cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the properties and bile salt specificities of galactosylceramide and lactosyl ceramide β-galactosidase activities in human leucocytes and fibroblasts

The properties and bile salt specificities of galactosylceramide and lactosylceramide beta-galactosidase activities (GC and LC-beta-galactosidases) of human leucocytes and fibroblasts were compared. A number of differences were observed. Under the standard assay conditions the former activity was more sensitive to Zn2+ and Triton-X100. Glycocholate and cholate were more active stimulators of the GC-beta-galactosidase than the more frequently used taurocholate which was the most effective stimulator of LC-beta-galactosidase activity. It is postulated that some of the apparent differences in the properties of GC- and LC-beta-galactosidase activities may be attributed to the different micellar properties of the lipid substrates. Experiments with fibroblasts from patients with Krabbe's disease confirmed an almost total absence of GC-beta-galactosidase whichever bile acid was employed. Residual LC-beta-galactosidase activity detected in these cells was much higher ranging from 13% of the lowest measured value when measured with taurocholate to approximately normal values with glycocholate. Fibroblasts obtained from patients with GM1-gangliosidosis displayed close to normal GC and LC-beta-galactosidase activity under our experimental conditions. The data suggest that diagnoses of Krabbe's disease should be performed with galactosylceramide rather than lactosylceramide as substrate.
Prevalence of Health Behaviors Related to Hypertension in 3 Blood Pressure Treatment Groups: The Minnesota Heart Health Program

Background. Lifestyle modifications have the potential to bring blood pressure under control or reduce the need for potentially harmful medications and, most importantly, to prevent high blood pressure from developing. Evaluation of the contribution of primary and secondary prevention efforts requires monitoring risk factors for hypertension among those with and without a history of the condition. Methods. This study in the Minnesota Heart Health Program describes the prevalence of the major lifestyle risk factors for hypertension and other cardiovascular disease. Data are from men and women age 25-74 over a period of about 10 years (1980-1990). The study involved six communities, three received an education intervention, and three were used as comparison groups. Irrespective of observed blood pressure values, risk factor levels and time trends are compared among persons taking antihypertensive medication, persons with a history of hypertension but not currently medicated, and a general population, nonhypertensive group who report they were never told they were hypertensive. Analysis was done at the level of the city rather than the individual and involved a subset of the cross-sectional survey data. Results . Significant differences were found between groups for knowledge about and control of high blood pressure, for body mass index, intent to lose weight, physical activity, sodium and fat intake, and total serum cholesterol level. No differences were found in intent to increase physical activity, in alcohol intake, or smoking prevalence. A group by time interaction was found only for frequent use of table salt and percentage of total kilocalories from fat. Most time trends were significant and in a favorable direction for prevention. Means for all groups indicated failure to meet national recommendations for dietary sodium, percentage of calories from fat, total cholesterol level, smoking, and possibly exercise. Conclusions. Efforts to prevent, treat, and control hypertension will require more intensive intervention. Continued monitoring of the knowledge and behaviors of hypertensives and the general population is needed to inform primary and secondary prevention efforts, especially in more diverse populations than this study represents.
A Common CNR1 (Cannabinoid Receptor 1) Haplotype Attenuates the Decrease in HDL Cholesterol That Typically Accompanies Weight Gain

We have previously shown that genetic variability in CNR1 is associated with low HDL dyslipidemia in a multigenerational obesity study cohort of Northern European descent (209 families, median = 10 individuals per pedigree). In order to assess the impact of CNR1 variability on the development of dyslipidemia in the community, we genotyped this locus in all subjects with class III obesity (body mass index >40 kg/m2) participating in a population-based biobank of similar ancestry. Twenty-two haplotype tagging SNPs, capturing the entire CNR1 gene locus plus 15 kb upstream and 5 kb downstream, were genotyped and tested for association with clinical lipid data. This biobank contains data from 645 morbidly obese study subjects. In these subjects, a common CNR1 haplotype (H3, frequency 21.1%) is associated with fasting TG and HDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.031 for logTG; p = 0.038 for HDL-C; p = 0.00376 for log[TG/HDL-C]). The strength of this relationship increases when the data are adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, diet and physical activity. Mean TG levels were 160±70, 155±70, and 120±60 mg/dL for subjects with 0, 1, and 2 copies of the H3 haplotype. Mean HDL-C levels were 45±10, 47±10, and 48±9 mg/dL, respectively. The H3 CNR1 haplotype appears to exert a protective effect against development of obesity-related dyslipidemia.
Charge stabilization in nonpolar solvents.

