cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between physical health and psychological well‐being in elderly women: A developmental perspective

Little is known about the physical health and psychological well-being of very old women, although they are one of the fastest growing segments of the population. The relationships among physical health, psychological well-being, and age were investigated using a developmental perspective and a multidimensional approach to the assessment of psychological wellbeing. Two hundred and forty-three elderly women completed multiple self-report measures of physical health status and psychological well-being. Multiple regression analyses indicated that older age was related to lower levels of purpose in life, personal growth, and positive relationships. Poor health, regardless of age, was associated with more depression and anxiety and lower levels of positive relationships and autonomy. Implications for the nursing care of elderly women are discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis by restriction enzyme cleavage of human varicella-zoster virus DNAs

Abstract The DNAs from three varicella virus isolates and two herpes zoster virus isolates were digested with either Eco R I or Hin D III site-specific endonucleases. The restriction patterns of the DNAs obtained from the five isolates were then compared following separation of the specific fragments by electrophoresis through 0.5% agarose gels. The number and mobilities of all DNA bands were found to be indistinguishable for all five isolates. Further analysis of Eco R I -digested varicella-zoster virus DNA revealed the presence of both molar and submolar DNA fragments as found previously for other human herpesvirus DNAs.
Sera from preeclamptic patients contain factor(s) that stimulate prostacyclin production by human endothelial cells

A relative decrease in endothelial cell prostacyclin production may be pivotal in the genesis of preeclampsia. We determined the effect of sera from preeclamptic women on prostacyclin production by monolayers of normal term human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were incubated with media containing serum from patients with preeclampsia, non-hypertensive, gestational age-matched pregnant controls, or normal non-pregnant controls (N = 7, all groups). 6-Keto-prostaglandin F(1α), the stable metabolite of prostacyclin, was measured directly in the culture medium by radioimmunoassay. Treatment with preeclamptic sera, when associated with a statistically significant increase in prostacyclin metabolite production by endothelial cells. Thus, sera from women with preeclampsia stimulate rather than inhibit prostacyclin production by endothelial cells. We speculate that there is a factor in the sera of women with preeclampsia that functions to activate endothelial cells or which may play a role in the homeostatic mechanisms to balance reduced prostacyclin output in preeclampsia.
Molecular markers and determinants of prostate cancer metastasis.

Although intensely studied, the molecular and biochemical determinants of prostate cancer development and progression remain ill-defined. Moreover, current markers and methodologies cannot distinguish between a tumor that will remain indolent and not impinge on patient survival, versus a tumor with aggressive traits culminating in metastatic spread and death. Once prostate cancer is confirmed the most significant threat to a patient's survival and quality of life involves tumor metastasis. Radical surgery notwithstanding, prostate cancer accounts for 10% of all cancer-related deaths primarily arising through development of metastasis. Metastasis markers demonstrating an acceptable level of reliability are an obvious necessity if disproportionate and costly treatment is to be avoided and a reasonably accurate determination of clinical prognosis and measure of successful response to treatment is to be made. Therapeutic strategies that specifically inhibit metastatic spread are not presently possible and may not become available in the immediate future. This is because, while localized tumorigenesis has been relatively amenable to detection, analysis and treatment, metastasis remains a relatively undefined, complex and underexplored area of prostate cancer research. New findings in the field such subclasses of genes called metastasis suppressors and cancer progression suppressors, have opened up exciting avenues of investigation. We review current methodological approaches, model experimental systems and genes presently known or having potential involvement in human prostate cancer metastasis. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms of transcriptional activation in vivo: two steps forward

Transcriptional activation involves the regulated assembly of multiprotein complexes on promoter DNA in the context of the repressive effects of chromatin. How do activators orchestrate this complicated phenomenon in vivo? Recent genetic and biochemical advancements suggest that activator-dependent formation of the transcription machinery on the promoter involves at least two steps. First, the activator facilitates the recruitment of TFIID to the TATA element of the promoter. TFIID binding is then followed by the recruitment of the remainder of the transcriptional apparatus in the form of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme.
Chronic subdural haematoma in young and extremely aged adults: a comparative study of two age groups

To compare the clinical presentation, etiological factors and the outcome of chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) in young and old adults, a retrospective analysis was performed by differentiating young adults, age 75 years (n=51). The clinical data, computed tomography (CT) findings and surgical outcome were recorded for analysis. We observed certain characteristics particular to young CSDH patients, higher incidence of headache (P<0.001) and vomiting (P=0.009), the shorter duration from trauma to operation (P=0.018) and more severe traumatic episodes (P=0.001). The older patients had a higher frequency of mental change (P=0.006), motor deficits (P=0.014) and larger haematomas (P<0.001). The surgical complication rate was not statistically different between the two age groups. An understanding of the varied clinical presentation of CSDH is essential to stimulate clinical suspicion and prompt evaluation, particularly for the differences between young and extremely aged patients.
STAR: Generating input vectors for design validation by static analysis of RTL

