cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dr. Frances A. Hellebrandt: Pioneering Physiologist, Physiatrist, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Program Visionary

The story of Frances Hellebrandt, MD, physiologist and physiatrist, is unfortunately unknown to most physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) physicians, physicians in other medical specialties, and even physical therapists. During her long life and illustrious career, she was a prolific writer, researcher, administrator, and educator. She published on a broad range of topics in exercise physiology, physical education, physical therapy, and PM&R. She investigated the properties of muscle, the science of exercise, and the pathophysiology of muscle disorders. She studied the process through which new sport-specific motor skills were acquired and refined. She made a lasting scientific contribution because of an intense commitment to establishing a research foundation and research capacity for these developing fields. However, because she worked in a variety of disciplines during her career and often did transdisciplinary work, she is not always remembered in the histories of these individual disciplines. Hellebrandt’s work in educating, training, and collaborating with others, including many women scientists and physicians, makes hers a vital legacy that must not be forgotten. Hellebrandt became a physician in 1929 at a time when there were very few women in medicine aside from those who trained in women’s medical colleges and in the few land grant programs, for example, the University of Wisconsin, that accepted female students. In fact, there was a decline in the number of women physicians practicing in the United States from 1900-1950 [1]. Many medical schools closed after the Flexner Report was published in 1910, due to the new standards that were established for medical training, in particular, those training female, black, and working-class students [2,3]. In 1900, there were 7 women’s medical colleges, but, by 1930, the year after Hellebrandt graduated from the University of Wisconsin, only one remained, the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania (which is now absorbed, along with Hahnemann University, into Drexel University College of Medicine). Enactment of the Flexner Report recommendations to emphasize training in the scientific foundations of medical practice caused medical education costs to greatly increase and, therefore, put medical education out of the reach of nearly everyone but affluent white men. The percentage of women who graduated from medical schools remained below 5% until the 1970s when Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972 opened the doors for greater equity across all fields in education [4]. As Barkin et al [3] rgue, “Although the decrease in female medical students may have been multifactorial, the ransformative dream shared by the pioneering female physicians at the beginning of the 0th century faded within a decade of the Flexner report.”
Multiple decomposition pathways in infrared multiple-photon-induced reactions of ions

Abstract Multiple products have been observed for the first time in collisionless infrared multiphoton decompositions using an unfocused laser. The branching fractions provide evidence for barriers along the potential surfaces for fragmentation; possible origins of such barriers are discussed.
Purification and properties of two ferredoxins from the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Bacillus polymyxa

Two ferredoxins, designated FdI and FdII, have been isolated from the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Bacillus polymyxa. The two ferredoxins were readily separated on DEAE-cellulose and disc gel electrophoresis. The amino acid compositions of FdI and FdII showed them to be different protein species; the greater number of acidic amino acid residues in FdI than in FdII appears to account for separation based on electronic charge. FdI and FdII were both found to have four nonheme iron and four acid-labile sulfur groups per mole. The absorption spectra of the two ferredoxins are almost identical, with a peak in the visible region of the spectrum at 385 nm. The A358A280 absorbance ratio of both ferredoxins was 0.54–0.55. FdII was not stable under aerobic conditions, as indicated by a decrease in the visible region of the spectrum. Both FdI and FdII have nearly identical molecular weights, as judged by gel filtration and amino acid composition (approx 8800). The purified ferredoxins catalyzed the photoreduction of NADP by spinach chloroplasts with equal effectiveness. In the nitrogen-fixation reaction of B. polymyxa, FdII was more effective than FdI.
The location of sites and effect of semiconductor diode trans‐scleral cyclophotocoagulation on the buphthalmic equine globe

Purpose To determine appropriate location and energy settings for trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) for buphthalmic equine globes. Animals Eleven horses with a buphthalmic eye blinded by glaucoma presented for enucleation. Methods Globe and corneal dimensions were measured via ultrasonography and calipers, and TSCPC was performed under general anesthesia immediately prior to enucleation. Part 1: In nine globes, sixty sites were lasered 4 mm posterior to the limbus in the dorsotemporal and ventrotemporal quadrants at settings of 1500 milliwatts and 1500 ms. Globes were processed and sectioned sagitally over the temporal aspect in two blocks, each with five histologic sections examined by light microscopy. A digital imaging system was used to determine the location and length of the pars plicata on one slide from each block. Part 2: Based on results in Part 1, two globes were measured and lasered using the same time and energy settings at the following distances posterior to the limbus: 8 mm dorsally, 6 mm dorsotemporally, 5 mm ventrotemporally, and 5 mm ventrally. Results Globe and corneal dimensions exceeded normal values in all globes. Part 1: In all nine globes, photocoagulation affected the anterior ciliary processes and iris base and in 8/9 coagulation of the pectinate ligaments was noted. Part 2: In both globes, coagulation was confined to the pars plicata. Conclusions The previously recommended TSCPC sites are located too far anteriorly for a buphthalmic globe. Buphthalmic equine globes should have TSCPC performed at the following distances posterior to the limbus: 6–8 mm dorsally, 5–6 mm dorsotemporally, 4–5 mm ventrotemporally, and 4–5 mm ventrally.
Effects of systemic or oral ad libitum monosodium glutamate administration on striatal glutamate release, as measured using microdialysis in freely moving rats

