cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Properties of Partially Purified Cytochrome P-450 and Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-Cytochrome P-450 Reductase from Rabbit Liver Microsomes

The liver microsomal enzyme system which hydroxylates fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and a variety of drugs and other foreign compounds was previously solubilized and resolved into three components: cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, and phospholipid. The two enzymes were partially purified from pyrophosphate-treated, cholate-solubilized liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rabbits by fractionation with polyethylene glycol 6000 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography in the presence of Renex-690, a nonionic detergent. These steps were followed by treatment with Amberlite XAD-2 and calcium phosphate gel. Cytochrome P-450 preparations purified to a content as high as 15 nmoles per mg of protein were free of cytochrome b5 and contained no significant amount of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-cytochrome c reductase, nonheme iron, other metals as measured by neutron activation analysis, or labile sulfide. The molecular weight was judged to be about 280,000 by gel exclusion chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the partially purified cytochrome P-450 preparation treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol showed the presence of two major polypeptide bands, one with a molecular weight of 47,000 to 49,000 and the other 52,000 to 53,000. The component of lower molecular weight corresponded to the major polypeptide induced by phenobarbital treatment, as shown by electrophoresis of the proteins in normal and induced microsomes. The partially purified preparation accepted 2 electrons from dithionite per molecule of cytochrome P-450 under anaerobic conditions, indicating the presence of another electron acceptor in addition to the iron atom of the hemeprotein. The partially purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase preparations, which catalyzed the reduction of 8.6 to 10.0 µmoles of cytochrome c per min per mg of protein at 30°, were free of cytochrome P-450 and contained only a trace of NADH-cytochrome c reductase. FMN and FAD were found to be present in equimolar amounts, and labile sulfide was absent. The reconstituted enzyme system was active in the hydroxylation of fatty acids (laurate), hydrocarbons (hexane, cyclohexane, and octane), drugs (benzphetamine, hexobarbital, and ethylmorphine), and aniline. The presence of both phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate was necessary for maximal activity.
Squeezed States of Light

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle \( \Delta A\Delta B \geqslant \frac{1} {2}\left| {\left\langle {\left[ {A,B} \right]} \right\rangle } \right| \) between the standard deviations of two arbitrary observables, ΔA = 〈(A - (A))2〉1/2 and similarly for ΔB, has a built-in degree of freedom: one can squeeze the standard deviation of one observable provided one “stretches” that for the conjugate observable. For example, the position and momentum standard deviations obey the uncertainty relation $$ \Delta x\Delta p \geqslant \hbar /2 $$ (17.1) and we can squeeze Δx to an arbitrarily small value at the expense of accordingly increasing the standard deviation Δp. All quantum mechanics requires is than the product be bounded from below. As discussed in Sect. 13.1, the electric and magnetic fields form a pair of observables analogous to the position and momentum of a simple harmonic oscillator. Accordingly, they obey a similar uncertainty relation $$ \Delta E\Delta B \geqslant \left( {{\text{constant}}} \right)\hbar /2 $$ (17.2) .
Extended storage of buffy coat platelet concentrates in plasma or a platelet additive solution.

Background Platelet (PLT) concentrates (PCs) prepared from whole blood in the United States are made using the PLT-rich plasma method. The PCs must be made within 8 hours of blood collection and stored for only 5 days. In Europe and Canada, PCs are made using the buffy coat (BC) method from whole blood held overnight at 22°C and storage times may be up to 7 days. Our studies were designed to determine how long BC PLTs can be stored in plasma or Plasmalyte while meeting the FDA's poststorage viability criteria. Study Design and Methods Normal subjects donated whole blood that was stored at 22°C for 22 ± 2 hours before preparation of BC PLTs. PLTs were stored for 5 to 8 days in either plasma or Plasmalyte concentrations of 65 or 80%. Radiolabeled autologous stored versus fresh PLT recoveries and survivals were assessed as well as poststorage in vitro assays. Results BC PLTs stored in either plasma or 65% Plasmalyte met FDA poststorage PLT recovery criteria for 7 days but survivals for only 6 days, while storage in 80% Plasmalyte gave very poor results. Both stored PLT recoveries and survivals correlated with the same donor's fresh results, but the correlation was much stronger between recoveries than survivals. In vitro measures of extent of shape change, morphology score, and pH best predicted poststorage PLT recoveries, while annexin V binding best predicted PLT survivals. Conclusion BC PLTs stored in either plasma or 65% Plasmalyte meet FDA's poststorage viability criteria for 6 days.
Variation in sepsis care: a wake-up call.