While the important role of electrostatic interactions in aqueous colloidal suspensions is widely known and reasonably well-understood, their relevance to nonpolar suspensions remains mysterious. We measure the interaction potentials of colloidal particles in a nonpolar solvent with reverse micelles. We find surprisingly strong electrostatic interactions characterized by surface potentials, |eζ|, from 2.0 to 4.4 kBT and screening lengths, κ-1, from 0.2 to 1.4 μm. Interactions depend on the concentration of reverse micelles and the degree of confinement. Furthermore, when the particles are weakly confined, the values of |eζ| and κ extracted from interaction measurements are consistent with bulk measurements of conductivity and electrophoretic mobility. A simple thermodynamic model, relating the structure of the micelles to the equilibrium ionic strength, is in good agreement with both conductivity and interaction measurements. Since dissociated ions are solubilized by reverse micelles, the entropic incenti...
Single-Crystal CdSe Nanosaws

We report the first successful synthesis and characterization of single-crystal wurtzite CdSe nanoribbons through a simple thermal evaporation process. Asymmetric growth of the nanoribbons occurs, yielding a sawlike shape with sharp teeth on one side. This asymmetric growth is suggested to be induced by the polarization of the c-plane in the wurtzite crystal structure.
In vitro ovulation of hamster oocytes depends on contraction of follicular smooth muscle cells

Smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the hamster follicle contract prior to ovulation, and their contraction produces a V-shaped constriction in the base of the follicle. We have determined when basal constrictions first appear in follicles removed from females at various preovulatory times by examining stained, thick sections with a brightfield microscope. The time to ovulation was controlled by injecting the female with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The shape of the follicle was classified as flat, small V, medium V, or large V depending on the size of the basal constriction. Twenty-nine out of 30 follicles removed 12 hours after the hCG injection had flat bases or small V-shaped constrictions. However, by 12.5 and 13.0 hours after hCG injection, 45 and 54%, respectively, ofthe follicles had medium and large V-shaped constrictions in their bases. Transmission elec- tron microscopy was used to confirm that flat follicles had uncontracted SMC, follicles with small V's had uncontracted or slightly contracted SMC, and follicles with medium and large V's had highly contracted SMC. When 12 hour follicles were removed from females and cultured in vitro, ovulation did not occur. Mi- croscopic examinations showed that SMC had not contracted in these follicles during culture. Some (36.6%) 12.5 hour follicles and most (69.9%) 13 hour follicles ovulated when cultured in vitro. The majority of those which failed to do so, did not have contracted SMCs. We interpret these data to mean that in hamsters follicular SMC begin to contract in some follicles between 12-12.5 hours after the hCG injection. If contraction has begun in vivo, then the ovary may be removed from the female and ovulation will occur during in vitro culture. If contraction has not begun in vivo, it will not do so using the in vitro conditions described in this study and ovulation will not occur. These observations are consistent with the idea that the contraction of follicular SMC is necessary for hamster ovulation, and suggest that either stretch or neurotransmitters may initiate SMC contrac- tion in vivo.
Developing Young Children's Classification and Logical Thinking Skills

(1995). Developing Young Children's Classification and Logical Thinking Skills. Childhood Education: Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 24-28.
Sexuality Education in the Secondary Special Education Curriculum: Teachers' Perceptions and Concerns.

Secondary teachers of students with mild mental handicaps discussed the factors that influenced their decisions about teaching family life education. Although teachers believed that their students would benefit from comprehensive and realistic family life programming, only about a third of them had offered it. Teachers were wary of an adverse reaction from students, students' parents, and their administrators. Many said that they were unsure of appropriate content and teaching strategies. Few had received even minimal preparation for teaching sexuality education in their preservice education.
Negative Differential Resistance on the Atomic Scale: Implications for Atomic Scale Devices

Negative differential resistance (NDR) is the essential property that allows fast switching in certain types of electronic devices. With scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy, it is shown that the current-voltage characteristics of a diode configuration consisting of an STM tip over specific sites of a boron-exposed silicon(111) surface exhibit NDR. These NDR-active sites are of atomic dimensions (∼1 nanometer). NDR in this case is the result of tunneling through localized, atomic-like states. Thus, desirable device characteristics can be obtained even on the atomic scale.
Determining the spatial containment of a point in general polyhedra

