cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How does red light affect layer production, fear, and stress?

ABSTRACT Light-emitting diode (LED) light bulbs are becoming more prevalent in layer production as unlike CFLs they are dimmable and are even more energy-efficient than CFLs. There is also discussion on whether the spectrum of light that is produced by the bulb can affect production, stress, and behavior of laying hens. To investigate if differences between how the bulb that produce different wavelengths of light affect these factors, we raised White Leghorn hens under either a bulb that produced white light with the addition of red light (Once, Inc, AgriShift MLL; RED) or a bulb that produced only white light (Overdrive, L10NA19DIM 3000 K; WHITE). Each treatment consisted of 36 White Leghorn hens, and the experiment was replicated three times for a total of 108 hens per treatment. Production parameters including % hens in lay, feed conversion, average egg weight, total eggs per hen, eggshell breaking strength, and Haugh units were measured. Hen fear response during tonic immobility and inversion was documented at 3 time points during the study (18, 42, and 72 wk of age). Stress susceptibility was also quantified using plasma corticosterone, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and composite asymmetry score at the same time points as the fear testing. No production parameters were affected by lighting type (P > 0.05). Lighting type did not affect tonic immobility or inversion response (P > 0.05). By 42 wk of age and continuing on until 72 wk of age, the RED treatment had lower plasma corticosterone concentrations, lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratios, and lower composite asymmetry scores than the WHITE treatment (P
What it Takes to Raise Children with Autism in a Rural State

Parents of children with autism living in a rural state face unique challenges based on their location. These include barriers to diagnosis and treatment, driven in part by scarcity of professionals familiar with autism and long distances between services providers and family residences. Instead of focusing on these barriers, which are well known and researched, we utilized a strength-based technique known as Appreciative Inquiry (AI) to inquire how parents view and experience success for their child with autism in a rural state. Our investigation was conducted with 22 parents of children with autism ranging in age from 30 to 60 years using semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results of our analysis indicated that parents envisioned and promoted success for their child over time through: (1) developing skills, (2) integrating (their) child into community, (3) building relationships, (4) advocating by parent and child, and (5) adapting to their new reality. Our findings showed that parents in a rural location define success based on their existent resources and support systems provided by clinicians, school personnel, and most importantly, support from the larger community (e.g., other parents). Parents in our study showed that behavioral interventions are not the only solution.
Catalytic enatioselective synthesis of (3S)-2,3-oxidosqualene

Abstract An efficient and simple enantioselective process is described for the synthesis of (3S)-2,3-oxidosqualene (1) which provides this valuable compound contaminated with only 4% of the R enantiomer. The synthesis employs a chiral catalyst which is efficiently recovered for reuse.
Integrated Crossbar Array With Resistive Synapses and Oscillation Neurons

In this letter, we fabricate a crossbar array that structurally resembles a column of the neural network, where one neuron is connected with multiple synapses in parallel for on-chip integration. Instead of using complex CMOS neuronal circuit, we integrate a threshold switch at the edge of the crossbar array as a compact oscillation neuron, which converts the weighted sum to an oscillation frequency. When the input vectors are loaded into multiple rows of the array, the oscillation frequency is measured to be proportional to the analog column current. This is the first experimental demonstration of an integrated crossbar array with both synapses and neurons, paving the path to a fully parallel computation and processing using emerging device technologies for the neuromorphic computing.
Strategic Sensationalism: Why Justices Use Emotional Appeals in Supreme Court Opinions

Why do justices use emotional appeals in their opinions? I explain this strategic decision using a theory based on conflict and audience. In non-salient cases, justices primarily speak to legal aud...
Unusual Trapped Mountain Lee Waves with Deep Vertical Penetration and Significant Stratospheric Amplitude

AbstractSimulations of the weather over the South Island of New Zealand on 28 July 2014 reveal unusual wave activity in the stratosphere. A series of short-wavelength perturbations resembling trapp...
Pitfalls in the MDCT of pancreatic cancer: strategies for minimizing errors

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is a widely used cross-sectional imaging modality for initial evaluation of patients with suspected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, diagnosis of PDAC can be challenging due to numerous pitfalls associated with image acquisition and interpretation, including technical factors, imaging features, and cognitive errors. Accurate diagnosis requires familiarity with these pitfalls, as these can be minimized using systematic strategies. Suboptimal acquisition protocols and other technical errors such as motion artifacts and incomplete anatomical coverage increase the risk of misdiagnosis. Interpretation of images can be challenging due to intrinsic tumor features (including small and isoenhancing masses, exophytic masses, subtle pancreatic duct irregularities, and diffuse tumor infiltration), presence of coexisting pathology (including chronic pancreatitis and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm), mimickers of PDAC (including focal fatty infiltration and focal pancreatitis), distracting findings, and satisfaction of search. Awareness of pitfalls associated with the diagnosis of PDAC along with the strategies to avoid them will help radiologists to minimize technical and interpretation errors. Cognizance and mitigation of these errors can lead to earlier PDAC diagnosis and ultimately improve patient prognosis.
Automated Switching Operation for Resilience Enhancement of Distribution Systems

