cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association Between Acute Kidney Injury and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions

Background— Acute kidney injury (AKI) post percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with increased mortality but both death and AKI share common risk factors. Moreover, the effect of a high contrast dose, a known modifiable risk factor for AKI, on mortality is unknown. The aim of our study was to analyze the association between AKI and in-hospital mortality post PCI after adjustment for confounding by common risk factors. Methods and Results— This study was performed using a regional registry of all patients undergoing PCI in Michigan. Primary end points were AKI (serum creatinine increase >0.5 mg/dL) and all-cause in-hospital mortality. Propensity matching was performed, with each AKI patient matched to 4 controls. Attributable risk fraction and the exposed index number of AKI for mortality were calculated within the propensity-matched cohort. Between 2010 and 2013, 92 317 patients underwent PCI, of whom 2141 (2.3%) developed AKI. We matched 1371/2141 patients with AKI to 5484 controls. AKI was strongly associated with mortality (odds ratio=12.52, 95% confidence interval 9.29–16.86) in the propensity-matched cohort. The attributable risk fraction for mortality of AKI was 31.4% (95% confidence interval 26.8%–37.5%), and one death could be prevented for every 9 cases of AKI successfully avoided. The independent impact of a high contrast dose at time of PCI on in-hospital mortality risk was weak (adjusted odds ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 0.97–1.45). Conclusions— Nearly one-third of the in-hospital mortality post PCI is attributable to AKI. Preventing 9 cases of AKI could potentially prevent one death. These study findings stress the need for developing effective AKI preventive strategies beyond minimization of contrast dose.
Secret key distribution protocol using public key cryptography

This paper presents the description and analysis of a protocol, which uses hybrid crypto algorithms for key distribution. A triple DES with a 168-bit key is used to generate the secret key. This secret key is transferred with the help of public key cryptography. The authentication process is accomplished by using the message digest algorithm MD5. This protocol uses mutual authentication in which, both participants have to authenticate themselves via a third trusted certificate authority (CA). This process provides confidentiality, authentication and non-repudiation. To test the overhead difference between symmetric and asymmetric algorithms the CPU time is measured under each method. The results show that the symmetric algorithms are sixty times faster than the asymmetric algorithm tested in time to perform encryption/decryption on different sets of data with same key. To further enhance the security, simple wrapper classes were developed and implemented as part of the suggested protocol suite.
Sensitivity of groundwater monitoring networks to contaminant source width for various seepage velocities

[1] This study evaluated the effect of contaminant source width on the detection efficiency of five, six, and seven well monitoring networks for a range of groundwater seepage velocities. Wells were positioned downgradient of a rectangular landfill oriented obliquely to groundwater flow. A buffer zone boundary, establishing a distance limit within which contaminant plumes should be detected, was located 100 m from the landfill's downgradient corner. Various combinations of seepage velocity, from 0.01 to 10.0 m/d, and contaminant source width, from 0.1 to 5.0 m, were input to a computer model, which computed the detection capability of alternative monitoring networks. Smaller networks were more sensitive to changes in contaminant source width and seepage velocity. The smallest network showed a 21.6% greater range in detection efficiency than the largest network over the range of input values. Each network was considerably more sensitive to contaminant source width than seepage velocity, suggesting uncertainty in contaminant source width warrants attention in field applications. The type of analysis illustrated in this study may be useful for identifying appropriate monitoring networks given uncertainty in contaminant source width and seepage velocity at field settings.
IMP-3 Is Differentially Expressed in Normal and Neoplastic Lymphoid Tissue

IMP-3 is a member of the insulin-like growth factor II mRNA binding protein (IMP) family of proteins that play a role in RNA trafficking and stabilization and cell growth and migration during embryogenesis but which are down-regulated in adult tissue. However, IMP-3 has recently been shown to be overexpressed in several epithelial malignancies, with increased expression correlating with aggressive behavior. To our knowledge, there is no published literature evaluating IMP-3 in lymphoid tissue. Accordingly, we immunohistochemically evaluated IMP-3 expression in normal lymphoid tissue and 141 lymphoid neoplasms. Physiologically, IMP-3 expression was restricted to germinal center B cells. Among lymphoid neoplasms, Hodgkin lymphoma demonstrated the highest percentage of positive cases (26/26, 100%) often with bright staining. Burkitt lymphoma was positive in 10 (83%) of 12 cases with moderate to bright staining. Although follicular lymphoma was also positive in a high percentage of cases (12/15, 80%), the intensity was exclusively weak to moderate. Although 22 (85%) of 26 of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas were positive for IMP-3, there was wide variability in staining intensity, which did not correlate with classification into activated B cell versus germinal center B origin. By contrast, lower proportions (8%-20%) of other non-germinal center B lymphoma subtypes were IMP-3-positive. In conclusion, although IMP-3 expression is seemingly restricted to physiologic germinal center B cells, its expression in lymphomas of germinal center B origin is less robust. However, there does appear to be some association with the latter group of lymphomas, which may prove to have diagnostic or therapeutic relevance as the biologic role of IMP-3 is further elucidated.
Synthesis of wideband cascaded double-pole crystal lattice filters

A design procedure is given for crystal lattice filters with bandwidths for quartz of approximately 1 to 8% of the centre frequency; the method results in simple formulae in terms of the elements of a low-pass ladder whose order is a multiple of four.
Dual role of immunomodulation by anticancer chemotherapy.

