cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association Between Religious Service Attendance and Lower Suicide Rates Among US Women

Importance Previous studies have linked suicide risk with religious participation, but the majority have used ecologic, cross-sectional, or case-control data. Objective To examine the longitudinal association between religious service attendance and suicide and the joint associations of suicide with service attendance and religious affiliation. Design, Setting, and Participants We evaluated associations between religious service attendance and suicide from 1996 through June 2010 in a large, long-term prospective cohort, the Nurses’ Health Study, in an analysis that included 89 708 women. Religious service attendance was self-reported in 1992 and 1996. Data analysis was conducted from 1996 through 2010. Main Outcomes and Measures Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the association between religious service attendance and suicide, adjusting for demographic covariates, lifestyle factors, medical history, depressive symptoms, and social integration measures. We performed sensitivity analyses to examine the influence of unmeasured confounding. Results Among 89 708 women aged 30 to 55 years who participated in the Nurses’ Health Study, attendance at religious services once per week or more was associated with an approximately 5-fold lower rate of suicide compared with never attending religious services (hazard ratio, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.06-0.46). Service attendance once or more per week vs less frequent attendance was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.05 (95% CI, 0.006-0.48) for Catholics but only 0.34 (95% CI, 0.10-1.10) for Protestants (P = .05 for heterogeneity). Results were robust in sensitivity analysis and to exclusions of persons who were previously depressed or had a history of cancer or cardiovascular disease. There was evidence that social integration, depressive symptoms, and alcohol consumption partially mediated the association among those occasionally attending services, but not for those attending frequently. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort of US women, frequent religious service attendance was associated with a significantly lower rate of suicide.
Characterization of polyimides by and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance

The polyimides LaRC-TPI, LaRC-IA and LaRC-SI and related model compounds were investigated using 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Magic angle spinning was used to acquire 13C isotropic chemical shift spectra of these materials. The spectra were assigned as completely as possible. In addition, the principal components of some shielding tensors were measured using variable angle correlation spectroscopy (VACSY). Of those studied, LaRC-SI is the only polymer that is soluble. However, after it is heated past its glass transition temperature, LaRC-SI becomes insoluble. Experiments were performed in an attempt to identify causes of this behavior. When magnetization from nuclei in rigid regions of the polymer is suppressed, the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of soluble LaRC-SI are significantly different from those of insoluble LaRC-SI. Hydration studies of LaRC-SI show that absorbed water plasticizes the polymer.
The Behavioral Traps in Making Multiple, Simultaneous, Newsvendor Decisions

This paper explores the link between bounded rationality, and complexity of decision problems in a newsvendor setting. We compare behaviors of newsvendors who manage one versus two stores, and find that individuals making two simultaneous newsvendor decisions, in both same-margin and mixed-margin scenarios, exhibit worse performances than making a single newsvendor decision, driven by lower levels of learning, and stronger demand chasing behavior. Furthermore, while in our setting, the two newsvendor decisions are independent to each other, order decisions are impacted by both exogenous demand signals and endogenous order decisions of the other store. We call it the “cross store influence.” We develop a behavioral model, based on linear adjustment dynamics, to explain the findings, and provide an theoretical analysis of the long term behavior of this model. These results highlight the importance of assigning the right amount of decision responsibilities to managers, and keeping them not distracted from unrelated information.
Understanding the Psychosocial Influences on High School Football Players’ Weight-Gaining Behaviors

High school football players are often encouraged to “bulk up” to improve their performance. However, their weight-gain techniques often include unhealthy eating practices that have health consequences. Using the integrated behavioral model (IBM) as a sensitizing framework, we interviewed 22 former high school football players. Findings indicate significant descriptive and injunctive normative influences, a culture of high school football that facilitated bulking up, and contrasting experiential and instrumental attitudes toward weight-gain behaviors. This formative research can assist in the development of health communication interventions targeting players, coaches, and parents.
HOW AFFORDANCES AND CONSTRAINTS OF PHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL MANIPULATIVES SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURAL FLUENCY AND ALGORITHMIC THINKING IN MATHEMATICS

The purpose of this study was to examine how the affordances and constraints of physical and virtual manipulatives influence the development of students’ algorithmic thinking when learning algebra and rational number concepts. Thirty-six third-grade students participated in two weeks of instruction using physical and virtual manipulatives as instructional tools. The primary design of the study was a teaching experiment in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected to provide a holistic examination. Pre- and post-test items were used in the quantitative analysis following a within-subjects crossover repeated measures design. Students’ written work, a user survey, student interviews, field notes, and classroom videotapes were used in a qualitative analysis by coding the text data for evidence of major themes. Quantitative results indicated a significant difference between the physical and virtual manipulatives teaching episodes on students’ pre- and post-test performance that was mediated by mathematics content type (fractions vs. algebra). Qualitative results confirmed that the affordances and constraints of the virtual manipulative fraction applets supported students’ development of algorithmic thinking.
EEG/MEG artifact suppression for improved neural activity estimation

Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) measurements can be used to monitor neural activity, that is generally characterized using current or magnetic dipole source models with time-varying amplitude, position, and moment parameters. The EEG/MEG measurements, however, often contain artifacts that do not originate from the brain. These artifacts can include patient movement, normal heart electrical activity, muscle and eye movement, or equipment and environmental clutter. In this paper, we propose a novel neural activity estimation approach that integrates particle filtering with the probabilistic data association filter in order to validate neural measurements and suppress artifacts before estimating neural activity. Simulations using synthetic data with this approach demonstrate high performance in suppressing artifacts and tracking neural activity; results for real data are also presented.
Lift-off: can biometrics bring secure and streamlined air travel?

As every commercial airline passenger knows, air travel security and convenience are often at odds with each other. It starts with check-in, where travellers must present their biographical identification (driver's licence or passport) to an airline agent. There may also be a checked bag self-drop, where the ID process is at least partially replicated. Moments later, before even reaching passenger/carry-on screening, travellers have to re-confirm their identity by again presenting biographical data, this time to transportation security agents. With international travel, the process is repeated again on arrival, as authorities verify each passenger's identity at immigration and customs. And each checkpoint typically greets travellers with queues – often very long ones.
Higher-Order Spectra in Biomedical Signal Processing

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present the definitions of Higher-Order Statistics and Higher-Order Spectra (HOS), discuss some of their properties, summarize some important results from their use in signal processing and system identification applications, and finally indicate some potential uses of HOS in biomedical signal processing.
Indentation of a stretched elastomer

Abstract Indentation has been intensively used to characterize mechanical properties of soft materials such as elastomers, gels, and soft biological tissues. In most indentation measurements, residual stress or stretch which can be commonly found in soft materials is ignored. In this article, we aim to quantitatively understand the effects of prestretches of an elastomer on its indentation measurement. Based on surface Green's function, we analytically derive the relationship between indentation force and indentation depth for a prestretched Neo-Hookean solid with a flat-ended cylindrical indenter as well as a spherical indenter. In addition, for a non-equal biaxially stretched elastomer, we obtain the equation determining the eccentricity of the elliptical contacting area between a spherical indenter and the elastomer. Our results clearly demonstrate that the effects of prestretches of an elastomer on its indentation measurement can be significant. To validate our analytical results, we further conduct correspondent finite element simulations of indentation of prestretched elastomers. The numerical results agree well with our analytical predictions.
The construction of national identity and the curation of difficult knowledge at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights

The curatorial function of the relatively new human rights museum is to act as an intermediary between past atrocity and present social justice. However, as entrusted agencies of the state, nationa...
Transport of Freshwater Across the Shallow Southeast Vietnamese Continental Shelf and Slope

Abstract : The long-term goal of this project is to understand the dynamics of shelfbreak processes in the South China Sea with particular emphasis on cross-shelf exchange, scales of variability, and the effects of monsoonal forcing on exchange. The specific objectives for this project were to perform two research cruises during the winter and summer monsoons and do repeated hydrography with a towed vehicle to measure fluxes across the shelfbreak in the South China Sea. We also planned to deploy two moorings to examine temporal variability of cross-shelf flows.
DEGRADATION OF MITOCHONDRIA IN RETICULOCYTES

ABSTRACT The maturation of the reticulocyte to the erythrocyte is characterized by a nearly complete disappearance of mitochondria. Their degradation is preceded by the synthesis of a special lipoxygenase (LOX) unique for the reticulocyte. This enzyme causes lysis of mitochondria by peroxidation of their lipids as well as a multisite inhibition of the respiratory chain by oxidative destruction of iron-sulphur proteins. The LOX has been purified and characterized with respect to its molecular and enzymatic properties. It is a glycoprotein (mol wt 78,000; i.p. 5.6) with functional Ee. The enzyme acts in a suicidal manner by being inactivated during its reaction with substrates. Intensive bleeding anaemia gives rise to the appearance of high amounts of LOX (about 4 mg/ml cells) owing to superinduction. The degradation of the mitochondria in reticulocytes constitutes the first clear-cut example of the functional role of soluble lipoxygenases in the breakdown of membranes
Computational Imaging: Going beyond the limits of conventional lenses using computation (Conference Presentation)

Conference Presentation for "Computational Imaging: Going beyond the limits of conventional lenses using computation"
What is the Imagined North? Ethical Principles

This multilingual essay, written by Professor Daniel Chartier, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, is translated into seven languages, many of which are related to the North—Norwegian, Swedish, Danish...
Interference Drag Associated with Engine Locations for Multidisciplinary Design Optimization

