cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface effects on the diamagnetic susceptibility and other properties of a low-temperature electron gas

A general formulation is developed for determining the free energy of a Fermi gas contained in an arbitrary smooth external potential barrier and in a weak magnetic field, in the low-temperature limit. The Wigner phase-space formalism of quantum mechanics is used as a calculational tool. Explicit formulas are given, which enable one to compute surface and temperature effects on various physical properties (susceptibility, specific heat, etc.) of the system. Some simple examples are constructed for the diamagnetic-susceptibility calculation, which show that the corrections depend on the form of the surface potential barrier and the size of the material, but, in general, they are small in comparison with the dominant Landau result when the size is much larger than \ensuremath{\sim}100 A\r{}. The general formalism that we present can also be applied to other kinds of Fermi gas (for example, nucleons) contained in an external potential. For example, we show how the modified Thomas-Fermi theory may be extended to include temperature effects.
Functional Landscapes of the Brain: An Electrotopographic Perspective

The title “Functional Landscapes of the Brain” was borrowed from a particularly elegant study of regional cerebral blood flow changes during cognitive performance by Ingvar and Risberg (l967). Ingvar and colleagues (Risberg and Ingvar, 1973; Ingvar and Schwartz, 1974; Ingvar et al, 1975a) used radioactive xenon to monitor the metabolic regulation of cerebral blood flow (rCBF) which was regionally specific and accompanied problem solving and abstract thinking (Ingvar and Risberg, 1967; Risberg and Ingvar, 1973), voluntary hand movements (Ingvar et al,1975a), speech and reading (Ingvar and Schwartz, (1974) and electrical cutaneous stim ulation (Ingvar et al, 1975b). This work represents the first comprehensive quantitative topographic analysis of regionally specific physiological changes accompanying higher mental activity.
Do all cancers need to be treated? The role of thyroglobulin in the management of thyroid cancer : The 2006 hayes martin lecture

Hayes Martin died on Christmas Day 1977. I was a fellow on the head and neck service at Memorial Hospital, New York, New York, at that time. I never met Dr Martin because he had been an invalid for many years. I felt his influence constantly, though, because my teachers, my attending physicians, had all been his students, his fellows, or his colleagues. Dr Martin's first article, co-written in 1928 with Dr Quick, described how to perform a gastrostomy. 1 We had little else to offer our patients at that time. His last article, published in 1962, emphasized the importance of tying 1-handed knots to expedite the performance of head and neck surgical procedures. 2 There is no one procedure that we can attribute to Dr Martin. Perhaps his most important single contribution to head and neck oncology was his recognition of the value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). What Dr Martin did, through his teachings and his writings, was to create a structure, not a building, but a structure within which one could provide total care for patients with head and neck cancer. His greatest contribution, his true legacy, is not what he did but those whom he trained, others whom they trained, and yet others whom we will continue to train.
FROM WOMEN'S WORK TO THE UMBILICAL LENS: MARY KELLY'S EARLY FILMS

This essay presents a historical and theoretical account of Mary Kelly's formative involvement in experimental filmmaking in Britain during the early- to mid-1970s. The argument develops by tracing the complex interconnections between Kelly's political engagement with Marxist-feminism and her theoretical involvement with psychoanalysis and film theory. After discussing Kelly's participation in the Berwick Street Film Collective's Night Cleaners (1975) and the London Women's Film Group's Women of the Rhondda (1973), I present a sustained close reading of the artist's first solo work, the film loop installation Antepartum (1974). I argue that Antepartum interpellates the spectator into a feminine subject position. This reading of the film draws upon recent post-Lacanian feminist scholarship in philosophical ethics that focuses on the intrauterine relation. Antepartum offers a politically informed aesthetic experiment that prefigures some of these insights.
Phase coherence and frequency control of a hybrid mode-locked semiconductor laser by cw optical injection locking

Summary form only given. We have demonstrated phase coherence between a cw single-wavelength master laser and a multiwavelength modelocked slave laser by optical injection locking.
Juggling Failure and Success

This short essay on law school pedagogy reflects on a classroom teaching experience in which I juggled balls to illustrate legal analysis. It concludes that by stretching to one's limits, even physical ones, a teacher can inspire students to reach for things currently beyond their grasp.
Shielding Duty: How Attending to Assumption of Risk, Attractive Nuisance, and Other 'Quaint' Doctrines Can Improve Decisionmaking in Negligence Cases

