cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Effectiveness of Prospectively Reported Sonographic Twinkling Artifact for the Diagnosis of Renal Calculus in Patients Without Known Urolithiasis.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of prospectively reported sonographic twinkling artifact for the diagnosis of renal calculus in patients without known urolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. All ultrasound reports finalized in one health system from June 15, 2011, to June 14, 2014, that contained the words “twinkle” or “twinkling” in reference to suspected renal calculus were identified. Patients with known urolithiasis or lack of a suitable reference standard (unenhanced abdominal CT with ≤ 2.5-mm slice thickness performed ≤ 30 days after ultrasound) were excluded. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio of sonographic twinkling artifact for the diagnosis of renal calculus were calculated by renal unit and stratified by two additional diagnostic features for calcification (echogenic focus, posterior acoustic shadowing). RESULTS. Eighty-five patients formed the study population. Isolated sonographic twinkling artifact had sensitivity of 0.7...
Actions of Lipoxins A4 and B4 on Signal Transduction Events in Friend Erythroleukemia Cells

Earlier studies in our laboratory suggested a role for 15-lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid, such as 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, in supporting proliferative events in Friend erythroleukemia cells. Because lipoxins are also products of the same lipoxygenase enzyme, we tested their actions on signal transduction events related to DNA synthesis. Lipoxins A4 and B4 (10 nM) significantly enhanced [3H]thymidine incorporation into Friend cells in the absence of fetal bovine serum without affecting cell differentiation or cell number. Lipoxin B4 increased the duration of time that cells spent in the S phase of the cell cycle, and also significantly enhanced protein kinase C activity in nuclei, whereas c-fos expression was unaffected by either of the lipoxins tested. The novel, intracellular actions of lipoxins A and B on Friend erythroleukemia cells documented in this study represent a unique spectrum of effects of lipoxins on signal transduction events as compared with other eicosanoids.
Inflammatory Cytokines and Cellular Metabolites as Synovial Fluid Biomarkers of Posttraumatic Ankle Arthritis

Background:There is a paucity of research on posttraumatic ankle arthritis (PTAA). We aimed to identify synovial fluid PTAA biomarkers using cytokine analysis and metabolic profiling.Methods:Ankle joint synovial fluid was obtained from 20 patients with PTAA and 20 patients with no ankle pain and no radiographic evidence of ankle arthritis (control group). Synovial fluid samples were analyzed for IFN-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-15 using ELISA and for more than 3000 metabolites using liquid and gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy. To compare presence of cytokines and metabolites between groups, t tests were used. Random forest analysis was performed on metabolites to determine whether control and PTAA samples could be differentiated based on metabolic profile.Results:IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, and MCP-1 were significantly elevated in the PTAA group. In addition, 107 metabolites in the PTAA group were significantly altered, including derangement...
The Autobiographical Author Through Time Examining the Degree of Stability and Change in Redemptive and Contaminated Personal Narratives

We examined continuity and change in the tendencies to construct a life story (i.e., narrative identity) that was redemptive or contaminated in nature. In Study 1, college freshmen and seniors wrot...
Threat Model Establishing of Carrier Battle Group for Mission Planning

The successful precondition for mission planning is establishing accurate aircraft carrier threat modeling.Based on the combat system analysis of aircraft carrier battle groups networked air defense,an integrative index model for evaluating the threat degree is created considering the Mobility of anti-ship missiles,air defenses,and fleet air defense radar network threats and other factors.The simulation result shows that the model is coincidental to air defense forces' threaten space model and could be applied to mission planning.
Interaction of City and Goods Distribution: Urban Distribution System——A New Perspective to Study the Issue of City and Distribution

From the perspective of historical development,the author analyses the interactive relationship between city and distribution and raises the concept of urban distribution system.The author considers that urban distribu- tion system consists of urban wholesale system and urban retail system and points out the interdependent rela- tionship between these two systems.On the base of standpoints mentioned above,the author further analyses the spatial and functional differentiation,competition structure of urban distribution system,vertical relation- ships of cities,and interaction mechanism of urban distribution system and urban economy development.
Pharmacologic alteration of the perception of being awake or asleep

In order to further explore the effects of triazolam on the subjective experience of sleeping, we awakened chronic insomniacs with an electronic tone at five points across the night after having administered placebo and three doses of triazolam (0.125, 0.25 and 0.375 mg). Triazolam reduced the likelihood of subjects reporting that they had been awake by about half. Drug effects were most evident in the period 5 minutes after "lights out", at which time there was a reduction in the certainty of the subjects' response; the investigator's ratings of mental activity on the dream complexity scale rose from a rating of "awake" following placebo to the borderline of sleep following triazolam. After triazolam administration, subjects reported less certainty about their descriptions of mental imagery. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that during sleep, and particularly at the threshold of electroencephalogram (EEG) defined sleep, triazolam induces cognitive changes in which the subjective distinction between waking and sleep becomes less clear. Several approaches are suggested to determine whether these effects are related to retrospective subjective reports of hypnotic efficacy.
A practical approach to Master's level clinical laboratory science education.

