cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uraniferous opal, Virgin Valley, Nevada: conditions of formation and implications for uranium exploration

Abstract Uraniferous, fluorescent opal, which occurs in tuffaceous sedimentary rocks at Virgin Valley, Nevada, records the temperature and composition of uranium-rich solutions as well as the time of uranium-silica coprecipitation. Results are integrated with previous geologic and geochronologic data for the area to produce a model for uranium mobility that may be used to explore for uranium deposits in similar geologic settings. Uraniferous opal occurs as replacements of diatomite, or silicic air-fall ash layers in tuffaceous lakebeds of the Virgin Valley Formation (Miocene) of Merriam (1907). Fission-track radiography shows uranium to be homogeneously dispersed throughout the opal structure, suggesting coprecipitation of dissolved uranium and silica gel. Fluid inclusions preserved within opal replacements of diatomite have homogenization temperatures in the epithermal range and are of low salinity. Four samples of opal from one locality all have U-Pb apparent ages which suggest uraniferous opal precipitation in late Pliocene time. These ages correspond to a period of local, normal faulting, and highangle faults may have served as vertical conduits for transport of deep, thermalized ground water to shallower levels. Lateral migration of rising solutions occurred at intersections of faults with permeable strata. Silica and some uranium were dissolved from silica-rich host strata of 5–20 ppm original uranium content and reprecipitated as the solutions cooled. The model predicts that in similar geologic settings, ore-grade concentrations of uranium will occur in permeable strata that intersect high-angle faults and that contain uranium source rocks as well as efficient reductant traps for uranium. In the absence of sufficient quantities of reductant materials, uranium will be flushed from the system or will accumulate in low-grade disseminated hosts such as uraniferous opal.
Isolation and characterization of a genomic clone encoding the β-subunit of β-conglycinin

β-Conglycinin, and abundant storage protein in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds, is a trimeric protein consisting of various isomers containing the three subunits, α′, α and β. Accumulation of the β-subunit is unique because it appears to be regulated by a variety of developmental and environmental signals. In this paper we describe the isolation and characterization of a genomic clone encoding the β-subunit of β-conglycinin. The genomic clone was characterized by restriction-enzyme mapping and partial DNA sequence analysis, by immunoprecipitation of a hybrid-selected invitro translation product, and by RNA blot hybridization reactions. An mRNA of approx. 1700 nucleotides hybridized to an internal 2-kilobase (kb) region of this 4.4-kb cloned DNA restriction fragment and was translated to yield a polypeptide with an approximate molecular weight of 48 kilodalton. This polypeptide is immunoprecipitable by antibody against β-conglycinin and is of appropriate size to represent the precursor polypeptide of the β-subunit. When this sequence was used as a probe in RNA blot hybridization experiments, the β-gene transcript was first detected by stage K and accumulated through stage O during soybean seed development, coincident with appearance of the β-subunit. Partial DNA sequence analysis of the 5′ end of the gene confirmed that the isolated gene encoded a β-subunit, based upon the previously reported amino terminal sequence for this protein. Genomic DNA blot hybridization analyses indicate that multiple DNA restriction fragments are highly homologous to this cloned β-gene sequence.
Mechanisms of prey selection by predaceous stoneflies: roles of prey morphology, behavior and predator hunger

Laboratory feeding experiments using Hesperoperla pacifica (Banks), Perlidae, and Megarcys signata (Hagen), Perlodidae, as predators and Baetis tricaudatus Dodds and Ephemerella altana Allen as prey indicate a strong effect of prey morphology and mobility and predator hunger on prey selection by stoneflies. Knowledge of both dietary composition and feeding behavior was necessary to fully understand prey selection by these stoneflies. Fasted stoneflies presented with live prey ate more E. altana while satiated stoneflies ate approximately equal numbers of the two mayfly species. This pattern of dietary composition was the result of a reduction of attack frequency on the slower swimming E. altana with predator satiation and a continued high attack rate on B. tricaudatus regardless of recent feeding history. In contrast, fasted H. pacifica fed fresh frozen mayflies ate more B. tricaudatus indicating the importance of differences in prey mobility in controlling dietary composition. The high degree of similarity in patterns of feeding and mechanisms underlying those patterns for H. pacifica and M. signata suggest that they may be using similar “rules” for choosing mayfly prey and we suggest that mayfly prey are ranked by stoneflies on the basis of handling times. A general mechanistic model for stoneflies feeding on mayflies is presented and discussed.
Are the Formulae for the Absorption of High Energy Radiations Valid

In this paper we consider the discrepancies between theoretical prediction and experiment for the absorption of cosmic-ray electrons and gamma-rays. By applying a strict criterion for the validity of classical electron theory, it is possible to derive new formulae for impact and radiative energy losses of high energy electrons, which may be regarded as theoretical lower limits for these quantities, and which are in far better agreement with experiment than the formulae given by an uncritical application of quantum mechanics to these problems. These limitations on classical electron theory are consistent with those given by possible unitary classical field theories, but are more incisive than those given by the unitary theory of Born.
MEDIATIVE EVALUATIONS: THE PROS AND PERILS OF BLENDING ROLES

