cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A metabolic interpretation for the response of cellular autofluorescence to chemical perturbations assessed using spectral phasor analysis

Analytical approaches for sensing cellular NADH conformation from autofluorescence signals have significance because NADH is a metabolic indicator and endogenous biomarker. Recently, spectral detection of multiple cellular NADH forms during chemically-induced metabolic response was reported, however because NADH is solvatochromic and the spectral change is small, the possibility of a non-metabolic interpretation needs to be considered. Here we investigate the response of UV-excited autofluorescence to a range of well-known chemicals affecting fermentation, respiration, and oxidative-stress pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The two-component nature of the spectral response is assessed using phasor analysis. By considering a series of physically similar and dissimilar chemicals acting on multiple pathways, we show how the two-component nature of a spectral response is of metabolic origin, indicative of whether a single or several pathways have been affected.
Thiol–Ene Click Post-Polymerization Modification of a Fluorescent Conjugated Polymer for Parts-per-Billion Pyrophosphate Detection in Seawater

The evolution of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) that transduce analyte–receptor interactions into detectable fluorescent responses in complex aqueous environments is predicated on advancements in molecular design and improved synthetic accessibility. Here, we demonstrate a simple post-polymerization modification protocol, based on thiol–ene click chemistry, that results in the rapid installation of sodium sulfate terminated side-chains to a poly(fluorene-co-ethynyl) scaffold. The fluorescence of the resulting water-soluble CPE is quenched by Fe3+, dequenched selectively by pyrophosphate (PPi), and accurately quantifies PPi within ±6 nM in artificial seawater. The broad utility of thiol–ene click chemistry should offer the straightforward integration of diverse sensing elements.
Esophageal OCT using endoscope-coupled paddle probe (Conference Presentation)

Video endoscopy remains the most common means of examining the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, white-light widefield imagery is limited in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for conditions such as Barrett’s esophagus. To provide cross-sectional imaging that yields more accurate diagnosis, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been implemented for upper GI screening and diagnosis in several form factors, such as inflatable balloons and tethered capsules. We now present an alternative configuration for esophageal OCT. Our OCT probe is contained within an articulating paddle that attaches to the end of an upper GI endoscope via flexible cuff. This arrangement allows regions of interest to be visually identified by the physician operating the endoscope and targeted for OCT imaging by application of the paddle. The probe housing was 3D printed using biocompatible dental resin. The flexible cuff was also 3D printed using a silicone-based resin to allow a tight fit to the endoscope. The optical probe was a rotating fiber-optic design, consisting of a gradient-index lens and prism on the distal end, wound steel torque coil, a polymer sheath, and a fiber-optic rotary junction. The OCT system was a spectral domain configuration with custom spectrometer operating at 20,000 A-lines per second. The illumination source was a superluminescent diode centered at 1310 nm. A clinical pilot study at the University of North Carolina Endoscopy Center is scheduled to begin imminently.
A Legal Playbook for Deep Cuts in Greenhouse Gases

This Debate in Print concentrates on the U.S. energy system and asks, How should public policy move forward to promote the decarbonization of the American economy? And what blend of law, economics, science, and technology will get the job done?
Identifying Heterogeneous Treatment Effects of Drug Policy in Quasi-experimental Settings

We sought to describe the difference-in-differences study design and how they can be applied to identify the average treatment effect. We then extend this approach to identify heterogeneity in treatment effects based on (1) an individuals’ baseline risk of an event using risk scores, (2) the outcome distribution using quantile regression, and (3) prior trajectories of outcomes using group-based trajectory models. The methods for the identification of heterogeneous treatment effect have developed in ways that can provide researchers and policymakers a more nuanced understanding of treatment effects. Recent analytic advances found in other fields should be adopted and tested by pharmacoepidemiology and drug policy researcher to better understand the effects of new policies and interventions.
PyMethylProcess—convenient high-throughput preprocessing workflow for DNA methylation data

Summary Performing highly parallelized preprocessing of methylation array data using Python can accelerate data preparation for downstream methylation analyses, including large scale production-ready machine learning pipelines. We present a highly reproducible, scalable pipeline (PyMethylProcess) that can be quickly set-up and deployed through Docker and PIP. Availability and implementation Project Home Page: https://github.com/Christensen-Lab-Dartmouth/PyMethylProcess. Available on PyPI (pymethylprocess), Docker (joshualevy44/pymethylprocess). Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Changes in Liver Transplant Center Practice in Response to Coronavirus Disease 2019: Unmasking Dramatic Center-Level Variability.

