cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using physics to extend the range of machine learning models for an aerodynamic, hydraulic and combusting system: The toy model concept

Abstract Machine learning models used for energy conversion system optimization cannot extrapolate outside the bounds of training data and often produce physically unrealistic results when making predictions in regions of sparse training data. The toy model concept introduced in this work allows machine learning models to extrapolate to some extent and also reduces the possibility of physically unrealistic results. It uses physics to shrink the model input (feature space) of data-based models, so that extrapolations in the data-based feature space tend to become interpolations in the physics-based (toy variable) feature space. The physics-based model can be any model or experiment that can shrink the feature space without affecting interpolation and is termed a ‘toy model’ because it does not need to be accurate or make predictions of interest. The concept has been applied to model experimental data obtained from three complex systems: a. Aerodynamic forces on a spinning and vibrating baseball with inclined axis of rotation (toy model: CFD model), b. Hydraulic turbine efficiency (toy model: PIV images of flow through stationary blades), and c. Combustion generated engine emissions (toy model: system-level 1-D model). All extrapolations were converted into interpolations for the first two systems while a 75% conversion was achieved for the emission predictions. The engine toy model produced 736,281 possible feature spaces from which one unique feature space was chosen for every prediction based on agreement between different machine learning algorithms. It is shown that the ability of the toy variables to reorganize the data is important, while their accuracy is relatively unimportant. The toy model concept was demonstrated to work with neural networks and regression, and can be used to increase model robustness or reduce training data requirements.
Upregulation of eIF4E, but not other translation initiation factors, in dendritic spines during memory consolidation

Local translation can provide a rapid, spatially targeted supply of new proteins in distal dendrites to support synaptic changes that underlie learning. Learning and memory are especially sensitive to manipulations of translational control mechanisms, particularly those that target the initiation step, and translation initiation at synapses could be a means of maintaining synapse specificity during plasticity. Initiation predominantly occurs via recruitment of ribosomes to the 5' mRNA cap by complexes of eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs), and the interaction between eIF4E and eIF4G1 is a particularly important target of translational control pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of eIF4E-eIF4G1 binding impairs consolidation of memory for aversive Pavlovian conditioning as well as the accompanying increase in polyribosomes in the heads of dendritic spines in the lateral amygdala (LA). This is consistent with a role for initiation at synapses in memory formation, but whether eIFs are even present near synapses is unknown. To determine whether dendritic spines contain eIFs and whether eIF distribution is affected by learning, we combined immunolabeling with serial section transmission electron microscopy (ssTEM) volume reconstructions of LA dendrites after Pavlovian conditioning. Labeling for eIF4E, eIF4G1, and eIF2alpha, another key target of regulation, occurred in roughly half of dendritic spines, but learning effects were only found for eIF4E, which was upregulated in the heads of dendritic spines. Our results support the possibility of regulated translation initiation as a means of synapse-specific protein targeting during learning and are consistent with the model of eIF4E availability as a central point of control.
The rituals, fears and phobias of young children: insights from development, psychopathology and neurobiology.

This study examined the relationship between ritualistic, compulsive-like behaviors and normative fears and phobias in 61 children ranging from 1 to 7 years of age. Parents reported on their children's ritualistic habits, and perfectionistic behaviors that reflect what we have previously called “compulsive-like” behaviors. Parents also reported on their children's fears and phobias. Results indicated that various aspects of children's ritualistic and compulsive-like behaviors are correlated with children's fears and phobias. Developmental differences existed such that younger children's ( 4 years) were correlated with more specific, “contextual” fears such as fears of contamination, death, and fears often associated with concerns of the inner city such as burglars, assault, etc. These findings are discussed in terms of the phenomenologic and possible neurobiological continuities between normative and pathologic rituals, fears and phobias.
Activation and modulation of the nicotinic receptor

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are the best characterized ion channels representing the Cys-loop receptor superfamily. AChRs have all the machinery to recognize the neurotransmitter ACh and other agonists such as nicotine, and to transduce the agonist-induced conformational changes into the opening of the intrinsic cation channel. The gating machinery couples ligand binding, located at the extracellular portion, to the opening of the ion channel, located at the transmembrane region. The interface between the extracellular and the transmembrane domains is considered one of the most important structural and functional features for the process of gating. And finally, in the prolonged presence of agonists, the AChR becomes desensitized. Several drugs affect the functioning of these receptors. Among them, positive allosteric modulators (PAM) have acquired importance since are novel drugs for several neurological diseases. PAMs do not bind to the orthostetic binding sites but allosterically enhance the activity elicited by agonists by increasing the gating process and/or by decreasing desensitization. Instead, negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) produce the opposite effects. Interestingly, this negative effect is similar to that found for another class of allosteric drugs, i.e. non competitive antagonists (NCAs). However, the main difference between both categories of drugs is based on their distinct binding site locations. Although both NAMs and NCAs do not bind to the agonist sites, NACs bind to sites located in the ion channel, whereas NAMs bind to nonluminal sites. Interestingly, PAMs and NAMs might be developed as potential medications for the treatment of several diseases involving AChRs including, dementia-, skin-, and immunological-related diseases, drug addiction, and cancer. More exciting is the potential combination of specific agonists with PAMs. However, we are still in the beginning of understanding how these compounds act and how these drugs can be used therapeutically.
The Pastoral Care of Women in Late Medieval England

