cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of sound on heat transfer in separated flows

Abstract The flow in the transition region of the wake behind a circular cylinder transverse to the flow is discussed in the light of recent detailed hot-wire studies, and it is found that these studies present a completely consistent qualitative explanation of the heat transfer measurements of FAND and CHENG in the range of crossflow Reynolds numbers from 4000 to 11,000.
New Taxa of Canavalia subgenus Wenderothia (Leguminosae) from Brazil

A new species,C. saueri from Goias, and a new variety,C. picta var. elliptica from Brasilia, D.F., are described following the style used by Sauer in his 1964 revision ofCanavalia. Illustrations of the calyx, leaf, and seed, distribution maps and type photos are provided.
Distinct roles for cyclin-dependent kinases in cell cycle control

The key cell-cycle regulator Cdc2 belongs to a family of cyclin-dependent kinases in higher eukaryotes. Dominant-negative mutations were used to address the requirement for kinases of this family in progression through the human cell cycle. A dominant-negative Cdc2 mutant arrested cells at the G2 to M phase transition, whereas mutants of the cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk2 and Cdk3 caused a G1 block. The mutant phenotypes were specifically rescued by the corresponding wild-type kinases. These data reveal that Cdk3, in addition to Cdc2 and Cdk2, executes a distinct and essential function in the mammalian cell cycle.
Experimental carcinoma of the colon induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-diHCI: value as a model of human disease

Most, if not all, of the major advances in the treatment of carcinoma of the colon and rectum have been made through painstaking clinical advances without benefit of animal experimentation. This disease, which is the single largest cancer-killer of both men and women, has long suffered from the lack of a relevant experimental model. Such a model for the study of treatment in this epidemic disease has become available with the introduction by Druckrey in 1967 of the dimethylhydrazine-induced adenocarcinomas of the colon [4]. With the gradually increasing experience gained from the study of this tumor, it is now pertinent to ask whether this tumor system can serve as a relevant model for the investigation of adjuvant therapy for this most prevalent disease.
Leadership and group size: An experiment ☆

Abstract Our experimental results suggest that the effectiveness of leading by example decreases with group size. The discrepancy between the leaders' and followers' incentives increases with group size. Thus, as group size increases, followers more often refuse to follow their leaders.
Review Article: Uncertainty analysis of remote sensing optical sensor data: guiding principles to achieve metrological consistency

Climate change monitoring requires decades-long time-series radiometric measurements using multiple optical sensors in multiple platforms covering the globe. The problem of achieving traceability to SI units for these measurements is discussed. A major challenge is to determine the result of a measurement and its associated uncertainty using various calibration and validation processes. These processes are plagued by systematic (non-statistical) uncertainties that are not well understood. In particular, different, but in principle equivalent, SI traceable measurements may differ by more than would be expected from the uncertainties associated with the individual measurements. We propose a methodology based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) for the analysis of uncertainties in such measurements along with consistency checking. This allows the measurement result and its associated uncertainty to evolve as new knowledge is gained from additional experiments, and it promotes greater caution in drawing conclusions in view of the sparse measurements. We use data from ongoing total solar irradiance measurements from various instruments in orbit to illustrate the principles.
The Changing Cultural Discount Rate

enduring empire. So did the Pharaoh's construction of the great pyramids to ensure an afterlife. The capital expenditures of the Roman Empire building aqueducts and coliseums are an additional case in point. The Roman church's building boom of the middle ages, leaving a continent sprinkled with cathedrals is another example of a strong sense of the future. More recently the long view is reflected by Hausmann's redesign of Paris, Brazil's creation of Brasilia, the construction of the Panama and Suez canals, the creation of such art depositories as the Louvre and British Museum and the spread of compulsory education. In the United States the long view is reflected by such activities as the construction of the interstate highway system, the creation of a national park system, the taming of the Mississippi by the Corps of Engineers and the Kennedy space initiative. This commitment to the long view reflects the fact that societies discount the future at relatively low interest rates. These low discount rates reflect the desire to perpetuate cultural institutions, ways of life and a functioning integrated society for descendants of present generations. Without a sense of the future, societies have no incentive to sacrifice today for a better, or at least comparable, tomorrow. During the 1980s the United States has acted as if the culture has undergone a dramatic reassessment of the future and decided to, on net, discount the future at a higher interest rate than has traditionally been the case. My purpose is to explore this supposition in three ways: 1) to discuss the concept of a cultural discount rate (CDR), 2) to ask what evidence can be found to support it, and 3) to explore the reasons for this alleged change in the CDR.
Expanding horizons through global learning in out‐of‐school time

