cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
America's Changing Attitudes toward Homosexuality, Civil Unions, and Same-Gender Marriage: 1977–2004

On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to legalize same-gender marriage. From California to Missouri, nearly all states now face legislative challenges to the once firmly entrenched notion that marriage can only exist between a man and a woman. Public opinion polls conducted from 1977 to 2004 found that Americans' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and marriages or civil unions for same-gender couples have evolved. Opposition persists, however. The most recent data indicate support for some legal recognition of gay and lesbian couples, but most Americans favor civil unions over same-gender marriages. Although the future of civil unions and same-gender marriages remains uncertain, social workers can serve gay and lesbian clients and their families best by staying informed of the attendant legal, social, and policy issues.
TTF-Annulated phenanthroline and unexpected oxidative cleavage of the C=C bond in its ruthenium(II) complex.

Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and 1,10-phenanthroline have been fused together via a simple and efficient synthetic procedure that provides a new bidentate ligand, 4′,5′-ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvenyl[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (EDT-TTF-phen, 1). Its ruthenium(II) complex exhibits a unique packing of TTF subunits in the solid state. In an acetonitrile solution, [Ru(bpy)2(1)](PF6)2 undergoes facile oxidative cleavage of the C═C double bond, which cannot be observed in the dark or under anaerobic conditions. This points to the photocatalytic role played by the ruthenium(II) chromophore in this conversion.
Soft high saturation magnetization (Fe/sub 0.7/Co/sub 0.3/)/sub 1-x/N/sub x/ thin films for inductive write heads

(Fe/sub 0.7/Co/sub 0.3/)/sub 1-x/N/sub x/ (or FeCoN) alloy single layers and FeCoN film sandwiched between two very thin (5 nm) permalloy layers have been synthesized by RF diode sputtering. The saturation magnetization of the as-deposited FeCoN single layers was found to be around 24.5 kG, the same as the pure Fe/sub 0.7/Co/sub 0.3/ alloy; and the minimum hard-axis coercivity was 5 Oe. In contrast, the sandwiched FeCoN films have a hard axis coercivity of 0.6 Oe, an excellent in-plane uniaxial anisotropy with an anisotropy field of 20 Oe. The optimized FeCoN films exhibit a BCC structure with a strong {110} fiber texture and the resistivity is 55 /spl mu//spl Omega//spl middot/cm. The combination of high saturation and low coercivity, makes the FeCoN films a very promising candidate for the write head materials for future magnetic recording.
International Heliophysical Year 2007: Basic space science initiatives

Abstract The UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, through the IHY Secretariat and the United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative (UNBSSI), assists scientists and engineers world-wide to participate in the International Heliophysical Year (IHY) 2007. A major thrust of IHY/UNBSSI is to deploy arrays of small, inexpensive instruments such as magnetometers, radio telescopes, GPS receivers, all-sky cameras, etc. around the world to allow global measurements of ionospheric and heliospheric phenomena. The small instrument program is envisioned as a partnership between instrument providers and instrument hosts in developing nations, with the former providing the instruments, the host nation the manpower, facilities and operational support, typically at a local university. Funds are not available through IHY/UNBSSI to build the instruments; these must be obtained through the normal proposal channels. All instrument operational support for local scientists, facilities, data acquisition, etc. will be provided by the host nation. The IHY/UNBSSI can facilitate the deployment of several of these networks and existing databases and relevant software tools will be identified to promote space science activities in developing nations. Extensive data on space science have been accumulated by a number of space missions. Similarly, long-term databases are available from ground-based observations. These data can be utilized in ways different from those originally intended for understanding the heliophysical processes. This report provides an overview of IHY/UNBSSI, its achievements, future plans and outreach to the 192 member states of the United Nations.
Extreme-value analysis for mlML-PMHT, Part 2: target trackability

The Maximum Likelihood Probabilistic Multi-Hypothesis Tracker (ML-PMHT) can be used as a powerful multisensor, low-observable, multitarget active tracker. It is a non-Bayesian algorithm that uses a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) to differentiate between clutter and targets. We use a new method, initially developed to obtain the probability density function (pdf) of the maximum point in the ML-PMHT log-likelihood ratio (LLR) due to clutter, to now develop a pdf for the maximum value of the ML-PMHT LLR caused by a target. With expressions for the pdfs of the maximum points caused by both clutter (developed in a companion article) and a target, we can, for a given set of tracking parameters (signal-to-noise ratio, search volume, target measurement probability of detection, etc.), develop ML-PMHT "tracker operating characteristic" curves, similar to receiver operating characteristic curves for a detector. Since ML-PMHT can be thought of as an optimal algorithm in the sense that, as long as the target and the environment match the algorithm's assumptions, all the information from all the available measurements can be used, and no approximations are necessary to get the algorithm to function, the analysis presented in this paper offers for the first time part of the answer to the fundamental question: Can a particular target be tracked?
LOW-TEMPERATURE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF P-TYPE COSB3