This paper proposes a model to assess and quantify the impacts of automated fault location, isolation and service restoration (FLISR) on resilience of power distribution systems against wide-spread failure events (e.g., natural disasters). The proposed model includes defining and formulating six probabilistic metrics that capture the capability of FLISR system in fast restoration of load after outage scenarios. In addition, this paper elaborates the contribution of different automation components, such as fault locators and remotely-controlled switches, to each of the proposed metrics. The proposed model is utilized to assess the resilience of a three-feeder test distribution system against hurricane. The numerical results show that the proposed metrics reflect the impacts of different automation strategies on enhancing resilience of the system, which provide critical information for making decisions on implementing the resilience enhancement strategies in distribution systems.
A Comprehensive Benchmark on Java Cryptographic API Misuses

Misuses of cryptographic APIs are prevalent in existing real-world Java code. Some open-sourced and commercial cryptographic vulnerability detection tools exist that capture misuses in Java program. To analyze their efficiency and coverage, we build a comprehensive benchmark named CryptoAPI-Bench that consists of 171 unit test cases. The test cases include basic cases and complex cases. We assess four tools i.e., SpotBugs, CryptoGuard, CrySL, and Coverity using CryptoAPI-Bench and show their relative performance.
Measurement Methods for Evaluating the Frequency Response Function of a Torque Converter Clutch

In developing new torque converter clutch (TCC) technology, it is desirable to have accurate models to have confidence in performance predictions. To develop and calibrate TCC models, a test cell has been developed to measure the torsional vibration isolation performance of TCCs. The isolation performance is defined as the ratio of output torque to input torque, or torque transmissibility. This test cell uses an electric motor as a torsional exciter and a secondary motor (absorbing dyno) to control the output speed of the TCC. This loading condition, input torque-output speed, replicates the loading seen in a vehicle drivetrain where the engine provides a torque to the input of the torque converter and the vehicle’s wheels provide the speed boundary condition to the output. The torque transmissibility plot is acquired using a stepped sine approach with three frequencies per measurement. Two other excitation methods will be investigated to further reduce testing time. Step inputs (both up and down) Pseudo-random excitation (constant amplitude, random phase)
An Indigenous Appalachian Faith Tradition

This chapter discusses the importance of cultural context when seeking to understand the psychology of human phenomena. As an example, we explore an indigenous Christian tradition in Southern Appalachia (USA) that handles venomous serpents in obedience to a biblical mandate in Mark 16:17-18 (KJV). We illustrate the importance of culture in understanding this group by reviewing its historical roots in the Holiness and Pentecostal traditions, and observing its emphasis on the Bible as the foundation for faith and the practice of serpent handling. From encounters with bites and death, we discuss how handlers struggled to develop a local theology for understanding their occurrence, and then summarize phenomenological studies to offer a culturally informed psychology of this tradition’s life and practices.
On Determinants having Complex Conjugate Columns or Rows

It is proved that the determinant, det D, of an N × N matrix D having n ≤ N/2 pairs of complex conjugate columns (or rows), while all other elements are real-valued, is given by det D =(−2i)ndet S,n = 0,1,2,... in which S is a certain residual matrix having real-valued elements. Thus, det D is either real-valued or pure imaginary according as n is even (including n = 0 ) or odd, respectively. The general theorem is illustrated in an example.
Elastic wave propagation in moving phononic crystals and correlations with stationary spatiotemporally modulated systems

This work presents a generalized physical interpretation of unconventional dispersion asymmetries associated with moving phononic crystals (PCs). By shifting the notion from systems with time-variant material fields to physically traveling materials, the newly adopted paradigm provides a novel approach to the elastic dispersion problem and, in the process, highlights discrepancies between moving PCs and stationary ones with dynamic material fields. Equations governing the motion of an elastic rod with a prescribed moving velocity observed from a stationary reference frame are used to predict propagation patterns and asymmetries in wave velocities obtained as a result of the induced linear momentum bias. Three distinct scenarios are presented corresponding to a moving rod with a constant modulus, a spatially varying one, and one that varies in space and time. These cases are utilized to extract and interpret correlations pertaining to directional velocities, dispersion patterns, as well as nature of band gaps between moving periodic media and their stationary counterparts with time-traveling material properties. A linear vertical shear transformation is then derived and utilized to neutralize the effect of the moving velocity on the resultant band diagrams. Finally, dispersion contours associated with the transient response of a finite moving medium are used to validate the entirety of the presented framework.
Nerve Tumors of Childhood and Infancy

