cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Case-Parental Control Studies: Method for the Study of Associations between Disease and Genetic Markers

Case-control studies using parents of case subjects as the control subjects provide an innovative way to study associations of genetic markers with disease risk. This approach, sometimes called the haplotype-relative risk method, has received recent attention because the use of parents as control subjects may reduce or eliminate the confounding associated with differences in race, ethnicity, or genetic background. We provide a new method for analysis of such case-parental control studies. The method of analysis is noniterative and yields simple estimates of risk ratios associated with genetic markers. It easily accommodates the situation in which data are available from only one parent. Although we illustrate the approach for a locus with two alleles, the analyses extend immediately to loci with multiple alleles.
Rilmenidine produces mydriasis in cats by stimulation of CNS α2-adrenoceptors

1. Experiments were undertaken to determine if the imidazoline/alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, rilmenidine, would produce mydriasis in cats and, if so, to delineate its site of action and determine if this effect is mediated by imidazoline receptors or alpha2-adrenoceptors. 2. Rilmenidine produced dose-related pupillary dilator responses in pentobarbital anaesthetized cats that were independent of sympathetic innervation to the iris but were dependent upon intact parasympathetic neuronal tone. The ED50 for rilmenidine-induced pupillary dilation was approximately 200 microg kg(-1), i.v., and was sustained for at least 1 h. 3. The highly selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, RS-79948, administered either before or after rilmenidine, antagonized rilmenidine-induced mydriasis. Neuronally induced reflex inhibition of parasympathetic nerve activity was also inhibited by administration of RS-79948. 4. These results suggest that rilmenidine acts like clonidine to produce pupillary dilation by inhibition of parasympathetic tone to the iris sphincter and that this central nervous system parasympatho-inhibition is mediated by alpha2-adrenoceptors, rather than imidazoline receptors.
Calcium Carbonate Nucleation in an Alkaline Lake Surface Water, Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA

Calcium concentration and calcite supersaturation (Ω) needed for calcium carbonate nucleation and crystal growth in Pyramid Lake (PL) surface water were determined during August of 1997, 2000, and 2001. PL surface water has Ω values of 10–16. Notwithstanding high Ω, calcium carbonate growth did not occur on aragonite single crystals suspended PL surface water for several months. However, calcium solution addition to PL surface-water samples caused reproducible calcium carbonate mineral nucleation and crystal growth. Mean PL surface-water calcium concentration at nucleation was 2.33 mM (n = 10), a value about nine times higher than the ambient PL surface-water calcium concentration (0.26 mM); mean Ω at nucleation (109 with a standard deviation of 8) is about eight times the PL surface-water Ω. Calcium concentration and Ω regulated the calcium carbonate formation in PL nucleation experiments and surface water. Unfiltered samples nucleated at lower Ω than filtered samples. Calcium concentration and Ω at nucleation for experiments in the presence of added particles were within one standard deviation of the mean for all samples. Calcium carbonate formation rates followed a simple rate expression of the form, rate (mM/min) = A (Ω) + B. The best fit rate equation “Rate (Δ mM/Δ min) = −0.0026 Ω + 0.0175 (r = 0.904, n = 10)” was statistically significant at greater than the 0.01 confidence level and gives, after rearrangement, Ω at zero rate of 6.7. Nucleation in PL surface water and morphology of calcium carbonate particles formed in PL nucleation experiments and in PL surface-water samples suggest crystal growth inhibition by multiple substances present in PL surface water mediates PL calcium carbonate formation, but there is insufficient information to determine the chemical nature of all inhibitors.
Effects of tumor necrosis factor on system ASC-mediated glutamine transport by human fibroblasts.

The effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) on glutamine GLN transport by cultured human fibroblasts were studied. Uptake of 3H-GLN was assayed in both the presence and absence of sodium in order to differentiate Na+-dependent and Na+-independent transport systems. GLN transport was linear (r = 0.99) for at least 15 min and occurred predominantly via a single Na+-dependent pathway, consistent with System ASC. Incubation of fibroblasts with TNF (1000 units/ml) for 12 hr resulted in a significant decrease in system ASC-mediated glutamine transport activity. TNF did not alter cell morphology or protein content. Kinetic studies indicated that the decrease in carrier-mediated Na+-dependent GLN transport was not due to a change in transporter affinity (Km = 117 ± 23 μM in controls vs 86 ± 23 μM in TNF, P = NS), but instead to a 45% decrease in maximal transport rate (Vmax = 4088 ± 354 pmole/mg protein/30 sec in controls vs 2230 ± 510 in TNF, P < 0.05). TNF also decreased Na+-independent transport by 50% (mean uptake of 50 μM GLN = 94 ± 13 pmole/mg protein/30 sec in controls vs 46 ± 6 in TNF, P < 0.02). In human fibroblasts, the activity of System ASC, which has generally been viewed as a hormonally unresponsive carrier, is decreased by TNF. This impairment in glutamine transport may result in inadequate amounts of intracellular glutamine to support fibroblast metabolism and possibly function.
Effects of Iodonium-Class Flavin Dehydrogenase Inhibitors on Growth, Reactive Oxygen Production, Cell Cycle Progression, NADPH Oxidase 1 Levels, and Gene Expression in Human Colon Cancer Cells and Xenografts

