cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety assessment of intraparenchymal central nervous system biopsies: Single institution healthcare value review

Abstract The study objective was to evaluate a single institution experience with adult stereotactic intracranial biopsies and review any projected cost savings as a result of bypassing intensive care unit (ICU) admission and limited routine head computed tomography (CT). The authors retrospectively reviewed all stereotactic intracranial biopsies performed at a single institution between February 2012 and March 2019. Primary data collection included ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, ICU interventions, need for reoperation, and CT use. Secondarily, location of lesion, postoperative hematoma, neurological deficit, pathology, and preoperative coagulopathy data were collected. There were 97 biopsy cases (63% male). Average age, ICU LOS, and total hospital stay were 58.9 years (range; 21–92 years), 2.3 days (range; 0–40 days), and 8.8 days (range 1–115 days), respectively. Seventy-five (75 of 97) patients received a postoperative head CT. No patients required medical or surgical intervention for complications related to biopsy. Eight patients required transfer from the ward to the ICU (none directly related to biopsy). Nine patients transferred directly to the ward postoperatively (none required transfer to ICU). Of the patients who did not receive CT or went directly to the ward, none had extended LOS or required transfer to ICU for neurosurgical concerns. Eliminating routine head CT and ICU admission translates to approximately $584,971 in direct cost savings in 89 cases without a postoperative ICU requirement. These practice changes would save patients’ significant hospitalization costs, decrease healthcare expenditures, and allow for more appropriate hospital resource use.
The Clinical Significance of Maximum Tumor Diameter on MRI in Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy or Definitive Radiotherapy for Locoregional Prostate Cancer.

Purpose/Objective(s) Given recent results of the FLAME trial evaluating tumor boost using radiotherapy (RT), the impact of maximum tumor diameter (MTD) of the dominant prostate cancer (PCa) nodule on prostate cancer outcomes requires further investigation. MTD from radical prostatectomy (RP) pathologic specimens and pretreatment MRI have both been identified as a potential biomarker for adverse outcomes. We aim to evaluate the impact of pretreatment MRI derived MTD on progression-free survival (PFS) after definitive intent treatment with RP or RT. Materials/Methods Patients receiving RP or RT for PCa with available pretreatment MRI were identified retrospectively from an institutional database. Radiographic MTD was extracted from pretreatment MRI reports. Progression free survival was defined as freedom from biochemical failure, metastasis, or additional cancer-directed therapy following definitive treatment. RT and surgical cohorts were analyzed separately. Multivariable cox proportional hazards models for progression were created from clinical variables including NCCN risk group, presence of ECE or SVI on MRI, MTD, and use of androgen deprivation therapy. Significant covariates were used in a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis with a significance level of P Results Of 631 patients, 428 (67.8%) received surgery and 203 (32.2%) received RT. The RT cohort included 36 (13.8%) low dose rate brachytherapy alone (LDR), 106 (40.6%) external beam radiotherapy alone (EBRT), and 119 (45.6%) combined LDR+EBRT patients. The study population included NCCN low-risk (LR, 8.1%), intermediate-risk (IR, 60.3%), and high-risk (HR, 31.5%) patients with an overall median follow up of 2.7 years (inter-quartile range: 1.5-4.3). NCCN risk group and MTD were independently associated with progression in both cohorts. CART analysis for the surgical cohort identified 3 prognostic groups: NCCN low/intermediate risk with MTD = 15mm (RHR = 1.06, 3y PFS 78.1%, [68.7-85.0%]), and NCCN high risk (RHR = 2.60, 3y PFS 52.6%, [41.5-62.6%]). CART analysis for the RT cohort identified 2 prognostic groups: MTD = 23mm (RHR = 2.58, 3y PFS 84.1% [65.7-93.1%]). Conclusion MTD appears to be an independent prognostic factor for progression in NCCN LR/IR patients undergoing RP and all patients undergoing RT regardless of NCCN risk grouping. Notably, our analysis reveals different prognostic MTD cut points depending on the treatment modality, with LR/IR patients undergoing surgery having inferior PFS if MTD > = 15mm and those undergoing RT having inferior PFS if MTD > = 23mm. Further investigation of MTD as a biomarker for selecting patients that may benefit from treatment escalation is warranted.
Chemical and optical properties of marine boundary layer aerosol particles during ACE 1

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the relationship between the measured meteorological parameters, chemical, and the optical properties of an aerosol. These include the relationship between the air mass source, the size dependent chemical composition, and the relationship between the mass fractions of the aerosol chemical components (for example, sea salt, non-sea salt sulfate, and organics), their size distributions, and their contribution to scattering and backscattering by the aerosol as a whole. The chapter also presents mass scattering and backscattering efficiencies for the aerosol components. These values contribute to a growing global database of scattering efficiencies whose purpose is to indicate the regional and temporal variability of aerosol properties, and to serve as an input for climate models.
THE ELEVENTH PLENUM AND FILM CRITICISM IN EAST GERMANY

