cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Components, Modules, and Subsystems

In this chapter, basic components, modules, and subsystems relevant in both optical and wireless communications are described. In the first half of the chapter, key optical components, modules, and subsystems are described. After describing optical communication basic, focus is changed to optical transmitters. The following classes of lasers are introduced: Fabry-Perot, distributed feedback (DFB), and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers. Regarding the external modulators, both Mach-Zehnder modulator and electroabsorption modulator are described. Regarding the external modulator for multilevel modulation schemes, phase modulator, I/Q modulator, and polar modulator are described. In subsection on optical receivers, after the photodetection principle, the p-i-n photodiode, avalanche photodiode (APD), and metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors are briefly described. In the same subsection, both optical receiver high-impedance front end and transimpedance front end are described. In section on optical fibers, both single-mode fiber (SMF) and multimode fiber (MMF) are introduced. In subsection on optical amplifiers, after describing optical amplification principles, the following classes of optical amplifiers are described: semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), Raman amplifier, and Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). In subsection on optical processing components and modules, the following components/modules are described: optical couplers, optical filters, and WDM multiplexers/demultiplexers. After that, the principles of coherent optical detection are introduced, followed by the description of optical hybrids. In subsection on coherent optical balanced detectors, both homodyne and heterodyne optical balanced detectors for both binary and multilevel (QAM, PSK, APSK) modulations are described. In the second half of the chapter, basic components and modules of relevance to modern wireless communications are described. First, the DSP basics, including various discrete-time realizations, are provided. Then the direct digital synthesizer (DDS), relevant in discrete-time (DT) wireless communications systems, is described. In subsection on multirate DSP and resampling, various upsampling, downsampling, and resampling schemes/modules are described. In the same subsection, the polyphase decomposition of the system (transfer) function is introduced and employed in resampling. In subsection on antenna array antennas, the linear array antennas are described. Finally, in subsection on automatic gain control (AGC), the AGC schemes operating in passband and baseband are described.
UNITRAN: an interlingual approach to machine translation

Machine translation has been a particularly difficult problem in the area of Natural Language Processing for over two decades. Early approaches to translation failed in part because interaction effects of complex phenomena made translation appear to be unmanageable. Later approaches to the problem have succeeded but are based on many language-specific rules. To capture all natural language phenomena, rulebased systems require an overwhelming number of rules; thus, such translation systems either have limited coverage, or poor performance due to formidable grammar size. This paper presents an implementation of an "interlingual" approach to natural language translation. The UNITRAN system relies on principle-based descriptions of grammar rather than rule-oriented descriptions. The model is based on linguistically motivated principles and their associated parameters of variation. Because a few principles cover all languages, the unmanageable grammar size of alternative approaches is no longer a problem.
Basophils and Mast Cells Basic Biology and Clinical Significance

Basophils and mast cells are thought to represent critical effector cells in IgEdependent host responses to parasites and allergie diseases, and may also have important functions in a variety of other immunological, pathological, and perhaps physiological processes. Ehrlich identified mast cells in human connective tissues on the basis of the metachromatic staining properties of their prominent cytoplasmic granules (Ehrlich, 1878). Metachromasia refers to the change in color of some basic dyes that occurs when they bind to certain highly charged molecules, including some of the constituents of mast cell cytoplasmic granules. Ehrlich also described the basophil, a circulating leukocyte that contains cytoplasmic granules with staining properties similar to those of the mast cell (Ehrlich, 1879). Mast cells and basophils share several notable features besides staining properties (summarized in Table I). Both cell types are derived from bone marrow progenitor cells and both mast cells and basophils represent a major source of histamine and other potent chemical mediators which have been implicated in a wide variety of inflammatory and immunologie processes, including allergie disorders with components of immediate hypersensitivity (reviewed in Galli and Lichtenstein, 1988; Holgate et al., 1993; Metcalfe et al., 1981; Schwartz and Huff, 1993; Galli, 1990, 1993). All in all mammalian species yet analyzed, both mast cells and basophils express plasma membrane receptors (FceRI) that specifically bind, with high affinity, the Fc portion of IgE antibody (Beaven and Metzger,, 1993; Kinet, 1990; Ishizaka, 1988; Benhamou and Siraganian, 1992).
Introduction: Challenges and Opportunities in Teaching About Race and Anti-Racism in the Twenty-First Century

