cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Austria and the Problem of Reform in the German Confederation, 1851–1863

IN the great struggle for Germany that emerged from the revolutions of I848, the central issue was the German Confederation or Deutscher Bund. All factions in Germany-to say nothing of all Europe-had a vital interest in the fate of this unloved institution. For the national-liberals the problem was to transform the Confederation into a liberal and democratic Bundesstaat. For Austria, the problem was to strengthen the federal authority as a weapon against Prussia and as a sop to the national-liberal movement, and if possible to create a Mitteleuropa by extending the frontiers of the Confederation to embrace all the provinces of the Habsburg Empire. For Prussia, the other great power in Germany, the problem was, at the least, to safeguard her sovereignty by vetoing all plans designed to reinforce the Confederation, and, at the most, to reorganize Germany in a manner that would give her equality with Austria, if not hegemony in a Germany united by the exclusion of Austria. There remained the princes of the middle and small states that belonged to the Bund. They alone were satisfied with the status quo; yet even their satisfaction was tempered by the fear that so unpopular an institution could not long withstand the revisionist demands of Prussia or the nationalliberal movement. It was not impossible that these foes of the Confederation would join forces, the one contributing an army, the other mass enthusiasm, to mediatize the middle states and drive Austria out of the Bund. It was this danger that joined Austria and the middle states in an effort to preserve the Confederation through timely reform. The more loudly the potential revolutionists clamored for a powerful national state and the more openly Prussia toyed with a kleindeutsch solution of the German problem, the more vigorously did the friends of the Confederation strive to salvage its prestige. At first, the reform movement was led by Prince Schwarzenberg of Austria. Although he had failed at the Dresden conference of I85I to bring the eastern provinces of the Habsburgs into the Confederation and had had to be content with a restoration of the old Bund, he endeavored by other means to strengthen the federal authority. By insisting on the legality of majority decisions in broad areas of legislation and by endeavoring to transfer to the Bund the prerogatives of the Prussian-dominated Zollverein, he hoped to keep both revolution and the Prussian state well
Laparoscopic applications of laser-activated tissue glues

The rapid growth of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and other laparoscopic procedures has created the need for simple, secure techniques for laparoscopic closure without sutures. While laser tissue welding offers one solution to this problem, concerns about adequacy of weld strength and watertightness remain. Tissue solders are proteinaceous materials which are placed on coapted tissue edges of the tissue to be closed or sealed. Laser energy is then applied to fix the glue in place completing the closure. Closure of the choledochotomy following a laparoscopic common duct exploration is one potential application of this technique. Canine longitudinal choledochotomies 5 mm in length were sealed using several laser glues and using the 808 nm diode laser. Saline was then infused until rupture of the closure and peak bursting strength recorded. Fibrinogen glue provided moderately good adhesion but poor burst strength. Handling characteristics were variable. A viscosity adjusted fibrinogen preparation produced good adherence with mean weld strength 264 +/- 7 mm Hg. The clinical endpoint for welding was a whitening and drying of the tissue. New laser solders can provide a watertight choledochotomy closure of adequate immediate strength. This would allow reliable, technically feasible common bile duct exploration via a laparoscopic approach.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone on pentobarbital tolerance

The effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on the responses produced by acute and chronic administration of pentobarbital (PB) were investigated in male Swiss Webster mice. Intraperitoneal injection of TRH antagonized the hypothermic and hypnotic effect of PB (75 mg/kg, i.p.). Pentobarbital hypnosis was also antagonized by TRH in mice rendered tolerant to PB by implantation of a pellet (each containing 75 mg of free acid form of the drug) for two days. Injections of TRH (5 mg/kg) once a day or twice a day for two days did not modify the development of tolerance to the hypothermic and hypnotic effect of PB. It is concluded that TRH can modify only the acute responses of PB in naive and PB-tolerant mice, however, in the dosage regimen used it does not affect the processes involved in the genesis of the tolerant state.
A quantitative analysis of the roles of dosage, sequence, and duration of estradiol and progesterone exposure in the regulation of maternal behavior in the rat.

