cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectively decoupling electrical and thermal conductivity of polymer composites

Abstract Hybrid nanocrystals, fullerene-decorated graphene, were incorporated into the epoxy composites, and their electrical and thermal transport was investigated. The hybrid nanocrystals were fabricated through a solution process and the resultant hybrid nanostructure was verified by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction characterization. After incorporation of fullerene-functionalized graphene into epoxy resin, the electrical conductivity increased significantly while the thermal conductivity only increased slightly, resulting in effectively decoupling thermal/electrical conductivity. Through filling fullerene/graphene nanohybrids into the epoxy resins, the electrical conductivity was increased from 10−14 to 2949 S/m, more than 17 orders of magnitude. On the other hand, the thermal conductivity was only increased from 0.3 to 0.66 W mK, only two-fold increments. Further theoretical calculations and comparative experiments indicated that the synergistic effects of graphene and fullerene nanocrystals resulted in the effective decoupling of thermal/electrical transport. The electrical transport was improved through graphene sheets while the lattice thermal transport was impeded through fullerene decorated on the graphene sheets. The de-coupling of electrical and thermal conductivity of polymer composites opens numerous opportunities for new materials and systems.
DO MOVIE STARS ENCOURAGE ADOLESCENTS TO START SMOKING? EVIDENCE FROM CALIFORNIA

Abstract Background . The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between adolescents' favorite movie stars and their smoking status, controlling for variables associated with smoking initiation. Methods . The 1996 California Tobacco Survey questioned 6,252 adolescents about their favorite stars, smoking history, exposure to smokers, rebelliousness, knowledge and attitudes regarding smoking, and cigarette advertising and promotion. The top 10 favorite stars were tested for differential preference between ever and never smokers, defined as those who had never puffed on a cigarette. Never smokers were categorized as susceptible or nonsusceptible to smoking. Results . Favorite stars differed significantly among adolescent ever and never smokers. A majority of favorite stars of ever smokers smoked on and off screen compared to favorite stars of never smokers. In multivariate analyses, adolescent never smokers who preferred favorite stars of adolescent ever smokers were significantly more likely to be susceptible to smoking (OR = 1.35; 95% CI 1.12, 1.62), even after adjustment for known predictors of adolescent smoking and demographic variables. This effect was only slightly weaker than that of exposure to friends and family who smoke (OR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.13, 1.85). Conclusions . This study provides preliminary evidence that stars who smoke on and off screen may encourage youth to smoke.
Databases and the geometry of knowledge

Based on a geometrical interpretation of knowledge space, this work defines relationships between data, concepts and models, and establishes a framework for their integration. Concepts encapsulate our knowledge and provide a basis for data acquisition. They change as we learn more. Every discipline operates with a specific set of concepts organized in models. In order to co-process data collected against different concepts, we need to map the underlying concepts. Modal Intentional Actual (MIA) structure, derived from knowledge representation theory, enables the separation of data from hypotheses, and provides a consistent approach for building data models, concept mapping and defining complex relationships, which are represented by morphisms in category theory. Essential data elements from enterprise modeling techniques provide specifications for storing concepts and morphisms in a database.
Identification of Robust Pathway Markers for Cancer through Rank-Based Pathway Activity Inference

One important problem in translational genomics is the identification of reliable and reproducible markers that can be used to discriminate between different classes of a complex disease, such as cancer. The typical small sample setting makes the prediction of such markers very challenging, and various approaches have been proposed to address this problem. For example, it has been shown that pathway markers, which aggregate the gene activities in the same pathway, tend to be more robust than gene markers. Furthermore, the use of gene expression ranking has been demonstrated to be robust to batch effects and that it can lead to more interpretable results. In this paper, we propose an enhanced pathway activity inference method that uses gene ranking to predict the pathway activity in a probabilistic manner. The main focus of this work is on identifying robust pathway markers that can ultimately lead to robust classifiers with reproducible performance across datasets. Simulation results based on multiple breast cancer datasets show that the proposed inference method identifies better pathway markers that can predict breast cancer metastasis with higher accuracy. Moreover, the identified pathway markers can lead to better classifiers with more consistent classification performance across independent datasets.
Stereoselective Diels−Alder Reactions of Hexachlorocyclopentadiene with Chiral Alkenes: New Insights Into the “Inside-Alkoxy” Model of Stereoselectivity

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene undergoes Diels−Alder reactions with dienophiles possessing allylic chiral centers with moderate to excellent anti selectivity. Ab initio calculations on model systems elucidate the origin of this stereoselectivity which follow the “inside-alkoxy” model.
Solution of a Multinephron, Multisolute Model of the Mammalian Kidney by Newton and Continuation Methods

