cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seed Vernalization and Flowering in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

TEMPERATURE, photoperiod, and chemical regulators, separately and interacting, markedly influence seed-stalk development in lettuce1. Conflicting reports have, however, appeared as to the effectiveness of seed vernalization in accelerating flowering in this crop2. In order to resolve these differences, leaf number preceding the visible inflorescence has been used as a ‘physiological index’ of flowering3, and the effects of seed vernalization, in combination with temperature, day-length, and chemical regulators, have been evaluated.
Effects of Enzyme Dialysis, Cellulase Concentration, Bovine Serum Albumin and Origin of Source Leaflet Tissue on Yield and Plating Efficiency of Potato Mesophyll Protoplasts

Summary Survival of potato (cv. Lemhi) mesophyll protoplasts increased from 12 % to over 40 % when commercial enzyme preparations, partially purified by dialysis, were used in the digest solution. Mean survival decreased slightly when cellulase was increased to 0.75 % prior to dialysis however, the percentage of protoplasts divided 7 days after isolation increased significantly. Bovine serum albumin was as effective as enzyme dialysis in improving protoplast plating efficiency at the higher cellulase concentration. Both yield and survival increased when 0.75 % cellulase and 1 % BSA were incorporated into the protoplast isolation solution. Yield and survival were enhanced when BSA was combined with elevated cellulase, regardless of whether donor plants were grown in soil mix or as nodal cultures in an agar based medium. Highest protoplast yields were obtained from donor plants produced in vitro .
Ab initio reconstruction of cell type–specific transcriptomes in mouse reveals the conserved multi-exonic structure of lincRNAs

High-throughput sequencing of total cellular RNA by RNA-Seq promises rapid reconstruction of spliced transcripts in a cell population. Guttman et al. accomplish this using only paired-end RNA-seq data and an unannotated genome sequence, and apply the method to better define many new, conserved long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs).
Comparison and Analysis of Different Standards for Determining Dust Resistivity

Accurate measurement of dust resistivity is important practically for electrostatic prevention and design of electrostatic precipitators. The test result of dust resistivity depends on the standard used. There are three standards widely used for determination of dust resistivity: IEC 1241-2-2, BS 5958-1 and ASME PTC28 4.05. Experimental devices are designed and constructed according to these standards. The schematics of test principles and circuits of different standards are introduced. Experimental results show that dust resistivity values determined by different standards are quite different, and in some cases the difference is even in 1~2 orders of magnitude. The test results according to IEC standard are the highest, while the results using ASME standard are the lowest. The methods given by IEC standard and BS standard are normally used in electrostatic prevention, while method given by ASME standard is applied to the design of electrostatic precipitators. It is necessary to choose the appropriate standard according to the application of dust resistivity.
Late Cenozoic fault patterns and stress fields in the Great Basin and westward displacement of the Sierra Nevada block

The patterns of late Cenozoic faulting in the Great Basin apparently delimit two deformational fields, each extensional but contrasting in magnitude and style of extension. The field of smaller magnitude, which shows about 10 percent extension, occupies the northern and most of the central part of the Great Basin. It is characterized by steeply dipping normal faults and gently tilted blocks, with a preferred north to northeast trend. Evidence of greater extension occurs in the other deformational field, which lies between Walker Lane and the Sierra Nevada and extends across the narrow southern end of the Great Basin. This field contains most of the complementary strike-slip faults (northwest-striking right-lateral and northeast-striking left-lateral faults), long recognized as major components of the structural framework. It also contains abundant normal faults, most of which strike north to northeast. In certain areas, extension of 50 percent or more is indicated in the association of strike-slip and normal faults and in the palinspastic restoration of fault blocks that have been steeply tilted along gently dipping normal faults. These contrasts in structural pattern and apparent percentage of extension may be related to westward movement of the Sierra Nevada block and southward narrowing of the Great Basin. The faults along which strike-slip displacement occurred in late Cenozoic time appear to have functioned as conjugate shears, the shears and associated normal faults being first-order extensional features. The fault pattern also invites a simplistic interpretation that is based on the orientation of three mutually perpendicular directions of stress. The major normal faults, which strike north-northeast in most parts of the Great Basin, suggest a pervasive horizontal minimum compressive (maximum tensional) stress that is oriented west-northwest. Maximum compressive stress would be oriented perpendicularly where the horst and graben structure predominates and horizontally to the east-northeast where the strike-slip faults are abundant.
Purification and N-terminal sequence of two tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases type-5 from the hairy cell leukemia spleen

