cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A rapid quantitative estimation of tyrosine and phenylalanine by ion-exchange chromatography

Abstract An automatic method for rapid quantitation of tyrosine and phenylalanine by ion-exchange chromatography is presented. The method may be adapted for use on any automatic amino acid analyzer. Complete quantitation of tyrosine and phenylalanine can be obtained in as little as 15 min, making it ideal for use in screening programs for phenylketonuria and other inborn errors of metabolism.
Fixation of laryngeal stents

With the advent of the CO2 laser, the transendoscopic placement of stents and keels has become an important adjunct in the surgical treatment of laryngeal webs and stenosis. Fixation of stents, however, is often difficult and cumbersome. Here, we describe two relatively simple techniques of laryngeal stent construction, placement, and fixation.
Modulation of the bovine innate immune response by production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in bovine monocytes

Abstract In cattle, the kidney has been the only known site for production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] from 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 [25(OH)D 3 ] by 1α-hydroxylase (1α-OHase). Based on human studies, it was hypothesized that bovine monocytes could produce 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 upon activation and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 would regulate expression of vitamin D–responsive genes in monocytes. First, the effects of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 on bovine monocytes isolated from peripheral blood were tested. Treatment of nonstimulated monocytes with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 increased expression of the gene for the vitamin D 24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) enzyme by 51±13 fold, but 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 induction of 24-OHase expression was blocked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. In addition, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 increased the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) in LPS-stimulated monocytes 69±13 and 40±12 fold, respectively. Next, the ability of bovine monocytes to express 1α-OHase and produce 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 was tested. Activation of monocytes with LPS, tripalmitoylated lipopeptide (Pam3CSK4), or peptidoglycan caused 43±9, 17±3, and 19±3 fold increases in 1α-OHase gene expression, respectively. Addition of 25(OH)D 3 to LPS-stimulated monocytes enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and RANTES and nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner, giving evidence that activated monocytes convert 25(OH)D 3 to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . In conclusion, bovine monocytes produce 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in response to toll-like receptor signaling, and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 production in monocytes increased the expression of genes involved in the innate immune system. Vitamin D status of cattle might be important for optimal innate immune function because 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 production in activated monocytes and subsequent upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and RANTES expression was dependent on 25(OH)D 3 availability.
A near death experience: Shigella manipulates host death machinery to silence innate immunity

Release of mitochondrial contents often triggers inflammation and cell death, and modulating this process can be advantageous to invading pathogens. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Andree and colleagues reveal new findings that an intracellular bacterial pathogen exploits apoptotic machinery to suppress host immune signaling, yet avoids cell death. This study emphasizes the need to expand our understanding of the roles played by pro-apoptotic proteins in non-death scenarios.
A comparison of observed and forecast energetics over North America

The observed kinetic energy balance is calculated over North America and compared with that computed from forecast fields for the 13-15 January 1979 cyclone. The FGGE upper-air rawinsonde network serves as the observational database while the forecast energetics are derived from a numerical integration with the GLAS fourth-order general circulation model initialized at 00 GMT 13 January. Maps of the observed and predicted kinetic energy and eddy conversion are in good qualitative agreement, although the model eddy conversion tends to be 2 to 3 times stronger than the observed values. Both the forecast and observations exhibit the lower and upper tropospheric maxima in vertical profiles of kinetic energy generation and dissipation typically found in cyclonic disturbances. An interesting time lag is noted in the observational analysis with the maximum observed kinetic energy occurring 12 h later than the maximum eddy conversion over the same region.
Some new outlooks on burst error correcting capabilities of Reed-Solomon codes with applications in mobile communications

Some bounds on the required number of parity check symbols for burst error correction are discussed. Equations determining burst error correction capabilities of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes constructed over Galois fields of characteristic two are presented. Tables providing burst error correction capabilities of RS codes constructed over GF(256) and GF(64) are provided. Some applications of RS codes in mobile communications are covered, in particular the selection of the (63,47) RS codes for Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) networks is explained. One legitimate concern regarding the application of RS codes in mobile communications is the computational complexity of the RS codes standard decoding method. Three alternative decoding techniques, suitable for RS codes with low error correcting capability are described
Effects of Using Mechanically Deboned Meat from Broiler Breast Frames and Isolated Soy Protein on Objective and Sensory Characteristics of Poultry Rolls