This research aims to quantify the interference drag for various engine locations on a traditional “tube and wing,” 150-passenger commercial aircraft flying at 35,000 ft and Mach 0.8. Engine locations are varied in the chord wise, span wise, and vertical directions near the wing, both under and above the wing, as well as along the fuselage. Euler simulations are performed with representative powered modern engines. The results are intended to supplement empirical drag estimates suitable for multidisciplinary design environments. Large interference drag increases, as compared to the isolated air frame and engine geometry, are found to occur when the engine is placed directly above or below the wing. Interference effects are significantly reduced, and in some instances result in benefits compared to the isolated bodies, when the engines are placed fore or aft of the wing. Interference drag increases are partially explained by flow channels leading to choked flow and shock interactions between bodies.
Indications for Bariatric Surgery

In the United States, current indications for bariatric surgery are based on the 1991 NIH Consensus Development Conference Panel’s published guidelines. While indications for such surgery have broadened since that time, the basic guidelines state that a patient should be ≥18 years of age, should have tried nonsurgical means of weight loss for at least 5 years, should not have any significant untreated psychological diagnoses, should not have causes for weight gain that are unlikely to be eliminated after surgery, and should have no severe underlying medical conditions that would make it unsafe to undergo a major operation. Patients should also have a body mass index ≥40 or ≥35 with at least one severe weight-related medical condition.
Asymptotic Semicircular Law Induced by p-Adic Number Fields $$\mathbb {Q}_{p}$$ Q p Over Primes

In this paper, we study asymptotic semicircular law, and corresponding free-distributional data, induced by p-adic analysis on the p-adic number fields $$\mathbb {Q}_{p}$$ , as $$p \rightarrow \infty $$ in the set $$ \mathcal {P}$$ of all primes.
Are White Women Showing Up for Racial Justice? Intergroup Contact, Closeness to People Targeted by Prejudice, and Collective Action:

Although scholars have suggested that relationships with people of color can enhance White people’s commitment to racial justice, many women of color have questioned whether White people, and White...
The Variation of the Intensity, Height, and Size of Precipitation Systems with El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the Tropics and Subtropics

AbstractA 16-yr (1998–2013) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Feature (PF) database is used to examine the impacts of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the characteristi...
What Can We Learn from Augmented Reality (AR)?: Benefits and Drawbacks of AR for Inquiry-based Learning of Physics

Emerging technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR), have the potential to radically transform education by making challenging concepts visible and accessible to novices. In this project, we have designed a Hololens-based system in which collaborators are exposed to an unstructured learning activity in which they learned about the invisible physics involved in audio speakers. They learned topics ranging from spatial knowledge, such as shape of magnetic fields, to abstract conceptual knowledge, such as relationships between electricity and magnetism. We compared participants' learning, attitudes and collaboration with a tangible interface through multiple experimental conditions containing varying layers of AR information. We found that educational AR representations were beneficial for learning specific knowledge and increasing participants' self-efficacy (i.e., their ability to learn concepts in physics). However, we also found that participants in conditions that did not contain AR educational content, learned some concepts better than other groups and became more curious about physics. We discuss learning and collaboration differences, as well as benefits and detriments of implementing augmented reality for unstructured learning activities.
Current Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN)

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a superficial conjunctival and cornea tumor but 3–9% can have intraocular invasion and approximately 1–6% can have orbital invasion. Primary treatment remains surgical but use of topical chemotherapy has greatly improved the outcome for extensive lesions and for recurrent tumors. Radiation and enucleation or exenteration are reserved for extensive lesions.
Eco-Approach With Traffic Prediction and Experimental Validation for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles

This work proposes a fuel efficient vehicle speed control strategy for a connected and autonomous vehicle to pass the intersection (the eco-approach application). A control framework is developed to integrate traffic prediction (enabled by connectivity) and speed optimization. The traffic prediction is based on traffic flow model and can be applied to mixed-traffic scenarios where both connected and non-connected vehicles are on the road. Real-time information from connected vehicles and signal lights provides ‘partial’ measurement of the traffic states. The unknown traffic states are estimated using an observer (Unscented Kalman Filter). Uncertainties in the traffic prediction are systematically considered during the vehicle speed optimization to improve the robustness of the optimal control. Effects of powertrain states (the transmission gear ratio) on fuel consumption are considered as well. The vehicle speed optimization problem is real-time implementable using an efficient nonlinear programming solver. The optimal speed control strategy is evaluated in both a simulated traffic scenario and a real-world traffic scenario. In the simulated traffic scenario, fuel benefits vary from 5.3% to 9.4% as the penetration rate of connectivity increases. This is satisfactory compared to 11.7% fuel benefits with perfect traffic prediction. In the real-world traffic scenario, experimental results show that 6.9% fuel benefits can be achieved with two connected preceding vehicles and 11.2% fuel benefits can be obtained with perfect prediction. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the traffic prediction and the optimal vehicle speed control strategy.
Dine and Dash: Static, Dynamic, and Economic Analysis of In-Browser Cryptojacking

