cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Enhancements to and Applications of the SmartBrick Structural Health Monitoring Platform

The SmartBrick network is an autonomous and wireless solution for structural health monitoring of civil infrastructures. The base station is currently in its third generation and has been laboratory- and field-tested in the United States and Italy. The second generation of the sensor nodes has been laboratory-tested as of publication. In this paper, we present recent enhancements made to hardware and software of the SmartBrick platform. Salient improvements described include the development of a new base station with fully-integrated long-range GSM (cellular) and short-range ZigBee communication. The major software improvement described in this paper is migration to the ZigBee PRO stack, which was carried out in the interest of interoperability. To broaden the application of the platform to critical environments that require survivability and fault tolerance, we have striven to achieve compliance with military standards in the areas of hardware, software, and communication. We describe these efforts and present a survey of the military standards investigated. Also described is instrumentation of a three-span experimental bridge in Washington County, Missouri; with the SmartBrick platform. The sensors, whose output is conditioned and multiplexed; include strain gauges, thermocouples, push potentiometers, and three-axis inclinometers. Data collected is stored on site and reported over the cellular network. Real-time alerts are generated if any monitored parameter falls outside its acceptable range. Redundant sensing and communication provide reliability and facilitate corroboration of the data collected. A web interface is used to issue remote configuration commands and to facilitate access to and visualization of the data collected.
A matrix micropatterning platform for cell localization and stem cell fate determination.

Abstract To study the role of cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, microscale approaches provide the potential to perform high throughput assessment of the effect of the ECM microenvironment on cellular function and phenotype. Using a microscale direct writing (MDW) technique, we characterized the generation of multicomponent ECM microarrays for cellular micropatterning, localization and stem cell fate determination. ECMs and other biomolecules of various geometries and sizes were printed onto epoxide-modified glass substrates to evaluate cell attachment by human endothelial cells. The endothelial cells displayed strong preferential attachment to the ECM patterned regions and aligned their cytoskeleton along the direction of the micropatterns. We next generated ECM microarrays that contained one or more ECM components (namely gelatin, collagen IV and fibronectin) and then cultured murine embryonic stem cell (ESCs) on the microarrays. The ESCs selectively attached to the micropatterned features and expressed markers associated with a pluripotent phenotype, such as E-cadherin and alkaline phosphatase, when maintained in growth medium containing leukemia inhibitory factor. In the presence of the soluble factors retinoic acid and bone morphogenetic protein-4 the ESCs differentiated towards the ectodermal lineage on the ECM microarray with differential ECM effects. The ESCs cultured on gelatin showed significantly higher levels of pan cytokeratin expression, when compared with cells cultured on collagen IV or fibronectin, suggesting that gelatin preferentially promotes ectodermal differentiation. In summary, our results demonstrate that MDW is a versatile approach to print ECMs of diverse geometries and compositions onto surfaces, and it is amenable to the generation of multicomponent ECM microarrays for stem cell fate determination.
Decarbonylation of heptanoic acid over carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles

The decarbonylation and decarboxylation of heptanoic acid over carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles were studied in a continuous flow fixed bed reactor at 573 K and 37 bar for liquid-phase operation and 1 bar for gas-phase operation. Under liquid-phase conditions, the TOF over Pt supported on Norit carbon was 0.0052 s−1 and independent of Pt loading. At very low conversions, approaching zero, the product selectivity was consistent with decarbonylation as the primary reaction, producing mostly hexenes and CO. As conversion increased from 1% to 5% at 37 bar, substantial amounts of hexane and CO2 were observed, presumably from secondary side reactions such as water-gas shift (WGS) and hydrogenation instead of direct decarboxylation. The terminal olefin was observed with high selectivity (57%) only during gas-phase operation (1 bar) which facilitated transport of the olefin away from the Pt that also catalyzed double bond isomerization. Some sintering of the Pt metal particles during reaction of heptanoic acid was observed by X-ray diffraction analysis of the spent catalyst. Catalyst regeneration studies were performed over spent catalyst but they failed to restore any catalytic activity.
Topotecan: weighing in when there are many options.

The manuscript by Armstrong et al. in this issue of The Oncologist, reviewing the toxicity and efficacy of fulldose topotecan delivered as second-line therapy in individuals with small cell lung cancer or ovarian cancer, will likely serve as both the most comprehensive and the final review of this active agent delivered at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved dosage and schedule. The review represents large, relatively homogeneous patient populations with prior platinum exposure and convincingly describes topotecan as an agent with activity that is comparable with those of all other approved drugs in this setting and a well-defined and relatively circumscribed set of toxicities. While the activity of
The True Coefficient of Mortality

