cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reasoning about triggered actions in AnsProlog and its application to molecular interactions in cells

Reasoning about molecular interactions and signaling pathways is important from various perspectives such as predicting side effects of drugs, explaining unusual cellular behavior and drug and therapy design. Because of the vast size of these interactions a typical biologist can only focus on a very small part of the network. Thus there is a great need to develop knowledge representation and reasoning formalisms and their implementations for modelling and reasoning about molecular interactions in cells of organisms. An important component of these interactions is the action of one molecule interacting with or binding to another, or one molecule separating into multiple other molecules. Thus, action theories and action languages are good candidates to model these interactions. One major lacking of most existing action languages is the notion of triggered actions, which is a common phenomena in the cellular domain. In this paper, we introduce a language for representing and reasoning about triggered actions, and show how to model reasoning about side effects, explaining observations, and designing drugs in our language through implementations using AnsProlog.
Aristotle on Democracy and the Marketplace

Aristotle includes democracy among the deviant constitutions. Democracy, as he understands it is, is not merely rule by the many but rule by a multitude lacking in virtue. Democracy takes different forms, but among the worst, he contends, is one like the Athenian democracy which numbers merchants among the citizens. For occupations such as commerce and banking are inherently vicious. Consequently, the democracies in which the mercantile class is prominent are especially unjust, corrupt, and unstable. In this essay I examine and evaluate Aristotle’s indictment of commercial democracy. Since his argument ultimately rests on his theory of moral virtue, I set forth the basic principles of Aristotle’s theory of virtue and consider how he applies them to common commercial practices. I then reflect on whether Aristotle would have arrived at similar conclusions about these practices if he had been acquainted with the basic principles of microeconomics. Finally, I consider the implication of this assessment for Aristotle’s critique of Athenian democracy.
How Arts Integration Has Helped K–2 Teachers to Boost the Language Development of English-Language Learners

This study looks at the impact of a cost-effective professional development model in which teaching artists helped early elementary teachers master arts-based strategies for boosting the oral langu...
A wearable system for situational awareness estimation in underground mines

Underground mining causes injuries and deaths each year all over the world. Among them, human errors such as inappropriate operation are one of the leading causes. The special environment in underground mines may significantly impact situational awareness (SA) of miners. Therefore, in this paper, we develops a wearable system for multiple physiological indicator acquisition for further SA estimation in underground mines. The validation experiment is conducted in a historical underground mine with high humidity level. Multiple physiological signals can be successfully detected in the special environment.
Relative Socioeconomic Status of Spouses, Gender Attitudes, and Attributes, and Marital Quality Experienced by Couples in Metropolitan Moscow*

In this paper we expand the line of research in the United States suggesting marital quality or marital stability experienced by spouses is at risk when the socioeconomic attainments of wives equal...
Cardiac Reprogramming Factors Synergistically Activate Genome-wide Cardiogenic Stage-Specific Enhancers

The cardiogenic transcription factors (TFs) Mef2c, Gata4, and Tbx5 can directly reprogram fibroblasts to induced cardiac-like myocytes (iCLMs), presenting a potential source of cells for cardiac repair. While activity of these TFs is enhanced by Hand2 and Akt1, their genomic targets and interactions during reprogramming are not well studied. We performed genome-wide analyses of cardiogenic TF binding and enhancer profiling during cardiac reprogramming. We found that these TFs synergistically activate enhancers highlighted by Mef2c binding sites and that Hand2 and Akt1 coordinately recruit other TFs to enhancer elements. Intriguingly, these enhancer landscapes collectively resemble patterns of enhancer activation during embryonic cardiogenesis. We further constructed a cardiac reprogramming gene regulatory network and found repression of EGFR signaling pathway genes. Consistently, chemical inhibition of EGFR signaling augmented reprogramming. Thus, by defining epigenetic landscapes these findings reveal synergistic transcriptional activation across a broad landscape of cardiac enhancers and key signaling pathways that govern iCLM reprogramming.
Reduction of samarium in air fired samples of barium tetraborate

Abstract The reduction of samarium in air fired samples of barium tetraborate has been identified for the first time by divalent samarium emission spectroscopy. The samarium(II) fluorescence is significantly quenched at ambient temperatures, but is apparent upon cooling of the sample to 77 K. Formation of the divalent samarium in the system is limited to short firing times and a small range of firing temperatures from 825 to 900 °C. The formation of a more luminescent pentaborate impurity phase is often seen in the barium tetraborate system, even with stoichiometric preparation of the barium tetraborate.
Sit4 and PP2A Dephosphorylate Nitrogen Catabolite Repression-Sensitive Gln3 When TorC1 Is Up- as Well as Downregulated