We examined effects of high doses of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on extracellular glutamate levels in rat striata, using in vivo microdialysis. Parenteral doses (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, but not 0.25, g/kg, i.p.) caused dose- and time-dependent increases, peaking after 40 min (at 174 +/- 47%, 485 +/- 99% and 1021 +/- 301% of basal levels, respectively). In contrast, dietary MSG (1.49 +/- 0.10 g/kg/h) was ineffective.
Characteristics of electronically desorbed negative ions from CO on Rh(111)

Abstract ESD of negative ions has been examined from the CO/Rh(111) system. The desorption yield of O − exhibits a behavior which is distinctly different from that observed for O + and CO + . Delayed onset of O − is observed in the early stages of uptake. Near saturation little decrease is observed, indicating that the resonance charge exchange process is not very effective in negative ion neutralization. The desorption energy of O + was observed to reflect the CO adsorbate structural change which occurs near 1 L CO exposure on the Rh(111) surface. An abrupt shift to higher desorption energy was observed at the exposure necessary to produce filling of bridge-bonded sites.
Buddha and Christ: a Functional Analysis

matter systematically, analyzing and comparing, for example, doctrines, rites and motifs as they obtain within various religious traditions. Instead of this approach, which tends toward abstractions rather than living relationships. this study undertakes to explore Buddhism and Christianity in one specific area: the function of their respective founders. 1) It is the purpose of this study to inquire into the various answers to the question, What functions do Buddha and Christ exercise for their followers? By isolating two important scriptures of the Buddhist and Christian canons, and applying the question to them through a detailed examination of their respective contents, it is hoped that this study will provide a more significant understanding of the two traditions 2). That the Saddharma-Punderika (The Lotus of the
A NEW SUPERVISORY VIEW OF BANK CAPITAL

The Comptroller of the Currency apparently has adopted a new policy with respect to bank capital. There was no formal announcement and the change came to public attention by accident. At first the change was officially minimized. The Comptroller seemed disposed not to regard his capital policy as altogether "new". But whether the policy was truly "new" or only a natural evolution from prior policies is of only academic interest. The practical effect is to change materially the emphasis in bank capital management. The change represents in the opinion of many a welcome development in the course of general bank supervisory policy.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Deficient Mice Develop Heightened Inflammatory Responses to Cigarette Smoke and Endotoxin Associated with Rapid Loss of the Nuclear Factor-κB Component RelB

The transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays an important role in the response to environmental pollutants. However, its role in normal physiology is unclear. To investigate the role of AhR in acute lung inflammation, control and AhR knockout (KO) mice were exposed to inhaled cigarette smoke or bacterial endotoxin. Smoke-induced lung inflammation was twofold to threefold more severe in AhR KO mice than controls. Intriguingly, levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage of air-exposed KO mice were equal to the levels seen in smoke-exposed controls, suggesting that AhR-deficient mice are inflammation prone. AhR KO mice challenged with inhaled endotoxin, which does not contain AhR ligands, also developed greater lung neutrophilia than controls, and bronchoalveolar lavage cells from AhR KO mice produced elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 when treated with endotoxin in vitro. Nuclear factor-κB DNA-binding activity was elevated in smoke-exposed AhR KO mice compared with controls and was associated with a rapid loss of RelB only in the KO mice. We propose that AhR is a previously unrecognized regulator of inflammation that interacts with nuclear factor-κB so that in the absence of AhR RelB is prematurely degraded, resulting in heightened inflammatory responses to multiple proinflam-matory stimuli.
The impact of an educational workshop on colorectal screening practices.

