cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CONTEMPORANEOUS AND LAGGED CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG NEGOTIATED LIVE CATTLE CASH MARKETS

U.S. live cattle markets have experienced dramatic shifts in marketing methods over the past two decades, changing the way live cattle prices are discovered. We identify relationships between prices of the five major live cattle marketing regions using Granger causality and directed graph analysis. The two approaches complement each other and reveal that interweek and intraweek price discovery roles for given markets differ. Evidence indicates that Colorado, though a minor market in terms of relative volume, has become an important source of interweek price information to other markets.
Minimally Invasive Small Bowel Surgery

Minimally invasive techniques have been utilized to perform complex abdominal operations with increasing frequency over the past couple of decades. While the fundamental principles of open surgery and minimally invasive surgery are similar, minimally invasive techniques require operating in a confined space through smaller incisions, often maneuvering difficult angles with longer instruments which can increase the complexity of the case. Minimally invasive surgery has been proven to be technically feasible and safe, generally resulting in an overall benefit for patients. However, some operations may require conversion to an open operation, while others may not be able to be attempted in a minimally invasive fashion. Many case series, randomized trials, and systematic reviews have been reported on the topic, leading to the surgical community embracing laparoscopic and robotic surgery to address a variety of surgical disease processes afflicting the small intestinal tract. In this chapter, the minimally invasive approach to small bowel surgery is explored, highlighting the nuances of selecting the appropriate approach to effectively manage each patient. Since the data regarding robotic surgery for small bowel disease processes is limited, this chapter focuses primarily on the laparoscopic approach to small bowel surgery.
Love in Action: An Integrative Approach to Last Chance Couple Therapy

This article presents an integrative approach to the special challenges of therapy with couples on the brink of dissolution or divorce-who often describe this therapy as their "last chance." In some, one partner is considering ending the relationship, and in others, both partners are considering ending it. Often, these couples have had prior dissatisfying experiences in couple therapy. Four types of last chance couples are described: high-conflict couples; couples in which partners have differing goals for their lives or different timelines for reaching shared goals; couples in which one or both partners have acted in a manner that violates the values, expectations, emotional comfort, or safety of the other; and couples in which there has been a gradual loss of intimacy. The Therapeutic Palette, a multiperspectival, theoretically eclectic integrative approach, is enlisted as a general framework for selecting and sequencing use of particular theories and their associated practices, based on the three "primary colors" of couple therapy: time frame/focus, level of directiveness, and change entry point. An additional complementary framework, the creative relational movement approach, is proposed to provide an integrative frame encompassing both language-based and action-based practices, suggesting that meaning is held and expressed as much through interaction or "relational motion" as it is through language. Principles of change are described. Due to the couple's level of crisis and desire for immediate evidence of possible improvement, priority is given to action-based interventions in early stages of therapy, by engaging couples in "experiments in possibility." Typical action approaches are described. An extended vignette follows.
Perception of anticipatory coarticulation for selected English consonants

Abstract: This study attempted to determine whether the spectral information contained in a vowel segment excerpted from a CVC sequence contained sufficient information to enable listeners to identify the final consonant from the set /l, n, d, r/. Even though such excerpted vowel segments show shifts in identification patterns conditioned by the following consonant, this spectral information is apparently not adequate to enable subjects to predict the consonant.
Hempel’s Deductive-Nomological Model: In the Beginning …

I shall assume for the present that the basic features of Hempel’s Deductive Nomological Model of Explanation are familiar to the reader: a deductive explanation of some fact Ga about a particular object a, requires some other fact Fa, and since it was assumed that Fa would not by itself yield a deduction of Ga, that the deductive connection between the two facts was to be supplied by an additional premise L –a law. So, though the target of their paper was scientific explanation, we want to consider what it tells us about scientific laws.
The transcription factor Maz is essential for normal eye development.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an essential role in eye development. Faulty regulation of this pathway results in ocular malformations due to defects in cell fate determination and differentiation. Herein we show that disruption of Maz, the gene encoding Myc-associated zinc finger transcription factor, produces developmental eye defects in mice and humans. Expression of key genes involved in the Wnt cascade, Sfrp2, Wnt2b and Fzd4 were significantly increased in mice with targeted inactivation of Maz, resulting in abnormal peripheral eye formation with reduced proliferation of the progenitor cells in the region. Paradoxically, the Wnt reporter TCF-Lef1 displayed a significant downregulation in Maz-deficient eyes. Molecular analysis indicates that Maz is necessary for the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and participates in the network controlling ciliary margin patterning. Copy number variations and single nucleotide variants of MAZ were identified in humans that result in abnormal ocular development. The data support MAZ as a key contributor to the eye comorbidities associated with chromosome 16p11.2 copy number variants and as a transcriptional regulator of ocular development.
Rewriting Meaningful Sentences via Conditional BERT Sampling and an application on fooling text classifiers.