Abstract Six poultry rolls were prepared to evaluate effect of mechanically deboned meat (MDM) from broiler frames (ribs and back) and isolated soy protein (ISP) on quality. MDM and hand-deboned broiler breast meat (HDBM) for each roll were mixed with appropriate emulsion bases containing 0 or 2% ISP for 5 min, stuffed into fibrous casings, and cooked in a smokehouse. The following characteristics were measured: cooked yield, color (objective, subjective), and texture (Texture Profile Analysis). Rolls containing ISP exhibited significantly higher cooked yield than rolls without ISP. Rolls containing ISP and 10 or 20% MDM exhibited higher cooked yield than rolls with ISP and 0% MDM. As level of MDM increased from 0 to 20% the rolls became darker, redder, and more yellow, as determined by objective color measurements. Color attributes of saturation and hue significantly decreased as MDM level increased, and total color difference values increased as level of MDM increased. Sensory data (untrained sight panel) confirmed that rolls became significantly darker as MDM level increased. The objective and sensory textural attributes of hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness decreased as level of MDM increased. Positive significant correlation coefficients between objective and sensory data for hardness and chewiness indicate agreement between the Instron and panel.
A multiscale study of the mechanisms controlling shear velocity anisotropy in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth

We present an analysis of shear velocity anisotropy using data in and near the SanAndreas Fault Observatory at Depth SAFODtoinvestigatethephysicalmechanismscontrolling velocity anisotropy and the effects of frequency and scale. We analyze data from borehole dipole sonic logs and present theresultsfromashear-wave-splittinganalysisperformedon waveforms from microearthquakes recorded on a downhole seismic array. We show how seismic anisotropy is linked either to structures such as sedimentary bedding planes or to thestateofstress,dependingonthephysicalpropertiesofthe formation.Foranarbitrarilyorientedwellbore,wemodelthe apparentfastdirectionthatismeasuredwithdipolesoniclogs if the shear waves are polarized by arbitrarily dipping transversely isotropic TI structural planes bedding/fractures. Our results indicate that the contemporary state of stress is the dominant mechanism governing shear velocity anisotropyinbothhighlyfracturedgraniticrocksandwell-beddedarkosic sandstones. In contrast, within the finely laminated shales, anisotropy is a result of the structural alignment of clays along the sedimentary bedding planes. By analyzing shearvelocityanisotropyatsonicwavelengthsoverscalesof meters and at seismic frequencies over scales of several kilometers, we show that the polarization of the shear waves and theamountofanisotropyrecordedarestronglydependenton the frequency and scale of investigation. The shear anisotropy data provide constraints on the orientation of the maximum horizontal compressive stressSHmaxand suggest that, at a distance of only 200 m from the SanAndreas fault SAF, SHmax is at an angle of approximately 70° to the strike of the fault. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that theSAFisaweakfaultslippingatlowlevelsofshearstress.
Improving functional density using run-time circuit reconfiguration [FPGAs]

The ability to provide flexibility and allow fine-grain circuit specialization make field programmable gate arrays (FPGA's) ideal candidates for computing elements within application-specific architectures. The benefits of gate-level specialization and reconfigurability can be extended by reconfiguring circuit resources at run-time. This technique, termed run-time reconfiguration (RTR), allows the exploitation of dynamic conditions or temporal locality within application-specific problems. For several applications, this technique has been shown to reduce the hardware resources required for computation. The use of this technique on conventional FPGA's, however, requires additional time for circuit reconfiguration. A functional density metric is introduced that balances the advantages of RTR against its associated reconfiguration costs. This metric is used to justify run-time reconfiguration against other more conventional approaches. Several run-time reconfigured applications are presented and analyzed using this approach.
Benign Diseases of the Bladder

Benign diseases of the bladder often present diagnostic challenges to practicing pathologists due to their diverse nature and ability to mimic a variety of epithelial or mesenchymal neoplasms. Categories of benign bladder disease include infectious cystitis, noninfectious cystitis, reactive proliferative processes, and benign processes that secondarily involve the bladder. An understanding of the key clinical and morphologic features of these lesions and the useful ancillary techniques specific for these entities is critical to the correct diagnosis of these lesions. This article reviews the key features of these benign bladder diseases and highlights methods to distinguish these lesions from other benign and malignant processes involving the bladder.
O-GlcNAc modification blocks the aggregation and toxicity of the protein α-synuclein associated with Parkinson's disease

Several aggregation-prone proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases can be modified by O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in vivo. One of these proteins, α-synuclein, is a toxic aggregating protein associated with synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease. However, the effect of O-GlcNAcylation on α-synuclein is not clear. Here, we use synthetic protein chemistry to generate both unmodified α-synuclein and α-synuclein bearing a site-specific O-GlcNAc modification at the physiologically relevant threonine residue 72. We show that this single modification has a notable and substoichiometric inhibitory effect on α-synuclein aggregation, while not affecting the membrane binding or bending properties of α-synuclein. O-GlcNAcylation is also shown to affect the phosphorylation of α-synuclein in vitro and block the toxicity of α-synuclein that was exogenously added to cells in culture. These results suggest that increasing O-GlcNAcylation may slow the progression of synucleinopathies and further support a general function for O-GlcNAc in preventing protein aggregation.
Model for determining the influence of instrumental variations on the long‐term precision of isotope dilution analyses

