cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Electron Trapping and Protonation on the Efficiency of Water-Splitting Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical (WS-DSPECs) cells employ molecular sensitizers to absorb light and transport holes across the TiO2 surface to colloidal or molecular water oxidation catalysts. As hole diffusion occurs along the surface, electrons are transported through the mesoporous TiO2 film. In this paper we report the effects of electron trapping and protonation in the TiO2 film on the dynamics of electron and hole transport in WS-DSPECs. When the sensitizer bis(2,2′-bipyridine)(4,4′-diphosphonato-2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) is adsorbed from aqueous acid instead of from ethanol, there is more rapid hole transfer between photo-oxidized sensitizer molecules that are adsorbed from strong acid. However, the photocurrent and open-circuit photovoltage are dramatically lower with sensitizers adsorbed from acid because intercalated protons charge-compensate electron traps in the TiO2 film. Kinetic modeling of the photocurrent shows that electron trapping is responsible for the rapid elec...
Spacing patterns of a tropical forest rodent, the spiny rat (Proechimys semispinosus), in Panama

Spacing patterns of individuals within an island population of the Central American spiny rat Proechimys semispinosus were studied by radio-tracking eight adults for 2 months during the rainy season and eight adults for 1 month during the dry season in central Panama. All trees ≥10 cm diameter at breast height on the island were mapped, tagged, identified to species, and inventoried monthly to determine fruit production. Diurnal telemetry was conducted to locate daytime resting burrows. Burrow habitat was quantified by measuring nine variables at each burrow site. Individuals had larger home ranges and greater home-range overlap during the rainy season, and males had marginally larger home ranges than females. No evidence was found of attraction, avoidance or exclusive use of space by adult spiny rats. Thirty-six located burrows had nine instances of co-occupancy. Burrows were located close to water and had little herbaceous cover. The presence of broadly overlapping home ranges, larger home ranges of males vs females, greater numbers of burrows of females in home ranges of males vs those of females, and larger home ranges of sexually active males suggest that P. semispinosus had a promiscuous mating system within this population.
Alcohol Elimination in Native American Mission Indians: An Investigation of Interindividual Variation

The high prevalence of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence among Native Americans may be mediated by unique environmental and genetic factors in this population. One factor that may influence the development of alcoholism is variability in alcohol metabolism. To determine factors that contribute to differences in alcohol elimination rates within a Native American population, this study evaluated healthy southern California Mission Indian men between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Each man drank a dose of alcohol, 0.56 g/kg of body weight as a 20% by volume solution, at approximately 9:00 AM after eating a low-fat breakfast and having fasted overnight. The drink was consumed within 7 min, and the concentrations of alcohol in blood were determined before and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min after beverage ingestion. Rates of alcohol elimination were calculated from the pseudolinear slope of the blood alcohol versus time curve. The influences of estimated body water, recent drinking history, recent smoking history, polymorphism at the ADH2 and ADH3 loci, family history of alcoholism, and percentage Native American heritage on alcohol elimination rate were determined using multiple regression analyses. Estimated body water accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in alcohol elimination rate. There was also a nonsignificant trend for subjects with an ADH2*3 allele (n = 6) to have faster rates of alcohol elimination than those with ADH2*1 alleles only (n = 33). Given the high prevalence of alcoholism and alcohol-related health problems among Native Americans, the results from this study suggest that evaluation of alcohol metabolism and genotypes of the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in Native American populations merits further study.
Epidemiology and evaluation of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men

Abstract Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), formerly known as chronic abacterial prostatitis, is characterised by pelvic or perineal pain without evidence of urinary tract infection. It manifests as pain in a variety of areas including the perineum, rectum, prostate, penis, testicles and abdomen [Litwin MS, McNaughton-Collins M, Fowler Jr FJ, Nickel JC, Calhoun EA, Pontari MA, et al. The National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index: development and validation of a new outcome measure. Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. J Urol 1999;2:369–75]. It is also frequently associated with symptoms including urinary urgency, frequency, hesitancy and poor or interrupted flow. CPPS may be associated with white cells in the prostatic secretions (inflammatory) (NIH-3A), or white cell absence in the prostatic secretions (non-inflammatory) (NIH-3B) [Krieger JN, Nyberg Jr L, Nickel JC. NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 1999;3:236–7].
Adaptive critic designs for problems with known analytical form of cost function

In this paper, we apply adaptive critic designs to a class of failure avoidance control problems. We categorize such problems by the choice of local cost function as zero throughout a trial except at the last time step when a failure occurs. We derive an analytical form of its overall cost function which is defined as the infinite summation of the local cost function over time. We demonstrate that the outputs of the critic network after learning resemble well the analytically derived overall cost function.
Trends in Perceived Job Quality, 1989 to 1998:

