cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The primary role of the Erb's point--axilla segment in median and ulnar motor nerve conduction determinations in alcoholic neuropathy.

Abstract Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was explored in the Erb's point-axilla (N-A) nerve segment of median and ulnar nerves, bilaterally, in 10 patients with a history of prolonged heavy drinking but in whom no other predisposing factors to peripheral neuropathy were found. For comparison, MNCV was determined also in the axilla-elbow (A-E), elbow-wrist (E-W) nerve segments, as well as the motor terminal latency (MTL) of the same nerves. A total of 140 nerve segments were tested but only 133 results were obtained. Abnormal MNCV or MTL was found in 36 or 27% of all tested nerve segments. From the latter, 38.9% were in the N-A nerve segments. Of all N-A nerve segments tested, reduction in MNCV was found in 46.7%. Our results are statistically significant.
An exact algorithm for the concave transportation problem

Abstract An exact method for solving a class of concave transportation problems which reflect economies of scale is presented. By exploiting concepts of dynamic programming and an analysis of the nature of the recursion, an analytic representation of the optimal allocation at each stage has been developed. This completely avoids the impossible storage requirements of higher dimensional dynamic programming.
Metabolism of progesterone by Dioscorea deltoidea suspension cultures

Abstract Dioscorea deltoidea plant tissue suspension cultures are capable of metabolizing progesterone to 5α-pregnan-3-β-ol-20-one and 5α-pregnan-3β,20β-diol. The latter product has not previously been reported as a metabolic product of progesterone by plant systems. Both transformation products are present as conjugates in this plant tissue culture.
Nephropathy, xanthinuria, and orotic aciduria complicating Burkitt's lymphoma treated with chemotherapy and allopurinol☆

Abstract Xanthine crystalluria and xanthine nephropathy are reported in an American boy treated with cyclophosphamide for Burkitt's lymphoma and with allopurinol for hyperuricemia. Orotic acid and orotidine were also excreted in large amounts at the same time. The presence of this so-called African lymphoma in the United States is reemphasized.
A Wiener filter for nuclear medicine images.

To improve the quality of digital nuclear medicine images, we have developed a new implementation of the Wiener restoration filter. The Wiener filter uses as its optimality criterion the minimization of the mean‐square error between the undistorted image of the object and the filtered image. In order to form this filter, the object and noise power spectrums are needed. The noise power spectrum for the count‐dependent Poisson noise of nuclear medicine images is shown to have a constant average magnitude equal to the total count in the image. The object power spectrum is taken to be the image power spectrum minus the total count, except in the noise dominated region of the image power spectrum where a least‐squares‐fitted exponential is used. Processing time is kept to a clinically acceptable time frame through use of an array processor. Pronounced noise suppression and detail enhancement are noted with use of this filter with clinical images.
Flow Structure and Dispersion within Algal Mats

Abstract Shallow-water estuaries such as Waquoit Bay (Cape Cod, Massachusetts) are characterized by the presence of large algal mats with thicknesses that can represent more than 50% of the total water depth. Flume experiments show these algal mats strongly affect the hydrodynamic circulation by reducing the effective water depth and increasing the friction between the flow and the top of the algal mat. Approximately 90% of the total water flux occurs over the algal mat whereas less than 10% flows through the mat itself. The flow over the algae corresponds to a shear flow, but within the mat it has the characteristics of a pressure-driven flow, with shear restricted to the upper and lower boundaries of the algal mat. Estimated vertical dispersion coefficients within the algal mat vary between 0·03 and 1·6 cm 2 s −1 , and are comparable with or are one order of magnitude larger than those calculated for the shear flow over the algal mat. Experiments also revealed that the observed flow characteristics and dispersion coefficients are relatively insensitive to the density of the algal mat (within normal field ranges), mean flow velocity (up to 10 cm s −1 ), and/or water depth for the range of parameters used throughout the experiments, indicating that heterogeneities within the mat exert important controls on dispersion within the mat. The introduction of buoyancy forcing due to internally produced heat (as a product of metabolism and/or decomposition of organic matter) or solar heating of the algal mat considerably augments the turbulent kinetic energy; a 1·5 °C increase of the water temperature at the base of the algal mat augments the vertical dispersion coefficients by a factor of five.
Comparative studies on arthropod lipoproteins

Abstract 1. 1. Lipoproteins staining with Sudan Black were isolated from the haemolymph of several desert arthropods. 2. 2. Millipedes and centipedes possess a lipoprotein structurally similar to insect lipophorin. 3. 3. Isopods utilize a different lipoprotein which is closely related to that of marine crustaceans. 4. 4. The haemolymph of most arachnids however contains lipophorin-like lipoproteins. 5. 5. With the exception of Crustacea, lipophorins seem to be universal throughout the phylum Arthropoda.
An improved method for direct, rapid extraction of bile for morphine.

