cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary antioxidants and phenobarbital pretreatment on microsomal lipid peroxidation and activation by carbon tetrachloride.

Abstract The effect of the dietary antioxidants, vitamin E and selenium, and the effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on in vitro NADPH-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation and the activation of microsomal lipid peroxidation by CCl 4 were studied. The rate of microsomal lipid peroxidation decreased as a function of dietary anti-oxidant, while the degree of CCl 4 activation increased. Phenobarbital pretreatment diminished the antioxidant inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation found with microsomes from rats fed high levels of antioxidant. Phenobarbital pretreatment lowered the extent of lipid peroxidation as measured by malonaldehyde production but had little effect on the rate of lipid peroxidation as measured by oxygen uptake. The kinetics of lipid peroxidation and the stoichiometry of the reaction were assessed as a function of dietary antioxidant. The findings suggest that at low microsomal antioxidant concentrations, the lipid peroxidation reaction occurs at a maximal rate dependent upon some rate-limiting step, such as the reduction of Fe +3 , which is unaffected by CCl 4 addition. Conversely, at high microsomal antioxidant concentrations, the antioxidant termination reactions appear to determine the overall reaction rate.
Microbial oxidation of adamantanone by Pseudomonas putida carrying the camphor catabolic plasmid

Intact cells of (±)camphor-grown Pseudomonas putida, ATCC17453(CAM), have been shown to oxidize readily the monoketone derivative of cage hydrocarbon adamantane, forming oxygenated products indicative of both biological Baeyer-Villiger and hydroxylation reactions. Formed products were identified as 4-oxahomoadamantan-5-one, 5-hydroxyadamantan-2-one and 1-hydroxy-4-oxa-homoadamantan-5-one. Minor products formed as a result of secondary reactions were tentatively identified as syn-and anti-1,4-dihydroxyadamantanes and bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-ol. Adamantanone initial concentrations determined whether 1-hydroxy-4-oxahomoadamantan-5-one was the sole product (below 120 mg/1) or 4-oxahomoadamantan-5-one was the principle (up to 92%) product (240–600 mg/1). Formation of 1-hydroxy-4-oxahomoadamantan-5-one appears to occur by two routes determined by the sequence of lactonization and hydroxylation.
Institutional Economics and Rural Development: Two Italian Types

The agricultural systems of southern and eastern Europe varied greatly from region to region prior to the nineteenth century. Therefore the bourgeois liberalization of agriculture instituted by Napoleon and continued by subsequent regimes produced various results, which have had long-term consequences for economic development. Judging by the Italian experience, bourgeois liberalization ultimately led to one of three consequences for rural southern and eastern Europe: economic stagnation and out-migration of the cultivators; economic development and political militancy among the cultivators; or economic development and an open society permitting social mobility and peaceful redistribution for the cultivators.
Materials selection for an ink jet printer

An ink jet printer includes a system of parts that supplies, filters, pumps, circulates, and pulses a jet of ink. These parts, made of various materials (metals, plastics, rubbers, adhesives), must satisfy the mechanical and electrical requirements of the system while being compatible with the chemical composition of the ink. This paper describes the selection and evaluation of these materials for a particular ink and printer design.
The role of disorder in highly correlated metals and insulators

We present measurements of the electrical resistivity at a series of hydrostatic pressures, the ac magnetic susceptibility, and the low temperature specific heat for single crystals of titanium-doped and vanadium-deficient V_2O_3 on both sides of the metal-insulator transition. We concentrate on the experimental signatures of disorder as a way to probe both correlation and charge localization effects. Comparison is made to previous T→0 results obtained for the rare earth oxide La_(2-x)Sr_xCuO_4 and the doped semiconductor Si : P in the immediate vicinity of the transition.
A note on the compatibility of a system of difference equations and a time-independent linear equation

Abstract Solutions to systems of difference equations subject to linear constraints are studied. Restrictions on the coefficients necessary to maintain a compatible system are developed. Applications to the dynamics of expenditure shares and to lagged adjustment models with adding up constraints are given.
Relative abilities of phosphagens with different thermodynamic or kinetic properties to help sustain ATP and total adenylate pools in heart during ischemia

