cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thyroid hormone and the gut: Selective transcriptional activation of a villus-enterocyte marker

Background. Thyroid hormone (T 3 ) is an important regulator of gut mucosal growth, differentiation, and barrier function, but its mechanism of action in the gastrointestinal tract is largely unknown. The present studies were carried out to define the molecular mechanisms by which T 3 alters gut gene expression. Methods. In vivo : Adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were given three daily injections (intraperitoneal) of either saline solution or 30 μg/kg triiodothyronine. Small intestinal tissues were harvested, and Northern blot analyses were performed by using specific radiolabeled cDNA probes. In vitro : HT-29 cells were transfected with reporter plasmids and treated with or without T 3 , and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity was measured. Results. The T 3 -induced changes in enterocyte gene expression occurred in villus enterocytes and not in crypt cells and were independent of food intake. Northern analyses with an intron-specific probe revealed that the T 3 induction in intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) expression occurs at the level of transcription. Transient transfection assays revealed no T 3 -induced changes under basal conditions but marked increases (sixfold, p < 0.001) when a T 3 -receptor (TRβ-1) plasmid was cotransfected. Furthermore, T 3 was found to induce greater IAP reporter gene activity in differentiated (+ sodium butyrate) compared with undifferentiated HT-29 cells. Conclusions. T 3 induces IAP expression at the level of gene transcription. Both in vivo and in vitro, IAP transcriptional activation occurs to a greater extent in differentiated enterocytes than in undifferentiated crypt cells. Transactivation of the IAP gene by T 3 is mediated via a DNA cis-element(s) located within the 2.4 kb segment present in the reporter gene.
Facilitated ion transport through polyelectrolyte multilayer films containing metal-binding ligands

Abstract Alternating layer-by-layer adsorption of poly[( N , N '-dicarboxymethyl) allylamine] (PDCMAA) and protonated poly(allylamine) (PAH) at low pH yields thin films with abundant Cu 2+ -binding sites. When deposited on porous alumina substrates, (PDCMAA/PAH) 3 PDCMAA or (PDCMAA/PAH) 4 films show average Cu 2+ /Mg 2+ diffusion dialysis selectivities around 50. PDCMAA/PAH membranes also exhibit Cu 2+ /Ni 2+ and Cu 2+ /Ca 2+ selectivities >10. The high Cu 2+ /Mg 2+ selectivity despite similar aqueous diffusion coefficients and equal charges for the two ions suggests a facilitated transport mechanism. For comparison, poly(styrene sulfonate)/PAH films with 7 bilayers show Cu 2+ /Mg 2+ selectivities around 10, perhaps also due to facilitated transport via PAH. With PDCMAA/PAH membranes, Cu 2+ flux increases nonlinearly with increasing CuCl 2 concentrations in the feed. Sorption isotherms show that PDCMAA/PAH films contain both strong and weak binding sites, and the nonlinear increase in flux with increasing CuCl 2 feed concentration likely represents hopping between weak binding sites, probably the amine groups of PAH. Strong binding of Cu 2+ to PDCMAA may displace ionic cross-links in the film and create free amine groups for facilitated transport. Additionally, Cu 2+ binding to the film suppresses Mg 2+ transport, either through electrostatic exclusion or occupation of hopping sites.
Spatial memory following damage to hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells with kainic acid: impairment and recovery with preoperative training

Abstract The behavioral function of an intrinsic component of the hippocampus was investigated. Neurotoxic lesions of the CA3 region of the hippocampus impaired performance of a spatial memory task, and produced both hyperactivity and hyperreactivity to sensory stimulation. Both the magnitude and duration of these behavioral alterations depended on the amount of preoperative training received, and on the extent and locus of the lesion within the CA3 subfield. This study indicates that the CA3 subfield contributes to the performance of at least three behavioral functions known to be mediated by the hippocampus. In addition, the lack of enduring deficits in the behavioral tests in which preoperative training was received suggests that, after loss of the CA3 subfield, some mechanism for recovery of function occurs within the hippocampus.
Nitric Oxide Signaling at the Heart of the Matter