Abstract A method is described for the detection of drugs of abuse in bile fluid by direct solution into isopropanol, followed by extraction of the drugs into acidified aqueous phase from an ether-isopropanol solution. The residues obtained are then subjected to analysis by thin-layer chromatography.
H2 suppression with shocking inflows: testing a pathway for supermassive black hole formation

The presence of quasars at redshifts z > 6 indicates the existence of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) as massive as a few times 10 9 M , challenging models for SMBH formation. One pathway is through the direct collapse of gas in Tvir & 10 4 K halos; however, this requires the suppression of H2 cooling to prevent fragmentation. In this paper, we examine a proposed new mechanism for this suppression which relies on cold-mode accretion ows leading to shocks at high densities ( n > 10 4 cm 3 ) and temperatures (T > 10 4 K). In such gas, H2 is eciently
Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Steam Reforming Over Supported Cobalt Catalysts

Hydrogen production was carried out via ethanol steam reforming over supported cobalt catalysts. Wet incipient impregnation method was used to support cobalt on ZrO2, CeO2 and CeZrO4 followed by pre-reduction with H2 up to 677 °C to attain supported cobalt catalysts. It was found that the non-noble metal based 10 wt.% Co/CeZrO4 is an efficient catalyst to achieve ethanol conversion of 100% and hydrogen yield of 82% (4.9 mol H2/mol ethanol) at 450 °C, which is superior to 0.5 wt.% Rh/Al2O3. The pre-reduction process is required to activate supported cobalt catalysts for high H2 yield of ethanol steam reforming. In addition, support effect is found significant for cobalt during ethanol steam reforming. 10% Co/CeO2 gave high H2 selectivity while suffered low conversion due to the poor thermal stability. In contrast to CeO2, 10 wt.% Co/ZrO2 achieved high conversion while suffered lower H2 yield due to the production of methane. The synergistic effect of ZrO2 and CeO2 to promote high ethanol conversion while suppress methanation was observed when CeZrO4 was used as a support for cobalt. This synergistic effect of CeZrO4 support leads to a high hydrogen yield at low temperature for 10 wt.% Co/CeZrO4 catalyst. Under the high weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of ethanol (2.5 h−1), the hydrogen yield over 10 wt.% Co/CeZrO4 was found to gradually decrease to 70% of its initial value in 6 h possibly due to the coke formation on the catalyst.
Design of 2-D multiplierless filters using the genetic algorithm

When digital filters are designed with power-of-two coefficients, the multiplications can be implemented by simple shifting operations. In this paper, the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to design 2D multiplierless filters. The 2D filter is designed to have periodically shift variant (PSV) coefficients. This increases the degrees of freedom for the multiplierless coefficients so that a better approximation can be achieved. The design involves finding the impulse response of the 2D PSV filter in closed form and then using the GA to find the filter coefficients. Two different types of GA are used, namely, the Binary-GA and the Integer-GA. Some design examples are presented to illustrate the concepts.
The Origin of Modern 5S rRNA: A Case of Relating Models of Structural History to Phylogenetic Data

Evolutionary models of molecular structures must incorporate molecular information at different levels of structural complexity and must be phrased within a phylogenetic perspective. In this regard, phylogenetic trees of substructures that are reconstructed from molecular features that contribute to order and thermodynamic stability show that a gradual model of evolution of 5S rRNA structure is more parsimonious than models that invoke large segmental duplications of the molecule. The search for trees of substructures that are most parsimonious, by their very nature, defines an objective strategy to select models of molecular change that best fit structural data. When combined with additional data, such as the age of protein domains that interact with RNA substructures, these trees can be used to falsify unlikely hypotheses.
Mapping Edward Said: Geography, Identity, and the Politics of Location:

The recent postmodern turn and concomitant reconceptualization of space in social theory have encouraged numerous investigators, cultural theorists especially, to augment, even to replace, material...
Optimal Betting and Efficiency in Parimutuel Betting Markets with Information Costs

Empirical studies of parimutuel games establish several facts not previously explained by theory. For example, market odds fail to provide accurate predictions of outcomes and longshots earn lower expected values than other bets. This paper outlines a model of parimutuel games in which such outcomes arise as a consequence of the takeout of the track. Bettors may purchase true probabilities of events, and equilibrium entry and wagers of these informed bettors lead to patterns observed in previous studies. A case study of the Woodlands Greyhound Park supplies evidence consistent with the model. Copyright 1996 by Royal Economic Society.
Na+-activated K+ channels: a new family of large-conductance ion channels