Abstract Hearts of chicks fed the creatine analog, 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine), accumulated 15 μmol/g wet wt of the synthetic phosphagen, cyclocreatine-3-P; had total creatine levels reduced from the normal 6 μmol/g to only 1.8 μmol/g; and had their glycogen levels tripled. During total ischemia in vitro these hearts utilized the cyclocreatine-P for synthesis of ATP, had greatly prolonged glycolysis, and exhibited a two- to fivefold delay in depletion of both ATP and the total adenylate pool, relative to controls. Accumulation from the diet of comparable levels of the closely related 1-carboxyethyl-2-imino-3-phosphonoimidazolidine (homocyclocreatine-P) by heart was accompanied by only slight lowering of total creatine to 4.2 μmol/g, and a tripling of glycogen levels. During ischemia these hearts exhibited prolonged glycolysis, but they did not utilize the very stable homocyclocreatine-P (200,000-fold less reactive than creatine-P) and thus formed less P i ; most significantly, there was no delay in depletion of ATP levels relative to controls. Feeding of creatine doubled total creatine levels in heart, but had no marked effect on ATP depletion during ischemia; in all dietary groups creatine-P pools had fallen to ≤ 1.2 μmol/g by first tissue sampling. Although adaptive responses were also involved, maximal conservation of ATP and total adenylate pools in heart during ischemia apparently required, in addition to adequate glycogen reserves, substantial levels of a kinetically competent phosphagen that is thermodynamically poised to continue to assist glycolysis in buffering decreases and oscillations in the [ATP]/[free ADP] ratio at the lower phosphorylation potentials and more acid pH characteristic of later stages of ischemia. Decreases and oscillations in the [ATP]/[free ADP] ratio cannot be buffered effectively late in ischemia by the creatine-P system for thermodynamic reasons, or by the homocyclocreatine-P system because of kinetic limitations.
57Fe Mössbauer effect studies in Y66(FExTM1−x)34 metallic glasses

Abstract 57Fe Mossbauer effect (ME) measurements in a variety of Y based metallic glasses are reported. The spectra are best described in terms of a model which assumes two Fe sites having nearly equal intensities. We find that the ME parameters are smooth and monotonic functions of composition (x) for the glasses Y66(FexTM1−x)34 (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu Zn) leading to the conclusion that Fe randomly substitutes for the various TM in these glasses. The nature of the two sites we observe is radically different depending on whether TM is to the right or left of Ni. Those glasses containing Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni display a degree of chemical ordering. In these glasses (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) we identify site 1 as a Y-dominated Fe environment and site 2 as an Fe environment having a larger number of Fe(TM) near neighbors. A correlation between the isomer shifts [IS] of site 2 and Fe impurities in the corresponding crystalline compounds PTYM2 is noted and discussed in terms of a volume dependence of IS.
The ligamentum teres of the adult hip

Advances in hip arthroscopy have renewed interest in the ligamentum teres. Considered by many to be a developmental vestige, it is now recognised as a significant potential source of pain and mechanical symptoms arising from the hip joint. Despite improvements in imaging, arthroscopy remains the optimum method of diagnosing lesions of the ligamentum teres. Several biological or mechanical roles have been proposed for the ligament. Unless these are disproved, the use of surgical procedures that sacrifice the ligamentum teres, as in surgical dislocation of the hip, should be carefully considered. This paper provides an update on the development, structure and function of the ligamentum teres, and discusses associated clinical implications.
Label-free detection of small-molecule–protein interactions by using nanowire nanosensors

Development of miniaturized devices that enable rapid and direct analysis of the specific binding of small molecules to proteins could be of substantial importance to the discovery of and screening for new drug molecules. Here, we report highly sensitive and label-free direct electrical detection of small-molecule inhibitors of ATP binding to Abl by using silicon nanowire field-effect transistor devices. Abl, which is a protein tyrosine kinase whose constitutive activity is responsible for chronic myelogenous leukemia, was covalently linked to the surfaces of silicon nanowires within microfluidic channels to create active electrical devices. Concentration-dependent binding of ATP and concentration-dependent inhibition of ATP binding by the competitive small-molecule antagonist STI-571 (Gleevec) were assessed by monitoring the nanowire conductance. In addition, concentration-dependent inhibition of ATP binding was examined for four additional small molecules, including reported and previously unreported inhibitors. These studies demonstrate that the silicon nanowire devices can readily and rapidly distinguish the affinities of distinct small-molecule inhibitors and, thus, could serve as a technology platform for drug discovery.
Fiber Optic Pulse Compression Concept For Processing Wide Bandwidth Radar Signals

A fiber optic pulse compression concept for processing wide bandwidth (>_1 GHz ) radar signals is discussed. This concept is based on the correlation process. It has the potential of achieving a range resolution greater than 15 cm (0.5 feet), a correlation rate greater than 1 GHZ, and a compression ratio greater than 100.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lidar observations during dusty infrared Test-1

Lidar measurements using ruby (0.7-μm) and CO2 (10.6-μm) lidar systems during the dustry IR Test-1 are described. The test was conducted at the White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) in October 1978. Transmission comparisons are made between the two wavelengths through dust and smoke clouds generated by artillery barrages, TNT explosions, and oil–rubber fire in a test zone midway (1 km) along the lidar path. A target at the end of the lidar path provided a reference backscatter return for the transmission measurements. Results indicate that the broad particle size distribution present in the dust generated at WSMR produced little if any wavelength-dependent transmission effects.
Drug levels in cases of poisoning