Abstract Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases types 5a and 5b were purified from human hairy cell leukemia spleen by sequnetial chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose, CM-Sepharose, concanavalin A-Sepharose, FPLC Superose-12 and FPLC Mono-S. The purification over the original tissue extract was 1150- and 3300-fold, with a yield of 2.1% and 2.5%, respectively. Gel filtration indicated an Mr of about 30000 for both forms. There was a N-terminal sequence identity between the two enzymes. However, they appeared to be different as assessed by cation exchange chromatography and amino acid composition.
Microstructural refinement of tantalum for Nb/sub 3/Sn superconductor diffusion barriers

Cast pure Ta was deformation processed via equal channel angular extrusion and then recrystallized to produce a uniform, fine-grained bulk material. Extrusions were performed on 25/spl times/25/spl times/150 mm billets at room temperature in 90/spl deg/ tooling to strains of 9.3. The Vickers microhardness reaches near maximum levels after four extrusions. As-worked microstructures are composed of nonuniform submicron grains with apparent banding. A homogeneous and fine grained recrystallized microstructure (average grain size /spl sim/8 /spl mu/m) free of banding is obtained after four extrusions via route E multipass processing and a 1000/spl deg/C heat treatment. The high microstructural homogeneity of such a material may exhibit better co-reduction characteristics with surrounding Cu over conventionally processed Ta for superconductor diffusion barrier applications.
Models to estimate air pollution effects on respiratory morbidity

Abstract To examine effects of air pollution on cardiac and respiratory conditions, three types of data were obtained; emergency room records from 14 major hospitals in Chicago, daily measurements of sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulates (TSP), and daily climatological measurements. After estimating patient exposure levels to SO2 and TSP, multiple regression analysis was performed by using an emergency room visitation rate (ERVR) as a dependent variable and the two pollutants as well as climatological measurements as independent variables. In one of the three models developed for all respiratory conditions, ERVR was significantly associated with the average SO2 exposure level, daily maximum temperature, and wind speed. ERVR for bronchitis showed a significant association with the average TSP exposure level, daily minimum temperature, wind speed, and humidity. ERVR's for asthma and for cardiac conditions had no significant associations with any of the environmental factors. Based on the models for all respiratory conditions and for bronchitis, a percentage of excess respiratory morbidity was estimated at various concentration levels of SO2 and TSP. At 0.14 ppm (SO2) and 260 μg/m3 (TSP) of daily average U.S. primary standards, the excess morbidity was estimated to be 76% for all respiratory conditions and 67% for bronchitis.
Turn BASIC into PASCAL

Abstract Unlike PASCAL, most versions of BASIC, and especially those available on microcomputers, lack adequate control structures for the practice of structured programming. However, BASIC remains one of the most frequently learned ‘first’ programming languages, thereby resulting in a large number of programmers accustomed to poor programming techniques. This paper presents the author's approach to solving this problem. It describes a preprocessor, written in various micro-computer BASIC dialects, which accepts ‘structured BASIC’ code as input and produces an equivalent BASIC program that will run on the host machine. Limitations and possible extensions are described. The paper is tutorial in nature, in that some illustrations are given on how BASIC string functions may be used conveniently to implement such a preprocessor.
Effect of age and race on the survival of men with prostate cancer in the Metropolitan Detroit tricounty area, 1973 to 1987

Abstract Objectives. Report have demonstrated that African Americans diagnosed with prostate cancer have a poor survival compared with whites. We examined the impact of age, race, and stage of disease on survival for men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Methods. A retrospective analysis was madeof men diagnosed with prostate cancer utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database. A total of 12,907 men of (9339 white, 3568 black) diagnosed from January 1, 1973 through December 31, 1987 were included in the study. For each stage of disease, survival experience was examined using Kaplan-Meier and life table methods, followed by analysis using Cox's proportional hazard model. Results. African-American men have a poorer survival than whites for all stages of prostate cancer when the cancer is diagnosed at younger ages. These differences in survival were not demonstrated for men diagnosed with prostate cancer after age 70. Conclusions. Age and race should be taken into account when assessing the survival of patients with prostate cancer.
Passing and Stigma Management: The Case of the Transsexual

The nature of the transsexual's stigma is such that she can pass as a natural female with little difficulty if she chooses to. At the same time, transsexuals do not once and for all become women af...
Small bowel tumors

WCE is a noninvasive diagnostic technique that visualizes the entire small intestine and identifies lesions in parts of the small bowel not reached by traditional endoscopy. Although further studies are needed to define the exact role of WCE for diagnosing and managing small bowel tumors, its sensitivity has been shown to be superior to PE and small bowel follow-through in regard to diagnosing patients who have obscure GI bleeding, the most common indication for capsule endoscopy in the authors' series of patients with documented small bowel tumors. As more material is published, capsule endoscopy likely will be confirmed to be the diagnostic procedure of choice in patients with suspected small bowel tumors.
Cryogenic wind tunnel research - A global perspective

