cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Law Firm Employment Discrimination in Case Assignments at the Client's Insistence: A Bona Fide Occupational Qualification?

Suppose Law Firm A’s client approaches a partner in the firm and requests that he remove a female associate from his case. The client tells the partner that the associate is doing a good job, but he just cannot trust a female lawyer. After a vigorous attempt by the partner to try to dissuade the client, the client remains adamant. The partner reluctantly yields to the client’s request and replaces the female associate with a male associate.Suppose instead a female client tells a partner at Law Firm B that although the male associate assigned to her case is doing a good job, she realizes that she cannot continue working with him. She states that she has been abused by males in the past and needs to be assigned a female associate. After the partner attempts to dissuade the client, the client remains adamant. The partner reluctantly takes the male associate off the case and replaces him with a female associate.Suppose further that each of these matters would have been a significant, career-enhancing case and that both associates are upset with being reassigned. They sue their respective law firms under Title VII for removing them from the cases because of their gender. Can the law firms argue that the intimate nature of the attorney-client relationship, the necessity of maintaining the client’s absolute trust and the client’s absolute right to discharge an attorney provide the basis for a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) defense?
Metabolism of d-Mannose in Aerobacter aerogenes: Evidence for a Cyclic Pathway

Kamel, M. Y. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), and R. L. Anderson. Metabolism of d-mannose in Aerobacter aerogenes : evidence for a cyclic pathway. J. Bacteriol. 92: 1689–1697. 1966.—Evidence is presented which suggests a cyclic pathway for the constitutive utilization of d-mannose in extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes PRL-R3. d-Mannose is phosphorylated with d-glucose-6-phosphate to yield d-mannose-6-phosphate and d-glucose. d-Glucose-6-phosphate may be regenerated by isomerization of d-mannose-6-phosphate through d-fructose-6-phosphate, or by phosphorylation of d-glucose with adenosine-5′-triphosphate. The pathway involves the participation of four constitutive enzymes: d-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, d-mannose-6-phosphate isomerase, a stereospecific d-glucokinase, and a phosphotransferase which phosphorylates d-mannose with d-glucose-6-phosphate, acetyl phosphate, or carbamyl phosphate. The absence of d-mannokinase (adenosine-5′-triphosphate:d-mannose phosphotransferase) activity in extracts of this organism suggests that the pathway may be of functional significance. Also, the pathway accounts for an apparent 2-epimerization of d-mannose to d-glucose that was observed in extracts. Images
Auto Red Team: a network attack automation framework based on Decision Tree

In this thesis we discuss our research in incorporating Machine Learning into network attack automation. The key idea is to audit the traffic between the attacker and the target machine, then apply Decision Tree Learning methods on the audit data to generate a set of rules, and create a smart attacker that is guided by those rules and is capable of launching attack sequence according to the response from the target machine. By conducting experiments on Linux platform, we constructed a framework named Auto Red Team (ART ) that audits traffic, compose training data, and generate an smart attacker by feeding those training data into a Decision Learning Tree model. Experiments shows that the ART can realize an effective and accurate attack automation. Beside basic data analysis on the experiment data, we also apply a statistical method, Principle Component Analysis on the experiment data to verify the generated rules. Although the Principle Component Analysis can not completely explain the rules by the Decision Tree module, some convincing explanations on the relationship between those rules and certain Principal Components were given.
Rapid MR imaging of the pediatric brain using the fast spin-echo technique.

PURPOSE To evaluate diagnostic reliability and to establish optimal scanning techniques of a recently developed Fast Spin-echo MR pulse sequence that allows rapid proton density-weighted and T2-weighted imaging. METHODS We compared lesion conspicuity and signal intensity measurements on Fast Spin-echo and conventional spin-echo sequences in 81 patients ranging from 1 week to 25 years in age on a 1.5-T MR unit. A total of 28 Fast Spin-echo dual-echo images (14 slice locations) were obtained in 2:08 minutes with a 256 x 128 matrix or in 3:12 minutes with a 256 x 192 matrix at a TR of 2000 msec and two excitations. RESULTS Lesion conspicuity and characterization on Fast Spin-echo images compared favorably with conventional spin-echo images in our series when pseudo-TEs of 15 and 90 msec were employed for proton density-weighted and T2-weighted images, respectively. Fast Spin-echo images yielded diagnostic information in four nonsedated patients whose conventional spin-echo images were either degraded by motion or unobtainable. Fat signal remained bright on T2-weighted Fast Spin-echo images. Magnetic-susceptibility effects were slightly reduced with Fast Spin-echo but did not pose any diagnostic problem in our series. CONCLUSION Diagnostically reliable rapid dual-echo brain images can be obtained with Fast Spin-echo sequences.
Initiation of Electro-Oxidation of CO on Pt Based Electrodes at Full Coverage Conditions Simulated by Ab Initio Electronic Structure Calculations

