cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced Solid State Physics: Disorder: localization and exceptions

A problem that has always been central to solid state physics is the insulator–metal transition. The question to answer here is why some materials conduct and others do not. Metals are characterized by a non-zero dc conductivity σ(0) at zero temperature, whereas σ(0) = 0 in an insulator. There are currently three standard models that describe a transition between these two extremes. Anderson (A1958) was first to point out that scattering from a static but random potential can disrupt metallic conduction and lead to an abrupt localization of the electronic eigenstates. Mott (M1949), on the other hand, proposed that an insulating state can obtain even in a material such as NiO which possesses a partially filled valence band. The insulating state arises from strong electron correlations which induce a gap at the Fermi energy. The closing of the gap, signaling the onset of a metallic state, results typically in the intermediate-coupling regime in which the kinetic energy effects can destroy the ordering tendencies of the potential energy. Finally, a structural transition in which the lattice periodicity doubles can also thwart metallic transport. While all of these mechanisms are of considerable interest in their own right, our focus in this chapter will be the disorder-driven insulator–metal or Anderson transition. We start by reviewing the essential physics and some of the key controversies surrounding the disorder-induced localization transition. Two controversies we address are the role of perturbation theory and whether or not the conductivity is continuous in the vicinity of the Anderson transition.
Regulation of Tubulin Expression in Brain

The α- and β-tubulins are the major polypeptide components of microtubules. In the immature nervous system, microtubules are involved in cell division, in the determination of cell shape, and in neuronal growth and migration. In the mature nervous system, microtubules are also involved in synaptogenesis and in axonal transport (Olmsted and Borisy, 1973; Dustin, 1978).
Estimating the Clinical Pipeline of Cell and Gene Therapies and Their Potential Economic Impact on the US Healthcare System.

Abstract Objectives To estimate, at the indication level, durable gene and cellular therapy new product launches in the United States through 2030, and the number of treated patients. Methods A statistical analysis of clinical trials pipeline data and disease incidence and prevalence was conducted to estimate the impact of new cell and gene therapies. We used Citeline’s® Pharmaprojects® database to estimate the rates and timing of new product launches, on the basis of the phase of development, duration in phase, and probability of progression. Disease incidence and prevalence data were combined with estimates of market adoption to project the size of reimbursed patient populations. Results We project that about 350 000 patients will have been treated with 30 to 60 products by 2030. About half the launches are expected to be in B-cell (CD-19) lymphomas and leukemias. Conclusions Cell and gene therapies promise durable clinical benefit from a single treatment course. High upfront reimbursement for these products means that the total costs could exceed what the healthcare system can manage. This creates a need for precision financing solutions and new reimbursement models that can ensure appropriate patient access to needed treatments, increase affordability for payers, and sustain private investment in innovation.
Radiolytically Induced Formation and Optical Absorption Spectra of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles in Supercritical Ethane

Colloidal silver nanoparticles were synthesized in supercritical ethane at 80 °C and 80−120 bar, with methanol as cosolvent. Solvated electrons, produced by a pulse of 20 MeV electrons, reduced the silver ions. The time-resolved technique of pulse radiolysis was employed to characterize the reduction products and colloidal metallic particles. The absorption spectra of small silver clusters (Ag2+, Ag3+, Ag42+, etc.) were detected at short times after the pulse. Colloidal metallic silver particles were identified by their characteristic plasmon absorption at 1−10 s after the pulse. Colloidal particles are stable for hours in supercritical ethane. The particles are less than 10 nm in diameter. Their size was determined using transmission electron microscope after precipitation from the solution.
Linguistic summarization of in-home sensor data.

Abstract Introduction With the increase in the population of older adults around the world, a significant amount of work has been done on in-home sensor technology to aid the elderly age independently. However, due to the large amounts of data generated by the sensors, it takes a lot of effort and time for the clinicians to makes sense of this data. In this work, we develop a system to help make this data more useful by presenting it in the form of natural language. Methods We start by identifying important attributes in the sensor data that are relevant to the health of the elderly. We then develop algorithms to extract these important health related features from the sensor parameters and summarize them in natural language. We focus on making the natural language summaries to be informative, accurate and concise. Results We designed multiple surveys using real and synthetic data to validate the summaries produced by our algorithms. We show that the algorithms produce meaningful results comparable to human subjects. We also implemented our linguistic summarization system to produce summaries of data leading to health alerts derived from the sensor data. The system is running live in 110 apartments currently. By the means of retrospective case studies, we illustrate that the linguistic summaries are able to make the connection between changes in the sensor data and the health of the elderly. Conclusions We present a system that extracts important clinically relevant features from in-home sensor data generated in the apartments of the elderly and summarize those features in natural language. The preliminary testing of our summarization system shows that it has the potential to help the clinicians utilize this data effectively.
Weight Gain in College Freshmen: Emerging Adulthood and Health Responsibility