The development of cryogenic wind tunnels is reviewed and 13 cryogenic wind tunnels currently operating in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the U.S. are described. A table illustrating the characteristics of these tunnels is presented, including test gases, test section sizes, speed ranges, stagnation pressure and temperature, and running time. The research conducted using the various wind tunnels is outlined and the operation of each of the tunnels is considered.
The Anatomy of Terror: Political Violence under Stalin

The present volume originated in a conference on political violence under Stalin held at the University of Leeds in 2010. The contributors, all noted specialists on Stalin's rule, explore the cause...
Interaction energy of disclinations in pentagonal quasicrystals

In a recent communication, we presented a classification of disclinations in pentagonal quasicrystals that readily allowed the calculation of the phonon and phason fields that surround such a defect. In this report, we present the pairwise interaction energy of disclinations in pentagonal quasicrystals. Since interactions between disclinations may govern the behavior of an orientationally ordered, but otherwise translationally disordered ``pentahedratic'' phase, the energy of such interactions is of interest.
Assessing the Utility of Urine Testing in Febrile Infants Aged 2 to 12 Months With Bronchiolitis.

Objectives The aims of the study were to investigate whether the prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in febrile infants aged 2 to 12 months with bronchiolitis is higher than the presumed prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (1%) in similarly aged patients and thus to determine whether UTI testing is necessary for these patients. Methods This was a prospective cohort study in which we enrolled a convenience sample of febrile infants aged 2 to 12 months with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis. All patients were seen in the emergency department at a large children's hospital between November 1, 2011 and April 15, 2012, had reported or documented fever higher than 38°C, and had urine collected for determination of the presence of UTI. After the conclusion of enrollment, a chart review was conducted to assess missed cases. Results Positive urine cultures were found in 6/90 (6.7%) patients (confidence interval, 2.5%-13.9%). The positive urine cultures and urinalysis results were found in 4/90 (4.5%) patients (confidence interval, 1.2%-11%). Conclusions In our patient population, a significant proportion of infants aged 2 to 12 months who present with bronchiolitis and fever have a concurrent UTI. Obtaining a urine specimen for UTI testing should be considered in infants aged 2 to 12 months with bronchiolitis and fever. A larger multicenter study is needed to further assess the risk factors for UTIs in this patient population.
Evolutionary biology: Chromosome chain makes a link

The platypus' sex chromosomes are as peculiar as its appearance. Five X and five Y chromosomes form a remarkable chain-like configuration in male reproductive cells that ensures appropriate sperm formation.
PNS-FCR: Flexible Charge Recycling Dynamic Circuit Technique for Low-Power Microprocessors

Due to the superior speed and area characteristics, dynamic circuits are widely applied in data paths and other time critical components in modern microprocessors. The high switching activity of dynamic circuits, however, consumes significant power. In this paper, a p-type/n-type dynamic circuit selection (PNS) algorithm and a flexible charge recycling (FCR) design methodology are proposed to achieve high power efficiency in data paths. The effects of technology scaling, data path width, design complexity, clock skew, and environmental conditions are discussed. Simulation results show that the power consumption of an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) with the proposed PNS-FCR can be reduced by up to 60% as compared with a conventional ALU. An 8-bit ALU test circuit has also been manufactured based on a 0.35- $\mu \text{m}$ Global Foundries technology, demonstrating the power and area efficiency of the proposed methodology.
Opioid Agreements and Drug Screens: Adapting Tools From Chronic Nonmalignant Pain Management to the Palliative Care Clinic (515)

In recent years there have been several major legal and policy developments concerning palliative options of last resort. These developments have important implications for the standards of practice applicable to those health care institutions and professionals who provide hospice and palliative care. A primary example is the promulgation of guidelines and policies governing the provision of palliative sedation for intractable terminal suffering. Some of these guidelines are based upon the proposition that not only is suffering a diagnosis, but that such a diagnosis can be sufficiently fine-grained as to identify distinct types or categories of suffering, some of which are designated as ‘‘clinical’’ and others as ‘‘nonclinical.’’ These guidelines then delineate when palliative sedation may be offered for refractory ‘‘clinical’’ symptoms while at the same time proscribing palliative sedation for ‘‘nonclinical’’ terminal suffering, even when it is severe and refractory to other palliative measures. Strict adherence to such guidelines presents serious issues of law, ethics, and professionalism. This session will also focus on recent evidence of a major shift in public and professional opinion on the nature and legitimacy of lethal prescriptions for terminally ill patients with decisional capacity, who wish to assert greater control over the timing and manner of their death. An impressive array of health professional organizations have issued policies or position statements opposing the characterization of this practice as ‘‘physician-assisted suicide.’’ We will review the rationale offered for this emerging public policy stance, and consider the implications of it for the provision of hospice and palliative medicine in the growing number of jurisdictions where it is now legal or may be authorized in the near future. Special consideration will be given to the data that has emerged from Oregon and Washington, as well as the reasoning of the Supreme Court of Montana on this issue.
Steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles isolated from rabbits before and after mating.