Abstract Since its establishment in 1983, the Virginia Colorectal Cancer Control Project has emphasized the importance of routine screening of asymptomatic adults for colorectal cancer. This has been accomplished through educational workshops that are offered to primary care physicians. These workshops provide didactic information on current concepts in screening and individualized instruction on the use of the flexible sigmoidoscope. Eleven workshops have been conducted since the fall of 1984. During the spring of 1986, a survey was mailed to workshop participants to determine whether changes had occurred in their screening practices. A total of 115 physicians responded to the survey. Prior to the workshop, 86 physicians performed the digital rectal examination; now 100 do. Prior to the workshop, 68 physicians performed the fecal occult blood test; now 89 do. Prior to the workshop, 34 physicians used a flexible scope; now 71 do. Participants found the workshop to be extremely effective in providing indiv...
Particular solutions of Laplacian, Helmholtz-type, and polyharmonic operators involving higher order radial basis functions

Particular solutions of higher order radial basis functions of conical and spline types are obtained for the Laplacian, Helmholtz-type, and polyharmonic operators. These particular solutions are needed in the implementation of the Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method.
Slc26a9 Is Inhibited by the R-region of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator via the STAS Domain

SLC26 proteins function as anion exchangers, channels, and sensors. Previous cellular studies have shown that Slc26a3 and Slc26a6 interact with the R-region of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), (R)CFTR, via the Slc26-STAS (sulfate transporter anti-sigma) domain, resulting in mutual transport activation. We recently showed that Slc26a9 has both nCl−-HCO3− exchanger and Cl− channel function. In this study, we show that the purified STAS domain of Slc26a9 (a9STAS) binds purified (R)CFTR. When Slc26a9 and (R)CFTR fragments are co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes, both Slc26a9-mediated nCl−-HCO3− exchange and Cl− currents are almost fully inhibited. Deletion of the Slc26a9 STAS domain (a9-ΔSTAS) virtually eliminated the Cl− currents with only a modest affect on nCl−-HCO3− exchange activity. Co-expression of a9-ΔSTAS and the (R)CFTR fragment did not alter the residual a9-ΔSTAS function. Replacing the Slc26a9 STAS domain with the Slc26a6 STAS domain (a6-a9-a6) does not change Slc26a9 function and is no longer inhibited by (R)CFTR. These data indicate that the Slc26a9-STAS domain, like other Slc26-STAS domains, binds CFTR in the R-region. However, unlike previously reported data, this binding interaction inhibits Slc26a9 ion transport activity. These results imply that Slc26-STAS domains may all interact with (R)CFTR but that the physiological outcome is specific to differing Slc26 proteins, allowing for dynamic and acute fine tuning of ion transport for various epithelia.
A seminar course in object oriented programming

The emerging technology of object oriented programming is just beginning to be introduced into the computer science curriculum. In most schools, it will be introduced first at the more advanced levels, prior to inclusion in introductory courses, even though the object oriented paradigm may be more suitable for teaching basic computer science concepts.This paper contains the experiences gained teaching a seminar on object oriented programming to a small group of mixed graduate and undergraduate students at a school with no doctoral program. The successes and difficulties faced by both students and instructor are explored.
Using the Noninformative Families in Family-Based Association Tests: A Powerful New Testing Strategy

For genetic association studies with multiple phenotypes, we propose a new strategy for multiple testing with family-based association tests (FBATs). The strategy increases the power by both using all available family data and reducing the number of hypotheses tested while being robust against population admixture and stratification. By use of conditional power calculations, the approach screens all possible null hypotheses without biasing the nominal significance level, and it identifies the subset of phenotypes that has optimal power when tested for association by either univariate or multivariate FBATs. An application of our strategy to an asthma study shows the practical relevance of the proposed methodology. In simulation studies, we compare our testing strategy with standard methodology for family studies. Furthermore, the proposed principle of using all data without biasing the nominal significance in an analysis prior to the computation of the test statistic has broad and powerful applications in many areas of family-based association studies.
Diminished mitochondrial DNA integrity and repair capacity in OA chondrocytes

Summary Objectives Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by the failure of chondrocytes to respond to injury and perform the cartilage remodeling process. Human articular chondrocytes actively produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) capable of causing cellular dysfunction and death. A growing body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage play a causal role in disorders linked to excessive generation of oxygen free radicals. The aim of this study was to determine whether mtDNA damage was present in OA chondrocytes, and whether mtDNA repair capacity is compromised in OA chondrocytes following oxidative stress, leading to chondrocyte death. Methods Human articular cartilage was isolated from knee joints of cadavers available through the Anatomical Gifts Program at the University of South Alabama (normal donors) or OA patients undergoing total knee replacement surgeries (OA patients). Total DNA was isolated from either chondrocytes released following collagenase digestion, or from first passage chondrocytes grown in culture and exposed to ROS or RNS. mtDNA integrity and repair capacity were analyzed by quantitative Southern blot analysis, using a mtDNA-specific radioactive probe. Cell viability was determined by the trypan blue exclusion method. Results mtDNA damage was found in chondrocytes from OA patients compared to normal donors. It was accompanied with reduced mtDNA repair capacity, cell viability, and increased apoptosis in OA chondrocytes following exposure to ROS and RNS. Conclusions These results indicate that mtDNA damage and poor mtDNA repair capacity for removing damage caused by oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of OA.
An Elastic, Biodegradable Cardiac Patch Induces Contractile Smooth Muscle and Improves Cardiac Remodeling and Function in Subacute Myocardial Infarction