The election of Barack Obama is touted by many as a symbol of the United States’ movement towards a “post-racial” society. Yet, in the year after his election, there were elevated numbers of racially motivated hate crimes, with over 9,000 incidences (AP 2008; FBI 2008). At the same time, there has been a broad, collective movement in opposition to progressive reform and civil rights for people of color and immigrants (Gonzales 2009; Bunch 2010). Nevertheless, political pundits, newspaper columnists, and politicians have written at length about Obama’s election as signifying a “post-racial” America – a vision of the United States as a society in which race no longer acts as a barrier to certain populations marginalized in the nation’s past (NPR 2009; Steele 2008). Scholars have also adopted this term in considering the implications of post-racial ideology on race theory (Nayak 2006) and the possibility of post-racial states (Goldberg 2002).
A Historical Perspective on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This ‘pictorial’ Chapter presents a historical perspective on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) starting from Ancient Greece to the beginning of the 21st Century. The UAV history, from a very early dream to today’s reality is illustrated through a series of figures with detailed legends that are arranged mostly chronologically; they reveal the unmanned vehicle evolution and designs over a period of almost 2,500 years. The Chapter, even though it is non-technical, offers an accurate glimpse of history and helps the reader understand the tremendous level of growth in the unmanned systems area. Almost all figures have been taken from archives and web sites available on-line. The list is by no means complete, but it is very informative. The Chapter layout and contents are similar to Chapter 1 of reference [10].
The Role of Non-Nutritive Dietary Constituents in Carcinogenes

The average U. S. diet contains minute quantities of a large variety of non-nutritive chemicals. These include naturally occurring toxicants and carcinogens, mutagens, direct and indirect food additives, and environmental contaminants. Although many of these chemicals have been tested and some of them have been found to be mutagenic in vitro or in vivo or to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals, there are very few relevant epidemiologic studies. Current evidence suggests that exposure to individual non-nutritive chemicals in the minute quantities in which they normally occur in the average diet is unlikely to increase significantly the overall cancer risk to the U. S. population. The risk from simultaneous exposure to many such compounds may be significant but cannot be quantified on the basis of current knowledge.
Abstract 3176: CD99 regulates ERK1/2-MSK1/2-CREB axis in Ewing sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive malignancy of bone and soft tissue that affects predominantly children and young adults with a high propensity to metastasize and poor prognosis. ES cells express high levels of a cell surface protein CD99, which is routinely used as a marker antigen in the histological diagnosis of ES, and contributes to its pathogenesis. We performed a phospho-kinase array to uncover specific cellular responses evoked by CD99 inhibition in ES cells. The treatment of ES cells with CD99 antibody or a small molecule CD99 inhibitor (clofarabine) resulted in strong activation of mitogen- and stress-activated kinases 1 and 2 (MSK1/2) as well as its substrate CREB and its upstream kinase ERK1/2. These findings were further confirmed with western blot analysis in ES cells treated with either different CD99 antibodies or clofarabine. The treatment of osteosarcoma (OS) cells with clofarabine or the forced expression of CD99 in OS cells did not change their phosphorylation levels, suggesting that CD99-mediated ERK1/2-MSK1/2-CREB signaling cascade is specific to ES cells. Interestingly, knock-down of the CD99 protein in ES cells led to a significant decrease in ERK1/2 phosphorylation without any effect on the downstream phosphorylation of MSK1/2 and CREB. Cytarabine, a structurally similar pyrimidine analog that has been identified as an inhibitor of EWS/FLI1 transcriptional activity but failed in clinical trials on ES patients, did not activate ERK1/2-MSK1/2-CREB axis unlike clofarabine in ES cells. These findings suggest that clofarabine functions through alternative mechanisms on ES cells that are different than cytarabine. Clofarabine induced a significant increase in phosphorylation levels of MSK1/2 in a small cohort of TC-71 xenografts, supporting its use as a potential pharmacodynamic marker of CD99 inhibitor activity. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CD99 regulates ERK1/2-MSK1/2-CREB axis in ES, which represents an intracellular pathway that may be responsible for CD999s biological activities in ES. Citation Format: Haydar Celik, Erin J. Conn, David V. Allegakoen, Jeff R. Petro, Jeffrey A. Toretsky, Aykut Uren. CD99 regulates ERK1/2-MSK1/2-CREB axis in Ewing sarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3176.
Photoluminescence-imaging-based Evaluation of Non-uniform CdTe Degradation

Photoluminescence (PL), electroluminescence (EL), and dark lock-in thermography are collected during stressing of a CdTe module under one-Sun light at an elevated temperature of 100°C. The PL imaging system is simple and economical. The PL images show differing degrees of degradation across the module and are less sensitive to effects of shunting and resistance that appear on the EL images. Regions of varying degradation are evaluated using time-of-flight secondary ion-mass spectrometry, and there is a correlation between PL intensity and Cu concentration at the front interface.
Selling Labor Low: Equilibrium Wage Volatility in Developing Countries

