cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Experimental Infection of Rabbits with Duval's Chromogenic Acid-Fast Bacillus from Human Leprosy

lated from the lesion of human leprosy. Claims have been made by some that experimental transmission of the disease was possible, while others have reported failures. It is an established fact that the experimental production of the leprous lesion has been accomplished in certain laboratory animals with acidfast cultures from human leprosy and an emulsion of leproma rich in Hansen bacilli. However, there is no claim that a progressive type of infection has occurred in the experimental animal. Nor is there any mention of difficulty in recovering from the experimental lesion the culture that was employed, which point in itself would support specific pathogenesis. Nicolle' inoculated 2 bonnet monkeys subcutaneously with ground tissue from a human patient with generalized nodular leprosy. He noted that a nodule appeared at the site of injection. Histological study revealed small areas of lymphocytes, mononuclear cells, and moderate numbers of acid-fast bacilli. Reenstjerna2 inoculated monkeys with suspension of ground lepromata from patients exhibiting nodular leprosy. A small, round, hard nodule was produced at each inoculated site. The nodules finally disappeared though the author does not state how long they persisted. Kedrowski,3 who cultivated a non acidfast diphtheroid from 4 cases of human leprosy, states that when this bacillus was injected into rabbits it became acidfast after a residence of several weeks in
Benzophenothiazine and Benzophenoxazine Photosensitizers for Triarylsulfonium Salt Cationic Photoinitiators

An investigation of the photosensitization of triarylsulfonium salts at wavelengths greater than 400 nm was carried out with phenothiazine and phenoxazine compounds possessing extended benzenoid conjugation. Accordingly, three isomeric benzophenothiazines and 12H-benzo[b]phenoxazine were prepared and employed for the photosensitization of several different types of triarylsulfonium salts. These compounds display a tail absorption that extends at least to 450 nm, making them useful for conducting photopolymerizations using long wavelength emission sources. The photosensitized vinyl and ring-opening polymerizations of a number of monomers were conducted and the results are reported in this communication.
Transcripts of Reiterated DNA Sequences in the Determination of Blastomeres and Early Differentiation in Echinoid Larvae

RNA transcribed from repetitive DNA sequences during the early cleavages and RNA present in unfertilized eggs of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus have been studied by means of molecular hybridization. Egg RNA, capable of competing in the hybridization reactions, is localized on particles in the cytoplasm. RNA populations synthesized during the first four cleavages are found to be very similar to egg RNA, are nuclear in origin, heterogeneous in size, and probably contain histone mRNA. Egg-type RNAs are present, and are synthesized in embryos throughout early development; the relative amounts of these RNAs increase to the late blastula stage and then decrease to a low level at the prism stage. Blastomeres were separated at the 16-cell stage to yield pure preparations of micromeres and a meso-plus macromere fraction. Competition-hybridization experiments showed that egg-type RNA populations present in embryos at the fourth cleavage were distributed almost equally in the isolated micromere and meso-plus macromere fractions. However, experiments with H3-RNA extracted from micromeres, obtained after pulse-labeling the 16-cell stage embryos, showed qualitatively new transcriptions from repeated DNA sequences. Such new transcripts could not be detected in H3-RNA isolated from the meso-plus macromere fraction. These observations are discussed in relation to current information on the synthesis of RNA and its involvement in early echinoderm development.
Effects of Potential Well Parameters on the Polarization of Elastically Scattered Protons

An explanation is presented of the well parameters which occur in polarization experiments with high-energy nucleons when analyzed by the optical model potential method. Sternheimer studied the effects of the imaginary part of V/sub s on the calculated polarization of 150-Mev elastically scattered protons. Prior to this investigation an approximate expression had been developed for polarization with the use of the distorted wave Born approximation. Results are compared and agreement is reached in that all the well parameters must be changed when fitting experimental results. (B.O.G.)
Public perceptions and expectations of the biomedical engineer

The American public's perception of biomedical engineering is fuzzy, and consequently, the expectations for services provided by the profession vary widely. This becomes apparent whether one talks to scientists in academia; manufacturers of medical products who employ biomedical engineers; doctors who either see technology through the narrow view of their specialization or as generalists are one step removed from technological innovation; patients who under the stress of disease cannot distinguish between standard and experimental forms of treatment; and finally government agencies which in the main have failed to define a place for biomedical engineering in their programs, and therefore oscillate between the extreme perspectives of biomedical engineering as a basic medical science and that of a service profession. As President of AIMBE, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, an umbrella organization which groups the majority of bioengineering societies (Table 1), I have witnessed and rationalized this confused perception as the uneasy coexistence of two realities: a scientifically mature field of inquiry impacting in both medicine and engineering, and a globally perplexed, almost balkanized profession, scattered among so many subgroups that no global identity can be defined and presented to the public.
Erythromycin improves gastrointestinal motility in extremely low birthweight infants

