cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced cytotoxicity of CZ48, a lactone-stablized C20-propionate, by farnesyltransferase inhibitor in lung cancer cell lines

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 4942 Objective. CZ48, a lactone-stablized camptothecin-C20-propionate, exerts S-phase specific cytotoxicity after its hydrolysis to camptothecin. Manumycin A (MA), a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, induces cell rest at G1 phase. This study was to test the hypothesis that the cytotoxic activity of CZ48 in lung cancer cell lines could be enhanced by MA through the combination of the distinct cell cycle-specific activities of the two agents. Methods. CZ48 was evaluated at 0.103-25 μM alone, or in combination with MA at 0.25-25 μM for cytotoxicity in five human non-small cell lung cancer cell (NSCLC) lines, H1734 (adenocarcinoma, p53 wild type), H522 (adenocarcinoma, p53 mutated), H460 (pleural effusion, p53 wild type), H358 (bronchioalveolar carcinoma, p53 null) and H2444 (epithelial NSCLC from non-smoker). Cells of 2x104/100 μl medium were inoculated in 96-well plates and incubated at 37oC for 24 hr. CZ48 with or without MA were added and incubated with the cells for 48 hr. The cell survival in each well was monitored by XTT assay. The cell line sensitivity to cytotoxicity of CZ48 was established by IC50 for each cell line. The enhancing effect of MA on the cytotoxicity of CZ48 was characterized for individual cell lines. Results. H1734 was most sensitive to CZ48 treatment with IC50 of 0.8 μM, followed by H358 of 15 μM. The remaining three lines, H2444, H522 and H460 were insensitive to CZ48 treatments with IC50 of > 25 μM. The IC50 of MA in these lines were 10, 10.5, 15, 4 and 6 μM, respectively. The cytotoxicity of CZ48 was significantly enhanced by MA. The IC50 values of CZ48 were reduced from 0. 8 to 0.3 μM with 3 μM of MA in H1734; and from 15 to 2.8, 0.9, 0.3 and 0.1 μM with 0.7, 1, 1.7 and 2 μM of MA, respectively, in H358. The IC50 in insensitive lines were substantially reduced from 25 μM to 0.3 μM with 10.5 μM of MA in H2444, 0.9 μM with 3 μM of MA in H522, and 0.3 μM with 3.5 μM of MA in H460. Conclusions. The combination of CZ48 with MA exerts significant enhanced cytotoxic effects on the five NSCLC lines with various etiology and p53 expressions, and warrants further in vivo evaluations.
Practice Makes (Nearly) Perfect: Solving ‘Students‐and‐Professors’‐Type Algebra Word Problems

Summary: Three experiments with university students (Ns=40, 36, and 36) who were non-math majors explicitly examined whether repetition in performing ‘students-and-professors’-type algebra word problems, which have been shown in the past to be vexingly difficult even for more advanced students, would spontaneously lead to higher rates of correct answers. Word order and situation model specificity were also examined to determine their effects on the rate of improvement. The strongest predictor of students producing correct equations (i.e., not producing the typical ‘reversal error’) was practice: In all experiments, participants spontaneously improved in equation accuracy almost to ceiling levels as they progressed, despite receiving no feedback. Tentative support is provided for the pedagogical value of repetition in solving problems, along with varying the wording of the problems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. In a recent comparison of Common Core standards in mathematics education in the USA (http://www.corestandards.org/) and existing state standards, Porter, McMaken, Hwang, and Yang (2011) also compared the Common Core standards with those of three high-performing countries (Finland, Japan, and Singapore). They found a much greater emphasis on ‘perform procedures’—that is, on doing more problems rather than focusing on higher-level conceptualization—in the highperforming countries than in the US Common Core or state standards. Porter et al. suggested, very tentatively, that this fact may point toward a re-evaluation of the de-emphasis in the USA on solving greater numbers of routine problems. The motivation for the research reported here was to test the degree to which college-aged students’ accuracy in solving ‘students-and-professors’ problems would benefi tf rom repeated exposure to the same sort of problem. This type of problem, for example, ‘Write an equation using the variables S and P to represent the following statement: “There are six times as many students as professors at this university.” Use S for the number of students and P for the number of professors’, has received considerable attention from math educators and cognitive psychologists over the past three decades since Clement and collaborators (Clement, 1982;
Molecular basis of atrial fibrillation: a dream or a reality?