Saccharomyces cerevisiae lives in boom and bust nutritional environments. Sophisticated regulatory systems have evolved to rapidly cope with these changes while preserving intracellular homeostasis. Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TorC1), is a serine/threonine kinase complex and a principle nitrogen-responsive regulator. TorC1 is activated by excess nitrogen and downregulated by limiting nitrogen. Two of TorC1's many downstream targets are Gln3 and Gat1-GATA-family transcription activators-whose localization and function are Nitrogen Catabolite Repression- (NCR-) sensitive. In nitrogen replete environments, TorC1 is activated, thereby inhibiting the PTap42-Sit4 and PTap42-PP2A (Pph21/Pph22-Tpd3, Pph21,22-Rts1/Cdc55) phosphatase complexes. Gln3 is phosphorylated, sequestered in the cytoplasm and NCR-sensitive transcription repressed. In nitrogen-limiting conditions, TorC1 is downregulated and PTap42-Sit4 and PTap42-PP2A are active. They dephosphorylate Gln3, which dissociates from Ure2, relocates to the nucleus, and activates transcription. A paradoxical observation, however, led us to suspect that Gln3 control was more complex than appreciated, i.e., Sit4 dephosphorylates Gln3 more in excess than in limiting nitrogen conditions. This paradox motivated us to reinvestigate the roles of these phosphatases in Gln3 regulation. We discovered that: (i) Sit4 and PP2A actively function both in conditions where TorC1 is activated as well as down-regulated; (ii) nuclear Gln3 is more highly phosphorylated than when it is sequestered in the cytoplasm; (iii) in nitrogen-replete conditions, Gln3 relocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is dephosphorylated by Sit4 and PP2A; and (iv) in nitrogen excess and limiting conditions, Sit4, PP2A, and Ure2 are all required to maintain cytoplasmic Gln3 in its dephosphorylated form.
Spectrum Considerations for Satellites and Ramifications for RF Interference

Choosing the right frequencies is critical to proper operation of small satellites and essential to reducing RF interference.
Measurement of executive functioning with the National Institute of Health Toolbox and the association to anxiety/depressive symptomatology in childhood/adolescence

Despite preliminary research, there remain inconsistent findings with regard to the role of executive functioning (EF) deficits in childhood anxiety and depression. This report examined the associa...
The Effects of Ball Chair Seating during an Instructional Period in First Grade Classrooms

Seating that allows movement is commonly suggested to enhance postural activation, attention, and behavior. The study examined the effects of ball chair seating on legibility, student behavior, and...
Exceptional point of sixth-order degeneracy in a modified coupled-resonator optical waveguide

We demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, the occurrence of a sixth-order exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) in a realistic multimode optical photonic structure by using a modified periodic coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) at the optical wavelength λe=1550nm. The sixth-order EPD is obtained in a CROW without the need of loss or gain, and such an EPD corresponds to a very special band edge of the periodic photonic structure where six eigenmodes coalesce, so we refer to it as the sixth-order degenerate band edge (6DBE). Moreover, we report a new scaling law of the quality factor Q of an optical cavity made of such a periodic 6DBE-CROW with cavity length as Q∝N7, when operating near the 6DBE with N being the number of unit cells in the periodic finite-length CROW. Furthermore, we elaborate on the application of the 6DBE to ultralow-threshold lasers. We present a novel scaling law of the lasing threshold that scales as N−7 when operating near the 6DBE. Also, we show the superiority of the threshold scaling of the 6DBE-CROW to the scaling of another CROW with the same size operating near a fourth-order EPD that is often referred to as the degenerate band edge (DBE). The lasing threshold scaling of the DBE-CROW laser is shown here for the first time to our knowledge. We also discuss the high sensitivity of the proposed 6DBE-CROW to perturbations, which may find applications in sensors, modulators, optical switches, nonlinear devices, and Q-switching cavities.
Surviving Sepsis Campaign Implementation In Octogenarians And Nonagenarians With Heart Failure And Septic Shock. Implications, And Clinically Relevant Outcomes

Background With the growing aging population, the incidence and prevalence of heart failure (HF) have increased to epidemic proportions. HF patients, especially the elderly, are more prone to develop severe infections, such as sepsis. However, the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of octogenarians and nonagenarians with HF that develop septic shock are unknown. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 356 patients with HF and septic shock admitted to a tertiary cardiovascular center between 01/2015 and 06/2018. Age was dichotomized into ≥80 years [octogenarians (80-89) and nonagenarians (90-99)] and Results Out of the 365 patients with HF and septic shock, 157(44%) were ≥80 years of age (octogenarians and nonagenarians), and the remainder were Outcomes In-hospital mortality was significantly higher for octogenarians and nonagenarians 61% (95/157) vs 45% (89/199) p=0.0053. Furthermore, the implementations of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundle (30ml/kg bolus of intravenous crystalloids) was more likely to cause pulmonary edema requiring intravenous diuresis in patients Conclusion Octogenarians and nonagenarians with heart failure and septic shock have significantly higher mortality than other age groups despite the similar implementation of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. A tailored protocol that addresses the specific characteristics of this population is urgently needed.
Prison Visitation and Concerns about Reentry: Variations in Frequency and Quality of Visits are Associated with Reentry Concerns among People Incarcerated in Prison.

