cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dicke superradiance in solids [Invited]

Recent advances in optical studies of condensed matter systems have led to the emergence of a variety of phenomena that have conventionally been studied in the realm of quantum optics. These studies have not only deepened our understanding of light–matter interactions but have also introduced aspects of many-body correlations inherent in optical processes in condensed matter systems. This paper is concerned with the phenomenon of superradiance (SR), a profound quantum optical process originally predicted by Dicke in 1954. The basic concept of SR applies to a general N body system, where constituent oscillating dipoles couple together through interaction with a common light field and accelerate the radiative decay of the whole system. Hence, the term SR ubiquitously appears in order to describe radiative coupling of an arbitrary number of oscillators in many situations in modern science of both classical and quantum description. In the most fascinating manifestation of SR, known as superfluorescence (SF), an incoherently prepared system of N inverted atoms spontaneously develops macroscopic coherence from vacuum fluctuations and produces a delayed pulse of coherent light whose peak intensity ∝N2. Such SF pulses have been observed in atomic and molecular gases, and their intriguing quantum nature has been unambiguously demonstrated. In this review, we focus on the rapidly developing field of research on SR phenomena in solids, where not only photon-mediated coupling (as in atoms) but also strong Coulomb interactions and ultrafast scattering processes exist. We describe SR and SF in molecular centers in solids, molecular aggregates and crystals, quantum dots, and quantum wells. In particular, we will summarize a series of studies we have recently performed on semiconductor quantum wells in the presence of a strong magnetic field. In one type of experiment, electron-hole pairs were incoherently prepared, but a macroscopic polarization spontaneously emerged and cooperatively decayed, emitting an intense SF burst. In another type of experiment, we observed the SR decay of coherent cyclotron resonance of ultrahigh-mobility 2D electron gases, leading to a decay rate that is proportional to the electron density. These results show that cooperative effects in solid-state systems are not merely small corrections that require exotic conditions to be observed; rather, they can dominate the nonequilibrium dynamics and light emission processes of the entire system of interacting electrons.
Proposed California Regulations for Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater

The proposed California regulations for groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater are presented with the basis and rationale for key requirements. The treatment and recharge basin requirements have been developed to control the migration of pathogens, nitrogen, and trace organics in the extracted groundwater. The regulations rely on a combination of controls intended to maintain a microbiologically and chemically safe groundwater recharge operation. These regulations provide uniform statewide criteria that will promote groundwater recharge projects using reclaimed municipal wastewater.
Carbon Nanotubes Produced from Ambient Carbon Dioxide for Environmentally Sustainable Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes

The cost and practicality of greenhouse gas removal processes, which are critical for environmental sustainability, pivot on high-value secondary applications derived from carbon capture and conversion techniques. Using the solar thermal electrochemical process (STEP), ambient CO2 captured in molten lithiated carbonates leads to the production of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at high yield through electrolysis using inexpensive steel electrodes. These low-cost CO2-derived CNTs and CNFs are demonstrated as high performance energy storage materials in both lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. Owing to synthetic control of sp3 content in the synthesized nanostructures, optimized storage capacities are measured over 370 mAh g–1 (lithium) and 130 mAh g–1 (sodium) with no capacity fade under durability tests up to 200 and 600 cycles, respectively. This work demonstrates that ambient CO2, considered as an environmental pollutant, can be attributed economic value in grid-scale and portable...
Active EGF receptors have limited access to PtdIns(4,5)P2 in endosomes: implications for phospholipase C and PI 3-kinase signaling

Although prolonged cell signaling is attenuated by internalization and downregulation of active receptors, it is now appreciated that many receptors continue to signal in intracellular compartments. Employing enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion probes, we have investigated the hypothesis that multiple signaling pathways are affected by the differential trafficking of membrane substrates such as PtdIns(4,5) P 2. A phosphotyrosine-specific probe, but not a PtdIns(4,5) P 2-specific probe, colocalized with internalized EGF as well as transferrin in EGF-stimulated living cells expressing autophosphorylation-competent EGF receptors. Neither probe colocalized with transferrin in the absence of EGF, demonstrating that the reduced level of accessible PtdIns(4,5) P 2 in endosomes is constitutive. Finally, a PtdIns(3,4,5) P 3-specific probe, which monitors phosphorylation of PtdIns(4,5) P 2 by phosphoinositide 3-kinases, was recruited to the plasma membrane but not to EGF- or transferrin-containing endosomes in response to EGF stimulation. These results suggest that while many internalized receptors continue to engage intracellular enzymes, the phospholipase C and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways are abrogated by the constitutive lack of accessible PtdIns(4,5) P 2 in endosomes.
Effect of a behavioral intervention on dimensions of self-regulation and physical activity among overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study.

