cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproduction of the canyon bat, Pipistrellus hesperus, in Southwestern United States

The reproductive biology of the bat Pipistrellus hesperus was investigated histologically using animals obtained from nature at monthly intervals throughout the year. The female shows proestrous morphological changes in late summer and autumn, which continue until early spring. Insemination is probably effected several times during proestrous, since both sexes are intermittently active throughout this period (August-April). Permanent arousal from torpor and return to normal metabolism in the spring results in ovulation. Both ovaries are functional and both uterine horns may be utilized. P. hesperus is monestrous; two young per bat is usual. The male spermatogenic cycle is initiated in late June and the first sperm are available for ejaculation in September. Some sperm remain in the seminiferous tubules until early March. The epididymides also serve in sperm storage with the caput emptied by late February and the cauda in April. Leydig cells are largely nonsecretory from March through July, a few are secretory in August and most are secretory in September and October. Active cells gradually decline in number until few are secretory in late March. Accessory sex glands are functionally cyclic: they are small from April through August, hypertrophy in September, and gradually involute to the resting stage through March, to achieve total involution in April. The penis, similar in structure to that of other vespertilionids, is thought specialized to insure effective insemination.
Production of huperzine A and other Lycopodium alkaloids in Huperzia species grown under controlled conditions and in vitro

A UPLC–MS method was developed for quantifying huperzine A (HupA), an anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) drug candidate from the traditional Chinese medicine Qian Ceng Ta (Huperzia serrata), in samples of 11 Huperzia genus plants. The highest content of HupA was found in Huperzia pinifolia. The accumulation of various Lycopodium alkaloids was monitored in these tissues using high resolution Q-IMS-TOFMS analysis. Tissue culture of various Huperzia species has been achieved and production of HupA has been confirmed in the callus of H. pinifolia. Furthermore, it was established that the major alkaloid produced by the naturally grown plant and the callus of H. pinifolia changed dramatically from HupA to nankakurine B.
Development of dilated cardiomyopathy in Bmal1-deficient mice.

Circadian rhythms are approximate 24-h oscillations in physiology and behavior. Circadian rhythm disruption has been associated with increased incidence of hypertension, coronary artery disease, dy...
Trans-substitution of the proximal hydrogen bond in myoglobin: I. Structural consequences of hydrogen bond deletion.

The structural role of a side-chain to side-chain protein hydrogen bond is examined using trans-substitution of the proximal histidine of myoglobin with methylimidazoles (Barrick, Biochemistry 1994;33:6546–6554). Modification of the chemical structure of exogenous ligands allows this hydrogen bond to be disrupted. Comparison of the crystal structures of H93G myoglobin complexed 4-methylimidazole (4meimd; methylation at carbon 4) and 1-methylimidazole (1meimd; methylation at the adjacent nitrogen, preventing hydrogen bonding between the imidazole ligand and the protein) shows that the polypeptide, heme, and methylimidazole orientations are the same within error. For 4meimd there appear to be major and minor conformations corresponding to different tautomeric states of the ligand. Conformational heterogeneity is also seen in the hyperfine-shifted region of the NMR spectrum of 4meimd complexed with high-spin H93G deoxyMb. The major conformation of the 4meimd ligand and the 1meimd ligand, as seen in the respective crystal structures, are quite similar except that the proximal ligand NH-to-Ser92-OH hydrogen bond is eliminated in the 1meimd complex, and instead the proximal ligand CH is adjacent to the Ser92-OH. Thus, this system provides a means to eliminate the Mb proximal hydrogen bond in a chemically and structurally conservative way. Proteins 2000;39:278–290. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new approach to mapping co-localization of multiple glycosyl transferases in functional Golgi preparations

We have developed a new method to co-localize multiple glycosyl transferases in different Golgi compartments. The approach relies on the proven ability of intact, sealed rat liver Golgi preparations to concentrate exogenous labeled sugar nucleotides into the lumen where they glycosylate either endogenous or artificial acceptors. The premise is that if two glycosyl transferases are co-localized within the same compartment, they will compete for the limited amount of transported donor. If the donor is consumed in glycosylating a permeable artificial glycoside within a Golgi compartment, it will be unavailable to glycosylate endogenous products within that same compartment. The greater the degree of transferase co-localization, the greater the potential decrease in glycosylation of endogenous acceptors. We provide an example consistent with these predictions. Adding 1 microM UDP[3H]Gal to Golgi preparations followed by a chase with a cocktail of unlabeled sugar nucleotides labels mostly endogenous N-linked oligosaccharides containing both beta 1,3- and beta 1,4[3H]Gal residues with and without sialic acid. Addition of increasing amounts of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-xyloside (Xyl beta MU) produces [3H]Gal1 beta, 4Xyl beta MU and leads to a reciprocal decrease in labeling of a restricted set of the endogenous acceptors. This decrease is preferential for [3H]Gal beta 1-->3GlcNAc beta 1-->R and, to a lesser extent, [3H]Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->R structures in neutral and mono-sialylated oligosaccharides; synthesis of these structures in di- and tri-sialylated oligosaccharides was unaffected. These preferential decreases are not seen in detergent permeabilized, sugar nucleotide transport-independent Golgi incubations, and are not due to inhibition by the Gal beta 1,4Xyl beta MU product. These results argue that there is significant overlap in the functional co-localization of sialyl and galactosyltransferases in rat liver Golgi preparations and that GAG chain core specific Galactosyltransferase I is co-localized with subsets of N-glycan Gal beta 1,3 and Gal beta 1,4 transferases. This approach can be used with other glycosides and sugar nucleotides to map and co-localize other glycosyl transferases. The functional compartments defined by this approach may or may not correspond entirely with morphologically defined Golgi domains.
FingerShadow: an OLED power optimization based on smartphone touch interactions