Sodium-activated K+ channels (IK(Na)) are a class of large-conductance ion channels expressed in several populations of vertebrate neurons, mammalian cardiac myocytes and Xenopus oocytes. These channels are activated by the binding of Na+ to sites located on the cytoplasmic face of the channel. The physiological functions of IK(Na) channels have been difficult to ascertain, in part because their activation typically requires Na+ concentrations considerably higher than those that are normally present in the cytosol. However, there is now evidence suggesting that IK(Na) can play a role in the regulation of neuronal excitability, the modulation of the action-potential waveform, and the responses of excitable cells to hypoxia and ischemia.
Labor-force heterogeneity and the business cycle

In the past ten or so years, there has been a revival of interest in equilibrium models of the business cycle. The view had been that accounting for the persistence of cyclical movements in output and other important aggregates would be an extremely challenging, if not impossible, task with such models. The important paper by Lucas (1972) led to models which are consistent with monetary shocks resulting in persistent equilibrium movements of real aggregates.' The key to these results was the richness of the information structure, and it was only natural that less effort went into developing the details of propagation mechanisms that might be present on the real side of the economy. Although there was an underlying notion that the economy is inhabited by optimizing agents who process information efficiently within the specified information sets, it was not always necessary to work out the optimization part explicitly in order to bring home the point of this research. Instead, simple formulations emphasizing intertemporal substitution effects and intended to mimic such dynamic behavior were often used. Several factors may have contributed to a recent trend in the direction of analyzing models of the aggregate economy in which decisions are derived from explicitly formulated optimization problems. First, there was the realization that the parameters of these optimization problems are part of what we will ultimately want to estimate in order to evaluate systematic
Influence of organic by-products and nitrogen source on chemical and microbiological status of an agricultural soil

We assessed the influence of the addition of four municipal or agricultural by-products (cotton gin waste, ground newsprint, woodchips, or yard trimmings), combined with two sources of nitrogen (N), [ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) or poultry litter] as carbon (C) sources on active bacterial, active fungal and total microbial biomass, cellulose decomposition, potential net mineralization of soil C and N and soil nutrient status in agricultural soils. Cotton gin waste as a C source promoted the highest potential net N mineralization and N turnover. Municipal or agricultural by-products as C sources had no affect on active bacterial, active fungal or total microbial biomass, C turnover, or the ratio of net C:N mineralized. Organic by-products and N additions to soil did not consistently affect C turnover rates, active bacterial, active fungal or total microbial biomass. After 3, 6 or 9 weeks of laboratory incubation, soil amended with organic by-products plus poultry litter resulted in higher cellulose degradation rates than soil amended with organic by-products plus NH4NO3. Cellulose degradation was highest when soil was amended with newsprint plus poultry litter. When soil was amended with organic by-products plus NH4NO3, cellulose degradation did not differ from soil amended with only poultry litter or unamended soil. Soil amended with organic by-products had higher concentrations of soil C than soil amended with only poultry litter or unamended soil. Soil amended with organic by-products plus N as poultry litter generally, but not always, had higher extractable P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations than soil amended with poultry litter or unamende soil. Agricultural soil amended with organic by-products and N had higher extractable N, P, K, Ca and Mg than unamended soil. Since cotton gin waste plus poultry litter resulted in higher cellulose degradation and net N mineralization, its use may result in faster increase in soil nutrient status than the other organic by-products and N sources that were tested.
The Ising model and percolation on trees and tree-like graphs

We calculate the exact temperature of phase transition for the Ising model on an arbitrary infinite tree with arbitrary interaction strengths and no external field. In the same setting, we calculate the critical temperature for spin percolation. The same problems are solved for the diluted models and for more general random interaction strengths. In the case of no interaction, we generalize to percolation on certain tree-like graphs. This last calculation supports a general conjecture on the coincidence of two critical probabilities in percolation theory.
DISTANCE JUDGMENTS OF THREAT-RELATED AND NEUTRAL WORDS

Increase in errors, longer reaction times, higher thresholds, "distortion" of barely per,ceived threatening stimuli, and exaggerations of size have been identified and interpreted by "new look perception Es as defensive reactions of the organism on a perceptual level, and are seen as the effects of personal need. This experiment was designed to test for the presence of perceptual defense in another dimension, that of distance estimation. It was hypothesized . that threat-related stimuli would be judged to be at a greater discance from S than neutral words, whenever the visual field was impoverished for distance cues. Method.-10 nonsense syllables of 0% association value were paired with 10 words, half of which were "threat" words used successfully by McGinnis (1). Ss (32 male undergraduates) were divided into 2 groups so that syllables associated with threat words for one group were associated with the neutral words for the other. Paired-associate learning trials were conducted in group sessions, with the order of presentation randomized. Ss learned all 10 syllables to a criterion of 3 successive correct trials. For the experimental trials, Ss were taken individually to a light-proof room and seated in a chair 13" from the stimulus-presentation apparatus, which consisted of a light box, built to accommodate 2%'' x 3%" stencil cut-outs of the nonsense syllables, and arranged so that the letters were dimly illuminated from behind. This apparatus was hidden from S by a screen which was removed after the room lights were extinguished. Room lights were turned on between presentations, while E changed the stencil-slides in the apparatus behind the screen. S was instructed to "Guess how far away from you it (the illuminated nonsense syllable) is, and when the lights are turned on again, tell me your guess." Each sdlable was shown for 0.5 sec. Resalts and discussion.-Analysis of variance yields an F-ratio of .0014, which is not statistically significant at even the .05 level. The mean judgment of threat-related stimuli was 118.1"; for the neutral stimuli it was 121.4". 'It appears that judgment of distance is not differentially affected by the threat or non-threat character of the object being judged. Several Ss reported that they were much more aware of variations in the sizes of the illuminated syllables than they were of variations in their discance. Since size as well as distance was constant, these comments suggest that size-perception may be more susceptible to distortion under the pressure of personal need than is distance perception. It may be that the kinesthetic cues arising from ocular convergence are too salient for distortion to occur in this dimension.
Brunhes-Matuyama polarity transition

