cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflow Generation Technique for Large Eddy Simulation using Equilibrium Similarity Analysis

When using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) on domains that are non-periodic in the streamwise direction, the inflow condition for velocity is specified by using a RANS solution for the mean quantities at the inflow. But as LES resolves large eddies, the solved velocity is instantaneous, thus the mean velocity imposed at the inflow boundary condition needs to be completed by also specifying the fluctuations. The solution can be rescaled from an internal downstream position using self-similarity of the turbulent boundary layer flows. The downstream position is chosen such that the fluctuations between this recycling position and the inflow are decorrelated. In this work, the scaling for the fluctuations are derived using the equilibrium similarity analysis based on the theory by George and Castillo (1997). Two large eddy simulations of turbulent flat plate boundary layers at zero pressure gradient are performed. In the first one, the scaling used is based on the classical theory of turbulent boundary layers. In the second the proposed scaling is used. Their solutions are compared to experimental data for zero pressure gradient of turbulent flat plate boundary layer. Both LES solutions give good agreement with experimental data and the equilibrium similarity analysis theory.
Production of phlebotomine sandflies on the open forest floor in Panama: the species complement

Breeding populations of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) on the floor of a rain forest in Panama were studied with soil emergence traps. The species Lutzomyia trapidoi (Fairchild and Hertig) was predominant. L. panamensis (Shannon), L. gomezi (Nitzulescu), L. pessoana (Barretto), L. rorotaensis (Floch and Abonnenc), and L. insolita (Fairchild and Hertig) were regularly collected. The overall mean emergence rate was estimated at 24 sandflies/100 m2 of forest soil per day. Data are given on the sex ratios, local and seasonal effects, and associated animal taxa. The ecology and medical importance of the species complement of the forest floor habitat and the implications of the study with regard to sand fly control are discussed. It was concluded that the availability of vector sandflies is probably not the primary limiting factor in the distribution of leishmaniasis in forested areas of Panama.
Observation of curative effects of integrated Chinese and western medicines in the treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion

Objective To observe the curative effects of zishen yutai pill combined with dydrogesterone and vitamin E in the treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Methods A total of 123 patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion who were admitted to our hospital from January 2011 to December 2013 were selected as research subjects. They were randomly assigned to a control group of 60 patients and a treatment group of 63 patients. Patients in the control group were not given any medication before pregnancy and were given dydrogesterone and vitamin E after pregnancy for miscarriage prevention; patients in the treatment group were given medication before pregnancy: patients were given zishen yutai pill from the end of monthly menstruation to the beginning of the next menstruation continuously for 3 months.They were continuously given zishen yutai pill, dydrogesterone and vitamin E after pregnancy for miscarriage prevention; difference of successful rate of the treatment between the two groups were compared. Results The rates of vaginal bleeding, lumbar pain, abdominal pain, or bulge during pregnancy of treatment group were significantly lower than those of control group, the differences were significant(P0.05).The successful rate in the treatment group was 92.06%,and the successful rate in the control group was 66.67%. The two groups were compared, and the successful rate in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The difference was statistically significant(P0.05). Conclusion Zishen yutai pill combined with dydrogesterone and vitamin E in the treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion is safe and highly successful, which is worthy of clinical promotion.
Detection of growth of the corpus callosum in premature infants

Objective:To evaluate the effect of preterm birth on growth of corpus callosum with cranial ultrasound.Methods:Fifty infants whose gestational ages were less than 34 weeks were enrolled.The 50 healthy mature infants were detected as a compared group.From 0 to 6 weeks of postnatal age and at term equivalent,the cranial ultrasound was performed.The length of corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis were measured.The CDCC examinations were performed at 6 months of corrected age.Results:There were significant difference of the mean length of corpus callosum at birth between the premature and term infants.A decreased growth rate of the corpus callosum was observed in premature infants group from 2 to 6 weeks.Vermis length correlated strongly with corpus callosum length. Fourteen infants showed abnormal neuromotor development and 36 had normal neuromotor function at 6 months of corrected age.A growth rate of the corpus callosum,from 2 to 6 weeks and after 6 weeks to at term equivalent in the abnormal nervimotion group,was lower than in the normal nervimotion group.Conclusion:The effect of preterm birth on growth of corpus callosum is detectable by 6 weeks after delivery in preterm infants whose gestational ages were less than 34 weeks, and a neuromotor delay may be associated with the decreased growth rate of the corpus callosum between 2 to 6weeks of life in premature infants.
What makes risk acceptable? Revisiting the 1978 psychological dimensions of perceptions of technological risks