Most adversarial attack methods that are designed to deceive a text classifier change the text classifier's prediction by modifying a few words or characters. Few try to attack classifiers by rewriting a whole sentence, due to the difficulties inherent in sentence-level rephrasing as well as the problem of setting the criteria for legitimate rewriting. In this paper, we explore the problem of creating adversarial examples with sentence-level rewriting. We design a new sampling method, named ParaphraseSampler, to efficiently rewrite the original sentence in multiple ways. Then we propose a new criteria for modification, called a sentence-level threaten model. This criteria allows for both word- and sentence-level changes, and can be adjusted independently in two dimensions: semantic similarity and grammatical quality. Experimental results show that many of these rewritten sentences are misclassified by the classifier. On all 6 datasets, our ParaphraseSampler achieves a better attack success rate than our baseline.
Profound neonatal lactic acidosis and renal tubulopathy in a patient with glycogen storage disease type IXɑ2 secondary to a de novo pathogenic variant in PHKA2

The phenotype of individuals with glycogen storage disease (GSD) IX appears to be highly variable, even within subtypes. Features include short stature, fasting hypoglycemia with ketosis, hepatomegaly, and transaminitis. GSD IXɑ2 is caused by hemizygous pathogenic variants in PHKA2, and results in deficiency of the phosphorylase kinase enzyme, particularly in the liver. Like other GSDs, GSD IXɑ2 can present with hypoglycemia and post-prandial lactic acidosis, but has never been reported in a newborn, nor with lactic acidosis as the presenting feature. Here we describe the clinical presentation and course of a newborn boy with profound neonatal lactic and metabolic acidosis, renal tubulopathy, and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) diagnosed with GSD IXɑ2 through exome sequencing. Review of the literature suggests this case represents an atypical and severe presentation of GSD IXɑ2 and proposes expansion of the phenotype to include neonatal lactic acidosis and renal tubulopathy.
On the Mechanism of Induction of Hepatic Adenosine Triphosphate Deficiency by Ethionine

Abstract A method is described for the quantitative determination of S-adenosylethionine (AEt) in perchloric acid extracts of liver. The administration of ethionine to female rats is followed by the rapid accumulation of AEt in the liver. The concentration of AEt increases with increasing doses of ethionine up to about 0.25 to 0.35 mg per g of body weight. The AEt concentration remains at a maximum level for at least 24 hours after a single injection of ethionine. The concentration of free ethionine in the liver and blood is sufficiently high to account for this persistence of maximal AEt levels over this period of time. A close inverse relationship has been found between the concentration of adenosine triphosphate and AEt when measured as a function of time after injection of ethionine. However, a discrepancy exists between the concentrations of ATP and AEt when measured as a function of the dose of ethionine. A maximum liver concentration of AEt is obtained at a dosage level of ethionine which induces only a moderate decrease in ATP concentration. The ATP level continues to fall as the amount of ethionine administered is increased above this level. The basis for this discrepancy has been studied and found to be a progressive inhibition of synthesis of adenine nucleotides de novo with large doses of ethionine associated with the decreasing levels of ATP. The data concerning the various effects of ethionine upon the concentrations of hepatic AEt and ATP and in the induction of various biochemical lesions are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary effect of ethionine is to trap adenosine as AEt by reacting with ATP. With low doses of ethionine, the trapping effect is largely compensated for by a large increase in the rate of synthesis of adenosine monophosphate de novo. With increasingly larger doses of ethionine, the rate of trapping exceeds the rate of synthesis de novo with a resultant decrease in the concentration of adenine nucleotides including ATP. This, in turn, further compromises the new formation of AMP, leading to a progressive decrease in ATP concentration. A new steady state is established at a low level of ATP. During this steady state, AEt is not stable but is continuously broken down and resynthesized. The administration of methionine several hours after ethionine inhibits the further synthesis of AEt, thus allowing the partial resynthesis of ATP from adenosine liberated during transethylation from AEt. This accounts for the partial reversal of those biochemical lesions resulting from the decrease in ATP such as inhibition of protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis and accumulation of excess triglyceride in the liver (fatty liver). The biochemical and structural changes in the liver induced by ethionine offer an interesting example of biochemical lesions induced primarily by lethal synthesis, as enunciated by Peters.
Introduction to a Showcase of Adaptive Controller Designs

The Adaptive Control literature contains hundreds of technical papers on many different approaches to the subject. However, engineers who are not specialists in adaptive theory often have difficulty selecting which approach to use in any given problem. This invited session addresses this situation by defining a set of standard problems which are then solved by several of today's distinct approaches to adaptive control. This introductory paper explains the motivation for this session and then defines the problems and guidelines which will be followed in subsequent presentations.
Applications and Implications of Single‐walled Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering

The sections in this article are Introduction Electromagnetic Fields for Tissue Regeneration Tissue Engineering SWNT Preparation: Purification and Functionalization Specific Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering Conclusions
Effects of 5-fluorouracil substitution on the RNA conformation and in vitro translation of thymidylate synthase messenger RNA.

