cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child and adolescent differences in economy at various speeds across a two-year time period

Economy of movement is defmed as the mass related aerobic demand (V02 mL·kg-l·min-l) or energy expenditure required to run or walk at a given submaximal speed (Morgan, 2000). It has been well established that children have a lower economy compared to adults (Rowland and Green, 1988; Rowland et al., 1987; Unnithan and Eston, 1990). This means that at any given walking or running speed, children exhibit a higher weight relative V02compared to that of an adult. The difference in economy between children and adults is thought to be due to differences in stride frequency (SF), leg length, body-surface-area to mass ratio (BSA:M), body mass index (BMI), and ventilatory efficiency (Rowland et al., 1987; Rowland and Green, 1988; Unnithan and Eston, 1990).
Two in One: Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes With Single-Sample Testing.

Selvin and colleagues reported the prognostic capability of “single-sample” definitions of confirmed (elevated levels of both fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c) and unconfirmed (elevated level of ...
Effect of Vaccinia-Activated Macrophages on Scrapie Infection in Hamsters

The Syrian hamster has been shown to be the animal model of choice for studies on the physicochemical nature of the scrapie agent (1). The high titers of scrapie infectivity in brain tissue and the short incubation periods in this species have decreased the time required to obtain bioassay data necessary for the detection of this unusual neuropathic agent. Relatively little attention, however, has been given to the pathogenesis of scrapie infection in the hamster. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the macrophage on early events in hamsters inoculated intraperitoneally (IP) with the hamster-adapted scrapie agent.
Trends in Head Computed Tomography Utilization in Children Presenting to Emergency Departments After Traumatic Head Injury.

OBJECTIVES Although closed head injuries occur commonly in children, most do not have a clinically important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI) and do not require neuroimaging. We sought to determine whether the utilization of computed tomography of the head (CT-H) in children presenting to an emergency department (ED) with a closed head injury changed after publication of validated clinical prediction rules to identify children at risk of ciTBI by the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). METHODS We used the nationwide ED sample (2008-2013) to examine children visiting an ED after a mild closed head injury. Multiple patient and hospital characteristics were assessed. RESULTS Of the 4,552,071 children presenting to an ED with a mild closed head injury, 1,181,659 (26.0%) underwent CT-H. Care was most commonly received at metropolitan teaching hospitals (43.5%) and varied markedly by geographic region. Overall, there were no significant changes in the nationwide rates of CT-H utilization in the period immediately after publication of the PECARN prediction rules. However, compared with metropolitan teaching hospitals, CT-H utilization increased significantly for patients treated at nonteaching hospitals and at nonmetropolitan hospitals. CONCLUSIONS There was no overall reduction in CT-H utilization after publication of the 2009 PECARN prediction rules. However, patients treated at metropolitan teaching hospitals were significantly less likely to undergo CT-H after 2009, suggesting some penetration of the PECARN tool in that setting. Further research should study patterns of CT-H utilization in nonteaching hospitals and nonmetropolitan hospitals to assess challenges for adoption of validated pediatric ciTBI prediction rules.
Diastereodivergent Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydropyrrolodiazepinediones via a One-Pot Intramolecular aza-Michael/Lactamization Sequence

Work at the BU-CMD is supported by R24GM111625. The authors wish to thank Dr. Jeffrey Bacon for assistance with Xray crystallographic analysis, Dr. Norman Lee for assistance with high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, and Dr. Paul Ralifo for assistance with NMR analysis. NMR (CHE-0619339) and MS (CHE-0443618) facilities at Boston University are supported by the NSF. (CHE-0619339 - NSF; CHE-0443618 - NSF; R24GM111625)
Emerging triggers of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Lessons from a pediatric cohort of 74 children in the United States.

Abstract Background Food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is an infrequent non–IgE-mediated gastrointestinal allergic disorder that occurs mostly in infants and young children. FPIES food triggers vary among different geographic locations, and the condition is still underdiagnosed and underrecognized. Objective To identify the triggers, characteristics, and management of FPIES in a pediatric US population of 74 children presenting to a tertiary center during a 3-year period. Methods We performed a retrospective electronic record review of all pediatric patients with a diagnosis of FPIES who presented to Texas Children's Hospital emergency centers and clinics. Results Most of our patients were white, and 65% had a positive family history of atopy. The median age at the first FPIES episode was 5 months (interquartile range, 4-6 months), and the median age at diagnosis was 11 months (interquartile range, 7-16 months). Grains (88%), cow's milk (49%), and vegetables (43%) were the most common food triggers in our cohort. Of the fruits, banana (24%) and avocado (16%) were predominantly reported. More than half of our patients experienced FPIES to multiple food triggers. Conclusion In our cohort, rice (53%) was the most common individual food trigger, surpassing cow's milk and soybean, previously reported as the most prevalent FPIES triggers in the United States. Banana (24%) and avocado (16%) rates were also much higher than in other studied populations, likely a reflection of different dietary and weaning habits in our area. Time from disease presentation to diagnosis was delayed, potentially because of difficulties in disease recognition. We noted a significant percentage of multiple-food FPIES in contrast to other populations.
Orthogonal Laurent Polynomials and Gaussian Quadrature