CO electrooxidation on Pt-based electrodes is simulated by density functional calculations on cluster models. Recently, simple cluster models were used to identify a crucial intermediate species for the reaction. In this work, we address the problem of the initiation of the CO electrooxidation process by employing extended models. These extended models are aimed at representing the surface at full coverage, which is believed to be the condition of the physical system at reaction initiation. According to the models employed in this study, it is concluded that for the reaction to begin at reasonable strength of the potential bias a vacancy has to occur at a site adjacent to an adsorbed CO. Such vacancies can be produced either by the presence of surface defects or due to dynamical desorption of CO.
The synthesis of a perdeuterated phospholipid: 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine-d72

The synthesis of a perdeuterated phospholipid — 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine-d72 (DMPC-d72) — is described. Ordinary (protonated) DMPC was prepared by the same synthetic route and its properties were found to be the same as those of commercial DMPC. The uses of partially deuterated and perdeuterated phospholipids in NMR studies are discussed.
Spectral defragmentation in elastic optical path networks using independent sets

Spectral fragmentation in elastic optical networks decreases the spectral efficiency and increases the request blocking. We propose a novel auxiliary graph model and spectral defragmentation technique using independent sets to efficiently consolidate the spectrum allocation.
A method for the calculation of the magnetization of random high anisotropy amorphous materials

Abstract We introduce a procedure for the calculation of the magnetization distribution for a random anisotropy amorphous ferromagnetic material using a steepest descent method. The technique is applied to several anisotropy distributions, and the magnetization of each is presented as a function of temperature for realistic values of molecular field constant and anisotropy.
Coulomb-Controlled Single Electron Field Emission via a Freely Suspended Metallic Island

We observe Coulomb blockade in the field-emission current of a metallic island between two electrodes freely suspended by thin tunneling barriers. A third electrode serves as a gating contact to trace the Coulomb staircase of the device. Coulomb blockade is revealed at 77 K in conjunction with field emission. The measurements are in very good agreement with a theoretical model, taking into account orthodox Coulomb blockade and field emission.
Introducing the migration mode method for the solution of the space and energy dependent diffusion equation

Abstract The most usual method to take into account energy dependence in whole core spatial neutronics calculation is the multigroup method. In thermal spectrum reactors as PWR, two-group theory is sufficient to describe accurately the neutron spectrum variation among spatial regions. When the spectrum hardens the precision of two-group theory decreases and more groups are necessary to keep a good accuracy. The aim of the computation method presented here is to represent with a good accuracy the spectral transitions which appear in these situations, without increasing the number of unknowns (i.e. the number of energy groups). The neutron spectrum is considered as a combination of base shapes corresponding to the different modes of migration of the neutrons in the energy dimension. The resulting energy flux distribution is a continuous function that fits the real one. The spatial discretization leads to matrices having the same structure of the ones obtained with multi-group theory. Then the method can be easily applied to existing codes solving the diffusion equation on the whole core in 3D. A methodological comparison between the migration mode method and the multigroup (few-group) method as well as a numerical comparison is presented.
Imaging of iris melanotic lesions and corneal tumors with three different high speed optical coherence tomography instruments

Purpose: Should it be possible to detect anterior segment melanocytic lesions with anterior segment OCT’s. When detected was special pachymetry possible to calculate our brachytherapy diagram. Methods: Three different IAS instruments were used, however at different times. In total 46 patients with light coloured eyes were analysed. The results were compared with already known clinical parameters and with anterior eye segment ultrasound when available. Results: Sixteen eyes were analysed using one infrared IAS, nine eyes using another infrared IAS and 15 eyes with using a blue light IAS. Iris tumours were detectable in 90% using the infrared methods. With the infrared instruments we found the iris tumour or lesion in a high percentage so they could be analysed. With one of these infrared instruments we could compare the pictures with the ultrasound findings, but the pachymetry was even better than the ultrasound. In the selected group only anterior cilio-irido melanomas were detected. Corneal and conjunctiva tumorous lesions could be also in some cases detected. Conclusions: Conclusion: In this pilot study we demonstrated melancytic lesions in light coloured eyes using the infrared anterior segment OCT’s in a high percentage of the cases. Only anterior cilio-irido tumours were minimal positive. Using these instruments new chamber angle pathology could also be found. Optimal special pachymetry for our brachytherapy calculation diagram was also good possible.
The Neuroendocrine Peptide Catestatin Is a Cutaneous Antimicrobial and Induced in the Skin after Injury

Epithelia establish a microbial barrier against infection through the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study, we investigated whether catestatin (Cst), a peptide derived from the neuroendocrine protein chromogranin A (CHGA), is a functional AMP and is present in the epidermis. We show that Cst is antimicrobial against relevant skin microbes, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungi. The antimicrobial mechanism of Cst was found to be similar to other AMPs, as it was dependent on bacterial charge and growth conditions, and induced membrane disruption. The potential relevance of Cst against skin pathogens was supported by the observation that CHGA was expressed in keratinocytes. In human skin, CHGA was found to be proteolytically processed into the antimicrobial fragment Cst, thus enabling its AMP function. Furthermore, Cst expression in murine skin increased in response to injury and infection, providing potential for increased protection against infection. These data demonstrate that a neuroendocrine peptide has antimicrobial function against a wide assortment of skin pathogens and is upregulated upon injury, thus demonstrating a direct link between the neuroendocrine and cutaneous immune systems. JID JOURNAL CLUB ARTICLE: For questions, answers, and open discussion about this article please go to http://network.nature.com/group/jidclub.
Universal scaling of the magnetoconductance of metallic Si:B.