1. Linda L. Ross, M.S., MT(ASCP), CLS(NCA)[⇑][1] 1. is chairman and associate professor, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 2. Leilani Collins, M.S., MT(ASCP)SH, CLS(NCA) 1. is an associate professor, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 1. Address for Correspondence: Linda L. Ross, M.S., MT(ASCP), CLS(NCA), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,Ste 664 930 Madison Building, 930 Madison Ave, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, (901) 448-4968, lross{at}utmem.edu. INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE In 2002, Beck and Doig surveyed laboratory managers, educators, practitioners and students to assess the need for a career entry-level Master of Science (MS) degree in Clinical Laboratory Science (CLS). Survey results indicated that educators, practitioners and managers agreed that the scope of CLS practice did not warrant an entry-level MS degree. Students, however, indicated that they would be interested in an entry-level MS in CLS if it led to higher pay and additional job opportunities. Students with a previously earned baccalaureate degree expressed more interest in the entry-level MS than those without the degree. The authors suggested that in an era of laboratory manpower shortages, clinical laboratory science educators should consider multiple career entry choices to attract potential students into the profession.1 Li et al determined that clinical laboratory practitioners with advanced degrees had higher salaries, greater job mobility and increased management authority. Master of Science degree recipients had authored more external publications and made significant professional contributions as compared to their baccalaureate level colleagues.2 In July 2005, the American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (ASCLS) commissioned a task force to examine practice levels and the educational needs of clinical laboratory personnel. Development of a comprehensive career ladder was among the goals of the task force. The new practice model will help establish new standards of practice through a national career ladder model with multiple points of entry and advanced levels of practice.3, 4 The University of Tennessee Health Science Center is an academic health science… ABBREVIATIONS: Clinical Laboratory Science (CLS), Master of Science (MS), Bachelor of Science (BS), University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC). Medical Technology (MT), Medical Laboratory Technicians (MLT), Grade Point Average (GPA), Advanced Practice (AP) [1]: #corresp-1
A landmark-based analysis of brain dysmorphology in children with autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has been diagnosed in ~1% of children in the United States. Individuals with autism exhibit moderate to severe cognitive deficits, including impaired so...
Design of Metal Clusters in Nay Zeolite

The elementary steps occurring during calcination and reduction have been analyzed for Pt, Pd, and Ni supported on NaY. In addition to destruction of ammine ligands, calcination is accompanied by migration of the metal ions to smaller cages. These processes can be separated for Pt; however, in the case of Pd, partial ammine removal allows the monoammine complex to migrate into the sodalite cages. The reduction processes depend on ion location after calcination. Reoxidation by protons of isolated metal atoms in the small cages has been observed for Pt and Ni but not for Pd. Oxidation of agglomerated Pd particles by O 2 leads to either PdO or Pd 2+ ions, depending on the temperature and the particle size.
Peak efficiency aware scheduling for highly energy proportional servers

Energy proportionality of data center severs have improved drastically over the past decade to the point where near ideal energy proportional servers are now common. These highly energy proportional servers exhibit the unique property where peak efficiency no longer coincides with peak utilization. In this paper, we explore the implications of this property on data center scheduling. We identified that current state of the art data center schedulers does not efficiently leverage these properties, leading to inefficient scheduling decisions. We propose Peak Efficiency Aware Scheduling (PEAS) which can achieve better-than-ideal energy proportionality at the data center level. We demonstrate that PEAS can reduce average power by 25.5% with 3.0% improvement to TCO compared to state-of-the-art scheduling policies.
Antimicrobial peptides alter early immune response to influenza A virus infection in C57BL/6 mice

Influenza is a disease of the respiratory system caused by single stranded RNA viruses with varying genotypes. Immunopathogenesis to influenza viruses differs based on virus strain, dose, and mouse strain used in laboratory models. Although effective mucosal immune defenses are important in early host defense against influenza, information on the kinetics of these immune defense mechanisms during the course of influenza infection is limited. We investigated changes to antimicrobial peptides and primary innate immune cells at early time points after infection and compared these variables between two prominent H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) strains, A/CA/04/2009 and A/PR/08/1934 in C57BL/6 mice. Alveolar and parenchymal macrophage ratios were altered after IAV infection and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages was induced after IAV infection. Genes encoding antimicrobial peptides, β-defensin (Defb4), bactericidal-permeability increasing protein (Bpifa1), and cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (Camp), were differentially regulated after IAV infection and the kinetics of Defb4 expression differed in response to each virus strain. Beta-defensin reduced infectivity of A/CA/04/2009 virus but not A/PR/08/1934. Beta defensins also changed the innate immune cell profile wherein mice pre-treated with β-defensin had increased alveolar macrophages and CD103(+) dendritic cells, and reduced CD11b(+) dendritic cells and neutrophils. In addition to highlighting that immune responses may vary based on influenza virus strain used, our data suggest an important role for antimicrobial peptides in host defense against influenza virus.
Campylobacter jejuni in Vacuum Packaged Processed Turkey.

