cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of many-body interactions on isomer shift in iron compounds

Using many-body perturbation theory, the correlation contributions to the total electronic densities at the nuclei of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{+3}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{+2}$, and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{0}$ systems have been evaluated. It is shown that while individual correlation diagrams might contribute as much as $(1\ensuremath{-}2){a}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ to the density at the nucleus, the net correlation corrections to the difference of densities at ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{+2}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{+3}$ ions and at ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{0}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{+2}$ ions are quite small, namely $0.03{a}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and $0.3{a}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, respectively, due to substantial cancellation among individual diagrams. The latter number is found to be larger than the former because of the correlation effect associated with $4s$ electrons. With the many-body contribution known, we have analyzed the importance and present accuracy of other factors involved in the determination of the isomer-shift constant from electron-density calculations.
A new initiating (minifer) system leading to the synthesis of living telechelic α-cyclohexyl-ω(tert-chloro)polyisobutylenes

A new efficient monofunctional initiator transfer (minifer) system, comprising 2-cyclohexyl-2-propanol, BCl3 and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, has been investigated for the first time in CH2Cl2 diluent at −40°C for the living polymerization of isobutylene. The use of this new minifer system has led to the synthesis of low molecular weight, living (near-monodisperse), new α-cyclohexyl-ω(tert-chloro)polyisobutylenes. The structural analysis of these polymers by 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy confirmed the nature of the head and end groups to be a cyclohexyl and a tert-chloro, respectively. The living nature of these polymers has been demonstrated by kinetic investigations as well as by their low polydispersity (MwMn = 1.18–1.43) values from g.p.c. studies.
Prediction of displacement and stress fields of a notched panel with geometric nonlinearity by reduced order modeling

Abstract The focus of this investigation is on a first assessment of the predictive capabilities of nonlinear geometric reduced order models for the prediction of the large displacement and stress fields of panels with localized geometric defects, the case of a notch serving to exemplify the analysis. It is first demonstrated that the reduced order model of the notched panel does indeed provide a close match of the displacement and stress fields obtained from full finite element analyses for moderately large static and dynamic responses (peak displacement of 2 and 4 thicknesses). As might be expected, the reduced order model of the virgin panel would also yield a close approximation of the displacement field but not of the stress one. These observations then lead to two “enrichment” techniques seeking to superpose the notch effects on the virgin panel stress field so that a reduced order model of the latter can be used. A very good prediction of the full finite element stresses, for both static and dynamic analyses, is achieved with both enrichments.
Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the breast. I. Pathological finding and pattern of relapse.

This is a retrospective review of 476 patients who had mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast during 1971–1980. There is a positive correlation of size of the primary tumor and the incidence of axillary nodal metastasis. Infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinoma had a significantly higher incidence of nodal metastasis (and greater chance of having four or more positive nodes) than that of medullary and colloid carcinomas. Colloid carcinoma smaller than 4 cm and the less common histological subtypes (comedo, tubular, papillary carcinomas) rarely metastasizes. At a median follow-up time of 53 months, 23% of patients with infiltrating ductal, lobular, or medullary carcinomas and who did not have nodal metastasis had relapse, while 50% of those with nodal involvement had relapse. Among those who relapsed, 18% initially had only locoregional recurrence, 60% had distant metastasis, and 22% had both types.
Mesoscale investigations for the evolution of interfaces in plasticity

Abstract The ultra-high density of bimetal interfaces in nanolayered metal composites is responsible for exceptional five- to ten-fold increases in strength over that of the constituent phases. How interfaces cause such outstanding results is not fully understood. On the one hand, interfaces fundamentally alter the physical mechanisms responsible for plastic deformation—an important facet of the problem that has been intensely studied. On the other hand, plastic deformation also results in the creation of new interfaces. While this second facet holds equal importance, it has received comparatively less attention. Further, these two facets, coined interface-driven plasticity and plasticity-driven interfaces, are naturally coupled processes during deformation. The time and length scales characteristic of mesoscale characterization and simulation methods make them well suited for understanding their connection. Along these lines, here we focus on the use of mesoscale characterization and modeling to explore the role that bimetal interfaces play in their own self-development during severe plastic deformation. We demonstrate how mesoscale modeling can provide valuable insight into the design of materials processing techniques with stable interfaces in mind.
Bone-Preserving Arthroscopic Options For Treatment of Thumb Basilar Joint Arthritis

While trapeziectomy with or without interposition arthroplasty and ligament reconstruction or suspensionplasty have been demonstrated to have a high rate of satisfactory outcomes, recent interest has focused on arthroscopy because of its perceived limited invasive nature as well as its versatility. In addition, using the arthroscope, other options are available that preserve all or part of the trapezium to limit subsidence of the thumb axis, preserve grip and pinch strength, and retain later options for joint reconstruction, should that become necessary.
Synthesis of Estolides from Oleic and Saturated Fatty Acids

