cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory reactivity assessment: Effects of casual blood pressure status and choice of task difficulty

Abstract In a study of 60 healthy young men, 26 with high and 34 with normal casual systolic pressure, blood pressure and its underlying hemodynamic determinants were measured at rest and during exposure to a series of laboratory tasks. Subjects were given a choice of performing either a difficult or an easy version of a mental arithmetic task, and then offered a similar choice of an easy or difficult simulated public speaking task. All subjects were given the same tasks, regardless of choice, but led to believe the tasks were the ones they had chosen. During all tasks, subjects with high casual systolic pressure showed greater blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate and myocardial contractility increases than subjects with normal casual pressure. Within the high casual pressure group, subjects who chose difficult for the mental arithmetic task exhibited greater increases in systolic pressure and heart rate during that task than subjects who chose easy. This subgroup maintained their greater responses during a subsequent mental arithmetic task in which all subjects were told that the diffculty level was the reverse of what they had initially chosen. Choosing difficult on the speaking task was associated with greater increases in cardiac output during performance on that task. Differences in cardiovascular responses associated with choice of difficulty were not evident during performance on tasks which did not pertain to the choice. For mental arithmetic, choice of difficulty was also associated with the psychological trait, fear of failure. These findings are relevant to the development of cardiovascular reactivity assessment procedures, which should attempt to detect psychological as well as physiological determinants of individual differences.
USDA develops a database for flavonoids to assess dietary intakes

Abstract The Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) of ARS/USDA issued “USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.1” in 2012. A complementary database for the “USDA Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2” was issued in 2008. To support the assessment of the flavonoids intake these two databases were expanded to comprise approximately 2900 foods from USDA's National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). Various estimation techniques, long established for calculating unavailable values in SR, were used to complete this expanded flavonoids database for a total of 30 compounds for each of 2900 foods.
Serial Cognitive Testing in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Longitudinal Changes with Medical and Surgical Therapies

Cognitive testing was repeated at intervals ranging from 1 to 8 years in 47 adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Each patient underwent standardized batteries, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Revised (WAIS-R), and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Both surgically treated and nonsurgical patients were examined. The nonsurgical group underwent serial testing for clinical indications, usually for complaints of memory dysfunction. Longitudinal testing could not verify any mean deterioration of intellect or memory in this group; variance over time was similar to test-retest norms in healthy controls. WAIS-R scores before and after resection in the surgical group were similar to our serial WAIS-R data in nonsurgical patients. When we divided surgical patients according to side of epileptogenesis, we noted the expected differences in verbal and visual memory. Right-sided surgery patients improved significantly in Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) and tended to improve in logical memory on postoperative testing. Patients undergoing left resections had no retest improvement and tended to show decrease in several measures of verbal memory. Our findings should stimulate continued investigation into the natural history of lateralized memory and intellectual function in epilepsy, particularly to clarify long-term cognitive outcome in nonsurgical patients.
Assessment of a head-mounted miniature monitor

Two experiments were conducted to assess the capabilities and limitations of the Private Eye, a miniature, head-mounted monitor. The first experiment compared the Private Eye with a cathode ray tube (CRT) and hard copy in both a constrained and unconstrained work envelope. The task was a simulated maintenance and assembly task that required frequent reference to the displayed information. A main effect of presentation media indicated faster placement times using the CRT as compared with hard copy. There were no significant differences between the Private Eye and either the CRT or hard copy for identification, placement, or total task times. The goal of the second experiment was to determine the effects of various local visual parameters on the ability of the user to accurately perceive the information of the Private Eye. The task was an interactive video game. No significant performance differences were found under either bright or dark ambient illumination environments nor with either visually simple or complex task backgrounds. Glare reflected off of the bezel surrounding the monitor did degrade performance. It was concluded that this head-mounted, miniature monitor could serve a useful role for in situ operations, especially in microgravity environments.
The Effects of Seasonal Variation on Hatchability of Eggs from Commercial Broiler Flocks

Abstract The hatchability records of three large commercial hatcheries located in different areas of North Georgia were studied. The study involved more than a million eggs each week for a period of three years. When the hatchability records of all the hatcheries are averaged together for the three year period, there is a decline of approximately 5% during the summer months of July, August and September.
Relation between discriminative and reinforcing effects of midazolam, pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, zolpidem, and imidazenil in baboons.

