cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of retrieval on retention

Four experiments tested the hypothesis that successful retrieval of an item from memory affects retention only because the retrieval provides an additional presentation of the target item. Two methods of learning paired associates were compared. In the pure study trial (pure ST condition) method, both items of a pair were presented simultaneously for study. In the test trial/study trial (TTST condition) method, subjects attempted to retrieve the response term during a period in which only the stimulus term was present (and the response term of the pair was presented after a 5-sec delay). Final retention of target items was tested with cued-recall tests. In Experiment 1, there was a reliable advantage in final testing for nonsense-syllable/number pairs in the TTST condition over pairs in the pure ST condition. In Experiment 2, the same result was obtained with Eskimo/English word pairs. This benefit of the TTST condition was not apparently different for final retrieval after 5 min or after 24 h. Experiments 3 and 4 ruled out two artifactual explanations of the TTST advantage observed in the first two experiments. Because performing a memory retrieval (TTST condition) led to better performance than pure study (pure ST condition), the results reject the hypothesis that a successful retrieval is beneficial only to the extent that it provides another study experience.
Accurate and efficient RNA polymerase III transcription in a cell-free extract prepared from Ascaris suum embryos

High-speed supernatant (S100) extracts derived from homogenized Ascaris suum embryos efficiently transcribe added RNA polymerase III templates including cloned 5S rRNA genes of the filarial parasite Brugia malayi. Several criteria, including two-dimensional RNase T1 oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis, indicate that in vitro transcription is accurately initiated and terminated.
Effect of the sweet-tasting protein monellin on growth of a cariogenic bacterium: a microbiological study

A study was undertaken of the effect of monellin. a possible alternative sweetener, on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Monellin is a protein with an intensely sweet taste and could be considered as a potential alternative sweetener to sucrose. The effect of monellin on the in vitro growth of the cariogenic microorganism Streptococcus mutans was investigated.
Juvenile mandibular chronic osteomyelitis: multimodality imaging findings.

Background and purpose Juvenile mandibular chronic osteomyelitis is a rare entity that predominantly affects children and adolescents, but little is known about the factors that contribute to the recurrent course and eventual resolution of this disease. Here, we describe new findings of soft tissue and mandibular nerve canal involvement. Materials and methods Four patients with mandibular diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis are presented; all were followed with CT, a few also with MRI and bone scan. We recorded imaging findings of lesion location, pattern of bone formation, presence and evolution of lytic lesions, mandibular nerve, and soft tissue involvement. Results In all patients we found enlargement of the mandibular nerve canal and soft tissue changes on CT and MRI (when available). All patients had ground glass bone patterns in conjunction with lamellated/onion skin new periosteal bone formation on CT, and all patients with follow-up CT had change in lytic lesion locations. Conclusion Mandibular nerve canal enlargement, soft tissue abnormalities, and change in location of lytic lesions may represent a diagnostic pattern in mandibular diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis (Garre) that was not previously entirely recognized as such.
Modification of the Phosphatase Test as Applied to Cheddar Cheese and Application of the Test to Fluid Milk

Summary A modification of the phosphatase test for detecting under-pasteurization of milk has been developed for testing Cheddar cheese and this modified method has been applied also to fluid milk. Research on the conditions and substances that cause interferences in the test has been conducted, and the modifications found effective in minimizing the interferences are described. The resulting test has been found to yield results that are more precise for detecting under-pasturization than those obtained with the tests available heretofore. In tests on whole milk and on non-ripened cheese, contamination of the pasteurized milk with as little as 0.05 per cent of raw milk (1 pound in 2,000) can be detected. The test applied to cheese has been found reliable for detecting under-pasteurization, regardless of the age of the cheese.
Living with parental involvement: A case study of two 'open schools'

This account is based on case study data collected in two first phase schools (5-8 years) in England. The focus is the response of parents and teachers to a supposed opening up of schools through increased parental involvement in schooling. With acknowledgement of appropriate education policy and critical educational research, the authors argue that government policy depoliticises both educational outcomes and parent-teacher relations. The idea of the 'open' school dominates the data; it emerges as a metaphor of convenience and is pivotal in the way in which parents and teachers use it to explain and sustain parent-teacher relations of a mutually acceptable kind. Value is placed by both parties on an atmosphere of open communication, informality and routine. In the process of parent-teacher relations the advantage lies with the teachers, and parental empowerment is something of a myth. The metaphor of 'openness' is not questioned by parents and teachers, and it covers a process where trading is taking pla...
Variations in the radiation sensitivity of foodborne pathogens associated with complex ready-to-eat food products☆