Background and Purpose: College freshmen gain weight at double the rate of same-age peers, and personal, interpersonal, and situational factors play a role in this phenomenon. The objectives of the study were to quantify weight change in first semester college students and to identify predictors of weight gain. Methods: In fall 2011, 76 unmarried freshmen, living in dormitories at a public, southwestern U.S. university, participated in the study. Heights and weights were measured at the beginning and end of the semester, and an on-line survey was administered at both times. Results: In the first semester of college, 43% gained clinically significant weight (> 3.5 pounds) and 15% gained more than 10 pounds. The group at highest risk was students with a normal BMI; 50% of this cohort gained clinically significant weight. Two variables predicted 12% of weight gain: a low level of health responsibility and a normal BMI. Conclusion: For college freshmen at highest risk of precipitous weight gain, health promotion strategies aimed at maximizing health responsibility is needed. Additionally, an integration of mediating influences related to the developmental stage of emerging adulthood, such as perceived social norms, positive peer influence and self-efficacy may result in improved long-term lifestyle practices.
The Menstrual Cycle May Affect Anterior Knee Laxity and the Rate of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Women have a higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears than men, the causes of which are multifactorial. The menstrual cycle and its hormonal effect on the knee may contribute to knee laxity and ACL injury. This work reviewed published studies examining the effects of the phases of the menstrual cycle on anterior knee laxity and the rate of ACL tears. Methods A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression was performed. Studies with data comparing the menstrual cycle phase with ACL injury or anterior knee laxity were included for analysis. Data with regard to patient demographic characteristics, anterior knee laxity, ACL injury, and menstrual cycle phases were extracted from the included studies. Results In this study, 1,308 search results yielded 396 articles for review, of which 28 met inclusion criteria. Nineteen studies of knee laxity with 573 combined subjects demonstrated a mean increase in laxity (and standard deviation) of 0.40 ± 0.29 mm in the ovulatory phase compared with the follicular phase and a mean increase in laxity of 0.21 ± 0.21 mm in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase. Nine studies examining ACL tears with 2,519 combined subjects demonstrated a decreased relative risk (RR) of an ACL tear in the luteal phase compared with the follicular and ovulatory phases combined (RR, 0.72 [95% confidence interval, 0.56 to 0.89]). There were no differences in ACL tear risk between any of the other phases. Conclusions An increased risk of an ACL tear does not appear to be associated with periods of increased laxity in this meta-analysis. Although this suggests that hormonal effects on an ACL tear may not be directly related to increases in knee laxity, the methodologic heterogeneity between published studies limits the conclusions that can be drawn and warrants further investigation. Level of evidence Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Locke’s Hermeneutics of Existence and His Representation of Christianity

The word “Hermeneutics” has an exotic aura that may seem uncharacteristic of Locke. It was not one that he employed, nor is it commonly used by his contemporary interpreters, which are reasons enough to require an explanation of its prominence in the title and in the discussion that follows. “Locke’s theory and practice of interpretation” may seem a plainer and more suitable choice of words to characterize the subject of this study, although it is a less convenient alternative, employing several words to express what could be said well enough by one. However, my choice of “hermeneutics” has been prompted by other considerations than the mere economy of words. It is to be preferred, because of its rich associations, which, I believe, direct interpreters to themes in Locke’s philosophy that otherwise might go unnoticed. And this should lead to the discovery of a more fulsome and deeper, although perhaps more problematic wisdom, than is commonly supposed to be found in his writings, and perhaps also to a sense of greater, although here also more problematic, unity among them. The meaning of the word and its cognates afford us a more informative philosophical prospect than the more limited Early Modern, by harking back to Antiquity and pointing forward to Kant and beyond, facilitating the discovery in Locke’s writings of resonances with past tradition and anticipations of philosophical problems and solutions with which it is commonly supposed he had little to do. The aim of this exercise is not to fit Locke into new surroundings, but to consider him anew, hermeneutically, which necessitates that attention be paid to internal contexts of Locke’s several writings, and the “thread and coherence” of his various discourses. A comparison of these internal contexts should make it possible to decide whether there may not be a mode of thinking common to them all that, once identified and clarified, may serve as a trace or connector that unites them into a single expression of thought.
Understanding 3D CNN Behavior for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis from Brain PET Scan.

In recent days, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have demonstrated impressive performance in medical image analysis. However, there is a lack of clear understanding of why and how the Convolutional Neural Network performs so well for image analysis task. How CNN analyzes an image and discriminates among samples of different classes are usually considered as non-transparent. As a result, it becomes difficult to apply CNN based approaches in clinical procedures and automated disease diagnosis systems. In this paper, we consider this issue and work on visualizing and understanding the decision of Convolutional Neural Network for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Diagnosis. We develop a 3D deep convolutional neural network for AD diagnosis using brain PET scans and propose using five visualizations techniques - Sensitivity Analysis (Backpropagation), Guided Backpropagation, Occlusion, Brain Area Occlusion, and Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) to understand the decision of the CNN by highlighting the relevant areas in the PET data.
The Growth Of Private Equity Investment In Health Care: Perspectives From Ophthalmology.