Following mating, intact follicles obtained from rabbit ovaries were utilized in a study of follicular steroidogenesis. Follicles were dissected from estrus and postcoital rabbit ovaries and incubated with and without LH in the presence of acetate–l–14C. Slices of rabbit corpora lutea were also incubated. Fats were extracted from the incubation mixtures with ether and then partitioned into polar and nonpolar fractions; the polar lipids were separated chromatographically to yield steroids for purification and recrystallization. The results of these studies extend the previously reported preovulatory rise and fall in steroidogenesis in whole rabbit ovaries to reveal the same pattern in in vitro steroid synthesis by isolated ovarian follicles. Stimulation of incorporation of radioactivity by LH occurred only in follicles from estrus rabbits. Follicular steroidogenesis was found to change qualitatively as well as quantitatively in the preovulatory interval. Relative to total 14C incorporation, follicles from ...
Recent Developments And Applications Of Multidimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Fluorescence spectroscopy is an inherently selective technique; however, single wavelength measurements can be limited for the analysis of complicated multicamponent samples or even a simple mixture with overlapping emission spectra. To overcome this limitation, multidimensional fluorescence measurements can beused to obtain additional information about the sample. The multidimensionalfluorescence measurement involves the use of multiple parameters to increase thespecificity of the measurement. In this laboratory, we are especially interestedin multiparametric measurements such as the Excitation -Emission Spectrum.In this paper a fiber optic based multidimensional fluorometer is examined along with a portable multichannel fluorometer in terms of sensitivity. Inaddition, specific applications incorporating the excitation- emission matrix arepresented. i. INTRODUCTION 1.1 MULTIDIMENSIONAL FLUOR The acceptance of fluorescence spectroscopy as an analytical technique is well documented in several texts 1 -3.
Drosophila neuropeptide F mediates integration of chemosensory stimulation and conditioning of the nervous system by food.

The conserved neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling pathway has been strongly implicated in the stimulation of food uptake in vertebrates as well as in the regulation of food conditioned foraging behaviors of Caenorhabditis elegans. Using in situ RNA hybridization and immunocytochemistry, we report the neuronal network of Drosophila neuropeptide F (dNPF), a human NPY homologue, in the larval central nervous system and its food-dependent modifications. We provide indications that gustatory stimulation by sugar, but not its ingestion or metabolism, is sufficient to trigger long-term, dose-dependent alterations of the dNPF neuronal circuit through both dnpf activation and increased synaptic transmission. Our results strongly suggest that the dNPF neuronal circuit is an integral part of the sensory system that mediates food signaling, providing the neural basis for understanding how invertebrate NPY regulates food response. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 47: 16–25, 2001
A Simulation Approach to Investigating the Response of a Coypu Population to Climatic Variation

The main environmental constraint on the population of feral coypus (Myocastor coypus) in eastern England is cold weather. This paper describes the use of population simulations to explore the effect of various combinations of cold and mild winters. Winter severity is defined-using an expression that accumulates weighted sequences of freezing days. Descriptions of fecundity, recruitment to the adult sector of the population and mortality were obtained from dissections of over 20,000 coypus and from records of the control trapping operation between 1970 and 1982. These data were summarized in average years containing either cold or mild winters and used as inputs to a realistically constructed model of the population. The simulations presented show the seasonal consequences of cold and mild winters, the effect of continuous sequences of each type of winter, and the effect of random sequences of cold and mild winters occurring at the relative frequency (5:6) observed in recent years. The results give a quantitative assessment of the interaction between control trapping and cold weather and its effect in limiting the population. A simulated population curve over the 12-year study was significantly correlated with the results of a continuous retrospective census over the same period.
Gamma-ray burst beaming constraints from afterglow light curves

The beaming angle m is the main uncertainty in gamma ray burst energy requirements today. We sum- marize predictions for the light curves of beamed bursts, and model the R band light curve of GRB 970508 to de- rive m > 30 . This yields an irreducible minimum energy requirement of 3: 41 0 49 ergs to power the afterglow alone.
Perspectives in AE—“A feminist is a feminist”: The continued activism of Dr. Juanita Johnson-Bailey