THE very interesting and suggestive lecture of Alexander Buchan on “The Weather and Health of London” (NATURE, vol. xxiv. p. 143 et seq.) reminds me of the propriety of calling the attention of writers on “vital statistics” to a point in relation to the true method of discussing the mortuary data. The specific point to which attention is drawn is the necessity of estimating the relative tendency to special diseases by comparing the number of deaths from the given cause with the number of persons living at the ages embraced in the record; instead of making the comparison (as is usually done) with the total deaths from all causes, or with the total number living at all ages.
QUANTIFYING FACTORS AFFECTING SIDEWALL AIR INLET PERFORMANCE

A generalized sidewall air inlet (SWAI) was designed based on past research (Wu et al., 1994; Hoff et al., 1994). Research was conducted on this SWAI design to evaluate volumetric flow rate as a function of inlet height, opening height, hood design, deflecting vane-design, and static pressure difference across the inlet. Dimensional analysis was used as a tool to decide the importance of each inlet parameter. Extreme values of Pi terms were calculated, tested, and compared with each other to analyze the significance of inlet parameters affecting the discharge coefficient and volumetric flow rate. Results showed that the discharge coefficient ranged from 0.58 to 0.90 and was affected by the opening aspect ratio, weather hood approach angle, and deflecting vane angle. Design graphs are presented for evaluating the discharge coefficient for this generalized inlet.
A weakly singular integral formulation for displacement prescribed problems of elasticity

This paper introduces a new integral formulation for displacement prescribed problems in linear elasticity. The formulation uses a weakly singular kernel and extends to the case of linear elasticity the integral formulation introduced by Mikhlin [1] to solve Dirichlet problems for Laplace’s equation in multiply connected domains. A detailed proof of the proposed formulation is given for displacement prescribed problems in two-dimensional multiply-connected domains. The proposed method can also be readily extended to solve three-dimensional problems.
An improved sulphur assay applied to a problem of isethionate metabolism in squid axon and other nerves.

An assay has ken developed for total sulphur which is based on a wet oxidation and measurement with a spectrophotofluorometer of light scattering by barium sulphate. The method has been adapted to the measurement of isethionate in squid nerve and blood, in other cephalopod nerve, and in the nerve tissue of other species including mammals. A correlation has been found between isethionate contents and the activity in the same tissues of one kind of DFP-hydrolysing enzyme, the highest levels of both being in squid nerve. Squid nerve also took up cysteine rapidly and metabolized it predominantly to hypotaurine but not to isethionate. We speculate that a hypotaurine derivative is a reserve form of isethionate, and that the so-called DFPase is involved in the release of hypotaurine and its metabolism to isethionate as needed.
Effect of Emulsifier Type on the Crystallization Kinetics of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Containing a Mixture of Solid and Liquid Droplets

Abstract Measurements of the ultrasonic velocity as a function of time (at 6.0°C) have been used to monitor the kinetics of crystallization of oil droplets in n -hexadecane-in-water emulsions containing a mixture of solid and liquid droplets. Crystallization is induced in liquid droplets when solid droplets are present. Induced crystallization is probably caused by crystals, protruding from solid droplets, penetrating into liquid droplets during collisions and thus acting as nucleation sites for crystal growth. The rate of induced crystallization depends strongly on the type of emulsifier used to stabilize the emulsion droplets. For the series of emulsifiers used in this study the rate decreased in the following order: Tween 20 > SDS > β-lactoglobulin > β-casein. Differences in rate can be explained by considering the influence the emulsifiers have on the interactions between droplets.
Benign air dissection of the esophagus and stomach at fiberesophagoscopy

Three cases aptly illustrate a significant complication of esophagogastroscopy employing air insufflation. Probable mechanisms are considered, and remedies are proposed.
Preparative Liquid Chromatography. II. Approaches On Non-Compressed Beds

Abstract Part I of this review covered preparative LC on mechanically compressed beds (1). This part will conclude the review with consideration of other systems. Much of the theory and mechanics of this valuable tool were discussed in the first part, but some additional thoughts will be presented here.
Effects and aftereffects of continuous noise and computation work on risk and effort choices

Choices between risk and effort, in a format (COPE) previously shown to reflect fatigue, were obtained from subjects in noise or quiet. Both sexes were used in the experiment, half the subjects working at the Norinder arithmetic task while half rested. The COPE test took a computational form, offering choices between digit lists of differing lengths in which target sums were imbedded. The baseline choice levels were established in quiet, but half the subjects were exposed to noise during the posttest. As previously found in comparable conditions, the Norinder task showed no effect of noise. Pretest-posttest comparisons on the COPE test showed that exposure to noise, like computation work, had the predicted effect of decreasing the choice of high-probability, high-effort alternatives. The presence of noise during posttest had no overall effect on risk effort choices, although there were indications that changes of any kind in the test conditions might be a factor. The data seem difficult to explain in an arousal framework, but may be simply interpreted as showing that exposure to noise produces real fatigue.
Helping Beginning and Struggling Readers to Develop Self-Regulated Strategies: A Reading Recovery Example.