The anticancer efficacy of conventional chemotherapies seems to be due, in part, to augmentation of the host immune reactivity. However, a new study reveals that two common chemotherapeutic agents, gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil, can also activate immune regulatory cells, which stimulates the emergence of protumorigenic cytokines via inflammasome pathways, limiting the antitumor efficacy of the drugs (pages 57–64).
The Effects of Selectively Absorbing Dielectric Layers and Beam Shaping on Recrystallization and Fet Characteristics in Laser Recrystallized Silicon on Amorphous Substrates

Selective absorption, using patterned dielectric films, and beam shaping were used as means for improving the recrystallization of LPCVD polysilicon islands on fused quartz. IR imaging of the laser heated region was used to optimize and control the recrystallization. MOSFETs were fabricated in laser-recrystallized silicon islands on amorphous substrates using a standard n-channel poly-gate process. Devices with various channel lengths and widths were fabricated, and the dependence of threshold voltage, channel mobility, and leakage on recrystallization conditions and device dimensions was studied.
Ballistic transport and scarring effects in coupled quantum dots

We have performed numerical simulations of coupled, open quantum dots, connected by contacts supporting a number of modes. In single dots, the resonant wave functions can be scarred by classical periodic orbits. Coupling between dots allows for the two-dimensional analog of molecular states. With these molecular states, we find that the wave functions can be scarred by orbits that are clearly shared between dots. In a finite chain of dots, we find that the formation of energy bands and gaps can be a by-product of complicated scarred states involving orbits that can extend over many dots. These orbits appear to be variations of those that contribute to the atomic and molecular states.
Status of solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology and potential for transportation applications

Abstract The solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology was used to provide electrical power for two operational spacecraft programs, and development programs span a wide range of applications which include ground power and undersea, as well as advanced space systems. The technology is also finding applications in the areas of water electrolysis and chlor-alkali production. During 1981 a study was conducted for the Los Alamos National Laboratory to determine the feasibility of using this technology for vehicular propulsion. The results of the study show that, with adequate development, such a power plant is possible which will meet the performance, size and weight objectives. It is also estimated that the costs for such a system could be competitive with other potential advanced power systems.
Solitary (unicameral) cysts involving the temporal bone

The primary unicameral cyst which involves the temporal bone is very rare. Only about 30 patients have been reported in the literature during the past ten decades. The lesion is most frequently encountered in the first and second decade of life. In contrast to the other locations in the skeleton, it usually remains asymptomatic for a long time until it causes a deformity or dysfunction. The etiology has so far remained obscure. Its occasional association with malformations of the ears and nasopharynx and other developmental anomalies, its incidental bilateral occurrence, and certain histological aspects may suggest a congenital origin or a localized defect in bone formation and remodeling.
Looking at me, appreciating you: Self-focused attention distinguishes between gratitude and indebtedness

We provide evidence that self-focused attention (both dispositional and situationally induced) affects the evaluation of a benefactor. Specifically, self-focused attention distinguishes between gratitude and indebtedness. In Study 1, gratitude correlated negatively with dispositional public self-focused attention and social anxiety, whereas indebtedness correlated positively with public self-focused attention and social anxiety. In Study 2, participants recalled a recent benefit under either high self-focused attention, induced via a mirror, or low self-focused attention. Highly self-focused individuals recalled increased indebtedness, but not gratitude, toward a benefactor, relative to those in the control condition. Self-focused individuals also felt less commitment and closeness to the benefactor. The implications for the link between self-focus and social emotions (and thus social life) are discussed.
EXOGENOUS INSULIN SUPPRESSES PROTEOLYSIS AND ENDOGENOUS GLUCOSE PRODUCTION IN EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (ELBW) INFANTS. ▴ 1886

EXOGENOUS INSULIN SUPPRESSES PROTEOLYSIS AND ENDOGENOUS GLUCOSE PRODUCTION IN EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (ELBW) INFANTS. ▴ 1886
Safety and efficacy of microwave ablation of hepatic tumors: a prospective review of a 5-year experience.