Single crystals of the skutterudite ${\mathrm{CoSb}}_{3}$ exhibit large hole mobilities (up to 3000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ at room temperature), intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity down to 10 K, and pronounced phonon drag effects in the thermoelectric power. The dependence of the mobility and diffusion thermopower on hole density is consistent with recent band-structure calculations, which indicate that ${\mathrm{CoSb}}_{3}$ possesses a highly nonparabolic valence-band structure.
Microscale Mechanical Behavior of the Subsurface by Finishing Processes

Hard turning, grinding, and honing are common finishing processes in today 's production. The machined subsurface undergoes severe deformation and possible microstructure changes in a small scale subsurface layer (<20 μm). Mechanical behavior of this shallow layer is critical for component performance such as fatigue and wear. Due to the small size of this region, mechanical behavior of this shallow layer is hard to measure using traditional material testing. With the nanoindentation method, mechanical behavior (nanohardness and modulus) at the microscale in subsurface was measured for AISI 52100 and AISI 1070 steel components machined by hard turning, grinding, and honing. The test results show that white layer increases nanohardness but decreases modulus of a turned surface. Nanohardness and modulus of the ground surface are slightly smaller than the honed one in the subsurface. However, grinding produces higher nanohardness and modulus in near-surface (< 10 μm) than honing, while honing produces more uniform hardness and modulus in the near-surface and subsurface, and would improve component performance. Nanohardness and modulus of the machined near-surface are strongly influenced by strain hardening, residual stress, size-effect, and microstructure changes.
Behavioral responses of sea turtles to lightsticks used in longline fisheries

Sea turtles are sometimes inadvertently captured by pelagic longline fisheries. As a consequence, some drown or suffer injuries, and longline bycatch has been identified as one factor contributing to the decline of marine turtle populations. Understanding what stimuli attract turtles to longlines will therefore be useful in efforts to reduce the number of turtles that become hooked or entangled. Lightsticks, which are often placed on longlines to attract tuna (Thunnus sp.) and swordfish Xiphus gladius, may also attract sea turtles. To investigate this possibility, we conducted laboratory experiments with captive-reared juvenile loggerheads Caretta caretta and wild-caught post-hatchling loggerheads to study their responses to these lights. Both age classes oriented toward glowing lightsticks, suggesting that such lights may play a role in attracting turtles into the vicinity of longlines.
Nutrient Intake of Teenage Women

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME :To recognize that equivalent results for nutrient intake may be obtained from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.Periodic nutrient intake assessment is an integral part of our longitudinal study of bone acquisition and reproductive development in young women (Young Women's Health Study). Beginning at age 12, nutrient intake has been measured every six months from three day prospective diet records. Thus, from age 12-15, a longitudinal data base from 27 days of food records for the 88 subjects in the study has been established. The average nutrient intake values from this longitudinal data base have been compared to nutrient intakes values of the equivalent cohort of the NHANES in data base of 123 non-Hispanic, white females ages 12-15. Results from this comparison show that among the major macro-nutrients, vitamins, and minerals mean values differ only for the following three nutrients:
Aspiration pneumonia and esophagotracheal fistula secondary to button battery ingestion

We report a case of acute bronchopneumonia and esophagotracheal fistula caused by a swallowed button battery in a 3-year-old girl. It was unclear exactly how long the battery had been trapped in the esophagus. The patient had undergone a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy 3 weeks before the battery was finally exposed on an X-ray film. She refused to eat solid food after the surgery and stopped eating completely 10 days later. Three weeks after surgery, she presented to the Emergency Department with vomiting and acute respiratory distress, experienced cardiopulmonary arrest in the intensive care unit and could not be resuscitated. Postmortem examination revealed severe acute bronchopneumonia and massive blood aspiration due to an esophagotracheal fistula secondary to a button battery lodged in the esophagus. This case highlights the importance of including a swallowed button battery in the differential diagnosis of a toddler with dysphagia and anorexia.
Managing professional and personal sensitive information

All organizations have to manage sensitive information related to their business operations. Unfortunately, universities have the added challenge of not only managing administrative and academic sensitive information, but often times the personal sensitive information of students and employees. This study reflects on the current best practices in managing sensitive information and discusses how Youngstown State University implements controls for sensitive information.According to the United States Federal Trade Commission, not only is managing sensitive information a good practice, but most industries are mandated by local and state regulations, as well as federal statutes such as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), and the Federal Trade Commission Act. Universities like many commercial organizations which handle credit card transactions must comply with the Payment Card Industry's Data Security Standard. With the unique requirements of each regulation, it is often difficult to address each adequately.This study provides a framework for approaching the management of professional and personal sensitive information given the unique requirements faced by higher education
Glucose Metabolism to Glucosamine Is Necessary for Glucose Stimulation of Transforming Growth Factor-α Gene Transcription

Transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) gene transcription can be increased when arterial smooth muscle cells are exposed to supraphysiological concentrations of glucose, and this effect of glucose can be mimicked by glucosamine. To determine whether the metabolism of glucose to glucosamine is required for this glucose effect, the rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism to glucosamine through the enzyme glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) was blocked using pharmacological and antisense strategies. We found that blockage of GFAT activity or expression significantly blunted the glucose-induced increase of TGFα expression. Blockage of GFAT also resulted in a decreased RL2 signal on intracellular proteins as detected by Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. The RL2 monoclonal antibody recognizes an epitope on proteins that contain N-acetylglucosamine and thus is a measure of protein glycosylation. Conversely, treatment of the cells with glucose and glucosamine resulted in an increase in the RL2 epitope on intracellular proteins. These results indicate that the metabolism of glucose to glucosamine is necessary for the transcriptional stimulation of TGFα expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by glucose. Furthermore, the level of glycosylation of some intracellular proteins can be modulated in response to physiological changes in the extracellular glucose concentration and the net activity of GFAT.
Rotating Pressure and Temperature Measurements on Scale Model Fans Using Luminescent Paints

Pressure and temperature sensitive paint (PSP, TSP) technology is a rapidly developing measurement technique that is widely accepted in external aerodynamic wind tunnel measurements. Almost all quantitative full field measurements have been on stationary surfaces. Rotating pressure and temperature measurements were successfully acquired during scale-model fan tests in the NASA Lewis Research Center 9 foot by 15 foot low speed wind tunnel at speeds as high as 9500 RPM. The use of PSP and TSP on rotating surfaces presents additional challenges to data acquisition. This paper describes in detail the techniques used to acquire global rotating pressure and temperature measurements and overcome the problems associated with this type of measurement. These include illumination and detection problems associated with moving surfaces, temperature dependence of PSP and limited emitted light available from short duration illumination sources. Solutions to these problems as well as pressure and temperature results will be discussed.
Comparative analysis of a novel disease phenotype network based on clinical manifestations

Display Omitted Systematic studies of disease phenotype networks can discover new disease genes.Current disease phenotype networks are largely incomplete.We created a new Disease Manifestation Network (DMN) from biomedical ontologies.We compared DMN with genetic networks and a widely-used phenotype network.DMN reflects genetic associations among diseases and contains novel knowledge. Systems approaches to analyzing disease phenotype networks in combination with protein functional interaction networks have great potential in illuminating disease pathophysiological mechanisms. While many genetic networks are readily available, disease phenotype networks remain largely incomplete. In this study, we built a large-scale Disease Manifestation Network (DMN) from 50,543 highly accurate disease-manifestation semantic relationships in the United Medical Language System (UMLS). Our new phenotype network contains 2305 nodes and 373,527 weighted edges to represent the disease phenotypic similarities. We first compared DMN with the networks representing genetic relationships among diseases, and demonstrated that the phenotype clustering in DMN reflects common disease genetics. Then we compared DMN with a widely-used disease phenotype network in previous gene discovery studies, called mimMiner, which was extracted from the textual descriptions in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). We demonstrated that DMN contains different knowledge from the existing phenotype data source. Finally, a case study on Marfan syndrome further proved that DMN contains useful information and can provide leads to discover unknown disease causes. Integrating DMN in systems approaches with mimMiner and other data offers the opportunities to predict novel disease genetics. We made DMN publicly available at nlp/case.edu/public/data/DMN.
Agricultural Composting in the United States

In the United States, more farms are composting than municipalities, commercial/institutional establishments, and other private sector groups combined. To obtain an overview of agricultural composting in the United States, industry, government, and university representatives from the top 10 beef and dairy cattle, poultry, and swine producing states were contacted between January and April of 1995. These states represent at least 70 percent of the nation's production of these commodities (except for beef cattle at 52 percent). The representatives provided information about the number of farms composting, the materials composted, composting methods, how the compost is used, and motivating and impeding factors for farms to compost. In addition, information was gathered concerning composting crop residues. In this case, specific applications of crop residue composting were identified and individuals knowledgeable about the applications were contacted for background information.Note the estimated numbers of co...
EFFECTS OF A MODIFIED-LIVE VIRUS CANINE DISTEMPER VACCINE ON CAPTIVE BADGERS (TAXIDEA TAXUS)

