cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Randomness in Microsphere-Based Photonic Crystals Assembled by Langmuir–Blodgett Process

Photonic structures in biological systems typically exhibit an appreciable level of disorder within their periodic framework. However, how such disorder within the ordered framework renders unique optical properties has not been fully understood. Toward the goal of improving this understanding, we have investigated Langmuir-Blodgett assembly of microspheres to controllably introduce randomness to photonic structures. We theoretically modeled the assembly process and determined a condition for surface pressure and substrate pulling speed that results in maximum structural order. For each surface pressure, there is an optimum pulling speed and vice versa. Along the trajectory defined by the optimum condition, however, the structural order decreases moderately as the pulling speed increases. This moderate decrease in structural order would be useful for controlled introduction of randomness into the periodic structures. Departing from the trajectory, our experiment reveals that a small change in pulling speed at a given surface pressure can significantly disrupt the structural order. For multilayer assembly, we find that, at a fixed pulling speed, the surface pressure should increase as the number of layers increases to achieve maximum structural order. In totality, we quantitatively present the optimum trajectories for the nth layer assembly relating surface pressure and pulling speed.
Compressive Detection of Highly Overlapped Spectra Using Walsh-Hadamard-Based Filter Functions.

In the chemometric context in which spectral loadings of the analytes are already known, spectral filter functions may be constructed which allow the scores of mixtures of analytes to be determined...
Pronounced strain-specific chemosensory receptor gene expression in the mouse vomeronasal organ

The chemosensory system plays an important role in orchestrating sexual behaviors in mammals. Pheromones trigger sexually dimorphic behaviors and different mouse strains exhibit differential responses to pheromone stimuli. It has been speculated that differential gene expression in the sensory organs that detect pheromones may underlie sexually-dimorphic and strain-specific responses to pheromone cues. We have performed transcriptome analyses of the mouse vomeronasal organ, a sensory organ recognizing pheromones and interspecies cues. We find little evidence of sexual dimorphism in gene expression except for Xist, an essential gene for X-linked gene inactivation. Variations in gene expression are found mainly among strains, with genes from immune response and chemosensory receptor classes dominating the list. Differentially expressed genes are concentrated in genomic hotspots enriched in these families of genes. Some chemosensory receptors show exclusive patterns of expression in different strains. We find high levels of single nucleotide polymorphism in chemosensory receptor pseudogenes, some of which lead to functionalized receptors. Moreover, we identify a number of differentially expressed long noncoding RNA species showing strong correlation or anti-correlation with chemoreceptor genes. Our analyses provide little evidence supporting sexually dimorphic gene expression in the vomeronasal organ that may underlie dimorphic pheromone responses. In contrast, we find pronounced variations in the expression of immune response related genes, vomeronasal and G-protein coupled receptor genes among different mouse strains. These findings raised the possibility that diverse strains of mouse perceive pheromone cues differently and behavioral difference among strains in response to pheromone may first arise from differential detection of pheromones. On the other hand, sexually dimorphic responses to pheromones more likely originate from dimorphic neural circuits in the brain than from differential detection. Moreover, noncoding RNA may offer a potential regulatory mechanism controlling the differential expression patterns.
Children and the Elderly: Wealth Inequality Among America’s Dependents

Life cycle theory predicts that elderly households have higher levels of wealth than households with children, but these wealth gaps are likely dynamic, responding to changes in labor market conditions, patterns of debt accumulation, and the overall economic context. Using Survey of Consumer Finances data from 1989 through 2013, we compare wealth levels between and within the two groups that make up America's dependents: the elderly and child households (households with a resident child aged 18 or younger). Over the observed period, the absolute wealth gap between elderly and child households in the United States increased substantially, and diverging trends in wealth accumulation exacerbated preexisting between-group disparities. Widening gaps were particularly pronounced among the least-wealthy elderly and child households. Differential demographic change in marital status and racial composition by subgroup do not explain the widening gap. We also find increasing wealth inequality within child households and the rise of a "parental 1 %." During a time of overall economic growth, the elderly have been able to maintain or increase their wealth, whereas many of the least-wealthy child households saw precipitous declines. Our findings suggest that many child households may lack sufficient assets to promote the successful flourishing of the next generation.
Tobacco Use and Sexual Orientation in a National Cross-sectional Study: Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Sexual Identity-Attraction Differences