We read the recently published article by Drs. Agopian, Verna and Goldberg (1) with great interest. The authors have provided an important assessment of liver transplant volumes across the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) regions from February to March of 2019 and 2020. The study revealed a significant center‐based difference in volume of transplant particularly among centers located in the same metropolitan areas including New York City.
Integrated clinico-molecular profiling of appendiceal adenocarcinoma reveals a unique grade-driven entity distinct from colorectal cancer

Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (AA) is an orphan disease with unique clinical attributes but often treated as colorectal cancer (CRC). Understanding key molecular differences between AA and CRC is critical. We performed retrospective analyses of AA patients (N = 266) with tumour and/or blood next-generation sequencing (NGS) (2013–2018) with in-depth clinicopathological annotation. Overall survival (OS) was examined. For comparison, CRC cohorts annotated for sidedness, consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) and mutations (N = 3283) were used. Blood-NGS identified less RAS/GNAS mutations compared to tissue-NGS (4.2% vs. 60.9%, P < 0.0001) and showed poor concordance with tissue for well-/moderately differentiated tumours. RAS (56.2%), GNAS (28.1%) and TP53 (26.9%) were most frequent mutations. Well/moderately differentiated tumours harboured more RAS (69.2%/64.0% vs. 40.5%) and GNAS (48.7%/32.0% vs. 10.1%) while moderate/poorly differentiated tumours had more TP53 (26.0%/27.8% vs. 7.7%) mutations. Appendiceal adenocarcinoma (compared to CRC) harboured significantly fewer APC (9.1% vs. 55.4%) and TP53 (26.9% vs. 67.5%) and more GNAS mutations (28.1% vs. 2.0%) (P < 0.0001). Appendiceal adenocarcinoma mutation profile did not resemble either right-sided CRC or any of the four CMS in CRC. High grade, but no mutation, was independently predictive of survival. Integrated clinico-molecular profiling of AA identified key molecular drivers distinct from CRC. Appendiceal adenocarcinoma has a predominantly grade-driven biology that trumps mutations.
IoTHound: environment-agnostic device identification and monitoring

As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes more ingrained in our daily lives and environments, asset enumeration, characterization, and monitoring become crucial, yet challenging tasks. A vast number of gadgets in the market have a smartphone-based companion-app, making monitoring a variety of devices an overwhelming task for users. We propose IoTHound, an automated method to identify and monitor IoT devices in smart-homes.Our novel prototype leverages capabilities in current commercial off-the-shelf equipment such as routers with multiple antennas that provide insight into the activity of IoT devices in smart homes. We exploit two critical characteristics of IoT networks: device traffic patterns rarely change since devices perform specific tasks, and physical signal properties such as received signal strength indicator (RSSI) are useful since devices can move in closed spaces.IoTHound works without any prior knowledge of the devices. It uses an unsupervised learning method to analyze properties of the network traffic to: (i) identify IoT device types based on extracted network data, and (ii) detect deviations from normal network behavior by monitoring over time.Our evaluation of IoTHound on three distinct datasets comprising Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and Ethernet devices, indicate that: (i) IoTHound can characterize devices with over 95% accuracy, (ii) IoTHound successfully detects all anomalous behavior in our test scenarios, and (iii) IoTHound can leverage physical characteristics of course device location to enhance its monitoring capabilities.
What’s in a label? The effect of news labels on perceived credibility:

Two online experiments examined whether news labels attract reader attention and affect news story credibility. Both studies showed that labels garner little attention from newsreaders and do not i...
Materials Requirements of High-Speed and Low-Power Spin-Orbit-Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory

As spin-orbit-torque magnetic random-access memory (SOT-MRAM) is gathering great interest as the next-generation low-power and high-speed on-chip cache memory applications, it is critical to analyze the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) properties needed to achieve sub-ns, and ~fJ write operation when integrated with CMOS access transistors. In this paper, a 2T-1MTJ cell-level modeling framework for in-plane type Y SOT-MRAM suggests that high spin Hall conductivity and moderate SOT material sheet resistance are preferred. We benchmark write energy and speed performances of type Y SOT cells based on various SOT materials experimentally reported in the literature, including heavy metals, topological insulators and semimetals. We then carry out detailed benchmarking of SOT material Pt, β-W, and BixSe (1-x) with different thickness and resistivity. We further discuss how our 2T-1MTJ model can be expanded to analyze other variations of SOT-MRAM, including perpendicular (type Z) and type X SOT-MRAM, two-terminal SOT-MRAM, as well as spin-transfer-torque (STT) and voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA)-assisted SOT-MRAM. This work will provide essential guidelines for SOT-MRAM materials, devices, and circuits research in the future.
Development of a LiDAR-guided section-based tree canopy density measurement system for precision spray applications

