cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulence structure in a boundary layer with two-dimensional roughness

Turbulence measurements for a zero pressure gradient boundary layer over a two-dimensional roughness are presented and compared to previous results for a smooth wall and a three-dimensional roughness (Volino, Schultz & Flack, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 592, 2007, p. 263). The present experiments were made on transverse square bars in the fully rough flow regime. The turbulence structure was documented through the fluctuating velocity components, two-point correlations of the fluctuating velocity and swirl strength and linear stochastic estimation conditioned on the swirl and Reynolds shear stress. The two-dimensional bars lead to significant changes in the turbulence in the outer flow. Reynolds stresses, particularly and , increase, although the mean flow is not as significantly affected. Large-scale turbulent motions originating at the wall lead to increased spatial scales in the outer flow. The dominant feature of the outer flow, however, remains hairpin vortex packets which have similar inclination angles for all wall conditions. The differences between boundary layers over two-dimensional and three-dimensional roughness are attributable to the scales of the motion induced by each type of roughness. This study has shown three-dimensional roughness produces turbulence scales of the order of the roughness height k while the motions generated by two-dimensional roughness may be much larger due to the width of the roughness elements. It is also noted that there are fundamental differences in the response of internal and external flows to strong wall perturbations, with internal flows being less sensitive to roughness effects.
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Ethnically and Racially Diverse Emerging Adults: Do Factors Unique to the Minority Experience Matter?

This study investigated clinically-significant non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), defined as five or more lifetime episodes of NSSI, among racially and ethnically diverse emerging adults with a focus on factors unique to the minority experience. Seven hundred and nine emerging adults at an urban university, 85 % of whom were non-White, completed questionnaires assessing NSSI, racism, ethnic identity, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) characteristics such as impulsive behavior, emotion and interpersonal dysregulation and identity disturbance, suicidal behavior, and current depression and anxiety symptoms. Overall, 13 % of the sample reported a history of clinically-significant NSSI. Asian and White emerging adults reported significantly higher rates of NSSI than Hispanics and Blacks. Logistic regression analyses revealed positive relationships between BPD characteristics and NSSI and current anxiety and NSSI, which were not attenuated by increased ethnic identification. Experience with racism did not predict NSSI in the multivariate model. These findings are discussed as they pertain to current understanding and prevention of NSSI among racial and ethnic minority emerging adults.
Aircraft control for flight in an uncertain environment: takeoff in windshear

The design of the control of an aircraft encountering windshear after takeoff is treated as a problem of stabilizing the climb rate about a desired value of the climb rate. The resulting controller is a feedback one utilizing only climb rate information. Its robustness vis-a-vis windshear structure and intensity is illustrated via simulations employing four different windshear models.
Identification of cis regulatory features in the embryonic zebrafish genome through large-scale profiling of H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 binding sites

An organism's genome sequence serves as a blueprint for the proteins and regulatory RNAs essential for cellular function. The genome also harbors cis-acting non-coding sequences that control gene expression and are essential to coordinate regulatory programs during embryonic development. However, the genome sequence is largely identical between cell types within a multi-cellular organism indicating that factors such as DNA accessibility and chromatin structure play a crucial role in governing cell-specific gene expression. Recent studies have identified particular chromatin modifications that define functionally distinct cis regulatory elements. Among these are forms of histone 3 that are mono- or tri-methylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me1 or H3K4me3, respectively), which bind preferentially to promoter and enhancer elements in the mammalian genome. In this work, we investigated whether these modified histones could similarly identify cis regulatory elements within the zebrafish genome. By applying chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing, we find that H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 are enriched at transcriptional start sites in the genome of the developing zebrafish embryo and that this association correlates with gene expression. We further find that these modifications associate with distal non-coding conserved elements, including known active enhancers. Finally, we demonstrate that it is possible to utilize H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 binding profiles in combination with available expression data to computationally identify relevant cis regulatory sequences flanking syn-expressed genes in the developing embryo. Taken together, our results indicate that H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 generally mark cis regulatory elements within the zebrafish genome and indicate that further characterization of the zebrafish using this approach will prove valuable in defining transcriptional networks in this model system.
18q loss of heterozygosity in microsatellite stable colorectal cancer is correlated with CpG island methylator phenotype-negative (CIMP-0) and inversely with CIMP-low and CIMP-high.

