cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattering properties of multicomponent polymer solutions: polyelectrolytes, homopolymer mixtures and diblock copolymer

This article reviews the understanding of static and dynamic scattering properties of multicomponent polymer systems in solution achieved during the past decade. We shall describe particularly ternary polymer systems which include polyelectrolyte solutions (polyion/counter-ions/water), mixture of homopolymers (A and B)/solvent and the case of diblock copolymer (A-B, linear or cyclic) solutions. The purpose of this paper is not an extensive survey of theoretical and experimental results obtained on the scattering behavior of these systems but rather an updating of recent results. For polyelectrolyte systems we shall focus, by means of scattering techniques, on the conformation of the polyelectrolyte chain and on the structure of the system induced by the dominant electrostatic interactions in solution involving polyions, counter-ions and solvent. As for the mixture of homopolymers in solution and diblock copolymer/solvent systems, we shall mainly discuss their dynamic behavior and show that using linear response theory and the Random Phase Approximation (RPA), two relaxation modes describe the autocorrelation functions as revealed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) or/and Neutron Spin Echo (NSE) techniques : the first mode characterizes the concentration fluctuations and the second one the composition fluctuations. We shall discuss the scattering properties of these systems on the basis of recent developments with emphasis on possible coiling of the polyelectrolyte chain at low charge density and also how important parameters such as the mobility of the chain (diffusion process) and the interaction parameter (compatibility), which control the dynamics and the thermodynamics in homopolymer mixtures and diblock copolymer systems, could be deduced from scattering experiments.
A novel triangulation method for building parallel-perspective stereo mosaics

In this paper, we propose an improved triangulation method for building parallel-perspective stereo mosaics using ray interpolation. The currently available fast PRISM (Parallel Ray Interpolation for Stereo Mosaicing) uses a constant triangulation technique that does not take advantage of the spatial information. This works well when the inter-frame displacement in the video is small. However, for large inter-frame displacements, hence large motion parallax, we observe visual artifacts in the mosaics when the source triangles in the video frames are warped into destination triangles in the mosaics using affine transformations. Our method uses the edge information present in the scene to ensure that triangles do not cross over from one planar facet to the other. The video frames are segmented and the edges are obtained from the boundaries of different segments. The motion over the entire region in each triangle is constant. Hence, this method avoids unwanted warping of objects with large motion parallax in the scene and reduces the visual artifacts. The performance of our proposed technique is demonstrated on a series of simple to complex video imagery collected by utilizing cameras and airborne sensors.
Studies on the thymus of the mammal. XVI. Lipopigment cells in the cortex of the thymus of the mouse.

In the thymic cortex of mice, certain distinctive lipid-rich cells, termed foamy cells, were described by Loewenthal and Smith ('52). The abundant cytoplasmic, sudanophilic inclusions of these cells were autofluorescent and PAS positive; these characteristics and others indicated the presence of chromolipoid. Cytochemical reinvestigation of these cells demonstrated acid phosphatase and esterase activities in the cytoplasm. Ultrastructural study of these cells revealed a polymorphic population of residual bodies, most likely of lysosomal origin. Further evidence suggests that a pigment is present which corresponds to an early stage in the development of lipofuscin as stated by Pearse ('60). The characteristics supporting this conclusion are: (1) natural yellow color, (2) yellow fluorescence, (3) weak basophilia, (4) moderate reducing capacity, (5) positive plasmal and PAS reactions, (6) coloring with oil soluble dyes, and (7) variably acid fast. Because of these cytochemical and ultrastructural properties, it is here proposed that these cells should now be called lipopigment cells. Differences in nuclear pattern indicate that they are both epithelial and mesenchymal in origin. Large lipopigment cells gradually develop from smaller cells and accumulate the distinctive cytoplasmic inclusions. Some of these cells are phagocytic. Evidence suggests that the lipopigment cells are long-lived. The origin of this pigment and its significance in thymic function are unknown.
CoGIS: a cooperative geographical information system

ABSTRACT Knowledge-based cooperative query answering facilities have been introduced to the GISfor approximate query answering. We use context-sensitive spatial type abstraction hierar-chies to provide such cooperative capabilities. As a result, the ranges of the approximate spatial operators can be automatically determined by STAlls, rather than specified by domain experts. Thus these operators are context-sensitive. Further, STAlls can be gen-erated automatically from geographic databases and thus is scalable. A prototype system - CoGIS - has been implemented to incorporate these cooperative capabilities. 1 INTRODUCTION Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are gaining popularity in recent years. A conventional GISincorporates digitized maps with database systems. This integration of the geographical/spatial andfactual information in GIS greatly facilitates the information retrieval and analysis. In particular, it is useful in a wide range of applications dealing with geographical and topological data, such
Day-roost tree selection by northern long-eared bats—What do non-roost tree comparisons and one year of data really tell us?