Abstract The complex nature of perceived risk and the influence of perceived risks and benefits on risk acceptability or risk taking have been analyzed in multiple ways. R. Duncan Luce made important contributions to both normative and descriptive models of quantitative definitions of risk and risk acceptability, concentrating on the effects of possible outcomes and their probability. Fischhoff, Slovic, and Lichtenstein, in contrast, assessed a set of qualitative and affective dimensions of perceived technological and social risk and analyzed their effects on perceived risk and risk acceptability. The current research presents a minimally modified replication of their 1978 study, eliciting risk perceptions from a diverse group of US residents. After almost 40 years, we find a pattern of rank-ordered risk perceptions that remains practically unchanged, and is still explained by two factors: dread and uncertainty. We find, however, that today dread risk shows a greater influence than it did in the original study, and now reflects stronger contributions of the voluntary and uncontrollable risk characteristics. We end by reflecting on the mutual impact of different types of risk research and point out promising future research directions.
An Expanded Palette of Xenon-129 NMR Biosensors

ConspectusMolecular imaging holds considerable promise for elucidating biological processes in normal physiology as well as disease states, by determining the location and relative concentration of specific molecules of interest. Proton-based magnetic resonance imaging (1H MRI) is nonionizing and provides good spatial resolution for clinical imaging but lacks sensitivity for imaging low-abundance (i.e., submicromolar) molecular markers of disease or environments with low proton densities. To address these limitations, hyperpolarized (hp) 129Xe NMR spectroscopy and MRI have emerged as attractive complementary methodologies. Hyperpolarized xenon is nontoxic and can be readily delivered to patients via inhalation or injection, and improved xenon hyperpolarization technology makes it feasible to image the lungs and brain for clinical applications.In order to target hp 129Xe to biomolecular targets of interest, the concept of “xenon biosensing” was first proposed by a Berkeley team in 2001. The development of ...
A hardware-in-the-loop simulator for safety training in robotic surgery

This paper presents a simulation-based safety training simulator for robot assisted surgery. While adverse events occur rarely during training, they could be fatal to the patients if they happen during real surgical procedures and are not handled properly by the surgical team. In this work we propose a hardware-in-the-loop robotic surgery simulator with high fidelity of the robot motion in a simulated environment, which is capable of reproducing adverse events during surgery. The proposed simulator is built upon the Raven-II open source surgical robot, integrated with a simulated surgeon console and a safety hazard injection engine, which automatically injects faults into modules of the robot control software. We simulate representative safety hazards seen in the adverse events, related to da Vinci™ robot, reported to the FDA MAUDE database. A novel haptic feedback strategy is provided to the operator when the underlying dynamics differ from the real robot states.
Quantifying the Sexual Afterglow: The Lingering Benefits of Sex and Their Implications for Pair-Bonded Relationships:

Sex presumably facilitates pair bonding, but how do partners remain pair-bonded between sexual acts? Evolutionary perspectives suggest that sexual afterglow serves this purpose. We explored how long sexual satisfaction would remain elevated following sex and predicted that stronger sexual afterglow would characterize more satisfying partnerships. We pooled the data from two independent, longitudinal studies of newlywed couples to examine these issues. Spouses reported their daily sexual activity and sexual satisfaction for 14 days and their marital satisfaction at baseline and 4 or 6 months later. Results demonstrated that sexual satisfaction remained elevated approximately 48 hr after sex, and spouses experiencing a stronger afterglow reported higher levels of marital satisfaction both at baseline and over time. We interpret these findings as evidence that sexual afterglow is a proximal cognitive mechanism through which sex promotes pair bonding.
Food safety recall effects across meat products and regions

Food safety is one of the key issues for the international meat market. As a major meat exporter, few things facing the U.S. meat industry in recent years have garnered more attention than food safety events and policies. The impacts of Food Safety Inspection Services (FSIS) recalls on United States consumer meat demand are estimated using monthly grocery-scanner data identifying effects across products, geographic regions, and recall type. Results suggest beef E. coli recalls significantly reduce the demand for recalled ground beef contemporaneously among most, but not all, regions in the United States. Evidence of heterogeneity in demand impacts across regions and products is provided for the first time. Domestic and international implications for policy makers, industry leaders, and researchers are discussed.
Seasonal impact of regional outdoor biomass burning on air pollution in three Indian cities: Delhi, Bengaluru, and Pune