There is important variation in the care of critically ill patients. While some of this variability is appropriate, and represents individually titrated care, residual variation indicates over- and under-use of precious resources and is clearly concerning. Recent advances in critical care medicine provide "road maps" to standardize care and use evidence-based medicine to improve patient outcomes. Knowledge about which therapies to use, and under what circumstances to use them, could form a basis for measuring the consistency and quality of our care processes. These simple process measures can be easily incorporated into daily rounds and serve to inform on the quality of our care.
Effect of feed restriction on serum somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor-I-(IGF-I) and IGF binding proteins in cyclic heifers actively immunized against growth hormone releasing factor☆

Abstract Feed restriction often increases serum somatotropin (ST) and decreases insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in ruminants; however, the mechanisms responsible for this change in ST and IGF-I are not well defined. We investigated the effects of feed restriction on serum ST, IGF-I, IGF binding proteins (IGFBP), insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in cyclic Angus and Charolais heifers (n=15) previously immunized against growth hormone releasing factor (GRFi) or human serum albumin (HSAi). Cows were fed a concentrate diet ad libitum (AL) or were restricted to 2 kg cotton seed hulls (R) for 4 d. Each heifer received each dietary treatment in a single reversal design. As anticipated, GRFi decreased ST, IGF-I and insulin (P
Immunity to jellyfish venoms: Suppression of venom-induced immune responses in ultraviolet B-irradiated mice

Lymph node and spleen cells from mice immunized with sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) venom exhibited a proliferative response after exposure to the homologous antigen or that of a related jellyfish, Physalia (Portuguese man-o'-war). Native venom was a more effective stimulant than heated, non-lethal venom. Ultraviolet light treatments administered to the skin either before or after venom sensitization suppressed the proliferative response of these internal immune cells.
Conflicts of Interest Between Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry and Special Interest Groups

Health care in the United States is a tangled web of competing interest groups beneath which ethical conflicts of interest flourish. Physicians, professional organizations, and academic medical centers must continually evaluate their relationships with the pharmaceutical industry as they relate to personal, professional, and institutional ethical values. This article explores the relevant pressing ethical issues and proposals for changing course and managing these potentially troublesome relationships.
Verbal Auditory Closure and the Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) Test

Ability to utilize auditory contextual information to facilitate speech-recognition verbal auditory closure is postulated to be a specific factor or primary mental ability, separable from general i...
Effects of meaningfulness on the isolation effect

Two assumptions pertinent to isolation-effect studies were examined. Contrary to an assumption that the isolation effect is due to differential rehearsal of conspicuous items, instructions designed to distribute practice time across list items did not reduce the isolation effect. Prediction of equivalent total list recall for isolation and nonisolation conditions followed from an assumption that isolating a list item alters the distribution but not total amount of list rehearsal. Contrary to the latter assumption, total list recall was lower in isolation than in nonisolation conditions, except under instructions to distribute rehearsal time and with low-meaningful units.
Necessary conditions for robust stability of a class of nonlinear systems

Abstract Input–output stability results for feedback systems are developed. Robust stability conditions are presented for nonlinear systems with nonlinear uncertainty defined by some function (with argument equal to the norm of the input) that bounds its output norm. A sufficient small gain theorem for a class of these systems is known. Here, necessary conditions are presented for the vector space ( l ∞ , ∥ · ∥ ∞ ) . These results capture the conservatism of the small gain theorem as it is applied to systems that do not have linear gain. The theory is also developed for the case of l 2 signal norms, indicating some difficulties which make this case less natural than l ∞ .
Career and community studies: an inclusive liberal arts programme for youth with Intellectual Disabilities

Post‐secondary education for youth with Intellectual Disabilities is an emerging area of research. Although there has been increasing interest and recent programme development in this area, there is little research that explores benefits of liberal learning for these students. This paper describes the experiences of three college faculty who designed inclusive courses for youth with Intellectual Disabilities, grounded in liberal learning, at a mid‐sized four‐year college, in New Jersey. Each professor describes their approach to course design, instruction and evaluation of student learning. Implications for programme design and instruction are discussed, as well as demonstrated benefits for students with Intellectual Disabilities.
Dual isolated constant current source for stimulating two brain sites.

Abstract A simple method is described for delivering electrical stimulation to two different brain regions from two well-isolated constant current sources. The latter were constructed to be compatible with existing commercially available equipment, such as a stimulator for timing stimulus waveforms and external programming equipment for directing a train of stimuli to different brain regions. The two current sources have independently adjustable current levels, require a low level of power, and draw essentially no current when not activated. When activated, currents up to ±1 mA can be supplied to metal electrodes with 0–50 KΩ. The current sources may be connected in parallel to provide two different levels to the same brain site. The method has been tested in a preference task for cats.
Diminished amplitude reflections (fadeout) in Bermuda Rise stratification

Abstract Single and multichannel deep-tow seismic records collected on the southwestern Bermuda Rise reveal areas within the acoustic layering where the intensity of reflectors fade or even disappear over lateral distances of 20–60 m. The fadeouts are conspicuously present in a highly stratified interval consisting of lower to middle Eocene siliceous turbidites and thin, cherty layers interbedded with hemipelagic/pelagic clays and oozes. Acoustic scattering at rough interfaces, gas pockets, and changes in geoacoustic properties do not readily account for the diminished amplitudes of the reflections. Detailed examination of the wave coda from selected fadeout areas reveal changes in reflector geometry due to faulting of the sediments. Strong reflections within the stratified sequence are thought to result from the thin, high impedance chert beds that occur within the turbidite layers. Secondary reflections (multiples) generated by the hard, chert interfaces are thought to interact constructively with primary reflections to generate strong interference reflections, but also destructively to cause fadeouts where the faulting has changed the layer configuration. Alternatively, the fadeouts may result from the dissolution of chert beds due to the upward migration of silica-deficient pore fluids along faults and fractures in response to excess pore pressures.
High-Reliability Strapdown Platforms Using Two-Degree-of-Freedom Gyros

