cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for high-field conduction in SIMOX buried oxides

High-field electrical conduction through SIMOX buried oxide exhibits distinctly different characteristics from thermal SiO/sub 2/. A quantitative model for high-field SIMOX BOX conduction is proposed which provides an explanation for both the earlier onset of BOX Fowler-Nordheim tunneling current as well as its pronounced polarity dependence. This model is based on barrier-height-lowering due to BOX silicon-rich nonstoichiometry and FN-cathode electric-field enhancement due to silicon islands within the buried oxide.
Zur Theorie der Randles‐Sevčikschen Kathodenstrahl‐Polarographie

Unter der Voraussetzung, das die Elektrode nur einen potentialbestimmenden Vorgang enthalt und die Diffusionsvorgange durch die eindimensional einseitig unendlich ausgedehnte, ruhende Phase verlaufen, wird die theoretische Analyse der Stromspannungskurve der Randles-Sevcikschen Kathodenstrahl-Polarographie durchgefuhrt. Gemas der Grose der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit des Elektrodenvorganges beim Gleichgewichtspotential kG konnen die Stromspannungskurven in drei Falle, namlich in reversible, „quasi”-reversible und irreversible Falle, eingeteilt werden. Man erhalt bei 25°C 1. den reversiblen Fall, wenn kG > 0,3 √ n v (cm · sec−1), 2. den „quasi”-reversiblen Fall, wenn 0, 3 √ n v > kG > 2.10−5 √ n v (cm · sec−1), 3. den irreversiblen Fall, wenn kG < 2 · 10−5 √n v (cm · sec−1). (n = Zahl der Elektronen, die bei dem Elektrodenvorgang aufgenommen bzw. abgegeben werden, v = Geschwindigkeit der Spannungsanderung.) Fur jeden Fall wird die allgemeine Formel der Stromspannungskurve abgeleitet. Weiterhin ergeben sich auch die Ausdrucke fur die Spitzenstromstarke, das Spitzenpotential und die Differenz zwischen dem Halbspitzen- und Spitzenpotential. Zuletzt zeigt es sich, das man den Durchtrittsfaktor und die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit des Elektrodenvorganges aus den experimentellen Daten fur diese drei charakteristischen Werte ermitteln kann. Als Beispiele werden fur einige Ionen die Auswertungen durchgefuhrt.
The zooplankton of fresh and brackish waters of the Cape Thompson Area, Northern Alaska

A survey was made of the occurrence of zooplankton in fresh and brackish waters at Cape Thompson, Alaska between June 28, 1960 and August 7, 1961. Fourteen species of Cladocera and 38 species of Copepoda (13 Calanoida, 11 Cyclopoida and 14 Harpacticoida) were distinguished in collections from 10 lakes, 8 lagoons, and 111 pools. Males of Daphnia middendorffiana are illustrated and their geographical significance discussed. Cyclops scutifer had the only hibernal developmental cycle; all others had developmental cycles during early summer or throughout the summer and fall. Relatively complete seasonal developmental cycles are presented for Holopedium gibberum, Daphnia middendorf iana, Heterocope septentrionalis, Eurytemora canadensis, E. gracilicauda, Limnocalanus johanseni, Diaptomus pribilofensis, D. arcticus, Cyclops scutifer, and C. magnus.
A rare case of tetralogy of Fallot with unusual blood supply to the left lung

We present a rare case of tetralogy of Fallot with absence of the leaflets of the pulmonary valve and anomalous blood supply of the left lung from the transverse aortic arch. Although embryologic considerations would suggest that the anomalous vessel is not the arterial duct, there was a good response to prostaglandin therapy.
Alternative Strategies For Pricing Home Work Time

For many years a variety of techniques for measuring the value of home work time have been proposed and criticized. In this paper, these criticisms are dis cussed at length as a prelude to the introduction of a potentially more appealing measure first suggested by James Heckman (1974). Calculation of this measure, frequently referred to as the reservation wage, is presented in detail. Estimates obtained using the reservation wage technique are contrasted with market alter native estimates derived with the same data set. The empirical findings suggest that the market alternative cost method understates the true value of a woman's home time to the household.
Are PCBs the Major Neurotoxicant in Great Lakes Salmon

Abstract Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between consumption, by women, of contaminated Great Lakes salmon and deficits in cognitive performance in the children of these women. Although significant statistical associations between polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) body burdens and these negative outcomes suggest that PCBs may be responsible, the fetus and neonate are also exposed to other fish-borne neurotoxicants. In this manuscript we present data from two developmental studies that support the hypothesis that PCBs may serve either as a marker for other contaminants that are responsible for the observed effects, or that other contaminants present in the fish interact synergistically with the PCBs to produce the observed neurotoxicity. In the first study we demonstrated that exposure of rats to diets containing lyophilized Great Lakes salmon, resulting in exposure to as little as 13.9 μg/(kg·day) of total PCBs, induced significant reductions in regional brain dopamine (DA) concentrations. In the second study, we demonstrated that exposure of rats to the ortho-substituted PCB congener (2,4,2′,4′-tetrachloro- biphenyl) at 1, 10 or 20 mg/(kg·day) also induced significant reductions in DA concentrations in the same brain regions although only at the two highest doses—levels at least 100-fold higher than seen in the first study. On the basis of these developmental neurochemical studies we suggest that the reported cognitive deficits in children exposed in utero and during lactation to fish-borne contaminants may be due either to contaminants other than PCBs or to complex interactions between PCBs and other neurotoxicants present in the fish.
Environmentally induced reversible conformational switching in the yeast cell adhesion protein α-agglutinin