Child custody evaluators with experience in mediation may be tempted to use mediation skills and strategies in their evaluation processes. This article explores the benefits and risks of blending mediation with evaluation, comparing the perspectives of professionals and clients.
From ‘A Clash of Civilizations’ to ‘Internal Colonialism’ Reactions to the Theoretical Bases of Samuel Huntington’s ‘The Hispanic Challenge’

In his essay ‘The Hispanic Challenge’, Samuel Huntington argues that the persistent flow of Latino (and especially Mexican) immigrants into the USA threatens to divide the USA into ‘two peoples, two cultures and two languages’. Most critics have dismissed the essay by focusing on the data Huntington presents so polemically, and on his rigid conception of ‘Anglo-Protestant culture’. And yet very few have analyzed it by looking closely at the theoretical tradition that Huntington’s work both stands in and furthers. Thus, the main objective of this commentary is to reveal that Huntington is working from within the conflict model of cultural pluralism, and especially its internal-colonialist type.
SEARCHING FOR FAR-ULTRAVIOLET AURORAL/DAYGLOW EMISSION FROM HD 209458b*

We present recent observations from the Hubble Space Telescope-Cosmic Origins Spectrograph aimed at characterizing the auroral emission from the extrasolar planet HD 209458b. We obtained medium-resolution (R {approx} 20,000) far-ultraviolet (1150-1700 A) spectra at both the Phase 0.25 and Phase 0.75 quadrature positions as well as a stellar baseline measurement at secondary eclipse. This analysis includes a catalog of stellar emission lines and a star-subtracted spectrum of the planet. We present an emission model for planetary H{sub 2} emission, and compare this model to the planetary spectrum. No unambiguously identifiable atomic or molecular features are detected, and upper limits are presented for auroral/dayglow line strengths. An orbital velocity cross-correlation analysis finds a statistically significant (3.8sigma) feature at +15(+- 20) km s{sup -1} in the rest frame of the planet, at lambda1582 A. This feature is consistent with emission from H{sub 2} B-X (2-9) P(4) (lambda{sub rest} = 1581.11 A); however, the physical mechanism required to excite this transition is unclear. We compare limits on relative line strengths seen in the exoplanet spectrum with models of ultraviolet fluorescence to constrain the atmospheric column density of neutral hydrogen between the star and the planetary surface. These results support models of short-period extrasolarmore » giant planets with weak magnetic fields and extended atomic atmospheres.« less
Effects of Mands on Instructional Control: A Laboratory Simulation

The effects of two types of mands on participants’ adherence to instructions were examined across two groups using procedures based on Hackenberg and Joker (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 62:367–383, 1994). Participants were presented with instructions describing a pattern of responding for producing points later exchanged for money and were exposed to choice trials in which a progressive-time (PT) and a fixed-time (FT) schedule were concurrently available. The instructions initially described how to optimize point production; however, the PT schedule was manipulated over the course of the experiment such that response patterns maximizing point production differed across conditions. All participants experienced the same experimental arrangement, and the two groups differed only in the form of the mand contained in the instructions presented to them. The instructions for the directive group contained the mand “you must…” (i.e., command) preceding the instructed response pattern, whereas the non-directive group instructions contained the mand “you might consider…” (i.e., suggestion) preceding the instructed response pattern. Results indicated that instruction type influenced response patterns across changing contingencies. The directive group exhibited greater adherence to the instruction than the non-directive group when instruction following was less profitable. Results are interpreted in terms of Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior, and implications for practical application are discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of topologically interesting vinyl polymers

A series of macrocyclic poly(2-vinylpyridine)&s were synthesized by high dilution (∼10−5 M) coupling of the two-ended living precursor dianions with 1, 2- and 1, 4-bis-(bromomethyl)benzene (1, 2- or 1, 4-DBX). SEC measurements indicate that the macrocycles contain less than 5% linear precursor and that the hydrodynamic size of the macrocycles is substantially (∼30%) less than that of the linear precursor. At very low MW, the sizes of macrocyclic and linear polymers differ less, particularly for the case of the 1, 2-DBX product. Viscometry measurements in THF of linear and macrocyclic polymers also indicated substantial size differences of linear and macrocyclic P2VP. The values of the glass transition temperature (Tg) for both the 1, 2- and 1, 4-DBX macrocycles were found to increase with decreasing MW as qualitatively predicted by entropy calculations. Thus, as the degree of polymerization decreases, the macrocyclic chains become conformationally stiffer and this is reflected by higher Tg values. The differences in Tg between linear and macrocyclic P2VP are quite large (∼40K) around a DP of 40 and decrease to values of a few degrees at a DP of around 200. These differences are diagnostically useful in estimating the linear content of the macrocycles below a DP of 100.
Joint models for predicting transplant-related mortality from quality of life data.

