cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeat-induced gene silencing in fungi.

The existence of genome defense systems, such as repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) in Neurospora, methylation-induced premeiotically (MIP) in Ascobolus immersus, and posttranscriptional gene silencing (for example, RNAi) in plants, animals, and fungi suggests that organisms have developed measures to counter perturbations of their genomes. Several additional processes that should influence genome structure have been discovered in Neurospora, including a form of meiotic silencing similar to transvection in Drosophila, and a form of posttranscriptional gene silencing (quelling). It was proposed that a mechanism (RIP) specifically targets repeated sequences for sequence alterations. Proof that duplications, per se, trigger RIP, and that inactivation occurs in a pairwise manner came from carefully controlled genetic experiments in which the stability of a sequence was compared in strains differing only in the presence or absence of a second copy of the sequence elsewhere in the genome. Even duplications of chromosomal segments containing numerous genes are sensitive to RIP. Sequences showing hallmarks of RIP or a similar process have been found in several fungi including Magnaporthe grisea, Aspergillus fumigates, Podospora anserina, as well as several species of Neurospora.
A scalable server for 3D metaverses

Metaverses are three-dimensional virtual worlds where anyone can add and script new objects. Metaverses today, such as Second Life, are dull, lifeless, and stagnant because users can see and interact with only a tiny region around them, rather than a large and immersive world. Current metaverses impose this distance restriction on visibility and interaction in order to scale to large worlds, as the restriction avoids appreciable shared state in underlying distributed systems. We present the design and implementation of the Sirikata metaverse server. The Sirikata server scales to support large, complex worlds, even as it allows users to see and interact with the entire world. It achieves both goals simultaneously by leveraging properties of the real world and 3D environments in its core systems, such as a novel distributed data structure for virtual object queries based on visible size. We evaluate core services in isolation as well as part of the entire system, demonstrating that these novel designs do not sacrifice performance. Applications developed by Sirikata users support our claim that removing the distance restriction enables new, compelling applications that are infeasible in today's metaverses.
Edward Peirson Richardson Jr (1918-1998) and the discovery of PML

(1999). Edward Peirson Richardson Jr (1918-1998) and the discovery of PML. Journal of Neurovirology: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 325-326.
Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) associated with duckweed (lemnaceae) mats.

Duckweed (Lemnaceae) mats in Texas and Florida were investigated, using the acetylene reduction assay, to determine whether nitrogen fixation occurred in these floating aquatic macrophyte communities. N2-fixing microorganisms were enumerated by plating or most-probable-number techniques, using appropriate N-free media. Results of the investigations indicated that substantial N2-fixation (C2H2) was associated with duckweed mats in Texas and Florida. Acetylene reduction values ranged from 1 to 18 μmol of C2H4 g (dry weight)−1 day−1 for samples incubated aerobically in light. Dark N2 fixation was always two- to fivefold lower. 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (7 to 10 μM) reduced acetylene reduction to levels intermediate between light and dark incubation. Acetylene reduction was generally greatest for samples incubated anaerobically in the light. It was estimated that 15 to 20% of the N requirement of the duckweed could be supplied through biological nitrogen fixation. N2-fixing heterotrophic bacteria (105 cells g [wet weight]−1 and cyanobacteria (105 propagules g [wet weight]−1 were associated with the duckweed mats. Azotobacter sp. was not detected in these investigations. One diazotrophic isolate was classified as Klebsiella.
Capacity of Axially Loaded Bent Piles in a Bearing Stratum Overlain by a Thick Layer of Soft Clay

This paper presents a case study of four pipe piles, 35.6 cm (14 in.) outside diameter and 34.3 cm (13½ in.) inside diameter driven through a very soft sensitive clay with the pile tip embedded a short distance into a competent gravelly sand stratum. These pipe piles, 9.1 m (30 ft) to 15.2 m (50 ft), long were driven without leads due to the headroom limitation and were filled with high early strength concrete. Load tests were then performed on these piles with a known bend to failure or to the point of yielding. Results of the pile load tests, pile misalignment, soil properties, and pile-driving records were evaluated. A method of predicting the ultimate soil bearing capacity supporting the bent piles is then developed. The computed and measured ultimate pile capacities are compared and commented upon. Graphs are presented to indicate the interrelations among thickness of soft clay, geometric properties of the pile, and reduction of pile end-bearing capacity that likely occur.
Spectral Density Estimates

The periodogram was introduced in Chapter III. Here we shall consider it in greater detail. It was originally introduced by Schuster [1898] as a tool to detect hidden periodicities. Suppose that $${Y_kappa} = {X_kappa} + {m_kappa}$$ where X κ is a weakly stationary process with mean zero and a continuous spectral density f (with f(π) = f(− π)), and m κ is a trigonometric series with a finite number of frequencies μ j $${m_kappa} = \sum\limits_i {{a_j} {e^{ik\mu j}}.}$$ (1)
Mutational analysis of the N-linked glycosylation sites of the SU envelope protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus

The role of the N-linked glycosylation sites in the major envelope glycoprotein, SU (gp70), of Moloney murine leukemia virus has been examined. By using site-specific oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, each of the seven glycan addition sites has been individually eliminated. Mutations resulting in the loss of a single glycosylation site produced, intracellularly, stable precursor SU-TM proteins which were 4 to 5 kDa smaller than the wild-type virus SU-TM protein. Mutant delta 1,4,7, a trimutant lacking three N-linked glycan addition sites, resulted in a viable, infectious virus with a stable SU-TM protein approximately 12 to 15 kDa smaller than the wild-type SU-TM protein. Five of the seven single-site mutations resulted in viable virus as judged by the release of reverse transcriptase in transient-expression assays and XC syncytium assays. Mutations at two of the sites resulted in a detectable phenotype. Virus mutated at position 2 was temperature sensitive in Rat2 cells; viable virus was produced at 32 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. Virus mutated at position 3 was noninfectious and yielded virions lacking detectable mature SU protein. The mutation results in the block of transport of the protein to the cell surface and assembly into virion particles.
Exercise training does not affect anthracycline antitumor efficacy while attenuating cardiac dysfunction

Highly effective anthracyclines, like doxorubicin (DOX), have limited clinical use due to protracted cardiotoxic effects. While exercise is known to be cardioprotective, it is unclear whether exercise compromises chemotherapy treatment efficacy. To determine the effect of exercise training on DOX antitumor efficacy as well as DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, female Fisher 344 rats were randomly assigned to sedentary + saline (SED+SAL), SED+DOX, wheel run exercise training + SAL (WR+SAL), or WR+DOX. On week 11, animals were inoculated with 1×10(6) MatBIII tumor cells. Once tumors reached ∼1 cm in diameter, animals were treated with 12 mg/kg of DOX or SAL. Animals were killed 1, 3, or 5 days following treatment. Tumor growth and cardiac function were measured at each interval. DOX accumulation and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) expression were quantified in tumor and heart tissue. No significant difference (P > 0.05) existed between DOX-treated SED and WR groups for tumor measurements. Exercise preserved cardiac function up to 5 days following DOX treatment. Exercise reduced ventricular DOX accumulation and upregulated ventricular MPR1 and MPR2. In contrast, no differences were observed in DOX accumulation or MRP expression in tumors of SED and WR animals. Endurance exercise had no effect on DOX antitumor efficacy as evidenced by a definitive DOX-induced reduction in tumor growth in both the SED and WR groups. Although exercise did not affect the antitumor efficacy of DOX, it still provided protection against cardiac dysfunction. These effects may be mediated by the degree of DOX tissue accumulation secondary to the regulation of MRP expression.
Increasing the Validity of Cross-Cultural Assessments: Use of Improved Methods for Test Adaptations 1Laboratory of Psychometric and Evaluative Research Report No.275. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, School of Education. Paper presented at the 23rd International Congress of Applied Psychology, Madrid, 1994.

Translating or adapting psychological and educational tests from one language and culture to other languages and cultures has been a common practice for almost a hundred years, beginning with Binet...
A 2D finite difference simulation to investigate the high voltage blocking characteristics of 4H-SiC photoconductive semiconductor switches

4H-SiC Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches (PCSSs) have shown significant promise for use in pulsed power related switch applications. This simulation uses the finite difference method, parallelized using a NVIDIA graphical processing unit and the CUDA framework, to solve the system of partial differential equations that model the semiconductor physics involved in the high voltage blocking state of the photoconductive switch. By taking into consideration material properties (mid-band gap trap energy level and concentration, etc.), we are able to gain an understanding of how changes in these parameters affect the space-charge-limited (SCL) currents observed in the high voltage blocking state. This subsequently allows for a fundamental understanding of the parameters controlling the high voltage switching capability of photoconductive switches. Results of the simulation are presented.
The in vivo function of the ribosome-associated Hsp70, Ssz1, does not require its putative peptide-binding domain

Two proteins of the Hsp70 class (Ssb and Ssz1) and one of the J-type class (Zuo1) of molecular chaperones reside on the yeast ribosome, with Ssz1 forming a stable heterodimer with Zuo1. We designed experiments to address the roles of these two distantly related ribosome-associated Hsp70s and their functional relationship to Zuo1. Strains lacking all three proteins have the same phenotype as those lacking only one, suggesting that these chaperones all function in the same pathway. The Hsp70 Ssb, whose peptide-binding domain is essential for its in vivo function, can be crosslinked to nascent chains on ribosomes that are as short as 54 amino acids, suggesting that Ssb interacts with nascent chains that extend only a short distance beyond the tunnel of the ribosome. A ssz1 mutant protein lacking its putative peptide-binding domain allows normal growth. Thus, binding of unfolded protein substrates in a manner similar to that of typical Hsp70s is not critical for Ssz1's in vivo function. The three chaperones are present in cells in approximately equimolar amounts compared with ribosomes. The level of Ssb can be reduced only a few-fold before growth is affected. However, a 50- to 100-fold reduction of Ssz1 and Zuo1 levels does not have a substantial effect on cell growth. On the basis of these results, we propose that Ssbs function as the major Hsp70 chaperone for nascent chains on the ribosome, and that Ssz1 has evolved to perform a nonclassical function, perhaps modulating Zuo1's ability to function as a J-type chaperone partner of Ssb.
Effect of Stent Design Parameters on Coronary Artery Flow

