cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UNDERSTANDING THE OTHER/UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES: TOWARD A CONSTRUCTIVE DIALOGUE ABOUT “PRINCIPLES’ IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

The recent federal interest in advancing “scientifically based research,” along with the National Research Council's 2002 report Scientific Research in Education (SRE), have provided space and impetus for a more general dialogue across discourse boundaries within the field of educational research. The goal of this article is to develop and illustrate principles for an educative dialogue across research discourses. I have turned to Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics and the critical dialogue that surrounds it to seek guidance about how we might better understand one another's perspectives and learn more about ourselves through the encounter. To illustrate these principles, I consider the dialogue between SRE authors and critics that was published in Educational Researcher shortly after the release of the report. I focus in particular on one of the many issues about which misunderstandings seem to arise — the nature, status, and role of generalizations — and point to some instructive challenges that each of the articles seems to raise for the others. Finally, I propose what I argue is a more prudent aspiration for general principles in educational research: developing the principles through which open critique and debate across differences might occur and through which sound decisions about particular programs for research might be made.
Review: Mechanisms of Occupational Airways Diseases Induced by Exposure to Organic and Inorganic Chemicals

Inhaled low molecular weight chemicals (LMWC) encountered in the workplace can induce airways disease. Most LMWC are irritants and if exposure levels are high enough or if there is extended exposure, can cause inflammation of the eyes, respiratory tract, and alveolar membrane without class specific antibody production or involvement of cellular mechanisms. Reflex or inflammatory bronchoconstriction may result. At lower concentrations, some of these LMWC are haptenic and induce respiratory symptoms by immune mechanisms. Dose and duration of exposure, as well as physiochemical properties of the agent and host factors, influence the effect that a given agent may have on an individual. It is important to distinguish between irritant and hypersensitivity responses for diagnostic purposes and for subsequent patient management. However, long term effects of sub-lethal exposure to primary irritants, such as SO2 or chemicals which are irritants at high concentrations but can also induce antibody formation, such as the isocyanates and acid anhydrides, are not clear.
Absence of E-cadherin expression distinguishes noncohesive from cohesive pancreatic cancer.

Purpose: The role of E-cadherin in carcinogenesis is of great interest, but few studies have examined its relevance to pancreatic carcinoma. Experimental Design: We evaluated E-cadherin protein expression by immunohistochemistry in pancreatobiliary cancers having a noncohesive histologic phenotype (21 undifferentiated adenocarcinomas and 7 signet ring carcinomas), comparing the results with pancreatic cancers having a cohesive phenotype (25 moderately differentiated and 14 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas). Results: Twenty of 21 undifferentiated cancers had complete absence of E-cadherin expression, as did two signet ring carcinomas. In contrast, cohesive cancers ( n = 39) had E-cadherin labeling at the plasma membrane ( P n = 28) showed a membranous β-catenin expression pattern, whereas noncohesive foci ( n = 7) were characterized by either cytoplasmic labeling or complete absence of β-catenin protein expression, suggestive of a deficient zonula adherens in noncohesive cancers. E-cadherin promoter hypermethylation was observed in an undifferentiated pancreatic cancer cell line, MiaPaCa-2, whereas two pancreatic cancer cell lines derived from differentiated lesions lacked any evidence of E-cadherin promoter methylation. No pattern of E-cadherin promoter methylation could be determined in three primary cancers having mixed histologic patterns (contained both cohesive and noncohesive foci). No somatic mutations in E-cadherin were identified in noncohesive pancreatic cancers having inactivated E-cadherin. Conclusions: Noncohesive pancreatic cancers were characterized by the loss of E-cadherin protein expression. Promoter hypermethylation is a possible mechanism of E-cadherin gene silencing in a subset of these cancers.
Agonistic Behavior and Egg Production of Caged Layers: Genetic Strain and Group-Size Effects

Abstract We housed 5 commercial strains of 20-week-old White Leghorns in groups of 4, 8, and 14 birds per cage; each subclass was represented in each of 5 rows of colony cages. Area, feeder, and water space per bird were held constant for all group sizes. Agonistic behavior, age at sexual maturity, hen-day rate of lay, hen-housed egg production, mortality, and egg quality were evaluated over 40 weeks of production. Results indicated significant differences among strains in aggressiveness. Birds in the larger groups interacted more than they did in groups of 4. Pecking was more frequent than threatening; birds interacted more during ingestion than when engaged in other activities. Egg production and quality traits and mortality were affected by genetic stocks. Increasing group size depressed egg production and increased mortality. Birds in larger groups spent less time in ingestive behavior. Egg quality traits were not altered by group size. Considerable differences were found for all traits during different periods (ages). No associations were found between frequencies of agonistic acts by flocks and their egg production or between social status of individuals and duration of time feeding. We found no convincing evidence in this study that overt agonistic behavior has any measurable effect on productivity in colony cages.
Report of the ILAE classification core group