Purpose To test whether longitudinally measured health-related quality of life (HRQL) predicts transplant-related mortality (TRM) in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT).
Primed interference: the cognitive and behavioral costs of an incongruity between chronic and primed motivational orientations.

Research has shown that temporarily primed motivational orientations have essentially the same effects on how people pursue their goals as their chronic orientations. This article shows that, despite the interchangeability of temporary and chronic motivations, primed motivational orientations that are incongruent with chronic orientations create interference, requiring the deployment of cognitive resources and thus undermining performance on subsequent tasks that rely on these resources. Across 6 studies, we primed motivational orientations that were either congruent or incongruent with participants’ chronic orientations and then assessed their performance on subsequent tasks that required cognitive resources. Consistent with the primed interference hypothesis, we found that incongruity between temporary and chronic motivational orientations undermined participants’ (a) inhibition of incorrect but highly accessible responses, (b) mental arithmetic, (c) analytical reasoning, and (d) resistance to temptation. These results—which were observed following the activation of motivations for promotion or prevention (Studies 1–2 and 5–6), high or low need for belonging (Study 3), and high or low power orientations (Study 4)—illustrate the broad implications of holding incongruent chronic and primed orientations.
Pushing the boundaries of indigeneity and agricultural knowledge: Oaxacan immigrant gardening in California

This article explores a community garden in the Northern Central Coast of California, founded and cultivated by Triqui and Mixteco peoples native to Oaxaca, Mexico. The practices depicted in this case study contrast with common agroecological discourses, which assume native people’s agricultural techniques are consistently static and place-based. Rather than choose cultivation techniques based on an abstract notion of indigenous tradition, participants utilize the most appropriate practices for their new environment. Garden participants combine agricultural practices developed in Oaxaca with those learned while working on California farms. Through the process of community gardening, immigrants find a new interpretation of their own shifting indigenous identity, based on culinary and agrarian practices in a new place. Additionally, they form solidarities between historic ethnic divides of Triqui and Mixteco, based on newfound commonalities in the garden. This case study provides an important example of the current articulation, construction, and deployment of indigeneity in the context of migration and agriculture, and its implications for immigrant opportunities and futures.
The Contribution of Noise to Contrast Invariance of Orientation Tuning in Cat Visual Cortex

Feedforward models of visual cortex appear to be inconsistent with a well-known property of cortical cells: contrast invariance of orientation tuning. The models9 fixed threshold broadens orientation tuning as contrast increases, whereas in real cells tuning width is invariant with contrast. We have compared the orientation tuning of spike and membrane potential responses in single cells. Both are contrast invariant, yet a threshold-linear relation applied to the membrane potential accurately predicts the orientation tuning of spike responses. The key to this apparent paradox lies in the noisiness of the membrane potential. Responses that are subthreshold on average are still capable of generating spikes on individual trials. Unlike the iceberg effect, contrast invariance remains intact even as threshold narrows orientation selectivity. Noise may, by extension, smooth the average relation between membrane potential and spike rate throughout the brain.
Similar characteristics of the CDR3 of VH1-69/DP-10 rearrangements in normal human peripheral blood and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B cells

The variable heavy chain (VH) gene segment VH1-69/DP-10 has been shown to be over-represented in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Because of certain similar characteristics of their complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), including preferential utilization of JH6 elements and an extended length, it has been suggested that antigenic stimulation might be involved in leukaemogenesis. Utilizing single-cell PCR to amplify and sequence genomic DNA from individual normal human peripheral blood B cells, we have obtained 7/421 productively and 1/69 nonproductively rearranged VH genes that used VH1-69/DP-10. All productive rearrangements were unmutated, used JH6 and had an average CDR3 length similar to that previously found in VH1-69/DP-10-expressing CLL cells. These results suggest that CLL may arise from B cells commonly found in the peripheral B-cell repertoire and do not represent expansion of a unique subset of specific antigen-reactive B cells.
The instructional use of computers in dental education

Abstract The formation, development, and current status of a major instructional materials preparation project, the CAIDENT Project, at the School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, is discussed. A rationale for the place of individualized instruction in general and CAI in particular is presented. Topics include staffing strategies and ways to encourage faculty participation. Examples are included to illustrate operational CAI programs at Michigan in Pedodontics and Oral Diagnosis. Comments about the future of CAI in the Health Sciences are included.
Transport processes across a horizontal vent due to density and pressure differences