The most widely accepted modality for treating diseased arteries is the implantation of endovascular stents. Stents are metallic wireframe devices used to reopen clogged arteries. Despite their widespread use, problems persist post-implantation of these devices beginning with sub-acute thrombus formation followed by inflammation, proliferation and remodeling [1]. The specific stent design and its design parameters profoundly impact the hemodynamic environment of the stent [2], in turn affecting thrombus accumulation between struts and thus restenosis [3]. Prior research examining the hemodynamic effects of stents has been performed in simplified geometries [4] however the effects of stent design parameters such as strut thickness and crown radius of curvature or analysis in realistic geometries is generally lacking. A more thorough understanding of the effect of a stent’s geometric parameters on the arterial flow will provide insight into their long-term performance and will lead to better design.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Nature Religion in America: From the Algonkian Indians to the New Age

This ground-breaking study reveals an unorganized and previously unacknowledged religion at the heart of American culture. Nature, Albanese argues, has provided a compelling religious center throughout American history.
Leadership for learning: a research-based model and taxonomy of behaviors1

In this article, the authors examine the components of leadership for learning employing research on highly productive schools and school districts and high-performing principals and superintendents, using a three-dimensional model of productivity. The knowledge base of leadership for learning is captured under eight major dimensions: vision for learning, instructional program, curricular program, assessment program, communities of learning, resource acquisition and use, organizational culture, and advocacy.
An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Trade Policy Protection in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector

Abstract This paper evaluates observed levels of trade policy protection using pooled data for 16 U.S. manufacturing industries. The results suggest that protection is most likely to occur for geographically concentrated industries with small numbers of firms and workers, low wages, few exports, and a high degree of value-added processing.
Vapor phase hydrogenation of phenol over silica supported Pd and PdYb catalysts

Abstract The catalytic activity/selectivity of a 5% w/w Pd/SiO2 catalyst prepared by Pd(NO3)2 impregnation has been compared with that delivered by 5% w/w Pd/SiO2 and PdYb/SiO2 prepared from Pd(C2H3O2)2 and {(DMF)10Yb2[Pd(CN)4]3}∞ precursors, respectively; phenol hydrogenation (T=423 K ) was used as a test reaction. The activated catalysts have been characterized by HRTEM/EDX; differences in activity are related to the TEM derived Pd particle size distribution. Incorporation of Yb resulted in an appreciable enhancement of both phenol conversion and the overall yield of cyclohexanone, an effect that is attributed to electron donation from Yb to the active Pd centers.
Low TGFβ1 expression prevents and high expression exacerbates diabetic nephropathy in mice.

Nephropathy develops in many but not all patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes. Substantial efforts to identify genotypic differences explaining this differential susceptibility have been made, with limited success. Here, we show that the expression of the transforming growth factor β1 gene (Tgfb1) affects the development of diabetic nephropathy in mice. To do this we genetically varied Tgfb1 expression in five steps, 10%, 60%, 100%, 150%, and 300% of normal, in mice with type 1 diabetes caused by the Akita mutation in the insulin gene (Ins2Akita). Although plasma glucose levels were not affected by Tgfb1 genotype, many features of diabetic nephropathy (mesangial expansion, elevated plasma creatinine and urea, decreased creatinine clearance and albuminuria) were progressively ameliorated as Tgfb1 expression decreased and were progressively exacerbated when expression was increased. The diabetic 10% hypomorphs had comparable creatinine clearance and albumin excretion to wild-type mice and no harmful changes in renal morphology. The diabetic 300% hypermorphs had ∼1/3 the creatinine clearance of wild-type mice, >20× their albumin excretion, ∼3× thicker glomerular basement membranes and severe podocyte effacement, matching human diabetic nephropathy. Switching Tgfb1 expression from low to high in the tubules of the hypomorphs increased their albumin excretion more than 10-fold but creatinine clearance remained high. Switching Tgfb1 expression from low to high in the podocytes markedly decreased creatinine clearance, but minimally increased albumin excretion. Decreasing expression of Tgfb1 could be a promising option for preventing loss of renal function in diabetes.
Urate deposition in the iris and anterior chamber.