Cryptojacking is the permissionless use of a target device to covertly mine cryptocurrencies. With cryptojacking attackers use malicious JavaScript codes to force web browsers into solving proof-of-work puzzles, thus making money by exploiting resources of the website visitors. To understand and counter such attacks, we systematically analyze the static, dynamic, and economic aspects of in-browser cryptojacking. For static analysis, we perform content-, currency-, and code-based categorization of cryptojacking samples to 1) measure their distribution across websites, 2) highlight their platform affinities, and 3) study their code complexities. We apply unsupervised learning to distinguish cryptojacking scripts from benign and other malicious JavaScript samples with 96.4% accuracy. For dynamic analysis, we analyze the effect of cryptojacking on critical system resources, such as CPU and battery usage. Additionally, we perform web browser fingerprinting to analyze the information exchange between the victim node and the dropzone cryptojacking server. We also build an analytical model to empirically evaluate the feasibility of cryptojacking as an alternative to online advertisement. Our results show a large negative profit and loss gap, indicating that the model is economically impractical. Finally, by leveraging insights from our analyses, we build countermeasures for in-browser cryptojacking that improve upon the existing remedies.
New phenotypes associated with 3q29 duplication syndrome: Results from the 3q29 registry

3q29 duplication syndrome (3q29dup) is a rare genomic disorder caused by a 1.6 Mb duplication (GRCh38 chr3:195,998,000-197,623,000). Case reports indicate the 3q29dup is likely to be pathogenic, but the full range of manifestations is not well understood. We used the 3q29 registry (https://3q29.com) to ascertain 31 individuals with 3q29dup, the largest cohort ever surveyed in a systematic way. For comparison, we ascertained 117 individuals with the reciprocal 3q29 deletion and 64 typically developing controls. We used a custom medical and demographic questionnaire to assess physical and developmental phenotypes, and two standardized instruments, the Social Responsiveness Scale and Child Behavior Checklist/Adult Behavior Checklist, to assess social disability. Participants with 3q29dup report a high rate of problems in the first year of life (80.6%), including feeding problems (55%), failure to gain weight (42%), hypotonia (39%), and respiratory distress (29%). In early childhood, learning problems (71.0%) and seizures (25.8%) are common. Additionally, the rate of self-reported autism spectrum disorder diagnoses (39%) is substantially elevated compared to the general population, suggesting that the 3q29 duplication may be an autism susceptibility locus. This is the most comprehensive description of 3q29dup to date. Our findings can be used to develop evidence-based strategies for early intervention and management of 3q29dup.
Chapter 14 – CDMA Wireless Communications

Publisher Summary This chapter has tried to reveal the internal relation of code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless communication. A common nontechnical analogy to CDMA is imagine a round table, where there are multiple one-to-one conversations occurring between various pairs of people who are not adjacent to each other. Each pair would hear the other pairs' conversations as unintelligible noise, and their own conversation would stand out because each person could correlate what he heard against familiar words and speech of his own language. With this analogy in mind, people may try to outline the essential basics of the CDMA2000 system in the following. With a TDMA system, the allocated bandwidth in a slot is fixed. A variable rate vocoder would need to be allocated a channel with a data rate equal to the maximum possible rate. CDMA, however, can take advantage of variable rates. Therefore, a companion technology was developed to support high-speed data users. It can be concluded that the target population for this type of service is primarily business people who need and are willing to pay for mobile high-speed service to allow remote Internet and email access.
Soldiers to Scientists: Military Service, Gender, and STEM Degree Earning:

The authors use 2014–2018 data from the American Community Survey to answer two questions: To what extent is military service associated with higher rates of earning a bachelor’s degree in a scienc...
Urban form, traffic volume, and air quality: A spatiotemporal stratified approach:

Understanding the interplay between urban form, traffic volume, and air quality is significant for urban planning and environmental sustainability. However, limited progress has been made in bringi...
Prompt-facilitated learning: The development of unprompted memory integration and subsequent self-derivation.