In vitro transcribed thymidylate synthase (TS) mRNA which is 100% substituted with 5-fluorouracil (FUra) was analyzed for changes in mRNA secondary structure, for alterations in translational efficiency, and for evidence of translational miscoding in vitro. FUra substitution in TS mRNA results in an altered migration pattern in non-denaturing RNA gels and in decreased hyperchromicity in RNA melting temperature studies, consistent with a change in mRNA secondary structure. However, no change in the translational efficiency of FUra-substituted TS mRNA is seen compared to control TS mRNA in either rabbit reticulocyte lysate or wheat germ extract in vitro translation systems. Analysis of the in vitro translation product of FUra-substituted TS mRNA by Western immunoblotting, isoelectric focusing, 5-fluoro-2‘-deoxyuridine 5‘-monophosphate binding, and TS catalytic activity experiments shows no difference compared to control TS mRNA. We conclude that the in vitro translation products of FUra-substituted and control TS mRNA are identical. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that changes in the mRNA template are responsible for the RNA-directed cytotoxicity of FUra.
Delay spread estimation for wireless communication systems

In this paper, average frequency correlation and root-mean-squared (rms) delay spread estimation for wireless communication systems are described. A practical algorithm for averaged channel frequency correlation estimation, which can be used for measuring frequency selectivity, is given. Average rms delay spread of the channel is obtained directly from the channel frequency correlation estimate without obtaining the channel power delay profile (PDP). Analytical relations between channel frequency correlation and assuming an exponentially decaying PDP derives rms delay spread value. Robustness of the proposed rms delay spread estimation method for other PDPs is evaluated. An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based wireless communication system is considered for evaluating the performance of the proposed algorithm. It is observed that proposed channel frequency correlation and rms delay spread estimation algorithms work very well in various environments with different PDPs.
Asynchronous gossip-based data propagation protocol

Data dissemination protocols govern interaction and exchange of data among nodes in a distributed system. An understanding of data transfer protocols provides insight into efficient middleware management. Due to their simplicity, scalability and fault-tolerance, gossip-based protocols are researched widely as an effective communication strategy. The Shuffle protocol presented in [1], is an example of a decentralized, gossip-based data transfer protocol used to spread information in a wireless network via probabilistic exchange of data. This paper presents, an asynchronous variant of the Shuffle protocol and a system model that captures variability in data transmission times. This transmission time variability is inherent in dynamic networks, where such algorithms are typically deployed. A simulation-based analysis of the protocol's performance behavior is presented. Results show the effects of transmission variability, on data replication and its coverage. Also examined is the relationship between available storage and the performance of the protocol, expressed using measures such as propagation time and work.
Absorption and Metabolism of Adenine, Adenosine-5'-Monophosphate, Adenosine and Hypoxanthine by the Isolated Vascularly Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Intestinal vascular perfusion and in vivo live animal experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the nature and extent of the intestinal metabolism of adenine, adenosine, adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) and hypoxanthine in the rat. Radiolabeled purine substrates were administered intralumenally. Intestinal contents, tissue and/or portal flow were collected and evaluated for resultant purine metabolites by liquid and paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis. Adenosine, AMP and hypoxanthine were quantitatively metabolized to end products (primarily uric acid) within 15 minutes after administration. In contrast, the metabolism of adenine to uric acid was considerably slower. Up to 20% of the administered adenine was recovered unmetabolized in the portal vasculature. Nonetheless uric acid was the primary metabolite recovered from the portal circulation in the isolated intestine regardless of the purine substrate or concentration administered. Since lumenal inosine concentrations rose sharply with increasing doses of AMP, either transport or metabolism of inosine is a rate-limiting step in the intestinal metabolism of purines to uric acid in the rat. Finally, the large percentage of the radiolabel in uric acid recovered in the lumen is consistent with the hypothesis that the intestine is an extrarenal site for purine excretion.
STRANGER: an automata-based string analysis tool for PHP