Abstract Foodborne illness outbreaks and product recalls are occasionally associated with ready-to-eat (RTE) sandwiches and other “heat and eat” multi-component RTE products. Ionizing radiation can inactivate foodborne pathogens on meat and poultry, fruits and vegetables, seafood, and RTE meat products. However, less data are available on the ability of low-dose ionizing radiation, doses under 5 kGy typically used for pasteurization purposes, to inactivate pathogenic bacteria on complex multi-component food products. In this study, the efficacy of ionizing radiation to inactivate Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Yersinia enterocolitica on RTE foods including a “frankfurter on a roll”, a “beef cheeseburger on a bun” and a “vegetarian cheeseburger on a bun” was investigated. The average D-10 values, the radiation dose needed to inactivate 1 log 10 of pathogen, by bacterium species, were 0.61, 0.54, 0.47, 0.36 and 0.15 kGy for Salmonella spp., S. aureus , L. monocytogenes , E. coli O157:H7, and Y. enterocolitica, respectively when inoculated onto the three product types. These results indicate that irradiation may be an effective means for inactivating common foodborne pathogens including Salmonella spp, S. aureus , L. monocytogenes , E. coli O157:H7 and Y. enterocolitica in complex RTE food products such as ‘heat and eat” sandwich products.
Particle Size-Specific Magnetic Measurements as a Tool for Enhancing Our Understanding of the Bulk Magnetic Properties of Sediments

Bulk magnetic properties of soils and sediments are often sensitive proxies for environmental change but commonly require interpretation in terms of the different sources of magnetic minerals (or components) that combine to generate them. Discrimination of different components in the bulk magnetic record is often attempted through endmember unmixing and/or high resolution measurements that can require intensive measurement plans, assume linear additivity, and sometimes have difficulty in discriminating a large number of sources. As an alternative, magnetic measurements can be made on isolated sediment fractions that constitute the bulk sample. When these types of measurements are taken, heterogeneity is frequently observed between the magnetic properties of different fractions, suggesting different magnetic components often associate with different physical grain sizes. Using a particle size-specific methodology, individual components can be isolated and studied and bulk magnetic properties can be linked to, and isolated from, sedimentological variations. Deconvolving sedimentary and magnetic variability in this way has strong potential for increased understanding of how magnetic fragments are carried in natural systems, how they vary with different source(s), and allows for a better assessment of the effect environmental variability has in driving bulk magnetic properties. However, despite these benefits, very few studies exploit the information they can provide. Here, I present an overview of the different sources of magnetic minerals, why they might associate with different sediment fractions, how bulk magnetic measurements have been used to understand the contribution of different components to the bulk magnetic record, and outline how particle size-specific magnetic measurements can assist in their better understanding. Advantages and disadvantages of this methodology, their role alongside bulk magnetic measurements, and potential future directions of research are also discussed.
Simulation of land use impacts on groundwater levels and streamflow in a Virginia watershed

Increase in withdrawal and decrease in recharge of groundwater due to urbanization influences subsurface flow regimes. The overall objective of this study was to determine the impact of land development activities on the subsurface flow regime in the Upper Roanoke River Watershed (URRW). A regional groundwater model of the URRW was constructed using Modular Three-Dimensional Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW) and calibrated for steady-state conditions. Then, eight land use management scenarios were simulated on the Back Creek (BC) subwatershed to assess the impacts of residential density, residential location, and land-cover on hydraulic head of groundwater and streamflow. The average recharge output from the Hydrological Simulation Program, FORTRAN (HSPF) simulation was used as the direct input to MODFLOW to take changes in land use into account in the BC watershed. Development of agriculture and forest areas with low-population density on larger area (low-density scenario), near the middle of the watershed (mid-section scenario), and with changes all open space to lawn (lawn scenario) had greatest overall impact on the BC watershed for both hydraulic head and streamflow among density, location, and land-cover scenarios, respectively. The simulated scenarios indicated that decreases in both hydraulic head and streamflow coincided with the increases in impervious land. The reductions in hydraulic head and streamflow were restricted to the subwatershed where land use changes occurred. The urbanization impacts on both surface and subsurface regimes were very local with 20.8 cm of maximum difference in local hydraulic head and 0.532% of maximum percent difference in local streamflow at lawn scenario while average corresponding values through BC watershed was 4.3 cm and 0.153%, respectively. Use of a fully distributed surface model in a dynamic manner was recommended to solve the inconsistencies in the spatial and temporal scale of surface and groundwater models. However, the proposed approach can be used as a management and planning tool for evaluating the local and overall impacts of land use management on the surface and subsurface flow regimes.
Mean message waiting times in symmetric multi-queue systems with cyclic service

Abstract A new performance analysis is provided for a cyclic service system consisting of statistically identical stations where at most one message is served for any station in a cycle. We assume that the time is slotted and that the number of message arrivals at each station in any slot is independent and generally distributed. The switch-over time and message service time (integral multiples of the slot size) are also generally distributed. For this system (called limited service system) we find the mean message waiting time explicitly. In the case of Poisson arrivals we show that our mean message waiting time is greater than that for the gated service system which is greater than that for the exhaustive service system. We also summarize the corresponding results for the three types of services in continuous-time systems.
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION OF THE YELLOWSTONE CALDERA FROM FIRST GPS MEASUREMENTS: 1987-1989

