cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF GROWTH SUBSTANCES ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

The use of growth substances upon plants as herbicides and for the purpose of modifying such phenomena as dormancy, abscission, bud differentiation, and fruit set has become quite extensive. Therefore, it should be of interest to know what effect some of these compounds have upon the process of photosynthesis. Very few data have appeared in the literature in regard to this process in relation to growth substances. Mitchell, Kraus, and Whitehead (5) report that the leaves of bean plants which had been depleted of sugar, starch and dextrin, by being kept in the dark, accumulated less sugar, starch and dextrin during subsequent illumination when they were treated with alpha-naphthalene-acetic acid than similar untreated control plants. The authors suggest that one possible explanation of these data may be a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis. In the present problem in which apparent photosynthesis was measured it seemed desirable to record the rates of respiration as one basis for interpretation of the results. Pratt (?) found that indole-3-acetic acid at 0.1 to 100 p.p.m. increased respiration of wheat seedlings but that higher concentrations of the auxin decreased respiration. Berger, Smith and Avery (1) concluded that indole-acetic acid at 10 mg. per liter stimulated respiration in Avena coleptiles. Zimmerman and Hitchcock (8) reported that naphthalene-acetic acid caused a decrease in the rate of respiration of tomato plants during the first hour after treatment after which the rate was faster in the treated plants than in the controls. Hsueh and Lou (4) reported that 2,4-D at a concentration of 0.1 per cent, inhibited aerobic respiration in barley and rice. The amount of oxygen used was greatly decreased as a result of the treatment. The production of C02 following treatment with 2,4-D was accelerated at first and then decreased but not as much as oxygen utilization. In terms of C02 production Brow^t (2) found that treatment with 2,4-D at 0.1 per cent, concentration resulted in a higher rate of respiration in bean plants. The results of Taylor (7) indicate that 2,4-D at concentrations 0.25 to 10 p.p.m. decreased respiration in wheat and mustard seedlings. Methods
Treatment of chronic kidney disease

Treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) can slow its progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, the therapies remain limited. Blood pressure control using angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) has the greatest weight of evidence. Glycemic control in diabetes seems likely to retard progression. Several metabolic disturbances of CKD may prove to be useful therapeutic targets but have been insufficiently tested. These include acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, and vitamin D deficiency. Drugs aimed at other potentially damaging systems and processes, including endothelin, fibrosis, oxidation, and advanced glycation end products, are at various stages of development. In addition to the paucity of proven effective therapies, the incomplete application of existing treatments, the education of patients about their disease, and the transition to ESRD care remain major practical barriers to better outcomes.
Perforated Peptic Ulcer

Perforated gastric ulcer. Not all free perforations of gastric ulcers are susceptible to simple plication techniques. Often the ulcer is large and surrounded by edema. When the perforation occurs on the posterior surface of the antrum, adequate repair by plication techniques is generally not possible. Gastric ulcers have a high rate of recurrence. For these reasons, in a good-risk patient in whom the diagnosis of perforation has been made reasonably early, gastric resection is preferred to simple plication. If for technical reasons a sound plication cannot be constructed, gastric resection is mandatory, regardless of the risk, as a recurrent gastric leak into the peritoneal cavity is almost always fatal.
Lanthanide-Mediated Cleavages of Micellar Phosphodiesters†

Lanthanide-mediated hydrolyses of micellar β-hydroxyhexadecyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (3) and hexadecyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (4), as well as of their nonmicellar analogues, β-hydroxypropyl p-nit...
Endoneurial pressure in hexachlorophene neuropathy.

Increased endoneurial pressure of up to 17.0 cm H2O was recorded in the peripheral nerves of rats fed hexachlorophene in their laboratory diet. The pressure was measured using a micropressure transducer developed for recording pressure in the microcirculation. The results were correlated with morphologic findings. Teased nerve fibers and aralditeembedded specimens of hexachlorophene damaged sciatic nerve revealed the characteristic severe intramyelinic edema due to splits in the minor dense lines of compact myelin giving rise to wide interlamellar spaces as shown in previous studies. The endoneurial pressure of rats exposed to hexachlorophene for 11 days and subsequently fed a normal diet returned to normal (0.2–3.0cm H2O) after 12 days, and morphologic examination showed few residual abnormalities. Prolonged exposure to hexachlorophene for up to 4 weeks caused widespread axonal degeneration in addition to intramyelinic edema. Animals treated with hexachlorophene for 21 days followed by a normal diet for 14 days showed degenerated axons, phagocytosis of myelin as well as interstitial edema and elevated endoneurial pressure. It is suggested that axonal degeneration in hexachlorophene neuropathy is caused by increased endoneurial pressure.
Acid phosphatase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: I. Regulation and preliminary characterization

