cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutrinos From Supernova Explosions

4. NEUTRINO TRANSPORT .. ... . .. .. . . .. . ..... 186 4.1 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 4.2 Neutrino Opacity 190 4.3 Trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ....... . 192 4.4 Neutrino Transport Techniques 193
An Armored CAR for Leukemia Treatment

For decades, cancer immunotherapy efforts have proven disappointing. With few exceptions—such as intravesical bacillus Calmette Guerin for bladder cancer, allogeneic stem cell transplantion for hematologic malignancies, and cytokine therapies for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma—cancer vaccines and other immunomodulatory agents yielded either disappointing efficacy or unacceptable toxicity, or both. This losing streak ended in 2010, with FDA approval of Sipuleucel-T, a dendritic cell-based vaccine for prostate cancer. Following on the heels of this success was the emergence of so-called checkpoint inhibitors, such as the anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) antibody ipilimumab and the anti-programmed death 1 (PD1) antibody pembrolizumab, both of which have been approved for melanoma. Perhaps most encouraging, some checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated clear efficacy against tumors historically considered resistant to immunotherapies, such as nonsmall cell lung cancer. Now,another immunomodulatory approach has joined the cancer therapeutic armamentarium: chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, specifically anti-CD19 CAR T cells for acute leukemia. With this technique, autologous T cells may be engineered to express a CD19-CAR incorporating an anti-CD19 single-chain variable fragment plus TCR zeta and costimulatory signaling domains. In a phase 1 dose-escalation trial of this approach, Lee et al. treated 20 pediatric or young adult patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 70% achieved a complete response. The principal toxicity was a potentially severe but transient cytokine-release syndrome. In a separate trial by Maude et al., 5 adults and 25 children with refractory B-cell ALL (of whom 15 had previously undergone transplantation) received single infusions of autologous T cells transduced with a CD19-directed CAR lentiviral vector. The complete response rate was 90%, the 6-month event-free survival rate was 67%, and the 6-month overall survival rate was 78%. The future looks even brighter for this new technology. Treatment results in generation of tumor-specific T cells and appears to convey little risk of autoimmunity or graft-versus-host disease. Furthermore, CAR T-cell therapy has human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-independent antigen recognition with potential for very broad application, including lymphomas and even solid tumors. S. L. Maude et al., Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia. N . Engl . J . Med . 371, 1507–1517 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] D. W. Lee et al ., T cells expressing CD19 chimeric antigen receptors for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults: A phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61403-3 (2014). [[Abstract]][2] [1]: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1407222 [2]: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2961403-3/fulltext
High-Energy Scaling of Compton Scattering Light Sources

Summary form only given. No monochromatic (Deltaomega/omega), high-brightness [>1020 photons/(mm2timesmrad2timesstimes0.1% bandwidth)], tunable light sources currently exist above 100 keV. Important applications that would benefit from such new hard X-ray and g-ray sources include: nuclear resonance fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved positron annihilation spectroscopy, and MeV flash radiography. In this paper, the peak brightness of Compton scattering light sources is derived for head-on collisions and found to scale inversely with the electron beam duration, Deltatau, and the square of its physical emittance, epsiv/gamma, and linearly with the bunch charge and the number of photons in the laser pulse. This gamma2 -scaling shows that for low emittance electron beams (1 nC, 1 mmmiddotmrad, 100 MeV), and tabletop laser systems (1-10 J, 5 ps) the X-ray peak brightness can exceed 1023 photons/(mm2timesmrad2timesstimes0.1% bandwidth) near 1 MeV; this is confirmed by three-dimensional codes that have been benchmarked against Compton scattering experiments performed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The interaction geometry under consideration is head-on collisions, where the X-ray flash duration is shown to be equal to that of the electron bunch, and which produce the highest peak brightness for compressed electron beams. Important nonlinear effects, including spectral broadening, are also taken into account in our analysis; they show that there is an optimum laser pulse duration in this geometry, of the order of a few picoseconds, in sharp contrast with the initial approach to laser-driven Compton scattering sources where femtosecond laser systems were thought to be mandatory. The analytical expression for the peak on-axis brightness derived here is a powerful tool to efficiently explore the 12-dimensional parameter space corresponding to the phase spaces of both the electron and incident laser beams and to determine optimum conditions for producing high brightness X-rays
Dynamics of a gas permeable contact lens during blinking