The growth of private equity investment in health care has dramatically changed the landscape of health care delivery over the past decade. Private equity firms are rapidly acquiring physician prac...
“When Jesus saw her . . .”: A hermeneutical response to #MeToo and #ChurchToo:

This article provides an example of how Scripture can be a source of healing for #ChurchToo victims. Although the Bible has been used to oppress women and fuel sexual assault and abuse, as in many ...
“Push‐button” noncontrast MR angiography using balanced T1 relaxation‐enhanced steady‐state (bT1RESS)

Purpose We introduce a MR imaging technique, balanced T1 relaxation-enhanced steady-state (bT1RESS), that provides the unique capability to efficiently impart a flexible amount of T1 weighting to a balanced steady-state free precession acquisition using periodically applied contrast-modifying RF pulses. Leveraging this capability to suppress the signal intensity of background tissues, we implemented a 3D noncontrast MR angiography technique that continuously acquires thin overlapping 3D volumes and tested it for evaluation of the peripheral arteries. Methods bT1RESS used a fast interrupted steady-state readout with a 45° cslab-selective ontrast-modifying RF pulse applied at 262 msec intervals. A series of 16.4-mm thick overlapping 3D volumes was acquired using a radial stack-of-stars k-space trajectory. The combination of slice oversampling, slab overlap, and averaging of edge slices was helpful to reduce venetian blind artifact. Spatial resolution was near isotropic with reconstructed slice thickness = 0.7 mm and in-plane resolution = 0.5 mm. Results Pilot studies in the peripheral arteries demonstrated improved vessel sharpness compared with cardiac-gated quiescent interval slice-selective noncontrast MR angiography. bT1RESS noncontrast MR angiography reliably identified stenotic and occlusive arterial disease in a small cohort of patients with peripheral artery disease. Conclusions bT1RESS provides the basis for a simplified, completely "push button" approach for noncontrast MR angiography that obviates the need for contrast agents, electrocardiographic gating, scout imaging, breath holding, or tailoring of imaging parameters for the individual patient. Further work is needed for technical optimization and clinical validation.
Premature arterial stiffening in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome linked to early induction of Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) and corrected by LOX inhibition

SUMMARY Arterial stiffening is a hallmark of premature aging in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), but the key molecular regulators initiating arterial stiffening in HGPS remain unknown. To identify these early events, we compared arterial mechanics and ECM remodeling in very young HGPS (LMNAG609G/G609G) mice to those of age-matched and much older wild-type (WT) mice. Biaxial inflation-extension tests of carotid arteries of 2-month mice showed that circumferential stiffness of HGPS arteries was comparable to that of 24-month WT controls whereas axial arterial stiffening, an additional hallmark of normal aging, was mostly spared in HGPS. In an effort to identify underlying mechanisms, we examined expression levels of the major stiffness-regulatory molecules in WT and HGPS arteries. Transmission electron microscopy revealed slightly increased amounts of collagen within the elastin folds of HGPS carotid arteries, but this change was barely detectable by immunostaining carotid cross sections or qPCR of isolated aortas for collagens I, III, or V. Elastin integrity was also similar in the WT and HGPS arteries. In contrast, immunostaining readily revealed an increased expression of Lysyl oxidase (LOX) protein in young HGPS carotid arteries relative to aged-matched WT controls. Further analysis showed that HGPS arteries express increased amounts of LOX mRNA, and this effect extends to each of the arterial LOX family members. Remarkably, treatment of HGPS mice with the pan-LOX inhibitor β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) restored near-normal circumferential arterial mechanics to HGPS carotid arteries, mechanistically and causally linking LOX upregulation to premature arterial stiffening in HGPS. Finally, we show that this premature increase in arterial LOX expression in HGPS foreshadows the increased expression of LOX that accompanies circumferential arterial stiffening during normal aging.
Universal Prethermal Dynamics in Heisenberg Ferromagnets

We study the far from equilibrium prethermal dynamics of magnons in Heisenberg ferromagnets. We show that such systems exhibit universal self-similar scaling in momentum and time of the quasiparticle distribution function, with the scaling exponents independent of microscopic details or initial conditions. We argue that the SU(2) symmetry of the Hamiltonian, which leads to a strong momentum-dependent magnon-magnon scattering amplitude, gives rise to qualitatively distinct prethermal dynamics from that recently observed in Bose gases. We compute the scaling exponents using the Boltzmann kinetic equation and incoherent initial conditions that can be realized with microwave pumping of magnons. We also compare our numerical results with analytic estimates of the scaling exponents and demonstrate the robustness of the scaling to variations in the initial conditions. Our predictions can be tested in quench experiments of spin systems in optical lattices and pump-probe experiments in ferromagnetic insulators such as yttrium iron garnet.
Five years later: How the 2016 U.S. presidential election and the #MeToo movement impacted feminist social studies teachers

In a previous study conducted before the emergence of the #MeToo Movement and the results of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election, the authors examined feminist teachers and found differences based ...
Framed Messages to Increase Condom Use Frequency Among Individuals Taking Daily Antiretroviral Medication for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis.

