cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of Taylor caps over a tall isolated seamount in a stratified ocean

Abstract A primitive equation numerical model is used to examine various aspects of the formation of Taylor caps over a tall isolated seamount in a steady, rotating, nearly inviscid, stratified flow. The flow is characterized by four nondimensional parameters: the Rossby number, R0 = U/fL; the Burger number, S = NH/fL; the fractional seamount height, δ = hm/H; and the aspect ratio, Δ = H/L. Here U is the uniform inflow velocity, f the Coriolis parameter, L the horizontal length scale of the seamount, N the initial buoyancy frequency, H the ocean depth away from the seamount, and h m the maximum height of the seamount above the otherwise flat bottom. For both unstratified (S = 0) and stratified (S= 1) flows over a tall seamount which ultimately form a Taylor cap, the initial response is similar to that found in previous studies which considered short seamounts (δ ≪ 1) in weakly nonlinear flows (R0 ≪ 1). Two eddies form over the seamount and co-rotate clockwise around the seamount until one is swept away wi...
SU-E-T-427: Effect of Contrast in Radiadyne Alatus Balloon Packing System on Bladder and Rectal Doses in Gynecological Brachytherapy

Purpose: Vaginal packing for gynecological brachytherapy is used to immobilize the applicator and reduce doses to the bladder and rectum by increasing the separation from the applicator. With the introduction of theRadiadyne Alatus™ balloon packing system, we evaluate further reductions in dose to these structures by increasing the concentration of contrast in the balloon, increasing its attenuation. This evaluation has been performed using the Acuros™ dose calculation algorithm. Methods: A patient with cervical cancer was treated with HDR Ir‐192 by insertion of a tandem and ovoid applicator, with the Alatus™ balloon system used for vaginal packing instead of wet gauze. The balloons were filled with distilled water containing 10% Omnipaque contrast. Retrospectively, the balloons were contoured in the BrachyVision™ planning system, and the CT number of the structure set was adjusted to determine the effect of the concentration of the contrast in the balloons on bladder and rectal doses after heterogeneity correction using the Acuros™ algorithm. Results: Use of 10% Omnipaque solution reduced the bladder and rectal point doses by 6% and 9.5%, respectively, with similar reductions in the D2cc and D1cc for each structure. Overriding the density of the balloon showed that a 50% solution would reduce the doses by 8% and 30%, respectively, due to the positions of the balloons with respect to the applicator dwell positions. Conclusions: Use of the Alatus™ balloon packing system allows reduction of the bladder and rectal doses both by increasing the distance between the bladder and rectum and the applicators and by increased attenuation of the dose by the use of contrast solution. Optimal dilution of the contrast should take into account both the positive protective effect of the solution as well as any negative artifact that the solution causes in the CT scan, which might obscure the patient's anatomy patient.
Bumble bee olfactory information flow and contact-based foraging activation

Nestmate foraging activation and interspecific variation in foraging activation is poorly understood in bumble bees, as compared to honey bees and stingless bees. We therefore investigated olfactory information flow and foraging activation in the New World bumble bee species, Bombus impatiens. We (1) tested the ability of foragers to associate forager-deposited odor marks with rewarding food, (2) determined whether potential foragers will seek out the food odor brought back by a successful forager, and (3) examined the role of intranidal tactile contacts in foraging activation. Bees learned to associate forager-deposited odor marks with rewarding food. They were significantly more attracted to an empty previously rewarding feeder presented at a random position within an array of eight previously non-rewarding feeders. However, foragers did not exhibit overall odor specificity for short-term, daily floral shifts. For two out of three tested scents, activated foragers did not significantly prefer the feeder providing the same scent as that brought back by a successful forager. Finally, bees contacted by the successful forager inside the nest were significantly more likely to leave the nest to forage (38.6% increase in attempts to feed from empty feeders) than were non-contacted bees. This is the first demonstration that tactile contact, a hypothesized evolutionary basal communication mechanism in the social corbiculate bees, is involved in bumble bee foraging activation.
Hsp90 inhibition results in autophagy-mediated proteasome-independent degradation of IκB kinase (IKK)

Autophagic and proteasomal proteolysis are two major pathways for degradation of cellular constituents. Current models suggest that autophagy is responsible for the nonselective bulk degradation of long-lived proteins and organelles while the proteasome specifically degrades short-lived proteins including misfolded proteins caused by the absence of Hsp90 function. Here, we show that the IkappaB kinase (IKK), an essential activator of NF-kappaB, is selectively degraded by autophagy when Hsp90 is inhibited by geldanamycin (GA), a specific Hsp90 inhibitor showing highly effective anti-tumor activity. We find that in this case inactivation of ubiquitination or proteasome fails to block IKK degradation. However, inhibition of autophagy by an autophagy inhibitor or knockout of Atg5, a key component of the autophagy pathway, significantly rescues IKK from GA-induced degradation. These findings provide the first evidence that an Hsp90 client may be degraded by a mechanism different from the proteasome pathway and establish a molecular link among Hsp90, NF-kappaB and autophagy.
The course of the sinus node artery and its impact on achieving linear block at the left atrial roof in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.

