cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-Fibrotic Effect of Combined mTORc1 and mTORc2 Inhibition in Bronchiolitos Obliterans

Purpose The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays an important role in regulating protein translation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of mTORc1 and mTORc2 signaling in fibrotic functions of mesenchymal cell and the potential use of mTOR inhibitors as anti-fibrotic agents in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Methods and Materials Lung-resident mesenchymal stromal cells (LR-MSCs) were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage of patients±BOS. PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway was studied by western analysis of whole-cell lysates for total PTEN, phospho-Akt, and phospho-p70S6K1. Effect of mTOR inhibitors on collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was assessed. Results A significantly higher expression of p70S6Kinase (Thr389) and 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) was noted in BOS LR-MSCs compared to non-BOS LR-MSCs. BOS LR-MSCs also exhibited increased expression of phosphorylated AKT (S473). A decrease in collagen I protein expression was seen in the presence of rapamycin, while α-SMA expression was not changed. Rapamycin inhibited p70S6Kinase but failed to decrease 4E-BP1 expression. An increased in pAKT(S473) in response to rapamycin was noted. A high baseline expression of pAKT(S473) in BOS LR-MSCs and its further upregulation by mTORc1 inhibition, led us to study AZD8055, an ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor which inhibits downstream signaling from both mTORc1 and mTORc2. Treatment with AZD8055 led to a 96% collagen suppression compared to 62% decrease by rapamycin (p Conclusions mTOR signaling pathway is activated in BOS LR-MSCs. While treatment with rapamycin modestly inhibits fibrotic phenotype of LR-MSCs, its also results in augmented mTORc2 signaling. AZD8055, an ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor, inhibits collagen, α-SMA, and mTOR substrate phosphorylation more significantly than rapamycin, suggesting AZD8055 as a promising therapeutic in the context of lung transplantation.
Urbanization — An Emerging Humanitarian Disaster

In 2008, the proportion of the world's population living in urban areas crossed the 50% mark. Drs. Ronak Patel and Thomas Burke write that urbanization is a health hazard for certain vulnerable populations, and this demographic shift threatens to create a humanitarian disaster.
Bulk handling of processing apples in the orchard

A bulk handling system for mechanically harvested apples was developed. The fruit was removed from the harvester and conveyed into a trailer which was towed behind. An air bag system was used to lower the fruit into the trailer. When the trailer was loaded, it was transported to a processing plant where the fruit was unloaded using a water handling system. The new system effectively simplified the handling of fruit and eliminated the use of bins. No additional trim loss due to bruising was observed since the fruit was processed immediately.
On a stopping process for oscillatory integrals

In this paper we introduce a stopping process to analyze oscillatory integral operators with degenerate phases. The resulting bounds give smoothing properties for averages along variable families of curves inR n with two-sided torsion.
Interferon-gamma reverses sepsis-induced immunoparalysis of monocytes in vitro

It is currently being understood that most of the agents modulating host response in sepsis have failed because they act to refrain an over-exaggerated immune response whereas immunoparalysis takes place on the time of their administration. The effect of IFNγ on immunoparalysis of monocytes in sepsis was assessed.
Permeability of the abdominal nerve cord of the American cockroach to fatty acids.

Abstract The rates of influex of 14 C-labelled fatty acids into the abdominal nerve cord of the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. are directly correlated with their octanol/water partition coefficients. Low temperature and exposure to 2,4-dinitrophenol decrease the rate of influx slightly. It is suggested that influx of the acids into the abdominal nerve cord is due to simple diffusion facilitated by the acid's high lipid solubility and the involvement of these acids in the normal metabolism of nerve tissue. Efflux of these acids is characterized by a two-stage process with simultaneous rapid and slow phases. The fast phase is 30 times faster than the slow one. It is suggested that the rapid phase involves the efflux of a pool confined to the extracellular spaces, whereas the slow efflux is that of acids from intracellular spaces within the perineurium. The nerve sheath offers a resistance to efflux of the anions of about 13 times that which it offers to glucose. However, a much larger barrier is offered by the neuronal and glial cell membranes that regulate the movement of these acids within the cord.
IS LOW SERUM FREE TESTOSTERONE A MARKER FOR HIGH GRADE PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: The association of free and total testosterone with prostate cancer is incompletely understood. We investigated the relationship of serum free and total testosterone to the clinical and pathological characteristics of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 117 consecutive patients treated by 1 physician and diagnosed with prostate cancer at our medical center between 1994 and 1997. Low free and total testosterone levels were defined as 1.5 or less and 300 ng./dl., respectively. Results: After evaluating all 117 patients we noted no correlation of free and total testosterone with prostate specific antigen, patient age, prostatic volume, percent of positive biopsies, biopsy Gleason score or clinical stage. However, in patients with low versus normal free testosterone there were an increased mean percent of biopsies that showed cancer (43% versus 22%, p=0.013) and an increased incidence of a biopsy Gleason score of 8 or greater (7 of 64 versus 0 of 48, p=0.025). Of the 117 patients 57 underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. In those with low versus normal free testosterone an increased mean percent of biopsies demonstrated cancer (47% versus 28%, p=0.018). Pathological evaluation revealed stage pT2ab, pT2c, pT3 and pT4 disease, respectively, in 31%, 64%, 8% and 0% of patients with low and in 40%, 40.6%, 12.5% and 6.2% in those with normal free testosterone (p >0.05). Conclusions: In our study patients with prostate cancer and low free testosterone had more extensive disease. In addition, all men with a biopsy Gleason score of 8 or greater had low serum free testosterone. This finding suggests that low serum free testosterone may be a marker for more aggressive disease.
Preferences for Job Attributes of Blue-Collar Employees in the Public Sector