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the preliminary effect of a behavioral intervention on the use of self-regulation strategies and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes. 23 individuals recruited from ResearchMatc.org and campus advertisements were randomized into an intervention (n = 12) and control (n = 11) group. The intervention group received a behavioral intervention that used goal setting, time management, and self-monitoring to target dimensions of self-regulation and MVPA. The control received information regarding their PA habits. MVPA was measured via BodyMedia Armbands at pre- and post-test. The use of self-regulatory strategies for MVPA was assessed at pretest and posttest using the Self-Regulation for Exercise Scale. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to determine the practical impact of the intervention. The intervention had a large effect on all dimensions of self-regulation across time: including total self-regulation (3.15), self-monitoring (4.63), goal setting (3.17), social support (1.29), self-reward (1.98), time management (4.41), and overcoming barriers (2.25). The intervention had no impact on dimensions of MVPA across time. This pilot study demonstrated the ability of a behavioral intervention to improve the use of self-regulation strategies for MVPA in a sample of adults with type 2 diabetes. These findings can further inform the development of health promotion programs to promote self-regulation. Future research should focus on determining ability of improvements in self-regulation to stimulate behavior change.
Real-time Spectral Filtering and Interferometric Spectral Phase Compensation in a Feedback Fiberized High Power Chirped Pulse Amplification System

Parabolic spectral filtering and interferometric spectral phase compensation was implemented in a real-time feedback loop for high power fiber CPA system, resulting in near transform limited sub-picosecond pulses and 4.5 times increase in peak power
Selective Transient Suppression of Globin Chain Synthesis by Blood Transfusions in βThalassemia

Thalassemias are characterized by an imbalance in globin chain synthesis. When patients having beta-thalassemia major are given transfusions, globin synthesis is transiently suppressed, particularly the alpha chains. This results in a relatively improved alpha/beta ration that may erroneously be interpreted as indicating stimulation of beta chain synthesis.
Cosmology with photometric weak lensing surveys: Constraints with redshift tomography of convergence peaks and moments

Weak gravitational lensing is becoming a mature technique for constraining cosmological parameters, and future surveys will be able to constrain the dark energy equation of state $w$. When analyzing galaxy surveys, redshift information has proven to be a valuable addition to angular shear correlations. We forecast parameter constraints on the triplet $({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{m},w,{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8})$ for a LSST-like photometric galaxy survey, using tomography of the shear-shear power spectrum, convergence peak counts and higher convergence moments. We find that redshift tomography with the power spectrum reduces the area of the $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ confidence interval in $({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{m},w)$ space by a factor of 8 with respect to the case of the single highest redshift bin. We also find that adding non-Gaussian information from the peak counts and higher-order moments of the convergence field and its spatial derivatives further reduces the constrained area in $({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{m},w)$ by factors of 3 and 4, respectively. When we add cosmic microwave background parameter priors from Planck to our analysis, tomography improves power spectrum constraints by a factor of 3. Adding moments yields an improvement by an additional factor of 2, and adding both moments and peaks improves by almost a factor of 3 over power spectrum tomography alone. We evaluate the effect of uncorrected systematic photometric redshift errors on the parameter constraints. We find that different statistics lead to different bias directions in parameter space, suggesting the possibility of eliminating this bias via self-calibration.
The Experimental Study on the Effects of Potassium Channel Activators on Triggered Activity

Objective:To investigate the effects of potassium channel activators (CRk) on action potential and ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) in guinea pig papillary and ventricular myocytes.Methods: The effects of ouabuain and ouabuain plus CRK on action potential and KATP were recorded by whole cell patch clamp technique and standard glass microelectrode method.Results: OUB induced DAD, triggered the activity, and increased RP from (-89±2)mV to (-76±9)mV. CRK decreased RP from (-76±9)mV to (-90±3)mV,and inhibited DAD. CRK shortened APD, and increased KATP from(-120±17)pA to (342±89)pA. Glidiabet had resistant effect on CRK.Conclusion: Opening of KATP can decrease the poisonous effect of OUB on myocytes, shorten APD, end DAD, trigger activity, and also has the protective effect on myocytes. The effect of CRK is relative to increased KATP.
Personalized Voting: The Intersection of Cloud and Mobility