Abstract AF is a difficult disease to treat because of the numerous (ischemic, metabolic, inflammatory, structural) mechanisms contributing to its etiology. AF persistence requires both an adequate tissue substrate for reentrant activity and triggers to initiate the arrhythmia. In a few interesting instances, AF may have a monogenic cause. Although there are common electrophysiologic characteristics of myocytes from a variety of AF models and clinical presentations, it is unrealistic to expect that all patients will respond equally to the same interventions. Thus, patients with AF of an inflammatory etiology may respond better to anti-inflammatory therapies, whereas those with enlarged atria secondary to valvular disease may require surgery. Some may respond better to ablation than others. However, the heterogeneity of the substrate does not negate the value of searching for the underlying molecular mechanisms. As we begin to comprehend these mechanisms in greater detail, the dream of using individualized rational therapies will come closer to reality.
Homeland security simulation domain: a needs analysis overview

The effective use of modeling, simulation, and analysis (MSA) applications could greatly enhance our nation's ability to achieve homeland security goals. The development of MSA applications has been conducted largely on an ad hoc and piecemeal basis. There is very little, if any, coordination of MSA development activities across government agencies, the research community, the commercial software sector, and various standards organizations. Without coordination and appropriate standards, there is little possibility of software re-use or the establishment of reference data sets that meet homeland security needs. A needs analysis for MSA applications is the first step to the identification of standards requirements. NIST is conducting a needs analysis for the Department of Homeland Security in this area. This paper provides a high level overview of a needs analysis for the homeland security simulation-modeling domain. The modeling domain gives an indication about what is being simulated or the dynamics of the simulation, i.e., the ways in which real world behaviors, processes, phenomena, or effects are generated. Major groupings of modeling domains for categorizing simulations include Social Behavior; Physical Phenomenon; Environment; Economic; Organization; Infrastructure System; and Other System, Equipment, and Tool. The paper briefly describes needs for each of these MSA domains.
Stable service placement on dynamic peer-to-peer networks: a heuristic for the distributed k-center problem

The proliferation of wireless networks has underscored the need for systems capable of coping with sporadic network connectivity. The restriction of communication to neighboring hosts makes determining the global state especially difficult, if not impractical. This paper addresses the problem of coordinating the positions of an arbitrary number of services, encapsulated by mobile agents, in a dynamic peer-to-peer network. The agents' collective goal is to minimize the distance between hosts and services, even if the topology is changing constantly. We propose a distributed algorithm to efficiently calculate the stationary distribution of the network. This can be used as a hill climbing heuristic for agents to find near-optimal locations at which to provide services. Finally, we show that the agent-based hill climbing approach is temporally-stable relative to the instantaneous optimum.
Justice and the Cultural Heritage Movement: Using Environmental Justice to Appraise Art and Antiquities Disputes

What does justice require? This paper aims to spark a conversation about the role of justice in art and antiquities disputes by introducing the concept of cultural justice. Borrowing from a principle known as environmental justice, cultural justice allows the application of critical scrutiny to the law and norms that govern cultural heritage. The history of environmental justice — including both its successes and failures — offers important lessons for the cultural heritage movement. Environmental and cultural injustice plagues the same nations and groups: Africa, Central and South America, and indigenous groups are denied the same environmental and cultural benefits. The cultural heritage movement has been subject to the same criticisms as the environmental justice movement, but has not had the benefit of an animating theoretical framework. The law strains to resolve art and antiquities disputes. Examining disputes through the lens of cultural justice allows us to move beyond thinking about art in terms of keeping it in museums (or the art trade) or returning it to its nation of origin. This paper applies Rawls’s theory of justice to cultural heritage and presents a taxonomy of cultural justice, examining in detail its distributive, procedural, corrective, and social aspects. Thinking about cultural justice allows a deeper understanding of the reasons why cultural heritage disputes are so difficult to resolve. By considering cultural justice, we can also begin to define the limits of what law and policy can do to remedy historical and contemporary art taking. These limits have eluded cultural heritage advocates, subjecting the cultural heritage movement to broad criticisms.
Family Communication Standards

Despite a burgeoning literature about relational standards (i.e., individuals' ideals for what relationships should be like), little is known about the standards by which people judge communication in families. The 3 studies described in this article address several aspects of this gap in our understanding. First, through analytical induction of participants' descriptions of family communication standards, 15 different communication standards emerged. Two factor analyses based on these standards suggested that 10 distinct underlying dimensions describe participants' family communication standards. Second, individuals' endorsements of the various standards were compared with reports of their family's communication behaviors in order to determine whether the standards themselves (i.e., distressful ideals) or discrepancies between the standards and perceptions of behaviors (i.e., unmet ideals) were associated with individuals' satisfaction with their family. The findings suggested that both distressful ideals and unmet ideals are associated with family satisfaction. Third, certain family communication standards moderated the connection between perceptions of family behaviors and individuals' family satisfaction. The results were consistent with the notion that family communication standards are related to, but distinct from, general family communication schemata.
Heat Kernel Asymptotic Expansion on Unbounded Domains with Polynomially Confining Potentials

In this paper we analyze the small-t asymptotic expansion of the trace of the heat kernel associated with a Laplace operator endowed with a spherically symmetric polynomially confining potential on the unbounded, d-dimensional Euclidean space. To conduct this study, the trace of the heat kernel is expressed in terms of its partially resummed form which is then represented as a Mellin-Barnes integral. A suitable contour deformation then provides, th rough the use of Cauchy’s residue theorem, closed formulas for the coeffi cients of the asymptotic expansion. The general expression for the asymptotic expansion, valid for any dimension and any polynomially confining potential, is then specialized to two particular cases: the general quartic an d sestic oscillator potentials.
Calendar Spreads in China Stock Index Futures