A Global Positioning System (GPS) network was established in 1987 in order to measure crustal deformation across the Yellowstone Plateau (centered on the Yellowstone caldera) and adjacent Teton, Wyoming, and Hebgen Lake, Montana, fault zones. Forty-four GPS stations in the Yellow-stone network were re-surveyed in 1989 and station coordinates using broadcast orbits were obtained. These results were used to assess the precision and accuracy of the GPS surveys and to identify areas of rapid crustal deformation on the Yellowstone Plateau. The GPS measured displacements between 1987 and 1989 were calculated relative to a station at the eastern edge of the 100 km-wide network. The relative horizontal displacements have an average magnitude of 15±10 mm. The relative vertical displacements are generally less than 25 mm about an average near zero and with an uncertainty of ±20 mm. Comparisons with leveling and trilateration measurements, taken nearly simultaneously, suggest that the accuracy of these GPS measurements is at the level of the above uncertainties. GPS-measured vertical displacements across the northern part of the Yellowstone caldera and 1st-order leveling results show up to 20 mm of subsidence between 1987 and 1989. This subsidence is part of a six year period of caldera deflation that began in 1985. In addition, up to 66 mm of uplift is observed with GPS at the northwest edge of the Yellowstone caldera and may be associated with processes following an intense earthquake swarm in 1985–86 and with caldera subsidence.
Terahertz transmission properties of split ring resonator arrays

We measure the phase sensitive terahertz transmission properties through an array of split ring resonators using time-domain spectroscopy. We also present 3-D FDTD simulation results to support the experimentally observed transmission behavior.
Indium-labeled presensitized T cells for diagnosis of graft rejection.

Abstract The aim of this experiment was to test a safe, noninvasive method for necessary, accurate diagnosis of early allograft rejection. Heart-lung allograft was performed heterotopically using Brown Norway (BN) rats as the donor and Lewis (LEW) rats as the recipient. T cell suspensions were prepared from lymphnodes of specifically sensitized LEW rats that had acutely rejected full-thickness BN skin graft. Cell count was adjusted to 50 × 106 cells/ml. The suspension was incubated in vitro with 111I oxide (1 m Ci-ml). An aliquot of labeled cell suspension containing 40 × 106 cells and a total radioactivity of 200 mCi was administered intravenously to each animal 3 and 6 days after heart-lung transplant. The traffic of T cells was followed in vivo and in isolated organs under large field view gamma camera. The gamma camera revealed radioactivity on the graft starting Postoperative Day 5 when the heart was actively beating; no radioactivity was revealed at the site of the isografted organs. The histology showed mild to moderate cellular infiltration parallel to the grade of radioimaging intensity. The injection of indium-labeled presensitized T cells was able to detect the rejection process in an early phase when there are no clinical symptoms of rejection and/or the rejection cascade can be reversed. These results suggest that a similar method can be used in human organ transplantation for early diagnosis of rejection.
Donor Tricuspid Annuloplasty During Orthotopic Heart Transplantation: Long-Term Results of a Prospective Controlled Study

Background Development of tricuspid regurgitation after orthotopic heart transplantation can cause heart failure along with renal and hepatic impairment and portends a poor prognosis. If tricuspid regurgitation causes significant symptoms, tricuspid valve repair or replacement is often required. This study was designed to study the effects of prophylactic tricuspid valve annuloplasty (TVA) during orthotopic heart transplantation on long-term survival, renal function, and amount of tricuspid regurgitation. Methods Between April 1997 and March 1998, 60 patients (aged 18 to 70 years; 22 female) randomly received either standard bicaval orthotopic heart transplantation (group STD; n=30) or bicaval orthotopic heart transplantation with DeVega TVA (group TVA; n=30). Tricuspid valve annuloplasty was performed on the donor heart before implantation using pledgeted 2-0 polypropylene and sized to an annulus of 29 mm. Echocardiographic measurements, laboratory values, and hemodynamics were obtained prospectively and reviewed by an independent data analyst. Results Follow-up of patients as of December 2003 was complete. Although there was a perioperative mortality advantage in group TVA, there was no difference between groups in long-term survival. At the end of the study, however, there was a statistical difference (group STD versus group TVA, p Conclusions Prophylactic DeVega TVA of the donor heart is durable and decreases the incidence of cardiac-related mortality and tricuspid regurgitation after orthotopic heart transplantation. In addition, there is improved protection of renal function. Considering the ease and safety of TVA and its advantages, it should be performed as a routine adjunct to orthotopic heart transplantation.
Clause-Bounded Reflexives in Modern Icelandic

