cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the 89-keV-state--to--ground-state quadrupole-moment ratio in $sup 99$Ru

The ratio of nuclear quadrupole moments of the first excited state with respect to the ground state in $^{99}\mathrm{Ru}$ has been determined from M\"ossbauer effect measurements with single crystal absorbers of ruthenocene. The result, $\frac{{Q}_{1}}{{Q}_{0}}=2.93\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$, when combined with a recent measurement of ${Q}_{0}$, gives the value ${Q}_{1}=0.23\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}_{2}$. An improved value for the $\frac{E2}{M1}$ amplitude mixing ratio $\ensuremath{\delta}=\ensuremath{-}1.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ is determined from magnetic hyperfine spectra obtained with an absorber of ruthenium dissolved in iron. A determination of the angle between the axis of the electric field gradient and each of the three crystal axes of ruthenocene is in good agreement with the crystal structure reported for this compound. The recoil-free fraction was found to vary with respect to orientation of the crystal axes by a factor of greater than 2.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{99}\mathrm{Ru}(\ensuremath{\gamma},\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $E=89.4$ keV; measured M\"ossbauer effect ruthenium iron, single crystal ruthenocene. Deduced $\ensuremath{\delta}$, $\frac{{q}_{1}}{{q}_{0}}$, EFG axis, recoilless fraction anisotropy.
Mixed stereo audio classification using a stereo-input mixed-to-panned level feature

Many past studies have been conducted on speech/music discrimination due to the potential applications for broadcast and other media; however, it remains possible to expand the experimental scope to include samples of speech with varying amounts of background music. This paper focuses on the development and evaluation of two measures of the ratio between speech energy and music energy: a reference measure called speech-to-music ratio (SMR), which is known objectively only prior to mixing, and a feature called the stereo-input mix-to-peripheral level feature (SIMPL), which is computed from the stereo mixed signal as an imprecise estimate of SMR. SIMPL is an objective signal measure calculated by taking advantage of broadcast mixing techniques in which vocals are typically placed at stereo center, unlike most instruments. Conversely, SMR is a hidden variable defined by the relationship between the powers of portions of audio attributed to speech and music. It is shown that SIMPL is predictive of SMR and can be combined with state-of-the-art features in order to improve performance. For evaluation, this new metric is applied in speech/music (binary) classification, speech/music/mixed (trinary) classification, and a new speech-to-music ratio estimation problem. Promising results are achieved, including 93.06% accuracy for trinary classification and 3.86 dB RMSE for estimation of the SMR.
Is the Suicide Rate a Random Walk

The yearly suicide rates for the period 1933-2010 and the daily suicide numbers for 1990 and 1991 were examined for whether the distribution of difference scores (from year to year and from day to day) fitted a normal distribution, a characteristic of stochastic processes that follow a random walk. If the suicide rate were a random walk, then any disturbance to the suicide rate would have a permanent effect and national suicide prevention efforts would likely fail. The distribution of difference scores from day to day (but not the difference scores from year to year) fitted a normal distribution and, therefore, were consistent with a random walk. Language: en
Legal authority for HIV testing of adolescents

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in adolescents has been reported in a number of studies, but little attention has been given to the potential for an epidemic spread among inner city adolescents. Voluntary HIV testing and counseling without parental consent should be available to all adolescents, especially those at high risk of infection. Although physicians may fear legal liability as a consequence of testing and counseling adolescents without parental permission, legal authority to do so exists in most jurisdictions in the United States. The sources for that authority differ from state to state. This article analyzes these sources. Requirements for confidentiality or the disclosure of test results to parents vary from state to state, but in most instances there is no authority to disclose the confidences of a minor patient who has independently consented to his or her own treatment.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HEPATOBILIARY CANCER AND TYPHOID CARRIER STATE

A case-control study of deceased typhoid carriers registered by the New York City Health Department between 1922 and 1975 was carried out to test for an association between the typhoid-carrier state and death due to hepatobiliary cancer. 471 carriers were matched with 942 controls for sex, age at death, year of death, borough in which the carrier died, and where they were born. The results show that chronic typhoid carriers die of hepatobiliary cancer six times more often than the matched controls and that this difference is significant (P less than 0.001) by simple chi2 test and by the Mantel-Haenszel method of chi2 for matched triples. Possible mechanisms for this association are discussed.
Aggregate stability of a silt loam soil as affected by roots of corn, soybeans and wheat

Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of root growth and exudation of 3 crop species on soil aggregation. Two plant populations for each of 3 crops (corn, soybeans, and wheat) were grown in a Fincastle silt loam for 5 time periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 41 days) and compared with fallow controls. Aggregate stability was estimated by the wet‐sieve method on both initially moist and air‐dry samples. Soil water content of initially moist soil samples varied widely among replicates, crops, and sampling dates. Wet‐sieving using initially moist soil showed that samples with higher initial soil water content had greater aggregate stability. Wet‐sieving performed on initially air‐dry soil samples was used for subsequent interpretation because the water content variable was removed. The presence of any crop and its roots in the planted soils versus the fallow controls was associated with increases in aggregate stability. No differences in aggregate stability were found among the dif...
A Relational Approach to Career Counseling: Theoretical Integration and Practical Application