A Core Group of the Task Force on Classification and Terminology has evaluated the lists of epileptic seizure types and epilepsy syndromes approved by the General Assembly in Buenos Aires in 2001, and considered possible alternative systems of classification. No new classification has as yet been proposed. Because the 1981 classification of epileptic seizure types, and the 1989 classification of epilepsy syndromes and epilepsies are generally accepted and workable, they will not be discarded unless, and until, clearly better classifications have been devised, although periodic modifications to the current classifications may be suggested. At this time, however, the Core Group has focused on establishing scientifically rigorous criteria for identification of specific epileptic seizure types and specific epilepsy syndromes as unique diagnostic entities, and is considering an evidence-based approach. The short-term goal is to present a list of seizure types and syndromes to the ILAE Executive Committee for approval as testable working hypotheses, subject to verification, falsification, and revision. This report represents completion of this work. If sufficient evidence subsequently becomes available to disprove any hypothesis, the seizure type or syndrome will be reevaluated and revised or discarded, with Executive Committee approval. The recognition of specific seizure types and syndromes, as well as any change in classification of seizure types and syndromes, therefore, will continue to be an ongoing dynamic process. A major purpose of this approach is to identify research necessary to clarify remaining issues of uncertainty, and to pave the way for new classifications.
Observing subcanopy CO2 advection

Abstract Underestimation of nocturnal CO 2 respiration under calm conditions remains an unsolved problem at many forest flux stations. In this paper, the hypothesis is tested that horizontal mean transport, not previously measured, may account for the missing CO 2 . A systematic methodology was developed that comprises characterizing the subcanopy motions, determining the appropriate size of the subcanopy network required to make the measurements, developing a method of integrating the measurements in the vertical, and determining the required averaging time. Measurements were performed at the Harvard Forest (Petersham, MA), over 4 years. The appropriate size of the network of wind and CO 2 sensors was shown to be on the order of 100 m, ensuring that sensors were generally observing coherent processes on this scale or larger and thus displayed some correlation. Horizontal transport of CO 2 at Harvard Forest was found to be restricted to the bottom ∼10 m of the forest. The fraction of the negative buoyancy force in the sum of dynamic driving forces described nights with missing flux problems (“deficit nights”) significantly better than the commonly used friction velocity criterion. Including the measured horizontal transport terms did not on average fully account for the observed difference in NEE of 1.2±0.3 μmol m −2 s −1 between deficit and non-deficit nights, but decreased the difference to 0.7±0.5 μmol m −2 s −1 . Horizontal transport did account for the difference, to within measurement error, during summer months, but not during spring or fall.
Effect of Cooling on Boundary-Layer Stability at Mach Number 3

The effect of wall cooling on the instability of a two-dimensional, flat-plate supersonic boundary layer under stratospheric flight conditions at Mach number 3 is calculated using both the inviscid and viscous linear stability theories. At any fixed Reynolds number, cooling stabilizes the first mode and destabilizes the second and higher modes. Transition is estimated on the basis of an envelope N-factor obtained from the separate N-factors of each normal mode. At this Mach number, the second-mode is a remaining source of instability after a certain amount of wall cooling has stabilized the first mode. If transition is initiated by linear instability, a transition reversal must take place, but at high Reynolds numbers and frequencies. If the transition Reynolds number is increased by active cooling or some other means, it is possible for the laminar flow to be maintained by the cooling available from thermal radiation alone.
Laquinimod Treatment Reverses Cortical and Hippocampus Pathology Due to Inflammatory Demyelination in a Chronic Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis (P06.126)

OBJECTIVE: The cortical hemisphere and hippocampus are critical for cognitive functions especially, spatial memory and learning. Histopathological studies have shown that gray matter lesions occur frequently in cortical hemispheres and the hippocampus region during multiple sclerosis (MS) and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Laquinimod treatment on cortical and hippocampal pathology in EAE. BACKGROUND: Laquinimod is an oral, once-daily CNS-active immunomodulator for the treatment of MS. Phase III data in RRMS patients indicate clear effects of Laquinimod 0.6mg on clinical disease activity as evidenced by slowing the progression of disability brain atrophy and relapse rates. DESIGN/METHODS: 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were pre- and post-treated by daily oral gavages with 25 mg/kg/day of Laquinimod starting on day 0 or day 21 after first MOG immunization. EAE clinical scores were assessed throughout the disease course. Golgi staining, immunohistochemistry of the brain and electron microscopy was performed 36-40 days post-disease induction. Inflammation, demyelination, specific neuronal dendrites, apoptosis, and pre- and post- synaptic puncta quantification were analyzed from brain sections corresponding to plates 42–47 from the atlas of Franklin and Paxinos. RESULTS: Mean clinical disease scores of EAE mice with Laquinimod treatment were significantly improved throughout disease. Laquinimod treatment reduced the number of lesions and overall demyelination, neurodegeneration and microglia activation in the cortical layers and hippocampus. Callosal projection neurons from cortical layer II/III and V, as well as neurons from hippocampus CA1 were examined . Laquinimod treatment increased number of synaptic puncta and improved neuronal dendrite integrity . Laquinimod treatment during EAE significantly decreased number of apoptotic cells in the cortical layers and the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show and support a role of Laquinimod in the treatment of EAE- and potentially MS-related cortical and hippocampus pathology. Supported by: Teva Pharmaceutical Industries. Disclosure: Dr. Tiwari-Woodruff has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Pharmaceuticals as a participant on an adviosry board. Dr. Tiwari-Woodruff has received research support from Teva Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Yoon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khalaj has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ichwan has nothing to disclose. Dr. McLauglin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose.
Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) as Impact Sensors

