of the lack of biomarkers to predict mortality. Our aim was to describe miRNA changes in sera of subjects with acute idiosyncratic DILI and determine if levels of miRNAs were associated with 6 month mortality. Methods Clinical data and sera were collected from subjects enrolled in the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network prospective study. miRNAs were isolated from serum obtained from 78 subjects within 2 weeks of acute DILI and followed up for 6 months or longer. miRNAs were compared to 40 normal controls and 6 month survivors vs non-survivors. Results The mean age of the DILI cohort was 48 years, and 55% were female. Eleven (14.1%) subjects died, 10 within 6 months of DILI onset, 5 (45%) liver related. Lower levels of miRNAs-122, -4463 and -4270 were associated with death within 6 months (P<.05). None of the subjects with miRNA-122 greater than the median value died within 6 months for a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 57%. In subjects with a serum albumin <2.8 g/dL and miR-122<7.89 RFU the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for death within 6 months were 100%, 57%, 38% and 100% respectively. Conclusions Serum miRNA-122 combined with albumin accurately identified subjects who died within 6 months of drug induced liver injury. If confirmed prospectively, miRNA-122 and albumin may be useful in identifying patients at high risk for mortality or liver transplantation.
Use, maintenance and dose effects of cognitive speed of processing training in Parkinson's disease

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Recent research indicated that cognitive speed of processing training (SPT) improved Useful Field of View (UFOV) among individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). The effects of SPT in PD have not been further examined. The objectives of the current study were to investigate use, maintenance and dose effects of SPT among individuals with PD. Methods: Participants who were randomized to SPT or a delayed control group completed the UFOV at a six-month follow-up visit. Use of SPT was monitored across the six-month study period. Regression explored factors affecting SPT use. Mixed effect models were conducted to examine the durability of training gains among those randomized to SPT (n = 44), and training dose effects among the entire sample (n = 87). Results: The majority of participants chose to continue to use SPT (52%). Those randomized to SPT maintained improvements in UFOV performance. A significant dose effect of SPT was evident such that more hours of training were associated with ...
"Osteotropic" Wnt/LRP Signals: High-Wire Artists in a Balancing Act Regulating Aortic Structure and Function.

Every osteotropic agent has vasculotropic actions. I have yet to see this principle violated. The reason most likely lies within the intimate relationships between bone matrix biology and the arterial vasculature in vertebrate physiology.1 Prototypic bone anabolic hormones, such as parathyroid hormone, recruit osteoblast-derived signals to realign marrow vascular proximity to sites of bone formation.2 These responses are shaped by parathyroid hormone–regulated mechanical cues sensed by osteocytes,3,4 the parenchymal cells imbedded with bone matrix that regulate osteogenic Wnt actions via the release of sclerostin5—an inhibitor of the Wnt coreceptors low-density lipoprotein receptor–related proteins (LRP), LRP5 and LRP6.6,7 The vasculature also provides the sustentacular niche for the osteoprogenitor throughout the skeletal lifespan.8 Conversely, the osteoblasts and progenitors of bone marrow create the hematopoietic microenvironment9 and are regulated gatekeepers of hematopoietic cell egress into the circulation.10 In response to global physiological demands, the vasculature also provides the conduit for movement of calcium and phosphate in and out of the mineralized repository that is the calcified skeletal extracellular matrix.1 See accompanying article on page 553 Some the earliest connections between vascular health and osteotropic signaling were discovered by Bostrom et al.11 In 1993, they demonstrated the expression of the powerful bone morphogenetic protein 2 in the calcifying carotid plaques of patients afflicted with atherosclerosis.11 Many laboratories, including ours, discovered that the Wnt signaling cascades, initially identified as important in craniofacial bone and tooth formation, also participated in vascular mineralization and arteriosclerotic stiffening of conduit vessels.12–18 In both bone19 and aortic vasculature,20 Wnt signaling is an important mediator of osteogenic differentiation downstream of bone morphogenetic protein stimulation. The Wnt family of polypeptide ligands signal via the frizzled family of G-protein–coupled plasma membrane receptors, …
Abstract TP350: Determinants of Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Ischemic Stroke Patients After Endovascular Therapy

