cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Interaction of Reward Genes With Environmental Factors in Contribution to Alcoholism in Mexican Americans

Background Alcoholism is a polygenic disorder resulting from reward deficiency; polymorphisms in reward genes including serotonin transporter (5-HTT)-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), A118G in opioid receptor mu1 (OPRM1), and −141C Insertion/Deletion (Ins/Del) in dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) as well as environmental factors (education and marital status) might affect the risk of alcoholism. Objective of the current study was to examine the main and interacting effect of these 3 polymorphisms and 2 environmental factors in contribution to alcoholism in Mexican Americans.
EXPLANATIONS FOR THE INFREQUENT COWBIRD PARASITISM ON COMMON GRACKLES

We determined the factors responsible for the lack of parasitism on Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). We found no evidence of parasitism on the 401 grackle nests we monitored in east-central Illinois. By the time cowbirds began laying eggs, 88.5% of all grackle nests were beyond the point of successful parasitism. Grackles rejected cowbird eggs more frequently during the prelaying stage of the nesting cycle (38.2%) compared to later stages (12.3%). Thirty-three cowbird eggs and nestlings were cross-fostered into grackle nests. Data were collected on 15 cowbird nestlings, of which three fledged. The cross-fostered cowbird eggs that did not hatch appeared to have been incubated ineffectively. These eggs were in clutches that contained four to six eggs, whereas the cowbird eggs that hatched were in clutches of three eggs or less. Grackles also responded more aggressively toward female cowbird models than to Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca) models in five of seven response categories. Cowbirds avoid parasitizing grackles even though the opportunity existed. Nest abandonment and infestation of grackle nests with ectoparasitic mites may decrease the suitability of grackles as hosts; however the primary reason for the infrequent cowbird parasitism on grackles appears to be past rejection behavior. Grackles likely rejected cowbird eggs at a higher frequency in the past and as a consequence grackles were avoided by cowbirds. Rejection apparently decreased in the absence of parasitism due to the high degree of intraclutch egg variability exhibited by grackles which would increase the chances of them mistakenly rejecting their own discordant eggs.
Imaging in turbid media with intensity-modulated lasers

We describe the formation of a narrow beam for intensity-modulated electromagnetic radiation propagating through highly scattering materials. We propose to use this beam to reconstruct images, similar to X-ray back-projection techniques. For sufficiently high modulation frequency, the photon density wave is primarily carried by photons that suffer small or no large-angle scattering, which gives rise to the beam’s narrow divergence. The beam-narrowing concept is supported by large-scale numerical simulations to examine the quality of the imaging.
9-α-FLUOROHYDROCORTISONE-INDUCED HYPER TENSION IN A MALE INFANT WITH ADRENOGENITALISM, AND IN 6 ADULTS WITH ADDISON'S DISEASE

IN 1954, Fried and Sabo (1) reported that substitution of a fluorine atom in the 9-alpha position of the hydrocortisone molecule produced a marked potentiation of glucocorticoid effects; Borman et al. (2) reported a corresponding mineralocorticoid enhancement. This new compound, 9-α-fluorohydrocortisone, promised to become of major importance in antiphlogistic and maintenance adrenocortical therapy. In the course of time, it has become apparent that the potentiations observed are unequal; salt and water effects are enhanced more than anti-inflammatory effects, and consequently fluid retention as an undesirable side-effect is likely to occur at any dosage level producing a satisfactory antiphlogistic response. Thus Boland and Headley soon observed the occurrence of edema in patients with rheumatoid arthritis under treatment with 9-α-fluorohydrocortisone. This complication occurred in 12 out of 13 patients; in 6 of the 12 slight to moderate elevation of blood pressure also developed (3). Though unsuitable f...
Mapping the physical environment in economic terms

A value, based on costs and risks associated with geologic factors, can be established for tracts of land. When displayed on a map, these factors will be expressed in terms of economic value. The map is a “high-low” land-value map that identifies land having high costs and risks as low-value land and land having low costs and risks as high-value land.
Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of M(N3)2(bpy)

Powder crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOF), M(N3)2(bpy) (where M = Ni, Co, Cu, and bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine), were successfully synthesized by mixing M(II) salts with solutions of 4,4′-bipyridine and NaN3. All three MOFs crystallize in an orthorhombic crystal system with the space group Cmmm (No. 65), which is isostructural to that of 2D-Fe(N3)2(bpy). The M(II) ions are coordinated with four azide ligands (N3) in equatorial plane forming linear magnetic chains. Isothermal magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, and heat capacity measurements were performed. No clear phase transitions were observed. The intra-chain magnetic interaction was found to be ferromagnetic for the Co and Ni compounds, and antiferromagnetic for the Cu compound. The data were fit to theoretical models, and the variation in the exchange interactions was interpreted in terms of the geometric distortions on the octahedral M(II) sites.
A finite-strain constitutive model for magnetorheological elastomers: Magnetic torques and fiber rotations