It is important to understand career motivations of employees. Such is the case for potential incumbents (e.g., career choice), incumbents (e.g., career choice), and organizations (e.g., recruiting, selection) (1, 4 ) . The present purpose was to describe values, in terms of preferences for job attributes of a group of blue-collar employees in the public sector. Subpurposes were to investigate interrater reliability of self-preferences and preferences attributed to others and the relationship between own and others' preferences. Participants were 90 individuals employed in Custodial Services Unit or Buildings and Grounds Maintenance Unit of the Physical Plant Department of a large public urban university in a major city. The dependent variable was job preferences ( 3 ) . Respondents ranked 10 job attributes under two conditions, respondent's preferences (self) and respondent's perception of others' preferences (ochers). The 10 job attributes were Advancement, Benefits, Company, Coworkers, Hours, Pay, Security, Supervisor, Type of Work, and Working Conditions. Order of self-preference was Pay (most preferred), Benefits, Advancement, Security, Company, Supervisor. Hours, Working Conditions, Type of Work, and Coworkers (least preferred). W was .21 ( p < .01). Order of others' preferences was Pay (most preferred), Benefits, Advancement, Hours, Security, Supervisor, Type of Work, Company, Working Conditions, and Coworkers (least preferred). W was .30 ( p < .01). Rho (self and others) was .86 ( p < .01). Implications for personnel management in the public sector vis-a-vis potential incumbents, incurnbenrs, and organizations are suggested-particularly regarding high ranking of Pay and low ranking of Type of Work and Coworkers (2 , 5, 6, 7 ) . Own and others' preferences showed adequate interrater reliability. There was a high oositive correlation between hierarchies of oreferences. For these 90 blue-collar employees in the public sector, there were rela;ively stable hierarchies of own and others' preferences; hierarchies were positively related. One caveat regarding generalization from these findings to other settings is emphasized. It is recommended the study be replicated in other organizations, public and private, with these and other categories of employees.
Trapped Electrons in Ice

Abstract Since the successful recording of the transient absorption spectrum of the hydrated electron by Keene1 and Hart and Boag2 using pulse radiolysis, an enormous amount of experimental and theoretical data3 has been presented confirming the existence of the hydrated electron in water (at room temperature). In comparison, however, teh solvated electron in pure ice was identified only recently by Eiben and Taub.4 They irradiated pure ice samples at 77°K with 60Co gamma radiation, recorded and analyzed the absorption spectra of the irradiated samples, and subsequently assigned the observed absorption maximum at 6400 A (1.9 eV) to the hydrated electron. The observed absorption was thermally stable at 77°K and could be photobleached using visible radiation. Working with pure ice samples in the temperature range of 200°K to 260°K, V. N. Shubin et al.5 employed the techniques of pulse radiolysis to map the absorption spectra of short-lived species (typical lifetimes of 10−3-10−5 sec) in ice, and they attrib...
The dynamics of global positioning system orbits and the determination of precise ephemerides

The suggestion made on the basis of the analytical orbit perturbation theory that the errors in the ephemerides of the GPS satellites are due mostly to resonant effects that can be corrected by adjusting a few parameters in a empirical acceleration formula is tested using simulations and actual data analysis. Data from the Spring 1985 Experiment were used to calculate improved ephemerides, and these ephemerides were used in the estimation of the coordinates of GPS stations within the continental United States, previously positioned with VLBI. The results of this test support the idea that the errors are mostly of a resonant nature and can be corrected.
Multiplicative functionals of Lévy processes

Abstract In the present paper we introduce homogeneous multiplicative functionals (MFs) of Levy processes and give their characterizations. We also give a characterization of a measure to be the Revuz measure of a homogeneous MF and the expression of the Levy exponent of the corresponding subprocess.
Structure–property relationships in molecular wires