The demands and opportunities of globalization involve not only America's economic competitiveness, but also national security, the need for tolerance in increasingly diverse communities, and a need to solve pressing social issues. To be successful, students need a comprehensive and integrated set of global learning experiences that help them expand their horizons from their neighborhood to the rest of the world. Schools as well as community partners and after-school and summer programs all have an important role to play in restructuring educational opportunities to help all students become globally competent.
In vivo spectral and fluorescence imaging microscopy of tumor microvessel blood supply and oxygenation changes following vascular targeting agent treatment

The formation of new microvasculature is essential for a tumor mass to grow. Vascular targeting agents (VTAs), including anti-angiogenic drugs and vascular disrupting agents, aim to either inhibit new vasculature growth or destroy existing vasculature, respectively. Because the mechanisms for anti-angiogenic drugs and vascular disrupting agents are complementary, analysis of these drugs used together is under investigation for the enhanced treatment of tumors in comparison to each treatment alone. The preclinical evaluation of the effects of VTAs on tumor growth in small animal models is vital for the development of effective drugs for clinical use. In vivo hyperspectral imaging microscopy of hemoglobin saturation has been used previously to investigate the efficacy of VTAs through analysis of tumor microvessel oxygenation after drug administration. Combining this imaging modality with first-pass fluorescence angiographic imaging can give additional important information about the vessel morphology and blood flow changes that occur after VTA treatment, thus elucidating the relationship between microvessel structure changes and oxygenation. In this study, we report the combined use of hyperspectral and first pass fluorescence angiographic imaging to examine the relationship between vessel morphology and oxygenation of human prostate cancer tumors in mice following treatment with vascular disrupting agents, OXi4503, and anti-VEGF angiogenesis inhibitor, cediranib. Imaging of the tumors is completed before treatment as well as in the days following treatment.
Experimental verification of the PARGEN simulator for liberation analysis

Abstract Liberation of valuable minerals during size reduction is an important aspect of mineral processing technology. In this regard the PARGEN (PARticle GENeration) program was developed in the early 1980's to simulate the characteristics of multiphase particles. This program is useful for the analysis and transformation of polished section data into an estimate of volumetric grade distributions and for the prediction of mineral liberation during size reduction. The appropriateness of simulated PARGEN particles is evaluated by comparing the simulated linear and areal grade distributions with experimentally determined distributions from carefully prepared mono-size, mono-grade particles. In this regard, two samples of mono-size, mono-grade binary particles were used, an iron-oxide/silicate sample and a sphalerite/dolomite sample. A comparison of the results indicates that the PARGEN simulator can be used successfully to predict the characteristics of real multiphase particles.
The Use of a High Order Error Measure in Nonlinear Modulation

In this paper a high order error measure is used for the evaluation and design of nonlinear modulation schemes. This high order measure works as a deterrent against threshold effects, and through its use a simple, two-dimensional nonlinear modulation scheme is fully analyzed and efficiently designed.
Simultaneous determination of dissolution and partitioning rates in vitro

An in vitro method is presented for the simultaneous determination of the dissolution and partitioning rates of drugs. The kinetics of the system is described, and a number of methods are given for evaluating the rate constants. The effects of stirring rate and temperature upon the rate constants were investigated and found to be in agreement with what would be expected for diffusion-controlled processes.
The Cost of Surveillance After Urethroplasty

