cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatty streak initiation in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipemic and comparably hypercholesterolemic fat-fed rabbits

Morphologic and immunocytochemical studies were conducted to determine the sequence of cellular interactions that occur during the initiation of the fatty streak in the aorta of Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipemic rabbits and comparably hypercholesterolemic fat-fed rabbits. Watanabe rabbits from 3.5 weeks gestation to 2 months of age and fat-fed rabbits from 1 week to 2 months duration of hypercholesterolemia were compared utilizing light microscopic and scanning and transmission microscopic techniques. In both groups of animals, the earliest detectable events were an increase in monocyte adherence and subendothelial migration followed by formation of a single layer of intimal macrophage-derived foam cells. Immunocytochemical studies using macrophage-specific and muscle-actin-specific monoclonal antibodies support the morphologic data which suggests that the early fatty streak in both the Watanabe and fat-fed rabbits is predominantly composed of macrophage-derived foam cells. Thus, the absence of functional low density lipoprotein receptors in the Watanabe rabbit and differences in the distribution of cholesterol among the lipoproteins in the Watanabe and fat-fed rabbits do not appear to alter the initial responses of the cells of the artery wall to chronic hypercholesterolemia.
Oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonancé spectra of transition metal carbonyl compounds

Abstract The natural abundance 17 O NMR shielding values observed by FTNMR in the present study on a representative variety of terminal transition metal carbonyl complexes are shown to range 400–300 ppm downfield from 17 OH 2 . The carbonyl 17 O chemical shift trends are generally opposite to those for the carbonyl 13 C chemical shifts and this is explained by metal π-backbonding to the carbonyl π ★ orbitals. A metal triad effect is observed for 17 O chemical shifts. There is an upfield shift in the carbonyl oxygen shielding values on descending a given group in the periodic table. This is the same effect as observed previously for the 13 C shieldings of carbonyl groups.
CT of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in children with cancer

In treating cases of malignancy, the use of chemotherapy carries a high risk of lower respiratory tract infections, especially fungal pneumonopathy. This complication is a major cause of mortality and is often difficult to diagnose because of non-specific clinical or radiological changes, but the early recognition of invasive fungal disease is imperative. CT is an important non-invasive method for the detection and evaluation of opportunistic fungal infections. In these patients an improved survival rate can be achieved when early detection by CT leads to the prompt institution of high-dose antifungal therapy. We illustrate the spectrum of CT findings of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis encountered in children with cancer. These patients had previously been treated with highdose chemotherapy with or without bone marrow rescue, and underwent radiological examinations because of clinical evidence of pneumonopathy. Representative cases demonstrate the clinical applications of CT in the evaluation and management of invasive fungal disease.
Direct determination of the ovine fetal umbilical artery blood flow waveform.

Ultrasonographic umbilical artery blood flow velocity waveform analysis has been proposed as a means of noninvasive assessment of fetal well-being. We computed waveform indices from directly measured umbilical artery blood flow in chronically instrumented ovine fetuses from 109 to 138 days of gestation (term, 145 days). The three waveform indices (systolic/diastolic ratio, pulsatility index, and resistance index) correlated significantly with each other ( r = 0.90 to 0.98). These indices progressively decreased with gestation and were significantly correlated with calculated umbilical vascular resistance ( r = 0.68 to 0.70, p r = -0.71, p r 2 = 0.94). Fetal heart rate declined from day 109 of gestation to 138 days. Fetal heart rate was significantly correlated with waveform indices only when values exceeded 170 beats/min ( r = -0.37 to -0.51). Ovine fetal umbilical artery waveform indices changed at approximately the same rate as those reported for human fetuses in late gestation on the basis of external Doppler ultrasonographic velocity measurements. These results suggest that the sheep is a suitable model for investigations of umbilical artery waveform analysis.
Basic fibroblast growth factor released from synthetic guidance channels facilitates peripheral nerve regeneration across long nerve gaps.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) has been shown to enhance the in vitro survival and neurite extension of various types of neurons including dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells. Alpha-1 glycoprotein (α1-GP), an acute phase reactant, has been reported to enhance the in vitro neuritic extensions of chick DRG cells. In the present study, we investigated the ability of synthetic nerve guidance channels, which release sustained controlled amounts of b-FGF and/or α1-GP, to support the regeneration of a transected peripheral nerve over a 15 mm long gap, a distance that does not permit regeneration in conventional polymeric tubes. Tubes releasing bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytochrome C, BSA and b-FGF, BSA and denatured b-FGF, BSA and α1-GP, or BSA, b-FGF, and α-1GP were fabricated by a dip-molding technique. In vitro kinetic studies of protein release from these channels showed an initial burst during the 1st day, followed by a linear release for at least 2 weeks thereafter. In vitro studies indicated that the b-FGF released from the polymer was biologically active as assessed by the ability of channels releasing b-FGF to induce neurite extensions in PC12 cells. For in vivo studies, the various types of tubes were used as nerve guidance channels for the repair of a 15 mm nerve gap in the sciatic nerve of rats. Four weeks postimplantation, only the tubes releasing b-FGF or b-FGF and α1-GP displayed regenerated cables bridging both nerve stumps, which contained nerve fascleles with myelinated and unmyelinated axons. We conclude that b-FGF enhances peripheral nerve regeneration and that polymeric tubes releasing macromolecules provide a tool for the study of nerve regeneration.
Different lifetimes of reticulocyte messenger RNA

