cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary fat restriction on particle size of plasma lipoproteins in postmenopausal women.

Abstract Hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and is also commonly associated with other coronary risk factors, ie, small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and low plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Dietary fat restriction is recommended for the prevention of nutrition-related cancers. Low-fat, high-carbohydrate intake can increase plasma triglyceride (TG) and decrease HDL-C. In general, plasma TG levels are inversely related to the particle size of LDL. We investigated the effects of dietary fat restriction on the concentration and particle size of plasma lipoproteins in 14 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 61 ± 11 years). During a 4-month period of eucaloric controlled feeding, dietary fat was reduced stepwise from a habitual intake of 33% ± 8% to 23% and then to 14% of daily energy. Changes in the plasma lipid level and particle size of very—low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), LDL, and HDL were determined at the end of each dietary phase. Increasing carbohydrate intake without weight loss was associated with an increase in plasma TG (1.86 ± 0.30 v 2.47 ± 0.37 mmol/L) and decreases in total cholesterol (5.82 ± 0.25 v 5.40 ± 0.21 mmol/L), LDL-C (3.07 ± 0.18 v 2.61 ± 0.21 mmol/L), HDL-C (1.42 ± 0.1 v 1.24 ± 0.1 mmol/L), and apolipoprotein (apo) A1 (5.14 ± 0.25 v 4.61 ± 0.36 mmol/L), whereas plasma apo B did not change. The particle size of VLDL increased (42.7 ± 1.4 v 47.0 ± 0.9 nm). However, there was no change in either LDL (25.1 ± 0.2 v 25.3 ± 0.2 nm) or HDL particle size. Although at each level of dietary fat intake LDL particle size correlated inversely with plasma TG and apo B, there was no relationship between the increase in plasma TG and LDL particle size. These results show that hypertriglyceridemia caused by a eucaloric high-carbohydrate intake is not associated with a decrease in LDL particle size. Therefore, carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia may not have the same atherogenic potential as genetic hypertriglyceridemias.
Electrically and optically active defects in silicon-on-sapphire films

The electrical and optical properties of silicon-on-sapphire films have been measured as a function of both film thickness and doping density. The Hall mobility is shown to increase as the film thickness increases and as the doping density decreases. The measured values of Hall mobility increased from values of about 80 cm2/V-sec in 0.2 μm thick p-type films to essentially bulk values of 350 cm2/V-sec in 6 μm thick p-type films. The optical absorption coefficient is shown to decrease as the films are made thicker and as the mobility is raised. Both the electrical and optical effects are related to the crystal structure in the films.
Spatial Solitons in Quasi-Phase-Matched Quadratic Media: an Asymptotic Approach

Previous work in producing Kerr effects in quadratic materials focused on deriving averaged systems of cubic equations. Instead, we use an asymptotic approach which captures the fast behavior, and gives conditions for slow evolution .
On Being Named a Black Supremacist and a Race Traitor: The Problem of White Racial Domination and Domestic Terrorism in U.S. Teacher Education

This article is concerned with the preparation of future teachers and the continued Whiteness of teacher education. Using the critical race theory methodology of counter-storytelling, this article presents a composite story to highlight and analyze how race and racism influence the preparation of future teachers in ways that typically sustain rather than challenge the Whiteness of education despite widespread self-reports of successful multicultural teacher education. While a great deal has been written about the need to better prepare future teachers for the multicultural realities of contemporary public schools, less examined is the modus operandi of race-based dominance in teacher education. This article seeks to use an examination of the intersections of White racial domination and the daily business of teacher preparation as a learning tool for pushing forward endeavors to prepare all teachers to successfully teach all students.
Picosecond fluorescence studies of rose bengal in aqueous micellar dispersions

Abstract A mode-locked Nd : YAG laser coupled to a streak camera was employed to measure the decay of rose bengal fluorescence in aqueous micellar solutions. The results indicate that water molecules near the micellar interface have different protonicity from those in bulk solution. At low surfactant concentration multiple occupancy of probe molecules may lead to S 1 -S 1 mutual annihilation.
A putative autonomous 20.5 kb-CACTA transposon insertion in an F3'H allele identifies a new CACTA transposon subfamily in Glycine max

Background The molecular organization of very few genetically defined CACTA transposon systems have been characterized thoroughly as those of Spm/En in maize, Tam1 of Antirrhinum majus Candystripe1 (Cs1) from Sorghum bicolor and CAC1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, for example. To date, only defective deletion derivatives of CACTA elements have been described for soybean, an economically important plant species whose genome sequence will be completed in 2008.
Broadband Phased Array Beamforming

We present novel concepts for the formation of broadband beams for phased arrays. These concepts involve the use of multichannel acoustooptic devices which serve as variable delay lines. A photorefractive crystal is used to increase the optical efficiency of the beamforming task.
Condensation Nuclei in the Vicinity of the Island of Hawaii