After 20 years I was back in school faced with an assignment to research an adult education scholar, leader, or practitioner. After a quick review of the list we were provided I was drawn to Dr. Johnson-Bailey as the focus of my paper primarily because our lives paralleled in so many ways. She was on staff at my Alma Mater, The University of Georgia. We were both raised in military families with humble southern roots, we have both worked as federal employees, we were both re-entry students going through graduate school while still raising a family and we are both graduates of the University of Georgia in the 90's--me from the Master's in Social Work program and her from the Adult Education Program. Her research and books accurately reflect similar challenges I faced as an African American student in a predominantly white higher education institution. As we spoke, she surprised me when she repeated a quote that her mother often told her because my father also frequently told me that “Education is the one thing that no one can take away from you”. That quote has now been frequently repeated to my children and has always stuck in my mind and likely contributed to my lifelong learning mindset. I had the pleasure of interviewing Dr. Johnson-Bailey on October 12, 2012, and am pleased to share the perspectives I learned about this Adult Education leader scholar for New Horizons.
Rapid Degradation of an Abnormal Protein in Escherichia coli Proceeds through Repeated Cycles of Association with GroEL

Molecular chaperones are necessary for the breakdown of many abnormal proteins, but their functions in this process have remained obscure. The rapid degradation of the abnormal fusion protein CRAG in Escherichia coli requires the molecular chaperones GroEL, GroES, and trigger factor and proceeds through the formation of a CRAG-GroEL-trigger factor complex. Also associated with GroEL are smaller discrete fragments of CRAG. Pulse-chase experiments showed that these fragments were short-lived intermediates in CRAG degradation formed by C-terminal cleavages. Thus, CRAG degradation is not highly processive. In cells lacking the ClpP protease, the generation of these fragments and their subsequent degradation were much slower than in the wild type. Dissociation of CRAG from GroEL was necessary for its digestion by the ClpP protease, because in a groES temperature-sensitive mutant, CRAG was stable and accumulated on GroEL. Furthermore, the expression of a dominant GroEL mutant defective in substrate dissociation slowed degradation of both CRAG and the fragments. Therefore, we suggest that CRAG degradation proceeds through multiple rounds of substrate binding to GroEL, followed by their GroES-dependent dissociation, which allows further digestion by the protease. In this multistep process, GroEL and GroES function repeatedly, apparently to allow further degradation of CRAG and its fragments by the protease.
Attributional style and athletic performance: Strategic optimism and defensive pessimism

Abstract Objectives Two studies examined the relationship between explanatory style measured with the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), Peterson, Semmel, von Baeyer, Abramson, Metalsky, and Seligman (1982. The Attributional Style Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 287–299) and athletic performance. Design Correlational designs were used to examine relationships between the predictor variables of attributional style and dispositional optimism and the criterion variable of athletic performance. Study one also examined the effect of soccer match outcome as a moderational factor. Method For study 1, 20 male soccer players completed the ASQ and their performance across eight matches was videotaped and coded on a variety of measures (goals, fouls, attempted passes, completed passes). For study 2, 18 female basketball players completed both the ASQ and the Life Orientation Test (LOT), Scheier and Carver (1978. Optimism, coping and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247). Relationships between these scales and a variety of performance measures were examined. Results Consistent with findings from Seligman, Nolen-Hoeksema, Thornton, N., and Thornton, K. (1990. Explanatory style as a mechanism of disappointing athletic performance. Psychological Science, 1, 143–146), a significant positive relationship was found between the ASQ measure of optimism and athletic performance among the soccer players in study 1. In addition, optimistic soccer players demonstrated better performance during a loss than did pessimists, whereas no significant performance differences were found between these two groups during a subsequent win. Findings from study 2 were less consistent, revealing both positive (optimists had more assists and steals) and negative (optimists had fewer rebounds and more fouls) relationships. A subsequent content analysis of the open-ended responses on the ASQ suggests that the observed negative relationships were a function of these female athletes attributing negative outcomes to lack of effort (defensive pessimism) as opposed to lack of ability (depressive pessimism). Conclusions The findings highlight the need to differentiate between these two forms of pessimism and their differential impact on performance. The importance of including an assessment of perceived controllability as an attributional dimension in future research is discussed.
The effects of phenylhydrazine-induced haemolysis on the behaviour of regenerating marrow stroma.