This Article responds to "Abusing Duty," by Dilan Esper and Gregory Keating. That article decries recent California decisions for too readily invoking the duty element of negligence as a ground for issuing judgments for defendants. In particular, it criticizes courts' reliance on the duty-based doctrine of primary assumption of risk to support matter-of-law rulings against persons injured in the course of recreational activities. It likewise decries their willingness to dismiss negligence suits against property owners on no-duty rationales that reflect an exaggerated concern for ownership rights. Although we agree that many of these decisions are mistaken, we argue that Esper and Keating's analysis of what has gone wrong does not get to the root of the problem. The fundamental difficulty reflected in these decisions is not simply that courts are too aggressively applying certain no-duty doctrines, but that they are operating under a misconception of what the concept of duty means within negligence law, a misconception that, ironically, is traceable to the work of the liberal California Supreme Court of the 1960s. That Court, purportedly in the name of progress, rejected the idea that the duty element of negligence calls for a circumscribed inquiry into whether a given actor is obligated to conduct himself with reasonable care for certain interests of certain others, and instead embraced Prosser's notion that duty is a cipher that means whatever courts need it to mean in order to achieve the right aggregate levels of negligence liability. In short, these no-duty decisions go astray because modern deconstructions of the concept of duty invite lawless judicial discretion; duty is abused because it is being asked to do too much, and to do so in a manner that is unconstrained. We argue that decisionmaking in this area can only be improved if the California courts reject the idea that duty is a judicial wildcard and, in turn, accept that duty and various related tort concepts and doctrines - including implied assumption of risk - have meanings that can function to channel judicial discretion and can moderate the extent to which judges' political commitments determine the content of the law of negligence. Permitting other principles within negligence law to serve this moderating role in shaping doctrine provides the best hope of shielding duty from further abuse.
Persistent Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Cocaine Treatment in Rabbits

The present study was undertaken to determine whether the diminished cardiac performance associated with cocaine administration persists after the drug has been eliminated from the body. Cocaine (5 or 10 mg/kg iv) was administered to conscious (n = 7) or pentobarbital-anesthetized (n = 7) rabbits, respectively. Seven conscious and seven anesthetized control rabbits received the saline vehicle. Two and one-half hours later, the hearts were removed from the animals and perfused under cocaine-free conditions. Left ventricular (LV) contractility was evaluated by plotting steady-state LV systolic and diastolic pressures as a function of LV end-diastolic volume (preload). LV systolic performance was diminished in a dose-related manner in hearts isolated from cocaine-treated rabbits, but was statistically different from control only at the higher cocaine dose (P < 0.05). In a second set of experiments, hearts (n = 6) were isolated, and their LV function was evaluated before, during, and after cocaine exposure. In these experiments, cocaine was added to the perfusate in increments to produce concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mg/liter. After LV function was evaluated at the highest cocaine dose, cocaine-free perfusion conditions were restored, and LV function was reevaluated. In these experiments, cocaine produced a dose-dependent decrease in LV function that readily reversed when cocaine-free perfusion was reinstated. We conclude that cocaine diminishes LV contractility, and that the diminished cardiac performance may not readily reverse after in vivo exposure. Moreover, the rapid restoration of cardiac performance after exposure to cocaine in vitro suggests that the mechanism operating in vivo involves more than a simple direct action on the myocyte. Catecholamine cardiotoxicity does not appear to be a primary factor.
Reversible Phase Transitions within Self-Assembled Fibrillar Networks of (R)-18-(n-Alkylamino)octadecan-7-ols in Their Carbon Tetrachloride Gels

The CCl4 gel phases of a series of low-molecular-mass organogelators, (R)-18-(n-alkylamino)octadecan-7-ols (HSN-n, where n = 0–5, 18 is the alkyl chain length), appear to be unprecedented in that the fibrillar networks of some of the homologues undergo thermally reversible, gel-to-gel phase transitions, and some of those transitions are evident as opaque–transparent changes in the appearance of the samples. The gels have been examined at different concentrations and temperatures by a wide variety of spectroscopic, diffraction, thermal, and rheological techniques. Analyses of those data and data from the neat gelators have led to an understanding of the source of the gel-to-gel transitions. IR and SANS data implicate the expulsion (on heating the lower-temperature gel) or the inclusion (on cooling the higher-temperature gel) of molecules of CCl4 that are interspersed between fibers in bundles. However, the root cause of the transitions is a consequence of changes in the molecular packing of the HSN-n withi...
Metabolism of hepatic haem and 'green pigments' in rats given 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide and ferric citrate. A new model for hepatic haem turnover.

We have studied effects of single doses of 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide and ferric citrate on hepatic haem turnover in rats. Haem was pre-labelled by intraperitoneal administration of 5-amino-[4-(14)C]laevulinate 4h before other treatments. Computer-assisted analysis of the haem decay curve showed that at least two exponential components were involved implying two haem pools. In control rats the size of the rapidly-turning-over pool was 38% of the total. Treatment with 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide alone resulted in a 2.3-fold increase in the fractional size of this pool. Treatment with ferric citrate alone increased the size of this pool 1.8-fold; treatment with both agents together had no measurable effect beyond that produced by 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide. The apparent rate constant for disappearance of labelled haem from the first pool was not affected by treatment with 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide or ferric citrate, indicating that these treatments affect hepatic haem turnover primarily by altering the distribution of haem synthesized in the liver. The increased haem degradation after treatment with 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide alone was associated with the accumulation of ;green pigments' in the liver. These pigments were detectable 1.5h after drug treatment; their total amount increased steadily for 28h and then declined. Despite this increase in amount, radioactivity of the ;green pigment' fraction fell rapidly in a biphasic fashion. Some of the radioactivity that initially was found in the ;green pigment' fraction was later found in an aqueous fraction, not extractable by acidic ethyl acetate. Rats given ferric citrate together with 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide accumulated less ;green pigments'.
Clinical Study of Diaphragmatic Muscle Fatigue in Children with Pneumonia