Objective To determine variability in urethral stricture surveillance. Urethral strictures impact quality of life and exact a large economic burden. Although urethroplasty is the gold standard for durable treatment, strictures recur in 8%-18%. There are no universally accepted guidelines for posturethroplasty surveillance. We performed a literature search to evaluate variability in surveillance protocols, analyzed costs, and reviewed performance of each commonly used modality. Methods MEDLINE search was performed using the keywords “urethroplasty,” “urethral stricture,” and “stricture recurrence” to ascertain commonly used surveillance strategies for stricture recurrence. We included English language articles from the past 10 years with at least 10 patients, and age >18 years. Cost data were calculated based on standard 2013 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services physician's fees. Results Surveillance methods included retrograde urethrogram or voiding cystourethrogram, cystourethroscopy, urethral ultrasound, American Urological Association Symptom Score, and postvoid residual and urine flowmetry (UF) measurement. Most protocols call for a retrograde urethrogram or voiding cystourethrogram at the time of catheter removal. After this, UF or PVR, cystoscopy, urine culture, or a combination of UF and American Urological Association Symptom Score was performed at variable intervals. The first-year follow-up cost of anterior urethral surgery ranged from $205 to $1784. For posterior urethral surgery, follow-up cost for the first year ranged from $404 to $961. Conclusion Practice variability for surveillance of urethral stricture recurrence after urethroplasty leads to significant differences in cost.
Ribosomal RNA synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Ribosomal RNA biosynthesis in metabolically active spheroplasts of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected as a model system for the study of nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions. Examination of the total cellular RNA synthesized during short exposures to labeled nucleosides demonstrated the existence of three large, short-lived RNA species of 35 s, 27 s and 20 s, in addition to the mature ribosomal RNA's, 25 s and 18 s. Little or no RNA larger than 35 s is found. The kinetics of synthesis of these RNA molecules was pursued by continuous labeling and pulse-chase experiments, using [methyl-3H]methionine to label only ribosomal species. These results demonstrated the following precursor-product relationship: In the presence of cycloheximide the terminal processing steps leading to the mature ribosomal RNA's are severely inhibited, indicating that the maturation of ribosomal precursor RNA requires continuous protein synthesis. RNA denaturation studies using dimethyl sulfoxide showed the precursors to be single polyribonucleotide chains larger than the mature rRNA's, rather than aggregates of smaller molecules, or conformational isomers of the ribosomal species. Molecular sizes of these RNA's were estimated by electrophoretic mobility in acrylamide gels. The 35 s precursor is 2.5 × 106 daltons. Its cleavage appears to be conservative, producing intermediate molecules of 1.6 × 106 and 0.8 × 106 daltons. The final maturation steps yield mature rRNA's of 1.3 × 106 and 0.7 × 106 daltons with the concomitant loss of about 20% of the original precursor molecule. In addition, it was concluded that the small RNA species, 5.8 s (6 × 104 daltons) found non-covalently bound to the 25 s RNA, is generated during the final cleavage of the 27 s precursor molecule. In contrast, 5 s RNA is synthesized independently. These results support the contention that all eukaryotes synthesize ribosomes similarly and that yeast may be a useful organism for the investigation of intracellular communication, particularly across the nuclear membrane.
Pragmatic constraints on narrative processing: Actants and anaphora resolution in a corpus of North Carolina ghost stories

Abstract Recent work on narrative has begun to rethink the functions of characters in stories. Research on life stories, for example, has shown that characters are not simply preexisting contents packaged in certain kinds of clauses, but rather complex, emergent products of the interplay between narrative design and narrative processing. Such wide-focus studies need to be complemented by finer-grained, microstructural investigations of character as a part of narrative discourse. Based on a corpus of fifteen natural-language narratives (specifically, ghost stories), this paper examines how stories encode mental representations of characters. Drawing on research in the field of narratology, the paper labels these character representations actants. Actants are models that encode narrative participants as agents and patients, thus allowing particular discourse entities to be inserted into global action structures like Pursuit of a goal. Analyzing sequences of referring expressions in the ghost stories, the paper shows that identifying and tracking agents in narratives requires that information about participant roles be encoded in the telling of the story. Further, insofar as they reconfigure objects and occurrences as agents and actions, ghost stories provide unique insights into the cognitive, linguistic, and interactional processes shaping discourse anaphora in narrative contexts.
Samoa reinstated as a primary hotspot trail

The classical model for the generation of hotspot tracks maintains that stationary and deep-seated mantle plumes impinge on overriding tectonic plates, thereby generating age-progressive trails of volcanic islands and seamounts. Samoa has played a key role in discrediting this model and the very existence of mantle plumes, because early geochronological work failed to demonstrate a linear age progression along this chain of islands. Specifically on Savai9i Island, the bulk of the subaerial volcanics is younger than 0.39 Ma, much younger than the 5.1 Ma age predicted from the classical hotspot model and a constant 7.1 cm/yr Pacific plate motion. This discrepancy led to alternative magma-producing mechanisms that involve the cracking of the lithosphere beneath the Samoan islands, as a result of the extensional regime generated by the nearby Tonga Trench. Here we report 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages from the submarine flanks of Savai9i Island showing that its volcanic construction began as early as 5.0 Ma and in a true intraplate setting. This reinstates Samoa as a primary hotspot trail associated with a deep mantle plume and a linear age progression.
Charcot-like joints in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease

Two cases of Charcot-like joints in patients with pseudogout who were otherwise neurologically intact are presented. The arthropathy of pseudogout should include Charcot-like joints and it is emphasized that an apparent Charcot joint should raise the question of pseudogout.
Myocardial ischemia in aortic stenosis: Insights from arterial pulse-wave dynamics after percutaneous aortic valve replacement☆☆☆

