cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Disintegration of Ruthenium 103 and Palladium 103

The beta- and gamma-ray spectra of ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{103}$ (43 days), ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{103}$ (17 days), and ${\mathrm{Rh}}^{103\mathrm{m}}$ (56 min.) have been investigated in a magnetic lens spectrograph. ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{103}$ disintegrates with the emission of two beta-ray groups of end-point energies 0.684 Mev (six percent) and 0.204 Mev (94 percent) together with a gamma-ray of 0.494 Mev and an internally converted gamma-ray of 40.4-kev energy. ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{103}$ disintegrates by orbital electron capture. The spectrum consists of an electron line at 36.9 kev, shown to be due to $L$ electrons from a highly converted gamma-ray of 40.4-kev energy, together with Auger electrons. The spectrum of the metastable ${\mathrm{Rh}}^{103\mathrm{m}}$, whose half-life has been determined as 56 min., consists of an $L$ conversion line for a gamma-ray of 40.4 kev, with some indication of the presence of the $K$-line. ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{97}$ (2.8 days) was also measured and found to emit a gamma-ray of 0.217 Mev.
The actin‐binding domain of cortactin is dynamic and unstructured and affects lateral and longitudinal contacts in F‐actin

Cortactin is an F-actin- and Arp2/3 complex-binding protein, implicated in the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics and cortical actin-assembly. The actin-binding domain of cortactin consists of a 6.5 tandem repeat of a 37-amino acid sequence known as the cortactin repeat (residues 80-325). Using a combination of structure prediction, circular dichroism and cysteine crosslinking, we tested a recently published three-dimensional model of the cortactin molecule in which the cortactin repeat is folded as a globular helical domain (Zhang et al., 2007). We show that the cortactin repeat is unstructured in solution. Thus, wild type and mutant constructs of the cortactin repeat, containing pairs of cysteines at positions 112 and 246, 83 and 112, 83 and 246, and 83 and 306, could be readily crosslinked with reagents of varying lengths (0–9.6 A). Using yeast actin cysteine mutants, we also show that cortactin inhibits disulfide and dibromobimane crosslinking across the lateral and longitudinal interfaces of actin subunits in the filament, suggesting a weakening of inter-subunits contacts. Our results are in disagreement with the proposed model of the cortactin molecule and have important implications for our understanding of cortactin regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics.
Silicon in Iron Meteorites and the Earth's Core

WE have searched for silicon in the metal phase of several iron meteorites in an attempt to test those Earth models which assume that silicon occurs as a major component in the core of the Earth1,2. The experimental technique was activation analysis, based on the fast neutron reaction 28Si(n,p)28Al. This reaction is known to be3 an important contaminant in the determination by the slow-neutron induced reaction 27Al(n,γ)28Al of Al in stone meteorites, in which the silicon content is well known and in which the observed 28Al activity can be corrected for the contribution from silicon. In the iron meteorites, any 28Al activity would have to be attributed to an unknown mixture of silicon and aluminium. As it turns out, however, no activity is seen and so limits can be set to both the aluminium and silicon contents of the iron meteorites.
Genotype × Environment Interaction in Maize

(...) Seventeen hybrids grown in 12 environments (4 locations x 3 yr) were studied. The GE interaction was significant and was partitioned into σ s 2 (stability variance) components assignable to each genotype (hybrid). Heterogeneity (non-addivity) due to each covariate was removed from the GE interaction, and the remainder of the GE interaction variance was partitioned into σ s 2 components assignable to each genotype. Environmental index accounted for 9.61% of the GE interaction sum of squares (P=0.10) (...)
Crazing and fracture of glassy plastics

Abstract A recently proposed mechanism of crazing in glassy plastics is reviewed and then extended to account for the observed structure of crazes, for the tensile properties of the crazed material, and for the effect of rate of loading upon the crazing process.
Foreground and background reconstruction in poisson video

Image foreground and background separation is an essential step in a variety of image processing, video analysis, and computer vision tasks. Typically, these methods accept streaming video data, compute an estimate of the background, and subtract this from the observed frames to generate a foreground scene. While such methods are very effective in high SNR regimes, they face serious limitations in low-light settings occurring in night vision surveillance and astronomy. Existing methods cannot be easily modified to yield good results. Therefore, new methods must be created to deal with the low light setting. This paper specifically addresses the problem of foreground and background separation and reconstruction in the case of Poisson distributed observations. The proposed approach builds upon recent advances in both the online learning community and sparse reconstruction methods for Poisson images. To aid in the reconstruction and separation tasks, the method learns and incorporates the dynamics of objects in both the background and foreground in real time.
Should Patent Protection Be Extended to All Developing Countries

