cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a psychophysically-based light reflection model for image synthesis

In this paper we introduce a new light reflection model for image synthesis based on experimental studies of surface gloss perception. To develop the model, we've conducted two experiments that explore the relationships between the physical parameters used to describe the reflectance properties of glossy surfaces and the perceptual dimensions of glossy appearance. In the first experiment we use multidimensional scaling techniques to reveal the dimensionality of gloss perception for simulated painted surfaces. In the second experiment we use magnitude estimation methods to place metrics on these dimensions that relate changes in apparent gloss to variations in surface reflectance properties. We use the results of these experiments to rewrite the parameters of a physically-based light reflection model in perceptual terms. The result is a new psychophysically-based light reflection model where the dimensions of the model are perceptually meaningful, and variations along the dimensions are perceptually uniform. We demonstrate that the model can facilitate describing surface gloss in graphics rendering applications. This work represents a new methodology for developing light reflection models for image synthesis.
The effect of a finite-range force on the localization of direct interactions

Abstract The question whether direct interactions involving the two-body collision mechanism contain any information about the nuclear interior is discussed in the context of the distorted wave Born approximation with local potentials. While optical-model effects do not completely localize the reaction to the surface, it is shown that the localization is enhanced by the effect of a Yukawa two-body force. In certain cases, particularly if s-states are involved prominently in the reaction there is still some difference between angular distributions calculated for different weightings of the interior relative to the surface, even when the interior contribution is weighted by a factor of 50% to reproduce crudely the effects of calculating the wave functions in a non-local potential. It is concluded that in most cases nucleon direct interactions are surface phenomena.
Culture and entrepreneurship? African American and immigrant self-employment in the United States

Abstract This paper analyzes the evolution of African American entrepreneurship by comparing the patterns of development of African American entrepreneurship and immigrant entrepreneurship. Whereas most literature focuses on African American culture as the reason for limited entrepreneurial success compared to certain immigrant groups, this paper examines how social, economic, and political forces have adversely influenced the development of Black entrepreneurship compared to various immigrant groups. Using 90 years of census data, we also find empirical support consistent with our assertion that many immigrants have resources (not available to native non-Whites) that facilitate entrepreneurship.
Revision of the Hister militaris Group (Coleoptera: Histeridae)

In a recent revision of Spilodiscus Lewis, several species were removed from that taxon to Hister L. These five species, Hister militaris Horn, H. lucanus Horn, H. pioti Marseul, H. humilis Fall, and H. sarcinatus Lewis, form a clade within Hister and are not closely related to Spilodiscus (though species in both groups commonly exhibit red elytral markings). Here the species are revised, and comments on some unusual facets of their morphology and biology are discussed in light of a tentative phylogenetic hypothesis.
Cell cycle checkpoints and their impact on anticancer therapeutic strategies

Cells contain numerous pathways designed to protect them from the genomic instability or toxicity that can result when their DNA is damaged. The p53 tumor suppressor is particularly important for regulating passage through G1 phase of the cell cycle, while other checkpoint regulators are important for arrest in S and G2 phase. Tumor cells often exhibit defects in these checkpoint proteins, which can lead to hypersensitivity; proteins in this class include ataxia–telangiectasia mutatated (ATM), Meiotic recanbination 11 (Mre11), Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (Nbs 1), breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1), and (BRCA2). Consequently, tumors should be assessed for these specific defects, and specific therapy prescribed that has high probability of inducing response. Tumors defective in p53 are frequently considered resistant to apoptosis, yet this defect also provides an opportunity for targeted therapy. When their DNA is damaged, p53-defective tumor cells preferentially arrest in S or G2 phase where they are susceptible to checkpoint inhibitors such as caffeine and UCN-01. These inhibitors preferentially abrogate cell cycle arrest in p53-defective cells, driving them through a lethal mitosis. Wild type p53 can prevent abrogation of arrest by elevating levels of p21waf1 and decreasing levels of cyclins A and B. During tumorigenesis, tumor cells frequently loose checkpoint controls and this facilitates the development of the tumor. However, these defects also represent an Achilles heel that can be targeted to improve current therapeutic strategies. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
LemonAid: selection-based crowdsourced contextual help for web applications

Web-based technical support such as discussion forums and social networking sites have been successful at ensuring that most technical support questions eventually receive helpful answers. Unfortunately, finding these answers is still quite difficult, since users' textual queries are often incomplete, imprecise, or use different vocabularies to describe the same problem. We present LemonAid, a new approach to help that allows users to find help by instead selecting a label, widget, link, image or other user interface (UI) element that they believe is relevant to their problem. LemonAid uses this selection to retrieve previously asked questions and their corresponding answers. The key insight that makes LemonAid work is that users tend to make similar selections in the interface for similar help needs and different selections for different help needs. Our initial evaluation shows that across a corpus of dozens of tasks and thousands of requests, LemonAid retrieved a result for 90% of help requests based on UI selections and, of those, over half had relevant matches in the top 2 results.
Salmine and the homeotic integrity of early embryos of Norway spruce