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of using IPMC as a flexible impact sensor to be used in typical impact protective devices like a protective headgear to estimate the severity level of head impacts. To that end, IPMC strips were embedded into two layers of protective dilatant material and several impact testings were performed. Results of output IPMC voltage and impact acceleration were captured and analyzed. IPMCs appear to present a potential as impact sensors. In so doing, small strips of either Platinum or Gold chemically-plated IPMCs were used. Results of IPMC voltage output and impact accelerations were reported. The results indicate that IPMCs can be used as flexible impact sensors.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
As CS Enrollments Grow, Are We Attracting Weaker Students?

In recent years, enrollments in undergraduate computer science programs have seen tremendous growth nationally. Often accompanying such growth is a concern from faculty that the additional students choosing to pursue computing may not have the same aptitude for the subject as was seen in prior student populations. Thus such students may exhibit weaker performance in computing courses. To help address this question, we present a statistical analysis using mixture modeling of students' performance in an introductory programming class at Stanford University over an eight year period, during which enrollments in the course more than doubled. Importantly, in this setting many variables that would normally confound such a study are directly controlled for. We find that the distribution of student performance during this period, as reflected in their programming assignment scores, remains remarkably stable despite the large growth in enrollment. We then explain how the notion of having "more weak students" and the fact that the distribution of student ability is unchanged can readily co-exist and lead to misperceptions about the quality of incoming students during an enrollment boom.
Prompt Gamma Rays from π-Bombardment of C12 Near the 3–3 Resonance

Preliminary data on prompt gamma rays from discrete nuclear levels from pion bombardment of C12 has been obtained. Measurement of such gamma rays give a method of indirectly studying the scattering of pions on nucleii in a manner similiar to that employed by Clegg et. all, in studying proton reactions at the Harwell synchrocyclotron. The use of pions differs from protons in having 0 spin, unit isospin and displaying an isospin dependant nucleon resonance. Gamma ray measurements obviate necessity of using a good resolution pion beam but entail some abiguities in assignment of nuclear levels.
Recall, maintenance care cycle, and outcomes assessment

Failure to review and monitor the patient may result to relapse of condition; therefore, in erosion risk management, it is essential that a maintenance care regime (recalls) matched to each patient’s disease levels and erosion risk status is established, to check patient compliance, monitor wear, reinforce advice, and for encouragement to maintain changed behavior. This chapter describes the importance of recall visits, the establishment of recall intervals, and the activities required to be performed at every recall visits, including evaluation of the outcomes of the treatment with regard to disease control, quality of care, health maintenance, and improvement in patient’s quality of life. Through recall visits, a cyclic risk-based maintenance care is established for each patient, with the objective to establish and maintain long-term oral health.
Environmental Effects on Fluidic Amplifers

The technology of fluidics has frequently been advertised as being a solution to environmental problems encountered with more conventional control techniques. However, those applying fluidics to control problems soon discover that fluidic components have their own peculiar sensitivity to changes in the environment. This paper describes the typical environmental sensitivity of fluidic proportional and digital amplifiers, and provides a method for predicting this sensitivity based on the amplifier’s dependence on Reynolds Number. The principal performance parameters considered are gain, noise and null shift. The sensitivity of these parameters to supply pressure, fluid temperature and altitude or reference pressure is described. Both liquid and gaseous fluids are considered.Copyright © 1972 by ASME
Near-field Pressure and Far-field Acoustic Response of Forced High-Speed Jets