Abstract Determining the inclusion of a point in volume-enclosing polyhedra (shapes) in 3D space is, in principle, the extension of the well-known problem of determining the inclusion of a point in a polygon in 2D space. However, the extra degree of freedom makes 3D point-polyhedron containment analysis much more difficult to solve than the 2D point-polygon problem, mainly because of the nonsequential ordering of the shape elements, which requires global shape data to be applied for resolving special cases. Two general O(n) algorithms for solving the problem by reducing the 3D case into the solvable 2D case are presented. The first algorithm, denoted “the projection method,” is applicable to any planar-faced polyhedron, reducing the dimensionality by employing parallel projection to generate planar images of the shape faces, together with an image of the point being tested for inclusion. The containment relationship of these images is used to increment a global parity-counter when appropriate, representing an abstraction for counting the intersections between the surface of the shape and a halfline extending from the point to infinity. An “inside” relationship is established when the parity-count is odd. Special cases (coincidence of the halfline with edges or vertices of the shape) are resolved by eliminating the coincidental elements and re-projecting the merged faces. The second algorithm, denoted “the intersection method,” is applicable to any well-formed shape, including curved-surfaced ones. It reduces the dimensionality by intersecting the shape with a plane which includes the point tested for inclusion, thereby generating a 2D polygonal trace of the shape surface at the plane of intersection, which is tested for containing the trace of the point in the plane, directly establishing the overall 3D containment relationship. A particular O(n) implementation of the 2D point-in-polygon inclusion algorithm, which is used for solving the problem once reduced in dimensionality, is also presented. The presentation is complemented by discussions of the problems associated with point-polyhedron relationship determination in general, and comparative analysis of the two particular algorithms presented.
Interleukin-1 production by mononuclear cells from rheumatoid synovial effusions.

Abstract The polypeptide interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a cytokine that may mediate inflammation and connective tissue damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We examined cytokine production by normal blood and by rheumatoid synovial mononuclear cells with sensitive (picomolar) assays. The assays were immunolabeling and immunoblotting with rabbit anti-IL-1β sera, and proliferation of the murine D10 cell line to IL-1. Little or no cytokine was detected in rheumatoid joint fluid or in exudate mononuclear cells from patients with acute rheumatoid flares. The mononuclear cells could be induced to make IL-1 upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The responsive cells were monocytes, since all could be double-labeled with anti-IL-1 and the monocyte-specific CD14 antibody. More than 80% of the synovial fluid monocytes made IL-1β after 24 hr in 2 ng/ml LPS. Other agents failed to induce IL-1 from enriched populations of monocytes including interferon gamma (IFN-γ), poly (I/C), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and anti-CD3 antibodies. Relatively high levels of dendritic cells (DC) were present in RA effusions, but these did not produce IL-1 in response to any of the above stimuli. Blood dendritic cells also did not make IL-1, whereas blood monocytes responded comparably to synovial exudate cells. The data indicate that rheumatoid exudate monocytes make very little IL-1 during acute flares of arthritis and that this cytokine is primarily a macrophage rather than a dendritic cell product.
The role of cue additivity in salience in taste aversion conditioning

Abstract In toxiphobia conditioning certain cues are more easily associated with malaise (i.e., more salient) than others. The present experiments show that cue additivity can account for previously found differences in salience of certain fluids. The relative salience of saccharin, saline and casein hydrolysate was tested in normal rats and in animals rendered anosmic by treatment of their nasal passages with zinc sulphate. The normally more salient casein was reduced in salience to the same level as saccharin and saline in the anosmic animals, while anosmia did not affect the relative salience of saccharin and saline. A second study tested the cue properties of vanilla, a fluid of very low salience. Anosmic animals could not show a conditioned aversion to vanilla. Normal animals readily learned the aversion but could not show it following a later anosmia treatment. Anosmia did not disrupt a saccharin aversion previously conditioned in normal animals. The data show that some of the “tastes” used in toxiphobia conditioning have olfactory components, and some are purely olfactory. Further, olfactory cues can summate with taste cues to form a more salient stimulus.
The union wage profile of women: Potential vs. actual experience

Abstract Previous research suggests that unions attempt to enforce standard wage rates for production workers. Yet, studies confirming a flatter union experience profile use measures of potential, rather than actual, experience. This creates a distinct possibility of measurement error. This study confirms such error and demonstrates it to beparticularly acute for female workers.
Effect of protein inhibitors on protein and amino acids in mesenteric lymph.

SummaryThe effects of the protein antagonists cycloheximide and puromycin upon the transport of amino acids and newly synthesized protein into the mesenteric lymph of the intact rat was investigated. Upon feeding a fatty meal (bovine cream) fortified with leucine-14C these antagonists depressed the formation of lymph protein with a concurrent increase of amino acids, as measured chemically and by tracing radioactivity of these fractions. The influence of cycloheximide was more lasting than puromycin. These two antagonists affect protein synthesis differently as evidenced by the rates of new protein synthesis and the nature of the amino acids transported by the lymph leaving the upper small intestine.
WEIGHT LOSS IN RATS CONTINUOUSLY DEPRIVED OF FOOD, WATER, AND BOTH FOOD AND WATER

Weight measurements were taken on four groups of rats treated according to a factorial design that combined presence or absence of food with presence or absence of water in the home cage. A 12-day deprivation period was followed by ad libitum recovery for 22 days. The main findings were: (1) Ss deprived of both food and water lost more weight than Ss deprived of either food only or water only, (2) weight loss for Ss deprived of food only and water only did not differ significantly, (3) the deprived groups were not significantly different in weight at the end of recovery, but they all weighed less than the non-deprived control group. The results were related to those of previous studies.
The Effect of Delay of Labeling on Memory

