cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Safe Sleep on Twitter: Analysis of Influences and Themes to Guide Health Promotion Efforts

Background: In the United States, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of death in infants aged 1 month to 1 year. Approximately 3500 infants die from SIDS and sleep-related reasons on a yearly basis. Unintentional sleep-related deaths and bed sharing, a known risk factor for SIDS, are on the rise. Furthermore, ethnic disparities exist among those most affected by SIDS. Despite public health campaigns, infant mortality persists. Given the popularity of social media, understanding social media conversations around SIDS and safe sleep may assist the medical and public health communities with information needed to spread, reinforce, or counteract false information regarding SIDS and safe sleep. Objective: The objective of our study was to investigate the social media conversation around SIDS and safe sleep to understand the possible influences and guide health promotion efforts and public health research as well as enable health professionals to engage in directed communication regarding this topic. Methods: We used textual analytics to identify topics and extract meanings contained in unstructured textual data. Twitter messages were captured during September, October, and November in 2017. Tweets and retweets were collected using NUVI software in conjunction with Twitter’s search API using the keywords: “sids,” “infant death syndrome,” “sudden infant death syndrome,” and “safe sleep.” This returned a total of 41,358 messages, which were analyzed using text mining and social media monitoring software. Results: Multiple themes were identified, including recommendations for safe sleep to prevent SIDS, safe sleep devices, the potential causes of SIDS, and how breastfeeding reduces SIDS. Compared with September and November, more personal and specific stories of infant loss were demonstrated in October (Pregnancy and Infant Loss Awareness Month). The top influencers were news organizations, universities, and health-related organizations. Conclusions: We identified valuable topics discussed and shared on Twitter regarding SIDS and safe sleep. The study results highlight the contradicting information a subset of the population is exposed to regarding SIDS and the continued controversy over vaccines. In addition, this analysis emphasizes the lack of public health organizations’ presence on Twitter compared with the influence of universities and news media organizations. The results also demonstrate the prevalence of safe sleep products that are embedded in safe sleep messaging. These findings can assist providers in speaking about relevant topics when engaging in conversations about the prevention of SIDS and the promotion of safe sleep. Furthermore, public health agencies and advocates should utilize social media and Twitter to better communicate accurate health information as well as continue to combat the spread of false information.
Axoplasmic Transport—Energy Metabolism and Mechanism

Two systems of material transport are present within nerve fibers (Schmitt, 1968; Grafstein, 1969; Ochs, 1969; Barondes, 1970; Lasek, 1970; Dahlstrom, 1971a). In mammalian nerve fibers, isotope labeling shows the presence of a slow transport system with materials carried down the fibers at a rate of approximately 1–12 mm/day and a fast transport system with a well-defined rate close to 410 mm/day (Ochs, 1912a). The mammalian system which will be discussed for the most part in this chapter has an advantage in that the rate is readily measured as a crest or a wave of labeled materials in the nerve in vitro whereby the mechanism can be more readily analyzed.
An anatomical, ultrastructural, autoradiographic, and cytophotometric study of early embryo, endosperm, and ovule development in soybean (Glycine max L Merr)

Various anatomical and ultrastructural aspects of soybean embryo, endosperm, and ovule development are described for the zygote to late heart-shaped embryo stages (0-35 days postfertilization). Nucellar cells subtending the degenerative synergid break down allowing for pollen tube passage to this synergid. In 15 of 17 ovules studied the degenerative synergid occupies a position abfunicular to the zygote. Nucellar cells surrounding the central cell degenerate by wall thinning and accumulation of mucilage exterior to the plasmalemma and in the cytoplasm. The inner integument differentiates into the endothelium and layers of thick-walled cells at the globular embryo stage. The endothelium has a cuticle on its inner surface. Fragmentation of this cuticle parallels the onset of endosperm cellularization. Cellularization of the free-nuclear endosperm is initiated at the globular embryo stage by the formation of anticlinal sheet-like ingrowths of the central cell wall. These walls fuse at their edges to form cylinders. Uninucleate cells are formed within the bases of the cylinders as periclinal walls are laid down. These latter walls are formed in the presence or absence of phragmoplasts. At the onset of cellularization, the endosperm forms a cellular sheath over the apex of the embryo partitioning it from the central cell. The late globular embryo forms a cuticle on its surface but not on the suspensor. The chalazal process remains acellular until the late heart-shaped embryo stage; its cells are suspended in a mucilage due to the loss of the central cell wall in this region. Endosperm degeneration occurs by two different processes: one similar to nucellar degradation; and the other involves the fusion of vesicles to the plasmalemma and the concomitant release of cell wall fibrils. The outer integument differentiates into the palisade epidermis, hypodermis, spongy layers, and a tracheary bar
Does managed care widen infant health disparities? Evidence from Texas medicaid