Prior studies suggest that visitation may have an impact on successful reentry. At the same time, the impact of visitation on incarcerated people’s concerns about reentry has received little empiri...
Report of a Presentation by Piero Attanasio, “Metadata Management in the Book Supply Chain” International Conference: Bibliographic Control in the Digital Ecosystem, Florence, Italy, February 9, 2021

Presenting at the International Conference for Bibliographic Control in the Digital Ecosystem held virtually in February 2021 and hosted by the Universita degli studi di Firenze with support from s...
10-Year Trends in the Surgical Management of Patients with Spinal Metastases: A Scoping Review

Background Spinal metastases are present in approximately 20% of patients with cancer, giving a risk for neurologic dysfunction and instability. In already frail patients, surgeons strive to improve quality of life. Our goal was to review a 10-year trend in the surgical management of spinal metastases. Methods A scoping review was performed systematically using PubMed to assess trends in surgical treatment for spinal metastases. The search terms used were: metastas∗, "neoplasm metastasis"[Mesh], "Spine"[Mesh], spine, spinal, “vertebral column,” “vertebral body,” laser, robot, radiofrequency, screws, fixation, “separation surgery,” corpectomy, vertebrectomy, spondylectomy, vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, surgery, “open surgery,” “mini open surgery,” “minimally invasive surgery,” endoscopy, thoracoscopy, corpectom∗, vertebrectom∗, spondylectom∗, “en bloc,” and MIS. The variables of interest were neurologic improvement, tumor recurrence, reoperation, and overall survival. Results A total of 2132 articles were found within the primary query. Fifty-six studies were selected for final review. The results were organized into main surgical practices: decompression, mechanical stabilization, and pain management. For separation surgery, clinical outcomes were overall 1-year survival, 40.7%–78.4%; recurrence rate, 4.3%–22%; reoperation, 5%; and complications, 5.4%–14%. For corpectomy, clinical outcomes were overall 1-year survival, 30%–92%; reoperation, 1.1%–50%; and recurrence rate, of 1.1%–28%. Complications and reoperations with spinal instrumentation were 0%–13.6% and 0%–15%, respectively. Cement augmentation achieved pain reduction rates of 56%–100%, neurologic improvement/stability 84%–100%, and complication rates 6%–56%. Laser achieved local tumor control rate of 71%–82% at 1 year follow-up, reoperation rate of 15%–31%, and complication rate of 5%–26%. Conclusions Minimally invasive techniques for decompression and stabilization seem to be the preferred method to surgically treat metastatic spine disease, with good outcomes. More research with high level of evidence is required to support the long-term outcomes of these approaches.
Reversible adsorption and desorption of PFAS on inexpensive graphite adsorbents via alternating electric field

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been extensively utilized in practical applications that include surfactants, lubricants, and firefighting foams due to their thermal stability and chemical inertness. Recent studies have revealed that PFAS were detected in groundwater and even drinking water systems which can cause severe environmental and health issues. While adsorbents with a large specific surface area have demonstrated effective removal of PFAS from water, their capability in desorbing the retained PFAS has been often neglected despite its critical role in regeneration for reuse. Further, they have demonstrated a relatively lower adsorption capacity for PFAS with a short fluoroalkyl chain length. To overcome these limitations, electric field-aided adsorption has been explored. In this work, reversible adsorption and desorption of PFAS dissolved in water upon alternating voltage is reported. An inexpensive graphite adsorbent is fabricated by using a simple press resulting in a mesoporous structure with a BET surface area of 132.9 ± 10.0 m2 g−1. Electric field-aided adsorption and desorption experiments are conducted by using a custom-made cell consisting of two graphite electrodes placed in parallel in a polydimethylsiloxane container. Unlike the conventional sorption process, a graphite electrode exhibits a higher adsorption capacity for PFAS with a short fluoroalkyl chain (perfluoropentanoic acid, PFPA) in comparison to that with a long fluoroalkyl chain (perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA). Upon alternating the voltage to a negative value, the retained PFPA or PFOA is released into the surrounding water. Finally, we engineered a device module mounted on a gravity-assisted apparatus to demonstrate electrosorption of PFAS and collection of high purity water.
3D Quasi-Neutral Far Field Plume Modeling of SPT-100

Hall thrusters are a common spacecraft propulsion device for orbit maintenance and north-south station keeping. One of the concerns about Hall thrusters is the effect of the thruster plume on the spacecraft life [1]. The sputtering of high energy ions, can cause erosion of sensitive surface coatings used for solar cell elements and thermal control. Although previously there has been ground-based facility tests, these could not replicate a space environment, due to the so called facility effects [2]. Thus, in order to understand the effect of CEX ions, Hall thruster plumes should be modeled.
The changing roles of iron and vertical mixing in regulating nitrogen and silicon cycling in the Southern Ocean over the last glacial cycle

