cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does size matter? Assessment and fighting in small and large size‐matched pairs of adult male convict cichlids

Contests between matched pairs of sexually mature convict cichlids Archocentrus nigrofasciatus were staged to determine if size alone affected the ways in which the males fought. Both small and large contests began with a period of visual displays. As fights progressed, displays diminished, and were replaced by more escalated behaviours. Small and large contests were also of similar duration. Despite these consistencies with sequential assessment, large and small contests were not entirely alike. For example, large males engaged in more lateral displays and were slower to escalate than small males. Small males displayed less and escalated to biting sooner than large males. Two possible explanations are suggested for these contrasts in contest structure: absolute opponent size and differences in the males' ages coupled with differences in experience.
Towards bi-carrier ion-transistors: DC and optically induced effects in electrically controlled electrochemical cells

Abstract By applying a DC electrical bias to a central graphene gate electrode, which separated the anode and the cathode in an electrochemical cell, we controlled the external cell's current, I cell , electrically. By irradiating the cell with modulated light intensity, we obtained an AC open-circuit response. The optically induced open-circuit AC voltage could be tuned by the DC electrical bias. Such findings suggest novel methods to control and monitor ion currents in electrochemical cells.
LIGHTWEIGHT RUMEN CANNULA FOR RUMEN MOTILITY STUDIES.

Abstract Rumen fistula plugs and cannulas have been developed for various purposes. If the ingesta is to be completely removed from the rumen, a large fistula and plug are necessary (2). For the periodic removal of small volumes of rumen ingesta, the plug of Komarek and Leffel (3) is very sturdy and satisfactory; however, we have had trouble making such a cannula sufficiently airtight for the measurement of rumen pressure changes in sheep. In other work (1), cannulas made according to Komarek and Leffel (3) were used successfully in rumen motility experiments with steers; however, when installed in sheep they seem to be too heavy and, thus, have a tendency to stretch the rumen fistula to the point where it is impossible to make it airtight. Cannulas made from smallbore acrylic plastic tubing and round flanges cut from ¼-in. acrylic sheets can easily be made airtight when installed in the rumen, but eventually the flange within the rumen becomes broken due to crystallization or is broken by the animal rubbing against a fence or stall (Figure 1).
Durable and Oxygen Bleach Rechargeable Antimicrobial Cellulose: Sodium Perborate as an Activating and Recharging Agent

Durable and rechargeable antimicrobial cotton was prepared from polycarboxylic acid (PCA)-finished cellulose. Sodium perborate solution was employed as an activating and recharging agent to generate peroxyacid structures from cross-linked PCA moieties existing on the PCA-treated fabrics. The peroxyacid structures on the fabrics, characterized by using FTIR and active oxygen analysis, could demonstrate desired antimicrobial functions against Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial functions on the cellulose can be refreshed by using similar sodium perborate solutions in subsequent procedures. But the refreshable functions on the cotton seem to be limited by the peroxyacid formation process. The mechanisms and conditions of the formation of peroxyacid structures on PCA-cross-linked cellulose are discussed in this paper.
The image and the voice in the film with spoken narration

(1983). The image and the voice in the film with spoken narration. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 19-32.
Synthesis and characterization of hexakis(acetonitrile)chromium(III) tetrafluoroborate, [CrIII(NCMe)6][BF4]3. A nonaqueous CrIII source☆

Abstract Oxidation of [CrII(NCMe)4][BF4]2 with thianthrinium tetrafluoroborate forms [CrIII(NCMe)6][BF4]3 exhibiting two νCN absorptions at 2331 and 2301 cm−1, and has been structurally characterized with an average Cr–N distance of 1.999 A. From the electronic absorption spectra the ligand field splitting, Δ0, is 20,160 cm−1, which is slightly larger than [CrIII(OH2)6]3+ in accord with the divalent chromium analogues. The 298 K ESR has a resonance at g=1.9884, and the magnetic susceptibility has a 300 K moment of 3.85μB characteristic of S=3/2 Cr(III). The field dependence of the magnetization can be fit to the Brillouin function also characteristic of S=3/2.
Synthesis of di-, tetra, and hexadeuterated 11-octadecenoates

Methyl esters of 11-octadecenoic-15, 16-d2, −15, 15, 16, 16-d4, and −10, 10, 15, 15, 16, 16-d6 acids were prepared by Wittig synthesis from intermediates derived from 11-bromoundecanoic acid and 7-chloro-3-heptyne. The dideuterated acid was prepared by partial hydrogenation of the heptyne followed by saturation with deuterium to 1-chloroheptane-4, 5-d2 for Wittig synthesis. Saturation of the heptyne with deuterium provided the Wittig intermediate for tetradeuterated acids. The hexadeuterated acids were prepared from tetradeuterated alkyl halide and 10-formyldecanoate-10, 10-d2.
A Statewide Program to Teach Nurses the Use of Fetal Monitors

