cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer to liquid metals flowing past spheres and elliptical-rod bundles☆

Abstract Theoretical Nusselt numbers have been derived for the cases of heat transfer to liquid metals flowing past a single sphere, and past an elliptical rod (solitary or one inside a bundle of elliptical rods). The analyses are based on the usual assumptions associated with in viscid potential flow [6, 9]. The normalized hydrodynamic potential drop, Φ 1 ( a + b ) Which appears in the expression for the Nusselt number for elliptical-rod bundles was analytically evaluated using the mathematical function of Howland and McMullen [8] and by applying the principles of conformai transformation. It was found that the numerical values of the corresponding parameter, Φ 1 / D , for flow through circular-rod bundles were applicable here, provided that certain changes in notation were made.
Catch-Slip Transition in DNA Duplex

DNA experiences a wide range of mechanical stress in cells. Structural transitions of DNA under mechanical stresses have thus been a subject of intensive study. We recently used a single-molecule FRET assay to study sequence-dependent looping of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). In this method, a 100-200 bp long dsDNA is terminated with single-stranded overhangs (∼10-bp) that are complementary to each other. When DNA loops spontaneously, these two sticky ends can base pair and stabilize the DNA in the looped state. The stiffness of the DNA then exerts a restoring force on the duplex and induces unlooping. We found an unexpected relationship between the loop size and the unlooping rate: the duplex formed between the sticky ends ruptured more slowly with decreasing loop size. This phenomenon is reminiscent of a catch bond which becomes stronger under tension. We also observed a transition from a catch bond-like to a normal slip bond-like behavior for an 8-bp duplex. We present a catch mechanism based on the coupling between stretching and twisting of dsDNA to explain this counterintuitive phenomenon.
Mechanism of Gold(I)-Catalyzed Rearrangements of Acetylenic Amine-N-Oxides: Computational Investigations Lead to a New Mechanism Confirmed by Experiment

Quantum mechanical studies of the mechanism of gold-catalyzed rearrangements of acetylenic amine-N-oxides to piperidinones or azepanones have revealed a new mechanism involving a concerted heteroretroene reaction, formally a 1,5 hydrogen shift from the N-alkyl groups to the vinyl position of a gold-coordinated methyleneisoxazolidinium or methyleneoxazinanium. Density functional calculations (B3LYP, B3LYP-D3) on the heteroretroene mechanism reproduce experimental regioselectivities and provide an explanation as to why the hydrogen is transferred from the smaller amine substituent. In support of the proposed mechanism, new experimental investigations show that the hydrogen shift is concerted and that gold carbenes are not involved as reaction intermediates.
Comparison of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition, and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition:

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (Vineland-II), and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) were administered to 65 children between the ages of 12 and 42 months referred for developmental delays. Standard scores and age equivalents were compared across instruments. Analyses showed no statistical difference between Vineland-II ABC standard scores and cognitive levels obtained from the Bayley-III. However, Vineland-II Communication and Motor domain standard scores were significantly higher than corresponding scores on the Bayley-III. In addition, age equivalent scores were significantly higher on the Vineland-II for the fine motor subdomain. Implications for early intervention are discussed.
Preservation of active atrial transport; an important clinical consideration in cardiac pacing.

Loss or reversal of the normal sequence of atrioventricular contraction, such as occurs during ventricular pacing, can significantly reduce cardiac output. Opinions vary regarding the size of the pacemaker population that might benefit from preservation of active atrial transport during cardiac pacing. An assessment of 260 consecutive patients who underwent implantation of a permanent transvenons pacemaker by the authors between 1970 and 1979 revealed 19 patients who had clinical symptoms or hypotension when active atrial transport was lost. Thirteen patients were symptomatic with syncope, dizziness, shock, heart failure or cough; six were asymptomatic but had systolic blood pressures lowered to the 80-100 mm Hg range. In all instances but one, attempts were made to restore atrial transport by one or more of the following methods: replacement of the pulse generator with a slower, single rate generator to minimize pacer competition with the normal sinus mechanism; slowing the rate of a programmable unit; implantation of an atrial pacing system; implantation of an atrioventricular sequential pacemaker system. Restoration of the normal sequence of chamber activation by any of these methods eliminated the symptoms and stabilized arterial blood pressure. We conclude that preservation of active atrial transport was clinically important in 7.3 percent of our heterogeneous permanent pacemaker population.
Immediate Reconstruction of the Radiated Breast- Recent Trends Contrary to Traditional Standards