The dynamics of a gas permeable contact lens during blinking are analyzed. The contact lens is considered to be a planar, circular, porous disk of specified permeability. On one side, the lens is in solid contact with the eyelids, while on the other, it is separated from the corneal surface by a thin tear film. The rigid-body dynamics of the lens are coupled with the fluid dynamics of the tear film, and a velocity slip condition is imposed at their interface. The coupled system of ordinary and partial differential equations is solved by a combination of analytical and numerical techniques subject to boundary conditions and physical constraints limiting the duration and extent of the motion of the lens. In addition to the contact lens aspect ratio, this work investigates the effects of those variables that characterize the porous nature of the lens such as the Darcy number and the effective slip coefficient. The motion of a permeable contact lens can be controlled by a proper choice of the lens material microstructure. In fact, analysis of the results indicates that the motion of the lens is enhanced by lower values of the slip coefficient and higher values of the Darcy number, independent of the lens thickness. In addition, it is found that thicker lenses as well as thicker tear films cause the lens to move faster.
Abstraction and Insight: Building Better Conceptual Systems to Support More Effective Social Change

When creating theory to understand or implement change at the social and/or organizational level, it is generally accepted that part of the theory building process includes a process of abstraction. While the process of abstraction is well understood, it is not so well understood how abstractions “fit” together to enable the creation of better theory. Starting with a few simple ideas, this paper explores one way we work with abstractions. This exploration challenges the traditionally held importance of abstracting concepts from experience. That traditional focus has been one-sided—pushing science toward the discovery of data without the balancing process that occurs with the integration of the data. Without such balance, the sciences have been pushed toward fragmentation. Instead, in the present paper, new emphasis is placed on the relationship between abstract concepts. Specifically, this paper suggests that a better theory is one that is constructed of concepts that exist on a similar level of abstraction. Suggestions are made for quantifying this claim and using the insights to enable scholars and practitioners to create more effective theory.
The absence of myelin basic protein promotes neuroinflammation and reduces amyloid β-protein accumulation in Tg-5xFAD mice

Background Abnormal accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis \of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aβ monomers assemble into oligomers and fibrils that promote neuronal dysfunction. This assembly pathway is influenced by naturally occurring brain molecules, the Aβ chaperone proteins, which bind to Aβ and modulate its aggregation. Myelin basic protein (MBP) was previously identified as a novel Aβ chaperone protein and a potent inhibitor for Aβ fibril assembly in vitro.
Small Group Socialization Scale: Development and Validity

A Small Group Socialization Scale (SGSS) was developed and tested for reliability and validity. In Study 1, scale items were developed by reviewing research as well as asking group members for open-ended responses regarding fitting in, comfort, certainty, and satisfaction with recent group experiences. Thirty-five items were developed and administered to 445 college student participants. Subsequent reliability and factor analyses resulted in the identification of 14 items reflecting group socialization. In Study 2, the SGSS along with measures of cohesion, consensus, communication satisfaction, and loneliness were administered to 210 small group communication students. Based on acceptable reliability coefficients and correlation coefficients, concurrent validity for the SGSS was demonstrated. Implications for future research are discussed.
Pushing incomes to reference points: Why do male doctors earn more?

Why do female physicians earn less than their male counterparts? Data from the Young Physicians Survey yields an answer. Young male and female physicians respond differently to the reference incomes (RIs) they state. Males (revealing prospect-theoretic preferences) respond strongly, particularly if below RIs. Females do not respond. Males also set higher RIs. That, combined with males’ greater responsiveness to RIs, fully explains the significant gender gap in earnings and earnings growth rates. Together, productivity measures and prejudice play at most a modest role. To boost their incomes, males raise their hourly incomes, not their hours of work.
Influence of ecologic factors on prevalence of meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) infection in South Dakota, USA

The meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) is a nematode parasite that commonly infects white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; WTD) throughout the deciduous forest biome and deciduous-coniferous ecotone of eastern and central North America; the species is not known to occur west of the grassland biome of central North America. We used county- specific prevalence data to evaluate potential effects of landscape and climatologic factors on the spatial distribution of meningeal worm infection in South Dakota, US. Probability of infection increased 4-fold between eastern and western South Dakota and 1.3-fold for each 1-cm increase in summer precipitation. Sixty-three percent of WTD had only a single worm in the cranium. Expansion of meningeal worm infection across western South Dakota may be inherently low due to the combined effects of arid climate and potential attributes of the Missouri River that limit regional movements by infected WTD. Use of landscape genetic analyses to identify potential relationships between landscape features and population genetic structure of infected deer and parasites may contribute to a greater understanding of regional heterogeneity in meningeal worm infection rates across South Dakota, particularly in counties adjacent to the Missouri River. Future research evaluating heterogeneity in prevalence and intensity of infection between fawn and yearling deer, and the potential role of yearling male deer as dispersal agents of meningeal worms across the Missouri River, also is warranted.
Intrinsic fiber optic chemical sensor for the detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate

We report the early stage development of an intrinsic fiber optic sensor to detect the presence of nerve agent sarin simulant dim- ethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). The sensor design is based on the modified cladding or coating approach. Conducting polymer polypyrrole is the chemo-optic transducer, i.e., is used as a modified cladding mate- rial. Sensitivity to approximately 134 ppm of DMMP is demonstrated in the developed sensor, with a sensor response of 20 mV and a response time of 2 sec. Morphology characterization of the polypyrrole is per- formed by scanning electron microscopy. Selectivity study of the devel- oped sensor is presented by exposing the sensing element to other gases like acetone and ammonia. Influence of temperature and humidity on the developed sensor is investigated, along with ambient aging of polypyrrole films. © 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Gastro-Intestinal Mucosa in the Wall of the Human Gall-Bladder

Summary 1. Gastrointestinal mucosa from the neck of the human gall-bladder is recorded. 2. This is the second report of this type in the literature. 3. No previous case of this nature in human material was on file at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 5. Following cholecystectomy patient showed rapid mental and physical improvement.
Fumigation of bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): effective application rates for sulfuryl fluoride

ABSTRACT The bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), has resurged recently as a domestic pest in North America with very limited options for decisive control. We report efficacy studies with sulfuryl fluoride (SF) toward use as a structural fumigant to control bed bugs. Laboratory studies were conducted in which eggs, adults, and nymphs from a pesticide susceptible laboratory population were fumigated for 24 h using SF at 99.8% purity in airtight, 3.8-liter glass containers under two temperatures, 25°C and 15°C. Bed bugs were placed in separate ventilated glass vials and wrapped in mattress padding before fumigation. The gas concentration within each jar was determined using quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dose-response trials using eggs of known age (48–96 h) were conducted at five or six target concentrations measured as concentration X time accumulated dosages (g-h/m3) and one untreated control at each temperature. Each target dose was replicated in four different fumig...
The Revenge of “Why Geographic Alliances Won't Work”

(1990). The Revenge of “Why Geographic Alliances Won't Work”. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 366-368.
Behavioral Studies with Electromagnetic Fields: Implications for Psychobiology

Research In the behavioral effects of non-ionizing radiation has progressed very slowly over the past twenty years. Of the little that has been done, much of it has been in imitation of Soviet work using archaic, insensitive behavioral techniques. Much of this work has been done by scientists not qualified in experimental psychology and they seem to be unaware of the elegance and sensitivity of behavioral techniques that have been developed in the United States. A critical review of the literature available, though, reveals that (1) effects are most clearly and reliably discerned when time-based schedules of reinforced behavior are used; (2) pulsed or modulated fields have more impact than CW fields, something that can be observed only if the behavioral measure is reliable and sensitive; and (3) magnetic fields may be especially potent for some species, if not all. Directions for future research are suggested.
Fraud Versus Ethics: The Case Of The Backdating Of Stock Options

During the past five years, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has investigated over 140 companies for their practices of backdating the grant dates of employee stock options (ESOs), and has cited a number of these companies for their part in this behavior that has led to huge financial losses to corporate stockholders. The practice of backdating stock options grant dates is not necessarily illegal, but there may be some ethical issues involved with respect to the firms implicated in the acts. Options backdating may arise, not only because of clerical errors, lax record keeping, or internal control system failure, but also because of the intentional manipulation of corporate reports and documentation. In cases where top executives deliberately manipulate stock options grant dates to further bloat their excessive compensation packages above the amounts that directors approved for them, the firm and its officers/directors may be liable for violations of SEC disclosure requirements, generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and tax laws, and if these actions occurred after the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, there could be severe penalties imposed on the firm and on the individuals involved.
Pharmaceutical Information Associations Active in Europe

We all know the importance of belonging to an Association. As Dr Lyders stated: “I don’t see how a health sciences library can function effectively without the services of a library association. How to run your library, what are the current issues, how to improve your library, and meet and discuss library issues with other colleagues. How can a library not belong to an association ?”
Histopathological image analysis of chemical-induced hepatocellular hypertrophy in mice