The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in the air-sea CO2 balance through biological and physical mechanisms. Vertical supply of deep waters returns nutrients and CO2 to the surface and stimulates phytoplankton growth. Photosynthesis in the Southern Ocean is limited by iron and only a fraction of the carbon and nutrients that return to the surface are consumed for potential sequestration in the deep sea. Here we present the most spatially extensive data set of silicon and nitrogen isotope measurements from diatom frustules to date to examine the controls on nutrient drawdown during the last glacial period and across the glacial termination in both the Antarctic and Subantarctic zones. The new data confirm existing views that differing silicon and nitrate consumption patterns in the Antarctic zone are likely the result, at least in part, of iron addition during the last glacial maximum (LGM). However, earlier in the glacial, a more coordinated response in the two proxy records, with both reflecting enhanced consumption during episodes of increased iron accumulation and export production, implies a different system response than observed for the LGM. A collapse of the expected equatorward gradient in silicon isotope values and contraction of the nitrogen isotope gradient during the deglaciation suggests that nutrient supply increased not only in the Antarctic Zone, but also in the Subantarctic, perhaps due to enhanced deep mixing locally. Enhanced deep water ventilation across the Southern Ocean likely increased the nutrient content of mode waters during the deglaciation.
To Give or Not to Give? An Exploratory Study of User Beliefs Influencing Adoption of Facebook Gifts

Social commerce is a growing trend in practice and an important area of research, yet there have been few studies exploring social commerce in the context of social networking sites. This study begins to address this gap in research by identifying salient user beliefs influencing the intention to use a gift-giving service on a social networking site. The recently launched Facebook Gifts service provides a real-world context for the study. We explore the factorial structure of salient user beliefs and examine the relationships between the beliefs and the intention to use Facebook Gifts within a broader nomological network. The implications of our findings for research and practice are discussed.
Critical Elements of High Gain: An Update

Substantial progress continues to be made on the direct drive concept, and it still appears to be possible to eventually achieve pellet gains of over 100. But instead of presenting some of this progress, I would like to discuss three problem areas. First, an earlier estimate of mine of maximum achievable rocket efficiency (20%) was based upon a flat target model. In spherical geometry, rocket efficiencies are substantially lower. Recently, Gardner has calculated upper bounds of 7–8% in spherical geometry with 1 µm lasers. Efficiencies reach 15–20% only with short 1/4 µm lasers, and when smoothing requirements are ignored. The reduced efficiency (from 20% down to 7%) then implies a much lower best-case pellet gain. Second, there has been a failure of the flux limiter concept in a two-dimensional analysis. This raises basic issues about our understanding of energy transport. And third, progress in actually producing a relatively uniform and controllable laser profile on target has been less than totally satisfactory.
Determining work outcomes in mild to moderate stroke survivors.

Objective To assess the work outcomes of individuals who have a mild to moderate stroke. Participants Individuals who (1) experienced a mild to moderate stroke as determined by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores (range 0-16); (2) were working full time prior to their stroke; and (3) were between the ages of 30-65. Methods Participants were contacted and provided verbal consent to complete the Occupational Outcome Questionnaire (OOQ) over the telephone at 6 months post-stroke to determine their work outcomes. Results Of the 98 participants recruited for this study, 37% (n = 36) never returned to work following stroke. Of the 63% (n = 62) who did return to work, 90% (n = 56) returned immediately to their previous jobs at their previous level. Of those returning to work, 56% (n = 35) of individuals reported performing at 75% of their ability or less. Further, the majority of all participants reported chronic symptoms from their strokes. Conclusions The current assumption in the literature is that individuals experiencing mild to moderate strokes are returning to work even in the absence of work rehabilitation services. The assumptions of previous literature can be disputed with the results of the current study.
The ligand unwrapping/rewrapping pathway that exchanges metals in S-acetylated, hexacoordinate N2S2O2 complexes

The effect of S-acetylation in MN2S2 complexes on metal exchange reactivity was examined in a series of MN2S2O2 complexes. While clean exchange processes do not occur for the MN2S2 derivatives where formation of S-bridged aggregates predominate, acetylation permits the metal exchange with hierarchy that follows the Irving–Williams series of stability for first row transition metals: Fe2+ Zn2+. The rate determining step consistent with kinetic parameters depends on both M and M′, supporting a mechanism of exchange that involves ligand unwrapping/rewrapping process as earlier defined by Margerum et al. for M(EDTA) systems. The enhanced metal exchange deriving from S-acetylation is of significance to probes and detection of cysteine-S metallo-proteins and metallo-enzyme active sites, and highlights a new role for S-acetylation.
Enhancement of the enzymatic hydrolysis of fines from recycled paper mill waste rejects