Abstract Bat day-roost selection often is described through comparisons of day-roosts with randomly selected, and assumed unused, trees. Relatively few studies, however, look at patterns of multi-year selection or compare day-roosts used across years. We explored day-roost selection using 2 years of roost selection data for female northern long-eared bats ( Myotis septentrionalis ) on the Fort Knox Military Reservation, Kentucky, USA. We compared characteristics of randomly selected non-roost trees and day-roosts using a multinomial logistic model and day-roost species selection using chi-squared tests. We found that factors differentiating day-roosts from non-roosts and day-roosts between years varied. Day-roosts differed from non-roosts in the first year of data in all measured factors, but only in size and decay stage in the second year. Between years, day-roosts differed in size and canopy position, but not decay stage. Day-roost species selection was non-random and did not differ between years. Although bats used multiple trees, our results suggest that there were additional unused trees that were suitable as roosts at any time. Day-roost selection pattern descriptions will be inadequate if based only on a single year of data, and inferences of roost selection based only on comparisons of roost to non-roosts should be limited.
Crossover from diffusive to ballistic transport properties in magnetic multilayers

We develop a theoretical model for computing the spin-dependent transport properties of magnetic multilayers in the presence of ballistic scattering at the interfaces and diffusive scattering within the layers for currents perpendicular to the plane of the layers. The local chemical potentials are found to be momentum and spin dependent in the vicinity of regions with ballistic scattering. We have derived the approximate macroscopic equations from the Boltzmann equation by taking into account both ballistic and diffusive scattering. With these equations, realistic data of the reflection coefficients from ab initio calculations can be explicitly included in computing magnetotransport properties. We apply our formulation to a number of interesting magnetic multilayer structures.
A Dream of Maya

. Dream of Maya: Augustus and Alice Le Plongeon in Nineteenth-Century Yucatan. Lawrence Gustave Desmond and Phillis Mauch Messenger Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988. xl. 147 pp., bibliography, Index. $19.95 (paper). ISBN 0-8263-1000-1
Opportunity costs of drug prohibition.

R. S. Gable Les substances psychoactives peuvent etre benefiques mais comportent aussi des risques. Les benefices esperes par les personnes qui obeissent aux lois de l'interdiction (tout comme les couts de l'application de ces lois contre les usagers actuels et pretendus) devraient etre reconnus lorsqu'ils prennent en consideration la dimension ethique des politiques sur la drogue. Les personnes plus âgees ou en fin de vie, qui seraient davantage susceptibles de profiter des bienfaits d'une dimension psychologique ou spirituelle, ont presentement moins acces aux substances psychoactives que les personnes plus jeunes qui tendent a utiliser ces substances pour leur plaisir. Le principe de justice de distribution suggere que les citoyens qui respectent la loi ne devraient pas souffrir de maniere disproportionnee des couts des politiques non-executoires de la prohibition. Une politique alternative positive autoriserait les citoyens adultes a acceder a certaines substances psychoactives, comparables en securite et en efficacite aux drogues prescrites actuellement a des fins medicales, en tant que ressource facultative pour leur propre usage et selon leurs besoins.
Normalizing medicine: between "intersexuals" and individuals with "Disorders of Sex Development".

In this paper, I apply Michel Foucault’s analysis of normalization to the 2006 announcement by the US and European Endocrinological Societies that variations on the term “hermaphrodite” and “intersex” would be replaced by the term, “Disorders of Sex Development” or DSD. I argue that the change should be understood as normalizing in a positive sense; rather than fighting for the demedicalization of conditions that have significant consequences for individuals’ health, this change can promote the transformation of the conceptualization of intersex conditions from “disorders like no other” to “disorders like many others.” Understood in these terms, I conclude, medical attention to those with atypical anatomies should be recast from a preoccupation with “normal appearance” to the concern with human flourishing that is the proper object of medical attention.
Emotional & electroencephalographic responses during affective picture viewing after exercise

We examined the effects of 30 min of cycling exercise at a moderate intensity of 50% peak oxygen uptake, compared to 30 min of rest, on changes in emotional responses to pictorial foreground stimuli that reliably elicit unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant affect. Emotional responses were measured by self-reports of valence (unpleasant to pleasant) and arousal (low to high) and by hemispheric asymmetry (R-L) of frontal and parietal brain electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in 13 females and 21 males (24+/-3 y). Compared to after rest, self-reports of arousal in response to unpleasant slides were diminished after exercise, but self-reports of valence and frontal asymmetry of alpha frequencies were generally unchanged. Even so, there were differential responses in asymmetry in the beta frequencies in the frontal region and for alpha and beta frequencies in the parietal region, indicative of decreased activity in the left frontal and right parietal regions after exercise compared to after rest. We conclude that moderately intense cycling exercise generally does not alter emotional responding to pleasant and neutral pictures, but may reduce emotional arousal during exposure to unpleasant stimuli.
The impact of rheumatoid arthritis on rehabilitation outcomes after lower extremity arthroplasty.