Wave-intensity analysis is a technique that can qualify both the direction and magnitude of the forces accelerating and decelerating coronary blood flow and is derived from simultaneously acquired measures of coronary pressure and velocity using invasive intracoronary wires. Using this technique during TAVI, the dominant force (or ‘wave’) acting to increase the coronary blood flow which originates from microvascular relaxation is shown to be elevated in severe aortic stenosis and decreased post-implantation. Additionally, with increasing heart rate a progressive fall in the magnitude of this wave is noted and after TAVI this effect is reversed (returning towards the physiological norm). The potential causes of myocardial ischemia in aortic stenosis are clearly multi-factorial but this observation suggests a decoupling between the aorta and myocardium in aortic stenosis, the effects of which are magnified during increased heart rate.
Selected challenges in computer networking

The convergence of computing and networking is nowhere more evident than in the phenomenal growth of the World Wide Web. In another sense, though, computer networking is being pulled in two opposite directions. On the one hand, the Web's popularity and growth has been fueled largely by desktop applications consuming bandwidth-intensive images and video. On the other hand, thin-client computers are becoming more commonly used as edge-of-network devices, often connected by wireless technology. There is also an increasing mismatch between fiber-optic transmission bandwidths and computer speeds, pushing computing further away from the network core. Are there ways to close, or at least manage, this growing schism-whether through novel hardware solutions or the programmability of network infrastructures? Can we better integrate these edge-of-network devices and make them full-fledged network participants? The paper discusses programmable network challenges.
Energy loss of highly charged argon ions at grazing incidence on a graphite surface

We have used the time-of-flight technique to measure the energy loss for 51-keV argon ions scattered grazingly from a smooth highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. The energy loss has been measured for several impact angles and two charge states, q=2+ and q=16+. Our data indicate that the image charge acceleration in the front of the surface, which increases the effective impact angle of the projectile, affects the energy loss. After correcting for this effect, the energy loss does not depend on the initial charge state of the projectile but increases with increasing the angle of incidence. This indicates a full neutralization of the projectile before it reaches the distance of the closest approach. The experimental results agree approximately with predictions of a modified Firsov model.
Effect of crude and purified human chorionic gonadotropin on murine delayed-type hypersensitivity: A role for prostaglandins

Abstract In this study we report a significant inhibition of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions in mice pretreated for 5 days with different doses of a crude or a purified preparation of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Purified HCG was found to be more potent than crude HCG in its immunosuppressive capacity, while the HCG subunits and desialylated HCG were without immunosuppressive effect . The inhibition of the DTH reaction was completely reversed by the simultaneous injection of indomethacin or aspirin, two known inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. Our findings indicate that HCG itself can suppress the DTH response and that the mechanism involves the release of prostaglandins.
Human chromosomes with shorter telomeres and large heterochromatin regions have a higher frequency of acquired somatic cell aneuploidy.

Abstract Both telomere shortening and increases in aneuploidy frequencies have been associated with aging. To test if these chromosomal attributes are correlated, chromosome-specific telomere lengths and aneuploidy frequencies were estimated and compared. Aneuploidy frequencies were determined for 10 autosomes (1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21) and the X chromosome in lymphocytes, and for chromosomes 17 and X in buccal mucosa cells. Overall, chromosomal loss was seen more often than gain in lymphocytes, with the highest loss rates being observed for chromosomes X (3.03%), 17 (2.00%), and the autosomes having large blocks of heterochromatin (1 [1.93%]; 16 [1.53%]; and 9 [1.05%]). The frequencies of loss were significantly lower in the buccal mucosa cells compared to lymphocytes for chromosomes 17 ( P = 0.006) and X ( P = 0.003). However, the chromosome 17 trisomy frequencies did not vary between tissues. Using a semi-quantitative FISH assay to estimate chromosome-specific telomere length, a significant negative correlation ( r = −0.379; P = 0.007) was seen for chromosomal aneuploidy and telomere length, with chromosomes having higher loss rates being noted to have shorter telomeres. Collectively, these studies show that acquired, spontaneous chromosomal loss is associated with multiple factors including the amount of heterochromatin, the chromosome’s telomere length, and tissue-specific factors.
Long-term use of high-dose benzoate and dextromethorphan for the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to test the hypotheses that reduction of glycine and blocking of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor channel complex would be beneficial for both seizure reduction and developmental progress in patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Methods: We administered benzoate (at doses of 500 to 750 mg/kg/day) and dextromethorphan (at doses of 3.5 to 22.5 mg/kg/day) to four infants with nonketotic hyperglycinemia with follow-up of 3 months to 6 years. Results: Benzoate reduced to normal the glycine concentration in plasma and substantially reduced but did not normalize the glycine concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. Dextromethorphan was a potent anticonvulsant in some but not all patients. There was remarkable interpatient variability in dextromethorphan metabolism. Three patients are living (ages ranging from 4 to 6 years) and are moderately to severely developmentally delayed; two are free of seizures. The third patient, with the slowest development, had intractable seizures for nearly a month before diagnosis, and although seizure-free for 30 months, now has grand-mal seizures. One patient died of intractable seizures at 3 months. Conclusions: These outcomes suggest that benzoate and dextromethorphan are not uniformly effective in nonketotic hyperglycinemia, but for some patients they improve arousal, decrease or eliminate seizures, and allow for some developmental progress. Trials with additional patients and other receptor channel blockers are warranted. (J Pediatr 1998;132:709-13.)
Nepheloid and suspended particulate matter in south-eastern Lake Michigan*