Introduction: Hemorrhagic transformation is a serious complication after endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Compared to the number of patients who have hemorrhage on follow-up ne...
Subsequent Events; and Going Concern

Subsequent events are events or transactions that occur subsequent to the balance-sheet date, but prior to the issuance of the financial statements that have a material effect on the financial statements and therefore require adjustment or disclosure in the statements. Two types of subsequent events require consideration by management and evaluation by the independent auditor. Likewise, the auditor should evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time.
A definition for robotics as an academic discipline

To develop scientific methods for evaluation in robotics, the field requires a more stringent definition of the subject of study, says Signe Redfield, focusing on capabilities instead of physical systems.
An analytical model for the upper bound estimation of respiratory motion-induced dose uncertainty in spot-scanning proton beam therapy.

Purpose We developed an analytical model of a spot-scanning beam delivery system to estimate the upper bound of respiratory motion-induced dose uncertainty for a given treatment plan. Methods The effective delivery time for each spot position in the treatment plan was calculated on the basis of the parameters of the delivery system. The upper bound of the dose uncertainty was then calculated as a function of the effective delivery time. Two-dimensional (2D) measurements with a detector array on a one-dimensional moving platform were obtained to validate the model. Results We performed 351 two-dimensional measurements on a moving platform for different delivery sequences of a single-layer uniform pattern and patient treatment field. The measured dose uncertainty was a strong function of the effective delivery time: The shortest effective delivery time resulted in a maximum absolute dose error of >90%, while the longest ones resulted in a maximum absolute dose error of 4.9% for a single layer and 9.7% for a patient field with heterogeneity. The relationship of the effective delivery time and the measured dose uncertainty followed the analytical formula. Conclusions With our analytical model, the upper bound of the dose uncertainty due to motion can be estimated in spot-scanning proton therapy without four-dimensional dynamic dose calculation.
Dependence of film morphology on deposition rate in ITO/TPD/Alq3/Al organic luminescent diodes

Abstract Organic multilayers of N,N ′ -diphenyl- N,N ′ -bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1 ′ -biphenyl-4,4 ′ -diamine(TPD)/aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)(Alq 3 ) were evaporated on the indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates under different conditions. The effect of deposition rate on the surface morphology of top Alq 3 films and I – V curves of organic luminescent diodes (OLED)s is studied, in order to optimize the Alq 3 film growth conditions. SEM and AFM images show dense, uniform surface for high deposition rate (>0.4 nm/s) devices, and local pinholes on the surface for device of low ( I – V characteristic measurement shows resistive characteristics with no luminescence for low deposition rate devices, and diode characteristics with characteristic green luminescence for the high deposition rate. The deposition rate is identified as one of the key factors in the performance of the TPD/Alq 3 device due to its great influence on the surface morphology of top Alq 3 films.
The Relationship Between Religious Nationalism, Institutional Pride, and Societal Development: A Survey of Postcommunist Europe:

Past research suggests that religious nationalism increases during periods of dramatic change and insecurity. This article uses survey data to examine religious nationalism in postcommunist Europe....
PULMONARY VEIN TUMOR THROMBUS IN A PATIENT WITH WITH METASTASIS TO THE BRAIN

Tumor and thrombotic involvement of the pulmonary vein (PV) is a rare finding. In patients with central nervous system (CNS) metastasis in the setting of a suspected PV source, use of anti-thrombotic therapy is unknown. A 65 year old female presented to the emergency department with headache, lower
Latinxs’ bilingualism at work in the US: Profit for whom?

