cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-obese diabetic mice rapidly develop dramatic sympathetic neuritic dystrophy: a new experimental model of diabetic autonomic neuropathy

To address the pathogenesis of diabetic autonomic neuropathy, we have examined the sympathetic nervous system in non-obese diabetic (NOD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, two models of type 1 diabetes, and the db/db mouse, a model of type 2 diabetes. After only 3 to 5 weeks of diabetes, NOD mice developed markedly swollen axons and dendrites ("neuritic dystrophy") in the prevertebral superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia (SMG-CG), similar to the pathology described in diabetic STZ- and BBW-rat and man. Comparable changes failed to develop in the superior cervical ganglia of the NOD mouse or in the SMG-CG of non-diabetic NOD siblings. STZ-induced diabetic mice develop identical changes, although at a much slower pace and to a lesser degree than NOD mice. NOD-SCID mice, which are genetically identical to NOD mice except for the absence of T and B cells, do not develop diabetes or neuropathology comparable to diabetic NOD mice. However, STZ-treated NOD-SCID mice develop severe neuritic dystrophy, evidence against an exclusively autoimmune pathogenesis for autonomic neuropathy in this model. Chronically diabetic type 2 db/db mice fail to develop neuritic dystrophy, suggesting that hyperglycemia alone may not be the critical and sufficient element. The NOD mouse appears to be a valuable model of diabetic sympathetic autonomic neuropathy with unambiguous, rapidly developing neuropathology which corresponds closely to the characteristic pathology of other rodent models and man.
Noémia de Sousa’s Work as a Translator: Reflections on Discurso sobre o Colonialismo

Abstract. The writer Noemia de Sousa (1926–2003) is considered the “mother of Mozambican poetry.” Her unusual career as a poet (she was exiled from Mozambique in 1951) has rendered some of the most lauded poetry within and outside of Mozambique. Her poetry, written between 1948 and 1951, remains at the center of most criticism on her literary work (Saute 126). Although de Sousa could not stay in Mozambique, her lengthy career as a writer did not stop there. She was an avid journalist for O Brado Africano in Mozambique and later for news agencies in Portugal and France such as LUSA. In addition to journalistic endeavors, she worked as a translator in Lisbon and helped to publish the Portuguese version of Aime Cesaire’s Discours sur le Colonialisme (1978) prefaced by Mario Pinto de Andrade, first published in Presence Africaine, a magazine also edited by Mario Pinto de Andrade. The work of translation functioned for de Sousa as a means of survival, nonetheless, an outlet for her own creative expression. In this article, I examine the ways in which de Sousa’s poetic elements are evident through her translation of Aime Cesaire’s Discours sur le Colonialisme. I begin with a brief description of her correspondence with Mario Pinto de Andrade that provides insight into her work as a translator. Then I highlight elements of her poetry as echoed in Cesaire’s text. Finally, I conclude with an analysis of her translated text to demonstrate her poetic influence as it is manifested within the translation of Discours sur le Colonialisme.
Medical Uses of X-Rays

X-rays are used to obtain diagnostic information and for cancer therapy. We begin by discussing the production of x-rays, primarily via bremsstrahlung radiation. We introduce some quantities that are important for measuring how the absorbed photon energy relates to the response of a detector, which might be a film, an ionization chamber, a chemical detector, or a digital detector. Several specialized techniques are described, such as angiography, mammography, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography. Radiation therapy is presented, including an analysis of intensity modulated radiation therapy. Biological mechanisms of radiation damage are outlined, and the chapter ends with a discussion of the risk of radiation and the linear no-threshold model.
Combined Review: Architectural Anthropology and Minaret Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen

Architectural Anthropology. Mari-Jose Amerlinck, ed. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 2001. 232 pp. Minaret Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen. Trevor H. J. Marchand. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2001. 304 pp.
Promotion of the development of enteric neurons and glia by neuropoietic cytokines: Interactions with neurotrophin-3

Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is known to promote enteric neuronal and glial development. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were investigated to test the hypothesis that the development of subsets of enteric neurons and/or glia is also affected by a neuropoietic cytokine, by itself, or together with NT-3. Crest-derived cells, immunoselected from the fetal rat gut (E14) with antibodies to p75NTR, were found by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry (after culture) to express both alpha (CNTER alpha) and beta components (gp130 and LIFR beta) of the tripartite CNTF receptor. In situ, myenteric ganglia below the esophagus were CNTFR alpha-immunoreactive by E16-E18. In vitro, CNTF and LIF induced in crest-derived cells nuclear translocation of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), a concentration-dependent increase in expression of neuronal or glial markers, and a decrease in expression of the precursor marker, nestin. LIFR beta was expressed by more cells than CNTFR alpha; therefore, although the factors were equipotent, the maximal effect of LIF > CNTF. The cytokines and NT-3 were additive in promoting neuronal but not glial development. Specifically, the development of neurons expressing NADPH-diaphorase activity (an early marker found in inhibitory motor neurons) was promoted by CNTF and NT-3. These observations support the idea that a ligand for the tripartite CNTF receptor complex plays a role in ENS development.
Molecular Pathways: Trafficking of Metabolic Resources in the Tumor Microenvironment