We introduce STAR, an automatic technique for functional input vector generation for design validation. STAR statically analyzes the source code of the Register Transfer Level (RTL) design. The STAR approach is a hybrid between RTL symbolic simulation and concrete simulation, that offsets the disadvantages of both the techniques. It allows deeper as well as wider exploration of the design space by varying the extent of concrete and symbolic simulation in a given run. STAR follows a region-wide notion of coverage, where the concrete simulation navigates to a region of the design space and the symbolic simulation explores it systematically. We demonstrate that preliminary results of using STAR are promising by showing high path coverage on benchmark RTL designs.
Thiamin Absorption is Not Compromised in Folate-Deficient Rats

Thiamine absorption and excretion were assessed in rats with severe folate deficiency (FD) by determining the fate of oral TH-labeled and intravenous UC-labeled thiamine over a 6-h test period. Thiamine status was evaluated in these same rats by measuring transketolase activity levels of blood before (TKA) and after (TPPE) addition of thiamine pyrophosphate to the incubation mixture of the assay procedure. Two additional experiments assessed active transport of thiamine and the effect of dietary succinylsulfathiazole (SST) on TKA and TPPE in rats with moderate FD. Intestinal absorption in general and thiamine absorption in particular and thiamine status were unaltered in rats with severe FD. Inanition associated with severe FD may impair thiamine status. Thiamine absorption by active transport was not compromised in FD, and dietary succinylsulfathiazole did not affect thiamine status.
Minimum Winning Electoral Coalitions Under Presidentialism: Reality or Fiction? The Case of Brazil

This article studies the motivations of party leaders to form “minimum winning” electoral coalitions—alliances that cease to be winning if one member is subtracted. In Brazil, concurrent elections stimulate political actors' coordination, and electoral alliances are allowed. In 2002 and 2006, moreover, the Electoral Supreme Court obliged those parties with presidential candidates to replicate this electoral arrangement in the district. Under “verticalization,” parties with presidential candidates could not form alliances with rival parties in the concurrent legislative and gubernatorial elections. Verticalization arguably pushed party leaders to form minimum winning electoral coalitions. This new rule forced them to reconsider the contributions of each possible ally in the elections for president, federal deputy, and governor. Examining the elections from 1998 to 2006, this study finds that under verticalization, while parties did form more electoral coalitions with those partners they considered crucial to win, they did so at the expense of policy.
CHALK AND FLUID INOCULATION METHODS IN STUDYING THE PERCENT RECOVERY OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS, ESCHERICHIA COLI AND ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS FROM RAW GROUND BEEF

The fluid inoculation method is widely used in studying the growth characteristics and percent recovery of microorganisms in food. In addition to this method a new method, called the chalk method, was introduced and has been successfully used. This research aimed to compare the percent recovery of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis from raw ground beef using the chalk and fluid inoculation methods. It also aimed to compare the chalk and fluid methods in studying the percent recovery of the three microorganisms. The results show that the percent recoveries of C. perfringens, E. coli, and E. faecalis were significantly different (P 0.05). The percent recovery using chalk powder inoculum was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the percent recovery using fluid inoculum for E. coli and E. faecalis. The results also show that E. faecalis has the highest percent recovery using both methods, and E. coli has the lowest using the chalk method. It can be concluded that chalk inoculation is better than fluid inoculation because it gives better percent recovery, saves time, is easier to perform, is more precise, and gives information about inoculum distribution.
Deriving specifications from requirements

Specification-based software development makes software easier to validate and maintain. Yet specifications of large systems are themselves large, making understanding and validation difficult. One cause for this problem is that specifications and requirements are kept distinct. This paper describes an approach to specification development in which the specification arises naturally through the requirements analysis process. The emerging specification is developed into a complete system description using formal transformations called high-level editing commands. Automated support for this development process within the Knowledge-Based Specification Assistant will be described. This support involves applying high-level editing commands, assisting in the choice of editing commands, and tracking the effects of these commands.
Identification of a sperm nuclear annulus: a sperm DNA anchor.