PrEP delivery and routine care provide a unique opportunity to promote sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention by both increasing STI testing frequency and creating a space for affirmative and effective safer sex counseling. This study was a feasibility and acceptability pilot of an adapted framed message intervention to increase condom use frequency with PrEP. In the formative phase, two focus groups with PrEP users (N = 7) provided feedback on a provisional loss-framed message intervention and identified potential study barriers. In the pilot trial, the adapted loss-framed message intervention was compared to a gain-framed message intervention and enhanced skills condition in a sample of PrEP users (N = 29). In terms of intervention feasibility, 58% of approached PrEP users completed the eligibility screen; 79% of those eligible enrolled in the study and 66% of enrolled participants completed the three-month follow-up. In terms of intervention acceptability, participants found the informational messages, regardless of assignment, to be moderately interesting (M = 6.24, SD = 2.97) and useful (M = 7.07, SD = 3.00), and very easy to understand (M = 9.50, SD = 0.97) on Likert-type scales ranging from 1 to 10. In terms of intervention effects, there was a small effect of the gain-framed intervention (b = .58, SE = .93, CI = -1.33, 2.48, Cohen’s d = .26) on HIV/STI risk transmission. There was a small-medium effect of both the loss- (b = 2.00, SE = .90, CI = .15, 3.85, Cohen’s d = 1.46) and gain-framed (b = 2.24, SE = .93, CI = .34, 4.15, Cohen’s d = 1.65) interventions on condom use motivation. Finally, there was a medium-large effect of both the loss- (b = .97, SE = 1.33, CI = -1.88, 3.82, Cohen’s d = .54) and gain-framed intervention (b = 1.97, SE = 1.33, CI = -.88, 4.82, Cohen’s d = .87) on condom use frequency. Further refinement and testing, in a larger -scale trial with higher ecological validity than this initial pilot intervention, is warranted.
The G Protein-Coupled Receptor TGR5 Plays a Protective Role Against the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of conditions which ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steayohepatitis (NASH) and liver cirrhosis. Although only a small percentage of people with steatosis develop serious liver disease, NAFLD is often associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study is to establish that activation of the G-protein coupled receptor TGR5 by its synthetic ligand INT-777 leads to a reduction in hepatic lipid accumulation. TGR5+/+ mice were treated with either vehicle or INT-777 for 7 days and then sacrificed. Hepatic lipid analysis revealed that administration of INT-777 led to a significant reduction in liver triglycerides and cholesterol. In addition, TGR5+/+ LDLr-/- and TGR5-/- LDLr-/- mice were fed a methionine choline-deficient diet for induction of fibrosis. Hepatic lipid analysis of these mice showed that liver and plasma triglycerides were significantly higher in TGR5-/- LDLr-/- mice. Furthermore, hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) o...
Design for Differential Movement in Brick Walls

Varying dimensional instability of juxtaposed building materials in the presence of changing heat, moisture, and stress cause differential strains, inducing stresses that frequently exceed the ultimate strength of materials. Differential strains in masonry building elements are typically of such magnitude that stress relief is more practical than resistance. Bond breaks and expansion joints are used to prevent excessive stress. Methods are presented for determining moisture and thermal movements in brick masonry, allowable deflections in brick masonry walls, and the magnitude of differential strains between brick masonry and concrete. Design of expansion joints is examined. Details are given for flexible anchorage of slabs to walls and walls to frames. Failures resulting from inadequate design for differential movement are illustrated.
The development of an operational SWAN model for NGLI

Military operations levy increasing demands for wave forecasts well into the littoral regions and surf zone, and thus drive the need for high-resolution ocean surface wave models. This requires a specialized model that includes shallow-water physics and is stable at high resolution. SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore (Booij et al., 1999)) is one such model. Like the larger scale wave models used at the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), SWAN is a "third-generation" numerical wave model and has no limitations on propagation direction. Input for SWAN typically consists of surface wind, wave spectra boundary conditions, and high-resolution bathymetry. SWAN provides the user a large span of configuration options to fit the needs of varied applications. This paper describes a real-time nowcast/forecast implementation of the SWAN model, designed and tested at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and NAVOCEANO to support the Northern Gulf of Mexico Littoral Initiative (NGLI) Project. NGLI provides an ideal venue for model validation, as it includes an extensive observation system in predominantly shallow and intermediate-depth water. A variety of comparisons are made between SWAN output and in situ data within the NGLI region. Additionally, the accuracy of SWAN's forcing - derived from WAM (Wave Model) and COAMPS (Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System) - needs to be evaluated, as does the impact of their accuracy on the SWAN model. Furthermore, logistical issues related to the introduction of this experimental modeling capability into military operations are being investigated and evaluated.
Gromov's compactness of pseudo-holomorphic curves and symplectic geometry

