cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition and Fungitoxic Activities of Pine Cone Extractives

Pine cones, a renewable resource, are not used to their potential. Large quantities of cones are produced annually throughout the world, especially in pine plantations grown for the pulp and paper industry. They are collected, dried to facilitate seed release, and generally discarded. Some nurseries grind the cones into mulch or they may be sold for crafts, but consumer demand for cones is small compared to by-products from other industries. New uses for pine cones could provide additional income for forest landowners.
Pain-related anxiety and opioid misuse in a racially/ethnically diverse young adult sample with moderate/severe pain

Pain problems are of significant public health concern, and with opioid-related problems and death due to overdose at an all-time high, there is significant public health importance to identify risk factors that link instances of pain to opioid misuse among persons with pain whether or not they have been prescribed opioids for pain management. Severe pain and pain-related problems have been associated with increased risk for opioid misuse, and recent research indicates that pain-related anxiety (worry about the negative consequences of pain) may contribute to a more debilitating pain experience. Additionally, pain-related anxiety has previously been linked to substance use motives and dependence for cannabis and tobacco. However, little research has examined pain-related anxiety as a transdiagnostic risk factor for opioid misuse. The current study examined the relationship between pain-related anxiety and self-reported opioid misuse (addiction, prescription denial, family concerns, detox) in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of young adults (N = 256, M age = 22.84) reporting moderate to severe bodily pain over the previous four weeks. Results indicated that pain-related anxiety was significantly related to several indicators of opioid misuse as well as an increased number of opioid-related problems. Findings from the current study suggest that targeting pain-related anxiety may be one therapeutic strategy to reduce opioid misuse.
Biomolecule-Nanomaterial Interactions: Effect on Biomolecular Structure, Function, and Stability

We have characterized the influence of protein–carbon nanotube interactions on protein structure and function using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. This structure-based analysis revealed that different proteins interact with nanotubes differentially, consistent with the observed biological activity data. Furthermore, the high degree of surface curvature of the nanoscale support was found to play an important role in stabilizing proteins under denaturing conditions. Along with these fundamental studies, various applications of such highly active and stable nanotube–protein conjugates have been pursued, which include self-cleaning nanobiocomposite films, interfacial biocatalysis in a biphasic medium, and synthesis of nanotube–nanoparticle hybrids, among others.
Automation and the Functions of Management

We are living in the electronic age and automation is here to stay. These new developments will largely influence the body of science which we call management. It is difficult to predict the changes which will come up. There can be no doubt, however, that planning, organizing and controlling have to be adjusted to meet the requirements of a new era.
Standard Simplex S and Matrix Operations

The technical development of this paper begins with the selection of an n-simplex; different selections lead to subdivisions which are linear transformations of one another. There is no loss of generality in selecting a particular simplex; and, therefore, one selects that simplex which most enhances the development. In this regard we define the standard simplex S to be the n-simplex in Gn with vertices s1, ..., sn+1 where or in general $$ {{\text{s}}^{\text{i}}}=\sum\limits_{\text{j=1}}^{\text{i-1}}{{{\text{e}}^{\text{j}}}} $$ and ei = (0,..., 0, 1, 0,..., 0) is the ith unit vector, see Figure 4.1. We refer to S as the standard simplex.
Elektromyographie (EMG) und Neurographie (NG)

Lokalisierte und generalisierte Nervenlasionen fuhren in Abhangigkeit vom Verlauf und Schadigungstyp zu charakteristischen elektrophysiologischen Veranderungen, die sich teils durch die Nadelelektromyographie, teils durch Leitgeschwindigkeitsmessungen erfassen lassen.
Ultrastructure and histochemistry of lipoidal droplets in vessel contact cells and adjacent parenchyma cells in cotton plants infected by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum

Abstract Osmiophilic droplets developed in contact cells and adjacent vascular parenchyma cells of cotton accompanied by changes in cytoplasmic organization after vessel infection by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. In the early stages of the cellular response to vessel infection, the droplets were observed in dilations of ER cisternac, the membrane envelopes of mitochondria, and occasionally the membrane envelopes of plastids and nuclei. As the cellular response to vessel infection proceeded and cytoplasmic reorganization became apparent, the droplets were associated with vesicles or remained as individual droplets within the cytoplasm. The developmental sequence suggests that the osmiophilic substances in these droplets may be secreted through the plasmalemma, infused into apposition layers, and exuded into the infected vessels through pits. Sudan Black B staining and organic solvent extraction indicate that the osmiophilic droplets are lipoidal in nature. It is suggested that the lipoidal substances are terpenoids that could function as phytoalexins.
The Delivery of Health Care Services to Older Adults

As the elderly population of the United States increases, the demand for medical services for the aged will also increase. The medical needs of older people are varied and necessitate the services of a variety of health professionals. Previous studies (Institute of Medicine, 1978; National Institute on Aging, 1984) have pointed to the particular need for more medical personnel trained in geriatrics and gerontology. Preparing physicians and other health professionals to deal with older patients effectively and comfortably is an important social challenge.
Single 6-mg dose of rasburicase: The experience in a large academic medical center.