We report the isolation and characterization of a new nuclear structure from spermatozoa of the golden Syrian hamster which we term the nuclear annulus. The nuclear annul us was located at the implantation fossa, the point at which the tail is joined to the sperm head, inside the nucleus adjacent to the inner nuclear envelope. Extraction of sperm nuclei with 2 M NaC1 and 10 mM dithiothreitol caused the solubilization of the protamines and DNA decondensation. This released the DNA from its structural constraints except that the DNA remained anchored to the nuclear annulus, which survived the extraction procedure. Nuclear aniudi were isolated and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The nuclear annul us was a double-crescent, ring-shaped structure, 2.10 ± 0.16 �.un long and 136 ± 0.13 �un wide. We believe that the nuclear annulus may play an important role in the organization of sperm DNA.
Employment, Family, and Perceptions of Marital Quality Among Husbands and Wives:

Previous studies of work/family linkages have emphasized the effects of one domain or the other on the individual, yet few have sought to analyze the interconnective nature of paid labor and family environments. Using data from the 1988 National Survey of Families and Households, this study examines the effects of husbands' and wives' employment and marriage characteristics on their respective perceptions of marital quality. Contrary to previous findings, occupational factors have only a minimal effect on both husbands' and wives' perceptions of marital quality. Husbands and wives are both affected by wives' opinions of fairness in the marriage. The results also suggest that husbands may maintain traditional role expectations for themselves and their wives, despite the dual-earner status of their marriage. The implications of these findings for gender roles in dual-earner marriages are discussed.
Impact of power generation uncertainty on unbalanced power systems

Continued growth in distributed generation introduces significant uncertainty for power generation in distribution systems. We continue the development of set-theoretic methods to confirm whether static state variables, such as bus voltage magnitudes and angles, are within some acceptable performance criterion while subject to the uncertainties introduced by intermittent power sources. This method considers three-phase unbalanced systems, which may include unbalanced loading and generation, by utilizing a three-phase representation of the power flow equations in the method formulation. We bound the possible values the uncertain generation can take by an ellipsoid and propagate it through a linearized power flow model. The resulting ellipsoid represents approximate bounds for the system state variables. The proposed method is applied to the IEEE 4-bus system.
Maximally Almost Periodic Groups and a Theorem of Glicksberg

: It is well known that if G is a locally compact Abelian group (LCA group) with Bohr compactification (β(G), σ) then σ(G) is normal in β(G) and, by a beautiful theorem of Glicksberg, we have that A⊂σ(G) is compact if and only if σ–1(A) ⊂G is compact. The aim of this paper is to study maximally almost periodic (MAP) groups which have these properties and the results obtained are as follows. (1) If G is a σ-compact locally compact MAP group with Bohr compactification (β(G), σ) and σ(G) is normal in β(G), then for each geβ(G), the automorphism induced by σ and conjugation by g is actually a topological isomorphism. (2) A finite extension of a LCA group is a MAP group and it has the property that A⊂σ(G) is compact if and only if σ–1(A) ⊂G is compact, and (3) A discrete MAP group G with Bohr compactification (β(G), σ) satisfying both of the properties being considered must be Abelian by finite, i.e., a finite extension of an Abelian group.
Large-Scale Fabrication of Ordered Nanobowl Arrays

A novel approach is presented for the large-scale fabrication of ordered TiO2 nanobowl arrays. The process starts with a self-assembled monolayer of polystyrene spheres, which is used as a template for atomic layer deposition of a TiO2 layer. After ion-milling, toluene-etching, and annealing of the TiO2-coated spheres, ordered arrays of nanostructured TiO2 nanobowls have been fabricated. The nanobowls exhibit smooth interior and exterior surfaces and uniform sizes and thickness. The nanobowl arrays have been demonstrated to be useful for selecting spheres smaller than the inner diameter of the bowls. This approach can be extended to a wide range of coating materials and substrates (ceramics, metals, polymers, glasses) with controlled wall thickness and size.
Robot performance measurement and calibration using a 3D computer vision system

Present day robot systems are manufactured to perform within industry accepted tolerances. However, to use such systems for tasks requiring high precision, various methods of robot calibration are generally required. These procedures can improve the accuracy of a robot within a small volume of the robot's workspace. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of a single camera 3D computer vision system as a position sensor in order to perform robot calibration. A vision feedback scheme, termed Vision-guided Robot Control (VRC), is described which can improve the accuracy of a robot in an on-line iterative manner. This system demonstrates the advantage that can be achieved by a Cartesian space robot control scheme when end effector position/orientation are actually sensed instead ofcalculated from the kinematic equations. The degree of accuracy is determined by setting a tolerance level for each of the six robot Cartesian space coordinates. In general, a small tolerance level requires a large number of iterations in order to position the end effector, and a large tolerance level requires fewer iterations. The viability of using a vision system for robot calibration is demonstrated by experimentally showing that the accuracy of a robot can be drastically improved. In addition, the vision system can also be used to determine the repeatability and accuracy of a robot in a simple, efficient, and quick manner. Experimental work with an IBM Electric Drive Robot (EDR) and the proposed vision system produced a 97 and a 145 fold improvement in the position and orientation accuracy of the robot, respectively.
Structural understanding of stabilization patterns in engineered bispecific Ig-like antibody molecules.

