cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of suburban relative housing-unit diversity

The diversity of housing-unit supply in suburban areas has been a central concern for planners and policy makers for at least 50 years. Absence of census cross-tabulation data on housing unit structure-type by unit-size (number of bedrooms), has limited our understanding of the historical and regional evolution of relative suburban housing-unit diversity. I use census microdata to estimate measures of relative housing diversity between cities and suburbs, including the housing-unit portfolio compositions, and availability ratios of diverse housing-unit types. Data are presented for the US, regions, metropolitan areas, and across different time periods. Effects of housing-unit supply on household structure and location are estimated. Results indicate that suburban areas, while growing in terms of the absolute number of diverse housing units constructed, are relatively undersupplying diverse housing units, thereby constraining households’ housing opportunities.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Abstract A multiple solvent paper chromatography system is described which tentatively identifies most of the known mammalian acid mucopolysaccharides, when these are examined singly. Certain mucopolysaccharides may be identified with reasonable certainty in complex mixtures of such substances. Protein contamination of significant degree does not appear to interfere with these methods. These chromatographic systems appear to be most useful for the rapid, tentative identification of acid mucopolysaccharides where only limited samples are available.
Overview of fusion nuclear technology in the US

Fusion nuclear technology (FNT) research in the United States encompasses many activities and requires expertise and capabilities in many different disciplines. The US Enabling Technology program is divided into several task areas, with aspects of magnet fusion energy (MFE) fusion nuclear technology being addressed mainly in the Plasma Chamber, Neutronics, Safety, Materials, Tritium and Plasma Facing Component Programs. These various programs work together to address key FNT topics, including support for the ITER basic machine and the ITER Test Blanket Module, support for domestic plasma experiments, and development of DEMO relevant material and technological systems for blankets, shields, and plasma facing components. In addition, two inertial fusion energy (IFE) research programs conducting FNT-related research for IFE are also described. While it is difficult to describe all these activities in adequate detail, this paper gives an overview of critical FNT activities. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pharmaceutical analysis for environmental samples: individual and simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin using an HPLC with fluorescence and UV detection with a wetland soil matrix.

Abstract Two HPLC methods were developed for individual and simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin for use in laboratory experiments producing large numbers of samples (100 s to 1000 s). Individual compound detection produced retention times between 1.5 and 2 min and simultaneous detection between 6.5 to 8 min. The methods are compatible with complex geomatrices, e.g. a wetland soil. These methods provide 1) detection limits in the low parts per-billion range; 2) decrease in retention times of 5–10 times for single compounds, and up to 2 times for simultaneous detection over published methods; and 3) require no solid phase extraction.
THE PANIC OF 1819: CONTEMPORARY OPINION AND POLICY†

s of Doctoral Dissertations 421 tors would lose confidence, and they further warned that paper money would depreciate. Free traders charged that the tariff would worsen the existing commercial depression and place tax burdens on consumption. Critics of all legislative relief generally relied on individual "industry" and economy as the only lasting cure for depressions. Some also rested their case on general laissesz faire philosophy. The legislative struggles over money and debt were largely waged at the state level, as prevailing constitutional theory focused responsibility for banking and debt on the states. Several western states enacted, over bitter opposition, a program of state inconvertible paper, not directly legal tender but expected to perform the functions of money. Rapid depreciation, caused by inflation and adverse judicial decisions on their constitutionality, led to repeal of these measures and the eventual return to specie payment. On the federal level, there were quite a few ambitious proposals for national inconvertible paper and contrasting plans for elimination of paper and complete return to specie, No fundamental change aroused much interest in Congress, however. The depression years also saw the rise of an enthusiastic protectionist movement, eager to protect such newly emerging manufactures as cotton and woolen textiles, glass, and iron. The proposed protective tariff of 1820 passed the House and failed in the Senate by only one vote. While the tariff struggle was waged on geographical lines, the conventional view that debtors' relief and paper-money conflicts were fought on geographical, occupational, or income-class lines is strongly contradicted, The controversy cut sharply across all these lines. Western legislation was closely fought, and conflicts raged in many eastern states. Wealthy and respectable men were the leaders
Analysis of Commutated Networks Employing Feedback Circuits

A method of analysis has been developed for feedback systems employing commutated networks in the forward loop and linear transfer functions in the feedback loop. The method handles single-phase and polyphase commutated networks as well as coupled and uncoupled networks. Although commutated networks are linear from the superposition theory viewpoint, linear feedback theory is shown to be not applicable because of the harmonics present in the feedback loop. Techniques for simplifying the analysis of commutated networks by the use of equivalent block diagrams provide additional insights into commutated network operation.
SPONTANEOUS REVERSION AT THE HPRT LOCUS IN CELLS FROM A PATIENT WITH A MILD VARIANT OF THE LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME

SPONTANEOUS REVERSION AT THE HPRT LOCUS IN CELLS FROM A PATIENT WITH A MILD VARIANT OF THE LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME
Pulsed lasers in speckle photography: error owing to pulse width

The effect of the pulse width of a pulsed laser in the studies of speckle velocimetry and transient vibration analysis is discussed. Because of the motion of the object during an exposure, a sine function is obtained by using the pointwise filtering method. This function modulates the halo along with the Young's fringes. It is shown that for high object velocities the sinc function modifies the halo distribution; as a result, the error in calculating the fringe position increases. An aperture geometry for which the autocorrelation halo is made constant in certain regions is proposed in which the intensity variation in this region is the result of the modulating sinc function only. A closed-form solution for the shift in the position of the fringes in this region is obtained. Experimental results of the simulation are presented.
Management of perioperative arrhythmias

Electrocardiography was the first application of electronic monitoring to anesthesia care. The detection of arrhythmias remains the most important use of this technology today. Several predisposing factors tend to emerge when perioperative arrhythmias are evaluated. These are the anesthetic given, the site of surgery, abnormalities of blood gases or electrolytes, tracheal intubation, reflexes such as vagal slowing and the oculocardiac reflex, stimulation of the central nervous system, the presence of preexisting heart disease, and the use of intracardiac devices. In the evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias, several facts need to be determined. The most important is to determine if there is an underlying complication of anesthesia and surgery that may explain the arrhythmia. In addition, it is vital to evaluate the heart rate, the regularity, the number of P waves per QRS, and the configuration of the QRS. The anesthesiologist needs to determine whether the rhythm is dangerous to the patient and whether it requires treatment. Prompt evaluation and management of perioperative arrhythmias reduce anesthetic morbidity and mortality. This article reviews the causes and pharmacological treatment of major abnormalities of atrial and ventricular cardiac arrhythmias occurring in the perioperative period.
Tissue specificity of translation inhibition in Sprague-Dawley rats following in vivo cyclosporin A

Abstract We have shown that following the in vivo administration of cyclosporin A (CsA) to either male or female Sprague-Dawley rats, there is a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of translation elongation in renal microsomes. Experiments reported in this paper explore the tissue specificity of translation inhibition. Following 6 days of oral 50 mg/kg/day CsA or control vehicle, animals were sacrificed and renal, hepatic and cardiac microsomal and cytoplasmic fractions prepared for “run-off” translation assays. These assays demonstrated that in vivo CsA resulted in a reduction in renal microsomal 3 H- L -leucine incorporation to 25% of control values, a reduction of cardiac microsomal incorporation to 60% of controls and a stimulation of hepatic microsomal incorporation to 140% of controls. Cross-over experiments involving the addition of renal cytoplasmic fractions from CsA-treated animals to renal microsomal fractions from control-vehicle-treated animals depressed 3 H- L -leucine incorporation to approximately 50% of control values. When the renal cytoplasmic fraction from CsA-treated animals was added to renal, hepatic or cardiac microsomal fractions from control-vehicle-treated animals, 3 H- L -leucine incorporation values were consistently reduced to approximately 50% of controls. We have reported that translation elongation is inhibited by renal cytoplasm from CsA-treated rats in the presence of control renal cytoplasm. These data suggest that inhibition arises from the presence of an inhibitor rather than from a deficiency in elongation factors. The data reported in this paper demonstrate that microsomal fractions from various tissues have equal sensitivity to CsA-mediated renal cytoplasmic translation inhibition. These observations further suggest that renal translation inhibition is a result of more inhibitor being formed in, or taken up by, renal tissues than hepatic or cardiac tissues, and not due to a tissue-specific sensitivity to inhibitor. Renal translation inhibitor was also shown to inhibit eukaryotic translation in rabbit reticulocyte translation assays and prokaryotic translation in E. coli S30 coupled transcription/translation assays. The observation that translation elongation inhibition is most prominent in renal tissues, the site of dose-limiting CsA toxicity, suggests it may contribute to CsA nephrotoxicity.
Nuclear dependence of the Drell-Yan process in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The EMC-type effects observed in lepton, hadron-nucleus collisions have revised the conventional high energy picture of the nucleus as a collection of semi-independent nucleons interacting via a meson field. For high momentum transfers deviations from this picture can be accounted for by a QCD treatment in which the nuclear dependence, attributed to overlapping of bound nucleons, is introduced through the nonperturbative parton momentum distributions. These phenomena must be more pronounced in nucleus-nucleus interactions to be studied at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We calculate the ratio of the Drell-Yan cross section for collisions of two large nuclei to that for interactions of two protons or deuterium nuclei to order [alpha][sub [ital s]]. We predict that in the invariant mass range between the heavy quarkonium peaks this ratio is less (greater) than one for small (large) values of the pair longitudinal and transverse momentum. For fixed nucleon energy the depletion at low lepton momenta decreases with increase of the invariant mass and disappears well beyond the meson resonances. We investigate the dependence of these effects on the choice of ocean and gluon momentum distributions.
Brain–adipose tissue cross talk