In a model of an agrarian economy in which individuals vary in landownership, workers supply labor more inelastically the poorer they are and the less easily they can borrow, save, or migrate in response to productivity shocks. Consequently, underdeveloped and isolated areas experience more wage volatility. This equilibrium e�ect hurts the poor. But for landowners, inelastic labor supply is a form of insurance. One ramification is that reducing the cost of borrowing and saving can actually hurt a landowner. For a given level of income volatility, he can smooth consumption better; but his income becomes more volatile due to changes in the equilibrium wage. Data on the agricultural wage in 257 districts in India for 1956-87 are consistent with the model. In districts with better banking or access to other areas (e.g., higher road density), the agricultural wage is less influenced by fluctuations in crop yield, instrumented with rainfall variation. In sum, the poor are vulnerable to productivity risk; I show that underdevelopment exacerbates this risk.
Escitalopram for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis

Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis can be very disturbing and provoke anxiety. The majority of patients can be treated conservatively with cognitive and behavioural therapies. However, some patients may benefit from a pharmacologic intervention. With only scant available evidence, there are currently no standardized pharmacologic treatment recommendations for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. We report the first two cases of escitalopram used to successfully treat recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. Escitalopram, the most selective of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, generally improves subjective sleep quality, making it an appealing treatment option.
Leonard Bernstein and the language of jazz: by Katherine Baber (Music in American Life), Urbana, IL, University of Illinois Press, 2019, 268 pp., $27.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-2520-8416-4

Katherine Baber’s book is remarkable not only in its content, elucidating readings of disparate works in the Bernstein oeuvre, but also in its methodology. By taking Bernstein’s musical style and c...
Interband cascade laser frequency combs for spectroscopic sensing (Conference Presentation)

By exploiting the bi-functional operation capability of interband cascade laser (ICL) frequency combs, we have utilized the laser medium not only for comb generation, but also as a room-temperature photodetector with near-GHz bandwidth for multi-heterodyne beating of the comb lines. Our self-contained platform consuming less than 2 W of electrical power enables free-running room-temperature broadband dual-comb spectroscopy of 1,1 difluoroethane with ~3% standard deviation in 2 ms over 600 GHz of optical bandwidth around 3.6 µm. We will discuss progress toward the optimization of ICL combs for realizing compact, low-power chemical sensors operating in the MWIR.
Studies inProprioception(Part 1)

：The terms"proprioceptive deficit" , "proprioceptive training" , and"proprioceptive rehabilitation" are being used with increasing frequency insports medicine literature. Despite the popularity of this terminology, multipledefinitions for "proprioception" exist. Many researchers have definedproprioception as the afferent input of joint position sense ( i. e. , detection ofposition or movement) , whereas others consider proprioception in a broader scope ofneuromuscular control. In addition to detection of an afferent stimulus, neuromuscularcontrol includes processing of the stimulus and a reactionary efferent output mediated viathe neuromuscular system. Key words: Proprioception; Neuromuscular control; Rehabilitation
Overvoltage analysis and protection of lightning arresters in distribution systems with distributed generation

Abstract The objective of this paper is to address an issue that arises from the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources in power systems: the design and analysis of protective devices with more complex topology and power flow patterns. In particular, this paper investigates lightning arrester overloading and failure from fault-induced overvoltages. Currently, the length of time from the fault inception until the lightning arrester’s failure is unknown, forcing utility companies to assume the worst-case scenario and install more costly and complex protection schemes than might otherwise be needed. In this paper, the Thevenin Equivalent Impedance method is proposed to analyze a distributed generation (DG) source’s effect on the transformer high side voltage. After examining the voltage transients and determining the magnitude of the overvoltage, an optimal and cost-effective protective relaying strategy is developed and implemented. To complete this study, various types of DG sources were modeled and simulated using two test systems. Finally, the implementation of the suggested solution of intentional islanding operation of the distribution system is discussed. This solution allows the DG source to continue to supply a portion of the distribution system’s load, thereby increasing the reliability of the system.
G-CSF use post peripheral blood stem cell transplant is associated with faster neutrophil engraftment, shorter hospital stay and increased incidence of chronic GVHD

The use of G-CSF post allogeneic transplant has become a common practice to accelerate neutrophil engraftment. There is some controversy in its use. To further evaluate the effectiveness, we compar...
Murderous shadows, terrifying air: Dr. Caligari in China

This article traces the relocation of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari to interwar China, when the nation began to experience a proliferation of terror amid the bleak premonitions of an impending war. R...
Volume Visualization and Beams Towards Computational Cancer Treatment Planning

Visualization of cadaver could allow a medical student to develop their skill set without causing possible harm. Visualization entails representing data in a graphical format and can interact with the data to better understand the data. Graphic data representation, techniques for manipulation of this data, modeling, and rendering are required for successful visualization. Rendering techniques can improve the quality of interaction and understanding of the data produced from a set of stacked 2D images, also called volume data. Sequences of 3D interactions can create a time-varying deformation sequence, also called 4D visualization. Major volume rendering algorithms used in medical image visualization include multiplanar reformation (MPR), volume rendering (VR), and surface rendering (SR), Software-Based Ray casting, GPU-Based Ray casting, Splatting Algorithm, Shear-Warp Algorithm, Shell Rending Algorithm, and Texture Mapping. In this paper, we review the techniques as mentioned above and then introduce techniques using beams, and computational usage and contribution towards cancer treatment planning.
Radiotherapy for Intramedullary Tumors

