cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggressive Behavior, Brain Size and Domestication in Clonal Rainbow Trout Lines

Domestication causes behavior and brain size changes in many species. We addressed three questions using clonal rainbow trout lines: What are the mirror-elicited aggressive tendencies in lines with varying degrees of domestication? How does brain size relate to genotype and domestication level? Finally, is there a relationship between aggressive behavior and brain size? Clonal lines, although sampling a limited subset of the species variation, provide us with a reproducible experimental system with which we can develop hypotheses for further research. We performed principal component analyses on 12 continuous behavior and brain/body size variables and one discrete behavioral variable (“yawn”) and detected several aggression syndromes. Two behaviors, “freeze” and “escape”, associated with high domestication; “display” and “yawn” behavior associated with wild lines and “swim against the mirror” behavior associated with semi-wild and domestic lines. Two brain size traits, total brain and olfactory volume, were significantly related to domestication level when taking total body size into account, with domesticated lines having larger total brain volume and olfactory regions. The aggression syndromes identified indicate that future QTL mapping studies on domestication-related traits would likely be fruitful.
Interaction of mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase with o-phenanthroline and its analogues.

Abstract Mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is inhibited by various metal chelating agents. A detailed study is presented of the effects of o-phenanthroline and two nonchelating analogues on both the NADP-linked and the NAD-linked reactions. Inhibition by o-phenanthroline of the reaction with NADP can be prevented or reversed by Zn++ and other divalent cations, which are themselves potent inhibitors; inhibition of the NAD reaction is not susceptible to prevention or reversal by Zn++. Prolonged exposure of the enzyme to o-phenanthroline results in a progressive loss of activity. This “time-dependent” inhibition can be prevented by NADP or NAD, but it cannot be reversed by Zn++. Phenanthridine and m-phenanthroline, nonchelating analogues of o-phenanthroline, also inhibit the NADP reaction, but they stimulate the reaction with NAD. Clear-cut differences between the mechanisms of action of o-phenanthroline and its analogues were revealed by kinetic experiments and by noting their effects on reassociation of enzyme subunits. These results suggest that phenanthridine and m-phenanthroline promote the formation of a conformationally altered form of the enzyme with diminished NADP-linked activity, but enhanced activity with NAD (“monomer X”). The effect of o-phenanthroline, apparently, is to bind at or near the NADP binding site. The data suggest that mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase contains two potential binding sites for pyridine nucleotides, one of which binds NADP and is normally available. The other site, which only becomes available in the absence of NADP, can bind NAD and thereby promote NAD-binding to the NADP site, thus stimulating the NAD-linked activity. These suggested transformations are discussed in relation to the model previously proposed for the enzyme.
Apolipoprotein E, Amyloid-β, and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Alzheimer Disease

There is increasing evidence for blood-brain barrier (BBB) compromise in Alzheimer disease (AD). The presence of the epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene is a risk factor for sporadic AD. Apolipoprotein E is essential both for maintenance of BBB integrity and for the deposition of fibrillar amyloid-beta (Abeta) that leads to the development of Abeta plaques in AD and to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. This review investigates the relationships between apoE, Abeta, and the BBB in AD. Alterations in the expression and distribution of the BBB Abeta transporters receptor for advanced glycation end-products and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 in AD and the potential roles of apoE4 expression in adversely influencing Abeta burden and BBB permeability are also examined. Because both apoE and Abeta are ligands for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, all 3 molecules are present in AD plaques, and most AD plaques are located close to the cerebral microvasculature. The interactions of these molecules at the BBB likely influence metabolism and clearance of Abeta and contribute to AD pathogenesis. Therapeutic alternatives targeting apoE/Abeta and sealing a compromised BBB are under development for the treatment of AD.
IN VITRO GROWTH KINETICS AND THERMOSTABILITY OF THE GOLDEN SHINER VIRUS

In vitro replication of the golden shiner virus (GSV) occurred at 20 C to 30 C in fathead minnow cells; GSV did not replicate at 15 C or 35 C. Optimal replication temperature was approximately 30 C, where the latent period was 8 hr and viral yield was 113 infectious units per cell. Maximum cytopathic effect coincided with maximum released viral titer. Suitable storage temperatures for GSV were −70 C and 4 C. Viral infectivity was rapidly lost at temperatures above 20 C and at normal freezer temperature (−15 C).
Electroabsorption produced mixed injection and its effect on the determination of ionization coefficients

Abstract The electroabsorption of sub-bandgap radiation generated by the recombination of diffusing minority carriers has been shown to produce a mixed photocurrent injection condition when using standard carrier injection methods in p−n junction devices with thick contact regions. This mechanism, which may occur in any direct bandgap semiconductor, has important consequences in devices with thick contact regions where the resulting mixed injection produces results indicating a smaller difference in the calculated ionization coefficients. A structure eliminating this problem has been fabricated and the ratio of the ionization coefficients, β α , in InP is found to decrease from 4.0 to 1.3 as the field increases from 2.4 to 7.7 × 105 V/cm.
Reinforcement probability and concurrent operants

