cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field stitching algorithm for the analysis of electrically large diffractive optical elements.

A rigorous electromagnetic algorithm is presented for the analysis of electrically large diffractive optical elements (DOE's), i.e., those that contain small features and have large apertures compared with the wavelength of illumination. The technique uses a finite-sized analysis window within which a rigorous electromagnetic technique is used to solve the local boundary-value problem. To this end the boundary-element and finite-difference time-domain methods are used. The analysis window is translated over the entire surface of the DOE and stitches together the complete solution. We validate the techniques by comparing the stitched boundary fields with those of a complete analysis, in both magnitude and phase, for a binary lens. To illustrate the utility of our method we analyzed an eight-level diffractive lens with a 10, 000-wavelength diameter sampled at 0.05 wavelength that required 8 Mbytes of memory on a desktop personal computer.
Magnetocaloric effect in rapidly solidified NdFeAlB materials

Abstract We have measured the temperature and field dependence of the magnetization of several rapidly solidified Nd0.14(Fe1−xAlx)0.80B0.06 alloys in the 290–500 K temperature range at fields from 0 to 0.9 T. At room temperature the materials are ferromagnetic. Calculations of the magnetocaloric effect from the magnetization data clearly show a peak in the field-induced entropy change, ΔS, at a critical temperature, Tp, which varies with aluminum content and is identified as the Curie temperature, Tc, by differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The magnitude, shape and width of the ΔS vs. T curves differ greatly from that predicted for elemental ferromagnets, but are consistent with curves predicted for magnetic nanocomposites. This similarity suggests that the magnetic moments are 1) grouped in clusters with moments on the order of 20 –50μB, and 2) that these materials may be potential candidates for high temperature magnetic refrigerants.
The use of peroxidase substrate Vector VIP in electron microscopic single and double antigen localization.

Abstract Very few chromogens used in immunoperoxidase reactions can be combined to simultaneously localize two neural antigens with different labels at both light (LM) and electron (EM) microscopic levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the EM properties of a novel purple chromogen introduced for LM immunostaining by Vector Laboratories under the commercial name Vector ® VIP. The Vector ® VIP (VIP) was employed to demonstrate anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris -leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), retrogradely transported cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) and acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in single and double antigen immunostaining in combination with the chromogen 3,3′ diaminobenzidine (DAB). The VIP reaction product proved resistant to loss during post-fixation in OsO 4 and dehydration in acetone. In EM preparations, the VIP reaction product was granular in appearance and easily distinguishable from the diffuse reaction product of DAB. Compared to the chromogen benzidine dihydrochloride (BDHC), the VIP reaction procedure is much simpler, more sensitive and consistently generates the same texture of the electron-dense precipitate. This study demonstrates the usefulness of VIP as a chromogen for correlative LM and EM immunoperoxidase staining. The VIP can be used either in single or double immunostaining in combination with DAB. In addition, we have examined the EM properties of another commercial chromogen, peroxidase substrate Vector ® SG (SG). The blue-gray reaction product of this chromogen is strongly osmiophilic and the electron-dense precipitate appears amorphous.
A study of chromosomal aberrations and chromosomal fragility after recombinant growth hormone treatment.

Increased chromosomal rearrangements and chromosomal fragility have been previously observed in lymphocytes of children treated with human GH, implying that treatment could predispose to malignancy. Twenty-four children with classic GH deficiency, neurosecretory GH dysfunction, and Turner syndrome were treated with recombinant human GH (0.3 mg·kg−1·wk−1). Metaphase cells were assessed for spontaneous chromosomal and chromatid aberrations at baseline and 6 mo into treatment. There were no significant differences in aberrations between baseline and the 6-mo samples. However, the mean frequency of chromatid-type aberrations on a per cell basis was significantly higher than at baseline, 0.0088 versus 0.0064 aberrations per cell (p < 0.024). Two patients contributed inordinately to this increase. A third sample from these two patients was almost identical to their baseline samples. Cells were also irradiated in vitro (3 Gy) to assess chromosomal fragility. After irradiation, no patient showed a significant difference for any aberration type, although there was a significantly lower frequency of ring chromosomes on a per cell basis in the 6-mo samples (p < 0.001). We find no evidence that GH therapy influences spontaneous chromosomal aberrations or chromosomal fragility.
Pathways of pyrimidine salvage in Pseudomonas and former Pseudomonas: detection of recycling enzymes using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Pyrimidine salvage pathways are vital for all bacteria in that they share in the synthesis of RNA with the biosynthetic pathway in pyrimidine prototrophs, while supplying all pyrimidine requirements in pyrimidine auxotrophs. Salvage enzymes that constitute the pyrimidine salvage pathways were studied in 13 members of Pseudomonas and former pseudomonads. Because it has been established that all Pseudomonas lack the enzyme uridine/cytidine kinase (Udk) and all contain uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (Upp), these two enzymes were not included in this experimental work. The enzymes assayed were: cytosine deaminase [Cod: cytosine + H2O → uracil + NH3], cytidine deaminase [Cdd: cytidine + H2O → uridine + NH3], uridine phosphorylase [Udp: uridine + Pi ↔ uracil + ribose – 1 - P], nucleoside hydrolase [Nuh: purine/pyrimidine nucleoside + H2O → purine/pyrimidine base + ribose], uridine hydrolase [Udh: uridine/cytidine + H2O → uracil/cytosine + ribose]. The assay work generated five different Pyrimidine Salvage Groups (PSG) designated PSG1 – PSG5 based on the presence or absence of the five enzymes. These enzymes were assayed using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography techniques routinely carried out in our laboratory. Escherichia coli was included as a standard, which contains all seven of the above enzymes.
Local charge versus Aharonov-Bohm charge