Abstract A paleomagnetic record of the geomagnetic field during its change of polarity from the reversed Matuyama epoch to the normal Brunhes epoch has been obtained from sediments of ancient Lake Tecopa in southeastern California. The polarity switch occurs in siltstone of uniform composition, and anhysteretic magnetization experiments indicate that the magnetic mineralogy does not change markedly across the transition. Within the transition interval, intensity of the magnetization drops to a minimum of 10% of the intensity after the transition. The interval of low field intensity preceded and lasted longer than the interval during which the field direction reversed, the latter being shorter than the interval of low intensity by a factor of at least 2.5. The VGP's make a smooth transit from reversed to normal polarity, with the path lying in the sector of longitude between 30°E and 60°W. Pole paths for the Brunhes-Matuyama transition recorded in California and Japan are completely different, indicating that the dipole field decayed. The transition field appears to be nondipolar, and there is no evidence for an equatorial component. Since there is little dispersion of the VGP's about a great circle path, it is possible that large-scale drift of the nondipole field ceased during this polarity transition.
Initial performance results for high-aspect ratio gold MEMS deformable mirrors

ABSTRACT The fabrication and initial performance results of high-aspect ratio 3-dimensional Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) Deformable Mirrors (DM) for Adaptive Optics (AO) will be discussed. The DM systems were fabricated out of gold, and consist of actuators bonded to a continuous face sheet, with different boundary conditions. DM mirror displacements vs. voltage have been measured with a white light interferometer and the corresponding results compared to Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations. Interferometer scans of a DM have shown that ~9.4um of stroke can be achieved with low voltage, thus showing that this fabrication process holds promise in the manufacturing of future MEMS DMs for the next generation of extremely large telescopes. Keywords: Adaptive Optics, High-Aspect Ratio MEMS, Large-Stroke Deformable MEMS Mirrors Introduction Future astronomical telescopes will require the use of large-stroke deformable mirrors. Current MEMS DM technology has not yet met the requirements. Table 1 contains the MEMS DM specifications for the TMT AO system. The devices described in this paper are a step closer to achieving the ~10Pm of stroke as required by the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). Unlike current MEMS DMs that are limited in their stroke by the thin (microns) sacrificial layers in the low-aspect ratio surface micromachining fabrication process, the devices described in this paper have been fabricated with a high-aspect ratio LIGA process that allows thick (tens to hundreds of microns) material layers, and thus larger-stroke DMs to be fabricated.
Working psychoanalytically with nonneurotic patients: theory and technique.

(2015). Working Psychoanalytically with Nonneurotic Patients: Theory and Technique. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 223-235.
Dimensions of Political Reality

Bales (1981) tied his new method of group observation (SYMLOG) io several well-established theories and methods in the social sciences. Among these was Eysenck's Social Attitude space. With two reservations, Bales' initial assumptions concerning the isomorphism of the image or value level of SYMLOG and the Eysenck space were confirmed. First, conservatism was more strongly linked to self-interest and concern for material success and power than to conventionality. Second, the two dimensions of the Eysenck space were correlated in our sample. It is suggested that, while the structure of attitudes and values may remain constant, the correlations between dimensions can be used as an indication of primary and secondary polarizations in attitudes and values and that these polarizations may well reflect the political structure of the specific context. Implications of this observation for the analysis of issue polarization and policy formation are discussed, as are several points of comparison between the two systems.
Oxytocin preparation stability in several common obstetric intravenous solutions.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the stability of oxytocin in lactated Ringer's solution and lactated Ringer's–dextrose 5% solution over a 24-hour period at 25°C and over a 7-day period at 5°C. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty units (2.1 μg equal 1 unit) of oxytocin were injected into 1000 mL of lactated Ringer's solution and lactated Ringer's–dextrose 5% solution. Samples for the analysis were drawn at specified times after storage at 5°C and 25°C. These samples were stored at −70°C for later analysis. Statistical analysis was done with 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Twenty units of oxytocin in 1000 mL of lactated Ringer's solution and lactated Ringer's–dextrose 5% solution was found to be stable for 7 days at 5°C and for 24 hours at 25°C. CONCLUSION: Premixed oxytocin solutions in lactated Ringer's solution and lactated Ringer's–dextrose 5% solution are stable in conditions commonly found in dispensing pharmacies and labor and delivery units. This finding could lead to the more efficient use of personnel during the mixing process, could provide solutions that are aseptically prepared, and could be a tool to reduce costs and improve patient care. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:496-8.)
Using fatigue information in design: The design to prevent fatigue failures is often speculative and must be finally checked by testing the component and, in critical situations, by monitoring the actual service performance