Objective To explore the occurrence of diaphragmatic muscle fatigue(DMF) in children with pneumonia and its relationship with respiratory failure.Methods One hundred and twenty-six cases of pneumonia(pneumonia group) and 60 healthy children(healthy control group) were selected,and 2K-V1 type intelligence electric impedance respirograph was used to measure diaphragmatic function of the children in both groups to find if the ribcage-abdomen motion was synchronic and to calculate M levels.The abdomen impedance values as X-axis were calculated,which were regarded,and the chest impedance values as Y-axis were calcaulated,which described two-dimensional chart of ribcage-abdomen motion curve and the α angle which was between connection of maximum X value to the smallest X value and the X-axis were calculated.According to the changes of chest-abdominal curve in one-dimensional chart and the changes of M value and α angle,the degree of the diaphragmatic muscle fatigue was judged.Results There were 98 cases of DMF in the 126 children with pneumonia,and 68 cases of which were type Ⅰ DMF,and 30 cases were type Ⅱ DMF.One-dimensional chart showed contradictory chest-abdominal respiratory motional curve,and two-dimensional chart moved in a clockwise direction.M value was(46.1±8.4)%,α angle was(136.7±12.0) degrees in children with type Ⅰ DMF;One-dimensional chart showed that the peak value of chest-abdominal respiratory motional curve dislocates,and two-dimensional chart moved in a counter-clockwise direction.M value was(17.2 ± 3.2)%,α angle was(48.2 ± 9.5) degrees in children with type Ⅱ DMF;the control group had M value(4.3 ± 1.0)%,α angle was(31.7 ± 5.2) degree.There were significant differences in M value and α angle between type Ⅰ DMF children,type Ⅱ DMF children and healthy children(Pa0.01).Degree of diaphragmatic fatigue was highly correlated with clinical diagnostic respiratory failure and negatively correlated with age.Conclusions The electric impedance respirograph is a very valuable diagnostic method for diaphragmatic muscle fatigue of pneumonia.There is a significant correlation between DMF and respiratory failure.
Research on High Vocational Schools' Current Ideologi Ical and Moral Situation and its Development Countermeasures

The paper is based on the cultivation of high vocational education and students' present psychological and moral situation and the background is the education mode of high vocational school students' morality.A thorough study is made through questionnaire,talking and the interviewing of experts about the present moral situation,psychological problems and moral education mode of 11 high vocational schools' students.Based on a comprehensive analysis concerning causes of emotional factors,self-knowing levels,education mode and self-controlling system of problem students,and together with teaching practice of high vocational schools,the paper includes a rational reasoning from the angle of building of professional teaching team,moral education object system,psychological guidance and education,professional ethics education and network political thought education,which form five feasible countermeasures for the development of moral education of high vocational schools.
Strength of tissue attachment to composite and ePTFE grafts after ventral hernia repair.

OBJECTIVES We sought to measure the strength of tissue attachment to mesh after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair in a porcine model. METHODS Twelve swine had two 10-cm x 16-cm sheets of ePTFE and polypropylene/ePTFE composite mesh fixated to the abdominal wall laparoscopically. Animals were euthanized at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks. The strength of tissue ingrowth was measured using a lap-shear method. Data are reported as mean force in pounds. RESULTS Average surface area of adhesions to percentage of surface area was not statistically significant between the composite and ePTFE materials. For the composite material, there was a 98.7% posterior probability that the force required at 2 weeks was less than that required at 12 weeks. There was no difference in graft-abdominal wall interface strength between week 2 and week 12 for ePTFE material. Both prosthetics achieved the majority of their strength from tissue ingrowth by 2 weeks, but the composite prosthesis continued to gain strength while the strength of the ePTFE plateaued. Composite mesh demonstrated a statistically significant increase in strength between the lap-shear force, whereas no statistically significant difference occurred in the ePTFE graft. For the composite material, there was complete cellular infiltration through the entire thickness of polypropylene (approximately 500 microm) to the ePTFE layer at 2 weeks. At 2 weeks for ePTFE, the cells did not penetrate into the graft on the visceral side. On the abdominal wall side, the grooves filled with tissue, but no cellular penetration into the ePTFE occurred. No histological difference existed in cellularity. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the strength of tissue ingrowth is significantly higher (P<0.05) for the composite grafts relative to the ePTFE grafts at each time point. Approximately 74% of tissue ingrowth and strength occurs by 2 weeks postoperatively for the composite prosthesis. The ePTFE graft tissue strength peaked and plateaued by 2 weeks. This may have clinical implications for human ventral hernia repair by partly addressing the issue of graft fixation to the abdominal wall during laparoscopic ventral hernia repair.
Clam-Shell Technique for Right Renal Vein Extension in Cadaver Kidney Transplantation