There is significant controversy over recent trends in the material and intrinsic quality of jobs. Neo-Fordist theories argue that material conditions such as pay, job security, promotion opportunities, and effort requirements have deteriorated for most of the workforce. Post-Fordist theories argue that new work systems are raising levels of intrinsic rewards such as job challenge, autonomy, and cooperation and are also offering higher wages. This article tests both theories using repeated cross-sectional data from the General Social Survey. Results suggest workers’ perceptions of the quality of their jobs remained remarkably stable on most dimensions. It is possible that this reflects various obstacles to recognizing objective changes such as flexible standards of evaluation. But stability may indicate that both schools of thought overestimate the extent of recent changes.
Magnetic Levitation as a Platform for Competitive Protein−Ligand Binding Assays

This paper describes a method based on magnetic levitation (MagLev) that is capable of indirectly measuring the binding of unlabeled ligands to unlabeled protein. We demonstrate this method by measuring the affinity of unlabeled bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) for a variety of ligands (most of which are benzene sulfonamide derivatives). This method utilizes porous gel beads that are functionalized with a common aryl sulfonamide ligand. The beads are incubated with BCA and allowed to reach an equilibrium state in which the majority of the immobilized ligands are bound to BCA. Since the beads are less dense than the protein, protein binding to the bead increases the overall density of the bead. This change in density can be monitored using MagLev. Transferring the beads to a solution containing no protein creates a situation where net protein efflux from the bead is thermodynamically favorable. The rate at which protein leaves the bead for the solution can be calculated from the rate at which the levitation height of the bead changes. If another small molecule ligand of BCA is dissolved in the solution, the rate of protein efflux is accelerated significantly. This paper develops a reaction-diffusion (RD) model to explain both this observation, and the physical-organic chemistry that underlies it. Using this model, we calculate the dissociation constants of several unlabeled ligands from BCA, using plots of levitation height versus time. Notably, although this method requires no electricity, and only a single piece of inexpensive equipment, it can measure accurately the binding of unlabeled proteins to small molecules over a wide range of dissociation constants (K(d) values within the range from ~10 nM to 100 μM are measured easily). Assays performed using this method generally can be completed within a relatively short time period (20 min-2 h). A deficiency of this system is that it is not, in its present form, applicable to proteins with molecular weight greater than approximately 65 kDa.
Alappat Redux: Support for Functional Language in Software Patent Claims

The Federal Circuit has suggested in some recent cases that any algorithm can serve as adequate structural support for a means-plus-function element in a software patent claim under § 112(f). A recent proposal by Mark Lemley fully endorses this proposition and seeks its broader application. The concept of an algorithm, however, is too slippery to serve as the basis for such a rule. In this Article, I argue that this overreliance on the algorithm concept originated in a revisionist gloss on the Federal Circuit’s 1994 Alappat decision. Informed by a closer reading of what Alappat actually has to say about claim construction under § 112(f), I propose a more stable “concrete causation” standard that is applicable to all technologies, but would be especially well-aligned with the reforms in the software field intended by Lemley’s proposal.
British Aerospace Plc (B)

This case presents the epilogue to a rights-offering decision (see the A case, UVA-F-1047), in which investors react violently to the adverse news and the announced rights offering. The chairman loses his job; the share price settles at half its former value. Ultimately, this case series permits students to explore the possible definitions of "success" in securities issuance.
Evaluation of Simultaneous Multisine Excitation of the Joined Wing Aeroelastic Wind Tunnel Model

Multiple mutually orthogonal signals comprise excitation data sets for aeroservoelastic system identification. A multisine signal is a sum of harmonic sinusoid components. A set of these signals is made orthogonal by distribution of the frequency content such that each signal contains unique frequencies. This research extends the range of application of an excitation method developed for stability and control flight testing to aeroservoelastic modeling from wind tunnel testing. Wind tunnel data for the Joined Wing SensorCraft model validates this method, demonstrating that these signals applied simultaneously reproduce the frequency response estimates achieved from one-at-a-time excitation.
Oxidized cellulose used for intrauterine postpartum packing; preliminary clinical report.

Abstract Oxidized cellulose in long strips was used as a postpartum intrauterine pack in twenty-four patients, of whom three demonstrated frank postpartum hemorrhage. Results obtained indicated that this type of packing is effective in the control of bleeding and has no harmful effects, either locally or generally. The gauze is spontaneously expelled by the uterus too soon to allow for complete absorption. This study serves to demonstrate that the gauze can be safely introduced into the postpartum uterine cavity to control postpartum bleeding. This represents a preliminary report and a larger number of cases are required for study before further conclusions can be drawn.
A Unification of Two Approaches to Vagueness: The Boolean Many-Valued Approach and the Modal-Precisificational Approach

