cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microleakage of amalgam restorations with high-copper content

Nine Class II restorations with high-copper content amalgams were evaluated for microleakage for periods o f up to six months. Microleakage of the margins of Class II restorations of nine high-copper-content amalgams was evaluated after 24 hours and 1, 3, and 6 months. The restored teeth were stored in artificial saliva. Contact autoradiographs were made after incubation of the restored teeth in a calcium chloride solution. The adaptation of the cavosurface margins of the restorations was measured microscopically before the determinations of microleakage.
The conformation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate C: The metachromatic reaction

The absorption characteristics of complexes of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate C with toluidine blue were studied. From the physical requirements necessary to form the metachromatic complexes, suggestions have been made concerning the conformation of the two polysaccharides.
The absorption of direct dyes by crosslinked cellulose. II. Rate of dyeing and diffusivity

The effect of crosslinking in the dry state on the rate of dyeing of cellophane with two direct dyes, Chrysophenine G and Chlorazol Sky Blue FF, has been studied. Dimethylolethyleneurea and bis(hydroxyethyl) sulfone were the crosslinking agents. It was found that the rate of dyeing was reduced at high degree of crosslinking by more than 90%, whereas the amount of dye absorbed at equilibrium was reduced by only 40%. It was concluded that the major factor in the practical undyeability of the crosslinked cellulose fibers in commerce is the reduction of the rate of dyeing rather than that of the absorption at final equilibrium. The average diffusivities of the dyes in the cellulose film were calculated from the rate data. The diffusion coefficients as functions of the dye concentration in the films were estimated from the diffusivity values. The two models of swollen cellulose, the pore model and the gel model, were applied to explain the effect of crosslinking on the diffusion coefficients. The pore model offers a satisfactory explanation by assuming that crosslinking reduces the average pore diameter and therefore increases the drag and also the tortuosity. The gel model offers an equally satisfactory explanation by assuming that crosslinking reduces the free volume by increasing the rigidity and concentration of the cellulose chains in the cellulose gel.
Codetype-Based Interpretation of the MMPI–2 in an Outpatient Psychotherapy Sample

In an evaluation of the codetype-based interpretation of the MMPI–2, 48 doctoral student psychotherapists rated their clients’ (N = 120) standardized interpretations as more accurate when based on the profile's codetype, in comparison with ratings for interpretations based on alternate codetypes. Effect sizes ranged from nonsignificant to large, depending on the degree of proximity between the profile's codetype and the alternate codetype. There was weak evidence to suggest that well-defined profiles yielded more accurate interpretations than undefined profiles. It appears that codetype-based interpretation of the MMPI–2 is generally valid, but there might be little difference in the accuracy of interpretations based on nearby codetypes.
Nutritional quality of macrophytes eaten and not eaten by two temperatezone herbivorous fishes: A multivariate comparison

The mean annual chemical compositions (ash, lipid, carbohydrate, protein, nitrogen and carbon) of 23 species of macrophytes (22 seaweeds and 1 seagrass) from a rocky intertidal habitat on the central California coast were determined from December 1981 through December 1982. These data were used to test the hypothesis that the 13 red and green seaweeds eaten by the two principal herbivorous fishes (Cebidichthys violaceus andXiphister mucosus) at the site are higher in nutritional quality than the 9 red and brown seaweeds and the seagrass not consumed by these fishes. A MANOVA using the ash, lipid, carbohydrate and nitrogen data showed that the centroids of the dietary and nondietary species groups were significantly different. In a two-group discriminant analysis that followed, only two species were misclassified as members of the opposite group. Multigroup discriminant analysis of the 23 macrophytes resulted in some overlap among dietary and nondietary species. Species were discriminated on the first canonical axis by ash content and on the second and third axes by lipid and carbohydrate contents. Nitrogen contributed little to the overall discrimination of species in the analysis. The nondietary red algaCorallina vancouveriensis, with its high ash content and therefore relatively low nutritional quality, was clearly separated from all other species in the analysis. Brown algae were of higher nutritional quality, but are not eaten by the two fishes, possibly because these seaweeds produce indigestible carbohydrates and secondary compounds. However, the exclusion from the diets of several red algal species that were virtually indistinguishable from the dietary red algae remains unexplained.
Behavior of municipal solid waste leachate. I. Composition variations

Abstract Leachates from land disposal of solid waste varies in chemical composition widely from one location to another. Certain chemical characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate, for example, influence the rate of movement of heavy metals through soils more than others. The most prominent fall into broad categories such as pH (as it reflects organic acids), concentration of the soluble common salts (EC or IONS), total soluble organic carbon compounds (TOC) and certain naturally occurring metals notably iron (Fe). The solubility of the components of MSW leachate changes markedly as a result of pH fluctuations, aeration, dilution by water, drying and wetting, freezing and thawing, and stage of biodegradation.
Ion-mobility spectrometry as a fast monitor of chemical composition

Ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been known best for screening explosives at airports, detecting chemical agents for the military, and monitoring stack gas emissions in industry. These have been supplemented by applications for determining the accumulation of impurities in gas switches for hydroelectric generating stations and for measuring the levels of volatile organic compounds in the life-supporting atmosphere of the International Space Station. An enlarged scope of applications for this fast method has become possible through advances in miniaturization of drift tubes and new methods for characterizing ions. Also, ion sources of broad importance, such as electrospray ionization, have been added to drift tubes at ambient pressure. Finally, the ion chemistry, which long made IMS a sensitive and selective sensor but also frustrated attempts to rationalize response, has been explored and clarified. New methods for introducing structural content into mobility spectra mean that mobility spectrometers can be general analytical measurement devices and can provide rapid analysis of samples spanning the range of vapor pressures and chemical classes. This article presents selected recent developments in IMS with emphasis on speed of measurement or on uses for which no other method has been convenient or economical.
Urinary dysfunction in children is associated with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Abstract Objective Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is known to cause significant morbidity across a wide variety of organ systems. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of ETS exposure with pediatric urinary dysfunction. Patients and methods Participants were drawn from a university-based pediatric urology practice throughout the first half of 2011. All patients who presented with a chief complaint of urinary dysfunction were approached to participate ( N = 184). Exclusion criteria eliminated all but 71 subjects. Of these, 68 subjects and their parents completed age-appropriate questionnaires on ETS exposure and symptom severity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and relationship between exposure and outcome was evaluated via Spearman correlation analysis. Results A total of 68 children with no known etiology for their urinary dysfunction were evaluated for symptom severity and ETS exposure. Participants demonstrated a significant positive correlation (rho = 0.592 for those 4–10 years; rho = 0.415 for those 11–17 years) between ETS exposure and severity of their urinary symptoms. Conclusions These data indicate a positive relationship between ETS exposure and urinary dysfunction among children with no other obvious etiology for their symptoms. Physicians should inform parents of the potential dangers of childhood ETS exposure, including the possible relationship with urinary dysfunction.
Radiochemical Studies on the Fission of Th 232 with Pile Neutrons

The relative yields of more than twenty products in thorium fission have been determined radiochemically. Pile neutrons with an estimated effective average energy of 2.6 Mev were used. The data have been used to construct a complete fission yield curve for ${\mathrm{Th}}^{232}$. This is compared with the yield curves of other fissionable nuclei. Thorium fission is similar to the neutron fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$, ${\mathrm{U}}^{233}$, ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{239}$, and ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ in being highly asymmetric. With the neutrons used in this work the peak yields occur 110 times as frequently as symmetrical products.
A Moment of Opportunity

(2009). A Moment of Opportunity. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 261-265.
A method for categorizing shelterbelt porosity

Abstract Porosity is recognized as the most important single parameter describing shelterbelts. However, porosity is a very difficult variable to measure or define. This paper describes a method for categorizing wind breaks in terms of porosity the wind sees, using only measured minimum leeward-wind velocity. Wind velocities at a height of 1.4 m were measured behind shelterbelts of different porosity. A double row of hardwood trees (high porosity), a medium porosity mixed stand, and a dense pine stand (low porosity) were used. Wind velocity declined to a minimum at 1–4 tree-heights leeward of the trees and then gradually increased to open-field velocity. The field data show that the wind measurements could be made at any height without affecting relative reduction in velocity. The data indicate that the minimum relative wind velocity behind the shelterbelt could be used as an index to compare the porosities of different shelterbelts. Comparisons were made to Dyunin's analysis for surface-wind velocities leeward of uniformly porous barriers. The analysis indicates that tree-stand porosity is the dominant parameter governing the wind reduction obtained, while the range of sheltering is controlled by the amount of local turbulence and the turbulence present in the atmosphere beforehand.
STEADY STATE AND DYNAMIC MODELLING OF A PACKED BED REACTOR FOR THE PARTIAL OXIDATION OF METHANOL TO FORMALDEHYDE II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS COMPARED WITH MODEL PREDICTIONS

Abstract Heterogeneous and pseudohomogeneous two-dimensional models are compared to steady state and dynamic experimental data from a packed bed reactor for the partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde over an iron oxide-molybdenum oxide catalyst. Highly effective parameter estimation software was used to fit selected model parameters to large sets of experimental data so as to obtain small residuals. Heat transfer parameters which were successful in matching data from experiments without reaction were not capable of fitting data from experiments with reaction, and it was necessary to increase the radial heat transfer for higher temperatures or reaction rates. Axial composition profile data was represented by estimating the preexponential factors and activation energy in a half-order redox rate expression for methanol oxidation. After some decline in catalyst activity, a time-varying axial catalyst activity profile was determined from the data. A redox-type rate expression for the oxidation of formal...
Far‐Infrared Spectra of Four‐Membered‐Ring Compounds. I. Spectra and Structure of Cyclobutanone, Cyclobutanone‐d4, Trimethylene Sulfide, and Perfluorocyclobutanone