Conductivity data for Si:B samples with dopant concentrations 1.01 ${n}_{c}lnl{1.22n}_{c}$ at temperatures between 0.07 and 0.5 K in magnetic fields from 0 to 9.0 T collapse onto a single universal curve $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}KT}^{1/2}F(H/T)$, the form expected for the magnetoconductance due to electron-electron interactions. This suggests that the metal-insulator transition is predominantly driven by electron correlations, and that localization, spin-flip scattering, and spin-orbit scattering are unimportant despite strong spin-orbit effects in Si:B.
The Influence of Parental and Peer Attachment on College Students' Academic Achievement.

This study examined relations among attachment to parents and peers, cognitive ability, psychosocial functioning variables, and academic achievement in a multiethnic sample of college students (n = 357). A small subgroup (14.8%) of students reported low levels of attachment to both parents and peers. Significant positive correlations were documented between parent and peer attachment and several indices of psychosocial competence. Results from hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that indices of cognitive ability were significant predictors of college students' grade point averages, while broader measures of functioning in early adulthood (attachment, intellectual ability, self-esteem) were significant predictors of scholastic competence. Results suggest that perceived attachment to both parents and peers is a component of wider patterns of social competence and adjustment that may function as protective or compensatory factors during key transitions in young adulthood, such as participation in college, and with its attendant demands for academic achievement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling Driver Behavior by Using Mind's Eye Coordinates

Concepts are presented that are suitable for use in modeling and understanding the driving process. Attention is focused on modeling driver control of forward speed and the range gap between vehicles. The structure of the model is based on psychological concepts associated with knowledge-, rule-, and skill-based behavior. The model uses variables representing features of the forward scene as projected onto the driver's retina. These variables are referred to as mind's eye coordinates. For example, driver perceptual motor skills, as used for increasing or decreasing speed, are expressed by variables associated with looming effects for moving and stationary objects as well as streaming effects associated with passing nearby stationary objects. Inequalities expressed in terms of mind's eye coordinates are used in the model to identify signs that indicate to the driver which control rule to choose in various driving situations. The driving situations include closing on a slower-moving vehicle, following a pre...
Using Women's Health Research to Develop Women Leaders in Academic Health Sciences: The National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health

While the number of women entering U.S. medical schools has risen substantially in the past 25 years, the number of women in leadership positions in academic medicine is disproportionately small. The traditional pathway to academic leadership is through research. Women's health research is an ideal venue to fill the pipeline with talented women physicians and scientists who may become academic leaders in positions where they can promote positive change in women's health as well as mentor other women. The Office on Women's Health (OWH) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has contracted with 18 academic medical centers to develop National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. Emphasizing the integral link between women's health and women leaders, each of the Centers of Excellence must develop a leadership plan for women in academic medicine as part of the contract requirements. This paper describes the training programs in women's health research that have developed at five of the academi...
Detection and quantification of true 3D motion components of the myocardium using 3D speckle tracking in volumetric ultrasound scans: simulations and initial experimental results

We present a new method for detecting and tracking tissue motion in 3D. The method is based on the concept of tracking speckle patterns in 3D using the sum absolute difference (SAD) technique. One potential application of this method is to study the 3D motion of various regions of interest in myocardial tissue using volumetric ultrasound scans of the heart. This could be of great value in assessing the viability of the myocardium. Simulations of 3D speckle patterns were obtained for the real-time ultrasound volumetric scanner developed at Duke University. Volumes of data were studied in pairs. Motion was simulated as whole voxel translations in 3D. A kernel volume was selected and a larger surrounding search volume was then defined. The kernel volume was compared to al possible matching sub- volumes in the search volume using the SAD technique. After the best match was found, the 3D components of motion were calculated by measuring the relative shift of the best match sub-volume from the location of the kernel volume the process was repeated until a 3D map of motion for the first frame was obtained. The performance of the proposed tracking method as a function of the SNR was the plotted for each direction. Experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of the method in vitro. A tissue mimicking materials was imaged using a 5MHz piston transducer translated in 2D to obtain multiple volumes with known shifts. The tracking method was applied and its performance with different shift values was evaluated. The calculated shift values highly matched the true shift values within a small jitter error.
Optical scintillation measurements in a desert environment IV: simulated effects of scintillation on communications links