A significant fraction of short fibers commonly called “reject fines” is produced while recycling wastepaper at paper mills producing linerboard. These fines are usually rejected into the solid waste stream that further requires land filling and poses environmental problems. The major component of these rejects is cellulose that can be a potential source of fermentable sugars for biofuels, bioplastics or other products. Therefore, a feasible process for converting these reject fines into sugars can profit the paper mills by producing value for their waste products while simultaneously mitigating their adverse environmental impact by avoided solid waste. Additionally, the sugar feedstocks can be used to reduce fossil carbon contributing to the sustainability of the industry. Enzymatic conversion of rejects fines from paper mills was achieved using commercial cellulases from Trichoderma reesei. The presence of mineral particles along with the cellulosic fines was found to have potent inhibitory effects on enzyme hydrolysis. The mineral particles are kaolin and calcium carbonate and originate from the fillers used in the wastepaper. The adsorption of the cellulase onto these mineral components was measured and quantified by the slope of the adsorption isotherm. The application of a nonionic surfactant Tween-80, decreased the adsorption of cellulase and this improved the hydrolysis yield of sugars. Enzymatic hydrolysis of rejects from recycled paper mills is feasible and provides a source of sugars for biofuels and bioplastics. However, the presence of mineral particles can be detrimental to this bioconversion. Calcium carbonate which occurs as a filler in waste paper shows high adsorption affinity to the cellulase enzymes and thus reduces the available enzyme for cellulolysis. This can be remedied by the application of surfactants which preferentially occlude to the mineral surfaces and thus increase enzyme availability in solution. The non-ionic surfactant, Tween-80, shows the best hydrolysis enhancement at a dosage of 3 % based on the dry weight of the biomass.
Enhancement of Energy Absorption in Syntactic Foams by Nanoclay Incorporation for Sandwich Core Applications

Syntactic foams are closed pore foams fabricated by the mechanical mixing of hollow glass particles in a matrix resin. The present study deals with change in compressive properties of syntactic foams due to the incorporation of nano-sized clay (nanoclay) particles. A surface modified clay, Nanomer I.30E, has been used in the fabrication of specimens. Six different types of syntactic foams are fabricated and tested for compressive properties. Three types of hollow particles (microballoons) of glass having different densities are used for fabrication. Each type of microballoon is combined with 0.02 and 0.05 volume fraction of nanoclay, respectively. The combined volume fraction of microballoons and nanocparticles is 0.65 in all kinds of foams. Compressive properties of these samples are compared with those of syntactic foams without nanoclay particles. It is observed that partial intercalation of nanoclay has taken place in the specimens and remaining nanoclay particles are present in small clusters. Such microstructure leads to nearly the same strength with considerable enhancement in fracture strain. Hence, the toughness of the material, measured as the area under stress–strain curve, is found to increase by 80–200% for various kinds of foams tested in the study. Fracture features of syntactic foams with and without nanoclay are compared.
Moral reasoning and empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: implications for moral education

A mixed methods approach was used to understand moral reasoning and empathy in 12- to 18-year-old adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HF-ASD) compared to same age typically developing (TD) youth. Adolescents completed measures assessing empathy (perspective-taking, personal distress, and empathic concern), and moral reasoning, as well as a qualitative interview asking them to discuss a challenging sociomoral situation and recount their moral competencies and strengths in difficult situations. For quantitative results, both groups demonstrated similar empathic concern, but adolescents with HF-ASD had significantly higher personal distress and lower moral reasoning than TD youth. Qualitative results suggest that adolescents with HF-ASD perceived themselves as having empathic concern but struggled to use these feelings to support their actions in spontaneous challenging sociomoral situations. Results suggest that teachers should be educated in providing specific guidance to adolescent...
The distribution of end-to-end distances of the weakly bending rod model.

The weakly bending rod model is an approximation to a wormlike chain in the limit where the ratio L0/P of the contour length L0 to the persistence length P is not too large. The range of validity of the weakly bending rod model is investigated by deriving analytical expressions for its distribution of end-to-end distances P(L) and its moments ! L m " and numerically comparing the results with corresponding values for the wormlike chain model. No general, closed form analytical expression for either P(L) or the average length ! L" of a wormlike chain exists, so those quantities are obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. Exact analytical expressions for ! L 2 " and ! L 4 " for the wormlike chain are employed in the comparison of the computed moments. Moments calculated for the approximate distributions of Daniels and Yamakawa and Stockmayer are also compared with the others. In addition, P(L) and its moments for the alternative model of Winkler et al. are compared with the others. The weakly bending rod model gives a reasonably good account of both P(L) and ! L m " , m # 1,2,4, over the range L0/P ! 0.6, but deviates significantly for L0/P " 1.0. In contrast, the alternative model of Winkler et al. yields rather poor results in the rodlike domain. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 54: 561-571, 2000
On the Edge of Rapprochement: Was Durkheim Moving toward the Perspective of Symbolic Interaction?

