cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter One Strange Beauty: Environmental Aesthetics After Humanism

Humanistic aesthetics sees beauty only as it stands in proportion to the human, only in its kinship with us, only as we are at home with it, and only in its domestic varieties. But surely an environmental aesthetic must find its proper element not in domesticity, but in wildness; not in what is measured, but in what is unmeasured; not in the homely, but in the strange and uncanny. An environmental aesthetic must be successive to humanism.
Expression of the interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor genes in Friend spleen focus-forming virus-induced erythroleukemia.

Friend spleen focus-forming virus (F-SFFV) is a replication-defective retrovirus that induces a multistage erythroleukemia in mice. In the first stage, expression of the SFFV envelope glycoprotein results in erythroid hyperplasia. Subsequently, the F-SFFV integrates near the Spi- 1 gene and activates its expression, resulting in immortalized cells that represent a second stage in the disease process. We report here that media conditioned by erythroleukemia cell lines or leukemic spleen cells induced by the polycythemia-inducing strain of F-SFFV (F-SFFVp), but not medium conditioned by SFFVp-induced hyperplastic spleens, promote the proliferation of normal granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)- and/or interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent cell lines. The colony- stimulating activity of the conditioned media from four of five of the lines studied was neutralized by antibodies specific for IL-3 and/or GM- CSF, and IL-3 and GM-CSF-specific mRNA could be detected in the cells after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. No rearrangements of the IL-3 or GM-CSF genes were observed by Southern blot analysis. However, as previously shown for SFFV-induced cell lines, the Spi-1 gene was expressed in all of these cells. Because the Spi-1 gene encodes a transcription factor whose cognate sequences are present in the promoter region of many hematopoietic growth factor genes, including IL-3 and GM-CSF, Spi-1 activation may be inducing the expression of these genes.
Not All Polyps Are Created Equal: Multiple Myeloma in the Gut

Abstract Background: Multiple myeloma is a neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells producing a monoclonal immunoglobulin usually restricted to the bone marrow. Recent literature confirms increased extramedullary involvement of skin, liver and lymph nodes but gastrointestinal multiple myelomas remain rare. Case: We report a case of 57-year-old female with a past medical history of progressive multiple myeloma IgA lambda on elotuzumab, lenalidomide and dexamethasone therapy, who presented with generalized weakness and black stools for approximately one week. Initial laboratory work demonstrated a hemoglobin of 6.7 grams per deciliter and heme positive stools consistent with anemia secondary to presumed gastrointestinal blood losses. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was unremarkable. Colonoscopy revealed 6 colonic polyps scattered throughout the distal transverse, cecal and descending colon which were excised and sent for pathology. Pathology of the polyps showed plasma cell myeloma with anaplastic features. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated cells that were positive for CD-138 and negative for keratin staining, confirming plasma cell origin. Furthermore analysis was positive for lambda light chain, but negative for kappa light chain. The patient was managed with packed red cell transfusion with no further evidence of recurrent bleeding. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal multiple myeloma are rare, but as our case demonstrates, they must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, particularly those with multiple myeloma. The endoscopic appearance of multiple myeloma polyps may be similar to other more common conditions, making pathological and immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies essential for making a correct diagnosis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
P132 : AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANT FOLLOWING AN ORTHOTOPIC HEART TRANSPLANT AND CYTOXAN/BORTEZOMIDE/DEXAMETHASONE THERAPY FOR AMYLOIDOSIS WITH IMPROVEMENT OF KIDNEY FUNCTION

Amyloidosis is a rare disorder that results in tissue deposition of insoluble fibrils. Systemic amyloid deposits are formed by immunoglobulin light chains or mutant protein, may involve various organs and cause organ damage. Heart involvement is observed in 50% of patients with light-chain amyloidosis and is a relevant factor for poor prognosis. A 68 year old white male with a significant past medical history received a 1/6 HLA matched orthotropic heart transplant for restrictive cardiomyopathy and diastolic congestive heart failure New York Heart Association class III. The native heart was found to be positive for amyloidosis (lambda light chain restricted). He had a prolonged and complicated post-transplant course during which he developed right ventricle failure, recurrent pleural effusions, adrenal insufficiency and end stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. Multiple endomyocardial biopsies post-transplant were negative for rejection and amyloidosis. A bone marrow biopsy 2 months post-transplant was consistent with myeloma with no evidence of amyloidosis. He was treated with Cytoxan/ Bortezomib/ Dexamethasone x2 for 8 weeks with complete remission but continued to require hemodialysis 3 x weekly. Eight months later he received an autologous stem cell transplant with standard of care Melphalan 140 mg/mm2. His counts recovered on post-transplant day 12. He was discharged on post-transplant day 15 with a serum creatinine of 2.43 mg/dl which had decreased from a baseline of 2.97 mg/dl. His renal dialysis was discontinued, to be done on as needed basis and his urine output was 1700 cc on post-transplant day 21. He continues to be on prednisone and tacrolimus for his heart transplant. The case is interesting as the workup for amyloidosis pre-heart transplant was negative despite bone marrow, endomyocardial and abdominal fat pad biopsies. The diagnosis of multiple myeloma was made after his explanted heart showed amyloidosis. The generally accepted therapeutic approach to improve survival and quality of life is chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant. Bortezomib benefits elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Identification of high risk patients with cardiac amyloidosis is a goal to implement individualized treatment strategies to enable curative therapy.
What underlies visual selective attention development? Evidence that age-related improvements in visual feature integration influence visual selective attention performance.