Complete surgical resection is the preferred management modality for benign and malignant intramedullary spinal cord tumors when it can be achieved without significant morbidity. When that goal is not possible or if intramedullary tumors recur after resection or are at high risk of recurring after resection, radiation treatment should be considered. Because these tumors are relatively rare and studies of radiotherapy for these tumors can be affected by selection bias, the medical literature regarding radiotherapy for management of intramedullary tumors has limitations. Here we review the results of radiotherapy for management of ependymomas of the spinal cord and cauda equina, astrocytomas of the spinal cord, and intramedullary spinal cord metastases as well as both radiotherapy and radiosurgery for managing hemangioblastomas of the spinal cord and cauda equina.
Prehospital Traction Splint Use in Midthigh Trauma Patients.

Context: Traction splint (TS) use during emergency medical system transport has been theorized to relieve pain, limit continued injury from loose bone fragments, and decrease potential bleeding space in the injured thigh. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the benefit of prehospital TS (PTS) application, using data from the trauma registry at a large Level 1 trauma center. Methods: A retrospective review of patients from the NTRACS© and Trauma One© registry at an American College of Surgeons-verified Level 1 trauma center was conducted. All patients treated between the years 2001 and 2011 who were assigned a diagnosis International Classification of Diseases-9 code of 821.01 (closed fracture of shaft and femur) and 821.11 (open fracture of shaft and femur) (femur fracture [FF]) were included. Statistical Analysis: All categorical variables between the first groups were compared using Pearson’s Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test analysis. Comparisons were made using unpaired t-tests and Mann–Whitney test or Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunn’s post hoc pairwise comparisons. Results: Patients with a TS and those without indicated that the patients with no traction split (NTS) had sustained injuries beyond a FF (14.43 ± 9.740 vs. 18.59 ± 12.993, P
Fine-tuned repression of Drp1 driven mitochondrial fission primes a slow cycling stem/progenitor-like state towards accelerating neoplastic transformation of keratinocytes

The opposing processes of mitochondrial fission and fusion are emerging as crucial regulators of stem cells. Stem/progenitor cells maintaining repressed mitochondrial fission appear to be primed for self-renewal and proliferation. Here, we demonstrate the causative role of fine-tuned repression of Drp1, the master regulator of mitochondrial fission, in establishing a stem/progenitor-like state towards supporting carcinogen (TCDD) driven neoplastic transformation of keratinocytes. Fine-tuned Drp1 repression maintains small networks of fused mitochondria to sustain a unique gene-expression profile with elevated stem/progenitor cell functional markers (Krt15, Sox2 etc) and their regulators (Cyclin E). Cells with this mitochondria-primed state are slow cycling, susceptible to transformation, and when enriched by mild carcinogen exposure sustains elevated self-renewal/proliferation to form less differentiated tumors. More complete Drp1 repression sustains larger hyperfused mitochondria, represses lineage specific stem/progenitor genes and prevents transformation. Therefore, our data highlights a 9goldilocks9 level of Drp1 repression that supports stem/progenitor cell dependent neoplastic transformation. Future studies would reveal if bodily stresses causing mild Drp1 repression could enrich this mitochondria-primed stem/progenitor like population in tissues making them vulnerable to neoplastic transformation.
NATO—A Brief History, and Discussion on the Methodology

NATO was established in 1949. Since its founding, the Alliance has grown to 30 nations on both sides of the Atlantic (as of March 2020). From its inception, it has served as a deterrent to the Soviet Union for most of its history and following the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the organization has been involved in multiple operations the world over. This chapter explores precursors to NATO, the member nations (and when each joined), and the North Atlantic Treaty (articles) with a brief analysis of each.
Why Social Solidarity at Work Increased Following COVID Stay-at-Home*

Sociological theories argue that social solidarity can be based on complementary differences that lead to bonds through exchange, and on shared similarities that engender bonds from commonality. St...
Revisiting the Performance of PCA Versus FDA Versus Simple Projection for Image Recognition

Computer vision becomes a great area of research due to the huge availability of images and videos. For enhancement of security, biomedical imaging, or automation of identification, one may need useful tools to recognize images. One main problem of image data set is high dimensional, and it is very expensive to work with huge dimensions. In this paper, our main aim is to show a better dimension reduction process of high dimensional image data sets from several existing techniques. To verify it we start with most useful singular value decomposition to reduce the dimensionality of data to incorporate principal components. On the other hand, we classify data in advance to work out Fisher’s discriminant. From many real-world examples, we set a very well-known paradigm of analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) or Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA) and Simple Projection (SP) to recognize people from their facial images. We consider that we have some images of known people that can be used to compare and recognize new images (of the same set of face images). Moreover, we show graphical and tabular representation for average performance of correct recognition as well as analyze the effectiveness of three different machine learning techniques.
Cyclic attractors of nonexpanding n-ary networks