A family history of myocardial infarction (MI) or death from coronary heart disease at a young age is a well-known independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms by which the genetic background increases one's risk of suffering a myocardial infarction remain unclear. Recent exponential advances in genomics may facilitate the discovery of novel cardiovascular risk factors and therapeutic targets. In particular, next-generation sequencing technologies can identify gene mutations linked to a particular disease. Erdmann et al . applied these methodologies to a family in which a large number of members developed coronary heart disease at young ages. The authors used exome sequencing to find heterozygous mutations in two functionally related genes, GUCY1A3 (p.Leu163Phefs*24) and CCT7 (p.Ser525Leu). All individuals who carried both mutations were affected, and these mutations were absent in almost 7000 healthy subjects and unrelated MI cases. In human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, both mutations were associated with a marked reduction in the activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), an intracellular enzyme that binds to nitric oxide and catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Interestingly, platelets from digenic mutation carriers, compared with single mutation carriers or noncarriers, contained fewer α1 and β1 subunits of sGC and produced lower amounts of cGMP when stimulated with nitric oxide. Further experiments showed that mice deficient in the α1 subunit of sGC had enhanced thrombotic activity in the microcirculation, a finding that provides a mechanistic link between the identified mutations and the development of MI. The results of this research are captivating and constitute a step forward in understanding the familial predisposition to develop an MI; however, there is still a need to further validate the mechanisms by which these two mutations lead to an increase in the risk of coronary heart disease. More importantly, the study raises the question of whether treatment with sGC stimulators such as riociguat may be of benefit for primary or secondary prevention of MI in patients with certain dysfunctions of the nitric oxide pathway. J. Erdmann et al ., Dysfunctional nitric oxide signalling increases risk of myocardial infarction. Nature , published online 10 November 2013 (10.1038/nature12722). [[PubMed]][1] [1]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24213632?dopt=Abstract
Abstract 3636: Systems biology approach links genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic features to tamoxifen sensitivity.

Utilizing existing genome-wide genotype, transcriptome and microRNA (miRNA) datasets, we developed an integrative approach to evaluate the role of genetic-epigenetic regulatory networks in human complex traits. In this study, we focused on cellular sensitivity to tamoxifen, a commonly prescribed breast cancer medication as a phenotype of interest. A sequential multi-dimensional model was constructed to first identify genes/miRNAs whose expression levels are correlated with tamoxifen sensitivity. This in turn facilitated the identification of SNPs associated with potential functionally relevant genomic features. Finally, associations between these selected SNPs and cellular sensitivity to tamoxifen were evaluated. A permutation-based false discovery rate (FDR) procedure showed that association findings from our approach have much lower FDRs when compared to those obtained through a traditional single-step genome-wide association study (GWAS) between SNP and drug sensitivity. Our model identified 50 unique SNPs associated with 30 miRNAs and 34 gene expression levels, all of which associated with cellular sensitivity to tamoxifen phenotypes in HapMap YRI samples. Among them, several miRNAs and genes have been previously implicated to play a role in tamoxifen sensitivity; most are novel. Functional studies on select miRNAs/genes are currently underway in both the HapMap samples and breast cancer cell lines. Citation Format: Eric R. Gamazon, Liming Weng, Hae Kyung Im, Xiaotong Zhang, Dana M. Ziliak, R. Stephanie Huang. Systems biology approach links genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic features to tamoxifen sensitivity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3636. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3636
DEA 1 Expression on Dog Erythrocytes Analyzed by Immunochromatographic and Flow Cytometric Techniques

Background The Dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 blood group system was thought to contain types DEA 1.1 and 1.2 (and possibly 1.3 [A3]). However, DEA 1.2+ dogs are very rare and newer typing methods reveal varying degrees of DEA 1 positivity. Objectives To assess if variation in DEA 1 positivity is because of quantitative differences in surface antigen expression. To determine expression patterns in dogs over time and effects of blood storage (4°C). To evaluate DEA 1.2+ samples by DEA 1 typing methods. Animals Anticoagulated blood samples from 66 dogs in a research colony and from a hospital, and 9 previously typed DEA 1.2+ dogs from an animal blood bank. Methods Research study: Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunochromatographic strip using a monoclonal anti-DEA 1 antibody. Results Twenty dogs were DEA 1−, whereas 46 dogs were weakly to strongly DEA 1+. Antigen quantification revealed excellent correlation between strip and flow cytometry (r = 0.929). Both methods reclassified DEA 1.2+ samples as weakly to moderately DEA 1+, but they were not retyped with the polyclonal anti-DEA 1.1/1.X antibodies. Dogs and blood samples retained their relative DEA 1 antigen densities over time. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The blood group system DEA 1 is a continuum from negative to strongly positive antigen expression. Previously typed DEA 1.2+ appears to be DEA 1+. These findings further the understanding of the DEA 1 system and suggest that all alleles within the DEA 1 system have a similarly based epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody.
Serum Ionized Calcium May Be Related to White Matter Lesion Volumes in Older Adults: A Pilot Study

White matter lesions have detrimental effects upon older adults, while serum calcium levels have been associated with elevated vascular risk and may be associated with these lesions. Depression, a serious mental disorder characterized by disturbances in calcium metabolism, may be an important contributor to any calcium-lesion relationship. This cross-sectional pilot study examined the association between serum ionized calcium (the physiologically active form of calcium) and white matter lesion volumes in a sample of depressed and non-depressed older adults (N = 42; 60 years and older). Serum ionized calcium was determined using an ion-selective electrode technique, while lesion volumes were estimated from magnetic resonance imaging using an automated expectation-maximization segmentation. A linear regression model, controlling for age and group (depression vs. comparison), showed a trend for a positive relationship between serum ionized calcium and white matter lesion volume (β = 4.34, SE = 2.27, t = 1.91, p = 0.063). Subsample analyses with depressed participants showed a significant positive relationship between higher ionic calcium and greater lesion volume (β = 6.41, SE = 2.53, t = 2.53, p = 0.018), but no association was found for non-depressed participants. Sex-specific subsample analyses showed a significant positive relationship between higher calcium and greater lesion volume in men only (β = 7.49, SE = 3.42, t = 2.19, p = 0.041). These preliminary results indicate that serum ionized calcium may be associated with white matter lesions in older adults, particularly among men and individuals with depression. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Free fatty acids in cultured cells