Objective To report on a patient with clear gelatinoid deposits on the iris and in the anterior chamber (AC). Design Observational case report. Methods Examination of AC aspirate and iris and conjunctival biopsies by light and transmission electron microscopy. Main Outcome Measures Clinical and histopathological findings. Results Analysis of the aqueous humor and iris ultrastructure disclosed the presence of urate deposits. Conclusions Urate deposition in the iris and anterior chamber rarely occurs.
The Social Psychology of Jury Nullification: Predicting When Jurors Disobey the Law

The United States judiciary assumes jurors obey the law as it is charged to them in the trial judge's instructions. This paper contends that jurors' comprehension of the law results from an active intelligence which makes available alternative decision rules giving rise to the power of juries to nullify instructions. To study the compliance assumption, we presented to mock jurors pattern jury instructions along with summaries of testimonies from a rape trial. Four times during the trial we administered to participants measures of their attributions of defendant responsibility, judgments about the legal elements of the case, and verdicts. Multiple regressions conducted with data from separate subsamples and with separate questionnaire administrations revealed that a) verdicts were based on attributions independent of the jury instructions, b) individual differences in life experiences predicted the degree to which decision makers used their attributions, and c) the more practiced participants were at applying the jury instructions the more heavily they weighed their own attributions and less heavily the judgments required by the law. We concluded that comprehension alone cannot predict the likelihood that jurors will comply with the law. Therefore, the assumption that jurors follow the law needs to be more carefully considered.
Chimeric tick-borne encephalitis/dengue virus is attenuated in Ixodes scapularis ticks and aedes aegypti mosquitoes

In an effort to derive an efficacious live attenuated vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis, we generated a chimeric virus bearing the structural protein genes of a Far Eastern subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) on the genetic background of recombinant dengue 4 (DEN4) virus. Introduction of attenuating mutations into the TBEV envelope protein gene, as well as the DEN4 NS5 protein gene and 3' noncoding region in the chimeric genome, results in decreased neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in mice, and restricted replication in mouse brain. Since TBEV and DEN4 viruses are transmitted in nature by ticks and mosquitoes, respectively, it was of interest to investigate the infectivity of the chimeric virus for both arthropod vectors. Therefore, parental and chimeric viruses were tested for growth in mosquito and tick cells and for oral infection in vivo. Although all chimeric viruses demonstrated moderate levels of replication in C6/36 mosquito cells, they were unable to replicate in ISE6 tick cells. Further, the chimeric viruses were unable to infect or replicate in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Ixodes scapularis tick larvae. The poor infectivity for both potential vectors reinforces the safety of chimeric virus-based vaccine candidates for the environment and for use in humans.
Co-Adaptation: Adaptive Behavior of Systems

This study revitalized thinking about human interaction as “co-adaptation” or processes of interpersonal adjustment derived from the developing organization of one's social systems. Using this model, certain social behaviors could be predicted from the interplay of structural forces of status in a given system. Peer groupings of children in special education were constructed of either average or widely divergent statuses, based upon sociometric ratings among classmates. These experimental groups were independently engaged in a game situation in which competition and cooperation were alternative coping strategies. Behavioral expressions of co-adaptation, gauged along dimensions of productivity and cohesiveness, were quantified from videotapes of each group's participation. The contrasted groups behaved differently across trials, mostly in keeping with differential predictions for structural dynamics and inferred “atmospheres.” The relevance of the construct of co-adaptation to a variety of social systems a...
Large subpial plaques of demyelination in a new form of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig

The current report describes a new technique for producing chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)+ accompanied by demyelination in adult strain 13 guinea pigs. The disease is induced by a combination of passive transfer of lymph node cells sensitized to myelin basic protein (BP) and active challenge of the recipients with homologous spinal cord in Freund's complete adjuvants. The clinical-pathologic spectrum ranges from a progressively fatal form of chronic EAE leading to death in 4-7 wk, through a remitting-relapsing form, to a chronic-stable form lasting many months. In all of these forms large subpial plaques of demyelination occur in the spinal cord with active phagocytosis of myelin debris, especially at the edges. The axons are swollen, but remain intact throughout. The histologic appearances of the lesions suggest that lysis of myelin occurs before phagocytosis, one of the hypotheses proposed for the pathogenesis of lesions occurring in humans with multiple sclerosis.
The Supreme Court in Periods of Critical Realignment

The Supreme Court played a major role in the process of critical realignment in all three periods studied (the 1850s, 1890s, 1930s). At a key moment in the developing realignment crisis, the Court was "captured" by its conservative wing and struck down an important piece of moderate legislation. By making centrist positions untenable, the Court facilitated the takeover of the major parties by their extremist factions. In two of the three periods, in turn, the Court found itself at the center of intense controversy and criticism.
Gell-Mann-Low equation: Relation between the fifth-order vacuum-polarization coefficients.