Condensation nucleus counts made in the maritime trade-wind air in the vicinity of the island of Hawaii have been found to average from 140 to 500 nuclei cc −1 . The addition of nuclei to the air by industrial processes on the island of Hawaii and their transport by land breezes and variable winds can produce a complex spatial distribution of the nuclei. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01913.x
Oxygen-Induced Inhibition of Noble Metal Silicide Formation: Implications for Electrode/Barrier Structures used with Perovskite Materials

We describe how the inhibitory effect of ambient oxygen on suicide formation may be exploited in designing noble metal electrode structures suitable for perovskite-based memory devices. Reactions of Pt and Ir films with substrates of silicon and tungsten suicide (WSi2.8/Si) were examined after anneals in atmospheric pressure ambients of oxygen or nitrogen al temperatures of 640 °C for various initial noble metal film thicknesses. Metal/silicon reactions and phase formation were studied by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction. and electrical resistance measurements. While annealing in nitrogen resulted in complete noble metal silicidation in the all samples, some Pt and most to all of the Ir remained after equivalent anneals in oxygen. Oxygen exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on silicidation in thin Ir samples, where no suicide formation was observed. The consistent presence of unreacted noble metal M after oxygen annealing is attributed to the formation of an oxygen-containing M-O-Si barrier which interferes with the silicidation reaction. Qualitative through-film resistance measurements indicate that these in-situ formed M-O-Si barrier layers can be at least moderately conductive, a prerequisite for their possible use as a replacement for deposited barrier materials.
Stability and change in the prestige rankings of occupations over 49 years

Abstract The social status of occupations has remained stable over a 49-yr period beginning with Count's study that found occupations in a well-defined, prestige order. This prestige hierarchy has obtained throughout several replicated studies, some of which controlled the variables of race, educational level and sex. The prestige level of occupations have withstood the test of time including World War II and even sociological and educational changes.
Diversity of new structural types in polynuclear iron chemistry with a tridentate N,N,O ligand.

The syntheses, crystal structures, and magnetochemical characterization of four new iron clusters [Fe7O4(O2CPh)11(dmem)2] (1), [Fe7O4(O2CMe)11(dmem)2] (2), [Fe6O2(OH)4(O2CBut)8(dmem)2] (3), and [Fe3O(O2CBut)2(N3)3(dmem)2] (4) (dmemH = Me2NCH2CH2N(Me)CH2CH2OH) = 2-{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]methylamino}ethanol) are reported. The reaction of dmemH with [Fe3O(O2CR)6(H2O)3](NO3) (R = Ph (1), Me (2), and But (3)) gave 1, 2, and 3, respectively, whereas 4 was obtained from the reaction of 3 with sodium azide. The complexes all possess rare or novel core topologies. The core of 1 comprises two [Fe4(μ3-O)2]8+ butterfly units sharing a common body Fe atom. The core of 2 consists of a [Fe3O3] ring with each doubly bridging O2- ion becoming μ3 by also bridging to a third, external Fe atom; a seventh Fe atom is attached on the outside of this core via an additional μ3-O2- ion. The core of 3 consists of a [Fe4(μ3-O)2]8+ butterfly unit with an Fe atom attached above and below this by bridging O atoms. Finally, the core o...
Model-Based Nonlinear Observers for Underwater Vehicle Navigation: Theory and Preliminary Experiments

This paper reports the analytical development and preliminary experimental evaluation of a class of exact nonlinear full state model-based observers for underwater vehicle navigation. This class of observers exploits exact knowledge of the vehicle's nonlinear dynamics, the forces and moments acting on the vehicle, and disparate position and velocity measurements. The reported observer is novel in that it estimates the full state of the vehicle and employs Lyapunov techniques to show stability. The performance of the observer is evaluated using data from single degree-of-freedom experiments with a laboratory remotely operated vehicle. High-precision measurements from a 300kHz long baseline (LBL) acoustic positioning systems serve as the basis for evaluating the performance of the observer. Error in the observer position estimate possesses a significantly lower standard deviation than measurements from 12kHz LBL systems alone. The performance of the observer is compared to the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the error in the position estimates of these two estimators found to be comparable. These experiments are, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of the experimental implementation of exact nonlinear dynamic model-based observers and their comparison to EKFs for underwater vehicle navigation.
A percolating state selector for suffix-tree context models

This paper introduces into practice and empirically evaluates a set of techniques for information-theoretic state selection that have been developing in asymptotic results state selection, which actually implements the selection of an entire model from among a set of competing models, is performed at least trivially by all of the suffix-tree FSMs used for on-line probability estimation. The set of state-selection techniques presented combines orthogonally with the other sets of design options covered in the companion paper of Bunton (Proceedings Data Compression Conference, p.42, 1997).
Simulation and characteristics of long-period fiber Bragg grating coherence spectrum

The long-period fiber Bragg grating (LPFBG) coherence spectrum was investigated using mode selection rule and coupling equations. The coupling between the forward propagating core-bounded mode and multicladding-bounded modes was taken into consideration in modeling based upon their contribution to the spectrum. Modes involved in the coupling process were ranked into a converging series. This makes the modeling procedures described practical. The grating coherence spectrum under assumed testing conditions was modeled and simulated.
Lubrication of advanced metal evaporated tape using novel perfluoropolyether lubricants