The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) with widespread promoter methylation is a distinct epigenetic phenotype in colorectal cancer, associated with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-high) and BRAF mutations. 18q loss of heterozygosity (LOH) commonly present in colorectal cancer with chromosomal instability (CIN) is associated with global hypomethylation in tumor cell. A recent study has shown an inverse correlation between CIN and CIMP (determined by MINTs, p16, p14 and MLH1 methylation) in colorectal cancer. However, no study has examined 18q LOH in relation to CIMP-high, CIMP-low (less extensive promoter methylation) and CIMP-0 (CIMP-negative), determined by quantitative DNA methylation analysis. Utilizing MethyLight technology (real-time PCR), we quantified DNA methylation in 8 CIMP-specific promoters {CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3 and SOCS1} in 758 non-MSI-high colorectal cancers obtained from two large prospective cohorts. Using four 18q microsatellite markers (D18S55, D18S56, D18S67 and D18S487) and stringent criteria for 18q LOH, we selected 374 tumors (236 LOH-positive tumors with ≥ 2 markers showing LOH; and 138 LOH-negative tumors with ≥ 3 informative markers and no LOH). CIMP-0 (0/8 methylated promoters) was significantly more common in 18q LOH-positive tumors (59% = 139/236, p = 0.002) than 18q LOH-negative tumors (44% = 61/138), while CIMP-low/high (1/8–8/8 methylated promoters) was significantly more common (56%) in 18q LOH-negative tumors than 18q LOH-positive tumors (41%). These relations persisted after stratification by sex, location, or the status of MSI, p53 expression (by immunohistochemistry), or KRAS/BRAF mutation. 18q LOH is correlated positively with CIMP-0 and inversely with CIMP-low and CIMP-high. Our findings provide supporting evidence for relationship between CIMP-0 and 18q LOH as well as a molecular difference between CIMP-0 and CIMP-low in colorectal cancer.
Behavior of trickle‐bed air biofilter for toluene removal: Effect of non‐use periods

A laboratory-scale trickle bed air biofilter (TBAB) packed with synthetic, inorganic media for microbial attachment was used for toluene removal from an air stream. Three experimental strategies—including backwashing as the active biomass control and two non-use periods (starvation, which represents a period without toluene loading, and stagnant, which reflects no flow)—were considered in this study. The non-use periods can be considered as another means of biomass control for low VOC loadings (0.70 and 1.41 kg COD/m3·day), whereas at high VOC loading (>3.52 kg COD/m3·day) backwashing is deemed essential to remove the excess biomass accumulation in the biofilter. As the toluene loading rate was increased, a considerably longer reacclimation period was unavoidable for biofilter performance to reach the 99% removal for all experimental strategies (backwashing, starvation, and stagnant). Because the biofilter response was strongly dependent on the active biomass in the system, biofilter response after the non-use periods was significantly different from that after backwashing. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005
Reconciliation of nanoscratch hardness with nanoindentation hardness including the effects of interface shear stress

The definitions of hardness from nanoscratch and nanoindentation analyses with a spherical indenter were compared and shown to be mathematically equivalent for the case of zero interface shear stress (surface traction). The definition of nanoindentation hardness was taken as the ratio of the resultant force to the area of contact projected on a plane normal to the line of action of the resultant force, whereas in the case of the nanoscratch technique, the hardness and interfacial shear stress were related to the measured normal and lateral forces in a nanoscratch experiment, as well as to the cross-sectional area of the groove. The two definitions of hardness were then applied to nanoscratch experimental data from material systems covering a wide range of hardness values. The calculated values of hardness from the two definitions were based on the contact area, determined from the scratch residual profile and the elastic recovery of the plastically deformed surface, and yielded the same values of hardness within experimental error. The contact angle, and thus the contact area, was shown experimentally to be sensitive to interface shear stress: a positive increase in interface shear stress led to a reduction in contact area as compared to the case of a frictionless contact. For a material with given hardness, normal indenter force, and contact area, a positive or negative interface shear stress is balanced by a positive or negative change, respectively, in the lateral force about the value needed to maintain a static balance for a frictionless nanoscratch contact. A comparison of these effects with experimental data indicates that very hard materials tend to have negative to zero interface shear stress, which correlates to a sink-in effect, whereas the soft materials tend to have positive interface shear stress, which correlates to a pileup effect.
Macroevolution is more than repeated rounds of microevolution.

SUMMARY Arguments over macroevolution versus microevolution have waxed and waned through most of the twentieth century. Initially, paleontologists and other evolutionary biologists advanced a variety of non-Darwinian evolutionary processes as explanations for patterns found in the fossil record, emphasizing macroevolution as a source of morphologic novelty. Later, paleontologists, from Simpson to Gould, Stanley, and others, accepted the primacy of natural selection but argued that rapid speciation produced a discontinuity between micro- and macroevolution. This second phase emphasizes the sorting of innovations between species. Other discontinuities appear in the persistence of trends (differential success of species within clades), including species sorting, in the differential success between clades and in the origination and establishment of evolutionary novelties. These discontinuities impose a hierarchical structure to evolution and discredit any smooth extrapolation from allelic substitution to large-scale evolutionary patterns. Recent developments in comparative developmental biology suggest a need to reconsider the possibility that some macroevolutionary discontinuites may be associated with the origination of evolutionary innovation. The attractiveness of macroevolution reflects the exhaustive documentation of large-scale patterns which reveal a richness to evolution unexplained by microevolution. If the goal of evolutionary biology is to understand the history of life, rather than simply document experimental analysis of evolution, studies from paleontology, phylogenetics, developmental biology, and other fields demand the deeper view provided by macroevolution.
Hyperspherical coordinates in quantum mechanical collinear reactive scattering