Optical scintillation is an effect that limits the performance of many optical systems including imagers and free space optical communication links. The Naval Research Laboratory is undertaking a series of measurement campaigns of optical scintillation in a variety of environments. In December of 2010 measurements were made over a one week period in the desert at China Lake, CA. The NRL TATS system was used to measure time resolved scintillation over a variety of different ranges and terrains. This data has been used to determine fade rate and duration as a function of weather and link margin. Temporal correlation of fades has also been calculated. This data allows simulation of a variety of communication protocols and the effects of those protocols on link throughput. In this paper we present a comparison of different protocols for both direct and retroreflector links.
The fatigue of structural wire strands

Abstract This paper presents the results of a limited series of large scale in-line and bending fatigue tests on socketed structural strands typical of those used as stays for guyed masts and for suspension bridge hangers. The strand, consisting of a group of hard drawn galvanized steel wires laid up helically about a common axis, is terminated by zinc filled conical sockets. The various failure mechanisms, concentrated on the wires close to the socket, are described and discussed. It is concluded that conservative predictions of the in-line fatigue lives of real strands should be possible although further work is needed on bending fatigue.
Free Zinc Ion and Dissolved Orthophosphate Effects on Phytoplankton from Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho

Coeur d'Alene Lake in northern Idaho is fed by two major rivers: the Coeur d'Alene River from the east and the St. Joe River from the south, with the Spokane River as its outlet to the north. This phosphorus-limited lake has been subjected to decades of mining (primarily for zinc and silver) and other anthropogenic inputs. A 32 full-factorial experimental design was used to examine the interactive effects of free (uncomplexed) zinc ion and dissolved-orthophosphate concentrations on phytoplankton that were isolated from two sites along a longitudinal zinc-concentration gradient in Coeur d'Alene Lake. The two sites displayed different dominant taxa. Chlorella minutissima, a dominant species near the southern St. Joe River inlet, exhibited greater sensitivity to free Zn ions than Asterionella formosa, collected nearer the Coeur d'Alene River mouth with elevated dissolved-zinc concentrations. Empirical phytoplankton-response models were generated to describe phytoplankton growth in response to remediation st...
Integrating cohorts to improve student career self-efficacy

Past research on student efficacy shows that students felt more confident in their selection of career field when they were able to “try it on for size.” Students have a desire to get their hands dirty and try using engineering tools early in the curriculum. Additionally, students often report a great deal of uncertainty about the curriculum and their ability to be successful in their academic and future careers. In this paper, we describe the integration of a discipline's introductory course within the rest of the discipline's curriculum. Student reported self-efficacy in the introductory engineering course was measured before and after the course activity was completed. Four questions were used to assess efficacy on a 5-point Likert scale. The largest increase in score was seen on the final efficacy question (Mpre4=3.59, Mpost4=3.87). The average efficacy for all students and all questions was 4.04 (sd=1.01). Inferential results based on student classification, gender, prior work experience, and perceptions of the mentoring activity are discussed. Finally, implications and suggestions for the use of cohort integration in engineering programs are discussed.
CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS, SPECIFIC LEAF WEIGHT, AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF COTTON UNDER VARYING NITROGEN SUPPLY

Nitrogen (N) nutrition greatly affects the number of nodes above the uppermost white flower (NAWF), an indicator of plant growth and development in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L). In this study, we examined relationships of NAWF with canopy photosynthesis (CP), specific leaf weight (SLW), and yield components, boll number, and dry weight in cotton under varying N supply. Four pre-plant soil incorporated fertilizer N treatments were imposed on long-term N fertilizer plots (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Fragiudalt); 0, 55, 82, and 110 kg N ha−1. Soil N level had a dramatic effect on NAWF, CP, SLW, and yield components, all of which increased with increasing soil N level. However, CP and NAWF declined as the season progressed under all four soil N levels. Canopy photosynthesis, SLW, and yield components were closely associated with NAWF as the soil N increased from 0 to 110 kg N ha−1. Also, the photosynthetic capacity of the canopy was strongly related to SLW under increasing soil N. These relationships of...
Mitochondrial missile defense.

A relatively obscure immune cell, the eosinophil, has a dramatic way of defending against pathogens. It rapidly ejects mitochondrial DNA, ensnaring bacteria and hastening their demise ( pages 949–953 ).
Identification of Two Cyclooxygenase Active Site Residues, Leucine 384 and Glycine 526, That Control Carbon Ring Cyclization in Prostaglandin Biosynthesis