Oleic acid and various saturated fatty acids, butyric through stearic, were treated with 0.4 equivalents of perchloric acid at either 45 or 55°C to produce complex estolides. Yields varied between 45 and 65% after Kugelrohr distillation. The estolide number (EN), i.e., the average number of fatty acid units added to a base fatty acid, varied as a function of temperature and saturated fatty acid. The shorter-chain saturated fatty acids, i.e., butyric and hexanoic, provided material with higher degrees of oligomerization (EN=3.31) than stearic acid (EN=1.36). The individual, saturated fatty acid estolides each have very different characteristics, such as color and type of by-products. The higher-temperature reactions occurred at faster rates at the expense of yield, and lactones were the predominant side products. At 55°C, lactone yields increased, but the δ-γ-lactone ratio decreased; this led to lower estolide yields. The opposite trend was observed for the 45°C reaction. The saturate-capped, oleic estolides were then esterified with 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, and the chemical composition of these new estolides remained consistent throughout the course of the reaction.
Talk to take: Multivitamin usage in college-aged women

The goal of this investigation was to explore different communication methods used to reach and convince women to adopt an important daily health routine that is, for lack of a better word, boring. The results of this effort will be used to aid campaign efforts designed to increase multivitamin consumption in college-aged women, thereby aiming to reduce the number of birth defects in children born to this population. College-aged women (n= 92) reported preferring interpersonal communication channels over media when seeking information and being persuaded by messages regarding multivitamins. Multivitamin users were compared with non-users regarding sources of information and compliance strategies. Promise and positive altercasting were the preferred compliance-gaining strategies. Paper implications suggest campaigns should target mothers rather than spending resources to directly persuade their college-aged daughters.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce TAP, LMP, Tapasin genes and MHC class I antigen presentation by melanoma cells.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), including trichostatin A (TSA) and valproic acid, can alter the acetylation of histones in chromatin and enhance gene transcription. Previously we demonstrated that HDACi-treated tumor cells are capable of presenting antigen via the MHC class II pathway. In this study, we show that treatment with HDACi enhances the expression of molecules (TAP1, TAP2, LMP2, LMP7, Tapasin and MHC class I) involved in antigen processing and presentation via the MHC class I pathway in melanoma cells. HDACi treatment of B16F10 cells also enhanced cell surface expression of class I and costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86. Enhanced transcription of these genes is associated with a significant increase in direct presentation of whole protein antigen and MHC class I-restricted peptides by TSA-treated B16F10 cells. Our data indicate that epigenetic modification can convert a tumor cell to an antigen presenting cell capable of activating IFN-γ secreting T cells via the class I pathway. These findings suggest that the abnormalities, observed in some tumors in the expression of MHC class I antigen processing and presentation molecules, may result from epigenetic repression.
Elevation of cardiovascular risk by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most frequently used medications. NSAIDs profoundly modify prostaglandin homeostasis through inhibition of the enzyme, cyclooxygenase (COX), especially COX-2. COX-2 inhibition is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes as demonstrated by recent trials using this type of drug. This review explores the latest available data, including recent, randomized, clinical trials, controversies, and pathophysiology of the adverse effects of COX-inhibition.
Computer modeling of a direct contact condensing heat exchanger for gas furnaces

Abstract Experiments have been performed with a direct contact condensing heat exchanger for gas furnaces, in which a direct contact bubble distributor was used to heat and criculate water through a finned-tube heat exchanger which heats the return room air blown through. This paper presents the development of a computer model simulating the system, and the results of parametric studies. The heat transfer analysis of the system indicated possible further improvement of the system. A modified system was proposed and a model was also developed for the system. Comparisons of the heat transfer performance between the two models are given. The research activity concerning this work was supported by the Gas Research Institute (U.S.A.).
High school transition‐related changes in urban minority students' academic performance and perceptions of self and school environment

The current study documents the magnitude and direction of change in relationships between the school perceptions, self-perceptions, and academic performance of a group of urban, predominantly minority eighth-graders during the normative transition to high school. Of the sets of person and environment variables examined, a greater number of inter-relationships was observed at the high school level relative to the elementary school level. In addition, the overall pattern of change in relationships over the course of the transition suggests the importance of teacher variables in the self-perceptions and academic performance of students. Findings further suggest that elementary school attended and specific characteristics of that setting play a role in students' adjustment during the transition to high school. &copy 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Relative rate of reaction of O(1D2) with H2O

Abstract The rate of reaction of O(1D2) with H2O relative to that of reaction with neopentane has been determined by a competitive method. The value obtained, kH2O/kneop. = 0.38, is in good agreement with that determined previously in this laboratory, by a different experimental technique. It is also found that H2O does not deactivate O(1D2) to O(3P).
Activation parameters in flash photolysis studies of Mo(CO) 6