The Boolean many-valued approach to vagueness is similar to the infinite-valued approach embraced by fuzzy logic in the respect in which both approaches seek to solve the problems of vagueness by assigning to the relevant sentences many values between falsity (or 0) and truth (or 1), but while the fuzzy-logic approach postulates linearly-ordered values (or ‘degrees’) between 0 and 1, the Boolean approach assigns to sentences values in a many-element (including infinite-element) complete Boolean algebra. On the modal-precisificational approach represented by Kit Fine, if a (vague) sentence is indeterminate in truth value in some world (possibly the actual world), it is taken to be true in one precisified world accessible from that world and false in another. This paper points to a way to unify these two approaches to vagueness by showing that Fine’s version of the modal-precisificational approach can be combined with the Boolean many-valued approach instead of supervaluationism, one of the most popular approaches to vagueness.
Development of Quantitative Thinking Across Correlated Dimensions

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of research related to the proposal that human quantification originates in a generalized magnitude system. We review research related to both looking time methods and visual perception to determine what stimulus dimensions might be included in such a system. Then we relate this literature to the research on quantification in infancy and early childhood. We consider various mechanisms by which a generalized magnitude system might become differentiated into separate quantitative dimensions, such as perceptual redundancy, emergence of object concepts, and the possible effects of language, including object names and counting. Finally, we identify mechanisms by which these dimensions become coordinated into a coherent quantitative system, focusing primarily on the impact of unitizing and spatial scaling, and their relation to several challenges in mathematical development, including measurement, proportional reasoning, and understanding fractions.
The “Russian World” and the Securitization of Identity Boundaries in Latvia

Western European, Eastern European and Scandinavian cultures converge in the Baltic, making this region a rich subject for the study of borders and boundaries that encompass diffuse identities, policies of inclusion and exclusion, and competing normative ideological orders. Within this context, Latvia offers an excellent illustration of these dynamics given demographics and the corresponding tension between Latvia’s stated commitment to European norms of democracy and human rights, and its policies that have resulted in an exclusionary polity. The inconsistency between European Union (EU) norms, which are based upon an integrative model that is essentially post-national, and Latvia’s nation-building policy, which is designed to (re)construct a Latvian nation-state, has exacerbated regional tensions that have persisted despite more than two decades of Latvian independence and full integration into the European order.
Cellular Origin of [18F]FDG-PET Imaging Signals During Ceftriaxone-Stimulated Glutamate Uptake: Astrocytes and Neurons:

Ceftriaxone stimulates astrocytic uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, and it is used to treat glutamatergic excitotoxicity that becomes manifest during many brain diseases. Ceftriaxone-stimulated glutamate transport was reported to drive signals underlying [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomographic ([18F]FDG-PET) metabolic images of brain glucose utilization and interpreted as supportive of the notion of lactate shuttling from astrocytes to neurons. This study draws attention to critical roles of astrocytes in the energetics and imaging of brain activity, but the results are provocative because (1) the method does not have cellular resolution or provide information about downstream pathways of glucose metabolism, (2) neuronal and astrocytic [18F]FDG uptake were not separately measured, and (3) strong evidence against lactate shuttling was not discussed. Evaluation of potential metabolic responses to ceftriaxone suggests lack of astrocytic specificity and significant contributions by pre- and postsynaptic neuronal compartments. Indeed, astrocytic glycolysis may not make a strong contribution to the [18F]FDG-PET signal because partial or complete oxidation of one glutamate molecule on its uptake generates enough ATP to fuel uptake of 3 to 10 more glutamate molecules, diminishing reliance on glycolysis. The influence of ceftriaxone on energetics of glutamate-glutamine cycling must be determined in astrocytes and neurons to elucidate its roles in excitotoxicity treatment.
Collaborating with Aeschylus (and Sophocles and Euripides and a Director and Cast)

In Terence Rattigan’s The Browning Version the crusty old Classics master disdainfully describes interest in elegant translation as mere “collaborating with Aeschylus”. Yet translators must surely collaborate with the author, to create equivalent words that will resonate with their audience as the Greek dramatists’ words resonated with theirs. An added dimension in translating Greek drama is that, unless the translation’s purpose is only to elucidate the Greek, the collaborative net must encompass directors, designers, actors, and audience. Since the translator(s) have agonized over the mot juste or over transforming or removing a Greek expression for greater accessibility, they can view their final version not only as an end product, but also as the best version. In effect, their translation stands almost on the level of the original, at least in the relationship they hope that it will have with an audience. From the perspective of the director and actors, who have probably not been privy to the translators’ discussions, the words are only the beginning. Nothing, even the stage directions that some translators insert in hopes of preserving their vision, is sacrosanct. One of the translators’ goals is probably retention of a clear connection to their original text, if not exactly fidelity to it. But for some directors, the much-performed genre of Greek drama by definition needs a dose of originality to confound audience expectations of ‘the Classics’ with actors in bedsheets. For them, the translators’ product is far from fixed and can be manipulated or even undermined by the director’s vision. Translators and directors can learn much from one another, and since 2012, I have worked with undergraduates and a director colleague to create and perform translations of Greek tragedy. This paper will discuss our process and products, and especially the multiple relationships possible between translators’ and director’s visions.
On the use of Fast Methods for Separable Finite Difference Equations for the Solution of General Elliptic Problems