Abstract About 85–90% of cytoplasmic protein synthesized by young reticulocytes is globin, and about 10% is a polypeptide (I) of molecular weight 64,000 daltons. Maturation of reticulocytes is accompanied by selective reduction in the synthesis of polypeptide I, relative to globin; mature reticulocytes synthesize globin at a high level but make no detectable polypeptide I. Studies in which RNA from young and old reticulocytes was translated in a wheat germ cell-free extract showed that reduction in synthesis of polypeptide I was correlated with a reduction in the amount of translatable mRNA for this protein. Differential destruction of mRNA thus is an important factor in determining the types of proteins made during the final stages of erythropoiesis.
Extraction of spatiotemporal response information from sorption-based cross-reactive sensor arrays for the identification and quantification of analyte mixtures

Linear sensor arrays made from small molecule/carbon black composite chemiresistors placed in a low headspace volume chamber, with vapor delivered at low flow rates, allowed for the extraction of chemical information that significantly increased the ability of the sensor arrays to identify vapor mixture components and to quantify their concentrations. Each sensor sorbed vapors from the gas stream to various degrees. Similar to gas chromatography, species having high vapor pressures were separated from species having low vapor pressures. Instead of producing typical sensor responses representative of thermodynamic equilibrium between each sensor and an unchanging vapor phase, sensor responses varied depending on the position of the sensor in the chamber and the time from the beginning of the analyte exposure. This spatiotemporal (ST) array response provided information that was a function of time as well as of the position of the sensor in the chamber. The responses to pure analytes and to multi-component analyte mixtures comprised of hexane, decane, ethyl acetate, chlorobenzene, ethanol, and/or butanol, were recorded along each of the sensor arrays. Use of a non-negative least squares (NNLS) method for analysis of the ST data enabled the correct identification and quantification of the composition of 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-component mixtures from arrays using only 4 chemically different sorbent films and sensor training on pure vapors only. In contrast, when traditional time- and position-independent sensor response information was used, significant errors in mixture identification were observed. The ability to correctly identify and quantify constituent components of vapor mixtures through the use of such ST information significantly expands the capabilities of such broadly cross-reactive arrays of sensors.
PartyIntents: A Portal Survey to Assess Gay and Bisexual Men's Risk Behaviors at Weekend Parties.

PartyIntents examines whether portal survey methods could be used to anonymously survey gay and bisexual men about HIV-risk behaviors before and after a weekend party-oriented vacation. The study recruited 97% of eligible men and of these 489 participants 47% completed the follow-up assessment. Approximately one half of the men intended to use illegal drugs over the weekend, and almost 20% thought that they might have anal intercourse and not use a condom. The methodology can be applied and provides useful information about HIV risk at these events, though refinements may be needed to increase the follow-up rates.
New Perspectives on the Dance Orientation of the Asian Honeybees

Several recent studies of the Asian honeybees, Apis florea, A. dorsata, and A. cerana, have greatly extended our understanding of dance orientation in honeybees. From early studies, the dances of A. florea and A. dorsata were thought to be somewhat primitive in comparison with those of the other species of Apis. Now it is clear that each exhibits capabilities of information processing that are no less sophisticated than any seen in A. cerana and in the European species, A. mellifera. Apis dorsata forages on moonlit nights, even by the light of a half moon, and performs waggle dances that are oriented not to the moon but instead apparently to the hidden sun. Apis florea, once thought to be capable of orienting dances only in the horizontal plane and in the presence of celestial cues, can actually orient without a view of the sun and blue sky by referring to landmarks visible from the exposed dance area. Furthermore, A. florea will dance on steep, even vertical, slopes. In such dances a bee continues to orient to the horizontal projections of celestial cues, instead of to their projections onto the plane on which she is dancing (as the other species do if presented with celestial cues during a vertical dance). In addition to raising a host of new questions about the mechanisms underlying the dances of A. florea and A. dorsata, these results challenge previous assumptions about the evolution of the dance language in Apis.
Volcanogenic Alluvial Fan Sedimentation, Puye Formation, New Mexico: ABSTRACT