This study evaluated the effect of vacuum packaged storage at 4°C upon survival of Campylobacter jejuni in processed turkey roll and turkey ham. Turkey ham and turkey roll samples were sliced, inoculated with C. jejuni , vacuum packaged, and stored at 4°C for up to 28 d. Three different strains of C. jejuni were evaluated. After appropriate incubation, the inoculated samples were analyzed for culturable C. jejuni . Control samples were analyzed for aerobic plate count and enterococci. Culturable C. jejuni decreased significantly during vacuum packaged storage at 4°C over time (P<0.05). A significant difference in viability existed between the three test strains used (P<0.05). Higher levels of C. jejuni were detected in the turkey roll than the turkey ham. Aerobic plate counts and enterococci increased significantly during storage (P<0.05) providing competition for C. jejuni . Though survival of C. jejuni decreased over time, greater than 500 viable cells per gram were detected with some strains for up to 28 d.
A Periphyton-Based Diet Results in an Increased Growth Rate Compared to a Detritus-Based Diet in the Invasive New Zealand Mud Snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum).

Abstract: The invasive New Zealand mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray 1843), has been present in the Laurentian Great Lakes for at least 20 years. Recently, the snail has spread to streams that empty into Lake Ontario. In the deep waters of Lake Ontario, detritus is the common food source for the snails; while in streams periphyton becomes an important part of their diet. This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that a diet of periphyton will lead to a higher growth rate compared to detritus. Benthic sediment was collected from 18 m depth in Lake Erie. Periphyton was grown on small rocks collected from Spring Run stream in central Pennsylvania. Eighty juvenile snails (0.6–1.0 mm in length) were placed individually into plastic cups and divided into four treatments: control snails that were fed Spirulina powder (standard lab diet), snails kept in lake sediment, snails reared on rocks with periphyton growth, and snails in a combination habitat of rock and lake sediment. After six weeks, th...
Automatic and adaptive heterogeneous refractive index compensation for light-sheet microscopy

Optical tissue clearing has revolutionized researchers' ability to perform fluorescent measurements of molecules, cells, and structures within intact tissue. One common complication to all optically cleared tissue is a spatially heterogeneous refractive index, leading to light scattering and first-order defocus. We designed C-DSLM (cleared tissue digital scanned light-sheet microscopy) as a low-cost method intended to automatically generate in-focus images of cleared tissue. We demonstrate the flexibility and power of C-DSLM by quantifying fluorescent features in tissue from multiple animal models using refractive index matched and mismatched microscope objectives. This includes a unique measurement of myelin tracks within intact tissue using an endogenous fluorescent reporter where typical clearing approaches render such structures difficult to image. For all measurements, we provide independent verification using standard serial tissue sectioning and quantification methods. Paired with advancements in volumetric image processing, C-DSLM provides a robust methodology to quantify sub-micron features within large tissue sections.Optical clearing of tissue has enabled optical imaging deeper into tissue due to significantly reduced light scattering. Here, Ryan et al. tackle first-order defocus, an artefact of a non-uniform refractive index, extending light-sheet microscopy to partially cleared samples.
Increasing access to quality healthcare through collaborative leadership

The study aimed at determining the influence of collaborative leadership skills on patients’ access to quality healthcare services. The research questions that guided the study included an assessme...
Predicting Clear-Air Turbulence

High-altitude, clear-air turbulence (CAT) presents an important forecast problem for aviation. It may cause injuries to passengers and crew, structural damage, an increase in fuel consumption, and in some circumstances fatal accidents.
Wideband, scanning array for simultaneous transmit and receive

We present a low profile wideband spiral antenna array with high transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) isolation and beam steering capability for simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) systems. STAR increases a channel's spectral efficiency by transmitting and receiving across the full bandwidth of a channel. To our knowledge, this is the first wideband STAR spiral array with scanning. Each 4-arm spiral element consists of two arms for Tx and two more for Rx. To suppress grating lobes, the element spacing is kept at λ HIGH /2. Full wave infinite array simulations show the port-to-port Tx/Rx isolation is >40dB at boresight across a 3 GHz bandwidth from 2–5GHz (2.5:1). This level of port-to-port isolation reduces to about 30dB when scanning down to 30°. In addition, VSWR is < 2 and axial ratio < 3dB. A 3×3 array was fabricated and showed an average Tx/Rx isolation of 36dB with VSWR < 2.4.
Painful procedures: When and what should we be measuring in cattle?