HE Uruguay Round has extended the scope of GATT multilateral trade negotiations well beyond the tariffs that had occupied most previous negotiations.’ In addition to various non tariff barriers (which had also been dealt with to a degree in the Tokyo Round, as discussed in Deardorff and Stern 1983 and 1986), the Uruguay Round dealt with issues of trade in services, international investment, and intellectual property. Since these ‘new issues’ have conceptually quite different characteristics than the tariffs of previous negotiations, it is appropriate to examine them afresh to determine whether the objectives of the Uruguay Round negotiations can be considered economically sound. This paper describes such an analysis for a particular aspect of the intellectual property negotiations patent rights and in the process voices some skepticism about this aspect of the Uruguay Round’s objectives. Inclusion of ‘Trade Related Intellectual Property’ issues, or TRIPS, in the Uruguay Round agenda was done largely at the insistence of the United States. Firms in the United States have long been concerned that their position at the cutting edge of technological progress was being eroded by unauthorised copying of their intellectual property elsewhere in the world. While export of such ‘copied’ products back into the United States might be restricted under US law, this would provide little help in competition with the ‘pirate’ firms in third-country markets.
A pilot of an acceptance-based risk reduction program for relational aggression for adolescents ☆

Abstract Psychosocial consequences of relational aggression have garnered significant attention. Although most adolescents are targets of relational aggression at some point, only a sub-group experience significant psychological distress and impaired functioning, with research linking experiential avoidance to negative outcomes. The present study sought to develop and pilot a school-based risk-reduction program informed by acceptance-based behavioral theory aimed to reduce experiential avoidance and increase acceptance- and action-based coping to reduce psychosocial distress. Eight 7th grade classrooms comprising of 210 participants with a mean age of 12.45 were group-randomized to either immediate or waitlist condition. Multiple regressions were conducted on baseline and three-month follow-up measures of peer victimization, peer aggression, experiential avoidance, psychopathology, and coping style. Baseline experiential avoidance was significantly associated both the extent to which a student engaged in, and was the victim of, both relational and physical aggression. The program group engaged in more problem-solving coping compared to the waitlist group at follow-up. Change in experiential avoidance predicted negative outcomes at follow-up across domains regardless of group assignment. Implications and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
Memory for surnames

Two experiments were undertaken to examine if surnames and words that were orthographically identical differed in terms of (1) association value and pronounceableness and (2) characteristic associative structure. A third experiment examined free recall for these two types of materials. Results indicated that surnames and words were equally easy (or difficult) to pronounce and did not differ in rated number of associations. Free association responses to both types of items suggested that surnames were responded to as words. Lists of these items, identified as either surnames or words, were recalled with equal facility.
AS01-01 - Recent controversies in diagnosis and management of paraphilias

Introduction Paraphilias are defined as sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving either nonhuman objects; suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner; or children or other non-consenting persons. In the DSM classification, paraphilias are subsumed under sexual disorders, while in the ICD paraphilias are classified as disorders of adult personality and behavior (disorders of sexual preference). Historically, some have advocated eliminating paraphilias or radically revising their definitions, while others suggested adhering to their traditional definitions. The classification and definition of paraphilias is complicated by cultural and societal underpinning, and the unclear boundaries between “normal” and “abnormal” sexuality. The diagnostic criteria of some paraphilias (e.g., pedophilia) are also complicated by the differences between the medical and the legal concepts of these entities. The recent attempts to introduce two new diagnoses, hypersexual disorder and paraphilic coercive disorder, into the DSM system stirred passionate scientific discussions about those two diagnoses and about paraphilias in general. Objectives and aims This presentation reviews the pros and cons of classifying paraphilias as sexual disorders and of including the new diagnoses of hypersexual disorder (unclear borders with “normality”) and paraphillic coercive disorder (unclear distinction between this entity and sexual sadism). In addition, this presentation reviews some of the more and/or less accepted methods of paraphilia management, such as pharmacotherapy and castration (chemical, surgical). Results and conclusion Several aspects of the classification and diagnosis of paraphilias remain controversial and some of the proposed changes seem unwarranted. Resolving diagnostic and management controversies could be helped by large multicenter and international field trials.
Using superquadrics for the approximation of objects and its application to grasping

Objects grasping and manipulation is a major task for housold and industrial robots. Sensing the objects with 3D laser scanners generating point clouds is a common approach for gathering object information. The abstraction from the raw pointclouds to high level representations is a necessity in the real world domain. This paper describes a method for the approximation of objects from scenes and an application to grasping with multi fingered hands. For this task a solution based on superquadrics is presented.
Controlling thermal deformation by using laminated plates