Abstract An unmanned ground-based canopy density measurement system to support precision spraying in apple orchards was developed to precisely apply pesticides to orchard canopies. The automated measurement system was comprised of a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor, an interface box for data transmission, and a laptop computer. A data processing and analysis algorithm was developed to measure point cloud indices from the LiDAR sensor to describe the distribution of tree canopy density within four sections according to the position of the trellis wires. Experiments were conducted in two orchard sites, one with GoldRush (larger trees) and the other one with Fuji (smaller trees) apple trees. Tree leaves were counted manually from each section separated by trellis wires. Field evaluation results showed a strong correlation of 0.95 (R2 = 89.30%) between point cloud data and number of leaves for the Fuji block and a correlation of 0.82 (R2 = 67.16%) was obtained for the GoldRush block. A strong correlation of 0.98 (R2 = 95.90%) was achieved in the relationship between canopy volume and number of leaves. Finally, a canopy density map was generated to provide a graphical view of the tree canopy density in different sections. Since accurate canopy density information was computed, it is anticipated that the developed prototype system can guide the sprayer unit for reducing excessive pesticide use in orchards.
Outcomes of a pharmacist-driven vancomycin monitoring initiative in a community hospital.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Vancomycin, an antibiotic commonly used to treat MRSA infections, can be nephrotoxic. Administering vancomycin requires close monitoring of serum vancomycin levels and appropriate dosing based on patients' renal function, underlying infection type and serum concentration levels. This article discusses the results and implications of a pharmacist-driven vancomycin monitoring initiative, which was implemented at Mercy Catholic Medical Center's Philadelphia Campus (MPC) in July 2016. METHODS MPC pharmacists were trained on how to give appropriate vancomycin dosing recommendations based on patients' vancomycin trough levels, renal function and underlying infection. This retrospective observational study consisted of patients who presented to MPC and were administered vancomycin over a 3-month period in 2015 for pre-implementation cohort and over a 3-month period in 2018 for post-implementation cohort. Patients with age ≥18 and receiving vancomycin for a minimum of 48 hours were included, whereas ESRD patients were excluded. Primary goal evaluated whether the incidence of AKI decreased with the pharmacist-driven initiative. Secondary goal assessed whether vancomycin level monitoring and achievement of goal serum levels improved with the initiative. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 214 patients were included in the final data analysis, with 110 patients in the pre-implementation cohort and 104 patients in the post-implementation cohort. Although not statistically significant, a higher incidence of AKI was observed in the post-implementation cohort. However, compared to pre-implementation cohort, post-implementation group had higher percentage of patients with underlying comorbidities (such as CKD), higher number of cases of severe sepsis and septic shock, and greater number of patients with concomitant exposure to CT contrast and piperacillin-tazobactam-all of which were confounding factors that likely increased the AKI incidence in post-implementation cohort. With the initiative, there was a significant increase in the number of patients with appropriate vancomycin trough level monitoring (27.3% vs 55.8%, p value < 0.001) in the post-implementation cohort and a decrease in the number of patients with no trough level monitoring (30% vs. 7.6%, p value < 0.001). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Pharmacist-driven vancomycin monitoring significantly improved the monitoring compliance of vancomycin trough levels. In patients who developed AKI during their hospital course, pharmacist interventions improved the total percentage of patients attaining desired trough goals and helped reduce further renal insult from supratherapeutic vancomycin level. Incorporation of AUC-guided dosing and monitoring has the potential to further optimize vancomycin efficacy and safety.
Topographic stress control on bedrock landslide size

Landslides are a major natural hazard and act as a primary driver of erosion, chemical weathering and organic carbon transfer in mountain ranges. Evaluating the impact of landslides on Earth systems requires knowledge about the controls on their size, which are not well understood. Here we show that topographic stress, resulting from the interaction between tectonic stress and topography, influences bedrock landslide size at landscape scales by modulating the subsurface material strength through fracturing and weathering. Using a three-dimensional topographic stress model, we characterize the spatial pattern of subsurface open-fracture zones in a crystalline-rock terrain of the eastern Tibetan mountains. Then, we compare the predicted open-fracture zones with 982 mapped bedrock landslides. The results show that areas with deeper subsurface open-fracture zones tend to accommodate larger landslides. This is probably due to the influences of topographically induced fractures on the material strength and groundwater flow paths and rates. We conclude that the extent of hillslope failure depends on both distant tectonic forces and local topography, which has implications for hazard mitigation, landscape evolution and the global carbon cycle. Stress from tectonics and topography may be the primary control on the size of bedrock landslides, according to a comparison of a stress model with landslide inventories for a mountainous area in eastern Tibet.
Diagnosing Urothelial Carcinoma from Delirium: A Near Miss.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common cause of delirium in the elderly. Although diagnosis of delirium secondary to UTI is relatively straightforward, a lack of thorough investigation could res...
Intraoperative Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer

Adjuvant radiation represents a standard approach following breast conserving surgery. While traditionally delivered as whole breast irradiation (WBI), an alternative has emerged with the development of partial breast irradiation techniques. One such technique is intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). The purpose of this review is to discuss the studies evaluating IORT as well as evaluating current guidelines and future directions. Review of two randomized trials (TARGIT-A and ELIOT) demonstrates that breast cancer patients treated with IORT had a higher risk of local recurrence (LR). However, patients with low-risk features and IORT performed at the time of surgery had similar rates of LR at 5 years, with longer follow-up needed. IORT as a boost is promising, and studies are ongoing. Further studies are needed to validate the role of IORT and which patients are appropriate for IORT, and longer follow-up is needed.
Innovations to decarbonize materials industries

