cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NONCONNECTEDNESS OF THE SET OF BANKRUPTCY-FREE MONEY EQUILIBRIA IN THE STATIC ECONOMY: A CONSTRUCTIVE EXAMPLE

A static economy in which nominal taxes and transfers are balanced, as proposed by Balasko and Shell (1993), typically has a continuum of equilibrium money prices. This paper presents a constructive example in which the set of equilibrium money prices is not connected. By allowing negative consumption as a mathematical construct, closed form solutions for equilibrium tax-adjusted income are derived. The main result of the example implies that bankrupt taxpayers with negative tax-adjusted income can be free from bankruptcy as the price of money increases. This paradoxical outcome is similar to that of the transfer paradox, as suggested by Gale (1974), where tax-transfer plans make taxpayers better off.
A PDE Sensitivity Equation Method for Optimal Aerodynamic Design

The use of gradient-based optimization algorithms in inverse design is well established as a practical approach to aerodynamic design. A typical procedure uses a simulation scheme to evaluate the objective function (from the approximate states) and its gradient, then passes this information to an optimization algorithm. Once the simulation scheme (CFD flow solver) has been selected and used to provide approximate function evaluations, there are several possible approaches to the problem of computing gradients. One popular method is to differentiate the simulation scheme and compute design sensitivities that are then used to obtain gradients. Although this black-box approach has many advantages in shape optimization problems, one must compute mesh sensitivities in order to compute the design sensitivity. In this paper, we present an alternative approach using the PDE sensitivity equation to develop algorithms for computing gradients. This approach has the advantage that mesh sensitivities need not be computed. Moreover, when it is possible to use the CFD scheme for both the forward problem and the sensitivity equation, then there are computational advantages. An apparent disadvantage of this approach is that it does not always produce consistent derivatives. However, for a proper combination of discretization schemes, one can showasymptotic consistencyunder mesh refinement, which is often sufficient to guarantee convergence of the optimal design algorithm. In particular, we show that when asymptotically consistent schemes are combined with a trust-region optimization algorithm, the resulting optimal design method converges. We denote this approach as thesensitivity equation method.The sensitivity equation method is presented, convergence results are given, and the approach is illustrated on two optimal design problems involving shocks.
Coenzyme A content of adipose tissue.

ADIPOSE tissue, long considered an inert storehouse, has recently been shown to have intense metabolic activity. In spite of the importance of coenzyme A in fat metabolism, the existence of coenzyme A activity had not been demonstrated in adipose tissue. The present communication does so and in addition directs attention to the differences in this respect between normal and obese animals and, among the latter, between animals with ‘regulatory’ obesity and animals with ‘metabolic’ obesity1,2.
Ongoing ingestive behavior is rapidly suppressed by a preabsorptive, intestinal "bitter taste" cue.

The discovery that cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract express the same molecular receptors and intracellular signaling components known to be involved in taste has generated great interest in potential functions of such post-oral “taste” receptors in the control of food intake. To determine whether taste cues in the GI tract are detected and can directly influence behavior, the present study used a microbehavioral analysis of intake, in which rats drank from lickometers that were programmed to simultaneously deliver a brief yoked infusion of a taste stimulus to the intestines. Specifically, in daily 30-min sessions, thirsty rats with indwelling intraduodenal catheters were trained to drink hypotonic (0.12 M) sodium chloride (NaCl) and simultaneously self-infuse a 0.12 M NaCl solution. Once trained, in a subsequent series of intestinal taste probe trials, rats reduced licking during a 6-min infusion period, when a bitter stimulus denatonium benzoate (DB; 10 mM) was added to the NaCl vehicle for infusion, apparently conditioning a mild taste aversion. Presentation of the DB in isomolar lithium chloride (LiCl) for intestinal infusions accelerated the development of the response across trials and strengthened the temporal resolution of the early licking suppression in response to the arrival of the DB in the intestine. In an experiment to evaluate whether CCK is involved as a paracrine signal in transducing the intestinal taste of DB, the CCK-1R antagonist devazepide partially blocked the response to intestinal DB. In contrast to their ability to detect and avoid the bitter taste in the intestine, rats did not modify their licking to saccharin intraduodenal probe infusions. The intestinal taste aversion paradigm developed here provides a sensitive and effective protocol for evaluating which tastants—and concentrations of tastants—in the lumen of the gut can control ingestion.
Creating a Bisexual Display: Making Bisexuality Visible

This article explores the ways bisexual identity is made visible outside of explicitly sexual behavior, or outside the bedroom. This article draws on concepts from Goffman's work on identity performance, Lorber's work on gender display, and West and Zimmerman's work on ‘doing gender,’ as well as specifically addressing Miller's concept of ‘doing bisexuality.’ Through the use of gender displays and other visual cues, bisexuals engage with cultural assumptions about straight and gay/lesbian stereotypes, styles, and appearances to try to create a unique bisexual style based on hybridity, a concept the author calls “bisexual display.”
A Comparison of Chemical and Isotopic Hydrograph Separation