Discrete dynamical systems in which model components take on categorical values have been successfully applied to biological networks to study their global dynamic behavior. Boolean models in particular have been used extensively. However, multi-state models have also emerged as effective computational tools for the analysis of complex mechanisms underlying biological networks. Models in which variables assume more than two discrete states provide greater resolution, but this scheme introduces discontinuities. In particular, variables can increase or decrease by more than one unit in one time step. This can be corrected, without changing fixed points of the system, by applying an additional rule to each local activation function. On the other hand, if one is interested in cyclic attractors of their system, then this rule can potentially introduce new cyclic attractors that were not observed previously. This article makes some advancements in understanding the state space dynamics of multi-state network models with a synchronous update schedule and establishes conditions under which no new cyclic attractors are added to networks when the additional rule is applied. Our analytical results have the potential to be incorporated into modeling software and aid researchers in their analyses of biological multi-state networks.
Type of closure prevents microbial contamination of cosmetics during consumer use.

The dispensing closure used for containers plays an important role in protecting cosmetics from in-use microbial contamination. This hypothesis was tested by aseptically packing unpreserved shampoo and skin lotion into containers with three different closure types which provided various degrees of protection against consumer and environmental microbial insults. Shampoo was packed in containers with slit-cap (n = 25), flip-cap (n = 25), or screw-cap (n = 28) closures. Skin lotion was packed in containers with pump-top (n = 21), flip-cap (n = 18), or screw-cap (n = 21) closures. The products were then used by volunteers under actual in-use conditions for 3 (shampoo) or 2 (skin lotion) weeks. After use, the products were evaluated for microbial contamination by using standard methods for enumeration and identification. The standard screw-cap closure provided only minimal protection against microbial contamination of both the shampoo (29% contamination incidence) and the skin lotion (71%). The slit-cap closure on the shampoo container and the flip-cap closure on the skin lotion container provided slightly enhanced degrees of protection (21 and 39% contamination incidence, respectively). The greatest amount of protection (i.e., lowest contamination incidence) was provided by the flip-cap closure for the shampoo container (0%) and the pump-top closure for the skin lotion container (10%). As a result, closure type plays an important role in protecting poorly preserved products from in-use microbial contamination.
Submillimeter Emission from Small Dust Grains Orbiting Nearby Stars

The most exciting discovery of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was intense far-infrared radiation from various nearby main-sequence stars. This radiation, which is produced by numerous dust particles, is suggestive of solar-systemlike objects in orbit about the stars. We have detected and measured, at submillimeter wavelengths, properties of the particulate clouds around Vega, Fomalhaut, and Beta Pictoris. These measurements yield accurate estimates of particle size, spatial distribution, and minimum total mass for these three dusty clouds. In particular, the particles appear to be sufficiently small that they are probably being supplied continually by a very substantial population of much larger objects, perhaps comets or asteroids. The widespread occurrence of excess far-infrared emission from nearby stars (Backman and Gillett 1987; Aumann 1988) suggests, therefore, that a majority of single main-sequence stars are surrounded by vast clouds of comets and/or asteroids. A limited map of the submillimeter emission toward Fomalhaut is consistent with the possibility that the radiating particles are substantially depleted near the star, which could be due either to destruction of the grains or accumulation into larger objects such as planets.
Telescoping jets: Probing hadronic event structure with multiple R's

Jets at high energy colliders are complicated objects to identify. Even if jets are widely separated, there is no reason to define jets with the same size. A single reconstruction of each event can only extract a limited amount of information. While the Qjet algorithm gives multiple interpretations for each event using nondeterministic jet clustering, here we propose a simple, fast and powerful deterministic method to probe each event with multiple angular scales $R$'s in the jet definition. Though qualitatively a different approach, the information we get from reconstructions at different angular scales can be analyzed in the framework of multiple event interpretations. We show that the statistical power of an analysis can be dramatically increased. In particular, we can have a 46% improvement, as compared to 28% using Qjets, in the statistical significance of the Higgs search with a $Z$ boson ($ZH\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}b\overline{b}$) at the 8 TeV LHC. Our work implies that the wide angle radiation contains useful information, which is a key observation that is overlooked in both the conventional and the Qjet analyses.
High Intensity Physics Scaled to Mid-Infrared Wavelengths

I discuss strong laser physics at wavelengths (1–4 microns) longer than typical. Since the ponderomotive energy scales as λ2, we expect particles with energy that would not be reached at the same intensity and shorter wavelengths. After briefly discussing the Keldysh parameter, I will show strong field ionization experimental photoelectron spectra with two laser sources developed at Ohio State University, compared to TDSE calculations. I will then examine the possibility of reducing the high harmonics group delay dispersion, and discuss the advantages of using long-wavelength laser light in tomographic reconstruction of molecular orbitals.
Enhanced functional expression of transient outward current in hypertrophied feline myocytes