1. 1. The location and characteristics of non-specific phosphatase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe were studied by comparative investigation of some kinetic properties both in cell suspensions and in cell-free extracts. 2. 2. With both preparations the pH-activity curve showed a maximum at pH 3.0 and a shoulder from pH 3.5 to 4.5 using 4-nitrophenyl disodium orthophosphate as substrate and the Km values for this substrate at pH 3 were 2.4·IO−4 and 2.6·IO−4 M, respectively. The broad specificity for many phosphomonoesters and the effect of inhibitors were also similar for intact cells and cell-free extracts. 3. 3. Freezing-thawing and extraction experiments provided additional evidence for the external location of the enzyme. 4. 4. Phosphatase solutions were stable at pH 3.0–5.5 at 30°C; activity was lost at higher pH, more rapidly at 30°C than at o °C. 5. 5. By specific staining for phosphatase activity, a single band was detected after starch gel electrophoresis of cell-free extracts. 6. 6. The non-specific acid phosphatase activity of S. pombe was regulated by the concentration of Pi in the culture medium. Cells grown in low-phosphate medium reached a maximal activity that was about 15-fold higher than the corresponding activity of phosphate-rich cultures. 7. 7. Addition of Pi to a phosphate-starved culture did not block the increase of phosphate activity, but the differential rate of appearance of the enzyme was remarkably reduced. 8. 8. A higher temperature of growth resulted in an appreciable lowering of cell phosphatase activity.
Determinants of response to intravenous hydralazine in hypertension

There is marked interindividual variation in hypotensive response to intravenous hydralazine (H). We examined the determinants of response in patients with hypertension. After a single intravenous dose of 0.3 mglkg H, response was correlated independently (r = 0.8364) with both predrug blood pressure and acetylator index (AI). Intravenous dose ranging studies showed that response also depended on the amount of H in the systemic circulation. Although plasma H levels depend on AI after oral doses, this is not so after intravenous administration. AI must therefore affect response to H by an alternative, presumably nonmetabolic mechanism which, after oral dosing, would add to its effect on H levels. Response to intravenous nitroprusside was not related to AI, perhaps indicating specificity of this effect for H. These data reinforce the potential usefulness of determining Al before giving H to a patient. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 30, 773–781; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.237
Teaching place, assembling the nation: local studies in Soviet Ukrainian schools during the 1920s

This study focuses on the Soviet introduction of local studies to Ukrainian schools during the 1920s. It argues that, through their efforts at pedagogical reform, educational planners sought a fundamental re‐imagining of place. The Ukrainian Commissariat of Education asked teachers and their students to engage the ‘productive’ world surrounding the school and make connections to an understanding of a nationally defined, territorial Ukraine. However, because the commissariat left decisions regarding curricular content to regions and municipalities, many instructors were able to resist this utilitarian notion of space. Local studies was the linchpin in Soviet educational reform for Ukraine, yet the state’s emphasis on decentralised planning created opportunity for ‘flawed’ interpretations of local and, consequently, national meanings.
Lasers as a tool for plasma diagnostics

Lasers can be used as non-perturbative probes to measure many plasma parameters. Plasma refractivity is primarily a function of electron density, and interferometric measurements of phase changes with either pulsed or CW lasers can determine this parameter with spatial or temporal resolution over several orders of magnitude sensitivity by using laser wavelengths from the near uv to the far infrared. Laser scattering from free electrons yields the most fundamental electron temperature measurements in the plasma parameter range where individual scattering events are uncorrelated in phase and ion temperature or plasma wave and turbulence structure in the opposite limit. Laser scattering from bound electrons can be many orders of magnitude larger if the laser is matched to appropriate resonance frequencies and can be used in specialized circumstances for measuring low-ionized impurity or dominant species neutral concentrations and velocities.
Management commitment to safety as organizational support: Relationships with non-safety outcomes in wood manufacturing employees

Introduction: Employee perceptions of management commitment to safety are known to influence important safety-related outcomes. However, little work has been conducted to explore nonsafety-related outcomes resulting from a commitment to safety. Method: Employee-level outcomes critical to the effective functioning of an organization, including attitudes such as job satisfaction and commitment to the organization, were included on surveys given to 641 hourly production employees at three wood products manufacturing facilities. Participants' were asked about perceptions of management commitment to safety and job-related variables such as perceived dangerousness of their position, organizational commitment, and withdrawal behaviors. Supervisors also rated the performance of each of their hourly subordinates. Results: Results suggest that employee outcomes differ based on perceptions of management's commitment to safety. Specifically, management commitment to safety was positively related to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job-related performance. We also found a negative relationship between commitment to safety and employee withdrawal behaviors. Conclusions: Our results suggest that increasing employee perceptions of management's personal concern for employee well-being through a dedication to safety will result in positive outcomes beyond improved safety performance. These results also imply that there is a type of social exchange between employees and management that may affect employees similarly to perceived organizational support. Impact on Industry: Results further reinforce the value of a commitment to safety by a firm's management. Organizations with a strong commitment to safety may enjoy not only a reduction in safety-related events but also increases in desirable employee attitudes and behaviors.
Minimax estimation of the mean of spherically symmetric distributions under general quadratic loss

