cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green Purchasing Strategies: Trends and Implications

IN BRIEF Over the last two decades, growing concerns about ecosystem quality have led to a renewed interest in environmentalism. Purchasing professionals should also be concerned and need to rethink purchasing strategies which have traditionally neglected environmental impacts. To help foster environmentally concerned purchasing strategies, this article presents the findings of an empirical survey of NAPM members in firms with a high level of awareness and frequent applications of “green” purchasing. Environmental factors are identified that may reshape supplier selection decisions. The role of “green” purchasing in reducing and eliminating waste is discussed. Also, effects of “green” purchasing on packaging decisions are explored. Finally, some important practical guidelines are suggested which may enhance the effectiveness of regulatory compliance, pollution prevention, and resource recovery.
Fretting behaviour of AISI 301 stainless steel sheet in full hard condition in contact with AISI 52100 steel

AbstractThe fretting behaviour of thin sheets of AISI 301 stainless steel in the full hard condition in contact with an AISI 52100 cylindrical body was evaluated. The relationship between fretting conditions and residual fatigue life was used to characterise fretting damage. The influence of normal force and displacement amplitude on fretting damage was considered with emphasis on the latter. An equivalent initial flaw size calculated using the NASGRO crack growth rate equation was used to quantify the fretting damage.
News on the rocks: Exploring the agenda-setting effects of Blood Diamond in print and broadcast news

This article explores cinematic and journalistic treatments of issues, focusing on the movie Blood Diamond (2006, dir. Edward Zwick) and news coverage of conflict diamonds. First, the author examin...
Women's 'Work' and the Construction of Witchcraft Accusation in Coastal Kenya

Abstract This article examines women’s use of divination consultation and their speculation about illness caused by witchcraft that influence the construction of witchcraft accusation in rural Mijikenda communities on the Kenya coast. I have decided to call all of these activities women’s “work” because Mijikenda women often referred to them as “work” in their discussions with me. I explain why these activities are included in women’s general responsibilities toward relatives and show how women use them to transform local relations of power. I conclude that these aspects of Mijikenda women’s “work” must be understood as both instrumental action that alters the political and economic relationships between women and the men who they accuse, and moral action that develops women’s sense of their human potential and personal capacity.
Reinventing Sexual Scripts: Sexuality and Social Change in the Twenty-First Century (The 2008 John H. Gagnon Distinguished Lecture on Sexuality, Modernity and Change)

This article focuses on the politics and practice of sexuality in the early twenty-first century. Drawing on a set of case studies from diverse societies in different regions of the world, the author examines both the intersection of and the tension between grassroots struggles for sexual freedom and transnational movements for sexual rights within the broader context of ongoing global transformations. Building on John Gagnon and William Simon's pioneering work on sexual scripts, the author explores the ways in which the rapidly changing politics of sexuality contribute to the reinvention of sexual meanings and intimate relations across a wide range of diverse social settings and contexts. This article is based on the author's presentation for the 2008 John H. Gagnon Distinguished Lecture on Sexuality, Modernity and Change.
Organic carbon and nitrogen in the northern California current system: comparison of offshore, river plume, and coastally upwelled waters

Abstract During the first year of the Northeast Pacific GLOBEC program we examined the spatial distributions of dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in the surface waters off the Oregon and Washington coasts of North America. Eleven east–west transects were sampled from nearshore waters to 190 km offshore. Hydrographic data and the distribution of inorganic nutrients were used to characterize three distinct water sources: oligotrophic offshore water, the Columbia River plume, and the coastal upwelling region inshore of the California Current. Warm, high salinity offshore water had very low levels of inorganic nutrients, particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Warm, low salinity water in the Columbia River plume was relatively low in nitrate, but showed a strong negative correlation between salinity and silicate. The river plume water had the highest levels of total organic carbon (TOC) (up to 180 μM) and DOC (up to 150 μM) observed anywhere in the sampling area. Cold, high salinity coastal waters had high nutrient levels, moderate to high levels of POC and particulate organic nitrogen (PON), and low to moderate levels of DOC and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Each of these regions has characteristic C:N ratios for particulate and dissolved organic material. The results are compared to concentrations and partitioning of particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in other regions of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans.
Hyperconjugation in aromatic cation complexes

Abstract Aromatic hydrocarbons react with the strong acid HFBF 3 to form an aromatic cation plus the fluoroborate ion. The proton adds to a definite ring carbon atom and completely transfers its charge. The charge is distributed by resonance to positions ortho and para to the added proton. Alkyl groups on these positions stabilize the ion and distribute the charge further by hyperconjugation or induction. Thus, the mesitylene cation is more stable than the toluene cation by a factor of 280,000 and more stable than the other trimethylbenzenes by a factor of 70. Competition experiments among various, 1, 3, 5-trialkylbenzene show no change in basicity as the alkyl groups vary from methyl to ethyl to iso propyl to tert. -butyl. In this series, therefore, the loss in carbon-hydrogen hyperconjugation is balanced by an increase in the induction effect and in carbon-carbon hyperconjugation.
Fast parallel algorithms for finding Hamiltonian paths and cycles in a tournament

