cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of cloud phase in Earth's radiation budget

The radiative impact of clouds strongly depends on their partitioning between liquid and ice phases. Until recently, however, it has been challenging to unambiguously discriminate cloud phase in a number of important global regimes. CloudSat and CALIPSO supply vertically resolved measurements necessary to identify clouds composed of both liquid and ice that are not easily detected using conventional passive sensors. The capability of these active sensors to discriminate cloud phase has been incorporated into the fifth generation of CloudSat's 2B-FLXHR-LIDAR algorithm. Comparisons with Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System fluxes at the top of atmosphere reveal that an improved representation of cloud phase leads to better agreement compared to earlier versions of the algorithm. The RMS differences in annual mean outgoing longwave (LW) radiation gridded at 2.5° resolution are 4.9 W m−2, while RMS differences in outgoing shortwave (SW) are slightly larger at 8.9 W m−2 due to the larger diurnal range of solar insolation. This study documents the relative contributions of clouds composed of only liquid, only ice, and a combination of both phases to global and regional radiation budgets. It is found that mixed-phase clouds exert a global net cloud radiative effect of −3.4 W m−2, with contributions of −8.1 W m−2 and 4.7 W m−2 from SW and LW radiation, respectively. When compared with the effects of warm liquid clouds (−11.8 W m−2), ice clouds (3.5 W m−2), and multilayered clouds consisting of distinct liquid and ice layers (−4.6 W m−2), these results reinforce the notion that accurate representation of mixed-phase clouds is essential for quantifying cloud feedbacks in future climate scenarios.
Philosophers in the New World: Montaigne and the Tradition of Epideictic Rhetoric

This article studies the essays of Michel de Montaigne in the context of the tradition of epideictic rhetoric from antiquity to the Renaissance, with particular attention to the humanist reception of Aristotle9s Rhetoric. The focus of this attention is the relationship between epideictic and consensus, which proves to be more problematic than Aristotle seems to have anticipated. If we read Montaigne9s essay “Des Cannibales” as a paradoxical encomium and compare it to Plutarch9s declamation on the fortune of Alexander, we can see how epideictic works to undermine consensus and even to challenge the very impulse to conform to social and ethical norms.
The moral dimensions of assessment in early childhood education

This article conceptualizes assessment in early childhood education as a moral practice using Amartya Sen’s capability approach and Thomas A Schwandt’s practical hermeneutic approach to assessment ...
Press Release: Nuclear Power

Two nuclear physicists, a nuclear engineer, and an economistmmembers of the Union of Concerned Scientists--released a report today that examined a new problem with nuclear reactor safety. According to the report, recent tests carried out under Atomic Energy Commission sponsorship have indicated that presently designed reactor safety systems are likely to fail if the systems supplying cooling water to a reactor should rupture or break. The reactor core is then expected to melt down and ultimately lose appreciable quantities of radioactive material into the environment. In the words of the report, “The resulting catastrophe and loss of life might well exceed anything this nation has seen in time of peace.”
Selective migration of murine lymphocytes and lymphoblast populations and the role of endothelial cell recognition.

We have examined the organ specificity of migration of three major subpopulations of mature small lymphocytes in the mouse — B cells, the Ly-2- and Lyt-2+ T cells. It is shown that difference in the distribution of these lymphocyte classes between Peyer’s patches (PP’s) and peripheral lymph nodes (PN’s) are determined by selective recognition of endothelial determinants associated with high endothelial venules (HEV) in these organs. HEV are specialized venules that mediate lymphocyte exit from the blood into lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches. In addition, we report preliminary studies of the HEV-recognition specificity of gut-derived (mesenteric node) immunoblasts.
Maxima of stationary Gaussian processes

Let {X N , N=0, ±1, ±2,...} be a stationary Gaussian stochastic process with means zero, variances one, and covariance sequence {r N }. Let Z N =max X k . Limit 1≦k≦N properties are obtained for Z N , as N approaches infinity. A double exponential limit law is known to hold if the random variables X iare mutually independent, that is r N ≡ 0, N ≢ 0. Berman has shown that the same law holds in the case of dependence, provided r N approaches zero “sufficiently fast”. Specifically sufficient conditions are that either lim r N log N=0, N→∞ or $$\sum\limits_{N = 1}^\infty {r^2 _N } < \infty $$ . In the present work, it is shown, however, that lim r N =0 is not sufficient. N=1 N→∞ A corresponding law is obtained for a separable, measurable version of a continuous parameter process. Sufficient conditions are obtained for the “strong laws of large numbers”, $$Z_N - \sqrt {2{\text{ log }}N} \to 0,{\text{ a}}{\text{.s}}{\text{., and }}{{{\text{Z}}_{\text{N}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{Z}}_{\text{N}} } {\sqrt {2{\text{ log }}N} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt {2{\text{ log }}N} }} \to 1$$ , a.s. in both discrete, and continuous time.
Metapragmatics of normalcy: Mobility, context, and language choice