The near-field pressure of an unheated, Mach 0.9 jet with a ReD of 6.2x10 5 excited by plasma actuators has been investigated in order to evaluate the hydrodynamic and acoustic response of the jet, and the link between the two. Simultaneous acquisition of the far-field acoustic, the near-field pressure, and the actuation phase enables the use of phase-averaging of the pressure and acoustic signals and space-time correlations between the near field and the far field. By applying a filter in the frequency-wavenumber space, the nearfield pressure is decomposed into its constitutive hydrodynamic and acoustic components. Finally, wavelet analysis is utilized to assess the decomposed fields in the time domain. Both the hydrodynamic and acoustic response to forcing for StDF < 0.50 are found to follow a quasi-linear interaction model, in which the response to periodic forcing can be well predicted by a simple linear superposition of the impulsive response. Measurements of the pressure fluctuations and correlations to the far-field aft angle display an upstream shift in the structure saturation point as well as the dominant acoustic source region with increasing forcing frequency. Preliminary investigation in the time-domain found significantly lower temporal coherency of the acoustic response versus the hydrodynamic response; this difference was reduced by periodic forcing.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Adjuvant chemotherapy has improved the prospects of disease-free survival for patients with breast cancer. Women at highest risk have had the most dramatic benefits. Combined cyclophosphamide (C), methotrexate (M), fluorouracil (F), vincristine (V), and prednisone (P) is superior to CMP and to L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) in women with four or more nodes at all ages. L-PAM, F, and tamoxifen is better than L-PAM and F in postmenopausal women. The combination of 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide appears to be equal to that of CMFVP, but with an unknown risk of later cardiac damage.
Soft-tissue reconstruction of craniofacial defects

This article describes work in the reconstruction of combined midfacial and palatal defects with the use of a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous free flap with separate skin paddles designed to reconstruct multiple tissue surfaces.
Testing and Debugging

The MATLAB unit test framework now allows you to incorporate testing into your MATLAB software, just as you would your C++ or Java packages. Since entire textbooks have been written on testing methodologies, this chapter is limited to covering the mechanics of using the test framework itself. We also present a couple of recipes that are useful for debugging.
Fusion to Vp16 Converts MEIS1 into an Oncoprotein That Immortalizes Progenitors and Causes AML in the Absence of Coexpressed Hox Genes: Hoxa7 and Hoxa9 Induced Further Stem Cell Gene Transcription in Vp16MEIS1 Progenitors.

Abstract MEIS1 and Hoxa9 are homeobox transcription factors that promote self-renewal in hematopoietic progenitors. MEIS1 does not induce leukemia, but cooperates strongly with Hoxa9 to produce acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Previously, we demonstrated that Hoxa9 blocks differentiation of myeloid progenitors that do not express MEIS1 and do not induce leukemic. Coexpression of MEIS1 causes transcription of genes that segregate with the leukemia-initiating subset of human AML blasts, such as CD34 and FLT3. We designate these genes as leukemic stem cell genes, or LSC genes. MEIS1 promoted LCS gene transcription by a mechanism that requires interaction with PBX and DNA, and that also requires a short MEIS1 C-terminal transactivation domain (CTD). Here we use a dominant transactivating or transrepressing form of MEIS1 to determine whether the activation or repression function of Pbx:MEIS1 complexes is sufficient to cause myeloid leukemia in combination with coexpressed Hoxa9. Surprisingly, fusion of MEIS1 to the Vp16 transactivation domain (but not the engrailed transrepression domain) produced an autonomous oncoprotein that immortalized progenitors and caused myeloid leukemias without the need for coexpressed exogenous or endogenous Hox genes. Like MEIS1, Vp16MEIS1 required binding to Pbx and DNA for immortalization; however, the CTD was not necessary in the context of Vp16MEIS1. This suggests that the CTD participates in target gene activation in AML blasts, a function replaced by Vp16 in its absence. Retroviral expression of Hoxa9 or Hoxa7 induced a further, strong, transcriptional upregulation of LSC genes in Vp16MEIS1 progenitors and elevated their leukemic potential to the level of bona fide AML blasts. These data suggest that transactivation is the essential function of Pbx:MEIS1 complexes in AML, and that HOX proteins cooperate with Pbx:MEIS1 complexes to activate transcription of early progenitor genes whose expression is required for human AML.
Anti-Reductionism, Anti-Rationalism, and the Material Constitution of the Mental

I’ve set out and defended an account of the vertical relations between the mental and more fundamental levels in terms of a theory of material constitution (Pereboom 2002, 2011). A controversial feature of this account is that it rejects identity as the distinctive interlevel relation, by contrast with standard reductive positions and, perhaps surprisingly, with the rival nonreductive subset view. Instead, it appeals to a fundamental made-up-of relation. The criticism that this relation and the theory are obscure is diagnosed as presupposing the unfounded rationalist claim that accounts of this sort can only appeal to conceptual analysis and logical relations such as identity.
Electronic access to AJHP