Iodonium-class flavoprotein dehydrogenase inhibitors have been demonstrated to possess antiproliferative potential and to inhibit reactive oxygen production in human tumor cells, although the mechanism(s) that explains the relationship between altered cell growth and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) remains an area of active investigation. Because of the ability of these compounds to inhibit the activity of flavoprotein-containing epithelial NADPH oxidases, we chose to examine the effects of several iodonium-class flavoprotein inhibitors on human colon cancer cell lines that express high, functional levels of a single such oxidase (NADPH oxidase 1, or Nox1). We found that diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), di-2-thienyliodonium (DTI), and iodonium diphenyl inhibited the growth of Caco2, HT-29, and LS-174T colon cancer cells at concentrations (10-250nM for DPI, 0.5-2.5μM for DTI, and 155nM to 10μM for iodonium diphenyl) substantially lower than needed for DU145 human prostate cancer cells, which do not possess functional NADPH oxidase activity. Drug treatment was associated with decreased H2O2 production and diminished intracellular ROS levels, lasting up to 24h, after short-term (1-h) exposure to the iodonium analogs. Decreased tumor cell proliferation was caused, in part, by a profound block in cell cycle progression at the G1/S interface in both LS-174T and HT-29 cells exposed to either DPI or DTI; and the G1 block was produced, for LS-174T cells, by upregulation of p27 and a drug concentration-related decrease in the expression of cyclins D1, A, and E that was partially prevented by exogenous H2O2. Not only did DPI and DTI decrease intracellular ROS, they both also significantly decreased the mRNA expression levels of Nox1, potentially contributing to the prolonged reduction in tumor cell reactive oxygen levels. We also found that DPI and DTI significantly decreased the growth of both HT-29 and LS-174T human tumor xenografts, at dose levels that produced peak plasma concentrations similar to those utilized for our in vitro experiments. These findings suggest that iodonium analogs have therapeutic potential for NADPH oxidase-containing human colon cancers in vivo and that at least part of their antineoplastic mechanism of action may be related to targeting Nox1.
Mental disorder as the cause of a crime

An offender's punishment can be reduced when a court decides that his mental disorder reduces his responsibility for what he did. Courts have sought to establish whether a mentally disordered offender's responsibility is reduced by asking whether his disorder caused the crime. Acceptance of this "causation by mental disorder" criterion has fluctuated, however. This may be because causal explanations are not the types of explanations we are accustomed to offering for the kinds of acts that bring defendants, and psychiatric witnesses, to court. More often, we offer what philosophers have called "possibility" explanations for these acts. The application of psychiatry to possibility explanations has not been widely explored. It offers the potential for the improved use of psychiatric evidence in criminal proceedings.
Fully Integrated Glass Microfluidic Device for Performing High-Efficiency Capillary Electrophoresis and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A microfabricated device has been developed in which electrospray ionization is performed directly from the corner of a rectangular glass microchip. The device allows highly efficient electrokinetically driven separations to be coupled directly to a mass spectrometer (MS) without the use of external pressure sources or the insertion of capillary spray tips. An electrokinetic-based hydraulic pump is integrated on the chip that directs eluting materials to the monolithically integrated spray tip. A positively charged surface coating, PolyE-323, is used to prevent surface interactions with peptides and proteins and to reverse the electroosmotic flow in the separation channel. The device has been used to perform microchip CE−MS analysis of peptides and proteins with efficiencies over 200 000 theoretical plates (1 000 000 plates/m). The sensitivity and stability of the microfabricated ESI source were found to be comparable to that of commercial pulled fused-silica capillary nanospray sources.
The influence of salivary stimulation on the validity of thiocyanate as an index of smoking status

Abstract This study investigated the effects of salivary stimulation on thiocyanate (SCN) levels. A device for collecting parotid saliva that allowed for the measurement of flow rate was used in stimulated and nonstimulated conditions with six subjects. Results indicated that SCN levels exhibited considerable within-subject variability and were inversely related to flow rate. Under stimulated conditions, SCN levels stabilized in 3 min. Under nonstimulated conditions, SCN levels stabilized in 26 min. Although mean SCN levels were higher for smokers than nonsmokers, considerable overlap was observed such that misclassification of both smokers and nonsmokers could occur if cut-off points were not adjusted for flow rate conditions. Suggestions for standardizing stimulated conditions for collecting salivary SCN samples are discussed.
Filamentary Tracks Formed in Transparent Optical Glass by Laser Beam Self-Focusing. II. Theoretical Analysis

