cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trace Element Composition of Dolostones and Dolomites and Its Bearing on the Dolomite Problem: ABSTRACT

Three hundred specimens of "primary" and "secondary" dolostones and 150 specimens of dolomite quantitatively analyzed in triplicate for 20 trace and minor elements statistically yield separate populations of the two major lithologic varieties of dolomitic carbonate rocks for certain trace elements. Histograms, probability plots and measure of the coefficient of variation suggest a lognormal distribution for the trace-element data, which when tested statistically at the 1 per cent level of significance, indicate higher concentrations of Al, Ba, Fe, K, Li, Zn, and Na in the "primary" dolostones. Sr is significantly concentrated in the secondary dolomites separated from the dolostones. On the basis of carbon-oxygen isotope ratios and crystallo-chemical considerations, the do omite is considered to be a replacement mineral after calcite or aragonite, and the abundance of Sr in "secondary" dolomite is interpreted as a minor impurity originally derived from metastable aragonite and entrapped in the dolomite structure. For the samples studied, trace element patterns appear to suggest that "primary" dolostones (characterized by very fine and uniform grain size; complete absence of fauna, relict textures and phantom structures; lack of appreciable porosity; relatively light color; frequent fine lamination; conchoidal fracture; and association with evaporitic sequences) may represent the early replacement of predominantly calcitic limestones under conditions of somewhat above normal salinity; "secondary" dolostones (characterized by relatively coarse and non-unifor grain size; euhedral dolomite rhombs; frequent oolith, pellet, and fossil relict textures; or organic fossil remains) may represent the early replacement of predominantly aragonitic limestones under normal marine conditions. A specific example of Ordovician Nittany dolostone comprising alternating zones of "primary" and "secondary" dolostones confirms the relationship evident in samples differing widely in age and geographic location. End_of_Article - Last_Page 375------------
XENON 147-NM RESONANCE F VALUE AND TRAPPED DECAY RATES

The absorption oscillator strength of the xenon 147-nm resonance transition is measured to be 0.264\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.016. This value is from direct absorption measurements with equivalent widths from \ensuremath{\approxeq}1 to \ensuremath{\approxeq}10 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This f-value measurement is compared to others in the literature and is used in Monte Carlo simulations of trapped decay rates. The simulations include an angle-dependent partial frequency redistribution. The simulation results are compared to trapped decay rates in the literature.
Design Experience and Considerations for Centrifugal Compressor Development

AbstractThe energy products were challenged to develop new machines in a better, faster, and cheaper way. Although computational fluid dynamics tools are widely used in centrifugal compressor design and optimization process; three-dimensional viscous turbulent simulations for centrifugal compressor systems are still a challenge and very time consuming. The experience-based design process still plays an important role for new compressor developments.Basic centrifugal compressor design theories can be found in textbooks and literatures; however, there is very limited quantity information, which can be used for guiding industry centrifugal compressor designs. In this paper, author presented his view of important aspects of centrifugal compressor designs. The purpose of this paper is to provide an opportunity to accelerate industrial compressor design processes by using experience database.
THz hydration sensitivity: Dielectric substrate window considerations

Variations in water volume fraction have been investigated as a possible source of contrast in several reflective THz medical imaging applications including corneal hydration sensing and burn wound severity diagnosis. Due to surface roughness and non-planar geometry most reflective systems employ low loss windows such as quartz or sapphire to minimize the effects of the specimen's topology. This creates a multilayer system consisting of the dielectric substrate window between the tissue medium and free space. Multilayer systems have interference effects due to internal reflections that vary periodically with frequency. To investigate the effects of interference on THz hydration sensing, we implemented an electromagnetic model that computes sensitivity metrics given a window index, window thickness, and incidence angle.
THINKING HISTORICALLY WHEN THE MARGINS BECOME THE CENTER: INTELLECTUAL HISTORY AS HISTORICAL CRITIQUE IN MARTIN JAY'S ESSAYS FROM THE EDGE

This review of Martin Jay's recent published collection of essays examines his ongoing rethinking, supplementation, and revision of central themes—the negative and positive dialectics of historical totalization, the varieties and uses of conceptions of experience, the nature of visual cultures and scopic regimes, and the ambiguities of truth-construction in the public realm—that have been the focus of his major works since the 1970s. It argues that his more recent work indicates a gradual shift toward an affirmation of the kinds of paratactic and deconstructive thinking of Adorno and Derrida as models for producing appropriate forms of historical consciousness and historical critique in the present, and it raises the question of how the issues of historical truth-telling, consensual collective identity, ethical action, and the cultural role of the critical intellectual are reformulated in this process.
The energy function for crystal materials with couple stresses

Abstract In this paper, the nonlinear theory developed by Toupin for a Cosserat Continuum is adopted. The invariants for the energy function appropriate to second-order theory are derived for each crystal class, except those belonging to the cubic and hexagonal systems, with the effects of the couple stresses included.
Liganded and Unliganded Receptors Interact with Equal Affinity with the Membrane Complex of Periplasmic Permeases, a Subfamily of Traffic ATPases