A new hyperspherical coordinate method for performing atom—diatom quantum mechanical collinear reactive scattering calculations is described. The method is applicable at energies for which breakup channels are open. Comparison with previous results and new results at high energies for H H2 are given. The usefulness of this approach is discussed.
Shape and gap effects on the behavior of variably confined concrete

Abstract Factors affecting the behavior of variably confined concrete are presented. The effect of debonding the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) jacket to the concrete substrate and providing a gap between the concrete and confining jacket is investigated. A second parameter—the shape of the cross section—is also investigated. An experimental program involving the compression testing of standard cylinders and similarly sized square specimens having external FRP jackets providing passive confinement is presented. Factors affecting jacket efficiency and the appropriateness of factors accounting for specimen shape are determined experimentally and discussed. The provision of a gap affected the axial stress at which the confining jacket was engaged, resulting in a reduced maximum attainable concrete strength. The jacket efficiency was not affected by the provision of the gap. The shape of the specimens was observed to affect the level of confinement generated. Square specimens exhibit lower confinement levels than circular specimens having the same jacket.
Abstract 866: D,L-Sulforaphane-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is regulated by growth factor adaptor protein p66Shc

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL D,L-Sulforaphane (SFN), a synthetic racemic analogue of broccoli constituent L-sulforaphane, inhibits chemically-induced cancer in experimental rodents. SFN administration also suppresses cancer development in transgenic mouse models. Anticancer effect of SFN is associated with apoptosis induction but the mechanism of cell death is not fully understood. Using MDA-MB-231 (an estrogen-independent cell line) and MCF-7 (an estrogen-responsive cell line) human breast cancer cells as a model, we now demonstrate that the SFN-induced apoptosis is regulated by growth factor adapter protein p66Shc. Exposure of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells to SFN resulted in increased Ser36 phosphorylation of p66Shc. Immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from p66Shc knockout mouse were significantly more resistant to SFN-mediated growth inhibition (judged by trypan blue dye exclusion assay) and apoptosis induction (judged by cytoplasmic histone-associated apoptotic DNA fragmentation) compared with embryonic fibroblasts from wild-type mouse. Moreover, transient transfection of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells with p66Shc-targeted siRNA conferred significant protection against SFN-induced cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragmentation. Protein level of prolyl isomerase 1 (Pin1), a protein implicated in mitochondrial translocation of p66Shc, was decreased on a 24-hour treatment with SFN in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. However, apoptosis induction resulting from SFN exposure was not affected by ectopic expression of Pin1 (MCF-7). In conclusion, the present study provides novel insights into the molecular circuitry of SFN-induced apoptosis involving p66Shc. This investigation was supported by the USPHS grant RO1 CA115498-05, awarded by the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 866. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-866
Intraprocedural imaging: flat panel detectors, rotational angiography, FluoroCT, IVUS, or still the portable C-arm?

Fluoroscopy is the current standard by which intraoperative imaging is performed during endovascular aortic interventions. The goal of the imaging system is to provide adequate visualization of the aorta and its branches throughout the entire range of the treatment area. This may range from the femoral arteries through the ascending aorta. While the endovascular treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysm and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is becoming commonplace, the evolution of this specialty is toward providing less invasive approaches to increasingly complex disease processes. The imaging systems that allow us to perform these procedures through small incisions, or needle punctures, must evolve with the device technology to facilitate this growing complexity. In addition to providing adequate visualization of the aorta, its branches, and the tools that are used to place them, the technology needs to be safe, for both the patient and the operative team. The imaging system should allow the operator to perform complex procedures with limited use of radiation and contrast agents. Limiting radiation exposure is also important for the operative team, as radiation effects are cumulative and will become compounded over a career of fluoroscopy-directed procedures. While it is easy to stay up-to-date with the latest endovascular therapies that may be offered to our patients, as vascular surgeons it is often more difficult to keep apprised of the advancements in imaging technology that will allow us to provide therapies in a more efficient and safe fashion. This review will highlight some of the current advances in imaging that are available.
Happily socialist ever after? East German children’s films and the education of a fairy tale land