Abstract This paper is concerned with the development of constitutive models for a class of magnetoelastic composites consisting of stiff, aligned cylindrical fibers of a magnetizable material that are embedded firmly in a soft elastomeric matrix. The fibers have elliptical cross section and their (transverse) in-plane axes are also aligned, but their distribution is random and characterized by “elliptical” two-point correlations. Estimates are obtained for the macroscopic response and stability of this new type of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) under combined in-plane mechanical and magnetic loading by means of the finite-strain homogenization framework and “partial decoupling approximation” of Ponte Castaneda and Galipeau (2011) . The resulting macroscopic magnetoelastic constitutive model accounts for the microstructure of the composite and its evolution under finite strains and rotations, as well as for the nonlinear magnetic behavior of the fibers, including the effect of magnetic saturation. When the loading directions are not aligned with the fiber axes, the model predicts magnetic and mechanical torques on the fibers, leading to their in-plane rotation, which is found to have significant effects on the coupled magnetoelastic response of the composite, including the possible development of macroscopic torques on a given finite-size sample of the composite. To eliminate these macroscopic torques, while maintaining the advantageous effects of the fiber rotations, we also investigate the response of a laminated composite consisting of plus/minus orientations of the fibers relative to the layering direction, and subjected to magnetic and mechanical loadings along the layering direction. The results for the actuation tractions, magnetostrictive strain and magnetoelastic moduli demonstrate that the microstructure of these laminated MRE samples can be designed optimally for significantly enhanced magnetoelastic effects. In particular, the actuation tractions and magnetostrictive strains can be made several times larger than the corresponding tractions and strains for isotropic MREs with spherical (circular) particles.
Potential dependence of CO oxidation by H2O on a Pt anode. A molecular orbital theory

The electrochemical oxidation of CO on Pt anodes by water has been studied with the atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital (ASED-MO) theory. By using a Pt cluster to represent the Pt(111) surface and then shifting the Pt valence band down in energy to represent the result of applying a positive potential to the electrode, a potential step for the overall anodic process H2O + CO → CO2 + 2H+ + 2e− has been found. This corresponds to the debonding of an H2O ·· CO intermediate from the electrode surface with the simultaneous loss of 2H+ to the solution and 2e− to the anode, releasing CO2. Formation of this intermediate itself is calculated to have an activation barrier with insignificant potential dependence.
The role of UDP-Glc:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 in the maturation of an obligate substrate prosaposin.

An endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control system assists in efficient folding and disposal of misfolded proteins. N-linked glycans are critical in these events because their composition dictates interactions with molecular chaperones. UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGT1) is a key quality control factor of the ER. It adds glucoses to N-linked glycans of nonglucosylated substrates that fail a quality control test, supporting additional rounds of chaperone binding and ER retention. How UGT1 functions in its native environment is poorly understood. The role of UGT1 in the maturation of glycoproteins at basal expression levels was analyzed. Prosaposin was identified as a prominent endogenous UGT1 substrate. A dramatic decrease in the secretion of prosaposin was observed in ugt1−/− cells with prosaposin localized to large juxtanuclear aggresome-like inclusions, which is indicative of its misfolding and the essential role that UGT1 plays in its proper maturation. A model is proposed that explains how UGT1 may aid in the folding of sequential domain–containing proteins such as prosaposin.
Intervention effects on diurnal cortisol rhythms of Child Protective Services-referred infants in early childhood: preschool follow-up results of a randomized clinical trial.

Importance A number of interventions for at-risk children have shown benefits for children’s hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity immediately after treatment. It is critical to examine whether such changes are maintained over time, given that physiological regulation is implicated in later mental and physical health outcomes. Objective To examine whether differences in diurnal cortisol production between children receiving the active parenting intervention and children in the control group persisted at a preschool follow-up (approximately 3 years following intervention). Design, Setting, and Participants Between-subject comparison of cortisol patterns among 2 groups of children (experimental and control groups) involved with Child Protective Services following allegations of neglect. The participants included 115 children (43.5% female) between 46.5 and 69.6 months of age (mean [SD], 50.73 [4.98] months) who had been previously randomly assigned to either the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) intervention (n = 54) or the control intervention (n = 61). Interventions The experimental ABC intervention focused on 3 aims: increasing parental nurturance to child distress, increasing synchronous interactions, and decreasing frightening parental behavior. The control intervention provided educational information about child development to parents. Both interventions were manualized and involved 10 sessions implemented by a trained parent coach in the families’ homes or other places of residence. Main Outcomes and Measures Salivary cortisol samples collected at waking and bedtime for children on 3 separate days. Results Analyses revealed significant differences in cortisol production at the preschool follow-up, such that children in the ABC intervention group showed more typical patterns of cortisol production than children in the control intervention group. Specifically, children in the ABC group exhibited higher mean (SD) log-transformed morning levels than children in the control group (−0.87 [0.45] vs −1.05 [0.43] μg/dL, respectively [to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 27.588]; β = 0.18; P = .03). Bedtime cortisol levels did not differ significantly between the ABC and DEF groups (mean [SD], −1.19 [0.49] vs −1.17 [0.48] μg/dL, respectively; β 01 = −0.01; P = .87). Those in the ABC group showed a steeper decline in cortisol across the day (mean, −0.31 μg/dL) than those in the control group, who showed a blunted cortisol rhythm (mean, −0.12 μg/dL) (β = −0.19; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Differences in cortisol production between the experimental and control groups persisted at the preschool follow-up and resembled differences initially observed 3 months following intervention. This is encouraging evidence that the ABC intervention for Child Protective Services–referred children may have long-lasting effects on a physiological stress system critical for health and adjustment. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT02093052
Idealism and War Bonds: Comparative Study of the Two World Wars