Despite that OLED screen has been increasingly adopted in smartphones to save power; screen is still one of the most energy-consuming modules in smartphones. Techniques such as local dimming are proposed to further reduce the power consumption of OLED screen, but it is hard to decide which part of the screen could be dimmed, and it often results in compromised user experience. Intuitively, when a user interacts with a smartphone via the touch screen, the screen areas are covered by the user's fingers and even some of the neighboring areas could be safely dimmed. Thus, in this paper, we propose FingerShadow, a new technique which does local dimming for the screen areas covered by user fingers to save more power, without compromising the user visual experience. We have studied 10 users' touch interaction behaviors and found that on average 11.14% of the screen were covered by fingers. For these 10 users, we estimate that FingerShadow can achieve 5.07%-22.32% power saving, averaging 12.96%, with negligible overhead. We discuss the challenges and future research work to implement Finger-Shadow in existing smartphone systems.
Biological consequences of photoproducts in mammalian cell DNA partially substituted with 5-bromouracil.

SummaryThe response of Chinese hamster ovary cells in which 10 per cent of the thymine of one DNA strand was substituted with bromouracil (BU) was compared with normal cells following u.v. irradiation. The bromouracil substitution resulted in a 2½ fold enhancement of both u.v.-induced killing and mutation induction at the HGPRT locus. These BU-photoproducts do not, however, result in any further inhibition of DNA replication or inhibition of the repair of u.v.-induced DNA photoproducts identified as antibody-binding sites.
Measurements of the Temperatures and Magnetic Field Dependence of Electrical Resistivity and Thermal Conductivity in OFHC Copper

Experimental results between 3K and 35K are given for the thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of a commercial grade OFHC1 copper in a longitudinal magnetic field. The sample is characterized by a residual resistivity of 3.15 × 10−8 ohm-cm, and a thermal conductivity maximum of 13.7 Watts/cm.-Kelvin at 25K. The residual resistivity ratio (p273/po) is 55. The Lorenz number is clearly observed to approach the Sommerfeld value below 10K, in contrast to other results for dilute copper alloys,2 and to increase with field up to 15%, at 60 KG in the 30K region. The Wiedemann Franz ratio, and the thermal and electrical resistivities are compared with simplest theoretical descriptions, and with other experimental results. The predictability of thermal conductivity values for similar alloys is discussed.
An Unexpected Connection Between Cruising and Glassblowing

The author, to his surprise, encountered glassblowing demonstrations on two recent cruises, one in the Caribbean and one on a Danube/Rhine river journey.
Structure and energetics of Li(+)-(BF4(-))n, Li(+)-(FSI(-))n, and Li(+)-(TFSI(-))n: ab initio and polarizable force field approaches.

The Li+–BF4– and BF4––BF4– interactions are studied using second order perturbation theory (MP2) and coupled cluster singles and doubles approach, including the effect of connected triples, CCSD(T). The MP2 and CCSD(T) results are in excellent agreement. Using only the MP2 approach, the interactions of Li+ with bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide anion (TFSI) and Li+ with bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anion (FSI) are studied. The results of these high level calculations are compared with density functional theory (DFT) calculations for a variety of functionals and with the APPLE&P force field. The B3LYP approach well reproduces the accurate calculations using both a small and large basis set. The M06 and M06L functionals in the larger basis set are in good agreement with the high level calculations. While the APPLE&P force field does not outperform the best functionals, the APPLE&P results agree better with the accurate results than do some of the functionals tested.
Assessment of Existing Models for Honeycomb Homogenized Properties

A summary of the existing models available for predicting the mechanical properties of a continuum equivalent to the honeycomb cellular structure is presented. Assessment of the accuracy of these models, using an extensive set of cell sizes and core densities, in providing the correct homogenized properties and capturing the cell size effect is performed. The assessment of the models already existing in the literature is performed by comparing the constitutive properties obtained using these models to those obtained using detailed finite element models of the honeycomb representative unit cells. Five cell sizes and twenty core densities were assessed. Three of the models assessed are considered to be complete models as they provide empirical formulas to calculate all components of the constitutive behavior while two are considered to be partial models as they focus on either the in-plane or out-of-plane properties of the honeycomb cellular core. The assessment results show only one of the five models providing reasonable results compared to those of the detailed finite element models.
Excited-state processes in first-generation phenyl-cored thiophene dendrimers.