A well-known source of sparse matrix problems is the systems of linear algebraic equations which arise when we solve elliptic boundary value problems by finite difference methods, A great deal of effort has been devoted to the design and study of iterative methods for the solution of such linear systems (Varga (1962A), Wachspress (1966A) and Young (1971B)). Among direct methods, i.e. methods which give an exact solution of the finite difference equations in absence of round-off errors, Gaussian elimination and its variants are undoubtedly the best known. In this paper we will concentrate on recently developed direct methods other than Gaussian elimination. The best known of these are due to Hockney and Buneman (Buzbee, Golub and Nielson (1970A), Dorr (1970A), Golub (1971A) and Hockney (1965A), (1970A)). Originally the methods of Buneman and Hockney were used only for Poisson’s equation on rectangular domains. The two methods are of comparable speed and very fast. According to Hockney (1970A) his method produces an accurate solution of the standard five-point difference approximation of Poisson’s equation on a 128 × 128 mesh in a time corresponding to that of 3 steps of a successive over-relaxation method for a problem of the same size. The amount of storage needed is about the same as that required for an iterative method and these direct methods therefore compare very favorably with standard band or block Gaussian elimination methods even in that respect.
Noncausal Zames-Falb Multipliers for Tighter Estimates of Exponential Convergence Rates

Zames-Falb multipliers are useful for proving the stability of nonlinear feedback loops, using either classical passivity theory or the theory of integral quadratic constraints. Recent papers have introduced new classes of such multipliers for proving exponential stability with guaranteed convergence rates. We extend these recent results to allow for noncausal multipliers and thereby reduce the conservativeness of the estimates of the exponential convergence rates.
Book Review: Weapons of Math Destruction by Cathy O'Neill

Cathy O’Neil is a quant, and her experience comes across in her entertaining book “Weapons of Math Destruction.” It is an insider’s disillusioned tale about the dark side of large scale predictive analytics. These data and models affect many areas of our life from the financial markets where we invest our savings, to selecting educational institutions, the labor market, our consumer behavior such as obtaining insurance and credit, our civic life, and even the prison system. The author cautions us against the religious fervor with which we, as a society, are embracing quantitative models in our quest for efficiency. She shows how models are biased, often built on flimsy understanding, lack a self-correcting feedback loop and accountability, and tend to create their own reality at the expense of the poor and the vulnerable. The author’s demands for more transparency in algorithms and the sacrificing of mathematical efficiency in the interest of fairness as a society should be a catalyst for important policy conversations. The title of the book might be an homage to Warren Buffet’s 2002 Berkshire annual report where citing flawed models and counterparty concentration risk (among others) he famously called derivatives, financial weapons of mass destruction.
Venezuela in Crisis: A Backgrounder

This essay provides a rigorous but readable background for one of the most pressing geopolitical issues in twenty-first century Latin America ‒ the humanitarian crisis in Venezuela under President Nicolas Maduro of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV). To this end, this essay analyzes and connects three distinct political phenomena in Venezuelan history whose interrelated development explains the country’s current instability: Puntofijismo (1958-1998), Chavismo (1998-2013), and Madurismo (2013-present). It first describes the collapse of Puntofijismo, Venezuela’s pacted democracy and oil-dependent petro-state to contextualize the rise of Hugo Chavez’s political project in 1990, Bolivarianism. The paper then considers how Chavez’s regime continued and ruptured with Puntofijismo through clientelism, exclusionary politics, and the creation of an illiberal hybrid regime. Based off of these foundations, the essay situates the current student protests, military repression, and humanitarian crisis under President Maduro. Using both English and Spanish-language source material, this paper lays bare the current complex reality that is Venezuela.
Data showing atherosclerosis-associated differentially methylated regions are often at enhancers

Abstract Atherosclerosis involves phenotypic modulation and transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Data are given in tabular or figure format that illustrate genome-wide DNA methylation alterations in atherosclerotic vs. control aorta (athero DMRs). Data based upon publicly available chromatin state profiles are also shown for normal aorta, monocyte, and skeletal muscle tissue-specific DMRs and for aorta-specific chromatin features (enhancer chromatin, promoter chromatin, repressed chromatin, actively transcribed chromatin). Athero hypomethylated and hypermethylated DMRs as well as epigenetic and transcription profiles are described for the following genes: ACTA2, MYH10, MYH11 (SMC-associated genes); SMAD3 (a signaling gene for SMCs and other cell types); CD79B and SH3BP2 (leukocyte-associated genes); and TBX20 and genes in the HOXA, HOXB, HOXC, and HOXD clusters (T-box and homeobox developmental genes). The data reveal strong correlations between athero hypermethylated DMRs and regions of enhancer chromatin in aorta, which are discussed in the linked research article “Atherosclerosis-associated differentially methylated regions can reflect the disease phenotype and are often at enhancers” (M. Lacey et al., 2019).
Heritable Thoracic Aortic Disease: Single Gene Disorders Predisposing to Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Acute Aortic Dissections