Abstract A tournament is a digraph T = (V, E) in which, for every pair of vertices, u and v, exactly one of (u, v), (v, u) is in E. Two classical theorems about tournaments are that every tournament has a Hamiltonian path, and every strongly connected tournament has a Hamiltonian cycle. Furthermore, it is known how to find these in polynomial time. In this paper we discuss the parallel complexity of these problems. Our main result is that constructing a Hamiltonian path in a general tournament and a Hamiltonian cycle in a strongly connected tournament are both in NC. In addition, we give an NC algorithm for finding a Hamiltonian path with one fixed endpoint. In finding fast parallel algorithms, we also obtain new proofs for the theorems.
STARTing to recycle.

A comprehensive microarray-based analysis of the cell cycle shows that periodic transcription of most genes is not conserved between Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A core group of ∼40–80 genes have conserved patterns of transcription and may have key roles in cell cycle progression.
On the temperature dependence of amide I frequencies of peptides in solution

The temperature dependence of the amide I vibrational frequencies of peptides in solution was investigated. In D2O, the amide I' bands of both an alpha-helical oligopeptide, the random-coil poly(L-lysine), and the simplest amide, N-methyl acetamide (NMA), exhibit linear frequency shifts of approximately 0.07 cm(-1)/degrees C with increasing temperature. Similar amide I frequency shifts are also observed for NMA in both polar (acetonitrile and DMSO) and nonpolar (1,4-dioxane) organic solvents, thus ruling out hydrogen-bonding strength as the cause of these effects. The experimental NMA amide I frequencies in the organic solvents can be accurately described by a simple theory based on the Onsager reaction field with temperature-dependent solvent dielectric properties and a solute molecular cavity. DFT-level calculations (BPW91/cc-pVDZ) for NMA with an Onsager reaction field confirm the significant contribution of the molecular cavity to the predicted amide I frequencies. Comparison of the computations to experimental data shows that the frequency-dependent response of the reaction field, taken into account by the index of refraction, is crucial for describing the amide I frequencies in polar solvents. The poor predictions of the model for the NMA amide I band in D2O might be due, in part, to the unknown temperature dependence of the refractive index of D2O in the mid-IR range, which was approximated by the available values in the visible region.
MITOSIS OF CHLAMYDOMONAS

SEVERAL SPECIES of the genus Chiamydomonas (Volvocales) have been studied genetically, and have proven to be interesting tools for this type of investigation (Moewus, 1940; Smith and Regnery, 1950; Lewin, 1953; Sager, 1954). In contrast, there are few studies on the nuclear cytology of these organisms. Only partial documentation is available concerning chromosome number, the pattern of mitosis and meiosis. Dangeard (1899) described the mitotic process and the chromosome number of several members of this genus. Belar (1926) published one drawing of a metaphase plate in an unidentified species, showing an acentric spindle. Kater (1929) described mitosis in C. nasuta by means of schematic drawings. No photographs were presented. Cave and Pocock (1951) studied the mitosis of 19 species of colonial Volvocales and found a range in the number of chromosomes from 5 for several Volvox species to 17 for Goniuwm pectorale. The present report deals with a study of mitosis in C. moewusii, C. eugametos, C. reinhardi and C. dysosmos. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Cultures of C. moewusii, C. eugametos and C. dysosmos were obtained from Dr. R. A. Lewin, and cultures of C. reinhard'i from Dr. G. M. Smith and Dr. R. Sager. Cultivation.-All stock and experimental cultures were grown on Beijerinck's medium of the following composition:
Two-Phase Heat Transfer in Thermosyphon Evacuated-Tube Solar Collectors

Determination des equations de base pour la condensation en film dans un cylindre incline. Etude de l'influence du cisaillement interfacial sur le film, de l'influence d'ondes interfaciales sur le transfert de chaleur et de l'influence de l'angle d'inclinaison, de la geometrie du tube et des proprietes du fluide sur le transfert de chaleur du condenseur. Determination du coefficient de transfert de chaleur global du thermosiphon incline ferme a ecoulement diphasique
Pegvisomant for the treatment of acromegaly—translation of clinical trials into clinical practice