Immediate, implant-only breast reconstruction is traditionally discouraged in patients who receive radiation. It is not clear whether this widely recognized mantra of breast reconstruction is observed in practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate immediate reconstruction trends and practices in patients who have undergone mastectomy and radiation therapy. Female patients with unilateral breast cancer who required radiation in addition to mastectomy were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 2000 through 2010. Patients who underwent immediate reconstruction were identified and analyzed. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to study the relationship between reconstructive method and patient demographic and oncologic characteristics. A total of 5,481 female patients who underwent radiation and breast reconstruction were included for analysis. Postmastectomy radiation therapy was performed in 98.3 % of the patients. The immediate breast reconstruction rate among patients requiring radiation increased from 13.6 to 25.1 %. The percentage of reconstructed patients who had implant-only reconstruction increased from 27 to 52 % (p < 0.001) with a decrease in tissue-only reconstruction from 56 to 32 % (p < 0.001). In regression analysis, the odds of implant reconstruction over autologous reconstruction increased each year by an odds ratio of 1.13 (95 % CI 1.10–1.15). The frequency of immediate reconstruction continues to increase in the setting of postmastectomy radiation therapy, with immediate implant-based reconstruction representing the most commonly utilized method, contrary to traditional recommendations. These findings likely reflect changing attitudes towards implant reconstruction in the setting of planned postmastectomy radiation.
A Cross‐Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence Change

A Cross-Cultural Historical Analysis of Subsistence Change Author(s): Candice Bradley, Carmella C. Moore, Michael L. Burton and Douglas R. White Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Jun., 1990), pp. 447-457 Published by: Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/680155 Accessed: 15-02-2017 22:12 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms American Anthropological Association, Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Anthropologist This content downloaded from 128.200.102.71 on Wed, 15 Feb 2017 22:12:43 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
In vitro hemolysis of rat erythrocytes by selenium compounds

Rat erythrocytes were incubated in vitro with various selenium compounds at 37 degrees. Hemolysis occurred with some selenium compounds but not with corresponding sulfur analogues. Selenite induced more rapid loss of intracellular glutathione (GSH) than did selenocystine but was less hemolytic. Cystine caused neither loss of intracellular GSH nor hemolysis. Addition of GSH to the incubation medium enhanced hemolysis by selenite and selenium dioxide but inhibited hemolysis by selenocystine. Inclusion of glucose in the incubation medium also inhibited selenocystine-induced lysis of erythrocytes from both selenium-supplemented rats and selenium-deficient rats. The results suggest a relationship between the oxidation of intracellular GSH and the hemolysis by selenocystine, selenite and selenium dioxide.
Dendronized diruthenium compounds via the copper(I)-catalyzed click reaction.

Novel Ru2-containing dendritic compounds were prepared from the CuI-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between Ru2 compounds containing one or two ethynes, Ru2(D(3,5-Cl2Ph)F)4-n(DMBA-4-C2H)n with n = 1 and 2, and azidopoly(benzyl ether) dendrons. These new compounds were also characterized with X-ray diffraction and voltammetric techniques.
Success factors of open‐source enterprise information systems development

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the success factors of open‐source software in the enterprise level. It expands the application of the information systems (IS) success model in the literature to enterprise information systems (EIS). The paper presents a simplified open‐source EIS success model by removing several constructs in the existing open‐source software models.Design/methodology/approach – To test the research model, a survey questionnaire was developed based on previous studies dealing with IS success models and adapting them to the open‐source EIS context. The research instrument contained 30 items that represent seven constructs in the research model. Data were collected from 250 open‐source enterprise software end‐users. Due to its confirmatory nature, this study applied the structural equation model.Findings – The results of the study indicate that only community service quality has a positive direct effect on open‐source EIS use, while information quality, EIS quality, and ...
Presence of an N‐6 acetate group shifts the alkylation site of the ambident nucleophile sodium 1‐N‐methylisoguanide

Inclusion of an N-6 acetate into the ambident nucleophile, sodium 1-N-methylisoguanide, resulted in a shift in alkylation preference from N-9 to N-3. The preparation of the N-6 acetate of 1-N-methylisoguanine, 9-N-acetyl-1-N-methylisoguanine (4), and related acetate analogs are described and evidence presented for their structural determination. Analysis of long range 13C-1H coupling data facilitated the structural elucidation of the predominant alkylation products and provided evidence for the unusual N-7 hydrogen tautomeric form in one of them, 3-N-benzyl-6-N-acetyl-1-N-methylisoguanine (8).
Improvement of the numerical lunar ephemeris with laser ranging data

Analysis of lunar laser ranging data is underway at several institutions. We describe here our efforts at improving the numerical ephemeris of Moon, based on over three years' span of data. Orbit generation and correction procedures are discussed briefly. Comparisons of the new ephemeris with observations and with a widely available ephemeris are illustrated. The standard deviation of the observation residuals is 7 m.
Studies of Lawrencium Isotopes with Mass Numbers 255 Through 260