During the past two world wars, some of the best brains in the advertising world participated in framing appeals calculated to bring about maximal purchase of war bonds on the part of the public. In spite of the fact that the aim in both cases was almost identical, the type of appeal used during the war just past was very different from that used thirty years ago, the principal difference consisting in a sharp drop in the number of appeals based on idealism. Does this indicate a change in the relative power of certain symbols in our society, does it signify a change in the theory of advertising, or have both these shifts taken place? This we cannot answer definitely, but in either case the observed change in emphasis is one which suggests wide implications. The author is a member of the staff of the Bureau of Applied Social Research of Columbia University.
Secretion is required for late events in the cell-fusion pathway of mating yeast

Secretory vesicles accumulate adjacent to the contact site between the two cells of a yeast mating pair before they fuse, but there is no direct evidence that secretion is required to complete fusion. In this study, temperature-sensitive secretion ( sects ) mutants were used to investigate the role of secretion in yeast cell fusion. Cell fusion arrested less than 5 minutes after inhibiting secretion. This rapid fusion arrest was not an indirect consequence of reduced mating pheromone signaling, mating-pair assembly or actin polarity. Furthermore, secretion was required to complete cell fusion when it was transiently inhibited by addition and removal of the lipophilic styryl dye, FM4-64. These results indicate that ongoing secretion is required for late events in the cell-fusion pathway, which include plasma-membrane fusion and the completion of cell-wall remodeling, and they demonstrate a just-in-time delivery mechanism for the cell-fusion machinery.
Optimized task allocation in cooperative robot teams

This paper presents a novel task allocation methodology based on supervisory control theory applicable to cooperative robot teams. A team of heterogeneous robots with different sensory capabilities is considered. The overall team's mission is decomposed into multiple tasks which are assigned to one or more robots. An evaluation function is utilized to provide optimal task allocation. The proposed controller design methodology demonstrates flexibility in task assignments and robot coordination, and it is tolerant to robot failures and repairs. A warehouse patrolling application is used to demonstrate the implementation aspect of the proposed methodology.
Atherosclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of altered lipids and of autoantibodies.

The accelerated atherosclerosis that occurs in some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has a complex pathogenesis, including alterations in lipids, inflammation and the immune system. In this article, we review the evidence that peroxidase-related alteration of normal, protective high-density lipoprotein (HDL) converts them to pro-inflammatory HDL (piHDL), characterized by lower content of the cholesterol transport lipoprotein ApoA1 and impaired function of the antioxidant enzyme paroxonase, which prevents oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Forty-five per cent of women with SLE have piHDL compared with 20% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 4% of healthy controls. The presence of piHDL increases risk for coronary artery events and carotid artery plaque. Another result of lipid oxidation in patients with SLE is generation of highly oxidized LDL and phospholipids (PL), probably stimulating antibodies to OxPL phospholipids. These antibodies along with promoting thrombosis also i...
The auditory N2 component in schizophrenia: relationship to MRI temporal lobe gray matter and to other ERP abnormalities.

Abstract The N2 component of the auditory event-related potential (ERP) indexes cognitive processes involved in the categorization of deviant stimuli. Although N2 amplitude and latency abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia, their relationship to MRI structural changes, clinical status, and P3 abnormalities has not been defined. We therefore studied the auditory N2 and P3 components elicited by an oddball paradigm in 15 right-handed male subjects with schizophrenia and 14 control subjects who had quantitative MRI measures of temporal lobe gray-matter structures. To provide a methodological comparison, we measured the auditory N2 from both the target ERP (N2t) and the target-minus-frequent ERP difference (N2d) waveforms. Both N2t and N2d amplitude were bilaterally reduced in schizophrenics, with N2d showing a more pronounced reduction. Within the schizophrenic group, N2 amplitude reduction was associated with reduction in gray-matter volume of the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and of medial temporal lobe structures bilaterally, and clinically, with greater chronicity, P3 amplitude, in contrast, correlated only with left posterior STG volume, and was more prominently associated with delusions and thought disorder. These findings suggest that the N2 and P3 components, though occurring sequentially in the ERP, tap separable anatomic and behavioral abnormalities in schizophrenia.
Efficiency and Decentralization in the Pure Theory of Public Goods