In this article, the authors explain how one of them helped a struggling reader develop reading, writing, and self-regulatory strategies. The article is based on two foundations: Marie Clay's, the developer of Reading Recovery, ideas on the self-extending system of reading and Schunk and Zimmerman's four developmental levels of self-regulation (i.e., observation, emulation, self-control, self-regulation). The authors use examples of four strategic activities used within Reading Recovery sessions. Then, they give advice to teachers and other literacy specialists on how to guide their developing and struggling readers in moving through these four levels of self-regulation.
A Model of Proto-Anti-Codon RNA Enzymes Requiring l -Amino Acid Homochirality

All living organisms encode the 20 natural amino acid units of polypeptides using a universal scheme of triplet nucleotide “codons”. Disparate features of this codon scheme are potentially informative of early molecular evolution: (i) the absence of any codons for d-amino acids; (ii) the odd combination of alternate codon patterns for some amino acids; (iii) the confinement of synonymous positions to a codon’s third nucleotide; (iv) the use of 20 specific amino acids rather than a number closer to the full coding potential of 64; and (v) the evolutionary relationship of patterns in stop codons to amino acid codons. Here I propose a model for an ancestral proto-anti-codon RNA (pacRNA) auto-aminoacylation system and show that pacRNAs would naturally manifest features of the codon table. I show that pacRNAs could implement all the steps for auto-aminoacylation: amino acid coordination, intermediate activation of the amino acid by the 5′-end of the pacRNA, and 3′-aminoacylation of the pacRNA. The anti-codon cradles of pacRNAs would have been able to recognize and coordinate only a small number of l-amino acids via hydrogen bonding. A need for proper spatial coordination would have limited the number of chargeable amino acids for all anti-codon sequences, in addition to making some anti-codon sequences unsuitable. Thus, the pacRNA model implies that the idiosyncrasies of the anti-codon table and l-amino acid homochirality co-evolved during a single evolutionary period. These results further imply that early life consisted of an aminoacylated RNA world with a richer enzymatic potential than ribonucleotides alone.
Differential effects of cobalt ions on rod and cone synaptic activity in the isolated frog retina.

Abstract The uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and electrophysiological techniques, were used to study the effects of cobalt on the synaptic activity of frog rods and cones. In the dark, 1 or 2.4 mM cobalt produces markedly depressed levels of HRP uptake into rod terminals, while uptake by the cones is not substantially altered. This differential effect resembles that produced by moderate intensities of light HRP uptake by both rods and cones is reduced to very low levels by 5mM cobalt. 1 to 2.4 mM cobalt completely eliminates the rod contribution to the ERG b-wave without eliminating the cone contribution, but it does not affect the aspartate-isolated receptor potentials.
Myoid elements in the mammalian nephron and their relationship to other specializations in the basal part of kidney tubule cells

The basal region of proximal convoluted tubule cells from mouse kidney was studied with the electron microscope. Particular attention was given to grazing sections, i.e., sections whose plane was approximately parallel to that of the basement lamina. The findings indicate that many of the “basal compartments” of the proximal convoluted cells are elongate parallel structures which contain aggregations of filaments resembling those of smooth muscle. These elongate structures, referred to as myoid bands, react positively with dyes which are selective for muscle tissue. Close membrane appositions are also seen in grazing sections, apparently related to the myoid bands, at least by virtue of location. In addition, the basal region of the proximal convoluted tubule cells possesses branching microvillous processes. Because of their arrangement, the basal extracellular space associated with the microvillous processes appears as a maze-like network of channels. The microvillous processes and the associated extracellular space are at a level just slightly higher than the level of the myoid bands. This space appears to be distinct from the basal labyrinth inasmuch as the latter extends well into the mitochondrial region of the cell, whereas the basal extracellular space does not. In places, the microvillous processes extend to the basement lamina between the myoid bands. It is postulated that the microvillous processes and the related extracellular space are associated with fluid transport and that the myoid bands may constitute a regulatory device related to the control of fluid movement.
State printing—monopoly or competition

Great financial savings reported by states in which “individual job” system of letting printing contracts has been introduced.
Sum Rules for Coupling Constants in Broken SU(6) Symmetry

The baryon-meson vertex is considered in the broken $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ symmetry scheme, in particular the spin-${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$-pseudoscalar meson, and the spin-${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$-spin-${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$-pseudoscalar meson vertices. The coupling constants are given in terms of four independent parameters which are then determined from the known values of the coupling constants $\frac{{{g}^{2}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}N}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}(=15)$ and $\frac{{{g}^{2}}_{N\ensuremath{\Lambda}K}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}(\ensuremath{\simeq}1)$ and the decay widths $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({N}^{*++}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})=120$ MeV and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{*\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})=2.5$ MeV. The remaining coupling constants (apart from those which can be obtained from charge independence) are expressed in terms of 20 sum rules. The predictions from these sum rules are then compared with experimental results and are found to be in good agreement with them.
hVps15, but not Ca2+/CaM, is required for the activity and regulation of hVps34 in mammalian cells