Abstract Visual selective attention (VSA) improves across childhood. Conjunction search tasks require integrating multiple visual features in order to find a target among distractors and are often used to measure VSA. Motivated by the visual system’s architecture and developmental changes in neural connectivity, we predicted that feature integration across separate visual pathways (e.g., color and motion) should develop later than feature integration within the same visual pathways (e.g., luminance and motion). A total of 89 4- to 10-year-old children completed a visual search task that manipulated whether feature integration was between separate parallel visual pathways or within the same visual pathway. We first examined whether color–motion integration was associated with a performance cost relative to luminance–motion integration across childhood. We found that color–motion integration was worse than luminance–motion integration in early childhood but that this difference decreased with age. We also examined whether luminance–motion and color–motion visual search performance developed differently across childhood. Reaction time (RT) visual search slopes for the luminance–motion condition were both stable across childhood and steeper overall than those for the color–motion condition. In contrast, RT search slopes for the color–motion condition became steeperincrease across childhood. Finally, we found that age-related improvements in color–motion integration, relative to luminance–motion integration, were associated with longer color–motion search rates across childhood. These data suggest that age-related improvements in color–motion feature integration may increase competition between color–motion targets and distractors, thereby increasing the amount of time needed to process distractors as nontargets during the selection process.
Using an Entrustable Professional Activity to Assess Consultation Requests Called on an Internal Medicine Teaching Service.

Introduction The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's milestones require internal medicine residents to have competency in calling consults. Based on a literature review, we devel...
Playing by Ear: Listening Games in the Music History Classroom

Teaching critical listening is often one of the main goals in the music history classroom, and a recent roundtable in the Journal of Music History Pedagogy has called for the incorporation of performers and their history into the classroom as well. This article proposes a kind of listening activity in the form of a game that addresses both these problems and makes it engaging for students to compare multiple examples or performances of music.Various versions and applications of the game demonstrate its usefulness in both general music history surveys and advanced seminars.
The complex ionosphere

Abstract The Earth's ionosphere is a large and open system that fits well in the class of “complex systems”: in particular, it is richly organized in its space and time behavior, and shows elements of apparent unpredictability. In this chapter, we review the “reason of complexity” of the Earth's ionosphere, and propose a functional treatment through which one tries to reproduce the “stochastic nature” of subfluid components of the ionosphere.
Dielectric-slab loaded integrated horn antennas

Integrated horn antennas consist of a pyramidal cavity etched in silicon and fed by a strip-dipole which is evaporated on a thin dielectric membrane suspended inside the silicon cavity [1,2]. In this paper a new feeding approach is introduced and studied. In this configuration, the feeding strip-dipole is printed on a thin GaAs wafer which is inserted in the integrated silicon cavity. The new configuration enables the monolithic integration of high-speed electronics with the feeding strip-dipole, resulting into a very attractive antenna structure for millimeter-wave applications. The antennas are designed to suppress substrate modes and are analyzed and optimized through the use of full-wave analysis.
Associations between resting-state functional connectivity and treatment response in a randomized clinical trial for posttraumatic stress disorder.

BACKGROUND Alterations in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) have been reported in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we examined pre- and post-treatment rsFC during a randomized clinical trial to characterize alterations and examine predictors of treatment response. METHODS Sixty-four combat veterans with PTSD were randomly assigned to prolonged exposure (PE) plus placebo, sertraline plus enhanced medication management, or PE plus sertraline. Symptom assessment and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans occurred before and after treatment. Twenty-nine trauma-exposed combat veterans without PTSD served as a control group at intake. Seed-based and region of interest (ROI)-to-ROI connectivities, as well as an exploratory connectome-based approach were used to analyze rsFC patterns. Based on previously reported findings, analyses focused on Salience Network (SN) and Default-Mode Network (DMN). RESULTS At intake, patients with PTSD showed greater DMN-dorsal attention network (DAN) connectivity (between ventromedial prefrontal cortex and superior parietal lobule; family-wise error corrected p = .011), greater SN-DAN connectivity (between insula and middle frontal gyrus; corrected p = .003), and a negative correlation between re-experiencing symptoms and within-DMN connectivity (between posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and middle temporal gyrus; corrected p < .001). We also found preliminary evidence for associations between rsFC and treatment response. Specifically, high responders (≥50% PTSD symptom improvement), compared with low responders, had greater SN-DMN segregation (i.e., less pre-treatment amygdala-PCC connectivity; p = .011) and lower pre-treatment global centrality (p = .042). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest neural abnormalities in PTSD and may inform future research examining neural biomarkers of PTSD treatment response.
Hollywood and Gender Equity Debates in the #metoo Time’s Up Era