This study was designed to evaluate the safety, efficiency, effectiveness, and overall long-term outcome in patients treated with microwave thermal ablation of hepatic tumors. Microwave ablation technology represents the next generation in ablative techniques for the treatment of hepatic malignancies. Currently there have been no large reports of its use in the United States with appropriate long-term follow-up. An institutional review board-approved prospective phase II study of microwave ablation of hepatic malignancies from January 2004 to January 2009 was performed. All complications were recorded up to 90 days from operation and reported using an established five-point grading scale. One hundred patients underwent 270 ablations for hepatic malignancies. The most tumor types were as follows: metastatic colorectal cancer (50%), hepatocellular carcinoma (17%), metastatic carcinoid (11%), and other metastatic disease (22%). A majority of patents (53%) underwent combination hepatic resection and microwave ablation; 38% underwent ablation alone, 9% underwent ablation and additional organ resection, with 68% open procedures. Median tumor size was 3.0 (range, 0.6–6.0) cm, median number of tumors was 2 (range, 1–18), and median total ablation time was 13 (range, 5–45) min. Overall 90-day mortality was 0% and morbidity was 29%. One patient developed a hepatic abscess and no patients experienced bleeding complications. After a median follow-up of 36 months, 5 patients (5%) had incomplete ablation, 2 (2%) had local recurrence at the ablated site, and 37 (37%) developed intrahepatic recurrence at nonablated sites. Microwave ablation of hepatic tumors is a safe and effective method for treating unresectable hepatic tumors, with a low rate of local recurrence.
Consequences of Diminishing Trust in Cyberspace

The cyberspace has become an integral part of modern day life—social, economic, political, religious, medical and other aspects. Without the availability of the Internet today’s businesses, government and society cannot function properly. Moreover, different online social media and blogosphere are bringing people together, providing platforms to share their ideas and allowing their voices to be heard. Ideally, the cyberspace has no political, geographical or social boundaries; as a result it is promoting globalization and uniting people from all over the world. While the potential benefits of this interconnectivity are unlimited, this virtual world is also becoming hackers’ playground, underworld’s marketplace, nation-states’ battle ground, and a vehicle for propaganda and misinformation. In this paper, we argue that with the growing threat of coordinated attacks, release of complex malware and gradually diminished trust in freely-available information, the openness of the web and its global connectivity will no longer exist. Specifically, if this trend continues, the Internet will be partitioned, users will rely on information and news only through membership-based services, the information flow will be limited to geographical and political jurisdictions and will be highly regulated by governments, online businesses and critical knowledge will only be shared among alliance of friendly nations.
Damage Detection in Structures Using Changes in Flexibility

Abstract A damage in a structure alters its dynamic characteristics. The change is characterized by changes in the modal parameters, i.e., modal frequencies, modal damping values and mode shapes associated with each modal frequency. Changes also occur in some of the structural parameters; namely, the mass, damping, stiffness and flexibility matrices of the structure. In this paper, evaluation of changes in the flexibility matrix of a structure is presented as a candidate method not only for identifying the presence of the damage but also locating the damage. It is shown that the flexibility matrix can be easily and accurately estimated from a few of the lower frequency modes of vibration of the structure, which can be easily measured. First, with simple analytical beam models, the effect of presence of damage in a structure on its flexibility is studied. By using these analytical models, the effectiveness of using changes in the flexibility matrix in detecting and locating damages is demonstrated. The procedure is then tested with experimental data collected on a wide-flange steel beam.
Cytokine-induced expression of type II nitric oxide synthase in astrocytes is downregulated by ATP and glutamate.

Combinations of cytokines and/or phorbol ester induce expression of Type II nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA in astrocyte cultures via protein kinase mediated pathways (Simmons and Murphy: GLIA 11:227, 1994; Feinstein et al.: J Neurochem 62:811,1994). Agonists that activate receptors linked to protein kinases did not reproduce this effect of cytokines in astrocytes. On the contrary, ATP and glutamate treatment of astrocytes prior to a combination of interleukin-1s and interferon-γ markedly reduced (30–50%) subsequent NOS mRNA expression. The effect was not seen if treatment coincided with or followed cytokine activation, suggesting that ATP and glutamate were not destabilizing NOS mRNA. The effects of ATP and glutamate were additive and could be mimicked by selective receptor agonists, but were insensitive to a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C. The inhibition of cytokine-induced NOS mRNA expression caused by these agents was not the result of interference with the activation/translocation of nuclear factor-ϰB by interleukin-1s. These results suggest that exposure of astrocytes to ATP and glutamate, both of which increase markedly in a variety of neuropathologies, could modulate the subsequent responsiveness of these cells to NOS-inducing stimuli. As such, this may be an important regulatory mechanism in the expression of Type II NOS in vivo. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Home administration of high-dose oral busulfan in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