The successful functioning of global stock index futures markets depends heavily upon the efficient execution of two essential recurring transactions: calendar spreads and stock index arbitrage. In the final weeks preceding a futures expiration calendar transactions dominate order flow in a dramatic fashion making economical execution of critical importance for the health of the market. As frequent and familiar as calendar spread orders are there is surprisingly little written about these essential futures transactions. For China's CSI 300 futures there is no literature at all. Using recent CSI 300 futures data this article seeks to address the central characteristics of calendar spreads and the important uses for this transaction type in China's newest futures market. Establishing the legitimacy of this type of order in CSI 300 futures along with suitable margin controls is essential to ensuring the willingness of both domestic and foreign investors to seek participation in China's important growing capital market.
Natural resource extraction and civil conflict

Abstract Based on evidence linking natural resources to civil conflict, this paper studies two armed groups fighting to control a resource and possibly a second prize. Labor is used in the agricultural, resource extraction and conflict sectors, and the groups also buy a capital input to conflict subject to the constraint that capital spending cannot exceed resource earnings. I find that exogenous shocks can have different effects on conflict intensity depending on whether the credit constraint binds. In particular, international policies to ban natural resource exports from conflict zones (e.g. ‘blood diamonds’), raise agricultural productivity or limit the import of weapons will limit conflict intensity if the credit constraint binds. However, if the credit constraint does not bind, then the first two policies promote conflict, and so could even the third policy. The results therefore suggest some caution in international policymaking.
Brainstem projections to the frontal eye field in cat.

Abstract Small injections of HRP into physiologically identified subdivisions of cat FEF reveal afferents from areas in the brainstem known to have oculomotor functions.
Comparison of different models for ground-level atmospheric turbulence strength (Cn 2 ) prediction with a new model according to local weather data for FSO applications

Atmospheric parameters strongly affect the performance of free-space optical communication (FSOC) systems when the optical wave is propagating through the inhomogeneous turbulence transmission medium. Developing a model to get an accurate prediction of the atmospheric turbulence strength (Cn2) according to meteorological parameters (weather data) becomes significant to understand the behavior of the FSOC channel during different seasons. The construction of a dedicated free-space optical link for the range of 0.5 km at an altitude of 15.25 m built at Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu) is described in this paper. The power level and beam centroid information of the received signal are measured continuously with weather data at the same time using an optoelectronic assembly and the developed weather station, respectively, and are recorded in a data-logging computer. Existing models that exhibit relatively fewer prediction errors are briefed and are selected for comparative analysis. Measured weather data (as input factors) and Cn2 (as a response factor) of size [177,147×4] are used for linear regression analysis and to design mathematical models more suitable in the test field. Along with the model formulation methodologies, we have presented the contributions of the input factors’ individual and combined effects on the response surface and the coefficient of determination (R2) estimated using analysis of variance tools. An R2 value of 98.93% is obtained using the new model, model equation V, from a confirmatory test conducted with a testing data set of size [2000×4]. In addition, the prediction accuracies of the selected and the new models are investigated during different seasons in a one-year period using the statistics of day, week-averaged, month-averaged, and seasonal-averaged diurnal Cn2 profiles, and are verified in terms of the sum of absolute error (SAE). A Cn2 prediction maximum average SAE of 2.3×10−13 m−2/3 is achieved using the new model in a longer range of dynamic meteorological parameters during the different local seasons.
Spontaneous canine gliomas: overexpression of EGFR, PDGFRα and IGFBP2 demonstrated by tissue microarray immunophenotyping

Fifty-seven spontaneous canine gliomas were histologically classified and graded using the latest World Health Organization (WHO 2007) criteria for classification of human gliomas. A total of 19 canine astrocytomas were classified as follows: grade IV (GBM) n = 7; grade III n = 5; and grade II, n = 7. Thirty-eight oligodendrogliomas were classified as either grade III (anaplastic) n = 35 or low grade II n = 3. Tissue microarray (TMA) immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate tumor expression of EGFR, PDGFRa and IGFBP2, three key molecules of known pathophysiological importance in human gliomas. Findings were correlated with tumor classification and grade. Increased EGFR expression was demonstrated in 57% of GBMs, 40% of grade III and 28% of grade II astrocytomas. EGFR expression occurred in only 3% of grade III oligodendrogliomas. Increased expression of PDGFRα was demonstrated in 43% of GBMs, 20% of grade III, and 14% of grade II astrocytomas. In the oligodendroglioma series, 94% of grade III tumors overexpressed PDGFRα. IGFBP2 expression was detected in 71, 60 and 28% of GBMs, grade III and grade II astrocytomas respectively. IGFBP2 expression occurred in 48% of anaplastic and in 33% of low grade oligodendrogliomas. Expression of EGFR, PDGFRα or IGFBP2 was not detected in normal canine CNS control TMA cores. The incidence of overexpression of EGFR, PDGFRα and IGFBP2 in these canine gliomas closely parallels that in human tumors of similar type and grade. These findings support a role for the spontaneous canine glioma model in directed pathway-targeting therapeutic studies.
GaSb-InAs n-TFET With Doped Source Underlap Exhibiting Low Subthreshold Swing at Sub-10-nm Gate-Lengths