Abstract A clam-shell technique for right renal vein extension was used successfully in a cadaver kidney transplant.
A Methodology for Cognitive NoC Design

The number of cores in a multicore chip design has been increasing in the past two decades. The rate of increase will continue for the foreseeable future. With a large number of cores, the on-chip communication has become a very important design consideration. The increasing number of cores will push the communication complexity level to a point where managing such highly complex systems requires much more than what designers can anticipate for. We propose a new design methodology for implementing a cognitive network-on-chip that has the ability to recognize changes in the environment and to learn new ways to adapt to the changes. This learning capability provides a way for the network to manage itself. Individual network nodes work autonomously to achieve global system goals, e.g., low network latency, higher reliability, power efficiency, adaptability, etc. We use fault-tolerant routing as a case study. Simulation results show that the cognitive design has the potential to outperform the conventional design for large applications. With the great inherent flexibility to adopt different algorithms, the cognitive design can be applied to many applications.
Self-Driven HeII Cooling System for the Interaction Region Focusing Magnets at SSC

The focusing magnets nearest the interaction points of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) face concentrated and somewhat unpredictable heat loads from the radiation produced by the proton beam collision. A three-stage cooling system design is shown that interfaces with the SSC external refrigeration system and minimizes hot spots in the magnet. The magnet cold mass can be held below 2 K even with a heat load of 1 kW. Internal convection with zero mass flow between the magnet laminations carries the heat radially outward from the center of the magnets to large coolant passages near the periphery. Cross flow is not required. A circulation system driven by the heat being removed then carries the heat axially through the 60 m long set of magnets. A heat exchanger / thermomechanical pump module transfers the heat to the external refrigeration loop, permitting the external loop to be optimized without matching the flow rate required through the magnets. These results are useful beyond the SSC community as examples of using He II to transfer large amounts of heat in industrial-scale superconducting magnets.
The Importance of Fostering Ownership During Medical Training: Working 9-5 Isn't the Only Issue.

“The Importance of Fostering Ownership During Medical Training” (Dubov et al. 2016) is a well-written and thoughtful article that comprehensively synthesizes a large body of literature to describe ...
My Website Reads at an Eighth Grade Level: Why Plain Language Benefits Your Users (and You)

ABSTRACTWriting in plain language aims to help users find what they need and ensures that the information is both useful and understandable. This is key for distance students whose primary library interaction may be with the library Website. A mix of user research and readability scores can be used to measure whether content is findable, useful, and understandable. There are several strategies authors can adopt to help them write in plain language, including keeping the users' needs and tasks in mind and structuring the content so that it can be quickly scanned. Converting existing Website content to a plain language format can be a large task; running a content audit can help determine which pages should be prioritized for revision. Once the Website is written in plain language, an ongoing content strategy is necessary to help it stay that way.
Diet and Selectivity of Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple Swamphen) in Florida

Abstract We tested whether Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple Swamphen) in South Florida selected particular types of food and whether their diets differed among 3 geographically separate wetlands (northern Everglades, a stormwater treatment marsh, and Lake Okeechobee littoral zone). We found that the Purple Swamphens we collected from the treatment marsh were larger than those from the other sites. The primary food item of the Purple Swamphen at all 3 sites was Eleocharis cellulosa (Gulf-coast Spikerush), comprising 79%, 72%, and 49% mean dry weight of total gut contents for the northern Everglades, littoral zone, and treatment marsh, respectively. Accounting for availability, Purple Swamphens were strongly selective for Gulf-coast Spikerush, which is a common plant in the southeastern US. The availability of this plant is not likely to be a factor limiting the spread of this bird northward.
Are Outcomes Better for Trauma Patients Who Are Treated Early with Clotting Factors

A 72-year-old male with known coronary artery disease presents to his community hospital’s emergency department (ED) with multiple long-bone fractures and a blood pressure of 65/40 following a severe motor vehicle accident. It is also noted that the patient has a widened mediastinum.
Replication Associated Stress in the Fetal Stem Cell Pool of FA Mice Can be Rescued By Pharmacologic Inhibition of Constitutively Activated P38 MAPK

Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare, recessively heritable disorder with prominent failure of hematopoiesis. The physiologic role of FA proteins has not been fully resolved to date. While several existing model systems delineate its role in DNA damage response caused by alkylating agents, aldehydes, and inflammatory cytokines, all rely on experimental induction. We previously demonstrated the in utero onset of hematopoietic failure in mice with genetic disruption of Fancc . Herein, we found significant deficits in the fetal liver (FL) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) pool in Fancd2 mice. Both AA4.1 + Sca-1 + Lin - expressing progenitors (ASL) and CD48 - CD150 + Lin - Sca-1 + (SLAM) cells were decreased in frequency in Fancd2 -/- versus WT FL. Similarly, we observed a significant decrease in progenitor colony formation and deficits in primary and secondary transplantation among Fancd2 -/- FL compared to WT. Fancd2 -/- FL cells were characteristically sensitive to mitomycin C and had significantly fewer SLAM cells in the G 0 phase of cell cycle and elevated p21 expression, indicating canonical P53 activation. Consistent with prior reports by other groups on embryonic stem cells and our own Fancc -/- FL studies, we found neither exaggerated frequency of apoptotic cells, nor transcriptional induction of Puma or Noxa . We hypothesized that the observed deficits in developmental HSPC pool expansion reflect replication-associated stress. At the transcriptional level, we found activation of the DNA damage response via Rad51 and Prkdc , corroborated by immunofluorescent imaging of Rad51 foci as well as comet assays in FL cells. Next, we tested P38 MAPK as a stress response previously found to confer repopulation deficits in postnatal BM failure among Fancc and Fanca mice; here, our experiments revealed baseline (unprovoked) activation of phospho-p38 and rescue of Fancd2 -/- progenitor colony formation using a pharmacological inhibitor, SB203580. Results were further strengthened by transplantation, revealing increased Fancd2 -/- donor chimerism after in vivo administration of SB203580. The gains in donor chimerism persisted even after cessation of drug administration. These results suggest that replication-associated stress in the rapidly cycling fetal Fancd2 -/- HSPC pool evokes a cellular stress response that constrains physiological expansion. Our work emphasizes the prenatal onset of hematopoietic failure and reveals pharmacological rescue by inhibition of constitutively active P38 MAPK. Furthermore, FA fetal hematopoiesis is an original model of unprovoked hematopoietic failure that allows the study of physiologic role of FA proteins in HSPC. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Digital Simulation of Nonlinear Random Waves

Digital realizations of unidirectional nonlinear random seas correct to second order in an ocean of finite depth are simulated from three types of two-parameter theoretical spectra and are compared with measured hurricane-generated realizations by means of chi-square goodness-of-fit measures computed from the Gram-Charlier probability distribution in which the statistical measures of skewness and the excess of kurtosis are determined from the measured hurricane-generated realizations. The finite Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm is shown to be an efficient method for nonlinear simulations since the FFT coefficients are complex and, therefore, capable of retaining the nonlinear random phase interactions. The second-order nonlinear simulations demonstrate improved third-order and fourth-order statistical moments compared to the linear Gaussian simulations. Previous comparisons with measured wave forces on cylindrical pilings have demonstrated improvements in the statistics of random wave force predictions computed by digital filter methods as a result of these improved nonlinear random sea simulations.
Sriracha Shutdown: Hot Sauce Lessons on Local Privilege and Race

In 2013, Huy Fong Foods, maker of the trendy hot sauce sriracha, fought in court to stay open. The Los Angeles suburb of Irwindale tried to enjoin all sauce production, arguing that “offensive chili odors” created a public nuisance. This was an unexpected development because Huy Fong was recently invited to relocate to Irwindale and air quality regulators found no problems. Sauce lovers and the media closely watched this spicy legal drama, dubbed the “sriracha-apocalypse.” Originally created for Vietnamese ph• soup, sriracha is extremely popular worldwide. This conflict points to a suburban racialized exclusion, sourced in municipal legal powers. With a population that is over ninety percent Latino, Irwindale was incorporated to capitalize on racial divisions. Mining companies sought these divisions in order to benefit from low taxes. Incorporation created a legal privilege in municipal powers to exclude outsiders. Irwindale’s public nuisance lawsuit to shutdown sriracha exemplifies such a tactic. Eyeing this food conflict, this Article uses critical approaches to race and geography to illustrate the influence local government law has on race relations in the suburban United States. This Article also illustrates how municipal legal powers result in racialized exclusion, despite race neutral legal positions and a lack of racist animus. INTRODUCTION 190 I. SRIRACHA BECOMES A LOCALLY-SOURCED AND GLOBALLYADMIRED HOT SAUCE 201 A. Sriracha’s Local to Global Growth 201 B. Sriracha Moves to Irwindale 205 II. LOCAL NUISANCE BOILS INTO THE SRIRACHA-APOCALYPSE AND THE WORLD WATCHES 208 A. Sriracha Smells in a Small City 208 B. Protecting Local Interests: Irwindale Takes Sriracha to Court 211 C. Irwindale Uses a Public Nuisance (and Race Neutral) HERNANDEZ-LOPEZ (DO NOT DELETE) 10/24/2015 12:23 PM 190 SETON HALL LAW REVIEW [Vol. 46:189 Offense 216 D. Politics, Economics, and Law Offer Limited Explanation 221 III. HISTORY AND LOCAL PRIVILEGE MAINTAIN RACIAL DIVISIONS AND SPICE CONTROVERSIES 223 A. Geographic Space and Legal Privileges Help Exclude 223 B. Mining, Low Taxes, and Exclusion Establish Irwindale 225 C. Industry and Spatial Divisions Feed Historic Race-Based Exclusions in Southern California 228 D. Inherited Landscapes Shape Privilege in the Suburbs 233 E. Sriracha Shutdown Is One Example of Exclusion in the Suburbs 236 CONCLUSION 240
Religion is Special Enough

