cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What factors explain the geographical range of mammalian parasites

Free-living species vary substantially in the extent of their spatial distributions. However, distributions of parasitic species have not been comprehensively compared in this context. We investigated which factors most influence the geographical extent of mammal parasites. Using the Global Mammal Parasite Database we analysed 17 818 individual geospatial records on 1806 parasite species (encompassing viruses, bacteria, protozoa, arthropods and helminths) that infect 396 carnivore, ungulate and primate host species. As a measure of the geographical extent of each parasite species we quantified the number and area of world ecoregions occupied by each. To evaluate the importance of variables influencing the summed area of ecoregions occupied by a parasite species, we used Bayesian network analysis of a subset ( n = 866) of the parasites in our database that had at least two host species and complete information on parasite traits. We found that parasites that covered more geographical area had a greater number of host species, higher average phylogenetic relatedness between host species and more sampling effort. Host and parasite taxonomic groups had weak and indirect effects on parasite ecoregion area; parasite transmission mode had virtually no effect. Mechanistically, a greater number of host species probably increases both the collective abundance and habitat breadth of hosts, providing more opportunities for a parasite to have an expansive range. Furthermore, even though mammals are one of the best-studied animal classes, the ecoregion area occupied by their parasites is strongly sensitive to sampling effort, implying mammal parasites are undersampled. Overall, our results support that parasite geographical extent is largely controlled by host characteristics, many of which are subsumed within host taxonomic identity.
Solving electrical impedance tomography with deep learning

Abstract This paper introduces a new approach for solving electrical impedance tomography (EIT) problems using deep neural networks. The mathematical problem of EIT is to invert the electrical conductivity from the Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) map. Both the forward map from the electrical conductivity to the DtN map and the inverse map are high-dimensional and nonlinear. Motivated by the linear perturbative analysis of the forward map and based on a numerically low-rank property, we propose compact neural network architectures for the forward and inverse maps for both 2D and 3D problems. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed neural networks.
Reissert compound studies. LXIV. Reissert compound and other products from an isolated N‐benzoylisoquinolinium triflate salt

In the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, a methylene chloride solution of isoquinoline and benzoyl chloride gave N-benzoylisoquinolinium triflate (3) and N-H-isoquinolinium triflate (4). Depending on the reaction conditions, reaction of 3 may occur on the isoquinoline ring yielding a Reissert compound and 1,2-dihydroisoquinoline species. Otherwise, reactions transpire on the carbonyl of 3 to give an amide, an ester, and an anhydride.
Template-Directed Nonenzymatic Primer Extension Using 2-Methylimidazole-Activated Morpholino Derivatives of Guanosine and Cytidine.

Efforts to develop self-replicating nucleic acids have led to insights into the origin of life and have also suggested potential pathways to the design of artificial life forms based on non-natural...
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis for the Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeon.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis includes conditions characterized by joint inflammation of unknown etiology lasting longer than 6 weeks in patients younger than 16 years. Diagnosis and medical management are complex and best coordinated by a pediatric rheumatologist. The mainstay of therapy is anti-inflammatory and biologic medications to control pain and joint inflammation. Orthopedic surgical treatment may be indicated for deformity, limb length inequality, or end-stage arthritis. Evaluation of the cervical spine and appropriate medication management in consultation with a patient's rheumatologist are essential in perioperative care. Preoperative planning should take into account patient deformity, contracture, small size, osteopenia, and medical comorbidities.
Partial alignment, residual dipolar couplings and molecular symmetry in solution NMR

Residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) and residual anisotropic chemical shifts (RACSs) are produced by the partial alignment of solution NMR samples. RDCs and RACSs yield high-resolution structural and dynamic information on the orientation of bonds and chemical groups in molecules. Many molecules form oligomers or have intrinsic symmetries, which may simplify the analysis of their partial alignment datasets. In this report, we explore the theory of partial alignment using an irreducible spherical representation, and we investigate the impact of molecular symmetry on the alignment of molecules. Though previous studies have reported simplified relationships on the partial alignment of molecules bearing different symmetry groups, we show that these simplified relationships may not be universal and only apply to a limited set of systems.
Feedback Control and 3D Motion of Heterogeneous Janus Particles

This paper presents 2D feedback control and open loop 3D trajectories of heterogeneous chemically catalyzing Janus particles. Self-actuated particles have enormous implications for both in vivo and in vitro environments, which make them a diverse resource for a variety of medical and assembly applications. Janus particles, consisting of cobalt and platinum hemispheres, can self-propel in hydrogen peroxide solutions due to platinum’s catalyzation properties. These particles are directionally controlled using static magnetic fields produced from a triaxial approximate Helmholtz coil system. Since the magnetization direction of Janus particles is often heterogeneous, and thereby not consistent with the propulsion direction, this creates a unique opportunity to explore the motion effects of these particles under 2D feedback control and open loop 3D control. Using a modified closed loop controller, Janus particles with magnetization both closely aligned and greatly misaligned to the propulsion vectors, were instructed to perform complex trajectories. These trajectories were then compared between trials to measure both consistency and accuracy. The effects of increasing offset between the magnetization and propulsion vectors were also analyzed. The effects this heterogeneity had on 3D motion is also briefly discussed. It is our hope going forward to develop a 3D closed loop control system that can retroactively account for variations in the magnetization vector.
Infrared Image Fault Identification Method Based on YOLO Target Detection Algorithm