An electrostriction mechanism for laser-beam self-focusing and track formation in transparent optical glass is analyzed theoretically. Electrostrictive self-focusing occurs when a laser pulse of sufficiently high power and rapid rise time passes through a transparent medium. For a pulse duration of 50 nsec, trapping thresholds vary from 20 kW to 2 MW. During self-focusing, the beam collapses to a small radius. In solid dielectrics, self-focusing causes permanent damage in the form of isolated regions of gross fracture, termed "damage stars" and long straight tracks of very fine fractures. Typical tracks have a diameter of a few wave-lengths of light and extend up to several centimeters. Self-focusing occurs because of an interaction between light and sound. The laser beam electrostrictively excites an ultrasonic cylindrical disturbance or sound wave. The sound wave initially increases the refractive index along the beam axis. This focuses the beam into a waveguide channel called a filament. In the filament, the intensity is so high that many nonlinear mechanisms may occur, leading to damage and track formation. This paper analyzes only the self-focusing mechanism, not the various damage mechanisms. We assume the beam always remains Gaussian. The propagation of the beam is described by the quasioptics beam-tracing equation, which includes the effects of diffraction. The sound wave and beam-tracing equations are solved in several approximate models. A trapping threshold is derived for three pulse shapes, covering the steady-state, transitional, and transient regimes of pulse duration and beam size. There is a trapping-power coefficient $K$ for each material, calculable from the density, speed of sound for a compression wave or elastic moduli, and refractive index at the laser wavelength. A formula for computing the power to achieve a given constant maximum intensity $I$ as a function of beam size, and pulse duration, and trapping-power coefficient is derived. Values of this given constant intensity have been selected so the constant-intensity curve closely matches experimental track-formation thresholds for three optical glasses. The results are $K=221$ kW and $I=2.5$ ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ for dense flint glass, $K=937$ kW and $I=60$ ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ for borosilicate crown glass, and $K=1119$ kW and $I=180$ ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ for fused silica, at a fixed pulse duration of 55 nsec and a laser wavelength of 694.3 nm. A computer movie of beam trapping shows the collapse of the beam to a relatively constant small radius, which causes track formation. It also shows the extremely rapid upstream motion of the focal points at speeds greater than 100 times the speed of sound. The long period of time they dwell at the upstream end of their motion explains the appearance of damage stars at the upstream ends of the tracks.
Implementing an intervention to improve bone mineral density in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: BONEII, a prospective placebo-controlled double-blind randomized interventional longitudinal study design

The BONEII study is a large two-phase study. The baseline study (Study 1) aims to estimate the prevalence of diminished bone mineral density (BMD) in patients treated for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and identify risk factors for BMD deficits. The interventional phase (Study 2) of BONEII has a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized longitudinal design to evaluate the effects of nutritional counseling and calcium and vitamin D supplementation on changes in BMD and serum and urine markers of bone metabolism. The extensive information being collected through this large study will serve as a repository of relational data about BMD and bone turnover and will support further investigations to assess the association of calcium metabolism, bone turnover, nutritional intake, lifestyle factors (such as exercise and the use of alcohol and tobacco), and the specific agents used in ALL therapy in this rapidly increasing population of childhood cancer survivors.
Dementia and serious coexisting medical conditions: a double whammy

Research-based information about the prevalence of other serious medical conditions in people with dementia has become available only recently, and the true prevalence is not known, primarily because many people with dementia do not have a diagnosis. The existing information is sufficient, however, to show that these other conditions are common in people with dementia. It is also clear that coexisting medical conditions increase the use and cost of health care services for people with dementia, and conversely, dementia increases the use and cost of health care services for people with other serious medical conditions. Nurses and other healthcare professionals should expect to see these relationships in their elderly patients. They should know how to recognize possible dementia and assess, or obtain an assessment of, the patient's cognitive status. They should expect the worsening of cognitive and related symptoms in acutely ill people with dementia and try to eliminate factors that cause this worsening, to the extent possible, while assuring the family that the symptoms are likely to improve once the acute phase of illness or treatment is over. Families, nurses, and other health care professionals are challenged by the complex issues involved in caring for a person with both dementia and other serious medical conditions. Greater attention to these issues by informed and thoughtful clinicians will improve outcomes for the people and their family and professional caregivers.
Correlation of mechanical imaging and histopathology of radical prostatectomy specimens: a pilot study for detecting prostate cancer.