Abstract We introduce a new definition of local charge Q , supplementing with a frequency cutoff the existing definition for spatial dimension D = 1. In systems with an energy gap, Q is a sharp, if medium-dependent, quantum observable for any D . The charge of a particle measured by the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is also sharp, but medium-independent. Inside a superconductor the Q of a quasiparticle is zero, while the AB charge is an odd multiple of e .
A Comparison of the Measured and Computed Skin Friction Distribution on the Common Research Model

Drag arising from skin friction is nearly half of the total drag on a modern commercial transport aircraft under cruise conditions. Computational results of a commercial aircraft configuration known as the Common Research Model (CRM) configuration developed for the AIAA Fourth Drag Prediction Workshop (DPW-IV) show that the predicted skin friction drag can vary by two percent of the total drag depending on the turbulence model chosen and level of approximation employed (i.e. full or thin layer Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes, RANS) in the governing equations. In the current paper, the Fringe Imaging Skin Friction (FISF) technique has been used to measure the skin friction distribution on the CRM under transonic conditions in the 11 Ft. wind tunnel at NASA Ames. The measured results are compared with RANS results. Although the uncertainty of the FISF measurements caused by temperature effects is relatively high, several significant differences have been observed between the computed and measured skin friction distributions. One such difference is in the vicinity of the wing leading edge where the measured flow is clearly laminar and the computational methodology employed assumed the flow to be fully turbulent.
Stochastic parameter estimation in nonlinear time-delayed vibratory systems with distributed delay

Abstract The stochastic estimation of parameters and states in linear and nonlinear time-delayed vibratory systems with distributed delay is explored. The approach consists of first employing a continuous time approximation to approximate the delayed integro-differential system with a large set of ordinary differential equations having stochastic excitations. Then the problem of state and parameter estimation in the resulting stochastic ordinary differential system is represented as an optimal filtering problem using a state augmentation technique. By adapting the extended Kalman–Bucy filter to the augmented filtering problem, the unknown parameters of the time-delayed system are estimated from noise-corrupted, possibly incomplete measurements of the states. Similarly, the upper bound of the distributed delay can also be estimated by the proposed technique. As an illustrative example to a practical problem in vibrations, the parameter, delay upper bound, and state estimation from noise-corrupted measurements in a distributed force model widely used for modeling machine tool vibrations in the turning operation is investigated.
Neuropsychology of Childhood Arithmetic Disorders

The arithmetic learning disability literature was reviewed and critiqued. Due to the paucity of research in this area, few conclusions may be inferred. In general, the available research has provided tentative hypotheses about the nature of arithmetic disabilities. A variety of psychosocial variables notwithstanding, childhood arithmetic disability may directly result from cerebral dysfunction, poor motivation, and emotional/behavioral disturbance. However, further research is necessary in order to clarify the effects of maturation on arithmetic skills acquisition. Indeed, one approach to identification of the disorder would consider individual differences in neuropsychological development and performance affecting arithmetic achievement. It was concluded that a more comprehensive approach to investigating and diagnosing childhood arithmetic disability is needed. Reformulations and methods of study were articulated. Six related lines of research were outlined. A diagnostic rating scale was suggested which would account for type and severity of disorder. Diagnostic criteria were recommended based on the degree and definition of disability. Needs for remediation research were briefly explored.
A long-term assessment of adjuvant chemotherapy on outcome of patients with extracapsular spread of cervical metastases from squamous carcinoma of the head and neck