We report our experience with oral busulfan (BU) in 159 consecutive patients to evaluate the safety of home administration. Patients received a myeloablative BU-containing regimen, including oral anticonvulsant and antiemetic prophylaxis, followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Comprehensive verbal and written education was provided. Pharmacokinetic monitoring was performed and dose adjustments were made to target an area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of 900–1500 μmol.min/l. Safety was assessed by evaluating therapy-related toxicities, including seizures, venoocclusive disease (VOD) and patient tolerability. The utilization of pharmacokinetic monitoring was reviewed as a secondary end point. Of the 143 patients evaluated for BU-related seizures and VOD, only two (1.4%) experienced a generalized seizure and four patients (3%) were diagnosed with VOD. VOD resolved in three patients and was a contributing cause of death in one patient. Additional BU dosing owing to nausea and/or vomiting occurred in 28 patients (18%) and five patients (3%) were hospitalized. The median measured AUC was 1405 μmol.min/l, 68% of patients required a dose adjustment, and the median total administered BU dose was 13.6 mg/kg. In conclusion, high-dose oral BU can be safely administered on an outpatient basis.
Entrance flow of a yield-power law fluid

In the present work we have obtained the numerical solution of the momentum equation for a Yield-Pseudoplastic power-law fluid flowing in the entrance region of a tube. The accuracy of the numerical results is checked by comparing the asymptotic values of friction coefficients and velocity profiles with the corresponding results from the analytical solutions for the fully-developed region. The results of the entrance flow solution for the power-law exponent equal to unity (Bingham fluid) are also in agreement with the numerical solution for a Bingham fluid. Detailed results are presented for wide ranges of yield numbers and power law exponents.
Comparison of some multivariate analyses of perennial atriplex vegetation in Southeastern Utah

The multivariate techniques of association, factor, and cluster analysis were applied to a set of phytosociological data obtained from an area forming part of the salt desert shrub vegetation in southeastern Utah. Although there were certain advantages to using more objective and quantitative means of synthesizing this vegetation data, the vegetation units obtained were highly similar to those identified by more traditional and subjective approaches involving less effort and expense. The relative simplicity of the vegetation and landscape concerned probably influence these conclusions. Arguments for multivariate analyses are probably stronger where there exists more cryptic and complex interrelationships of vegetation to environment.
Modeling diffusion through nonuniform concentrations of traps

Cases in which traps are nonuniformly distributed in a solid can be treated by using a modification of the Caskey-Pillinger finite difference method of obtaining solutions to the McNabb-Foster diffusion and trapping equations. The special case of low mobility impurity atom traps that have been previously diffused into one surface of a flat membrane was studied by math modeling with regard to the effect of the traps on the time dependent permeation of faster diffusing atoms. Results obtained for uniformly distributed traps are compared with those expected for nouniformly distributed traps.
Optimization-based interactive motion synthesis

We present a physics-based approach to synthesizing motion of a virtual character in a dynamically varying environment. Our approach views the motion of a responsive virtual character as a sequence of solutions to the constrained optimization problem formulated at every time step. This framework allows the programmer to specify active control strategies using intuitive kinematic goals, significantly reducing the engineering effort entailed in active body control. Our optimization framework can incorporate changes in the character's surroundings through a synthetic visual sensory system and create significantly different motions in response to varying environmental stimuli. Our results show that our approach is general enough to encompass a wide variety of highly interactive motions.
Uniform CLT, WLLN, LIL and bootstrapping in a data analytic approach to trimmed L-statistics

Abstract Suppose the score function J and its approximation Jn satisfy very mild conditions, and let dK = J dF−1 define K. Then a necessary and sufficient condition for asymptotic normality of the normalized trimmed L-statistic Tn, which places no other restriction on the numbers kn and k′n of trimmed observations, is given. In the untrimmed case the condition reduces to K having finite variance or K being in D(Normal), depending on whether one uses √n norming or general norming. Any distribution in the domain of attraction of any stable is brought into the domain of attraction of the normal by trimming slowly growing numbers kn and k′n. Consistent variance estimation is established in the same generality. Random trimming is also allowed. Uniformity in F and kn and k′n is developed for K beneath an envelope K0, both for normality and consistency of the variance estimate. Bootstrapped versions of these theorems are developed, including a CLT for data analysts with conditions formulated solely in terms of the data. Also, the WLLN holds uniformly in K and (kn, k′n) if and only if the envelope K0 satisfies the known necessary and sufficient condition for X n under a fixed qf K0. A strong law of large numbers for the variance estimator is required, as it is intimately tied to bootstrapping. A short extra step would give the bounded LIL (that is, a.s. consistency of the estimator at the best possible rate). The strong law for variances and this LIL could be treated in the same generality as above, and uniform versions developed. However, all this is only in the technical report version of this paper. The power of the related family of inequalities for qfs on which these proofs rest is fully displayed herein, though the inequalities themselves are in a separate paper.
Mexican immigrant transnational social capital and class transformation: examining the role of peer mediation in insurgent science