The cyclooxygenase (COX) reaction of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis begins with the highly specific oxygenation of arachidonic acid in the 11R configuration and ends with a 15S oxygenation to form PGG2. To obtain new insights into the mechanisms of stereocontrol of oxygenation, we mutated active site residues of human COX-2 that have potential contacts with C-11 of the reacting substrate. Although the 11R oxygenation was not perturbed, changing Leu-384 (into Phe, Trp), Trp-387 (Phe, Tyr), Phe-518 (Ile, Trp, Tyr), and Gly-526 (Ala, Ser, Thr, Val) impaired or abrogated PGG2 synthesis, and typically 11R-HETE was the main product formed. The Gly-526 and Leu-384 mutants formed, in addition, three novel products identified by LC-MS, NMR, and circular dichroism as 8,9-11,12-diepoxy-13R-(or 15R)-hydro(pero)xy derivatives of arachidonic acid. Mechanistically, we propose these arise from a free radical intermediate in which a C-8 carbon radical displaces the 9,11-endoperoxide O-O bond to yield an 8,9-11,12-diepoxide that is finally oxygenated stereospecifically in the 13R or 15R configuration. Formation of these novel products signals an arrest in the normal course of prostaglandin synthesis just prior to closing of the 5-membered carbon ring, and points to a crucial role for Leu-384 and Gly-526 in the correct positioning of the reacting fatty acid intermediate. Some of the Gly-526 and Leu-384 mutants catalyzed both formation of PGG2 (with the normal 15S configuration) and the 13R- or 15R-oxygenated diepoxides. This result suggests that oxygenation specificity can be determined by the orientation of the reacting fatty acid radical and is not a predetermined outcome based solely on the structure of the cyclooxygenase active site.
Development of an all-atom force field for heterocycles. Properties of liquid pyridine and diazenes

Abstract An approach to the general extension of the OPLS all-atom (OPLS-AA) force field to heterocycles has been explored with testing for pyridine and the diazenes, pyridazine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine. For the non-bonded interactions, the partial atomic charges are obtained from fitting to the electrostatic potential surfaces from ab initio RHF/6–31G∗ calculations and standard OPLS values are used for the Lennard-Jones parameters. The harmonic bond-stretching and angle-bending parameters are largely adopted from the AMBER force field. The resultant OPLS-AA force field is shown to perform well for computing the structures of the heterocycles, heterocycle-water interaction energies, and thermodynamic properties of the four pure liquids. The latter quantities were computed from Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations; the average errors in computed densities and heats of vaporization are 0.8% and 2.7%. Free energies of hydration were also calculated for pyridine and pyrazine, and provided errors of under 1 kcal mol−1 in comparison to experimental data.
A new class of almost complex structures

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new class of almost complex structures J on a Riemannian manifold M by using a certain identity for the relationship between the tensor F of J and the Riemann curvature tensor R hijk of M. This class contains the Kahlerian structures, and its relationship with some known classes of almost Hermitian structures defined by similar identities is discussed. For convenience we call each structure of this new class an almost C-structure, and a manifold with an almost C-structure an almost C-manifold. We obtain an analogue of F. Schur's theorem concerning the holomorphic sectional curvature of an almost Hermitian C-manifold, and some sufficient conditions for an almost Hermitian C-manifold to be Kahlerian. We show that these results are also true for a manifold with a complex structure.
Energy-scanning small-angle X-ray scattering: polyethylene

Energy-scanning small-angle X-ray scattering is demonstrated. Here,λ-, rather thanθ-space is scanned. Patterns in times as low as 100 sec are observed. Good correlation betweenθ- andλ-scanning is shown.
Vinylcyclohexatrieneiron tricarbonyl complexes of the diene type via olefin isomerization of allyl-aromatics

Abstract Allylnaphthalene and m-diallylbenzene react with iron carbonyls to form two new vinylcyclohexatrieneiron tricarbonyl complexes. The isomerization is stereospecific giving only the trans-β-methyl complex in each case. Allylbenzene and Fe(CO)5 react only under photochemical conditions to give the known bis-iron complex trans-β-methylstyrene-trans-bis(tricarbonyliron).
Co-principals: Characteristics of Dual Leadership Teams

A co-principal leadership model has been suggested as one way to address the shortage of qualified educational leaders for our schools and the increased demands on those leaders. The purpose of this study is to describe co-principals in terms of their personal and professional characteristics; the types of leadership models implemented in the schools of the respondents; their perceptions of the strengths and weaknesses of the co-principalship; the factors that contributed to the implementation of the model in their school districts; and their levels of role conflict, role commitment and job satisfaction. Data were collected from co-principals of public and private schools throughout the United Sates. A variety of schools, in terms of size and grade level, have adopted the co-principalship leadership model. Findings indicate strong job satisfaction.
The role of assertiveness and cognitive flexibility in the development of postpartum depressive symptoms