By far the most striking aspect of reflexivization in modern Icelandic is that it is not clause-bounded (Thrainsson 1976a, Maling 1982, 1984). But the purpose of this paper is to show that even clause-bounded reflexivization is not nearly as simple as the description of Icelandic reflexives in the literature would indicate (see, e.g., Thrainsson 1979, Harbert 1981).1 The distribution of reflexive pronouns within finite clauses shows clearly that any framework which does not recognize predication relationships cannot hope to account for the differences between various kinds of simplex sentences with respect to reflexivization. Furthermore, since there are phrasal complements which cannot plausibly be derived from full clauses but which nonetheless exhibit the same pattern of reflexives as infinitival complements, the reflexive facts alone cannot be taken to justify a clausal analysis of infinitives.
Ternary borate–nucleoside complex stabilization by ribonuclease A demonstrates phosphate mimicry

Phosphate esters play a central role in cellular energetics, biochemical activation, signal transduction and conformational switching. The structural homology of the borate anion with phosphate, combined with its ability to spontaneously esterify hydroxyl groups, suggested that phosphate ester recognition sites on proteins might exhibit significant affinity for nonenzymatically formed borate esters. 11B NMR studies and activity measurements on ribonuclease A (RNase A) in the presence of borate and several cytidine analogs demonstrate the formation of a stable ternary RNase A·3′-deoxycytidine–2′-borate ternary complex that mimics the complex formed between RNase A and a 2′-cytidine monophosphate (2′-CMP) inhibitor. Alternatively, no slowly exchanging borate resonance is observed for a ternary RNase A, borate, 2′-deoxycytidine mixture, demonstrating the critical importance of the 2′-hydroxyl group for complex formation. Titration of the ternary complex with 2′-CMP shows that it can displace the bound borate ester with a binding constant that is close to the reported inhibition constant of RNase A by 2′-CMP. RNase A binding of a cyclic cytidine-2′,3′-borate ester, which is a structural homolog of the cytidine-2′,3′-cyclic phosphate substrate, could also be demonstrated. The apparent dissociation constant for the cytidine-2′,3′-borate·RNase A complex is 0.8 mM, which compares with a Michaelis constant of 11 mM for cytidine-2′,3′-cyclic phosphate at pH 7, indicating considerably stronger binding. However, the value is 1,000-fold larger than the reported dissociation constant of the RNase A complex with uridine–vanadate. These results are consistent with recent reports suggesting that in situ formation of borate esters that mimic the corresponding phosphate esters supports enzyme catalysis.
The process of direct democracy: Colorado’s 1996 parental rights amendment

Abstract Why are some statewide citizen initiatives in the American states successful at the polls and others not? Quantitative studies tend to emphasize the aggregate spending of the proponents and opponents of ballot measures when explaining ballot results. Substantial evidence, though, indicates that an array of nonmonetary variables also influence the outcomes of ballot measures. Through a critical case study of the failed 1996 Parental Rights Amendment in Colorado, we examine the impact of several variables typically ignored in more quantitative studies. We find that three variables in particular—the kind and size of financial contributions , grassroots support , and the rhetorical framing of the measure—are significant when explaining why some citizen initiatives succeed and others fail. These findings suggest that future quantitative analyses of the initiative process should take these variables into consideration.
Spectroscopic characterization of the binding and isomerization cycle of Brooker’s merocyanine with α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins

Complexes of Brooker’s merocyanine dye with α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CD) have been characterized to determine the relative strength and thermodynamics of binding, as well as the effect of binding on the protolytic-photochemical isomerization cycle of the dye. It was found that the dye binds most tightly to β-CD, with a binding equilibrium constant of 430 M−1, in agreement with previous results (Hamasaki et al. J. Incl. Phenom. Mol. Rec. Chem. 13, 349–359 (1992)), while α-CD and γ-CD complexes have a binding constant of approximately 110 M−1 and 70 M−1, respectively, determined using absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. The isomerization cycle for the dye in α- and γ-CD complexes was found to be the same as for the free dye. Complexation with β-CD, however, resulted in depressed trans-to-cis photoisomerization in acidic conditions followed by spontaneous cis-to-trans isomerization (with the addition of base). Thermodynamic results also indicated differences between α-CD (ΔS° = −48 J K−1) and β-CD (ΔS° = +12 J K−1) complexes. There was no temperature dependence observed for the γ-CD complexes. These results can be justified in terms of the location of the dye molecule within the cyclodextrin cavity for each of the complexes.
An n = 90 internal potential function of the Martian crustal magnetic field