What are the boundaries that limit expansion of semantic knowledge across development? One striking contender is the necessity of a prompt to integrate and self-generate new information. The present research was an investigation of 7–9-year-olds’ and 18–22-year-olds’ prompted versus unprompted memory integration and subsequent self-derivation of new knowledge. Children and adults (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were exposed to sets of novel, true facts that could be integrated to self-derive new knowledge. On some trials they were prompted to integrate and self-derive and on others they were not. Both children and young adults capitalized more effectively on prompted opportunities to self-derive compared with unprompted opportunities, and the mechanism of this difference in performance likely underlies memory integration. Thus, the current work illustrates the importance of the conditions under which memory integration occurs, regardless of age. Results also offer evidence consistent with developmental change in unprompted integration and self-derivation performance, such that children and adults may engage the process of self-derivation differently. This work is particularly important in highlighting the necessity of appropriate scaffolding to foster successful learning opportunities and understanding the conditions under which semantic knowledge is accumulated.
Mapping and correcting the distortion of 3D structured light scanners

Abstract We describe the use of an automated co-ordinate measurement machine (CMM) directly or in concert with a three-axis robot arm to map the distortion of a 3D structured light scanner's field of view. This enables us to compare the claimed accuracy and resolution of different structured light scanners. In addition, we can also use the distortion mapping to generate a correction mechanism to improve the performance of the scanner. We present the results of experiments obtained using this novel approach on three commercially available 3D scanners.
Hidden Music in Early Elizabethan Tragedy

In modern times, scholars have widely regarded early Elizabethan tragedy, like Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville’s Gorboduc (1561/62) and its successors at the Inns of Court, as verbose and unlyrical. Those criticisms may reflect an incomplete understanding of the original performance tradition, however. Like Senecan tragedies from this period, those plays include act-ending choruses, mostly in pentameter and in various stanza configurations. This study proposes that in the English tragedies, at least, those choruses were very likely sung, most probably to tunes from the emerging repertoire of metrical psalms. These findings would significantly affect the character of such plays and how they are perceived by scholars and audiences alike.
The First Political-Ecological Database and Its Use in Episode Analysis

Biodiversity loss is a consequence of socio-ecological processes. Observations on anthropogenic actions towards ecosystems coupled to observations on ecosystem metrics are needed to help understand these processes so that ecosystem management policies can be derived and implemented to curb such destruction. Such data needs to be maintained in searchable data portals. To this end, this article delivers a first-of-its-kind relational database of observations on coupled anthropogenic and ecosystem actions. This Ecosystem Management Actions Taxonomy (EMAT) database is founded on a taxonomy designed to support models of political-ecological processes. structured query language scripts for building and querying these databases are described. The use of episodes in the construction of political-ecological theory is also introduced. These are frequently occurring sequences of political-ecological actions. Those episodes that test positive for causality can aid in improving a political-ecological theory by driving modifications to an attendant computational model so that it generates them. Two relational databases of political-ecological actions are described that are built from online news articles and published data on species abundance. The first concerns the management of the East African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) population, and the second is focused on the management of rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) in South Africa. The cheetah database is used to study the political drivers of cheetah habitat loss. An EMAT database is a fundamental breakthrough because is provides a language for conservation science to identify the objects and phenomena that it is about. Therefore, maintaining political-ecological data in EMAT databases will advance conservation science and consequently, improve management policies that are based on that science.
Instruction selection for compilers that target architectures with echo instructions

Echo Instructions have recently been introduced to allow embedded processors to provide runtime decompression of LZ77-compressed programs at a minimal hardware cost compared to other recent decompression schemes. As embedded architectures begin to adopt echo instructions, new compiler techniques will be required to perform the compression step. This paper describes a novel instruction selection algorithm that can be integrated into a retargetable compiler that targets such architectures. The algorithm uses pattern matching to identify repeated fragments of the compiler’s intermediate representation of a program. Identical program fragments are replaced with echo instructions, thereby compressing the program. The techniques presented here can easily be adapted to perform procedural abstraction, which replaces repeated program fragments with procedure calls rather than echo instructions.
Focus on Identity Development: A Proposal for Addressing English Teacher Attrition

Abstract Placing teacher identity work (e.g. thinking critically about what it means to be a teacher) late in the curriculum of education programs could contribute to the high attrition rate of secondary English teachers. This article argues for more attention to teacher identity development early in candidate coursework to better prepare them for the realities of the classroom and promote their success in the profession.
Writing in English for an international audience

International English is a new technique that has been developed to facilitate communication about global issues. By observing some specially devised guidelines, writers of international English seek to eliminate those elements of English that present difficulties to nonnative speakers and thereby to produce documents of greater readability. Such documents can also be more easily translated, if translation is necessary. International English may significantly influence international communication at many levels. Not only will technical and scientific conferences be more intelligible and gratifying for all participants, but publications for nonnative technical readers in all fields will also be accessible to a wider audience. >
A DEFENCE OF CONNECTIONISM AGAINST THE "SYNTACTIC" ARGUMENT