Two series of very sharp Q branches have been observed in the far‐infrared spectra of cyclobutanone and cyclobutanone‐d4 vapor. For cyclobutanone, these Q branches have wavenumbers of 35.3, 57.03, 64.99, 72.17, 77.77, 81.85, and 85.33 cm−1, and for cyclobutanone‐d4 the wavenumbers are (∼30), 47.1, 54.2, 60.6, 65.6, 69.8, 73.2, and 78.9 cm−1. Relative frequency values were calculated with the energy levels of a pure quartic oscillator which fitted rather accurately all the transitions except the first observed one. This suggests that the four‐membered ring of cyclobutanone is planar. The far‐infrared spectrum of trimethylene sulfide revealed at least six Q branches of varying intensity and spacing. Their wavenumbers were 62.27, 84.50, 92.14, 100.18, 105.75, and 139.1 cm−1. It is impossible to fit the series to the energy levels of either a pure quartic oscillator or one perturbed by a quadratic term. Comparison of the statistical entropy with the measured calorimetric entropy indicated a double‐minimum pot...
Why is Production More Volatile than Sales? Theory and Evidence on the Stockout-Avoidance Motive for Inventory-Holding

This paper argues that the macroeconomically interesting features of inventory behavior are well captured by a model in which firms face only demand uncertainty with a nonnegativity constraint on inventories. Empirical implications of the "stockout-avoidance" model of inventory behavior are derived and then tested on disaggregated automobile industry data. The results largely support the model, though they suggest a small role for production-smoothing as well. Subsidiary evidence on the relative variance of demand and cost shocks suggests that demand shocks are indeed more important.
Electrostatic interactions within helical structures of chiral lipid bilayers

Abstract The electrostatic interaction from edge charges on an anisotropically bending ribbon is examined for its ability to stabilize helically wound structures. Helical forms can be stabilized by some charge configurations, but they are generally unstable toward closure into cylindrical tubules. The stable curvature of the ribbon is, however, inhibited by a potential energy barrier that develops in the presence of dilute concentrations of dissolved electrolytes in the medium around the ribbon. This model simulates the interactions of polarization charges present for a chiral lipid bilayer in a ferroelectric state. Application to solidus lipid bilayers in conventional aqueous solutions suggests a barrier height that will block tubule formation, thus discounting the significance of electrostatic interactions in the formation of helical and tubular structures of chiral bilayers.
Hand Fractures: A Review of Current Treatment Strategies

Fractures of the tubular bones of the hand are common and potentially debilitating. The majority of these injuries may be treated without an operation. Surgery, however, offers distinct advantages in properly selected cases. We present a review of hand fracture management, with special attention paid to advances since 2008. The history and mechanisms of these fractures are discussed, as are treatment options and common complications. Early mobilization of the fractured hand is emphasized because soft tissue recovery may be more problematic than that of bone.
Representation in engineering design: A framework for classification

Many researchers have identified engineering design representation as a central issue for design research and design automation development. Despite this identification, there is still no common agreement on a framework for classifying and describing representation in engineering design. A framework for classifying representations in engineering design is presented here that is based upon the vocabulary, structure, expression, purpose, and abstraction. Examples are used to illustrate the application of this framework. Finally, this framework is compared to other partial representation classifications found in the literature. The framework discussed here enables design researchers, design practitioners, and design students to compare design representation approaches thereby supporting the selection of appropriate representations and models for various design tasks and automation.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Brownian Motion in Multiphase Flow

A previous phenomenological theory for Brownian motion of rigid spherical particles in a flowing fluid (Ramshaw, 1979, 1981) is extended to multiphase mixtures and arbitrary flow regimes. It is argued that each phase i possesses its own intrinsic osmotic pressure q i =n i k B T, where n i is the mean number of discrete particles (i.e., inclusions, fragments, blobs, or chunks) of phase i per unit total volume, regardless of their rigidity or their size and shape distributions. The gradient of q i appears as an additional force term in the momentum equation for phase i. The osmotic pressures q i also contribute to the total pressure p of the mixture, so these contributions must be subtracted out before the conventional multiphase pressure forces are computed. The resulting pressure terms in the momentum equation for phase i then become −α i ν(p−q)−νq i , where α i is the volume fraction of phase i and q=∑ i q i . This formulation provides a single unified description of the flow of both multiphase mixtures and multicomponent gases, and exhibits a smooth transition between these two limiting cases as the particle sizes vary from macroscopic to molecular dimensions. The stability properties of the equations are examined in the incompressible limit, and it is found that the Brownian motion stabilizes and regularizes the system only for microscopically small relative velocities.
Beyond Anti-Corruptionism: Sociological Imagination and Comparative Study of Corruption*