Background: Medical rehabilitation after lower extremity arthroplasty is an integral part of recovery and a critical step in returning to independent mobility. We hypothesized that rehabilitation may take longer for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) versus osteoarthritis (OA) because joint pain, swelling, and deformities are generally worse among persons with RA. Objectives: To determine the impact of RA on length of rehabilitation stay and rehabilitation functional status gain after arthroplasty. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using a national registry of US medical rehabilitation inpatients admitted after a lower extremity arthroplasty between 1994 and 2001. Sample included 1361 patients with RA and 26,096 patients with OA. The main outcome measure was functional status gain as assessed by the functional independence measure (FIM). Our primary analytic method was linear regression. Covariates were age, gender, race/ethnicity, other comorbidity, admission FIM, and site of arthroplasty. Results: Mean length of stay for patients with RA was 11.3 7.1 days (mean standard deviation) versus 10.3 6.5 days for those with OA. Mean weekly gain was 18.6 12.1 for patients with RA versus 20.6 12.0 for those with OA. After adjusting for covariates, RA was associated with longer stay (0.7 day) and lower FIM gain (2.6). Conclusions: RA was associated with longer length of rehabilitation stay and lower FIM gain in patients with lower extremity arthroplasty. Such patients may require additional monitoring to ensure sufficient rehabilitation.
Respiratory effects on systolic time intervals during pericardial effusion.

Pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade is defined by the detection of excessive pericardial fluid without clinical manifestations, particularly pulsus paradoxus (inspiratory decrease in systolic blood pressure > 10 mm Hg) and jugular venous distention. Nineteen consecutive patients without heart or lung disease who had pericardial findings and no evidence of tamponade were investigated by echocardiography: 14 with pericardial effusion and 5 with noneffusive (“dry”) pericarditis. Patients with effusion had an inspiratory decrease in left ventricular ejection time (ΔLVET) of 17.9 ± 5.78 ms and an increase in preejection period (ΔPEP) of 12.1 ± 3.78 ms, each well beyond the respective respiratory changes measured in normal subjects. The 5 control patients with dry pericarditis had a mean ΔLVET and ΔPEP of only 8.0 and 7.0 ms, respectively. Of the 14 patients with effusion, 6 whose systolic pressure showed no respiratory change had mean ΔLVET of 13.7 ms and ΔPEP of 11.2 ms, comparable to the other 8 patients with effusion who had a respiratory change of 2 to 10 mm Hg. We conclude that although pulsus paradoxus was not present, excessive pericardial fluid is not physiologically inert. If a satisfactory echocardiogram is not available, exaggerated respiratory fluctuation in systolic time intervals may be evidence of excessive pericardial fluid.
Low-temperature dynamical simulation of spin-boson systems

The dynamics of spin-boson systems at very low temperatures has been studied using a real-time path-integral simulation technique, which combines a stochastic Monte Carlo sampling over the quantum fluctuations with an exact treatment of the quasiclassical degrees of freedom. To a large degree, this special technique circumvents the dynamical sign problem and allows the dynamics to be studied directly up to long real times in a numerically exact manner. This method has been applied to two important problems: (1) crossover from nonadiabatic to adiabatic behavior in electron-transfer reactions, (2) the zero-temperature dynamics in the antiferromagnetic Kondo region 1/2K1, where K is Kondo's parameter.
Towards understanding the foundations of Deming's theory of management

Abstract W. Edwards Deming's management writings are used to deduce a set of axioms which can be viewed as the most basic assumptions or the foundation of his theory of management. These axioms are used to deduce some of the propositions that are the most important tenets of Deming's management theory. The relationship between Deming's familiar 14 points for management and the axioms and propositions are discussed. Issues that practicing managers need to address when implementing Deming's management philosophy are discussed.
Dual‐band branch‐line coupler using double‐sided parallel‐strip line

In this article, a three branch-line coupler is proposed for the dual-band application. The coupler can operate at two arbitrary frequencies and be realized on double-sided parallel-strip line (DSPSL). One of the advantages of the DSPSL is easy realization of high impedance transmission line. The circuit design parameters are derived using the even and odd mode analysis. The measured results show a good performance at 3 and 5.77 GHz. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1898–1900, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26952
Detection of picomole levels of hydroperoxides using a fluorescent dichlorofluorescein assay

A highly sensitive fluorometric method for the quantitation of cholesterol, lipid, and other hydroperoxides at the picomole level is described. The method is based on the oxidation of dichlorofluoroscin to the fluorescent dichlorofluoroscein by hydroperoxide and hematin under mild conditions. A 1:1 stoichiometry is observed between the hydroperoxide added and the dichlorofluoroscein produced. Since endoperoxides (e.g., PGH2) do not react in the assay, they do not interfere in the determination of lipid hydroperoxides.
Effects of d-amphetamine on speaking in isolated humans.