In order to reduce the failure of advanced metal evaporated (AME) tape, novel perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricants, Z-TETRAOL and A20H, were deposited on an unlubricated AME tape. The degradation mechanisms of the PFPE lubricants applied on AME tape were studied using a mass spectrometer in high vacuum. The durability of various lubricants was compared using pin-on-disk experiments in high vacuum and using an accelerated tape tester in ambient air. It was found that PFPE lubricants were mainly degraded by tribochemical reaction and mechanical shear. The durability of Z-TETRAOL and A20H are higher than conventional PFPE lubricant and lubricant on experimental tape. By using ultraviolet light treatment and by applying a stearic acid overcoat, the durability of PFPE lubricants could be improved.
Density-dependent population dynamics in larvae of the dragonfly Pachydiplax longipennis: a field experiment.

Several features of dragonfly population biology suggest that population regulation occurs in the larval stage. This study was designed to determine if density-dependent interactions among larval odonates can affect survival, growth and emergence. First-instar larvae of the dragonfly Pachydiplax longipennis were raised in outdoor experimental ponds at initial densities of 38, 152, and 608 larvae · m-2, under two levels of food availability. Food availability was supplemented in half the pools by volumetric addition of zooplankton every other day. Pools in the low food treatment did not receive the zooplankton supplement.There was a strong negative effect of density on the mean growth rate of survivors, which included both emerging tenerals and individuals overwintering in the larval stage. A higher proportion emerged from low density than high density pools. Metamorphs from high density populations were smaller and emerged slightly later than those from low density, but the absolute number of metamorphs did not differ significantly among density treatments. Food supplementation significantly increased the proportion of overwintering larvae. There were no significant food-by-density interactions, indicating that food and density acted independently on larval population dynamics. Density-dependent mechanisms can clearly contribute to odonate population regulation, especially by controlling the number of larvae which emerge and the average age at reproduction. Population-level responses to density may be a result of interference among larvae.
Linking the Wasatchian/Bridgerian boundary to the Cenozoic Global Climate Optimum: new magnetostratigraphic and isotopic results from South Pass, Wyoming

New paleomagnetic and stable isotopic results from the northeastern margin of the greater Green River Basin (South Pass, Wyoming) provide a refined geochronological context for the Wasatchian/Bridgerian Land Mammal Age boundary and suggest the existence of large amplitude Milankovich-scale carbon and oxygen isotopic oscillations in this area during the early Eocene. Analysis of 55 paleomagnetic sites through a 310 m section of Wasatch, Green River, and Bridger Formations indicates several reversals that can be correlated to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale using radiometric age constraints. This correlation places the Wasatchian/Bridgerian boundary in Chron C23r at about 52 Ma, approximately two million years older than previous estimates. This new correlation suggests that the mammalian turnover which characterizes the Wasatchian/Bridgerian boundary is coincident with the onset of the Cenozoic Global Climate Optimum, the warmest interval of the entire Cenozoic. Intrabasinal magnetostratigraphic correlation supports earlier claims that community composition and biostratigraphic datums of basinmargin faunas can differ significantly from coeval basin-center faunas. Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of paleosol carbonates show in-phase cyclic variations on the order of 6 and 3.5‰, respectively. Based on the preferred magnetostratigraphic correlation, the four best-defined cycles represent 397 thousand years, indicating potential forcing by variations in orbital eccentricity. Oxygen isotopic variations may be tracking wet/dry cycles amplified by adjacent changes in levels of paleolake Gosuite. Carbon isotopic variations may be tracking the vegetative response to these climate variations. Alternative interpretations involve cyclic changes in pedogenesis, driving correlated variations in isotopic inheritance from parent (Paleozoic) carbonate material and the possibility that C4 plants existed in marginal habitats earlier in geological time than previously thought. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Performance of FDDI networks under normal and faulty conditions

The performance of homogeneous and heterogeneous fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) networks is investigated. The throughput and mean-message delay of synchronous and asynchronous traffic are presented. Access fairness for asynchronous data and the effect of synchronous data on asynchronous data are also investigated. The token-cycle time distribution illustrating the mechanics of the priority scheme is presented. The performance of FDDI under errors such as lost tokens and network severance on the network performance is examined. It is shown that the network recovers in a predictable and repeatable manner from these error conditions. >
Long-term immunosuppressive treatment of serpiginous choroiditis.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of immunosuppressive treatment in serpiginous choroiditis. Design: The clinical courses were reviewed of six consecutive patients (12 eyes) with vision-threatening, steroid-dependent/resistant serpiginous choroiditis treated with a combination of immunosuppressive agents including azathioprine, cyclosporine, and cyclophosphamide. All patients underwent treatment for at least 12 months. Results: The follow-up period ranged from 17 to 105 months (mean 57, median 43). All patients were able to taper oral steroids. Five patients discontinued all immunosuppressive medications after a treatment period of 12 to 69 months (mean 39 months). Immunosuppressive treatment was continued in one patient at a ‘low’ maintenance dose. Ten eyes had improved visual acuities, while vision remained impaired in two due to macular scars. Recurrence was noted in two patients when an attempt was made to decrease the dose of immunosuppressive medication. Two patients experienced side effects whic...
Silk Wax and Certain Physical Properties of Raw Silk