Abstract Molecular electrical conductivities between gold electrodes have been measured at the single molecule level through a variety of systems. The results show that the aromaticity of molecules is partly disrupted by passage of electricity, leading to increased resistance. The possibility of the opposite effect resulting from the disruption of antiaromaticity was explored in biphenylene derivatives. When gold atoms terminate benzene or polymethylene molecules they incorporate into the electrodes, greatly diminishing the resistance from other terminating atoms. In paracyclophanes with two, three, and four benzenes in stacks the gold electrodes can directly contact them, and thus measure conductivity directly through the stacks.
Source effects in communication and persuasion research: A meta-analysis of effect size

The effect of a message source on the persuasion of a target audience has been a topic of interest to scholars in psychology, consumer behavior, and communications for many years. Narrative reviews of this literature are available; the contribution of this study is that we present a quantitative review of studies of source effects on persuasion. One of our research goals is to determine how strong and consistent source manipulations tend to be. We find that, on average, source manipulations account for nine percent of explained variance among studies reporting significant findings. In particular, expertise tends to have the greatest effect on persuasion with an average of 16 percent of the explained variance being due to the expert versus non-expert manipulation. As well as gaining insight into the pattern of results across a body of literature, our findings may be used as benchmarks by researchers, as advocated by Sawyer and Ball (1981), to evaluate results of future persuasion studies employing a source manipulation.
Controlled burning and land treatment influences on chemical properties of a forest soil

Abstract During the spring of 1981, twelve study plots (0.02 ha) were established in an 18-year-old slash pine plantation which was to be treated with 8.4 cm/month of secondary-treated waste water from base housing at Kings Bay Naval Submarine Support Base, Kings Bay, Georgia. Treatment area soils were predominantely Mandarin (Typic Haplohumod). The study objective was to determine the consequence of controlled burning and waste water application upon soil chemical properties of this land-treatment system. By the end of the 1st year after burning, extractable K, Ca and Mg levels of the surface soil (0–8 cm) were significantly higher for the burnt treatment, a trend which continued through the 2nd year, but was not apparent by the 3rd year. All other measured surface nutrients and all measured nutrients at 8–90 cm depth were not significantly influenced by burning. Land treatment decreased soil acidity in 3 years from strongly acid to slightly acid, reflecting the large inputs of Ca and Mg from waste water, and changes in the Al cation.
A Global Planning Education Information System

This paper is a further development of presentations made to the fourth congress of the Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP) in 1990, and to the joint congress of AESOP and the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning in 1991. The author advances a proposal to facilitate international academic experiences for students, faculty, and researchers in planning. The focus is an information system which will include relevant and comparable data, from a single source, on planning education programs worldwide. In its final form, the system will make available to anyone interested these data, in whole or in any part, in computerized or hard-copy format.The introductory section has a few indicators of the recent trends and current magnitude of international student exchange in all academic fields. In the absence of comprehensive data on the international exchange of planning students, these indicators will suggest the future significance of international activities in planning education.
A property based specification formalism classification

Specification formalisms may be classified through some common properties. Specification formalism classification may be used as a basis for the evaluation of the adequacy of formal specification languages within specific application domains. System modelers may use this classification to determine if the system modeling requirements can be met by a particular class of specification formalism. This paper evaluates existing specification formalism classification approaches by various researchers and highlights certain observations regarding the suggested classification schemes. The paper then proposes a specification formalism classification method using specification language properties. The proposed classification approach, loosely following the prototype theory for classification, maps specification language properties to specification formalisms and determines which language properties can best be achieved by different formalisms.
Interpretations of gradients in δ13C value in thick photosynthetic tissues of plants with Crassulacean acid metabolism

In Ceropegia dichotoma, Crassula argentea, Esheveria colorata, Kalanchoe beharensis, Opuntia ficus-indica, Sansveria stuckyi and Opuntia inermis the carbon-isotope ratio (δ13C) of tissues close to the epidermis is 2–4.3‰ more negative than those in the centre of the leaf or cladode. The greatest change in δ13C value occurs between the epidermal layer and the layer of mesophyll tissue immediately underneath. Analysis of major metabolic and structural components in successive layers of Crassula argentea grown under controlled environmental conditions conducive to Crassulacean acid metabolism confirmed that much of the variation in δ13C values of bulk carbon is caused by differences in chemical composition. Thus the steep gradient in δ13C value at the epidermis reflects, in part, the contribution of more-negative δ13C values of lipids in these tissues. Moreover, during nocturnal CO2 fixation the amount of malic acid synthesised decreases with depth and the δ13C value of the methanol-soluble fraction is less negative with distance away from the upper epidermis. These results are consistent with diffusion limitation to CO2 uptake in these thick leaf tissues, which also contributes to the observed gradients in δ13C value.
The Tie-dyed pathway promotes symplastic trafficking in the phloem