The Pliocene Puye Formation of north-central New Mexico represents a rift-filling volcaniclastic alluvial fan sequence developed on the east flank of the Jemez Mountain volcanic pile. This coarse-grained sequence can be separated into two compositionally distinct members that are genetically unrelated. The basal Puye (here referred to as the Totavi Member) consists of a 25-m (82-ft) thick, clast-supported conglomerate with interbedded sandstone lenses. The Totavi is a coarse-grained braided stream deposit composed of reworked Precambrian terrane of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and mafic lavas of the Taos basin. The sequence displays cross-bedded sandstones and conglomerates, and well-developed clast imbrication and long-axis orientation, which indicate a paleoflow direc ion to the southwest. The Totavi member is an axial-stream gravel deposit of the Rio Grande rift. The Totavi member is conformably overlain by a 100+ m (300+ ft) thick volcanogenic alluvial fan deposit here referred to as the San Ildefonso Member. This member represents the eroded and reworked detritus of the growing silicic volcanic complex of the Jemez Mountains. The San Ildefonso Member consists of four major interstratified lithofacies associations. These include: (1) clast-supported, massive and horizontally stratified conglomerates, with interbedded sandstones; (2) matrix-supported conglomerates; (3) laminated claystones and mudstones; and (4) primary pyroclastic deposits of both silicic and mafic composition. The clast-supported conglomerates and interbedded sandstones are typical coarse-grained, braided-stream deposits representing longitudinal bar and minor transverse bar accumulations. Internal stratification and clast imbrication points to an easterly flow direction. The matrix-supported units display a complete spectrum of types from clast-rich (debris flows) to clast-poor (mudflow) varieties. These deposits are sediment gravity flows developed in response to steep slopes, abundant unconsolidated volcanic detritus, and excessive loading by water uptake. A number of debris flows and mudflows are underlain by primary volcanic airfall material and were undoubtedly initiated by volcanism. The laminated claystones and mudstones are lacustrine deposits that resulted from temporary damming of the alluvial fan and ancestral Rio Grande drainage systems. The San Ildefonso Member contains at least 7 primary silicic air fall ash beds and 3 basaltic ash beds. These not only provide a time framework for sedimentation but can be used to delineate lateral facies changes. End_of_Article - Last_Page 537------------
Shape optimization using adaptive shape refinement

A large part of the computational effort in shape optimization problems is expended in the numerical computation of the gradients for sensitivity information. This effort increases dramatically with an increase in the number of variables used to represent the shape. An adaptation of the gradient projection algorithm for shape optimization problems is described here along with a method to reduce the intermediate size of the optimization problem by allowing adaptive refinement of the shape. The method is demonstrated with a simple representative test case.
Acousto-Optic Processor For Identification And Communication: Laboratory Results

This paper describes laboratory tests performed on a single channel multiplicative space integrating acousto-optic correlator/receiver. These tests were performed to demonstrate the feasibility of using a similar multi-channel system to perform synchronization and demodulation of two types of spread spectrum signals. Laboratory results demonstrating coherent and noncoherent correlation postprocessing techniques are presented for both types of spread spectrum signals.
E47 is required for V(D)J recombinase activity in common lymphoid progenitors

Common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) are the first bone marrow precursors in which V(D)J recombinase activity is up-regulated. Here, we show that loss of the transcription factor E47 produces a reduced CLP population that lacks V(D)J recombinase activity and D-JH rearrangements in vivo. Apart from a profound arrest before the pro–B cell stage, other downstream lymphoid progeny of CLPs are still intact in these mice albeit at reduced numbers. In contrast to the inhibition of recombinase activity in early B lineage precursors in E47-deficient animals, loss of either E47 or its cis-acting target Erag (enhancer of rag transcription) has little effect on recombinase activity in thymic T lineage precursors. Taken together, this work defines a role for E47 in regulating lineage progression at the CLP stage in vivo and describes the first transcription factor required for lineage-specific recombinase activity.
Actinomycosis Meningitis in a Girl with Incontinentia Pigmenti

A 7-year-old girl with incontinentia pigmenti and a history of multiple bacterial infections developed chronic meningitis with Actinomycosis odontolyticus, which was successfully treated with long-term penicillin administration. Although all tests of immunologic function were normal in this patient, her history of recurrent and unusual infections is consistent with previous suggestions of an undefined immu nodeficiency state associated with incontinentia pigmenti.
A Learning Rule for Local Synaptic Interactions Between Excitation and Shunting Inhibition