Abstract Reported is a combined time-resolved optical (TRO) and infrared (TRIR) spectroscopic investigation of the flash photolysis of Mo(CO)6 in cyclohexane solution. TRIR studies using 308 nm excitation led to transient bleaching of the strong νCO band at 1987 cm−1 of Mo(CO)6 and appearance of new bands at 1931 and 1964 cm−1 attributed to Mo(CO)5(Sol). Using a high pressure/variable temperature flow cell, the kinetics of back reaction with CO (kCO) to regenerate the hexacarbonyl was studied over the PCO range 1–20 atm and at five temperatures. These data gave kCO=4.6±0.2×106 M−1 s−1 (298 K) and the activation parameters Δ H CO ‡ =32.6±3 kJ/mol and Δ S CO ‡ =−7.3±11 J mol−1 K−1 from which an interchange mechanism was proposed. The analogous species seen in the TRO experiment displayed a transient absorbance at 420 nm and analogous kinetics properties although at lower PCO self-trapping with Mo(CO)6 (to give Mo2(CO)11) is a competitive process. The Mo(CO)5(Sol) transient could also be trapped by nPrBr (kRBr=5.3±0.7×107 M−1 s−1).
Understanding integrated curriculum

Abstract Integrated curriculum is currently being advocated in the United States to ‘solve’ many of the curriculum problems confronting education. Models of curriculum integration permeate the professional literature, yet there is little consensus as to exactly what is meant by integrated curriculum and how to establish such curricula in the publicly funded schools. The language of curriculum integration is confusing and leads to uncertainty and concern about the potential of integrated curriculum to impact positively on schools. Placing the models on a curriculum continuum will reveal that they range from traditional discipline‐based, objective‐driven, teacher‐controlled models to interest‐based, student exploration. Although historically research supports integrative curriculum, there is a paucity of current research which would support arguments for restructuring the American curriculum in this fashion. Additionally, there is a great deal of resistance to change both from within and outside the educati...
High-Speed Multiquantum Well Avalanche Photodiodes

Synthetically modulated structures offer the capability of tunability of bandgap and other material parameters. In particular, the GaAs/AlGaAs and Ino.53Ga0.47As/ Ino.52A10.48 As systems offer these advantages in the infrared and optical communication wavelength ranges. We report here the properties of superlattices and the properties of avalanche and p-i-n photodiodes made with thes materials. The multiquantum well struc-tures (MQW) have L Z and L B varying from 25-500A. Impact ionization phenomena in the different structures have also been determined from carrier multiplication and noise measurements and have been analyzed by Monte Carlo techniques. Techniques for obtaining enhanced optical absorption in very high-speed photodiodes are demonstrated.
Global mapping of minor atmospheric constituents with AIRS on EOS

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is a grating-array spectrometer on EOS. It covers the region from 650 to 3000/cm with spectral resolution of 1200. The prime objective of AIRS is the global retrieval of temperature and water vapor profiles and of surface temperatures. The wide spectral coverage of AIRS permits the measurement of a number of additional atmospheric and surface parameters. Of particular interest is the potential to produce daily global maps of the spatial distribution of the more abundant of the minor gases, e.g. ozone, CO, CH4, and N2O. This potential capability for CH4 and N2O is strongly affected by cloud residual. Using the CH4 band at 1306/cm as example, spatial averaging of AIRS data is required to measure a 10 percent change in the nominal CH4 column abundance. At 1300/cm, this requires cloud clearing at the 0.3 percent level. The mapping capability for ozone and CO in terms of rural/urban abundance patterns is not likely to be impacted with cloud-clearing residuals as high as 5 percent.
Spectral generating theorem for nonstationary stochastic signals

This paper addresses time-frequency (TF) analysis from a statistical signal processing perspective, with the goal of developing a general statistical methodology for TF analysis. We review earlier work on statistical models for nonstationary stochastic signals, including frequency modulated locally stationary processes, which have covariance functions which yield nonnegative Wigner distributions. For such processes, time- frequency spectra may be defined without invoking 'local-' or 'quasi-' stationarity. These results are extended to include general time-varying linear systems and their associated time- frequency spectra. Any time-varying linear system driven by white noise has associated with it a nonnegative time-frequency spectrum. The bilinear class of time-frequency distributions are estimators of this time-frequency spectrum, as are adaptive methods such as positive time-frequency distributions and adaptive multitaper spectrograms. An analysis of the statistical properties of these estimators, including moments and distributional properties, is reviewed.
Effect of 1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene on 2′,3′-cyclic AMP 3′-phosphohydrolase in the sciatic nerve of the chick embryo

Abstract Injection of 1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene (TCAP) into chick embryos showed that his compound increased the synthesis of the enzyme, 2′,3′-cyclic AMP 3′-phosphohydrolase, in the sciatic nerve. Within 24 h following in ovo injections of TCAP, 13-day old embryos exhibited a four-fold increase in enzyme activity and a 50% increase in cerebroside accumulation. No other nerve protein, myelin component, or embryonic nerve studied exhibited a change due to the presence of TCAP.
Intramolecular association of poly(maleic acid/octyl vinyl ether) in aqueous solution