Materials science has had a key role in lowering CO2 emissions from the electricity sector through the development of technologies for renewable energy generation and high-performance energy storage. However, outside of the energy sector, there remain considerable greenhouse gas emissions linked to materials production, particularly due to growth in the built environment infrastructure, transportation and chemicals manufacture. This Review focuses on the challenge of reducing the emissions impact of materials production. We assess the potential for decarbonization in the cement, metals (including steel and aluminium) and chemicals manufacturing industries, including the potential to reduce emissions from the inputs to the production and the transformation processes, as well as through the design of desired outputs. We also address underexplored research areas and outline opportunities for the materials community to reduce emissions by leveraging innovations along length scales from atoms to materials markets. The materials community must address the greenhouse gas emissions burden of materials production. This Review assesses the potential for decarbonization of the cement, metals and petrochemical industries, revealing opportunities to strengthen the connections across industries and length scales — from the atomic scale through to materials markets — to meet climate targets.
Implementation of pharmacist-led tele medication management clinic in ambulatory care settings: A patient-centered care model in COVID-19 Era.

Over the past 20 years, owing to rapid advances in technological innovation, namely in telecommunication and telemedicine, healthcare institutions have integrated clinical practices with cutting-edge telecommunication technology to enhance access to patient care, improve continuity of clinical care, and ensure patient safety. Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare (JHAH) is a gold-certified tertiary care institution, and it is an excellent center for patient-centered care. In response to the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it has adopted various telecommunication technologies to provide patient-care services. This article describes the integration of telecommunication technology, such as telephone and video consultation, with a pharmacist-led medication management clinic (MMC) to provide person-centered patient care services at JHAH. The JHAH pharmacy services were found to be essential in establishing face-to-face outcome-oriented pharmacist-led medication management services for patients requiring chronic ambulatory care. The established tele-MMC services enhanced patient engagement and treatment compliance, and the integration process and its challenges were assessed. Especially during this COVID-19 pandemic, the pharmacist-led tele-MMC services were beneficial to chronic disease patients and ensured the continuity of care, maintenance of up-to-date lab tests, management of polypharmacy, minimization of the use of unwanted medications and medication synchronization. Further, the pharmacist-led tele-MMC services provided comprehensive patient counseling, which included the use of visual aids. This new integrated model provides an example for other healthcare organizations to adopt and implement the program in ambulatory care settings, to better ensure the continuity of quality healthcare, especially for elderly patients and those with chronic diseases.
A Unified Statistical/Deterministic Deformable Model for LV Segmentation in Cardiac MRI

We propose a novel deformable model with statistical and deterministic components for LV segmentation in cardiac magnetic resonance MR cine images. The statistical deformable component learns a global reference model of the LV using Principal Component Analysis PCA while the deterministic deformable component consists of a finite-element deformable surface superimposed on the reference model. The statistical model accounts for most of the global variations in shape found in the training set while the deterministic skin accounts for the local deformations consistent with the detailed image features. Intensity gradient-based image forces are applied to the model to segment and reconstruct LV shape. We validate our model on the MICCAI Grand Challenge dataset using leave-one-out training. Comparing the automated segmentation to the manual segmentation yields a Mean Perpendicular Distance MPD of 3.65i?źmm and a Dice coefficient of 0.86.
New and Noteworthy Collections from Florida

Eleutherococcus trifoliatus and Ehretia acuminata are reported as new to the flora of Florida, and significant new county records are listed for seven additional species. All are non-native species and some have invasive potential. All are non-native species; Ehretia acuminata and Nandina domestica are especially noteworthy in that they clearly show invasive potential. Many other non-native woody or viny species have naturalized in wooded areas on campus; the most noteworthy are: Albizia julibrissin Durazz., Ardisia crenata Sims, Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent., Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl, Clematis terniflora DC., Dioscorea bulbifera L., Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet, Lantana camara L., Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton, Ligustrum sinense Lour., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Lygodiumjaponicum (Thunb.) Sw., Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A. H. Gentry, Melia azedarach L., Paederia foetida L., Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb., and Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet.
In Situ Lysis of φ29- and SPO1-Infected Bacillus subtilis

An improved method of in situ lysis of bacteriophage-infected Bacillus subtilis was developed and used to study phi29 and SPO1 phage structures produced by individual cells.
Functional alterations in protein kinase C beta II expression in melanoma