In this article, I return to the interactions of Augusto and his teacher in an “English Learner Science” classroom in a demographically-transitioning US Midwest community (Richardson Bruna and Vann in Cult Stud Sci Educ 2:19–59, 2007) and further engage a class-first perspective to achieve two main conceptual objectives. First, I examine Augusto’s science education experience as a way of understanding processes Rouse (Towards a transnational perspective on migration: Race, class, ethnicity, and nationalism reconsidered. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1992) refers to as “the disciplinary production of class-specific subjects” (p. 31). Coming from a subsistence farming community in rural Mexico to an industrialized meatpacking community in semi-rural Iowa, I describe how Augusto undergoes a change in his class identity (experiences a Class Transformation) that is not just reflected but, in fact, produced in his science class. Second, I examine the work Augusto does to resist these processes of disciplinary production as he reshapes his teacher’s instruction (promotes a class transformation) through specific transnational social capital he leverages as peer mediation. My overall goals in the article are to demonstrate the immediate relevance of a socio-historical, situated perspective to science teaching and learning and to outline domains of action for an insurgent, class-cognizant, science education practice informed by transnational social capital, like Augusto’s.
A Parametric Study on Material Properties of Cortical Shell and Trabecular Core in an Osteoporotic, Lumbar Vertebral Bone Model

This study is about understanding the biomechanical parameters in osteoporosis phenomena. Experimental data are available on intact cadaver normal and osteoporotic lumbar vertebrae. It was observed that there is inconsistency between the clinical DEXA measurements and the mechanical measurements such as failure strength. The vertebral bone parameters include geometry (height, width, curvature, and thickness of the cortical shell) and material properties of cortical and trabecular bone. A non-linear Micromodel Finite Element Analysis (MFEA) program has been developed to include these parameters and obtain the compressive load. Response surface methodology (RSM) was developed to relate BMD to failure strength and is used in this study to see how the mechanical properties of bone influence the failure load. (Sindall, 2003)Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Adult attachment styles in the workplace

Abstract Prior research has demonstrated that attachment styles are important antecedents of interpersonal relationship quality and psychological well-being. Despite this, the theory of attachment styles has been largely ignored by researchers interested in workplace phenomena. The present paper aims to explain the theory of attachment styles, why researchers have overlooked attachment styles as an antecedent of organizational behavior, and a possible means of reconciling attachment theory with current models of personality. Moreover, I will review what existing research has actually demonstrated in terms of linking attachment styles to leadership, trust, satisfaction, performance and other outcomes. Finally, I will explore what possible future directions may be taken by researchers in the future in order to broaden and deepen our understanding of the role of attachment styles in the workplace.
Effects of Intermittent Tail Shock or Water Avoidance on Proximal Colonic Motor Contractility in Rats

Changes in proximal colonic mechanical activity and defecation during exposure to three different types of experimental stressors were examined in rats chronically implanted with 2 force transducers on the proximal colon. To validate the integrity of the recording system, meal-induced changes in proximal colonic contractility were initially measured in all rats 1-2 days prior to stress induction. Different groups of ad lib fed rats were then exposed to tail shock, re-exposure to the shock chamber or water avoidance for 1 h over the next 1-2 days. Two types of phasic colonic contractions, long (0-3/min) and short (6-8/min) duration, were analyzed separately using a computer. Long duration contractions were significantly elevated 21-71% over fasting basal values from 61-120 min following a meal. No other consistent changes during the prandial or postprandial period were observed. Tail shock significantly suppressed proximal colonic contractility from pre-shock values and increased fecal output and fluid content when compared to ad lib fed rats that were not shocked. Fecal output increased but proximal colonic contractility did not change when previously shocked rats were re-exposed to the tail shock chamber but not shocked. In rats exposed to water avoidance, proximal colonic contractility was minimally suppressed but defecation was significantly greater than home cage control animals. These results indicate that proximal colonic contractile activity is differentially altered by exposure to different environmental stressors and may be a contributing factor in stress-induced bowel dysfunction.
Effect of limit feeding high- and low-concentrate diets with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on digestibility and on dairy heifer growth and first-lactation performance.