It is impossible to find, for a specific design concern, fatigue information that is entirely adequate for an exact quantitative evaluation. Some of the approaches available for approximate design estimates are described to illustrate the problems that may occur and the considerations important in using available fatigue information in design.
Differential Role of the α1C Subunit Tails in Regulation of the Cav1.2 Channel by Membrane Potential, β Subunits, and Ca2+ Ions

Voltage-gated Cav1.2 channels are composed of the pore-forming α1C and auxiliary β and α2δ subunits. Voltage-dependent conformational rearrangements of the α1C subunit C-tail have been implicated in Ca2+ signal transduction. In contrast, the α1C N-tail demonstrates limited voltage-gated mobility. We have asked whether these properties are critical for the channel function. Here we report that transient anchoring of the α1C subunit C-tail in the plasma membrane inhibits Ca2+-dependent and slow voltage-dependent inactivation. Both α2δ and β subunits remain essential for the functional channel. In contrast, if α1C subunits with are expressed α2δ but in the absence of a β subunit, plasma membrane anchoring of the α1C N terminus or its deletion inhibit both voltage- and Ca2+-dependent inactivation of the current. The following findings all corroborate the importance of the α1C N-tail/β interaction: (i) co-expression of β restores inactivation properties, (ii) release of the α1C N terminus inhibits the β-deficient channel, and (iii) voltage-gated mobility of the α1C N-tail vis a vis the plasma membrane is increased in the β-deficient (silent) channel. Together, these data argue that both the α1C N- and C-tails have important but different roles in the voltage- and Ca2+-dependent inactivation, as well as β subunit modulation of the channel. The α1C N-tail may have a role in the channel trafficking and is a target of the β subunit modulation. The β subunit facilitates voltage gating by competing with the N-tail and constraining its voltage-dependent rearrangements. Thus, cross-talk between the α1C C and N termini, β subunit, and the cytoplasmic pore region confers the multifactorial regulation of Cav1.2 channels.
Superplastic Flow and Cavitation in Zn-22 Pct Al Doped with Cu

The sigmoidal relationship between stress and steady-state strain rate that has been reported for micrograin superplastic alloys is characterized by the presence of three regions: region I at low stresses, region II (the superplastic region) at intermediate stresses, and region III at high stresses. Recent results on the superplastic Zn-22 pct Al eutectoid have shown that the characteristics of region I are influenced by the impurity level of the alloy, and that neither region I nor significant cavitation is observed when such a level is reduced to about 6 ppm. These observations are in agreement with the suggestion that the origin of region I is related to strong impurity segregation at boundaries. The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of Cu, as a selected impurity, on superplastic deformation and cavitation in Zn-22 pct Al. The results show that Zn-22 pct Al-0.13 pct Cu exhibits two primary characteristics: region I is absent and cavitation is not extensive. These characteristics, which are essentially similar to those reported previously for high-purity Zn-22 pct Al but are different from those documented for a grade of the alloy containing a comparable atomic concentration of Fe, suggest that Cu has little or no tendency to segregate at boundaries. Indirect evidence in support of this suggestion is inferred from studying the effect of impurities on former α boundaries that form in the microstructure of Zn-22 pct Al as a result of solution treatment above the eutectoid temperature. Although further studies are needed to provide direct evidence for the absence of Cu segregation at boundaries, the present results clearly indicate that superplastic flow and cavitation at low stresses are controlled not only by the impurity level, but also by its type.
Transformation of vestibular signals into motor commands in the vestibuloocular reflex pathways of monkeys.

Parallel pathways mediate the rotatory vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). If the VOR undergoes adaptive modification with spectacles that change the magnification of the visual scene, signals in one neu...
Small cell tumor of cervix with neuroepithelial features: ultrastructural observations in two cases.