This article explores the role of film theory and film criticism in the controversies surrounding the Eleventh Plenum of the Socialist Unity Party (SED), which led to the banning of twelve East German films in 1965–6. It looks at the work of the film critic Fred Gehler in the weekly newspaper Sonntag, and it explores the editorial policies of the journal Filmwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, which was edited by Heinz Baumert, director of the institute for film scholarship at the Hochschule fur Filmkunst in Potsdam, the GDR's only film school. The article looks at the critique that Gehler, Baumert, and others were making of GDR film culture in the mid-1960s and at the suggestions they put forward for the improvement of East German film. It also examines the negative reaction to this critique surrounding the Eleventh Plenum, and it argues that this negative reaction had a profound impact on the subsequent history of East German cinema, as well as on the development of younger East German filmmakers.
Using a modification of the Clavien-Dindo system accounting for readmissions and multiple interventions: defining quality for pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Background The Clavien-Dindo system (CD) does not change the grade assigned a complication when multiple readmissions or interventions are required to manage a complication. We apply a modification of CD accounting for readmissions and interventions to pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Methods PDs done between 1999 and 2009 were reviewed. CD grade IIIa complications requiring more than one intervention and II and IIIa complications requiring significantly prolonged lengths of stay including all 90-day readmissions were classified severe-adverse-postoperative-outcomes (SAPO). CD IIIb, IV, and V complications were also classified SAPOs. All other complications were considered minor-adverse-postoperative-outcomes (MAPO). Results Four-hundred forty three of 490 PD patients (90.4%) had either no complication or a complication of low to moderate CD grade (I, II, IIIa). When reclassified by the new metric, 92 patient-outcomes (19%) were upgraded from CD II or IIIa to SAPO. One-hundred thirty nine patients (28.4%) had a SAPO. Multivariable regression identified age >75 years, pylorus preservation and operative blood loss >1,500 ml as predictors of SAPO. Age was not associated with poor outcome using the unmodified CD system. Conclusions Established systems may under-grade the severity of some complications following PD. We define a procedure-specific modification of CD accounting for readmissions and multiple interventions. Using this modification, advanced age, pylorus preservation, and significant blood loss are associated with poor outcome. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014; 110:400–406. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Considering Student Writing from the Perspective of Parents in One Rural Elementary School.

This article explores the perspective of parents regarding their elementary children’s writing in one rural, elementary school. During the research, thematic strands emerged indicating that parents may value their children’s writing for purposes that differ from the purposes deemed appropriate by the school. Upon interviewing 30 parents/guardians, the following codes materialized identifying elements that contribute to the parents’ perspectives. These elements include the following: Parents do not see the connection between school and real world writing, parents lack understanding on writing purposes, parents’ perceptions of writing are based on their own school experiences, and some parents are illiterate. Not only are these elements identified, but suggestions as to how to address each are considered.
Development of a Luxury Vehicle Acoustic Package using SEA Full Vehicle Model

Interior noise has become a significant performance attribute in modern passenger vehicles and this is extremely important in the luxury market segment where a quiet interior is the price of entry. With the elimination ofearly prototype vehicles to reduce development costs, high frequency analytical SEA models are used to design the vehicle sound package to meet targets for interior noise quality. This function is important before representative NVH prototypes are available, and later to support parameter variation investigations that would be cost prohibitive in a hardware test. This paper presents the application of an analytical full vehicle SEA model for the development of the acoustic package of a cross over luxury utility vehicle. The development concerns addressed were airborne powertrain noise and road noise. Power flow analysis was used to identify the major noise paths to the interior of the vehicle. The SEA model allowed the performance of alternative designs to be assessed, the reduction of the power input from the major noise paths to be quantified and optimization of the acoustic package for both road noise and powertrain noise to be completed. The SEA model was used to drive acoustic package design to meet not only acoustic targets but also the mass and costs targets and deliver an optimized package. The other major benefit of the full vehicle model that this paper will present are the impacts of not meeting sub-system requirements that are usually rolled down to the supplier. This is invaluable as it informs the vehicle design team what the impact is on the sound pressure level at the "drivers ear" of not meeting subsystem requirements, for example the "engine compartment absorption or front of dash transmission loss requirement". It is concluded that the use of a detailed SEA model is a highly valuable design tool to support 'A' to 'B' design and material comparisons, to identify major noise paths, and to provide direction to the program.
Who Needs Emotions?: The Brain Meets the Robot

PART 1: PERSPECTIVES 1. "Edison" and "Russell": Definition versus inventions in the analysis of emotion 2. Could a robot have emotions? Theoretical perspectives from social cognitive neuroscience PART 2: BRAINS 3. Neurochemical networks encoding emotion and motivation: An evolutionary perspective 4. Towards basic principles for emotional processing: What the fearful brain tells the robot 5. What are emotions, why do we have emotions, and what is their computational basis in the brain? 6. How do we decipher others' minds? PART 3: ROBOTS 7. Affect and proto-affect in effective functioning 8. The architectural basis of affective states and processes 9. Moving up the food chain: Motivation and emotion in behaviour-based robots 10. Robot emotion: A functional perspective 11. The role of emotions in multiagent teamwork PART 4: CONCLUSIONS 12. Beware the passionate robot
Relational Demography in Supervisor-Subordinate Dyads: An Examination of Discrimination and Exclusionary Treatment