Introduction The purpose of this study is to determine the past-year prevalence estimates of any nicotine/tobacco use, cigarette smoking, and DSM-5 tobacco use disorder based on sexual identity among U.S. adults, and to examine potential variations in these estimates by age, race/ethnicity, and sexual identity–attraction concordance/discordance. Methods The 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions collected data via in-person interviews with a cross-sectional nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized adults (response rate=60.1%) and analyses for the present study were conducted in 2017. Results Any past-year nicotine/tobacco use, cigarette smoking, and DSM-5 tobacco use disorder were most prevalent among sexual minority–identified adults compared with heterosexual-identified adults, with notable variations based on sex, age, race/ethnicity, and sexual identity–attraction discordance. Elevated rates of any nicotine/tobacco use, cigarette smoking, and DSM-5 tobacco use disorder among sexual minorities were most prevalent among younger lesbian women and gay men, and all age groups of bisexual men and women. The odds of any nicotine/tobacco use, cigarette smoking, and DSM-5 tobacco use disorder were significantly greater among sexual identity–attraction discordant women and significantly lower among sexual identity–attraction discordant men. Conclusions These findings provide valuable new information about sexual minority subgroups, such as self-identified bisexual older adults and sexual identity–attraction discordant women, that appear to be at higher risk for adverse smoking-related health consequences as a result of their elevated rates of cigarette smoking. Additional attention is warranted to examine these high-risk subpopulations prospectively and, if the results are replicated with larger samples, this information can be used to target smoking-cessation and lung cancer screening efforts.
Issues in the Behavior Genetic Investigation of Gender Differences

For many phenotypes of interest in behavioral medicine, there are differences between men and women. Preceding chapters discuss (1) alcoholism, the prevalence of which is markedly higher in men than in women; (2) smoking, which has historically occurred more often and at younger ages in men, though in recent years the prevalence has increased more rapidly among women; (3) cardiovascular indices, for which women tend to have higher resting heart rates and lower blood pressures; (4) body size, regarding which women are on average both shorter and lighter than men; and (5) eating disorders, which show dramatically higher prevalence in women than in men. Gender differences in these areas have generally been described in behavioral research in terms of average phenotypic differences (e.g., different prevalence rates). For some conditions, such as hemophilia or color blindness, higher prevalence rates in men than in women are a consequence of the fact that the gene that causes the condition is located on the X chromosome and there is a particular (recessive) form of gene action. However, most of the traits in which we are interested are not X-linked in this way, but are influenced by genes on the 22 pairs of (non-sex-determining) autosomes. In these cases, average gender differences are not immediately informative about gene action. But such average differences should at least alert us to the possibility that individual differences among men and among women might result from autosomal genes that have greater impact in women than in men (or vice versa), or that some genes that might contribute to vulnerability in women are distinct from those genes that might contribute to vulnerability in men.
Special purpose ontologies and the representation of pedagogical knowledge

In intelligent learning/tutoring environments which deal with several types of knowledge or with knowledge in complex domains, some form of pedagogical and curriculum knowledge must be represented in order for the ITS to offer guidance and structure in the learning process. In this paper we illustrate how pedagogical knowledge is represented by various instructional theories and ITS systems, discuss a number of key issues involved in authoring pedagogical knowledge, and show how these issues are addressed in the representational framework of the Eon ITS authoring tools. Unique among the methods we use are Ontology objects, which allow for the creation of representational frameworks tailored to classes of domains or tasks, and "topic levels," which provide an additional level of sophistication beyond network representations, while increasing cognitive clarity.
Experimente in der Politischen Ökonomie

Experimente in der Politischen Okonomie kommen ursprunglich aus der Methodologie der Volkswirtschaftslehre, haben aber inzwischen ihren Weg in den Mainstream politikwissenschaftlicher Forschung gefunden. Im Gegensatz zur Situation vor 20 Jahren sind politikwissenschaftliche Experimente nicht mehr nur in sehr spezialisierten Zeitschriften zu finden, sondern nehmen eine wichtige Position in renommierten Journals und Veroffentlichungen bekannter Verlage ein. Was hat sich seitdem geandert? Warum verwenden heute immer mehr Politikwissenschaftler experimentelle Methoden? Der wohl wichtigste Grund dafur ist die Erkenntnis, dass experimentelle Methoden prazise Analysen von Kausalzusammenhangen ermoglichen. Um Kausalzusammenhange uberprufen zu konnen, muss ein Wissenschaftler konfundierende Variablen – wie z.B. Wahlerpraferenzen oder Informationsniveaus von Wahlern – kontrollieren konnen. Obwohl experimentelle Designs zunehmend Verbreitung finden, stutzen sich die meisten Politikwissenschaftler weiterhin auf Beobachtungsdaten oder naturlich vorhandene Daten. Das Problem von Beobachtungsdaten ist die fehlende Kontrolle uber potentiell storende Variablen. Um mit solchen Daten Aussagen uber Kausalzusammenhange treffen zu konnen, muss der Wissenschaftler mithilfe statistischer Verfahren fur diese konfundierenden Variablen kontrollieren. Hierbei muss die nicht uberprufbare Annahme gemacht werden, dass keine weiteren unbekannten Variablen existieren, die den Kausalzusammenhang beeinflussen. Mit experimentellen Daten konnen diese Kontrollen schon wahrend des Datenerhebungsprozesses durch Randomisierung eingerichtet werden.
Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Treatment of Nonspecific Upper Respiratory Infections, Rhinosinusitis, and Acute Bronchitis in Adults