Salmine, an argininerich protamine, is explored for its concentrationdependent potential to restructure the genome and remodel the homeotic development of Norway spruce embryos expressing monozy� gotic cleavage polyembryony (MCP). In controls and at low salmine, two protein fractions on SDSPAGE gels were associated with cells responsible for generating the basal plan for early embryagenesis. With high salmine, embryonal initials no longer differentiated into embryonal tubes. Embryos having embryonal tubes no longer enu� cleated and differentiated into embryonal suspensors. Biomass and amino acid N declined. Nuclear and cytoplas� mic organization was disrupted and nucleoli were highly vacuolated. The transcription of the two protein fractions, PCNA (cyclin) activity and MCP were blocked. Cellular proteins were turned over by proteasomal ubiquitination and others released into the culture medium. Biomass loss and gluconeogenesis of amino acids led to the accumu� lation of free arginine N. No evidence was obtained with salmine for the remodeling of cells into gametes. DOI: 10.3103/S0095452710020015
Vicious circle: systemic autoreactivity in Ro52/TRIM21-deficient mice

Dysregulated innate responses, particularly excessive activation of interferon (IFN) pathways, have been implicated in the development of autoimmune pathologies. Autoreactivity frequently targets IFN-inducible genes such as the Ro autoantigens, which ubiquitinate and inhibit interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). A new study validates the role of these common autoantigens in preventing autoimmunity. The findings reveal that injury-induced systemic autoimmune disease is exacerbated in the absence of Ro52/Trim21 and is driven by the IL-23–Th17 pathway.
Solid phase crystallization of hot-wire CVD amorphous silicon films

We measure times for complete solid phase crystallization (SPC) of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films that vary eight orders of magnitude, from a few ms to a few days. The time-to-crystallization activation energy is consistent with literature values of approximately 3.4 eV but the prefactor is markedly different for hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) films than for plasma-enhanced (PE) CVD films. The crystallized films were 0.3–2 μm thick, and deposited by high deposition rate (10-100 A/s) HWCVD or standard PECVD onto glass substrates. We annealed these a-Si:H films over a wide temperature range (500 to 1100 °C) using techniques including simple hot-plates and tube furnaces, rapid thermal annealing by a tungsten-halogen lamp, and microwave electromagnetic heating at 2.45 GHz (magnetron) and 110 GHz (gyrotron).
Neotectonics and Quaternary geology of the Hunter Mountain fault zone and Saline Valley region, southeastern California

Abstract The Hunter Mountain fault zone strikes northwesterly, is right-lateral strike-slip, and kinematically links the northern Panamint Valley fault zone to the southern Saline Valley fault zone. The most recent displacement of the fault is recorded in the offset of Holocene deposits along the entire length of the fault zone. Right-lateral offsets of drainage channels within Grapevine Canyon reach up to 50 to 60 m. Initial incision of the offset channels is interpreted on the basis of geomorphic and climatic considerations to have occurred approximately 15 ka. The 50 to 60 m of offset during 15 ka corresponds to a right-lateral fault slip rate of 3.3–4.0 mm/year within Grapevine Canyon. Further to the north along the Nelson Range front, the fault is composed of two sub-parallel fault strands and the fault begins to show an increased normal component of motion. A channel margin that is incised into a Holocene surface that is between 10 and 128 ka in age is offset 16–20 m, which yields a broad minimum bound on the lateral slip rate of 0.125–2.0 mm/year. The best preserved single-event displacements recorded in Holocene deposits range from 1.5 to 2.5 m. In addition to faulting within Grapevine Canyon and the main rangefront fault along the southwest edge of Saline Valley, there also exist normal fault strands within the Valley that strike northeasterly and towards Eureka Valley. The northeasterly striking normal faults in the Valley appear to be actively transferring dextral slip from the Hunter Mountain fault zone north and east onto the Furnace Creek fault zone. Separations on northerly trending, normal faults within Saline Valley yield estimates of slip rates in the hundredths of millimeters per year.
The Effects On Public Policy of Center-Local Relocations A Cross-National Study