Objectives Our objective in this study was to apply an elastic, biodegradable polyester urethane urea (PEUU) cardiac patch onto subacute infarcts and to examine the resulting cardiac ventricular remodeling and performance. Background Myocardial infarction induces loss of contractile mass and scar formation resulting in adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling and subsequent severe dysfunction. Methods Lewis rats underwent proximal left coronary ligation. Two weeks after coronary ligation, a 6-mm diameter microporous PEUU patch was implanted directly on the infarcted LV wall surface (PEUU patch group, n = 14). Sham surgery was performed as an infarction control (n = 12). The LV contractile function, regional myocardial wall compliance, and tissue histology were assessed 8 weeks after patch implantation. Results The end-diastolic LV cavity area (EDA) did not change, and the fractional area change (FAC) increased in the PEUU patch group (p Conclusions Implantation of a novel biodegradable PEUU patch onto a subacute myocardial infarction promoted contractile phenotype smooth muscle tissue formation and improved cardiac remodeling and contractile function at the chronic stage. Our findings suggest a new therapeutic option against post-infarct cardiac failure.
Treat the patient not the lab value.

Remembering back to medical training, it was always stated that it is important to treat the patient and not the lab value. With the advancement of technology, it appears that this concept is fading. First and foremost, proper assessment is of greatest importance to the welfare of a patient. In addition, with the current changing economy and its affects on healthcare, it is of vast significance that we stress the importance of a proper assessment. This case report uses an example to highlight this importance.
The pan erbB inhibitor PD168393 enhances lysosomal dysfunction-induced apoptotic death in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rapidly progressive Schwann cell neoplasms. The erbB family of membrane tyrosine kinases has been implicated in MPNST mitogenesis and invasion and, thus, is a potential therapeutic target. However, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used alone have limited tumoricidal activity. Manipulating the autophagy lysosomal pathway in cells treated with cytostatic agents can promote apoptotic cell death in some cases. The goal of this study was to establish a mechanistic basis for formulating drug combinations to effectively trigger death in MPNST cells. We assessed the effects of the pan erbB inhibitor PD168393 on MPNST cell survival, caspase activation, and autophagy. PD168393 induced a cytostatic but not a cytotoxic response in MPNST cells that was accompanied by suppression of Akt and mTOR activation and increased autophagic activity. The effects of autophagy modulation on MPNST survival were then assessed following the induction of chloroquine (CQ)–induced lysosomal stress. In CQ-treated cells, suppression of autophagy was accompanied by increased caspase activation. In contrast, increased autophagy induction by inhibition of mTOR did not trigger cytotoxicity, possibly because of Akt activation. We thus hypothesized that dual targeting of mTOR and Akt by PD168393 would significantly increase cytotoxicity in cells exposed to lysosomal stress. We found that PD168393 and CQ in combination significantly increased cytotoxicity. We conclude that combinatorial therapies with erbB inhibitors and agents inducing lysosomal dysfunction may be an effective means of treating MPNSTs.
Immunophenotype characterization of rat mesenchymal stromal cells.

Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have shown diverse therapeutic potential. While characterization of human and mouse MSC has seen significant advances, rat bone marrow-derived MSC (rBM-MSC) remain under-characterized. We detail the isolation, expansion, differentiation, and detailed immunocharacterization of rBM-MSC. Methods Rat MSC were isolated and expanded in multipotent adult progenitor cell (MAPC) media, and cell-surface marker expression through 10 passages was used to characterize the population and multipotency was confirmed via differentation.
Extended correction model for retinal optical imaging

We mathematically analyze a recently proposed curvature correction method that is based on signal processing and does not require physical measurements of the object's shape. Based on new insights, we present a new scheme whose range of application is much broader and is not restricted to curvature artifacts. This significant extension is necessary to correct multi-spectral retinal images.
Enabling mobile application mashups with Merlion

We present Merlion, a system that enables end-users to build custom mobile applications by creating mashups from existing desktop applications. The original application executes on a machine running remote desktop software (such as VNC server) without any modifications. Users can utilize the Merlion Designer to select relevant visual regions of the original application and create an alternate layout that is more suitable to their circumstances (e.g. taking the screen real-estate of their mobile device into account). Once the custom application has been designed, the user can utilize the Merlion Runtime (running on the user's mobile device) to interact with their custom application. Merlion can improve user productivity by simplifying user interfaces, automate repetitive actions, make applications available across different mobile form factors, and can allow applications that work on different OS platforms to operate in concert. In this paper, we describe the design of the Merlion system, details of our initial prototype, and discussion of the benefits and challenges of our approach.
Building cultural chronology in Eastern Washington: The influence of geochronology, index fossils, and radiocarbon dating