Bispecific immunoglobulin-like antibodies capable of engaging multiple antigens represent a promising new class of therapeutic agents. Engineering of these molecules requires optimization of the molecular properties of one of the domain components. Here, we present a detailed crystallographic and computational characterization of the stabilization patterns in the lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTβR) binding Fv domain of an anti-LTβR/anti-TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor-2 (TRAIL-R2) bispecific immunoglobulin-like antibody. We further describe a new hierarchical structure-guided approach toward engineering of antibody-like molecules to enhance their thermal and chemical stability. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Germinal Center Initiation, Variable Gene Region Hypermutation, and Mutant B Cell Selection without Detectable Immune Complexes on Follicular Dendritic Cells

Serum antibody (Ab) can play several roles during B cell immune responses. Among these is to promote the deposition of immune complexes (ICs) on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). ICs on FDCs are generally thought to be critical for normal germinal center (GC) formation and the development and selection of memory B cells. However, it has been very difficult to test these ideas. To determine directly whether FDC-bound complexes do indeed function in these roles, we have developed a transgenic (Tg) mouse in which all B lymphocytes produce only the membrane-bound form of immunoglobulin M. Immune Tg mice have 10,000-fold less specific Ab than wild-type mice and lack detectable ICs on FDCs. Nonetheless, primary immune responses and the GC reaction in these mice are robust, suggesting that ICs on FDCs do not play critical roles in immune response initiation and GC formation. Moreover, as indicated by the presence and pattern of somatic mutations, memory cell formation and selection appear normal in these IC-deficient GCs.
The Investigation and analysis of iodine content in water in Taikang County

Taikang County is near the high iodine areas. In order to master the situation of iodine content in drinking water among my county residents,and provide the basis for disease prevention of iodine deficiency,drinking water iodine content is tested within the scope of 4 788 people. Methods According to the "Henan province high iodine areas adjacent to the water iodine and iodine nutrition level census survey plan" requirements,samples are collected and measured by Sulfuric acid- catalyzed cerium colorimetric method. Results the water iodine content in 1-10 μ g/L is110;10-100 μ g/L 3993;100-150 μ g/L 685;the median was 73.4 μ g/L. Conclusion according to the 2-3L level calculation of adult intake of water every day and night,daily iodine intake is about 200 μg. Regarding the latest recommended iodine value of human intake by the World Health Organization,my county belongs to the most adaptive iodine area.
Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of clustered cases of hand,foot,and mouth disease in Maanshan from 2010 to 2011

Objectives To ascertain the epidemiological characteristics of clustered cases of hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD) in Maanshan and provide evidence for the prevention and control of the disease.Methods Data on clustered cases of HFMD in Maanshan from 2010-2011 were collected to conduct a descriptive epidemiological analysis.Results Two hundred and ninety-one clustered outbreaks of HFMD affecting 1 874 individuals were reported,accounting for 28.07% of all cases of HFMD.Outbreaks involved 188 nurseries/kindergartens and 5 primary schools.Outbreaks of 2-10 cases accounted for 84.54%(246/291) of all outbreaks.Clustered cases were prevalent in Huashan District in 2010 and Dangtu County in 2011.The incidence rate of clustered cases of HFMD was the highest for children age 3 or older.The major enterovirus responsible was Cox A16 in 2010 and EV71 in 2011.Conclusion Kindergartens/nurseries are areas with a prevalence of clustered cases of HFMD.Clustered cases of HFMD can be effectively controlled by enhancing surveillance in kindergartens/nurseries.
Recognition and management of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Aneurysmal SAH is a devastating disease. A missed diagnosis can have unfortunate consequences, such as rebleeding, cerebral infarction, and death. Early recognition and prompt referral improve the outcome by providing timely surgical intervention to prevent rebleeding and aggressive management to prevent or minimize the effects of vasospasm. Patients should be managed in a neurological intensive care unit experienced with SAH and its complications.
The rate of urea hydrolysis as a diagnostic criterion for Corynebacterium renale.

Summary In comparative studies on 50 urease-positive strains of bacteria C. renale hydrolysed urea more rapidly than any other animal corynebacteria examined and most other urease-positive bacteria. The characteristic appears to be sufficiently consistent to be useful as a differential test in the identification of these organisms.
Seizures in Childhood: An Approach to Emergency Management

The authors consider a practical approach to therapy for the different forms of status epilepticus, management of the child who has had a recent seizure, and treatment or non-treatment of the patient who has had a febrile seizure. Seizure-like non-epileptic disorders are also reviewed, with emphasis on differential diagnosis.
Knowledge based dynamic human population models

Abstract Human population models have evolved from demographic models to information based models and eventually to knowledge production based models. In this study dynamic population models based on knowledge production are used to evaluate the effect of productivity functions and variable Earth potential capacity definition on population estimates. In dynamic population models, the Earth's carrying capacity is not defined as a constant, but it is defined as a function of time dependent knowledge level. The models developed require only two calibration parameters, thus they are suitable for predictive analysis. The results indicate that maximum population level estimates on Earth will be around 8–12 billion people within the next century, after which populations will be in a declining trend at different rates given the impacts of environmental degradation which is interpreted as the outcome of technologic developments. The use of lower technologic knowledge levels, which is identified as environmentally friendly technologies, will provide several centuries of high population levels which is encouraging.
Race and the Death Penalty in Louisiana: An Actuarial Analysis