Cinemas are an important site of learning for young people. Far from being a passive means of instruction, films aimed at children and young people provide an opportunity for a nation’s youth to interact with films’ messages both in and outside the cinema. From deciding which films to attend, to discussing the film’s ideas with their peers, parents and teachers, they offer young people the possibility of participating in a dialogue with adults about accepted social and cultural mores, such as gender and sexuality roles. This process is especially evident in socialist societies of the cold war era, where the state owned a monopoly on the film industry. This article examines representative children’s and young people’s films from the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), focusing especially on the well‐known fairy tale films from that country, in order to demonstrate the changes in social attitudes and practices regarding girls’ and boys’ place in society as young, gendered, citizens of the nation.
Oldest and lowest latitudinal occurrence of Palaeoaplysina; Middle Pennsylvanian Ely Limestone, Burbank Hills, Utah

A primitive variety of Palaeoaplysina laminaeformis Krotov is the primary biotic constituent of a two-meter-thick biostrome in the upper Ely Limestone of western Utah. Associated fusulinaceans and stromatoporoids indicate an early Desmoinesian (Middle Pennsylvanian) age, making it the oldest documented occurrence of non-ancestral Palaeoaplysina in the world. Plate-supported packstone with 40-60% interstitial peloidal mud and silt-size fossil debris constitutes the dominant biostrome rock fabric. During the Late Carboniferous, non-ancestral palaeoaplysinids were restricted to the Ely and Sublett basins of Utah and Idaho, respectively. By Early Permian time, however, they played a significant role in the construction of reefs and biostromes across the entire northern margin of Laurussia.
Using black carbon metrics in climate policy

The development of potential metrics for comparing black carbon (BC) to carbon dioxide has been requested within legislation in the United States and has been discussed at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties in Poznan: therefore, it is important to further investigate the advantages and drawbacks to using such a metric. For context, we summarize the various proposed CO2 equivalent metrics and the rationales for developing them. We use BC marginal abatement curves to examine the implications of using 100-year global warming potentials to include BC in greenhouse gas (GHG) trading regimes. This idealized study demonstrates the impacts on emissions of CO2, and radiative forcing over time. Finally, we address the drawbacks of trading poorly quantified short-lived emissions with GHGs despite different physical interactions with the climate system. While the case for reducing BC for both health and climate benefits is compelling, there are reasons for limiting the...
A sociological explanation of financial market growth

Abstract How is it that people are so willing to pay financial investors large sums of money when it is not at all clear that these investors are especially capable of outperforming the market? This is not the first case of an apparently exploitative relationship flourishing between two consenting parties. The sociologist Pierre Bourdieu has developed theories addressing such questions based upon his own practical investigations into similar seen, but unseen, social practices in the field of education. We must understand that people are cultural creatures who, throughout an entire lifetime, have been exposed to a complicated web of cultural understandings that pattern their relationship to the investment game. Given the extent of all of the cultural baggage regarding the investment game that people “bring to the table,” perhaps the fact that people consume the services of investment professionals is, as opposed to being inexplicably irrational, quite reasonable after all.
A New Finite Element for Gas Turbine Engine Fatigue Life Prediction

An energy-based fatigue life prediction framework was previously developed by the authors [1–4] for prediction of axial and bending fatigue life at various stress ratios. The framework for the prediction of fatigue life via energy analysis was based on a new constitutive law, which states the following: the amount of energy required to fracture a material is constant. In this study, the energy expressions that construct the new constitutive law is integrated into minimum potential energy formulation to develop a new finite element for fatigue life prediction. The comparison of Finite element method (FEM) results to existing experimental fatigue data, verifies the new finite element method for fatigue life prediction. The final output of this finite element analysis is in the form of number of cycles to failure for each element in ascending or descending order. Therefore, the new finite element framework can provide the number of cycles to failure for each element in gas turbine engine structural components. The performance of the fatigue finite element is demonstrated by the fatigue life predictions from 6061-T6 aluminum and Ti-6Al-4V. Results are compared with experimental results and analytical predictions [1].Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Place of German in the Post‐War Curriculum

THE acceleration programs which have affected the curricula not only of the colleges and universities, but also of the high schools, have given rise to various trends of thought on the principles of American education and have at times occasioned sharp differences of opinion. It was the privilege of the writer recently to hear a prominent civic and religious leader read before a small discussion group a scholarly paper on some of the problems confronting the American community today. A large measure of our troubles, both material and spiritual, he declared, are fundamentally due to our methods of education. It was interesting to note that this particular phase of the subject created the most discussion. What seemed especially noteworthy was that of the fifteen members present only one was of the teaching profession, the others being business men, clergymen, lawyers and physicians of an average age of 60, and that all without exception favored a return to the curriculum in which the courses emphasizing spiritual values had their proper place in the program of study. Here was an evening that would cheer the hearts of all language teachers. It was reminiscent of the words of Carl Schurz in his Lebenserinnerungen:
Hamiltonian properties of the cube of a 2‐edge connected graph