For X one observation on a p-dimensional (p ≥ 4) spherically symmetric (s.s.) distribution about θ, minimax estimators whose risks dominate the risk of X (the best invariant procedure) are found with respect to general quadratic loss, L(δ, θ) = (δ − θ)′ D(δ − θ) where D is a known p × p positive definite matrix. For C a p × p known positive definite matrix, conditions are given under which estimators of the form δa,r,C,D(X) = (I − (ar(|X|2)) D−12CD12 |X|−2)X are minimax with smaller risk than X. For the problem of estimating the mean when n observations X1, X2, …, Xn are taken on a p-dimensional s.s. distribution about θ, any spherically symmetric translation invariant estimator, δ(X1, X2, …, Xn), with have a s.s. distribution about θ. Among the estimators which have these properties are best invariant estimators, sample means and maximum likelihood estimators. Moreover, under certain conditions, improved robust estimators can be found.
Increase in free linolenic and linoleic acids associated with phospholipase D-mediated hydrolysis of phospholipids in wounded castor bean leaves

Stimulus-induced release of polyunsaturated fatty acids from membranes has been proposed to couple the processes of stimulus perception and oxylipin synthesis in the octadecanoid signaling pathway. This study investigated wound-induced changes in free fatty acids, diacylglycerol, and phospholipids at the site of wounding and at an unwounded area of the same wounded leaf in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). Increases in free fatty acids and diacylglycerol and decreases in phospholipids were relatively large and continuous at the site of wounding. The changes at the unwounded area were selective and transient, suggesting a regulated activation of lipid turnover in response to wounding. In unwounded cells, the free fatty acids that increased in the early phase of wounding were linolenate and linoleate, which peaked within 5 min after wounding. Diacylglycerols that increased in unwounded cells were the species containing linolenate and linoleate, not those with oleate and stearate. Within 5 min of wounding, the levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, but not other phospholipids, decreased in unwounded cells. These results provide evidence for the wound-induced selective increase in linolenate and linoleate in unwounded cells. The varied susceptibility of different phospholipids to hydrolysis after wounding indicates that phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol may serve as substrates that lead to the increase in linolenate and linoleate in the early phase of wound response. The pattern of increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids, diacylglycerol, and phosphatidic acid and of decreases in phospholipids suggests the activation of a PLD-initiated signaling pathway in response to wounding in castor bean.
The mass spectra of some substituted polyfluoroaromatic compounds

The application of mass spectrometry, including precise mass measurements of molecular ions and selected fragment peaks, in determining the structure of twenty-nine substituted polyfluorobenzenes and two polyfluoropyridines is discussed. These compounds are divided into five categories: (a) fluorinated benzenes; (b) alkyl substituted polyfluorobenzenes; (c) halogen substituted polyfluorobenzenes; (d) oxygen containing substituents in polyfluorobenzenes and (e) nitrogen and sulfur containing polyfluoroaromatics. It is shown that the nature of substituents, their size, position on the ring and the completeness of fluorination are all vitally important in determining the fragmentation processes. The rupture of the various carbon to halogen and carbon to hydrogen bonds are discussed. Metastable peaks were found in some cases and their precursors were traced.
Increase in tryptophan oxygenase activity in alcoholic patients.

This study was conducted in order to assess whether chronic excessive alcohol consumption affects the activity of the liver enzyme tryptophan oxygenase which is rate limiting along the most important pathway of catabolism. Five alcoholics were studied twice, once shortly after admission to an Inpatient unit and the second time 1 month later. On each study day patients were given a trptophan load of 50 mg/kg. Kynurenine in the urines (which reflects tryptophan oxygenase activity) was measured for a period of 8 hr following the load and showed a significantly enhanced activity of the enzyme shortly after cessation of drinking. This increased activity enzyme could explain the lowered tryptophan levels we have previously reported in alcoholics. The increase in enzyme activity may have been mediated by a rise in glucocorticoid hormones. In all instances, plasma cortisol measured hourly for 6 hr after the start of the experiment, was higher shortly after cessation of drinking than 1 month later.
Location of the Glycoprotein in the Membrane of Sindbis Virus

SINDBIS virus, which is transmitted by arthropods, consists of a nucleoprotein core within a lipid-containing envelope. Its components assemble at a cellular membrane and virus particles form by an outfolding of this membrane. Thus, such viruses provide useful systems for studies of the structure and synthesis of membranes. The Sindbis virus particle contains only two proteins, one associated with the viral envelope and the other with the viral RNA in the core, or nucleocapsid1. The protein associated with the membrane is a glycoprotein, whereas the core protein contains no carbohydrate2. The exact location of the glycoprotein within the viral envelope has not been determined, nor has information been obtained about the function of the carbohydrate in the virion. The results described here indicate that the spikes which cover the surface of the virion are glycoprotein in nature.
Zonation of meiobenthic copepods in a southeastern United States salt marsh

Abstract Studies in various regions of southeastern U.S. Spartina alterniflora marshes indicate distinct zonation patterns of the meiobenthic copepods. Transversing a water depth gradient from the subtidal at the bottom of a tidal creek to the high intertidal marsh, one species, Microarthridion littorale , occurs along the entire gradient. Other species are common along certain large portions of the gradient and still others are restricted to subhabitats. Potential reasons for the observed distribution patterns include water depth, tidal exposure, and presence or absence of both vegetation and macrofaunal disturbers/predators.
Retention of court-referred youths in residential treatment programs: client characteristics and treatment process effects.