Abstract In the current context of a globalized economy, bilingualism is increasingly portrayed as a resource for corporations and for workers competing for jobs in today’s slim market. In this paper we analyze the economic value of languages other than English in the US, Spanish in particular. Working from a political economy perspective and drawing from current theoretical approaches to language and labor under neoliberalism, we examine the reproduction of the discursive trope of language profit in the corporate world and educational spaces, and then analyze the narratives and trajectories of young Latinx workers in New York. The marginalized position of Latinxs in the social structure and the racialization of their linguistic practices result in a linguistic exploitation that remains unchallenged in the US. We conclude that today’s celebrations of bilingualism, which follow a capitalist logic, perpetuate a hierarchy of languages and speakers that is detrimental to racialized minorities.
Shared and distinct developmental pathways to ASD and ADHD phenotypes among infants at familial risk

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are believed to share partially overlapping causal mechanisms suggesting that early risk markers may also overlap. Using latent profile analysis (LPA) in a sample of infants enriched for ASD and ADHD, we first examined the number of distinct groups of 3-year-old children, based on ADHD and ASD symptomatology. To investigate early predictors of ASD and ADHD symptom profiles, we next examined differences in trajectories of infant behaviors among the LPA classes spanning general development, negative affect, attention, activity level, impulsivity, and social behavior. Participants included 166 infants at familial risk for ASD (n = 89), ADHD (n = 38), or low-risk for both (n = 39) evaluated at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age. A three-class solution was selected reflecting a Typically Developing (TD) class (low symptoms; n = 108), an ADHD class (high ADHD/low ASD symptoms; n = 39), and an ASD class (high ASD/ADHD symptoms; n = 19). Trajectories of infant behaviors were generally suggestive of a gradient pattern of differences, with the greatest impairment within the ASD class followed by the ADHD class. These findings indicate a mixture of overlapping and distinct early markers of preschool ASD- and ADHD-like profiles that can be difficult to disentangle early in life.
Ion-Exchange Kinetics of Alpha-Zirconium Phosphate Nanoplatelets for Application in Targeted Alpha Therapy

The loading and kinetics of uptake for the inorganic ion-exchange material, α-zirconium phosphate, Zr(HPO4)2•H2O, were investigated with ions relevant to targeted alpha therapy including natural Cs...
New Insights on Warfarin Sodium 2-Propanol Solvate Solid-State Changes Using a Multivariate Approach

A primary anti-coagulant narrow therapeutic index warfarin sodium poses a high risk of thrombosis or excessive bleeding with a sudden death. The root cause for these risks are not well established....
Use of Transport Illness Severity Scores To Predict Risk Of Clinical Deterioration In Transported Patients

Introduction: The Transport Pediatric Early Warning Scores (TPEWS) and Transport Risk Assessment in Pediatrics (TRAP) scores are transport medicine-specific illness severity scores that are adjunct assessment tools for determining patient disposition. We hypothesized that these scores would predict acuity and risk of clinical deterioration in transported patients admitted to general pediatric wards. We utilized activation of a rapid response team (RRT) in the first 24 hours of admission as a marker of deterioration. Methods: We reviewed all pediatric transports admitted via our pediatric critical care transport team to our tertiary care children’s hospital wards or PICU from July 1, 2018-June 30, 2019. Patients …
Overview of Treatment of Urinary Incontinence

The most common subtypes of urinary incontinence are stress incontinence, urgency urinary incontinence, and mixed incontinence. Generally, there is a step-wise approach to management with less invasive and lower-risk therapies provided initially including pelvic floor therapy and behavioral modification. For stress urinary incontinence, there are several operative modalities available with midurethral sling being the most commonly used procedure. For overactive bladder (OAB) and urgency urinary incontinence, therapies include medications (anticholinergics and beta-3 agonists) and, if that fails, interventions such as intradetrusor injections of onabotulinumtoxinA and neuromodulation. Mixed urinary incontinence generally includes a multimodal treatment approach with a focus on symptoms that are most bothersome to the patient. This chapter will review incontinence types, evaluation, treatment, and outcomes.
Monotherapy treatment with chlorthalidone or amlodipine in the systolic blood pressure intervention trial (SPRINT).