Stranger is an automata-based string analysis tool for finding and eliminating string-related security vulnerabilities in PHP applications. Stranger uses symbolic forward and backward reachability analyses to compute the possible values that the string expressions can take during program execution. Stranger can automatically (1) prove that an application is free from specified attacks or (2) generate vulnerability signatures that characterize all malicious inputs that can be used to generate attacks.
Borrelia burgdorferi RevA Significantly Affects Pathogenicity and Host Response in the Mouse Model of Lyme Disease

ABSTRACT The Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, expresses RevA and numerous outer surface lipoproteins during mammalian infection. As an adhesin that promotes bacterial interaction with fibronectin, RevA is poised to interact with the extracellular matrix of the host. To further define the role(s) of RevA during mammalian infection, we created a mutant that is unable to produce RevA. The mutant was still infectious to mice, although it was significantly less well able to infect cardiac tissues. Complementation of the mutant with a wild-type revA gene restored heart infectivity to wild-type levels. Additionally, revA mutants led to increased evidence of arthritis, with increased fibrotic collagen deposition in tibiotarsal joints. The mutants also induced increased levels of the chemokine CCL2, a monocyte chemoattractant, in serum, and this increase was abolished in the complemented strain. Therefore, while revA is not absolutely essential for infection, deletion of revA had distinct effects on dissemination, arthritis severity, and host response.
Identification of Peanut Genotypes with Improved Drought Avoidance Traits

Abstract Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are often subjected to drought during some period in the growing season. A large root system may improve the plant's ability to continue growth during a drought. During greenhouse and field screening trials for resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, race 1], 16 peanut genotypes were observed to have very large root systems. Using these 16 genotypes plus cultivars Florunner, Southern Runner, and germplasm line Tifton 8 as checks, several studies were conducted to evaluate these genotypes for drought avoidance characteristics. In the first study, root and shoot development were observed at 15-d intervals on plants grown from seed in sand-filled pots. In a second 2-yr study, selections were grown in the field under portable rain-exclusion shelters that created controlled periods of stress. In addition, the genotypes were also planted and observed in unsheltered naturally drought stressed field plots. In the sand-filled pot stu...
Somatostatin and growth hormone regulation in cancer.

Somatostatin analogues are used clinically in a variety of pituitary and gastroenteropancreatic tumours. In addition, they may influence breast and prostate growth either directly through somatostatin receptors or indirectly through inhibition of growth hormone and prolactin release. Somatostatin analogues may interfere with EGF/TGF α-stimulated growth of these tumours and can suppress circulating levels of IGF-I in addition.
Formation of mediated biocatalytic cathodes by electrodeposition of a redox polymer and laccase

Abstract Mediated biocatalytic cathodes were fabricated via electrodeposition of an osmium-based redox polymer onto planar and porous electrode surfaces, incorporating the oxygen-reducing enzyme laccase. After one hour of electrodeposition time, bio-cathodes on glassy carbon substrate exhibited redox site loading of 6 nmol cm −2 and oxygen reduction current density of 1.4 mA cm −2 . Those on carbon-fiber paper exhibited redox site loading of 46 nmol cm −2 and oxygen reduction current density of 15.7 mA cm −2 . The current density and polarization behavior were comparable to those of bio-cathodes made by conventional chemical crosslinking. The specific activity in terms of current per mole of redox polymer or enzyme was significantly higher for electrodeposited films.
The measurement of suicidality, aggressivity and impulsivity

1. From an evolutionary point of view aggressive behavior increases the chances of individual survival as well as inclusive fitness. 2. There are brain structures and biochemical systems that are involved in the regulation of aggressive behavior. 3. Genetic studies have revealed genetic contributions to aggressive as well as impulsive behaviors. 4. Research has demonstrated correlations between measures of suicidality, violence and impulsivity. 5. A two-step model of countervailing forces has been developed that identifies amplifiers and attenuators of the aggressive impulse. This model has enabled us to determine a set of variables that influence suicide but not violence and another set that influences violence but not suicide.
The Partition of Finescale Energy into Internal Waves and Subinertial Motions

Finescale vertical wavenumber strain spectra (strain: normalized buoyancy frequency variability or vertical derivative of isopycnal displacement) are consistently less steep than shear spectra (shear: vertical derivative of horizontal velocity) for vertical wavelengths smaller than several tens of meters. Interpreting the diminished ratio of shear to strain (shear/strain [ horizontal kinetic/available potential energy) at higher vertical wavenumber as due to a greater contribution from high-frequency internal waves is not consistent with extant internal wave‐ wave interaction theories. A contribution from low-aspect-ratio subinertial density fine structure (flattened structures referred to herein as vortical modes) is therefore hypothesized. Vertical wavenumber spectra for vortical mode shear and strain are inferred from the observed spectra. Observed correlations between shear squared and buoyancy frequency squared exist that cannot be explained by either linear internal waves or geostrophic vortical modes. A model of internal wave‐vortical mode interactions is used to interpret the observed correlations and partition the finescale spectra into internal wave and vortical mode components. A simple Doppler shift model is used with current meter data to refine the partitioning. The inferred vortical modes have an aspect ratio of approximately f /N ( f : Coriolis frequency, N: buoyancy frequency), an rms velocity of 0.7 cm s 21, and bandwidthlimited gradient spectra. At vertical wavelengths larger than 30 m the vortical modes are inferred to be quasigeostrophic and in thermal wind balance. The data are interpreted as exhibiting an approximate equipartition between waves and vortical modes at vertical wavelengths smaller than 10 m.
A mathematical interpretation of motor reactions to fixed and moving stimulation of the eye

