cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Vehicle Power Control Based on Machine Learning of Optimal Control Parameters and Prediction of Road Type and Traffic Congestion

Previous research has shown that current driving conditions and driving style have a strong influence over a vehicle's fuel consumption and emissions. This paper presents a methodology for inferring road type and traffic congestion (RT&TC) levels from available onboard vehicle data and then using this information for improved vehicle power management. A machine-learning algorithm has been developed to learn the critical knowledge about fuel efficiency on 11 facility-specific drive cycles representing different road types and traffic congestion levels, as well as a neural learning algorithm for the training of a neural network to predict the RT&TC level. An online University of Michigan-Dearborn intelligent power controller (UMD_IPC) applies this knowledge to real-time vehicle power control to achieve improved fuel efficiency. UMD_IPC has been fully implemented in a conventional (nonhybrid) vehicle model in the powertrain systems analysis toolkit (PSAT) environment. Simulations conducted on the standard drive cycles provided by the PSAT show that the performance of the UMD_IPC algorithm is very close to the offline controller that is generated using a dynamic programming optimization approach. Furthermore, UMD_IPC gives improved fuel consumption in a conventional vehicle, alternating neither the vehicle structure nor its components.
The effect of continuous positive airway pressure on middle ear pressure

Objectives/Hypothesis: While continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is commonly used for obstructive sleep apnea treatment, its effect on middle ear pressure is unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of CPAP on middle ear pressure and describe the correlation between CPAP levels and middle ear pressures. Study Design: Retrospective review of normal tympanometry values and a prospective cohort evaluation of subjects' tympanometric values while using CPAP at distinct pressure levels. Methods: A total of 3,066 tympanograms were evaluated to determine the normal range of middle ear pressures. Ten subjects with no known history of eustachian tube dysfunction or obstructive sleep apnea had standard tympanometry measurements while wearing a CPAP device. Measurements were taken at baseline and with CPAP air pressures of 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm H2O. Results: The percentage of normal control patients with middle ear pressures above 40 daPa was 0.03%. In the study population, prior to a swallowing maneuver to open the eustachian tube, average middle ear pressures were 21.67 daPa, 22.63 daPa, 20.42, daPa, and 21.58 daPa with CPAP pressures of 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm H20, respectively. After swallowing, average middle ear air pressures were 18.83 daPa, 46.75 daPa, 82.17 daPa, and 129.17 daPa with CPAP pressures of 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm H20, respectively. The postswallow Pearson correlation coefficient correlating CPAP and middle ear pressures was 0.783 (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Middle ear air pressure is directly proportional to CPAP air pressure in subjects with normal eustachian tube function. Middle ear pressure reaches supraphysiologic levels at even minimal CPAP levels. Although further investigation is necessary, there may be otologic implications for patients who are chronically CPAP dependent. These findings may also influence the perioperative practice of otologic and skull base surgeons.
Planaria: Memory Transfer through Cannibalism Reexamined

Planaria which have cannibalized untrained planaria exposed to photic stimuli only, handling only, or previous conditioning, all require significantly fewer trials in a conditioning situation than naive planaria.
Safety of research bronchoscopy in critically ill patients

Abstract Objective Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are common procedures in intensive care units; however, no contemporaneous safety and outcomes data have been reported, particularly for critically ill patients. Design This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from teaching hospital adult intensive care units. Interventions One hundred mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis, septic shock, acute lung injury (ALI), and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome underwent bronchoscopy with unilateral BAL. Data collected included demographics, presence of sepsis or ALI, Pa o 2 to F io 2 ratio, positive end-expiratory pressure, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and peri- or postprocedural complications. Results Men comprised 51% of the patients; 81% of the patients were black, and 15% were white. The mean age was 52 (SD, ± 16) years. The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score was 22 (± 7.5), whereas the median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was 9 (interquartile range, 5-12). Ten patients (10%) had complications during or immediately after the procedure. Hypoxemia during or immediately after the BAL was the most common complication. Ninety percent of the complications were related to transient hypoxemia, whereas bradycardia and hypotension each occurred in 1 patient. Age, female sex, and higher positive end-expiratory pressure were associated with complications. Conclusions Bronchoscopy with BAL in critically ill patients with sepsis and ALI is well tolerated with low risk of complications, primarily related to manageable hypoxemia.
Males and females as victims of childhood sexual abuse: An examination of the gender effect

The data for this study were provided by a poll of 2627 adult Americans carried out by The Los Angeles Times in 1985. Five hundred and eighty five respondents (416 females and 169 males) reported having been victims of sexual abuse before they were 18 years of age. A portion of this subsample was used to systematically explore gender differences in the nature and context of abuse. Abusers where overwhelmingly male; however, differences were apparent among their victims. Males were more likely to report being victims of nonrelatives, with the abuse taking place outside of their home. Males were older than females at the time of first abuse and their abuser tended to be relatively close in age to them. Their abuse was more likely to be more severe than that of females but they were less likely to have reported it. Dichotomizing the sample into those abused by relatives and nonrelatives revealed that a number of differences in the profiles of male and female victims relate to the nature of their relationship to the abuser.
The Limits of Diversion: Rethinking Internal and External Conflict