Summary Protein kinase C (PKC) is a heterogeneous family of serine ⁄threonine protein kinases that have different biological effects in normal and neoplastic melanocytes (MCs). To explore the mechanism behind their differential response to PKC activation, we analyzed the expression profile of all nine PKC isoforms in normal human MCs, HPV16 E6 ⁄E7 immortalized MCs, and a panel of melanoma cell lines. We found reduced PKCb and increased PKCf and PKCi expression at both the protein and mRNA levels in immortalized MCs and melanoma lines. We focused on PKCb as it has been functionally linked to melanin production and oxidative stress response. Re-expression of PKCb in melanoma cells inhibited colony formation in soft agar, indicating that PKCb loss in melanoma is important for melanoma growth. PKCbII, but not PKCbI, was localized to the mitochondria, and inhibition of PKCb significantly reduced UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MCs with high PKCb expression. Thus alterations in PKCb expression in melanoma contribute to their neoplastic phenotype, possibly by reducing oxidative stress, and may constitute a selective therapeutic target.
Effect of Allopurinol on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Allopurinol is a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is used in hyperuricemic patients to prevent gout. It has also been shown to decrease cardiovascular complications in a myriad of cardiovascular conditions. However, studies have reported conflicting evidence on its effects on blood pressure (BP). A systematic review was conducted using Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for all the longitudinal studies that assessed the efficacy of allopurinol on systolic and diastolic BP. A total of 10 clinical studies with 738 participants were included in the analysis. Compared with the control group, systolic BP decreased by 3.3 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-5.3 mm Hg; P=.001) and diastolic BP decreased by 1.3 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.1-2.5 mm Hg; P=.03) in patients treated with allopurinol. When analysis was restricted to the higher-quality randomized controlled trials, similar changes in systolic and diastolic BPs were found: 3.3 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.8-5.8 mm Hg; P<.001) and 1.4 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.1-2.7 mm Hg; P=.04), respectively. Allopurinol is associated with a small but significant reduction in BP. This effect can be potentially exploited to aid in controlling BP in hypertensive patients with hyperuricemia.
Actinic reticuloid: Response to combination treatment with azathioprine, hydroxychloroquine, and prednisone

We treated an intractable case of actinic reticuloid with azathioprine, hydroxychloroquine, prednisone, and solar protection with E-Z film and obtained a clinically worthwhile effect. The patient was initially sensitive to less than 2 mjoules/cm2 ultraviolet B (UVB) and less than 1 joule/cm UVA, which caused erythematous and infiltrated scaly plaques that persisted for more than 6 weeks after testing. The case is also instructive in the difficulty presented in differentiating it from mycosis fungoides, and for the presence of Sezary-type cells in skin, blood, and lymph nodes. (J AM ACAD DERMATOL 10:947–952, 1984.)
Inhibition of anaphylaxis-evoked intestinal fluid secretion by the dual application of an H1 antagonist and cyclooxygenase inhibitor

The regulation of anaphylaxis-mediated fluid secretion by the small intestine was examined in rats immunized by infection with Trichinella spiralis and reinfected by intraduodenal injection with L1 larvae. Net fluid secretion, which was measured as the volume of fluid present in the intestine 30 minutes after the challenge infection, was significantly greater in both actively and passively immunized rats than in nonimmune rats. The amount of fluid recovered from the immune host was equivalent to that secreted in response to 50 micrograms/kg of prostaglandin E2 or 250 micrograms/kg of cholera toxin. Worm-induced fluid secretion in immune hosts was reduced by treatment with diphenhydramine and inhibited by the dual application of diphenhydramine and indomethacin. Indomethacin alone had no effect despite inhibiting mucosal prostaglandin synthesis. Fluid secretion was unaltered by prior treatment of immune rats with a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, L-651,392, and only slightly reduced when L-651,392 was used in combination with indomethacin. After a challenge infection, more histamine was released into intestinal loops of immune rats than those of nonimmune rats. Prechallenge treatment of immune rats with indomethacin caused a twofold increase in histamine release. In summary, anaphylaxis-induced fluid secretion in the small intestine is mediated largely by histamine and cyclooxygenase products. This secretion can be lowered by treatment with diphenhydramine and further reduced by diphenhydramine in combination with indomethacin. The paradoxical effects of indomethacin when used alone and in combination with diphenhydramine are explained by the downregulation of histamine release by products of the cyclooxygenase pathway.
Pulse‐labeling studies of carbon cycling in arctic tundra ecosystems: Contribution of photosynthates to soil organic matter

[1] To increase our understanding of carbon (C) cycling and storage in soils, we used 14C to trace C from roots into four soil organic matter (SOM) fractions and the movement of soil microbes in arctic wet sedge and tussock tundra. For both tundra types, the proportion of 14C activity in the soil was 6% of the total 14C-CO2 taken up by plants at each of the four harvests conducted 1, 7, 21, and 68 days after labeling. In tussock tundra, we observed rapid microbial transformation of labile C from root exudates into more stable SOM. In wet sedge tundra, there appears to be delayed or indirect microbial use of root exudates. The net amount of 14C label transferred to SOM by the end of the season in both tundra types was approximately equal to the amount transferred to soils 1 day after labeling, suggesting that transfer of 14C tracer from roots to soils continued through the growing season. Overall, C inputs from living roots contributes 24 g C m−2 yr−1 in tussock tundra and 8.8 g C m−2 yr−1 in wet sedge tundra. These results suggest rapid belowground allocation of C by plants and subsequent incorporation of much of this C into storage in the SOM.
A confidence paradigm for classification systems with out-of-library considerations