The results of experiments performed by L.S. Stone and by R. W. Sperry on vision in salamanders are analyzed. A summary of Reichardt's theory, which originated in the researches of B. Hassenstein on insects, is given, and an application to salamanders is carried out.
Developmental specificity and evolution of the acid phosphatase isozymes of Triticum aestivum and its progenitor species.

The tissue and developmental specificities of the acid phosphatase (ACPH) isozymes of Triticum aestivum and its progenitor species T. turgidum and T. tauschii have been determined and compared using the zymogram technique. Tissue and/or developmental variation in relative staining intensity, suggestive of variation in the quantity of active enzyme present, was observed for each of the seven major isozymes expressed. Isozymes homologous to each of the major isozymes of the hexaploid were detected in one or the other of the progenitor species. No difference in the pattern of developmental or tissue specificity was observed between the species for any isozyme. However, ACPH-4, encoded by Acph4, a structural gene linked to chromosome 4A, differs in electrophoretic mobility between T. aestivum and T. turgidum, indicating that divergence has occurred between these species at the Acph4 locus since the origin of the hexaploid. The molecular weight of each of five ACPH isozymes of the hexaploid was determined to be approximately 58,000. This finding, plus the results of the developmental study and the earlier demonstration that the structural genes for six isozymes (including four of those whose molecular weight was determined) are linked to homoeologous chromosomes, provides evidence in support of the suggestion that the ACPH structural genes of hexaploid wheat are homoeologously related.
An 8-state minimal time solution to the firing squad synchronization problem*°

This paper presents a description of a general outline for a minimal time solution to the Firing Squad Synchronization Problem, and a solution of this form which is composed of machines with only eight states. The paper then discusses the verification of this minimal time solution by computer simulation, and gives the schema for the mathematical induction proof that the solution works for any length (the full proof is given in ( Balzer, 1966 )). The final part of the paper discusses some efforts to determine the minimal number of states needed for a minimal time solution. No four state minimal time solution exists. A reasonable set of conditions are presented for which no five state minimal time solution exists. Also, various eight state minimal time solutions exists.
The 5-HT7 receptor as a mediator and modulator of antidepressant-like behavior

The 5-HT7 receptor has been suggested as a target for treating depression since inactivation or blockade of the receptor has an antidepressant-like behavioral effect. The present study investigated possible interactions between various classes of drugs with antidepressant properties and blockade or inactivation of the 5-HT7 receptor. Immobility despair in the tail suspension test and the forced swim test was evaluated in mice lacking the 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7−/−) and in wild-type controls (5-HT7+/+) following acute drug treatments. Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and widely used antidepressant, dose-dependently reduced immobility in the tail suspension test in both 5-HT7+/+ and 5-HT7−/− mice. Combining doses of citalopram and the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-269970 that by themselves did not affect behavior, reduced immobility in 5-HT7+/+ mice in both the tail suspension test and the forced swim test. No effect was seen in 5-HT7−/− mice. Desipramine and reboxetine, two norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, dose-dependently reduced immobility in the tail suspension test in 5-HT7+/+ mice, but had no effect in 5-HT7−/− mice. A synergistic effect between desipramine and SB-269970 was found in both behavioral tests in 5-HT7+/+ mice. Reboxetine combined with SB-269970 had effect only in the forced swim test. GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, dose-dependently reduced tail suspension test immobility in both genotypes. There was no interaction between GBR 12909 and SB-269970. Aripiprazole, an antipsychotic, reduced immobility in both tests in 5-HT7+/+ mice, but not in 5-HT7−/− mice. The results show that the 5-HT7 receptor is required for the observed interaction between this receptor and antidepressants such as citalopram. The data furthermore support the hypothesis that the 5-HT7 receptor might be a suitable target for treating depression.
Intermediate language for minicomputer cross-compilation