BACKGROUND Extracapsular spread (ECS) of cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma from head and neck sites portend poor prognosis. Therefore, a program of combined surgery, postoperative irradiation therapy, and adjuvant methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was initiated in 1982 for such patients. METHOD. All patients operated on between June 1982 and December 1992 by the full-time faculty of the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine were eligible and reported in this trial. All patients had negative surgical margins of excision of the primary carcinoma, and histologic evidence of cervical metastases with ECS. Postoperative irradiation included 50-60 cGy for 5 to 6 weeks followed by methotrexate and 5-FU administered on an outpatient basis on days 1 and 8 every 21 days. All patients were followed for 30 or more months for evidence of recurrent disease. RESULT. A total of 371 patients met eligibility criteria. Of this group, 53 (14%) were treated with surgery only, 187 (50%) received surgery and postoperative irradiation, and 131 (35%) received surgery, irradiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The primary site, extent of nodal involvement, and stage of the three patient groups were similar. However, performance status (Karnofsky) was best in the patients who received chemoradiation (average 90) when compared with those who received surgery and irradiation (average 80) or surgery only (average 70). Absolute disease free survival rate (30 months) was 9.5% in patients treated with surgery only, 34% in patients treated with surgery plus irradiation, and 53% in patients treated with surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy. When adjusted for patients who died of intercurrent disease with less than 30 months follow-up, survival rates became 17%, 40%, and 58%, respectively. These differences are highly significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION. Results of this study suggest that postoperative chemoradiation may improve survival in patients with ECS of cervical metastases. Compliance with the chemoradiation was suboptimal and suggests that improved strategy must be developed. Cancer 1996;77:181-5.
Formation of Hydroxyapatite in Cement Systems: Effects of Phosphate

The rate of hydroxyapatite (HA) formation in several calcium phosphate cement (CPC) systems was promoted when a phosphate solution instead of water was used as the cement liquid. The accelerated HA formation reduced the hardening time (HT) of the cements. In the cement system consisting of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), and distilled water, the presence of small TTCP particles (median diameter of 2.7 μm) reduced phosphate concentration in liquid phase, inhibited HA formation, and prolonged HT.
Stability of the iterated Crank-Nicholson method in numerical relativity

The iterated Crank-Nicholson method has become a popular algorithm in numerical relativity. We show that one should carry out exactly two iterations and no more. While the limit of an infinite number of iterations is the standard Crank-Nicholson method, it can in fact be worse to do more than two iterations, and it never helps. We explain how this paradoxical result arises.
Research on Motivation: New Content for the Teacher Preparation Curriculum

The literature on motivation has expanded dramatically during the past decade. Indeed, contemporary theories enable teachers and teacher educators to move beyond simple admo nitions to fulfill stud...
Metastatic endocervical adenocarcinoma presenting as a virilizing ovarian mass during pregnancy

Abstract BACKGROUND: We report a case of metastatic endocervical adenocarcinoma that presented as a virilizing ovarian mass in a young pregnant woman and simulated a primary ovarian endometrioid tumor. CASE: A 34-year-old woman underwent cesarean delivery and right salpingo-oophorectomy at 34 weeks’ gestation for a 32-cm androgen-producing ovarian mass. The ovarian tumor, initially interpreted as a primary ovarian endometrioid carcinoma, was demonstrated to represent metastatic endocervical endometrioid adenocarcinoma based on detection of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) deoxyribonucleic acid in the tumor by in situ hybridization. The hysterectomy specimen demonstrated an endocervical adenocarcinoma associated with adenocarcinoma in situ that also contained HPV-16. CONCLUSION: Human papillomavirus is considered an etiological agent in the development of endocervical adenocarcinomas, having been demonstrated in greater than 90% of tumors. In contrast, recent studies have concluded that HPV is unlikely to play an etiological role in ovarian neoplasia. The demonstration of HPV-16 in both the endocervical and ovarian carcinomas in this patient supports the interpretation that the ovarian tumor is a metastasis.
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and gynecologic malignancies

Paraneoplastic subacute cerebellar degeneration is a rare syndrome associated with a variety of malignancies, most commonly lung and ovarian. The syndrome is typically identified by signs and symptoms of cerebellar ataxia and the presence of anti-Purkinje cell antibodies in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid, specifically anti-Yo antibodies when a gynecologic cancer is responsible. A common observation is the presence of advanced stage disease but a remarkably small volume of metastatic cancer. Neurologic symptoms precede the diagnosis of cancer in most cases. Clinical findings consistent with cerebellar degeneration and the presence of anti-Yo antibodies require an aggressive search for an occult breast or gynecologic malignancy; surgical exploration may be necessary. Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous system are not commonly seen in association with a gynecologic malignancy. Two cases are presented in which the patient's neurologic complaints preceded and led to the diagnosis of an advanced but yet occult gynecologic malignancy. The literature was also reviewed in an effort to explain the relevance of anti-Purkinje cell antibodies in relationship to gynecologic cancer and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
Longitudinal studies of chromosomal abnomalities and reticulum cell proliferation in new zealand black mice

A longitudinal study of 40 New Zealand Black (NZB) mice and 20 BALB/c control animals was performed. A significant association was observed between the presence of acquired spleen-cell aneuploidy at some time during life and development of histological evidence of reticulum-cell neoplasia in individual animals. This finding is compatible with the hypothesis that aneuploid clones which arise in the spleens of aging NZBs are at least potentially neoplastic. However, no relationship between histologically neoplastic reticulum cell proliferation and aneuploidy was apparent in single splenic specimens obtained from NZB mice of various ages. This lack of association indicates that failure to detect chromosomal abnormalities on direct study of cells from a tumor cannot be taken as evidence that the neoplastic cells themselves lack such abnormalities.
The coelomic hemerythrin of siphonosoma cumanense