Medicaid programs increasingly finance competing, capitated managed care plans rather than administering fee-for-service (FFS) programs. We study how the transition from FFS to managed care affects high- and low-cost infants (blacks and Hispanics, respectively). We find that black-Hispanic disparities widen—e.g., black mortality and preterm birth rates increase by 15 percent and 7 percent, respectively, while Hispanic mortality and preterm birth rates decrease by 22 percent and 7 percent, respectively. Our results are consistent with a risk-selection model whereby capitation incentivizes competing plans to offer better (worse) care to low- (high-) cost clients to retain (avoid) them in the future.
Programming Where the Kids Are: An informal STEM series at day-camps to improve attitudes toward science and engineering

4-H is the youth development program of the Cooperative Extension and has identified Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) as a national priority. Conducting STEM education during summer months for hard to reach youth can be a challenge. However, it is during summer when vulnerable students most often experience learning loss. During the summers of 2016-17, 4-H in Maine taught STEM lessons at local day camps ran by an experienced, nationally recognized youth development organization. An average of 214 youth in grades 3-6 participated weekly over the two summers. Lessons were created or assembled by University of Maine staff, delivered by college interns, and evaluated by faculty. Day-campers were surveyed about their experience and feedback data was obtained from program partners and college interns to create formative and summary results. This paper describes the successes and challenges of the two year process to deliver quality STEM programs where the kids are.
The Reconfiguration of Guanxi in a Twentieth-Century Indigenous Chinese Protestant Group

Guanxi is the Chinese system of ideas and practices constituting social relationships and can be considered the foundation of Chinese societies. Protestant Christianity spread over guanxi networks from its first introduction to China, changing both guanxi and Christianity in the process. This paper proposes a causal model of guanxi and then analyzes how it was reconstituted in the indigenous Chinese Protestant group, the Local Churches. It is based on published writings by Local Church founders and members and on the author’s thirty years of experience with the group. This case contributes to the academic understanding of guanxi and Chinese Christianity, finding that extension of family, supply of resources, and social interaction are the core aspects of guanxi , but that specific practices change in the Christian context to preserve biblical commandments. Because guanxi networks are bonding rather than bridging, Chinese Christian groups will tend to diverge more than they converge.關係是中國人構成社會交往的思想和實踐體系，可以說是中國社會的基礎。基督新教在中国的发展依赖于关系网络，在其传播过程中二者都发生了变化。本文先提出一个关于關係的因果模型，再分析關係如何在一個中國本土的新教團體—地方教會—中被重新構造。本項研究是基於地方教會創辦人和成員的寫作，也基於作者與該團體三十年的接触。這項個案研究 有助于擴展對關係與中國基督教的學術理解。關係最重要方面是家庭关系的延展，供應資源，以及社會交流，不過，基督徒為了遵守聖經的教訓， 改变了關係的某些实践。地方教会的关系网络强调内部团结，而不是对外开放，所以与其他基督教团体关系疏离，而不是趨向匯合。 (This article is in English.)
Dynamics and Control Under State Constraints

The topics of this chapter are problems of reachability and system dynamics under state constraints in the form of reach tubes. Indicated are general approaches based on the Hamiltonian formalism and a related Comparison Principle. Further emphasis is on the dynamics of linear systems under hard bounds on the controls and system trajectories. A detailed solution is presented based on ellipsoidal approximations of bounded trajectory tubes.
IMPACT OF A CARDIAC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT HANDBOOK ON RESIDENT CONFIDENCE WITH CARDIOVASCULAR CRITICAL CARE CONCEPTS

The cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) serves a unique population with a high burden of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular critical illness. Internal medicine residents may lack exposure and specific training for this population resulting in a lack of confidence to provide quality care for these
Do Voluntary Lab-Based Active Learning Sessions Impact Medical Student Knowledge Retention?

Despite recent evidence demonstrating the benefits of case-based and active learning strategies in medical education, many medical schools have reduced or entirely eliminated teaching laboratories in medical microbiology courses. The objective of our investigation was to analyze the impact of a voluntary hands-on microbiology laboratory session on students’ knowledge retention and ability to apply the underlying principles to exam questions in our Introduction to Infectious Diseases (IID) course. We compared the performance of students participating in the wet labs with those who did not, analyzing scores on exam questions directly related to the concepts presented in the laboratory session and their overall scores on the IID module exam. The voluntary nature of our microbiology lab session provided a unique opportunity to assess its impact on knowledge retention independent of other factors, such as lecture and exam content, etc. Data were collected for 7 academic years and analyzed in aggregate. Students who attended voluntary lab sessions scored higher on exam questions related to lab exercises than students who did not attend (Mann-Whitney, p = 0.0074). These results support the benefit of reexamining material originally presented during classroom sessions in an active, collaborative learning environment. Course evaluation responses indicted that students valued the opportunity to visually reinforce concepts they had previously read in a textbook or heard in lectures. At a time when many medical schools are reducing or eliminating hands-on lab sessions in microbiology and other basic sciences, our results highlight the benefits of this teaching strategy. The laboratory session provided an opportunity for students to revisit concepts initially presented in the traditional classroom setting and to actively engage in applying these concepts to case-based scenarios. The improved educational outcomes will benefit students in future standardized exams as well as in their professional practice.
Neurologic Emergencies at the Extremes of Age