The histidine-binding protein, HisJ, is the soluble receptor for the periplasmic histidine permease of Salmonella typhimurium. The receptor binds the substrate in the periplasm, interacts with the membrane-bound complex, transmits a transmembrane signal to hydrolyze ATP, and releases the ligand for translocation. HisJ, like other periplasmic receptors, has two lobes that are apart in the unliganded structure (open conformation) and drawn close together in the liganded structure (closed conformation), burying deeply the ligand. Such receptors are postulated to interact with the membrane-bound complex with high affinity in their liganded conformation, and, upon substrate translocation, to undergo a reduction in affinity and therefore be released. Here we show that in contrast to the current postulate, liganded and unliganded receptors have equal affinity for the membrane-bound complex. The affinity is measured both by chemical cross-linking and co-sedimentation procedures. An ATPase activity assay is also used to demonstrate the interaction of unliganded receptor with the membrane-bound complex. These findings support a new model for the transport mechanism, in which the soluble receptor functions independently of the commonly accepted high-low affinity switch.
Excerpts from the history of postoperative fluid therapy

Abstract In this review we have not attempted to solve the problem of postoperative fluid and electrolyte replacement, but to place our present position in context with the history of development in this area. The trends in this field are examined and the shifts between sodium restriction and sodium administration are noted. The following scheme indicates these fluctuations. New technics of analyzing the body compartments will reveal new “truths” and our oscillations should gradually arrive at an appropriate mean.
The role of stress‐enhanced reactivity in failure of orthopaedic implants

Scanning electron micrographs were made of the surfaces of silicone rubber finger joint prostheses which had been subjected to 107 bending cycles at 37°C in bovine serum. Preferential attack at the regions of highest stress and the formation of microcracks of length 10μ and less were observed. By way of analogy with the corrosion fatigue phenomenon in metallic alloys, it is suggested that these may be initiation sites for the mechanical failures which have been observed, and that the acceleration of lipid absorption by tensile stress provides potential mechanisms for both initiation and accelerated propagation of fatigue cracks. It is demonstrated as a consequence of mechanochemical thermodynamics that any constituent of the body fluids (e.g. lipids) which can swell the elastomer will in fact be preferentially absorbed at the point of highest tensile stress, i.e., the crack tip, and that swelling will be accelerated by the applications of tensile stress.
THE ROLE OF RENAL METABOLISM IN HYPERTENSION AND UREMIA.

1. The chemical mediator of renal hypertension is rapidly destroyed by the metabolic activity of the normal kidney. The excretory function of the kidney plays little, if any, role in eliminating the mediator of hypertension. 2. If specific substances are responsible for the uremic syndrome, they are neither produced nor eliminated to any significant extent by the metabolic activity of the kidneys. The elimination of these postulated uremia-producing substances would have to be primarily dependent upon the excretory activities of the kidney. 3. No evidence was obtained to support the view that a unilateral ureterovenous fistula leads to "nephrotoxic" symptoms.
Reaction of water-saturated supercritical CO2 with forsterite: Evidence for magnesite formation at low temperatures

Abstract The nature of the reaction products that form on the surfaces of nanometer-sized forsterite particles during reaction with H 2 O-saturated supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) at 35 °C and 50 °C were examined under in situ conditions and ex situ following reaction. The in situ analysis was conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Ex situ analysis consisted of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the surface phases and chemical characterization of precipitates using a combination of confocal Raman spectroscopy, 13 C and 29 Si NMR spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the forsterite surface is highly reactive with the primary reaction products being a mixture of nesquehonite (MgCO 3 ·3H 2 O) and magnesite (MgCO 3 ) at short reaction times (∼3–4 days) and then magnesite (MgCO 3 ) and a highly porous amorphous silica phase at longer reaction times (14 days). After 14 days of reaction most of the original forsterite transformed to reaction products. Importantly, the formation of magnesite was observed at temperatures much lower (35 °C) than previously thought needed to overcome its well-known sluggish precipitation kinetics. The conversion of nesquehonite to magnesite liberates H 2 O which can potentially facilitate further metal carbonation, as postulated by previous investigators, based upon studies at higher temperature (80 °C). The observation that magnesite can form at lower temperatures implies that water recycling may also be important in determining the rate and extent of mineral carbonation in a wide range of potential CO 2 storage reservoirs.
Optimal Crossover Designs for Two Treatments in the Presence of Mixed and Self-Carryover Effects

The main purpose of this article is to identify optimal crossover designs for two treatments under a model that includes mixed and self carryover effects. In addition, results are reported for optimal two-treatment crossover designs under several closely related models, and the performance of various designs for three and four periods is studied under the different models.
Securing multi-tiered web applications

