cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirical note on the "number of factors" problem in factor analysis.

This paper illustrates a practical method for determining the number of factors to be extracted from a matrix of sample correlations. Although a number of criteria have been proposed (cf. Cattell, 1952; Harman, 1960), many are cumbersome, while those that are not often lead to contradictory decisions. Tryon ( 1960) has shown that in the use of tests suggested by Coombs ( 1941 ) and Tucker (Thurstone, 1938), the extraction of an additional factor after the criterion indicates that factoring should end often leads to a decision to extract still further faccors. That is, in some cases [he criterion for stopping is reached after extracting four factors, but if a fifth faccor is extracted the test may indicate further extraction. It is not likely chat statistical tests, such as Lnwley's ( 1940), which cause the number of factors to be a function of sample size (and significance level) will satisfy all factor analysts, e.g., if the same battery of tests is administered to samples of different sizes, Lawley's test may indicate different numbers of faccors in each case, complicating the problem of factorial invariance. The general practice has been to rely upon rules of thumb. Among these is the recommendation that principal axis factoring end at the point when eigenvalues fall below 1.00 (Harmar,, 1960, p. 363). Another common practice is to cease factoring when there is a sharp break in [he amount of variance reduction between two adjacent factors. Recently, Wrigley (1960) has offered a practical method for limiting factor extraction to common factors. This paper presents an illustration and excension of Wrigley's method. Wrigley (1960) has proposed overfactoring (drawing more than the assumed number of factors) and then using Varimax (Kaiser, 1958) or Quartimax (Neuhaus & Wrigley, 1954) to rocate successive numbers of factors. In this procedure one searches among the rotated factors of a solution for one having the highest loading of only one variable. If such a specific factor is found, the last factor from the principal axis solution is omitted and Varimax (or Quartimax) is reapplied. The procedure is repeated until that solucion is found in which each faccor contains the highest loadings of at least rwo (experimentally independent) variables. This method serves to limit factoring to the extraction of common factors. However, [here may still be certain ambiguities associated with some of these factors. The following example illustrates this and suggests a way of handling such ambiguities. As part of a larger smdyl behavioral data were obcained on che activities
Hopfield neural network based algorithms for image restoration and reconstruction. II. Performance analysis

For pt. I see ibid., vol.48, no.7, p.2105-18 (2000). In this paper, we analyze four typical sequential Hopfield (1982) neural network (HNN) based algorithms for image restoration and reconstruction, which are the modified HNN (PK) algorithm, the HNN (ZCVJ) algorithm with energy checking, the eliminating-highest-error (EHE) algorithm, and the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. A new measure, the correct transition probability (CTP), is proposed for the performance of iterative algorithms and is used in this analysis. The CTP measures the correct transition probability for a neuron transition at a particular time and reveals the insight of the performance at each iteration. The general properties of the CTP are discussed. Derived are the CTP formulas of these four algorithms. The analysis shows that the EHE algorithm has the highest CTP in all conditions of the severity of blurring, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a blurred noisy image, and the regularization term. This confirms the result in many previous simulations that the EHE algorithms can converge to more accurate images with much fewer iterations, have much higher correct transition rates than other HNN algorithms, and suppress streaks in restored images. The analysis also shows that the CTPs of all these algorithms decrease with the severity of blurring, the severity of noise, and the degree of regularization, which also confirms the results in previous simulations. This in return suggests that the correct transition probability be a rational performance measure.
Statistical Technique for Radar Amplitude Calibration

A statistical technique for amplitude calibration of radar systems is presented. As distinct from the input-output crosscorrelation measurement of a linear system impulse response [1], this technique measures the amplitude transfer function of a memoryless, nonlinear system. A generalized theory is developed and calibration accuracy bounds are derived. Used in the calibration of a modern pulsed radar, the technique is compared with conventional reference pulse calibration. The relative merits of the deterministic and statistical approaches are compared.
Generation of high-fidelity controlled-NOT logic gates by coupled superconducting qubits

Building on the previous results of the Weyl chamber steering method, we demonstrate how to generate high-fidelity controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates by direct application of certain physically relevant Hamiltonians with fixed coupling constants containing Rabi terms. Such Hamiltonians are often used to describe two superconducting qubits driven by local rf pulses. It is found that in order to achieve 100% fidelity in a system with capacitive coupling of strength g, one Rabi term suffices. We give the exact values of the physical parameters needed to implement such CNOT gates. The gate time and all possible Rabi frequencies are found to be t={pi}/(2g) and {omega}{sub 1}/g={radical}(64n{sup 2}-1),n=1,2,3,.... Generation of a perfect CNOT gate in a system with inductive coupling, characterized by additional constant k, requires the presence of both Rabi terms. The gate time is again t={pi}/(2g), but now there is an infinite number of solutions, each of which is valid in a certain range of k and is characterized by a pair of integers (n,m), ({omega}{sub 1,2}/g)={radical}(16n{sup 2}-((k-1/2)){sup 2}){+-}{radical}(16m{sup 2}-((k+1/2)){sup 2}). We distinguish two cases, depending on the sign of the coupling constant: (i) the antiferromagnetic case (k{>=}0) with n{>=}m=0,1,2,... and (ii) the ferromagnetic case (k{ m=0,1,2,.... We conclude withmore » consideration of fidelity degradation by switching to resonance. Simulation of time evolution based on the fourth-order Magnus expansion reveals characteristics of the gate similar to those found in the exact case, with slightly shorter gate time and shifted values of the Rabi frequencies.« less
Rho1 regulates apoptosis via activation of the JNK signaling pathway at the plasma membrane