The diagnosis and management of neurologic conditions are more complex at the extremes of age than in the average adult. In the pediatric population, neurologic emergencies are somewhat rare and some may require emergent consultation. In older adults, geriatric physiologic changes with increased comorbidities leads to atypical presentations and worsened outcomes. The unique considerations regarding emergency department presentation and management of stroke and altered mental status in both age groups is discussed, in addition to seizures and intracranial hemorrhage in pediatrics, and Parkinson's disease and meningitis in the geriatric population.
Mabberley's Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses

DAVID J. MABBERLEY. 2017. Mabberley’s Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses. (ISBN-13: 978-1-107-11502-6, hbk). Cambridge University Press, University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom. (Orders: www.cambridge.org). $74.99 US, 1102 pp., 4.75" × 9".
Lest We Forget the New York Breds

This paper reviews the accomplishments of thoroughbred horses bred in New York before the advent of the breeding incentive program.
Tobacco and cannabis poly-substance and poly-product use trajectories across adolescence and young adulthood.

Abstract Tobacco and cannabis poly-substance and poly-product use is common in adolescents and young adults (AYAs), but few studies have examined developmental trajectories of poly-use. This study characterized the prevalence, patterns, and racial/ethnic and sex differences of developmental trajectories of use and poly-use of 8 different widely-marketed tobacco and cannabis products across adolescence and young adulthood. 3322 AYAs from Los Angeles, California completed 5 surveys from fall of 11th grade (2015) to 1–2 years post-high school (2018–2019). Self-reported past 30-day use of three tobacco (nicotine vaping, cigarette, hookah) and five cannabis (combustible, blunt, edible, vaping, dabbing) products were analyzed using parallel growth mixture modeling to identify tobacco and cannabis use and poly-use trajectories; racial/ethnic and sex differences were evaluated as correlates of trajectory membership. Five trajectories were identified: Non-Users (58.6%); Young Adult-Onset Poly-Substance/Poly-Product Users (15.8%); Decreasing Moderate Poly-Substance/Poly-Product Users (9.8%); Increasing Predominant Cannabis Poly-Product Users (8.3%); and Chronic Poly-Substance/Poly-Product Users (7.3%). Within trajectories, developmental patterns of each tobacco and cannabis product were similar. Non-Hispanic White (vs. non-NH White) participants had higher odds of belonging to the Chronic Poly-Substance/Poly-Product Users (vs. Non-Users) trajectory (aOR = 2.24[1.37,3.67]); females (vs. males) had higher odds of belonging to the Young Adult-Onset Poly-Substance/Poly-Product Users (vs. Non-Users) trajectory (aOR = 1.30[1.02–1.66]). Tobacco and cannabis poly-substance use patterns, including use of various products, appear to be a common developmental trajectory during some point in adolescence and young adulthood. The interplay of tobacco and cannabis poly-substance/poly-product use merit attention in prevention and regulatory policies to protect AYA health.
Neural networks applied to 12-lead electrocardiograms predict body mass index, visceral adiposity and concurrent cardiometabolic ill-health

Background Obesity is associated with electrophysiological remodeling, which manifests as detectable changes on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG). Objective To develop neural networks (NN) to predict body mass index (BMI) from ECGs and test the hypothesis that discrepancies between NN-predicted BMI and measured BMI are indicative of underlying adiposity and/or concurrent cardiometabolic ill-health. Methods NN models were developed using 36,856 12-lead resting ECGs from the UK Biobank. Two architectures were developed for continuous and categorical BMI estimation (normal weight [BMI Results ECGs were available for 17,807 male and 19,049 female participants (mean ages: 61 ± 7 and 63 ± 8 years; mean BMI 26 ± 5 kg/m2 and 27 ± 4 kg/m2, respectively). NN models detected overweight/obese individuals with average accuracies of 75% and 73% for male and female subjects, respectively. The magnitudes of difference between NN-predicted BMI and actual BMI were significantly correlated with visceral adipose tissue volumes. Concurrent hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and/or coronary heart disease explained false-positive classifications (ie, calculated BMI Conclusion NN models applied to 12-lead ECGs predict BMI with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Discrepancies between NN-predicted and calculated BMI may be indicative of underlying visceral adiposity and concomitant cardiometabolic perturbation, which could be used to identify individuals at risk of cardiometabolic disease.
Summaries of harms in systematic reviews are unreliable Paper 2: Methods used to assess harms are neglected in systematic reviews of gabapentin.