Abstract 1. 1. Hemerythrocytes of Siphonosoma cumanense contain a hemerythrin which is resolved into three molecular weight components in gel chromatography. 2. 2. The majority of the protein is a trimer which is in equilibrium with a monomer, of the usual size. 3. 3. Further assembly occurs, to achieve a molecular weight in the region of 180,000. 4. 4. The hemerythrin subunits are oligodisperse with respect to charge as well, isoelectric focusing revealing three major monomer components. 5. 5. Electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectrescopy show the active site to be conserved in comparison with other hemerythrins, and indicate a high degree of α-helical secondary structure. 6. 6. The major protein component contains one cysteine per subunit, which reacts with organomercury(II) reagents, leading to dissociation of the trimer.
Ultrasonography of abdominal fluid collections.

Ultrasonic examination of abdominal fluid collections sometimes allows identification of the nature of the contained fluid.
Molecular speciation of secondary organic aerosol from photooxidation of the higher alkenes: 1-octene and 1-decene

Abstract Outdoor smog chamber photooxidations to determine the molecular composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from 1-octene and 1-decene in sunlight-irradiated hydrocarbon-NO x mixtures are reported. The observed products are consistent with the current understanding of alkene reactions with OH and O 3 . Gas-phase mechanisms leading to the observed products are outlined. Heptanal, heptanoic acid, and dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone were the dominant organics identified in 1-octene aerosol. The corresponding species in 1-decene aerosol were nonanal, nonanoic acid, and dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone. Measured aerosol yields from 1-octene and 1-decene experiments are also reported, and are found to correlate with organic mass concentration according to semi-volatile gas/particle partitioning theory. A new organic aerosol extraction procedure utilizing supercritical CO 2 extraction is outlined.
SOME MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN THE DIATOM CYMBELLA CISTULA1,2

SUMMARY Several populations of Cymbella cistula (Ehr.) Kirchn. were studied. An epiphytic population contained smaller specimens than any reported by recent authors. The size range of members of the epiphytic population included specimens as small as 24 μ long by 11 μ wide. These small specimens could be mistaken for C. cistula var. maculata (Kutz.) V. H., but differ in having isolated puncta, which, may be indistinct, and somewhat coarser striae.
The natural history of CADASIL: a pooled analysis of previously published cases.

Background and Purpose—Although numerous families with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) have been reported, our understanding of the disease remains incomplete. Thus, we performed this study to investigate the phenotypic range and natural history of CADASIL. Methods—We performed a pooled analysis of previously published cases. Results—We identified 105 symptomatic patients in 33 families. Vascular risk factors were uncommon, with hypertension reported in only 8 patients. The mean age of symptom onset was 36.7±12.9 years. Stroke or transient ischemic attack was an initial symptom in 45 patients, with a mean age of onset of 41.2±9.2 years. Migraine was also a common initial symptom, reported by 42 patients at a younger mean age of 28.3±11.7 years. Other initial symptoms included depression in 9 patients, cognitive impairment in 6 patients, and seizures in 3 patients. Regarding clinical course, 71 patients experienced a stroke or transient i...
A mutant light chain ferritin that causes neurodegeneration has enhanced propensity toward oxidative damage

Intracellular inclusion bodies (IBs) containing ferritin and iron are hallmarks of hereditary ferritinopathy (HF). This neurodegenerative disease is caused by mutations in the coding sequence of the ferritin light chain (FTL) gene that generate FTL polypeptides with a C-terminus that is altered in amino acid sequence and length. Previous studies of ferritin formed with p.Phe167SerfsX26 mutant FTL (Mt-FTL) subunits found disordered 4-fold pores, iron mishandling, and proaggregative behavior, as well as a general increase in cellular oxidative stress when expressed in vivo. Herein, we demonstrate that Mt-FTL is also a target of iron-catalyzed oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo. Incubation of recombinant Mt-FTL ferritin with physiological concentrations of iron and ascorbate resulted in shell structural disruption and polypeptide cleavage not seen with the wild type, as well as a 2.5-fold increase in carbonyl group formation. However, Mt-FTL shell disruption and polypeptide cleavage were completely inhibited by the addition of the radical trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. These results indicate an enhanced propensity of Mt-FTL toward free radical-induced oxidative damage in vitro. We also found evidence of extensive carbonylation in IBs from a patient with HF together with isolation of a C-terminal Mt-FTL fragment, which are both indicative of oxidative ferritin damage in vivo. Our data demonstrate an enhanced propensity of mutant ferritin to undergo iron-catalyzed oxidative damage and support this as a mechanism causing disruption of ferritin structure and iron mishandling that contribute to the pathology of HF.
Effects of GABA on horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina.