While investigating the reversible seasonal obesity of Siberian hamsters, direct sympathetic nervous system (SNS) postganglionic innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) has been demonstrated using anterograde and retrograde tract tracers. The primary function of this innervation is lipid mobilization. The brain SNS outflow to WAT has been defined using the pseudorabies virus (PRV), a retrograde transneuronal tract tracer. These PRV-labelled SNS outflow neurons are extensively co-localized with melanocortin-4 receptor mRNA, which, combined with functional data, suggests their involvement in lipolysis. The SNS innervation of WAT also regulates fat cell number, as noradrenaline inhibits and WAT denervation stimulates fat cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo respectively. The sensory innervation of WAT has been demonstrated by retrograde tract tracing, electrophysiological recording and labelling of the sensory-associated neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide in WAT. Local injections of the sensory nerve neurotoxin capsaicin into WAT selectively destroy this innervation. Just as surgical removal of WAT pads triggers compensatory increases in lipid accretion by non-excised WAT depots, capsaicin-induced sensory denervation triggers increases in lipid accretion of non-capsaicin-injected WAT depots, suggesting that these nerves convey information about body fat levels to the brain. Finally, parasympathetic nervous system innervation of WAT has been suggested, but the recent finding of no WAT immunoreactivity for the possible parasympathetic marker vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) argues against this claim. Collectively, these data suggest several roles for efferent and afferent neural innervation of WAT in body fat regulation.
The Elusive Hydroxyl Revisited

The hydroxyl radical (OH) is an important oxidant in Earth9s atmosphere, but measurement of its minuscule abundance is very difficult. In his Perspective, Brune provides an updated look at recent measurements carried out in Germany in which two different techniques were compared.
Binding of double-stranded DNA to glomeruli of rats in vivo.

In vivo binding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to renal glomeruli of rats was examined. 125I-dsDNA (600 basepairs) was perfused with 131I-IgG as a blood marker into the right renal artery of normal rats, and blood flow was restored. After 10 minutes, isolated glomeruli showed a specific uptake of DNA, which increased in a saturable fashion with increasing doses of administered DNA. To exclude the possibility that 125I in the glomeruli represented only DNA breakdown products, we extracted the DNA from the glomeruli for analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The extracted DNA was 120-200 bp in size, which is large enough to bind antibodies to DNA. In contrast, the radioactivity of DNA taken up by the liver or renal tissues other than glomeruli was predominantly trichloroacetic acid soluble, i.e., less than 15 bp. Immunofluorescence studies showed that antibodies to DNA, administered after DNA, were present in glomeruli. Our data indicate that dsDNA binds to glomeruli in vivo in a saturable manner, and remains large enough to be antigenic. Therefore, the binding of DNA to glomeruli, followed by interaction with antibodies to dsDNA may be a mechanism for DNA-anti-DNA complex formation in glomeruli in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Fast Recommendation on Bibliographic Networks

Graphs and matrices are widely used in algorithms for social network analyses. Since the number of interactions is much less than the possible number of interactions, the graphs and matrices used in the analyses are usually sparse. In this paper, we propose an efficient implementation of a sparse-matrix computation which arises in our publicly available citation recommendation service called the advisor. The recommendation algorithm uses a sparse matrix generated from the citation graph. We observed that the nonzero pattern of this matrix is highly irregular and the computation suffers from high number of cache misses. We propose techniques for storing the matrix in memory efficiently and reducing the number of cache misses. Experimental results show that our techniques are highly efficient on reducing the query processing time which is highly crucial for a web service.
Measurements of the rise velocities of bubbles, slugs and pressure waves in a gas‐solid fluidized bed using pressure fluctuation signals

The rise velocities of bubbles, slugs and pressure waves in a fluidized bed have been measured on-line through the use of pressure transducers coupled with the cross-correlation technique. Sand and glass beads with different particle sizes were tested. Effects of the gas flow rate and column diameter on the rise velocities of bubbles and slugs were investigated. The results were correlated with two models developed in this work and were compared with the data obtained by other investigators.
Topological Analysis of HIV-1 Glycoproteins Expressed In Situ on Virus Surfaces Reveals Tighter Packing but Greater Conformational Flexibility than for Soluble gp120