Six isotopes of element 103, with mass numbers 255 through 260, have been studied by means of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle spectroscopy. The half-lives of the nuclides, and the energies and the intensities of their main $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle groups were observed to be: A large number of target-projectile combinations were used in synthesizing the lawrencium isotopes. Representative excitation curves for producing the nuclides are displayed. Upper limits for decay by electron capture have been determined. $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay hindrance factors have been calculated using the spin-independent equations of Preston. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay energy systematics of the heaviest elements is discussed.
Problems in the design of control procedures for computer networks

This paper is one in a series of short papers highlighting research problems in the area of computer communication. Two previous papers have described problems in the design of data communication networks [CHOU 74] and selected research areas in computer communication [KLEI 74a]. In this paper, we will concentrate on problems which arise in the design of control procedures for computer networks. While some of the problems we are going to describe refer explicitly to packet - switched computer communication networks, others apply to packet-switched as well as line-switched systems. We will consider the following six problems:1. Flow control and routing2. Design and implementation of efficient protocols3. Definition of network performance4. Portability of communications software5. Distribution of intelligence6. Process synchronization with unrealiable components
MicroRNA-dependent regulation of cKit in cutaneous melanoma

Abstract Loss of cKit receptor in cutaneous melanomas was attributed to the down-regulation of AP2 transcription factor. Our analysis of 27 melanoma cell lines showed no correlation between AP2 and c-kit expression. Suggesting a post-transcriptional mechanism of cKit down-modulation, we performed genome-wide microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling and found that several miRNA species are commonly up-regulated in melanomas. Among them was mir-221, which can directly interact with c-kit 3′UTR and inhibit cKit protein translation. Observed inverse correlation of the c-kit and mir-221 expression in various melanocytic cells pointed to its involvement in regulation of cKit in melanoma. Moreover, a series of functional assays demonstrated that mir-221 could directly inhibit cKit, p27Kip1 and, possibly, other pivotal proteins in melanoma. Collectively, the studies presented here indicate that mir-221 could be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma. They also suggest that regulation of expression and functional activity of identified up-regulated miRNAs should be further studied in the context of malignant melanoma.
Kinetics of C(2α)-Proton Abstraction from 2-Benzylthiazolium Salts Leading to Enamines Relevant to Catalysis by Thiamin-Dependent Enzymes

The kinetics of proton transfer from the C(2α) position of 2-(1-methoxybenzyl)thiazolium salts was studied for the p-H and p-N(CH3)3+ derivatives as models for the protonation of the enamine/C(2α)-carbanion, a key intermediate in many thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzymatic reactions. The reactions were studied by rapid mixing of the salts with sodium hydroxide in a stopped-flow instrument while monitoring the progress of enamine formation and decomposition in the visible region of the spectrum. It was demonstrated that under the conditions of the experiments, the thiazolium ring opens to give a product with a characteristic 1H-NMR spectrum consistent with both cis and trans stereochemistry about the amide bond generated in the ring opening. Analysis of the progress curves for the p-trimethylammonium-substituted compound (1) gave the following rate constants (25 °C): 21 M-1 s-1 for deprotonation at C(2α), 300−540 s-1 for reprotonation, and 3.4 M-1 s-1 for thiazolium ring opening. For the unsubstituted co...
Symbols, anxiety, and ritual: A functional interpretation

This article deals with the relationship between symbols and ritual. The thesis is advanced that the human capacity for symbol production creates disruptive problems as well as adaptive advantages and that ritual serves as one major mechanism for controlling these disruptive aspects. Symbolic awareness greatly expands an organism's psychological field, and it is argued here that this expansion in turn generates problems of information organization, extended awareness of threat and amplification of appetitive drives. These extensions of consciousness are potentially disruptive and anxiety producing to the individual and may threaten group coherence as well. We maintain that by structuring symbolic expression, ritual behavior serves the important function of delimiting the proliferative tendencies inherent in symbol production and thereby helps to control this disruptive potential.
CHAPTER 17 – Analysis of Nuclear RNA