This study examines the link between supervisor-subordinate dissimilarity and associated perceptions of discrimination and exclusionary treatment. Using a sample of 1,059 employees from a large Southeastern insurance company, we examined age, race, and gender dissimilarity as predictors of perceived discrimination, supervisory support, and leader-member exchange. In addition, we examined supervisor liking/attraction and status of affiliation with supervisor as intervening variables. Race dissimilarity related positively to perceptions of discrimination and exclusionary treatment, mediated by both supervisor liking and status. Effects for age and gender dissimilarity were nonsignificant. We discuss the importance of these findings for understanding and managing dyadic relationships at work. Copyright © 2013 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Resume La presente etude etudie le lien entre la difference superviseur-subordonne et les perceptions de discrimination et de traitement d'exclusion qui en decoulent. A partir d'un echantillon de 1059 employes d'une grande compagnie d'assurance Southeastern, elle examine l'âge, la race et la difference sexuelle comme des predicteurs de la discrimination perc, du soutien du superviseur et de l'echange chef-membre. Elle analyse egalement l'estime/l'attraction du superviseur et le statut de l'affiliation avec le superviseur comme des variables mediatrices. Les resultats indiquent que la difference raciale est positivement reliee aux perceptions de discrimination et de traitement d'exclusion, mediees a la fois par l'estime du superviseur et le statut. A l'oppose, les effets de la difference d'âge et de sexe sont negligeables. L'etude s'acheve par une analyse de l'importance des resultats pour la comprehension et la gestion des relations dyadiques. Copyright © 2013 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of β-1, 4-Glucosidase Expression by Candida wickerhamii

Candida wickerhamii NRRL Y-2563 expressed beta-glucosidase activity (3 to 8 U/ml) constitutively when grown aerobically in complex medium containing either glycerol, succinate, xylose, galactose, or cellobiose as the carbon source. The addition of a high concentration of glucose (>75 g/liter) repressed beta-glucosidase expression (<0.3 U/ml); however, this yeast did produce beta-glucosidase when the initial glucose concentration was </=50 g/liter. When grown aerobically in medium containing glucose plus the above-listed carbon sources, diauxic utilization of the carbon source was observed and the expression of beta-glucosidase was glucose repressed. Surprisingly, glucose repression did not occur when the cells were grown anaerobically. When grown anaerobically in medium containing 100 g of glucose per liter, C. wickerhamii produced 6 to 9 U of enzyme per ml and did not demonstrate diauxic utilization of glucose-cellobiose mixtures. To our knowledge, this is the first report of apparent derepression of a glucose-repressed enzyme by anaerobiosis.
Sustaining Reform Efforts at the SEC: A Progress Report

Many recent articles written by U.S. legal practitioners and law scholars in the wake of the financial crisis address regulatory reforms included in or omitted from the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) and related agency initiatives. In contrast, this article focuses on institutional reforms - specifically those instituted at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) since President Barack Obama took office in January 2009. In an article published in the Villanova Law Review last year, I assessed the early reform efforts at the SEC in the Obama era from the vantage point of change leadership literature (a branch of business management scholarship). This article updates the preliminary findings reported in the Villanova Law Review article in light of the enactment and initial phases of implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act (which was in the final stages of congressional action when work on the Villanova Law Review article was completed in the spring of 2010) and the subsequent change in the composition of Congress as a result of the mid-term elections in November 2010. The article begins by identifying and assessing ongoing evidence of effective change leadership at the SEC in accordance with the framework used in my earlier article and continues by briefly addressing the potential effects of shortfalls in SEC funding. The article then concludes by making tentative predictions about the future of institutional reform at the SEC in this new political environment.
Pulmonary Vascular Stiffness: Measurement, Modeling, and Implications in Normal and Hypertensive Pulmonary Circulations

This article introduces the concept of pulmonary vascular stiffness, discusses its increasingly recognized importance as a diagnostic marker in the evaluation of pulmonary vascular disease, and describes methods to measure and model it clinically, experimentally, and computationally. It begins with a description of systems-level methods to evaluate pulmonary vascular compliance and recent clinical efforts in applying such techniques to better predict patient outcomes in pulmonary arterial hypertension. It then progresses from the systems-level to the local level, discusses proposed methods by which upstream pulmonary vessels increase in stiffness, introduces concepts around vascular mechanics, and concludes by describing recent work incorporating advanced numerical methods to more thoroughly evaluate changes in local mechanical properties of pulmonary arteries.
The national environmental policy act's influence on USDA forest service decision-making, 1974–1996

This paper uses new data from Forest Service Environmental Impact Statements and Environmental Assessments to examine Forest Service preferences and choices shaped by NEPA-required interaction with the public. This paper presents the first empirical inquiry using actual harvest plans. The agency and public are players in a game with rules determined by NEPA. Impacts on Forest Service production are estimated using a nested multinomial logit model. Findings indicate that NEPA has little short run impact on the provision of environmental amenities, as the agency control of the process results in systematic decisions that reflect rather than change agency preferences.
Cellular mutations and drug resistance probed by herpes simplex virus.

The growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), monitored by plaque assay, was inhibited by the cellular antimetabolites thioguanine (TG), cytosine arabinoside (AraC), methotrexate (MTX), and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR). These results suggested a rapid means for assaying cellular drug sensitivity, based on the ability of infected cells to support viral replication. We have explored the feasibility of a virus-mediated assay for cellular metabolic function in two model systems. Using an immunofluorescence assay to assess viral growth, we found that all of the antimetabolites tested were effective in diminishing HSV-1 specific fluorescence in human fibroblasts. However, a DNA-damaging agent, bleomycin, was lethal to cells but was completely ineffective in reducing viral fluorescence. HSV-1 growth was markedly decreased by TG in a normal human fibroblast strain, FS-2. In contrast, a Lesch-Nyhan strain (LNF), resistant to TG owing to its genetic defect, showed no suppression of viral growth in the presence of TG. The drug's effect on viral fluorescence closely paralleled its effect on cellular colony forming ability and rate of cellular DNA synthesis. Thymidine kinase-deficient HSV-1 (TK−HSV-1) did not grow in a normal mouse fibroblast line (A31) in the presence of 5-FUdR. However, a TK− derivative of the A31 line allowed full production of the TK−HSV-1 antigens at low to moderate doses of 5-FUdR. Two potential applications for this assay are the prenatal diagnosis of some genetic disorders and the rapid detection of drug resistant populations in tumor specimens. Toward these ends, we demonstrated that human fibroblasts from patients with the hereditary disorder Xeroderma pigmentosum (group A) were easily distinguished from normal human fibroblasts by their inability to support the growth of UV-irradiated HSV-1. We also investigated the effects of TG upon HSV-1 fluorescence in two human tumor cell lines isolated from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (SCC-15) and (SCC-25). Whereas TG was effective in reducing viral fluorescence in SCC-15 cells, it was only marginally so in SCC-25 cells. These latter cells showed the greater resistance to TG by growth and isotope incorporation experiments.
Very high-level language design: A viewpoint

Recent developments in very high-level language design indicate that these languages hold great promise for improving the level of man-machine communication, and hence improving computer and programmer utilization. (Essentially, a very high-level language one which allows the programmer to specify what to do, rather than how to do it.) This paper surveys these developments, outlines the goals to which an ''ideal'' very high-level language should aspire, and then presents the design of a very high-level language that would meet these goals. This design is presented in the interest of laying bare some basic design and implementation questions that are inherent to such an achievement. The paper then discusses these questions, indicating both old and new research problems which they suggest.
Picture Gesture Authentication: Empirical Analysis, Automated Attacks, and Scheme Evaluation

Picture gesture authentication has been recently introduced as an alternative login experience to text-based password on touch-screen devices. In particular, the newly on market Microsoft Windows 8™ operating system adopts such an alternative authentication to complement its traditional text-based authentication. We present an empirical analysis of picture gesture authentication on more than 10,000 picture passwords collected from more than 800 subjects through online user studies. Based on the findings of our user studies, we propose a novel attack framework that is capable of cracking passwords on previously unseen pictures in a picture gesture authentication system. Our approach is based on the concept of selection function that models users’ thought processes in selecting picture passwords. Our evaluation results show the proposed approach could crack a considerable portion of picture passwords under different settings. Based on the empirical analysis and attack results, we comparatively evaluate picture gesture authentication using a set of criteria for a better understanding of its advantages and limitations.
Susceptibility of two species of Tribolium (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to alterations of atmospheric gas concentrations

Abstract Adults of laboratory strains of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and a malathion-resistant strain of T. castaneum were exposed to several altered atmospheric gas concentrations. In general, the mortality of the insects exposed to different mixtures of carbon dioxide, oxygen (except at less than 1 per cent), and nitrogen was as follows: Malathion-resistant T. castaneum > laboratory strain of T. castaneum > T. confusum . In most instances an increase in carbon dioxide or nitrogen combined with a decrease in oxygen resulted in increased mortality.
Breast implants: the good, the bad and the ugly. Can nanotechnology improve implants?