With the development of smart grids, the use of UAV to inspect power equipment has become one of the hot technologies. However, the current work of troubleshooting is still mainly based on labor. This method is time consuming and laborious, and the accuracy will be affected. Therefore, this paper proposes an infrared image fault identification method based on YOLO target detection algorithm, which is used to detect the state of the power equipment in real time in the video of the inspection, and identify and locate the fault. First, use image enhancement techniques to reduce signal-to-noise ratio, improve fault recognizability, suppress background and other interference. Then, summarize the distribution characteristics of the fault in the image, and select the appropriate candidate box by the method of dimension clustering. And for the problem of high false detection rate caused by environmental impact, the training data sets of different targets and their sizes in various environments are established, which makes the identification of the target more precise. Finally, the feature is extracted by convolutional neural network. Each layer uses the method of batch normalization to standardize the input data, and trains the YOLO network model that can identify infrared faults in many environments. The experimental results show that the model can effectively detect fault targets of different sizes in various environments. The model can be effectively applied in practice.
Domestic Matters: Hollywood and the Politics of Representing la doméstica in Babel and Cake

This chapter explores the figure of la domestica in two Hollywood films that locate their stories in connection with the US–Mexico border: Babel (Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu, 2006) and Cake (Daniel Barnz, 2014). The border defines and separates the foreign from the domestic, and thus the housemaid becomes a paradoxical figure of being an outsider with access to the most intimate form of the US domestic, the family. La domestica is welcomed and celebrated as a model of traditional motherhood while she also embodies difference based on her gender, class, and race/ethnicity. Ultimately, Hollywood’s politics of representation pose the Mexican female domestic worker as a character who reinforces patriarchal and nativist agendas within current debates of immigration and national identity in the twenty-first-century United States.
Alcohol Use Behaviors and Reasons to Abstain From or Limit Drinking Among Medically Vulnerable Youth.

Background Youth with chronic medical conditions (YCMC) use alcohol at levels similar to their healthy peers but face elevated risk for adverse health consequences. As salient reasons to abstain from or limit drinking (RALD) among YCMC are unknown, we sought to identify clusters of RALD and test associations with use behaviors. Methods Eligible YCMC (ages 9-18) recruited from outpatient clinics reported their use behaviors and importance of potential RALD. Cluster analysis was used to discern RALD patterns, which were examined as predictors of alcohol use using multivariate regression. Results Among 398 participants, 30.9% reported past year alcohol use. Concerns about impacts on medications, school, and disease status were the most frequently endorsed RALD; prior negative experiences with alcohol and family history were the least frequently endorsed. Five RALD clusters were identified for all YCMC and 2 for recent drinkers. Compared to the cluster with high endorsement of multiple general and health-related RALD, those predominantly citing concerns about addiction and those not strongly endorsing any RALD consistently reported greater alcohol use. Among recent drinkers, the cluster characterized by low concern across multiple RALD also consistently reported greater alcohol use compared to their counterparts expressing moderate concern. Conclusions For YCMC, RALD are complex but endorsement of multiple general and health-related RALD is associated with less use, and health concerns are especially prevalent. More research is needed to understand how salient RALD can inform tailored interventions that aim to delay and reduce substance use and improve health outcomes for YCMC.
CRT-600.33 Cardiac Computed Tomography Angiography Preplanning Yields Safety and Feasibility for the Left Atrial Appendage Closure Using the Minimalist Approach

Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) became a routine interventional procedure worldwide in selected atrial fibrillation cases, together with improvements in the devices’ technologies and optimized implant techniques. The concept of minimalist approach became relevant, aiming at optimal technical
Online Academic Incivility Among Adult Learners

More and more faculty who teach online are facing incivility in their classroom. These disruptions impede learners’ development and wellbeing and can negatively impact faculty and institutions of h...
The heterogeneous effect of marijuana decriminalization policy on arrest rates in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2009-2018.