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a class of orthogonal functions similar in many respects to the classical orthogonal polynomials [6]. These functions are linear combinations of integral (positive, negative and zero) powers of a single complex variable z. Hence they are called Laurent polynomials.
South Asian Studies: Geography

This article highlights the major contributions of geography to the study of south Asia during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Building upon the traditions of the regional perspective, the prominent themes of contemporary geographic scholarship in the region include the place of tradition amid modernity, the function of the peasant economy, the dilemma of development, territorial movements and ethnic conflict, and the trajectories of environmental change. The article introduces under these broad themes the topics of historical geography; the relations among peasants, social structures, and carrying capacity of the land; the persistence of poverty; separatism; and environmental degradation. The approaches enlisted by geographers to study these various themes include cultural ecology, mapping, political economy, landscape analysis, and social theory. The wide range of study themes and methods found among the geographic studies of south Asia highlight both the broad interests of geographers working on south Asian topics and the complex nature of problems that obtain within the region.
Thumb interphalangeal joint arthrodesis angles in patients with carpometacarpal osteoarthritis

Abstract Purpose Previous studies have shown that thumb interphalangeal (IP) joint arthrodesis is typically performed between 0 and 30° of flexion, with a recent study in healthy subjects having recommended a range of 15–30° to be an ideal functional IP joint fusion angle for various activities of daily living. The current study aimed to evaluate the ideal thumb IP fusion angle in patients with thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Twenty-seven patients with thumb CMC OA were evaluated; five patients had bilateral pathology, for a total of thirty-two thumbs included. Hand dominance was noted and baseline unsplinted measurements were obtained for power tasks, precision tasks, pinch, and grip strength testing. Patients’ thumbs were then splinted at 0, 15, 30, and 45° with repeat measurements taken and compared to baseline. Outcomes were measured by use of a 10-point Visual Analogue Scale, timing of tasks, and a dynamometer. Outcomes were analyzed by Wilcoxon sign ranked tests for each category of trials. Results For significant outcomes, the most favorable simulated thumb fusion angles were 15° in the dominant hand and 0°, 15° in the nondominant hand (precision tasks); the least favorable position was found to be 45° in the dominant hand (precision tasks, pinch strength). When combining all outcomes that both reached and approached significance, the most favorable position was found to be 15° and least favorable position, 45°. Conclusions In patients with thumb CMC OA, an IP fusion angle of 15° is preferable, while a fusion angle of 45° is to be avoided. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic Study, Level III.
The End of the Sun

We live in a time of crisis when energy production is threatening our survival in ways never seen before. The development of large-scale renewable sources of energy has become the quest of our time and the only possible future. Solar energy, therefore, has emerged as one of our saviors; the sun is once again the god of life. But what will happen when the sun disappears? Should we plan for such a distant future? Can we even imagine it? What happens after the future?
Thermal stability and magnetization switching in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions

A micromagnetic study of the thermal stability and magnetization switching by spin-polarized current in Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions comprising a four-layer stack of free layer, reference layer, and synthetic antiferromagnets is presented. It is demonstrated that the minimal energy path (MEP)—related to the thermal stability of the system—does not necessarily follow the same trajectory as the current-induced switching. The MEP can be by uniform rotation (UR) or by domain walls (DWs), whereas the current-induced switching can be by UR, DWs, or bubble formation depending on geometrical and stack parameters. The bubble formation is further affected by the direction of switching, i.e., parallel to antiparallel vs antiparallel to parallel switching. We demonstrate the existence of different regimes where the energy barrier and the figure of merit, defined as a ratio between the energy barrier and switching current, show characteristic dependencies and even optimum points depending on the device diameter and the stack parameters. The presented results may explain recent experiments.
No More Rose Colored Lenses: A Study of University Students’ Changing Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace

The presence and impact of sexual harassment at work has long been underestimated by those most directly impacted, including university students readying to enter the work force. The current study compares university students’ expectations regarding the likelihood and impact of sexual harassment in the workforce, across a ten-year divide. Today’s cohort are more aware of the possibility of harassment, but fairly unconcerned about the potential for personal impact upon their own career, an important and consequential perceptual error. Any discrepancy between expectations and the realities of the workforce may lead to damaging consequences for both business and employees, raising the question of how educators may work to minimize such consequences. Therefore a detailed discussion is also included on recent work within higher education, regarding how to best approach the topic the issue of sexual harassment within the classroom.
Advances in academic video game collections