Acute sinusitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) account for the majority of antibiotics prescribed by primary care physicians in the United States. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the community setting is now an issue for individual patients as well as society at large, and it is the responsibility of all clinicians to limit antibiotic treatment to those patients who are most likely to benefit from it. The vast majority of acute respiratory infections are caused by viruses. Antibiotic treatment of patients with these infections selects for resistant nasopharyngeal bacteria, acutely increasing the spread of resistant pathogens through secretions and predisposing the treated patient to more serious bacterial infections in the future. The guidelines summarized in this chapter were designed by a panel of physicians representing family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, and infectious diseases to provide a practical approach to the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of previously healthy adults with nonspecific URI, acute sinusitis, or acute bronchitis in the ambulatory care setting. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis are provided in a separate chapter.
Continuity in Emotion Knowledge from Preschool to Middle-Childhood and Relation to Emotion Socialization

This longitudinal study examined the preschool correlates of middle school children's knowledge of emotional display rules. Participants included 50 children (29 girls) who were seen at preschoolage and again 4 years later. A total of 91% of the children were Caucasian, 4.5% were Mexican American, and 4.5% were Asian American. During the preschool period, measures included children's knowledge of facial expressions, knowledge of emotion-eliciting situations, and emotional role-taking ability. In addition, the rate at which their mothers explained the causes of emotions was assessed. Four years later, the children's knowledge of emotional display rules was assessed. The display rule measures included expression regulation knowledge (i.e., whether the children altered the facial expression relative to the internal feeling without providing a motive), self-protective display rules, and prosocial display rules. Results revealed that preschoolers' situation knowledge was a negative predictor of expression regulation knowledge and that emotional role-taking was inversely related to knowledge of self-protective display rules. The results also demonstrated that the rate at which mothers' explained emotions to their children as preschoolers was positively associated with expression regulation knowledge and knowledge of prosocial display rules.
Modulation of Human T-Lymphocyte Mitogenesis by Interleukin 1 and Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoid hormones exert immunosuppressive effects in vivo and in vitro.1,2 The inhibitory effect of these steroids on lymphocyte mitogenesis has long been recognized and may constitute an important mechanism by which glucocorticoids can act as immunomodulatory factors. Furthermore, this inhibitory action on lymphocyte mitogenesis seems to be not mediated by an on/off mechanism since both the presence of accessory cells (monocytes/macrophages) and the mitogen concentration can influence the extent of the steriod inhibitory effect.3,4
Anastomosenstenose im Kolorektalbereich: Zusammenhang mit inadäquater Kolonmobilisierung?

Hintergrund Eine Anastomosenstriktur oder -stenose stellt eine oft beschriebene Komplikation intestinaler Anastomosen dar. Die Inzidenz einer Stenose nach Kolorektalanastomose liegt in der Spanne von 0–30%. Ziel dieser Studie war es, mogliche Faktoren im Zusammenhang mit einer Anastomosenstenose im Kolorektalbereich zu ermitteln und die Ergebnisse nach erneuter Operation darzulegen.
Lectures on Random Matrices and Hall’s Fluids

Instead of writing up my lectures in detail, I am providing a sort of“guide book,” following a suggestion of the organizers, to the two subjects I covered in my lectures. One subject is random matrix theory. What follows is hardly a guide to the entire field of random matrices and Hamiltonians, which is vast, but is exclusively and shamelessly focussed on my work, done in collaboration with E. Brezin, J. Feinberg, J. D’Anna, S. Hikami and others.
Familie der Adenoviren

Die Adenoviridae bestehen aus 2 Genera: Mastadenovirus und Aviadenovirus; innerhalb dieser Genera sind mehr als 80 Species oder Serotypen bekannt. Beim Menschen kommen zumindest 34 Adenoviren vor; einige verursachen eine akute Erkrankung des Respirationstraktes, andere eine Pharyngitis. Einzelne Adenoviren rufen Erkrankungen des auseren Auges (Conjunctivalsack) hervor. Bestimmte Adenoviren konnen als Modell fur krebserzeugende Viren dienen, da sie in Hamstern Tumoren induzieren.
Project-Based Integrated Lecture and Laboratory Quantitative Analysis Course