The properties of aqueous solutions of poly(maleic acid/octyl vinyl ether), PMAOVE, were studied by pyrene solubilization and fluorescence, solution viscosity, and phase separation induced by inorganic salts. The results indicate the existence of hydrophobic intramolecular microdomains formed by the octyl side groups. Pyrene solubilization and intramolecular alkyl chain association diminish sharply as the polymer is neutralized and unfolds with increasing ionization. The saturation solubilization of pyrene by PMAOVE corresponds to a ratio of 35 octyl side chains per pyrene at higher polymer concentrations for the unneutralized polymer, and 42 at constant pH 4.0. Some hydrophobic solubilization averaging one pyrene per polymer molecule persists up to complete neutralization. Besides pH, the polymer conformation is also sensitive to solution ionic strength. A compact conformation is induced by the addition of 0.01 M NaCl, as indicated by the low reduced viscosity at low pH. Further increase to about 0.1 M leads to the precipitation of PMAOVE at concentrations of 500 ppm and above. Precipitation or phase separation of PMAOVE solutions at pH 4 by bivalent cations occurs at much lower salt concentrations than with single-valent cations. With barium in particular, the phase separation is not a simple precipitation. A very weak gel phase separates from the solution. Only minor differences are detected with a range of anions of sodium salts in precipitating PMAOVE at pH 11. In contrast to PMAOVE, the less hydrophobic lower homologue poly(maleic acid/methyl vinyl ether), PMAMVE, shows no hydrophobic solubilization of pyrene and is not precipitated by addition of NaCl up to saturation of the salt.
Non-stoichiometry in shear structures

Abstract Shear planes do not affect the manner in which point defects determine physical properties of shear structures such as conductivity, diffusion, epr, etc. The fact that these properties show the p o 2 , dependence expected for normal point defect models indicates that the shear planes themselves do not play a significant role, but point defects in the shear planes may contribute.
Structure of a swirling, recirculating coaxial free jet and its effect on particle motion

Abstract A developing coaxial swirling jet with sufficient annular swirl for flow recirculation to occur and the effect of the flow field on particle motion were investigated. Experiments were conducted for a single flow condition with a velocity ratio (annular to inner) of 1.15, inner flow Reynolds number of 13,000, swirl number of 0.92 and five particle Stokes numbers ranging from 1 to 5. Instantaneous axial flow visualization illustrated a complex shear layer with a wide range of scales of turbulent motions without easily identifiable quasi-periodic toroidal structures found in non-swirling shear layers. However, toroidal structures amenable to single frequency plane wave excitation were identified, similar to those found in non-swirling shear layers. Using phase-averaged single hot-wire velocity measurements, the toroidal structures in the swirling shear layer were shown to have similar signature to those found in non-swirling shear layers. The instantaneous particle concentration field was measured using digital processing of pulsed laser sheet images. The coherent structures more effectively dispersed particles when compared to the natural jet for the five particle Stokes numbers investigated with the most significant effect occurring for Stokes number near unity. Similar to other single jet results, the particles were preferentially concentrated in the regions between the vortex rings.
Backfolding Corrections for Freely Jointed Chains in Self Consistent Field Lattice Models

This work presents a methodology to exclude backfolding (overlapping of sequential segments) in lattice models for freely jointed linear and branched polymer molecules. The introduction of conditional weighting factors that account for occupancy of sites by neighboring segments leads to the generation of new recursive relationships to compute the chain weighting factors that quantify configurational probabilities. Calculations are performed for representative linear and branched homopolymers and copolymers. The results indicate that the allowance or prohibition of backfolding has a significant effect on the predicted structure of adsorbed polymer layers, especially the surface volume fractions and adsorbed amounts, at least when the segmental adsorption energy is relatively low.
Liver X receptor agonist regulation of Th17 lymphocyte function in autoimmunity

CD4+ Th17 cells are believed to play an important role in the development of a variety of autoimmune diseases including EAE, an animal model of MS. Previously, we and others demonstrated that LXR agonists suppressed the activation of primary glial cells and blocked the development of EAE. The present studies demonstrated that the LXR agonist T0901317 suppressed IL-17A expression from splenocytes derived from Vα2.3/Vβ8.2 TCR transgenic mice and from MOG35–55-immunized C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, in vitro treatment with IL-23 alone or in combination with MOG35–55 induced IL-17A expression from splenocytes derived from MOG35–55-immunized mice, and T0901317 blocked this induction. In vitro treatment with the LXR agonist suppressed IL-23R expression by splenocytes. In addition, in vivo treatment with the LXR agonist suppressed IL-17A and IL-23R mRNA and protein expression in EAE mice. These studies suggest that LXR agonists suppress EAE, at least in part by suppressing IL-23 signaling. Recent studies indicate that the cytokines IL-21 and IL-22 are produced by Th17 cells and modulate immune responses. Our studies demonstrate that the LXR agonist T0901317 suppressed MOG35–55-induced expression of IL-21 and IL-22 mRNA in splenocytes derived from MOG35–55-immunized mice. Finally, we demonstrate that the LXR agonist T0901317 suppressed the development of EAE in an experimental paradigm involving treatment of established EAE. Collectively, these studies suggest that LXR agonists may be effective in the treatment of MS.
Mechanisms of hydrogen transfer and bond scission of strongly bonded coal structures in donor-solvent systems