Abstract Rationale. If a psychoactive drug shares discriminative effects with one that maintains self-administration, it is often inferred that the test drug is likely to be self-administered and to have abuse liability. This presumed predictive relationship has not been studied directly, however. Objective. To determine at the level of the individual subject (1) whether a novel drug dose that shares discriminative effects with a reinforcing drug dose also will serve as a reinforcer, and (2) whether the results of generalization tests for drugs pharmacologically similar to the training drug predict whether the test drugs will or will not be self-administered. Methods. Baboons were trained to discriminate midazolam (0.32 mg/kg, IV) from saline and also under a schedule of IV drug reinforcement. At the beginning of a period of self-administration, the first self-injection was followed 10 min later by a drug discrimination test session. The baboon then had the opportunity to self-administer the same dose 24 h/day (3-h timeout after each injection). A second drug discrimination test followed the last self-injection of the condition. Results. Zolpidem and imidazenil shared discriminative effects with midazolam. Zolpidem was reinforcing in all baboons, but imidazenil was not. Chlordiazepoxide partially shared discriminative effects with midazolam, and the rate of self-administration was low. Pentobarbital did not share discriminative effects with midazolam, but was reinforcing. For all drugs, some doses did not share discriminative effects with midazolam but were reinforcing. Generalization gradients from tests after the last self-injection were similar to those after the first self-injection. Conclusions. The discriminative effect of a drug in relation to a training drug of the same pharmacological class is not isomorphic with its reinforcing effectiveness.
Adiabatic atomic cooling in microwave cavities

Abstract We propose a novel adiabatic cooling scheme particularly adapted to microwave cavity QED situations where it is desirable to avoid the normal damping mechanism, spontaneous emission. It exploits the inevitable cavity losses, and the concomittant decrease in the gradient force, to irreversibly dispose of the atomic center of mass energy.
Elastic electron scattering from Ba and Sr

We present a comprehensive set of theoretical results for differential, total, and momentum transfer cross sections and Sherman functions for the elastic scattering of electrons by barium and strontium atoms, for the entire angular range and energies below 1 keV. This study extends our method of calculations, already employed for inert gases, to other atoms with closed subshells and provides insight into the electron scattering from these two atoms, particularly for strontium where there is a serious lack of both experimental and prior theoretical works. Our relatively simple semiempirical approach, with a single adjustable parameter, produces a satisfactory agreement with the measured values and convergent close-coupling calculations for barium, for the limited number of energies and angles at which they are available. Based on this success, we provide a recommended set of values of cross sections and scattering phase shifts for both atoms and for future applications.
Most Common Teacher Characteristics Related to Intentionality in Student Spiritual Formation

Teachers have the important commission of guiding students in their spiritual formation, which is the process through which an individual accepts Jesus Christ as Savior and continually becomes more like Him. Given this task, Christian teachers are able to be intentional within classroom management, through instruction, and by modeling. Teachers from 50 schools within the Southeast Region of the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) were asked to complete a survey regarding intentional practices for student spiritual formation. With a Likert scale, a rating system, and open-ended questions, a triangulation method was used to find the most common characteristics related to spiritual formation intentionality. The characteristics found to be most common included “exhibiting a Christ-like attitude”, “creating a classroom climate that promotes spiritual growth”, and “being intentional in the spiritual disciplines”. By being intentional in these areas, the teacher is able to be that agent that fo...
Topological Markov chains, C∗-algebras, and K2

Soit σ A :X A →X A la chaine de Markov topologique provenant d'une matrice 0-1 pouvant etre infinie et soit Aut(σ A ) le groupe des equivalences uniformes de σ A . On etudie la relation entre Aut(σ A ), le foncteur algebrique de K-theorie K 2 et des automorphismes de C*-algebre du type Cuntz-Kreiger associees a A et de son groupe de dimension correspondant K 0 (X A )
The sharing of behavior therapy: From scientists and practitioners to communities and consumers

Cognitive behavior therapists should interact with community agencies and the media in order to make cognitive behavior therapy more widely understood and appreciated. These efforts will promote the mental health well-being of society as a whole.
How does size matter? The impact of the rise of small schools on Latinos and emergent bilinguals in New York City

Abstract Since the dawn of mayoral control in 2002, New York City high schools have undergone a major overhaul. Part of this reform effort has been the replacement of underperforming large high schools with new small high schools. This study more closely examines the effects of a transition to small high schools on students who are Latino and students who are emergent bilinguals (EBs). The data includes the demographic data from the New York State Department of Education Comprehensive Education Plan and the New York City Department of Education Progress Report for each school. This study finds that although a majority of Latinos and EBs continue to attend large schools of more than 1200 students, they are unevenly distributed across different school sizes. In addition, large high schools are far more likely to offer Transitional Bilingual Education (TBE) programs. Findings also indicate that small schools of no more than 500 students have higher academic outcomes based on credit accumulation and higher fo...
Inhibition of labeling of messenger and nucleoplasmic RNA of HeLa cells by camptothecin.