[1] A potential function using spherical harmonics up to degree and order 90 was derived from a selection of Mars Global Surveyor vector data. These included all three components of those taken below 200 km altitude during the two aerobraking phases (AB1 and AB2), the Science Phase Orbits (SPO), and the higher-altitude (367–435 km) data taken on the nightside during the Mapping Phase Orbits (MPO). The merger of these sets of data provided total global coverage. The technique used was a least squares minimization developed for Earth field analysis whereby the relative weighting of each data source was determined by the width of a Gaussian fit to the residual distribution about the potential function. Also, data selection by area and area weight functions were used to improve normalization. The residual misfit distributions for the vertical component for different data sources are (nT) AB1, 6.5; AB2 (in shadow), 6.7; AB2 (sunlit), 10.3; SPO, 6.4; and MPO, 5.9. The horizontal component misfits are about the same for MPO and AB2 in shadow, but for data taken in sunlight the scatter of horizontal component residuals increases by 50% for AB1, a factor of two for SPO, and 30% for AB2. The energy density spectrum evaluated at 3535 km radius (the mean altitude of the AB and SPO data) decreased from a high of 0.2 J/km3 near n = 20 to an order of magnitude less at n = 90. Most of the power in the spectrum lies between n = 15 and n = 40. The dipole moment was only 8 × 1016 A · m2, which is likely close to the noise of the coefficients. This spectrum is 40 times greater than that of Earth at the scale sizes represented by values of n from 20 to 40. Comparisons with other published maps and models for Mars show general agreement with the field representations at MPO altitudes, but disagreements up to several hundred nT in components calculated for areodetic altitudes below 200 km.
Mechanisms of the CYNAP phenomenon evidence in the Bw49/Bw50 model for epitopes with different spatial orientation of antibody

Abstract The mechanism of the cytotoxic-negative, absorption-positive (CYNAP) phenomenon was studied using the model of the Bw49/Bw50 split of the Bw21 antigen. Anti-Bw49 antibody bound 60% as well to Bw50 as to Bw49 cells; however, even at a cytotoxic titer of 64 against Bw49 cells, the antibody was not cytotoxic to Bw50 cells. At equal numbers of antibody molecules bound, the anti-Bw49 antibody activated C4 and C3, and induced lysis for Bw49 but not for the Bw50 cells. These data are consistent with a model in which different spatial orientations for shared epitopes can account for CYNAP reactivity for at least some selected Bw4/Bw6-asscoiated splits of B locus antigens.
A numerical study of the heat transfer through a fluid layer with recirculating flow between concentric and eccentric spheres

A numerical study has been made of the heat transfer through a fluid layer with recirculating flow. The outer fluid surface was assumed to be spherical, while the inner surface consisted of a sphere concentrically or eccentrically located with respect to the outer spherical surface. The recirculating flow was assumed to be driven by a gas flow creating stress on the fluid's outer surface so that creeping (low Reynolds number) flow developed in its interior. The present study solves the Stokes equation of motion and the convective diffusion equation in bispherical coordinates and presents the streamline and isotherm patterns.
Modeling soybean cultivar development rates, using field data from the Mississippi Valley

To predict how crop yields of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] respond to management practices, we need a reliable understanding of how environmental factors affect ontogeny of the many soybean cultivars grown. The objective of this work was to use field observations to develop equations relating reproductive development to environmental variables for several cultivars grown commercially in the southern USA. We used data on five soybean cultivars, recorded during farm testing of the soybean crop model GLYCIM in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Crop development stages were determined by averaging the Fehr and Caviness development stages of individual plants. We inspected the data and found that it could be fitted using a piecewise linear regression with alternating horizontal and sloping segments. The progress in crop reproductive development stages was expressed as a function of time after emergence for the period before flowering, and as a function of thermal time for the period after flowering. Horizontal segments that occurred near R2, R5, and R6 were interpreted as developmental plateaus (i.e., a period when the crop remains at a given stage). The length of the R2 plateau was a function of date of emergence, and the length of the R6 plateau was a linear function of soil surface water balance. In our dataset, there was no effect of soil properties, irrigation, or plant population density on reproductive development. The technique developed in this study will facilitate the application of crop simulation models on farms by providing a way to develop a set of parameters for reproductive development for any cultivar being grown.
Cognitive therapy and behavior therapy: Foci for a multidimensional approach to treatment

Beck's paper is one evidence that the dominance of single-orientation thinking over this field is beginning to dissolve. His classification of systematic desensitization as a cognitive technique is startling and persuasive. Such ideas seem inevitably to lead in the direction of a multidimensional approach to treatment. Cognitive therapy techniques encompass intriguing possibilities for a new therapeutic technology of change specific to the conceptual domain, but they as yet lack evidence of effectiveness and uniqueness as interventions; their theoretical rationale is loosely configured and the articulation thereof with bodies of literature on cognition and attitude change is virtually absent. Several of the procedures appear promising in spite of these difficulties because they are addressed to gaps in the current therapeutic armamentarium and apparently have the potential to ultimately meet each currently justifiable criticism.
Far infrared and Raman spectra of the haloacetonitriles

Abstract The far infrared spectra of ICH 2 CH, BrCH 2 CN, and ClCH 2 CN have been recorded in both the gas phase and benzene solutions from 33 to 500 cm −1 . The Raman spectra of the haloacetonitriles in the liquid state have also been recorded and depolarization values measured. Assignments of the skeletal bending vibrations based on depolarization data, observed trends for the series, gas phase band contours, and comparison with the spectrum of malononitrile are given and discussed. A reassignment of the skeletal bending vibrations of the FCH 2 CN molecule is proposed. Thermodynamic functions for all four haloacetonitriles have been calculated for the temperature range 200–3000°K on the basis of a rigid rotator, harmonic oscillator model.
Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Castor Oil