We vaccinated six captive badgers housed with five controls, and monitored blood antibody titers and white cell counts of both groups for 63 days postvaccination between 29 August and 3 December 1992. Five vaccinated badgers responded with antibody titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:1024 by 63 days postvaccination, whereas the sixth badger did not respond. Treatment badgers also had significant (P < 0.05) decreases in lymphocytes on days 16, 29, and 63. No badgers developed clinical signs of distemper. Control badgers did not produce antibodies against CD virus; thus, the vaccine virus probably was not transmitted between treatment and control animals. The vaccine appears safe for use in healthy badgers, but additional safety and efficacy study is needed.
Functional Assessment and Intervention for Disruptive Classroom Behaviors in Preschool and Head Start Classrooms

Functional assessment procedures have proven useful for developing effective individualized interventions for a wide variety of populations and behavioral concerns. However, fewer studies have been conducted with preschool students who exhibit high incidence problem behaviors. The current study includes data from comprehensive functional assessments and interventions implemented in preschool and Head Start classrooms. Three preschool students and five teachers participated in the study. Each student received a comprehensive functional assessment for problem behavior that included a teacher interview, descriptive assessment, and abbreviated functional analysis. Assessment data were used to develop individualized function-based interventions that were implemented by experimenters and teachers. The function-based interventions resulted in decreases in problem behavior for all three students. Additionally, convergence between functional assessment procedures was obtained for all participants. Finally, social validity data indicated that teachers found the assessment and intervention procedures acceptable.
VENEZIANO AMPLITUDE FOR $pi$N SCATTERING.

A crossing-symmetric Regge-behaved amplitude for $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ scattering is constructed with a minimum number of Veneziano terms from $\ensuremath{\rho}$, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, ${P}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and ${P}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ trajectories in the $t$ channel and ${N}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, ${N}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$ trajectories in the $s$ and $u$ channels. The parameters are determined from low-energy $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ resonances, isospin selection rules, and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ universality. The model fits the high-energy charge-exchange differential cross sections in the forward direction, and also predicts polarization in reasonable agreement with experimental values. The resulting backward elastic differential cross sections are discussed.
A global method of solving the electron-field equations in a zero-inertia-electron-hybrid plasma simulation code

A formulation of the electron momentum equation and Maxwell's field equations suitable for global solution in an r-z hybrid plasma simulation code has been derived. The assumption of zero electron inertia is made in the electron momentum equation and Maxwell's equations are used in the radiation-free or Darwin limit. These techniques make explicit use of the axisymmetric properties of the model to decouple the components of the model equations. Equations to self-consistently advance the electron temperature are not presently included in this scheme. The model equations which result from these considerations are two coupled, nonlinear, second order partial differential equations. These two equations are integrated in time by a noniterative ADI procedure along with the explicit particle-in-cell ion time integration procedure. The resulting nearly implicit electron-field algorithm treats wide variations in the local signal velocity without instability; this consideration is most important since pure vacuum regions are allowed. The global nature of the solution requires boundary conditions only on the boundaries of the simulation region; arbitrary intermixing of plasma vacuum regions requires only the simple detection of low density cells and does not require monitoring of plasma vacuum interfaces.
High-power extreme-ultraviolet source based on gas jets

The authors report on the development of a high power laser plasma Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) source for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography. The source is based on the plasma emission of a recycled jet beam of large Xe clusters and produces no particulate debris. The source will be driven by a pulsed laser delivering 1,500 W of focused average power to the cluster jet target. To develop condensers and to optimize source performance, a low power laboratory cluster jet prototype has been used to study the spectroscopy, angular distributions, and EUV source images of the cluster jet plasma emission. In addition, methods to improve the reflectance lifetimes of nearby plasma facing condenser mirrors have been developed. The resulting source yields EUV conversion efficiencies up to 3.8% and mirror lifetimes of 10{sup 9} plasma pulses.
Introduction of enteral feeding in neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after evaluation of intestinal permeability changes