Abstract Many thin structural components such as beams, plates, and shells experience a through-thickness temperature variation. This temperature variation can produce thermal deformation containing both an inplane expansion component as well as an out-of-plane (bending) curvature component. For use in engineering structures, we often wish to minimize the thermal deformation of a component or to match it to the thermal deformation of another component. This can be accomplished by combining layers of material with a positive thermal expansion coefficient with layers possessing a negative thermal expansion coefficient. For plates, an efficient reinforcement form for composite laminae is a plain weave. A three-layer plate is demonstrated which can eliminate thermal curvature while lowering in-plane expansion or can match a desired in-plane expansion while lowering thermal curvature. A five-layer plate is demonstrated which can eliminate thermal curvature while matching a desired in-plane expansion (within sensible limits). The plate results are independent of the actual temperature values, within the limitations of steady-state heat transfer and constant material properties.
Development and Validation of a Basic Arthroscopy Skills Simulator

Purpose The purpose of our study was to develop a low-fidelity surgical simulator for basic arthroscopic skills training, with the goal of creating a pretrained novice ready with the basic skills necessary for all joint arthroscopic procedures. Methods A panel of education, arthroscopy, and simulation experts designed and evaluated a basic arthroscopic skills training and testing box. Task deconstruction was used to create 2 modules, which incorporate core skills common to all arthroscopic procedures. Core metrics measured were time to completion, number of trials to steady state, and number of errors. Face validity was evaluated using a questionnaire. Construct validity was examined by comparing 8 medical students with 8 expert orthopaedic surgeons. Results Surgeons were faster than students on both module 1 ( P = .0013), simulating triangulation skills, and module 2 ( P = .0190) simulating object manipulation skills. Surgeons demonstrated fewer errors (6.9 errors versus 28.1; P = .0073). All surgeons were able to demonstrate steady state (i.e., perform 2 trials that were within 10% of each other for time to completion and errors) on both modules within 3 trials on each module. Only 2 novices were able to demonstrate steady state on either module, and both did so within 3 trials. Furthermore, face validity of the skills trainer was shown by the expert arthroscopists. Conclusions We describe a basic arthroscopy skills simulator that has face and construct validity. Our expert panel was able to design a simulator that differentiated between experienced arthroscopists and novices. Clinical Relevance Surgical simulation is an important part of efficient surgical education. This simulator shows good construct and face validity and provides a low-fidelity option for teaching the entry-level arthroscopist.
Electrophysiological study of consecutive changes of feline ventral root reflexes during degeneration and regeneration following peripheral nerve section

Abstract Electrophysiological data which record the consecutive changes of monosynaptic and polysynaptic ventral (L7) root reflexes during retrograde degeneration and axon regeneration are presented. In cats the left posterior tibial nerve was subjected to a 1-cm resection. In one series of animals the surgical procedure included tubulation of the nerve stumps with a Millipore tube for repair; in the second series of animals nerve regeneration was prevented. Significant changes, characterized by monosynaptic failure and enormous preponderance of the polysynaptic reflex component on the operated side, dominated the reflex picture during the stages of muscle denervation. As soon as neuromuscular connections for afferent and efferent alpha fibers could be demonstrated (at 6 weeks after surgery), gradual restitution of the abnormal motoneuron reflex activity commenced. Return of normal motoneuron reflex function was seen between the twelfth and sixteenth postoperative weeks. Transient similar changes of the reflex activity in ipsilateral segmental peroneal (antagonistic) motoneurons, not directly affected by the procedure of posterior tibial nerve section, was commonly seen during the period of the gastrocnemius and scleus muscle denervation. Ventral root reflexes elicited from the regenerating nerve stump distal to the original lesion revealed abnormalities of the myotatic reflex action which lasted long after refunctioning large fiber components of the nerve could be demonstrated. The proprioceptive spike component on the operated side was never equally restituted to that obtained on the control side in terms of virtual synchrony and amplitude, even in experiments continuing up to 58 weeks after surgery. The demonstrated dysfunction of ventral root reflexes during the period of neuromuscular regeneration leading to a deficiency in the myotatic reflex action is discussed as one among other factors, which temporarily is likely to interfere with proper muscle function long after axonal continuity between nerve and muscle has been established.
The Level of Vitamin A in the Diet of Laying and Breeding Chickens During Hot Weather

Abstract THE National Research Council (1950) recommends the level of 3300 I. U. of vitamin A activity per pound of diet for laying and breeding chickens. This level is considered to be about 66 percent higher than the actual requirements in order to compensate for the partial loss of vitamin A during storage of feed. The actual requirements are thus considered to be approximately 2000 I. U. of vitamin A activity per pound of diet, regardless of whether the environmental temperature under which the chickens are kept is high or low. Apparently no experiments have been conducted to determine whether the level of vitamin A activity per pound of diet for laying and breeding chickens should be increased during periods of high environmental temperatures, when their diet intake decreases. It is realized that in many areas these periods would be short, and a decrease in vitamin A intake because of . . .
Hawaiian oral tradition describes 400 years of volcanic activity at Kīlauea