Abstract Growth and digestibility were examined for heifers limit fed high- (HC; 60%) and low-concentrate (LC; 20%) diets with or without yeast culture (YC) addition in 2 experiments. A third experiment was undertaken to monitor first-lactation production of heifers limit fed HC or LC diets. In experiment 1, 32 Holstein heifers were individually fed at controlled intakes for 133 d to maintain a targeted average daily gain of 0.80kg/d for all 4 treatments [HC; LC with and without Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yea-Sacc 1026 (Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY), 1 g/kg as fed]. Targeted average daily gain was achieved for all treatments during the individual feeding period (0.80±0.01kg/d). Average dry matter intake needed to maintain constant gain was slightly reduced for HC and YC treatments. Reduced dry matter intake and similar targeted average daily gain resulted in a tendency for improved feed efficiency of HC-fed heifers. Skeletal measurements and targeted average daily gain were not affected by concentrate level or YC. The objective of experiment 2 was to elucidate effects of concentrate level and YC on nutrient digestibility. Four young (284.35±4.51 d) and 4 older (410.28±2.14 d) heifers were allocated to the 4 treatments used in experiment 1. Heifers fed the HC diet had increased dry matter digestibility (75.67 vs.72.96±0.72%), and YC addition increased dry matter digestibility (74.97 vs. 73.65±0.71%). Intake of N and apparent N digestibility were similar for all treatments. High-concentrate diets and YC addition decreased wet and dry matter output of feces. Urine excretion was not different; therefore, total manure output was lower for HC-fed heifers as compared with LC-fed heifers. Results suggest that HC diets can improve feed efficiency without affecting growth when limit fed to dairy heifers. Yeast culture increased dry matter digestibility in HC- and LC-fed heifers; HC diets were more digestible and reduced fecal output, with YC enhancing this effect. In experiment 3, heifers from experiment 1 were group fed the same diets (HC or LC) without YC until parturition, and milk production was measured through 154 d of lactation. Group-fed average daily gain was not different between treatments (HC = 1.11 vs. LC=1.04kg/d, SE=±0.06kg/d). Heifers fed the HC and LC diets calved at 23.50 and 23.79±0.50 mo, respectively. Peak milk was lower and there was a tendency for reduced daily milk and protein yield for primiparous cows fed HC diets from 8 mo of age to the dry/prefresh period (long term), but predicted yields of milk and components were similar in the first 154 d of lactation.
The design and performance of a stereo drift chamber with closely packed planes

Abstract This paper reports on the design and testing of a prototype drift chamber for a forthcoming experiment at LAMPF. This chamber will have small cell spacing and operate at high rates. The prototype chamber consists of cells which are 8 × 10 mm. The planes are separated by 8 mm and are at 20° angles. The r.m.s. resolution of the chamber is about 140 μm. Even at instantaneous rates of 3 kHz · wire −1 · mm −1 , the efficiency is better than 98%. Cross-talk between cells is less than 2%.
Ion Chromatography as an Alternative to Standard Methods for Analysis of Macro-nutrients in Mehlich 1 Extracts of Unfertilized Forest Soils

Abstract This study evaluates ion chromatography (IC) as an alternative to atomic absorption (AA) and inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) for analysis of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca), and as an alternative to antimonylmolybdate colorimetry and ICP for analysis of phosphorus (P) macro-nutrients in Mehlich 1 extracts. Soils typical of pine forests in the southeastern United States were tested. IC correlates well with AA and ICP for K and Ca, but not for Mg, unless conditions are chosen that resolve Mg from manganese (Mn). IC does not correlate very well with colorimetry for P at extract levels below 2 mg kg−1 or in extracts with high levels of dissolved organic matter complexes of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe). ICP results for P exceed both IC and colorimetry by 3–5 mg kg−1 for all soils tested. The merits of IC relative to AA, ICP, and colorimetry for forest soil testing are discussed.
Boron particle ignition and combustion at 30–150 atm

Abstract The ignition and combustion of boron particles is investigated at high pressures and temperatures produced by the combustion (unsteady fast deflagration) of nitrogen-diluted hydrogen/oxygen mixtures. A novel device is described to inject particles after sufficient delay for combustion and gas mixture transients to equilibrate, permitting particle ignition at high temperature and nearly constant pressure conditions. Particle injection is calibrated at high pressure with aluminum particles showing agreement with independent determinations. Using this technique, the ignition and combustion times of ∼24 micron crystalline boron particles are measured over a range of pressures (30–150 atm), temperatures (2440, 2630, 2830 K), and excess O2 concentrations (5, 11, 20%). Although boron has been observed elsewhere to exhibit a two-stage ignition process at lower pressures and temperatures, only a single stage is observed here. Boron particle ignition delays are reduced with increased pressure, decreased particle size, and increased temperature. Combustion times drop significantly between 2440 and 2600 K, decreasing by a factor of at least two. Two proposed ignition-enhancing agents, CO2 and HF, show no signs of accelerating ignition and 5% HF actually increases ignition delays. Measured ignition delays are compared to predictions from two ignition models, one incorporating a convective heating model, the other detailed surface chemistry, showing generally good agreement for ignition delays except for an underprediction of the measured decrease in particle ignition delays with increasing pressure. This study demonstrates that boron particle lifetimes at elevated pressures are sufficiently short to make particles smaller than 20 μm suitable for high-speed air-breathing propulsion applications.
Topochemistry of the fungal degradation of lignin in birch wood as related to the distribution of guaiacyl and syringyl lignins

Samples of non-decayed birch wood and samples decayed to weight losses of 21, 44, and 67% by Coriolus versicolor were subjected to acidolysis (4h reflux in dioxane-water, 9:1 by volume, containing 0.2 M HCl). The yields of the two major products, 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone (ketol I) and 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propanone (ketol II), as a percentage of residual lignins, decreased progressively with increasing decay. Even so, substantial yields of I and II were obtained from the decayed wood, suggesting that during decay a considerable amount of the lignin remaining in the wood was as yet unaltered (e. g. ∼50% at a 67% weight loss). This result indicates that lignin is degraded from exposed surfaces; the decreasing yields of I and II with decay show that the surfaces become progressively larger.
Combined epicardial-transthoracic electrode paddle placement: A method for defibrillation during open-chest cardiac resuscitation