In natural infection, antibodies interact with HIV-1 primarily through nonfunctional forms of envelope glycoproteins (Env), including uncleaved (UNC) gp160 and gp41 stumps. These antigens are important to fully characterize, as they may be decoys that promote nonneutralizing responses and may also be targets for nonneutralizing effector responses. In this study, we compared the antigenic properties of Env expressed in situ on pseudovirion virus-like particle (VLP) surfaces and soluble gp120 using harmonized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and a panel of 51 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Only 32 of 46 soluble gp120-reactive MAbs recognized the primary UNC gp160 antigen of VLPs. Indeed, many epitopes were poorly exposed (C1, V2, C1-C4, C4, C4-V3, CD4 induced [CD4i], and PGT group 3) or obscured (C2, C5, and C1-C5) on VLPs. In further studies, VLP Env exhibited an increased degree of inter-MAb competition, the epicenter of which was the base of the V3 loop, where PGT, 2G12, V3, and CD4 binding site specificities competed. UNC gp160 also underwent more drastic soluble CD4 (sCD4)-induced conformational changes than soluble gp120, exposing CD4i, C1-C4, and V2 epitopes. A greater propensity of UNC gp160 to undergo conformational changes was also suggested by the induction of CD4i MAb binding to VLPs by a V3 MAb as well as by soluble CD4. The same effect was not observed for soluble gp120. Taken together, our data suggest that membrane-expressed UNC gp160 exists in a less "triggered" conformational state than soluble gp120 and that MAb binding to UNC gp160 tends to have greater conformational consequences.
Point-Collocation Nonintrusive Polynomial Chaos Method for Stochastic Computational Fluid Dynamics

This paper describes a point-collocation nonintrusive polynomial chaos technique used for uncertainty propagation in computational fluid dynamics simulations. The application of point-collocation nonintrusive polynomial chaos to stochastic computational fluid dynamics is demonstrated with two examples: 1) a stochastic expansion-wave problem with an uncertain deflection angle (geometric uncertainty) and 2) a stochastic transonic-wing case with uncertain freestream Mach number and angle of attack. For each problem, input uncertainties are propagated with both the nonintrusive polynomial chaos method and Monte Carlo techniques to obtain the statistics of various output quantities. Confidence intervals for Monte Carlo statistics are calculated using the bootstrap method. For the expansion-wave problem, a fourth-degree polynomial chaos expansion, which requires five deterministic computational fluid dynamics evaluations, has been sufficient to predict the statistics within the confidence interval of 10,000 crude Monte Carlo simulations. In the transonic-wing case, for various output quantities of interest, it has been shown that a fifth-degree point-collocation nonintrusive polynomial chaos expansion obtained with Hammersley sampling was capable of estimating the statistics at an accuracy level of 1000 Latin hypercube Monte Carlo simulations with a significantly lower computational cost. Overall, the examples demonstrate that the point-collocation nonintrusive polynomial chaos has a promising potential as an effective and computationally efficient uncertainty propagation technique for stochastic computational fluid dynamics simulations.
Function and properties of aminoacyl transferases and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in rat liver and HeLa cells.

Abstract Elongation factors 1 and 2, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, are heterogeneously distributed in sucrose gradients containing postribosomal extracts of HeLa cells. The highest activity of the enzymes was found in a 5–7S region which corresponds to sedimentation coefficients expected for the free enzymes, but considerable enzyme activity was present at higher S values. The two elongation factors were found in a 10–17S region, whereas the synthetase activity was broadly distributed between 7 and 26S. The 26S peak contained mainly the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for Val, Ileu Leu, Lys, and His. In contrast, the synthetases for Met, Phe, and Ser were dominating in the 5–10S region of the gradients. Two regions of a sucrose gradient containing postribosomal cell extract were subjected to gel filtration on a calibrated Sepharose 6 B column. One of the samples contained enzymes with a sedimentation coefficient of 10–12S, and the other sample, serving as a control, contained free, noncomplexed enzymes. EF-2 and synthetases eluted from 10–12S material mainly as high molecular weight aggregates ( M r up to approx. 3 million), whereas the eluate of 5S material contained both enzymes in their free, nonaggregated forms. EF-1 and EF-2 activity was monitored during the purification of leucyl-tRNA synthetase from rat liver. At a stage where purification was 350-fold and the enzyme was essentially devoid of all other synthetase activities, significant EF-1 and EF-2 activity still remained with the enzyme. This complex from rat liver has an apparent molecular weight of 5 × 10 5 .
Candidate Strategy and the Decision to Go Negative

The research examining negative campaigning has focused largely on the effects that exposure to negative advertising has on voters' decisionmaking. Less attention has been given to studying the conditions that motivate candidates to employ negative campaign tactics. I attempt to move our understanding of this process forward by unifying hypotheses suggested in the literature into a more cohesive theoretical framework and testing them against data collected from all available campaign advertisements produced by major party presidential candidates competing in the 1976-1996 general elections. The results of the logit analysis indicate that candidates' decisions to go negative are a function of changes to the campaign environment, the dynamic interplay that develops between candidates over the course of campaigns, and attributes of issues on the campaign agenda.
The verbal loop hypothesis as a predictor of individual differences in short-term recall of tachistoscopically presented binary numbers