Some basic facts of public goods theory are presented in the primitive set-up of a collection of projects devoid of any linear structure. There is a single private good. Characterizations of Pareto optimal and core states in terms of valuation functions (i.e. supporting "prices") are obtained. Voluntary financing schemes are discussed.
Application of Silicon Micropyramid Structures for Antireflection of Terahertz Waves

Reflection from silicon-based terahertz (THz) components degrades the performance of THz spectroscopy systems by inducing loss and interference. In this paper, we report the design, fabrication, and demonstration of silicon-based devices for reflection reduction and transmission enhancement of broadband THz electromagnetic waves. Antireflection (AR) effect is achieved in the broad frequency range of 0.2-3.15 THz using silicon micropyramid structures as the AR devices. We observe a maximum of 89% reduction in reflectivity of THz power when the sample with 60-?m-period micropyramids is used, compared with the reflectivity of a planar silicon substrate. By varying the period of the micropyramid devices from 110 to 30 ?m, the cut-off frequency of enhanced transmission is tuned from 0.74 to 2.93 THz and the bandwidth of enhancement increases from 0.91 to 3.15 THz, respectively. Although the structures have been demonstrated as AR devices for silicon substrate, this design can be also used for other substrate materials. Furthermore, the silicon devices also function as low-pass filters.
Modes of fossil preservation

Abstract The processes of geologic preservation are important for understanding the organisms represented by fossils. Some fossil differences are due to basic differences in organization of animals and plants, but the interpretation of fossils has also tended to be influenced by modes of preservation. Four modes of preservation generally can be distinguished: (1) Cellular permineralization (“petrifaction”) preserves anatomical detail, and, occasionally, even cytologic structures. (2) Coalified compression , best illustrated by structures from coal but characteristic of many plant fossils in shale, preserves anatomical details in distorted form and produces surface replicas (impressions) on enclosing matrix. (3) Authigenic preservation replicates surface form or outline (molds and casts) prior to distortion by compression and, depending on cementation and timing, may intergrade with fossils that have been subject to compression. (4) Duripartic (hard part) preservation is characteristic of fossil skeletal remains, predominantly animal. Molds, pseudomorphs, or casts may form as bulk replacements following dissolution of the original fossil material, usually by leaching. Classification of the kinds of preservation in fossils will aid in identifying the processes responsible for modifying the fossil remains of both animals and plants.
Imagery Effects on Recall of Minimally Counterintuitive Concepts

Much experimental evidence shows that minimally counterintuitive concepts, which violate one intuitive ontological expectation of domain-specific natural kinds, are remembered as well as or better than intuitive concepts with no violations of ontological expectations, and much better than maximally counterintuitive concepts with more than one violation of ontological violations (Barrett and Nyhoff, 2001; Boyer and Ramble, 2001; Atran and Norenzayan, 2004; Gonce et al., 2006). It is also well established that concepts rated as high in imagery, (e.g., apple) are recalled better than concepts that are low in imagery (e.g., justice; see Paivio, 1990). We conducted three studies to test whether imagery levels affected recall rates of intuitive, minimally counterintuitive, and maximally counterintuitive concepts. In study 1, we obtained imagery level ratings for 48 three-word items. In study 2, we used the ratings obtained in study 1 in a 2 × 3 recall task in which imagery (high vs. low) was manipulated along with counterintutiveness (intuitive vs. minimally counterintuitive vs. maximally counterintuitive). High imagery items were recalled significantly better than low imagery items for intuitive and maximally counterintuitive items but not for minimally counterintuitive items. Study 3, replicated the findings from study 2 in a 2 × 2 study using a larger number of intuitive and minimally counterintuitive items. In both studies, High imagery items were recalled significantly better than low imagery items for intuitive but not for minimally counterintuitive items. Thus, minimally counterintuitive concepts appear insulated from imagery effects on recall.
Federated queries of clinical data repositories: the sum of the parts does not equal the whole

Background and objective In 2008 we developed a shared health research information network (SHRINE), which for the first time enabled research queries across the full patient populations of four Boston hospitals. It uses a federated architecture, where each hospital returns only the aggregate count of the number of patients who match a query. This allows hospitals to retain control over their local databases and comply with federal and state privacy laws. However, because patients may receive care from multiple hospitals, the result of a federated query might differ from what the result would be if the query were run against a single central repository. This paper describes the situations when this happens and presents a technique for correcting these errors. Methods We use a one-time process of identifying which patients have data in multiple repositories by comparing one-way hash values of patient demographics. This enables us to partition the local databases such that all patients within a given partition have data at the same subset of hospitals. Federated queries are then run separately on each partition independently, and the combined results are presented to the user. Results Using theoretical bounds and simulated hospital networks, we demonstrate that once the partitions are made, SHRINE can produce more precise estimates of the number of patients matching a query. Conclusions Uncertainty in the overlap of patient populations across hospitals limits the effectiveness of SHRINE and other federated query tools. Our technique reduces this uncertainty while retaining an aggregate federated architecture.
Differential modulation of nociceptive versus non-nociceptive synapses by endocannabinoids