Current research and development being conducted by the international Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure Consortium GPII is to create technology for cloud-based accessibility. Using this new technology, users of computer systems can create personal profiles that specify how computer applications should be configured to meet their individual needs. National Institute of Standards and Technology researchers have developed a prototype voting support system with enhanced accessibility capabilities based on the cloud-based accessibility work of the GPII, to evaluate the applicability of this new technology in the voting domain. Using this prototype, the Next Generation Voting Platform NGVP, voters can use a mobile device e.g. tablet computer to exchange data with a cloud-based system to download settings in order to configure complex ballot interfaces for marking a blank ballot. The research performed on the NGVP suggests that cloud-based accessibility has the potential to be useful to voters when integrated into mobile ballot-marking systems.
Zosteriform Staphylococcus aureus Cutaneous Infection: Report of Two Patients With Dermatomal Bacterial Infection.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe cutaneous infections, which are zosteriform in distribution, including two patients with dermatomal Staphylococcus aureus infection. Herpes zoster infectious lesions usually occur in a dermatomal distribution. Other viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, can also appear with zosteriform lesions and closely mimic the clinical presentation of herpes zoster. Additionally, other skin infections, less commonly, are zosteriform. Two patients who developed zosteriform S aureus skin infection are described. A medical literature search for zosteriform dermatomal infections yielded other cutaneous infections with a zosteriform presentation. Two patients had S aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus infection with skin lesions occupying the T11-T12 dermatomes and the T4 dermatome, respectively. They responded to antibacterial agents and adjuvant therapy. Patients with viral, fungal, and spirochete zosteriform infections are summarized. In addition to varicella-zoster virus infection, zosteriform skin infection can occur with viral (varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus), superficial (dermatophyte), and deep (phaeohyphomycosis and zygomycosis) fungal, and bacterial (S aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus) infections. These infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a zosteriform infection that does not present with the classic clinical picture for herpes zoster or that does not respond to standard treatments for varicellazoster virus.
Aggression and Crimes against Peace: Prosecuting Military and Political Leaders

Obviously, no man may be condemned for fighting in what he believes is the defense of his native land, even though his belief be mistaken. Nor can he be expected to undertake an independent investigation to determine whether or not the cause for which he fights is the result of an aggressive act of his own government. One can be guilty only where knowledge of aggression in fact exists, and it is not sufficient that he have suspicions that the war is aggressive. Any other test of guilt would involve a standard of conduct both impracticable and unjust. “The Ministries Case Judgment” In this and the next chapter, I will attempt to draw some lessons from an examination of several of the trials at Nuremberg for the crime of aggression. If we can get around the problems discussed in the previous chapter concerning the idea of precedent in international criminal law, the next question is what is the precedent-value of those trials. I am especially interested in how the elements of the crime of aggression, especially the element of actus reus was established and what defenses were recognized. I will examine cases of both military and political leaders tried at Nuremberg, drawing first on one of the seemingly easiest of cases and also one of the hardest. Throughout this chapter I try to provide some concrete detail to the rather abstract discussions of the previous part of this book, but I also will try to fill out and extend the abstract discussion as well, setting the stage for the reconceptualization of the main elements of the crime of aggression.
Monitoring and suppression measures of transformer DC bias current

A real-time monitoring device of transformer DC bias current was presented in this paper, which can effectively improve the early warning capacity of transformer DC bias. It is consisted with compass module, GPRS module, Hall current sensor and so on. The main components, functions and technical specifications of this device are introduced. At present, there are some suppression measures of transformer DC bias, such as series capacitor, series resistance, and reverse compensation device of DC bias current, etc. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of above suppression measures, an effective and practical measure for suppressing the DC bias current was advised. Series resistance in transformer neutral point can limit DC current. This measure is practical, economical, and easy to promote extensive application in the transformers near by the DC grounding electrode.
Live demonstration: High-definition wireless personal area tracking using AC magnetic field

This demo will present a portable High-Definition (HD) Personal Area Tracking (PAT) system to the audience. Our low-power, low-latency and accurate system works as an easy-to-use human-computer user interface device. A transmitter antenna works as a base station for our two receiver modules which find their position relative to the transmitter antenna with a millimeter level accuracy. The first receiver module is attached to a head mount display running a virtual reality (VR) application. The position and orientation reported from this receiver manipulates the users point of view in the VR application. The second receiver module which is held in hand serves as a virtual hand in the VR space. This interactive system enables us to provide a true VR experience to the user demonstrating the capability of our PAT system.
Applications of chemogenomic library screening in drug discovery