The basic requirement for direction selectivity is a nonlinear interaction between two different inputs in space-time. In some models, the interaction is hypothesized to occur between excitation and inhibition of the shunting type in the neuron's dendritic tree. How can the required spatial specificity be acquired in an unsupervised manner? We here propose an activity-based, local learning model that can account for direction selectivity in visual cortex based on such a local veto operation and that depends on synaptically induced changes in intracellular calcium concentration. Our biophysical simulations suggest that a model cell with our learning algorithm can develop direction selectivity organically after unsupervised training. The learning rule is also applicable to a neuron with multiple-direction-selective subunits and to a pair of cells with opposite-direction selectivities and is stable under different starting conditions, delays, and velocities.
Inheritance, ecology and the evolution of the canoes of east Oceania

We consider patterns in the evolution of canoe technology in the eastern Pacific relative to three general processes: movement of canoe traits along the Polynesian settlement sequence, adaptations to local island environment, and post-settlement interaction between island groups. Using model selection methods on the distributions of canoe technology, we show that social and ecological covariates together consistently outperform each considered individually, though knowledge of island area and post-settlement trading spheres does not add explanatory power. In particular, decorative canoe traits are not effectively explained by either our ecological or transmission models. We also estimate negative effects from both settlement sequence and island geomorphology, consistent with the die-off of particular canoe designs on resource-rich high island groups such as Hawaii and New Zealand. This decline in measured traits may be owing to the lifting of ecological constraints on population size or building materials.
Maintenance And Reliability Of Optical Instruments In Space

The panel discussion covered a variety of topics, emphasizing the most frequent failure modes and the available methods for decreasing their probability. Failure of the satellite itself, which has taken the heaviest toll of space-optics experiments, is of course, beyond the control of the experimenter. Failures and degradations within the optical sensor itself in the past have been most frequently due to the associated electronics. However components and techniques have been greatly improved and so this probably will no longer be true in the near future.© (1970) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Initial dosage selection of antiarrhythmic therapy

Abstract The success or failure of antiarrhythmic drug treatment depends, in part, on the selection of the initial dosage. Too low a dosage can lead to unnecessary (and frequently life-endangering) delays in achievement of arrhythmia suppression. Conversely, an excessively high dosage can lead to intolerable toxicity and cessation of treatment. The recommended approach to therapy is to begin with a relatively low dosage, i.e., the lowest dosage with a reasonable chance of producing a favorable response, and titrating the dose upward as needed. Dose titration should be guided by clinical response and, when appropriate, concentrations of the drug and any active metabolites in the plasma. In situations frequently encountered in practice, however, the initial dosage must be modified because of interindividual differences in drug disposition. These changes in drug pharmacokinetics can arise from a variety of factors, including disease processes (e.g., congestive heart failure, cirrhosis and renal failure), concomitant medications (e.g., hepatic enzyme inducers such as phenytoin and inhibitors such as amiodarone), drug formulation, protein binding and inherited drug metabolism capacity. Knowledge of these factors can help the clinician to avoid potential pitfalls in initial dosage selection and can enhance the chances of successful drug treatment of arrhythmias.
An array of details on G-protein coupled receptor signaling: differential effects of alpha1-adrenergic receptor subtypes on gene expression and cytokine receptor signaling.

Knowledge of the factors responsible for both the similarities and differences in the actions mediated by the individual members of a multi-gene family are important both to understand the molecular and cellular bases for their physiological responses and for the development of specific
Using Genome Query Language to uncover genetic variation.

Motivation: With high-throughput DNA sequencing costs dropping <$1000 for human genomes, data storage, retrieval and analysis are the major bottlenecks in biological studies. To address the large-data challenges, we advocate a clean separation between the evidence collection and the inference in variant calling. We define and implement a Genome Query Language (GQL) that allows for the rapid collection of evidence needed for calling variants. Results: We provide a number of cases to showcase the use of GQL for complex evidence collection, such as the evidence for large structural variations. Specifically, typical GQL queries can be written in 5–10 lines of high-level code and search large datasets (100 GB) in minutes. We also demonstrate its complementarity with other variant calling tools. Popular variant calling tools can achieve one order of magnitude speed-up by using GQL to retrieve evidence. Finally, we show how GQL can be used to query and compare multiple datasets. By separating the evidence and inference for variant calling, it frees all variant detection tools from the data intensive evidence collection and focuses on statistical inference. Availability: GQL can be downloaded from http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~ckozanit/gql. Contact: ude.dscu@tinazokc or ude.dscu.sc@anfabv Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A comprehensive approach for the development of modular software architecture description languages