The juvenile justice system relies heavily on residential treatment services for adolescents. Because treatment dropout limits the likely effectiveness of these services, in this study we examine the client and program characteristics associated with program retention among a sample of adolescent probationers referred to residential rehabilitation by the Juvenile Court in Los Angeles. Participants in the present study (n = 291) are a subset of those in the Adolescent Outcomes Project, conducted within RAND's Drug Policy Research Center, to examine the outcomes of youths entering treatment at seven residential treatment programs. Three months after a preadmission interview, youths were asked about their perceptions of counselors at the program, other residents, and their feelings of safety in the program. In addition, they were asked whether they needed and had received various services (e.g., job training, legal advice, family counseling). Results of a multivariate survival analysis revealed that pretreatment characteristics including motivation and substance use severity, as well as treatment program factors including safety, and perceived over- and underprovision of services, contribute significantly to the prediction of retention. Pretreatment environmental risk factors and ratings of program counselor and resident support were marginally significant. These results imply that changes in adolescent residential program delivery may serve to increase retention rates, thus improving long-term outcomes.
CHAOTIC LOSS CONES AND BLACK HOLE FUELING

In classical loss cone theory, stars are supplied to a central black hole via gravitational scattering onto low angular momentum orbits. Higher feeding rates are possible if the gravitational potential near the black hole is nonaxisymmetric and the orbits are chaotic. Motivated by recently published, self-consistent models, we evaluate rates of stellar capture and disruption in triaxial nuclei. Rates are found to substantially exceed those in collisionally resupplied loss cones, as long as an appreciable fraction of the orbits are centrophilic. The mass captured by a black hole after a given time in a steep (ρ ~ r-2) nucleus scales as σ5 with σ the stellar velocity dispersion, and the accumulated mass in 1010 yr is of the correct order to reproduce the M•-σ relation. Triaxiality can solve the "final parsec problem" of decaying black hole binaries by increasing the flux of stars into the binary's loss cone.
Cleavage fracture in Ti3SiC2 from first-principles

Using ab initio full-potential linearized plane wave calculations, we studied the cleavage characteristics for three basal planes in Ti 3 SiC 2 and found that the habit cleavage should be between the Ti and Si hexagonal layers. The estimations of fracture properties under tensile stress showed a significant stretching of the Ti–Si bonds before failure that may explain the damage tolerance of Ti 3 SiC 2 .
A novel α,ω silyl dianionic salt. The synthesis and characterization of remotely connected benzannulated silole monoanions

The novel dilithium salt of 1,2-bis((BPSI)2)ethane (BPSI = 3-butyl-2-phenyl-1-silaindenyl) 4 was prepared from the reaction of 2 with 1,2-bis(chloro-BPSI)ethane 3 and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and by X-ray crystallography. It is demonstrated that dianions of silicon not only can perform stepwise reactions but also that, when a quenching reagent possesses two remote electrophilic centers, they can be attacked separately and maintain single charges on the silicon centers. The two lithium ions in 4 are η1 -coordinated to two remote silyl anions. NMR and X-ray data are consistent with a low degree of π-electron delocalization in the C4Si ring.
Renormalization-group treatment of a Potts lattice gas for krypton adsorbed onto graphite

Krypton atoms adsorbed in submonolayer quantities onto the basal graphite surface may be represented by a triangular lattice gas with nearest-neighbor exclusion and further-neighbor attraction decreasing with separation. We view this as a three-state Potts model with thermodynamic vacancies which are controlled by a chemical potential. A position-space renormalization-group treatment is performed by adapting Migdal's approximate recursion to the triangular lattice, and results are compared with experimental data. Our temperature versus density phase diagram for krypton submonolayers has an in-registry solid phase separated from a liquid phase by a line of continuous (Potts tricritical) transitions at higher temperatures. At lower temperatures, the solid phase is separated from a gas phase by first-order transitions. The Potts tricritical line meets the coexistence region of the first-order transitions at an isolated fourth-order transition point. This point may be related to the transition of the triplet Ising model, solved exactly by Baxter and Wu. Our "Potts lattice gas" global phase diagram is in a three-parameter space of pair-interaction constants and chemical potential. It contains solid, liquid, and gas phases, variously separated by first-order, Ising critical, three- and four-state Potts, and fourth-order transitions. The Lennard-Jones potential between krypton adatoms determines the planar subspace applicable to krypton submonolayers. Other planes, similarly determined, are applicable to adsorbed nitrogen, methane, and ethane, for which we estimate the temperatures of the fourth-order points. Our treatment also predicts a tricritical end-point topology, instead of the fourth-order point topology, when second-neighbor adatom pair attraction is not much stronger than third- and fourth-neighbor attractions.
HVPG measurement: is it mandatory for the management of portal hypertension?—Con