The mammalian Class III PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), hVps34 [mammalian Vps (vacuolar protein sorting) 34 homologue], is an important regulator of vesicular trafficking, autophagy and nutrient sensing. In yeast, Vps34 is associated with a putative serine/threonine protein kinase, Vps15, which is required for Vps34p activity. The mammalian homologue of Vps15p, hVps15 (formerly called p150), also binds to hVps34, but its role in hVps34 signalling has not been evaluated. In the present study we have therefore compared the activity and regulation of hVps34 expressed without or with hVps15. We find that hVps34 has low specific activity when expressed alone; co-expression with hVps15 leads to a marked increase in activity. Notably, beclin-1/UVRAG (UV radiation resistance-associated gene) activation of hVps34 requires co-expression with hVps15; this may be explained by the observation that beclin-1/UVRAG expression increases hVps34/hVps15 binding. Regulation of hVps34 activity by nutrients also requires co-expression with hVps15. Finally, given a recent report that hVps34 activity requires Ca2+/CaM (calmodulin), we considered whether hVps15 might be involved in this regulation. Although hVps34 does bind CaM, we find its activity is not affected by treatment of cells with BAPTA/AM [1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetra-acetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester)] or W7. Removal of CaM by EDTA or EGTA washes has no effect on hVps34 activity, and hVps34 activity in vitro is unaffected by Ca2+ chelation. The results of the present study show that, in mammalian cells, hVps34 activity is regulated through its interactions with hVps15, but is independent of Ca2+/CaM.
The lived experience of middle-aged women with New York Heart Association class III heart failure: a pilot study.

Although heart failure (HF) is equally prevalent in men and women, women with HF are more likely to report decreased quality of life and are more likely to die of the disease compared with men. Moreover, HF has been studied less extensively in women and no study has specifically addressed women with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III HF using a qualitative method. This pilot study sought to gain insight into the lived experience of women with NYHA class III HF. Using a phenomenological approach, interviews obtained from 4 middle-aged women with NYHA class III HF were analyzed using the Giorgi method of data analysis. Five themes emerged: (1) developing a new conception of self, (2) conceding physical limitations, (3) enduring emotional heartache, (4) accepting support, and (5) rejuvenating through rest. This study provides a beginning to our understanding of the lived experience of women with NYHA class III HF. However, further exploration is needed to increase our knowledge of HF in women, particularly among diverse populations. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009;24:96–101. & 2009 Wiley
Photochemistry of cyclopentadienyliron(II) arene cations: analysis of the reaction with epoxides by means of time-resolved laser spectroscopy

Abstract We investigated the photochemistry of (CpFeArH) + X − in solutions containing epoxides by means of time-resolved laser spectroscopy. This study reveals that the key reactive intermediates are neutral complexes formed by the covalent attachment of the anion to the iron. The complex may be attacked by an epoxide and initiate a reaction sequence leading to crown ethers or to the polymerization of the epoxide. The reactivity of the neutral intermediates depends on the nature of the anion and the identity of the arene bound to the iron.
CD80 and CD86 Are Not Equivalent in Their Ability to Induce the Tyrosine Phosphorylation of CD28

Ligation of either CD80 (B7-1) or CD86 (B7-2), two principal ligands for CD28, is thought to skew the immune response toward Th1 or Th2 differentiation. We have examined early signal transduction pathways recruited following T cell stimulation with either CD80 or CD86. Purified human peripheral T cells or Jurkat T cells were stimulated with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing either human CD80 (CHO-CD80) or human CD86 (CHO-CD86) or with anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb). In the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, both CHO-CD80 and CHO-CD86, like anti-CD28 mAb, were capable of stimulating cytokine production from both human peripheral T cells and Jurkat T cells. Both CHO-CD80 and CHO-CD86, in the presence of anti-CD3 mAb, costimulated NFAT-dependent transcriptional activation. Several intracellular signaling proteins, such as CBL and VAV, were phosphorylated on tyrosine in response to CD80, CD86, and anti-CD28 mAb. Surprisingly, although stimulation of Jurkat T cells with either CHO-CD80 or anti-CD28 mAb resulted in robust tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28 itself, ligation with CHO-CD86 was unable to induce detectable CD28 tyrosyl phosphorylation over a range of stimulation conditions. In addition, the association of phosphoinositide 3-kinase with CD28 and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ were seen after anti-CD28 mAb and CHO-CD80 stimulation but to a much lesser extent after CHO-CD86 stimulation. Thus, ligation of CD28 with either CD80 or CD86 leads to shared early signal transduction events such as the tyrosine phosphorylation of CBL and VAV, to NFAT-mediated transcriptional activation, and to the costimulation of interleukin-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production. However, CD80 and CD86 also induce distinct signal transduction pathways including the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28 and phospholipase Cγ1 and the SH2-dependent association of phosphoinositide 3-kinase with CD28. These quantitative, if not qualitative, differences between signaling initiated by these two ligands for CD28 may contribute to functional differences (e.g. Th1 or Th2 differentiation) in T cell responses.
Approaching child abuse treatment from the perspective of empathy