Abstract Drawing on data from Iranian Azerbaijani migrants, I propose the notion of chronotopization to understand how perceptions of normative social behavior are dynamically constructed and organized with respect to time, space, and the people involved in the interaction. The differently scaled chronotopes of normalcy (re-)constructed and enregistered in these processes, I argue, guide social actors' sociolinguistic behaviors and normative judgments. Through an analysis of participants' metacommentaries on appropriate language choice, I discuss how chronotopic and scalar understandings of normalcy can offer us a broader theory of language use and can be applied to a wide array of sociolinguistic phenomena beyond language choice.
Evaluating Link Prediction Accuracy in Dynamic Networks with Added and Removed Edges

The task of predicting future relationships in a social network, known as link prediction, has been studied extensively in the literature. Many link prediction methods have been proposed, ranging from common neighbors to probabilistic models. Recent work by Yang et al. has highlighted several challenges in evaluating link prediction accuracy. In dynamic networks where edges are both added and removed over time, the link prediction problem is more complex and involves predicting both newly added and newly removed edges. This results in new challenges in the evaluation of dynamic link prediction methods, and the recommendations provided by Yang et al. are no longer applicable, because they do not address edge removal. In this paper, we investigate several metrics currently used for evaluating accuracies of dynamic link prediction methods and demonstrate why they can be misleading in many cases. We provide several recommendations on evaluating dynamic link prediction accuracy, including separation into two categories of evaluation. Finally we propose a unified metric to characterize link prediction accuracy effectively using a single number.
Misdiagnosis and Mistreatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) Due to Under-Occlusion during Right Heart Catheterization (RHC)

Objectives 1) Outline a case in which suspected PAH was falsely diagnosed and treated as pulmonary venous hypertension due to incorrect RHC data 2) Reinforce importance of standardized technique during RHC to ensure accurate hemodynamic data 3) Emphasize importance of reviewing source data when there is a discrepancy between diagnostic data and the clinical picture. A 59 year old female with scleroderma, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (30-35% EF), GERD, and T2DM presented from an outside hospital for evaluation of chronic dyspnea. Initial RHC data (RHC 1) indicated pulmonary venous hypertension and cardiogenic shock. Diuretics, afterload reduction, and Milrinone were initiated. However, her echocardiogram showed an RV:LV ratio of 1.8 (Image 1) and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) doppler notching (Image 2), consistent with PAH physiology. Due to patient deterioration and a discrepancy between echocardiographic and hemodynamic data, a repeat RHC was performed. The results (RHC 2) were significantly different from prior and diagnostic of PAH, which was consistent with the initial echocardiographic findings and the clinical picture. Although RHC is the definitive diagnostic tool for diagnosing PAH, it is prone to operator discrepancies. The initial RHC data was incorrect due to under-occlusion, a phenomenon that can occur in patients with significant PAH due to enlargement of the proximal pulmonary artery. Tracings 1 and 2 show the wedge pressures from the initial and subsequent RHC, respectively. There is clearly a significant difference in the reported left sided filling pressure. Additionally, RHC 1 data shows the wedge pressure to be higher than the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, indicating an erroneous wedge pressure due to partial or incomplete pulmonary artery occlusion. Many centers confirm wedge position by checking a wedge saturation. A standardized technique for performing RHC could help mitigate operator discrepancies. After starting Sildenafil for PAH, the patient began to improve and was eventually discharged home on Milrinone, Sildenafil, and oral diuretics. This case highlights the importance of reviewing all source data especially when there is discrepancy between different diagnostic data and the clinical picture.
Improve Orthogonal GARCH with Hidden Markov Model

Orthogonal Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model (OGARCH) is widely used in finance industry to produce volatility and correlation forecasts. We show that the classic OGARCH model, nevertheless, tends to be too slow in reflecting sudden changes in market condition due to excessive persistence of the integral univariate GARCH processes. To obtain more flexibility to accommodate abrupt market changes, e.g. financial crisis, we extend classic OGARCH model by incorporating a two-state Markov regime-switching GARCH process. This novel construction allows us to capture recurrent systemic regime shifts. Empirical results show that this generalization resolves the problem of excessive persistency effectively and greatly enhances OGARCH's ability to adapt to sudden market breaks while preserving OGARCH's most attractive features such as dimension reduction and multi-step ahead forecasting. By constructing a global minimum variance portfolio (GMVP), we are able to demonstrate significant outperformance of the extended model over the classic OGARCH model and the commonly used Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) model. In addition, we show that the extended model is superior to OGARCH and EWMA in terms of predictive accuracy.
Risk Assessment of Low Doses of Radiation and Chemicals