BackgroundTumor lysis syndrome is an oncologic emergency due to the release of tumor cell contents, leading to metabolic derangements. Rasburicase, a recombinant urate oxidase, catabolizes uric aci...
Japanese beetles’ feeding on milkweed flowers may compromise efforts to restore monarch butterfly habitat

The eastern North American migratory population of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) is in serious decline. Habitat restoration, including adding millions of host plants to compensate for loss of milkweed in US cropland, is a key part of the international conservation strategy to return this iconic butterfly to sustainable status. We report here that Popillia japonica, a polyphagous, invasive beetle, aggregates and feeds on flowers of Asclepias syriaca, the monarch's most important larval food plant, reducing fruiting and seed set by >90% and extensively damaging milkweed umbels in the field. The beetle's ongoing incursion into the monarch's key breeding grounds in the US Midwest is likely to limit pollination and outcrossing of wild and planted milkweeds, reducing their capacity to colonize new areas via seeds. Popillia japonica represents a previously undocumented threat to milkweeds that should be considered in models for monarch habitat restoration.
Strategies for Implementing the Local Real Property Tax

Even if created optimally, the design of a tax is only the first and relatively easiest phase. The next step is much more difficult: determining how to implement the new tax efficiently, effectively, and in an orderly and smooth manner poses numerous challenges in every aspect of tax administration. Given the conundrums the government has been struggling with—the deep-rooted centralization tradition, for example—this chapter looks into possible strategies that are practical in China’s context for adopting the property tax. These include central authorization for local implementation, local discretion with no uniform scheme, and a window for adjustments by households. This chapter also encapsulates the proposed tax scheme for China into four basic elements, four execution measures, and three related institutions.
Complements from the Lung

A Complex Deposit A 26-year-old man with a history of community-acquired pneumonia several weeks earlier presented with chest pain, chills, and night sweats.
From the Blacksmith’s Forge to the Fires of Hell: Eating the Red-Hot Iron Ball in Early Buddhist Literature

Early Buddhist texts were first being composed and compiled during South Asia’s Iron Age, and thus contain many references to iron and other metal technologies. This article examines one metalworking image that came to play a special role in the imagination of early Buddhists: the red-hot iron ball. I argue that the iron ball, which comes to be a torture device in hell, force-fed by hell wardens, is a mimesis of the pi??ap?ta, or almsfood offered to monks and nuns by the laity. Around iron ball imagery clusters a set of related Buddhist concerns: anxieties about undisciplined and deceitful monks and nuns, especially in relation to taking alms; the public perception of the sa?gha; the conceptualization of Buddhist hells as an unfortunate karmic result of lacking discipline; and the relationship between these hells and Indian juridical forms of punishment.
Outcomes with Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices during Acute Myocardial Infarction Cardiogenic Shock

Purpose Although various temporary mechanical circulatory support devices are utilized during acute myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock (AMI CS), comparisons of interdevice outcomes remain uncertain. We sought to determine patient characteristics and outcomes between venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) and Impella supported patients during AMI CS. Methods A single center retrospective study was conducted in consecutive patients with AMI CS from 02/12 to 09/19. Patients were grouped and analyzed by their initially assigned device as either VA ECMO or Impella. Device crossover was censored. Severity of illness was compared by sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) and Vasoactive Inotropic Score (VIS). Thirty day survival and a composite of adverse neurologic (ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage), thromboembolic and major bleeding events were compared between devices by Kaplan Meier analysis. Results One hundred and twelve patients with AMI CS underwent VA ECMO (n=57) or Impella (n=55) placement. Patients with VA ECMO had higher SOFA (15.0 IQR: 11.5-18.0 vs. 8.0 IQR: 5.0-13.0, p Conclusion Despite a higher severity of illness, AMI CS patients experienced similarly limited survival with VA ECMO or Impella. More adverse events occurred during VA ECMO support. Larger studies are warranted for optimal device selection during AMI CS.
AoI and Throughput Tradeoffs in Routing-aware Multi-hop Wireless Networks