The regionalization concept in perinatal medicine has opened many new areas of information and practice for obstetrical nurses. One of these areas is in electronic fetal monitoring. Since the technique is relatively new to most nurses, the need for in-hospital training is tremendous. This article describes the first steps taken in establishing such an educational program, the expansion of that program to statewide coverage, and the incorporation and expansion of such a program to meet the needs of the area in the regionalization of perinatal health care.
Multisite hippocampal slice recording and stimulation using a 32 element microelectrode array

A technique has been developed in which a planar array of 32 microelectrodes, arranged in a 4 by 8 pattern with 200 micron separation, is used to record from and stimulate the hippocampal slice preparation at multiple sites. Control of media flow past the tissue is critical to observe signals and preserve viability. Active suppression circuitry is used to prevent device saturation due to large stimulation artifacts. The field potentials recorded are spatially unique and provide a 2-dimensional description of the underlying population activity in the various pyramidal strata and subpopulations. Multisite stimulation is also possible with the array, permitting the experimenter to quickly stimulate and record from brain slices in many spatial patterns.
Die übergangsmetall-katalysierte reduktive Carbonylierung von Arylaziden zu 1,3-Diarylharnstoffen†

Several group VIII metal carbonyls catalyze decomposition of aryl azides to yield in the presence of carbon monoxide and a low concentration of hydrogen the corresponding symmetrical disubstituted ureas. Based on the formation of nitrenoid intermediates, probable and alternative reaction mechanism pathways have been examined.
Base substitutions, length differences and DNA strand asymmetries in the human Gγ and Aγ fetal globin gene region

Abstract We have studied differences arising subsequent to the 5 kilobase pair (kb) duplication that led to the human G γ and A γ fetal globin genes. The local occurrence of base substitutions in the duplicated 5 kb region correlates positively with the local AT base pair content. This correlation also occurs in two mouse β-globin genes and in two mouse immunoglobulin genes. The relationship is valid for transcribed or nontranscribed DNA and for DNA that contains only coding sequences. Length differences in the fetal globin duplicated regions correlate positively with the occurrence of short direct repeats of ≥5 base pairs. Path analysis of the interrelationships of base composition, base substitutions, repeats and length differences provides an integrated view of the relative effects on chromosomal changes of these variables and of selection. The distributions along the chromosome of simple sequences and of base compositions show highly significant local asymmetries between the transcribed and nontranscribed strands of the DNA, which permit us to divide the fetal globin gene region into chromosomal domains. Comparable domains are present in DNA from other sources, including the mammalian viruses SV40 and polyoma virus strain A-2 in which some of the domains appear related to discrete functions.
History 4°: Postcolonial Method and Anthropocene Time

The essay opens by situating Dipesh Chakrabarty’s recent work on climate change and the anthropocene (the new geological period of time in which humans have become a planet-reshaping “force of nature”) together with a broader contemporary discourse on the human/nonhuman in relation to Claude Levi-Strauss and Jean Paul Sartre’s 1960s debate on the nature of history and the dialectic. Although not explicitly advanced under the sign of that debate, these recent discourses, I suggest, share and extend some of its crucial features, taking something from both sides. From Sartre: the call for a search for critical method adequate to addressing Marx’s observation that we make our own history, but not under circumstances of our own choosing. From Levi-Strauss: the argument that “history” is inadequately addressed by the “historian’s code,” that the situation of our time encompasses multiple scales and orders of time: most significantly, an array of “extra-historical,” “infra-historical,” and “supra-historical” registers of human/nonhuman time. From there, I return to Chakrabarty, to discuss the ways in which his work takes up those twin challenges. I pursue this reading by considering the relation between his earlier conceptualization (in Provincializing Europe) of History 1 and History 2 and the new theory of history emerging from his work on climate change, which I call History 3. I conclude by suggesting that despite its enormously rich considerations of the multiscaled temporality of the anthropocene, Chakrabarty’s recent work also sometimes bends the time of climate linear in the progress toward catastrophe, thereby bypassing the full possibility of a multitemporal ontology of the present that would include the persistence into the anthropocene of History 1 and 2. I suggest, therefore, that while drawing on his recent work, we need to continue in a search for a method adequate to the situation of our time; a time that knots together (minimally) Histories 1, 2, and 3; a time that I am provisionally calling History 4°.
Stimulating Growth and Investment in Africa: From Macro to Micro Reforms

: How do we stimulate investment and growth in Africa? This paper focuses on low-income countries that are ‘good performers’ and not especially endowed with natural resources. Many of these countries have undertaken a set of economic reforms, and have recorded growth rates in per capita GDP of around 5 percent over the past 10 years. But some constraints to growth persist. We look at three things — how business environments create ‘external costs’ for firms and inhibit performance, how investors perceive the constraints to doing business, and the role of political economy factors especially in those countries with lagging indigenous business sectors. Our analysis of investment climate and other data leads us to several recommendations for governments, donors and the private sector itself, including the following: deepen macro reforms; build a strong, unified business forum; create incentives for more responsive governments; and improve risk mitigation and broaden this to domestic investors.
The complement system in central nervous system diseases.