Precisely controlled growth and morphogenesis of developing epithelial tissues require coordination of multiple factors, including proliferation, adhesion, cell shape, and apoptosis. RhoA, a small GTPase, is known to control epithelial morphogenesis and integrity through its ability to regulate the cytoskeleton. In this study, we examine a less well-characterized RhoA function in cell survival. We demonstrate that the Drosophila melanogaster RhoA, Rho1, promotes apoptosis independently of Rho kinase through its effects on c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. In addition, Rho1 forms a complex with Slipper (Slpr), an upstream activator of the JNK pathway. Loss of Moesin (Moe), an upstream regulator of Rho1 activity, results in increased levels of Rho1 at the plasma membrane and cortical accumulation of Slpr. Together, these results suggest that Rho1 functions at the cell cortex to regulate JNK activity and implicate Rho1 and Moe in epithelial cell survival.
Quantitative characterization of electron detectors for transmission electron microscopy.

A new generation of direct electron detectors for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) promises significant improvement over previous detectors in terms of their modulation transfer function (MTF) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). However, the performance of these new detectors needs to be carefully monitored in order to optimize imaging conditions and check for degradation over time. We have developed an easy-to-use software tool, FindDQE, to measure MTF and DQE of electron detectors using images of a microscope’s built-in beam stop. Using this software, we have determined the DQE curves of four direct electron detectors currently available: the Gatan K2 Summit, the FEI Falcon I and II, and the Direct Electron DE-12, under a variety of total dose and dose rate conditions. We have additionally measured the curves for the Gatan US4000 and TVIPS TemCam-F416 scintillator-based cameras. We compare the results from our new method with published curves.
Synergistic interactions between nicotine and cocaine or methylphenidate depend on the dose of dopamine transporter inhibitor.

There is a greater prevalence of cigarette smoking among cocaine- dependent individuals and hyperactive children treated with stimulants (e.g., methyl- phenidate, MP). However, little is known about the neurochemical basis of the interac- tion between nicotine and cocaine or MP. It is thought that the reinforcing effects of cocaine and MP are due partly to increases in synaptic DA in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These measurable increases are secondary to the blockade of the DA transporter. In contrast, nicotine stimulates acetylcholine receptors located presynaptically on do- paminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the NAc and increases DA transmission. Here we investigate the effects of nicotine on NAc DA in animals simultaneously injected with cocaine or MP. Coadministration of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) and cocaine (10 mg/kg i.p.) or MP (5 mg/kg i.p.) increased the extracellular NAc DA levels in an additive manner, while coadministration of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) and a higher dose of cocaine (20 mg/kg) or MP (10 mg/kg) clearly produced a synergistic elevation in NAc DA. These findings suggest that the degree of DA transporter (DAT) occupancy contributes to the synergistic interaction between nicotine and cocaine or MP. Synapse 38:432- 437, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessment of a novel approach to evaluate the outcome of endoscope reprocessing.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and evaluate the use of a portable luminometer system for detecting contamination following the reprocessing and high-level disinfection of flexible endoscopes. DESIGN: Random sampling of endoscopes spaced at 1- to 2-week intervals following normal use in patients. METHODS: Portable luminometer system testing of 31 endoscopes undergoing reprocessing, 63 stored endoscopes, and 15 reprocessed endoscopes that underwent in-depth microbiological analysis. For testing with the portable luminometer system, samples were collected by swabbing a 100-cm 2 shank surface area and the internal tip end orifice. Standardization of portable luminometer system results was performed in vitro by comparison of serial dilutions of known quantities of microorganisms and blood, tested before and after sterilization by autoclave. Microbiological analysis included Gram stain, culture for aerobic bacteria, and gene probes for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, and Cytomegalovirus. Trichrome and calcofluor white stains were used to detect parasites and fungi. Legionella was detected by stain with fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibody. SETTING: The gastroendoscopy unit of a Veterans Affairs hospital. RESULTS: The portable luminometer system was capable of detecting microbial and cellular contamination of flexible endoscopes following high-level disinfection and reprocessing. The sensitivity of the assay was sufficient for detecting low-level contamination. CONCLUSIONS: The system provided a rapid microbiological outcome monitor for the cleaning and disinfection process. The system was easy to use and relatively accurate.
Graded Activity: Legacy of the Sanatorium