The Age-of-Information (AoI) is a newly introduced metric for capturing information updating timeliness, as opposed to the network throughput, which is a conventional performance metric to measure the network transmission speed and robustness as a whole. While considerable work has addressed either optimal AoI or throughput individually, the inherent relationships between the two performance metrics are yet to be explored, especially in multi-hop networks. In this paper, we explore their relationships in multi-hop networks for the very first time, particularly focusing on the impacts of flexible routes on the two metrics. By developing a rigorous mathematical model with interference, channel allocation, link scheduling, and routing path selection taken into consideration, we build the interrelation between AoI and throughput in multi-hop networks. A multi-criteria optimization problem is formulated with the goal of simultaneously minimizing AoI and maximizing network throughput. To solve this problem, we resort to a novel approach by transforming the multi-criteria problem into a single objective one so as to find the weakly Pareto-optimal points iteratively, thereby allowing us to screen all Pareto-optimal points for the solution. A new algorithm based on the piece-wise linearization technique is then developed to closely linearize the non-linear terms in the single objective problem via their linear approximation segments to make it solvable. We formally prove that our algorithms can find all Pareto-optimal points in a finite number of iterations. From simulation results, we identify the tradeoff points of the optimal AoI and throughput, demonstrating that one performance metric improves at the expense of degrading the other, with the routing path found as one of the key factors in determining such a tradeoff.
Effects of COVID-19 on College Students' Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study.

Background: Student mental health in higher education has been an increasing concern. The COVID-19 pandemic situation has brought this vulnerable population into renewed focus. Objective: Our study aims to conduct a timely assessment of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of college students. Methods: We conducted interview surveys with 195 students at a large public university in the United States to understand the effects of the pandemic on their mental health and well-being. The data were analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: Of the 195 students, 138 (71%) indicated increased stress and anxiety due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Multiple stressors were identified that contributed to the increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depressive thoughts among students. These included fear and worry about their own health and of their loved ones (177/195, 91% reported negative impacts of the pandemic), difficulty in concentrating (173/195, 89%), disruptions to sleeping patterns (168/195, 86%), decreased social interactions due to physical distancing (167/195, 86%), and increased concerns on academic performance (159/195, 82%). To cope with stress and anxiety, participants have sought support from others and helped themselves by adopting either negative or positive coping mechanisms. Conclusions: Due to the long-lasting pandemic situation and onerous measures such as lockdown and stay-at-home orders, the COVID-19 pandemic brings negative impacts on higher education. The findings of our study highlight the urgent need to develop interventions and preventive strategies to address the mental health of college students.
Proteomic Profiles of Exosomes of Septic Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department Compared to Healthy Controls

Background: Septic Emergency Department (ED) patients provide a unique opportunity to investigate early sepsis. Recent work focuses on exosomes, nanoparticle-sized lipid vesicles (30–130 nm) that are released into the bloodstream to transfer its contents (RNA, miRNA, DNA, protein) to other cells. Little is known about how early changes related to exosomes may contribute to the dysregulated inflammatory septic response that leads to multi-organ dysfunction. We aimed to evaluate proteomic profiles of plasma derived exosomes obtained from septic ED patients and healthy controls. Methods: This is a prospective observational pilot study evaluating a plasma proteomic exosome profile at an urban tertiary care hospital ED using a single venipuncture blood draw, collecting 40 cc Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood. Measurements: We recruited seven patients in the ED within 6 h of their presentation and five healthy controls. Plasma exosomes were isolated using the Invitrogen Total Exosome Isolation Kit. Exosome proteomic profiles were analyzed using fusion mass spectroscopy and Proteome Discoverer. Principal component analysis (PCA) and differential expression analysis (DEA) for sepsis versus control was performed. Results: PCA of 261 proteins demonstrated septic patients and healthy controls were distributed in two groups. DEA revealed that 62 (23.8%) proteins differed between the exosomes of septic patients and healthy controls, p-value < 0.05. Adjustments using the False Discovery Rate (FDR) showed 23 proteins remained significantly different (FDR < 0.05) between sepsis and controls. Septic patients and controls were classified into two distinct groups by hierarchical clustering using the 62 nominally DE proteins. After adjustment multiple comparisons, three acute phase proteins remained significantly different between patients and controls: Serum amyloid A-1, C-reactive protein and Serum Amyloid A-2. Inflammatory response proteins immunoglobulin heavy constant Δ and Fc-fragment of IgG binding protein were increased. Conclusion: Exosome proteomic profiles of septic ED patients differ from their healthy counterparts with regard to acute phase response and inflammation.
Quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) and machine learning models for abiotic reduction of organic compounds by an aqueous Fe(II) complex.