This analysis of race and the death penalty in Louisiana looks at death-eligible cases, half of which were reduced to non-murder final charges, in addition to death penalty cases. It finds that black-on-black cases are under-represented in every category of outcome, and black-on white cases over-represented, leading all variances, at every outcome; whereas white defendant cases are mixed, over or under depending on outcome severity. Odds of a death sentence for a black defendant are eleven times greater if the victim is white rather than black. Death-eligible cases in five jurisdictions that are disparate in race mix and population density are found to have these same race category traits of variance in each, traits also shared by the death penalty cases. The hypothesis of race neutrality must be rejected in every jurisdiction, and a new hypothesis of uniformity of variance patterns, even with the death penalty group, is found viable. Felony aggravator homicide data is gathered inconsistently by jurisdictions, and the only sure aggravators, the 41% of aggravators coming from a coroner, show white-on-white over-representation leading the variance. Thus, race-of-victim analysis masks extreme differences between white victim cases, such as the fact that 31% of black-on-white homicides result in overcharged cases (death eligible cases finishing with non-murder charges), whereas only 11% of white-on-white cases do.
Genome-wide Mapping of the Nucleosome Landscape by Micrococcal Nuclease and Chemical Mapping

Nucleosomes regulate the transcription output of the genome by occluding the underlying DNA sequences from DNA-binding proteins that must act on it. Knowledge of the precise locations of nucleosomes in the genome is thus essential towards understanding how transcription is regulated. Current nucleosome-mapping strategies involve digesting chromatin with nucleases or chemical cleavage followed by high-throughput sequencing. In this review, we compare the traditional micrococcal nuclease (MNase)-based approach with a chemical cleavage strategy, with discussion on the important insights each has uncovered about the role of nucleosomes in shaping transcriptional processes.
Performance Driven Resource Sharing Markets for the Small Cloud

Small-scale clouds (SCs) often suffer from resource under-provisioning during peak demand, leading to inability to satisfy service level agreements (SLAs) and consequent loss of customers. One approach to address this problem is for a set of autonomous SCs to share resources among themselves in a cost-induced cooperative fashion, thereby increasing their individual capacities (when needed) without having to significantly invest in more resources. In this context, a central problem is how to properly share resources for a price in order to achieve profitable service, while maintaining customer SLAs. To address this problem, we propose the SC-Share framework that utilizes two interacting models: (i) a stochastic performance model that estimates the achieved performance characteristics under given SLA requirements, and (ii) a market-based game-theoretic model that (as shown empirically) converges to efficient resource sharing decisions at market equilibrium. Our results include extensive evaluations that illustrate the utility of the proposed framework.
3D unconditionally stable FDTD modeling of micromagnetics and electrodynamics

A rigorous yet computationally efficient three-dimensional numerical method has been proposed based on modified alternating-direction-implicit (ADI) finite difference time domain methods (FDTD) and it has the capability of modeling the eccentric property of magnetic material being anisotropic, dispersive or nonlinear. The proposed algorithm solves Maxwell's equations and LLG equations simultaneously, requiring only tridiagonal matrix inversion as in ADI FDTD. The accuracy of the modeling has been validated by the simulated dispersive permeability of a continuous ferrite film with a 1.5 μm-thickness, using a time-step size 104 times larger than the Courant limit. The permeability agrees with the theoretical prediction and magneto-static spin wave modes are observed. Moreover, electric current sheet radiators close to perfect electrical conductors loaded with 2 μm-thick ferrite films are simulated, which exhibit a radiation efficiency 20dB higher than conventional dipole antennas on the same scale.
Directional optical transmission through a sand layer: a preliminary laboratory experiment

Given the importance of penetration of light in the soil for seed germination, soil warming, and the photolytic degradation of pesticides, directional transmission of thin sand samples are studied in this paper under both dry and saturated conditions. The detector views upward through a glass-bottom sample holder, filled to 3 or 4 mm with a coarse, translucent, quartz sand sample. Transmission through the samples was measured as the illumination zenith angle moved from 0 to 70° in 5° intervals. In the most cases, transmission decreased monotonically, but slowly with increasing illumination angle at all wavelengths. A peak in transmission only appeared at 0° illumination for the low bulk density, dry sample at 3 mm depth. The 0° peak disappeared when the sample was wetted, when the bulk density increased, or when the depth of the sample increased, which indicates that the radiation transmitting through a sand layer can be diffused thoroughly with a millimeters-thin sand layer. For the saturated samples, water influences light transmission in contrasting ways in shorter and longer wavelength. Transmission increased in the VNIR when saturated relative to dry, while transmission decreased sharply after 1300 nm, with spectral absorption features characteristic of water absorption. In VNIR region, water absorption is low and the low relative index of refraction enhanced transmission through sand sample. In contrast, water absorption became dominant at longer wavelengths region leading to the strongly reduced transmission.
The Effects of Kentucky's Comprehensive Opioid Legislation on Patients Presenting with Prescription Opioid or Heroin Abuse to One Urban Emergency Department.