The yeast cell adhesion protein α-agglutinin is expressed on the surface of a free-living organism and is subjected to a variety of environmental conditions. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy shows that the binding region of α-agglutinin has a β-sheet-rich structure, with only ∼2% α-helix under native conditions (15–40°C at pH 5.5). This region is predicted to fold into three immunoglobulin-like domains, and models are consistent with the CD spectra as well as with peptide mapping and site-specific mutagenesis. However, secondary structure prediction algorithms show that segments comprising ∼17% of the residues have high α-helical and low β-sheet potential. Two model peptides of such segments had helical tendencies, and one of these peptides showed pH-dependent conformational switching. Similarly, CD spectroscopy of the binding region of α-agglutinin showed reversible conversion from β-rich to mixed α/β structure at elevated temperatures or when the pH was changed. The reversibility of these changes implied that there is a small energy difference between the all-β and the α/β states. Similar changes followed cleavage of peptide or disulfide bonds. Together, these observations imply that short sequences of high helical propensity are constrained to a β-rich state by covalent and local charge interactions under native conditions, but form helices under non-native conditions.
A generalized Bloch's theorem and the hyperbolicity of the complement of an ample divisor in an Abelian variety

Bloch's theorem on the hyperbolicity of nonlinear subvarieties of abelian varieties states that the Zariski closure of the image of a holomorphic map from C to an abelian variety is precisely the translate of an abelian subvariety [B26,KS0,O77,W80,GG79] (for a survey on the proofs of Bloch's theorem see e.g., [Si95,Chapter 7]). The purpose of this note is to prove the following generalization of Bloch's theorem. If the image of a holomorphic map f from C to an abelian variety is Zariski dense, then the Zariski closure of the image of the differential of any order of the map f is invariant under any translation of the abelian variety (Theorem(2.2) below). This generalization has as a corollary the conjecture of Lang [La91] that the complement of an ample divisor in an abelian variety is hyperbolic. The following slightly more general statement, which together with Bloch's theorem implies Lang 's conjecture (see Corollary(3.2)), is a corollary of our generalized Bloch's theorem. The image from C to an abelian variety with Zariski dense image must intersect any complex hypersurface of the abelian variety (Theorem(3. !)).
Nuclear surface fluctuations: Charge density

Fluctuations of the nuclear surface about the Hartree-Fock configuration can have a significant influence on ground state charge densities. We present simple formulas to describe the effects of zero-point motions of the surface due to random phase approximation vibrations. We use a collective treatment, justifying it with a solvable model. We find that the main correction to the densities comes from low-lying collective states, whereas giant resonances are of minor importance.
Sexual Differentiation in Hydra in Relation to Population Density

RECENT reports by Loomis and by Loomis and Lenhoff1 of controlled induction of sexual differentiation in Hydra littoralis have stimulated considerable interest in this process. One of the observations reported is that hydras differentiate sexually in crowded cultures but remain asexual when uncrowded unless the cultures stagnate. This observation is of particular interest because mass cultures of the clone of Hydra littoralis used by Daniel and Park and by Park2 remained continuously asexual for as long as three years. Although culture conditions were considerably different from those described by Loomis, population density and degree of stagnation were apparently comparable.
DETERMINING THE CAUSES OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION: A CONSIDERATION OF SEVERAL FUZZY METHODS

We use techniques of group decision making and consensus under fuzzy preferences and fuzzy majority developed so as to compare five methods used for determining the degree of causality of eight variables for democratic consolidation. In particular for Q denoting the linguistic variable 'most', we determine the fuzzy Q-core, i.e. the fuzzy subset of the set of causal variables that are not defeated (are undominated or unpreferred) by the methods. We also calculate the Q-consensus winner, i.e. the fuzzy subset of causal variables yielding the extent to which one variable is preferred to another, where 'preferred' here means stronger cause for democratic consolidation. Finally, we use the techniques of fuzzy outranking relations in preference modeling to generate relational systems of fuzzy preferences by the five methods used to determine the degree of causality of the causal variables.
Effects of ketocyclazocine and ethylketocyclazocine on electric shock titration