Multi-tiered architecture is very common in today's enterprise web applications. It is necessary to secure channels in each tier in order to secure a multi-tiered web application. For a non-HTTP based channel, there are several options to secure the channel. These security options have been used in a number of applications. However, it is not clear which option has better performance (such as delay, security strength, etc). In our research, we conducted real-network experiments to study the performances of several popular security protocols that are being used for securing multi-tiered web applications. Our experimental results provide several useful insights and guidelines for the design and deployment of secure multi-tiered web application.
Luminescent and structural properties of a Eu(III) complex: Formation of a one-dimensional array bridged by 2,2′-bipyrimidine

Abstract The previously reported monometallic Eu(III) complex Eu(hfa)3bpm, where hfa = 1,1,1,5,5,5- hexafluoroacetylacetonate and bpm = 2,2′-bipyrimidine, shows characteristic emissions in the visible region associated with the 5D0 → 7FJ (J = 0–4) transitions of the Eu(III) center. Lifetime measurements are fit to a mono-exponential and are inversely related to temperature. Crystals grown from slow diffusion of hexanes into an ethyl acetate solution of the complex yield an unusual one-dimensional array in which each Eu(III) complex is connected to another through bpm bridging units.
Maternal Perfusion with Low-Dose Aspirin Preferentially Inhibits Placental Thromboxane While Sparing Prostacyclin

Objective: Production sites of thromboxane and prostacyclin are compartmentalized within the human placenta. Thromboxane is produced primarily by the trophoblast cells closest to the maternal circulation, whereas prostacyclin is produced primarily by the endothelial cells closest to the fetal circulation. Theoretically, this arrangement allows for a selective inhibition of placental thromboxane by maternally derived aspirin because according to Fick's Second Law of Diffusion, the concentration of aspirin would decline as it crossed from the maternal to the fetal side, thereby sparing prostacyclin on the fetal side. We hypothesized that perfusion of aspirin on the maternal side of the placenta would result in inhibition of thromboxane with a sparing of prostacyclin.Study Design: To test this, we perfused human placental cotyledons in vitro with low doses of aspirin (5 × 10−-5 mom and 1 × 10−-4 mol/L) from the maternal side and measured the secretion rates of the stable metabolites of thromboxane and prosta...
Myelination-dependent axonal membrane specializations demonstrated in insufficiently myelinated nerves of the dystrophic mouse.

Abstract ‘Dystrophic’ mice of the 129/ReJ-Dy strain have a genetic defect affecting Schwann cell proliferation. Spinal nerve roots of these animals contain myelinated and unmyelinated axons in addition to groups of large ‘amyelinated’ axons. In affected regions of the spinal roots, myelinated axons are missing their myelin sheaths. Where the myelination terminates or begins, half-nodes are created. Freeze-fracture analysis of these half-nodes shows that only the myelinated side contains rows of dimeric particles in the axonal P-face of the paranode. The P-face on the amyelinated side of a half-node, and the remainder of the amyelinated axon, contains a dense even distribution of particles, many of which are the size of dimeric-particle subunits, but only a few of which are arranged into short rows. As the long circumferential rows are not found on the unmyelinated side of the half-node we conclude that the paranodal rows of dimeric particles are dependent upon myelination for their organization.
The political ecology of biodiversity conservation on the Malagasy Highlands

During the past two decades biodiversity conservation has become the major focus of international interventions by donor organizations and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) working in Madagascar. Despite these efforts, biodiversity losses continue unabated and the conservation activities undertaken to date appear ineffective. This paper summarizes the findings of a research study conducted on the central highlands of Madagascar that sought to examine possible reasons for the continued erosion of biodiversity in the country. A political ecology research framework is used to identify different social actor groups vying for access to natural resources and the extent to which their actions influence biodiversity on the island. The application of this framework reveals three major findings: (1) the existence of tensions between groups of social actors vying for access to and use of natural resources; (2) the characteristics and role of power differs greatly by actor group and it is the maldistribution of power, and its manifestations of use, that have detrimental effects on regional biodiversity; and (3) there are numerous aspects of the `conventional wisdom' that have permeated the thinking of staff from extralocal actor groups (especially NGOs, donors, and government agencies) and are largely false. Such `wisdom,' perpetrated by discourse and media, lacks understanding of local livelihood patters and local needs. However, endowed with political power and financial influence, this wisdom dominates local knowledge and ultimately leads to the conception and realization of conservation projects that fail to achieve their stated objectives. The behaviors of all of the actors in this situation perpetuate the status quo, including current patterns of biodiversity elimination.
Microwave-superheated Vics vapo rub: an ocular public health danger