ARTICLE I NFO Culturally significant oral tradition involving Pele, the Hawaiian volcano deity, and her youngest sister Hi'iaka may involve the two largest volcanic events to have taken place in Hawai'i since human settlement: the roughly 60-year-long 'Ailā'au eruption during the 15th century and the following development of Kīlauea's caldera. In 1823, Rev. William Ellis and three others became the first Europeans to visit Kīlauea's summit and were told stories about Kīlauea's activity that are consistent with the Pele-Hi'iaka account and extend the oral tradition through the 18th century. Recent geologic studies confirm the essence of the oral traditions and illustrate the potential value of examining other Hawaiian chants and stories for more information about past volcanic activity in Hawai'i. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Efficient performance analysis of asynchronous systems based on periodicity

This paper presents an efficient method for the performance analysis and optimization of asynchronous systems. An asynchronous system is modeled as a marked graph with probabilistic delay distributions. We show that these systems exhibit inherent periodic behaviors. Based on this property, we derive an algorithm to construct the state space of the system through composition and capture the time evolution of the states into a periodic Markov chain. The system is solved for important performance metrics such as the distribution of input arrival time at a component, which is useful for subsequent system optimization, as well as relative component utilization, system latency and throughput. We also present a tool to demonstrate the feasibility of this method. Initial experimental results are promising, showing over three orders of magnitude improvement in runtime and nearly two orders of magnitude decrease in the size of the state space over previously published results. While the focus of this paper is on asynchronous digital systems, our technique can be applied to other concurrent systems that exhibit global asynchronous behavior, such as GALS and embedded systems.
Structure of Jupiter's magnetopause - Pioneer 10 and 11 observations

The magnetic structure of Jupiter's magnetopause, as observed by the space probes Pioneer 10 and 11, is compared with terrestrial magnetopause structures from the OGO 5 mission. The Jovian magnetopause thickness, deduced from a rapid triple crossing, is found to lie in the range 3500-5200 km, while the adjoining plasma boundary layer was 5600-8400 km thick. Comparison with the terrestrial situation suggests that the dayside magnetopause thickness in both cases is a few times the ion gyroradius and that the dayside boundary layer is also of about the same width. The magnetopause normal vector and normal magnetic field component are determined for each crossing by use of minimum variance analysis. The results indicate a blunt and floppy magnetopause surface, for the most part with an insignificant normal magnetic field component. Only for three of the 14 crossings did this component exceed 1.5 times its error estimate. In two of these cases, the magnetic field tangential to the magnetopause displayed the characteristic features of a rotational discontinuity.
Direct evidence of an anomalous charge transport mechanism in ammonium perchlorate crystal in an ammonia-rich atmosphere from first-principles molecular dynamics

Abstract The charge transport mechanism in solid ammonium perchlorate (AP) crystal exposed to an ammonia-rich environment is studied using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD). Ammonium perchlorate is an ionic crystal composed of NH 4 + and ClO 4 − units that possesses an orthorhombic phase at T T >513 K. Exposure to an ammonia-rich atmosphere allows ammonia molecules to be absorbed into the crystal at interstitial sites. It has been proposed that these neutral ammonias can form short-lived N 2 H 7 + complexes with the NH 4 + ions allowing proton transfer between them, thereby enhancing the conductivity considerably. To date, however, there has been no direct evidence of this proposed mechanism. In this paper, ab initio molecular dynamics techniques are employed to explore this mechanism. By comparing computed infrared spectra of the pure and ammonia-doped crystals, we observe a significant broadening of the NH stretch peak into a lower frequency region, indicating through an experimentally verifiable observation, the formation of hydrogen bonds between NH 3 and NH 4 + units. This suggestion is confirmed by direction observation of N 2 H 7 + complexes from the trajectory. Comparison of the diffusion constants of NH 4 + in the pure and doped crystals yields a ratio that is comparable to the experimentally measured conductivity ratio and clearly shows an enhanced positive charge mobility. Finally, compelling evidence suggesting the possibility of an ammonia umbrella inversion following proton transfer from NH 4 + and NH 3 is obtained.
Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment for Specific Learning Disabilities Involving Impairments in Written and/or Oral Language

Programmatic, multidisciplinary research provided converging brain, genetic, and developmental support for evidence-based diagnoses of three specific learning disabilities based on hallmark phenotypes (behavioral expression of underlying genotypes) with treatment relevance: dysgraphia (impaired legible automatic letter writing, orthographic coding, and finger sequencing), dyslexia (impaired pseudoword reading, spelling, phonological and orthographic coding, rapid automatic naming, and executive functions; inhibition and rapid automatic switching), and oral and written language learning disability (same impairments as dyslexia plus morphological and syntactic coding and comprehension). Two case studies illustrate how these differential diagnoses can be made within a conceptual framework of a working memory architecture and generate treatment plans that transformed treatment nonresponders into treatment responders. Findings are discussed in reference to the importance of (a) considering individual differences (diagnosis of impaired hallmark phenotypes) in planning and evaluating response to instruction and modifying instruction when a student is not responding; (b) recognizing that teaching may change epigenetic gene expression at one stage of schooling, but not the underlying gene sequences that render individuals still vulnerable as curriculum requirements increase in nature, complexity, and volume in the upper grades; and (c) using evidence-based diagnoses of specific learning disabilities that are consistent across states for free and appropriate education K to 12 and for accommodations throughout higher education and professional credentialing.
Evaluation of Immunoassays for Detection of Antibodies to Human Herpesvirus 7