Abstract Methyl albumin kieselguhr column chromatography has been employed to follow the action of camptothecin on the labeling of nucleoplasmic and polyribosomal messenger RNA in HeLa cells. The data indicate that both species of RNA are inhibited in a parallel fashion by the drug. The effect cannot be accounted for by a decreased uptake of RNA precursor by the cells.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Induces Nuclear Factor-κB-dependent TRPC1 Expression in Endothelial Cells

We investigated the role of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in activating the store-operated Ca2+ channels in endothelial cells via the expression of transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) isoforms. We observed that TNF-α exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells resulted in TRPC1 mRNA and protein expression, whereas it had no effect on TRPC3, TRPC4, or TRPC5 expression. The TRPC1 expression was associated with increased Ca2+ influx after intracellular Ca2+ store depletion with either thrombin or thapsigargin. We cloned the 5′-regulatory region of the human TRPC1 (hTRPC1) gene which contained a TATA box and CCAAT sequence close to the transcription initiation site. We also identified four nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-binding sites in the 5′-regulatory region. To address the contribution of NF-κB in the mechanism of TRPC1 expression, we determined the effects of TNF-α on expression of the reporter luciferase after transfection of hTRPC1 promoter-luciferase (hTRPC1-Pro-Luc) construct in the human dermal microvascular endothelial cell line. Reporter activity increased >4-fold at 4 h after TNF-α challenge. TNF-α-induced increase in reporter activity was markedly reduced by co-expression of either kinase-defective IKKβ kinase mutant or non-phosphorylatable IκB mutant. Treatment with NEMO-binding domain peptide, which prevents NF-κB activation by selectively inhibiting IKKγ interaction with IKK complex, also blocked the TNF-α-induced TRPC1 expression. Thus, TNF-α induces TRPC1 expression through an NF-κB-dependent pathway in endothelial cells, which can trigger augmented Ca2+ entry following Ca2+ store depletion. The augmented Ca2+ entry secondary to TRPC1 expression may be an important mechanism of endothelial injury induced by TNF-α.
Anomalously high intercombination line ratios in symbiotic stars - Extreme Bowen pumping?

International Ultraviolet Explorer observations of the ratio of the O III intercombination lines near 1660 A are assembled, showing that the observed ratios in symbiotic stars are significantly higher than the theoretically predicted optically thin limit of 2.5. The presence of an enhancing physical process is thereby indicated. It is suggested that Bowen pumping of the lower level of the 1666.2 A line in an 'external saturation' limit, coupled with appreciable optical depth, could logically explain the high ratios. Some tentative evidence for this is presented and the relevance of far-infrared observations of the O III 51.8 and 88.3 micron lines in symbiotic sources is emphasized.
Pump-Intensity- and Shell-Thickness-Dependent Evolution of Photoluminescence Blinking in Individual Core/Shell CdSe/CdS Nanocrystals

We report a systematic study of photoluminescence (PL) intensity and lifetime fluctuations in individual CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) as a function of shell thickness. We show that while at low pump intensities PL blinking in thin-shell (4–7 monolayers, MLs) NQDs can be described by random switching between two states of high (ON) and low (OFF) emissivities, it changes to the regime with a continuous distribution of ON intensity levels at high pump powers. A similar behavior is observed in samples with a medium shell thickness (10–12 MLs), without however, the PL intensity ever switching to a complete “OFF” state and maintaining ca. 30% emissivity (“gray” state). Further, our data indicate that highly stable, blinking-free PL of thick-shell (15–19 MLs) NQDs (“giant” or g-NQDs) is characterized by nearly perfect Poisson statistics, corresponding to a narrow, shot-noise limited PL intensity distribution. Interestingly, in this case the PL lifetime shortens with increasing pump power and the PL decay may deviate from mono-exponential. However, the PL intensity distribution remains shot-noise limited, indicating the absence of significant quantum yield fluctuations at a given pump power intensity during the experimental time window.
Worldwide dispersion and deposition of radionuclides produced in atmospheric tests.

Radionuclides produced in atmospheric nuclear tests were widely dispersed in the global environment. From the many measurements of the concentrations in air and the deposition amounts, much was learned of atmospheric circulation and environmental processes. Based on these results and the reported fission and total yields of individual tests, it has been possible to devise an empirical model of the movement and residence times of particles in the various atmospheric regions. This model, applied to all atmospheric weapons tests, allows extensive calculations of air concentrations and deposition amounts for the entire range of radionuclides produced throughout the testing period. Especially for the shorter-lived fission radionuclides, for which measurement results at the time of the tests are less extensive, a more complete picture of levels and isotope ratios can be obtained, forming a basis for improved dose estimations. The contributions to worldwide fallout can be inferred from individual tests, from tests at specific sites, or by specific countries. Progress was also made in understanding the global hydrological and carbon cycles from the tritium and 14 C measurements. A review of the global measurements and modeling results is presented in this paper. In the future, if injections of materials into the atmosphere occur, their anticipated motions and fates can be predicted from the knowledge gained from the fallout experience.
3D FPGAs: placement, routing, and architecture evaluation (abstract only)