Peripheral nerves are vulnerable to a wide array of inflammatory, infiltrative, hyperplastic, degenerative, and neoplastic processes, the treatment of which depends on accurate clinical and histopathologic assessment. As they are rarely encountered in the pediatric population, peripheral nerve tumors (PNTs) often prove a diagnostic challenge in this cohort. Although many of the tumors seen in the adult population can also present in childhood, their relative contribution to morbidity is divergent between the two cohorts. In fact, lesions that dominate in adults are supplanted by lesser known but highly aggressive pathologies in children. Familiarity with the clinical presentation, diagnostic adjuncts, and therapeutic indications of pediatric PNTs is a requirement for achieving clinical success. It is the goal of this review to summarize the key features of the most commonly encountered pediatric PNTs, highlighting the key considerations in their management and recommended surgical techniques. Lesions will be presented in the context of three broad categories: benign, malignant, and reactive or hyperplastic lesions.
Control of Sodium/Proton Exchange by Plasma Membrane Electron Transport

External electron acceptors activate proton release from many animal cell types. Ferricyanide induced proton release has been described 1, 2, 3. Ferric ions loosly associated with diferric transferrin are even more efficient in stimulation of proton release than is ferricyanide, in that they give a higher ratio of protons released to electrons transferred4. Release of up to 100 protons per electron transferred has been observed. Inhibitors of plasma membrane electron transport such as adriamycin or bleomycin inhibit proton release5, 6. Since the ratio of protons released to ferric transferrin reduced greatly exceeds 1 or 2, which would be expected of a redox coupled proton pump, proton transfer through a redox activated channel is most likely. Following studies by R. Garcia-Caoero, J. Diaz-Gil and M. Guerra which presented evidence that the oxidant induced proton release is dependent on the Na+/H+ exchange system, we find that ferric ion induced proton release with pineal or HeLa cells is dependent on external Na+ ions and is inhibited by amiloride and amiloride analogs. Apotransferrin does not induce proton release. Inhibition of ferric ion reduction by apotransferrin or monoclonal antibodies to the transferrin receptor (B3/25, GB16) prevents induction of proton release, which indicates that the transferrin receptor is involved in the maximum redox activation of the Na+/H+ exchange. Ferricyanide reduction is less dependent on the transferrin receptor and is less efficient in induction of proton release. We propose that oxidant of cytosolic NADH by the transmembrane dehydrogenase can provide a proton for activation of the Na+/H+ antiport7 and that localized proton movement may be favored by the presence of the transferrin receptor. Activation of proton release by impermeable oxidant has been observed with 3T3, SV40 transformed 3T3, rat liver, BK, HL60 and human erythroleukemia cells in addition to HeLa and rat pineal cells.
I. A Hypnotherapeutic Approach to Exhibitionism: Outpatient Therapeutic Strategy

A technique to cause cessation of impulse and to shorten the course of treatment for individuals who engage in exhibitionism is described. The patients were carefully selected. The psychodynamics were described and identified for each patient, and the results have been favorable to date. The great advantages of the methods used have been keeping the patient functional in society, shortening the duration of treatment, and reducing cost. The technique has been successful in the treatment of patients suffering from other forms of impulse disorders. Long-term follow-up studies are recommended for any patient receiving this method of hypnotic treatment.
The Whale Rider

A review of Witi Ihimaera's novel, The Whale Rider, in the context of the 2003 film version of the book.
Identification of high performing equities using financial characteristic attributes

Long-term investors are interested in identifying the characteristics of companies that are likely to triple in value over the next five years, which equates to return of approximately 25 percent per year over the period. Such companies are known as compounders due to their high compounded rate of return. This paper reports on an analysis of corporate and market data undertaken with the goal of identifying specific characteristics that tend to separate compounders from other equities. We consider a wide ranging set of characteristics designed to bear on corporate financial performance. Characteristics are constructed using historical stock prices and financial reports from the years December 1992 to June 2014. The analysis includes both high and standard market return equities. Classification techniques such as Naive Bayes, logistic regression, and random forests are then applied to the characteristics to try and identify high return equities. The research has the goal of identifying the characteristics of high return equities so that in the future these characteristics can be used to filter investment candidates using classification techniques and models.
Reproductive Justice: More Than Choice

Personal health behaviors and outcomes are deeply influenced by context. The contemporary United States does not provide the conditions for optimal reproductive health. Challenges that women face in terms of family planning, access to abortion, and safe pregnancy and delivery are best understood from a reproductive justice framework. Reproductive justice frames the issue as more than individual choice, and simultaneously considers race, class, and social location, along with gender. It employs a human rights framework that promotes social justice.
Chemical Processing of Brushite: Its Conversion to Apatite or Ca2P2O7