Erythromycin (EM) was administered to five extremely low birthweight infants (ELBWI) with delayed enteral feeding to evaluate the clinical effect on severely impaired gastrointestinal motility. Five patients studied responded well to EM administration without any adverse effects during the course. Four patients were given 15-30 mg/kg per day EM intravenously as a loading and thereafter 3-5 mg/kg per day as a maintenance dose. One patient responded well without loading. The infants could be fed enterally 4, 5, 6, 4 and 2 days after the initiation of EM administration, respectively. Erythromycin administration is a safe and useful way to facilitate gastrointestinal motility in ELBWI who require prolonged ventilator support with an increased risk for nutrient deprivation.
The Effect of Charge-Reversal Amphiphile Spacer Composition on DNA and siRNA Delivery

A series of charge-reversal amphiphiles with different spacers separating the headgroup from the hydrophobic chains are described for delivery of DNA and siRNA. Among them, the amphiphiles possessing a glycine spacer (e.g., B-GlyGly) showed effective DNA transfection in CHO and NIH 3T3 cells, as well as siRNA gene knockdown in HepG2 and UASMC cells. Ethidium bromide quenching assays revealed that DNA was released the fastest from the lipoplex of B-GlyGly in the presence of esterase. Also, X-ray diffraction results indicated that the DNA was located between the adjacent lipid bilayers in the lipoplex of B-GlyGly. These distinct features appear to be required for high transfection activity.
Tetrasomic inheritance of isoenzyme markers in the highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L

Segragation ratios at four enzyme loci (Mdh-2, Pgi-2, 6Pgd-2, and Got-3) in Vaccinium corymbosum (4x) cultivars were in close agreement with the expectations of tetrasomic inheritance. Random chromosome segregation was suggested by the absence of double reduction progeny genotypes and previous reports of bivalent pairing in this species. A common species origin of autotetraploid highbush blueberry and other Vaccinium polyploids is proposed. Different genetic and evolutionary consequences of polysomic inheritance versus disomic inheritance are discussed with reference to the literature on polyploids.
Effect of rotation on flow instabilities during solidification of a binary alloy

Linear flow instabilities of the liquid and mushy regions during solidification of a binary alloy is investigated under a high gravity environment where the rotation axis is inclined to the high gravity vector. Results of stability analyses and numerical computations for a centrifugal mode of disturbance at several different rotation rates are determined which provide information for various flow features in the liquid and the mushy layers including neutral stability curves, streamlines and density plots for solid fraction perturbation in the mushy layer. The results indicate two distinct modes of convection whose dependences with respect to rotation rate suggest a procedure for possible elimination of chimneys formation tendency in the mushy layer. These chimneys are vertical channels of zero solid fraction and are kind of imperfections that reduce the quality of the solidified materials.
Vijay Pandharipande and Few-Body Physics

We briefly review the contributions of Vijay Pandharipande to Few-Body Physics. Vijay made many crucial contributions to few-nucleon physics; we can only touch upon some, from the spectra of light nuclei, to low- and high-energy reactions revealing their structure, and studies of the nuclear interaction. We briefly trace the beginnings of Vijay's work in few-nucleon physics, present a few of the highlights during his work, and briefly comment on the future of the line of theoretical work Vijay instigated.
Lifshitz transition with interactions in high magnetic fields

Motivated by a discontinuous transition observed in CeIn${}_{3}$ in high magnetic fields, the effects of Landau quantization and interaction on a Lifshitz transition are studied. The Landau quantization leads to a quasi-one-dimensional behavior for the direction parallel to the field. Repulsive Coulomb interactions give rise to a gas of strongly coupled particles. The density correlation function is calculated for a special long-ranged potential. It is concluded that in the ground state, an electron pocket is emptied in a discontinuous fashion as a function of the chemical potential. This discontinuity is gradually smeared by the temperature, in agreement with the experiment.
Gender, Race, and Crime: An Analysis of Urban Arrest Trends, 1960-1980