Isotope dilution calibration curves for the quantitative analysis of organic compounds are determined at one point in time. Future analyses of unknowns are then referred to that single calibration. However, between the time that the calibration was performed and the time that the unknowns are analyzed, numerous changes in mass spectrometric operating conditions have often occurred. These include changes in resolution, mass discrimination, fragmentation patterns due to temperature changes, and electrometer offset. These changes will alter the mass spectrometric response and may reduce the accuracy and precision of the analysis. In order to investigate the effect of the above variations, a mathematical model has been developed which permits the influence of the operating conditions to be quantitated. The mass spectrometric response—i.e. isotope ratio—was very sensitive to changes in operating conditions. Changes in the isotope ratios of mixtures that were comprised predominantly of either the natural abundance compound or the labeled compound varied by up to 50%. However, the use of data reduction procedures that include a correction term for the isotope ratio of either or both of the natural abundance or labeled compound reduced the errors to 5% or less.
Directional Effects in 3-D Diffusers

Abstract : The effect of direction on the diffusion of incompletely mixed flows is examined. The governing boundary layer equations are linearized about an average streamwise velocity and the cross flow velocity terms are assumed to be small. The equations are transformed to a single equation of the classical unsteady heat conduction type in terms of a single variable including both velocity and pressure. The known solutions to the heat conduction equation are then applied and the results for diffusion in different directions are compared. (Author)
The nonlinear capillary instability of a liquid jet. Part 1. Theory

Nonlinear capillary instability of an axisymmetric infinite liquid column is investigated with an initial velocity disturbance consisting of a fundamental and one harmonic component. A third-order solution is developed using the method of strained co-ordinates. For the fundamental disturbance alone, the solution shows that a cut-off zone of wavenumbers (k) exists such that the surface waves grow exponentially below the cut-off zone, linearly in the middle of the zone (near k = 1), and an oscillatory solution exists for wavenumbers above the boundary of the zone. For an input including both the fundamental and a harmonic, all wave components grow exponentially when the fundamental is below the cut-off zone. Using a Galilean transformation, the solution is applied to a progressive jet issuing from a nozzle. The jet breaks into drops interspersed with smaller (satellite) drops for k 0·65. It is shown theoretically that the formation of satellites can be controlled by forcing the jet with a suitable harmonic added to the fundamental.
Measuring Acculturation: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go:

Acculturation measures intend to capture the psychological, behavioral, and attitudinal changes that occur when individuals and groups from different cultures come into continuous contact with each other. This article examines the most prominent theoretical models and assumptions that drive acculturation measures. Examples of Hispanic acculturation measures are used to illustrate how these theoretical foundations are applied in empirical measures. Particular emphasis is given to discussing the strengths and limitations of two bidimensional measures, the Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (BAS) and the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-Revised (ARSMA-II). Recommendations for improving these measures are presented. Moving beyond proxy measures, improving the operationalization of acculturation indicators, and incorporating theoretical models, as well as contextual variables, are the key recommendations presented for improving measures of acculturation.
Femtosecond studies of photoexcited carriers and charge transfer nonlinearities in conducting polymers and oligomers

Despite numerous studies on the ultrafast photophysics of conjugated polymer systems such as poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and its derivatives, great controversy persists regarding the nature and mechanisms of formation of the primary photoexcitations in these materials. Detailed knowledge of the photoexcitations is essential for developing optimized optoelectronic devices from these materials. In this paper, we report recent progress on several issues. First, the nature of the intrinsic photoexcitations and nonlinear decay mechanisms in the PPV family second, the use of photoinduced charge transfer in blends and bilayers to achieve novel nonlinear optical effects.
Who regenerates the kidney tubule

The kidney possesses profound regenerative potential and in some cases can recover completely 'restitutio at integrum' following an acute kidney injury (AKI). Emerging evidence strongly suggests that sometimes repair is incomplete, however, and, in this situation, an episode of AKI leads to future chronic kidney disease (CKD). Understanding the tubular response after AKI will shed light on the relationship between incomplete repair and future risk of CKD. The first repair phase after AKI is characterized by robust proliferation of epithelial cells in the proximal tubule. The exact source of these proliferating cells has been a source of controversy for the last decade. While nearly everyone now agrees that reparative cells arise within the proximal tubule, there is disagreement about whether all surviving cells possess an equivalent repair capacity through dedifferentiation, or alternatively whether a pre-existing intratubular stem cell population [so-called scattered tubular cells (STC)] is responsible for repair. This review will summarize the evidence on both sides of this issue and will discuss very recent genetic fate-tracing data that strongly points against the existence of intratubular stem cells but rather indicates that terminally differentiated proximal tubule epithelial cells undergo dedifferentiation upon injury to replace lost neighboring tubular epithelial cells through proliferative self-duplication. This new evidence includes data clearly indicating that STC are not committed tubular stem cells but instead represent individual dedifferentiated tubular epithelial cells that transiently express putative stem cell markers.
Characterization of generation–recombination noise using a physics-based device noise simulator