Abstract Application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) slows down the horizontal cell response time course (HCRRT) and induces membrane depolarization in horizontal cells (HCs) after synaptic inputs are blocked by Co 2+ . We present evidence that suggests both effects are probably mediated by GABA A receptors which open chloride channels in the HC membrane. In any given concentration of GABA, ranged from 0 to 100 μM, the HC membrane potential ( V HC ) in saturating light and in the presence of 100 μM Co 2+ are identical. This result suggests that GABA in both light and 100 μM Co 2+ opens the same amount of chloride channels (same g Cl ) so that V HC determined by chloride and leak conductances has the same value. Higher concentrations of Co 2+ (>300 μM) not only blocks synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to HCs, but also acts as an antagonist that suppresses the GABA-mediated depolarization in HCs.
Satellite and field studies of man's impact on the surface in arid regions

In arid regions with sandy soils, both the steppe protected from excessive anthropogenic pressures and the much brighter areas subjected to such pressures show spectral reflectivities (derived from satellite radiometric imagery) increasing with wavelength (from green to the reflective infrared). The reflectivity dip in the red, characteristic of all plants containing chlorophyll, is absent. In an ecosystem of a steppe protected from man's activities, the soil is stable and crusted. Dead plants either remain in situ or litter the surface as debris. The surface spectral reflectivities (derived from satellite imagery) can be represented as a weighted average of the soil reflectivities and the plant-debris reflectivities (which were measured in the field by a hand-held radiometer). In areas affected by man, the surface spectral reflectivities (derived from satellite imagery) virtually coincide with those of crumbled bare soil (as determined by the hand-held radiometer). There is little accumulation of organic material. In such regions, a sharp albedo increase results from anthropogenic impact (from 0.28 in the case of the protected Negev to 0.45 in the case of the adjacent, impacted Sinai). This albedo difference cannot be explained as directly due to the removal of live vegetation, but is due mainly to an accumulation of dead plants on the crusted soil in the protected steppe and the absence of such an accumulation in the impacted regions. Models of the nadir reflectivity as a function of the fractional cover by plants or plant debris (either scattered on the surface or forming a simple vertical structure) are presented and are applied to assessing the Negev vs Sinai differences and the sharp recovery (darkening) of the surface in a Sinai exclosure where anthropogenic pressures were stopped in 1974 by fencing-off the area. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1981.tb01731.x
Cardiac glycosides and thyroidal iodide transport.

DURING the past few years, it has become apparent that an important action of the cardiac glycosides involves the transport of potassium ions into the cell. It has also become possible, by the use of potassium-depleted erythrocytes, to test the relative inhibitory potency of such glycosides or their aglycones in vitro 1,2. Approximately 80 per cent of the potassium influx can be inhibited by the glycoside by an action that appears to involve competition by drug and potassium ions for the active transport site. The transport of chloride ions in the stomach appears to be similarly affected3. Since the maintenance of a concentration gradient for iodide by an ‘active transport’ is one of the fundamental properties of thyroid tissue, we determined whether or not iodide transport was likewise inhibited by the cardiac glycosides.
Dynamics of photorefractive fiber holograms

Recent work on dynamic fiber holographic processes is discussed. Fabrication of single-crystal fibers using a laser-heated pedestal growth system is given. Angular and wavelength selectives are calculated which show that wavelength-multiplexed reflection fiber hologram offers higher and uniform selectivity. Channel cross-talk is also evaluated; we show that the cross-talk noise can be subsided by using narrower spectral light source. Applications of the fiber hologram to fiber-sensing and also to tunable filters are provided.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pole assignment in binary SRV distillation

Abstract Closed-loop characteristics of a 10-stage binary SRV distillation system were examined using the single-input pole assignment technique of Crossley & Porter[7]. The results indicated that the external reflux rate was the most preferred input variable for pole shifting, and that top and bottom compositions should be measured for feedback.
Methods for Processing ENDF/B-VII with NJOY

Abstract The NJOY Nuclear Data Processing System is widely used to convert evaluations in the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files (ENDF) format into forms useful for practical applications such as fission and fusion reactor analysis, stockpile stewardship calculations, criticality safety, radiation shielding, nuclear waste management, nuclear medicine procedures, and more. This paper provides a description of the system's capabilities, summary descriptions of the methods used, and information on how to use the code to process the modern evaluated nuclear data files from ENDF/B-VII. It begins with the generation of pointwise libraries, including reaction and resonance reconstruction, Doppler broadening, radiation heating and damage, thermal scattering data, unresolved resonance data, and gas production. It then reviews the production of libraries for the continuous-energy Monte Carlo code MCNP, multigroup neutron, photon, and particle cross sections and matrices, and photon interaction data. The generation of uncertainty information for ENDF data is discussed, including new capabilities for calculating covariances of resonance data, angular distributions, energy distributions, and radioactive nuclide production. NJOY's ability to prepare thermal scattering data evaluations for bound moderators (which was used during the preparation of the ENDF/B-VII library) is described. The strong plotting capabilities of NJOY are summarized. Many examples of black&white and color Postscript plots are included throughout the paper. The capabilities of NJOY to output multigroup data in several different formats to suit various applications is reviewed. Finally, a section is included that summarizes the history of the development of the NJOY system over the last 37 years.
IMPOLITENESS FORMULAE THE COGNATE CURSE IN EGYPTIAN ARABIC