Unpublished counts of larceny arrests and census data for five of the largest cities in the United States are used to examine the contribution of white and nonwhite men and women in specific age groups to increases in larceny arrests from 1960 to 1980. The results suggest that nonwhite women and white men now have similar larceny arrest rates and that 77 percent of the total increase in the arrest of women for larceny from 1960 to 1980 was the result of increased arrests of nonwhite women. Although 18 percent of this increase can be explained by increased numbers of nonwhite women in specific age groups in the population, the worsening economic situation of young black women in older U.S. central cities is suggested as the most plausible explanation for these trends. Implications of the findings for other theories of women's criminality are examined.
Radiation dose to the neurovascular bundles or penile bulb does not predict erectile dysfunction after prostate brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose: To examine the relationship between calculated doses to the neurovascular bundles (NVBs) and the penile bulb (PB) and the development of erectile dysfunction (ED) after low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy (LDRPB) alone. Methods and Materials: Between September 1997 and June 1999, 84 men were treated with LDRPB alone. Inclusion criteria for this study were (1) no ED according to a self-administered questionnaire before PB, (2) treatment with PB alone (125I; 144 Gy), (3) postimplant CT scan of the prostate 1 month after PB, and (4) minimum of 24 months of continuous follow-up. Fifty men met all inclusion criteria. ED was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire completed before and at each follow-up visit after LDRPB. Radiation doses to the NVB and PB were calculated on the basis of axial postimplant CT images. Multiple variables (patient-related and dosimetric quantifiers) that may predict for the development of ED were examined by univariate analysis. Results: Thirty of the 50 men (60%) were potent at last follow-up. The only patient-related variable that predicted for the development of ED was patient age ( 65 years; p = 0.03). The calculated mean maximum doses to the NVB and PB were 684 Gy (range, 195–1277 Gy) and 498 Gy (range, 44–971 Gy), respectively. The mean calculated doses to 50% of the NVB and PB were 158 Gy (range, 76–240 Gy) and 43 Gy (range, 19–101 Gy), respectively. The calculated mean maximum, mean minimum, and mean doses to 50% of the NVB or PB did not differ between those men who developed ED and those men who did not develop ED. None of the dosimetric variables examined predicted the development of ED after LDRPB. Conclusions: In our experience, higher calculated doses to the NVB or PB are not associated with ED after LDRPB.
The Returns to School Quality: College Choice and Earnings.

This article extends the research on school quality by focusing on the structural effects of high school quality on earnings. I specify a model of college choice and earnings determination that captures two separate effects of school quality on earnings. First, school quality affects a high school student's choice of college. College choice, in turn, affects the individual's postschool earnings. Second, the additional skills accumulated via a higher quality high school directly influence wages. The results suggest that high school quality influences earnings by affecting college choice behavior, while the direct effect of school quality on earnings is less evident.
Evidence that the coupling of histone gene expression and DNA synthesis in HeLa S3 cells is not mediated at the transcriptional level

Summary Representation of histone mRNA sequences in various intracellular fractions and in vitro transcripts of chromatin was examined after inhibition of DNA synthesis in S phase HeLa S 3 cells by cytosine arabinoside or hydroxyurea. Histone mRNA sequences were assayed by hybridization to a 3 H-labeled, single-stranded DNA complementary to histone mRNAs. Both inhibitors bring about a drastic reduction (greater than 99%) in the level of histone mRNA sequences on polysomes. The representation of histone mRNA sequences in nuclei and in chromatin transcripts is not affected by treatment for 30 min with cytosine arabinoside or hydroxyurea. Cytosine arabinoside or hydroxyurea treatment results in an elevated level of histone mRNA sequences in the post-polysomal cytoplasmic fraction. Taken together these results provide evidence that in vivo as well as in vitro coupling of histone gene expression and DNA synthesis is not mediated at the transcriptional level. The specific post-transcriptional process at which the coupling mechanism is operative remains to be identified.
Effect of body locale and addition of epinephrine on the duration of action of a local anesthetic agent.

Study objective: Little information exists relating body locale to the duration of action of local anesthetics. We tested the duration of action of a local anesthetic with and without epinephrine at different body locales. Participants: Twenty healthy volunteers aged 27 to 48 years (mean, 32.0 years). Interventions: In the first of two experiments (L), 20 subjects had 1 mL buffered 1% lidocaine injected intradermally on the forehead, hand, forearm, and calf. In the second experiment (LE), ten subjects were injected at the same sites with lidocaine containing epinephrine. Methods: Subjects ranked anesthesia by reaction to pinprick from 0 (complete) to 20 (none) on a scale with testing done every 15 (L) or 30 (LE) minutes and continued until no anesthetic effect was present. Duration of effective and of any anesthesia were times until score of more than 5 and of more than 19, respectively. Mean duration of anesthesia was compared by analysis of variance (between body areas) and paired two-tailed t -test (L vs LE). Significance was taken as P ≤ .05. Results: Anesthesia was significantly briefer for the face than for all other body locales by both indexes of duration and for both plain lidocaine and lidocaine with epinephrine ( P P P = .0001 to P = .001). Based on 95% confidence interval limits, the duration of anesthesia at other body locales is predicted to be 1.3- to 3.2-fold that on the face. Confidence interval analysis indicated that addition of epinephrine to lidocaine increases the duration of anesthetic action by 1.3- to 13.0-fold that of lidocaine alone. Conclusion: The duration of action of local anesthesia is considerably shorter for the face than for other body areas. Epinephrine significantly increases the duration of action of lidocaine at all body locales.
A weekly cycle in atmospheric carbon dioxide