First generation dendrimers with three oligothiophene arms (meta-arranged, 3G1-nS) and four arms (ortho- and para-arranged, 4G1-nS) connected to a central phenyl core were investigated spectroscopically in solution. In all dendrimers, on an ultrafast time scale ( 0.6 ns−1) is observed in both dendrimer series, possibly due to increased twisting about the phenyl core that reduces the triplet yields considerably with respect to oligothiophenes. An anomalous shifting of the triplet−triplet absorption spectra characterizes the 4G1-nS dendrimers as unique from the 3G1-nS ser...
Blood Indicators Analysis of Employees Contacted with Certain Chemical Materials

Objective To study blood cell analytical number and blood serum bio-chemical number changes of office employees contracted with chemical materials and provide the basis for occupation protection.Methods Three groups were assembled.Group A consisted of newly hired employees that had passed the physical exam.Group B and C consisted of employees that had worked for one year and two years respectively.These three groups were analyzed for their blood cell analytical number and blood serum bio-chemical number with Japanese SysmexxKX-21 blood cell analytic instrument and Italy Lisasys full-automatic bio-chemical analytic instrument.The results from group B and C were compared with the result from group A.Results Employees that had contacted with Benzene in group B and C had lower WBC and PLT than those in group A,the differences of LYM and NENT between those groups were significant.Employees that had contacted with dimethylformamide had much higher value in ALT,AST,yGT,TBIL and IBIT.Employees that had contacted with formaldehyde had outstanding difference on LYM and NENT and damage to their breathe systems,but not much difference on other blood cell number and bio-chemical number.Conclusions Benzene had influence on human body cell system.Dimethylformamide had great impact on liver.Formaldehyde had influence on chromosome and DNA.It is very important to strengthen prevention awareness,increase indoor venting and improve working environment.
Sertoli Cell Production of Müllerian Inhibiting Substance in Vitro

AbstractSertoli cell cultures were monitored for mullerian inhibiting substance with a solid phase radioimmunoassay. Sertoli cells from newborn calf testes were placed in defined media free of serum in monolayer culture after treatment with trypsin-collagenase followed by gravity separation. Immunoreactive mullerian inhibiting substance was detected in the culture media of Sertoli cells but not National Institutes of Health 3T3 cells. To verify that the Sertoli cells were intact, cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels were determined after follicle-stimulating hormone stimulation. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels were elevated in Sertoli cells but not National Institutes of Health 3T3 cells.The newborn calf Sertoli cell culture provides a useful system in which to study factors affecting mullerian inhibiting substance production and release, and documents this substance as another reliable marker for the Sertoli cell. Mullerian inhibiting substance levels also could be measured in media beneath testic...
Graphical and statistical modeling of a doped Yttrium aluminum garnet (Y 3 Al 2 (AlO 4 ) 3 ) crystal

An important class of laser materials are ionic crystals in which a small percentage of positive ions have been replaced by ions of a different type. These dopant ions are usually rare earth or transition metals. The spectroscopic properties will depend on the relative positions of the nearby dopants. We investigate these positions for dopant ions placed randomly and nonrandomly in the crystal.
Conclusion: The Movements Go Their Own Way

The early 1970s were a chaotic time. Exploiting a conservative backlash among whites, President Nixon swept to reelection in November 1972. Within two years, he was forced from office because of the criminal conspiracies called Watergate. In those years, most of the New Left’s movements put down permanent roots, but their revolutionary dreams faded. As each movement went its own way, the idea of a New Left united by a common radical commitment faded, too. Activists reacted differently. To some, this was a period of collapse, symbolized by the disappearance of sds, sncc, and other groups; government repression; and the dispersion of radical energies. Others remembered the victories, whether ending the war or winning abortion rights, and saw the New Left’s end as the beginning of long-term gains in power. There was one definite closure in these years: the U.S. defeat in Vietnam. The antiwar movement was the common ground shared by all activists, from Betty Friedan to Bobby Seale. With the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam in 1973 and Nixon’s resignation in 1974, that common cause was gone. Nixon’s successor, Gerald Ford, asserted in September 1974 that “our long national nightmare is over.” He was referring not just to Watergate but also to the war in Vietnam and the confrontations at home. His expression of relief spoke to the desire for civic peace and the diminished possibility of a radical upsurge.
Alcohol Misuse and Co‐Occurring Mental Disorders Among New Soldiers in the U.S. Army