This advanced review will discuss the history of implants used in breast reconstruction and augmentation, the most frequently performed plastic surgery today. Currently, only silicone rubber-based silica nanocomposite implants are available in the United States. The most prevalent issues involving breast implants include capsular contracture, gel bleed, implant rupture, and infection. In the past, studies have also been reported which linked breast implants to increased incidence of systemic diseases such as autoimmune disease, various forms of cancer, and psychological disease. The goal of this review is to survey the literature from the perspective of material science. It is also largely unnoticed that nanotechnology is involved: the silicone rubber shell is reinforced with nanosilica so implants appear to be homogeneous and crystal clear. We are hoping that this review will contribute to a better understanding of the controversial issues and motivate material scientists and medical doctors to work together to develop alternatives based on new nanotechnology for the women who opt for a device made of synthetic materials. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:153–168. doi: 10.1002/wnan.164 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of ABIA.
A high performance, open source SATA2 core

This paper describes the design and implementation of an open source FPGA-based SATA2 core. It provides the ability to directly interface with hardware cores which is beneficial for high performance and embedded computing applications. Additionally, the core has a bus interface and DMA engine that makes it available to the operating system through a Linux block device driver. Measurements with solid state drives reveal that our FPGA-based implementation achieves performance close to the disks' theoretical peak. In contrast, we find that software overhead on a modern Linux server prevents exploiting the full potential of these high speed storage devices. Native Command Queueing is supported by the core and the performance results highlight its importance in the context of SSDs, especially for small block transfers. The small size of our SATA core (1.5% of the logic resources on a Virtex-6 FPGA) indicates that an on-chip RAID storage system is feasible.
66-year-old woman with painless jaundice.

66-year-old woman presented for evaluation of jaundice that had been present for 6 weeks. She first noticed that her urine began to appear darker and then experienced pruritus under her breasts that gradually spread throughout her body. She sought evaluation at an urgent care centerandwasinitiallythoughttohavescabies.Two weeks later, she noted a yellowing of her skin and began having gray-colored stools. Also at this time, she had mild right upper quadrant abdominal discomfort, nausea, and fullness associated with eating fatty food. She modified her diet to mainly carbohydrates and noted resolution of the gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient had no history of hepatitis B or C, alcohol use, fevers, chills, anorexia, vomiting, myalgias, sick contacts, travel outside the United States, or acetaminophen usage. There was no family history of gastrointestinal or autoimmune disease. Her medical history was notable for idiopathic focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis that was diagnosed with renal biopsy when proteinuria was discovered incidentally. Lisinopril therapy was prescribed. At that same time, an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test yielded weakly positive results. She reported having a “liver problem” in the distant past that was associated with an oral antifungal medication and lasted 8 to 9 months, but she could not recall further details. Vital signs were normal on admission. Physical examination revealed an older woman who was not inacutedistressbuthadscleralicterus,skinthatwas diffusely jaundiced, most prominent on the chest and back, and many excoriations on her back, arms, and legs. Her abdomen was soft, nondistended, and mildly tender to palpation of the right upper quadrant with no rebound or guarding. Normoactive bowel sounds and palpable hepatomegaly 4 to 5 cm below the costal margin were noted. There was no splenomegaly.
Orientation by pigeons deprived of olfaction by nasal tubes

In an effort to avoid the trauma and other nonolfactory effects produced by surgical sectioning of pigeons' olfactory nerves, and to avoid the interference with breathing produced by nostril plugs, a way of making pigeons anosmic by inserting plastic tubes in their nostrils was developed. A total of 16 experimental releases were conducted from unfamiliar sites to compare the homing behavior of birds wearing a tube in each nostril with controls wearing a tube in only one nostril. In five short-distance releases (less than 25 km), no convincing differences in initial orientation, vanishing intervals, or homing success were observed. In eleven releases from longer distances (more than 76 km), the experimental birds were random in three cases and the controls were random in two. In no case were the differences in the distributions of the bearings of experimental and control birds statistically significant, nor were there ever significant differences in vanishing intervals. However, experimental birds had much poorer homing success from these long-distance releases. It is concluded, in view of the anosmic pigeons' good orientation at distant unfamiliar sites, that olfaction is not necessary for homeward orientation and hence that it cannot be the basis of the birds' navigational map. Poor homing success from long distances is probably a consequence of the physical irritation and interference with breathing unfortunately produced by the nasal tubes.
Steep Radio Spectra in High-Redshift Radio Galaxies

The generic spectrum of an optically thin synchrotron source steepens by 0.5 in spectral index from low frequencies to high whenever the source lifetime is greater than the energy-loss timescale for at least some of the radiating electrons. Three effects tend to decrease the frequency nu(b) of this spectral bend as the source redshift increases: (1) for fixed bend frequency nu* in the rest frame, nu(b) = nu*/(1 + z); (2) losses due to inverse Compton scattering the microwave background rise with redshift as (1 + z) exp 4, so that, for fixed residence time in the radiating region, the energy of the lowest energy electron that can cool falls rapidly with increasing redshift; and (3) if the magnetic field is proportional to the equipartition field and the emitting volume is fixed or slowly varying, flux-limited samples induce a selection effect favoring low nu* at high z because higher redshift sources require higher emissivity to be included in the sample, and hence have stronger implied fields and more rapid synchrotron losses. A combination of these effects may explain the trend observed in the 3CR sample for higher redshift radio galaxies to have steeper spectra, and the successful use of ultrasteep spectrum surveys to locate high-redshift galaxies.
Intergenerational family conflict and coping among Hmong American college students