Abstract In order to clarify the effect of delaying a stereotypic label on that label's influence on memory, a study by Snyder and Uranowitz was replicated and extended. The procedure involved presenting a fictitious case history to 120 Ss followed either immediately or one week later by one of two stereotypic labels. One week after reading the case history, Ss' memories were assessed, using both a recall task and a multiple-choice recognition task. The recall data revealed a significant interaction of delay and type of label, indicating that delay reduced the effectiveness of the label. The recognition data yielded mixed results, depending on the scoring procedure. Generally, delaying a stereotypical label reduces its influence on the material to be remembered.
Transetherification-mediated E-ring opening and stereoselective “Red-Ox” modification of furostan

We have developed a novel E-ring opening method for furostan, and applied it to prepare D-ring modified steroids, which can be used to synthesize cephalostatin analogs.
Fiction, famine, and the rise of economics in Victorian Britain and Ireland

Acknowledgements Introduction Part I. Origin Stories and Political Economy, 1740-1870: 1. History as abstraction 2. Value as signification Part II. Producing the Consumer: 3. Market indicators: banking and housekeeping in Bleak House 4. Esoteric solutions: Ireland and the colonial critique of political economy 5. Toward a social theory of wealth: three novels by Elizabeth Gaskell Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.
Development of bipolar plates with different flow channel configurations for fuel cells

Bipolar plates include separate gas flow channels for anode and cathode electrodes of a fuel cell. These gases flow channels supply reactant gasses as well as remove products from the cathode side of the fuel cell. Fluid flow, heat and mass transport processes in these channels have significant effect on fuel cell performance, particularly to the mass transport losses. The design of the bipolar plates should minimize plate thickness for low volume and mass. Additionally, contact faces should provide a high degree of surface uniformity for low thermal and electrical contact resistances. Finally, the flow fields should provide for efficient heat and mass transport processes with reduced pressure drops. In this study, bipolar plates with different serpentine flow channel configurations are analyzed using computational fluid dynamics modeling. Flow characteristics including variation of pressure in the flow channel across the bipolar plate are presented. Pressure drop characteristics for different flow channel designs are compared. Results show that with increased number of parallel channels and smaller sizes, a more effective contact surface area along with decreased pressured drop can be achieved. Correlations of such entrance region coefficients will be useful for the PEM fuel cell simulation model to evaluate the affects of the bipolar plate design on mass transfer loss and hence on the total current and power density of the fuel cell.
Polydispersity in colloids : implications to static structure and scattering

Abstract Theoretical and experimental analyses of the structure of colloidal dispersions have traditionally relied on model systems of monodisperse particles. However, numerous theoretical studies aimed at incorporating the effects of size-polydispersity, charge-polydispersity, and polydispersity in attractive interactions on the equilibrium structure of dispersions of spherical particles have appeared in recent years. These studies can be divided into three different groups according to the nature of the interaction forces considered, namely, dispersions of neutral hard spheres, sticky hard spheres, and charged particles. Here, we review these studies and examine the major results and conclusions. Previously unreported new results obtained by us for dispersions of charged spheres in high-ionic-strength media are also included. The theoretical techniques for computing partial structure factors and average structure factors for the above-mentioned interaction potentials are summarized, and analytical expressions are presented wherever appropriate. Representative examples of applications of each class of interaction potentials identified above are presented in order to illustrate the use of the theoretical tools in interpreting the scattering data. The common features of the average structure factors for the above model potentials are emphasized, and issues such as the importance of correctly modeling intraparticle scattering properties of the particles and transformation of observed intensities to average structure factors are illustrated. An examination of the so-called decoupling approximation (which seeks to separate the intraparticle scattering effects from interparticle interaction effects) is also presented wherever the required data are available.
Power, Powerlessness and Petroleum: Indigenous Environmental Claims and the Limits of Transnational Law

Environmental disasters, particularly oil spills, increasingly involve a complex intermingling of the national, international and often the transnational. Traditional responses to seeking remediation have pursued the legal path of class action suits against multinational corporations. This article examines one such historic case, Aguinda v. Texaco, Inc., in which residents of Ecuador's Amazonian rainforest brought suit against Texaco in US federal courts through the legal opening provided by the Alien Tort Claims Act of 1789. Dominant analyses of this case have centered on the failed promise of this law to serve as a human rights tool and view this failure in terms of the sovereigntist limitations on an emerging cosmopolitan order. Against these analyses, this article offers an alternative approach that shifts the focus from the limitations of the law towards a perspective on power. Bringing to bear political science's power debate to develop this perspective on power, the article highlights what analytic...
Positive adaptation: Conceptualizing posttraumatic positive adjustment

The contributions to this Special Issue focus on three conceptualizations of positive adjustment following a trauma: posttraumatic growth, meaning making, and spiritual transformation. The authors explore these concepts among varying populations and provide implications for counselling practice and research.
Modeling lithium dialkylamides in ethereal solvents: A test of the microsolvation model