The tie-dyed1 (tdy1) and tdy2 mutants of maize exhibit leaf regions with starch hyperaccumulation and display unusual genetic interactions, suggesting they function in the same physiological process. Tdy2 encodes a putative callose synthase and is expressed in developing vascular tissues of immature leaves. Radiolabelling experiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed symplastic trafficking within the phloem was perturbed at the companion cell/sieve element interface. Here, we show that as reported for tdy2 mutants, tdy1 yellow leaf regions display an excessive oil-droplet phenotype in the companion cells. Based on the proposed function of Tdy2 as a callose synthase, our previous work characterizing Tdy1 as a novel, transmembrane-localized protein, and the present findings, we speculate how TDY1 and TDY2 might interact to promote symplastic transport of both solutes and developmentally instructive macromolecules during vascular development at the companion cell/sieve element interface.
The impact of the “cisplatin era” of treatment on survival in testicular cancer

The records of all testicular cancer patients evaluated and treated at our medical center during two consecutive 9-year periods were reviewed and analyzed for prognostic factors, particularly the impact of cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. The data base of 244 patients was divided into two eras: 1970–1978, defined as the “pre-cisplatin era” (n=101) and 1979–1987, the “cisplatin era” (n=143). Statistically improved survival (P=0.024) was noted for the 165 nonseminoma patients and for a grouping of 143 patients treated with combination chemotherapy (P=0.004) during the cisplatin era. Stratification by stage revealed that stage II patients had the most significant survival advantage (P=0.001) during the cisplatin era; cancer mortality improved from 48% to 9%. Cancer death rates for stage III patients decreased from 58% to 39% which is clinically but not statistically significant (P=0.497). Stage I patients and the seminoma population did well during both eras, and the impact of cisplatin could not be statistically confirmed in this study for these subgroups. Multivariate statistical analysis confirmed the importance of the era of treatment for the nonseminoma population.
Structure of the monte reventino greenschist folds : a contribution to untangling the tectonic-transport history of Calabria, a key element in italian tectonics

Abstract Calabria, an anomalous pile of largely crystalline nappes resting on top of the mostly sedimentary fold–thrust belts of the Apennines and the Sicilian Maghebides, has moved several hundred kilometers southeastward, opening the Tyrrhenian Sea in its wake. This study treats the Monte Reventino area in the northern third of crystalline Calabria, where pre-Mesozoic schist appears to rest on deep-water Mesozoic sedimentary rocks along a thrust surface marked by discontinuous bodies of serpentinite and banded greenschist with a complex internal structure. Detailed mapping led to a structural analysis of an unusual pattern of folds in the banded greenschist, resulting from twisting of opposite major fold limbs in opposite directions. A useful aspect of this fold distortion is that the sense of rotation of minor fold axes enables one to determine the sense of tectonic transport; in this case, it was generally westward. For many years, the structure of Calabria has been thought of as a pile of nappes emplaced through entirely compressional thrusting. Recently some geologists have begun to reinterpret the structure as resulting from large-scale, low-angle extensional faulting that has stretched and torn apart the nappe edifice. Monte Reventino appears to be a key location for evaluating this possibility.
A Preliminary Study of Depressive Symptoms in Mothers of 3-Year-Old Prematurely Born Children.

This exploratory study examined the effects of maternal depressive symptoms on mothers’ perceptions of their 3-year-old prematurely born children, interactive behaviors, and child outcomes. Mother and child interactive behaviors were coded from naturalistic observations in their homes. Education and marital status were found to be significantly related to maternal depressive symptoms. Factor analyses were conducted to determine the most prominent behaviors related to maternal depressive symptoms. In a small sample of mothers, the quality of the maternal-child relationship was negatively affected by elevated depressive symptoms. Mothers of prematurely born children may report depressive symptoms that continue into early childhood.
The perception of Africa by African Americans in the predominantly black community of East St. Louis, Illinois, USA

The dominant image of Africa in the colonial discourses of Western explorers has been persistently negative, stereotypical, and demeaning. The unauthenticated negative images are the largest influencer of Western perception of Africa because as long as the misrepresentation lingers on in Western media and film, the dominant white attitude toward African Americans as inferior could be rationalized and sustained. Moreover the real impact of such misrepresentations on how African Americans see and relate to their ancestral homeland remains grossly under studied. Through purposive sampling, this study interviewed 55 East St. Louis African Americans on the meaning of Africa to them. The results show that they had very positive perceptions of Africa and prided themselves as Africans despite centuries of negative Western portrayal of the continent. Their most important positive images included: Africa as the ancestral home of black people, African festivals and attire, African history and traditions, and African...
DNA Damaging Agents Induce Expression of Fas Ligand and Subsequent Apoptosis in T Lymphocytes via the Activation of NF-κB and AP-1

