cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary insights from de novo transcriptome assembly and SNP discovery in California white oaks.

Reference transcriptomes provide valuable resources for understanding evolution within and among species. We de novo assembled and annotated a reference transcriptome for Quercus lobata and Q. garryana and identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to provide resources for forest genomicists studying this ecologically and economically important genus. We further performed preliminary analyses of genes important in interspecific divergent (positive) selection that might explain ecological differences among species, estimating rates of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions (d N/d S) and Fay and Wu’s H. Functional classes of genes were tested for unusually high d N/d S or low H consistent with divergent positive selection. Our draft transcriptome is among the most complete for oaks, including 83,644 contigs (23,329 ≥ 1 kbp), 14,898 complete and 13,778 partial gene models, and functional annotations for 9,431 Arabidopsis orthologs and 19,365 contigs with Pfam hits. We identified 1.7 million possible sequence variants including 1.1 million high-quality diallelic SNPs — among the largest sets identified in any tree. 11 of 18 functional categories with significantly elevated d N/d S are involved in disease response, including 50+ genes with d N/d S > 1. Other high-d N/d S genes are involved in biotic response, flowering and growth, or regulatory processes. In contrast, median d N/d S was low (0.22), suggesting that purifying selection influences most genes. No functional categories have unusually low H. These results offer preliminary support for the hypothesis that divergent selection at pathogen resistance are important factors in species divergence in these hybridizing California oaks. Our transcriptome provides a solid foundation for future studies of gene expression, natural selection, and speciation in Quercus.
TOOA: A Temporal Object-Oriented Algebra

In this paper, we present a temporal, object-oriented algebra which serves as a formal basis for the query language of a temporal, object-oriented data model. Our algebra is a superset of the relational algebra in that it provides support for manipulating temporal objects, temporal types, type hierarchies and class lattices, multiple time-lines, and correction sequences in addition to supporting the five relational algebra operators. Graphs are used as the visual representations of both the schema and the object instances. The algebra provides constructs to modify and manipulate the schema graph and its extension, the object graph. The algebra operates on a collection or collections of objects and returns a collection of objects. This algebra is a first step in providing a formal foundation for query processing and optimizing in a temporal, object-oriented data model.
Design and analysis of eIRA codes on correlated fading channels

We present a simple design technique for extended irregular repeat-accumulate (eIRA) codes (a class of efficiently encodable LDPC codes) for flat Rayleigh fading channels, using simple channels as surrogates in the design. We show that eIRA codes designed for the burst-erasure channel (BuEC) or the burst-erasure channel with AWGN (BuEC-G) achieve essentially the same performance over Rayleigh fading channels as codes designed for the fading channel. Thus, to design good codes for the Rayleigh fading channel, instead of implementing the complex design procedures targeted specifically for this channel, we propose the simple approach of designing codes over surrogate channels, the BuEC or the BuEC-G. We also derive a new channel statistic, the distribution of the number of faded bits per codeword which determines the difference between the performance of correlated and uncorrelated (ideally interleaved) fading channels.
Merlin and ERM proteins: unappreciated roles in cancer development?

Merlin is closely related to ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERMs) — membrane–cytoskeleton-associated proteins that belong to the protein 4.1 superfamily. Although merlin is the only member of the merlin/ERM subfamily that is known to function as a tumour suppressor, common subcellular localization, shared interacting partners and physical interaction between merlin and the ERMs indicate that functional overlap exists. Mouse models indicate that merlin inactivation might have an unappreciated role in human cancer aetiology. So, could the ERM proteins also have a role in cancer development?
Conformational changes induced by integration host factor at origin gamma of R6K and copy number control

We have investigated the role of integration host factor (IHF) in the replication of plasmid R6K by studying the maintainance of the plasmid in a strain of Escherichia coli that lacks both subunits of IHF and in an isogenic wild type strain and found that all three origins, alpha, beta, and gamma, were functional in the absence of IHF; however, loss of IHF reduced the copy number of those replicons initiating solely from ori gamma by 5-fold. Concomitant loss of direct repeats within the origin that bind the R6K replication initiator protein, Pi, resulted in a further reduction in copy number. Using gel mobility shift analysis, we showed that IHF bound specifically only to one site within the A/T rich region of the minimal origin adjacent to the Pi binding sites. The origin region possessed no intrinsic DNA curvature although IHF induced a strong bend upon binding. Combination footprinting with different orders of addition of Pi and IHF suggested that there was no cooperativity between the two proteins with regard to DNA binding. Hydroxyl-radical footprinting revealed hypersensitive asymmetric periodic cleavage sites within the origin region in the presence of IHF that extended over 200 base pairs and a localized perturbation of cleavage chemistry. The presence of periodic cleavages was dependent upon the presence of the wild type R6K origin sequence and was not observed when the IHF binding site was positioned adjacent to a heterologous sequence. We observed that the conformational changes induced by IHF upon binding to the R6K origin were negatively correlated with the observed decrease in copy number, and therefore, origin conformation altered by protein-DNA interaction may play an important role in the regulation of replication initiation.
Evaluation of topical epidural analgesia delivered in gelfoam for postoperative hemilaminectomy pain control.