Any credible assessment of the effects of low doses of radiation or chemicals on humans is difficult for several reasons (Setlow, 1983): 1) human data are almost always statistically inadequate with a few possible exceptions such as cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure (Peto, this volume), 2) extrapolation from experimental data on animals to predictions for exposed humans often involves many poorly understood factors, such as pharmacokinetics (Hoel et. al., 1983), DNA repair, intrinsic cell sensitivities, etc., 3) most animal experiments use high doses so as to obtain significant effects with small numbers of animals but the responses to high doses may involve different effects and a very different pharmacokinetic than do low doses.
Mobilities of Data Narratives

AbstractLearning in data-rich environments has been a focus of learning sciences research since the inception of the field, with increasing interest in the ways learners narrate data. This article ...
Effect of APOE Genotype on Plasma Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Arachidonic Acid, and Hippocampal Volume in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Sponsored DHA Clinical Trial

Background: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (AA) play key roles in several metabolic processes relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and neuroinflammation. Carrying the APOEɛ4 allele (APOE4) accelerates omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) oxidation. In a pre-planned subgroup analysis of the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-sponsored DHA clinical trial, APOE4 carriers with mild probable AD had no improvements in cognitive outcomes compared to placebo, while APOE 4 non-carriers showed a benefit from DHA supplementation. Objective: We sought to clarify the effect of APOEɛ4/ɛ4 on both the ratio of plasma DHA and EPA to AA, and on hippocampal volumes after DHA supplementation. Methods: Plasma fatty acids and APOE genotype were obtained in 275 participants randomized to 18 months of DHA supplementation or placebo. A subset of these participants completed brain MRI imaging (n = 86) and lumbar punctures (n = 53). Results: After the intervention, DHA-treated APOEɛ3/ɛ3 and APOEɛ2/ɛ3 carriers demonstrated significantly greater increase in plasma DHA/AA compared to ɛ4/ɛ4 carriers. APOEɛ2/ɛ3 had a greater increase in plasma EPA/AA and less decline in left and right hippocampal volumes compared to compared to ɛ4/ɛ4 carriers. The change in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid DHA/AA was strongly correlated. Greater baseline and increase in plasma EPA/AA was associated with a lower decrease in the right hippocampal volume, but only in APOE 4 non-carriers. Conclusion: The lower increase in plasma DHA/AA and EPA/AA in APOEɛ4/ɛ4 carriers after DHA supplementation reduces brain delivery and affects the efficacy of DHA supplementation.
Contributions to the Surface Downwelling Longwave Irradiance during Arctic Winter at Utqiaġvik (Barrow), Alaska

AbstractIntrusions of warm, moist air into the Arctic during winter have emerged as important contributors to Arctic surface warming. Previous studies indicate that temperature, moisture, and hydro...
Invited) Generation and Evolution of Materials in the Anode Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) of Lithium Ion Batteries