A persistent benthic nepheloid layer with high total suspended matter (TSM) and high total particulate surface area was observed in south-eastern Lake Michigan. The layer thickens from a few metres near the shelf-slope boundary to greater than 10 m at the base of the slope. When compared to the hypolimnion, TSM increases by a factor of 2-20 at 1 m above the bottom, the greatest increase detected at the slope-basin boundary. Sediment trap profiles within the nepheloid layer show that the particulate flux increases exponentially from about 10 m above the bottom to 1 m above the bottom, suggesting that a large fraction of the collected material came from resuspension. A nepheloid layer is created during the formation of the thermal bar and maintained during the stratified period, apparently through the action of weak but persistent currents. This layer is supplemented by lakeward transport of fine particles resuspended near the shelf-slope boundary due to impingement of the thermocline on the bottom, or during higher energy events.
A Lagrangian stochastic model for aerial spray transport above an oak forest

An aerial spray droplets' transport model has been developed by applying recent advances in Lagrangian stochastic simulation of heavy particles. A two-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic model was adopted to simulate the spray droplet dispersion in atmospheric turbulence by adjusting the Lagrangian integral time scale along the drop trajectory. The other major physical processes affecting the transport of spray droplets above a forest canopy, the aircraft wingtip vortices and the droplet evaporation, were also included in each time step of the droplets' transport. The model was evaluated using data from an aerial spray field experiment. In generally neutral stability conditions, the accuracy of the model predictions varied from run-to-run as expected. The average root-mean-square error was 24.61 IU cm−2, and the average relative error was 15%. The model prediction was adequate in two-dimensional steady wind conditions, but was less accurate in variable wind condition. The results indicated that the model can simulate successfully the ensemble; average transport of aerial spray droplets under neutral, steady atmospheric wind conditions.
Optimization based rate control for multicast with network coding: A multipath formulation

Network coding offers new capabilities for efficient information multicasting in communication networks. In this paper, we study rate control for multicast with network coding. We propose a path-based multicasting scheme, where each source has multiple paths to each receiver in the multicast group. One advantage of this approach over a tree-based approach is that it is easier to find a minimum cost set of paths as compared to trees. We present three end-to-end rate control algorithms which operate over the set of paths supplied by the network layer. With random network coding, all algorithms can be implemented in a distributed manner. Our algorithms can also be generalized to solve other optimization problems with non-strictly concave objection function.
Variability of Renal Apparent Diffusion Coefficients: Limitations of the Monoexponential Model for Diffusion Quantification

The use of a single exponential function for analysis and variably sampled diffusion weighting plays a substantial role in causing the variability in apparent diffusion coefficient of healthy kidneys.
Individualism and the Objects of Psychology

Much philosophical discussion has been devoted to questions about what sort of existence to attribute to the objects1 of psychology. Recent focus on scientific realism as a way of answering ontological questions2 has subtly shifted the center of these questions. Thus, Descartes claimed to have demonstrated that psychological states were of (or in) a mind, a substance wholly different from the body. The question of causal interaction between the two arose, but he took his ultimate inability to answer it to indicate not the inadequacy of his dualism but the limits of metaphysical investigation. In contrast, for modern scientific realists what exists is whatever has to exist for our best theories to be true, and causality plays a central role in these accounts. Psychological states are whatever they have to be to have the (physical and psychological) causes and effects that they do.3
Identification of Cilia Genes That Affect Cell-Cycle Progression Using Whole-Genome Transcriptome Analysis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtti

Cilia are microtubule based organelles that project from cells. Cilia are found on almost every cell type of the human body and numerous diseases, collectively termed ciliopathies, are associated with defects in cilia, including respiratory infections, male infertility, situs inversus, polycystic kidney disease, retinal degeneration, and Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Here we show that Illumina-based whole-genome transcriptome analysis in the biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii identifies 1850 genes up-regulated during ciliogenesis, 4392 genes down-regulated, and 4548 genes with no change in expression during ciliogenesis. We examined four genes up-regulated and not previously known to be involved with cilia (ZMYND10, NXN, GLOD4, SPATA4) by knockdown of the human orthologs in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (hTERT-RPE1) cells to ask whether they are involved in cilia-related processes that include cilia assembly, cilia length control, basal body/centriole numbers, and the distance between basal bodies/centrioles. All of the genes have cilia-related phenotypes and, surprisingly, our data show that knockdown of GLOD4 and SPATA4 also affects the cell cycle. These results demonstrate that whole-genome transcriptome analysis during ciliogenesis is a powerful tool to gain insight into the molecular mechanism by which centrosomes and cilia are assembled.
Limit cycles and pattern noise in single-stage single-bit delta-sigma modulators