Il existe une categorie de maledictions qui represente un type important dans le discours formulaire impoli de l'arabe egyptien. Cette categorie est utilisee lorsque le locuteur souhaite a son interlocuteur la mort, la destruction ou d'autres souffrances, au lieu d'une bonne sante ou d'une longue vie. A partir d'un vaste corpus issu de l'arabe egyptien contemporain, l'A. introduit et definit ici ce genre de maledictions, et plus particulierement celles faites a l'aide de cognats, c-a-d celles qui repondent en reprenant la racine d'un mot utilise precedemment. Il analyse leur structure, leur signification et leur usage, identifie plusieurs sous-categories fonctionnelles et examine la rhetorique sous-tendant ce genre
Hyperfine interactions as clues to the structure of elementary particles

The history of hyperfine interactions in hadron physics is reviewed. The recent treatment of hyperfine splittings in meson spectroscopy by Frank and O'Donnell is generalized and applied to baryons as well as mesons by the use of techniques developed for treating hyperfine interactions in atomic physics. New relations between meson and baryon mass splittings are obtained following from the assumption that mesons and baryons are made of the same quarks and have the same color hyperfine interactions at the quark level, with corrections due to color factors and differences between baryon and meson wave functions.
Radar Analysis of a TAMEX Frontal System

Abstract During the Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment (TAMEX), three Doppler radars complemented enhanced surface and upper-air observations. The focus of the experiment was to better understand the interaction of the terrain with precipitation systems in the production of the important heavy rainfall. The intensive operational period (IOP) number 8 extended from 1400 IST (local standard time) 7 June 1987 until 0800 LST 9 June 1987. During this time, a mesoscale convective system (MCS) formed in the Straits of Taiwan and moved inland. It was interrogated by many observing instruments, including three Doppler radars, over a 6-h period. During this time the front moved through the radar network. The front was shallow and the precipitation widespread, both ahead of and behind the front. The front was only 1.6-km deep over a distance of 100 km. Using velocity-azimuth display (VAD) data, a portion of the frontogenetic function was computed during the times the front was in the vicinity of the radar. The increas...
Complex conjugate resolved heterodyne swept source optical coherence tomography using coherence revival

We describe a simple and low-cost technique for resolving the complex conjugate ambiguity in Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) that is applicable to many swept source OCT (SSOCT) systems. First, we review the principles of coherence revival, wherein an interferometer illuminated by an external cavity tunable laser (ECTL) exhibits interference fringes when the two arms of the interferometer are mismatched by an integer multiple of the laser cavity length. Second, we report observations that the spectral interferogram obtained from SSOCT systems employing certain ECTLs are automatically phase modulated when the arm lengths are mismatched this way. This phase modulation results in a frequency-shifted interferogram, effectively creating an extended-depth heterodyne SSOCT system without the use of acousto-optic or electro-optic modulators. We suggest that this phase modulation may be caused by the ECTL cavity optical pathlength varying slightly over the laser sweep, and support this hypothesis with numerical simulations. We also report on the successful implementation of this technique with two commercial swept source lasers operating at 840nm and 1040nm, with sweep rates of 8kHz and 100kHz respectively. The extended imaging depth afforded by this technique was demonstrated by measuring the sensitivity fall-off profiles of each laser with matched and mismatched interferometer arms. The feasibility of this technique for clinical systems is demonstrated by imaging the ocular anterior segments of healthy human volunteers.
Using metaphors from natural discussion to improve the design of arcum

In this paper we present an exploratory pair-programming study aimed at investigating how programmers use a tool and language designed for performing crosscutting change tasks. Through a qualitative analysis of the pairs' discussions, we identify the metaphors that the participants used to think about crosscutting change tasks, which allowed us to infer their expectations. The metaphors of particular interest were the comparisons participants used to describe their approach in terms of other meta and non-meta programming tasks. From this analysis, we identified challenges the participants encountered in writing custom checks and refactorings.
Language Intervention with Young Children Current Practice and Future Goals

Communicative competence is the maxim of the eighties in the field of early language intervention. The concept of communicative competence represents a significant departure from earlier approaches to language intervention with young children, and was preceded by a series of events occurring in related fields. To appreciate the current state of language intervention practices for young children specific programs will not be described, rather the evolution of four issues related to the concept of communicative competence and language intervention will be traced. A discussion of present trends in relation to intervention issues will be followed by speculation about future goals for language intervention with young children.
Paradigm-dependent modulation of event-related fMRI activity evoked by the oddball task.