Abstract Air pollution in many of India's cities exceeds national and international standards, and effective pollution control strategies require knowledge of the sources that contribute to air pollution and their spatiotemporal variability. In this study, we examine the influence of a single pollution source, outdoor biomass burning, on particulate matter (PM) concentrations, surface visibility, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from 2007 to 2013 in three of the most populous Indian cities. We define the upwind regions, or “airsheds,” for the cities by using atmospheric back trajectories from the HYSPLIT model. Using satellite fire radiative power (FRP) observations as a measure of fire activity, we target pre-monsoon and post-monsoon fires upwind of the Delhi National Capital Region and pre-monsoon fires surrounding Bengaluru and Pune. We find varying contributions of outdoor fires to different air quality metrics. For the post-monsoon burning season, we find that a subset of local meteorological variables (air temperature, humidity, sea level pressure, wind speed and direction) and FRP as the only pollution source explained 39% of variance in Delhi station PM10 anomalies, 77% in visibility, and 30% in satellite AOD; additionally, per unit increase in FRP within the daily airshed (1000 MW), PM10 increases by 16.34 μg m−3, visibility decreases by 0.155 km, and satellite AOD increases by 0.07. In contrast, for the pre-monsoon burning season, we find less significant contributions from FRP to air quality in all three cities. Further, we attribute 99% of FRP from post-monsoon outdoor fires within Delhi's average airshed to agricultural burning. Our work suggests that although outdoor fires are not the dominant air pollution source in India throughout the year, post-monsoon fires contribute substantially to regional air pollution and high levels of population exposure around Delhi. During 3-day blocks of extreme PM2.5 in the 2013 post-monsoon burning season, which coincided with statistically significant high fire activity, concentrations in Delhi averaged 304 μg m−3, or more than 1000% above the 24-h PM2.5 guideline (25 μg m−3) of the World Health Organization. These results suggest that providing viable alternatives to agricultural residue burning could help improve post-monsoon air quality for a growing population of 63 million (39% in urban areas) within Delhi's airshed.
Increasing drought and diminishing benefits of elevated carbon dioxide for soybean yields across the US Midwest

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2 ]) are expected to increase C3 crop yield through the CO2 fertilization effect (CFE) by stimulating photosynthesis and by reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration. The latter effect is widely believed to lead to greater benefits in dry rather than wet conditions, although some recent experimental evidence challenges this view. Here we used a process-based crop model, the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM), to quantify the contemporary and future CFE on soybean in one of its primary production area of the US Midwest. APSIM accurately reproduced experimental data from the Soybean Free-Air CO2 Enrichment site showing that the CFE declined with increasing drought stress. This resulted from greater radiation use efficiency (RUE) and above-ground biomass production at elevated [CO2 ] that outpaced gains in transpiration efficiency (TE). Using an ensemble of eight climate model projections, we found that drought frequency in the US Midwest is projected to increase from once every 5 years currently to once every other year by 2050. In addition to directly driving yield loss, greater drought also significantly limited the benefit from rising [CO2 ]. This study provides a link between localized experiments and regional-scale modeling to highlight that increased drought frequency and severity pose a formidable challenge to maintaining soybean yield progress that is not offset by rising [CO2 ] as previously anticipated. Evaluating the relative sensitivity of RUE and TE to elevated [CO2 ] will be an important target for future modeling and experimental studies of climate change impacts and adaptation in C3 crops.
The comparative effects of cumulative and unitary SAFMEDS terms in an introductory undergraduate behavior analysis course

Research in precision teaching (PT) and verbal behavior has implications for undergraduate instruction, but effects of PT for under-graduate coursework are not yet fully understood. The authors exa...
TERRAIN EFFECTS ON WIND FLUCTUATIONS

The relative intensity of turbulence has been measured over complex terrain near State College, PA. The results show that the roughness length alone accounts for the effect of terrain on fluctuations of vertical velocity. On the other hand, also terrain features on a larger scale increase fluctuation of the horizontal wind components.
Continuous Sampling Plans Based on Cumulative Sums

A procedure is presented for the acceptance sampling of continuously produced product where the response taken from the product is a variable measurement following a normal distribution with unknown mean and variance. The procedure, which is of the type originally proposed by Beattie, is amenable to destructive testing. It involves essentially a cumulative sum chart with acceptance and rejection zones. Procedures are given for various levels of discrimination between two qualities. The numerical techniques used to obtain them are described.
Evaluating mixture rules and combustion implications for multi-component pressure dependence of allyl + HO2 reactions

Abstract Many of the reactions important to combustion proceed through rovibrationally excited complexes, whose evolution depends on energy-transferring collisions with molecules in the surrounding mixture—yielding a strong dependence of rate constants on pressure and collisional energy transfer characteristics of the mixture. In nearly all realistic combustion environments, a substantial fraction of multiple species of distinct collisional energy transfer characteristics are present—thus requiring a “mixture rule” to interpolate kinetic data from individual single-component bath gases. While mixture effects for reactions proceeding through a single potential well to a single channel have been extensively investigated, mixture effects and mixture rules for multi-well and/or multi-channel reactions are significantly less characterized. The present study presents an investigation of the mixture effects, suitability of mixture rules for representing them, and their impacts on combustion predictions for the allyl + HO2 reaction system. The performance of different mixture rules for representing multi-component pressure dependence of rate constants for allyl + HO2 was evaluated through comparisons against master equation calculations for the mixture. The comparisons revealed that the classic linear mixture rule (LMR,P) yields deviations reaching a factor of two for typical combustion mixtures, whereas newly proposed mixture rules based on reduced pressure exhibit lower deviations of generally less ∼ 3%. Simulations of shock tube ignition delay times and jet-stirred reactor species profiles for C3H6 combustion suggest that mixture effects for allyl + HO2 on combustion predictions can be significant and may serve as a plausible explanation of the rate parameter adjustments employed in modeling studies to reproduce combustion measurements. Newly proposed mixture rules based on the reduced pressure are shown to accurately capture these mixture effects within combustion simulations.
Enabling High Performance Data Transfer on Cluster Architecture.