Complications of portal hypertension are common in the cirrhotic, and bleeding varices are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. We currently can identify the patients at greatest risk for bleeding by the endoscopic appearance of the varices and we know that once a patient bleeds, rebleeding is almost inevitable. Thus, both groups of patients are targets for preventative therapy. Currently, non-selective beta-blockers are used to reduce the risk of bleeding in both types of patients but many patients fail this form of therapy and bleed or rebleed. Recent studies have shown that patients who fail to have a hemodynamic response to beta blocker therapy are most likely to fail therapy and it has been suggested that measurement of the hepatic vein pressure gradient (HVPG) be used in the routine management of this group of patients. Unfortunately, there are many unresolved issues as to the utility of the hemodynamic response in the management of cirrhotics. Outside of academic medical centers, the ability to measure pressures accurately is limited and thus significant training would be required before the test can have widespread acceptance. More importantly, it has not been shown in prospective randomized trials that using the hemodynamic response to define the therapeutic approach is any better than the current approach of giving everyone beta-blockers and using variceal band ligation in those who bleed or rebleed. Pending the completion and publishing of these types of controlled trials, measurement of the HVPG will remain of academic interest only.
Alternative America: Henry George, Edward Bellamy, Henry Demarest Lloyd and the Adversary Tradition

Discusses the efforts of three nineteenth-century American journalists to change government policies, improve social conditions, and reform the political system through their books.
The viscoelastic shear behavior of normal rabbit articular cartilage.

Abstract A theoretical solution ‡ for the indentation of a layered medium by an axisymmetric plane-ended ram has been applied in the in vitro study of the mechanical properties of the articular surface of the distal femur of the rabbit. Experimental results directly yield shear moduli and retardation spectra which are invariant with respect to cartilage thickness and applied stress within the stress range used. The success of this theory, coupled with the simplicity and reproducibility of the test, suggests that this method has wide applicability in the study of experimentally or pathologically altered cartilage.
Determination of Velocity and Skin Friction Fields from Images by Solving Projected Motion Equations

This paper describes a general method to extract velocity and skin friction fields from images based on the projected motion equations. The generic form of the projected motion equations and the optical flow equation are given for typical flow visualizations, where the optical flow is proportional to the path-averaged velocity of fluid or particles weighted with a specific field quantity like dye concentration, fluid density and particle density. The variational formulation with a smoothness constraint is used to calculate the optical flow in the image plane that is proportional to the path-averaged velocity. This method allows determination of velocity fields from various visualization images of complex flows from large atmospheric storms to supersonic mixing layers. Similarly, the projected motion equation for oil doped with luminescent molecules is derived under an assumption that the luminescent intensity is proportional to the oil thickness when the oil film is optically thin. The equation is solved using the variational method to extract a skin friction field from images of the evolution of the luminescent oil film in flows. Examples are given to illustrate applications of the proposed method.
Relation of the Metabolic Syndrome to Calcified Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Coronary Arteries and Aorta

The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hyperglycemia, high waist circumference, hypertension, and elevated triglycerides, and is associated with cardiovascular disease. Calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries (CAC), measured by cardiac tomographic scans, is a marker for atherosclerosis and relates to mortality. The investigators examined the relation of the metabolic syndrome, and each of its components, to the prevalence of CAC, measured from 2002 to 2004 in 3,166 white and African-American subjects in the National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Adjusting for age, race, center, smoking, and alcohol consumption, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for a CAC score >100 for subjects with metabolic syndrome were 1.7 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.3) for men and 1.6 (95% CI 1.2 to 2.1) for women. Associations were found for most of the components of the metabolic syndrome with CAC. Associations with the metabolic syndrome were similar for calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the abdominal aorta among 3,173 subjects, with adjusted odds ratios for a score >1,000 of 2.1 (95% CI 1.5 to 3.1) for men and 1.8 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.4) for women. We conclude that the metabolic syndrome and most of its components are associated with a higher prevalence of calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries and abdominal aorta in white and African-American men and women.
Efficient implementation of ultrasound waveform tomography using source encoding