The ether-soluble fraction of a series of samples of raw silk has been determined. It has been expressed in terms of the E. S. No., which designates the number of milligrams of ether-soluble materi...
Psychology Will Be a Much Better Science When We Change the Way We Analyze Data

Jn 1964, 1 entered the field of psychology because 1 believed that within it dwelt some o f the most fund a m e nta l a nd ch a lJe n g ing proble ms of the exta nt sciences. Who could not be intrigu ed, for example, by the rela tion between consciou sness and be ha vior, o r the rules guiding interactions in social situations, o r the processes tha t underlie d evelopme nt from infancy to ma turity? Tod ay, in 1996, my fascination with these proble ms is undiminis hed . But I have deve loped a certain an gst ove r the interve ning 30-something years-a constant, nagging feeling that our fie ld spe nds a lo t of time spinning its wheels without really ma king much progress. This problem s hows up in obvious waysfor insta nce, in the regulari ty with which findings seem no t to replicate. 1t also s hows up in subtler ways-for instance, one d oes not o ften hea r psychologists saying, " Well, this proble m is solved now; let's move on to the next one" (as, e.g., Johannes Kepler must have said m ore tha n three centuries
Potassium tantalate substrates for neutron experiments on antiferromagnetic perovskite films

For the study of antiferromagnetism in thin-film materials, neutron diffraction is a particularly important tool, especially since magnetometry experiments are often complicated by the substrate's strong diamagnetic or paramagnetic contribution. However, the substrate, by necessity, has a lattice parameter that is very similar to that of the film, and in most cases is over 1000 times more massive than the film. Therefore, even weak structural distortions in the substrate crystal may complicate the analysis of magnetic scattering from the film. Here we show that in contrast to most other perovskite substrates (including SrTiO3, LaAlO3, etc.), KTaO3 provides a uniquely appropriate substrate platform for magnetic diffraction experiments on epitaxial oxide films.
Accelerator-Driven Neutron Source for Cargo Screening

Advanced neutron interrogation systems for the screening ofsea-land cargo containers for shielded special nuclear materials (SNM)require a high-yield neutron source to achieve the desired detectionprobability, false alarm rate, and throughput. An accelerator-drivenneutron source is described that produces a forward directed beam ofhigh-energy (up to 8.5 MeV) neutrons utilizing the D(d,n)3He reaction atdeuteron beam energies of up to 6 MeV. The key components of the neutronsource are a high-current RFQ accelerator and an innovative neutronproduction target. A microwave-driven deuteron source is coupled to anelectrostatic LEBT that injects a 40 mA D+-beam into a 6 MeV, 5.1meter-long, 200 MHz RFQ. The RFQ is based on an unusual beam dynamicsdesign and is capable of operating at a duty factor that produces morethan 1.2 mA timeaverage beam current. The beam is transported to a2-atmosphere deuterium gas target with a specially-designed, thinentrance window. A high-frequency dipole magnet is used to spread thebeam over the long dimension of the 4 by 35 cm target window. The sourcewill be capable of delivering a neutron flux of ~;2 x 107 n/(cm2 x s) tothe center of a sea-land cargo container and is expected t o satisfy therequirements for full testing and demonstration of advanced neutroninterrogation techniques based on more » stimulated SNM signatures. « less
Role of Mineral-Nitrogen in Residue Decomposition and Stable Soil Organic Matter Formation

of plant residue C and N. Application of 15 N-labeled fertilizer or maize residue together resulted in more than The role of mineral fertilizer-N inputs and N deposition to agricul- twice as much 15 N recovered from fertilizer than from tural and natural ecosystems can affect plant residue decomposition (OM) was fractionated into particulate organic matter (POM), humic more ammonium sulfate-N (19%) was transformed into acid, fulvic acid, and humin before and following the incubation. humic compounds than applied without legume residue. Stable C and N isotopic analyses were performed on CO2-gas samples The authors attributed this to greater microbial activity and SOM fractions. We found significantly greater residue-C was when plant residue was added. Microbial preference for transformed into humin-C with mineral-N input suggesting that min- the N source that is immediately available and can be eral-N enhances residue decomposition and favors SOM formation. assimilated without prior chemical transformation may
Inhibition of L- and P-selectin by a rationally synthesized novel core 2-like branched structure containing GalNAc-Lewisx and Neu5Acα2–3Galβ1–3GalNAc sequences