When reinforcements for concurrent operants are programmed by independent variable-interval schedules of reinforcement, the relative response rate obtained for each operant is found to approximate the relative reinforcement rate for that operant. This relationship, called matching, is a necessary consequence of a maximizing principle which states that the operant emitted is the one having the momentarily greater reinforcement probability. Matching, however, can come about in other ways as well. To test the maximizing principle rats were trained to respond on either one of two levers. Whether a leverpress was reinforced was governed by a random process having a constant reinforcement probability which was not necessarily the same for the two levers. It was found that, after a few sessions’ exposure, responding occurred nearly exclusively to the lever having the greater reinforcement probability as predicted by the maximizing principle.
Hypsilophodon and Iguanodon from the Lower Cretaceous of North America

WE describe here ornithopod dinosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous of western North America, which can be referred to the European genera Hypsilophodon and Iguanodon. The occurrence of these remains indicate that a land connection existed between Europe and North America at the end of the Jurassic.
A digital simulation of cell kinetics with application to L-1210 cells

Abstract A computer program has been developed to simulate a model of the normal cell cycle. This model postulates that the length of stay in each state, or “compartment”, of the cell cycle is a stochastic variable following a known probability distribution such as the normal, lognormal, or gamma. Other probability distributions could also be used. Normal cell proliferation can be simulated with the number of cells in each compartment shown for each time period. The model also permits the evaluation of different schedules of treatment on the proliferation of cells; each treatment is assumed to have a specified probability of killing a cell in the various states and this probability remains applicable for the period of activity of the drug. Simulation of the proliferation of L-1210 cells in mice has been accomplished with the program (see long write-up) and the mean and variability of time to death obtained corresponds very closely with the experimental results of Skipper, Schabel, and Wilcox (Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, 35: 1964) if gamma distributions are assumed for the length of stay in each state and if the logarithm of the number of cells required to kill an animal is assumed to follow an exponential distribution with a median of 1.5 × 10 9 .
Contrast and resolution in REM, SEM and SAM

Abstract Reflection electron microscopy (REM) in fixed beam and scanning modes, secondary electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning Auger electron microscopy (SAM) are related in that they provide nanometer-scale resolution of surfaces in moderate or ultra-high vacuum using incident electron beams having energies of the order of 100 keV. They may, in many cases, be used in conjunction or in parallel to provide complementary information on crystal structure, morphology and compositional variations with sensitivity to single surface-layers of atoms. Experiments have shown in each case that the achievable resolution is considerably better than had previously been thought possible. Recent theoretical developments and exploratory investigations have provided at least a partial explanation of why sub-nanometer resolutions can be achieved. In the case of REM, the main limitations to resolution and contrast of the images arise from the inelastic scattering processes. Experiments with a new energy-filtering electron microscope have confirmed that images are considerably improved if formed by using only elastically scattered electrons.
Underreporting of Abortion in Surveys of U.S. Women: 1976 to 1988*

Although research on reproductive behavior depends heavily on information from surveys, abortions are characteristically underreported in such data. Estimates of the level of reporting are made for each of the recent major surveys of U.S. women: the 1976, 1982, and 1988 cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth, the 1976 and 1979 National Surveys of Young Women, and the National Longitudinal Surveys of Work Experience of Youth. The estimates are based on comparisons with external counts of abortions taking place. We examine variation by characteristics of women, trends over time, and the possible effects of length of recall and of the way in which questions about abortion are asked. Abortion reporting is found to be highly deficient in all the surveys, although the level varies widely. Whites are more likely to report their abortions than nonwhites. Special, confidential questioning procedures hold promise for improving the results.
Extradural origin of the posteroinferior cerebellar artery: an anatomic study with histological and radiographic correlation.

Objective The posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) usually arises from the intradural segment of the vertebral artery (VA). The extradural origin of the PICA is infrequent. Its preoperatory identification is important in surgical strategy during the exposure of the VA. Methods During an anatomic prosection, the VA was exposed at the craniocervical junction in cadaveric adult specimens. The extradural origin of the PICA was encountered bilaterally in one specimen and on one side in a second specimen. An anatomic study with histological and radiographic correlation was performed. Results Perforating branches originate from the PICA. They supply the middle and inferior third of the olive and the lateral aspect of the medulla. The PICA has cortical branches that lead to the cerebellum. Injury to the PICA can produce an infarction of these neural structures that can be asymptomatic or cause major neurological deficits. Radiographic results obtained using a lateral projection provided the most reliable delineation of the extradural origin of the PICA. When this artery originates at, or posterior to, the posterior aspect of the occipital condyle, an extradural origin is likely. Conclusion Bilateral selective vertebral angiography should be performed with special attention to the relationships of PICA origins before any surgical exposure of the VA at the craniocervical junction, unless magnetic resonance angiography provides this information without question. A thorough understanding of the relative dominance of the VAs and PICAs, the location of the PICA origin, and the collateral circulation of the posterior fossa are prerequisites to surgery in this region. The preoperative identification of an extradural PICA is important in planning surgical strategy and in avoiding complications during operations near the foramen magnum.
Sulfate and nitrate mass distributions in the near fields of some coal-fired power plants