Abstract Background Prescription opioid abuse has increased to epidemic proportions in the United States. Kentucky, along with other states, passed comprehensive legislation to monitor and curb opioid prescribing. Objectives This paper characterizes patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) after abusing prescription opioids and heroin prior to and after the passage of House Bill 1 (HB1) in April 2012. Methods Based on a retrospective review of ED visits from 2009–2014 in one urban adult facility, patients were included if the chief complaint or diagnosis was directly related to prescription opioid or heroin abuse. The primary outcome is the number and type of substance abused by each ED patient. Results From 2009–2014, 2945 patients presented to the ED after prescription opioid or heroin abuse. The number of prescription opioid patients decreased from 215 (of 276 patients) in 2009 to 203 (of 697 patients) in 2014; 77.9% of patients abused opioids in 2009, vs. 29% in 2014 (a 63% decrease). The number of heroin patients increased from 61 in 2009 to 494 in 2014; 22% of patients in 2009 abused heroin, vs. 71% in 2014 (a 221% increase). Both piecewise regression and autoregressive integrated moving average trend models showed an increased trend in patient heroin abuse beginning in 2011–2012. Conclusions Our facility experienced a decrease in the number of patients who abused prescription opioids and an increase in the number of patients who abused heroin over the study period. The transition seemed to occur just prior to, or concurrent with, enforcement of statewide opioid legislation.
Nitric Oxide Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging Methods and Their Application to Study High-Speed Flows

Abstract The measurement of velocity and scalar quantities is critical to increase the knowledge base to understand the behavior of fluid flows. The study of rapidly evolving fluid flows, particularly those involving complex phenomena such as chemical reactions, abrupt gradients, turbulence and nonequilibrium conditions, requires diagnostic tools capable of providing as much information as possible, ideally quantifying two or more variables simultaneously with high time resolution. Accurate modeling of fluctuations in a flow requires of experimental information about the coupling between different quantities, and the development of experimental methods that provide an insight into the coupling of the fluid dynamics and processes such as energy transfer and temperature fluctuations, specifically methods that allow simultaneous determination of velocity and scalar fields, is highly desirable. This chapter describes the development and application of nitric oxide LIF-based methods to provide simultaneous 2-D measurements of the mean and instantaneous fluctuations in two-component velocity and temperature in high-speed gaseous flows in a nonintrusive manner. Specifically, instantaneous and simultaneous two-component velocity and temperature measurements in gaseous flow fields are possible by combining two PLIF-based methods: two-component molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) and two-line thermometry, employing nitric oxide (NO) as a molecular tracer. Although a series of recent experiments in cold gas expansions are described, these measurements are potentially applicable to combustion and other reactive or high-enthalpy flow fields of wide interest.
A de novo enzyme catalyzes a life-sustaining reaction in Escherichia coli

Producing novel enzymes that are catalytically active in vitro and biologically functional in vivo is a key goal of synthetic biology. Here we describe Syn-F4, the first de novo protein that meets both criteria. Purified Syn-F4 hydrolyzes the siderophore ferric enterobactin, and expression of Syn-F4 allows an inviable strain of Escherichia coli to grow in iron-limited medium. These findings demonstrate that entirely new sequences can provide life-sustaining enzymatic functions in living organisms.
Structure-based discovery of glycomimetic FmlH ligands as inhibitors of bacterial adhesion during urinary tract infection

Treatment of bacterial infections is becoming a serious clinical challenge due to the global dissemination of multidrug antibiotic resistance, necessitating the search for alternative treatments to disarm the virulence mechanisms underlying these infections. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) employs multiple chaperone–usher pathway pili tipped with adhesins with diverse receptor specificities to colonize various host tissues and habitats. For example, UPEC F9 pili specifically bind galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine epitopes on the kidney and inflamed bladder. Using X-ray structure-guided methods, virtual screening, and multiplex ELISA arrays, we rationally designed aryl galactosides and N-acetylgalactosaminosides that inhibit the F9 pilus adhesin FmlH. The lead compound, 29β-NAc, is a biphenyl N-acetyl-β-galactosaminoside with a Ki of ∼90 nM, representing a major advancement in potency relative to the characteristically weak nature of most carbohydrate–lectin interactions. 29β-NAc binds tightly to FmlH by engaging the residues Y46 through edge-to-face π-stacking with its A-phenyl ring, R142 in a salt-bridge interaction with its carboxylate group, and K132 through water-mediated hydrogen bonding with its N-acetyl group. Administration of 29β-NAc in a mouse urinary tract infection (UTI) model significantly reduced bladder and kidney bacterial burdens, and coadministration of 29β-NAc and mannoside 4Z269, which targets the type 1 pilus adhesin FimH, resulted in greater elimination of bacteria from the urinary tract than either compound alone. Moreover, FmlH specifically binds healthy human kidney tissue in a 29β-NAc–inhibitable manner, suggesting a key role for F9 pili in human kidney colonization. Thus, these glycoside antagonists of FmlH represent a rational antivirulence strategy for UPEC-mediated UTI treatment.
Judicial Impartiality & Recusal: Reflections on the Vexing Issue of Racial Bias