Research identifies empathy as a moderating variable in the display of aggression. Research further suggests that empathy is a significant variable in the effective parenting of children. Studies in child abuse show that abusive parents score significantly lower on empathy measures as compared to their nonabusive counterparts. The purpose of this theoretical article is (1) to suggest based on the literature that empathy training should be a core component in treatment strategies with abusive parents. A variety of approaches to empathy training will be suggested; (2) to encourage the implementation of empathy training in interventions with abusive parents and the measurement through research of the effectiveness of this approach to treatment on a short and long-term basis.
Acoustic power of a moving point source in a moving medium

The acoustic power output of a moving point-mass source in an acoustic medium which is in uniform motion and infinite in extent is examined. The acoustic medium is considered to be a homogeneous fluid having both zero viscosity and zero thermal conductivity. Two expressions for the acoustic power output are obtained based on a different definition cited in the literature for the average energy-flux vector in an acoustic medium in uniform motion. The acoustic power output of the source is found by integrating the component of acoustic intensity vector in the radial direction over the surface of an infinitely long cylinder which is within the medium and encloses the line of motion of the source. One of the power expressions is found to give unreasonable results even though the flow is uniform.
Diffusion coefficients of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in brain extracellular fluid space

Diffusion coefficients of catecholamine neurotransmitters, their metabolites and related species was measured in brain extracellular fluid using in vivo voltammetric techniques. Nanoliter volumes of the species were pressure-ejected into the rat caudate nucleus and their concentration profiles were determined at nearby voltammetric detector electrodes. Thorough testing was carried out to show that the present methodology gave results which agreed with brain diffusion coefficients measured previously by ion-selective microelectrode techniques. All of the species which are anionic at pH 7.4 have brain diffusion coefficients about one-third of their solution counterparts in accord with earlier studies of diffusion in tortuous media. However, the brain diffusion coefficients of all the cation species are about three-times slower than those of the anions. This phenomenon is believed to be caused by ion binding with the polyanionic glycosaminoglycans and related species in brain tissue. In vitro model experiments lend support to this interpretation. This new information on biogenic amines and their metabolites provides meaningful predictions of the spatio-temporal concentration distribution of these species in the extracellular fluid.
The Influence of Payment Method on Psychologists' Diagnostic Decisions: Expanding the Range of Presenting Problems

Previous research (Kielbasa, Pomerantz, Krohn, & Sullivan, 2004; Pomerantz & Segrist, 2006) indicates that when psychologists consider a client with symptoms of depression or anxiety, payment method significantly influences diagnostic decisions. This study extends the scope of the previous research to consider clients with symptoms of social phobia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychologists in independent practice responded to vignettes of clients whose descriptions deliberately included subclinical impairment. Half of the participants were told that the clients would pay via managed care; the other half were told that the clients would pay out-of-pocket. Confirming previous studies, payment method had a highly significant impact on diagnosis such that compared to out-of-pocket clients, managed care clients were much more likely to be assigned Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnoses. Ethical implicat...
Pentoxifylline modulates p47phox activation and downregulates neutrophil oxidative burst through PKA-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

Background and Aim: Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been proven to be an inhibitor of fMLP-induced neutrophil (PMN) oxidative burst and is thought to function by increasing cAMP and Protein kinase A (PKA). We hypothesized that PTX diminishes production of the neutrophil respiratory burst by both PKA-dependent and independent mechanisms.Material and Methods: Human neutrophils were isolated and stimulated with fMLP (1μM) alone or in combination with PTX (2mM). PMN activation was determined by the cytochrome C reduction method in the presence and absence of p38 MAPK (SB203580), ERK (PD98059), and PKA inhibitors (H89). Western blot analysis of Ras, Raf, p38 MAPK, ERK, and Akt was performed in PMNs exposed to fMLP and PTX. Cell membranes were fractionated to measure membrane-associated p47 phox. Treated cells were imaged using confocal microscopy to examine changes in localization of Akt and p47phox.Results: PTX produced a decrease in oxidative burst that was diminished but not abrogated by H89 exposure. The reductio...
The efficient implementation of correction procedure via reconstruction with graphics processing unit computing