The regulation of the onset of maternal behavior in the rat is under hormonal control. This study reports a new endocrine model for the study of the hormonal regulation of maternal responsiveness. The model employs the administration of physiological amounts of the steroids estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) via Silastic implants to inexperienced nulliparous rats and measurement of the effects of these implants on maternal behavior. In the first two experiments, the levels of E2 and P in the sera of pregnant and hormone-treated rats were measured by RIA. Using known physiological treatments of E2 given in combination with P, the effects of E2 and P on maternal behavior were measured. Treatment with a combination of E2 at all dosages plus P for 2 weeks before P removal and behavioral testing stimulated a fast onset of maternal behavior in ovariectomized nulliparous rats. Exposure for 2 weeks to small E2 implants (1 or 2 mm; approximately 20-30 pg/ml serum) did not affect maternal responsiveness, whereas large E2 implants (10 mm; approximately 110 pg/ml serum) stimulated maternal behavior. P treatment alone had no behavioral effect. Simultaneous removal of E2 plus P before exposure to foster young also resulted in a stimulation of behavioral responsiveness, indicating that the presence of elevated titers of circulating E2 is not a requirement for stimulation to occur. In addition to facilitating a rapid onset of behavior, the quality of the response in steroid-primed rats was similar to that measured in lactating rats in a T-maze test. In another experiment, when female rats were treated with P before E2 administration, maternal behavior was rapidly induced. Thus, P itself can sensitize the female to the behavioral effects of E2. Finally, the duration of steroid-exposure before testing was found to influence maternal behavior. Increased durations of E2 plus P exposure before testing were accompanied by decreased latencies to respond maternally to foster young. These data indicate that during pregnancy, E2 and P prime the female to respond to her young at birth. The intensity of the steroidal priming increases as pregnancy progresses, and this primed potential is subsequently unmasked by the decline in P and the maintenance of E2 secretion around parturition. These findings demonstrate that behavioral processes can be modified in the adult animal as a result of long term changes in endocrine state, i.e. pregnancy.
Learning new words: phonotactic probability in language development.

Though the influences of syntactic and semantic regularity on novel word learning are well documented, considerably less is known about the influence of phono-logical regularities on lexical acquis...
Controversies in Poisoning Management

(1995). Controversies in Poisoning Management. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 397-397.
High-dose naloxone in tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is thought to result from nigrostriatal dopaminergic supersensitivity secondary to prolonged neuroleptic exposure. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the opiate antagonist naloxone can acutely reverse a haloperidol-induced hyperdopaminergic state. In a trial of high-dose naloxone, 20 patients with TD received i.v. naloxone (20 mg, 40 mg, and placebo) under double-blind conditions. At baseline and at regular postdrug intervals, patients were evaluated using a battery of motor, clinical, and neuropsychological measures to study effects on neurological, behavioral, and cognitive functions. There was a significant improvement in involuntary movements at 30 min postnaloxone, together with improvement in clinical ratings at that time point, as well as some cognitive changes. The implications of these findings for the putative functional relationship between dopaminergic and enkephalinergic systems in the nigrostriatal area are discussed.
Nitric oxide therapy for post-laparoscopic surgery associated patent foramen ovale: incidence, mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy.

Abstract Objective Postoperative hypoxemia is a common clinical challenge. The diagnosis of an underlying cause of hypoxemia may not immediately be apparent. Clinically silent and non-functional intracardiac shunt may become apparent and pose significant management problems in the postoperative period. Data source We describe a case where clinically significant hypoxemia resulted from a patent foramen ovale (PFO) after laparoscopic surgery due to changes in the intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressures. Conclusion This condition was effectively diagnosed by bedside echocardiography, and was effectively treated with nitric oxide.
The application of group support systems to knowledge acquisition for disaster response planning

This paper describes the results of the use of a Group Support System (GSS) and two "hindcasting" scenario exercises. The GSS is used to implement the hindcasting, knowledge mapping, and knowledge representation techniques as disaster planning tools. This work improves our understanding of the knowledge engineering process in the areas of knowledge acquisition, validation, and representation when the knowledge must be collected from the multiple experts, and transferred to a knowledge base. The experiences from the exercises illustrate how the collection of the knowledge of experts may be supported by a GSS when the experts perceive their task to be one of collaboratively deducing a rational causal explanation for a complex event. The results indicate that managers may improve their ability to integrate multiple expert's knowledge into the disaster preparedness planning process using GSS processing techniques. >
Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Sex

Hepatocellular carcinoma is less prevalent in women than in men. A recent study of a mouse model indicates that estrogen counters a pathway that induces hepatocellular carcinoma and may therefore a...
Women’s Gain: Fund-Raising and Fund Allocation as an Evolving Social Movement Strategy:

Formal social movement organizations became significant phenomena in the late 20th century. This article is part of a large national study that examines the historical evolution of one such organization, the Women’s Funding Network (WFN), which is connected to an “industry” of social change funds. WFN includes over 70 women’s funds across the United States and Canada that define fund-raising and fund allocation as a strategy for empowering women and achieving social change. Using the resource mobilization framework of Zald and McCarthy, the author considers critical issues that women’s funds have faced since their emergence as a network (1985) dedicated to social movement goals. Examples from case studies, surveys, and participant observation are used to compare individual funds and to analyze the impact of increasing institutionalization on mission, structure, resource mobilization, leadership, and programmatic activities of WFN as a social movement organization. All of us don’t have to take on every single issue in the world, but wherever we do our work, what ever issue—however local—must be situated within a larger framework [so that] building a battered woman’s shelter [is seen as] ending violence in America.
Improved spatial coverage for brain 3D PRESS MRSI by automatic placement of outer-volume suppression saturation bands.

