cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Optical Instrument Transformer Characteristics on the Performance of Protective Relays and Power Quality Meters

This paper evaluates the influence of optical instrument transformers (OIT) characteristics on the performance of protection and power quality metering Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED). Lab research and experience from field application have shown that instrument transformer characteristics may affect the performance of relays, revenue metering systems and power quality meters. Recently, optical voltage and current instrument transformers have become readily available. Optical transducers measure changes in properties of some materials as a result of the surrounding electrical or magnetic field instead of directly measuring currents and voltages. A quantitative relationship between this change and the current or voltage can be obtained. OIT provide several benefits for protection and metering applications: wider frequency bandwidth and better dynamic performance. A previous study has presented a methodology for assessing the influence of instrument transformer characteristics on relay performance. The methodology presented in this paper uses some of the aspects presented in the previous studies and defines criteria and procedure for evaluating the influence of OIT characteristics on the performance protective relays and power quality meters. OIT models obtained from laboratory testing of actual sensors have been used along with simulation environment to quantify the influence. Results of simulation are presented.
Clinical, Functional, and Radiographic Outcomes Following PSI, CAS, and Manual TKA: A Short-Term Follow-Up Study

Introduction Patient specific instruments (PSI) and computer-assisted surgery (CAS) are innovative technologies that offer the potential to improve the accuracy and reproducibility with which a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is performed. It has not been established whether clinical, functional, or radiographic outcomes between PSI, CAS, and manual TKA differ in the hands of an experienced TKA surgeon. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical, functional and radiographic outcomes between TKA performed with PSI, CAS, and manual instruments at short-term follow-up. Our hypothesis was that at early follow-up, we would be unable to elucidate any significant differences between the groups using the most commonly utilized outcomes measures. Methods 40 PSI, 38 CAS, and 40 manual TKA were performed by a single surgeon. The groups were similar in regards to age, sex, and preoperative diagnosis. The Knee Society Scoring System was used to evaluate patient clinical and functional outcome scores preoperatively and at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. Long-standing AP radiographs were obtained pre and postoperative to evaluate mechanical axis alignment. Results PSI, CAS, and manual TKA produced similar interval improvements in clinical and functional outcomes at both 1 and 6-months postoperative. Knee Society Knee scores were on average 88.5, 72.5, and 69.3 for PSI, CAS, and manual TKA at 1 month and 99.4, 83.4, and 84.6 at 6 months postoperative. Knee Society Function scores were on average 65.9, 49.3, and 48.4 for PSI, CAS, and manual TKA at 1 month and 86.3, 66.2, and 61.2 at 6 months postoperative. Although PSI tended to have higher absolute Knee and Function scores at 1 and 6 months postoperative, the interval change from preoperative to postoperative between each group was similar. Postoperative mechanical axis alignment was not significantly different between PSI, CAS, and manual TKA (1.0âi?½°, 2.0âi?½°, and −0.2âi?½°, respectively). Discussion This study suggests that in the hands of an experienced arthroplasty surgeon, PSI, CAS and manual TKA produce similar interval improvements in clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes at short-term follow-up. These results may reflect the ability of an arthroplasty-trained academic surgeon to perform a TKA accurately with multiple technologies. These findings may also represent the lack of sensitivity and inability of commonly utilized evaluation tools, like plain radiographs and the Knee Society Scoring System, to adequately differentiate small differences in outcomes and limb alignment, if differences do indeed exist. Long-term follow-up will help establish whether these TKA technologies continue to demonstrate equivalent clinical and functional interval improvements.
Ripples settle surface behaviour

During one of his frequent trips to England, the 18th-century American author, scientist and diplomat, Benjamin Franklin, conducted a simple experiment on the pond at Clapham Common. One windy day, he poured a teaspoon of oil on the choppy water and saw that it had an instant calming effect as it spread over the surface. Franklin reported that this tiny amount of oil made a quarter of the pond "as smooth as a looking glass". Ancient mariners used the same trick to calm choppy seas, according to Pliny the Elder, the Roman savant and author. The trick works because of surface thermodynamics. Now a team of researchers in the US has conducted a 21st-century version of the experiment by studying how the ripples on a silicon surface flatten as the material is heated (J Erlebacher et al. 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5800).
Blood-group antigen expression during pancreatic cancer induction in hamsters.