This post hoc analysis of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) examined the performance of chlorthalidone (C) versus amlodipine (A) monotherapies. ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) response between C and A. Logistic regression was used to examine monotherapy failure (adding a second antihypertensive agent or switching to a different antihypertensive agent) rates. Four hundred ninety-one participants were treated with C monotherapy (n = 210, mean dose = 22 mg/day) or A monotherapy (n = 281, mean dose = 7 mg/day). There was a significant difference in mean SBP reduction between the C and A monotherapies at the third visit (higher reduction with A, adjusted p = .018). Unadjusted analysis showed a higher failure with C in the standard treatment group. Although the average SBP at failure was higher and above the 140 mm Hg cutoff that indicated monotherapy failure with A (142.60) compared with C (138.40), more participants on C failed despite having SBP below the 140 cutoff. This was probably due to decisions made by the investigative teams to change the antihypertensive regimen, because, in their opinion, the clinical picture required it. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, C had higher failure than A only in the standard treatment group (1.64 odds ratio [OR], 95% CI 1.06-2.56, p = .028). A sub-analysis including participants who had never used antihypertensive treatment before randomization had similar results (2.57 OR, 95% CI 1.34-5.02, p = .004). Overall, in SPRINT chlorthalidone was associated with higher monotherapy failure than amlodipine in the standard treatment group because of decisions of the investigative teams.
A Multi-Modal Curriculum Teaching Opioid Use Disorder Management in Young Adult Populations.

Background The use of both prescription and illicit opioids among adolescents and young adults (AYA) is increasing. Barriers to effective treatment of opioid use disorders among AYA range from patients leaving against medical advice to decreased knowledge and experience of providers caring for those with opioid dependence. No formal curricula for residents on AYA opioid use disorder and management have been implemented despite rapidly increasing use in this population. Objective To develop a brief curriculum for trainees who encounter AYA that will increase knowledge and skills to treat opioid use in the AYA population. Methods: Twenty-six pediatric and family medicine interns participated in this pilot study. The multimodal curriculum included standardized patient encounters, case-based learning sessions, didactics, and high-fidelity simulations. The curriculum encompasses five individual sessions, each with a different theme: motivational interviewing, naloxone administration, opioid withdrawal medications, complex overdoses, and infectious complications of intravenous drug use. A pre-survey was administered prior to the curriculum and a post-survey was administered at the conclusion to assess its effectiveness in improving knowledge for this specific population and increasing comfort levels providing medical interventions in AYA patients with opioid use disorders. Results Trainee comfort levels increased significantly in all four domains as measured by the average Likert scale, including interviewing AYA about opioid use (2.5 (standard deviation (SD) 1.2) to 4 (SD 0.9), p Conclusions Early trainees who provide care to young adults benefit from opioid education specific to this population. Participants described increased knowledge and comfort in interviewing and treating this vulnerable patient group.
Results from Gaming Futures

At each scenario experience, gamers were asked to make a decision as to how they would use the available communication technologies in their scenario. They could choose to either escalate or deflate conflict, which is also to say enact power relations in one of two ways. Gamer decisions have been collated by scenario and character number (see Tables A.1 and A.2 below). The results speak to the complexities inherent in the ways in which agency and power influence how individuals deploy communication technologies. Of the 12 decisions made by the teams during the first scenario experience, the opposite choice was made the same teams seven times during the second scenario experience. That is to say, the decisions made during the second scenario experience were 58 % different from those made during the first scenario experience.
Smart Grids, Distributed Control for

Distributed control for smart grids is the use of distributed grid assets to achieve desired outcomes such as increased utilization of transmission assets, reduced cost of energy, and increased reliability. Distributed control is a key enabler to meet emerging challenges such as load growth and renewable generation mandates.
Interleukin-19 can enhance angiogenesis by macrophage polarization

Hypoxia in ischemic limbs typically initiates angiogenic and inflammatory factors to promote angiogenesis in attempt to restore perfusion, and revascularization involves multiple cell types and systems. Macrophage display phenotype plasticity, and can polarize in response to local and systemic cytokine stimuli. M2 macrophage are known to play an important role in angiogenesis and wound healing. While accepted that many pro-inflammatory cytokines induce angiogenesis, the effects of anti-inflammatory interleukins on initiation of angiogenesis are less clear. Interleukin-19 [IL-19] is a presumed anti-inflammatory cytokine, with unknown effects on macrophage polarization. In our recent study, we used several experimental approaches and determined that IL-19 regulated neovascularization in the murine hind-limb ischemia model. In addition to endothelial cells, we found that IL-19 could target and polarize macrophage to the M2 phenotype. IL-19 could induce expression of angiogenic, and reduce expression of anti-angiogenic cytokines in these cells. This is the first study to demonstrate that IL-19 could polarize macrophage, and potentially identifies IL-19 as a therapy to induce angiogenesis in ischemic tissue.
Judicial Duty and the Supreme Court’s Cult of Celebrity