Abstract Background Marijuana decriminalization holds potential to reduce health inequities. However, limited attention has focused on assessing the impact of decriminalization policies across different populations. This study aims to determine the differential effect of a marijuana decriminalization policy change in Philadelphia, PA on marijuana arrests by demographic characteristics. Methods Using a comparative interrupted time series design, we assessed whether the onset of marijuana decriminalization in Philadelphia County was associated with reduction in arrests rates from 2009 to 2018 compared to Dauphin County. Stratified models were used to describe the differential impact of decriminalization across different demographic populations. Results Compared to Dauphin, the mean arrest rate for all marijuana-related crimes in Philadelphia declined by 19.9 per 100,000 residents (34.9% reduction), 17.1 per 100,000 residents (43.1% reduction) for possession, and 2.8 per 100,000 resident (15.9% reduction) for sales/manufacturing. Arrest rates also differed by demographic characteristics post-decriminalization. Notably, African Americans had a greater absolute/relative reduction in possession-based arrests than Whites. However, relative reductions for sales/manufacturing-based arrests was nearly 3 times lower for African Americans. Males had greater absolute/relative reduction for possession-based arrests, but lower relative reduction for sales/manufacturing-based arrests compared to females. There were no substantial absolute differences by age; however, youths (vs. adults) experienced higher relative reduction in arrest rates. Conclusions Findings suggest an absolute/relative reduction for possession-based arrests post-decriminalization; however, relative disparities in sales/manufacturing-based arrests, specifically for African Americans, increased. More consideration towards the heterogeneous effect of marijuana decriminalization are needed given the unintended harmful effects of arrest on already vulnerable populations.
Up-regulation of GLI1 in vincristine-resistant rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma

The clinical significance of GLI1 expression either through canonical Hedgehog signal transduction or through non-canonical mechanisms in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) or Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is incompletely understood. We tested a role for Hedgehog (HH) signal transduction and GL11 expression in development of vincristine (VCR) resistance in RMS and EWS. We characterized baseline expression and activity of HH pathway components in 5 RMS (RD, Rh18, Ruch-2, Rh30, and Rh41) and 5 EWS (CHLA9, CHLA10, TC32, CHLA258, and TC71) cell lines. We then established VCR-resistant RMS and EWS cell lines by exposing cells to serially increasing concentrations of VCR and determining the IC50. We defined resistance as a ≥ 30-fold increase in IC50 compared with parental cells. We determined changes in gene expression in the VCR-resistant cells compared with parental cells using an 86-gene cancer drug resistance array that included GLI1 and tested the effect of GLI1 inhibition with GANT61 or GLI1 siRNA on VCR resistance. We found evidence for HH pathway activity and GLI1 expression in RMS and EWS cell lines at baseline, and evidence that GLI1 contributes to survival and proliferation of these sarcoma cells. We were able to establish 4 VCR-resistant cell lines (Ruch-2VR, Rh30VR, Rh41VR, and TC71VR). GLI1 was significantly up-regulated in the Rh30VR, Rh41VR, and TC71VR cells. The only other gene in the drug resistance panel that was significantly up-regulated in each of these VCR-resistant cell lines compared with their corresponding parental cells was the GLI1 direct target and multidrug resistance gene, ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (MDR1). We established major vault protein (MVP), which was up-regulated in both vincristine-resistant alveolar RMS cell lines (Rh30VR and Rh41VR), as another direct target of GLI1 during development of drug resistance. Treatment of the VCR-resistant cell lines with the small molecule inhibitor GANT61 or GLI1 siRNA together with VCR significantly decreased cell viability at doses that did not reduce viability individually. These experiments demonstrate that GLI1 up-regulation contributes to VCR resistance in RMS and EWS cell lines and suggest that targeting GLI1 may benefit patients with RMS or EWS by reducing multidrug resistance.
Unique Case of Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth With Vascular Malformations, Epidermal Nevi, and Skeletal/Spinal Anomalies Syndrome in a Pediatric Patient.

Vascular malformations are being increasingly identified with associated syndromes caused by sporadically occurring, non-heritable somatic mutations. CLOVES syndrome is a newly recognized constellation of congenital lipomatous overgrowth with vascular malformations, epidermal nevi, and skeletal/spinal anomalies. We report the unique case of CLOVES syndrome diagnosed in a pediatric patient five years after the initial surgical resection of an extensive venolymphatic malformation involving the chest, neck, axilla, and posterior trunk. The lipomatous overgrowths were successfully resected, and subsequent genetic analysis revealed a heterozygous, pathogenic, somatic variant in the PIK3CA gene, confirming our suspicion of CLOVES syndrome.
The Lunar Time of Study: A Rhythmanalysis of Education’s Endarkenment

This article proposes a necessary link between studying and nighttime. This connection manifests itself in four dimensions of study. First, in the use of stars to mark the best things in a text. Second, the rhythmic nature of studying a text (turning pages and returning to passages marked with stars) replicates the unending ebb and flow of the tides under the influence of the moon. Third, the studier undergoes a monstrous transformation from a productive citizen to an addict, not unlike the transformation of the human into the werewolf. And finally, the studier ultimately studies the darkness of texts, finding in that darkness a new potentiality. These four dimensions are then compared to the diurnal, linear repetitions of the traditional classroom and the activity of learning.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a patient with Richter's syndrome on combination DA-R-EPOCH chemotherapy regimen: a case report