(1967). On the Edge of Rapprochement: Was Durkheim Moving toward the Perspective of Symbolic Interaction? The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 149-164.
Rao-Blackwellized Unscented Particle Filter for a Handheld Unexploded Ordnance Geolocation System using IMU/GPS

The existence of Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) is a serious environmental hazard, especially in areas being converted from military to civilian use. The detection and discrimination performance of UXO detectors depends on the sensor technology as well as on the processing methodology that inverts the data to infer UXO. The detection systems, typically electro-magnetic induction (EMI) devices, require very accurate positioning (or geolocation) in order to discriminate candidate UXO from non-hazardous items. For this paper, a hand-held geolocation system based on a tactical-grade IMU, such as the HG1900, was tested in the laboratory over a small, metre-square area in sweep and swing modes. A camera position system was used to emulate GPS or alternative ground-based external ranging systems that control positioning errors. The proposed integration algorithm is a combination of linear filtering (Extended Kalman Filter) and nonlinear, also non-Gaussian filtering (Unscented Particle Filter) in the form of the Rao-Blackwellized Particle Filter (RBPF). The test results show that the position accuracy was improved by applying nonlinear filter-based smoothing techniques in both the straight and curved sections of the sweep and swing trajectories.
A spatial statistical analysis of tumor growth

Abstract Growth models for tumors commonly are developed for a one-dimensional summary (e.g., number of cells, volume). At the supracellular level, however, ignoring tumor shape leads to oversimplification of the growth mechanism. For example, an oncologist would view the discovery of a compact tumor of volume v differently from the discovery of two osculatory compact tumors each of volume v/2. This article presents a growth model that uses shape information at a previous time to describe the tumor at the present time. An analysis is given of three successive two-dimensional images of cell islands, which are obtained from in vitro growth of human breast cancer cells.
Periodic transcription of yeast histone genes

Periodic transcription of yeast histone genes has been demonstrated by DNA excess filter hybridization of in vivo pulse-labeled RNA isolated from synchronous cell cultures. Using strains carrying cell division cycle (cdc) mutations, we show that both activation and termination of transcription are determined by temporally separable (cell cycle) events. Activation of histone mRNA synthesis occurs late in G1, at a point prior to initiation of DNA replication. Cessation of histone mRNA synthesis, however, is dependent upon the entry of cells into S. These results suggest a simple model for the control of histone gene transcription in which changes in chromatin that must precede the initiation of DNA replication also bring about activation of histone mRNA synthesis. Cessation of synthesis would occur once this region had been replicated and the chromatin restored to its prereplicative state.
EVALUATION OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR MECHANICS WITH 4D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: AN IN VITRO VALIDATION AGAINST SONOMICROMETRY

4D Echocardiography is an established assessment for wall motion tracking and allows analysis in 3-dimensions. The aim of this study is to validate RV strain by 4D echocardiography against sonomicrometry before and after infarction. Four pig hearts and 1 sheep heart were studied in a water bath
The specific heat of LaCu2O4 and NdCu2O4 in fields to 7 T

Abstract Specific heats for LaCu2O4 and NdCu2O4, with two inequivalent Cu sites [Cu2+ (S = 1 2 , magnetic) and Cu3+ (S = 1, nonmagnetic)], were measured in fields to 7 T. The field-dependent ordering of the Cu2+ had an associated field-independent entropy of 0.29R ln 2 instead of the expected R ln 2. NdCu2O4 had an additional specific-heat anomaly for Nd3+ and γ(H)T terms nearly two orders of magnitude greater than those for LaCu2O4.
Charged particle counters in the pre-modern period

The history of nuclear particle and radiation counting techniques divides itself naturally into three epochs that may be labeled ; Early, Pre-Modern, and Modem. Figs . 1 and 2 are facsimile reproductions of figures from two of the seminal papers of the Early period. With this division the Modern era dates from the advent of photomultiglier-scintillation counters using anthracenet°) and thallium activated sodium iodide crystals'') followed in 1958-63 by practical solid-state ionization counters using crystals of silicon or germanium. And with this division we then designate the PreModern era as the period starting in the 1930's during which the several types of gas-ionization counters of the Early period were perfected Ind coupled to vacuum tube circuits and recording apparatus . As a young graduate student starting research in 1940 1 found the gas counter field in a developed state and one which has changed but little since. Neher's famous chapter on Geiger and Geiger-Mueller counters had appeared in Strong's Procedures in experimental physics, published in 1938. Fig. 3 is a reproduction of one of the artistic drawings from this chapter . Various recipes for making reliable GM counters were well known, although there was controversy on the reasons for
Merkel cell carcinoma: Two case reports focusing on the role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in staging and surveillance

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare skin neuroendocrine carcinoma frequently occurring in the head and neck area. It is known for being a locally aggressive disease with a high incidence of regional and distant metastases. Accurate initial staging and close surveillance are critical in the management of the disease. Methods and Results: Two cases of MCC are reported in which fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) imaging has been beneficial in directing management and predicting clinical course. Pretreatment FDG PET scans detected metastatic disease in subcentimeter lymph nodes that were not appreciated in initial computed tomography images. Posttreatment FDG PET scans predicted response to therapy with the level of FDG uptake correlating in both areas of complete response to treatment and areas of residual diseases. Finally, FDG PET imaging also detected the progression of the disease after initial treatment. Conclusion: FDG PET imaging is a very sensitive modality in staging, assessment of treatment response, and surveillance of MCC. Because of the rarity of MCC, multicenter study is warranted to accumulate enough cases to determine the sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET in staging and surveillance of MCC, and the impact on the management and treatment outcome.
A liquidity-in-advance model of the demand for money under price uncertainty☆