Pegvisomant for the treatment of acromegaly—translation of clinical trials into clinical practice
Quantitation of sorafenib and its active metabolite sorafenib N-oxide in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A simple and rapid method with high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry is described for the quantitation of the kinase inhibitor sorafenib and its active metabolite sorafenib N-oxide in human plasma. A protein precipitation extraction procedure was applied to 50 μL of plasma. Chromatographic separation of the two analytes, and the internal standard [(2)H(3)(13)C]-sorafenib, was achieved on a C(18) analytical column and isocratic flow at 0.3 mL/min for 4 min. Mean within-run and between-run precision for all analytes were <6.9% and accuracy was <5.3%. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 50-10,000 ng/mL for sorafenib and 10-2500 ng/mL for sorafenib N-oxide. This method allows a specific, sensitive, and reliable determination of the kinase inhibitor sorafenib and its active metabolite sorafenib N-oxide in human plasma in a single analytical run.
Enthalpy transfer between PWR fuel assemblies in analysis by the lumped subchannel model

Abstract Assessment is made of the error in enthalpy predictions in PWR cores resulting from various assumptions in the size of homogenized calculation regions. A coefficient is developed from the differential conservation equations and numerically determined to minimize these errors. It was found that these errors are only of significance for regions comprising three to seven subchannels, region sizes which may be employed in coupled neutronic-thermal hydraulic calculations. A correlation for coefficient values for a range of PWR conditions is presented.
Mode-Mode Interference Effects In Axially Strained Few-Mode Optical Fibers

Optical fiber modal domain methods which use mode-mode interference as the sensing mechanism have been used to detect strain, temperature and pressure. Typically, bending-induced strain applications involve mode coupling which changes the mode field distributions. In this paper, we report the use of axial strain with minimal bending on a few-mode optical fiber ( V = 4.47) to study mode pattern modulation. Such modulation due to quasi-statically varying strain in particular has been observed and quantified. More complicated low frequency strain variations about "quiescent DC strain" points associated with different system strain sensitivities have also been analyzed. A heuristic discussion of the modal domain phenomenon responsible for this fiber waveguide modal behavior is presented.
An Investigation of Counselor Educators' Attitudes Toward Evidence-Based Practices

Evidence-based practices (EBPs) receive little attention in counselor education curricula despite the ethical obligation for counselor educators to teach EBPs to counseling students. This study investigates counselor educators’ attitudes toward EBPs along with perceived barriers to the inclusion of EBPs in counselor education curricula.
A Domain Decomposition Method for the Finite Element Simulation of Circuit Board Interconnects

A domain decomposition method (DDM) is developed to improve the efficiency of the finite element simulation of interconnects on multilayered printed circuit boards, which helps reduce memory requirements and CPU time without sacrificing the final accuracy. It takes advantage of the multilayered structure and decomposes the board into several single layers separated by power or ground planes. The simulation of each layer can be carried out independently. Connections between neighboring layers are realized by small holes ("vias"), whose computation is accomplished in a trivial final combination procedure. The total memory requirement is only related to the largest single layer. The CPU time is also found to be less than that of the full board simulation. This domain decomposition method further permits a convenient and practical way for parallel computation.
The genetics of mental illness: implications for practice

Many of the comfortable and relatively simple models of the nature of mental disorders, their causes and their neural substrates now appear quite frayed. Gone is the idea that symptom clusters, course of illness, family history and treatment response would coalesce in a simple way to yield valid diagnoses. Also too simple was the concept, born of early pharmacological successes, that abnormal levels of one or more neurotransmitters would satisfactorily explain the pathogenesis of depression or schizophrenia. Gone is the notion that there is a single gene that causes any mental disorder or determines any behavioural variant. The concept of the causative gene has been replaced by that of genetic complexity, in which multiple genes act in concert with non-genetic factors to produce a risk of mental disorder. Discoveries in genetics and neuroscience can be expected to lead to better models that provide improved representation of the complexity of the brain and behaviour and the development of both. There are likely to be profound implications for clinical practice. The complex genetics of risk should reinvigorate research on the epidemiology and classification of mental disorders and explain the complex patterns of disease transmission within families. Knowledge of the timing of the expression of risk genes during brain development and of their function should not only contribute to an understanding of gene action and the pathophysiology of disease but should also help to direct the search for modifiable environmental risk factors that convert risk into illness. The function of risk genes can only become comprehensible in the context of advances at the molecular, cellular and systems levels in neuroscience and the behavioural sciences. Genetics should yield new therapies aimed not just at symptoms but also at pathogenic processes, thus permitting the targeting of specific therapies to individual patients.
An error estimation framework for photon density estimation

Estimating error is an important task in rendering. For many predictive rendering applications such as simulation of car headlights, lighting design, or architectural design it is import to provide an estimate of the actual error to ensure confidence and accuracy of the results. Even for applications where accuracy is not critical, error estimation is still useful for improving aspects of the rendering algorithm. Examples include terminating the rendering algorithm automatically, adaptive sampling where the parameters of the rendering algorithm are adjusted dynamically to minimize the error, and interpolating sparsely sampled radiance within a given error bound.
Using InterWave Aberrometry to Measure and Improve the Quality of Vision in LASIK Surgery