A knowledge of drug levels in biological materials is necessary to assess the significance of toxicity. The clinical as well as the forensic interpretations depend on the concentration of drugs in blood, urine or other body organs. The practising physicians, hospital doctors and poison information centers are often confronted with the question: What is the toxic level of a particular drug or drugs? There are very scanty data on toxic levels of different drugs in human body fluids and organs. Three important steps (extraction, identification and estimation) are needed to know the concentration of a drug in biological materials. There are many methods of extraction of drugs from toxicological samples. The selection of a particular method depends not only on the experience and skill of the analyst, but also on the available equipment and facilities. The methods of separation of drugs from biological materials were recently evaluated by Niyogi ’ The present review is an attempt to compile the data on the toxic levels of drugs which are commonly encountered in toxicological analysis. The drugs included in the tables are volatiles, acidics, neutrals, basics, narcotics, anions, hallucinogens and others, as follows: Table IA, Alcohol (p. 68) Table IB, Carbon monoxide (p. 69) Table IC, Cyanide (p. 70) Table ID, Volatile drugs or poisons (p. 71) Table IIA, Acid and neutral drugs (p. 74) Table IIB, Barbiturates (p.78) Table III, Tranquilizers and basic drugs (p. 8 1) Table IV, Narcotics (p. 86) Table V, Anions (p. 87) Table VI, Other chemicals (p. 90) Table VII, Hallucinogenic drugs (p. 92)
The cultivation of prognostic awareness through the provision of early palliative care in the ambulatory setting: a communication guide.

Abstract Early, integrated palliative care delivered in the ambulatory setting has been associated with improved quality of life, lower rates of depression, and even prolonged survival. We outline an expert practice that provides a step-wise approach to cultivating prognostic awareness in patients cared for by a palliative care clinician early in the course of the patient's disease. This approach can be used by both novice and more experienced palliative care clinicians.
Stratigraphic and Structural Features of the Ivanpah Quadrangle, Southeastern California: ABSTRACT

The following conclusions concerning this area of about 3,800 square miles in southeastern California, are based upon about 25 months field work between 1921 and 1934. The region records almost uninterrupted sedimentation during Paleozoic and Mesozoic time. Before this, there was a sedimentation (Pahrump series about 5,000 feet thick) and this rested upon a crystalline basement (Archean). The Tertiary record of sedimentation and volcanism appears to be wholly late Miocene or early Pliocene. Two major orogenies are recorded by thrust faults and normal faults. The first (Laramide late Cretaceous or early Tertiary) includes at least five major thrust faults along which early Paleozoic rocks generally rest upon upper Paleozoic or early Mesozoic rocks. Great masses of quartz-m nzonite were intruded toward the close of the epoch and there was widespread mineralization. It was followed by profound erosion from early Eocene to upper Miocene time. The second orogeny (early Pliocene) followed a period of Mid-Tertiary sedimentation and volcanism. It is represented by a single great thrust fault, remnants of the upper plate of which have been mapped over an area of 20 by 30 miles. It was followed by normal faults and local sedimentation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2091------------
Amphetamine Effects on Striatal Neurons: Implications for Models of Dopamine Function

Abstract HARACZ, J. L., J. T. TSCHANZ, Z. WANG, K. E. GRIFFITH AND G. V. REBEC. Amphetamine effects on striatal neurons: Implications for models of dopamine function. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 22 (5) 613–622.—Models of dopamine function based on the bidirectional neuromodulation of afferents [40, 95] were tested by determining whether cortical ablation would affect the excitatory and inhibitory effects of amphetamine (AMPH) on striatal neurons in freely moving rats. By minimizing pre- and post-AMPH behavioral differences, behavioral clamping revealed that cortical ablation blocked the capacity of AMPH to produce a net excitation of striatal neurons that had shown AMPH-induced excitations under non-clamping conditions. Cortical ablation did not affect AMPH-induced neuronal inhibitions under behavioral clamping conditions. These results suggest that AMPH, possibly by enhancing dopaminergic neuromodulation, facilitates or inhibits the activity of neurons that respectively receive substantial or little cortical input. Thus, the findings support models that assign dopamine the capacity to increase the gain of neuronal information processing. Basic research relevant to these models is reviewed and potential clinical implications are discussed.
THE LAST AND WEISS RORSCHACH SUM E IN A NORMAL SAMPLE

For 62 undergraduate women correlations of Rorschach Sum E with scores on 16 PF, Barron's MMPI Ego Strength Scale, the Eagly Self-esteem Scale, Kaplan's Self-derogation Scale, and MAACL. Anxiety, depression, and hostility showed FC + was the only Sum E component associated with adaptive functioning and so Sum E is of limited usefulness.
Relationship of three-hour blood glucose to oral roentgenographic findings