Abstract We develop a model of money demand in which the asset and goods markets open sequentially. Money balances are subject to price-level and consumption risk. Empirical evidence from a bivariate ARCH framework suggests both sources of risk reduced money demand in the 1970s. Inflation risk depresses money demand throughout our sample, 1962–1987. The econometric analysis resolves conflicting empirical estimates reported in the literature.
The mobilization of social supports: Some individual constraints

The effects of two dispositional variables, locus of control and help-seeking beliefs, as well as sociodemographic variables, on the mobilization of social supports were examined in this study. With a sample of 308 women users of a neighborhood health center, information was gathered regarding social support contacts following stressful events occurring within the previous year. Results confirmed the importance of the two dispositional variables, with internal locus of control and positive beliefs in the benefits of help-seeking each being associated with more support mobilization, independent of the number of potential supporters available. In addition, the educational level of the respondents showed a direct, positive relationship to support mobilization. Tests for interactions revealed several interactions between sociodemographic variables and the dispositional variables or potential support. These interactions generally showed that the dispositional variables and levels of potential support had a greater impact on support mobilization for persons with higher educational achievement, higher incomes, or coming from English-speaking (vs. Spanish-speaking) backgrounds. Results are discussed in relation to current research on social support and differential vulnerability of individuals to the effects of stress.
Physical properties of LnAgyX4-y (Ln = La, Ce; X = Al, Ga; y≈0.72)

Single crystals of LnAg y X 4-y (Ln = La, Ce; X = Al, Ga; y≈ 0.72) were synthesized by aluminum or gallium flux and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. LnAg Y X 4-y (Ln = La, Ce; X= Al, Ga; y≈0.72) crystallize in the tetragonal space group 14/mmm (No. 139) with lattice parameter a= ≈4.3A and c= ≈10. 7A, Z= 2. CeAg 0.72 Al 3.28 and CeAg 0.67 Ga 3.33 are metallic, and magnetic measurements indicate that they both order ferromagnetically near 3 K.
Incorporating Observed Choice into the Construction of Welfare Measures from Random Utility Models

Abstract This paper develops an approach to welfare measurement from random utility models that incorporates the implications of an individual's observed choice. The economic and statistical properties of the proposed approach are discussed, and its empirical implications are illustrated with an application to outdoor recreation demand. Welfare estimates for two policy scenarios and four alternative repeated discrete choice specifications—a conditional logit, a quasi-nested logit, a random marginal utility of income logit, and a full random coefficients logit—are constructed for a subsample of the 1994 National Survey of Recreation and the Environment.
Self diffusion of europium, neodymium, thorium, and uranium in haplobasaltic melt: The effect of oxygen fugacity and the relationship to melt structure

We report new measurements of self diffusion coefficients (D) for Mg, Nd, Eu, Th, and U in a haplobasaltic (Fo_(15)Di_(40)An_(45)) melt at 1 atm, 1400–1500°C, and oxygen fugacities corresponding to air and the Fe-FeO buffer. Diffusion couples consisted of isotopically distinct melts of the same chemical composition, and isotopic concentration profiles in quenched couples were measured with an ion probe. The valence state distributions of Eu and U were determined from absorption spectroscopy and model calculations, which demonstrate a shift from Eu^(3+) and U^(5.5+) in air to Eu^(2.5+) and U^(4+) at Fe-FeO. D_(Mg), D_(Nd), and D_(Th) are independent of oxygen fugacity and agree well with our previous measurements. D_(Eu) = D_(Nd) in air and increases by 42% at Fe-FeO, while D_U = D_(Th) in air and shows a possible small increase of ∼20% at Fe-FeO. The change in D_(Eu) with oxygen fugacity matches the established ionic radius and charge dependence for Mg, Ca, Ba, Nd, Yb, Ti, and Zr, while diffusion coefficients for Zr, Th, U^(4+), and U^(5.5+) are independent of ionic radius and charge. Activation energies for all cations are approximately equal, independent of oxygen fugacity, and approximately match the activation energy for viscous flow. In addition, activation energies and diffusion coefficients recently measured for O and Si in basalt agree well with the present values. The good agreement between the various activation energies and between network modifier and network former diffusivities is consistent with a model in which diffusion of network modifying cations in low viscosity melts is controlled largely by the extrinsic influence of the melt network reorganization, with an additional influence from the intrinsic mobilities of the individual cations. The constant diffusion coefficient defined by the high ionic radius and charge elements is interpreted to represent the characteristic network diffusivity for this composition, which dominates over the intrinsic diffusivities for these elements. Elements with faster intrinsic diffusivities still display a small ionic radius and charge dependence. Diffusion coefficients in high viscosity melts are expected to be decoupled from the network, and thus may display a much greater dependence on ionic radius and charge.
Pollution: a global threat.