Abstract Measurements of the mass distributions of sulfate and nitrate particles in plumes out to distances of ~ 56 km from the stacks of three coal-fired electric power plants, situated in the arid southwest of the United States, show that most of the mass was not contained in the optically-critical size range of 0.3–1.5 μm diameter. Consequently, the effects of sulfate and nitrate particles on visibility degradation close to these power plants may be quite small.
Outcomes after shoulder replacement: comparison between reverse and anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty.

Background Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) are increasingly common procedures employed to treat arthritic conditions. Although TSA is a widely accepted procedure for glenohumeral arthritis with intact rotator cuff, concerns about RTSA persist because of variable complication rates and outcomes. Methods This is a prospective, case-control study comparing outcomes and complications after TSA and RTSA. The study included 47 patients undergoing TSA for glenohumeral arthritis and 53 patients undergoing RTSA for rotator cuff tear arthropathy. Average clinical follow-up was more than 2 years in both groups. Major complications included infection, periprosthetic fracture, instability, glenoid loosening, and need for revision surgery. Patient outcome measures included the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, pain visual analog scale score, and goniometer-measured range of motion. Plain radiographs were reviewed to assess for degree of glenoid lucency in TSA and scapular notching in RTSA. Results At 2 years, there were no differences in rate of major complications (TSA, 15%; RTSA, 13%; P = .808) or revision surgeries (TSA, 11%; RTSA, 9%). Outcomes assessed by the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score and visual analog scale were also similar between the 2 groups. TSA patients had greater external rotation than RTSA patients did (53° vs 38°; P = .001). Otherwise, forward flexion, abduction, and internal rotation were comparable in range of motion. Conclusions TSA and RTSA have similar complication rates, need for revision, patient-reported outcomes, and range of motion at 2 years of follow-up. The use of side-by-side cohorts in this study allows standardized comparison between these 2 shoulder arthroplasty procedures.
Activation of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase and B-2 microglobulin in cancer patients treated with partially pure gamma interferon: Dependence of biological effect on administration route

Partially pure immune (gamma) interferon (IFN-gamma) was administered to patients intramuscularly (IM), by rapid IV bolus, and by 6-h continuous infusion as part of a phase I clinical trial. The activity of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (2,5 A) in peripheral blood cells and the concentration of beta-2 microglobulin (B-2M) in serum were monitored as indicators of interferon biological activity in vivo. Five patients received IFN-gamma by the IM route in doses ranging from 6.5×105 to 9.6×106 antiviral units daily. There was little induction either of serum B-2M or of 2,5A in peripheral blood cells. Eight patients received IFN-gamma by rapid (5 min) IV bolus infusion in doses ranging from 6.5×105 to 54×106 antiviral units daily. As with IM administration, there was little significant induction of 2,5A synthetase, but the concentration of B-2M was increased above pretherapy values in most patients. Eleven patients received IFN-gamma by 6-h infusion daily for 10 days at a dosage of 27×106 units/day. In contrast to IM and IV bolus administration, 6-h infusion of IFN-gamma resulted in significant induction of both B-2M serum concentration and of 2,5A activity in all patients. The induction of 2,5A was highest on days 2 and 4 of therapy and decreased to pretherapy values by day 7. During the second 10-day course of the infusion study 2,5A activity was not induced until day 7 of therapy, and it decreased rapidly thereafter. These studies show clearly that consistent biological activity such as B-2M activation and specific intracellular biochemical events such as 2,5A induction may be optimally obtained by the administration of IFN-gamma by continuous IV infusion.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor-regulated Tyrosine Kinase Substrate (HRS) Mediates Post-endocytic Trafficking of Protease-activated Receptor 2 and Calcitonin Receptor-like Receptor *