The effects of oral d-amphetamine, 5--20 mg were studied in isolated humans who produced speech monologues during experimental sessions. Drug effects were studied under double-blind conditions by making repeated observations within each subject after placebo or active drug. In the first experiment, d-amphetamine 15 mg was studied in 4 isolated subjects who had received instructions that they should talk some of the time during experimental sessions. All subjects spoke more after active drug than after placebo. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine 5--20 mg was studied in 4 subjects who were instructed to talk, but who also earned points under a fixed interval 5 min schedule by speaking (i.e. by closure of a voice operated relay). Point delivery did not generally influence patterns of speech over time. Reliable drug produced increases in amount of talking were observed in 3 of 4 subjects. Adjective checklist self report scores indicating a stimulant drug effect were also sensitive to effects of d-amphetamine. Under controlled laboratory conditions, an increase in speaking is a reliable behavioral effect of d-amphetamine in isolated humans producing speech monologues.
Has Reform in Teacher Education Influenced Teacher Performance? An Outcome Assessment of Graduates of an Eleven-University Consortium

Abstract This article describes the efforts of eleven universities and colleges to assess their teacher education programs based on broad, commonly held outcomes. Performance evaluations and self reports of nearly 1400 recent teacher education graduates allowed a comparison of traditional and extended programs and an assessment of recent graduates. The authors provide results of data collected around four outcome measures: entry of teachers into the profession, retention in the profession, classroom performance, and leadership behavior. School principals rated eighty-eight percent of consortium graduates in the top two quartiles of classroom performance. Extended program graduates entered teaching at significantly higher rates than did graduates of four-year programs and stayed in teaching significantly longer. Extended program graduates reported significantly higher rates of engagement in certain teacher-related leadership roles.
The anatomy of A-, B-, and Z-DNA

Recent advances in DNA synthesis methods have made it possible to carry out single-crystal x-ray analyses of double-stranded DNA molecules of predetermined sequence, with 4 to 12 base pairs. At least one example has been examined from each of the three known families of DNA helix: A, B, and Z. Each family has its own intrinsic restrictions on chain folding and structure. The observed solvent positions in these crystal structures have confirmed earlier fiber and solution measurements, and have led to proposals explaining the transitions from B to A and from B to Z helices. Prospects are improving for an understanding of the mode of bending of DNA in chromatin, and the way in which specific DNA sequences are recognized by drug molecules and repressor proteins.
Protection against radiation-induced mutagenesis at the hprt locus by spermine and N, N″-(dithiodi-2, 1-ethanediyl)bis-1,3-propanediamine (WR-33278)

The polyamine spermine and the disulfide N,N"-(dithiodi-2,1-ethanediyl)bis-1,3-propanediamine (WR-33278) are structurally similar agents capable of binding to DNA. WR-33278 is the disulfide moiety of the clinically studied radioprotective agent S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721). Because of their reported structural and functional similarities, it was of interest to compare their effects on cell survival and mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus in Chinese hamster AA8 cells. WR-33278 and spermine (at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.001 mM) were electroporated into cells. Electroporation, 300 V and 125 microF, was performed either 30 min prior to or 3 h following exposure of cells to 750 cGy of ionizing radiation. Electroporation alone reduced cell survival to 75% but had no effect on hprt mutation frequency. The electroporation of either spermine or WR-33278 at concentrations greater than 0.01 mM was extremely toxic. The exposure of cells to both electroporation and irradiation gave rise to enhanced cell killing and mutation induction, with the sequence of irradiation followed 3 h later by electroporation being the more toxic protocol. Cell survival was only enhanced following electroporation of 0.01 mM of spermine and WR-33278 30 min prior to irradiation. Protection against radiation-induced hprt mutations was observed for both spermine and WR-33278 under all experimental conditions tested. Spermine at exposure concentrations of 0.01 and 0.001 mM administered 30 min before or 3 h after irradiation reduced mutation frequencies by factors of 2.2, 1.2, 1.9 and 2.2, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recovering a website's server components from the web infrastructure

Our previous research has shown that the collective behavior of search engine caches (e.g., Google, Yahoo, Live Search) and web archives (e.g., Internet Archive) results in the uncoordinated but large-scale refreshing and migrating of web resources. Interacting with these caches and archives, which we call the Web Infrastructure (WI), allows entire websites to be reconstructed in an approach we call lazy preservation. Unfortunately, the WI only captures the client-side view of a web resource. While this may be useful for recovering much of the content of a website, it is not helpful for restoring the scripts, web server configuration, databases, and other server-side components responsible for the construction of the website's resources.This paper proposes a novel technique for storing and recovering the server-side components of a website from the WI. Using erasure codes to embed the server-side components as HTML comments throughout the website, we can effectively reconstruct all the server components of a website when only a portion of the client-side resources have been extracted from the WI. We present the results of a preliminary study that baselines the lazy preservation of ten EPrints repositories and then examines the preservation of an EPrints repository that uses the erasure code technique to store the server-side EPrints software throughout the website. We found nearly 100% of the EPrints components were recoverable from the WI just two weeks after the repository came online, and it remained recoverable four months after it was "lost".
In Vitro Studies of Glucocorticoid Effects on Neurons and Astrocytesa