Brushite (DCPD: CaHPO 4 .2H 2 O) powders were chemically synthesized by using Na- and K-phosphate and calcium chloride-containing aqueous solutions at RT, followed by drying at 37°C. DCPD powders thus formed were found to contain 460 ppm K and 945 ppm Na. Upon calcining in air these powders readily transformed into CaHPO 4 (monetite) first, and then into Ca 2 P 2 O 7 . Na- and K-doped DCPD powders were shown to completely transform, in less than 1 week, into poorly crystalline carbonated apatite upon immersion in an acellular SBF solution at 37°C. This finding suggests the use of these DCPD powders as potential bone-substitute materials, which can be easily manufactured in aqueous solutions friendly to living tissues at temperatures between RT and 37°C.
Applications of Cross-Sections for Electron-Molecule Collision Processes

Electron-impact processes with atoms and molecules play a central role in a wide variety of naturally occurring and laboratory-produced phenomena and, as a result, have been the subject of considerable research, particularly in the last ten years. The importance of electron-impact excitation processes involving ground-state molecules, and molecules in metastable excited states, has been recognized for many years in the study of ionospheric [1] and auroral [2] processes in planetary atmospheres. The discovery of high-power (electron-beam and discharge-pumped) gas lasers has resulted in an increased interest in electron collision processes because of the important role they play in creating the population inversion [3]. This renewed interest in electron scattering has resulted in the measurement of many of the electron-impact excitation cross-sections of importance during the past ten years. The need for cross-section information involving targets that are presently difficult to study experimentally (eg, molecular free radicals, etc), and recent results from electron-photon coincidence measurements [4] which probe the details of the scattering process, have further stimulated theoretical studies. In spite of this renewed activity, however, much of the electron-impact excitation cross—section information needed to model a variety of plasma and planetary processes is still not known and the absence of these basic cross-section data hinders progress toward a more thorough understanding of various phenomena.
Mars exploration in the 1990's

Science objectives for a Mars exploration program in the 1990s, set forth by NASA's Committee on Planetary Exploration, are presented. They include: an intensive study of the Martian surface, the exploration of the structure and general circulation of the atmosphere, the exploration of the nature and dynamics of the planet's interior, the nature of Mars's magnetic field, the character of the upper atmosphere and its interaction with the solar wind, and the establishment of the global chemical and physical characteristics of the Martian surface. Several low cost missions, which have been suggested by the Committee for NASA's CORE program, such as the Mars Geoscience Climatology Observer, the Mars Aeronomy Orbiter, and the Mars Surface Network and Surface Probing missions are also covered. Direct Entry-Direct Return and Out-of-Orbit Entry-Orbital Rendezvous and Docking are two versions of a Mars Rover and Sample Return (MRSR) mission discussed in detail. It is concluded that a MRSR mission will require the combination of full Centaur capability, aerocapture at Mars and earth, and direct return to earth to meet major scientific goals. Further studies should be made in orbit assembly, fuel transfer technology, aeromaneuvering, terminal guidance, rover technology, and robotics.
Case Conceptualization and Treatment Planning: Exercises for Integrating Theory With Clinical Practice

Developing Case Conceptualizations and Treatment Plans The Complexity of Human Experience Behavioral Case Conceptualizations and Treatment Plans Cognitive Case Conceptualizations and Treatment Plans Process/Experiential Case Conceptualizations and Treatment Plans Family Systems Case Conceptualizations and Treatment Plans Dynamic Case Conceptualizations and Treatment Plans Transtheoretical Case Conceptualizations and Treatment Plans Discussion and Extension of the Model
Comparison of various measures of optimum atrial timing in patients with dual chamber pacemakers : Superiority of mechanical compared to electrical intervals

Background:In patients with dual chamber pacemakers, the optimal AV delay is highly variable. This study examines the alternative measures of optimum atrial timing and the factors responsible for the marked variability in the optimal AV delay. Methods and results:Twelve patients with dual chamber pacemakers were studied. The AV delay was varied from 25 to 250 ms in 25-ms increments and at each stage, mitral, tricuspid, and aortic flows were recorded using the Doppler technique. The optimum AV delay varied from 75 to 175 ms (146 ± 37 ms). At optimum AV delay, both the E and A waves of the transmitral flow were partially fused, eliminating diastasis with a fusion velocity of 27 ± 14 cm/s. The stroke distance was lower when the E and A waves were not fused at shorter AVD, despite a longer diastolic filling period, or fully fused at a longer AVD, which also the shortened diastolic filling period. At optimum AV delay, the E/A velocity ratio was 0.74 ± 0.15, reflecting slight atrial predominance of LV filling. The optimum timing of atrial contraction was better defined in terms of its relation to LV ejection (175 ± 31 ms before LV ejection), and this had a smaller coefficient of variation than optimum AV delay. This interval, unlike the AV delay, was not affected by interatrial and interventricular conduction times. Conclusions:In this older population of patients with dual chamber pacemakers without significant valvular heart disease, the effective LA contraction in relation to LV ejection is a better measure of atrial timing than the programmed AV delay which is affected by atrial and ventricular conduction times. A.N.E. 2000;5(1):68–72
Learning by pigeons playing against tit-for-tat in an operant prisoner's dilemma.