Occupational therapists in all areas of practice grade therapeutic activities to help patients progress toward their goals. It is proposed in this paper that the concept of graded activity originated in German tuberculosis sanatoria in the late 1800s, when patients were required to walk on graded (sloped) land for exercise. British physician Marcus Paterson included work, as well as walking, in his graduated exercise program for tuberculosis patients and was honored for this innovation at the founding meeting of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy (NSPOT). George Barton, Susan Tracy, and Herbert Hall were among the NSPOT members who contributed to the development of graded activity as a principle in occupational therapy intervention. The military rehabilitation programs established during World War I provided additional impetus, and by the mid-1920s, graded activity was recognized as central to the profession.
Studies of a mathematical model for temperature-modulated bioluminescence tomography

We introduce and study a mathematical model for temperature-modulated bioluminescence tomography (TBT). The model is capable of self-adjusting values of experimental parameters that are used in the formulation. Major theoretical results of this article include: Solution existence of the model, convergence of numerical solutions, an iterative scheme based on linearization, studies of the solution limiting behaviours when normalized total energy function and/or some or all the energy percentages in individual spectral bands are known exactly. Several numerical examples are included to illustrate the improvement of the accuracy of the reconstructed bioluminescent source distribution due to the employment of measurements from multiple temperature distributions.
Acceleration of Euclidean Algorithm and Rational Number Reconstruction

We accelerate the known algorithms for computing a selected entry of the extended Euclidean algorithm for integers and, consequently, for the modular and numerical rational number reconstruction problems. The acceleration is from quadratic to nearly linear time, matching the known complexity bound for the integer gcd, which our algorithm computes as a special case.
Using discrete simulation modeling to study large-scale system reliability/availability

Abstract Scope and Purpose —There presently is no accurate and efficient method to determine the reliability and availability of service at various points in a large-scale public utility or electro/mechanical system. Up to now, large-scale systems have been analyzed by either approximate empirical methods or by mathematical reliability/availability analysis, which requires severely limiting (unrealistic) assumptions about component failure and repair time distributions and about component linkages. The novel simulation modeling approach presented here is very accurate for determining time-between-failure (TBF) and time-to-repair (TTR) distributions without any limiting assumptions; however, it is presently computer time intensive. Discrete simulation modeling is shown to be of value in determining the time-between-failure (TBF) and time-to-repair (TTR) distributions at various points in series/parallel and non-series/parallel (cross-linked) systems. Most real world systems, such as power, telephone, gas, water, and electro/mechanical systems, are extremely large and have cross-linked components that are not “well-behaved” statistically, which make them impossible to analyze accurately and efficiently using mathematical reliability/availability analysis.
The outcome of endodontic resurgery: a systematic review

Peterson J, Gutmann JL. The outcome of endodontic resurgery: a systematic review. International Endodontic Journal , 34 , 169‐175, 2001. Aim The aim of this paper is to establish an outcome standard for the assessment of healing radiographically after resurgery of persistent periradicular lesions by systematically reviewing the results from published studies. Methodology The systematic review process requires the definition of predetermined criteria delineating the inclusion parameters of studies reviewed. Of 42 papers that were reviewed, eight qualified for inclusion. A weighted-average was calculated from the results taken from the eight eligible, peer-reviewed studies, published between 1970 and 1997. Results Three hundred and thirty patients out of 2375 (14%) from the included studies underwent resurgery for failure of healing as determined radiographically. Of this population, 35.7% healed successfully after resurgery, 26.3% healed with uncertain results and 38% did not heal at the one-year follow-up. Conclusions Although there is nearly equal distribution of results between all categories, a 35.7% rate of healing as assessed radiographically is essentially equivalent to the 38% failure rate. This paper will allow an evaluation of current research results to establish an outcome standard and enable techniques and filling materials to be evaluated and compared. Furthermore, the outcome standard can assist in defining demographic and aetiological factors that contribute to the potential outcome of resurgery cases.
Speculative Decoupled Software Pipelining

In recent years, microprocessor manufacturers have shifted their focus from single-core to multi-core processors. To avoid burdening programmers with the responsibility of parallelizing their applications, some researchers have advocated automatic thread extraction. A recently proposed technique, Decoupled software pipelining (DSWP), has demonstrated promise by partitioning loops into long-running, fine-grained threads organized into a pipeline. Using a pipeline organization and execution decoupled by inter-core communication queues, DSWP offers increased execution efficiency that is largely independent of inter-core communication latency. This paper proposes adding speculation to DSWP and evaluates an automatic approach for its implementation. By speculating past infrequent dependences, the benefit of DSWP is increased by making it applicable to more loops, facilitating better balanced threads, and enabling parallelized loops to be run on more cores. Unlike prior speculative threading proposals, speculative DSWP focuses on breaking dependence recurrences. By speculatively breaking these recurrences, instructions that were formerly restricted to a single thread to ensure decoupling are now free to span multiple threads. Using an initial automatic compiler implementation and a validated processor model, this paper demonstrates significant gains using speculation for 4-core chip multiprocessor models running a variety of codes.
Relationship between Age, Size, and Reproduction in Populations of American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius (Araliaceae), Across a Range of Harvest Pressures