The dimerization energies of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), lithium tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP), and lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) were calculated with the hybrid B3LYP DFT method. The effects of ethereal solvents were modeled using explicit dimethyl ether or THF ligands. The trends in calculated dimerization free energies were in good agreement with the observed aggregation states of these compounds in THF. Substitution of the THF ligands by the computationally less demanding dimethyl ether introduced significant error in the calculated dimerization free energies. This solvent model also generated structures and energies of lithium diethylamide (LiEDA) aggregates that were in good agreement with published experimental data.
Rotational-like properties of the shears bands

We present a model study of the quasirotational properties of a system consisting of two angular momentum vectors (blades) interacting via an effective force of the form ${V}_{2}{P}_{2}(\ensuremath{\theta}),$ where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle between the blades. We find the relationship between angular momentum and rotational frequency and derive from it the kinematical and dynamical moments of inertia. The dynamics of this simple system seems to account for the salient features of the shears bands.
Arthroscopic débridement for osteoarthritis of the knee.

Background: The role of arthroscopic debridement in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee remains to be defined, and few clinical and radiographic characteristics have been quantitatively associated with the outcome. The hypothesis of this study was that the outcome of arthroscopic debridement for osteoarthritis of the knee is associated with preoperative clinical and radiographic features and intraoperative characteristics and that there are subsets of patients who are more and less likely to respond favorably to the treatment. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of a consecutive cohort of 122 patients who underwent arthroscopic debridement for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee that had been unresponsive to anti-inflammatory therapy. One hundred and ten patients were followed for a mean of thirty-four months. Pain was assessed with the pain domain of the Knee Society scoring system. Radiographs were scored with the Kellgren-Lawrence method, and limb alignment and the widths of the medial and lateral joint spaces were measured. The severity of cartilage lesions was scored intraoperatively with a modified Noyes grading system. Specific methods of data collection and analysis were incorporated to minimize bias. Results: Fifty-two (90%) of fifty-eight knees with mild arthritis, normal alignment, and a joint space width of ≥3 mm were improved after arthroscopic debridement. Conversely, only five (25%) of twenty knees with severe arthritis, limb malalignment, and a joint space width of <2 mm had substantial relief of symptoms. Of seventy-two patients who had improvement, forty-four (61%) had it within six months after the arthroscopy. The severity of the lesion was highly predictive of the clinical outcome both in patients with mild arthritis and in those with severe arthritis. Conclusions: The severity of the arthritis, as assessed preoperatively with radiography and intraoperatively by rating the severity of cartilage lesions, influences the clinical outcome of arthroscopic debridement of an osteoarthritic knee. Knees with severe arthritis fare poorly, whereas those with mild arthritis fare well. We could not predict the outcome for knees with moderate arthritis. We believe that these observations are relevant for establishing indications for arthroscopy in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and may be useful for designing studies with a more rigorous experimental design. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Very Slow Intramolecular Vibrational Energy Redistribution (IVR) for Molecules in Planar Conformations

Evidence is presented that shows very slow intramolecular energy redistribution (IVR) in the acetylenic C−H stretch fundamental of molecules in planar conformations. Each molecule,4-chlorobut-1-yne, 4-bromobut-1-yne, 4-fluorobut-1-yne, methyl propargyl ether, 1-pentyne, and pent-1-en-4-yne have a planar trans conformer (except for pent-1-en-4-yne where the planar conformer is cis) that is connected to a nonplanar gauche (skew) conformer by rotation about a C−C bond (C−O for methyl propargyl ether). The planar forms (observed for each molecule except methyl propargyl ether) of these molecules exhibit some of the slowest hydride stretch IVR rates measured, with τIVR for the acetylenic C−H stretch ranging from 1 to 3 ns. These results are compared to the IVR lifetimes for the nonplanar conformers of 1-pentyne and methyl propargyl ether (τIVR ≈ 300 ps). Also presented are a series of molecules ((Z)-pent-3-en-1-yne, (E)-pent-3-en-1-yne, 1-butyne, 3-fluorobut-1-yne, and 2-methyl-1-buten-3-yne) that have a singl...
Swept Under the Rug? A Historiography of Gender and Black Colleges

This historiography of gender and black colleges uncovers the omission of women and gender relations. It uses an integrative framework, conceptualized by Evelyn Nakano Glenn, that considers race and gender as mutually interconnected, revealing different results than might be seen by considering these issues independently. The article is significant for historians and non-historians alike and has implications for educational policy and practice in the current day.
Viral hemorrhagic fevers