The activation of complement system is an important factor participating in inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cerebrovascular diseases. Astrocytes and neurons are able to synthesize complement components. Myelin and oligodendrocyte (OLG) activate the classical pathway of complement in vitro in the absence of antibodies. Sublytic C5b-9 in the absence of cell death induces proto-oncogenes, activates cell cycle, and enhances cell survival in OLG. In addition, C5b-9 reverses the differentiation phenotype in OLG and enhances cell survival. β amyloid protein is an activator of the complement system and neurons are susceptible to bystander complement mediated damage. These findings indicate that complement activation and membrane assembly of C5b-9 play an important role in pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Estimation of gross profit for a new durable product considering warranty and post-warranty repairs

This article presents an integrated model to estimate the gross profit for a new durable product to be sold in a fixed sales period at a fixed price. It is assumed that the sales over time can be characterized by a stochastic Bass model in the form of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process and the production system is a make-to-order type of system. An approximate yet accurate approach is developed to quantify the expected total cost of production involving a learning effect. Moreover, a non-renewable free minimal-repair warranty and non-free post-warranty service are considered for the repair service offered by the manufacturer. To quantify the related costs and profit, the fact that customers may not always request warranty and/or post-warranty repairs is explicitly addressed and modeled. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the effects of some key parameters, including the product reliability, price elasticity, and warranty period elasticity, on the optimal settings of the price, warranty period, an...
Accepting uncertainty, assessing risk: decision quality in managing wildfire, forest resource values, and new technology

The risks, uncertainties, and social conflicts surrounding uncharacteristic wildfire and forest resource values have defied conventional approaches to planning and decision-making. Paradoxically, the adoption of technological innovations such as risk assessment, decision analysis, and landscape simulation models by land management organizations has been limited. The infusion of a technological innovation into organizations is determined largely by a trade-off between its compatibility with existing values, past experiences and needs, and the relative advantage of the innovation over that which it replaces. For instance, while the methods and tools of risk assessment offer numerous advantages to managers, they may be largely incompatible with an undue desire for certainty that imbues the culture of their organizations. This, coupled with a complementary desire on the part of scientists to provide certainty, defines the traditional relationship between management and research. The efficacy of this relationship is challenged by the law of conservation of risk. This law suggests that much of the uncertainty and risk associated with managing ecosystems cannot be eliminated; it can only be transferred. In this systems, or ‘‘marketplace’’ view of risk, the demand for certainty by managers and policymakers may exceed the supply provided by science, particularly in conflicted-ridden resource problems. As a remedy, it has been suggested that managers renounce their desire for certainty and ‘‘embrace’’ uncertainty. This can be accomplished with a strategic focus on decision quality that would accommodate even the large uncertainties associated with uncharacteristic wildfires, restoration activities, and sensitive species. Decision quality is defined as the outgrowth of a distinct decision science imbued with organizing principles, ethics, laws, or quantitative relationships that facilitate consistency with values, objectives, belief systems, and empirical evidence. While quality in ecological risk management can be improved by acquiring new technologies, the decision to acquire new technologies is itself a risky decision. Hence, ecological risks and organizational risks should be managed and assessed as part of a larger framework that consider the risk ‘‘marketplace’’ while addressing the challenge of ‘‘deciding how to decide’’. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Commentary: Predictive factors influencing clinical outcome with operative management of lumbar spinal stenosis.

Commentary on Athiviraham A, Wali ZA, Yen D. Predictive factors influencing clinical outcome with operative management of spinal stenosis. Spine J 2011;11:613–7 ( in this issue ).
Elastic Attention: Enhanced, then Sharpened Response to Auditory Input as Attentional Load Increases