Abstract 1. 1. This report analyzes the relationship of two roentgenographic signs (alveolar bone loss and periodontal widening) to the three-hour blood true glucose level in a group of 100 routine dental patients. 2. 2. An examination of the available data points out the need for evaluating edentulous patients as to the cause of loss of teeth. 3. 3. An analysis of the mean score values for the two signs, independently and combined, shows that the lowest values were found in the 70 to 79 mg. per cent blood glucose groups. 4. 4. A study of the individual scores (as expressed by the coefficients of variation) demonstrates that, in general, the individual values cluster more closely about the mean in the > 100 mg. per cent blood glucose group than in any of the other categories. 5. 5. An analysis of the significant probability values shows that a significant difference exists between the 70 to 79 and > 100 mg. per cent three-hour blood glucose groups for both of the roentgenographic signs, singly and in combination. 6. 6. The findings in this report suggest that the two roentgenographic signs (alveolar bone loss and periodontal widening) are associated with both hyper-and hypoglycemia. 7. 7. The evidence derived in this report suggests that factors intimately associated with increasing age parallel increasing hyper- and hypoglycemia and the relationship of glucose imbalance with these two roentgenographic signs. 8. 8. These data suggest that the range of three-hour blood glucose normality may be more narrow than usually accepted. 9. 9. The findings of this study and other data obtained from analyses of the fasting2 and two-hour3 blood glucose levels point to ranges of blood glucose uormality for determinations made at these times. Specifically, the fasting range is 70 to 79 mg. per cent, the two-hour range is 80 to 89 mg. per cent, and the three-hour range is again 70 to 79 mg. per cent of blood glucose.
Tests of a principle of reflex modification: Modification of the human eyeblink-reflex is independent of the intensity of the reflex-eliciting stimulus

The human airpuff-elicited reflexive eyeblink, like the startle reflex of rats and pigeons, occurs with either reduced amplitude or latency when a brief auditory stimulus precedes the reflex-eliciting event by an appropriate lead interval. In common with the overt startle reflex of lower animals, the degree of inhibition or latency reduction of an airpuff-elicited eyeblink in human adults proved to be independent of the intensity of the eyeblink-eliciting airpuff. This finding supports the principle that the amount of a given reflex modification effect (whether latency or amplitude reduction) is determined by the parameters and lead time of the modifying stimulus and not by those of the reflex-eliciting event.
Laparoscopic revision of vertical banded gastroplasty to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: outcomes of 105 patients

Abstract Background Although vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) was endorsed by the 1991 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference for the treatment of morbid obesity, it has largely been abandoned owing to the poor long-term weight loss and band-related complications. The objective of the present study was to review the outcomes of patients who had undergone laparoscopic conversion of VBG to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for weight loss or dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux. Methods A retrospective review of prospectively collected data from all patients who had undergone revision of VBG to RYGB was performed. The data on the symptoms, weight loss, co-morbidities, and complications were collected. Results From July 1999 to April 2010, 2397 bariatric procedures were performed. Of these, 105 (4.4%) were laparoscopic revisions of previous VBG to RYGB. Of the 105 patients, 103 had undergone open VBG and 2 laparoscopic VBG. Of the 105 patients, 97 were women and 8 were men. The average patient age was 49 years (range 23–71). The median preoperative body mass index was 42 kg/m 2 (range 20–72). Short- and long-term complications occurred in 40 patients (38%). No patients died. The median length of stay was 2 days. At an average follow-up of 31 months (range 1–96), the median percentage of excess weight loss was 47% (range −24% to 138%). The median decrease in body mass index was 8 kg/m 2 (range −6 to 30). Dysphagia had improved or resolved in 100%. Gastroesophageal reflux disease had improved or resolved in 95%. Diabetes had improved or went into remission in 90%. Hypertension had improved or resolved in 62%. Obstructive sleep apnea had improved or resolved in 96%. Conclusion The results of our study have shown that laparoscopic revision of VBG to RYGB is a feasible procedure that can provide acceptable weight loss and reversal of weight-related co-morbidities. Complications were common after revisional bariatric surgery.
ACMG technical standards and guidelines for genetic testing for inherited colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, and MYH-associated polyposis).

Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, and Mut Y homolog (MYH)-associated polyposis are three major known types of inherited colorectal cancer, which accounts for up to 5% of all colon cancer cases. Lynch syndrome is most frequently caused by mutations in the mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Familial adenomatous polyposis is manifested as colonic polyposis caused by mutations in the APC gene and is also inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Finally, MYH-associated polyposis is caused by mutations in the MUTYH gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner but may or may not be associated with polyps. There are variants of both familial adenomatous polyposis (Gardner syndrome—with extracolonic features—and Turcot syndrome, which features medulloblastoma) and Lynch syndrome (Muir–Torre syndrome features sebaceous skin carcinomas, and Turcot syndrome features glioblastomas). Although a clinical diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis can be made using colonoscopy, genetic testing is needed to inform at-risk relatives. Because of the overlapping phenotypes between attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis, MYH-associated polyposis, and Lynch syndrome, genetic testing is needed to distinguish among these conditions. This distinction is important, especially for women with Lynch syndrome, who are at increased risk for gynecological cancers. Clinical testing for these genes has progressed rapidly in the past few years with advances in technologies and the lower cost of reagents, especially for sequencing. To assist clinical laboratories in developing and validating testing for this group of inherited colorectal cancers, the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics has developed the following technical standards and guidelines. An algorithm for testing is also proposed. Genet Med 16 1, 101–116.
Decreased levels of C1q in cerebrospinal fluid of living Alzheimer patients correlate with disease state