Abstract This article outlines and illustrates a theoretical blueprint for comparative sociology of corruption. The author argues that existing cross-national studies of corruption, influenced by the global political movement for transparency, undermine fundamental sociological principles. At the same time, truly sociological studies of corruption are unfavorable to comparisons due to their emphasis on the singularity of exchange economies in non-Western societies. The author argues that there are three analytical foci that can help researchers resolve the tension between ‘insensitive’ large-N and ‘overly-sensitive’ small-N studies of corruption: the principle of social embeddedness, multiplicity of rationality, and localized power implications. A comparative study of university corruption in Post-Soviet Ukraine and Belarus is used to illustrate the strengths of the proposed analytical framework.
Versatile Methodology Toward NiN2S2 Complexes as Nickel Superoxide Dismutase Models: Structure and Proton Affinity

Structural features of the reduced form of the nickel superoxide dismutase (Ni-SOD) active site have been modeled with asymmetric NiN2S2 complexes (Et4N)[Ni(nmp)(SR)] (R = C6H4-p-Cl (2) and (StBu) (3)) obtained via S,S-bridge splitting of the dimeric metallosynthon, [Ni2(nmp)2] (1). Complexes 2 and 3 are irreversibly oxidized at potentials within the window needed for SOD activity, 236 and 75 mV versus Ag/AgCl, respectively. The exogenous thiolato-S in 2 and 3 serves as a proton acceptor, suggesting potential involvement of Cys6 in Ni-SOD for H+ storage between SOD half reactions.
Physics reach with CMS at high and super-high luminosities

The physics reach of the Compact Muon Solenoid, under construction to study proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV, is presented at design luminosity of 1034cm–2s–1 and beyond (1035cm–2s–1). The sensitivity for detection of the standard-model Higgs boson in the channels qqH (W fusion), WH, and tH is discussed with the result that the Higgs boson is observable in multiple decay modes over entire mass range, 0.1-1 TeV/c2. Higgs boson searches for decays involving taus in the context of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model result in a limit of about 0.6 TeV/c2 at tanβ=25. Sparticle reconstruction for decays containing leptons and jets results in a squark/gluino mass reach in the range 2.5-3 TeV/c2. Limits on Kaluza-Klein excitations of the graviton or a new heavy vector boson are in the 5-6 TeV/c2 range. The scattering of vector bosons at high energy and discovery potential for compositeness is described. PACS: 11.30.Pb – 12.38.Qk; 12.60.Fr – 12.60.Fr – 12.60.Jv – 12.60.Rc – 14.60.Cd – 14.60.Ef – 14.60.Fg – 14.65.Fy – 14.65.Ha – 14.80.Bn – 14.80.Cp – 14.80.Ly – 14.70.Fm – 14.70.Hp – 14.70.Pw
An active core fiber optic sensor for detecting trace H2S at high temperature using a cadmium oxide doped porous silica optical fiber as a transducer

Abstract An active core fiber optic sensor has been developed for detecting trace H2S in high-temperature gas samples. This sensor uses a cadmium oxide doped porous silica optical fiber prepared with a sol–gel process as a transducer. When this porous silica optical fiber was exposed to a gas sample at high temperatures, trace H2S in the sample diffuse into the porous fiber, and react with the doped cadmium oxide to form cadmium sulfide. The optical properties of this formed compound inside the porous silica optical fiber was investigated with fiber optic spectrometric methods. It was found that cadmium sulfide formed inside the porous silica optical fiber absorbs UV light with peak absorption wavelength at around 370 nm. This absorption signal was observable at a high temperature (450 °C). The formed CdS inside the fiber after H2S exposure emits strong fluorescence at room temperature with peak emission wavelength at around 500 nm. However, this fluorescence signal was quenched at the high temperature (450 °C), and the fluorescence emission property can only be used for detecting trace H2S at low temperature region. The UV absorption based sensor has been calibrated for detecting trace H2S in a nitrogen gas sample, and a linear calibration curve was obtained. This sensor can be used for detecting trace H2S in a high temperature gas sample down to sub-ppm level. Matrix gas components of gasification-derived fuel gas, such as H2, CH4 and CO, were found not interfering with the sensor for detecting H2S. This sensor is expected having the potential of application for monitoring the process of cleaning fossil fuel derived fuel gas.
Leu-enkephalin provokes naloxone-insensitive pulmonary vasoconstriction

Leu-enkephalin evoked dose-dependent pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated perfused rat lungs. The pressor responses were not attenuated by either naloxone or naltrexone nor were they mimicked by morphine. Blockade of histamine receptors with pyrilamine or blockade of serotonin receptors with methysergide also failed to antagonize leu-enkephalin-induced pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses. These results suggest that neither opiate, histamine, nor serotonin receptors are involved with the pressor effects of leu-enkephalin on the pulmonary circulation. We propose that leu-enkephalin may have direct vasoconstrictor effects on the pulmonary circulation of isolated perfused rat lungs that may not be mediated by conventional opiate receptors.
On the Dempster-Shafer framework and new combination rules