This article reviews the current status of career theory in practice and presents a theoretical overview of relational theory and its logical extension to the career domain. Despite the emergence of literature regarding the interconnectedness of career progress and the quality of relationships in one's life (e.g., D. L. Blustein, 2001; D. L. Blustein, M. S. Prezioso, & D. E. P. Schultheiss, 1995; D. E. P. Schultheiss, H. M. Kress, A. J. Manzi, & J. M. Glasscock, 2001), counseling practice is limited by the absence of a meaningful approach to intervene in clients' relational and career worlds. The relational career counseling approach moves counseling toward a contextually based relational perspective to facilitating career progress. This approach is illustrated with a case example.
Accumulation, distribution and toxicity of selenium in the adult house fly, Musca domestica

Abstract 1. 1. Accumulation and distribution of dietary Se in relation to mortality was investigated in adult house flies. 2. 2. The midgut preferentially accumulated Se and thereby limited toxicity. 3. 3. Midgut Se concentrations were from 6- to 107-fold higher than in carcass, and from 15 to 71% of the total Se was associated with midgut. 4. 4. When dietary levels of Se were raised the midgut saturated at 15 μg Se/g tissue, followed by a rise in carcass levels to greater than 0.5 μg Se/g tissue and increased mortality. 5. 5. Se levels in lysosomal fractions were from 3- to 50-fold higher than in other subcellular fractions, suggesting that Se is sequestered in lysosomes. 6. 6. Se added to drinking water was toxic at 4–8 ppm.
Moltemplate a Coarse-Grained Model Assembly Tool

View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint SlideMoltemplate, an open-source program intended for building large scale coarse-grained models, has been developed by our group to facilitate the speed and ease by which such models could be constructed. Although coarse-grained models have long been considered as an indispensable tool in the investigation of biopolymer dynamics and assembly, the actual process of constructing such models is often arduous and impeded by the fact that complex and unconventional force fields must be implemented. Until now, no software has existed for building general coarse-grained biomolecules, and as a result, the use of such models remained relatively inaccessible. Here, we represent a general molecule-builder program, Moltemplate, which together with the LAMMPS simulation program, will hopefully bridge the current gap and bring coarse-grained simulations to a wider audience. As an demonstration of its functionality, we would like to represent its use in the investigation of the nucleation of amyloid fibrils. We have found that context-induced effects (such as alternative folding of the monomer) can have profound consequences on the assembled product (such as the morphology, growth-potential and stability of the aggregate). Other examples, such the stability of membrane proteins, and the growth of microtubules will be discussed.
A Fluidic Loading Mechanism for Phase Reconfigurable Reflectarray Elements

A fluidic-based approach is proposed as a means to reconfigure the reflected phase of a microstrip reflectarray element. Reactive loading for reconfiguration is provided by altering the volume fraction of a fluidic colloidal dispersion within a device. Aspects of design, modeling, and measurement are discussed for a unit-cell prototype design. The impact of losses within the fluidic and colloidal material systems are also investigated. Measurements from waveguide experiments demonstrate up to 220° of phase change and a return loss of less than 2 dB at the operating frequency of 3 GHz.
Vapor‐liquid equilibria in multicomponent aqueous solutions of volatile weak electrolytes

A molecular-thermodynamic correlation is established for calculating vapor-liquid equilibria in aqueous solutions containing one or more volatile electrolytes: ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen cyanide. The correlation is similar to that presented in 1975, but the domain of application has been increased. The present correlation holds from about 0° to 170°C and for ionic strengths of about 6 molal; for the weak electrolytes considered here, this corresponds to total concentrations between 10 and 20 molal. To represent activities at these high concentrations, activity coefficients are expressed as a function of molality by Pitzer's equation. Required parameters are estimated from data reduction or from correlations. Special attention is given to the ternary systems ammonia-carbon dioxide-water and ammonia-hydrogen sulfide-water. Calculated equilibria are in satisfactory agreement with the severely limited experimental data now available.
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Head and Neck Surgery

ImportanceNegative pressure wound therapy has been shown to accelerate healing. There is a paucity of literature reporting its use as a tool to promote wound healing in head and neck reconstruction...
RESOLVING SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH G-BANDS: A STUDY OF FIVE GENERA OF SOUTH AMERICAN CRICETINE RODENTS