This paper presents a new concept of high-reliability strapdown attitude sensing systems for space vehicles. Each system utilizes a set of redundant two-degree-of-freedom gyros. An optimum system configuration is obtained for maximum system reliability and the best measurement accuracy. Improved accuracy of the final data is obtained by using the least-square data reduction technique. Each system possesses a ?sensor performance management? feature which is capable of failure detection, faulty gyro identification, system reconfiguration, and, possibly, sensor recalibration. Improvement in reliability, as compared to other types of strapdown systems, is demonstrated. Details of the development are described in terms of a system containing four gyros.
Revisiting structure zone models for thin film growth

More than 20 years ago Movchan and Demchishin published their structure zone model (SZM) of thin film morphology as a function of a single macroscopic parameter, the normalized substrate temperature. In all its simplicity, this model already reflects many experimental observations of thin film growth with surprising accuracy. Later modifications of the model which included the influence ofresidual gas pressure and electrical bias potential in sputtering extended its validity to this family of deposition processes. Evolutionary features of thin film growth and the fractal nature of thin film structures were also discussed. None of these previous models, however, providedfor a vitreous, fully dense structure as observed with some ion and plasma assisted deposition processes. In 1988, the author proposed an extension of the original Movchan-Demchishin SZM with afourth zone reflecting the vitreousphase. In thispaper, we will discuss the validity ofthis extension and generalize the 4-zone model.
Convection in a Mushy Zone Forced by Sidewall Heat Losses

We calculate the convective state due to weak sidewall heat losses in a mushy zone during the steady directional solidification of a binary alloy. The configuration consists of a warm liquid region and a cold solid region separated by a mixed phase region, the mushy zone, which is modeled as a reactive porous matrix. The structure of the convection that arises from horizontal temperature gradients, induced by the heat losses at the sidewalls, is characterized by a set of nondimensional parameters that describe the effects of latent heat, composition, permeability, and thermal and solutal buoyancy. We observe a wide range of behaviors and show that, as the critical Rayleigh number for convection in a horizontally uniform mush is reached, we begin to see the precursors of chimneys near the cooled boundaries. The strength of the cooling plays an important role in determining the strength and degree of localization of the convection near the boundary. We find, in common with other authors, that upflow, in this case caused by lighter fluid being released at the cooled sidewalls, leads to regions of dissolution, which are precursors to chimney formation. Although a treatment of the stability of the steady convective states presented is not considered, we identify the effects of the different physical parameters on the steady states.
An exact hidden sphere algorithm that operates in linear time

This paper presents an exact hidden line algorithm, SPHERES, that operates in linear expected time. The algorithm is exact because it works in object space, and so calculates the visible lines accurately to within the floating point tolerance of the host machine. In contrast to all image space algorithms, SPHERES' calculations take no more time for a high-resolution display. SPHERES operates on a 3-D scene composed of spheres, as in a space-filling molecular model, but nothing in the underlying concepts depends on this. In contrast to all other hidden line algorithms, SPHERES' execution time does not depend much on the depth complexity of the scene, even if it is as high as 30. This has been verified experimentally, as has the linear time dependence on the number of input spheres, up to 10,000.
Global three-parameter model for neutrino oscillations using Lorentz violation

A model of neutrino oscillations is presented that has only three degrees of freedom and is consistent with existing data. The model is a subset of the renormalizable sector of the Standard-Model Extension (SME), and it offers an alternative to the standard three-neutrino massive model. All classes of neutrino data are described, including solar, reactor, atmospheric, and LSND oscillations. The disappearance of solar neutrinos is obtained without matter-enhanced oscillations. Quantitative predictions are offered for the ongoing MiniBooNE experiment and for the future experiments OscSNS, NOVA, and T2K.
Charge and orbital excitations in Li 2 CuO 2

We report a resonant inelastic x-ray scattering study of electronic excitations in ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{2},$ an insulating compound comprised of ribbons of edge-sharing copper-oxygen chains. Three excitations, which show little dependence on momentum transfer, are observed in our measurements. The lowest-energy excitation at $\ensuremath{\sim}2.1\mathrm{eV}$ is dispersionless and is attributed to a localized $d\ensuremath{-}d$ orbital excitation. We also observe two excitations at $\ensuremath{\sim}5.4\mathrm{eV}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}7.6\mathrm{eV}$ which we assign to charge-transfer excitations. These high-energy excitations are also dispersionless along the copper-oxygen chain direction. However, in each case we observe a small energy dispersion along the direction perpendicular to the copper-oxygen ribbons, suggesting a significant interchain coupling in this system. We also discuss the possible implications of ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor intrachain coupling on the charge excitation spectra.
Bipartite Medial Cuneiform: Case Report and Retrospective Review of 1000 Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging Studies