A 15-year-old European boy, who had been in Kenya for 1 month, was admitted to the hospital with a 3-day history of headache, malaise, anorexia, fever, and vomiting. Throughout the course of the illness, he developed copious bloody diarrhea, hypotension, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Despite intensive supportive therapy, which included antibiotics, steroids, heparin, fresh plasma, and blood transfusions, his condition steadily deteriorated, and he died on the 11th day of illness. Based on the characteristic clinical picture, provisional diagnoses were either viral hemorrhagic fever or, less likely, typhoid fever with “extreme toxicity.” An autopsy was performed soon after death. Postmortem examination showed extensive petechial and purpuric hemorrhage in the skin, conjunctiva, and gastrointestinal mucosa. Blood-tinged pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal effusions were copious, and retroperitoneal edema was striking. The lungs and tracheobronchial tree were hemorrhagic. Multiple petechial hemorrhages were observed on the epicardium, renal cortex and pelvis, and urinary bladder. Marburg virus was isolated from fluids and tissues and was identified in tissues by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy (1).
Bayesian knowledge-driven ontologies: Intuitive uncertainty reasoning for semantic networks

Uncertainty handling for semantic networks is a difficult problem which has slowed the effort to fully develop a semantic web. Uncertainty handling becomes particularly challenging when incompleteness is present in a domain, as it frequently is when modeling real-world complexity. To date, work on uncertainty frameworks for semantic networks has not intuitively captured a useful notion of uncertainty, for reasons including weaknesses in underlying uncertainty theories and assumption conflicts with semantic networks. We propose a framework which is a synthesis of semantic networks and Bayesian Knowledge Bases, which are a generalization of Bayesian Networks to accommodate incompleteness. This synthesis represents knowledge as “if-then” conditional probability rules between description logic assertions. We define simple methods for reasoning about semantic information under uncertainty and about uncertainty itself. Our results show potential to remove some obstructions in the path to a semantic web.
Multiresolution image decomposition for processing reconnaissance images

Recent increases in focal plane size and spatial resolution, coupled with the introduction of multi-spectral sensor suites in tactical reconnaissance platforms, have exponentially increased the volume of image data to be processed. This paper proposes the use of a quadrature mirror filter compression technique whereby intrinsic multiresolution pyramid decomposition can simplify implementation of many of the algorithms required to exploit these images. A subband coding system, based on the spatial frequency and orientation of the decomposed images, is presented. Implementation of additional algorithms based on multiresolution pyramid decomposition is also discussed. These algorithms include: edge detection and restoration, real-time minification of large E-O images for screening purposes and interpolation with electronic zooming for target identification.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nonfoaming adsorptive bubble separation processes

Abstract Two nonfoaming separations, bubble fractionation and solvent sublation, are reviewed. These unit operations are interfacial (gas bubble-liquid) separation techniques that have significant potential for the removal of several metal ions and hydrophobic organic compounds of environmental significance from aqueous solutions. Experimental and theoretical work on the two processes relating the effects of process variables are summarized. The underlying mechanisms of the two processes are identical although solvent sublation is found to have significant advantages over bubble fractionation, air stripping, and the related process of solvent extraction. Specifically, sublation can achieve a greater degree of removal than extraction, can remove both volatile and nonvolatile compounds, unlike air stripping, and has less sensitivity to axial dispersion than bubble fractionation. The potential use of these processes for large-scale separations is examined; the limitations and need for further work are clearly evident. Questions of scale-up, bubble generation, and reduction of axial dispersion all require further investigation.
A Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier-Transform Spectra and Density Functional Theory Study of CO Adsorption on Rh/γ-Al2O3

The vibrational frequencies and bond dissociation energies of carbon monoxide adsorbed to various rhodium clusters are computed, and the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform (DRIFT) spectrum of carbon monoxide adsorbed onto Rh/γ-Al2O3 is reported. The computations reveal that the spectral features that have previously been assigned to symmetric and antisymmetric vibrational modes of isolated dicarbonyl species on Rh can also be assigned to vibrational coupling of adjacent linearly bound carbonyl groups (atop M−CO). We explore, in small rhodium clusters, the effects of binding configuration, surface coverage, metal−support charge transfer, and cluster dimension on the vibrational frequency of the C−O bond and the adsorption energy of CO to rhodium. In particular, we find a linear correlation between the vibrational frequency of the carbon−oxygen bond with respect to the metal−carbonyl bond adsorption energy as well as the carbon-oxygen bond length for small rhodium clusters. A semiquantitative re...
Resistance of Trichoplusia ni to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ac Is Independent of Alteration of the Cadherin-Like Receptor for Cry Toxins