Abstract Pain research in cattle has focused on the first few hours or days following the procedure, and few studies have looked at the progression of pain during and, possibly, after healing. Broadening our understanding of pain to include not just the acute nociceptive response, but also longer-term inflammatory and neuropathic conditions will be critical for ensuring best practice in pain management. In addition, the acute pain associated with procedures other than castration and disbudding/dehorning is currently understudied and, as a result, is often undertreated. Future research on ways to effectively identify and manage this pain is needed. Pharmacological agents, as well as nonpharmacological adjuvants, that are safe, long-acting, cost-effective, and convenient to administer should be explored. Finally, factors that modulate the pain experience, such as age, previous pain and stress experiences, concurrent procedures, and states of attention and arousal, could impact assessment and treatment outcomes and deserve consideration.
A simplified model on carbon monoxide yield in burning of polymeric solids containing flame retardants

Abstract Recent advances in Microscale Combustion Calorimetry (MCC) allow polymeric solids to be pyrolyzed and oxidized separately at the milligram scale, and the combustion gases, O2, CO, and CO2 to be measured using in-line gas analyzers. A simplified two-step reaction mechanism, which involves a CO generation step and a CO oxidation step, was developed to better describe the chemical reaction scheme that generates/oxidizes these products within the premixed combustor. Different incomplete combustion conditions were attained by varying the MCC combustor temperature and a numerical model of the combustor was developed to simulate the species evolution. Kinetics parameters were found by minimizing the errors in fitting the simulated results with the experiments. The two-step method was employed to examine halogen- and phosphorous-containing polymers of known compositions. The halogen additives were found to decrease gas phase reaction rate, whereas the phosphorous additives do not show significant effect. In cone calorimeter fire tests, both additives inhibit combustion efficiency by promoting soot formation.
Interactions of emotion regulation and perceived stress in predicting emerging adults’ subsequent internalizing symptoms

Emotion regulation is consistently linked to subsequent wellbeing, but little research has examined the moderating role of emotion regulation in longitudinal associations between mental health and other relevant factors. This study examines two specific emotion regulation strategies interacting with perceived stress to predict subsequent internalizing symptoms among emerging adults transitioning to college, a population for whom emotion regulation may be particularly important. A sample of 1130 college students provided data at three time points. Results indicated that cognitive reappraisal buffered against negative effects of stress, whereas expressive suppression was an independent risk factor for internalizing symptoms. Findings underscore the importance of emotion regulation, highlighting cognitive reappraisal as a protective factor against stress and further demonstrating the direct negative impacts of expressive suppression.
Challenges and opportunities to increasing fruit and vegetable distribution through the US charitable feeding network: increasing food systems recovery of edible fresh produce to build healthy food access

This qualitative study describes opportunities and challenges to produce recovery identified by food banking executive leadership across the US (n = 33). Identified challenges included regional variation in fresh produce availability, long transportation times, and lack of refrigerated storage. Opportunities included high client demand for fresh produce, internal benchmarks for fresh produce distribution, and organizational partnerships to create regional sourcing and distribution efficiencies. This research indicates the need for cross-sector collaboration and planning efforts across the agricultural, health, and charitable feeding sectors in order to best recover and redistribute fresh produce.
Leading Global Teams Means Dealing with Different

This introductory chapter sets the stage for the remainder of the volume by establishing the increasing prevalence and relevance of global teams in today’s organizations. We characterize global teams as multinational, multicultural, multiorganizational, self-managed, and geographically distributed, and suggest that these characteristics compound to create an unprecedented level of complexity that must be navigated carefully in order to achieve success. We further suggest that one of the underlying cognitive processes that can inhibit global team success is the tendency to categorize others as unfamiliar (i.e., different) and threatening, and that it is the skill of self-regulation (i.e., the set of cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes that allow individuals to focus attention, suppress biases, maintain awareness, and engage in conscious behaviors) that allows some individuals to avoid this cognitive pitfall and engage in cross-boundary competent behavior. We also provide previews of each of the remaining chapters included within the volume, highlighting how these chapters touch upon the basic concepts of unfamiliarity, self-regulation, and mindfulness.
General Clinical Considerations

Language is a means by which people communicate with each other using verbal symbols. Dysphasia may be defined as a disorder of language due to brain damage. This monograph deals with disorders of language, not disorders of speech. Speech refers to the mechanical process of articulation, which can be disturbed by weakness, slowness, or incoordination of the muscles of the glossopharyngeal apparatus. Such disturbances would be termed dysarthria, dysphonia, or mutism. The term dysphasia is applied to a neurological disorder resulting from damage to those regions of the cerebral hemispheres which form the anatomical basis for the human capacity for language.
Shift boundary material point method: an image-to-simulation workflow for solids of complex geometries undergoing large deformation