This paper introduces a novel 3-Dimensional (3D) vertically integrated adaptive computing system. This 3D-SoftChip is a combination of state-of-the-art processing and interconnection technology. It comprises the vertical integration of two chips (a Configurable Array Processor and an Intelligent Configurable Switch) through indium bump 3D interconnections. The Configurable Array Processor (CAP) is an array of heterogeneous processing elements (PEs) while the Intelligent Configurable Switch (ICS) comprises a switch block, 32-bit dedicated RISC processor for control, on-chip program/data memory, data frame buffer along with a Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller. This paper introduces the 3D-Softchip architecture for real-time communication and multimedia signal processing as a next gene! ration computing system. The paper further describes the up-to-date HW/SW co-design and verification methodology including high level system modeling and architecture exploration of 3D-SoftChip using SystemC in order to determine the optimum hardware specification in the early design stage.
Evidence for nucleotide receptor modulation of cross talk between MAP kinase and NF-κB signaling pathways in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages

Extracellular nucleotides such as ATP are present in abundance at sites of inflammation and tissue damage, and these agents exert a potent modulatory effect on macrophage/monocyte function via the ...
Relative roles of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5 in midazolam 1'-hydroxylation

1. During the characterization of recombinant CYP2C19, it was observed that this enzyme metabolized midazolam, which is generally regarded as CYP3A4/5 substrate, and we therefore decided to pursue this observation further. 2. CYP2C19 showed a Michaelis-Menten pattern for midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and was inhibited by (+)-N-3-benzylnirvanol and S-mephenytoin, which are a standard potent inhibitor and a substrate of CYP2C19, respectively. 3. The inhibitory potency by CYP3A4/5 inhibitor on the midazolam 1'-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes (HLM) was correlated with the CYP3A4/5 specific catalytic activity, but such correlation was not observed in CYP2C19 enzyme. The in vitro intrinsic clearance value for midazolam 1'-hydroxylation was not changed by the addition of (+)-N-3-benzylnirvanol in four individual HLM preparations. 4. These results indicated that although CYP2C19 is capable of catalyzing midazolam 1'-hydroxylation, CYP3A4/5 play a more important role.
A petrologic anomaly accompanying outboard earthquakes beneath Fiji‐Tonga: Corresponding evidence from broadband P and S waveforms

[1] Using high-resolution, triplicate body waveforms, we investigate strong lateral variations in P and SH wave speeds (VP and VS) beneath the Tonga subduction zone where cold lithosphere is subducting rapidly at 200 mm yr−1. Under these conditions, the lack of prominent anomalies of high VP and VS in the lower mantle implies that a large amount of recently subducted material remains above the lower mantle. This inference is also evident from a subhorizontal swath of outboard earthquakes in the transition zone that is up to 1000 km away from the Wadati-Benioff zone. Beneath the back arc, we find a sharp, east-west trending demarcation north of which outboard earthquakes occur and VP and VS abruptly drop by ∼3%. Thus the effect of cold temperature to raise VP and VS, as indicated by the presence of outboard earthquakes, must be counteracted by petrologic variations. We interpret that outboard earthquakes occur where impounding of subducted metastable olivine or volatiles reduces seismic wave speeds and triggers deep earthquakes. Considering the density of these candidates and the strong effect of partial melt on VS, volatiles in the form of hydrous phases or melt induced by dehydration are not consistent with observed reductions in VP and VS. Meanwhile, metastable olivine remains a viable candidate. As a cold slab passes below the 410-km discontinuity, olivine becomes metastable and makes the tip of the slab buoyant. Such a mechanism could explain why the leading end of a fast subducting slab may be successively sequestered in the transition zone.
Cellular and molecular aspects of myelin protein gene expression.