Abstract The effects of two putative κ agonists, ketocyclazocine and ethylketocyclazocine, on electric shock titration in squirrel monkeys were determined. Drugs were tested alone, in combination with naloxone and following the development of morphine tolerance. Both ketocyclazocine and ethylketocyclazozine produced biphasic dose-effect curves. Low doses decreased whereas high doses increased the intensity at which monkeys maintained the shock. Naloxone antagonized the effects of ketocyclazocine and ethylketocyclazocine; however, the dose of naloxone required to antagonize their effects was much larger than the dose required to antagonize equivalent effects of morphine. When the effects of ethylketocyclazocine were redetermined in monkeys tolerant to morphine, the ethylketocyclazocine dose-effect curve was shifted to the left whereas the morphine curve was shifted to the right. It was concluded that the effects of the κ agonists can be differentiated from morphine by the shape of their dose-effect curve, the ease with which they are antagonized by naloxone and the lack of cross tolerance to morphine.
Implications for the use of diflubenzuron to reduce arthropod populations inhabiting evaporation ponds of the San Joaquin Valley, California

Diflubenzuron (DFB) is an arthropod growth regulator whose registered uses include control of gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar), mosquitoes, and cotton boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis). DFB acts as a toxin that interferes with the molting process, the toxic effects are delayed, and do not appear until the initiation of a molt. During molting, the cuticle of treated juveniles is only partially formed and is improperly attached to the epidermis. The new cuticle cannot withstand the increased pressure during ecdysis and/or give sufficient support to the muscles involved in the molting process. This results in the inability of affected individuals to cast their exuviae, which leads to the characteristic appearance of DFB killed organisms, and they die of a rupture of the newly formed cuticle or from starvation (Farlow 1976). One of the major reasons that DFB is used commercially is that the potential for bioaccumulation is quite low in terrestrial ecosystems; it only affects immature phytophagous arthropods, and has been shown to have few adverse toxicological effects in terrestrial systems. This pesticide is also used frequently because it is not persistent and degrades rapidly, and subchronic effects do not appear to occur.
Torque on a Spinning Hollow Sphere in a Uniform Magnetic Field

The torque on a spinning spherical conducting shell of arbitrary thickness in a uniform magnetic field is calculated in terms of the magnetic vector potential. The torque is found to result from the interaction of eddy currents induced in the shell with the excitation field and is such as to oppose and precess the spinning of the shell.
The Participation Paradox of Indigenous Autonomy in Mexico

As indigenous movements around the world seek to strengthen their collective voice in their respective political systems, efforts continue to design political institutions that offer both sufficient local autonomy and incentives to participate in the broader political system. The state of Oaxaca, Mexico, offers a test case of one such effort at indigenous-based institutional design. This article argues that such reforms often fail to confront the tension between local autonomy and citizen engagement in politics outside the borders of the community. Testing this theory through a comparative analysis of voter turnout rates in municipalities across the state of Oaxaca and the neighboring state of Guerrero, this study finds that the adoption of indigenous institutions at the local level is associated with significantly lower voter turnout rates for national elections.
Hadron-nucleus elastic scattering at 70, 125, and 175 GeV/c

Hadron-nucleus elastic scattering is measured for ..pi../sup + -/, K/sup + -/, p, and p-bar scattering from Be, C, Al, Cu, Sn, and Pb targets at incident beam momenta of 70 and 175 GeV/c and for ..pi../sup +/, K/sup +/, and p scattering from Be, Al, and Pb targets at an incident beam momentum of 125 GeV/c. Parametrizations of dsigma/dt in the forward direction for the reactions are presented.
Using EM to Obtain Asymptotic Variance-Covariance Matrices: The SEM Algorithm

Abstract The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is a popular, and often remarkably simple, method for maximum likelihood estimation in incomplete-data problems. One criticism of EM in practice is that asymptotic variance–covariance matrices for parameters (e.g., standard errors) are not automatic byproducts, as they are when using some other methods, such as Newton–Raphson. In this article we define and illustrate a procedure that obtains numerically stable asymptotic variance–covariance matrices using only the code for computing the complete-data variance–covariance matrix, the code for EM itself, and code for standard matrix operations. The basic idea is to use the fact that the rate of convergence of EM is governed by the fractions of missing information to find the increased variability due to missing information to add to the complete-data variance–covariance matrix. We call this supplemented EM algorithm the SEM algorithm. Theory and particular examples reinforce the conclusion that the SEM alg...
Rock hardness and landform development in the Gunong Mulu National Park, Sarawak, E. Malaysia

Rock hardness, measured by the Schmidt Test Hammer, is an important factor in explaining some of the sharp contrasts in relief and wide variety of landforms in The Gunong Mulu National Park. It is also useful in consideration of contemporary geomorphological processes, such as landsliding.
A study of the epidemiology of cancer of the breast.