As part of the construction of a simulation model to test an acid precipitation neutralization mechanism, the stream hydrograph was separated into its baseflow and event water components using stable environmental isotopes of water, a naturally occuring conservative tracer. Three snowmelt events and one storm event during the winter and spring of 1984 were studied at an instrumented watershed in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Conditions for use of the isotopic tracer were not always met, however. During the latter part of the snowmelt and the storm, the isotopic content of the groundwater and event water were not distinguishable. Furthermore the isotopic content of the meltwater varied considerably over time, thereby reducing the precision of the hydrograph separation. Frequent sampling of the meltwater is mandatory to assess this variability. Because the concentration of major cations and anions were measured as well, chemical tracers could be compared to the isotopic tracer, when the isotopic hydrograph separation was reliable, to test whether the chemical tracer was conservative. Dissolved silica was found to act as a conservative tracer for this watershed.
Earthmasters: The Dawn of the Age of Climate Engineering/A Case for Climate Engineering

After publishing two very different books on the same topic, Clive Hamilton and David Keith engaged in a public debate at Columbia University. The central question in their debate—and the question ...
Habitat Use, Survival, and Site Fidelity of Rainbow Trout Stocked into an Appalachian River

Rainbow trout from private culture facilities were stocked into Bluestone River, West Virginia, to evaluate biological feasibility of stocking to enhance local angling opportunities. Between fall 2007 and spring 2009, over 2,400 fish were stocked. A subset of fish was tagged using radio transmitters (ATS model 1580), each bearing a unique frequency (48.000 to 49.999 Mhz) to monitor survival and availability of fish to anglers along a 1.6 km river reach. Tagged fish were 366 mm TL (33 mm SD) and 617g (128g SD) on average. Summarized seasonally, 73%–96% of fish remained within the study reach. Survival varied between years. Between fall 2007 and spring 2008 seasonal survival was 62%–89%, but from fall 2008 through spring 2009 it was 32%–66%. Mean availability (product of survival and site fidelity) ranged from 48%–78% over the study except it declined to 23% in winter 2008 due to low survival. This case study shows that cultured rainbow trout from private producers can be stocked into seasonally suitable st...
Maternal factors in congenital limb-reduction defects.

Various maternal characteristics were examined in case-control studies of limb-reduction defects among live births in Upstate New York (i.e., New York State exclusive of New York City). In a study using birth records of 305 cases and 915 controls born in 1970–81, mean birth weight and gestation length were significantly lower in cases than in controls, and certain pregnancy complications (i.e., abnormal vaginal bleeding and diabetes mellitus) were reported more often in cases than in controls. Several subgroups of defects (i.e., isolated defects vs. multiple, long-bone defects vs. other) were also compared with their respective controls. The subgroup with multiple (including nonskeletal) defects had the lowest mean birth weight and length of gestation. In an interview study of 108 cases and 108 controls born in 1968–74, a history of maternal use of thyroid medication was a significant risk factor; possible explanations for this association are discussed.
Spiritual Assessment in Counseling: Methods and Practice

Given the widely expanding professional and empirical support for integrating spirituality into counseling, the authors present a practical discussion for raising counselors' general awareness and skill in the critical area of spiritual assessment. A discussion of rationale, measurement, and clinical practice is provided along with case examples. D. R. Hodge's (2001) spiritual life map is highlighted as an assessment tool. The authors also discuss the influence of counselor–client values and beliefs in therapy and the need to incorporate developmental and cultural influences in spiritual assessment.
DISPERSAL BY JUVENILE AMERICAN CROWS (CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS) INFLUENCES POPULATION DYNAMICS ACROSS A GRADIENT OF URBANIZATION

Abstract American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) populations are increasing across North America, often at high rates in urban areas. A monthly survey of American Crows in the Seattle Christmas Bird Count (CBC) circle suggested that winter counts reflected American Crow abundance at other times of the year, so we used CBC results for American Crows as a measure of population trend. In the Seattle area, local survival and fecundity appear unable to account for exponential population growth. We tested the hypothesis that juvenile dispersal from outlying suburban and exurban areas contributes to growth in the urban population by radiotagging 56 juveniles 5–46 km away from the central business district of Seattle and tracking their movements. Juvenile American Crows’ centers of activity were 0.2–22.2 km away from their natal territory during the first 3–12 months after fledging. An estimated 45% survived one year. Movements of dispersing American Crows varied in their consistency with simulated random-walk path...
Interpretive approach to collective effects of electrons in multicenter problems

Interpretive theoretical tools prove valuable in guiding the analysis of experiments in the realm of atomic clusters. Here, we review basic elements of an analytic approach that makes it possible to find and visualize the effective electrostatic potential and Coulomb correlations in multicenter problems. To illustrate the utility of these concepts we apply them to exploring molecular-doped metallic clusters. This study is aiming at a systematic, visual assessment of changes induced in screening, Coulomb correlation and effective potential by varying the charge of the electronegative impurity and its position in the cluster cage.
Exogenous, basal, and flow-induced nitric oxide production and endothelial cell proliferation.