Objective. To present a unique case report of a Lisfranc fracture in a patient with a bipartite medial cuneiform and to evaluate the prevalence of the bipartite medial cuneiform in a retrospective review of 1000 magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of the foot. Materials and Methods. Case report followed by a retrospective review of 1000 MR imaging studies of the foot for the presence or absence of a bipartite medial cuneiform. Results. The incidence of the bipartite medial cuneiform is 0.1%. Conclusion. A bipartite medial cuneiform is a rare finding but one with both clinical and surgical implications.
Inhibition of rat hepatic aryl sulphotransferase IV by dihydrodiol derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene and naphthalene.

1. Although neither the (+)- nor (-)-enantioner of trans-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol was a substrate for aryl sulphotransferase IV from rat liver, both enantiomers inhibited the enzyme-catalysed sulphation of 1-naphthalenemethanol with Ki values of 3.7 ± 0.4 μM for the (+)-enantiomer, and 4.4 ± 0.3 μM for the (-)-enantiomer.2. Based on the magnitude of the Ki values, the binding affinity of these dihydrodiols for the aryl sulphotransferase was significantly greater than that for the corresponding phenolic derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene. That is 7-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and 8-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene were both substrates for aryl sulphotransferase IV, with apparent Km values of 280 ± 41 μM and 370 ± 72 μM, respectively.3. Both (+)- and (-)-trans-naphthalene-1,2-dihydrodiols were also inhibitors of aryl sulphotransferase IV, but with higher Ki values than would be expected from previously determined apparent Km and Ki values for (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthols, respectively.
An Efficient Randomized Routing Protocol for Single-Hop Radio Networks

In this paper we study the important problems of message routing, sorting, and selection in a radio network. A radio network consists of stations where each station is a hand-held device. We consider a single-hop radio network. In a single-hop network it is assumed that each station is within the transmission range of every other station. Let RN(p; k) stand for a single-hop network that has p stations and k communication channels. The problems of sorting and selection have been studied on RN(p; k). For these problems it is assumed that there are n/p elements to start with at each station. At the end of sorting, the least n/p elements should be in the first station, the next smallest n/p elements should be in the second station, and so on. The best known prior algorithm for sorting takes 4n/k +o(n/k) broadcast rounds on a RN(p; k). In this paper we present a randomized algorithm that takes only 3n/k +o(n/k) broadcast rounds with high probability. For the selection problem, it is known that the maximum or minimum element can be found in O(log n) rounds on a RN(n; 1), provided broadcast conflicts can be resolved in O(1) time. The problem of general selection has not been addressed. In this paper we present a randomized selection algorithm that takes O(p/k) rounds on a RN(p; k) with high probability. An important message routing problem that is considered in the literature is one where there are n/p packets originating from each station and there are n/p packets destined for each station. The best known routing algorithms take nearly 2n/k times slots. An important open question has been if there exist algorithms that take only close to n/k time slots. Note that a trivial lower bound for routing is n/k. The existence of such algorithms will be highly relevant especially in emergencies and time critical situations. In this paper we answer this question by presenting a randomized algorithm that takes nearly n/k time slots with high probability.
Effects of breeding season, nutritional environment and lambing management on lamb production of Southwest Rambouillet ewes

Abstract Effects of season, nutritional environment and lambing management were studied on the numbers and weights of lambs produced in fine-wool sheep in southwestern New Mexico over a 2-yr period. One group of ewes was maintained and lambed on arid range (range-range). A second group was maintained on range except during lambing and early lactation (range-pasture). The third group was maintained on irrigated pasture (pasture-pasture). Groups 2 and 3 were lambed together on irrigated pasture or in drylot, depending on the season, and maintained as one group on pasture until the lambs averaged 60 d of age. At about 60 d of age, all lambs were weaned and fed in the drylot as one group. Fall lamb production was much lower (P
Differential responses to ATPγS in the mesenteric and hindlimb vascular bed of the cat

The mechanism by which the purinergic agonist adenosine 5′-O-(3 thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS) decreases vascular resistance was investigated in the mesenteric and hindlimb vascular beds of the cat. Injections of ATPγS into the hindlimb perfusion circuit elicited dose-dependent decreases in perfusion pressure while injections into the mesenteric circuit produced a biphasic response with an initial vasopressor response followed by a vasodepressor response. In the mesenteric vascular bed the pressor response to ATPγS was blocked by a P2X1 receptor antagonist. Also an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase enhanced the vasoconstrictive responses to ATPγS. However, the vasodepressor response in the mesenteric bed was not altered by the adminstration of an alpha adrenergic receptor antagonist, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a P2Y1 receptor antagonist, or a K+ATP channel blocking agent. These data suggest that the vasopressor response to ATPγS in the mesenteric vascular bed of the cat is mediated via P2X1 receptor activation. The differential responses to ATPγS in the hindlimb and mesentery suggest differences in purinergic receptor distribution in the vascular system of the cat. In addition, the results suggest that prostaglandin synthesis, P2Y1 receptor activation, alpha receptor inhibition, and K+ATP channels activation play little to no role in mediating the vascular response to ATPγS in the mesentery of the cat.
Synthesis and evaluation of [18F] labeled benzamides: High affinity sigma receptor ligands for PET imaging