With the increasing use of minicomputers, the concept of cross-compilation (source program translated by one machine which in turn outputs object code for another machine) has become popular. This paper examines the use of an intermediate language, a concept long considered for full scale machines, as a tool to reduce duplication of effort and encourage communication between cross-compiler writers. This paper examines past attempts for intermediate languages, reviews the special requirements that minicomputers may have, and makes suggestions for a universal minicomputer oriented language.
Wealth of recent immigrants to the USA

Developing countries’ ability to issue diaspora bonds depends upon the wealth of their diaspora. We use the New Immigrants Survey data to determine the wealth accumulation and assets diversification of recent immigrants to the USA from different regions of the world. Our quantile (median) regressions on wealth levels reveal that the immigrant household head’s years of US residence, age, and number of years of schooling exert statistically significant positive impact on the household’s wealth. Furthermore, our Poisson regression results on asset diversification indicate that immigrants from SSA and LA are less risk averse than those from Asia.
Redox estimation from a calculation of Eu2+ and Eu3+ concentrations in natural phases

Assumption of the equivalence of Eu2+ and Sr interphase partitioning permits the calculation of the Eu2+ and Eu3+ concentrations in each of any two equilibrated phases of known Sr and rare-earth concentrations. The calculation has been applied to a number of porphyritic terrestrial lavas, two lunar samples and two basaltic achondrites. Multiphase rocks generally give internally consistent results. The potential size of the positive Eu anomaly in feldspars appears to increase with decreasing feldspar anorthite content. The potential size of the negative Eu anomaly in clinopyroxenes appears to increase with increasing pyroxene iron content. A mica apparently has a positive Eu anomaly. The typical basalt Eu2+/Eu3+ ratio is about 0.15. No correlation of Eu2+/Eu3+ and FeO/Fe2O3 was found for the terrestrial samples. Calculated and estimated differences in terrestrial and lunar oxygen fugacities appear to be in agreement.
The effect of altered hand position and motor skills on stereognosis.

Purpose Poor stereognosis has been considered to be indicative of abnormal cerebral sensory function, and therefore a relative contraindication for upper extremity surgery in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The effect of hand position and motor function on stereognosis has not been studied; decreased hand mobility can decrease a person's ability to recognize objects in the hand and can be an important component of stereognosis. Methods Twenty-one normal subjects had their nondominant arm positioned to simulate the hemiplegic hand posture of forearm pronation and wrist and digital flexion. Subjects were asked to identify 12 common objects in 3 successive trials, with the first and third trials in the simulated hemiplegic position and the second trial in normal hand position and motor function. This accounted for a learning effect. Results Normal subjects had significantly (p Conclusions Decreased stereognosis in cerebral palsy patients might be related to altered hand mobility and not solely to central nervous system dysfunction. It should be used cautiously when guiding surgical indication, as it may be surgically correctable.
Nutrition Measures for Managed Care Report Cards

Abstract Health plan "report cards," that is, published summaries of health plan performance, are a new way to help consumers select a health plan on the basis of cost and quality. The Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) includes a set of health plan performance measures, standardized definitions, and methods for data collection. HEDIS is used as the basis for many report card initiatives and is the preferred tool of the managed care industry for measuring health plan performance. Nevertheless, the current list of HEDIS performance measures omits many health services, including medical nutrition therapy. Nutrition measures have the potential for wide appeal among health care stakeholders (ie, payers, consumers, and providers). Four measures related to medical nutrition therapy are proposed for managed care report cards: staffing for nutrition services and medical nutrition therapy for high cholesterol level, gestational diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Barriers to adopting medical nutrition therapy measures in HEDIS include the need to address technical issues before considering new measures and competition from other potential measures. Steps to create support for medical nutrition therapy measures in HEDIS should focus on influencing representatives of health plans and employers to include these measures. The involvement of registered dietitians in the dynamic process of health plan evaluation is an important extension of ongoing efforts for strategic positioning in the managed care market. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:374-380 .
Dimensions of communication reticence and their impact on verbal encoding

This investigation examined the relationship between predispositions toward communication reticence and five verbal encoding behaviors: productivity, lexical diversity, complexity, comprehensibility, and language intensity. Dimensions of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension, the Unwillingness‐to‐Communication Scale, and the Writing Apprehension Test were all found to predict facets of language use among 83 students who anonymously wrote essays and filled in the blanks on prepared messages. Individuals who had high apprehension toward and/or negative evaluation of oral communication contexts displayed less intense language, greater productivity, more varied vocabulary, more complex language, and less comprehensible verbalizations. Conversely, individuals with high apprehension toward and/or negative evaluations of written communication activities used more redundant language, simpler vocabulary, more intense language, and more comprehensible verbalizations. Results are discussed in terms of th...
The external impacts of Central Bank independence