The role of nitric oxide (NO) from endogenous and exogenous sources in regulating large vessel and microvascular endothelial cell proliferation was investigated. Exogenous NO liberated from five different chemical donors inhibited bovine aortic, bovine retinal microvascular, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner as determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The potency of the donors varied as a function of the donors' half-lives. Donors with half-lives greater than 30 min were more effective than donors with significantly shorter half-lives. Coincubation of endothelial cells with 0.4 mM deoxyadenosine and 0.4 mM deoxyguanosine reduced the percentage of inhibition due to an NO donor. These data are consistent with a ribonucleotide reductase-dependent mechanism of inhibition. Inhibition of basal NO production with four different inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) did not modify proliferation. Laminar flow with a wall shear stress of 22 dyn/cm2inhibited the proliferation of subconfluent bovine aortic endothelial cells. The addition of a NOS inhibitor did not abrogate the flow-induced inhibition of proliferation, suggesting that flow-stimulated release of NO from endothelial cells did not account for flow-induced inhibition of proliferation. Taken together, these data suggest that relatively large concentrations of exogenous NO inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, while endogenous levels of NO are inadequate to inhibit proliferation. J. Cell. Physiol. 171:252–258, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lanreotide in the Management of Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

The management of hypercalcemia of malignancy (HCM) is difficult if the underlying neoplasm cannot be treated successfully. The overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by various neoplasms is a common mechanism of HCM and usually is a premorbid event. Current pharmacologic measures to control HCM are directed more toward inhibiting the action rather than inhibiting the secretion of PTHrP. The somatostatin congeners are a novel class of drugs that can inhibit some excessive hormonal states. In this report, the authors summarize an observation made using lanreotide, an investigational somatostatin congener, in treating a patient with a neuroendocrine neoplasm. Lanreotide administration resulted in normalizing the serum calcium levels while decreasing plasma PTHrP concentrations. The chronic administration of lanreotide produced a stable radiographic response and controlled the HCM without adverse side effects. The somatostatin congeners potentially offer another therapeutic modality in managing HCM.
Social disorganizations and crime rates in U.S. central cities: Toward an explanation of urban economic change

Little attention has been paid to the simultaneous impacts of urban economic change, in particular the effects of industrial restructuring from manufacturing to service industries in central cities and the suburbanization of employment, on both central-city social disorganizations and crime rates in central cities. This study first assumes that urban economic decline aggravates central-city social disorganizations (family disruption, and population mobility). Second, this study proposes that urban economic decline increases central-city crime rates (seven index crime rates). This study used four predictors of economic transformations in an intrametropolitan area between 1980 and 1990 to measure urban economic change. Three of these measures were indicators of central-city economic change (changes in central-city employment ratio of service to manufacturing sectors, unemployment rate, and poverty rate), and one was an indicator of suburban economic change (suburban employment rate). Results from a sample of 153 central cities confirmed that a rise in the central-city employment ratio accelerated suburban population mobility. After including two measures of social disorganizations, urban economic change had a significant effect on central-city crime rates, in which a decline in manufacturing employment, relative to service employment, increased three central-city crime rates: aggravated assault, larceny, and burglary rates. Two central-city crime rates, rape and larceny, increased with a rise in central-city poverty rate, as well. In contrast, suburban employment growth was related to a decrease in central-city violent crime rates.
Three-dimensional flow around blunt bodies with sharp shoulders

Three dimensional inviscid compressible flow past sharp shouldered blunt bodies at angle of attack, presenting time dependent finite difference technique
Boundaries and Corridors as a Continuum of Ecological Flow Control: Lessons from Rivers and Streams.