Cardiac hypertrophy can decrease myocardial contractility and alter the electrophysiological activity of the heart. It is well documented that action potentials recorded from hypertrophied feline ventricular cells can exhibit depressed plateau voltages and prolonged durations. Similar findings have been made by others in rabbit, rat, guinea pig, and human heart. Whole-cell patch voltage-clamp studies designed to explain these changes in the action potential suggest that the only component of the membrane current recorded from feline right ventricular (RV) myocytes found to be substantially different from normal is the 4-aminopyridine-sensitive transient outward current (Ito). However, it was not clear if the change in Ito could explain the changes in the action potential of hypertrophied cardiocytes, nor was it clear if these changes reflect an alteration in the electrophysiological character of the channels underlying Ito. A kinetic comparison of Ito elicited by hypertrophied RV myocytes with that elicited by comparable normal RV myocytes previously revealed no differences, suggesting that the increased magnitude of the peak Ito recorded from hypertrophied myocytes arises because the current density increases and not because of any alteration in the kinetic parameters governing the current. This finding suggests that in hypertrophy additional normal channels are expressed rather than a kinetically different channel subtype emerging. Investigations designed to determine if enhancement of Ito could explain the hypertrophy-induced changes in plateau voltage and action potential duration suggest that a change in Ito density can indeed explain the entire effect of hypertrophy on RV action potentials. If this notion is correct, the likelihood of “sudden death” in patients with myocardial hypertrophy might be decreased by a blocker selective for cardiac Ito.
Noninvasive language mapping in patients with epilepsy or brain tumors.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become part of routine brain mapping in patients with epilepsy or tumor undergoing resective surgery. However, robust localization of crucial functional areas is required.
Effects of low dose enoximone for chronic congestive heart failure

To examine the short-term hemodynamic and long-term clinical effects of oral enoximone at low doses, 12 patients with severe, chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) were given 1 mg/kg oral enoximone and followed with serial hemodynamic measurements for 24 hours. Control cardiac index was 1.9 +/- 0.5 liters/min/m2 and it increased significantly by 1 hour, with a peak effect at 2 hours to 2.4 +/- 0.4 liters/min/m2 (p less than 0.05). Similarly, wedge pressure, 22 +/- 8 mm Hg at control, decreased to 16 +/- 10 by 1 hour (p less than 0.05). Six of the 12 patients received 1 mg/kg of enoximone on day 1 and 2 mg/kg on day 2. The higher dose of enoximone caused no further improvement in cardiac performance but prolonged the salutary hemodynamic effect. Subsequently, 79 patients (18 in New York Heart Association class III and 61 in class IV) with CHF (ejection fraction 17 +/- 8%) were followed over a 3 year period; the average enoximone dose was 1.7 +/- 0.7 mg/kg 3 times daily. Improvement of at least 1 functional class occurred in 55 patients (70%) at 1 month, 27 patients (34%) at 6 months and 19 (24%) maintained their improvement for over 1 year. Enoximone was discontinued in 20 patients (25%); in 5 (6%) for adverse effects and in 13 patients because of no clinical benefit. Adverse effects occurred in 14 patients (18%); 6% of all patients required discontinuation of drug. Six month survival was 50%, 42% at 1 year and 30% at 2 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Presumed choroidal metastasis secondary to clear cell sarcoma of the right knee

To present a case of choroidal metastasis of clear cell sarcoma of the tendons and aponeuroses. Observational case report. A 63-year-old woman with multiple systemic metastasis secondary to clear cell sarcoma of the tendons and aponeuroses in her right knee presented with a 3 days history of blurred vision in her left eye. At the time of presentation, her visual acuity was 20/125 in her left eye. Fundus examination of the left eye showed three amelanotic choroidal lesions associated with subretinal fluid. The patient was diagnosed with presumed choroidal metastasis secondary to clear cell sarcoma of the tendons and aponeuroses. Clear cell sarcoma of the tendons and aponeuroses rarely metastasize to the choroid.
Lipid peroxidation-cytochrome P450 interactions. Use of linoleic acid hydroperoxide in the characterization of the spin-state of membrane-bound P450.