Each of four pigeons was exposed to a single random-ratio schedule of reinforcement in which the probability of reinforcement for a peck on either of two keys was 1/25. Reinforcer amounts were determined by an iterated prisoner’s dilemma (IPD) matrix in which the “other player” (a computer) playedtit-for-tat. One key served as thecooperation(C) key; the other served as thedefection(D) key. If a peck was scheduled to be reinforced and the D-key was pecked, the immediate reinforcer of that peck was always higher than it would have been had the C-key been pecked. However, if the C-key was pecked and thefollowing peck was scheduled to be reinforced, reinforcement amount for pecks on either key were higher than they would have been if the previous peck had been on the D-key. Although immediate reinforcement was always higher for D-pecks, the overall reinforcement rate increased linearly with the proportion of C-pecks. C-pecks thus constituted a form of self-control. All the pigeons initially defected with this procedure. However, when feedback signals were introduced that indicated which key had last been pecked,cooperation (relative rate of C-pecks)—hence, self-control—increased for all the pigeons.
The dynamical environment of Dawn at Vesta

Abstract Dawn is the first NASA mission to operate in the vicinity of the two most massive asteroids in the main belt, Ceres and Vesta. This double-rendezvous mission is enabled by the use of low-thrust solar electric propulsion. Dawn will arrive at Vesta in 2011 and will operate in its vicinity for approximately one year. Vesta's mass and non-spherical shape, coupled with its rotational period, presents very interesting challenges to a spacecraft that depends principally upon low-thrust propulsion for trajectory-changing maneuvers. The details of Vesta's high-order gravitational terms will not be determined until after Dawn's arrival at Vesta, but it is clear that their effect on Dawn operations creates the most complex operational environment for a NASA mission to date. Gravitational perturbations give rise to oscillations in Dawn's orbital radius, and it is found that trapping of the spacecraft is possible near the 1:1 resonance between Dawn's orbital period and Vesta's rotational period, located approximately between 520 and 580 km orbital radius. This resonant trapping can be escaped by thrusting at the appropriate orbital phase. Having passed through the 1:1 resonance, gravitational perturbations ultimately limit the minimum radius for low-altitude operations to about 400 km, in order to safely prevent surface impact. The lowest practical orbit is desirable in order to maximize signal-to-noise and spatial resolution of the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Detector and to provide the highest spatial resolution observations by Dawn's Framing Camera and Visible InfraRed mapping spectrometer. Dawn dynamical behavior is modeled in the context of a wide range of Vesta gravity models. Many of these models are distinguishable during Dawn's High Altitude Mapping Orbit and the remainder are resolved during Dawn's Low Altitude Mapping Orbit, providing insight into Vesta's interior structure. Ultimately, the dynamics of Dawn at Vesta identifies issues to be explored in the planning of future EP missions operating in close proximity to larger asteroids.
Faculty evaluation: Reliability of peer assessments of research, teaching, and service

In this paper, assessments of faculty performance for the determination of salary increases are analyzed to estimate interrater reliability. Using the independent ratings by six elected members of the faculty, correlations between the ratings are calculated and estimates of the reliability of the composite (group) ratings are generated. Average intercorrelations are found to range from 0.603 for teaching, to 0.850 for research. The average intercorrelation for the overall faculty ratings is 0.794. Using these correlations, the reliability of the six-person group (the composite reliability) is estimated to be over 0.900 for each of the three areas and 0.959 for the overall faculty rating. Furthermore, little correlation is found between the ratings of performance levels of individual faculty members in the three areas of research, teaching, and service. The high intercorrelations and, consequently, the high composite reliabilities suggest that a reduction in the number of raters would have relatively small effects on reliability. The findings are discussed in terms of their relationship to issues of validity as well as to other questions of faculty assessment.
PATIENT-REPORTED SYMPTOMS AND QUALITY OF LIFE INTEGRATED INTO CLINICAL CANCER CARE

Objectives To provide an overview of research and practice related to patient-reported symptom and quality-of-life assessment integrated into clinical care. Data Sources Literature retrieved through the PUBMED and CINAHL databases. Conclusion Assessing and incorporating patient preferences, engaging the patient in self-report, and extending the interaction to the place and time favored by the patient are necessary to bring meaning to the term "patient-centered." There is beginning evidence that these approaches can make a difference, improving care quality. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology nurses no longer need to be constrained by paper symptom checklists. Patient-reported symptom and quality-of-life information can be electronically collected and simultaneously made available for home and clinical use through the utilization of Web-based programs.
Three cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a common occupational environment.