Abstract Purpose To report a case of a microwave-oven superheated petroleum-based liquid causing severe chemical and thermal ocular burns treated successfully with amniotic membrane transplantation. Design Observational case report. Methods Retrospective review of clinical case. Results A 77-year-old woman sustained a severe combined chemical and thermal burn from microwave-heated Vicks Vapo-Rub requiring amniotic membrane transplant, with subsequent development of phacomorphic glaucoma, requiring cataract extraction, and bullous keratopathy, requiring penetrating keratoplasty. Conclusions As microwave oven use becomes more commonplace, the risk of superheating liquids becomes an increasingly significant ocular danger. Continued efforts to educate the public about safe microwave use is necessary. Additionally, amniotic membrane transplantation was found to be effective in managing a combined chemical and thermal ocular burn.
Preliminary results of the use of a two-stage treadmill test as a clinical diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis

This study assesses the ability of a two-stage treadmill test to distinguish stenotic from nonstenotic subjects by capitalizing on the postural dependency of stenotic symptoms. Forty-five subjects (26 stenotic, 19 nonstenotic) participated. An earlier onset of symptoms with level walking (p = 0.0009), increased total walking time on an inclined treadmill (p = 0.014), and prolonged recovery time after level walking (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with stenosis. Only one of four self-reported postural variables were significantly associated with stenosis. Linear discriminant analysis performed using the treadmill variables resulted in the correct classification of 76.9 and 94.7% of stenotic and nonstenotic subjects, respectively. Likelihood ratios for all treadmill variables were > 2.50, and < 2.00 for all self-report variables. A two-stage treadmill test may be useful in the differential diagnosis of lumbar stenosis, and clinical measurement of the postural nature of symptoms seems to be superior to subjects' self-reports.
Microstructure evaluations of carbon nanotube/diamond/silicon carbide nanostructured composites by size–strain line-broadening analysis methods

Efforts have been made to manufacture novel composite materials with improved properties by incorporating multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) into metal or brittle ceramic. Here we prepared dense MWNT/diamond/silicon carbide (SiC) composites under high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) conditions by anchoring MWNTs into a diamond/SiC matrix. The measured mechanical properties indicate that the composites have both superior hardness and enhanced fracture toughness. Moreover, we have undertaken an x-ray diffraction line-broadening analysis to elucidate how the microstructures including domain sizes and micro-strains depend on the externally applied temperature and how the microstructures correlate to the macroproperties of the as-fabricated composites.
Concurrent resections of pancreatic islet cell cancers with synchronous hepatic metastases: outcomes of an aggressive approach.

Abstract Background. Pancreatic islet cell cancers are often characterized by the presence of endocrinopathies, an indolent clinical course, and a propensity for hepatic metastases. Hepatic metastases are associated with a negative impact on survival. The role of concurrent resections of pancreatic islet cell cancers and the hepatic metastases has not been defined. Methods. The records of all consecutive patients undergoing concurrent resections of pancreatic islet cell cancers and their hepatic metastases between 1980 and 1998 were reviewed. Outcomes regarding overall progression-free and symptom-free survival and perioperative morbidity and mortality were assessed. Results. All 23 patients underwent distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. Six major (≥ 3 segments) and 17 minor (c3 segments) partial hepatectomies were performed. Complete gross resection of cancer (R0/R1) were performed in 9 patients and debulking resections (R2) ( Conclusions. These data support aggressive concurrent resection of the pancreatic islet cell cancers and synchronic hepatic metastases when technically feasible. Because disease progression is frequent and the major cause of death, investigations of adjuvant and adjunctive therapies are warranted. (Surgery 2002;132:976-83.)
Productivity and career paths of previous recipients of Society for Academic Emergency Medicine research grant awards.

Objectives: The objective was to assess productivity of previous recipients of Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) grant awards. Methods: All previous recipients of SAEM Research Training Grants, Neuroscience Research Awards, Scholarly Sabbatical Awards, and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Research Fellowship awards funded through 2004 were identified through SAEM’s records and surveyed. Award categories assessed were those still offered by SAEM at the time of the survey and therefore excluded the Geriatric Research Award. The 2005–2006 SAEM Grants Committee developed a survey using previous publications assessing productivity of training grants and fellowship awards and refined it through consensus review and limited pilot testing. We assessed measures of academic productivity (numbers of publications and additional grants awarded), commitment to an academic career, satisfaction with the SAEM award, and basic demographic information. Results: Overall response rate was 70%; usable data were returned by all seven Research Training Grant awardees, both Neuroscience awardees, four of five Scholarly Sabbatical awardees, and six of 14 EMS Research Fellowship awardees. Of those who gave demographic information, 78% (14/18) were male and 94% (16/17) were non-Hispanic white. All the respondents remained in academics, and 14 of 19 felt that they will definitely be in academics 5 years from the time of the survey. They have a median of 1.8 original research publications per year since the end of their grant period, and 74% (14/19) have received subsequent federal funding. All found the SAEM award to be helpful or very helpful to their careers. Conclusions: Previous recipients of the SAEM grant awards show evidence of academic productivity in the form of subsequent grant funding and research publications, and the majority remain committed to and satisfied with their academic research careers.
Regional brain cholecystokinin changes as a function of friendly and aggressive social interactions in rats.