Abstract Due to the increasing diversity of organic contaminants discharged into anoxic water environments, reactivity prediction is necessary for chemical persistence evaluation for water treatment and risk assessment purposes. Almost all quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) that describe rates of contaminant transformation apply only to narrowly-defined, relatively homogenous families of reactants (e.g., dechlorination of alkyl halides). In this work, we develop predictive models for abiotic reduction of 60 organic compounds with diverse reducible functional groups, including nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), aliphatic nitro-compounds (ANCs), aromatic N-oxides (ANOs), isoxazoles (ISXs), polyhalogenated alkanes (PHAs), sulfoxides and sulfones (SOs), and others. Rate constants for their reduction were measured using a model reductant system, Fe(II)-tiron. Qualitatively, the rates followed the order NACs > ANOs ≈ ISXs ≈ PHAs > ANCs > SOs. To develop QSARs, both conventional chemical descriptor-based and machine learning (ML)-based approaches were investigated. Conventional univariate QSARs based on a molecular descriptor ELUMO (energy of the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital) gave good correlations within classes. Multivariate QSARs combining ELUMO with Abraham descriptors for physico-chemical properties gave slightly improved correlations within classes for NCs and NACs, but little improvement in correlation within other classes or among classes. The ML model obtained covers reduction rates for all classes of compounds and all of the conditions studied with the prediction accuracy similar to those of the conventional QSARs for individual classes (r2 = 0.41–0.98 for univariate QSARs, 0.71–0.94 for multivariate QSARs, and 0.83 for the ML model). Both approaches required a scheme for a priori classification of the compounds for model training. This work offers two alternative modeling approaches to comprehensive abiotic reactivity prediction for persistence evaluation of organic compounds in anoxic water environments.
A DNA tetraplex composed of two continuously hydrogen-bonded helical arrays of isoguanine (isoG)

Abstract A DNA tetraplex, (isoG4)4-(K+)2-(Na+)12, has been studied at the BP86-D3(BJ)/def2-SVP level employing CPCM with water as solvent. The resulting optimized structure was found to contain two continuously hydrogen-bonded helical arrays of eight isoG nucleobases each. This structure is novel in the domain of oligonucleotide tetramerization, and could help further define molecular recognition by a classical nucleobase first reported by Fischer.
Heritable disorders of oxygen sensing

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) activate gene transcription in response to reduced O2 availability and play critical roles in development, physiology, and disease pathogenesis. Mutations that dysregulate HIF activity are the genetic basis for tumor predisposition in the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and excess red blood cell production in hereditary erythrocytosis.
Long-term Efficacy and Tolerability of Adjunctive Aripiprazole for Major Depressive Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective: To assess the long-term efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as an augmentation strategy for major depressive disorder (MDD). Data Sources: Ovid MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and Embase databases were systematically searched for clinical studies of adult patients with MDD on long-term aripiprazole augmentation. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Long-term follow-up was defined as ≥ 6 months. Primary outcome was remission from depression. Secondary outcome was incidence of adverse effects. Results: Four open-label studies were included in this review. Random effects meta-analysis of 3 studies (n = 2,117) revealed a weighted average remission proportion of 0.33 (0.16-0.51), showing trend of improved response with duration of treatment. Three studies (n = 2,231) provided adverse effects data. Medically significant weight gain (25%-28% participants) was higher in studies with patients receiving doses ≥ 5 mg and lower (3.5%) in a study using doses 5 mg-10 mg).
Social anxiety, rejection sensitivity, and theory of mind decoding ability.

OBJECTIVES Recent initiatives have highlighted the importance of investigating clinically relevant variations in social processes that contribute to mental illness. Surprisingly little research has examined the associations between socially and clinically relevant transdiagnostic factors, such as social anxity (SA) and rejection sensitvity (RS), on theory of mind (ToM) decoding ability. METHODS The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task and self-report measures of SA and RS were completed by 199 adult participants. RESULTS Linear regression analyses suggest a specific difficulty decoding positive emotion associated with SA and global decrements in ToM associated with RS that may reflect a negative interpretation bias. CONCLUSIONS These findings may have important implications for understanding how those with SA and RS perceive and navigate social interactions, which may contribute to the maintenance of symptoms and decreased psychosocial functioning.
Abstract 89: Instituting a 24/7 Enrollment Plan for Acute Ischemic Stroke Clinical Trials: Feasibility, Implementation and Potential Impact

Background and objectives: Enrollment into acute stroke trials is usually limited to weekday working hours. As a result, a large portion of eligible patients do not receive the opportunity to participate in these trials, hence enrollment rate suffers. We share our experience regarding the feasibility and implementation of a 24/7 enrollment plan for two acute ischemic stroke (AIS) trials. We also compare differences in patients’ characteristics enrolled during working hours ( WH ) vs. after hours+weekend ( AH ). Methods: Data used for this study is from a single-center that actively enrolls AIS patients into 2 time-sensitive, tPA-adjunctive clinical trials (CLOTBUST-HF & ARTSS-2). This center implemented a 24/7 on-call system for research coordinators to respond after-hours (5:01pm-6.59am) and on weekends. Approach for AH comprises a coordinated effort that includes: prompt call to on-call coordinator if in-house physician identifies a potential eligible patient; on-call physician delivers IV-tPA and introduces the study; study PI accesses the electronic medical record from home and if applicable the randomization website to screen and prepare for enrollment. The coordinator arrives at ED to assist in-house physician with study procedures. We conducted descriptive analyses that explore differences between WH (Mon-Fri: 7am-5pm) vs. AH (Mon-Thurs: 5.01pm-6.59am and Fri-Mon: 5.01pm-6.59am). Results: During 01/2010 - 05/2013, a total of 34 patients were eligible for the 2 trials of whom 33 were enrolled. 17/33 (52%) patients were enrolled AH and had lower NIHSS scores and longer onset-to-tPA times. Table includes data comparing the groups. Conclusion: 24/7 research enrollment for AIS patients is feasible and increased recruitment by 106% with no delays in randomization or initiation of investigational treatments. Reproducibility in other centers should be explored. Efforts to provide 24/7 coverage should be evaluated as a way to improve recruitment rates. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
In Favor of Clear Thinking: Incorporating Moral Rules into a Wise Cost-benefit Analysis