The E3 ligase c-Cbl ubiquitinates protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)), which is required for post-endocytic sorting of PAR(2) to lysosomes, where degradation arrests signaling. The mechanisms of post-endocytic sorting of ubiquitinated receptors are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the role of hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS), in post-endocytic sorting and signaling of PAR(2). In HEK-PAR(2) cells, PAR(2) activating peptide (PAR(2)-AP) induced PAR(2) trafficking from the cell surface to early endosomes containing endogenous HRS, and then to lysosomes. HRS overexpression or knockdown with small interfering RNA caused formation of enlarged HRS-positive endosomes, where activated PAR(2) and c-Cbl accumulated, and PAR(2) failed to traffic to lysosomes. Overexpression of HRS prevented PAR(2)-AP-induced degradation of PAR(2), as determined by Western blotting. Overexpression of HRS mutant lacking an ubiquitin-binding motif similarly caused retention of PAR(2) in enlarged endosomes. Moreover, HRS overexpression or knockdown caused retention of ubiquitin-resistant PAR(2)Delta14K/R in enlarged HRS-containing endosomes, preventing recycling and resensitization of PAR(2)Delta14K/R. HRS overexpression or knockdown similarly prevented lysosomal trafficking and recycling of calcitonin receptor-like receptor, a non-ubiquitinated receptor that traffics to lysosomes after sustained activation and recycles after transient activation. Thus, HRS plays a critically important role in the post-endocytic sorting of single receptors, PAR(2) and CLR, to both degradative and recycling pathways. This sorting role for HRS is independent of its ubiquitin-interacting motif, and it can regulate trafficking of both ubiquitinated and non-ubiquitinated PAR(2) and non-ubiquitinated CLR. The ultimate sorting decision to degradative or recycling pathways appears to occur downstream from HRS.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and Detoxification of Hydrogen Peroxide in Human Erythrocytes.

Human erythrocytes with deficient glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels are unable to maintain their levels of reduced glutathione in the presence of low-level, steady-state concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. This finding has bearing on the biochemical mechanisms of drug-induced hemolytic anemia.
The Atomic Energy Commission and the politics of radiation protection, 1967-1971.

Objectifs de la Commission de l'Energie Atomique americaine pour adopter une politique de protection contre les radiations nucleaires
Switching regulator noise coupled onto high speed differential links

Modern PCBs are increasingly subjected to real estate constraints. Often tradeoffs are made between ideal signaling conditions and placement feasibility. Traditional analysis of high speed signals has focused on the effects of through-channel characteristics such as insertion loss, return loss, transmitter/receiver equalization, and crosstalk due to adjacent signals of the same bus. This paper presents an issue in preproduction hardware in which a switching regulator's placement directly led to degraded margin in nearby high speed serial links via noise coupling. The phenomenon was characterized in a lab setting and subsequent hardware revisions implemented an isolation technique that proved highly effective.
“A GREAT PART TO PLAY”: GENDER, GENRE, AND LITERARY FAME IN GEORGE MOORE’S A MUMMER’S WIFE

An actor is one who repeats a portion of a story invented by another. ? George Moore, "Mummer-Worship" (1891) The complexities OF GEORGE MOORE'S character, his reactions to Victorian life, and his experimentation with literary styles and genres make him a persistently marginal, albeit intriguing, character in literary studies. "[H]is best work," Lloyd Fernando has observed, "rests to this day in an artistic as well as social limbo which resists complete definition" (10). A Mummer's Wife (1885), his second novel, has been studied for Moore's debt to French novelists, in particular Flaubert, or for the author's reaction to the British circulating libraries' power.1 In response to controversy over A Mummer's Wife's per ceived crudeness, Moore claimed "I have a great part to play ? I am fighting that Englishman [sic] may exercise a right which they formerly enjoyed, that of writing freely and sanely" (qtd. in Hone 114), even appointing himself "un ricochet de Zola en An gleterre."2 Without exception then, author and scholars regard A Mummer's Wife as a transitional work, the book that brought naturalism into the British tradition. The novel, however, suspended in that artistic and social limbo, has not come under scrutiny for additional and alternative readings.3 Behind Moore's bellicose vow lies a paradox: A Mummer's Wife's reference to and inclusion of the plots and techniques of sensational melodrama. To prepare for his book, and on his publisher Vizetelly's recommendation, Moore joined a light opera troupe so that he could observe and record details of a mummer's life, an objective scientific approach to novel-writing naturalism encouraged (A Communication to My Friends 27-34; Hone 98).4 The company played Hanley, the novel's setting, as well as other factory towns, and Moore traveled with them for several weeks. The repertoire included Robert Planquette's Les Cloches de Corneville (1879), an operetta for which Moore, with his brother Augustus, would write the English libretto (Hone 91, 98).5 Moore's intertextual debt to Robert Planquette has gone unnoticed despite its prominence in the novel, and despite the popularity Planquette, a contemporary of Moore's, enjoyed. As its point of departure, my discussion focuses on the heroine Kate Ede's quick success and as sudden
Photosynthetic characteristics of Sonoran Desert winter annuals

Photosynthesis in Sonoran Desert winter annuals appeared to be similar to those observed in other C3 photosynthetic pathway herbs, although photosynthetic capacities ranged from 18 to 65 μmol CO1 m-2 s-1 under natural conditions. The higher photosynthetic capacities were associated with high leaf conductances to water vapor (up to 39 mm s-1). Leaf Kjeldahl nitrogen contents were high, ranging up to 44.9 mg g-1. We suggest that the high photosynthetic capacities in several species may be related to resource availability and enable successful exploitation of the short, unpredictable growth periods experienced by these annuals. Although photosynthetic rates in desert winter annuals spanned a wide range, the relationship between leaf conductance and maximum photosynthesis appeared simiar to that of other C3 vascular plants. It is possible that the resulting constant intercellular, CO2 concentrations were related to minimizing excessive water loss, while not severely imposing limitations to photosynthetic gains.
Production costs of potential corn stover harvest and storage systems