Objective: To examine whether lower levels of assertiveness and cognitive flexibility as well as the interaction of these variables would predict postpartum depressive symptoms. Background: Prevalence rates estimate that 13% of women experience postpartum depression. Studies of depression in the general population suggest that lower levels of assertiveness and cognitive flexibility are associated with depression. Research is needed to identify whether these variables influence the development of postpartum depression. Methods: A prospective cohort design with 45 women who were 18 years of age or older and in their third trimester of pregnancy (28 weeks or beyond) from urban and suburban hospital-based obstetrician/midwifery offices. Women’s levels of assertiveness and cognitive flexibility were assessed in the offices of healthcare providers during the third trimester of pregnancy. Postpartum depressive symptoms were assessed two months postpartum or beyond via postal mail or online. Results: The hypothes...
A quantitative physical model for time-dependent breakdown in SiO2

A quantitative physical breakdown model for thin SiO2 is developed. The physical mechanism responsible fcor oxide breakdown has been reexamined and found to be hole trapping at localized areas. A quantitative model is built on this physical understanding of the wearout mechanism. Using this model, which considers electron injection, hole generation and charge trapping during electrical stresses and their effects on oxide I-V characteristics, all commonly used reliability tests can be simulated. Results are presented for constant-voltage, constant-current and ramp-voltage stress tests. One important result of the model is that log(tBD) of constant-voltage accelerated test is a linear function of 1/Eox, not Eox. The elctcric field dependence of log(QBD) is the same as that of the hole generation rate ?. The correlation between ramp-voltage stress and constant-voltage stress is treated in detail, and an analytical expression relating the two is presented. This correlation provides a method and a theoretical basis for substituting the time-consuming tBD test with the simple ramp-voltage breakdown test.
The influence of pre-strain on the flow strength and microstructural evolution of polycrystalline γ-TiAl

Abstract Specimens of single-phase polycrystalline γ-Ti47Al51Mn2 have been tested in compression at 300 and 550°C. Monotonic and Cottrell-Stokes temperature change experiments have been conducted, and the deformation microstructure associated with these tests has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The transient experiments indicate that the flow stress is reversible both when the temperature is dropped from 550 to 300°C, and when it jumps from 300 to 550°C. Deformation at the lower temperature has been associated with superdislocation motion and the formation of faulted dipoles, while ordinary dislocation motion dominates at the higher temperature. Dislocation motion and strain hardening in this alloy have both been characterized as fully reversible processes that are unaffected by prior deformation history. Implications for modelling the yield strength anomaly in this alloy are discussed.
On reflection coefficients and the Cholesky decomposition

The autocorrelation and covariance methods are the two most popular analysis techniques for linear predictive coding of speech. Recent work on the covariance method has utilized the Cholesky decomposition for solving the normal equations. A set of intermediate parameters in the Cholesky approach closely resembles the reflection coefficients in the autocorrelation method, and some workers have treated them as such since several computational and operational advantages thus accrue. The Cholesky decomposition is examined in this paper, and it is shown that when the covariance matrix is not Toeplitz, the intermediate parameters are not the reflection coefficients and do not behave like the reflection coefficients. It is also shown that when the covariance matrix is Toeplitz and the vector of dependent variables consists of autocorrelation terms, the intermediate parameters can be interpreted as reflection coefficients.
Gravitational radiation by quantum systems

The limits of validity of the semiclassical theory in which gravity is unquantized are discussed. This is done by comparing the emission of classical gravitational waves in the semiclassical theory with graviton emission in quantum gravity theory. It is shown that these can be quite different even for macroscopic systems. Thus quantum gravitational effects can manifest themselves on a macroscopic scale. A hypothetical experiment to demonstrate the existence of gravitons by means of such effects is discussed.
Herpes simplex virus infection blocks events in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

Infection of cells in G1 phase with herpes simplex virus (HSV) prevents their progression into S phase (de Bruyn Kops, A., and Knipe, D. M., 1988, Cell 55, 857-868). We have examined G1-phase events in infected cells to determine whether this effect was the result of inhibition of G1 phase progression or of entry into S phase. We observed that HSV infection decreased pRb phosphorylation and induced a new phosphorylated form of pRb. Furthermore, HSV infection prevented the normal G1 increases in cyclin D1 and D3 protein levels, and blocked the normal G1 appearance of new electrophoretic forms of cdk2 and cdk4. Thus, HSV infection inhibits several events that normally occur in the cell cycle during G1 phase, arguing that the HSV-induced block in the cell cycle occurs in early to mid-G1 phase.
Pseudomonas sp. lipase-catalyzed synthesis of geranyl esters by transesterification

Pseudomonas sp. lipase was immobilized by adsorption onto five supports and tested for its ability to synthesize geranyl esters by transesterification using short-chain triacylglycerols as acyl donors. Reaction mixtures were prepared in 2 mL ofn-hexane, 0.1 M geraniol, 0.03M triacylglycerol, and 200 units of lipase, and incubated at 30°C and 200 rpm for 24 h. Overall, glass beads were the best support. Geranyl acetate and caproate performed best with Duolite (77.5 and 95.3%, respectively). Geranyl butyrate and caprylate performed best with polyvinylpyrrolidone, (80.2 and 95.5%, respectively). Values for nonimmobilized enzyme also were obtained. Immobilization improved yields, with geranyl caproate exhibiting best results.
Knowledge organization in an information retrieval task