1. A procedure (linolenic acid hydroperoxide (LAHP) deletion method) is described in which LAHP is added to the reference cuvette of a pair of spectrally balanced cuvettes containing hepatic microsomes to produce a composite high spin (HS)-low spin (LS)-spectrum of P450.2. The LAHP deletion method was used to determine the spin state of P450 in rat hepatic microsomes with and without the addition of type I compounds.3. Advantage was taken of the temperature dependency of the spin state of P450 to determine the overall enthalpic and entropic changes for the spin equilibrium to generate computer-derived spectra of HS and LS forms of P450, and to construct a nomogram that allows direct estimation of the percentages of HS and LS spin forms of P450 in intact microsomes at temperatures compatible with biochemical functions.4. The h.p.l.c. deletion method was used to demonstrate that HS-P450 comprised 57% of the P450 in hepatic microsomes; addition of type I substrates to these microsomes raised the level of HS-...
Normal matrices over hermitian discrete valuation rings

Abstract A generalization of the classical spectral theorem for normal complex matrices is proved for matrices with entries from a class of discrete valuation rings which we have called hermitian. The hermitian discrete valuation rings include the convergent complex power series in one variable and the complex formal power series in one variable. Thus one obtains an algebraic proof of Rellich's theorem on diagnolizability of hermitian analytic matrices which is simultaneously valid for both the rings of convergent and formal power series.
An Analysis of the Acoustic Input Impedance of the Ear

Ear canal acoustics was examined using a one-dimensional lossy transmission line with a distributed load impedance to model the ear. The acoustic input impedance of the ear was derived from sound pressure measurements in the ear canal of healthy human ears. A nonlinear least squares fit of the model to data generated estimates for ear canal radius, ear canal length, and quantified the resistance that would produce transmission losses. Derivation of ear canal radius has application to quantifying the impedance mismatch at the eardrum between the ear canal and the middle ear. The length of the ear canal was found, in general, to be longer than the length derived from the one-quarter wavelength standing wave frequency, consistent with the middle ear being mass-controlled at the standing wave frequency. Viscothermal losses in the ear canal, in some cases, may exceed that attributable to a smooth rigid wall. Resistance in the middle ear was found to contribute significantly to the total resistance. In effect, this analysis “reverse engineers” physical parameters of the ear from sound pressure measurements in the ear canal.
KimCHI: a sketch-based developmental skill classifier to enhance pen-driven educational interfaces for children

Sketching is one of the many valuable lifelong skills that children require in their overall development, and many educational psychologists manually analyze children's sketches to assess their developmental progress. The disadvantages of manual assessment are that it is time-consuming and prone to human error and bias, so intelligent sketching interfaces have strong potential in automating this process. Unfortunately, current sketch recognition techniques concentrate solely on recognizing the meaning of sketches, rather than the sketcher's developmental skill; and do not perform well on children's sketched input, as most are trained on and developed for adult's sketches. We introduce our proposed solution called KimCHI, a specialized sketch classification technique which utilizes a sketching interface for assessing the developmental skills of children from their sketches. Our approach relies on sketch feature selection to automatically classify the developmental progress of children's sketches as either developmental or mature. We evaluated our classifiers through a user study, and our classifiers were able to differentiate the users' development skill and gender with reasonable accuracy. We subsequently created an initial sketching interface utilizing our specialized classifier called EasySketch for demonstrating educational applications to assist children in developing their sketching skills.
A T1 ribonuclease fragment present in 18 S ribosomal RNA of Novikoff rat ascites hepatoma cells and absent from 18 S ribosomal RNA of HeLa cells.

Oligonucleotides, produced by digestion of 32P-labeled 18 S ribosomal RNAs from Novikoff rat ascites hepatoma and HeLa cells with T1 ribonuclease, were mapped by homochromatography fingerprinting. The fingerprint patterns from the two rRNAs were quite similar and 18 of the separated large fragments had corresponding migrations but one fragment present in the rat 18 S rRNA was absent from the human 18 S rRNA. The nucleotide sequence assigned to this fragment is A-C-C-C-C-C-C-U-U-C-C-C-Gp.
Low-intensity conflict aircraft systems

Abstract not available.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Symmetric Holliday Junction Crossover Isomers

Abstract The Holliday junction is a four-stranded branched DNA structure found as an intermediate in genetic recombination. Naturally occurring Holliday junctions have homologous (2-fold) sequence symmetry; this symmetry renders the site of the branch unstable, because the molecules can undergo an isomerization called branch migration. For the past decade, these molecules have been modeled in non-migrating "immobile" branched junctions lacking this symmetry. The solution structure derived from immobile branched junctions is a two-domain DNA structure, in which a particular pair of strands forms the crossover between domains, and the other pair of strands has a structure similar to that seen in DNA double helices; reversal of these roles has not been apparent. We investigate here whether this bias ("crossover preference") for particular strands to be the crossover pair extends to structures that contain symmetric sequences flanking the branch point. We employ nicked symmetric immobile junctions in a competition assay to determine the extent of crossover preference. We have measured all six of the 2-fold symmetric dinucleotide sequences that can flank a branch point, and find small preferences (
Optical interconnections on electrical boards using embedded active optoelectronic components