From the gender pay gap to scarcity of women directing $100+ million projects, a dynamic debate around gender inequity in Hollywood has emerged in recent years. In an industry with a historically long record of systemic gender imbalance, quantitative studies illustrate how men continue to dominate above-the-line positions—director, producer, and screenwriter. For the top-grossing 250 Hollywood films of 2016, 13% had female screenwriters whereas women directed only 7%. On the one hand, employment statistics are an important marker of slow industry-wide change in a charged moment characterized by much rhetoric and little action. On the other hand, this data dominates conversations from trade coverage to film festival panels. Many of these studies do not move beyond the numbers in order to explore the lived experience of female media professionals and the complexities of navigating the Hollywood boy’s club. This chapter offers a critical industry studies analysis of women filmmakers in Hollywood rooted in both historical context and a contemporary perspective. First, I offer a historical overview of women’s work from the 1920s silent era to 2000s Conglomerate Hollywood. While few female filmmakers actively worked for the Hollywood studios prior to the 1980s, women contributed to the studio system through invisible, and often devalued, clerical and service work. How specific filmmaking positions were gendered in the past as either masculine or feminine work is key to understanding contemporary production cultures. Second, I discuss how conversations about rampant gender inequity and sexual harassment and misconduct accelerated since 2015 resulting in the #metoo and Time’s Up movements. Grounded trade publications, industry events, and social media campaigns, this chapter considers how industry gatekeepers and A-list talent address structural issues in this moment by harnessing the visibility of live broadcast events and calling on the individual power of top-tier executives and talent to take responsibility. What results is a wave of industry-wide awareness that ignites visible popular feminist activism yet still places the burden to develop and implement equitable policy initiatives back on the individual women fighting for structural change.
Student Loan Purpose and the Brunner Test

This Article offers a new rationale for making student loans more readily dischargeable in bankruptcy: Doing so advances Congress’s purpose in creating federal student loan programs in the first place. Empirical research indicates that if it is too hard to discharge loans in bankruptcy, students are less likely to pursue higher education, more likely to drop out, less likely to consider lower-income but valuable career paths, and more likely to be harmed rather than aided by their student loans. All these effects undermine Congress’s express aims for the student loan programs. Courts have ignored Congress’s larger purpose in setting the standard for student-loan dischargeability. Specifically, in construing the Bankruptcy Code’s requirement that a debtor show “undue hardship” to get a discharge of student loans, the court that announced the prevailing Brunner test and many courts following it have focused narrowly on furthering the purposes of the specific provision that makes student loans harder to discharge than most other debts. They have not, in interpreting the open-ended “undue hardship” requirement, been guided by the overarching purposes of the student loan programs. As a result, “undue hardship” is often interpreted too harshly, hindering federal student loan programs from accomplishing their purposes. The Article proposes a replacement for the Brunner test that would align the interpretation of “undue hardship” more closely with Congress’s goals. The Article suggests that undue hardship should be presumed to exist when the debtor cannot repay student loans in a reasonable (10-20 year) period of time while maintaining a middle-class standard of living. The presumption could be rebutted by a showing that the debtor is engaged in the opportunistic abuse that Congress tried to combat by restricting discharge. The proposal would further Congress’s student-loan program goals of expanding the middle class and moderating the length of time borrowers are in repayment. The Article concludes by observing that considering the overarching purposes of the student-loan programs as it proposes does not just support its specific suggestion, but also offers a new basis for adopting other recent proposals for liberalizing student-loan dischargeability.
Motivating Novice Crowd Workers through Goal Setting: An Investigation into the Effects on Complex Crowdsourcing Task Training