A long debate in selective attention research is whether attention generally enhances sensory response or sharpens neural tuning by suppressing response to non-optimal input. A combination of the two processes may arise as a function of processing load: an uncertain listener might use a broad attentional filter to enhance responses to inputs generally (i.e., vigilance), yet employ sharpened tuning to increase focus on hard to discriminate targets. The present work used the greater signal gain, anatomical precision, and laterality separation of intracranial electrophysiological recordings (ECoG) to investigate these competing effects. Data were recorded from the perisylvian region of a single hemisphere in 5 epilepsy surgery patients performing a dichotic listening task in which they alternately attended toward, away from, or completely ignored (silent reading) tones presented to designated ears at varying presentation rates. Comparisons between the grand-averaged event-related potential (ERP) waveforms show a striking change in the effect of selective auditory attention across hemisphere with attentional load. At slower presentation rates (low load), ERPs were generally enhanced in a single hemisphere in response to either input channel and regardless of attended ear. This included a significant enhancement of ipsilateral input. This result is likely due to exogenous orientation to both ears and supports a broadly enhancing model of attention during conditions of low perceptual load. At the fastest rate, however, all responses to ipsilateral inputs in attention conditions were equivalent to ipsilateral ignore ERPs, while only response to attended inputs contralateral to grid location remained enhanced. This result supports an increasing suppression, or “sharpening”, of neural responses with increasing attentional load. These data provide support for an elastic model of attention in which attentional scope narrows with increasing load.
Design and fabrication of scanning near-field microwave probes compatible with atomic force microscopy to image embedded nanostructures

Design, fabrication, and characterization of near-field microwave scanning probes compatible with an atomic force microscope (AFM) for imaging of embedded nanostructures are discussed. The microwave probe discussed here bridges the frequency gap between the existing local probe microscopy systems, and enables localized microwave spectroscopy and imaging of molecules and nanostructures. The probe consists of a coaxially shielded heavily doped silicon tip, and an aluminum (Al) coplanar waveguide. The coaxial tip structure was formed by a thick photoresist and plasma etching process, enabling the silicon apex to protrude through a well-defined aperture in the Al layer. Using this technique, probes with 10-/spl mu/m-high coaxial tips of 5-nm apex radius and 500-nm aperture radius were realized. The aperture confines the electromagnetic fields in the exposed tip region, allowing microwave measurements with high spatial resolution. The mechanical and electrical characterizations of the microwave probes were performed to ensure their compliance with the requirement of an AFM, as well as that of the microwave measurements. Finally, simultaneous AFM and microwave imaging of standard AFM samples with grid structures was performed for the first time. The lateral spatial resolution of the microwave scans was approximately 50 nm at 2.8 GHz, compared to 100 nm for the AFM scans. The ability of the microwave signal to penetrate inside the sample opens new possibilities in hyperspectral and multimodal imaging of nanostructures. Correlations between AFM images and the microwave images enable proper registration and referencing of the microwave properties to landmarks in the topographic AFM images.
Prognostic Importance of Impaired Systolic Function in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and the Impact of Spironolactone.

Background—Impairment in left ventricular systolic function has been described in heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but its prognostic relevance is not known. We determined whether left ventricular longitudinal strain (LS) is predictive of cardiovascular outcomes in HFpEF beyond clinical and conventional echocardiographic measures. Methods and Results—LS was assessed by 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography at baseline in 447 patients with HFpEF enrolled in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial. At a median follow-up of 2.6 years (interquartile range, 1.5–3.9 years), 115 patients experienced the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death, HF hospitalization, or aborted cardiac arrest. Impaired LS, defined as an absolute LS <15.8%, was present in 52% of patients and was predictive of the composite outcome (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.26–3.66; P=0.005), cardiovascular dea...
On generic diagnosability of circuits under the assumption of limited faults

The authors present a generic diagnosability result, under the assumption of limited faults, for circuits/systems having transfer function matrices whose s-coefficients are rational in the circuit/system parameters. A strictly lower n/sub f/-dimensional subspace of the parameter space, called the fault space, contains the potentially faulty parameter values. Given the assumption of limited faults, i.e., at most n/sub f/ of N possible parameters have failed, generic diagnosability is shown with respect to the potentially faulty parameter space, which is an n/sub f/-dimensional affine subset of the parameter space R/sup N/. >
The Implementation of a Renewal-Limits Policy at University Libraries, Northern Illinois University.

Abstract In 1991, the University Libraries of Northern Illinois University implemented a revised policy for renewals of library materials. Various system, staff, and patronrelated concerns required the access services department to adapt to immediate demands, then to seek longterm solutions. This case study examines the initial impact of the new policy, corrections, and new procedures that were adopted over time. It also examines ongoing issues related to renewals policy.
The pharmacologic and expectancy effects of alcohol on social anxiety in individuals with social phobia