Students entering into a quantitative analysis course often struggle with connecting theoretical aspects of concepts from lecture to hands-on applications in the laboratory setting. A one-semester quantitative analysis course was redesigned to integrate active learning with a project-based curriculum that incorporated structured review of fundamental concepts as needed. This approach includes moving away from a traditional separate lecture/lab format, into an integrated lecture/lab course model incorporating problem-based learning. In an effort to help students draw relationships between the theoretical concepts and the physical world, the course was designed around laboratory activities first and exploration of underlying chemical concepts second. Each project is centered around a specific laboratory experiment and provided opportunities for review of fundamental concepts, continued use of methods and skills from previous experiments, and hands-on application of new concepts. In addition, the projects we...
Combating Caller ID Spoofing on 4G Phones Via CEIVE

We present the demonstration of CEIVE (Callee-only inference and verification), an effective and practical defense against caller ID spoofing. CEIVE is a victim callee only solution without requiring additional infrastructure support or changes on telephony systems; It is ready to deploy and easy to use. Given an incoming call, CEIVE leverages a callback session and its associated call signaling observed at the phone to infer the call state of the other party. It further compares with the anticipated call state of the incoming call, thus quickly verifying whether the incoming call comes from the originating number or not. In this demo, we demonstrate CEIVE installed on Android phones combating both basic and advanced caller ID spoofing attacks.
Factors Affecting HIV Testing among Youth in Kenya

With the high prevalence of HIV among youth in sub-Saharan Africa, it is vital to better understand factors affecting HIV testing among this population; this is the first step in the HIV treatment cascade. The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to behavioral intentions regarding HIV testing using existing pre-test data from the HIV SEERs (Stigma-reduction via Education, Empowerment, and Research) Project, a community-based participatory research program targeting 13–24-year-olds in Kenya. It was hypothesized that HIV knowledge, social support, subjective well-being, and mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress) would serve as facilitators to HIV testing while projected stigma and substance use would serve as barriers to HIV testing. In partial support of our hypotheses, findings from logistic regression analyses revealed that HIV knowledge, substance use, depression, and social support were significant predictors of HIV testing intentions. However, HIV knowledge and substance use served as facilitators while depression and social support served as barriers. While projected stigma was correlated with HIV testing intentions, it was not a significant predictor in the regression analysis. Subjective well-being, anxiety, and stress were not significant predictors in the regression analysis. These findings have important implications for HIV testing initiatives designed for youth in Kenya as well as future research on HIV testing with this population.
THE CHANGING FORM OF THE CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORT

The purpose of this paper is to observe and explain signs of a historical change in the form of annual reporting of very large British industrial corporations. It is based on an argument by Sikes [1986], supported by Ewen [1988], that contemporary business management uses the annual report to reflect corporate style by means of visual metaphors of corporate character. Using data extracted from the annual reports of a small sample of British industrial corporations, the paper reports results consistent with the argument. The data indicate the annual reports of these corporations have increasingly been used as stylistic means of establishing corporate identity in a consumer-oriented world. This raises concern about the effectiveness of such reports as mechanisms of corporate governance.
How Middle Grades Teachers Experience a Collaborative Culture: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Collaboration is a powerful tool for professional development that creates opportunities for teachers to reflect on their practice. However, school districts continue to have difficulty both implem...
Minimizing Age of Information Under General Models for IoT Data Collection

A critical component in IoT infrastructure and applications is data collection at network edge. Recently, a new metric, called age of information (AoI), has become popular to quantify the freshness of information collected at network edge. AoI research is still in infancy and most efforts assume overly simplified models in their investigation, making their results far from useful when addressing practical problems in IoT applications. In this article, we close this gap by considering more general models for AoI research that are more relevant in the real world. Specifically, we consider general and heterogeneous sampling behaviors among source nodes, varying sample size, and a transmission model with multiple transmission units in each time slot. Based on these generalizations, we develop new theoretical results (in terms of fundamental properties and performance bounds) and a new near-optimal low-complexity scheduling algorithm to minimize AoI. Our results make a major advance to existing AoI research and help bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Failure of Cellularization of Ventriculotomy Patch Leading to Right Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm.

Enlargement of the bulboventricular foramen (BVF) in double-inlet left ventricle or the ventricular septal defect (VSD) in tricuspid atresia with transposition of the great arteries is one approach...
Impulsivity Relates to Relative Preservation of Mesolimbic Connectivity in Patients with Parkinson Disease