Problem solving and social support, as different styles of coping with intergenerational family conflict, were examined among 86 Hmong American college students. Problem solving and social support were hypothesized to differentially moderate the effects of family conflict on psychological adjustment. Furthermore, the effects of attributions of blame on the adjustment of Hmong American college students were examined. Results indicate that social support buffered and problem solving enhanced the negative effects of family conflict on symptoms of distress but not on affect. Additionally, there were significant interaction effects between family conflict and self-blame on distress. Specifically, students who were more likely to blame themselves reported higher levels of distress.
814 USE OF PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS AFTER PROLONGED RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES

We studied the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis in neonates born after PROM. 95 infants ≥ 35 weeks gestation, with PROM > 24 hrs., were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Group A received Penicillin and Gentamicin for 3 days and group B did not receive antibiotics. Birth weight, gestational age, and Apgar score were similar in both groups. Cultures were taken in the first 4 hours of life from blood, CSF, urine, gastric content, ears and axilla. 92% of all infants had a positive surface culture. Three of 95 infants had a positive blood culture; 2 in group A and 1 in group B. One infant in group A had Group B β hemolytic Streptococcus (GB β HS) septicemia with uneventful recovery and another had asymptomatic bacteremia with α hemolytic Streptococcus. In group B, one infant had asymptomatic bacteremia with GBβ HS. Rectal swab cultures done on the 3rd day of life, demonstrated 22% colonization with antibiotic-resistant organisms in group A compared to 5.4% in group B. The duration of hospitalization in Group A (6.3 days) was longer than group B (4.8). The risk of systemic infection in infants born after PROM appears low and cannot be determined by surface cultures. Routine use of antibiotics in infants born after PROM increases the duration of hospital stay and increases the incidence of antibiotic resistant intestinal flora. Because of this and the low incidence of systemic infection, prophylactic use of antibiotics does not seem justified in cases of asymptomatic PROM.
Where does the akratic break take place

(1980). Where does the akratic break take place? Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 333-346.
Chimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Containing Murine Leukemia Virus Matrix Assembles in Murine Cells

Murine cells do not support efficient assembly and release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions. HIV-1-infected mouse cells that express transfected human cyclin T1 synthesize abundant Gag precursor polyprotein, but inefficiently assemble and release virions. This assembly defect may result from a failure of the Gag polyprotein precursor to target to the cell membrane. Plasma membrane targeting of the precursor is mediated by the amino-terminal region of polyprotein. To compensate for the assembly block, we substituted the murine leukemia virus matrix coding sequences into an infectious HIV-1 clone. Transfection of murine fibroblasts expressing cyclin T1 with the chimeric proviruses resulted in viruses that were efficiently assembled and released. Chimeric viruses, in which the cytoplasmic tail of the transmembrane subunit, gp41, was truncated to prevent potential interference between the envelope glycoprotein and the heterologous matrix, could infect human and murine cells. They failed to further replicate in the murine cells, but replicated with delayed kinetics in human MT-4 cells. These findings may be useful for establishing a murine model for HIV-1 replication.
Rescatterings in large-angle potential scattering

Rescattering terms in a number of eikonal-type amplitudes for large-angle potential scattering are examined and closely compared. Numerical results using exponential potentials show that retaining the right amount of rescattering effect is indeed crucial to an approximate formula for a large-angle scattering. The formula proposed earlier is shown to work the best and, thus, seems to have the right amount of rescattering effect.
Right-Handed Neutrinos as the Origin of the Electroweak Scale

The insular nature of the Standard Model may be explained if the Higgs mass parameter is only sensitive to quantum corrections from physical states. Starting from a scale-free electroweak sector at tree level, we postulate that quantum effects of heavy right-handed neutrinos induce a mass term for a scalar weak doublet that contains the dark matter particle. In turn, below the scale of heavy neutrinos, the dark matter sector sets the scale of the Higgs potential. We show that this framework can lead to a Higgs mass that respects physical naturalness, while also providing a viable scalar dark matter candidate, realistic light neutrino masses, and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe via thermal leptogenesis. The proposed scenario can remain perturbative and stable up to the Planck scale, thereby accommodating simple extensions to include a high-scale ($\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{16}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$) inflationary sector, implied by recent measurements. In that case, our model typically predicts that the dark matter scalar is close to 1 TeV in mass and could be accessible in near future direct detection experiments.
Throughput and delay analysis for hybrid radio-frequency and free-space-optical (RF/FSO) networks