Gorishny, Kataev, Larin, and Surguladze have obtained the fourth-order Gell-Mann{endash}Low function {psi}{sub 4} and the Callan-Symanzik function {beta}{sub 4}. In earlier papers we have used their result to establish relationships between the fifth- and sixth-order vacuum polarization coefficients b{sub 5} and b{sub 6} and the fifth- and sixth-order Gell-Mann{endash}Low functions {psi}{sub 5} and {psi}{sub 6}. In this paper, the relationship between the seventh-order b{sub 7} and {psi}{sub 7} is obtained using the Gell-Mann{endash}Low equation and other relations for the Gell-Mann{endash}Low function. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Constant False Alarm Rate Sound Source Detection with Distributed Microphones

Applications related to distributed microphone systems are typically initiated with sound source detection. This paper introduces a novel method for the automatic detection of sound sources in images created with steered response power (SRP) algorithms. The method exploits the near-symmetric coherent power noise distribution to estimate constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) thresholds. Analyses show that low-frequency source components degrade CFAR threshold performance due to increased nonsymmetry in the coherent power distribution. This degradation, however, can be offset by partial whitening or increasing differential path distances between the microphone pairs and the spatial locations of interest. Experimental recordings are used to assess CFAR performance subject to variations in source frequency content and partial whitening. Results for linear, perimeter, and planar microphone geometries demonstrate that experimental false-alarm probabilities for CFAR thresholds ranging from 10-1 and 10-6 are limited to within one order of magnitude when proper filtering, partial whitening, and noise model parameters are applied.
Acquisition of Cytomegaloviral Infections in Families With Young Children: A Serological Study

ing the index case) was 54%. The index case was the child in 10 instances, the father in 2, and the mother in 2. The index case could not be identified in 23 families. This Houston study indicates that the family with young children is a high-risk setting for CMV infection. This is an important concern regarding risks for mothers in their childbearing and child-rearing years.
Supercritical fluid extraction as a means of cleaning and desorbing common air sampling sorbents

Abstract Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide has become an increasingly popular alternative extraction method to Soxhlet extraction for the measurement of organic compounds adsorbed on solid matrices. The application of SPE to air sampling materials for recovery of adsorbed (collected) organic pollutants is an obvious extension of this technology. To develop appropriate methods, the first practical steps are the determination of the physical and chemical stability as well as the general cleanliness of the candidate adsorbent materials under the demanding SFE conditions and compare such results to parallel tests with Soxhlet extraction. This paper describes exploratory research with the common air sampling media Tenax-GC, Tenax-GR, XAD-2, and Carboxen 563. All were found to be physically and chemically compatible with SFE. XAD-2 and Carboxen 563 have an initial cleanup advantage over the two Tenax types and Tenax-GC is subject to artifact formation form ozone exposure. All four sorbent types could, once cleaned, be stored for four weeks in sealed cartridges without buildup of contaminants indicating that the SFE cleanup procedure removes impurities from within the sorbents.
Human embryonic stem cell-derived hematoendothelial progenitors engraft chicken embryos

Objective To investigate whether human embryonic stem cells (hESC) committed in culture into hematopoietic/endothelial cell progenitors can be further developed into mature blood and vascular cells following transplantation into chicken embryos. Materials and Methods The yolk sac of 42− to 44-hour chicken embryos received yolk sac injections of unfractionated human embryoid body (hEB) cells, CD34-positive hEB cells, or CD34 + CD45 + granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized human peripheral blood hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells. Human cells in the host were detected by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Results All injected cell populations engrafted chicken hematopoietic organs, as assessed by detection of CD45 + cells in the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus. CD34 + day -10 hEB cells showed the highest efficiency for producing human CD45 + cells in the hosts and yielded human glycophorin A + erythroid, CD13 + myeloid, and CD19 + lymphoid cells in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius. Spleen cells from chimeric embryos also contained human colony-forming units-granulocyte macrophage, as assessed in methylcellulose colony-forming assays. Human endothelial cells expressing vascular endothelial-cadherin, von Willebrand factor, CD31, and the receptor for the Ulex europaeus lectin were also observed in the yolk sac vasculature following injection of either unfractionated or CD34 + day -10 hEB cells. Conclusion Primitive angiohematopoietic stem cells (total and CD34 + day -10 hEB cells) as well as adult hematopoietic stem cells could home to intraembryonic blood-forming organs following injection into the yolk sac. These observations demonstrate the utility of the avian embryo as a convenient and reliable host to model the angiohematopoietic development of human embryonic, or other early stem cells.
Use of community-based participatory research in preparing low income and homeless minority populations for future HIV vaccines.