Abstract Introduction The relationship between Parkinson Disease (PD) pathology, dopamine replacement therapy (DRT), and impulse control disorder (ICD) development is still incompletely understood. Given the sensorimotor-lateral substantia nigra (SN) selective degeneration associated with PD, we posit that a relative sparing of the limbic-medial SN in the context of DRT drives impulsive, reward-seeking behavior in PD patients with recent history of severe impulsivity. Methods Impulsive and control participants were selected from a consecutive list of PD patients receiving pre-operative deep brain stimulation (DBS) planning scans including 3T structural MRI and 64 direction diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Using previously identified substantia nigra (SN) subsegment network connectivity profiles to develop classification targets, split-hemisphere target-based SN segmentation with probabilistic tractography was performed. The relative subsegment volumes and strength of connectivity between the SN and the limbic, associative, and motor network targets were compared. Results Our results show that there is greater probability of connectivity between the SN and limbic network targets relative to motor and associative network targets in PD patients with recent history of severe impulsivity as compared to PD patients without impulsivity (P = 0.0075). We did not observe relative volumetric subsegment differences across groups. Conclusion Firstly, our results suggest that fine-grained, atlas-derived classification targets may be used in PD to parcellate and classify functionally distinct subsegments of the SN, with the apparent preservation of previously reported topographical limbic-medial SN, associative-ventral SN, and sensorimotor-lateral SN orientation. We suggest that relative, as opposed to absolute, degeneration amongst SN-associated dopaminergic networks relates to the impulsivity phenotype in PD.
Unlinking Public Finance and Taxation in a Fiat Currency System

It is widely known that in a fiat currency system, governments can create money tokens to meet public expenditure, then take some of them back through taxation or bond issue to adjust the money supply to a desired level. Yet the treasury departments in most countries strive to formulate fiscal policies in an attempt to match taxation with public expenditure while, at the same time, the central banks use monetary policy instruments for regulating money supply. The key question addressed in this research is whether the policies of the treasury departments and central banks are relevant to the functioning of the present-day economies where fiat currency is supposed to facilitate transactions rather than being a commodity. A parsimonious model of the macroeconomic system subsuming also the fiscal and monetary interventions is presented. The model is then used to understand the relevance of taxation to fiat money and to explore alternative policy levers for funding public expenditure and regulating money supply while delinking expenditure from taxation. It is proposed that the public spending can be entirely funded through deficits, while taxation together with open market operations is used as inflation control instruments. Control mechanisms for driving taxation and open market operations are explored.
A Case of Isolated Intracranial Fibromuscular Dysplasia

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-inflammatory, non-atherosclerotic disease resulting in stenosis and arterial wall weakening of typically medium-sized arteries. Intracranial aneurysm is an uncommon presentation of FMD, with a significant proportion presenting in the posterior circulation. Presented is the rare case of an adult female with left-sided stroke with angiographically-confirmed left middle cerebral artery FMD, with pan-scanning unremarkable for other demonstrable evidence of FMD. The patient's neurological deficits completely resolved. The patient was stable for discharge home on antiplatelet therapy. Appropriate imaging and screening should be performed to ensure FMD is localized versus systemic. Patients with intracranial FMD should be protected from cerebrovascular events with antiplatelet therapy.
Comparison of DAB and LLC DC–DC Converters in High-Step-Down Fixed-Conversion-Ratio (DCX) Applications

This article compares the dual active bridge (DAB) and LLC converter topologies when utilized in a high-step-down fixed-conversion-ratio application, such as the dc–dc stage in laptop and LED TV adapters. Multiple candidate topologies for this application are compared, motivating the selection of the DAB and the LLC for further investigation. The two converters are first compared using first-order insights, and then using a detailed analytical design methodology focused on zero-voltage switching. Fundamental tradeoffs between conduction and switching losses are analyzed, predicting that the DAB converter should achieve higher efficiency at heavy loads due to lower conduction losses, while the LLC converter should achieve higher efficiency at lighter loads due to lower switching losses. To validate these predictions, design examples are developed for a 1-MHz 400–20 V 330-W application, and experimental prototypes for both converters are built based on these designs. Measured results match well with the predictions. The DAB prototype achieves a peak efficiency of 94.9% at full load, corresponding to a 27% reduction in losses compared to the LLC prototype.
Analysis of land carrying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding in China from the perspective of combination of planting and raising

The separation and imbalance of planting and raising are the key issues to be solved urgently in China's agricultural development. In order to solve these problems, based on livestock manure nutrient supply and crop nutrient demand, this study uses the method released by the National Animal Husbandry Station to calculate and analyze the land carrying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding in China. The results indicate that, the supply of manure nitrogen from livestock and poultry was greater than that of phosphorus in 2017, there were large differences in the supply of livestock manure nitrogen and phosphorus from different livestock and poultry types and provinces, which was caused by the number of livestock and poultry in slaughtering, stock, breeding cycle, nutrient content of manure and the type in various provinces. The input of nitrogen and phosphorus in crops had exceeded the demand, which verified that it is feasible to reverse the problems of excessive fertilization and low utilization rate by reducing the amount of fertilization and replacing livestock manure with livestock manure. The index of land carrying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding in China was 0.48 and the number of livestock and poultry that could be carried was 5.921 billion pig equivalents, indicating that China's land could absorb livestock and poultry manure. In order to promote the combination of breeding and farming and the green development of agriculture, it was proposed to carry out the action of replacing fertilizer with manure for livestock and poultry according to local conditions, formulate a reasonable breeding policy based on the carrying capacity of livestock and poultry and propose countermeasures for coordinated development of planting and breeding.
Minority students corporate engagement programs: Addressing the ad industry’s problem with minorities