Three unrelated school teachers taught in the same school classroom for 2–5 years and subsequently developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) over an 18-year period. This clustering was not accompanied by an increased death rate for ALS in the county where the teachers lived and worked. Statistical analysis revealed that ALS as the cause of death for three teachers from the same school would be highly improbable as a random event. These findings suggest that the patient's shared school environment may have been a source of exposure to an agent pathogenetically significant in the development of their disease.
Combining mechanistic best-estimate analysis and level 1 probabilistic risk assessment

Abstract Traditionally, both deterministic and probabilistic methods have been used in the safety analysis of nuclear reactors. Both of these methods have evolved in recent years to a more sophisticated treatment of uncertainties in the anallyis. In particular, deterministic analysts have moved away from the traditional conservative methods to best-estimate techniques that attempt to account for uncertainties in all phases of the calculations. Because of this, a tighter and more formal coupling between the deterministic and probabilistic methods has become possible. This paper introduces a formal methodology for such combination, presents an illustrative example, and discusses a new technique for deriving acceptance criteria for deterministic analyses based on probabilistic considerations.
TAO: two-level atomicity for dynamic binary optimizations

Dynamic binary translation is a key component of Hardware/Software (HW/SW) co-design, which is an enabling technology for processor microarchitecture innovation. There are two well-known dynamic binary optimization techniques based on atomic execution support. Frame-based optimizations leverage processor pipeline support to enable atomic execution of hot traces. Region level optimizations employ transactional-memory-like atomicity support to aggressively optimize large regions of code. In this paper we propose a two-level atomic optimization scheme which not only overcomes the limitations of the two approaches, but also boosts the benefits of the two approaches effectively. Our experiment shows that the combined approach can achieve a total of 21.5% performance improvement over an aggressive out-of-order baseline machine and improve the performance over the frame-based approach by an additional 5.3%.
INTERDISCIPLINARIEDAD Y REDES EPISTEMOLÓGICAS DE LA CIENCIA EN INTERNET

The expression open science is characterized and related with open science, and it is argued that a good design of digital repositories and their connexion through Internet may dramatically increase interdisciplinarity. Also, such repositories are characterized as trading zones where scholar journals could harvest papers they should publish as unitary discourses, yet in the context of a proposed model that is very different compared to usual current publishers’ practices.
Advocacy and Social Action: Key Elements in the Structural Approach to Direct Practice in Social Work

The structural approach to direct practice in social work assumes that opportunities and resources are unequally distributed and that members of deprived and vulnerable populations are social victims. Thus, the basic thrust of the social worker is to change oppressive situations instead of the people trapped in them. Disenfranchised, powerless, and oppressed people need a fairer share of basic economic and social goods. This makes advocacy a key practice role involving both work with groups of clients and with others who can make things happen for clients. The paper describes and illustrates instances of advocacy as the structurally oriented social worker applies six basic principles to help meet the needs of clients.
HPLC and GC/MS determination of 4-aminobiphenyl haemoglobin adducts in fetuses exposed to the tobacco smoke carcinogen in utero

Maternal-fetal exchange of the potent tobacco-related human carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, was studied in women nonsmokers and in women smokers as well as in the corresponding fetuses during pregnancy. Smoking status of the women in the study was assessed via questionnaire and measurement by immunoassay of serum cotinine in maternal and fetal blood samples. 4-Aminobiphenyl was extracted from both maternal and fetal blood samples using organic solvent extractions and the released amine was qualitatively and quantitatively characterized by analysis of the samples by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Background levels (pg 4-aminobiphenyl/g haemoglobin) of 4-aminobiphenyl-haemoglobin adducts were detected in maternal smokers (mean +/- S.D; 29.6 +/- 16.2 (GC/MS); 23.7 +/- 13.5 (HPLC) and in fetal samples (14.0 +/- 6.5 (GCMS); 10.0 +/- 4.6 (HPLC). Elevated levels of 4-aminobiphenyl-haemoglobin adducts were found in maternal smokers (488 +/- 174 (GC/MS); 423 +/- 154 (HPLC). as well as in the corresponding fetal blood samples (244 +/- 91 (GC/MS); 197 +/- 77 (HPLC). This study confirms that a potent tobacco-related carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, crosses the human placenta and binds to fetal haemoglobin in significantly higher concentrations in smokers when compared to nonsmokers.
Methodological effects in Si(Li) detector efficiency calibrations