In this letter, a sub-10-nm n-type GaSb-InAs heterojuction tunnel field-effect transistor (Het-j TFET), having n + -doped underlap layer of InAs between source and channel is proposed, which exhibits low subthreshold swing (SS) over a large range of currents. The proposed device is compared with conventional p-i-n GaSb-InAs Het-j TFET having the same physical gate length of 9 nm. Using ballistic tight binding-based Non-Equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF)-Poisson quantum simulations, we present I D - V GS curves and band diagrams for both the devices and provide analytical justification for the observed improvement in the SS. We also study the variations in device characteristics due to the length and doping of the underlap layer in the proposed device. It is observed that an underlap length of 6 nm is optimal to achieve a low SS in the proposed device.
Suppression of plasmon losses in metamaterials by means of parametric bichromatic irradiation

Novel mechanism of suppression losses in plasmonic subsystem in metals and semiconductors is suggested. If two parametrically coupled fields are applied to a metal plasma, a non-linearity of the transport equation affects the electric response, or the permittivity. If the coupling constant between the probe wave and the support wave is small, the permittivity, at the frequency of the probe wave, is still Drude-like, with the re-normalized plasmon frequency. In the case of a strong coupling, unusual response effects are possible (the induced transparency and the considerable suppression of the plasmon losses), with profoundly non-Drude permittivity function.
Multi-scale flowsheet simulation of an integrated continuous purification-downstream pharmaceutical manufacturing process.

Abstract Properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients influence the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of final solid dosage forms (e.g. tablets). In the last decade, continuous manufacturing has been shown to be a promising alternative to batch processing in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, a quantitative model-based analysis of the influence of upstream API properties on downstream processing quality metrics will lead to enhanced QbD in pharmaceutical drug product manufacturing ( Benyahia et al., 2012 ). In this study, a dynamic flowsheet simulation of an integrated API purification step (crystallization), followed by filtration and drying, with a downstream process (powder mixing) is presented. Results show that the temperature profile of a cooling crystallization process influences the crystal size distribution which in turn impacts the RSD and API concentration of the powder mixing process, which in turn has a direct effect on tablet properties ( Boukouvala et al., 2012 ). A hybrid PBM–DEM model is also presented to demonstrate the coupling of particle-scale information with process-scale information leading to enhanced elucidation of the dynamics of the overall flowsheet simulation.
An analysis of exchangeable debt offers

Abstract Exchangeable debt is convertible into the common stock of a target firm in which the issuing firm has an ownership position. It signifies a potential change in the issuing firm's asset composition through the divestiture of the ownership stake in the target firm. We find that announcements of exchangeable debt offers are associated with insignificant abnormal returns for the shareholders of issuing firms. The target firm's share price declines, however, when an exchangeable debt offer is announced. This result is consistent with the offer's potential to reduce the ownership concentration of the target firm's common stock.
Pro)renin receptor is expressed in human retinal pigment epithelium and participates in extracellular matrix remodeling.

The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is believed to potentiate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), conferring to prorenin, a likely pathological role at tissue level. The PRR has been identified in the microvascular endothelial cells of the retina, in which it seems to be involved in pathological neovascularization processes. In the present study, we sought to explore PRR expression and prorenin action in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, as well as its potential implication in extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. Isolated RPE cells from donor human eyes as well as freshly isolated human retinas demonstrated expression of PRR at mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, we demonstrate that PRR expressed in the RPE cells is functional, as shown by prorenin-induced increases in Erk1/2 phosphorylation. PRR expression was also shown to be regulated by its main physiological agonist prorenin. We found evidence that the PRR may be involved in ECM-remodeling processes through a prorenin-induced upregulation of type I collagen. Immunostaining analysis of human retinas revealed higher PRR and type I collagen expression in the RPE of eye donors with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and hypertension, supporting the in vitro findings using human-isolated RPE cells. Taken together, the present study demonstrates for the first time that the PRR is expressed in human RPE and suggests a molecular mechanism by which hypertension may exacerbate the pathology of dry AMD.
Chemical Metallurgy in the Vapor Phase

Abstract Most of this century, chemical metallurgy has been associated with extractive and refining processes involving primarily metal and slag (oxide, fluoride, etc. ) phases in the liquid state. In the past 20 years, a new dimension to chemical metallurgy has come up involving the vapor phase, via processes such as chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition and their derivatives This paper deals with the vapor phase chemical metallurgy processes and the various materials that can be derived. For example, carbide, nitride, oxide and other refractory compound coatings with controlled stoichiometry can be produced. This has resulted in many new applications in tribology, optics, microelectronics and related disciplines. The latest developments involve coating of metastable materials like cubic boron nitride, diamond, i-carbon, etc.
On the Convergence of Generalized Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms

In this paper, we generalize the widely used simultaneous block iterative reconstruction algorithm and show that it converges, at a linear rate, to a weighted least-squares and weighted minimum-norm reconstruction. Our theoretical result provides a much simpler proof of the convergence properties obtained by Jiang and Wang and covers a much more general class of algorithms. The frequency domain iterative reconstruction algorithm is then introduced as a special application of our theory
An empirical test of a new theory of human needs

Abstract This study was concerned with developing and testing an alternative to Maslow's theory and to a simple frustration hypothesis for the problem of relating need-satisfaction to strength of desires. The alternative theory is based on a three-fold conceptualization of human needs: existence, relatedness, and growth (E.R.G.), It does not assume lower-level satisfaction as a prerequisite for the emergence of higher-order needs. It does include propositions relating the impact of higher-order frustration to the strength of lower-order needs. Empirical tests of differential predictions among Maslow's theory, the simple frustration hypothesis, and E.R.G. theory were conducted by a questionnaire study with 110 employees at several job levels from a bank. The results tended to support E.R.G. theory more than Maslow's theory or the simple frustration hypothesis.
Flexible graphite as a heating element

Abstract Flexible graphite is an effective heating element. It provides temperatures up to 980 °C (though burn-off occurs in air at 980 °C), response half-time down to 4 s, and heat output at 60 s up to 5600 J. The electrical energy for heating by 1 °C is 1–2 J in the initial portion of rapid temperature rise. The temperature and heat output increase with decreasing thickness and with increasing power.
Encountering methodology through art: A Deleuzoguattarian territory of action research

The philosophy of Deleuze, and his collaborative work with Guattari, has begun to appear in the field of action research. This article seeks to build on this scholarship through a discussion of the literature in which Deleuzoguattarian concepts are used to reconsider action research methodology. Framing action research as territory, I suggest that artmaking can facilitate the creation of new ideas, thus initiating the process of deterritorialization. For an examination of the concepts used and the implications for action research methodology, I draw from my experience creating art as an action researcher with a local Somali nonprofit organization.
Pairing enhancement in Betts lattices with next nearest neighbor couplings: Exact results

Abstract Electron instabilities in the Hubbard model with the next nearest neighbor coupling are calculated by exact diagonalization in finite, two-dimensional Betts cells (lattices). A viable spin and charge coherent pairing, signaled by quantum critical points and a negative charge gap region, is found in 8- and 10-site Betts lattices at small and moderate U regions consistent with our exact results in elementary bipartite geometries [Phys. Rev. B 78 (2008) 075431]. The contour isolines for continuous temperature driven-crossover between the Mott–Hubbard insulating and coherent pairing phases are demonstrated. The criteria for smooth and abrupt phase transitions are found for systematic enhancement of coherent pairing by optimization of the next nearest neighbor coupling parameter.
Evaluation of the addition of potassium chloride to lidocaine as an anesthetic in dentistry

Quality of anesthesia produced by lidocaine alone and in combination with potassium chloride or epinephrine showed differences in double blind tests conducted with patients and volunteers. Lidocaine with epinephrine seemed to have the most desirable qualities. However, lidocaine with potassium chloride may be valuable for patients with cardiovascular disease.
Antioxidant metabolism of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treated ‘Empire’ apples during controlled atmosphere storage

Abstract ‘Empire’ apples [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] are susceptible to development of firm flesh browning during controlled atmosphere storage. The browning is thought to be a chilling injury and therefore fruit are typically stored at 2–3 °C to avoid fruit damage. However, flesh browning can be enhanced by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment at these warmer temperatures. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of 1-MCP on the antioxidant systems of ‘Empire’ apple fruit stored at 2 kPa O2/2 kPa CO2 at either 0.5 °C or 3.3 °C for up to 40 weeks. Lightness (L*) and hue angle (h°) changes of the flesh tissues were correlated with development of flesh browning. Nitroblue tetrazolium reducing activity was lower in 1-MCP treated fruit, but while changes in H2O2, MDA, ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate, reduced and oxidized glutathione concentrations, and the activities of associated enzymes were affected by storage temperature and 1-MCP treatment, no consistent patterns of change were detected. Partial least squares regression analysis revealed that the activity of ascorbate peroxidase might be the candidate metabolite in flesh browning development at 3.3 °C, but overall, the results do not reveal a direct role of antioxidant metabolism during development of flesh browning in ‘Empire’ apples.
Building Ethical Community

In response to a perceived yearning for community in the modern urbanU.S., a definition of community is advanced, and a distinction is drawn between moral and ethical community. The problems of imposing moral community on diverse urban societies are considered and an argument is advanced for building ethical community. The necessity for a deliberative conversation among members of an ethical community is discussed and some of the current means for conducting it are examined. Following a discussion of the role of experts in these conversations, the implications for academic programs are drawn out. The article concludes with 7 steps toward building ethical community.
The Worldwide Availability of Phosphate Rock