Objective To evaluate efficacy of a topical epidural analgesia used alone, or in combination with hydromorphone, against a standard pain protocol for the 48 hours immediately after hemilaminectomy. Study Design Randomized, blinded, controlled, clinical trial. Animals Dogs (n = 30) with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease treated with hemilaminectomy. Methods Dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 1 received intermittent hydromorphone postoperatively, group 2 received a topical epidural of preservative-free morphine and dexmedetomidine administered via gel foam, group 3 received both forms of analgesia. All dogs were monitored and assessed for pain for 48 hours immediately postoperatively. Data were analyzed using MANOVA and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests. Results There was a significant temporal difference in treatment groups 1 and 3 when using a 0–10 pain scale (MANOVA, P = .02). There was also a significant difference at the 48th hour postoperatively between groups 1 and 3 (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test). Conclusion Topical epidural of preservative-free morphine and dexmedetomidine administered via gelfoam is not sufficient analgesia alone post hemilaminectomy but in conjunction with other opioid administration may lead to superior pain relief.
Lateral and vertical intergenerational exchange in rural Malawi

Contemporary empirical literature on familyresource flows in developing countries focuseson vertical flows between parents and children.Using data from the 1999 Family TransfersProject in Malawi this article examines abroader set of flows between adult respondentsand their surviving parents, and paternal andmaternal aunts and uncles. It compares thefrequency and value of material and monetaryflows, and the frequency of provision of otherservices, among these relatives. It alsoexplores variation on these parameters acrossthree ethnic groups, each of which has discretenormative patterns of descent, inheritance andpostmarital residential arrangements. Resultssuggest that: (i) intergenerational supportnetworks in Malawi are both vertical andlateral; (ii) in their transfer relationships,working aged adults have a net loss to parents,but a net gain to uncles and aunts, implyingthe existence of an institutionalized networkfor the transfer of resources among branches ofthe family; and (iii) lineal structuresprivilege kin of certain gender for certainroles. Maternal and paternal aunts are thelargest source of material transfers among thematrilineal Yao, and paternal and maternaluncles are the largest source among thepatrilineal Tumbuka.
Multi-Objective Genetic Programming Projection Pursuit for Exploratory Data Modeling

For classification problems, feature extraction is a crucial process which aims to find a suitable data representation that increases the performance of the machine learning algorithm. According to the curse of dimensionality theorem, the number of samples needed for a classification task increases exponentially as the number of dimensions (variables, features) increases. On the other hand, it is costly to collect, store and process data. Moreover, irrelevant and redundant features might hinder classifier performance. In exploratory analysis settings, high dimensionality prevents the users from exploring the data visually. Feature extraction is a two-step process: feature construction and feature selection. Feature construction creates new features based on the original features and feature selection is the process of selecting the best features as in filter, wrapper and embedded methods. In this work, we focus on feature construction methods that aim to decrease data dimensionality for visualization tasks. Various linear (such as principal components analysis (PCA), multiple discriminants analysis (MDA), exploratory projection pursuit) and non-linear (such as multidimensional scaling (MDS), manifold learning, kernel PCA/LDA, evolutionary constructive induction) techniques have been proposed for dimensionality reduction. Our algorithm is an adaptive feature extraction method which consists of evolutionary constructive induction for feature construction and a hybrid filter/wrapper method for feature selection.
Conceptual foundations for the development of organizational decision support systems

It is noted that the effort to construct organizational decision support systems (ODSS) is new to the field of information systems but draws heavily on previous experience with decision support systems (DSS) and group decision support systems (GDSS). The conceptual foundations of this new venture are not well established, but the most logical approach to designing ODSS would be to simply scale-up GDSS technologies to deal with larger groups at the organizational level. However, a careful examination of the character of decision processes at the individual, group, and organizational level suggests that organizational decision processes differ significantly from group decision processes, and features of GDSS that are useful at the group level might well be dysfunctional at the organizational level. Simple scale-up is therefore not a recommended approach. Instead, a broader view of organizational decision processes as an open-system problem is presented, in which ODSS technologies might be constructed to facilitate two important, existing features of group decision making: the maintenance of articulated due process and the establishment of boundary objects. >
An efficient point-in-polygon algorithm

Abstract An algorithm, and its FORTRAN implementation, are presented which efficiently determine whether a point is interior to a polygonal boundary. As such algorithms form the heart of many geoscience programs concerned with spatial information, it is important that they be efficient in their use of storage and time. A comparison of the algorithm with others obtained from the literature shows that it represents a significant improvement in run-time. An important feature of the algorithm is a user-specifiable function which can be tailored to any particular application so as to maximize run-time efficiency.
Toward bridge building: mapping the landscape of telecommunication tools