The question of how priests were taught to think about and care for female parishioners is the topic of this book. As neither misogynist villains nor saintly heroes, clerical authors of pastoral vernacular literature persisted both in their characterization of women as difficult parishioners and in their attempts to recognize women as ordinary parishioners who deserved ordinary pastoral care. Focusing on the important vernacular writings of John Mirk, his Festial and Instructions for Parish Priests, the author reveals how even a small number of influential sermon compilations, exempla, and pastoral guides could have significantly shaped the perceptions, attitudes, and - perhaps - actions of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century priests.Shedding light on the mental universe of the late medieval parish, this study offers important new insights into the reality of how priests perceived and fulfilled their spiritual obligations to the women they served. Beth Allison Barr is Assistant Professor of European Women's History at Baylor University.
Tribes as Trustees Again (Part I): The Emerging Tribal Role in the Conservation Trust Movement

This article is the first part of a two-part analysis that maps out a tribal role in the growing conservation trust movement, which uses transactional property mechanisms to achieve natural resource protection on private lands. Since conquest, tribes have been divested of their traditional “trustee” role in managing nearly all of their aboriginal territory. As a result of mismanagement by federal and state trustees, entire ecosystems are degraded or collapsing, with huge losses for Native America. Use of private property tools represents an innovative way for tribes to reclaim their environmental trustee role over ancestral lands. After describing the native environmental sovereignty effort and the conservation trust movement, this article presents four models of tribal engagement in private conservation. The article concludes by examining the uniquely positive benefits that tribes, as trustees, will bring to native people and Western conservation. Part II of this work evaluates the four models according to criteria important to both native and non-native interests.
Cognitive performance and electrophysiological indices of cognitive control: A validation study of conflict adaptation

Psychiatric and neurologic disorders are associated with deficits in the postconflict recruitment of cognitive control. The primary aim of this study was to validate the relationship between cognitive functioning and indices of conflict adaptation. Event-related potentials were obtained from 89 healthy individuals who completed an Eriksen flanker task. Neuropsychological domains tested included memory, verbal fluency, and attention/executive functioning. Behavioral measures and N2 amplitudes showed significant conflict adaptation (i.e., previous-trial congruencies influenced current-trial measures). Higher scores on the attention/executive functioning and verbal fluency domains were associated with larger incongruent-trial N2 conflict adaptation; measures of cognitive functioning were not related to behavioral indices. This study provides initial validation of N2 conflict adaptation effects as cognitive function-related aspects of cognitive control.
Models of the Small World: A Review

It is believed that almost any pair of people in the world can be connected to one another by a short chain of intermediate acquaintances, of typical length about six. This phenomenon, colloquially referred to as the ``six degrees of separation,'' has been the subject of considerable recent interest within the physics community. This paper provides a short review of the topic.
Attraction of Female Caribbean Fruit Flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae), to the Presence of Males and Male-Produced Stimuli in Field Cages

Male Caribbean fruit flies (caribflies) produce airborne sex pheromones and calling sounds. We tested the response of sexually mature virgin female caribflies, released onto field-caged guava trees to: (1) caged sexually mature males; (2) tape-recorded calling sound; (3) sex pheromone extract; (4) sound + extract; and (5) empty control trap. Males attracted 4.2–fold as many females as the control; sound attracted 2.4–fold as many; extract attracted 2.5–fold as many; and sound + extract attracted 1.9–fold as many. All stimuli except the control attracted most females in the late afternoon. The trap containing the males captured significantly more females than any other treatment. The extract and the sound separately captured significantly more than the controls, although sound and extract together were not significantly different from the controls.
Classroom Exercise: Interpreting Sacred Texts

The author uses a contemporary functional document (a campus map) to design an imaginative exercise which teaches students the limits of map (or text) as a guide to reliable information. Through the exercise, students learn about gaps in information and the limits of what any text reveals, even one which is ostensibly designed as a reliable guide for navigating a campus.
Developing a trusted digital repository: the OCLC experience

Describes the background, design and working of a set of tools to catalogue and ingest (import) objects into a digital archive. The toolset had their origin in a collaboration between OCLC and RLG to define the characteristics of a trusted digital repository. The working of the tools is outlined. Their usage by the Connecticut State Library is discussed.
On the Existence Theorem of an Eigenvalue Problem Arising from Hydrodynamics