Abstract We present a case of open-chest cardiac massage where ventricular fibrillation developed and a direct current shock was required. In the absence of `surgical' electrode paddles, standard paddle electrodes were used; one small electrode was placed directly on the exposed epicardial surface and the second electrode was placed on the lateral chest wall. Defibrillation was achieved with a 100 J shock. This combined epicardial-transthoracic electrode paddle placement technique allows defibrillation to be accomplished when open chest cardiac masssage is being performed and no `surgical' electrode paddles are available.
Millennial Teacher: A Storied Landscape of Diversity in “New Times”

In this article the authors explore the ways in which the historical location of millennial prospective teachers is markedly distinct from that of previous generations. Through a case study of one prospective teacher's life history, millenial themes of globalization and shape-shifting are highlighted and analyzed in relation to one prospective teacher's learner biography.
Effects of methotrexate on folates in Krebs ascites and L1210 murine leukemia cells

Abstract Changes in reduced folates upon exposure of Krebs ascites cells and L1210 murine leukemia cells to methotrexate (MTX) have been measured by stoichiometric entrapment of tissue methylenetetrahydrofolate into a stable ternary complex with thymidylate synthase and tritiated 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate. Tetrahydrofolate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate were determined after conversion to methylenetetrahydrofolate. In both tumor cell lines, treatment with methotrexate at levels which had little effect on methylenetetrahydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate concentrations resulted in nearly complete elimination of the methyltetrahydrofolate pool. Thus, an initial effect of methotrexate on folate metabolism appears to be on methyltetrahydrofolate.
Integrated strained-layer photonic devices by selective area epitaxy

Selective-area epitaxy over a patterned dual stripe oxide mask allows the fabrication of strained-layer buried heterostructure quantum well lasers in which the quantum well thickness and, hence, emission wavelength is defined anywhere on the wafer by the stripe width and spacing. This in-plane bandgap energy control allows the designer to fabricate devices with different wavelengths on the same wafer for integrated opto-electronic applications. Since no growth occurs on the oxide mask, the spacing between stripes defines the width of the lateral optical waveguide, and the width of the stripes defines the amount of growth rate and composition enhancement in the quantum well. A very wide range of emission wavelengths (i.e. 960 - 1060 nm) can be obtained over the wafer surface in a single growth. A number of novel and high performance photonic devices have been fabricated in this manner including sub-milliampere threshold current lasers, lasers integrated with waveguides, modulators, and detectors, multiple-wavelength WDM arrays, broad-band LEDs, and redundant sources.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heavy beam loading in storage ring radio frequency systems

Abstract Effects arising from both steady-state and transient beam loading of an rf system in circular accelerators are described. The stability of the rf system and the particle beam is studied using a numerical model of the beam-cavity interaction with multiple feedback loops. Nonlinearities in the power source are also considered. As a special case, a detailed model of the Stanford Linear Collider damping rings is presented. The effects of beam-induced transients and intensity jitter on the rf system are analyzed and are used to determine stability tolerances for incoming current variations. A low current limit is demonstrated and techniques are described to ease this limit. Implications for the design and operation of future storage ring rf systems are studied in the heavily beam-loaded limit.
A Boke or Counseill against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate or the Sweating Sickness

Sweating sickness was a disease of unknown cause and very high mortality that first appeared in England in 1485. John Caius's book is our main source of knowledge about the disease, outbreaks of which recurred until 1578. John Caius was born in Norwich in 1510. He entered Gonville Hall in Cambridge in 1529 and then moved to Padua to study under Vesalius. He refounded his former college as Gonville and Caius College and became its master. In the first part of his book Caius describes the disease as “not a sweat onely (as it is thought or called) but a fever.” It lasted 24 hours, with pain in the arms, legs, back, and shoulders, followed by a “marvellous heavinesse, and …
Moisture Resistance of Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposited Oxides Used for Ultralarge Scale Integrated Device Applications

The moisture resistance of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) oxide films used in ultralarge scale integrated (ULSI) device applications has been characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The differences in the moisture absorption characteristics between tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and silane-based PECVD oxides are presented. Our results indicate that the film thickness and the as-deposited film stress are important factors in controlling the moisture resistance of these PECVD oxides; the deposition of these PECVD oxides using higher O 2 :TEOS ratios enhances moisture resistance; the use of N 2 O instead of O 2 as the oxidizing agent incorporates nitrogen as well as Si-H bonds in the film which enhance moisture resistance, and that an in situ N 2 plasma post-treatment of PECVD TEOS-O 2 films improves the moisture barrier characteristics of the these oxide films
Microcomputer-based system for the detection and quantification of petit mal epilepsy

