cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corals as bathometers

Abstract The two ecologic castes of corals are ( 1 ) hermatypic or reef-building; and ( 2 ) ahermatypic or “deep-sea”. Recent and fossil hermatypic scleractinian corals are limited by the requirements of their symbiotic zooxanthellae to warm, shallow, normally saline waters in the euphotic zone. Ahermatypic corals, lacking zooxanthellae, are not so restricted— many genera have broad depth but limited temperature ranges. The Recent depth-temperature distribution model for ahermatypic corals provides a valid basis for estimating the depth-temperature conditions for Cenozoic faunas, with less reliability for those of the Mesozoic. Algal symbiosis in the three main extinct groups of Paleozoic corals cannot be demonstrated with certainty, but many colonial forms, by analogy, probably lived under conditions similar to those of Recent hermatypes, and solitary and weakly colonial forms in a somewhat wider range of temperatures and depths.
Oral cancer treatment

Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, and it continues to represent a serious public health problem. Oral cancer is a preventable disease, related to behavioral and lifestyle factors, including tobacco and alcohol. Prevention and early detection of oral cancer remain the goals of national efforts to reduce the impact of this disease on the public. Surgical treatment is the mainstay of therapy for patients with oral cancer, particularly in advanced stages of cancer. External beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy have been used successfully as the primary modality for treating patients with early stage oral cancer, and they are the standard of care for use as adjuvant therapy in postoperative cases of patients with advanced stage oral cancer. There is an emerging trend for the use of chemotherapy in combination with radiation therapy and surgery for patients with advanced, recurrent, and metastatic head and neck cancer, although evidence is limited regarding survival benefit when used for treating patients with oral cavity carcinoma. Any report on the treatment of oral cancer is incomplete without consideration of functional and aesthetic outcomes, particularly addressing speech, swallowing, masticatory efficiency, and dental rehabilitation. Future generations will continue to fight these dreadful diseases until scientists and clinicians are provided the opportunities to expand efforts to prevent, detect (early), and eradicate oral and other head and neck cancers.
The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility Orientation on the Consumer's Perception of Advertisers' Intention

The study examines whether consumers' corporate social responsibility orientation (CSRO) can affect the perceptions of the sponsor's intention in advocating social causes as altruistic or self-serving in the context of values advocacy advertising. A quasi-experimental design with two ad stimuli sponsored by Miller Brewing Company and McDonald's was conducted. The study suggests that those who have high levels of expectations for business to perform both business (e.g., maximization of profits) and social roles (e.g., philanthropic efforts) are most likely to relate to values advocacy advertising messages and attribute to the sponsor altruistic motives in sponsoring social causes. It was noteworthy that the findings emerged differently depending on the types of sponsor's industry and the prior perception toward the sponsor.
Effects of imipramine on anxiety and hostility levels.

1. An initial longitudinal study of the psychologic effects of imipramine on one patient in which the active drug was alternated with a placebo, led to short term studies on four other subjects. A measure of emotional reaction was used which was derived from small samples of speech; it was demonstrated to be an objective and sensitive instrument for the detection of changes in anxiety and hostility. 2. While imipramine was consistently associated with an increase in the expression of hostility directed outward for the one patient, the increase in hostility outwards for four additional patients was not sufficiently great to reject, with conviction, the hypothesis of chance. However, these four other patients did show a significant increase in a subcategory of hostility directed outward, namely, overt hostility outward. 3. Imipramine, as compared to a placebo, significantly increased levels of anxiety in the verbal samples of the subjects tested. 4. No significant changes were noted with imipramine on scores of hostility directed inwards or ambivalently directed hostility, probably because none of these patients was clinically depressed.
Photoluminescent Nanofibers for Solid-State Lighting Applications

Photoluminescent nanofibers (PLN) can be formed by combining electrospun polymeric nanofibers and luminescent particles such as quantum dots (QD). The physical properties of PLNs are dependent upon many different nanoscale parameters associated with the nanofiber, the luminescent particles, and their interactions. By understanding and manipulating these properties, the performance of the resulting optical structure can be tailored for desired end-use applications. For example, the quantum efficiency of quantum dots in the PLN structure depends upon multiple parameters including quantum dot chemistry, the method of forming the PLN nanocomposites, and preventing agglomeration of the quantum dot particles. This is especially important in solution-based electrospinning environments where some common solvents may have a detrimental effect on the performance of the PLN. With the proper control of these parameters, high quantum efficiencies can be readily obtained for PLNs. Achieving high quantum efficiencies is critical in applications such as solid-state lighting where PLNs can be an effective secondary conversion material for producing white light. Methods of optimizing the performance of PLNs through nanoscale manipulation of the nanofiber are discussed along with guidelines for tailoring the performance of nanofibers and quantum dots for application-specific requirements.
Baculoviruses: high-level expression in insect cells

Baculoviruses continue to serve as workhorse vectors for the high-level expression of eukaryotic genes in insect cells; however, numerous researchers are also finding novel uses for these vectors by taking advantage of the unique nature of the viruses and their host cells. Concurrently, the technology involved in constructing and utilizing these vectors is being improved so that the time and effort required to construct expression vectors are reduced.
Integration of Cutaneous and Auditory Sensibilities in the Inferior Colliculus.