Abstract We have synthesized and characterized four new fluorinated halobenzamides as sigma receptor ligands for use with positron emission tomography (PET). All the compounds were found to have high sigma-1 affinities (K i = 0.38-0.98 nM), and the 4-fluoro-substituted benzamides were found to be more potent sigma-2 ligands (K i = 3.77-4.02 nM) than their corresponding 2-fluoro analogs (K i = 20.3–22.8 nM). The [ 18 F] radiochemical syntheses of two of the analogs gave overall yields between 3–10% (EOS), radiochemical purities >99%, and specific activities between 800–1200 Ci/mmol (29.6–44.4 TBq/mmol). Rat biodistribution and blocking experiments were performed with 2-[ 18 F]( N -fluorobenzylpiperidin-4 yl )-4-iodobenzamide, the analog with the best K i value for sigma-1 sites (0.38 nM). Results of these experiments demonstrate specific uptake of the compound in tissues believed to contain sigma receptors, such as lungs, kidneys, heart, brain, and spleen and indicate its potential as a candidate for use in PET imaging of tissues containing these receptors.
Biosensor studies of collagen and laminin binding with immobilized Escherichia coli O157:H7 and inhibition with naturally occurring food additives

Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks were mostly due to consumption of undercooked contaminated beef which resulted in severe illness and several fatalities. Recalls of contaminated meat are costly for the meat industry. Our research attempts to understand the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion on animal carcass in order to eliminate or reduce pathogens in foods. We have reported the interactions of immobilized E. coli O157:H7 cells with extracellular matrix (ECM) components using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor (BIAcore). These studies showed that immobilized bacterial cells allowed the study of real-time binding interactions of bacterial surface with the ECM compounds, collagen I, laminin and fibronectin. Collagen I and laminin bound to the E. coli sensor surface with dissociation and association rates ranging from 106 to 109. Binding of collagen I and laminin mixture resulted in synergistic binding signals. An inhibition model was derived using collagen-laminin as the ligand which binds with E. coli sensor. A select group of naturally occurring food additives was evaluated by determining their effectivity in inhibiting the collagen-laminin binding to the bacterial sensor. Bound collagen-laminin was detached from the E. coli sensor surface with the aid of an organic acid. The biosensor results were verified with cell aggregation assays which were observed with optical and electron microscopes. These biosensor studies provided understanding of bacterial adhesion to connective tissue macromolecules. It also provided a model system for the rapid assessment of potential inhibitors that can be used in carcass treatment to inhibit or reduce bacterial contamination.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dyeing Uric Acid Crystals with Methylene Blue

The growth of anhydrous uric acid (UA) and uric acid dihydrate (UAD) crystals from supersaturated aqueous solutions containing methylene blue, a cationic organic dye, has been investigated. Low concentrations of dye molecules were found to be included in both types of crystal matrixes during the growth process. Incorporation of dye into UA crystals occurs with high specificity, affecting primarily {001} and {201} growth sectors, while UAD crystals grown from solutions of similar dye concentration show inclusion but little specificity. The orientation of the UA-trapped species was determined from polarization data obtained from visible light microspectrometry. To achieve charge neutrality, a second anionic species must also be included with the methylene blue into UA and UAD crystal matrices. Under high pH conditions, crystallization of 1:1 stoichiometric mixtures of methylene blue and urate yields methylene blue hexahydrate (MBU·6H2O). The crystal structure of MBU·6H2O reveals continuous π−π stacks of pla...
SU-EE-A1-03: Range Fluctuation Analysis Due To Respiratory Motion in Charged Particle Lung Therapy

Purpose: Water equivalent pathlength (WEL) variations due to respiration can change the penetration of a charged particlebeam, and result in beam overshoot to critical organs or undershoot to the tumor. We have analyzed range fluctuations by analyzing four‐dimensional CT (4DCT) data and quantitatively assessing potential beam overshoot. Methods and Material: 4DCT images were acquired with a multi‐slice CT scanner. The maximum intensity volume (MIV) was calculated by temporal maximum intensity projection (MIP) processing. Two targets were designed for charged particlebeam therapy. The first target volume calculates the MIV over the entire respiratory cycle (ITV‐Rx), while the second target volume is the MIV corresponding to gated radiotherapy (over a 30% phase window around exhale). These targets were used to calculate boli that were then applied to the 4DCT data to estimate beam penetration. Analysis metrics include range fluctuation, overshoot volume, both as a function of gantry angle. We compared WEL fluctuations observed in treating the ITV Vs gated treatment in 11 lung patients. WEL fluctuation and beam overshoot into normal lung are displayed over a beams‐eye view display. Results: WEL fluctuations were less than 29.8 mm‐WEL and 12.0 mm‐WEL for ITV‐Rx and gated‐Rx, respectively for all patients. Gated‐Rx reduced beam overshoot volume by approximately a factor of four compared to ITV treatment. Such range fluctuations can affect the efficacy of treatment, and result in excessive dose to a distal critical organ.Conclusions: Time varying WEL range fluctuationanalysis provides information useful to determine appropriate patient specific treatment parameters in the charged particleradiotherapy. This analysis can also be useful for optimizing planning and delivery.
Cannulation of the Ascending Aorta