The main thickening agent or soap in multipurpose grease, lithium 12-hydroxystearate, is a chemical commodity for the auto industry. This compound is obtained from castor oil via a series of chemical transformations. The first step, hydrogenation of castor oil, has been developed into a laboratory experiment for second-year undergraduate organic chemistry. Students are introduced to catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) as a method to reduce a carbon–carbon double bond in ricinoleic acid, the main fatty acid in castor oil. Students perform a comparative analysis based on calculation of several green metrics: atom economy, E factor, reaction mass efficiency, CO2 emissions, and costs. The product, hydrogenated castor oil, is characterized by several techniques: 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, and melting point.
Adult Neurogenesis in Teleost Fish

Adult neurogenesis in the brain of teleost fish has been studied since the 1960s. These investigations have demonstrated mitotic activity in dozens of brain areas and relative rates of cell proliferation 10–100 times higher than in the adult mammalian brain. The source of the new cells are stem cells in distinct ­proliferation zones, which give rise to both neurons and glial cells. Depending on the brain region, the young cells either reside in close vicinity to the proliferation zone from which they originate, or they migrate long distance to specific target areas. During migration, they are guided by radial glial fibers. Approximately half the young cells undergo apoptotic cell death within the first few weeks of their life; the other half persist long term. This continuous addition of new cells to the population of older cells leads to a permanent growth of the brain. A major function of adult neurogenesis in teleosts appears to be to ensure numerical matching of neurons in the central nervous system and sensory receptors cells or muscle fibers in the periphery. Neurogenesis also plays a central role in brain repair by replacing cells lost to injury by newly generated ones. Large-scale identification of regeneration-associated proteins by proteome analysis has revealed cytoskeletal proteins essential for the formation of new cells, proteins involved in cell proliferation, cellular motility, neuroprotection, and energy metabolism, as well as a zinc finger protein that may act as a transcriptional regulator.
Alterations in lectin binding in the proximal and distal colon of Sprague-Dawley rats with 1,2 dimethylhydrazine administration.

Summary Sequential changes in rhodamine or fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectin binding of proximal and distal colonic crypts were studied during and after the administration of the 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Five adult its unexposed to DMH or vehicle served as baseline controls. Tissue from normal appearing colon and tumor tissue was incubated with Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA) and Griffonia simplicafolia 1 (GSA1). Distinct regional differences were noted in the baseline controls. UEA, PNA and DBA binding were absent in the distal colonie crypt cells. In the proximal colon minimal UEA and PNA binding was noted in the lower crypt whereas DBA binding was intense. GSA1 binding was diffuse in the upper and lower crypt of both regions. During carcinogenesis a progressive increase in PNA binding was noted in normal appearing colonie crypts from both regions. A progressive increase in PNA binding in proximal and distal colonie tumors was noted over time. Similar to normal tissue, DBA bound markedly to proximal colon tumors but was absent in most distal colonie tumors. UEA stained all proximal tumors intensely at all time points. In distal colonie tumors, UEA staining was diminished at 30 weeks compared to tumors analyzed at 16, 22 and 26 weeks. Mucin depletion was also a feature of tumor tissue compared to adjacent normal and hyperplastic glands. This study documents the region specific changes in lectin binding in normal and neoplastic colonie crypts induced by DMH.
Characterizing the Membrane-Bound State of Cytochrome P450 3A4: Structure, Depth of Insertion, and Orientation

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is the most abundant membrane-associated isoform of the P450 family in humans and is responsible for biotransformation of more than 50% of drugs metabolized in the body. Despite the large number of crystallographic structures available for CYP3A4, no structural information for its membrane-bound state at an atomic level is available. In order to characterize binding, depth of insertion, membrane orientation, and lipid interactions of CYP3A4, we have employed a combined experimental and simulation approach in this study. Taking advantage of a novel membrane representation, highly mobile membrane mimetic (HMMM), with enhanced lipid mobility and dynamics, we have been able to capture spontaneous binding and insertion of the globular domain of the enzyme into the membrane in multiple independent, unbiased simulations. Despite different initial orientations and positions of the protein in solution, all the simulations converged into the same membrane-bound configuration with regard...
Formation of alkyl nitrates from the reaction of branched and cyclic alkyl peroxy radicals with NO