Let G be a 2-edge connected graph with at least 5 vertices. For any given vertices a, b, c, and d in G with a ≠ b, there exists in G3 a hamiltonian path with endpoints a and b avoiding the edge cd, and there exists in G3 ∪ {cd} a hamiltonian path with endpoints a and b and containing the edge cd. Also, after removal of two edges or one edge and one vertex from G3, the resulting graph is still hamiltonian.
Curing temperature and humidity effects on the strength of an aluminous cement

Abstract The effects of curing temperature (21 and 60°C), time (1,7,28 days) and relative humidity (25 to 87%) on the strength and phase compositions of specimens prepared from neat Fondu paste with water/aluminous cement ratio of 0.30 were investigated. The room temperature strengths of the materials aged at 60°C, containing C 3 AH 6 and AH 3 , were higher than pastes cured at 21°C, containing CAH 10 . Conversion at 60°C of the specimens aged at room temperature resulted in strengths comparable to materials isothermally cured at 60°C. The effects of these curing conditions on the high temperature strength were also investigated.
Toward a new macrohistory: An extension to Sardar's 'postnormal times'

Abstract How should futurists evaluate Sardar's announcement of ‘postnormal’ times? In contrast to existing images, what light does the postnormal metaphor shed on our global age? This paper views Sardar's postnormal times as embryonic, and extends it using ecosystems theory. To develop Sardar's concept as a macrohistory, Holling's adaptive cycle and panarchical systems are proposed as mechanisms of change that create postnormal times.
Birth control method choice and use of barrier methods for sexually transmitted disease prevention among low-income african-american women

In a prospective study of 1122 women attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Alabama, consistent use of the male condom and vaginal microbicide/spermicides was promoted to reduce STD risk. This analysis evaluated: 1) baseline characteristics that may influence birth control method choice; and 2) the association of birth control method and other baseline characteristics with consistency of barrier use during follow up. Birth control method was associated with sociodemographic variables, sexual, and reproductive history. Women who adopted user-independent methods (tubal ligation, implants, injectable hormones) appear to have completed their family plan. Oral contraceptive users were of higher socioeconomic status and at lower STD risk. Barrier method users and women who used no method were young and at higher STD risk. Consistency of condom/spermicide use increased in all groups. Barrier method users were more likely than other women to use condoms and spermicides during the study. Women who used no birth control method at baseline experienced the largest increase in barrier use during follow up, although their barrier use rates were lower than in other groups. The synergism between the intention to prevent pregnancy and the intention to prevent STD should be considered in the design of interventions promoting condom use.
Population-based variation in cardiomyopathy genes

Background— Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy arise from mutations in genes encoding sarcomere proteins including MYH7 , MYBPC3 , and TTN . Genetic diagnosis of cardiomyopathy relies on complete sequencing of the gene coding regions, and most pathogenic variation is rare. The 1000 Genomes Project is an ongoing consortium designed to deliver whole genome sequence information from an ethnically diverse population and, therefore, is a rich source to determine both common and rare genetic variants. Methods and Results— We queried the 1000 Genomes Project database of 1092 individuals for exonic variants within 3 sarcomere genes MHY7 , MYBPC3 , and TTN . We focused our analysis on protein-altering variation, including nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertion/deletion polymorphisms, or splice site altering variants. We identified known and predicted pathogenic variation in MYBPC3 and MYH7 at a higher frequency than what would be expected based on the known prevalence of cardiomyopathy. We also found substantial variation, including protein-disrupting sequences, in TTN . Conclusions— Cardiomyopathy is a genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by mutations in multiple genes. The frequency of predicted pathogenic protein-altering variation in cardiomyopathy genes suggests that many of these variants may be insufficient to cause disease on their own but may modify phenotype in a genetically susceptible host. This is suggested by the high prevalence of TTN insertion/deletions in the 1000 Genomes Project cohort. Given the possibility of additional genetic variants that modify the phenotype of a primary driver mutation, broad-based genetic testing should be employed.
“You're Awfully Old to Have This Disease”: Experiences of Stigma and Ageism in Adults 50 Years and Older Living With HIV/AIDS

Purpose: Older adults living with HIV infection may be doubly stigmatized, as they are branded by both age as well as HIV status. Through semistructured interviews, this study sought to examine whether older adults with HIV/AIDS experience both ageism and HIV stigma and how those experiences manifest in their lives. Design and Methods: This was a qualitative study in which 25 in-depth interviews were completed with adults aged 50 years and older who were living with HIV or AIDS. Purposive sampling was used to recruit these individuals who shared their experiences. Open coding and axial coding of interview transcripts were completed on all interviews, resulting in the development of a framework of these experiences. Results: The majority (68%) of the respondents experienced both ageism and HIV-associated stigma. The experiences were often separate, although some interrelated stigma did occur. Nine themes emerged from the interviews, including rejection, stereotyping, fear of contagion, violations of confidentiality, and internalized ageism. All themes fell into four categories: social discrimination, institutional discrimination, anticipatory stigma, and other. Implications: The research identified themes that may be sources of felt as well as enacted stigma and discrimination related to both aging and HIV. This concept of double jeopardy exists in the lives of the majority of people interviewed and has relevance to the creation of appropriate intervention
Comparison of leucine aminopeptidase and aminopeptidase III activities in lens