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical-radiologic entity characterized by headaches, altered mental status, seizures, visual loss, and a characteristic imaging pattern in brain magnetic resonance images. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of this condition are not yet fully elucidated. A 72-year-old White man presented with 2 weeks of low-grade fever and chills, night sweats, fatigue, dysphagia, and new-onset rapidly increasing cervical lymphadenopathy. He had a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma for which he was started on dose-adjusted rituximab, etoposide, prednisone vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin (DA-R-EPOCH). Shortly after treatment initiation, the patient developed severe airway obstruction due to cervical lymphadenopathy that required emergency intubation. A few days later, the cervical lymphadenopathy and the status of the airway improved, and sedation was consequently weaned off to plan for extubation. However, the patient did not recover consciousness and developed generalized refractory seizures. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed edema in the cortical gray and subcortical white matter of the bilateral occipital and inferior temporal lobes, consistent with PRES. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome refers to a neurological disorder and imaging entity characterized by subcortical vasogenic edema in patients who develop acute neurological signs and symptoms of a usually reversible nature in different settings, including chemotherapy. Despite its name, PRES is not always fully reversible, and permanent sequelae can persist in some patients. Clinicians should be aware of the possible association between chemotherapy and PRES to ensure early recognition and timely treatment.
Micrometre-scale strain mapping of transistor arrays extracted from undersampled atomic-resolution images.

Abstract Strain maps extracted from atomic resolution images have the ultimate spatial resolution, but have a field of view limited by the sampling necessary to resolve atomic lattices. This has typically confined strain maps to dimensions less than ∼100 nanometers. To extend the field of view beyond this limit, we apply a modified geometric phase analysis to undersampled images of atomic lattices (i.e. with a pixel size too large to resolve atomic lattices). To reduce the effects of environmental and instrumental instabilities, the images were obtained by aligning series of rapid annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy acquisitions. We demonstrate that for undersampled images, a geometric phase analysis can still be performed on aliased frequencies and, as long as the appropriate scaling matrix is applied, provide accurate atomic displacement measurements at large scale. Experimental challenges related to the increased effects of scanning errors as the magnification is lowered are examined. Although such errors are found to significantly reduce geometric phase signals, it was still possible to produce strain maps for arrays of up to sixteen 20nm-technology transistors, corresponding to a field of view exceeding one micrometer.
The Changing Role and Responsibilities of a Chairman—Letters

To the Editor.— I enjoyed the article, "The Changing Role and Responsibility of Chairmen in Clinical Academic Departments: The Transition from Autocracy" which appeared in Pediatrics (1992;90:50-57). It contains much of interest. It is hard to believe that Dr Brent has been chairman for some 26 years at Jefferson.
Obligate Brominating Enzymes Underlie Bromoform Production by Marine Cyanobacteria

Marine algae are prolific producers of bromoform (CHBr3 ). This naturally produced molecule is a potent environmental pollutant as it volatilizes into the atmosphere and contributes to depletion of the ozone layer in a manner akin to, and in magnitude similar to, man-made chlorofluorocarbons. While phototrophs such as seaweeds, diatoms, and dinoflagellates are known sources of bromoform, additional as yet unknown biogenetic sources of bromoform exist in the oceans. Here, using halogenating enzymes as diagnostic genetic elements, we demonstrate that marine cyanobacteria also possess the enzymological potential for bromoform production. Using recombinantly purified vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases from planktonic and bloom-forming marine cyanobacteria in in vitro biochemical assays, we reconstitute the enzymatic production of bromoform. We find cyanobacterial bromoform synthesizing enzymes to be obligate brominases possessing no chlorinating activities. These results expand the repertoire of marine biotic sources that introduce this pollutant in the atmosphere.
Torture, Power, and Law

This volume brings together the most important writing on torture and the 'war on terror by one of the leading US voices in the torture debate. Philosopher and legal ethicist David Luban reflects on this contentious topic in a powerful sequence of essays including two new and previously unpublished pieces. He analyzes the trade-offs between security and human rights, as well as the connection between torture, humiliation, and human dignity, the fallacy of using ticking bomb scenarios in debates about torture, and the ethics of government lawyers. The book develops an illuminating and novel conception of torture as the use of pain and suffering to communicate absolute dominance over the victim. Factually stimulating and legally informed, this volume provides the clearest analysis to date of the torture debate. It brings the story up to date by discussing the Obama administration's failure to hold torturers accountable.
Properties of cooperatively induced phases in sensing models.