Background Problem drinking that predates enlistment into military service may contribute to the overall burden of alcohol misuse in the Armed Forces; however, evidence bearing on this issue is limited. This study examines prevalence and correlates of alcohol misuse among new U.S. Army soldiers. Methods Cross-sectional survey data were collected from soldiers reporting for basic combat training. The survey retrospectively assessed lifetime alcohol consumption and substance abuse/dependence, enabling estimation of the prevalence of lifetime binge drinking and heavy drinking in a sample of 30,583 soldiers and of probable alcohol use disorder (AUD) among 26,754 soldiers with no/minimal lifetime use of other drugs. Co-occurrence of mental disorders and other adverse outcomes with binge drinking, heavy drinking, and AUD was examined. Discrete-time survival analysis, with person-year the unit of analysis and a logistic link function, was used to estimate associations of AUD with subsequent onset of mental disorders and vice versa. Results Weighted prevalence of lifetime binge drinking was 27.2% (SE = 0.4) among males and 18.9% (SE = 0.7) among females; respective estimates for heavy drinking were 13.9% (SE = 0.3) and 9.4% (SE = 0.4). Among soldiers with no/minimal drug use, 9.5% (SE = 0.2) of males and 7.2% (SE = 0.5) of females had lifetime AUD. Relative to no alcohol misuse, binge drinking, heavy drinking, and AUD were associated with increased odds of all mental disorders and other adverse outcomes under consideration (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] = 1.5 to 4.6; ps < 0.001). Prior mental disorders and suicidal ideation were associated with onset of AUD (AORs = 2.3 to 2.8; ps < 0.001), and prior AUD was associated with onset of mental disorders and suicidal ideation (AORs = 2.0 to 3.2, ps < 0.005). Conclusions Strong bidirectional associations between alcohol misuse and mental disorders were observed in a cohort of soldiers beginning Army service. Conjoint recognition of alcohol misuse and mental disorders upon enlistment may provide opportunities for risk mitigation early in a soldier's career.
Williams and the Desirability of Body‐Bound Immortality Revisited

Bernard Williams argues that human mortality is a good thing because living forever would necessarily be intolerably boring. His argument is often attacked for unfoundedly proposing asymmetrical requirements on the desirability of living for mortal and immortal lives. My first aim in this paper is to advance a new interpretation of Williams' argument that avoids these objections, drawing in part on some of his other writings to contextualize it. My second aim is to show how even the best version of his argument only supports a somewhat weaker thesis: it may be possible for some people with certain special psychological features to enjoy an immortal life, but no one has good reason to bet on being such a person.
Burden and Timing of Hospitalizations in Heart Failure: A Community Study.

Abstract Objective To study the temporal distribution and causes of hospitalizations after heart failure (HF) diagnosis. Patients and Methods Hospitalizations were studied in 1972 Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with incident HF from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2011. All hospitalizations were examined for the 2 years following incident HF, and each was categorized as due to HF, other cardiovascular causes, or noncardiovascular causes. Negative binomial regression examined associations between time periods (0-30, 31-182, 183-365, and 366-730 days after diagnosis) and hospitalizations. Results During the 2 years after diagnosis, 3495 hospitalizations were observed among 1336 of the 1972 patients with HF. The age- and sex-adjusted rates of hospitalizations were highest in the first 30 days after diagnosis (3.33 per person-year vs 1.33, 1.07, and 1.00 per person-year for 31-182 days, 183-365 days, and 366-730 days, respectively). The rates of hospitalizations were similar across sex, presentation of HF (inpatient or outpatient), and type of HF (preserved or reduced ejection fraction). Patients diagnosed as inpatients who had long hospital stays (>5 days) experienced more than a 30% increased risk of rehospitalization within 30 days of dismissal. Importantly, most hospitalizations (2222 of 3495 [63.6%]) were due to noncardiovascular causes, and a minority (440 of 3495 [12.6%]) were due to HF. The rates of noncardiovascular hospitalizations were higher than those for HF or other cardiovascular hospitalizations across all follow-up for all time periods after HF. Conclusion Patients with HF experience high rates of hospitalizations, particularly within the first 30 days, and mostly for noncardiovascular causes. To reduce hospitalizations in patients with HF, an integrated approach focusing on comorbidities is required.
Cyclic AMP and the Inhibition of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells by Noradrenergic Synapses

When considering the many important concepts implicit in the title of this Symposium, there are three major questions which quickly emerge. What is the nature of the chemical which can transmit information in cellular terms between nerve cells, how can these substances be identified as to site and mechanism of action, and how is the information coded within simple molecules such as synaptic transmitters? In our laboratory, we have gone to considerable lengths to establish the identification of nor-epinephrine (NE) as one of the inhibitory transmitters which function to inhibit cerebellar Purkinje cells. This system of chemical inhibition would appear to offer a unique insight into the conceptual problems underlying our present converence, and this paper will explore the extent to which this insight can presently be helpful.
Variability in Objective Refraction for Persons with Down Syndrome.