The analysis of nuclear RNA is rightly defined from two perspectives. First, knowledge of the rate at which various loci are being transcribed may provide key evidence supporting the hypothesized behavior of genes in a model system under the conditions defined by an investigation. To this end, the relative rates at which genes are transcribed may be discerned by a method known as the nuclear runoff assay. Second, examination of steady-state nuclear RNA by Northern analysis may be used to provide a qualitative aspect to the nuclear runoff analysis; it is also an invaluable tool when investigating the processing pathways of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). A variety of factors influence the prevalence of mature messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules in the cytoplasm and their translatability, including regulatory factors and sequences acting in trans and cis , respectively. Transcriptional efficiency, transcription rate, splicing efficiency of precursor hnRNA molecules, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and accessibility of mRNA to the protein translation machinery are a few potential levels of gene regulation that ultimately govern phenotypic manifestation. Two basic approaches are used to study the mechanism of transcription of specific genes and the subsequent processing of the resulting primary transcripts in eukaryotic cells. In one approach, the rate of transcription is measured in intact nuclei by the incorporation of labeled precursor nucleotides into RNA transcripts that had already been initiated on endogenous chromatin at the time of nuclear isolation. The other technique uses specific cloned DNA fragments as templates for transcription; it is used to dissect the factors and sequences necessary for faithful transcription in vitro using whole-cell extracts.
In-cell DNA detection probe fabrication based on microgap structure sensor

This paper presents a potential method to fabricate a robust in-cell DNA detection probe combining the advantages of pulling and etching technologies. A sensor tip with 10μm diameter has been fabricated.
Three-dimensional ptv study of the surrounding flow and wake of a bubble rising in a stagnant liquid

The particle tracking velocimetry measurement technique was used to measure the whole-volume, three-dimensional, transient velocity field generated by a single air bubble rising in stagnant water in a small diameter pipe. The three-dimensional flow field was reconstructed using a stereoscopic technique. Conditional averages of the velocity fields for the situations when the bubble rises at the center of the pipe, and close to the pipe wall, were determined. The turbulent motion generated in the continuous liquid phase for both situations was studied.
Hydraulic Conductance of Maize Hybrids Differing in Transpiration Response to Vapor Pressure Deficit

Limited transpiration rate (TR) under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) conditions has been proposed as a desirable trait for crop yield improvement. The limited-TR trait has been identified in several single-cross maize hybrids, and among these hybrids, a range in the VPD breakpoint for limited TR was identified. It was hypothesized that the variation in the VPD breakpoint was due to differences in hydraulic conductance in their roots or leaves, or both. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare relative hydraulic conductance in the roots and leaves across the maize hybrids expressing the VPD breakpoint. It was found that the VPD of the breakpoint was correlated with each of three indices of hydraulic conductance. That is, low VPD breakpoint was associated with low hydraulic conductance in both leaves and roots indicating a common, underlying limiting mechanism in these two tissues. It was hypothesized that expression of similar aquaporin populations influencing hydraulic flow across membranes in the roots and leaves may account for the consistency in results across the indices of hydraulic conductance.
Synthesis of 2′,3′-Dideoxycyclopentenyl Carbocyclic Nucleosides as Potential Drugs for the Treatment of AIDS

Abstract The recently discovered antiviral activity of 2′,3′-dideoxy-nucleosides against the AIDS virus in vitro prompted the synthesis of 2′,3′-dideoxycyclopentenyl adenine and cytosine. A sequence of two consecutive reductive deoxygenations using 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole followed by reduction with tributyl tin hydride afforded the desired target compounds. Neither compound showed activity in the in vitro assay against the HTLV-III/LAV virus.
Direction of tunneling in Pb/I/YBa2Cu3O7-x tunnel junctions.

Pb/{ital I}/YBCO tunnel junctions have been fabricated on {open_quote}{open_quote}{ital ab} edge{close_quote}{close_quote} surfaces of YBCO single crystals (the {open_quote}{open_quote}{ital ab} edge{close_quote}{close_quote} surface is parallel to {ital c} axis and normal to {ital a} or {ital b} axis). The characteristics of these {ital ab} junctions were compared to those of {ital c}-axis junctions. In addition, STM studies were carried out on {ital c}-axis YBCO surfaces (studying exposed {ital ab} planes). We conclude from the combined results that the tunneling current in our previously studied {ital c}-axis junctions is along the {ital c} direction and is the result of {ital c}-axis coupling. {ital c}-axis Josephson coupling between a conventional superconductor and YBCO provides strong evidence for the existence of an {ital s}-wave component in the YBCO order parameter. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Carbon dioxide fixation in particulate preparations from barley roots

CARBOXYLATION of phosphoenolpyruvate in plant material has been reported by various workers1–5. In the present investigation we have observed it in participate preparations from barley roots. This reaction, coupled with malic dehydrogenase activity in the presence of reduced diphosphopyridine nucleo-tide, leads to the incorporation of carbon-14 dioxide into malate and other organic acids.
Evidence for an arginine residue at the allosteric sites of spinach leaf ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase

The covalent modification of spinach leaf ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase leads to inactivation of both activator-stimulated and -unstimulated activity. Inactivation can be prevented if either the activator 3PGA or the inhibitor Pi are present during the modification. Pi proved to be more effective at protecting the enzyme from inactivation as it afforded 50% protection at 51 µM compared to 50% protection by 405 µM 3PGA. Partial modification of the enzyme using [14C]-phenylglyoxal leads to a decrease in bothV max,A 0.5 and a decrease in the ability of the 3PGA to stimulate the enzyme's activity. Modification increased the enzyme's susceptibility to inhibition by Pi and completely abolished the cooperative binding of Pi seen in the unmodified enzyme in the presence of 3PGA. Thus, phenylglyoxal appears to interfere, with the normal allosteric regulation of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase from spinach leaf. Greater than 90% of the enzyme's activity is lost when 7.2 mol [14C]-phenylglyoxal are bound per mole of tetramer and this label is present in both the larger and small subunits. In addition, inactivation appears to involve two different arginine residues having different rates of modification.
A survey of insulin-dependent diabetes-part II: control methods

We survey blood glucose control schemes for insulin-dependent diabetes therapies and systems. These schemes largely rely on mathematical models of the insulin-glucose relations, and these models are typically derived in an empirical or fundamental way. In an empirical way, the experimental insulin inputs and resulting blood-glucose outputs are used to generate a mathematical model, which includes a couple of equations approximating a very complex system. On the other hand, the insulin-glucose relation is also explained from the well-known facts of other biological mechanisms. Since these mechanisms are more or less related with each other, a mathematical model of the insulin-glucose system can be derived from these surrounding relations. This kind of method of the mathematical model derivation is called a fundamental method. Along with several mathematical models, researchers develop autonomous systems whether they involve medical devices or not to compensate metabolic disorders and these autonomous systems employ their own control methods. Basically, in insulin-dependent diabetes therapies, control methods are classified into three categories: open-loop, closed-loop, and partially closed-loop controls. The main difference among these methods is how much the systems are open to the outside people.
The dual roles of immunity in ALS: injury overrides protection

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons. Disease progression is accompanied by a multi-phased immune response, and recent studies indicate that the immune system is not simply a bystander during disease, but plays an active role in shaping ALS pathology. The role of the immune system during ALS progression is highly complex, however, as it has been found to have a role in both enhancing neurodegeneration as well as protecting the central nervous system. Previous reports have established that the immune response can therefore be separated into two distinct phases: a protective Type 2 response followed by a neurotoxic Type 1 response. This review will address the two phases of the immune response in ALS and describe their roles during disease progression. More importantly, it will also examine the likely sources of immune polarization that are responsible for shifting immunity from the protective T2 phase to the neurotoxic T1 phase.
I—Michael Williams: Mythology of the Given: Sosa, Sellars and the Task of Epistemology

A response to Sosa's criticisms of Sellars's account of the relation between knowledge and experience, noting that Sellars excludes merely animal knowledge, and hopes to bypass epistemology by an adequate philosophy of mind and language.
Collaborating for Academic Success: A Tri-Institutional Information Literacy Program for High School Students.

This article describes a nearly decade-long partnership between three institutions representing school, public, and academic settings in Westchester County, New York. The program, designed to improve the academic performance of local high school students, is unique due to the extensive contact students have with academic librarians during the school year, including two day-long orientations and individual consultation sessions. Using experiences as partners in this collaborative effort, interviews with six teachers and librarians, and the existing literature, this article identifies best practices and key factors for academic libraries that are considering or currently providing instructional and outreach activities to high schools.
Tide‐gage disturbances from the great eruption of Krakatoa

The aerial disturbance from Krakatoa was recorded at many stations on at least three passages around the Earth. A wave on the ocean was recorded at tide stations in almost all parts of the world. Only at nearby stations did the arrival times uniformly agree with that expected for gravity waves in the ocean; many distant arrivals were attributed to coincidental local earthquakes. It is shown that the tide-gage disturbances at distant stations correlate in time with the first aerial wave arriving at the station in the direction from ocean to continent, a result which would be expected from coupling between the barometric disturbance and the ocean surface wave. These observations have led to theoretical and experimental investigations of several types of air-coupled surface waves.
Effect of Temperature on In Vivo Protein Synthetic Capacity in Escherichia coli