SummaryStimulation of cutaneous nerves and of the cochlea evokes characteristic potentials in the inferior colliculus. With micro-electrode recording, the activity of individual cells may be observed. Placing the cutaneous stimulation before the auditory stimulation demonstrates a conditioning of the auditory potential which decreases the number of cells fired and shortens the train of impulses from those cells left active.
Illumination of Upper and Middle Visual Fields Produces Equivalent Suppression of Melatonin in Older Volunteers

Bright light treatment has become an important method of treating depression and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. The efficacy of bright light treatment may be dependent upon the position of the light-source, as it determines the relative illumination in each portion of the visual field. This study compared illumination of upper and middle visual fields to determine whether melatonin suppression is different or equivalent. Thirteen older volunteers received three illumination conditions in counterbalanced orders: 1000 lux in the upper visual field, 1000 lux in the middle visual field, or dim diffuse illumination < 5 lux. A four-choice reaction time task was performed during tests to ensure eye direction and illumination of the intended portion of the visual field. Illumination in the upper and middle visual fields significantly suppressed melatonin compared to < 5 lux (p < 0.001). Melatonin suppression was not significantly different with upper or middle field illumination. These results indicate that bright light treatments placed above the eye level might be as effective as those requiring patients to look directly at the light source. Clinical comparative testing would be valuable. In addition, this study demonstrates that significant suppression of melatonin may be achieved through the use of bright light in healthy older volunteers.
Influences on adolescent eating patterns: the importance of family meals

Abstract Purpose To provide national estimates of the frequency and determinants of adolescents' consumption of fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods. Methods Analyses were based on 18,177 adolescents in the first interview of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Multivariate logistic regressions provide estimates of the unique contribution of sociodemographic characteristics, body weight perception, and parental influences on adolescent food consumption. Results Almost one in five adolescents reported skipping breakfast the previous day. A large percentage of adolescents reported eating less than the recommended amount of vegetables (71%), fruits (55%), and dairy foods (47%). Adolescents with better-educated parents had better consumption patterns than those with less-educated parents. Consumption patterns differed significantly by race. Adolescents who perceived themselves to be overweight were significantly more likely to have poor consumption patterns. Parental presence at the evening meal was associated with a lower risk of poor consumption of fruits, vegetables, and diary foods as well as the likelihood of skipping breakfast. Conclusion Parental presence at the evening meal is positively associated with adolescents' higher consumption of fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods. Nutrition and health professionals should educate parents about the role of family mealtimes for healthy adolescent nutrition.
Elastic anisotropy in the a−b plane of untwinned YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract Using Brilloun scattering, we have found a suprisingly large anisotropy in the room temperature velocity of surface waves propagating in the basal plane of untwinned single crystals of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ .
CCPS guidelines for chemical process quantitative risk analysis

This paper focuses on the new Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis recently published by the AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS). CCPS was formed soon after the disasters in Mexico City and Bhopal. CCPS was established in 1985 by the AIChE to develop and disseminate technical information for use in the prevention of major chemical accidents. The center is supported by over 60 industrial sponsors in the chemical process industry (CPI), who provide the necessary funding and professional guidance to its technical committees. The major product of CCPS activities has been a series of guideline books. Table I presents a list of the currently available CCPS guidelines. The first book, Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures (HEP), presented various structured qualitative techniques (HAZOP, FMEA, etc.) that could be used to identify possible hazards in a chemical facility. The Technical Steering Committee of CCPS decided that a sequel to HEP should be developed which would present quantitative methods for acute process hazards. The Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis (CPQRA) resulted from that decision.
Biosynthesis in isolatedAcetabularia chloroplasts II. Plastid pigments

The plastid pigments — chlorophylls and carotenoids — of the alga,Acetabularia, have been chromatographically separated and identified. These pigments were found to become radio-active during incubations of an isolated chloroplast fraction with14CO2. Specific activity calculations indicate that appreciable amounts of synthesis were occurringin vitro. The phytol and porphyrin moieties of chlorophyll a were both radioactive; thus the pigments were being formed completely from recent photosynthetic products. A comparison of the incorporation of14CO2 into plastid pigmentsin vivo andin vitro suggests that the isolated chloroplasts form the pigments at their normalin vivo rates.
Estradiol-17β and Its Cytochrome P450- and Catechol-O-Methyltransferase–Derived Metabolites Stimulate Proliferation in Uterine Artery Endothelial Cells Role of Estrogen Receptor-α Versus Estrogen Receptor-β