Background Linear block at the left atrial (LA) roof may be challenging in some patients undergoing an ablation procedure for atrial fibrillation. Objective To identify factors that may influence the likelihood of achieving roof block. Methods Seventy-four patients (61 ± 10 years; 59 men [80%); LA diameter, 46 ± 6 mm; ejection fraction 0.55 ± 0.10) underwent linear ablation at the LA roof for persistent atrial fibrillation. The morphology of the roof and its anatomical relationship to adjacent structures were analyzed on a preprocedure computed tomography scan. Results Complete block along the LA roof was achieved in 61 of the 74 patients (82%). There was no significant difference in the myocardial thickness, length, or other morphological aspects of the LA roof between patients with and without complete block. The sinus node artery (SNA) originated from the right coronary artery in 52 patients (70%) and the left circumflex artery in 22 patients (30%). The prevalence of a left SNA (from the circumflex) among patients with and without linear block at the roof was 21% and 69%, respectively ( P = .001). On multivariate analysis, a left SNA was the only independent predictor of incomplete conduction block at the LA roof (odds ratio 6.8; 95% confidence interval 1.7–28; P = .007). Conclusions A left SNA identifies patients in whom conduction block at the roof is more difficult to achieve. A left SNA may act as an epicardial heat sink, preventing adequate heating of the LA roof during linear ablation.
Electron micrographs of mitotic cells of the Ehrlich mouse ascites tumor in thin sections.

Abstract Electron micrographs of thin sections of mitotic figures of the Ehrlich mouse ascites tumor cells fixed in osmic acid buffered at pH 7.2 have revealed the following facts: 1. 1. Chromosomal fibers in anaphase are the only spindle structures fixed with osmic acid at this pH. Other regions of the spindle show only orientation of cytoplasm particulates. 2. 2) Mitochondria appear intimately associated with the chromosomes in late prophase. 3. 3) A periodicity of .37 to .40 micra has been noted in metaphase chromosomes. 4. 4) Cytoplasmic particles remain constant in morphology throughout division.
The Emergence of Concentrated Ownership Structures in East Germany: the implications for enterprise restructuring ∗

In the transitional economies of East and Central Europe, privatization is widely considered essential for transforming the large state-owned enterprises. However, eager to expose the public enterprises to ‘hard budget constraints’, economists have neglected the importance of who the owners are. Studies of ownership structures and post-privatization restructuring in east Germany provide evidence that ownership matters for transformation success. The adoption of west German institutions in the east and the sale of state industrial property in concentrated shares to ‘insider’ investors seem to have created good conditions for the long-term committed investments essential for the rebuilding of tangible and intangible assets in east German enterprises. However, the control structures of a sample of enterprises reveal a wide range of investment strategies between types of corporate investors. Just as legal and financial institutions set constraints on ownership structure, the ownership structure sets constrain...
Cefepime desensitization in a patient with cystic fibrosis

Abstract Rationale We report a case of successful parenteral desensitization to cefepime in a cystic fibrosis patient with multiple β-lactam sensitivities. A 36 year old male with cystic fibrosis experiencing a pulmonary exacerbation failed to improve on ciprofloxacin, linezolid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. He had a history of significant urticaria to penicillin, ceftazidime, aztreonam, and imipenem/cilastatin. Sputum culture revealed moderate growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and he was admitted to the intensive care unit for close vital sign observation during a cefepime desensitization procedure. Methods Review of patient history confirmed that the patient was not receiving a beta-blocker drug. Epinephrine and diphenhydramine were available nearby if needed. Desensitization was achieved with 5 minute infusions of cefepime, starting from an initial dose of 0.032mg, followed by a 10 minute observation period. Doses were progressively doubled in a similar fashion at 15 minute intervals to a final dose of 2 grams which was given over 15 minutes. A novel electronic ordering protocol was used for serial dilution and administration instruction. Only three concentrations were mixed for infusion: 4mg/100ml, 100mg/50ml, and 2000mg/100ml; with adjustment of infusion rate to achieve appropriate dose with 16 total doses. Results After desensitization, the patient was able to tolerate scheduled infusions of cefepime at maximum dose without complications. Conclusions Cefepime may be successfully administered to patients with a history of hypersensitivity reactions. It may be especially helpful in cystic fibrosis patients where multiple drug sensitivities are often prevalent.
Mechanism of PDT-induced mitochondrial photodamage

In cell culture, photodamage induced by clinically-effective agents (e.g., Photofrin, SnET2, mTHPC, LuTex, HPPH, NPe6, ALA, Pc-4 or BPD) appears to involve mitochondria and/or lysosomes. When mitochondria are the major PDT target, a rapid apoptotic response is often observed, associated with release of cytochrome c, a trigger for caspase-9 activation. Fluorescence localization studies revealed that many of the 'mitochondrial-targeting' agents do not actually localize in mitochondria, but bind to a variety of intracellular membranes. The initial photodynamic effect involved photodamage to the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, leaving the pro-apoptotic protein Bax unaffected. Subsequent apoptotic interactions between Bax and mitochondria may therefore represent the first step in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. We recently reported that certain bile acids can lower the threshold of photodynamic mitochondrial interactions leading to apoptosis. We suggest that this effect derives from the promotion of an interaction between Bax and the mitochondrial membrane interaction leading to cytochrome c release.
Electrophysiologic effects of amrinone