G- and C-banded chromosomes of Holochilus brasiliensis, Nectomys squamipes, Neaco- mys guianae, Sigmodon hispidus, and 11 species of Oryzomys are compared and cladistically ana- lyzed to document direction, type, and magnitude of chromosomal evolution in these species. Direction of chromosomal evolution was determined from the proposed primitive G-band se- quences for cricetid rodents. Numbers and types of chromosomal rearrangements identified in the largest 12 chromosomes of Oryzomys were 13 Robertsonian translocations (9 of which are polymorphic), 21 other translocations, 8 pericentric inversions, 1 paracentric inversion, and 12 rearrangements whose nature could not be identified from banding sequences. In 11 species of Oryzomys there are about 2.5 times as many euchromatic rearrangements as found in 18 species of Peromyscus. It is concluded that: (1) The early radiation of the peromyscine-neotomine-ory- zomyine lineages was accompanied by little chromosomal evolution. (2) Chromosomal evolu- tion in cricetine rodents does not appear to fit the predictions of the canalization model. (3) None of the currently accepted broadly-based models of chromosomal evolution appears ade- quate to explain the pattern of variation observed in the cricetines (especially the variation within and between Oryzomys and Peromyscus). (4) Nondifferentially stained chromosomes gen- erally will not be a useful predictor of phylogenetic relationships. (5) For some clades, G-banded sequences provide synapomorphies for the development of systematic hypotheses; however, several branching events cannot be resolved with the quality of G-bands available to us. Some of the phylogenetic hypotheses are: (1) that of the five genera of South American cricetids examined, Oryzomys and Holochilus appear to be the most closely related (based on morphology, Holochilus was thought to be more closely related to Sigmodon); (2) that Neacomys, Holochilus, and species of Oryzomys examined shared a common ancestry after diverging from the Nectomys lineage; and (3) chromosomal characters identified by us failed to document that Sigmodon is more closely related to the other South American genera (Oryzomys, Holochilus, Neacomys, and Nectomys) than it is to the North American cricetids (for example, Neotoma and Peromyscus). One example of lack of congruence documents convergence in chromosomal rearrangements. (Chro- mosomes; G-bands; C-bands; oryzomyines; cladistics; South America; canalization model.)
Distribution of protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 in brain and peripheral tissues of various species: comparison with DARPP-32

The distribution of inhibitor-1, a cyclic AMP-regulated inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1, was analyzed in various brain regions and peripheral tissues of various species by immunolabeling of sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gel transfers using specific antibodies. The distribution of inhibitor-1 was directly compared to that of DARPP-32, a structurally related cyclic AMP-regulated inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1. In rat CNS, a single immunoreactive protein of M(r) 30,000, identified as inhibitor-1, was widely distributed. In contrast, DARPP-32 was highly concentrated in the basal ganglia. Inhibitor-1 was detected in brain tissue from frog (M(r) 27,000), turtle (M(r) 29,000/33,000), canary (M(r) 26,000), pigeon (M(r) 28,000), mouse (M(r) 30,500), rabbit (M(r) 26,500), cow (M(r) 27,000), and monkey (M(r) 27,500), but not from goldfish. Inhibitor-1 was detected at various levels in most peripheral tissues of the species studied; however, it was not detectable in certain tissues of particular species (e.g., rat and cow liver). DARPP-32 was detected in brain tissue of all the species tested except frog and goldfish, but was not detectable in most peripheral tissues. Both inhibitor-1 and DARPP-32 were concentrated in the cytosol and synaptosomal cytosol of rat striatum. The developmental expressions of inhibitor-1 and DARPP-32 in rat striatum differed: the level of inhibitor-1 peaked in the first postnatal week and then declined by the third postnatal week, whereas the level of DARPP-32 increased to a peak level by the third postnatal week and remained elevated thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CpG Motifs in Bacterial DNA and Their Immune Effects

Unmethylated CpG motifs are prevalent in bacterial but not vertebrate genomic DNAs. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs activate host defense mechanisms leading to innate and acquired immune responses. The recognition of CpG motifs requires Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, which triggers alterations in cellular redox balance and the induction of cell signaling pathways including the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF kappa B. Cells that express TLR-9, which include plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) and B cells, produce Th1-like proinflammatory cytokines, interferons, and chemokines. Certain CpG motifs (CpG-A) are especially potent at activating NK cells and inducing IFN-alpha production by PDCs, while other motifs (CpG-B) are especially potent B cell activators. CpG-induced activation of innate immunity protects against lethal challenge with a wide variety of pathogens, and has therapeutic activity in murine models of cancer and allergy. CpG ODN also enhance the development of acquired immune responses for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination.
Broadening and deepening or broadening versus deepening: The question of enlargement and Europe's 'hesitant Europeans'

The European Union sees the inclusion of many Eastern European states -enlargement- as a natural progression in the process of building an 'ever closer union'. For the European Commission in particular, the process of enlargement (broadening) is part of the process of integration and acts as a complement to the development of a stronger role for the European Union and its institutions or deepening of integration. Yet as the first Irish referendum on the Nice Treaty showed, not all of European's citizens see the two processes of enlargement and integration in the same light. This article addresses two related questions. First, how are attitudes towards deepening and broadening related, and do European citizens see them as complementary or contradictory? Second, and related to the first, what factors drive popular attitudes towards enlargement?
An efficient algorithm for reconfiguration of large-scale point-to-point satellite computer networks with maximum connectivity