Ultrasound waveform tomography takes wave propagation effects into account during image reconstruction, and has the potential to produce accurate estimates of the sound speeds of small breast tumors. However, waveform tomography is computationally time-consuming for large datasets acquired using a synthetic-aperture ultrasound tomography system that consists of hundreds to thousands of transducer elements. We introduce a source encoding approach to ultrasound waveform tomography to significantly improve the computational efficiency. The method simultaneously simulates ultrasound waveforms emitted from multiple transducer elements. To distinguish the effect of different sources, we apply a random phase to each source. The random phase helps eliminate the unwanted cross interferences produced by different sources. This approach greatly reduces the computational time of ultrasound waveform tomography to one tenth of that for the original waveform tomography, and makes it feasible for ultrasound waveform tomography in clinical applications.
Demographics, Individual Value Structures, and Diversity Attitudes in the United Kingdom

Abstract This study explores relationships between race, gender, values-types (openness to change, self-transcendence, conservation and self-enhancement) and diversity attitudes (universal-diverse orientation) in a sample of 153 respondents from the United Kingdom. UDO consists of three attitudinal components: realistic appreciation (cognition), comfort with difference (feeling), and diversity of contact (behavior). All predictors related significantly with universal-diverse orientation (UDO) attitudes in the expected direction. Women and non-white people more open to change and motivated to transcend selfish concerns and promote the welfare of others (self-transcendence), had more positive attitudes. People who held conservative values and were motivated to pursue their own success and dominate others (self-enhancers) had less positive attitudes. Self-transcendence and race interacted to predict UDO overall, realistic appreciation and diversity of contact such that higher scores on self-transcendence for...
D. H. Lawrence’s Theology of the Body: Intersections with John Paul II’s Man and Woman He Created Them

This article examines the philosophical foundations of both D. H. Lawrence’s sexual ethics and the “theology of the body” developed by Pope John Paul II. Although Lawrence is often viewed, rightly in most cases, as a critic of Christianity, and even though his work has been scorned or outright banned by Christian groups over the years, Lawrence’s overarching view of life in his later years was remarkably amenable to Catholic Christianity. Linking Lawrence with Christian and even Catholic thought is not unique, as two books from the 1950s make claims very similar to mine. But these critical works are almost six decades past, and this article primarily contributes to this earlier criticism by aligning Lawrence with the theology of sexuality developed by Pope John Paul II. Though the Pope and Lawrence do differ on some points, they do not differ substantially in their philosophical stances regarding the mind/body relationship or the absolute necessity of full reciprocity in sexual intercourse. This essay does not claim that Lawrence was a Catholic, or even a Christian, or that if he had lived longer he would have converted to Catholicism. In his own mind, he had made a clean break with Christianity. But as some of his late essays extol the virtues of the Catholic Church’s development of the sacrament of marriage, Lawrence may not have been surprised to see how thoroughly his thoughts on sex and marriage align with those of the late Pope.
Investigation of the Si(111)-(7×7) surface by second harmonic generation: oxidation and the effects of surface phosphorus

Abstract We have studied the initial stages of oxidation, the temperature dependence of the surface electronic structure, and the effect of phosphorus on oxidation of the Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface using optical second-harmonic generation. We have also observed a (√3 × √3)R30° LEED pattern due to surface reconstruction induced by
Predictors of treatment outcome in parent training for conduct disordered children

Thirty-four families with conduct disordered children attended a 9-week behaviorally oriented parent-training program. Prior to treatment, mothers were assessed in terms of socioeconomic variables, depression, attitudes towards their children, and behavioral observations in the home. Treatment outcome was assessed at 1 month and 1 year posttreatment using a clinical replication analysis, and included home visit observations and parent perception measures. The amount of negative life stress experienced by families was also assessed for the period prior to and the year following treatment. At the 1-year follow-up, the model consisting of both socioeconomic disadvantage and negative life stress correctly classified from 70 to 80% of families depending on the outcome criteria. Within the variable of socioeconomic disadvantage, coming from a single parent family seemed most strongly associated with nonresponse. Results are discussed in relation to the important predictors of treatment failure and the implications for parent training programs and future research.
The role of extracellular hemoglobins in the oxygen consumption of the burrowing polychaete, Euzonusmucronata (Treadwell)

Abstract The polychaete annelid Euzonus mucronata (Treadwell), which burrows vertically in sandy beaches in response to diurnal tides, encounters daily changes of oxygen tension, salinity, and temperature. Although the animal is capable of long-term (20 days) anaerobiosis it also contains abundant hemoglobin, 19% of dry body wt, which suggests a role for this protein in the maintenance of aerobic metabolism. Approximately 21–29% of the oxygen obtained by E. mucronata is via its extracellular hemoglobins at oxygen tensions down to 1 ml O 2 ·1 −1 (10°C). These hemoglobins have a relatively high oxygen affinity ( P 1 2 = 1.2 Torr at 10°C) which is insensitive to changes in pH and ion concentration but is influenced by temperature, ΔH = − 12 kcal·mol −1 . We suggest that the high affinity of Euzonus hemoglobin and its insensitivity to changes in ion concentration and pH could help the animal to rely mainly on aerobic metabolism throughout most of the tidal cycle.
RECONSTRUCTING DYNAMICS FROM OBSERVABLES: THE ISSUE OF THE DELAY PARAMETER REVISITED