In this article, we present some results on the communication performance of TCP/IP in a cluster of Pentium based workstations connected by a Gigabit Ethernet network. The experiments were performed in order to identify the bottlenecks in the communication protocol stack. We outline our performance measurements and suggest means to improve the overall performance of TCP/IP. Finally, we present the performance of VIA as an alternative for high-speed communication.
On Continuous Extenders

Publisher Summary The Tietze extension theorem guarantees that if A is a closed subset of a normal space X, then eyery real-valued continuous function f on A can be extended to a continuous real-valued function f on X. Many topologists and analysts studied situations in which the extension process from f to f could be carried out in a natural way. Their early results concerning real-valued functions may be summarized in the Dugundji extension theorem for metric spaces. Borges generalized that theorem to the class of stratifiable spaces. The only other large class for which some version of the Dugundji extension theorem is known is the class of generalized ordered spaces, that is, the class of spaces that can be embedded in linearly ordered spaces with the usual open-interval topology. This chapter presents different characterization. The best known pathological members of this class are the Sorgenfrey line [S] and the Michael line [M-J]. It is somewhat surprising that in order to prove a Dugundji extension theorem for such spaces, one may consider only bounded functions.
The Biology and Pathobiology of Tau Protein

The cytoskeleton-associated protein tau has a remarkably varied repertory of cellular functions in neurons in both health and disease. Although tau is classically thought of as a neuronal phosphoprotein that stabilizes axonal microtubules (MTs), it interacts with diverse signaling pathways via proteins in the cortical cytoskeleton as well and plays important roles in several aspects of axonal development and function. Abnormalities in non-MT-associated functions of tau are increasingly thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease in humans, which is the focus of this monograph. I will first summarize normal tau interactions with other proteins and cellular functions as we currently understand them in the context of tau structure and expression patterns and discuss how these are altered in the context of neurodegenerative disease at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. Particular attention is given to recent studies of the cellular and intercellular aspects of tau misprocessing and their implications for the pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative disease.
The Academic–Practitioner Gap … Is It as Vast as It Sounds?: A Creative Perspective

While academics bemoan the academic–practitioner gap, there is still little research into this topic despite the conversation that has been ongoing for more than 30 years. Advertising creatives (i....
Is Worse Attention a Risk Factor for or a Consequence of Depression, or Are Worse Attention and Depression Better Accounted for by Stress? A Prospective Test of Three Hypotheses.

It is unclear whether impaired cognition is a risk factor for depression or a consequence of depression, or whether both depression and impaired cognition are caused by a third underlying process (...
Phase field modeling for grain growth in porous solids

Concurrent evolution of grain size and porosity in solids is a technically important problem involving curvature-driven motion of grain boundaries and the pore motion by surface diffusion. A phase field approach comprising a system of Cahn–Hilliard and Allen–Cahn equations has been developed recently to tackle this problem. Through a formal asymptotic analysis, the current work demonstrates that the phase field model recovers the corresponding sharp-interface dynamics of the co-evolution of grain boundaries and pores; this analysis also fixes the model kinetic parameters in terms of real materials properties. As a case study, the model was used to investigate the effect of porosity on the kinetics of grain growth in CeO2 in 3D. It is shown that the model captures the phenomenon of pore breakaway often observed in experiments. Pores on three- and four-grain junctions were found to move along with the migrating boundary, while edge pores (on the boundary between two grains) were found to easily separate from the boundary. The simulations showed that pore breakaway leads to abnormal grain growth. The simulations also showed that grain growth kinetics in CeO2 changes from boundary controlled to pore controlled as the amount of porosity increases. The kinetic growth parameters such as the growth exponent and the rate constant (or equivalently the activation energy) were found to depend strongly on the precise amount and distribution of porosity, which reconciles the different experimental results reported for grain growth in CeO2.
Targeted mutational analysis of inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancers.

Summary Inflammatory bowel disease–associated colorectal carcinomas (IBD-CRCs) develop in a background of chronic inflammation, and thus, the molecular landscape of these tumors likely differs from that of sporadic colorectal cancer. To add to emerging data on molecular alterations present in these tumors, we analyzed our institution's cohort of IBD-CRCs. CRCs resected from patients with IBD underwent molecular analysis via a 50-gene hot-spot solid tumor panel (OncoScreen ST2.0). In-house sporadic CRCs and The Cancer Genome Atlas project data were used for comparison. Fifty-five IBD-CRCs from 48 patients were successfully analyzed. Mutations in TP53 were most common and were present in 69% of IBD-CRCs; a similar percentage of TP53 mutations was detected in sporadic colorectal carcinomas (70%). APC and KRAS mutations were significantly less common in IBD-CRCs than in sporadic CRCs (15% versus 53%, P
An Analysis of Multirules for Monitoring Assay Quality Control.