Two cases of small cell tumor of the uterine cervix are reported in which electron microscopic studies indicated that the tumor cells were of neural crest origin. Both tumors behaved aggressively, and metastatic involvement of pancreas was demonstrated in one patient, while the second patient developed liver metastasis. The need to distinguish these neoplasms from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is stressed. The tumors are compared with small cell neuroepithelial neoplasms previously reported as adult neuroblastomas. Cancer 43:1138–1145, 1979.
Effects of cross-cultural experience on national images: a study of Scandinavian students in America1

Experience in a foreign country exposes an individual to a variety of influences that may challenge his existing attitudes and values. He is confronted with new cultural patterns and solutions to life problems; he is expected to take on new roles and experiment with new forms of behavior; he interacts with different people and becomes involved in new groups; he is faced with challenges to some of his preconceptions; and he is able to observe himself in unfamiliar situations. These experiences may lead to varying degrees of attitude change, or to a confirmation of earlier attitudes and images, or, perhaps, to a defensive resistance to change. Changes that do occur may
Crystal structure of putrescine diphosphate: a model system for amine-nucleic acid interactions.

The three-dimensional structure of putrescine diphosphate has been solved by x-ray diffraction analysis. The structure reveals the detailed interaction between the amino groups of putrescine and the phosphate residues in which hydrogen bonding and electrostatic forces play a predominant role. The structure serves as a useful model for understanding the interaction of amines with nucleic acids both in a sequence-specific and non-sequence-specific fashion. In particular, a model is proposed for the interaction of the E-amino group of lysine with regions of DNA containing adenine–thymine sequences.
Kinematic mixing of two fluids with valve perturbation

Abstract A numerical study is presented of the effects of valve on mixing characteristics of two fluids inside a closed two-dimensional cavity. A two-fluid model is employed which involves solution of separate transport equations for zone-averaged variables of each fluid with allowance for interface friction. The calculations are performed over the parameter range: Grashof number (1–3.6 × 105), Atwood number (5 × 10−5−0.33) and valve speed (0.025–0.1 m/s). The mixing efficiency is presented as a function of valve speed and the dynamical system characteristics of the flow field are discussed in terms of the time histories, phase space trajectories and power spectra of the velocities at a fixed point. The effects of valve and buoyancy forces are found to be comparable at high Grashof numbers and moderate valve speeds. However, the perturbation induced by the valve dominates the mixing at low Grashof numbers.
Assessment of the performance of dielectric fluids in microchannel heat sinks

The merits of water-fed microchannel heat sinks have shown that the technology may be a plausible and effective cooling solution for the ever-increasing power dissipation of high speed microprocessors. Favorable factors such as high heat transfer surface area and heat flux removal for reasonable operating pressures, as well small heat sink mass and volume continue to drive the technology. However, ionic water's extremely low electrical resistivity and the potential for hazardous interaction with an active microprocessor have justifiably caused apprehension to close-proximity implementation of microchannel heat sinks. Dielectric fluids can be utilized closer to the active processor than water, but generally have much lower thermal transport capability. In this numerical study, an environmentally-friendly dielectric fluid with higher resistivity than water, but lower thermal transport capability is employed in channels fabricated directly into the backside of a microprocessor. The cooling capability of the dielectric close-proximity microchannel heat sink is evaluated, and found to be ineffective. A Brownian-motion based empirical model of the enhancement of thermal conductivity of the dielectric by nanoparticle loading is employed in order to gauge possible increase in effectiveness. It is found that the thermal transport capability of the dielectric is significantly improved by nanoparticle suspension. Temperature- dependence of thermophysical properties is implemented in the model.
Analysis of Operative versus Nonoperative Treatment of Displaced Scapular Fractures

Background Operative indications for displaced scapular fractures have been controversial and inconsistent. Surgeons have been dissuaded to operate on these uncommon fractures because of the complex anatomy, approaches, and fracture patterns. It is unclear whether return to work, pain, or complications differ in patients with scapular fractures treated nonoperatively or operatively.
Women's status and the health of women and men: a view from the States

We examined the status of women in the 50 American states in relation to women's and men's levels of health. The status of women in each state was assessed by four composite indices measuring women's political participation, economic autonomy, employment and earnings, and reproductive rights. The study design was cross-sectional and ecologic. Our main outcome measures were total female and male mortality rates, female cause-specific death rates and mean days of activity limitations reported by women during the previous month. Measures of women's status were strikingly correlated with each of these health outcomes at the state level. Higher political participation by women was correlated with lower female mortality rates (r = -0.51), as well as lower activity limitations (-0.47). A smaller wage gap between women and men was associated with lower female mortality rates (-0.30) and lower activity limitations (-0.31) (all correlations, P < 0.05). Indices of women's status were also strongly correlated with male mortality rates, suggesting that women's status may reflect more general underlying structural processes associated with material deprivation and income inequality. However, the indices of women's status persisted in predicting female mortality and morbidity rates after adjusting for income inequality, poverty rates and median household income. Associations were observed for specific causes of death, including stroke, cervical cancer and homicide. We conclude that women experience higher mortality and morbidity in states where they have lower levels of political participation and economic autonomy. Living in such states has detrimental consequences for the health of men as well. Gender inequality and truncated opportunities for women may be one of the pathways by which the maldistribution of income adversely affects the health of women.
4 GHz for 4G: Why, How and When?

