cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An in-band self-organized MAC protocol for sensor networks

This paper presents a self-organizing MAC protocol framework for distributed sensor networks with arbitrary mesh topologies. The novelty of the proposed ISOMAC (In-band Self-Organized MAC) protocol lies in its in-band control mechanism for exchanging TDMA slot information while distributed MAC scheduling. A fixed length bitmap vector is used in each packet header for exchanging relative slot timing information across immediate and up to 2-hop neighbors. It is shown that by avoiding explicit timing information exchange, ISOMAC can work without network-wide time synchronization which can be prohibitive for severely cost-constrained sensor nodes in very large networks. A slotclustering effect, caused by in-band bitmap constraints, causes ISOMAC to offer better spatial channel reuse compared to traditional distributed TDMA protocols. ISOMAC employs a partial node wake-up and header-only transmission strategy to adjust energy expenditure based on the instantaneous nodal data rate. Both analytical and simulation models have been developed for characterizing the proposed protocol. Results demonstrate that with in-band bitmap vectors of moderate length, ISOMAC converges reasonably quickly - approximately within 4 to 8 TDMA frame duration. Also, if the bitmap header duration is restricted within 10% of packet duration, the energy penalty of the in-band information is quite negligible. It is also shown that ISOMAC can be implemented in the presence of network time synchronization, although its performance without synchronization is just marginally worse than that with synchronization.
Computer Simulations of R-Curve Behavior in Microcracking Materials

A computer program has been developed which simulates the process of microcracking in two-phase ceramic materials. This simulation provides a method of examining the complex interactions which occur between a propagating crack and the residually stressed particles around it. As the residual stresses near second-phase inclusions are relieved by microcrack formation, a process zone forms around the main crack, partially shielding it. The resulting crack resistance curves, or R curves, associated with crack shielding mechanisms are generated by the program. Three variables— the microcrack density (f_s), the dilatant strain associated with each microcracked particle (θ), and the orientation of the microcracks (Ψ)— were used to determine their influence on fracture toughness. The steady-state toughness was found to increase with second-phase particle additions, increased dilatant strain, and the formation of microcracks parallel to the direction of applied stress. However, the magnitude of toughening increase attained in these-simulations was generally lower than that predicted by continuum models. This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that interactions between microcracks produce frontal zones which result in a positive Δk, and hence, a lower steady-state toughness. This behavior is enhanced when microcracks link with the main crack to promote further extension.
A computer model of inflection learning

This paper presents a computer program that creates and modifies inflectional paradigms. A paradigm is a linguistic device used to index lexical entries that share a common inflection along a given dimension such as tense or case. Paradigms are useful because they offer a convenient method for predicting the form of a novel word and for explaining some aspects of language development. The model presented here is based on Pinker’s (1984) inflection learning theory. The model covers a subset of the rules for learning inflectional paradigms that are outlined in the theory. The primary concern of the model is to understand how elements that are crucial to the theory, such as lexical entries and feature equations, may interact to form and expand word-specific paradigms. The model also represents an attempt to assess implementation details not specified by the theory. A brief overview of the model is given, followed by a sample run. Finally, some practical and theoretical considerations, such as the structure of paradigms, paradigm assignment to novel words, and suppletion, are discussed.
A controlled evaluation of group cognitive therapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome

We randomized, at two sites, 210 patients with Rome II diagnosed irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), of at least moderate severity, to one of three conditions: group-based cognitive therapy (CT; n=120), psychoeducational support groups (n=46) as an active control, or intensive symptom and daily stress monitoring (n=44). One hundred eighty-eight participants completed the initial treatment. Those in symptom monitoring were then crossed over to CT. For an intent to treat analysis on a composite GI symptom measure derived from daily symptom diaries, both CT and the psychoeducational support groups were significantly more improved than those in the intensive symptom monitoring condition, but the CT and psychoeducational support group did not differ. Among treatment completers on the same composite measure of GI symptoms, again, both CT and psychoeducational support groups were statistically superior to symptom monitoring but did not differ on the symptom composite, or on any other measure. On individual IBS symptoms, both CT and psychoeducational support were statistically superior to symptom monitoring on reductions in abdominal pain and tenderness and for flatulence. Patient global ratings at the end of treatment showed the two active conditions statistically superior to symptom monitoring on change in Bowel Regularity, with CT superior to symptom monitoring on reduction in overall pain and in improvement in sense of well-being. Three-month follow-up data on 175 patients revealed maintenance of significant improvement or continued significant improvement on all IBS symptoms, including the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Group CT and psychoeducational support groups continued not to differ on any measure. We thus conclude that group CT is not superior to an attention placebo control condition.
Some results on cascade decomposition of automata

Zeiger's (1967) procedure for decomposing a finite-state machine M yields a cascade of permutation-reset machines. Inputs which permute subsets of the states of M cause state permutations in one or more machines in the cascade. This paper deals with the conditions causing such permutations in the cascade, and considers decomposition of definite automata.
Surgical repair of an iatrogenic tracheal injury in a very low birth weight infant