Bennis, Medin, and Bartels (2009) have contributed an interesting paper on the comparative benefit of moral rules versus cost-benefit analysis. Many of their specific comments are accurate, useful, and insightful. At the same time, we believe they have misrepresented cost-benefit analysis and have reached a set of conclusions that are misguided and, if adopted wholesale, potentially dangerous. Overall, they offer wise suggestions for making CBA more effective, rather than eliminating CBA as a decision-making tool.
A Review of “Chess Metaphors: Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind”

In May of 1997, IBM's “Deep Blue” defeated chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov in a six-game match. It was the first machine to beat a reigning world champion under standard chess tournament time regu...
Adolescent Participation in Structured and Unstructured Activities: A Person-Oriented Analysis

The current study used a person-oriented approach to examine the participation of adolescents in both constructive, organized activities as well as relaxed leisure activities. The goal of this research was to identify different profiles of involvement in activities and the relations to psychosocial indicators for these differing groups. Activity profiles were created using cluster analytic techniques for 918 adolescents' responses in 11 activity domains. The groups were found to be both statistically and substantively unique and consistent with findings from previous research. Further, the groups showed meaningful and consistent differences across a range of psychosocial indicators, including academic performance, problem behavior, and mental health. Results indicated that adolescents' activity involvement was related to their psychological and behavioral functioning and that the profiles of participation across activity settings provide a more holistic view of teens' choices than do single variable models.
Mental Illness in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

It is important for social scientists to study mental illness during adolescence and young adulthood. Adolescence is considered to be the life stage that generally represents the teenage years. According to sociologists, adulthood is when adult social roles (e.g., spouse, parent, and full-time employee) have been achieved. We explore the definitions of adolescence, the transition to adulthood, emerging adulthood, and young adulthood. Research suggests that the timing of the transition to adulthood has intriguing mental health consequences. Although sociologists emphasize that the transition to adulthood does not have a definitive length, this early life stage is known as pivotal for the development of symptoms of psychological distress and the onset of mental illness. In particular, rates of distress, depression, and alcohol abuse/dependence peak during young adulthood. We also discuss the research evidence and some gaps in our knowledge about the effects of different social statuses – socioeconomic status, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, and sexual orientation – on mental health among adolescents and young adults. Finally, we argue that public policies and interventions need to target the prevention of mental illness by focusing on the social risk factors in adolescence and young adulthood. Keywords: depression; life course sociology; sociology of aging; sociology of mental health; stress
Surface-aligned reaction of photogenerated oxygen atoms with carbon monoxide targets

Atomic and molecular species generated by the photolysis of aligned molecules adsorbed on crystalline solids tend to move preferentially in particular directions relative to the crystal surface1. This behaviour results in surface-aligned photoreaction1,2 if the photogenerated species is directed towards, and reacts with, adsorbed and aligned target molecules. Previously, geometrical directionality has been inferred from the reaction product yield, the angular distribution and/or the kinetic and internal energy distributions of departing photochemically produced species3,4,5,6. Here we report measurements of the relative rate of the reaction between oxygen atoms (photogenerated from adsorbed and surface-aligned molecular oxygen) and carbon monoxide molecules adsorbed on either the step or the terrace sites of platinum single crystals. By using isotopically distinct carbon monoxide molecules, we are able to show that the oxidation rate at step sites is twice the oxidation rate at terrace sites. This observation suggests that the motion of the photogenerated oxygen atoms is aligned along the step edge, so that the atoms are ‘aimed’ at carbon monoxide molecules adsorbed at step sites.
Targeting T Cell-Specific Costimulators and Growth Factors in a Model of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Although it is established that failure of regulatory mechanisms underlies many autoimmune diseases, the stimuli that activate autoreactive lymphocytes remain poorly understood. Defining these stimuli will lead to therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases. IL-2-deficient mice develop spontaneous autoimmunity, because of a deficiency of regulatory T cells, and on the BALB/c background, they rapidly die from autoimmune hemolytic anemia. To define the importance of costimulatory pathways in various components of this autoimmune disorder, we first intercrossed IL-2-deficient mice with mice lacking CD28 or CD40L. Elimination of CD28 reduced the activation of autoreactive T cells and lymphoproliferation as well as production of autoantibodies, whereas elimination of CD40L reduced autoantibody production without affecting T cell expansion and accumulation. To examine the role of IL-7, we blocked IL-7R signaling with neutralizing Abs. This treatment inhibited the production of autoantibodies and the development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Together, these data indicate that specific costimulatory and cytokine signals are critical for the spontaneous autoantibody-mediated disease that develops in IL-2-deficient mice.
LEARNING BEFORE ERRING: THE INFLUENCE OF DIELECTRIC MATERIALS TO PURSUE MOORE’S LAW