This article attempts a comparative exploration of center-local relationships as part of an effort to test the effect on public policy of concentration and devolution. To pursue these objectives, the research proceeds in two steps: (1) the identification of longitudinal patterns of public sector concentration/devolution among 17 nations and (2) time series analysis of industrial growth and social welfare progress associated with the temporal variation in public infrastructure. The results suggest that a nation's pattern of public sector evolution may be more of a determinant of policy performance than a nation's constitutional framework.
Evidence for the role of p38 MAP kinase in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases regulate smooth muscle cell contraction. Hypoxia contracts pulmonary arteries by mechanisms that are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that hypoxic contraction of pulmonary arteries involves activation of the MAP kinases. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of SB-202190, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, PD-98059 and UO-126, two structurally different MEKK inhibitors, and anisomycin, a stimulator of p38 MAP kinase on acute hypoxia-induced contraction in rat conduit pulmonary artery rings precontracted with phenylephrine or KCl. Hypoxia induced a transient contraction, followed by a relaxation, and then a slowly developing sustained contraction. Hypoxia also significantly increased phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase. SB-202190 did not affect the transient phase but abrogated the sustained phase of hypoxic contraction, whereas anisomycin enhanced both phases of contraction. SB-202190 also attenuated and anisomycin enhanced the phenylephrine-induced contraction. In contrast, PD-98059 and UO-126 had minimal effects on either hypoxic or phenylephrine-induced contraction. None of the treatments modified KCl-induced contraction. We conclude that p38, but not the ERK1/ERK2 MAP kinase pathway, mediates the sustained phase of hypoxic contraction in isolated rat pulmonary arteries.
Formula Funding, the Delaware Study, and the University of North Carolina.

This chapter discusses how one institution uses formula funding to project out revenue for future years that will be generated by the university.
Personnel Preparation in Early Childhood Special Education: Assessment as a Content Area.

The purpose of this study was to examine how Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) teacher education programs include assessment content in their curriculum. Eighty programs that were listed as having ECSE programs in the National Directory of Special Education Personnel Preparation Programs (Geiger, 1983) were sent questionnaires. A total of 56 programs responded, for a response rate of 70%. Findings revealed that the majority of ECSE programs had separate assessment courses with a practicum component. Assessment topics receiving the greatest emphasis were instructional assessment for programming, appropriate assessment procedures, use of observational techniques, and communicating/interpreting test results.
Transition from methotrexate and cyclosporine to other therapies including retinoids, ultraviolet light and biologic agents in the management of patients with psoriasis

Patients with psoriasis typically face longterm therapy for their chronic disease. Often, the therapeutic agents that physicians use to treat them may become less effective or may cause safety or toxicity issues. The clinician must then decide the next therapy for his/her patient and assess benefit/risk of the next therapeutic agent or combination. In moving the patient from one therapy to the next, specific characteristics of the transition must be assessed, and how to stop the exisiting therapy, and introduce the new agent(s). The decision making process must take into account the longterm risks to the patient. This article focuses on the transition for patients with psoriasis being managed with methotrexate and cyclosporine to retinoids, phototherapy, and newer agents.
Stuttered and fluent speech production: an ALE meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies

This study reports an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of imaging studies of chronic developmental stuttering in adults. Two parallel meta-analyses were carried out: (1) stuttered production in the stutterers; (2) fluent production in the control subjects. The control subjects' data replicated previous analyses of single-word reading, identifying activation in primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, Rolandic operculum, lateral cerebellum, and auditory areas, among others. The stuttering subjects' analysis showed that similar brain areas are involved in stuttered speech as in fluent speech, but with some important differences. Motor areas were over-activated in stuttering, including primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, and cere- bellar vermis. Frontal operculum, Rolandic operculum, and anterior insula showed anomalous right- laterality in stutterers. Auditory activations, due to hearing one's own speech, were essentially undetect- able in stutterers. The phenomenon of efference copy is proposed as a unifying account of the pattern activation revealed within this ALE meta-analysis. This provides the basis for a stuttering system model that is testable and should help to advance the understanding and treatment of this disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 25:105-117, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Community Integration and Life Satisfaction After Traumatic Brain Injury: Long-Term Findings