Studies using immunocytochemistry and RNase protection assay demonstrate that glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR, MR) and their corresponding mRNAs are co-expressed in hippocampal neurons cultured in serum-free, defined medium and at lower levels in cultured astrocytes. Addition of serum or medium conditioned by astrocytes increases the levels of MR mRNA, but has little effect on the levels of GR mRNA. Cellular levels of both GR mRNA and MR mRNA are upregulated by growth of embryonic hippocampal neurons in corticosterone. This is in distinct contrast to regulation of receptor expression in vivo where mRNAs for these receptors are downregulated in the rat hippocampus by corticosterone treatment of the adult adrenalectomized rat. However, in cultured astrocytes, GR and MR mRNAs are also downregulated by corticosterone. To begin to define the role of glucocorticoids in gene expression in astrocytes, we have used giant two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis to separate astrocyte cellular proteins and translation products synthesized in vitro from astrocyte poly A+ RNA. Analysis of approximately 1,500 in vitro translation products by giant 2D gel electrophoresis reveals 11 protein inductions and 1 repression that occur at the level of mRNA in the absence of protein synthesis following treatment of astrocytes with corticosterone. Interestingly, these changes appear to be mediated by GR, but not by MR. The in vitro studies described here are relevant to identifying the role of GR and MR in gene expression in specific cell types in the hippocampus.
Electrolyte content of the cerebral cortex in developing rats after prenatal x-radiation.

Bei in utero rontgenbestrahlten Rattenembryonen wurden die Elektrolyte im Gehirncortex bestimmt. Wahrend der K-Gehalt unverandert blieb, war derjenige von Na und Cl bei 9 Tage alten Tieren erniedrigt. Zytologische Veranderungen, durch pranatale Bestrahlung verursacht, waren mit diesen Befunden korreliert.
Problem-Based Group Activities for Teaching Sensation and Perception

This article describes 14 problem-based group activities for a sensation and perception course. The intent was to provide opportunities for students to practice applying their knowledge to real-world problems related to course content. Student ratings of how effectively the activities helped them learn were variable but relatively high. Students rated their ability to apply their knowledge of sensation and perception to real-world issues substantially higher at the end of the course than at the beginning. Furthermore, student performance on an objective assessment of knowledge was significantly higher at the end of the semester than at the beginning. The results provide preliminary evidence that it is possible to develop an effective sensation and perception course that incorporates problem-based learning activities.
Expanding the pool of PCR-based markers for oat

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based markers are generally more rapid and less expensive to assay than hybridization-based markers (e.g., restriction fragment length polymorphisms [RFLP]), making them useful for breeding applications, but few of such markers are available for oat (Avena sativa L.). Approaches to develop new markers cheaply include using primer pairs designed for other species or using publicly available sequence information. In this study we report on the design of 32 markers using publicly available oat sequence data and on the map locations of 20 loci from 16 markers on the oat ‘Ogle’ × ‘TAM O-301’ population.
Partial-wave unitarity constraints on the axigluon mass.

We consider two-body scattering processes involving axigluons (the massive color-octet gauge bosons present in all chiral-color models) and heavy quarks, especially QQ\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}QQ\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} (mediated by s- and t-channel axigluons A). Calculating tree-level partial-wave amplitudes ${a}_{J}$ for these processes and demanding that \ensuremath{\Vert}${a}_{J}$\ensuremath{\Vert}1 so that perturbation theory is valid we find constraints of the form ${g}_{s}$${M}_{Q}$${M}_{A}$. Using collider limits on the top-quark mass we find the lower bound ${M}_{A}$g29 GeV if the perturbative expansion for such processes is not to break down which is better than any previous limit derived directly from experiment.
Acute increase in expression of growth associated protein GAP-43 following cortical ischemia in rat.

Focal cerebral ischemia creates an area of infarction that is surrounded by neuronal tissue that may respond to nearby damage by creating neurite growth. To determine if axonal sprouting occurs after infarction, antibodies to growth associated protein MW 43,000 (GAP-43), a protein expressed on axonal growth cones, were used to assess the level of GAP-43 immunoreactivity as a measure of sprouting. Cerebral ischemia was induced in spontaneously hypertensive rats by permanently occluding the distal middle cerebral artery and ipsilateral common carotid artery. After 1 week of recovery, the animals were perfused, the brains removed, processed, and optical densities of the immunoreaction were measured. The cortex surrounding the infarcted area had increased optical densities (mean +/- S.D. = 14.2% +/- 5.5) compared to the optical density values measured in similar areas in the contralateral hemisphere (mean +/- S.D. = 6.0% +/- 3.3), a 136% increase that is statistically significant, P < 0.05 Student's t-test. We hypothesize that this increase in GAP-43 reaction product is due to axonal sprouting in the cortex surrounding an area of infarction. These data, coupled with previous work examining synaptophysin levels after cortical infarction, support the hypothesis of sprouting and synaptogenesis in the cortex following cerebral infarction.
Seven habits of spectacularly unsuccessful people

Creating catastrophic corporate collapse requires some truly awesome personal characteristics, argues Sydney Finkelstein. Unfortunately, they are often the very same qualities we profess to most admire and value in business leaders.
An objective estimate of energy intake during weight gain using the intake-balance method