We introduce a mathematical framework designed to enable a simple image-to-simulation workflow for solids of complex geometries in the geometrically nonlinear regime. While the material point method is used to circumvent the mesh distortion issues commonly exhibited in Lagrangian meshes, a shifted domain technique originated from Main and Scovazzi (J Comput Phys 372:972–995, 2018) is used to represent the boundary conditions implicitly via a level set or signed distance function. Consequently, this method completely bypasses the need to generate high-quality conformal mesh to represent complex geometries and therefore allows modelers to select the space of the interpolation function without the constraints due to the geometric need. This important simplification enables us to simulate deformation of complex geometries inferred from voxel images. Verification examples on deformable body subjected to finite rotation have shown that the new shifted domain material point method is able to generate frame-indifferent results. Meanwhile, simulations using micro-CT images of a Hostun sand have demonstrated that this method is able to reproduce the quasi-brittle damage mechanisms of single grain without the excessively concentrated nodes commonly displayed in conformal meshes that represent 3D objects with local fine details.
Outcomes of Using IVC Filters in Patients with Malignancy at an Academic Medical Center

Systemic anticoagulation is regarded as optimal treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In malignancy, bleeding risk is increased while the patients remain hypercoagulable, making anticoagulation management troublesome. Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters have emerged as an option in the management of VTE, especially when anticoagulant agents are contraindicated. There is limited data on the overall outcomes of patients with malignancy and IVC filter placement. This descriptive study identifies individuals with filters placed and reviews outcomes to guide appropriate care of patients with malignancy and VTE. We performed a retrospective chart review of 115 patients with malignancy who had a filter placed between July 2014 and December 2016. Eighty-seven patients were tracked until December 2017 for significant events (VTE and/or death). In total, 61% (n = 70) had metastatic solid tumor malignancy and 77% (n = 88) were receiving anticoagulation therapy prior to IVC filter placement. Fifty-three percent (n = 61) had bleeding events and 25% (n = 29) had thrombocytopenia. Patients with isolated solid tumors receiving frequent surgery were also common recipients of filters. Sixty-six percent (57/87) of patients had a significant event; 85% of them were anticoagulated. Eighty-two percent of events occurred within 6 months of filter placement, with death occurring on average within 5 months of placement. Overall, use of IVC filters was more common in cancer patients who developed bleeding complications on anticoagulation and with metastatic malignancy. However, in patients with metastatic or hematologic disease, filter placement did not prevent all-cause mortality. Individualized risk–benefit consideration is needed before IVC filters are placed.
Enzyme-mediated depletion of l-cyst(e)ine synergizes with thioredoxin reductase inhibition for suppression of pancreatic tumor growth

Perturbing redox homeostasis potentially constitutes a selective cancer-killing strategy. An engineered human enzyme, cyst(e)inase that degrades extracellular cysteine (l-Cys) and cystine (CSSC) leading to depletion of intracellular l-Cys and glutathione (GSH) was evaluated for its effects on pancreatic cancer cell lines. Cyst(e)inase caused oxidative stress and apoptosis in only Panc1 cells, whereas MIA-PaCa2 and BxPC3 cells demonstrated survival under conditions of cyst(e)inase-mediated l-Cys depletion through maintenance of mitochondrial metabolism and lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A correlation was also observed between thioredoxin 1 protein levels and resistance to cyst(e)inase treatment. Notably, cyst(e)inase in combination with auranofin, a thioredoxin reductase inhibitor, caused a synergistic increase in mitochondrial ROS and apoptosis and inhibition of mitophagy in the more resistant cells. In addition, auranofin treatment sensitized the more resistant pancreatic cancer xenografts to cyst(e)inase without systemic toxicity. These data provide strong rationale to further investigate therapeutic strategies that target multiple antioxidant pathways for treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Two Types of Resumptive Pronouns in Swahili

In this article, I demonstrate that Swahili distinguishes two types of resumptive pronouns: (a) lower Ā-movement copies and (b) base-generated bound pronouns. These two types of resumptive pronouns are morphologically distinct: the presence of (local) person features reflects a base-generated derivation, and the absence of person features reflects Ā-movement. Crucial evidence comes from local person pronominal clefts derived from islands (bound pronoun context) and parasitic gaps (movement copy context). Inspired by Van Urk 2018, I analyze this pattern using Landau’s (2006) theory of chain reduction in which only movement copies create chains and are then subject to an algorithm that deletes person features
Transitions into and out of post-traumatic stress among children involved in the child welfare system.