Judging from recent confirmation hearings, there is now a consensus that Supreme Court Justices should be humble servants of the law, highly respectful toward precedent and without personal agendas of any kind. Few informed observers expect this to happen. After describing some of the institutional factors that operate to discourage adherence to the traditional ideal of judicial duty, this article proposes four statutory reforms that could help the Justices stick a little closer to the promises they are expected to make, and do make, at their confirmation hearings.First, Congress should require that all Supreme Court opinions, including concurrences and dissents, be issued anonymously. This should lead to fewer self-indulgent separate opinions, more coherent and judicious majority opinions, and more reason for future Justices to treat the resulting precedents respectfully.Second, Congress should require the Court to hear at least one case certified from a circuit court for every federal question case they choose from their discretionary docket. This would reduce the temptation to assemble a docket consisting largely of interesting or high-profile cases, and encourage the Justices to grapple with more of the important but unglamorous issues vexing the lower courts.Third, Congress should forbid law clerks to draft judicial opinions, and move them to the office of the Court’s Librarian, where they would do legal research for the Court rather than for individual Justices. Truly humble and old-fashioned judges should study the precedents themselves, discuss the law with their colleagues (rather than with their handpicked votaries), and write their own opinions.Fourth, Congress should require Justices to serve part of their time on lower federal courts, as they did for the first century of the republic’s existence. Restoring “circuit riding” would give the Justices some on-going experience with playing the role of a modest judge whose decisions are subject to appellate review and who is often required to interpret and apply muddled Supreme Court opinions.If serving as a Supreme Court Justice were to become a full-time, non-delegable job with fewer opportunities for personal aggrandizement, the Justices would behave more like judges than legal celebrities, Presidents would have more incentive to appoint genuinely able people, and fewer Justices would insist on staying in the saddle past the time when they can even mount the horse.
Gramicidin Channels: Orientational Constraints for Defining High‐Resolution Structures

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Observation and Quality of Orientational Constraints 3 From Constraints to Molecular Structure 4 From Initial to Refined Structure 5 Structural Quality 6 Acknowledgements 7 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Small Interfering RNA Screen for Phosphatases Involved in IgE-Mediated Mast Cell Degranulation

Mast cells play pivotal roles in the initiation of the allergic response. To gain an understanding of the functions played by phosphatases in IgE-mediated mast cell activation, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library that targets all mouse phosphatase genes was screened in a mouse mast cell line, MMC-1. Of 198 targets, 10 enhanced and 7 inhibited FceRI-induced degranulation. For seven of the strongest hits, four different siRNAs per target were tested, and at least two out of the four single siRNA per target had similar effects as the pool suggesting that these were true hits. Bone marrow-derived mast cells from normal mice further validated these results for six definite positive targets. The mechanism of the reduced mast cell degranulation due to calcineurin B deficiency was investigated. Calcineurin B deficiency reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs and the phosphorylation of protein kinase D/protein kinase Cμ and protein kinase Cδ, which are involved in FceRI signaling. The screen, therefore, has identified several new molecules that are critical for FceRI-induced degranulation. Regulating the function of these proteins may be potential targets for the treatment of allergic inflammation. The result also indicates that the system used is efficient for searching molecules implicated in complex receptor-induced signaling.
Making Insurance Markets Work for Farmers in India