Abstract Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have a high prevalence of complex ventricular arrhythmias. Accordingly, the electrophysiologic effects of new drugs for the treatment of CHF should be studied to determine whether they are safe in this population of patients. Fifteen patients with New York Heart Association functional classes II to IV CHF underwent hemodynamic and electrophysiologic testing during control conditions, and after 10 to 20 μg/kg/min of intravenous amrinone (dosages that increased cardiac output and decreased left ventricular filling pressures). All cardioactive drugs were stopped for at least 5 half-lives before entry into the study. Amrinone decreased the atrial effective refractory period from 256 to 240 ms (p = 0.015) and the AV nodal functional refractory period from 374 to 356 ms (p
Competitive equilibrium convergence in a posted-offer market with extreme earnings inequities☆

Abstract We present the results of five laboratory posted-offer experiments in which the competitive equilibrium model predicts that all exchange profits are received by one side of the market, thus defining a boundary condition. Price converges to the prediction more slowly when buyers rather than sellers receive the exchange surplus, apparently due to the increased market power of sellers in this trading mechanism. A model of the seller's decision in this market is developed to explain this result. We also observe costly signalling and tacit collusion in our experiments.
Evaluation of the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria of the Re-Ta-W system

The phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of the Re-Ta-W system are analyzed, and a complete thermodynamic description of the ternary system is obtained with the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) technique using a computerized optimization procedure. The thermodynamic modeling of intermetallic compounds σ and χ phases with three sublattices is discussed in terms of the effects of a large number of interaction parameters in the phases. The ternary parameters ΔG Re:Ta:W and ΔG Re:W:Ta of the σ and χ phases are assumed to be linear combinations of the binary parameters ΔG Re:Ta:Ta and ΔG Re:W:W of the σ and χ phases. The ternary-interaction parameters of the liquid and bcc phases are optimized using available experimental data. The calculated phase diagrams show good agreement with the experimental data.
Inverted and suppressed direct response HMQC‐TOCSY spectra ‐ a convenient method of spectral editing

HMQC-TOCSY spectra provide a convenient means of establishing proton-proton connectivities in congested spectra of complex aromatic heterocycles. Advantage is taken of the greater dispersion of the 13C nmr spectrum to circumvent overlap which would preclude spectral interpretation through the usual COSY spectrum. A recently reported method for inverting direct responses (IDR) in HMQC-TOCSY spectra is demonstrated for [1]benzothieno[2,3-c]naphtho[2,1-g]quinoline. A modification of the IDR-HMQC-TOCSY method is also demonstrated which is capable of fully suppressing direct responses (SDR) without resorting to the timing of the onset of decoupling as in the original report of the HMQC-TOCSY experiment. SDR-HMQC-TOCSY has the further advantage of allowing the use of higher levels of digitization in F2 than can be attained when broadband heteronuclear decoupling is employed.
Microbes and metals

Many base metals and a few precious metals as well as some metalloids can be enzymatically or non-enzymatically concentrated and dispersed by microbes in their environment. Some of these activities are commercially exploited or have a potential for it. This article summarizes these activities and the commercial or potentially commercial use of some of them.
Linkage of early-onset familial breast cancer to chromosome 17q21

Human breast cancer is usually caused by genetic alterations of somatic cells of the breast, but occasionally, susceptibility to the disease is inherited. Mapping the genes responsible for inherited breast cancer may also allow the identification of early lesions that are critical for the development of breast cancer in the general population. Chromosome 17q21 appears to be the locale of a gene for inherited susceptibility to breast cancer in families with early-onset disease. Genetic analysis yields a lod score (logarithm of the likelihood ratio for linkage) of 5.98 for linkage of breast cancer susceptibility to D17S74 in early-onset families and negative lod scores in families with late-onset disease. Likelihood ratios in favor of linkage heterogeneity among families ranged between 2000:1 and greater than 10(6):1 on the basis of multipoint analysis of four loci in the region.
Patterns of injury and otolaryngology intervention in pediatric neck trauma

BACKGROUND: Neck trauma in the pediatric population is relatively rare with limited discussion in the literature describing the injury patterns and outcomes of all neck trauma victims. This study characterizes pediatric neck trauma both inside and outside the context of injuries requiring otolaryngology (ENT) intervention. METHODS: Patients sustaining neck trauma presenting to a single tertiary care hospital between January 2001 and June 2010 were included. Demographic information was obtained in addition to information regarding the initial hospital stay and follow up visits related to the initial trauma. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients were included. Blunt injuries were found in 44 children with 30 sustaining penetrating injuries. Twenty-eight percent of patients had an ENT consultation. Those patients with injuries warranting ENT consultation were nearly 3 times more likely to require intubation than those without an ENT consultation (p=0.009). Laryngotracheal injuries were documented in 11 patients with 6 of these characterized as major injuries and 5 minor injuries. CONCLUSION: Pediatric neck trauma represents a spectrum of injuries from ecchymosis to major laryngotracheal injury. Otolaryngology involvement is not necessary in all cases; however, one must be aware of the risk of laryngotracheal injury, particularly with blunt trauma and there should be a low threshold for Otolaryngology consultation and endoscopy. Language: en
Adaptive mutations in Escherichia coli as a model for the multiple mutational origins of tumors