All the factors thought to play a role in development of breast cancer were studied via clinical and interviewing techniques in white American women (632) Negro American women (52) British women (174) Indian women (151) and Japanese women (116). Incidence patterns of breast cancer are summarized; in descending order they are: English women white American women Negro American women and Japanese women. Data suggest lack of nursing has some influence on breast cancer development. There seems to be a significantly higher incidence of breast cancer in mothers sisters and aunts of breast cancer victims. Chronic cystic mastitis may predispose women to breast cancer. Breast cancer patients tend to marry later and thus have fewer children. Control Japanese women begin menstruating 2 years later than American women. The complexity of the factors involved in the etiology of breast cancer make statistical analysis difficult. 8 general conclusions are drawn in determining the epidemiological pattern of breast cancer.
Race and Sex Differences in Line Managers' Reactions to Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action Interventions:

Previous authors have used laboratory experiments and public opinion surveys to examine attitudes toward equal employment opportunity and affirmative action (EEO/AA) programs. This study adds a lev...
Effects of protein and carbohydrate content of diet on drug conjugation

Eight healthy subjects were fed a high-protein-low-carbohydrate diet and, after a 3-day washout period, an isocaloric low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet. They received acetaminophen and oxazepam, drugs metabolized primarily by conjugation, on days 11 and 13, respectively, of each diet. Changing the diets of subjects from the high-protein-low-carbohydrate diet to the low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet resulted in a 14% increase in urinary recovery of acetaminophen glucuronide and a 32% increase in urinary recovery of oxazepam glucuronide (p less than 0.05). The increases in glucuronidation were at the expense of other pathways of metabolism, and there were no significant changes in the metabolic clearance rates of acetaminophen and oxazepam. Mean renal clearances of acetaminophen glucuronide, acetaminophen sulfate, and oxazepam glucuronide decreased 45%, 32%, and 54%, respectively (p less than 0.05), when the subjects were switched to the low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet.
JunB Forms the Majority of the AP-1 Complex and Is a Target for Redox Regulation by Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists in Smooth Muscle Cells

To understand the role of redox-sensitive mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth, we have studied the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a thiol antioxidant, and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a potent NADH/NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on serum-, platelet-derived growth factor BB-, and thrombin-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation; c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression; and DNA synthesis. Both NAC and DPI completely inhibited agonist-induced AP-1 activity and DNA synthesis in VSMC. On the contrary, these compounds had differential effects on agonist-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression. NAC inhibited agonist-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression except for platelet-derived growth factor BB-induced ERK2 activation. In contrast, DPI only inhibited agonist-induced p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos and JunB expression. Antibody supershift assays indicated the presence of c-Fos and JunB in the AP-1 complex formed in response to all three agonists. In addition, cotransfection of VSMC with expression plasmids for c-Fos and members of the Jun family along with the AP-1-dependent reporter gene revealed that AP-1 with c-Fos and JunB composition exhibited a higher transactivating activity than AP-1 with other compositions tested. All three agonists significantly stimulated reactive oxygen species production, and this effect was inhibited by both NAC and DPI. Together, these results strongly suggest a role for redox-sensitive mechanisms in agonist-induced ERK2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinase activation; c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB expression; AP-1 activity; and DNA synthesis in VSMC. These results also suggest a role for NADH/NADPH oxidase activity in some subset of early signaling events such as p38 MAP kinase activation and c-Fos and JunB induction, which appear to be important in agonist-induced AP-1 activity and DNA synthesis in VSMC.
Improving a statistical MT system with automatically learned rewrite patterns

Current clump-based statistical MT systems have two limitations with respect to word ordering: First, they lack a mechanism for expressing and using generalization that accounts for reorderings of linguistic phrases. Second, the ordering of target words in such systems does not respect linguistic phrase boundaries. To address these limitations, we propose to use automatically learned rewrite patterns to preprocess the source sentences so that they have a word order similar to that of the target language. Our system is a hybrid one. The basic model is statistical, but we use broad-coverage rule-based parsers in two ways - during training for learning rewrite patterns, and at runtime for reordering the source sentences. Our experiments show 10% relative improvement in Bleu measure.
A Morphological Study of Well-Defined Smectic Side-Chain LC Block Copolymers

The influence of smectic level ordering on domain morphology has been studied in a series of monodisperse side-chain liquid-crystalline (LC) diblock copolymers. These systems, which consist of a polystyrene-b-methacrylate-based side-chain LC, were investigated using electron microscopy and room temperature X-ray scattering. A morphological phase diagram based on volume fraction and molecular weight has been determined for molecular weights up to 40 000 Da. A broad lamellar regime was identified that extends to unusually low LC compositions. At intermediate LC volume fractions around 0.48−0.56, morphologies were predominately lamellar but included many transitional defects in the form of modified layer or hexagonal perforated layer morphologies. The formation of large domains and focal−conic superstructures is shown to depend on the length of the PS block and the overall molecular weight. Samples of lamellar and cylindrical morphologies were oriented using roll casting from solvent and fiber drawing. SAXS ...
Fabrication and characterization of NiO/ZnO p–n junctions by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Transparent and conducting ZnO and NiO films were used for fabrication of p–n junction by pulsed laser deposition. These films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and electrical techniques. XRD shows that ZnO films are highly orientated along the (0 0 2) direction, while NiO films have preferred orientation along the (1 1 1) direction. These films are very smooth with surface roughness of ∼1.2 nm. The optical transmittances of ZnO and NiO films are 87% and 64%, respectively. I–V characteristics of the ZnO–NiO junction show rectification. The junction parameters such as ideality factor, barrier height, and series resistance are determined using conventional forward bias I–V characteristics, the Cheung method, and Norde's function. There is a good agreement between the diode parameters obtained from these methods. The ideality factor of ∼4.1 and barrier height of ∼0.33 eV are estimated using current–voltage characteristics.
Comment on "Repulsive contact interactions make jammed particulate systems inherently nonharmonic".