Objective To compare visual outcomes in eyes undergoing aberrometry-guided (InterWave) LASIK with those in eyes undergoing standard LASIK treatment based upon refractive measures.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Flow and Scalar Transport in a Modeled Street Canyon

This study uses large-eddy simulation (LES) to illustrate the flow and turbulence structure and to investigate the mechanism of passive scalar transport in a street canyon. Calculations for a modeled street canyon with building-height-to-street-width ratio of unity at Reynolds number equal to 12 000 are conducted. When the approaching wind is perpendicular to the street axis, the calculation produces a primary vortex in the street canyon, similar to previous studies. An evaluation of the LES results with wind-tunnel measurements reveals good agreement for both mean and turbulence parameters of the flow and scalar fields. The computed primary vortex is confined to the street canyon and is isolated from the free stream flow such that the removal of a scalar emitted at the street level is accomplished by turbulent diffusion at the roof level. It is determined from the calculations that very little scalar is removed from the street canyon, and 97% of the scalar is retained. The scalar mixing at the roof level occurs primarily on the leeward side of the street canyon. In addition to the primary vortex, three secondary vortices are located in the corners of the street canyon at which scalar mixing is enhanced. An examination of additional simulations shows how the location of the scalar source affects the distribution of the scalar.
Monotonic Testing and Tension-Tension Fatigue Testing of Free-standing Al Microtensile Beams

Free-standing Al thin films were loaded statically and dynamically through the use of a custom-built microtensile system. The system is capable of performing monotonic loading/unloading up to 50 μm/s (10 -1 /s) and tension-tension fatigue experiments at 100 Hz on 600 μm long, 100 μm wide, and 1 μm thick free-standing Al microtensile beams. Monotonic loading/unloading and stress relaxation experiments have been performed. The microtensile beams show plasticity as well as a relaxation dependence on strain rate and stress level. Displacement controlled tension-tension fatigue experiments have also been performed. A trend of decreasing cycles to failure with increasing displacement amplitude and increasing mean displacement has been noted but requires further experimental exploration.
Normal and abnormal personality traits are associated with marital satisfaction for both men and women: An Actor–Partner Interdependence Model analysis

Research has demonstrated associations between relationship satisfaction and personality traits. Using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model, we explored associations between self-reported relationship satisfaction in couples (n = 118) and various measures of normal and abnormal personality, including higher-order dimensions of PE/Extraversion, NE/Neuroticism, Constraint (CON), and their lower-order facets. We also examined gender differences and moderators of associations. Consistent with the Vulnerability Stress Adaptation Model, self- and partner-reported NE and PE were related to satisfaction, and their lower-order traits demonstrated differential associations with satisfaction. Further, abnormal personality traits specific to the interpersonal domain and personality disorder symptoms demonstrated effects. Relationship length emerged as a significant moderator, with associations weakening as relationship duration increased.
Nutrition and Skeletal Problems in Poultry

Several excellent reviews regarding nutrition and skeletal disorders have appeared in the last 20 yr. This review will cover several areas of vitamin D research, the area of feed deprivation, and bone abnormalities, because there has been considerable interest in these areas during the past 10 yr. Studies indicate that the quantitative requirement for cholecalciferol (D3) for broiler chickens is much greater than previously thought. Ascorbic acid may play a role in stimulating 1-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D3], but the evidence is not clear under exactly what conditions this relationship is important in practical prevention of tibial dyschondroplasia. Studies indicate that dietary supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] will reduce the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in three different strains of broilers bred to develop a high incidence of the disease. But it did not prevent the disease totally in the strains, unless high enough levels of 1,25-(OH)2D3 were fed to reduce growth rate. These studies indicate that these high tibial dyschondroplasia strains have a defect(s) in vitamin D metabolism. Studies continue to elucidate the role of ultraviolet light in preventing leg abnormalities. Only a few studies have been conducted on the efficacy of various vitamin D3 derivatives to prevent tibial dyschondroplasia. Feed deprivation continues to be an intriguing method of preventing tibial dyschondroplasia, and examination of exactly how this prevents the bone abnormality could open avenues for explaining the disease.
Application transformations for energy and performance-aware device management