The cellular and molecular aspects of myelin protein metabolism have recently been among the most intensively studied in neurobiology. Myelination is a developmentally regulated process involving the coordination of expression of genes encoding both myelin proteins and the enzymes involved in myelin lipid metabolism. In the central nervous system, the oligodendrocyte plasma membrane elaborates prodigious amounts of myelin over a relatively short developmental period. During development, myelin undergoes characteristic biochemical changes, presumably correlated with the morphological changes during its maturation from loosely-whorled bilayers to the thick multilamellar structure typical of the adult membrane. Genes encoding four myelin proteins have been isolated, and each of these specifies families of polypeptide isoforms synthesized from mRNAs derived through alternative splicing of the primary gene transcripts. In most cases, the production of the alternatively spliced transcripts is developmentally regulated, leading to the observed protein compositional changes in myelin. The chromosomal localizations of several of the myelin protein genes have been mapped in mice and humans, and abnormalities in two separate genes appear to be the genetic defects in the murine dysmyelinating mutants, shiverer and jimpy. Insertion of a normal myelin basic protein gene into the shiverer genome appears to correct many of the clinical and cell biological abnormalities associated with the defect. Most of the dysmyelinating mutants, including those in which the genetic defect is established, appear to exhibit pleiotropy with respect to the expression of other myelin genes. Post-translational events also appear to be important in myelin assembly and metabolism. The major myelin proteins are synthesized at different subcellular locations and follow different routes of assembly into the membrane. Prevention of certain post-translational modifications of some myelin proteins can result in the disruption of myelin structure, reminiscent of naturally occurring myelin disorders. Studies on the expression of myelin genes in tissue culture have shown the importance of epigenetic factors (e.g., hormones, growth factors, and cell-cell interactions) in modulating myelin protein gene expression. Thus, myelinogenesis has proven to be very useful system in which to examine cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the activity of a nervous system-specific process.
Phasic and tonic fluctuations in brain, muscle, and skin temperatures during motivated drinking behavior in rats: physiological correlates of motivation and reward.

Since brain metabolism is accompanied by heat production, measurement of brain temperature offers a method for assessing global alterations in metabolic neural activity. This approach, high-resolution (5-s bin) temperature recording from the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), temporal muscle, and facial skin, was used to study motivated drinking behavior in rats. Experienced animals were presented with a cup containing 5-ml of Coca-Cola® (Coke) beverage that resulted, within certain latencies, in initiation of a continuous chain of licking until all liquid was fully consumed. While cup presentation induced rapid, gradual NAcc temperature increase peaking at the start of drinking, temperatures slowly decreased during Coke consumption, but phasically increased again in the post-consumption period when rats were hyperactive, showing multiple interactions with an empty cup. Muscle temperatures followed a similar pattern, but the changes were weaker and delayed compared to those in the brain. Skin temperature rapidly dropped after cup presentation, steadily maintained at low levels during consumption, and slowly restored during the post-consumption period. Substitution of the expected Coke with either sugar-free Diet Coke® or water resulted in numerous drinking attempts but ultimately no consumption. During these tests, locomotor activation was much greater and more prolonged, brain and muscle temperatures increased monophasically, and their elevation was significantly greater than that with regular Coke tests. Food deprivation decreased drinking latencies, did not change the pattern of temperature fluctuations during Coke consumption, but temperature elevations were greater than in controls. Our data suggest sustained neural activation triggered by appetitive stimuli and associated with activational (seeking) aspects of appetitive motivated behavior. This seeking-related activation is rapidly ceased following consumption, suggesting this change as a neural correlate of reward. In contrast, inability to obtain an expected reward maintains neural activation and seeking behavior, resulting in larger deviations in physiological parameters.
Neuromodulators for Migraine Prevention

Migraine is a debilitating condition characterized by a cycle of painful headaches and headache-related symptoms interspersed with periods of worry, distress, and apprehension. The negative impact of migraine on patient functioning, workplace productivity, and other daily activities has been demonstrated through the use of a variety of clinician- and patient-reported assessment tools, including the Migraine-Specific Questionnaire and the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire. In addition to considering the frequency and severity of migraine, clinicians need to encourage more open dialogue with their patients about the impact of this disorder on daily activities and productivity. Only then can the most appropriate course of treatment be determined. Appropriately prescribed acute and preventive therapies should break the cycle of migraine and improve the daily activities of patients with this chronic condition. Divalproex sodium and topiramate are neuromodulators that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prophylaxis (prevention) of migraine headache in adults. Non-FDA-approved neuromodulators sometimes used in the management of migraine headache include gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide. All medications need to be titrated, and treatment-related adverse events need to be managed appropriately. Preventive medications should be taken for at least 2-3 months to ascertain their therapeutic effect.
Dissociated Fear and Spatial Learning in Mice with Deficiency of Ataxin-2

Mouse models with physiological and behavioral differences attributable to differential plasticity of hippocampal and amygdalar neuronal networks are rare. We previously generated ataxin-2 (Atxn2) knockout mice and demonstrated that these animals lacked obvious anatomical abnormalities of the CNS, but showed marked obesity and reduced fertility. We now report on behavioral changes as a consequence of Atxn2-deficiency. Atxn2-deficiency was associated with impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) in the amygdala, but normal LTP in the hippocampus. Intact hippocampal plasticity was associated behaviorally with normal Morris Water maze testing. Impaired amygdala plasticity was associated with reduced cued and contextual fear conditioning. Conditioned taste aversion, however, was normal. In addition, knockout mice showed decreased innate fear in several tests and motor hyperactivity in open cage testing. Our results suggest that Atxn2-deficiency results in a specific set of behavioral and cellular disturbances that include motor hyperactivity and abnormal fear-related behaviors, but intact hippocampal function. This animal model may be useful for the study of anxiety disorders and should encourage studies of anxiety in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2).
Model of Cygnus X-2