A method of numerically solving the differential equations specifying solute and water flow in a multinephron, multisolute model of the mammalian kidney by a combination of Newton and continuation techniques is described. This method is used to generate a connected component of the steady state solution manifold of the model. A three dimensional section of this manifold is shown to be convoluted, with upper and lower sheets of stable solutions connected by an unstable middle sheet. Two dimensional sections of this surface are followed from a trivial constant profile of concentrations in the nonconcentrating kidney to the profiles of the maximally concentrating kidney. Study of these sections shows that for a given choice of model parameters there may exist no solution, there may be a unique solution, or there may be multiple solutions. A study of the time dependent solutions shows that the dynamic transition from the lower to the upper state and return may be via a hysteresis loop.
Proportionality, Divisibility and Economies of Scale

Предметом этой статьи является кривая средних затрат фирмы в длительном периоде, интерпретированная как совместный результат пропорциональности применяемых факторов и их общего количества. Автор утверждает ошибочность тезиса о том, что при "совершенной делимости" в применении к факторам производства не существовало бы экономии и потерь от масштаба производства. Статья имеет в значительной степени метафизический характер и направлена на расширение нашего понимания природы вещей. Для стандартной неоклассики достаточно предположения, что экономия от масштаба есть и не важно, почему. Окончательные выводы автора имеют спорный характер и могут быть хорошим поводом для продолжения дискуссии по этой проблеме.
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography macular cube scans and retinal pigment epithelium/drusen maps may fail to display subretinal drusenoid deposits (reticular pseudodrusen) in eyes with non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography macular cube scans and retinal pigment epithelium/drusen maps may fail to display subretinal drusenoid deposits (reticular pseudodrusen) in eyes with non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Information Collected during the Residency Match Process Does Not Predict Subsequent Clinical Performance of Pediatric Residents

Information Collected during the Residency Match Process Does Not Predict Subsequent Clinical Performance of Pediatric Residents
New telechelic polymers and sequential copolymers by polyfunctional initiator-transfer agents (inifers). III. Synthesis and characterization of poly(α-methylstyrene-b-isobutylene-b-α-methylstyrene)

The synthesis of a new glassy-rubbery-glassy triblock copolymer poly(α-methylstyrene-b-isobutylene-b-α-methylstyrene) has been demonstrated. The key to the synthesis was the preparation by inifer method of a perfectly bifunctional polyisobutylene which carries tert-chlorine end groups Cl-PIB-Cl. In conjunction with Et2AlCl coinitiator, the telechelic Cl-PIB-Cl molecule initiates the polymerization of α-methylstyrene at both ends of the prepolymer. Triblock composition can be controlled by the judicious selection of synthesis conditions; that is, Cl-PIB-Cl molecular weight, α-methylstyrene concentration, and solvent polarity. Theoretical triblock Mn calculated from Mn of Cl-PIB-Cl and triblock overall composition is in excellent agreement with experimental Mn which indicates negligible homopolymer contamination. Extraction with a series of hydrocarbon solvents reveals broad composition distribution. The stress-strain profile of a triblock is similar to that of a poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) thermoplastic elastomer of similar composition.
Acoustic startle and anticipatory anxiety in humans: Effects of monaural right and left ear stimulation

The startle reflex elicited by binaural acoustic startle stimuli is potentiated by the threat of electric shock. The present study explored the lateralization of this fear-potentiated startle reflex effect using acoustic startle stimuli delivered binaurally or monaurally to the left or right ear and recorded from the left and right orbicularis oculi muscles. Consistent with previous results, the acoustic startle to binaural stimulation was potentiated during the anticipation of shock. This effect was also present for monaural stimulation but was greater when startle stimuli were delivered to the right than to the left ear. The results are discussed in terms of hemispheric lateralization during shock anticipation.
Energy efficient hybrid transmission of correlated sources over the MAC

In this work, we investigate how hybrid analog-digital coding improves transmission energy efficiency over pure analog or digital schemes. In particular, transmission of correlated sources over the multiple access channels (MAC) is studied. Compared to other works on joint source-channel coding, we consider the general scenario where the source and channel bandwidths are not naturally matched. We first consider lossy transmission of Gaussian sources over the Gaussian noisy MAC. We then treat a Slepian-Wolf problem with binary sources and noisy channels. In both cases we show that hybrid transmission is energy efficient and its energy savings over pure analog or digital transmission is on the order of 3–5 dB.
Application of back propagation to the diagnosis of breast lesions by fine needle aspiration

Abstract We investigated the capability of the back propagation (BP) neural network (NN) in the distinction of benign from malignant breast lumps. The study was carried out on Giemsa stained smears from 68 carcinomas and 32 benign lesions. Using a custom image analysis system, 25 parameters describing the size, shape and texture of the cell nucleus were measured. Three thousand nuclei were used as a training set for the NN and the whole data set were used for the test. Additionally, 238 cells from cases without definite cytological diagnosis were evaluated by the system. The application of the BP neural network on the cellular level enabled correct classification of 87% of cells; at the patient level, correct diagnosis was achieved in 98% of cases, by using a hypothesis value of 50%. Our results indicate that the use of neural networks combined with image morphometry and statistical techniques could improve the diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration of breast lesions and reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies.
The Information Content of Synthetic Aperture Radar Images of Terrain