The authors present a region-partitioning approach for networks that uses lasers as communication links. Since the network is highly mobile and the communication links are constrained to the line of sight between satellites, the network must be reconfigured dynamically by retargeting the transceivers among satellites. The objective of the reconfiguration is to maximize high survivability and performance by optimizing the network connectivity. The approach to this reconfiguration is a divide-and-conquer method. The network is partitioned into small subnetworks by dividing the satellite orbiting space into small regions. Then links are assigned to maximize the node connectivity of the subnetwork. Finally, subnetworks are connected together to form a complete network. The authors show that this approach provides maximum connectivity for large-scale networks. The algorithm is very efficient and has O(n log n) time complexity. The algorithm is replicated to each satellite and is run simultaneously by all satellites on a periodic basis. >
Learning optimized MAP estimates in continuously-valued MRF models

We present a new approach for the discriminative training of continuous-valued Markov Random Field (MRF) model parameters. In our approach we train the MRF model by optimizing the parameters so that the minimum energy solution of the model is as similar as possible to the ground-truth. This leads to parameters which are directly optimized to increase the quality of the MAP estimates during inference. Our proposed technique allows us to develop a framework that is flexible and intuitively easy to understand and implement, which makes it an attractive alternative to learn the parameters of a continuous-valued MRF model. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique by applying it to the problems of image denoising and in-painting using the Field of Experts model. In our experiments, the performance of our system compares favourably to the Field of Experts model trained using contrastive divergence when applied to the denoising and in-painting tasks.
RGS2-deficient mice exhibit decreased intraocular pressure and increased retinal ganglion cell survival.

Purpose: Contractile activity of the trabecular meshwork (TM) and ciliary muscle (CM) influences aqueous humor drainage; however, the mechanisms linking tissue contractility and regulation of aqueous humor drainage are not well understood. Regulator of G Protein Signaling 2 (RGS2), a GTPase-activating protein of the Gαq family of proteins, plays a critical role in regulation of contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle and in blood pressure homeostasis. To explore a potential role for RGS2 in intraocular pressure (IOP) homeostasis, we evaluated RGS2 knockout (RGS2−/−) mice for changes in IOP. Methods: IOP was measured using a rebound tonometer in awake male RGS2 −/− and littermate wild-type mice. Histological and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to evaluate changes in the iridocorneal structure, actomyosin organization in CM and TM, and retinal ganglion cell survival in both central and peripheral retina. Results: In repeated measurements, IOP was found to be consistently lower in the RGS2−/− mice compared to littermate wild-type mice. This change in IOP appears to be associated with increased actin filament assembly in the CM, and widening of the Schlemm’s canal in the aqueous humor drainage pathway. Furthermore, ganglion cell number in the central retina was found to be significantly higher in the RGS2 −/− mice relative to wild-type mice. Conclusions: The data suggest that the deficiency of RGS2 decreased IOP, presumably due to increased aqueous humor drainage in association with increased CM contraction. These data indicate a potentially critical role for RGS2 in homeostasis of IOP and for retinal ganglion cell survival.
Seeing Two as One: Linking Apparent Motion and Repetition Blindness

Object tokens are episodic visual representations that mediate the ability to track visual events as they move about and change over time. Multiple tokens also allow the viewer to individuate multiple instances of a single type of object. In the present study, we established a functional link for object tokens in two seemingly disparate visual phenomena: apparent motion and repetition blindness (RB). In RB, repeated items are more difficult to perceive than unrepeated items. Using displays in which two sets of alphanumeric characters streamed in opposite directions across a computer screen in apparent motion, we found increased RB for targets appearing within a single apparent motion stream, relative to targets in different apparent motion streams. The results are inconsistent with refractory period or memory retrieval accounts of RB and support the role of object tokens in both apparent motion and RB.
Stent fracture in the brachiocephalic trunk

Stents are commonly used as a tool for revascularization of different vascular beds in the body. However, many pitfalls have been reported with their use, such as thrombosis, migration, restenosis or fractures. The latter have been strongly correlated to in-stent restenosis with long-term follow-up. We report a rare case of an early stent fracture in the brachiocephalic trunk with in-stent restenosis and recurrence of symptoms. To our knowledge there has been only one case report of a delayed brachiocephalic stent fracture in the English literature. We believe that our case is the first report of an early stent fracture in the brachiocephalic trunk.
Co-analysis of Maps of Atrophy Rate and Atrophy State in Neurodegeneration