Significant opportunities are emerging for optical interconnections at the board, module, and chip level if compact, low loss, high data rate optical interconnections can be integrated into these electrical interconnection systems. This paper describes an integration process for creating optical interconnections which can be integrated in a postprocessing format onto standard boards, modules, and integrated circuits. These optical interconnections utilize active thin-film optoelectronic components embedded in waveguides, which are integrated onto or into the interconnection substrate, thus providing an electrical output on the substrate from an optical interconnection. These embedded optical interconnections are reported herein using BCB (Benzocyclobutene ) polymer optical waveguides in two different formats, as well as a third waveguide structure using a BCB cladding with an Ultem core. All of these waveguides were fabricated with InGaAs-based thin-film inverted metal-semiconductor-metal (I-MSM) photodetectors embedded in the waveguide layer, thus eliminating the need for beam turning elements at the output of the waveguide. These embedded interconnections have been fabricated and tested, and the coupling efficiency of the optical signals from the waveguides to the embedded photodetectors was estimated from these measurements. These measurement-based estimates are then compared to theoretical models of the coupling efficiency. Using the theoretical coupling efficiency model, variable coupling can be engineered into the interconnect design, thus enabling partial coupling for arrays of photodetectors embedded in waveguide interconnections.
1/f noise in electron glasses

We show that $1/f$ noise is produced in a three-dimensional electron glass by charge fluctuations due to electron hopping between isolated sites and a percolating network at low-temperatures. The low-frequency noise spectrum goes as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ slightly larger than 1. This result together with the temperature dependence of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and the noise amplitude are in good agreement with the recent experiments. These results hold true both with a flat, noninteracting density of states and with a density of states that includes the Coulomb interactions. In the latter case, the density of states has a Coulomb gap that fills in with increasing temperature. For a large Coulomb gap width, this density of states gives a dc conductivity with a hopping exponent of \ensuremath{\approx}0.75 which has been observed in recent experiments. For a small Coulomb gap width, the hopping exponent \ensuremath{\approx}0.5.
Heart-lung interactions: the sigh and autonomic control in the bronchial and coronary circulations.

SUMMARY 1. The Darwin hypothesis that human and animal expressions of emotion are the product of evolution and are tied to patterns of autonomic activity specified to progress the emotion remains under challenge. 2. The sigh is a respiratory behaviour linked with emotional expression in animals and humans from birth to death. The aim of the present study was to explore Darwin’s hypothesis with respect to tied autonomic activity underlying sigh-induced changes in the bronchial and coronary circulations. 3. Awake dogs were prepared using pulsed ultrasonic flow probes on the right bronchial artery, parent intercostal artery and brachial artery, or on the right, circumflex and anterior descending coronary arteries. Central venous (CVP) and arterial pressures (AP) were measured; heart rate and flow conductances were derived. Three spontaneous sighs were monitored before and during random blockade of individual and combinations of cholinoceptors, α-adrenoceptors and β-adrenoceptors using methscopolamine, phentolamine and propranolol infusions. The data were subject to a 2 3 factorial analysis. 4. A spontaneous sigh is marked by a transient fall and return (< 3 s) in CVP of 18 mmHg (from 4±1 to –14±2 mmHg), usually followed by apnoea lasting 23±2 s. There is an immediate tachycardia and small rise in AP (phase 1) then, during apnoea, bradycardia and a fall in AP (phase 2). During phase 2, bronchial and coronary blood flow and conductance rise two- to three-fold over 30 s (peak at 8 s). The vascular changes are absent in parent intercostal and brachial beds. 5. The phase 1 tachycardia is entirely cholino/adrenoceptor in origin and is due to cholinoceptor withdrawal and positive β-adrenoceptor plus β-adrenoceptor/cholinoceptor interaction activity, in the ratio 1.75 : 1. The phase 2 bradycardia is entirely cholinoceptor. However, only 17% of the peak rise in bronchial conductance is due to α-/β-adrenoceptor interactions (sympathetic withdrawal); 83% is due to non-cholino/adrenoceptor mechanisms. In a separate four animals, the total sigh-induced conductance rise is virtually abolished by prior infusion of NG-nitro- L-arginine methyl ester. 6. Therefore, the mechanism of the sigh-induced bronchial and conductance effects may be an efferent nitrergic component of an arterial chemoreceptor reflex induction of sighing. An alternative hypothesis invokes local stretch-sensitive C-fibre sensory nerve endings releasing substance P–calcitonin gene-related peptide–neurokinin A in response to cardiovascular distortion secondary to the sudden transmural pressure rise when intrapleural pressure falls. Whatever the case, these effects and the cholino/adrenoceptor base for the heart rate and broncho/coronary changes support the Darwin hypothesis.
On the design and use of a simulator for teaching computer architecture

Most Computer Architecture classes include dicussions of machine instructions and CPU internals, but not many include input/output devices, either as part of that course, or elsewhere in the program. This paper discusses a simulator designed to allow students to work with simulated I/O devices as a part of larger machine simulator.