OBJECTIVE This study examines the relationship of the degree of community integration to the life satisfaction of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHOD The responses to two self-administered questionnaires measuring aspects of community integration and life satisfaction were studied for 30 persons with TBI who were 26 to 60 years of age. RESULTS A significant relationship (rho = .37, p < .05) was found between life satisfaction and social integration (a component of community integration). No significant association was found between the total community integration score and life satisfaction. CONCLUSION The results suggest the need for rehabilitation programs to provide long-term assistance with community-based social integration as well as more effective treatment strategies to develop these skills in persons with TBI.
Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia for labor and cesarean delivery in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Background and Objectives The anesthetic management of labor, delivery, and cesarean delivery in patients with active or resolving Guillain-Barre syndrome is not well defined. Using a combined spinal and epidural (CSE) technique in such a rare clinical situation has not been previously reported. Case Report A 32-year-old woman gravida 2, para 0 was diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome at 21 weeks of pregnancy. Paralysis spread up to the T4 level. Three months later, she was admitted for labor at term. She presented in severe labor pain and it was decided to proceed with CSE analgesia. No unusual hemodynamic instability, signs of autonomic dysfunction, or increased sensitivity to local anesthetics was noted. After several hours, delivery by cesarean section was required and epidural anesthesia was then used. The patient had an uncomplicated postpartum course. Conclusion Careful evaluation and documentation of the patient’s baseline neurological status, a thorough discussion with the patient regarding the risks and benefits of the technique for labor analgesia, and an appreciation of the limited experience with this kind of clinical situation are important.
Signal Transduction in the Protozoan Host Hartmannella vermiformis upon Attachment and Invasion by Legionella micdadei

The intracellular pathogens Legionella micdadei and Legionella pneumophila are the two most common Legionella species that cause Legionnaires’ disease. Intracellular replication within pulmonary cells is the hallmark of Legionnaires’ disease. In the environment, legionellae are parasites of protozoans, and intracellular bacterial replication within protozoans plays a major role in the transmission of Legionnaires’ disease. In this study, we characterized the initial host signal transduction mechanisms involved during attachment to and invasion of the protozoan host Hartmannella vermiformis by L. micdadei. Bacterial attachment prior to invasion of H. vermiformis by L. micdadei is associated with tyrosine dephosphorylation of multiple host cell proteins, including a 170-kDa protein. We have previously shown that this 170-kDa protein is the galactose N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc)-inhibitable lectin receptor that mediates attachment to and invasion of H. vermiformis by L. pneumophila. Subsequent bacterial entry targets L. micdadei into a phagosome that is not surrounded by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). In contrast, uptake of L. pneumophila mediated by attachment to the Gal/GalNAc lectin is followed by targeting of the bacterium into an RER-surrounded phagosome. These results indicate that despite similarities in the L. micdadei and L. pneumophila attachment-mediated signal transduction mechanisms in H. vermiformis, the two bacterial species are targeted into morphologically distinct phagosomes in their natural protozoan host.
A ‘new’ psychological contract for nurses: some management implications

Changes within the health services are raising a number of employment issues for nurses. The idea that a professional qualification and a job will lead to security of employment and career development is rapidly changing. These assumptions, the 'old' psychological contract, is giving way to new expectations from employers and employees; the emergence of a 'new' psychological contract. A psychological contract is an implicit agreement between employer and employee that each party will treat the other fairly. Such contracts are maintained by virtue of all parties wanting to seek agreement on issues where possible and to maintain trust. While such a contract is not a legally binding agreement it is nonetheless a binding understanding between people. Changes to this psychological contract can have important implications for individuals and their employer in terms of work and organizational commitment. This paper will discuss some of the issues surrounding psychological contracts and the impact of violating them. It will also discuss, from a management perspective, how psychological contracts develop between employer and employee, and how to form a 'new' psychological contract based upon mutual benefit and shared values.
Understanding and overcoming major barriers in cancer nanomedicine.

Cancer nanomedicine is currently under intense development for applications in cancer imaging, molecular diagnosis and targeted therapy [1–6]. The basic rationale is that nanometer-sized particles, such as quantum dots (QDs), colloidal gold and polymeric nanomicelles, have functional and structural properties that are not available from either discrete molecules or bulk materials [7–10]. When conjugated with targeting ligands such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides or small molecules, these nanoparticles can be used to target malignant tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (e.g., tumor stroma and tumor vasculatures) with high specificity and affinity. In the ‘mesoscopic’ size range of 10 to 100 nm, nanoparticles also have large surface areas for conjugating to multiple diagnostic and therapeutic agents, opening up new possibilities in integrated cancer imaging and therapy. However, at present there are several fundamental problems and technical barriers that must be understood and overcome. These problems include nanoparticle surface opsonization (surface ‘fouling’ by nonspecific protein adsorption) [11–13], nanoparticle uptake and retention in reticuloendothelial organs (e.g., liver and spleen [14,15], difficulties in nanoparticle targeting and penetration in solid tumors [16,17], and the long-term fate and toxicity concerns of nanoparticles, especially nonbiodegradable nanomaterials containing toxic elements [18–20]. Thus, there is an urgent need to study these problems and to develop innovative strategies for overcoming them. In this article, we briefly discuss the major challenges and opportunities in developing cancer nanomedicine for molecular imaging, in vitro diagnostics and targeted therapy.
Increased Resistance of a Maize Mutant Lacking the 9-Lipoxygenase Gene, ZmLOX3, to Root Rot Caused by Exserohilum pedicellatum

