cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification of Automotive Electric/Electronic Features and the Consequent Hierarchization of the Logical System Architecture

In the established Automotive Systems Engineering (ASE) practice, an important factor in handling the complexity of product development is the partitioning of the vehicle into different domains. The current technological advances enable increasingly complex features for assisted and automated driving that reach across these different domains and are difficult to handle by the existing approaches. To cope with these challenges, new innovative methods, procedures and techniques are required that integrate well with the established practice. In this contribution, we analyze existing and future automotive features and classify them in a comprehensive taxonomy. Based on this characterization, established industrial and new research approaches for logical system architectures are consolidated. The introduction of new levels of hierarchy in the logical system architecture facilitates the attribution of specific design schemes and engineering approaches to the related functional elements. This approach facilitates the management of features with high internal variety and wide distribution over several subsystems. The systematic approach provides a novel rationale for the evolution from functional chains to functional networks in the automotive industry.
Facial Paralysis Following Core Needle Biopsy of a Deep Lobe Parotid Tumor: A Case Report.

Objectives:To report a case of total facial paralysis as the result of a core needle biopsy.Methods:Case report and literature review.Results:A 70-year-old man was diagnosed with a deep lobe paroti...
FAAH genotype, CRFR1 genotype, and cortisol interact to predict anxiety in an aging, rural Hispanic population: A Project FRONTIER study.

Abstract The neurophysiological underpinnings involved in susceptibility to and maintenance of anxiety are not entirely known. However, two stress-responsive systems, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the endocannabinoid system, may interact in anxiety. Here, we examine the relationship between FAAH genotype, CRFR1 genotype, baseline cortisol, and state anxiety in a rural adult population using data from Project FRONTIER. We predicted that FAAH A (AA and AC vs CC; rs324420) and three CRFR1 SNP minor alleles (rs7209436 C→ T [minor allele]; rs110402, G → A [minor]; and rs242924 G→ T [minor]), would interact to predict low baseline cortisol and low state anxiety scores. We found partial support for our prediction. In CRFR1 minor carriers, the FAAH AA or AC (vs. CC) genotype was associated with higher cortisol and with lower anxiety. In CRFR1 non-minors, those with FAAH AA or AC (vs. CC) showed decreased cortisol and higher anxiety. These results suggest that FAAH CC genotype only conveys risk for anxiety in individuals who are also carriers of the CRFR1 minor combination. FAAH genotype was significantly associated with baseline cortisol but was not independently associated with anxiety. Contrary to our predictions, baseline cortisol was negatively associated with anxiety. Lastly, we did not find any independent relationships between any of our SNPs and baseline cortisol or anxiety. These data suggest FAAH and cortisol interact to predict state anxiety, but that the relationship depends on CRFR1 genotype. The Project FRONTIER dataset is supported by Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Garrison Institute on Aging.
The Rat as an Animal Model of Lead Nephropathy

Nephropathy is only one of a number of toxic effects of lead observed in humans. Others include anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and an array of signs and symptoms attributed to deranged function of the central nervous system. These effects have been reported principally in children of pre-school age and in adults occupationally exposed to lead. The frequency of occurrence and severity of adverse effects in these two populations has diminished over the years. There is still cause for concern, however, particularly in regard to occupational lead nephropathy. The death rate due to chronic nephritis among male lead workers in the first quarter of this century was twice as high as among non-lead-exposed males of the same social class (Lane, 1964). Even among men employed from 1947 to 1970 excess mortality due to nephritis appears to have occurred (Cooper and Gaffey, 1975). Recent studies of renal function in workers indicate that occupational lead nephropathy is still a major problem (Wedeen et al., 1979; Hong et al., 1980).
Low-Cost Fabrication of Functional Plasmonic Fiber-Optic-Based Sensors using Microsphere Photolithography

This paper studies the use of Microsphere Photolithography (MPL) as an alternative to Focused Ion Beam milling or e-beam lithography to pattern plasmonic fiber-optic based sensors. In the MPL approach, silica microspheres are self-assembled to form a Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) array on top of a layer of photoresist. The microspheres serve as an optical element and focus collimated UV radiation to an array of photonic jets inside the photoresist layer. The exposed region is dependent on the angle of incidence of the UV radiation which facilitates hierarchical patterning. Pattern transfer can be accomplished using either etching or lift-off with the size of the features dependent on the exposure dose. While low-cost and very scalable, the use of MPL influences the design and performance of the fiber probe in several ways. Specifically, the entire cleaved face is patterned without alignment to the fiber core and any defects in the self-assembled microsphere lattice are transferred to the surface. This paper presents the low-cost fabrication of Extraordinary Optical Transmission (EOT) type plasmonic fiber-optic based sensors. The sensors consist of a thin aluminum film on the cleaved face of single mode optical fiber, perforated with a HCP hole-array. At resonance, Extraordinary Optical Transmission (EOT), decreases the reflection from the fiber tip. The conditions for resonance are dependent on the local environment surrounding the fiber tip and the resonant wavelength can be used to measure the index of refraction of a liquid. Experiments show that viable sensors can be created with MPL. The reflection spectra of the sensors was measured in various concentrations of sugar water with a measured sensitivity of 8.33 mg/mL/nm. These results are compared to simulation results which provides a sensitivity analysis of the sensors.
Non-Traditional Input Encoding Schemes for Spiking Neuromorphic Systems