Q: Through what sources can I access AJHP electronically ? A: Electronic sources of biomedical information are increasingly an alternative to traditional paper-bound sources. Readers are constantly searching for and reading the latest research online. They expect to be able to find articles
Thin-film UV–vis spectroscopy as a chemically-sensitive monitoring tool for copper etching bath

Abstract Subtractive copper etching is a central process in fabricating advanced printed circuit boards, where ever-shrinking features demand precise control of etch rate and etch factor. Copper etching baths, using cupric chloride, involve complex chemical equilibria that the currently used semi-chemical monitoring tools, including oxidation–reduction potential, conductivity, and specific gravity, can have difficulty controlling precisely. We report a new monitoring tool, thin-film UV–vis spectroscopy, to support and enhance the existing monitoring parameters. UV–vis can distinguish specific chemical contributions to the etch bath performance and to monitoring parameters, and can contribute to significant improvements in the control of the copper etching system.
Abstract 13229: Varying ABCG1 Expression is Associated With Macrophage Apoptosis&Phagocytosis

Introduction: ATP-binding cassette transporter G1(ABCG1)is a transmembrane protein mediated efflux of cellular cholesterol to HDL, which plays a vital part in macrophage lipid homeostasis, but the ...
Closed Valvuloplasty for Mitral Stenosis

Since our first report of successful surgery for mitral stenosis in 1948 [1] operations for the correction of this lesion have been carried out in sufficiently large numbers and long enough for valid statistical deductions. The benefits conferred by surgery, and factors influencing both improvement and deterioration after initial improvement, can be assessed. We have previously made progress reports on the late results of our initial consecutive series of patients [2,3], The current report extends this series by an additional 571 patients operated on up to November 1, 1961, and an additional three years of follow-up study.
Abstract 5823: Palmatine as a potential pancreatic cancer therapeutic agent

Over the last 30 years, little improvement has been made to the 5 year survival rate of pancreatic cancer (PanCA) patients. While survival has increase by 2% over the last several years, the current rate is still less than 8%. This depressing fact demonstrates the importance of developing or improving therapies to more effectively manage this disease. Along these lines, published studies from our laboratory demonstrated the anti-tumorigenic potential of the cork tree bark extract, Nexrutine® (Nx). Nx suppressed growth of pancreatic cancer cells through downregulation of STAT3/NF-κB activation. Subsequent biochemical and molecular investigations revealed palmatine (PMT) (i) as an active constituent of Nx able to suppress the growth of pancreatic cancer cells; (ii) synergizes with gemcitabine (GEM); and (iii) downregulates GLI1, COL1A1 and Survivin. Despite such promising in vitro observations however, the in vivo relevance of PMT is undefined. Furthermore, it is unclear if PMT can recapitulate the biological activities of Nx in vivo. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that PMT recapitulates the biological activities of Nx and enhances GEM activity. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the efficacy of Nx and PMT using (i) athymic mice implanted with Capan-2 cells; (ii) a syngenic mouse model using C57BL/6 mice implanted with KPC-GFP-Luc cells; and (iii) a short term ex vivo model utilizing cells isolated from primary pancreatic tumors following surgical resection. Additionally, in vitro experiments were also done to assess the underlying molecular mechanism. Analysis of these data show that both Nx and PMT are well tolerated in vivo and a significant reduction in the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and CXCL1. Interestingly, animals receiving PMT, but not Nx, showed a trend towards decreased pancreatic tumor weight that was associated with histopathological changes. Investigation into the potential mechanism revealed that Nx and PMT mediated inhibition of STAT3, EP4, Src, TrkA, and RPS6 activities may contribute to the observed growth inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects. Incredibly, our ex vivo analysis of patient derived PanCA cells demonstrated that both Nx and PMT could inhibit the growth of these cells. Collectively, our data demonstrates PMT recapitulates biological activities of Nx and that there is potential for developing PMT as an agent for clinical management of PanCA. Supported by NCCIH (R01 AT007448; APK) and VA-MERIT Award (I01 BX 000766; APK). Citation Format: Amanda R. Munoz, Roble Bedolla, Shih-Bo Huang, Xiaou Yang, Paul Rivas, Robert Reddick, Martha Hanes, Glenn Halff, Rita Ghosh, Addanki P. Kumar. Palmatine as a potential pancreatic cancer therapeutic agent [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5823.
A Comparative Study of Automatic Approaches for Preclinical MRI-based Brain Segmentation in the Developing Rat