Apoptosis induced by DNA damage and other stresses can proceed via expression of Fas ligand (FasL) and ligation of its receptor, Fas (CD95). We report that activation of the two transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 is crucially involved in FasL expression induced by etoposide, teniposide, and UV irradiation. A nondegradable mutant of I kappa B blocked both FasL expression and apoptosis induced by DNA damage but not Fas ligation. These stimuli also induced the stress-activated kinase pathway (SAPK/JNK), which was required for the maximal induction of apoptosis. A 1.2 kb FasL promoter responded to DNA damage, as well as coexpression with p65 Rel or Fos/Jun. Mutations in the relevant NF-kappa B and AP-1 binding sites eliminated these responses. Thus, activation of NF-kappa B and AP-1 contributes to stress-induced apoptosis via the expression of FasL.
Tropospheric ozone measurements at a mid-latitude site using the RTD-DIAL technique

Ozone concentrations vary considerably in the troposphere on all spatial and temporal scales. The study of tropospheric ozone variability and trends require highly accurate measurements over time scales from minutes to years. The NOAA Rapid Tunable Daylight (RTD) Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system with its high temporal (2 minutes/profile) and spatial (less than or equal to 1 km vertical) resolution is particularly well suited for these studies. The 5 year data set from our mid-latitude site provides valuable information about the processes that contribute to the variability of tropospheric ozone on timescales from minutes to years.
Investigation of certain diffraction effects in an optical disk

We report certain diffraction effects that are pertinent to the operation of double-layer optical recording media. For simulating cross-talk effects for double layers, the diffraction of light from the out-of-focus layer and the resulting distribution on the in-focus layer are studied by use of computer simulations. The findings are then verified qualitatively by direct measurements. We also describe a technique for analyzing (by computer simulation) the focus-error signal (FES), taking into account the cross talk between two layers, in systems that use the astigmatic method in conjunction with the double-layer disk. The results of our computer simulations of the FES give us a 10% cross-talk contribution to the original signal. The results of the FES evaluation are compared with those measured in an actual disk drive; good agreement between computation and measurement is obtained.
Parameterizing turbulent diffusion through the joint probability density

The “convective mass flux” parameterization often used in meteorological modeling expresses the vertical flux of a transported scalar as proportional to the product of the difference in mean values of the scalar in updrafts and downdrafts and their characteristic velocity. The proportionality factor is a constant to be specified. We show that this proportionality factor also appears in the “relaxed eddy accumulation” technique of Businger and Oncley. That associates the surface-layer flux of a scalar with the product of the standard deviation of vertical velocity and the mean concentration difference between updrafts and downdrafts.
Guided study student achievement

Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure change in student achievement, in a National League for Nursing accredited Associate Degree Nursing Program for Guided Study nursing students from 1971 to 1974, as this was contrasted to other Associate Degree nursing students in the same program. The study suggested that the grouping of students admitted with Scholastic Aptitude Test Verbal scores below 400 or High School Rank below 50 percentile or both of these scores would be appreciably enhanced if they were included in the group receiving remediation treatment.
On a Construction of Entropic Vectors Using Lattice-Generated Distributions

The problem of determining the region of entropic vectors is a central one in information theory. There has been a great deal of interest in the development of non-Shannon information inequalities, which provide outer bounds to the aforementioned region; however, there has been less work on developing inner bounds. This paper develops an inner bound that applies to any number of random variables and which is tight for 2 and 3 random variables (the only cases where the entropy region is known). The construction is based on probability distributions generated by a lattice. The region is shown to be a polytope generated by a set of linear inequalities. Study of the region for 4 and more random variables is currently under investigation.
Robotic implant to apply tissue traction forces in the treatment of esophageal atresia

This paper introduces robotic implants as a novel class of medical robots in the context of treating esophageal atresia. The robotic implant is designed to apply traction forces to the two disconnected esophageal segments to induce sufficient growth so that the two ends can be joined together to form a functioning esophagus. In contrast to the current manual method of externally applying traction forces, the implant offers the potential to avoid prolonged patient sedation and to substantially reduce the number of X-rays required. A prototype design is presented along with evaluation experiments that demonstrate its capabilities to apply traction forces to ex vivo esophageal tissues.
Current advances toward the development of an electric-controlled avalanche O21Δ generator-based oxygen-iodine laser