In this paper the per-node throughput and end-to-end delay of randomly deployed (i.e. ad-hoc) hybrid radio frequency - free space optics (RF/FSO) networks are studied. The hybrid RF/FSO network consists of an RF ad hoc network of n nodes, f(n) of them, termed `super nodes', are equipped with an additional FSO transceiver with transmission range s(n). Every RF and FSO transceiver is able to transmit at a maximum data rate of W 1 and W 2 bits/sec, respectively. An upper bound on the per node throughput capacity is derived. In order to prove that this upper bound is achievable, a hybrid routing scheme is designed whereby the data traffic is divided into two classes and assigned different forwarding strategies. The capacity improvement with the support of FSO nodes is evaluated and compared against the corresponding results for pure RF wireless networks. Under optimal throughput scaling, the scaling of average end-to-end delay is derived. A significant gain in throughput capacity and a notable reduction in delay will be achieved if $$f(n) = \Upomega\left(\frac{1}{s(n)}\sqrt{\frac{n}{\log n}}\cdot \frac{W_1}{W_2} \right)$$ . Furthermore, it is found that for fixed W 1, f(n) and n where f(n) < n, there is no capacity incentive to increase the FSO data rate beyond a critical value. In addition, both throughput and delay can achieve linear scaling by properly adjusting the FSO transmission range and the number of FSO nodes.
UVA light-induced DNA cleavage by selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous environmental carcinogens (Connell et al. 1997; Conney, 1982; Dipple, 1985; Lesko, 1984). They are produced during forest fire, volcanic eruption, incomplete burning of fuel and other materials, tobacco smoke, and food processing (Baum, 1978; Connell et al. 1997). Exposure to PAHs has been linked to the development of skin and lung cancers as it is summarized in the 8th Report on Carcinogens (National Toxicology Program, 1998). PAHs are considered relatively nontoxic themselves, but they can be activated after entering the cell. The first activation pathway is metabolism. PAH metabolic products, diol-epoxides or diones, are known to be carcinogenic through DNA covalent product formation (Connell et al. 1997; Conney, 1982; Devanesan et al. 1996; Dipple, 1985; Lesko, 1984). The diol-epoxides can alkylate DNA, usually form a bond to the exocyclic amino group of the guanine residue in duplex DNA (Geacintov et al. 1997). The diones are able to oxidatively damage DNA by generation of free radicals, which either cause DNA damages or form DNA covalent products (Chen et al. 1996; Devanesan et al. 1996). Another pathway that enhances PAH toxicity is light activation. There have been studies on the photo-induced toxicity of PAH mixtures or individuals in the marine sediment toward micro-organisms and plants in the aquatic systems (Pelletier et al. 1997; Swartz et al. 1997). It is found that PAHs are generally more toxic when the system is exposed to the simulated solar radiation (ssr) than if it is kept in the dark. The increase in toxicity due to ssr can exceed 100 times (Swartz et al., 1997). It is suggested that PAHs act as photosensitizers (Pelletier et al. 1997). After absorbing UV light energy, PAHs in the excited-state may transfer its energy to molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species that can cause a variety of damages to the cell. The phototoxicity can also be due to DNA covalent product formation from earlier studies. These works showed that, under light irradiation, benzo[a]pyrene can form DNA covalent adducts or cause DNA strand breakage (Blackburn et al. 1977; Brooks and Lawley, 1964; Hoard et al. 1981; Santamaria et al. 1966; Striste et al. 1980). The presence of benzo[a]pyrene can also increase the formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanine (Liu et al., 1998), a compound generated by oxidative damage of DNA. These DNA damage mechanisms have been suggested to relate to tumor induction and other adverse effects (Brooks and Lawley, 1964; Camalier et al. 1981; Santamaria et al. 1966). However, the studies so far have mostly focused on benzo[a]pyrene alone. In this research, we will examine light-induced DNA cleavage by the environmental contaminants: a series of 3, 4, 5-ring PAHs and their derivatives.
The franchising business model: an entrepreneurial growth alternative

The franchising business model is widely and increasingly used by entrepreneurs seeking growth through geographic expansion. Thus, continued research efforts are needed to help entrepreneurs make wise choices as to whether the franchising business model is appropriate for them. To help promote such research, we reviewed the literature on reasons for franchising and outcomes of franchising. Based on that review, we drew conclusions as to future research directions likely to be fruitful. Specifically, we recommend that researchers (a) continue adding theoretical diversity to franchising research, (b) build large-scale, longitudinal databases, (c) test or control for implicit and explicit assumptions, (d) pay more attention to micro-level considerations within franchise networks, and (e) compare franchising with alternative business models suitable for geographic expansion.
LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER TURBULENT LIFTED FLAMES IN HIGH CO-FLOW

ABSTRACT This study presents the results of experiments designed to investigate flame lift-off behavior to nozzle velocity, co-flow velocity, fuel-type, and nozzle size for low Reynolds Number turbulent flows (in and near the hysteresis regime). Local excess jet velocities are computed using jet relations from Tieszen et al. The results show that the local excess jet velocity remains linear with respect to nozzle velocity through most of the hysteresis regime, even though flame lift-off height is not linear. This suggests a non-linear relation not captured by Kalghatgi (1984) for lift-off in the near field and hysteresis regime. Local excess jet velocities at the reattachment point were also computed for flames that are lifted more than three nozzle diameters above the burner. The results show that there is a minimum excess jet velocity for which a flame can stabilize. This minimum velocity is inversely proportional to the laminar burning velocity of the fuel squared. A new relation for lift-off height at...
Distribution coefficients of polonium between 5% TOPO in toluene and aqueous hydrochloric and nitric acids.