There is no universally accepted methodology to determine how much confidence one should place in the output of a classification system. Leap and Bauer [15] present a confidence paradigm based on the assumptions that system confidence acts like, or can be modeled as value and that indication confidence can be modeled as a function of the posterior probability estimates. This paper extends the paradigm to include out-of-library considerations. In addition, a novel out-of-library detector is presented. Developing the out-of-library detector involves bounding and discretizing the feature space and assigning each discrete point to either in-library or out-of-library classes based upon Mahalanobis distance from the in-library target classes. Application of the confidence paradigm to the out-of-library detector leads us to the demonstration of a new concept called out-of-library non-declarations. The extended paradigm is applied to a synthetic data set as well as an automatic target recognition data set. In all cases, the results show performance that tracks well with previous studies found in the literature and demonstrate positive steps toward fuller development of a theoretical framework that unites the viewpoints of the classification system developer and its user.
The Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important bacterial pathogen, particularly as a cause of infections in hospitalised patients, immunocompromised hosts and patients with cystic fibrosis. Surveillance of nosocomial P. aeruginosa infections has revealed trends of increasing antimicrobial resistance, including carbapenem resistance and multidrug resistance. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance include multidrug efflux pumps, β-lactamases and downregulation of outer membrane porins. Mechanisms of virulence include secreted toxins and the ability to form biofilms. The effective treatment of infections caused by P. aeruginosa includes prevention when possible, source control measures as necessary and prompt administration of appropriate antibacterial agents. Antibacterial de-escalation should be pursued in patients with an appropriate clinical response, especially when antibacterial susceptibilities are known. Multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa may require treatment with less commonly used antibacterials (e.g. colistin), but newer anti-pseudomonal antibacterials are expected to be available in the near future.
Risk of fever after pediatric trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

Importance An observational study found an increased risk of febrile seizure on the day of or 1 day after vaccination (days 0-1) with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in the 2010-2011 season; risk was highest with simultaneous vaccination with TIV and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) in children who were 6 to 23 months old. Text messaging is a novel method for surveillance of adverse events after immunization that has not been used for hypothesis-driven vaccine safety research. Objective To prospectively evaluate whether children receiving TIV and PCV13 simultaneously had higher rates of fever on days 0 to 1 than those receiving either product without the other. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective observational cohort study of parents of children 6 to 23 months old recruited from 3 medical center–affiliated clinics in New York City from November 1, 2011, through April 5, 2012. A total of 530 of 614 eligible participants (86.3%) were enrolled. Parents were texted on the night of vaccination (day 0) and the 7 subsequent nights (days 1-7) to report their child's temperature. We used log-binomial regression to calculate adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and excess risk for fever on days 0 to 1, adjusted for age group, past influenza vaccination and simultaneous receipt of selected inactivated vaccines. Exposures Receipt of TIV and/or PCV13. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s) Temperature of 38°C or higher on days 0 to 1 after vaccination. Results On days 0 to 1, children receiving TIV and PCV13 simultaneously had higher rates (37.6%) of fever (temperature ≥38°C) than those receiving TIV (7.5%; aRR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.30-5.60) or PCV13 (9.5%; aRR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.25-5.66). The excess risk of fever after TIV and PCV13 was 20 and 23 per 100 vaccinations compared with TIV without PCV13 and PCV13 without TIV, respectively. Fever rates for days 2 to 7 were similar across groups. For days 0 to 1, 74.8% of the text messages were confirmed delivered; for another 9.0%, delivery status was unknown. Response rates were 95.1% and 90.9% for days 0 and 1 for confirmed delivered messages, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Simultaneous TIV and PCV13 administration was associated with higher transient increased fever risk than administration of either vaccine without the other product. Text messaging to prospectively assess a specific vaccine adverse event has potential for enhancing prelicensure and postlicensure monitoring of adverse events after immunization and deserves further study. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01467934
High-strain deformation processing of NiW alloys

Abstract This paper discusses the potential of NiW alloys of differing initial microstructures, for high-strain cold deformation processing, and thus their suitability for development as heavily deformed, high strength in situ composites. Varying initial phase morphologies and tungsten volume fractions were produced by variations in initial processing. Liquid-phase sintered structures, containing 48 vol.% W, can be cold rolled to true strains of 2.4. They presumably could be cold worked further, but size limitations imposed by our processing capability prevented that being done in this study. Likewise, low volume fraction (of less than 15 vol.%) tungsten alloys, produced by casting of a hypoeutectic nickel-rich alloy and by transient liquid-phase sintering, can be cold rolled to the same strain as the liquid-phase sintered NiW structure. In contrast, as-cast arc melted alloys cannot be cold drawn to any extent at room temperature. They can be made capable of limited drawability by subjecting them to a coarsening heat treatment, which also spheroidizes eutectic tungsten to some extent, prior to cold working. The limited malleability of this alloy appears to be related to the heterogeneous distribution of nondeforming tungsten particles. Fracture surfaces of material that failed during drawing are populated heavily by such particles. The strengths of cold worked NW alloys of the present study exceed those of comparably deformed directionally solidified NiW eutectic alloys, at least up to deformation strains of 2.4. Since the latter type of alloy manifests extensive work hardening for deformation strains greater than 3.0, we expect this would also hold for the alloys described in this paper. Thus the NiW system, composed of a strong, tough nickel phase and a linear work hardening tungsten phase, is a likely candidate for development as a strong, tough, heavily deformed in situ composite.
Carbonate Radical Formation in Radiolysis of Sodium Carbonate and Bicarbonate Solutions up to 250 °C and the Mechanism of its Second Order Decay