Abstract We discuss the basic concepts of the Dempster-Shafer approach, basic probability assignments, belief functions, and probability functions. We discuss how to represent various types of knowledge in this framework. We discuss measures of entropy and specificity for belief structures. We discuss the combination and extension of belief structures. We introduce some concerns associated with the Dempster rule of combination inherent in the normalization due to conflict. We introduce two alternative techniques for combining belief structures. The first uses Dempster's rule, while the second is based upon a modification of this rule. We discuss the issue of credibility of a witness.
Contraflow network reconfiguration for evacuation planning: a summary of results

Contraflow, or lane reversal, is a way of increasing outbound capacity of a real network by reversing the direction of inbound roads during evacuations. The contraflow is considered a potential remedy to solve congestions during evacuations in context of homeland security and natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes). Currently available contraflow algorithms only tackle a single-source and multiple-destinations situation. These approaches cannot handle a multiple-sources problem which is harder due to conflicts across the optimal paths from different sources.We formally define the evacuation situations using graph and flow theory and show the NP-completeness of the contraflow problem. We propose two capacity-aware global contraflow heuristics that produce contraflow configuration in the presence of conflicts among routes preferred by different source nodes. We evaluate proposed heuristics experimentally using synthetic networks as well as real world datasets. In addition, we provide algebraic cost model. Experimental results show that our contraflow heuristics can reduce evacuation time by 30% or more.
The education of the biomaterialist: report of a survey, 1980-81.

Biomaterials as a class includes a wide variety of both artificial and natural materials. The discipline of Biomaterials must be recognized as the study of the materials aspects of both fabricated materials and natural tissues, as well as their interactions. Emerging disciplines give rise to academic establishments. A survey of 97 U.S. and Canadian universities reveals a wide range in institutional settings and course offerings in Biomaterials. Plans for faculty additions suggest that the field is still actively expanding.
Spectroscopy of Bc mesons in the relativized quark model

We calculate the spectrum of the charm-beauty mesons using the relativized quark model. Using the wave functions from this model we compute the radiative widths of excited cb states. The hadronic transition rates between cb states are estimated using the Kuang-Yan approach and are combined with the radiative widths to give estimates of the relative branching ratios. These results are combined with production rates at the Tevatron and the LHC to suggest promising signals for excited B{sub c} states. Our results are compared with other models to gauge the reliability of the predictions and point out differences.
Microwave Electrothermal Thruster Performance

Thrust, specific impulse, thrust efficiency, and coupling efficiency were measured for a nominally 1 kW microwave electrothermal thruster operating on He, N 2 , and N 2 O, and for a 5 kW model operating on water. For He, N 2 , and N 2 O, thrust varied from approximately 100 to 700 mN at discharge pressures from 6.7 x 10 4 to 2.7 x 105 Pa and magnetron input powers from 900 to 1500 W. Thrust measurements agree well with calculations assuming one-dimensional, isentropic flow of a perfect gas with constant specific heats. Peak specific impulses for He, N 2 , and N 2 O were 418, 243, and 209 s, respectively. Water was run at magnetron input powers from 2.1 to 4.1 kW and discharge pressures from 4.0 x 10 4 to 1.5 x 10 5 Pa. Thrust varied from approximately 100 to 250 mN with a peak specific impulse of 428 s. Incorporating an impedance matching capability improved coupling efficiency with water to over 96%, but did not increase specific impulse. Measurements with a residual gas analyzer indicate that the water plume may be 50 to 70% dissociated, and that the lack of dependence of specific impulse on specific energy results from a tradeoff between dissociation losses at low specific energy and heating of the thruster body at high specific energy.
Penetration and fate of methomyl and its oxime metabolite in insects and twospotted spider mites

The penetration and fate of methomyl and its oxime metabolite, methomyl oxime or S-methyl N-hydroxythioacetimidate, were examined in house flies (Musca domestica Linnaeus), face flies (Musca autumnalis De Geer), black cutworm larvae (Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and twospotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Generally, penetration and metabolism of methomyl-1-14C were rapid in insects and spider mites although differences in rates among the different test organisms were observed. Metabolites from methomyl included CO2, methomyl oxime, and several unknowns. Penetration and metabolism of methomyl oxime-1-14C also were rapid in insects. Metabolites from methomyl oxime included a small amount of CO2 and several unidentified compounds. Organosoluble metabolites from methomyl oxime generally displayed similar chromatographic behavior as those from methomyl. Methomyl was hydrolyzed to its oxime metabolite, which, apparently, was further metabolized to 14CO2 presumably via a Beckmann rearrangement reaction.
Orientation of homing pigeons altered by a change in the direction of an applied magnetic field

Homing pigeons were equipped with a pair of small coils around their heads. Birds with an induced field of 0.6 gauss and the south magnetic pole up, oriented toward home normally under both sun and overcast. Birds with the polarity reversed oriented toward home when the sun was visible but often flew away from home under overcast.
Effectiveness and Safety of Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension

Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors are selective inhibitors of the enzyme PDE 5, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a potent vasodilator and nitric oxide (NO) donor, to its corresponding metabolites (monophosphates). The enzyme PDE 5 is widely distributed in the body, including the heart and blood vessels. Because of its distribution, it was hypothesized that its inhibition could lead to significant coronary vasodilation, which would benefit patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This hypothesis led to the development of PDE 5 inhibitors with the first being sildenafil citrate. Subsequent studies with sildenafil in patients with CAD demonstrated a modest cardiovascular effect, but a potent action on penile erection in men, resulting in sildenafil becoming a first-line therapy of erectile dysfunction (ED). Subsequently, two more PDE 5 inhibitors (vardenafil and tadalafil) were developed and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of ED. Recent studies have shown several pleiotropic beneficial effects of PDE 5 inhibitors in patients with CAD, hypertension, heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Raynaud’s phenomenon. Side effects and interactions of PDE 5 inhibitors with other drugs have been minimal, with the exception of their coadministration with nitrates, which could lead to severe vasodilation and hypotension and therefore, their coadministration is prohibited. All these pleiotropic cardiovascular effects of PDE 5 inhibitors and their drug interactions will be discussed in this concise review in the context of the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association guidelines and the recent developments in this field.
An instructional model for a programming language

Lately, there has been much research work going on to develop a good instructional model to teach students effectively in the area of languages and operating systems. This paper describes a possible model for teaching languages.
Large displacement and rotational formulation for laminated shells including parabolic transverse shear

Abstract The paper presents an approach for a general laminated shell geometry describable by orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. The theory includes a through-the-thickness parabolic distribu- tion of transverse shear stress.-Additionally, a simplified approach that allows large displacements and rotations is incorporated. The theory is cast into a displacement-based finite element formula- tion and then specialized to a cylindrical shell geometry. The theory is then applied to the problem of a transversely loaded isotropic deep arch, and results show a slightly more flexible response compared with published results that are based upon inextensible assumptions. This problem also indicates that the usual locking associated with shell elements is apparently eliminated.
Calcium Uptake by Excised Maize Roots and Interactions With Alkali Cations

Ca(2+) uptake was studied in short-term experiments using 5-day-old excised maize roots. This tissue readily absorbs Ca(2+), and inhibition by dinitrophenol and low temperature shows that the process is metabolically mediated. The uptake of Ca(2+), like that of other cations, is influenced by the counter ion, the pH and concentration of the ambient solution, and the presence of other cations. The rate of uptake from various salts decreases in the following order: NO(3) (-) > Cl(-) = Br(-) > SO(4) (2-). K(+) and H(+) greatly interfere with Ca(2+) absorption, while Li(+) and Na(+) have only slight effects.
Growth of truck traffic volume for mechanistic-empirical pavement design

Pavement design is moving towards the mechanistic-empirical approach, which requires very detailed truck traffic information, including truck traffic volume. This paper focuses on analysis of truck traffic volume growth, specifically in three areas: characteristics of the growth pattern, sensitivity of pavement responses to the growth rate, and prediction of the growth rate based on road way characteristics and socio-economic data. The truck traffic data collected by weigh-in-motion (WIM) stations on California highways were used in the analysis. Results showed that both linear and compound growth models well fit the truck traffic growth trends. Growth rates estimated from less than six years data may have large variation, which can lead to significant errors in pavement response prediction. Various truck classes have distinct growth patterns and are affected differently by roadway and socio-economic characteristics.
Engine Cooling System Design and Development

Engine cooling is a complex multi-stage process of which only the latter stages, that of heat exchange between water and air, are considered.Cooling system performance targets as air temperature to...
ANNs pinpoint underground distribution faults

Online fault location in underground power distribution networks that involve interconnected lines (cables) and multiterminal sources continues to receive great attention, with limited success in techniques that would provide simple and practical solutions. This article features a new online fault location technique that: uses the pattern recognition feature of artificial neural networks (ANNs); and utilizes new capabilities of modern protective relaying hardware. The output of the neural network can be graphically displayed as a simple three-dimensional chart that can provide an operator with an instantaneous indication of the location of the fault. >
The impact of pregnancy intention on breastfeeding duration in Bolivia and Paraguay.

Research has demonstrated that prolonged duration of breastfeeding promotes child survival. This study examines the impact of unintended-mistimed or unwanted-pregnancy on breastfeeding duration. We use data from the 1990 Paraguay and 1994 Bolivia Demographic and Health Surveys and restrict our analysis to last-born surviving children younger than 36 months from singleton births. To assess the association unintended and intended pregnancies are compared by calculating incidence rates and adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) using survival analysis. Most children (approximately 95 percent) were breastfed initially but the median duration of breastfeeding in Bolivia was five months longer than that in Paraguay (19 versus 14 months). A greater proportion of pregnancies were described as intended in Paraguay than in Bolivia (74 percent versus 45 percent). In adjusted analyses unwanted and mistimed pregnancies were associated with slightly longer duration of breastfeeding (aHR = 0.9) than were intended pregnancies but the association was not statistically significant. In this study therefore pregnancy intention was not an important factor in duration of breastfeeding in Bolivia or Paraguay. (authors)
Endoscopic management of a pancreatic pseudocyst during pregnancy.