Department of Bioengineering, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005(Dated: January 27, 2015)A large number of eukaryotic cells are able to directly detect external chemical gradients withgreat accuracy and the ultimate limit to their sensitivity has been a topic of debate for many years.Previous work has been done to understand many aspects of this process but little attention hasbeen paid to the possibility of emergent sensing states. Here we examine how cooperation betweensensors existing in a two dimensional network, as they do on the cell’s surface, can both enhanceand fundamentally alter the response of the cell to a spatially varying signal. We show that weaklyinteracting sensors linearly amplify the cell’s response to an external gradient while a network ofstrongly interacting sensors form a collective non-linear response with two separate domains of activeand inactive sensors forming what have called a "1/2-state" . In our analysis we examine the cell’sability to sense the direction of a signal and pay special attention to the substantially di erentbehavior realized in the strongly interacting regime.INTRODUCTION
Stress Corrosion Crack Initiation Susceptibility of Irradiated Austenitic Stainless Steels

The susceptibility of neutron irradiated austenitic stainless steels to the initiation of irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) was assessed. Solution annealed (SA), high purity (HP) type 304 stainless steel with and without additions of Mo and Si, and HP type 316L +Hf were strained by constant extension rate testing (CERT) in simulated 288°C BWR NWC at a rate of 3.5 × 10−7/s. CERT test data and fracture analysis showed that IASCC susceptibility increased in order of HP304, HP304+Mo, HP316L+Hf, and HP304+Si. This trend was also observed when comparing fracture surfaces of the same alloys tested by CERT in BWR NWC after proton irradiation. Differences were insignificant among reported crack growth rate (CGR) values for the same neutron irradiated alloys, and no connection between crack initiation and CGR was confirmed from the alloys tested.
Fractal Image Compression: Theory and Application

From the contents: Recent theoretical results on fast encoding and decoding methods, various schemes for encoding images using fractal methods, and theoretical models for the encoding/decoding process.- Working C code for a fractal encoding/decoding scheme capable of encoding images in a few seconds, decoding at arbitrary resolution, and achieving high compression rations.- Experimental results from various schemes showing their capability and forming the basis for a sophisticated implementation.- A list of previously unresearched projects containing both new ideas and inhancements to the schemes discussed in the book.- A comparison of the fractal schemes in the book with JPEG, commercial fractal software, and wavelet methods.
The effect of digitalis therapy on the vaginal cytology in postmenopausal females. Negative results in a pilot study.

Abstract The degree of estrogen effect, measured by the Maturation Index in vaginal smears of 9 women on digitalis therapy was compared with 8 women not on digitalis, both groups at least 10 years postmenopausal. In addition, 4 of the control group were subsequently digitalized for at least 26 days. No significant difference in estrogen effect could be ascribed to digitalis. These results were compared with those of others who gave digitalis parenterally to mice.
The Blurring of Industry Boundaries: an Explanatory Model Applied to Telecommunications

Although never a straightforward task, the 'drawing of lines' between industry boundaries is becoming ever more difficult in today's economy. The blurring of inter-industry boundaries has been attributed to such factors as deregulation, globalization, fundamental breakthroughs in science and the strategic importance of information technology. While this explanation certainly has face validity, it falls short of providing a systematic framework for explaining why firms engage in activities that lead to the blurring of inter-industry boundaries and why/how the nature of boundary crossing actions differs between firms. A conceptual model is developed which integrates economic and behavioral perspectives in an effort to address these issues within the context of the telecommunications industry. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.
Induction of secondary cytotoxic T lymphocytes by liposomes containing HLA-DR antigens.

It is evident that the gene products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have a crucial role in the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and as target antigens for CTLs1–6. Assessment of the precise molecular requirements for CTL induction and recognition, however, is difficult when intact cells are used as targets. Recently, in several model systems, it has been demonstrated that, after detergent solubilisation, cell-surface antigens can be isolated that retain the ability to stimulate a secondary CTL response. CTL stimulating activity has been isolated by detergent solubilisation from murine tumour cell plasma membranes7,8 which co-purified with H–2 antigens through lentil lectin affinity chromatography and gel filtration9,10. Highly purified HLA-A and HLA-B antigens, from the human lymphoblastoid cell line JY, have been isolated and incorporated into well characterised liposomes11. Spleen cells from mice primed to JY cells developed cytolytic activity, specific for JY targets, after co-culture with these HLA-liposomes12. In these experiments it was observed that membranes which had been solubilised with deoxycholate and then dialysed to remove the detergent (reconstituted membranes) always stimulated greater cytolytic activity than did HLA-liposomes. At the time it was suggested that this disparity might reflect the loss of other antigens involved in CTL stimulation as a consequence of HLA-A and HLA-B purification. Data are presented here which demonstrate that other antigens are indeed able to induce secondary CTLs, independently of the HLA-A and HLA-B antigens. The results suggest that this activity is present on HLA-DR-associated molecules.
Further Evidence for Location of the Spherocytosis Gene on Chromosome 8

Excerpt Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a form of hemolytic anemia transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait (1). To date, the HS gene has not been mapped to a specific chromosome. Kimberling and...
Using the Sequential Self-calibration Method and Genetic Algorithm Method to Optimally Design Tracer Test to Estimate Conductivity Distribution