Abstract Individuals with social phobia are at an increased risk for alcohol problems. Individuals with social phobia could increase their risk for pathological alcohol use if they drink as a means of coping with anxiety-provoking social situations. Providing a circumscribed test of this view, we evaluate the effect of alcohol on the intensity of social phobia anxiety responses. Sixty-one individuals with social phobia gave two speech challenges in front of a group (‘social anxiety challenge’), one occurring before and one after they consumed either: (a) an alcoholic drink they were told contained alcohol (‘alcohol group’), (b) a non-alcoholic drink they were told contained alcohol (‘placebo group’), or, (c) a non-alcoholic drink they were told contained no alcohol (‘control group’). Both the alcohol group and the placebo group showed greater reduction in performance anxiety from the first to the second speech challenge than did the control group. Further, there was a strong trend in the data for the alcohol group to show greater reduction in performance anxiety from the first to the second speech challenge than did the placebo group. We concluded from these findings that the pharmacologic effects of alcohol and the belief that one consumed alcohol decrease social performance anxiety in an additive fashion. These results provide direct support for the negatively reinforcing properties of alcohol and are consistent with the view that symptom reduction may motivate alcohol use among socially phobic individuals.
The Real Estate Economy and the Design of Russian Housing Reforms, Part I

The transition from plan to market in socialist economies dominates the economic agenda of this decade. This two-part paper on the Russian housing reforms addresses four questions. First, what is the legacy of the administrative-command system and why were demands for major reforms so widespread in the housing sector? Secondly, in what manner does the severe contraction of the Russian economy complicate the reformers' task? Thirdly, how has the Russian government responded so far to the reform challenge? Fourthly, why are the privatisation of housing and rent reforms at the core of the transition to market? The first part of the paper deals with the first two questions. The second part addresses the last two questions. Priority goes to an integrated perspective on the early stages of Russian reforms over an in-depth analysis of individual issues. The modern analysis of the real estate economy distinguishes two markets: the 'property market' for the allocation of space, and the 'asset market' where investm...
Coupling of Navier–Stokes equations with protein molecular dynamics and its application to hemodynamics

SUMMARY The red blood cell (RBC) aggregation plays an important role in many physiological phenomena, in particular the atherosclerosis and thrombotic processes. In this research, we introduce a new modelling technique that couples Navier-Stokes equations with protein molecular dynamics to investigate the behaviours of RBC aggregates and their eects on the blood rheology. In essence, the Lagrangian solid mesh, which represents the immersed deformable cells, is set to move on top of a background Eulerian mesh. The eects of cell-cell interaction (adhesive =repulsive) and hydrody- namic forces on RBC aggregates are studied by introducing equivalent protein molecular potentials into the immersednite element method. The aggregation of red blood cells in quiescentuids is simulated. The de-aggregation of a RBC cluster at dierent shear rates is also investigated to pro- vide an explanation of the shear-rate-dependence of the blood viscoelastic properties. Finally, the in- �uences of cell-cell interaction, RBC rigidity, and vessel geometry are addressed in a series of test cases with deformable cells (normal and sickle RBCs) passing through micro- and capillary vessels. Copyright ? 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Reversed Elephant Trunk Technique Used for Treatment of Complex Aneurysms of the Entire Thoracic Aorta

Objective A preferred technique for the staged treatment of patients with aneurysms involving the entire thoracic aorta is the elephant trunk technique, with replacement of the proximal (ascending and transverse aortic arch) aorta as the initial procedure. Some patients, however, need to have the distal aortic segments (descending and thoracoabdominal aorta) addressed during the first operation. We evaluated outcomes in a series of patients who underwent distal aortic replacement first using the reversed elephant trunk technique. Methods Thirty-eight patients underwent first-stage graft repair of the descending thoracic (n = 3) or thoracoabdominal (n = 35) aorta using the reversed elephant trunk technique. Twelve patients (32%) ultimately underwent second-stage aortic arch replacement after a mean interval of 3.9 months (range, 1.6–14 months). Results The operative mortality for the initial procedure was 16% (6/38 patients). One patient had a stroke (3%) and 1 patient developed paraparesis (3%). In the interval between the 2 procedures, there were 4 late deaths (4/32; 13%), 1 due to respiratory failure and 3 due to unknown causes. After the 12 completion procedures, there was 1 in-hospital death (8%) and there were no strokes. Five-year survival for the overall group was 51.3 ± 10.8%. Conclusions Surgical treatment of aneurysms involving the entire thoracic aorta remains challenging and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The reversed elephant trunk technique facilitates staged repair in patients who require distal aortic replacement during the first operation.
Dopaminergic contributions to modulatory functions of a dual-transmitter interneuron in Aplysia.