An enzyme immunoassay (EIA), an immunoblot assay (IB), and an indirect immunofluorescence assay were developed for detection of human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) antibodies in human serum. Cross-absorption studies with EIA or IFA using HHV-7 and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) antigens indicated that most human sera contain cross-reactive HHV-6 and HHV-7 antibodies and that the degree of cross-reactivity varies between individual serum specimens. Inhibition of homologous antibody activity by absorption with heterologous virus ranged from 0 to 57% by EIA. However, for every sample tested, absorption with homologous virus removed more activity than did heterologous virus. An 89-kDa protein was identified as an HHV-7-specific serologic marker by IB. Activity to this protein was not removed by absorption with HHV-6 antigen. Of the three assays, the EIA was the most sensitive (94%), while the IB was the most specific (94%). Approximately 80% of specimens collected from German adults and children older than 2 years were positive for HHV-7 antibodies by these assays.
Delineation of a Discontinuous Aquitard with Vertical Electrical Soundings, San Bernardino Valley, Southern California

Vertical electrical soundings were used to map the presence or absence of an aquitard separating a shallow, contaminated aquifer from a deeper, uncontaminated one in San Bernardino Valley, California. Correlation of vertical electrical soundings with lithologie logs from adjacent wells allowed us to also map local variations in the elevation of the water table Comparison of known waste sites, the distribution of the aquitard, and elevation of the water table yielded probable directions of contaminant transport. We conclude that there is a significant hazard to municipal water wells due to possible transport of contaminants between the shallow and deeper aquifers.
Modeling electrochemical partial oxidation of methane for cogeneration of electricity and syngas in solid-oxide fuel cells

This paper uses computational models to evaluate strategies for scaling electrochemical partial oxidation (EPOX) processes from the laboratory scale to practical application. In addition to producing electrical energy alone, solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) can be operated with hydrocarbon fuel streams to produce synthesis gas (H2 and CO) as well. SOFC systems are usually operated to consume most of the fuel and produce electricity. However, by operating with a hydrocarbon fuel at relatively high flow rates, the exhaust-gas composition can be predominantly syngas. In this case the steam (and CO2), produced from electrochemical and thermal reactions, reacts to reform the hydrocarbon fuel within the catalytic anode support structure. A practical limitation of electrochemical partial oxidation operation is the fact that carbon tends to deposit on Ni-based anode catalysts. The present paper explores the use of barrier layers to prevent carbon deposits. The results show that a tubular cell can be designed to deliver syngas and electricity using methane as the primary fuel.
COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION: A COMMENT ON SCOPECE ET AL. 2007

Speciation can be driven by the evolution of many forms of reproductive isolation. Comparative study is a powerful approach for elucidating the relative importance of individual isolating barriers in the speciation process. A recent contribution by Scopece and colleagues provides comparative data for two groups of deceptive pollination orchids and aims to test hypotheses about which forms of isolation are most important in the two clades. The authors compare pollinator isolation and postmating isolation between the two orchid groups, and conclude that food-deceptive orchid species have less isolation by pollinator specificity than sexually deceptive species, and that postmating isolation is more important in the food-deceptive clade. Although we find this approach to be novel and potentially powerful, these conclusions are called into question by the methods used to define and select species and quantify pollinator isolation. Definition and selection of taxa were performed in a biased manner that undermines the ability to infer general patterns of speciation. Furthermore, pollinator isolation was calculated inconsistently for the two groups under study, effectively nullifying the comparison.
Managing complex programs: a review of major research findings

Managing large-scale research and development projects is without question a difficult task. Success is often dependent on the ability of the project manager to successfully cope with a myriad of unpredictable situations. To assist project managers, the authors review several of the most significant recent research studies to identify potentially useful insights for those charged with the administration of complex research and development projects. Specifically, five areas of research are examined, namely, (1) project manager leadership styles; (2) conflict management; (3) decision-making styles; (4) organizational design considerations and project authority; and (5) the relationships of the project team with the parent, client, and other external organizations.
Clinical Reasoning: A 27-year-old man with rapidly progressive coma.