OBSERVATIONS on the optical object associated with Cyg X-2 (ref. 1) have shown that the system is a spectroscopic binary (for example, ref. 2), with one component a G star3, but the nature of the other component is not obvious. Kraft and Demoulin3 identified the G component from weak but definitely present G-type features, including the λ4226 line of Ca I, which they measured for radial velocities. By assuming an absolute visual magnitude of + 5.5 for the G star, they estimated the distance of Cyg X-2 to be 500 to 700 pc. This in turn, together with the X-ray flux observations, means that the X-ray luminosity is about 25 L⊙. As well as the G spectrum, broad Balmer absorption lines, of equivalent width appropriate for about type A8, and relatively sharp absorption lines of Ca II (H and K) are prominent. The profiles of the Balmer lines are unique4 in that they are very broad, yet show no wings of any kind. The widths are far too great to result from thermal Doppler motions, for hydrogen could not be neutral at the indicated temperature. Sofia5 has shown that all broadening mechanisms except mass motions (of the order of 103 km s−1) can be eliminated. A further unusual feature is the ratio of the strengths of the Balmer lines, with the high number lines relatively strong, Hβ quite weak, and Hα entirely absent or perhaps present weakly in emission2. Beyond the fact that they show binary motion, the most noteworthy feature of the radial velocity measures is their very large scatter and lack of repeatability. Although the radial velocities were determined in difficult conditions, so that the errors of measurement are much greater than normally expected, the scatter in the Balmer line velocities is far too large to be explained in this way. Within these uncertainties, however, we can say that there seem to be two velocity systems represented: that of Ca I and He II, and that of Ca II and the Balmer lines.
Influence of genetic predisposition to diabetes and obesity on mitochondrial function

Abstract Inbred mice with the mutation diabetes C57BL KsJ db+ db+ and the mutation obese C57BL 6J ob ob displayed a total liver mitochondrial capacity to oxidize glutamate or succinate which was approximately eight times greater than the capacity of the C57BL 6J +/+ control mice. This increase in oxidation capacity was estimated by multiplying the observed twofold increase in each of the following components: (a) total liver weight, (b) the mitochondrial protein content per gram of liver, and (c) glutamate or succinate respiration activity per milligram of liver mitochondrial protein. No significant difference in liver mitochondrial function and capacity for oxidation was observed between db+ db+ and ob ob mutants, which indicated that these results may be primarily mediated by the genetic factors responsible for obesity and hyperphagia in these mutants, and not by the genetic traits associated with diabetes. These findings may provide a biochemical foundation in support of the thrifty gene hypothesis.
Single-dose oral therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea: comparison of amoxicillin and ampicillin given with and without probenecid.

Among men and women with uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infection, 95 % were cured by a single 3.0-g oral dose of amoxicillin, 91% were cured by 3.0 g of ampicillin, and 98% were cured by 3.5 g of ampicillin given with 1.0 g of probenecid. The distribution of minimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin for Neisseria gonorrhoeae was bimodal. Gonococci isolated before treatment were available from 12-16 patients with anogenital infection that persisted despite therapy, and 11 of these 12 isolates were among the more resistant population, having minimal inhibitory concentrations >,0.25 [tg of ampicillin/ml. In contrast, seven (33% ) of 21 oropharyngeal gonococcal infections were not cured by treatment with one of these regimens, and therapeutic failure was not limited to patients harboring the more resistant gonococci. N. gonorrhoeae was recovered from the oropharynx of five additional patients after treatment. Thus, oropharyngeal infection accounted for 12 (43%) of 28 persistent or recurrent infections in this study.
Can superantigens trigger sudden infant death

A majority of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) victims have respiratory or gastrointestinal infections prior to death. This has led to an investigation of the role of pathogenic bacteria and the potentially lethal toxins they produce as triggers for sudden infant death. A small group of bacteria have been consistently identified in SIDS victims as compared to controls, and remarkably, three of these produce superantigenic toxins. Superantigens exert a powerful effect on the immune system, stimulating T-cells, which subsequently induces the formation of large amounts of cytokines. Generation of an overwhelming inflammatory response may lead to death by shock, or other, as yet unrecognized effects of the toxin on the respiratory or cardiac systems. A SIDS/superantigen model is proposed which may explain many of the pathological characteristics of SIDS and establish quantifiable markers for SIDS.
Evidence for two kinds of low-typical instances in a categorization task.