A very low birth weight premature infant was found to have a tracheal perforation following multiple attempts at intubation. Worsening pneumomediastinum prompted surgical evaluation with a successful operative outcome.
Stability Analysis of Legged Locomotion Models by Symmetry-Factored Return Maps

We present a new stability analysis for hybrid legged locomotion systems based on the “symmetric” factorization of return maps. We apply this analysis to two-degrees-of-freedom (2DoF) and three-deg...
The role of the enterohepatic cycle in folate supply to tumour in rats

SUMMARY. The importance of the folate enterohepatic cycle in governing the supply of folate to implants of a rapidly-growing tumour were studied in a new animal model. Following enteric administration of tritiated pteroylglutamic acid, [3H]PteGlu1, tumour uptake of labelled folate was limited to CH3[3H]H4PteGlu1 produced by the gut mucosal cells during absorption or subsequently recirculated through the enterohepatic cycle. 50% of the labelled folate reaching the tumour nodules in the first 6 h after enteric administration first circulated through the enterohepatic cycle. In addition, labelled folate taken up by tumour was immediately incorporated into a polyglutamyl folate pool. There was no evidence for a release of labelled folate from tumour for recirculation to the liver. Therefore the liver and folate enterohepatic cycle appear to play a major role in regulating the supply of folate to rapidly proliferating tissues such as tumour by acutely storing folate from the diet and then secreting it into bile for reabsorption and transport to tissue.
Reflection-geometry photorefractive quantum wells.

We present what is to our knowledge the first demonstration of photorefractive AlGaAs/GaAs quantum wells operated in the reflection geometry, using the quantum-confined Stark effect. This photorefractive geometry relies on volume reflection gratings of a small number of periods written in a nonstoichiometric multiple-quantum-well layer with counterpropagating beams. Combined absorptive and photorefractive two-wave mixing gains as large as 1500 cm−1 are observed under reverse bias of the diode.
Changes in the iliac crest-lumbar relationship from standing to prone.

Abstract Background context It is known that positioning patients on the Jackson and Andrews operative tables causes changes in lumbar lordosis and pelvic rotation. However, it is unknown if the relationship between the iliac crest and underlying lumbar levels, in particular the L4–L5 interspace, changes from standing to prone on these tables. Purpose To assess the changes in the relationship between the iliac crests and lumbar spinal levels from standing to prone on two different operative positions using the Jackson and Andrews frames. Study design/setting Comparative analysis of iliac crest position relative to spinal levels in the preoperative standing position and while positioned on the Jackson and Andrews frames. Patient sample 48 randomly selected patients who underwent spinal surgery on either the Jackson or Andrews frame. Outcome measures Imaging. Method Comparative measurements were made of the preoperative and intraoperative plain lateral lumbar radiographs. The location of the superior border of the iliac crest relative to the L4 lumbar spine level was compared between radiographs. Results Preoperatively, the iliac crest aligned with L4/L4–L5 spinal level in 79.2% of the 48 patients compared with 85.5% of intraoperative cases (p=.59). Intraoperative iliac crest level aligned with the L4/L4–L5 level in 80.8% and 90.9% of the patients on the Andrews and Jackson tables respectively (p=.43). Thirty-four patients (70.8%) demonstrated no change in iliac crest alignment between intraoperative and preoperative radiographs. There was a trend for the iliac crest to shift cephalad with operative positioning. Conclusion Approximately 30% of patients demonstrated changes in the relationship between the iliac crest and lumbar levels between standing and positioning prone. The intraoperative position of the iliac crest aligned more accurately with the L4/L4–L5 spine level on the Jackson and Andrews frame compared with preoperative standing radiographs respectively. Further biomechanical studies should investigate the implication for lumbopelvic fixation.
Instrument contributions to resolution and sensitivity in ultra high performance liquid chromatography using small bore columns: comparison of diode array and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detection.

Abstract UHPLC with DAD-UV detection or in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be a robust and widely applicable platform for high sensitivity analyses of many types of chemical compounds. The majority of users employ narrow bore columns with 2.1 mm internal diameter (ID) typically exhibiting very high efficiencies (>200,000 plates/m). This ultimately sets stringent demands upon the chromatographic system as the separation efficiency can be compromised by external contributions to dispersion caused by connection capillaries, auto-sampler and/or the detection device. Sample limited applications often use reduced column diameters down to capillary- or even nano-column format. Capillary (ID ≤ 0.5 mm) or small-bore columns (ID ≤ 1 mm) can be a good compromise between system robustness and enhanced sensitivity. Yet in this case, extra-column dispersion gains additional importance due to reduced peak volumes. To design an optimized system configuration for specific column dimensions and applications it is crucial to understand the dispersion contributions of individual extra-column components. This was subject to many studies done within our group and by others. Here, we employed a fully optimized UHPLC/UV system to investigate the contribution to peak dispersion obtained from columns ranging from capillary to narrow bore (0.3, 0.5, 1, 2.1 mm) using a set of small molecules that were analyzed in gradient mode. Further UV detection was replaced by a triple quadrupole (QQQ) MS in order to evaluate its contribution to band broadening. In this context the impact of column-ID upon MS sensitivity when interfaced with an Agilent Jet Stream source was investigated. Data obtained from our test suite of compounds shows mostly mass-sensitive behavior of this advanced electrospray technology.
Vision-Based Target Geolocation Using Micro Air Vehicles