Abstract Five possible non-ionic mechanisms for hydrogen transfer leading to scission of strongly bonded coal structures are considered. Cleavage of diphenyl ether, diphenylmethane, and 1,2′-dinaphthylmethane was studied in a number of aromatic and hydroaromatic solvents. Relative cleavage rates and product selectivity data show that a substantial portion of the cleavage takes place as a consequence of direct H-atom transfer from solvent derived cyclohexadienyl radical intermediates to the ipso position of the substrate in a single biomolecular step. This reaction is given the name radical hydrogen transfer or RHT.
Behavior and Physiology of Mice Lacking the GABAA‐Receptor δ Subunit

Summary: Purpose: Mice with a targeted disruption of the γ-aminobutyric acid (A) receptor (GABAAR) δ subunit exhibited spontaneous seizures and a strikingly selective attenuation of responses to neuroactive steroids, but not to other neuromodulators. This study further characterized the behavior and physiology of the δ mutants. Methods: Seizure susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) injection, intracellular recordings, and whole-cell patch recordings in dentate granule neurons was determined. Results: Susceptibility to PTZ-induced convulsive seizures was significantly higher in −/− versus +/+ mice. In intracellular recordings, the evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) had much faster decay τ in −/− mutants (25 ± 3.5 ms) compared with +/+ controls (51 ± 5.2 ms). In whole-cell patch recordings, the decay τ of pharmacologically isolated miniature spontaneous GABAAR-mediated synaptic currents (mIPSCs) from −/− mice was only slightly, but significantly faster (5.7 ± 0.13 ms; n = 18) than that of +/+ controls (6.8 ± 0.32 ms; n = 20). Furthermore, mIPSC prolongation by bath application of alphaxalone (10 μM), was much smaller in −/− mice (52 ± 12%; n = 3) compared with +/+ littermates (192 ± 14%; n = 3). Conclusions: Faster decay of evoked IPSPs and mIPSCs is consistent with altered GABAAR subunit composition in the δ mutants, but suggests predominant extrasynaptic δ subunit location in the dentate gyrus of normal mice. Faster-decaying IPSPs likely contribute to the proepileptic phenotype of the δ mutants. Reduced neurosteroid sensitivity might also contribute to seizure susceptibility. It remains to be determined whether δ subunit–containing GABAARs represent the actual target of neurosteroids or whether the behavioral and physiologic sensitivity to neurosteroids is indirectly altered in the δ−/− mice.
Work in progress — Why are most underrepresented groups even more underrepresented in a vehicle design program?

Minority groups, especially females, provide a large pool of talent which is largely underrepresented in the engineering workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that cause students to choose an engineering technology major, and more specifically, a vehicle design major in an engineering technology program, to help infer why minority groups are not choosing it. Preliminary data analysis shows that this particular program is well below the national average for nearly all underrepresented groups in engineering technology programs. The data does not indicate that a significant retention problem exists within this program; rather it is most likely an initial recruitment problem. Recognizing that some underrepresented groups are represented to an even lesser degree in engineering technology programs than in engineering programs may shed some light on this problem. Through the use of student and alumni surveys and interviews, this study will attempt to determine why students are choosing the vehicle design major and how they perceive the program in several areas to provide insight as to why underrepresented groups are not entering and finishing this major at nationally equivalent levels. It will also attempt to determine if common influencing factors exist for students choosing the vehicle design major.
Adnexal Masses in Pregnancy

Adnexal masses are often seen in the gravid patient. With current advances in technology, an increased number of adnexal masses are incidentally discovered on antenatal screening ultrasonography examinations. Sonography is the first-line imaging modality for any adnexal mass. However, further evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be critical for diagnosis. For example, MRI can determine whether a mass contains fat, which can be useful in the diagnosis of a teratoma. Characteristic features of nonneoplastic and neoplastic ovarian lesions seen on sonography and MRI will be discussed. Radiologic features that help distinguish benign from malignant neoplasms will be described. Additional lesions specific to the gravid state must be considered in the differential diagnosis when appropriate, such as hyperstimulated ovaries, hyperreactio luteinalis, theca lutein cyst, and luteomas.
Responder analyses and the assessment of a clinically relevant treatment effect