The term "central bank independence" (or abbreviated, CBI) can be broadly defined as the degree of freedom of the central bank to pursue monetary policy without interference from political considerations. The idea of central bank independence has been widely accepted over the last several decades by many countries around the world, both developed and developing. Since being first written about academically in the late 1980s, many countries have come to adopt this policy and many governments have come to recognize this as standard procedure. As such, many countries around the world granted autonomy to their central banks during the 1980s and 1990s. The majority of past studies have examined primarily the impact of central bank independence on inflation. however, the additional theoretical benefits are much more far reaching, the result of a more stable and prosperous macroeconomic environment. Additionally, there is only now sufficient data to empirically determine whether many of these claims are true. This study examines central bank independence in developing countries of Latin America and Asia as well as selected developed countries to determine what actual impact an autonomous central bank has had. It also examines such phenomena as financial crises (including the current global crisis of 2008-2009), inflation targeting, legal systems, country development and fiscal policy to determine the effects of these items on not only inflation, but the broad spectrum of macroeconomic outcomes. Although there is some empirical evidence to support the benefits of central bank independence, it is limited in scope to certain areas.
Durkheim and Pierce on suicide and economic change

This paper is an attempt to build upon Pierce's important finding, a confirmation of Durkheim, that any form of economic disruption or change increases suicide. In this paper, certain aspects of Pierce's method are criticized. The analysis of an expanded and updated data set, using analytic techniques designed for time-series data, suggests that economic disruption per se is not as relevant to the suicide rate as are economic hardship and economic deterioration or improvement.
Current-algebra analysis of CP violations in K. -->. 3. pi. decayin the six-quark Weinberg-Salam model

The standard current-algebra technique is used to relate the parameter ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{+\ensuremath{-}0}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{〈{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}|{H}_{w}|{K}_{S}〉}{〈{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}|{H}_{w}|{K}_{L}〉}$ in $K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay to the $\mathrm{CP}$-violating parameters of $K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\pi}$ decays in the context of the six-quark Weinberg-Salam theory (Kobayashi-Maskawa model).
Protein secondary structure from circular dichroism spectra

Circular dichroism spectra of proteins are extremely sensitive to secondary structure. Nevertheless, circular dichroism spectra should not be analyzed for protein secondary structure unless they are measured to at least 184 nm. Even if all the various types ofβ-turns are lumped together, there are at least 5 different types of secondary structure in a protein (α-helix, antiparallelβ-sheet, parallelβ-sheet,β-turn, and other structures not included in the first 4 categories). It is not possible to solve for these 5 parameters unless there are 5 equations. Singular value decomposition can be used to show that circular dichroism spectra of proteins measured to 200 nm contain only 2 pieces of information, while spectra measured to 190 nm contain about 4. Adding the constraint that the sum of secondary structures must equal 1 provides another piece of information, but even with this constraint, spectra measured to 190 nm simply do not analyze well for the 5 unknowns in secondary structure. Spectra measured to 184 nm do contain 5 pieces of information and we have used such spectra successfully to analyze a variety of proteins for their component secondary structures.
Graphwise defined retarded distributions for an LSZ-field theory

Abstract In the framework of an LSZ-field theory we construct axiomatically in perturbation theory graphwise defined ratarded distributions r(yG), y a vertex of G. We proceed by induction on the number of inner vertices of G. We obtain simultaneously advanced and time-ordered distributions associated with the graph G. The usual relations [2] between retarded, advanced and time-ordered distributions hold.
Ke3 Decay as a Test of Universal V-A Lepton Coupling

It is shown that the experimental spectrum of electrons from Ke3 decay provides a direct test of universal vectoraxial vector lepton coupling. The test is independent of the K -- pi form factor. Methods of treating the data so as to obtain information about the form factor itself are discussed.
Synthesis and Ionochromic Effect of Hyperbranched and Linear Poly(thienylene−phenylene)s

A novel hyperbranched poly(thienylene−phenylene) is synthesized, which is compared with a poly(2,3-thienylene−phenylene) and a poly(2,5-thienylene−phenylene). The hyperbranched polymer has much greater solubility in organic solvents than its isomeric linear polymers. A pronounced ionochromic effect is observed for the poly(2,5-thienylene−phenylene) in the presence of LiBF4. This polymer shows a large red shift in its UV−vis spectrum when treated with the metal salt solution. The ionochromic effect is also ion selective. However, both the hyperbranched polymer and the poly(2,3-thienylene−phenylene) show almost no such ionochromic effect probably because of the ortho-substituted thiophene units in their structure. The hyperbranched polymer and the poly(2,5-thienylene−phenylene) are found to be green light emitters and the poly(2,3-thienylene−phenylene) a blue light emitter. These materials are potentially useful for electroluminescence and photovoltaics.
Automated radiochemical synthesis and biodistribution of [11C]l-α-acetylmethadol ([11C]LAAM)