Abstract Purpose To describe the transition patterns into and out of post-traumatic stress (PTS) for youth and identify social supports preceding these transitions. Methods We used inhomogeneous, continuous-time, Markov Chain models to model transitions in and out of PTS using data from Waves 1, 3, 4, and 5 of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Wellbeing (NSCAW I)—a longitudinal study of children who first had contact with the child welfare system between 1999 and 2000. Our analytic sample contained 915 individuals aged 11–17 years. We analyzed data in 2020. Results Youth with stronger peer relationships were less likely to transition into PTS (HR: 0.82; 95% CI [0.70–0.96]), and these individuals were also more likely to transition out of PTS (HR: 1.21; 95% CI [1.04, 1.42]). Youth with adult support were less likely to transition into PTS at any given time interval (HR: 0.37; 95% CI [0.17–0.78]), but adult support was not associated with the transition out of PTS. Conclusions Strengthening peer relationships may help at-risk children both avoid PTS altogether and recover from PTS after its onset. Promoting adult support, however, may only be most effective when attempting to prevent PTS-onset.
Visualizations to Summarize Search Behavior

In this paper, we argue that metrics that assess the performance of backtrack search for solving a Constraint Satisfaction Problem should not be visualized and examined only at the end of search, but their evolution should be tracked throughout the search process in order to provide a more complete picture of the behavior of search. We describe a process that organizes search history by automatically recognizing qualitatively significant changes in the metrics that assess search performance. To this end, we introduce a criterion for quantifying change between two time instants and a summarization technique for organizing the history of search at controllable levels of abstraction. We validate our approach in the context of two algorithms for enforcing consistency: one that is activated by a surge of backtracking and the second that modifies the structure of the constraint graph. We also introduce a new visualization for exposing the behavior of variable ordering heuristics and validate its usefulness both as a standalone tool and when displayed alongside search history.
Downscaling Attack and Defense: Turning What You See Back Into What You Get.

The resizing of images, which is typically a required part of preprocessing for computer vision systems, is vulnerable to attack. Images can be created such that the image is completely different at machine-vision scales than at other scales and the default settings for some common computer vision and machine learning systems are vulnerable. We show that defenses exist and are trivial to administer provided that defenders are aware of the threat. These attacks and defenses help to establish the role of input sanitization in machine learning.
GEMINI MULTI-OBJECT SPECTROGRAPH SPECTROSCOPY OF EXO 0748−676 (=UY Vol) IN OUTBURST

We present a phase-resolved, optical, spectroscopic study of the eclipsing low-mass X-ray binary, EXO 0748–676 = UY Vol. The sensitivity of Gemini, combined with our complete phase coverage, makes for the most detailed blue spectroscopic study of this source obtained during its extended 24 year period of activity. We identify 12 optical emission lines and present trailed spectra, tomograms, and the first modulation maps of this source in outburst. The strongest line emission originates downstream of the stream-impact point, and this component is quite variable from night to night. Underlying this is weaker, more stable axisymmetric emission from the accretion disk. We identify weak, sharp emission components moving in phase with the donor star, from which we measure K em = 329 ± 26 km s–1. Combining all the available dynamical constraints on the motion of the donor star with our observed accretion disk velocities, we favor a neutron star mass close to canonical (M 1 1.5 M ☉) and a very low mass donor (M 2 0.1 M ☉). We note, however, that there is no evidence for CNO processing, which is often associated with undermassive donor stars. A main-sequence donor would require both a neutron star more massive than 2 M ☉, and substantially sub-Keplerian disk emission.
Three-Year Outcomes of Implantable Collamer Lens Followed by Excimer Laser Enhancement ("Bioptics") in the Treatment of High Myopic Astigmatism.

Purpose Describe three-year outcomes of spherical implantable Collamer lens (ICL) followed by excimer laser enhancement (bioptics) in eyes with high myopic astigmatism. Patients and Methods Retrospective case series of thirty-four cases that underwent bioptics enhancement at the Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute. All eyes had a preoperative sphere of -6.00 D or more with a cylinder of at least 2.00 D. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA), manifest spherical equivalent refraction (MSE), ICL vault measurements and central corneal thickness (CCT) were collected. Endothelial cell counts (ECC), root mean square (RMS) of higher order aberrations (HOAs), adverse events and subsequent surgeries were also assessed. Results All patients had a minimum follow-up of 3 years. Preoperative UDVA was 2.29 ± 0.46 logMAR and improved to 0.03 ± 0.23 logMAR at 3 years (p<0.05). MSE was -12.30 ± 4.05 preoperatively and changed to -0.21 ± 0.46 at 3 years (p<0.05). The efficacy and safety indices were 1.28 ± 0.32 and 1.47 ± 0.27 at 3 years post-enhancement. HOA did not significantly change throughout the follow-up (p<0.05). Endothelial cell loss at 12 months was calculated at 5.7%. Two eyes required ICL exchange due to vault-related issues. Conclusion Bioptics offered excellent long-term safe, predictable, and efficient outcomes for high myopic astigmatism and can be considered an option if toric ICL is not available. Results confirm that wavefront-guided photoablation remains an excellent option to manage residual refractive error after phakic IOL.
Discrepancies Between Clinician and Participant Intervention Adherence Ratings Predict Percent Weight Change During a Six-Month Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention.