A model of tumor metabolism is proposed that describes how the complementary metabolic functions of the local stroma and the tumor cells contribute to cancer progression. Cancer cells alter the metabolism of cancer-associated fibroblasts to obtain lactate and amino acids, which are utilized for energy production, rapid growth, and resistance to chemotherapy drugs. Cancer cells use glutamine supplied by cancer-associated fibroblasts to replenish tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and as a nitrogen source for nucleotide synthesis. Moreover, adipocytes in the microenvironment attract cancer cells through the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and proteases. The cancer cells then induce metabolic changes in the adipocytes to acquire free fatty acids that are oxidized by cancer cells to generate energy for proliferation. Increasing knowledge about the metabolic symbiosis within the tumor has led to novel therapeutic strategies designed to restrict metabolic adaptation, including inhibiting lactate transporters and repurposing antidiabetic drugs (thiazolidinediones, metformin).
Global checkpointing for a concurrent processing system

In global checkpointing, N (N  1) checkpoints are maintained since Faults might not be detected on occurrence owing to the error latency time. The time required for rollback and recovery is therefore dependent on error latency, the number of checkpoints maintained, the intercheckpoint interval and the way checkpoints are selected for rollback. This paper presents a model for describing the error latency time distribution, which is pivotal in approximately determining the point of occurrence of a fault, given that it is delected. Two rollback schemes, sequential and lookahead, are investigated. Although the sequential rollback is easier to implement, the lookahead rollback has a smaller error recovery cost. Numerical results are also given for a system with two processes. The optimal number of checkpoints to be maintained by the system to minimize the cost of rollback for each of the rollback strategies is given.
Catalysis by Single Ions in a Host Lattice

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions are commonly occurring on the surface of a finely dispersed catalyst. Here, evidence is presented that platinum on a gadolinium doped ceria matrix is present as individual Pt2+ ions, which catalyze the partial oxidation of hydrocarbon molecules. Similarly, ruthenium substituted on the “B” site of LaCrO3 is shown to oscillate between the plus three and zero oxidation states when exposed to a flowing stream of hydrocarbons, steam and air. In both cases, single hetero ions in a host lattice facilitate the catalytic reaction.
NUTRIENT CHANGES IN TWO CHAPARRAL SHRUBS ALONG A FIRE-INDUCED AGE GRADIENT

Adenostoma fasciculatum H. & A. and Ceanothus leucodermis Green in chaparral stands of the foothill zone of Sequoia National Park, California, show a rapid decline in foliage concentrations of nitrogen over the first six years following fire. This is followed by a more gradual decline over succeeding years. Phosphorus concentrations show a similar early decline, followed by an increase in older age stands. Considerable data suggest luxury consumption of nutrients in both species following fire. Following a sharp increase in aboveground nutrients per unit of Adenostoma canopy area for the first 16 years of growth, a plateau is reached. The contemporaneous occurrence of restricted net nutrient uptake and observed stand senescence suggest a possibility of a causal relationship. Natural chaparral fire frequencies promote firecycling of nutrients at intervals consistent with periods when nutrient availability becomes limiting. The fire-nutrient interactions are of critical importance in influencing quality and quantity of suitable browse for vertebrate herbivores. THE EVERGREEN chaparral vegetation of the
The blue dextran excluded volume of the human erythrocyte membrane.

Permanent holes were produced in hemoglobin-free human erythrocyte ghosts by treatment with lysolecithin. A measured amount of the large probe molecule Blue Dextran 2000 was added to a known amount of the ghost suspension and the mixture made up to a known final volume. The blue dextran in the supernatant was determined and the ghost membrane volume excluded from blue dextran calculated. A plateau in the excluded volume versus amount lysolecithin per ghost curve was observed. This can be taken to indicate complete equilibration of blue dextran into the membrane interior. The excluded volume of 8.7±0.5 μm3 is consistent with a membrane thickness of about 600 A. This large value might be explained by the presence of a gel or low protein density structure at the membrane's inner face. Other evidence consistent with such a structure is summarized.
Retrospective Review of Hypnotic Use in Combination with Fluoxetine or Sertraline

Sertraline and fluoxetine are being used extensively in depressed patients; however, both drugs can cause insomnia. Quite often, practitioners will administer these drugs concomitantly with an hypnotic or sedative drug to enable the patient to sleep. This retrospective review looked at both the number and type of hypnotic agents utilised to allow patients receiving either sertraline or fluoxetine to sleep. 159 patients were identified as taking sertraline during the designated 90-day time period. 61.6% of the sertraline patients were taking concomitant hypnotic agents. 80 patients were identified as taking fluoxetine during the designated 90-day time period, and 58.8% of the fluoxetine patients were taking concomitant hypnotic agents. This high percentage of patients receiving concomitant administration of these agents warrants continued monitoring of the activating effects of fluoxetine and sertraline, the complicating drug-drug interactions, and the costs associated with polypharmacy.
A quantitative meta‐analysis of neurocognitive sequelae in survivors of pediatric brain tumors