Plant oxylipins, produced via the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway, function as signals in defence and development. Previous research showed that maize (Zea mays L.) mutants lacking function of one of their 9-LOX genes, ZmLOX3, had decreased levels of susceptibility to several fungal foliar pathogens. In this study, lox3-4 mutants of maize displayed less root and mesocotyl necrosis caused by Exserohilum pedicellatum, when compared with the corresponding wild type near isogenic lines in three parent lines (B73, FR2128B and CML176B). These results further support the hypothesis that a specific plant 9-LOX isoform mediates susceptibility of maize to fungal pathogens.
Re-Appraising Nyerere: US Aid Workers' Perceptions of Tanzania's First President

This paper explores how United States Government aid workers and foreign diplomats regarded President Julius Nyerere during the 1970s and 1980s and how their perceptions changed as Tanzania’s fortunes began to unravel with the failure of his Ujamaa policy. Nyerere’s reputation with these aid workers of course waxed and waned in part due to the successes and failures of Tanzanian development, but it was also tied to his pivotal role within African Cold War politics. As representatives of the US government, these men and women arrived at a complicated opinion of the man because he was seen as politically volatile, particularly in regards to Southern African politics, and yet in terms of development he was (at least initially) regarded as refreshingly pragmatic and accessible. Utilizing the Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection at the Library of Congress, this paper personalizes and illustrates these ‘national’ relationships and begins to explore their effects on development policy. For example, the constant worry that China’s road building aid project in Tanzania would alienate Nyerere from the United States and make him a “communist tool”.
Beyond Economic Disarmament

The volume and value of international trade have grown at exceptional rates in the years since World War II, rates of growth that are significantly higher than those for population or production. In a substantial measure the gains in global welfare that have been achieved during this period are attributable to the growth in international trade. The reduction of barriers to trade, accomplished through the instrumentality of a modest international institution, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), has played a major role in facilitating the growth of international trade. GATT is currently, however, at a critical juncture. The issue that GATT faces is: can the liberalized conditions for international trade that have been achieved through complicated and time-consuming negotiations be maintained and extended or will the world drift-or perhaps even rush-toward protectionism?
Lethal and sub-lethal effects from short-term exposure of Rhyzopertha dominica on wheat treated with Storicide II®

Hard red winter wheat was treated at 0 (untreated control), 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the label rate of the insecticide Storicide II®, which is chlorpyrifos-methyl and deltamethrin applied at label rates of 3 and 0.5 ppm, respectively. Paired male and female Rhyzopertha dominica F., the lesser grain borer, were exposed at 27°C and 60% RH on wheat treated at each of the five rates above for 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 h, and then transferred to untreated wheat and held for 1 week at the same environmental conditions. After this 1-week holding period, the parental adults were removed, mortality was assessed, and the wheat was then held for 7 weeks at the same environmental conditions to determine progeny production. As the concentration and exposure interval increased, mortality of both sexes approached 100%, but at the intermediate concentration–time combinations male mortality was greater than female mortality. Progeny production also decreased with increasing concentration of Storicide II® as the exposure time increased, with non-linear patterns of decrease at the lower concentrations and time combinations and linear decline at the higher levels of concentration and time. Results seem to indicate greater susceptibility of males to Storicide II®, and also show delayed parental mortality from the insecticide exposure and sub-lethal effects of reduced progeny production.
Exercise: shifting fluid and sleep apnoea away.

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a prevalent sleep disorder [1, 2] with a wide array of potential adverse health consequences if left untreated, including cognitive impairment, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and early mortality [3–6]. The most common type of SDB, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), is strongly tied to excess weight [7] and afflicts up to 10% of adults [2]. Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is the most established treatment for OSA and central sleep apnoea (CSA), the other common type of SDB. PAP therapy is highly efficacious at reducing apnoeas and hypopneas during sleep, and its consistent use has been shown to reduce health risk to near non-SDB levels [8, 9]. However, its efficacy is dependent upon regular use, and long-term adherence to PAP is often unacceptably low [10]. Exercise may reduce SDB severity through reduction in nocturnal rostral fluid shift
Interpreting and shaping geopolitics in Chinese media: the discourse of the ‘New style of great power relations’

ABSTRACTChinese leaders have attempted to alleviate international anxiety about its rise to global prominence describing its development as a ‘peaceful rise’ or ‘peaceful development’. Most recently, Chinese leaders have begun deploying a new term, the ‘New Style of Great Power Relations’ (新型大国关系). The purpose of this study is to examine the treatment of the ‘New Style of Great Power Relations’ as a political slogan within the Chinese media as a means to shape a geopolitical worldview among Chinese citizens and international actors. Researchers identified 541 articles from 25 different Chinese media sources selected to represent varying levels of government influence and editorial perspectives. This study found the concept primarily intended to engage the United States by stressing cooperative aspects of U.S.–China relations, but also challenges specific U.S. actions. Those U.S. policies challenged within the Chinese media are portrayed as inconsistent with the ‘new style’ concept’s principles. This forms...
Prediction of influenza B vaccine effectiveness from sequence data.