ABSTRACT Down syndrome (DS) is associated with ocular and cognitive sequelae, which both have the potential to influence clinical measures of refractive error. This study compares variability of autorefraction among subjects with and without DS. Grand Seiko autorefraction was performed on 139 subjects with DS (age: 8–55, mean: 25 ± 9 yrs) and 138 controls (age: 7–59, mean: 25 ± 10 yrs). Subjects with three refraction measures per eye (DS: 113, control: 136) were included for analysis. Each refraction was converted to power vector notation (M, J0, J45) and a difference in each component (ΔM, ΔJ0, ΔJ45) was calculated for each refraction pairing. From these quantities, average dioptric strength ( JOURNAL/opvis/04.02/00006324-201705000-00005/math_5MM1/v/2017-07-27T051618Z/r/image-tiff : square root of the sum of the squares of M, J0, and J45) and average dioptric difference ( JOURNAL/opvis/04.02/00006324-201705000-00005/math_5MM2/v/2017-07-27T051618Z/r/image-tiff : square root of the sum of the squares of ΔM, ΔJ0, and ΔJ45) were calculated. The DS group exhibited a greater median JOURNAL/opvis/04.02/00006324-201705000-00005/math_5MM3/v/2017-07-27T051618Z/r/image-tiff (1Q: 1.38D M: 2.38D 3Q: 3.41D) than control eyes (1Q: 0.47D M: 0.96D 3Q: 2.75D) (P < .001). Likewise, the DS group exhibited a greater median JOURNAL/opvis/04.02/00006324-201705000-00005/math_5MM4/v/2017-07-27T051618Z/r/image-tiff in refraction (1Q: 0.27D M: 0.42D 3Q: 0.78D) than control eyes (1Q: 0.11D M: 0.15D 3Q: 0.23D) (P < .001) with 97.1% of control eyes exhibiting JOURNAL/opvis/04.02/00006324-201705000-00005/math_5MM5/v/2017-07-27T051618Z/r/image-tiff ≤0.50D, compared to 59.3% of DS eyes. An effect of JOURNAL/opvis/04.02/00006324-201705000-00005/math_5MM6/v/2017-07-27T051618Z/r/image-tiff on JOURNAL/opvis/04.02/00006324-201705000-00005/math_5MM7/v/2017-07-27T051618Z/r/image-tiff was not detected (P = .3009) nor was a significant interaction between JOURNAL/opvis/04.02/00006324-201705000-00005/math_5MM8/v/2017-07-27T051618Z/r/image-tiff and group detected (P = .49). In the current study, comparing three autorefraction readings, median total dioptric difference with autorefraction in DS was 2.8 times the levels observed in controls, indicating greater potential uncertainty in objective measures of refraction for this population. The analysis demonstrates that J45 is highly contributory to the observed variability.
Overexpression of secretory phospholipase A2-IIa supports cancer stem cell phenotype via HER/ERBB-elicited signaling in lung and prostate cancer cells

Resistance to conventional chemotherapies remains a significant clinical challenge in treatment of cancer. The cancer stem cells (CSCs) have properties necessary for tumor initiation, resistance to therapy, and progression. HER/ERBB‑elicited signaling supports CSC properties. Our previous studies revealed that secretory phospholipase A2 group IIa (sPLA2‑IIa) is overexpressed in both prostate and lung cancer cells, leading to an aberrant high level in the interstitial fluid, i.e., tumor microenvironment and blood. HER/ERBB-PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signaling stimulates sPLA2‑IIa overexpression, and in turn, sPLA2‑IIa activates EGFR family receptors and HER/ERBB-elicited signaling and stimulates sPLA2‑IIa overexpression in a positive feedback manner. The present study determined the molecular mechanisms of sPLA2‑IIa in stimulating HER/ERBB-elicited signaling and supporting CSC properties. We found that sPLA2‑IIa binds both EGFR and HER3 demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation experiments and also indirectly interacts with HER2, suggesting that sPLA2‑IIa functions as a ligand for both EGFR and HER3. Furthermore, both side population CSCs from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 and H1975 cells and ALDH1‑high CSCs from castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) 22Rv1 cells overexpress sPLA2‑IIa and produce tumors when inoculated into subcutis of nude mice. Given an aberrant high level of sPLA2‑IIa in the tumor microenvironment that should be much higher than that in the blood, our findings support the notion that sPLA2‑IIa functions as a ligand for EGFR family receptors and supports CSC properties via HER/ERBB-elicited signaling, which may contribute to resistance to therapy and cancer progression.
Comparative effectiveness and student choice for online and face-to-face classwork

The authors examined learning and task choices made by students when the same interactive course design was used online and face-to-face. A survey was administered in an operations management cours...
Searchbots: Using Chatbots in Collaborative Information-seeking Tasks

The popularity of messaging platforms such as Slack has given rise to thousands of different chatbots that users can engage with individually or as a group. The proposed dissertation research will investigate the use of searchbots (i.e., chatbots that perform specific search operations) during collaborative information-seeking tasks. Specifically, we will address the following research goals. RG1: Our first research goal will be to investigate the use of searchbots in a collaborative search scenario. The goal of collaborative search is to develop systems that help two or more people collaborate synchronously or asynchronously on information-seeking tasks. Collaborative search systems such as SearchTogether~\cite{Morris2007}, Coagmento~\cite{shah2010coagmento}, CollabSearch~\cite{Yue2012}, and ResultsSpace~\cite{Capra2012} allow users to share information, communicate asynchronously or in real-time, and provide interactive visualizations that raise awareness of each user's search activities, allowing users to learn from each other's search strategies and avoid duplicating work. Prior research shows that while people often search in pairs and in larger groups, they do so without the use of specialized search tools and instead coordinate via "out-of-channel" communication tools such as email, text messaging, phone, and social media~\cite{morris2008survey,Morris2013}. Our first goal will be to investigate the use of searchbots during real-time collaborative search tasks. Our interest in the use of searchbots for collaborative search echoes a suggestion made by Morris~\cite{Morris2013} to develop lightweight collaborative search tools over existing communication platforms.
Blood Pressure and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease in the Aged

Prospective epidemiological investigations of population samples at Framingham and elsewhere have produced a body of data that emphasize the importance of hypertension as a contributor to the high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in affluent parts of the world (Kannel et al. 1969, Paul 1970, Page and Sidd 1972, Intersociety Commission for Heart Disease Resources 1970, Tibblin 1967, A.H.A.-N.H.I. 1965). In particular, the impact of each component of the blood pressure and its net and joint contribution to cardiovascular disease as an ingredient of a cardiovascular risk profile have been ascertained (Kannel 1974).
Effecting positive change – an introduction

‘The future we want: Effecting positive change through ecotourism’ special issue is designed to engage theory to practice through innovation, programmatic application, and knowledge-based case stud...
Academic Literacy: Reaching Our Own.