Purpose. To evaluate the relative contribution of leucine amino-peptidase and aminopeptidase III activities to the total amino-peptidase activity in bovine and human lenses under in vivo pH conditions.Methods. Bovine and human lens extracts were fractionated on a Sephadex G-200 column at pH 6.9 and 8.5 and all the fractions were assayed with Leu-pNA and Arg-pNA as substrates at in vivo ions pH (6.9) and optimum pH for leucine aminopeptidase, (8.5) The major peptidases were purified and their activities compared with that of LAP and AP III isolated from bovine lens. The ability of bovine and human lens extracts and purified bovine lens LAP and AP III to hydrolyze various peptide bonds in synthetic peptides, VHLPTVEK, bradykinin and Ile-Ser-bradykinin was determined by amino acid analysis of the reaction products.Results. Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography and assay of all the fractions at pH 6.9 showed that the elution volume for the predominant aminopeptidase present in bovine lens extract is the same as t...
A new inducible model for t(8;21) AML

Faithful and tractable mouse models for t(8;21)‐associated human acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have been difficult to develop, limiting insight into the malignancy associated with this frequent chromosomal translocation. In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine , Cabezas‐Wallscheid et al. bring us a step closer to this goal with an improved Tet‐inducible mouse model of t(8;21)‐associated AML (Cabezas‐Wallscheid et al, 2013). The t(8;21) is found in approximately 10% of human AML and encodes for the leukaemia fusion protein AML1‐ETO (RUNX1‐RUNX1T1) (Miyoshi et al, 1993). The translocation results in a fusion protein comprised of the amino‐terminal part of RUNX1, including the conserved RUNT domain that is critical for function, and nearly the entire coding region of the ETO (RUNX1T1) protein. RUNX1 forms a heterodimeric transcription factor complex with the CBFβ protein. This complex is known as core binding factor (CBF), and both the RUNX1 gene on chromosome 21 and the CBFβ gene on chromosome 16 are involved in chromosomal translocations in 15–20% of human AML. CBF is a master regulator of haematopoiesis and knockout of either RUNX1 or CBFβ results in embryonic lethality due to failure of definitive haematopoiesis (Chuang et al, 2013). The ETO protein is a transcriptional repressor that associates with nuclear co‐repressor proteins and histone deacetylase activity. Although the molecular mechanisms through which AML1‐ETO exerts its effects are unclear, it is likely that the strong repressor function contributed by ETO is critical. Repression of numerous genes involved in haematopoietic differentiation, including CEBPA and SPI1 (PU.1), likely plays an important role in the functional outcome upon expression of AML1‐ETO. However, it is clear from various studies that AML1‐ETO is not solely functioning as a strong transcriptional repressor of CBF activity. Many genes are directly up‐regulated by AML1‐ETO, and the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes are the subject of …
Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them

Some surveys indicate that providing bicycle lanes and paths may encourage more people to commute by bicycle. The presence of a striped lane or separated path can increase a cyclist's perception of safety. With growing concerns over traffic congestion and vehicle pollution, public policy makers are increasingly promoting bicycling as an alternative for commuting and other utilitarian trip purposes. State and local spending on bicycle facilities has increased significantly over the past decade. Previous studies have linked higher levels of bicycle commuting to various demographic and geographic variables. At least one analysis showed that cities with higher levels of bicycle infrastructure (lanes and paths) witnessed higher levels of bicycle commuting. Research was conducted that affirms that finding by analyzing data from 43 large cities across the United States. This cross-sectional analysis improves on previous research by including a larger sample of cities, not including predominantly college towns, and using consistent data from the Bureau of the Census 2000 Supplemental Survey. Although the analysis has limitations, it does support the assertion that new bicycle lanes in large cities will be used by commuters.
An optical device for measuring bending strain to 5000 microstrain and compatible with optical fiber installations