Ideally, a clinical trial should be able to demonstrate not only a statistically significant improvement in the primary efficacy endpoint, but also that the magnitude of the effect is clinically relevant. One proposed approach to address this question is a responder analysis, in which a continuous primary efficacy measure is dichotomized into "responders" and "non-responders." In this paper we discuss various weaknesses with this approach, including a potentially large cost in statistical efficiency, as well as its failure to achieve its main goal. We propose an approach in which the assessments of statistical significance and clinical relevance are separated.
A technique for constructing divisible difference sets

An (m, n, k, λ1,λ2) divisible difference set in a groupG of ordermn relative to a subgroupN of ordern is ak-subsetD ofG such that the list {xy−1:x, y e D} contains exactly λ1 copies of each nonidentity element ofN and exactly λ2 copies of each element ofG N. It is called semi-regular ifk > λ1 and k2=mnλ2. We develop a method for constructing a divisible difference set as a product of a difference set and a relative difference set or a difference set and a subset ofG which we call a relative divisible difference set. The method results in several parametrically new families of semi-regular divisible difference sets.
A study of dipole-broadened NMR powder lineshapes in the presence of second-order quadrupole effects with applications to polycrystalline borates

Abstract Computer simulations of NMR powder patterns for the m = 1 2 ⇋ m = − 1 2 transition broadened in second order by a quadrupole interaction having a nonzero electric field gradient asymmetry parameter are discussed. The dependence of measurable features of the derivative spectrum on the theoretical parameters is considered. It is found that the frequency dependence of the derivative linewidth is insensitive to relatively large changes in the asymmetry parameter. Thus, methods for determining the quadrupole coupling parameters from the frequency dependence of the NMR linewidth are subject to large uncertainties. In the special case when the dipole broadening is small relative to the quadrupole broadening, it is shown that reference to a library of standard, computer-simulated spectra allows precise determination of the coupling constant and asymmetry parameter without the need for computation of the specific experimental spectrum. This is illustrated with examples of 11B NMR spectra from several polycrystalline borates.
Direct consequences of the basic Ballot Theorem

Abstract We use only the classic basic ballot result and simple combinatorial arguments to derive the distributions of the first passage time and the number of visits in the usual random walk model.
Renal hemodynamics and volume homeostasis during pregnancy in the rat

The rat is used frequently as a model for normal and abnormal pregnancy, as many of the alterations in renal function and sodium metabolism found in human pregnancy also occur in the rat. In addition, the short gestational period of 3 weeks, a useful parallel of the three trimesters of human pregnancy, makes this animal convenient for laboratory investigations. Thus, it is appropriate to review the renal hemodynamic and fluid volume changes that occur during gestation in the rat. In this review, we have included those experimental studies that we judged to be most relevant to recent physiologic concepts.
Subregular Spreads ofPG(2n+1,q)

In this paper, we develop some of the theory of spreads of projective spaces with an eye towards generalizing the results of R. H. Bruck (1969,in“Combinatorial Mathematics and Its Applications,” Chap. 27, pp. 426?514, Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill). In particular, we wish to generalize the notion of asubregularspread to the higher dimensional case. Most of the theory here was anticipated by Bruck in later papers; however, he never provided a detailed formulation. We fill this gap here by developing the connections between a regular spread of (2n+1)-dimensional projective space and ann-dimensional circle geometry, which is the appropriate generalization of the Miquelian inversive plane. After developing this theory, we provide a fairly general method for constructing subregular spreads ofPG(5,q). Finally, we explore a special case of this construction, which yields several examples of three-dimensional subregular translation planes which are not Andre planes.
Pursuing social change online : The use of four protest tactics on the internet

This article examines the distribution and architecture of web sites hosting or directly linking to opportunities to participate in four online activist tactics: online petitioning, boycotting, and e-mailing and letter-writing campaigns. Specifically, this article addresses five basic structural questions: (1) Are opportunities to engage in these tactics usually organized around social movement organizations and/or actors? (2) Do sites tend to host or link to these tactics? (3) On average, how tactically specialized or tactically diversified are sites? (4) How are these tactics distributed across different types of sites? and (5) How many implementations of each tactic were offered per web site? Contributions include a clearer understanding of online opportunities to participate in these four tactics and the introduction of an innovative, methodological technique that generates best approximations of reachable populations of online content, which can be randomly sampled when those populations are large.
Investigations of some assumptions and characteristics of a procedure for instrumental conditioning in children

Abstract This report outlines a series of studies investigating two general problems relating to instrumental conditioning procedures for children. The first series of studies analyze the assumptions made with regard to the reliability of measures of response strength, the effect of sampling various aspects of conditioning data in deriving measures of response strength, and the persistence of conditioning effects over time. The second set of data analyze the effect of reinforcing stimuli in changing serially dependent responses. The data show that in this procedure children adopt nonrandom patterns of responding. The particular pattern adopted by the child is a significant determinant of the magnitude of behavior change produced by reinforcing stimuli.
Geology and image processing

Digital image processing for geological applications will be integrated with geographic information systems and data base management systems. While multiband data sets from radar and multispectral scanners will make extreme demands on memory, bus and processor architectures, it is expected that array processors and VLSI/VHSIC dedicated function chips will allow the use of fast Fourier transform and classification algorithms. It is anticipted that, as processor power increases, the weakest link of a processing system will become the analyst who uses it. Human engineering of systems is therefore recommended for the most effective utilization of remotely sensed geologic data.
A device to facilitate limbal stem cell procurement from eye bank donor tissue for keratolimbal allograft procedures.