Abstract Objective : We compared methods used with current recommendations for synthesizing harms in systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMAs) of gabapentin. Study Design & Setting : We followed recommended systematic review practices. We selected reliable SRMAs of gabapentin (i.e., met a pre-defined list of methodological criteria) that assessed at least one harm. We extracted and compared methods in four areas: pre-specification, searching, analysis, and reporting. Whereas our focus in this paper is on the methods used, Part 2 examines the results for harms across reviews. Results : We screened 4320 records and identified 157 SRMAs of gabapentin, 70 of which were reliable. Most reliable reviews (51/70; 73%) reported following a general guideline for SRMA conduct or reporting, but none reported following recommendations specifically for synthesizing harms. Across all domains assessed, review methods were designed to address questions of benefit and rarely included the additional methods that are recommended for evaluating harms. Conclusion : Approaches to assessing harms in SRMAs we examined are tokenistic and unlikely to produce valid summaries of harms to guide decisions. A paradigm shift is needed. At a minimal, reviewers should describe any limitations to their assessment of harms and provide clearer descriptions of methods for synthesizing harms.
Returns to Human Capital in Transitional Russia

This paper applies parametric and nonparametric techniques to the most recent data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) 1992-2000 and shows the returns to schooling increased over the course of transition, overall and for attainment cohorts neither at the top nor bottom of the schooling ladder. The collapse in earnings is focused on people with graduate degrees. Returns to schooling are higher for women; but this gain is more than offset by the large gender wage gap. The gender wage differential increased over the years especially for younger women and women without higher education; there is evidence of increased discrimination. Return to experience increased and remained higher for women than for men. The age-earnings profile for men became more compressed, favoring the young with respect to the old; whereas the opposite took place for women, whose earnings peak became steeper at the middle age. Comparing to the estimates from the U.S. Current Population Survey 1992-2000, the returns to schooling are still lower in Russia; while the returns to experience are higher, especially for women, and the gender wage differential is now more than twice as large in Russia than in the U.S.
Designing a Speech Corpus for Instance-based Spoken Language Generation

In spoken language applications such as conversation systems where not only the speech waveforms but also the content of the speech (the text) need to be generated automatically, a Concept-to-Speech (CTS) system is needed. In this paper, we address several issues on designing a speech corpus to facilitate an instance-based integrated CTS framework. Both the instance-based CTS generation approach and the corpus design process have not been addressed systematically in previous researches.
GPR pulse excitation of a shallow cylinder: On- and off-axis resonances caused by interference and modal mixing

Cylinders simulate common forms of shallow unexploded ordnance. They provide resonances for detection, which we investigate experimentally with a broadband 2350 MHz-centered GPR pulse and short cylinders buried in sand and oriented parallel with the electric field. On-axis resonances from 700 to 5100 MHz result from interference between combinations of direct and reflected waves, and their additive and subtractive mixing with those caused by circumference and length. Off-axis they result from interference between primary and multiply-reflected head and subsurface waves. We verify the resonances with ray arguments. The model dimensions scale to common characteristics of ordnance when profiled at frequencies ten times lower. Off-axis detection translates to distances on the order of a few meters.
Imidazolium Salts as Small-Molecule Urinary Bladder Exfoliants in a Murine Model

We present a novel family of small-molecule urinary bladder exfoliants that are expected to be of great value in preclinical studies of urologic conditions and have improved potential for translation compared with prior agents. There is broad urologic interest in the therapeutic potential of such exfoliating agents. The primary agent used in preclinical models, the cationic peptide protamine sulfate (PS), has limited translational potential due to concerns including systemic adverse reactions and bladder tissue injury. Intravesical application of a safe, systemically nontoxic exfoliant would have potential utility in the eradication of Escherichia coli and other uropathogens that reside in the bladder epithelium following cystitis, as well as in chronic bladder pain and bladder cancer. Here, we introduce a family of imidazolium salts with potent and focused exfoliating activity on the bladder epithelium. Synthesis and purification were straightforward and scalable, and the compounds exhibited prolonged stability in lyophilized form. Most members of the compound family were cytotoxic to cultured uroepithelial cells, with >10-fold differences in potency across the series. Upon topical (intravesical) administration of selected compounds to the murine bladder, complete epithelial exfoliation was achieved with physiologically relevant imidazolium concentrations and brief contact times. The exfoliative activity of these compounds was markedly improved in comparison to PS, as assessed by microscopy, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting for uroplakins. Bladder uroepithelium regenerated within days to yield a histologically normal appearance, and no toxicity was observed. Finally, the chemical scaffold offers an opportunity for inclusion of antimicrobials or conjugation with chemotherapeutic or other moieties.
Digital transformation: opportunities to create new business models

Purpose – According to IBM research, companies seeking opportunities in an era of constant customer connectivity focus on two complementary activities: reshaping customer value propositions and transforming their operations using digital technologies for greater customer interaction and collaboration. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explains that businesses aiming to generate new customer value propositions or transform their operating models need to develop a new portfolio of capabilities for flexibility and responsiveness to fast‐changing customer requirements.Findings – The paper finds that engaging with customers at every point where value is created is what differentiates a customer‐centered business from one that simply targets customers well. Customer interaction in these areas often leads to open collaboration that accelerates innovation using online communities.Practical implications – Companies focused on fully reshaping the operating model optimize ...
Conferencing and Teleconferencing in Three Communication Modes as a Function of the Number of Conferees.