Pattern noise in single-bit delta-sigma modulators remains a phenomenon, which is not yet fully understood. To gain more insight into this problem, we have utilized state-space matrices to describe single-stage delta-sigma modulators operated under the condition of a constant input signal. We then established a procedure for characterizing and validating potential limit cycles. This enabled us to carry out an exhaustive search for cyclic sequences up to a length of 40 clock periods. Longer limit cycles have been found by means of an empirical, computationally more efficient random search method. This search algorithm has been applied to ideal and nonideal systems: By revealing power and frequency distribution of the tonal patterns, the numerical results yield a realistic estimate of the spurious free dynamic range. We also found that the majority of the potential limit cycles in an analog implementation can be eliminated by naturally occurring thermal noise. To be effective, the equivalent noise power of this natural dither signal must be on the order of the in-band quantization noise power of the modulator.
Rare Category Characterization

Rare categories abound and their characterization has heretofore received little attention. Fraudulent banking transactions, network intrusions, and rare diseases are examples of rare classes whose detection and characterization are of high value. However, accurate characterization is challenging due to high-skewness and non-separability from majority classes, e.g., fraudulent transactions masquerade as legitimate ones. This paper proposes the RACH algorithm by exploring the compactness property of the rare categories. It is based on an optimization framework which encloses the rare examples by a minimum-radius hyper ball. The framework is then converted into a convex optimization problem, which is in turn effectively solved in its dual form by the projected sub gradient method. RACH can be naturally kernelized. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of RACH.
Unilateral Sensorimotor Cortex Lesions in Adult Rats Facilitate Motor Skill Learning with the “Unaffected” Forelimb and Training-Induced Dendritic Structural Plasticity in the Motor Cortex

In humans and other animals, sufficient unilateral damage to the sensorimotor cortex can cause impairments in the opposite forelimb and the development of a hyper-reliance on the nonimpaired limb. This hyper-reliance is adaptive to the extent that it contributes to functional compensation for lesion-induced impairments. We have found that unilateral lesions of the forelimb region of the sensorimotor cortex (FLsmc) in rats, or callosal transections, cause neurons of the opposite motor cortex to become exceptionally responsive to changes in forelimb behavior. This enhanced responsiveness might facilitate learning of compensatory strategies with the nonimpaired forelimb after unilateral FLsmc lesions. The possibility that these lesions facilitate learning with the nonimpaired forelimb was addressed in this study. Rats were required to learn a skilled forelimb reaching task after either unilateral FLsmc lesions or sham operations. The trained limb in animals with lesions was the nonimpaired limb. Compared with shams, rats with unilateral lesions had a greater rate of acquisition and asymptotic performance level on the task, which was especially evident on more difficult trials. Quantitative measures of microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2) immunostained dendrites indicated an enhancement of training-induced dendritic cytoskeletal changes in the motor cortex opposite lesions. Thus, unilateral FLsmc lesions facilitate learning of at least some types of motor skills using the nonimpaired forelimb as well as some of the neuronal changes associated with this learning. This facilitation could be a substrate underlying behavioral compensation for unilateral FLsmc damage and may contribute to the phenomenon of learned nonuse of the impaired limb.
Hidden Laborers: Female Day Workers in Detroit, 1870–19201

On October 1, 1898, twenty-year-old laborer Peter Dumbrowski married Lettie, a girl from his Detroit neighborhood. Both of their Polish immigrant families had left their new Canadian homes in 1881, joining thousands of other families who had already moved south for the promise of good wages in an emerging city. The following summer, at the age of seventeen, Lettie gave birth to their first daughter and would soon be pregnant with a son. Peter earned enough as a metalworker to support the small family as well as make a down payment toward the purchase of a six-room home on the west side. By Peter's fortieth birthday, he could claim that he made thirty dollars a week at one of Detroit's most important employers of men, Timken Detroit Axle. His eldest son, now sixteen, contributed to the family economy most of his salary (twenty dollars per week) from another key operation, Insulated Wire Works.
Effect of exercise on heart-rate response to mental stress in teenagers