The existence of a denumerable set of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions is proved for the problem: g′ + (λ2 - λv-1u) g = 0, h′ + λ2h = -g with h(0) = h′(0) = h(1) = h′(1) = 0. The procedure involves a suitable transformation, asymptotic expansions and complex variable techniques. Fur das Problem g′ + (λ2 - λv-1u) g = 0, h′ + λ2h = -g mit h(0) = h′(0) = h(1) = h′(1) = 0 wird die Existenz einer abzahlbaren Menge von Eigenwerten und Eigenfunktionen bewiesen. Das Verfahren schliest eine geeignete Transformation, asymptotische Entwicklungen und Komplex-Variablen-Techniken ein.
Collins’s incorrect depiction of Dreyfus’s critique of artificial intelligence

Harry Collins interprets Hubert Dreyfus’s philosophy of embodiment as a criticism of all possible forms of artificial intelligence. I argue that this characterization is inaccurate and predicated upon a misunderstanding of the relevance of phenomenology for empirical scientific research.
Abstract 2325: Thrombospondin 1 inhibits angiogenesis in liver metastases but not lung metastases due to differential cleavage activity of ADAMTS1

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: Metastases to any organ site require angiogenesis for tumor expansion. Tumor angiogenesis is restrained by a variety of endogenous inhibitors including thrombospondin 1 (TSP1). The principal anti-angiogenic activity of TSP1 resides in a domain containing 3 TSP1 repeats (3TSR), and TSP1 cleavage is regulated, in part, by the metalloproteinase ADAMTS1. Methods and Results: Wild-type B16F10 melanoma cells formed increased liver metastases in Tsp1-null mice compared to controls but equivalent lung metastases in Tsp1-null mice and controls. Stable cell lines of B16F10, CT26 colon carcinoma, and RenCa renal carcinoma overexpressing full-length TSP1 or 3TSR were generated. Metastases from CT26 and RenCa cell lines over-expressing TSP1 were reduced in liver but not in lung. To determine why TSP1 blocked metastatic tumor growth in the liver but not the lung, we examined cleavage of recombinant TSP1 protein by liver and lung lysates and found that liver lysate cleaved TSP1 into its [3TSR][1] domain much more efficiently that lung lysate. TSP1-mediated inhibition of CT26 lung metastases was restored when only the 3TSR domain was over-expressed rather than full-length TSP1. Liver lysate cleavage activity was significantly abrogated when ADAMTS1 activity was (1) neutralized using ADAMTS-1 antibody, (2) knocked down by lentiviral shRNA, or (3) absent in Adamts1-null liver lysate. Livers metastases generated from B16F10 cells over-expressing TSP1 in Adamts1-haploinsufficient mice demonstrated accelerated growth compared to growth in wild-type mice. Conclusions: TSP1 inhibits the growth of liver metastases but not lung metastases secondary to differential cleavage of TSP1 into anti-angiogenic fragments by ADAMTS1. This study emphasizes the importance of host organ environment in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2325. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=PDB&access_num=3TSR&atom=%2Fcanres%2F70%2F8_Supplement%2F2325.atom
Thermische und mechanische Reifenmodellierung zur Simulation des Fahrverhaltens

Das Thermal and Mechanical Tire Model (TaMeTirE) ist ein von Michelin entwickeltes thermomechanisches Reifenmodell zur Simulation des Fahrverhaltens. Sein Vorteil im Vergleich zu angepassten mathematischen Modellen liegt in der Fahigkeit, die Reifenkrafte und das Reifenmoment zu den tatsachlichen Fahrbedingungen des Fahrzeugs zu extrapolieren. Es berucksichtigt die Einflusse von Fahrgeschwindigkeit und Reifentemperatur und berechnet die Seitenfuhrungskraft voraus, besonders im Grenzbereich der Bodenhaftung.
First-principles study of sulfur overlayers on Pd(111) surface

Abstract We present gradient corrected density functional theory investigations of the adsorption of sulfur on the Pd(1 1 1) surface for a wide range of coverages up to a monolayer (ML). Adsorption of atomic S on the fcc hollow sites is the most energetically favorable at low and medium coverages (⩽0.50 ML). Our studies suggest that at low coverages, island formation with a (√3 × √3) structure will occur in agreement with experimental observations. At S coverages above 0.50 ML, we find a tendency to form S–S bonds on the surface. Electronic density of states plots indicate that as S coverage increases, a weakening of the S–Pd interactions occurs which is compensated by enhancement of the S–S interactions.
Some implications of time-limited general hospital psychiatric inpatient treatment for outcome of hospitalization.

