cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac transplantation in man

Abstract The primary surgical aspects of cardiac transplantation in nine patients are presented. Most organ donors required vasopressor support prior to transplantation and in three reversible cardiac arrest occurred. Postoperative complications of wound healing have necessitated modification of cannulation technics for cardiopulmonary bypass to avoid peripheral incisions. Postoperative disturbances in cardiac rhythm may be minimized by appropriate tailoring of the right atrium of the donor. In all cases satisfactory myocardial preservation has been achieved with local hypothermia alone. In the immediate postoperative period management has included the use of right ventricular pacing, isoproterenol, and intravenous digitalization in most recipients. Postoperative complications have included immediate failure of the homograft in one patient, requiring retransplantation six hours postoperatively. Infectious complications have been most frequent and contributed directly to death in four patients. At the present time three patients survive at five and a half, four, and three months postoperatively.
Justice and Natural Resources

Justice entitles everyone in the world, including future generations, to an equitable share of the benefits of the world’s natural resources. I argue that even though both Rawls and his libertarian critics seem hostile to it, this resource equity principle, suitably clarified, is a major part of an adequate strict compliance theory of global justice whether or not we take a libertarian or a Rawlsian approach. I offer a defence of the resource equity principle from both points of view.
Reinforcement learning and the frame problem

The frame problem, originally proposed within AI, has grown to be a fundamental stumbling block for building intelligent agents and modeling the mind. The source of the frame problem stems from the nature of symbolic processing. Unfortunately, connectionist approaches have long been criticized as having weaker representational capabilities than symbolic systems so have not been considered by many. The equivalence between the representational power of symbolic systems and connectionist architectures is redressed through neural manifolds, and reveals an associated frame problem. Working within the construct of neural manifolds, the frame problem is solved through the use of contextual reinforcement learning, a new paradigm recently proposed.
New insights into the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthesis

Recent studies have identified the induction of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in many cell types as part of the host response to sepsis and inflammation. Induced NO can have a variety of effects which may be detrimental or beneficial during sepsis or inflammation, depending on amount, duration, and anatomic site of synthesis. As arginine is the only physiological nitrogen donor for NO synthesis, metabolism of this amino acid may play an important role in regulation of NO synthesis during sepsis. This review will discuss the roles NO plays in sepsis and the potential impact of arginine metabolism on NO synthesis.
Les mélanomes du tronc ont-ils un pronostic individualisable? À propos d'une série de 77 cas

Resume Buts Les territoires de drainage lymphatique des melanomes du tronc ne sont pas predetermines et se repartissent entre drainages uniques et multiples, uni- ou bilateraux. Les questions recurrentes de definir les criteres qui president a ce type de repartition, de connaitre la valeur pronostique des drainages multiples ne trouvent que des reponses variables, voire divergentes dans la litterature. Nous avons voulu tenter d'apporter des reponses complementaires tirees de notre experience. Materiel et methodes Soixante-dix-sept dossiers de melanomes du tronc traites, entre janvier 2003 et decembre 2006, ont ete extraits de la base de donnees de notre institution. Le prelevement des ganglions sentinelles et des nodules en transit etait realise apres etude lymphoscintigraphique systematique ; un curage ganglionnaire etait propose en cas de metastase ganglionnaire et suivi d'une immunotherapie par interferon. L'etude statistique a utilise le test du Chi 2 de Pearson et le test exact de Fisher pour les petits groupes et les courbes de survie selon Kaplan-Meier. Resultats La lymphoscintigraphie definit 70,1 % de sites de drainage unique et 28,6 % de sites multiples (une donnee ininterpretable). Le taux de ganglions sentinelles metastatiques se situe a 14,3 %, dont 7,8 % sous forme de macrometastase et 6,5 % de micrometastase. La topographie du melanome influence significativement la repartition des sites de drainage, puisque les localisations medianes s'accompagnent de 28,6 % de localisations ganglionnaires uniques et de 71,4 % de localisations multiples, alors que les localisations laterales s'accompagnent de 79,4 % de localisations uniques et de 19,1 % de localisations multiples ( p Conclusion La topographie tumorale tient un role preponderant dans la repartition des sites de drainage, celle-ci ne pouvant etre appreciee, au cas par cas, que par la lymphoscintigraphie. L'envahissement ganglionnaire n'est pas influence par la notion d'un drainage mono- ou multisite, et il n'intervient pas dans la serie sur la survie globale. Ainsi, les melanomes du tronc ne presentent pas de profil evolutif specifique par rapport aux melanomes des membres.
ANALYSIS OF PEPTIDES OF THE MOCERATELY LYSINE RICH HISTONE FRACTION, F2B, OF THE WALKER TUMOR AND OTHER TISSUES.