A gradient-based inverse method – the sequential self-calibrated method – is combined with a genetic algorithm method to search the optimal design scheme for a tracer test. The sequential self-calibrated method is developed for estimating conductivity distribution in a study domain conditioning on tracer test data. To improve the calculation efficiency, a fast streamline-based approach is used to compute the derivative of concentration with respect to the changes of hydraulic conductivity. Performance of the sequential self-calibrated method has been studied using a synthetic aquifer having a sandwich-like geologic structure where hypothetical tracer tests are conducted. The study results indicate that the locations and number of sampling wells will significantly affect accuracy in the estimates. To maximize estimating accuracy in the sequential self-calibrated method for a fixed number of sampling wells, a genetic algorithm method is applied to search the optimal locations for sampling wells. The results indicate that the optimal sampling well locations depend on the apparent geologic structure and the difference in conductivity values for the various regions. For the sandwich-like structure, when the difference between conductivity values in the two separate regions is large enough, the optimal locations for the sampling wells will be fixed, regardless of conductivity values. The study results also show that based on the optimal sampling-well scheme, estimating accuracy will increase as the number of sampling wells increases, even though the rate of increasing accuracy slows as the number of wells increases.
Hydroxyl concentrations in rich hydrogen-air flames held on porous burners

Cooled porous metal burners are shown to have great advantages for the study of chemical kinetics in flames and flame gases. A method is described for determining quantitatively the concentration of the OH radical in flame gases and measurements are reported for rich hydrogen-air flames. The OH concentrations near the flame are shown to be always in considerable excess of the calculated equilibrium concentrations. These excess concentrations decay in a manner which can be explained by assuming that the reaction OH+H2⇌H2O+H is fast in both directions so that the OHH ratio is always the equilibrium ratio. Both radicals then decay by the three body recombinations of H with itself and with OH to form H2 and H2O. It is shown that for the slower flames the diffusion of the radicals can lead to erroneous results.
Liquid phase epitaxy of hexagonal ferrites

Abstract Single crystal films of the hexagonal ferrite Zn 2 Y, having the chemical formula Ba 2 Zn 2 Fe 12 O 22 , were grown by the isothermal dipping method of liquid phase epitaxy using a PbOBaOB 2 O 3 flux. The substrates were flux-grown M-type hexagonal ferrite crystals having the chemical formula BaFe 12 O 19 . The films and substrates were distinguishable by the differences in their crystallographic and magnetic properties.
1151 THE EFFECTS OF AN EARLY INTERVENTION PROGRAM ON THE LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

This study examined the effects of an early intervention program on 93 infants weighing <1500 gms. at birth. The study infants (mean birth weight = 1230 gms., mean gestational age = 30 wks.) were randomly assigned to an intervention (I) or non-intervention (NI) group. The I group (n = 49) received 40 min. of proprioceptive stimulation daily beginning at 2 to 3 wks. of age which continued throughout the 2 to 3 months of hospitalization. The gestational age, birth weight, sex distribution, socio-economic status, and maternal educational level were comparable between the two groups. The I infants evidenced a higher state rating and their parents visited more frequently than the NI group (p <.01). Both positive observations are favorable factors for maternal-infant bonding. Neurological and Bayley scale assessment at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months showed significant improvement with increasing age (p <.01), but with no significant differences between the two groups. The data demonstrate the positive role of an early intervention program for enhancing maternal attachment, but fail to suggest a beneficial effect on the neurological and developmental performance at 18 months of age in the low birth weight infant.
1978 DEC user group report

The 1978 meeting of users/owners of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) computer equipment is discussed.
An improved method for the direct computation of diatomic centrifugal distortion constants

Abstract A new algorithm for the numerical solution of inhomogeneous second-order differential equations is applied to the perturbation theory calculation of centrifugal distortion constants in diatomic molecules. The new scheme entails a combined inward and outward generation of the solution, analogous to that which is employed in widely used routines for solving the corresponding homogeneous equation [J. W. Cooley, Math. Comput. 15, 363–374 (1961)]. The matching at an intermediate point eliminates instabilities in the nonclassical regions and permits a straightforward extraction of the desired particular solution from the initial numerical solution, which contains a component of the homogeneous solution. Numerical tests suggest that this method is capable of greater precision and efficiency than existing methods.
Proliferative Sarcoid Retinopathy

Sarcoidosis is a well-established cause of ocular neovascularization. A review of the literature, however; shows that it has been implicated as the cause for retinal neovascularization in only a limited number of patients. In this article, the authors report the clinical features of proliferative sarcoid retinopathy in seven additional patients (11 eyes). All 11 eyes displayed retinal neovascularization. In addition, two of the eyes had optic disc neovascularization, whereas iris neovascularization developed in one. In all cases, the new retinal vessels were associated with concomitant peripheral retinal capillary nonperfusion. These findings support the theory that in sarcoidosis, capillary nonperfusion secondary to microvascular shutdown, rather than a direct effect of inflammation, is the stimulus for the formation of retinal neovascularization.
Meiosis, SC-formation, and karyotype structure in diploid Paeonia tenuifolia and tetraploid P. officinalis