Background Multirules are often employed to monitor quality control (QC). The performance of multirules is usually determined by simulation and is difficult to predict. Previous studies have not provided computer code that would enable one to experiment with multirules. It would be helpful for analysts to have computer code to analyze rule performance. Objective To provide code to calculate power curves and to investigate certain properties of multirule QC. Methods We developed computer code in the R language to simulate multirule performance. Using simulation, we studied the incremental performance of each rule and determined the average run length and time to signal. Results We provide R code for simulating multirule performance. We also provide a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet with a tabulation of results that can be used to create power curves. We found that the R4S and 10x rules add very little power to a multirule set designed to detect shifts in the mean. Conclusion QC analysts should consider using a limited-rule set.
Open science and modified funding lotteries can impede the natural selection of bad science

Assessing scientists using exploitable metrics can lead to the degradation of research methods even without any strategic behaviour on the part of individuals, via 'the natural selection of bad science.' Institutional incentives to maximize metrics like publication quantity and impact drive this dynamic. Removing these incentives is necessary, but institutional change is slow. However, recent developments suggest possible solutions with more rapid onsets. These include what we call open science improvements, which can reduce publication bias and improve the efficacy of peer review. In addition, there have been increasing calls for funders to move away from prestige- or innovation-based approaches in favour of lotteries. We investigated whether such changes are likely to improve the reproducibility of science even in the presence of persistent incentives for publication quantity through computational modelling. We found that modified lotteries, which allocate funding randomly among proposals that pass a threshold for methodological rigour, effectively reduce the rate of false discoveries, particularly when paired with open science improvements that increase the publication of negative results and improve the quality of peer review. In the absence of funding that targets rigour, open science improvements can still reduce false discoveries in the published literature but are less likely to improve the overall culture of research practices that underlie those publications.
Civility and Structural Precarity for Faculty of Color in LIS

Previous studies have established particular patterns of inequity, micro, and macro-aggressions that affect faculty of color at U.S. universities. This article provides an autoethnographic perspect...
When should FAIR begin?: applying FAIR during data creation

Scientific data repositories exist to provide access to research data as well as to promote their reuse. Research data communities currently recognize the FAIR Data Principles [1] as the standard for supporting the aforementioned goals. FAIR consists of fifteen principles which are meant to assist in making the contents of a repository Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable [1]. While the FAIR guidelines are only a set of recommendations, open both to critique and possible improvements [2], they represent an important first step towards addressing the issues of accessibility and reuse of data in digital repositories. The topic of this poster is whether the FAIR guidelines could or should be applied to other data stores than bone fide digital repositories? Particularly, we explore whether there is value in considering the FAIR guidelines at the initial point of data creation, in addition to the end points of data curation and preservation.
Early Operative Treatment of Acetabular Fractures Does Not Increase Blood Loss: A Retrospective Review.

Objectives To compare cell salvage (CS) volume, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative blood transfusions, and operative time for acetabular fractures undergoing early (≤48 hours from admission) versus delayed fixation (>48 hours from admission). Design Retrospective. Setting Level one trauma center. Patients One hundred thirty-one patients with unilateral acetabular fractures involving at least one column. Intervention Open reduction and internal fixation performed through the anterior intrapelvic approach or posterior approach. Main outcome measurements CS volume, estimated blood loss (EBL), intravenous fluids (IVFs), intraoperative packed red blood cells (PRBCs), and operative time. Results Early versus delayed fixation through the posterior approach was associated with shorter operative times and less intraoperative PRBCs (140 vs. 301 mL, MD -161 mL, 95% confidence interval -25 to -296 mL) with no differences in CS, EBL, or IVF. Early versus delayed fixation through an anterior intrapelvic approach was more common in less severe fracture patterns with no differences in PRBCs, CS, EBL, or IVF. CS, through either approach, was successful in returning blood to 77% of patients for an average of 267 ± 168 mL (range, 105-900 mL). Conclusions Fixation of acetabular fractures within 48 hours of admission did not increase blood loss or intraoperative transfusions. CS was successful in returning an average of one unit of blood to a majority of patients. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Cognitive impairment severity in relation to signs of subclinical Wernicke's encephalopathy in HIV and alcoholism comorbidity.