Abstract A very important flow and transport circumstance that arises in practical problems such as enclosure fires is that of heat and mass transfer across a horizontal vent. Such vents exist in enclosed regions like rooms and energy storage and ventilation systems. It is important to understand the basic nature of the transport processes that arise because of finite, non-zero, density and pressure differences that usually exist across such vents. The flow is driven by these two mechanisms and very complicated flow patterns arise, depending on the governing variables in the problem. A dominant pressure effect results in a unidirectional flow, whereas significant buoyancy effects lead to a bidirectional flow exchange. The heat and mass transfer associated with the flow is similarly strongly influenced by the flow regime. There is a strong need for flow visualization to determine if a unidirectional or a bidirectional flow exists across the vent and to study the basic characteristics of the transport processes involved. This paper presents a study of this heat and mass transfer problem employing water and air as the fluid media for two different experimental systems. Pure and saline water are used in the first case to obtain the unstably stratified circumstance with a pressure difference across the vent. Air at different temperature levels is used in the second case. A laser sheet, with smoke, is used for visualization in air and a shadowgraph for water. Results are obtained on the flow direction under different conditions and the corresponding transport rates. Since transient effects are important in many cases, video recordings are employed to obtain the frequency of observed oscillations in the transport and for determining the transition from one regime to the other. Quantitative data on the transport processes are also obtained.
Molecular dynamics simulation of ion focusing and crowdion formation in self-ion-irradiated Fe

Abstract We have used molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to investigate damage and defect development in a 〈1 0 0〉 Fe substrate upon 2 keV Fe ion bombardment. The damage cascade formation is accompanied by atomic shifting over a limited distance along the direction of one atomic row, which leads to formation of crowdions aligned with 〈1 1 1〉 direction. At the end of structural relaxation and defect recombination, crowdions lead to formation of dumbbell defects – a type of vacancy–interstitial complexes having one vacancy between a pair of slightly displaced interstitials. The dumbbell defects are initially oriented along 〈1 1 1〉 direction. After a typical period of 0.2 ps, some dumbbell defects rotate towards 〈1 1 0〉 direction. Crowdion and dumbbell defect formation influence the time dependent damage buildups.
Energetic materials: variable-temperature crystal structures of two biguanidinium dinitramides

The crystal structures of the energetic materials biguanidinium mono-dinitramide C2H8N{}_{5}^{\,+}.N3O{}_{4}^{\,-}, (BIGH)(DN), and biguanidinium bis-dinitramide C2H9N{}_{5}^{\,2+}.2N3O{}_{4}^{\,-}, (BIGH2)(DN)2, have been determined at several temperatures in the range 85–298 K using single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The thermal expansion second-rank tensors have been determined to describe the thermal behavior of the crystals studied. Strongly anisotropic thermal expansion is most important in the direction perpendicular to the least-squares planes of the dinitramide ions in both cases, suggesting that the atomic thermal motion is significantly anharmonic in these crystals. Anharmonicity of thermal motion is also evident from the non-linear temperature dependence of the atomic displacement parameters. Rigid-body analysis of thermal motion both of dinitramide anions and of biguanidinium cations was performed using the libration and translation second-rank tensors. For both compounds, the libration thermal motion is strongly anisotropic with the dominating libration axes oriented in a similar manner in both anions and cations. Although the translation motion of the ions is not strongly anisotropic, the axes of largest thermal displacements are close to the directions of greatest thermal expansion of the crystals.
Ballooning Mode Stability of Bean-Shaped Cross Sections for High-β Tokamak Plasmas

Indentation of a tokamak plasma on its inner-major-radius side is shown to be strongly beneficial for achieving high-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ stability against ballooning modes. With use of a set of reasonable equilibrium profiles, it is found that moderate indentation provides accessibility to the second region of stability. Ohmic equilibrium configurations which exhibit the second stability region have not yet been found.
Mixers lyricing in Hinglish: blending and fusion in Indian pop culture

: Nativization of English in the Outer and Expanding Circles manifests itself in mixing of English items in artistic expressions of various kinds, including fiction, poetry, and performances. Popular songs present many instances of Hindi–English mixing in India, ranging from alternate verses in the two languages to the two languages mixed at the level of words, phrases, idioms, etc. In East Asian languages, such as Japanese and Korean, English is mixed to achieve specific purposes, e.g., to be “audacious,”“exotic,” and “to reexoticize” their own language (Stanlaw, 2004), or to assert “a new identity” and to represent “a discourse of resistance”(Lee, 2004). In contrast, one salient motivation for mixing English in Hindi popular songs is to have fun with the language, i.e., to create humor and parody Westernized youth, similar to mixing with Sanskrit to create humor and parody the Traditional life style. English is no longer a fresh instrument to be used with a serious intent of asserting identities or resisting the traditional and customary. It is used on par with other Indian languages such as Punjabi, Marathi, and Telugu, testifying to its status as totally and completely nativized in the Indian context.
Centrally administered non-NMDA but not NMDA receptor antagonists block peripheral knee joint inflammation