Purpose: To develop a technique for optimizing coverage of brain 3D 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) by automatic placement of outer-volume suppression (OVS) saturation bands (sat bands) and to compare the performance for point-resolved spectroscopic sequence (PRESS) MRSI protocols with manual and automatic placement of sat bands. Materials and Methods: The automated OVS procedure includes the acquisition of anatomic images from the head, obtaining brain and lipid tissue maps, calculating optimal sat band placement, and then using those optimized parameters during the MRSI acquisition. The data were analyzed to quantify brain coverage volume and data quality. Results: 3D PRESS MRSI data were acquired from three healthy volunteers and 29 patients using protocols that included either manual or automatic sat band placement. On average, the automatic sat band placement allowed the acquisition of PRESS MRSI data from 2.7 times larger brain volumes than the conventional method while maintaining data quality. Conclusion: The technique developed helps solve two of the most significant problems with brain PRESS MRSI acquisitions: limited brain coverage and difficulty in prescription. This new method will facilitate routine clinical brain 3D MRSI exams and will be important for performing serial evaluation of response to therapy in patients with brain tumors and other neurological diseases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:792–802. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of Light Intensity During the Breeder Period on Semen Production of Low Weight and Normal Weight Breeder Turkeys

Semen production of low weight and normal weight breeder turkeys was compared when maintained on low or high light intensities during the breeder period. A flock of Large White male breeder turkeys was raised in two houses and received 12 hr of 54 lx incandescent light from 10 to 30 weeks of age. The average body weights of the 32-week-old males in the two houses were 12.6 (low weight) and 19.4 kg (normal weight), respectively. At 30 weeks of age the males were exposed to 15 hr of 6.5 lx (LL) or 100 lx (HL) incandescent light. The semen volume of the low weight males was less than that of the normal weight males during the first few weeks (Weeks 33, 34, 35, and 37), and during the last weeks of semen collection (Weeks 45 to 49, inclusive). Semen volumes of normal weight males were comparable for LL and HL, but semen volumes of low weight males were greater with HL than LL, particularly during Weeks 33 to 42. Body weight at 32 weeks of age or light treatment during the breeder period had no effect on sperm concentration, and, therefore, sperm per ejaculate paralleled semen volume. This study demonstrated that an increase in light intensity during the breeder period did not completely overcome the delay in the onset of semen production caused by low body weight gain during the adolescent period. However, because the overall total number of sperm in the ejaculate of low weight males on HL was greater than those on LL, increased light intensity may improve the sperm production of low weight males.
Impact of the Script in a Supplemental Reading Program on Instructional Opportunities for Student Practice of Specified Skills

Many educators are reluctant to use scripted instruction, reporting that scripts are mechanical in nature and only appropriate for low-level skills. This study sought to investigate the impact of a supplemental program’s script on the rate of on-task and off-task instructional opportunities offered by the instructor for students to practice the specific skills targeted in lesson exercises. Using a multiple-baseline across-participants design, four paraeducators delivered daily instruction, first in a nonscripted version of an explicit supplemental program and then in the scripted version of the same program, to 12 first-grade students identified at risk for reading failure. Upon introduction of the script, the rate of on-task instructional opportunities for student practice was substantially higher, and the rate of off-task instructional opportunities diminished. Both paraeducators and student participants preferred the scripted instruction.
Occupational lung cancer in US women, 1984–1998

Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in US women, accounting for 72,130 deaths in 2006. In addition to smoking cessation, further reduction of the burden of lung cancer mortality can be made by preventing exposure to occupational lung carcinogens. Data for occupational exposures and health outcomes of US working women are limited. Methods Population-based mortality data for 4,570,711 women who died between 1984 and 1998 in 27 US States were used to evaluate lung cancer proportionate mortality over time by the usual occupation and industry reported on death certificates. Lung cancer proportionate mortality ratios were adjusted for smoking, using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II. Results Analyses revealed that 194,382 white, 18,225 Black and 1,515 Hispanic women died 1984–1998 with lung cancer reported as the underlying cause of death. Following adjustment for smoking, significant excess proportionate lung cancer mortality was observed among US women working in the US manufacturing; transportation; retail trade; agriculture, forestry, and fishing; and nursing/personal care industries. Women employed in precision production, technical, managerial, professional specialty, and administrative occupations experienced some of the highest significantly excess proportionate lung cancer mortality during 1984–1998. Conclusions The results of our study point to significantly elevated risks for lung cancer after adjustment for smoking among women in several occupations and industries. Because 6–17% of lung cancer in US males is attributable to known exposures to occupational carcinogens, and since synergistic interactions between cigarette smoke and other occupational lung carcinogens have been noted, it is important to continue research into the effects of occupational exposures on working men and women. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:102–117, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonintrinsic origin of the colossal dielectric constants in Ca Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12