An optical sensor is described which can be attached to a structure and used as a gage for measuring bending strain. This device can be adjusted to maximize the gage factor for predetermined strain ranges. The sensor consists of glass capillaries coated on the outer surfaces with an optical absorbing layer followed by a reflecting layer. A mechanical strengthening layer can be included to extend the range of strain response. A source laser beam from an optical fiber is injected into one end of the gage. The light remaining in the beam after traveling through the gage is collected via another optical fiber. The optically active layer is adjusted during manufacture to provide a predetermined gage factor. For a given thickness of the absorber layer, the detected light is proportional to the amount of bending. Thus, by rigidly affixing the sensor to a structural member, the strain experienced by the member can be monitored.
Heteronuclear Mn–Ca/Sr complexes, and Ca/Sr EXAFS spectral comparisons with the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

Heterometallic Mn–Ca and Mn–Sr complexes have been prepared and employed as model complexes for Ca and Sr EXAFS spectral comparisons with the Oxygen-Evolving Complex (OEC) of Photosystem II (PS II); these have revealed similarities that support the presence of at least one O atom bridge between the Mn and Ca/Sr in the OEC.
Theory for differential transport of scalars in sheared stratified turbulence

Scalars with different molecular diffusivities can be transported at different rates in a strongly stratified, weakly turbulent flow. Rapid distortion theory (RDT) is used to examine the mechanisms responsible for differential diffusion of scalars in a sheared stratified flow. The theory, which applies when the flow is strongly stratified, predicts upgradient flux and its wavenumber dependence, which previous direct numerical simulations have shown to be important in differential diffusion. The net effect of shear on differential diffusion depends on the Grashof number, or the relative importance of buoyancy and viscous effects. RDT also allows the effects of the density ratio, Schmidt number, Lewis number, scalar activity and mean shear to be examined without the high computational cost of direct numerical simulation. RDT predicts that differential diffusion will increase with increasing density ratio, but only at low Grashof number. When the Lewis number is fixed, the Grashof number below which differential diffusion occurs decreases with increasing Schmidt number, and when one of the Schmidt numbers is fixed, differential diffusion decreases with increasing Lewis number. Also, differential transport of passive scalars increases when the Schmidt number of the scalar stratifying the flow increases.
Assessing the Impacts of Phenotypic Plasticity on Evolution

In the past decade, there has been a resurgent interest in whether and how phenotypic plasticity might impact evolutionary processes. Of fundamental importance is how the environment influences individual phenotypic development while simultaneously selecting among phenotypic variants in a population. Conceptual and theoretical treatments of the evolutionary implications of plasticity are numerous, as are criticisms of the conclusions. As such, the time is ripe for empirical evidence to catch up with theoretical predictions. To this end, I provide a summary of eight hypotheses at the core of this issue, highlighting various approaches by which they can be tested. My goal is to provide practical guidance to those seeking to understand the complex ways by which phenotypic plasticity can influence evolutionary innovation and diversification.
The physics of tablet compression: IV. Relationship of ejection, and upper and lower punch forces during compressional process: Application of measurements to comparison of tablet lubricants

The relationship of the upper and lower punch forces and the ejection force during the process of tablet compression has been studied. Large differences may exist between the maximum force exerted by the upper punch and the maximum force obtained at the lower punch. When such differences exist, substantial forces are needed to eject tablets from the die. The magnitude of the difference between the maximum upper and lower punch force and the magnitude of the ejection force appear to be linearly dependent on the area of the tablet in contact with the die wall. The value of the ejection force and the difference between the upper and lower punch forces are both markedly affected b the presence of lubricants. With a well-lubricated granulation the force exerted by the upper punch is essentially the same as that transmitted to the lower punch and a negligible force is required to eject the tablets from the die. A quantitative method for evaluating lubricants on the basis of these observations is suggested.
Preliminary evidence of parasympathetic influence on basal heart rate in posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Objective Evidence of elevated basal heart rate (HR) in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been interpreted in terms of elevated sympathetic cardiac activity, as have possible increased cardiovascular disease risks and outcomes associated with elevated HR. Yet it is well-established that the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system not only influences HR independently of the sympathetic branch, but makes a greater contribution to HR, including resting HR. Additionally, abnormally low tonic parasympathetic activity on the heart has been implicated in cardiovascular disease and hypertension. This study addressed a potential parasympathetic contribution to elevated basal HR in PTSD. Methods We used a descriptive and subgroup differences approach to investigate relationships between parasympathetic activity and basal HR in 59 adults (50 females) with PTSD, all of whom were participants in a treatment outcome study and assessed prior to exposure to trauma-related script-driven imagery. Consistent with the well-known relationship between parasympathetic activity and HR, we hypothesized that basal respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a measure of parasympathetic cardiac activity, would be negatively correlated with basal HR. More important, we predicted that pathologically elevated HRs previously associated with PTSD would only characterize a low-RSA subgroup. Potential confounds of age, respiration rate, and aerobic fitness were addressed. Results As predicted, mean HR was 80.5 bpm in the low-RSA tercile group, similar to mean HRs of PTSD groups in prior research and significantly higher than 69 and 65 bpm in the middle- and high-RSA groups, respectively, which are typical of non-PTSD controls. Conclusion These findings suggest that a substantial proportion of those with PTSD may not have elevated basal HRs. Furthermore, among those who do exhibit elevated HR, there may be a parasympathetic contribution that is independent of any sympathetic one. Only measuring both branches at once, ideally with autonomic blockades, can definitively address these issues.
Chocolate consumption and risk of heart failure in the Physicians' Health Study.