Abstract Corn stover has potential as a bioenergy feedstock in North America. We simulated production costs for stover harvest (three-pass and two-pass with baling or chopping, and single-pass with baling or chopping) and on-farm storage (outdoor and indoor bales, outdoor wrapped bales, and chopped stover in bags, bunks, or piles). For three- and two-pass harvest, chopping was 33–45% more expensive than baling. For baling and chopping, two-pass harvest was 25% cheaper than three-pass. Single-pass chopping harvests were on average 42% cheaper than three-pass or two-pass chopping. Single-pass baling was cheaper (4–31%) than multi-pass baling at low rates of stover collection, but more expensive (1–39%) at high rates of collection. For bales, outdoor storage of wrapped bales was cheapest. Outdoor, unwrapped bale storage, even with 12% dry matter loss, was cheaper than indoor storage. For chopped stover, storage in bags was always cheapest, followed by piles, and then bunkers. With harvest and storage together, there were four least cost systems: single-pass, ear-snap baling with wrapped bale storage; single-pass chopping with silage bag storage; and two-pass baling with wrapped-bale storage. A second group of harvest/storage systems was 25% more expensive, including single-pass, whole-plant baling with wrapped-bale storage; two-pass chopping with silage-bag storage; and three-pass baling with wrapped-bale storage. The three-pass chop harvest with silage bag storage was most expensive. Our analysis suggests all harvest and farm storage systems have tradeoffs and several systems can be economically and logistically viable.
Hyper-polynomial hierarchies and the NP-jump

Assuming that the polynomial hierarchy (PH) does not collapse, we show the existence of ascending sequences of ptime Turing degrees of length /spl omega//sub 1//sup CK/ all of which are in PSPACE and uniformly hard for PH, such that successors are NP-jumps of their predecessors. This is analogous to the hyperarithmetic hierarchy which is defined similarly but with the (recursive) Turing degrees. The lack of uniform least upper bounds for ascending sequences of ptime degrees causes (the limit levels of) our hyper-polynomial hierarchy to be inherently non-canonical. This problem is investigated in depth, and various possible structures for hyper-polynomial hierarchies are explicated, as are properties of the NP-jump operator on the languages which are in PSPACE but not in PH.
Context-based search for 3D models

Large corpora of 3D models, such as Google 3D Warehouse, are now becoming available on the web. It is possible to search these databases using a keyword search. This makes it possible for designers to easily include existing content into new scenes. In this paper, we describe a method for context-based search of 3D scenes. We first downloaded a large set of scene graphs from Google 3D Warehouse. These scene graphs were segmented into individual objects. We also extracted tags from the names of the models. Given the object shape, tags, and spatial relationship between pairs of objects, we can predict the strength of a relationship between a candidate model and an existing object in the scene. Using this function, we can perform context-based queries. The user specifies a region in the scene they are modeling using a 3D bounding box, and the system returns a list of related objects. We show that context-based queries perform better than keyword queries alone, and that without any keywords our algorithm still returns a relevant set of models.
Turbulent transfer in a deciduous forest.

Summary Carbon dioxide, water vapor and other passive scalars are physically transferred between a plant canopy and the atmosphere by turbulence. Intense and intermittent sweep and ejection events transfer most of the mass. Although the capacity for turbulence to transfer material is high, mass transfer is coupled to the diffusive source or sink strength of the foliage and soil and is ultimately limited to a minimum level set by the supply of material, or the demand for it. The diffusive source/sink strength of material leaving or entering leaves and the soil is a function of many physical, biological and chemical attributes and processes. These attributes and processes include the amount and distribution of foliage, the leaf boundary layer and surface resistances, the turbulence and radiative regimes in the canopy, biochemical and photochemical reactions and the scalar concentration field within and above the canopy and inside leaves and the soil. Here we discuss how these factors contribute to turbulent transfer in a deciduous forest.
Intrastrain Variants of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Isolated from a Neonate with Fatal Disseminated Infection Differ in the ICP34.5 Gene, Glycoprotein Processing, and Neuroinvasiveness