The allure of phenotypic screening, combined with the industry preference for target-based approaches, has prompted the development of innovative chemical biology technologies that facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets for accelerated drug discovery. A chemogenomic library is a collection of selective small-molecule pharmacological agents, and a hit from such a set in a phenotypic screen suggests that the annotated target or targets of that pharmacological agent may be involved in perturbing the observable phenotype. In this Review, we describe opportunities for chemogenomic screening to considerably expedite the conversion of phenotypic screening projects into target-based drug discovery approaches. Other applications are explored, including drug repositioning, predictive toxicology and the discovery of novel pharmacological modalities.
Particles Corresponding to Nonquadratic Lagrangians

We consider the Lagrangian $$L = \frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_i {{\partial _\mu }} {\varphi ^i}{\partial ^\mu }{\varphi ^i} - W(\varphi ),$$ (5.1) describing a multicomponent scalar field, and put it in the form $$L = {L_0} - V(\varphi ) = \frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_i {{\partial _\mu }} {\varphi ^i}{\partial ^\mu }{\varphi ^i} - \frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{i,j} {{k_{ij}}} {\varphi ^i}{\varphi ^j} - V(\varphi ),$$ (5.2) where V is a polynomial in φ containing terms of order three and higher. In Chapter 2 we showed that if the matrix (k ij ) is nonnegative definite, L 0 describes particles whose squared masses are the eigenvalues of this matrix. The term V(φ) can be taken into account by perturbation techniques; although it does not change the spectrum qualitatively, it nevertheless introduces corrections to the masses of the particles.
Enzymatic cell disruption of the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for lipid and protein extraction

Abstract Microalgae has potential as a biofuel feedstock and as a source of valuable bioproducts for a variety of food, feed, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries due to high yields of proteins, starch, and lipids. However, several challenges are associated with bioproduct extraction from microalgae. The complexity of microalgae cell walls necessitates use of energy intensive disruption methods, but current chemical or mechanical techniques can degrade economically valuable bioproducts. Therefore, disruption methods that target microalgae cell walls are essential, such as enzymatic biomass pretreatment for the release of specific biomolecules. Aqueous enzymatic pretreatment can preserve valuable bioproducts while permitting high levels of cell disruption. In this study, we optimized harvesting times that maximized protein yields in nitrogen depleted cultures and promoted lipid accumulation in the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Furthermore, an aqueous enzymatic assisted extraction (AEAE) treatment was developed. Four lytic enzymes were tested for their ability to permeate C. reinhardtii cell walls. Autolysin treatment was chosen as preferred cell disruption method. Treated cells were visualized by TEM imaging. TEM images and cell counts confirmed cell permeability (100%) and further cell lysis (50%) and product release when cells were treated with autolysin for 24 h. Biomass was also subjected to lipid and protein extraction after autolysin treatment and yields were compared to other mechanical and chemical extraction methods. Protein extractability was significantly enhanced by the autolysin pretreatment when compared to sonication pretreatment. Solvent extraction accompanied with autolysin biomass pretreatment significantly enhanced lipid extractable yields as compared to only solvent extraction and solvent plus sonication extraction.
Abstract 151: Cell-based Therapies for Heart Failure: Changes in Cytokine Expression From Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) use paracrine signaling to modulate the cellular microenvironment via expression of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules to aid and promote endogenous repair. Induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocyte (iPSC-CMs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) together may play a synergistic role in changing the microenvironment milieu to allow for endogenous cellular repair through paracrine signaling. Cytokine expression is involved in the progression of heart failure (HF). Using a rat model of HF, cell based therapies with a fibroblast embedded patch only, iPSC-CM patch, and MSCs via tail vein (IV) or intracardiac injections (IC) to the left ventricle (LV) were administered, and RNA was subsequently isolated, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for analysis of gene expression. Evaluation of gene expression revealed significant increases in the expression of connexin 43 with iPSC-CMs (p
Apollo: Reusable Models for Fast, Dynamic Tuning of Input-Dependent Code

Increasing architectural diversity makes performance portability extremely important for parallel simulation codes. Emerging on-node parallelization frameworks such as Kokkos and RAJA decouple the work done in kernels from the parallelization mechanism, allowing for a single source kernel to be tuned for different architectures at compile time. However, computational demands in production applications change at runtime, and performance depends both on the architecture and the input problem, and tuning a kernel for one set of inputs may not improve its performance on another. The statically optimized versions need to be chosen dynamically to obtain the best performance. Existing auto-tuning approaches can handle slowly evolving applications effectively, but are too slow to tune highly input-dependent kernels. We developed Apollo, an auto-tuning extension for RAJA that uses pre-trained, reusable models to tune input-dependent code at runtime. Apollo is designed for highly dynamic applications; it generates sufficiently low-overhead code to tune parameters each time a kernel runs, making fast decisions. We apply Apollo to two hydrodynamics benchmarks and to a production multi-physics code, and show that it can achieve speedups from 1.2x to 4.8x.
Multipoint Analysis of Mendelian Loci