BACKGROUND Individuals receiving behavioral weight loss treatment frequently fail to adhere to prescribed dietary and self-monitoring instructions, resulting in weight loss clinicians often needing to assess and intervene in these important weight control behaviors. A significant obstacle to improving adherence is that clinicians and clients sometimes disagree on the degree to which clients are actually adherent. However, prior research has not examined how clinicians and clients differ in their perceptions of client adherence to weight control behaviors, nor the implications for treatment outcomes. PURPOSE In the context of a 6-month weight-loss treatment, we examined differences between participants and clinicians when rating adherence to weight control behaviors (dietary self-monitoring; limiting calorie intake) and evaluated the hypothesis that rating one's own adherence more highly than one's clinician would predict less weight loss during treatment. METHODS Using clinician and participant-reported measures of self-monitoring and calorie intake adherence, each assessed using a single item with a 7- or 8-point scale, we characterized discrepancies between participant and clinician adherence and examined associations with percent weight change over 6 months using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Results indicated that ratings of adherence were higher when reported by participants and supported the hypothesis that participants who provided higher adherence ratings relative to their clinicians lost less weight during treatment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that participants in weight loss treatment frequently appraise their own adherence more highly than their clinicians and that participants who do so to a greater degree tend to lose less weight.
Patterns and Factors Associated With Adherence to Lung Cancer Screening in Diverse Practice Settings.

Importance For lung cancer screening to confer mortality benefit, adherence to annual screening with low-dose computed tomography scans is essential. Although the National Lung Screening Trial had an adherence rate of 95%, current data are limited on screening adherence across diverse practice settings in the United States. Objective To evaluate patterns and factors associated with adherence to annual screening for lung cancer after negative results of a baseline examination, particularly in centralized vs decentralized screening programs. Design, setting, and participants This observational cohort study was conducted at 5 academic and community-based sites in North Carolina and California among 2283 individuals screened for lung cancer between July 1, 2014, and March 31, 2018, who met US Preventive Services Task Force eligibility criteria, had negative results of a baseline screening examination (American College of Radiology Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System category 1 or 2), and were eligible to return for a screening examination in 12 months. Exposures To identify factors associated with adherence, the association of adherence with selected baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, including type of screening program, was estimated using multivariable logistic regression. Screening program type was classified as centralized if individuals were referred through a lung cancer screening clinic or program and as decentralized if individuals had a direct clinician referral for the baseline low-dose computed tomography scan. Main outcomes and measures Adherence to annual lung cancer screening, defined as a second low-dose computed tomography scan within 11 to 15 months after baseline screening. Results Among the 2283 eligible individuals (1294 men [56.7%]; mean [SD] age, 64.9 [5.8] years; 1160 [50.8%] aged ≥65 years) who had negative screening results at baseline, overall adherence was 40.2% (n = 917), with higher adherence among those who underwent screening through centralized (46.0% [478 of 1039]) vs decentralized (35.3% [439 of 1244]) programs. The independent factor most strongly associated with adherence was type of screening program, with a 2.8-fold increased likelihood of adherence associated with centralized screening (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.78; 95% CI, 1.99-3.88). Another associated factor was age (65-69 vs 55-59 years: aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.07-1.77; 70-74 vs 55-59 years: aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.10-1.96). Conclusions and relevance After negative results of a baseline examination, adherence to annual lung cancer screening was suboptimal, although adherence was higher among individuals who were screened through a centralized program. These results support the value of centralized screening programs and the need to further implement strategies that improve adherence to annual screening for lung cancer.
Mixed-Method Examination of Latinx Teachers' Perceptions of Daily Behavioral Report Card Interventions to Support Students with ADHD.