The variability in atrophy rate in patients with neurodegenerative disease can be partially explained by disease stage. Since atrophy state (baseline scan tissue volume) correlates with cognitive impairment and disease stage, we use local atrophy state as a covariate in the analysis of local atrophy rate. A general linear model with a spatially varying dependent variable was employed to study the effects of disease over the brain. An efficient method of solving this spatially varying model was developed, implemented, and applied to maps of atrophy state and rate derived from serial MRI data of 13 Semantic Dementia (SD) and 13 control subjects. Our results demonstrate that group differences in atrophy rate are affected by the inclusion of atrophy state in the model. Specifically, estimated contrasts in atrophy rate between controls and SD in the left temporal lobe white matter increased when the local rate was covaried for atrophy state.
Predicting reflectance functions from complex surfaces

We describe a physically-based Monte Carlo technique for approximating bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) for a large class of geometries by directly simulating optical scattering. The technique is more general than previous analytical models: it removes most restrictions on surface microgeometry. Three main points are described: a new representation of the BRDF, a Monte Carlo technique to estimate the coefficients of the representation, and the means of creating a milliscale BRDF from microscale scattering events. These allowthe prediction of scattering from essentially arbitrary roughness geometries. The BRDF is concisely represented by a matrix of spherical harmonic coefficients; the matrix is directly estimated from a geometric optics simulation, enforcing exact reciprocity. The method applies to roughness scales that are large with respect to the wavelength of light and small with respect to the spatial density at which the BRDF is sampled across the surface; examples include brushed metal and textiles. The method is validated by comparing with an existing scattering model and sample images are generated with a physically-based global illumination algorithm. CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism.
A full-swing bootstrapped BiCMOS buffer

Bipolar circuits have high drive capability with low delay sensitivity to load while CMOS circuits have low power dissipation and high packing density. Combining both bipolar and MOS transistors on one monolithic substrate, Bipolar-CMOS (BiCMOS) circuits have high drive capability and low power dissipation at the expense of increased fabrication complexity. A major problem with conventional BiCMOS circuits is the reduced output swing due to the bipolar output transistors. This paper presents a novel BiCMOS circuit which uses bootstrapping to attain a full logic swing at the output. We present a design equation to estimate the size of the bootstrap capacitance as a function of power supply voltage. Simulations were performed using parameters from a 2.0 /spl mu/m CMOS process with NPN option at supply voltages of 3.3 and 5 V. The circuit is a practical design which improves on the delay and power performance of previous bootstrapped BiCMOS inverters.
Cutting edge: Targeted ligation of CTLA-4 in vivo by membrane-bound anti-CTLA-4 antibody prevents rejection of allogeneic cells

Natural engagement of CTLA-4 on host B7 limits T cell activation. We hypothesized that therapeutic cross-linking of CTLA-4 in vivo may further inhibit T cell function and prevent allograft rejection. However, none of the currently available CTLA-4-binding reagents have ligating properties when injected in vivo. The observation that surface-immobilized anti-CTLA-4 mAb inhibits T cell activation in vitro prompted us to develop a membrane-bound single-chain anti-CTLA-4 Ab (7M). To model whether tissue expression of 7M could suppress allograft rejection, we examined the ability of H-2L(d)-specific TCR-transgenic T cells to reject 7M-expressing allogeneic tumor cells injected s.c. Expression of 7M significantly inhibited allogeneic rejection in mice that received CTLA-4(+/+) but not CTLA-4(-/-) T cells. Furthermore, CTLA-4(+/+) T cells that had encountered 7M-expressing tumors in vivo acquired defects in cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Thus, deliberate ligation of CTLA-4 in vivo potently inhibits allogeneic T cell responses.
Genetic epidemiology of the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum in California.

A total of 669 isolates of Phytophthora ramorum, the pathogen responsible for Sudden Oak Death, were collected from 34 Californian forests and from the ornamental plant-trade. Seven microsatellite markers revealed 82 multilocus genotypes (MGs) of which only three were abundant (>10%). Iteratively collapsing based upon minimum ΦST, yielded five meta-samples and five singleton populations. Populations in the same meta-sample were geographically contiguous, with one exception, possibly explained by the trade of infected plants from the same source into different locations. Multidimensional scaling corroborated this clustering and identified nursery populations as genetically most distant from the most recent outbreaks. A minimum-spanning network illustrated the evolutionary relationships among MGs, with common genotypes at the centre and singletons at the extremities; consistent with colonization by a few common genotypes followed by local evolution. Coalescent migration analyses used the original data set and a data set in which local genotypes were collapsed into common ancestral genotypes. Both analyses suggested that meta-samples 1 (Santa Cruz County) and 3 (Sonoma and Marin Counties), act as sources for most of the other forests. The untransformed data set best explains the first phases of the invasion, when the role of novel genotypes may have been minimal, whereas the second analysis best explains migration patterns in later phases of the invasion, when prevalence of novel genotypes was likely to have become more significant. Using this combined approach, we discuss possible migration routes based on our analyses, and compare them to historical and field observations from several case studies.
Catalysis of C′2 fixation by C′1a: Reaction kinetics, competitive inhibition by TAMe, and transferase hypothesis of the enzymatic action of C′la on C′2, one of its natural substrates