Each Mendelian locus occupies a specific point on a chromosome. A linkage analysis requires two or more Mendelian loci and thus involves two or more points. When a linkage analysis involves two Mendelian loci, as we have seen in Chap. 2 for estimating the recombination fraction between two loci, the analysis is called two-point analysis. When more than two Mendelian loci are analyzed simultaneously, the method is calledmultipoint analysis (Jiang and Zeng 1997). Multipoint analysis can extract more information from the data if markers are not fully informative, e.g., missing genotypes, dominance alleles, and so on.
Prognostic value of prolonged QTc interval in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

Background/objectives Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) can be a life-threatening condition. Right ventricular function evaluated by echocardiography, brain natriuretic peptide levels and several patterns on the electrocardiogram have been utilized to guide treatment and prognosis. Case reports described heart rate corrected QT (QTc) prolongation as an ECG finding associated with PE. However, the prognostic value of QTc prolongation has not been studied. Methods Retrospective chart review of 300 consecutive patients (mean age 60.3 ± 17.6 years; 40.7% men) diagnosed with acute PE by computed tomography pulmonary angiography or ventilation perfusion scan were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: a prolonged QTc group with QTc >460 milliseconds (n=178) and a control group (n=122). We retrospectively reviewed medical records, electrocardiography, echocardiography and radiography results. Statistical analyses included unpaired t-test and Fisher's exact test using Stata version12. Results The prolonged QTc group demonstrated significantly increased right ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. Additionally, the duration of hospitalization and intensive care unit stay were longer in the prolonged QTc group. Further, the prolonged QTc group had more hypotensive episodes and received thrombolytic treatment more frequently. There was no statistical difference in in-patient mortality rates (4.5% for the study group and 4.2% for the control group, P=1). Conclusions Prolonged QTc may prove a novel predictor for evaluating prognosis in acute PE. Larger studies will need to confirm this finding.
THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON RAT LENS PERMEABILITY.

In the absence of calcium, the penetration of sucrose and viannitol into the rat lens is increased, while that of inulin remains unchanged. The extracellular space of the lens, estimated with inulin, is 6 per cent of the wet iveight of the lens. The active accumulation of potassium and rubidium is 65 per cent of normal in the absence of calcium, while the uptake of a-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) is only 20 per cent of normal. The loss of rubidium from the lens in the absence of calcium is considerably greater than that of AIB. The increased permeability of the lens shown with rubidium is sufficient to account for the change in concentration of potassium and sodium which takes place when the lens is incubated in calciumdeficient media. Sodium penetration into the lens is also calcium dependent, with the sodium Sjjace nearly equal to that of the lens water, in the absence of calcium.
Fluid Resuscitation and Volume Assessment

Volume replacement remains the cornerstone of resuscitation in the critically ill and injured patient. The initial therapeutic intervention in hypotensive patients, oliguric patients, and patients with evidence of poor organ/tissue perfusion is volume resuscitation. However, both under-resuscitation and volume overload increase morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Uncorrected hypovolemia, leading to inappropriate infusions of vasopressor agents, may increase organ hypoperfusion and ischemia.
1.14 – Thermal Sensors

The thermal infrared spectrum of the Earth as observed from space contains a wealth of information regarding the chemical composition and temperature of the atmosphere and surface. The wavelength range referred to by the term “thermal infrared” spans more than two orders of magnitude, and specialized materials and techniques are required to develop sensors that operate effectively in this spectral region. This article provides an introduction to the components used in thermal sensors, an overview of basic sensor design and operation concepts, and a discussion of instrument calibration.
Chemoenzymatic Platform for Synthesis of Chiral Organofluorines Based on Type II Aldolases