Estradiol-17beta (E(2)beta) and its metabolites, which are sequentially synthesized by cytochrome P450s and catechol-O-methyltransferase to form 2 and 4-hydroxyestradiol (OHE(2)) and 2- and 4-methoxestradiol (ME(2)), are elevated during pregnancy. We investigated whether cytochrome P450s and catechol-O-methyltransferase are expressed in uterine artery endothelial cells (UAECs) and whether E(2)beta and its metabolites modulate cell proliferation via ER-alpha and/or ER-beta and play roles in physiological uterine angiogenesis during pregnancy. Cultured ovine UAECs from pregnant and nonpregnant ewes were treated with 0.1 to 100.0 nmol/L of E(2)beta, 2-OHE(2), 4-OHE(2), 2-ME(2), and 4-ME(2). ER-alpha or ER-beta specificity was tested using ICI 182 780, ER-alpha-specific 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidinyleth oxy)phenol]-1H-pyrazole dihydrochloride, ER-beta-specific 4-[2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrim idin-3-yl]phenol antagonists and their respective agonists ER-alpha-specific 4,4',4"-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol and ER-beta-specific 2,3-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile. Angiogenesis was evaluated using 5-bromodeoxyuridine proliferation assay. Using confocal microscopy and Western analyses to determine enzyme location and levels, we observed CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP3A4, and catechol-O-methyltransferase expression in UAECs; however, expressions were similar between nonpregnant UAECs and pregnant UAECs. E(2)beta, 2-OHE(2), 4-OHE(2), and 4-ME(2) treatments concentration-dependently stimulated proliferation in pregnant UAECs but not in nonpregnant UAECs; 2-ME(2) did not stimulate proliferation in either cell type. Proliferative responses of pregnant UAECs to E(2)beta were solely mediated by ER-beta, whereas responses to E(2)beta metabolites were neither ER-alpha nor ER-beta mediated. We demonstrate an important vascular role for E(2)beta, its cytochrome P450- and catechol-O-methyltransferase-derived metabolites, and ER-beta in uterine angiogenesis regulation during pregnancy that may be dysfunctional in preeclampsia and other cardiovascular disorders.
Time Resolved X-ray Photography of Uniformly Irradiated Spherical Targets

The direct drive approach to laser fusion, in which laser produced ablation of the surface of a spherical shell target induces a high compression of the enclosed fusion fuel, requires a high degree of irradiation uniformity. Diagnosis of the trajectory of this imploding shell can, in principle, provide valuable information on the uniformity of the implosion, as well as verify the predictions of hydrodynamic code simulations. This requires time-resolved x-ray photography of the imploding shell with high temporal (~ 10 ps) and spatial (< 10 μm) resolution. We report recent time-resolved x-ray photographic measurements of the implosion of large aspect ratio (- 200) glass microballoons driven by symmetric nanosecond 1.05 pm radiation at moderate intensities (~ 1014 W cm-2) from the 24-beam OMEGA laser facility. Time-resolved x-ray photography was provided by a pinhole camera system having a magnification of - 13, coupled with a specially designed x-ray streak camera. The latter included a gold photocathode deposited on a Be substrate, had an electrooptic image magnification of ~2.2, and was of an all re-entrant design. The use of a fine scale accelerating mesh and an extraction field of ~ 10 kV cm 1 produced a spatial resolution 20 1pm across the 8 mm slit photocathode. Temporal resolution of the instrument with the present ~2 ns streak duration was ~ 20 ps. Since the imaging and electrooptic system was in close proximity to the hostile environment of the target with-in the target chamber, special precautions were required to preserve the integrity of the electrooptic system.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Femoropopliteal bypass revisited: an analysis of 138 cases

Femoropopliteal bypass is utilized for infrainguinal arterial reconstruction in patients with claudication, rest pain, non-healing ulcers and gangrene. Reported patency and limb salvage rates have varied considerably and controversy exists concerning conduit choice. The purpose of this study was to review the authors' results with femoropopliteal bypass to determine factors which may influence outcome in a contemporary series of patients. Between 1986 and 1991, 138 femoropopliteal bypasses were performed in 120 patients. Mean follow-up was 28 (range 1-66) months. Autogenous vein was used in 59% and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the remainder. Above-knee anastomoses were performed in 34% and below-knee in 66%. The secondary patency for autogenous vein grafts (95% at 4 years) was significantly better than for PTFE grafts (69% at 4 years; P<0.01). Secondary patency for below-knee autogenous vein grafts also was better than that for below-knee PTFE grafts (95% versus 50% at 4 years; P<0.02). Limb salavage rates were worse for below-knee PTFE grafts than all other groups (P<0.01). Eight of 15 failed above-knee PTFE grafts were salvaged with below-knee autogenous vein grafts and did well. In the present series, autogenous vein femoropopliteal grafts demonstrated better overall patency and limb salvage. Below-knee PTFE bypasses should be reserved for limb salvage cases in patients without adequate autogenous conduits. Failed PTFE grafts can be salvaged by autogenous bypasses, yet an advantage to this approach was not seen.
SEISMIC TESTING OF REINFORCED EARTH WALLS.