Alteration of binding sites for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in insect midgut is the major mechanism of high-level resistance to Bt toxins in insects. The midgut cadherin is known to be a major binding protein for Bt Cry1A toxins and linkage of Bt-resistance to cadherin gene mutations has been identified in lepidopterans. The resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac evolved in greenhouse populations of Trichoplusia ni has been identified to be associated with the down-regulation of an aminopeptidase N (APN1) gene by a trans-regulatory mechanism and the resistance gene has been mapped to the locus of an ABC transporter (ABCC2) gene. However, whether cadherin is also involved with Cry1Ac-resistance in T. ni requires to be understood. Here we report that the Cry1Ac-resistance in T. ni is independent of alteration of the cadherin. The T. ni cadherin cDNA was cloned and the cadherin sequence showed characteristic features known to cadherins from Lepidoptera. Various T. ni cadherin gene alleles were identified and genetic linkage analysis of the cadherin alleles with Cry1Ac-resistance showed no association of the cadherin gene with the Cry1Ac-resistance in T. ni. Analysis of cadherin transcripts showed no quantitative difference between the susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant T. ni larvae. Quantitative proteomic analysis of midgut BBMV proteins by iTRAQ-2D-LC-MS/MS determined that there was no quantitative difference in cadherin content between the susceptible and the resistant larvae and the cadherin only accounted for 0.0014% (mol%) of the midgut BBMV proteins, which is 1/300 of APN1 in molar ratio. The cadherin from both the susceptible and resistant larvae showed as a 200-kDa Cry1Ac-binding protein by toxin overlay binding analysis, and nano-LC-MS/MS analysis of the 200-kDa cadherin determined that there is no quantitative difference between the susceptible and resistant larvae. Results from this study indicate that the Cry1Ac-resistance in T. ni is independent of cadherin alteration.
A Novel Assay of Angiogenesis in the Quail Chorioallantoic Membrane: Stimulation by bFGF and Inhibition by Angiostatin According to Fractal Dimension and Grid Intersection

Abstract In a novel assay of angiogenesis in the quail chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), we measured vascular pattern and angiogenic rate after homogeneous exposure of the entire vascular tree to recognized modulators of vessel growth. In comparison to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated controls, the vascular stimulator, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2), increased the rate of angiogenesis by a maximum of 72%, whereas a recently discovered angiogenic inhibitor, angiostatin, decreased the rate of vascular growth by a maximum of 68%. The perturbants were applied in PBS to the CAM of 7-day-old embryos (E7) cultured in petri dishes, and the embryos were cultured further until fixation at E8 or E9. For morphometry of the quasi-two-dimensional CAM vasculature, digital images of arterial endpoints from the middle region of the CAM were acquired in grayscale at a magnification of 10×, binarized to black/white, and skeletonized. The pattern of vessel branching was assessed by measurement of the fractal dimension ( D f ), and vessel density (ρ v ), with the method of grid intersection. Correlations between these two statistical techniques were linear ( r 2 ranged from 0.967 to 0.985). For skeletonized images at E9, D f and ρ v of bFGF-treated samples were 1.55 ± 0.01 and 782 ± 26/cm 2 , respectively (relative to 1.49 ± 0.02 and 583 ± 60/cm 2 for controls), and of angiostatin-treated samples, 1.43 ± 0.02 and 424 ± 74/cm 2 (relative to 1.50 ± 0.02 and 616 ± 59/cm 2 for controls). To establish normalization values for rates of angiogenesis, we analyzed untreated CAMs of E6 to E12. From E7 to E10 in skeletonized images, D f increased linearly from 1.37 ± 0.01 to 1.54 ± 0.01 and ρ v from 311 ± 67 to 746 ± 124/cm 2 (in both cases, r 2 = 1.000). Thus, the rates of normal angiogenic growth as measured by D f and ρ v were 0.06/day and 138/cm 2 -day, respectively. From E10 to E12, D f and ρ v declined slightly. Differences between the vasculature of untreated and PBS-treated CAMs were statistically insignificant. In conclusion, vascular branching pattern and density in the quail CAM were stimulated by bFGF and inhibited by angiostatin. We quantified these changes with statistical significance by D f and ρ v , which are expressed relative to the rates of normal developmental angiogenesis measured for the two parameters in untreated quail embryos.
Domain-decomposition method for time-harmonic aeroacoustic problems

A domain-decomposition (DD) method is developed for parallel computation of time-harmonic aerodynamic ‐ aeroacoustic problems. The computational domain is decomposed into subdomains, and the aerodynamic ‐ aeroacoustic boundary-value problem is solved independently for each subdomain. Impedance-type transmission conditions are imposed on the artie cially introduced subdomain boundaries to ensure the uniqueness of the solution. A Dirichlet-to-Neumann map is used as a nonree ecting radiation condition along the outer computational boundary. Subdomain problems are then solved using the e nite element method, and an iterative scheme updates the transmission conditions to recover the global solution. The present algorithm is implemented for two model problems. First, the sound radiated from a surface simulating a two-dimensional monopole is calculated using an unstructured mesh. Second, the e ow about a thin airfoil in a transverse gust is computed using a structured mesh. The accuracy of the numerical scheme is validated by comparison with existing solutions for both the near-e eld unsteady pressure and the far-e eld radiated sound. The convergence and the computational time and memory requirements of the present method are studied. It is shown that by combining the subdomain direct solvers with global iterations this DD method signie cantly reduces both the computational time and memory requirements.
Improved Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes After Treatment With Ivacaftor in a Young Adult With Cystic Fibrosis With the P67L CFTR Mutation