The meiosis of the diploidPaeonia tenuifola and the allotetraploidP. officinalis was studied after conventional methanol/acetic acid-fixation and synaptonemal complex (SC) spreading. Meiosis inP. tenuifolia (2n = 10) is normal with five bivalents in metaphase I, and the SCs in pachytene show regular features. InP. officinalis (2n = 4x = 20) univalents, bivalents and multivalents are found in metaphase I. The SCs reveal several abnormalities: a high number of unpaired lateral elements, partner exchanges between three and four lateral elements, loops and lateral element thickenings. These characteristics are compared with the situations found in other polyploid and hybrid species. It is noteworthy that the abnormalities in meiosis ofP. officinalis are not reflected in its somatic karyotype. Its features were analysed after silver staining and fluorescent staining with chromomycin and compared with those ofP. tenuifolia.
RANDOM RAPID AMPLIFICATION OF CDNA ENDS (RRACE) ALLOWS FOR CLONING OF MULTIPLE NOVEL HUMAN CDNA FRAGMENTS CONTAINING (CAG)N REPEATS

Abstract We describe a new technique for isolating cDNA fragments in which (i) either a partial sequence of the cDNA is known or ( i ) a repeat sequence is utilized. We have used this technique, termed random rapid amplification of cDNA ends (random RACE), to isolate a number of trinucleotide repeat (CAG) n -containing genes. Using the random RACE (RRACE) technique, we have isolated over a hundred (CAG) n -containing genes. The results of our initial analysis of ten clones indicate that three are identical to previously cloned (CAG) n -containing genes. Three of our clones matched with expressed sequence tags, one of which contained a CA repeat. The remaining four clones did not match with any sequence in GenBank. These results indicate that this approach provides a rapid and efficient method for isolating trinucleotide repeat-containing cDNA fragments. Finally, this technique may be used for purposes other than cloning repeat-containing cDNA fragments. If only a partial sequence of a gene is known, our system, described here, provides a rapid and efficient method for isolating a fragment of the gene of interest
LAWS, RULES, AND POLICE POLICY

My charge here is to help readers think further about the issues raised in the policy essay by David Bayley. I will post some additional and, in some cases, kalvert arguments that I hope will stimulate discussion about police policy and practices with respect to the issues highlighted. The core of Prof. Bayley's argument is that the police would be more effective if they were to maintain a scrupulous regard rather than a selective disregard for the rule of law. The purpose of this essay is to marshal the evidence and to make the case that this is so... Language: en
A two-stage MIP based optimization framework for unit commitment and energy pricing

Power system unit commitment (UC) is a non-convex NP-complete problem, which is very complex to solve on a large scale. Solution methods for the UC problem have been explored, with Lagrangian relaxation (LR) being one of the most popular approaches in practice. The significant reduction in numerical solution times of commercial Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) solvers makes transitioning from LR to MIP possible. This paper presents a MIP based two-stage optimization approach for solving the UC problem as well as the energy price. The proposed framework has been implemented using MATLAB and tested on two test power systems.
Effects of a gas medium on ultrafast laser beam delivery and materials processing

The propagation of a focused femtosecond laser pulse under the coupled effects of self-focusing and plasma defocusing in a gas beam-delivery medium is investigated. The results show that a focused beam profile can be dramatically distorted in air but that this distortion can be minimized by use of an inert gas, particularly helium, to deliver the beam. Model predictions are in good agreement with previous experimental results for femtosecond laser micromachining of a copper sample in four gas environments: air, nitrogen, neon, and helium at ambient pressure. The best machining quality was obtained in helium; the worst, in air.
Role of fetal programming in the development of hypertension

Epidemiological studies have suggested that size at birth contributes to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in later life. Findings from experimental studies are providing insight into the mechanisms linking impaired fetal growth and the increased risk of CVD and hypertension in adulthood. This article summarizes potential mechanisms involved in the fetal programming of hypertension and CVD, including alterations in the organs and regulatory systems critical to long-term control of sodium and volume homeostasis.
The Realities Underlying a Black Presidential Candidacy

There are two sources of the recent attempt to mount a black presidential candidacy, both rooted in the Chicago mayoral election of Harold Washington, the first black mayor in that city's history. First, the Washington campaign illustrated that a black candidacy could bring formerly politically inactive people into the electoral process and could make politics take on a relevance and urgency for those who had previously seen little connection between elections and their own lives. It also showed that participation by people who usually opt out of the system could change election outcomes. Harold Washington's campaign induced many blacks to register for the first time and stimulated a very large black turnout that led to Washington's victory.
A synthesis of gymnomitrol