The semiconductor industry’s ambitious scaling trends provide important guidelines for development by integrating knowledge from the past to self-correct its course. This paper illustrates this phenomenon by investigating the recent crises of static power losses in transistor structures. The impact of the power leaked through a device’s drain has led to a drastic change in dielectric materials used, where silicon dioxide (SiO2) insulators have been replaced with novel high-k dielectric constant materials. However, quantifiable evidence, which has emerged recently in research, suggests that even these new materials may not be sufficient to continue the scaling trajectory expected of Moore’s Law, especially for low-powered devices. Based on industrial learning achieved from past trends, data collected for new dielectric materials, such as hafnium dioxide (HfO2), and implied device scaling using Moore’s Law, analysis suggests that current stand-by leakage limits will be breached in the near future.
Optimizing electrode placement using a multiscale model of the hippocampus

The hippocampus is associated with consolidating short-term memory into long-term memory. Therefore, damage to the hippocampus can result in neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's, dementia, and other diseases that affect memory. One way of helping patients affected by these conditions is to create a neural prosthesis that replicates the function of the damaged section of the hippocampus. This prosthetic device is built by a) creating an input-output model of the transformation between the still-intact portions of the hippocampus, and b) “instantiating” that model into custom VLSI hardware that's attached to upstream recording electrodes and downstream stimulating electrodes. However, a phenomenon that's still not well understood is the neural response to the electrical stimulation: thus, a multi-scale computational model has been developed to study the response to biphasic stimulation in a rat hippocampus.
A New Three-Dimensional Visualization System for Combining Aircraft and Radar Data and Its Application to RICO Observations

Abstract The analysis of diverse datasets from meteorological field campaigns often involves the use of separate 1D or combined 2D plots from various applications, making the determination of spatial and temporal relationships and correlations among these data, and the overall synthesis of information, extremely challenging. Presented here is a new 3D visualization tool, the Aircraft and Radar Data Collocation and Analysis in 3D (ARCA3D), that can combine data collected from different sources and at different scales, utilizing advanced visualization and user interface techniques, which allows for easier comparison and synthesis of such disparate data. The 3D tool is demonstrated with aircraft-based microphysical probe data and ground-based dual-polarization radar data all collected during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field campaign. The 3D volumes of radar data can be interactively selected and quantitatively probed, while aircraft-measured variables can be viewed along the aircraft track plo...
Replication of genetic associations as pseudoreplication due to shared genealogy.

The genotypes of individuals in replicate genetic association studies have some level of correlation due to shared descent in the complete pedigree of all living humans. As a result of this genealogical sharing, replicate studies that search for genotype-phenotype associations using linkage disequilibrium between marker loci and disease-susceptibility loci can be considered as “pseudoreplicates” rather than true replicates. We examine the size of the pseudoreplication effect in association studies simulated from evolutionary models of the history of a population, evaluating the excess probability that both of a pair of studies detect a disease association compared to the probability expected under the assumption that the two studies are independent. Each of nine combinations of a demographic model and a penetrance model leads to a detectable pseudoreplication effect, suggesting that the degree of support that can be attributed to a replicated genetic association result is less than that which can be attributed to a replicated result in a context of true independence. Genet. Epidemiol. 33:479–487, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cell-bound glucosyltransferase activity of Streptococcus sanguis strain 804.

Abstract Cell-bound glucosyltransferase (GT) activity of washed cells of Streptococcus sanguis , strain 804, represents about 12 per cent of the total GT activity of glucose-grown cultures of this organism. During culture, cell-associated GT activity could be detected prior to its being found extracellularly. Sonication of the washed cells harvested at the stationary phase indicated that predominant proportions of GT and β-fructofuranosidase (FH) activities were associated with the cell debris fraction. Extracellular fibrillar material, demonstrated by electron microscopic examination, was synthesized by washed cells incubated with sucrose and chemical analysis indicated glucan formation. Incubation with sucrose also promoted the osmotic diffusion of proteins from the intracellular phase. Sodium fluoride inhibited cell metabolism without effecting the formation of glucan or the release of proteins into the supernatant fluid. Maltose in equimolar concentration with sucrose considerably reduced the synthesis of insoluble glucans. Washed cells incubated with sucrose did not release any GT.
Taxonomy of the Goliath beetle Goliathus orientalis Moser, 1909 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)