Background Deficits in neurocognitive functioning are an important area of late effects in survivors of pediatric brain tumors, but a quantitative analysis of the magnitude of these deficits has yet to be conducted. Procedure The purpose of the current article is to provide a comprehensive meta-analysis of the literature on long-term neurocognitive effects found in these survivors. Results Results indicated significant deficits in both narrow and broad indices of neurocognitive functioning, and the overall magnitude of the effects across all domains ranged from small to large in magnitude (g = −0.45 to −1.43) with a large mean overall effect size of g = −0.91. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of monitoring the neurocognitive late effects in survivors of pediatric brain tumors, and the need for more consistent consideration of demographic, diagnostic, and treatment-related variables in future research to allow for examination of factors that may moderate these deficits. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:525–531. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence for an Indirect Mechanism Mediating Enhanced Aldosterone Secretion by Metoclopramide

Metoclopramide (MCP), a dopaminergic antagonist, increases the levels of plasma aldosterone in man and sheep. The present studies were designed to determine how MCP exerts this effect. In in vitro studies using collagenase-dispersed rabbit adrenal zona glomerulosa cells, MCP (10(-4) M) failed to increase aldosterone biosynthesis and had no effect on the dose-related increases induced by angiotensin II (AII) or ACTH. Dopamine (10(-5) M) had no effect on the AII- or ACTH-induced aldosterone responses of these cells. Aldosterone production of cells pretreated with dopamine and stimulated by AII or ACTH was unaltered by the addition of MCP. Bolus intraarterial injections of MCP increased plasma aldosterone significantly; however, this response was completely abolished by concomitant administration of L-dopa. Chronic im administration of MCP produced significant elevations of plasma aldosterone that were associated with increases in adrenal weight and in the adrenal weight to body weight ratio. Glomerulosa cells isolated from these adrenal glands had normal basal aldosterone production and exhibited enhanced sensitivity to AII but normal responses to ACTH. These results suggest that MCP is devoid of intrinsic steroidogenic activity and that it increases aldosterone production by antagonizing a tonic inhibitory dopaminergic mechanism that leads to enhanced aldosterone production. This enhanced aldosterone production is mediated in part by increased adrenocortical sensitivity to AII.
A recovery and comparison of shortwave radiances measured by CERES instruments operating on TRMM and Terra satellites

A comparison of shortwave unfiltered radiances measured by CERES instruments operating on two different platforms, TRMM and Terra satellites, is presented. A focus of this paper is twofold: a summary of the recovery of data obtained by the CERES instrument (PFM) failing sensors at the end of its useful life in April and June of 2000, and validation of the recovered data. The data recovery is necessary as deteriorating electronics of the PFM polluted data with cross-talk and noise preventing data processing. It is shown that a pattern recognition is an effective strategy in the data clean-up. The validation is performed by comparing shortwave measurements obtained by the CERES instrument (FM1), on board the Terra satellite, to the recovered PFM data. Comparisons are made for the data collected when orbits of both satellites cross, and viewing geometries of the instruments match.
Dioxygen Reactivity of Biomimetic Fe(II) Complexes with Noninnocent Catecholate, o-Aminophenolate, and o-Phenylenediamine Ligands

This study describes the O2 reactivity of a series of high-spin mononuclear Fe(II) complexes each containing the facially coordinating tris(4,5-diphenyl-1-methylimidazol-2-yl)phosphine (Ph2TIP) ligand and one of the following bidentate, redox-active ligands: 4-tert-butylcatecholate (tBuCatH–), 4,6-di-tert-butyl-2-aminophenolate (tBu2APH–), or 4-tert-butyl-1,2-phenylenediamine (tBuPDA). The preparation and X-ray structural characterization of [Fe2+(Ph2TIP)(tBuCatH)]OTf, [3]OTf and [Fe2+(Ph2TIP)(tBuPDA)](OTf)2, [4](OTf)2 are described here, whereas [Fe2+(Ph2TIP)(tBu2APH)]OTf, [2]OTf was reported in our previous paper [Bittner et al., Chem.—Eur. J. 2013, 19, 9686–9698]. These complexes mimic the substrate-bound active sites of nonheme iron dioxygenases, which catalyze the oxidative ring-cleavage of aromatic substrates like catechols and aminophenols. Each complex is oxidized in the presence of O2, and the geometric and electronic structures of the resulting complexes were examined with spectroscopic (absorpt...
Assessing the Reliability of Computer Software and Computer Networks: An Opportunity for Partnership with Computer Scientists

Abstract In this article we highlight three areas that are of importance in computer science and in which statisticians and applied probabilists can make valuable contributions. We outline these areas, survey the developments, and point out some of the unresolved problems.
Assay of glyoxalase I in blood