Abstract Thoracic aortic disease, consisting of thoracic aortic aneurysm, acute aortic dissection, and aortic rupture, can be triggered by genetic variants. Marfan syndrome established that mutations in a single gene (FBN1) can predispose to highly penetrant thoracic aortic disease. Subsequently, additional genes were identified that similarly confer a high risk for thoracic aortic disease; currently 11 genes are confirmed to predispose to thoracic aortic disease with autosomal dominant inheritance. These validated genes encode proteins involved in vascular SMC contraction, the extracellular matrix, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathways and include the following genes: FBN1 (encodes fibrillin-1), LOX (lysyl oxidase), MYH11 (smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11), ACTA2 (smooth muscle α-actin 2), MYLK (myosin light chain kinase), PRKG1 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I), COL3A1 (α-1 procollagen, type III), TGFBR2 (TGF-β receptor type II), TGFBR1 (TGF-β receptor type I), TGFB2 (TGF-β2), and SMAD3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3). Clinical data support that the specific gene for thoracic aortic disease should dictate the clinical management of aortic and other vascular diseases in these patients, including the timing of surgical repair of an aneurysm and the risk for additional vascular diseases.
The Inconsequential Mother

This chapter will explore musicals in which there is an expectation that mother figures will play a larger role in the actual stage performance than they do. Such incongruity of expectation and presentation not only challenges audiences’ expectations, but also demonstrates some movement in changing conventions. These barely there mother figures are significant in the potential they could possess or the lack they leave in character and audience through their minimal, but intriguing presence. The chapter provides analysis of such figures in Passing Strange, The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee, Fun Home, and Dear Evan Hansen. This figure is the one who offers the greatest freedom from convention, as neither she, nor her children are forced into stereotype.
Examining the Occupational Therapy Definition of Self-Care: A Scoping Review

Self-care practices such as exercise and meditation are commonly identified as strategies to address stress and chronic disease. However, in occupational therapy, the term self-care has traditionally referred to basic activities of daily living (ADL), potentially limiting the profession's ability to promote wellness among clients. This scoping review aimed to clarify how the term self-care has been used in select occupational therapy literature. We found that of 1,254 included articles, 54.9% use the term self-care ambiguously and that authors primarily apply the term to basic ADL. This understanding contrasts with the evidence from the wellness literature and the concept's use by the general population and other health professions. Findings serve as a call to redefine the term self-care to articulate clearly the profession's value in promoting population health and well-being.
Strengthening the Women’s Entrepreneurship Ecosystem within the Energy Sector

As women are increasingly engaged in clean energy value chains globally, it is crucial to understand what business models, practices, and enabling conditions can support the dual goals of scaling energy access and empowering women. To understand gaps in the women’s energy entrepreneurship ecosystem, we draw from recent theories of gender and entrepreneurship and both peer-reviewed and grey literature sources on entrepreneurship and development. Key challenges in women’s energy entrepreneurship and potential programme supports to the women’s energy entrepreneurship ecosystem are identified from a resource-based perspective, focused on five primary sources of capital – economic, social, time, cultural, and symbolic. Examples of programme supports include: (a) access to finance and capital; (b) access to coaches, mentors, and business networks; (c) business education and skill development; (d) training to foster personal agency, personal initiative, and entrepreneurial mindsets; and (e) inclusion of men within women’s energy entrepreneurship programming.
Molecular indicators of methane metabolisms at cold seeps along the United States Atlantic Margin

Abstract Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and the environmental conditions supporting AOM on continental margins is an essential component to global methane budgets. Diagnostic lipid biomarkers and their compound specific isotope analysis preserved in authigenic carbonates at cold seeps can serve as “fingerprints” to archaeal−bacterial consortia involved in AOM. However, despite the discovery of several hundreds of seeps along the United States Atlantic Margin (USAM), there are relatively few biomarker investigations of cold seep carbonates along this passive margin. A lipid biomarker, carbon isotope, and DNA marker gene study was therefore undertaken to determine the microbial origins of authigenic carbonates from two USAM seeps, Norfolk and the Baltimore Canyon seep fields. Results from this study capture a distinct archaeal lipid signature from putative methanotrophic archaea, including archaeol (I), sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol, 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethylicosane (PMI), and crocetane. The 13C-depleted AOM-related archaeal lipid samples (i.e., archaeol: −91.6‰, sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol: −129.2‰, PMI −92.8‰, and crocetane: −70.9‰) confirm the dominance of methane assimilation and isotope fractionation during AOM. These results are consistent with the detection of archaeal anaerobic methanotrophs (ANMEs) based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The Norfolk authigenic carbonate contained ANME-1a, -1b, 2a-2b, and 2c whereas only the ANME-2 clade was detected at Baltimore and present as the subclusters 2a-2b and -2b. The ANME-2d clade may also be present, particularly at the Baltimore seep site, given the high abundance of Candidatus Methanoperedens nitroreducens detected in the mcrA gene sequencing. The presence of terminally branched fatty acids, antesio- and iso-C15:0 components, as well as C16:1ω7 with δ13C values as low as −107.6‰, are indicative of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) at the Norfolk seep site and supports syntrophy of SRB with methane-oxidizing archaea. In contrast, nitrate-driven AOM in syntrophy M. nitroreducens at the Baltimore seep site is consistent with elevated fatty acid δ13C values and lack of Deltaproteobacteria at the Baltimore seep site. Taken together, the range in lipid composition, distribution, and carbon isotopic composition observed at the Norfolk and Baltimore seep sites suggests AOM is performed by multiple archaea instead of a single species and may be paired with either or both nitrate- and sulfate-reduction. Given the heterogeneous nature of cold seep ecosystems, this study fills a critical spatial gap in our knowledge of AOM activity at two seep sites along a passive margin.
Identifying Brain Injury from Widefield Calcium Images Using Convolution Neural Networks