Abstract An experimental arthritis of the knee joint resulted in limping, guarding, and an increased response to heat stimuli (heat hyperalgesia). Spinal administration of the non -N- methyl - d - aspartate (non-NMDA) antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), significantly reduced the degree of peripheral inflammation, thermal and behavioral manifestations of arthritis. NMDA antagonists had no effect on the inflammation but did prevent the development of the heat hyperalgesia. Thus, central non-NMDA receptors play a major role in the development of peripheral inflammation while both non-NMDA and NMDA receptors are involved in the development of heat hyperalgesia.
Optimization of Ni–Cr flux growth for hexagonal boron nitride single crystals

Abstract Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) single crystals were grown using a Ni–Cr flux growth method. The crystallization cooling rate, soak temperature and soak time were controlled to determine their effect on crystal size and quality. A cooling rate of 2 °C/h produced the best quality hBN crystals. The maximum crystal width increased with soak temperature from 1 mm at 1450 °C to 5 mm at 1700 °C. The crystal thickness decreased with soak temperature from 500 µm at 1500 °C to 40 µm at 1700 °C. A soak time of 24 to 48 h produced the maximum crystal thickness. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the crystals were highly ordered and of high purity.
A Model for the Radar Echo from a Random Collection of Rotating Dipole Scatterers

A theoretical model for the radar echo from a random collection of dipole scatterers is presented. The analysis of the model takes into account the effects of scatterer rotation which have been neglected in previous related work. It is shown that rotational motion of the scaterers can have significant effects upon the echo waveform. The fluctuating characteristics of clutter echoes are also investigated. The theory and some experimental results in the literature are shown to be in relatively good agreement.
Prevention of depression in at-risk adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.

Context Adolescent offspring of depressed parents are at markedly increased risk of developing depressive disorders. Although some smaller targeted prevention trials have found that depression risk can be reduced, these results have yet to be replicated and extended to large-scale, at-risk populations in different settings. Objective To determine the effects of a group cognitive behavioral (CB) prevention program compared with usual care in preventing the onset of depression. Design, Setting, and Participants A multicenter randomized controlled trial conducted in 4 US cities in which 316 adolescent (aged 13-17 years) offspring of parents with current or prior depressive disorders were recruited from August 2003 through February 2006. Adolescents had a past history of depression, current elevated but subdiagnostic depressive symptoms, or both. Assessments were conducted at baseline, after the 8-week intervention, and after the 6-month continuation phase. Intervention Adolescents were randomly assigned to the CB prevention program consisting of 8 weekly, 90-minute group sessions followed by 6 monthly continuation sessions or assigned to receive usual care alone. Main Outcome Measure Rate and hazard ratio (HR) of a probable or definite depressive episode (ie, depressive symptom rating score of ≥4) for at least 2 weeks as diagnosed by clinical interviewers. Results Through the postcontinuation session follow-up, the rate and HR of incident depressive episodes were lower for those in the CB prevention program than for those in usual care (21.4% vs 32.7%; HR, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.98). Adolescents in the CB prevention program also showed significantly greater improvement in self-reported depressive symptoms than those in usual care (coefficient, −1.1; z = −2.2; P = .03). Current parental depression at baseline moderated intervention effects (HR, 5.98; 95% CI, 2.29-15.58; P = .001). Among adolescents whose parents were not depressed at baseline, the CB prevention program was more effective in preventing onset of depression than usual care (11.7% vs 40.5%; HR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.11-0.50), whereas for adolescents with a currently depressed parent, the CB prevention program was not more effective than usual care in preventing incident depression (31.2% vs 24.3%; HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.76-2.67). Conclusion The CB prevention program had a significant prevention effect through the 9-month follow-up period based on both clinical diagnoses and self-reported depressive symptoms, but this effect was not evident for adolescents with a currently depressed parent. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00073671
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH): neuropharmacological studies.

Abstract The hypothalamic hormone GnRH was found to potentiate behavioral effects of DOPA and serotonin. In addition, GnRH was observed to reduce slightly audiogenic seizures as well as spontaneous motor activity. No significant effects were observed against footshock induced fighting or oxotremorine effects. These studies support our concept of the actions of hypothalamic peptides on the central nervous system.
Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement

After the triumphs of Montgomery and Selma, Martin Luther King, Jr., rallied his forces and headed north. The law was on his side, the nation seemed to be behind him, the crusade for civil rights was rapidly gathering momentum--and then, in Chicago, heartland of America, the movement stalled. What happened? This book is the first to give us the full story--a vivid account of how the Chicago Freedom Movement of 1965-1967 attempted to combat northern segregation. "Northern Protest" captures this new kind of campaign for civil rights at a fateful turning point, with effects that pulse through the nation's race relations to the day. Combating the outright, unconstitutional denial of basic political and civil rights had been King's focus in the South. In the North, the racial terrian was different. James Ralph analyzes the shift in the planning stages--moving from addressing public constitutional rights to private--impact legal rights--as King and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) mounted an unprecedented attack on housing discrimination, one of the most blatant social and economic inequities of urban America. A crisis in the making is unfolded as King, the SCLC, and a coalition of multiracial Chicago civil rights groups mobilize protests against the city's unfair housing practices. Ralph introduces us to Chicago's white ethnics, city officials, and business and religious leaders in a heated confusion of responses. His vibrant account--based in part on many in-depth interviews with participants--reveals the true lineaments of urban America, with lessons reaching beyond the confines of the city. The Chicago Freedom Movement is given a national context--as King envisioned it, and as it finally played out. Here, the Chicago crusade becomes emblematic of the civil rights movement today and tomorrow. Ralph argues that this new push for equality in more private realms of American life actually undermined popular support for the movement and led to its ultimate decline.
Habitat and life history differences between two species of Gambusia