Abstract The moderately lysine-rich histone fraction coded as F 2 b was purified from Walker tumor, rat thymus and spleen and from calf thymus by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose columns. Buffers containing potassium were used to improve the chromatographic separation. The amino acid analysis of the F 2 b fractions did not show any specific differences of this fraction in different tissues. The chief NH 2 terminal amino acid of all F 2 b fractions is proline. Tryptic hydrolysis of the F 2 b histone fraction produced has shown 25 distinct peptides as determined by “fingerprinting”. The distribution patterns for the peptides as well as the distribution of arginine, histidine and tyrosine were the same for the F 2 b histone from all four tissues studied. The implications of these results were discussed.
Effects of researcher presence and appeal on response quality in hand-delivered, self-administered surveys

Abstract This study investigates the effects of researcher presence (the researcher remaining with the respondent during survey completion versus a dropoff/callback approach) and type of appeal (social utility, help-the-sponsor, egoistic, and a no-appeal control) on response quality in hand-delivered, self-administered surveys. The criterion, response quality, is defined as response, item completion, item distortion, and item omission rates. Based on the theories of relational communication, reasoned action, and self-perception, this study hypothesizes that both appeal type and researcher presence will have a significant effect on response quality. Although nondirectional hypotheses are advanced due to the conflicting results of previous research, the theoretical orientations lead to hypothesizing that the researcher present condition, compared with the callback approach, will result in significantly higher response quality. To test the hypotheses, questionnaires were hand-delivered to a probability sample of 680 eligible households, representing the eight researcher presence/appeal type treatments. Results of the experiment discussed here suggest that each of the four components of response quality is significantly affected by either a main or an interaction effect. Specifically, the altruistic appeals and the researcher present condition lead to the lowest item omission rate. Although appeal type does not have a significant effect on the item distortion rate, the callback condition results in a significantly lower item distortion rate than the research present condition. With respect to response and item completion rates, a significant interaction effect exists between appeal type and researcher presence. For example, when the egoistic appeal is used, the callback approach yields a significantly greater response rate than the researcher present treatment. On the other hand, when the help-the-sponsor appeal is used, the researcher present treatment elicits a significantly higher response rate than the callback approach. Further, when the help-the-sponsor appeal is used, the researcher present treatment results in a higher completion rate than the callback treatment, whereas when the egoistic appeal is used, the researcher present treatment results in a lower completion rate than the callback treatment. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.
Cone mosaic development in the goldfish retina is independent of rod neurogenesis and differentiation.

The goldfish retina displays a characteristic arrangement of cone photoreceptors that develop in a stereotyped sequence according to spectral phenotype. It has been suggested that the earliest differentiating photoreceptor in the teleost, the rod photoreceptor, might play an instructive role in development of the cone mosaic. This hypothesis was tested, first by examining the expression pattern of a cone subtype-specific marker with respect to that of rod opsin, and then by killing the cells that generate rods and examining the cone mosaic that formed in the absence of new rods. We find that, although there is potential for interactions between developing cones and immediately postmitotic rods, a role for such interactions in cone mosaic pattern formation is not likely.
Early atherogenesis in white carneau pigeons: Effect of a short-term regression diet

The intracellular distribution of lipid shifts from cytoplasmic to lysosomal localization during the progression of atherosclerosis. It has been suggested that this shift may relate to regressability of lesions. The effects of reducing plasma cholesterol on the regression of early cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis were evaluated. Most small, early lesions disappeared after 5 weeks on the regression regimen. Larger lesions, however, did not change in extent even following 10 weeks regression. Although large lesions were not reduced in size under the regression conditions, total cytoplasmic lipid decreased. Paradoxically, the size of residual intracellular lipid deposits increased. The structural features of these remaining deposits suggest that they were lipid-filled lysosomes. Leukocyte adherence to endothelium, which increases 10- to 20-fold during progression, returned to control levels over most areas of large lesions. Levels of adherent leukocytes remained elevated, however, over small lesions and at the edges of larger lesions. Our data indicate that regression is not a uniform process, but rather, even in early lesions, varies within separate intimal microdomains. In addition, our data suggest that part of the difference may reside in differential partitioning of lipid into lysosomes.
A framework for exploratory space-time analysis of economic data

The development of exploratory spatial data analysis methods is an active research domain in the field of geographic information science (GIS). At the same time, the coupled space-time attributes of economic phenomena are difficult to be represented and examined. Both GIS and economic geography are faced with the challenges of dealing with the temporal dynamics of geographic processes and spatial dynamics of economic development across scales and dimensions. This paper thus suggests a novel way to generalize the characteristics and the structure of space-time data sets, using regional economic data as the example. Accordingly, a reasonable number of general questions (data analysis tasks) can be abstracted. Then, tools (methods) may be suggested on that basis. The cross-fertilization between exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and spatial economics is also identified and illustrated by the capabilities of these components, which have uncovered some interesting patterns and trends in the spatial income data of China and the United States. Through exploratory analysis of economic data, the detection of rich details of underlying geographical and temporal processes would be the first step toward such cross-fertilization. In addition, this exploratory analytical framework can be applied to other data sets that are also measured for areal units at multiple points in time.
The effect of graft caliber upon wall shear within in vivo distal vascular anastomoses.