The dielectric properties of $\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$, a material showing colossal values of the dielectric constant, were investigated over a broad temperature and frequency range extending up to $1.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GHz}$. A detailed equivalent-circuit analysis of the results and two crucial experiments, employing different types of contacts and varying the sample thickness were performed. The results provide clear evidence that the apparently high values of the dielectric constant in $\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ are nonintrinsic and due to electrode polarization effects. The intrinsic properties of $\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ are characterized by charge transport via hopping of localized charge carriers and a relatively high dielectric constant of the order of 100.
Partial atrioventricular canal defect in elderly patients (aged 60 years or older).

Abstract Partial atrioventricular canal defect in elderly patients (aged 60 years or older) is extremely rare, and surgical results in this select group have not been reported. This report describes in detail the clinical profile of six such patients and the surgical results in four of the six. There was no operative mortality. This experience, albeit based on small numbers, suggests that operation can be performed at low risk with gratifying symptomatic improvement and that surgical repair in symptomatic elderly patients with partial atrioventricular canal defect can be justified.
Metallo-supramolecular polymerization: A route to easy-to-process organic/inorganic hybrid materials

The self-assembly polymerization of ditopic macromolecules via metal–ligand binding is a facile route for the preparation of metallo-supramolecular polymers (MSPs). We herein review our recent work focused on the synthesis and investigation of metallo-supramolecular polymers based on 2,6-bis(1′-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine endcapped poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) and poly(p-xylene) macromonomers. These materials are readily solution-processable and display appreciable mechanical properties as well as other attractive properties such as specific opto/electrical functions or high thermal stability. Our work illustrates that metallosupramolecular polymerization offers an attractive approach to assemble high-molecular-weight macromolecules from well-defined, easy to process precursors. Variation of the ditopic ligands and metal ions allows one to easily tailor the desired properties.
Confidence intervals for quantiles when applying variance-reduction techniques

Quantiles, which are also known as values-at-risk in finance, frequently arise in practice as measures of risk. This article develops asymptotically valid confidence intervals for quantiles estimated via simulation using variance-reduction techniques (VRTs). We establish our results within a general framework for VRTs, which we show includes importance sampling, stratified sampling, antithetic variates, and control variates. Our method for verifying asymptotic validity is to first demonstrate that a quantile estimator obtained via a VRT within our framework satisfies a Bahadur-Ghosh representation. We then exploit this to show that the quantile estimator obeys a central limit theorem (CLT) and to develop a consistent estimator for the variance constant appearing in the CLT, which enables us to construct a confidence interval. We provide explicit formulae for the estimators for each of the VRTs considered.
A profile of faculty reading and information-use behaviors on the cusp of the electronic age

The majority of a university faculty's work deals with information or knowledge--finding, getting, reading, and using it. We analyzed the demographic portion of a library use survey given to faculty and staff of the University of Tennessee at Knoxville (UTK) to obtain a profile of information-related activities carried out by university faculty. Journal articles were the predominant document type that faculty both read and authored. Faculty averaged 4.2 journal subscriptions per person, of which 84% were paid for personally. Twenty-five percent of the faculty had obtained some funds for information products and of those funded, the median amount provided was $500. Faculty spent 24 minutes per day using e-mail and 78 minutes per week using non-e-mail computer network. Faculty reported publishing 3.0 journal articles per year and 31% of the faculty had won an award for professional contributions in the previous 2 years.
Safe Operating Area Considerations for Integrated Trench-Based Power Devices

This paper discusses the hot-carrier and electrical safe operating area (SOA) of trench-based integrated power devices. The hot-carrier SOA is determined by the avalanche current, exhibiting a maximum at intermediate drain voltage. The initial hot-carrier degradation is dependent on the crystal plane on which the gate oxide is grown. During hot-carrier stress, interface states are formed in the device's accumulation region. No channel degradation is observed. The electrical SOA of the trench-based MOS (TB-MOS) is much larger than a comparable lateral DMOS (LDMOS) or vertical DMOS (VDMOS). Even for 100-ns pulses, the TB-MOS exhibits electrothermal effects, contrary to LDMOS and VDMOS. Finally, the intrinsic gate oxide quality of the trench gate oxide is reported on. It is proven that the oxide time-dependent dielectric breakdown is determined by the thinnest oxide along the trench sidewall.
Effects of Description of Options on Parental Perinatal Decision-Making