Nine groups of 2,3, and 4 students each, 27 groups in all, discussed topics face-to-face or in one of 2 teleconference modes: teletype and televoice. Each group used only one of the 3 communication modes to solve a different problem on each of 3 successive days. Each problem encouraged opinionated discussion and required the group to arrive at a consensus about certain topical issues. Group size had no effect on time to solution or on the solutions themselves, but an increase in groupsize resulted in an increase in almost every group measure of communication. The larger groups used more messages, more words, communicated faster, and exhibited greater relative variability among the numbers of messages generated by the individuals within groups than did the smaller groups. Equivalent solutions were also reached in all communication modes, but subjects in face-to-face conferences used more messages and words than did subjects in either of the telecommunication modes. Communication rates were much higher and ...
The impact of the proposed reduction in the motor fuels excise tax in the United States

The analysis in this paper examines the impact of reducing the excise tax on gasoline and diesel fuel on the United States economy. The analytical approach used in the analysis consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of fourteen producing sectors, fourteen consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income and a government. The effects of a 4.3 cents per gallon reduction in the excise tax on gasoline and diesel fuel on prices and quantities are examined. The results suggest, for example, a decrease in the tax would result in higher output by the producing sectors (by about $2.86 billion), a expansion in the consumption of goods and services (by about $3.48 billion), and an increase in welfare (by about $3.59 billion). The government would realize a decrease in revenue of about $2.37 billion. When subjected to a sensitivity analysis, the results are reasonably robust with regard to the assumption of the values of the substitution elasticities.
Antimicrobial activity of long-chain (E)-3-alken-2-ones

(E)-3-tridecen-2-one, a compound identified from the interdigital glands of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. Homologues of (E)-3-tridecen-2-one were prepared and screened for antimicrobial activity. For the fungus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of (E)-3-Tetradecen-2-one was 12.5 microg/mL, and for the bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes, the MIC of (E)-3-heptadecen-2-one was 3.13 microg/mL.
SVMPA, a mutant of sindbis virus resistant to mycophenolic acid and ribavirin, shows an increased sensitivity to chick interferon.

SVMPA is a mutant of Sindbis virus, selected for its ability to replicate in mycophenolic acid (MPA)-treated mosquito cells. SVMPA has another phenotype: although able to replicate normally in primary cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF), its replication is restricted in secondary cultures prepared from aged primary CEF cultures. The mutations responsible for these phenotypes mapped to the region of the viral genome that codes for nsP1. We report here that SVMPA has yet another phenotype. Relative to our standard Sindbis virus (SVSTD) from which it was derived, SVMPA shows an increased sensitivity to chick interferon, both crude interferon prepared from virus-infected cells and recombinant interferon. Characterization of viral mutants obtained after site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the same mutations responsible for the host restriction of SVMPA in secondary cultures of CEF were also responsible for its increased sensitivity to chick interferon.
Big bang nucleosynthesis constraints on primordial magnetic fields

We reanalyze the effect of magnetic fields in BBN, incorporating several features which were omitted in previous analyses. We find that the effects of coherent magnetic fields on the weak interaction rates and the electron thermodynamic functions (ρe, Pe, and dρe/dT) are unimportant in comparison to the contribution of the magnetic field energy density in BBN. In consequence the effect of including magnetic fields in BBN is well approximated numerically by treating the additional energy density as effective neutrino number. A conservative upper bound on the primordial magnetic field, parameterized as ζ = 2eBrms/(T 2 � ), is ζ ≤ 2 (ρB < 0.27ρ�). This bound can be stronger than the conventional bound coming from the Faraday rotation measures of distant quasars if the cosmological magnetic field is generated by a causal mechanism.
Hemispheric specialization for speech production and perception in stutterers.

Abstract A group of stutterers was tested on presumed indices of hemispheric specialization for speech production (pursuit auditory tracking) and speech perception (dichotic listening). Previous studies of normal subjects [18, 19] have revealed a significant right ear advantage (REA) for tracking with a speech articulator but not with manual tracking. Stutterers showed no significant REA in either tracking condition, but did show a significant REA, similar to that of normal speakers, in dichotic listening. Results were considered to differentiate this population of stutterers from normals in terms of hemispheric specialization for speech production but not for speech perception.
The effect of variations in total sleep time on the occurrence of rapid eye movement sleep in cats

Abstract Cats with chronically implanted electrodes were maintained on rigidly enforced schedules of daily total sleep time, each schedule lasting from 5 to 19 consecutive days. The percentage of REM sleep was highest when daily total sleep time was smallest. The restriction of NREM sleep was questionable when wakefulness was enforced by means of a treadmill since slow waves appeared in the EEG of the cats during behavioral wakefulness. However, with additional efforts to ensure full arousal during a second run, REM sleep was still favored by the cats when the opportunity to sleep was greatly reduced.
Mechanism of B12-dependent ribonucleotide reductase.