Training workers within a task is one way of enabling novice workers, who may lack domain knowledge or experience, to work on complex crowdsourcing tasks. Based on goal setting theory in psychology, we conduct a randomized experiment to study whether and how setting different goals—including performance goal, learning goal, and behavioral goal—when training workers for a complex crowdsourcing task affects workers’ learning perception, learning gain, and post-training performance. We find that setting different goals during training significantly affects workers’ learning perception, but overall does not have an effect on learning gain or post-training performance. However, higher levels of learning gain can be obtained when setting learning goals for workers who are highly learning-oriented. Additionally, giving workers a challenging behavioral goal can nudge them to adopt desirable behavior meant to improve learning and performance, though the adoption of such behavior does not lead to as much improvement as when the worker decides to take part in the behavior themselves. We conclude by discussing the lessons we’ve learned on how to effectively utilize goals in complex crowdsourcing task training.
Mortality Dynamics and Life Tables of Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), a Pollinator Managed for Alfalfa Seed Production

The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), contributes to the pollination of more than two-thirds of alfalfa used in seed production in North America. However, losses in managed populations of more than 50% are common in the United States.Thus, understanding the causes of mortality of M. rotundata is critical to find ways to maintain and increase bee populations. Over 2 yr, we identified and quantified six mortality classes of M. rotundata, as well as estimated mortality risk using the demographic life-table model, M-DEC. Research was conducted on an alfalfa field in Toston, Montana and offspring mortality was assessed in the fall of each year. Nest shelters were manipulated for a main temperature treatment (low vs high), and nest boxes inside the shelters were manipulated for a parasitism sub-treatment (parasitism-resistant vs parasitism-enabled). Total mortality was approximately 15% for both years, but the proportion for each mortality class differed substantially. Mortality increased with increasing internal nest-tunnel temperature, and nest boxes with parasitism-enabled entry had nearly double the mortality than those with parasitism-resistant entry. Based on demographic multiple decrement life table analyses, mortality from each class was highly irreplaceable. Identifying and quantifying irreplaceable mortality classes and strategies to mitigate those causes may help producers decrease total population loss of M. rotundata before the adult stage.
Untangling the Web Spun by Title VII's Referral & Deferral Scheme

Title VII's dual enforcement scheme creates knotty preclusion and subject-matter jurisdiction issues. The statute requires that claims of employment discrimination made in those states or localities with their own administrative enforcement bodies must first be presented locally, and may be pursued in the federal system only after affording the state administrative body time to attempt their resolution. The result of this dual enforcement scheme is that in some cases, a claim comes to federal court after it has already been adjudicated in the state system. Questions then arise as to whether the federal court has jurisdiction to hear the claim and, if so, the extent to which the prior state determination deserves preclusive effect. This Article will attempt to untangle the complicated web of preclusion and jurisdiction issues created by Title VII's dual enforcement scheme, and to define for the benefit of students, practitioners, and judges the approach to resolving such issues that best furthers the implicated legal and policy concerns of workplace equality and federalism.
Securities Law: Overview and Contemporary Issues

This is not your grandfather’s SEC anymore. Rapid technological change has resulted in novel regulatory issues and challenges, as law and policy struggles to keep pace. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) reports that “the U.S. capital markets are the deepest, most dynamic, and most liquid in the world. They also have evolved to become increasingly fast and extraordinarily complex. It is our job to be responsive and innovative in the face of significant market developments and trends.” With global markets increasingly interdependent and interconnected and, “as technological advancements and commercial developments have changed how our securities markets operate, our ability to remain an effective regulator requires us to continuously monitor the market environment and, as appropriate, adjust and modernize our expertise, rules, regulations, and oversight tools and activities.” The success or failure of our society, jobs of a global workplace, and the ability of families everywhere to feed, clothe, and house themselves depends on the success of the SEC in providing fair and open access to capital through efficient markets. Our paper proceeds in eight parts. First, we explain the genesis and role of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Second, the definition of and what exactly constitutes a “security” is provided. Third, the securities issuance process is discussed. Fourth, we focus our discussion on The Division of Enforcement. Fifth, we discuss corporate governance and the SEC. Sixth, we explore the difficult task of governing during times of rapid technological change. Seventh, we examine contemporary issues that face the Commission. And last, we conclude.
Differential Morpho-Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses to Heat Stress in Two Blueberry Species

Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are highly vulnerable to changing climatic conditions, especially increasing temperatures. To gain insight into mechanisms underpinning the response to heat stress, two blueberry species were subjected to heat stress for 6 and 9 h at 45 °C, and leaf samples were used to study the morpho-physiological and transcriptomic changes. As compared with Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium darrowii exhibited thermal stress adaptation features such as small leaf size, parallel leaf orientation, waxy leaf coating, increased stomatal surface area, and stomatal closure. RNAseq analysis yielded ~135 million reads and identified 8305 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during heat stress against the control samples. In V. corymbosum, 2861 and 4565 genes were differentially expressed at 6 and 9 h of heat stress, whereas in V. darrowii, 2516 and 3072 DEGs were differentially expressed at 6 and 9 h, respectively. Among the pathways, the protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was the highly enriched pathway in both the species: however, certain metabolic, fatty acid, photosynthesis-related, peroxisomal, and circadian rhythm pathways were enriched differently among the species. KEGG enrichment analysis of the DEGs revealed important biosynthesis and metabolic pathways crucial in response to heat stress. The GO terms enriched in both the species under heat stress were similar, but more DEGs were enriched for GO terms in V. darrowii than the V. corymbosum. Together, these results elucidate the differential response of morpho-physiological and molecular mechanisms used by both the blueberry species under heat stress, and help in understanding the complex mechanisms involved in heat stress tolerance.
"Two Friends Spending Time Together": The Impact of Video Visual Scene Displays on Peer Social Interaction for Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Purpose Social interaction poses many challenges for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and complex communication needs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of vide...
Fertility cultures and childbearing desire after the Two-Child Policy: evidence from southwest China

Early work on China’s Two-Child Policy identified cost as a major disincentive to having a second child, but financial constraints may work in tandem with cultural factors to shape childbearing desire. In addition, most research has excluded men from the sample. This paper develops Yan’s (2003 Yan, Y. (2003). Private life under socialism: Love, intimacy, and family change in a Chinese village 1949-1999. Stanford University. [Google Scholar]) concepts of ‘new’ and ‘traditional’ fertility cultures to childbearing desire, a key component of fertility decision-making that is poorly understood (Hayford & Agadjanian, 2017 Hayford, S. R., & Agadjanian, V. (2017). Determined to stop? Longitudinal analysis of the desire to have no more children in rural Mozambique. Population Studies, 71(3), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2017.1334957[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). In particular, we focus on how differing conceptions of children’s needs relate to perceptions of cost. This paper reports on semi-structured interviews with 29 men and women in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province. We found that interviewees who espoused views consistent with a traditional fertility framework were more interested in having a second child, and were less concerned about cost. In addition, men were more likely to espouse views consistent with a traditional fertility cultural framework.
Field Load Rating and Grillage Analysis Method for Skewed Steel Girder Highway Bridges

Abstract An innovative load rating method for skewed highway bridges with steel girders is proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, a field test coupled with a grillage analysis is used to d...
Some Basic Properties of Hypercyclic Operators

Using a few classical examples and the invariant subspace problem, we motivate the definition of a hypercyclic operator on a Banach space. We state a sufficient condition for an uncountable family of operators to have a dense G\(_\delta \) set of common hypercyclic vectors. Then we exhibit a few examples of such uncountable families. Finally, we switch our focus to some results on extending of an operator defined on a Hilbert subspace to a hypercyclic operator on the whole Hilbert space.
Incentivizing Cadaver Organ Donors: How to Increase the Supply of Cadaver Organ Donors among Residents of Illinois Wesleyan University

Over 6,500 individuals died in 2012 waiting for an organ transplant in the United States. In the context of economics, this phenomenon is called a shortage, and in the world of the affected, this shortage is the difference between life and death. Ever since the passage of the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA), which prohibits the sale of organs for human transplantation, economists, philosophers, public policy experts, religious leaders, and others have debated the ethical and effective standing of the law. Increasing the supply of organs by introducing monetary incentives to donors (suppliers) is a recent development in the field of economics. The concept has met resistance on ethical and empirical grounds. Regarding ethics, the use of monetary incentives has been criticized for potentially victimizing the poor, leading to the advancement of a black market, and removing the critical role of altruism within society. This paper does not undermine these valid concerns, and it recognizes the importance for the ethical debate. In fact, a small portion of this paper is devoted to these considerations. However, the majority of the paper focuses on empirical findings as they relate to the supply of organ donations. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol23/iss1/15
Mechanics of Myelin Sheath Expansion: Changes in Mesaxons and Schwann Cell Cytoplasm Upon Sheath Expansion

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on certain aspects of the geometry of the myelin sheath, particularly in regard to the rearrangement of the myelin lamellae upon changes in \the caliber of the axis cylinder. The process deserves attention because it may provide clues to the mechanism that controls the amount of myelin formed per fiber. The chapter emphasizes on the pertinent data from earlier studies and also on recent studies on changes in mesaxon and Schwann cell cytoplasm upon sheath expansion. Fragmentation of Schwann cell cytoplasm into islands is observed in stumps of nerves and in degenerating fibers by several investigators and was interpreted as regenerating axons as pseudopods of proliferating Schwann cells or as Bungner's bands. In conclusion, the data present in the chapter indicate that stretching and expansion of the myelin sheath is transmitted onto the outer mesaxon and the plasma membranes of the Schwann cells. This process provides a mechanism by which the need for additional myelin formation may be signaled to the Schwann cell.
On the global convergence of a modified augmented Lagrangian linesearch interior-point Newton method for nonlinear programming