We conducted Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), using a qualitative focus group design, to assess factors that might impact participation of high-risk impoverished adults in future HIV ...
Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Ethnoracial Minorities: Toward Diversity and Cultural Competence in Principles and Practices

Psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affect persons and communities of all ethnocultural backgrounds. In light of the substantial evidence of intra- and intergroup diversity in the experience of psychological trauma and PTSD, it is essential first to reconsider the ways in which ethnocultural identity is defined and classified, in order to meaningfully study the relationship of race, ethnicity, and culture to the risk and adverse outcomes of psychological trauma. The role of racism as a risk factor for exposure to psychological trauma and PTSD, as well as a potential traumatic stressor with intergenerational effects, also requires careful study. Culturally competent psychological interventions to prevent or treat PTSD require informed practitioners who do not make stereotypic assumptions or inadvertently replicate racial biases.
Crossover from intermittent to continuum dynamics for locally driven colloids.

We simulate a colloid with charge ${q}_{d}$ driven through a disordered assembly of interacting colloids with charge $q$ and show that, for ${q}_{d}\ensuremath{\approx}q$, the velocity-force relation is nonlinear and the velocity fluctuations of the driven particle are highly intermittent with a $1/f$ characteristic. When ${q}_{d}\ensuremath{\gg}q$, the average velocity drops, the velocity-force relation becomes linear, and the velocity fluctuations are Gaussian. We discuss the results in terms of a crossover from strongly intermittent heterogeneous dynamics to continuum dynamics. We also make several predictions for the transient response in the different regimes.
Acceptability and Reliability of Sensitive Information Collected via Computer Interview

The current study examined response bias in 108 female adolescents randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) interactive computer interview, (2) face-to-face interview, or (3) self-administered questionnaire. Subjects interviewed by computer enjoyed the survey more than subjects in other groups; subjects completing questionnaires gave the least positive evaluations (p < .001). Results showed no significant differences between subjects in the three groups on reports of sexual behavior, substance use or symptomatology. Reporting of affective states differed by groups (p < .001); subjects in the computer group were more willing to acknowledge having positive affect than subjects in other groups. Current interest in the use of computers in clinical settings must be supported by controlled investigations of the validity of computer acquired information.
Energy Management Strategy for a Parallel Hybrid Vehicle

An energy management strategy – torque distribution and charge sustaining control – for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle with continuously variable transmission is proposed in this study. The torque distribution control problem is formulated as a multi-objective nonlinear optimization problem. In order to facilitate the implementation of the proposed approach in real time, the aforementioned multi-objective nonlinear optimization problem is recast as a single objective linear optimization problem by linearization of the objective functions and by introducing an equivalent energy consumption rate for the fuel flow rate. Furthermore, a charge sustaining strategy is proposed and incorporated as part of optimal torque distribution strategy resulting in the establishment of the unified framework for energy management. In addition, the proposed approach incorporates a continuously variable transmission (CVT), where the gear selection strategy of the CVT is coupled with torque distribution and charge sustaining control. Computer simulation is performed to evaluate the proposed energy management strategy. The simulation results reveal that the approach proposed in this study offers significant computational advantage for real-time application without impacting the optimization results. Finally, through sensitivity analysis, the robustness of the solution to changes in the parameters of the objective functions is investigated.© 2002 ASME
Diagnosis and management of neonatal leukaemia

Leukaemia in neonates (infants <1 month) is rare, whereby neonatal acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is more frequent than neonatal acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). High mortality rates are observed, though AML has a better prognosis than ALL. Neonatal leukaemia is typically presented with hepatosplenomegaly, leukaemia cutis and/or hyperleucocytosis. Congenital infections should be ruled out before diagnosis. Rearrangement of the MLL gene is the most frequently occurring genetic aberration. Treatment includes intensive multi-agent chemotherapy, usually with age-related dose adjustments next to supportive care. Treatment intensification for ALL could be indicated in the future as the dismal prognosis is subject to high relapse rates in ALL.
Direct measurement of nitrogen gas fluxes from continental shelf sediments

IT has been suggested that denitrification in continental shelf and slope sediments is the most important sink in the marine nitrogen cycle1–4. This conclusion has been reached, not from direct measurements of denitrification in these areas, but rather from indirect estimates derived from pore-water models of diagenetic processes. In highly bioturbated continental shelf and slope sediments with steep pore-water gradients, such indirect estimates may not be applicable5,6.1 have now made direct, in situ measurements of denitrification in sediments of the eastern North Pacific continental margin by determining the flux of molecular nitrogen out of the sediments into the overlying water. Denitrification rates in continental shelf sediments measured in this fashion averaged 3.7 pmol N cm−2s−1. The flux of nitrate from the overlying water into the sediments was only 1.5 pmol N cm−2s−1, showing that most of the nitrogen gas production is coupled to nitrification within the sediments. The denitrification rates observed here are four to five times those estimated previously by indirect methods for these same sediments, and indicate the limitations of such indirect estimates. My results suggest that the global denitrification rate in shelf and slope sediments may be greater than previously thought, and confirm the importance of sedimentary denitrification in the marine nitrogen budget.
Teaching Creative Science Thinking