Purpose:We sought to determine if an exercise programme of moderate aerobic intensity would decrease the heart-rate response to mental stress in teenagers with normal hearts.Methods:Mental stress testing (50 arithmetic problems) was performed in student volunteers before and after a 5-week period of rigorous aerobic exercise training of 2.5 h for 5 days/week.Results:In the baseline state, the mental stress test increased the heart rate by an average of 20 ± 12 bpm to its observed peak at 30 s of testing (p < 0.001). Exercise training had a significant effect on the maximum heart rate (106 ± 19 vs. 89 ± 13 bpm, p < 0.001) and on the maximum increase in heart rate with mental stress (20 ± 12 pre vs. 9 ± 15 bpm post training, p < 0.001).Conclusion:Mental stress results in a marked heart response consistent with a marked neurohormonal effect. This response is effectively blunted by a 5-week moderately intensive exercise programme. These results should encourage endorsement of a regular exercise programme as a...
Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation among suicidal youth

Background: Although suicidal behaviors occur at a high rate in adolescence, relatively few interview-based measures are available to assess suicidal ideation among youth. Existing interview measures are limited by a paucity of empirical study, a failure to conform to standard suicide nomenclature, or a lengthy administration time. This study presents data on the psychometric properties and factor structure of the brief, layperson-administered Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation (MSSI) among suicidal youth. Methods: The MSSI was administered to an inpatient sample of 102 suicidal youth aged 13-17 years. Additional interview and self-report measures were administered to examine the convergent validity of the MSSI. Results: Consistent with previous findings among suicidal adults, the MSSI displayed good internal consistency and expected patterns of convergent validity. Principal component analysis revealed a bidimensional structure, with factors corresponding to (1) Desire and Ideation and (2) Plans and Preparations. Each factor displayed acceptable internal consistency and expected patterns of convergent validity via associations with hopelessness, depressive symptoms, impulsivity, and a self-report measure of suicidal behaviors. The Plans and Preparations factor significantly associated with the presence of a current suicide attempt and with greater suicide intent among attempters, whereas the Desire and Ideation factor did not. Conclusions: The MSSI appears to be a reliable and valid instrument to assess suicidal ideation among distressed youth. Clinicians are encouraged to pay particular attention to responses on the Plans and Preparations factor given its stronger association with suicide attempt and more serious suicide intent. Language: en
A TEST OF THE ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS SELECTION HYPOTHESES FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF A NARROW AVIAN HYBRID ZONE

The contributions of genetic and environmental factors to differential reproductive success across hybrid zones have rarely been tested. Here, we report a manipulative experiment that simultaneously tested endogenous (genetic-based) and exogenous (environmental-based) selection within a hybrid zone. We transplanted mated pairs of two chickadee species (Poecile atricapilla and P. carolinensis) and their hybrids into isolated woodlots within their hybrid zone and monitored their reproductive success. Although clutch sizes were similar, based on an estimate of the genetic compatibility of a pair, hybrid pairs produced fewer nestlings and fledglings than did pairs of either parental species. According to a linear model generated from the data, a pure pair of either parental species would be expected to produce 1.91-2.48 times more fledglings per nesting attempt, respectively, than the average or least compatible pair in the experiment. Our result of decreased reproduction for hybrid pairs relative to parental species pairs within same environment (the hybrid zone in this experiment) support the endogenous selection hypothesis for maintenance of this hybrid zone. Because the experiment was conducted entirely within the hybrid zone (i.e., the same environment for parental and hybrid pairings), our data do not support the exogenous selection hypothesis as it predicts either all pairings doing poorly or the hybrid pairs more successful than the parental pairs.
Modeling the trust-risk relationship in a wildland recreation setting: A social exchange perspective

Abstract We empirically tested relationships among the characteristics of trustworthiness, trust instilled in river guides, and risks perceived by whitewater recreationists that rafted a Wild and Scenic River in the Southern Sierra Nevada, CA. Drawing on a social exchange framework, we used survey data to address the following objectives: 1) investigate three dimensions of trustworthiness, including ability, integrity, and benevolence; 2) examine trust in decisions and trust in values that recreationists associated with their river guides; and 3) determine the effects of trustworthiness and trust on recreationists' beliefs that river guides minimized psychological and social risks from rafting the Kern River. Results from a latent variable path model revealed that the ability and integrity of river guides played important roles in explaining why they were trusted by recreationists, which in turn positively influenced the extent to which guides were believed to minimize risk. Contrary to previous research, we found that trust in values did not play a substantive role in predicting risk perception. A greater understanding of the trust-risk relationship will shed light on how public land management agencies can effectively navigate risk in dangerous wildland environments and provide access to otherwise inaccessible resources owned and valued by the public. Management Implications Our results offer insight on how public land management agencies can negotiate risk and maintain high quality recreational opportunities afforded by wildland environments. Specifically, our study findings suggest: ● Whitewater recreationists may not be able to access and/or enjoy wildland environments without trust and trustworthiness garnered from the assistance of guides. ● The trust-risk relationship can be understood from a social exchange perspective. ● Trustworthiness is an important mechanism for explaining trust in decisions and trust in values. ● The extent to which river guides are thought to minimize risks can be predicted by the ability and integrity of a river guide and trust placed on their decisions. ● The benevolence of river guides does not factor into the formation of trust or the risk perceptions of whitewater recreationists.
The Practical Use of Other Realities: Taking Berger and Luckmann into the Wild