AbstractPurpose: A new modality termed mechanical imaging has recently been developed. We determined whether mechanical imaging could be used to detect prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens.Materials and Methods: Stress patterns on the surface of excised prostates were evaluated using the data obtained from a planar piezoelectric resistive force sensor array. Seven radical prostatectomy and 2 cystoprostatectomy specimens were manually palpated and evaluated by the mechanical imager. The prostates were histopathologically analyzed for the presence of cancer. The results of the manual palpation, mechanical imaging and pathological analysis were correlated.Results: Mechanical imaging correlated closely with nodules palpated in all specimens and in 1 it revealed a suspicious area undetected by palpation, which on subsequent histological analysis demonstrated carcinoma.Conclusions: Mechanical imaging can detect areas of heterogeneity in prostate tissue which correlate with cancer. Our findings pro...
Additional Unrecorded Reviews of Melville's Books

The editors of Moby-Dic\ as Doubloon sagely remark : * Everything written about the book in 1851-1852, when reviews were affecting Melville's audiences and probably himself, is inherently more interesting than everything written in, say, 1951-1952 \1 This view is adequate reason for presenting the full text of over a dozen uncollected, unnoted reviews of Typee, O moo, Mardi, Red burn, White-Jacket, Moby-Dic\, Pierre, and The Confidence Man, appearing in ten journals of the period: in Philadelphia, the Dollar Newspaper and The Spirit of the Times', in New York, Fisher's National Magazine and Hunt's Merchant's Magazine, Holden s Dollar Magazine, The Golden Rule, The Home Journal, and Peterson's Ladies' National Magazine', in Syracuse, the Literary Union-, and in Boston, the Boston Weekly Museum. Five of these titles appear in books and articles devoted to other Melville reviews.2 The most interesting review is that in the Literary Union, which is unusually ingenious in its presentation of very perceptive comments. In view of the number and diverse nature of the reviews and notices, it seems preferable to group them by journal titles, with brief introductory comments for each, rather than by date or the titles of Melville's novels.
The role of β-blockade therapy for ventricular tachycardia induced with isoproterenol: A prospective analysis

Abstract Isoproterenol is sometimes required for ventricular tachycardia (VT) induction. However, the role of β-blockade for treatment of such VT has not been critically assessed. The use of β-blockade was evaluated prospectively in 14 consecutive patients who required isoproterenol 2.4 ± 1.3 (±S. D.) μg/min to induce sustained monomorphic VT (>30 seconds, or requiring termination due to hemodynamic collapse) after a negative baseline study. The VT mechanisms were enhanced automaticity (group A, six patients), triggered automaticity (group B, three patients), and reentry (group C, five patients). Groups A and B had serial intravenous electropharmacologic tests with propranolol alone (0.2 mg/kg), verapamil alone (0.15 mg/kg), and propranolol plus verapamil, and group C had serial tests with propranolol alone, procainamide or quinidine (class la drug) alone, and propranolol plus a class la drug until VT could no longer be induced. All six patients in group A responded to propranolol alone. In group B, one patient responded to verapamil alone, and two patients responded to propranolol plus verapamil. In group C, three patients responded to propranolol alone, one patient responded to a class la drug alone, and one patient responded to propranolol plus a class la drug. During a follow-up of 7 to 37 (17.9 ± 10.7) (±S. D.) months, VT has not recurred in any patient. Three patients treated initially with propranolol alone have required substitution of amiodarone due to refractory congestive heart failure. In patients requiring isoproterenol for VT induction, β-blockade alone appears to be effective in preventing reinduction of VT caused by enhanced automaticity. A heterogeneous response occurs when the VT mechanisms are triggered automaticity or reentry.
Mechanisms of Decreased Susceptibility to Cefpodoxime in Escherichia coli

Cefpodoxime is one of five antimicrobial agents recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards for screening isolates of Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. In a prior study, we noted that among 131 E. coli isolates for which the MIC of at least one extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) or aztreonam was > or =2 micro g/ml (suggesting the presence of ESBL production), there were 59 isolates (45.0%) for which the MIC of cefpodoxime was 2 to 4 micro g/ml (i.e., a positive ESBL screening test), but the MICs of ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone were < or =1 micro g/ml (below the ESBL screening breakpoint). Thus, the results appeared to be false-positive ESBL screening tests. These 59 isolates were divided into five phenotypic groups based on the susceptibility patterns of the organisms to a variety of beta-lactam agents and further characterized. The first group (32 isolates) all produced a TEM-1 beta-lactamase, and changes in the major outer membrane proteins were detected in representative strains. The second group (18 isolates) lacked bla(TEM) but showed a number of porin changes; some also showed a modest elevation in production of the AmpC chromosomal beta-lactamase. In the third phenotypic group (seven isolates) all expressed an OXA-30 beta-lactamase. Some also harbored altered porins. The two remaining phenotypes each had a distinct pattern of porin changes with or without beta-lactamase production. These data indicate that several factors are associated with decreased susceptibility to cefpodoxime in E. coli, but none of the mechanisms are related to ESBL production. Current screening methods produced false-positive ESBL results for these isolates. Such isolates should not be classified as containing ESBLs, nor should interpretations of ESCs or aztreonam susceptibility be changed to resistant on test reports for these isolates.
New RNA motifs suggest an expanded scope for riboswitches in bacterial genetic control