A 27-year-old man was brought to the emergency department by paramedics after being found wandering the street not communicative and with unsteady gait. At the scene, he was noted to have full body tremulousness, which improved after receiving midazolam. He was urgently transported to an emergency department and subsequently developed nausea, vomiting, and progressive deterioration of his mental status. On physical examination, he had tachycardia without fever, and was hemodynamically stable with normal oxygen saturation. He was stuporous; however, all brainstem reflexes were preserved with symmetrically reactive pupils of normal shape and size. He demonstrated spontaneous symmetrical limb movement as well as purposeful withdrawal. He had anicteric sclera, and his dermatologic evaluation showed no rash, needle track marks, or focal signs of external trauma.
Local Delay in Static and Highly Mobile Poisson Networks with ALOHA

Communication between two neighboring nodes is the most basic operation in wireless networks. Yet very little research has focused on the local delay, defined as the mean time it takes a node to connect to its nearest neighbor. In this paper, we derive the local delay in Poisson networks with ALOHA and find the conditions for which the local delay is finite. It turns out that while the local delay is always finite in highly mobile networks, there is a phase transition in static networks, i.e., there is a maximum transmit probability above which the local delay is infinite.
Design Tradeoffs of Wind Turbine Preview Control

Recent work demonstrated the benefits of preview wind measurements for turbine control. This paper investigates the basic design tradeoffs between turbine performance, preview time, and pitch actuator rate limits. A Region 3 rotor-speed tracking problem is formulated in continuous-time as an optimal control problem using a simple one-state rigid body turbine model. The exact analytical solution to this problem provides insight into the fundamental performance limits. These analytical results are compared with the performance of an H∞ preview controller simulated on a higher fidelity, nonlinear turbine model with realistic wind sensor models. The performance versus preview time characteristics of the H∞ controllers are in agreement with the predictions from the lower fidelity model. Thus, the analytical results obtained with the low-order model can provide design guidelines for the use of preview information in turbine control.
Modified Total-Body Recumbent Stepper Exercise Test for Assessing Peak Oxygen Consumption in People With Chronic Stroke

Background: Assessment of peak oxygen consumption (Vo2peak) using traditional modes of testing such as treadmill or cycle ergometer can be difficult in individuals with stroke due to balance deficits, gait impairments, or decreased coordination. Objective: The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess the validity and feasibility of a modified exercise test using a total-body recumbent stepper (mTBRS-XT) in individuals after stroke. Design: A within-subject design, with a sample of convenience, was used. Participants. Eleven participants (7 male, 4 female) with a mean of 40.1 months (SD=32.7) after stroke, a mean age of 60.9 years (SD=12.0), and mild to severe lower-extremity Fugl-Myer test scores (range=13–34) completed the study. Methods: Participants performed 2 maximal-effort graded exercise tests on separate days using the mTBRS-XT and a cycle ergometer exercise protocol to assess cardiorespiratory fitness. Measurements of Vo2peak and peak heart rate (peak HR) were obtained during both tests. Results: A strong relationship existed between the mTBRS-XT and the cycle ergometer exercise test for Vo2peak and peak HR ( r =.91 and .89, respectively). Mean Vo2peak was significantly higher for the mTBRS-XT (16.6 mL×kg−1×min−1[SD=4.5]) compared with the cycle ergometer exercise protocol (15.4 mL×kg−1×min−1 [SD=4.5]). All participants performed the mTBRS-XT. One individual with severe stroke was unable to pedal the cycle ergometer. No significant adverse events occurred. Conclusion: The mTBRS-XT may be a safe, feasible, and valid exercise test to obtain measurements of Vo2peak in people with stroke. Health care professionals may use the mTBRS-XT to prescribe aerobic exercise based on Vo2peak values for individuals with mild to severe deficits after stroke.
Myocardial renin-angiotensin extraction in man

Renin activity, renin substrate, and angiotensin II concentration were measured in the aortic and coronary sinus blood of 14 patients. There was a significant gradient for angiotensin II only. The gradient was diminished in areas of ischaemic myocardium. The study suggests that angiotensin II is partially bound, extracted, or destroyed in the coronary circulation of man.
Effects of two-locus linkage disequilibrium on progress from reciprocal recurrent selection in maize

Because each population in a reciprocal recurrent selection program can be dually described as a tester for its reciprocal and as a population subject to selection, selection progress can be partitioned into algebraic terms that are (a) unaffected by initial linkage disequilibrium, (b) modified exclusively by initial linkage disequilibrium in the selection populations, (c) influenced solely by initial linkage disequilibrium in the tester populations, and (d) modulated jointly by initial linkage disequilibrium in both populations. If only additive genetic effects are present in the intercross population, linkage disequilibrium affects selection progress via only the selection populations. Initial linkage disequilibrium affects selection progress via the tester populations, and/or the selection and tester populations jointly, only in the presence of epistatic effects for which, out of all alleles involved in the interaction, two alleles emanate from the tester population. If only additive x additive epistasis is present, initial linkage disequilibrium affects progress via both the selection and tester populations, but the effect is permanent via only the selection populations. The effect of initial linkage disequilibrium via the tester populations, and/or the selection and tester populations jointly, is permanent only in the presence of additive x dominance and/or dominance x dominance epistasis in the intercross population.
Natural transformation in aquatic environments