The unprecedented high mobile data rate objectives of 4G and the convergence of mobile, nomadic and fixed wireless access require substantially larger bandwidths than for 3G, and thus new frequency bands. This requirement is on the WRC-07 agenda. ITU-R Working Party 8F is developing inputs to WRC-07 for this agenda item. Specific proposals have been made for the use of 4 GHz bands. Field trials conducted in the 4 GHz and 6 GHz bands established feasibility of viable deployment. ITU-R standardization and regulatory actions are in progress and existing technological capabilities enable timely deployment.
Midbrain Single Units Correlating with Pupil Response to Light

The consensual response of the pupil in the cat was driven by means of a light flux impinging on the contralateral retina. Spike trains recorded extracellularly from single units in the midbrain show correlation with the concurrently recorded pupil area. The temporal dynamics found confirm two earlier studies of sinigle-unit responses and quantitative nerve stimulation. Both of these indicate that most of the 200-millisecond transport delay resides in the neuromuscular apparatus. Neurons whose activity correlated either with constriction with dilatation phases of Change in the pupil area were observed.
On the growth of the two-phase bicrystals of alpha-beta brass

Abstract An ideal model for studying the properties of two-phase materials is a unit consisting of a single crystal of one phase joined to a single crystal of another phase. Such a unit may be called a “two-phase bicrystal.” A technique suitable for growing macroscopic two-phase bicrystals of alpha-beta brass was developed. When these two phases are joined, a two-phase transition zone occurs. This zone can be modified by heat treatments, such as lowering through a temperature gradient, and cyclic local annealing under a sharp temperature gradient to yield a sharp interface between the alpha and beta crystals. The results can be explained on the basis of diffusion and solid-state transformations.
rbcL Transcript Levels in Tobacco Plastids Are Independent of Light: Reduced Dark Transcription Rate Is Compensated by Increased mRNA Stability

The plastid rbcL gene, encoding the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, in higher plants is transcribed from a σ 70 promoter by the eubacterial-type RNA polymerase. To identify regulatory elements outside of the rbcL −10/−35 promoter core, we constructed transplastomic tobacco plants with uidA reporter genes expressed from rbcL promoter derivatives. Promoter activity was characterized by measuring steady state levels of uidA mRNA on RNA gel blots and by measuring promoter strength in run-on transcription assays. We report here that the rbcL core promoter is sufficient to obtain wild-type rates of transcription. Furthermore, the rates of transcription were up to 10-fold higher in light-grown leaves than in dark-adapted plants. Although the rates of transcription were lower in the dark, rbcL mRNA accumulated to similar levels in light-grown and dark-adapted leaves. Accumulation of uidA mRNA from most rbcL promoter deletion derivatives directly reflected the relative rates of transcription: high in the light-grown and low in the dark-adapted leaves. However, uidA mRNA accumulated to high levels in a light-independent fashion as long as a segment encoding a stem–loop structure in the 5′ untranslated region was included in the promoter construct. This finding indicates that lower rates of rbcL transcription in the dark are compensated by increased mRNA stability.
Patterns of Holocene climatic change in the Midwestern United States

The Holocene pollen sequence in the Minnesota area is “asymmetric” around the so-called prairie period: the early Holocene is dominated by elm (with pine in the north) and the late Holocene by oak. The elm zone is interpreted as a manifestation of summer monsoonal rains enhanced by the Milankovitch insolation maximum, and the pine in the north is interpreted as a result of summer cooling near the retreating ice sheet. As the summer insolation waned during the Holocene, its associated monsoonal rains from the Caribbean moisture source lasted longer in the south (northeastern Iowa and southern Wisconsin), where the inferred mesic elm forest changed to prairie as late as 5000 yr B.P., compared to 8000 yr. B.P. in Minnesota (and 9000 yr B.P. in the Dakotas).
Charge screening effects on filament dynamics in xanthan gum solutions

We experimentally investigate the filament dynamics of non-Newtonian drops falling under gravity through air, and report the effects of semidilute concentrations of the polyelectrolyte polymer xanthan gum mixed in 80:20 glycerol/water with varying concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl). We find that the addition of 780 ppm xanthan gum to the glycerol/water solvent dramatically increases the drop length just before pinch-off, by two orders of magnitude. This length is decreased by as much as an order of magnitude with the addition of KCl. The qualitative dynamics of bead formation on the filament is also very sensitive to added salt. These experimental observations are related to well-known changes in the molecular structure of xanthan gum due to charge screening effects. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Multifractal time series analysis of positive-intelligence agent-based simulations of financial markets