A method for determining the location of a stationary ground target when imaged from the air using a camera-equipped micro air vehicle is developed. The ground object's elevation is assumed known. Rather than a "one-shot" affair, multiple bearing measurements of the ground object taken as the aircraft flies around the target are used. This makes it possible for the adverse effects of both the random measurement errors and the systematic measurement errors (i.e., attitude sensors' biases) to be mitigated. The main result of this paper is that when bearing measurements of a target are taken over time, the target's position and the micro air vehicle's systematic attitude-measurement errors can be jointly estimated using linear regression. As a result,the target is accurately geolocated and the attitude sensors are calibrated. If only one snap bearing measurement of the target can be taken, the attitude sensors will be calibrated before arrival at the target area using an initial point The technique was successfully tested on actual flight data collected during multiple micro air vehicle operations for cooperative geolocation of unknown targets.
Higher hemoglobin is associated with improved outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objective:There are few data regarding anemia and transfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We addressed the hypothesis that higher hemoglobin (HGB) levels are associated with less death and disability after SAH.Design:Prospective registry with automated data retrieval.Patients:Six hundred el
The projection of the f-vectors of 4-polytopes onto the (E, S)-plane

We characterize all pairs of integers (E, S) such that there exist convex 4-dimensional polytopes with exactly E edges and S 2-dimensional faces.
A study of human myocardial tissue in Chagas' disease: distribution and frequency of inflammatory cell types.

Abstract Although many reports have described the presence of inflammatory cells in chagasic lesions, the precise role(s) of these cells and whether their numbers in the lesions correlate with lesion severity are not known. In this work, we determined the numbers of mononuclear cells, neutrophils and eosinophils present in lesion sites of heart tissue sections from one acute and nine chronic chagasic patients. These numbers were independently recorded for five types of histologic patterns (HP) defined by the following characteristics: interstitial myocarditis with degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers (HP I), interstitial myocarditis with preservation of muscle fibers (HP II), minimal or absent myocarditis with essentially preserved myocardium (HP III), interstitial fibrosis (HP IV), and myocytolysis (HP V). The largest numbers of inflammatory cells were found in HP I where substantial numbers of eosinophils were found. Eosinophils were frequently seen in areas showing HP I in the tissue sections from the patients with the most severe myocarditis (in terms of the high frequency of necrotic areas in HP I). Eosinophils were also seen in areas of HP III, i.e. in relatively preserved areas of tissue sections from patients displaying the most severe myocarditis, although in lesser numbers than found in HP I. The smallest numbers of inflammatory cells were seen in HP III, where the myocardium was essentially intact. Although significant numbers of inflammatory cells were seen in HP II and IV, eosinophils were either present in small numbers or absent, and there was no obvious correlation between the content of any of the monitored cell types and the overall intensity of myocarditis. The presence of relatively large proportions of eosinophils in tissue areas with HP I type of lesions would appear to implicate these cells in the production of chagasic heart lesions.
A decision analysis of the U.S. breeder reactor program

Abstract Past modelling efforts have failed to reach a consensus on breeder R & D strategy. These failures have led some to question the usefulness of benefit-cost analysis for a problem as complex and as politicized as this one has become. Our paper examines some of the major weaknesses of past benefit-cost analyses and then reformulates the breeder investment decision in a decision tree framework. Decision analysis is used to evaluate alternative R & D strategies that range from accelerating the current effort to abandoning the entire program. Breeder benefits are assessed through ETA-MACRO, a model of interactions between the energy sector and the rest of the U.S. economy. A dynamic non-linear optimization procedure is used to examine how breeder timing could depend upon alternative assumptions with respect to: 1. (a) uranium supply, 2. (b) energy demand growth, 3. (c) environmental constraints upon coal and shale oil production, and 4. (d) the availability of alternative energy sources. Subjective probabilities have been estimated through a Delphi questionnaire on the critical uncertainties. Each individual's responses have been used independently to calculate an optimal strategy. A fairly simple rule-of-thumb has emerged from this experiment. If a respondent believes that the probability of positive benefits (P) exceeds 0.03, there are positive expected dollar benefits from any breeder development program. If P is less than 0.03, however, the expected economic benefits of such a program would be negative. The costs of the R & D program would then exceed their actuarial value.
Supermodulus effect in Cu/Pd and Cu/Ni superlattices

The elastic and structural properties of Cu/Pd and Cu/Ni superlattices have been determined. Microstructurally the films have the same growth mechanisms, growth textures, and composition modulation amplitudes, as in past studies where the ``supermodulus effect'' was reported. Advanced techniques have been used to measure the flexural, shear, and Young's moduli of the thin films, and no significant anomalous elastic behavior has been observed.
Engineering Microtools in Polymers to Study Cell Biology