Daily behavioral report cards (DRC) are an efficacious intervention for children with ADHD, yet there is little information on Latinx teachers’ perceptions about ADHD and preferences related to behavioral treatment. The purpose of the current study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of behavioral consultation with Latinx teachers and students, with a particular focus on the DRC. Participants (n = 23) included elementary school teachers (100% Hispanic/Latinx, 96% female) working with predominantly Hispanic/Latinx students. We leveraged a convergent, mixed-method design to evaluate feasibility, acceptability, as well as several potentially associated factors (i.e., perceptual, practical/logistical, individual, and cultural factors). Quantitative and qualitative measures and analyses were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Intervention Research. We found that Latinx teachers’ Daily Report Card (DRC) completion rates (80%) were comparable to previous studies with predominantly non-Latinx white teachers and students. Quantitative indicators of acceptability were also similar to the prior literature. Few variables were associated with DRC completion rates, with the exception of teacher self-report of stress and satisfaction, which were both positively associated with completion rates. Qualitative findings expanded quantitative trends; thematic analyses revealed two overarching themes, that (1) teachers’ attitudes toward behavioral interventions matter a great deal, and that (2) teachers’ perceived behavioral control over DRC implementation depends a lot on the environment. Findings highlight the importance of stakeholders’ perspectives, including teachers, in translating research to practice in real world settings.
When the Children's Death Wrote the Obituaries: the Apartheid State and the Conditions of Repression

Thousands of people all across the country lost their lives during the height of apartheid, causing many Africans to ponder what death meant. The apartheid regime devalued African life, so much so that it prohibited or regulated funerals. Laws were put in place to determine the time, order and length of funerals. With the funerary space often polluted with presence of state-armored Casspirs, and hippos and the spray of tear-gas, Africans found other ways to grieve and fought for their right to mourn. Besides visiting the sites of death, and repatriating corpses back to the South African homeland, Africans also created obituaries. Due to the extreme violence in South Africa and the limitations of mourning at funerals, Africans created different forms of obituaries to express their grief. This paper will provide a framework for analyzing how death and apartheid intersected in the lives of ordinary South Africans.â
Infant negative affect moderates longitudinal associations between maternal gatekeeping and toddlers’ social–emotional difficulties:

Maternal gatekeeping is characterized by the extent to which mothers engage in behaviors that ultimately serve to inhibit (i.e., gate close) or encourage (i.e., gate open) father involvement in chi...
Evaluating storm surge predictability on subseasonal timescales for flood forecasting applications: A case study for Hurricane Isabel and Katrina

Abstract Coastal flooding operational forecasting in the US is limited to short-range temporal scales (3–7 days), which limits the response time for emergency preparation and planning. The sub-seasonal prediction project (SubX), which produces weather forecasts with a lead time of up to four weeks, provides an opportunity to assess the potential for creating probabilistic flood forecasts with longer lead times. Using the ADCIRC hydrodynamic model for coastal storm surge, two major hurricanes, Isabel (2003) and Katrina (2005), were used as case studies to test coastal flood predictions induced by wind and pressure fields generated from five global weather models within SubX. The storm surges simulations are forced by Sea Level Pressure (SLP) and 10 m winds fields from SubX models for a lead-time of up to 30 days before storm landfall. The subseasonal surge forecasts are evaluated temporally and spatially at 1–4 weeks lead-time against the NOAA tide gages observations and a verification dataset derived by forcing the storm surge model with wind and pressure fields from the NCEP-Reanalysis. The results are evaluated in terms of lead-time and forecast skill metrics. The storm surge forecast skill is measured using the mean square error skill score (MSESS) relative to the verification dataset and an approximate of the climatology. A skill score greater than 0.55 is considered here useful for flood forecasting. The multi-model ensemble (MME) mean surge forecasts driven by several members of SubX models demonstrate skill greater than 0.55 up to a 4-day and 10-day lead for Katrina and Isabel, respectively. A sharper decrease in MSESS was noted from week 1 to week 3 lead-times for Katrina, in comparison to Isabel. Some ensemble members forecasted hurricanes and storm surges as early as 3–4 weeks lead-time. However, due to the offsets developed in the timing and magnitude of the peak at these lead-times, and based on a sample size of only two events, it is hard to establish the significance of these longer lead-time results. While a follow up study involving flood reforecasts over the entire SubX reforecast period (1999–2015) is needed to support more robust statistics of the forecast skill, our case studies demonstrate the feasibility of probabilistic flood forecasting at subseasonal timescales using the SubX models.
Recent advances in the early treatment of cystic fibrosis: Bridging the gap to highly effective modulator therapy

Highly effective modulator therapy (HEMT) for cystic fibrosis (CF) has been touted as one of the greatest advances to date in CF care. As these therapies are now available for many older children and adults with CF, marked improvement of their nutritional status, pulmonary and gastrointestinal symptoms has been observed. However, most infants and younger children are not current candidates for HEMT due to age and/or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutation. For these young children, it is essential to provide rigorous monitoring and care to avoid potential disease sequelae while awaiting HEMT availability. The following article highlights recent advances in the care of infants and young children with CF with regard to surveillance and treatment of nutritional, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal disorders. Recent clinical trials in this population are also reviewed.