A method for isolation and quantitation of cellular free fatty acid has been developed. When this method was used to quantitate the free fatty acid content of various cells and tissues, their levels of free fatty acids were found to vary over a wide range. In comparing tissue culture cells having different levels of free fatty acid, it was demonstrated that the conditions of culture and the type of serum in the medium are not responsible for the difference in levels. Isotopic studies have shown that the cellular free fatty acid is not biosynthesized, but is derived from the free fatty acid of the medium. Preliminary studies on the fate of the intracellular free fatty acid and a discussion of possible factors controlling the level of this compound in cells are presented.
Histologic features seen in changing nevi after therapy with an 810 nm pulsed diode laser for hair removal in patients with dysplastic nevi

Background The majority of lasers used for hair removal target melanin as the chromophore. In contrast with other cutaneous applications of lasers, lasers used for hair removal must generate a limited, controlled degree of thermal damage to permanently remove hairs. Aim To remove excess back hair from two male patients, one with a history of multiple nevi, and prior biopsies showing features of dysplastic nevi, and the other with large nevi greater than 6 mm in diameter and a family history of malignant melanoma. Methods Both patients received monthly treatments with an 810 nm, pulsed, high-power diode laser using a fluence of 20 J/cm2 and 25–30 J/cm2, respectively, and a pulse duration of 30 ms. Results Both patients presented 1 month after their last treatment with changing nevi within the treatment areas. Neither patient had clinical inflammation or other alterations suggestive of change in the nevi related to treatment. Thus, the nevi were excised with no mention of the previous laser treatment. The histologic features in all nevi were similar. There was subepidermal blister formation with elongation and disruption of nevus cells. There was homogenization of the collagen within the papillary dermis in all lesions. Only small foci of nevus cells could be identified in the dermis in some of the biopsy specimens. In these biopsy specimens, the dermal stromal matrix homogenization extended into the reticular dermis. Conclusions Laser targeting of nevus cells and surrounding structures may produce clinically atypical nevi in areas previously treated for hair removal. This should be kept in mind, especially in patients with a history of dysplastic nevi or with a personal or family history of malignant melanoma.
The weak metric approximation property and ideals of operators

Abstract We study the weak metric approximation property introduced by Lima and Oja. We show that a Banach space X has the weak metric approximation property if and only if F ( Y , X ) , the space of finite rank operators, is an ideal in W ( Y , X ∗ ∗ ) , the space of weakly compact operators for all Banach spaces Y.
Intercultural communication in English language teacher education

As a result of their sociocultural backgrounds and previous educational experiences, both language learners and teachers bring to the classroom certain norms and expectations concerning appropriate teacher and learner roles and the learning-teaching practices they believe to be conducive to language learning. To prevent frustrations and failure due to mismatches between the teachers' and learners' expectations, teachers need to consider to what extent the underlying principles of their chosen methodology will correspond with the set of assumptions that learners bring to the classroom. To prepare teacher trainees for making more socioculturally informed pedagogical decisions, sociocultural awareness raising and scrutiny need to be incorporated into TESOL teacher education. This article outlines how information about intercultural communication that is integrated with methodology training can foster greater awareness of sociocultural relativity in teacher trainees, and facilitate their reflection on their preconceived notions of target learner groups as they make methodological decisions.
Biochemical characterization of [3H]norepinephrine uptake in dissociated brain cell cultures from chick embryos.

The uptake of [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) was studied in dissociated brain cell cultures prepared from 8-day-old chick embryos using the whole brain (minus optic lobes). Uptake of [3H]NE, 5×10−9 M, 10 min incubation, in freshly dissociated noncultured embryonic chick brain cells, was detected in 6-day-old embryos; it was temperature and drug (cocaine, metanephrine) sensitive and increased with brain development. In cultured cells, which were assayed at various days in culture, the increase in [3H]NE accumulation per culture was less than that seen in freshly dissociated noncultured embryonic cells. When [3H]NE uptake was expressed per mg protein, a decrease with days in culture was observed, reflecting perhaps a dilution of growth or proliferation of cells not accumulating NE. Metanephrine, 5×10−6 M, an inhibitor of extraneuronal uptake, inhibited [3H]NE in 5-day-old cultures whereas desmethylimipramine, an inhibitor of neuronal uptake, inhibited [3H]NE uptake in 15- and 20-day-old cultures. Cocaine, another neuronal inhibitor, inhibited [3H]NE at 10 and 15 days only. We interpret these findings to suggest that during early growth in culture most neuroblasts accumulate NE nonspecifically and, as neuronal maturation proceeds, NE accumulation becomes specific.
Travels with marty : Seymour martin lipset as a mentor