Research over the past decade has revealed that modeling software architecture at the level of components and connectors is useful in a growing variety of contexts. This has led to the development of a plethora of notations for representing software architectures, each focusing on different aspects of the systems being modeled. In general, these notations have been developed without regard to reuse or extension. This makes the effort in adapting an existing notation to a new purpose commensurate with developing a new notation from scratch. To address this problem, we have developed an approach that allows for the rapid construction of new architecture description languages (ADLs). Our approach is unique because it encapsulates ADL features in modules that are composed to form ADLs. We achieve this by leveraging the extension mechanisms provided by XML and XML schemas. We have defined a set of generic, reusable ADL modules called xADL 2.0, useful as an ADL by itself, but also extensible to support new applications and domains. To support this extensibility, we have developed a set of reflective syntax-based tools that adapt to language changes automatically, as well as several semantically-aware tools that provide support for advanced features of xADL 2.0. We demonstrate the effectiveness, scalability, and flexibility of our approach through a diverse set of experiences. First, our approach has been applied in industrial contexts, modeling software architectures for aircraft software and spacecraft systems. Second, we show how xADL 2.0 can be extended to support the modeling features found in two different representations for modeling product-line architectures. Finally, we show how our infrastructure has been used to support its own development. The technical contribution of our infrastructure is augmented by several research contributions: the first decomposition of an architecture description language into modules, insights about how to develop new language modules and a process for integrating them, and insights about the roles of different kinds of tools in a modular ADL-based infrastructure.
MODELER4SIMCOAL2: A user-friendly, extensible modeler of demography and linked loci for coalescent simulations

Summary: MODELER4SIMCOAL2 (M4S2) is an extensible graphical tool to model linked loci and population demographies. M4S2 is easy to use, allowing for the modeling of complicated scenarios, making coalescent simulation modeling accessible to biologists with limited computer skills. The software includes an extension system allowing for new models to be created, published and downloaded from the Internet. Availability: M4S2 is available from http://popgen.eu/soft/m4s2 under a GPL license. The web site also contains guides, screen shots and tutorials. Contact: tra@fc.up.pt
Role of residue 147 in the gene regulatory function of the Escherichia coli purine repressor.

The crystal structures of corepressor-bound and free Escherichia coli purine repressor (PurR) have delineated the roles of several residues in corepressor binding and specificity and the intramolecular signal transduction (allosterism) of this LacI/GalR family member. From these structures, residue W147 was implicated as a key component of the allosteric response, but in many members of the LacI/GalR family, position 147 is occupied by an arginine. To understand the role of this tryptophan at position 147, three proteins, substituted by phenylalanine (W147F), alanine (W147A), or arginine (W147R), were constructed and characterized in vivo and in vitro, and their structures were determined. W147F displays a decreased affinity for corepressor and is a poor repressor in vivo. W147A and W147R, on the other hand, are super repressors and bind corepressor 13.6 and 7.9 times more tightly, respectively, than wild-type. Each mutant PurR−hypoxanthine−purF operator holo complex crystallizes isomorphously to wild-typ...
Thruster Subsystem Module for Solar Electric Propulsion

Solar electric propulsion (SEP) is currently being studied for possible use in a number of near-Earth and planetary missions. Thruster systems for these missions could be integrated directly into a spacecraft or modularized into a thruster subsystem module (TSSM). A TSSM for electric propulsion missions would consist of a 30-cm ion thruster, thruster gimbal system, propellant storage and feed system, associated power processing unit (PPU), thermal control system, and complete supporting structure. The TSSM would be wholly selfcontained and be essentially a plug-in or strap-on electric stage with simple mechanical, thermal, electrical, and propellant interfaces. The TSSM described is designed for a broad range of missions requiring from 2 to 10 TSSM's mounted in a 2 by jc configuration. The thermal control system is designed to accommodate waste heat from the power processors based on realistic efficiencies when the TSSM is operating from 0.7 to 3.5 a.u. The modules are 0.61 m (2 ft) wide by 2.29 m (7.5 ft) long and have a dry weight including propellant tank of 54.4 kg (120 Ib). The propellant tank will hold 145.1 kg (320 Ib) of mercury.
Implementation of Behavior Change Techniques in Mobile Applications for Physical Activity

Background Mobile applications (apps) for physical activity are popular and hold promise for promoting behavior change and reducing non-communicable disease risk. App marketing materials describe a limited number of behavior change techniques (BCTs), but apps may include unmarketed BCTs, which are important as well. Purpose To characterize the extent to which BCTs have been implemented in apps from a systematic user inspection of apps. Methods Top-ranked physical activity apps (N=100) were identified in November 2013 and analyzed in 2014. BCTs were coded using a contemporary taxonomy following a user inspection of apps. Results Users identified an average of 6.6 BCTs per app and most BCTs in the taxonomy were not represented in any apps. The most common BCTs involved providing social support, information about others' approval, instructions on how to perform a behavior, demonstrations of the behavior, and feedback on the behavior. A latent class analysis of BCT configurations revealed that apps focused on providing support and feedback as well as support and education. Conclusions Contemporary physical activity apps have implemented a limited number of BCTs and have favored BCTs with a modest evidence base over others with more established evidence of efficacy (e.g., social media integration for providing social support versus active self-monitoring by users). Social support is a ubiquitous feature of contemporary physical activity apps and differences between apps lie primarily in whether the limited BCTs provide education or feedback about physical activity.
Linear Models, Vector Spaces, and Residual Likelihood