Recent advances in surface engineering and soft lithography provide tools to fabricate patterned surfaces and microfluidic devices with dimensions comparable to the sizes of single mammalian cells. These technologies enable the studies of individual cells on spatially well-defined, patterned surfaces, and in contact with patterned liquid media. They provide information about cells impossible to obtain from traditional biochemical techniques.
The crystal orientation dependence of the elastic precursor shock strength in the PETN molecular explosive and the modeling of the steric hindrance to shear by molecular mechanics

Les niveaux des precurseurs elastiques des cristaux explosifs de pentrite (PETN) choques ont ete mesures pour des orientations [100], [101], [110] et [001], a l'aide d'instruments VISAR, sur des echantillons d'une epaisseur variant entre 3 et 6 mm. Le niveaux de choc d'entree etait de 1.14 GPa. Les amplitudes du precurseur mesurees etaient respectivement de 0.38, 0.58, 0.98 et 1.22 GPa pour les quatre orientations. On a procede a une modelisation par mecanique moleculaire, du cisaillement provoque par le choc. Elle predit correctement la dependance de l'amplitude du precurseur par rapport a l'orientation des monocristaux pour les cas pris en compte, et explique l'observation du systeme de glissement {110} en deformation quasi statique, malgre la presence du vecteur de Burgers le plus long
Tracking Algorithm Selection Considerations for Airborne Laser Pointer/Tracker System

The Air Force Institute of Technology's Center for Directed Energy's (AFIT/CDE), under sponsorship of the HEL Joint Technology Office, and as part of a multidisciplinary research initiative on aero optics effects, has designed and fabricated a laser pointing/tracking system. This system will serve as the laser source for a series of in-flight data collection campaigns involving two aircraft. Real-Time tracking systems have a distinct difference from automatic image analysis. Both activities often involve the segmentation of an image and the automatic location of an item of interest. A number of advanced tracking algorithms have been developed for applications involving processing previously captured data. Medical imaging applications frequently use post processing algorithms to segment anomalies in medical imaging. In this paper we discuss an airborne laser pointing and tracking system and its requirements, designed and implemented at AFIT. This application is different because the image processing must be completed during the inter-frame period. AFIT analyzed available tracking algorithms including: centroid tracking, Fitts correlator, Posterior Track, and Active Contour. These algorithms were evaluated on their ability to both accurately track and to be computed in real time using existing hardware. The analysis shows that some of the more accurate tracking algorithms are not easily implementable in real time. Often there are large numbers of correlations that must be computed for each frame. Higher resolution images quickly escalate this problem. Algorithm selection for tracking applications must balance the need for accuracy and computational simplicity. Real time tracking algorithms are limited by the amount of time between frames with which to processes the data. Specialized hardware can improve this situation. We selected centroid tracking for the airborne application and evaluate its performance to show that it meets design requirements.
Nitrate in Groundwater and Integration of Nitrogen-Catch Crop in Rice-Sweet Pepper Cropping System

In the intensive rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems of the tropics, dry season (DS) nonrice crop-fallow (dry-to-wet [DTW] transition)-wet season (WS) rice is a common practice. Excessive use of N fertilizer in high-value crops like vegetables grown in DS is economically motivated. The risk of NO 3 leaching into groundwater during DTW transition is an environmental concern. Experiments were conducted in seven rice-sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) farmers' fields to determine (i) the extent of NO 3 -N contamination in groundwater, and (ii) the effectiveness of a N-catch crop to decrease NO3 leaching. Twelve of twenty water sources had near or above World Health Organization's (WHO) NO 3 -N limit for drinking water. Soil mineral N (upper 100 cm) ranged from 111 to 694 kg ha was decreased by 10 to 68% in plots with DTW crop. In fallow plots where mineral N was either maintained or increased, there was movement to lower soil profile demonstrating NO 3 leaching without a crop. On average, maize (Zea mays L.) captured 176 kg N ha and indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.) 194 kg N ha -1 . Indigo acquired <20% N from biological N fixation (BNF); this low contribution was due to inhibition by high soil mineral N. In both fallow and planted plots, mineral N declined to low levels at 100% water-filled pore spaces (WFPS) before rice transplanting. A suggestion for developing indigo plus maize N-catch crop rotations is made to decrease NO 3 leaching and maximize N use efficiency in rice-sweet pepper cropping system.
Inhibition, interference, and conflict in task switching

The role of inhibition in the task-switching process has received increased empirical and theoretical attention in the literature on cognitive control. Many accounts have suggested that inhibition occurs when a conflict must be resolved-for example, when a target stimulus contains features of more than one task. In the two experiments reported here, we used variants of backward inhibition, or N - 2 repetition, designs to examine (1) whether inhibition occurs in the absence of conflict at the stimulus or response level, (2) when in the task-switching process such inhibition may occur, and (3) the potential consequences of inhibition. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that neither stimulus- nor response-level conflict is necessary for inhibition to occur, while the results of Experiment 2 suggest that inhibition may be associated with a reduction of proactive interference (PI) from a previously performed task. Evidence of inhibition and the reduction of PI both occurred at the task-set level. However, inhibition of specific stimulus values can also occur, but this is clearly separable from task-set inhibition. Both experiments also provided evidence that task-set inhibition can be applied at the time of the new task cue, as opposed to at the onset of the target or at the response stage of the trial. Taken together, the results from these experiments provide insight into when and where in the task-switching process inhibition may occur, as well as into the potential functional benefits that inhibition of task sets may provide.
Recognition of a protein fold in the context of the SCOP classification