be dissolved through fibrinolysis or may be ejected into the intestine; others may remain and obstruct the biliary tract, or may even transform into gallstones. lO An obstructed biliary system does not clear itself easily of blood clots. Decompressing the biliary system and improving bile flow has been shown to promote clot lysis since bile itself has some fibrinolytic activity.ll The initial nasobiliary catheter decompression in our patient improved biliary drainage and helped to control the cholangitis. However, the organized blood clots within the intrahepatic ducts were difficult to remove because of the tight stricture. In order to promote a more rapid recovery of biliary drainage, we have attempted clot lysis using urokinase, a fibrinolytic agent commonly used for patients with coronary occlusion. An arbitrary dose at one fifth the standard dose recommended for the treatment of coronary occlusion was infused into the biliary system. We have observed an impressive result with the disappearance of clots after 2 days. This was followed by an improvement of bile flow and resolution of symptoms. We believe that this is the first reported case of the use of urokinase in the biliary system to dissolve organized clots which cause biliary obstruction and cholangitis.
Disk file sorting

Use of the “building-block” type of approach suggested in [1] is heartily recommended. It has been used by our computer center for over a year with excellent results.
The Best Test of Exponentiality against Gamma Alternatives

Abstract The best scale invariant test of exponentiality against one-sided gamma alternatives is shown to be based on a well known statistic considered by Moron [4].
Kromoscopic measurement of glucose in the first overtone region of the near-infrared spectrum

The ability of Kromoscopy to measure glucose selectively is demonstrated in solutions composed glucose, urea, triacetin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), cholesterol, and hemoglobin (Hb). Kromoscopic measurements are made with a four-channel instrument designed for measuring light between 1500 and 1900 nm. The channels are configured to respond to four individual bands of near infrared light centered at 1600, 1700, 1750, and 1800 nm. An equation is proposed that describes the relative response for each channel as a function of relevant experimental parameters. This equation predicts the linear response observed for these types of measurements as a function of solute concentration. In addition, molar absorptivities are provided for glucose, urea, triacetin, BSA, Hb, and water. The non-negligible absorptivity of water demands the consideration of water displacement caused by solute dissolution. Channel responses are measured for a series of thirty-one samples. The chemical composition of these samples is designed to minimize the correlations between glucose concentration and the concentrations of all other solutes. Likewise, these samples provide negligible correlation between the concentration of glucose and the extent of water displacement. A calibration model is constructed for glucose by using a conventional P-matrix multiple linear regression analysis of the four-channel information. The resulting model demonstrates selectivity for glucose with values of 1.27 and 1.34 mM for the standard errors of calibration and prediction, respectively, over a glucose concentration range of 1.9 to 19 mM.
Effectiveness of Visual vs Kinesthetic Instruction for Learning a Gross Motor Skill

The purpose of this study was to compare visual with kinesthetic instruction for learning a motor skill that is not visually monitorable. Previous studies comparing visual and kinesthetic information have all used arm tasks for which the nonvisual condition was artificial. 20 subjects were randomly assigned to either a kinesthetic or a visual instruction group. The task was to draw a horizontal line with the right foot while in a quadruped position. All subjects received visual knowledge of results. While performance improved over the course of the 10 instructional sessions and trials, no difference in performance was found between the two instructional groups. A follow-up study is required to determine whether this result was based on visual dominance. Understanding the effectiveness of the different modalities for teaching gross motor skills would be valuable to physical therapists, physical educators, and psychologists.
Some Observations on the Freezing Point of Mile

The eryoscopic method has been advanced by Hortvet (1) and others for the detection and determination of added water in milk. In the published work no mention has been made of the possible effect of dissolved substances in the water with which the milk was adulterated. Since the depression of the freezing point is dependent upon the number of dissolved particles in solution, it is important to know to what extent these dissolved substances would effect the cryoscopic index of milk. Another factor that has not been sufficiently investigated is the effect of seasonal variation on the freezing point. Since the various constituents of milk vary to some degree with the season, it would be quite possible to expect a slight variation in freezing point due to seasonal conditions. Stoecklin (2) indicates that there is no seasonal variation. This investigation was planned to include the two factors: (a) effect of dissolved substances, and (b) seasonal variation. Hortvet (1) in an article on "The cryoscopy of milk" based on his report as Referee on Dairy Products at Convention of The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D. C., 1920 has made an exhaustive search of the literature on the subject. About twenty-five references are mentioned. These generally agree that the freezing point of normal herd milk falls within rather narrow limits, an average being about -0.55°C. One of these investigators states "as a result of tests applied on 2500 samples in four years that under all conditions milk does not vary in freezing point outside the limits of -0.545 ° and -0.565 °'' (3). Hortvet (4) examined a large number of samples of known purity from individual cows and herds. These were adulterated with various percentages of water and the amount
Effect of antioxidants on the quality of irradiated sausages prepared with turkey thigh meat