The expression of blood group-related and tumor-associated antigens was examined in pancreatic adenocarcinomas and in the normal pancreas of hamsters to determine if this expression correlated with the host blood group and/or stage of carcinogenicity, respectively. Pancreatic tumors were induced by 4 weekly treatments of hamsters withN-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) and analyzed immunohistochemically during different stages of tumor progression with polyclonal antibodies (PoAbs) and monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against A, B, O and Lewis (Le) isoantigens, including X, Y and CA 19-9 monosialoganglioside (gastrointestinal cancer antigen, GICA), as well as with PoAbs detecting human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), α-fetoprotein (AFP) and the Β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (Β-HCG). The red blood cells of both control and tumor-bearing hamsters expressed AB and Le(a+b+)-like blood group types, as detected by polyvalent antisera. However, none of the MoAbs reacted with the hamster red blood cells. In the pancreas, all PoAbs against blood group antigens reacted with hyperplastic ducts and ductules at very early stages of carcinogenesis, as well as with neoplastic lesions, but not with normal pancreatic cells, except for the acinar cells, which were stained with PoAb-B, PoAb-Lea and PoAb-Leb. None of the MoAbs showed any affinity for the normal pancreatic cells; however, they reacted to various degrees with induced hyperplastic and neoplastic tissue. Reactivities of several MoAbs with malignant cells were greater than those with hyperplastic lesions: MoAb-B was highly reactive with all induced lesions, MoAb-A less reactive, and MoAb-H and MoAb-Ley (which has 6 sugar chains) detected only some cancer cells. Neither of the two MoAb-Lex (with 5 carbohydrate chains) reacted with carcinoma cells, although they did bind to a few hyperplastic cells. Neither MoAb-Lea and MoAb CA 19-9, nor PoAbs against CEA, AFP and Β-HCG, reacted with any normal, hyperplastic or malignant cells. These results demonstrate the differential reactivity of these PoAbs and MoAbs in normal and malignant pancreatic tissue and show that blood group antigens, especially the B isoantigens, are specific markers for induced pancreatic duct tumors in hamsters.
Skepticism about Skepticism about Moral Responsibility

This article rejects Gideon Rosen's skeptical argument that attributions of blameworthiness are never epistemically justified. Granting Rosen's controversial claim that an act is blameworthy only if it is either akratic or the causal upshot of some akratic act, I show that we can and should resist his skeptical conclusion. I show, first, that Rosen's argument is, at best, hostage to a much more global skepticism about attributions of praiseworthiness, doxastic justification, and other phenomena which essentially involve causal-historical facts about mental states. I then show how, equipped with proper background knowledge, we can justifiedly attribute blameworthiness.
Preoperative malnutrition is associated with increased mortality and adverse outcomes after paediatric cardiac surgery.

Background Malnutrition is common in children with CHD and is likely to place them at an increased risk for adverse surgical outcomes. We sought to evaluate the impact of preoperative malnutrition on outcomes after paediatric cardiac surgery. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients from age 0 to 5 years undergoing cardiac surgery at Seattle Children's Hospital from 2006 to 2015. We used regression modelling to examine the impact of malnutrition on surgical outcomes. Results We found a non-linear relationship between low height-for-age and weight-for-age z-scores and mortality after surgery. In the range of z-score ⩽-2, each additional unit decrease in height-for-age or weight-for-age z-score was associated with a 2.9 or 2.1% increased risk for mortality, respectively. Each unit decrease in height-for-age z-score was associated with a 1.2% increased risk for cardiac arrest, 1.1% increased risk for infection, and an average of 1.7 additional hours of mechanical ventilation, 6 hours longer ICU stay, and 13 hours longer hospital stay. Each unit decrease in weight-for-age z-score was associated with a 0.7% increased risk for cardiac arrest, 0.8% increased risk for infection, and an average of 1.9 additional hours of mechanical ventilation and 5.3 additional hours of ICU stay. Conclusions This study is unique in demonstrating a significant association between malnutrition and 30-day mortality and other adverse outcomes after paediatric cardiac surgery in a mixed population of CHD patients. By evaluating nutritional status as a continuous variable, we were able to clearly distinguish the point at which malnutrition begins to affect mortality.
Harmonic Analysis in Non-Euclidean Spaces: Theory and Application

We discuss harmonic analysis in the settings of both Euclidean and non-Euclidean spaces, and then focus on two specific problems using this analysis – sampling theory and network tomography. These show both the importance of non-Euclidean spaces and some of the challenges one encounters when working in non-Euclidean geometry. Starting with an overview of surfaces, we demonstrate the importance of hyperbolic space in general surface theory, and then develop harmonic analysis in general settings, looking at the Fourier-Helgason transform and its inversion. We then focus on sampling and tomography.
Consequences of individual differences in children's formal understanding of mathematical equivalence.