To analyze the impact of intelligent traders with differing fundamental motivations on agent-based simulations of financial markets, we extend the classical zero-intelligence model of financial markets to a positive-intelligence model using the MASON agent-based modeling framework. We exploit multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) to analyze the series of stock prices generated by the positive-intelligence simulation. We study the changes in this output process as analyzed by MF-DFA when altering the mix of agents with competing market philosophies; and we compare and contrast the results of fitting conventional time series models to such output processes with the results of applying MF-DFA to the same processes.
Effect and potential ecological significance of the interaction of humic acids with two aquatic extracellular proteases

SUMMARY 1. The effects of humic acids and fulvic acids on an extracellular serine and metalloprotease purified from a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from a freshwater wetland were examined. The serine protease was inhibited by humic acids at pH and humic acid concentrations found naturally in the wetland where this strain of A. hydrophila was isolated. The metalloprotease was not inhibited by humic acids at any pH investigated. Fulvic acids had no effect upon either protease. 2. Inhibition of serine protease activity by humic acids was reversed by increasing the pH to 9, as well as increasing the ionic strength by addition of CaCl2- It was concluded that the interaction between humic acids and the serine protease was primarily ionic. 3. The formation of a humic acid-serine protease complex increased the half-life of enzymatic activity in dilute solutions. Humic acids had no effect on the stability of the metalloprotease. 4. There was no clear effect of humic acids on the growth of A. hydrophila, indicating that either the serine protease is not involved in the rate-limiting step of growth or that sufficient activity exists even when the serine protease is inhibited by humic acids. 5. Increasing the enzymatic lifetime through association with humic acids may be an adaptive mechanism which could result in energy conservation due to a decreased requirement for protein synthesis.
Balancing Tissue and Tumor Formation in Regenerative Medicine

A set of general principles can guide preclinical testing strategies for evaluating the tumorigenicity of regenerative medicine products.
EARLY PUEBLO RESPONSES TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY: FARMING TRADITIONS, LAND TENURE, AND SOCIAL POWER IN THE EASTERN MESA VERDE REGION

Maize agriculture is dependent on two primary environmental factors, precipitation and temperature. Throughout the Eastern Mesa Verde region, fluctuations of these factors dramatically influenced demographic shifts, land use patterns, and social and religious transformations of farming populations during several key points in prehistory. While many studies have looked at the influence climate played in the depopulation of the northern Southwest after A.D. 1000, the role that climate played in the late Basketmaker III through the Pueblo I period remains unclear. This article demonstrates how fluctuations in precipitation patterns interlaced with micro- and macro- regional temperature fluctuations may have pushed and pulled human settlement and subsistence patterns across the region. Specifically, we infer that preferences for certain types of farmlands dictated whether a community used alluvial fan verses dryland farming practices, with the variable success of each type determined by shifting climate patte...
A Case Report of Equivocal Neoplasm Orignatng from an Apocrine Gland on the Eyelid

We report a rare case of apocrine neoplasm with malignant potential. The patient, a 29 year-old man, had a nodule 1 cm in diameter on his left upper eyelid which had been growing slowly for several years. It was a cystic lesion, consisting of neoplastic cells of probable apocrine gland or Moll's gland origin. This opinion was based on the histological characteristics, which included eosinophilic cytoplasm accompanied with decapitation secretion, iron granules, and granular depositions which were stained positively with periodic acid-Schiff, with and without diastase digestion. Ferritin was found in their cytoplasm, a feature that has not been reported. It was uncertain whether the neoplasm was benign or malignant, because the cells showed nuclear atypia, characterized by variation in size and hyper-chromasia, but lacked the histological features of malignancy, including infiltration into the adjacent tissue and mitosis.
The Fourth Indo-China War

Against the background of twentieth-century military conflict in Asia, the article concentrates on China’s contemporary relationships with outlying states, regions and provinces. Employing a version of Thomas Malthus’s political economy, we argue that population wars are an important, if often disguised, future of modern foreign relations. Through an examination of a various examples but specifically Tibet, Vietnam and Uyghurs in Xinjiang province, the article considers the current prospects of sinicization by demographic means. We conclude by describing ‘red capitalism’ in Asia as a combination of authoritarian states plus economicv success within the framework of a tributary Han civilization.
Partial Program Admission

Real-time systems on non-preemptive platforms require a means of bounding the execution time of programs for admission purposes. Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) is most commonly used to bound program execution time. While bounding a program’s WCET statically is possible, computing its true WCET is difficult. We present a new technique we call partial program admission, a means of statically enforcing an otherwise untrusted assertion of WCET without adding runtime overhead, by means of code duplication. We apply this technique to real programs from the virtual networking arena and present the results.
Higher urine desmosine levels are associated with mortality in patients with acute lung injury

Desmosine is a stable breakdown product of elastin that can be reliably measured in urine samples. We tested the hypothesis that higher baseline urine desmosine would be associated with higher mort...