Abstract Background/Purpose : Neonates meeting criteria for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) often suffer from variable periods of hypoxia. During ECMO, starvation of the gut is common practice in many centres as splanchnic ischemia results in loss of intestinal integrity, which in turn predisposes for bacterial translocation and sepsis and eventually necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and multiorgan failure. However, minimal enteral feeding is thought to be of benefit in the critically ill. Data on intestinal integrity in newborns on ECMO and the effects of enteral nutrition are not available. This study prospectively evaluates the changes in small intestinal integrity in 16 neonatal ECMO patients. Methods : With 2-day intervals, excretion percentages of lactulose/l-rhamnose (nonmediated diffusion), d-xylose (passive), and 3-O-methyl-d-glucose (active carrier-mediated transport) were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in a 4-hour urine sample. After obtaining baseline data in nine patients, enteral feeding was started in the next seven patients between the third and the ninth day of ECMO. Results : Thirteen patients had increased lactulose/l-rhamnose ratios (>0.05) consistent with increased intestinal permeability. In three patients the lactulose/l-rhamnose ratios were within the normal range. D-xylose excretion percentages were normal (or slightly increased) in 11 patients consistent with normal (or increased) passive carrier-mediated transport. 3-O-methyl-d-glucose excretion percentages were decreased ( Conclusions : The authors conclude that intestinal integrity is compromised in neonates on ECMO and that introduction of enteral nutrition does not result in further deterioration. This conclusion does not support the practice of withholding enteral nutrition in critically ill newborns supported by ECMO.
A practical method for measuring the complex polarization ratio of arbitrary antennas

A technique for measuring the complex polarization ratio of an arbitrary antenna is presented. The technique requires the use of two antennas which are not circularly polarized but are otherwise arbitrary. Only reciprocity and linearity are assumed. Six amplitude and phase measurements are performed, two measurements for each pair of antennas. The complex polarization ratio of each antenna is then calculated from the six measurements. The specific details of the measurement technique are described and some measurement results presented.
Organic lyotropic lamellar liquid crystals

Abstract X-ray diffraction experiments on smectic A and C forming thermotropic liquid crystals reveal that the smectic layer spacing increases with the addition of organic solvents to the host material. The rate of this increase indicates the formation of an organic lyotropic lamellar liquid crystal phase in which the solvent is intercalated between the smectic layers of the host liquid crystal.
Some further results on the Taylor impact test

Abstract The impact of a rigid, plastic rod with a rigid anvil is analyzed as a one-dimensional problem. The material is assumed to strain-harden during plastic deformation and one hardening parameter is determined using post-test measurements of the deformation.
Evidence for two genetic complementation groups in pyruvate carboxylase-deficient human fibroblast cell lines

We have examined genetic complementation in pyruvate carboxylase deficiency by comparing the enzyme activity in polyethylene glycol-induced heterokaryons with that in unfused mixtures of fibroblasts from three affected children. Complementation, manifested as a three- to sevenfold increase in pyruvate carboxylase activity, was observed in fusions between a biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase (pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase) deficient fibroblast line and two other lines deficient only in pyruvate carboxylase activity. Kinetic analysis of complementing pyruvate carboxylase deficient lines, measured by the rate of restoration of enzyme activity as a function of time, revealed that maximum restoration was achieved within 10–24 hr after fusion. This profile is similar to those observed for fusions between the multiple carboxylase deficient line and two lines deficient in propionyl CoA carboxylase activity that are known to represent different gene mutations. Although the patients with pyruvate carboxylase deficiency had similar clinical findings, our studies indicate that pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is genetically heterogeneous, with at least two distinct, probably intergenic, complementation groups.
125 Put a stop to it: termination of mitochondrial transcription

Deficiencies in mitochondrial protein production are associated with human disease and aging. Given the central role of transcription in gene expression, recent years have seen a renewed interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling this process. Mterf proteins have been implicated in modulating transcription, replication, and protein synthesis. We have solved the structure of a member in this family, the human mitochondrial transcriptional terminator MTERF1, bound to dsDNA containing the termination sequence. The structure indicates that upon sequence recognition, MTERF1 unwinds the DNA molecule, promoting eversion of three nucleotides. Base flipping is critical for stable binding and transcriptional termination. Additional structural and biochemical results provide insight into the DNA binding mechanism and explain how MTERF1 recognizes its target sequence. Furthermore, the identification of termination defects resulting from a number of mtDNA mutations has led to the suggestion that th...
Heart mitochondrial oxidations of an Antarctic fish

Abstract 1. 1. Comparative studies were made of the effects of temperature on cytochrome-linked oxidations by heart mitochondria from two mammals, the seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) and the cow (Bos taurus), and from the Antarctic fish (Trematomus borchgrevinki). 2. 2. Arrhenius plots of the variations of rate of mitochondrial oxidations as a function of temperature for the two mammals had temperature transition points at approximately 24°C, whereas those from the cold-adapted Antarctic were linear.
A Comparison of Faculty, Peer, and Self-Evaluation of Applied Brass Jury Performances:

Authorities agree that peer evaluation and self-evaluation can help improve teaching performance. Evaluation of applied music skills, however, remains heavily teacher-centered. In this investigatio...
WorldTV A 3D globe-based interface for social video discovery