Objectives The comorbidity of HIV infection and alcoholism (ALC) is prevalent. Wernicke's encephalopathy, a neurological disorder resulting from thiamine depletion, has been generally associated with alcoholism but has also been reported in HIV infection. This study examined whether subclinical Wernicke's encephalopathy signs could contribute to the heterogeneity of cognitive and motor deficits observed in individuals with both disease conditions (HIV+ALC). Design Sixty-one HIV+ALC individuals and 59 controls were assessed on attention and working memory, production, immediate and delayed episodic memory, visuospatial abilities, and upper limb motor function. Methods Using Caine criteria (dietary deficiency, oculomotor abnormality, cerebellar dysfunction, and altered mental state), HIV+ALC individuals were classified by subclinical Wernicke's encephalopathy risk factors. Results Signs of subclinical Wernicke's encephalopathy were present in 20% of the HIV+ALC participants. For attention/working memory, delayed memory, and upper limb motor function, HIV+ALC Caine 2+ (i.e. meeting two or three criteria) demonstrated the most severe deficits, scoring lower than HIV+ALC Caine 1 (i.e. meeting one criterion), HIV+ALC Caine 0 (i.e. meeting no criteria), and controls. Conclusion The high prevalence of subclinical signs of Wernicke's encephalopathy and relevance to performance indicate that this condition should be considered in assessment of HIV-infected individuals, especially when alcoholism comorbidity is known or suspected. Above and beyond clinical factors, such as depression, alcoholism and HIV disease-related variables, AIDS, hepatitis C and drug history known to mediate neuropsychological performance, subclinical Wernicke's encephalopathy signs could partly explain the heterogeneity in patterns and severity of cognitive and motor impairments in HIV-infected individuals with alcoholism comorbidity.
Patterns of Smooth Brome, Kentucky Bluegrass, and Shrub Invasion in the Northern Great Plains Vary with Temperature and Precipitation

Biological diversity and ecological integrity in native prairies of the northern Great Plains are substantially modified from pre-Euro-American settlement. About 90,000 ha of native mixed-grass and tallgrass prairie are managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) in North Dakota, South Dakota, and northeastern Montana. We used belt transects to classify floristic composition of all Service-owned prairies in the Dakotas and northeastern Montana. Prairies were significantly degraded, mainly by invasion of introduced grass and forb species and by native shrubs. In general, floristic integrity of Service-managed prairies was most compromised by smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). The degradation was, in part, an unintended outcome of long-term management by the Service. The degree of degradation varied spatially across the broad geographic area defined by our study and was invader-specific, corresponding to geographic patterns in precipitation and temperature. Within the study area, floristic quality was relatively high on prairies toward the north and west, where plant growth sites generally were cooler and drier, based on long-term averages. In contrast, growth sites to the south and east generally were warmer, moister, and characterized by lower floristic quality, primarily because they were substantially invaded by smooth brome. Kentucky bluegrass was the most widespread invader of Service-owned prairies, with less frequent occurrence only in prairies dominated by smooth brome, especially in South Dakota or by native grass–forbs, especially in northwestern North Dakota and northeastern Montana. Improved knowledge of geographic and climate-related patterns of plant invasion enhances decision making for protecting northern mixed-grass and tallgrass prairies by focusing restoration efforts where probability of success is greater.
Ligation-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection for esophageal granular cell tumors is safe and effective.

Given their malignant potential, resection of esophageal granular cell tumors (GCTs) is often undertaken, yet the optimal technique is unknown. We present a large series of dedicated endoscopic resection using band ligation (EMR-B) of esophageal GCTs. Patients diagnosed with esophageal GCTs between 2002 and 2019 were identified using a prospectively collected pathology database. Endoscopic reports were reviewed, and patients who underwent dedicated EMR-B of esophageal GCTs were included. Medical records were queried for demographics, findings, adverse events, and follow-up. We identified 21 patients who underwent dedicated EMR-B for previously identified esophageal GCT. Median age was 39 years; 16 (76%) were female. Eight (38%) had preceding signs or symptoms, potentially attributable to the GCT. Upon endoscopic evaluation, 12 (57%) were found in the distal esophagus. Endoscopic ultrasound was used in 15 cases (71%). Median lesion size was 7 mm, interquartile range 4 mm-8 mm. The largest lesion was 12 mm. A total of 20 (95%) had en bloc resection confirmed with pathologic examination. The only patient with tumor extending to the resection margin underwent surveillance endoscopy that showed no residual tumor. No patients experienced bleeding, perforation, or stricturing in our series. No patients have had known recurrence of their esophageal GCT. EMR-B of esophageal GCT achieves complete histopathologic resection with minimal adverse events. EMR-B is safe and effective and seems prudent compared with observation for what could be an aggressive and malignant tumor. EMR-B should be considered first-line therapy when resecting esophageal GCT up to 12 mm in diameter.
A Survey Based Study on Maintenance of Certification Programs during Grand Rounds at UT Southwestern Medical Center