Size-selective harvest occurs not only in some animal species in the wild, but in some plant species. Panax quinquefolius, a perennial plant of eastern North America, is one such species. As harvest of this species is fatal, there is potential for evolutionary change if selected traits are heritable. In this study, we compared traits potentially affected by selection among 12 populations with different harvest pressures. We used the recovery pattern of an experimentally harvested population to develop an index of harvest pressure: the proportion of seedlings and juveniles. Age was related to leaf area, sympodium (stem) height, and reproduction in populations across a range of harvest indices (HI = 0.4122-0.9583). We detected variation among populations with different harvest indices in the age-leaf area relationship in 2006. A 10-y-old plant would have 30% less leaf area in a population with high harvest pressure (HI = 0.9) than in a population with low harvest pressure (HI = 0.4). Similar results were observed with sympodium height in 2005 and 2006. Reproductive plants in populations with higher harvest indices had reduced seed set, likely due to Allee effects. A separate, related study showed that leaf area differences were maintained among plants from 8 populations 4 to 5 y after transplantation to a common environment. Reduced growth rates in populations with higher harvest pressure may be the outcome of appearance-mediated selection.
Ruled surface underlying KcsA potassium channels

Recent experiments have revealed that the opening and closing of the channel is controlled by concertedly rotating and tilting the ends of the alpha-helices in the KcsA ion channels. We recognize these transmembrane alpha-helices as the generating lines of the ruled surface: the hyperboloid of one sheet. The twist-to-shrink feature of the hyperboloid is adopted by KcsA channels in gating the pore as observed in experiments. Our model may shed light on understanding nature's design principles of ion channels. And the conclusions drawn from this study have implications for the design of artificial channels.
History As Theme Park: Reconfiguring the Human Journey in the Art of Theodora Skipitares

For over 25 years, Theodora Skipitares has been the art world’s investigative reporter turned sociocultural critic—conceiving, designing, and directing productions that materialize her passionate and critical interest in history. Although in recent years Skipitares has used actors, puppets and performing objects remain her main artistic vehicles. Skipitares fluctuates between the miniature and the monumental. She continues to use unexpected media to convey very vital messages that use the past to illuminate the present.
Bending and Buckling Instabilities of Free Liquid Jets: Experiments and General Quasi-One-Dimensional Model

This chapter deals with liquid jets bending due to the aerodynamic interaction with surrounding air or buckling due to the impingement on a solid wall. The experimental evidence is considered and linear and nonlinear theories describing perturbation growth developed in the framework of the quasi-one-dimensional equations of the dynamics of liquid jets moving in air are discussed. Jets of viscous Newtonian or rheologically complex liquids (in particular, viscoelastic polymeric liquids) are considered. In addition, bending instability of the electrified liquid jets (in particular, polymeric liquid jets in electrospinning) is considered. In the latter case, both the experimental and theoretical aspects are tackled.
MOVEMENTS AND MORTALITY OF FERRUGINOUS HAWKS BANDED IN MONTANA

Abstract Of 233 Ferruginous Hawks (Buteo regalis) banded as nestlings in three study areas of Montana over 16 years, 15 (6.4%) were recovered. Recovery rate increased with duration of study and cumulative number banded. Mean age at recovery for all Ferruginous Hawks banded in Montana was 390 days. Analysis indicated 50% of banded hawks were dead by between 0.35 and 0.70 yr and 95% were dead by between 1.5 and 3 yr of age. Survival estimated at one year was higher if hawks recovered by radio-tracking were excluded. Mean distance from the natal nest of all recoveries of Ferruginous Hawks banded in Montana was 824 km. Eight recoveries were of recently fledged hawks <1 km from the natal nest, but the remainder were recovered ≥1500 km from the natal nest. Recoveries that were outside natal 10-minute blocks (n = 7) occurred in northern Mexico, central New Mexico, southern California, and Texas; most (86%) were southeast of the natal nest. Six hawks died from unknown causes, five from predation, two from conflic...
Matrix Cracking and Interphase Failure in Fiber Composites