: Landscape boundaries and corridors are areas of small spatial extent relative to their large effects on ecological flows. The trend in ecological literature is to treat corridors and boundaries as separate phenomena on the landscape. This approach, however, misses a fundamental aspect they have in common: their strong influence on ecological flows. Corridors and boundaries exist at opposite ends of a permeability gradient, differing in their effects on rates and direction of flow. The position of landscape structures along this permeability gradient depends on attributes of both the flow and of the structure itself. We discuss boundaries and corridors in terms of mover specificity, scale, and effects on different levels of ecological organization, using rivers and streams to illustrate our points. We predict which structures will act as boundaries or corridors and at what spatial and temporal scales they are likely to be relevant. Considering the function of landscape structures across the boundary-corridor continuum will provide researchers and managers with a more complete, holistic viewpoint and will allow better strategies to attain conservation goals. Resumen: Los linderos y corredores de paisajes son areas de extension espacial pequena con relacion a la gran magnitud de sus efectos en los flujos ecologicos. En la literatura ecologica existe la tendencia de tratar a los corredores y a los linderos como un fenomeno separado en el paisaje. Sin embargo, esta estrategia pierde la caracteristica comun fundamental entre estos dos elementos: una fuerte influencia en los flujos ecologicos. Los corredores y los linderos existen a en extremos opuestos de un gradiente de permeabilidad, difieren en sus efectos en cuanto a las tasas y la direccion del flujo. La posicion de estructuras del paisaje a lo largo de este gradiente de permeabilidad depende de los atributos tanto del flujo, como de la estructura en si misma. Nosotros discutimos los linderos y los corredores en terminos de especificidad del transportador, la escala y sus efectos en diferentes niveles de organizacion ecologica y utilizamos rios y arroyos para ilustrar nuestros puntos. Predecimos cuales estructuras actuarian como linderos o corredores y a que escala espacial y temporal podrian ser relevantes. Considerando que la funcion de las estructuras del paisaje a lo largo de un continuo lindero-corredor proporcionara a los investigadores y manejadores un punto de vista mas completo e integral y dara cabida a mejores estrategias para alcanzar las metas de conservacion.
Glutamic acid and ethanol dependence.

Glutamate diethyl ester, a specific glutamate antagonist, attenuated the seizures and decreases in behavioral activity that were observed in mice during withdrawal. Prior to withdrawal, ethanol-dependent animals were supersensitive to kainic acid, a potent glutamate agonist, but they were not supersensitive to the convulsant drug pentylenetetrazol. These findings suggest that supersensitivity to glutamate develops during ethanol dependence, and that this phenomenon contributes to the signs of ethanol withdrawal.
Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3,416-Myr-old ocean

Recent re-evaluations of the geological record of the earliest life on Earth have led to the suggestion that some of the oldest putative microfossils1 and carbonaceous matter were formed through abiotic hydrothermal processes2,3. Similarly, many early Archaean (more than 3,400-Myr-old) cherts have been reinterpreted as hydrothermal deposits rather than products of normal marine sedimentary processes2,4,5. Here we present the results of a field, petrographic and geochemical study testing these hypotheses for the 3,416-Myr-old Buck Reef Chert, South Africa. From sedimentary structures and distributions of sand and mud, we infer that deposition occurred in normal open shallow to deep marine environments. The siderite enrichment that we observe in deep-water sediments is consistent with a stratified early ocean6,7. We show that most carbonaceous matter was formed by photosynthetic mats within the euphotic zone and distributed as detrital matter by waves and currents to surrounding environments. We find no evidence that hydrothermal processes had any direct role in the deposition of either the carbonaceous matter or the enclosing sediments. Instead, we conclude that photosynthetic organisms had evolved and were living in a stratified ocean supersaturated in dissolved silica8,9 3,416 Myr ago.
Measurement of zinc amelioration of cadmium toxicity in chlorella pyrenoidosa using turbidostat culture

The amelioration of cadmium toxicity by zinc was measured in terms of changes in the maximum specific growth rate (μmax) of a Chlorella pyrenoidosa population using turbidostat culture. In this continuous culture system, μmax is a dependent variable that responds directly to toxic effects. At a sublethal cadmium concentration (2.05 μM Cd) in the medium, the population μmax was in steady state at 70% of control values. When zinc was added to the medium to a concentration of 4.08 μM Zn, μmax increased immediately to a rate of 2.2% of control μmax/generation for seven generations, reaching steady state at 90% of the control. Additional increases in zinc did not elicit further increases in μmax. Full recovery of μmax subsequently occurred after five generations in control medium. Mean cell size and percentage dry mass also changed during periods of toxicity and amelioration. Mechanisms of the amelioration process are discussed.
Periodic solutions for Hamiltonian systems under strong constraining forces

Abstract We consider periodic solutions of Hamiltonian systems in Euclidean spaces whose motion is constrained to a submanifold M . We prove that under some nondegeneracy assumptions, periodic solutions persist when the constraint is replaced by a strong restoring potential.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is not effective in releasing calcium from skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum microsomes

Abstract Regulation of many cell systems has been shown to be mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate which causes a release of calcium from intracellular sites. We have shown that release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum microsomes was not stimulated by IP3. The phorbol ester, TPA, also had no effect on Ca2+ release or Ca2+ ATPase activity. Thus, it is unlikely that the breakdown of polyphosphatidylinositides serves as a second messenger to mediate release of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle.
Sexual Assessment: Research and Clinical