Background: Maintenance of Certification (MOC) is a recertification program required by the American Board of Dermatology (ABD). The program was created because continuing medical education (CME) was viewed as inadequate in keeping physicians’ knowledge up to date. In July 2016, UTSW incorporated MOC content into Grand Rounds. Objective: To identify whether dermatologists at UTSW find MOC Grand Rounds to be useful and whether this process could be utilized in other institutions. Methods: A five question survey was piloted by a few dermatologists at UTSW. The survey was emailed to dermatologists who attended the MOC Grand Rounds. Three questions were scored on a scale of 1-6 (1= strongly disagree, 2=moderately disagree, 3= neutral, 4= mildly agree, 5= moderately agree, 6=strongly agree) with 2 free response questions. Results: 13/20 dermatologists responded to the survey (65% response rate). 11/13 dermatologists (84.6%) reported that MOC at Grand Rounds is valuable to them. 11/13 dermatologists (84.6%) reported that other dermatology programs should incorporate this method of obtaining MOC credit. 9/13 dermatologists (69.2%) reported audience response sessions improve the Grand Rounds experience. Conclusion: Dermatologists found the MOC content to be useful when incorporated into Grand Rounds.
More accurate parameterization of positron implantation depth profiles for the sensitivity range of positron-based characterization techniques

Techniques that employ positron annihilation spectroscopy are powerful tools to investigate defect structures and concentrations in materials. A hindrance to experimental design and the interpretation of results lies in the lack of agreement in the literature concerning the proper form of the positron implantation profile, a function that determines the sensitivity range for all non-slow positron annihilation spectroscopy techniques. Employing the dominant 22 Na isotopic source, a positron implantation profile database of 270 common materials is published. The parameters for a novel implantation profile functional form providing superior agreement with simulation are derived. Finally, and most critically, an algorithm is presented and validated, which permits utilization of the published elemental implantation profile parameters to produce the positron implantation profile for any material of interest. This tool provides rapid calculation of the sensitivity range for all positron annihilation techniques, enabling more informed experimental design and more accurate knowledge of the spatial distribution of defects in materials.
Land Use and Land Cover Affect the Depth Distribution of Soil Carbon: Insights From a Large Database of Soil Profiles

Author(s): Sulman, BN; Harden, J; He, Y; Treat, C; Koven, C; Mishra, U; O’Donnell, JA; Nave, LE | Abstract: Soils contain a large and dynamic fraction of global terrestrial carbon stocks. The distribution of soil carbon (SC) with depth varies among ecosystems and land uses and is an important factor in calculating SC stocks and their vulnerabilities. Systematic analysis of SC depth distributions across databases of SC profiles has been challenging due to the heterogeneity of soil profile measurements, which vary in depth sampling. Here, we fit over 40,000 SC depth profiles to an exponential decline relationship with depth to determine SC concentration at the top of the mineral soil, minimum SC concentration at depth, and the characteristic “length” of SC concentration decline with depth. Fitting these parameters allowed profile characteristics to be analyzed across a large and heterogeneous dataset. We then assessed the differences in these depth parameters across soil orders and land cover types and between soil profiles with or without a history of tillage, as represented by the presence of an Ap horizon. We found that historically tilled soils had more gradual decreases of SC with depth (greater e-folding depth or Z∗), deeper SC profiles, lower SC concentrations at the top of the mineral soil, and lower total SC stocks integrated to 30 cm. The large database of profiles allowed these results to be confirmed across different land cover types and spatial areas within the Continental United States, providing robust evidence for systematic impacts of historical tillage on SC stocks and depth distributions.
Scaffolding Activities Increase Performance and Lower Frustration with Genotype-to-Evolution Models in Molecular Genetics.

Conceptual modeling was introduced in molecular genetics so students could integrate topics and apply molecular reasoning and mechanisms to phenotype, inheritance, and population dynamics. Structure Mechanism Relationship Function (SMRF) models were introduced. SMRF models focus on the function of a specified system using structures/nouns in boxes and processes/relationships/verbs on arrows. This SMRF model formatting enables discussion, feedback, and assessment. Scaffolding activities were introduced to provide students with support for modeling and were intended to decrease or prevent students’ frustration, intimidation, and discouragement during the learning process. Comparing a semester without scaffolding activities to semesters with scaffolding results indicate the following benefits: 1) better performance on modeling on first exam, 2) less student resistance towards modeling, and 3) better use of class time. This article has the training activity for SMRF modeling, scaffolding activities, a grading rubric, and selection of adaptable question prompts to make conceptual modeling more accessible to instructors.
Separate and Unequal: A Sample of Disparities in Five American Unincorporated Territories

Recent natural disasters affecting the five populated unincorporated territories of the U.S. (Puerto Rico; Guam; American Samoa; U.S. Virgin Islands; and Northern Mariana Islands) have shed light o...
Specific heat investigation for line nodes in heavily overdoped Ba1−xKxFe2As2