Abstract One characteristic that may affect the way users interact with information systems is the way they organize their knowledge of the topic to be searched. An experiment was conducted to determine the extent and nature of this effect. Subjects who were given different advance organizers read texts and responded to questions about the topics in the texts. These questions were presented in an information retrieval context, on simulated pre-search forms. It was found that different organizing structures affected responses to questions in one topic of the three that were investigated. This demonstrates a complex interaction between the topic of the search, the organizing structure employed by users, and questions asked by intermediaries. Because the way users organize their knowledge has an impact on their interaction with information systems, these organizing structures may be candidates for inclusion in cognitive models of users. Other user characteristics that may affect information retrieval can be investigated using this type of experiment.
The Management of Breast Symptoms in the Pregnant and Lactating Patient

With a trend toward childbearing at more advanced ages, the incidence of pregnancy-associated breast cancer is expected to increase. Nevertheless, the majority of breast disorders in pregnant patients are the same as those in nonpregnant patients, with a few unique exceptions. Although many of the presenting symptoms are similar, the physiologic changes of pregnancy pose unique diagnostic challenges for the obstetrician, gynecologist, and radiologist, which may contribute to a delay in diagnosis of breast cancer. Awareness of benign and malignant breast disorders and a familiarity with current recommendations for the diagnostic imaging evaluation of breast symptoms in the pregnant patient may aid in earlier detection of pregnancy-associated breast cancer and improve outcomes for these women.
The occurrence of specific cytoplasmic granules in the osteoclast

The structure of the osteoclast in the tibiofemoral epiphyses of fetal rats has been studied by electron microscopy. The findings demonstrate the existence of dense specific granules which are apparently isomorphic with the primary lysosomes of soft tissue cell types. Points of morphological analogy include: an agranular unit membrane, a finely granular matrix, and a variable range of size and density. In further analogy, the specific granules also appear to be derived directly from the Golgi apparatus. The formed specific granules are localized in the cytoplasm subjacent to the ruffled border. At this site they undergo an apparent cyclic variation in numbers during which individual granules may undergo alternate transformations into cytoplasmic vacuoles or complex multivesicular and lamellated bodies identifiable with lysosomal residual bodies. Consideration of these morphological findings, along with recent cytochemical studies on the distribution of enzymatic activity in bone cell fractions, would seem to provide some further evidence that the underlying basis of the function of the osteoclast in bone resorption may involve an enzymatic mechanism.
Activity of silica in calcium-aluminate based slags

Donnees numeriques de l'activite de la silice dans les composes de la forme CaO−Al 2 O 3 −SiO 2 a differentes temperatures. Diagramme des phases
New Horizons for Comparative Politics

The rapid drive of formerly colonial and dependent countries toward independent nationhood has gone hand in hand, over the last decade, with a thorough reorientation in the discipline of comparative politics. In Southeast Asia, on the Indian subcontinent, in the Near East—everywhere, the Western powers have surrendered their former positions of imperial domination. Even in Africa, once the dark continent of colonialism, fully half the population now has emerged to self-government. In all, a score of new nations has joined the roll of sovereign states, and their global importance is attested daily by far-flung programs of economic assistance, by the gradual shift of the cold-war front from Europe to Asia and Africa, and by the recent redistribution of voting power in the United Nations.
Affected Ignorance And Animal Suffering: Why Our Failure To Debate Factory Farming Puts Us At Moral Risk

It is widely recognized that our social and moral environments influence our actions and belief formations. We are never fully immune to the effects of cultural membership. What is not clear, however, is whether these influences excuse average moral agents who fail to scrutinize conventional norms. In this paper, I argue that the lack of extensive public debate about factory farming and, its corollary, extreme animal suffering, is probably due, in part, to affected ignorance. Although a complex phenomenon because of its many manifestations, affected ignorance is morally culpable because it involves a choice not to investigate whether some practice in which one participates in might be immoral. I contend further that James Montmarquet's set of intellectual virtues can provide a positive account of what it means to act as a responsible moral agent while immersed in a meat eating culture; they also represent the moral and epistemic framework for the kind of public discourse that should be taking place.
5-Fluorouracil and mitomycin C in pseudophakic patients.