This experiment was a correlational study designed to investigate the ability of the verbal loop hypothesis to predict individual differences in the recall ability of 51 evening college students presented with 20 arrays of eight-digit binary numbers at exposure times of 0.5 sec. The independent variable was the binary array, and the two dependent variables to be correlated were verbalization length, measured in units of words, and stimulus difficulty, measured in units of number of errors. Glanzer & Clark’s (1962) finding of a high negative correlation between stimulus accuracy and mean verbalization length was replicated here by obtaining a high positive correlation between stimulus difficulty and mean stimulus verbalization length. However, there was no relationship found between the characteristic verbalization length of an S and his ability on the experimental task as measured by his total number of errors.
Extinction, new learning and the unlearning phenomenon

Responses in an A-B, A-C retroactive inhibition situation were either from the same or from different classes of materials. The second task involved either the usual anticipation technique or a guessing method in which the S did not experience consistent pairings of particular stimuli and responses. Significant unlearning appeared only when the second task involved the learning of similar materials. While the experiment is not conclusive it does suggest that both the unreinforced evocation of first-list responses and new learning may be necessary for the unlearning effect to appear.
Effects of LETS glycoprotein on cell motility

Addition of LETS glycoprotein to normal or transformed cells produces increased migration of the cells, as determined by formation of phagokinetic tracks on gold particle-coated coverslips. These tracks arise by a combination of phagocytosis of the gold particles and cellular migration. Increased motility is also evident on plastic in the absence of gold particles. The added LETS protein attaches to the cells in a fibrillar network, and binding is greater to normal than to transformed cells. The effects of LETS protein on migration are consistent with its effects on cell adhesion, morphology and cytoskeleton, and have potential implications for the determination of cellular migration in vivo.
Lattice expansion in islands stabilized by electron confinement: Ag on Si ( 111 ) − 7 × 7

Ag on $\text{Si}(111)\text{\ensuremath{-}}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ was one of the first systems where height selection of metal islands was attributed to electron confinement, i.e., stabilization of selected heights through a quantum size effect (QSE). However, it has been puzzling how the requisite electron standing waves can form, because the Fermi level ${E}_{F}$ (along the growth [111] direction) is within the gap for bulk Ag. With detailed experiments over a wide coverage and temperature range, we show that a large increase of 12% is present in the interlayer spacing within the bilayer islands. This can shift ${E}_{F}$ below the gap, allowing electron confinement to control height selection. This conclusion is also supported by the observation of a corrugation pattern of period 3 nm on top of the Ag islands, which is bias dependent and can only be the result of QSE-generated standing waves normal to the film.
A Becquerel-disc phosphoroscope for the measurement of lifetimes in room-temperature phosphorimetry

A Becquerel-disc phosphoroscope is constructed from a commercially available optical chopper with variable frequency and digital read-out. By use of a continuous source, phosphorescence lifetimes in the range 1-1000 msec can be measured with better than 4% relative standard deviation.
A High-Strain-Rate Alumina-Based Ceramic Composite

An alumina-based ceramic codispersed with zirconia and mullite was synthesized with a submicron grain size. At high temperatures, steady-state creep with very limited grain growth was achieved for samples with 40 vol% alumina, 30 vol% zirconia, and 30 vol% mullite (AZ30M30). Constant stress compressive creep behavior of AZ30M30 showed a stress exponent of 2 and an activation energy of 880 kJ/mol. A strain rate of 0.01 s−1 was obtained for AZ30M30 at 60 MPa and 1500°C, indicating the potential for high-strain-rate superplasticity.
Motivation in Developmental Context: A New Method for Studying Self-Actualization:

Maslow’s hierarchy implies that human growth is associated with adult maturity, a decrease in the prepotency of “lower” motives and an increase in the prepotency of “higher” motives. These hypothes...
Sol-gel coating-based fiber O2/DO sensors

An intrinsic fiber optic environmental sensor has been developed for on-line monitoring of oxygen gas and dissolved oxygen (DO). In this O2/DO sensor, a highly stable compound [Tris-(4,7-Diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline) Ruthenium (II) complex] is synthesized and selected as a chemical indicator for oxygen. A hybrid matrix is designed by a sol-gel process and used as a stable substrate for the immobilization of Ru compound. The microporous nature of the nondensified sol-gel coating, in which the photochemical dye is immobilized, provides a unique local structure that is environmentally stable and immune to photochemical bleaching and chemical leaching. The doped hybrid material is then coated on a porous optical fiber substrate used as the sensing component. The oxygen penetrates into the interconnective porous core and interacts with the immobilized Ru compound in which in-line dynamic luminescence quenching takes place. The use of Ru(ph2phen)3[2+] as a highly stable, reagent sensing indicator and also the use of the sol-gel coating technique for the immobilization and incorporation of Ru compound to porous core optical fibers have resulted in the development of an intrinsic O2/DO sensor with high sensitivity, reproducibility, and long-term stability.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vertical Profile of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Dibenzofurans, Naphthalenes, Biphenyls, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Alkylphenols in a Sediment Core from Tokyo Bay, Japan