The cells in most tumors are found to carry multiple mutations; however, based upon mutation rates determined by fluctuation tests, the frequency of such multiple mutations should be so low that tumors are never detected within human populations. Fluctuation tests, which determine the cell-division-dependent mutation rate per cell generation in growing cells, may not be appropriate for estimating mutation rates in nondividing or very slowly dividing cells. Recent studies of time-dependent, "adaptive" mutations in nondividing populations of microorganisms suggest that similar measurements may be more appropriate to understanding the mutation origins of tumors. Here I use the ebgR and ebgA genes of Escherichia coli to measure adaptive mutation rates where multiple mutations are required for rapid growth. Mutations in either ebgA or ebgR allow very slow growth on lactulose (4-O-beta-D-galactosyl-D-fructose), with doubling times of 3.2 and 17.3 days, respectively. However, when both mutations are present, cells can grow rapidly with doubling times of 2.7 hr. I show that during prolonged (28-day) selection for growth on lactulose, the number of lactulose-utilizing mutants that accumulate is 40,000 times greater than can be accounted for on the basis of mutation rates measured by fluctuation tests, but is entirely consistent with the time-dependent adaptive mutation rates measured under the same conditions of prolonged selection.
Single chain variable fragment antibodies block aggregation and toxicity induced by familial ALS-linked mutant forms of SOD1

Abstract Approximately 10% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases are familial (known as FALS) with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, and ~ 25% of FALS cases are caused by mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). There is convincing evidence that mutant SOD1 (mtSOD1) kills motor neurons (MNs) because of a gain-of-function toxicity, most likely related to aggregation of mtSOD1. A number of recent reports have suggested that antibodies can be used to treat mtSOD1-induced FALS. To follow up on the use of antibodies as potential therapeutics, we generated single chain fragments of variable region antibodies (scFvs) against SOD1, and then expressed them as ‘intrabodies’ within a motor neuron cell line. In the present study, we describe isolation of human scFvs that interfere with mtSOD1 in vitro aggregation and toxicity. These scFvs may have therapeutic potential in sporadic ALS, as well as FALS, given that sporadic ALS may also involve abnormalities in the SOD1 protein or activity.
Twelve-Month-Old Infants Benefit From Prior Experience in Statistical Learning

A decade of research suggests that infants readily detect patterns in their environment, but it is unclear how such learning changes with experience. We tested how prior experience influences sensitivity to statistical regularities in an artificial language. Although 12-month-old infants learn adjacent relationships between word categories, they do not track nonadjacent relationships until 15 months. We asked whether 12-month-old infants could generalize experience with adjacent dependencies to nonadjacent ones. Infants were familiarized to an artificial language either containing or lacking adjacent dependencies between word categories and were subsequently habituated to novel nonadjacent dependencies. Prior experience with adjacent dependencies resulted in enhanced learning of the nonadjacent dependencies. Female infants showed better discrimination than males did, which is consistent with earlier reported sex differences in verbal memory capacity. The findings suggest that prior experience can bootstrap infants' learning of difficult language structure and that learning mechanisms are powerfully affected by experience.
A uniform definition and quantitative basis for industrial ecology

Abstract Industrial ecology (IE) has been characterized by a fragmented approach encompassing a number of different perspectives and analytical techniques. A uniform framework has yet to be established or proposed. This paper partially addresses this shortcoming by tracing some of the historical and intellectual antecedents of the field, providing a clear and concise lexicon of the biological analogue, and contrasting the two most promising analytical methods by which IE research may be carried out: life cycle assessment (LCA) and systems analysis. Although a number of comparative environmental metrics may be employed in cost-minimization or thermodynamic efficiency studies, no single measure is sufficiently developed to prioritize among qualitatively disparate types of environmental impacts. It is argued herein that the concept of chemical exergy of mixing may be the most promising basis for the development of a uniform, broad-based measure of chemical pollution, and that such a measure could significantly advance a scientific approach to IE. Some theoretical background is presented, although the reasoning herein is intended to be accessible to an interdisciplinary audience.
A survey of U.S. obstetrician-gynecologists' clinical and epidemiological knowledge of cryptosporidiosis in pregnancy.