A computational method has been developed for the assignment of a protein sequence to a folding class in the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP). This method uses global descriptors of a primary protein sequence in terms of the physical, chemical, and structural properties of the constituent amino acids. Neural networks are utilized to combine these descriptors in a way to discriminate members of a given fold from members of all other folds. An extensive testing of the method has been performed to evaluate its prediction accuracy. The method is applicable for the fold assignment of any protein sequence with or without significant sequence homology to known proteins. A WWW page for predicting protein folds is available at URL http://cbcg.lbl.gov/. Proteins 1999;35:401–407.
Effects of active and passive rumination and distraction: A pilot replication with anxious mood.

This study examined the degree to which the response theory of depression generalized to anxious mood. The effects of active and passive rumination and distraction were evaluated in undergraduate students who underwent anxious mood induction. Experimental procedures were comparable to those used by Nolen-Hoeksema and colleagues for depressed mood. Anxious, sad, and angry moods were elevated by the anxiety induction procedure. As hypothesized, visual analog scales and affective checklists for anxiety and negative mood overall were lessened more by distraction than rumination. The results suggest that rumination prolongs negative affect. Active versus passive conditions did not influence mood.
A novel chemical synthesis and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral properties of cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione

Abstract This paper presents a novel method for the chemical synthesis of cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione, which is a naturally occurring steroid and a potential intermediate in steroid chemistry. Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) in refluxing benzene has been found to be an effective and convenient reagent for the oxidation and concomitant isomerization of cholest- Δ 5 -en-3 β -ol 3-tetrahydropyranyl ether (cholesterol tetrahydropyranyl ether) to cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione in high yield. Also described are the carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral properties of cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione.
Superspreading of water—silicone surfactant on hydrophobic surfaces

Abstract We have studied the spreading of aqueous mixtures of six different silicone surfactants on Parafilm, a hydrophobic surface. Two of the surfactants were soluble in water and did not superspread. The other surfactants were insoluble and their aqueous dispersions superspread. Thus we found that a dispersed surfactant-rich phase is needed for superspreading and that the initial rate of spreading increases with decreasing size of the particles of the dispersed phase. We also found that the radius of the spreading drop varies as the square root of time during the initial spreading. This time dependence is consistent with but not unique to Marangoni flow. The initial spreading rate passes through a maximum with increasing concentration, but the equilibrium area, i.e. the area wetted by the drop after spreading has ceased, is proportional to the surfactant concentration. When the spreading experiment was conducted in a dry atmosphere the dispersions did not superspread. The dispersions were superspreaders at 100% humidity and spreading rates were even greater in supersaturated air. Thus we found that the presence of water vapor is necessary for superspreading. We speculate that the water vapor provides a thin high tension film at the leading edge of the spreading drop, and so spreading is driven by a Marangoni effect, but we do not know whether a pre-existing film is formed by the vapor or whether it is recruited during spreading. A water film mechanically deposited near a spreading drop accelerates the spreading in the direction of the mechanically deposited film. It was initially thought that a hammer-like geometry was responsible for superspreading. However, Hill et al. (R.M. Hill, M. He, H.T. Davis and L.E. Scriven, Langmuir, (10 1994) 1724) found that an analogous linear trisiloxane surfactant is a superspreader. The natural next question was whether surfactant-rich dispersions of the hydrocarbon polyoxyethylenes (C m E n ) are superspreaders. In separate work we studied a series of dispersions of both hammer-like and linear hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene surfactants and found that none were superspreaders. Thus, among the surfactants compared, we found that a silicone hydrophobe is required for superspreading, but the molecular geometry of the trisiloxane surfactant does not appear to be a critical parameter.
Raman and infrared spectra of gaseous and solid nitrosyl chloride

Abstract The Raman spectra of gaseous and solid nitrosyl chloride, ONCl, have been recorded from 10 to 2200 cm −1 . In the spectrum of the gas, the three fundamentals for the isotopic species ON 35 Cl were observed at: ν 1 = 1799.7, ν 2 = 595.7, and ν 3 = 331.8 cm −1 . Large shifts from these frequencies were observed for the solid material. The infrared spectra of the gaseous and solid nitrosyl chloride were recorded from 30 to 2000 cm −1 . The spectrum of the gas was recorded at a resolution of 0.06 cm −1 and the vibrational-rotational structure for both ν 2 and ν 3 was analyzed in the ground and excited vibrational states. Band origins were determined to be at 595.860(3) and 331.973(4) cm −1 for ν 2 and ν 3 , respectively, for ON 35 Cl and the corresponding band centers for ON 37 Cl were approximately 594.9 and 328.2 cm −1 . The pure rotational infrared spectrum of ONCl was recorded (20 to 120 cm −1 ) and interpreted in terms of a slightly asymmetric prolate top with centrifugal distortion. Series of 17 and 10 sharp Q branches were observed for the ON 35 Cl ground state and v 3 = 1 excited state, respectively. A new force field based on new and existing data is proposed and discussed.
Legacy tree retention in young aspen forest improves nesting habitat quality for Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera)