In ways almost beyond counting, our legal system treats religion differently, subjecting it both to certain protections and certain disabilities. Developing the specifics of those protections and disabilities, along with more general theories tying the specifics together and justifying them collectively, has long been the usual stuff of debate among courts and commentators. Those debates still continue. But in recent years, increasingly people have asked a slightly different question—whether religion should be singled out for special treatment at all, in any context, for any purpose. Across the board, but especially in the context of religious exemptions from generally applicable laws, many have come to doubt religion’s distinctiveness. And traditional defenses of religion’s distinctiveness have been rejected as unpersuasive or religiously partisan. This Article offers a defense of our legal tradition and its special treatment of religion. Religious freedom can be justified on religion-neutral grounds; it serves the same kinds of values as other rights (like freedom of speech). And while religion as a category may not perfectly correspond to the underlying values that religious freedom serves, that kind of mismatch happens commonly with other rights and is probably inevitable. Ultimately, religious liberty makes sense as one important liberty within the pantheon of human freedoms. Religion may not be uniquely special, but it is special enough.
Recycled iron fuels new production in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean

Nitrate persists in eastern equatorial Pacific surface waters because phytoplankton growth fueled by nitrate (new production) is limited by iron. Nitrate isotope measurements provide a new constraint on the controls of surface nitrate concentration in this region and allow us to quantify the degree and temporal variability of nitrate consumption. Here we show that nitrate consumption in these waters cannot be fueled solely by the external supply of iron to these waters, which occurs by upwelling and dust deposition. Rather, a substantial fraction of nitrate consumption must be supported by the recycling of iron within surface waters. Given plausible iron recycling rates, seasonal variability in nitrate concentration on and off the equator can be explained by upwelling rate, with slower upwelling allowing for more cycles of iron regeneration and uptake. The efficiency of iron recycling in the equatorial Pacific implies the evolution of ecosystem-level mechanisms for retaining iron in surface ocean settings where it limits productivity.
HyperDrive: exploring hyperparameters with POP scheduling

The quality of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models are very sensitive to many different adjustable parameters that are set before training even begins, commonly called hyperparameters. Efficient hyperparameter exploration is of great importance to practitioners in order to find high-quality models with affordable time and cost. This is however a challenging process due to a huge search space, expensive training runtime, sparsity of good configurations, and scarcity of time and resources. We develop a scheduling algorithm POP that quickly identifies among promising, opportunistic and poor configurations of hyperparameters. It infuses probabilistic model-based classification with dynamic scheduling and early termination to jointly optimize quality and cost. We also build a comprehensive hyperparameter exploration infrastructure, HyperDrive, to support existing and future scheduling algorithms for a wide range of usage scenarios across different ML/DL frameworks and learning domains. We evaluate POP and HyperDrive using complex and deep models. The results show that we speedup the training process by up to 6.7x compared with basic approaches like random/grid search and up to 2.1x compared with state-of-the-art approaches while achieving similar model quality compared with prior work.
Percutaneous transaxillary access for TAVR: Another opportunity to stay out of the chest.

Key Points Axillary arteries are less calcified and tortuous than iliofemoral arteries Axillary artery minimal luminal diameters are usually >5.0 mm even in patients with iliofemoral artery diameters < 5.0 mm Axillary and transcaval access are the only non-surgical fully percutaneous options for large-bore arterial access for TAVR or mechanical circulatory support devices
Excavating the Present, Vindicating the Dead

I am heartened by Paul Mullins's call for a politically engaged, historically informed, and theoretically supple historical archaeology of the African diaspora experience. I agree that we as archaeologists, as researchers in any discipline, need to frame our investigations with an aware ness of the political stakes involved. I would go further, in fact, and encourage those with guts to go ahead and be rebels and revolutionaries. We live in a time that cries out for risk takers to rescue us from seemingly overwhelming global forces. I also agree with Mullins that scholars need to work both ends of the problem simultaneously. We need to look for common structural features: be they negative ones such as a global race-based labor regime or be they positive ones such as the persistence of African religious forms in the Americas. These structural continuities and connections place a limit on how far we can take the constructed and contingent nature of identities. Racism is a structural fact in many places and times. It did not/does not leave people entirely free to choose how to live their lives and express some pri mordial inner self. At the same time, as Stuart Hall (1992:252) has famously remarked, in the postmodern era we have reached "the end of the innocent notion of the essential black subject." As widespread as racism may be, it does not take the same form in all places, nor does it dictate how its victims will use their diverse social, economic, and cultural resources to respond. Hall (1990:235-236) says elsewhere,
Access to US Primary Care Physicians for New Patients Concerned About Smoking or Weight