Accurate pre-clinical study reporting requires validated processing tools to increase data reproducibility within and between laboratories. Segmentation of rodent brain from non-brain tissue is an important first step in preclinical imaging pipelines for which well validated tools are still under development. The current study aims to clarify the best approach to automatic brain extraction for studies in the immature rat. Skull stripping modules from AFNI, PCNN-3D, and RATS software packages were assessed for their ability to accurately segment brain from non-brain by comparison to manual segmentation. Comparison was performed using Dice coefficient of similarity. Results showed that the RATS package outperformed the others by including a lower percentage of false positive, non-brain voxels in the brain mask. However, AFNI resulted in a lower percentage of false negative voxels. Although the automatic approaches for brain segmentation significantly facilitate the data stream process, the current study findings suggest that the task of rodent brain segmentation from T2 weighted MRI needs to be accompanied by a supervised quality control step when developmental brain imaging studies were targeted.
Bukovina: A Borderland Region in (Trans-)national Historiographies after 1945 and 1989–1991:

This article is part of the special cluster titled Bukovina and Bukovinians after the Second World War: (Re)shaping and (re)thinking a region after genocide and ‘ethnic unmixing’, guest edited by G...
Triangle Counting with A Multi-Core Computer

The forward algorithm for counting the number of triangles in a sparse graph is fast in practice. This article studies how to prepare data and data structures for implementing the algorithm on a two-socket computer. Specifically, a data structure is designed to increase cache efficiency for the forward algorithm, and a scheme for tiebreaking during the sorting of vertices is designed to increase sequential access to the data structure. The Graph Challenge provides a collection of data sets for researchers to compare the performance of their implementations. The performance metrics include the edge rate (the number of edges in the graph divided by runtime) and the triangle rate (the number of triangles divided by runtime). Herein the highest edge rate achieved is 1.406 billion edges per second, and the highest triangle rate is 3.495 billion triangles per second.
Driver Drowsiness Detection Algorithms Using Electrocardiogram Data Analysis

In this paper, we are proposing an innovative technique that utilizes biomedical signal analysis based on machine learning in order to measure driver drowsiness; it is applied to heart rate variation (HRV), which is measured from an ECG signal. The algorithm uses wavelet (WT) and short Fourier transform (STFT). It extracts and selects the desired features, and the system then applies the support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) method. Through this, the applied technique achieves an accuracy of 80% or more. In our research, the accuracy output for the SVM method is 83.23% and 87.5% when applying STFT and WT techniques. As our results have shown, the algorithm with the highest accuracy resulted in a lower number of drowsiness related accidents.
Compartment syndrome of the muscles of mastication in a working dog following a traumatic training incident

Objective To describe acute compartment syndrome (CS) of the muscles of mastication in a working dog associated with a traumatic training event. Case summary A 2.5-year-old male Belgian Malinois was evaluated for acute blindness, severe diffuse swelling of the head, and inability to close the jaw following a traumatic incident during a bite training drill. During the exercise, the maxillary canine teeth were locked on a bite sleeve. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and ocular system identified diffuse muscle swelling and hyperintensity, most severe in the muscles of mastication. Ocular abnormalities were not identified. Rhabdomyolysis, CS, and indirect optic nerve injury were supported by measurement of increased intramuscular pressure. Bilateral decompressive fasciotomies over the masseter and temporalis muscles resulted in immediate and marked resolution of the swelling and jaw movement. Blindness, however, did not resolve. New or unique information provided CS involving the muscles of mastication may occur as a complication of bite training and may result in irreversible and even life-threatening complications. Emergent decompressive fasciotomy is indicated to reverse swelling; however, visual deficits may not resolve.
Positive social work education: results from a classroom trial

Concerns around student mental health and wellbeing are particularly pronounced in graduate-level social work education due to high rates of adverse life experiences and mental health challenges fa...
Through scarcity to prosperity: Toward a theory of sustainable growth

Abstract To make progress toward a comprehensive theory of sustainable growth, this paper integrates fertility choice and exhaustible resource dynamics in a tractable model of endogenous technological change. The model identifies conditions under which the interdependence of population, resources and technology produces a transition that consists of three phases: (1) an initial phase where agents exploit exhaustible natural resources to support population growth; (2) an intermediate phase where agents turn on the Schumpeterian engine of endogenous innovation in response to population-led market expansion; (3) a terminal phase where knowledge accumulation becomes the sole engine of growth. The last phase is crucial: not only economic growth no longer requires growth of physical inputs, but technological change also compensates for the exhaustion of the natural resource.
Life without air

An early exposure to lipid biochemistry in the laboratory of Konrad Bloch resulted in a fascination with the biosynthesis, structures, and functions of bacterial lipids. The discovery of plasmalogens (1-alk-1′-enyl, 2-acyl phospholipids) in anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria led to studies on the physical chemistry of these lipids and the cellular regulation of membrane lipid polymorphism in bacteria. Later studies in several laboratories showed that the formation of the alk-1-enyl ether bond involves an aerobic process in animal cells and thus is fundamentally different from that in anaerobic organisms. Our work provides evidence for an anaerobic process in which plasmalogens are formed from their corresponding diacyl lipids. Studies on the roles of phospholipases in Listeria monocytogenes revealed distinctions between its phospholipases and those previously discovered in other bacteria and showed how the Listeria enzymes are uniquely fitted to the intracellular lifestyle of this significant human pathogen.
Religion, ethnicity, and politics in american philosophy: Reflections on McCumber's time in the ditch