We utilize convolutional neural networks (CNN) to develop models for the classification of injury and non-injury cortical images obtained via widefield calcium imaging in Thy1- GCaMP6s reporter mice.
Is Utilization of University-Sponsored Social Media Associated With Increased Social Integration and Retention Among Online Students? An Examination of Social Media as a Moderator of Student Retention:

Online student retention remains a problem for many colleges and universities. Retention models developed for residential students also explain the contribution to retention resulting from connecti...
Prolonged Exposure to Microgravity Reduces Cardiac Contractility and Initiates Remodeling in Drosophila

Summary Understanding the effects of microgravity on human organs is crucial to exploration of low-earth orbit, the moon, and beyond. Drosophila can be sent to space in large numbers to examine the effects of microgravity on heart structure and function, which is fundamentally conserved from flies to humans. Flies reared in microgravity exhibit cardiac constriction with myofibrillar remodeling and diminished output. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in isolated hearts revealed reduced expression of sarcomeric/extracellular matrix (ECM) genes and dramatically increased proteasomal gene expression, consistent with the observed compromised, smaller hearts and suggesting abnormal proteostasis. This was examined further on a second flight in which we found dramatically elevated proteasome aggregates co-localizing with increased amyloid and polyQ deposits. Remarkably, in long-QT causing sei/hERG mutants, proteasomal gene expression at 1g, although less than the wild-type expression, was nevertheless increased in microgravity. Therefore, cardiac remodeling and proteostatic stress may be a fundamental response of heart muscle to microgravity.
Competition and Schedule Padding in the US Airline Industry

Disclosure programs can help consumers with limited information about product quality make better purchase decisions. A quality disclosure mandate such as the On-Time Disclosure Rule in the U.S. that requires airlines to provide information on the quality of their products can be beneficial, but can also be counterproductive if it encourages airlines to act deceptively by “gaming” the system. If airlines care about public perceptions of their on-time record, they have an incentive to improve their on-time performance ranking by resorting to unscrupulous means such as padding their schedules beyond normal time required to absorb scheduling stochastic fluctuations. This study investigates the impact of competition on airline schedule padding. We construct a measure for schedule padding under different optimal flight time choices. Using different measures of market structure, we find that more competitive (concentrated) markets are subject to less (more) schedule padding.
Isolation of sealed plasma membrane vesicles from Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. I. Characterization of proton pumping and ATPase activity.

Abstract Sealed vesicles were isolated from a plant pathogenic fungus Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea using a modification of a method previously developed for plant plasma membrane vesicle isolation. Vanadate-sensitive, proton pumping microsomal membrane vesicles were resolved on a linear sucrose density gradient and found to comigrate with a vanadate-sensitive ATPase. Both the proton pumping and ATPase activity of these vesicles had a pH optimum of 6.5 and demonstrated similar properties with respect to substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity. These properties were in agreement with previously published data on the Phytophthora plasma membrane ATPase. In contrast with previous reports there was no K + stimulation of the plasma membrane ATPase and the K m for Mg:ATP (1:1 concentration ratio) was higher (2.5 m m ). A comparison of anion (potassium salts) effects upon ΔpH and Δψ formation in sealed Phytophthora plasma membrane vesicles revealed a correspondence between the relative ability of anions to stimulate proton transport and to reduce Δψ. The relative order for this effect was KCl > KBr ⪢ KMes, KNO 3 , KClO 3 , K 2 SO 4 . This study presents a method for the isolation of sealed vesicles from Phytophthora hyphae. It also provides basic information on the plasma membrane H + -ATPase and its associated proton pumping activity.
SU-E-I-23: A General KV Constrained Optimization of CNR for CT Abdominal Imaging