Background: Although a number of clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated analgesic effects of cannabinoid treatments, there are also instances when cannabinoids have had no effect or even exacerbated pain. The observed pro-nociceptive effects appear to be due to cannabinoid-induced disinhibition of afferent synaptic input to nociceptive circuits. To better understand how cannabinoid-mediated plasticity can have both pro- and anti-nociceptive effects, we examined the possibility that cannabinoids differentially modulate nociceptive vs. non-nociceptive synapses onto a shared postsynaptic target. These experiments were carried out in the central nervous system (CNS) of the medicinal leech, in which it is possible to intracellularly record from presynaptic nociceptive (N-cell) or pressure-sensitive (P-cell) neurons and their shared postsynaptic targets. Results: The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2AG) elicited significant long-lasting depression in nociceptive (N-cell) synapses. However, non-nociceptive (P-cell) synapses were potentiated following 2AG treatment. 2AG-induced potentiation of non-nociceptive synapses was blocked by the TRPV antagonist SB366791, suggesting involvement of the same TRPV-like receptor that has already been shown to mediate endocannabinoid-dependent depression in nociceptive inputs. Treatment with the GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline also blocked 2AG-induced potentiation, consistent with the idea that increased synaptic signaling was the result of endocannabinoid-mediated disinhibition. Interestingly, while bicuculline by itself increased non-nociceptive synaptic transmission, nociceptive synapses were depressed by this GABA receptor antagonist indicating that nociceptive synapses were actually excited by GABAergic input. Consistent with these observations, GABA application depolarized the nociceptive afferent and hyperpolarized the non-nociceptive afferent. Conclusions: These findings show that endocannabinoids can differentially modulate nociceptive vs. non-nociceptive synapses and that GABAergic regulation of these synapses plays an important role in determining whether endocannabinoids have a potentiating or depressing effect.
When-questions in second language acquisition

It has been observed that when-questions are one of the last wh-questions produced by children learning English either as a first language (L1) or as a second language (L2). Explanations proposed for the late appearance of when-questions in L1 acquisition have been mostly based on cognitive factors. However, the cognition-based approach to when-questions faces problems in explaining L2 acquisition data, which show that L2 children who are cognitively more mature than L1 children follow the same developmental sequence. In this paper, I propose a possible explanation based on internal linguistic factors. According to Enc (1987), tense is a referential expression and temporal adverbials are antecedents of tense. I develop Enc's theory further and propose that in a when-question, tense is a bound variable, which is bound by the quantificational interrogative when. Thus, in order to produce when-questions, children must be at a stage where they understand bound variable readings. According to Roeper and de Vil...
First demonstration of the role of TNF in the pathogenesis of disease.

The notion that excessive production of cytokines, especially of TNF, can be central to the pathogenesis of numerous acute and chronic diseases is now widely accepted and documented. The first publication clearly demonstrating the causative role of TNF in pathology is featured in the current issue
Geologic Framework of the Capitan Reef

Geologic Framework of the Capitan Reef: SEPM Special Publication Series No. 65, A.H. Saller, P.M. Harris, B.L. Kirkland, and S.J. Mazzullo (Editors), 1999, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Tulsa, 224 p. ($122 non-member, $87 member) ISBN: 1-56576-063-8. The magnificent El Capitan is as controversial as it is classical, and this is the latest volume dealing with the intriguing questions that these rocks contain. Answers, well, if you think you have all the answers you are not up to date on all the questions as this volume clearly illustrates. Following an excellent introduction by the editors that gives an overview of the contents and a very useful historical summary of work on this classic area which puts them in perspective, the book is divided into three sections: stratigraphic/depositional, paleoecologic, and diagenetic. There are six articles in the first section and three each in the following two. Stratigraphic/Depositional—The authors of the lead article, Kerans and Tinker, are no strangers to the stratigraphy of the Capitan reef complex, and their contribution herein addresses the entire stratigraphic sequence of this complex from the inner shelf where evaporites are conspicuous to the deep basin with its organic-rich rocks. They clearly differentiate between extrinsic (oceanographic effects, climate, subsidence, eustacy, siliciclastic sediment supply, turbidity, salinity, and antecedent topography) and intrinsic (presence or absence of frame-builders and binders; rate of production of biogenic sediment; sensitivity of reef-building organisms to light, salinity, and sediment influx; and the importance of marine cements in binding the reef-building community) factors that affect reef development. Although the intrinsic factors are not considered, each of the basic extrinsic factors is analyzed carefully in terms of its importance in understanding the development of this geologic classic. Results of these analyses are integrated in which six composite stratigraphic sequences, composed of thirty higher frequency stratigraphic sequences …
An epistemologist in the bramble-bush: at the Supreme Court with Mr. Joiner.