The sociology of knowledge that followed The Social Construction of Reality shifted from the study of rarified ideas to practical activity, focusing on the stabilization of a sense of shared reality. The opposite side of this shift in emphasis has received much less attention – activities that place reality into a state of play and, in so doing, call attention to its ephemerality. I discuss three empirical areas where the practical use of other realities is central to the sociology of knowledge. First, I document cases in which skilled practitioners, such as airline pilots, safety engineers, and athletes, use simulation to prepare for events that are understood as highly uncertain and risky. Next, I describe how other realities are mobilized epistemologically, such as through experimentation in technoscience and experimentalism in unrealized or ‘unbuilt’ art and architecture. Finally, I consider autotelic and transcendent social experiences through fantasy and technological mediations like augmented reali...
Refraction of Acoustic Modes in Very Long-Range Transmissions

We consider the role of wave refraction in long-range acoustic transmissions. Refraction by a variable depth of the sea floor and a variable depth of the sound axis lead to distinctly different results.
Modeling the Persistence of Lignocellulosic Detritus in Wetland Ecosystems

Lignocellulose derived from the biomass of marine or aquatic vascular plants constitutes the single most abundant source of organic matter in many wetland ecosystems such as marshes and swamps. The detritus that forms when the plants die and are deposited on the sediments is presumed to serve both as the basis of animal food webs and as the starting material from which sedimentary geopolymers, such as humus and peat, are made. Thus, the longterm fate of lignocellulose, which is a complex heteropolymer of lignin and the polysaccharides, cellulose and hemicellulose, is of interest to both the ecologist, from the standpoint of nutrient cycling and ecosystem trophodynamics, and the geochemist, modeling the accumulation and dissimilation of sedimentary organic matter. Central to both of these efforts is an understanding of the kinetics of lignocellulose transformation and mineralization in aquatic ecosystems.
Detection of weak hydrogen bonding to fluoro and nitro groups in solution using H/D exchange

Hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange can be a sensitive technique for measuring the strength of hydrogen bonding to neutral organic nitro and fluoro groups. The slower rates of reaction in comparison to suitable controls suggest that hydrogen bonding is present, albeit rather weak.
Differential synchronization

This paper describes the Differential Synchronization (DS) method for keeping documents synchronized. The key feature of DS is that it is simple and well suited for use in both novel and existing state-based applications without requiring application redesign. DS uses deltas to make efficient use of bandwidth, and is fault-tolerant, allowing copies to converge in spite of occasional errors. We consider practical implementation of DS and describe some techniques to improve its performance in a browser environment.
Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Responses to Extracts from Six Brazilian Woods

Extracts from six Brazilian hardwoods were tested for toxic, repellent, antiprotozoan, and antifeedant properties against Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) workers. In 4-week no-choice tests, termite survival and feeding varied with wood species and extracting solvent. They generally were lowest on Copaifera multijuga Hayne, Mezilaurus itauba (Meissn.) Taubert ex Mez, and Platymiscium ulei Harms; and highest on Couropita subsessilis Pilg. and most extracts of Micrandra siphonioides Benth. For termites surviving the no-choice test, the greatest reductions in protozoan numbers occurred on all extracts of Carapa guianensis Aubl. and on hexane extracts of M. itauba and P. ulei. In choice tests for feeding preference, termites generally consumed more untreated than treated paper pads, but treated-pad weight loss was not significantly different from the controls for some extracts of C. subsessilis and M. siphonioides. One to three extracts from each of the six woods were repellent to the termites.
Observation of THz nonlinearity in CVD-grown graphene

Nonlinear transmission experiments were performed on CVD-grown graphene. THz-induced transparency and nonlinear THz generation were observed at high THz field strengths.
Ultrafast x-ray Studies of Ferroelectric Materials

Femtosecond x-ray scattering studies reveal large amplitude increases in the polarization of thin-film ferroelectrics and elucidate the first steps in their bulk photovoltaic response. Complimentary terahertz emission and second harmonic generation studies are also presented.