Abstract A simplified technique of cannulating the ascending aorta for cardiopulmonary bypass is described. Additional uses of this method for the rapid institution of bypass and the control of hemorrhage are discussed. The only complication in a series of 1,000 patients was postoperative hemorrhage through the cannulation site requiring reoperation in 3 patients, an incidence of 0.3%.
High-throughput sperm cryopreservation of eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

Abstract Sperm cryopreservation is a valuable tool in germplasm preservation and breeding. Despite many studies, reliable and routine cryopreservation of oyster sperm remains a challenge. The goal of this study was to develop a reliable protocol for sperm cryopreservation of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica with high-throughput processing by using two types of 0.5-ml straws (French and CBS™ high security straws). The objectives were to: 1) evaluate the effect of 10% methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and propylene glycol as cryoprotectants at cooling rates of 5, 20 and 40 °C/min from 5 to − 80 °C and thawing at 30, 40 and 50 °C; 2) evaluate the effect of cooling rates of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C/min with 10% DMSO as cryoprotectant and thawing at 40 °C; 3) evaluate the effect of equilibration time (10–60 min) before freezing; 4) evaluate the effect of sperm concentrations from 1 × 10 8 to 1 × 10 9 for freezing, and 5) verify the established protocol by freezing sperm from 16 individual males. Among the three cryoprotectants, DMSO yielded the highest post-thaw motility at a cooling rate of 20 °C/min when thawed at 30 or 40 °C. Further evaluation of cooling rates of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C/min showed that 20 or 25 °C/min yielded the highest post-thaw motility (34 ± 5%) and fertility (77 ± 12%) for French straws and CBS straws (28 ± 3% and 69 ± 14%). Equilibration times of 10 to 60 min did not cause significant differences in post-thaw motility when freezing with 10% DMSO at a cooling rate of 25 °C/min. Also, sperm concentrations ranging from 1 × 10 8 to 1 × 10 9 at freezing did not cause significant differences in post-thaw motility. Sperm concentration after thawing was not different compared to that before freezing, and no agglutination was observed in the post-thaw samples. Finally, after thawing, sperm cryopreserved from 16 males with this protocol showed 58 ± 24% fertility (from 18 to 86%) for French straws, and 54 ± 21% fertility for CBS straws (from 18 to 95%). Overall, this study provided a reliable protocol for sperm cryopreservation in the eastern oyster with potential for high-throughput processing which can produce thousands of straws per day with homogenous and reliable quality.
Environmental familiarization in rats: Differential effects of acute and chronic nicotine

If an environment is familiar, rats will interact more with a novel object than if the environment is unfamiliar. In two experiments we used this behavioral tendency to assess the effects of nicotine on environmental familiarization (i.e., an elevated platform). As expected, rats given 2 min of exposure to the platform on 2 consecutive days (familiarization phase) interacted more with a novel object in a subsequent test than rats that had not experienced the platform until the test day. During the familiarization phase acute pretreatment with nicotine (0.6 and 1.8 mg/kg, subcutaneous) 10 min before platform exposure interfered with familiarization processes, as measured by object interaction on the drug-free test day. Behavioral measures of activity (e.g., turning and midline crosses) eliminated an account based on nicotine-induced motor impairment. Furthermore, this effect of acute nicotine on familiarization was not due to nonspecific effects of nicotine. Controls that received equivalent nicotine exposure temporally separated from platform exposure interacted more with the novel object than similarly treated controls that were unfamiliar with the platform on the test day. Interestingly, rats treated once daily with 0.6 mg/kg nicotine for 14 days before the familiarization phase (chronic condition) did not show a decrease in environmental familiarity. This dissociation extends a growing literature finding that the behavioral and neurobiological effects of nicotine differ, in part, after acute and chronic exposure. Indeed, acute nicotine (0.2, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg) in the present report consistently decreased the amount of time spent with one paw on the edge of the platform; chronic nicotine did not affect this behavior.
A note on bipartite subgraphs of triangle‐free graphs

Let G be a triangle‐free graph on n points with m edges and vertex degrees d1, d2,…, dn. Let k be the maximum number of edges in a bipartite subgraph of G. In this note we show that k ⩾ m/2 + Σ **image** √di. It follows as a corollary that k ⩾ m/2 + cm3/4. © 1992 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential expression of linker histone variants in Euplotes crassus.