We consider a linesearch globalization of the local primal-dual interior-point Newton method for nonlinear programming introduced by El-Bakry, Tapia, Tsuchiya, and Zhang. The linesearch uses a new merit function that incorporates a modification of the standard augmented Lagrangian function and a weak notion of centrality. We establish a global convergence theory and present promising numerical experimentation.
Mathematical Modeling of CO2 Reduction to CO in Aqueous Electrolytes I. Kinetic Study on Planar Silver and Gold Electrodes

A cell design for CO 2 (and H 2 O) reduction to CO (and H 2 ), similar to a proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell but with a silver or gold catalyst at the cathode and a pH buffer layer (aqueous KHCO 3 ) between the cathode catalyst layer and the membrane, is evaluated. The cell can operate at a CO current density as high as -135 mA/cm 2 (on supported Au catalyst). The general framework for treating equilibrated reactions and equilibrated interfacial mass transfer in a multiphase medium is derived and used to set forth a mathematical model of the electrolysis cell. At low current density, the model accounts for the experimental data pretty well, using rate constant values obtained on flat Ag and Au electrodes. The model is further used to understand some of the cell features, such as the effect of CO 2 partial pressure in the cathode gas channel and KHC0 3 concentration in the buffer layer, the resistance increase and the CO efficiency decrease at high current density, and the decay in CO efficiency upon operation. Finally, the model is used to predict the behavior of a cell design based on a porous anion-exchange membrane instead of the aqueous buffer layer.
Interfacial Stress, Interfacial Energy, and Phase Equilibria in Binary Alloys

A simple model is presented in order to explore the influence of interfacial stress, interfacial energy, and surface stress on the characteristics of phase equilibria in stressed, two-phase binary alloys. Two different system geometries are employed: concentric spheres and thin plates. The conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium are solved and equations of state for each geometry are obtained in terms of the phase fraction, alloy composition, system dimension, and several dimensionless materials parameters. Elastic stress introduces new equilibrium states that are further modified by the interfacial quantities. Those conditions for which interfacial quantities can induce significant changes in the equilibrium phase fraction and phase compositions are identified.
Abnormal gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors in the lymphocytes of patients with bipolar disorder.

Objectives Abnormalities of protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and their soluble receptors have been reported in plasma of patients with bipolar disorder (BP). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the mRNA expression of membrane-bound receptors for proinflammatory cytokines will be altered in the lymphocytes of patients with BP. Methods We determined protein and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and mRNA expression of their receptors in the lymphocytes from 29 drug-free, hospitalized patients with BP and 30 drug-free normal control subjects. The subjects were diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. Plasma protein levels of cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); mRNA levels in lymphocytes were determined by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. Results We found that mean mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and their receptors TNFR1, IL-1R1, and the antagonist IL-1RA were significantly higher in the lymphocytes of patients with BP compared with normal controls. Conclusions This study suggests that the observed abnormalities of membrane-bound cytokine receptors may alter the functional response of cytokines in BP and that the mRNA levels of these receptors could be a potential biomarker.
Beauty is Wealth: CEO Appearance and Shareholder Value

This paper examines whether and how the appearance of chief executives officers (CEOs) relates to shareholder value. We obtain a Facial Attractiveness Index of 667 CEOs based on their facial geometry. CEOs with a higher Facial Attractiveness Index are associated with better returns around their job announcements, and higher acquirer returns upon acquisition announcements. To mitigate endogeneity concerns, we compare stock returns surrounding news dates with CEOs’ images to returns surrounding news dates without CEOs’ images. Facial Attractiveness Index positively affects returns only around news dates with CEOs’ images. These findings suggest that CEO appearance matters for shareholder value.
Preliminary Analysis of the Temporal Patterns of Heavy Rainfall across the Southeastern United States

This paper examines trends in heavy rainfall events across the southeastern United States over the past century. Time series of the number of annual storm events over a 76.2 mm threshold were used for analysis. Significant trends that had some spatial coherence were identified. Increasing trends were detected in a region extending from northeastern Texas to the Appalachians, with a weaker signal of decreasing events along the East Coast. These patterns may be linked to fluctuations in the strength and migration of the Bermuda High.
Interactive Effects of Graphic Organizers and Delayed Review on Concept Application

In 2 experiments, the effects of review occasion (immediate vs. delayed) and study materials (text alone vs. text plus outlines vs. text plus graphic organizers) on students' application of concepts were investigated. Undergraduates studied 1 of the 3 sets of study materials, reviewed them immediately or 2 days later, and then were tested. In both experiments, delayed review facilitated application performance for the students who viewed text plus graphic organizers but not for those who viewed only text or text plus outlines. The students who delayed their review of graphic organizers were more likely to report using nonmemorization study strategies than those who reviewed immediately.
Lost in Transmission: Studies of Trauma across Generations