The US Bureau of Mines has investigated the resource potential of 201 phosphate mines and depositee in 28 market economy countries and 17 mines and deposits in the USSR and China. The 201 mines and deposits contain an estimated 34.2 billiong tonnes (t) of recoverable phosphate rock (at the demonstrated resource level), with Morocco and Western Sahara accounting for 61% (21 billion t) and with the USA accounting for 19% (6.4 billion t). The 17 mines and deposits evaluated in the USSR and China contain approximately 1.5 billion t of potentially recoverable phosphate rock. Potential annual capacity from low-cost, high-grade producing mines in the USA is estimated to decline significantly during the latter half of the next decade, and the US phosphate fertilizer industry will have to obtain phosphate rock by developing new, higher-cost, lower-grade mines or import phosphate rock to satisfy anticipated demand in the next century. Of the world's new production capacity that are likely to be developed over the next decade, slightly over one-third could be produced at an estimated 1981 cost of $40/t or less, and about two-thirds would cost in the $40 to $50 per tonne range (including a 15% rate of return). In comparison, most of the competing phosphate rock from producing mines in Morocco could be produced for less than $40/t.
Application of logic synthesis to the understanding and cure of genetic diseases

In the quest to understand and cure genetic diseases such as cancer, the fundamental approach being taken is undergoing a gradual change. It is becoming more acceptable to view these diseases as an engineering problem, and systems engineering approaches are becoming more accepted as a means to tackle genetic diseases. In this light, we believe that logic synthesis techniques can play a very important role. Several techniques from the field of logic synthesis can be adapted to assist in the arguably huge effort of modeling and controlling such diseases. The set of genes that control a particular genetic disease can be modeled as a Finite State Machine (FSM) called the Gene Regulatory Network (GRN). Important problems include (i) inferring the GRN from observed gene expression data from patients and (ii) assuming that such a GRN exists, determining the "best" set of drugs so that the disease is "maximally" cured. In this paper, we report initial results on the application of logic synthesis techniques that we have developed to address both these problems. In the first technique, we present Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) based approaches to infer the logical support of each gene that regulates melanoma, using gene expression data from patients of the disease. From the output of such a tool, biologists can construct targeted experiments to understand the logic functions that regulate a particular gene. The second technique assumes that the GRN is known, and uses a weighted partial Max-SAT formulation to find the set of drugs with the least side-effects, that steer the GRN state towards one that is closest to that of a healthy individual, in the context of colon cancer. Our group is currently exploring the application of several other logic techniques to a variety of related problems in this domain.
Effect of dieldrin exposure on detour behavior in sheep.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide (dieldrin) on detour behavior in sheep. The visibility of the goal object and its distance behind the barrier were also studied. Dieldrin exposure did not significantly affect detour behavior. The distance of the goal object from the barrier, and the visibility of the goal object produced no reliable differences.
Idiopathic Epicardial Left Ventricular Tachycardia Originating Remote From the Sinus of Valsalva Electrophysiological Characteristics, Catheter Ablation, and Identification From the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram

Background— Despite the success of catheter ablation for treatment of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT), occasional patients have been reported in whom VT could not be ablated from the right or left ventricular endocardium or from the aortic sinus of Valsalva (ASOV). Methods and Results— In 12 of 138 patients (9%) with idiopathic VT referred for ablation, an epicardial left ventricular site of origin was identified >10 mm from the ASOV. Coronary venous mapping demonstrated epicardial preceding endocardial activation by >10 ms (41±7 versus 15±11 ms before QRS onset; P<0.001). VT induction was facilitated by catecholamines and terminated by adenosine. Ablation through the coronary veins or via percutaneous transpericardial catheterization was successful in 9 patients; 2 required direct surgical ablation as a result of anatomic constraints. No ECG pattern was specific for epicardial VT. However, slowed initial precordial QRS activation, as quantified by a novel metric, the maximum deflection index, was...
Salton Sea Revisited: An Aesthetic Study of Realtime Lapse

Abstract The author’s work and research are guided by the study of the relationship between our body and space, primarily the space of the natural landscape devoid of the built environment. Salton Sea Revisited explores two aesthetic discoveries associated with realtime lapse. First, the emergence of data not perceivable in a moment-by-moment-based experience of time; second, insignificant moments become significant events through the simultaneous experience of time, heightening one’s experience of the landscape and one’s existence in that particular moment in time and space.
Calibration of robots used in high precision operations

Abstract This paper presents a procedure for calibrating industrial robots used in high precision operations such as electronic assembly. Included in this paper are a discussion of the calibration algorithm, the steps in using the calibration procedure, and the experimental results when inserting non-standard electronic components.
Direct-View Vidicon Scanning System for Spark Chambers