Experts claim that individual differences in children's formal understanding of mathematical equivalence have consequences for mathematics achievement; however, evidence is lacking. A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted with a diverse sample of 112 children from a midsized city in the Midwestern United States (Mage [second grade] = 8:1). As hypothesized, understanding of mathematical equivalence in second grade predicted mathematics achievement in third grade, even after controlling for second-grade mathematics achievement, IQ, gender, and socioeconomic status. Most children exhibited poor understanding of mathematical equivalence, but results provide clues about which children are on the path to constructing an understanding and which may need extra support to overcome their misconceptions. Findings suggest that mathematical equivalence may deserve more attention from educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Terminal node problems: ANT 2.0 and prescription drug labels

ABSTRACTThis article examines prescription drug labels (PDLs) via an actor-network theory analysis to demonstrate current challenges with technical communication (TC) scholars’ appropriation of actor-network theory. The authors demonstrate that the complexity of the PDL network requires a more nuanced deployment of actor-network theory notions of durability and synchronicity. Specifically, the authors suggest that diachronic approaches to networks enable a more comprehensive understanding in ways that synchronic approaches cannot.
Philosophical Genesis: The Three Waves and the City-Soul Analogy in Republic v

It is conventional to argue that the city-soul analogy of Plato’s Republic dominates Books II through IV and VIII through X but is absent in Books V through VII . We argue that the analogy remains operative in Books V through VII and that its role there, especially as it is played out in the motif of the three waves, illuminates its function in the dialogue as a whole, particularly with respect to the questions: What are the natural dispositions of soul necessary for philosophy? What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for philosophical education?
Urinary Tract Infections and Pelvic Pain

A 34-yr-old woman presents with a history of having had her first urinary tract infection (UTI) 6 mo ago. Since that time, she has had multiple UTI recurrences, dysuria, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia. Physical exam reveals an area of tenderness along the distal anterior vaginal wall.
Towards Constructive Evidence of Data Flow-Oriented Web Service Composition

Automation of service composition is one of the most interesting challenges facing the Semantic Web and the Web of services today. Despite approaches which are able to infer a partial order of services, its data flow remains implicit and difficult to be automatically generated. Enhanced with formal representations, the semantic links between output and input parameters of services can be then exploited to infer their data flow. This work addresses the problem of effectively inferring data flow between services based on their representations. To this end, we introduce the non standard Description Logic reasoning join, aiming to provide a "constructive evidence" of why services can be connected and how non trivial links (many to many parameters) can be inferred in data flow. The preliminary evaluation provides evidence in favor of our approach regarding the completeness of data flow.
Texture evolution during equal channel angular extrusion: Part I. Effect of route, number of passes and initial texture

Abstract It is shown that equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is an effective technique to control texture of metals and alloys. Two processing parameters, the route and number of passes, exert an important influence on texture evolution. Routes define orientations allowing the creation of numerous new components. Before four passes, depending on route and initial texture strength, all types of texture strength, from weak to very strong, are created, whereas after four passes, a global texture weakening is observed for all routes and medium to strong to very weak textures are produced. A simple Taylor model shows that crystallographic slip mechanically activated by simple shear is the governing mechanism for evolution of texture orientations. However, after four passes, the creation of submicron-grained structures with high misorientations is believed to limit crystallographic slip and weaken textures.
Righting the Wrong: The Role of Moral Identity in Third Parties' Deontic Reactions to Injustice

Why do third-party observers often seek to rectify injustice, even when they themselves are not harmed? We adopt a deonance perspective (Folger, 2001) that theorizes a moral motive (as opposed to s...
DNA-Based versus RNA-Based Detection of MET Exon 14 Skipping Events in Lung Cancer

Abstract Introduction Genomic variants that lead to MET proto-oncogenem receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) exon 14 skipping represent a potential targetable molecular abnormality in NSCLC. Consequently, reliable molecular diagnostic approaches that detect these variants are vital for patient care. Methods We screened tumor samples from patients with NSCLC for MET exon 14 skipping by using two distinct approaches: a DNA-based next-generation sequencing assay that uses an amplicon-mediated target enrichment and an RNA-based next-generation sequencing assay that uses anchored multiplex polymerase chain reaction for target enrichment. Results The DNA-based approach detected MET exon 14 skipping variants in 11 of 856 NSCLC samples (1.3%). The RNA-based approach detected MET exon 14 skipping in 17 of 404 samples (4.2%), which was a statistically significant increase compared with the DNA-based assay. Among 286 samples tested by both assays, RNA-based testing detected 10 positives, six of which were not detected by the DNA-based assay. Examination of primer binding sites in the DNA-based assay in comparison with published MET exon 14 skipping variants revealed genomic deletion involving primer binding sequences as the likely cause of false negatives. Two samples positive via the DNA-based approach were uninformative via the RNA-based approach due to poor-quality RNA. Conclusions By circumventing an inherent limitation of DNA-based amplicon-mediated testing, RNA-based analysis detected a higher proportion of MET exon 14 skipping cases. However, RNA-based analysis was highly reliant on RNA quality, which can be suboptimal in some clinical samples.
High-performance, Energy-efficient, Fault-tolerant Network-on-Chip Design Using Reinforcement Learnin