Long-acting opioid agonists methadone and l-α-acetylmethadol (LAAM) prevent withdrawal in opioid-dependent persons. Attempts to synthesize [11C]-methadone for PET evaluation of brain disposition were unsuccessful. Owing, however, to structural and pharmacologic similarities, we aimed to develop [11C]LAAM as a PET ligand to probe the brain exposure of long-lasting opioids in humans. This manuscript describes [11C]LAAM synthesis and its biodistribution in mice. The radiochemical synthetic strategy afforded high radiochemical yield, purity and specific activity, thereby making the synthesis adaptable to automated modules.
The potentials and challenges of algae based biofuels: A review of the techno-economic, life cycle, and resource assessment modeling

Abstract Microalgae biofuel production has been extensively evaluated through resource, economic and life cycle assessments. Resource assessments consistently identify land as non-limiting and highlight the need to consider siting based on combined geographical constraints of land and other critical resources such as water and carbon dioxide. Economic assessments report a selling cost of fuel that ranges between $1.64 and over $30 gal −1 consistent with large variability reported in the life cycle literature, −75 to 534 g CO 2-eq MJ −1 . Large drivers behind such variability stem from differences in productivity assumptions, pathway technologies, and system boundaries. Productivity represents foundational units in these assessments with current assumed yields in various assessments varying by a factor of 60. A review of the literature in these areas highlights the need for harmonized assessments such that direct comparisons of alternative processing technologies can be made on the metrics of resource requirements, economic feasibility, and environmental impact.
COMPARISON OF THE HYDROGEN BONDING IN TRANS-DICHLORO(3,3 ' -(1,3-PROPANEDIYL-DINITRILO)BIS(2-BUTANONE)DIOXIMATO) COBALT(III) AND RHODIUM(III)

Abstract Comparison of the hydrogen bonding in the isomorphous complexes, trans-dichloro(3,3 ' -(1,3-propane-diyldinitrilo)bis(2-butanone)dioximato)-cobalt(III) and rhodium(III) provides an excellent example of the effect of metal ion size on the intramolecular 0–0 hydrogen bond(0[sbnd]0=2.448(5)A for Co and 2.626(4)A for Rh). The lengthening of the 0[sbnd]0 distance can be correlated with the increasing M[sbnd]N distances from Co to Rh (Co-N(imine)=1.917(4)A; Rh-N(imine)=2.00(2)A; Co-N(oxime)=1.887(4)A; Rh-N(oxime)=1.976(3)A). The hydrogen bond appears to be much more asymmetric in the rhodium case with O-H distances of 0.88(4) and 1.75(4)A compared with 1.20(6) and 1.31(6) A in the cobalt case. The Rh-Cl distances (av. 2.335(2) A) are also significantly longer than the Co-Cl distances (av. 2.239(1) A). The results obtained for the cobalt complex in this study are compared with those in an earlier study. The compounds crystallize (Z=4) in the monoclinic space group P 21/n with the following parameters fo...
Image reconstruction in photoacoustic tomography with heterogeneous media using an iterative method

There remains an urgent need to develop effective photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) image recon- struction methods for use with acoustically inhomogeneous media. Transcranial PACT brain imaging is an im- portant example of an emerging imaging application that would benefit greatly from this. Existing approaches to PACT image reconstruction in acoustically heterogeneous media are limited to weakly varying media, are computationally burdensome, and/or make impractical assumptions regarding the measurement geometry. In this work, we develop and investigate a full-wave approach to iterative image reconstruction in PACT for media possessing inhomogeneous speed-of-sound and mass density distributions. A key contribution of the work is the formulation of a procedure to implement a matched discrete forward and backprojection operator pair, which facilitates the application of a wide range of modern iterative image reconstruction algorithms. This presents the opportunity to employ application-specific regularization methods to mitigate image artifacts due to mea- surement data incompleteness and noise. Our results establish that the proposed image reconstruction method can effectively compensate for acoustic aberration and reduces artifacts in the reconstructed image.
The Tightrope Walker: An Expressionist Image

This study outlines the portrayal of the tightrope walker in German art between 1880 and 1923. During this period the circus rope-dancer appeared as the subject of significant works by numerous artists of the German Expressionist circles. Analysis of these works, particularly in relationship to Friedrich Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra, suggests the broader meanings and influences relevant to an understanding of the figure.
“Beware of the Frustrated...”: The Fantasy and Reality of African American Violent Revolt

Throughout African Americans’ struggle for liberation, there have been incidents of their engaging in violent revolt—from slave revolts to the urban riots of the 21st century. Images and depictions...