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has long been a useful tool to model fluid flow problems across many engineering disciplines, and while problem size, complexity, and difficulty continue to expand, the demands for robustness and accuracy grow. Furthermore, generating high-order accurate solutions has escalated the required computational resources, and as problems continue to increase in complexity, so will computational needs such as memory requirements and calculation time for accurate flow field prediction. To improve upon computational time, vast amounts of computational power and resources are employed, but even over dozens to hundreds of central processing units (CPUs), the required computational time to compute solutions can be weeks, months, or longer, which is particularly true when generating high-order accurate solutions over large computational domains. One response to lower the computational time for CFD problems is to implement current CFD solvers on graphical processing units (GPUs). GPUs have illustrated the ability to solve problems orders of magnitude faster than their CPU counterparts with identical accuracy. The goal of the presented work is to combine a CFD solver and GPU computing with the intent to solve complex problems at a high-order of accuracy while lowering the computational time required to generate the solution. The CFD solver should have high-order spacial capabilities to evaluate small fluctuations and fluid structures not generally captured by lower-order methods (2nd and 1st order) and be efficient for the GPU architecture. This research combines the high-order Correction Procedure via Reconstruction (CPR) method for explicit time-stepping with compute unified device architecture (CUDA) from NVIDIA to reach these goals. In addition, the study demonstrates accuracy of the developed solver by comparing results with other solvers and exact solutions. Finally, to illustrate speed-ups, a single core Intel Xeon X5650 at 2.67 GHz is compared against a Tesla C2070 and a K20x, where a maximum speed-up of nearly 70x is demonstrated.
The use of linear measurements when comparing masses

Since linear measurements are unlikely to be directly proportional to mass, it is necessary to raise linear measurements by an exponent when using them as covariates in comparisons of mass, or when using them to control for the effect of size on mass. For Purple Sandpipers wintering in Britain exponents range from 2.54–2.95 (wing-length) to 0.82–0.85 (bill-length). These values cannot be used for other populations of Purple Sandpiper since the relationships between linear measurements and mass are different
Discrimination in urban credit markets: What we don't know and why we don't know it

Abstract Research on discrimination in housing credit has focused primarily on the outcomes of a complex process in which many parties play a role. The lender— or prospective lender—is only one party in the process that results in decisions by individuals and households to buy homes and finance their purchases. To focus solely on lenders would make it difficult to measure the nature and extent of discrimination and its effects on housing outcomes. After discussing limitations of housing credit discrimination research, the author suggests two relatively underexplored areas: studying housing search behavior and auditing lenders to assess their treatment of prospective borrowers before the stage at which written loan applications are submitted. Both suggested avenues of research might better address three public policy questions for which our knowledge is incomplete: Is there discrimination? Where does it occur in the home‐buying process? What are the effects of discrimination on household behavior?
Predictors of Experiences and Attitudes at a Summer Camp for Children and Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome

The current study aimed to examine factors predicting camp experiences and attitudes towards having Tourette syndrome (TS). Twenty-eight campers with TS and their caregivers completed measures before and after camp. Higher depressive symptoms before camp significantly predicted poorer camp experiences and attitudes towards having TS at the end of camp. Neither externalizing symptoms nor TS symptoms emerged as significant predictors of camp experiences or attitudes towards having TS. Identification and treatment of symptoms related to depression may benefit children with TS who attend camp.
Analysis of Hurricane Irene’s Wind Field Using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecast (WRF-ARW) Model

Hurricane Irene caused widespread and significant impacts along the U.S. east coast during 27–29 August 2011. During this period, the storm moved across eastern North Carolina and then tracked northward crossing into Long Island and western New England. Impacts included severe flooding from the mid-Atlantic states into eastern New York and western New England, widespread wind damage and power outages across a large portion of southern and central New England, and a major storm surge along portions of the Long Island coast. The objective of this study was to conduct retrospective simulations using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecast (WRF-ARW) model in an effort to reconstruct the storm’s surface wind field during the period of 27–29 August 2011. The goal was to evaluate how to use the WRF modeling system as a tool for reconstructing the surface wind field from historical storm events to support storm surge studies. The results suggest that, with even modest data assimilation applied to these simulations, the model was able to resolve the detailed structure of the storm, the storm track, and the spatial surface wind field pattern very well. The WRF model shows real potential for being used as a tool to analyze historical storm events to support storm surge studies.
The Cooling Out of Two-Year College Women.

The author describes the concept of “cooling out” as developed by Burton Clark and examines its applicability to the experience of women in the two-year college. She looks at four cooling out agents: parents, uncontrollable circumstances, counselors, and the two-year college itself. The discussion is based on interviews with 62 women in three two-year colleges. The author concludes that cooling out as experienced by women is congruent with but not exactly like the process as described by Clark. Nevertheless, the importance of counseling to the cooling out function is reasserted.
Optical flip-flops and sequential logic circuits using a liquid crystal light valve

This paper is concerned with the application of optics to digital computing. A Hughes liquid crystal light valve is used as an active optical element where a weak light beam can control a strong light beam with either a positive or negative gain characteristic. With this device as the central element the ability to produce bistable states from which different types of flip-flop can be implemented is demonstrated. In this paper, some general comments are first presented on digital computing as applied to optics. This is followed by a discussion of optical implementation of various types of flip-flop. These flip-flops are then used in the design of optical equivalents to a few simple sequential circuits such as shift registers and accumulators. As a typical sequential machine, a schematic layout for an optical binary temporal integrator is presented. Finally, a suggested experimental configuration for an optical master-slave flip-flop array is given.
Role of yttrium in enhanced adhesion of chromia scale to chromium