Two intrastrain variants of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were isolated from a newborn with fatal disseminated infection. A small-plaque-producing variant (SP7) was the predominant virus (>99%) in the brain, and a large-plaque-producing variant (LP5) was the predominant virus (>99%) in the lung and gastrointestinal tract. EcoRI and BamHI restriction fragment patterns indicated that SP7 and LP5 are related strains. The large-plaque variants produced plaques similar in size to those produced by HSV-1 KOS. Unlike LP5 or KOS, SP7 was highly cell associated and processing of glycoprotein C and glycoprotein D was limited to precursor forms in infected Vero cells. The large-plaque phenotype from KOS could be transferred into SP7 by cotransfection of plasmids containing the EK or JK EcoRI fragment or a 3-kb plasmid with the UL34.5 gene of HSV-1 KOS together with SP7 DNA. PCR analysis using primers from within the ICP34.5 gene indicated differences for SP7, LP5, and KOS. Sequencing data indicated two sets of deletions in the UL34.5 gene that distinguish SP7 from LP5. Both SP7 and LP5 variants were neurovirulent (lethal following intracranial inoculation of young BALB/c mice); however, the LP5 variant was much less able to cause lethal neuroinvasive disease (footpad inoculation) whereas KOS caused no disease. Passage of SP7 selected for viruses (SLP-5 and SLP-10) which were attenuated for lethal neuroinvasive disease, were not cell-associated, and differed in the UL34.5 gene. UL34.5 from SLP-5 or SLP-10 resembled that of KOS. These findings support a role for UL34.5 in promoting virus egress and for neuroinvasive disease.
Exponentiated Weibull family for analyzing bathtub failure-rate data

A simple generalization of the Weibull distribution is presented. The distribution is well suited for modeling bathtub failure rate lifetime data and for testing goodness-of-fit of the Weibull and negative exponential models as subhypotheses. >
Life, Drugs, and the Making of Meaning

Drug use can seem an odd and inexplicable act but might be part of a larger quest to make meaning in life. This chapter places this quest within the context of recent psychological theorizing related to the Meaning Maintenance Model (Proulx and Heine, Psychol Inq, 17:309–318, 2006). This model suggests that threats to one’s sense of meaning motivate compensatory efforts to create an environment that appears meaningful—especially by changing the world, one’s perceptions of it, or one’s beliefs. We suggest that societal teachings about drugs are often at odds with individual experiences, essentially threatening meaning. This threat then encourages further inquiry about drugs, potentially increasing use or motivating questions about societal teachings. A review of recent empirical support for the Meaning Maintenance Model leads to novel predictions about the potential effects of misinformation about drug use motives and behavior. This information might inadvertently motivate drug experiences, altering expectancies and contributing to use.
Model for end-stage liver disease predicts mortality for tricuspid valve surgery.

Background Patients undergoing tricuspid valve surgery have a mortality of 9.8%, which is higher than expected given the complexity of the procedure. Despite liver dysfunction seen in many patients with tricuspid disease, no existing risk model accounts for this. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score accurately predicts mortality for abdominal surgery. The objective of this study was to determine if MELD could accurately predict mortality after tricuspid valve surgery and compare it to existing risk models. Methods From 1994 to 2008, 168 patients (mean age, 61 ± 14 years; male=72, female=96) underwent tricuspid repair (n = 156) or replacement (n = 12). Concomitant operations were performed in 87% (146 of 168). Patients with history of cirrhosis or MELD score 15 or greater (MELD = 3.8*LN [total bilirubin] + 11.2*log normal [international normalized ratio] + 9.6*log normal [creatinine] + 6.4) were compared with patients without liver disease or MELD score less than 15. Preoperative risk, intraoperative findings, and complications including operative mortality were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using χ 2 , Fisher's exact test, and area under the curve (AUC) analyses. Results Patients with a history of liver disease or MELD score of 15 or greater had significantly higher mortality (18.9% [7 of 37] versus 6.1% [8 of 131], p = 0.024). To further characterize the effect of MELD, patients were stratified by MELD alone. No major differences in demographics or operation were identified between groups. Mortality increased as MELD score increased, especially when MELD score of 15 or greater ( p = 0.0015). A MELD score less than 10, 10 to 14.9, 15 to 19.9, and more than 20 was associated with operative mortality of 1.9%, 6.8%, 27.3%, and 30.8%, respectively. By multivariate analysis, MELD score of 15 or greater remained strongly associated with mortality ( p = 0.0021). The MELD score predicted mortality (AUC = 0.78) as well as the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation logistic risk calculator (AUC = 0.78, p = 0.96). Conclusions The MELD score predicts mortality in patients undergoing tricuspid valve surgery and offers a simple and effective method of risk stratification in these patients.
Limitations of Doppler echocardiography in the evaluation of serial stenoses.

A 71-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease with multiple previous interventions, atrial fibrillation, and moderate aortic stenosis presented with progressive angina. Physical examination revealed decreased peripheral pulses and a 2 to 3/6 mid- to-late peaking systolic ejection murmur at the upper right sternal border, unchanged with squat-to-stand maneuver. Coronary angiography ruled out significant obstructive coronary disease. Echocardiography revealed a septal thickness of 19 mm (Figure 1A). Doppler interrogation of the left ventricular (LV) outflow tract revealed a late peaking systolic velocity of 4.2 m/s (Figure 1B) and an early peaking systolic velocity of 3.8 m/s with a mean gradient of 40 mm Hg (Figure 1C), with 2 discrete levels of color aliasing noted on 2-dimensional (2D) Doppler color imaging (Movies I and II in the online-only Data Supplement). Because of patient reluctance to undergo surgery based on noninvasive evaluation, hemodynamic catheterization was performed to characterize the degree of obstruction accurately at each level. Figure 1. Hemodynamic assessment of tandem stenoses. A , Transthoracic echocardiography via a parasternal window revealed thickening of the intraventricular septum, measuring 19 mm. B , Doppler interrogation of the left ventricular outflow tract revealed a late peaking systolic velocity of 4.2 m/s. C , In addition, Doppler interrogation of the left ventricular outflow tract demonstrated a distinct early peaking …
A 11-Transistor Nanoscale CMOS Memory Cell for Hardening to Soft Errors