Life history strategies reflect trade-offs that tend to maximize fitness, such as investment in a few large or many small offspring. We compared life histories of two temperate livebearing fishes Gambusia affinis and G. nobilis, an endangered species which is virtually unstudied. The two species persist in environments that differ widely in abiotic and biotic factors in the same local area. Gambusia affinis were typically found in habitats with high productivity and wide fluctuations in temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, whereas G. nobilis occurred in more stable spring-fed habitats. We collected data on life-history traits: embryo mass, brood size (number of embryos), total maternal reproductive effort, population sex ratios, and size (mass and length) distributions of adults and juveniles. There was no difference between species in reproductive effort per brood, but they differed in investment strategy. Gambusia affinis females produced large broods with small embryos, whereas G. nobilis females produced broods of fewer, larger embryos. These differences in life history strategies reflect a tradeoff between individual productivity and differential mortality rates in different environments. At our field site G. affinis persists as an annual species with relatively high growth rates and corresponding reproductive patterns, whereas G. nobilis females have a slower reproductive tempo and may live multiple years.
Antigenicity of Hapten Conjugates of Poly-D-lysine and of Poly-L-lysine in Strain 2 Guinea Pigs

HAPTEN conjugates of poly-L-lysine are antigenic in about 25 per cent of random bred Hartley guinea pigs and in 100 per cent of the highly inbred strain 2 guinea pigs provided that the conjugates are not too highly coupled1–3. This communication compares the antigenicity of lightly coupled benzylpenicilloyl conjugates of poly-D-lysine and of poly-L-lysine in strain 2 guinea pigs. Parker and Thiel4 have recently reported, in abstract, that a lightly coupled benzylpenicilloyl conjugate of poly-D-lysine was non-antigenic in 35 random-bred guinea pigs.
Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Post-ICU Family Members: Review and Methodological Challenges

Family members of intensive care unit (ICU) patients are at risk for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following ICU discharge. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the current literature regarding post-ICU family PTSD symptoms with an emphasis on methodological issues in conducting research on this challenging phenomenon. An extensive review of the literature was performed confining the search to English language studies reporting PTSD symptoms in adult family members of adult ICU patients. Ten studies were identified for review published from 2004 to 2012. Findings demonstrate a significant prevalence of family PTSD symptoms in the months following ICU hospitalization. However, there are several methodological challenges to the interpretation of existing studies and to the conduct of future research including differences in sampling, identification of risk factors and covariates of PTSD, and lack of consensus regarding the most appropriate PTSD symptom measurement tools and timing.
Instantaneous frequency of an arbitrary signal

Abstract This paper defines the non-negative pointwise instantaneous frequency (pIF) and pointwise instantaneous amplitude (pIA) of an arbitrary time signal to be the circular frequency and radius of curvature of the signal’s instantaneous trajectory on the complex plane consisting of the signal and its conjugate part from the Hilbert transform. One analytical and three computational methods are derived to prove and validate this concept. The analytical method is derived based on the definition of pIF and circle fitting. A five-point frequency tracking method is developed to eliminate the incapability of the original four-point Teager–Kaiser algorithm (TKA) for obtaining pIF of signals with moving averages. A three-point conjugate-pair decomposition (CPD) method is derived based on circle fitting using a pair of conjugate harmonic functions for frequency tracking. Moreover, the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) uses the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to sift a signal’s instantaneous dynamic component from its sectional moving average (sMA) as the first intrinsic mode function, and then Hilbert transform is used to compute the first IMF’s frequency and amplitude as the sectional instantaneous frequency (sIF) and sectional instantaneous amplitude (sIA). Because finite difference is used in the five-point TKA, its accuracy is easily destroyed by noise. On the other hand, because CPD uses a constant and a pair of windowed regular harmonics to fit data points and estimate pIF and pIA, noise filtering is an implicit capability of CPD and its accuracy increases with the number of processed data points. Numerical simulations confirm that pIF and pIA are non-negative and physically meaningful and can be used for frequency tracking and accurate characterization of complex signals. However, sIF and sIA from HHT are more useful for system identification because the IMFs sifted by EMD often correspond to actual vibration modes.
Detection of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood leukocytes by the polymerase chain reaction and a nonradioactive probe