Progress toward developing a "controlled avalanche"-based, electric oxygen singlet delta generator module will be reported. Problems that previously limited pressure scalability using this approach are addressed. A new computer model has been developed and used to calculate real-time oxygen singlet delta (O 2 1 Δ) evolution along with all other known related chemical species -- beginning with the onset of the process and ending as the flow stream exits the generator. The calculations indicate that a demonstrator module can now be constructed that is capable of producing O 2 1 Δ fractional yields in excess of 35% at 50 torr total pressure, while developing 0.05 to 0.1 moles/second 0 2 1 Δ. A more detailed and accurate understanding of process dynamics has emerged, which has been incorporated into the excitation methodology and generator design. Fabrication of this generator should begin shortly. The next step will be to characterize its fractional O 2 1 Δ yield using spectroscopic techniques. The generator should be capable of driving a supersonic-flow, transverse oxygen iodine laser aimed toward developing 3 - 6 KW continuous power in blown-down configuration. Tentative design details and characteristics for the integrated generator-laser system are be presented.
Crystal structures, the Earth and Dirac's Large Numbers Hypothesis

DIRAC'S Large Numbers Hypothesis assumes that the large, dimensionless numbers obtained from the ratios between fundamental physical constants are related to the age, t, of the Universe1–4. The theory demands two important consequences: that matter be continuously created with time and that the gravitational constant, G, vary with time. To reconcile those demands with Einstein's theory of gravitation two metrics are required. One, the Einstein metric, involves the equations of motion and classical mechanics; the other, the atomic metric, refers to quantum mechanics and laboratory measurements of distances and time as determined by atoms. According to Dirac, the continuous creation of mass requires either of two models—one, called additive creation, assumes that matter is created uniformly throughout space (mostly intergalactic space). The other model is called multiplicative creation. It calls for the creation of matter where matter already exists in proportion to the amount and kind already existing.
Evaluating Effective Performance in a Diagnostic-Remedial Reading Practicum.

Abstract The diagnostic‐remedial reading practicum is a culminating experience in teacher education for those who are completing an area of concentration in teaching reading. Suggested procedures for evaluating student performance in a diagnostic‐remedial reading practicum are based on objective observations by the practicum instructor. Expected types of behavior are identified for observation as the teacher in training instructs a selected child or children. Using performance objectives and a rating scale developed for the purpose, evaluation of increasing competency results from obtained ratings, instructor comments and immediate feedback for the practicum student. Rating scale and scale descriptions are presented.
Failure criteria for polymeric solids

A theory for predicting the stress–strain characteristics of polymeric solids is developed in terms of a description of microdefect formation. The process of irreversible change in these solids is assumed to be a combination of nucleation of submicroscopic defects at stress inhomogeneities and their subsequent growth to macroscopic dimensions. Straining results in the generation of crazes and cracks which can lead to catastrophic failure through either a general yielding of the material or by brittle fracture. It is assumed that nucleation of submicroscopic defects is an activated process and that defect growth is one-dimensional and linear. The total strain is expressed as the sum of an elastic recoverable strain and a nonlinear, nonrecoverable strain, and expressions are obtained for the stress as a function of time, temperature, and loading history. The criterion for yielding is defined in terms of a gross volume change associated with cavitation within crazes. The sum of the normal Poisson expansion plus this additional volume change leads to a deflection of the stress–strain curve. The criterion for brittle failure is defined in terms of a critical defect size. If the defects grow to their critical size before the stress–strain curve reaches a maximum, brittle failure occurs. The parameters of the resulting model are calculated for polyphenylene oxide polymer based on constant rate of loading experiments, and then the general creep behavior, including the time required under constant load for cold flow, is predicted. Experimental data are shown to agree with these predictions.
Efficiency of transfer of polyunsaturated fats into milk

Polyunsaturated milk has been produced by feeding cows safflower oil enclosed in a casein coat protected with formaldehyde (SOC-F) or formaldehyde-treated soybean (SB) preparations. The efficiency of transfer of dietary 18∶2 ranged from 17 to 42% for various lots of SOC-F and was only 2–8% for SB (per cent transfer=18.2 in milk fat per dietary 18∶2×100). The 18∶2 content of the milk fat increased from basal levels of 2–3% of total fatty acids to 35% with certain SOC-F levels and 7% with SB. Major compensatory changes were noted in 14∶0 and 16∶0 fatty acids. Blood cholesterol, triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids all increased markedly as cows were fed increasing amounts of SOC-F. There was no increase in cholesterol in the milk.
Lymphocyte function and abdominal operations. Trauma vs elective surgery.