Abstract Tobacco smoking and obesity are leading causes of preventable morbidity and mortality in the US, and primary care physicians are the main source of preventive care. However, it is not known whether access for new patients is affected by an expression of interest in preventive care. In a 2015 audit, we called US primary care physicians' offices to request appointment information regarding new patient physicals for simulated patients. Simulated patients were differentiated by smoking concerns (N = 907), weight concerns (N = 867), or no health concerns (“healthy” patients; N = 3561). Additionally, patient profiles varied by race/ethnicity, sex, and insurance type. We also examined whether access differed in states that expanded Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. We found that physicians' offices were no more likely to offer appointments to patients with smoking concerns than to healthy patients (54% vs. 55%; p-value = 0.56), and patients with smoking concerns were offered fewer appointments than patients with weight concerns (54% vs. 62%, p-value
Toward a Kinetic Understanding of Eukaryotic Translation

The eukaryotic translation pathway has been studied for more than four decades, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate each stage of the pathway are not completely defined. This is in part because we have very little understanding of the kinetic framework for the assembly and disassembly of pathway intermediates. Steps of the pathway are thought to occur in the subsecond to second time frame, but most assays to monitor these events require minutes to hours to complete. Understanding translational control in sufficient detail will therefore require the development of assays that can precisely monitor the kinetics of the translation pathway in real time. Here, we describe the translation pathway from the perspective of its kinetic parameters, discuss advances that are helping us move toward the goal of a rigorous kinetic understanding, and highlight some of the challenges that remain.
Fruit size in a tropical tree species: variation, preference by birds, and heritability

Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae), an understory bird-dispersed tree, produces single-seeded fruits that vary in diameter from 1.4 to 2.4 cm. Much of the variation within a population at Monteverde, Costa Rica occurred within individual trees. The relative size of fruits produced by different trees remained generally constant over an 11-year period despite slight differences between years in the average size of fruits produced by a given tree.
Chapter 7 – The Theory of Krohn and Rhodes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the theory of Krohn and Rhodes. Every semiautomaton A can be covered by direct and cascade products of semiautomata of two kinds: (1) simple grouplike semiautomata with simple groups that are homomorphic images of subgroups of the semigroup GA of A; and (2) two-state reset semiautomata. The grouplike semiautomata used to cover A are obtained in three steps: (1) A is covered by a cascade product of permutation-reset semi-automata, (2) every such permutation-reset semiautomaton is covered by a cascade product of a permutation semiautomaton and a reset semiautomaton, and (3) the obtained permutation semiautomaton is covered by a cascade product of simple grouplike semiautomata. The chapter discusses the construction of special admissible decompositions, and reviews properties of the constructed decomposition. The chapter also discusses the necessity of certain components in a cascade product covering of a semiautomaton. The developed algebraic theory may be used to prove the equivalence of two special families of regular sets: the non-counting and star free regular sets.
Extracellular Polysaccharide-Degrading Enzymes of Postia Placenta Isolated from Wood or Artificial Media

A variety of extracellular polysaccharidases produced by brown-rot fungi are thought to play an important role in the wood-rotting process. There is evidence of early removal of hemicellulose, a principal cell wall constituent, by hemicellulases (xylanases, mannanases), which attack and shorten hemicellulose chains sufficiently for further hydrolysis by glycosidases into simple sugars, thus facilitating colonization and penetration of wood (Kirk and Highley, 1973; Kirk and Cowling, 1984; Highley, 1987). The enzyme b-1,4—xylanase, of the brown-rot fungus Postia placenta (Fr.) M. Lars. et Lomb. MAD 698, has been partially purified (Green et al., 1989b) and used as antigen to produce monoclonal antibodies. This glycoprotein typically co-migrates with carboxymethyl-cellulase and has been comprised of as much as 50 percent carbohydrate when extracted from wood.
Do flexion extension plain films facilitate treatment after trauma

We hypothesized that flexion extension (FE) films do not facilitate the diagnosis or treatment of ligamentous injury of the cervical spine after blunt trauma. From January 2000 to December 2008 we reviewed all patients who underwent FE films and compared five-view plain films (5 view) and cervical spine CTC with FE in the diagnosis of ligamentous injury. There were 22,929 patients with blunt trauma and of these, 271 patients underwent 303 FE films. Average age was 39.6 years, Injury Severity Score was 10.8, Glasgow Coma Score was 14.1, lactate was 2.6 mmol/L, and hospital length of stay was 6 days. Compared with FE, 5 view and CTC had a sensitivity of 80 per cent (8 of 10), positive predictive value of 47.1 per cent (8 of 17), specificity of 96.55 per cent (252 of 261), and negative predictive value of 99.21 per cent (252 of 254). For purposes of analysis, incomplete and ambiguous FE films were listed as negative; however, 20.5 per cent (62 of 303) were incomplete and 9.2 per cent (28 of 303) were ambiguous. Management did not change for the 2 patients with missed ligament injuries. The 303 studies cost $162,105.00 to obtain. FEs are often incomplete and unreliable making it difficult to use them to base management decisions. They do not facilitate treatment and may lead to increased cost and prolonged cervical collars.
Data for vancomycin elution, activity and impact on mechanical properties when incorporated into orthopedic bone cement

Abstract In this article, we report data on the antibiotic elution and efficacy, and mechanical properties of Palacos bone cement with different amounts of added vancomycin (0.0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g), see “Vancomycin elution, activity and impact on mechanical properties when added to orthopedic bone cement” (Bishop et al., 2018) [1] . Mechanical testing was performed for four-point bending, compression, and fracture toughness. The release characteristics of vancomycin was recorded for up to 60 days to estimate the elution profile. The eluted vancomycin efficacy at eliminating the four most common causative orthopedic implant pathogens is also reported.
A(15)Tl(27) (A = Rb, Cs): A Structural Type Containing Both Isolated Clusters and Condensed Layers Based on the Tl(11) Fragment. Syntheses, Structure, Properties, and Band Structure.