WorldTV is a proposed TV app for the discovery of user-generated video from around the world. We describe a two-screen solution (a TV app and accompanying mobile app to control what appears on the television screen) would let viewers browse and play geotagged videos plotted on a 3D model of the earth. The content would include video from viewers' own social networks as well as user-generated news and event video filtered according to viewers' interests, preferences, and social connections. In a world in which user-generated online video content is being uploaded and consumed at an exponential rate, the idea of using a globe-based navigation metaphor has powerful appeal. It is instantly approachable and easy to use, especially for people with global networks of friends, family, and colleagues living in other countries. We also argue that the widespread availability of geotagged video provides an additional impetus for using a geo-focused UI over more traditional browsing and discovery mechanisms.
Study of polymer gels using paramagnetic probes: e.s.r. spectra of Cu2+ in reversible polyacrylamide gels

The binding of the paramagnetic probe Cu2+ to the polymer network was studied by e.s.r. in reversible polyacrylamide gels containing various amounts of water. Analysis of the g values and the Cu (I = 32) hyperfine couplings indicates ligation of Cu2+ to water oxygens and to the pendant amide groups of the network. Four types of cation ligation were detected in the gels at 77 K. The number of N ligands increases from zero in the gels containing 95% water to three in gels containing 60% water. This effect can be correlated with the increase in the network density L, in cm fibre/cm3. This approach can also explain the significant differences in the ligation of Cu2+ in the reversible gels, compared with crosslinked polyacrylamide gels containing the same amount of water. As the temperature increases, motional averaging of the e.s.r. parameters in the fully hydrated complex is observed; in the gels containing 60 and 70% water, anisotropic spectra from complexes with N ligation are observed even at 305 K. The changes with temperature indicate that the samples we measure at 77 K are representative of the binding of the paramagnetic probe in the gel phase in the temperature range studied.
Egocentric body-centered coordinates modulate visuomotor performance

Parietal damage has been hypothesized to distort the body-centered coordinate frame and produce the ipsilesional spatial bias characteristic of unilateral neglect. The present studies investigated the role of the egocentric frame in normal visuomotor performance by manipulating the alignment of the body midline in neurologically-intact adults. The results from two experiments indicate that: (1) rightward rotation causes a right visual field advantage in detection times for lateralized targets; (2) rightward rotation evokes an increase in visual sensitivity to right visual field targets and a decrease in sensitivity to left visual field targets; and (3) leftward rotation does not affect response latency or sensitivity, however, response criterion is mildly affected. By demonstrating that the alignment of the body-centered frame can induce neglect-like asymmetries in visuomotor performance in neurologically-intact subjects, the results support a role for an altered body-centered representation in clinical neglect.
Linking Models of Disability for Children with Developmental Disabilities

ABSTRACT Children with disabilities, their families, and the social workers who provide services are faced with navigating complex social and institutional environments in their quest for developmental, educational and daily living supports. Models of disabilities provide conceptual frameworks for understanding and action that can inform the decision-making process of parents and social workers. A new ecological model of disability, the systems model, is proposed that integrates the medical model, focused on individual deficits, the social model, focused on disabling social environments, and the transactional model, focused on person-environment interactions. Diagnostic, institutional, and practice implications of the new model are discussed.
Hyperspectral imaging system for food safety: detection of fecal contamination on apples

We examined fecal contamination on apples, as part of on-going food safety research, with the use ofthe recently developed hyperspectral imaging system that has a spectralrange spanning the VIS to NIR region ofthe spectrum from 400 to 900 nm. Both reflectance and fluorescence techniques for detection ofexogenous fecal contamination on four apple varieties, 'Red Delicious', 'Gala', 'Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' were evaluated. Thick patches and thin, transparent smear spots offresh dairy cow manure were empirically created on these apples to emulate fecal contamination. In addition, these spots were created on sun-exposed side and shaded side surfaces to account for natural color variations due to environmental growth conditions and ripeness. Spectral features from both reflectance and fluorescence spectra of samples including fecal contaminated spots were evaluated to determine wavelengths where minima, maxima, and plateau occur. Images at these wavelengths were used to create combinations ofsimple two band ratios, second differences, normalized differences, and absorption depth images. Preliminary results ofthese simplistic multispectralapproaches indicatedthatthe reflectance method can differentiate thickpatches ofmanure from regions of normal apple surfaces using a two NIR band ratio (R8501R800) with a simple threshold. However, for the detection ofthin manure spots, the reflectance methodmay require more complicated image processing approaches. Fluorescence techniques with a simple two band ratio (F6801F450) differentiated normal apple surfaces from contaminated spots regardless of apple skin coloration and thickness of manure treatments. These results will be further refmed to develop a rapid on-line multispectral detection system.
Gas Generation from Transuranic Waste Degradation

The degradation of existing forms of defense-related transuranic (TRU) contaminated waste, particularly with regard to gas generation potential, has been extensively studied over the past several years. This area of study, particularly under environmental conditions postulated for deep geologic terminal isolation in a bedded salt repository, is a major segment of the Sandia Laboratories’ Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Transuranic Waste Characterization Program (1, 2). A primary purpose of this program is to support the Department of Energy in establishing waste acceptance criteria for TRU waste forms to be disposed of in the WIPP.
Abnormal heart rate characteristics are associated with abnormal neuroimaging and outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants.