It is shown that, for purposes of likelihood calculation, the standard definition of residual in linear models is unsatisfactory. An alternative definition of residual as an element of a quotient space is proposed and exploited. It is shown that the standard REML, or residual, likelihood arises naturally as the normal-theory likelihood based on the ‘observation’ y+X in the quotient space. In addition, for non-normal linear models, the adjusted profile likelihood is shown to be a Laplace approximation to the distribution of the residual in the quotient space.
The Hilbert scheme of elliptic curves and reflexive sheaves on Fano 3-folds

We study the cohomological properties of reflexive rank 2 sheaves on smooth projective threefolds. Applications are given to the relat ionship between moduli of reflexive sheaves and Hilbert schemes of associated ellip tic curves on Fano threefolds.
"Program, enhance thyself!": demand-driven pattern-oriented program enhancement

Program enhancement refers to adding new functionality to an existing program. We argue that repetitive program enhancement tasks can be expressed as patterns, and that the application of such enhancement patterns can be automated. This paper presents a novel approach to pattern-oriented automated enhancement of object-oriented programs. Our approach augments the capabilities of an aspect compiler to capture the programmer's intent to enhance a program. In response to the programmer referencing a piece of functionality that is non-existent, our approach automatically synthesizes aspect code to supply the required functionality transparently. To improve flexibility and facilitate reuse, the synthesis and application of the new functionality is guided by declarative whenthen rules, concisely expressed using a rule base.Our extensible automated program enhancement system, called DRIVEL1, extends the AspectJ compiler with aspect generating capabilities. The generation is controlled using the DROOLS rules engine. To validate our approach and automated tool, we have created a collection of enhancement libraries and used DRIVEL to apply them to the LibX Edition Builder, a large-scale, widely-used Web application. DRIVEL automatically enhanced the LibX Edition Builder's XML processing modules with structural navigation capabilities and caching, eliminating the need to implement this functionality by hand.
The SUN protein UNC-84 is required only in force-bearing cells to maintain nuclear envelope architecture

The nuclear envelope (NE) consists of two evenly spaced bilayers, the inner and outer nuclear membranes. The Sad1p and UNC-84 (SUN) proteins and Klarsicht, ANC-1, and Syne homology (KASH) proteins that interact to form LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complexes connecting the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeleton have been implicated in maintaining NE spacing. Surprisingly, the NE morphology of most Caenorhabditis elegans nuclei was normal in the absence of functional SUN proteins. Distortions of the perinuclear space observed in unc-84 mutant muscle nuclei resembled those previously observed in HeLa cells, suggesting that SUN proteins are required to maintain NE architecture in cells under high mechanical strain. The UNC-84 protein with large deletions in its luminal domain was able to form functional NE bridges but had no observable effect on NE architecture. Therefore, SUN-KASH bridges are only required to maintain NE spacing in cells subjected to increased mechanical forces. Furthermore, SUN proteins do not dictate the width of the NE.
Effect of adrenergic blocking agents on the vasopressin inhibiting action of norepinephrine.

SummaryThe effects of phenoxybenzamine and propranolol on norepinephrine anti-ADH action were studied in water loaded rats. Norepinephrine blocked the ADH anti-diuresis. This norepinephrine effect was blocked by phenoxybenzamine but not by propranolol. These observations suggest that different adrenergic receptors may have differing functions in the kidney with the alpha receptors supporting an anti-ADH effect.
Is It Finally Time to Put “Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt” Out to Pasture?

This paper diagnoses several of the liabilities of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, including its subjectivity, its ambiguity, and its presumed universal applicability across all crimes and all defendants. It argues further that the Supreme Court's repeated claims that this standard follows logically from an acknowledgement that false convictions are worse than false acquittals is an unsound inference. Finally, it proposes that future discussions of the standard of proof should take place in an environment in which detailed empirical information about the error rates at trial should be the engine driving the re-formulation of the standard of proof.
Fibronectin promotes migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells through up‐regulation of FAK–PI3K/Akt pathway

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy, and the fourth most common cause of cancer death among American women. This study investigates the mechanism of fibronectin (FN) in stimulating ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion through up-regulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway. Human ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3, A2780/CP70) were cultured and treated with fibronectin (10 µg/mL). Trans-well plates were used to conduct the migration assay, real-time RT-PCR for FAK mRNA expression, and FAK siRNA for blocking FAK expression. Western blots were used for P-FAK, P-PI3K, and P-Akt analysis. Fibronectin-treated OVCAR-3, A2780/CP70 cells have increased ability to migrate and invade. It significantly promoted this behavior through the phosphorylation of FAK. The cell displayed significantly increased signaling regulation of the FAK pathway (p-PI3K/P-Akt). Furthermore, siRNA FAK-treated cells had reduced the levels of p-PI3K/P-Akt after induced by fibronectin. Our results indicate that FAK inhibition can suppress ovarian cancer cells migration and invasion through inhibiting downstream signaling (PI3K/AKT), which might be a therapeutic target or biomarker for ovarian cancer.
Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS to Detect Prairie Dog Colonies