[1] We present a new statistic called the “Mean Symmetrized Residual” (MSR) for detection and quantification of a weekly cycle in measured daily atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). At the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, we conclude that CO2 concentrations, on average, are significantly lower (0.022 parts per million by volume, ppmv) on weekends (Saturday–Sunday) than during the rest of the week. Over the past twenty-five years, the variation of the mean values of MSR (as a function of day of the week) has been relatively stable. We speculate that the observed weekday/weekend variation in CO2 at Mauna Loa is the result of anthropogenic emissions on Hawaii and nearby sources. We do not detect a weekly cycle in daily CO2 concentration measured at South Pole, Antarctica. This methodology has applicability to a variety of datasets.
Development of a Mechanism-Based Dosimetry Model for 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol-Induced α2u-Globulin Nephropathy in Male Fischer 344 Rats

Abstract Development of a Mechanism-Based Dosimetry Model for 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol-Induced α2u-Globulin Nephropathy in Male Fischer 344 Rats. Borghoff, S. J., Gargas, M. L., Andersen, M. E., and Conolly, R. B. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 25, 124-137. A mechanism-based dosimetry model was developed to describe 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol (TMP-2-OH) dosimetry and renal α2u-globulin (α2u) nephropathy in the male Fischer 344 rat. Experimental data were collected to estimate the chemical-specific parameters (metabolic constants, tissue solubility, and oral absorption rate) necessary to describe TMP-2-OH dosimetry in male rats. The concentrations of α2u and TMP-2-OH were measured in male rats up to 64 hr after a single oral dose of TMP-2-OH (6, 60, or 600 mg/kg). The model predicted the time course behavior of TMP-2-OH and α2u in the kidney, but overestimated their renal concentrations by two or threefold. Simulations of renal α2u concentration were sensitive to changes in TMP-2-OH-α2u-binding affinity and degradation rate of the TMP-2-OH-protein complex. In contrast, simulation of the concentration of TMP-2-OH in the kidney was most sensitive to the amount of protein present. Oral absorption of TMP-2-OH was dose dependent. The model predicted that α2u and TMP-2-OH concentration in the kidney is sensitive to changes in the rate of TMP-2-OH absorbed after oral administration. This model permitted a more rigorous evaluation than has previously been possible of the combination of protein characteristics and chemical dosimetry required for the accumulation of α2u in the kidney of male rats. The behavior of the model is consistent with the qualitative aspects of the α2u hypothesis. However, further characterization of α2u distribution and renal hydrolysis will be required in order to fully characterize the hypothesis at the quantitative level.
New atlas of ir solar spectra.

Over 4500 absorption lines have been marked on the spectra and the corresponding line positions tabulated. The associated absorbing telluric or solar species for more than 90% of these lines have been identified and only a fraction of the unidentified lines have peak absorptions greater than a few percent. The high resolution and the low Sun spectra greatly enhance the sensitivity limits for identification of trace constituents.
Review and survey of medicaments used with gingival retraction cords

Data from a survey of 495 dentists indicate that most dentists used the mechanical-chemical method of gingival-deflection; 79.39% of those used cord containing epinephrine. It can be concluded that potentially significant amounts of epinephrine can be absorbed systemically from the local anesthetic solution, that secretion of endogenous epinephrine in response to stress occurs, often at levels sufficient to cause measurable changes in hemodynamic variables, and that absorption of epinephrine from impregnated strings occurs. The amount of absorption will vary with the exposure of the vascular bed, the length and concentration of the impregnated cord, and the length of time of application. It is possible that the actual total amount of circulating catecholamine would be cumulative, and the corresponding cardiovascular response would be related to the total amount of epinephrine in the bloodstream, regardless of the source. When the fact that we usually have inadequate data on the cardiovascular status of our patients is considered, as well as the tendency to make impressions of multiple prepared teeth, the continued use of epinephrine cord in dentistry must be viewed with alarm. Equally effective astringent gingival deflection agents such as alum, aluminum sulfate, and aluminum chloride exert no systemic effects. Therefore, there is little indication for use of epinephrine-containing retraction cords. Adequate medical evaluation, careful use of anesthetics that contain epinephrine, and sedative techniques when indicated will assure the safety of our patients.
Acute poisoning with the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in N-methyl pyrrolidone.

Background: Imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine, CAS 138261-41-3] belongs to a relatively new class of insecticidal chemistry, the chloronicotinyl neonicot...
Gene expression in human accessory lacrimal glands of Wolfring.

PURPOSE. The accessory lacrimal glands are assumed to contribute to the production of tear fluid, but little is known about their function. The goal of this study was to conduct an analysis of gene expression by glands of Wolfring that would provide a more complete picture of the function of these glands. METHODS. Glands of Wolfring were isolated from frozen sections of human eyelids by laser microdissection. RNA was extracted from the cells and hybridized to gene expression arrays. The expression of several of the major genes was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS. Of the 24 most highly expressed genes, 9 were of direct relevance to lacrimal function. These included lysozyme, lactoferrin, tear lipocalin, and lacritin. The glands of Wolfring are enriched in genes related to protein synthesis, targeting, and secretion, and a large number of genes for proteins with antimicrobial activity were detected. Ion channels and transporters, carbonic anhydrase, and aquaporins were abundantly expressed. Genes for control of lacrimal function, including cholinergic, adrenergic, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, purinergic, androgen, and prolactin receptors were also expressed in gland of Wolfring. CONCLUSIONS. The data suggest that the function of glands of Wolfring is similar to that of main lacrimal glands and are consistent with secretion electrolytes, fluid, and protein under nervous and hormonal control. Since these glands secrete directly onto the ocular surface, their location may allow rapid response to exogenous stimuli and makes them readily accessible to topical drugs. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53:6738‐6747) DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-10750
The role of exercise training in heart failure.