Firms often make marketing missteps that offend minority consumers. Such missteps are attributed to the lack of diversity within the marketing field. This paper presents a corporate engagement prog...
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric inpatient servicesin a new york city community hospital

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 had caused a significant surge of hospital admissionsoverwhelming health care systems in China, Italy and Spain Previous outbreaks such as the 2009 H1N1influenza pandemic created a similar surge to the pediatric in-patient units Although there were reports oflower rate of hospitalizations in children, ability to manage hospital capacity was legitimate concern Inanticipation of the surge and in accordance with New York state mandate, the capacity of our pediatric unitwas increased by 50% It is unclear if such a surge would occur in pediatric units Objective: The objective ofthis study is to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the in-patient services of a NY city communityhospital We postulate that the pandemic may have an opposite effect in decreasing the usual census inpediatric admissions Methods We reviewed the medical records of all pediatric patients (<21 years) admittedto the in-patient unit between February 1st-April 30th, 2020 Records of admitted children for the same periodduring 2019 were reviewed to serve as historical controls Data related to patient demographics, length of stay and diagnosis was collected The results were tabulated into weeks, and the variables compared using the chi-square test with significance at p< 0 05 Results There were a total of 272 admissions during the study periodin 2019 compared to 194 in 2020 for a decline of 29% The weekly admission trend with COVID related eventsis shown in the figure The steepest decline (80%) occurred around the 7th week when New York statelockdown was initiated There were significantly fewer admissions during the month of April compared to theother months (p<0 05) The average length of stay was similar during the study periods and there no statisticalassociation with age, gender or type of diagnosis The most common diagnoses were status asthmaticus,sickle cell crisis, and dehydration Nine COVID-19 positive patients were treated during the study period withno COVID related mortalities Discussion: Unlike previous pandemics, COVID-19 had the opposite effect ofdecline in pediatric unit volumes rather than the surge The declaration of emergency along with the New Yorkpause implemented by the state may have influenced families to stay home rather than seek medical help School closures, lack of overcrowding and less pollution during the lockdown may have also contributed to thereduction of infectious illnesses injuries and allergic illnesses Conclusion Our pediatric in-patient unit did notexperience the anticipated surge during the current COVID-19 pandemic, rather a significant decline in thenumber of patients This led to increasing the patient age to 30 years in the pediatric unit and redeploymentof some pediatric staff to other areas in need of help
Shock focusing effects on silica phase production during cyclotrimethylene trinitramine/2,4,6-trinitrotoluene detonations

Detonation is an increasingly studied method for the synthesis of nanomaterials due to the rapid reaction rate producing extreme pressures and temperatures for short durations, which can result in the production of ultra-hard and high-temperature nanomaterials. The present study shows that phase formation in detonation depends on the distribution of inert additives in the explosive charge. Numerical simulations and experimental validation were conducted on silica powders that were shock loaded by detonation of a 3.8 cm diameter cylindrical explosive charge composed of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and paraffin wax. Silica was incorporated into the explosive in three configurations and at two different starting particle sizes in both simulation and experiments. The detonation residues were purified to concentrate the silica and characterized via x-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement and optical microscopy. Loading conditions and silica phase morphology were not consistent between the configurations and starting size of silica incorporated into the charge. The implication of these results is that the prediction of phase production in detonation synthesis experiments cannot be based on Chapman–Jouguet steady detonation parameters of the explosive matrix but must also include analysis of shock interaction and heat transfer into the additives incorporated into the explosive.
Bifurcation Cascade in a Diverging Flow

We study the nonlinear instability of a radially divergent flow and find a bifurcation cascade that corresponds to the subsequent halving of length scales of the disturbance motion like in the (inverse) Feigenbaum and the Richardson-Kolmogorov cascades. The initial axisymmetric flow is driven by surface stresses and related to the Marangoni convention in the half-space of viscous incompressible fluid with a high Prandtl number. The cascade causes splitting of the initial flow into m = 2n, n = 1,2,…, radial near-surface jets separated by inflows at the critical Reynolds number (defined as the product of the mean radial velocity at the surface and the distance from the origin divided by the velocity) Re * = 46 * 4 n as n tends to infinity. The derived boundary layer equations are found to be invariant to the scaling transformation.
Firm Transitions from Products to Services and Mode of Entry