Radial matrix cracking and interphase failure for transverse loading of a hexagonal array fiber composite are investigated by : 1) modeling the compliant interphase by a layer of radial and circumferential spring elements, 2) adopting a tensile stress criterion for initiation of matrix cracking, and 3) employing a strain-energy density criterion for interphase failure. Stresses on the microlevel have been calculated. Under the assumption that the failure mechanisms follow the periodicity of the composite, two damage configurations have been analyzed, namely, conjugate radial matrix cracks and interphase disbonds forming L-shaped and ⊥-shaped defects.
The Trapezoid Rule, Stirling's Formula, and Euler's Constant

(1981). The Trapezoid Rule, Stirling's Formula, and Euler's Constant. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 88, No. 9, pp. 696-698.
Two Unusual Vespula Nests

Since the behavior of insects is always of interest it seems worth while to record a nest of the black hornet, Vespula maculata (L.), built flat on the ground, while a couple of rods from it there was a nest of the yellow-jacket, Vespula arenaria (Fabr.), situated 15 feet above ground on the limb of a tree. The writer has observed hundreds of the nests of the black, or bald-faced hornet, but the one here described appears to be unique. The altitude of the nest ranges widely, to be sure, from two to three feet in bushes up to 30 or 40 feet high in trees, but this variation involves no change in the construction of the nest.
How I do it: novel parastomal herniorrhaphy utilizing transversus abdominis release

Parastomal hernias are a complex surgical problem affecting a large number of patients. Recurrences continue to occur despite various methods of repair. We present a novel method of open parastomal hernia repair with retromuscular mesh reinforcement in a modified Sugarbaker configuration. A full mildline laparotomy is performed and all adhesions are taken down. We then perform an open parastomal hernia repair by utilizing retromuscular dissection, posterior component separation via transversus abdominis release, and lateralization of the bowel utilizing a modified Sugarbaker mesh configuration within the retromuscular space. We demonstrate this technique in a cadaveric model for illustrative purposes. This repair provides the benefits of an open posterior component separation with transversus abdominis release and maintains the biomechanics of a functional abdominal wall, all while simultaneously benefitting from the advantages of mesh reinforcement in a modified Sugarbaker configuration. Our clinical experience with this novel technique to this point has been positive.
Mitochondrial Networks in Beta Cells of Pancreatic Islet of Langerhans Investigated by Serial Block Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

The process whereby mitochondrial tubules fuse to form extended networks within cells has been associated with metabolic activity, and may provide a defense against generation of reactive oxygen species, whereas fission of such mitochondrial networks has been associated with apoptosis. We have used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to analyze distributions of mitochondrial network lengths in metabolically active insulin secreting beta cells of mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans, with the aim of quantifying differences between wild type and diabetic disease models (Pfeifer et al., 2015). This technique provides three-dimensional ultrastructure of beta cells at a spatial resolution of about 10 nm in the x-y plane and 25 nm in the z-direction, from which we have been able to obtain cross sectional areas, volumes and network lengths of mitochondrial tubules in a population of beta cells. Blocks of isolated pancreatic islets were prepared by fixation, staining with heavy atoms, and embedding in Epon-Araldite resin, and were imaged at 1.5-keV primary beam energy with the backscattered electron signal. Our results showed that approximately one-third of the total mitochondrial volume originated from short networks less than 10 µm in length, one-third came from tubules of length 10 to 45 µm, and one-third from networks of length 45 to 150 µm. We conclude that SBF-SEM can provide a quantitative characterization of mitochondrial networks in wild type and disease models of endocrine tissues. This research was funded by the intramural program of NIBIB, NIH.C.R. Pfeifer, A. Shomorony, M.A. Aronova, G. Zhang, T. Cai, H. Xu. A.L. Notkins, R.D. Leapman. Quantitative analysis of mouse pancreatic islet architecture by serial block-face SEM. J Struct Biol, 189 (2015) 44-52.
Characterization of microsatellites in Fusicladium effusum, cause of pecan scab