Abstract Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness that causes significant human morbidity and mortality, affecting 5–15% of the population in a typical epidemic season. Human influenza epidemics are caused by types A and B, with roughly 25% of human cases due to influenza B. Influenza B is a single-stranded RNA virus with a high mutation rate, and both prior immune history and vaccination put significant pressure on the virus to evolve. Due to the high rate of viral evolution, the influenza B vaccine component of the annual influenza vaccine is updated, roughly every other year in recent years. To predict when an update to the vaccine is needed, an estimate of expected vaccine effectiveness against a range of viral strains is required. We here introduce a method to measure antigenic distance between the influenza B vaccine and circulating viral strains. The measure correlates well with effectiveness of the influenza B component of the annual vaccine in humans between 1979 and 2014. We discuss how this measure of antigenic distance may be used in the context of annual influenza vaccine design and prediction of vaccine effectiveness.
From Tipperary to Tel Aviv: British counterinsurgency in the World War II era

Thomas R. Mockaitis argues that the foundation for British success in post-World War II counterinsurgency was laid in the in the decades following the debacles at Amritsar in 1919 and Ireland between 1919 and 1921. The interwar period, rife as it was with much military innovation, he argues, saw a transition from the racist attitudes and scorched-earth tactics of nineteenth-century small wars, to the rigors of imperial policing, and with the Arab Revolt (1936–1939) in Palestine to the theory and practice of modern counterinsurgency. This change was the product of three factors: first, violence against civilians in South Africa and Ireland had appalled British and international opinion and undercut popular support for those wars. Second, there was a belated realization that in Ireland, the ferocity of Royal Irish Constabulary and Auxiliary reprisals had driven moderate Irish nationalists and IRA extremists together in a common cause against the British occupation. Finally, in the post-Great War era, tribal rebellions had been supplanted by sophisticated nationalist and communist mass political movements deploying an array of techniques that ran the gamut from strikes and protests to terrorism and insurgency. British-style imperial policing was anchored in three fundamental principles. First, English common law dictated that disturbances must be constrained within a legal framework, which required the application of minimum force. This, in Mockaitis’ view, elevated the British counterinsurgency approach over that of the Americans who have placed great faith in the use of force. Second, confronting growing colonial unrest required the cooperation of civilian officials, the police, and soldiers to pass laws and ordinances, gather intelligence, and cooperate to apply force selectively. The reliance on a “whole of government” approach avoided the “state of siege” trap that impelled the French military to absorb most civil functions in Algeria, placed the army in the counterinsurgency vanguard, and removed civil constraints on the use of force. Finally, the British Army’s storied regimental system, versus a continental general staff hierarchy, was perfectly suited to the decentralized, flexible, small-unit organizational structure required of imperial settings.
Carcinosarcoma (CS) of the ovary: A single institution experience.

e16513 Background: We evaluated 25 patients with advanced stage CS of the ovary treated with surgical debulking followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation at our institution. Methods: We pe...
The First Trimester Human Placenta Is An Embryonic Hematopoietic Organ with An Unexpected Function in Primitive Erythroid Maturation.

Abstract 1508 Poster Board I-531 Developmental hematopoiesis satisfies the immediate needs of the embryo and provides the hematopoietic stem cells necessary for lifelong blood homeostasis. Recently, the mid-gestation mouse placenta was identified as an important definitive hematopoietic organ; data from us and others indicates that the human placenta functions analogously, harboring and potentially generating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The function of the human placenta in embryonic hematopoiesis has not been addressed. We assessed the hematopoietic potential of placental tissues before the onset of feto-placental circulation and found robust de novo generation of clonogenic progenitors. Interestingly, pre-circulation progenitors were greatly enriched (69 ± 14% of total) in macrophage progenitors. Immunostaining demonstrated that these progenitors are generated in the chorionic plate. As development progresses, placental macrophages migrate to the villous stroma. Surprisingly, in the villi, placental macrophages associate closely with an unexpected population of extravascular, z-globin+ primitive erythroid cells, prompting the hypothesis that embryonic macrophages promote the maturation of primitive erythroblasts in the placenta. Concordantly, we found that human primitive erythroblasts enucleate, as has been recently demonstrated in mice. Interestingly, the first enucleated erythroid cells were found in the villous stroma; between 5-7 weeks developmental age, their relative frequency in the stroma was 2-4 fold higher than in lumens. We also observed free nuclei in the placental stroma; a similar population of ejected red cell nuclei, termed pyrenocytes, has recently been described in mouse embryos. Immunohistochemistry and FACS confirmed that these free nuclei in the placenta were pyrenocytes. Electron microscopy revealed placental macrophages containing ingested red cell nuclei. Together, this data suggests that placenta-derived macrophages promote the terminal maturation of primitive erythroblasts in the villous stroma, nominating the first trimester human placenta as a site of primitive hematopoiesis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Plotless Density Estimator based on the Asymptotic Limit of Ordered Distance Estimation Values