Summary. Fragments of marrow tissue autotransplanted in a subcutaneous site, regenerate and give rise to a haemopoietic nodule surrounded by a shell of bone. The process originates from supporting stroma of implanted marrow. Phenylhydrazine-induced acute haemolysis stimulates the growth of these implants and results in almost 100% increase in the weight of implants. This effect is probably the result of an increased demand for erythropoiesis and implies an interaction between blood-forming cells and the marrow stroma. Phenylhydrazine-induced chronic haemolysis, on the other hand, suppresses the growth of implants and results in a markedly lower rate of take and decreased weight of implants. This appears to be a direct effect of phenylhydrazine on cell proliferation in the regenerating implant.
Effects of visual deprivation upon the geniculocortical W-cell pathway in the cat: Area 19 and its afferent input

We studied the receptive field properties of 206 single units in area 19 of normal cats and 228 single units in area 19 of cats deprived of vision for 9-14 months by monocular lid suture. The ocular dominance of a sample of cells in area 17 of normal cats was studied for comparison. In some of these monocularly deprived animals, we also studied the sizes of relay cells in the parvocellular C laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus labeled by electrophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase into area 19. In area 19 of normal cats, the large majority of cells, regardless of their laminar location and the retinal eccentricity of their receptive fields, were binocular. Most responded equally well to the two eyes. In area 17, (see also Leventhal and Hirsch, ′78, ′80) but not in area 19, the cells which had the narrowest receptive fields tended to be activated unequally by the two eyes. In area 19 of monocularly deprived cats, virtually all cells (97%), re-gardless of their laminar location and receptive field eccentricity, responded only to stimulation of the normal eye. Thus, the effects of monocular dep-rivation upon area 19 are apparently more severe than those reported for area 17. In area 17 significant numbers of neurons in layer 4 can be activated by the deprived eye (Shatz and Stryker, ′78). Within the limits of our tech-nique, measurements of relay cells in the parvocellular C laminae labeled by injections into area 19 of deprived cats indicated that cell size in the deprived C laminae was unaffected by the deprivation. In contrast, cells in the deprived A laminae of these cats were severely shrunken. These findings suggest that the types of relay found in the parvocellular C laminae (referred to collectively as W-cells) are not affected by visual deprivation as severely as are the X- and Y-cells in the A laminae. Since laminar location and receptive field width are related to binocularity in area 17 but not in area 19 and the sizes of relay cells in the parvocellular C laminae (see also Hickey, ′80) are not seriously affected by monocular deprivation, it is suggested that binocular interactions in area 19aremninly determined by connections among cortical cells.
The use of a variable breakdown device as a solid state inductance and for other electronic functions

Abstract The variable breakdown device is described, its mode of operation, and characteristics of present research models. It is shown to operate as an amplifier and switch. It has been found that the device has a pure inductive impedance, with the early models showing this over more than two decades of frequency. Its operation as a two terminal inductance is described and the theoretical analysis developed. Several new circuit functions become very simple with the inductive effect, including a simple oscillator, a frequency modulator, and a wave analyser, which are described.
The attitude control of a solar electric propulsion /SEP/ spacecraft for an out-of-the-ecliptic mission

A computer-controlled attitude and articulation control system is proposed for a spacecraft of extremely soft structure that uses two 8-kW solar arrays with an area of nearly 100 sq m each to power six electric propulsion thrusters. The purpose of the articulation control is to point the scientific instruments, to orient the antenna toward the earth, and to reorient the thrust vector as required for trajectory control. The attitude control system provides control both during the low-thrust phase of the mission and during long-term spinning modes.
Growth hormone acutely stimulates skeletal muscle but not whole-body protein synthesis in humans.

In a previous study, a 6-hour local infusion of growth hormone (GH) into the brachial artery of normal subjects stimulated net muscle protein anabolism by augmenting skeletal muscle protein synthesis. In the present study, we examined whether systemically infused GH affects forearm and whole-body protein metabolism. Normal volunteers aged 18 to 24 years (n = 8) were given an 8-hour systemic infusion of 3H-phenylalanine and 14C-leucine. Between 90 and 120 minutes of tracer infusion, basal samples for determination of forearm and whole-body amino acid kinetics were taken. GH was then infused at 0.06 micrograms/kg/min, increasing GH concentration from 2.4 +/- 0.3 to 32 +/- 3 ng/mL. Systemic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) level increased from 224 +/- 20 to 262 +/- 21 ng/mL (basal v 6-hour, P < .01). By 6 hours, GH suppressed forearm phenylalanine and leucine net release (each P < .05) by increasing 3H-phenylalanine (66%, P < .05) and 14C-leucine (13%, P < .05) extraction or disposal (Rd). Whole-body leucine rate of appearance ([Ra] an index of whole-body proteolysis) and nonoxidative leucine Rd (whole-body protein synthesis) did not change over the course of the GH infusion, whereas oxidative leucine Rd decreased (20%, P < .03). Acute stimulation of muscle but not whole-body protein synthesis by systemically infused GH suggests that muscle protein is acutely and specifically regulated by GH.
Ontogeny of the (pro)renin receptor