This paper proposes a new hardening design for an 11 transistors (11T) CMOS memory cell at 32 nm feature size. The proposed hardened memory cell overcomes the problems associated with the previous design by utilizing novel access and refreshing mechanisms. Simulation shows that the data stored in the proposed hardened memory cell does not change even for a transient pulse of more than twice the charge than a conventional memory cell. Moreover it achieves 55% reduction in power delay product compared to the DICE cell (with 12 transistors) providing a significant improvement in soft error tolerance. Simulation results are provided using the predictive technology file for 32 nm feature size in CMOS.
Using Disturbance Data to Monitor Primary Frequency Response for Power System Interconnections

Insufficient frequency response can lead to balancing, control performance issues, and even reliability problems. This letter proposes a new method to evaluate the primary frequency response for large power system interconnections. This approach is evaluated using actual disturbance data from the Western Electricity Coordinating Council.
Design optimization for passive adaptive structural networks

The increasing interest in mechanical systems exhibiting enhanced vibration control and shock mitigation characteristics has motivated the study of novel design approaches for the synthesis of scalable systems with passive adaptive dynamic characteristics. In this article, we present a modular design concept to synthesize passive adaptive structures having concurrent high stiffness and high damping capabilities. The goal of this concept is to select linear and nonlinear structural constitutive elements from a predefined set and interconnect them depending on the overall scale and static/dynamic characteristics requested to the final structural assembly. To achieve this goal, an optimization design tool based on the genetic algorithm is developed. The design optimization problems are formulated with both single- and multi-objective functions subject to design constraints on both stiffness and damping characteristics. Using the predefined set of constitutive elements, this design tool synthesizes optimal st...
Improved Smoothed Round Robin Schedulers for High-Speed Packet Networks

The smoothed round robin (SRR) packet scheduler is attractive for use in high-speed networks due to its very low time complexity, but it is not suitable for realtime applications since it cannot provide tight delay bound. In this paper, we present two improved algorithms based on SRR, namely SRRc and SRR#, which are based on novel matrix transform techniques. By transforming the irregular Weight Matrix of SRR into triangular and diagonal ones, SRR+ and SRR# are able to evenly interleave flows based on their reserved rates even in skewed weight distributions. SRR+ and SRR# provide bounded delay, whereas are still of low space and time complexities and are simple to implement in high-speed networks. The properties of SRR+ and SRR# are addressed in detail through analysis and simulations. SRR+ and SRR#, together with SRR and the recently developed G-3 scheduler [9] form a full spectrum of schedulers that provide tradeoffs among delay, time complexity, and space complexity.
Sustaining moore's law in embedded computing through probabilistic and approximate design: retrospects and prospects

The central theme of our work is the probabilistic and approximate design of embedded computing systems. This novel approach consists of two distinguishing aspects: (i) the design and implementation of embedded systems, using components which are susceptible to perturbations from various sources and (ii) a design methodology which consists of an exploration of a design space which characterizes the trade-off between quality of output and cost, to implement high performance and low energy embedded systems. In contrast with other work, our design methodology does not attempt to correct the errors introduced by components which are susceptible to perturbations, instead we design "good enough" systems. Our work has the potential to address challenges and impediments to Moore's law arising from material properties and manufacturing difficulties, which dictate that we shift from the current-day deterministic design paradigm to statistical and probabilistic designs of the future. In this paper, we provide a broad overview of our work on probabilistic and approximate design, present novel results in approximate arithmetic and its impact on digital signal processing algorithms, and sketch future directions for research.
Increased nucleotide polymorphic changes in the 5′-untranslated region of δ-catenin (CTNND2) gene in prostate cancer

Cancer pathogenesis involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, which result in oncogenic changes in gene expression. delta-Catenin (CTNND2) is overexpressed in cancer, although the mechanisms of its upregulation are highly variable. Here we report that in prostate cancer, the methylation of CpG islands in the delta-catenin promoter was not a primary regulatory event. There was also no delta-catenin gene amplification. However, using the single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, we observed the increased nucleotide changes in the 5'-untranslated region of delta-catenin gene in human prostate cancer. At least one such change (-9 G>A) is a true somatic point mutation associated with a high Gleason's score, poorly differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma. Laser capture microdissection coupled with PCR analyses detected the mutation only in cancerous but not in the adjacent benign prostatic tissues. Using chimeric genes encoding the luciferase reporter, we found that this mutation, but not a random mutation or a mutation that disrupts an upstream open reading frame, resulted in a remarkably higher expression and enzyme activity. This mutation did not affect transcriptional efficiency, suggesting that it promotes delta-catenin translation. This is the first report of delta-catenin gene mutation in cancer and supports the notion that multiple mechanisms contribute to its increased expression in carcinogenesis.
Atherosclerosis induced by endogenous and exogenous toll-like receptor (TLR)1 or TLR6 agonists