Abstract In studies of the initial velocity ( ν 0 of SAC′1a,4,21 formation it has been found that the fixation of C′2 to SAC′1a,4 is catalyzed by C′1a in a manner which follows the classical pattern of enzyme kinetics and which indicates that C′2 is a natural substrate of C′1-esterase. Thus, at constant EAC′1a,4,1,/ ν 0 varies linearly with 1/C′2 (Lineweaver-Burk plot). At constant C′1a and C′2, v 0 increases with the amount of C′4 but the relationship is not linear. Over the range from 5 to 37°C, ν 0 increases with temperature. TAMe inhibits the formation of SAC′1a,4,2a by competing with C′2 for the active site on the enzyme as indicated by a change of slope, but no change of intercept, in the Lineweaver-Burk plots. Furthermore, TAMe inhibits destruction of C′2 by C′1a in the fluid phase. On the basis of these results, as well as confirmatory observations on the blocking of C′1a by DFP. a transferase hypothesis is proposed to explain the fixation of C′2 on SAV′4 by enzaymatic action of C′1a. In essence, it is suggested that C′1a exposes a reactive group on C′2,0. which can either react with a receptor on C′4 resulting in fixation, i.e. formation of SAC′4,2a, or with water, leading to inactivation.
Differences in White Privilege Attitudes and Religious Beliefs Across Racial Affect Types

This study extends research on the psychosocial costs of racism to Whites (PCRW) cluster types. We examined differences in White privilege attitudes across different PCRW cluster types in a sample of White Christian students (N = 437). We also examined differences in religious beliefs, specifically religious liberalism and sanctification of social justice, across students in different PCRW cluster types. This provides an initial intersection of PCRW cluster types, White privilege attitudes, and religious beliefs. We found that, compared with students in all other types, students in the Antiracist cluster type reported (a) higher levels of White privilege attitudes conducive to working for racial justice (i.e., willingness to confront White privilege, White privilege awareness, and White privilege remorse) and (b) higher levels of religious liberalism. We also found differences for sanctification of social justice. We discuss additional findings and implications for counseling psychologists and diversity e...
Malignancy associated with urinary tract reconstruction using enteric segments

In the last two decades a number of reports of carcinogenesis within enterocystoplasties and conduit urinary diversions have appeared in the literature. Although the numbers are small, characteristics of these tumors are reminiscent of those previously identified in ureterosigmoidostomy patients with anastomotic malignancies. While clinical and experimental data support a role for chemical carcinogens as mediators of tumor formation associated with ureterosigmoidostomy, exposure to a combination of both urinary and fecal streams has traditionally been considered a requirement for the initiation of malignant change. The observation that tumors can occur at or near uroenteric anastomoses in the absence of feces is disturbing and has encouraged a reassessment of the possible pathogenesis of these tumors. Bowel has proven to be a versatile and effective tool in urinary tract reconstruction and has enjoyed a surge in popularity in recent years. Therefore, further clinical and experimental observations are imperative to improve our understanding of why and how often uroenteric tumors occur.
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE OF RARE-EARTH IONS IN CeO$sub 2$:Yb$sup 3+$ AND Er$sup 3$$sup +$

The paramagnetic resonance spectrum of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ in single crystals of Ce${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ has been measured at 10 Gc/sec and 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In sites of cubic symmetry, the ground states in both cases are found to be isotropic ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ doublets with $g=3.424\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$ for ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ and $g=6.747\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$ for ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$. Hyperfine structures for the odd isotopes were resolved with $A({\mathrm{Yb}}^{171})=(877.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $A({\mathrm{Yb}}^{173})=(242.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and $A({\mathrm{Er}}^{167})=(232.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Nearby charge compensation produces sites of axial symmetry. For ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$, one set of axes is along the four 111g crystal directions with ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=4.733\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2.744\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$. For ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ two different axial spectra were measured, also with trigonal symmetry about the 111g directions. For one set ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=10.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=4.847\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$, and for the other set ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=4.539\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=7.399\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007$. In most crystals the linewidths were 20 Oe; however, in some crystals in which no cubic sites were found, the axial linewidths were greater than 50 Oe. Comparisons of the axial $g$-tensor traces with the cubic $g$ tensor and the magnitude and sign of $\ensuremath{\Delta}g={g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}\ensuremath{-}{g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ are the basis for a discussion of the possible nature of the charge compensation producing the axial symmetry.
Differences in the Relationship Between Family Environments and Self-Determination Among Anglo, Latino, and Female Students With Disabilities:

The role of gender and ethnicity as moderators of the relationship between perceived family environments and levels of self-determination was examined in a sample of students with disabilities. A sample of 157 Latino and Anglo students with disabilities completed the Family Environment Scale and the Arc Self-Determination Scale. Results indicated Latino and female students reported significantly higher levels of self-determination than Anglo male students. Differences were also found among Latino, Anglo, and female students in the relationship between perceived family environments and self-determination. Implications include developing ways families and schools can provide conditions to nurture self-determination and transition planning that are sensitive to ethnic and gender differences.
Actigraphy- and Polysomnography-Measured Sleep Disturbances, Inflammation, and Mortality Among Older Men.