The expression of certain genes involved in fundamental metabolism is regulated by metabolite-binding "riboswitch" elements embedded within their corresponding mRNAs. We have identified at least six additional elements within the Bacillus subtilis genome that exhibit characteristics of riboswitch function (glmS, gcvT, ydaO/yuaA, ykkC/yxkD, ykoK, and yybP/ykoY). These motifs exhibit extensive sequence and secondary-structure conservation among many bacterial species and occur upstream of related genes. The element located upstream of the glmS gene in Gram-positive organisms functions as a metabolite-dependent ribozyme that responds to glucosamine-6-phosphate. Other motifs form complex folded structures when transcribed as RNA molecules and carry intrinsic terminator structures. These findings indicate that riboswitches serve as a major genetic regulatory mechanism for the control of metabolic genes in many microbial species.
A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of fenretinide (4-HPR) in plasma.

Abstract A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (APCI) for the quantification of fenretinide (4-HPR) in mouse plasma was developed and validated. After a simple protein precipitation of plasma sample by acetonitrile, 4-HPR was analyzed by LC–APCI–MS/MS. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation was conducted on a Hypurity C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) with a flow rate 0.60 mL/min using a gradient mobile phase comprised of 0.05% formic acid in water (A) and methanol (B), and a run time of 4.5 min. The elimination of a tedious sample preparation process and a shorter run time substantially reduced total analysis time. The method was linear over the range 0.5–100 ng/mL, with r > 0.998. The intra- and inter-assay precisions were 1.4–9.2% and 5.1–8.2%, respectively, and the intra- and inter-assay accuracies were 93.9–98.6% and 92.7–95.3%, respectively. The absolute recoveries were 90.3% (1.5 ng/mL), 97.0% (7.5 ng/mL) and 92.1% (75.0 ng/mL) for 4-HPR, and 99.1% for the internal standard (150 ng/mL). The analytical method had excellent sensitivity using a small sample volume (30 μL) with the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) 0.5 ng/mL. This method is robust and has been successfully employed in a pharmacokinetic study of 4-HPR in a mouse xenograft model of neuroblastoma.
Peptide and Protein Quantification Using iTRAQ with Electron Transfer Dissociation

Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) has become increasingly used in proteomic analyses due to its complementarity to collision-activated dissociation (CAD) and its ability to sequence peptides with post-translation modifications (PTMs). It was previously unknown, however, whether ETD would be compatible with a commonly employed quantification technique, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), since the fragmentation mechanisms and pathways of ETD differ significantly from CAD. We demonstrate here that ETD of iTRAQ labeled peptides produces c-and z-type fragment ions as well as reporter ions that are unique from those produced by CAD. Exact molecular formulas of product ions were determined by ETD fragmentation of iTRAQ-labeled synthetic peptides followed by high mass accuracy orbitrap mass analysis. These experiments revealed that ETD cleavage of the N-Cα bond of the iTRAQ tag results in fragment ions that could be used for quantification. Synthetic peptide work demonstrates that these fragment ions provide up to three channels of quantification and that the quality is similar to that provided by beam-type CAD. Protein standards were used to evaluate peptide and protein quantification of iTRAQ labeling in conjunction with ETD, beam-type CAD, and pulsed Q dissociation (PQD) on a hybrid ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometer. For reporter ion intensities above a certain threshold all three strategies provided reliable peptide quantification (average error < 10%). Approximately 36%, 8%, and 16% of scans identified fall below this threshold for ETD, HCD, and PQD, respectively. At the protein level, average errors were 2.3%, 1.7%, and 3.6% for ETD, HCD, and PQD, respectively.
Examining the Presence and Determinants of Operational Momentum in Childhood

The operational momentum (OM) effect describes a systematic bias in estimating the outcomes of simple addition and subtraction problems. Outcomes of addition problems are overestimated while outcomes of subtraction problems are underestimated. The origin of OM remains debated. First, a flawed uncompression of numerical information during the course of mental arithmetic is supposed to cause OM due to linear arithmetic operations on a compressed magnitude code. Second, attentional shifts along the mental number line are thought to cause OM. A third hypothesis explains OM in 9-month olds by a cognitive heuristic of accepting more (less) than the original operand in addition (subtraction) problems. The current study attempts to disentangle these alternatives and systematically examines potential determinants of OM, such as reading fluency which has been found to modulate numerical‐spatial associations. A group of 32 6- and 7-year-old children was tested in non-symbolic addition and subtraction problems, in which they had to choose the correct outcome from an array of several possible outcomes. Reading capacity was assessed for half of the children while attentional measures were assessed in the other half. Thirty-two adults were tested with the identical paradigm to validate its potential of revealing OM. Children (and adults) were readily able to solve the problems. We replicated previous findings of OM in the adults group. Using a Bayesian framework we observed an inverse OM effect in children, i.e., larger overestimations for subtraction compared to addition. A significant correlation between children’s level of attentional control and their propensity to exhibit OM was observed. The observed pattern of results, in particular the inverse OM in children is hard to reconcile with the previously proposed theoretical frameworks. The observed link between OM and the attentional system might be interpreted as evidence partially supporting the attentional shift hypothesis.
Maybe the Problem Isn't Whole Language.