India's crop insurance program is the world's largest with 25 million farmers insured. Yet 85 million farmer households are not covered. Issues in design, particularly related to delays in claims settlements, explain the low coverage. To address these problems, the World Bank provided actuarial inputs, engaged in policy dialogue, and facilitated the launch of an innovative crop insurance program that will improve equity, risk mitigation, and claims settlement for farmers; provide tools for budget management and agricultural policy for government; and open up the market for public- and private-sector insurers and reinsurers. Initially, the program will be available to an estimated 8 to 10 million farmers, of whom 3 million are expected to participate in the first year with a total sum insured in excess of $1 billion. Over time, this project could be scaled up to be available to India's 110 million farmers. This smart lesson describes lessons learned in developing and implementing the crop insurance program.
Case report : Cough syncope in a U.S. Army aviator

Syncope is a very common presentation to the primary care provider and the emergency room physician. The consequences of syncope while driving can be tragic. Likewise the consequences in the flight environment can be devastating. This case presents tussive syncope while driving in a 41-yr-old previously healthy male aviator. The diagnosis, management, and aeromedical disposition are presented.
Western Rationality and the Angel of Dreams: Self, Psyche, Dreaming.

Western Rationality and the Angel of Dreams: Self, Psyche, Dreaming. Murray L. Wax. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1999. 171 pp.
Cystic fibrosis affects specific cell type in sweat gland secretory coil

The sweat gland has three distinct cell types: a myoepithelial (ME) cell, a beta-adrenergic-insensitive (beta-I) cell, and a beta-adrenergic-sensitive (beta-S) cell. Using intracellular microelectrodes, we sought to functionally identify the specific cell type(s) affected in cystic fibrosis (CF). We found that in CF secretory coils 1) the ME calls are unaffected, as indicated by normal cell membrane potentials and spontaneous and cholinergically induced depolarizing potentials, 2) the beta-I cells showed normal physiological properties, including a relatively smaller cell membrane potential (approx -25 mV) and a Ba(2+)-inhibitable cholinergic response, and, in contrast, 3) the beta-S cell is abnormal, as shown by the lack of a beta-adrenergically activated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- conductance (GCl). Lack of CFTR GCl in this cell type does not affect either the magnitude of cell membrane potential (approx -56 mV) or the relative cell membrane GCl or the cholinergic response, as compared with that of normal beta-S cells. We conclude that, of the three cell types in secretory coil, only the beta-S cell is specifically affected in the CF secretory tissue of the human sweat gland.
How, Why, and for Whom Do Emergency Medicine Providers Use Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs?

Objective The prescription opioid epidemic is currently responsible for the greatest number of unintentional deaths in the United States. One potential strategy for decreasing this epidemic is implementation of state-based Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs), which are designed for providers to identify patients who “doctor shop” for prescriptions. Emergency medicine physicians are some of the most frequent PDMP users and opioid prescribers, but little is known about how they actually use PDMPs, for which patients, and for what reasons. Methods We conducted and transcribed semistructured qualitative interviews with 61 physicians at a national academic conference in October 2012. Deidentified transcripts were entered into QSR NVivo 10.0, coded, and analyzed for themes using modified grounded theory. Results There is variation in pattern and frequency of PDMP access by emergency physicians. Providers rely on both structural characteristics of the PDMP, such as usability, and also their own clinical gestalt impression when deciding to use PDMPs for a given patient encounter. Providers use the information in PDMPs to alter clinical decisions and guide opioid prescribing patterns. Physicians describe alternative uses for the databases, such as improving their ability to facilitate discussions on addiction and provide patient education. Conclusion PDMPs are used for multiple purposes, including identifying opioid misuse and enhancing provider-patient communication. Given variation in practice, standards may help direct indication and manner of physician use. Steps to minimize administrative barriers to PDMP access are warranted. Finally, alternative PDMP uses should be further studied to determine their appropriateness and potentially expand their role in clinical practice.
In Vivo Oxidation of UHMWPE