Exercise training in patients with systolic heart failure (HF) is an accepted adjunct to an evidence-based management program. This review describes the pathophysiologic features that are thought to be responsible for the exercise intolerance experienced in the HF patient. Significant research has expanded our appreciation of the interplay of hemodynamic, ventilatory, and skeletal myopathic processes in this common, chronic condition. Randomized, controlled exercise trials designed to measure endothelial function, inflammatory markers, sympathetic neural activation, and skeletal muscle metabolism and structure have further defined the pathophysiology, documented the impact of exercise training on these processes, and confirmed the benefit of this therapy. Consistent with prior clinical research and patient experience are the recently published results of the HF-ACTION (Heart Failure–A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of exercise TraiNing), which demonstrated a modest improvement in exercise capacity, reduction of symptoms, and improved self-reported measures of quality of life without adverse events. Consideration is given in this review to the benefits of variable intensity programs and the addition of resistance exercise to a standard aerobic prescription. Despite increasing validation of the role exercise training plays in the modification of exercise intolerance, challenges remain in its routine therapeutic application, including acceptance and use as an adjunctive intervention in the management of the patient with HF, limited insurance coverage for HF patients in cardiac rehabilitation, tailoring of exercise programs to best address the needs of subgroups of patients, and improved short- and long-term adherence to exercise training and a physically active lifestyle.
Thermoplastic extrusion of bulk metallic glass

Extrusion of Zr 44 Ti 11 Cu 10 Ni 10 Be 25 bulk metallic glass in its supercooled liquid state is explored as a method to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. The effect of processing parameters and extrusion geometries on the extrusion length is determined. The results reveal the nature of the flow process as creeping flow. Profile lengths of up to 50 cm are achieved using a 2-mm diameter die with a tapered length which theoretically results in a zero effective die length.
Colloquium : The neutron lifetime

The decay of the free neutron into a proton, electron, and antineutrino is the prototype semileptonic weak decay and is the simplest example of nuclear beta decay. It played a key role in the early Universe as it determined the ratio of neutrons to protons during the era of primordial light element nucleosynthesis. Neutron decay is physically related to important processes in solar physics and neutrino detection. The mean neutron lifetime has been the subject of more than 20 major experiments done, using a variety of methods, between 1950 and the present. The most precise recent measurements have stated accuracies approaching 0.1%, but are not in good agreement as they differ by as much as $5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ using quoted uncertainties. The history of neutron lifetime measurements is reviewed and the different methods used are described, giving important examples of each. The discrepancies and some systematic issues in the experiments that may be responsible are discussed, and it is shown by means of global averages that the neutron lifetime is likely to lie in the range of 880--884 s. Plans and prospects for future experiments are considered that will address these systematic issues and improve our knowledge of the neutron lifetime.
Solution kinetics of the degradation of the chemiluminescent reagent bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate in water/acetonitrile

Abstract Simultaenous ultraviolet absorbance measurements at 240 and 260 nm are used to quantify DNPO and its principle degradation product 2,4-dinitrophenol. The stability of DNPO was determined in various water acetonitrile mixtures (23±0.5°C). The decomposition follows (pseudo)- first-order kinetics in each system, and is third order in water concentration. An Arrhenius plot was used to obtain estimates for the activation energy, activation enthalphy, and activation entropy.
Portal to Alzheimer's disease.

Genetic inactivation of the mitochondrial self-destruction mechanism improves cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (pages 1097–1105).
Surgical management of angiographically occult spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae (type I spinal arteriovenous malformations): three technical case reports.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae (Type I spinal arteriovenous malformations [AVMs]) have been recognized as a treatable cause of progressive myelopathy. The diagnosis and characterization of these lesions rest heavily on spinal angiography. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We present three patients whose clinical presentations were consistent with a spinal dural AVM but whose spinal angiographic results were negative. INTERVENTION: The surgical treatment of these angiographically occult spinal AVMs is described. In retrospect, in each case, the feeding vessel to the AVM was injected but not seen. CONCLUSION: Some spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae will be angiographically occult. If the clinical and radiographic presentations strongly suggest the presence of an arteriovenous fistula, surgical exploration should be considered.
Stochastic sources for context-free languages

The concept of a stochastic source of a context-free language is presented and one possible source model based on a probabilistic grammar is defined. It is shown that this source is equivalent to an infinite Markov chain which can be defined recursively. Various statistics of the Markov chain are derived.An analogue of the Greibach Normal Form theorem is presented, which then allows for the construction of a Markov source with a single terminal symbol per transition. The class of probability distributions generable over context-free languages by such sources is examined.
Generation and Degradation of Fibrinopeptide A in Stored Platelet Concentrate