A solid electrolyte interphase is generated on the anode of lithium ion batteries during the first few charging cycles. The presence and stability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is critical to the performance of the battery. Despite thorough investigation of the SEI for over 20 years, the mechanism of formation and function are still relatively poorly understood. We have investigated the structure of the initial SEI on graphite and silicon electrodes along with changes which occur to the SEI upon additional cycling via a combination of ex-situ surface analysis techniques. The investigation of SEI provides significant insight into the structure and properties of the anode SEI. The one electron reducing agent, lithium napthalenide has been used to independently prepare the reduction products which constitute the SEI. The initial reduction product of ethylene carbonate is lithium ethylene dicarbonate (LEDC). However, the thermal decomposition of LEDC and related lithium alkyl carbonates in the presence of LiPF6 generates a intricate mixture of compounds which greatly complicates the structure of the SEI. The reduction products and their subsequent thermal decomposition products have been thoroughly investigated via a combination of NMR, XPS, IR-ATR, TGA, and GC-MS. Mechanisms for the generation of the complicated mixture of products will be discussed. Thermal behavior of the SEI on a silicon electrode for Lithium ion batteries has been investigated by TGA. In order to provide a better understanding of the thermal decomposition of the SEI on silicon, the thermal decomposition behavior of independently synthesized lithium ethylene dicarbonate (LEDC) was investigated as a model SEI. The model SEI (LEDC) has three stages of thermal decomposition. Over the temperature range of 50~300oC, LEDC decomposes to evolve CO2 and C2H4 gasses leaving lithium propanoate (CH3CH2CO2Li) and Li2CO3 as solid residues. The lithium propanoate decomposes over the temperature range of 300~600oC to evolve pentanone leaving Li2CO3 as a residual solid. Finally, the Li2CO3 decomposes over 600oC to evolve CO2 leaving Li2O as a residual solid. A very similar thermal decomposition process is observed for the SEI generated on cycled silicon electrodes. However, two additional thermal decomposition reactions were observed characteristic of LixPOyFz at 300oC and the polyimide binder at 550oC. TGA measurements of Si electrodes after various numbers of cycles suggest that the LEDC on Si electrodes thermally decomposes during cycling to form lithium propanoate and Li2CO3, resulting in increased complexity of the SEI.
Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for studying aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a heterogeneous group of aging-associated disorders characterized by the disruption of cellular proteostasis machinery and the misfolding of distinct protein species to form toxic aggregates in neurons. The increasing prevalence of NDs represents a growing healthcare burden worldwide, a concern compounded by the fact that few, if any, treatments exist to target the underlying cause of these diseases. Consequently, the application of a high-throughput, physiologically relevant model system to studies dissecting the molecular mechanisms governing ND pathology is crucial for identifying novel avenues for the development of targeted therapeutics. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has emerged as a powerful tool for the study of disease mechanisms due to its ease of genetic manipulation and swift cultivation, while providing a whole-animal system amendable to numerous molecular and biochemical techniques. To date, numerous C. elegans models have been generated for a variety of NDs, allowing for the large-scale in vivo study of protein-conformation disorders. Furthermore, the comparatively low barriers to entry in the development of transgenic worm models have facilitated the modeling of rare or “orphan” NDs, thereby providing unparalleled insight into the shared mechanisms underlying these pathologies. In this review, we summarize findings from a comprehensive collection of C. elegans neurodegenerative disease models of varying prevalence to emphasize shared mechanisms of proteotoxicity, and highlight the utility of these models in elucidating the molecular basis of ND pathologies.
Microorganisms and Antibiogram Patterns in Fournier’s Gangrene: Contemporary Experience from a Single Tertiary Care Center

Purpose:We evaluate the prevalent microorganisms, antibiotic sensitivity patterns and associated outcomes in patients with Fournier’s gangrene.Materials and Methods:A retrospective chart review of ...
GENE CONTROL OF RESISTANCE VS SENSITIVITY TO CADMIUM IN SACCHAROMYCES

Resistance vs. sensitivity to cadmium (at concentrations of from 200 to 400 ppm) in Saccharomyces was found to be gene-controlled. The problems involved in discriminating the different genotypes are considered and an adequate procedure is described. Two genes (CD and cd) make the cell capable or incapable of growth in nutrient medium containing the specified concentrations of cadmium. An intermediate genotype, cd/sup M/, was identified which confers on an originally sensitive culture the ability to mutate to a resistant type. Whether this third category includes one or more alleles was not determined and the designations are necessarily arbitrary, since a cd culture with a very low mutation rate would be classified cd rather than cd/sup M/, while one with an extremely high rate would be classified as CD.
Neutrophil myeloperoxidase measurement uncovers masked megaloblastic anemia.

We report the observation of a high neutrophil myeloperox-idase activity (MPXI) in patients with megaloblastic anemia. MPXI is rapidly measured as part of an automated complete blood count (Technicon H*1, Technicon Instruments Corp, Tarrytown NY). We describe the range of MPXI levels in healthy and patient populations and in 10 cases of megaloblastic anemia, including five having elevated mean cell volume (MCV) and five without macrocytosis. Regardless of the MCV, our megaloblastic patients had hypersegmented neutrophils and elevated MPXI levels without visible alteration of granule content. MPXI measurement may be particularly useful in identifying cases of “masked megaloblastic anemia” where the MCV is below 100 fL. The advantage of the MPXI over other methods of uncovering masked megaloblastic anemia is its simplicity when performed as part of a routine complete blood count on an automated hematology instrument.
Depression Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Well-Educated, Employed Adults with Low Infection Risks

Abstract Levels and distributions of depression symptoms 8-10 months after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic are reported in a population of faculty, staff, and students at Duke University who faced minimal infection and economic disruption due to the pandemic. Almost 5,000 respondents age 18-81 years who completed the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) battery reported high rates of depression symptoms with more than 40% reporting levels that indicate risk of moderate depression and 25% indicating risk of severe depression. There is a very steep age gradient with the highest levels reported by the youngest respondents of whom over 40% are at risk of severe depression. Symptoms are worse among those who report the demands of work often interfere with family responsibilities but these pressures neither explain the high reported rates nor the steep age gradient. Severe depression risks are highest among students. High levels of depression symptoms during the pandemic appear to be persistent and not confined to those at greatest risk of infection or economic insecurity.
The Whole is More Public Domain than the Parts?: US Copyright Protection for Works of Applied Art Under Star Athletica's Imagination Test

In Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to resolve confusion in the lower courts regarding the “separability” predicate to copyright protection of decorative features of useful articles. The case involved the “surface decorations” of stripes, chevrons, and color blocks applied to cheerleader uniforms. While the Supreme Court clarified the meaning and application of the “separability” standard for the kinds of decorative elements there at issue, the fate of other artistic “features” of useful articles, particularly their three dimensional forms, remains murky. Much of the Court’s analysis points toward a prophylactic rule excluding the entire shape of a useful article, but some aspects of the majority opinion indicate that the Court has yet to devise a coherent application of the statutory standard.
Trauma-Informed Spiritual Care: Lifelines for a Healing Journey

The article describes how primary, secondary, intergenerational and collective trauma are intertwined in our lived experience, especially in times of severe stress, such as the current coronavirus ...
Characterizing Patient Questions Before and After Rhinoplasty on Social Media: A Big Data Approach.

As an aesthetic surgery, a successful rhinoplasty is often assessed by patient satisfaction, subject to a diverse array of qualitative factors including patient expectations and happiness with care provided. While substantial effort has been dedicated to understanding patients’ post-operative concerns, addressing patients’ pre-operative questions has been comparatively less studied. This study analysed pre- and post-operative questions about rhinoplasty on social media to gain insights into patients’ concerns and develop targeted educational material. The most viewed rhinoplasty questions on Realself.com, a social media platform for discussions about cosmetic surgeries, were collected and analysed. Questions were then stratified into pre- and post-operative and further assigned categories based on common topics found in the data. Using a machine learning approach, the most common pre- and post-operative questions were determined. 2014 rhinoplasty questions were collected in total, with 957 pre-operative and 1057 post-operative. The most commonly asked pre-operative questions were about appearance (n = 441, 46.1%), function (n = 102, 10.7%), and cost (n = 94, 9.8%). The most commonly asked post-operative questions were about appearance (n = 502, 47.5%), behaviour allowed/disallowed (n = 283, 26.8%), and symptoms after surgery (n = 235, 22.2%). An educational handout with the 10 most common pre- and post-operative questions was developed using machine learning analysis, with the majority of questions about appearance. Patients primarily expressed concern about appearance when asking questions about rhinoplasty on social media, along with other aspects of their pre- and post-operative course. The educational handout developed by this study can be applied to address commonly asked patient questions during pre-operative education. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Teaching in the Aftermath of a Pandemic: Must an Employer Provide an Accommodation for Commuting for a Disabled Employee?

Part I of the paper discusses the Americans with Disabilities Act or ADA, its requirements, and various protections for persons who suffer from a recognized disability which impacts their ability to work under certain circumstances and conditions. The context of this study is American higher education. Part II will discuss the obligation of an employer to offer a “reasonable accommodation” of the nature sought by an employee which would permit the employee to continue teaching while otherwise meeting all of the obligations imposed on faculty members under appropriate university policies. Specifically, the research question considered in Part II relates to whether “commuting” is a covered activity under the ADA which would trigger the responsibility of providing the employee with a reasonable accommodation, allowing an employee to teach in the employee’s preferred combination of online and hybrid modalities.
Titanium oxide vertical resistive random-access memory device

Pt/TiO2/Pt vertical resistive random-access memory switching devices were fabricated in a vertical three-dimensional structure by combining conventional photolithography, electron-beam evaporation for electrodes and atomic layer deposition for dielectric layers. The active switching cross-sectional area was ∼0.02 µm2, which is comparable to nanosized devices that require more elaborative fabrication processes. Structural integrity and electrical characteristics of the vertical memory device were analysed by cross-sectional scanning, transmission electron microscopy and current–voltage characteristics.
Predicting actions from induction on past performance

Human adversaries rely on knowledge about an opponent's previous performances in the adversarial domain. We simulate this aspect of human adversary performance by analyzing the records of prior encounters against specific adversaries. Our analysis acquires the perceptual chunks which form the foundations of an adversary's decision making ability. Induction is used to acquire high quality chunks which have been repeatedly used in prior adversarial encounters. Once the chunks for a specific adversary have been acquired, they are used to predict the future tactical and strategic decisions of that adversary. An implementation of the adversary modeling methodology is demonstrated for the domain of chess.
Axis formation during amphibian oogenesis: reevaluating the role of the cytoskeleton.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides substantial support for the hypothesis that cytoskeletal networks composed of filamentous actin (F-actin) and microtubules (MTs), and perhaps cytokeratin (CK) filaments, play significant roles in establishing and maintaining the polarized architecture of amphibian oocytes and eggs, including features such as nuclear position, localization of maternal messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), and the location and orientation of the meiotic spindles. The examples in the chapter describe that the cytoskeleton itself undergoes a remarkable reorganization and polarization during the formation of the animal–vegetal (A–V) axis, and suggest that polarization of the oocyte cortex contributes to the structural and functional polarization of the oocyte.
Similarity measures for automated comparison of in silico and in vitro experimental results