Whole Language has come under recent attack, especially as some programs implementing instruction considered “whole language” have seen decreases in achievement scores in reading and writing (Fry, 1995). This has led many educators and parents to question whole language as a teaching philosophy and to mandate the structured, systematic teaching of phonics and other skill-based methods. However, many problems that are attributed to whole language as a philosophy are the outcomes of other educational dynamics that have led to ineffective practices. Issues related to identification of methodologies as “whole language,” failure to provide adequate training or mentoring to teachers, confusion of language as a communication process with language arts skills, the professional reluctance to provide teachers with a scaffold as an entry level into whole language, and failure to apply known principles of intervention within a whole language framework for children with special needs have all clouded the question rega...
Cultivation of maize landraces by small-scale shade coffee farmers in western El Salvador

Small-scale shade coffee agroecosystems have been noted for their potential for tree, bird, and insect biodiversity conservation in the tropics. However, there is a lack of research on other productive areas managed by small-scale coffee farmers such as subsistence maize and bean (milpa) plots, which may be sites of important crop biodiversity conservation, particularly through the on-farm cultivation of native landraces. This study empirically examined the factors that influence farmers’ choices between landraces and improved varieties of maize, how seed type interacts with management decisions, and how yields of local maize landraces compare with improved varieties on the farms of small-scale shade coffee farmers in western El Salvador. We conducted household interviews and focus groups with the membership of a 29-household coffee cooperative and tracked management and maize yields in the 42 milpa plots managed by these households. Farmers planted both a hybrid improved variety and five local maize landraces. ANOVA and Pearson’s chi-square test were used to compare household characteristics, management, agroecological variables, and yields between plots planted with landraces and plots planted with the improved variety. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the strongest drivers of farmers’ choice between landrace seed and improved seed. Analyses indicated that use of maize landraces was associated with higher household income and steeper plot slope. Landrace maize and improved maize were not managed differently, with the exception of synthetic insecticide use. There was no yield advantage for improved varieties over landraces in the 2009 growing season. Farmers appear to prefer local maize landraces for milpa plots on more marginal land, and continue to cultivate landraces despite the availability of improved seed. The farms of small-scale shade coffee farmers could have substantial conservation potential for crop genetic diversity, and the seed-saving and exchange activities among such farmers should be supported.
Anticonvulsants to Treat Agitation in Dementia

This article outlines information on the use of anticonvulsants, including carbamazepine and divalproex sodium, to treat agitation in dementia.
Restoring resources for an endangered butterfly

Summary 1. Recent changes in land use have resulted in dramatic habitat loss for numerous species. More than 99% of the habitat for Fender’s blue butterfly Icaricia icarioides fenderi , an endangered butterfly in Oregon, USA, has been lost. 2. Fender’s blue butterflies require larval host-plants (Kincaid’s lupine Lupinus sulphureus kincaidii ) and nectar from native wildflowers. 3. An experiment was conducted at two degraded sites near Eugene, Oregon, to investigate methods for restoration of Fender’s blue habitat. The experimental design included four soil treatments (tilling, reverse fertilization, solarization and a control) combined with two planting treatments (50% forb seed : 50% grass seed and 10% forb seed : 90% grass seed) and two weeding treatments (weeding or not weeding). Treatments were replicated in eight experimental blocks (9 〈 28 m) at each site. Seeds from 12 native plant species were field collected and sown in September 1995. 4. Plant establishment was monitored in May 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999. In 1999, flowers of all nectar species and leaves of Kincaid’s lupine were counted. 5. Based on estimates of resource needs from previous work, resources were evaluated as insufficient, sufficient or ample. 6. Solarization combined with 50% forb : 50% grass planting promoted sufficient nectar to sustain butterflies at both sites. Control treatments provided insufficient nectar at both sites. None of the treatments produced sufficient larval resources. 7. This experiment demonstrates a method to quantitatively link habitat restoration to the resource needs of focal species. The results emphasize the importance of connecting restoration efforts to the life-history features of focal species. In addition, they highlight the importance of using experiments conducted across a range of sites to test restoration methods before large-scale efforts are implemented.
Modeling Channel morphologic Change in the West Jordan River, Utah