Abnormal heart rate characteristics are associated with abnormal neuroimaging and outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants
Treatment of the hemorrhagic tendency in jaundice; with special reference to vitamin k

Evidence has been presented to show that oral administration of a fat soluble vitamin and bile salts will increase the concentration of prothrombin and thereby reduce the clotting time of the blood, as measured by both direct and indirect methods. It appears that the vitamin alone will not accomplish this result if bile is excluded from the intestine, while bile or bile salts have some definite effect, presumably because these substances facilitate absorption of the vitamin which is already present in the intestinal tract. The question naturally arises as to why bile alone cannot be used in the preoperative and postoperative treatment. The first reason is, of course, that the prothrombin time may continue to rise postoperatively, even when bile is flowing freely into the intestine. As Warner, Brinkhous and Smith (23) have shown, the administration of Vitamin K greatly accelerates the restoration of prothrombin in such cases. The second is the inadequate food intake which is common to most jaundiced patients and which may of itself lead to depletion of the amount of Vitamin K in the digestive tract. The third factor has to do with the ability of the liver itself to convert the protective material into prothrombin. There is considerable clinical evidence to show that in the presence of injury of the liver larger amounts of Vitamin K are required to achieve the desired effect. Presumably, the chemical laws governing mass action are operative in this connection. A good deal of future experience will be needed before a definite statement as to the indications for and the limitations of this treatment can be established, but for the present it may be said that it offers considerable hope for the ultimate control of the hemorrhagic diathesis in jaundiced persons.
Hydrologic indices for nontidal wetlands

Two sets of hydrologic indices were developed to characterize the water-budget components of nontidal wetlands. The first set consisted of six water-budget indices for input and output variables, and the second set consisted of two hydrologic interaction indices derived from the water-budget indices. The indices then were applied to 19 wetlands with previously published water-budget data. Two trilinear diagrams for each wetland were constructed, one for the three input indices and another for the three output indices. These two trilinear diagrams then were combined with a central quadrangle to form a Piper-type diagram, with data points from the trilinear diagrams projected onto the quadrangle. The quadrangle then was divided into nine fields that summarized the water-budget information. Two quantitative “interaction indices” were calculated from two of the six water-budget indices (precipitation and evapotranspiration). They also were obtained graphically from the water-budget indices, which were first projected to the central quadrangle of a Piper-type diagram from the flanking trilinear plots. The first interaction index (I) defines the strength of interaction between a wetland and the surrounding ground- and surface-water system. The second interaction index (S) defines the nature of the interaction between the wetland and the surrounding ground- and surface-water system (source versus sink). Evaluation of these indices using published wetland water-budget data illustrates the usefulness of the technique.
Improved analytic MODFET charge-control model

Abstract A three-piece charge-control model has been derived for MODFETs which covers the three principal regions of operation—weak, moderate and strong inversion. The analytic model compares well with numerical computation of eqns (1a) and (1b). The major advantage of the proposed model is that it can be easily implemented in circuit analysis programs.
Applications and algorithms for least trimmed sum of absolute deviations regression

Abstract High breakdown estimation (HBE) addresses the problem of getting reliable parameter estimates in the face of outliers that may be numerous and badly placed. In multiple regression, the standard HBE's have been those defined by the least median of squares (LMS) and the least trimmed squares (LTS) criteria. Both criteria lead to a partitioning of the data set's n cases into two “halves” – the covered “half” of cases are accommodated by the fit, while the uncovered “half”, which is intended to include any outliers, are ignored. In LMS, the criterion is the Chebyshev norm of the residuals of the covered cases, while in LTS the criterion is the sum of squared residuals of the covered cases. Neither LMS nor LTS is entirely satisfactory. LMS has a statistical efficiency of zero if the true residuals are normal, and so is unattractive, particularly for large data sets. LTS is preferable on efficiency grounds, but its exact computation turns out to involve an intolerable computational load in any but quite small data sets. The criterion of least trimmed sum of absolute deviations (LTA) is found by minimizing the sum of absolute residuals of the covered cases. This criterion is not new, but has not been used as widely as we believe it should. We show in this article that LTA is an attractive alternative to LMS and LTS, particularly for large data sets. It has a statistical efficiency that is not much below that of LTS for outlier-free normal data and better than LTS for more peaked error distributions. As its computational complexity is of a lower order than LMS and LTS, it can also be evaluated exactly in much larger samples than either LMS or LTS. Finally, just as its full-sample equivalent, the L1 norm, is robust against outliers on low leverage cases, LTA is able to cover larger subsets than LTS in those data sets where not all outliers are on high leverage cases. For samples too large for exact evaluation of the LTA, we outline a “feasible solution algorithm”, which provides excellent approximations to the exact LTA solution using quite modest computation.
The political use of Philippine forestry statistics in the postwar period