Ribonucleotide reductase from L. leichmmannii catalyzes cleavage of the carbon cobalt bond of AdoCbl homolytically in a kinetically competent fashion. This cleavage triggers a chain of events which results in cleavage of the 3′C-H bond of the nucleotide substrate followed by cleavage of the 2′ carbon hydroxyl bond. Involvement of a radical cation has been suggested as a possible mechanism by which this unusual reduction reaction might occur. Furthermore, cleavage of the 3′ carbon hydrogen bond of [3′-3H]NTP resulted in no 3H release to solvent and no 3H recovered in AdoCbl. These results were interpreted to mean that in this system AdoCbl does not serve as a H abstractor, but rather as a radical chain initiator. A protein residue on the RTPR is postulated to carry out the actual H abstraction from the substrate. These results and the conclusions drawn from them are further supported by recent experiments using [3′-3H]CIUTP. Incubation of RTPR with [3′-3H]CIUTP resulted in release of 3H2O, uracil, PPPi, formation of Coll and 5′ deoxyadenosine. The 3H2O release confirms the enzyme's ability to cleave the 3′C-H bond of a nucleotide analog. Furthermore, little if any 3H was recovered in the 5′ deoxyadenosine and the rate of 3H2O release from [3′3H]CIUTP was 12 times faster than the rate of 3H2O release from [5′-3H]AdoCbl. These observations support the conclusions drawn from data with the normal substrate; ie, AdoCbl serves as a radical chain initiator rather than a direct H abstractor from substrate.
Evaluating distributed real-time and embedded system test correctness using system execution traces

Effective validation of distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) system quality-of-service (QoS) properties (e.g., event prioritization, latency, and throughput) requires testing system capabilities in representative execution environments. Unfortunately, evaluating the correctness of such tests is hard since it requires validating many states dispersed across many hardware and software components. To address this problem, this article presents a method called Test Execution (TE) Score for validating execution correctness of DRE system tests and empirically evaluates TE Score in the context of a representative DRE system. Results from this evaluation show that TE Score can determine the percentage correctness in test execution, and facilitate trade-off analysis of execution states, thereby increasing confidence in QoS assurance and improving test quality.
A unified framework for key agreement over wireless fading channels

A framework that unifies existing source and channel models for key agreement over wireless fading channels is developed in this paper. It is shown that, in general, to fully exploit the resources provided by time-varying channel gains, one needs to combine both the channel model and the source model. Asymptotic analyses suggest that in the long coherence time regime, the channel model is asymptotically optimal. On the other hand, in the high SNR regime, the source model is asymptotically optimal.
Oil and stock market volatility : a multivariate stochastic volatility perspective

Abstract This paper models the volatility of stock and oil futures markets using the multivariate stochastic volatility structure in an attempt to extract information intertwined in both markets for risk prediction. It offers four major findings. First, the stock and oil futures prices are inter-related. Their correlation follows a time-varying dynamic process and tends to increase when the markets are more volatile. Second, conditioned on the past information, the volatility in each market is very persistent, i.e., it varies in a predictable manner. Third, there is inter-market dependence in volatility. Innovations that hit either market can affect the volatility in the other market. In other words, conditioned on the persistence and the past volatility in their respective markets, the past volatility of the stock (oil futures) market also has predictive power over the future volatility of the oil futures (stock) market. Finally, the model produces more accurate Value-at-Risk estimates than other benchmarks commonly used in the financial industry.
LIGHT-INDUCED ACCUMULATIONS OF DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM AMOEBAE

— Light-induced accumulations of amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum in ‘light traps’ have been observed. The greatest accumulations are obtained with cell densities of about 8 × 104 cells/mm2. Accumulations are observed at incident fluence rates over about one decade both for white and for monochromatic light; higher fluence rates cause dispersal from the ‘light trap’. An action spectrum for the photoaccumulation, calculated from fluence-response curves using the zero thresholds, shows a major peak between 405 and 410 nm and extends through most of the visible spectrum. This action spectrum does not coincide with any of the pigments known to be present in D. discoideum. The cellular basis for the photoaccumulation has been studied. No light effects on cell divisions or cell aggregation are observed during the 2 h duration of an accumulation experiment. Microvideographic analysis of single amoebae is consistent with the hypothesis that the amoebae are positively phototactic and move toward the light scattered from cells in the ‘light trap’, thus accumulating in the trap.
Mechanical property and conductivity changes in several copper alloys after 13.5 dpa neutron irradiation