. The levels of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were measured in samples from stored platelet concentrates (PC) by radioimmunoassay. In 27 standard, citrated PC, the mean FPA was 13.6 ng/ml, which is elevated 5–6 ′ over background levels. This value did not change significantly over a 7-day storage period. Addition of PGE-1 and theophylline resulted in higher initial levels of FPA (18.0 ng/ml) and a pronounced rise during the storage period (to 43.4 ng/ml by day 10). In contrast, addition of a thrombin inhibitor, D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone – 2 HCl (PPACK) or hirudin, resulted in lower initial levels of FPA relative to standard, citrated PC and a slow increase over time. Introduction of exogenous FPA into citrated PC resulted in a predicted elevation of FPA levels followed by a rapid loss of immunoreactivity (t1/2 = 18 h). Addition of PPACK did not affect this fall-off. However, PC prepared and stored in the presence of PGE-1 and theophylline showed a much slower fall-off of exogenous FPA (t1/2 = 38 h). These data indicate that FPA levels in samples from citrated PC represent a dynamic balance between generation and degradation processes and, thus, the data above underestimate the amount of thrombin activity present in stored, citrated PC.
ROLE OF HYDROPHOBIC BONDING IN PROTEIN STRUCTURE

Bei der Umwandlung einer statistisch verknauelten Polypeptidkette in die gefaltete Form eines Proteins spielen die Wechselwirkungen zwischen unpolaren Gruppen (hydrophobe Bindungen) eine wichtige Rolle. Dabei ruhrt der Hauptbeitrag zur Bindung nicht von Van der Waalsschen Kraften zwischen den unpolaren Gruppen her, sondern von Veranderungen der Assoziationsstruktur des Wassers um diese herum. Theoretische Berechnungen der zu erwartenden thermodynamischen Parameter stimmen fur einfache Modellfalle mit experimentellen Ergebnissen recht gut uberein. Die Ausdehnung der Uberlegungen auf Polypeptidketten wird diskutiert.
A Forward Recoil Energy Spectrometry (Fres) Test of Hydrogen Reduction as a Strategy for Firing of Chinese Ceramics

We have investigated successfully the hydrogen concentration of samples of modern roof tile from the Shanghai Roof Tile and Brick Works. The intent of the investigation is to determine the applicability of ion beam analysis in the form of Forward Recoil Energy Spectrometry (FRES) to the analysis of the hydrogen content of the samples. We can measure hydrogen introduced during firing in modern bricks that we know were fired using hydrogen reduction. Completion of this feasilibity test allows us to propose sampling and testing ancient Chinese ceramics and to use the modern roof tile samples as a baseline for comparison.
Chrysobactin siderophores produced by Dickeya chrysanthemi EC16.

The plant pathogen Dickeya chrysanthemi EC16 (formerly known as Petrobacterium chrysanthemi EC16 and Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16) was found to produce a new triscatecholamide siderophore, cyclic trichrysobactin, the related catecholamide compounds, linear trichrysobactin and dichrysobactin, and the previously reported monomeric siderophore unit, chrysobactin. Chrysobactin is comprised of l-serine, d-lysine, and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA). Trichrysobactin is a cyclic trimer of chrysobactin joined by a triserine lactone backbone. The chirality of the ferric complex of cyclic trichrysobactin is found to be in the Λ configuration, similar to Fe(III)-bacillibactin, which contains a glycine spacer between the DHBA and l-threonine components and is opposite that of Fe(III)-enterobactin, which contains DHBA ligated directly to l-serine.
Practicing Patienthood Online: Social Media, Chronic Illness, and Lay Expertise

The use of digital technologies and social media by people with serious illness to find, share, and create health information is much celebrated but rarely critiqued. Proponents laud “Health 2.0” as transforming health care practice and empowering patients. Critics, however, argue that a discourse of developing lay expertise online masks the disciplinary practices of the neoliberal state’s emphasis on individual responsibility. Notably, the perspectives of people who are engaging with social media related to their health and illness are under-represented in this debate. This research examines the experiences and perspectives of women who blog about their lives with Multiple Sclerosis in order to situate them in the context of these conflicting ideologies. Methods consisted of an ethnographic content analysis (N = 40), an online survey (n = 20), and an online discussion forum (n = 9). Findings revealed that blogging is neither inherently empowering nor inevitably disciplinary. Rather, it simultaneously offers opportunities for patients to gain medical knowledge and resist medical patriarchy, as well as compounds expectations placed upon patients to assume greater responsibility for managing their care.
On the action of carboxypeptidase A on ester substrates in alkaline solution.