Wall shear has been widely implicated as a contributing factor in the development of intimal hyperplasia in the anastomoses of chronic arterial bypass grafts. Earlier studies have been restricted to either : (1) in vitro or computer simulation models detailing the complex hemodynamics within an anastomosis without corresponding biological responses, or (2) in vivo models that document biological effects with only approximate wall shear information. Recently, a specially designed pulse ultrasonic Doppler wall shear rate (PUDWSR) measuring device has made it possible to obtain three near-wall velocity measurements nonintrusively within 1.05 mm of the vessel luminal surface from which wall shear rates (WSRs) were derived. It was the purpose of this study to evaluate the effect of graft caliber, a surgically controllable variable, upon local hemodynamics, which, in turn, play an important role in the eventual development of anastomotic hyperplasia. Tapered (4-7 mm I.D.) 6-cm-long grafts were implanted bilaterally in an end-to-side fashion with 30 de g proximal and distal anastomoses to bypass occluded common carotid arteries of 16 canines. The bypass grafts were randomly paired in contralateral vessels and placed such that the graft-to-artery diameter ratio, DR, at the distal anastomosis was either 1.0 or 1.5. For all grafts, the average Re was 432 ± 112 and the average Womersley parameter, α, was 3.59 ± 0.39 based on artery diameter. There was a sharp skewing of flow toward the artery floor with the development of a stagnation point whose position varied with time (up to two artery diameters) and DR (generally more downstream for DR = 1.0). Mean WSRs along the artery floor for DR = 1.0 and 1.5 were found to range sharply from moderate to high retrograde values (589 s -1 and 1558 s - ', respectively) upstream to high antegrade values (2704 s -1 and 2302 s -1 , respectively) immediately downstream of the stagnation point. Although there were no overall differences in mean and peak WSRs between groups, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in oscillatory WSRs as well as in the absolute normalized mean and peak WSRs between groups. There were also significant differences (p < 0.05) in mean and peak WSRs with respect to axial position along the artery floor for both DR cases. In conclusion, WSR varies widely ( 1558 s -1 retrograde to 2704 s -1 antegrade) within end-to-side distal graft anastomoses, particularly along the artery floor, and may play a role in the development of intimal hyperplasia through local alteration of mass transport and mechano-signal transduction within the endothelium.
Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate and nitrite at nafion R-coated electrodes in concentrated sodium hydroxide solution

The electrochemical reduction of nitrate ions in alkaline solution has been studied using various cathode materials and is the basis for a patent describing the conversion of nitrate into hydroxide ion in carbonate solutions. Recently, Taniguchi et al. have reported that certain well studied transition metal cyclic amine complexes, namely Co(III)-cyclam and Ni(II)-cyclam where cyclam is 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, efficiently electrocatalyze the reduction of nitrate and nitrite to hydroxylamine at mercury electrodes. Here the authors report that the metal cyclam catalyst can be incorporated into a Nafion film electrode, and that the reduction of nitrate and nitrite proceeds efficiently at these electrodes in concentrated NaOH solution. Nafion is a perfluoroalkanesulfonated cation exchange material that has been widely used to immobilize redox couples at electrode surfaces, including electrocatalysis species.
Application range of a differential-type adiabatic calorimeter in a thermal hazard evaluation

In order to prevent accidents involving fire and explosions due to the accumulation of heat during the self-decomposition of stored chemical materials, it is important to understand the thermal behavior of stored materials under an adiabatic condition. Recently, a differential-type adiabatic calorimeter (DARC) has been developed. However, the application range of the DARC in a thermal hazard evaluation is not fully understood. Therefore, in order to understand the application range of a DARC in a thermal hazard evaluation, the thermal behavior of di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP)-toluene solution and DTBP decomposition were measured. The results measured by the DARC were compared with those of an Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC). As a result, the DARC is considered to be effective in a thermal hazard evaluation for a small exothermic reaction of less than 100 J/g, which is difficult to evaluate by ARC. In contrast, a DARC should not be used for the thermal hazard evaluation of the material that has a large reaction heat and vapor pressure. Language: ja
Ultrastructure and Description of a New Species of Telomyxa (Microspora: Telomyxidae) from the Semiaquatic Beetle, Ora texana Champ. (Coleoptera: Helodidae)1

A new species of the uncommon microsporidian genus Telomyxa (Microspora: Telomyxidae) has been found parasitizing the larval fat body of the semiaquatic beetle, Ora texana. In this species, the sporogonic sequence results in the formation of sporocysts measuring 7.7 times 6.5 μm that contain two crested uninucleate spores (averaging 5.7 times 2.2 μm). The spores are essentially oblong/ovate, tapering toward the anterior end and remaining bound together after sporogony by a persistent accessory membrane or sporocyst. The two spores in the sporocyst are produced by an unusual morphogenetic sequence in which, after one mitosis, the binucleate sporont elongates, forming two lobes that fold toward one another and cleave along a central plane, forming two parallel sporoblasts. The general ultrastructural features of this process are described, and diagnostic characters of this new species of Telomyxa are presented.
Opponent-processing effects on the field spectral sensitivity of pattern-elicited electroretinograms.