Abstract The locations of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus [Ord]) colonies on a 550-km2 study site in northeastern Wyoming, United States, were estimated using 3 remote sensing methods: raw satellite imagery (Landsat 7 ETM+), enhanced satellite imagery (integration of imagery with thematic layers via a Geographic Information System), and aerial reconnaissance (observations taken from a small plane). A supervised classification of the raw satellite imagery yielded an overall accuracy of 64.4%, relative to ground-truthed locations of prairie dog colonies. The enhanced satellite imagery, resulting from a filtering of the data based on an index derived from the sum of weighted ecological factors associated with prairie dog colonies (slopes, land cover, soil, and “greenness” via the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) yielded an overall accuracy of 69.2%. The aerial reconnaissance method provided 65.1% accuracy. The highest rate of false positives resulted from the aerial reconnaissance metho...
Decomposition of Concealed and Exposed Porcine Remains in the North Carolina Piedmont.

We examined the decomposition and subsequent insect colonization of small pig carrion (Sus scrofa (L.)) placed in concealed and open environments during spring, summer, and fall in Raleigh, North Carolina, as a model for juvenile human remains. Remains were concealed in simulated attics in three manners, ranging from minimal to well-concealed. Concealment had a significant effect on the insect community colonizing the remains across all three seasons; the beetles Necrobia rufipes (DeGeer) (Cleridae) and Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) were the only species indicative of remains located indoors, whereas numerous fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sepsidae, and Piophilidae) and beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae, Staphylinidae, and Histeridae) species and an ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Prenolepis sp.) were indicative of remains located outdoors. Season also significantly affected the insect species, particularly the blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) colonizing remains: Lucilia illustris (Meigen) was indicative of the spring, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.) and Chrysomya megacephala (F.) were indicative of the summer, and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and Calliphora vomitoria (L.) were indicative of the fall. In addition, across all seasons, colonization was delayed by 35–768 h, depending on the degree of concealment. These differences among the insect communities across seasons and concealment treatments, and the effects of concealment on colonization indicate that such information is important and should to be considered when analyzing entomological evidence for criminal investigations.
Prediction-guided performance-energy trade-off for interactive applications

Many modern mobile and desktop applications involve real-time interactions with users. For these interactive applications, tasks must complete in a reasonable amount of time in order to provide a responsive user experience. Conversely, completing a task faster than the limits of human perception does not improve the user experience. Thus, for energy efficiency, tasks should be run just fast enough to meet the response-time requirement instead of wasting energy by running faster. In this paper, we present a predictive DVFS controller that predicts the execution time of a job before it executes in order to appropriately set the DVFS level to just meet user response-time deadlines. Our results show 56% energy savings compared to running tasks at the maximum frequency with almost no deadline misses. This is 27% more energy savings than the default Linux interactive power governor, which also shows 2% deadline misses on average.
The National Archives of Hungary, by József Bana, ed.

Hungary has preserved a remarkable variety of historical documentation despite its history of military occupation and social upheaval. After the dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, the newly inde...
Inequality and Confidence, In the Lab

Confidence can have important economic consequences. Existing research has largely focused on overconfidence, ignoring systematic variation in confidence. Building on sociological and social psychological research, this paper examines the impact of mere inequality on confidence in an incentive-compatible laboratory setting. Inequality was introduced into an otherwise-standard social learning experiment by randomly dividing participant into high-paying and low-paying groups. Control sessions were conducted without inequality. The results demonstrate that disadvantageous inequality undermines confidence, while being on the comfortable side of inequality increases confidence. Further, participants' perceived connection between own- and own-group performance, coupled with patterns in confidence, created discriminatory beliefs against the low-paid group. The observed inequality-confidence link provides an alternative explanation for self-reinforcing economic inequality independent of external discrimination.
A new type of continent ileostomy. Results of an animal study.