Abstract Glyoxalase I ( S -lactoyl-glutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing), EC 4.4.1.5) was assayed using alcoholic, acidic 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to follow the disappearance of methylglyoxal over time, with the absorbance of formed methylglyoxal bis-hydrazone measured at 432 nm. Erythrocyte glyoxalase I activities were found to be 64, 41, and 18 μmole of S -lactoyl glutathione formed min −1 ·ml −1 of red blood cells in rat, human, and rabbit blood and 174 μmole·min −1 ·mg −1 of protein for yeast. The K m values found in millimolar hemimercaptal were about 0.5. Glyoxalase I activity can be determined in crude tissue preparations without interference from biological materials.
Getting to the bottom of deep submicron

We take a fresh look at the problems posed by deep submicron (DSM) geometries and re-open the investigation into how DSM effects are most likely to affect future design methodologies. We describe a comprehensive approach to accurately characterize the device and interconnect characteristics of present and future process generations. This approach results in the generation of a representative strawman technology that is used in conjunction with analytical model simulation tools and empirical design data to obtain a realistic picture of the future of circuit design. We then proceed to quantify the precise impact of interconnect, including delay degradation due to noise, on high performance ASIC designs. Having determined the role of interconnect in performance, we then reconsider the impact of future processes on ASIC design methodology.
Nutmeg Oil: Effect on Acute Amphetamine Intoxication

AbstractThe essential oil of nutmeg (600 or 900 mg/kg, IP) altered the young chicks' species-specific response to amphetamine (20 mg/kg, SQ). Nutmeg oil totally blocked the development of chirping and decreased the duration of wing droop and stereotyped behavior “b” (head and neck extended forward, parallel to but not touching floor), but increased the duration of stereotyped behavior “a” (head and neck drawn back with top of head almost touching back). Amphetamine caused a significant decrease in the duration of light and deep sleep in the group that received the higher dose level of nutmeg oil.
Activation of the σE-Dependent Stress Pathway by Conjugative TraR May Anticipate Conjugational Stress

Horizontal gene transfer by conjugation plays a major role in bacterial evolution, allowing the acquisition of new traits, such as virulence and resistance to antibacterial agents. With the increased antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens, a better understanding of how bacteria modulate conjugation under changing environments and the genetic factors involved is needed. Despite the evolutionary advantages conjugation may confer, the process can be quite stressful for the donor cell. Here, we characterize the ability of TraR, encoded on the episomal F' plasmid, to upregulate the σ(E) extracytoplasmic stress pathway in Escherichia coli. TraR, a DksA homolog, modulates transcription initiation through the secondary channel of RNA polymerase. We show here that TraR activates transcription directly; however, unlike DksA, it does so without using ppGpp as a cofactor. TraR expression can stimulate the σ(E) extracytoplasmic stress response independently of the DegS/RseA signal transduction cascade. In the absence of TraR, bacteria carrying conjugative plasmids become more susceptible to external stress. We propose that TraR increases the concentrations of periplasmic chaperones and proteases by directly activating the transcription of σ(E)-dependent promoters; this increased protein folding capacity may prepare the bacterium to endure the periplasmic stress of sex pilus biosynthesis during mating.
Helping Families with Defiant Adolescents

This paper presents a model for working with defiant adolescents that aims to support parental authority and repair ruptured family relationships. After an initial family meeting in which the therapist presents a treatment contract focused on restoring mutual trust, a series of separate meetings with the parents and adolescent is held during which the therapist works concurrently with the parents to restore order in the household and with the adolescent to uncover feelings of hurt and betrayal. The final phase brings the parents and adolescent back together for a series of discussions focused on repairing the ruptures in their relationship.
Microbial virulence as an emergent property: consequences and opportunities.

Although an existential threat from the microbial world might seem like science fiction, a catastrophic decline in amphibian populations with the extinction of dozens of species has been attributed to a chytrid fungus [1], [2], and North American bats are being decimated by Geomyces destructans, a new fungal pathogen [3]. Hence, individual microbes can cause the extinction of a species. In the foregoing instances, neither fungus had a known relationship with the threatened species; there was neither selection pressure for pathogen attenuation nor effective host defense. Humans are also constantly confronted by new microbial threats as witnessed by the appearance of HIV, SARS coronavirus, and the latest influenza pandemic. While some microbial threats seem to be frequently emerging or re-emerging, others seem to wane or attenuate with time, as exemplified by the decline of rheumatic heart disease [4], the evolution of syphilis from a fulminant to a chronic disease [5], and the disappearance of “English sweating sickness” [6]. A defining feature of infectious diseases is changeability, with change being a function of microbial, host, environmental, and societal changes that together translate into changes in the outcome of a host–microbe interaction. Given that species as varied as amphibians and bats can be threatened with extinction by microbes, the development of predictive tools for identifying microbial threats is both desirable and important.
Dynamical approach to hysteresis in a bar undergoing a martensitic transformation