Scientists frequently encounter ill-structured problems that can have multiple paths to multiple solutions ( 1 ). To approach such problems, “higher-order” mental operations such as analysis, synthesis, and abstraction are key. But, in addition, creative thinking—the most complex and abstract of the higher-order cognitive skills according to Bloom's taxonomy of learning skills ( 2 )—can allow restructuring of problems and produce solutions through unexpected insights ( 3 ). Creativity is the root of the innovative thinking that leads to solutions or products that are novel, useful ( 4 ), and critical to economic success ( 5 , 6 ). I discuss below how students might be taught to think more creatively in the context of science, and how instructors can focus more on students' creative thinking, in addition to scientific reasoning and subject-matter content ( 7 ).
The Effect of Lignin Removal by Alkaline Peroxide Pretreatment on the Susceptibility of Corn Stover to Purified Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic Enzymes

Pretreatment of corn stover with alkaline peroxide (AP) at pH 11.5 resulted in reduction of lignin content in the residual solids as a function of increasing batch temperature. Scanning electron microscopy of these materials revealed notably more textured surfaces on the plant cell walls as a result of the delignifying pretreatment. As expected, digestion of the delignified samples with commercial cellulase preparations showed an inverse relationship between the content of lignin present in the residual solids after pretreatment and the extent of both glucan and xylan conversion achievable. Digestions with purified enzymes revealed that decreased lignin content in the pretreated solids did not significantly impact the extent of glucan conversion achievable by cellulases alone. Not until purified xylanolytic activities were included with the cellulases were significant improvements in glucan conversion realized. In addition, an inverse relationship was observed between lignin content after pretreatment and the extent of xylan conversion achievable in a 24-h period with the xylanolytic enzymes in the absence of the cellulases. This observation, coupled with the direct relationship between enzymatic xylan and glucan conversion observed in a number of cases, suggests that the presence of lignins may not directly occlude cellulose present in lignocelluloses but rather impact cellulase action indirectly by its association with xylan.
High reflectivity measurements using the beat frequency of longitudinal modes of external cavity semiconductor lasers.

The longitudinal mode spacing of an external cavity semiconductor laser is dramatically reduced if a high-reflectivity etalon is inserted in the external cavity. By measuring the reduction in the longitudinal mode beat frequency using a microwave spectrum analyzer, a quick and precise method for determining the coating reflectivity is demonstrated.
Microscopic Details of Rotational Diffusion of Perylene in Organic Solvents: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experiment vs Debye-Stokes-Einstein Theory

Molecular dynamics simulations and time-resolved linear dichroism measurements have been employed to investigate rotational diffusion of perylene in two organic solvents, cyclohexane, a nonpolar solvent, and 2-propanol, a polar solvent. Both experiments and simulations yield a biexponential rotational anisotropy decay for the long in-plane axis. The calculated time constants were 9 and 44 ps in cyclohexane at 300 K, 13 and 75 ps in 2-propanol at 300 K, and 25 and 126 ps in 2-propanol at 263 K, in excellent agreement with corresponding time-resolved linear dichroism measurements of 14 and 52 ps, 10 and 51 ps, and 22 and 240 ps respectively. Although the viscosity of 2-propanol is more than two times that of cyclohexane at room temperature, the measured rotational reorientation times and the calculated average rotational diffusion coefficients of perylene are similar in the two solvents, demonstrating a breakdown of simple hydrodynamic theory. Analysis of the calculated rotational diffusion coefficients for...
Observed transitions in n=2 ground-state configurations of copper, nickel, iron, chromium, and germanium in tokamak discharges

A number of spectrum lines of highly ionized copper, nickel, iron, chromium, and germanium have been observed and the corresponding transitions identified. The element under study is introduced into the discharge of the PLT Tokamak by means of rapid ablation by a laser pulse. The ionization state is generally distinguishable from the time behavior of the emitted light. New identifications of transitions are based on predicted wavelengths (from isoelectronic extrapolation and other data) and on approximate expected intensities. All the transitions pertain to the ground configurations of the respective ions, which are the only states strongly populated at tokamak plasma conditions. These lines are expected to be useful for spectroscopic plasma diagnostics in the 1-3 keV temperature range, and they provide direct measurement of intersystem energy separations from chromium through copper in the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon isoelectronic sequences.
Diabetes, oxidative stress, molecular mechanism, and cardiovascular disease – an overview