The feeding central pattern generator of Aplysia produces motor programs that can differ in the degree to which they are ingestive or egestive. A number of pattern-generating interneurons that play an important role in shaping motor programs have been identified. One of these interneurons, B65, is unusual in that it contains two classical neurotransmitters, dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Here, we study the role of one of these transmitters, dopamine, using a combination of pharmacological and electrophysiological means. We show that B65 uses dopamine to elicit fast synaptic potentials in several follower neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the dopamine antagonist sulpiride mimics the effect of bilateral B65 hyperpolarization on egestive motor programs. Thus our data suggest that dopaminergic transmission serves to increase the degree of egestiveness of motor programs, and decrease the duration of the protraction phase.
Inclusion of Young Children With Disabilities in South Korea: Current Status and Challenges

Inclusion of children with disabilities in early childhood care and education settings improves learning and socialization outcomes for all children. In recent decades, many countries have begun to promote inclusion in school and child care settings, although most are suffering from a lack of trained special education professionals, long-held stigmas, and (in some cases) lack of political will. In this article, the authors give a brief history of special education and care in South Korea, outline some of the actions the government has undertaken to promote inclusion of all learners, and identify some of the remaining challenges to full participation of students with disabilities in national schools and child care centers.
Europe’s Economic Position in the World

Western Europe is the world’s greatest trading bloc. According to the most recent GATT statistics,1 in 1993, Western Europe (the EU and EFTA countries) accounted for approximately 44 per cent of world trade. Equally, the European countries are very important international investors. However, Europe’s pre-eminent role in trade and investment is being increasingly challenged by the countries (among others) of South-East Asia. Consequently, experts are asking to what degree Europe is and will be internationally competitive. In attempting to answer this question we will also be attempting to assess Europe’s future economic place in the world.
Violence and the “virtual Jew” in Castilian Passion narratives, 1490s–1510s

The late arrival of Passion spirituality to Castile produced the powerful rhetorical image of the violent Jew, just as actual Jews had been expelled or had chosen conversion. Sylvia Tomasch's postcolonial analysis of the “virtual Jew” in late medieval England can aid in examining the violence attributed to Jews in Passion prose narratives newly published in Castilian after 1492. In Prejano's 1493 Lucero de la vida cristiana and Li's 1494 Thesoro de la passion, both authors reflected the pro-converso side of the debates over New Christians in the 1460s–80s even while importing pan-European anti-Jewish stereotypes emphasizing the bestiality and effeminacy of first-century Jews. Two decades later, the anonymous 1511 Fasciculus myrrhe maximized the portrait of aggression by increasing Mary's anti-Jewish rhetoric and by imagining Jewish violence against the Virgin Mary, contributing to the twin focus on Jesus’ and Mary's pain in the “Passion of Two” narratives unique to early sixteenth-century Castile that pre...
'A Volunteer is Worth Two Pressed Men': Volunteer Military Organizations and the Security of the British Colony of Natal During the Mid-Nineteenth Century

This paper will attempt to understand the impact of volunteer military organizations on the security and organization of the British colony of Natal during the mid nineteenth century. Military systems within Natal acted as an example of a militarization of society which continued throughout the formative period of the colony, from the founding of the colony to the Anglo-Zulu War. Government regulation in the form of the Volunteer Law of 1854 and the Volunteer Regulation Act of 1877 illustrate the evolving nature of these issues within the colonial state, as well as legitimate concerns for the issue of security, especially in response to the continuing migration of an indigenous population that estimates place between 8'8000 and 12'8000 by 1845. The manner in which Europeans responded to these concerns will demonstrate not only responses to unease of outside aggression, but also internal fears against the African population described by Shula Marks as strong, enduring and at times almost pathological. Such an interpretation will exhibit a strikingly racialized component of security within the colony. / The development of these volunteer military institutions were indicative of a developing state attempting to come to grips with issues of security, stability, and safety within Natal.
Angiotensin II: nitric oxide interaction and the distribution of blood flow.

Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the regulation of regional blood flow. Inhibition of NO synthesis increases blood pressure and vascular resistance. Using radioactive microspheres and the substrate antagonist N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (10 mg/kg) to block NO synthesis, we tested the hypothesis that there is a significant interaction between the vasodilator NO and the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, which regulates regional hemodynamics. Further, we investigated the influence of anesthesia on this interaction. L-NAME increased blood pressure, decreased cardiac output, and increased total peripheral resistance in both anesthetized and conscious rats. In anesthetized rats, L-NAME decreased blood flow to visceral organs (i.e. kidney, intestine, and lung) but had little effect on blood flow to the brain, heart, or hindlimb. Treating anesthetized rats with the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan (10 mg/kg) attenuated the decrease in cardiac output and the increase in total peripheral resistance without affecting the pressor response to L-NAME. Losartan also attenuated the visceral hemodynamic responses to L-NAME. In conscious rats, L-NAME decreased blood flow to all organ beds. Treating these rats with losartan only marginally attenuated the increase in total peripheral resistance to L-NAME without significantly affecting the pressor response or the decrease in cardiac output. Losartan had no effect on the regional hemodynamic responses to L-NAME. These data suggest that NO-mediated vascular relaxation is an important regulator of total peripheral and organ vascular resistance. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ULTRA PURE AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE T-BURNER PRESSURE COUPLED RESPONSE AT 500, 1000 AND 1800 PSI