Abstract Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the most abundant neuropeptide in the mammalian brain, and has been implicated in the regulation of a diversity of emotions and motivations including negative affect and stress responses. In this experiment, we assayed levels of CCK (CCK4/5 and CCK8) from tissue homogenates in intruder animals 6 h after resident–intruder inter-male aggression. Intruder animals that demonstrated submissive behavior (freezing and 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations) had higher levels of CCK in the tegmentum and posterior cortex as compared to non-submissive (i.e., “Friendly”) intruder animals. Ultrasonic vocalizations (22-kHz) were positively correlated with CCK levels in the tegmentum, posterior cortex and pituitary. These data suggest that CCK may play a role in the generation of negative affective states indexed by 22-kHz ultrasonic calls in certain regions of the brain.
Artificial phonon-plasmon polariton at the interface of piezoelectric metamaterials and semiconductors

We studied a polariton formed at the interface between a piezoelectric metamaterial and a semiconductor or metallic metamaterial. The piezoelectric metamaterial consists of periodically poled domains that has an optical phonon frequency in the terahertz ranges. When the piezoelectric metamaterial is in contact with a semiconductor or metallic metamaterial substrate, the coupling between the metamaterial’s optical phonons and the substrate’s plasmons results in the formation of a type of artificial surface polariton: phonon-plasmon polariton. The effective dielectric constant of the piezoelectric metamaterial is theoretically derived and the strong dispersion and band gap phenomena of the phonon-plasmon polariton are investigated. The artificial surface phonon-plasmon polariton may offer opportunities in optical science such as acoustic excitation of surface plasmons and vice versa.
Exile, nationalism and Decolonizing history in George Lamming's Season of adventure

(1995). Exile, nationalism and Decolonizing history in George Lamming's Season of adventure. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 70-93.
Protostellar rotation : turbulence and heating of molecular clouds.

The formation of rapidly rotating protostellar objects in turbulent and clumpy molecular clouds is analyzed. It is shown that the early dissipation of the protostellar rotational energy via a rotationally driven wind can keep their parent molecular clouds at the observed temperatures and in the observed turbulent state. The model requires a low space density of protostellar shells in order to provide the energy requirements to stabilize molecular clouds against gravitational collapse in regions of star formation. The dependence of this mechanism on the star formation rate suggests that the star formation is self-regulated.
EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT ON METHOTREXATE INDUCED MUCOSAL INJURY IN THE RAT

We have previously shown that dietary linoleic acid stimulates small bowol mucosal growth following intestinal resection. To determine if linoleic acid may also be important in recovery from mucosal injury, such as occurs in infectious diarrhea, 70 male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats (50 g) were pair-fed a low fat (0% safflower oil, 42 rats) or a normal fat (1% safflower oil, 28 rats) diet for 34 d. Mucosal injury was then induced using methotrexate (MTX), 2.5 mg/kg/d × 3 d, after which animals were pair-fed either a normal fat (1% safflower oil), low fat (0% safflower oil), or high fat (10% safflower oil) diet. Half were killed 3 days later, the other half 12 days later. Mucosal protein (mg/cm bowel): In general, changes in mucosal wt. and DNA content paralleled these findings. Histology showed comparable changes. Measurement of glucose and leucine uptake by intestinal sacs failed to show differences between dietary groups. Feeding large quantities of linoleic acid to rats following mucosal injury appeared to exacerbate damage to the jejunum at 3 days, this being the site of greatest injury caused by MTX. By day 12, a trophic effect of the high fat diet was apparent, especially in the ileum. The role of linoleic acid as a substrate for both mucosal leukotriene and prostaglandin synthesis way be a factor in those findings.
The action of sodium fluoride on suspected periodontopathogens.

Certain oal bacteria have been implicated in the initiation of chronic gingivitis and the progression of periodontitis. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of sodium fluoride on the in vitro growth and on various enzymes of Treponema denticola, Actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and 3 Bacteroides species. Complete inhibition of growth for 5 strains of T. denticola, 3 strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans, 3 black-pigmented strains of Bacteroides and 3 strains of F. nuclatum was observed with 40, 80, 160, and 320 μg/ml of F- respectively. The API system, a convenient and rapid method designed to detect 19 enzymes, was employed primarily to determine the relative sensitivity of demonstrable enzymes to F- for the assay microorganisms. F-concentrations of 10–60 μg/ml inhibited the acid phosphatase of T. denticola or the acid and alkaline phosphatase of A. actinomycetemcomitans. However, F- at a concentration of 10–60 μg/ml did not influence any of the detectable enzymes of the other assay bacteria. Periplasmic phosphatases hydrolyze impermeable phosphate esters to compounds that could then be transported and utilized by the cells.
Determinants of Dietary Intake in a Sample of White and Mexican-American Children