The diversionary hypothesis offers a powerful alternative to rationalist explanations of war based on the state as a unitary actor. Most recently, it has been used to explain why democratizing states are more likely to initiate the use of force. In the past two decades, however, quantitative tests have produced mixed and often contradictory empirical results regarding the relationship between domestic unrest and external conflict. This article uses a modified “most likely” case study research design to test the hypothesis. Examination of Argentina's seizure of the Falkland Islands and Turkey's invasion of Cyprus, two cases that should be easy for diversion to explain, provide surprisingly little empirical support for the hypothesis, raising doubts about its wider validity as well as the relationship between democratization and war.
The PartoPen in practice: evaluating the impact of digital pen technology on maternal health in Kenya

This paper critically examines the use of digital pen technology at two key points in the healthcare system in Kenya: nursing student training and patient care in public labor wards. The PartoPen system -- a digital pen software designed to enhance the paper labor monitoring tool known as the partograph -- was evaluated with 95 nursing students at the University of Nairobi (UoN), and with 50 nurses in the labor ward at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). Students using the PartoPen had significantly higher scores on partograph worksheets than students using a silent PartoPen, especially on challenging and high-risk labor cases and on difficult sections of the partograph. In the maternity ward study, nurses unanimously reported positive improvements in the number of partographs they were able to complete, but these qualitative responses were not supported by the quantitative data. We discuss the results of both studies, and what these results suggest about the potential value of the PartoPen at different levels of the healthcare delivery and training hierarchy.
Development of a c-scan photoacoutsic imaging probe for prostate cancer detection

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in American men after lung cancer. The current screening procedures include Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test, along with Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS). All suffer from low sensitivity and specificity in detecting prostate cancer in early stages. There is a desperate need for a new imaging modality. We are developing a prototype transrectal photoacoustic imaging probe to detect prostate malignancies in vivo that promises high sensitivity and specificity. To generate photoacoustic (PA) signals, the probe utilizes a high energy 1064 nm laser that delivers light pulses onto the prostate at 10Hz with 10ns duration through a fiber optic cable. The designed system will generate focused C-scan planar images using acoustic lens technology. A 5 MHz custom fabricated ultrasound sensor array located in the image plane acquires the focused PA signals, eliminating the need for any synthetic aperture focusing. The lens and sensor array design was optimized towards this objective. For fast acquisition times, a custom built 16 channel simultaneous backend electronics PCB has been developed. It consists of a low-noise variable gain amplifier and a 16 channel ADC. Due to the unavailability of 2d ultrasound arrays, in the current implementation several B-scan (depth-resolved) data is first acquired by scanning a 1d array, which is then processed to reconstruct either 3d volumetric images or several C-scan planar images. Experimental results on excised tissue using a in-vitro prototype of this technology are presented to demonstrate the system capability in terms of resolution and sensitivity.
Has the Hadley cell been strengthening in recent decades

[1] The intensity and structure of the Northern Hemisphere DJF Hadley cell as depicted in various commonly used data sets are examined. We find that the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses show a statistically significant intensification of their Hadley circulation throughout their periods. In marked contrast the NCEP-DOE reanalysis does not show any discernible trend over its period. Furthermore, the Hadley cell structure differs substantially from the other two reanalyses. We also examine a data set of global rawinsonde observations in which the Hadley cell shows no intensification. Finally, we investigate the Hadley cell simulated by an atmospheric GCM. The ensemble mean shows a statistically significant intensification, though it is smaller in magnitude than the reanalyses. We conclude that the two major reanalyses appear to be in agreement on the strengthening of the Hadley cell in recent decades. However, discrepancies among data sets do raise questions about the robustness of this strengthening.
Early effects of carcinogenic aminoazo dyes on the protein patterns and metabolism in rat liver

Abstract 1. 1. The feeding of the carcinogenic 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3′-Me-DAB) resulted in a pronounced stimulation of the incorporation of 14C amino acids into nearly all fractions of nuclear proteins of rat liver cells with one exception. The incorporation was suppressed in the fraction which contains the proteins of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles which are involved in the processing of newly synthesized nuclear RNA. 2. 2. Only limited quantitative changes were observed in the electrophoretic patterns of liver nuclear proteins of animals fed 3′-Me-DAB. 3. 3. In the cytoplasm the feeding of 3′-Me-DAB induced high increase in the amount of glutathione-S-transferase and of a specific microsomal hemoprotein. A smaller increase in the amounts of both proteins was observed also in animals fed non-carcinogenic 4-aminoazobenzene. 4. 4. The induced microsomal hemoprotein differed in mol. wt from the microsomal hemoproteins induced by phenobarbital and by 3-methylcholanthrene. 5. 5. Increased glutathione-S-transferase was identified to be identical with the minor cytoplasmic binder of 3′-Me-DAB.
Clinicopathologic Effects of Chronic Reserpine Administration in Mongrel Dogs