Summary Although cryptosporidiosis is frequently diagnosed in the U.S., there has been very little assessment of obstetrician–gynaecologist knowledge about this disease. In 2010, we surveyed U.S. obstetricians about the diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis. Data were examined through univariable analysis and multivariable regression models. Of 1000 obstetrician–gynaecologists surveyed, 431 (43.1%) responded. Only 44.4% of respondents correctly identified that prolonged, intermittent diarrhoea would lead them to consider cryptosporidiosis in a differential diagnosis. Routine ova and parasites (O&P) testing was incorrectly chosen to identify Cryptosporidium in stool by 30.4% of respondents. Questions about nitazoxanide, the only drug approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of cryptosporidiosis, were the most frequently missed questions. Only 9.0% of respondents correctly classified nitazoxanide as an FDA pregnancy Category B drug, and only 5.6% of respondents correctly indicated that FDA approved nitazoxanide for immunocompetent patients aged ≥1 years. Regarding prevention- and control-related knowledge, only 14.1% of respondents correctly indicated that alcohol-based hand sanitizers were not effective at inactivating Cryptosporidium spp., and <10% correctly indicated that cryptosporidiosis is a reportable disease in their state of practice. Multivariable analysis found that ≥19 years in practice was positively associated with O&P diagnostic testing knowledge, while rural and urban non-inner city practice location, compared with suburban practice location, was positively associated with nitazoxanide knowledge. The low level of knowledge among obstetrician–gynaecologists about cryptosporidiosis indicates a need to develop resources for physicians about all aspects of cryptosporidiosis, particularly on diagnosis, treatment and prevention strategies.
Passports and Visas versus Ids

Most of the proposed cryptographic based electronic IDS are not adequate when used in international identification protocols. In this paper we extend the concept of a cryptographic electronic ID to a system of electronic passports and visas that surpass existing paper versions.
Cinchonanium, 10,11‐Dihydro‐9‐(2‐Propen‐1‐Yloxy)‐1‐[(2,3,4‐Trifluorophenyl)Methyl]‐, Bromide (1:1), (8α,9R)

[479617-92-0] C29H32BrF3N2O (MW 561.48) InChI = 1S/C29H32F3N2O.BrH/c1-3-15-35-29(23-11-13-33-25-8-6-5-7-22(23)25)26-16-20-12-14-34(26,17-19(20)4-2)18-21-9-10-24(30)28(32)27(21)31;/h3,5-11,13,19-20,26,29H,1,4,12,14-18H2,2H3;1H/q+1;/p-1/t19-,20-,26-,29+,34+;/m0./s1 InChIKey = VJLFGBJWARDMOE-MCVICMBESA-M (reagent used as asymmetric phase-transfer catalyst for a range of transformations) Physical Data: mp 152 °C, [α]D23 −113 (c 1.05, CHCl3). Solubility: sparingly soluble in water and most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: light yellow solid. Purification: diluted in water and methylene chloride, organic layer dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and recrystallized from methylene chloride/hexanes. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store the light yellow light-sensitive solid in a darkened bottle under nitrogen. Avoid contact with skin, eye, and respiratory system. Material is not compatible with strong acids, bases, oxidizing, or reducing agents. Toxicity levels have not been determined. Quaternary ammonium salts in general possess significant biological activities: antibiotic, cytotoxicity, neurotransmitter disruption, and anaphylactic shock promotion.
Re-analysis of troubled dating in adolescents.

Martsolf, Draucker, Bednarz, and Lea (2011) provide valuable qualitative information of how adolescents incorporate opinions about their troubled dating relationships, however, the study appears to arrive at the wrong conclusion due to logic errors in both developing themes fromquotationsanddevelopingconclusionsfromthemesandquotations.
The economic impact of HA-1A (Centoxin) against endotoxin.

Monoclonal antibodies have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in selected subsets of patients with Gram-negative sepsis and/or septic shock. However, the acquisition costs of the antibody products are expected to be in the range of $US3500 to $US4000 per course of therapy and precise identification of patients who will benefit may be difficult. Therefore, the economic impact of these antibodies will be significant. We have performed a model cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis specific to our institution based on previously reported mortality figures. Our data suggest that the cost-effectiveness of HA-1A (Centoxin®) will be comparable with that of a variety of commonly used medical interventions, but will produce an incremental increase in costs of at least $US7000 per patient because of the acquisition cost of the drug. as well as an increase in numbers of survivors whose hospitalisation will be prolonged.
Age-related changes in cytokine production by leukocytes in rhesus monkeys.

Using a variety of experimental rodent and human models, age- related alterations in cytokine production by immune cells have been described extensively. While the precise mechanism(s) responsible for such age- related changes in cytokine responses remain unclear, it seems likely that these changes may have a significant effect on immune cell function. In an attempt to clarify such changes in aging primates, we examined cytokine production by white cells derived from a controlled colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Non- fractionated whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from male monkeys of different ages (6- 28 years), and were subsequently evaluated for their ability to express mRNA and protein for the cytokines, IL- 10, IL- 6, IFN,IL- 1, and TNF, following in vitro stimulation with polyclonal mitogens. Our results suggest that white blood cells derived from aged rhesus monkeys exhibit a significant increase in their ability to produce the Th2- associated cytokine, IL- 10, upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) when compared to white cells derived from younger counterparts. Similarly, a significant age- related decrease in the expression of the Th1- associated cytokine, IFN, was also observed using phytohemagglutinin (PHA)- stimulated PBMCs. No significant age- related differences in the production of IL- 1 or TNF were observed in response to any stimulation, but there was limited evidence of an age- related increase in IL- 6 production. Overall, our results suggest that a possible systemic change from a Th0/Th1 to a Th2- like cytokine profile occurs in circulating leukocytes derived from aging primates. We believe that such age- related alterations in cytokine production may play a role in the reduced immune responses observed in elderly human populations.
Analysis of the Complete Mycoplasma hominis LBD-4 Genome Sequence Reveals Strain-Variable Prophage Insertion and Distinctive Repeat-Containing Surface Protein Arrangements