We can successfully identify the goodness of future mobile telecommunication options only if we consider mobility as one part of the landscape of contemporary communication tools, mobile or otherwise. We discuss a process for identifying opportunities by focusing on beneficial functional bridges between tools. The Dialogue Process, an adaptive online survey, was used to elicit users' opinions of the factors affecting their choices in the current market of communication tools. Fourteen factors were identified; five have universal appeal, nine others depend on a user's circumstances. To analyze these factors, a heuristic evaluation of each tool was used to build "suitability maps" and to examine how user needs are met by today's tools individually, in pairs, and in aggregate. This work represents a first step toward future "bridge building.
Prenatal consultation with the pediatric otolaryngologist

Abstract Objectives To examine the spectrum of fetal head and neck anomalies that may prompt prenatal referral and to determine the frequency of these consultations. Study design Case series with chart review. Methods The billing databases of two urban pediatric otolaryngology practices were queried for ICD-9 codes corresponding to fetal anomalies between January 2010 and December 2012. The pediatric otolaryngology practices in this study evaluate all fetal head and neck anomalies referred to their respective institutions, including craniofacial disorders. Results Over a three-year period, 53 women presented for fetal otolaryngology consultation, with each practice seeing approximately one consultation every 6 weeks (every 5 weeks (JDS) and every 7 weeks (ARS)). The average maternal and gestational age at presentation were 28.7 years and 27.2 weeks, respectively. 83% of the cases ( n = 44) involved some form of cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Other head and neck anomalies included fetal goiter/other congenital neck mass (9% ( n = 5)) and micrognathia (6% ( n = 3)). Macroglossia ( n = 1) and facial cleft ( n = 1) each accounted for 2% of cases. Cleft mothers presented earlier in pregnancy (average 26.8 weeks) than those with a neck mass (average 32.3 weeks) ( p Conclusions Depending on the referral practices at a given medical center, craniofacial surgeons rather than pediatric otolaryngologists may be evaluating the majority of fetal head and neck anomalies, as orofacial clefts account for most prenatal consultations. The wide spectrum of congenital neck masses may or may not demand monitoring of the airway during the peripartum period.
Ultramicrodetermination of Chemical Structure of Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography

A NEW method has been devised for rapidly identifying in µg amounts the carbon skeleton and other structural features of a wide variety of compounds.
The asymptotic behavior of the R/S statistic for fractional Brownian motion

This paper provides a proof of the fact that asymptotically the R/S statistic and the self-similarity index of fractional Brownian motion agree in the expectation sense. In particular for fractional Gaussian noise time series, the R/S statistic is an estimator of the self-similarity index H. We also show that two other methods for estimating H yield consistent estimators.
The effects of residual stresses and degradation on the response of viscoplastic functionally graded materials

Abstract Functionally graded materials (FGMs), having ceramic and metallic constituents, are commonly used for extreme temperature applications. Under extreme temperature changes, the mismatches in the thermo-mechanical properties of the ceramics and metallic constituents could cause pronounced thermal stresses and could lead to degradation in the properties of the constituents. High stresses in the metallic constituent lead to plastic deformations and high tensile stresses in the ceramic constituent induce cracking. An elastic–viscoplastic micromechanical model is formulated for analyzing residual stresses and strains and degradation in ceramic–metal FGMs undergoing temperature changes due to conduction of heat. A degradation parameter that depends on the temperature and strain is introduced in order to determine the level of material degradation in the ceramics and metallic constituents. The Perzyna viscoplastic model is considered for the metallic constituent while the ceramic constituent is assumed linear elastic. The material parameters in these constituents change with the degradation. The problem leads to time-dependent coupled thermal, deformation, and degradation behaviors. The micromechanical model is implemented in a displacement based finite element (FE), which is used to determine the performance of the viscoplastic functionally graded structures subject to external thermo-mechanical stimuli.
Deformation behavior of polystyrene as a function of molecular weight parameters

The mechanical deformation of polystyrene as it relates to molecular weight parameters was investigated. Mechanical testing consisted of uniaxial tension and compression experiments on a variety of polystyrenes. Such quantities as modulus, proportional limit, and various yield stress measurements were determined on polystyrene samples of controlled number-average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. A basic tool for the mechanical behavior analysis was the use of a power law equation σ = Kϵn to examine the initial nonlinear region of each experimentally determined stress–strain curve. Correlations between mechanical deformation and molecular weight parameters were determined using statistical linear regression analysis. It was generally found for uniaxial tension that mechanical parameters in or near the elastic region were independent of Mn and MWD, while at larger strains correlations were found. For uniaxial compression, stress maxima and the strain where this occurred increased with increasing MWD. Otherwise, mechanical parameter changes in uniaxial compression did not occur with changing Mn and MWD. Finally, a direct comparison of tension versus compression showed only the initial moduli to be the same. All other mechanical parameters showed significantly differing values, indicating different deformation mechanisms operating in tension verus compression. The analysis of this behavior from both a mechanics and molecular weight viewpoint provides some insight about glassy polymer deformation processes on the microscopic level.
Comparison of decision rules for automatic EEG classification