Aldolases are C-C bond forming enzymes that have become prominent tools for sustainable synthesis of complex synthons. However, enzymatic methods of fluorine incorporation into such compounds are lacking due to the rarity of fluorine in nature. Recently, the use of fluoropyruvate as a non-native aldolase substrate has arisen as a solution. Here, we report that the type II HpcH aldolases efficiently catalyze fluoropyruvate addition to diverse aldehydes, with exclusive (3S)-selectivity at fluorine that is rationalized by DFT calculations on a mechanistic model. We also measure the kinetic parameters of aldol addition and demonstrate engineering of the hydroxyl group stereoselectivity. Our aldolase collection is then employed in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of novel fluoroacids and ester derivatives in high stereopurity (d.r. 80-98 %). The compounds made available by this method serve as precursors to fluorinated analogs of sugars, amino acids, and other valuable chiral building blocks.
A novel approach using volumetric dynamic airway computed tomography to determine positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) settings to maintain airway patency in ventilated infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is a key mechanical ventilator setting in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Excessive PEEP can result in insufficient carbon dioxide elimination and lung damage, while insufficient PEEP can result in impaired gas exchange secondary to airway and alveolar collapse. Determining PEEP settings based on clinical parameters alone is challenging and variable. The purpose of this study was to describe our experience using dynamic airway CT to determine the lowest PEEP setting sufficient to maintain expiratory central airway patency of at least 50% of the inspiratory cross-sectional area in children with BPD requiring long-term ventilator support. We retrospectively identified all infants with BPD who underwent volumetric CT with a dynamic airway protocol for PEEP optimization from December 2014 through April 2019. Sixteen infants with BPD underwent 17 CT exams. Each CT exam consisted of acquisitions spanning the trachea and mainstem bronchi. We measured cross-sectional area of the trachea and mainstem bronchi and qualitatively assessed the amount of atelectasis. We documented changes in management as a result of the CT exam. The average effective dose was 0.1–0.8 mSv/scan. Of 17 CT exams, PEEP was increased in 9, decreased in 3 and unchanged after 5 exams. Dynamic airway CT shows promise to assist the clinician in determining PEEP settings to maintain airway patency in infants with BPD requiring long-term ventilator support. Further evaluation of the impact of this maneuver on gas exchange, cardiac output and other physiological measures is needed.
Approximation of the difference of two Poisson-like counts by Skellam

Poisson-like behavior for event count data is ubiquitous in nature. At the same time, differencing of such counts arises in the course of data processing in a variety of areas of application. As a result, the Skellam distribution – defined as the distribution of the difference of two independent Poisson random variables – is a natural candidate for approximating the difference of Poisson-like event counts. However, in many contexts strict independence, whether between counts or among events within counts, is not a tenable assumption. Here we characterize the accuracy in approximating the difference of Poisson-like counts by a Skellam random variable. Our results fully generalize existing, more limited, results in this direction and, at the same time, our derivations are significantly more concise and elegant. We illustrate the potential impact of these results in the context of problems from network analysis and image processing, where various forms of weak dependence can be expected.
Economic Development and Democracy: Predispositions and Triggers

Scholars continue to disagree about the relationship between economic development and democracy. I review the history of the debate and summarize patterns visible in data available today. I find a ...
The impact of datacenter load regulation on the stability of integrated power systems

Abstract As the renewable energy generation keeps growing, the capacity of wind-solar power generation penetrated into the grid system increases year by year, and the influence of renewable generation power fluctuations on the stability of grid after integrated also increases, and even affects the normal operation of grid system in serious cases. In this case, we consider to use a dynamic load to maintain the stability of the grid. Since datacenters show great potential as dynamic loads to guarantee the grid stability, this paper focused on studying the impact of dynamic load regulation of datacenters on the stability of integrated power grid systems. Accordingly, we proposed a dynamic load regulation method based on a stochastic search algorithm, collecting historical data to carry out a series of experiments. Experimental results show that the peak off-limit rate could be reduced up to 72% under the strategy we proposed, which means that the strategy could help the grid to keep the frequency stability of the grid as well as avoiding bus voltage and power flow violations. Furthermore, practical factors including the flexibility and the action delay of the datacenter load adjustment were also incorporated and examined. Through a series of comparative simulation experiments, results also show that the total power loss could be reduced on the basis of keeping the stability, which could help the grid to enhance its sustainability. Finally, test and analysis about efficiency and scalability illustrate that the proposed method is both feasible and effective.
Management of Pear Psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Using Reflective Plastic Mulch.

Pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster), has remained the most challenging pest of commercial pears in Washington and Oregon, the top producers of pears in the United States. The lack of effective integrated pest management tactics for this pest has been a major barrier to effective management. In this study, we examined the potential for reflective plastic mulch affixed beneath pear trees to suppress pear psylla. In 2017 and 2018, single pear tree (cv. Bartlett) plots of reflective plastic mulch, black plastic mulch, and no mulch (check) were established in a research orchard to compare their effects on pear psylla. Arthropods were sampled every 7-14 d from March through late summer. In both years, reflective mulch plots had significantly fewer pear psylla adults, eggs, and nymphs of the first generation compared with black plastic and check plots. However, later generations of psylla were not suppressed by reflective mulch. Semi-field tests were conducted in 2019 and 2020 using uniformly pruned potted pear trees on either reflective plastic mulch or grass to determine whether summerform adults were tolerant to reflected light from mulch, or if shading from vegetative growth negated the effect of the mulch. In both years, significantly fewer summerform adults and eggs were found in reflective mulch plots, suggesting that shading, rather than summerform tolerance, reduced effects from reflective mulch in the summer. This study demonstrates the potential for reflective mulch to suppress pear psylla and justifies future examination as part of a season-long management program.
Abrupt enhancement of spin–orbit scattering time in ultrathin semimetallic SrIrO 3 close to the metal–insulator transition