Patients hospitalized in the same general hospital psychiatric unit and treated by the same staff during two consecutive periods of time are compared as to outcome. Average duration of stay during the first period, 31.7 days, was reduced to 18.5 days for the second period. The percentage of patients transferred to a state hospital rose from 17.5% to 29.1%, an increase of 66% in the rate of transfer. There was a concomitant decrease in the percentage of discharges to the community and a sharp increase in rate of requirement for aftercare by the staff of the unit, a disposition generally reserved for patients deemed still quite symptomatic at discharge.
Angle-resolved inverse photoemission of GaP(110)

We have measured angle-resolved inverse-photoemission spectra of GaP(110) along the ΓX and ΓX symmetry direction. An unoccupied, surface-state band near the bottom of the conduction band exhibits a downward dispersion along ΓX and appears to be quite flat along ΓX. Its minimum energy is found at X to be E F +0.9 eV. Combining this value with angle-resolved ultraviolet-photoemission results, we find a direct surface-state band gap of 3.4 eV, while optical data show a first surface-sensitive transition around 2.8 eV.
The alchemy of ideas.

This article presents an assessment of the power of ideas and their role in initiating change and progress. The enormous potential cascade effect is illustrated by examining the movement of Modernism in the arts. Next, the immense scope and capabilities of the modern scientific endeavor—with robotic space exploration at the scale of 10⁹ meters at one extreme and the wonders of nanoscience at the scale of 10⁻⁹ m at the other—are examined. The attitudes and philosophies of neurological surgery are related to those involved in the Modernist movement and placed on the defined scale of contemporary scientific activity.
Concrescent Conversations: Generating a Cooperative Learning Experience in Principles of Management--A Postmodern Analysis.

By taking a postmodern ontology that elevates becoming over the modern ontology of being, the author of this article proposes a theory and describes a method that teachers can use to enhance students' cooperative learning of management principles. The author asserts that the social construction of learning groups is an effect of organizing micropractices embedded in a special type of talk, referred to as "concrescent conversation." The author offers an instructor's guide for generating concrescent conversation or disclosing, questioning, and steering verbal behaviors that facilitate students' cooperative learning of management principles.
MS-Xα calculations of polyhedral boron compounds

MS-Xα calculations have been carried out for B6H-26, B5H9, and 1,6-B4C2H6. Even with the simple muffin-tin approximation, the agreement of the transition state orbital energies with the measured photoelectron spectral ionization potentials for B5H9, and 1,6-B4C2H6 is as good or better than that found with previous ab initio minimum STO basis LCAO-MO-SCF calculations. The undesirable brittleness of the refractory borides is due to boron polyhedra being joined together in three-dimensional networks by unpaired outpointing electrons at the apices of the polyhedra. It is suggested that a way to ameliorate this brittleness would be to replace some of the boron atoms by carbons (or nitrogens or oxygens) to cut down on the outpointing unpaired electrons and thus to cut down on three dimensional network bonding. It is further hypothesized that such “carborides” or related congeneric species might also have an excellent possibility of being high-temperature superconductors.
Flammability envelopes for methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and toluene

Abstract The flammability envelope was experimentally determined up to the point of vapor saturation for four flammable liquids: methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and toluene. The experimental apparatus consisted of a 20-L spherical chamber with a centrally located 10 J fuse wire igniter. The liquid was injected and vaporized into the chamber via a septum and a precision syringe. Nitrogen and oxygen were mixed from pure components using a precision pressure gauge. Pressure versus time data were measured for each ignition test. Flammability was defined as any ignition resulting in an increase in pressure of 7% over the initial pressure, as per ASTM E 918–83. All data were obtained at an initial temperature of 298 K and 1 atm. The experimental values of the LFL agreed well with published values. Limiting oxygen concentrations (LOC) were also determined—although these were somewhat lower than published values. The calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) method was used to model the data using a threshold temperature of 1200 K. A reasonable fit of the flammability envelope was obtained, although this could be improved with a higher threshold temperature.
Survey of Rural Wells in Missouri for Pesticides and Nitrate

Two hundred and one rural wells were sampled in eight agricultural areas of Missouri. Samples were analyzed for 25 pesticides and nitrate. Forty-three percent of the wells sampled had at least one pesticide detection. Thirteen percent of the wells had at least one detection ≧ 1 ppb and these concentrations were confirmed. Only one well exceeded U.S. EPA Health Advisory levels. Twenty-two percent of the wells exceeded the U.S. EPA Drinking Water Standard for nitrate. Pesticide detections were most strongly correlated to well depth. Nitrate levels were primarily related to well depth, well construction methods, and well siting.
Laparoscopic Approach Significantly Reduces Surgical Site Infections after Colorectal Surgery: Data from National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