This study evaluated the effectiveness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with a nonradioactive probe for the early detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in buffy-coat specimens of immunocompromised patients. Dot-blot hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled probe was used to detect a 262-bp PCR amplified fragment of the major immediate-early gene of CMV DNA. The results were compared with tissue cultures isolation of CMV. The study included 172 buffy-coat specimens from 72 immunocompromised patients. All 28 buffy-coat specimens positive by culture were also positive by PCR. The remaining 144 specimens were negative by culture; however, 47 of these were positive by PCR. Consequently, PCR was in agreement with culture results in 72% of the samples. Of the 47 PCR-positive-culture-negative specimens, 23 were from patients who had positive buffy-coat cultures at other times during their treatment. Chart review showed that an additional 16 of the PCR-positive-culture-negative samples were from patients with clinical evidence of active CMV disease. The eight remaining specimens were from five patients without signs of active disease. Specimens from 11 healthy volunteers were negative by PCR. In this study PCR was shown to be more sensitive than culture because it allowed earlier detection of viremia and demonstrated CMV in buffy-coat specimens that were negative by culture.
Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley

River-floodplain ecosystems offer some of the most diverse and dynamic environments in the world. Accordingly, floodplain habitats harbor diverse fish assemblages. Fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes may be influenced by multiple variables operating on disparate scales, and these variables may exhibit a hierarchical organization depending on whether one variable governs another. In this study, we examined the interaction between primary variables descriptive of floodplain lake large-scale features, suites of secondary variables descriptive of water quality and primary productivity, and a set of tertiary variables descriptive of fish biodiversity across a range of floodplain lakes in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley of Mississippi and Arkansas (USA). Lakes varied considerably in their representation of primary, secondary, and tertiary variables. Multivariate direct gradient analyses indicated that lake maximum depth and the percentage of agricultural land surrounding a lake were the most important factors controlling variation in suites of secondary and tertiary variables, followed to a lesser extent by lake surface area. Fish biodiversity was generally greatest in large, deep lakes with lower proportions of watershed agricultural land. Our results may help foster a holistic approach to floodplain lake management and suggest the framework for a feedback model wherein primary variables can be manipulated for conservation and restoration purposes and secondary and tertiary variables can be used to monitor the success of such efforts.
The Accretion Curtain and Pulse Phase Variations of the Bursting X-Ray Pulsar GRO J1744–28

The X-ray pulsar GRO J1744-28 accretes so rapidly that the gas flow onto its magnetic poles should be decelerated by radiation forces rather than gas pressure gradients. The vertical scale of the deceleration region, where the bulk of the flow's kinetic energy is transformed to radiation, is large compared to the size of the accretion flow's footprint on the stellar surface, and radiation escapes in a fan beam through the sides of the decelerating gas column. If one assumes that the X-ray bursts observed from GRO J1744-28 are triggered in the accretion disk, this picture of the accretion column geometry and a consideration of the interaction between the disk and the stellar magnetic field at the magnetospheric boundary lead to a natural explanation for the phase lags of the X-ray pulses observed during bursts: The accretion column is not round but flattened, so its footprint forms an arc on the stellar surface close to the magnetic pole. The broad side of the arc faces the magnetic pole. When the accretion rate rises, the gas flow shifts to a different set of field lines, and the accretion footprint pivots through a moderate angle around the magnetic pole. Although the footprint has remained close to the magnetic pole, the direction it faces has changed. The time of pulse maximum, when an observer sees the broad side of the accretion column most face-on, changes accordingly, and a phase-lag results.
How the subject can improve fingerprint image quality

Traditionally, the biometric field has viewed the subject as a passive source of the biometric sample rather than as an interactive component of the biometric system. But fingerprint image quality is highly dependent on the human–computer interaction and usability considerations of the acquisition system. Those factors impacting the acquisition of high-quality images must be identified, and real-time feedback for subjects to ensure acceptable quality images must be integrated into fingerprint capture systems. We report on a usability study that examined the influence of instructional materials on the user (subject) performance of a 10-print slap acquisition process. In addition, we also investigated the relationship of pressure and image quality as a mechanism to provide real-time feedback to the subject. The usability study included 300 participants who received instructions and interacted with the scanner. How information is provided to the subject on interacting with the fingerprint device does indeed affect image quality. The pressure findings are less conclusive; there was no clear relationship between image quality and pressure that could be exploited for feedback to the subject. However, a minimum pressure was required to initiate our capture process.
Effect of Lighting Program and Nutrition on Reproductive Performance of Molted Single Comb White Leghorn Hens