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), naphthalenes (PCNs), biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and nonylphenol (NP) were measured in a dated sediment core collected from Tokyo Bay, Japan, in order to study the history of contaminant inputs and fluxes. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds measured in this study increased gradually from the beginning of the early 1900s, reached a maximum in the early 1980s, and decreased steadily until the 1990s. The profile of isomer/congener compositions of PCDDs/DFs and PCNs varied with depth, which suggested that the sources of input of these compounds varied at different periods. The possible changing sources of PCDDs/DFs and PCNs to the environment are discussed in the context of the concentration trends and congener-specific data. The composition of PCB congeners was uniform at the top 40 cm, which corresponded to the period of usage of technical PCB mixtures, suggesting that the major single ...
Extensor reflexes in human spinal cord injury: activation by hip proprioceptors.

Extensor spasms, which are a significant component of spasticity in spinal cord injury (SCI), were investigated in an attempt to identify the role that hip proprioceptors play in triggering an extensor reflex response. In ten SCI subjects, a controlled hip extension movement was imposed on one leg while the knee and ankle were held in an isometric position using an instrumented leg brace. Isometric joint torques of the hip, knee, and ankle were measured following a constant velocity (30°/s), 45°–75° extension movement of the hip that was applied using the motor of a Biodex rehabilitation/testing system. Electromyograms (EMGs) from four to eight muscles were also recorded during the ten movement trials. The stereotypical torque response to an imposed hip extension consisted of hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle plantarflexion, although all components were not observed in every subject. EMGs indicated coactivation at the knee and ankle joints, with extensor activity generally outlasting flexor activity. These observations are consistent with clinical descriptions of extensor spasms. In contrast, the response to imposed hip flexion, which was observed in six of the ten subjects, comprised hip extension, knee flexion and ankle extension. This difference between the response to hip flexion and the response to extension indicates a specificity of the reflex, suggesting that organized pathways for coordinating leg movements are involved.
A water soluble additive to suppress respirable dust from concrete-cutting chainsaws: a case study.

Respirable dust is of particular concern in the construction industry because it contains crystalline silica. Respirable forms of silica are a severe health threat because they heighten the risk of numerous respirable diseases. Concrete cutting, a common work practice in the construction industry, is a major contributor to dust generation. No studies have been found that focus on the dust suppression of concrete-cutting chainsaws, presumably because, during normal operation water is supplied continuously and copiously to the dust generation points. However, there is a desire to better understand dust creation at low water flow rates. In this case study, a water-soluble surfactant additive was used in the chainsaw's water supply. Cutting was performed on a free-standing concrete wall in a covered outdoor lab with a hand-held, gas-powered, concrete-cutting chainsaw. Air was sampled at the operator's lapel, and around the concrete wall to simulate nearby personnel. Two additive concentrations were tested (2....
Is dodecahedral P20 special

The laboratory study of phosphorus clusters by laser-based mass spectrometric methods indicates, tentatively, that P + 21 may be special. A plausible interpretation might place a P+ ion interior to a dodecahedral P20 molecule.Ab initio quantum mechanical methods have been applied to the P20 molecule using contracted gaussian basis sets as large as (9s 6p 4d 3f) on each phosphorus atom. At the highest level of theory, dodecahedral P20 is predicted to lie 23 kcal/mol above five separated P4 molecules.
Sintering densification and microstructural evolution of injection molding grade 17-4 PH stainless steel powder

Densification behavior is investigated by means of dilatometry for powder-injection-molded (PIM) and die-compacted 17-4 PH stainless steel during sintering in pure H2 and H2 + N2. The corresponding microstructural evolution is examined by quenching in a vertical furnace at various stages of sintering. The results show that in comparison with pure H2, the H2 + N2 atmosphere retards densification and produces a lower shrinkage rate above 1220 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the presence of a stabilized austenitic microstructure during H2 + N2 sintering. In pure H2, however, δ ferrite forms and grows above 1220 °C, producing a higher shrinkage rate. In terms of the atomic diffusivity, δ-ferrite formation is beneficial to pore shrinkage and densification.
Selective spinal injections for lower back pain

Tremendous progress has been made in the understanding of neural pathways and tissues involved in back pain, and new treatment techniques for back pain have evolved. This article focuses on a technique called epidural neuroplasty (lysis of epidural adhesions). Originally performed as a single-catheter technique using the caudal approach, this technique now features a number of variations. These variations include emphasis on anterior placement of the catheter tip, use of a transforaminal approach, and use of one or two catheters.
Anticoagulation, Novel Agents, and Procedures Can We Pardon the Interruption?