Recent reports that complement proteins comprising the classical pathway are associated with senile plaques suggest that activation of the classical complement cascade in Alzheimer's disease tissue results in bystander cell lysis and may contribute to AD neuropathology. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid may prove to be a useful means of detecting changes in immunological activity in the brain. We use an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure levels of C1q, a subunit of the classical complement cascade, in the CSF of patients clinically diagnosed with possible or probable AD. Significantly lower levels of C1q were detected in the CSF of the Alzheimer group as compared to control CSF [AD: mu = 268 ng/ml, SD = 84; non-AD: mu = 340 ng/ml, SD = 76; F(1, 44) = 5.84, p = 0.02]. Diminished performance on global measures of mental status such as the Mini-Mental State Exam (R = 0.45; p = 0.0072) and Blessed's Information, Memory, and Concentration test (R = 0.42; p = 0.0138) showed high correlations with decreased C1q levels. More specific measures of cognitive function, such as word recall (R = 0.42; p = 0.012), word recognition (R = 0.52; p = 0.0017) and delayed recall (R = 0.45; p = 0.0062) memory tasks also correlated strongly with decreased C1q levels.
Allylic geminal diacetates. Unusual carbonyl substitutes via metal catalyzed reactions

Abstract Palladium catalysis facilitates replacement of an acetoxy group of an allylic geminal diacetate by stabilized nucleophiles.
Needs, status, techniques and problems with binary gas adsorption experiments

Abstract Microporous adsorbents are gaining ever increasing importance in industry. “Almost all applications of adsorption involve mixtures.” This statement probably appears in the first paragraph of most papers on the topic. Yet, we cannot reliably predict even the simplest case, binary gas adsorption, from pure component information. Hence the need for data. Recent improvements in instrumentation made available `push-button' systems for measuring pure component isotherms. Such systems do not exist for binary measurements which are at least an order of magnitude more complicated and time consuming. Only a few research groups operate custom-made systems to collect binary gas adsorption data utilizing different techniques. This paper reviews some of the most commonly used techniques. Thermodynamic relations provide an essential framework for the design of experimental techniques, experimental protocols, and for the analysis of data. Similar to other experimental methods, the accuracy of results is proportional to the complexity of measurements. According to some counts, there are more models of multicomponent adsorption than accurate data to test them in literature. If the experiments are not designed and performed carefully, the uncertainties of final results mushroom to unacceptable levels especially for variables such as selectivity. A complete error analysis for a typical system is shown. The results with consideration to error analysis show that most data available in literature cannot be used to scrutinize between models. Lack of good data also hinders our understanding of the microstructure of adsorbents.
The ability of triplet nitrenes to abstract hydrogen atoms

The enthalpies for H-atom abstraction reactions by triplet imidogen as well as ethyl, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, phenyl, and vinyl nitrenes were calculated using density functional theory calculations. These calculations show that H-atom abstraction reactions are only feasible for triplet imidogen, alkoxycarbonyl, and acyl nitrenes in solution. The calculated charges on the N-atoms (QNPA) in the nitrene correlate with the magnitude of the transition state barrier for the H-atom abstraction reactions from methanol as a model reactant. Electron-withdrawing substituents on these nitrenes make them less stable but do not affect the transition state barrier significantly. Thus, as the electron deficiency of the N-atom in the nitrenes is increased, the H-atom abstraction reaction becomes more feasible. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed source photoacoustic generation of ultrasound

Abstract By juxtaposing a series of optically thin and transparent layers, each having the same sonic transit time, it is possible to construct a distributed feedback generator of ultrasonic waves based on the photoacoustic effect. The response of the device to sinusoidally modulated, continuous radiation is determined by summing the plane wave amplitudes from each absorbing layer, taking into account the effects of reflection and transmission at the interfaces between layers. The frequency domain solution shows the effects of constructive and destructive interference with maxima in the photoacoustic amplitude at points where the modulation frequency of the optical radiation is such that the acoustic wavelength equals twice the layer thickness divided by an odd integer. Solutions for short pulse excitation of the layers show the emitted photoacoustic wave to be a series of square waves in time. Experimental waveforms generated by a series of layers excited with the 532 nm output of a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser are presented. The relationship between the layered photoacoustic source and similar devices such as the acoustic filter, multilayer dielectric interference filters, superlattices and materials with photonic band gaps is discussed.
Highly Sensitive and Selective Colorimetric Sensors for Uranyl (UO22+): Development and Comparison of Labeled and Label-Free DNAzyme-Gold Nanoparticle Systems