The yields of C5 and C6 alkyl nitrates from neopentane, 2-methylbutane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and cyclohexane have been measured in irradiated CH3ONONO-alkane-air mixtures at 298 ± 2 K and 735-torr total pressure. Additionally, OH radical rate constants for neopentyl nitrate, 3-nitro-2-methylbutane, 2-nitro-2-methylpentane, 2-nitro-3-methylpentane, and cyclohexyl nitrate, relative to that for n-butane, have been determined at 298 ± 2 K. Using a rate constant for the reaction of OH radicals with n-butane of 2.58 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, these OH radical rate constants are (in units of 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1): neopentyl nitrate, 0.87 ± 0.21; cyclohexyl nitrate, 3.35 ± 0.36; 3-nitro-2-methylbutane, 1.75 ± 0.06; 2-nitro-2-methylpentane, 1.75 ± 0.22; and 2-nitro-3-methylpentane, 3.07 ± 0.08. After accounting for consumption of the alkyl nitrates by OH radical reaction and for the yields of the individual alkyl peroxy radicals formed in the reaction of OH radicals with the alkanes studied, the alkyl nitrate yields (which reflect the fraction of the individual RO2 radicals reacting with NO to form RONO2) determined were: neopentyl nitrate, 0.0513 ± 0.0053; cyclohexyl nitrate, 0.160 ± 0.015; 3-nitro-2-methylbutane, 0.109 ± 0.003; 2-nitro-2methylbutane, 0.0533 ± 0.0022; 2-nitro-2-methylpentane, 0.0350 ± 0.0096; 3- + 4-nitro-2-methylpentane, 0.165 ± 0.016; and 2-nitro-3-methylpentane, 0.140 ± 0.014. These results are discussed and compared with previous literature values for the alkyl nitrates formed from primary and secondary alkyl peroxy radicals generated from a series of n-alkanes.
Impact of variable pelagic environments on natural larval growth and recruitment of the reef fish Thalassoma bifasciatum

New recruits of the bluehead wrasse Thalassoma bifasciatum were censused and collected from nearshore reefs of Barbados, West Indies, every 2 weeks for 20 months. Their temporal coincidence with low salinity (<34·5) water during their pelagic larval stage was determined by comparing the otolith records of new recruits with conductivity and temperature records from a current meter moored 2 km off the west coast of the island. Larval residence in a low salinity North Brazil Current (NBC) ring appeared to have a negative impact on growth. Larvae that encountered a NBC ring for at least 7 days during either the first half of the larval period exhibited slower larval growth than those that did not encounter a ring for 7 days during any part of their larval period. As a result of this slower growth, larvae that encountered low salinity waters had a longer pelagic larval duration and were larger at the time of settlement. The magnitude of settlement was not distinctly related to the presence or absence of a NBC ring, but the largest settlement event occurred at the end of the longest ring event. Early juvenile growth did not vary between fish that had encountered a ring and those that did not, so size differences at settlement were propagated through the first week of life on the reef. The potentially opposing attributes of fast and slow-growing larvae (e.g. fast growing larvae with shorter larval stage duration but smaller size at settlement and higher susceptibility to reef predation), and the resulting differential mortality on the reef may promote the persistence of individuals in the population with contrasting life history traits, and contribute to the lack of a relationship between larval growth and recruitment success. Positive transport related effects of rings (i.e. enhanced retention during some ring events) may further complicate matters by outweighing the negative impact of rings on larval growth.
High-Throughput Cell and Tissue Analysis with Enhanced Molecular Coverage by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using Ion Mobility Separation

Ambient ionization methods, such as laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), facilitate the direct analysis of unperturbed cells and tissues in their native states. However, the lack of a separation step in these ionization techniques results in limited molecular coverage due to interferences, ion suppression effects, and the lack of ability to differentiate between structural isomers and isobaric species. In this contribution, LAESI mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with ion mobility separation (IMS) is utilized for the direct analysis of protein mixtures, megakaryoblast cell pellets, mouse brain sections, and Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. We demonstrate that the collision cross sections of ions generated by LAESI are similar to the ones obtained by ESI. In various applications, LAESI-IMS-MS allows for the high-throughput separation and mass spectrometric detection of biomolecules on the millisecond time scale with enhanced molecular coverage. For example, direct analysis of mouse brain tissue without...
Steady state diffusion-migration potential differences in mixed conductor polymer films and thin layer cells

Cette etude developpe une approche intuitive pour le calcul et la representation des differences de potentiel en etat de regime a l'interieur de dispositifs electrochimiques ne necessitant pas d'electrolytes supports: films mixtes de polymeres conducteurs, cellules de couche mince. Ces differences de potentiel peuvent constituer une grande fraction de la tension appliquee: jusqu'a 90% dans certains cas. On peut egalement observer un accroissement de l'ordre de grandeur des courants limites par rapport aux previsions faites a partir de theories applicables aux systemes a electrolyte support. Un traitement mathematique de quelques exemples est propose
WHAT IS A CYSTIC FIBROSIS DIAGNOSIS