When a patient with atrial fibrillation (AF) interrupts oral anticoagulation to undergo an invasive procedure, the clinician must answer 2 questions: For how long should the anticoagulant be stopped before the procedure, and should a bridging strategy be used with a shorter-acting agent? These questions are extremely important to the clinician who wants neither to use too much anticoagulation around procedures and cause unnecessary bleeding nor to use too little and result in stroke. Based on decades of use of warfarin, the provider is left to choose an approach based on a subjective sense of the likely risks and benefits based on patient and procedural factors (Table). These decisions must be based on surprisingly little reliable evidence.1,2 View this table: Table. Factors Influencing Whether or Not to Provide Peri-Procedural Bridging Therapy Article see p 343 Because warfarin achieves its anticoagulant effect (reported as the international normalized ratio) by causing the synthesis of dysfunctional clotting factors and because the half-lives of some of these endogenous factors are quite long, warfarin needs to be discontinued 4 to 5 days before an intervention if adequate coagulation is to be restored. For much of this time (and for several days after the warfarin is resumed), the patient with AF may be left with suboptimal protection against stroke. In an effort to reduce this perceived risk, clinicians have traditionally administered unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin during the pre- and postprocedure days on which the international normalized ratio is low, at least for high-risk patients. Although the practice of administering bridge therapy with a rapid-onset, short-lived anticoagulant has a sound rationale, there is little reliable evidence that bridging benefits patients with AF. On one hand, a retrospective analysis of a large population-based linked administrative database suggests that, compared with patients without AF, patients in AF have a 2-fold …
Interchannel nonlinear crosstalk in analog polarization modulated WDM systems

Crosstalk in an analog polarization modulation (PolM) system is studied analytically and experimentally. It is shown capable of producing dramatically lower crosstalk levels than intensity modulation (IM) at higher modulation frequencies (greater than 1 GHz) for a system with 200 GHz channel spacing. Calculations based on the developed analytical model show excellent agreement with experimental results and allow us to determine the necessary launch conditions for low-crosstalk transmission in a polarization modulation link
What Does the Hippocampus Compute?: A Precis of the 1993 NIPS Workshop

Computational models of the hippocampal-region provide an important method for understanding the functional role of this brain system in learning and memory. The presentations in this workshop focused on how modeling can lead to a unified understanding of the interplay among hippocampal physiology, anatomy, and behavior. Several approaches were presented. One approach can be characterized as "top-down" analyses of the neuropsychology of memory, drawing upon brain-lesion studies in animals and humans. Other models take a "bottom-up" approach, seeking to infer emergent computational and functional properties from detailed analyses of circuit connectivity and physiology (see Gluck & Granger, 1993, for a review). Among the issues discussed were: (1) integration of physiological and behavioral theories of hippocampal function, (2) similarities and differences between animal and human studies, (3) representational vs. temporal properties of hippocampal-dependent behaviors, (4) rapid vs. incremental learning, (5) mUltiple vs. unitary memory systems, (5) spatial navigation and memory, and (6) hippocampal interaction with other brain systems.
A MEMS-first fabrication process for integrating CMOS circuits with polysilicon microstructures

A MEMS-first fabrication process for integrating CMOS circuits with polysilicon micromechanical structures is described in detail. The overall process uses 17 masks to integrate a 1-metal, 2-poly, p-well based LOGOS CMOS process with a 3-poly sequence for microstructures. The microstructures are formed within recesses on the surface of silicon wafers such that their uppermost surfaces are coplanar with the remainder of the substrate. No special planarization technique, such as chemical-mechanical polishing (GMP), is used in the effort described here. Special aspects of the process include provisions to improve lithography within the recesses, to protect the microstructures during the circuit fabrication, and implement an effective lead transfer between the microstructures and the on-chip circuitry. The process is validated using a test vehicle that includes accelerometers and gyroscopes interfaced with voltage followers and switched-capacitor charge amplifiers. Measured transistor parameters match those obtained in standard CMOS.
A preliminary prospective study of an escalation in 'Maximum Daily Drinks', fronto-parietal circuitry and impulsivity-related domains in young adult drinkers

Excessive alcohol use in young adults is associated with greater impulsivity and neurobiological alterations in executive control systems. The maximum number of drinks consumed during drinking occasions ('MaxDrinks') represents a phenotype linked to vulnerability of alcohol use disorders, and an increase, or 'escalation', in MaxDrinks may be indicative of greater risk for problematic drinking. Thirty-six young adult drinkers performed a Go/No-Go task during fMRI, completed impulsivity-related assessments, and provided monthly reports of alcohol use during a 12-month follow-up period. Participants were characterized by MaxDrinks at baseline and after follow-up, identifying 18 escalating drinkers and 18 constant drinkers. Independent component analysis was used to investigate functional brain networks associated with response inhibition, and relationships with principal component analysis derived impulsivity-related domains were examined. Greater baseline MaxDrinks was associated with an average reduction in the engagement of a right-lateralized fronto-parietal functional network, while an escalation in MaxDrinks was associated with a greater difference in fronto-parietal engagement between successful inhibitions and error trials. Escalating drinkers displayed greater impulsivity/compulsivity-related domain scores that were positively associated with fronto-parietal network engagement and change in MaxDrinks during follow-up. In young adults, an escalating MaxDrinks trajectory was prospectively associated with altered fronto-parietal control mechanisms and greater impulsivity/compulsivity scores. Continued longitudinal studies of MaxDrinks trajectories, functional network activity, and impulsivity/compulsivity-related features may lend further insight into an intermediate phenotype vulnerable for alcohol use and addictive disorders.
Teaching Planners about Infrastructures A Call to Civil Engineers