In "Representations without Rules, Connectionism and the Syntactic Argument'', Kenneth Aizawa argues against the view that connectionist nets can be understood as processing representations without the use of representation-level rules, and he provides a positive characterization of how to interpret connectionist nets as following representation-level rules. He takes Terry Horgan and John Tienson to be the targets of his critique. The present paper marshals functional and methodological considerations, gleaned from the practice of cognitive modelling, to argue against Aizawa's characterization of how connectionist nets may be understood as making use of representation-level rules.
The association of complement protein C1q with apoptotic cells ingested by human dendritic cells modulates dendritic cell-mediated T cell activation (INC5P.332)

Humans deficient in complement protein C1q develop systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with nearly 100% penetrance, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this association have not yet been uncovered. Our previous studies have shown that human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells (DC) ingesting C1q-bound autologous apoptotic cells (AC) (C1q-polarized DC) increase secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα. In this study, we demonstrate that C1q-polarized DC express significantly more surface PD-L2 and CD39 and significantly less CD86 relative to DC ingesting AC alone. To elucidate whether C1q-polarized DC functionally modulate the adaptive immune responses, human autologous T cells were incubated with DC or C1q-polarized DC and the proliferation and induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subset was assessed. We discovered that relative to DC ingesting AC in the absence of C1q, C1q-polarized DC decrease autologous Th17 proliferation and induction and Th1 proliferation when the T cells were maintained in IL-7 prior to the MLR. These data imply that C1q-polarized DC can switch T cell function to reduce T effector cell activation and/or suppress the induction of autoimmunity, identifying new potential pathways for therapeutic intervention in SLE and other inflammatory diseases.
Infrared Hydrogen Emission Lines from H II Regions and ‘Protostars’

The first infrared hydrogen line observation of an H II region was Hilgeman’s (1970) study of the Brackett-γ emission from the Orion Nebula. Subsequent studies of H II regions (see, for example, review by Wynn-Williams and Becklin 1974) and of the Becklin-Neugebauer source in Orion (Penston, Allen and Hyland 1971) over the next few years generally confirmed the expectation that hydrogen recombination lines were to be found in H II regions but not in “protostellar” infrared sources. This tidy differentiation was blunted by Grasdalen’s (1976) discovery of Brackett-α emission in the Becklin-Neugebauer object. Subsequently Brackett-α or Brackett-γ emission has been detected in a significant fraction of all known compact sources in molecular clouds (see, for example, review by Wynn-Williams 1982). Recently, it has become clear that the physical conditions in the emitting regions of the compact “protostellar” sources are quite unlike those in compact H II regions and more resemble those in an outflowing extended stellar atmosphere. This distinction is reflected in the organization of this review; Section II covers the observations and theory of infrared emission from compact H II regions while Section III comprises a discussion of how these ideas are being modified in the cases where the lines are formed in stellar winds.
Picard-Uzawa Schemes: Errors, Convergence and Stopping Criterion

For stationary Navier-Stokes equations, we study a mixture of the Picard and the Uzawa method, in which the n-th iteration corresponds to a solution up to a certain accuracy of a constraint-free subproblem. Convergence of the outer Uzawa cycle is established regardless of the nature of the error from the inner cycle, namely whenever an either/ or criterion holds for the magnitude of the error and the parameter in the outer iteration. From this we derive a stopping criterion for the inner iterations, based on the divergence of the iterands.
Prenatal origin of hemiparetic cerebral palsy: how often and why?

"Consider what must be accomplished during the course of fetal brain development. In effect, in a few months the entire work of hundreds of millions of years of evolution must be reachieved. . . . Tens of billions of neurons must be born. . . . These new cells must find their way to their anatomical destinations, sometimes moving over substantial distances in an embryo that is constantly changing in form. . . Once the cell is fixed in place, the axon must find its way to its own destination. . . . They must not only get where they are going and make a connection, but they must avoid making any number of other connections that they might wrongly make in places they pass. Each nerve cell must develop one or more of at least a dozen neurotransmitters. . . ." The product of that miracle is the most complicated object in the known universe, a human brain. In this "Decade of the Brain," we can anticipate the emergence of a great deal more information about how the nervous system develops, prenatally and thereafter, and how and when that development can go awry. That information will come from laboratories, clinics, and nurseries. Neuroimaging of the infant brain, a subject now producing a rich harvest in journals of pediatrics, neurology, radiology, and obstetrics, will contribute important new information about the processes of brain development in our species, the timing of derailment from the normal course of brain development, and some aspects of pathogenesis. Neuropathology and the enormous flowering of new approaches in the basic and clinical neurosciences will help in explication of the mechanisms of maldevelopment and early injury. And we can hope that identification of mechanisms will allow us to develop strategies to prevent at least some of the problems leading to prenatal damage of the developing human brain.
Synthesis of iodine‐125 labelled ω‐iodoundecyl cholesteryl ether