This paper is a summary progress report of ongoing studies at UCLA toward developing a rational seismic design method for reinforced earth retaining walls. A 20-foot (6-m) high reinforced earth test wall was constructed and then subjected to low strain level forced vibration tests using mechanical vibrators and high strain level explosive tests. In addition, four existing reinforced earth walls were also subjected to forced vibration tests. Criteria are presented for determining the design modal frequencies of a reinforced earth wall needed for the design as a function of its effective height and level of seismic excitation. Data are also presented showing the static and dynamic tie force distribution.
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION DENSITY GRADIENT-SEPARATION OF BONE-MARROW CELLS.

A new technique with minimal artifacts was developed for high-resolution density-gradient separation of viable cells. Differences as small as 0.002 in the density of the cells can be easily detected. It has been possible to detect differences of 0.0005 with careful manipulation. The development of this technique has necessitated the construction of a new centrifuge head, the preparation of a new suspension medium, and a new density gradient, and finally the development of a new centrifuge tube. Results on experiments on the bone marrow of three dogs are reported.
MODFLOW-Style Parameters in Underdetermined Parameter Estimation

In this article, we discuss the use of MODFLOW-Style parameters in the numerical codes MODFLOW_2005 and MODFLOW_2005-Adjoint for the definition of variables in the Layer Property Flow package. Parameters are a useful tool to represent aquifer properties in both codes and are the only option available in the adjoint version. Moreover, for overdetermined parameter estimation problems, the parameter approach for model input can make data input easier. We found that if each estimable parameter is defined by one parameter, the codes require a large computational effort and substantial gains in efficiency are achieved by removing logical comparison of character strings that represent the names and types of the parameters. An alternative formulation already available in the current implementation of the code can also alleviate the efficiency degradation due to character comparisons in the special case of distributed parameters defined through multiplication matrices. The authors also hope that lessons learned in analyzing the performance of the MODFLOW family codes will be enlightening to developers of other Fortran implementations of numerical codes.
Two-Phase Heat Transfer for Flow in Tubes and Over Rod Bundles With Blockages

A study of single- and two-component, two-phase heat transfer mechanisms for vertical flow inside of tubes and over rod bundles with blockages has been made. Existing heat transfer data for air-water flow in tubes with a liquid Reynolds number range of 2000 to 150,000 and void fractions up to 0.40 have been correlated as a function of ..cap alpha..Gr/Re/sup 2/. The correlation has also been found to compare well with limited high Prandtl number data obtained with liquids other than water and for flow over rod bundles when an empirical constant is modified. Correlations have also been developed for the heat transfer coefficient in the vicinity of flow blockages in rod bundles. The heat transfer data have been obtained on a four rod bundle with sleeve-type blockages for a Reynolds number range of 230 to 6900 and void fractions up to 0.15. Significant enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient has been observed downstream of the blockages.
Measurement of ammonia skin gas using a mid-infrared Pb-salt tunable diode laser

The concentration of Ammonia excreted through human skin has recently been measured using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) by a group from Nagoya, Japan. These emissions, referred to as ammonia skin gas, were determined to be 1.7±.4 ng/cm3 for healthy subjects in the study. To achieve greater molecule specificity, sensitivity, as well as add a real time capability, we are investigating the potential of a mid IR laser spectrometer, consisting of a Pb-salt diode laser coupled with a low volume 75 meter Herriott gas sample cell, to perform real time ammonia diagnostic measurements. Here we will present a series of preliminary ammonia skin gas measurements obtained with this mid IR laser system.
Solvent perturbation evidence for a two-state system regulated by calcium in sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase.

Abstract Perturbation of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase with the nonionic detergent C12 E8 is modulated by the amount of free Ca2+ present in the solvent prior to the addition of detergent. CD measurements show that the enzyme exists in solutionin two different conformations that react differently with the detergent. They probably represent the free enzyme, and its complex with Ca2+ On this assumption, titrations with increasing amounts of Ca2+ produced data superimposable on curves obtained measuring Ca2+ bound to sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.
Hydroxyzine for interstitial cystitis

From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston. Supported by National Institutes of Health grants DK42409 and DK44816, Kos Pharmaceuticals (FL), and the ICA (NY). Reprint requests: T. C. Theoharides, PhD, MD, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111. Copyright
Carbon monoxide partial pressure effects on the metabolic process of syngas fermentation