On utilise certaines idees de Schoerr et Uhlenbeck sur les equations aux derivees partielles pour demontrer la compacite de Gromov des courbes pseudoholomorphes
Investigating Brown Dwarf Variability at 3.4 & 4.6 Microns with AllWISE Multi-Epoch Photometry

Multi-epoch photometry from AllWISE provides the opportunity to investigate variability at 3.4 and 4.6 microns for most known brown dwarfs. WISE observed the same patch of sky repeatedly and within a day's time, roughly 12 observations were obtained on a given patch of sky; then, another 12 were obtained roughly six months later when that patch of sky was again in view. For most of the sky, AllWISE contains two separate epochs of about a dozen observations each, although ~30% of the sky has three such epochs available in AllWISE. With the AllWISE multi-epoch photometry of ~1500 known M, L, T, and Y dwarfs, I computed the Stetson J Index and quantified variability as a function of spectral type. I found that the average single-exposure photometric uncertainty in AllWISE (~0.2 magnitudes) is too large to robustly identify flux variability smaller than ~20%. However, multi-epoch photometry from AllWISE remains a useful resource in cases where flux variability is known to be present with large amplitudes, or for bright nearby objects with lower photometric uncertainties.
Negation and modality in distributional semantics

In Natural Language Processing, negation and modality have mostly been handled using the older, pre-statistical methodologies of formal representations subject to rule-based processing. This fits the traditional treatment of negation and modality in logic-based knowledge representation and linguistics. However, in modern-day statistics-based NLP, how exactly negation and modality should be taken into account, and what role these phenomena play overall, is much less clear. The closest statistics-based NLP gets to semantics at this time is lexical-based word distributions (such as used in word sense disambiguation) and topic models (such as produced by Latent Dirichlet Allocation). What exactly in such representations should a negation or a modality actually apply to? What would, or should, the resulting effects be? The traditional approaches are of little or no help. In this talk I argue that neither model is adequate, and that one needs a different model of semantics to be able to accommodate negation and modality. The traditional formalisms are impoverished in their absence of an explicit representation of the denotations of each symbol, and the statistics-based word distributions do not support the compositionality required of semantics since it is unclear how to link together two separate word distributions in a semantically meaningful way. A kind of hybrid, which one could call Distributional Semantics, should be formulated to include the necessary aspects of both: the ability to carry explicit word associations that are still partitioned so as to allow negation and modality to affect the representations in intuitively plausible ways is what is required. I present a specific model of Distributional Semantics that, although still rudimentary, exhibits some of the desired features. I explore the possibilities for accommodating the phenomena of negation and modality. The talk poses many more questions than it answers and is an invitation to consider Distributional Semantics as a model for richer and more semantics-oriented statistics-based NLP.
Patent Carrots and Sticks: A Model of Nonobviousness

The authors develop an informal model of the impact of the nonobviousness standard on the choice of research projects. Previous models assume that the basic question confronting a researcher is, "Shall I produce this particular invention?" More realistically, the authors think a researcher asks, "Which research path shall I pursue?" The model shows that a patent serves as a carrot to induce the choice of more difficult projects than would be pursued under the no-patent alternative. The nonobviousness standard serves as a stick to prod researchers to choose even more difficult projects. The results of the model help us understand why a fact-intensive issue like obviousness is a question of law. The model also helps us understand the optimal relationship between the nonobviousness standard and patentable subject matter exclusions. Commentators often suggest subject-matter exclusions are unnecessary if the nonobviousness standard is used appropriately. The authors' model suggests this intuition is wrong for inventions characterized by large social spillovers and high social costs of patenting; a simple subject matter exclusion would be more efficient.
Why are nonlinear fits to data so challenging

Fitting model parameters to experimental data is a common yet often challenging task, especially if the model contains many parameters. Typically, algorithms get lost in regions of parameter space in which the model is unresponsive to changes in parameters, and one is left to make adjustments by hand. We explain this difficulty by interpreting the fitting process as a generalized interpolation procedure. By considering the manifold of all model predictions in data space, we find that cross sections have a hierarchy of widths and are typically very narrow. Algorithms become stuck as they move near the boundaries. We observe that the model manifold, in addition to being tightly bounded, has low extrinsic curvature, leading to the use of geodesics in the fitting process. We improve the convergence of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm by adding geodesic acceleration to the usual step.
Security by, and for, converged mobile devices