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether parents’ delivery room management decisions for extremely preterm infants are influenced by (1) the degree of detail with which options (comfort care [CC] or intensive care [IC]) are presented or (2) their order of presentation. METHODS: A total of 309 volunteers, 18 to 55 years old, were each randomized to 1 of 4 groups: (1) detailed descriptions, CC presented first; (2) detailed descriptions, IC presented first; (3) brief descriptions, CC presented first; or (4) brief descriptions, IC presented first. Each received the description of a hypothetical delivery of a 23-week gestation infant and chose either IC or CC. Open-ended and structured questions elicited reasoning. Data were analyzed by χ2 and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Neither degree of detail, comparing groups 1+2 with 3+4 (37% vs 41%, odds ratio = 0.85, 95% confidence interval = 0.54–1.34, P = .48), nor order, comparing groups 1+3 with 2+4 (40% vs 37%, odds ratio = 0.88, 95% confidence interval = 0.56–1.39; P = .59), influenced the likelihood of choosing IC. Participants choosing IC were more likely to invoke sanctity of life and religiosity as personal values. Additional reasons for choosing IC were experiences with infants born at later gestational ages, giving the infant a chance, not watching their infant die, and equating CC with euthanasia. Some choosing CC wanted to avoid infant suffering. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of detail and order of presentation had no effect on treatment decisions, suggesting that individuals bring well-articulated preexisting preferences to such decisions. Understanding beliefs and attitudes motivating these preferences can assist physicians in helping parents make informed decisions consistent with their values. * Abbreviations: CI — : confidence interval DR — : delivery room IC — : intensive care CC — : comfort care OR — : odds ratio
Acetylcholine release and inhibitory interneuron activity in hippocampal CA1

Acetylcholine release in the central nervous system (CNS) has an important role in attention, recall and memory formation. One region influenced by acetylcholine is the hippocampus, which receives inputs from the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca complex (MS/DBB). Release of acetylcholine from the MS/DBB can directly affect several elements of the hippocampus including glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, presynaptic terminals, postsynaptic receptors and astrocytes. A significant portion of acetylcholine’s effect likely results from the modulation of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons, which have crucial roles in controlling excitatory inputs, synaptic integration, rhythmic coordination of principal neurons and outputs in the hippocampus. Acetylcholine affects interneuron function in large part by altering their membrane potential via muscarinic and nicotinic receptor activation. This minireview describes recent data from mouse hippocampus that investigated changes in CA1 interneuron membrane potentials following acetylcholine release. The interneuron subtypes affected, the receptor subtypes activated, and the potential outcome on hippocampal CA1 network function is discussed.
Simultaneous Extraction of High-Quality RNA and DNA from Small Tissue Samples

Purification of high-quality DNA and RNA from a single sample is becoming increasingly important for studies seeking both genomic and transcriptomic data. We compare different methods for isolating DNA and RNA from fish embryos (Gulf killifish; Fundulus grandis) and describe an optimal technique to extract high-quality DNA and RNA from a single embryo. The optimal method utilizes a chaotropic buffer and spin column technology. From embryos weighing approximately 4 mg, we were able to isolate an average of 6.1 microg of DNA and 1.1 microg of RNA per sample. Relative amounts of DNA and RNA can be adjusted as needed per study. Although these extraction trials were conducted on fish embryos, they can be potentially applied to small samples that typically do not yield high concentrations of nucleic acids.
Oviposition and Development of Fannia spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) on Poultry Manure of Low Moisture Levels

Abstract Adults of Fannia canicularis (L.) and F. femoralis (Stein) were given a choice of poultry manure of 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65% moisture for oviposition. Adult F. canicularis laid most eggs on 55 and 65% moisture manure, whereas adults of F. femoralis laid most eggs on 65% moisture manure. Few eggs of either species were laid on manure ≤45% moisture. Larval development trials were conducted at 33, 40, 47, 52, and 56% manure moisture, noting number emerged, time required for emergence, and adult size. Neonate larvae of F. canicularis developed well at moisture levels ≥47%, some developed slowly and into smaller adults at 40%, whereas 33% moisture was lethal. Manure moisture of 40–47% depressed emergence and slowed development of neonate F. femoralis larvae. Early third instars of Fannia spp. were more resistant than neonate larvae to low moisture conditions. Some third-instar F. canicularis could survive and emerge at 33% moisture, whereas some third-instar F. femoralis could emerge at moisture levels...
Estimates of Global Analysis Error from the Global Weather Experiment Observational Network

Abstract Objective analysis provides a regular representation of the atmospheric state for numerical forecasting and climate studies. The present observing system has numerous deficiencies which present analysis techniques can only partly remedy. Consequently, objective analyses contain error—referred to here as E0. The present experiment provides estimates of E0. The experiment is based on the OSSE (Observation System Simulation Experiment) concept. Time mean and transient errors are calculated and displayed as a function of altitude, latitude, longitude and also spectrally. The experimental results show substantial analysis errors south of 60°S and in the stratosphere. For some variables, the relative error below 850 mb and in the tropics is also large.
B Lymphocytes: Receptors