Background: Estimates of energy intake (EI) in humans have limited validity. Objective: The objective was to test the accuracy and precision of the intake-balance method to estimate EI during weight gain induced by overfeeding. Design: In 2 studies of controlled overfeeding (1 inpatient study and 1 outpatient study), baseline energy requirements were determined by a doubly labeled water study and caloric titration to weight maintenance. Overfeeding was prescribed as 140% of baseline energy requirements for 56 d. Changes in weight, fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) were used to estimate change in energy stores (ΔES). Overfeeding EI was estimated as the sum of baseline energy requirements, thermic effect of food, and ΔES. The estimated overfeeding EI was then compared with the actual EI consumed in the metabolic chamber during the last week of overfeeding. Results: In inpatient individuals, calculated EI during overfeeding determined from ΔES in FM and FFM was (mean ± SD) 3461 ± 848 kcal/d, which was not significantly (−29 ± 273 kcal/d or 0.8%; limits of agreement: −564, 505 kcal/d; P = 0.78) different from the actual EI provided (3490 ± 729 kcal/d). Estimated EI determined from ΔES in weight closely estimated actual intake (−7 ± 193 kcal/d or 0.2%; limits of agreement: −386, 370 kcal/d; P = 0.9). In free-living individuals, estimated EI during overfeeding determined from ΔES in FM and FFM was 4123 ± 500 kcal/d and underestimated actual EI (4286 ± 488 kcal/d; −162 ± 301 kcal or 3.8%; limits of agreement: −751, 427 kcal/d; P = 0.003). Estimated EI determined from ΔES in weight also underestimated actual intake (−159 ± 270 kcal/d or 3.7%; limits of agreement: −688, 370 kcal/d; P = 0.001). Conclusion: The intake-balance method can be used to estimate EI during a period of weight gain as a result of 40% overfeeding in individuals who are inpatients or free-living with only a slight underestimate of actual EI by 0.2–3.8%. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00565149","term_id":"NCT00565149"}}NCT00565149 and {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01672632","term_id":"NCT01672632"}}NCT01672632.
FACTOR ACCUMULATION AND THE TERMS OF TRADE: APPLICATIONS TO THE ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS

. This paper investigates the effects of population growth and capital accumulation on trade and welfare. In the absence of a terms of trade effect, an population increase reduces the standard of living and causes a reduction in welfare. An increase in population causes deterioration in the terms of trade of a labour abundant country, whereas capital accumulation improves them, regardless of the source of growth. Moreover, an increase in the South's population is immiserizing.
Neuroanatomical differentiation in the brain of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). I. Volumetric comparisons with WKY control.

A series of measurements was made to assess the morphology of the brain of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The SHR brain was smaller than that of age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls in a majority of measures of external surface landmarks. This reduction in size was evident in the youngest age group examined (94 days) and persisted in older groups (170, 240 and 350 days). The brain of the SHR was also smaller in terms of brain weight and brain weight:body weight ratios. Section-by-section digitized analyses of coronal histologic sections from 94-day-old rats revealed significant reductions in mean cross-sectional area and volume of midbrain/pons (10%) and hindbrain (11%) regions, but not of forebrain, in the SHR. Alterations in the mediolateral dimension, particularly within the pontomedullary brainstem, accounted for more of these volumetric changes than those in the dorsoventral dimension. Using the same coronal sections, it was found that surface areas and volumes of five indi...
A toolset for navigation in virtual environments

Maintaining knowledge of current position and orienta- tion is frequently a problem for people in virtual environ- ments. In this paper we present a toolset of techniques based on principles of navigation derived from real world analogs. We include a discussion of human and avian navigation behaviors and show how knowledge about them were used to design our tools. We also sum- marize an informal study we performed to determine how our tools influenced the subjects' navigation behav- ior. We conclude that principles extracted from real world navigation aids such as maps can be seen to apply in virtual environments. Our basic approach to this research begins with a charac- terization of the problem domain in terms of its key char- acteristics. This means we must develop a classification of virtual environments, navigational tasks, and orienta- tion. We also want to consider human abilities, both in- nate and artificially enhanced. Based on our best understanding, we build tools to aid users in the naviga- tional tasks we have identified. Empirical studies of the tools are then used to evaluate their effectiveness. In many cases, we hope to begin to understand why certain tools are more effective than others and to feed this knowledge back into our theoretical framework. Even in the physical world, the natural navigational abil- ities of humans and other animals are not completely un- derstood. When the world is a virtual one, the problem is exacerbated by the degradation of sensory cues resulting from poor resolution, device latencies, and other short- comings of current technologies. As virtual spaces be- come larger, more abstract, and more dynamic, the cues and stimuli associated with the physical world may be lacking altogether. This paper focuses specifically on navigation and the ef- fects differing tools and environmental cues have on the way in which people perform a simple set of generic ex- ploration and searching tasks. We will begin with a brief summary of a classification of virtual worlds intended to set the context for the rest of the paper. We will then summarize some hypotheses concerning navigational ca- pabilities of humans and birds. Finally, we will describe a toolset of possible techniques we built based on these hypotheses and summarize an informal empirical study designed to determine how the tools themselves affect their users' behavior.
A reactive rhodium(I) carbonyl dithiolate and the formation of acyl and hydride species