It has been well documented that most patients do not volunteer information about sexual problems, and that health care providers should incorporate at least a brief sexual assessment into routine health histories and medical evaluations. While not every nurse can be a sexual counselor, listening to concerns of patient and family, presenting factual information in a nonthreatening manner, managing noncomplex disease and treatment related symptoms, and providing appropriate referrals can be easily incorporated into routine care.
Biochemical and morphological evidence for host race evolution in desert mistletoe, Phoradendron californicum (Viscaceae)

Allozymes and morphological characters were used to test whether host race evolution—the genetic divergence of parasitic populations caused by adaptation to different host species—has occurred in desert mistletoe,Phoradendron californicum. Populations ofPhoradendron californicum from two hosts,Acacia greggii andProsopis glandulosa, were surveyed from the Mojave and Colorado deserts. Electrophoretic data indicated genetic differentiation of mistletoes occurring on these hosts. Three of four morphological characters (internode length, main shoot lateral shoot diameter ratio and berry color) also showed significant host-specific differentiation. These data support the hypothesis that host race formation has occurred or is occurring in this parasitic angiosperm.
Neuropharmacological and physiological validation of a computer-controlled two-compartment black and white box for the assessment of anxiety.

Abstract 1. 1. The two-compartment black and white box first described by Crawley and Goodwin (1980) has been used to study anti-anxiety properties of drugs but has not been validated. 2. 2. An automated test system and validation of the protocol for the evaluation of compounds with anxiolytic or anxiogenic potential is described. 3. 3. The box is partitioned into black and white sections with an interconnecting opening and is equipped with micro-switch photoelectric controls (light source and photorecciver) and an interface connected to the menudriven computer during anxiety testing. 4. 4. Plasma corticosterone levels in naive mice maintained on a reversed L:D cycle was significantly reduced following restricted exposure to the brightly lit white section but not in the red-illuminated black section. 5. 5. The optimal structural configuration in different test situations was found to be a square rather than a round box. 6. 6. Under normal conditions, mice spend about 60% of the time in the dark compartment so that the exploratory activities and time spent in the white section are taken as a measure of anxiety. 7. 7. Compounds examined included the reference anxiolytic diazepam, nicotine, naloxone, MDL 72222, ICS 205 930 and buspirone, all of which increased mouse exploratory activities in the white section. PTZ, β-CCP, morphine and amphetamine increased exploration in the black compartment and reduced exploration in the white area. 8. 8. Fluphenazine and imipramine had no specific effects on anxiety responding, although the cataleptogenic effect of fluphenarinc was apparent. 9. 9. Daily repeated testing was possible with a maximum of up to four trials a week using naive animals during the 5-min test session. 10. 10. The results suggest that the rapid and automated test system for the assessment of changes in measures of anxiety is not only valid for large scale evaluation of compounds but could be used to elucidate mechanisms of drug action and the CNS pathways linked with anxiolysis and/or anxiogenesis.
Room temperature hydrogen response kinetics of nano–micro-integrated doped tin oxide sensor

Abstract The nano–micro-integrated sensor has been fabricated by sol–gel depositing the nanocrystalline indium oxide (In2O3)-doped tin oxide (SnO2) thin film on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device having interdigitated electrode configurations with two different electrode spacing (10 μm and 20 μm) and two different number of fingers (8 and 20). The present nano–micro-integrated sensor exhibits high H2 sensitivity range (S = 3–105) for the H2 concentration within the range of 100–15,000 ppm at room temperature. It has been demonstrated that, the room temperature response kinetics of the present nano–micro-integrated sensor is a function of finger spacing, H2 concentration and air-pressure, but independent of number of fingers. Such dependence has been explained on the basis of Le Chatelier's principle applied to the associated H2 sensing mechanism and the role of above parameters in shifting the dynamic equilibrium of the involved surface reactions under the described test conditions. A new definition of the response time has been proposed, which is not only suitable for the theoretical analysis but also for the practical applications, where a gas-leak detection alarm is required to be triggered.
Coming of Age: Developmental Norms of the Adolescent Years.