“Judges Become Leery of Expert Witnesses,” ran a headline in the Wall Street Journal a couple of years ago; they are “Skeptical of Unproven Science”—the “Testimony of Dilettantes” (Schmitt 1997). Intrigued, I began to struggle through thickets of details of exploding tires, allegedly poisonous perfumes, leaking and bursting breast implants, contaminated insulating oil, etc., etc., and through legal developments from Frye through the Federal Rules of Evidence to Daubert, until eventually I found myself at the U.S. Supreme Court with Mr. Joiner, eavesdropping as the justices —for all the world like a conclave of medieval logicians—disagreed among themselves about whether there is a Categorical Distinction between methodology and conclusions. Now that, I thought, certainly sounds like the kind of question to which
Phase I study of bortezomib plus cetuximab in patients with tumors expressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

18143 Background: Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor that augments EGFR inhibitor activity (Cancer Research 2007; 67:(2),1–8). Cetuximab is a chimeric mouse-human antibody against EGFR that has b...
Translations| Babel and Globalization: Translating in the 21st Century — Introduction

Translations have historically maintained an essential role in the diffusion of knowledge, culture, arts, and sciences across national and cultural borders. This article introduces the special section on translations, situating the analysis within the unfolding globalization phenomena that have fostered an international communication milieu in which English is increasingly the lingua franca in academic, economic, technological, and popular culture domains. This special section delves into the craft and challenges of translating in the 21st century, contributing to shed light on the work and vital role of translators and translations. It provides, at the intersection of diverse fields of academic inquiry and theoretical frameworks, a venue for scholarly contributions sharing an interest in translations and their relevance in the global communication landscape.
Tumor volume is a better predictor of post-operative wound complications compared to tumor size in soft tissue sarcomas of the proximal lower extremity

Background Wide local excision with or without radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy is widely accepted as appropriate management for soft tissue sarcomas (STS) of the extremity. Although survival and local control rates are comparable to amputation, post-operative wound complications (WC) following limb salvage can result in significant morbidity for the patient. Certain risk factors such as location, pre-operative RT, and age have been shown to increase the risk of WCs. Somewhat surprisingly, size has not consistently been shown to impact WC rates. The goal of this study is to assess whether tumor volume, as opposed to the traditional measurement of the largest dimension in one plane, correlates with the development of post-operative WCs.
Evans Enolates: Solution Structures of Lithiated Oxazolidinone-Derived Enolates

The results of a combination of 6Li and 13C NMR spectroscopic and computational studies of oxazolidinone-based lithium enolates—Evans enolates—in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution revealed a mixture of dimers, tetramers, and oligomers (possibly ladders). The distribution depended on the structure of the oxazolidinone auxiliary, substituent on the enolate, and THF concentration (in THF/toluene mixtures). The unsolvated tetrameric form contained a D2d-symmetric core structure, whereas the dimers were determined experimentally and computationally to be trisolvates with several isomeric forms.
Study on Effects of Bait pH Values on Termite Feeding

Phagostimulants for killing termites are baits prepared with auxiliary agents including toxicants and preservatives. The pH values of the additives are different and affect the bait pH value. In the study Macrotermes barneyi were fed with baits prepared with watersolutionshavingdifferentpHvalues, andthe ratioofwatersolutionto base material was 3:10 with the control bait prepared with water solution havingpH value 7. The results showed that bait pH values affected Macrotermes barneyi feeding on baits. Consumption by Macrotermes barneyi of baits prepared with water solutions having pH value ≤ 4 and ≥ 10 was significantly lower than that of the controlbait. The water solution pH value range for preparation of baits suitable to be fed on by Macrotermes barneyi was5~9.
Expressing Social Relationships on the Blog through Links and Comments.

Blogs, regularly updated online journals, allow people to quickly and easily create and share online content. Most bloggers write about their everyday lives and generally have a small audience of regular readers. Readers interact with bloggers by contributing comments in response to specific blog posts. Moreover, readers of blogs are often bloggers themselves and acknowledge their favorite blogs by adding them to their blogrolls or linking to them in their posts. This paper presents a study of bloggers’ online and real life relationships in three blog communities: Kuwait Blogs, Dallas/Fort Worth Blogs, and United Arab Emirates Blogs. Through a comparative analysis of the social network structures created by blogrolls and blog comments, we find different characteristics for different kinds of links. Our online survey of the three communities reveals that few of the blogging interactions reflect close offline relationships, and moreover that many online relationships were formed through blogging.
The Results of Superficial Femoral, Popliteal, and Tibial Artery Stenting for Peripheral Vascular Occlusive Disease:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patentcy rates and physiological effectiveness of angioplasty and stenting as a primary therapy for superficial femoral (SFA), popliteal (POP), and tibial (TIB) arterial occlusive disease. Seventy-eight patients had stents placed in the infra-inguinal vessels between January 1, 2001, and July 31, 2004. We collected data on patient demographics, symptoms, as well as pre- and postprocedure ankle-brachial index (ABI) and angiographic findings. Patency rates at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months were analyzed by life table methods. Thirty-one men and 47 women had a mean age of 68 years (range 36-94 years). Risk factors included diabetes in 50 per cent, hypertension in 79 per cent, smoking in 41 per cent, and end-stage renal disease in 10 per cent. The indications for intervention were claudication in 52 per cent and limb salvage in 48 per cent of patients. Stents were placed in the SFA in 54 patients (69%), in the POP in 15 patients (18%), and in the TIB artery in 6 patients (8%). Average follow-up was 11.2 months. The mean postprocedural increase in ABI was 0.29. The 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year primary patency rates were 83 per cent, 58 per cent, and 47 per cent, respectively. Limb salvage was achieved in 66 per cent of patients treated for limb-threatening ischemia. There was one major and three minor complications. Stenting of the infra-inguinal vessels has a low morbidity, high success rate, and acceptable patency and limb-salvage rates.
Reality Shifts: The Language of Nahuala in Sandra Cisneros’ Caramelo, or Puro Cuento