They transmitted only the wound to their children,to whom the memory had been refused.(Nadine Fresco, 1984, p. 4) This unique and important collection is traversed by stories that present a particu...
Integrating CHAT and Action Research

The aim of this paper is to show how action research, conducted collaboratively, can enact principles for learning-and-teaching derived from cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) and how, at the same time, action research (AR) can contribute to the development of CHAT. I have tried to support these claims by providing an account of my own development as a researcher, learner and teacher.
Selective Phosphate Protection: A Novel Synthesis of Double-Labeled Oligonucleotides

A novel, selective labeling of oligonucleotides with two different reporter groups is described. The oligonucleotide is synthesized using a stable 2-(4-methoxybenzamido)ethyl protection for a selected internucleosidic thiophosphate (PS) and a labile 2-(N-isopropyl-4-methoxybenzamido)ethyl for the 3‘-terminal PS and internucleosidic phosphates. The latter group and the base protection are removed, and the 3‘-terminal PS is labeled. The former protection is then cleaved by a prolonged ammonolysis, and the second reporter is introduced at the internucleosidic PS.
The Impact of Enacted Mathematics Curriculum Models on Prospective Elementary Teachers' Course Perceptions and Beliefs

This paper communicates the impact of prospective teachers' learning of mathematics using novel curriculum materials in an innovative classroom setting. Two sections of a mathematics content course for prospective elementary teachers used different text materials and instructional approaches. The primary mathematical authorities were the instructor and text in the textbook section and the prospective teachers in the curriculum materials section. After one semester, teachers in the curriculum materials section (n= 34) placed significantly more importance on classroom group work and discussions, less on instructor lecture and explanation, and less on textbooks having practice problems, examples, and explanations. They valued student exploration over practice. In the textbook section (n= 19), there was little change in the teachers' beliefs, in which practice was valued over exploration. These results highlight the positive impact of experiences with innovative curriculum materials on prospective elementary teachers' beliefs about mathematics instruction.
The Role of Group Interest, Identity, and Stigma in Determining Mental Health Policy Preferences

Public attitudes toward mental health present an interesting puzzle. While mental health is one aspect of general health and well-being, it receives less support for government spending increases than does health care. One explanation lies with the stigma that is attached to mental illness. This stigma produces more negative attitudes on policy issues related to persons with mental illness such as government spending for mental health. However, group identification, as defined by personal experience or a family member who has experienced a mental illness, may have a strong effect on these attitudes. Using data from the 1996 General Social Survey's module on mental health. I examine this and other hypotheses and find evidence that group identification increases the likelihood of increased support for government spending for mental health. These robust findings exist even in quantitative models, which include politically relevant variables and measure identification with mental illness in two different ways. These findings suggest that mental health is policy for the few because those most supportive of government spending increases are persons who share the common identity of experiencing mental illness.
Occurrence of Alkyllead Compounds in the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers

Abstract Environmental occurrence of alkyllead compounds, both of molecular species, e.g., tetraalkyllead, and ionic species, e.g., dialkyllead and trialkyllead, is believed to be derived mainly from anthropogenic sources such as effluents of alkyllead production plants and from slow degradation of tetraalkyllead in the environment. The present study describes a survey for the occurrence of tetraalkyllead, trialkyllead, dialkyllead, and Pb(II) (R = Me, Et) in water, surface microlayer, fish, and sediments from 29 stations in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, including the western basin of Lake Erie. Results indicated that triethyllead and diethlylead compounds have been found for the first time in fish and surface microlayer in St. Clair River near Corunna where a production plant is located. About 48% of the surface microlayer samples contained various alkyllead compounds whereas only one water sample taken from the St. Clair River was found to contain alkyllead. Alkyllead compounds were found in several species of fish caught in the St. Clair River, with northern pike containing the highest concentration of alkyllead (0.173 μg/g) followed by white sucker, carp, and walleye. The concentrations of alkyllead in some individual fish reached the p.p.m. level which is considered highly hazardous for consumption although health criteria for alkyllead are not yet available. The ratios of alkyllead to total lead ranged from 0% for yellow perch and brown trout to 56% for carp.
Designing an intelligent teaching simulator for learning to teach by practicing

Learning to teach is difficult for prospective teachers because of the complex nature of the work of teaching. Practicing (Lampert in J Teach Educ 61(1–2):21–34, 2010), interacting with the practice of teaching from a first-person perspective, may give them a unique experience in learning to teach. Computer-based simulators in which the apprentice teacher can interact with virtual students may be used to create that kind of experience. In this paper, we show how to apply techniques in artificial intelligence to design an intelligent learning environment. We show how to model the apprentice’s decision making and resources that can help him or her improve the practice of teaching.
Vocal jitter and shimmer in stuttering