Abstract Condensation of 1,2 - dimethylcyclopentene 10 with 2 - methyl - 4,4,5 - trimethoxycyclohexa - 2,5 - dienone 7 in methylene chloride - nitromethane with added stannic chloride gave a mixture of the two diastereomeric bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes 13 and 14 by ionic [4 + 2)cycloaddition. After selective reduction of the saturated carbonyl group with sodium borohydride, and hydrogenation of the double bond the two epimers 18 and 20 (ratio 3.3:1) were separable by chromatography. Protection of the hydroxy group in 18 with dihydropyran and, reduction of the α-methoxyketone 19 with calcium in liquid ammonia gave ketone 21. Gymnomitrol 1 was then prepared by Wittig olefination followed by deprotection of the hydroxy group.
Adenovirus Transforming Protein E1A Induces c-Myc in Quiescent Cells by a Novel Mechanism

Previously we showed that the E1A binding proteins p300 and CBP negatively regulate c-Myc in quiescent cells and that binding of E1A to p300 results in the induction of c-Myc and thereby induction of S phase. We demonstrated that p300 and HDAC3 cooperate with the transcription factor YY1 at an upstream YY1 binding site and repress the Myc promoter. Here we show that the small E1A protein induces c-Myc by interfering with the protein-protein interaction between p300, YY1, and HDAC3. Wild-type E1A but not the E1A mutants that do not bind to p300 interfered in recruitment of YY1, p300, and HDAC3 to the YY1 binding site. As E1A started to accumulate after infection, it transiently associated with promoter-bound p300. Subsequently, YY1, p300, and HDAC3 began to dissociate from the promoter. Later in infection, E1A dissociated from the promoter as well as p300, YY1, and HDAC3. Removal of HDAC3 from the promoter correlated with increased acetylation of Myc chromatin and induction. In vivo E1A stably associated with p300 and dissociated YY1 and HDAC3 from the trimolecular complex. In vitro protein-protein interaction studies indicated that E1A initially binds to the p300-YY1-HDAC3 complex, briefly associates with it, and then dissociates the complex, recapitulating somewhat the in vivo situation. Thus, E1A binding to the C-terminal region of p300 disrupts the important corepressor function provided by p300 in repressing c-Myc. Our results reveal a novel mechanism by which a viral oncoprotein activates c-Myc in quiescent cells and raise the possibility that the oncoproteins encoded by the small-DNA tumor viruses may use this mechanism to induce c-Myc, which may be critical for cell transformation.
Anna May Wong: A border-crossing ‘minor’ star mediating performance

AbstractThis essay examines Anna May Wong's visual and vocal performance of (racial) difference in her late 1930s films and radio play. Drawing upon theories of embodied performance and the actor—acting—role structure, I explore ways of defining difference as gradation (rather than the self—other binary). I argue that Wong's performance of the ‘minor’ position enables difference from within the dominant matrix, thereby opening up a flexible structure of minority positioning that is also instructive for today's globalscapes.
Religious Beliefs as Pictures

IN HIS "Lectures on Religious Belief" Ludwig Wittgenstein suggests several times that certain religious beliefs, especially belief in a Last Judgment, can be thought of as pictures that they function in ways similar to pictures.1 Recently the Welsh philosopher D. Z. Phillips has used this same analogy, with explicit reference to Wittgenstein, in the course of his own efforts to explicate the nature of religious belief.2 I should like to examine here the analogy between religious beliefs and pictures, as developed by these two philosophers. My primary concern will be with Phillips, since his writings on religious matters are far more voluminous and since his position is still very much in the process of developing. But Phillips' acknowledged dependence on Wittgenstein and his frequent references to him will require that I look also at the latter's work. For the purposes of this paper, however, I shall limit myself to the "Lectures on Religious Belief" since this is the only place in his writings where Wittgenstein develops the analogy of religious beliefs to pictures. It may be helpful, by way of introduction, to ask what general purpose Phillips has in pursuing the comparison of religious beliefs to pictures." In virtually all of his published writings on religion, he is concerned to steer between a philosophical Scylla and Charybdis: regarding religious beliefs as empirical
Is inner speech the basis of auditory verbal hallucination in schizophrenia

We thank Moseley and Wilkinson (1) fortheir response to our article (2). Our aimwas to contrast mechanisms of auditoryverbal hallucination (AVH) to spur exper-imental work pitting models against eachother,andweoutlinedexperimentalstrate-gies to do so. While we favor a sponta-neous activation model of AVH, differentmodels might be needed to explain thepanoplyofAVHphenomenology(3).Here,we reconsider self-monitoring approachesthat identify inner speech as the substrateof AVH.We agree with Moseley and Wilkin-son that inner speech is complex, in partbecause the term“inner speech”covers dif-ferent phenomena. In a broad sense, itrefers to a family of internal experiences ofspeech including (1) auditory imaginationof one’s own or another’s speech and (2)internal articulation of one’s own thoughtsin words [cf. (4); for potential distinctionsin neural basis, see e.g., Ref. (5)]. To clar-ify our earlier discussion, it was the latterto which we referred with “inner speech,”what one could call inner speech in thenarrow sense but which we will refer toas