Abstract Twenty-four mongrel dogs were given low oral doses of reserpine twice daily for periods of 1–12 months, and certain clinicopathologic examinations were compared with findings from an equal number of control dogs which received placebos. Prolapsed nictitating membrane, miosis, and diarrhea were the initial clinical signs observed, and most reserpine-treated dogs exhibited the former throughout the study. CNS depression, muscle tremors, and a pronounced Parkinsonism-like syndrome were observed in the reserpine-treated population; these central effects, in contrast to alterations in peripheral autonomic activity, appeared to increase as the duration of reserpine administration lengthened. The hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and total leukocyte counts decreased in the reserpine-treated population, and the mean values were routinely significantly lower ( p
Side effects of amphotericin B-deoxycholate (fungizone) and nystatin in chick cells in culture.

Cultures of 10-day-old chick embryo fibroblasts were examined for possible side effects in the presence of amphotericin B-deoxycholate and nystatin. It was found that the recommended dose of amphotericin B-deoxycholate reduced the cell number, altered the transport of small molecules, and decreased DNA synthesis. These effects could be increased by larger doses of amphotericin B. There were no comparable side effects in the presence of the recommended dose of nystatin and only minor side effects at higher doses.
The infant car seat challenge: determining and managing an "abnormal" result.

In this issue of Pediatrics , DeGrazia et al1 provide important information on whether weight and age are predictors for passing the Infant Car Seat Challenge (ICSC). Because they found they were not, the authors recommend repeat testing if the test is initially failed. They also point out the need for standardization of the ICSC. This is an issue of great importance, because meaningful clinical decisions and research on testing cannot go forward without standardization. The most recent American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) clinical report on the subject2 provided some advice regarding the duration of the test (90–120 minutes or duration of travel if longer). Identification of oxygen desaturation, episodes of apnea, and bradycardia were mentioned as the outcomes to denote failure. Although there are standard and widely accepted definitions of apnea (20 seconds) and bradycardia (<80 beats per minute [bpm]), the lower-limit-of-normal pulse oximeter saturation (Spo2) has not been universally recognized. Authors of the first … Address correspondence to Joel L. Bass, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, 2014 Washington St, Newton, MA 02462. E-mail: jbass{at}partners.org
Chemical composition and the substructure of lamellae isolated from Spinacea oleracea chloroplasts.

Purified chlorophyll-containing lamellae isolated from Spinacea oleracea chloroplasts were active in the Hill reaction. Spectrochemical and chemical analyses established the ratios of protein, lipid, organic phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper and chlorophyll in the lamellae. A minimum molecular weight for a lamellar subunit on the basis of manganese content is 960,000. Electron microscopy reveals particles which correspond to a unit of this size within the lamellae. The particulate nature of the lamellae is more pronounced after lipid removal. This observation supports the view that the lamellae consist of proteins embedded in a lipid matrix.
Thr199 phosphorylation targets nucleophosmin to nuclear speckles and represses pre-mRNA processing.

Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a multifunctional phospho- protein, being involved in ribosome assembly, pre-ribosomal RNA processing, DNA duplication, nucleocytoplasmic protein trafficking, and centrosome duplication. NPM is phosphorylated by several kinases, including nuclear kinase II, casein kinase 2, Polo-like kinase 1 and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK1 and 2), and these phosphorylations modulate the activity and function of NPM. We have previously identified Thr 199 as the major phos- phorylation site of NPM mediated by CDK2/cyclin E (and A), and this phosphorylation is involved in the regulation of centro- some duplication. In this study, we further examined the effect of CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPM by using the anti- body that specifically recognizes NPM phosphorylated on Thr 199 . We found that the phospho-Thr 199 NPM localized to dy- namic sub-nuclear structures known as nuclear speckles, which are believed to be the sites of storage and/or assembly of pre- mRNA splicing factors. Phosphorylation on Thr 199 by CDK2/cy- clin E (and A) targets NPM to nuclear speckles, and enhances the RNA-binding activity of NPM. Moreover, phospho-Thr 199 NPM, but not unphosphorylated NPM, effectively represses pre-mRNA splicing. These findings indicate the involvement of NPM in the regulation of pre-mRNA processing, and its activity is controlled by CDK2-mediated phosphorylation on Thr 199 . � 2005 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published
PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES AND THE POPULARITY OF TELEVISION PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN

This study investigated the effects of various programming strategies, commonly employed by the networks, on program popularity for children. Viewing data for prime time and Saturday morning programs were collected in the fall, winter, and spring of the ‘75-'76 season. Simple correlations supported the relationship between program popularity and the following programming strategies: counterprogramming by type, block programming by type, inheritance effects, starting time, program familiarity, and character familiarity. Regression analysis, which controlled for relationships among programming strategies, confirmed the effects of program familiarity and starting time only. The results, suggest that children are not highly adventurous viewers. On the contrary, it appears that past experience with a program coupled with availability of the child audience are overriding determinants of program popularity.
Photon Counting Photodiode Array Detector For Far Ultraviolet (FUV) Astronomy

A compact, stable, single-stage intensified photodiode array detector designed for photon-counting, far ultraviolet astronomy applications employs a saturable, 'C'-type MCP (Galileo S. MCP 25-25) to produce high gain pulses with a narrowly peaked pulse height distribution. The P-20 output phosphor exhibits a very short decay time, due to the high current density of the electron pulses. This intensifier is being coupled to a self-scanning linear photodiode array which has a fiber optic input window which allows direct, rigid mechanical coupling with minimal light loss. The array was scanned at a 250 KHz pixel rate. The detector exhibits more than adequate signal-to-noise ratio for pulse counting and event location.
An investigation of two unexplored periodic error sources in differential-path interferometry

Abstract This paper describes two sources of periodic error in differential-path interferometry that have remained largely unexplored: dynamic periodic error that is exhibited by heterodyne interferometer systems under high-speed displacements and intermodulation periodic error caused by amplifier nonlinearity. Dynamic periodic error occurs when the measurement signal, or intended ac interference term, and unwanted dc interference terms, that exist due to frequency leakage in physical implementations of heterodyne interferometers, are both present within the phase measuring electronics’ modulation bandwidth. The situation is similar to the well-documented pseudo-static periodic error observed at low slide speeds, where the intended ac interference, leakage-induced ac interference, and ac reference terms all lie within the modulation bandwidth. The Frequency–Path (F–P) model of the propagation of light from the source to detector for differential-path interferometers is also presented. This model identifies each possible path for each light frequency from the source to detector and predicts the number of interference terms that may be expected at the detector output. We show that, regardless of the interferometer configuration, the behavior of each interference term with respect to optical path changes may be grouped into one of four categories: optical power, ac interference, ac reference, and dc interference. The application of the F–P model to the generic description of periodic error in a single pass, Michelson-type heterodyne interferometer is provided.
Agricultural Industrialization, Anticorporate Farming Laws, and Rural Community Welfare:

The effect on rural communities of shifts in US agriculture toward a system dominated by large-scale industrial production is a central problematic in the sociology of agriculture. Despite the importance of agriculture structure and practice to US society, most research on this topic has been confined to specialized journals. And though research in this area has found negative effects on rural communities from agricultural industrialization, there is a dearth of inquiry into public policy remedies. Using data on 433 agriculture-dependent counties in the USA, we find that counties in states with laws that limit nonfamily corporate entry into farming score higher on important welfare indicators, and that the laws mitigate negative impacts on rural communities from industrial farming.
Effect of Selective Additives on the Acceptability of Chicken Frankfurters

Abstract Frankfurters were made from chicken in combination with four food additives which were known to have a beneficial effect on the binding and cohesiveness of bologna or of loaves made from chunks of poultry meat, or were good emulsifiers in other foods. These included a food grade phosphate mixture (Kena), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and fresh egg yolk. Batches with no additives were used as controls. The frankfurters were tested for stability of the emulsion, using several methods, and by evaluation by a taste panel for tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall acceptability. Kena improved the stability of the emulsion over that of the control batches, SLS had little effect, and RNA and egg yolk were detrimental to the emulsion stability. The frankfurters containing Kena were judged the most acceptable by the taste panel, followed by the control. Those containing egg yolk and RNA were significantly less acceptable. Samples containing SLS were as acceptable as the control when served hot but not when served cold.
Automatic image registration and target recognition with multiresolution hybrid evolutionary algorithm

A novel method for multi-resolution automatic target recognition is described that employs the hybrid evolutionary algorithm and image transform in a form of image local response. The recognition task is re-formulated as a nonlinear global optimization problem, i.e. the search for a proper transformation A(V ) that provides the best match between the images of the target and the scene. Given the images of the scene and the targeted object located in the scene, the proposed method repeatedly applies response analysis on different resolution levels (zooming in), in order to find the region of interest (ROI) containing the target in the large-scale image of the scene. On every resolution level, the response matrices are computed for the images of ROI and the target. Cross correlation of the response matrices built for ROI and the target outlines the potential locations of the latter. Once the locations are successfully identified, the algorithm zooms in on the found locations. The hybrid evolutionary algorithm is applied to the response matrices MR ; it attempts to minimize the least squared difference of the pixel values of the response matrices corresponding to the images, thus searching for the correct parameter vector V for the targeted object with the reference to ROI.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Machiavellianism and personality dysfunction.