Abstract Residual canopy trees as biological legacies in harvested aspen stands may mimic characteristics of naturally disturbed forests. We investigated the effects of legacy tree retention in young aspen ( Populus spp.) forest stands on the quality of nesting habitat for the Golden-winged Warbler ( Vermivora chrysoptera ), a species of conservation concern that is dependent upon recently disturbed forest and shrub habitats. Habitat quality was assessed by evaluating male density, male pairing success, percent of successful nests, daily nest survival, and productivity in young aspen stands (4–7 years post-harvest) with retained conifer legacy trees ( n = 3), with retained hardwood legacy trees ( n = 3), and without legacy trees (also referred to as clearcuts; n = 3). Male pairing success was higher in stands with legacy trees (68% in stands with conifer legacy trees, 71% in stands with hardwood legacy trees) than in clearcuts (10%). Only one nest was found in clearcuts. The percent of successful nests, daily nest survival rate, and productivity did not vary between stands with conifer legacy trees and stands with hardwood legacy trees. Based on high pairing success (resulting in high levels of nesting activity), retention of legacy trees in young aspen stands provided higher quality nesting habitat than clearcuts. Male density was an excellent indicator of pairing success (pseudo R 2 = 0.976). Aspen stands harvested for nesting habitat should support a minimum density of 0.2 males/ha to have approximately 75% of males successfully paired. High male densities (>0.2 males/ha) were achieved by retaining at least 13 legacy trees/ha with at least nine of these comprising hardwood species with a mean diameter at breast height ≥ 16 cm.
Physicochemical effects influencing the measurements of interfacial surface tension of coal ashes

Abstract The sessile drop technique has been used to determine the interfacial surface tension of Beulah, Illinois no. 6, and Pittsburgh no. 8 coal ash derived slags under various atmospheres. The physical and chemical effects that influence interfacial surface tension during heating cool slags are discussed. The results indicate that interfacial surface tension measurements obtained below the temperature of critical viscosity (Tcv) were lower than those determined above Tcv. This effect was attributed to a non-equilibrium state of surface tension due to the random distribution of surface active phases in the slag and higher polymerization of silicate structure. The interfacial surface tensions did not vary significantly with temperatures above Tcv.
Alkaloids as ligands. 2. Synthesis and characterization of iron(II) halide complexes containing l-sparteine

Abstract Iron(II) compounds of l -sparteine, sp, are four-coordinate, pseudotetrahedral complexes of the type Fe(sp)X 2 , where X is Cl, Br, or I. The infrared spectra suggest that sp adopts an all-chair conformation in these complexes. Furthermore, the infrared spectra show four bands below 600 cm −1 , two of which are halide sensitive. These absorptions have been assigned to iron-ligand stretching modes. X-ray powder patterns of Fe(sp)Cl 2 and Fe(sp)Br 2 are identical to the analogous pseudotetrahedral cobalt(II) compounds. These iron compounds have room temperature magnetic moments close to 5.3 μ B and display a characteristics low-intensity absorption near 4000 cm −1 which has been assigned to the 5 E → 5 T 2 ligand-field transition. Mossbauer effect spectral results indicate the quadrupole interaction is approximately 2.9 mm/s. The chemical isomer shift increases from 1.03 to0 1.25 to 1.29 mm/s (relative to α-iron foil) for the chloride, bromide, and iodide complexes respectively. The latter two values are among the highest observed for tetrahedral iron(II) complexes.
Brain Death and Management of a Potential Organ Donor in the Intensive Care Unit

The concept of brain death developed with the advent of mechanical ventilation, and guidelines for determining brain death have been refined over time. Organ donation after brain death is a common source of transplant organs in Western countries. Early identification and notification of organ procurement organizations are essential. Management of potential organ donors must take into consideration specific pathophysiologic changes for medical optimization. Future aims in intensive and neurocritical care medicine must include reducing practice variability in the operational guidelines for brain death determination, as well as improving communication with families about the process of determining brain death.
Growth and Chemical Substitution of Transparent p-Type CuAlO2