Abstract The implementation of generation–recombination (g–r) noise in a partial differential equation based device simulator is presented. Derived from the Shockley–Read–Hall model, the strength of each local g–r noise source is calculated based on the carrier transition rates between the conduction band, valence band, and trap states. The perturbations of these local g–r noise sources are then transmitted to the electrodes of the simulated device through scalar Green’s functions. g–r noise simulations are compared with existing measurements made on a four trap level, p-type silicon resistor. Good agreement between measured and simulated data is observed.
Elevated levels of leukotriene C4 synthase mRNA distinguish a subpopulation of eosinophilic oesophagitis patients

SummaryBackground Cysteinyl leukotrienes contribute to Th2-type inflammatory immune responses. Their levels in oesophageal tissue, however, do not distinguish patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) from controls. Objective We asked whether mRNA levels of leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S), a key regulator of leukotriene production, could serve as a marker for EoE. Methods Digital mRNA expression profiling (nCounter® Technology) was performed on proximal and distal oesophageal biopsies of 30 paediatric EoE patients and 40 non-EoE controls. Expression data were confirmed with RT-qPCR. LTC4S mRNA levels were quantified in whole blood samples. Leukotriene E4 was measured in urine. Results LTC4S mRNA levels were elevated in proximal (2.6-fold, P < 0.001) and distal (2.9-fold, P < 0.001) oesophageal biopsies from EoE patients. Importantly, increased LTC4S mRNA transcripts identified a subpopulation of EoE patients (28%). This patient subgroup had higher serum IgE levels (669 U/mL vs. 106 U/mL, P = 0.01), higher mRNA transcript numbers of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) (1.6-fold, P = 0.009) and CD4 (1.4-fold, P = 0.04) but lower IL-23 mRNA levels (0.5-fold, P = 0.04). In contrast, elevated levels of IL-23 mRNA were found in oesophageal biopsies of patients with reflux oesophagitis. LTC4S mRNA transcripts in whole blood and urinary excretion of leukotriene E4 were similar in EoE patient subgroups and non-EoE patients. Conclusion & Clinical Relevance Elevated oesophageal expression of LTC4S mRNA is found in a subgroup of EoE patients, concomitant with higher serum IgE levels and an oesophageal transcriptome indicative of a more-pronounced allergic phenotype. Together with TSLP and IL-23 mRNA levels, oesophageal LTC4S mRNA may facilitate diagnosis of an EoE subpopulation for personalized therapy.
THERMAL MATURATION HISTORY OF THE SIRTE BASIN, LIBYA

The high degree of thermal maturity observed in shallow sediments in the western part of the Sirte Basin, Libya, requires higher geothermal gradients and/or thicker overburden in the past than exist today. The degree of thermal maturity of the Upper Cretaceous shales, the regional structure, and the subsidence history of the basin all indicate that over 3,000 m of section was removed from the western flank of the basin by uplift and erosion in the mid-Tertiary. Vitrinite reflectance values in wells suggest that gradients of 1.6°F/100 ft to 1.8°F/100 ft existed in the western region at the time of peak thermal activity, in contrast with a general basin average of 1.2 °F/ 100 ft.
Research Note: Maintenance of Duodenum Weight During a Molt Induced by Dietary Zinc in a Low-Calcium Diet

Abstract The duodenal loop was excised from hens that had been induced to molt by a low-calcium diet containing 2,800 ppm zinc in the form of zinc sulfate heptahydrate. This was compared to that of hens pair-fed a layer diet. In Experiment 1, hens exhibited an increased duodenum weight after receiving the zinc diet for 14 days but no differences remained 14 days later. In Experiment 2, increased duodenum weight was noted after 4 days on the zinc diet and this persisted through 10 days. This greater tissue weight was observed whether expressed on a wet or dry weight basis. Thus, there was a persistency of tissue mass. The duodenum does not regress during a zinc-induced molt as it does during a fast-induced molt.
Adaptive Stabilization of SISO Systems with Unknown High-Frequency Gains

This paper presents an algorithm for adaptively stabilizing a single-input single output system admitting any minimum phase plant of relative degree q. A priori knowledge of the sign of the plant's high frequency gain and an upper bound on the plant order is not needed.
Hybrid Hyrax/quad-helix appliance in the phase I treatment of pseudo–Class III malocclusion

Abstract We introduce in this case report the appropriate diagnosis of a pseudo–Class III patient and a novel appliance that we designed to treat this malocclusion. This appliance efficiently corrected the severe malocclusion in a very short period of time. The efficiency of this appliance comes from its ability to address several clinical concerns at one time. Pseudo Class III is a type of malocclusion that is established by habitually positioning the mandible in the position where the entire anterior dentition is in crossbite but without a skeletal discrepancy. If such malocclusion is left untreated in its early stages, severe sagittal discrepancy of the maxilla and mandible may develop over the growing years, leading to very complicated treatment options in the future. We share our experience of an effective method for early treatment of a pseudo–Class III malocclusion in this case report.
Developing coping styles and social support networks: an intervention outcome study with mothers of handicapped children.