The 16 names proposed for the central and eastern African Goliath beetle Goliathus orientalis Moser, 1909, are reviewed and a complete synonymy is presented for the species. The earliest published name is Goliathus giganteus orientalis Moser, 1909, type locality Lindi, Deutsch-Ostafrika, and so the correct name for the species is Goliathus orientalis Moser, 1909. Goliathus meleagris Sjostedt, 1927a, type locality Katanga, Congo Belge, is a synonym of G. orientalis. Populations of G. orientalis in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, may represent a distinct subspecies. The correct subspecific name for this form would be G. orientalis usambarensis Preiss, 1933; the widely used name G. orientalis preissi Endrodi, 1951, is a junior subjective synonym of G. o. usambarensis Preiss. Goliathus orientalis is re-described and characters are presented for separation of adults of G. orientalis from adults of the partially sympatric species Goliathus goliatus (L.), 1771 and Goliathus albosignatus Boheman, 1857.
PROGENY SEX RATIOS IN DIOECIOUS SILENE LATIFOLIA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)

Most sex ratios reported for Silene latifolia are female biased. As a result of experiments performed by Correns in the early 1900s, pollen tube competition has generally been accepted as the primary cause of these skewed ratios. We did four sets of hand pollinations in which we varied the size of pollen loads and placement of pollen along the filamentous stigma. The effect of pollen load size on progeny sex ratios was not statistically significant. Of 32 maternal families, 17 contained more females than males (one ratio deviated statistically from 1:1), and 13 contained more males than females. Paternal families exhibited a greater range of sex ratios, including three with a significant female bias and one with a significant male bias. Within experiments, neither the maternal parent nor where pollen was placed had a statistically significant effect on progeny sex ratios; the paternal effect was significant in one experiment. We suggest that sex ratios in Silene latifolia are not necessarily affected by the level of pollen competition. Other factors, including variation among males and sex-linked mortality, may help explain the skewed sex ratios that characterize populations of this species. Further, Correns' observations of excess females may have resulted from his use of interspecific hybrids.
The role of vapor in volcanic activity

Abstract A thermodynamic model for a magma intrusion is presented. A mechanism for volcanic eruptions is discussed in view of the fact that vapor is sometimes formed inside the magma chamber. The vapor is exsoluted from an ascending magma parcel, rich in volatiles. The ascent of this parcel causes volume creation, pressurization of the chamber and possible eruption. The model leads to the development of a differential equation, which governs the dynamic process of the chamber pressurization. It is found that very high internal pressures may be created by this mechanism, which may lead to violent eruptions even in the absence of any other corroborating mechanism.
The surgical management of benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms in marshall islanders exposed to hydrogen bomb fallout

On March 1, 1954, a serious fallout accident occurred during the United States atomic testing program at Bikini in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Following the detonation of a large thermonuclear device (known as Bravo) an unexpected shift in winds resulted in deposition of radioactive debris on several inhabited atolls in the Marshall Islands. During the early post-detonation period military, sea, and air surveys traced the hottest portion of the parabolic cloud as it drifted in an ever widening pattern of diminishing concentration eastward and southeast of Bikini. The center of the cloud passed North of the Rongelap Atoll, which was the nearest inhabited atoll. This report concerns the development of thyroid lesions, the special circumstances encountered during thyroid surgery, and the results of the surgical management of benign and malignant lesions that were subsequently encountered in this population.
Necrosis of abdominoplasty and other secondary flaps after TRAM flap breast reconstruction

The risks of abdominoplasty flap necrosis, umbilical necrosis, and mastectomy flap edge necrosis were compared in a series of 227 patients who had undergone transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstructions. Abdominoplasty flap necrosis was more common in patients who smoked or previously had smoked (27.5 percent) than in nonsmokers (5.9 percent). It also was more common in patients who had had conventional TRAM flaps (16.5 percent) than in those with free TRAM flaps (7.8 percent). Similarly, umbilical necrosis was more common in smokers (27.5 percent) than in nonsmokers (11.8 percent). Current smokers had higher risks than ex-smokers, who in turn had higher risks than patients who had never smoked. Obesity appeared to have only a minor influence on abdominal flap and umbilical necrosis. Mastectomy flap edge necrosis, which had little or no impact on the final outcome, was more common after free TRAM flaps than after conventional TRAM flaps.
Simultaneous measurement of excess enthalpies and solution densities in a flow calorimeter

Abstract The addition of a densitometer to the flow calorimeters developed earlier made possible the simultaneous measurement of heats of mixing ( H m E ) and solution densities. The availability of H m E and density data measured at the same temperature-pressure coordinates should be useful in developing more accurate models of fluid behavior in the critical region. The instrument was used to measure H m E and density values for the systems n -hexane + CO 2 and neopentane + CO 2 .
Mechanism of the electrochemical phenomena occurring during “dead-stop” titrations