ω-[125I]Iodoundecyl cholesteryl ether has been synthesized via a hydroboration-iodination sequence. The syntheses can be used to prepare high specific activity (no-carrier-added) reagents.
Simple sample bound for feedforward sigmoid networks with bounded weights

Abstract We consider learning a function f : [0, 1] d ↦ [0, 1] by using feedforward sigmoid networks with a single hidden layer and bounded weights. Using the Lipschitz property, we provide a simple sample size bound within the framework of probably approximately correct learning. The sample size is linear in the number of parameters and logarithmic in the bound on weights. This brief note provides a non-trivial function estimation problem using sigmoid neural networks for which the sample size is a linear function of the number of network parameters.
Giant Fibrolipoma of the Esophagus

Benign tumors of the esophagus are uncommon, representing <0.5% of esophageal tumors. Fibrolipomas are a subset of benign fibrovascular tumors, which present with dysphagia, odynophagia, and substernal fullness. These intraluminal tumors can become elongated and molded into a long pedunculated polyp by constant peristaltic movements. They can cause esophageal obstruction if large and long enough and can cause asphyxiation if they become lodged into the glottis. A barium swallow is the main diagnostic tool; treatment is surgical via a transoral, transcervical, or transthoracic approach. We report the excision of a large esophageal fibrolipoma through a transoral laser microsurgical approach.
Human decorin gene: Intron-exon junctions and chromosomal localization

All of the protein-encoding exons and the 3' flanking region of the human decorin gene have been cloned and partially sequenced. The locations of the intron-exon junctions within the coding portion of the gene were identical to those found for the homologous human gene, biglycan. The sizes of the introns in the decorin gene, however, were substantially larger than those of the same introns of the biglycan gene. Portions of introns 1, 2, and 3 as well as exon 1 were not found during our extensive screening process. The 5' end of intron 2 was found to have an AG-rich region followed immediately by a CT-rich region. Furthermore, the 5' end of intron 3 was very rich in thymidine, whereas the 3' end of intron 7 was rich in adenosine. Several cDNA clones constructed from cultured human bone cell mRNA were found to contain a different sequence at the 5' end compared to that previously published for mRNA from a human embryonic fibroblast cell line. We were also unable to find the alternate 3' flanking region of the previously published cDNA sequence. We have mapped the human decorin gene by in situ methods to chromosome 12q21.3.
Capillary hemangioma of the ethmoidal sinus: a case report

We describe the case of a capillary hemangioma of the ethmoidal sinus, resected under endoscopic control. The capillary hemangioma of the nose is a rare condition. It usually presents on the nasal ...
The similarity solution for turbulent mixing of two-layer stratified fluid

Experiments are reviewed in which a two-layer salt-stratified tank of water was mixed by turbulence. The density profile began as a single step and evolved to a smooth mixed profile. The turbulence was generated by many excursions of a horizontally moving vertical rod with Richardson number Ri > 0.9 and Reynolds Number Re > 600. There was almost perfect collapse of all the profiles to one universal profile as a function of a similarity variable. We develop a theoretical model for a simple mixing law with a buoyancy flux that is a function of internal Richardson number Rii. A similarity equation is found. A flux law that increases with small Rii and decreases with large Rii is considered next. Since no analytical solution is known, the similarity concept is tested by numerically integrating the equations in space and time. With buoyancy flux monotonically increasing with internal Richardson number, the similarity approach is valid for a profile starting from a slightly smoothed step. However, a shock forms for a mixing law with higher initial Rii (so that buoyancy flux decreases with Richardson number) and the similarity approach is invalid for those initial conditions.
Effects of geometry/dimensions of gas flow channels and operating conditions on high-temperature PEM fuel cells

In order to accomplish the objective of studying and optimizing the flow channel geometries and dimen- sions for high-temperature proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) fuel cells (with operating temperatures above 120 � C), a mathematical model has been developed in this work. As the major step of the modeling, the average concentrations of gas species in bulk flows as well as in the layers of electrodes are calculated through mass transfer analysis in one-dimensional direction normal to the mem- brane-electrodes layers. Therefore, the concentration and activation polarizations are simulated with much less computational work compared to a three-dimensional numerical model. The ohmic loss is taken into consider- ation through analysis of a representative network circuit simulating the electron and proton conduction in the ele- ments of electrodes and electrolyte, respectively. The simulated results for high-temperature PEM fuel cells were compared with experimental results from literature. The results from the simulation and experimental tests showed good agreement, which validated the mathematical model. As the model requires less computational work, it was used to analyze a large number of cases with different gas flow channel dimensions and operating conditions, and optimi- zation to the dimensions of channels and ribs was accomplished. List of symbols A Interface area (m 2 ) Achannel The area of the cross-section of a channel (m 2 ) Ci Species mole concentration (mol/m 3 ) Di Species diffusivity (m 2 /s) Dhydro Hydraulic diameter (m) E Electromotive force (V) EA Activation energy (J/mol) F Faraday constant (96485 C/mol) hmass_i Mass transfer coefficient (m/s) I Current (A) i Current density (A/m2) Ji Mass flux of species (kg/s) ji Mass flux of species per unit area (kg/s/m 2 )
A Dozen Commitment Considerations for Couples