Summary This paper describes an intervention programme, evaluation procedures, and results from a study of skills training for reducing stress with parents of handicapped children. Four mothers of developmentally disabled children participated in an 8-week training programme designed to teach parents ways to enhance their coping skills, increase their social support networks, and collectively make changes in their environment. Post-test data indicate that the programme shows promise for teaching coping and social support enhancement skills to parents.
Results of irradiation or chemoirradiation following resection of gastric adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the results of postoperative irradiation ± chemotherapy for carcinoma of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction. Methods and Materials: The records of 63 patients who underwent resection for stomach cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-five patients had complete resection with no residual disease but with high-risk factors for relapse. Twenty-eight had microscopic residual and 10 had gross residual disease. Doses of irradiation ranged from 39.6 to 59.4 Gy with a median dose of 50.4 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions. Fifty-three of the 63 (84%) patients received 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy. Results: The median duration of survival was 19.3 months for patients with no residual disease, 16.7 months for those with microscopic residual disease, and 9.2 months for those with gross residual disease ( p = 0.01). The amount of residual disease also significantly impacted locoregional control ( p = 0.04). Patients with linitis plastica did significantly worse in terms of survival, locoregional control, and distant control than those without linitis plastica. The use of 4 or more irradiation fields was associated with a significant decrease in the rate of Grade 4 or 5 toxicity when compared to the patients treated with 2 fields ( p = 0.05). Conclusions: There was a significant association between survival and extent of residual disease after resection as well as the presence of linitis plastica. Distant failures are common and effective systemic therapy will be necessary to improve outcome. The toxicity of combined modality treatment appears to be reduced by using greater than 2 irradiation fields.
Follow-up of psychiatric comorbidity in the general hospital.

Although appropriate follow-up is an important task in the consultation setting, little attention has been directed to its frequency, or the risk profile for minimal or maximal follow-up. Eight hundred twenty-three patients from 1983 to 1986 were examined at the Mount Sinai Hospital using a computerized psychiatric consultation database that recorded demographic information, reason for referral, DSM-III 5 Axes diagnosis, recommendations and number of follow-up interviews. Forty-two percent of the consultations had three or less (minimum) follow-up visits. The minimum follow-up group were significantly less often referred for depression or diagnosed as depression (p = .01), had fewer psychosocial stressors (Axis III) (p = .03), and recommendations for psychosocial treatment by the psychiatric consultant (p = .0001), but had significantly more personality disorders (Axis II) (p = .04). Sixty-two percent of the consultation patients were correctly classified into the follow-up groups by the variables: 1) marital status; 2) living situation; 3) problem assessed as chronic illness or pain; 4) absence of an Axis I diagnosis or diagnostic uncertainty; and 5) number of recommendations by the consultant.
Effect of Incubation and Brooding on Fat, Visceral Weights and Body Weight of the Hen Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

Abstract A RAPID decline in body weight during the later stages of reproduction in hen pheasants has been reported by many authors; among them Kirkpatrick (1944), Kabat, Thompson and Kozlik (1950) and Stokes (1954). Pheasants have been shown to be most vulnerable to cold stress during the late summer (Greeley, 1953). This vulnerability was correlated with available energy stores by Kabat et al. (1956). Wagner (1957) re-evaluated the field study data of a number of authors on the basis of sex and age structure of wild populations. He suggested that variations in annual survival of hens result largely from variations in the extent of spring-to-fall loss. The late-summer low in weight would be expected to be influenced by the series of energy demanding situations through which the hen progresses. The most important of these would appear to be reproduction. Kabat et al. (1950) have suggested that any delay of the reproductive …
Experimental analysis and numerical modeling of flow channel effects in resin transfer molding

Composite manufacturing by Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) processes such as Resin Transfer Molding involve the impregnation of a net-shape fiber reinforcing preform inside a mold cavity by a polymeric resin. The success of the process and part manufacture depends on the complete impregnation of the dry fiber preform. Race tracking refers to the common phenomenon occurring near corners, bends, airgaps and other geometrical complexities involving sharp curvatures within a mold cavity creating fiber free and highly porous regions. These regions provide paths of low flow resistance to the resin filling the mold, and may drastically affect flow front advancement, injection and mold pressures. While racetracking has traditionally been viewed as an unwanted effect, pre-determined racetracking due to flow channels can be used to enhance the mold filling process. Advantages obtained through controlled use of racetracking include, reduction of injection and mold pressures required to fill a mold, for constant flow rate injection, or shorter mold filling times for constant pressure injection. Flow channels may also allow for the resin to be channeled to areas of the mold that need to be filled early in the process. Modeling and integration of the flow channel effects in the available LCM flow simulations based on Darcian flow equations require the determination of equivalent permeabilities to define the resistance to flow through well-defined flow channels. These permeabilities can then be applied directly within existing LCM flow simulations. The present work experimentally investigates mold filling during resin transfer molding in the presence of flow channels within a simple mold configuration. Experimental flow front and pressure data measurements are employed to experimentally validate and demonstrate the positive effect of flow channels. Transient flow progression and pressure data obtained during the experiments are employed to investigate and validate the analytical predictions of equivalent permeability for a rectangular flow channel. Both experimental data and numerical simulations are presented to validate and characterize the equivalent permeability model and approach, while demonstrating the role of flow channels in reducing the injection and mold pressures and redistributing the flow.
Diversity performance of precoded orthogonal space-time block codes using limited feedback

Orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) are simple space-time codes that can be used for open-loop transmit diversity systems. OSTBCs, however, can only be designed for certain numbers of transmit antennas. Channel-dependent linear precoders have been proposed to overcome this deficiency, but it is not clear what conditions the precoder design must satisfy to guarantee full diversity order. In this letter, we show necessary and sufficient conditions for linear precoded OSTBCs to provide full diversity order. We show that limited feedback precoding can achieve full diversity order using fewer bits than limited feedback beamforming. We also present a simplified version of antenna subset selection for OSTBCs that can provide full diversity order with low complexity and only a small amount of feedback.
The MEK Kinase Ssk2p Promotes Actin Cytoskeleton Recovery After Osmotic Stress

Saccharomyces cerevisiae adapts to osmotic stress through the activation of a conserved high-osmolarity growth (HOG) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. Transmission through the HOG pathway is very well understood, yet other aspects of the cellular response to osmotic stress remain poorly understood, most notably regulation of actin organization. The actin cytoskeleton rapidly disassembles in response to osmotic insult and is induced to reassemble only after osmotic balance with the environment is reestablished. Here, we show that one of three MEK kinases of the HOG pathway, Ssk2p, is specialized to facilitate actin cytoskeleton reassembly after osmotic stress. Within minutes of cells' experiencing osmotic stress or catastrophic disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton through latrunculin A treatment, Ssk2p concentrates in the neck of budding yeast cells and concurrently forms a 1:1 complex with actin. These observations suggest that Ssk2p has a novel, previously undescribed function in sensing damage to the actin cytoskeleton. We also describe a second function for Ssk2p in facilitating reassembly of a polarized actin cytoskeleton at the end of the cell cycle, a prerequisite for efficient cell cycle completion. Loss of Ssk2p, its kinase activity, or its ability to localize and interact with actin led to delays in actin recovery and a resulting delay in cell cycle completion. These unique capabilities of Ssk2p are activated by a novel mechanism that does not involve known components of the HOG pathway.
Soliciting Elites: The Framing Activities of the United Negro College Fund

Framing is widely recognized as an effective tool for resource mobilization, and much attention has been devoted to understanding the use of frames to mobilize participants. Less attention has been devoted to the use of frames to solicit wealthy donors despite knowledge that resource mobilization often includes this task as well. In this article, the case of the United Negro College Fund (UNCF) is used to analyze framing designed to elicit financial support from wealthy constituents. A frame analysis of the UNCF's mobilizing efforts between 1944 and 1954 is performed using qualitative data and methods. Findings indicate that soliciting support from wealthy constituents requires framing movement activity as though it will not lead to widespread change, even if logic or history suggest otherwise.
SNP Imputation for Association Studies

This chapter also (as does Chap. 5) discusses an extension of association analyses to include a larger set of hypotheses beyond just the single markers that have been genotyped in a particular study. Imputed SNP analysis is in certain respects identical to haplotype analysis since the imputed SNPs are on specific haplotypes or haplotype combinations. Testing imputed SNPs as well as genotyped SNPs is thus simply a more focused kind of haplotype analysis and serves to extend the set of hypotheses that are tested to encompass known but ungenotyped variants. Imputed SNP analysis plays a special role during a post-GWAS phase when during meta-analysis many studies are combined in efforts to find associations that are too small to be detectable in any one study. Imputation is necessarily relied upon when (as is generally the case) not all studies used the same genotyping platform or chip version.
Experimental and Computational Tools for the Development of Valved Micropulsejets for MAV Propulsion Applications

This paper describes the development of computational and experimental tools to develop valved micropulsejets. These valves must operate in very high temperature environments at frequencies approaching many kHz and for millions of cycles. Reed valves for a 50 cm pulsejet have been computationally and experimentally studied so that an accurate computational model of valve motion can be developed. This model will then be used to in conjunction with an experimental cold flow test facility in order to develop operational valves for pulsejets as small as 12 cm in length. Current results show a computational model that very closely approximates the motion seen in experimental imaging of the 50 cm pulsejet reed valves.
High-Performance Dealloyed PtCu/CuNW Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