An important incentive not to neglect dynamic effects in the study of martensitic transformations is the failure of the usual energy minimization arguments to predict the observed coexistence of phases at nonminimal energy and the associated hysteresis phenomena. Here we suggest that a simple viscoelastic dynamic model is capable of capturing these phenomena.
Reaction of anti-α-zein sera with synthetic peptides derived from selected regions of α-zein polypeptides

Twenty-three 17-mer oligopeptides were synthesized that correspond to the predicted antigenic sites and to other selected regions of the α-zein fraction of maize ( Zea mays L.) prolamin. The peptides were reacted, after conjugation to BSA, with seven different antisera to intact α-zein polypeptides of the M r 23·8k, 25k and 26·7k subclasses using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify continuous antigenic sites and the regions of zein primary structure that partially or fully reside on the surface of the folded protein. Two of the seven antisera were raised against the native proteins while five were against the denatured proteins. Sixteen of the 23 peptides yielded varying intensities of positive reactions with one or more of the seven different antisera. The results suggested that the reactive peptides contain continuous epitopes that reside partly or entirely on the surface of the folded protein. They also suggest that most of the immune response to α-zeins is directed to shared epitopes. Seven unreactive peptides were judged not to be antigenic, either because the regions of the protein corresponding to them are not exposed and therefore not immunogenic, or because the peptides have a conformation different from that in the intact protein. Only a few peptides reacted with the antisera to native α-zein polypeptides; also, only a few of the peptides corresponding to variants of the 20-mer α-zein repeat unit reacted with antisera to the native protein.
Group Components of the Presidential Vote, 1952-1984

Except for bivariate analyses, previous research on the group basis of partisan strength in the United States has focused on party identification as the dependent variable. This essay examines the group basis of the presidential vote, 1952-1984, using a multivariate logit approach. Our multivariate analysis shows the persistence of group-based divisions between Republican and Democratic voters. Among other patterns, class-based divisions have noticeably increased.
Determinants of patient satisfaction after the tension-free vaginal tape procedure

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to compare patient satisfaction with subjective and objective measures of success. Study design Satisfaction at 1-year was measured by using a self-administered written questionnaire. Success was assessed both subjectively and objectively by using the short form Urogenital Distress Inventory, stress testing, and multichannel urodynamics. Outcomes were compared to determine the relationship between satisfaction and success. Satisfied and dissatisfied patients were compared with respect to pre-, intra-, peri-, and postoperative characteristics. Student t and χ 2 tests were used for continuous and ordinal data, respectively. Results Of 66 (80%) patients, 53 were satisfied. These patients were more likely to achieve subjective cure (91% vs 62%, P =.009) but not statistically more likely to be objectively cured (92% vs 75 %, P =.08). Dissatisfied patients tended to have overactive bladder symptoms, voiding difficulty, and required sling release. Other patient characteristics did not influence satisfaction rates. Conclusion Satisfaction after tension-free vaginal tape procedure is highly dependent on normal bladder function. Dissatisfied patients deserve comprehensive evaluation, although objective measures may not reflect patient satisfaction.
Temperature and field hysteresis of the antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition in epitaxial FeRh films

The temperature and field hysteresis of the magnetization in the first order antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition in FeRh films grown onto $c$-axis sapphire and MgO (001) are investigated. The transition to the ferromagnetic state upon heating and antiferromagnetic state upon cooling is generally broad indicating a heterogeneous transition due to defects so that antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic domains coexist during the transition. However, the nucleation of antiferromagnetic domains upon cooling is abrupt for FeRh on $c$-axis sapphire which is indicative of homogeneous nucleation and growth of antiferromagnetic domains. The transition is further broadened when measuring with fields applied out of plane of the sample due to internal demagnetization fields. Temperature dependent remanent magnetization measurements reveal that field induced magnetization changes are irreversible during heating, but reversible during cooling. The field dependence of the shift in transition temperature is qualitatively modeled with an Ising spin type model utilizing a mean field approach. From this calculation a shift of $\ensuremath{-}10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}∕\mathrm{T}$ in transition temperature is determined in good agreement with the experimentally observed shift of $\ensuremath{-}8$ and $\ensuremath{-}9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}∕\mathrm{T}$ for FeRh films grown onto MgO (001) and c-axis sapphire, respectively.
Noninferiority Margin for Clinical Trials of Antibacterial Drugs for Nosocomial Pneumonia

Noninferiority (NI) clinical trials have been used to assess antibacterial drug efficacy in treating nosocomial and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Previously published trials have employed prespecified NI margins of 15% or 20% based on clinical response or microbiological endpoints. However, as those studies do not describe the statistical and clinical considerations underpinning the margins selected, their scientific plausibility cannot be substantiated. In this report, a fixed NI margin of 7% with respect to all-cause mortality is determined based on the 29% cross-study difference between the two-sided 95%, confidence intervals (CI) for the placebo estimate of 62% (95% CI: 52%, 71%) and the active control estimate of 20% (95% CI: 18%, 23%) obtained from meta-analyses of various published clinical studies. After applying discounting, we estimated the active control treatment benefit to be 14%. Due to clinical concerns, 50% of the active control treatment benefit was preserved, yielding a 7% NI margin.
KEEP CLOSE TO HOME OR VENTURE OUT: THE INFLUENCE OF STATUS AND CONNECTIONS FOR OUTSIDE DIRECTORSHIPS.