Seymour Martin Lipset was Whitmanesque in his amplitude?in physical and social stature, in the breadth of his vision, and in his passion for America. He was "born in the U.S.A." just like Bruce Springsteen. The virtues, paradoxes, and contradictions of America are a key to his persona and work. Reminiscent of his mentor Robert King Merton, Marty wrote, "we are the worst as well as the best. ..." The good and the bad are closely linked to values "which make for achievement and independence " There are no easy answers, which is all the more reason to seek them in a tolerant, tentative, and open minded spirit of inquiry. I first met him in the Fall of 1961 at Berkeley through his fellow Columbia Lazarsfeldians Charles Glock and Hannan Selvin, my teachers in the required 201A-B methods class. I had a strong interest in, and indignation over, what was then called "prejudice" (racism had not yet become fashionable as a concept). I was highly moti vated and increasingly self-confident after a successful year of graduate study. The gate to the highway had opened a crack, but it was still a dark and foggy (although not cold) morning and the path could barely be seen. Ever the comparative thinker and on the prowl for ideas and data, Marty had discov ered some long-forgotten 1938 American Institute of Public Opinion surveys that had questions on Father Coughlin, the pioneering mass-media anti-Semitic radio priest who was eventually silenced by the Church. Marty was extending his interest from left to right-wing social movements. With the deep reservoir of exploitable public anger and fear in the depression, had Huey Long not been assassinated, this Louisiana politician could have (with the support of demagogues such as Coughlin) been elected President in 1936.
Bordering the Eastern Himalaya: Boundaries, Passes, Power Contestations

National borders in the eastern Himalaya region exhibit pressures of modernisation transition between two powerful emerging nation-states. The research question concerns under what circumstances borders are maintained. Consideration falls on the role of physical features, borders as cultural identity markers, and passes as transgressive spaces, negotiated through historical shifts in population and politics. A geopolitical history of boundary contestations in this region indicates the role of passes as conduits of political and cultural flows. Power relations bound space that cultural preservation makes worth delimiting.
EFFECTIVENESS OF A TELEPHONE OUTCALL INTERVENTION TO PROMOTE SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY AMONG LOW-INCOME WOMEN

Abstract Background. This study evaluated the impact of a telephone outcall intervention (based on the Transtheoretical Model) on screening mammography behavior among lower income, older women. Methods. A geodemographic database, INFORUM, was used to identify low-income and minority neighborhoods throughout the state of Colorado. Residences were assigned randomly to three study groups: (1) control, (2) outcall only, and (3) advance “invitation” + outcall. Information Specialists of the Cancer Information Service implemented the protocol. Mammography adherence was assessed in telephone interviews conducted 6 months and 2 years after the initial call. Results. Neither intervention had a significant effect on the main outcome, receipt of mammography in the 6-month follow-up period. At 6 months, intentions to have a mammogram were significantly stronger in the intervention groups compared with the control group, particularly among those who were precontemplators at baseline. The 2-year follow-up indicated a small increase in mammography adherence attributable to the advance invitation + outcall, but this effect was restricted to those adherent at baseline. Mammography behavior during the 6-month follow-up period was predicted strongly by decisional balance, intentions, receipt of a physical and clinical breast exam, and previous mammography behavior. Conclusions. The intervention promoted minimal movement in the stages of change for mammography. Outcall interventions may have promise for encouraging repeat mammography behavior, but more intensive interventions are likely to be necessary to promote behavior change among nonadherent women.
Lipid-rich diffuse malignant mesothelioma: A case report

An 80-year old man presented with shortness of breath and was found to have a large right pleural effusion. Cytology of the pleural fluid showed atypical papillary clusters of epithelioid cells. Multiple white-yellow nodules studding the pleural surfaces were seen at thoracoscopy, and biopsies showed solid and papillary clusters of large epithelioid cells with abundant cytoplasm filled with clear vacuoles. Special stains and electron microscopic findings indicated that the tumor was a diffuse malignant mesothelioma with numerous intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles. Fat stain may be useful at time of frozen section for a pleural-based tumor with vacuolated cells, and the presence of lipid vacuoles in a pleural-based tumor does not exclude diffuse malignant mesothelioma.
Capability indices for material balance accounting

Capability indices are used to measure the output from a process relative to specification limits set by engineering requirements. In this research, they are applied to material balance series generated in a nuclear facility. These indices are modified to account for the complexities in a nuclear facility including the dependency between observations and the influence of outliers. By appropriately measuring material balances across various units of a nuclear facility, managers can then identify the weakest area. Resources should then be concentrated in reducing the variability of the most troublesome unit, which in turn would improve the overall performance of the facility in terms of improved operational efficiency and a reduction in nuclear material losses.
A mathematical model of the footprint of the CO2 plume during and after injection in deep saline aquifer systems