A statistical model is developed that portrays an imaging radar as a noisy communication channel with multiplicative noise, and the model is used to evaluate the average amount of information that can be extracted about a target from its radar image. The average information content is also used to define a measure of radiometric resolution for radar images. It is shown that the information content and the resolution capabilities of an imaging radar reach a limit beyond which an increase in scene dynamic range does not improve the information content or the resolution. This limitation results from the multiplicative nature of the noise introduced in the imaging process.
Renin-induced hypertension in Wilms tumor patients.

Background Since the report that hypertension associated with Wilms tumor (WT) may be renin-induced, no larger series than 13 patients have been published. Nevertheless, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have become treatment of choice for hypertension in WT patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between plasma renin levels and blood pressure in a larger cohort of WT patients. Procedure In this retrospective, single-center study, data on blood pressure and plasma renin were analyzed in 86 WT patients treated according to the consecutive SIOP protocols 6, 9, 93-01, and 2001. Results At diagnosis, 47 WT patients suffered from hypertension (55%). In 31 of these patients plasma renin levels were analyzed; increased plasma renin levels were found in 25/31 patients (81%). In contrast, normal plasma renin levels were measured in 8/13 of the patients with a normal blood pressure (P = 0.012). Twenty-eight children received antihypertensive treatment before surgery, in 25 of them blood pressure normalized before surgery. Blood pressure was normal directly after surgery in all patients but 4, in whom blood pressure recovered to normal within a few weeks. Conclusions This retrospective study shows that hypertension in WT patients is associated with elevated plasma renin levels, indicating that ACE inhibitors may be a good therapeutic option in at least a subset of WT patients with hypertension before nephrectomy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:500–503. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conversion of D- and L-tryptophan to brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and to blood serotonin.

— Intraperitoneal administration of both D- or L-tryptophan elevated the levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brains of hypophysectomized and intact rats. In intact rats, the increase in brain 5-hydroxyindoles was slower after D-tryptophan than after L-tryptophan. Similarly, brain tryptophan rose more slowly after administration of D-tryptophan. The uptake of L-tryptophan from blood into brain was at a rate about one-third that of 3H2O. D-tryptophan uptake was at 1/25 that of 3H2O. Brain and liver tryptophan aminotransferase activities were stereospecific for the L-isomer and no evidence could be found for a tryptophan racemase in brain. Evisceration prevented the increase in brain 5-hydroxyindoles following peripheral administration of D-tryptophan administration but not that after L-tryptophan. The serotonin ratios between the two brain regions examined remained constant following administration of either D- or L-tryptophan. On the basis of these results we concluded that the increase in brain 5-hydroxyindoles following administration of L-tryptophan was not dependent upon stress-induced changes in pituitary hormones and that the elevations after D-tryptophan were dependent upon its prior conversion to L-tryptophan via peripheral deamination and subsequent transamination.
Fast calculation of bokeh image structure in camera lenses with multiple aspheric surfaces

Three different approaches to calculation of internal structure of bokeh image in camera lenses with two aspheric surfaces are analyzed and compared – the transfer function approach, the beam propagation approach and direct raytracing in an optical design software. The transfer function approach is the fastest and provides accurate results when peak-to-valley of mid-spatial frequency phase modulation induced at the lens exit pupil is below λ/10. Aspheric surfaces are shown to contribute to the bokeh structure differently increasing the complexity of bokeh image especially for offaxis bokeh.
Self-assembly of membrane junctions

We present a mechanism for the aggregation of mobile intermembrane junctions, such as the connexon dyad of gap junctions. The model demonstrates that intermembrane repulsion provides a powerful self-assembly pressure. If the membrane repulsion is strong enough to prevent membrane adhesion, then the self-assembly pressure is of effective infinite range.
Mutations affecting RNA Polymerase associated with Rifampicin Resistance in Escherichia coli

THE rifamycins and their semi-synthetic derivatives such as rifampicin inhibited the RNA polymerase of E. coli1. Instead of interacting with the DNA, they appear to act on the RNA polymerase itself2, inhibiting the initiation of RNA synthesis after the RNA polymerase has already combined with the DNA3,4.
Isolation of cloned variants of a rat hepatoma cell line with altered attachment to collagen, but normal attachment to fibronectin.