McCumber does not sustain with evidence his claims about the role of McCarthyism in the triumph of analytical philosophy. A balanced history would attend to other considerations potentially relevant to that triumph, including the connection between Anglo-Protestant cultural hegemony in the United States and the styles of philosophy — especially metaphysics and normative ethics — repudiated by the analytical philosophers. The crucial transition in the professional culture of philosophy in the United States is not that from pragmatism to logical empiricism and ordinary language philosophy, but from philosophy that was engaged with Christianity to philosophy that was not.
A Taxonomy and Survey on Validation Approaches for Automated Driving Systems

The absence of the human fallback level in Automated Driving Systems (ADS) results in a tremendous increase in system complexity and required reliability. Due to the number of possible parameter variations in a driving situation, the framing of all interactions into requirements is infeasible. Therefore, the determination the level of maturity using requirements-based methods is not sufficient anymore. To face this challenge, scenario-based testing is a promising approach. For the actual task of testing, there are a multitude of different test environments, platforms and validation approaches that can be used. Thus, the challenge arises to orchestrate the test efforts among these different possibilities. In this contribution, we present a broad survey on established validation approaches as well as research in this area. Based on the survey, a comprehensive taxonomy for classifying validation approaches is given. The presented taxonomy provides a structured view on available validation approaches and can serve as a tool that supports the selection of validation approaches considering given constraints.
Meta-Learning Bandit Policies by Gradient Ascent

Most bandit policies are designed to either minimize regret in any problem instance, making very few assumptions about the underlying environment, or in a Bayesian sense, assuming a prior distribution over environment parameters. The former are often too conservative in practical settings, while the latter require assumptions that are hard to verify in practice. We study bandit problems that fall between these two extremes, where the learning agent has access to sampled bandit instances from an unknown prior distribution $\mathcal{P}$ and aims to achieve high reward on average over the bandit instances drawn from $\mathcal{P}$. This setting is of a particular importance because it lays foundations for meta-learning of bandit policies and reflects more realistic assumptions in many practical domains. We propose the use of parameterized bandit policies that are differentiable and can be optimized using policy gradients. This provides a broadly applicable framework that is easy to implement. We derive reward gradients that reflect the structure of bandit problems and policies, for both non-contextual and contextual settings, and propose a number of interesting policies that are both differentiable and have low regret. Our algorithmic and theoretical contributions are supported by extensive experiments that show the importance of baseline subtraction, learned biases, and the practicality of our approach on a range problems.
Does Social Judgment Diminish Rule Breaking

We experimentally investigate the extent to which social observability of one’s actions and the possibility of social non-monetary judgment affect the decision to engage in rule breaking behavior. We consider three rule breaking scenarios — theft, bribery and embezzlement — in the absence of any formal enforcement mechanism. By involving a student sample characterized by cultural heterogeneity due to immigration of ancestors to the US, we are able to investigate whether the effectiveness of informal social enforcement mechanisms is conditional on the cultural background of the decision-maker. A total of 52 countries are represented in our sample, ranging from Low Rule of Law countries such as Liberia and Nigeria to High Rule of Law countries such as Sweden and Norway. Our data provide evidence that people with different cultural backgrounds do respond differently to increased social observability of their actions. In particular, while subjects that identify culturally with a High Rule of Law country respond to social obervability and judgment by lowering their propensities to engage in rule breaking, subjects that identify with Low Rule of Law countries do not. Our findings suggest that development policies that rely purely on social judgment to enforce behavior may not work with Low Rule of Law populations.
AI-Driven Provisioning in the 5G Core

Network slicing enables communication service providers to partition physical infrastructure into logically independent networks. Network slices must be provisioned to meet the service-level objectives (SLOs) of disparate offerings, such as enhanced mobile broadband, ultrareliable low-latency communications, and massive machine-type communications. Network orchestrators must customize service placement and scaling to achieve the SLO of each network slice. In this article, we discuss the challenges encountered by network orchestrators in allocating resources to disparate 5G network slices, and propose the use of artificial intelligence to make core placement and scaling decisions that meet the requirements of network slices deployed on shared infrastructure. We explore how artificial intelligence-driven scaling algorithms, coupled with functionality-aware placement, can enable providers to design closed-loop solutions to meet the disparate SLOs of future network slices.
A deep neural network-based method for deep information extraction using transfer learning strategies to support automated compliance checking