Background The goal of this study was to compare surgical site infection (SSI) rates between laparoscopic (LAP) and open colorectal surgery using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Study Design We identified patients included in the NSQIP database from 2006 to 2007 who underwent LAP and open colorectal surgery. SSI rates were compared for the 2 groups. Association between patient demographics, diagnosis, type of procedure, comorbidities, laboratory values, intraoperative factors, and SSI within 30 days of surgery, were determined using a logistic regression analysis. Results Among 10,979 patients undergoing colorectal surgery (LAP 31.1%, open 68.9%), the SSI rate was 14.0% (9.5% LAP vs 16.1% open, p 180 minutes, appendicitis or diverticulitis, and regional enteritis diseases were found to be significantly associated with high SSI; the LAP approach was associated with a reduced SSI rate. Conclusions The LAP approach is independently associated with a reduced SSI when compared with open surgery and should, when feasible, be considered for colon and rectal conditions.
Indirect fuel use change (IFUC) and the lifecycle environmental impact of biofuel policies

A common assumption in lifecycle assessment (LCA) based estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits (or costs) of renewable fuel such as biofuel is that it simply replaces an energy-equivalent amount of fossil fuel and that total fuel consumption remains unchanged. However, the adoption of renewable fuels will affect the price of fuel and therefore affect total fuel consumption which, may increase or decrease depending on the policy regime and market conditions. Using a representative two-region model of the global oil market in which, one region implements a domestic biofuel mandate and the other does not, we show that the net change in global fuel consumption due to the policy, which we term indirect fuel use change (IFUC), can have a significant impact on the net GHG emissions associated with biofuel. If LCA-based regulations are designed to account for indirect emissions such as indirect land use change, then we argue that IFUC emissions cannot be ignored. Our work also shows how different policies can affect the environmental impact from adopting a given clean technology differently.
Design and performance of an ambient calibration target for an airborne microwave and millimeter-wave radiometer

Current satellite ocean altimeters include nadir-viewing, co-located 18–34 GHz microwave radiometers to measure wet-tropospheric path delay. Due to the large antenna footprint sizes at these frequencies, the accuracy of wet path retrievals is substantially degraded within 40 km of coastlines, and retrievals are not provided over land. A viable approach to improve their capability is to add wide-band millimeter-wave window channels in the 90–180 GHz band, thereby achieving finer spatial resolution for a fixed antenna size. In this context, the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission is in formulation and planned for launch in late 2020 to improve satellite altimetry to meet the science needs of both oceanography and hydrology and to transition satellite altimetry from the open ocean into the coastal zone and over inland water. To address wet-path delay in these regions, the addition of 90–180 GHz millimeter-wave window-channel radiometers to current Jason-class 18–34 GHz radiometers, is expected to improve retrievals of wet-tropospheric delay in coastal areas and to enhance the potential for over-land retrievals.
Testing of localized ventilation systems in a new controlled environment chamber.

This paper describes tests of thermal comfort and air distribution performance of two relatively new occupant-controlled localized ventilation (also called task ventilation) systems. The first is a raisd-floor distribution system providing air through grilles in the floor panels, and the second is a desk-mounted unit supplying conditioned air at desktop level. The tests were performed in a new controlled environment chamber (CEC) having unique capabilities for detailed studies of space conditioning and thermal comfort in office environments. Measurements were made in a mockup of a typical partitioned open-plan office, and the resulting temperature and air velocity distributions are reported for a variety of system- and locally controlled conditions. Comfort model predictions are presented to describe the degree of environmental control and range of occupant comfort levels produced in the workstations. The results are also compared to those produced by a conventional ceiling supply system. The tests investigated the effects of supply volume, supply location, supply vent orientation, supply/return temperature difference, heat load density, and workstation size and layout. Temperature differences in the range of 1–2.5°C were observed between adjacent workstations, and local air velocities in the vicinity of outlets could exceed 3 m/s. Such wide-ranging values could violate existing comfort standards (ASHRAE, 1981; ISO, 1984), if strictly interpreted. However since these systems put the local thermal conditions within the workstations under the direct control of their occupants, it is recommended that the standards grant exceptions to such systems.
Technical progress, urban unemployment and heterogeneous firms

We construct a general equilibrium model of urban unemployment with a continuum of heterogeneous urban firms producing differentiated products in a monopolistic competitive market. We introduce a notion of pattern of technical progress among the heterogeneous urban firms and show that this pattern plays a crucial role in determining the effects of urban technical progress in a developing economy. In particular, we show that the possibility of immiserizing technical progress depends on the pattern of progress among the heterogeneous urban firms.
Resonance Raman studies of the conformation of retinal in rhodopsin and isorhodopsin.

The resonance Raman spectra of the n -butylamine protonated Schiff bases of the all- trans , 9- cis , 11- cis and 13- cis isomers of retinal in ethanol are reported here. They were obtained using a rapid-flow sampling system with excitation at 514·5 nm. The resonance Raman spectra of these isomers are distinctly different from each other, showing that the spectra are very sensitive to conformational differences. A comparison of the resonance Raman spectrum of the 11- cis protonated Schiff base with that of rhodopsin reveals that the protein does not grossly distort the solution conformation of the chromophore. Similarly, the resonance Raman spectrum of isorhodopsin closely resembles that of the 9- cis protonated Schiff base.
Effect of thyroxine and cortisol on brain ornithine decarboxylase activity and swimming behavior in developing rat.