Until the early 1950s, it was believed that the archaeological record of eastern Washington state did not exceed 4000 years. That belief changed in the middle 1950s after discovery of the Lind Coulee site (45GR97), originally dated to the Holocene on the basis of geochronological data and subsequently dated via radiocarbon to 8700 B.P. Geochronology and geoarchaeology provided temporal control and resulted in archaeological time being measured discontinuously as stratigraphically associated sets of artifacts were stacked one upon the other. Percentage stratigraphy and frequency seriation played no role in the measurement of time or the construction of cultural chronologies. Local cultural chronologies originally constructed on the basis of chronostratigraphic marker horizons were not significantly altered in the 1960s and 1970s because few radiocarbon ages were run and the chronological validity of the ages was questioned. The increased intensity of cultural resource management in the 1980s witnessed a marked increased in the production of radiocarbon ages, but extant cultural chronologies have not been significantly altered in structure or appearance. 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Empirical Analysis of Option Directional Trading and Stock Depth Asymmetry

This article investigates whether there is an informational linkage between option directional trading activities and underlying stock depth asymmetries. The author finds that option directional trading activities and underlying stock depth asymmetries are informative for predicting each other, indicating that a linkage does exist. She further finds that the above documented informational linkage is stronger at the beginning and the end of the day.
Structural Studies of Human Histone Deacetylase 8 and its Site-Specific Variants Complexed with Substrate and Inhibitors

Metal-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs) require Zn(2+) or Fe(2+) to regulate the acetylation of lysine residues in histones and other proteins in eukaryotic cells. Isozyme HDAC8 is perhaps the archetypical member of the class I HDAC family and serves as a paradigm for studying structure-function relationships. Here, we report the structures of HDAC8 complexes with trichostatin A and 3-(1-methyl-4-phenylacetyl-1H-2-pyrrolyl)-N-hydroxy-2-propenamide (APHA) in a new crystal form. The structure of the APHA complex reveals that the hydroxamate CO group accepts a hydrogen bond from Y306 but does not coordinate to Zn(2+) with favorable geometry, perhaps due to the constraints of its extended pi system. Additionally, since APHA binds to only two of the three protein molecules in the asymmetric unit of this complex, the structure of the third monomer represents the first structure of HDAC8 in the unliganded state. Comparison of unliganded and liganded structures illustrates ligand-induced conformational changes in the L2 loop that likely accompany substrate binding and catalysis. Furthermore, these structures, along with those of the D101N, D101E, D101A, and D101L variants, support the proposal that D101 is critical for the function of the L2 loop. However, amino acid substitutions for D101 can also trigger conformational changes of Y111 and W141 that perturb the substrate binding site. Finally, the structure of H143A HDAC8 complexed with an intact acetylated tetrapeptide substrate molecule confirms the importance of D101 for substrate binding and reveals how Y306 and the active site zinc ion together bind and activate the scissile amide linkage of acetyllysine.
Temporal Evolution of Nonthermal Spectra from Supernova Remnants

Assuming that supernova shocks accelerate nonthermal particles, we model the temporally evolving nonthermal particle and photon spectra at different stages in the lifetime of a standard shell-type supernova remnant (SNR). A characteristic νFν spectrum of an SNR consists of a peak at radio through optical energies from nonthermal electron synchrotron emission and another high-energy gamma-ray peak due primarily to secondary pion production, nonthermal electron bremsstrahlung, and Compton scattering. We find that supernova remnants are capable of producing maximum gamma-ray luminosities 1035 ergs s-1 if the density of the local interstellar medium is 10 cm-3. This emission will persist for 105 yr after the supernova explosion because of the long energy loss timescales for electrons with kinetic energy ~1 GeV. This long gamma-ray lifetime implies that SNRs with a wide range of ages could be gamma-ray sources and could constitute some of the unidentified EGRET sources.
Wind for irrigation application

The remarkably high and unstable fuel cost due to the international situation could impact the local agricultural operating cost and significantly affect rural development.
Vesicle Docking to the Spindle Pole Body Is Necessary to Recruit the Exocyst During Membrane Formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The meiosis II outer plaque (MOP) acts a vesicle tethering complex that is a site for de novo membrane formation. Novel mutants in a MOP protein reveal that interaction of vesicles with the MOP sur...
A methodology for extending domain coverage in SemRep