ABSTRACT The complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma hominis LBD-4 has been determined and the gene content ascribed. The 715,165-bp chromosome contains 620 genes, including 14 carried by a strain-variable prophage genome related to Mycoplasma fermentans MFV-1 and Mycoplasma arthritidis MAV-1. Comparative analysis with the genome of M. hominis PG21T reveals distinctive arrangements of repeat-containing surface proteins.
Tuning the relative affinities for activating and repressing operators of a temporally regulated restriction-modification system

Most type II restriction-modification (R-M) systems produce separate endonuclease (REase) and methyltransferase (MTase) proteins. After R-M genes enter a new cell, MTase activity must appear before REase or the host chromosome will be cleaved. Temporal control of these genes thus has life-or-death consequences. PvuII and some other R-M systems delay endonuclease expression by cotranscribing the REase gene with the upstream gene for an autogenous activator/repressor (C protein). C.PvuII was previously shown to have low levels early, but positive feedback later boosts transcription of the C and REase genes. The MTase is expressed without delay, and protects the host DNA. C.PvuII binds to two sites upstream of its gene: OL, associated with activation, and OR, associated with repression. Even when symmetry elements of each operator are made identical, C.PvuII binds preferentially to OL. In this study, the intra-operator spacers are shown to modulate relative C.PvuII affinity. In light of a recently reported C.Esp1396I-DNA co-crystal structure, in vitro and in vivo effects of altering OL and OR spacers were determined. The results suggest that the GACTnnnAGTC consensus is the primary determinant of C.PvuII binding affinity, with intra-operator spacers playing a fine-tuning role that affects mobility of this R-M system.
Effects of fibronectin on the interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with unopsonized and antibody-opsonized bacteria.

Fibronectin (Fn) affects the interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) with certain bacteria. Fn alone enhanced the response, in a chemiluminescence (CL) assay, of PMNLs to Staphylococcus aureus (P < .05) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (P < .01) but had no effect on type III, group B streptococci (GBS) or Escherichia coli. When GBS or E. coli were first preopsonized in antibody, Fn significantly enhanced the CL response of PMNLs (Z^ .05). The intracellular metabolic inhibitor NaNa but not the extracellular scavengers superoxide dismutase or human serum albumin inhibited Fn-enhanced CL; this fact suggests that enhancement of the respiratory burst by Fn is an intracellular event. We used an acridine orange-crystal violet monolayer assay to examine the effects of Fn on ingestion and intracellular killing of bacteria by PMNLs. Fn alone promoted uptake and killing of S. aureus (P < .01) and S. epidermidis (P < .05) by PMNLs but did not enhance monolayer phagocytosis of GBS or E. coli, unless these bacteria were preopsonized in antibody (P < .01).
Application of Current Hemorrhage Control Techniques for Backcountry Care: Part Two, Hemostatic Dressings and Other Adjuncts ☆

Decade-long advances in battlefield medicine have revolutionized the treatment of traumatic hemorrhage and have led to a significant reduction in mortality. Part one of this review covered the use of tourniquets on the extremities and the newer devices for use in junctional areas. Part two focuses on the use of hemostatic agents or dressings, pelvic binders, and tranexamic acid. Field applicable hemostatic dressings are safe and effective in controlling hemorrhage not amenable to extremity tourniquet application, and newer agents with increasing efficacy continue to be developed. Most of these agents are inexpensive and lightweight, making them ideal products for use in wilderness medicine. The use of pelvic binders to stabilize suspected pelvic fractures has gained new interest as these products are developed and refined, and the prehospital use of tranexamic acid, a potent antifibrinolytic, has been found to be life saving in patients at risk of death from severe hemorrhage. Recommendations are made for equipment and techniques for controlling hemorrhage in the wilderness setting.
Coping and marital support as correlates of tinnitus disability