Field spectral sensitivities of the pattern-elicited electroretinogram (PERG) were obtained from two subjects using a modified version of Stiles' two-color increment threshold procedure. A 540 nm checkerboard test pattern of 38° dia was alternated at 8 Hz on a uniform adapting field of the same size. Test intensity, field wavelength and field intensity were varied parametrically. The derived field spectral sensitivity does not resemble mat of any individual class of cones; it roughly approximates the photopic luminosity function Vλ, but with sensitivity dips at 540 and 600 nm, which may be associated with an adaptation of the red/green (R/G) opponent site. Thus, it is proposed that the PERG reflect activities in both the luminance and the R/G opponent channels.
Distortion and fragmentation of hydrocarbons chemisorbed on Ir(100)

Abstract The role of the electronic and geometrical factors has been studied for a metal surface for the molecular conversion of unsaturated hydrocarbons chemisorbed on (1 × 1) and (1 × 5) Ir(100) surfaces. Distinctive features associated with stretching of chemisorbed molecules are established.
Phase shifts of circadian rhythms in activity entrained to food access.

Abstract Rats anticipate daily 2 hr meals with a sharp increase in activity several hours prior to food availability. The present experiment examined the response to phase shifts of food access in rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Following entrainment of activity to 2 hr of food per day, food access was phase delayed or phase advanced by 4, 6, or 8 hr. All rats responded to phase delays of 4 or 6 hr with an increase in the duration of anticipatory activity so that transients appeared mostly in activity onset. Following 8 hr phase delays, clear delaying transients in both activity onset and end were observed. Only a few rats showed advancing transients in activity after phase advances of food access. In response to 6 hr and 8 hr phase advances, 3 diffent responses occurred: (a) activity re-entrained to food access by the 2nd or 3rd day without clear intervening transients, (b) activity phase shifted by means of distinct delaying transients and (c) delaying transients occurred in one component of activity while a second component of activity appeared at the new phase position by the second or third day. These results provide further evidence that anticipation of food access is mediated by a circadian mechanism which is functionally independent of the SCN and illustrate some similarities as well as considerable differences between circadian rhythms entrained by feeding and those entrained by light-dark cycles.
How does academic preparation influence how engineering students solve problems

In first year engineering courses, students possess a wide range of academic preparation such as their exposure to various mathematics courses and pre-engineering programs. Additionally, students bring perceptions about their abilities, and have already begun practicing preferred methods of analysis and documentation. Understanding how students with different backgrounds develop problem solving skills in first year engineering programs is of critical importance in order to close achievement gaps between diverse populations. This study examines how students solve engineering problems and identifies variations based on student factors of gender, ethnicity, mathematics preparation and achievement, and prior engineering experience. Solutions for three problems from 27 students were analyzed (n = 68 solutions). Students worked out problems using custom-designed software that digitally records ink strokes and allows researchers to associate codes to the problem solution at any point, even in portions of the problem solution that would not have been available without the use of this technology, such as in erased work. Differences in how students solve problems were assessed based on the prevalence (or absence) of elements and errors in the problem solving process, which were evaluated using task analysis. Results indicated that pre-engineering experience did not have a significant impact on successfully solving problems; however, having completed a calculus course was significantly related to successful problem solving. Future research will expand the study population to a larger sample of first year engineering students across multiple semesters, identifying key strategies that are absent for students with low mathematics preparation, and to investigate relationships between prior academic preparation and indicators of metacognition.
Patterns of Network Change: A Longitudinal Study of Friendships of Elderly Women

Old age is a period during which people have an opportunity to alter their friendship patterns. The data were in-depth interviews and observations of white, non-married, elderly women who lived in a middle-class suburb in 1981 and mail questionnaires and telephone interviews with 42 of the same women in 1984. Three independent dimensions of network evolution were identified. The patterns of change on these dimensions varied across middle-class status groups, but the members of each group tended to have reversed their middle-aged friendship patterns.
Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II: identification of general transcription factor TFIIG.

Abstract We have identified and partially characterized another human general transcription factor, TFIIG. Using a reconstituted in vitro system comprised of purified RNA polymerase II, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, and TFIIF, we found that TFIIG was essential for specific initiation from all class II genes tested. In this system TFIIA could partially replace TFIIG; however, even at saturating concentrations of TFIIA, addition of TFIIG further stimulated transcription. Since the chromatographic properties of TFIIG differed significantly from those of TFIIA, we concluded that TFIIA and TFIIG are distinct but functionally related transcription factors. Heparin challenge assays showed that TFIIG is required for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex. However, it must act after template commitment by TFIID, since this step did not require, and was unaffected by, either TFIIG or TFIIA.
Chromogranin from normal human adrenal glands: purification by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography and partial N-terminal amino acid sequence.