Energy conservation without performance degradation is an important goal for battery-operated computers, such as laptops and handheld assistants. In this paper we determine the potential benefits of application-supported device management for optimizing energy and performance. In particular, we consider application transformations that increase device idle times and inform the operating system about the length of each upcoming period of idleness. We assess the potential energy and performance benefits of this type of application support for a laptop disk. Furthermore, we propose and evaluate a compiler framework for performing the transformations automatically for a disk device. Our experimental results demonstrate that unless applications are transformed, they cannot accrue any of the predicted benefits. In addition, they show that our compiler can produce almost the same performance and energy results that we obtain by hand-modifying applications. Overall, we find that the transformations we propose can reduce disk energy consumption from 55% to 89% with only a small degradation in performance.
Intracellular infection of tick cell lines by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae

Several fungal pathogens are able to enter and persist within eukaryotic cells as part of their infectious life cycle. Metarhizium anisopliae is a saprophytic entomopathogenic fungus virulent towards numerous tick species, including those within the genera Ixodes and Amblyomma. Infection of the target organism by this fungus proceeds via several steps, including adhesion and penetration of the host cuticle, proliferation within tissues and the haemolymph, and eventual eruption through the host cadaver. To determine whether M. anisopliae could enter and persist within tick cells, we examined the uptake of wild-type and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing fungal strains into two different tick cells lines, IDE12 and AAE2, derived from Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum, respectively. Uptake by tick cells was monitored by confocal fluorescent microscopy, as well as by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. M. anisopliae-specific antibodies were used to discriminate between extracellular and internalized fungal cells and to quantify the rate of uptake. Both cell lines internalized fungal conidia, and quantitative studies using the AAE2 cell line indicated that almost 70 % of the AAE2 cells contained internalized conidia after 6 h incubation. Internalization of conidia by AAE2 cells was time and temperature dependent and could be inhibited by 80 % with 1 mM cytochalasin D. Internalized conidia remained viable within the AAE2 cells, where they were able to germinate and grow, eventually erupting from the host cells. These data provide evidence that M. anisopliae conidia can be internalized, survive and grow within phagocytic cells in vitro and indicate that phagocytosis may serve as an alternative invasion route facilitating fungal nutrient acquisition, immune system evasion and dissemination throughout the host.
The effect of stride length on the dynamics of barefoot and shod running

A number of interventions and technique changes have been proposed to attempt to improve performance and reduce the number of running related injuries. Running shoes, barefoot running and alterations in spatio-temporal parameters (stride frequency and stride length) have been associated with significant kinematic and kinetic changes, which may have implications for performance and injury prevention. However, because footwear interventions have been shown to also affect spatio-temporal parameters, there is uncertainty regarding the origin of the kinematic and kinetic alterations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to independently evaluate the effects of shoes and changes in stride length on lower extremity kinetics. Eleven individuals ran over-ground at stride lengths 75 and 10% of their preferred stride length, in both the barefoot and shod condition. Three-dimensional motion capture and force plate data were captured synchronously and used to compute lower extremity joint moments. We found a significant main effect of stride length on anterior–posterior and vertical GRFs, and sagittal plane knee and ankle moments in both barefoot and shod running. When subjects ran at identical stride lengths in the barefoot and shod conditions we did not observe differences for any of the kinetic variables that were measured. These findings suggest that barefoot running triggers a decrease in stride length, which could lead to a decrease in GRFs and sagittal plane joint moments. When evaluating barefoot running as a potential option to reduce injury, it is important to consider the associated change in stride length.
Concentration of sugars, phenolic acids, and amino acids in forest soils exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3

Concentrations of soluble soil sugars, soluble phenolic acids, and free amino acids were measured in three forest communities at the FACTS-II Aspen FACE Site near Rhinelander, WI, in order to better understand how elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3 are influencing soil nutrient availability and cycling. Sugars, phenolic acids, and amino acids are mostly derived from plant and microbial processes, and have the potential to be influenced by changes in carbon inputs. We hypothesized that concentrations in the soil would parallel increases seen in biological activity, due to greater net primary productivity under elevated CO2 and seasonal patterns of root growth. Chemical analysis of soils revealed marginally significant increases of total soluble sugars and total soluble phenolic acids in the elevated CO2 treatment (+27 mg kg � 1 , +0.02mmol g � 1 ), but there were no significant differences in concentrations due to elevated O3 or CO2+O3. Total free amino acid concentrations were not affected by any of the treatments, but significant shifts in individual amino acids were observed. Elevated CO2 and the interaction treatment (elevated CO2+O3) increased aspartic acid concentrations, while elevated O3 treatment decreased the concentration of valine. Concentrations of sugars increased throughout the growing season, while phenolic acids were constant and amino acids decreased. The birch–aspen community had the highest concentration of phenolic acids and sugars overall, while maple–aspen had the lowest. These findings suggest that concentrations of soluble sugars, soluble phenolic acids, and free amino acids in the soil are strongly influenced by soil properties, plant and microbial activity, plant community composition, and to a lesser degree, changes in atmospheric CO2 and O3. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The geographic distribution of pubescence in the sea daisy, Borrichia aborescens, on Bahamian Islands