The effects of radioactive calibration source thickness and correlation among fitted parameters when using the model-based detection efficiency formulation are investigated. A simple procedure is used to correct for source attenuation effects. Separate low- and high-energy model fits demonstrate the absence of significant correlation effects.
Mid‒tropospheric circulation and surface melt on the Greenland ice sheet. Part II: synoptic climatology

Daily values of the spatial extent of melting on the Greenland ice sheet—measured from satellite passive microwave sensors—are compared with a synoptic climatology of 700 hPa geopotential heights from May 1979 to June 1989. Nine common synoptic patterns were extracted by performing cluster analysis on component scores of a principal components analysis of daily 700 hPa heights. Discrete composite analysis is used to produce maps of the geopotential height and height departures for days classified as each synoptic type. The mean melt extent for eight topographically defined regions of the ice sheet are compared with the nine different synoptic patterns. Synoptic patterns that would produce onshore flow are associated with a greater spatial extent of melting in the north and east regions of the ice sheet. The south-west regions of the ice sheet have greater melt extent during south-westerly onshore flow, whereas north-westerly onshore flow serves to reduce the melt extent. The strength and location of the North American trough and the Baffin Bay low are highly related to the downstream flow over south Greenland and consequently to the extent of surface melting on the Greenland ice sheet. A westward displaced North American trough is associated with increased melting whereas an eastward displaced trough is associated with reduced melt. # 1998 Royal Meteorological Society.
Geographic information system (GIS) as a tool for disease surveillance and environmental health research

While we have seen the wide use of other information technologies in health services and management, the use of geographic information technologies in health related services has been limited so far. Given that location-related data play important roles in many health related services, it is anticipated that geographic information technologies have a lot to offer in helping improve health related services, management, and research. As an example, the authors report the development of a geographic information system (GIS) for Texas-Mexico border disease surveillance and environmental health research. This presentation covers three important aspects in the development of the GIS: (1) the specification of uses and users of the GIS and the associated data, products, and functions; (2) a preliminary design of the data types and formats in the GIS; and (3) a prototype of a GIS-based spatial search tool that can be used to support environmental epidemiology research. In some disease monitoring and environmental epidemiology studies, it is often necessary to perform spatial search to determine the distances between environmental hazardous sites and the locations of cases and controls when distance is used as measure of exposure. The GIS can be used to interactively and automatically determine the distance between any possible pair of environmental hazardous sites and cases/controls. Preliminary results suggest that the prototype GIS is indeed a powerful tool for spatial search when distance is used as a measure of exposure in environmental health research. The reported system should be useful to researchers facing similar situations in disease monitoring and environmental health research.
Why Gratzel’s cell works so well

Abstract In Gratzel’s cell, the electrons injected by the photo-excitation of dye molecules, anchored to a mesoporous TiO 2 film, efficiently diffuse to the back contact achieving solar energy conversion at efficiencies exceeding 10%. The mesoporous TiO 2 surface constituted of randomly arranged nanocrystallites with a roughness factor of the order 1000 is heavily populated with traps, defects and adsorbed species which act as recombination centers. Nevertheless, the cell functions, mitigating recombination expected to occur via the interaction electrons at the surface. Evidence based mainly on 1/ f noise measurements is presented to show that dye bonded to the TiO 2 surface passivates recombination centers. Furthermore the suppression of trapping–detrapping events at the surface increases the diffusion coefficient of the electrons through the nanocrystalline matrix facilitating electron transport to the back contact. The Gratzel cell is also unique, none of the high bandgap oxide materials other than TiO 2 yield energy conversion and quantum efficiencies as high as that of the cells based on TiO 2 . 1/ f noise measurements also reveal a distinct difference between TiO 2 and ZnO mesoporous films suggesting that the films made from the latter material are more intensely populated with surface states that mediate recombination.
Comments on Goodman's Ways of Worldmaking

1. Nelson Goodman's book and Hilary Putnam's observations on it evoked in me vivid memories of the conception of empirical know ledge that was propounded by Otto Neurath of the Vienna Circle about 1930, and which contrasted sharply with the views held by other members of the Circle at that time. Neurath certainly cannot be claimed to have anticipated Good man's ideas with their very wide scope; moreover, there are also important differences in fundamentals. But there are striking similarities between some of the basic ideas informing the two conceptions, and it may be of interest to begin with a brief consideration of those similarities: this will illuminate some of the virtues of Goodman's ideas, but it will also afford me an oppor tunity to suggest the desirability of a certain supplementation of the account given in Ways of Worldmaking.
Community Psychology at the Crossroads: Prospects for Interdisciplinary Research