The selectins interact in important normal and pathological situations with certain sialylated, fucosylated glycoconjugate ligands containing sialyl Lewisx(Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcN Ac). Much effort has gone into the synthesis of sialylated and sulfated Lewisxanalogs as competitive ligands for the selectins. Since the natural selectin ligands GlyCAM-1 and PSGL-1 carry sialyl Lewisxas part of a branched Core 2 O-linked structure, we recently synthesized Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-6(SE-3Galbeta1++ +-3)GalNAc1alphaOMe and found it to be a moderately superior ligand for L and P-selectin (Koenig et al. , Glycobiology 7, 79-93, 1997). Other studies have shown that sulfate esters can replace sialic acid in some selectin ligands (Yeun et al. , Biochemistry, 31, 9126-9131, 1992; Imai et al. , Nature, 361, 555, 1993). Based upon these observations, we hypothesized that Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-3GalNAc might have the capability of interacting with L- and P-selectin. To examine this hypothesis, we synthesized Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-6(Neu5Acalpha2++ +-3Galbeta1-3)-GalNAc alpha1-OB, which was found to be 2- to 3-fold better than sialyl Lexfor P and L selectin, respectively. We also report the synthesis of an unusual structure GalNAcbeta1-4(Fucalpha1- 3)GlcNAcbeta1-OMe (GalNAc-Lewisx-O-methyl glycoside), which also proved to be a better inhibitor of L- and P-selectin than sialyl Lewisx-OMe. Combining this with our knowledge of Core 2 branched structures, we have synthesized a molecule that is 5- to 6-fold better at inhibiting L- and P-selectin than sialyl Lewisx-OMe, By contrast to unbranched structures, substitution of a sulfate ester group for a sialic acid residue in such a molecule resulted in a considerable loss of inhibition ability. Thus, the combination of a sialic acid residue on the primary (beta1-3) arm, and a modified Lexunit on the branched (beta1-6) arm on an O-linked Core 2 structure generated a monovalent synthetic oliogosaccharide inhibitor superior to SLexfor both L- and P-selectin.
Second quantization for composite particles, reactive collisions, and unstable particles

The salient features of generalized second-quantization representations for nonrelativistic systems of composite particles are reviewed and their application to a reformulation of the quantum theory of reactive collisions is discussed. Such representations allow the properties of the bound composite states to be built explicitly into the algebra of states and observables. A single unperturbed Hamiltonian simultaneously describes the free propagation of the various species of bound composites as well as of their unbound constituents, while the interaction Hamiltonian describes only true scattering and reaction processes. The inclusion of the binding of all composites in the unperturbed Hamiltonian cures the divergences in the Born series arising from bound-state poles. Unstable composites can be included in a natural way, leading to an explicit representation for the kinematics and dynamics of their decay and their contribution to collision phenomena.
Derivation of systolic time intervals from doppler measurement of temporal arterial blood flow

The carotid pulse method of recording systolic time intervals is limited by significant motion-induced artifact, making it unsuitable for studying patients during exercise. As an approach to overcoming this limitation, a new method utilizing the blood velocity profile of the superficial temporal artery measured by Doppler ultrasound has been developed. When compared with the values obtained from the conventional carotid pulse method, Doppler-derived left ventricular ejection time and preejection period showed excellent correlation (r = 0.99 for both) and the Doppler-derived measurements showed little intra- or interobserver variability. Studies performed during treadmill exercise showed that in 8 of 10 subjects, suitable tracing could be recorded through stage 3 of the Bruce protocol, confirming the enhanced stability of the technique compared with the carotid pulse method.
Evolving Concepts of Asthma

Our understanding of asthma has evolved over time from a singular disease to a complex of various phenotypes, with varied natural histories, physiologies, and responses to treatment. Early therapie...
Gymnodinium breve red tide blooms: Initiation, transport, and consequences of surface circulation

From its source waters in the Gulf of Mexico the red tide dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve is moved throughout its oceanic range by major currents and eddy systems. The continental shelf off the west coast of Florida experiences frequent G. breve blooms (in 21 of the last 22 years) where the spatially explicit phases of G. breve blooms are closely coupled to physical processes. Bloom initiation occurs offshore and in association with shoreward movements of the Loop Current or spinoff eddies. A midshelf front maintained by seasonal wind reversals along the Florida west coast may serve as a growth and accumulation region for G. breve blooms and contribute to the reinoculation of nearshore waters. Local eddy circulation in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and in the Dry Tortugas affects the retention and coastal distribution of blooms while the Florida Current and Gulf Stream transport cells out of the Gulf of Mexico and into the U.S. South Atlantic Bight. The causes of bloom dissipation are not well known but mixing or disruption of the water mass supporting G. breve cells, especially in combination with declining water temperatures, are important factors.
Evolution of the internal structure of fault zones in three-dimensional numerical models of normal faults