A scoping experiment in which 25 different copper materials of 17 alloy compositions were irradiated to ≈13.5 dpa at ≈400°C in a fast reactor is described. The materials include rapidly solidified (RS) alloys, with and without oxide dispersion strengthening, as well as conventionally processed alloys. Immersion density, electrical conductivity, and yield stress and ductility by miniature disk bend testing have been measured before and after irradiation. In general, the RS alloys are stable under irradiation to 13.5 dpa, showing small conductivity changes and little or no swelling. Reduction of strength and ductility, in post-irradiation tests at the irradiation temperature, are not generally observed. Some conventionally processed alloys also performed well, although irradiation softening and swelling of several percent were observed in some cases, and pure copper swelled in excess of 5%. Higher dose irradiations will be required to establish the limits of swelling suppression in these alloys.
Femoral neck buttressing: a radiographic and histologic analysis

Objective. To examine the incidence, radiographic and histologic findings of medial femoral neck buttressing in a consecutive group of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Design. Biomechanical parameters were evaluated on standard anteroposterior pelvic radiographs of 113 patients prior to hip replacement surgery. Demographic information on all patients was reviewed and histologic evaluation was performed on specimens obtained at the time of surgery. Results. The incidence of medial femoral neck buttressing was found to be 50% in a consecutive series of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. The incidence was slightly higher in women (56% vs 41%). Patients with buttressing had increased neck-shaft angles and smaller femoral neck diameters than were seen in patients without buttressing. Histologic evaluation demonstrated that the buttress resulted from deposition bone by the periosteum on the femoral neck in the absence of any evidence of femoral neck fracture. Conclusion. It would appear that femoral neck buttressing occurs in response to increased joint reactive forces seen at the hip being transmitted through the femoral neck. The increased joint reactive force can be related to the increased neck shaft angle seen in patients with buttressing.
Subdural hematoma in term infants

Subdural hematomas are uncommon in term infants. The study objectives were to evaluate risk factors for and clinical significance of small subdural hematomas observed on computerized tomography. During a 3-year period, 26 near-term and term nonasphyxiated infants were found to have a subdural hematoma on computed tomography. Clinical indications for computed tomography were respiratory symptoms in 15 infants and neurologic symptoms in 10 infants; one infant had a skull fracture. Subdural hematomas were less than 3-mm maximum transverse dimensions in all infants: location was infratentorial (n = 7), supratentorial (n = 7), and in both sites (n = 12). Four infants also had evidence of edema and hemorrhage within the anterior temporal lobe. Delivery was vaginal in 25 of 26 infants, and forceps were used in 13 (50%) infants. Twenty-five infants were managed expectantly; one infant underwent surgical elevation of a depressed skull fracture. No infant required surgical evacuation of the subdural hematoma. At discharge, nine infants with subdural hematoma exhibited an abnormal examination, i.e., mild hypotonia (n = 7) and Erb's palsy (n = 2). The clinical syndrome attributed to subdural hematoma was most often a subtle clinical problem. The presence of subdural hematoma documented by computed tomography is not necessarily always indicative of birth trauma and may occur as sequelae of an otherwise uncomplicated delivery.
Demographic importance of ecological interactions: how much do statistics tell us?

Many investigators demonstrate the existence of intra- and interspecific interactions through rigorous statistical hypothesis testing. Statistical significance of an interaction, however, does not necessarily imply that it controls a species population size or distribution. Other analytical methods must be used to make these important determinations. This paper demonstrates one method, with an example, to quantify the demographic importance of statistically significant interactions. In our example, some of the statistically significant interactions with the polychaete Clymenella torquata (Leidy) have large impacts on the population growth rate of the bivalve Gemma gemma (Totten), while others do not. This demonstrates the necessity of distinguishing between statistical significance and demographic importance. In some cases, the demographic importance of the same interaction changes through time because of changes in the bivalve's life history. Interactions affecting juvenile bivalves often have a greater demographic importance than those affecting adults; but this is not always the case.
HUMAN RESPONSE TO RECURRENT DROUGHT IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

(1971). HUMAN RESPONSE TO RECURRENT DROUGHT IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 40-44.
A new detection method for penicillin antibodies and hypersensitivity in humans using penicillin coupled to polyacrylamide particles.

Abstract Penicillin was coupled by covalent bonds to particles of the hydrazide from a water-insoluble copolymer of acrylamide and methyl acrylate. The amount of penicillin coupled was estimated from the ninhydrin positive penicillin degradation products formed on mild acid hydrolysis. One to 12 mg of penicillin was coupled to 100 mg of the polymer depending on the initial weight ratio of penicillin to polymer in the coupling mixtures. Agglutination of the penicillin derivatives by twenty human serum samples from penicillin sensitive and nonsensitive patients was tested. Positive agglutination occurred with 78 per cent of the sensitive sera and no agglutination with 96 per cent of the nonsensitive sera. An inhibitory effect of ϵ-penicilloyl-aminocaproic acid on the agglutination and on the amount of γ-globulin specifically adsorbed to the penicillin derivative was observed.
Correction for Amyot et al., Poison Domains Block Transit of Translocated Substrates via the Legionella pneumophila Icm/Dot System