Summary Pecan scab, caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Fusicladium effusum, is the most destructive disease of pecan. Little is known of the population genetic diversity of this pathogen. In this study, microsatellites were mined from the F. effusum genome, and flanking primers were subsequently designed. A total of 275 microsatellites were screened, and 33 selected primers produced reliable, polymorphic markers against 46 isolates of F. effusum from 11 diverse locations in the southeastern USA. The number of alleles per microsatellite locus ranged from two to 17, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) from 0.475 to 0.911. A unique pattern informative combination (UPIC) analysis of three groups of 12 isolates each and 33 primers consistently showed a minimum number of markers required for the maximum discrimination of isolates equal to 3. The characteristics of the unique patterns (UP) and informative contents (IC) were very similar. However, the primers that were selected by UPIC were not necessarily the same for each of the three groups. Using all 46 isolates showed each locus was polymorphic, with a single-population level Shannon's information index of 1.516, indicating substantial diversity. These markers show a range in polymorphic content and power of discrimination that will be valuable tools for studies of genetic diversity in F. effusum.
Use of preoperative fine-needle aspiration in patients undergoing reoperation for primary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Neck reexploration for primary hyperparathyroidism has a lower success rate and greater morbidity than initial exploration because of scarring and distortion of tissue planes and the possibility of a parathyroid neoplasm located in an ectopic or unusual position. Although the use of standard noninvasive imaging studies for reoperative parathyroid surgical procedure is well accepted, the use of invasive studies to localize parathyroid neoplasms, particularly percutaneous aspiration of potential lesions, is controversial. In this report we analyze the results and morbidity in patients undergoing fine-needle aspiration before neck reexploration. METHODS: From 1982 to 1993, 255 patients underwent reexploration for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism at the National Institutes of Health. Of these 255 patients 42 underwent 44 preoperative fine-needle aspirations by ultrasonography or computed tomography guidance in an attempt to localize a parathyroid neoplasm. The aspirated contents were then analyzed for parathyroid hormone content. RESULTS: Of the 44 aspirations 26 (59%) were true positives with no false positives. Of 18 negative fine-needle aspirations, 11 (25%) were false negatives, and seven (16%) were true negatives. The specificity and sensitivity of percutaneous fine-needle aspiration were 100% and 70%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration for parathyroid hormone is a safe, well-tolerated technique that is highly specific and allows a directed surgical resection avoiding further invasive workup when the aspirate is positive.
Biopoiesis: Electrochemical Media

Abstract The author discusses Biopoiesis, a cybernetic art project that explores the relationships between structure, matter and self-organization. Based on the work of cyberneticist Gordon Pask, the project features the construction of simple computational devices that harness an electrochemical reaction. The design and construction of the system is discussed, as well as its conceptual underpinnings and historical context. The relevance of Pask’s electrochemical works to the arts is also explored.
SSPE and Neonatal Measles

A case of subacute sclerosing encephalitis in a child, aged 3 years 6 months, who had contracted measles from his mother on day 27 as a neonate, is reported from Akita University School of Medicine, Japan.
Blown Up: Collaborative Conservation and Sustainable Treatment for a Dress with Inflatable Sleeves

This paper discusses the treatment of a dress with inflatable sleeves by Issey Miyake. At the time of this project, the dress was not yet an accessioned museum object, but was on loan from the pers...
Potential roles of chemical degradation in the biological activities of curcumin

Substantial pre-clinical and human studies have shown that curcumin, a dietary compound from turmeric, has a variety of health-promoting biological activities. A better understanding of the biochemical mechanisms for the health-promoting effects of curcumin could facilitate the development of effective strategies for disease prevention. Recent studies have shown that in aqueous buffer, curcumin rapidly degrades and leads to formation of various degradation products. In this review, we summarized and discussed the biological activities of chemical degradation products of curcumin, including alkaline hydrolysis products (such as ferulic acid, vanillin, ferulaldehyde, and feruloyl methane), and autoxidation products (such as bicyclopentadione). Though many of these degradation products are biologically active, they are substantially less-active compared to curcumin, supporting that chemical degradation has a limited contribution to the biological activities of curcumin.
γδ T cells' unique WC1 PPRs direct cellular responses (P4337)

IFNγ-producing bovine γδ T cells are the major cell population responding in recall responses to Leptospira during the first month following vaccination. The responsive cells bear a subset of the co-receptors known as WC1 which are PRR in the SRCR CD163 superfamily. Annotation of the bovine genome showed there were 13 WC1 molecules coded for by individual genes which are distributed among cells to form a number of γδ T cell subsets. RNA silencing has shown that WC1 co-receptors contribute to the γδ T cell response to leptospira and that the responsive are found within the serologically-defined WC1.1+ γδ T cell subpopulation. Since our data indicate that the WC1 molecules expressed act as pattern recognition receptors interacting directly with bacterial components, we have now evaluated the variegated gene expression of the individual WC1 molecules by specific subsets of gamma delta T cells. We have found that individual cells express more than one WC1 gene product but only a restricted subset of the available 13, generally expressing only 2 or 3. Thus the expression of the WC1 molecules is likely to direct the response by the γδ T cells to pathogens in conjunction with the TCR which is particularly interesting given that the various subsets defined by their WC1 expression also differ functionally with some being pro-inflammatory while others express cytokines consistent with regulatory functions.
Through the Kaleidoscope

The kaleidoscope refers to the changing detailed mosaic of production space and social space in the contemporary city, and, in particular, to the new forms of central city and suburban neighborhood development that are currently making their appearance in major urban areas. Considerable emphasis is placed on the dynamics of land redevelopment in cities, and, above all, on issues of gentrification.
Segmented media and medium damping in microwave assisted magnetic recording

In this paper, we present a methodology of segmented media stack design for microwave assisted magnetic recording. Through micro-magnetic modeling, it is demonstrated that an optimized media segmentation is able to yield high signal-to-noise ratio even with limited ac field power. With proper segmentation, the ac field power could be utilized more efficiently and this can alleviate the requirement for medium damping which has been previously considered a critical limitation. The micro-magnetic modeling also shows that with segmentation optimization, recording signal-to-noise ratio can have very little dependence on damping for different recording linear densities.
Kidney and kidney/pancreas transplantation at Stanford University Medical Center.