This study examined temporal expression of the (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR), during renal, heart, lung, and brain organogenesis in the mouse. (P)RR expression was determined by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Brain, kidney, and lung (P)RR mRNA levels increased progressively during gestation and peak on postnatal day (P)10. (P)RR protein contents were high during gestation in all organs studied and declined with maturation. Brain (P)RR was expressed most prominently in the ependymal lining of the ventricles. In the embryonic day (E)16.5 and E18.5 metanephros, (P)RR was present in the ureteric bud and ureteric bud–derived collecting ducts. In the fetal heart, (P)RR was expressed diffusely in the myocardium, whereas pulmonary (P)RR was detected at highest levels in the epithelium of branching airways. Treatment of newborn kidneys with the angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist candesartan increased (P)RR mRNA levels. (P)RR gene and protein expressions in the brain, kidney, heart, and lung are developmentally regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Endogenous Ang II, acting via the AT1R, exerts a negative feedback on (P)RR in the newborn kidney. These findings suggest that high (P)RR protein levels observed during gestation may play a role in brain, kidney, heart, and lung organogenesis.
Reconfigurable patch-slot reflectarray elements using RF MEMS switches: A subreflector wavefront controller

Reconfigurable feature offers electronic control of each element which provides for easier implementation of the whole reflectarray system. Several potential reflectarray element designs were investigated with critical importance given to the consideration of MEMS implementation in the final design. The reflectarray element with variable slot on ground plane and fixed patch on top was selected for final characterization. The concept of reconfigurability was tested for this design, unit cell of this reflectarray was fabricated and tested, and reflection phase measurements were performed. Future work includes implementation of the actual switches models (MEMS) in the simulation, characterization of losses and development of an addressing scheme for the switch control.
Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes, 1950-2007

Abstract An expanded “climatology” of U.S. tropical cyclone (TC) tornadoes covering the period 1950–2007 is presented. A major climatology published in 1991 included data on 626 TC tornadoes. Since then, almost 1200 more TC tornado records have been identified, with almost half of that number from the 2004–05 seasons alone. This work reexamines some findings from previous studies, using a substantially larger database. The new analyses strongly support distinctions between inner- and outer-region tornadoes, which were suggested in previous studies. Outer-region tornadoes (beyond 200 km from the TC center) have a stronger diurnal signal, commonly occurring during the afternoon. Inner-region tornadoes typically occur within ∼12 h of TC landfall, with no strong preference for a particular time of day. They are disproportionately less damaging tornadoes, with more rated F0 than in the outer-region sample. In more general terms, the TC tornado database includes a smaller percentage of significant (≥F2) tornado...
New Developments in Ontology-Based Policy Management: Increasing the Practicality and Comprehensiveness of KAoS

The KAoS policy management framework pioneered the use of semantically-rich ontological representation and reasoning to specify, analyze, deconflict, and enforce policies [9, 10]. The framework has continued to evolve over the last five years, inspired by both technological advances and the practical needs of its varied applications. In this paper, we describe how these applications have motivated the partitioning of components into a well-defined three-layer policy management architecture that hides ontology complexity from the human user and from the policy-governed system. The power of semantic reasoning is embedded in the middle layer of the architecture where it can provide the most benefit. We also describe how the policy semantics of the core KAoS policy ontology has grown in its comprehensiveness. The flexible and mature architecture of KAoS enables straightforward integration with a variety of deployment platforms, ranging from highly distributed systems, such as the AFRL information management system, to human-robotic interaction, to dynamic management of quality-of-service and cross-domain information management of wireless networks in resource-constrained or security-sensitive environments.
Hydrodynamic and Thruster Model Validation for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

From Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle to the Duke Kahanamoku Aquatic Complex; we develop the theory and generate implementable time efficient trajectories for a test-bed autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). This paper is the beginning of the journey from theory to implementation. We begin by considering pure motion trajectories and move into a rectangular trajectory which is a concatenation of pure surge and pure sway. These trajectories are tested using our numerical model and demonstrated by our AUV in the pool. In this paper we demonstrate that the above motions are realizable through our method, and we gain confidence in our numerical model. We conclude that using our current techniques, implementation of time efficient trajectories is likely to succeed.
Synergetic control for m-parallel connected DC-DC buck converters