More than 40% of the more than 20,000 planners in the United States influence the manner in which water, sewer, drainage, streets, and other kinds of physical infrastructure are planned and used. But to what extent are planners educated about infrastructure? Information suggests that only about half of the accredited urban planning programs offer infrastructure engineering and planning in their curricula. Fewer than 10% include infrastructure instruction to their core curriculum. New information provides some insight into the current state of infrastructure education in graduate planning programs. This paper reviews and comments upon the situation, and offers curricular recommendations to graduate planning programs. This paper also challenges civil engineers to become involved in the education of professional planners in specific ways since it is engineers, and not planners, who will be blamed for infrastructure that is badly arranged by the planning process.
Impacts of subpixel cloud heterogeneity on infrared thermodynamic phase assessment

[1] A combination of spatially collocated Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiances and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud products are used to quantify the impact of cloud heterogeneity on AIRS-based assessments of cloud thermodynamic phase. While radiative transfer simulations have demonstrated that selected AIRS channels have greater sensitivity to cloud thermodynamic phase in comparison to the relevant MODIS bands, the relative trade-offs of spectral and spatial resolution differences that are inherent between AIRS and MODIS have not been quantified. Global distributions of AIRS field-of-view scale frequencies of clear sky (13–14%), heterogeneous cloud (26–28%), and homogeneous cloud (59–60%) are quantified for a four week time period using cloud fraction, and further categorization of cloud uniformity is assessed with the variance of cloud top temperature. Homogeneous clouds with window brightness temperatures (Tb) between 250 and 265 K are shown to have larger cloud thermodynamic phase signatures than heterogeneous clouds. Clouds in this limited Tb range occur 30–50% of the time in the mid- and high latitude storm track regions, are generally difficult to identify as being water or ice phase, and show strong responses in forced CO2 climate change modeling experiments. Two-dimensional histograms of Tb differences sensitive to cloud phase (1231–960 cm−1) and column water vapor (1231–1227 cm−1) show distinct differences between many homogeneous and heterogeneous cloud scenes. The results suggest the potential for a quantitative approach using a combination of hyperspectral sounders with high-spatial-resolution imagers, and their derived geophysical products, to assess cloud thermodynamic phase estimates within increasingly complex subpixel-scale cloud variability.
Massive Posterior Mitral Annular Calcification Causing Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction: Mechanism and Management Implications

We report a case of massive posterior mitral annular calcification causing severe systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet and dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Mechanism of genesis of systolic anterior motion by this unusual mechanism is illustrated. Importance of recognizing this mechanism and its implications for surgical therapy are discussed. Our patient also had liquefaction necrosis of mitral annular calcification causing its extension into left ventricular myocardium mimicking a tumor.
TPX vacuum vessel heating and cooling system

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) machine is a compact steady state fusion device. The TPX vacuum vessel provides the vacuum boundary for the plasma and mechanical support for internal components. The vacuum vessel itself and internal components are subjected to large heat loads during bakeout and plasma operation. A dual function heating/cooling system has been designed to satisfy thermal requirements for the vacuum vessel and in-vessel components. A successful Conceptual Design Review (CDR) was held in March 1993. Important parameters presented at the CDR are described herein.
Strategies to improve breast cancer care in vulnerable populations

SUMMARY Despite remarkable medical progress in breast cancer detection and treatment, racial and socioeconomic disparities in care continue. To eliminate these inequities in care, a multilevel approach to effectively address individual- and population-based barriers is required. Patient-centered interventions, including patient navigators, have proven valuable by improving diagnostic resolution rates and times. System-level interventions providing organizational changes are effective in increasing follow-up adherence and improving standardization of care. Ultimately, to sustain these efforts requires policy changes with far-reaching potential to increase healthcare coverage and access to these resources. As these changes go into effect, ongoing monitoring of disparity trends and continued redress of remediable causes is critical.
ALTERNATIVE REGULATORY METHODS AND FIRM EFFICIENCY: STOCHASTIC FRONTIER EVIDENCE FROM THE U.S. ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY

The use of incentive regulation and other alternative regulatory programs in U.S. electricity markets has grown during the past two decades. Within a stochastic frontier framework, I investigate the effect of individual programs on the technical efficiency of a large set of coal and natural gas generation units. I find that those programs tied directly to generator performance and those that modify traditional fuel cost pass-through programs, to provide a greater incentive to reduce fuel costs, are associated with greater efficiency levels. Other programs have no statistical association with efficiency levels.