Abstract The disparity between the supply of cadaveric donors and the demand for renal allografts continues to grow. We have taken a multifaceted approach to increase the allograft pool: 1. Spiral computed tomography to evaluate potential living kidney donors is safer, less invasive, less expensive and more time efficient and thus should encourage living organ donation. 2. Use of selected expanded criteria cadaveric donor kidneys (aged 60 or over, hypertensive) in size- and age-matched recipients have short-term function at 3 and 6 months comparable to standard cadaveric renal allografts. 3. Kidneys from expanded criteria donors over age 59 and with an adjusted creatinine clearance less than 90 ml/min should be used as a dual kidney transplant into an appropriate sized- and aged-matched recipient. 4. Kidneys from pediatric donors < 5 years of age should be utilized as en-bloc grafts, when transplanted into adult recipients. Pediatric renal transplantation poses numerous challenges given the different and problematic etiologies of ESRD, the surgical considerations in small children and infants and the enhanced immune response witnessed in children. Nevertheless, renal transplantation is clearly the therapy of choice for children with ESRD and excellent results can be obtained through strict adherence to surgical detail, tight immunosuppressive management, and aggressive fluid management in infants and small children. We feel it is also critically important that transplantation and follow-up care be carried out by an integrated and experienced surgical and medical team. Managed healthcare has had profound effects on the practice and management of transplantation centers. The one area of greatest impact has been the pressure upon programs to reduce their cost of transplantation. We have initiated a number of new outpatient treatment protocols as part of an effort to contain costs. Most patients with acute rejection are evaluated (including transplant kidney biopsy) and treated in an ambulatory setting. Completion of OKT3 therapy in selected patients is also performed at home through visiting nurses or at our ambulatory care center. Additionally, treatment of CMV disease is now performed almost exclusively on an outpatient basis.
High Power Properties of Low Density Nano-columnar SiO2 Films for All-Silica Mirrors

SiO2 nano-columnar films were fabricated using oblique angle deposition and characterized for their optical and mechanical properties. The films showed high damage thresholds, low scattering, and an intriguing transition to low stress at lower densities.
Central Sensitization in Chronic Pain and Eating Disorders: A Potential Shared Pathogenesis

Although less recognized than other disruptions in functioning, individuals with chronic pain frequently display disturbances in eating associated with pain, changes in appetite, medication side effects, and prescribed elimination diets. Not only may changes in nutritional status and weight increase the risk for the development of an eating disorder, there is evidence that individuals with chronic pain and those with eating disorders share similar vulnerabilities that place them at risk for both conditions, as well as their comorbidity. This review will describe the temperamental, behavioral, and neurobiological risk factors linking chronic pain and eating disorders. We propose that these risk factors may reflect central sensitization, a condition of over-activation of the central nervous system that increases sensitivity to internal and external conditions. To manage high levels of sensitivity, individuals may develop unique patterns of behavioral avoidance, pain behaviors and/or restrictive eating. Using the framework of central sensitization, this review will discuss relevant assessment and intervention strategies to address sensitivity in eating disorders and chronic pain.
Mouse embryo assay for human in vitro fertilization quality control: a fresh look