Abstract Fault zone internal structure is characterised by heterogeneous distributions of both continuous (drag, lens rotation) and discontinuous (joints, faults) deformation which cannot be easily modelled using continuum numerical methods. Distinct element method (DEM) models, that exhibit bulk rheologies comparable to rock, demonstrate emergent behaviours that make them ideal for modelling both the nucleation and growth of fault zones. The ability to model fault zones numerically allows extant conceptual models for fault zone evolution based on outcrop studies to be tested, and controls on fault zone structure to be analysed. Three-dimensional DEM models of faults zones in mechanically layered sequences demonstrate that internal fault zone structure is predominantly controlled by the geometry of the initial fault. Whether the initial fault is a segmented array or an irregular surface determines the complexity of structure it will develop as displacement increases. Confining pressure at the time of faulting determines the irregularity of the initial fault array and also the efficiency with which irregularities are incorporated into a fault and subsequently comminuted, leading to a relationship whereby brittle faulting at high confining pressure results in less complex internal fault zone structure than at low confining pressure.
Ontogeny and morphology of the retrochoanitic septal necks of Agoniatites vanuxemi from the Middle Devonian Cherry Valley Limestone

Retrochoanitic septal necks represent the primitive condition in the Ammonoidea. In this study, we examine the morphology of the septal siphuncular complex of specimens of Agoniatites vanuxemi (Hall 1879) from the Cherry Valley Limestone of New York State, USA. Specimens were embedded in epoxy, ground to a median plane and etched in 5 % HCl. The phosphatized membranes allow us to study the formation of the septal necks. Septal–siphuncular membranes occur next to the septal neck. They are adapical of the septum at the deepest point of the adorally projected ventrolateral saddle. Similar membranes occur on the adapical side of the septum on the dorsum in the deepest part of the adorally projected septa. The septal neck morphology on both the dorsal and ventral sides is well preserved. The septal neck begins in the same position on its dorsal and ventral sides, but projects farther adorally on the ventral side. By the third whorl, the adoral projection has doubled in size and is one-fourth to one-third the length of the chamber. This may be related to the deepening of the ventrolateral saddle through ontogeny. Auxiliary deposits are also present on the inside of the septal necks. They occur inside the dorsal and ventral sides of the septal neck at the adapical end. On some septa they appear to extend adapically beyond the end of the septal neck. A model for the morphogenesis of retrochoanitic septal necks is proposed based on the morphology observed in these specimens and previously published models.
Severe Right Leg Pain After Tibia Fracture

A 30-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by paramedics after a motorcycle accident. He is complaining of severe pain in his right leg. His only injury is an obvious deformity of the right leg below the knee. Imaging reveals a fracture of the tibia and fibula. He is taken to the operating room for an open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Approximately eight hours after surgery, the patient complains of severe pain in his right leg. On physical examination, the right leg appears to be tensely swollen. He feels tenderness upon palpation, especially just lateral to his tibia. When his ankle is passively dorsiflexed, he grimaces in pain. His foot appears pink and well perfused. Pulses in the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial are 2+. Doppler interrogation demonstrates biphasic signals in both arteries. Sensory exam of the right foot is intact except for numbness in the first web space.
Adaptive Optics for Superresolution Fluorescence Microscopy

I will discuss recent work on the application of adaptive optics to structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM). With Adaptive Optics, SIM and STORM can be used over thirty microns into thick tissue samples. Article not available.
A time to search: finding the meaning of variable activation energy

This review deals with the phenomenon of variable activation energy frequently observed when studying the kinetics in the liquid or solid phase. This phenomenon commonly manifests itself through nonlinear Arrhenius plots or dependencies of the activation energy on conversion computed by isoconversional methods. Variable activation energy signifies a multi-step process and has a meaning of a collective parameter linked to the activation energies of individual steps. It is demonstrated that by using appropriate models of the processes, the link can be established in algebraic form. This allows one to analyze experimentally observed dependencies of the activation energy in a quantitative fashion and, as a result, to obtain activation energies of individual steps, to evaluate and predict other important parameters of the process, and generally to gain deeper kinetic and mechanistic insights. This review provides multiple examples of such analysis as applied to the processes of crosslinking polymerization, crystallization and melting of polymers, gelation, and solid–solid morphological and glass transitions. The use of appropriate computational techniques is discussed as well.
Incidence and Prognostic Impact of Respiratory Support in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Data addressing the use of respiratory support in acute coronary syndromes are lacking. To address this evidence gap, we characterized prognostic impact and trends in utilization of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in patients hospitalized with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from 2002 through 2013 using the National Inpatient Sample. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify patient, hospital, and clinical characteristics associated with requiring IMV or NIV within 24 hours of hospitalization. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to quantify the magnitude of in-hospital mortality associated with IMV and NIV use. From 2002 to 2013, we identified 1,867,114 patients with STEMI. Age, gender, higher co-morbidity burden, and chronic pulmonary disease were significantly associated with need for respiratory support. The use of IMV and NIV increased at average annual rates of 6.6% and 14.3%, respectively (p trend trend = 0.002) and NIV (11.6% in 2002 to 6.8% in 2013, p trend
An efficient yield optimization method using a two step linear approximation of circuit performance

A novel method for the estimation of yield of integrated circuits based on a two step linear approximation of circuit performance is proposed. By using this method, only one complete circuit simulation is needed for the estimation of yield. A new algorithm for yield optimization is also presented. It is based on the random direction stochastic approximation and does not require the evaluation of yield gradients. Examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm. >
The SCHEIE Visual Field Grading System.