Abstract Two adjoining rooms in a light-tight, fan-ventilated, insulated house were used for a study involving 320 Single Comb White Leghorn hens, 60 wk of age, placed two per cage. These hens were subjected to an induced molt which compared two lighting programs, two molt rations, two levels of total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), and two levels of ascorbic acid (AA) in a factorial arrangement. There were four treatments. Treatment 1 compared the Washington lighting program (WSU), consisting of an 8-h light photoperiod for 28 days beginning 7 days before fast with the North Carolina program (NCSU), consisting of a 24-h light photoperiod for 7 days prior to fast followed by 12 h light/day for 21 days. After 28 days, light duration was increased to 16 h/day in stages for both programs. Treatment 2 consisted of feeding cracked corn (CC) or 16% protein molt ration (MR) for 2 weeks; Treatment 3, feeding of 14% layer mash with either .60% or .65% TSAA; and Treatment 4, addition of either 0 or 50 ppm AA to the 14% layer mash. After molting, egg production was increased in the NCSU lighting program and .65% TSAA treatments. Feed conversion was improved by the NCSU lighting treatment. Deaths were fewer in diets with 50 ppm AA. Egg weight, specific gravity, and shell weight were not affected by any treatment. A significant light × molt diet interaction occurred due to better performance of MR birds compared with CC birds in the NCSU lighting program, whereas on the WSU lighting program, CC produced better performance. These data indicated that combining features of various molt programs may not produce optimum results.
Runaway Youth System Dynamics: A Theoretical Framework for Analyzing Runaway and Homeless Youth Policy:

System dynamics models help explain why intuitive, well-intentioned solutions to social problems go awry when introduced into complicated social systems. In this article, the author develops a dyna...
THEOLOGY'S TRUTH AND SCIENTIFIC FORMULATION

Abstract. One of the basic intentions of theology is to extend the explanatory function of the community's faith beyond the community to the realm of wider human experience. In this sense, theology may be called “scientific,’and it will benefit from conforming as much as possible to the characteristics of scientific theory formation. Using the work of Karl Popper and Imre Lakatos as a guide, the following theological theory is proposed: Homo sapiens is God's created co-creator, whose purpose is the stretching/enabling of the systems of nature so that they can participate in Gods purposes in the mode of freedom. It is argued that this research program produces new knowledge in relating the Christian faith to scientific views of human being as comprised of both genes and cultures to a theory of technological civilization; to freedom, determinism, and natural selection; and to credible notions of human purpose. Traditional Christian doctrines are related to this research program.
Social capital, information flows, and income creation in rural Canada: a cross-community analysis

We propose that (i) social capacity, defined as the ability of people to organize and use their social capital, does influence their level of income, and that (ii) this is because social capital use facilitates the flow of income-related knowledge and information between economic agents. Tests of these propositions based on a framework classifying social capital as a productive asset embedded in four types of social relations, and using data on household and community social capital for rural Canada, revealed some supportive evidence.
Potential model weeds to study genomics, ecology, and physiology in the 21st century

Abstract Plant model systems have contributed greatly to the dramatic progress in understanding the fundamental aspects of plant biology. Using model weeds will also help facilitate focused funding and research in the weed science community. Criteria for developing model weeds require attention to weedy characteristics that impart economic losses and a wide geographic distribution, attributes that present the potential for political and scientific support. Expressed sequence tag (EST) databases for model weeds are the most practical approach to identifying new genes and obtaining data on the gene expression underlying weedy characteristics. Weeds such as Canada thistle, eastern black nightshade, johnsongrass, jointed goatgrass, leafy spurge, waterhemp, and weedy rice are proposed as model systems. Nomenclature: Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop CIRAR; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA; eastern black nightshade, Solanum ptycanthum Dun. SOLPT; johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers S...
Ionic Transport and Interfacial Stability of Sulfonate-Modified Fumed Silicas as Nanocomposite Electrolytes

Degussa A200 and R711 fumed silica surfaces were modified by attaching lithium sulfonate groups through alkyl or oligomer chains, respectively, in an attempt to form single-ion conducting fumed silicas: A200-lithium propanesulfonate (A200-LiPS), R711-poly(lithium vinylsulfonate) (R711-pLiVS), and R711-poly(lithium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate) (R711-pLiAMPS). Conductivity, lithium transference number, and Li/electrolyte interfacial stability measurements were conducted on nanocomposite electrolytes prepared by dispersing the conducting fumed silicas into solvents consisting of oligomeric polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGdm), polyethylene oxide (PEO), or PEGdm/PEO blends. Among the three sulfonate-modified fumed silicas, the highest conductivity was always obtained using R711-pLiAMPS. A maximum room-temperature conductivity of 4.5 X 10 - 6 S cm - 1 was obtained at a surface Li + concentration of 4.2 nm - 2 and a Li:O mole ratio of 1:100 (15.8 wt % filler). The maximum lithium transference number achieved for the same R711-pLiAMPS-based system is 0.78 at a surface Li + concentration of 4.2 nm - 2 and a Li:O mole ration of 1:20 (48.5 wt % filler). Adding lithium salts to the solvent, such as lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis(perfluoroethylenesulfonyl)imide (LiBETI), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), and lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), increases room-temperature conductivity and interfacial stability while maintaining relatively high lithium transference numbers.