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Integrating new domain knowledge into the UMLS extends SemRep core coverage.An existing ontology-building method is adapted to accommodate the new knowledge.Text analysis uncovers non-UMLS domain knowledge for a medical informatics case study.New concepts, semantic types, and relations are defined for the new domain.The new knowledge and semantic representation allow SemRep to apply to new domains. We describe a domain-independent methodology to extend SemRep coverage beyond the biomedical domain. SemRep, a natural language processing application originally designed for biomedical texts, uses the knowledge sources provided by the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS?). Ontological and terminological extensions to the system are needed in order to support other areas of knowledge. We extended SemRep's application by developing a semantic representation of a previously unsupported domain. This was achieved by adapting well-known ontology engineering phases and integrating them with the UMLS knowledge sources on which SemRep crucially depends. While the process to extend SemRep coverage has been successfully applied in earlier projects, this paper presents in detail the step-wise approach we followed and the mechanisms implemented. A case study in the field of medical informatics illustrates how the ontology engineering phases have been adapted for optimal integration with the UMLS. We provide qualitative and quantitative results, which indicate the validity and usefulness of our methodology.
Mixing translucent polygons with volumes

We present an algorithm which renders opaque and/or translucent polygons embedded within volumetric data. The processing occurs such that all objects are composited in the correct order, by rendering thin slabs of the translucent polygons between volume slices using slice-order volume rendering. We implemented our algorithm with OpenGL on current general-purpose graphics systems. We discuss our system implementation, speed and image quality, as well as the renderings of several mixed scenes.
Safety of aerosolized amphotericin B.

Aerosolized delivery of a number of antimicrobial agents has been studied. Despite a theoretical soundness behind this strategy, full consideration of the potential toxicities associated with this mode of administration is imperative. Aerosolized amphotericin B, as both deoxycholate and lipid formulations, has been studied in a variety of high-risk patient populations for prophylaxis and treatment against fungal infections. Although available data remain inconclusive regarding the clinical efficacy of this therapy, variability among results may be due to lack of standardization of administration methods and doses. Akin to the lack of clinical consensus, data regarding the tolerability of this means of amphotericin B delivery are conflicting. This variability may again be accounted for by the lack of standardized means for aerosolized administration. Owing to uncertain clinical benefit and concern for pulmonary toxicities, the use of aerosolized amphotericin B should be limited to clinical investigations a...
A standards-based approach for supporting dynamic access policies for a federated digital library

With the increasing acceptability of interoperability standards like Open Archives Initiative protocol for metadata harvesting, it is becoming feasible to build federated discovery services which aggregate metadata from different digital libraries (data providers) and provide a unified search interface to users. Content-based access control is one of the primary requirements of data providers. While this concept has been predominant in the research realm, practical systems incorporating this concept are rare. In this paper, we propose a framework that supports and enforces content-based access policies using existing COTS components. We have prototyped the framework by building a system using XACML, and a XACML policy engine. The system can also be generalized to environments other than digital libraries.
Multistate capture–recapture analysis under imperfect state observation: an application to disease models

Summary 1 Multistate capture–recapture models are frequently used to estimate the survival and state transition parameters needed to parameterize stage-structured population models, tools that are important for conservation and management. Typically, such models assume that all encountered individuals can be assigned to a particular state without error or ambiguity, a requirement which is difficult to meet in practice. Model extensions to relax this assumption would increase the richness of ecological data sets available for estimating life-history and stage-transition parameters with multistate models. 2 One relatively common analytical approach when confronted with ambiguity in state determination is to censor all encounters where the state of an animal cannot be ascertained. Here, we present an alternative approach, which uses a hidden Markov (or multievent) modelling framework that can incorporate data from encounters of unknown state. Using simulation, we show that our approach leads to estimators of state-specific survival and transition probabilities that are more precise, and sometimes considerably so, than methods based on censoring. 3 We demonstrate our approach using field data from a study of the dynamics of conjunctivitis in the house finch Carpodacus mexicanus Muller. A fundamental challenge in modelling disease dynamics involves the estimation of the rates of entry and exit from one or more disease states, which can be complicated when disease state is uncertain. We show that incorporating data from unknown states made substantial improvements to parameter precision. 4 Synthesis and applications. Missing or incomplete records are an unfortunate but common feature of many ecological field studies, often diminishing the quality and quantity of data. Our approach of treating state as a hidden Markov process allows such records to be used, increasing the precision of survival and state transition parameters in multistate mark–recapture studies. Our approach is more general than other approaches in the literature, and does not require specialized sampling designs or ancillary information to inform state assignment. We suggest that ecologists consider using this modelling approach instead of censoring records whenever state information is missing.
Intersensory redundancy facilitates discrimination of tempo in 3-month-old infants.