Abstract Two genes have been cloned from the ciliate Euplotes crassus that encode proteins with sequence similarity to the linker histones from a variety of organisms. One gene, H1-1, is present on a 1.3-kb macronuclear DNA molecule and encodes a 16.2- kDa protein. The second gene, H1-2, is present on a 0.7-kb DNA molecule and encodes an 18.8-kDa protein. Both H1-1 and H1-2 are expressed in vegetative cells, but the two genes exhibit very different patterns of expression during macronuclear development. H1-1 transcripts accumulate during conjugation and during the final rounds of DNA amplification. H1-2 transcripts accumulate after the onset of polytene chromosome formation and remain high throughout the remainder of macronuclear development. H1-1 is the major perchloric-acid-soluble protein from macronuclei. The pattern of gene expression and the macronuclear location of the H1-1 protein indicate that H1-1 is the predominant linker histone in vegetative macronuclei.
Equine anti-hapten antibody-V the non-precipitability of bivalent antibody

Abstract The basis for the non-precipitability of the bivalent γG(T) anti- p -azophenyl- β -lactoside (Lac) antibody, in its interaction with human serum albumin multiply conjugated with Lac groups (Lac-HSA), has been sought by examination of complex formation both by γG(T) and γG anti-Lac antibody with Lac-HSA and Lac dye. Sedimentation analysis of mixtures of antibody and Lac-HSA has been carried out both in antibody and antigen excess. These experiments have provided an estimate of the molar composition of the complexes formed. Further clarification has been provided by measurement of the binding of Lac dye γG and γG(T) antibody and the inhibition of such binding by Lac-HSA. The capability of a molecule of anti-Lac antibody to bind simultaneously one molecule of Lac-HSA and one of Lac dye or two molecules of Lac-HSA has been evaluated by the use of an immunoadsorbent consisting of Lac-HSA covalently linked to cellulose. The capacity of the immunoadsorbent, layered on a filter pad, to bind antibody specifically was initially ascertained with radiolabeled antibody. Such immobilized antibody, bound to the Lac-HSA of the immunoadsorbent, was examined for its capacity to bind from solution radiolabeled Lac-HSA or Lac dye. The results of the several experimental approaches can be unified and interpreted by the notion that the γG(T) anti-Lac antibody in its interaction with Lac-HSA exhibits monogamous bivalency. That is, such antibody finds it energetically advantageous to occupy both of its combining regions with Lac groups present on a single protein molecule. This preference accounts for the non-precipitability of this antibody and distinguishes it from the γG anti-Lac antibody. The latter, however, in addition to its precipitability also shows considerable tendency to similar bivalent interaction.
A Consumer View of Teen Living Programs: Teen Parents' Satisfaction with Program Components and Services

This paper reports on the program satisfaction of teen parents who resided in residential programs developed as part of welfare reform in Massachusetts. These teen living programs (TLPs) provide an alternative living situation for teen-parent welfare recipients who cannot live with a parent or guardian, but who must live in an approved setting to receive assistance. One hundred and ninety-nine interviews were conducted with teen parents, 72 with those who were currently living in the program and 127 with those who had left the program. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected to assess global satisfaction with services, satisfaction with specific program components, and other open-ended feedback about the program. The measurement of program satisfaction is particularly important for programs serving young people, as they typically have few opportunities to voice their views. Consequently, implications for further program practice are identified.
MME. Tussaud meets the binding theory

The principle of language that allows one to refer to a statue by using the name of the person the statue portrays (the ‘statue rule’) is generally taken to be a rule of pragmatics, well outside concerns of syntactic theory. However, there proves to be an interaction between binding theory and the statue rule, impossible if binding theory is syntactic and the statue rule is pragmatic. A number of possible solutions are explored that keep traditional binding theory intact; these all prove problematic. The solution to be developed extends the theory of binding of Jackendoff (1990a), in which binding is a relation among constituents of conceptual structure, and in which syntactic anaphora is the syntactic expression of such binding. A conceptual structure binding condition is proposed that accounts for the interaction of binding and the statue rule; this also accounts for several problematic cases normally taken to fall under syntactic binding theory.
Effect of chain length on equilibrium and dynamic surface tension of spread monolayers of aqueous alcohols