The article discusses academic literacy in relation to the goal of the journal's Think Tank which includes the effective dissemination of the periodical to peers, and it mentions the Think Tank's development of a social media toolkit for U.S. college students. The publication of a newsletter for public health students in America is examined, along with a quarterly contest involving the Instagram photo-sharing service, partnerships, and public health-related collaboration.
Intravestibular Balance and Motion Sickness.

Introduction A theory is presented to explain the major findings regarding motion sickness and to synthetize current theories concerning its etiology. The theory proposes that an imbalance in the output of the two major organs of the labyrinth-favoring the semicircular canals over the otolith organs-is responsible for most instances of motion sickness as experienced in terrestrial and microgravity environments. Methods Strengths and limitations of current theories are first outlined before the different roles of the canals and otoliths in the genesis of motion sickness symptoms are described. Results The proposed theory is shown to explain a large number of findings and integrate current theories. Discussion The role of vestibular imbalance in motion sickness may be a consequence of the more general differences between the canals and otoliths in autonomic control.Previc FH. Intravestibular balance and motion sickness. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(2):130-140.
Intraoperative epicardial echo/Doppler evaluation of a stentless, chordally supported quadricusp mitral bioprosthesis

The authors have developed a stentless, chordally supported quadricusp mitral bioprosthesis made from bovine pericardium. A large anterior, two commissural, and one posterior cusp all have straight hinge lines and avoid the excessive flexion stress of stent supported valves. The chordal support is concentrated in two flaps for suture to the papillary muscles. Previous in vitro and animal studies demonstrated its superior hemodynamic, biomechanical, and biocompatible behavior over commercial valve bioprostheses. In this study, we further evaluated its in vivo performance by intraoperative epicardial Echo/Doppler immediately after the bioprosthesis was implanted in 10 sheep. In all 10 sheep, Echo showed the valves were similar to native mitral valves in both anatomic appearance and movement. Mitral annular motion and annular-papillary muscle integrity were preserved. In systole, the valves closed competently with chordae moving upward and straightening; in diastole, the valves opened wide with chordae moving downward and relaxing. Color and pulsed Doppler showed no signs of stenosis or regurgitation. In conclusion, the new mitral bioprosthesis provide excellent in vivo performance that mimics the native mitral valve. Intraoperative echocardiography is recommended after mitral valve replacement with such valves.
TOWARD AN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIOECOLOGY OF PRIMATES

Like many other fields, the study of primate social ecology has developed through at least three distinct phases (as reviewed in Terborgh and Janson, 1986). First and earliest, detailed descriptive studies added to our basic natural history knowledge of primates in general (e.g., Struhsaker, 1969; Kinzey, 1977). Explanatory models tended to be based on single species and many competing hypotheses were advanced based on distinct study systems. For instance, the ecology and social behavior of savannah-dwelling baboons were studied as analogies for the ecology and behavior of savannah-dwelling early hominids (e.g., DeVore and Washburn, 1963), or the thick molar enamel of capuchin monkeys was investigated as a model for the thick enamel of hominid dentitions (Kinzey, 1974). Second, as enough descriptive data were amassed, it became possible to begin comparative studies, at first either searching for broad patterns relating ecology and social organization (e.g., Crook and Gartlan, 1966) or testing very general hypotheses linking group size and ranging behavior to diet (Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1977). Third, across-species compri- sons and detailed descriptive studies focused on hypothetico-deductive tests of specific theories, with the goal of distinguishing (and perhaps eliminating) some of the many competing hypotheses to explain social and ecological variation among primates, including the roles of predation and within- versus between-group competition (e.g., van Schaik, 1983; Terborgh, 1983; Janson, 1990).
Potency and Fertility: Hormonal and Mechanical Causes and Effects of Penile Actions in Rats

The traditional psychological distinction between motivation and action (Gallistel 1980) is roughly paralleled, within the sexual realm, by the clinical distinction between libido, the disposition toward sexual stimulation, and potency, the capacity for genital consummation of copulation. I use these clinical terms in the spirit suggested by Julian Davidson who, following his excellent discussion of dualistic concepts of sexuality in humans and other animals, concluded (1980, p. 287) that libido and potency “ ... should be regarded not as two distinct elements reflecting independent physiological mechanisms but rather as two sides of the same coin of sexuality ... Yet, the critique of sexual polarities should not obscure the fact that these concepts have heuristic value and underlying physiological bases.”
Chapter 3 – Geometry