Discusses eight classification rules, four based on parametric Gaussian assumptions and four based on nonparametric k-nearest neighbor density estimation, which were tested on human EEG samples representing seven forms of mental activity. With a set of primary EEG features, the k-NN rules, as a class, were significantly more effective than the parametric classifiers; best results were obtained with an optimized version of the generalized k-NN rule. With a reduced set of secondary features, the two types performed approximately equally, but below the best k-NN performances in the original space.
PHOTONUCLEAR REACTION ENERGIES

The general problem of determining photonuclear reaction energies in the region below 25 Mev is discussed, and the need for absolute calibration of betatron energy scales is demonstrated. A system for accomplishing such a calibration is briefly described and the results of some measurements made with it are given. The ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, n){\mathrm{Cu}}^{62}$ threshold was observed to be at 10.78\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 Mev, and two well-defined "breaks" in the ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, n){\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ yield curve are at 16.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 and 17.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 Mev. These "breaks" lead to the assignment of energy levels in ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ which are in excellent agreement with those observed in the ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(p, n){\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ reaction.
The existence of a second route for the transfer of certain glycoproteins from the circulation into the liver

Abstract Oligosaccharide chains of agalactoorosomucoid, α 1 -acid glycoprotein from which sialic acid and galactose have been sequentially removed, terminate in N-acetylglucosaminyl residues. This protein is rapidly transferred from the circulation into the liver by a route distinct from that previously demonstrated for a number of galactosyl terminating glycoproteins.
Perfluoroisopropylcadmium and copper: preparation, stability and reactivity

Abstract Perfluoroisopropylcadmium can be prepared in excellent yield (98%) from (CF 3 ) 2 CFI and activated cadmium powder in DMF at room temperature under degassed conditions. The resultant cadmium reagent undergoes metathesis with copper(I) salts to give perfluoro- isopropylcopper, in quantitative yield. While perfluoroisopropylcopper is stable in DMF at room temperature under nitrogen, the cadmium counterpart decomposes to a mixture of dimers and trimers of hexafluoropropene, under the same conditions. Sulfur dioxide can be inserted into the cadmium-carbon bond in perfluoroisopropylcadmium while no reaction was observed with the corresponding copper reagent. No stable F -alkylcadmium could be obtained from the reaction of CF 3 CF 2 CFICF 3 with either Cd powder or Me 2 Cd; only the elimination product, CF 3 CFCFCF 3 , was observed. Perfluoroalkylation reactions with F -isopropylcadmium/copper in DMF met with limited success.
Modern Classics: Reflections on Rammstein in the German Class1

The decreasing interest in the study of foreign languages forces us to reconsider and re-evaluate new teaching methods and approaches. Nevertheless, the use of music, in particular modern or pop music, for interdisciplinary studies and students' language skills appears to be still neglected. I claim that the lyrics and music of the popular group Rammstein deal with classical German literature and music and therefore should be added to the curriculum. Based on personal teaching experiences while teaching German for a couple of years at both high-school and university level I will provide insight into some aspects dealing with Rammstein in the classroom.
Metapopulation models for seasonally migratory animals

Metapopulation models are widely used to study species that occupy patchily distributed habitat, but are rarely applied to migratory species, because of the difficulty of identifying demographically independent subpopulations. Here, we extend metapopulation theory to describe the directed seasonal movement of migratory populations between two sets of habitat patches, breeding and non-breeding, with potentially different colonization and extinction rates between patch types. By extending the classic metapopulation model, we show that migratory metapopulations will persist if the product of the two colonization rates exceeds the product of extinction rates. Further, we develop a spatially realistic migratory metapopulation model and derive a landscape metric—the migratory metapopulation capacity—that determines persistence. This new extension to metapopulation theory introduces an important tool for the management and conservation of migratory species and may also be applicable to model the dynamics of two host–parasite systems.
The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Carcass Energy Gain in Chickens

Abstract A total of eighty day-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly divided into two equal groups. The birds received the same diet for 6 weeks. One group was brooded at a room temperature of 32 C and the second at 22 C for 6 weeks. At 6 weeks of age, the chicks were weighed individually and feed consumption for each treatment summarized. At the beginning and at the conclusion of the study, 7 birds were randomly selected from each temperature regimen and killed. Excreta were collected at the end of 6th week of age. Combustible energy of the diet, excreta, and the whole chick's body were determined. The body tissue samples were subjected to ether extraction and nitrogen analysis. The results indicated that: 1) the lower environmental temperature enhanced growth rate and feed consumption; 2) ambient temperature had no clear effect on metabolizable energy determination; 3) birds brooded in the cooler room environment had higher weight gain values than those grown in the warmer environment; 4) difference between the direct and indirect determinations of carcass energy was 2.5%; 5) energy per gram of dry tissue increased with decreasing ambient temperature; and 6) the energy gain value for birds reared at 22 C was higher than at 32 C; however, the improvement in efficiency was slight at the lower environmental temperature.
Metabolic labelling of P. knowlesi-specific glycoproteins in membranes of parasitized rhesus monkey erythrocytes