B lymphocytes can synthesise Ig heavy chains that are either secreted or membrane-bound, the latter having a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic domain. Membrane-bound Ig heavy chains and Ig light chains assemble in the ER with each other and with a heterodimer of Igα and Igβ, which mediate signalling and internalisation functions. The complex of these four polypeptides is called the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). BCR signalling occurs via three types of tyrosine kinases. Src-family kinases phosphorylate the two tyrosine-containing motif in the cytoplasmic domains of Igα and Igβ (the ITAMs), which recruits a second type of tyrosine kinase Syk. Syk is responsible for most downstream signalling, although calcium and diacylglycerol also require a third tyrosine kinase Btk. BCR signalling pathways are central to virtually all aspects of B cell biology, as they are required for B cell development, tolerance induction, survival and activation. Key Concepts Naive B cells express their immunoglobulin as a cell surface receptor for antigen, called the BCR (B cell receptor for antigen). In developing precursors of B cells, the successful generation of an immunoglobulin heavy chain is sensed by the incorporation of that heavy chain into pre-BCR molecules, which exhibit constitutive signalling. Signalling by the BCR controls development, survival and activation of B cells in a manner that is dependent on the developmental stage or activation state of the B cell. This signalling is important both for tolerisation of self-reactive B cells and for activation of B cells recognising foreign antigen. Co-receptors that recognise complement components, sialic acid residues, or IgG bound to antigens strongly enhance or inhibit signalling by the BCR to aid in self-non-self-discrimination. The BCR is also an endocytic receptor that delivers antigen to internal compartments where protein antigens are processed into peptides and loaded onto MHC class II molecules to facilitate interactions with T cells, which are essential for production of high-affinity antibodies. Defects in generation of BCRs or signalling components of the BCR result in B cell immunodeficiencies, the most common of which is due to loss-of-function mutations of the intracellular protein tyrosine kinase Btk, referred to as X-linked agammaglobulinemia. B cell malignancies often have activated BCR signalling as a driver of their proliferation and/or survival, and selective Btk inhibitors are now approved therapeutics for some types of B cell malignancies. Keywords: antibody; membrane immunoglobulin; BCR; pre-BCR; protein tyrosine kinase; Syk; Btk; ITAM; phosphoinositide signalling
Law Clinics and Lobbying Restrictions

“Can law school clinics lobby?” This question has plagued professors for decades but has gone unanswered, until now. This article situates law school clinics within the labyrinthine law of lobbying restrictions and concludes that clinics may indeed lobby. For ethical, pedagogical, and, ultimately, practical reasons, it is critical that professors who teach in clinics understand these restrictions. This article offers advice to professors and students on safely navigating this complicated terrain.
Energy-efficient structures: visualizing environmental performance of structural building materials

This paper describes the development of a framework for coupling structural analysis methods with life cycle assessment data. Application of the framework is demonstrated on a beam in bending for a range of structural materials. Results suggest that timber and glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) allow good structural performance at a relatively low embodied energy cost.
The role of changing pulse frequency in the regulation of ovulation

Ovulatory cycles in women result from sequential stimulation of ovarian follicular development by pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In the follicular phase the initial FSH stimulus declines and LH secretion increases toward the mid-cycle ovulatory surge. During the luteal phase gonadotrophin secretion is reduced. This reflects the effects of ovarian steroids inhibiting the frequency of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion by the hypothalamus, and the direct effects of oestradiol and inhibin to reduce gonadotroph (FSH) secretion. The frequency of GnRH stimulation of the gonadotroph is a selective regulator of gonadotrophin synthesis, with slow frequency stimuli favouring FSH and faster frequency stimuli favouring LH secretion. Current research has only revealed a single gonadotrophin releasing hormone. Thus, the ability to change the pattern (particularly frequency) of GnRH stimulation of the gonadotroph is proposed as an important regulator of differential FSH and LH synthesis, and hence of ovulatory cycles. In some disorders of ovulation the ability to regulate GnRH pulse frequency appears to have been lost. Slow frequency GnRH pulses are consistently seen in women with hypothalamic amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia. The reduced GnRH secretion appears to reflect increased hypothalamic opiate tone and can be rapidly reversed with an opiate receptor blocker. Other disorders associated with anovulation show rapid frequency GnRH secretion, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO) is commonly associated with fast-frequency, high-amplitude LH (GnRH) pulses. Such a GnRH stimulus would favour LH and androgen production and the failure of ovarian follicular maturation in PCO may reflect inappropriate sequential FSH secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acute Toxicity for Rats and Mice of 2-Ethyl Hexanol and 2-Ethyl Hexyl Phthalate.