Network-on-Chips (NoCs) are becoming the standard communication fabric for multi-core and system on a chip (SoC) architectures. As technology continues to scale, transistors and wires on the chip are becoming increasingly vulnerable to various fault mechanisms, especially timing errors, resulting in exacerbation of energy efficiency and performance for NoCs. Typical techniques for handling timing errors are reactive in nature, responding to the faults after their occurrence. They rely on error detection/correction techniques which have resulted in excessive power consumption and degraded performance, since the error detection/correction hardware is constantly enabled. On the other hand, indiscriminately disabling error handling hardware can induce more errors and intrusive retransmission traffic. Therefore, the challenge is to balance the trade-offs among error rate, packet retransmission, performance, and energy. In this paper, we propose a proactive fault-tolerant mechanism to optimize energy efficiency and performance with reinforcement learning (RL). First, we propose a new proactive error handling technique comprised of a dynamic scheme for enabling per-router error detection/correction hardware and an effective retransmission mechanism. Second, we propose the use of RL to train the dynamic control policy with the goals of providing increased fault-tolerance, reduced power consumption and improved performance as compared to conventional techniques. Our evaluation indicates that, on average, end-to-end packet latency is lowered by 55%, energy efficiency is improved by 64%, and retransmission caused by faults is reduced by 48% over the reactive error correction techniques.
Comorbidities of hidradenitis suppurativa: A review of the literature.

Abstract Background Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects the follicular portion of folliculopilosebaceous units. It causes painful nodules, abscesses, and draining sinus tracts throughout multiple regions of the body. HS primarily affects women; the overall HS prevalence in women is three times that in men. Although cutaneous disease itself causes substantial morbidity, recent evidence has shown that HS is a systemic inflammatory disease with multiple associated comorbidities. Objective A review of the literature was conducted to elucidate existing information on this topic to assist in clinical decision-making for dermatologists. Methods A review of the literature using the PubMed database was conducted with the search term “hidradenitis suppurativa comorbidities”. The search was conducted from March 3, 2019 to March 20, 2019, and yielded 55 articles, case reports, and reviews. Results Metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities were the most commonly associated with HS. HS has a significant comorbidity burden beyond the skin, including metabolic, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, rheumatologic, and psychiatric disorders, which collectively decrease the quality of life of patients. Conclusions Dermatologists should be aware of these associations to encourage appropriate screening and referral for management of these disorders.
Chronic Actinic Dermatitis: a Review

To update readers on the current understandings of chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) in regard to epidemiology, clinical findings, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. CAD is classically thought to be primarily a disease of elderly Caucasian males, though recent evidence suggests that in skin of color, the disease manifests more often in younger females. Recent studies suggest the pathogenesis of CAD involves a type-IV hypersensitivity reaction, similar to allergic contact dermatitis. There is also evidence of resistance to UV-induced immunosuppression in these patients, similar to polymorphous light eruption (PMLE). Furthermore, a lower CD4/CD8 ratio on flow cytometry in CAD patients has been correlated with increased tissue burden of disease. Photoprotection remains a mainstay of treatment, though recent evidence suggests potential efficacy of tofacitinib or short courses of narrowband UVB phototherapy as treatment options. CAD is an immunologically mediated photodermatosis characterized by pruritic eczematous lesions of sun-exposed areas, most commonly seen in older Caucasian males. While the pathogenesis of the condition is not fully understood, a type-IV hypersensitivity reaction to UV-induced neoantigens is thought to play a role. Photoprotection remains the mainstay of treatment, though adjunctive treatments are rapidly emerging. Though considered a chronic condition, CAD tends to improve over time.
How Cultural Stereotypes and Abuse Affect Family Risk in HIV Transmission

Many of the individuals who are affected come from marginalized groups, such as the LGTBQ community, ethnic minorities, and women. Because this disease is so politicized, many of these groups are ostracized, whether it be through discrimination or prejudice. While these individuals do suffer terribly, many social institutions are also affected. This article culls the literature and argues that cultural stereotypes, as well as domestic abuse, are two of the most important determining factors as to how HIV transmission risks will affect the family. Understanding the relationship between cultural stereotypes and abuse can further enhance present research regarding public health policies for HIV.
Pediatric Medial Epicondyle Fracture Management: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND There remains controversy surrounding the treatment of pediatric medial epicondyle fractures. This systematic review examines the existing literature with the aim to elucidate optimal management strategies. METHODS A systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was executed. All data collection was completed by August 01, 2018. Functional outcomes, diagnostic imaging, athlete management, union rates, ulnar nerve symptoms, surgical methods, surgical positioning, and posttreatment protocols were categorized and recorded. Frequency-weighted mean values were calculated with associated SDs. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies with 1022 patients met the inclusion criteria. Functional outcomes for patients were mostly good following operative and nonoperative management. The most common complication was a slight loss of elbow extension (7.6±5.9 degrees) and flexion (13.3±5.8 degrees). Operative treatment was associated with higher union rates than nonoperative management (700/725, 96% vs. 69/250, 28%; P<0.001). Standard diagnostic imaging techniques to measure displacement were unreliable with a newly proposed axial view having high inter-rater and intrarater reliability. The most common surgical method used was open reduction and internal fixation with Kirschner wires. Whereas surgical management of patients with associated ulnar nerve symptoms led to symptom resolution, nonoperative management occasionally led to the development of these symptoms. Elbow range of motion was initiated at ~2.8±1.4 (range, 0 to 8 wk) weeks after surgery and 3.4±1.2 (range, 3 to 5 wk) weeks without surgery (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although there is still no consensus on treatment of pediatric medial epicondyle fractures, both operative and nonoperative approaches result in good outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV-therapeutic.
Mechanical Circulatory Support for Biventricular Heart Failure Using Advanced Ventricular Assist Device