The chapter describes nuclear density distributions, and links between the centrality of a collision and observables. Experiments that measure charge density distributions study the Coulomb interactions of a charged particle with a nucleus. Electron scattering is one way to measure charge distribution. It is assumed that charge and matter distributions are identical so that fits of the nuclear charge density distributions can be applied equally well to the nuclear matter distributions. The Glauber model of multiple collisions is used to relate the impact parameter to the number of participants and collisions. It is a geometrical model based on the assumption of constant inelastic cross section for each subsequent collision. The number of participants in a collision can be obtained starting from the probability for a nucleon–nucleon collision in the interaction of a hadron with a nucleus. The amount of stopping in a collision can be related to a light-cone momentum fraction. This is not the same fraction as that entering the parton distribution functions. The transverse energy produced in the collision is also elaborated in the chapter.
An approach to reshaping clusters for nearest neighbor search

In this paper, we present our research on similarity search and clustering problems. Similarity search problems define the distances between data points and a given query point Q, efficiently and effectively selecting data points which are closest to Q. Clustering algorithms separate data points into different groups, in a way that data points in the same group have high similarity and data points from different groups are different from each other. In this paper, we explore the meaning of clusters from a new perspective, and propose an approach to reshape the clusters based on K nearest neighbor search results. The reconstructed clusters can help improve the performance of the following K nearest search process.
White dwarfs in Be star binary systems

An evaluation is made of possible reasons for the persistent inability to identify white dwarf stars in the Be binary systems. It is noted that many Be stars exhibiting large optical enhancements may be Be + WD and Be + He systems, and that observations of pulsations in the H-alpha emission, as well as observation of time delays between enhancements of optical line and continuum, can identify such systems.
In Activation of ØX174 and SV 40 Viral DNA Replication by Diol Epoxide Derivatives of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons

Interaction of reactive diol epoxide metabolites of polycvclic hydrocarbons with nucleic acids has recently been implicated as a critical event in the mechanism of hydrocarbon carcinogenesis. To study such interactions we have devised two convenient assays involving inhibition of infectivity of OX174 and SV40 viral DNA in E. coli spheroplasts and monkey kidney cells, respectively. Anti-BPDE is shown to efficiently alkylate both OX174 and SV40 viral DNA, inhibiting their infectivities 100% and 75–80%, respectively. Comparison of the OX174 DNA viral replication inhibitory activities of the diol epoxide derivatives of a series of hydrocarbons varying in their carcinogenic activities reveals no correlation with theoretically predicted reactivity. In particular, bay region diol epoxides do not exhibit exceptional reactivity. Substantial recovery of SV40 DNA synthesis takes place following anti-BPDE treatment, although infectivity remains depressed. These results suggest that the DNA synthesized following BPDE treatment possibly is defective. The significance of these findings with respect to the mechanism of carcinogenesis is discussed.
Absence of LTBP-3 attenuates the aneurysmal phenotype but not spinal effects on the aorta in Marfan syndrome

Fibrillin-1 is an elastin-associated glycoprotein that contributes to the long-term fatigue resistance of elastic fibers as well as to the bioavailability of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) in arteries. Altered TGFβ bioavailability and/or signaling have been implicated in aneurysm development in Marfan syndrome (MFS), a multi-system condition resulting from mutations to the gene that encodes fibrillin-1. We recently showed that the absence of the latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein-3 (LTBP-3) in fibrillin-1-deficient mice attenuates the fragmentation of elastic fibers and focal dilatations that are characteristic of aortic root aneurysms in MFS mice, at least to 12 weeks of age. Here, we show further that the absence of LTBP-3 in this MFS mouse model improves the circumferential mechanical properties of the thoracic aorta, which appears to be fundamental in preventing or significantly delaying aneurysm development. Yet, a spinal deformity either remains or is exacerbated in the absence of LTBP-3 and seems to adversely affect the axial mechanical properties of the thoracic aorta, thus decreasing overall vascular function despite the absence of aneurysmal dilatation. Importantly, because of the smaller size of mice lacking LTBP-3, allometric scaling facilitates proper interpretation of aortic dimensions and thus the clinical phenotype. While this study demonstrates that LTBP-3/TGFβ directly affects the biomechanical function of the thoracic aorta, it highlights that spinal deformities in MFS might indirectly and adversely affect the overall aortic phenotype. There is a need, therefore, to consider together the vascular and skeletal effects in this syndromic disease.
Leaky expression of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in Ai32 mouse lines.

Optogenetics enables the selective activation of genetically-targeted neuronal populations using light-sensitive ion channels. Genetic strategies using Cre-dependent mouse strains, especially the Ai32 line expressing Channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-EYFP fusion protein, have been a popular means to drive opsin expression in a cell-type specific manner. Here we report a low level of leaky ‘off-target’ (Cre-independent) ChR2-EYFP expression in Ai32/Ai32 homozygous mice throughout the nervous system. This leaky off-target expression was characterized in multiple prevalent nervous system regions using anti-EYFP immunostaining. Expression of full-length ChR2-EYFP protein was confirmed using immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting. Notably, light stimulation of these ChR2-EYFP expressing neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn did not induce detectable photocurrents in juvenile 4-week old mice. Given the wide use of the Ai32 line by many labs, our results suggest researchers should be vigilant of possible off-target ChR2-EYFP expression in their region of interest, especially when generating Ai32/Ai32 homozygotes to drive high levels of ChR2-EYFP expression in adult mice.
Fatigue, Sleep, and Autoimmune and Related Disorders