Abstract The fermentation of syngas (CO, CO2, and H2) produced from biomass gasification for the production of ethanol has received increased attention due to the low cost and abundance of cellulosic feedstocks. Since CO plays a critical role in the available reducing equivalents and carbon conversion, this work assessed the effects of constant CO partial pressure (PCO), ranging from 0.35 to 2.0 atm, on cell growth, acetic acid production, and ethanol production using Clostridium carboxidivorans P7T. Several key findings included: (a) the maximum cell concentration increased with increasing PCO, increasing 440% with a PCO increase from 0.35 to 2.0 atm, (b) ethanol production changed from non-growth-associated to growth-associated with increasing PCO, (c) acetic acid production (gram acetic acid per gram cells) decreased for PCO ≥ 1.05 atm relative to PCO ≤ 0.70 atm, and (d) acetic acid appeared to be converted in the latter growth stages for PCO of 1.35 and 2.0 atm. Several explanations point to the potential importance of PCO and the PCO to P C O 2 ratio on electron and ATP production. Since gasification processes that generate syngas could result in differing gas partial pressures, process variations could significantly change growth and product formation as evidenced by metabolic changes observed in this work due to changing PCO and/or the PCO to P C O 2 ratio.
Progressive deficits in retrograde axon transport precede degeneration of motor axons in acrylamide neuropathy.

Abstract Single injection of acrylamide (1.3 mmol/kg, i.p.) inhibited retrograde axon transport of [ 125 I]tetanus toxin in hen sensory and motor axons. Retrograde axon transport deficits appeared within hours of dosing with acrylamide. The inhibitory effect of acrylamide on retrograde axon transport was transient since transport deficits were not detectable 35 h after dosing. Acrylamide impaired the retrograde movement but not the uptake of [ 125 I]tetanus toxin in the axon. Multiple doses of acrylamide (0.42 mmol/kg, i.p.) induced progressive clinical signs of acrylamide neuropathy that correlated with increasing deficits in retrograde axon transport of [ 125 I]tetanus skin to ventral spinal cord. Deficits were also observed in sensory neurons but were not statistically significant. Accumulated decrements in retrograde axon transport may be the underlying cause of degeneration of motor axons in acrylamide neuropathy in fowl.
On time reversal noninvariance in nuclear forces

E v e r since the m o m e n t o u s expe r imen t a l d i scovery by W u and her co l labora tors t ha t space ref lect ion s y m m e t r y {parity) is v io la t ed in weak in te rac t ions (1), as sugges ted ear l ier by DI~AC in reference to t he s y m m e t r y r equ i r emen t s of al l of the laws of na tu re t h a t are consis tent w i th r e l a t i v i t y t h e o r y (~), and by L~E and YANG in reference to weak in te rac t ions in pa r t i cu la r (3), fu r the r s tudies have been under way on this symm e t r y breaking as wel l as t he breaking of t i m e reversa l symmet ry , in the nuclear and elect romagne t i c in te rac t ions as wel l as the weak in te rac t ion . An ear ly s tudy of t ime reversa l v io la t ion in nuclear in te rac t ions was carr ied out by HENLEY and JACOBSOHN (4). In t h a t per iod, I s tud ied the impl ica t ions of P and T v io la t ion in the s t andard expression of e l ec t romagne t i c t h e o r y (5). The l a t t e r s tudy was based on the fol lowing genera l ideas: w i th the d iscovery of P v io la t ion in weak in te rac t ions i t was apparen t tha t , if t he pr inciple of r e l a t iv i ty should be t aken as t he under ly ing ru le for t h e spacet ime s y m m e t r y of all of t he na tu ra l laws, as i t c la ims to be, t h e n the re would be no reason for t h e spacet ime reflect ion s y m m e t r y in t h e first place. This is because r e l a t i v i t y t h e o r y is based on a cont inuous t ransforma t ion group, whe reby > is defined here as only cont inuous change; th is is t h e essence of Di rac ' s c o m m e n t in 1949 (2). I t also seemed apparen t tha t , since pa r i t y is v io la t ed in (at least) some law of na tu re , the fusion of space and t i m e into spacet ime tha t is necess i ta ted by the t h e o r y of r e l a t i v i t y impl ies t ha t t i m e reversa l s y m m e t r y mus t also be v io la t ed in t he covar ian t represen ta t ions of these laws. F ina l ly , as I indica ted in ref. (5), the re is a subt le impl ica t ion in W u ' s d i scovery tha t , r a the r t h a n our focusing on reflect ion symmet r i e s in space and t ime , di rect ly , perhaps we should look for s y m m e t r y in a func t ion space, whose componen t e lements re la te to phys ica l fields, such as the electr icand magnet ic-f ie ld var iab les of t he Maxwel l theory . The l a t t e r s y m m e t r y was indeed one of Di rae ' s mot iva t ions in his fo rmula t ion of a magne t ic -monopole t heo ry {6). Reca l l t ha t , in t he l a t t e r approach, a new {pseudoscalar)
A theory of fertility and parental investment in traditional and modern human societies