Abstract The effects of small additions of yttrium on the interfacial adhesion of Cr/Cr2O3, Cr/Cr2O3-0.09 wt% Y2O3, Cr-0.1Y/Cr2O3, and Cr-0.1Y/Cr2O3-0.09Y2O3 couples have been investigated at 1300°C and a pO2 value corresponding to Cr/Cr2O3 equilibrium. Results show that bonding occurs only in couples for which the Y is initially in the Cr. This observation suggests that the site of the reactive-element effect in scale adhesion during high-temperature oxidation is the metal substrate rather than the oxide scale.
Mohs micrographically controlled surgery and the treatment of malignant melanoma.

Mohs micrographic surgery is a technique that offers surgeons and pathologists a means to examine the entire surgical margins of excised cutaneous malignancies in a more complete manner than conventional methods. Initially developed to treat nonmelanoma skin cancers, its use has been expanded to include histologic margin evaluation for treatment of malignant melanoma. Clinical studies demonstrate equivalent or better 5-year survival rates with Mohs surgery compared to conventional wide local excision. For surgical treatment of melanoma, it offers unique advantages for lesions requiring tissue conservation and accurate margin determination, particularly in anatomic sites where cosmetic and functional concerns are of importance (head and neck, hands, and feet), and for large or ill-defined lesions such as lentigo maligna or lentigo maligna melanoma.
Voltage Compliant SOI MESFETs for High Linearity RF Front Ends

With the continued scaling of ULSI CMOS, the reduction in supply voltage, VDD, represents a significant challenge to the RF design engineer. With the voltage swing of an amplifier limited to VDD/2 or less, the load presented to the drain of the transistor is chosen to be small enough to generate the necessary output power. This in turn requires that the transistor be driven with sufficient gate overdrive (Vgs - Vth) to ensure that enough current can be supplied to the load while maintaining the device in saturation. The large gate overdrive exacerbates the non-linearities that arise from the square-law behavior of the MOSFET, lD alpha (Vgs - Vth) , leading to gain compression and distortion. Although a number of elegant techniques have been developed to mitigate the distortion due to the high gate over-drive it would be useful to have a device that allowed higher voltage excursions. High voltage MOSFETs such are commonly available but often require additional process steps to be included in the CMOS flow. We have demonstrated that SOI MESFETs can be integrated alongside CMOS with no changes to the process flow. The MESFETs can tolerate high voltage excursions Gt 12V with fT and fmax in the GHz range, making them ideally suited to high linearity RF applications. Here we present measured results from a nominal 1 GHz SOI MESFET amplifier that confirm the higher linearity that can be achieved by biasing the device at lower gate over-drive.
Outcome at 3 years with a prednisone-free maintenance regimen: a single-center experience with 349 kidney transplant recipients.

Historically, late steroid withdrawal after kidney transplants has been associated with an increased rejection rate. Recently, low rejection rates have been reported for recipients treated with complete avoidance or rapid elimination of steroids. However, follow-up has been short. We herein report on 3-year outcome in recipients whose prednisone was rapidly eliminated and who were maintained on a steroid-free regimen. From 10/1/1999 through 5/1/2003, 349 recipients (254 LD, 95 CAD; 319 in first 30 s) were immunosuppressed with polyclonal antibody (Thymoglobulin), a calcineurin inhibitor, either mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus, and rapid discontinuation of prednisone. Actuarial 3-year patient survival was 95%; graft survival, 93%. Acute rejection-free graft survival at 1 year was 94%; at 3 years, 92%. There was no difference between LD and CAD. At 2 years, the mean (± SE) serum creatinine level for LDs was 1.6 ± 0.5 mg/dL; for CAD, 1.6 ± 0.4 mg/dL. We have no new cases of PTLD or avascular necrosis; 22 recipients (6%) developed CMV. Currently, 84% of recipients remain prednisone-free. We conclude that excellent 3-year patient and graft survival can be achieved without maintenance prednisone. With such a protocol, steroid-related side-effects are minimal.
Abstract 4368: Vitamin E and the green tea active agent EGCG suppress radiation-induced carcinogenesis by different molecular mechanisms