Many existing river morphological models are limited by their inability to account for erodible banks. In this study, the sediment continuity equation was solved to determine the rate of bed degradation and aggradation. The rate of bank erosion was calculated by determining bed degradation, lateral erosion, and bank failure. To be applicable to the West Jordan River, two layers in the bank surface were considered herein. This bank erosion model distinguishes itself from other models by relating bank erosion rate with not only flow but also sediment transport near the bank. Additionally, bank height, slope, vegetation, and thickness of each layer in the bank surface were considered. For the purpose of long-term simulation, decoupling technique is used among the flow, sediment transport, and bank erosion models. Furthermore, a new technique of computational mesh adjustment was also put forward. The developed model was then applied to simulate the processes of meandering migration in the study reach from 1981 to 1992. The reasonable agreements between simulated results and the available observations indicate the capability of this model in simulating channel morphologic change in the West Jordan River, Utah.
At What Price Victory? The Effects of Uncertainty on Military Intervention Duration and Outcome

I extend the implications of a rationalist model of war initiation to explore the effects of uncertainty about the cost of prosecuting a war to victory on the duration and outcome of military operations. When the attributes of a potential armed conflict create uncertainty about the human and material costs of attaining a state's war aims, states are at risk of selecting themselves into long, costly, and ultimately unsuccessful military engagements. The more the actual costs of fighting exceed a state's prewar expectations, the greater the likelihood that it will eventually be pushed beyond its cost-tolerance threshold and forced to unilaterally withdraw from the conflict before it attains its war aims. At the same time, states must fight longer before they arrive at accurate estimates of what it will cost to attain their objectives when the attributes of a conflict contribute to high levels of uncertainty.
EB1 targets to kinetochores with attached, polymerizing microtubules.

Microtubule polymerization dynamics at kinetochores is coupled to chromosome movements, but its regulation there is poorly understood. The plus end tracking protein EB1 is required both for regulating microtubule dynamics and for maintaining a euploid genome. To address the role of EB1 in aneuploidy, we visualized its targeting in mitotic PtK1 cells. Fluorescent EB1, which localized to polymerizing ends of astral and spindle microtubules, was used to track their polymerization. EB1 also associated with a subset of attached kinetochores in late prometaphase and metaphase, and rarely in anaphase. Localization occurred in a narrow crescent, concave toward the centromere, consistent with targeting to the microtubule plus end–kinetochore interface. EB1 did not localize to kinetochores lacking attached kinetochore microtubules in prophase or early prometaphase, or upon nocodazole treatment. By time lapse, EB1 specifically targeted to kinetochores moving antipoleward, coupled to microtubule plus end polymerization, and not during plus end depolymerization. It localized independently of spindle bipolarity, the spindle checkpoint, and dynein/dynactin function. EB1 is the first protein whose targeting reflects kinetochore directionality, unlike other plus end tracking proteins that show enhanced kinetochore binding in the absence of microtubules. Our results suggest EB1 may modulate kinetochore microtubule polymerization and/or attachment.
Peptides Organized as Bilayer Membranes

From the organizing poten-tial of two-dimensional phospholipid membranes to theinformation-rich DNA helices, from the mechanical actinand tubulin cables to the structural collagen and elastinnetworks, these self-assembling asymmetric arrays define thearchitectures of all cells and tissues. Recent covalent hybridsof traditional biological macromolecular families (e.g.,nucleic acids with proteins
0.2V adiabatic NC-FinFET with 0.6mA/µm I ON and 0.1nA/µm I OFF

We present for the first time a Negative Capacitance (NC) FinFET. Simulation shows 0.2V operation with 0.6mA/µm on-current and 100pA/µm leakage current. A simple model guides the optimization of the ferroelectric film and the FinFET in the NC-FinFET. Our finding that a weak ferroelectric material is preferable greatly increases the candidate material classes and we report the target properties to search for. Counterintuitively, the gate to S/D capacitance and a thicker EOT both reduce the required V DD . NC-FinFET is good for high performance and very low power applications.
THE DETECTION OF A "MASKED" VIRUS (THE SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS) BY MEANS OF IMMUNIZATION : RESULTS OF IMMUNIZATION WITH MIXTURES CONTAINING VIRUS AND ANTIBODY.

A study has been made of the immunization procedure described by Shope, with particular reference to the detection of "masked" papilloma virus by means of it. Papilloma extracts were frequently encountered which, though non-pathogenic, elicited the specific antiviral antibody and induced resistance to the virus upon injection intraperitoneally into normal rabbits. The results of the immunization experiments were often complicated, however, by the effects of extravasated antibody, which had accumulated in various amounts in many of the papillomas and was consequently present in extracts of them together with "masked" virus. The extravasated antibody was often sufficient to render extracts of domestic rabbit papillomas non-antigenic; and sometimes, when present in excess, its passive transfer conferred resistance to reinfection with the virus. The conclusion seems warranted that only positive immunization findings can be interpreted with certainty. Negative results provide no decisive evidence as to whether "masked" virus is or is not present in the injected material, unless the amount of extravasated antibody also present is known. The findings may have a bearing on the negative outcome of immunization experiments with extracts of the cancers deriving from the natural papillomas of cottontails. Crude suspensions of domestic rabbit papillomas, which contain little or no virus demonstrable by ordinary methods, are far less antigenic than extracts of the natural growths of wild rabbits, which contain virus in quantity. In explanation of the finding the possibility seems worthy of attention that domestic rabbit papillomas may contain much less virus than the growths of cotton tails, the natural hosts of the virus.
Vibration analysis based on surface acoustic wave sensors