Abstract As mass media and entertainment industries continue to undergo rapid change to keep ahead of trends and consumer demands, libraries must evolve and change along with them to manage these collections. This article will include a look at the UNT Media Library's earlier predictions about their video game and console collection; how practices have changed and will continue to change to support the next ten years of growth; the evolution of outreach to support the growing interest in video games; and the transformation of space to support games on a large university campus.
Microbubble-Assisted Concentration and Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomolecules Using Plasmonic Chiral Metamaterials

We achieve the ultrasensitive chiral detection of metabolites at picomolar level. The ultra-high sensitivity is enabled by microbubble-assisted accumulation of chiral molecules at the electromagnetic hot-spots of plasmonic chiral metamaterials, which could potentially provide first-line screening to identify diabetes case.
Introduction to The Right of Redress

This is a draft of the Introduction chapter from my new book, The Right of Redress (Oxford University Press, 2020). As the book argues, the law enables private parties to engage in redress by undoing the wrongs committed against them. Moreover, a distinctive kind of justice governs our legal rights of redress, different from the kind described in leading corrective justice approaches. Through analysis of these key ideas, The Right of Redress helps to make sense of tort law, contract law, fiduciary law, unjust enrichment doctrine, and equity.
Development of novel monoclonal antibodies and immunoassays for sensitive and specific detection of SULF1 endosulfatase.

Abstract Background Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) function as receptors or co-receptors for ligand binding and mediate the transmission of critical extracellular signals into cells. The complex and dynamic modifications of heparan sulfates on the core proteins are highly regulated to achieve precise signaling transduction. Extracellular endosulfatase Sulf1 catalyzes the removal of 6-O sulfation from HSPGs and thus regulates signaling mediated by 6-O sulfation on HSPGs. The expression of Sulf1 is altered in many cancers. Further studies are needed to clarify Sulf1 role in tumorigenesis, and new tools that can expand our knowledge in this field are required. Methods We have developed and validated novel SULF1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The isotype and subclass for each of these antibodies were determined. These antibodies provide invaluable reagents to assess SULF1- tissue and blood levels by immunohistochemistry and ELISA assays, respectively. Results This study reports novel mAbs and immunoassays developed for sensitive and specific human Sulf1 protein detection. Using these SULF1 mAbs, we developed an ELISA assay to investigate whether blood-derived SULF1 may be a useful biomarker for detecting cancer early. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the utility of these antibodies for Sulf1 protein detection, localization, and quantification in biospecimens using various immunoassays. Conclusions This study describes novel Sulf1 mAbs suitable for various immunoassays, including Western blot analysis, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry, which can help understand Sulf1 pathophysiological role. General significance New tools to assess and clarify SULF1 role in tumorigenesis are needed. Our novel Sulf1 mAbs and immunoassays assay may have utility for such application.
A-to-I editing of miR-200b-3p in airway cells is associated with moderate-to-severe asthma

Background Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterised by persistent airway inflammation. Altered microRNA-mediated gene silencing in bronchial epithelial cells has been reported in asthma, yet ADAR-mediated microRNA editing in asthma remains unexplored. Methods We first identified A-to-I edited sites in microRNAs in bronchial epithelial cells from 142 adult asthma cases and controls. A-to-I edited sites were tested for associations with asthma severity and clinical measures of asthma. Paired RNA-seq data was used to perform pathway enrichments and test for associations with bioinformatically predicted target genes of the unedited and edited microRNAs. Results Of 19 A-to-I edited sites detected in these microRNAs, one site at position 5 of miR-200b-3p was edited less frequently in cases compared to controls (p=0.013), and especially compared to cases with moderate (p=0.029) and severe (p=3.9×10−4), but not mild (p=0.38), asthma. Bioinformatic prediction revealed 232 target genes of the edited miR-200b-3p, which were enriched for both IL-4 and interferon gamma signalling pathways and included the SOCS1 (suppressor of cytokine signalling 1) gene. SOCS1 was more highly expressed in moderate (p=0.017) and severe (p=5.4×10−3) asthma cases compared to controls. Moreover, both miR-200b-3p editing and SOCS1 were associated with BAL eosinophil levels. Conclusion Reduced A-to-I editing of the 5th position of miR-200b-3p in lower airway cells from moderate-to-severe asthmatics may lead to overexpression of SOCS1 and impaired cytokine signalling. We proposed ADAR-mediated editing as an epigenetic mechanism contributing to features of moderate-to-severe asthma in adulthood.
Pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease: impact of SGLT2 inhibitors.

Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide; in the USA, it accounts for over 50% of individuals entering dialysis or transplant programmes. Unlike other complications of diabetes, the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease has failed to decline over the past 30 years. Hyperglycaemia is the primary aetiological factor responsible for the development of diabetic kidney disease. Once hyperglycaemia becomes established, multiple pathophysiological disturbances, including hypertension, altered tubuloglomerular feedback, renal hypoxia, lipotoxicity, podocyte injury, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy and increased activity of the sodium–hydrogen exchanger, contribute to progressive glomerular sclerosis and the decline in glomerular filtration rate. The quantitative contribution of each of these abnormalities to the progression of diabetic kidney disease, as well as their role in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, remains to be determined. Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have a beneficial impact on many of these pathophysiological abnormalities; however, as several pathophysiological disturbances contribute to the onset and progression of diabetic kidney disease, multiple agents used in combination will likely be required to slow the progression of disease effectively. Multiple pathophysiological disturbances contribute to the onset and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This Review describes these pathogenic processes and discusses the ability of sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors to correct or improve many of these processes, which are likely to underlie the ability of these agents to slow progression of established diabetic kidney disease.
Omecamtiv mecarbil does not prolong QTc intervals at therapeutic concentrations.

AIMS Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) is a novel selective cardiac myosin activator under investigation for the treatment of heart failure. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of therapeutic concentrations of OM on electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters and exclude a clinically concerning effect on the rate-corrected QT (QTc) interval. METHODS In part A, 70 healthy subjects received a 25 mg oral dose of OM, and pharmacokinetics were assessed. Only subjects with maximum observed plasma concentration ≤ 350 ng/mL (n = 60) were randomized into part B, where they received a single oral dose of placebo, 50 mg OM and 400 mg moxifloxacin in a 3-period, 3-treatment, 6-sequence crossover study with continuous ECG collection. RESULTS After a 50-mg dose of OM, mean placebo-corrected change from baseline QTcF (∆∆QTcF; Fridericia correction) ranged from -6.7 ms at 1 hour postdose to -0.8 ms at 4 hours postdose. The highest upper bound of the 1-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.7 ms (4 h postdose). Moxifloxacin resulted in a clear increase in mean ∆∆QTcF, with a peak value of 13.1 ms (90% CI: 11.71-14.57) at 3 hours; lower bound of the 1-sided 95% CI was > 5 ms at all of the 3 prespecified time points. Based on a concentration-QTc analysis, an effect on ∆∆QTcF exceeding 10 ms can be excluded up to OM plasma concentrations of ~800 ng/mL. There were no serious or treatment-emergent adverse events leading to discontinuation from the study. CONCLUSION OM does not have a clinically relevant effect on the studied ECG parameters.
Smart Technologies and Laws of Free Expression

The novelty, power and ubiquity of Internet and Smart Technologies have led to an explosion of free expression everywhere. This growth in free expression has come, in part, in otherwise conservative societies that were not quite sure what to make of these technologies or how to regulate them. Similarly, many people using these technologies embraced this free expression without consideration of any traditions of responsibility or accountability for such use.
The Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences, Body Shame, and Revision Request Rate in 218 Plastic Surgery Patients: What Drives Postoperative Dissatisfaction?

BACKGROUND What drives patients who are unhappy despite good results? Adverse childhood experiences are common, can impair adult health, and can cause body shame. Neither adverse childhood experiences nor body shame has been studied in surgical patients. The authors report adverse childhood experience prevalences in a plastic surgical population and investigate associations from adverse childhood experiences to body shame and to postoperative dissatisfaction. METHODS Two hundred eighteen consecutive patients (86 percent aesthetic and 14 percent reconstructive) completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences Survey and the Experience of Shame Scale. A one-sample test of proportions, logistic regression, and mediation analysis assessed outcomes. RESULTS Compared to the Kaiser/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention medical population, our patients had higher overall adverse childhood experience prevalences (79.8 percent versus 64 percent), emotional abuse (41 percent versus 11 percent), emotional neglect (38 percent versus 15 percent), family substance abuse (36 percent versus 27 percent), and family mental illness (29 percent versus 19 percent, all p < 0.001). Fifty-two percent of our patients had body shame. Adverse Childhood Experiences score predicted body shame (OR, 1.22; p = 0.003). Compared to unshamed patients, body shame was associated with more adverse childhood experiences (85 percent versus 72 percent), higher median Adverse Childhood Experiences score (3.5 versus 2), more cosmetic operations (three versus zero), more health problems (three versus two), higher antidepressant use (39 percent versus 19 percent), substance abuse history (16 percent versus 5 percent), and demands for additional pain medication (18 percent versus 5 percent). Body shame predicted requests for surgical revision (49 percent versus 17 percent; OR, 4.61; all p ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Adverse childhood experience were common in our patients. Adverse Childhood Experiences score predicted body shame, which predicted revision requests. If body shame preceded and drove surgery, revision requests were likely. Patients desiring revisions had recognizable characteristics. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.
Whole Slide Image Analysis

The next several years in digital pathology will certainly be exciting. As adoption of digital workflows continues, the opportunities to use image analysis will increase. The combination of AI techniques with traditional image analysis techniques may yield results which are superior to either of the techniques applied independently. The use of these techniques may complement the expertise of pathologists to provide improvements in diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and patient care.
CURVATURE AND THE SOLUTION OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS

THE ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN OF PERFECTLY PLASTIC MATERIAL HAS BEEN STUDIED ANALYTICALLY IN CONSIDERABLE DETAIL, BUT THE APPROACH TO DATE ALWAYS BEGINS BY SOLVING THE BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR THE DEFLECTION CURVE. SIMPLE ILLUSTRATIONS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE CURVATURE CURVE OF THE COLUMN PLAYS EXACTLY THE SAME ROLE AS DEFLECTION DID, WHILE THE NECESSARY STEPS IN OBTAINING THE SOLUTIONS ARE REDUCED CONSIDERABLY. USING THIS CONCEPT, EXPRESSIONS FOR THE CURVATURE CURVE OF AN ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN OF RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION AT ALL STAGES OF PLASTICITY ARE DERIVED. IT IS SHOWN HOW SOLUTIONS FOR THE CRITICAL LOADS OF THE COLUMN MAY BE OBTAINED DIRECTLY FROM THIS APPROACH. THE ANALYTICALLY OBTAINED RESULTS OF COLUMN CURVES ARE COMPARED WITH THE EXISTING SOLUTIONS. /ASCE/
Stress eating and sleep disturbance as mediators in the relationship between depression and obesity in low-income, minority women

The purpose of this study was to explore potential mediators of the relationship between depression and obesity in a sample of low-income, minority women. Data were extracted from a sample of 535 women enrolled in a weight loss intervention for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Using a non-parametric bootstrapping procedure, the potential mediation effects of stress eating and sleep disturbance on the relationship between depression and obesity were tested. Results of a single mediation model indicated that depressive symptomatology was significantly associated with obesity (β=0.800, SE=0.290, p=0.006), and that stress eating (β=0.166, 95% CI [0.046, 0.328]) and sleep disturbance (β=1.032, 95% CI [0.612, 1.427]) were significant independent mediators of this relationship. Sleep disturbance remained a significant mediator in a combined mediation model (β=1.009, 95% CI [0.653, 1.399]). Findings add to the growing literature on the psychosocial factors implicated in the link between depression and obesity, particularly among disadvantaged populations. Future longitudinal research should aim to establish causal pathways between obesity, stress eating, sleep disturbance, and depression.
Effects of follicular fluid administration on serum bioactive and immunoreactive FSH concentrations and compensatory testosterone secretion in hemicastrated adult rats.

: In adult rats, removal of one testis (hemicastration) results in an elevation of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations and a compensation in testosterone secretion by the remaining testis without a corresponding increase in testis size. To determine whether changes in FSH secretion and compensatory androgen production are related, serum testosterone concentrations were measured after inhibin-rich porcine follicular fluid was administered twice daily for 4 days to block the hemicastration-induced rise in FSH. Both serum immunoreactive FSH (immuno-FSH) and bioactive FSH (bio-FSH) concentrations were increased 4 days after hemicastration. The significant increase in serum immuno-FSH in hemicastrated animals was prevented by follicular fluid administration, whereas the serum bio-FSH activity and biologic to immunologic (B/l) ratios were increased in follicular fluid-treated animals. The follicular fluid-induced reduction in serum immuno-FSH had no effect on serum testosterone secretion in hemicastrated rats. Serum inhibin concentrations were reduced 27% in hemicastrated rats compared with intact controls, while administration of exogenous follicular fluid increased serum inhibin concentrations. An elevation in serum immuno-FSH secretion after hemicastration apparently is not required for the compensatory testosterone response. However, the observation of increased bio-FSH in hemicastrated and follicular fluid-treated animals raises questions about the importance of FSH quality (bioactivity), rather than quantity, for controlling testicular steroidogenic activity.
Structural Studies on Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-linked l-Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Crystallized from Rat Skeletal Muscle

Abstract We isolated l-glycerol 3-phosphate: NAD oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.8) from the cytoplasm of rat skeletal muscle. The crystalline enzyme was homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis at pH 5.4, 7.0, and 8.6, by amino acid analysis, and by ion exchange column chromatography. It was free of at least high molecular weight contaminants on ultracentrifugation. The purest enzyme fraction obtained had a specific activity of 263 units per mg of protein, corresponding to the ability to catalyze the oxidation of 126 µmoles of NADH per min per mg of protein, under assay conditions in which the enzyme was not saturated with substrate. The corresponding molecular activity was 7,380 molecules of NADH oxidized per min per molecule of enzyme of molecular weight 58,300. The molar extinction coefficient at 280 mµ was 0.38 x 105 m-1 cm-1. Amino acid analysis based on milligrams of protein hydrolyzed or on assumed unit residues showed 3 tyrosine, 2 tryptophan, 8 arginine, 9 cysteine or half-cystine, and 28 lysine plus arginine residues per minimal molecular weight, which was 29,150. Molecular weight estimation by gel filtration gave 63,000. Peptide mapping of the 14C-S-carboxymethylated enzyme showed 3 tyrosine, 1 or 2 tryptophan, 7 arginine, 7 to 11 14C-S-carboxymethylcysteine, and 29 tryptic peptides. These chemical studies show that the enzyme has a molecular weight of 58,300 and is composed of two subunits that are indistinguishable by peptide mapping. This molecular weight is not consistent with the accepted value for the crystalline rabbit muscle enzyme, even though these two enzymes are closely related in their electrophoretic properties, extinction coefficients expressed per gram, kinetic properties, ratios of amino acids, and, presumably, genetic origins. The molecular weight of the rat muscle enzyme is closer to that of the enzyme crystallized from bee thoraces (65,400).
Medication Adherence Among Older Adults