Abstract We present a sharp-interface mathematical model of CO 2 migration in saline aquifers, which accounts for gravity override, capillary trapping, natural groundwater flow, and the shape of the plume during the injection period. The model leads to a nonlinear advection–diffusion equation, where the diffusive term is due to buoyancy forces, not physical diffusion. For the case of interest in geological CO 2 storage, in which the mobility ratio is very unfavorable, the mathematical model can be simplified to a hyperbolic equation. We present a complete analytical solution to the hyperbolic model. The main outcome is a closed-form expression that predicts the ultimate footprint on the CO 2 plume, and the time scale required for complete trapping. The capillary trapping coefficient emerges as the key parameter in the assessment of CO 2 storage in saline aquifers. The expressions derived here have immediate applicability to the risk assessment and capacity estimates of CO 2 sequestration at the basin scale. In a companion paper [Szulczewski and Juanes, GHGT-9, Paper 463 (2008)] we apply the model to specific geologic basins.
Conditional variance model checking

Abstract This paper discusses the problem of fitting a parametric model to the conditional variance function in a class of heteroscedastic regression models. The proposed test is based on the supremum of the Khmaladze type martingale transformation of a certain partial sum process of calibrated squared residuals. Asymptotic null distribution of this transformed process is shown to be the same as that of a time transformed standard Brownian motion. Test is shown to be consistent against a large class of fixed alternatives and to have nontrivial asymptotic power against a class of nonparametric n - 1 / 2 -local alternatives, where n is the sample size. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the finite sample performance of the proposed test and to make a finite sample comparison with an existing test.
Motion of an Electron in a Perturbed Periodic Potential

Wannier's theorem concerning the motion of an electron in a perturbed periodic potential is generalized so as to take into account transitions between energy bands. The generalized form of the theory is placed on a rigorous quantum-mechanical foundation and the basic approximation of Wannier's form of the theorem elucidated. A compact matrix formulation is developed which permits the multiband character of the formalism to be handled expeditiously. It is shown that corrections to Wannier's approximate equation of motion arising from variations of the potential within a unit cell require a multiband formalism, since these corrections affect the motion primarily by causing transitions between bands. The correction terms are expressed in such a form that they may be conveniently treated as perturbations. A generalized form of Wannier's theorem is presented in which the perturbing potential may depend upon both the coordinate and momentum of the electron. The special case that the perturbative potential is due to slowly varying combined electric and magnetic fields is discussed in detail. Applicability to the problem of the electron-phonon interaction is discussed briefly.
Analysis of a Model for Excitation of Myelinated Nerve

Excellent models have been presented in the literature which relate membrane potential to transverse membrane current and which describe the propagation of action potentials along the axon, for both myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers. There is not, however, an adequate model for nerve excitation which allows one to compute the threshold of a nerve fiber for pulses of finite duration using electrodes that are not in direct contact with the fiber. This paper considers this problem and presents a model of the electrical properties of myelinated nerve which describes the time course of events following stimulus application up to the initiation of the action potential. The time-varying current and potential at all nodes can be computed from the model, and the strength-duration curve can be determined for arbitrary electrode geometries, although only the case of a monopolar electrode is considered in this paper. It is shown that even when the stimulus is a constant-current pulse, the membrane current at the nodes varies considerably with time. The strength-duration curve calculated from the model is consistent with previously published experimental data, and the model provides a quantitative relationship between threshold and fiber diameter which shows there is less selectivity among fibers of large diameter than those of small diameter.
Functional Analysis of the Amino-terminal 8-kDa Domain of DNA Polymerase β as Revealed by Site-directed Mutagenesis DNA BINDING AND 5′-DEOXYRIBOSE PHOSPHATE LYASE ACTIVITIES

The amino-terminal 8-kDa domain of DNA polymerase β functions in binding single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), recognition of a 5′-phosphate in gapped DNA structures, and as a 5′-deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) lyase. NMR and x-ray crystal structures of this domain have suggested several residues that may interact with ssDNA or play a role in the dRP lyase reaction. Nine of these residues were altered by site-directed mutagenesis. Each mutant was expressed inEscherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was purified to near homogeneity. CD spectra of these mutant proteins indicated that the alteration did not adversely affect the global protein structure. Single-stranded DNA binding was probed by photochemical cross-linking to oligo(dT)16. Several mutants (F25W, K35A, K60A, and K68A) were impaired in ssDNA binding activity, whereas other mutants (H34G, E71Q, K72A, E75A, and K84A) retained near wild-type binding activity. The 5′-phosphate recognition activity of these mutants was examined by UV cross-linking to a 5-nucleotide gap DNA where the 5′ terminus in the gap was either phosphorylated or unphosphorylated. The results indicate that Lys35 is involved in 5′-phosphate recognition of DNA polymerase β. Finally, the dRP lyase activity of these mutants was evaluated using a preincised apurinic/apyrimidinic DNA. Alanine mutants of Lys35 and Lys60 are significantly reduced in dRP lyase activity, consistent with the lower ssDNA binding activity. More importantly, alanine substitution for Lys72 resulted in a greater than 90% loss of dRP lyase activity, without affecting DNA binding. Alanine mutants of Lys68 and Lys84 had wild-type dRP lyase activity. The triple alanine mutant, K35A/K68A/K72A, was devoid of dRP lyase activity, suggesting that the effects of the alanine substitution at Lys72 and Lys35 were additive. The results suggest that Lys72 is directly involved in formation of a covalent imino intermediate and are consistent with Lys72as the predominant Schiff base nucleophile in the dRP lyase β-elimination catalytic reaction.
Self-assembly: En route to patchy superlattices