This paper has two interrelated goals. The first is to offer a general theory of fertility and parental investment across a broad spectrum of human societies. The second is to provide a perspective that unifies traditionally separate domains of anthropology. The basic foundation for the analysis is life history theory and evolutionary biological models of optimal fertility regulation. This tradition is combined with human capital theory in economics to produce a more general theory of investments in embodied capital within and between generations. This synthesis results in a series of optimality models to examine the decision processes underlying fertility and parental investment upon which natural selection is expected to act. Those models are then applied to the hunting and gathering lifeway. This analysis focuses both on problems that all hunting and gathering peoples face and on the production of variable responses in relation to variable ecologies. Next, this consideration of optimal parental investment and fertility behavior in hunter-gatherers is united with existing models of the proximate determinants of human fertility. The analysis of proximate mechanisms is based on the idea that natural selection acts on the final phenotypic outcome of a coordinated system of physiological, psychological and cultural processes. The important conditions affecting parental investment and fertility in modern socioeconomic contexts are then discussed. An explanation of modern fertility and parental investment behavior in terms of the interaction of those conditions with the physiological and psychological mechanisms that evolved during our hunting and gathering history is proposed. The proposal is that skills-based competitive labor markets increase the value of parental investment in children and motivate better-educated, higher income parents to invest more per child than their less-educated, lower-earning counterparts. It is also suggested that the deviation from fitness maximization associated with low modern fertility is due to excess expenditures on both parental and offspring consumption, indicating that our evolved psychology is responding to cues in the modern environment that are not directly related to the fitness impacts of consumption. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reversible poisoning of nickel/zirconia solid oxide fuel cell anodes by hydrogen chloride in coal gas

Abstract The performance of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) was evaluated in synthetic coal gas containing HCl in the temperature range 650–850 °C. Exposure to up to 800 ppm HCl resulted in reversible poisoning of the Ni/zirconia anode by chlorine species adsorption, the magnitude of which decreased with increased temperature. Performance losses increased with the concentration of HCl to ∼100 ppm, above which losses were insensitive to HCl concentration. Neither cell potential, nor current density had any effect on the extent of poisoning. No evidence was found for long-term degradation that can be attributed to HCl exposure. Similarly, no evidence of microstructural changes or formation of new solid phases as a result of HCl exposure was found. From thermodynamic calculations, solid nickel chloride phase formation was shown to be highly unlikely in coal gas containing HCl. The presence of HCl at even the highest anticipated concentrations in coal gas would minimally increase the volatility of nickel.
Lymphocyte activating factor promotes T-cell growth factor production by cloned murine lymphoma cells.

Evidence has indicated that two soluble factors are essential for a T-cell proliferative response to antigen or lectin1–3. One such factor, thought to be of T-cell origin, is distinguished by its ability to initiate and maintain continuous T-cell growth (T-cell growth factor, TCGF)4–6. A second activity of macrophage origin augments lectin-initiated proliferative responses of thy-mocytes or adherent cell-depleted splenocytes (lymphocyte activating factor, LAF)7. Although it has been suggested that LAF promotes T-cell proliferation by facilitating the production of TCGF by T-cells1–3, direct evidence supporting this hypothesis has been lacking. We describe here experiments with a murine thymic lymphoma which releases TCGF in response to lectin. In serum-free, defined medium, highly purified LAF promotes a concentration-dependent increase in TCGF release. Because the proliferation of T cells depends on the concentration of TCGF available8,9, these results indicate that LAF and TCGF constitute an essential bimodal amplification system which ultimately determines the extent of T-cell clonal expansion.
Molecular Evolution and Diversity of Lignin Degrading Heme Peroxidases in the Agaricomycetes

The plant and microbial peroxidase superfamily encompasses three classes of related protein families. Class I includes intracellular peroxidases of prokaryotic origin, class II includes secretory fungal peroxidases, including the lignin degrading enzymes manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP), and versatile peroxidase (VP), and class III includes the secretory plant peroxidases. Here, we present phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods that address the origin and diversification of class II peroxidases. Higher-level analyses used published full-length sequences from all members of the plant and microbial peroxidase superfamily, while lower-level analyses used class II sequences only, including 43 new sequences generated from Agaricomycetes (mushroom-forming fungi and relatives). The distribution of confirmed and proposed catalytic sites for manganese and aromatic compounds in class II peroxidases, including residues supposedly involved in three different long range electron transfer pathways, was interpreted in the context of phylogenies from the lower-level analyses. The higher-level analyses suggest that class II sequences constitute a monophyletic gene family within the plant and microbial peroxidase superfamily, and that they have diversified extensively in the basidiomycetes. Peroxidases of unknown function from the ascomycete Magnaporthe grisea were found to be the closest relatives of class II sequences and were selected to root class II sequences in the lower-level analyses. LiPs evidently arose only once in the Polyporales, which harbors many white-rot taxa, whereas MnPs and VPs are more widespread and may have multiple origins. Our study includes the first reports of partial sequences for MnPs in the Hymenochaetales and Corticiales.
pH responsive microdomain formation in a de novo polypeptide.