In this report, we examine the effect of temperature on protein synthesis. The rate of protein accumulation is determined by three factors: the number of working ribosomes, the rate at which ribosomes are working, and the rate of protein degradation. Measurements of RNA/protein ratios and the levels of individual ribosomal proteins and rRNA show that the cellular amount of ribosomal machinery in Escherichia coli is constant between 25 and 37°C. Within this range, in a given medium, temperature affects ribosomal function the same as it affects overall growth. Two independent methodologies show that the peptide chain elongation rate increases as a function of temperature identically to growth rate up to 37°C. Unlike the growth rate, however, the elongation rate continues to increase up to 44°C at the same rate as between 25 and 37°C. Our results show that the peptide elongation rate is not rate limiting for growth at high temperature. Taking into consideration the number of ribosomes per unit of cell mass, there is an apparent excess of protein synthetic capacity in these cells, indicating a dramatic increase in protein degradation at high temperature. Temperature shift experiments show that peptide chain elongation rate increases immediately, which supports a mechanism of heat shock response induction in which an increase in unfolded, newly translated protein induces this response. In addition, we find that at low temperature (15°C), cells contain a pool of nontranslating ribosomes which do not contribute to cell growth, supporting the idea that there is a defect in initiation at low temperature.
Bias Controlled Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond Thin Film on Various Substrates

The growth of diamond films on Si(001), polycrystalline Ni, Mo, Ta, and W substrates by biased controlled chemical vapor deposition is discussed. Biasing effects were examined using the Si(001) substrates. The film quality as judged by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy depended strongly on the biasing conditions. Under low current reverse bias conditions, highly faceted cubooctahedral polycrystalline diamond growth exhibiting a single sharp Raman line at 1332 cm-1 was obtained. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that these films contained relatively low defect densities and no significant interfacial layers. Biasing into high current conditions which created a plasma resulted in multiply twinned, microcrystalline growth incorporating sp2 bonded carbon into the diamond film. Such films were found to contain very high defect densities and a relatively thick interfacial layer. An investigation of the effects of substrate material was also conducted. Films grown on Si, Ni and W exhibited the best quality. The relationship between this quality and substrate properties such as surface energy and lattice parameter is discussed.
STUDIES IN RESPIROMETRY : I. A COMBINED GAS BURETTE-INTERFEROMETER RESPIROMETER.

A machine has been described which combines volumetric and refractometric means of observing changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations and amounts in a closed system suitable for containing a respiring system. A means of thermoregulation has been described briefly. The theory upon which estimation is based has been outlined in considerable detail and generality; indicating how dependence upon absorption of gases by reagents can be eliminated completely, although they may be used in certain instances as a means of independent check. An experiment of this nature has been reported as an illustration of one use of the machine. Data of other experiments in which a moist environment was employed for the respiring system will be given in another communication.
Use of low-pass filters to protect equipment from transient overvoltages on the mains

The design of commercial low-pass filter modules for equipment connected to the low-voltage supply mains is reviewed. Problems of using these filters to protect electronic equipment from damage or upset by high-voltage transients on the mains are discussed. The design and performance of circuits that incorporate both overvoltage protection and a low-pass filter are discussed. One circuit is designed for commercial environments, the other of medical equipment in patient care areas. Filters for medical equipment in patient care areas must have very small line-to-ground leakage currents, which make it difficult to provide either overvoltage protection or low-pass filtering. Using an overvoltage-protection low-pass filter is less expensive than using a line conditioner to protect equipment, and, in many instances, the filter may give satisfactory protection. >
Temperature Effects on the Crystallization and Coarsening of Nano-CeO2 Powders

The effect of temperature on nano-CeO2 particle coarsening is investigated. The nanoceria powders were synthesized using the microemulsion method and then exposed to temperatures in the range of 373–1273 K. It was found that the nanoparticles exhibited a strong tendency to form agglomerates and through the application of ultrasound these agglomerates could be broken into smaller sizes. In addition average nanoparticle sizes were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The outcome of this work indicates that the initial nano-CeO2 powders are amorphous in nature. Annealing promotes CeO2 crystallization and a slight shift in the (111) XRD intensity peaks corresponding to CeO2. Moreover, at temperatures below 773 K, grain growth in nano-CeO2 particles is rather slow. Apparently, mass transport through diffusional processes is not likely to occur as indicated by an estimated activation energy of 20 kJ/mol. At temperatures above 873 K, the measured activation energy shifted to 105 kJ/mol suggesting a possible transition to Ostwald-Ripening type mass transport mechanisms.
Impact of diabetes on early postoperative outcomes after total elbow arthroplasty