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are major initiators of inflammation. TLR2 promotes atherosclerosis in LDL receptor (LDLr)-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6 to enable inflammatory responses in the presence of distinct ligands. Here we asked whether TLR1 and/or TLR6 are required. We studied atherosclerotic disease using either TLR1- or TLR6-deficient mice. Deficiency of TLR1 or TLR6 did not diminish HFD-driven disease. When HFD-fed LDLr-deficient mice were challenged with Pam3 or MALP2, specific exogenous ligands of TLR2/1 or TLR2/6, respectively, atherosclerotic lesions developed with remarkable intensity in the abdominal segment of the descending aorta. In contrast to atherosclerosis induced by the endogenous agonists, these lesions were diminished by deficiency of either TLR1 or TLR6. The endogenous ligand(s) that arise from consumption of a HFD and promote disease via TLR2 are unknown. Either TLR1 or TLR6 are redundant for this endogenous ligand detection, or they are both irrelevant to endogenous ligand detection. However, the exogenous ligands Pam3 and MALP2 promote severe abdominal atherosclerosis in the descending aorta that is dependent on TLR1 and TLR6, respectively.
An unusual structure in the primary cyst wall of Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis.

. Disc-shaped plaques were found in the primary cyst wall of sarcocysts of Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis in mule deer in Montana. Ultrastructurally, the plaques were 190.5 nm in diameter, 161.6 nm thick and consisted of six distinct layers with microfilaments arising from the innermost layer. These unusual plaques have not been reported previously for any species of Sarcocystis.
Chemical Modification of Polysaccharides — Modification of Dextran Through Interfacial Condensation with Organostannane Halides

Today, when sources of feedstocks, such as petroleum based compounds, are being consumed at a faster rate than they are being discovered, there is a need for conservation, renewing of feedstocks and development of readily available, regenerable natural feedstocks. Polysaccharides are one such readily available, natural feedstock.
Exact confidence intervals for randomized response strategies

For surveys with sensitive questions, randomized response sampling strategies are often used to increase the response rate and encourage participants to provide the truth of the question while participants' privacy and confidentiality are protected. The proportion of responding ‘yes’ to the sensitive question is the parameter of interest. Asymptotic confidence intervals for this proportion are calculated from the limiting distribution of the test statistic, and are traditionally used in practice for statistical inference. It is well known that these intervals do not guarantee the coverage probability. For this reason, we apply the exact approach, adjusting the critical value as in [10], to construct the exact confidence interval of the proportion based on the likelihood ratio test and three Wilson-type tests. Two randomized response sampling strategies are studied: the Warner model and the unrelated model. The exact interval based on the likelihood ratio test has shorter average length than others when th...
Wiley and the Whiskey Industry: Strategic Behavior in the Passage of the Pure Food Act

In discussions of the fight for the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906, Harvey Washington Wiley is usually portrayed as the consumers' champion, the Whiskey Trust as their adversary. Messrs. High and Coppin argue otherwise. Wiley's correspondence from 1904 to 1906 reveals a deep split between whiskey producers, with the makers of straight whiskey lining up behind Wiley's pure food bill and the rectified whiskey producers fighting against it. The authors argue that both sides used the consumer only as a convenient focus for their rhetoric; their activities thus provide another example of regulatory legislation passed to further the goals of private interests rather than to protect the public interest.
Pathologic Aminoaciduria in Experimental Ascorbic Acid Deficiency

SummaryAscorbic acid deficiency in the guinea pig is associated with prominent aminoaciduria, due largely to excessive glycine excretion. Pair-feeding studies indicate that this aminoaciduria results from ascorbic acid depletion per se, and cannot be attributed to starvation or weight loss. It is concluded that experimental scurvy provides a suitable model for future in vivo or in vitro studies of amino acid transport.
Validating the Western Trauma Association Algorithm for Managing Patients With Anterior Abdominal Stab Wounds: A Western Trauma Association Multicenter Trial

Abstract:The optimal management of stable patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds (AASWs) remains a matter of debate. A recent Western Trauma Association (WTA) multicenter trial found that exclusion of peritoneal penetration by local wound exploration (LWE) allowed immediate discharge (D/C) of
Incidental Learning and Deployment of Attention

Correlations between individual differences in incidental learning and in deployment of attention were examined for 26 male and female lower division college students (–.329) and for a second sample of 46 Ss (.260). Results suggest that superiority in both deployment of attention (striking out symbols) and incidental learning (recall of words and Remote Associates Task) are linked.