Abstract Cloned variants of a rat hepatoma cell line have been isolated which exhibit normal attachment and spreading behavior on fibronectin substrata, but which are defective in their ability to attach to native collagen films. These clones should be useful for identifying specific macromolecules involved in the cell-to-collagen interaction.
Mechanism of carbon incorporation in MOCVD GaAs

Abstract The incorporation of carbon in GaAs epitaxial layers, an important problem in MOCVD, has been studied over a wide range of experimental parameters: growth temperature, AsH 3 Ga(CH 3 ) 3 ratio, carrier gas, as well as substrate orientation. The carbon incorporation, monitored by photoluminescence (2 K), is reduced both at low growth temperatures and high AsH 3 TMG ratios. The substrate surface orientation strongly influences the rate of carbon incorporation with layers on the 〈111〉 As surface exhibiting the highest carbon concentration and layers on 〈111〉 Ga the lowest. These results support a model of carbon incorporation in which reactive hydrocarbons are adsorbed on surface arsenic atoms.
Hormone therapy is associated with preserved smooth muscle structure and dilation in the arterial vasculature of the leg in older women.

Long-term hormone therapy (HT) is associated with reduced intima-medial thickness (IMT), an established risk factor for atherosclerotic disease, in the femoral artery of healthy older women relative to age-matched non-hormone users. However, the influence of continuous, long-term HT on the relation between age, IMT, and smooth muscle dilation has not been investigated in the popliteal artery, an artery prone to stiffening and calcification. In the present study, popliteal artery IMT and smooth muscle dilation (the increase in diameter to sublingual nitroglycerin, NTG) were assessed with Doppler ultrasound in young (Y: n=16; age 23 ± 1 [mean ± S.E.M]), older non-HT (O non-HT: n=14; age 69 ± 1), and older HT (O HT: n=8; age 67 ± 1) healthy women. The ∼0.5mm increase in resting diameter observed in older non-HT women relative to young women was absent in older HT women, as was the age-related increase in IMT (Y: 0.52 ± 0.02 mm; O non-HT: 0.63 ± 0.02 mm; O HT: 0.56 ± 0.02 mm; p < 0.05 for age and hormone comparisons). NTG dilation (percent change above rest) was similarly attenuated in older non-HT women (Y: 8.6 ± 1 %; O non-HT: 3.0 ± 0.7 %; O HT: 7.4 ± 1.7 %; p < 0.05 for age and hormone comparisons), and NTG dilation was inversely related to IMT (p < 0.01). Collectively, these results suggest that long-term, continuous HT may alleviate the detrimental effects of aging on both structural changes and smooth muscle dilation of the popliteal artery in healthy women.
Sunlight-induced killing of nondividing human cells in culture.

Nondividing populations of human diploid fibroblasts that are DNA excision repair proficient (WS-1, KD. SSCW) and repair deficient (XP12BE) were exposed to mid-day summer sunlight for a determination of survival based on an ability of cells to remain attached to a culture vessel surface. Whereas mid- and far-UV wavelengths and radiation emitted from a sunlamp cause a gradual degeneraton and detachment of cells in a dose-dependent manner, sunlight does not promote cell killing that is evidenced by these criteria in repair proficient cells. Detachment of repair deficient cells is promoted to a limited extent but only at sunlight exposure times that are low with respect to the amount of DNA damage (pyrimidine dimers) induced. Repair proficient and deficient cells exposed to sunlight for longer times do not detach but are incapable of excuding a viable stain several days after exposure and appear as histologically fixed cells. Pyrimidine dimer levels in these sunlight irradiated cells were great enough to have promoted detachment had these levels been induced by UV (254 nm) alone. Other photodamage induced by these exposures evidently inhibits the dimer-induced cell degeneration that leads to cell detachment. We conclude that pyrimidine dimers are responsible for cell killing at short sunlight exposure times ( 80 min) cells arc killed by a different mechanism that is independent of dimer-caused death.
Correlation measurements of light charged particles emitted from 32S+27Al reactions at energies of 105 MeV and 215 MeV.

Previous work has examined light particle correlations from O+Al reactions over a range of energies within a framework of statistical emission from a composite source. The source of these light particles was assumed to be an excited composite nucleus because the excitation energy of the source was not so high that exotic processes such as fragmentation or preequilibrium emission were significant. In this Brief Report we examine correlation functions between light charged particles emitted from reactions of S+Al at 105 MeV and 215 MeV. As in previous work, the proton-proton and proton-deuteron correlations are well described by the results of Monte Carlo simulations based on statistical emission. In this Brief Report we will also compare the results of alpha-alpha and deuteron-alpha correlations to the predictions of models which include the emission of heavier unstable particles (such as {sup 8}Be and {sup 6}Li{sup *}) from the excited source. The results presented here can serve as additional validation of the correlation technique and also as tests of the statistical model.
On the conversion between binary code and binary-reflected Gray code on binary cubes

We present a new algorithm for conversion between binary code and binary-reflected Gray code that requires approximately 2 K/3 element transfers in sequence for K elements per node, compared to K element transfers for previously known algorithms. For a binary cube of n=2 dimensions the new algorithm degenerates to yield a complexity of 2 K/+1 element a transfers, which is optimal. The new algorithm is optimal to within a multiplicative factor of 4/3 with respect to the best known 3 lower bound for any routing strategy. We show that the minimum number of element transfers for minimum path length routing is K with concurrent communication on all channels of every node of a binary cube. >
Completion gastrectomy for postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome. Preliminary results with 15 patients.

Postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome (PGS) is a complex disorder characterized by postprandial nausea, vomiting, and gastric atony without evidence of mechanical gastric outlet obstruction. These symptoms can be disabling and are frequently unresponsive to drug therapy. Fifteen patients with documented PGS, including 13 women and two men, were recently treated by completion gastrectomy (CG) over a 5-year period. Gastric emptying study (GES) was markedly prolonged in 12 of the patients studied, and improved partially in only one patient (8%) with the administration of metoclopramide alone or combined with other gastrokinetic drugs. Patients were evaluated both before and after surgery, using a modified Visick rating system and a severity of symptoms (SS) score based on seven gastrointestinal (G.I.) and five systemic variables. All 15 patients underwent CG and reconstruction with a 50 cm Roux-en-Y limb. There were no operative deaths or complications related to the esophagojejunal anastomosis. Mean postoperative follow-up was 13.9 months, with a range of 2-65 months. After CG, the Visick rating and overall SS score improved significantly. The improvement in SS score was primarily due to a significant decrease in G.I. symptoms with little or no change in systemic symptoms. Overall, 86% of patients reported a satisfactory clinical result. CG, while seemingly radical, can be performed with low risk, and for properly selected patients with PGS, may be the treatment of choice.
RPI-AM and RPI-AF, a pair of mesh-based, size-adjustable adult male and female computational phantoms using ICRP-89 parameters and their calculations for organ doses from monoenergetic photon beams.

This paper describes the development of a pair of adult male and adult female computational phantoms that are compatible with anatomical parameters for the 50th percentile population as specified by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The phantoms were designed entirely using polygonal mesh surfaces—a Boundary REPresentation (BREP) geometry that affords the ability to efficiently deform the shape and size of individual organs, as well as the body posture. A set of surface mesh models, from Anatomium™ 3D P1 V2.0, including 140 organs (out of 500 available) was adopted to supply the basic anatomical representation at the organ level. The organ masses were carefully adjusted to agree within 0.5% relative error with the reference values provided in the ICRP Publication 89. The finalized phantoms have been designated the RPI adult male (RPI-AM) and adult female (RPI-AF) phantoms. For the purposes of organ dose calculations using the MCNPX Monte Carlo code, these phantoms were subsequently converted to voxel formats. Monoenergetic photons between 10 keV and 10 MeV in six standard external photon source geometries were considered in this study: four parallel beams (anterior–posterior, posterior–anterior, left lateral and right lateral), one rotational and one isotropic. The results are tabulated as fluence-to-organ-absorbed-dose conversion coefficients and fluence-to-effective-dose conversion coefficients and compared against those derived from the ICRP computational phantoms, REX and REGINA. A general agreement was found for the effective dose from these two sets of phantoms for photon energies greater than about 300 keV. However, for low-energy photons and certain individual organs, the absorbed doses exhibit profound differences due to specific anatomical features. For example, the position of the arms affects the dose to the lung by more than 20% below 300 keV in the lateral source directions, and the vertical position of the testes affects the dose by more than 80% below 150 keV in the PA source direction. The deformability and adjustability of organs and posture in the RPI adult phantoms may prove useful not only for average workers or patients for radiation protection purposes, but also in studies involving anatomical and posture variability that is important in future radiation protection dosimetry.
Catholic High Schools and Homework

This chapter focuses on the effect of Catholic schools on homework. Studies indicate that homework has a relatively large effect on academic achievement (Betts, 1997; Walberg, 1991). Further, studies on Catholic schools suggest that higher levels of achievement in the Catholic school sector are possibly a result of more homework assigned in Catholic schools (Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore, 1982; Coleman and Hoffer, 1987). Other explanations for favorable Catholic school effects include focusing on a core curriculum, less bureaucracy, more discipline, the communal nature of Catholic education, peer group effects, and decentralization (Bryk, Lee, and Holland, 1993; Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore, 1982; Coleman and Hoffer, 1987). Further, Chubb and Moe (1990) argue that private schools are better than public schools because they have more autonomy. This chapter also considers the effect of homework and Catholic schools on test scores.
Au and Ag electrical contacts to p-ZnSe