Research in corporate governance has long considered the interlocking nature of corporate directorships. We model the characteristics of executives who secure outside directorships at other firms as well as characteristics of their home firms and those of the firms they join. We view the securing of outside directorships as a sequential process, one in which the first outside directorship is an influential predictor of both the likelihood of joining another board as well as the characteristics of subsequent boards for those who join them. Moreover, we model the interconnectedness between the executive's home firm and any boards they join. In general, our evidence suggests that aspects of first outside directorships are important in understanding characteristics of subsequent outside directorships. In addition, our evidence suggests that interpersonal networks may not be as influential in the director selection process as previously thought.
Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Design and Optimization of Microchannel Heat Exchangers for Microelectronics Cooling

Increasing circuit density and adherence to Moore’s law is driving advanced cooling systems for the next generation microprocessors. One method receiving considerable study is that of microchannel heat exchangers in silicon substrate. These very fine channels in the heat exchanger provide a greatly enhanced convective heat transfer rate and have been shown to be able to meet the demands of the cooling challenge for microprocessors for many generations to come. While the thermal performance has been demonstrated, the design methodology and analysis for fluid structures at this size scale remains difficult. This paper reviews the use of CFD analysis for the design and optimization of microchannel heat exchangers. These results are compared with classical approaches to the same design and demonstrate the need for CFD analysis. Errors using the standard correlations and methods are demonstrated through the results of an optimization study on microchannels. The effects of entrance lengths, spatial variation of the Nusselt number, and temperature dependencies are considered. The literature has widely varying reports on comparisons between experimental results and corresponding theoretical results in microchannel heat exchangers. Experimental validation of the CFD analysis has also been performed and demonstrates that current CFD techniques are actually well suited to heat exchanger designs of this size.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Acid enhanced ionic liquid pretreatment of biomass

Acid enhanced ionic liquid pretreatment is a promising method for boosting the yield of sugars produced from purified cellulose. Acid enhancement significantly increases the yields of sugars from the lignocellulosic feedstock switchgrass. The addition of Amberlyst 15, a protic acid resin, to the ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass boosted the yield of sugar up to ten times, decreased the amount of cellulase required for saccharification and increased the biocatalytic conversion of switchgrass into free fatty acids 10-fold to 22% of the theoretical yield.
Freedom and migration in the Leeward Caribbean, 1838–1848

Abstract At emancipation in the British Caribbean in 1838, newly freed blacks in larger territories established “reconstituted peasantries” on non-plantation lands. Similar village adaptations were impossible on some smaller islands where planters continued to control all of the islands' lands. In St Kitts and Nevis landless freemen emigrated to Trinidad by the hundreds to establish individual independence and to support kinsmen and friends left behind. Within a decade most migrants from St Kitts and Nevis had returned. They had thus carved out a “migration adaptation” in response to planter oppression at home and livelihood opportunity elsewhere by expanding individual livelihood spaces across the Caribbean Sea. They thereby began to establish extra-island networks of potential labour destinations while at the same time resisting permanent commitments in any one direction except for periodically returning home. Migration and return has persisted as a widespread livelihood strategy among individuals of small Caribbean islands who continue to face economic and ecological uncertainties, conditions similar to those on St Kitts and Nevis at emancipation. Individual adaptability, not group behaviour, has always been important in migration and return in the Lesser Antilles.
Interpretation of superplastic flow in terms of a threshold stress

In several recent experiments on the Zn-22% Al eutectoid and the Pb-62% Sn eutectic, a sigmoidal relationship between stress and strain rate is noted and the mechanical behaviour has been divided into three regions: low-stress region (region I), intermediatestress region (the superplastic region or region II), and high-stress region (region III). In region II, the stress exponent,n, is ≃ 2 and the apparent activation energy,Q, is close to grain-boundary diffusion,Qgb, but in both regions I and III the stress exponent and the activation energy increase (n > 2 andQ >Qgb). Analysis of the experimental data of the two superplastic alloys suggests that the transition in behaviour between region II and region I may not necessarily reflect a change in deformation process but can arise from the presence of a threshold stress which decreases strongly with increasing temperature. Based on consideration of various possible threshold stress processes during superplastic flow, it seems most likely that a threshold stress which depends strongly on temperature may result from impurity atom segregation at boundaries and their interaction with boundary dislocations.
The Effects of Ground Water Sampling Devices on Water Quality: A Literature Review