Cystic fibrosis (CF) should be considered in patients with a wide variety of clinical presentations and of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. In most cases the diagnosis is suggested by manifestations of chronic sinopulmonary disease and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and then confirmed by a positive sweat test result. Patients may, however, present with pancreatic sufficiency or other atypical clinical features, sometimes in association with normal or borderline sweat test results. In such cases, the ability to detect CF mutations and to measure transepithelial bioelectric properties can be diagnostically useful. Mutation analysis can also be used for carrier screening, prenatal diagnosis, and newborn screening.
President Kenneth Kaunda's Annual Address to the Zambian National Assembly: a Contextual Content Analysis of Changing Rhetoric, 1965–83

Most writers on Zambia are agreed that President Kenneth Kaunda has grown more powerful over the last two decades by having learned to deal with changing circumstances, and that he has developed a unique position as an able and trusted mediator among political factions. There is also a consensus among those authors, however, that Kaunda's powers are rather severely constrained by the bourgeoisie-in-formation, by the weakening of the governing United National Independence Party (U.N.I.P.), by a declining economy, and by a difficult international environment, and that these limitations are growing stronger as time passes despite his ideological initiative in formulating what is known as ‘Zambian Humanism’. 1
Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I

The somatomedin hypothesis proposed that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was a hepatically derived circulating mediator of growth hormone and is a crucial factor for postnatal growth and development. To reassess this hypothesis, we have used the Cre/loxP recombination system to delete the igf1 gene exclusively in the liver. igf1 gene deletion in the liver abrogated expression of igf1 mRNA and caused a dramatic reduction in circulating IGF-I levels. However, growth as determined by body weight, body length, and femoral length did not differ from wild-type littermates. Although our model proves that hepatic IGF-I is indeed the major contributor to circulating IGF-I levels in mice it challenges the concept that circulating IGF-I is crucial for normal postnatal growth. Rather, our model provides direct evidence for the importance of the autocrine/paracrine role of IGF-I.
Decision Making Using Game Theory: An Introduction for Managers

A review is presented of the book “Decision Making Using Game Theory: An Introduction for Managers,” by Anthony Kelly.
Application of imidazole as a selective inhibitor thromboxane synthetase in human platelets

Abstract Human platelet suspensions release a rabbit-aorta-contracting substance (previously identified as thromboxane A2) during aggregation produced by arachidonic acid, prostaglandin endoperoxide, thrombin, and collagen. Incubation of platelets with imidazole did not interfere with the aggregation produced by these agonists but markedly reduced the generation of the rabbit-aorta-contracting substance. We find that imidazole inhibited the conversion of exogenous or endogenous prostaglandin endoperoxide into thromboxane A2-Imidazole selectively inhibits thromboxane synthetase in intact human platelets, because this agent blocks the conversion of [14C]arachidonate into [14C]thromboxane B2 but does not inhibit the conversion of [14C]arachidonate into [14C]prostaglandin E2. The inhibition of thromboxane synthetase by imidazole is not the result of an alteration in platelet 3':5'-cyclic AMP levels. These results illustrate the utility of imidazole as a pharmacological tool and demonstrate the two unique and dissociable properties of the endoperoxides themselves--their ability to aggregate platelets and their enzymatic conversion to the potent vasoconstrictor thromboxane.
Dielectric constant of refractory articles

The values of the real dielectric constant of refractory articles over a wide range of change in their apparent density (0.6–4.2 g/cm3) and chemical composition have been experimentally determined. The presence of a connection between the dielectric constant and the properties traditionally determined during the certification of a refractory article is demonstrated. On the basis of the measurement of the dielectric constant it is possible to obtain information on the material composition and structure of articles, on-line and without destruction. The information can be used to monitor the quality of the product or for instrumental (objective) grading of articles according to their properties.
Shareholder rights, financial disclosure and the cost of equity capital

This study extends research into whether shareholder rights and disclosures of financial-related attributes are associated with firms' costs of equity capital. Using cost-of-equity-capital estimates derived from expected earnings growth valuation models, we find that firms with stronger shareholder rights regimes and higher levels of financial transparency are associated with significantly lower costs of equity capital. We also find evidence that greater financial disclosure and stronger rights regimes interact in reducing firms' costs of equity capital, such that the effect of a high level of one mechanism is minimal when it is combined with a low level of the other. Finally, we document that neither factor dominates the other in their associations, and that there are tradeoffs between disclosure levels and shareholder rights in their influence on firms' implied costs of equity capital.
Solar-terrestrial models at the National Space Science Data Center

The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) and World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites (WDC-A-R&S) has a long record of participation in the worldwide efforts to establish and improve empirical models for the different regions of the solar-terrestrial environment. The center maintains a unique archive of solar-terrestrial models and related applications software, described in a recently published models catalog. The software packages are distributed on tape, diskette, and on-line on the Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN). Four of the most frequently requested models (IRI, MSIS/CIRA, IGRF, AE-8/AP-8) can also be accessed and run on the NSSDC Online Documentation and Information Service (NODIS) account, which can be reached from any SPAN node.