Purpose: While Tube current modulation has been well accepted for CT dose reduction, kV adjusting in clinical settings is still at its early stage. This is mainly due to the limited kV options of most current CT scanners. kV adjusting can potentially reduce radiation dose and optimize image quality. This study is to optimize CT abdomen imaging acquisition based on the assumption of a continuous kV, with the goal to provide the best contrast to noise ratio (CNR). Methods: For a given dose (CTDIvol) level, the CNRs at different kV and pitches were measured with an ACR GAMMEX phantom. The phantom was scanned in a Siemens Sensation 64 scanner and a GE VCT 64 scanner. A constrained mathematical optimization was used to find the kV which led to the highest CNR for the anatomy and pitch setting. Parametric equations were obtained from polynomial fitting of plots of kVs vs CNRs. A suitable constraint region for optimization was chosen. Subsequent optimization yielded a peak CNR at a particular kV for different collimations and pitch setting. Results: The constrained mathematical optimization approach yields kV of 114.83 and 113.46, with CNRs of 1.27 and 1.11 at the pitch of 1.2 and 1.4, respectively, for the Siemens Sensation 64 scanner with the collimation of 32 x 0.625mm. An optimized kV of 134.25 and 1.51 CNR is obtained for a GE VCT 64 slice scanner with a collimation of 32 x 0.625mm and a pitch of 0.969. At 0.516 pitch and 32 x 0.625 mm an optimized kV of 133.75 and a CNR of 1.14 was found for the GE VCT 64 slice scanner. Conclusion: CNR in CT image acquisition can be further optimized with a continuous kV option instead of current discrete or fixed kV settings. A continuous kV option is a key for individualized CT protocols.
Infinite Series and Products

Let \(U \subseteq \mathbb{C}\) be an open set and g i : U → ℂ functions. Recall (§3.1.5) that the sequence {gj} is said to converge uniformly on compact subsets of U to a function g if the following condition holds: For each compact K ⊑ U (see §§3.1.5) and each ∈ > 0 there is an N > 0 such that if j > N,then |g(z) — g j (z)| < ∈ for all z ∈ K. It should be noted that, in general, the choice of N depends on ∈ and on K, but not on the particular point z ∈K.
Depositional Models of Braided Rivers

Depositional models of braided rivers are necessary for rational interpretation of ancient deposits, and to aid in the characterization of subsurface deposits (e.g. aquifers, hydrocarbon reservoirs). A comprehensive depositional model should represent bed geometry, flow and sedimentary processes, and deposits accurately, quantitatively, and in detail. Existing depositional models of braided rivers do not meet these requirements, and there are still many misconceptions about braided rivers and their deposits that need to be expunged. Over the past decade, there have been major advances in our understanding of braided rivers, making it possible to develop new and improved depositional models. First, the use of ground- penetrating radar in combination with cores and trenches has allowed detailed description of the differ- ent scales of deposit in braided rivers that vary widely in channel size and sediment size. Second, the study of braided channel geometry and kinematics has been facilitated by the use of aerial photographs taken at short time intervals. In some cases, these photographs have been analysed using digital pho- togrammetry to produce digital elevation models. Third, water flow and sediment transport at the all- important flood stages have been studied using new equipment and methods (e.g. acoustic Doppler current profilers, positioning using differential global positioning systems). However, such high-flow studies are rare, which is one reason why there has not been much progress in development of realistic theoretical models for the interaction between bed topography, water flow, sediment transport, erosion and deposition. Laboratory experimental studies of braided rivers have continued to be useful for examining the controls on channel geometry and dynamics, but have not been able to generate all of the different types and scales of strata observed in natural braided river deposits. New depositional models for sand-bed and gravel-bed braided rivers are presented here based mainly on studies of natural rivers. They comprise: 1 maps showing idealized active and abandoned channels, compound bars and lobate unit bars; 2 cross-sections showing large-scale inclined strata and their internal structures, associated with migration of compound bars, unit bars and their superimposed bedforms; 3 vertical logs of typical sedimentary sequences through different parts of compound bar deposits and channel fills.
Modification of the Single Tryptophan Residue of Staphylococcal Nuclease by a New Mild Oxidizing Agent

Abstract The single tryptophan residue of staphylococcal nuclease was selectively modified with the use of a new bromine-positive releasing compound obtained by reaction of 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methylindole with N-bromosuccinimide. The oxidizing properties of the reagent for amino acid side chains of proteins are much more selective than those of N-bromosuccinimide. Cleavage of the tryptophanyl peptide bond also can be obtained (yields up to 59% on model compounds) with use of relatively high amounts of reagent and longer reaction times. The nuclease derivative, with an oxindole side chain at Residue 140, showed complete lack of tryptophan fluorescence, and the molar absorptivity at 280 nm was decreased in proportion to the loss of tryptophan. Ultraviolet circular dichroism was consistent with loss of helical structure. However, the modified enzyme retained 18% DNase and 12% RNase activity and cross-reacted with native nuclease in agar immunodiffusion against antinuclease antiserum. When the protein was incubated with a large excess of reagent for 28 hours at room temperature, selective cleavage of the tryptophanyl peptide bond was observed, and the COOH-terminal nonapeptide of nuclease was isolated in 15% yield.
Cycloadditions and Unimolecular Rearrangements and Eliminations