A promising new approach, synergetic control theory, based on ideas of self-organization, is used to design control for the general case of m parallel-connected DC-DC buck converters serving resistive load. A general nonlinear synergetic PI control algorithms are derived using averaged models of the system. Using the general control laws, two particular cases are considered. They are two and three parallel-connected DC-DC buck converter systems. It is shown that the derived controls suppress unmeasured piecewise constant disturbances, nullify errors of current sharing among parallel connected converters, and ensure exponential asymptotic stability. It is pointed out that by change of control law parameters it is possible to choose between master-slave and democratic system operation regimes. Matlab/Simulink simulations of the closed loop performance are performed and characteristics of synergetic control design are discussed. Thus, it is shown that the approach allows designers to derive analytical control laws that ensure exponential asymptotic stability for nonlinear, high dimensional, and multiconnected systems.
Using Computer-Based Decision Support to Close the “Know–Do” Gap in Lipid-Lowering Therapy

A strange paradox haunts our attempts to prevent ischemic heart disease. Medicine has addressed the relation between serum lipids and atherosclerosis through a series of scientific triumphs. First, epidemiology demonstrated the association between abnormal cholesterol levels and coronary artery disease. Then, physiology and biochemistry elucidated the pivotal role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in the synthesis of lipoproteins. Next, pharmacology led to the development of new medications to target that enzyme without the often-unbearable side effects of earlier drugs. And finally, clinical researchers enrolled tens of thousands of patients at hundreds of centers worldwide to prove the efficacy of these treatments and help guide their use. Taken together, these steps represent one of the finest examples of the application of science to understand and ameliorate human disease. Article p 371 But shifting our focus from the successful laboratory or clinical trial site to the population reveals more disappointing data. We physicians fail to diagnose potentially dangerous lipid levels in up to a third of our patients with cardiovascular disease1,2; when the problem is identified, we often do not properly deploy the impressive arsenal of treatments that have been put in our hands. In the United States, fewer than half of those who would benefit from lipid-modifying treatment for coronary heart disease risk reduction are receiving it.3 And of those on therapy, just half of patients actually achieve their cholesterol goals.4 This results in part from poor persistence by physicians in monitoring lipid levels and adjusting therapy accordingly, as well as poor persistence by patients in staying with their prescribed regimens for both economic and noneconomic reasons.5 In summary, despite the wealth of tools available to diagnose and manage this common condition, only a fraction of people who have it are being adequately treated. The …
Optimum multipusher-scraper fleets for earthmoving

A probabilistic model is proposed for selecting optimal multipusher-scraper fleets, replacing charts with mathematical equations. As a result, this approach needs fewer machine data and is more efficient in selecting optimal earthmoving fleets. The model optimizes the total project cost instead of unit production cost. Existing simulation programs are used to verify the analytical model developed. Actual field observations are used to develop empirical models of load-growth curves. Scrapers' travel time is analytically estimated. The fleet production is predicted using queuing theory. Manufacturers' cost data are used to develop relationships between project costs and production rates and the independent variables. Sensitivity analysis is performed to analyze impacts of the main variables on the fleet performance. >
Experimental desktop 3D printing using dual extrusion and water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a water-soluble support material in desktop three-dimensional (3D) printing. Using a water-soluble material as one of the printing filaments in a dual-extrusion 3D printer provides the flexibility of printing support structures and rafts in complex components and prototypes. This paper focuses on the challenges of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)–PVA dual-extrusion printing, and optimal settings and techniques for such hybrid printing. Design/methodology/approach – Several hybrid ABS–PVA parts were printed using a commercial desktop 3D printer. An experimental study was designed to examine the solubility of the PVA support in water by varying four different parameters: length of time in water, water temperature, stirring rate and PVA surface area. The rate of PVA solubility in water was then used to examine its relationship with each parameter. Findings – Numerous problems were encountered while printing ABS–PVA printing parts...
A Neglected Case of Massive Urinary Ascites Secondary to Posterior Urethral Valve: A Developing World's Scenario.

Developing countries are not only lagging behind in health facilities but also literacy of the population. Many uneventfully manageable conditions use to present after complications have been occurred. Negligence of the poor people and their blind faith on the fraudulent quacks and peers add burden to the poor health facilities in the resource poor countries. This could be one of important reasons of higher mortality rate in our hospitals especially in neonates with poor reserves to combat these crises for long. Urinary ascites due to in-utero bladder perforation secondary to posterior urethral valves is a rare entity. This condition is being prevented in developed countries by Fetendo which involves decompression of the urinary bladder by vesico-amniotic shunting or by endoscopic in-utero valve ablation [1]. For instance if bladder perforation has occurred, it can be amenable to drainage of urinary ascites with valve ablation [2]. However, we received a delayed presenting case of in-utero bladder perforation with massive urinary ascites secondary to posterior urethral valve necessitating urgent intervention.