A key challenge for utilizing spiking neural networks or spiking neuromorphic systems for most applications is translating numerical data into spikes that are appropriate to apply as input to a spiking neural network. In this work, we present several approaches for encoding numerical values as spikes, including binning, spike-count encoding, and charge-injection encoding, and we show how these approaches can be combined hierarchically to form more complex encoding schemes. We demonstrate how these different encoding approaches perform on four different applications, running on four different neuromorphic systems that are based on spiking neural networks. We show that the input encoding method can have a significant effect on application performance and that the best input encoding method is application-specific.
Reciprocal Learning Between Military and Civilian Surgeons: Past and Future Paths for Medical Innovation.

: Numerous surgical advances have resulted from exchanges between military and civilian surgeons. As part of the U.S. National Library of Medicine Michael E. DeBakey Fellowship in the History of Medicine, we conducted archival research to shed light on the lessons that civilian surgery has learned from the military system and vice-versa. Several historical case studies highlight the need for immersive programs where surgeons from the military and civilian sectors can gain exposure to the techniques, expertise, and institutional knowledge the other domain provides. Our findings demonstrate the benefits and promise of structured programs to promote reciprocal learning between military and civilian surgery.
CohereNet: A deep learning approach to coherence-based beamforming

Short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) beamforming has the potential to improve the diagnostic power of a multitude of ultrasound imaging techniques. One challenge for advanced real-time implementation is repeated correlation calculations. To address this challenge, this paper introduces CohereNet – a novel deep neural network architecture that estimates the coherence function in efforts to bypass the repeated correlation calculations required for SLSC imaging. The network was trained and evaluated using in vivo breast data, demonstrating similar contrast, CNR, SNR, and GCNR with an average correlation between the original image and the DNN image of 0.93, and improved computational speed (i.e., a factor of 3.4 improvement) when compared to the offline implementations. In addition, the model is generalizable across multiple tissue types, probe geometries, and ultrasound systems. These results are promising for the use of deep learning architectures as a replacement for correlation estimation in multiple areas of coherence-based ultrasound imaging.
Decídetexto: Mobile cessation support for Latino smokers. Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Introduction Latinos, the largest minority group in the U.S., experience tobacco-related disparities, including limited access to cessation resources. Evidence supports the efficacy of mobile interventions for smoking cessation, which may be greater among Latinos, the highest users of text messaging. Objectives To describe the methodology of a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the impact of Decidetexto, a culturally appropriate mobile smoking cessation intervention versus standard care on smoking abstinence (cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence) at Month 6 among Latino smokers. Methods Latino smokers (N = 618) will be randomized to one of two conditions: 1) Decidetexto or 2) standard of care. Decidetexto is a mobile smoking cessation intervention (available in English and Spanish) that incorporates three integrated components: 1) a tablet-based software that collects smoking-related information to develop an individualized quit plan, 2) a 24-week text messaging counseling program with interactive capabilities, and 3) pharmacotherapy support. Decidetexto follows the Social Cognitive Theory as theoretical framework. Standard of care consists of printed smoking cessation materials along with referral to telephone quitline. Participants in both groups are given access to free pharmacotherapy (nicotine patches or gum) by calling study phone number. Promotores de Salud will rely on community-based approaches and clinical settings to recruit smokers into the study. All participants will complete follow-up assessments at Week 12 and Month 6. Discussion If successful, Decidetexto will be ready to be implemented in different community- and clinic-based settings to reduce tobacco-related disparities.
Prevalence and outcomes of co-infection and super-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction The recovery of other respiratory viruses in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported, either at the time of a SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis (co-infection) or subsequently (superinfection). However, data on the prevalence, microbiology and outcomes of co-infection and super infection are limited. The purpose of this study was to examine occurrence of respiratory co-infections and superinfections and their outcomes among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients and Methods We searched literature databases for studies published from October 1, 2019, through June 11, 2020. We included studies that reported clinical features and outcomes of co-infection or super-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. We followed PRISMA guidelines and we registered the protocol with PROSPERO as: CRD42020189763. Results Of 1310 articles screened, 48 were included in the random effects meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of co-infection was 12% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6%-18%, n=29, I2=98%) and that of super-infection was 14% (95% CI: 9%-21%, n=18, I2=97%). Pooled prevalence of pathogen type stratified by co- or super-infection: viral co-infections, 4% (95% CI: 2%-7%); viral super-infections, 2% (95% CI: 0%-7%); bacterial co-infections, 4% (95% CI: 1%-8%); bacterial super-infections, 6% (95% CI: 2%-11%); fungal co-infections, 4% (95% CI: 1%-8%); and fungal super-infections, 4% (95% CI: 0%-11%). Compared to those with co-infections, patients with super-infections had a higher prevalence of mechanical ventilation [21% (95% CI: 13%-31%) vs. 7% (95% CI: 2%-15%)] and greater average length of hospital stay [mean=12.5 days, standard deviation (SD) =5.3 vs. mean=10.2 days, SD= 6.7]. Conclusions Our study showed that as many as 14% of patients with COVID-19 have super-infections and 12% have co-infections. Poor outcomes were associated with super-infections. Our findings have implications for diagnostic testing and therapeutics, particularly in the upcoming respiratory virus season in the Northern Hemisphere.
The association of continuity of care and risk of mortality in breast cancer patients with cardiometabolic comorbidities.