Chemical-induced hepatocellular hypertrophy is frequently observed in rodents, and is mostly caused by the induction of phase I and phase II drug metabolic enzymes and peroxisomal lipid metabolic enzymes. Liver weight is a sensitive and commonly used marker for detecting hepatocellular hypertrophy, but is also increased by a number of other factors. Histopathological observations subjectively detect changes such as hepatocellular hypertrophy based on the size of a hepatocyte. Therefore, quantitative microscopic observations are required to evaluate histopathological alterations objectively. In the present study, we developed a novel quantitative method for an image analysis of hepatocellular hypertrophy using liver sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and demonstrated its usefulness for evaluating hepatocellular hypertrophy induced by phenobarbital (a phase I and phase II enzyme inducer) and clofibrate (a peroxisomal enzyme inducer) in mice. The algorithm of this imaging analysis was designed to recognize an individual hepatocyte through a combination of pixel-based and object-based analyses. Hepatocellular nuclei and the surrounding non-hepatocellular cells were recognized by the pixel-based analysis, while the areas of the recognized hepatocellular nuclei were then expanded until they ran against their expanding neighboring hepatocytes and surrounding non-hepatocellular cells by the object-based analysis. The expanded area of each hepatocellular nucleus was regarded as the size of an individual hepatocyte. The results of this imaging analysis showed that changes in the sizes of hepatocytes corresponded with histopathological observations in phenobarbital and clofibrate-treated mice, and revealed a correlation between hepatocyte size and liver weight. In conclusion, our novel image analysis method is very useful for quantitative evaluations of chemical-induced hepatocellular hypertrophy.
Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of a novel series of GluN2C-selective potentiators.

NMDA receptors are tetrameric complexes composed of GluN1 and GluN2A–D subunits that mediate a slow Ca2+-permeable component of excitatory synaptic transmission. NMDA receptors have been implicated in a wide range of neurological diseases and thus represent an important therapeutic target. We herein describe a novel series of pyrrolidinones that selectively potentiate only NMDA receptors that contain the GluN2C subunit. The most active analogues tested were over 100-fold selective for recombinant GluN2C-containing receptors over GluN2A/B/D-containing NMDA receptors as well as AMPA and kainate receptors. This series represents the first class of allosteric potentiators that are selective for diheteromeric GluN2C-containing NMDA receptors.
Damage assessment of steel-plate concrete composite walls by using infrared thermography: a preliminary study

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using active infrared thermography to detect damage in steel–concrete composite shear walls. An analysis of the transient curves following step heating reveals differences in the transient thermal curves of sound and damaged zones. Contrast and statistical-based techniques are used for discrimination. Theoretical considerations to the implications of detect determination are reviewed, and challenges highlighted to the deployment of this technology for this application. Primary findings hold promise for the future utilization of infrared for detection in this type of structure.
Carnap, Logicism, and Ontological Commitment

Throughout most of his career, Rudolf Carnap attempted to articulate an empiricist view. Central to this project is the understanding of how empiricism can be made compatible with abstract objects that seem to be invoked in mathematics. In this paper, I discuss and critically evaluate three moves made by Carnap to accommodate mathematical talk within his empiricist program: (i) the “weak logicism” in the Aufbau; (ii) the combination of formalism and logicism in the Logische Syntax; and (iii) the distinction between internal and external question characteristic of Carnap’s involvement with modality. As a result, the clear interplay between Carnap’s philosophy of science and his work in the philosophy of mathematics will emerge, as well as some challenges that need to be overcome along the way.
Disappointing returns to education in Ghana: A test of the robustness of OLS estimates using propensity score matching

Abstract This paper uses propensity score matching to test the robustness of OLS returns to education estimates in Ghana, a country for which other researchers have found low returns to primary school. Matching provides a way to test for common support, which would fail when there are not enough similar non-educated individuals with whom to compare educated individuals. Matching also relaxes the typical linear functional form used in OLS estimates. Common support issues do not seem to bias OLS results, and matching estimates are not statistically different from OLS results, indicating that inflexible functional forms do not bias estimates. These results indicate that, at least in this application, OLS provides reasonable estimates of education returns.
Secretory and serum IgA are inversely altered in AIDS patients

It is well-documented that levels of total serum IgA as well as IgA-containing immune complexes are often markedly and selectively increased in patients with AIDS. IgA antibodies specific for HIV have been demonstrated in mucosal secretions. All of these findings indicate a profound involvement of both the systemic and mucosal IgA systems in this disease. The present experiments were initiated to determine if alterations of the secretory component of the IgA system similar to those of its systemic counterpart could be identified. In order to determine if the secretory IgA system was quantitatively affected in a manner similar to that of its serum analogue, whole saliva samples obtained from normal volunteers and from patients with AIDS were assayed by quantitative ELISA for levels of total IgA and IgA subclasses. Total salivary IgA was decreased in the AIDS patients. Levels of salivary IgA1 did not differ significantly in the 2 populations. On the other hand, IgA2 levels were markedly diminished in patients with AIDS. Since a major mucosal (but not serum) IgA isotype is selectively diminished in AIDS (as opposed to often extreme elevations in total serum IgA), we conclude that the systemic and mucosal IgA systems appear to be inversely affected in this disease.
The Language Situation in the African American Speech Community: The Status of Variety X