CuAlO2 is one of several materials currently being investigated for application as a p-type transparent conducting oxide. In this paper we report a method of making c-axis oriented CuAlO2 thin films which eliminates previously reported phase-purity and surface morphology problems. Thin film precursors of CuA1O2 were deposited on YSZ (100) substrates by roomtemperature radio frequency sputtering. Subsequent annealing in 10mT of oxygen at temperatures as low as 800°C resulted in phase-pure, textured CuAlO2. The films were p-type and transparent with a gap of 3.5eV, but typical carrier concentrations were low (on the order of 1016 cm−3). Oxygen anneals at 700°C in 1 atm of O2 raised this to 1018 cm−3 in some samples. In order to increase the carrier concentration further, we are testing chemical substitution on the metal sublattice. Initial experiments were done with Mg as a dopant, either by direct solid-state synthesis for bulk materials or by alternating deposition of MgO and CuAlO2 during the pulsed laser deposition of thin films. At Mg molar concentrations of 1% or less, the bulk material was phase-pure CuAlO2 by x-ray diffraction, but was mixed-phase CuAl2O4 and CuO when the Mg concentration was increased to 2%. Thin films sputtered from the 1% Mg substituted target crystallized to CuA102 after a 940°C anneal at 10T 02, but were more than 30 times more resistive than the undoped films.
An Experimental High-Transconductance Tube Using Space-Charge Deflection of the Electron Beam

In the past, electron tubes have been built using either current density control or deflection control; the tube to be described uses a new principle combining both of these methods of operation, with control by a conventional grid. This grid controls the space charge in the usual manner, and the space charge produces a displacement of the electron beam from its space-charge-free path. By means of a fixed intercepting edge, this in turn can be converted into additional current variation at an anode. An analysis of this new principle has been made and demonstrates the possibility of an increase in both transconductance and the transconductance-to-plate-current ratio of the tube. Experimental tubes of the orbital-beam type, utilizing this principle, have been built in nine-pin miniature envelopes. In the output structure, that portion of the beam which passes an intercepting edge enters a single-stage secondary-emission dynode and collector system. Transconductances of 25,000 micromhos have been obtained with only 3 ma output current. These values, particularly the transconductance-to-current ratio, are many times better than those obtained from an ordinary grid-controlled tube, and no increase in capacitances is involved. The measured equivalent noise resistance is about 900 ohms, and the gain-bandwidth product is 320 mc. Because of its mode of operation, the tube requires stable voltages and good mechanical alignment. However, neither of these requirements appears to be severe, and the high transconductance with low current and small capacitance should make this type of tube quite valuable for broad-band amplifier applications.
Crosslinking poly(allylamine) fibers electrospun from basic and acidic solutions

Mechanically robust, non-toxic polymer fiber mats are promising materials for a range of biomedical applications; however, further research into enhancing polymer selection is needed. In this study, poly(allylamine) (PAH), an amine-containing polyelectrolyte, was successfully electrospun from aqueous solutions into continuous, cylindrical fibers with a mean diameter of 150 ± 41 nm. A one-step crosslinking method using glutaraldehyde provides insight into the chemical and morphological changes that result from altering the molar ratio of amine to aldehyde groups, whereas a two-step crosslinking method yielded chemically and mechanically robust mats. These results indicate PAH fibrous mats synthesized from aqueous solutions could potentially be applied in biomedical applications.
Importance of a non-dominant right coronary artery occlusion presenting as sudden cardiac death with prolonged right ventricular dysfunction and malignant arrhythmias.

We report a case of a patient who presented with sudden cardiac death secondary to a subtotal occlusion of a small non-dominant right coronary system. Catheterization several weeks following the initial episode revealed persistent severe right ventricular dysfunction with moderate hemodynamic compensation. Continued unstable arrhythmogenic potential at this point led to placement of an AICD device. The case highlights the potential hazard and often complacency involved in dealing with benign appearing lesions as this one. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of cholera toxin on supersensitive and subsensitive rat pineal glands: Regulation of sensitivity at multiple sites

Abstract Cholera toxin, which activates adenylate cyclase by a mechanism independent of the β-adrenergic receptor, induced more N-acetyltransferase activity in supersensitive than in subsensitive rat pineal glands. This was due to an increased response in supersensitive glands, of several of the components involved in the induction. Although there was no difference in the number of binding sites for cholera toxin, there was more toxin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the supersensitive glands. There was also a larger accumulation of cyclic AMP and a greater stimulation of protein kinase activity in the supersensitive glands. It is inferred that changes in the number of β-adrenergic binding sites are not the primary basis for changes in sensitivity. Rather, there are multiple sites of regulation, possibly affected by a common mechanism.
A longitudinal study of the American Board of Surgery examination index: can residents pass both the qualifying examination and certifying examination the first time?