Estimation of tree density from point-tree distances is an attractive option for quick inventory of new sites, but estimators that are unbiased in clustered and dispersed situations have not been found. Noting that bias of an estimator derived from distances to the k nearest neighbor from a random point tends to decrease with increasing k, a method is proposed for estimating the limit of an asymptotic function through a set of ordered distance estimators. A standard asymptotic model is derived from the limiting case of a clustered distribution. The proposed estimator is evaluated against 13 types of simulated generating processes, including random, clustered, dispersed and mixed. Performance is compared with ordered distance estimation of the same rank, and with fixed-area sampling with the same number of trees tallied. The proposed estimator consistently performs better than ordered distance estimation, and nearly as well as fixedarea sampling in all but the most clustered situations. The estimator also provides information regarding the degree of clustering or dispersion.
A New Carryover Tax Basis Regime for Marketable Securities

In this report, the authors propose a limited carryover tax basis regime that would be restricted to marketable securities owned at death. They argue that their proposal would promote equity and raise an estimated $10 billion in annual revenue without raising tax rates.
Dynamic Visuospatial Ability and Learning from Dynamic Visualizations

It is common for instruction in the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) to include dynamic visualizations such as animations and videos in the hopes that they will help learners understand dynamic relationships within the material. Yet, research on dynamic visualizations has shown that they sometimes fail to benefit learning. The main purpose of this chapter is to explore a particular aptitude-by-treatment interaction that might better illuminate when dynamic visualizations may be most likely to facilitate learning. The studies reported here assess Multiple-Object Dynamic Spatial Ability, a particular set of spatial skills involving integrating information from multiple objects over time and space, and discuss its relation to learning from dynamic visualizations. When dynamic spatial abilities are considered, advantages can be seen for presenting dynamic visualizations specifically for students with lower dynamic visuospatial ability on topics that require dynamic spatial/temporal representations. These results suggest that the assessment of learners’ dynamic visuospatial ability could be useful for tailoring instruction and providing scaffolding to ensure that all learners are able to form understanding of dynamic topics and visualizations.
Intercellular transfer of mitochondria rescues virus-induced cell death but facilitates cell-to-cell spreading of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Our recent study showed that intercellular tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) serve as an alternative pathway for cell-to-cell spreading of infectious materials of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). In this study, we found that PRRSV infection could induce the formation of TNTs between infected and uninfected cells. Co-culturing PRRSV-infected cells with uninfected cells, including porcine umbilical cord stem cells, rescued PRRSV-induced cell death. Mitochondrion, an important regulator of cell survival/death, was observed transferring from uninfected to PRRSV-infected cells. Importantly, impaired formation of nanotube or defective mitochondrion was unable to rescue infected cells from apoptosis/necrosis. Certain PRRSV proteins were detected to associate with mitochondria and transport from infected to uninfected cells through TNTs. Our results suggest that TNTs-transfer of functional mitochondria rescued PRRSV-infected cells from apoptosis/necrosis in the early stage of infection. On the other hand, mitochondria could be utilized as a vehicle to transport viral materials for spreading the infection.
Microscale Architecture in Biomaterial Scaffolds for Spatial Control of Neural Cell Behavior