L. Bahrick and R. Lickliter (2000) proposed an intersensory redundancy hypothesis that states that information presented redundantly and in temporal synchrony across two or more sensory modalities selectively recruits infant attention and facilitates perceptual learning more effectively than does the same information presented unimodally. In support of this view, they found that 5-month-old infants were able to differentiate between two complex rhythms when they were presented bimodally, but not unimodally. The present study extended our test of the intersensory redundancy hypothesis to younger infants and to a different amodal property. Three-month-olds' sensitivity to the amodal property of tempo was investigated. Results replicated and extended those of Bahrick and Lickliter, demonstrating that infants could discriminate a change in tempo following bimodal, but not unimodal, habituation. It appears that when infants are first learning to differentiate an amodal stimulus property, discrimination is facilitated by intersensory redundancy and attenuated under conditions of unimodal stimulation.
Information technology governance in information technology investment decision processes: the impact of investment characteristics, external environment, and internal context

This study identifies governance patterns for information technology investment decision processes and explores the impact of organizations' investment characteristics, external environment, and internal context on the shaping of those patterns. By identifying the lead actors of the initiation, development, and approval stages in IT governance, the patterns of 57 IT investment decisions at 6 hospitals are analyzed. The results reveal seven IT governance archetypes: (1) top management monarchy, (2) top management-IT duopoly, (3) IT monarchy, (4) administration monarchy, (5) administration- IT duopoly, (6) professional monarchy, and (7) professional- IT duopoly. Each archetype is analyzed by taking into account four specific factors: IT investment level, external influence, organizational centralization, and IT function power. This study makes several contributions to IT governance theory and practice. First, IT governance is reframed to include pre-decision stages, highlighting the importance of participants other than the final decision maker. Second, the variation of IT governance archetypes suggests that even when top management approval is required, the IT department may not play a key role in the IT investment decision process. Third, governance of the pre-decision initiation and development stages is found to be jointly affected by several contextual factors, suggesting that the allocation of final decision rights is only a part of IT governance. While decision rights may be allocated by the organization a priori, the actual patterns of IT governance are contingent on contextual factors. It is important to understand how IT governance archetypes are shaped because they may affect desired outcomes of IT investments.
Using vignettes to rethink Latino-white disparities in self-rated health

Abstract Researchers often rely on respondents' self-rated health (SRH) to measure social disparities in health, but recent studies suggest that systematically different reporting styles across groups can yield misleading conclusions about disparities in SRH. In this study, we test whether this finding extends to ethnic differences in self-assessments of health in particular domains. We document differences between US-born whites and four Latino subgroups in respondents' assessments of health in six health domains using data from the second wave of the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (N = 1468). We use both conventional methods and an approach that uses vignettes to adjust for differential reporting styles. Our results suggest that despite consistent evidence from the literature that Latinos tend to rate their overall health more poorly than whites, and that Latino immigrants report worse SRH than US-born Latinos, this pattern is not true of self-reports in individual health domains. We find that at the bivariate level, US-born whites (and often US-born Mexicans) have significantly more pessimistic reporting styles than Latino immigrants. After adding controls, we find evidence of significantly different reporting styles for only one domain: US-born Mexicans and whites consistently interpret head pain more severely than the other Latino subgroups. Finally, we find that both before and after adjusting for differences in rating styles across groups, non-Mexican Latino immigrants report better social and physical functioning and less pain than other groups. Our findings underscore the advantages of domain-specific ratings when evaluating ethnic differences in self-assessments of health. We encourage researchers studying social disparities in health to consider respondents' self-assessments in a variety of domains, and to also investigate (when possible) potential biases in their findings due to different reporting styles. The anchoring vignettes approach we use is one potential method for overcoming biases due to different rating styles across groups.
Traditional Transaction Processing

The primary purpose of a database management system is to carry out transactions. A transaction is a sequence of database operations either to query or manipulate data in a shared database. The goal of a concurrency control (CC) mechanism is to preserve database integrity, even in the presence of concurrent data accesses by multiple users, by properly synchronizing simultaneous executions of transactions. This goal is best illustrated by a simple example.
Catatonia: Catatonia is measurable and common

Kahlbaum correctly states that once one recognizes the many characteristic and conspicuous signs of catatonia, it is not possible to confuse them with other illnesses. Secondly, I willingly add, that not only the individual characteristic signs which Kahlbaum so masterfully identified, but the total syndrome that the patients present, is identifiable. Neisser, 1887 Of the motor signs described by Kahlbaum, how many are useful in making the diagnosis of the catatonia syndrome? How often is the syndrome identified? In studies of incidence, researchers used the more prominent items of mutism, posturing, negativism, catalepsy, and stereotypy as criteria for catatonia. More recently, rating scales with more extensive lists of signs have been developed. In the search for a structure among the signs of catatonia, factor analytic studies have been done. Despite this experience with catatonia over the past few decades, its role in the DSM and ICD psychiatric classification systems remains restricted and problematic. In this chapter, we describe this experience and suggest modifications in classification systems. DSM classification of catatonia After Kahlbaum's 1874 description, many reports confirmed the presence of catatonia in patients with psychotic and mood disorders (see Chapter 1). In a decision that strongly influenced posterity, Kraepelin incorporated catatonia as a feature of dementia praecox. He described the onset as subacute, often beginning with a depressed mood.
Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? A Comparison of Three Organizational Practices for Reducing Racial/Ethnic Harassment and Discrimination