Effective engagement in interdisciplinary work is critical if community psychology is to achieve its promise as a field of ecological inquiry and social action. The purpose of this paper and special issue is to help make the benefits of interdisciplinary community research clearer and to identify and begin to address its challenges. Although some areas of psychology (e.g., biological, cognitive and health) have made substantial interdisciplinary strides in recent decades, progress in community psychology (and related areas) is more modest. In this article we explore the prospects for expanding and improving interdisciplinary community research. Challenges include designs, measures, and analytical frameworks that integrate multiple levels of analysis from individuals through families, organizations, and communities to policy jurisdictions, and the complexities involved in simultaneously bringing together multiple disciplinary collaborators and community partners. Challenges to interdisciplinary collaboration common to all disciplines include the disciplinary nature of academic culture and reward structures, limited funding for interdisciplinary work and uncertainties related to professional identity and marketability. Overcoming these challenges requires a synergy among facilitative factors at the levels of the interdisciplinary project team (e.g., the framing question; embedded relationships; leadership), the investigators (e.g., commitment to new learning; time to invest), and the external context (e.g., physical, administrative, economic and intellectual resources and support for interdisciplinary work). We conclude by identifying several exemplars of effective interdisciplinary collaborations and concrete steps our field can take to enhance our development as a vibrant community-based, multilevel discipline increasingly devoted to interdisciplinary inquiry and action.
The annealing of misfit dislocations in the (111) Cu/(111) Cu2O system☆

Abstract Recent work on the early stages of the epitaxial oxidation of (111) Cu at 350 °C and in oxygen pressures between 10 -7 and 10 -4 Torr has resulted in the determination of the growth modes that occur and the accompanying elastic strains. Initially a hexagonal 3 × 3 oxide superlattice is formed which continues to grow by a layer growth mechanism up to a theoretically estimated thickness of approximately five monomolecular layers. Subsequent oxidation occurs by the formation of lamellar islands containing misfit dislocations which reduce the coincidence lattice misfit strain. In the present work these (111) Cu/(111) Cu 2 O bilayers were annealed and examined in situ in the transmission electron microscope in the temperature range 25–350 °C. The misfit dislocation density decreased as the temperature was increased. The annealing effects are complex and interdiffusion phenomena can be observed even at 60 °C.
Use of internal fiducial markers in frameless stereotactic navigational systems during spinal surgery: technical note.

Objective The use of frameless stereotaxy has expanded the spine surgeon's ability to perform surgical procedures with instrumentation in areas of narrow anatomic tolerance. In many circumstances, however, it is difficult to register the frameless stereotactic probe using known anatomic landmarks. This occurs typically because landmarks are indistinct, and congenital or surgical defects limit the availability of anatomic fiducials. We propose an accurate and efficient method for registering the frameless stereotactic probe for spinal surgery when a staged procedure is planned. Methods During the first stage of a planned two-stage procedure, a minimum of four cranial fiducial screws are implanted in the posterior element of each vertebra in which stereotactic registration is desired. Stage 1 is completed, and all suture closure is performed. A computed tomographic scan formatted for the frameless stereotactic unit is obtained postoperatively. In the second stage of surgery, registration is performed using cranial screws as internal fiducial markers. Results Registration is performed easily and quickly using cranial screws as internal fiducial markers. No more than four registration points are necessary to calibrate the system to accuracy within 1.5 mm. Conclusion Implantation of fiducial markers during Stage 1 of a complex staged spinal surgery renders the frameless stereotactic navigational system registration extremely fast and accurate. We advocate the technique to enhance the use of frameless navigational systems for reliable and quick registration of the spine.
Structure and morphology of PET/PEN blends

Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) have been analyzed in terms of their crystal structures and morphologies. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS), and density measurements were performed on blend samples crystallized quiescently and on samples strain induced crystallized. For blends quiescently crystallized isothermally, the crystallite dimensions calculated from the WAXS diffraction patterns via the Scherrer equation, along with the results from the SAXS, led to the conclusion that the blends crystallized independently. This means the major component of the blend crystallized, while the minor component did not crystallize and was forced into the interlamellar amorphous region. WAXS studies on the strain induced crystallized samples showed a change in the lattice parameters with composition, leading to the conclusion of co-crystallization for these blends. Density measurement showed a decrease in density with increasing PEN content indicating a reduction of the percent crystallinity of the blends as compared to the unblended homopolymers.
Antibody recovery from immune precipitates of a reversibly dissociable antige-hemocyanin

Abstract Specific precipitates were formed between dissociated hemocyanin and anti-associated (native) hemocyanin. When such precipitated formed either in antibody excess or at equivalence were dialyzed against buffers at a pH favoring reassociation of dissociated hemocyanin, free antibody could be detected in the supernatant after removal of the dialyzed precipitate.