In their Letter, Schreck, Bertrand, O'Hern and Shattuck [Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 078301 (2011)] study nonlinearities in jammed particulate systems that arise when contacts are altered. They conclude that there is "no harmonic regime in the large system limit for all compressions" and "at jamming onset for any system size." Their argument rests on the claim that for finite-range repulsive potentials, of the form used in studies of jamming, the breaking or forming of a single contact is sufficient to destroy the linear regime. We dispute these conclusions and argue that linear response is both justified and essential for understanding the nature of the jammed solid.
Radical Surgery in Ovarian Cancer

While there is an ongoing debate regarding the timing of the maximal surgical effort in epithelial ovarian cancer, it is well established that patients with suboptimal tumor debulking derive no benefit from the surgical procedure. The amount of residual disease after cytoreductive surgery has been repeatedly identified as a strong predictor of survival, and accordingly, the surgical effort to achieve the goal of complete gross tumor resection has been constantly evolving. Centers that have adopted the concept of radical surgery in patients with advanced ovarian cancer have reported improvements in their patients' survival. In addition to the expected improvements in the pharmacologic treatment of this disease, some of the next challenges in the surgical management of ovarian cancer include the preoperative prediction of suboptimal debulking, improving the drug delivery to the tumor, and increasing access to centers of excellence in ovarian cancer regardless of geographical, financial, or other social barriers. This review will discuss an update on the role of surgery in the treatment of primary epithelial ovarian cancer as it has evolved since the emergence of the concept of surgical cytoreduction.
A survey of the amount of pristane in common fruits and vegetables

Abstract The concentration of pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) in 55 common fruits and vegetables was assessed by quantitative gas-liquid chromatography. The highest content was observed in parsley which contained 124.0 μg per gram of fresh sample; pristane levels within the remaining 54 foodstuffs analyzed ranged from 0.02 to 1.70 μg of pristane per gram of fresh sample. The amounts of pristane in average serving sizes of representative samples ranged from 1.5 to 107.0 μg. On the basis of the data obtained from this survey, it appears that we are exposed to appreciable amounts of pristane in our daily diets.
Positive Selection by Thymic Nurse Cells Requires IL-1β and Is Associated with an Increased Bcl-2 Expression

A temperature-sensitive line of thymic nurse cells (tsTNC-1) that maintains the ability to selectively internalize immature alpha beta TCRloCD4+CD8+ thymocytes in vitro was used in long-term coincubation experiments to determine nurse cell function during the process of MHC restriction. The thymocyte subset released from its association with TNCs contained both viable and apoptotic cells. The cells that remained within intracytoplasmic vacuoles died through the process of programmed cell death. Surviving or rescued thymocytes in the released population displayed an increase in Bcl-2 protein expression. The rescue activity of TNCs was drastically reduced with the addition of antibodies against either class I or class II MHC antigens to cocultures. A subset of the TNC-rescued population matured from the alpha beta TCRloCD69- phenotype to alpha beta TCRhiCD(69+)-expressing cells only when IL-1 beta was added to cocultures. These results suggest that TNC rescue of early double-positive thymocytes from apoptosis is associated with an interaction between the TCR and the MHC and the onset of Bcl-2 expression. Maturation of thymocytes within the TNC-rescued population requires the costimulatory effects of IL-1 beta.
Thermodynamic modeling of the (U,La)O2±x solid solution phase

Abstract Lanthanide (Ln) fission products have high fission yields and are known to form solid solutions with UO2 over a wide range of composition. As part of a larger effort to predict phase stability of the mixed metal oxide (U,Ln)O2±x solid solution phase, a comprehensive and self-consistent thermodynamic model for (U,La)O2±x has been developed through the use of the compound energy formalism (CEF) as implemented in the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) computational thermodynamic approach. The reported experimental oxygen chemical potentials for both hyper- and hypo-stoichiometric (U,La)O2±x have been assessed and used to evaluate interaction parameters for the phase representation. The lattice stability of hypothetical “LaO2” in the CaF2 structure necessary to describe the Gibbs energy of end-members for the La-doped UO2 solution phase has been obtained from first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. With respect to LaO1.5 it is determined to equal +8739 J/mol. Good agreements between the calculated and experimental oxygen partial pressures have been obtained by introducing interaction parameters for the mixing between U and La in the metal cation sublattice. Calculated partial pressures of oxygen in equilibrium with the (U,La)O2±x solution phase at various temperatures are presented.
New records of bats from Saint Barthélemy, French West Indies