In this final chapter, Sandra Cisneros’ novel is examined for the symbolisms and linguistic code-switching that engage Celaya in a rite of passage toward becoming the storyteller for her family. Thinking about these performances allows recognition that the structure of the text and the experiences within it are part of various ritualizations that bind Celaya’s family.
Sex-related differences in matrix remodeling and early osteogenic markers in aortic valvular interstitial cells

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a major cardiovascular disorder in the developed countries. Male is a known risk factor in this disease; unfortunately, how sex contributes to CAVD is mostly unknown. The objective of this study is to determine whether valvular interstitial cells (VICs) isolated from male versus female aortic valves demonstrate difference in osteogenic differentiation and/or extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. VICs were isolated from male and female rat or porcine aortic valves and cultured in osteogenic media for 10, 15 and 20 days. The proliferation among male and female VICs was assessed by a cell growth assay. The matrix remodeling of the VIC samples was quantified using glycosaminoglycan (GAG), collagen type I and gelatin zymography assays. Early osteogenic marker expression was assessed using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and enzyme activity assay and Alizarin Red S staining. Our result showed that proliferation of VICs was significantly greater in female than male after 12 days of culture in regular media. Additionally, male VICs showed elevated amounts of normalized GAG, collagen I, and activated matrix metallopreoteniase-2 expression compared to female. Similarly, ALP content was greater in male VICs than female at all time points. In addition, male VICs formed calcific nodules with greater size, % area and integrated density than females. The results from this research suggest that there is a sex-related difference in the events associated with osteogenic differentiation of the aortic VICs, where male VICs are more prone to calcification.
Postsynaptic synaptotagmins mediate AMPA receptor exocytosis during LTP

Strengthening of synaptic connections by NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) shapes neural circuits and mediates learning and memory. During the induction of NMDA-receptor-dependent LTP, Ca2+ influx stimulates recruitment of synaptic AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptors, thereby strengthening synapses. How Ca2+ induces the recruitment of AMPA receptors remains unclear. Here we show that, in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 region in mice, blocking postsynaptic expression of both synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) and synaptotagmin-7 (Syt7), but not of either alone, abolished LTP. LTP was restored by expression of wild-type Syt7 but not of a Ca2+-binding-deficient mutant Syt7. Blocking postsynaptic expression of Syt1 and Syt7 did not impair basal synaptic transmission, reduce levels of synaptic or extrasynaptic AMPA receptors, or alter other AMPA receptor trafficking events. Moreover, expression of dominant-negative mutant Syt1 which inhibits Ca2+-dependent presynaptic vesicle exocytosis, also blocked Ca2+-dependent postsynaptic AMPA receptor exocytosis, thereby abolishing LTP. Our results suggest that postsynaptic Syt1 and Syt7 act as redundant Ca2+-sensors for Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of AMPA receptors during LTP, and thereby delineate a simple mechanism for the recruitment of AMPA receptors that mediates LTP.
Second Suburb: Levittown, Pennsylvania. Edited by Dianne Harris

The word “Levittown” conjures up distinctively strong associations in the minds of scholars and the general public. The image that often emerges first is that of modest, single-family suburban houses clustered together by the thousands on an expanse of flat former farmland, followed by some combination of different judgments: a successful experiment in making home ownership broadly affordable; a cultural wasteland of conformity and consumption; a child-filled, family-friendly community; a site and symbol of racial exclusion and hostility. One of the important achievements of Second Suburb is that such common, partially conflicting assumptions are at once confirmed and complicated. Composed of a relatively brief set of first-person memories of living in Levittown, Pennsylvania, and of seven scholarly essays focusing on such topics as architecture, planning, racial politics, and the environment, this skillfully edited collection is full of creative tension with its exploration of contrasts.
Unintentional Poisoning in China, 1990 to 2015: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Objectives. To estimate the unintentional poisoning burden and risk factors in China from 1990 to 2015.Methods. We extracted data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 to compare mortality, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost, years lived with a disability, and risk factors of unintentional poisoning in China. We determined the median of the percent change and 95% uncertainty interval for the period between 1990 and 2015.Results. The age-standardized unintentional poisoning death rate decreased by 61.8% from 1990 (4.1 per 100 000) to 2015 (1.6 per 100 000). The age-standardized prevalence decreased from 1990 (87.9 per 100 000) to 2010 (39.0 per 100 000), but rebounded in 2015 (42.6 per 100 000). All risk factors combined accounted for 14.9% of unintentional poisoning DALYs in 2015. The leading risk factors for unintentional poisoning DALYs were alcohol and drug use and occupational risks.Conclusions. China has made substantial progress in reducing the mortality at...
4.12 – Physics and Chemistry of Deep Continental Crust Recycling