Pulse radiolysis experiments published several years ago (J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 106, 2430) raised the possibility that the carbonate radical formed from reaction of *OH radicals with either HCO(3)(-) or CO(3)(2-) might actually exist predominantly as a dimer form, for example, *(CO(3))(2)(3-). In this work we re-examine the data upon which this suggestion was based and find that the original data analysis is flawed. A major omission of the original analysis is the recombination reaction *OH + *CO(3)(-) --> HOOCO(2)(-). Upon reanalysis of the published data for sodium bicarbonate solutions and analysis of new transient absorption data we are able to establish the rate constant for this reaction up to 250 degrees C. The mechanism for the second-order self-recombination of the carbonate radical has never been convincingly demonstrated. From a combination of literature data and new transient absorption experiments in the 1-400 ms regime, we are able to show that the mechanism involves pre-equilibrium formation of a C(2)O(6)(2-) dimer, which dissociates to CO(2) and peroxymonocarbonate anion: *CO3(-)+*CO3(-) C2O6(2-)-->CO2+O2COO(2-) *CO3(-) reacts with the product peroxymonocarbonate anion, producing a peroxymonocarbonate radical *O2COO(-), which can also recombine with the carbonate radical: *CO3(-)+CO4(2-)-->*CO4(-)+CO3(2-) *CO3(-)+CO4(-)-->C2O7(2-).
A preference for a favorable public impression by procrastinators: Selecting among cognitive and social tasks

Abstract The personality disorder of dispositional procrastination was significantly related to a concern for appropriate self-presentations. Procrastinators ( n = 39) and nonprocrastinators ( n = 36) rated a social ability task more attractive, personally relevant and likely to be performed well than a cognitive ability task. Procrastinators and nonprocrastinators stated they would prefer to complete the social task, yet in a public performance feedback condition procrastinators only chose to complete the cognitive task. Results were interpreted in terms of self-presentation strategies by dispositional procrastinators, and draws attention to a pathological personality that has largely been ignored by research psychologists.
Genetic variation of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in the teleost Cyprinodon nevadensis.

Abstract 1. 1. An apparent genetic polymorphism of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase was discovered in a population of the Nevada pupfish, Cyprinodon nevadensis, from the Amargosa River in Death Valley, California. 2. 2. Three phenotypes were noted. Presumptive homozygotes display single bands of activity; presumptive heterozygotes display the characteristic triplet pattern expected from the random combination of two different (allelomorphic) monomers into dimers. 3. 3. The phenotypic frequency distribution is in agreement with that predicted by a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a one-locus di-allelic polymorphism with allelic frequencies of 0·8 and 0·2.
Microbore HPLC / mass spectrometry for the analysis of peptide mixtures using a continuous flow interface

Microbore HPLC techniques have been combined with fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry to provide HPLC/MS capabilities for the analysis of mixtures of peptides and small proteins. The interface between the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer is a continuous flow direct insertion probe which contains a fused silica capillary that delivers the eluting solvent to the FAB source of the mass spectrometer at a rate of 5-10 microL/min. Data are presented for the analysis of several mixtures of peptides ranging in molecular weights from about 900 to 6000 daltons. In addition, the analysis of 100 pmol of a tryptic digest of whale myoglobin is shown where 16 of the possible 19 peptides were identified in the mass range m/z 2200-250. The advantages of this approach to HPLC/MS are a relatively high sensitivity because of the low flow rates and low background, and the ability to detect high molecular weight compounds.
On the flutter of multibay panels at low supersonic speeds.