The only published report of bats from the Antillean island of Saint Barthelemy (French West Indies) was by Allen (1911) based on three specimens of Tadarida brasiliensis in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University (MCZ). Believing that this paucity of records was an artifact of collecting effort rather than a biological phenomenon, we visited the island during 19–25 May 2004. Our work resulted in the collection of four species of bats not previously recorded from the island, as well as additional specimens of T. brasiliensis. Subsequent to our field studies, we examined Allen’s (1911) original material, as well as several specimens previously obtained on Saint Barthelemy in 1982 that were deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) but had not been recorded in the literature. Saint Barthelemy (188N, 638W) is located 30 km south of Saint Martin and was connected to that island and Anguilla during the Pleistocene (Pregill and Olson 1981). The island has an arid climate, and steep mountains (highest point 281 m) constitute much of its 25-km2 area. Saint Barthelemy receives approximately 1000 mm of rain annually and has mean temperatures of 218C and 25.58C in winter and summer, respectively. We found significant tourism development and a paucity of fresh water on the island. Agriculture and tourism development have done little to alter the native flora, which comprises aridand saline-adapted plants such as lignum vitae (Guaiacum officinale), manchineel (Hyppomane mancinella), geranium tree (Cordia sebestena), sea grapes (Coccoloba uvifera), and Englishman’s head cactus (Melocactus intortus), none of which are particularly beneficial for bats. The flora on St. Barthelemy that is potentially useful as food or shelter for bats include trees such as flamboyant (Delonix regia), frangipani (Plumeria spp.), sabal palm (Sabal palmetto), and royal palm (Roystonea spp.), as well as scattered banana (Musa spp.), mango (Mangifera spp.), and breadfruit (Artocarpus spp.) trees. Because much of the island is composed of limestone, the discovery of numerous cave systems that provide shelter for at least four of the five species of bats now known from the island is not very surprising. Mist-netting for bats was conducted in a variety of habitats that exhibited some fruiting trees. Bats were measured and examined at the end of the evening: weight (g), length of forearm (mm), reproductive status (testis length wmmx, crown-rump length of embryos wmmx, and lactation), and tooth wear. Length of forearm and cranial measurements (mm) were taken from museum specimens using digital calipers. Voucher specimens from our work were deposited in the research collections at the Museum at Texas Tech University (TTU) and the Laboratoire de Zoologie Mammiferes and Oiseaux at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris (MNHN).
Evolution of the Tribosphenic Molar Pattern in Early Mammals, with Comments on the “Dual-Origin” Hypothesis

Development of the tribosphenic molar was a fundamental event that likely influenced the rise of modern mammals. This multi-functional complex combined shearing and grinding in a single chewing stroke, and provided the base morphology for the later evolution of the myriad dental morphologies employed by mammals today. Here a series of morphotypes are presented that represent stepwise acquisition of characters of the molar crown, in an effort to clarify homologies and functional analogies among molars of tribosphenic and tribosphenic-like mammals, as well as their putative sister groups. This is accomplished by evaluation of wear features, which provide direct evidence of occlusal function, and mapping these features on molars of the various morphotypes demonstrates their utility in determining homology. The original singular lower molar talonid cusp is homologous with the hypoconid, and upper molar cusp C in early mammals is homologous with the metacone (cusp “C” is a neomorph with variable occurrence). The lingual translation of the metacone to a position more directly distal to the paracone (as in Peramus) creates an embrasure for the lower molar hypoconid, and is accompanied by the development of the hypoconulid and a new shearing surface. Lastly, the Gondwanan radiation of tribosphenic-like mammals, the Australosphenida (including monotremes), is determined to be functionally non-tribosphenic. The Tribosphenida are restricted to Laurasian taxa, with an origin at or just prior to the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary.
Decreased pain response in mice following cortex-specific knockout of the N-methyl-D-aspartate NR1 subunit.

Abstract Studies have shown that N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a critical role in pain processing at different levels of the central nervous system. In this study, we used cortex-specific NR1 knockout mice (C57BL/6 strain) to elucidate the role of cortical NMDA receptors in pain processes. On post-natal day 20, paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to a noxious thermal stimulus was measured in male and female knockout (KO), control (Ctrl), and C57BL/6 (C57) mice. Twenty-four hours later, the same mice were tested in the formalin-pain assay (20 μl of 5% formalin injected into one hind-paw). The results show that KO mice (both male and female) have significantly reduced pain responses during both early and late phases of formalin test, as compared with Ctrl and C57 mice (p
Board and care housing. An analysis of state differences.