In this tutorial/review we revisit the problem of choosing a proper delay when we reconstruct attractors. The effect of this delay is investigated thoroughly and a definite answer to this problem as well as a robust procedure to reconstruct attractors is presented.
Technical requirements for a global PACS environment

The technology for teleradiology and Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS) is advancing at a rapid rate. Third generation PACS networks which transfer digital images at over 100 Mega-bits per second are to be available in the near future. Imaging equipment and viewing workstations technology currently provide excellent quality images for diagnosis and analysis at several modalities. In the meantime the technology for network and telecommunications systems which transfer the images is also advancing rapidly. The opportunity to merge these technologies into a Global FAGS environment currently exists. This paper investigates the concepts of a Global PACS and presents the requirements for such systems. The concepts are described using user scenarios for the usage of a Global PACS. The Global PACS requirements are presented in operational functional and performance formats. The Global PACS scenarios describe image transfer cross-country or from isolated geographical areas. Other scenarios describe remote diagnosis and consultation by a group of radiologists and physicians. 1. 0© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Highly specular carbon nanotube absorbers

Specular black materials have important applications, such as in absolute cryogenic radiometers, space-borne spectroradiometers, and some energy conversion devices. While vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT) can have close-to-unity absorptance, so far the reported reflection has been essentially diffuse. This letter describes a highly specular black absorber made of VACNT. Both the bidirectional reflectance distribution function and specular reflectance were measured at the wavelength λ=635 nm using a laser scatterometer. The ordinary and extraordinary optical constants were obtained by fitting the specular reflectance, calculated from modified reflectance formulae for light incident from air to a uniaxial medium, considering surface roughness. Furthermore, the absorptance at λ=635 nm was shown to be 0.994±0.002, based on the measured directional-hemispherical reflectance.
Inverse Analysis of Turbulent Weakly Swirling Jets

I the development of turbulence models for complex flow systems, turbulent swirling boundary layers provide a convenient testground. Their equations contain two components of turbulent stress rrz and rre, which may be replaced in terms of their associated components of turbulent viscosity Hrz and pa. These must be specified by a turbulence model prior to the prediction of time-mean velocity and pressure in the flowfield. Recent experimental, inverse, and prediction studies have tried to assess the effect of swirl on these components, and have disputed the isotropy assumption that the /^-viscosity number ore = n,rz/ fjLr6, is equal to unity.' The present work obtains expressions for these components directly from analytical operations being performed on fittedcurve spatial distributions of time-mean values in swirling jet flows, so paralleling an associated numerical inverse technique,' and bringing new evidence on the swirl flow turbulence problem.
Mechanical Circulatory Support: Response of the Failing Heart to a New Generation of Pumps

Since the REMATCH (Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure) clinical trial demonstrated the superiority of long-term mechanical support for end-stage heart failure2 patients have been offered ventricular assist devices (VAD) as a standard therapeutic bridge to cardiac transplantation.1.4 However, expanding indications and greater utilization of mechanical circulatory support has led to the development of smaller and technically varied VADs. As opposed to the currently approved VADs, newer systems provide continuous non-pulsatile circulatory support using impellers in an axial flow system (Figure 1). The purpose of this review is to present the current status and applications of axial flow pumps, as well as to discuss the response of the failing myocardium to continuous flow support.
Tumor Growth Alters T Cell and Macrophage Production of and Responsiveness to Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: Partial Dysregulation through Interleukin-10

Tumor growth induces phenotypic and functional changes among splenic T cells and macrophages (M phi) that contribute to the immunosuppression observed in tumor-bearing hosts (TBH). These changes partly arise through alterations in immune cell production of and responsiveness to cytokines. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important T cell- and M phi-derived cytokine that is produced during normal host immunogenic challenge, but it's involvement during cancer is poorly defined. In contrast, interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an inhibitory cytokine that is produced by immune cells as a deactivation factor. IL-10 can disrupt GM-CSF synthesis and may be associated with tumor-induced changes in cytokine synthesis. We determined if tumor growth alters T-cell and M phi synthesis of and responsiveness to GM-CSF, and if these alterations occur because tumor growth heightens immune cell sensitivity to IL-10. Tumor growth significantly decreased T-cell synthesis of GM-CSF during activation by concanavalin A, and TBH T cells were more susceptible to GM-CSF synthesis inhibition by IL-10 than their normal host (NH) counterparts. This suppression was observed using both unseparated splenic lymphocyte preparations and purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Similarly, TBH M phi (both splenic and peritoneal) produced less GM-CSF than NH M phi during activation by lipopolysaccharide. Tumor growth also altered major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II- M phi GM-CSF synthesis. TBH M phi were more susceptible to GM-CSF synthesis inhibition by IL-10 than their NH counterparts. Although TBH T cells demonstrate less proliferation than NH T cells during activation, tumor growth did not compromise T-cell responsiveness to GM-CSF. However, tumor growth did increase TBH T-cell susceptibility to inhibition of proliferation by IL-10. Tumor growth suppressed M phi responsiveness to GM-CSF, and IL-10 further decreased M phi responsiveness to GM-CSF. Collectively, these results suggest that T cell and M phi production of and responsiveness to GM-CSF is disrupted during tumor growth, and that TBH T cells and M phi are more susceptible to the suppressor activity of IL-10 than their NH counterparts.
Social cognitive theory of self-regulation☆