Abstract The causes of current variations for various “dead-stop” titrations are discussed. Redox titrations are possible provided that either the reagent or the analyzed solution is an irreversible Redox couple. The “dead-stop” method cannot be applied to a Redox titration for which both the reagent and the analyzed solution are reversible or irreversible Redox couples. Precipitation titrations in which the reagent is a reversible Redox system are possible. Precipitation titrations in presence of an additional depolarizer are also possible.
Hippocampal theta rhythm persists in the permanently isolated forebrain of the cat

In cats with high mesencephalic transections surviving for up to 90 days, the hippocampal EEG shows exaggerated percentages of 3-5 Hz theta activity. The theta rhythm has similar waveform and frequency characteristics to that seen in the intact cat and can be selectively enhanced or abolished by systemic physostigmine or atropine respectively. These data demonstrate (1) that the caudal brainstem is not essential for the spontaneous appearance of the hippocampal theta rhythm, and (2) the integrity of a major cholinergic system in the chronically isolated forebrain.
A Therapeutic Approach to the Treatment of Racist-Incident-Based Trauma

The purpose of this paper is to outline a thematic approach to the clinical treatment of clients who have experienced racial trauma. Using the literature on trauma and racist incidents, the authors...
Development of industrial cyber security standards: IEC 62443 for SCADA and Industrial Control System security

This paper examines the development of standards for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) SCADA security. Good practice and standards are reviewed, with a discussion on their future direction.
1186 PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN PREMATURE (PT) NEONATES RECEIVING A PEDIATRIC AMINO ACID FORMULATION (PA) CONTAINING TAURINE, GLUTAMATE AND ASPARATE

Twenty PT neonates received either PA or a standard amino acid solution(A) for one week. Mean plasma amino acid concentrations (μMol/L±SD) were assayed pre-and post 7 days of infusion. Despite differences in solution concentration, plasma aspartic and glutamic acids were similar. The other significant differences suggest that PA meets some of the unique metabolic needs of the PT infant including limited oxidative metabolism of methionine avoiding metabolic acidosis and potential neurotoxicity of excessive glycine administration and the dietary essentiality of taurine.
Flexible companding design for PAPR reduction in OFDM and FBMC systems

In this paper, we propose a nonlinear companding technique called “trapezoidal power companding” to reduce the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in a complex OFDM or FBMC system by transforming the original signals into new signals whose power is trapezoidally distributed. A flexible parameter is used to determine the shape of the trapezium so that the proposed scheme is able to meet the requirements for various conditions. Given an expected PAPR value, the scheme provides a closed-form solution that guarantees the actual PAPR the same as the expected. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme offers a trade-off in terms of the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of PAPR, out-of-band radiation and bit error rate (BER). A comparison with another flexible companding scheme in [12] shows that our proposed scheme has better BER performance and has a perfect theoretical prediction of the actual PAPR values.
Displacement of norepinephrine from the rat heart by 14C-metaraminol

Abstract Rats were injected with submaximal quantities (0.24 mg/kg) of 14 C-metaraminol, i.e. enough to lower the concentration of norepinephrine in the heart by about 60 per cent, measured 18 hr after drug administration. In the ventricles at 18,42 and 66 hr after metaraminol injection and in the atria at the two latter times, radioactivity was present in amounts sufficient to account exactly for the norepinephrine missing, on a mole-for-mole displacement basis. Atrial radioactivity 18 hr after metaraminol administration was insufficient to account for the whole of the missing catecholamine. Possibly at 18 hr a steady state had not been reached in the atria, an interpretation which is strengthened by the fact that other catecholamines (epinephrine and dopamine) were present only in trace amounts. Chemically determined metaraminol was consistently less than indicated by radiocounting. Even though no evidence was gained for the presence of 14 C-α-methylnorepinephrine in the tissue, it is possible that metabolites of metaraminol account for part of the norepinephrine displacement observed. The administration of larger amounts of 14 C-metaraminol (3 mg/kg) resulted in catecholamine depletion greater than that accounted for by radio-activity in the tissue, and this was particularly striking in the atria. Thus, the relationship between tissue radio-activity and norepinephrine concentration depends upon several factors, and only under certain conditions, as described above, is a one-for-one displacement of the catecholamine clearly demonstrated.
Synthesis and Reactivity of (η6-arene)tricarbonylchromium Compounds Incorporating Propargylamine Units. X-ray Crystal Structures of YCH2C⋮CPh[Cr(CO)3] (Y = NMe2, N(Me)(CH2Ph)) and {Pd-trans-C[(Ph)Cr(CO)3]C(Cl)CH2NMe2(Cl)(Py)}

The syntheses, structures, and reactivities of new (η6-arene)tricarbonylchromium compounds bearing propargylamines are described. The reaction of (η6-C6H5Cl)tricarbonylchromium with propargylamines...