Abstract Existing automated compliance checking (ACC) systems require the extraction of requirements from regulatory documents into computer-processable representations. These information extraction (IE) processes are either fully manual, semi-automated, or automated. Semi-automated and manual approaches typically use manual annotations or predefined IE rules, which lack sufficient flexibility and scalability; the annotations and rules typically need adaptation if the characteristics of the regulatory document change. There is, thus, a need for a fully automated IE approach that can achieve high and consistent performance across different types of regulatory documents for supporting ACC. To address this need, this paper proposes a deep neural network-based method for deep IE – extracting semantic and syntactic information elements – from regulatory documents in the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) domain. The proposed method was evaluated in extracting information from multiple regulatory documents in the AEC domain. It achieved average precision and recall of 93.1% and 92.9%, respectively.
Unit Groups and Isomorphism Theorems For Commutative Group Algebras

Publisher Summary This chapter describes methods and results that lead to various isomorphism theorems in the abelian case. It assumes all groups to be abelian and all rings commutative with identity. To obtain strong isomorphism results for group algebras over R, it is natural to assume that whenever G has an element of order p, then p is not a unit in R. Suppose that R is an integral domain of characteristic O and that G is an R-favorable abelian group. The chapter describes the structure of the group V of normalized units of RG. The modular case has a different flavor from that of characteristic 0. Let R be an integral domain of characteristic p, and let G be an abelian group whose only torsion is p-torsion. Let S be an indecomposable, reduced commutative ring with identity, and F a torsion-free abelian group. Then every unit of SF has singleton support.
Carbon nanotubule membranes for electrochemical energy storage and production

Ensembles of aligned and monodisperse tubules of graphitic carbon can be prepared by a templating method1,2,3,4 that involves the chemical-vapour deposition of carbon within the pores of alumina membranes5,6,7. Tubules with diameters as small as 20 nm have been prepared in this way7,8. The carbon comprising these tubules can be transformed from a disordered material to very highly ordered graphite5. Here we show that template-synthesized carbon tubules can be fabricated as free-standing nanoporous carbon membranes, and that narrower, highly ordered graphitic carbon nanotubes can be prepared within the membrane's tubules. Both the outer and the inner tubules are electrochemically active for intercalation of lithium ions, suggesting possible applications in lithium-ion batteries9,10. The membranes can also be filled with nanoparticles of electrocatalytic metals and alloys. Such catalyst-loaded membranes can be used to electrocatalyse O2 reduction and methanol oxidation, two reactions of importance to fuel-cell technology.
Foreign policy analysis : classic and contemporary theory

Part I: Overview and Evolution of Foreign Policy Analysis Chapter 1: Introduction: The Situation and Evolution of Foreign Policy Analysis: A Road Map Part II: Levels of Analysis Chapter 2: The Individual Decisionmaker: The Political Psychology of World Leaders Chapter 3: Group Decisionmaking: Small Group Dynamics, Organizational Process, and Bureaucratic Politics Chapter 4: Culture and National Identity Chapter 5: Domestic Politics and Opposition Chapter 6: The Levels of National Attributes and International System: Effects on Foreign Policy Part III: Putting It All Together, or Not Chapter 7: Theoretical Integration in Foreign Policy Analysis: Promise and Frustration Chapter 8: The Future of Foreign Policy Analysis-and You
Cr (VI) induces cell growth arrest through hydrogen peroxide-mediated reactions.

Cr (VI) compounds are widely used in industries and are recognized human carcinogens. The mechanism of carcinogenesis associated with these compounds is not well understood. The present study focused on Cr (VI)‐induced cell growth arrest in human lung epithelial A549 cells, using flow cytometric analysis of DNA content. Treatment of the cells with Cr (VI) at 1 μM caused a growth arrest at G2/M phase. An increase in Cr (VI) concentration enhanced the growth arrest. At a concentration of 25 μM, Cr (VI)‐induced apoptosis became apparent. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) or sodium formate did not alter the Cr (VI)‐induced cell growth arrest. While catalase inhibited growth, indicating H2O2 is an important mediator in Cr (VI)‐induced G2/M phase arrest. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping measurements showed that incubation of cells with Cr (VI) generated hydroxyl radical (•OH). Catalase inhibited the •OH radical generation, indicating that H2O2 was generated from cells stimulated by Cr (VI), and that H2O2 functioned as a precursor for •OH radical generation. The formation of H2O2 from Cr (VI)‐stimulated cells was also measured by the change in fluorescence of scopoletin in the presence of horseradish peroxidase. The mechanism of reactive oxygen species generation involved the reduction of molecular oxygen as shown by oxygen consumption assay. These results support the following conclusions: (a) Reactive oxygen species are generated in Cr (VI)‐stimulated A549 cells through reduction of molecular oxygen, (b) Among the reactive oxygen species generated, H2O2 played a major role in causing G2/M phase arrest in human lung epithelial cells.