We report a magnetotransport study of spin relaxation in 1.4–21.2 nm epitaxial SrIrO3 thin films coherently strained on SrTiO3 substrates. Fully charge compensated semimetallic transport has been observed in SrIrO3 films thicker than 1.6 nm, where the charge mobility at 10 K increases from 45 cm2/V s to 150 cm2/V s with decreasing film thickness. In the two-dimensional regime, the charge dephasing and spin–orbit scattering lengths extracted from the weak localization/anti-localization effects show power-law dependence on temperature, pointing to the important role of electron–electron interaction. The spin–orbit scattering time τso exhibits an Elliott–Yafet mechanism dominated quasi-linear dependence on the momentum relaxation time τp. Ultrathin films approaching the critical thickness of metal–insulator transition show an abrupt enhancement in τso, with the corresponding τso/τp about 7.6 times of the value for thicker films. A likely origin for such unusual enhancement is the onset of strong electron correlation, which leads to charge gap formation and suppresses spin scattering.
Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Biofilm Formation in Persistent and Transient Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from the Retail Deli Environment Does Not Yield Insight into Persistence Mechanisms

Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in retail deli environments is a serious food safety issue, potentially leading to cross-contamination of ready-to-eat foods such as deli meats, salads, and ch...
N 15 (p, n)O 15 Reaction Study

The excitation curve for the ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(p, n){\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ reaction at zero degrees has been measured from threshold at 3.78 Mev to 6.38 Mev bombarding energy. Resonances corresponding to excited states in ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ at 16.21, \ensuremath{\sim}16.3, \ensuremath{\sim}17.0, 17.13, 17.29, \ensuremath{\sim}17.5, 17.63, 17.84, 17.97, and 18.05 Mev were observed. The 16.21-Mev state is ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={1}^{+}$ and the 16.3-Mev state is ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The energy difference between the ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(p, n){\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ threshold energy and the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(p, n){\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ beam thick-target threshold was found to be 17.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 kev. A threshold energy for ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(p, n){\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ of 3.7808\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0011 Mev is implied if possible differences in the extrapolated end points of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(p, n){\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$ thresholds with ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ beams are ignored.
Growth habit and in-row distance for bell pepper under protected culture

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production under high tunnels requires appropriate plant density and growth habit to ensure efficient use of space. This study assessed the effects of in-row spacin...
H2O2-Driven Anticancer Activity of Mn Porphyrins and the Underlying Molecular Pathways.

Mn(III) ortho-N-alkyl- and N-alkoxyalkyl porphyrins (MnPs) were initially developed as superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics. These compounds were later shown to react with numerous reactive species (such as ONOO-, H2O2, H2S, CO3•-, ascorbate, and GSH). Moreover, the ability of MnPs to oxidatively modify activities of numerous proteins has emerged as their major mechanism of action both in normal and in cancer cells. Among those proteins are transcription factors (NF-κB and Nrf2), mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPKs, antiapoptotic bcl-2, and endogenous antioxidative defenses. The lead Mn porphyrins, namely, MnTE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-010, AEOL10113), MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-001), and MnTnHex-2-PyP5+, were tested in numerous injuries of normal tissue and cellular and animal cancer models. The wealth of the data led to the progression of MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ into four Phase II clinical trials on glioma, head and neck cancer, anal cancer, and multiple brain metastases, while MnTE-2-PyP5+ is in Phase II clinical trial on atopic dermatitis and itch.
Christianity and the Alt-Right: Exploring the Relationship

Christianity and the Alt-Right: Exploring the Relationship looks back at the 2016 presidential election and the support President Trump enjoyed among white Evangelicals. This cutting-edge volume offers insights into the role of race and racism in shaping both the Trump candidacy and presidency and the ways in which xenophobia, racism, and religion intersect within the Alt-Right and Evangelical cultures in the age of Trump. This book aims to examine the specific role that Christianity plays within the Alt-Right itself. Of special concern is the development of what is called “pro-white Christianity” and an ethic of religious tolerance between members of the Alt-Right who are Pagan or atheist and those who are Christian, whilst also exploring the reaction from Christian communities to the phenomenon of the Alt-Right. Looking at the larger relationship between American Christians, especially white Evangelicals, and the Alt-Right as well as the current American political context, the place of Christianity within the Alt-Right itself, and responses from Christian communities to the Alt-Right, this is a must-read for those interested in religion in America, religion and politics, evangelicalism, and religion and race.
Shapir: Standardizing and Democratizing Access to Web APIs