This article examines whether judges can realistically or effectively determine whether their racial biases preclude them from fairly presiding over a particular case and argues a motion for recusal is too straightforward of a mechanism to effectively address the complicated, elusive and often unrecognized issue of racial bias on the part of a judge. This article maintains a motion for recusal based on racial bias should almost never be raised except for the most extreme cases where the conduct and words of the offending judge is unmistakably and explicitly biased. Bearing in mind Chief Justice Nix’s opinions on judicial integrity and judicial disqualification, first, the article explores the issue of recusal from the perspective of the litigant and his or her attorney, then moves to discuss the complex issue of recusal motions based on racial bias on the part of the judges and attorneys, and lastly the article argues that lawyers who make baseless charges of racial bias should be subject to sanctions for unethical practices.
Impediments and Strategies in Negotiating: A Cognitive Therapy Model

Principled negotiation relies on a set of assumptions about rationality, respectful dialogue, and attempts to reach equilibrium where both sides achieve some desired ends at the lowest cost possible in the circumstances. However, international negotiation is often characterized by a wide range of distortions in thinking, including personalizing, labeling, discounting the positives, catastrophic thinking, and fortune-telling. Negotiators may become stuck by their assumptions and rules and may be biased by core beliefs about self and others. A specific style of negotiation is identified—the egocentric/narcissistic negotiation style. The problematic cognitive appraisals and strategy of this negotiation style often result in egocentric/narcissistic negotiators overestimating their own position and underestimating the position of the opposition. Historical examples illustrate these limitations: the events leading to World War I, the Versailles Treaty, German grandiosity in waging World War II, the Vietnam War, and the current conflict between America and Iran over nuclear weapons. Specific interventions to counter narcissistic distortions and strategies are offered.
Bionics and Experimental Epidemiology

The organizers of this conference invited papers that dealt with biological systems which might contain models of interest to engineers and mathematicians. It is the purpose of the present report to bring to your attention a case where the biological model is sufficiently simple that ordinary biostatistics can separate the error component from main effects, but where the essential complexity is such that the best available description comes from probability models applied to engineering.
MicroRNAs in Cell Death and Cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that post transcriptionally regulate protein levels by binding to the 3′ UTR of the mRNA. miRNAs are differentially expressed in many solid tumors and often create a unique signature for each tumor type. This chapter explains the function of miRNAs in cancer based on their potential target genes.
Leucocyte-Endothelial Interactions in Health and Disease

The emigration of leucocytes into the tissue as a crucial step in the response to inflammatory signals has been acknowledged for more than 100 years. The endothelium does not only represent a mechanical barrier between blood and tissue, the circulatory system also connects different organ systems with each other, thus allowing the communication between remote systems. Leucocytes can function asmessengers and messages at the same time. Failure or dysregulation of leucocyte-endothelial communication can severely affect the integrity of the organism. The interaction between leucocytes and the vascular endotheliumhas been recognised as an attractive target for the therapy of numerous disorders and diseases, including excessive inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases, both associated with enormous consequences for patients and the health care system. There is promising evidence that the success rate of such treatments will increase as the understanding of the molecular mechanisms keeps improving. This chapter reviews the current knowledge about leucocyte-endothelial interaction. It will also display examples of both physiological and dysregulated leucocyte-endothelial interactions and identify potential therapeutical approaches.
UNIT 5.17 Selective Isolation of Mammalian Genes by TAR Cloning

This unit describes procedures for selective isolation of specific chromosomal regions and entire mammalian genes as circular yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). The isolation is based on transformation-associated recombination (TAR) in yeast between genomic DNA and a linearized vector containing targeting sequences homologous to a region of interest. The Basic Protocol details preparation of highly competent yeast spheroplasts and transformation of the spheroplasts by genomic DNA along with a TAR vector. Support protocols describe preparation of chromosome-sized genomic DNA in solid agarose plugs, identification of positive clone pools among primary yeast transformants using PCR, and a quick method for preparing PCR templates from lysed spheroplasts. PCR analysis of each clone in the positive pool is performed to identify individual clones containing the gene of interest. A final support protocol describes retrofitting TAR-isolated YACs into bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs).
CODE OB: CARDIAC ARREST IN A PREGNANT PATIENT WITH CONGENITAL HEART BLOCK

Literature suggests that pregnant patients with congenital complete heart block (CCHB) can safely undergo delivery with little or no pacing support. However, complicated pregnancies pose unique therapeutic challenges and considerations. A 27 year old G1P1 female at 35 weeks gestation with
Cephalosporins: A Focus on Side Chains and β-Lactam Cross-Reactivity.