A vidicon camera tube furnishes an ideal means for directly viewing spark-chamber events. By digitizing spark locations initially, one can perform the subsequent circuit logic by digital-circuit techniques. Information stored on magnetic tape can be presented in a format suitable for immediate analysis by a computer. A recent system for scanning two views of 12 spark-chamber gaps is described along with plans for future developments.
Thermal decomposition of complexes of palladium(II) chloride with substituted pyridines

Abstract The thermal decomposition of solid complexes of palladium(II) chloride with pyridine and several methyl and dimethylpyridines has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry. In general, a linear relationship exists between the pKb values of the ligands and the activation energies for decomposition of the complexes. The variation of initiation temperatures for the decomposition with ligand basicities is interpreted in terms of a possible trans effect.
Pharmacological prevention of combat-related PTSD: a literature review

ABSTRACTPreventing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could have a significant positive impact on military readiness and quality of life. Few studies have examined whether pharmacological agents may prevent PTSD, and there has not been a systematic and critical review of these studies in order to guide future research efforts. We performed a literature review of articles examining the use of pharmacological agents for the prevention of PTSD. A total of 27 articles met inclusion criteria for the review and their results are summarized. The review points to corticosteroids and propranolol as the most promising agents for future research. γ-Amino butyric acid mimetic drugs received the least support. Complementary approaches using psychotherapy and pharmacological agents could also yield good results. Research aimed at determining the potential efficacy of these agents could start being carried out in the field with smaller numbers of personnel that has not been personally injured but have witnessed trauma...
Directional solidification of SiC-B4C eutectic: Growth and some properties☆

Abstract Directionally solidified SiC-B 4 C eutectic formed lamellar microstructures with no colonies if the solidification rate (R) was below 2cm/hr. It was determined that 〈001〉 of B 4 C and 〈111〉 of SiC were parallel to the eutectic growth direction, and that the interlamellar spacing was proportional to the inverse square root of solidification rate. The Knoop hardness increased with the increasing solidification rate. The minimum wear was found with compositions close to eutectic. At R ≈ 9cm/hr the most wear resistant specimens were obtained. SiC-B 4 C eutectic ingot solidified at approximately 9cm/hr had considerably better wear resistance than solidified B 4 C or hot pressed SiC.
Lp-norms of polynomials with positive real part

We derive an estimate for Δn, 1 = sup{(2π)−1 ∝02π¦p(eit)¦dt: p(z) = 1 + a1z + · · · + anzn, Re(p(z)) > 0 for ¦z¦ < 1}. In particular it is shown that Δn, 1 ⩽ 1 + log(C1(n + 1) + 1), where C1 = 0.686981293…, It is also shown that 2π ⩽ lim infn → ∞ Δn, 1log n. Finally, upper bounds are found for the Lp-norms of polynomials with positive real part on the unit disk.
Conference Proceedings at Publishing Crossroads

The potential intrinsic to electronic publishing provides conference conveners with the opportunity to position the papers presented to greater advantage of both authors and readers. Unfortunately, conference papers are being increasingly published in the most expensive vehicle, the formal peer-reviewed journal. This circumstance is counter-productive to the legitimate role of conference papers in scholarly communication. The experience at Caltech in electronically publishing the proceedings of an international conference shows that conference papers can be more effectively published online at significantly less cost thus increasing dissemination and access
Requirement of carbon dioxide for in vitro assembly of the urease nickel metallocenter

Assembly of protein metallocenters is not well understood. Urease offers a tractable system for examination of this process. Formation of the urease metallocenter in vivo is known to require four accessory proteins: UreD, postulated to be a urease-specific molecular chaperone; UreE, a nickel(II)-binding protein; and UreF and UreG, of unknown function. Activation of purified Klebsiella aerogenes urease apoprotein was accomplished in vitro by providing carbon dioxide (half-maximal activation at approximately 0.2 percent carbon dioxide) in addition to nickel ion. Activation coincided with carbon dioxide incorporation into urease in a pH-dependent reaction (pKa > or = 9, where Ka is the acid constant). The concentration of carbon dioxide also affected the amount of activation of UreD-urease apoprotein complexes. These results suggest that carbon dioxide binding to urease apoprotein generates a ligand that facilitates productive nickel binding.
Aspects of the chemistry of the two heme centers of cytochrome oxide