Transformation is a process in which competent cells take up DNA and incorporate it into their genome. It is one of the mechanisms by which genes may be spread through natural populations [27]. A wide variety of bacteria express competence (the physiological ability to take up DNA) during normal growth. Frischer et al. [9] found up to 16% of isolates taken from Tampa Bay were naturally competent. When competent cells come into contact with a source of DNA, this is bound to the cell and taken up. As well as DNA in free solution, competent bacteria can take up DNA associated with particulate matter [15,16,29], cellular debris [14], heat inactivated cells [23,30] and intact, live donor cells [1,23,24,28].
Too much lumping in ischemic stroke - a new classification.

BACKGROUND The heterogeneity of ischemic stroke syndromes with treatment of disparate categories may be a factor in clinical stroke trial failure. Recent advances include a multitude of stroke investigative modalities that are noninvasive, allowing more precise mechanistic determination. MATERIAL/METHODS We retrospectively analyzed our young stroke patient population for stroke etiology according to the TOAST classification with five different etiological groups. Patients were assessed quantitatively according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale for neurological deficit and Rankin Scale for neurological handicap. Investigations included laboratory, Doppler sonograms of the cervicocephalic vessels, cardiac echocardiography and multimodality magnetic resonance imaging in all patients. Statistical analysis was performed, using a logit model for nominal response: log piJ/piJ)=alphaj+betajX. RESULTS Amongst young stroke patients (n=133, women n=72) causes included other (n=77/119;65%), large vessel disease (LVD) (n=8/119;7%), small vessel disease (SVD) (n=17/119;14%), unknown (n=3/119;2%) and cardiac (n=14/119;12%). Within the other category at least 20 different etiologies were delineated. There were significant differences among the various categories (multinomial distribution with equal probabilities p=<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS We recommend an expanded classification for stroke to include large vessel cerebrovascular disease, small vessel cerebrovascular disease, cardiogenic, dissection, prothrombotic states, migraine induced, cerebral venous thrombosis, vasculitides, vasculopathy other, miscellaneous and unknown.
Visual System III

In considering how the visual system processes information, we encounter again the themes of parallel and hierarchical processing. One manifestation of parallel processing is the existence of separate “labeled lines” originating from rods and cones. But as we see later, there are other forms of parallel processing that involve the two types of bipolar neurons (which form both invaginating and flat synapses). In terms of hierarchical processing, the overall story is reminiscent of the somatosensory system. At each level, cells respond best to more and more complicated stimulus parameters. As a result, neurons at progressively higher levels of the neural processing hierarchy “represent” particular stimulus configurations.
Risk analysis for dengue suitability in Africa using the ArcGIS predictive analysis tools (PA tools)

Abstract Background Risk maps identifying suitable locations for infection transmission are important for public health planning. Data on dengue infection rates are not readily available in most places where the disease is known to occur. Methods A newly available add-in to Esri’s ArcGIS software package, the ArcGIS Predictive Analysis Toolset (PA Tools), was used to identify locations within Africa with environmental characteristics likely to be suitable for transmission of dengue virus. Results A more accurate, robust, and localized (1 km × 1 km) dengue risk map for Africa was created based on bioclimatic layers, elevation data, high-resolution population data, and other environmental factors that a search of the peer-reviewed literature showed to be associated with dengue risk. Variables related to temperature, precipitation, elevation, and population density were identified as good predictors of dengue suitability. Areas of high dengue suitability occur primarily within West Africa and parts of Central Africa and East Africa, but even in these regions the suitability is not homogenous. Conclusion This risk mapping technique for an infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes draws on entomological, epidemiological, and geographic data. The method could be applied to other infectious diseases (such as Zika) in order to provide new insights for public health officials and others making decisions about where to increase disease surveillance activities and implement infection prevention and control efforts. The ability to map threats to human and animal health is important for tracking vectorborne and other emerging infectious diseases and modeling the likely impacts of climate change.
Intramolecular Pyridone/Enyne Photocycloaddition: Partitioning of the [4 + 4] and [2 + 2] Pathways

Intramolecular photocycloaddition (>290 nm) between a 1,3-enyne and a 2-pyridone is far more selective than the intermolecular version; a three-atom linkage both controls regiochemistry and separates the [2 + 2] and [4 + 4] pathways. All four head-to-head, head-to-tail, tail-to-head, and tail-to-tail tetherings have been investigated. Linkage via the ene of the enyne leads to [2 + 2] products regardless of alkene geometry, whereas linkage through the yne results in [4 + 4] cycloadducts. The bridged 1,2,5-cyclooctatriene products of [4 + 4] cycloaddition are unstable and undergo a subsequent [2 + 2] dimerization reaction.
Symptoms alone may lead to inaccurate diagnosis in men with possible bladder outlet obstruction.