Abstract In social cognitive theory human behavior is extensively motivated and regulated by the ongoing exercise of self-influence. The major self-regulative mechanism operates through three principal subfunctions. These include self-monitoring of one's behavior, its determinants, and its effects; judgment of one's behavior in relation to personal standards and environmental circumstances; and affective self-reaction. Self-regulation also encompasses the self-efficacy mechanism, which plays a central role in the exercise of personal agency by its strong impact on thought, affect, motivation, and action. The same self-regulative system is involved in moral conduct although compared to the achievement domain, in the moral domain the evaluative standards are more stable, the judgmental factors more varied and complex, and the affective self-reactions more intense. In the interactionist perspective of social cognitive theory, social factors affect the operation of the self-regulative system.
Viscous solvent colloidal system for direct visualization of suspension structure, dynamics and rheology

Abstract We introduce a model colloid system comprised of particles dispersed in a viscous solvent that can be applied to 3D direct visualization studies of suspension structure, dynamics and rheology. The colloids are poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) spheres sterically stabilized by a copolymer of poly(diphenyl–dimethyl) (DPDM) siloxane that matches the refractive index of PMMA. The monodisperse particles, synthesized with mean diameter varying from 0.7 to 1.1 μm, are stably dispersed in a DPDM siloxane solvent, with viscosity varying from 2.2 to 4.3 Pa s at 20 °C. As opposed to other classes of PMMA colloids dispersed in organic solvents, this system displays minimal charge interactions. At room temperature, pair potential interactions (measured by extrapolation of pair correlation functions to infinite dilution) are well modeled by a generalized Lennard-Jones α – 2 α potential ( α = 10 ) with dimensionless interaction energy, e / k B T = 0.6 . We use the DPDM–PMMA colloidal system in conjunction with confocal microscopy studies to measure: (i) the radial distribution function in 3D at dilute concentrations and (ii) the colloid self-diffusivity in 3D at dilute concentrations. Both measurements, neither previously reported in uncharged systems, are facilitated by the slow, viscous dynamics of the system. We also show that the viscosity and particle size of the system are such that the high-volume fraction shear thickening transition can be accessed at shear rates amenable to direct visualization.
The onset of nephritis in the (NZB × SWR)F1 murine model for systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with an increase in the ratio of CD4 to CD8 T lymphocytes specific for the nephritogenic idiotype (IdLNF1)

An idiotypically related family of nephritogenic antibodies (IdLNF1) has been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune glomerulonephritis in the (NZB x SWR)F1 hybrid, SNF1. Idiotype-specific T lymphocytes which modulate expression of antibody bearing that idiotype may be important in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, IdLNF1-reactive T lymphocytes were not only found to be present in the NZB, SWR, and SNF1, but a significantly (P < or = 0.05) greater number of IdLNF1-reactive Thy 1.2+ splenic lymphocytes were observed as early as 12 weeks of age in the SNF1. Further, a significant shift in the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ IdLNF1-reactive T lymphocytes in favor of CD4+ IdLNF1-reactive T cells was observed at 20 to 24 weeks of age only in the SNF1. This shift correlated with an increase in IdLNF1+IgG, and deposition of IdLNF1 bearing immunoglobulin in the kidney glomeruli. These observations suggest a role for idiotype-specific T lymphocytes in the induction of glomerulonephritis in this murine model of SLE.
Tryptophan Catabolism by Tan Variants Isolated from Enrichment Cultures of Bradyrhizobia

Tan variants isolated fromBradyrhizobium (NRRL strains L-179, L181 and L-344 fromIndigofera hosts) enrichment cultures catabolized exogenousl-tryptophan (trp) to produce indolepyruvic (IPA), indoleacetic (IAA), and indolelactic (ILA) acids extracellularly. Of 184 μmoles, 20% of the trp was detectable by GC-MS as IPA (26 μmoles) and IAA (10.4 μmoles), and 50% was deaminated and oxidatively decarboxylated after 5 days of aerobic fermentation. Tan variants were obtained from bradyrhizobia capable of asymbiotic acetylene reduction and, like their parents, did not cross-nodulate soybean roots. Tan variants fromB. japonicum L-259 stimulated soybean growth and nodulation only when seedlings were leached and may supply absent growth components.