Kock's continent ileostomy is a well-established technique, however, it is technically difficult to construct and has a high incidence of complications. This study evaluates a new type of mucosal valve constructed in continuity with an intestinal reservoir. The valve is created along the antimesenteric border of the efferent limb 0.5 cm distal to the reservoir. The seromuscular layer is “stripped” from the mucosal layer for 50 per cent of the bowel circumference and then excised. The remaining seromuscular borders are then sutured to the apex of the pouch and along the antimesenteric border of the afferent limb. In this way the valve is created and, upon distention of the afferent limb and apex of the pouch, the valve closes. In seven dogs such a continent ileostomy was constructed and all were clinically continent. The reservoirs were intubated through the ileostomy two to three times a day. The mean volume aspirated was 143 ml/day. After eight weeks, radiographic and volume-pressure studies were performed. Prior to sacrifice, increasing volumes of barium were instilled into each pouch via the afferent limb and radiographs were taken: these studies confirmed the continence in all seven ileostomies. Following this the reservoirs were intubated and the instilled barium was aspirated. Then Ringer's solution was instilled into each pouch with continuous intrapouch pressure measurements. The pressure remained at 0 cm H2O until a mean volume of 243 ml was exceeded. The mean volume at which incontinence occurred was 415 ml.
Effect of Substrate Surface Modification on Biomineralization of Osteoblasts

Understanding how biomineralization occurs in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone cells is crucial to the development of a successfully engineered bone tissue scaffold, and to date there has not been a well-established method for the quantitative examination of bone mineralization in situ. We investigated the mechanical properties of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells and the crystalline properties of their biomineralized ECM in vitro using shear modulation force microscopy (SMFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The elastic modulus of the mineralizing cells increased at time points corresponding to mineral production, whereas that of the non-mineralizing cells did not vary significantly over time. CLSM showed a restructuring of the F-actin fiber network of mineralizing cells with time, which indicates remodeling activities in the cytoskeleton and was not seen in the non-mineralizing cells. Both XRD and FTIR showed that the mineralizing subclone produced hydroxyapatite in situ and that the non-mineralizing subclone was in fact weakly biomineralizing.
Morphology of atrial myocardium in human pulmonary veins: A postmortem analysis in patients with and without atrial fibrillation

OBJECTIVES We report an in-depth postmortem morphologic analysis of atrial myocardium in human pulmonary veins (PVs) from patients with and without atrial fibrillation (AF). BACKGROUND Electrophysiologic studies established the critical role of PVs in the initiation of AF. To date, a paucity of data exists about PV morphology as an arrhythmogenic substrate. METHODS Longitudinal tissue-strips of PVs were excised and histologically analyzed from the distal part to just beyond the atriovenous junction in the left atrium from 20 patients, obtained at autopsy. Anatomical measurements, including diameters, lengths, and wall-thicknesses of PVs, obtained at autopsy, were made. RESULTS Histological analysis revealed extension of atrial myocardium into 89% of all PVs. Prevalence of myocardial extension was significantly higher in veins of 6 patients with compared with 14 patients without AF. Other significant differences in the histology of PVs between the two groups were a higher frequency of discontinuity and hypertrophy and a higher degree of fibrosis of the atrial myocardium in the PVs of patients with AF. A marked variation existed in anatomical dimensions of PVs, although no differences were observed between patients with or without AF. CONCLUSIONS Atrial myocardium was more often present in the PVs of patients with compared with patients without AF. In the first group, the atrial myocardium in the PVs was characterized by more severe discontinuity, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. A marked variation in anatomical dimensions of the PVs existed.
Long Distance Leadership: Communicative Strategies for Leading Virtual Teams

Because virtual teams are becoming more common in global organizations, research that explicates issues related to this emergent organizational phenomenon is necessary. One major topic is the leadership of virtual teams. Drawing on data from a series of in-depth interviews with project leaders, senior managers, and executives of six global organizations, in this chapter, what virtual team leaders perceive to be effective communicative tactics in virtual settings will be illustrated. Specifically, tactics related to two leadership challenges commonly cited in the academic and popular This chapter appears in the book, Virtual Teams: Projects, Protocols and Processes, edited by David Pauleen. Copyright © 2004, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING
The Establishment of the Irish Free State: The British Labour Party in Opposition, 1921–1923

On 22 June 1921, King George V opened the Northern Ireland Parliament which had been set up by the Government of Ireland Act of the previous year. The fact that Ulster was now secure enabled the government to consider entering negotiations with the extreme Irish nationalists of Sinn Fein. It was this, rather than George V’s conciliatory speech at the official opening of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, which enabled Lloyd George to offer Sinn Fein a meeting to discuss a truce. On 8 July, both parties accepted a truce to commence on 11 July.
Institutionalism and Public Policy

Institutions shape public policy, and in turn public policies shape institutions. This chapter discusses the role that institutions, viewed from a number of theoretical perspectives, play in shaping policies. Institutions can structure the flow of information and ideas from the environment and also have their own perspectives on what constitutes good policy. Institutions also help to provide stability in public policies and credible commitment on the part of government. The policies that an institution administers also define its pattern of functioning and its relationships with other organizations and actors in its environment.