We have previously shown that event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (ER-fMRI) may be used to record responses to the rapid, interleaved presentation of stimuli in the three-stimulus oddball task. The present study examined the sensitivity of ER-fMRI responses to variations in the range of inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs, calculated as the time from the offset of one stimulus to the onset of the next stimulus) and the type of behavioral response task used. ISIs were varied between a wide ISI range (550-2,050 msec) and a narrow ISI range (800-1,200 msec), while maintaining a similar mean ISI (approximately 1 stimulus per sec) between experiments. The response task was varied between button press and subvocal target counting. Gradient echo, echo planar images were acquired for each of three experiments (wide ISI with button press, narrow ISI with button press, and wide-ISI with counting) in five subjects. Target stimuli generated increased fMRI signal in a wide range of brain regions. The use of a narrow ISI range generated a greater volume of subcortical activity and a reduced volume of cortical activity relative to a wide ISI range. The counting task generated a larger amplitude and longer lasting evoked response in brain regions that responded during all three experiments. Rare distractor stimuli evoked fMRI signal change primarily in orbitofrontal, ventral-medial prefrontal and superior parietal cortex. These results illustrate that although ER-fMRI is relatively insensitive as a technique to small variations in the timing of stimulus-evoked responses, it is remarkably sensitive to consequences such variations have for the topographic location and amplitude of neural responses to stimuli.
Solid state water vapor sensor for robotics applications

Preliminary results are presented on a solid-state water vapor sensor which is being considered for applications in robotics. The surface conductivity response produced by physical adsorption of water vapor on a glass surface used as the detection principle. A specific, sensitive, reversible conductivity response is observed at water vapor concentrations higher than 40% RH (relative humidity). >
Anatomic characteristics and natural history of renal artery aneurysms during longitudinal imaging surveillance

Objective Renal artery aneurysms (RAAs) are uncommon, and rates of growth and rupture are unknown. Limited evidence therefore exists to guide clinical management of RAAs, particularly small aneurysms that are asymptomatic. To further characterize the natural history of RAAs, we studied anatomic characteristics and changes in diameter during imaging surveillance. Methods Patients evaluated for native RAAs at a single institution during a 5-year period (July 2008 to July 2013) were identified and analyzed retrospectively. Patients with two or more cross-sectional imaging studies (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) more than 1 month apart were included. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records, and anatomic data (including aneurysm diameter, calcification, and location) were obtained from electronic images. Changes in RAA diameters over time were evaluated by plots and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results Sixty-eight RAAs in 55 patients were analyzed. Median follow-up was 19.4 months (interquartile range, 11.2-49.0 months). Mean age at presentation was 61.8 ± 9.8 years, and 73% of patients were women. Hypertension was prevalent among 73% of patients. Multiple RAAs were present in 18% of patients, and 24% also had arterial aneurysms of other splanchnic or iliac vessels. The majority of RAAs were calcified and located at the main renal artery bifurcation. Mean initial aneurysm diameter was 16.0 ± 6.4 mm. Median annualized growth rate was 0.06 mm (interquartile range, −0.07 to 0.33 mm; P = .11). No RAA ruptures or acute symptoms occurred during surveillance, and 10.3% of RAAs were repaired electively. Conclusions Risk of short-term RAA growth or rupture was low. These findings suggest that annual (or less frequent) imaging surveillance is safe in the majority of patients and do not support pre-emptive repair of asymptomatic, small-diameter RAAs.
On redundant path delay faults in synchronous sequential circuits

A path delay fault in a sequential circuit will affect circuit timing only if it can be activated during normal operation of the circuit. Since vector pairs that can be applied to the next-state logic of a nonscan sequential circuit are restricted by the available state transitions, some faults may be impossible to activate. Such faults are redundant and need not be tested. In this paper, we present a method of identifying redundant path delay faults in the next-state logic implemented in a two-level sum of products form and extend it to multilevel realizations. Experimental results on MCNC'91 benchmarks show that large fractions of faults in most of the MCNC'91 benchmarks are redundant.
Aneuploidy induction by mitotic arrestants: Effects of diazepam on diploid Chinese hamster cells

Abstract We used diazepam, a mild mitotic arrestant, as a model chemical to develop a cytogenetic assay protocol for aneuploid induction in a diploid Chinese hamster cell system. At 100 μg/ml, diazepam almost completely arrested mitosis at metaphase. However, mitotic block could be quickly reversed when diazepam was removed from the medium. When the duration of arrest was relatively short (2 h), anaphases in the recovering cell population were essentially normal; but when the arresting period was prolonged (7 h), anaphases in the recovering cell populations exhibited a high rate of multipolar spindles and lagging chromosomes. Filial cell populations (18–24 h after removal of the drug) showed a high frequency of aneuploid elements. Mitotic cells shaken off from monolayer cultures as starting cell populations for enumeration of aneuploidy proved to be superior to non-shaken-off cell populations.
A framework for modelling and clustering randomly structured white matter fibre tracts in diffusion tensor imaging