A petit mal seizure detector totally implemented in a 16 bit microcomputer and capable of analyzing on-line at least one channel of EEG data is described. The system uses the repetition period of the wave complexes as the primary parameter for the detection and performs well in clinically significant seizures. Besides characterizing the paroxysms in duration and time of occurrence, the system also evaluates on-line the mean values and variances of the detection parameters, yielding more quantitative information about the seizure data than previously described systems.
Oxidative Ammonolysis of Technical Lignins. Part 4. Effects of the Ammonium Hydroxide Concentration and pH

The effects of ammonium hydroxide concentration and pH on the kinetics and reaction mechanism of oxidative ammonolysis of Repap organosolv lignin were studied. The reactions were carried out at 100...
Low-temperature noise measurements on quantum well infrared photodetectors

Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is the most important figure of merit for comparing the performance of infrared detectors. When measuring SNR, it is vitally important that all of the noise sources be characterized, including those of the test apparatus. At low temperatures and/or high current, generation-recombination (G-R) noise is expected to be the main noise contributor. At high temperatures and low current, Johnson noise is expected to become comparable to the G-R noise. We present noise measurements under dark conditions on a Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) with careful attention to noise sources present in the measurement apparatus. The noise was dominated by Johnson noise at temperatures <40K, and by G-R noise at 77K and finite bias. A new method to measure noise in QWIPs is described.
Hermitian U-theory of exact categories with duality functors

Abstract Generalizations of Karoubi's U -theory to categories with a duality functor. Our procedure is to use the simplicial set approach of Waldhausen. We also check the possibility of generalizing the method of Gillet-Grayson to define the loop space for the Hermitian case.
Minimizing stochastic moiré in frequency-modulated halftones by means of green-noise masks.

In color halftoning, moire is the low-frequency spatial artifact generated by the interference of superimposed primary color dot screens that adds an unwanted artificial texture to the printed image. When these overlapping dot screens are irregular, as in the case of stochastic dot screens, this interference pattern follows a random spatial distribution resulting in “stochastic” moire. This stochastic moire is at its most visible when the overlapping dither patterns have the same relative spacing between dots. We study the occurrence of stochastic moire in green-noise halftones where dither patterns are composed of clusters of varying sizes and where the visibility of stochastic moire can be reduced by varying the coarseness of dither patterns between the component cyan, magenta, yellow, and black colors.
Large scale spatial structures in two-dimensional turbulent flows

Abstract The organized motion of coherent structures in two-dimensional turbulent flows is vested with a quasi-deterministic behavior. The spontaneous formation of large-scale structures could be accounted for as a manifestation of long-wave instability of the corresponding small-scale flow. For a class of such flows, dynamics of coherent structures are modeled by the Kolmogorov-Spiegel-Sivashinsky family of partial differential equations (PDE's). We present mathematical and computational investigations of the latter. We outline how locally negative viscosity mechanisms generate coherent structures with a finite, small number of degrees of freedom. Both bursting streaks and spatially localized, temporally intermittent structures are evidenced. Although an infinity of small scales a priori dissipate energy, these are slaved by a finite number of inertial modes. Only finite dimensional dynamics and chaos subsist.
Sleep behavior and unemployment conditions.

Abstract Recent research has reported that habitually short sleep duration is a risk factor for declining health, including increased risk of obesity, diabetes and coronary heart disease. In this study we investigate whether macroeconomic conditions are associated with variation in mean sleep time in the United States, and if so, whether the effect is procyclical or countercyclical. We merge state unemployment rates from 2003 through 2012 with the American Time Use Survey, a nationally representative sample of adults with 24 h time diaries. We find that higher aggregate unemployment is associated with longer mean sleep duration, with each additional point of state unemployment associated with an additional average 0.83 min of sleep ( p p
On the roles of enzymic heme and copper in the catalytic and allosteric properties of 1-tryptopan-2,3-dioxygenase

Abstract l -Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas acidovorans and rat liver are tetrameric proteins containing 2 moles heme and 2 g-atoms Cu per mole as bound, functioning cofactors. The enzymes from both sources are inducible and allosterically regulated. Cu must be in the cuprous state for catalytic activity, while the heme may be in the ferri or ferro valence states. l -Tryptophan interacts with both the heme and Cu moieties of the enzyme as shown by electron paramagnetic resonance studies and inhibition studies with Cu specific complexing agents. Molecular O 2 forms a spectrophotometrically detectable enzyme-tryptophan-ferroheme complex (Soret, 415 nm). Studies on reductive activation indicate that molecular O 2 may also combine with the Cu moieties. The binding of effectors to the allosteric site of the pseudomonad enzyme is to increase the affinity of the catalytic site for l -tryptophan and subsequently to lower the K m for O 2 . The transition state may contain l -tryptophan as a bridging ligand between the heme and Cu moieties.