Abstract Purpose: Previous studies have shown that 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin C enhance the success rate of filtration surgery in aphakic eyes. However, eyes with posterior chamber implants have not been specifically studied. This study was performed to compare the safety and efficacy of 5-FU with that of mitomycin C in eyes that have posterior chamber implants and undergo filtration surgery for uncontrolled glaucoma. Methods: Eighty eyes of 74 patients who had previous cataract surgery with posterior chamber implants and who subsequently required trabeculectomy for uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma were randomized to receive either subconjunctival postoperative 5-FU or intraoperative mitomycin C. Results: Twelve months after surgery, intraocular pressures (IOPs) averaged 12.8 ± 5.5 mmHg (mean ± standard deviation) in the mitomycin C group and 14.8 ± 3.8 mmHg in the 5-FU group ( P = 0.001). Mitomycin C-treated eyes received an average of 0.6 medications for IOP control, and 5-FU-treated eyes received an average of 1.05 medications ( P = 0.03). There was no significant difference in complications between the two groups. Conclusion: Mitomycin C appears be a viable alternative to 5-FU in patients with posterior chamber implants with uncontrolled glaucoma who require filtration surgery.
Abnormal intraventricular flow patterns in left ventricular dysfunction determined by color Doppler study

We examined the relation between left ventricular (LV) flow dynamics measured by color Doppler, and either global or regional LV function in 19 normal subjects (group 1), in 55 patients with old myocardial infarction (MI) (29 without [group 2] and 26 with LV aneurysm [group 3]), and in 16 with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (group 4). We calculated by M-mode color Doppler a flow persistence index (FPI) (duration of flow directed in systole toward the apex/LV ejection time). Contrast echocardiography was performed as a control method in 14 patients of the four groups. In normal subjects, rapid systolic inversion of flow toward the aorta was evident (FPI: 0.11 +/- 0.16). In all but one patient in group 2, a similar LV flow pattern was observed, but FPI was greater (0.32 +/- 0.26). In groups 3 and 4, a paradoxical antegrade LV flow pattern was evident during the entire period of systole (FPI: 1.13 +/- 0.42 and 1.28 +/- 0.36, respectively). LV flow patterns were reproduced in echo-contrast studies. FPI was related to LV end-diastolic volume (r = 0.77), end-systolic volume (r = 0.82), and ejection fraction (r = -0.84). However, when data were analyzed separately in the different groups, these correlations were significant only in groups 2 and 3. Paradoxical flow pattern is not peculiar to regional LV dysfunction; it also occurs in global LV dysfunction. This LV flow abnormality may develop after MI even in the absence of severe LV dyssynergy or dilation, and is quantitatively related to the degree of LV dysfunction.
Treatment of advanced, unresectable, cervical carcinoma already subjected to complete irradiation therapy

Abstract Thirty-seven patients with unresectable, previously irradiated, epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix were treated with one of three chemotherapy protocols: (i) moderate dose methotrexate, (ii) high dose methotrexate, and (iii) adriamycin. The choice of chemotherapeutic agent was based on renal and hepatic function. Antineoplastic effect was followed by physical and pelvic examinations, X rays, and scans. Review of the data of patients treated over a period of 3 years demonstrated a clinical response in all three categories. Of interest is the fact that moderate dose methotrexate was the most effective protocol and was well tolerated.
Up-regulation of low-threshold tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ current via activation of a cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway in nociceptor-like rat dorsal root ganglion cells.

Abstract The effects of forskolin on low-threshold tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-r) Na+ currents was studied in small diameter (average ≈ 25 μm) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. All DRG cells included in the study were categorized as type-2 or non-type-2 based on the expression of a low-threshold A-current. In all type-2 and some non-type-2 DRG cells held at −80 mV, the adenylyl cyclase (AC) activator forskolin (10 μM) up-regulated TTX-r Na+ currents evoked with steps to −55 mV through −35 mV (low-threshold current). Up-regulation of low-threshold current by forskolin was mimicked by the protein kinase A (PKA) agonist Sp-cAMPs and the inflammatory mediator serotonin, and blocked by the PKA antagonist Rp-cAMPs. Forskolin-induced up-regulation of low-threshold current evoked from a holding potential of −60 mV was blocked by 40 ms steps to 0 mV, which presumably induced a long lasting inactivation of the low-threshold channels. Reducing to 3 ms the duration of steps to 0 mV, significantly increased the number of DRG cells where low-threshold current was up-regulated by forskolin, presumably by reducing the long-lasting inactivation of the low-threshold channels. In the same cells, high-threshold current, evoked by 40 ms or 3 ms steps to 0 mV, was consistently up-regulated by forskolin. The selective NaV1.8 channel blocker A-803467 markedly blocked high-threshold current but not low-threshold current. The different voltage protocols observed to activate and inactivate the low- and high-threshold currents, and the observation that A-803467 blocked high- but not low-threshold current suggests that the two currents were mediated by different channels, possibly NaV1.8 and NaV1.9, respectively. Inflammatory mediators may simultaneously up-regulate NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 channels in the same nociceptor via a AC/PKA signaling pathway, increasing nociceptor signaling strength, and lowering nociceptor threshold, respectively.
Reactance and Recidivism: Implications for Probation Policy and Research

Psychological reactance theory and the criminal justice system make opposing predictions regarding the effects of restriction of freedom on compliant behavior. This paper applies reactance theory to the problem of probation recidivism. Theoretical linkages are discussed in terms of implications for probation policy, and possibilities for empirical research are suggested.