For years the period of adolescence has been widely believed to be one of inherent “storm and stress,” greatly unpredictable and something to be endured. More recently, however, research has failed to bear this out, finding this view to be representative of only a minority of youth. For most, adolescence represents a period of transitions that guide the search for self and prepare the adolescent for his or her role in the adult world.
The President as Commander-in-Chief

Experience shows, that, so far as the Constitution is concerned, the President is vested with power adequate to directing the defense of the United States. Experience shows too, that this power is subject to restraint: even in time of war the test of ultra or intra vires is applicable according to the established processes of our constitutional system. Whether in the prosecution of various war measures the executive has overleaped the bounds of necessity, whether in particular instances the courts have proved too indulgent or too rigid-these are important questions on which men may reasonably differ.' For the moment let it be remarked that in studying that aspect of the presidential office which has to do with national defense our real problems are chiefly with the organization of power and the mode of its exercise, rather than with the existence of power itself. The Constitution provides that "The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States ...," and goes on to particularize various other powers with which the President is invested. Perhaps because this is the only substantive applied to the President, it is common usage to say that "the President, as Commander-in-Chief" has taken certain measureswith some slight suggestion that specific invocation was essential to the exercise of the power. Presidents have been wont to assert the title to eke out a paucity of statutory authority. But the President does not, in the English phrase, "wear two hats." Being Commander-in-Chief is merely one of the incidents inseparable from his office. Of course the President does not, of his own authority, have at hand all the means essential to the defense of the nation. It is the function of Congress to raise the forces and make rules for their
The impact of TOEFL scores on placement and performance of international students in the initial graduate accounting class

This paper examines, in a US context, the relationship between performance in the initial required graduate financial accounting class and Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) scores for a sample of international MBA students. Other variables that have been shown in the past to be associated with superior performance in that class for other samples are also considered for this international sample. These relationships have not been analysed by any previous studies. The results show that TOEFL scores are not associated with superior performance in graduate accounting for the international students. The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) score is the factor most associated with superior performance in graduate-level accounting for international students. This result is consistent with the result reported in Krausz et al. (Advances in Accounting Education, 3(3), 169–177, 2000) for a sample of domestic US students.
Effects of filtered air and misting treatments on cuticles of red spruce needles on Whiteface Mountain, N.Y.

Two sets of large (8-20 m tall) red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees growing on Whiteface Mountain, N.Y., were used in branch chamber experiments. In the summer of 1988, the treatments were made o...
Genetic structure of Eurasian and North American Leymus (Triticeae) wildryes assessed by chloroplast DNA sequences and AFLP profiles

Leymus is a genomically defined allopolyploid of genus Triticeae with two distinct subgenomes. Chloroplast DNA sequences of Eurasian and North American species are distinct and polyphyletic. However, phylogenies derived from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences are confounded by polyploidy and lack of polymorphism among many taxa. The AFLP technique can resolve phylogenetic relationships between closely related species, with a curvilinear relationship expected between the proportion of shared bands and nucleotide substitution rate (D), up to about 0.100 D. The objective of this study was to compare D and phylogenetic relationships among 16 Leymus taxa, based on chloroplast DNA sequences and multi-locus AFLP genotypes. Estimates of chloroplast D between taxa were 0.002 and 0.013 within and among continental regions, respectively. Estimates of AFLP D between taxa were 0.076 and 0.093 compared within and between continental regions, respectively, versus 0.024 within taxa. Bayesian and neighbor-joining cluster analyses effectively separated all AFLP genotypes by species, but showed that North American L. ambiguus is a hybrid species with nearly equal contributions from sympatric L. cinereus and L. salinus taxa. Two hierarchical AFLP clades, containing six North American taxa and four Eurasian taxa, had more than 98% bootstrap confidence with 0.071 and 0.055 D among taxa. Three other Eurasian taxa clustered with 79% and 89% confidence, with up to 0.79 D between taxa. These estimates provide benchmarks for phylogenetic comparisons of AFLP profiles, but three taxa could not be reliably grouped, which may reflect concurrent radiation of multiple lineages or lack of homologous AFLP characters caused by a high D.
Prediction of Transient Thermal Behavior of Planar Interconnect Architecture Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Method

A major challenge in maintaining quality and reliability in today’s microelectronics devices comes from the ever increasing level of integration in the device fabrication as well as the high level of current densities that are carried through the microchip during operation. Cyclic thermal events during operation, stemming from Joule heating of the metal lines, can lead to fatigue failure due to the varying thermal expansion coefficients of the different materials that compose the microchip package. To aid in the avoidance of such device failures, it is imperative to develop a predictive capability for the thermal response of micro-electronic circuits. This work studied the problem of transient Joule heating in interconnects in a two-dimensional (2D) inhomogeneous system using a reduced order modeling approach of the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method and Galerkin Projection Technique. This study considers an interconnect structure embedded in the bulk of a microelectronic device. The effect of different types of current pulses, pulse duration, and pulse amplitude were investigated. By using a representative step function as the heat source, the model predicted the exact transient thermal behavior of the system for all other cases without generating any new observations, using just a few POD modes. To validate this unique capability, the result of the POD model was compared with a finite element (FE) model developed in LS-DYNA®. The behaviors of the POD models were in good agreements with the corresponding FE models. This close correlation provides the capability of predicting other cases based on a smaller sample set which can significantly decrease the computational cost.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A natural approach to high performance robust control: another look at Youla parameterization