Purpose In patients with severe biventricular heart failure (HF) and cardiogenic shock, use of biventricular assist device (BVAD) can be a treatment of choice. We are developing an advanced ventricular assist device (AVAD) intended to serve as universal pump for left and/or right heart failure (Fig.1 A,B). The purpose of this initial in silico simulation study was to demonstrate that AVAD design can be suitable for biventricular support. Methods The virtual mock loop (VML) was developed (MATLAB; MathWorks®) to simulate hemodynamic parameters as they surge through the BVAD-supported systolic HF cardiovascular system. The AVAD used as in BVAD configuration was in 2 speeds (3400 rpm left, 2000 rpm right) to get comparable systemic flow and pressure outputs. LVAD support was adjusted to maintain 5.0 L/min total systemic flow. For BVAD, the added RVAD support was adjusted to maintain left and right atrial pressure (LAP-RAP) at 3-5 mm Hg. Results The BVAD performance was maintained very well for both left ventricular (L-AVAD) and right ventricular (R-AVAD) support within specified speed range (Fig1 C,D). L- AVAD speed of 3000 - 3500 rpm provided sufficient support for the case of severe left and right systolic heart failure, assuming there was no aortic valve regurgitation. At the simulated condition, with L-AVAD support, the aortic valve remains closed and the systemic pressure has reduced pulse. A stable hemodynamics were maintained. The atrial pressure difference (LAP-RAP) resulted to be sensitive to the right pump speed, though was balanced whenever there was any positive flow through the pulmonary valve. Introduction of R-AVAD support to the L-AVAD support caused the left atrial pressure to increase resulting in increased filling of the left ventricle and a corresponding increase in aortic pulsatility. Conclusion These initial in silico study demonstrated that use of the universal AVAD as BVAD supports cardiac output and arterial pressure in biventricular HF condition.
Membrane desalination of ballast water using thermoelectric energy from waste heat

Ballast water management and treatment is an on-going issue for marine industry including small and bulk carriers, cruise ships, passenger ships and cargo vessels. Several regulations are implement...
Expression and regulatory roles of lncRNAs in G-CIMP-low vs G-CIMP-high Glioma: an in-silico analysis.

Clinically relevant glioma subtypes, such as the glioma-CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP), have been defined by epigenetics. In this study, the role of long non-coding RNAs in association with the poor-prognosis G-CMIP-low phenotype and the good-prognosis G-CMIP-high phenotype was investigated. Functional associations of lncRNAs with mRNAs and miRNAs were examined to hypothesize influencing factors of the aggressive phenotype. RNA-seq data on 250 samples from TCGA’s Pan-Glioma study, quantified for lncRNA and mRNAs (GENCODE v28), were analyzed for differential expression between G-CIMP-low and G-CIMP-high phenotypes. Functional interpretation of the differential lncRNAs was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Spearman rank order correlation estimates between lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA nominated differential lncRNA with a likely miRNA sponge function. We identified 4371 differentially expressed features (mRNA = 3705; lncRNA = 666; FDR ≤ 5%). From these, the protein-coding gene TP53 was identified as an upstream regulator of differential lncRNAs PANDAR and PVT1 (p = 0.0237) and enrichment was detected in the “development of carcinoma” (p = 0.0176). Two lncRNAs (HCG11, PART1) were positively correlated with 342 mRNAs, and their correlation estimates diminish after adjusting for either of the target miRNAs: hsa-miR-490-3p, hsa-miR-129-5p. This suggests a likely sponge function for HCG11 and PART1. These findings identify differential lncRNAs with oncogenic features that are associated with G-CIMP phenotypes. Further investigation with controlled experiments is needed to confirm the molecular relationships.
What therapists need to know about the treatment of OCD when disgust is part of the clinical presentation