The language situation in the African American speech community, which is the focus of this chapter, is in many ways a microcosm of the language situation in the United States. To the extent that such is an accurate premise, one overwhelming generalization, of far-reaching significance is the acknowledgment that it is a virtually monolingual English-speaking community. Although other languages are spoken, English is – with few exceptions – the language normally spoken in everyday public interaction. Major exceptions are places like Miami, Florida, where one is as likely to hear Spanish spoken in certain areas of the city.
The Engineers’ Orchestra: A Conductorless Orchestra for Our Time

Performance skills—leadership, teamwork, and communication—can make or break an engineering career. Critical for success in life, they empower engineering students to reach their greatest promise as professionals, citizens, and individuals. But how to develop these skills in engineering students through experiential practice? Blurring the line between art and science offers one route via creative engagement: playing in a conductorless orchestra. A conductorless orchestra cultivates leadership, teamwork, and communication week-in and week-out during rehearsals and concerts. The only conductorless orchestra in the world composed of engineers currently resides at Olin College of Engineering, Needham, MA. Its rationale and blueprint nevertheless translate to other institutions. Developed over the past 14 years, that blueprint features a set of core values with clear expectations, a student-focused organizational structure, bonding and team-building pursuits, seriously fun musical games, and professional feedback. In short, the Engineers’ Orchestra offers engineer-musicians a project-based learning lab where they build—emotionally and intellectually—effective leadership, collaboration, and communication, while doing something they love—creating music.
Rhetoric and Reform in Waiver States

Seven states have used Section 1115 waivers to expand Medicaid as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). While each state pursued a unique plan, there are similarities in the types of changes each state desired to make. Equally important to how a state modified their Medicaid programs is how a state talked about Medicaid and reform. We investigate whether the rhetoric that emerged in waiver states is unique, analyze whether the rhetoric is associated with particular waiver reforms, and consider the implications of our findings for the future of Medicaid policy making. We find that proponents in waiver states have convinced a conservative legislature that their reform is sufficiently innovative that they are not doing a Medicaid expansion, and not building on the traditional Medicaid program. Particularly striking is that none of these reforms are entirely new to the Medicaid program. While not new, the way in which waiver states have been allowed to implement many of the reforms is new and has become stricter. We find an emerging consensus utilized by conservative policy makers in framing the Medicaid expansion. Expansion efforts by conservative policy makers in other states have subsequently pushed this framing far to the right.
Relative linkages of stream water quality and environmental health with the land use and hydrologic drivers in the coastal-urban watersheds of southeast Florida.

A systematic data-analytics was employed to determine the relative linkages of stream water quality and environmental health with the land use and hydrologic drivers in the coastal-urban watersheds of southeast Florida. Power-law based partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed to reliably estimate the linkages by appropriately resolving multicollinearity (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency, NSE = 0.72-0.95). The analytics indicated Everglades as the external and the largest source of total nitrogen (TN) in the coastal-urban streams for both wet (June-October) and dry (November-May) seasons. The ‘external driver’ exhibited 1.5-2 times stronger control on stream TN than that of the watershed ‘land use’, ‘hydrology’, and the ‘upstream reach’ contributions. In contrast, Everglades appeared to be a minor source of in-stream total phosphorus (TP), which was predominantly controlled by the internal watershed processes. TP was most strongly linked with the upstream reach concentrations and watershed land uses in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Despite the predominantly built-up fraction (74%) of the study area, agricultural land was the most substantial watershed source of in-stream nutrients. The linkages of algal biomass (Chla) with the drivers indicated TP as the limiting nutrient. Stream dissolved oxygen (DO) was most strongly influenced by the adjacent groundwater depth and watershed land uses, respectively, in the wet and dry seasons. The estimated relative linkages and insights would be useful to identify the management targets and priorities to achieve healthy coastal-urban stream ecosystems in southeast Florida and around the world. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Abstract 259: Sam68 Regulates Endothelin-Converting Enzyme-1b Expression and Blood Pressure Homeostasis

We have previously reported that E2F2, a transcription factor known for its role in cell cycle, regulates the expression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1b (ECE-1b) in endothelial cells and contributes to the maintenance of vascular contractility and blood pressure (BP). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this novel, cell-cycle independent function of E2F2 remain largely elusive. In this study, we profiled E2F2 interactome in the nucleus of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by utilizing a proteomic approach. We identified that Sam68, a classic RNA-binding protein and Src kinase substrate, acts as an E2F2-interacting protein; co-immunoprecipitation analyses confirmed that both endogenous and ectopically-expressed Sam68 interact with E2F2. Overexpression of Sam68 repressed whereas knockdown of Sam68 increased E2F2-induced ECE-1b promoter activity and mRNA expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further confirmed that E2F2 and Sam68 co-localize on ECE-1b promoter, indicating that ECE-1b is a direct transcriptional target of E2F2 and Sam68. In vivo, Sam68 knockout (KO) mice displayed a significantly lowered BP as compared to WT littermates (tail-cuff measurements of mean BP, KO vs. WT: 104 ± 6 vs. 123 ± 7 mmHg, n=25 males of age 4-6 months, P
Rwanda, Burundi, and Their "Ethnic" Conflicts