The overwhelming complexity of biological systems prevents exhaustive description of the processes and mechanisms that cause system functionality. There are large numbers of processes to be considered with options for manifold hypotheses describing each. The long-term goal of this project, for a particular biological system, is to put the computer to work weeding out the weaker hypotheses and, even, weeding out posited processes that do not pertain directly to specific functionality. An objective towards this goal is to build a computational framework to host an ongoing competition for the most effective structural description of what goes on inside an organ, in this case the liver. In order to do that, one needs robust algorithms for comparing the data taken from biological experiments with the data taken from the simulation. In this paper, we begin to delineate and survey algorithms by which to compare the output of any given simulation with data taken from experiments.
Interaction Effects between Dissimilar Metals in High Velocity Sodium at Temperatures up to 760°C I. Mass Transfer of Vanadium onto Type 321 Stainless Steel

Comparative corrosion studies are being carried out with potential fuel cladding materials for advanced Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors. The materials under test at temperatures as high as 760°C include refractory metal-base, cobalt-base, and iron-base alloys. Two pumped loops, made entirely of stabilized stainless steels, are used to carry out the investigations. The corrosion specimens are exposed to high velocity sodium (22 ft/sec) in a 24"-long rising temperature region (between 710° and 760°C). In the tests, the oxygen content of the sodium has been controlled over the range from <1 to 15 ppm.
Price-Williams, Douglass

Douglass Price-Williams was born in London and worked as a newspaper reporter, schoolmaster, and for two years in Denmark, a teacher-practitioner of body posture. He served as a radio officer in the British Merchant Navy during the last years of World War II. In 1963, he received a doctoral degree in psychology from the University of London, and taught at the London School of Economics, Rice University (where he served as department chair), and UCLA, where he is currently professor emeritus. Price-Williams is recognized as a pioneer in the field of cross-cultural psychology, especially the study of dreams and psychological anthropology. He conducted anthropological fieldwork in Mexico, Guatemala, Nigeria, Hawaii, Nepal, Bali, and the aboriginal communities of Australia. He was a founding editor of Ethos, the official journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology. Keywords: anthropology; cultural psychology; dreams; Jung, Carl
Integrated adrenal, somatotropic, and immune responses of growing pigs to treatment with lipopolysaccharide.

The objective of this research was to provide an integrated look at systemic adrenal, somatotropic, and immune responses of growing pigs to challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Weaned pigs were challenged intraperitoneally with 100 microg/kg BW of LPS or sterile saline, and rectal temperature and blood data were collected for 72 h. Daily feed intake also was monitored. Plasma was analyzed for concentrations of cortisol, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), the acute phase protein haptoglobin, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). As expected, LPS decreased feed intake, stimulated a febrile response, and activated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as demonstrated by increased cortisol levels. Cortisol reached maximum elevation 2 h after treatment (P < .001) and remained elevated through 12 h (P < .001). Circulating TNFalpha was increased by LPS at 2 and 4 h after treatment (P < .001), and an apparent (not statistically significant) increase in haptoglobin also occurred in challenged animals. The LPS injection suppressed IGF-I by 2 h following treatment (P < .01), and circulating IGF-I remained reduced relative to controls through 44 h. Overall, GH was increased in LPS-treated pigs (P < .05), although the treatment x time interaction was not significant. Plasma PGE2 was increased transiently at 2 h (P < .05) and then subsequently suppressed at 4, 8, and 12 h following LPS (P < .05). This study provides a comprehensive view of systemic effects of LPS on components of the HPA, growth, and immune axes. In addition, these are the first data to document changes in circulating PGE2 in unrestrained animals during the early hours of the acute phase response to LPS.
An Analysis of Services for Victims of Marital Rape

Abstract This case study examines the official incidence rate of marital rape and the subsequent services available to these victims in the Richmond (Virginia) metropolitan area. The present study examines services provided and evaluates these services using a model developed by Koss and Harvey (1987) who proposed five dimensions of assessment: availability, accessibility, quantity, quality, and legitimacy. The purpose of the study is to determine if the services provided to these victims offer a supportive community response to marital rape. Victim service providers were identified by the researchers, subsequently interviewed, and asked to indicate others who might offer services to such victims. This snowball sampling technique resulted in identifying all possible service agencies that may or may not provide services specifically to victims of marital rape. All service providers identified were interviewed. The results indicate very few officially reported incidents of marital rape; however, two agencie...
Implementation and outcomes of forensic Housing First programs