Abstract Background Research has increasingly identified disgust as a construct that has the ability to significantly impact clinical presentation and treatment of disorders such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The primary objective of this paper is to provide a concise summary of key disgust constructs and help clinicians understand how to assess and effectively target these constructs in evidence-based treatments. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted on disgust-related variables and their impact on psychiatric disorders, namely OCD. Results We begin by defining key disgust constructs (proneness, propensity, sensitivity) and their respective roles. We then identify clinical presentations typically impacted by disgust (contamination, core, morality). We then discuss the current instruments available for identifying and assessing disgust (DPSS-R, DS-R, OCI-R). We discuss the importance of identifying and addressing disgust-related variables in evidence-based treatment (exposure, CBT). We emphasize how an effective treatment approach can positively impact patient outcomes and course of illness. Limitations The directionality of this relationship between disgust sensitivity/propensity and OCD remains unclear. Further, only two main treatment modalities are discussed. Conclusions Disgust is increasingly recognized as an influential variable with clinical implications for disorders such as OCD. This paper comprehensively summarizes recent research findings and how to apply them effectively in evidence-based treatments.
The predatory dimensions of criminal justice.

Over the past 35 years, public and private actors have turned US criminal justice institutions into a vast network of revenue-generating operations. Today, practices such as fines, fees, forfeiture...
Application of Hybrid Fillers for Improving the Through-Plane Heat Transport in Graphite Nanoplatelet-Based Thermal Interface Layers

The in-plane alignment of graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) in thin thermal interface material (TIM) layers suppresses the though-plane heat transport thus limiting the performance of GNPs in the geometry normally required for thermal management applications. Here we report a disruption of the GNP in-plane alignment by addition of spherical microparticles. The degree of GNP alignment was monitored by measurement of the anisotropy of electrical conductivity which is extremely sensitive to the orientation of high aspect ratio filler particles. Scanning Electron Microscopy images of TIM layer cross-sections confirmed the suppression of the in-plane alignment. The hybrid filler formulations reported herein resulted in a synergistic enhancement of the through-plane thermal conductivity of GNP/Al2O3 and GNP/Al filled TIM layers confirming that the control of GNP alignment is an important parameter in the development of highly efficient GNP and graphene-based TIMs.
The Critical Period in the Acquisition of L2 Syntax: A Partial Replication of Johnson and Newport (1989)

The present study was conducted as an attempt to partially replicate the Johnson and Newport (1989) study (JN89). Given that JN89 yielded the most clear-cut evidence demonstrating the presence of the Critical Period (CP) in the domain of L2 syntax, it has been regarded as one of the landmark CP investigations. This study sought to ascertain whether the evidence provided in JN89 is replicable with a different population of 34 Korean native speakers of English. The results, although not in complete agreement with those of JN89, provide some modest support for the existence of the CP.
Biochemical and mass spectrometric analysis of the Klebsiella aerogenes urease accessory proteins (555.10)

Urease, which hydrolyzes urea into carbonic acid and ammonia, requires nickel, GTP, bicarbonate, and several accessory proteins for its activation through metallation. This work focuses on the solu...
Living on the Edge: Household Registration Reform and Peri-Urban Precarity in China

China’s household registration system divides the nation into urban and rural populations, conditioning life chances and producing widespread inequity. Recent reform experiments in Chongqing have m...
Memory and market stability: The case of the cobweb

Abstract When optimizing agents use their memories in a non-linear cobweb model, it will be asymptotically stable: instability and chaos cannot occur. This contrasts with the results when agents are forgetful. However, short run fluctuations are erratic and sensitive to initial conditions.
Containing the growth of Moscow: Comparisons with London

Abstract The relative dominance of large cities in the USSR is striking given the traditional Soviet ideological bias against such cities. This bias has been translated into policies designed to divert growth away from major urban centres to satellite cities in the metropolitan region, a strategy quite similar to UK urban and regional economic plans. This article examines urban growth in the Moscow metropolitan region to determine the extent to which satellite city policies have helped regulate the growth of Moscow itself. Throughout the analysis the Moscow experience is compared to and contrasted with the UK regional development experience around London.
When Privacy is Not an Option: Codifying the Contours of Necessary Third Parties in Emergency Medical Situations