This paper demonstrably dispels the assumption that ethnic conflict in Rwanda and Burundi is a chronic endemic phenomenon. It emphasizes the consolidation of the caste system during the colonial era, intra regional disparities within the two communities, high population densities, very weak economic bases, poverty, and international interference as some of the cardinal dynamics behind the current deadly contentions within the two states. An analysis behind the genocidal tendencies in the two countries is well illustrated, with special emphasis on the Rwandese tragedy of 1994 as well as its parallels and divergences with the Nazi Holocaust.
Recent Advances of LTE/WiFi Coexistence in Unlicensed Spectrum

U-LTE is a new wireless technology that is currently being developed by industry and academia to offer LTE service in unlicensed spectrum. U-LTE addresses spectrum shortage from 4G LTE cellular networks by allowing them to operate in unlicensed bands. To ensure fair spectrum sharing among different wireless technologies (LTE and WiFi in particular), a number of coexistence mechanisms have been proposed. These mechanisms operate in the time, frequency, or power domains to minimize potential adverse effects from LTE. Based on these mechanisms, a number of U-LTE standards are being developed by industry. In this article, we present recent advances in this exciting area by reviewing the state-of-the-art LTE/WiFi coexistence mechanisms and show how they are incorporated into industry standards. We also point out several key challenges and open problems for future research.
Are There Any Anthropoid Primate Living Fossils

The concept of “living fossil” as employed by Simpson (1953) and others has been somewhat altered for the purposes of this volume. As we understand it, the implication is of a living taxon that differs only slightly if at all in known morphology from an early fossil member of its clade, at whatever taxonomic rank. In this spirit, we will examine the “higher” or anthropoid primates to determine if any taxa, including some previously suggested, qualify for this status. Following Szalay and Delson (1979), the Order Primates is divided into three suborders, the extinct Plesiadapiformes, the Strepsirhini (lower primates), and the Haplorhini, including the infraorders Tarsiiformes (tarsiers and fossil relatives—see Schwartz, this volume), Platyrrhini (New World anthropoids), and Catarrhini (Old World anthropoids).
Éxodo a la “tierra prometida”: Del demonio y otros monstruos en la obra de Juan de Dios Mora

Juan de Dios Mora es grabador y docente en la Universidad de Texas en San Antonio, donde comenzo a ensenar pintura, dibujo y grabado en 2010. Mora es un artista prolifico cuyos grabados han sido publicados en numerosos sitios incluyendo los catalogos New Arte Nuevo: San Antonio 2010 y New Art/Arte Nuevo San Antonio 2012 . Este ano su obra se exhibio en distintos lugares incluyendo el Museo de Arte McNay en San Antonio, Texas en Juan Mora: Cultural Clash ( Juan Mora: Choque Cultural , junio 8 a agosto 13 de 2017) y en el Centro de Arte the Cole en la Galeria Reavley en Nacogdoches, Texas, en Juan de Dios Mora. En 2016, Mora participo en la exhibicion colectiva Los de abajo: Garbage as an Artistic Source ( Los de abajo: la basura como una fuente artistica ) en el Centro Cultural Guadalupe en San Antonio (de junio 10 a julio 29 de 2016). Mora tambien ha sido curador de la exhibicion Print It Up por varios anos, organizada por el artista en el area del centro de San Antonio dandoles una visibilidad sin precedentes a numerosos artistas. Para esta exhibicion Mora guia y aconseja tanto a estudiantes como a exalumnos sobre el proceso de exhibicion, desde como crear un portafolio, enmarcar e instalar obras, hasta realizar contratos con galeristas y vender las obras al publico. Adriana Miramontes Olivas es estudiante de doctorado en el Departamento de Historia del Arte y Arquitectura en la Universidad de Pittsburgh. Completo su licenciatura en la Universidad de Texas de El Paso y la maestria en la Universidad de Texas de San Antonio. Sus intereses en materia de investigacion incluyen arte moderno y contemporaneo global con un enfoque en Latinoamerica, estudios de genero, sexualidad e identidad nacional. La Dra. Deborah Caplow es historiadora del arte, curadora y autora del libro sobre el ilustrador Mexicano Leopoldo Mendez (Leopoldo Mendez: arte revolucionario y el grabado mexicano, publicado por la Universidad de Texas). Ella ensena historia del arte en la Universidad de Washington, Bothell. Sus areas de investigacion incluyen arte Mexicano del siglo XX, las intersecciones entre arte y politica, y la historia de la fotografia. Actualmente hace investigacion de grabados contemporaneos en Oaxaca, Mexico.
Controller adherence following hospital discharge in high risk children: A pilot randomized trial of text message reminders