Background Diabetes is known to be associated with poorer perioperative outcomes after hip, knee, and shoulder arthroplasty. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to examine the association between diabetes and in-hospital complications, length of stay, non-homebound discharge, transfusion risk, and total charges after total elbow arthroplasty (TEA). Methods By use of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, epidemiologic as well as patient and hospital demographic data for all patients undergoing TEA were extracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2007 through 2011. We found 13,698 patients who underwent TEA and subsequently separated them into 2 cohorts, those patients with (16.5%) and without (83.5%) diabetes. Specific outcome measures between the diabetic and nondiabetic cohorts were compared through bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results Diabetic patients had significantly longer lengths of stay, increased rates of needing a transfusion perioperatively, and higher rates of a number of complications after TEA compared with the nondiabetic group. Significant differences in demographic factors in diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic patients included age, gender, insurance type, and geography. Diabetes was an independent predictor of both prolonged hospital stay and non-homebound discharge after TEA. Discussion Diabetic patients have significantly higher rates of several perioperative complications, and diabetes is an independent risk factor for prolonged hospital stay, as well as increased risk of non-homebound discharge. Future studies need to further investigate this relationship between diabetes and poorer TEA outcomes.
Predicting fault detection effectiveness

Regression methods are used to model software fault detection effectiveness in terms of several product and testing process measures. The relative importance of these product/process measures for predicting fault detection effectiveness is assessed for a specific data set. A substantial family of models is considered, specifically, the family of quadratic response surface models with two way interaction. Model selection is based on "leave one out at a time" cross validation using the predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) criterion. Prediction intervals for fault detection effectiveness are used to generate prediction intervals for the number of residual faults conditioned on the observed number of discovered faults. High levels of assurance about measures like fault detection effectiveness (residual faults) require more than just high (low) predicted values, they also require that the prediction intervals have high lower (low upper) bounds.
Predictors and outcomes of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized lung cancer patients: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample database analysis

Abstract Background Patients with lung cancer are at high risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. We sought to characterize the clinical factors associated with development of VTE and the impact of VTE on outcomes for hospitalized lung cancer patients. Methods We analyzed data captured in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database of the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The study included all lung cancer patients hospitalized between 2006 and 2010 who had VTE captured as one of the top three discharge diagnoses. Demographics and outcomes of this population were compared to those of inpatient lung cancer patients without a VTE diagnosis. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.3. Results Out of 570,304 lung cancer hospitalizations, 20,672 had a clinically relevant diagnosis of VTE, accounting for 3.6% of all events. The median age of lung cancer patients with VTE was 68 years; 48% were females, 79% were Caucasians, and 43% had metastatic disease. When compared to a lung cancer cohort without VTE ( n =502,153), patients with VTE had significantly longer length of stay (LOS) (7.15 days vs. 6.05 days, OR 1.12), higher inpatient mortality (10.03% vs. 8.69%, OR 1.06), higher total hospital charges ($43,800 vs. $37,800, OR 1.07), and greater likelihood of moderate to severe disability upon discharge (55% vs. 49%, OR 1.23). Conclusions VTE in hospitalized lung cancer patients is associated with longer LOS, higher inpatient mortality rates, increased cost and greater disability upon discharge compared to other inpatient lung cancer patients.
Estimation of Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis Rate Constants. II. Acid and General Base Catalyzed Hydrolysis

SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry) chemical reactivity models were extended to calculate acid and neutral hydrolysis rate constants of phosphate esters in water. The rate is calculated from the energy difference between the initial and transition states of the reactant molecule. This difference is a function of the reference rate and internal and external perturbations to the reference rate. The internal perturbations are comprised of electrostatic and resonance effects. The external perturbations quantify solute-solvent interactions based on the dielectric constant of the solvent and the steric size of substituent groups. The neutral hydrolysis model has been tested against 89 observed hydrolysis rate constants at multiple temperatures. The RMS deviation of the calculated versus observed values was 1.08 log M−1 s−1. The acid hydrolysis model has been tested on 83 rate constants over a variety of temperatures. The RMS deviation of the acid hydrolysis model was 0.41 log M−1 s−1.
Unusual Assembly of Small Organic Building Molecules in Common Solvent

During the process of self-association, reaching a thermodynamic equilibrium state in dilute solution is usually very fast, taking at most seconds for small organic (such as surfactants) solutions and hours for polymer solutions. It is very rare that days are necessary for soluble small organic molecules to reach thermodynamic stability in dilute solutions. This work reports such an unusually slow association of two polymerizable organic molecules, HOOC(CH2)3CCCC(CH2)3COOH and (EtO)3Si(CH2)3NH2, in their common solvent. The self-organization process of above complexes spanned several minutes to several days, depending on their concentrations. The morphologies of resultant aggregates, ranging from vesicles to solid spheres and to hollow spheres, were also tunable by varying the molar ratios of two precursors. Enriched functional COOH/NH2 groups on the aggregate surface can attach various antibodies, which endow the nanaoparticles with great potential applications as targeted drug-delivery vehicles. In addi...
Implications of the oropharyngeal cancer epidemic.