Profound and debilitating fatigue is the most common complaint reported among individuals with autoimmune disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. Fatigue is multi-faceted and broadly defined, which makes understanding the cause of its manifestations especially difficult in conditions with diverse pathology including autoimmune diseases. In general, fatigue is defined by debilitating periods of exhaustion that interfere with normal activities. The severity and duration of fatigue episodes vary, but fatigue can cause difficulty for even simple tasks like climbing stairs or crossing the room. The exact mechanisms of fatigue are not well understood, perhaps due to its broad definition. Nevertheless, physiological processes known to play a role in fatigue include oxygen/nutrient supply, metabolism, mood, motivation, and sleepiness—all which are affected by inflammation. Additionally, an important contributing element to fatigue is the central nervous system—a region impacted either directly or indirectly in numerous autoimmune and related disorders. This review describes how inflammation and the central nervous system contribute to fatigue and suggests potential mechanisms involved in fatigue that are likely exhibited in autoimmune and related diseases.
Accelerating Discovery with Cognitive—An Example Cognitive Application for Discovery: Watson for Drug Discovery

Watson for Drug Discovery (WDD) is a cloud-based, end-to-end scalable platform that helps life science researchers discover new disease pathways, new drug targets, and additional drug indications. It ingests both structured and unstructured content from multiple internal and external heterogeneous sources. It then uses natural language processing and domain-specific ontologies to annotate this content so that the machine can read and understand the content more like the way a domain expert would.
The association between distress tolerance and eating expectancies among trauma-exposed college students with obesity.

Objective: Obesity is a significant health concern among college populations, and trauma-exposed students are particularly at risk for behaviors associated with weight gain. There is need for furth...
Identification of two QTLs associated with high fruit acidity in apple using pooled genome sequencing analysis.

Acidity is a critical component determining apple fruit quality. Previous studies reported two major acidity quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on linkage groups (LGs) 16 (Ma) and 8 (Ma3), respectively, and their homozygous genotypes mama and ma3ma3 usually confer low titratable acidity (TA) ( 10 mg ml-1) acidity levels. To date, the genetic control for high-acidity apples remains essentially unknown. In order to map QTLs associated with high acidity, two genomic DNA pools, one for high acidity and the other for regular acidity, were created in an interspecific F1 population Royal Gala (Malus domestica) × PI 613988 (M. sieversii) of 191 fruit-bearing progenies. By Illumina paired-end sequencing of the high and regular acidity pools, 1,261,640 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) commonly present in both pools were detected. Using allele frequency directional difference and density (AFDDD) mapping approach, one region on chromosome 4 and another on chromosome 6 were identified to be putatively associated with high acidity, and were named Ma6 and Ma4, respectively. Trait association analysis of DNA markers independently developed from the Ma6 and Ma4 regions confirmed the mapping of Ma6 and Ma4. In the background of MaMa, 20.6% of acidity variation could be explained by Ma6, 28.5% by Ma4, and 50.7% by the combination of both. The effects of Ma6 and Ma4 in the background of Mama were also significant, but lower. These findings provide important genetic insight into high acidity in apple.
Sociopolitical Development and Healthcare Career Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Outcome Expectations Among Rural Youth:

The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the indirect effects of social cognitive career variables (healthcare career [HC] self-efficacy and outcome expectations) in the relationship be...
A Rare Case of Fatal Hemorrhagic Stroke in a Young Female with Early Mixed Connective Tissue Disease.

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) often presents as a slow progressive illness with low morbidity and mortality. Serious central nervous system disease is uncommon, and fatal outcomes are rarely seen. Here, we report a rare case of fatal hemorrhagic stroke in a 43-year-old female with a rapidly progressive MCTD. She presented to primary care with a history of headaches, visual disturbances, and unprovoked lower extremity swelling and pain. A rheumatological workup showed positive antinuclear (ANA) and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antibodies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) found a 12 mm hemorrhage along a cortical sulcus of the right frontal lobe, and a follow-up magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and ophthalmological exam showed no definitive signs of vasculitis. Over the course of her workup, she developed swollen hands, Raynaud’s syndrome, myalgias, and synovitis characteristic of evolving MCTD. The patient then began to experience severe headaches over one month. Repeat MRI was ordered, but never completed, and the patient presented to the emergency department (ED) with a severe, right-sided headache, and left-sided visual disturbance. In the ED, she began to display evidence of delirium and seizure activity and became unresponsive. A computerized tomography scan (CT) of the brain showed a right parietal lobe intraparenchymal hemorrhage approximately 5 × 3 × 5 cm in size with secondary mass effect including mid- and hind-brain herniation. Computerized tomography angiography (CTA) of the brain showed signs of large vessel vasculitis. A craniectomy was performed; however, the patient never regained consciousness and died several days later. Vasculitis, while rare in connective tissue diseases, should be aggressively assessed for and managed in patients with any early signs and symptoms of cerebrovascular involvement to prevent fatal outcomes.