Abstract Objective To assess the influence of several potential psychosocial determinants on children's eating behavior. Participants Three hundred fifty-one Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white children (mean age=4.4 years old at baseline) participated in the San Diego Study of Children's Activity and Nutrition for up to 2.5 years. Methods Child's eating behavior was described by 3 dependent variables: total energy, percentage energy from fat, and sodium intake per 1,000kcal. Dietary information was collected 4 days a year using a 24-hour food intake record, which was a combination of direct observation and interviews with food preparers. The 35 predictor variables from child, parental, demographic, and environmental domains were collected by behavioral observation, interviewer-administered questionnaires, and physical measurements. Statistical analyses Bivariate and regression analyses via mixed linear models were performed. Results Variables from the children's domain (such as skinfold thickness and weight) had the strongest associations with energy intake; parental variables (such as fat avoidance behavior and prompts to increase children's food intake) were associated with child's percentage energy from fat and sodium intake. In regression analyses, parsimonious subsets of variables accounted for 46% of variance in energy intake (3 variables), 40% of the variance in percentage of energy from fat (4 variables), and 44% of variance in sodium intake per 1,000 kcal energy (1 variable) in between-subject variance components. Conclusions Fat and sodium intake of children may be improved by improving parents' nutrition habits and by having parents encourage children to eat a healthful diet. Few modifiable correlates of children's energy intake were identified. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1282–1289 .
Photoinduced vibrational absorptions from poly(3-octylthiophene)/Fe2O3 nanoparticle composite, a time-resolved FTIR study

Abstract Photoinduced vibrational bands of poly(3-octylthiophene), P3OT, have been studied at room temperature by using time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy (TR-FTIRS) in the nanosecond to microsecond time domain. A photo-bleach occurs in the deformation band of CSC at 1463–1419 cm −1 , and a few transient absorption bands occur at lower frequency (e.g. ∼1290 cm −1 ). The transient absorption band at 1290 cm −1 shows a signal exponential formation occurring in 2 O 3 nanoparticle into the polymer composite significantly enhances the photoinduced signal, indicating the interaction between polymer and nanoparticle. The dynamics of these photoinduced species on the nanosecond to microsecond time scale are discussed.
Implementation of a Plastically Dissipated Energy Criterion for Three Dimensional Modeling of Fatigue Crack Growth

Abstract Fatigue crack growth is simulated using three dimensional elastic–plastic finite element analysis. The crack extension per load cycle, da/dN, as well as crack front profile changes (crack tunneling) under cyclic loading is not specified as an input but evaluated based on a condition that relates plastically dissipated energy to a critical value. Simulation of cyclic crack propagation in a middle-crack tension M(T) specimen using this implementation captures the well established, experimentally obtained crack growth rate reduction accompanying a single overload event. The analysis predicts that the single overload also affects the crack front profile, where a tunneling crack propagates with a flatter crack front in the overload affected zone.
Household demand for food attributes

Characteristics theory assumes consumers derive utility from the properties of products consumers purchase in the marketplace. These properties are called characteristics, or attributes. Existing models distinguish between common and unique attributes. Common attributes are acquired from more than one product, whereas a unique attribute is acquired from a single product. Each product in these models generates both common attributes and a unique characteristic. This distinction can be a limitation when examining categories of products that only produce a common set of characteristics such as occurs with food.
Dynamics of F-actin and F-actin complexes

Abstract Intensity fluctuation autocorrelation measurements of laser light scattered from solutions of F-actin and F-actin complexes with myosin subfragments were made in order to estimate the flexibility and other dynamic characteristics of these molecules. F-actin behaves as an unbound diffusing particle. The measurements gave an infinite relaxation time (zero bandwidth spectrum) in the limit of zero scattering angle and, therefore, offer no firm evidence of flexibility according to the theoretical criterion of Fujime & Ishiwata (1971). F-actin complexes with heavy-meromyosin and the myosin subfragment-1 do not exhibit free diffusion. Their scattered light fluctuations are characteristic of bound particles in the gel state, for which a model and theory are proposed. These results leave open the question of the flexibility of F-factin and its complexes and raise the possibility that the presently available theory for inferring flexibility characteristics of macromolecules is inadequate.
Correction of Low Vitamin D Improves Fatigue: Effect of Correction of Low Vitamin D in Fatigue Study (EViDiF Study).