In recent years, diabetes and its associated complications have come to represent a major public health concern. It is a complex disease characterized by multiple metabolic derangements and is known to impair cardiac function by disrupting the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants at the cellular level. The subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accompanying oxidative stress are hallmarks of the molecular mechanisms responsible for cardiovascular disease. Among several oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms that have been proposed, ROS-mediated oxidative stress has received the most attention. ROS have been shown to interact with proteins, lipids, and DNA, causing damage to the cellular macromolecules and subsequently, deterioration of cellular function. Induction of thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) gene expression has been demonstrated to protect the diabetic myocardium from dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The failure of antioxidants to consistently demonstrate clinical benefit necessitates further investigation of the role of oxidative stress in diabetes-mediated cardiovascular disease.
What does it mean when an ethnographer intervenes

This paper explores what it means to engage as an ethical researcher in the conduct of critical ethnography. During the years in which this critical ethnography of new language learners in a midwestern high school, the ethnographer actively participated in the life of the site. This paper poses the question of what such active involvement means for research ethics. Much of the literature on research ethics deals with Internal Review Boards standards, but this paper takes a reflective, ethnographic look at the researcher's own ethical practices in order to articulate and examine the underlying principles entailed in the decisions to intervene or not in the ongoing life of the site.
Antiherpesviral activity of silver sulfadiazine.

Silver sulfadiazine, at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, has been demonstrated to possess both in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against herpesvirus hominis.
Social support and compliance: a selective review and critique of treatment integrity and outcome measurement

Abstract This paper presents a selective review and critique of the literature on social support as a factor in the enhancement of patient compliance with medical regimens. The review highlights several studies that measure the correlation between social support and compliance. The manner in which studies operationalize social support is discussed. Several research recommendations suggest ways social support could be studied as a clear and strong independent variable, such as utilizing measures of compliance with the social support manipulation and considering several different variates of social support. Greater attention to methods for measuring compliance is also suggested.
Introducing parallelism and concurrency in the data structures course

We report on our experience integrating a three-week introduction to multithreading in a required data structures course for second-year computer science majors. We emphasize a distinction between parallelism and concurrency that teaches students to use extra processors effectively and enforce mutual exclusion correctly. The material fits naturally in the data structures course by having the same mix of algorithms, programming, and asymptotic analysis as the conventional, single-threaded part of the course. Our department has used this unit for 1.5 years and will do so indefinitely. We report feedback from students, multiple instructors for the course, and students in a later course that uses threads. We developed a full set of course materials that have been adapted for use by instructors in various courses at five other institutions so far.
College Students' Perceptions of Job Demands, Recommended Retirement Ages, and Age of Optimal Performance in Selected Occupations

Two studies were conducted. In study one 100 participants rated 60 occupations on the amount of cognitive/intellectual, physical, sensory-perceptual, and perceptual-motor demands they perceived as required for successful performance in that particular occupation. Results of a cluster analysis determined four clusters of occupations on the basis of the four demands. These clusters were described as High Risk, Professions, Skilled Trades, and White Collar. Further, for each of the four demands/dimensions, the cognitive/intellectual, physical, sensory-perceptual, and perceptual motor demands were significantly different both between and within clusters. In study two, 100 participants rated the perceived retirement age, and 99 different participants rated the perceived optimal performance age for the 60 occupations employed in study one. Results indicated that age norms for perceived recommended retirement and perceived optimal performance age were differentially correlated across the four clusters of occupations. Perceived retirement age and optimal performance age varied discriminably between occupational clusters.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for April–June, 1985

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 170 earthquakes that occurred during the second quarter of 1985. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure.
Precision-Bounded Access Control Using Sliding-Window Query Views for Privacy-Preserving Data Streams

Access control mechanisms and Privacy Protection Mechanisms (PPM) have been proposed for data streams. The access control for a data stream allows roles access to tuples satisfying an authorized predicate sliding-window query. Sharing the sensitive stream data without PPM can compromise the privacy. The PPM meets privacy requirements, e.g., $k$ -anonymity or $l$ -diversity by generalization of stream data. Imprecision introduced by generalization can be reduced by delaying the publishing of stream data. However, the delay in sharing the stream tuples to achieve better accuracy can lead to false-negatives if the tuples are held by PPM while the query predicate is evaluated. Administrator of an access control policy defines the imprecision bound for each query. The challenge for PPM is to optimize the delay in publishing of stream data so that the imprecision bound for the maximum number of queries is satisfied. We formulate the precision-bounded access control for privacy-preserving data streams problem, present the hardness results, provide an anonymization algorithm, and conduct experimental evaluation of the proposed algorithm. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed heuristic provides better precision for a given data stream access control policy as compared to the minimum or maximum delay heuristics proposed in existing literature.
Gray image skeletonization with hollow preprocessing using distance transformation

This paper presents a gray-scale skeletonization algorithm based on the gray weighted distance transformation (GWDT). The proposed algorithm is conceptually simple and could be used to process nonuniformly distributed gray-scale images. The algorithm can detect the hollows on the gray-scale image, a feature that is often ignored in other skeletonization algorithms, and improves the quality of the skeleton.