Inheriting the vast mobile phone market, converged mobile devices (“smartphones”) are poised to become the first ubiquitous personal computing platform.In this talk we detail our vision of the smartphone as a universal access control device—replacing physical keys, access tokens, etc.—and describe our efforts to address some of the technical challenges that stand in the way of this vision.Our discussion will focus on: techniques to prevent the misuse of a stolen device; novel user interfaces that aid in the secure use of such a device; and the design of an access control framework for the variety of authorization scenarios that such a device must accommodate.We also describe our efforts to deploy this technology in a testbed on the Carnegie Mellon campus.
Types of four wheel drive vehicle and their basic characteristics

In this paper formulae for front and rear wheel torque are introduced for showing the tractional characteristics of four wheel drive vehicles. A simple traction model is used for each of the various types of four wheel drives including the rigidly connected type, the centre differential type, the centre differential plus viscous clutch type, the viscous transfer type, the split torque type, and the over–running clutch type. This paper describes the characteristics of each type by comparison of the torque ratio between the front and rear wheels obtained from calculations using the formulae. Calculations are made for two different vehicle speeds (20 km/h and 100 km/h), under two different road conditions (dry pavement and snow–covered road), and also under tight–cornering condition.
John Williams: Paraphraser or Plagiarist?

The film scores of John Williams (b. 1932) often remind us of works by other concert and film composers, yet the casual assumption that Williams often plagiarizes from familiar works has never been fully evaluated. Examples of the different ways Williams alters source compositions show him to be a clever paraphraser who uses pre-existing material as a creative template to compose new music at a remarkable pace. Not only can Williams’s methods be deemed respectable within a progressive attitude toward creative production, he can hardly be accused of plagiarism or aesthetic impropriety even in a Romantic sense.
Oscillating bounce solutions and vacuum tunneling in de Sitter spacetime

We study a class of oscillating bounce solutions to the Euclidean field equations for gravity coupled to a scalar field theory with two, possibly degenerate, vacua. In these solutions the scalar field crosses the top of the potential barrier $kg1$ times. Using analytic and numerical methods, we examine how the maximum allowed value of $k$ depends on the parameters of the theory. For a wide class of potentials ${k}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$ is determined by the value of the second derivative of the scalar field potential at the top of the barrier. However, in other cases, such as potentials with relatively flat barriers, the determining parameter appears instead to be the value of this second derivative averaged over the width of the barrier. As a by-product, we gain additional insight into the conditions under which a Coleman-De Luccia bounce exists. We discuss the physical interpretation of these solutions and their implications for vacuum tunneling transitions in de Sitter spacetime.
Effects of a continuous quality improvement program on helicopter liftoff times

Background. The continuous quality improvement (CQI) process addresses concerns from a systems approach, employing committees of employees rather than selected management personnel to identify and solve problems, improve patient care and efficiency, and enhance customer satisfaction. Little is known about the effects of the CQI process on an aeromedical program. Objectives. To create a CQI program within an aeromedical program and to investigate its effect on helicopter liftoff times for scene responses. Methods. A CQI program was established at a busy aeromedical service that completed 897 missions in the previous year. A concern identified by the CQI committee was delays in helicopter liftoff time after receipt of mission requests for scene responses. Each component necessary for liftoff (dispatch, pilot weather check, and crew response) was identified, time limits were set for each, new procedures were developed, and all staff received training on the new procedures. Computer tracking of each of the id...
Impact of 5‐Year Weight Change on Blood Pressure: Results From the Weight Loss Maintenance Trial

In this secondary analysis of the Weight Loss Maintenance trial, the authors assessed the relationship between blood pressure (BP) change and weight change in overweight and obese adults with hypertension and/or dyslipidemia who were randomized to 1 of 3 weight loss maintenance strategies for 5 years. The participants were grouped (N=741) based on weight change from randomization to 60 months as: (1) weight loss, (2) weight stable, or (3) weight gain. A significant positive correlation between weight change and systolic BP (SBP) change at 12, 30, and 60 months and between weight change and diastolic BP (DBP) change at 30 months was observed. From randomization to 60 months, mean SBP increased to a similar degree for the weight gain group (4.2±standard error=0.6 mm Hg; P<.001) and weight stable group (4.6±1.1 mm Hg; P<.001), but SBP did not rise in the weight loss group (1.0±1.7 mm Hg, P=.53). DBP was unchanged for all groups at 60 months. Although aging may have contributed to rise in BP at 60 months, it does not appear to fully account for observed BP changes. These results suggest that continued modest weight loss may be sufficient for long-term BP lowering.
Bachelor of Civil Technology and Civil Engineering Programs