Abstract Machiavellianism (MACH) is associated with a variety of traits in normals which, when extreme, may indicate personality dysfunction (e.g. psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, psychopathy, narcissism, paranoia, hysteria). Based on a dimensional conceptualization of personality and personality disorders we further examined in a student sample the extent to which MACH is associated with personality dysfunction. We employed the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+) [Hyler, S. E. (1997). PDQ-4 and PDQ-4+ instructions for use. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute] as a dimensional measure of the personality disorders included in the DSM-IV. As predicted MACH is positively associated with the PDQ-4+ total score, an index of general personality dysfunction. In addition, MACH is positively associated with most of the specific personality disorder scales, and most strongly with the borderline, paranoid, negativistic (i.e. passive-aggressive) and antisocial scales. Finally, although sex differences were obtained on some of the PDQ-4+ measures, there is no evidence that participant sex moderates relations between MACH and personality dysfunction.
Minimal Model: Perspective from 2005

The minimal model was proposed over 25 years ago. Despite (or because of) its simplicity it continues to be used today – both as a clinical tool and an approach to understanding the composite effects
The semiclassical expansion

Abstract Techniques based on a new definition of path integrals are given to compute the semiclassical expansion of the probability amplitude K(B; A) of a transition A → B K(B; A) = K o (B; A) ∑ n=o ∞ (iℏ) n A n . These techniques provide a simple procedure to compute K(B; A) to all orders for a large class of systems. They do not break down “on the caustics.” Topics covered include: 1. The small disturbance equation, Jacobi fields, the Van Vleck matrix, the Feynman-Green function, caustics and catastrophes. 2. Pseudomeasures, path integration technology for paths with both ends fixed and paths with a fixed origin, broken classical paths, the Cameron-Martin transformation. 3. The propagation kernal for paths on a curved manifold.
Exogenous Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Attenuates Binge Alcohol-Induced Deficient Bone Fracture Healing

Aims: Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with fracture non-union. Canonical Wnt pathway signaling activity regulates normal fracture healing. We previously demonstrated that binge alcohol exposure modulates β-catenin levels in the fracture callus of mice. Here, we sought to determine whether exogenous enhancement β-catenin signaling activity could restore normal fracture healing to binge-exposed mice. Methods: C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to episodic alcohol or saline for 6 total days of alcohol exposure over a 2-week period. Following alcohol exposure, mice were subjected to a stabilized mid-shaft tibia fracture. Beginning 4 days post-injury, mice received daily injections of either lithium chloride or saline subcutaneously. Protein levels of activated, inactivated, and total β-catenin and GSK-3β in fracture calluses were measured at post-injury day 9. Biomechanical strength testing and histology of callus tissue was assessed at post fracture day 14. Results: Binge alcohol was associated with decreased callus biomechanical strength, and reduced cartilaginous callus formation. Alcohol decreased levels of callus-associated activated β-catenin while concomitantly increasing the levels of inactive β-catenin at post-injury day 9. Alcohol also increased callus associated activated GSK-3β at post-injury day 9. Lithium chloride (an inhibitor of GSK-3β) treatment increased activated β-catenin protein levels, significantly decreased activated GSK-3β and restored cartilaginous callus formation and endochondral ossification. Conclusion: These data link alcohol-impaired fracture healing with deregulation of Canonical Wnt signaling activity in the fracture callus. Exogenous activation of the Wnt pathway using LiCl attenuated the damaging effects of binge alcohol exposure on the fracture healing process by modulating canonical Wnt signaling activity.
Hydrogen storage in spherical and platelet palladium nanoparticles

Abstract The PdH x system is used to investigate possible benefits of hydrogen storage in nanoparticulate matter. Particles of different morphology (platelets/tabular or spherical) were synthesized with minimum dimension in the 4–10 nm range via reverse and bilayer-micellular techniques. High specific surface area (SSA ∼ 40–80 m 2 /g) was obtained for all Pd samples studied. For most particles, it was found that the SSA can only be maintained if processing or H-adsorption temperatures did not exceed T ∼ 50–100 °C. The isothermal hydrogen uptake (to 10 bar) of the nanoparticles was measured gravimetrically at 50 °C and compared with that of bulk powders (∼micron grain Pd). It was noticed that the nanoparticulate isotherm plateaus (α + β-phases) were not as flat, or as wide, as in the bulk. Several samples were observed to store 10–20% more than the bulk at 10 bar, suggesting that surface and subsurface sites in nanoparticulate matter provide an additional and significant set of adsorption sites. In fact, using the width of the α + β plateau as a measure of the normal bulk (octahedral, O) site concentration, we can estimate that many of the nanoparticulate samples studied exhibit a larger fraction of subsurface sites than bulk-like O-sites. Post-synthesis hydrazine washing has been observed to be a crucial factor in enhancing the hydrogen uptake performance of the nanomaterials studied—a marked improvement in the washed samples over the unwashed ones suggests a possible removal of some of the disadvantageous organics from the sample surfaces.
Assessing western gull predation on purple sea urchins in the rocky intertidal using optimal foraging theory

Purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus(Stimpson, 1857)) are abundant grazing invertebrates that can have a major impact on the rocky intertidal community. Predators can control the urchin population and indirectly reduce grazing activity. We determined the effects of western gull (Larus occidentalis Audubon, 1839) predation on purple sea ur- chins in the rocky intertidal using the framework of optimal foraging theory and taking into account different prey-handling techniques. We recorded the foraging behavior of gulls, measured urchin availability, and estimated prey caloric content with bomb calorimetry. Western gulls selected purple sea urchins significantly more than other prey items (snails (genus Tegula Lesson, 1835), limpets (genus Collisella Dall, 1871), sea stars (Pisaster giganteus (Stimpson, 1857) and Pisaster ochraceus (Brandt, 1835))). Larger urchins contained relatively more calories. Gulls foraged optimally when pecking by frequently selecting the most profitable size class. However, gulls chose smaller urchins than expected when air-dropping, which could have been influenced by group size and age. Gulls selected smaller purple sea urchins when foraging in larger groups likely owing to the risk of kleptoparasitism. Adults chose larger, and juveniles smaller, urchins when air-dropping, suggesting that juveniles are less experienced in foraging techniques. We estimated that gull predation could affect up to one third of the sea urchin populations locally, which could increase species diversity in the rocky intertidal community. Resume ´ : Les oursins de mer violets (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus(Stimpson, 1857)) sont des invertebres brouteurs abondants qui peuvent avoir un impact majeur sur la communautede la zone intertidale rocheuse. Les predateurs peuvent controler la population d'oursins et ainsi reduire indirectement l'activitede broutement. Nous avons determineles effets
Neurogenesis of the cat's primary visual cortex.

The 3H-thymidine method of birth-dating was used to determine when the cells belonging to each of the principal cellular layers of the cat's primary visual cortex are generated. In order to detect systematic differences in the position of radioactively labeled cells following 3H-thymidine administration at different prenatal ages, a geometric method was devised to represent the distribution of labeled cells in the form of depth histograms. Results show that visual cortical neurogenesis occurs largely during the second half of gestation between embryonic day 31 (E31) and E57. Cells of layer 6 are generated early, between E31 and E38, whereas cells destined for successively more superficial layers are generated at progressively later times. Layer 4 cells, the principal targets of geniculocortical afferents, are generated between E37 and E44. In addition, a special population of cells embedded in the white matter below layer 6 was found to be produced throughout the week-long period immediately prior to the onset of layer 6 neurogenesis. Overall, this radial pattern of cortical neurogenesis closely resembles the inside-first, outside-last, spatiotemporal sequence of development described for the monkey's primary visual cortex (Rakic, '74). In addition to finding this pronounced gradient in the radial dimension, we were also able to detect a less pronounced gradient along the tangential dimension: neurons destined for any given layer in the anterior part of the cortex (inferior visual, field representation) are generated slightly in advance of neurons destined for more posterior regions (superior visual field). However even our more quantitative histogram analysis failed to reveal a mediolateral (central to peripheral visual field) gradient within area 17. In the cat, layers 6, 5, and 4 each take about a week to be generated, although their total cell numbers and packing densities differ in the adult. About 2 weeks are required to produce the cells of layers 2 and 3 combined. Furthermore, we found that neurons belonging to different layers and different morphological classes can be generated simultaneously. This suggests that the identity of a cortical neuron is not solely a function of the time of neurogenesis.
SU-FF-J-169: A Hybrid Deformable Registration Method to Warp Image with Contrast

Purpose: The delineation of the prostate on CTimages is crucial for radiotherapytreatment planning. In order to help identify the prostate, contrast is often injected to the bladder when acquiring CT. Deformable image registration is used for dose accumulation, but unfortunately, all intensity driven algorithms fail to handle images with contrast. In addition, significant shape change of organs makes image registration less accurate. The purpose of this work is to develop a hybrid method to register images with contrast and large organ deformation. Method and Materials: Six pairs of CTimages, one planning CT with bladder contrast and one daily treatment CT without any contrast, were retrospectively selected for this study. The prostate, bladder and rectum were contoured on both images. The contrasted bladder was replaced by pixel intensities of a Gaussian distribution. On each image, a ring of 3mm thickness was generated inward from the outline of contours of the bladder and rectum. The ring was masked with Hounsfield number −500 and 500 for the bladder and rectum, respectively. A fluid‐based deformable image registration method and a rigid body‐based method (for comparison purposes) were used to register pre‐processed images. The accuracy of registration was estimated by the coincidence index (CI). Results: The fluid image registration tool maps treatment day CT onto the contrasted planning CT with relatively high accuracy. The overlap of contours reached CI 89.5% for the prostate, 95.1% for the bladder and 83.9% for the rectum. The rigid body method resulted in CI 50.1% for the prostate, 52.1% for the bladder and 31.7% for the rectum. Conclusion: We develop a novel hybrid tool to register the images with contrast. It relatively accurately overlaps the organ with large deformation, which makes it a promising tool for dose accumulation.
Numerical simulation of Soret-induced double diffusion in an initially uniform concentration binary liquid