The continental crust is the end product of multistage magmatic differentiation, wherein felsic liquids and mafic rocks in the form of cumulates and restites are generated. The felsic liquids segregate toward the surface and leave behind mafic rocks at depth. At high pressures, these mafic rocks stabilize garnet and pyroxene, imparting negative compositional buoyancies that can often exceed thermal buoyancies. If these buoyancy forces exceed viscous resisting forces, the mafic rocks should, in theory, founder into the mantle at rates limited by their viscosities, which, in turn, depend largely on temperature. Foundering results in the net removal of mafic rocks into the mantle so that the remaining crust becomes more felsic. Lower crustal foundering, once initiated, is likely to be fast compared to thermal diffusion timescales, leading to the replacement of the cold mafic lower crust by the hot upwelling asthenospheric mantle. Topographic uplift, high surface heat flux, and enhanced low-melt-fraction basaltic magmatism are predicted consequences of asthenospheric upwelling in response to deep crustal foundering, but geologic context and additional constraints should be considered because these phenomena can also be driven by active upwelling and/or incipient extension. Additional constraints come from seismic studies of the deep lithosphere and asthenosphere, but the most diagnostic are xenolith studies, which constrain temporal changes in the composition and thermal state of the lower crust and mantle at depth. These concepts are highlighted in a review of four regions where lower crustal or lithospheric mantle recycling has been proposed on the basis of a combination of petrologic, geochemical, geologic, and geophysical observations. Finally, the petrogenetic origin of these dense mafic rocks is reviewed, with particular emphasis on their origins during magmatic differentiation in subduction zones. On the basis of mass balance, the proportions of mafic cumulate formation in arc environments are estimated. When scaled up to the global rate of magmatic production in subduction zones, global recycling rates of cumulates in subduction zones are shown to be up to 20% of the rate of oceanic crust production. These cumulates are low in Si and enriched in Mg and most of the first-row transition metals. Recycling of such materials back into the mantle leaves behind a felsic continental crust. These cumulates may also have significant quantities of Nb, Ta, Ti, and Pb. The latter, in particular, suggests that foundered mafic cumulates could represent the low U/Pb reservoir needed to balance the high, time-integrated U/Pb signature of the crust and the uppermost mantle. These recycled lower crustal materials may populate much of the upper mantle and, because of their fertile major-element compositions, can preferentially remelt if they become entrained in plumes or small-scale convective instabilities.
Abstract 19776: Race and Socioeconomic Status Have Independent Effects on Amputation in Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Patients

Introduction: Black race has been shown to be a risk factor for amputation in PAD. However, race may be a marker for socioeconomic status (SES) or access to care or indicate true biological differences. The aim of this study is to study the interaction of race and SES as a proxy for access to care on amputation risk in PAD patients. Methods: Patients with PAD in the Veterans Affairs database were identified from 2003-2014 using a validated algorithm. The exposures were race and SES [as measured by percentage of individuals below the poverty line in the patient’s zip code tabulation area (ZCTA)]. Outcomes were incident major amputation risk at 1, 3 and 5 years. The effect of race and SES was analyzed using Cox models to adjust for covariates and test for interaction. Results: In 208,194 patients with PAD [Males: 98.1%; Black: 16.2%, White: 82.5%], there were 14,981 major amputations [Median follow up 5.2 yrs]. Black veterans were significantly more likely to live in ZCTAs with lower SES. Incident amputation risk declined significantly in higher SES strata within both black and white PAD patients but not in other racial groups (Table 1A). Black patients had a higher amputation risk in each SES stratum as compared to white patients (Table 1A). In Cox models (adjusting for age, gender, race, SES, comorbidities, cholesterol levels, creatinine, and medications) black race was associated with a 43% higher amputation risk as compared to whites [HR 1.43; 95% CI (1.27, 1.62)] while low SES was independently predictive of increased risk of amputation [HR 1.37; 95% CI (1.26, 1.49) for >30.0% vs. Conclusion: Black veterans have a higher risk of amputation than whites within the same SES strata. Black race and low SES are independently predictive of higher amputation risk in PAD. Further research is needed to elucidate mechanisms leading to increased racial disparity in PAD patients.