Borrichia aborescens (L.) DC. is a salt-tolerant perennial herb that is common on small islands in the central Bahamas. Two morphotypes are present: one with densely pubescent leaves and one with glabrous leaves. I conducted surveys in three archipelagos to document the geographical distribution of pubescence in this species and to infer the underlying mechanisms. B. aborescens was also grown from seed in a greenhouse. The pubescent form of B. aborescens was relatively more abundant on small islands than on nearby large ‘mainland’ islands. In two of the three archipelagoes, pubescence increased with distance on small islands. The pubescent form was relatively more abundant on small islands exposed to the open ocean compared to small islands that were protected by mainland islands or reefs on all sides. On a large mainland island, the pubescent form decreased in relative abundance inland from the coast. B. aborescens cultivated in a greenhouse revealed the effect of a genetic factor on the expression of pubescence. The observed patterns of variation are consistent with a physiological explanation for the adaptive benefit of pubescence. Trichomes may prevent physical blockage of the stomata by accumulation of salt in areas near breaking waves and salt spray.
Differential binding of VEGF isoforms to VEGF receptor 2 in the presence of neuropilin-1: a computational model.

Mac Gabhann, Feilim, and Aleksander S. Popel. Differential binding of VEGF isoforms to VEGF receptor 2 in the presence of neuropilin-1: a computational model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288: H2851‐H2860, 2005. First published February 11, 2005; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01218.2004.—A comprehensive, biophysically accurate, computational model of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family member interactions with endothelial cell surface receptors was developed to study angiogenesis. Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and the signaling VEGF receptor, VEGFR2, do not interact directly but are bridged by one VEGF isoform, VEGF165. Using the model and published experimental data, we estimated the kinetic rate of this VEGFR2-NRP1 coupling in vitro. With the use of this rate, our model gives predictions in good quantitative agreement with several independent in vitro experiments involving VEGF121 and VEGF165 isoforms, confirming that VEGFR2-NRP1 coupling through VEGF165 can fully explain the observed differences in receptor binding and phosphorylation in response to these isoforms. Model predictions also determine the mechanism of action of a commonly used NRP1 antibody and predict the results of potential future experiments. This is the first model to include VEGF isoforms or NRPs, and it is a necessary step toward a quantitative molecular level description of VEGF that can be extended to in vivo situations. The model has applications for both proangiogenic and antiangiogenic therapies, such as for heart disease and cancer, as well as in tissue engineering.
Passive remote sensing of three-layered anisotropic random media

A theoretical model for scattering and propagation of the electromagnetic wave in three-layered anisotropic random media is developed to study passive microwave remote sensing of Earth terrain media. The dyadic Green's functions (DGF) for three-layered anisotropic media, which are assumed to be tilted uniaxially, are used with the Born approximation to calculate the bistatic scattering coefficients and the emissivities. The theoretical results are used to interpret passive remote sensing data from multi-layered random media such as multi-year sea ice. >
Menopause Research and The Dominance of the Biomedical Model 1984-1994

Popular images and stereotypes of women in the menopausal age range are overwhelmingly negative. Because these stereotypes are likely both to influence and to be influenced by published scholarship, it is particularly important to examine conventional knowledge as it has been represented in science-based journals. In an effort to examine the extent and nature of the accepted knowledge base regarding menopause, a survey of both medical and psychological journal articles was conducted for the years 1984-1994. Publication trends revealed a predominance of articles based on a biomedical paradigm and the virtual absence of articles presenting alternative perspectives on midlife. Ten serious methodological problems common to this literature are delineated, including such fundamental errors as failure to acquire baseline data, lack of control groups, vague operational definitions, and blatantly pejorative language. We also discuss conceptual flaws implicit in the predominant paradigm, including the messages that...
Potential New Avenues of Treatment for Chronic Rhinosinusitis: an Anti-inflammatory Approach

Historically, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been thought of as predominantly an infectious process, and it has been treated with antibiotics and surgical drainage. Although many patients with CRS have an anatomical obstruction as the etiology for their disease, a significant portion of postsurgical patients continue to have CRS despite surgical and antibiotic therapies. Furthermore, the underlying etiology of chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis remains mostly unknown. The sinus mucosa in such patients contains an inflammatory infiltrate similar to that seen in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatic patients and consists of lymphocytes, mast cells, fibroblasts, goblet cells, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Patients who have CRS have an increased number of TH2 lymphocytes positive for interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, and interferon (IFN)-g in their sinus mucosa, suggesting an immunological mechanism, yet, less than 40% of patients with CRS were found to be atopic in a recent study [1]. In most cases, this does not appear to be an infectious process, but colonizing bacteria and fungi may act as immunostimulators or as superantigens to propagate this chronic inflammatory response seen in CRS. The model of infectious mucosal disease is that of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS), and histologic studies in people are limited. Studies of human ABRS have been limited primarily to examining inflammatory cells and cytokines in sinus exudative material. These studies are in general agreement with animal studies that have found a neutrophilic inflammatory response and the presence of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 in the exudate. In a rabbit model and in a mouse model, ABRS was shown to be associated with tissueinvasive bacteria, an intrasinus exudate composed primarily of neutrophils
Writing Research Reports for Publication Recommendations for New Authors