Abstract The objective of this study is to determine the influence of Soret-induced solutal buoyancy forces on the hydrodynamics and heat transfer rates associated with the natural convection of an initially uniform concentration fluid contained in an enclosure with heated and cooled walls. Numerical predictions show that, for the case of opposing solutal and thermal buoyancy forces, Soret effects can induce thermal stagnation so that heat transfer across the enclosure is conduction dominated. Soret-induced buoyancy effects are, as expected, more pronounced at low thermal Rayleigh numbers. Contrary to expectations, however, augmenting solutal and thermal buoyancy forces also induce conduction dominated heat transfer across the enclosure, but the solutal buoyancy effects required to do so are very large. For real fluids, Soret contributions to the hydrodynamic mechanisms responsible for variations in heat transfer rates are apparently limited to water-based binary solutions operating near the density inversion temperature.
Autoregulation of Cardiac l-Type Calcium Channels

l-Type calcium channels (LTCCs) are major contributors to electrical and contractile function of the heart. They regulate action potential duration, enable calcium entry into cardiac myocytes for contraction, and regulate growth-related signaling in the heart. In cardiac development and in mature heart disease, LTCCs are regulated at levels of acute function and transcription. In addition, LTCCs are clinically relevant therapeutic targets for antihypertensive medications. In this review, we discuss LTCC homeostasis whereby cardiac myocytes maintain LTCC expression via a novel transcriptionally regulated pathway that includes a segment of the LTCC that moves between surface membrane and nucleus.
Self-Study of Cross-Cultural Supervision of Teacher Candidates for Social Justice

This article is a self-study of my efforts to put supervision for social justice into practice with teacher candidates. The focus is on my goals and what I learned from trying to supervise six early childhood teacher candidates over one year. As a Korean-born doctoral student, I am an international student working cross-culturally to help teacher candidates teach for social justice. I relate several stories of my participants as they struggled to become teachers for social justice. In addition, I describe my rediscovery of my cultural identity as I developed greater competence in working with preservice teachers who were culturally different from me.
Genomic Mismatch Scanning Identifies Human Genomic DNA Shared Identical by Descent

Genomic mismatch scanning (GMS) is a high-throughput, high-resolution identity by descent mapping technique that enriches for genomic DNA fragments that are shared between related individuals. In GMS, DNA heteroduplexes are formed from restriction-digested genomic DNA fragments from two relatives. Mismatch-free DNA heteroduplexes, likely representing DNA shared identical by descent between the two individuals, are relatively purified by depleting the mismatch-containing heteroduplexes using the Escherichia coli mismatch repair proteins and exonuclease. Here, we demonstrate using quantitative microsatellite genotyping that, despite the complexity of the human genome, GMS can enrich the majority of restriction fragments that are identical by descent between two related humans. As the entire genome is selected in GMS, an extraordinarily dense set of markers (up to 200,000 markers) may be screened in parallel. The demonstration of the molecular enrichment of identical DNA fragments in the context of the whole human genome establishes conditions for the application of GMS to human genetics. This forms a framework for the further development of GMS as a hybridization-based mapping technique that utilizes DNA microarray technology to map the selected identical by descent DNA fragments.
MICROWAVE RESPONSE AND SURFACE IMPEDANCE OF WEAK LINKS

The behavior of superconducting weak links in an ac magnetic field is considered. Both small and long uniform junctions are analyzed. Analytical results are presented for various limiting cases. The general case is solved numerically for different parameter choices and the results are presented. Both similarities and significant differences are found between the small junction and the long uniform junction. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Direct quantification of monohydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in synthetic urine samples via solid-phase extraction–room-temperature fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy

Abstract A screening method for six biomarkers from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) exposure in urine samples is presented. Solid-phase extraction is carried out on commercial C18 cartridges via an optimized procedure that minimizes metabolite loss. PAH metabolites are directly determined in the eluting solvent (3 mL of methanol) without the need of previous solvent evaporation. Spectral overlapping is resolved with the combination of unfolded partial least squares and residual bilinearization. Excellent analytical figures of merit were obtained for all the studied metabolites. Analytical recoveries varied between 87.9% (9-hydroxyphenanthrene) and 99.4% (3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene). For 10 mL of urine sample, the limits of detection varied between 0.01 ng.mL−1 (3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyerene and 1-hydroxybenzopyrene) and 0.3 ng.mL−1 (2-hydroxynaphthalene). Because the chemometric algorithm is capable of handling more than six metabolites at once, the application of this approach to a larger number of metabolites is feasible.
Transportation into literary fiction reduces prejudice against and increases empathy for Arab-Muslims