Recombinant DNA technology has been employed to produce a polypeptide capable of forming pH responsive hydrophobic microdomains. The design of this peptide is based upon an idealized conceptual model in which electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydration forces are responsible for the association of amphipathic α-helical elements. Reduction in solution pH is responsible for reducing electrostatic repulsions between similarly charged residues, promoting the hydrophobic collapse of helical elements. A polymerizable synthetic element (dn31) has been synthesized and inserted into an appropriate expression vector. A clone containing a single copy of the dn31 gene (designated dn31x1) was isolated and the corresponding gene product DN3Lx1 isolated. The physical properties of DN3Lx1 were examined in solution by gel filtration chromatography, CD, and fluorescence probe analysis. It was determined that DN3Lx1 self-associates in solution with the degree of aggregation dependent on pH and ionic strength. An initial objective of this work was to examine domain organization in higher molecular weight species containing ten or more repetitive sequences. However, attempts to express multiple repeats of DN3Lxn from concatemers were unsuccessful. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 41: 521–532, 1997.
Evaluation of filtering current news search results

We describe an evaluation of result set filtering techniques for providing ultra-high precision in the task of presenting related news for general web queries. In this task, the negative user experience generated by retrieving non-relevant documents has a much worse impact than not retrieving relevant ones. We adapt cost-based metrics from the document filtering domain to this result filtering problem in order to explicitly examine the tradeoff between missing relevant documents and retrieving non-relevant ones. A large manual evaluation of three simple threshold filters shows that the basic approach of counting matching title terms outperforms also incorporating selected abstract terms based on part-of-speech or higher-level linguistic structures. Simultaneously, leveraging these cost-based metrics allows us to explicitly determine what other tasks would benefit from these alternative techniques.
Genetic reticulation and interrelationships among citrullus species as revealed by joint analysis of shared AFLPs and species-specific SSR alleles

Thirty-one accessions of Citrullus spp. belonging to Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus, C. lanatus var. citroides and Citrullus colocynthis were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using combined datasets of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Tree topologies inferred by neighbour-joining analysis have resolved the phylogenic relationships among the species with special reference to established taxonomic classification. In this study, we have clearly resolved species boundaries of various taxa of citroides, lanatus and colocynthis into three well-supported clusters. Clustering pattern of principal component analysis with the shared polymorphisms using the subsets of data between any two taxon combinations helped to elucidate the introgression and interrelationships among the species. We report two major groups of C. lanatus taxa, one of which has undergone wide introgressions with the taxa of C. lanatus var. citroides and C. colocynthis. In this paper, we identified 583 AFLP bands that are polymorphic within the var. lanatus of C. lanatus, which is the largest set ever reported. The species-specific diagnostic SSRs and polymorphic AFLPs that are informative within and between the taxa reported in this paper would be immensely useful for future studies of these economically important genera.
A new mode of reactivity for pyridine N-oxide: C-H activation with uranium(IV) and thorium(IV) bis(alkyl) complexes.

Uranium(IV) and thorium(IV) bis(alkyl) complexes of the type (C5Me5)2AnR2 (An = U, Th; R = CH3, CH2Ph) activate the sp2 and sp3 hybridized C−H bonds in pyridine N-oxide and lutidine N-oxide to produce the corresponding cyclometalated complexes, (C5Me5)2An(R)[η2-(O,C)-ONC5H4] and (C5Me5)2An(R)[η2-(O,C)-ON-2-CH2-5-CH3-C5H3]. These provide rare examples of C−H activation chemistry mediated by actinide metal centers. This chemistry is in contrast to the known oxygen atom transfer reactivity patterns of pyridine N-oxides with oxophilic metal complexes and constitutes a new mode of reactivity for pyridine N-oxides.
What users say about software usability

This paper advances an amalgamated model of software usability derived from much of the vast research on the subject. The model organizes that research into seven basic usability principles, their underlying attributes, and associated relative weights. This model of software usability for human‐computer interaction has two primary goals: (a) to allow software designers to make quantitative decisions about which usability attributes should be included in a design, and (b) to provide a usability metric by which software designs can be consistently rated and compared. Because ultimately it is the users of a software system who decide how easy its user interface is to manipulate, 988 users were asked to evaluate the model's effectiveness. They were requested to rank the importance of each attribute in the model. Word processing was chosen as the specific interface type. To ensure some similarity in the respondents’ backgrounds, questionnaires were sent to users of a leading word processor. The 332 responses w...
Imperfection-Sensitivity of Elastically Supported Beams and Its Relation to the Double-Cusp Instability Model