The isomorphous title compounds (and the ordered substitutional Rb(14)CsTl(27)) are obtained directly from reactions of the elements in sealed Ta below approximately 330 degrees C. Refinements of single-crystal data for the three established a structure with alternate layers of isolated pentacapped trigonal prismatic Tl(11)(7)(-) (D(3)(h)()) ions and condensed [Tl(16)(8-)] networks that are separated by cations. The condensed layer consists of Tl(11) units that share prismatic edges and are interbridged through waist-capping atoms (Tl(6/2)Tl(3)Tl(2)). (Rb(15)Tl(27): Ps2m, Z = 1, a = 10.3248(6) A, c = 17.558(2) A.) The rubidium phase is a poor metal (rho(293) approximately 34 mOmega.cm) and is Pauli-paramagnetic. Extended Huckel band calculations indicate partially filled bands and a non-zero DOS at E(F), consistent with the observed metallic behavior, although appropriate cation tuning or modest anion doping should provide a Zintl phase. The band structure and COOP curves are also used to rationalize the distortion of the Tl(11) unit on condensation and the critical role of the interfragment bonds between waist-capping atoms in stabilizing the layer.
The LUVOIR Ultraviolet Multi-Object Spectrograph (LUMOS): instrument definition and design

The Large Ultraviolet/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR) is one of four large mission concepts currently undergoing community study for consideration by the 2020 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey. LUVOIR is being designed to pursue an ambitious program of exoplanetary discovery and characterization, cosmic origins astrophysics, and planetary science. The LUVOIR study team is investigating two large telescope apertures (9- and 15-meter primary mirror diameters) and a host of science instruments to carry out the primary mission goals. Many of the exoplanet, cosmic origins, and planetary science goals of LUVOIR require high-throughput, imaging spectroscopy at ultraviolet (100 – 400 nm) wavelengths. The LUVOIR Ultraviolet Multi-Object Spectrograph, LUMOS, is being designed to support all of the UV science requirements of LUVOIR, from exoplanet host star characterization to tomography of circumgalactic halos to water plumes on outer solar system satellites. LUMOS offers point source and multi-object spectroscopy across the UV bandpass, with multiple resolution modes to support different science goals. The instrument will provide low (R = 8,000 – 18,000) and medium (R = 30,000 – 65,000) resolution modes across the far-ultraviolet (FUV: 100 – 200 nm) and nearultraviolet (NUV: 200 – 400 nm) windows, and a very low resolution mode (R = 500) for spectroscopic investigations of extremely faint objects in the FUV. Imaging spectroscopy will be accomplished over a 3 × 1.6 arcminute field-of-view by employing holographically-ruled diffraction gratings to control optical aberrations, microshutter arrays (MSA) built on the heritage of the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), advanced optical coatings for high-throughput in the FUV, and next generation large-format photon-counting detectors. The spectroscopic capabilities of LUMOS are augmented by an FUV imaging channel (100 – 200nm, 13 milliarcsecond angular resolution, 2 × 2 arcminute field-of-view) that will employ a complement of narrow- and medium-band filters. The instrument definition, design, and development are being carried out by an instrument study team led by the University of Colorado, Goddard Space Flight Center, and the LUVOIR Science and Technology Definition Team. LUMOS has recently completed a preliminary design in Goddard’s Instrument Design Laboratory and is being incorporated into the working LUVOIR mission concept. In this proceeding, we describe the instrument requirements for LUMOS, the instrument design, and technology development recommendations to support the hardware required for LUMOS. We present an overview of LUMOS’ observing modes and estimated performance curves for effective area, spectral resolution, and imaging performance. Example “LUMOS 100-hour Highlights” observing programs are presented to demonstrate the potential power of LUVOIR’s ultraviolet spectroscopic capabilities.
New Palpable Mass in the Right Breast

A 55-year-old postmenopausal female presents with a new mass in her right breast. She states that the mass has been there for about 3 months and has slowly grown in size. She first noticed it when she was taking a shower. The mass is not painful. She reports no nipple discharge, no nipple inversion, and no skin changes. She had her first menstrual period at age 11. Her only pregnancy was at age 35. Her mother and sister both had breast cancer. On physical examination, she has a 2 cm palpable, hard, ill-defined, immobile, non-tender mass in the upper outer quadrant of her right breast. There is no palpable axillary or supraclavicular adenopathy.