This paper reviews both field and laboratory studies that tested or compared the ability of various types of sampling devices to deliver representative ground water samples. Several types of grab samplers, positive displacement devices, and suction-lift devices were evaluated, Gas-lift and inertial-lift pumps were also evaluated. This study found that most of these devices can. under certain circumstances, alter the chemistry of ground water samples, das-lift pumps, older types of submersible centrifugal pumps, and suction-lift devices are not recommended when sampling for sensitive constituents such as volatile organics and inorganics, or inorganics that are subject to oxidation/precipitation reactions. In general, of the devices reviewed in this paper, bladder pumps gave the best recovery of sensitive constituents. However, better performance could be achieved for several devices if improved operational guidelines were developed by additional testing, especially at lower flow rates. Clearly, further research is warranted. Future studies should focus on pumping rate, flow control mechanisms, and dedication or decontamination of sampling devices.
The defense mechanisms of coronary patients

Tested 73 male inpatients with coronary heart disease on the Defense Mechanisms Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a perception of health measure. Ss were followed for 5 years. Success of defenses was measured by lower anxiety, higher perception of health, and survival. Principalization was discovered to be the most successful and Projection the least successful defense. When a typology of patients was constructed using cluster analysis, those with high Principalization and low Reversal were judged to cope best. Although the efficacy of repressing defenses during crisis received support, both the type of repressing defense used and its relationship to other defenses were important in determining successful outcome.
Maximizing automation in LC/MS high-throughput analysis and purification.

Here, we describe a system for LC/MS-based analysis and purification of compounds aiming at the minimization of manual interference in the overall process. Key elements of the concept are automated identification of the target compounds, automated assignment of optimized preparative gradients for purification of the target compounds, and automated purity assessment of fractions with subsequent pooling of validated product fractions. Additional support is provided by an automated solvent and waste management system. One person can easily process 100−200 compounds on a 150-mg scale per day on that system, while still the maximization of purity and yield after purification is guaranteed. Reduced demands with respect to purity or yield can lead to significantly higher throughput numbers.
Hsc/Hsp70 Interacting Protein (Hip) Associates with CXCR2 and Regulates the Receptor Signaling and Trafficking

The ligand-induced trafficking of chemokine receptors plays a significant role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and human immunodeficiency infection. Although many chemokine receptors have been demonstrated to internalize through clathrin-coated vesicles, a process that involves the binding of arrestins to the receptors, accumulating evidence has suggested the possible existence of other regulators. In a yeast two-hybrid screening using the C-terminal domain of CXCR2 as a bait, the Hsc70-interacting protein (Hip) was identified to interact with CXCR2. Hip binds CXCR2 through its C-terminal domain binding to the C-terminal leucine-rich domain (KILAIHGLI) of CXCR2. Hip associates with CXCR2 or CXCR4 in intact cells, and agonist stimulation increases the association. Mutation of the Ile-Leu motif in the C-terminal domain of CXCR2 blocks the agonist-dependent association of the mutant receptor with Hip. Overexpression of a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) deletion mutant form of Hip (ΔTPR), which is unable to bind Hsc70 (Prapapanich, V., Chen, S., Nair, S. C., Rimerman, R. A., and Smith, D. F. (1996) Mol. Endocrinol. 10, 420–431), but retains the ability to bind CXCR2, does not affect CXCR2-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. However, overexpression of ΔTPR significantly attenuates the agonist-induced internalization of CXCR2 and CXCR4 and attenuates CXCR2-mediated chemotaxis. These findings open the possibility for regulation of chemokine receptor signaling and trafficking by protein chaperone molecules.
A Double-Pass Spectrometer*

An optical system for obtaining doubly passed grating and prism spectra is described and its application to infrared spectroscopy is discussed. The optical system consists of a spherical field mirror which is placed in the focal plane of the spectrometer and a spherical reimaging mirror which receives radiant energy from the field mirror. Features of the new system are ease of adjustment and freedom from vignetting. The system has been set up and tested both in a high-resolution grating spectrometer and in a low-resolution order-sorting prism instrument.
Academic performance in a pharmacotherapeutics course sequence taught synchronously on two campuses using distance education technology.

Objective. To compare the academic performance of campus-based students in a pharmacotherapeutics course with that of students at a distant campus taught via synchronous teleconferencing. Methods. Examination scores and final course grades for campus-based and distant students completing the case-based pharmacotherapeutics course sequence over a 5-year period were collected and analyzed. Results. The mean examination scores and final course grades were not significantly different between students on the 2 campuses. Conclusions. The use of synchronous distance education technology to teach students does not affect students’ academic performance when used in an active-learning, case-based pharmacotherapeutics course.
Dipole moments and orbital energies from ARCANA: A semi-empirical molecular orbital calculation program

Approximations employed in calculating two-center nuclear attraction and electron repulsion integrals are discussed. A procedure for economical reduction of the number of integrals to be evaluated which satisfies the requirement of rotational invariance is discussed. This calculation technique is incorporated into a semiempirical molecular orbital calculation program and results in a realistic account of the anisotropy of atoms in molecules of low symmetry. Good agreement is found between electric dipole moments and molecular orbital energies determined experimentally and calculated employing ARCANA.
The effects of different levels of orange fiber and fat on microbiological, physical, chemical and sensorial properties of sucuk