Abstract The dynamic and equilibrium surface tension of three sparingly soluble alcohols, C18OH, C16OH, and C14OH, was examined at 25°C with water or aqueous salt solution (saline). Monolayers were spread on water or saline in a Langmuir trough by using either organic solvent or sprinkled crystallites. A procedure was implemented for minimizing effects of monolayer losses on determinations of monolayer isotherms. Results yielded more reliable and quite reversible isotherms for C18OH and C16OH. The monolayer collapse pressures are 58, 58, and 51 mN/m, for n=18, 16, and 14. The monolayer collapse areas are 20±1 A2/molecule for all three alcohols, if a proper procedure is used. The monolayer isotherm for n=14 was quite different from those with n=16 or 18. The size and number density of crystals did not affect the steady state surface pressure, Πss, which was 36 mN/m for C18OH, 40 mN/m for C16OH, and 45 mN/m for C14OH at 25°C with saline (or water). The tension equilibration time scales correlate with the alcohol solubility and the size and amount of particles, indicating that the rate of particle dissolution controls or affects the rate of adsorption. The dynamic tension data and the monolayer isotherms were used for determining the dynamic adsorption densities, Γ(t), which were fit to a first order model. The rate constants for the three alcohols were determined and linked to the wetted area of the particles and the alcohol solubilities. The adsorption rate correlates with the particle dissolution rate at the liquid/solid interface (wetted area) for C18OH and C16OH, but not for tetradecanol, for which the net adsorption rate may be affected also by the molecular diffusion or intrinsic adsorption rates.
Apparent predation on ichthyoplankton by zooplankton and fishes in nearshore waters of southern California

Plankton collected at discrete depths in Santa Monica Bay, California, USA, during January 1982 were examined for fish eggs and larvae that had been attacked or consumed by zooplankton. The bongo net remained open for only 3 min and samples were preserved within 5 min of capture. Juvenile and adult fishes that had been captured by otter trawl and preserved within 20 min of capture were examined for ingested fish eggs and larvae. Three copepods (Corycaeus anglicus, Labidocera trispinosa, and Tortanus discaudatus), one euphausid larva (Nyctiphanes simplex), one amphipod (Monoculoides sp.), and an unidentified decapod larva were found attached to fish larvae in the preserved plankton samples (attachment to 23% of the fish larvae was observed in one sample). Overall, about 5% of the white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) larvae and 2% of the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) larvae had attached zooplankton predators. Most fish larvae with attached zooplankton predators were small. We found no indication of zooplankton predation on fish eggs. Few fish eggs and larvae were found in the digestive tracts of juvenile or adult fishes, and the ingested fish larvae were relatively large. The discussion considers apparent preyspecificity of the zooplankton predators as well as potential biases that may be associated with preserved samples collected by nets.
Long term changes in the Earth's shape, rotation, and geocenter

Abstract Recent progress on monitoring variations in the first and second degree gravitational harmonics of the Earth using satellite laser ranging is presented. The problem of interpreting the observed signals in terms of geophysical excitations is discussed, particularly for the second degree zonal variations. The difficulty in separating changes due to postglacial rebound from those due to the 18.6 year tide is demonstrated, as is the sensitivity in the results to long period variability in the atmosphere or cryosphere. The kinematic interpretation of the first degree variations as changes in the position of the solid Earth with respect to the center of mass or geocenter is developed, and time series of such variations over the period 1987-present are presented.
The compatibility of mild carbon steel and water in a heat pipe application

Abstract The goal of this experimental investigation was to evaluate the compatibility of water and mild steel as the working fluid and vessel material in a heat pipe application. Heat pipes of 1015 CD steel and 304 stainless steel were fabricated and operated at temperatures ranging from 150 to 300°C for a period of 6 months. Results showed that mild steel heat pipes had a lower overall thermal resistance than the stainless steel pipes, and that performance recovery occurs at a greater rate in the mild steel pipes when noncondensible gas is generated. It is concluded that water and mild steel are a satisfactory materials combination in heat pipes in the temperature range investigated.
Patterns of coping in black working women

This study examined the replicability of the factor patterns of the Lazarus Revised Ways of Coping Scale on a sample of 191 black working women aged 22 to 64 years (M = 37.8, SD = 10.8) in a community in the southeastern United States. The majority of the women worked as clerks and service workers in one agency. The scale was administered individually and the items analyzed using alpha and confirmatory principal components analysis with oblique rotation. Two of the 8 scales derived by Lazarus's group, seeking social support and positive reappraisal, emerged as significant in the current analysis.
Critical reflections on authentic teaching: a personal account

In this paper I critically reflect upon how I went about employing an authentic teaching model in South Africa. Throughout the reflection, I incorporate the model's themes of context, other, self and relationships. I share challenges I faced as well as lessons learned throughout the experience. I conclude by offering implications for other university instructors who choose to employ this approach and thereby become more reflective in their teaching.
An unstructured finite volume approach for structural dynamics in response to fluid motions

A new cell-vortex unstructured finite volume method for structural dynamics is assessed for simulations of structural dynamics in response to fluid motions. A robust implicit dual-time stepping method is employed to obtain time accurate solutions. The resulting system of algebraic equations is matrix-free and allows solid elements to include structure thickness, inertia, and structural stresses for accurate predictions of structural responses and stress distributions. The method is coupled with a fluid dynamics solver for fluid-structure interaction, providing a viable alternative to the finite element method for structural dynamics calculations. A mesh sensitivity test indicates that the finite volume method is at least of second-order accuracy. The method is validated by the problem of vortex-induced vibration of an elastic plate with different initial conditions and material properties. The results are in good agreement with existing numerical data and analytical solutions. The method is then applied to simulate a channel flow with an elastic wall. The effects of wall inertia and structural stresses on the fluid flow are investigated.