This position paper, adopted unanimously by the Department Heads Council whose members represent the heads of the 222 civil engineering programs listed in the ASCE Official Register 1992, shows that the delineation between civil engineering practice and the practice of civil technology is not clear. The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) evaluates both engineering and technology programs, but the criteria are vastly different in four curriculum areas—mathematics and basic sciences, engineering (technical) science, design, and humanities/social sciences. Despite the major difference in the education of engineers and technologists, technologists can sit for the FE and PE exams in 41 states, and the American Society of Civil Engineers offers technologists membership at all society grades. This position paper argues that the present state of affairs does not serve to advance the safety and welfare of the public and urges ASCE to adopt the position advanced by the National Society of Pro...
Phylogeographic analysis of the mid-Holocene Mammoth from Qagnaxˆ Cave, St. Paul Island, Alaska

Abstract Remains of a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) were found in Qagnaxˆ Cave, a lava tube cave on St. Paul Island in the Pribilof Islands, 500 km west of the Alaskan mainland in the Bering Sea. Several dates converge on 5725 14C yr BP, making these the youngest mammoth remains discovered in North America, and among the few Holocene mammoths known. Genetic analysis of the cytochrome b gene and adjacent regions of the mitochondrial genome demonstrates that the Qagnaxˆ mammoth is highly derived, possessing several unique polymorphisms not found in other mammoths. However, while this is consistent with a recent insular isolation scenario, phylogenetic analysis suggests that the specimen represents a population whose isolation from other mammoths occurred at or well before the terminal Pleistocene submergence of the Bering Land Bridge. It is possible that it represents a member of a “land bridge subclade” of woolly mammoths that remained distinct from mainland Alaskan populations, but was not restricted to highland areas until the land bridge was submerged. Additional eastern Beringian, and particularly insular, mammoth DNA sequences are required to explore this possibility.
Electron spin echo envelope modulation studies of water bound to tetracyanonickelate(III)

Electron spin echo envelope modulation studies aimed at characterizing the superhyperfine coupling between protons of axially bound water molecules and the nickel ion in Ni III (CN) 4 (H 2 O) 2 - were carried out. X-band, two-pulse ESEEM experiments showed that this coupling is characterized by a large anisotropic component resulting in 0.1-1.6-MHz shifts of the v α +v β proton sum combination peak from twice the Larmor frequency. A means of reducing these data into a field profile constructed by plotting these frequency shifts as a function of magnetic field strength across the EPR absorption envelope is presented
Inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) on certain functions of intraepithelial lymphocytes

Human intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), CD8+ lymphocytes located between epithelial cells, are likely to be influenced by the immunosuppressive cytokine, TGF-beta, secreted by epithelial cells. This study evaluates the effects of TGF-beta on IEL functions. IEL were derived from proximal jejunum of patients undergoing gastric bypass operations for morbid obesity. Proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation; IL-2 production, by ELISA; expression of IL-2 receptor, CD2, HML1, CD16, and CD56, by immunofluorescence; binding, by adherence of radiolabelled cells; and cytotoxicity by 51Cr-release assay. TGF-beta (> or = 1 ng/ml) inhibited the mitosis of IEL to mitogens, IL-7, and stimuli of the CD2 and CD3 pathways. The blocking effect did not target the activation events of IL-2 production and receptor generation. Rather, it reduced cell division after activation when added 24 h after initiating the culture. Antibody neutralization of naturally occurring TGF-beta increased IEL proliferation to IL-2, but not to the other stimuli. Of the multiple surface markers tested, only CD2 and HML1 expression increased with TGF-beta and decreased with antibody to TGF-beta, although the cytokine and the neutralizing antibody had no effects on IEL binding to colon cancer. TGF-beta reduced the number of CD56+ IEL and the lymphokine-activated killing when co-cultured with IL-7 but not with IL-2 or IL-15. TGF-beta inhibits certain IEL functions: the reduction in cell division rather than activation and a decline in IL-7-mediated lysis of colon cancer due to a lowering of the number of natural killer cells.
MapReuse: Reusing Computation in an In-Memory MapReduce System

MapReduce programming model is being increasingly adopted for data intensive high performance computing. Recently, it has been observed that in data-intensive environment, programs are often run multiple times with either identical or slightly-changed input, which creates a significant opportunity for computation reuse. Recognizing the opportunity, researchers have proposed techniques to reuse computation in disk-based MapReduce systems such as Hadoop, but not for in-memory MapReduce (IMMR) systems such as Phoenix. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for computation reuse in IMMR systems, which we refer to as MapReuse. MapReuse detects input similarity by comparing their signatures. It skips re-computing output from a repeated portion of the input, computes output from a new portion of input, and removes output that corresponds to a deleted portion of the input. MapReuse is built on top of an existing IMMR system, leaving it largely unmodified. MapReuse significantly speeds up IMMR, even when the new input differs by 25% compared to the original input.
Review of Hoplotylus S'Jacob (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)