The paper develops a two-step approach to identify factors driving the propensity of product firms to enter services, and the mode of entry. We posit that the level of vertical integration, market size and the position of the firm's product offerings in the phase of the product development lifecycle influence the propensity of entry into services. The mode of entry is a choice between firms exploiting its existing capabilities to enter services through organic growth or that of exploring for new avenues in the form of alliances or acquisitions (March, 1991). At this second step, we posit that the firm status, presence of industry standards and the degree of modularity in the firm's product offerings drive the decision on the mode of entry.
"Till Naught but Ash Is Left To See": Statewide Smoking Bans, Ballot Initiatives, and the Public Sphere

This Article examines the recent surge in statewide smoking bans. Nearly all states have some form of statewide ETS legislation, and the last five years have seen a revolution in the legal landscape, reversing the default rule on smoking in public from permissive to prohibitive of smoking. After establishing an analytical framework within which statewide ETS legislation coheres, and a typology of statewide smoking bans, this Article examines a disturbing trend in statewide ETS legislation: the increasing use of statewide ballot initiatives. After examining the shortcomings of direct legislation in the context of ETS legislation, this Article proposes a balancing test for remedial use by legislators, and demonstrates its application to an exemption area on which states divide: the tobacco lounge. *B.A., History, Colgate University. J.D. Candidate, Yale Law School. I am grateful to Theodore Ruger for encouragement and advice. I am indebted to Nick Pedersen for his assistance in compiling the survey of laws in Part I and Appendix A. Any errors and omissions are entirely my own.
Cysteine 288: an essential hyperreactive thiol of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP).

Abstract Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from the cytosol of rat liver has 13 cysteines, at least one of which is known to be very reactive and essential for catalytic activity (Carlson, G. M., Colombo, G., and Lardy, H. A. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 5329-5338). In order to identify the essential cysteine, this enzyme was modified with the fluorescent sulfhydryl reagent N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-3-coumarinyl)maleimide. Incubation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase with a 10% molar excess of this maleimide at 0 degrees C results in the rapid and nearly complete loss of catalytic activity. Under these conditions, 1 mol of the maleimide is incorporated per mol inactivated enzyme. The substrate GDP provides almost complete protection against inactivation and modification, while phosphoenolpyruvate protects against the rate, but not the extent, of modification. The pH dependence of the rate of enzyme inactivation suggests that the modified residue has a pK alpha of approximately 7.0. Purification and sequencing of the labeled peptide identifies the hyperreactive essential cysteine as Cys-288. This cysteine lies between two putative phosphoryl-binding domains and within a hydrophobic sequence.
Epidemiological Thinking in Mental Retardation: Issues in Taxonomy and Population Frequency

Publisher Summary Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health, disease, and disorder in human populations. It relies upon statistical methods. However, setting the objectives of study, deciding the methodology, interpreting the results, and drawing meaningful conclusions require knowledge of human, clinical, and pathological sciences concerned with individual experience and behavior and of demographic, cultural, organizational, economic, and environmental sciences. Epidemiological methods enable measuring and comparing the dimensions and characteristics of health-related phenomena in human communities. It also helps validate taxonomies, discriminate diagnostic or other categories, search for causes, and evaluate treatments and services. All require careful design, thorough implementation, accurate data, expert analysis, and creative interpretation. Above all, epidemiological research is dependent upon agreed, standardized categories, precise and consistent definitions, and accurate, reproducible measurements.
Project LEARN — Light Exchangeable, Add/Drop Ring Network

WDM networking based on wavelength add/drop multiplexing and/or wavelength routing offers the following benefits: (1) reduced processing load and latency in intermediate nodes by handling through-traffic optically; (2) significant terminal equipment savings as only a sub-set of wavelengths are terminated and/or generated at each node; and (3) optical transparency that allows a variety of traffic formats and rates to be transmitted over the network without modification to node equipment.
Surfzone currents, by D.R. Basco

Discussion d'un art. de Basco paru in Miscellaneous Report, 1982, no 82-7, USAE, Coastal Eng. Res. Center
Comments on: Critical Lagrange multipliers: what we currently know about them, how they spoil our lives, and what we can do about it

The invited discussion paper, Critical Lagrange Multipliers: what we currently know about them, how they spoil our lives, and what we can do about it, written by Izmailov and Solodov is a clear and concise overview of dual stabilization methods for solving problems of the form minimize x∈Rn f (x) subject to h(x) = 0, (1) where the objective function f and constraint function h are assumed to be twicecontinuously differentiable. They focus on the equality constrained problem (1) so that key concepts can be clearly explained, but most of the discussion and many of the results have been extended to problems with inequality constraints. As the title suggests, emphasis is placed on critical Lagrange multipliers and the challenges that they introduce for designing efficient and robust algorithms for solving (1).
Galanin immunoreactivity in human CSF: studies in eating disorders and Alzheimer's disease.