It is important to know, whether a civil engineering structure is safe or unsafe. One way to determine this is to measure vibrations at critical locations and feeding this data into an appropriate algorithm. Albido Corporation has developed wireless strain sensors based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) principles that are mainly employed on rotating structures and in harsh environments. Albido's sensors could also be used to measure vibrations in civil engineering structures. They are small (~1 × 3 mm), passive and inexpensive (< 1$ in volume). They are powered by the electromagnetic field emanating from the antenna of a Reader System, similar to an RFID. The Reader System is essentially a computer with special software and has signal processing capability. One Reader System can service a multitude of sensors. The Reader antenna has to be within the reading range of the sensor. If large distances are required, a small electronic component acting as a Reader System can be placed within the reading range of the sensor that receives the sensor signal, generates a radio signal and encodes the sensor information on the radio signal. Then, the final data processing center can be placed anywhere.
Farm injuries. How can the family farm be made a safer place

Farming is a dangerous life-style and occupation for children and adults. Dangerous situations are taken in stride and considered part of life on a family farm. Regulatory and educational programs and funding have been minimal in the United States. Physicians have been a major force in accident-prevention efforts in other segments of society and can be instrumental in preventing farm injuries as well by extending these educational efforts to rural communities. Language: en
Reirradiation of Recurrent and Second Primary Head and Neck Cancer With Proton Therapy

Purpose To report the clinical outcomes of head and neck reirradiation with proton therapy. Methods and Materials From 2004 to 2014, 61 patients received curative-intent proton reirradiation, primarily for disease involving skull base structures, at a median of 23 months from the most recent previous course of radiation. Most had squamous cell (52.5%) or adenoid cystic (16.4%) carcinoma. Salvage surgery before reirradiation was undertaken in 47.5%. Gross residual disease was present in 70.5%. For patients with microscopic residual disease, the median dose of reirradiation was 66 Gy (relative biological effectiveness), and for gross disease was 70.2 Gy (relative biological effectiveness). Concurrent chemotherapy was given in 27.9%. Results The median follow-up time was 15.2 months and was 28.7 months for patients remaining alive. The 2-year overall survival estimate was 32.7%, and the median overall survival was 16.5 months. The 2-year cumulative incidence of local failure with death as a competing risk was 19.7%; regional nodal failure, 3.3%; and distant metastases, 38.3%. On multivariable analysis, Karnofsky performance status ≤70%, the presence of a gastrostomy tube before reirradiation, and an increasing number of previous courses of radiation therapy were associated with a greater hazard ratio for death. A cutaneous primary tumor, gross residual disease, increasing gross tumor volume, and a lower radiation dose were associated with a greater hazard ratio for local failure. Grade ≥3 toxicities were seen in 14.7% acutely and 24.6% in the late setting, including 3 treatment-related deaths. Conclusions Reirradiation with proton therapy, with or without chemotherapy, provided reasonable locoregional disease control, toxicity profiles, and survival outcomes for an advanced-stage and heavily pretreated population. Additional data are needed to identify which patients are most likely to benefit from aggressive efforts to achieve local disease control and to evaluate the potential benefit of proton therapy relative to other modalities of reirradiation.
Design of Electric Quantity of Battery Monitoring System of Underground Explosion-proof Computer Based on USB Protocol

In view of problem that current underground explosion-proof computer has no monitoring function for electric quantity of battery,a design scheme of electric quantity of battery monitoring system of underground explosion-proof computer based on USB protocol was proposed.In the system,small single-chip microcomputer with AD conversion is used to collect and process electric quantity of battery,the collected data is transmitted to module of USB to serial port,then sampling value of electric quantity of battery can be got by upper computer through virtual serial port.The test result showed that the indexes of the system accord with working time of load,data transmission has higher reliability and relative error of AD conversion can meet with demands of collection of electric quantity of battery.
Teachers' understanding of partitioning when modeling fraction arithmetic

We analyze how middle grades teachers in a professional development program reasoned about fraction arithmetic using length and area models. We discovered that teachers' abilities to partition length and area quantities were critical. In particular, we focus on ways that teachers' used multiplication factor/product relationships, distributive reasoning, and levels of units. Our findings contribute to the learning sciences' growing understanding of what teachers must know in order to use drawn representations effectively in instruction.