In this paper, we shall summarize a new approach to robust and fault tolerant control proposed recently by the author. This approach is based on a variation of all controller parameterization. This robust and fault-tolerant control design consists of two parts: a nominal performance controller and a robustness controller, and works in such way that when a component (sensor, actuator, etc) failure is detected, the controller structure is reconfigured by adding a robustness loop to compensate the fault. We shall illustrate how this strategy works with a simple example.
Least Squares Analysis of Experimental Design Models by Augmenting the Data with Side Conditions

One method of analyzing an experimental design model is to impose side conditions on the observational equations and then to solve the “reduced” model by least squares. The author demonstrates another method, which is not widely known: augment the data with the side conditions and then solve the “augmented” model by least squares.
CysLT2 receptors interact with CysLT1 receptors and down-modulate cysteinyl leukotriene dependent mitogenic responses of mast cells.

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) induce inflammation through 2 G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), CysLT1 and CysLT2, which are coexpressed by most myeloid cells. Cys-LTs induce proliferation of mast cells (MCs), transactivate c-Kit, and phosphorylate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Although MCs express CysLT2, their responses to cys-LTs are blocked by antagonists of CysLT1. We demonstrate that CysLT2 interacts with CysLT1, and that knockdown of CysLT2 increases CysLT1 surface expression and CysLT1-dependent proliferation of cord blood–derived human MCs (hMCs). Cys-LT–mediated responses were absent in MCs from mice lacking CysLT1 receptors, but enhanced by the absence of CysLT2 receptors. CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors colocalized to the plasma membranes and nuclei of a human MC line, LAD2. Antibody-based fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy confirmed complexes containing both receptors based on fluorescence energy transfer. Negative regulation of CysLT1-induced mitogenic signaling responses of MCs by CysLT2 demonstrates physiologically relevant functions for GPCR heterodimers on primary cells central to inflammation.
Sol-gel-based, planar waveguide sensor for water vapor.

A water vapor sensor based on a combination of sol−gel processing and planar optical waveguide technologies has been developed. The indicator erythrosin B was entrapped in a thin sol−gel film (thickness ∼100 nm) prepared from methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, and tetraethoxysilane. This dye exhibits an increase in absorbance in the presence of liquid or gaseous water. The sol−gel layer containing the dye was deposited onto a sol−gel-derived, single-mode planar waveguide. Outcoupled light intensity measurements (at 514.5 nm) over a range of water vapor concentrations (in a nitrogen gas stream) yielded a response over a wide range of relative humidity (<1−∼70%) at room temperature. Response and reversal times were less than 1 min, which may make this sensor attractive for real-time monitoring applications.
Frequency Conversion in a Microwave Discharge

One nonlinear property of a microwave discharge located between two closely spaced parallel plates whose dimensions are small compared to the wavelength is analyzed. This discharge geometry, with its small volume, permits the attainment of CW microwave power densities in the discharge of the order of 0.1 to 1 Mw/cm3. It is concluded that the high power density coupled with the high diffusion rate of the closely spaced parallel plates results in a modulation of the electron density at the microwave frequency. The source of this nonlinearity is postulated to be a modulation of the ionization frequency ?i whose functional form is taken to be ?i = ??vd? where vd is the ordered drift velocity and ? is a proportionality factor constant in time. The theoretical analysis is compared to experimental results obtained by approximating the assumed geometry in an X-band and K-band frequency multiplier and in an X-band mixer. Harmonics up through the seventh at X band and up through the fourth at K band have been studied. Frequency mixing of 9- and 11-kMc signals to obtain a 20-kMc signal has yielded predictable results. Parametric amplification in a discharge is briefly considered.
Educating American Baptist Pastors: A National Survey of Church Leaders.

The role of the typical Baptist pastor has evolved well beyond providing spiritual direction. Congregations expect them to fulfill complex leadership roles, similar to those in secular institutions, such as church administrators, political strategists, and social activists. Leadership preparation in seminaries for clergy has not kept up with the changing demands on parish ministers, particularly in urban churches. This study focuses on American Baptist pastors, their leadership styles, roles as spiritual, political, and social leaders within their churches and communities. A national survey of 255 randomly selected pastors analyzed their perceptions of pastoral preparation, leadership roles, and styles. The results show that Black pastors perceive themselves as playing more of a social and political leadership role in their communities than White pastors. Leadership preparation is significant for efficacy and satisfaction with mentoring being a key component.
A plasmid vector and quantitative techniques for the study of transcription termination in Escherichia coli using bacterial luciferase.