The electrostatic interaction between protein cages and charged gold nanoparticles can be used to assemble nanoparticle superlattices with structures that have not been observed before in nature.
GATA3 expression in breast carcinoma: utility in triple-negative, sarcomatoid, and metastatic carcinomas,

GATA3 plays an integral role in breast luminal cell differentiation and is implicated in breast cancer progression. GATA3 immunohistochemistry is a useful marker of breast cancer; however, its use in specific subtypes is unclear. Here, we evaluate GATA3 expression in 86 invasive ductal carcinomas including triple-negative, Her-2, and luminal subtypes, in addition to 13 metaplastic carcinomas and in 34 fibroepithelial neoplasms. In addition, we report GATA3 expression in matched primary and metastatic breast carcinomas in 30 patients with known estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Her-2 status, including 5 with ER and/or PR loss from primary to metastasis. Tissue microarrays containing 5 to 10 cores per tumor were stained for GATA3, scored as follows: 0 (0-5%), 1+ (6%-25%), 2+ (26%-50%), 3+ (51%-75%), and 4+ (>75%). GATA3 labeling was seen in 67% (66/99) of primary ductal carcinomas including 43% of triple-negative and 54% of metaplastic carcinomas. In contrast, stromal GATA3 labeling was seen in only 1 fibroepithelial neoplasm. GATA3 labeling was seen in 90% (27/30) of primary breast carcinomas in the paired cohort, including 67% of triple-negative carcinomas. GATA3 labeling was overwhelmingly maintained in paired metastases. Notably, GATA3 was maintained in all "luminal loss" metastases, which showed ER and/or PR loss. In conclusion, GATA3 expression is maintained between matched primary and metastatic carcinomas including ER-negative cases. GATA3 can be particularly useful as a marker for metastatic breast carcinoma, especially triple-negative and metaplastic carcinomas, which lack specific markers of mammary origin. Finally, GATA3 labeling may help distinguish metaplastic carcinoma from malignant phyllodes tumors.
Cutting Edge: Dependence of TCR Antagonism on Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Activity

The mechanism by which antagonist peptides inhibit T cell responses is unknown. Mice deficient in Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-1) have revealed its importance in the negative regulation of lymphocyte signaling. We investigated a possible role for SHP-1 in T cell antagonism and demonstrate, for the first time, a substantial increase in SHP-1 activity during antagonism of CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, the removal of functional SHP-1 prevents antagonism in these cells. Our data demonstrate that T cell antagonism occurs via a negative intracellular signal that is mediated by SHP-1.
Determinants of Infant Sleep Position in an Urban Population

The incidence of SIDS has decreased by 40% since the Back to Sleep campaign was initiated. However, the rate of SIDS in the District of Columbia continues to be approximately double the national rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of prone sleeping among infants in the District of Columbia and to ascertain what information is being provided to parents by health care professionals by a cross-sectional survey of parents of infants 0-6 months of age presenting for well child care at Children's Health Center, Children's National Medical Center, in Washington, DC. We recruited a consecutive sample of 126 parent-infant pairs, of which 92.9% were African-American. The average infant was 73 days old, was 3,003 grams at birth, and was full term. When asked how the infants were placed for sleep the night before the interview, 34.1% of parents had placed the infant supine, 50.8% side, and 15.1% prone. Nearly half (48%) of infants slept in an adult bed with the mother. Mor...
Effect of hypertransfusion on granulopoiesis in bone marrow depression. Studies in the irradiated mouse.

The response of granulopoietic activity in bone marrow depression to a reduction in the demand for erythropoiesis has been examined by means of hypertransfusing C-57B mice which had been exposed to sublethal whole body irradiation. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 ml packed red cells from irradiated donors were employed to maintain the haematocrit sufficiently above the normal range to produce significant suppression of erythropoietic activity for the duration of the bone marrow depression. This was associated with elevation above control values of 32--102% in the blood granulocyte count, 22--78% in total cells of the granulocytic series per femur, and up to 44% in total agar colony forming units per femur. Restoration of essentially normal values occurred 13 d after irradiation in contrast to 17--18 d in controls. Single transfusions which produced less suppression of erythroblast numbers per femur resulted in an intermediate degree of improvement in these parameters. Such changes in the granulocyte compartment indicate improved granulopoietic capacity in the hypertransfused group. It is suggested that this effect reflects increased production of granulocyte progenitors due to the reduction in competing demands on the compromised multipotential stem cell compartment for progenitors of the erythroid series. The findings raise the possibility that hypertransfusion might be capable of producing a beneficial effect on granulopoiesis in human bone marrow depression.
Analysis of Thermohaline Feedbacks