One major barrier to fuel cell commercialization is the high cost of oxygen reduction reaction catalysts. Current catalysts are predominantly supported Pt nanoparticles. These nanoparticles show high surface area but low specific activity and durability. A transition to unsupported catalysts possessing an extended surface would improve both specific activity and durability and in turn cost-effectiveness when high surface area can be achieved. Platinum-coated copper nanowires (Pt/CuNW) exemplify these advantages. In this study, postsynthetic processing is used to further improve the performance of Pt/CuNW catalyst. Specifically, annealing followed by electrochemical dealloying enhances activity through geometric lattice tuning. The resultant bimetallic PtCu/CuNW catalyst yields specific and mass activities (SA and MA) of 2.65 mA cmPt–2 and 1.24 A mgPt–1, surpassing the respective Department of Energy (DOE) benchmarks of 0.72 mA cm–2 and 0.44 A mgPt–1. PtCu/CuNWs demonstrate enhanced durability over Pt nano...
Laboratory Studies of Viral Adjuvants: Formulation Development

Addition of soybean, corn, or cottonseed components and sugars to water-based formulations containing Baculovirus heliothis , the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis sp., produced significantly higher mortalities in laboratory tests against 24-hold bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), larvae than did a standard, water-based virus formulation. Formulations containing soybean flour and soybean oil or corn flour and corn oil produced significantly greater bollworm mortalittes than formulations containing only the corresponding oil or flour. Mortalities were not significantly different among citrus pulp, cottonseed, and soybean adjuvant formulations. Bollworm mortality decreased as the percentage of sucrose was increased in increments from 5 to 20% in the soybean flour + soybean oil (SFO) formulation. Substitution of lactose, maltose, or glucose for sucrose in the SFO formulation did not increase mortality but increased costs significantly. Addition of a polysaccharide thickener or ultraviolet (UV) protectant to the SFO + sucrose formulation did not significantly reduce bollworm mortality. The SFO + sucrose formulation was found to be equally effective when volumetric application rates or virus concentrations were varied. The ratio of mortalities caused by adjuvant suspensions containing combinations of soybean flour, soybean oil, sucrose, virus, and water to mortalities caused by virus-water suspension alone usually varied from 6.4 to 15, although one ratio was 55. Estimated cost of the SFO adjuvant (based on current prices, September 1979) at an application rate of 28 liters/ha would be $1.66/ha when an SFO concentration of 2.66 kg/28 liters, or 9.5% (wt/vol), is used.
Comment on 'An Evolutionary Developmental Approach to Cultural Evolution, by Claes Andersson, Anton Törnberg, and Petter Törnberg'

The authors credibly integrate some of the new ideas of the expanded synthesis of evolutionary theory — ideas that have expanded the modern synthesis — into a developmental approach for explicating cultural evolution. The goal is laudable; the means proposed for so doing are incomplete. Lacking in their account is a critical innovation transformation introduced during hominin evolution that fundamentally redefined what constitutes the evolutionary process with regard to the cultural side of Homo sapiens (Read 2012; Read et al. 2009).
220 INSULIN RESISTANT INDIVIDUALS MAY BE CHARACTERIZED BY A PREPONDERANCE OF SMALLER ADIPOCYTES

Purpose There is an increasing understanding that adipose tissue not only serves as an energy storage depot but also acts as a powerful endocrine organ. Various studies have shown that important factors such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are not only produced in adipose tissue, but may have significant systemic effects. Such factors have been shown to be differentially expressed in insulin resistant (IR) and insulin sensitive (IS) individuals. Prior studies have suggested that adipocytes are larger in IR individuals while other studies have suggested impaired adipogenesis in IR individuals compared to IS ones. Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that there are differences in adipocyte size between IR and IS individuals and that these differences are independent of body mass index (BMI) and may be related to varying levels of differentiation. Methods Human biopsies were obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue depots of relatively healthy overweight or obese individuals (n=10) with similar body mass index (BMI) values (IR 32.3 ± 3.8 vs. IS 29.4 ± 2.9). Insulin sensitivity was determined using steady state plasma glucose (SSPG) measurements to establish whether individuals were placed in the IR or IS group (IR 237 ± 42 vs. IS 77 ± 16 mg/dL). Adipocyte size was determined using a Multisizer Coulter Counter and were confirmed to be adipocytes by light microscopy. Gene expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Although adipocyte size measurements between IR and IS groups did not differ significantly, the IR group had a higher small to large cell ratio (1.66± 1.03 vs. 0.94 ± 0.50, P ≤0.05). Adiponectin, PPARγ1, PPARγ2, and GLUT4 all showed 2-3 fold lower levels of expression in the IR group (n=5) compared to the IS group (n=5). In contrast, there were no significant differences in Adipsin and SREBP-1c expression in both groups. Conclusions Our observation of a bimodal distribution of small and large cells in both IR and IS groups, and a larger ratio of small adipocytes in IR compared to IS individuals is a novel finding. Gene expression analysis suggests that there is probably a decrease in differentiation since GLUT4 and Adiponectin, known markers of terminal adipocyte differentiation, were significantly decreased in the IR group. However since SREBP-1c and Adipsin were not differentially expressed in both groups more work will need to be done to further characterize the adipocyte differences in the IR and IS groups and to determine the significance of adipocyte size and insulin resistance status.
Adaptive differentiation in floral traits in the presence of high gene flow in scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata).