Two new species of Hoplotylus, H. silvaticus and H. sjacobi, are described from North Carolina, U.S.A. and New Zealand, respectively. H. silvaticus is similar to H. femina s'Jacob, but has a functional spermatheca and a more rounded, broader tail (H. femina: c' = 2.5-3.1; H. silvaticus: c' = 1.7-2.5). The tail of H. silvaticus is annulated dorsally to the tail tip; that of H. femina is mostly smooth. Specimens from New Jersey, U.S.A., reported in the literature as H. femina, are assigned to H. silvaticus. H. sjacobi differs from H. silvaticus and H. femina by having a longer, narrower tail (c' = 3.3-4.3) and stylet knobs whose edges in profile diverge anteriorly. The stylet knob edges of H. silvaticus and H. femina are parallel.
Education and social mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934

List of tables Acknowledgements Part I: 1. Education and Soviet society 2. The new Soviet school 3. The education system: problems of mobility and specialization 4. Professors and Soviet power Part II: 5. The 'great turning-point' of 1928-1929 6. Cultural Revolution and the schools 7. Mass education and mobility in the countryside 8. The making of a proletarian intelligentsia Part III: 9. The restoration of order: new policies in education, 1931-1934 10. The 'New Class': social mobility and education under Stalin Notes Bibliography Index.
Long-Drift Calorimeter Modules for the Soudan 2 Nucleon Decay Detector

The first full size 5-ton detector modules for the Soudan 2 nucleon decay experiment have been assembled and operated. Modules consist of a hexagonal array of drift tubes and corrugated steel, instrumented to read out three-dimensional track positions and pulse height. These will be assembled to form an isotropic, continuously sensitive, self-triggering detector. Details of the design, construction, operation and performance of the modules are discussed.
Effect of copolymer composition, temperature, and carbon dioxide fugacity on pure- and mixed-gas permeability in poly(ethylene glycol)-based materials: Free volume interpretation

Abstract Network copolymers, prepared by photopolymerizing poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA: CH 2 CHCOO(CH 2 CH 2 O) 14 OCCH CH 2 ) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA: CH 2 CHCO(OCH 2 CH 2 ) 8 OCH 3 ), have been studied for mixed-gas CO 2 /H 2 and CO 2 /CH 4 separations. Gas separation properties in the networks are sensitive to copolymer composition, temperature, and carbon dioxide fugacity in the feed. In conventional approaches, the effect of temperature can be described by the Arrhenius equation, while the influence of copolymer composition and fugacity can only be described empirically; the corresponding models require a large number of adjustable parameters. However, as shown here, the three factors influencing gas transport correlate well with free volume, and a simplified free volume model with only two adjustable parameters can satisfactorily describe the effects of copolymer composition, temperature, and CO 2 fugacity on pure- and mixed-gas transport properties. Copolymer composition and temperature can be directly related to the fractional free volume, while CO 2 fugacity of the feed can be correlated with free volume via the glass transition temperature of the polymer–gas mixture, which is computed using Chow's model.
Numerical Study of Temperature and Incandescence Intensity of Nanosecond Pulsed-Laser Heated Soot Particles at High Pressures

Histories of temperature and incandescence intensity of nanosecond pulsed-laser heated soot particles of polydispersed primary particles and aggregate sizes were calculated using an aggregate-based heat transfer model at pressures from 1 atm up to 50 atm. The local gas temperature, distributions of soot primary particle diameter and aggregate size assumed in the calculations were similar to those found in an atmospheric laminar diffusion flame. Relatively low laser fluences were considered to keep the peak particle temperatures below about 3400 K to ensure negligible soot particle sublimation. The shielding effect on the heat conduction between aggregated soot particles and the surrounding gas was accounted for based on results of direct simulation Monte Carlo calculations. After the laser pulse, the temperature of soot particles with larger primary particles or larger aggregates cools down slower than those with smaller primary particles or smaller aggregates due to smaller surface area-to-volume ratios. The effective temperature of soot particles in the laser probe volume was calculated based on the ratio of thermal radiation intensities of the soot particle ensemble at 400 and 780 nm. Due to the reduced mean free path of molecules with increasing pressure, the heat conduction between soot particles and the surrounding gas shifts from the free-molecular to the transition regime. Consequently, the rate of conduction heat loss from the soot particles increases significantly with pressure. The lifetime of laser-induced incandescence (LII) signal is significantly reduced as the pressure increases. At high pressures, the time resolved soot particle temperature is very sensitive to both the primary particle diameter and the aggregate size distributions, implying the time-resolved LII particle sizing techniques developed at atmospheric pressure lose their effectiveness at high pressures.Copyright © 2005 by National Research Council of Canada
Probing dynamics at surfaces with X-rays and neutrons

We discuss some of the interesting problems associated with dynamical phenomena at surfaces and in thin films and methods to probe such dynamics, using neutron or X-ray scattering and related spectroscopic methods.