Summary1. The acute toxicity of 2-ethyl hexanol following intraperitoneal injection in 101 rats has been measured. The LD 50 was found to be of the order of 0.08 cc per 100 g rat. From the administration of 2-ethyl hexanol by stomach tube to 85 rats, the LD 50 has been shown to be of the order of 0.39 cc per 100 g rat.2. A marked anesthetic quality of 2-ethyl hexanol was observed.3. 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate given by stomach tube to 50 rats in doses of 1 to 34 g per kg body weight produced no deaths. 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate has a very low order of toxicity in rats.4. 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate given intraperitoneally in doses of 1, 2, and 3 cc respectively, to 65 mice resulted in the death of 7. However, only one mouse in a group of 20 was killed by the largest dose (128 g per kg body weight). 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate has a very low order of toxicity in mice.
An analytical determination method of the burning time for solid rocket motors

An analytic determination method of the buring time for solid rocket motors which combines double tangent method with second derivative method is discussed.The method is applicable to burning time processing for ordinary motors.It was proved that the analytic method had practical value through comparing the analytic method with double tangent method.
EMERGENCY TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE INJURIES.

An outline is presented for the orderly and timely treatment of patients with multiple severe injuries. An analysis of 30 such patients treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital shows the mortality to be very high (63 per cent) and that survivors required about two months' hospitalization for recovery.
The Social psychology of political communication

Political communication is formally defined as the exchange of information, messages, and symbols between institutions, elected officials, social groups, the media, and citizens with implications for the balance of power in society (McLeod, Kosicki, and McLeod, 2007). In a recent article summarising the state of the field, Bennett and Iyengar (2008) trace research on the social psychology of political communication across several intellectual traditions. One strand, as they note, connects closely to early twentieth-century sociologists such as Gabriel Tarde and Paul Lazarsfeld. These pioneers inspired research on how interpersonal conversations and community contexts shape individual news choices, opinions, political decisions, and participation (see also Chapter 4 on social influence). Theorists such as John Dewey, Jurgen Habermas, and Niklas Luhmann have contributed significantly to how the examination of these processes might be evaluated in the context of an idealised vision of public deliberation and participation while drawing attention to important power imbalances (see also Chapter 6’s discussion of communicative action). A third influential tradition derives from work by theorists such as Murray Edelman, Harold Blumer, and Erving Goffman. The focus by these scholars on how political language and symbols lead to the selective definition and interpretation of policy issues and social problems anchors contemporary research on framing and media influence (see also Chapter 7, on social representations theory).
As"SIRT"ing the role of an epigenetic modifier in hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis.

Mammalian Sirtuin protein family consists of SIRT1-SIRT7. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs) known to regulate metabolic homeostasis, chromatin structure and DNA repair thereby regulating genomic stability. They were first discovered in yeast as silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) that promote longevity (1). Subcellular localization of sirtuins varies depending on the type of cell and the function associated with the sirtuin. For most part, SIRT1 is nuclear and mediates the effects of calorie restriction which reduces tumor formation and stress-induced apoptosis. SIRT1 also mediates cancer drug resistance. SIRT2 is predominantly cytoplasmic and regulates oxidative stress. SIRTs 3, 4 and 5 are in mitochondria and regulate mitochondrial functions such as energy usage. SIRT6 is nuclear and regulates DNA repair and SIRT7 is nucleolar regulating rRNA transcription (2). SIRTs 4 and 5 have weak deacetylase activity but SIRT4 has ADP-ribosylase activity and SIRT5 has demalonylase and desuccinylase activities. Besides deacetylation, SIRT6 also regulates TNFα secretion by modulating its lysine fatty acylation (3).
CDF level 2 trigger upgrade - the Pulsar project

The CDF data acquisition and trigger system is being upgraded to significantly increase the bandwidth for the upcoming high luminosity running of the Tevatron Collider (run IIb). This paper focuses on the upgrade for the level 2 (L2) trigger decision crate. This crate is at the heart of the L2 trigger system and has to interface with many different subsystems both upstream and downstream. The challenge of this upgrade is to have a uniform design to be able to interface with many different data paths upstream, merge and process the data at high speed for fast L2 trigger decision making, and minimize the impact on the running CDF experiment during the commissioning phase. In order to meet this challenge, the design philosophy of the upgrade is to use one type of general purpose motherboard, with a few powerful modern FPGAs and SRAMs, to interface any user data with any industrial standard link through the use of mezzanine cards. This general purpose motherboard, named "Pulsar" (PULSer And Recorder), is fully self-testable at board level as well as at system level. CERN S-LINK is chosen to allow Pulsar to communicate with commodity processors via high bandwidth, low latency S-LINK-to-PCI cards. Knowledge gained by using S-LINK at CDF will be transferable to and from the LHC community.
New look for a classic lab guide