Abstract A method is presented for the purification of human chromogranin from adrenal glands obtained at autopsy. The procedure involved homogenization of whole glands in aqueous buffer, salt precipitation, affinity chromatography using a highly specific monoclonal antibody (LK2H10) and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Chromogranin purified from autopsy adrenal glands revealed a high degree of polypeptide heterogeneity when analyzed by silver-stained SDS polyacrylamide gels. Greater than 90% of the protein was represented by a cluster of polypeptides with an M r = 70 000 (i.e. chromogranin A), while the remaining protein was highly disperse in molecular weight. That these various polypeptides were in fact chromogranin was shown by Western blotting using monoclonal antibody LK2H10. About 6 nmol of chromogranin were obtained from 97 g of starting adrenals which was estimated to be a 25% yield and a 250-fold enrichment from adrenal homogenates. Critical to achieving reasonable yields of this protein was the need for particular low pH buffers for resuspension of chromogranin after solvent removal steps. Chromogranin purified from human adrenal glands was similar in amino acid composition, and identical in the N-terminal amino acid sequence (24 residues) to bovine chromogranin A. A secondary sequence representing 25% of the total protein and missing the first three residues of the N-terminus suggested the possibility of N-terminal processing of chromogranin in situ. The conservation of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of human and bovine chromogranin contrasts with the strong sequence variability predicted by antisera cross-reactivity and suggests that N-terminus of chromogranin may be critical for its biological activity.
Determination of elemental carbon in lake sediments using a thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) method.

Abstract An improved chemical oxidation pretreatment method has been developed for the determination of elemental carbon (EC) [also known as black carbon (BC) or soot] in lake sediments, using a thermal–optical transmittance (TOT) carbon analyzer. The method employs six steps: (1) removal of carbonates by treatment with HCl; (2) removal of silicates by treatment with HF + HCl; (3) removal of any remaining carbonates by treatment with HCl; (4) removal of humic acids by treatment with NaOH; and (5) oxidation of kerogens by K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4. A critical step of zinc chloride treatment was added; this apparently changes EC's morphology and enhances retention on quartz fiber filter, resulting in several-fold increased chemical yield. EC was determined using the TOT method with modified combustion timings. Carbon black (acetylene) and four NIST standard reference materials (SRMs) were used for quality control, and to assess the precision of the analysis. The EC recoveries from 18 carbon black samples varied from 90 to 111%, with a mean value of 99 ± 6%. The high EC recoveries confirmed the validity of the method. Char reference materials (i.e. chestnut wood and grass char) were used to determine potential contribution to EC in our measurements. The char references containing about 700 mg total organic carbon (OC) contributed ∼1.5% EC. The measured EC values from four NIST standards were 17.0 ± 0.6, 24.2 ± 3.2, 5.6, and 1.9 ± 0.1 mg gdw−1 for SRM-1648, SRM-1649a, SRM-1941b and SRM-8704, respectively. These values in SRMs were in agreement (
What reasons are given by teachers who refer problem behavior students

Referral information regarding 215 students referred to school psychologists was reviewed. Of this group, 74% were males and approximately one-half were referred while enrolled in the third through sixth grades. The most frequently stated reasons for referral were: (a) poor peer relationships, (b) displays frustration, (c) below academic expectations, (d) shy and withdrawn behavior, (e) disruptive behavior, (f) fighting, (g) refuses to work, and (h) short attention span. Referral reasons presented by classroom teachers correspond to the four major characteristics of behavior disorders: conduct disorders, personality disorders, inadequacy/immaturity, and socialized delinquency. Most referrals corresponded to reported behaviors representing conduct and personality disorders.
In vivo and in vitro binding of [3H]estradiol in brain and pituitary of Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus.

Abstract Following injection of [3H]estradiol in ovariectomized gerbils, the highest concentration of radioactivity was found in cell nuclei from the pituitary, followed by preoptic area, hypothalamus, amygdala, and midbrain, with very low levels in the olfactory bulbs and cerebral cortex. Cell nuclear binding was significantly reduced by pretreatment with unlabeled estradiol or nafoxidine but not by progesterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, or cortisol. The time course of estradiol binding in whole homogenate and cell nuclear fractions of brain and pituitary was determined by sacrificing animals 0.25, 1, 3, 6, or 12 hr after injection of [3H]estradiol and measuring hormone uptake into the respective cell components. While whole homogenate radioactivity was highest at 0.25 hr, cell nuclear uptake peaked at 1 hr. Radioactivity was still present in cell nuclei from pituitary, hypothalamus-preoptic area, and amygdala 12 hr after [3H]estradiol injection, although at a level only 2% of 1-hr peak values. Macromolecular binding of [3H]estradiol was found in the cytoplasmic fraction of pooled hypothalamus-preoptic area-amygdala. Scatchard analysis of this in vitro binding indicated a Kd of 5.0 × 10−10M. This binding was inhibited more by unlabeled estradiol or the synthetic estrogen, R2858, than by 5α-dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, or cortisol. Pronase almost totally inhibited binding, while DNase and RNase had little effect. The data indicate that the estradiol binding in female gerbil brain and pituitary is similar to that of other species previously studied, although some species differences were found.
Differential stimulus attributes of chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital

Abstract Tranquillizers, such as chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and other benzodiazepines. arc difficult to distinguish from subhypnotic doses of sedatives, such as pentobarbital (PENT) and other barbiturates. Most tests of animal behavior are insensitive to low drug doses because the drug effect constitutes disruption of normal, adaptive behavior. A more sensitive measure is provided by establishing the drug effect as a discriminative stimulus, signalling which of two alternative responses is reinforced. Rats trained to discriminate either CDP or PENT from the nondrug control condition choose the drug response in tests with sufficiently high doses of the other drug. Some attributes of the drug effects are thus similar, but differences in other attributes are indicated by successful use of the same technique to train alternative responses under the CDP and PENT conditions. Dose-response functions in several situations suggest that the disinhibitory or behaviorally stimulant effects of both drugs are primarily due to emotional relaxation in the case of CDP and impairment of motor control in the case of PENT. Both drugs appear to be more similar to each other than to ethyl alcohol, but in rats trained to discriminate CDP from PENT, tests with alcohol indicated more similarity to CDP during restricted movement (confinement in a chamber or body restraint) and more similarity to PENT during vigorous movement (running in a T-maze).
Healing of extraction socket grafted with deproteinized bovine bone and acellular dermal matrix: histomorphometric evaluation.

Various materials have been used to prevent or minimize ridge collapse after tooth extraction in an attempt to improve implant placement. The bone graft material used for filling bone defects after tooth extraction is a controversial topic. This is especially so if there is an apical lesion at the s
Viability of Hybrid Poplar in ANSI Approved Cross-Laminated Timber Applications

AbstractThe development of cross-laminated timber (CLT) technology has opened up new opportunities for low-density hardwood species, which have traditionally not been rated as construction-grade materials for structural engineering applications. Several characteristics of CLT, namely thermal performance, seismic behavior, and speed of construction, have raised interest among designers. The CLT technology has recently been used for residential and nonresidential multistory buildings and it has been identified as one of the ways of achieving tall timber building construction. As CLT gains acceptance in the industry, low-density wood species, not specified in current ANSI standards, need to be investigated for potentially successful use in CLT panels. This paper presents a study that demonstrates the viability of a Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified sustainable plantation grown low-density species, hybrid poplar (marketed as Pacific Albus), for use in performance-rated CLT panels by following the ANS...
Comprehensive scanning of the ATM gene with DOVAM-S.

Mutation detection at the ATM locus has been difficult because of the large size of the gene (66 exons), the fact that mutations are located throughout the entire gene with no hotspots, and the difficulty of distinguishing mutations from polymorphisms. In this study, the entire coding region (exons 4-65) was scanned, as well as the adjacent intronic regions, using DOVAM-S (Detection Of Virtually All Mutations-SSCP), a robotically-enhanced, multiplexed scanning method that is a highly sensitive modification of SSCP. Forty-three unrelated patients and four obligate carriers were studied. Of the 90 expected mutant alleles, 71 were identified (79%). The mutations included 17 nonsense (24%), 20 frameshift (28%), 20 splice (28%), 10 missense (14%), one in-frame deletion (1%), and three that alter the initiation codon (4%). Among the ataxia-telangiectasia patients, two potentially causative mutations were identified in 30 individuals: 22 had two truncating mutations, four had one truncating and one missense mutation, three had two missense mutations, and one had a truncating mutation and an in-frame deletion of three amino acids. For seven A-T patients and all four obligate carriers, only one truncating mutation was detected. Six of the 43 A-T patients had no detected mutations (14%). Twelve novel mutations and six novel polymorphisms were detected. The results of this complete scan of the ATM coding region showed that 86% of causative ATM mutations were truncating and 14% were missense. DOVAM-S is a rapid, efficient method of performing A-T diagnosis and carrier testing on a clinical time scale.
Chloride Distributions as Indicators of Vadose Zone Stratigraphy in Palouse Loess Deposits

Chloride is often used as a conservative tracer to estimate groundwater recharge rates in arid and semiarid regions. Relationships between Cl− depth profiles and vadose zone stratigraphy have revealed new information on the behavior of this dissolved constituent in pore waters of heterogeneous materials. We measured pore-water Cl− in loess deposits of the eastern Palouse region in northern Idaho, where multiple sequences of buried soils extend to ∼20 m depth. Three cores were collected to bedrock at summit, side slope, and valley positions. Pore-water Cl− distribution, clay content, soil strength, and secondary Mnd/Fed ratios were measured to identify relationships between natural tracer migration and vadose zone stratigraphy. Characterization of deep strata revealed complex sequences of extremely dense paleosol fragipans interstratified with less dense leached horizons. Abrupt changes in Cl− concentration reflect boundaries between these stratigraphic units that display contrasting physical and morphological properties. Results illustrate that loess stratigraphy influences vadose zone water movement in the Palouse. In addition, Cl− depth profiles can be used as indicators of deep stratigraphy across various landscape positions.
Opiate and opioid peptide effects on brain stem neurons: relevance to nociception and antinociceptive mechanisms.