Abstract Vocal jitter and shimmer measures of the fluent phonations of 14 stutterers, 12 male and two female, were compared with jitter and shimmer measures of a group of nonstutterers matched for age and sex. Each subject phonated four vowels nine times in random order. Each phonation was sustained for at least 5 sec and was tape-recorded. The mid-3-sec portion of each recorded vowel phonation was subjected to jitter and shimmer analyses. Measures for stutterers were larger in both instances. Significant differences between stutterers and nonstutterers were obtained for shimmer measures. Differences on jitter measures were not significant. High variability in the stuttering group accounted for the nonsignificant finding in jitter measures and, in general, indicated heterogeneity among the stutterers. Findings led to the tentative conclusion that in fluent sustained phonation, stutterers demonstrate less stable control of respiratory-laryngeal dynamics than nonstutterers.
Motivational Effects of Anxiety on Psychomotor Performance

The Hull-Spence theory of anxiety drive (A) was tested in a psychomotor learning situation in which both correct responses (R+) and competing responses (R-) were evoked by the task. Measures of A-Trait and A-State were obtained from 151 women and 52 men, all of whom were then exposed to a sequence of 16 trials on a mirror-tracking task presented either continuously or with 2-min. intertrial intervals. Analyses of the effects of A were then performed on samples of 68 women and 16 men drawn from the tails of the A distributions. Theoretical predictions about the effects of A on initial scores and performance trends of both R+ and R- were strongly supported, somewhat more so within the A-State classification than within the A-Trait classification owing to the larger amount of variance accounted for. Analyses involving intermediate levels of A showed that R+ was a monotonic and essentially linear function of A.
Positive and negative charged rods alternating along a line: Exact results

The Coulomb system consisting of an equal number of positive and negative charged rods confined to a line with the charges alternating in sign along the line is considered. By replacing the line with a lattice, one can calculate the grand partition function and correlations exactly for one value of the coupling constant. The exact solution exhibits features forbidden in the corresponding continuous system, in which each pair of oppositely charged rods also interact via a short-range repulsive potential, and there is no restriction on the ordering of the charges. The sum rule indicating the phase of the system is identified.
From World to Mind and Back Again

Understanding the review you are now reading engages knowledge of three kinds: you have knowledge of the physical world (perception of the visual patterns that constitute the text of the review), knowledge of another person's mind (that aspect of the author's mind communicated here through written language), and knowledge of your own mind (you have your beliefs and opinions about the piece). Cognitive neuroscience underwrites the conviction that it is your brain that is mediating all three aspects of knowing about the world; the challenge is to explain how the brain does it.
Introduction to Part II: Trauma and Juvenile Delinquency: New Directions in Interventions

This article introduces the second part of a two-part special issue featuring new directions in research with traumatized youth involved in the juvenile justice system. The articles in this issue focus on cutting-edge evidence-based interventions designed to help youth to overcome the sequelae associated with trauma exposure and to support them in returning to a prosocial developmental pathway. The interventions described vary in the targets of therapeutic change, ranging from parental internal working models of relationship alone, to relational functions in the larger family system, to traumagenic dynamics among delinquent girls and their therapeutic foster parents, to the empowerment of groups of youth through participation in musical theatre, to changes directed at the detention milieu itself to, at the policy level, the creation of a more trauma-informed juvenile justice system overall. However, what unites all these efforts is thoughtful attention to an underlying theory of change and consideration o...
Taking a Red Pill to Disempower Unethical Students: Creating Ethical Sentinels in Business Schools

The article focuses on the creation of ethical sentinels in business schools. Particular attention is given to the ethics of students, the choices confronting business educators, as well as the sig...
Dissociation Constants of Acetic Acid and Protonated Tris(Hydroxymethyl)‐Aminomethane in 80 mass% 2‐Methoxyethanol/20 Mass % Water in the Range 10 to 50°

Electromotive-force measurements of cells without transference have been used to determine the thermodynamic dissociation constants of acetic acid and protonated Tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris.H+) in the mixed solvent 80 mass% 2-methoxyethanol/20 mass% water from 10 to 50°. Hydrogen gas electrodes and silver-silver chloride electrodes were used. Thermodynamic constants for the dissociation process were derived. The enthalpy of dissociation of Tris.H+ was also determined by titration calorimetry and found to be in acceptable agreement with the value obtained from the emf measurements. Allowance for association of the ions of the salts used altered the calculated pK values by about 0.03 unit (acetic acid) and 0.06 unit (Tris.H+).