Interest in board and care arrangements designed to provide food, shelter, and protective and personal care for chronically impaired adults has increased in recent years. Most of the authority for licensing and regulating such supportive housing arrangements resides with the states. The results of a regression analysis of state board and care supply for 1983 suggest that Supplemental Security Income Program (SSI) policy, specific board and care regulations, Medicaid nursing home rates, and the percentage of elderly are particularly important in explaining about two-thirds of the variance in state bed supply.
A 67-Year-Old Man Who e-Mails His Physician

DRSHIP:Mr S is a 67-year-old retired public service worker who lives in the Boston area with his wife. He has Medicare and indemnity insurance. Approximately 4 months ago, Mr S started to communicate by e-mail with his hospital-based primary care physician Dr G, using the hospital’s secure Internet site for patients. Previously, Mr S would call his physician with questionsandleaveamessage.Henowfindselectroniccommunication both easier and faster. He has not encountered problemswiththisformofcommunicationandhasfewconcerns about privacy. Mr S tries to keep his e-mails brief because he feels that his physician’s time is valuable. Mr S understands that it takes time for his physician to respond to e-mail questions and says he would be willing to pay additionally for this. However, he is not sure how much such service is worth.
Evaluation of a pressure walkway system for measurement of vertical limb forces in clinically normal dogs.

Objective—To compare ground reaction forces (GRFs) measured by use of a pressure-sensitive walk-way (PSW) and a force plate (FP) and evaluate weekly variation in the GRFs and static vertical forces in dogs. Animals—34 clinically normal dogs and 5 research dogs with lameness. Procedure—GRF data were collected from 5 lame and 14 clinically normal dogs by use of an FP and a PSW. Peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), and velocity measurements (determined by use of photocells and PSW data) were compared between groups. Peak vertical force, VI, stride length, ground phase time (ie, contact time), and static body weight distribution data were collected on 2 occasions, 1 week apart, in 20 different clinically normal dogs by use of a PSW; week-to-week variation in values was evaluated. Results—Measurements of velocity derived by use of the photocells were not different from those derived by use of the PSW. For any 1 limb, values derived by use of the PSW were significantly lower than values derived wit...
Client-centeredness in supported employment: Specialist and supervisor perspectives

Aims. This article examines the notion of client-centeredness from the perspective of supported employment specialists and supervisors, identifying barriers and facilitators to implementation in the field. Though by definition client-centered practices give precedence to clients' wishes, in a realistic setting client-centeredness is adapted to account for negotiations among clients, specialists, employers, and mental health service agencies.Method. Qualitative interviews (n = 22) were conducted with employment specialists and supervisors to elicit facilitators and barriers to successful supported employment outcomes. Data were analyzed inductively using ATLAS.ti 5.0 software.Results. Principal factors influencing implementation of client-centeredness include (1) clients' anxieties about their interests and abilities, (2) difficulties interpreting and negotiating clients' preferences in realistic contexts, (3) quality of supervision and guidance in implementing client-centered practices and upholding moral...
Genetic epistemology and the prospects for a cognitive sociology of science: A critical synthesis

(1989). Genetic epistemology and the prospects for a cognitive sociology of science: A critical synthesis. Social Epistemology: Vol. 3, The Psychology of Science, pp. 153-169.
Tissue conservation using circular defect with dog‐ear deformities excision technique

Objectives: Compare circular defect with dog-ear deformities excision (CDDE) technique to 3:1 fusiform excision technique when removing facial lesions to analyze which technique provides superior wound closure. Methods: Identical 1-cm circular skin defects were created on bilateral cheek, forehead, and parietal scalp on three fresh cadavers. Similarly, using four fresh cadavers, identical 2-cm circular skin defects were created on bilateral cheek, forehead, and scalp. In both the 1-cm and 2-cm circular defects (n = 19), a 3:1 fusiform excision and closure was performed on one side of the cadaver head for control. On the opposite side, CDDE excision technique was performed. The following measurements were recorded: circumferential incision length after tissue excision, average of wound widening widths after an approximation suture was placed at the halfway point, and the final incision length after primary closure. Final incision length upon closure was divided by the original defect size to obtain a final incision length to defect ratio. A paired t-test was performed on all variables for analysis. Results: When using the CDDE excision technique, there were statistically significant decreases in circumference, average wound widening, final incision length in both 1-cm and 2-cm circular defects (P < .01). The final incision length upon closure to defect ratio in CDDE excision was approximately 2.5:1, whereas 3:1 fusiform excision resulted in the final incision length to defect ratio of approximately 3.5:1. Conclusions: When compared to fusiform excision technique, CDDE excision technique appears to minimize tissue excision, decrease wound widening and the final incision length.
Fast-neutron radiation effects in a silica-core optical fiber studied by a CCD-camera spectrometer

A simple CCD-camera spectrometer was deployed at the Los Alamos Spallation Radiation Effects Facility to characterize fast-neutron irradiation effects in several silica-based optical fibers over the wavelength range ~ 450-1100 nm. The experimental arrangement allowed optical loss spectra to be developed from remotely recovered frame grabs at various times during irradiation without it being necessary to resort to cutback methods. Data recorded for a pure-silica-core/F-doped-silica-clad fiber displayed a peculiar artifact, which is described and mathematically modeled in terms of leaky modes propagating in an optical cladding that is substantially less susceptible to radiation-induced optical attenuation than is the core. Evidence from optical time-domain reflectometry supports the postulate that mode leakage into the cladding may be a result of light scattering from the tracks of ions displaced by the 14-MeV neutrons. These results suggest that fibers with fluorine doping in the core, as well as in the cladding, would be relatively resistant to radiation-induced attenuation in the UV-visible spectral region.
Aging Splenocyte and Thymocyte Apoptosis Is Associated with Enhanced Expression of p53, Bax, and Caspase-3