Cephalosporins are among the most commonly prescribed antibiotic classes due to their wide clinical utility and general tolerability, with approximately 1–3% of the population reporting a cephalosporin allergy. However, clinicians may avoid the use of cephalosporins in patients with reported penicillin allergies despite the low potential for cross-reactivity. The misdiagnosis of β-lactam allergies and misunderstanding of cross-reactivity among β-lactams, including within the cephalosporin class, often leads to use of broader spectrum antibiotics with poor safety and efficacy profiles and represents a serious obstacle for antimicrobial stewardship. Risk factors for cephalosporin allergies are broad and include female sex, advanced age, and a history of another antibiotic or penicillin allergy; however, cephalosporins are readily tolerated even among individuals with true immediate-type allergies to penicillins. Cephalosporin cross-reactivity potential is related to the structural R1 side chain, and clinicians should be cognizant of R1 side chain similarities when prescribing alternate β-lactams in allergic individuals or when new cephalosporins are brought to market. Clinicians should consider the low likelihood of true cephalosporin allergy when clinically indicated. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the role of cephalosporins in clinical practice, and to highlight the incidence of, risk factors for, and cross-reactivity of cephalosporins with other antibiotics.
eSports: a new era of spectator games from a consumer's viewpoint

It is common to assume that motivations for eSports will match motivations for other industries, such as traditional sports. While this provides a baseline for motivations, it is necessary to study the industry itself, not only use preexisting models. Based on a review of existing research in the field of eSports, important driving forces include accessibility, competitiveness, and socialisation. Accessibility includes pricing models and media in which players can spectate and participate. Competitiveness includes players improving their skill, participating in tournaments, and equality. Socialisation includes a sense of community, playing with friends, and community created content. These forces were examined in the present study. This study involved the creation and distribution of a survey online with questions pertaining to motivation and participation in eSports. The survey was distributed online, with 750 respondents. The majority of respondents were males, 18-25 years of age. Results of the data analysis indicate that achievement and social factors are two main needs satisfied by participating in eSports, and most users who responded to the survey preferred to view eSports via the internet to any other medium.
Nasal vestibular body treatment for recalcitrant nasal obstruction

Background The nasal vestibular body (NVB) is a recently reported dynamic swell body present in the inferolateral internal nasal valve. The contribution of NVB presence to persistent nasal obstruction, and effects of NVB treatment, are undefined. Methods Thirty-five patients with recalcitrant nasal obstruction and NVB presence were retrospectively reviewed between 2013 and 2019, including 25 patients (48 sides) who had NVBs reduced via radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and 10 patients (20 sides) who had untreated NVBs. Posttreatment healing and complications were reviewed at early ( Results NVBs were successfully reduced in 100% of cases (48 of 48 sides) over both time-points. Early sequelae of NVB treatment, such as local crusting (22 of 23, 95.6%) and bone exposure (4 of 23, 17.3%), resolved by the late time-point, with complete remucosalization (23 of 23, 100%) of all NVB treatment sites. No persistent pain, sensory loss, or pyriform aperture stenosis was noted from any patient/side. Significant reductions between mean pre- and postoperative SNOT-22 (-24, p = 0.001) and individual subdomain (-2, p = 002) scores were seen in the NVB-treatment patients compared to the reductions in NVB-controls (-8 and -1, respectively, both p > 0.001). Conclusion NVB treatment using RFA is safe and highly effective, providing complete swell body reduction with only transient local morbidity. NVB presence contributes to persistent/recalcitrant nasal obstruction, with significant improvement in nasal airway function noted after NVB soft tissue reduction.
Everyday Characteristics of American College Towns: Identification and Discussion

American college towns represent a unique but understudied feature of the global educational landscape. With hundreds of college towns dotting the American geographical landscape, this uniqueness is particularly relevant for rural higher education. This article identifies a taxonomy of characteristics found commonly in the everyday environments of American college towns. The taxonomy, which represents a research-based model to embed higher education into the everyday cultural ecosystems of small towns where there are few, if any, place-based higher education institutions, is a result of a study encompassing 100 American college towns across 34 states. Although the study considered only the surface structures observed through first encounters in college towns, the drive-by nature of the study and its conclusions offer a unique contribution to the body of higher education research. I close with discussion and offer some implications for rural communities.