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Treatment induced secondary malignancies after successful radiation and/or chemotherapy cure of primary tumors is a growing area of concern. The identification of chemopreventive compounds that reduce radiation-induced secondary malignancy but are both nontoxic and tolerated with long-term use is a critical need. We investigated the chemopreventive potential and mechanism of action of Vitamin E and EGCG (the active agent in green tea) with the human CGL1 radiation neoplastic transformation assay. The molecularly characterized CGL1 assay allows both alterations of the quantitative neoplastic transformation as well the potential underlying molecular processes of the chemoprevention to be determined. We found long-term treatment with 15 microM EGCG or 50 microM Vitamin E beginning 72 hours after 7 Gy irradiation, significantly reduce radiation-induced neoplastic transformation frequency by a factor of 2.3. We determined that Vit E suppressed radiation-induced carcinogenesis by the induction of a p53 and pro-apoptotic Bax dependent apoptosis in the progeny of the irradiated cells. In addition, we demonstrated that EGCG does not reduce radiation-induced carcinogenesis by increased apoptosis, but rather by the onset of p16 dependent senescence in the irradiated CGL1 progeny. Vit E and EGCG are excellent candidate nontoxic chemopreventive agents for radiation-induced carcinogenesis that work by two distinct molecular mechanisms. We propose that this information should also aid in the development of next generation chemopreventive compounds. These studies were supported by a grant from the DOD awarded to MSM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4368.
Isoelectronic δ doping in a ZnSe superlattice: Tellurium as an efficient hole trap

Spatially selective introduction of Te isoelectronic traps into ZnSe-based quantum-well structures allows the probing of this strongly binding center for excitons with direct microscopic insight. In particular, we show how the hole wave function is strongly localized at Te sites to an orbit size comparable to that of the unit cell. The electron wave function, Coulomb bound to the hole, is not measurably altered following the shrinkage of the hole orbit.
Founder AND FATHER

Eugene Rabinowitch was a true Renaissance man—a member of the Manhattan Project, an outstanding thinker, scientist, and writer. And 60 years ago he founded the Bulletin.
Why does eating while reading facilitate opinion change?—An experimental inquiry

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to follow up on previous findings of a gain in opinion change produced by eating-while-reading ( Razran, 1940 ; Janis, Kaye, and Kirschner, 1965 ) by testing predictions from a “conditioning” theory and from an alternative explanation in terms of greater receptivity to any communication endorsed by E, the donor of the food. A factorial design was used to determine the extent to which the opinion changes induced by two persuasive communications were influenced by (1) E's giving food contiguously with exposure to the communications vs. giving the food beforehand, and (2) E's positive vs. negative endorsement of the conclusions advocated by the communication. An analysis of variance of the opinion-change scores showed that neither variable had a significant main effect but there was a significant interaction effect: Positive endorsement of the communications by E was highly influential when he gave food contiguously with the communications but not when he gave food beforehand. The following “momentary compliance” hypothesis was inferred from the findings: The consumption of proferred food induces a momentary mood of compliance toward the donor that is strongest at the time the food is being consumed and that decreases in strength rapidly after the food has been consumed.
Induction of in vivo synthetic lethal RNAi responses to treat glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme remains one of the most intractable human malignancies. Glioblastomas arise due to activation of multiple oncogenic pathways leading to increased cellular growth, proliferation and tumor cell survival. siRNA induced RNA Interference (RNAi) responses result in the degradation of specific mRNA species. In theory, RNAi responses can selectively target intersecting oncogenic pathways to induce a tumor cell specific RNAi synthetic lethal response. However, the concept of inducing in vivo synthetic lethal RNAi responses has not yet been addressed. Here we tested the in vivo ability of synthetic lethal RNAi responses to treat glioblastoma. To deliver siRNAs into cells, we fused a peptide transduction delivery domain to a dsRNA-binding domain (PTD-DRBD). DRBDs avidly bind to siRNAs, masking the siRNA anionic negative charge and allowing for efficient PTD-mediated siRNA delivery into the entire cell population. Combinatorial targeting of EGF-Receptor (EGFR) and Akt2, but not Ak1 or Akt3, by PTD-DRBD delivered siRNAs synergized to induce tumor cell specific apoptosis. In vivo PTD-DRBD delivery of EGFR and Akt2 siRNAs induced tumor specific apoptosis and significantly increased survival in intracerebral glioblastoma mouse models (p < 0.0005), whereas delivery of irrelevant control siRNAs did not alter longevity. Thus, siRNA induced synthetic lethal RNAi responses have great potential for personalized medicine treatment of cancer.
Split-thickness skin grafting of leg ulcers. The University of Miami Department of Dermatology's experience (1990-1993).

BACKGROUND. Skin grafting for large and recalcitrant lower extremity ulcers is a commonly used therapy. However, the success rate for grafts performed by dermatologists is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE. To analyze our experience with meshed split-thickness skin grafts for leg ulcers. METHODS. We retrospectively analyzed all hospitalized dermatology patients who underwent meshed split-thickness skin grafting for lower extremity ulceration due to a variety of causes performed by the Department of Dermatology at the University of Miami over a 3-year period (1990-1993). RESULTS. Twenty-nine patients with 36 ulcers were grafted. Greater than 90% of ulcers had initial graft take. At long-term follow-up, 52% of ulcers were healed, 26% were partially healed, and 22% recurred. CONCLUSION. We conclude that meshed split-thickness skin grafting is a safe and effective therapy for recalcitrant lower extremity ulcers. Dermatol Surg 1995 ;21 :701-703.