Abstract Over the past several decades, several large-scale seemingly unrelated events have unfolded in all corners of the world. Within the oceans, coral reef systems have been facing unprecedented mass bleaching episodes, sea turtles worldwide are currently experiencing an epidemic in the form of fibropapilloma, and global phytoplankton populations have declined by 40%. Within the Earth's terrestrial systems, similar phenomena have appeared in the form of colony collapse disorder (CCD) currently devastating honey bee colonies, White Nose Syndrome decimating bat populations, and the chytrid fungus plaguing amphibian populations. On the surface these events appear to be unrelated yet at the root of each phenomenon there appears an underlying threat — pollution. This paper will investigate the commonality of these occurrences as well as investigate the current and potential solutions to the threat.
Validation of a Finite Element Model of the Young Normal Lower Cervical Spine

A Finite Element Model (FEM) of the young adult human cervical spine has been developed as a first step in studying the process of spondylotic degeneration. The model was developed using normal geometry and material properties for the lower cervical spine. The model used a three-zone composite disc annulus to reflect the different material properties of the anterior, posterior, and lateral regions of the annulus. Nonlinear ligaments were implemented with a toe region to help the model achieve greater flexibility at low loads. The model was validated against experimental data for normal, nondegenerated cervical spines tested in flexion and extension, right and left lateral bending, and right and left axial rotation at loads of 0.33, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Nm. The model was within in vitro experimental standard deviation corridors 100% of the load range for right and left lateral bending. The model was within 80% of the load response corridors for extension and flexion with a deviation <0.3 degrees from the SD corridors. For axial rotation, the model was within 70% of the SD corridors for left axial rotation within 83% of right axial rotation responses. The deviation from SD corridors for axial rotation was generally <0.2 degrees.
Ontogeny in Animal Colonies: A Persistent Trend in the Bryozoan Fossil Record

The principal modes of zooid and colony growth in encrusting cheilostome bryozoans have undergone a major evolutionary transition during the last 100 million years. Comparisons of species within successive North American fossil faunas reveal a persistent trend in which one mode of growth is gradually supplanted by another. Ecological evidence from living faunas and the polyphyletic nature of this trend suggest that the transition has adaptive significance.
Large-scale functional models of visual cortex for remote sensing

Neuroscience has revealed many properties of neurons and of the functional organization of visual cortex that are believed to be essential to human vision, but are missing in standard artificial neural networks. Equally important may be the sheer scale of visual cortex requiring ∼1 petaflop of computation, while the scale of human visual experience greatly exceeds standard computer vision datasets: the retina delivers ∼1 petapixel/year to the brain, driving learning at many levels of the cortical system. We describe work at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) to develop large-scale functional models of visual cortex on LANL's Roadrunner petaflop supercomputer. An initial run of a simple region V1 code achieved 1.144 petaflops during trials at the IBM facility in Poughkeepsie, NY (June 2008). Here, we present criteria for assessing when a set of learned local representations is “complete” along with general criteria for assessing computer vision models based on their projected scaling behavior. Finally, we extend one class of biologically-inspired learning models to problems of remote sensing imagery.
Statistical mechanics of noncovalent bonds in polyamino acids. VI. A simple model for side-chain hydrogen bonds between helices†

The partition function of paper II for short polypetide chains is incorporated here into one for a simple model for side-chain hydrogen bonds between helices. It is thus possible to calculate the fraction of amide hydrogen bonds, the fraction of side-chain hydrogen bonds, and the number of bound protons as a function of temperature and pH. Illustrative data are presented for the probabilities of occurrence of intermediate structures and for the influence of the overall conformation on the observed pK's of ionizable groups.
Strategies for improving the quality of verbal patient and family education: a review of the literature and creation of the EDUCATE model

Objective: Patient and family education includes print, audio-visual methods, demonstration, and verbal instruction. Our objective was to study verbal instruction as a component of patient and family education and make recommendations for best practices for healthcare providers who use this method. Methods: We conducted a literature review of articles from 1990 to 2014 about verbal education and collaborated on departmental presentations to determine best practices. A survey was sent to all nursing staff to determine perceptions of verbal education and barriers to learning. Results: Through our work, we were able to identify verbal education models, best practices, and needs. We then constructed the EDUCATE model of verbal education, which built upon our findings. Conclusion: Verbal education of patients and family members requires a multidisciplinary approach that takes into account learning styles, literacy, and culture to apply clear communication and methods for the assessment of learning. Providers n...
A metastable phase diagram for sputter-deposited NiLa alloys

Abstract Amorphous Ni 1− x La x thick films (0.02 ≲ x ≲ 0.30) were prepared by high-rate sputter deposition. Alloy phase compositions were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis following isothermal annealing treatments at temperatures up to 850°C. Results are presented in the form of a metastable phase diagram, which is compared with the equilibrium phase diagram of the NiLa system.