Background: Fatigue is a common presenting complaint of patients in the primary care offices. Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with fatigue in cancer patients. Normalization of vitamin D level improves their fatigue. Whether low vitamin D plays a role in fatigue in medically stable patients is not known. Aims: This prospective non-randomized therapeutic study observed the prevalence of low vitamin D in fatigue and the effect of normalization of vitamin D on fatigue. Material and Methods: One hundred and seventy four adult patients, who presented in our primary care office with fatigue and stable chronic medical conditions,completed fatigue assessment questionnaires. Patients with low vitamin D levels received ergocalciferol therapy for 5 weeks. Scores of pre- and post-treatment fatigue assessment questionnaires were compared. Results: Prevalence of low vitamin D was 77.2% in patients who presented with fatigue. After normalization of vitamin D levels fatigue symptom scores improved significantly (P < 0.001) in all five subscale categories of fatigue assessment questionnaires. Conclusion: The prevalence of low vitamin D is high in patients who present with fatigue and stable chronic medical conditions, if any. Normalization of vitamin D levels with ergocalciferol therapy significantly improves the severity of their fatigue symptoms.
An integer programming application to solve sequencer mix problems in printed circuit board production

The production of printed circuit board in the electronics industry requires that the taped components at the insertion machines input be in a predetermined order or sequence. The sequencing operation is performed on a microcomputer-controlled sequencing machine which represents a substantial proportion of both the initial capital and direct costs. The sequencing costs are affected by two sequential decisions: sequencer mix or the size and the number of sequencers required to meet the production requirements, and the processing schedule at each sequencer. An integer programming approach is presented for determining the optimum sequencer mix and is illustrated by means of an industrial case study example.
Simulation of lubricating behavior of a thioether liquid lubricant by an electrochemical method

An electrochemical cell was constructed to explore the possible radical anion forming behavior of a thioether liquid lubricant. The electrochemical behavior of the thioether was compared with the electrochemical behavior of biphenyl, which is known to form radical anions. Under controlled conditions biphenyl undergoes a reversible reaction to a radical anion, whereas the thioether undergoes an irreversible reduction yielding several products. These results are discussed in relation to boundary lubrication.
Enantioselective synthesis of D-and L-α-methylcysteine with hydantoinase

Abstract A scalable and cost-effective synthesis of d - and l -α-methylcysteine is described. A key step is d -selective cyclization of N-carbamoyl S-tert-butyl- d , l -α-methylcysteine catalyzed by hydantoinase. d -5-tert-Butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin and N-carbamoyl S-tert-butyl- l -α-methylcysteine were obtained with excellent yield and optical purity, and these compounds were easily separated by filtration. After hydrolysis and cleavage of the tert-butyl group, d - and l -α-methylcysteine hydrochloride were obtained.
Service Registry with Advanced Search Capability

A new method is described which allow a service registry to return the intended service information even when the exact name or id of the service is not known to the user of the registry. The method comprises parsing the input service name into constituent words, constructing all equivalent service names by using synonyms of the constituent words, and returning the service information to the user when any one of the constructed names matches the name of a service in the registry.
Effects of g-jitter and cross-diffusion on the onset of convection in doubly diffusive systems

The effects of a modulated gravity field in doubly diffusive layers with and without cross-diffusion are studied. Attention is focused on the determination of linear stability criteria for such systems. Floquet theory is used to establish the stability criteria by a systematic analysis of the topology of the neutral curves from which stability boundaries can be constructed. Convective stability boundaries for gravity-modulated doubly cross-diffusive systems are presented for the cases of dynamically free and rigid boundaries. Two physically different forms of layer stratification are considered: (1) imposed independent gradients of two components and (2) a solute gradient induced by a fixed temperature gradient.
Effect of acclimation temperature on plasma levels of glucose and lactate in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.

Baseline plasma glucose and lactate levels were determined in unstressed rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to 8°, 12°, and 16°C. The 8°C acclimated fish had the highest plasma glucose level (75.7 mg/dl), which is significantly greater than the 16°C acclimated fish (59.7 mg/dl) but not the 12°C fish (66.7 mg/dl). The plasma glucose levels of the 12°C and 16°C acclimated fish were not statistically different. The plasma lactate levels of 8°C fish (5.3 gm/dl), 12°C fish (4.2 mg/dl) and 16°C fish (5.3 mg/dl) were not significantly different. There was significant positive correlation between weight and length and significant negative correlation between plasma glucose and both weight and length. No other significant correlations between parameters were detected.
FACTS: a transmission utility perspective

The arrival of FACTS technology has coincided with major restructuring of the electricity supply industry in the UK, and elsewhere. Deregulation of generation has increased requirements on the transmission system, shortened lead times and increased uncertainties for transmission planners. This paper describes how the UK NGC has successfully applied power electronics to meet these challenges, using thyristor SVCs as developed in the 1980s. Newer technologies may provide benefits in increasing power system capability and flexibility but identifying benefits and risks against uncertain backgrounds, and implementing the technologies to meet rapid changes in transmission requirements, are challenges for utilities and manufacturers. (7 pages)
Working Memory from the Trailing Edge of Consciousness to Neurons

This book on working memory limits by Klingberg (2009) is one to which I certainly can relate. When I was in high school in the late 1960s, I decided that the only career that made sense for me, to make the best use of a finite life span, was investigating the scientific basis of human conscious experience. In graduate school, I came to feel that two specialties could best satisfy that aim: perception and working memory, the small amount that can be kept in mind at once. There have been many exciting advances in these two topics over the years, by both neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists.
An estimator of the ratio of two variances

The uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate of where σ1 and σ2 are the standard deviations of two normal populations is derived. Its properties are compared with those of the maximum likelihood estimate by means of Monte Carlo simulation. These comparisons reveal the superiority of the UMVU estimate for very small or very large values of this ratio.
Analytic Approaches to the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)

This brief research report shows how different applications of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) can have implications for the interpretation of the role of ethnic identity in research. Throughout the MEIM’s widespread use, notable inconsistencies lie in how the measure has been applied. This report uses empirical data to demonstrate differences in statistical inference due to these differences in usage.
In vitro activity of chloramphenicol alone and in combination with vancomycin, ampicillin, or RP 59500 (quinupristin/dalfopristin) against vancomycin-resistant enterococci

Using a checkerboard assay, ampicillin, vancomycin, and RP 59500, each in combination with chloramphenicol, were tested for synergy against 23 isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Additive effects were seen in 62.5% of the isolates when exposed to chloramphenicol plus RP 59500. Additive effects were observed in 20% and 15% of isolates with chloramphenicol plus vancomycin or ampicillin, respectively. No antagonism was noted.
Proton high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR analysis of fresh and previously frozen tissue of human prostate.

The previously observed improvement in spectral resolution of tissue proton NMR with high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) was speculated to be due largely to freeze-thawing artifacts resulting from tissue storage. In this study, 12 human prostate samples were analyzed on a 14.1T spectrometer at 3°C, with HRMAS rates of 600 and 700 Hz. These samples were measured fresh and after they were frozen for 12–16 hr prior to thawing. The spectral linewidths measured from fresh and previously frozen samples were identical for all metabolites except citrate and acetate. The metabolite intensities of fresh and freeze-thawed samples depend on the quantification procedures used; however, in this experiment the differences of means were <30%. As expected, it was found that tissue storage impacts tissue quality for pathological analysis, and HRMAS conditions alone are not sufficiently destructive to impair pathological evaluation. Furthermore, although storage conditions affect absolute metabolite concentrations in NMR analysis, relative metabolite concentrations are less affected. Magn Reson Med 50:1307–1311, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Induction and kinetics of natural killer cells in humans following interferon therapy.

Natural killer (NK) cells are non-B, non-T lymphocytes that effect spontaneous cytolysis of both virus-infected and neoplastically transformed target cells1,2. These NK lymphocytes have been detected in several species including man3–9. Interferon is a primary regulator of natural killer activity6,10,11. Because NK cells have been implicated in the regulation of tumour cell expression and can be induced by interferon in murine models, we have studied patients receiving large doses of interferon to determine (1) whether interf eron could induce NK lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of man, and (2) whether there are characteristic kinetics for the appearance, disappearance and reactivation of NK lymphocytes following interferon therapy. We report here the activation of human NK cells by the systemic inoculation of human subjects with interferon. Five patients received interferon as therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. All showed a marked increase in NK cell activity 12–24 h after inoculation. Peak NK activity occurred 18 h after introducing interferon, and thereafter declined rapidly but remained above pre-interferon levels. Induced NK activity occurred with reintroduction of interferon but at lower levels of activity and with different kinetics.
Excitation of Crossflow Instabilities in a Swept Wing Boundary Layer

The problem of crossflow receptivity is considered in the context of a canonical 3D boundary layer (viz., the swept Hiemenz boundary layer) and a swept airfoil used recently in the SWIFT flight experiment performed at Texas A&M University. First, Hiemenz flow is used to analyze localized receptivity due to a spanwise periodic array of small amplitude roughness elements, with the goal of quantifying the effects of array size and location. Excitation of crossflow modes via nonlocalized but deterministic distribution of surface nonuniformity is also considered and contrasted with roughness induced acoustic excitation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves. Finally, roughness measurements on the SWIFT model are used to model the effects of random, spatially distributed roughness of sufficiently small amplitude with the eventual goal of enabling predictions of initial crossflow disturbance amplitudes as functions of surface roughness parameters.
Approaches to Polycyclic 1,4-Dioxygenated Xanthones. Application to Total Synthesis of the Aglycone of IB-00208

Hexacyclic xanthone natural products such as IB-00208 present a formidable challenge in organic synthesis. A new approach to polycyclic 1,4-dioxygenated xanthones from benzocyclobutenones has been developed and applied to the first total synthesis of the aglycone of IB-00208. The 22-step synthesis features an acetylide stitching process that joins an aryl aldehyde with an angularly fused benzocyclobutenone, which was prepared by a ring-closing metathesis reaction. The resulting acetylenic benzocyclobutenone diol underwent a Moore rearrangement to give an intermediate that was further elaborated to the aglycone of IB-00208 as a mixture of hydroquinone–quinone tautomers.