Abstract Rhesus monkey erythrocytes infected with P. knowlesi at high degrees of synchrony were metabolically labeled in vitro during the early schizont stage, using 14 C-amino acids and 14 C-glucosamine as precursors. Parasite-specific proteins in purified schizonts and host-cell membranes were characterized by their isoelectric points and molecular masses, using isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide and dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Both 14 C-amino acids and 14 C-glucosamine caused labelling of 60,000–90,000D proteins/glycoproteins, focusing between pH 4.5 and pH 5.2. The plasmodial parasites synthesized gangliosides and/ or other glycolipids, leading to their appearance in the host cell membrane.
Review and Comparison of Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer Enhancements

This study provides a detailed literature review and an assessment of results of the research and development work forming the current status of nanofluid technology for heat transfer applications. Nanofluid technology is a relatively new field, and as such, the supporting studies are not extensive. Specifically, experimental results were reviewed in this study regarding the enhancement of the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of nanofluids relative to conventional heat transfer fluids, and assessments were made as to the state-of-the-art of verified parametric trends and magnitudes. Pertinent parameters of particle volume concentration, particle material, particle size, particle shape, base fluid material, temperature, additive, and acidity were considered individually, and experimental results from multiple research groups were used together when assessing results. To this end, published research results from many studies were recast using a common parameter to facilitate comparisons of data among research groups and to identify thermal property and heat transfer trends. The current state of knowledge is presented as well as areas where the data are presently inconclusive or conflicting. Heat transfer enhancement for available nanofluids is shown to be in the 15-40% range, with a few situations resulting in orders of magnitude enhancement.
Performance analysis of an ingress switch in a JumpStart optical burst switching network

We consider an ingress optical burst switching (OBS) node employing the JumpStart signaling protocol. The switch serves a number of users, each connected to the switch with a fiber link that supports multiple wavelengths. Each wavelength is associated with a 3-state Markovian burst arrival process which permits short and long bursts to be modeled. We model the ingress switch as a closed multi-class non-product-form queueing network, which we analyze approximately by decomposition. Specifically, we develop new techniques to analyze the queueing network, first assuming a single class of customers, and subsequently multiple classes of customers. These analytical techniques have applications to general queueing networks beyond the one studied in this paper. We also develop computationally efficient approximate algorithms to analyze an ingress switch in the limiting case where the number of wavelengths is large. The algorithms have a good accuracy, and they provide insight into the effect of various system parameters on the performance of an ingress OBS switch.
International Trade Relations and the Contagious Effects of the Asian Financial Crisis

This paper examines the trade relationship among Pacific Rim Asian economies and the U.S. with an attempt at understanding the fundamental causes for the contagious effects of the Asian financial crisis. East Asian economies trade extensively among themselves and with the U.S. This great dependence on foreign trade and investments has considerably increased the instability of the economies and financial markets in this region. It is found that the impact of the financial crisis on a domestic economy is positively correlated with its trade relationship with foreign economies. The importance of the trade relationship is manifested in the financial markets. Results show that the returns and volatility of a stock market are significantly influenced by the markets of its major trading partners. Also, foreign exchange markets often significantly interact with stock markets, especially following the Asian financial crisis. Furthermore, the Japanese and Hong Kong markets, instead of the U.S. market, had a dominating effect on East Asian financial markets during the period of the financial crisis.
Metastatic osteogenic sarcoma to the brain.

The radiographic appearances of intracranial metastases from primary osteogenic sarcomas in three patients are presented. In two patients, the diagnosis of metastatic disease could be made on conventional roentgenograms of the skull since mineralization of tumor osteoid could be seen within the brain parenchyma. This had a similar appearance to the primary bone tumor. Angiography in two of the three patients revealed the cerebral metastases to be hypervascular with tumor vessels, tumor stain and early draining veins. Cancer 43:707–710, 1979.
Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Type I Streptococcus pneumoniae: Preparation, Characterization, and Evidence for Attenuation and Immunogenicity