Colorimetric uranium sensors based on uranyl (UO2(2+)) specific DNAzyme and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been developed and demonstrated using both labeled and label-free methods. In the labeled method, a uranyl-specific DNAzyme was attached to AuNP, forming purple aggregates. The presence of uranyl induced disassembly of the DNAzyme functionalized AuNP aggregates, resulting in red individual AuNPs. Once assembled, such a "turn-on" sensor is highly stable, works in a single step at room temperature, and has a detection limit of 50 nM after 30 min of reaction time. The label-free method, on the other hand, utilizes the different adsorption properties of single-stranded and double-stranded DNA on AuNPs, which affects the stability of AuNPs in the presence of NaCl. The presence of uranyl resulted in cleavage of substrate by DNAzyme, releasing a single stranded DNA that can be adsorbed on AuNPs and protect them from aggregation. Taking advantage of this phenomenon, a "turn-off" sensor was developed, which is easy to control through reaction quenching and has 1 nM detection limit after 6 min of reaction at room temperature. Both sensors have excellent selectivity over other metal ions and have detection limits below the maximum contamination level of 130 nM for UO2(2+) in drinking water defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This study represents the first direct systematic comparison of these two types of sensor methods using the same DNAzyme and AuNPs, making it possible to reveal advantages, disadvantages, versatility, limitations, and potential applications of each method. The results obtained not only allow practical sensing application for uranyl but also serve as a guide for choosing different methods for designing colorimetric sensors for other targets.
Indole-3-carbinol modulation of hepatic monooxygenases CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and FMO1 in guinea pig, mouse and rabbit

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a major component of cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to be chemoprotective against cancer in a number of animal models and is being evaluated as a potential agent to prevent breast cancer in healthy women. Some concern has been raised related to the long-term use of I3C, as in some models chronic dietary post-initiation exposures promote cancers. I3C administration to rats marked induces several cytochrome P450s (CYPs), especially CYP1A1 (approx. 25-fold), while at the same time inhibiting the expression of FMO1. The consequence is a marked shift in the metabolic profile of drugs such as nicotine and tamoxifen, that are substrates for both monooxygenases. Such an effect could lead to adverse drug reactions in humans. In order to determine if the effect of I3C was manifest in species other than the rat, we fed 2000-ppm I3C to male guinea pigs, mice and rabbits for a period of 4 weeks. In each species, induction of CYP1A1/1A2 expression was observed in the liver but little or no effect on FMO1 was evident, with the possible exception of the rabbit. These data demonstrate that the ability of I3C to both induce CYP1A1 and inhibit FMO1, as observed in the rat, may not be common to other mammals for which FMO1 is the major isoform in the liver.
On the intertwinings between higher cohomology modules of line bundles on GB

Let G be a simple, simply connected affine algebraic group over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p. Let (B, 7’) be a Bore1 subgroup and maximal torus, and let X(T) be the character group. Let R be the set of roots of (G, T), R+ the set of roots of (BopP, T), S the set of simple roots in R+, and X’(T) the set of dominant characters. Let 1 be a character on B which is an element of X+(T), and let Mn be the irreducible G-module of highest weight 1. W is the Weyl group of (G, T), wO is the longest word in W, and yl’ is the coroot of a root y. In [4], we constructed the family of operators {Jw ( MJE W) on the set X(T) Oz [w (see the Preliminary section). For 1 E X(T) in generic, dominant position, we showed that {MJw l}w.E ,+, is a set of (multiplicity one) composition factors of H”(J) (here, we call those factors the scaffolding factors of H”(l)), and that H”“‘(w. 1) has socle M,., and unique top factor M,wow.n. At the same time, that serves to determine the top and socle factors of the image of an intertwining between any two higher cohomology modules. In this paper, we augment that information about the image of the non-zero intertwining cp: H”“‘l’(w, .A) -+ H’(“‘z)( w2 . A) by determining which of the scaffolding factors appear in the image (Section 2). In 1.1, we show the following facts about extensions among the scaffolding pieces: if Ext,!JM,%, .1, MJw2.J is non-zero, then w2 = SOW,, for
Reference materials in the world of tomorrow

Good projections about the use of reference materials (RMs) in the world of tomorrow are especially important to RM producers. They need to know what kinds of RMs will be required in the future, by whom, and for what purposes. They need to know what batch sizes to prepare of different kinds and how to allocate limited resources to best effect. The following steps may provide a useful view of the future of reference materials: (1) Review of trends, (2) Projection of challenges, (3) Analysis of driving forces and construction of scenarios, (4) Thinking “outside the box,” and (5) Selecting strategies. This paper will illustrate the use of these steps for the field of reference materials in order to provide a framework for the role of reference materials in the world of tomorrow.
Monochrome digital image enhancement

The use of digital computers as an aid in the enhancement of monochrome imagery is explored. Point processes, spatial processes, and artifact generation are discussed. The former includes single pixel nonlinear mappings for better visual response. Spatial processes include both linear and nonlinear filtering techniques in the Fourier and singular value decomposition domains of an image. Finally, the generation of possible artifacts by enhancement processes is discussed. Numerous pictorial examples illustrating all the techniques developed are included throughout the paper.
Use of soil information to determine application of ground penetrating radar

Abstract Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been used as a pedologic tool in the United States since 1978. The National Cooperative Soil Survey Program has used GPR to assess properties of soils which affect their use, management, and classification. Principal uses have been to estimate the variability and taxonomic composition of soils, chart the lateral extent, and estimate the depth and thickness of soil horizons and geologic layers and to map and interpret soils. All soils are not equally suited to GPR techniques. Soil maps and taxonomic descriptions contained in published soil survey reports can be used to assess the suitability of soils and sites for GPR applications In addition, the criteria used to define and classify the soil can be used to aid interpretations of radar imagery.
Sustained activation of p34(cdc2) is required for noscapine-induced apoptosis.