Feedbacks between atmospheric meridional transports and the thermohaline circulation (THC) are analysed, using a four-box ocean-atmosphere model in one hemisphere. The ocean model is Stommel’s; the atmospheric model is similar to the one developed earlier by Marotzke and Stone and gives the surface heat and freshwater fluxes as residuals of the atmospheric energy and moisture budgets, assumed in balance. Radiation at the top of the atmosphere depends linearly on surface temperature; atmospheric meridional heat and moisture transports are proportional to an arbitrary positive power of the meridional temperature gradient, which is taken to be identical to the oceanic temperature gradient. The coefficients in the power laws for atmospheric meridional transports are chosen such that all coupled models have one steady state in common. Upon linearization, a Newtonian cooling law is derived for anomalous differential surface heat flux. The timescale on which the ocean temperature gradient is restored decreases with increasing power, n, in the atmospheric heat transport parameterization. The limits, n = 0, ∞, correspond approximately to the uncoupled cases of fixed surface heat flux and fixed surface temperature, respectively. A power, m, of zero in the atmospheric moisture transport is equivalent to fixed surface freshwater flux. Stronger dependence of moisture transport on temperature gradient (increasing m) destabilises the THC. When moisture transport depends weakly on temperature gradients (m ≤ 1), the THC is more stable to perturbations as n decreases (weaker restoring). For m ≥ 2, however, the THC is more unstable with smaller n, because the destabilising effect of anomalous moisture transport outweighs the stabilising effect of anomalous thermal forcing of the THC. If zonal mixing in the atmosphere is incomplete, the zonal mean temperature deviates from the ocean temperature. Meridional atmospheric transports are less sensitive to variations in the ocean temperature gradient if the ocean area is small, and Newtonian cooling is weaker. Simultaneously, a smaller ocean can compensate a given atmospheric energy budget imbalance only through a greater change in surface heat flux, which translates into stronger Newtonian cooling. When flux adjustments are applied to obtain the correct model climate despite incorrect atmospheric transports, the effect is that of choosing incorrect n or m, so transient behavior and model sensitivity are wrong although the mean state is correct. It is speculated that climate drifts seen even in flux-adjusted coupled models are amplifications of residual drifts in an incomplete, uncoupled spinup. The linearised model is non-normal, which leads to amplifications of small perturbation through interference of non-orthogonal eigenfunctions. Considerable excursions in temperature and salinity gradients can occur, which are density compensated and hence are not effectively counteracted by changes in the circulation unless the atmospheric transports respond to the changes in ocean temperature.
Maintainability prediction: a regression analysis of measures of evolving systems

In order to build predictors of the maintainability of evolving software, we first need a means for measuring maintainability as well as a training set of software modules for which the actual maintainability is known. This paper describes our success at building such a predictor. Numerous candidate measures for maintainability were examined, including a new compound measure. Two datasets were evaluated and used to build a maintainability predictor. The resulting model, Maintainability Prediction Model (MainPredMo), was validated against three held-out datasets. We found that the model possesses predictive accuracy of 83% (accurately predicts the maintainability of 83% of the modules). A variant of MainPredMo, also with accuracy of 83%, is offered for interested researchers.
JEEM and Non-market Valuation: 1974–1998

Abstract This paper considers whether the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management (JEEM) has had impact on the development and applications of the methods used to estimate economic values for non-marketed environmental resources. Journal editors control the research dialogue in a discipline and as a result have the potential to influence its scope and direction. At least four areas of research have been influenced by JEEM, the theory and practice of contingent valuation, the use of preference restrictions in valuation, the development and application of corner solution models, and the role of substitution between environmental resources for valuation.
A featureless wideband Gaussian noise signaling modem employing acoustic charge transport (ACT) technology

Low probability of intercept communication schemes are crucial in scenarios where transmitter covertness must be maintained. Popular efforts to improve covertness are known to employ or enhance featureless qualities of wideband spread spectrum waveforms. The authors implement the strategy of modulating an already featureless wideband waveform - average white Gaussian noise - such that the modulation waveform remains featureless while transmitting binary data. The technique employed is adapted directly from the theoretical description given by Cooper at MILCOM '82. A working hardware model for a featureless wideband Gaussian noise signaling binary data modem has been prepared using standard ACT programmable transversal filters (PTFs). A transmitted reference modulation scheme is employed which enables decoding at the receiver without phase locked carrier recovery or code synchronization. ACT PTFs are used at the receiver to recorrelate the reference signal with the modulated signal. Correlation sequences are fully programmable. >
In-Situ UHV Electromigration In Cu Films