Background There have been significant recent decreasing pass rate trends on the American Board of Surgery (ABS) Certifying Examination (CE) in the absence of clear trends on the Qualifying Examination (QE). The ABS examination index (ABS-EI) represents the ratio of candidates per program that passed both the QE and CE on the first attempt. The aim of this study is to longitudinally evaluate the ABS-EIs for residency programs. The hypothesis is that the ABS-EIs have also decreased over time. Methods In this retrospective study from 2002 to 2012, the ABS-EIs were obtained from the ABS for each of the general surgery residency programs. Nonparametric statistics were performed between early (2002-2007) and late (2007-2012) time periods for differences in ABS-EI and examination performance, using an α = 0.05. Results There were 235 included residency programs in this study. The first-attempt pass rate on the QE was 3961 of 4647 (85.2%) for the early period and 4204 of 4888 (86.1%) for the late period (p = 0.29). The first-attempt pass rate on the CE was 3555 of 4097 (86.8%) for the early period and 3450 of 4243 (81.3%) for the late period (p Conclusions Fewer residents per program pass both the QE and CE on the first attempt, as shown by the decreasing ABS-EI over time. The ABS-EI trends may serve as a needs assessment for individual residency program education curricula and are important to residency programs and incoming general surgery applicants.
A 19-year-old man with a cough and hemoptysis

A 19-year-old m a n c a m e to the e m e r g e n c y de pa r t m e n t w i th t he ch ie f c o m p l a i n t s of s eve re sore th roa t a n d s p i t t i n g up of blood. The e p i s o d e b e g a n s u d d e n l y at 1:30 AM w h e n he a w o k e wi th the s e n s a t ion of b lood in his throat . Severa l e p i s o d e s of h e m o p tys i s occurred , a n d wi th in 30 m i n u t e s the p a t i e n t arr ived at t he e m e r g e n c y d e p a r t m e n t for eva lua t ion and t r ea tmen t . He h a d a h is tory of a c o u g h for 3 days and a sore th roa t for 4 days . The p a t i e n t h a d no p rev ious h is tory of tonsi l l i t is or th roa t t rauma. The m e d i c a t i o n s h e h a d t a k e n i n c l u d e d Nyqui l , Tylenol, a n d Robituss in . He d e n i e d t ak ing any asp i r in or p r o d u c t s cont a i n ing ibuprofen. The p a t i e n t w a s a col lege s t u d e n t w h o s e r o o m m a t e h a d b e e n d i a g n o s e d wi th mononuc leosis 2 m o n t h s previously. The p a t i e n t d e n i e d having s y m p t o m s of mononuc l eos i s and d id not be l i eve t ha t he h a d it. Pas t m e d i c a l h i s to ry i nc luded den t a l e x t r a c t i o n s w i t h o u t e x c e s s i v e b l e e d i n g . No fami ly h is tory of b l e e d i n g d i so rders exis ted . The p a t i e n t de n i ed h a v i n g a h is tory of ca rd iovascu la r d i sease . The p a t i e n t w a s pale, his sk in w a s w a r m and dry, and he w a s in no a c u t e d is t ress . Vital s i gns i n c l u d e d a blood p r e s s u r e of 148/90; pulse, 125; resp i ra t ions , 20; t e m p e r a t u r e , 98 ° F; a n d o x y g e n sa tu ra t ion , 95% on room air. Capi l lary refill w a s less t han 2 seconds . The p a t i e n t h a d a "hot pota to" voice. A n oral e x a m i n a t i o n r evea led br isk diffuse b l e e d i n g from bi la tera l tonsi l lar su r faces t ha t we re marked ly en larged , firm, and exuda t ive . His neck revea led e d e m a bilaterally; jugulod igas t r i c l y m p h n o d e s we re en l a rged a n d mildly tender. Lung fields we re clear a n d equa l bilaterally. W h e n t h e e m e r g e n c y p h y s i c i a n e x a m i n e d t h e p a t i e n t ' s throat , brisk, b r igh t r ed b l e e d i n g w a s n o t e d from the p a t i e n t ' s tonsils . Two large bore in t r avenous l ines (18-gauge ang ioca th , 1 1/4 inch length) w i th 1000
Elevation of RNase R in Response to Multiple Stress Conditions

Cells respond to adverse environmental conditions by synthesizing new proteins or elevating the levels of pre-existing ones that are needed to cope with the particular stress situation. We show here that Escherichia coli RNase R, a processive 3′-to5′-exoribonuclease, is dramatically increased in response to a variety of different stress conditions. Elevation of RNase R activity by as much as 10-fold was observed in response to entry into stationary phase, starvation, and cold shock, and a ∼3-fold increase was seen during growth in minimal medium compared with rich medium. The elevation in RNase R activity was associated primarily with an increase in RNase R protein. RNase R was previously implicated in quality control of rRNA and tRNA and in the decay of mRNAs with extensive secondary structure. Its dramatic increase under multiple stress conditions suggests extensive remodeling of structured RNA in response to the altered environment.
A selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake: Lilly 110140, 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-N-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine.

Abstract Lilly 110140 is a highly selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake into synaptosomes of rat brain, unlike previous monoamine uptake inhibitors that also inhibit the uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Lilly 110140 should be useful in studying the function of serotoninergic neurons and may be helpful in clariying the role of serotonin in certain types of mental depression.
Theory of multiple boson production

A general formula for the multiple boson production is derived. The introduction of a statistical idea to the general formula will be made. Neither comparison to experimental data nor interpretation of them will be given, but the discussion is restricted to the treatment of the several theories proposed so far from a unifying view point, particularly the field theoretical foundation of Fermi’s statistical theory will be discussed in detail.