Objective: No method of grading visual field (VF) defects has been widely accepted throughout the glaucoma community. The SCHEIE (Systematic Classification of Humphrey visual fields-Easy Interpretation and Evaluation) grading system for glaucomatous visual fields was created to convey qualitative and quantitative information regarding visual field defects in an objective, reproducible, and easily applicable manner for research purposes.Methods: The SCHEIE grading system is composed of a qualitative and quantitative score. The qualitative score consists of designation in one or more of the following categories: normal, central scotoma, paracentral scotoma, paracentral crescent, temporal quadrant, nasal quadrant, peripheral arcuate defect, expansive arcuate, or altitudinal defect. The quantitative component incorporates the Humphrey visual field index (VFI), location of visual defects for superior and inferior hemifields, and blind spot involvement. Accuracy and speed at grading using the qualitative and quantitative components was calculated for non-physician graders.Results: Graders had a median accuracy of 96.67% for their qualitative scores and a median accuracy of 98.75% for their quantitative scores. Graders took a mean of 56 seconds per visual field to assign a qualitative score and 20 seconds per visual field to assign a quantitative score.Conclusion: The SCHEIE grading system is a reproducible tool that combines qualitative and quantitative measurements to grade glaucomatous visual field defects. The system aims to standardize clinical staging and to make specific visual field defects more easily identifiable. Specific patterns of visual field loss may also be associated with genetic variants in future genetic analysis.
Induction of haploid glycoprotein mating factors in diploid yeasts.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses induction of haploid glycoprotein mating factors in diploid yeasts. It illustrates the steps in the alternation of generations of Hansenula wingei , a heterothallic yeast. The two opposite mating types are haploid strains 5 and 21. Both haploids are constitutively agglutinative and, while cell suspensions of each are stable separately, they agglutinate immediately when mixed together. Following agglutination, the cells conjugate pairwise, producing a 5 × 21 diploid hybrid which is nonagglutinative and a nonmater. The diploid can be either grown vegetatively or sporulated if transferred to special media. The sporulation process results in a tetrad of meiotic products: two spores of mating type 5 and two spores of mating type 21, indicating that these mating types are allelic. In the chapter, methods are presented that alter one step of the normal life cycle—the mating response of the diploid. Conditions are discussed that induce the diploid to become sexually agglutinative and therefore able to participate in the first step in conjugation–cellular recognition. Biology of the yeast H. wingei and control of haploid-mating functions in the diploid are discussed. Significance of induction of sex-specific cell surface glycoproteins in the diploid is also discussed.
Cruelty and kinds: Scalia and Dworkin on the constitutionality of capital punishment

AbstractI here revisit a debate between Antonin Scalia and Ronald Dworkin concerning the constitutionality of capital punishment. As is well known, Scalia maintained that the consistency of capital...
Probability with Applications in Engineering, Science, and Technology

(2017). Probability with Applications in Engineering, Science, and Technology. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 90-90.
Hepatic and intestinal metabolism of indinavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, in rat and human microsomes: Major role of CYP3A

The metabolism of indinavir, a human immune deficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor, has been characterized extensively in rats and humans. All oxidative metabolites found in vivo were formed when indinavir was incubated with NADPH-fortified hepatic and intestinal microsomes obtained from rats and humans. In vitro kinetic studies revealed that Vmax/Km values (microL/min/mg protein) in rat and human liver microsomes were approximately 8- and 2-fold greater than those in the intestinal microsomes of the corresponding species (55.8 and 6.7 for the liver and intestine, respectively, in rats; 16.5 and 7.7 for the liver and intestine, respectively, in humans). However, when Vmax/Km was scaled up to intrinsic clearance (mL/min/kg body weight), hepatic intrinsic clearance was much greater than the intestinal clearance by 50- to 200-fold. These results suggest that the liver plays a much greater role in first-pass metabolism of indinavir than the intestine in both species. Consistently, ketoconazole, a selective inhibitor for CYP3A, and an anti-rat CYP3A1 antibody strongly inhibited hepatic and intestinal metabolism of indinavir in both rats and humans, suggesting the involvement of CYP3A isoforms in both organs. Oral treatment of rats with dexamethasone (50 mg/kg/day for 4 days), a potent CYP3A inducer, increased both hepatic and intestinal metabolism of indinavir by a factor of 7 and 3, respectively. Furthermore, indinavir selectively inhibited 6beta-hydroxylase activity of testosterone, a CYP3A marker activity, in rat and human liver microsomes; the interactions between testosterone and indinavir were competitive with Ki values of < 1.0 microM.
Drawn for the Mind's Eye: Map Metaphors in Early Modern English Literature