SUMMARY With the dramatic demographic changes that are resulting in the “graying of America” has come a substantial interest in the health and health concerns of older adults. The increasing incidence and prevalence of systemic diseases, especially chronic diseases among elders, and the concomitant increase in medication use, have provided impetus for the study of medication adherence among older adults. This study examined barriers to effective medication adherence among 67 persons 60 years of age and older from closed case files of an Adult Protective Services (APS) agency. A Crosstabulation analysis was conducted to examine gender differences. Results revealed that for both males and females, intentional caregiver neglect (41% and 36% respectively) was the predominant barrier while dementia was the second (24% males and 41% females). A One-Way ANOVA was conducted to compare means and revealed that for the entire sample, intentional caregiver neglect was the predominant barrier to effective medication a...
Television depictions about dermatology and skin diseases in Seinfeld

The iconic television situation comedy Seinfeld frequently referenced dermatologists and topics involving the integument, using satire for comedic effect. However, selecting satire to portray an already misunderstood and unknown subject matter may perpetuate incorrect public beliefs and stereotypes about those with skin diseases and diminish cultural sensitivity towards people who have dermatologic conditions and their caregivers.
Octopamine mimics the effects of parasitism on the foregut of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta.

The parasitic braconid wasp Cotesia congregata lays its eggs inside the body of the larval stage of its host, the moth Manduca sexta. The Cotesia congregata larvae develop within the hemocoel of their host until their third instar, when they emerge and spin cocoons and pupate on the outer surface of the caterpillar. From this time until their death approximately 2 weeks later, the Manduca sexta larvae show striking behavioral changes that include dramatic declines in spontaneous activity and in the time spent feeding. Coincident with these behavioral changes, it is known that octopamine titers in the hemolymph of the host become elevated by approximately 6.5-fold. Octopamine is an important modulator of neural function and behavior in insects, so we examined hosts for neural correlates to the behavioral changes that occur at parasite emergence. We found that, in addition to the changes reported earlier, after parasite emergence (post-emergence), Manduca sexta larvae also showed marked deficits in their ability to ingest food because of a disruption in the function of the frontal ganglion that results in a significant slowing or the absence of peristaltic activity in the foregut. This effect could be produced in unparasitized fifth-instar larvae by application of blood from post-emergence parasitized larvae or of 10(−6)mol l(−1)d,l-octopamine (approximately the level in the hemolymph of post-emergence larvae). In contrast, blood from parasitized larvae before their parasites emerge or from unparasitized fifth-instar larvae typically had no effect on foregut activity. The effects of either post-emergence parasitized blood or 10(−6)mol l(−1) octopamine could be blocked by the octopamine antagonists phentolamine (at 10(−5)mol l(−1)) or mianserin (at 10(−7)mol l(−1)).
Opportunities for Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease: A Multistate Surveillance Analysis

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the potential impact of ACOG and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) consensus strategies for the prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Methods: We evaluated cases of early-onset group B streptococcal disease identified by active surveillance during 1995, in four areas in North America with an aggregate 186,000 births per year. We reviewed the hospital records of mothers and infants and any prenatal records available on site. Cases were determined to be preventable based on whether group B streptococcal screening could have been performed prenatally, sensitivity of screening, presence of obstetric complications, and opportunity to administer antibiotics. Results: We reviewed records for 245 of 246 infants with early-onset group B streptococcal disease in the surveillance areas. Most of the 53 case-mothers who delivered preterm and 192 who delivered full-term had had at least one prenatal visit (83% and 99%, respectively). Few case-mothers had prenatal group B streptococcal screening cultures, although compliance was high for other prenatal screening tests. Fifty-four percent of case-mothers had a recognized obstetric risk factor for group B streptococcal disease: labor or rupture of membranes at less than 37 weeks, rupture of membranes for 18 hours or longer, or temperature 38C or greater. The estimated preventable portion of early-onset group B streptococcal cases was 78% for the screening-based approach (range 74% to 82% by area), compared with 41% for the risk-based approach (range 39% to 53% by area). Conclusion: Comprehensive implementation of either of the recommended prevention strategies could potentially prevent a substantial proportion of early-onset group B streptococcal disease. (Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:901–6.)
Literary Facts and the Elementary Language Student