This paper contains initial results of pressure coupled combustion response T-burner measurements for pressed pellets of ultra pure ammonium perchlorate. Photos of the 200 micron AP particles before pressing and from a crumbled pellet are shown. AP particles do not shatter when pressed but deform to fill the voids. Pellets were pressed with a donut die to allow 0.453 inch hole in center required for pressure pulsing. The pellets were inserted in custom sample holders with tight tolerances. The pellets were tested at frequencies from 130 to 2500 Hz at pressures of 500, 1000, and 1800 psia. Although some tests were pulsed, the oscillations were spontaneous under many conditions. Spontaneous oscillations are preferred because of a smaller disturbance of the combustion zone. At 1000 psi the AP oscillated spontaneously with growth rates of 3 1/s near 1000 Hz, and at 500 psi the spontaneous growth rates were 1 1/s near 140 Hz. At lower pressures of 300 and 400 psi samples would occasionally extinguish, so testing was discontinued at low pressures. At 1800 psi, growths and decays were similar below 900 Hz, although the data appears rather scattered. The general trend from 500 to 1000 psi agrees with Beckstead's model calculations that the response magnitude decreased from 4 to 2.5 and the resonant frequency increased from 150 to 1000 Hz. The AP data is compared with HMX and RDX.
SPICE Modeling for Analog and Digital Applications

In Chapters 1 and 2, we studied the device and digital circuit aspects of dual and single work function SNTs with the intention to minimize power dissipation. Both of these studies have determined that silicon nanowire technology is better suited for the future of VLSI in terms of circuit speed and power dissipation compared to dual-gated SOI or FiNFET technologies. These studies also included the weaknesses of SNTs such as increased layout area due to surrounding gate metal thickness, large source resistance caused by source contact extension, and limited ON current caused by fixed transistor geometry. In Chapters 1 and 2, SPICE level 6 models were used in circuit simulations. While these models had acceptable accuracy in producing speed and power dissipation figures for basic CMOS logic gates, more accurate intrinsic device modeling and parasitic RC extraction were required for simulating larger scale digital circuits, analog circuits, and Radio Frequency (RF) circuits. This need prompted us to explore more accurate SPICE models such as BSIMSOI for fully depleted Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) devices to use in the circuit simulations. This chapter examines how the intrinsic and extrinsic BSIMSOI models were created for NMOS and PMOS SNTs.
On the mechanism of enzyme action. I

1. A physical method was found and described for the preparation of a permanently active zymase solution. 2. Through appropriate peptization of the colloidal enzymes their activity was measurably increased simultaneously with the surface tension, and the viscosity of the solution decreased. 3. The hitherto unexplained effect of minute quantities of ethylene and related substances on cell systems, appears to be due to an initial increased cell permeability, allowing an intensified interaction between reactants and enzymes, followed by the formation of an adsorption film which simultaneously acts as a protector against damaging transformation products. 4. The observations described offer an explanation for the term “activation” used often in the description of biological processes in order to cover an uncertainty caused by the difficulty of giving a plausible interpretation to the observed phenomena. 5. The term “protector” is suggested to designate such gases liquids and solids, which can be adsorbed on the enzyme surface, and alter through this quality the rate of an enzymatic reaction, as for example in the case of alcoholic fermentation. 6. The inspection of the presented curves suggests also an interpretation for the often noted effect of “stimulation” or “depression” caused by the quantatively different introduction of the same narcotic. The charging of an adsorption film on the surface of enzymes within or outside of cells or elsewhere might be continued until reaching a state of equilibrium between the charged film and the stationary compound. In the case of cells the increased permeability caused by the low concentration (enabling simultaneously the increased reactivity) is not altered by the higher concentration, however, a reached equilibrium caused by an overcharged film diminishes or even supresses the formation of the surfacial enzyme-reactant adsorption complex until the equilibrium undergoes a gradually disturbance.
The Presidency and American Democracy

Diamond, Edward, and Robert A. Silverman. White House to Your House: Media and Politics in Virtual America. Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 1995. Pp. x, 178. $20.00, hardbound. Genovese, Michael. The Presidential Dilemma. New York: Harper Collins, 1995. Pp. x, 157. $20.95, softbound. Pious Richard M. The Presidency. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1996. Pp. xx, 524. $31.00, softbound. Riccards, Michael P. The Ferocious Engine of Democracy: A History of the American Presidency. Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1995. Volume I: From the Origins Through William McKinley. Pp. xxiii, 405. $34.95, hardbound. Volume II: From Theodore Roosevelt Through George Bush. Pp. xvii, 461. $34.95, hardbound.
Cognitive Services for the User