That the brain stem, particularly the reticular core, is involved in the receipt and processing of sensory information of wide variety, including pain, is well appreciated [e.g., 26,104,105,230]. While nociception and ~tinociception have long been poorly understood, the recent past has seen significant advances made in our appreciation and understanding of the involvement of brain stem areas in nociception [e.g., 33,38,55,125] and antinociceptive mechanisms [ 157159,262,265]. The demonstration of stereospecific, saturable and reversible sites in the central nervous system which bind opiates (opiate receptors [200,233,240]) and the discovery of endogenous ligands for this receptor (endorphins and enkephalins [ 110,232]), both of which are present in brain stem areas relevant to this essay [9,10,197,217,244], have led, in concert with information reviewed by those cited above, to postulation of descending antinociceptive systems and endogenous mechanisms of antinociception localized in the brain stem. Basbaum and Fields [ 15,16,80,81] have reviewed anatomic and physiolo~c~ evidence and suggest a role for the medullary reticular formation in the modulation of pain. The participation of the medullary reticular formation in the modulation of pain as currently proposed requires the activation of neurons in certain brain stem areas, However, recent reviews of the electrophysiological effects of opiates [44,111,183] conclude that their pharmacologically important action in the brain stem is depression of neuronal activity. In their general pharmacology, opiates are indeed powerful depressants of many systems. In addition, recent evidence suggests that enkephalinergic interneurons throughout the brain exert a predominant inhibitory effect (34,60,115,1 l&150,176]. Thus, that opiates and opioid peptides are apparently suppressive to neuronal activity is not consonant with the notion that their involvement in antinociception relates to an activation of selected neurons in the brain stem.
Collective Fieldwork Interviews in the Classroom Without Walls

This article uses a course that meets from 10 p.m. to 1 a.m. as a context to critically examine collective collaborative fieldwork as an experiential pedagogy that helps students better understand and practice qualitative fieldwork interviews. A collective interviewing experience can provide each student with practice and establish a situation for relatively sustained learning-focused dialogue and debate about interviewing ethics. With this context in mind, I critically examine how interviewing participants in a group scenario can help students understand spurned interview requests, the effects on researcher-participant relationships, and the alteration of temporal and spatial scenes in which interviews take shape as well as teach students about the important nuances of translation during interviews. Taken together, these four issues offer important ways to think about team-based fieldwork projects as an alternative to lone-ethnographer models of research practices that are foregrounded in qualitative research literature and in fieldwork-based courses.
Diversity and overlap as measures of environmental quality

Abstract It is argued that indices of diversity (information function H ) and overlap (percentage similarity PS) can be used together to assess environmental quality. The method is tested using data on demersal fishes from nine Massachusetts estuaries and embayments. Annual diversity ranged from H (log e ) = 0.4–2.4, with low diversities in areas of apparent high pollution and higher diversities in areas of lesser pollution. Where annual diversity is low, little seasonal change is reflected in a high PS from season to season; where annual diversity is high, a relatively lower PS indicates a greater degree of change. For their calculation, both H and PS require the number of individuals in each species in a sample. This data should be considered important in the conduct of faunal surveys that contribute to an environmental impact statement.
Conditional Maximum-Likelihood Estimators, from Singly Censored Samples, of the Scale Parameters of Type II Extreme-Value Distributions

Use of the functional relationships between the exponential and the Type II asymptotic distributions of largest and smallest values enables one to obtain conditional maximum-likelihood estimators, from singly censored samples, of the scale parameters (characteristic largest and characteristic smallest values) of the Type II asymptotic distributions of largest and smallest values, F 1(y; vn , K) = exp [–(y/vn )−K ] and F 2(x; v 1, K) = 1 – exp [– (x/v 1)−K ], by simple transformations of the corresponding estimator, , of the scale parameter of the exponential distribution, based on the first m order statistics of a sample of size n. Use is made of the fact that v n , | K = and v1, | K , where 2m /θ has the chi-square distribution with 2m degrees of freedom, to set confidence bounds on the scale parameters, vn , and v 1, of the Type II asymptotic distributions of largest and smallest values. The probability densities of v n , | K and v1 K, each of which for given m is the same for any n > m, are obtained by...
Weld thermal simulation and its effect upon the microstructure of as-cast FeAl-based materials