Author's summary.— The literary facts contained in introductions affixed to editions of short stories, novels or plays intended for elementary classes have no real value for students who necessarily lack the background to understand them. The argument against the inclusion of such literary facts is all the more cogent in that the student is chiefly preoccupied with the task of making out the meaning of the text itself.
Nonequilibrium energetic effects in the inception of shear flow of dilute polymer solutions

The inception of adiabatic steady shear flow of a dilute polymer solution modeled as Hookean dumbbells is considered. The effects of temperature variations in the flow are included explicitly in the constitutive equation. These temperature variations are caused in the flow by the conversion of mechanical energy (work) into thermal energy through the process known as viscous dissipation. However, in a polymeric liquid, part of the mechanical work is also stored by the material as elastic energy, and we account for this energy by including the nonequilibrium nature of the internal energy function. The model predicts significant temperature increases in the material upon the inception of shear flow. Stress overshoots and long-time decay are also predicted in contrast to the monotonic stress growth predicted for the isothermal system.
Abstract 4254: The Wnt/ B-catenin pathway regulates colon cancer stem cells proliferation

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC It is becoming increasingly evident that a small sub-population of self-renewing, multipotent cells termed cancer stem cells (CSCs) is responsible for driving majority of the epithelial cancers including colon cancer. The observation that CSCs display resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics suggests that they may be responsible for the recurrence of cancers. One of the properties of CSCs is that they form floating spheroids (colonosphere) in a defined media. Different signaling pathways such as Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch and Bmi have been implicated in the regulation of colonosphere formation and stem cell self renewal. The current investigation was undertaken to examine the role of Wnt/B-catenin pathway in regulating the growth and maintenance of colonosphere. Human colon cancer cells HCT-116 (p53 wild type; K-ras mutant), HCT 116 (p53 null; K-ras mutant) and HT 29 (p53 mutant) were used. We have observed that colonospheres formed in vitro exhibited higher expression of colon CSCs markers ALDH1, LGR5, CD133, CD44 and Musashi, compared to the corresponding parental cancer cells, indicating the predominance of CSCs in colonosphere. Further support for this inference comes from the FACS analysis that show 95-97% of CD44 positive cells in colonospheres. Additionally, colonosphere showed increased levels of B-catenin, cyclin D1 and C-Myc and down-regulation of Axin-1 and phosphorylated B-catenin. Increased expression of B-catenin was associated with a marked transcriptional activation of TCF-LEF. To determine whether B-catenin plays a role in the maintenance and formation of colonosphere, we transfected the colon cancer cells with B-catenin siRNA and subsequently analyzed colonosphere formation. The results revealed a marked reduction in the colonosphere formation following down-regulation of B-catenin indicating its role in colonosphere formation. Further support for this interpretation comes from the observation that the upregulation of cMYC /cyclin D1 (the target genes of LEF/TCF) results in enhancement of the colonosphere formation. In conclusion, our data suggest that Wnt/B-catenin pathway plays a critical role in the growth of CSCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4254.
PEG, PPG, and Their Triblock Copolymers as Suppressors in Copper Electroplating

As studies of suppression during copper electrodeposition have typically involved polyethylene glycol (PEG), a deposition study was undertaken varying the chemistry of the suppressor molecule. Other polyether additives were compared to PEG in plating solutions of varying acidity, such as polypropylene glycol (PPG) and triblock copolymers of PEG and PPG, those with ethylene oxide terminal blocks termed EPE, and propylene oxide terminals termed PEP. The extent of suppression observed on a rotating disk electrode varied over -50 mV, with PEG suppressing the least and PPG the most. When both homopolymers were present, results were very near those of PEG alone. Also, a variation in Tafel slope was observed, with PPG exhibiting a more activated reaction. These results were interpreted by a significant difference in surface coverage between PEG and PPG (1.4 vs 0.25% surface availability). Using a microfluidic electrochemical cell, differences were observed in suppressor adsorption and desorption on copper under galvanostatic plating conditions. Copolymers desorbed with characteristics of both PEG and PPG. Planar copper films plated in the presence of each of the suppressors showed significant differences in surface luster and roughness, with the copolymer EPE resulting in extremely bright and smooth deposits.
Synthesis of Binuclear Phthalocyanines Sharing a Benzene Or Naphthalene Ring

Abstract The metal free planar binuclear phthalocyanines sharing a common benzene or a naphthalene ring were synthesized using 5,6-didodecyloxy-1,3-diiminoisoindoline and spectroscopically characterized.
Contextual effects on people's ratings of seriousness for side effects of prescription drugs