Abstract The rhodium(I) complex [Rh(CO)(PEt3)(mnt)]− (mnt = maleonitriledithiolate) reacts with a variety of alkyl halides to form acyl complexes isolated in the presence of excess PEt3 as five-coordinate species of formula [Rh(COR)(PEt3)2(mnt)]. The structure of the complex for R = n-Pr has been determined by an X-ray analysis, and is found to be a square-based pyramid with the acyl group in the apical position. Addition of HClO4 to the rhodium(I) anion in the presence of excess PEt3 yields rhodium(III) hydride, [RhH(CO)(PEt3)2(mnt)], while addition of acid to the rhodium(I) complex in CH3CN solution with ethylene present leads slowly to formation of an acyl complex which is isolated as [Rh(COEt)(PEt3)2(mnt)] upon phosphine addition. A novel alkyl group migration from the acyl carbon to a donor S atom is also observed in monophosphine systems.
What Predicts Adjustment Among College Students? A Longitudinal Panel Study

Objective: Researchers have previously reported that law students and medical students experience significant distress during their first year. The authors suspected that freshmen undergraduates might experience similar distress in their transition to college. Participants: They surveyed 242 undergraduate freshmen at the beginning and end of their first year. Methods: The authors asked participants about their physical health, alcohol use and smoking habits, stress levels, perfectionism, self-esteem, coping tactics, optimism, extroversion, and psychological adaptation to college. Results: Data replicated the declines reported in law and medical students' psychological and physical health. Negative coping tactics and perfectionism predicted poorer physical health and alcohol use at the end of the year; however, optimism and self-esteem predicted better physical and psychological outcomes. Conclusion: Future researchers should investigate steps that college administrators can take to help to alleviate some ...
How to Keep It Real

Over the last decade or so, an enormous amount of energy has been spent arguing whether the religion category is a legitimate tool for academic inquiry. This essay begins with the assumption that there are other, more interesting projects to pursue than talking about “religion.” By taking Bruno Latour’s work in the field of science studies as a model of what interesting work in our field might look like, the article advocates an approach which abandons the search for what is really going on behind the exceptional beings, experiences and insights that the conventional study of “religion” emphasizes. Instead, it sketches a scholarly agenda whereby attention would be paid to the labor required to make the gods and spirits real actors in a collective.
The use of bladder neck reconstruction in bladder exstrophy

A major goal of bladder exstrophy (BE) management is achieving urinary continence, most commonly with surgical bladder neck reconstruction (BNR). This is a report of outcome of BNR after complete primary repair of exstrophy (CPRE). At our institution, patient history, ultrasound, cystogram (VCUG) and urodynamic study (UDS) were performed during a prospective evaluation of patients with BE. Dry interval of >3 hours was used as the definition of continence and dry interval <1-hour incontinence. Bladder capacity was measured at VCUG and/or UDS. UDS was also used to assess bladder compliance. From 1994 to 2010, we cared for 47 BE patients (31 male, 15 female) after CPRE. For patients ≥3 years after CPRE, BNR was performed in 9 of 22 (41%) male and 3 of 11 (27%) female patients. Mean age at BNR was 6.3 and 5.9 years for male and female patients, respectively. The mean (±SD) bladder capacity pre-BNR was 104.8 (±20.4 mL). There was a significant increase in capacity from pre-BNR to ≥1.5 years post-BNR (P = 0.013) and from <1.5 and ≥1.5 years post-BNR (P = 0.002). In conclusion, most patients with BE require BNR after CPRE. The need for BNR is more common in male patients.
Synthesis gas production to desired hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratios by tri-reforming of methane using Ni–MgO–(Ce,Zr)O2 catalysts

Abstract This paper highlights the performance of Ni–MgO–(Ce,Zr)O 2 tri-reforming catalysts under various reaction conditions and explains results using catalyst characterization. Testing under controlled reaction conditions and the use of several catalyst characterization techniques (BET, XRD, TPR, SEM-EDS, and XPS) were employed to better explain the effects of the synthesis parameters on the reaction performances. The support Ce:Zr ratio, metal loading techniques, metal wt%, and Ni:Mg ratios all had a pronounced influence on the catalyst performance. An even ratio of Ce:Zr for the support and an even ratio of Ni:Mg gave the best performance. The wet impregnation method consistently showed more resistance to coke formation when compared to the deposition precipitation method, but the difference was attributed to a better ability to load Mg by wet impregnation. Lower than previously reported H 2 O concentrations in the feed gas composition also led to desired H 2 :CO ratios needed for FT synthesis while maintaining high conversions of CO 2 and resistance to coke formation. High GHSV (61,000 h −1 ) yielded significantly higher H 2 :CO ratios when compared to reactions run at lower GHSV (25,000 h −1 ). These results suggest that steam reforming reactions are kept further from equilibrium at higher GHSV and result in higher H 2 production. The tested tri-reforming catalyst produced desired H 2 :CO ratios with minimal deactivation, high reactant conversions, and extended catalyst lifetime.
Preclinical activity of ketoconazole in combination with calcitriol or the vitamin D analogue EB 1089 in prostate cancer cells.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Ketoconazole is a general inhibitor of P450 enzymes, of which some are necessary for androgen biosynthesis and the metabolism of vitamin D compounds. We tested the growth inhibitor...
Opioid-induced central immune signaling: implications for opioid analgesia

Despite being the mainstay of pain management, opioids are limited in their clinical utility by adverse effects, such as tolerance and paradoxical hyperalgesia. Research of the past 15 years has extended beyond neurons, to implicate central nervous system immune signaling in these adverse effects. This article will provide an overview of these central immune mechanisms in opioid tolerance and paradoxical hyperalgesia, including those mediated by Toll-like receptor 4, purinergic, ceramide, and chemokine signaling. Challenges for the future, as well as new lines of investigation will be highlighted.
Quantitative comparison of noise texture across CT scanners from different manufacturers.