Mitotic arrest and subsequent apoptosis has been observed in many types of cells treated with anti-microtubule agents. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the two events as well as their relationship are not well understood; on the contrary, there has been increasing evidence indicating that anti-microtubule agents might induce apoptosis via signaling pathways independent of mitosis. In this study, we found that apoptosis induced by noscapine, an anti-microtubule drug previously shown to cause both mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death, was blocked by inhibiting p34 cdc2 activity with olomoucine in FM3A murine mammary carcinoma cells or by reducing the level and activity of p34 cdc2 in a mutant cell line FT210 derived from FM3A. Furthermore, transfection of the mutant FT210 cells with wild-type p34cdc2 restored their ability to undergo mitotic arrest and then apoptosis in response to noscapine. Thus, we conclude that sustained activation of the p34 cdc2 kinase during mitotic arrest is required for subsequent apoptosis induced by noscapine, establishing a link between the two events.
Water-pressure effect on fission-track annealing in an Alpine muscovite

Abstract Fission-track annealing experiments carried out on surface tracks in a muscovite under varying conditions of temperature, time and water pressure indicate that the latter is an important variable. A direct relationship between track stability and water pressure has been established in the 0.25–2.0 kb range at 350°C and 3 hours annealing time. As a result, interpretations of fission-track ages obtained on mica may need to take into account this variable as one possible cause for abnormally low ages.
Spectroscopy of X-Type Asteroids

Infrared observations (0.8–2.5 μm) of 42 asteroids in the X complex are presented. Previous studies of these asteroids and their taxonomic classes are summarized using both the Tholen and the Bus-Binzel taxonomic systems. With this study we seek to extend our compositional information about X-complex asteroids in order to refine our knowledge of the geologic structure of the asteroid regions. Our results suggest that there may be a type of material among X-complex objects that is not related to E-, M-, or P-type object material. This, in turn, suggests that albedo should not be the only criterion for a mineralogy-based subclassification of X-complex objects.
A modified greedy heuristic for the set covering problem with improved worst case bound

Abstract The Set Covering problem is an NP-complete problem. A recent result of Lund and Yanakakis establishes that Set Covering cannot be approximated with ratio c log2n for any c 1 4 unless all NP problems are solvable in DTIME(npolylog n). The known greedy algorithm for Set Covering delivers a ratio of H(d) = ∑ d i=1 1 i , where d is the size of the largest set, a value bounded by 1 + log d. Here we describe an improved version of the greedy algorithm and show that its worst case ratio bound is, H(d) − 1 6 .
Kyptoceras amatorum, new genus and species from the Pliocene of Florida, the last protoceratid artiodactyl

ABSTRACT Kyptoceras amatorum n.g. et sp. is described from the Upper Bone Valley Formation, late Hemphillian (early Pliocene) of Polk County, Florida. In the male skull the forked rostral horn lacks a shaft and the frontal horns are nearly twice as long as those of any other Protoceratidae. Both the rostral and the frontal horns are tilted forward in distinctive fashion. This genus represents a new tribe, Kyptoceratini, which may have originated in subtropical savannas south of the range of the more familiar tribe Synthetoceratini.
The Evolution of IMP Spacecraft Mosfet Data Systems

Since 1964 the Interplanetary Monitoring Platform spacecraft data systems have used MOSFET devices. Many millions of device hours have been accumulated from IMPs D,E,F and G in orbit without any "proven failures" (two possible non-catastrophic failures may have occurred on MOSFET chips in IMP-D well after a year in orbit). We are now using the fourth generation of MOSFET blocks in IMPs H&J where there are approximately 1000 devices on a single chip. Historically, the development of MOSFET blocks for the IMP program has progressed through four phases. The PHASE I blocks contained about 10 devices/chip, PHASE II about 50, PHASE III about 200 and presently the PHASE IV blocks contain about 1000 devices/chip. The PHASE IV data system now under fabrication uses approximately one-half million devices. This two orders of magnitude increase in the number of devices per chip, while vastly increasing the capability of the data system, has also revised the thinking used in system design and has revised the reliability approach used.
HIGH FIELD TRANSPORT IN AlN

The energy distribution of electrons transported through intrinsic AlN was directly measured as a function of applied field and AlN film thickness. The electron energy distribution featured kinetic energies higher than that of completely thermalized electrons. Transport through films thicker than 95 nm at an applied field between 200 kV/cm and 350 kV/cm occurred as steady-state hot electron transport following a Maxwellian energy distribution with a characteristic carrier temperature. At higher fields (470 kV/cm), intervalley scattering was evidenced by a multi-component energy distribution featuring a second peak at the energy position of the first satellite valley. Velocity overshoot was observed in films thinner than 95 nm and at fields greater than 510 kV/cm. In this case, a symmetric energy distribution centered at an energy above the conduction band minimum was measured, indicating that the drift component of the electron velocity was on the order of the "thermal" component. A transient transport length of less than 80 nm was deduced from these observations.
Children's reading comprehension and oral reading fluency in easy text