Identical flutter boundaries of multibay and one- bay panels with clamped edges in high and low supersonic regions
Physiologic Surface-Active Agents and Drug Absorption I: Effect of Sodium Taurodeoxycholate on Salicylate Transfer Across the Everted Rat Intestine

Sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC) increases the permeability of the everted intestine to salicylate. There appear to be two levels of effects; a small effect (30 to 50 percent increase in salicylate-transfer rates) at concentrations of STDC below or about the CMC and a more pronounced effect (100 to 125 percent increase in transfer rates) at concentrations of STDC above the CMC. Each level of effect is significantly different from control values and from each other but there is no significant concentration dependence within a given level. There is evidence that the site of the bile salt effect is more accessible from the serosal side of everted intestinal preparations than from the mucosal side.
Prostaglandin synthesis linked to phosphatidylinositol turnover in isolated rat glomeruli

Prostaglandins produced by the glomerulus are important factors in controlling glomerular function. The controlling step, i.e., the release of arachidonic acid from the phospholipids by either phospholipase A2 and/or C, remains poorly defined. The present studies were designed to determine which factors control arachidonic acid turnover and prostaglandin synthesis in glomeruli. As tools we used the calcium ionophore A23187, mepacrine, a phospholipase inhibitor, trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist, and angiotensin II. A23187 (2 microM) caused a significant stimulation of both prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2 alpha synthesis (measured by radioimmunoassay), which was associated with increased phosphatidylinositol turnover (measured by [14C]arachidonic acid and [32P]orthophosphate incorporation). Surprisingly, trifluoperazine (10-100 microM) also progressively increased synthesis of both prostaglandins, which was accompanied by increased phosphatidic acid/phosphatidylinositol turnover and decreased phosphatidylinositol content. In contrast, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine turnover were significantly inhibited by trifluoperazine and their total content remained unaffected. Mepacrine (1 mM) decreased prostaglandin synthesis and both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine turnover, and had no consistent effect on phosphatidylinositol turnover in control glomeruli. Mepacrine did, however, inhibit both A23187 or trifluoperazine-induced increase in phosphatidylinositol turnover. Angiotensin II increased turnover of phosphatidylinositol and also phosphatidylcholine, as determined by incorporation of [14C]arachidonic acid. Thus, all agents that increased prostaglandin synthesis also enhanced phosphatidylinositol turnover. The exact pathway of arachidonic acid release remains to be determined.
Further Insight Into the Cardiovascular Risk Calculator: The Roles of Statins, Revascularizations, and Underascertainment in the Women’s Health Study

Importance While the pooled cohort equations from the recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk have overestimated cardiovascular risk in multiple external cohorts, the reasons for the discrepancy are unclear. Objective To determine whether increased use of statins over time, incident coronary revascularization procedures, or underascertainment of vascular events explain overestimation of risk in a more contemporary population. Design, Setting, and Participants The Women’s Health Study (WHS) is a nationwide cohort of US women free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, or other major illness at baseline from 1992 to 1995. A total of 27 542 women ages 45 to 79 years with complete ascertainment of plasma lipids and other risk factors were followed for a median of 10 years. Main Outcome and Measure Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), defined as any myocardial infarction, any stroke, or death due to cardiovascular cause. Results A total of 632 women experienced an ASCVD event over the course of the follow-up. The average predicted risk from the pooled cohort equations was 3.6% over 10 years, compared with an actual observed risk of 2.2%. Ratios of predicted to observed rates were 1.90 or higher in the groups with 0 to less than 5.0% and 5.0% to less than 7.5% risk and were over 1.40 in the groups with 7.5% to less than 10.0% and 10.0% or higher risk. Rates of statin use and revascularizations increased over follow-up time and by risk group, and in sensitivity analyses, we estimated the hypothetical rates if no women were prescribed statins or underwent revascularization procedures. After adjustment for intervention effects of statins and revascularization as well as hypothetical confounding by indication, ratios of predicted to observed rates remained 1.80 or higher in the lower 2 risk groups and over 1.30 higher in the upper 2 risk groups. Underascertainment is unlikely since follow-up rates in the WHS were 97.2%, and overall we would need approximately 60% more events to match the numbers predicted using the pooled cohort equations. Conclusions and Relevance Statin use, revascularization procedures, and underascertainment of events do not explain the discrepancy between observed rates of ASCVD in the WHS and those predicted by the ACC/AHA pooled cohort equations. Other explanations include changing patterns of risk within more contemporary populations.
Bohr topologies and partition theorems for vector spaces

Abstract We prove a Ramsey-style theorem for sequences of vectors in an infinite-dimensional vector space over a finite field. As an application of this theorem, we prove that there are countably infinite Abelian groups whose Bohr topologies are not homeomorphic.
Thyroid hormone-responsive genes mediate otolith growth and development during flatfish metamorphosis

Flatfish begin life as up-right swimming, bilaterally symmetrical larvae that metamorphose into asymmetrically shaped juveniles that swim with a highly lateralized posture. We have previously shown that TH induces abrupt growth and mineralization of one component of the vestibular system, the otoliths, during early larval development and metamorphosis. Here we report that four of five vestibular-specific genes that we tested (alpha-tectorin, otogelin, otolith matrix protein, and otopetrins 1 and 2 that are known to be associated with otolith development in other vertebrates are up-regulated 1.5- to 7-fold in larval flatfish during spontaneous metamorphosis and/or following 72 h of TH treatment. These findings suggest that otolith growth and development are mediated by diverse TH-responsive genes during flatfish metamorphosis.