The reverse bias break-down voltage and resistance of Au and Ag contacts sputter deposited on nitrogen doped p-type ZnSe, having free hole concentrations in the low to mid 1017 cm−3 range, have been studied. Samples were heat treated over the range of 150—400°C for times of 15—45 min. The minimum break-down voltage for the Au contacts (3.0 V) was found to occur following heat treatments at 350—400°C for 30 min and for Ag contacts (2.3 V) following heat treatments at 150°C for 45 min. Secondary ion mass spectrometry and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to identify changes in the contacts induced by heat treatments. No evidence was found for the formation of new interfacial compounds, but Au diffused into the ZnSe at T >350°C. The data suggest that conduction through the Au/ZnSe contacts was dominated by avalanche breakdown assisted by deep acceptor levels formed by the diffusion of Au into the ZnSe. The results from the Ag contacts suggest that interfacial O forms a highly doped region in the ZnSe leading to conduction dominated by field emission currents.
Surface instabilities in elastic anisotropic media with surface-parallel griffith cracks

Abstract In this paper buckling under plane-strain conditions due to a horizontal compression of an elastic, anisotropic half-space containing coplanar cracks at arbitrary locations is considered. A numerical procedure based on the Displacement Discontinuity Method is developed and is validated against the analytical solution of a half-space with a single crack. It is demonstrated that the critical buckling stress decreases dramatically as the distance between the free surface and the cracks diminishes.
Contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria

Water-borne pathogen contamination in water resources and related diseases are a major water quality concern throughout the world. Increasing interest in controlling water-borne pathogens in water resources evidenced by a large number of recent publications clearly attests to the need for studies that synthesize knowledge from multiple fields covering comparative aspects of pathogen contamination, and unify them in a single place in order to present and address the problem as a whole. Providing a broader perceptive of pathogen contamination in freshwater (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater) and saline water (estuaries and coastal waters) resources, this review paper attempts to develop the first comprehensive single source of existing information on pathogen contamination in multiple types of water resources. In addition, a comprehensive discussion describes the challenges associated with using indicator organisms. Potential impacts of water resources development on pathogen contamination as well as challenges that lie ahead for addressing pathogen contamination are also discussed.
Developmental-spelling research: A systematic imperative

A team of first-grade teachers began to question their literacy/phonics program, which used a whole-class format for instruction. The teachers felt that teaching the whole class did not allow them to meet the diverse needs of all their students. One of the teachers introduced the rest of the team to developmental-spelling research (i.e., research on the development of spelling proficiency that builds on linguistic interpretations of students' unconventional spellings as they change over time) and, specifically, to an approach to phonics and spelling instruction called word study. By using developmental-spelling assessments, the teachers believed they could better meet their students' needs through differentiated word study in small groups. The new school year began with qualitative spelling assessments and subsequent grouping plans. Many issues arose quickly. When teachers placed their students along a developmental continuum of spelling features, they saw that many students could bypass earlier features that, according to assessment results, they had already learned. The idea of having a group of students skip over easier features made them anxious about meeting the Reading First criteria for systematic phonics instruction. In their previous whole-class teaching, everyone started in the same place and proceeded systematically through the curriculum. Now the teachers were uncertain about choosing different spelling features for different groups. They found themselves spending more time preparing when they were used to depending upon an already prepared program. Management issues associated with differentiated groupings proved to be challenging. They wondered how teachers could take developmental-spelling research and make it practical for the classroom.
Cold crust in a hot spot

Shear waves from locally-recorded Icelandic earthquakes exhibit very little anelastic attenuation, even though they turn in 0–5 Ma lower (15–25 km) crust just above the Moho. Lower crustal shear wave quality factors are about Q=150-225 for paths that cross central Iceland and about Q=300 for paths in southwestern Iceland, values that indicate that the temperature of the lower crust is at least 250–325°C below the solidus of gabbro (that is, about 875–950°C, based on published experimental studies of the effect of temperature on shear wave attenuation in gabbro). These low temperatures are not consistent with existing models of crustal accretion, which predict partial melt at lower crustal depths.
Acetazolamide inhibits basal and stimulated HCO3− secretion in the human proximal duodenum

Abstract Background/Aims: Carbonic anhydrase activity plays a role in electrolyte transport in many tissues. This study examined the effect of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide on human basal and prostaglandin E2- and acid-stimulated duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion and transmucosal electrical potential difference. Methods: Seven healthy volunteers participated in four separate experiments. The variables included oral acetazolamide vs. control test and, as agonists of bicarbonate secretion, either luminal acidification or luminal prostaglandin E2. The proximal 4 cm of the duodenum (i.e., the duodenal bulb) was isolated between balloons as previously described and perfused with an HCO3−-containing (24 mmol/L) balanced electrolyte glucose-containing (10 mmol/L) solution. Results: Acetazolamide treatment significantly decreased mean basal HCO3− secretion and basal transmucosal potential difference. After luminal acidification, duodenal mucosal bicarbonate increased significantly after both acetazolamide treatment (mean, 626; 95% CI, 91–1160 μmol·cm−1·h−1) and in the control tests (mean, 868; 95% CI, 652–1084 μmol·cm−1·h−1). However, acetazolamide treatment significantly decreased prostaglandin E2-stimulated HCO3− secretion from 461 (95% CI, 307–615) to 222 (95% CI, 121–324) μmol·cm−1·h−1. Conclusions: Duodenal mucosal carbonic anhydrase activity has an important function in the regulation of basal and prostaglandin E2-stimulated human duodenal mucosal bicarbonate transport.
Updating the Decision Aids for Tunneling