Aims To test the hypothesis that chocolate consumption is associated with a lower risk of heart failure (HF). Methods and Results We prospectively studied 20 278 men from the Physicians' Health Study. Chocolate consumption was assessed between 1999 and 2002 via a self-administered food frequency questionnaire and HF was ascertained through annual follow-up questionnaires with validation in a subsample. We used Cox regression to estimate multivariable adjusted relative risk of HF. During a mean follow-up of 9.3 years there were 876 new cases of HF. The mean age at baseline was 66.4 ± 9.2 years. Hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for HF were 1.0 (ref), 0.86 (0.72–1.03), 0.80 (0.66–0.98), 0.92 (0.74–1.13), and 0.82 (0.63–1.07), for chocolate consumption of less than 1/month, 1–3/week, 2–4/week, and 5+/week, respectively, after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol, exercise, energy intake, and history of atrial fibrillation (P for quadratic trend = 0.62). In a secondary analysis, chocolate consumption was inversely associated with risk of HF in men whose BMI was <25 kg/m2 [HR (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.37–0.94) for consumption of 5+ servings/week, P for linear trend = 0.03) but not in those with BMI of 25+ kg/m2 [HR (95% CI) = 1.01 (0.73–1.39), P for linear trend = 0.42, P for interaction = 0.17). Conclusions Our data suggest that moderate consumption of chocolate might be associated with a lower risk of HF in male physicians.
Induction heating for case hardening applications

It is observed that the equations describing induction heating in ferromagnetic materials are rather nonlinear. Although the thermal properties are nonlinear, the greatest nonlinearity arises from the ferromagnetic behavior of the material. A way of circumventing this difficulty while retaining the important magnetization curve is presented. A numerical solution accounting for temperature variations in the saturation magnetization, electrical and thermal conductivities, and specific heat is presented. It is found for case hardening applications that only a narrow near surface region heats to the vicinity of the Curie temperature, and a simple theory describing this region is derived. Just beyond the near surface region a sharp temperature gradient results which is of importance in case hardening. A simple expression for the gradient is developed. These expressions, verified by a complete numerical analysis, aid in the choice of an induction heating excitation system for case hardening applications.
GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells

The world record efficiency and open circuit voltage for crystalline silicon solar cells are held by a-Si/Si heterojunction devices. While a-Si provides excellent surface passivation, these heterojunction devices are limited by non-ideal optical and electronic properties. Gallium phosphide is a candidate material for replacing a-Si in a heterojunction device, promising lower parasitic absorption and better carrier mobilities. In this work, we present our results in growing high quality GaP thin films directly on Si using a two-step nucleation and growth scheme with metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, characterization, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy band offset measurements toward realizing a GaP/Si heterojunction device.
Pulp science: education and communication in the paperback book revolution

Paperback books on scientific topics were a hot commodity in the United States from the 1940s to 1960s providing a vehicle for science communication that transformed science education. Well-known scientists authored them, including Rachel Carson, Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gamow, Fred Hoyle, Julian Huxley, and Margaret Mead. A short history of 'the paperback revolution' that began in the 1930s is provided before concentrating on one publishing company based in New York City, the New American Library of World Literature (NAL), which produced Signet and Mentor Books. The infrastructure that led to the production and consumption of paperback books is described and an underexplored and not-previously identified genre of educational books on scientific topics, what the author refers to as pulp science, is characterized.
Middle voice in modern Greek : meaning and function of an inflectional category

This book provides an in-depth analysis of the inflectional middle category in Modern Greek. Against the theoretical backdrop of cognitive linguistics, it is argued that a wide range of seemingly disparate middle structures in Modern Greek comprise a complex semantic network, and that this network is organized around two prototypical middle event types, which are noninitiative emotional response and spontaneous change of state. In those cases where middle structures have active counterparts, middle and active variants of the same verb stem are compared in order to demonstrate more clearly the semantic distinctions and pragmatic functions encoded by inflectional middle voice in Modern Greek. Major semantic groupings of middle structures treated include emotional response in particular and psycho-emotive experience in general, spontaneous change of state and/or the resulting state, agent-induced events in which an agent subject is (emotionally) involved with or affected by some aspect of the designated situation, passive-like events in which a patient subject is affected by a nonfocal agent, implicit or specified, and reflexive-like events in which a patient subject and an unspecified agent may overlap to varying degrees.