This mixed-method study used administrative data from 68 supportive housing programs and evaluative and qualitative site visit data from a subset of four forensic programs to (a) compare fidelity to the Housing First model and residential client outcomes between forensic and nonforensic programs and (b) investigate whether and how providers working in forensic programs can navigate competing Housing First principles and criminal justice mandates. Quantitative findings suggested that forensic programs were less likely to follow a harm reduction approach to substance use and clients in those programs were more likely to live in congregate settings. Qualitative findings suggested that an interplay of court involvement, limited resources, and risk environments influenced staff decisions regarding housing and treatment. Existing mental health and criminal justice collaborations necessitate adaptation to the Housing First model to accommodate client needs.
Palliative Care Consultation and Associated End-of-Life Care After Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Deactivation:

The presence of cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators complicates making end-of-life (EOL) medical decisions. Palliative care/medicine consultation (PCMC) may benefit patients and primary providers, but data are lacking. We retrospectively reviewed 150 charts of patients who underwent device deactivation at our tertiary care center (between November 1, 2008, and September 1, 2012), assessing for PCMC and outcomes. Overall, 42% of patients received a PCMC, and 68% of those PCMCs specifically addressed device deactivation. Median survival following deactivation was 2 days, with 42% of deaths occurring within 1 day of deactivation. There was no difference in survival between the groups. The EOL care for patients with implanted cardiac devices is complex, but PCMC may assist with symptom management and clarification of goals of care for such patients.
Discerning the piezoelectric quality of CdS and ZnO crystals and films from etch properties

Several tests have been used over the years to determine the quality of piezoelectric crystals and films. Chemical etching, (destructive to a portion of the crystal or film), reveals information which can be related to its piezoelectric properties. Acid etching of CdS and ZnO crystals and films is highly anisotropic depending upon whether the acid attacks the cadmium-zinc face or the sulfide-oxide face, or laterally to the c-axis. The etch pit density per unit area is a useful parameter for both crystals and films and can be used for comparison with piezoelectric related properties. By controlling the percentage of the acid etchant in water, direct comparisons can be made of film properties under different deposition conditions. This paper presents the results of etching studies on CdS and ZnO crystals and sputtered thin-films with comparisons to their crystalline, piezoelectric, and device properties.
Cross-type recidivism among child maltreatment victims and perpetrators.

Abstract Objective: This study investigated the extent to which child maltreatment victims and perpetrators were reported for different types of maltreatment over time (cross-type recidivism). Second, this study examined whether certain individual, community or child welfare service variables were associated with a tendency for the first recidivism event to be the same as the initial report among cases involving sexual abuse, physical abuse and neglect. Method: Statewide administrative data on child abuse reporting at the child and perpetrator levels were linked to data on child welfare services and census information to examine cross-type recidivism prospectively for 4.5 years. Analyses include descriptive and logistic regression techniques. Results: There was substantial cross-type recidivism at both the child and perpetrator levels, with neglect being the most common recidivism type. Among neglect cases, “lack of supervision” was the most frequent subtype at time of re-report regardless of the initial subtype of neglect reported. Predictors of remaining within-type varied by the type of maltreatment initially reported and by perpetrator compared to child-level analyses. For example, among physical abuse cases, older child victims were more likely to remain within-type, while the opposite was true for neglect. Conclusions: Cross-type recidivism is common among re-reported cases of maltreatment. Non-neglect cases that re-reported to child welfare agencies are likely to return for neglect. Child welfare risk assessment, service provision, and research on children and families with a recidivism event should be focused neglect and on broad areas of need and risk rather than rely on typologies based on the index event. Researchers attempting to model recurrent maltreatment should consider recurrence at the child and perpetrator levels separately.
A Denotative Dimension of Meaning for the Mentally Ill-Healthy Role in Society