Objective: To assess the feasibility of a mobile health, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) adherence reminder intervention and to characterize adherence trajectories immediately following severe asthma ...
Association Between Estimated Cumulative Vaccine Antigen Exposure Through the First 23 Months of Life and Non–Vaccine-Targeted Infections From 24 Through 47 Months of Age

Importance Some parents are concerned that multiple vaccines in early childhood could weaken their child’s immune system. Biological data suggest that increased vaccine antigen exposure could increase the risk for infections not targeted by vaccines. Objective To examine estimated cumulative vaccine antigen exposure through the first 23 months of life in children with and without non–vaccine-targeted infections from 24 through 47 months of age. Design, Setting, and Participants A nested case-control study was conducted in 6 US health care organizations participating in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Cases were identified byInternational Classification of Diseases codes for infectious diseases in the emergency department and inpatient medical settings and then validated by medical record review. Cases of non–vaccine-targeted infection were matched to controls by age, sex, health care organization site, and chronic disease status. Participants were children ages 24 through 47 months, born between January 1, 2003, and September 31, 2013, followed up until December 31, 2015. Exposures Cumulative vaccine antigen exposure, estimated by summing the number of antigens in each vaccine dose received from birth through age 23 months. Main Outcomes and Measures Non–vaccine-targeted infections, including upper and lower respiratory infections and gastrointestinal infections, from 24 through 47 months of age, and the association between these infections and estimated cumulative vaccine exposure from birth through 23 months. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate matched odds ratios representing the odds of non–vaccine-targeted infections for every 30-unit increase in estimated cumulative number of antigens received. Results Among the 944 patients (193 cases and 751 controls), the mean (SD) age was 32.5 (6.3) months, 422 (45%) were female, and 61 (7%) had a complex chronic condition. Through the first 23 months, the estimated mean (SD) cumulative vaccine antigen exposure was 240.6 (48.3) for cases and 242.9 (51.1) for controls. The between-group difference for estimated cumulative antigen exposure was −2.3 (95% CI, −10.1 to 5.4;P = .55). Among children with vs without non–vaccine-targeted infections from 24 through 47 months of age, the matched odds ratio for estimated cumulative antigen exposure through age 23 months was not significant (matched odds ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.07). Conclusions and Relevance Among children from 24 through 47 months of age with emergency department and inpatient visits for infectious diseases not targeted by vaccines, compared with children without such visits, there was no significant difference in estimated cumulative vaccine antigen exposure through the first 23 months of life.
Predictors of 1-year mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVE To identify variables predictive of increased mortality within 1 year of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 723 consecutive patients who received TAVR from November 2008 through April 2016. Patient and procedure-related characteristics were analyzed with logistic regression for an association with death within 1 year of TAVR. RESULTS Patient mean age was 81 ± 9 years, male sex was present in 428 patients (59%), and STS predicted risk of mortality was 9.2 ± 6.2%. There were 107 deaths (15%) within 1 year of operation. Multivariable analysis identified increased risk of death with severe chronic lung disease (odds ratio [OR] 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-3.29; P = 0.006), severe tricuspid valve regurgitation (OR 2.35; 95%CI 1.17-4.30; P = 0.017), vascular injury (OR 2.23; 95%CI 1.15-4.30; P = 0.017), and new-onset dialysis (OR 8.49; 95%CI 3.00-24.03; P < 0.001) (Area under the curve 0.687). When stratified by arterial access, there was increased risk of death following severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, vascular injury, or new-onset dialysis for transfemoral access and severe chronic lung disease or new-onset dialysis for alternative access. CONCLUSION Patient characteristics and procedure-related complications are both significantly associated with increased risk of death within 1 year of TAVR. Patients with the baseline findings of severe chronic lung disease or severe tricuspid valve regurgitation may not experience mortality benefit from TAVR, and they should be assessed and counselled accordingly. Avoiding procedure-related complications is paramount to a good outcome. The findings have important implications for health care delivery services.
Temperature-mediated inhibition of a bumble bee parasite by an intestinal symbiont