The “Decision Aids for Tunneling” are a procedure and computer code that can be used to assess the effect on construction cost and time of geologic/geotechnical uncertainties and uncertainties in the construction process. Previously, it was only possible to make predictions prior to construction. There is, however, a need for updated predictions while construction is in progress. Such predictions can be used to improve scheduling, resource allocation, financial planning, and so on. This article presents an updating procedure that allows one to refine predictions during construction. Updating not only involves replacing the original prediction with actual data from the excavation, but also includes a learning component using information from the actual excavation to arrive at an improved prediction for the unexcavated part of a tunnel.
Mis)Using Numbers in the Enron Story

This article investigates the numeric construction, rhetorical moves, and metatheatre (defined as multiple stages for performing organization stories) pertaining to the widely publicized failure of Enron Corporation. The authors thus examine how statistics in financial reports and executive metatheatric presentations were used to persuade Wall Street experts to recommend Enron stock, when the writing was on the fourth wall. The authors' contribution to ethnostatistics is fourfold. First, they show that financial reports and discourse are a suitable and important topic for ethnostatistical analysis. Second, they extend ethnostatistics beyond how academic professionals tell stories with numbers, to how professional practitioners in organizations tell such stories. Third, they show the important role the rhetorical construction of financial performance measures played in the Enron failure. And fourth, they extend ethnostatistics by integrating ethnostatistics' third moment of rhetoric with theatrical theory ...
Presence and distal attribution: phenomenology, determinants, and assessment

Users of virtual and teleoperator display systems are said to experience "being in" the simulated or remote environment; this experiential state is commonly referred to as "presence" or "telepresence". This article identifies another experiential state, "distal attribution", in which the user experiences "being in touch with" the simulated or remote environment while fully cognizant of being in the real environment in which the display is situated. The focus of the article is on the factors or conditions that promote presence and distal attribution and with empirical methods that might be used to assess the two. Out of the author's conviction that a proper understanding of these states will derive only from explicit consideration of the nature of ordinary perceptual experience, the article begins with some important phenomenological facts.
Effects of London‐van der Waals forces on the thinning of a dimpled liquid film as a small drop or bubble approaches a horizontal solid plane

When a small drop or bubble approaches a solid surface, a thin liquid film forms between them, drains, until an instability forms and coalescence occurs. Lin and Slattery (1982a) developed a hydrodynamic theory for the first portion of this coalescence process: the drainage of the thin liquid film while it is sufficiently thick that the effects of London-van der Waals forces and electrostatic forces can be ignored. Here the effects of the London-van der Waals forces are included. The resulting theory describes the evolution of the film profile, given only the bubble radius and the required physical properties. The inclusion of a positive disjoining pressure results in better descriptions of the film profiles measured by Platikanov (1964) for air bubbles pressed against glass plates. When the disjoining pressure is negative, an unstable draining film evolves and finally ruptures. Unfortunately, there are no experimental data with which to compare our predicted coalescence times.
Breath hydrogen in preterm infants: Correlation with changes in bacterial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract

relatively small number of babies and a wide range of "normal values." One patient had a low pretransfusion plasma hemoglobin; two hours after transfusion this same patient had no increase in plasma hemoglobin. This patient was studied a second time with the same result. We suspect that this patient could clear free hemoglobin more rapidly than did other patients. There was little difference in the plasma hemoglobin value immediately after and two hours after transfusion, and by six hours after transfusion most of the free hemoglobin had been cleared. There was no difference between groups in the amount of blood removed for laboratory tests between the transfusion and the hematocrit determination at one week.
Patterns in the local assembly of Egyptian rodent faunas: Co-occurrence and nestedness

Abstract We studied co-occurrence patterns of 29 rodents across 308 sites in Egypt to evaluate spatial variation and non-randomness in community assembly (co-occurrence and nestedness). There was strong evidence for negative species association in the entire fauna. Negative associations can be traced to habitat segregation among species, the discreteness of habitats, low species richness at local assemblages due to aridity and low primary productivity, and allopatry of sibling species. Nevertheless, high degree of nestedness characterizes the entire collection, as tested by BINMATNEST and Aninhado. Species ranks in the packed matrix were significantly correlated with incidence, total abundance, number of coexisting species, total number of species combinations, and range size. Analyses of the assemblages by region and sampling intensity using Aninhado simulations confirmed the nestedness for the whole fauna and showed little or no nested structure in species incidences. Egyptian rodent faunas appear to be structured by a dynamic interplay of biotic and abiotic factors operating on distinct sets of species with shared habitat preferences and requirements. Local assembly patterns may result from interspecific interactions coupled with aridity and low productivity, habitat requirements, and historical factors. The harsh conditions of these arid regions led to the prevalence of species exclusion.
A fusion approach for classifying duplicate problem reports