In two studies, indirect out-group contact via narrative fiction was shown to foster empathic growth and reduce prejudice. Participants read an excerpt from a fictional novel about a counterstereotypical Arab-Muslim woman. Individuals who were more transported into the story rated Arab-Muslims significantly lower in stereotypical negative traits (Study 1, N = 67) and exhibited significantly lower negative attitudes toward Arab-Muslims (Study 2, N = 102) post-reading than individuals who were less transported into the story. These effects persisted after controlling for baseline Arab-Muslim prejudice, reading-induced mood change, and demand characteristics. Affective empathy for Arab-Muslims and intrinsic motivation to reduce prejudice were also significantly increased by the story and each provided independent explanatory mechanisms for transportation’s association with prejudice reduction. Narrative fiction offers a safe and rich context in which exposure and understanding of an out-group can occur and can easily be incorporated in educational and applied settings.
Attitude similarity, relational history, and attraction: The mediating effects of kinesic and vocal behaviors

Perhaps the most well‐known finding in the study of interpersonal relations is that attitude similarity leads to attraction. Recent research has found that the similarity‐attraction effect is diminished after informal social interaction. The mediating effects of verbal and nonverbal behaviors in attenuating or strengthening the effects of similarity on attraction have not themselves been studied. The present experiment tests the similarity‐attraction relationship in a conversational setting while investigating the effects of kinesic and vocal behaviors as mediators. Forty dyads, with similar and different attitudes who were newly acquainted or well known to one another, participated in 30 minute, non‐directed conversations. Their conversations were videotaped and coded for several vocal and kinesic indicators of involvement. After taping, subjects filled out attraction and satisfaction measures. Analyses revealed that attitude similarity affected attraction and satisfaction, even after an intervening inte...
Streamflow Nutrient Dynamics on Coastal Plain Watersheds

Controle des teneurs en nutriments (nitrate, ammoniac, orthophosphate, chlorure, phosphore total et azote total) dans le bassin versant d'un petit cours d'eau de plaine cotiere
Analysis of an intronic promoter within Synj2

Synj2 (synaptojanin 2) encodes an inositol polyphosphate phosphatase that functions in recycling neurotransmitter vesicles and is implicated in spermatogenesis. Transcription of Synj2 is thought to occur from one of two promoters based on analysis of a variable 5′ untranslated region. Clustering all known mouse Synj2 transcripts led us to uncover a novel subset of transcripts that appears to derive from a region located within intron 7. We identified two alternate splice variants emanating from use of this promoter. These alternate splice variants manifest developmental stage specificity and somatic versus gametic differences in expression.
Ad5 and Ad3 chimeric fiber travels into the cell without the CAR.

Commentary to:Enhanced Adenovirus Infection of Melanoma Cells by Fiber-Modification: Incorporation of RGD Peptide or Ad5/3 ChimerismAndrea L. Volk, Angel A. Rivera, Anna Kanerva, Gerd Bauerschmitz, Igor Dmitriev, Dirk M. Nettelbeck, and David T. Curiel
Extended lateral parascapular approach for resection of a giant multi-compartment thoracic schwannoma.

Resection of giant thoracic schwannomas is challenging and usually requires a staged approach. The resection of the intraspinal component, usually via laminectomy, is done in one sitting and the intrathoracic component, via thoracotomy, follows at another. We describe the complete resection of a massive multi-compartmental thoracic schwannoma by an extended lateral parascapular approach. The tumor, which presented with local pain and scapular displacement, had intrathoracic paraspinal (10 × 5 × 4 cm), posterolateral upper thoracic paramuscular (19 × 7 × 4 cm), foraminal, and epidural components. It was removed at a single sitting, via a posterior extended lateral parascapular approach that did not require staged procedures, multiple incisions, or repositioning of the patient. This operation included resection of the thoracic, foraminal, and intraspinal components and posterior stabilization with pedicle screws and rods. There were no postoperative neurological complications. The extended lateral parascapular approach allows complete resection of giant multi-compartment schwannomas of the thoracic spine that extend from the canal into the thoracic cavity. It also permits posterior stabilization through the same incision used for tumor removal.
Improved jammer localization using multiple focusing

Focusing techniques have proven efficient in direction-of-arrival estimation of broadband signals. However, when used alone at high frequency operation, these techniques cannot accurately locate the sources, due to the numerous spurious peaks in the spectrum. Since the spurious peaks depend on the array manifold, their location varies from one focusing frequency to another. Improved jammer localization can, therefore, be achieved by focusing at different frequencies and then averaging the corresponding MUSIC spectra. The averaging smooths out the undesired peaks while boosting the common spectral peaks, allowing correct detection and location of the waveforms impinging on the array.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.