Biomaterial scaffolds mimic aspects of the native central nervous system (CNS) extracellular matrix (ECM) and have been extensively utilized to influence neural cell (NC) behavior in in vitro and in vivo settings. These biomimetic scaffolds support NC cultures, can direct the differentiation of NCs, and have recapitulated some native NC behavior in an in vitro setting. However, NC transplant therapies and treatments used in animal models of CNS disease and injury have not fully restored functionality. The observed lack of functional recovery occurs despite improvements in transplanted NC viability when incorporating biomaterial scaffolds and the potential of NC to replace damaged native cells. The behavior of NCs within biomaterial scaffolds must be directed in order to improve the efficacy of transplant therapies and treatments. Biomaterial scaffold topography and imbedded bioactive cues, designed at the microscale level, can alter NC phenotype, direct migration, and differentiation. Microscale patterning in biomaterial scaffolds for spatial control of NC behavior has enhanced the capabilities of in vitro models to capture properties of the native CNS tissue ECM. Patterning techniques such as lithography, electrospinning and 3D bioprinting can be employed to design the microscale architecture of biomaterial scaffolds. Here, the progress and challenges of the prevalent biomaterial patterning techniques of lithography, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting are reported. This review analyzes NC behavioral response to specific microscale topographical patterns and spatially organized bioactive cues.
Prognosis in Patients with Mild Coronary Atherosclerosis

The introduction of coronary arteriography a quarter of a century ago permitted the recognition of coronary atherosclerosis and estimation of its prognosis based upon the presence and extent of atherosclerotic involvement, as well as on the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. After 25 years, however, there is a relative paucity of data regarding the prognosis of patients with less than severe coronary artery disease. This article is an attempt to summarize the pertinent literature describing the prognosis of patients with arteriographic evidence of mild to moderate involvement. The data are largely for patients studied by coronary arteriography in the 1960s. Less than severe coronary atherosclerosis, or mild to moderate disease, is defined as the presence of angiographic evidence of coronary artery narrowing not exceeding 50% of lumen caliber. Prognostic end points considered include mortality, myocardial infarction, and angiographic progression of disease.
Event Detection and Localization using Sensor Networks

Although sensor network research was initially driven by military applications such as enemy tracking and surveillance in battle field, they have been deployed in several civilian and commercial applications such as habitat monitoring, environmental observations and forecasting, health monitoring etc. In this paper, we study and propose algorithms for detecting fire and localizing the same using sensor networks.
ENF Signal Extraction for Rolling-shutter Videos Using Periodic Zero-padding

Electric Network Frequency (ENF) analysis is a promising forensic technique for authenticating digital recordings and detecting tampering within the recordings. The validity of ENF analysis heavily relies on high-quality ENF signals ex- tracted from multimedia recordings. In this paper, we propose an ENF signal extraction method for rolling shutter acquired videos using periodic zero-padding. Our analysis shows that the extracted ENF signals using the proposed method are not distorted and the component with the highest signal-to-noise ratio is located at the intrinsic frequency. The experimental results show that our proposed method can generate more pre- cise ENF signals than those from the state-of-the-art method. Index Terms– Electric Network Frequency (ENF) sig- nal, frequency estimation, multirate analysis, rolling shutter
How gender affects the efficacy of discussion as an information shortcut

There are a number of observed gender differences in the frequency of political discussion, perceived levels of expertise, and importantly, openness to persuasion. This article explores the consequences of these differences for political choices. Given the difficulty in separating influence from homophily with observational data, this paper relies on a group-based experiment. Results suggest that when selecting between candidates, women are more likely to accept information from others, even if the information in the signals is not helpful. Men, on the other hand, often ignore outside signals in favor of sticking with their own choices even when outside signals would be helpful to their decision-making. A reanalysis of a previously published experiment on social communication leads to similar gender differences.
Vaccination-Induced Bursitis: Technique Matters.

In this issue, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–funded Vaccine Safety Datalink study of 2 943 493 vaccinated persons reported an additional 7.78 cases of subdeltoid bursitis per 1 milli...
Quantum chemical calculations for over 200,000 organic radical species and 40,000 associated closed-shell molecules

The stabilities of radicals play a central role in determining the thermodynamics and kinetics of many reactions in organic chemistry. In this data descriptor, we provide consistent and validated quantum chemical calculations for over 200,000 organic radical species and 40,000 associated closed-shell molecules containing C, H, N and O atoms. These data consist of optimized 3D geometries, enthalpies, Gibbs free energy, vibrational frequencies, Mulliken charges and spin densities calculated at the M06-2X/def2-TZVP level of theory, which was previously found to have a favorable trade-off between experimental accuracy and computational efficiency. We expect this data to be useful in the further development of machine learning techniques to predict reaction pathways, bond strengths, and other phenomena closely related to organic radical chemistry. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12609365
Adam Smith as Solon: Accommodating on the edges of liberty, not abandoning it

Abstract This paper puts forth evidence that Adam Smith held liberty as a central principle, but also that he adopted an approach of strategic yielding and caution. Smith associated this accommodating approach with the Athenian official Solon, who put forth laws that attempted to be “the best that the people can bear.” I argue that the view of Smith as Solon, accommodating where necessary, is underrepresented in the modern literature and is in contrast to views suggesting that the liberty principle was not so central to Smith's teachings.