Abstract Gleeble simulation studies of the effects of welding on the microstructural change of four FeAl-based materials with Mo, Zr, C, and B additions based on light optical metallography and x-ray diffraction techniques have been undertaken. These materials, designated Fe-Al-Mo (heat 564), Fe-Al-Mo-B (heat 565), Fe-Al-Mo-Zr-C (heat 567), and Fe-Al-Mo-Zr-C-B (heat 568), exhibit behaviors suggesting that the additions of B, Zr, and C are beneficial (individually or in combination) to the resistance of cracking following-weld thermal cycles. The microstructure is significantly altered due to the addition of Zr and C. The relation and correlation between the effects of minor alloying elements on FeAl materials and weldability is established. Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Anticoagulation and restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Abstract Restenosis after angioplasty is probably related to 2 processes: thrombosis and recurrence of atherosclerosis. Many approaches to altering these processes are available, but to date none has shown a high rate of success. Heparin has properties relevant to both processes; this makes it an attractive compound for further study. The anticoagulant action of heparin is well known. It is mediated primarily though complex formation with antithrombin III, which leads to a conformational change and an increased rate of thrombin inactivation. Heparin has additional antithrombotic actions, largely mediated through the formation of the same complex, but involving precursor elements such as factor Xa. These actions of heparin can be localized to different portions of the large, complex molecule. Additionally, experimental studies have demonstrated an antiproliferative action of heparin, a property that may be relevant to smooth muscle cell proliferation after angioplasty. This is mediated by a fairly small, functionally distinct nonanticoagulant portion of the heparin molecule. Fragments of heparin possessing particular actions are being investigated experimentally and clinically. Continued investigations of the structure and function of heparin promise to lead to a decreased rate of restenosis and a better understanding of the mechanisms of angioplasty.
Vibrational Excitation by Electron Impact in O 2

The trapped-electron method is applied to a study of vibrational excitation by low-energy (0-1-eV) electrons on ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. It is found that the dominant feature of the vibrational cross section consists of spikes, spaced about 0.11 eV apart. This spacing is characteristic of the spacing of the vibrational levels of the $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ system which serves as a compound state and which is also measured in the present study. It is found that one of the levels of the compound system ($\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) is coincident with the $v=3$ level of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. When the measured anharmonicity of the $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ system (3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.5 mV per level) is taken into account, the spacing of the lowest vibrational states (${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1$) of $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ becomes 132 mV, provided that the Pack-Phelps value of 0.43 eV is used for the electron affinity of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. The spacing of the ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1$ vibrational states obtained in the present experiment is in excellent agreement with the values obtained by Raman spectroscopy of alkali-halide crystals in which $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is trapped (135 mV). The magnitudes of the cross sections of the spikes, integrated over the electron energy distribution, are given and the branching ratio for the decay of $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states is discussed.
Symbol and Reflection of the Reconstituting State: The Examination Yuan in the 1930s

The standard works on the Nanjing decade (1927-1937) have typically dismissed the Examination Yuan as an empty, unimportant organization, whose efforts did little to change the regime's otherwise weak, corrupt and ineffective state bureaucracy during its tenure on the mainland of China (Ch'ien, 1950: 233-246; Eastman, 1974, 1991; Tien, 1972). In contrast to this earlier scholarship, which was engaged in assessing the performance of the entire Nationalist government in the light of its eventual defeat, this article takes a different approach: evaluating the Examination Yuan as a state organization on its own terms. In so doing, it confines its analysis to the 1930s and early 1940s, a period well before the Communist victory of 1949 was widely anticipated. In the 1930s, the Examination Yuan was both a symbol and a reflection of a regime whose goals were simultaneously restorationist and revolutionary. During these years, the Guomindang not only worked to reconstitute the state after decades of central weakness and political fragmentation, it also attempted to drastically enhance the national bureaucracy's institutional and projective capacity for rapid
Photophysical Properties of Acene DCDHF Fluorophores: Long-Wavelength Single-Molecule Emitters Designed for Cellular Imaging

We report the solvatochromic, viscosity-sensitive, and single-molecule photophysics of the fluorophores DCDHF-N-6 and DCDHF-A-6. These molecules are members of the dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran (DCDHF) class of single-molecule emitters that contain an amine electron donor and a DCDHF acceptor linked by a conjugated unit; DCDHF-N-6 and DCDHF-A-6 have naphthalene- and anthracene-conjugated linkers, respectively. These molecules maintain the beneficial photophysics of the phenylene-linked DCDHF (i.e., photostability, emission wavelength dependence on solvent polarity, and quantum yield sensitivity to solvent viscosity), yet offer absorption and emission at longer wavelengths that are more appropriate for cellular imaging. We demonstrate that these new fluorophores are less photolabile in an aqueous environment than several other commonly used dyes (rhodamine 6G, Texas Red, and fluorescein). Finally, we image single copies of the acene DCDHFs diffusing in the plasma membrane of living cells.