Abstract Aging is associated with altered immune function. We previously reported that splenocytes and thymocytes undergo apoptosis with aging in rats. In the present study, we examined the expression of genes associated with apoptosis in splenocytes and thymus in aging rats. We evaluated the expression of bax, interleukin 1-β-converting enzyme (ICE)/ced-3 protease family, caspase-3 and tumor suppressor gene p53. Rats in age groups of 6, 24, 48, and 96 weeks were sacrificed; thymocytes and splenocytes were isolated followed by lysis in a modified RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors. Western blot analysis of proteins was performed by probing immunoblots with antibodies against p53, bax and PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase). Increased aging was associated with enhanced expression of bax, p53 and cleavage of PARP by Caspase-3. The expression of p53 and cleavage of PARP indicates the presence of damaged DNA; nevertheless, the cleavage of PARP or activation of caspase-3 may be playing an important role in the initiation of early events in apoptosis. These results suggest that aging of splenocytes and thymocytes is associated with the expression of cell death genes. The present study provides an insight into age-associated altered immune function.
Time-resolved spectroscopy and imaging

In response to the conference organizer's request, I am presenting a summary of the current status of medical optical imaging and spectroscopy. This is a topic which is advancing rapidly and on which there have been a number of conferences recently, and yet there has not been presented an overview of the field and some idea of what the advantages and disadvantages of the photon diffusion technology may be. Thus, this paper emphasizes diffusion waves for spectroscopy and imaging deep within the tissue and, at the same time, for providing specificity information of both absorption and scattering. In achieving this goal, I will not be able to cite all of the advantages of technologies that view the superficial layers of skin, retina, etc., on the one hand, nor those that measure the photons that have been scattered minimally on the transit between input and output. One of the main reasons for this is that specificity of the optical methods requires all of the information available: absorption and scattering of intrinsic signals naturally in the tissue, and of extrinsic signal due to contrast agents that have been artificially lodged in strategic tissue volumes. Since this paper is essentially the transcript of a lecture, it is not proposed as a topic review and does not contain full-scale bibliographic references, some of which may be found in a recent review elsewhere. This paper highlights what we all might accomplish in order to bring to bear with maximal effectiveness the optical method for altering the outcome of medical problems. I have not emphasized the mathematics of photon diffusion so well represented by the papers of this symposium volume. The achievable goals of the optical methods are to speed detection, improve diagnosis, guide therapy, and what appears in the minds of most, contribute to the improvement of medical economics. In order to fulfill these objectives, we will in the end have to demonstrate by lengthy and expensive clinical studies that the medical devices we develop are really what we think they are as determined by accepted procedures for clinical studies. This is a difficult and expensive route and one track along which many technologies will 'fall by the wayside'. However, our technology is maturing: we are obtaining numbers for important medical problems. It is indeed difficult to make these kinds of contributions; medical devices are not new. The choice of methods is manifold and the niches or windows of opportunity are circumscribed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Role for the Circadian Clock Protein Per1 in the Regulation of the NaCl Co-transporter (NCC) and the With-no-Lysine Kinase (WNK) Cascade in Mouse Distal Convoluted Tubule Cells

It has been well established that blood pressure and renal function undergo circadian fluctuations. We have demonstrated that the circadian protein Per1 regulates multiple genes involved in sodium transport in the collecting duct of the kidney. However, the role of Per1 in other parts of the nephron has not been investigated. The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) plays a critical role in renal sodium reabsorption. Sodium is reabsorbed in this segment through the actions of the NaCl co-transporter (NCC), which is regulated by the with-no-lysine kinases (WNKs). The goal of this study was to test if Per1 regulates sodium transport in the DCT through modulation of NCC and the WNK kinases, WNK1 and WNK4. Pharmacological blockade of nuclear Per1 entry resulted in decreased mRNA expression of NCC and WNK1 but increased expression of WNK4 in the renal cortex of mice. These findings were confirmed by using Per1 siRNA and pharmacological blockade of Per1 nuclear entry in mDCT15 cells, a model of the mouse distal convoluted tubule. Transcriptional regulation was demonstrated by changes in short lived heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated interaction of Per1 and CLOCK with the promoters of NCC, WNK1, and WNK4. This interaction was modulated by blockade of Per1 nuclear entry. Importantly, NCC protein expression and NCC activity, as measured by thiazide-sensitive, chloride-dependent 22Na uptake, were decreased upon pharmacological inhibition of Per1 nuclear entry. Taken together, these data demonstrate a role for Per1 in the transcriptional regulation of NCC, WNK1, and WNK4.