Abstract Thyroxine and cortisol were tested to determine their effects on the ontogenetic pattern of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) (EC 4.1.1.17) activity in rat brain. The effects of both hormones were significant, but varied with the brain region studied and with the age of the rat. Thyroxine (1 μg/g body wt/day injected i.p. × 3) altered ODC activity in all brain regions studied, if given during the first 10 postnatal days The overall effect was to compress the time course in which ODC activity passed through its ontogenetic pattern; both the peak in activity and the drop to the characteristic low adult activity level occurred earlier and were accelerated. The magnitude of the response to thyroxine was greater in the cerebellum, followed by the cerebrum and brainstem respectively. Cortisol, when given on the first postnatal day (0.5 mg i.p. × 1), initially depressed ODC activity and subsequently prolonged the time required to reach the low level of activity found normally in adult brain. The magnitude of the response to cortisol generally was greater than that of thyroxine, except in the cerebellum. The effects of these hormones on the ontogenetic pattern of ODC activity are consistent with previously observed effects in rats both on biochemical parameters, e.g. polyamine content and nucleic acid synthesis, and behavioral parameters, e.g. development of swimming ability. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that thyroxine and cortisol, when administered to the neonate, may exert some of their effects on nucleic acid metabolism and ultimately growth, development and behaviour via their effects on polyamine metabolism.
Lost in the Middle Kingdom: a second language acquisition video game

From the days of computer assisted language learning (CALL) [12], using computers as a means to acquire a new language has been a long standing research field. While typical class room strategies like memorization and drills have shown to be effective [13], they can be difficult, tedious, and time-consuming [9]. The goal of our research is to create a second language acquisition video game, called Lost in the Middle Kingdom, to provide an effective and inviting learning experience. Our approach employs theories of language pedagogy research that is integrated into a fun and interesting game. Our game exposes the player to an abundance of simple, comprehensible target language input, which provides an interesting, motivating, and low stress setting. Implementing this research into the game should allow the player to naturally acquire the language. Also Lost in the Middle Kingdom utilizes total immersion, focusing on the language's culture to create a holistic experience.
Evaluation of an objective method of image assessment for first-trimester nasal bone

Objective To evaluate the degree of agreement in first-trimester nasal bone assessment in a group of sonographers before and after training, using a semi-quantitative scoring system. Methods Four sonographers who routinely perform first-trimester screening were first shown 46 images from both normal and trisomy 21 pregnancies. For each image, they were asked to score from 0 (disagree) to 3 (agree) on five different criteria that were deemed important in nasal-bone assessment, including image size, plane and visibility of nasal bone. A training program was then conducted, and a repeat exercise was carried out using the same 46 images. Finally, in a third exercise, images from 42 patients were presented, some having more than one image. The sonographers were required to give one overall nasal-bone score for each patient. In each exercise interobserver agreement was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Before training, the sonographers agreed reasonably well on the five proposed criteria (ICC, 0.752), with some disagreement on their perceived image quality. The training program further improved the agreement (ICC, 0.790), particularly on whether the nasal bone was the biggest and brightest echogenic component. Agreement was excellent when they were asked to give one overall score on the nasal bone based on multiple images from one patient (ICC, 0.929). Conclusion The proposed scoring system can be used to improve consistency and reliability in first-trimester nasal-bone assessment. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building Partnerships with Business That Make a Difference.

The Center for Manufacturing Excellence, which houses a business incubator and provides many creative ideas for workforce development programs, has made a significant impact on its community.
The Effects of Fasting Upon Plasma Enzyme Levels in Chickens

Abstract ALTERATIONS in the levels of seven tricarboxylic acid enzymes and citric acid in the livers of chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum were observed by Gilfillin et al. (1956). Hill et al. (1960) also detected elevated levels of citric acid blood of chicks infected with Salmonella gallinarum. But the citric acid levels of the infected chicks were comparable with those of the controls if feed was withheld from both groups for 18 hours. Furthermore, withdrawal of feed for 36 hours from normal chicks resulted in elevated blood and liver citric acid levels. These were interesting observations because anorexia is a common symptom in many diseases. Although several papers about the effects of diet upon enzyme activities in chickens have been published, little information relative to the effects of actual fasting upon enzyme activities in birds is available. Stutts et al. (1957), however, detected a decrease in the plasma alkaline phosphatase (alkPH) …
On the modeling of the thermo-mechanical responses of four different classes of NiTi-based shape memory materials using a general multi-mechanism framework