To evaluate whether objectively measured sleep characteristics are associated with mortality risk independent of inflammatory burden and comorbidity.The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study (conducted in 2003-2005) included community-dwelling older men (n = 2531; average [standard deviation {SD}] age = 76.3 (5.5) years). Sleep measures from in-home polysomnography and wrist actigraphy and assessments of serum inflammatory markers levels (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α, tumor necrosis factor α soluble receptor II, and interferon-γ) were obtained. Vital status was ascertained over an average (SD) follow-up of 7.4 (1.9 SD) years.Three of the seven main sleep measures examined were independently associated with greater inflammatory burden. Mortality risk associated with prolonged (≥10% total sleep time) blood oxygen desaturation and short (<5 hours) sleep duration was attenuated to nonsignificance after adjusting for inflammatory burden or medical burden/lifestyle factors. Severe blood oxygen desaturation (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-2.22), sleep fragmentation (aHR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.12-1.57), and a lower percentage of sleep in rapid eye movement (aHR per SD = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.93-0.97) were independently associated with mortality.Short sleep duration and prolonged blood oxygen desaturation were independently associated with inflammatory burden, which attenuated associations between these sleep characteristics and mortality. Medical and life-style factors also substantially attenuated most sleep-mortality associations, suggesting complex relations between sleep, inflammation, and disease. Sleep fragmentation, severe blood oxygen desaturation, and the percentage of sleep time in rapid eye movement were independently related to mortality risk. Future studies with repeated measures of mediators/confounds will be necessary to achieve a mechanistic understanding of sleep-related mortality risk.
Approaching ryanodine receptor therapeutics from the calcin angle

Release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores is a ubiquitous mechanism that contributes to numerous physiological processes, including secretion, transcription, apoptosis, and contraction. In many cases, the rise in intracellular Ca2+ is mediated by Ca2+ release channels called ryanodine receptors (
The Human Iron-Sulfur Assembly Complex Catalyzes the Synthesis of [2Fe-2S] Clusters on ISCU2 That Can Be Transferred to Acceptor Molecules.

Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are essential protein cofactors for most life forms. In human mitochondria, the core Fe–S biosynthetic enzymatic complex (called SDUF) consists of NFS1, ISD11, ISCU2, and frataxin (FXN) protein components. Few mechanistic details about how this complex synthesizes Fe–S clusters and how these clusters are delivered to targets are known. Here circular dichroism and Mossbauer spectroscopies were used to reveal details of the Fe–S cluster assembly reaction on the SDUF complex. SDUF reactions generated [2Fe-2S] cluster intermediates that readily converted to stable [2Fe-2S] clusters bound to uncomplexed ISCU2. Similar reactions that included the apo Fe–S acceptor protein human ferredoxin (FDX1) resulted in formation of [2Fe-2S]-ISCU2 rather than [2Fe-2S]-FDX1. Subsequent addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) induced transfer of the cluster from ISCU2 to FDX1, suggesting that [2Fe-2S]-ISCU2 is an intermediate. Reactions that initially included DTT rapidly generated [2Fe-2S]-FDX1 and bypas...
ANAEROBIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE: COMBINED BACTERIAL AND ABIOTIC PROCESSES

Environmental transformation of chlorinated organic compounds can involve strictly abiotic reactions, direct microbial transformations, and microbially mediated reactions. Shewanella putrefaciens 200, is able to dechlorinate carbon tetrachloride (CT) under anaerobic conditions and served as a model bacterium for examining the role of inorganic components (iron minerals), natural organic matter, and solution chemistry (buffer concentration) on rates of CT transformation. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for CT degradation increased 10-fold in the presence of 150 mM Fe(III)-oxide and were linearly proportional to Fe(III)-oxide concentrations. The Fe(III)-oxide did not transform CT in the absence of S. putrefaciens. CT dechlorination in microbial batch reactors was also increased by the presence of soil containing a high concentration of natural organic matter. The same soil catalyzed CT dechlorination in the absence of S. putrefaciens when dithiothreitol was added as a reductant. Rates of CT transformation by S. putrefaciens in the absence of soil or Fe(III)-oxides were also shown to increase with increasing buffer concentration. This work suggests that the relative contribution of (i) direct microbial transformations and (ii) microbially mediated abiotic transformations by inorganic or organic sediment catalysts will vary with sediment composition and solution chemistry. Increased biotreatment rates may be possible by utilization of sediment amendments that increase abiotic transformation rates.
Does Information Revelation Improve Revenue