Abstract Derivatives of heme a have been examined by optical, MCD and EPR spectroscopy [1]. Five- and six-coordinate high-spin ferric species exhibit optical spectra recently classified as ‘Type a’ by Quinn et al. [2] while a low-spin bis-imidazole ferric derivative exhibits a ‘Type b’ spectrum. On reduction the visible spectrum of the low-spin derivative intensifies markedly and exhibits a single maximum at 589 nm; the visible spectrum of the high-spin species changes shape but the intensity is only slightly changed. The ferric high-spin compounds exhibits a transition in the near-infrared which has absorbance and MCD characteristics similar to the 655 nm band [3] of the resting enzyme. Composite spectra obtained by the addition of the individual spectra of the ferric high- and low-spin models and of the ferrous high- and low-spin models reproduce the essential features of the spectra of oxidized and reduced enzyme, respectively. The relative contributions of the high- and low-spin derivatives to the spectral changes at 589 nm produced by reduction are identical with those deduced by Vanneste [4] from an analysis of the visible spectra of the enzyme. Potentiometric measurements on the two heme centers confirms of stoichiometric reductive titrations [5] which showed that these heme centers have essentially identical electron affinities. However, parallel measurements of low-spin a+3 and a+2 by MCD do not provide any evidence for a low-to-high-spin transition of this heme center. Such a transition had been deduced earlier [5] from a comparison of the redox state of a+2 gauged by room-temperature MCD and a+3 as measured by EPR at 12 °K. We have measured Mossbauer spectra of resting enzyme, the resting enzyme-cyanide derivative and the reduced enzyme using 57Fe present in natural abundance. The Mossbauer parameters of these species are very similar to those recently reported for the enzyme isolated from Thermus thermophilus [6]. The isomer shift and quadrupole splitting for a+3 are 0.47 and 1.14 mm−1 sec−1; these values are quite inconsistent with assigning an oxidation state of IV to this center, as has recently been proposed [7, 8]. The values are, however, quite typical for high-spin Fe(III), a conclusion which may also be drawn from a comparison of the resonance Raman oxidation and spin-state markers for a+3 [9] and a+33 [10]. The Mossbauer parameters of the resting enzyme—cyanide derivative appear to be identical with those of the bacterial protein. It would therefore seem that this species is also a S = 1 ferromagnet, as deduced earlier by variable temperature MCD measurements [11].
A conserved gene structure and expression regulation of miR-433 and miR-127 in mammals.

MicroRNAs play essential roles in many cellular processes. However, limited information is available regarding the gene structure and transcriptional regulation of miRNAs. We explored the gene cluster encoding miR-433/127 in mammalian species using bioinformatics and in vitro “gene” expression approaches. Multiple sequence alignments (MSA) showed that the precursors of miR-433 and of miR-127 exhibited 95% and 100% similarity, respectively, in human, chimpanzee, horse, dog, monkey, rat, cow, and mouse. MSA of the promoter sequences of miR-433 and of miR-127 revealed lower sequence similarity among these mammalian species. However, the distance between miR-433 and miR-127 was strikingly similar, which was between 986 and 1007 bp and the position of transcription factor (TF) binding motifs, including estrogen related receptor response element (ERRE), was well conserved. Transient transfection assays showed that promoters of miR-433 and of miR-127 from human, rat, and dog were activated by estrogen related receptor gamma (ERRγ) and inhibited by small heterodimer partner (SHP). ChIP assays confirmed the physical association of ERRγ with the endogenous promoters of miR-433 and miR-127. In vitro over-expression of the human, rat, or dog miR-433/127 loci in cells, using an expression vector containing miR-433/127 and their promoter regions, markedly induced a differential expression of both primary and mature miR-433 and miR-127, indicating that miR-433 and miR-127 were possessed from their independent promoters. Our studies for the first time demonstrate a conserved gene structure and transcriptional regulation of miR-433 and miR-127 in mammals. The data suggest that the miR-433/127 loci may have evolved from a common gene of origin.
Recovery and abscopal effects after inhibitory x‐irradiation in earthworm regeneration

A seven step series of whole body irradiations beginning with 1,872 R and ending with 20,000 R showed that 10,000 R is not sufficient to block posterior regeneration from the fiftieth segment in the barnyard earthworm, Eisenia foetida but that 20,000 R is completely effective. With partial body irradiation at 20,000 or 30,000 R, if the five segments adjacent to the cut surface are exposed and the rest of the body shielded, there is no regeneration by the end of four weeks when controls have regenerated a mean of 34 segments and a minimum of 23 and stopped forming new ones. At the end of seven or more weeks all the partially irradiated worms had recovered and regenerated up to means of 17.3, 20.0, and even 26.3 segments. An abscopal effect was clearly evident in worms in which the first 40 segments were irradiated and the rest of the body, including the ten segments adjacent to the cut surface, shielded. All such worms regenerated without appreciable delay but markedly fewer segments than the controls. The question then arises as to why regenerating blastemas which are fully competent to regenerate a mean of 25 segments do not continue to proliferate until they have formed about 35 like the controls.
Estimation of hydrogen transfer rates over zeolite catalysts

Abstract A kinetic model has been developed to describe the product distribution of the reaction of cyclohexene on acidic zeolite catalysts. The model was used to estimate the rate constants for hydrogen transfer, isomerization, oligomerization, cracking and coking for various zeolite catalysts. Over Y-zeolites, the selectivity toward hydrogen transfer increases by a factor of 1.7 as the number of Al atoms per unit cell increases from 4.6 to 33.4. The selectivity toward hydrogen transfer can be correlated with the fraction of paired Al sites in the zeolite as estimated by a statistical calculation. Over zeolites of comparable silica to alumina ratio, the ratio of isomerization selectivity to hydrogen transfer selectivity was the highest for H-ZSM-5, followed by H-beta and REUSY.