The underlying cause of cystic fibrosis (CF) is the loss of epithelial chloride and bicarbonate transport due to mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene encoding the CFTR protein. Ivacaftor is a gene-specific CFTR potentiator that augments in vivo chloride transport in CFTR mutations affecting channel gating. Originally approved for the G511D CFTR mutation, ivacaftor is now approved for eight additional alleles exhibiting gating defects and has also been tested in R117H , a CFTR mutation with residual function that exhibits abnormal gating. P67L is a class 4 conductance (nongating) mutation exhibiting residual CFTR function. We report marked clinical improvement, normalization of spirometry, and dramatic reduction in radiographic structural airway changes after > 1 year of treatment with ivacaftor in a young adult with the compound heterozygous genotype P67L/F508del CFTR. The case suggests that ivacaftor may have a potential benefit for patients with CF with nongating mutations.
Imaging: Staging and evaluation of lymphoma using nuclear medicine

The management of lymphoma is dependent on accurate staging of the disease and evaluation of histology and other risk factors. Advances in imaging techniques have improved the assessment of disease status and evaluation of the efficacy of different treatment modalities. While computed tomography remains the cornerstone of imaging for the assessment of disease status, it provides no understanding of the metabolic or functional parameters of the disease. Nuclear medicine techniques permit the evaluation of functional status, and nuclear medicine is likely to have its greatest impact in the detection of viable tumor in persistent masses. Nuclear imaging can be conducted using single photon agents, such as 67 Ga-citrate with SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography), or with positron emitters, such as 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) with PET (positron emission tomography). Many studies have indicated that FDG-PET is as good as or better than 67 Ga-SPECT for the detection of lymphoma. Thus, FDG-PET may be preferable to 67 Ga-SPECT for disease evaluation, staging, and follow-up. The superiority of FDG-PET compared with other imaging modalities strongly argues that it should be incorporated into the treatment paradigm. At present, FDG-PET scanning is not routinely available in all institutions; however, a role can be indicated for FDG-PET in several areas of lymphoma management, including initial staging, predicting response to therapy (during and following chemotherapy), and identification of residual tumor. This article examines the role of the different imaging techniques available and the use of these techniques in the staging and evaluation of patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Evaluation of colesevelam hydrochloride for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes often involves derangements in lipid levels in addition to insulin resistance and diminishing insulin secretion. Colesevelam hydrochloride, a bile acid sequestrant (BAS), is approved for adjunctive therapy to diet and exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. In clinical studies in patients with type 2 diabetes, colesevelam, added to existing metformin, sulfonylurea or insulin therapy, reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) by a mean of 0.5% and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) by 13 – 17%. Areas covered: Information pertaining to colesevelam and other BAS was collected using a PubMed literature search of journal articles dating from 1960 to present. Additional articles were identified from bibliographies and from abstracts from American Diabetes Association conferences. The authors review the pharmacology of colesevelam as well as clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability data generated from clinical trials. Expert opinion: Colesevelam induces moderate but signif...
The solar particle events of May 23 and May 28, 1967

McMath plage region 8818 passed over the visible solar disk on May 17–31, 1967. It was very active from its first appearance on the Eastern limb, several times producing bright optical flares and hard X-ray emission, accompanied by intense type II, type IV and centimeter radio bursts. Nevertheless, no solar particles could be detected near the earth until the evening of May 23, when three bright flares were observed in close succession at 25°–28° E. During the following build-up of the solar particle flux over 36 hours, the galactic cosmic ray flux > 1 GeV decreased gradually by about 5%. The flux of solar particles decreased in two steps on May 25, both accompanied by decreases in the equatorial geomagnetic field. These field depressions are attributed to storm plasma ejected from the parent flare of the May 23 particle event. The propagation of solar particles from May 23 on thus appears to be strongly affected by storm plasma from the parent flare of the May 23 event, without any indications of solar particles being trapped in that plasma. A later particle event early on May 28 was also associated with a bright flare in McMath region 8818, at 33° W. This event displayed a rapid build-up, with electrons arriving first, and an exponential decay. A smooth proton peak, 20 min wide, was detected on May 30 closely associated with an SSC attributed to plasma ejection from the parent flare of the May 28 event. Between the geomagnetic storms beginning on May 25 and May 30 an anomalous daily variation was observed in the cosmic ray flux >1 GeV, the time of maximum falling 7–10 hours earlier than normal. Storm time increases in the flux of galactic cosmic rays were seen on May 26 when the equatorial geomagnetic field was depressed by more than 400 γ. Low latitude auroras were also observed during that time.