Copper stripes, current stressed under UHV, clean surface conditions, have an activation energy Q for electromigration (EM) of 0.5 eV, significantly lower than the 0.8 eV reported when the surface has been exposed to air. Application of positive or negative potentials to the stripes during EM testing raises or lowers the clean surface Q in a linear relationship in the range of 0.2 to 1.0 eV. These results were obtained from in-situ electrical resistance measurements during which potentials up to +/− 800 volts were applied to the stripe. Thus the rate at which surface EM takes place is influenced by the sign and magnitude of the applied potential. The low Q for the in-situ clean surface studies also implies that surface diffusion is the dominant physical mechanism whereby EM damage occurs. Ex-situ SEM studies support this conclusion. This work has important implications for ULSI since numerous recent studies have indicated that surface and/or interface diffusion are present during current stressing of passivated and unpassivated fine line stripes.
Frequency of False Positive Amphetamine Screens due to Bupropion Using the Syva Emit II Immunoassay

Bupropion is a commonly prescribed, monocyclic antidepressant often used as an aid for smoking cessation. Several case reports have described false positive amphetamine urine drug screens (UDS) associated with bupropion. We sought to determine whether false positive amphetamine UDS due to the use of bupropion would be a frequent occurrence. We conducted an IRB-approved, retrospective chart review of all emergency department patients who underwent UDS between 1 January 2006 and 31 July 2007. All urine samples were screened using Syva EMIT II Plus immunoassay reagents. All positive screens underwent confirmation by gas chromatography (GC). We reviewed the records of patients with positive amphetamine UDS. We documented prescription use of bupropion, other antidepressants, stimulants, antipsychotics, and anti-hypertensives. We recorded evidence of polysubstance abuse (PSA) as patients who had had a documented diagnosis or laboratory evidence of abuse of at least two substances (drugs or ethanol). Of 10,011 urine drug screens, 362 (3.6%) were positive for amphetamine. GC confirmed amphetamines in 234 (65%), but failed to confirm in 128 (35%). Among the 234 confirmed, records reflected use of bupropion in three (1.3%), other antidepressants in 38 (16%), antipsychotics in 17 (8%), and amphetamine in 50 (21%). Records indicated evidence of PSA in 55 (24%). Among the 128 which failed to confirm, records reflected prescription use of bupropion in 53 (41%). None whose drug screen failed to confirm had evidence of PSA. Therapeutic use of bupropion appears to be the most frequent cause of false positive urine drug screens for amphetamines in our population.
Youth representatives’ opinions on recruiting and representing young workers: A twofold unsatisfied demand?

Unionization levels are far lower among young workers than for the workforce in general. How can trade unions become more responsive to their particular interests and needs? Union confederations, even in countries with decentralized union structures, have the potential to take effective initiatives to facilitate and support new organizing strategies targeted at young workers, for example by spreading knowledge, practical skills and vision of relevance for improving the representation and recruitment of young workers. Yet the survey findings reported here show that youth representatives across Europe find their confederations’ responsiveness and commitment to organizing to be inadequate. Their dissatisfaction confirms previous research findings concerning young workers and their unfulfilled desire for unionization.
A high-sensitivity 3-D tactile sensor for minimally invasive surgery

This paper reports the development of a tactile sensor that is able to detect 3-D forces for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) applications. The sensor consists of a central silicon post and a polyimide bottom diaphragm integrated with symmetric polysilicon piezoresistors. A straightforward fabrication process using Deep Reactive Ion etching (DRIE) was employed. A simple but effective packaging scheme was developed, isolating the bonding pads and bonding wires from the sensing surface. The tactile sensor was experimentally characterized by monitoring the resistance change of the piezoresistors when the central post was pushed.
Octree-Advancing Front Method for Generation of Unstructured Surface and Volume Meshes

Amethodisdescribedforthegeneration ofunstructuredgridsforcomplexthree-dimensionalgeometriesincluding multibodydomains.Acombinedoctree-advancing frontmethod ispresentedforgenerationoftheunstructured surface mesh as well as the tetrahedral volume mesh. The unique feature of this generator is that a special octree provides the local length scales of the mesh, which can vary signi® cantly. This octree is automatically created and eliminates the need for a user-constructed background mesh to determine the grid-spacing and stretching parameters. The grid generator isrobust, isgeometry independent, and requires minimal userinteraction. A techniqueis also presented for generation of anisotropic surface meshes that result in a signi® cant reduction in the number of triangular faces. Automatic local remeshing is also employed to improve the quality of the tetrahedral mesh. The geometry independence of the octree-advancing front method is demonstrated through both surface and volume
From Ally McBeal to Sabado Gigante: Contributions of Television Viewing to the Gender Role Attitudes of Latino Adolescents.

Although previous findings indicate that frequent television viewing is associated with holding more stereotypical attitudes about gender, no studies have examined this connection among Latino youth, who are frequent viewers of both English- and Spanishlanguage programming. The present study attempted to rectify this situation by examining connections between exposure to this content, viewer involvement, and the gender role beliefs of Latino adolescents. Surveying 186 Latino high school students, we found that girls who watched more television and who perceived it to be realistic exhibited more traditional gender role attitudes. Similar contributions were seen from the viewing of specific genres of English- and Spanish-language programming, underscoring the importance of investigating associations by language, sex, and genre.