Galanin is a peptide which stimulates feeding behavior in animals and is found within those basal forebrain cholinergic neurons which degenerate in Alzheimer’s disease. Galanin was measured in cerebro
Targeting of follicle stimulating hormone peptide-conjugated dendrimers to ovarian cancer cells

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Current treatment modalities include a combination of surgery and chemotherapy, which often lead to loss of fertility in premenopausal women and a myriad of systemic side effects. To address these issues, we have designed poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers to selectively target the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), which is overexpressed by tumorigenic ovarian cancer cells but not by immature primordial follicles and other non-tumorigenic cells. Fluorescein-labeled generation 5 (G5) PAMAM dendrimers were conjugated with the binding peptide domain of FSH (FSH33) that has a high affinity to FSHR. The targeted dendrimers exhibited high receptor selectivity to FSHR-expressing OVCAR-3 cells, resulting in significant uptake and downregulation of an anti-apoptotic protein survivin, while showing minimal interactions with SKOV-3 cells that do not express FSHR. The selectivity of the FSH33-targeted dendrimers was further validated in 3D organ cultures of normal mouse ovaries. Immunostaining of the conjugates revealed their selective binding and uptake by ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) cells that express FSHR, while sparing the immature primordial follicles. In addition, an in vivo study monitoring tissue accumulation following a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the conjugates showed significantly higher accumulation of FSH33-targeted dendrimers in the ovary and oviduct compared to the non-targeted conjugates. These proof-of-concept findings highlight the potential of these FSH33-targeted dendrimers to serve as a delivery platform for anti-ovarian cancer drugs, while reducing their systemic side effects by preventing nonspecific uptake by the primordial follicles.
The Structure of Molecules

WITHIN the past few months there have appeared several papers on band spectra containing results of great theoretical significance. Taken in connexion with the data given in my letter to NATURE of February 13, p. 229, on the energy levels of the carbon monoxide molecule, they appear to indicate a comprehensive analogy between the electronic energy levels of molecules and of atoms. The additional evidence furnished by the rotation and vibration of molecules then makes possible conclusions as to the actual paths of the valence electrons in molecules, and these results may in turn be used as evidence as to the structure of atoms.
Synthesis and properties of several isomers of the cardioactive steroid ouabain

The ouabain isomers 1, 6, 20, 21, and 22 have been synthesized and shown to be readily separable by HPLC, which indicates that they do not correspond to a putative endogenous ouabain-like cardioregulator. 11-epi-Ouabain (1) is of interest as a safer alternative to ouabain.
Symmetry, broken symmetry, and restored symmetry of apparent pure ventricular parasystole

Abstract Previous reports dealing with the dynamics of “pure” parasystole using mathematic and electronic (pacing-induced) models, respectively, showed that a number of predictions emerged naturally from mathematic analysis. 1,2 Therefore, it appeared of interest to determine whether they would also apply to a series of patients with clinical (apparently) “pure” ventricular parasystole who were monitored for relatively long periods of time. In contrast to previous studies, Glass et al 1 had the ingenious idea of analyzing the number of sinus beats interposed between 2 consecutive manifest parasytolic beats. They observed that, with the rates being practically constant, a detailed mathematic description could be made using 2 parameters: the ratio of ectopic cycle length to sinus cycle length and the ratio of ventricular refractory period to sinus cycle length. From a correlation of these parameters 3 basic rules emerged: (1) There are at most 3 different values for the number of sinus beats in between parasystolic beats. (2) Only 1 of these values is odd. (3) The sum of the 2 lesser values is 1 less than the larger value.
The role of the habenula in drug addiction.

Interest in the habenula has greatly increased in recent years. The habenula is a small brain structure located posterior to the thalamus and adjacent to the third ventricle. Despite its small size, the habenula can be divided into medial (MHb) and lateral (LHb) nuclei that are anatomically and transcriptionally distinct. The habenula receives inputs from the limbic system and basal ganglia primarily via the stria medullaris. The fasciculus retroflexus is the primary habenular output from the habenula to the midbrain and governs release of glutamate onto gabaergic cells in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) and onto the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). The resulting GABA released from RMTg neurons inactivates dopaminergic cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)/substantia nigra compacta (SNc). Through this process, the habenula controls dopamine levels in the striatum. Thus, the habenula plays a critical role in reward and reward-associated learning. The LHb also modulates serotonin levels and norepinephrine release, while the MHb modulates acetylcholine. The habenula is a critical crossroad that influences the brain’s response to pain, stress, anxiety, sleep, and reward. Dysfunction of the habenula has been linked to depression, schizophrenia, and the effects of drugs of abuse. This review focuses on the possible relationships between the habenula and drug abuse.
Magnetic resonance images in a case of «divergence paralysis»

The clinical syndrome of divergence paralysis has been described since the mid 19th century. Speculation still surrounds the possible existence of an anatomical center for divergence function. Our report explores this possibility and describes the magnetic resonance images of a patient with a unilateral 6th nerve palsy who later developed the clinical picture of divergence paralysis.