The unifying mechanistic pattern that appears in most of the reactions to be discussed in this chapter is a reorganization of the valence electrons of the reacting molecule or molecules. Usually, these reactions proceed through a cyclic transition state containing four, five, or six atoms. Another feature these reactions have in common is that the energy to drive the reactions forward is provided by thermal or photochemical excitation of one of the reacting molecules. Other polar or radical-generating reagents having high chemical potential energy are not usually involved.
Sniping to Avoid the Endowment E ect in Auctions

An endowment effect can result in both multiple bidding and sniping in auctions. It can cause players to bid multiple times and overpay for items. Sniping is a rational response for experienced bidders looking to avoid the endowment effect.
Quadrupole Effects in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Solids

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses quadrupole effects in nuclear magnetic resonance studies of solids. The first evidence that many nuclei possess magnetic moments came from the study of the hyperfine structure of atomic spectra in the visible region. The interaction of the nuclear magnetic moment with the magnetic field produced by the atomic electrons gives rise to a hyperfine spectrum that is relatively simple, being characterized by the well known “interval rule.” Marked departures from this interval rule do occur in a few cases, however, and some of the departures can definitely be attributed to the presence of a nuclear electric quadrupole interaction. The methods of radio-frequency spectroscopy are very well adapted for the investigation of the very small interaction energies to which nuclear moments give rise. They have led not only to much more precise determinations of nuclear magnetic moments, but also to a vastly increased knowledge of nuclear electric quadrupole effects. The first outstanding success along this line was the discovery, by the molecular beam resonance method, of the quadrupole moment of the deuteron. The field of electric quadrupole interactions in nuclear magnetic resonance can be divided roughly into two areas according to the relative magnitude of the nuclear quadrupole interactions.
Editor’s Column: The Cult of the Book and the Demonizing of Librarians

The author reflects on her experiences in libraries over the last 18 years in the context of a large-scale deselection project and troubles with faculty resistance.
Depression and black men: implications for future research

Abstract Recent studies indicate that the health gap between Black men and men of other racial/ethnic groups in the US is widening, with Black men experiencing poorer health. Because mental health is an indelible component of overall health, addressing the health issues of Black men requires a critical examination of factors that influence the mental health of this population. Prior research suggests that Black men have more adverse life experiences than men of other racial/ethnic groups and, consequently, experience more depressive symptoms. However, limited research exists regarding depression and Black men. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to organize available evidence systematically, while examining the factors that lead to depression in Black men. Results from over two decades of literature suggest that psychosocial coping, economic status/income, and racism/discrimination are the major factors that contribute to depression and depressive symptoms in Black men. Although the first two factors...
Self‐Competence Mediates Earlier and Later Anxiety in Adolescent Mothers: A 3‐Year Longitudinal Perspective

Anxiety is prevalent in adolescents and may be particularly problematic in pregnant adolescents. The purpose of this structural equation modeling analysis was to test a biobehavioral model in which postpartum self-competence mediated pathways from anxiety and cortisol during pregnancy to anxiety 3 years later. Self-reports of anxiety and self-competence and salivary cortisol samples were obtained from 78 healthy primiparous and 57 nonpregnant comparison adolescent girls matched for age and socioeconomic status. Assessments were done during the first half of pregnancy, 3–4 weeks after childbirth, and at a 3-year follow up. For pregnant girls, linkages from initial anxiety to self-competence to follow-up anxiety were significant and negative, as hypothesized. Direct and indirect pathways between initial and follow-up anxiety were significant. Cortisol levels did not predict self-competence or anxiety. For nonpregnant adolescents, the model fit poorly. Findings suggest self-competence may play a mediating role in young mothers' anxiety across time.
Parametric investigation of prism-coupled excitation of Dyakonov–Tamm waves

In order to pave the way for the yet-to-be reported experimental observation of the Dyakonov–Tamm wave, the excitation of this surface wave in a prism-coupled configuration was theoretically investigated when one partnering dielectric material is isotropic and homogeneous while the other is a chiral sculptured thin film (CSTF). The excitation of a Dyakonov–Tamm wave in the prism-coupled configuration was identified by those peaks in the plots of the absorptance versus the angle of incidence that were independent of the thicknesses of both partnering materials (beyond some thresholds) and the polarization state of the incident plane wave. The results of the prism-coupled configuration were successfully correlated with the underlying canonical boundary-value problem. An increase in either the structural period or the average vapor flux angle of the CSTF results in a larger angle of incidence for experimental excitation, whereas an increase in an offset angle results in a decrease of that angle. An increase in the bulk refractive index of the material from which the CSTF is fabricated is likely to increase the angle of incidence for experimental observation. It is highly preferable for the CSTF to be an integral number of periods in thickness, and that number does not have to be large.