Plant-pollinator interactions are thought to be major drivers of floral trait diversity. However, the relative importance of divergent pollinator-mediated selection vs. neutral processes in floral character evolution has rarely been explored. We tested for adaptive floral trait evolution by comparing differentiation at neutral genetic loci to differentiation at quantitative floral traits in a putative Ipomopsis aggregata hybrid zone. Typical I. aggregata subsp. candida displays slender white tubular flowers that are typical of flowers pollinated by hawkmoths, and subsp. collina displays robust red tubular flowers typical of flowers pollinated by hummingbirds; yet, hybrid flower morphs are abundant across the East Slope of the Colorado Rockies. We estimated genetic differentiation (FST ) for nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite loci and used a half-sib design to calculate quantitative trait divergence (QST ) from collection sites across the morphological hybrid zone. We found little evidence for population structure and estimated mean FST to be 0.032. QST values for several floral traits including corolla tube length and width, colour, and nectar volume were large and significantly greater than mean FST . We performed multivariate comparisons of neutral loci to genetic correlations within and between populations and found a strong signal for divergent selection, suggesting that specific combinations of floral display and reward traits may be the targets of selection. Our results show little support for historical subspecies categories, yet floral traits are more diverged than expected due to drift alone. Non-neutral divergence for multivariate quantitative traits suggests that selection by pollinators is maintaining a correlation between display and reward traits.
Patterns of uptake in the subareolar plexus as detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT: Does gender or bra use matter?

2140 Objectives : Among American women, the lifetime risk of breast cancer is approximately 13%. Lymphatic vessels play a major role in the spread of tumor cells outside the primary breast cancer site. The subareolar plexus is the main destination of the intraglandular lymph of the mammary gland. Differences in FDG breast uptake due to gender or breast compression, and any resulting reduction in perfusion and/or oxygenation, are unclear. The objective of the current study was to compare FDG uptake in the nipple and subareolar area of males versus females. In addition, we determined if a difference exists between bras users and non-bra users. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed PET/CT scans of 144 known or suspected cancer patients and 9 normal volunteers (78 males, 75 females). Females were classified based on the presence and type of bra detected on the CT part of the PET/CT: braless (n=23), under wire bra (n=20), or non-under wire bra (n=32). A region of interest (ROI) was selected to include the nipple, areola and the subareolar area of each breast for each subject. Based on the ability to see the uptake in the desired area, ROI were generated on the PET or the CT parts of the PET/CT. Also, fused PET/CT images were used when needed. Patients with known or suspected breast cancer and or mastectomy were not included in the study. Results : Female subjects had statistically significant increased FDG uptake in the nipple and subereolar region than their male counterparts (.61 ± .24 vs .39 ± .16, p.001). The difference in the uptake between women and men was statistically significant independent of the use or type of bra. In addition, bra users showed a statistically significant increase in uptake (.65 ± .23) compared to non-bra users (.51 ± .23), p=.001, but the difference between types of bra (under wire: .65±.27 versus non-under wire: .66±.22) was not statistically significant (p=.8). Conclusions : Our study revealed a statistically significant higher suberolar FDG uptake in women than in men. Also, this uptake is statistically significant higher in bra users than in non-bra users. The gender difference is probably hormonal dependent; however, further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between breast compression from the use of bra and the development of breast cancer.
Bisphosphonate Treatment and Related Agents in Children

Treatment with bisphosphonates can bring significant improvements when added to the traditional management of osteogenesis imperfecta by physiotherapy, rehabilitation and orthopedic surgery. Benefits include decreased pain, lower fracture incidence, and better mobility. Among the various bisphosphonates, intravenous pamidronate has been studied in most detail. It appears that oral bisphosphonates are less effective than intravenous pamidronate. As the effect of bisphosphonates on the skeleton is largest during growth, it appears logical to start bisphosphonate therapy as early as possible. Apart from pamidronate, a number of studies have evaluated the effect of other intravenously administered bisphosphonates, such as neridronate, ibandronate and zoledronate. As there are persistent uncertainties regarding the long-term treatment effects, bisphosphonates should be reserved for patients who have significant clinical involvement, such as vertebral compression fractures or long bone deformities. Medical therapies other than bisphosphonates, such as growth hormone and parathyroid hormone, play a minor role at present. Newer approaches based on antibodies against regulators of bone cell activity appear promising.