Three experiments examined the relationship between instance typicality and reaction time (RT) in a semantic categorization task. In all three experiments, first the instance was presented, and then the category. High-typicality high-imagery instances (e.g., robin) and lowtypicality low-imagery instances (e.g., grackle) were categorized faster than low-typicality highimagery instances (e.g., penguin). Instructing subjects to generate images of the instances had no influence on the pattern of results. The difference in categorization RT for lowimagery low-typicality instances vs. high-imagery high-typicality instances suggests that these instances may be represented differently in memory.
Investigation of an interaction of alcohol intake and family history on breast cancer risk in the Minnesota Breast Cancer Family Study

BACKGROUND One explanation for the variability in results in studies of alcohol consumption and breast cancer could be the presence of effect modifiers, such as genetic susceptibility. The authors examined the interaction of alcohol and family history of breast cancer on breast cancer risk in a population-based family study of 426 multigenerational breast cancer families. The authors evaluated whether alcohol use was a stronger risk factor for breast cancer among sisters, daughters, nieces, and granddaughters of breast cancer probands than among women who married into these families. METHODS Analyses were performed on surrogate and self-reported data combined and on self-reported data alone. To evaluate the interaction of alcohol and breast cancer risk among women with a family history of breast cancer, the authors performed analyses on all 426 families and on a subset of 132 families that had 3 or more breast and/or ovarian cancers in their family. RESULTS A total of 9032 blood relatives and marry-ins and 558 breast cancer cases were available for analysis. In the entire 426 families, there was a suggestion of an interaction of relationship to the proband and frequency of alcohol consumption on breast cancer risk (Pinteraction = 0.14) for surrogate and self-reported information combined. Among first-degree relatives of the proband, daily drinkers had a significantly increased risk of breast cancer compared with never drinkers (RR = 2.45 [1.20, 5.02]), but this increase was less evident among second-degree relatives who reported daily alcohol intake (RR = 1.27 [0.73, 2.22]) and was not evident in marry-ins who reported daily use of alcohol (RR = 0.90 [0.42, 1.90]). The findings based on the subset of 132 high-risk families with 3 or more breast and/or ovarian cancers were similar to findings based on all 426 families (Pinteraction = 0.07). An interaction of family history with alcohol use was also suggested when the analyses were restricted to self-respondents, although the interaction test P-value was no longer of borderline significance. CONCLUSION An increased risk of breast cancer due to an increased frequency of alcohol consumption may be limited to women with a family history of breast cancer. Cancer 2001;92:240–8. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Equilibrium in abstract political economies: with an application to a public good economy with voting

Consider an abstract political economy which has a collective choice rule together with strategic interactions among players. We prove that there exists an equilibrium in such an economy by synthesizing an equilibrium existence theorem in generalized games by Shafer and Sonnenschein (1975) and a voting core existence theorem in simple games by Schofield (1984, 1989). The theorem can be applied to a public good economy where public good provisions are determined by a class of voting rule.
Picosecond dynamics of n-hexane solvated trans-stilbene

In this article, we report studies of the time- and frequency-resolved picosecond dynamics of trans-stilbene solvated with one n-hexane molecule in a van der Waals complex. Excitations are made to several overtones of a low-frequency intermolecular vibration and to combination bands of these overtones with the symmetric in-plane ethylene bend mode ν_(25) in the S_1 state of two distinct conformers, A and C, of these complexes. A Franck-Condon analysis of these spectra allows a characterization of the potential for this intermolecular mode in the ground and excited electronic state of both conformers. From the time-resolved dynamics of the A-isomer, the three different types of IVR behavior in the cluster, as in the bare molecule, are identified and studied. Single exponential fluorescence decays are observed at low excess energies, showing no IVR on the time scale of the lifetime of the molecule. At intermediate energies, between 220 and 260 cm^(−1), quantum-beat modulated decay profiles indicate restricted IVR dynamics. At higher excess energies IVR becomes dissipative and biexponential decays are observed. The decrease in the lowest excess energy at which dissipative IVR behavior sets in, from 1200 cm^(−1) in the bare t-stilbene molecule to less than 300 cm^(−1) in the complex, is attributed to a large increase in the density of vibrational states of the complex due to the six low-frequency intermolecular vibrations of the cluster. A similar study of the C-isomer reveals that the IVR dynamics become even more accelerated. Excitation of the stilbene mode ν_(25) at 200 cm^(−1) leads to dissipative energy flow from the stilbene molecule into the cluster vibrations within tens of picoseconds, becoming faster for higher excess energies. The results present a nice example of the significant impact that low-frequency “solvent-like” cluster vibrations have on the dynamics of vibrational energy redistribution and the coherent transfer of vibrational energy between the solute and the cluster modes.
In Vivo Depletion of CD11c+ Dendritic Cells Abrogates Priming of CD8+ T Cells by Exogenous Cell-Associated Antigens