Abstract The properties of a shape memory alloy (SMA) have been shown to be highly dependent on the chemical composition and thermo-mechanical processing applied to the material. These differences dictate the degree of superelasticity, pseudoplasticity, shape memory effect, and evolution under mechanical/thermal loading cycles, that is observed in the material. Understanding and utilizing these unique phenomena has become essential in many engineering applications. It is, therefore, important to provide two key ingredients in any SMA constitutive model; (i) a sufficiently comprehensive scope in the mathematical formulation to handle different classes of SMA materials; and (ii) a general model parameterization derived from fundamental tests that can be used for a specific SMA as intended for use in a given application. The present work is aimed at a detailed investigation of the interaction aspects between the above items (i) and (ii) in the context of using a recent three-dimensional, multimechanism-based SMA framework to model the experimentally measured responses of four different classes of SMA materials: (a) a commercial superelastic NiTi, (b) a powder metallurgically-processed NiTi-based SMA material, (c) a commercial Ni 49.9 Ti 50.1 actuation material, and (d) a high-temperature Ni 50.3 Ti 29.7 Hf 20 alloy. To facilitate the parameterization task, the model parameters are classified into two groups, i.e., (1) fixed parameters that are designed to capture the non-linear, hysteretic response under any thermo-mechanical loading condition, and (2) a set of functionally dependent material parameters which account for a number of refinements including asymmetry in tension and compression responses, temperature- and stress-state dependencies, etc. The results of the work showed that the complexity of the characterization is dependent on the SMA feature exploited by the specific application intended, which in turn dictates the amount and type of test data required to accurately predict a given application response.
Panic disorder in primary care: patients' attributions of illness causes and willingness to accept psychiatric treatment.

Objective:This study assessed the causes that primary care patients with panic disorder (PD) attribute to their panic symptoms, and their acceptance of various psychiatric treatment options.Methods:In a cross-sectional assessment of 306 patients treated at two primary care clinics, 42 met criteria for DSM-IV PD in the past year. The authors classified these 42 PD-positive patients to one of two groups: those receiving both primary and specialty mental health care (PC+MH; n = 19) and those receiving only primary care (PC-only; n = 23). Patients rated the probability of four possible causes of their panic symptoms, and level of acceptability of three psychiatric and two medical treatments for PD. To place primary care patients' ratings into a broader context, a third contrast group of PD-positive patients, recruited from clinical trials of investigational PD pharmacotherapies (n = 31), also rated causes and treatment acceptability.Results:Participants of the three treatment groups attributed psychiatric cau...
Eimeria stiedae: cytochemical identification of acid and alkaline phosphatases, carboxylic ester hydrolases, and succinate, lactate, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases in endogenous stages from rabbit tissues.

Acid and alkaline phosphatases were found in schizonts, merozoites, gametocytes, gametes, and unsporulated oocysts when naphthol AS-BI phosphoric acid was used as substrate and red violet LB was the diazonium salt. Both enzymes were observed in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus, and the distribution of acid phosphates could be explained on the basis of lysosomal occurrence. Only those carboxylic ester hydrolases (CEH) resistant to complete inhibition by 2 × 10−6 M eserine were studied. The substrates were naphthol AS acetate and naphthol AS-D acetate. Such eserine-resistant CEH were found in all of the above endogenous stages, as were CEH resistant to 10−5 M E-600 in addition to the eserine. However, much less azo dye was deposited after the same length of time in sections exposed to both inhibitors than in those exposed to eserine alone. After eserine plus- E-600 plus p-chloromercuribenzoate (10−4M), no sign of activity of CEH was observed in female stages or unsporulated oocysts, although activity was apparent in schizonts, merozoites, and male stages. Using nitro blue tetrazolium, all three dehydrogenases were detected in schizonts, merozoites, sexual stages, and unsporulated oocysts, although the constancy of occurrence varied according to the enzyme.
The validity of the leukocyte esterase reagent test strip in detecting significant leukocyturia.

Abstract This prospective trial demonstrated that the best possible definition for a positive leukocyte esterase test (Chemstrip 9) is + or + +. With use of this definition, the sensitivity in detecting significant leukocyturia is 83% and the specificity is 70%. The use of this test strip could reduce screening costs in registering obstetric patients.
The effect of a series of aromatic amidines on arginase activity.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of a series of aromatic amidines on arginase activity was investigated. 2. 2. The relative effectiveness of the compounds with respect to their inhibitory activity on arginase was found to be: p -guanylbenzylidene-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetone 4,4′-diguanylchalcone isethionate γ-keto-α-guanyl-α-( p -benzamidino)-γ-( o -hydroxyphenyl)propane 4-guanyl-2′-hydroxychalcone isethionate bisamidinomethyldibenzyl bisguanidodiphenylmethane stilbamidine propamidine.
When interpretation derails the patient: the negative impact of certain misuses of the concept of the unconscious.