Reliable modelling and clustering of white matter (WM) fibre tracts are essential for studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography. This paper presents a novel scheme for modelling and clustering randomly structured WM fibre tracts reconstructed from DTI tractography. In this study, the mathematical representation of WM fibre tracts is formed by incorporating the diffusion orientation information and geometric characteristics of fibre tracts into the model. The quantitative measurements are achieved by calculating the pairwise affinity score between every two WM fibre tracts. This affinity score is sensitive to the shape, location and length of WM fibre tracts. A matching scheme is developed for finding piece-wise correspondences between two random WM fibre tracts. Real DTI datasets are used to assess the proposed approach. Experimental results show that this technique can effectively separate multiple fascicles, which do not have equal length and a common region of interest (ROI), into plausible bundles.
Interpolation-Based SC-FDMA Transmitter with Localized Resource Allocation

This paper introduces a practical implementation of a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) transmitter with localized resource allocation based on rate conversion using interpolation. This implementation provides a significant reduction in computational complexity when the size of resource allocation is relatively smaller than the total number of subcarriers, which is a valid assumption for multiuser systems. The optimization of design parameters for the proposed transmitter is discussed along with an analysis for the condition of mode selection between two different implementations: the interpolation-based SC-FDMA and the conventional SC-FDMA.
Synaptic proteins are tonotopically graded in postnatal and adult type I and type II spiral ganglion neurons

Inherent in the design of the mammalian auditory system is the precision necessary to transduce complex sounds and transmit the resulting electrical signals to higher neural centers. Unique specializations in the organ of Corti are required to make this conversion, such that mechanical and electrical properties of hair cell receptors are tailored to their specific role in signal coding. Electrophysiological and immunocytochemical characterizations have shown that this principle also applies to neurons of the spiral ganglion, as evidenced by distinctly different firing features and synaptic protein distributions of neurons that innervate high- and low-frequency regions of the cochlea. However, understanding the fine structure of how these properties are distributed along the cochlear partition and within the type I and type II classes of spiral ganglion neurons is necessary to appreciate their functional significance fully. To address this issue, we assessed the localization of the postsynaptic AMPA receptor subunits GluR2 and GluR3 and the presynaptic protein synaptophysin by using immunocytochemical labeling in both postnatal and adult tissue. We report that these presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins are distributed oppositely in relation to the tonotopic map and that they are equally distributed in each neuronal class, thus having an overall gradation from one end of the cochlea to the other. For synaptophysin, an additional layer of heterogeneity was superimposed orthogonal to the tonotopic axis. The highest anti-synaptophysin antibody levels were observed within neurons located close to the scala tympani compared with those located close to the scala vestibuli. Furthermore, we noted that the protein distribution patterns observed in postnatal preparations were largely retained in adult tissue sections, indicating that these features characterize spiral ganglion neurons in the fully developed ear.
Upstream–downstream transactions and watershed externalities: Experimental evidence from Kenya

Abstract Where environmental policies or projects seek behavioral change, understanding underlying norms and preferences is essential to securing environmental outcomes. This study models a payment for environmental services intervention in an experimental field laboratory in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Upstream and downstream individuals are paired in a standard investment game, in which the upstream mover's investment represents land use decisions and the downstream mover responds with a choice of compensation payment. The experimental intervention introduces an enforcement treatment on the downstream movers' compensation decisions for a single round. Underlying social preferences and identity appear to shape individual transactions between upstream and downstream individuals. Upstream first movers are sensitive to the removal of the enforcement on their downstream partners in the second round, and make decisions consistent with crowding out of social preferences. The results suggest that environmental interventions may affect resource decisions for individuals who are not themselves direct targets of enforcement.
Advancing immunosuppression therapy to counter the progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy.

Abstract Background Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is the major cause of late mortality in heart transplant recipients. Because immunosuppressive therapy has been convincingly shown to suppress cellular rejection and prolong cardiac allograft survival, we assessed the efficacy of advancing immunosuppressive therapy in reversing or delaying CAV by switching azathioprine to combination mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone (MMF-P). Methods and Results Seventeen adult posttransplant patients, whose CAV was prospectively approached with the MMF-P protocol, were studied. The development of significant CAV was declared on the index coronary angiogram and the MMF-P protocol was instituted. The degree of occlusion for all coronary lesions was quantitated for the index angiogram, and for the angiograms performed 1 year before (baseline) the index angiogram and annually for 2 years after the index angiogram (MMF-P years 1 and 2). There was a significant change in percent occlusion over time (P Conclusion Advancing immunosuppression with MMF-P can delay the progression of and partially reverse lumen narrowing of CAV in heart transplant recipients.