This paper demonstrates how Philippine forestry statistics were either ignored or deliberately manipulated from the late 1940s to 1986 when former President Marcos fled the country. The implications for social scientists studying land-use change and related matters in countries where elites have a vested interest in concealing their activities could be substantial.
Polynucler borane anions as mild reducing agents 1. the octahydrotriborate(1-) anion

Abstract Tetra-n-butylammonium octahydrotriborate (1-) in chloroform is a convenient, mild reagent for reduction of aromatic and aliphatic ketones, aldehydes and acid chlorides.
Motivated Cognitive Processing and Attitude Change

Two experiments investigated cognitive processing and attitudes under different motivations. In Experiment 1, 63 participants had either strong nondirectional (accuracy) or directional (defensive, impression) motives. Accuracy motivation resulted in extensive objective processing. Defensive motivation resulted in extensive biased processing. Impression motivation resulted in extensive processing that was directional in some measures but balanced in other measures. Cognitive processing mediated the effects of motivation on attitudes, which were stable across measurements. In Experiment 2, 44 participants processed under two combined strong motivations. Accuracy was successfully combined with directional motivation in both processing and attitudes. It reduced bias when combined with impression motivation but not when combined with defensive motivation. Two opposing directional motivations were difficult to combine, and participants eventually abandoned extensive processing.
Use of odds ratio or relative risk to measure a treatment effect in clinical trials with multiple correlated binary outcomes: data from the NINDS t‐PA stroke trial

In clinical trials, when a single outcome is not sufficient to describe the underlying concept of interest, it may be necessary to compare treatment groups on multiple correlated outcomes. A global test based on a logit link function provides an estimate of the odds ratio for assessing a common treatment effect among correlated binary outcomes. In this paper we extend the use of generalized estimating equations (GEE) to calculate a common relative risk from correlated binary outcomes based on a log link function. In the context of global tests, we discuss the equivalence and difference between logit and log links and their estimates. We also derive a formula for calculating a common risk difference between two treatment groups based on multiple correlated binary outcomes with categorical covariates, assuming the asymptotic equivalency between the logit and log-linear links. We discuss the statistical tools to be used in choosing between the logit and log links when models on different links yield contrasting results. Examples using data from the NINDS t-PA Stroke Trials are provided. We conclude, in a study of correlated binary outcomes, that the choice of the logit or log link could be based on a comparison of goodness-of-link.
Culture and dental health among African immigrant school‐aged children in the United States

Purpose – The paper examines African immigrant parents' views on dental decay and whether such views affect their decision to obtain dental insurance for their children. The paper also examines the cultural underpinnings of the immigrants' oral health care practices.Design/methodology/approach – The data for the study were collected in the states of Indiana and Virginia. The data were collected in 2005 by the author and a research assistant. A total of 420 parents (220 males and 200 females) took part in the research, answering questions about 601 children.Findings – The results indicate that a sizeable number of African immigrant school‐aged children are denied dental health due to a combination of cultural perceptions on dental health (such as families taking responsibility for cleaning their teeth themselves), parental ignorance on dental health, parents' perception of dental health practice in the USA, and the parents' weak financial standing.Originality/value – The study is of considerable importance...
Biological assay of prokaryotic genes in mouse cells following DNA mediated transformation.

Genes coding for leucine biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis were introduced into mouse LTK- cells by co-transformation with thymidine kinase+ (tk) DNA. Genomic DNA from the tk+ transformants was used to transform competent cultures of different B. subtilis leucine auxotrophs. Each auxotroph was transformed to prototrophy at a similar frequency and the number of leucine gene sequences per transformant genome as deduced by the B. subtilis bioassay strongly correlated with the number estimated by hybridization methods. Tk- subclones were obtained by plating the transformants in 5′-bromodeoxyuridine. One subclone still contained the non-selected leucine gene sequences and could transform auxotrophs of B. subtilis. No deletions or rearrangements in the linkage relationships of the leucine genes occurred in the LTK- cells that inhibited transformation of B. subtilis.