PURPOSE: To develop a device that facilitates the procurement of corneal limbal stem cell grafts for keratolimbal allograft procedures used in the treatment of ocular surface disease associated with stem cell deficiency. DESIGN: Description of device design and technique for use. METHODS: The device is composed of a pedestal with a convex surface mounted to a flat platform. A corneoscleral button placed endothelial side down and centrally upon the convexity is secured by suction conveyed through a hollowed core in the pedestal that connects to fenestrated openings on the convex surface. A donut-shaped stainless steel ring placed on tension by springs braces the peripheral tissue. A circular corneal incision is created of a desired thickness by a suction trephine, and a crescent blade is utilized to peripherally dissect a donut-shaped keratolimbal allograft. RESULTS: This device facilitated the harvesting of the keratolimbal allograft tissue from four eye bank donor practice corneoscleral buttons and was then used to successfully procure grafts from six corneoscleral buttons used in three keratolimbal allograft procedures in three patients, one each with aniridia, alkali burn, and drug-induced limbal stem cell deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The described device effectively facilitates procurement of corneoscleral buttons for keratolimbal allograft procedures. It appears to offer advantages over freehanded techniques and previously described devices used for the same purpose.
Border carbon adjustments, WTO-law and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities

This paper considers unilateral border measures, as contemplated by a number of developed states in conjunction with domestic emissions reduction schemes, as they relate to international trade and international environmental law. Specifically, I argue that to the extent that WTO-compliance requires strict adherence to the principle of nondiscrimination, as embodied in the national treatment and most-favored nation provisions in the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs, there is the potential for conflict with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), both as a free-standing principle of customary international law and as set out in various multilateral environmental agreements and, in particular in the climate change context, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. This is insofar as the unilateral imposition of BCAs by developed countries shifts costs of compliance with environmental legislation in developed economies onto the developing world. Such allocation may conflict with the principle of CBDR, which recognizes the unequal contribution to environmental degradation of developed countries as well as their enhanced ability to address the challenges presented by such degradation and, as a consequence, requires that they undertake more onerous obligations with respect to climate change mitigation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the extent to which this conflict is illustrative of a deeper tension between efficiency and equity considerations inherent in the intersection of international economic law and international environmental law.
Global climate negotiations begin in Kyoto

Ancient temples and shrines and weathered cherry trees speckle the city of Kyoto, Japan, on the Island of Honshu. The edifices, many of them world heritage sites filled with statues of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, hearken back to the thousand year period from 794 A.D. until 1868 A.D. when Kyoto held sway as the country's center of government, culture, and commerce—and to a different climate, when the atmosphere contained less carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. From December 1–10, thousands of delegates from about 150 countries, along with additional thousands of observers from non-governmental organizations, converge on this ancient city to discuss a very modern problem.
Reply to Carl J. Rossi's Comment on "Proton beam and prostate cancer: An evolving debate" by Anthony Zietman [Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother. 2013;18:338-42].

This letter1 makes several thoughtful comments about the complex history of proton bean development in the USA. It is indeed true that money is not the only driver and technical limitations, particularly field size, were also a factor. Having said that, there are plenty of other smaller tumors on which efforts in PBT could have been concentrated. The conjunction of the “PSA Revolution” with its rising tide of new prostate cases and the rise of PBT inevitably brought the two together. IMRT was never “held to account” for its rapid expansion and the cost consequences have been enormous. While I do believe that an RCT should have been performed for at least one disease site as proof of principle it simply hasn’t happened. The history of US health policy does not make one optimistic that a trial will happen now. CMS and other major US insurers are much more wary of making the same mistake again and, fairly or unfairly, PBT will be held to a higher standard. The RBE is certainly around 1.1 and the fact that there was no excess of grade 3 toxicity in PROG 9509 would seem to support that except that 60% of the dose in this trial was given with photons. A subsequent trial giving 82 Gy use proton beam monotherapy hit, in our opinion, upon a dose limit.2 Photons have been used to deliver even higher doses successfully and this does reopen the RBE question. At ultra-high doses small uncertainties in RBE may matter profoundly. Thankfully we do have the new randomized trial comparing IMRT and PBT as monotherapies which is accruing well. The trial does allow, and is stratified for, scanned beam technology in the proton arm and so we will indeed be comparing the best with the best.
Usefulness of Postmarket Studies to Evaluate Long-Term Safety of Coronary Eluting Stents (from the ENDEAVOR and PROTECT Programs)