Summary Kinetic measurements on the pH dependency of the rate parameter k cat /K M for the Mn ++ -carboxypeptidase A δ -catalyzed hydrolysis of O -( trans -cinnamoyl)-L-β-phenyllactate have shown that an ionizing function in the enzyme with a pK a value of 9. 3 is involved in this reaction. Since experiments on the acetylation of the native γ-form of the enzyme appear to indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl groups of tyrosine residues in carboxypeptidase do not play a crucial role in the enzymatic catalysis of the hydrolysis of O -( trans -cinnamoyl)-L-β-phenyllactate, it is suggested that the group of pK a = 9. 3 is probably the active site Mn ++ -H 2 O complex.
Modeling Relationships Among Design Activities

In this paper, a graph theoretic approach for transformation and analysis of a network of design activities with different types of logical relationships is presented. In addition to the AND type relationship, OR and EXCLUSIVE OR relationships may exist between design activities. This relationship is captured using the IDEF3 notation. The algorithm generates various alternative precedence networks and clusters of design activities in each of these precedence networks. These alternative transformations are further used to analyze the risk of violating the due date of the design activity network. The concepts introduced in this paper are illustrated with an example.
Coexpression of two mesenchymal cadherins, cadherin 11 and N-cadherin, on murine fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

Objective Cadherin 11 has recently been identified on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), and studies in mice have demonstrated its importance in synovial lining architecture and inflammation. However, many tissues express more than 1 cadherin. Given the newly appreciated functional significance of cadherins in the synovium, this study was undertaken to determine whether mouse FLS express other cadherins in addition to cadherin 11. Methods The characterization of cadherin expression was determined in FLS derived from wild-type and cadherin 11–null mice using immunofluorescence (IF), biochemical, and immunohistologic techniques. Results Cadherin 11 expression was observed at points of cell–cell contact in cultured wild-type mouse FLS. However, despite the lack of cell surface cadherin 11, cadherin 11–null mouse FLS cells still formed intimate cell–cell contacts that contained β-catenin. Immunoprecipitation of cell surface biotinylated FLS with anti–β-catenin antibody demonstrated the presence of 2 cell surface catenin-associated proteins in FLS from wild-type mice and 1 in FLS sample from cadherin 11–null mice. Using biochemical approaches and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, these proteins were determined to be N-cadherin and cadherin 11. Expression of both N-cadherin and cadherin 11 in the synovial lining was demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis of mouse synovium. IF analyses demonstrated colocalization of N-cadherin and cadherin 11 to the same points of cell–cell contact. However, the inability to coimmunoprecipitate both cadherins using either anti–N-cadherin or anti–cadherin 11 antibodies suggests that these cadherins are not contained within the same molecular complexes. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that FLS express both N-cadherin and cadherin 11, and suggest that these cadherins are not contained within the same molecular complex. Given their importance in modulating cellular behavior, understanding how these cadherins regulate FLS behavior individually and in concert will be critical to understanding synovial architecture and inflammation.
Protein phosphatase 2A mediates dormancy of glioblastoma multiforme-derived tumor stem-like cells during hypoxia

Purpose The hypoxic microenvironment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is thought to increase resistance to cancer therapies. Recent evidence suggests that hypoxia induces protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a regulator of cell cycle and cell death. The effects of PP2A on GBM tumor cell proliferation and survival during hypoxic conditions have not been studied.
STI Crater Defect Reduction for Semiconductor Device Yield Improvement

One type of yield killing defect called STI Crater is found on advanced CMOS devices during shallow trench isolation (STI) formation. The mechanism of the defect formation is discussed, and various cleaning and thermal treatment applications have been evaluated to eliminate the defects. We observe above 6% yield improvement with optimized cleaning process scheme.
The irreversible adsorption of plutonium hexafluoride

The room temperature adsorption of PuF6(g) on a solid substrate was compared to the adsorption of UF6(g) on the same surface. Significantly more PuF6(g) was adsorbed at pressures in the range of 1.2 to 0.2torr, accompanied by the evolution of molecular fluorine. The adsorbed UF6 was easily desorbed by reducing the pressure. Most of the adsorbed PuF6 remained on the surface when subjected to the same treatment.
Understanding understanding as an instructional matter

Abstract This paper takes up the unremarkable organizations of understanding-in-interaction that underwrite the sequential production of classroom instruction. These are the understandings that are prior to education's identifying interests in learning, knowledge and cognition. Out of view of its authorized topics and conceptualizations, the educational research literature tends to take no notice of them. Its eyes are fixed on the ceiling, never imagining the work of the walls. A collection of classroom materials exhibits the argument. 2
A unified inelastic constitutive theory for sintered powder metals

Abstract The inelastic behavior of powder metals is significantly influenced by hydrostatic stress. In this paper a unified theory is proposed that captures not only such time-dependent phenomena as creep, stress relaxation and rate sensitivity but also demonstrates a sensitivity to hydrostatic stress. The theory is developed from a dissipative potential function, which assures the inelastic boundary value problem is well posed with unique solutions.
The nonhuman primate as a model of developmental immunotoxicity.