Abstract We have developed a plasmid expression vector for the study of transcription terminators in Escherichia coli that utilizes the lux genes coding for the enzyme luciferase of the bioluminescent marine bacterium. Vibrio harveyi. The pBR322-derived plasmid, called pHV100, contains the E. coli lac promoter, the polylinker regions from the plasmid vector pUC18, and the V. harveyilux genes. Insertion of transcription termination sites into the polylinker region results in decreased luciferase expression. Because the bioluminescence genes are not indigenous to E. coli, their expression can be studied in virtually any host strain without the complications of background activity. This facilitates sensitive measurements of terminator efficiency in hosts containing termination factor mutations. Bioluminescence can be easily monitored with high sensitivity, using a rapid photographic technique or a more quantitative photometric assay.
Effects of Advanced Engine Technology on Open Rotor Cycle Selection and Performance

Recent increases in fuel prices and increased focus on aviation's environmental impacts have reignited focus on the open rotor engine concept. This type of architecture was extensively investigated in previous decades but was not pursued through to commercialization due to relatively high noise levels and a sudden, sharp decrease in fuel prices. More recent increases in fuel prices and increased government pressure from taxing carbon-dioxide production mean the open rotor is once again being investigated as a viable concept. Advances in aero-acoustic design tools have allowed industry and academia to re-investigate the open rotor with an increased emphasis on noise reduction while retaining the fuel burn benefits due to the increased propulsive efficiency. Recent research with conceptual level multidisciplinary considerations of the open rotor has been performed (Bellocq et al., 2010, “Advanced Open Rotor Performance Modeling For Multidisciplinary Optimization Assessments,” Paper No. GT2010-2963), but there remains a need for a holistic approach that includes the coupled effects of the engine and airframe on fuel burn, emissions, and noise. Years of research at Georgia Institute of Technology have led to the development of the Environmental Design Space (EDS) (Kirby and Mavris, 2008, “The Environmental Design Space,” Proceedings of the 26th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences). EDS serves to capture interdependencies at the conceptual design level of fuel burn, emissions, and noise for conventional and advanced engine and airframe architectures. Recently, leveraging NASA environmentally responsible aviation (ERA) modeling efforts, EDS has been updated to include an open rotor model to capture, in an integrated fashion, the effects of an open rotor on conventional airframe designs. Due to the object oriented nature of EDS, the focus has been on designing modular elements that can be updated as research progresses. A power management scheme has also been developed with the future capability to trade between fuel efficiency and noise using the variable pitch propeller system. Since the original GE open rotor test was performed using a military core, there is interest in seeing the effect of modern core-engine technology on the integrated open rotor performance. This research applies the modular EDS open rotor model in an engine cycle study to investigate the sensitivity of thermal efficiency improvements on open rotor performance, including the effects on weight and vehicle performance. The results are that advances in the core cycle are necessary to enable future bypass ratio growth and the trades between core operating temperatures and size become more significant as bypass ratio continues to increase. A general benefit of a 30% reduction in block fuel is seen on a 737-800 sized aircraft.
Modulation of preoptic regulatory factor-2 (porf-2) mRNAs by castration and hypophysectomy

Neuropeptides are central to the regulation of mammalian gender-dependent development and reproduction. Preoptic regulatory factor-2 is a neuropeptide gene that is known to be expressed in rat brain and tesis (1). In the brain, expression is gender-dependent and age-dependent (2, 3). Tissue-specific transcripts are found in the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus and in the testis (1). In order to investigate the effects of reproductive hormone status on expression of porf-2 in the male rat, porf-2 transcripts were studied by Northern blot analysis in intact, hypophysectomized, and castrated rat POA, medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), cerebral cortex (CC), testis, and liver. Castration or hypophysectomy increased levels of the brain-specific 0.84 kb 5′ porf-2 transcript in the POA, but did not affect levels of this transcript in the CC. There was a small decrease in the MBH following castration. Hypophysectomy also resulted in a fourfold increase in the 5′ 1.1 kb testis-specific transcript. The affected transcripts are localized to the cytoplasm. A nontissue specific 3′ transcript was also detected. Interestingly, this 0.6 kb transcript became nondetectable in all tissues examined following hypophysectomy. Porf-2 mRNA was also detected in human hypothalamus, testis, adrenal, placenta, and prostate with unique transcripts in each tissue examined. It has been shown elsewhere that porf-2 is a unique single copy gene in the rat genome. These data demonstrate that expression of the porf-2 gene is differentially regulated at the pretranslational level by intrinsic tissue-specific, as well as extrinsic pituitary and gonadal factors. The selected responses to reproductive hormonal status suggest that porf-2 may play a role in hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal interactions.
Boundary conditions for micropolar fluids

Abstract The effect of different boundary conditions for micropolar fluids is investigated. For steady channel flow it is shown that some commonly applied boundary conditions, such as microrotation rate equals minus one half the vorticity, can only reproduce Navier Stokes results. A general linear relation between microrotation rate and vorticity at rigid boundaries is analyzed and several special cases are examined in some detail. Implications for more general flows are briefly discussed.