Note: This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense under Air Force contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the US government.
Smelling is Telling: Human Olfactory Cues Influence Social Judgments in Semi-Realistic Interactions

How does a person's smell affect others' impressions of them? Most body odor research asks perceivers to make social judgments based on armpit sweat without perfume or deodorant, presented on t-shirts. Yet, in real life, perceivers encounter fragranced body odor, on whole bodies. Our "raters" wore blindfolds and earplugs and repeatedly smelled same-sex "donors" in live interactions. In one condition, donors wore their normal deodorant and perfume ("diplomatic" odor) while in the other condition, donors were asked to avoid all outside fragrance influences ("natural" odor). We assessed the reliability of social judgments based on such live interactions, and the relationships between live judgments and traditional t-shirt based judgments, and between natural- and diplomatic odor-based judgments. Raters' repeated live social judgments (e.g., friendliness, likeability) were highly consistent for both diplomatic and natural odor, and converged with judgments based on t-shirts. However, social judgments based on natural odor did not consistently predict social judgments based on diplomatic odor, suggesting that natural and diplomatic body odor may convey different types of social information. Our results provide evidence that individuals can perceive reliable, meaningful social olfactory signals from whole bodies, at social distances, regardless of the presence or absence of perfume. Importantly, however, the social value of these signals is modified by the addition of exogenous fragrances. Further, our focus on judgments in same-sex dyads suggests that these olfactory cues hold social value in non-mating contexts. We suggest that future research employ more ecologically relevant methods.
External beam techniques to boost cervical cancer when brachytherapy is not an option—theories and applications

The management of locally advanced cervical cancer relies on brachytherapy (BT) as an integral part of the radiotherapy delivery armamentarium. Occasionally, intracavitary BT is neither possible nor available. In these circumstances, post-external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) interstitial brachytherapy and/or hysterectomy may represent viable options that must be adequately executed in a timely manner. However, if these options are not applicable due to patient related or facility related reasons, a formal contingency plan should be in place. Innovative EBRT techniques such as intensity modulated and stereotactic radiotherapy may be considered for patients unable to undergo brachytherapy. Relying on provocative arguments and recent data, this review explores the rationale for and limitations of non-brachytherapy substitutes in that setting aiming to establish a formal process for the optimal execution of this alternative plan.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE MIXED LYMPHOCYTE INTERACTION IN RATS III. KINETICS OF THE RESPONSE

The proliferative interaction of cultured rat lymphocytes of immunogenetically disparate origin—the mixed lymphocyte interaction—was employed as an experimental model to examine the initial stages of the immune response mechanism. Using mixed cultures of cells derived from parental strain and F1 hybrid rats, in which only the parental lymphocytes respond, the following observations were made on the magnitude and kinetics of the reaction. After initiation of the cultures, there was a latent period of approximately 40 hours during which time no mitotic activity was detected. This inactive phase was followed by a period of proliferation in which previously nondividing cells entered the mitotic cycle for the first time. Activity in the cultures, as detected by incorporation of radioactive thymidine and measured by radioautography or scintillation spectrometry, increased exponentially with a doubling time (T2) of 9–10 hr. In this exponential proliferative phase, lasting approximately 100 hr, the dividing cells underwent a series of rapid sequential divisions with a generation time (Tc) of 8 hr, and few, if any, dropped out of the mitotic cycle. In addition to the cells which first entered mitosis at the beginning of the proliferative phase and then proceeded through multiple divisions, significant numbers of new, previously nondividing cells continued to enter the mitotic cycle during the entire exponential growth phase. The total number of these newly responsive, first division cells throughout the total culture period amounted to 1–3% of the original parental cell inoculum. This is a surprisingly large proportion of peripheral blood lymphocytes with demonstrable reactivity to a particular antigen system, if it is assumed that these first division cells in vitro are functionally related to the hypothetical antigen-sensitive cells which proliferate and differentiate into immunological effector cells. At present there is no entirely satisfactory explanation for this large number of reactive cells in the mixed lymphocyte interaction.
REANIMATIE UPDATE 2010

Een tandarts hoort boem in de wachtkamer en vindt een bewusteloze patient die wel ademlijkt te halen. Hij belt 112. Als de broeders binnenkomen krijgt hij het verwijt dat hij nietmet reanimeren is begonnen. Als de tandarts zich verdedigtmet de woorden dat de patient nog ademt, is het antwoord: ’Maar nu is hij dood!’ Regelmatig wordenmij vragen gesteld in de zin van: ‘Is de aanschaf van een AED wel of niet zinvol?’, ‘Dient de pols voorafgaand aan de reanimatie te worden gevoeld en hoe langmoet ik doorgaanmet reanimeren?’