Abstract The effects of antioxidants on the flavor and color of electron-beam-irradiated turkey sausages were studied. Sausages were prepared from turkey thigh meat, NaCl (2.0%), phosphate (0.5%), water (10%), and one of five antioxidant treatments (none, vitamin E, sesamol, rosemary extract, or gallic acid at 0.02%). Sausages were stuffed and cooked in an 85 C smokehouse to an internal temperature of 74 C, then chilled and sliced to 1.5-cm thickness, and vacuum-packaged. Packaged sausages were randomly divided into three groups and irradiated at 0, 1.5 or 3.0 kGy, using an electron beam. Volatiles, color, 2-TBA-reactive substances values, and sensory characteristics were analyzed. The antioxidant effect of sesamol was the highest, followed by vitamin E and gallic acid; rosemary extract had the weakest antioxidant effect. Irradiation induced red color in sausages, but addition of gallic acid, rosemary extract, or sesamol reduced it. Gallic acid was very effective in lowering the redness of irradiated and nonirradiated sausages. The redness (a*) values of sausages with added gallic acid that were irradiated at 0, 1.5, and 3.0 kGy were 1.49,2.03, and 2.29, respectively, whereas those of control sausages under the same irradiation conditions were 2.58, 2.81, and 3.25, respectively. The reduction of redness in irradiated sausages by antioxidants was not related to CO, because antioxidants had no effect on CO production by irradiation. The amount of total volatiles was decreased significantly by antioxidants, but antioxidants had minimal effect on the off-flavor of turkey sausages induced by irradiation.
Activity-dependent development of spinal cord motor neurons

Patterned neuronal activity in early postnatal life can regulate the acquisition of the mature morphological and electrophysiological properties of neurons. Many properties of motor neurons are developmentally regulated and may be influenced by epigenetic factors. The pattern of activation of motor neurons can regulate axon terminal morphology and synaptic efficacy at the neuromuscular junction. Motor neuron morphology and synaptic connections can also be modified by exposure to specific hormones in the early postnatal period. The acquisition of mature physiological and anatomical properties is paralleled by the acquisition of specific molecular properties. Recent experiments using molecular markers for motor neuron differentiation indicate that motor neurons undergo activity-dependent development during a circumscribed period in early postnatal life. Normal motor neuron differentiation requires a normal pattern of neuronal activity in early postnatal life. Differentiation also requires activation of the NMDA receptor over the same time period. The activity-dependent development of morphological, electrophysiological and molecular properties of motor neurons is similar to activity-dependent development in the vertebrate visual system. The neuromuscular system may provide an accessible system for characterizing the molecules subserving the translation of patterned neuronal activity into mature neuronal phenotype.
Prohibitins Role in Cellular Survival Through Ras‐Raf‐MEK‐ERK Pathway

Prohibitins are members of a highly conserved protein family containing the stomatin/prohibitin/flotillin/HflK/C (SPFH) domain (also known as the prohibitin [PHB] domain) found in unicellular eukaryotes, fungi, plants, animals, and humans. Two highly homologous members of prohibitins expressed in eukaryotes are prohibitin (PHB; B-cell receptor associated protein-32, BAP-32) and prohibitin 2/repressor of estrogen receptor activity (PHB2, REA, BAP-37). Both PHB and REA/PHB2 are ubiquitously expressed and are present in multiple cellular compartments including the mitochondria, nucleus, and the plasma membrane. Multiple functions have been attributed to the mitochondrial and nuclear PHB and PHB2/REA including cellular differentiation, anti-proliferation, and morphogenesis. One of the major functions of the prohibitins are in maintaining the functional integrity of the mitochondria and protecting cells from various stresses. In the present review, we focus on the recent research developments indicating that PHB and PHB2/REA are involved in maintaining cellular survival through the Ras-Raf-MEK-Erk pathway. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the intracellular signaling pathways utilize prohibitins in governing cellular survival is likely to result in development of therapeutic strategies to overcome various human pathological disorders such as diabetes, obesity, neurological diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer.
Insecticide Inhibition of 5α-Dihydrotestosterone Binding in the Rat Ventral Prostate

The chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides dieldrin and o,p9-DDT inhibit binding of 5α-dihydrotestosterone to specific receptor proteins in rat prostate cytosol. Dieldrin is less inhibitory than o,p9-DDT.
the diffusion possibility method: a more general and simpler solution to Galton's problem1

A new statistical technique permits detection of the influence of certain types of diffusion on the results of a cross-cultural analysis. The key tool is a “diffusion possibility matrix” which shows the possibility of diffusion occuring between each pair of societies in the sample. With the aid of such a matrix, several different kinds of clustering tests are described and demonstrated. The method has the advantage of greater flexibility and simplicity than previous methods, as well as greater statistical power.