While the physician-patient privilege exists in some form in more than forty states, the presence of third parties during the consultation, examination or treatment leads to substantially different results when state courts decide whether the privilege attaches to prevent disclosure. In emergency medical situations, or even non-emergency visits to the emergency room (the primary care for many uninsured people), low-cost clinics, and urgent care offices, the patient rarely has a choice about whether her communication with her physician can be heard by others. With the increasing number of uninsured and underinsured, and the ongoing controversy over comprehensive health insurance reform, a very real problem remains for those who are compelled, whether by cost, or by time, or even by a state of detention, to conduct their medical conversation in the presence of others. This article begins from an affirmation of the deontological approach to the physician-patient privilege in evidence law, recognizing that the right to privacy rationale is the most compelling justification for preventing disclosure of private medical information. When the patient has no opportunity or no ability to dismiss those others, their presence may be considered to be “forced-upon” or compelled as far as that patient is concerned. How to determine whether a third party is reasonably necessary varies greatly from state to state and the United States Supreme Court is unlikely to resolve these issues. The best (or most likely to be implemented) solution seems to be a judicial approach that expands the concept of presumptions of confidentiality to include situations in which the presence of third parties is compelled, or the exigencies of an ongoing emergency make it difficult, unwise, or impossible to conduct the conversation in private or confidential settings. This article details the parameters of such an approach. While recognition of a federal physician-patient privilege remains unlikely for the time being, codification of a portion of the privilege, on who preserves confidentiality and who does not, has some precedent in the recently enacted FRE 502 (which is limited to attorney client privilege waiver by disclosure) and this Article provides draft statutory language for consideration. The privacy interest of the patients is no less when there is an emergency, and is no less when impoverished circumstances or a lack of adequate medical insurance means that medical appointments are conducted in crowded facilities lacking the ability to satisfy a patient’s privacy interests. Patients need certainty in physician-patient communications throughout the nation.
ATTITUDES TOWARD MATHEMATICS, LEVEL OF MATHEMATICAL COMPETENCY, AND RELATIVE GAINS IN COMPETENCY IN TWO‐ AND FOUR‐YEAR COLLEGES: A COMPARISON

An attitude toward mathematics questionnaire indicated no real difference in attitudes between two‐ and four‐year colleges. No differences in mathematical competencies, as measured by the Beckmann‐Beal Mathematical Competencies Test for Enlightened Citizens, existed between two‐ and four‐year colleges. The gain in mathematical competency due to taking one precalculus mathematics course was only 1.48 questions, or an increase of only 4.1%.
SUPPRESSIN, A PEPTIDE THAT INDUCES SUPPRESSOR T-CELLS: IDENTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND CLINICAL RESULTS

We report at this time the identification and characterization of suppressin, a novel peptide that induces suppressor T-cells. Following calf thymus homogenization the peptide is isolated by ultrafiltration, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, and ion exchange and hydrophobic chromatography. The isolated peptide has a MW of approximately 2000, consists of 16-18 residues and is distinct from other previously described thymic hormones. Incubation of human thymocytes in suppressin causes expression of (OK)T8 antigen and histamine H2 receptors, lymphocyte phenotypes associated with suppressor T-cells. Functionally, the induced suppressor cells can suppress, in vitro, autologous lymphocyte response to PHA as well as both specific and non-specific antibody production. When administered in vivo, suppressin causes significant suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to both modified self-antigen and allo-antigen, improves the clinical course of experimental allergic encephalitis and adjuvant induced arthritis, and produces decreased antibody production in NZB/W mice. When suppressin was administered in a clinical trial to patients with suppressor T-cell deficiency, 11/13 demonstrated significant increase in suppressor T-cell number and function. This newly identified hormone will be useful in the understanding of thymic function and T-cell differentiation and offers the potential for therapeutic benefit in the treatment of autoimmune/hyperimmune diseases characterized by suppressor T-cell deficiency.
Statistical fluctuations of dopant impurities in ion-implanted bipolar transistor structures and the minimum device dimensions for VLSI system reliability

Abstract The minimum dimensions of bipolar transistors with ion implanted impurity profiles for predictable device and system behavior is calculated on the basis of limitations arising from the random positions of the implanted impurities. Doubly-stochastic effects arising from uncertainty in exact implantation parameters are included, and are shown to be of first order importance in the specification of minimum size for a given chip yield. For example, a ± 10% uncertainty in the standard deviation of one of the implants has been found to increase the minimum dimension by approximately a factor of 4. For a chip yield of 99% against this limitation, the minimum emitter size is of the order of 1 ≲ L ≲ 5 μm when a straight-forward scaling theory is applied to dimensions and impurity concentrations from present device designs and a parity check on a bit word is applied.
Role of membrane proteins and lipids in water diffusion across red cell membranes.

Abstract When human red cells are treated with the mercurial sulfhydryl reagent, p- chloromercuribenzene sulfonate , osmotic water permeability is suppressed and only diffusional water permeability remains (Macey, R.I. and Farmer, R.E.L. (1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 211, 104–106). It has been suggested that the route for the remaining water permeation is by diffusion through the membrane lipids. However, after making allowance for the relative lipid area of the membrane, the water diffusion coefficient through lipid bilayers which contain cholesterol is too small by a factor of two or more. We have measured the permeability coefficient of normal human red cells by proton T 1 NMR and obtained a value of 4.0 · 10−3 cm · s−1, in good agreement with published values. In order to study permeation-through red cell lipids we have perturbed extracted red cell lipids with the lipophilic anesthetic, halothane, and found that halothane increases water permeability. The same concentration of halothane has no effect on the water permeability of human red cells, after maximal pCMBS inhibition. In order to compare halothane mobility in extracted red cell membrane lipids with that in red cell ghost membranes, we have studied halothane quenching of N- phenyl -1- naphthylamine by equilibrium fluorescence and fluorescence lifetime methods. Since halothane mobility is similar in these two preparations, we have concluded that the primary route of water diffusion in pCMBS-treated red cells is not through membrane lipids, but rather through a membrane protein channel.
A Framework for Addressing the Needs of Students Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol and Other Drugs