• An alteration of in vitro phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation immediately following abdominal trauma has been demonstrated. In this study the results of lymphocyte transformation in 30 patients who had suffered abdominal trauma (27 laparotomies; three observed) were compared with those of 20 patients who had undergone laparotomy for elective surgical problems. Response to mitogen was measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine as a function of lymphocyte concentration, with a constant amount of phytohemagglutlnin and a standard incubation period. A saturation curve was obtained, and lymphocyte response was measured as the concentration necessary for half-maximal incorporation of the radioactive label. No alteration of in vitro lymphocyte response was present in patients after elective abdominal or abdominal wall operations. In contrast, lymphocyte transformation was markedly depressed in patients who underwent surgery following abdominal trauma. ( Arch Surg 1987;122:697-701)
Shape memory wire as a drive mechanism for a Fourier transform spectrometer

This PDF contains the communications section which includes "Shape memory wire as a drive mechanism for a Fourier transform spectrometer".
Practical Application of Microcomputers to Aid the Handicapped

Microcomputers are providing rehabilitation engineers with powerful tools for designing cost-effective assistive devices. Potentials, approaches, and current shortcomings are discussed here.
A prioritized battery-aware routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

It is a challenge area in the field of ad hoc networks to support prioritized routing for time sensitive applications, such as multimedia communications, IP telephony and interactive games. However the existing protocols did not consider the special battery discharging behavior of wireless devices. The limited power supply on wireless devices becomes the bottleneck for prioritized routing in ad hoc networks. Recent study in battery technology reveals that the behavior of battery discharging is more complex than we used to think. Battery powered wireless devices might waste a huge amount of energy if we do not carefully schedule and budget their discharging. In this paper we study the effect of battery behavior on prioritized routing in ad hoc networks. We provide a solution to measure the battery status with a simplified battery model. Based on this model we then present a prioritized battery-aware routing protocol (PBAR). The protocol is sensitive to the battery status of routing nodes and can avoid energy loss. We use the battery data from actual PDA, laptop and cellphone to evaluate the performance of our protocol. The results show that the PBAR performs well for prioritized service and can save a significant amount of energy compared to existing protocols. The network lifetime is also increased as well as its data throughput. As far as we know, this is the first work considering battery-awareness with an accurate analytical on-line computable battery model in ad hoc prioritized routing.
The effect of ethanol on the passive Ca permeability of human red cell ghosts measured by means of arsenazo III.

Abstract Ethanol in the range of 0.76–2.40 M caused an immediate increase in the Ca permeability of the plasma membrane of resealed human red blood cell ghosts in which intracellular free Ca could be continuously monitored by means of the Ca chromophore arsenazo III. At a given concentration of ethanol, the Ca permeability increased markedly a few minutes following the mixing of the ghosts and the ethanol, and continued to increase over at least the next 30 min. Preincubating the ghosts in ethanol for 15, 60 and 120 min before measuring the rate of free Ca accumulation, progressively increased the effect of a given concentration of ethanol. These results indicate that the effect of a given concentration of ethanol is a complex function of concentration and exposure time. The effects of ethanol in this concentration range were completely reversible. The resealed ghosts used in these experiments were depleted of ATP to avoid interference from the Ca pump and all experiments were carried out with 150 mM KCl on both sides of the membrane to minimize changes in either the volume or membrane potential associated with activation of the Ca-dependent K channel.
The researcher as teacher: constructing one's place in the story of events of preschoolers

This article focuses on the author's work as a researcher‐teacher, examining storytelling activities of preschool children in her own classroom. By examining ways in which one university‐based researcher dealt with the demands of being both teacher and researcher, this paper proposes that university‐based researchers who take on the role of teacher both construct and define an enactment‐of‐self in the classroom. In a Janus‐faced kind of interplay, the researcher draws on teacher skills, and the teacher draws on the research perspective and continuously walks the line between the moment‐to‐moment demands of each role.
Induction of winged sexuparae in root-inhabiting colonies of the aphid Pemphigus betae.

. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine what environmental factors induce the development of sexuparae in root-feeding colonies of the aphid Pemphigus betae Doane (Aphididae: Pemphiginae). Experimental colonies were derived from clones that had been reproducing for at least 15 months under constant laboratory conditions. At constant 20–23oC, sexuparae were almost never produced regardless of the level of crowding or photoperiod. In contrast, every culture of several clones produced sexuparae when subjected to temperatures alternating between 20 and 15oC during the light and dark phases respectively. This fluctuating temperature regime resulted in sexupara production regardless of photoperiod. All cultures also produced some sexuparae when cultures were kept in constant darkness at temperatures that were either alternated between 20 and 15oC or kept constant at 15oC. Constant 17oC resulted in sexupara production in most cultures. At 17oC, experimental manipulation of densities within cultures showed that crowding promotes sexupara production. Thus, within the range of conditions occurring at the time of sexupara induction in the field, photoperiod has no effect on sexupara production, temperature below a threshold between 17 and 20–23oC triggers sexupara production, and crowding promotes sexupara production but only if temperature is low enough.
Tilted-component telescopes. Part I: theory.