Macaques are well suited for preclinical testing of biopharmaceutics due to reproductive and developmental similarities with humans. In order to characterize ontogeny of the immune system in this m...
Mechanical property measurements on ion-irradiated copper and Cu-Zr

A recently developed mechanical properties microprobe (MPM) has been used to investigate strength and elastic modulus changes in ion-irradiated copper and Cu-0.15% Zr (AMZIRC). The indenter load and its displacement are simultaneously monitored while the indentation is being made and also during unloading. The depth dependence of the ion damage was investigated using a cross-section technique. This procedure allows a direct comparison to be made of microhardness data from different irradiation depths while the indent size is held constant. The displacement damage associated with ion irradiation caused either hardening or softening, depending on the irradiation conditions and the material.
‘Legalizing’ Politics, ‘Politicizing’ Law: Transnational Activism and International Law

Although recent studies have expanded our understanding of the roles played by international law and transnational activism in shaping international and domestic politics, there has been little systematic conceptual integration of the two areas of research. This article develops such a synthesis by reshaping the idea of a transnational political opportunity structure to incorporate the unique opportunities offered by international legal dynamics. The synthesis is developed by focusing on transnational quasi-judicial mechanisms, an increasingly common institution created by international treaties. Under these mechanisms, review bodies assess whether states are complying with codified norms, such as environmental protection. Typically, these review bodies issue nonbinding recommendations. My synthesis explains how and under what conditions activists mobilize transnational quasi-judicial mechanisms for domestic political reform. I show that the optimal dynamics are gaining legal legitimacy for political struggles, while also mobilizing political pressure on the target government to comply with the ‘legal’ process. The article then applies the synthesis to the submission process set up by NAFTA's environmental agreement.
Management of joint bleeding in hemophilia

Hemarthrosis, the hallmark of severe hemophilia, is the major cause of serious bleeding events, disability and reduced quality of life in patients with factor VIII or factor IX deficiency. Joint bleeding is one of the greatest challenges confronting individuals treating hemophilia, and its economic impact is enormous. This article reviews the current management of hemophilic joint bleeding and discusses the potential impact of novel therapies.
Coupling Fluid-Flow and Geomechanics in Dual-Porosity Modeling of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

The purpose of this study is to formulate a coupled fluid-flow/geomechanics model of a naturally fractured reservoir. Fluid flow is modeled within the context of dual-porosity (more generally, overlapping-continuum) concept while geomechanics is modeled following Biot's isothermal, linear poroelastic theory. The development follows along the line of the conventional and existing porous fluid-flow modeling. The commonly used systematic fluid-flow modeling is therefore preserved. We show how the conventional fluid-flow dual-porosity formulations are extended to a coupled fluid-flow/geomechanics model. Interpretation of the pore volumetric changes of the dual continua, fractures and matrix-blocks, and the associated effective stress laws are the most difficult and critical coupling considerations. New relations describing the dual rock volumetric changes are presented. These relations allow a smooth and consistent transition between single-porosity and dual-porosity concepts and are in terms of measurable quantities. Reduction to the single-porosity is presented to demonstrate the conceptual consistency of the proposed model.
Indigence, marginalization and HIV infection among Brazilian cocaine users

In recent years the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil has increasingly affected younger and more impoverished segments of the population. The rate of infection among drug users has also risen dramatically over the past decade. Despite these alarming trends, epidemiologic studies of indigent drug users in Brazil are virtually nonexistent. In order to fill this void, a research demonstration program was initiated in Rio de Janeiro which targeted drug users from the poorest strata of society, assessed their HIV risk behaviors and serostatus, and provided HIV prevention counseling, hygiene materials, and follow-up. Because participation in the intervention program appeared to impact on drug use and sexual risk behaviors, the implementation of successful prevention programs with this population appears feasible. In that HIV prevalence among this sample of poor injectors was markedly lower than that reported in previous studies of higher socioeconomic status injectors, the timely and widespread implementation of risk reduction strategies assumes great importance for the prevention of HIV infection in the most marginalized segments of Brazilian society.
Comparison of histones from avian erythroid tissues by zone electrophoresis

Abstract 1. 1. Histones have been extracted at pH 1 from isolated, washed nuclei of avian erythrocytes, spleen, liver and marrow. 2. 2. Histones extracts were compared in multi-sample polyacrylamide gels by vertical electrophoresis at pH 4.7–4.8 in presence and absence of 8 M urea. 3. 3. Distinctive features of erythrocyte, spleen and marrow histones were shared by four species of domestic birds—chicken, turkey, duck and goose—representing galliform and anseriform orders. 4. 4. Most notable tissue differences were the erythrocyte-specific zone corresponding to serine-rich histone, and the very cationic, prominent zones in marrow extracts, including rabbit marrow. 5. 5. Although it has not been demonstrated that all zones are undegraded histones, even differences in protein lability may be significant in differentiation and maturation of the red cell.