Issue tracking systems play a critical role in software maintenance by allowing users and developers to submit problem reports for observed failures. A major problem in these systems is that two or more users can, and do, submit reports describing the same issue. Automated classification of such duplicate problem reports is an area of active research. The corpus of existing research shows a slow improvement in classification accuracy using relatively small subsets of problem report data. When applied to an entire project's problem repository, they exhibit a reduction in performance. In this paper we propose a novel duplicate report detection approach using multi-label classification. We use a suite of 24 duplicate classification techniques and MULAN software package to train a multi-label classifier. This multi-label classifier selects a set of similarity measures (from a pool of measures) that are most likely to find the true primary report. To demonstrate its effectiveness the method was tested on the entire Firefox repository. This data set encompasses 12+ years of problem reports and contains over 30,000 duplicate reports. Our results indicate that multi-label classification boosts the performance of the individual measures by up to 40% while returning overall results that match or outperform existing methods. The proposed method uses less than 1% of the dataset for training.
A Novel Mechanism for Uncoupling of the Hepatic Ras/Mitogen ActivatedProtein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathway in the Developing Rat. • 385

A Novel Mechanism for Uncoupling of the Hepatic Ras/Mitogen ActivatedProtein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathway in the Developing Rat. • 385
Quasi‐static dislocations in three dimensional inhomogeneous media

We present an approximate (perturbation) method for computing surface displacement fields due to quasi-static dislocations in inhomogeneous elastic half-spaces, extending the work of Du et al. [1994] to three dimensions. Three dimensional methods are required to model geodetic observations. The perturbation method allows one to include more realistic earth structure in the analysis of surface deformation measurements, and is computationally efficient enough to be used in inversions for source properties. As an example, we investigate the effect of material inhomogeneity on the location of the fault plane for the 1989 Kalapana, Hawaii, earthquake. Inversion of coseismic elevation changes assuming a homogeneous half-space yielded a finite source depth markedly shallower than the mainshock and principal aftershocks [Arnadottir et al., 1991]. Incorporation of lateral and vertical variations in shear modulus, consistent with velocity and density data, yields a source depth more consistent with the seismic results. Failure to account for variations in elastic properties can bias estimates of source depth and moment.
Do infants recognize emotion in facial expressions?: Categorical and “Metaphorical” evidence☆

Abstract This study investigated whether or not infants understand the meaning of emotion when displayed in facial expressions. Seventy-seven 7-month-old infants participated in two procedures. First, a categorization task assessed the ability to form an emotion category across exemplars which differed on a salient feature (toothiness) using a habituation/discrimination design. Infants did not categorize joy and anger expressions successfully. Second, “metaphorical” mapping was used to test infants' construction of meaning in facial expressions. This task involved the simultaneous presentation of an auditory event (e.g., descending tone) and a pair of facial expressions (e.g., joy and sadness), one of which was preselected to match metaphorically the auditory event. Converging analyses revealed that 6 of 10 trials yielded longer looking to the predicted than to the nonpredicted facial expressions in the presence of metaphorically equivalent auditory events. These results suggest same understanding of static facial expressions of emotion, which may be facilitated by the addition of auditory information.
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-induced alterations in lipid peroxidation in preneoplastic and neoplastic colonic tissues.

Abstract To determine whether alterations in lipid peroxidation existed in the preneoplastic and neoplastic colonic tissues of animals treated with the procarcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, rats were injected subcutaneously with this agent (20 mg/kg body weight per week) or diluent for 5, 10, 15 and 26 weeks. At each of these time periods, animals from both groups were sacrificed, their distal colonic mucosa and/or tumors harvested, and examined and compared with respect to malondialdehyde and lipofuscin-like pigments levels. Additionally, at 26 weeks, the fatty acid composition of microsomes prepared from control, ‘uninvolved’ and tumor colonic tissues were analyzed and compared. The results of these experiments demonstrated that: (1) the levels of these products of lipid peroxidation were similar in the distal colons of all animals at 5 and 10 weeks; (2) at 15 weeks, however, lipid peroxidation was decreased in the distal colons of animals treated with dimethylhydrazine; (3) at 26 weeks, the levels of these products of lipid peroxidation remained lower in dimethylhydrazine-treated distal ‘uninvolved’ colonic mucosa and was, moreover, markedly decreased in colonic tumors; and (4) at this latter time period, differences in the fatty acid composition between tumor, ‘uninvolved’ and control tissues were found. These differences, however, did not appear to underlie the changes noted in the lipid peroxidation products seen in these tissues. Taken together, these findings suggest that alterations in lipid peroxidation may be involved in the colonic malignant transformation process in this experimental model.