Alternatives to classical psychoanalytic theory and technique have existed in the form of various “deviant” schools, all of which have found that contemporary conflict theory fails to achieve good results with the patients they treat. While the principles of interpersonal, self-psychological, intersubjective and relational schools are reasonably well known through the psychoanalytic literature, the opportunity to examine detailed analytic accounts by classical analysts has only recently become possible. The publication of full case reports has recently become a feature of the traditionally based psychoanalytic journals. This paper makes use of a recent volume of the Psychoanalytic Quarterly to examine the interpretations made during a lengthy analysis of a male patient struggling with his ambivalence about marrying his fiancee. The analyst repeatedly attributes his patient's reluctance to marry and negative feelings about his fiancee as determined by his unconscious conflation of his mother and his fiancee. The author attempts to demonstrate the derailment of the patient by these interpretations. They prevent him from solidifying his own judgment and, in so doing, prevent him from taking suitable action. An alternative approach to the material of the case is presented, including very different interpretations that would, in the author's opinion, liberate the patient rather than derail him from achieving his life goals.
Mentoring master's level students: Drawing upon the wisdom of Athena as Mentor in Homer's Odyssey

An examination of how the elements of Homer's Odyssey can be used as a metaphor for understanding the mentoring relationship between counselor educators and students—particularly master's level counselors-in-training—is the focus of this article. Athena's role as Mentor in Homer's Odyssey serves as a springboard to examine current literature on mentoring, especially as this literature may be used to understand the special needs of master's level students.
The Mediating Role of Parenting Stress for Children Exposed to Trauma: Results from a School-Based System of Care

Children’s exposure to potentially traumatic events is related to negative mental health outcomes. To promote more positive outcomes, protective factors that can buffer the impact of these experiences need to be identified. The present study examined whether lower parental stress might function as a protective factor for children enrolled in a behavioral health system of care. Specifically, the relationship between a history of interpersonal trauma (physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing domestic violence) and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors were examined, as was the role of parenting stress in helping to explain this relationship. The sample included African American and Latino children (ages 5–19) from low-income families, who have a serious emotional disturbance, and received services in a school-based system of care. Results of path analyses revealed that parenting stress mediated the relationship between trauma exposure and internalizing problem behaviors. For the relationship between trauma exposure and externalizing problem behaviors, mediation approached significance. The findings suggest that family factors, such as parenting stress, could be potential modifiable protective factors for these children. Systems of care can use this information to encourage the implementation of more family-focused treatments and interventions.
Occurrence of a parasexual cycle following the transfer of isolated nuclei into protoplasts of Phytophthora parasitica.

Nuclei isolated from metalaxyl-resistant (Mr) protoplasts of Phytophthora parasitica were transferred into chloroneb-resistant (Cnr) protoplasts of the same species, with an average successful rate of 1×10–4, using a selective medium containing both metalaxyl and chloroneb. No colonies appeared when self-fusion products of donor nuclei or recipient protoplasts were exposed to the selective medium. Similar results were obtained when the reciprocal nuclear transformation was performed. All the zoospore cultures produced by nuclear transformants contained both Mr and Cnr genes, demonstrating the occurrence of karyogamy since most zoospores are uninucleate. An average of 38% of zoospores produced by nuclear transformants were about twice the size of normal zoospores. Each large zoospore contained a single nucleus, also about twice the size of that in normal zoospores, indicating the occurrence of tetraploidy in these zoospores. The other 42% of zoospores were of normal size but contained both Mr and Cnr genes, suggesting the occurrence of mitotic crossing-over following the production of tetraploidy and the subsequent occurrence of diploidization during zoosporogenesis. For the first time, this study demonstrated the completion of events leading to a parasexual cycle following nuclear transfer.
Tobacco mosaic virus replication in resistant and susceptible plants: In some resistant species virus is confined to a small number of initially infected cells

Abstract Only small amounts of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are recoverable from directly inoculated leaves of some plant species, a phenomenon investigated by P. C. Cheo (1970, Phytopathology 60 , 41–46) and termed subliminal infection. To interpret this phenomenon in two varieties of cowpea ( Vigna sinensis Emil.), primary leaves were inoculated on their lower surfaces with TMV (common strain), and at various times postinoculation, mesophyll protoplasts were isolated, incubated for 36 hr, and stained with a TMV-specific fluorescent-labeled antibody. It was determined that only 1 in 50,000 to 150,000 protoplasts contained TMV antigen; this number remained essentially unchanged for experimental periods of from immediately after inoculation to up to 11 days postinoculation (the longest period examined). Cytological staining of epidermis from another subliminally infected host, cotton, also revealed infection of only a few cells. These data suggest that leaves of subliminally infected plants support TMV replication in those cells which receive virus during mechanical inoculation, but that the infectious principle is unable to move from those original centers in these hosts. Control experiments with tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Turkish Samsun), in which virus spreads extensively in the inoculated leaves, suggest that a rapid cell-to-cell movement of the infectious entity begins after about 6 hr following inoculation. An unexpected observation was that some cowpea and tobacco mesophyll cells become infected immediately upon mechanical inoculation, suggesting that mesophyll cells can be primary sites of viral ingress into the leaf.