In this article, the authors review learning and behavioral problems of children exposed prenatally to alcohol and other drugs, focusing on executive-function deficits such as difficulty shifting tasks, maintaining attention, and manipulating information in working memory. They discuss various risk factors associated with prenatal drug exposure so that educators can better understand the nature of the disorder and choose more effective classroom interventions that address the deficits of these students.
Factors affecting the magnitude of subjective utility parameters in a tacit bargaining game.

Abstract Eighty male and female high school students played a modified version of the Siegel and Fouraker (1960) bilateral monopoly game, designed to assess the effects of two variables upon the development of aspiration level (AL), comparison level (CL), and comparison level for alternatives (CLnlt), and the interrelationships among these three subjective-utility parameters. Magnitude of: (a) the offers made by a programmed bargaining opponent (high vs low), and (b) the alternative to the bargaining relationship (high vs low) was varied in a 2 × 2 design. Subjects receiving high offers bargained tougher, rated themselves as more satisfied with their outcomes and, in support of the hypothesis, set their AL, CL, and CLalt estimates higher than those receiving low offers. Contrary to expectation, however, AL, CL, and CLalt were set highest by subjects in the “high offer-low alternative” condition. When subjects' three subjective-utility estimates were considered in relation to one another, all condition differences disappeared. These latter findings were interpreted using notions drawn from Upshaw's (1969) variable perspective theory of judgment.
Generalization of Improved General Approximation tests to split-plot designs with multiple between-subjects factors and/or multiple within-subjects factors

Huynh developed the Improved General Approximation (IGA) tests of the between × within interaction and the within-subjects main effect in a split-plot design with one within-subjects and one between-subjects factor. These tests were designed to control the Type I error rate when multisample sphericity is violated. In Huynh's development the within-subjects main effect on weighted means is tested. Algina adapted the IGA test to test the within-subjects main effect on unweighted means in a split-plot design with one within-subjects and one between-subjects factor. Both Huynh's original development and Algina's adaptation are generalized for use with repeated measures designs with multiple between-subjects factors and/or multiple within-subjects factors. SAS/IML (SAS Institute Inc., 1989) modules for implementing the generalized test are made available.
Critical Dynamics in the 3d SPIN-1/2 Heisenberg Model:. a Decoupled Cell Monte Carlo Study

The three-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on a simple cubic lattice is studied for ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions using the Decoupled Cell Method for quantum Monte Carlo. Results for the relaxation time τL are determined for both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems and found to be similar to those found for the classical (s → ∞) Heisenberg model. The scaling of τL with system size is used to extract the dynamical critical exponent z for the two systems. The values of z = 1.98 ± 0.12 for the ferromagnet and z = 1.94 ± 0.09 for the antiferromagnet are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and previous Monte Carlo studies of the classical Heisenberg model.
Analytical Traveltimes For Arbitrary Multiples In Constant Velocity

Internal multiples affect seismic data as coherent noise. In constant velocity, an analytical formula describes the traveltimes of internal or surface-related multiples of any order, reflected among any number of layers. Because of its computational efficiency, such a formula can be used for stochastic simulations of internal multiples performed for a large number of potential combinations of layer numbers, layer dips, reflectivities and medium velocities.
Ductus arteriosus: developmental response to oxygen and indomethacin.

Abstract It has been suggested that ineffective constriction in response to an increase in PO2 is the primary cause for delayed closure of the ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. We studied the isometric contractile effects of increased PO2 and indomethacin on isolated rings of lamb ductus arteriosus from animals of different gestational ages (87 to 147 days, term is 150 days). Rings from animals less than 110 days have a significantly smaller oxygen-induced contraction (2.53 ± .30 g/mm2, n = 16) when compared with rings from animals near term (4.59 ± .69 g/mm2, n = 9). Oxygen contracted rings from all gestational ages contract further upon addition of 1 μg/ml indomethacin. Rings from animals less than 110 days have a significantly larger indomethacin induced contraction (1.10 ± .17 g/mm2, n = 16) than vessels near term (0.52 ± .12 g/mm2, n = 9). Inhibition of prostaglandin production in rings less than 110 days results in a total combined oxygen and indomethacin induced tension that is not significantly different from the oxygen or oxygen and indomethacin induced tension developed in rings from animals near term. This is consistent with the hypothesis that, early during gestation, endogenous prostaglandins inhibit the vessel's ability to contract in response to oxygen. These observations are also consistent with the ability of indomethacin to constrict the patient ductus arteriosus in pre-term infants.