The effects of orange fiber and fat levels on the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of sucuk (Turkish dry-fermented sausage) were investigated. Different levels of orange fiber (0, 2 and 4%) were added to sucuk batters with different levels of fat (10, 15 and 20%). Sucuk samples were analyzed during ripening. Lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus and pH value were effected very significantly by orange fiber. Orange fiber caused a decrease in residual nitrite levels and an increase in the TBARS values. L∗ and b∗ values of sucuk samples increased with the use of fiber. Fiber use also decreased the cooking loss. No statistically significant difference was found between control and 2% fiber groups in terms of texture, color, odor taste and general acceptability scores. While fat levels had significant effects on cooking loss, taste and L∗ values, ripening time effected all analyzed parameters.
Role of the lymphatics in the pathogenesis of anthrax.

Abstract : The present investigations were carried out (1) to gain more information on the role of the lymphatics in pathogenesis of anthrax, (2) to determine the extent of lymphatic participation on extravascular circulation of bacilli, (3) to test for the removal of spores from the lung epithelium into the lymphatics and/or blood stream immediately after challenge or during the infectious process of the disease, and (4) to determine whether systemic anthrax might be detected earlier by observation of bacilli in the lymph than by observation of the blood. Anthrax was shown to be established by the intraperitoneal, intracutaneous, or gastrointestinal routes through the lymph nodes that drain the region of challenge. In animals challenged by aerosol, the bacilli enter the lymphatics from the lung and are passed to the blood. Thereafter there is little difference in the dynamics of infection among the methods of challenge.
S&P 500 futures market and the normal backwardation hypothesis

This paper examines the behavior of near term S&P 500 index futures contract prices in the context of the theory of normal backwardation. Daily S&P 500 futures prices for 41 contracts over the 1982–1992 period are examined. There is no evidence that S&P 500 futures prices are biased estimates of the expected future spot price on expiration. Daily futures prices usually lie below the expected future spot price on expiration and usually rise over the contract period, but these price movements are not statistically significant. The surprising result of this study is the number of observations where backwardation appears not to hold. Furthermore, changes in the U.S. dollar exchange rates, the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and the switching of S&P 500 contracts quarterly expiration day had no significant effect on the behavior of S&P 500 futures prices.
The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen administered into the median and dorsal raphe nuclei is rewarding as shown by intracranial self-administration and conditioned place preference in rats

Rationale The midbrain raphe regions have long been implicated in affective processes and disorders. There is increasing evidence to suggest that the median (MR) and dorsal raphe nuclei (DR) tonically inhibit reward-related processes.
Strategic interaction among public school districts: Evidence on spatial interdependence in school inputs

Abstract This paper provides evidence on strategic interaction among public school districts in Massachusetts. The open enrollment program in Massachusetts is unique in testing the strategic competition thesis because it allows students to attend public schools located outside their home district. For each student who transfers out, funds are deducted from the sending district's local aid distribution and added to the receiving district's local aid. Thus, school districts no longer have the assurance of a ready supply of students and funding, instead they have to compete with neighboring districts, and enact strategies that will help retain as well as attract more students. A spatial econometric framework is applied to disentangle the correlation due to strategic interaction from the one that is simply due to spatially correlated error shocks. The results show that public school districts respond positively to the expenditure decisions of neighboring districts, thereby acting strategically when setting their own spending levels.
Light stimulation of proline synthesis in water-stressed barley leaves.

The effect of light on [14C]glutamate conversion to free proline during water stress was studied in attached barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves which had been trimmed to 10 cm in length. Plants at the three-leaf stage were stressed by flooding the rooting medium with polyethylene glycol 6000 (osmotic potential-19 bars) for up to 3 d. During this time the free proline content of 10-cm second leaves rose from about 0.02 to 2 μmol/leaf while free glutamate content remained steady at about 0.6 μmol/leaf. In stressed leaves, the amount of [14C]glutamate converted to proline in a 3-h period of light or darkness was taken to reflect the in-vivo rate of proline biosynthesis because the following conditions were met: (a) free-glutamate levels were not significantly different in light and darkness; (b) both tracer [14C]-glutamate and [14C]proline were rapidly absorbed; (c) rates of [14C]proline oxidation and incorporation into protein were very slow. As leaf water potential fell, more [14C]glutamate was converted to proline in both light and darkness, but at any given water potential in the range-12 to-20 bars, illuminated leaves converted twice as much [14C]glutamate to proline.
Optically induced reorientational aggregation and the stability of F 2 + color-center lasers

Spectroscopic evidence is presented showing that F(2) centers in KCI optically convert to an array of higher Faggregate centers at temperatures as low as 40 K. This aggregation occurs through random diffusion of F(2)(+) centers by means of repeated optical reorientation. Stable lasing of the F(2)(+) center has been achieved at a crystal temperature below which this reorientational aggregation ceases.