Here is a classic in new clothing. Some 37 years ago Adrian Melissinos wrote a guide for physics students taking a senior-year lab course. It was an instant success, partly because it was unique. It was not a laboratory manual and it was not a textbook in modern physics. Instead, it provided background material that students would need to know in order to perform a wide variety of experiments in modern physics.
Modal Expansion using Strain Mode Shapes

Reduction/expansion approaches have been conventionally used in correlation and validation studies. Recently, these approaches have also been used to extract full-filed results on structures using limited set of data measured. The expansion techniques are used to expand real-time data measured on components of vehicle chassis, utility scale wind turbines, and helicopter rotors. The resulted full-field data is used to monitor structures and determine their durability. With the advances in Digital Image Correlation (DIC), researchers are able to readily extract strain mode shapes of structures. However, the conventional reduction/expansion techniques are usually limited to displacement, velocity, or acceleration data. This can hinder correlation studies that compare the strain data between two models. Furthermore, this limitation does not allow researchers to expand strain-gage measured data for full-field structural monitoring and durability analysis.
Incidence of diabetes after a partner's diagnosis

Abstract People socially connected with each other often share health risks, possibly due to shared environments and behaviors. In a cohort study, we examined whether incidence of diabetes was different for individuals with recently diagnosed partners compared to individuals similar on other characteristics but whose partners were never diagnosed with diabetes. We analyzed 2007–11 data from Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), an integrated health system with > 3.5 million members. We estimated annual diabetes incidence controlling for demographic, socio-economic, behavioral, and health characteristics. Using propensity score matching and multivariate logistic regression, we compared odds of incident diabetes among co-residing partners ages 18–89 years of people who had been diagnosed with diabetes during the previous year (in robustness checks up to the previous three years) and people who had never been diagnosed but were similar on observed characteristics. Partners of newly-diagnosed people had annual diabetes incidence of 16.4/1000, equivalent to10.8 times higher (95%CI: 9.2–12.6) than people whose spouses had never been diagnosed (1.5/1000). Odds remained higher three years after a spouses' diagnosis (45.4 vs. 11.7/1000). Adjusting for other characteristics, odds of diabetes for those with a partner diagnosed in the previous year were 8.7 times higher (CI: 7.4–10.2) than among those whose partner had never been diagnosed. Also, partners of persons with recently-diagnosed diabetes developed diabetes at much higher rates than the general KPNC and U.S. populations. Individuals with a recently diagnosed partner could be considered a high-risk population for screening and prevention.
Coal Plasticity Mechanism: Inferences from Liquefaction Studies

Publisher Summary Coal liquefaction experiments indicate that the formation of low molecular weight products from high molecular weight coal proceeds via the thermal rupture of relatively weak chemical bonds followed in the optimum case by stabilization of the resulting free radicals by hydrogen atoms that are abstracted from hydroaromatic structures. In particular, the hydroaromatic hydrogens on partially saturated, multiring, and organic molecules in the vehicle are readily abstracted in this process. If abstractable hydrogen is not readily available, some of the pyrolytically formed free radicals either recombine or attack adjacent molecules, forming stable, higher molecular weight materials called repolymerization. Thermally promoted plasticity of vitrinite in bituminous coals involves these same chemical reactions; however, while the slurrying vehicle is the major source of transferable hydrogen in liquefaction, the coal itself is the source of such hydrogen in inert-atmosphere pyrolysis. This chapter discusses three properties of coal, which are necessary and sufficient for plastic development: (1) lamellae-bridging structures, (2) an indigenous supply of hydroaromatic hydrogen, and (3) an intrinsic capability of micelles and lamellae to become mobile independently of quantitatively significant bond rupture.
Bioethnography: A How-To Guide for the Twenty-First Century

This chapter describes our efforts to develop what we call “bioethnography,” a research platform that combines ethnographic and biological data to arrive at better understandings of the histories and life circumstances that shape health and inequality. This platform is made possible through our collaboration with environmental health scientists involved in a longitudinal, pregnancy-birth-cohort and chemical exposure study in Mexico City. Bioethnography is a slow process due to the epistemic, temporal and logistical coordination of disparate and differently positioned intellectual research ecologies. To illuminate these efforts, we reflect on key issues and challenges that have arisen so far within three specific investigations within the larger collaboration (neighborhood dynamics, sleeping and eating), to provide a preliminary guide for social scientists contemplating similar bioethnographic projects.
Chiral Pincer Carbodicarbene Ligands for Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Terminal and Internal 1,3-Dienes with Indoles

Catalytic enantioselective addition of N-heteroarenes to terminal and internal 1,3-dienes is reported. Reactions are promoted by 5 mol % of Rh catalyst supported by a new chiral pincer carbodicarbene ligand that delivers allylic substituted arenes in up to 95% yield and up to 98:2 er. Mechanistic and X-ray evidence is presented that supports that the reaction proceeds via a Rh(III)-η3-allyl.