The purposes of this article are to highlight the salient, and sometimes invisible, features of the standard format for reporting research and to provide guidelines to help novice writers avoid some of the more frequent problems they encounter. First, we describe some general considerations about planning and writing for publication. Then, after discussing each of the five components of the research report (abstract, introduction, method, results, and discussion), we address questions about the writing and publishing process frequently posed by our students as they begin to conduct and disseminate research independently.
Critically Understanding Race‐Connected Practices: A Reading of W. E. B. Du Bois and Richard Wright

In this article, I argue that race-connected practices should be understood in their appropriate historical and geographical context. While race is mediated by language, texts, and interpretation, a reading of W. E. B. Du Bois and Richard Wright suggests that it is in some fundamental sense beyond text, located in space and time.
Performing the grade: urban Latino youth, gender performance, and academic success

This article examines the intersection of race, gender, class, and academic success through an ethnographic case study in a Texas charter high school. The 98% working-class, Latino student population was exposed to an array of stigmas ascribed to their persons based on negative social stereotypes of race, ethnicity, gender, and class due to the cultural and professional climate on campus. Gender expression was the primary mode of differentiation, given the relatively homogenous population, and used to stratify students learning potential. Racism, stigma, materiality, and teacher indifference work in conjunction with one another to disenfranchise Latino youth on this campus, and arguably US public education.
Towards Automatic Spatial Verification of Sensor Placement in Buildings

Most large, commercial buildings contain thousands of sensors that are manually deployed and managed. These sensors are used by software and firmware processes to analyze and control building operations. Many such processes rely on sensor placement information in order to perform correctly. However, as buildings evolve and building subsystems grow and change, managing placement information becomes burdensome and error-prone. An automatic verification process is needed. We investigate empirical methods to automate spatial verification. We find that a spatial clustering algorithm is able to classify relative sensor locations -- for 15 sensors, spread across five rooms in a building -- with 93.3% accuracy, 13% better than a k-means clustering-based baseline method. Analysis on the raw time series data has a classification accuracy of only 53%. By decomposing the signal into intrinsic modes and performing correlation analysis, an observable, statistical boundary emerges that corresponds to a physical one. These results may suggest that automatic verification of placement information is possible.
Controls over leaf litter decomposition in wet tropical forests

Tropical forests play a substantial role in the global carbon (C) cycle and are projected to experience significant changes in climate, highlighting the importance of understanding the factors that control organic matter decomposition in this biome. In the tropics, high temperature and rainfall lead to some of the highest rates of litter decomposition on earth, and given the near-optimal abiotic conditions, litter quality likely exerts disproportionate control over litter decomposition. Yet interactions between litter quality and abiotic variables, most notably precipitation, remain poorly resolved, especially for the wetter end of the tropical forest biome. We assessed the importance of variation in litter chemistry and precipitation in a lowland tropical rain forest in southwest Costa Rica that receives >5000 mm of precipitation per year, using litter from 11 different canopy tree species in conjunction with a throughfall manipulation experiment. In general, despite the exceptionally high rainfall in this forest, simulated throughfall reductions consistently suppressed rates of litter decomposition. Overall, variation between species was greater than that induced by manipulating throughfall and was best explained by initial litter solubility and lignin:P ratios. Collectively, these results support a model of litter decomposition in which mass loss rates are positively correlated with rainfall up to very high rates of mean annual precipitation and highlight the importance of phosphorus availability in controlling microbial processes in many lowland tropical forests.
Elections and violence

No subject attracts political scientists more than elections do. Still, the intimate link with violence has scarcely been noticed. A sparse recent literature exists on how ballots may eliminate bullets in civil war settlements: questions concerning why ballots create occasions for bullets and the relationship between violence‐producing and violence‐reducing propensities of elections are ignored. This article aims to help fill the gap. It treats election as a mode of succession, noting that the succession moment is normally the most dangerous recurring one in all political systems. We compare election with heredity, its chief historical rival, to see how the different character of each shapes violence patterns. Hereditary systems require, but rarely achieve, clarity in establishing claim priorities. Election requirements are ‘fairness’ (competitors ‘bend’ rules) and ‘conciliation’ (divisions are created which must be reconciled). The final section offers a brief taxonomy of typical justifications for initi...
Perturbing the Copper(III)–Hydroxide Unit through Ligand Structural Variation