This study explored third-graders’ oral reading fluency (ORF) in easy text in relation to their third- and fourth-grade reading comprehension. It also examined the children’s performance on two different measures of text exposure, a self-report questionnaire and a title-recognition test. Although third-graders’ ORF related significantly to their reading comprehension, oral language comprehension accounted for most of the variance in reading comprehension, whereas single word reading speed accounted for most of the variance in ORF. Third-grade reading comprehension and ORF each predicted unique variance in children’s scores on a fourth-grade state-mandated reading comprehension assessment. Scores on the self-report questionnaire correlated significantly with third-grade ORF and fourth-grade reading; the self-report accounted for reliable variance in ORF even with all of the other reading ability variables entered first. Results are consistent with the viewpoint that text exposure affects reading fluency. They also demonstrate that ORF is a valuable predictor of middle-elementary children’s reading comprehension, even when the ORF measure employs very easy text in which children achieve near-perfect word accuracy.
Regulation of CTP: Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in HepG2 cells: Effect of choline depletion on phosphorylation, translocation and phosphatidylcholine levels

Abstract We studied the effect of choline depletion on the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and the distribution and phosphorylation of cytidylyltransferase (CT) in HepG2 cells. Phosphocholine concentrations decreased within 24 h of choline depletion to values less than 2% of controls. The incorporation of [3H]glycerol into PC was reduced in choline-depleted (CD) cells. The apparent turnover of PC was similar in CD and choline-supplemented (CS) cells ( T 1 2 = 20 h ). The methylation pathway for PC synthesis increased nearly 10-fold in CD cells. Cell growth was similar in CD and CS cells. Over 95% of CT activity in CS cells was in the soluble pool. Choline depletion resulted in a progressive decrease in CT activity and immunodetected enzyme in the soluble pool and a corresponding increase in membrane CT over a 48-h period. Choline supplementation of CD cells caused a rapid release of membrane CT (complete release by 3 h). Two phosphorylated forms of CT were identified. One form contained a higher level of phosphorylation (HPCT) then the other form (LPCT). HPCT migrated slightly slower than LPCT on SDS gels. CD cells contained only LPCT in both soluble and membrane pools. CS cells contained only HPCT. During choline depletion PC content decreased nearly 20% but CT binding did not occur until LPCT was generated in cytosol. Conversely, choline supplementation released LPCT into cytosol and HPCT was formed only after the release. We conclude that both the induction of binding sites, perhaps by depletion of PC and dephosphorylation of HPCT to LPCT, are required for CT translocation to membranes. The release of CT from membranes is initiated by changes in membrane binding sites followed by trapping of the CT in the soluble pool by phosphorylation of LPCT to HPCT.
Generalized Differential Calculus for Nonsmooth and Set-Valued Mappings

Abstract We study some generalized differentiability concepts for multifunctions and non-smooth mappings in finite dimensions. The most attention is paid to the so-called coderivative of multifunctions introduced earlier by the author. This coderivative has many useful applications to optimization and control problems, to sensitivity analysis for generalized equations and variational inequalities, etc. In this paper we develop a rich calculus for the coderivative and related subdifferential constructions using an extremal (variational) approach.
Stacks: an analysis tool set for population genomics

Massively parallel short-read sequencing technologies, coupled with powerful software platforms, are enabling investigators to analyse tens of thousands of genetic markers. This wealth of data is rapidly expanding and allowing biological questions to be addressed with unprecedented scope and precision. The sizes of the data sets are now posing significant data processing and analysis challenges. Here we describe an extension of the Stacks software package to efficiently use genotype-by-sequencing data for studies of populations of organisms. Stacks now produces core population genomic summary statistics and SNP-by-SNP statistical tests. These statistics can be analysed across a reference genome using a smoothed sliding window. Stacks also now provides several output formats for several commonly used downstream analysis packages. The expanded population genomics functions in Stacks will make it a useful tool to harness the newest generation of massively parallel genotyping data for ecological and evolutionary genetics.
Detecting and Mitigating DoS Attacks in Wireless Networks without Affecting the Normal Behaving Nodes

In this paper we investigate the DoS attack detection and mitigation problem in wireless networks. The DoS attacks are difficult to mitigate because the legitimate nodes can also generate large amount of packets in a short time. The difficulty in differentiating between the malicious nodes and the legitimate nodes always prevents the DoS detection and mitigation schemes from achieving satisfactory performance. We propose a new scheme for DoS mitigation, which requires a node to undertake packet forwarding responsibility if it sends large amount of packets through other nodes. The responsibility is proportionate to the amount of packets the network delivers for the node. By placing this requirement, we are able to differentiate the normal nodes from the malicious nodes, since a normal node is willing to undertake its responsibility while a malicious node would not. However, if a malicious node drops the packets that are supposed to be forwarded, its neighbors are able to detect it and then isolate the malicious node. As the result, a malicious node will have to either pay for its attack by helping forward other nodes' packets or drop the packets and then be isolated.