Thirteen temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of type I Streptococcus pneumoniae were selected after exposure of virulent wild-type (ts+) organisms to nitrosoguanidine. Each mutant resembled the ts' parent in properties of a-hemolysis, bile solubility, optochin sensitivity, antibiotic sensitivity, and serotype. Unlike the ts+ parent, however, each ts mutant was restricted in its capacity to form colonies on blood agar at 38 C. With the exception of two mutants, there was a correlation between the degree of temperature-sensitivity of a mutant and its genetic stability. When inoculated intraperitoneally into mice, 11 of 13 mutants were attenuated and induced homologous resistance. Three mutants (ts 1, ts 3, and ts 4) were also studied in hamsters and were found to be attenuated and immunogenic after intraperitoneal injection. Study of the behavior of mutants ts 1, ts 3, and ts 4 in the blood of hamsters suggested that attenuation may be related, in part, to decreased growth and survival of ts organisms at body temperature. Mutants ts 1 and ts 4 were completely attenuated for hamsters when administered intranasally and induced significant resistance to subsequent challenge with wild-type organisms by the same route. Local administration of ts mutants of type I S. pneumoniae to hamsters may provide a model for evaluating the potential of live vaccines in the prevention of disease due to bacterial respiratory tract pathogens.
Nutritive quality of little bluestem clones selected for phenotypic variability

Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash), a perennial bunchgrass, is a potentially valuable species for use in restoring ground cover in shallow range sites that are subject to drought. However, there are no data on the nutritive quality of the diverse phenotypes of little bluestem found in the north central USA and south central Canada, and there are no cultivars of little bluestem that are adapted to these areas. The objectives of this study were to measure the nutritive quality of little bluestem clones sampled on different dates and to determine whether clones differed sufficiently to facilitate selection efforts to improve forage quality. Whole plant samples of little bluestem were clipped on 8 August and 8 September 1983 and 5 July and 6 August 1984 from a field nursery at Mandan, North Dakota, containing plants originating from Minnesota and North and South Dakota in the USA. Significant differences between sampling dates were found each year for in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), crude protein, lignin, calcium, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). In order to minimize the effects of maturity on chemical composition, data were statistically evaluated for clonal differences, using only the August sampling dates. Clones were further separated into north and southeast groups according to stage of maturity and latitude and moisture conditions where the clones originated. Clones were significantly different with respect to IVDOM and P in both the north and southeast groups for the August 1983–1984 data. IVDOM and P among clones averaged over years for the August sampling date ranged from 374to 521 g kg−1 and from O-9to l-6g kg−1, respectively, for the north group and from 456 to 538 g kg−1 and from 1–2 to 2–0 g kg−1, respectively, for the southeast group. The range in IVDOM and P suggests that selection to improve little bluestem quality components, especially later in the season, may be warranted. However, it is important that these results be corroborated under conditions where the effects of maturity are further diminished.
Management of the regional lymph nodes in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma.

One of the most difficult decisions in the management of patients with melanoma remains whether or not to dissect electively the regional lymph nodes of patients with high risk primary tumors. There is abundant evidence that a proportion of such patients will eventually develop nodal metastases and that the probability of metastasis increases with increasing tumor thickness and depth of invasion. If elective node dissection is performed on all patients with high risk primaries, most patients (who have no tumor in the nodes) will be subjected to a potentially morbid operation from which they can achieve no benefit. On the other hand, a “wait and see” policy accepts that a minority of patients will go on to develop nodal metastases and that if definitive therapy is delayed until metastases are detected clinically their likelihood of survival is much reduced. We describe a new technique of dye-directed selective lymphadenectomy that allows accurate and objective identification of individual patients who have subclinical metastases, the individuals whoa priori are most likely to benefit from lymphadenectomy. We also discuss new approaches to the assessment of prognosis after lymphadenectomy for node-spread melanoma, a group of patients in whom the prognosis is not uniformly bad. We end with a consideration of quality assurance aspects of the pathological evaluation of lymphadenectomy specimens.
Duplication of the autosomally inherited 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gene locus in tetraploid species of cyprinid fish.

Among members of the fish family Cyprinidae,a diploid—tetraploid relationship exists. The present study on electrophoretic patterns of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase indicates that such diploid members as Barbus tetrazonamaintain allelic polymorphism at a single gene locus for this enzyme. Tetraploid members such as the carp and goldfish are endowed with two separate gene loci for 6-PGD. Tetraploid evolution apparently fixed two former alleles of the same locus as two separate gene loci. Furthermore, it appears that after becoming tetraploid, the carp and goldfish developed a separate regulatory mechanism for each locus; thus preferential activation of one or the other 6-PGD locus occurs in different tissues of tetraploid species.
SOLUTION-FOCUSED THERAPY IN A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL

This paper presents the authors' use of solution-focused brief therpay in an adult inpatient psychiatric hospital setting. we suggest that a theoretical inteeegration of the medical model and the solution-focused approach provides a useful treatment modality. We discuss implementation of the model, emphasizing assessment, treatment milieu, the role of staff, therapy, and discharge issues. We also describe the model's usefulness for training and supervision and offer recommendations for future research.
Coalition Proof Equilibrium in an Adverse Selection Insurance Economy

Abstract We extend the notion of Coalition Proof Nash Equilibrium to a class of matching games with private information. This solution concept is applied to an adverse selection insurance economy and is shown to yield a unique allocation: the optimal allocation without cross-subsidy. This contrasts sharply with the outcome in alternative institutional settings for negotiations among players, as modeled for instance by the Incentive Compatible Core. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers C71, C72, D82.
Estrophilin assays in breast cancer: Quantitative features and application to the mastectomy specimen