Volume 81, no. 9, p. [3239–3252][1], 2013. Page 3246: In [Fig. 4B][2], the CyaA-MavU fusion Western blots were inadvertently duplicated during assembly of the final figure, and the blots for the CyaA-DHFR-MavU fusion were not shown. [Figure 4B][2] should appear as shown below, with the proper
TRANSIENT EFFECTS OF ACQUISITION HISTORY ON GENERALIZATION IN A MATCHING‐TO‐SAMPLE TASK

This study examined the role of learning history on the acquisition of a matching-to-sample task. Twelve preschool children learned four stimulus classes through instructions, shaping, or imitation. After reaching criterion, the subjects were exposed to changed discrimination contingencies to determine how each learning history affected the acquisition of responses appropriate to the new contingencies. All subjects reached criterion on the new relations, although the subjects with a shaping history adapted slightly more quickly than those subjects with a history of instructions or imitation. Given sufficient exposure to changed contingencies, rule-driven insensitivity to contingencies was overcome by experience with consequences. This result may be specific to younger subjects, but it suggests that instructions can be used in education without creating insensitivity to contingencies.
Sorbitol synthesis in isolated rat pancreatic islets.

Abstract Sorbitol and free fructose are present in isolated rat pancreatic islets in concentrations exceeding that found in plasma or acinar tissues. The sorbitol concentration of the islet increases when the tissue is incubated with increasing glucose concentrations. This suggests a mechanism for the production of the “hydropic” changes observed in the pancreatic islet in hyperglycemic states.
Obscuring But Not Reducing Managerial Control: Does TQM Measure up to Democracy Standards?

Despite TQM's (total quality management) stated emphasis on more cooperative employee-management relations, we argue that TQM, as it is presently conceived and practiced, obscures but does not reduce management control over workers. Based upon examination of the foundational TQM texts and of 25 implementation guides, we show how the language of 'empowerment' and 'self-management', central to the TQM mission, is often used in equivocal ways that compromise the meaning of these concepts as they were originally developed and used by radically egalitarian grassroots organizations. We also show in several respects how TQM's organizational changes may further perpetuate inequality among workers. By distilling the key ideal-typical features of the total quality organization and comparing them with the ideal-type characteristics of the machinebased bureaucracy and of the egalitarian-democratic organization, we bring into sharp relief how they are not the same. In bringing to the TQM literature the practices and s...
Anomalous effects of helium head pressure carbon dioxide in supercritical fluid chromatography and extraction

Helium head pressure carbon dioxide cylinders are commonly used to facilitate the delivery of liquid CO2 to supercritical fluid extraction and chromatographic pumps. It is usually tacitly assumed that the helium used to increase the delivery pressure of the CO2 cylinders is completely insoluble in liquid CO2 and thus remains isolated in the head space of the delivery cylinder. This assumption is invalid because up to 5 mol% helium can be entrained in the liquid CO2 delivered from helium head pressure cylinders. Significantly, contamination of liquid CO2 with even small amounts of helium can cause many unforeseen and usually deleterious effects in supercritical fluid chromatography and extraction schemes. The observed anomalies include decreased density of the fluid phase, irreproducible extraction and retention, ghost peaks, and even phase separation within the column or extraction vessel.
Subband Population in a Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Diode

We observe current rectification in a molecular diode consisting of a semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotube and an impurity. One-half of the nanotube has no impurity, and it has a current-voltage $(I\ensuremath{-}V)$ characteristic of a typical semiconducting nanotube. The other half of the nanotube has the impurity on it, and its $I\ensuremath{-}V$ characteristic is that of a diode. Current in the nanotube diode is carried by holes transported through the molecule's one-dimensional subbands. At 77 K we observe a stepwise increase in the current through the diode as a function of gate voltage, showing that we can control the number of occupied one-dimensional subbands through electrostatic doping.
Statistical modeling of infrared (IR) background due to spacecraft-induced line-of-sight jitter

The effect of spacecraft induced line-of-sight (LOS) jitter on the performance of a spaceborne IR sensor in the presence of spatially varying earth background is analyzed. This paper presents a one-dimensional stochastic model of the spatially varying background process as seen by a staring sensor with its LOS under-going jitter which is in turn prescribed by a stochastic process. More specifically, the background and jitter processes are combined in deriving a closed-form expression for the temporal autocorrelation function of the irradiance. A method of quantitatively evaluating the effect of LOS jitter on sensor performance in terms of signal-to-noise ratio degradation is also included.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF MYOEPITHELIAL CELL ACTIVITY.

The specific localization of alkaline phosphatase in the myoepithelial cells of the mouse submaxillary gland was employed to demonstrate the activity of these cells following stimulation. The submaxillary glands of adrenaline-treated mice contained myoepithelial cells whose diameter was significantly smaller than comparable sections from control or pilocarpine-treated animals. This observation is discussed and related to the presumed contractility of the myoepithelial cells.