Two new ligand sets, pipMeLH2 and NO2LH2 (pipMeL = N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-2,6-dicarboxamide, NO2L = N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropyl-4-nitrophenyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide), are reported which are designed to perturb the overall electronics of the copper(III)–hydroxide core and the resulting effects on the thermodynamics and kinetics of its hydrogen-atom abstraction (HAT) reactions. Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for the O–H bonds of the corresponding Cu(II)–OH2 complexes were measured that reveal that changes in the redox potential for the Cu(III)/Cu(II) couple are only partially offset by opposite changes in the pKa, leading to modest differences in BDE among the three compounds. The effects of these changes were further probed by evaluating the rates of HAT by the corresponding Cu(III)–hydroxide complexes from substrates with C–H bonds of variable strength. These studies revealed an overarching linear trend in the relationship between the log k (where k is the second-order rate...
7Black Cultural Studies

This chapter is divided into three sections: 1. Psychoanalysis and Race; 2. Visual Culture; 3. Music, Literature, and Culture.
Description and flight performance of two systems for two-segment approach

This paper describes two different avionic systems which were designed and developed to provide guidance and control for two-segment noise abatement approaches. The concept of a low-cost retrofit avionic system evolved into a special-purpose two-segment computer which required a DME collocated with the ILS glide-slope transmitter. This system was evaluated in a Boeing 727-200 aircraft. The second system is an area navigation (RNAV) system modified to include the two-segment approach. This system is more sophisticated than the first system and does not restrict usage to any specific navigation ground aid. The modified RNAV system is a Collins ANS-70A and is currently being evaluated in a DC-8-61 aircraft.
The Multi-Product Production Cycling Problem

Abstract The multi-product production cycling problem is concerned with the determination of a production/inventory policy for a single capacitated production facility which is dedicated to producing a family of products. This paper studies this problem assuming stochastic demand. The one-product problem may be analyzed as a Markov decision problem and solved as such. For the multi-product problem, a heuristic decision rule is proposed based on the analysis of the one-product problem, and a new notion: the composite product. This heuristic is then tested by simulation on a series of problems, and is shown to be the most effective of the heuristics considered for the set of test problems
Making hard choices: rationing health care services.

When the word rationing is used in health care, it immediately evokes strong emotions, and usually in a negative connotation. Politicians favoring status quo certainly employ the word to generate f...
Thermochromism, the Alexandrite Effect, and Dynamic Jahn–Teller Distortions in Ho2Cu(TeO3)2(SO4)2

A 3d–4f heterobimetallic material with mixed anions, Ho2Cu(TeO3)2(SO4)2, has been prepared under hydrothermal conditions. Ho2Cu(TeO3)2(SO4)2 exhibits both thermochromism and the Alexandrite effect. Variable temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction and UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy reveal that changes in the CuII coordination geometry result in negative thermal expansion of axial Cu–O bonds that plays a role in the thermochromic transition of Ho2Cu(TeO3)2(SO4)2. Magnetic studies reveal an effective magnetic moment of 14.97 μB. which has a good agreement with the calculated value of 15.09 μB.
Hydrogen Sulfide Signaling in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract Significance: The current literature regarding the effects of the gaseous signal molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the gastrointestinal system is reviewed. Bacterial, host and pharmaceutical-derived H2S are all considered and presented according to the physiological or pathophysiological effects of the gaseous signal molecule. These subjects include the toxicology of intestinal H2S with emphasis on bacterial-derived H2S, especially from sulfate-reducing bacteria, the role of endogenous and exogenous H2S in intestinal inflammation, and the roles of H2S in gastrointestinal motility, secretion and nociception. Recent Advances: While its pro- and anti-inflammatory, smooth muscle relaxant, prosecretory, and pro- and antinociceptive actions continue to remain the major effects of H2S in this system; recent findings have expanded the potential molecular targets for H2S in the gastrointestinal tract. Critical Issues: Numerous discrepancies remain in the literature, and definitive molecular targets in th...
Predatory Arthropods: Seasonal Rise and Decline of Populations in Cotton Fields in the Mississippi Delta

Populations of predatory arthropods in insecticide free cotton fields varied in number and species composition during the growing seasons of 1972, 1973, and 1974 though there were definite trends. In general, populations increased between June and July, peaked in late July or early Aug., and decreased sharply after mid-Aug. Populations usually peaked near or soon after the peak squaring of cotton. Many fields were without significant number of predators for control of bollworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and Heliothis virescens (F.), during the period of their peak population which begins in Aug. and may extend through Sept.