Knowledge of the tumor content of estrogen receptor, called estrophilin, has proved to be of significant clinical value in human breast cancer. Although most breast cancer tissues contain cytosol estrophilin, essentially only patients whose cancers have moderate to high levels of estrophilin, designated estrophilin-rich, are found to respond to endocrine therapy. About two-thirds of patients with estrophilin-rich cancers obtain objective benefit from endocrine therapy. Present results indicate that predictions of response to endocrine therapy at time of recurrence can be based on the estrophilin assay of the primary lesion. Nonetheless, changes in estrophilin content during the course of disease are not uncommon. Despite an occasional patient in whom multiple samples separated by a long time have unchanged estrophilin content, there is a general tendency toward decreased estrophilin content with time.
Bond dissociation energies and equilibrium structures of Cu+(MeOH)x, x = 1-6, in the gas phase: competition between solvation of the metal ion and hydrogen-bonding interactions.

The solvation of Cu+ by methanol (MeOH) was studied via examination of the kinetic energy dependence of the collision-induced dissociation of Cu+(MeOH)x complexes, where x = 1−6, with Xe in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. In all cases, the primary and lowest-energy dissociation channel observed is the endothermic loss of a single MeOH molecule. The primary cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs) after accounting for the effects of multiple ion−neutral collisions, kinetic and internal energy distributions of the reactants, and lifetimes for dissociation. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level are performed to obtain model structures, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants for the Cu+(MeOH)x complexes and their dissociation products. The relative stabilities of various conformations and theoretical BDEs are determined from single-point energy calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p) level of theory using...
Immunologic Cross-Reaction Between Human Leukemic Plasma and Avian Leukosis Group-Specific Antiserum

SummaryThe plasma of a patient with acute monomyelogenous leukemia when used as an antigen in Ouchterlony tests reacted with hamster serum containing anti-avian leukosis group-specific antibodies. Of the two immunoprecipitin bands seen, one merged in a reaction of identity with a band formed by AMV and the antibody-containing hamster serum. Since the leukemic plasma did not react with normal hamster serum, normal chicken plasma or anti-normal chicken serum in immunodiffusion tests, the results of this study represent a true cross reaction between antigens from a human leukemic source and antibodies directed against the avian leukosis group-specific antigens. Electron microscope studies on the human plasma revealed viruslike particles in a concentration greater than 5 × 107 particles/ml based upon direct counts. As yet the data do not allow for any correlations to be made between the immunologic findings and the presence of virus-like particles in the plasma.
Head-tracked stereoscopic display using image warping

ABSTRACT In traditional stereoscopic displays, the virtual three-dimensional object does not appear to be fixed in space as theviewer's head moves. This apparent motion results from the fact that a correct stereo image can only be formed for aparticular viewpoint and interpupillary distance. At other viewpoints, our brain interprets the stereo image as aslightly skewed and rotated version of the original. When moving the head, this skewing of the image is perceived asapparent motion of the object.This apparent motion anomaly can be overcome with head tracking. Unfortunately, a head-tracked stereo-displaysystem requires the generation of images from arbitrary viewpoints. This has previously limited the practical use ofhead-tracked stereo to synthetic imagery. We describe a stereoscopic display system which requires the broadcast ofonly a stereo pair and sparse correspondence information, yet allows for the generation of the arbitrary views requiredfor head-tracked stereo.Our proposed method begins with a pair of hyper-stereo reference images. From these, a sparse set of correspondingpoints is extracted. Next, we use image warping and compositing techniques to synthesize new views based on theuser's current head position. We show that under a reasonable set of constraints, this method can be used to generatestereo images from a wide range of viewpoints. This technique has several advantages over previous methods. It doesnot require an explicit geometric description, and thus, avoids the difficult depth-from-stereo problem. We alsodescribe a unique visibility solution which allows the synthesized images to maintain their proper depth relationshipswithout appealing to an underlying geometric description.Keywords: Computer Graphics, Picture/Image Generation, Stereoscopic Display, Image Processing, Image Warping,Image Morphine, Three-Dimensional Graphics
Public investment criteria and idle resources: A regional analysis