Abstract The distribution coefficients (D) of polonium between 5% TOPO in toluene and aqueous hydrochloric and nitric acids have been studied. Results show that: (1) D values are ranged from 61.3 to 331 when the acidities vary from 0.10 to 10.0 M HCl, which means that Po can be well extracted by 5% TOPO in toluene in wide range of HCl acidities, (2) in the acidities of 0.010–10.0 M HNO3 the D values are much lower, there exists a maximum D value (2.46) at 1 M HNO3, and at the acidities of 6 M HNO3 and above only a negligible amount of Po (⩽1.5%) can be extracted by 5% TOPO in toluene. The later fact provides an opportunity to separate Po from uranium effectively in the process of liquid–liquid extraction and column extraction chromatography of TOPO.
The effect of gamma irradiation on the strength and elasticity of climax stock and westerly granites

Abstract We performed unconfined compression tests on 66 cylinders of Climax Stock quartz monzonite (CSQM), half of which had received a gamma ray dose of 9 ± 1 MGy (0.9 Grad) and half of which had not. We performed similar tests on 30 cylinders of Westerly granite. The experiment on CSQM was capable of detecting a 7% change in the unconfined strength level of 200 MPa. The experiment showed no statistically significant change. Null results were also found for the effect of gamma irradiation upon Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio in CSQM and for that upon the unconfined compressional strength of Westerly granite. We thus conclude that gamma irradiation has no effect on the strengths of either CSQM or Westerly granite.
The Platelet High Affinity Binding Site for Thrombin Mimics Hirudin, Modulates Thrombin-induced Platelet Activation, and Is Distinct from the Glycoprotein Ib-IX-V Complex *

The platelet high affinity binding site for thrombin appears to be described by a classical receptor-ligand interaction that is distinct from the platelet thrombin receptor/substrate, PAR-1. However, the identification and function of the high affinity binding site with respect to its physiological importance have continued to elude investigators. Prior studies using two mutant thrombins suggested that thrombin interaction with the platelet high affinity binding site is mediated through an extensive portion of the thrombin molecule involving residues within the substrate binding pocket and the anion binding exosite (Leong, L., Henriksen, R. A., Kermode, J. C., Rittenhouse, S. E., and Tracy, P. B. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 2567–2575) and may mimic a thrombin-hirudin interaction. To test this hypothesis, an anti-hirudin peptide antibody (anti-hirpeptide Ab) was raised against a peptide mimicking the COOH terminus of hirudin. The Ab recognized adherent platelets and those in suspension as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively.125I-Thrombin binding to platelets was inhibited in the presence of the anti-hirpeptide Ab in a dose-dependent manner with maximal inhibition >90%. Analyses of data from binding studies of 125I-thrombin to platelets at a fixed Ab concentration indicated that the anti-hirpeptide Ab inhibited the high affinity binding interaction exclusively. In addition, thrombin-induced increases in platelet [Ca2+]iwere enhanced by blocking the high affinity binding site with the Ab due to redistribution of the agonist to PAR-1. Thrombin Quick I-induced platelet calcium mobilization was unaffected by the presence of the Ab, consistent with the inability of thrombin Quick I to bind to the high affinity site. Even though glycoprotein (GP) Ib contains a hirudin-like region within the α subunit, the postulated high affinity binding site, direct binding of 125I-thrombin could not be demonstrated to transfected Chinese hamster ovary and L cells expressing the GP Ib-IX-V complex. Furthermore, an anti-GP Ib Ab, raised to the peptide region proposed as the thrombin high affinity site, did not enhance thrombin-induced platelet calcium mobilization. The anti-hirpeptide Ab recognized a population of platelet membrane proteins distinct from PAR-1 and GP Ib by three-color immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy. These combined studies demonstrate that the high affinity binding site for thrombin is a unique platelet protein distinct from GP Ib which modulates the effective thrombin concentration localized at the human platelet surface.
Investigating the big five personality factors and smoking: Implications for assessment

Global personality dispositions may be important for understanding population-based individual differences in smoking outcomes, yet few studies have been executed using measures of these global dispositional constructs from the contemporary field of personality. This study explored whether the Big Five personality factors (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Intellect) were concurrently associated with key smoking (e.g., nicotine dependence, smoking rate, age at first cigarette) and cessation (e.g., self-efficacy to quit, motivation to quit, number of prior quit attempts, length of most recent quit) variables in a sample of regular smokers (n = 130). Of the 35 correlations computed, only 2 were significant: Intellect was positively correlated with motivation to quit and number of 24-hr quit attempts in the last year. These results have implications for using trait variables to study individual differences in smokers.