The mouse embryo assay (MEA) has been used in the field of human in vitro fertilization (IVF) for multiple purposes such as developing embryo culture media, quality control within the laboratory, and procedural training and proficiency testing for embryology staff. In addition, manufacturing companies use the MEA as a means of quality control for the development of embryo culture media and medical devices and to meet the standards of testing for FDA approval of new products. It has long been considered by embryologists and laboratory scientists whether the MEA is an accurate or sensitive test in the quality assessment of culture media and medical devices or if use of this testing is more an obligation. There is no uniformly accepted gold standard method for IVF lab quality control or FDA approval. This review aims to revisit the role of the use of mouse embryos in the formulation of IVF media for clinical use and the different methods of employing the mouse embryo assay for quality control. In addition, we will review the use of the MEA as an important adjunct in the training for embryology staff and fellows in training in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI), as well as alternatives to the use of the MEA for these purposes.
Can Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery be Done Safely in a Freestanding Ambulatory Surgery Center? Review of 3780 Cases.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the intraoperative and 30-day postoperative complication rates in a large consecutive cohort of pediatric patients who had orthopaedic surgery at a freestanding ambulatory surgery center (ASC). The authors also wanted to identify the rates of same-day, urgent hospital transfers, and 30-day hospital admissions. The authors hypothesized that pediatric orthopaedic procedures at a freestanding ASC can be done safely with a low rate of complications. Methods A retrospective review identified patients aged 17 years or younger who had surgery at a freestanding ASC over a 9-year period. Adverse outcomes were divided into intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, need for the secondary procedure, unexpected hospital admission on the same day of the procedure, and unexpected hospital admission within 30 days of the index procedure. Complications were graded as grade 1, the complication could be treated without additional surgery or hospitalization; grade 2, the complication resulted in an unplanned return to the operating room (OR) or hospital admission; or grade 3, the complication resulted in an unplanned return to the OR or hospitalization with a change in the overall treatment plan. Results Adequate follow-up was available for 3780 (86.1%) surgical procedures. Overall, there were 9 (0.24%) intraoperative complications, 2 (0.08%) urgent hospital transfers, 114 (3%) complications, and 16 (0.42%) readmissions. Seven of the 9 intraoperative complications resolved before leaving the OR, and 2 required return to the OR.Neither complications nor hospitalizations correlated with age, race, gender, or length or type of surgery. There was no correlation between the presence of medical comorbidities, body mass index, or American Society of Anesthesiologists score and complication or hospitalization. Conclusions Pediatric orthopaedic surgical procedures can be performed safely in an ASC because of multiple factors that include dedicated surgical teams, single-purpose ORs, and strict preoperative screening criteria. The rates of an emergency hospital transfer, surgical complications, and 30-day readmission, even by stringent criteria, are lower than those reported for outpatient procedures performed in the hospital setting. Level of evidence Level IV-case series.
Nonmuscle myosin-2 contractility-dependent actin turnover limits the length of epithelial microvilli

Brush border microvilli enable functions that are critical for epithelial homeostasis, including solute uptake and host defense. However, the mechanisms that regulate the assembly and morphology of these protrusions are poorly understood. The parallel actin bundles that support microvilli have their pointed-end rootlets anchored in a filamentous meshwork referred to as the "terminal web." Although classic electron microscopy studies revealed complex ultrastructure, the composition and function of the terminal web remain unclear. Here we identify nonmuscle myosin-2C (NM2C) as a component of the terminal web. NM2C is found in a dense, isotropic layer of puncta across the subapical domain, which transects the rootlets of microvillar actin bundles. Puncta are separated by ∼210 nm, the expected size of filaments formed by NM2C. In intestinal organoid cultures, the terminal web NM2C network is highly dynamic and exhibits continuous remodeling. Using pharmacological and genetic perturbations in cultured intestinal epithelial cells, we found that NM2C controls the length of growing microvilli by regulating actin turnover in a manner that requires a fully active motor domain. Our findings answer a decades-old question on the function of terminal web myosin and hold broad implications for understanding apical morphogenesis in diverse epithelial systems.
Oversampling of minority categories drives misperceptions of group compositions

Abstract The ability to estimate proportions informs our immediate impressions of social environments (e.g., of the diversity of races or genders within a crowded room). This study examines how the distribution of attention during brief glances shapes estimates of group gender proportions. Performance-wise, subjects exhibit a canonical pattern of judgment errors: small proportions are overestimated while large values are underestimated. Subjects' eye movements at sub-second timescales reveal that these biases follow from a tendency to visually oversample members of the gender minority. Rates of oversampling dovetail with average levels of error magnitudes, response variability, and response times. Visual biases are thus associated with the inherent difficulty in estimating particular proportions. All results are replicated at a within-subjects level with non-human ensembles using natural scene stimuli; the observed attentional patterns and judgment biases are thus not exclusively guided by face-specific visual properties. Our results reveal the biased distribution of attention underlying typical judgment errors of group proportions.
What controls the chemical speciation of abundant heavy metals during wastewater treatment: insights from combined spectroscopic and modeling analyses

Speciation of heavy metals (HMs) in sewage sludges (biosolids) is fundamental to understanding important physicochemical and biological processes in wastewater and sludge treatments, operation improvement, risk evaluation of biosolid land applications. Speciating even the most abundant HMs remains analytically challenging and the main processes and factors controlling the speciation remain poorly understood. In this work, we conducted meta-analysis on spectroscopic speciation data of sewage sludges with different generation and processing conditions, and revealed the consistency and variation in the chemical speciation of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). Formation/prevalence conditions for the main chemical species identified spectroscopically were simulated using the PHREEQC code. Modeling results were consistent with experimental results and showed how specific redox conditions, elemental composition, and pH affect the prevalence of the main chemical species. Combined analysis of the spectroscopic and modeling results also revealed some discrepancies that are originated from characteristics of wastewater treatment processes and different kinetics of chemical species under redox or compositional fluctuations. Results from this work provide a comprehensive and predictive insight into the dynamic transformation of several abundant elements and their coupling during wastewater and sludge treatments.