This paper deals with the two-mode initial postbuckling analysis of geometrically imperfect beams on elastic foundation under compression. By adjusting the beam length to the characteristic length ratio, it is found that the resulting two-mode stability problem may be classified as the double-cusp model in catastrophe theory. The appropriate postbuckling coefficients are computed with the use of Koiter's theory of elastic stability. The equilibrium paths and the critical sets are plotted and analysed. Eight independent control parameters are suggested. The paper is the first in the open literature to apply the double-cusp model to a two-mode stability problem which displays imperfection-sensitivity.
Three different intraoperative radiation modalities (electron beam, high-dose-rate brachytherapy, and iodine-125 brachytherapy) in the adjuvant treatment of patients with recurrent colorectal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND Intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy (IOERT) has been used in the treatment of patients with recurrent colorectal adenocarcinoma for the last 2 decades. Other intraoperative radiation modalities, such as intraoperative high-dose-rate brachytherapy (IOHDR) and intraoperative iodine-125 (125I) brachytherapy, present theoretic advantages for selected patients with recurrent colorectal adenocarcinoma. The experience of a single-institution series in which these three intraoperative radiation modalities were used in a nonrandomized manner is discussed in this report. METHODS Between September 1989 and January 1997, 80 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma recurrent in the pelvis or in the paraaortic lymph nodes were treated with IOERT (28 patients), IOHDR (23 patients), or 125I brachytherapy (29 patients). RESULTS The overall 5-year local control rate was 26% (median = 12 months; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 6–17). Tumors in paraaortic sites had significantly better local control than those in the pelvis (P = 0.03). The 5-year overall survival rate was 4% (median = 20 months; 95% CI, 17–23). Patients with microscopic residual disease (P = 0.02) and those treated with postoperative external beam irradiation (EBRT) (P = 0.0007) had statistically significant longer survival. Forty-one percent of the treated patients experienced complications: These were severe (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 4–5) in 19% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative radiation can locally control recurrent colorectal adenocarcinoma in a select group of patients. Patients with localized relapses, microscopic residual tumor, and no distant metastases and those receiving additional EBRT are most likely to benefit from intraoperative irradiation. The authors now routinely recommend EBRT to all patients for whom it is suitable (including those who have had prior EBRT) and consider the combination of the intraoperative modalities whenever feasible. Cancer 1999;86:236–47. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Facile synthesis of (−)-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide by size-selective ring-closing/cross metathesis

Abstract A total synthesis of (−)-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, in six steps and 37% overall yield from (2 R ,3 S )-1,2-epoxy-4-penten-3-ol is reported. The key synthetic step is a size-selective ring-closing/cross metathesis reaction in which lactone formation and alkyl chain extension are accomplished in an efficient one-pot process.
Postpass Code Optimization of Pipeline Constraints

Pipeline interlocks are used in a pipelined architecture to prevent the execution of a machine instruction before its operands are available. An alternative to this complex piece of hardware is to rearrange the instructions at compile time to avoid pipeline interlocks. This problem is called code reorganization and is studied. The basic problem of reorganization of machine-level instructions at compile time is shown to be np-complete. A heuristic algorithm is proposed, and its properties and effectiveness are explored. Empirical data from MIPs, a VLSI processor design, are given. The impact of code reorganization techniques on the rest of a compiler system is discussed. 30 references.
Adaptive Control of the Air and EGR Flow System in a Diesel Engine

We apply retrospective cost adaptive control (RCAC) to command-following and disturbance-rejection problems for a diesel engine model. The engine is a multi-input, multi-output system with strong static and dynamic interactions, nonlinearities, uncertainties and nonminimum phase characteristics. We demonstrate that RCAC is effective for both the linearized and nonlinear engine models provided that two Markov parameters of the linearized engine plant model are known, either analytically or through system identification. For the command-following and disturbance-rejection problems, we consider the case when the disturbance is harmonic but otherwise unknown, and while the command signal is harmonic and known but no advance knowledge of its spectrum is assumed to be available.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Voltage injection and readout method for PCB (printed circuit board) testing

The main objectives of PCB (Printed Circuit Board) testing are to find short and open circuits before attaching components to the PCB. An electrostatic imaging technique was described earlier by Zentai at al. in the SPIE-NDE 2003 conference and has been accepted as a US patent. The main goal of that application was to test the PCBs quickly and efficiently without attaching test probes to each of the traces. It was achieved with the proposed technique. However, we still had to use test probe matrix for generating test signals in the traces and the detected signal was greatly reduced in reference to the test signal because of capacitive sharing of charges caused by the insulator layer placed between the PCB and the TFT sensor array. A new idea has been developed for applying voltages to the traces with an addressing matrix, different from the pin addressing one. This matrix is similar to the readout matrix that the previous method referenced to, but instead of readout circuits, driver circuits are connected to the pixels to apply voltages to them. The printed circuit board is laid on top of the array, but rather than using an insulator foil, a directional conducting foam (rubber) layer can be applied between the excitation matrix (array) and the PCB. We get direct coupling of the matrix pixels to the PCB traces and no connection between neighboring pixels (traces) using the directional conductive layer, which conducts only in z direction and not in x (and y) direction. Therefore, by addressing each pixel separately, which is easy to do by software, we get an addressable voltage (pulse) injector matrix. The same directional conducting foam coupling can also be used for reading out the image of traces. Because the capacitive coupling is eliminated, the detected signal increases and so the sensitivity.