Summary.-The problem of measuring meaning continues to present concepmal and methodological difficulty in research. In most cases, attirudinal or connotative meanings are elicited from social objects particularly role sets, cultural groups or specialized aggregates. But in some cases, the scaling of a denotative object like a role set would have desirable advantages. For the mentally ill-healthy role set, this could mean avoiding stereotypic responses provided the scales were sufficiently projective. To exploit this possibility, a differential scale representing the ill-healthy roles was tested under various conditions of control. The findings suggest that the ill-healthy items adequately scale and distinguish between the concept criteria. A further theoretical implication was tested, showing that the mentally ill-healthy roles were not significantly different when compared to he evaluational dimension of the semantic differential implying that legitimacy (tendency to sanction) is the central focus of meaning for this dyadic structure. The study of human communications, unlike other areas of social behavior, has fortunately experienced the effects of cross fertilization especially from the more entrenched behavioral sciences (White, 1964; Carter, 1960). Countless interpretations have persjstenrly been proposed regarding the question of meaning without securing a single parsimonioi~s explanation for the transmission and comprehension of social symbols. Lack of a general theory may in itself be an indication of the fact that meaning is equivocal and not a unitary problem (Kanungo & Dutta, 1968). Many factors contribute to a behavioral act of communication and research will undoubtedly continue to add factors with occasional attempts at integration. The present research will concentrate upon the possibility of investigating the mentally ill-healthy roles, along a denotative dimension which explicitly identifies the role referents by scaling them in terms analogous to the commonly held cultural meanings. While many cultural artifacts possess clear and explicit descriptive titles, social roles are not always fortunate in specifying a cognitive identity. Although many roles are openly visible and convincing to the observer, behavioral activities cannot be measured without controlled inquiry (Rushing, 1964). Controlled observation of the mentally ill role has confused social recognition because of the numerous professional distinctions that delimit what is a proper object of social analysis (Noe, 1968). The problem of identification for role positions is further compounded because social roles manifest behaviors, operate in complex environments, and also may associate with numerous other roles which may differ in status.
Feasibility of an integrated optics surface plasmon modulator

The design and fabrication of a surface plasmon resonance electro- optic polymer light modulator in a bulk format is discussed. Initial experimental results are presented which demonstrate up to 18.5% modulation for a surface plasmon modulator constructed on the base of a SF-59 window using a silver/polymer/silver configuration. A theoretical model for the miniaturization of this device into an integrated optical configuration is presented. The potential benefits and obstacles associated with fabricating this device in an integrated configuration are discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Focus in creative learning: drawing on art for language development

This article asks what happens to the learning of young children when they work regularly with a professional visual artist in their school. Through Creative Partnerships, a national programme initiated in 2002 to bring creative professionals into schools across England, some school children have had the opportunity for sustained project work with artists. Examined here is the context in which children (ages 4, 5, 6 and 7) worked one day a week during the academic year of 2003–2004 with Roy Smith, resident artist in Hythe Community School. Key to the children's drawing, painting and talking was close focused attention on details of three-dimensional objects, portraits, still-life works and their own creations. Smith's conversations with the children routinely included three and four-syllable technical terms, biographical details of artists' lives and comparative critiques. Within several months, the art of the children reflected understanding of concepts such as foregrounding, and they showed confidence in working with problems Smith set up for them (“What do you think would happen if …?”). Particularly important here is the combination of manual and linguistic work that demands attention to detail, receptive understanding of complex terms and processes, and familiarity with the analytical and sequential thinking needed to identify and solve problems.
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has been shown to be superior to radiotherapy (RT) alone in several clinical therapeutic settings for head and neck cancer (HNC). In unresectable disease, CRT is superior to RT alone, and for resectable advanced disease, it may serve as a substitute for initial surgery, with planned salvage surgery as a backup. In the postoperative setting, clinical trials suggest that CRT is superior to RT alone. Recent results of phase II studies suggest that the addition of induction chemotherapy to CRT may further enhance outcome through eradication of systemic metastases, although this will require prospective evaluation in randomized clinical trials. Additionally, chemotherapy given with hyperfractionated RT leads to improved outcome versus hyperfractionated RT alone. The optimal CRT regimen is still a matter of debate and ongoing study.
Learning and diffusing the lessons of counterinsurgency : The U.S. military from Vietnam to Iraq

Abstract The U.S. military entered the conflict in Iraq intellectually and organizationally unprepared for counterinsurgency, initially engaging in operations that were often counterproductive. The difficulties in learning and diffusing counterinsurgency strategy stems both from the complexity and poorly understood nature of counterinsurgency, and from the organizational identities of the U.S. armed forces, which lead them to focus on high-tech, mechanized warfare. This makes the learning of counterinsurgency techniques a cyclical process, with periods of “forgetting” following periods of rapid learning.
THE SYNTHESIS AND EVOLUTION OF NETWORKS OF HEAT EXCHANGE THAT FEATURE THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF UNITS

An important problem in the design of chemical processes is that of bringing process streams from their temperatures of availability to the temperatures at which they are needed without undue cost. An important strategy for reducing the cost of doing this is heat recovery: Using the heat available from streams to be cooled to service streams to be heated. In the absence of nonthermodynamic constraints, it is not difficult to assess the amount of heal recovery possible; and methods have been proposed (Linnhoff and Flower, 1978) that allow full heat recovery to be systematically obtained. The networks to which these methods lead are, however, more complex than necessary. Typically, therefore, those methods have been augmented with techniques for the evolutionary development of the initial network in order to simplify its structure, usually by minimizing the number of “matches” between streams. The present work proposes a simple method for exploiting features of maximally simple networks (those that have as ...