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) respond to antigenic peptides presented on MHC class I molecules. On most cells, these peptides are exclusively of endogenous, cytosolic origin. Bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells, however, harbor a unique pathway for MHC I presentation of exogenous antigens. This mechanism permits cross-presentation of pathogen-infected cells and the priming of CTL responses against intracellular microbial infections. Here, we report a novel diphtheria toxin-based system that allows the inducible, short-term ablation of dendritic cells (DC) in vivo. We show that in vivo DC are required to cross-prime CTL precursors. Our results thus define a unique in vivo role of DC, i.e., the sensitization of the immune system for cell-associated antigens. DC-depleted mice fail to mount CTL responses to infection with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes and the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii.
Reducing the saliency of intentional stimuli results in greater contextual-dependent performance.

Wright and Shea (1991) described intentional stimuli as explicitly identified information necessary to successfully perform a task, whereas incidental stimuli are not explicitly identified as crucial to task performance but have the potential to become associated with particular responses because of their selective presence in the training environment. Shea and Wright (1995), using a speeded-choice RT task, indicated that manipulating the strength of association between incidental information and the responses, by changing the discriminibility of incidental stimuli while fixing the strength of the association between the intentional stimuli and each response, had a significant impact on task performance. The present experiment further examined the role played by incidential stimuli when the strength of association between the intentional stimuli and the associated responses was reduced, by minimising stimulus response compatibility. It was assumed that this latter manipulation would have a similar impact...
Remarks on the notion of state in quantum mechanics

In the present paper two kinds of quantum-theoretical states are considered: the “physical state” determined by a complete observation and the “intrinsic state” which comprises the values of the observed as well as the unobserved observables. It will be shown that the future values of all these observables are determined. Causality is therefore valid, though not verifiable.
Protein kinase C-mediated inhibition of an inward rectifier potassium channel by substance P in nucleus basalis neurons.

Abstract In nucleus basalis neurons, substance P (SP) causes a slow excitation, mediated through a pertussis toxininsensitive G protein, by suppressing an inward rectifier K + channel. Here we report that SP applied outside the patch pipette inhibited the single-channel activity, recorded on-cell, of the inward rectifier. The PKC inhibitors staurosporine and PKC(19–36) suppressed this effect in whole-cell mode and in on-cell single-channel mode. A diacylglycerol analog mimicked the SP effect, and PKC(19–36) suppressed this analog effect. SP irreversibly suppressed the inward rectifier in neurons treated with okadaic acid. These results indicate that a diffusible messenger mediates the SP effect, that its signal transduction involves phosphorylation by PKC, and that dephosphorylation by a serine/threonine protein phosphatase mediates its recovery.
Cor Triatriatum: Diagnosis, Operative Approach, and Late Results

From May 1960 to January 1992, 13 patients with cor triatriatum underwent surgical correction at the Mayo Clinic. Their ages ranged from 7 months to 57 years. Four patients had isolated cor triatriatum; three others had an associated patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect. Six patients had major associated cardiac anomalies. In patients who had isolated cor triatriatum or associated anomalies with high pulmonary blood flow, the mean gradient across the left atrial diaphragm was 24.4 mm Hg, in comparison with 11.6 mm Hg in patients who had cor triatriatum and a connection between the common pulmonary venous chamber and the right atrium or associated cardiac anomalies that restricted pulmonary blood flow. In all 11 patients who underwent angiography, echocardiography, or both at our institution, the correct diagnosis was established preoperatively. Currently, echocardiography is the procedure of choice for diagnosing cor triatriatum. The diaphragm was excised through a left atrial approach in seven patients and through a right atriotomy in six. All associated anomalies were corrected. One critically ill patient who underwent an emergency operation in 1963 died early postoperatively, and one patient with chromosomal abnormalities and multiple cardiac defects died 2 months after an uneventful postoperative course. At the time of follow-up of the 11 long-term survivors, 9 were in New York Heart Association functional class I, and 2 (both of whom had major associated cardiac anomalies) were in class II. Postoperative angiography or echocardiography (in nine patients) showed no residual interatrial shunt or recurrent left atrial diaphragm.
Effects of Particle Size and Contact Time on the Reliability of Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure for Solidified/Stabilized Waste

Abstract Inconsistency in leaching results using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) indicates that the procedure should contain specific guidance with respect to the following parameters: (1) minimum particle size, (2) contact time limit between leachant and waste. Experimental data show that there is approximately a 50% decrease in the amount of waste leached when a minimum particle size of 8 mm is applied. Results indicate that as the contact time between leachant and waste increases, the amount of waste leached increases drastically. The results suggest that restrictions should be set on these two parameters for TCLP results to be reliable and comparable for solidified/stabilized waste.