IN THIS PAPER, THE REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEMANDS IMPOSED ON THE ECONOMY BY PUBLIC WATER RESOURCE INVESTMENTS LOCATED IN ANY REGION IS ESTIMATED AND A BASIS FOR ADJUSTING THE MONEY COSTS OF PROJECT CONSTRUCTION IN PERIODS OR REGIONS OF LESS THAN FULL EMPLOYMENT IS DEVELOPED. THE CONCLUSION DRAWN IS THAT THERE IS NOW AN OPERATIONAL MODEL AND A COMPUTER PROGRAM BY WHICH TO RE-EVALUATE PROJECTS IN TERMS OF THEIR OPPORTUNITY COSTS WHEN REGIONAL OR NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATES DEPART FROM FRICTIONAL MINIMA. MOREOVER, TO AVOID BIASING PUBLIC EXPENDITURES IN THE DIRECTION OF A SINGLE PROGRAM, ALL PUBLIC INVESTMENTS (INCLUDING TAX CUTS) SHOULD BE SIMILARLY ANALYZED TO DETERMINE WHAT, IF ANY, DIFFERENCES EXIST AMONG THEM. THROUGH THE USE OF THIS MODEL, MORE DISCRIMINATING JUDGMENT CAN BE APPLIED TO PUBLIC INVESTMENT POLICY IN GENERAL AND ESPECIALLY PUBLIC INVESTMENT POLICY IN THE CHRONICALLY DEPRESSED, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, AND DECLINING AREAS OF THE NATION. /AUTHOR/
Diode laser sensor for measurements of CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 in combustion flows

A diode laser sensor has been applied to monitor CO, CO(2), and CH(4) in combustion gases with absorption spectroscopy and fast extraction-sampling techniques. Survey spectra of the CO 3nu band (R branch) and the 2nu(1) + 2nu(2)(0) + nu(3) CO(2) band (R branch) near 6350 cm(-1) and H(2)O lines from the nu(1) + 2nu(2) and 2nu(2) + nu(3) bands in the spectral region from 6345 to 6660 cm(-1) were recorded and compared with calculated spectra (from the HITRAN 96 database) to select optimum transitions for species detection. Species concentrations above a laminar, premixed, methane-air flame were determined from measured absorption in a fast-flow multipass absorption cell containing probe-sampled combustion gases; good agreement was found with calculated chemical equilibrium values.
Nitrogen fixation varies spatially and seasonally in linked stream-lake ecosystems

We performed surveys of nitrogen (N2)-fixation in three oligotrophic lake-stream systems in the Sawtooth Mountains of central Idaho to address two questions: (1) Which habitat types within linked lake-stream systems (lake pelagic, lake benthic, and stream) exhibit the highest rates of N2 fixation?, and (2) How does N2 fixation compare to the hydrologic flux of nitrogen? A seasonal survey showed that N2 fixation in a single lake and its outlet stream peaked in late summer, when hydrologic N fluxes were lowest. Benthic lake N2-fixation rates by epiphytes were highest at mid-lake depths, where their percent cover was highest, while rates by epipelon were greatest at shallow lake depths. Pelagic N2 fixation was below detection. Stream N2-fixation rates were greatest on rock substrates and in the lake outlet stream. These patterns were supported by a baseflow survey (late July) in three lake-stream ecosystems which confirmed that N2-fixation rates peaked in the lake benthos at shallow depths and on rock substrates in outlet streams. Scaling N2-fixation rates to whole lake and stream areas revealed that N2 fixation could exceed the nitrate, and sometimes the total dissolved nitrogen flux during baseflow in lakes and outlet streams. Despite low rates, total N2-fixation contributions (kg/day) from lakes were greater because they had far larger surface areas than the stream environments. Fixed nitrogen contributions from stream outlets were also relatively high because of high N2-fixation rates and despite low surface areas. This study suggests that N2 fixation could be a seasonally important nitrogen source to nutrient deficient subalpine lake-stream ecosystems. In addition, the frequency and location of lakes could control N2-fixation contributions to watersheds by providing a large area for within-lake N2 fixation, and creating conditions favorable for N2 fixation in outlet streams.
AN EVALUATION OF TRANSFER‐FUNCTION/NOISE MODELS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION

Although a variety of regression models of suspended sediment are in wide use, their success is limited. Consistently accurate models have not been forthcoming. Transfer-function/noise models are presented as a better type of stochastic sediment model. These models match hydrological theory more closely, more accurately predict suspended sediment, better satisfy underlying statistical assumptions, and provide more heuristic value regarding current hydrological theory, than past sediment models.
A tracer study of liquid phosgene as an acid-base solvent☆

Abstract Solute aluminium chloride undergoes slow exchange of radiochlorine with liquid phosgene. A solvate of composition COCl 2 . AlCl 3 was prepared, and the chlorines of the phosgene and aluminium chloride parts were shown to be non-equivalent. It was found that calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and cesium chloride undergo very little heterogeneous exchange with liquid phosgene. Ionic chlorides allowed to react with a solution of aluminium chloride do not catalyse exchange of the latter with the solvent. Ionic chlorides undergo reaction by transferring chloride ions directly to aluminium chloride, and not to the solvent as the postulates of the solvent system formulation of acids and bases would require. It is suggested that: (1) The active agent in aluminium chloride solutions is aluminium chloride itself, not CO ++ or COCl + ; (2) The Lewis theory of acids and bases can better be applied to the phosgene solutions than can the theory of solvent systems.