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the natural history of in vivo degradation in historical and contemporary polyethylene components for hip, knee, and spinal implants. It also summarizes the test methods that are commonly used to evaluate implants for in vivo oxidation. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) components are bathed in body fluids containing potential free radical initiators, as well as molecular oxygen fuel, for in vivo oxidation. The aqueous in vivo environment for UHMWPE components is in many ways more complex than the gaseous environment to which they are exposed during manufacture, sterilization, and shelf aging. The synovial fluid of patients with arthritis is also known to contain dissolved oxygen and other gases, which originate from filtered plasma. The in vivo environment of artificial discs is less well understood than hip and knee replacements. In a healthy avascular disc, the concentrations of oxygen and other biomolecules in the annulus and nucleus are governed by diffusion from vertebral body capillaries that infiltrate the endplate-disc interface. Thus, diffusion-mediated oxygen transport is a primary mechanism of cell nutrition in the spinal disc, and disruption of nutrient supply is hypothesized to contribute to disc degeneration. However, spinal disc tissue changes with degeneration, with a tendency toward increased enervation and vascularization, which will in turn increase oxygen transport.
Small-Stature Emergent Macrophytes and Crepuscular Sprinkler Disturbance Reduce Mosquito Abundance in Wetland Mesocosms

The impact of emergent macrophyte species and crepuscular sprinkler disturbance on mosquito abundance over a 2-year period was measured in wetland mesocosms. Mosquito oviposition and abundance of immature mosquitoes and aquatic invertebrates were monitored in monotypic plots of small-stature (height of mature stands 2 m) California bulrush (Schoenoplectus californicus) without or with daily sprinkler showers to deter mosquito egg laying. Relative to wetlands without operational sprinklers, oviposition by culicine mosquitoes was reduced by > 99% and immature mosquito abundance was reduced by > 90% by crepuscular sprinkler applications. Mosquito abundance or distribution in wetlands did not differ between the two bulrush species subjected to the sprinkler treatment. Alkali bulrush wetlands without daily sprinkler treatments contained more egg rafts but significantly fewer mosquito larvae than did California bulrush wetlands. Predaceous damselfly naiads were 3-5 times more abundant in alkali bulrush than in California bulrush. Stem density, rate of spread, and autumnal mortality of alkali bulrush were higher than for California bulrush. Replacement of large emergent macrophytes by smaller species may enhance the efficacy of integrated mosquito management programs to reduce mosquito-transmitted disease cycles associated with multipurpose constructed wetlands used worldwide for water reclamation and habitat restoration.
Calcium diffusion in a simple silicate melt to 30 kbar

Abstract Calcium-45 was used as a radiotracer to measure self-diffusion coefficients for Ca in a sodium-calcium-aluminosilicate melt (29% Na2O, 5% CaO, 10% Al2O3, 56% SiO2) at temperatures in the range 1100–1400°C and pressures to 30 kbar. Calcium diffusivity (DCa) was found to depend upon both temperature and pressure in a complex but systematic manner: ( ∂D Ca ∂P ) T is always negative and has a larger absolute value at lower temperatures; ( ∂D Ca ∂T ) P is positive and increases with increasing pressure. The overall dependence of DCa upon T and P is given approximately by D caT.P = [0.0025 exp( -23,107 RT )] exp [P (0.7297T − 1261.32) RT ] . When expressed in terms of volume (Va) and energy (E) of activation, the results are as follows: Va ranges from 2.2 cm3/mole at 1400°C to 11.9 cm3/mole at 1100°C. and E ranges from 25.4 kcal/mole (1 kban to 49.8 kcal/mole (20 kbar). From the systematic dependence of DCa upon T and P, it is concluded that diffusion of Ca2+ in silicate melts does not take place by means of a vacant site mechanism, but is controlled instead by the amount and distribution of free volume in the melt structure. If it is assumed that the viscosity of the melt used in this study decreases with increasing pressure ( Kushiro , 1976, J. Geophys. Res.81, 6351–6356) as DCa does, then the Stokes-Einstein inverse relation between viscosity and diffusivity is clearly violated, and its validity for silicate melts must be questioned. Thus, it appears that in silicate melts, unlike many liquids, viscous flow and diffusion are fundamentally different transport processes, involving different structural units. The effect of pressure on calcium diffusion is too small to invalidate kinetic models of upper mantle processes that have been based upon diffusivity values measured at 1 atm. Pressure may, however, induce significant reductions in the diffusion rates of large ions such as Rb+ or SiO4−4 in silicate melts.