Abstract Although there is increasing awareness that depression can add significantly to the disability associated with chronic medical illness, it is not clear whether all of the impact of psychosocial factors upon medical disability are mediated by or moderated by depression. It has not been determined whether treating depression alone is an adequate strategy for addressing psychosocial magnification of medical disability. We analyzed data collected at initiation of a treatment trial from 92 subjects with chronic severe tinnitus to assess the role of coping, and 49 subject-spouse pairs to assess the role of marital interaction in tinnitus-related role dysfunction. Three multiple regression models were developed. After accounting for gender, tinnitus loudness, and depressive severity among the 92 subjects, greater role dysfunction was associated with appraisal of tinnitus as salient, and less role dysfunction with coping through avoidance or seeking social support. Marital interaction was assessed from patient and spouse perspectives. In the patientrated set, less marital cohesion was associated with greater tinnitus-related role dysfunction. In the spouse-rated set, more punishing responses to subject illness behavior were associated with greater tinnitus-related role dysfunction. In each case the disabling effect was greater in the face of high levels of subject depression. This study provides evidence for the oft-stated analogy between chronic tinnitus and chronic pain, and provides justification for a similar multimodal treatment strategy. Reducing depression is an important means to reduce medical disability but should be supplemented by clinical attention to appraisal of the illness, modes of coping with the illness, and spousal response to the illness.
A program for exact synthesis of three-level NAND networks

A program is described for exact minimization of three-level combinational functions from NAND (NOR) gates. This algorithm generalizes the well-known approaches of TANT synthesis in the following ways: the function is multioutput, it includes don't cares, and any subset of variables can be available in only complemented form, or in both affirmative and complemented forms. The number of PP-implicants that can be used for exact minimum solution is reduced as a result of proving some theorems. >
Transition from Schottky Limit to Bardeen Limit in the Schottky Barrier Formation of al on n- and p-GaAs(110) Interfaces

Schottky barrier formation at room temperature (RT) and low temperature (LT) is studied by photoemission. In the low Al coverage regime (from 0.001 to about 1 ML), it is found that, compared to RT pinning behavior, the n-GaAs(110) surface band bending is attenuated, while the p-GaAs(110) surface band bending is enhanced. This striking phenomenon indicates that, by lowering the substrate temperature, one reduces the disturbance of the GaAs(110) surface, and the surface Fermi level of the n- and p-GaAs(110) tends to go to the same position, the so-called Schottky limit that characterizes a perfect defect-free interface. However, as the coverage increases (up to 30 ML), a new mechanism (in the framework of the unified defect model, it is the formation of defect levels due to the energy released as the adsorbed Al atoms start to form clusters and replace Ga) associated with a disturbed surface becomes dominant. Thus, the LT Fermi level positions of n- and p-GaAs move towards the RT positions, the so-called Bardeen limit. This demonstrates that, by controlling the surface disturbance, one can modify the Schottky barrier formation process, going from the Schottky limit which does not have pinning centers to the Bardeen limit which suggests the existence of pinning centers.
ART for prevention: opportunities, challenges and predictions

Many antiretroviral agents (ARVs) concentrate in genital secretions. When provided to people with HIV these agents stop the transmission of the virus, presumably by i) reducing the concentration of virus and ii) bathing vulnerable tissues with ARVs during the potential transmission. In 11/13 observational studies ART reduced HIV transmission. In one observational study that included gay couples, treatment of the infected partner stopped transmission. In one randomized controlled trial (HPTN 052) of 17623 couples at 13 sites in 9 countries, documented suppression of viremia appears to have been 100% effective in prevention of HIV transmission. The maximal potential of ARVs for prevention of HIV requires universal early or immediate treatment, with good adherence to therapy. Currently only a few countries (including the US and Brazil) have guidelines leading to immediate treatment of infection. In addition, wider testing is required to identify HIV infected people who do not know their status. And new tests must be developed to detect acute HIV infection, a short stage of disease that contributes disproportionately to the spread of HIV. Earlier ART benefits the health of the HIV infected person: CD4 cells are restored to a high level, tuberculosis is averted, subtle changes in mentation are avoided, and normal lifespan is restored. While the biomedical benefits of early treatment of HIV have been established, logistical challenges of treatment-including early treatment-are considerable; and such logistical challenges compromise more immediate utilization of ARVs. It can be anticipated that universal immediate ART will become the standard of care in the near future. Commitment to simplifying treatment regimens and improving infrastructure is essential. In addition, HIV infected patients must be inspired to protect their own health through treatment. Ongoing confusion about when to start ART among patients and providers convinces asymptomatic people with HIV infection that delay of treatment has no adverse consequence, which does not appear to be the case in either short or long time frames. While treatment can be difficult, people who are not offered ARVs are often lost to follow-up. ARVs represent the cornerstone of combination HIV prevention; optimizing the clinical and public health benefit(s) of these agents is of the greatest priority.
Fixing Content and Function in Neurobiological Systems: The Neuroethology of Electroreception