Differences in enrollment criteria and protocol requirements are believed to affect patient representation and outcomes from premarket and postmarket surveillance (PMS) trials. These differences have not been assessed in studies evaluating coronary stenting. We aimed to assess differences in clinical profile and long-term outcomes in patients enrolled into premarket versus PMS trials assessing the Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stent (E-ZES). We pooled patient-level data for 2,132 and 4,357 E-ZES–treated subjects enrolled into the ENDEAVOR program (premarket) and Patient Related OuTcomes with Endeavor versus Cypher stenting Trial (PMS), respectively. Follow-up data were available through 3 years. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients enrolled in the 2 groups were compared. Propensity score–adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the effect of differences in baseline characteristics. We also adjusted for protocol-mandated repeat angiography to account for differences in follow-up requirements. Despite significant differences in baseline characteristics, the unadjusted 3-year rates of major adverse cardiac events, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, and target vessel failure were similar (premarket vs PMS: 11.9% vs 12.7%, p = 0.369; 12.7% vs 13.9%, p = 0.191; and 13.8% vs 13.4%, p = 0.667, respectively). However, PMS trials had significantly higher rates of myocardial infarctions (p = 0.005) and definite or probable stent thrombosis (p = 0.016). After propensity score adjustment, myocardial infarction rates remained significantly different (hazard ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.30 to 0.91). To conclude, premarket and PMS trials assessing E-ZES implantation enrolled different patients. PMS trials were shown to be essential for the detection of safety signals.
Preliminary experiments in nonlinear model-based tracking control of underwater vehicles with three degree-of-freedom fully-coupled dynamical plant models

This paper reports a comparative experimental evaluation of one non-model-based proportional derivative (PD) 3 degree-of-freedom (DOF) controller and two model-based 3-DOF controllers designed to enable a fully actuated underwater vehicle to perform exact trajectory tracking of the X, Y, and heading degrees-of-freedom. We show the non-model-based controller is capable of performing globally asymptotically stable set-point regulation. We show the model-based controllers are capable of asymptotically stable trajectory tracking. The reported controllers were experimentally evaluated on the Johns Hopkins University remotely operated vehicle (JHUROV). We report the model-based controller's mean absolute position and velocity tracking error is significantly smaller than the non-model-based PD controller for coupled maneuvers.
Bringing Back the (B)order: Post-9/11 Politics of Immigration, Borders, and Belonging in the Contemporary US South

Abstract: Post 9/11, debates about borders, immigration, and belonging have reached a new intensity in the US South. The temporal overlap of growing immigration to the South since the late 1990s and growing nativist sentiment across the US since 9/11 has led southern communities to fuse new regional racial demographics to new national border anxieties. This convergence enables southern political elites to address the changing contours of local communities through recourse to national imperatives of border security, all the while avoiding an explicit language of race in a thoroughly racialized debate. In an analysis of recent political maneuvers in the South, this article examines what happens when debates about nation, community, and borders are relocated to southern spaces heretofore absent in discussions of immigration. It argues that legislative actions against immigrant populations in southern states are virulent and multi-scalar border policings in which concerns about the social and cultural boundaries of southern communities, new racial projects across the South, and post-9/11 immigrant anxieties across the US become inseparable. To conclude, it discusses the theoretical insight that this critical assessment of the South's new border projects offers vis-a-vis understandings of, and struggles against, exclusion, racism, and social injustice.
Analgesic efficacy and safety of nonpreserved ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution following radial keratotomy

Purpose To compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of nonpreserved ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% with those of its vehicle in the treatment of postsurgical ocular pain following radial keratotomy. Methods This study employed a multicenter, double-masked, randomized, parallel-group design. Radial keratotomy patients were treated with either nonpreserved ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% or its vehicle four times daily for up to 3 days following surgery. Patients were provided with an escape medication (acetaminophen) for use only as needed for intolerable pain. Results Patients treated with ketorolac reported significantly greater pain relief ( P ≤.023), less pain intensity ( P ≤.047), less use of escape medication ( P ≤.001), fewer symptoms of ocular discomfort ( P =.024), and fewer sleep disturbances ( P ≤.013) than did patients treated with vehicle. No treatment-related adverse events were reported in the ketorolac group, and only one treatment-related adverse event was reported in the vehicle group. Most other safety findings were equivalent in the two treatment groups except that there were significantly less eyelid erythema ( P = Conclusions Nonpreserved ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solution was significantly more effective than, and as safe as, vehicle in the treatment of postoperative pain associated with radial keratotomy. Therefore, topical ketorolac may be a valuable treatment option for the maintenance of patient comfort following refractive surgery.