Subjects rated the seriousness of 25 side effects. Two contextual effects, varying the health problem for which subjects were taking the drug and providing brief descriptions of side effects, were examined. The group given the scenario of a serious health problem made lower ratings of seriousness than the group given no health problem. Providing subjects with brief descriptions of side effects also lowered their ratings of seriousness. The study has implications for researchers assessing perceptions of risk as well as for designers of consumer information.
The capacities of minors to exercise voluntariness in medical treatment decisions

The legal standard for informed consent to medical treatment requires that the consenter be informed, competent, and acting voluntarily. The voluntary requirement of a valid consent was investigated by comparing forty 9- and 10-year-old children and forty 14- and 15-year-old adolescents (both generally presumed to be incapable of voluntary consent) with 47 young adults ranging in age from 21 to 25 (legally presumed to be deciding voluntarily) on responses to three hypothetical medical decision vignettes. The degree of parental influence was varied within each vignette to study the salience of parental influence in medical decision making. In two of three medical decision vignettes, most participants were deferent to parental wishes and few differences were found between children, adolescents, and young adults in their responses to parental influence. Differences between age groups were found in response to a kidney donation vignette. Children were significantly more likely to defer to parents than either adolescents or young adults. Adolescents were more likely to defer to parents than young adults, although this finding only approximated statistical significance. Implications of these findings for legal authorities, social policy makers, and families are discussed.
Transungual Drug Delivery: Current Status

Topical therapy is highly desirable in treating nail disorders due to its localized effects, which results in minimal adverse systemic events and possibly improved adherence. However, the effectiveness of topical therapies is limited by minimal drug permeability through the nail plate. Current research on nail permeation that focuses on altering the nail plate barrier by means of chemical treatments, penetration enhancers as well as physical and mechanical methods is reviewed. A new method of nail sampling is examined. Finally limitations of current ungual drug permeability studies are briefly discussed.
612 LOSS OF CALCIUM (CA) FROM THE INTESTINE AND SERUM CA IN INFANT AND ADOLESCENT RATS

Because in infant rats the intestine is more permeable to Ca than in adults, the infant may be predisposed to hypocalcemia. In suckling (S, 14-15 day old) and adolescent (A, 8 week old) rats we measured net secretion of Ca into the lumen during in situ perfusion of the upper (J) and lower (I1) half of the small intestine with a Ca-free solution containing/1: 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KC1, 25 mM NaHCO3, and 30 mg of phenol red. Serum Ca was measured before and at the end of the 2 hr perfusion period. The perfusion solution was recirculated through the segments at a rate of 1 ml/min from reservoirs containing 7 or 25 ml of the perfusion solution, respectively, for the S and A rats. As expected, calcium was secreted into the lumen in all rats. Total net Ca secreted (μmoles/2 hrs) was about the same in S and A rats (mean±S.E., S: J 3.9±0.5, I1 4.7±0.5; A: J 3.3±0.5, I1 4.9±1.1). However, normalized for differences in size of the segments, net secretion rates (μmoles/hr/g wet wt) were much greater in S than A rats (S: J 8.8±0.9, I1 8.5±0.6; A:J 1.1±0.1, I1 1.4±0.3). Assuming a serum volume of 5% body weight, Ca loss during perfusion, as % of total serum Ca, was 30% in A and 150% in the S rats. At the end of the perfusion serum Ca (μmoles/100 dl) was reduced in S rats only (p<0.05), but was not in the hypocalcemic range (S: 2.0±0.1; A: 2.2±0.3). Thus, like adults, infant rats can maintain relatively normal serum Ca levels, even in the face of large acute losses from the body.
Characterization of a concentrated extract of Achyrocline satureioides as an intermediary product in the preparation of an ointment

A. satureioides is reported to have antiinflammatory activity after oral and topical administration. The use of a concentrated extract as the raw material for the preparation of a plastic pharmaceutical dosage form is examined. Loss on drying, chromatographic evaluation of the major constituents and quantitative assay of quercetin were found to be adequate for characterizing the extract.
A regression tests selection technique for aspect-oriented programs

As the Aspect-Oriented Software Development gains popularity, there is growing interest as developing for existing object-oriented software aspects to address the crosscutting problems of those systems. Existing object-oriented regression test selection techniques select tests that execute a different control flow path for the new program version. However, as aspect-oriented features emerge, the selection becomes imprecise and thus is incapable for analyzing the aspect code.In this position paper, we define a new test selection criterion for aspect-oriented programs to achieve higher precision. This criterion is based on the impact that an aspect may have on the main classes. We present a technique that safely selects tests from the old test suite for testing the new aspect-oriented features. It pre-selects a set of candidate tests based on the differences of control flow paths of two program versions and uses dynamic analysis to re-select the tests from the candidate set based on the new selection criterion we define. We are in the process of implementing this technique in our RETESA framework.