Commitment is one of the most frequently cited descriptors of relationships. However, commitment can mean different things to different people. A common problem for many couples is in the assumptio...
Pure-projective modules

The question is addressed of when all pure-projective modules are direct sums of finitely presented modules. It is proved that this is the case over hereditary noetherian rings. Partial results are obtained for uniserial rings. Some of the methods are model-theoretic, and the techniques developed using these may be of interest in their own right.
Cubic nonlinearities in small-particle composites: local-field induced giant enhancements

Abstract We discuss methods for enhancing the cubic nonlinear susceptibility χ e of a composite material, starting from an exact relation between χ e and the fourth moment of the electric field in the related linear composite. At zero frequencies, in a random metal-insulator composite, χ e can be greatly enhanced near a percolation threshold. Similar enhancement is obtained when a linear fractal is embedded in a nonlinear host. In a random Drude metal-insulator composite χ e is greatly enhanced near surface-plasmon resonances; the enhancement shows very strong structure which is nearly undetectable in the linear response. In a suspension of spheres coated with a nonlinear material, χ e / χ coat ⪢ 1 near the surface-plasmon resonance frequency of the core particle.
Enclaves and entrepreneurial success

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of immigrant and ethnic enclaves on the success of entrepreneurial ventures as measured by firm profits and viability. Design/methodology/approach – Data on entrepreneurs and their new firms were provided by the Kauffman Foundation and covered the years 2004-2008. These firm-level data were linked to Census 2000 Summary Files at the ZIP Code level and were used to empirically investigate the effect of enclaves. Findings – The paper found a statistically significant negative effect of immigrant representation in an area on firm profitability. This effect operated on native, rather than immigrant, firm owners, which suggested that native-owned firms locating in immigrant enclaves may experience difficulty assimilating the benefits that enclaves offer. Practical implications – Cultural connections within local communities play a key role in the success of new businesses. Potential firms should recognize the importance of these connections when maki...
Complementary and alternative medicine use and psychosocial outcomes among urban adolescents with asthma.

Objective. Many adolescents with asthma use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for asthma symptom management. The purpose of this study was to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal differences in psychosocial health outcomes between high and low CAM users among urban adolescents with asthma. Methods. Adolescents (Time 1: N = 151, Time 2: N = 131) completed self-report measures regarding the use of 10 CAM modalities, mental health, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) following two clinic visits 1 year apart as part of a larger observational study. Multivariable regression analyses using backward elimination examined relationships between CAM use at Time 1 and outcomes at Time 1 and Time 2, controlling for key covariates and, in longitudinal analyses, Time 1 functioning. Results. Participants (Mage = 15.8, SD = 1.85) were primarily African-American (n = 129 [85%]) and female (n = 91 [60%]) adolescents with asthma. High and low CAM users differed significantly in terms of several psyc...
Sireum/Topi LDP: a lightweight semi-decision procedure for optimizing symbolic execution-based analyses

Automated theorem proving techniques such as Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solvers have seen significant advances in the past several years. These advancements, coupled with vast hardware improvements, have drastic impact on, for example, program verification techniques and tools. The general availability of robust general purpose solvers have reduced a significant engineering overhead when designing and developing program verifiers. However, most solver implementations are designed to be used as a black box, and due to their aim as general purpose solvers, they often miss optimization opportunities that can be done by leveraging domain-specific knowledge. This paper presents our effort to leverage domain-specific knowledge for optimizing symbolic execution (SymExe)-based analyses; we present optimization techniques incorporated as a lightweight semi-decision procedure (LDP) that provides up to an order of magnitude faster analysis time when analyzing realistic programs and well-known algorithms. LDP sits in the middle between a SymExe-based analysis tool and an existing SMT solver; it aims to reduce the number of solver calls by intercepting them and attempting to solve constraints using its lightweight deductive engine.
Anticoagulant activity of oxidized and N- and O-sulfated chitosan

Abstract Chitosan was modified by sulfation and by sulfation and an oxidation which converted some of the sugar units to uronic acid units. Anticoagulant activity measurements showed that sulfated chitosans acquired activity only after all amino groups were sulfated, and that activity increased rapidly with increase in O -sulfate content. Introduction of uronic acid groups still further increased anticoagulant activity by about 10 units at all sulfate levels.