Today, many web sites offer third-party access to their data through web APIs. But manually encoding URLs with arbitrary endpoints, parameters, authentication handshakes, and pagination, among other things, makes API use challenging and laborious for programmers, and untenable for novices. In addition, each site offers its own idiosyncratic data model, properties, and methods that a new user must learn, even when the sites manage the same common types of information as many others. In this work, we show how working with web APIs can be dramatically simplified by describing the APIs using a standardized, machine-readable ontology. By surveying a statistical sample of web APIs, we develop a simple ontology that can effectively describe the core functionality of nearly all of them. We then present Shapir, a system that includes a graphical, form-based authoring tool for the API description, from which Shapir can automatically generate a standardized JavaScript library for accessing data on the web site as objects with readable and writeable properties. This enables programmers to access data without learning the details of each API, and indeed allows them to use the same unchanged code for multiple web sites. We then integrate Shapir with Mavo, an HTML language extension for describing web applications declaratively, to also empower plain-HTML authors to access these APIs. In our lab evaluation, we found that programmers are able to accomplish program data management tasks that require multiple API requests 5.6 times faster on average using the Shapir generic library than using the popular Swagger API integration library. Using our Mavo-Shapir integration, even non-programmers were able to build functioning data management applications that access multiple web APIs in just 4 minutes.
Renaissance in Behavioral Economics : Essays in Honour of Harvey Leibenstein

1. Introduction: Leibenstein as a Behavioral Pioneer Roger Frantz 2. The Neuroeconomics of Trust Paul Zak 3. Leibenstein's Selective Rationality And Dual Motives As Expressions Of Brain Physiology Robert Cory 4. The Evolutionary Foundations of Behavioral Economics. Harvey Leibenstein' s Legacy Kurt Dopfer 5. 'Efficacy' vs 'X-Efficiency' Jason Potts 6. Consumer X-Inefficiency and the Problem of Market Regulation Peter Earl 7. Leibenstein's Theory of Consumption Behavior Paul Albanese 8. Effort Discretion and Economic Agency and Behavioral Economics: Transforming Economic Theory and Public Policy Morris Altman 9. Understanding High Performance Work Systems: The Joint Contribution of Economics and Human Resource Management John Tomer 10. X-Efficiency and Underdevelopment: A Leibenstein's Application of Behavioral Economics Hamid Hosseini 11. Empirical Evidence on X-Efficiency, 1967-2004 Roger Frantz
American medicine and divided motherhood : Three case studies from the 1930s and 1940s

On the basis of interview data, this article examines the mothering practices of three wo- men, one Jew and two African-Americans, who raised their children in the 1930s and 1940s, a period in which medicine became the dominant discourse of motherhood. Each mother referred to medicalized motherhood with a discourse of scientific universals (e.g. "it was scientific"). Yet their approach to medicalized motherhood reflects their racial, ethnic and social class positions. Medicalization gained meaning for women not as an abstract body of scientific knowledge but as a signifier of social position, enabling mothers to measure their own practices in relation to others. If women were injured by medical discourse, as a long line of scholars suggest they have been, it is not because medicine rendered them the objects of a standardized construction of "the good mother." Rather, it is because medicalization invited mothers to participate in creating and measuring separation among women themselves. At a family gathering a few years ago, I was describing some home remedies that African American women told me they had used to help their sick babies when my cousin Sylvia suddenly remarked, "They don't know why they're doing it-it's tribal." I start with this unfortunate and, for my cousin, uncharacteristic remark, because I think it highlights how medical discourse has become involved in the cultural production of motherhood in this cen- tury. On what basis and with what authority did Sylvia make such a judgment? What cultural distance from "tribalness" does she assume about her own mothering techniques? And what makes the remedies that she gleaned from medical authorities, on whom she relied in raising her own children, advanced and superior? This article takes up these questions by examining the mothering practices of three women, one Jew and two African Americans, who raised their children in the 1930s and 1940s, a period in which medicine became the dominant discourse of motherhood. I interviewed these three women as part of a larger interview study of women's child care practices. To protect their anonymity, I provide the women with fictitious names. This article demonstrates, as Sylvia's remark suggests, that medicalization gains meaning for mothers, in part, as a signifier of their social position, enabling mothers to measure their own practices and position in rela-