Are attributions of content and function determinate, or is there no fact of the matter to be fixed? Daniel Dennett has argued in favor of indeterminacy and concludes that, in practice, content and function cannot be fixed. The discovery of an electrical modality in vertebrates offers one concrete instance where attributions of function and content are supported by a strong scientific consensus. A century ago, electroreception was unimagined, whereas today it is widely believed that many species of bony fish, amphibians, sharks, skates, and rays possess this non-human sensory modality. A look at the history of science related to this discovery reveals a highly interdisciplinary endeavor, encompassing ethology, behavioral analysis, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology. While each area provides important evidence, none is sufficient on its own to fix content and function. Instead, I argue that an interdisciplinary, neuroethological approach is required to carry out such determinations. Further, a detailed consideration of biological research suggests that while content and function claims are empirically underdetermined and uncertain, there is insufficient reason to believe in an additional problem of indeterminism. In particular, Dennett's indeterminism arises from a research methodology -- logical adaptationism -- that generates evidence from only one of the areas of neuroethology. However, logical adaptationism does not reflect adaptationism as it is practiced in contemporary biology. I conclude that Dennett is faced with a dilemma: On the one hand, he can hold to logical adaptationism and the indeterminism that results from it, while giving up the relevance of his arguments to biological practice. On the other, he can embrace a more accurate version of adaptationism -- one which plays a role in a larger neuroethological framework -- but from which no strong indeterminacy claims follow.
A Three-Dimensional FDTD Subgridding Algorithm With Separated Temporal and Spatial Interfaces and Related Stability Analysis

A finite-different time-domain subgrid algorithm locally refines the mesh at regions requiring higher resolution. A novel separation of spatial and temporal subgridding interfaces is presented that allows implementing a novel spatial subgridding method and investigating the stability of each subalgorithm individually. Details are given for a spatial subgridding algorithm having a 1:3 mesh ratio. In the spatial subgridding algorithm, the fine-mesh is constructed with a recessed interface and the interpolation scheme is designed to be symmetric to maintain the stability of the update process. The stability of the spatial subgridding algorithm is analyzed with a matrix method. Numerical examples showing stability and accuracy are provided.
Phenyl(trifluoromethyl)mercury

[24925-18-6] C7H5F3Hg (MW 346.6) InChI = 1S/C6H5.CF3.Hg/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;2-1(3)4;/h1-5H;; InChIKey = BTVXEPISDXWGON-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used for the generation of difluorocarbene in benzene) Physical Data: mp 139–141 °C. Solubility: soluble in benzene, hexane. Preparative Method: phenyltrifluoromethyl mercury can be prepared in a three-step process beginning with HgO (eq 1). The HgO is stirred in water while 2 equiv of trifluoroacetic acid are slowly added. After addition of the trifluoroacetic acid is complete, the water is gently warmed and evaporated. The colorless viscous liquid is heated to decarboxlyate the diacetate compound and then the trifluoroacetotrifluoromethyl mercury is distilled. The first step of the distillation is to collect and remove everything that comes over under 220 °C. The distillation is then continued and trifluoroacetotrifluoromethyl mercury is collected between 220 and 230 °C. The distance between the distilling pot and the collection flask should be kept to a minimum and heated at this point to avoid formation of solid in the tube. This solid will plug the tube and block the distillation. The collection condenser is attached to a second neck in an ice-cooled collection flask. White smoke (more product) comes over with the colorless liquid product. Gray smoke indicates that elemental mercury is distilling and the distillation should be stopped. The trifluoroacetotrifluoromethyl mercury (1.0 equiv), without further purification, is then mixed with diphenylmercury (1.05 equiv) in benzene and heated to reflux for 10 h. (Diphenylmercury can be purchased or made from the reaction of HgCl2 with 2 equiv of phenyl Grignard in THF.) After the 10 h reflux, saturated aq NH4Cl solution is added. After cooling, the phenylmercury chloride is filtered off and the layers separated. The benzene solution is dried over MgSO4 and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. (1) Purification: column chromatography on silica (2% ethyl acetate/hexanes) or recrystallization from hexane affords product of high purity. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: extreme caution and quality gloves should be used when handling these reagents. All reactions should only be done in a well-ventilated fume hood. All the mercury compounds employed are extremely toxic. Diphenylmercury has the ability to absorb into the blood stream directly through the skin.
Maximizing dosimetric benefits of IMRT in the treatment of localized prostate cancer through multicriteria optimization planning

We examine the quality of plans created using multicriteria optimization (MCO) treatment planning in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in treatment of localized prostate cancer. Nine random cases of patients receiving IMRT to the prostate were selected. Each case was associated with a clinically approved plan created using Corvus. The cases were replanned using MCO-based planning in RayStation. Dose-volume histogram data from both planning systems were presented to 2 radiation oncologists in a blinded evaluation, and were compared at a number of dose-volume points. Both physicians rated all 9 MCO plans as superior to the clinically approved plans (p<10(-5)). Target coverage was equivalent (p = 0.81). Maximum doses to the prostate and bladder and the V50 and V70 to the anterior rectum were reduced in all MCO plans (p<0.05). Treatment planning time with MCO took approximately 60 minutes per case. MCO-based planning for prostate IMRT is efficient and produces high-quality plans with good target homogeneity and sparing of the anterior rectum, bladder, and femoral heads, without sacrificing target coverage.
Planetary science: Mars on dry ice

Martian gullies have been seen as evidence for past surface water runoff. However, numerical modelling now suggests that accumulation and sublimation of carbon dioxide ice, rather than overland flow of liquid water, may be driving modern gully formation.
Azurin, highly potent and selective anticancer agent for breast cancer

13106 Background: The use of live or attenuated pathogenic bacteria in the treatment of cancer dates back to the late nineteen hundreds when William B. Coley first reported that inducing Streptococ...