Purpose: To quantitatively compare noise texture across computed tomography (CT) scanners from different manufacturers using the noise power spectrum (NPS). Methods: The American College of Radiology CT accreditation phantom (Gammex 464, Gammex, Inc., Middleton, WI) was imaged on two scanners: Discovery CT 750HD (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI), and SOMATOM Definition Flash (Siemens Healthcare, Germany), using a consistent acquisition protocol (120 kVp, 0.625/0.6 mm slice thickness, 250 mAs, and 22 cm field of view). Images were reconstructed using filtered backprojection and a wide selection of reconstruction kernels. For each image set, the 2D NPS were estimated from the uniform section of the phantom. The 2D spectra were normalized by their integral value, radially averaged, and filtered by the human visual response function. A systematic kernel-by-kernel comparison across manufacturers was performed by computing the root mean square difference (RMSD) and the peak frequency difference (PFD) between the NPS from different kernels. GE and Siemens kernels were compared and kernel pairs that minimized the RMSD and |PFD| were identified. Results: The RMSD (|PFD|) values between the NPS of GE and Siemens kernels varied from 0.01 mm{sup 2} (0.002 mm{sup -1}) to 0.29 mm{sup 2} (0.74 mm{sup -1}). The GE kernels 'Soft,''Standard,''Chest,' and 'Lung'more » closely matched the Siemens kernels 'B35f,''B43f,''B41f,' and 'B80f' (RMSD < 0.05 mm{sup 2}, |PFD| < 0.02 mm{sup -1}, respectively). The GE 'Bone,''Bone+,' and 'Edge' kernels all matched most closely with Siemens 'B75f' kernel but with sizeable RMSD and |PFD| values up to 0.18 mm{sup 2} and 0.41 mm{sup -1}, respectively. These sizeable RMSD and |PFD| values corresponded to visually perceivable differences in the noise texture of the images. Conclusions: It is possible to use the NPS to quantitatively compare noise texture across CT systems. The degree to which similar texture across scanners could be achieved varies and is limited by the kernels available on each scanner.« less
Ferritins Can Regulate the Secretion of Apolipoprotein B

Apolipoprotein B is secreted with atherogenic lipids as lipoprotein particles from hepatocytes. Regulation of the secretion of apolipoprotein B is largely post-translational and reflects the balance between processes that leads to particle assembly or to intracellular degradation. Previously, we conducted a proteomic screen to find proteins that bind apolipoprotein B in rat liver microsomes. We identified ferritin heavy and light chains in this screen among other proteins and showed that the two ferritins bind apolipoprotein B directly in vitro. In hepatocytes and other cells, ferritin heavy and light chains form cytosolic cages that store iron. We now show that ferritin heavy or light chains post-translationally inhibit the secretion of apolipoprotein B without altering the export of other hepatic proteins including albumin, factor XIII, and apolipoprotein A–I. This inhibition of apolipoprotein B secretion is not due to diminished lipid synthesis and can be partially overcome by stimulating triglyceride synthesis. The block in apolipoprotein B secretion by ferritins leads to an increase in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the apolipoprotein. Thus, despite being cytosolic proteins without known chaperone activity, ferritins can specifically regulate the secretion of apolipoprotein B post-translationally. The metabolic pathways for iron storage and intercellular cholesterol and triglyceride transport could intersect.
Temperature and pH Sensitive Hydrogels: An Approach Towards Smart Semen-Triggered Vaginal Microbicidal Vehicles

Microbicides are drug delivery systems (DDSs) for the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV and other STDs. A topically applied vaginal microbicidal gel should provide uniform coating of vaginal tissue, retention of this gel layer prior to intercourse, and controlled release kinetics of antivirals to inactivate the viral load potentially introduced during sexual activity. Here, we describe the microbicide-oriented characterization of a DDS made with a dual pH sensitive and thermosensitive smart polymer gel composed of a random terpolymer of N-isopropyl acrylamide, butyl methacrylate, and acrylic acid. The system was engineered to coat vaginal tissue with a stable gel layer and to release entrapped model agents in a burst release profile in response to the presence of the infecting agent: semen. The gel rheology, layer erosion properties, model drug release kinetics, and cytocompatibility of the terpolymer system were studied. Negligible erosion of the gel in the presence of vaginal fluid simulant suggests prolonged retention. Burst release of molecular and macromolecular model compounds was observed when the system's pH changed from the vaginal pH to the pH of semen, and cytotoxicity studies showed that the terpolymer is equally cytocompatible as a commonly used polymeric vaginal carrier.