We study the problem of optimal auction design in a valuation model, explicitly motivated by online ad auctions, in which there is two-way informational asymmetry, in the sense that private information is available to both the seller (the item type) and the bidders (their type), and the value of each bidder for the item depends both on his own and the item's type. Importantly, we allow arbitrary auction formats involving, potentially, several rounds of signaling from the seller and decisions by the bidders, and seek to find the optimum co-design of signaling and auction (we call this optimum the "optimum augmented auction"). We characterize exactly the optimum augmented auction for our valuation model by establishing its equivalence with a multi-item Bayesian auction with additive bidders. Surprisingly, in the optimum augmented auction there is no signaling whatsoever, and in fact the seller need not access the available information about the item type until after the bidder chooses his bid. Suboptimal solutions to this problem, which have appeared in the recent literature, are shown to correspond to well-studied ways to approximate multi-item auctions by simpler formats, such as grand-bundling (this corresponds to Myerson's auction without any information revelation), selling items separately (this corresponds to Myerson's auction preceded by full information revelation as in [Fu et al. 2012]), and fractional partitioning (this corresponds to Myerson's auction preceded by optimal signaling). Consequently, all these solutions are separated by large approximation gaps from the optimum revenue.
Cassette EEG Monitoring

The importance of interictal epileptiform abnormalities discovered with cassette electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring has been assessed in a group of 184 nonepileptic patients referred because of headache and reported from the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and the Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT.
Receiver linearity measurement using two CW signals

Receiver linearity is a measure of the variation in the gain of the receiver as a function of incident power. In a completely linear ideal receiver, the gain would be the same regardless of power, but real detectors may exhibit gain variation for a variety of reasons. The ability to specify the linearity of a detector is determined by both the linearity of the detector and the accuracy of the linearity test. Traditional methods rely on the linearity and accuracy of a reference device such as power sensors and step attenuators. This paper presents a new method that does not depend on other reference standards, that is capable of detecting very small linearity errors of modern RF receivers, that is repeatable and reproducible, that can operate over a very wider frequency range and is traceable to fundamental units (UI).
Hafnia alvei: A new pathogen in open fractures

Abstract Background Deep infection following open both bone forearm fractures is a rare complication. Prophylactic antibiotic regimens are targeted at the most common pathogens, which include primarily Staph aureus followed by gram-negative bacteria. Hafnia alvei is an unusual pathogen that is rarely pathogenic in humans and has never been reported as a cause of infection following open fracture. Methods We present a 12-year-old male with an open forearm fracture who developed a late deep infection. Cultures grew only Hafnia alvei . The patient was treated with debridement, placement of antibiotic beads, and ciprofloxacin. Results At 6months following the initial debridement, the patient had no clinical evidence of infection and regained full function of the affected forearm without any residual deficits. Conclusions This is the first report of deep infection following an open forearm fracture owing to Hafnia alvei , a pathogen rarely responsible for human infection.
Transverse Wobbling in 135Pr

In any experimental science, analysis of collected experimental data combined with comparison to theoretical models is necessary to understand the system’s behavior. In high spin gamma-ray spectroscopy this analysis can be broken into several stages. The first stage is construction of the level scheme, determining the energies of the nucleus’ excited states and their de-excitation patterns from the gamma-ray energies and coincidence relationships. Gamma rays in coincidence must share at least part of their de-excitation path, the sum of the gamma-ray intensities into a state must be less than or equal to the sum of the intensities out of the state. The second stage is determination of the spins and parities of the excited states. Angular distributions, angular correlations, and arguments from transition intensity and patterns can be used to build on states whose spin and parity was previously known to achieve this. In some experiments, the third stage is determination of the lifetime of the excited states. For instance, the Recoil Distance Method (RDM) achieves this by looking at ratios of Doppler shifted and unshifted transitions for different distances between the production foil and a stopping foil. Finally comes comparison to theory, after model parameters have been fitted this is simply a matter of plotting values for comparison of trends and values. A discussion of the level scheme reconstruction, the justification of assigned spins and parities, the extraction of the n w = 1 → n w = 0 transition mixing, and comparison to theory can be found in this chapter.
Academic Critical Pedagogy: Critical Pedagogy in the Contemporary Context

Within this chapter the contemporary theoretical and concrete contexts of academic critical pedagogy (defined in Chapter 5) are explored. While there are many obvious overlaps between revolutionary and academic critical pedagogy, especially since they are part of the same historically developing process, we specifically focus on the era beginning around the turn of the last century and the two world wars. That is, because contemporary critical pedagogues tend to locate the theoretical foundations of their tradition within the critical theory developed around this time, we too will begin our discussion of academic critical pedagogy within this modern era.