Commentary on : D'Silva K, Dahm P, Wong C. Does this man with lower urinary tract symptoms have bladder outlet obstruction? The rational clinical examination: a systematic review. JAMA 2014;312:535–42[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4]. The diagnosis and evaluation of men with lower urinary tract symptoms explicitly to evaluate possible obstruction from enlargement of the prostate includes multiple components, including history and physical examination, symptomatic assessment using a validated questionnaire, quality of life measures or invasive urodynamic testing. Some data has supported the use of a less intensive diagnostic algorithm including uroflowmetry (a component of urodynamics).1 This systematic review examines the role of non-invasive components (exclusive of uroflowmetry) of the diagnostic algorithm for lower urinary tract symptoms in men. The authors utilised a relatively strict … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.volume%253D312%26rft.spage%253D535%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.2014.5555%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25096693%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.2014.5555&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25096693&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F3%2F120.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000339808600022&link_type=ISI
Electrical properties of liquid crystal nano-colloids analysed from perspectives of the ionic purity of nano-dopants

ABSTRACTThe concentration of mobile ions in liquid crystals doped with nano-objects is analysed in the framework of the Langmuir isotherms assuming an ionic contamination of nano-dopants. The level of the ionic purity of nano-dopants is described by means of the dimensionless contamination factor. The applicability of the proposed approach is verified by fitting the broad variety of the existing experimental data. A good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data indicates the feasibility of the idea to consider nano-dopants partially contaminated. In addition, it provides the way to deduce a set of important parameters (the surface density of the adsorbing sites, the contamination factor and the ratio of the adsorption constant to the desorption constant) directly from electrical measurements.
Sizing Stress Corrosion Cracking in Natural Gas Pipelines Using Phased Array Ultrasound

Gas transmission pipelines are inspected periodically by robotic systems that pass through the pipe. These inspection systems typically use electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to detect flaws such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The electromagnetic techniques can detect and measure the length of the cracks, but cannot measure through wall depths. In some cases it would be desirable to excavate down to a cracked area of the pipe, inspect it “in the ditch” to determine the depth of the cracking, and use the depth information to support repair/replacement decisions. The objective of the research was to develop a nondestructive inspection technique capable of measuring the depth of stress corrosion cracks from the outside surface of a gas transmission pipe in the field. EPRI participated in the round robin study by using a linear phased array technique. Field removed specimens were provided by the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) containing SCC for depth sizing. In most cases sizing was difficult to accomplish because of the colony of cracks that existed. This presentation discusses the results obtained and comparing them to destructive analysis results.© 2002 ASME
Brief Introduction of Degreasing Technology about Automotive Painting Workshop

The composition of degreaser and the factors influencing degreasing effect were brief introduced.The development trend of the degreaser were pointed out.
Synergistic ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity of Resveratrol with Auricularia auricular Polysaccharides

ABTS+ radical scavenging experiments and Chou-Talalay combination index(CI) method was used to evaluate the scavenging effects, combination index(CI) and dose reduction index(DRI) of resveratrol(RES) and Auricularia auricular polysaccharides(AAP) individually as well as combination of them. The results showed that IC50 values of RES and AAP were 3.56 mg/L and 61.46 mg/L, respectively, while IC50 value of the combination(mass ratio 1:1) was only 2.50 mg/L, indicating the combination had significant ABTS+ radical scavenging effect. CI analysis displayed that the clearance rate of 5~97% interaction index was less than 1. With the removal rate increased, CI was also reduced. DRI analysis demonstrated that the clearance rate of 5~97% DRI was greater than 1. With the removal rate increased, DRI also increased. Therefore, it was confirmed that RES and AAP had significant synergistic antioxidant effect when the mass ratio was 1:1.
Overestimation of Mach number due to probe shadow

Comparisons of the plasma ion flow speed measurements from Mach probes and laser induced fluorescence were performed in the Controlled Shear Decorrelation Experiment. We show the presence of the probe causes a low density geometric shadow downstream of the probe that affects the current density collected by the probe in collisional plasmas if the ion-neutral mean free path is shorter than the probe shadow length, Lg = w2 Vdrift/D⊥, resulting in erroneous Mach numbers. We then present a simple correction term that provides the corrected Mach number from probe data when the sound speed, ion-neutral mean free path, and perpendicular diffusion coefficient of the plasma are known. The probe shadow effect must be taken into account whenever the ion-neutral mean free path is on the order of the probe shadow length in linear devices and the open-field line region of fusion devices.