ABSTRACTCuriosity about imaginary thematic maps described in The Consolidator, Daniel Defoe’s 1705 satirical fantasy about a trip to the Moon, inspired research into the early modern English public's knowledge of maps. The Early English Books Online (EEBO) and Eighteenth Century Books Online (ECCO) databases of digitized early modern literature were employed. A full-text EEBO search of 1600–1700 found the word ‘map’ and its variants in 3382 records. A similar search in ECCO of 1701–1710 yielded results in 1425 records. About half of the results are printed map illustrations and mentions of actual maps, while the remainder are map metaphors in sermons, poems, plays, etc. The metaphors can be classified using Oxford English Dictionary definitions of ‘map’. This literary use of map metaphors arguably prepared the public to accept maps as tools for the visualization of invisible or intangible physical and cultural phenomena, when thematic maps began to develop in the mid-eighteenth century.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Use of the CTOD Criterion in Dynamic Fracture Mechanics

The use of dynamic fracture mechanics to predict unstable crack propagation and arrest is now well established for elastodynamic conditions. Advances in the technology are currently being made to cope with ductile and tough materials where the small-scale yielding assumption is not necessarily valid. The key element in this effort lies in identifying a crack tip parameter that controls a rapidly propagating crack. Because of its success in characterizing initiation and stable crack growth, the CTOD is an attractive candidate for use in analyses of unstable crack propagation as well. However, there are difficulties that make this usage more difficult in dynamic fracture mechanics than in the quasi-static regime. This paper first reviews the prior uses of the CTOD in elastic-plastic and dynamic fracture mechanics, with emphasis on the use of the collinear strip yield (Dugdale) model for crack tip plasticity. Then, some preliminary results obtained in a direct determination of this parameter for a fast propagating crack in 4340 steel are reported that illuminate some of the difficulties in dynamic-inelastic analyses.
Laparoscopic Closure of Fascial Defect

Since its advent in 1993, laparoscopic incisional hernia repair has undergone significant evolution. One such evolution is the closure of the fascial defect, which was not a part of the initial intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair described by LeBlanc. The current literature on advantages and disadvantages associated with closure of the fascial defect laparoscopically is inconclusive, with no improvement in recurrence rates. However, closure of the fascial defect is associated with improved patient satisfaction and a better cosmetic result. The fascial defect can be closed intraperitoneally or extraperitoneally. The advent of robotic platforms has allowed for the dexterity required to close the fascial defect, especially against the anterior abdominal wall. Given the minimal increased risk, laparoscopic fascial defect closure should be performed when feasible.
Audience, Media, and Cultural Factors as Predictors of Multiscreen Use: A Comparative study of the Netherlands and the United States

Statistics about the prevalence of media multitasking differ in stating that this behavior entails 20%–50% of our media time. An explanation of these differences could be the country of research. Previous cross-country studies have found that media multitasking was most prevalent in the United States and the least prevalent in the Netherlands. The current study seeks explanations of these differences by comparing survey data from the United States ( n = 314) and the Netherlands ( n = 328) and examining audience, media, and cultural factors as predictors of multiscreening, as a specific form of media multitasking. The results showed that multiscreening was more prevalent in the United States than in the Netherlands. Media factors are the most important predictor of multiscreen use. Audience and cultural factors differed by country and screen combination. This emphasizes the importance of cross-country research and examining predictors of a specific type of media multitasking.
Rapid 3D bioprinting of in vitro cardiac tissue models using human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Abstract There is a great need for physiologically relevant 3D human cardiac scaffolds for both short-term, the development of drug testing platforms to screen new drugs across different genetic backgrounds, and longer term, the replacement of damaged or non-functional cardiac tissue after injury or infarction. In this study, we have designed and printed a variety of scaffolds for in vitro diagnostics using light based Micro-Continuous Optical Printing (µCOP). Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hESC-CMs) were directly printed into gelatin hydrogel on glass to determine their viability and ability to align. The incorporation of Green Fluorescent Protein/Calmodulin/M13 Peptide (GCaMP3)-hESC-CMs allowed the ability to continuously monitor calcium transients over time. Normalized fluorescence of GCaMP3-hESC-CMs increased by 18 ± 6% and 40 ± 5% when treated with 500 nM and 1 µM of isoproterenol, respectively. Finally, GCaMP3-hESC-CMs were printed across a customizable 3D printed cantilever-based force system. Along with force tracking by visualizing the displacement of the cantilever, calcium transients could be observed in a non-destructive manner, allowing the samples to be examined over several days. Our µCOP-printed cardiac models presented here can be used as a powerful tool for drug screening and to analyze cardiac tissue maturation.
Neural Flow Cytometry – A Historical Account from a Personal Perspective

There are a number of surface markers known to be expressed by mitotically active multipotent progenitor cells of central nervous system origin. Some of these have significance as tools for cell isolation and purification while others, for example, are important in terms of immunogenicity following transplantation. At the cellular level, these surface molecules participate in a variety of physiological functions. Here, I share my personal history involving the initial identification of a number of the known neural progenitor surface markers, including the CD15 antigen, and identified ways in which major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression patterns varied according to species. The relevance of these early findings to current translational investigations is also considered.
Community Colleges: Educating the Average.

(1976). Community Colleges: Educating the Average. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 8, No. 10, pp. 52-53.