We assessed the effectiveness of three commonly suggested organizational practices for reducing racial/ethnic harassment and discrimination (REHD): training; resources for reporting REHD; and imple...
Structure, Redox Chemistry, and Interfacial Alloy Formation in Monolayer and Multilayer Cu/Au(111) Model Catalysts for CO2 Electroreduction

High-energy-resolution fluorescence-detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD XAS) has been used to probe the geometric and electronic structure of a Cu monolayer model electrocatalyst as a function of applied potential in situ in alkaline electrolyte. In 0.01 M NaOH, a Cu monolayer deposited on an Au(111) single crystal exhibits markedly different redox behavior from Cu multilayers on the same substrate: the Cu monolayer is more stable against oxide formation and, at high potentials (E > 0.5 V vs RHE), undergoes a direct phase transition from Cu0 to CuO rather than forming an intermediate Cu2O phase. The Cu monolayer in its metallic state at low potentials is expanded by 12.5% to match the substrate lattice constant, which can be expected to influence significantly the interaction of Cu surface atoms with intermediates of the electrochemical CO2 reduction. However, we also find that both strained Cu monolayer and thick, structurally relaxed Cu islands are unstable with respect to place-exchange with...
Neuroblastoma:: Management of a common childhood malignancy

EARN CATEGORY I CME CREDIT by reading this article and the article beginning on page 46 and successfully completing the posttest on page 52. Successful completion is defined as a cumulative score of at least 70% correct. This material has been reviewed and is approved for 1 hour of clinical Category
First-Principles-Based Modeling of Elastomeric Dampers for Multibody Systems

Elastomeric materials have found increasing use in many vehicles, from cars and trucks to helicopters. In helicopters, the need to stabilize the very lightly damped lead-lag motions of rotor blades has necessitated the use of external dampers. Older helicopters use hydraulic dampers, which provide high levels of damping but are also associated with high maintenance costs due to the presence of seals, lubricants and numerous moving parts, all operating in a rotating frame. The motivation to reduce maintenance costs prompted the industry to switch to elastomeric lead-lag dampers that feature simpler mechanical design, lower part count, and result in “dry” rotors. This discussion clearly indicates the need for more accurate, first principle based models of elastomeric dampers. The first objective of this paper is to develop a finite element based tool for modeling the response of complex components made of elastomeric materials. Next, this tool will be integrated with a finite element based, multibody dynamics analysis code to accurately simulate the dynamic response of vehicles using elastomeric components, such as cars, trucks or rotorcraft.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Moral Irrelevance of the Counterforce/Countervalue Distinction

Since the atomic era began in 1945, there have been three waves of moral criticism directed at American nuclear weapons policies. The first wave, which began around 1957 and ended in 1962 with McNamara's an nouncement of Flexible Response, focused on Dulles's policy of Massive Retaliation. The second wave, which began in the early 70's and ended in 1974 with Schlesingers announcement of Countervailing Response, fo cused on the Assured Destruction policy developed in McNamara's later reports to Congress. The third wave began in the 80's with Weinberger's remarks about ''prevailing" in nuclear conflicts and may or may not end with the next MX vote or next strategic arms agreement.1 In each wave of criticism there has been a dominant moral note. From the moral point of view, the principal problem with Massive Retaliation is that the damage caused by a massive American retalitory strike would outweigh in scale any injury the United States might receive before the strike is launched. Thus, action according to the policy violates the just war canon of proportionality, which dictates that in a just war the projected damage should not be significantly greater than the damage suffered if the war is not fought. In the case of Assured Destruction, the main moral prob lem is the use of cities as targets and populations as hostages, a feature first dictated by missile inaccuracy and later provoked by the hardening of op posing strategic forces. Action according to Assured Destruction is thus widely thought to violate the just war canon of discrimination, the rule that noncombatants should never be the victims of military force. In the case of Prevailing Response, concern arises that steps taken to assure success in nuclear war increase the probability that nuclear war will be initiated, and that nuclear war, once initiated, cannot be controlled. Thus the Weinberger policy is thought to require reckless and immoral risks.2 The judgment that Massive Retaliation violates Proportionality is to day almost universally accepted, and to some degree this verdict may have influenced the abandonment of the policy, although Massive Retaliation was so riddled with strategic defects that it probably would have been aban doned on prudential grounds even if it had not been morally flawed.3 By contrast, the standard criticisms of Prevailing Response are somewhat