Chaturvedi et al,1 analyzing specimens back to 1984, validate the long-held hypothesis that infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) has increased oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) incidence in the US. They find the incidence of OPSCC in men—who have higher risks of both HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPSCC than women—similar to that of cervical cancer in women. From 1988 to 2004, incidence of HPV-negative OPSCC decreased in parallel with smoking whereas incidence of HPV-positive OPSCC increased at about 7.5% per year, so the percentage of OPSCC that was HPV-positive went from less than 20% to more than 70%.
Caution on the Use of Variance Ratios: A Comment

In basing results on ratios of properties of two groups, it would be undesirable for conclusions to be affected by the arbitrary choice of which group’s properties should be the numerator and which the denominator. From this point of view, using means of ratios is undesirable; medians are somewhat better, and mean logarithms seem the best choice. The geometric mean is a descriptive statistic that shares the desirable properties of the mean logarithm in that it is not adversely affected by the arbitrary choice of numerator.
Sustained mitogen-activated protein kinase activation with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans causes inflammatory bone loss.

Summary Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a gram-negative facultative capnophile involved in pathogenesis of aggressive forms of periodontal disease. In the present study, we interrogated the ability of A. actinomycetemcomitans to stimulate innate immune signaling and cytokine production and established that A. actinomycetemcomitans causes bone loss in a novel rat calvarial model. In vitro studies indicated that A. actinomycetemcomitans stimulated considerable production of soluble cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in both primary bone marrow-derived macrophages and NR8383 macrophages. Immunoblot analysis indicated that A. actinomycetemcomitans exhibits sustained activation of all major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, as well as the negative regulator of MAPK signaling, MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), for at least 8 h. In a rat calvarial model of inflammatory bone loss, high and low doses of formalin-fixed A. actinomycetemcomitans were microinjected into the supraperiosteal calvarial space for 1–2 weeks. Histological staining and micro-computed tomography of rat calvariae revealed a significant increase of inflammatory and fibroblast infiltrate and increased bone resorption as measured by total lacunar pit formation. From these data, we provide new evidence that fixed whole cell A. actinomycetemcomitans stimulation elicits a pro-inflammatory host response through sustained MAPK signaling, leading to enhanced bone resorption within the rat calvarial bone.
Post-transcriptional regulation in budding yeast meiosis

The precise regulation of gene expression is essential for developmental processes in eukaryotic organisms. As an important post-transcriptional regulatory point, translational control is complementary to transcriptional regulation. Sporulation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a developmental process controlled by a well-studied transcriptional cascade that drives the cell through the events of DNA replication, meiotic chromosome segregation, and spore assembly. Recent studies have revealed that as cells begin the meiotic divisions, translational regulation of gene expression fine tunes this transcriptional cascade. The significance and mechanisms of this translational regulation are beginning to emerge. These studies may also provide insights into translational regulation in germ cell development of multicellular organisms.
Measurement techniques for sound level meters

This chapter illustrates various measurement techniques for sound level meters. It also highlights the need for individual hearing protection and noise reduction measures. Sound may be characterized by its pressure level and frequency. The frequency range of the undamaged human ear extends from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). A basic sound level meter consists of a microphone, a calibrated attenuator, amplifiers, weighting networks, and an indicating meter. Accuracy of the sound level meter depends largely on the microphone. Most sound level meters incorporate fast and slow response settings. The manufacturer generally specifies preferred microphone orientation. Microphones are designed to respond equally to all frequencies in the range of interest. While the human ear may respond to tones in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz, the response is not the same at all frequencies. Instrument calibration is crucial in noise measurement. Sound level meters are often supplied with an internal check of battery level and an internal electronic calibration check. Human response may be expressed in terms of annoyance and other subjective criteria. Response depends on the frequency content and the time patterns of the noise and differs widely among individuals.
Aggressive B-cell lymphomas.

The aggressive B-cell lymphomas are surprisingly heterogeneous in morphologic and architectural features, despite their common cell lineage. There are, in addition, a variety of differences among these entities that have no morphologic correlates. These disorders were spotlighted in the XI Workshop of the European Association of Hematopathology in May 2002 in Siena, Italy, and reviewed in the symposium of the American Society for Hematopathology in March 2003 at the Annual Meeting of the US-Canadian Academy of Pathology.1, 2, 3 Like the symposium, this presentation is derived from material presented at the XI European Workshop.Our intention is to provide a practical,illustrated update on the aggressive B-cell lymphomas for general pathologists in practice.