A simple but unorthodox application of third-order aberration theory enables one to design a simple form of highly corrected off-axis telescope. Known as the tilted component telescope, with subclasses (a) Schiefspiegler, (b) Yolo, and (c) catadioptric herschelian (cht), is it distinguished by axially symmetric components that frequently require only spherical curvature.
Rapid decline in folylpolyglutamate synthetase activity and gene expression during maturation of HL-60 cells. Nature of the effect, impact on folate compound polyglutamate pools, and evidence for programmed down-regulation during maturation.

These studies in HL-60 cells examined the regulation of folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) activity at the level of gene expression during terminal maturation. Following addition of 210 mM Me2SO to cultures of HL-60 cells at a concentration that induces maturation of 85-90% of the cells, FPGS activity, but not folylpolyglutamate hydrolase (FPGH) activity, was reduced 2-7-fold within 1-5 days. The initial decline in FPGS activity preceded any effect of Me2SO on rate of growth and the increase in appearance of nitro blue tetrazoliumpositive cells, a marker of cellular maturation, and the decrease after 5 days of exposure to Me2SO was solely accounted for by a 7-fold decrease in value for Vmax. The same time and concentration dependence for Me2SO was shown for the decline in FPGS activity, increase in nitro blue tetrazolium-positive cells, and decline in the level of a 2.1-kilobase FPGS mRNA during exposure to this inducer. This decline in FPGS mRNA was reversible when Me2SO was removed from the culture medium but only until that time when an appreciable number of cells were committed to terminal maturation. Following growth of HL-60 cells with [3H]MTX, used as a model folate compound, a large reduction in its intracellular polyglutamate pools was shown during maturation which quantitatively reflected the decline in FPGS activity as well as folate transport inward (Sirotnak, F. M., Jacobson, D. M., and Yang, C-H.(1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11150-11156). Other data showed that folate status or obviation of the folate requirement during growth of these cells strongly influenced the rapidity of the onset of maturation following exposure to inducer. Overall, these results show that FPGS activity in HL-60 cells is a marker for proliferative capacity and that the underlying basis for the decline in FPGS activity during maturation is altered cognate gene expression which is manifested as early reversible and late irreversible phases. They also suggest that the coordinate reduction observed in folate transport, FPGS activity, dihydrofolate reductase, and probably other folate related enzymes by limiting macromolecular biosynthesis may be early programmed events in the maturation process that influence the switch from proliferation to senescence in these cells.
On tracer boundary conditions for geophysical reservoirs: How to find the boundary concentration from a mixed condition

[1] For several reasons, it is important to know the boundary concentration, a Dirichlet boundary condition, of a dynamically passive tracer entering an advective/diffusive flow. For example, the powerful theory of transit time distributions, which gives valuable insight into transport processes, needs this information in order to be applied to the tracer in question. Often, tracers of practical interest have a different kind of boundary condition, however, where a linear combination of the boundary tracer flux and the boundary tracer concentration is known: a Robin, or mixed, boundary condition. Computing the boundary concentration in these cases is therefore an important problem that is addressed here. A type of tracer Green's function called a boundary condition kernel provides the solution. The article explains several generic approaches to finding this function for analytic and discretized cases. Explicit solutions for the boundary condition kernel are given for advective/diffusive flow in a pipe and diffusive transport in a layer with time- and space-varying diffusivity. These examples are applied to chlorofluorocarbon uptake by the ocean, anthropogenic carbon uptake by the ocean, and the statistical properties of sea surface temperature anomalies, but the fundamental ideas apply to tracer uptake by any geophysical reservoir.
Evaluation of three growth factors for TMJ disc tissue engineering.

Arguably one of the most complex joints in the body, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) presents one of the most difficult problems in modern medicine. Tissue engineering, for the TMJ disc in particular, has been proposed as a potential breakthrough treatment strategy for TMJ disorders. Central to tissue engineering is understanding growth factor effects on TMJ disc cells, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first 3D growth factor study for these cells. The purpose was to examine the effects of high and low concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) on porcine TMJ disc cells. Cells were seeded onto non-woven PGA scaffolds (95% porosity) in spinner flasks, then cultured with a growth factor for 6 weeks. Constructs were analyzed for mechanical and structural integrity, cell number, and matrix biosynthesis. All growth factors improved mechanical and structural integrity compared to the control. IGF and TGF-β were most effective at promoting collagen synthesis, although there were no significant differences in glycosaminoglycan synthesis or cell number between any groups. After considering the economic advantage of IGF over TGF-β, the conclusion of this study is to use IGF in future TMJ disc tissue engineering experiments.