Competition between organisms is often mediated by environmental factors including temperature. In animal intestines, nonpathogenic symbionts compete physically and chemically against pathogens, with consequences for host infection. We used metabolic theory-based models to characterize differential responses to temperature of a bacterial symbiont and a co-occurring trypanosomatid parasite of bumble bees, which regulate body temperature during flight and incubation. We hypothesized that inhibition of parasites by bacterial symbionts would increase with temperature, due to symbionts having higher optimal growth temperatures than parasites. We found that a temperature increase over the range measured in bumble bee colonies would favor symbionts over parasites. As predicted by our hypothesis, symbionts reduced the optimal growth temperature for parasites, both in direct competition and when parasites were exposed to symbiont spent medium. Inhibitory effects of the symbiont increased with temperature, reflecting accelerated growth and acid production by symbionts. Our results indicate that high temperatures, whether due to host endothermy or environmental factors, can enhance the inhibitory effects of symbionts on parasites. Temperature-modulated manipulation of microbiota could be one explanation for fever- and heat-induced reductions of infection in animals, with consequences for diseases of medical and conservation concern.
The M.I.T. Bag Model in the Context of QCD

The M.I.T. Bag Model (1, 2) has been generally successful in giving a simple and quantitative account of the quark structure of hadrons. It is not the purpose of this talk to recount the successes or short comings of the bag model. Instead, I will try to motivate the development of a possible “derivation” of the model from the fundamental theory of strong interactions, that is, from Quantum Chromodynamics.
Development of two-stage 4K cryocooler with modified Solvay cycle

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development of two-stage 4K cryocooler with modified Solvay cycle, and examines it by changing the displacer assemblies from conventional 20K cryocooler. It focuses on the regenerator material of 2nd displacer and its packing structure during developing two-stage 4K cryocooler with modified Solvay cycle by computer simulation and experiment. It calculates the cooling capacity by assuming the specific heat model. Maximum cooling capacity of 0.93 W has been achieved at 4.2K. Packing quantity of regenerator in 2nd displacer is approximately half for the reported motor driven cryocooler. By computer simulation for 2nd displacer, specific heat of hot end regenerator doesn't give influence on cooling capacity, but cold end specific heat effects greatly. For the pneumatic driven cryocooler, suitable characteristic of regenerator becomes clear to some degree. This chapter concludes by discussing the investigation results of 2nd regenerator.
Ion-Binding Polyesters and Polyamides Containing THF Rings

In 1955, Corbaz and coworkers1 isolated an antibiotic from Streptomyces viridochromogenes and Streptomyces olivochromogenes which was named nonactin. The antibiotic was unusual because it was a neutral, optically inactive solid. In addition to nonactin, three homologs named monactin, dinactin, and triactin were subsequently isolated.2 This class of antibiotics is called the actins (Fig. 1).
Medication reconciliation in acute care: ensuring an accurate drug regimen on admission and discharge.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Several factors contribute to the potential for patient confusion regarding his or her medication regimen, including multiple names for a single drug and formulary variations when the patient receives medications from more than one pharmacy. Case Study A 68-year-old woman was discharged from the hospital on a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) and resumed her home statin. Eleven days later she returned to the hospital with a diagnosis of severe rhabdomyolysis due to statin overdose. Implementing Solutions Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, Ohio, implemented a reconciliation process and order form at admission and discharge to reduce the likelihood that this miscommunication would recur. Initial efforts were trialed on a 44-bed orthopedic unit, with spread of the initiative to the cardiac units and finally to the remaining 22 nursing units. Results The team successfully implemented initiation of the order sheet, yet audits indicated the need for improvement in reconciling the medications within 24hours of admission and in reconciling the home medications at the point of discharge. Conclusion Successful implementation of the order sheet to drive reconciliation takes communication, perseverance, and a multidisciplinary team approach.
Plasma Heat-Flux Dispersal for ACT1 Divertor Configurations

AbstractSimulations of the heat flux on plasma-facing components from core exhaust plasma are reported for two possible ACT1 divertor configurations. One configuration uses divertor plates strongly...
The Measurement of Surface Potentials and Transmembrane Potentials in Cells and Organelles

Most living cells and organelles carry discrete charges on their membrane surface, which result in the presence of surface potential differences (shortly called surface potentials) between membrane surface and the contacting bulk medium. In addition, the selective active transport of ions and the resulting ion concentration differences lead to the formation of transmembrane potential differences (shortly called membrane potentials). Both surface potentials and membrane potentials play important roles in metabolism, control and signaling processes in cells and organelles. Thus, the ability to measure these various potentials and to distinguish between them, is crucial to the understanding of many cellular and organelles’s processes. In this Chapter I shall review briefly the most useful methods available at present, and discuss their principles and their applications.