Previous research has found that the pairing symmetry in the iron-based superconductor Ba1-xKxFe2As2 changes from nodeless s-wave near optimally doped, x≈0.4-0.55 and Tc>30 K, to nodal (either d-wave or s-wave) at the pure endpoint, x=1 and Tc<4 K. Intense theoretical interest has been focused on this possibility of changing pairing symmetry, where in the transition region both order parameters would be present and time reversal symmetry would be broken. Here we report specific heat measurements in zero and applied magnetic fields down to 0.4 K of three individual single crystals, free of low temperature magnetic anomalies, of heavily overdoped Ba1-xKxFe2As2, x= 0.91, 0.88, and 0.81. The values for Tcmid are 5.6, 7.2 and 13 K and for Hc2≈ 4.5, 6, and 20 T respectively. Furthermore, the data can be analyzed in a two gap scenario, Δ2/Δ1 ≈ 4, with the magnetic field dependence of γ (=C/T as T→0) showing an anisotropic ‘S-shaped’ behavior vs H, with the suppression of the lower gap by 1 T and γ ≈ H1/2 overall. Although such a non-linear γ vs H is consistent with deep minima or nodes in the gap structure, it is not clear evidence for one, or both, of the gapsmore » being nodal in these overdoped samples. Thus, following the established theoretical analysis of the specific heat of d-wave cuprate superconductors containing line nodes, we present the specific heat normalized by H1/2 plotted vs T/H1/2 of these heavily overdoped Ba1-xKxFe2As2 samples which – thanks to the absence of magnetic impurities in our sample - convincingly shows the expected scaling for line node behavior for the larger gap for all three compositions. There is however no clear observation of the nodal behavior C ∝ αT2 in zero field at low temperatures, with α ≤ 2 mJ/molK3 being consistent with the data. Together with the scaling, this leaves open the possibility of extreme anisotropy in a nodeless larger gap, Δ2, such that the scaling works for fields above 0.25 – 0.5 T (0.2 – 0.4 K in temperature units), where this an estimate for the size of the deep minima in the Δ2 ~ 20-25 K gap. Furthermore, the location of the change from nodeless→nodal gaps between optimally doped and heavily overdoped Ba1-xKxFe2As2 based on the present work may be closer to the KFe2As2 endpoint than x=0.91.« less
Evaluating the Threat Posed by Fungi on the APHIS List of Regulated Plant Pests

The fungi on the APHIS List of Regulated Plant Pests were recently reviewed providing an accurate scientific name as well as the disease, plant hosts and geographic distribution for each species. The authors remained neutral on which of these fungi pose a threat to U.S. agriculture and forest resources because such an evaluation was beyond the scope of that project. An evaluation of the potential threat of fungi on the APHIS list of regulated plant pests was conducted by the federal interagency Invasive Terrestrial Arthropods and Pathogens (ITAP) Subcommittee on Plant Pathogens. The pathogens are divided into the following groups: 1) dangerous threat to crop plants and forests, 2) threat to plants of horticultural plants or crops/plants of minor economic importance, 3) already established in the U.S., 4) threat to crops not grown in U.S., and 5) not enough known to determine threat. Out of the 51 species listed, 23 of the fungi on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List fall into the first two groups. Attention should be paid to preventing the entry of these fungi. Interestingly, almost 60% of these are rust fungi. In synthesizing the geographic distribution of these fungi, all of these species occur in Asia except the two species of Uromyces on Gladiolus. It would appear that Asia serves as a source for pathogens that threaten U.S. agriculture although many occur elsewhere in the world as well especially in Europe where the fungi are more well-known. Many of these pathogens could enter the U.S. on nursery stock particularly those on horticultural crops. A number of these fungi occur on living forest trees. The cause of Karnal bunt, Tilletia indica, on wheat has a restricted distribution in the United States and Mexico as well as Asia and causes limited lost of quality. The fungal species about which not enough is known to determine if they are a threat should be the subject of research.
Impacts of the Production of Private Labels on Food Retailing and Its Suppliers in Hungary

The aim of this paper was to explore the spreading of Private Label (PL) food products in Hungary. We examined the aspects and strategy of both the suppliers and retailers, with special regard to the opinion of consumers in Hungary. In order to explore the strategy of Hungarian suppliers and retailers regarding PL products, we carried out in-depth interviews with experts of 5 retailers and 24 supplier companies in 2010 and 76 supplier companies in 2014. The research in 2010 concentrated on only PL producers, the research of 2014 examined the whole Hungarian food industry from many aspects, using a representative sample. According to in-depth interviews and statistical data, the Hungarian consumers more and more accept PL products. The third and fourth generations of PL products provide a very favorable price/value ratio, which is very important for the price sensitive Hungarian consumers. The increasing ratio of PL products urges the suppliers to take part in this business. According to the interviewed Hungarian food processors, the most important advantages of production of PL products are capacity utilization, calculable income and the large production volume. The most significant disadvantages are the low profitability, brand “cannibalization” and replacement of products and suppliers.