The association of continuity of care (COC) among providers and mortality risk for breast cancer patients with comorbidities is not sufficiently studied. A retrospective cohort study using the 2006...
Ashmole's hypothesis and the latitudinal gradient in clutch size

One enduring priority for ecologists has been to understand the cause(s) of variation in reproductive effort among species and localities. Avian clutch size generally increases with increasing latitude, both within and across species, but the mechanism(s) driving that pattern continue to generate hypotheses and debate. In 1961, a Ph.D. student at Oxford University, N. Philip Ashmole, proposed the influential hypothesis that clutch size varies in direct proportion to the seasonality of resources available to a population. Ashmole's hypothesis has been widely cited and discussed in the ecological literature. However, misinterpretation and confusion has been common regarding the mechanism that underlies Ashmole's hypothesis and the testable predictions it generates. We review the development of well-known hypotheses to explain clutch size variation with an emphasis on Ashmole's hypothesis. We then discuss and clarify sources of confusion about Ashmole's hypothesis in the literature, summarise existing evidence in support and refutation of the hypothesis, and suggest some under-utilised and novel approaches to test Ashmole's hypothesis and gain an improved understanding of the mechanisms responsible for variation in avian clutch size and fecundity, and life-history evolution in general.
Healthcare handoffs among lay caregivers.

BACKGROUND Much of home healthcare is also performed by informal caregivers. This paper seeks to add understanding to the home healthcare field, specifically studying care handoffs between informal caregivers. This study included 16 trained and 20 lay participants to determine differences due to expertise. This comparison is useful because there is a lot of published research on healthcare handoff happenings involving healthcare professionals, and the results indicate how much of the published research can be applied to care handoffs between informal caregivers. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to identify differences between lay and professional caregivers when there is uncertainty in a caregiving handoff from their fellow caregiver. METHODS The study design included between-group analysis of Expertise (layman and expert) and within-group analysis of Task Difficulty and Communication Modality. Dependent variables included willingness to ask for help, confidence in handoff instructions, confidence in the ability to complete tasks and task accuracy. Both Expertise groups were given the same four scenarios in a repeated measures study design. RESULTS The findings suggest statistically significant differences in how informal caregivers respond to unclear handoff instructions, where lay participants were more confident in understanding instructions, more confident in executing the tasks, less willing to ask for help and also less able to spot and resolve conflicting information compared to trained participants. Lower performance in resolving conflicting information was exhibited by the lay participants. However, when comparing with the syringes that were prepared correctly, it was observed that the accuracy of those prepared syringes was higher for lay participants than for trained participants. CONCLUSION It was anticipated that lay participants would be more willing to ask for help due to lack of subject matter expertise and trained participants would be more confident in completing tasks due to their superior subject matter expertise, but the opposite was true in both cases. It was also anticipated that lay and trained participants would be equally confident of the instructions given by their fellow caregiver, yet trained participants were less confident. The results from this study have impacts on the design of instructions (often by formal caregivers) for informal caregivers.
Orbital Complications: Nasolacrimal Duct Injury After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

The patient is a 54-year-old male, previously healthy, who was referred for chronic rhinosinusitis. He was previously treated by his primary care physician with intranasal steroids and antibiotics. He continued to complain of nasal congestion and cheek tenderness. A computed tomography (CT) scan was obtained that showed a unilateral left maxillary sinus mass with no bony erosion. On presentation, the patient was noted to have a unilateral mass protruding from the middle meatus. An in-clinic biopsy was consistent with sinonasal papilloma – inverted type (IP).
Cytoduction and Plasmiduction in Yeast

Cytoduction, and a related technique referred to as plasmiduction, have facilitated substantial advancements in the field of yeast prion biology by providing a streamlined method of transferring prions from one yeast strain to another. Prions are cytoplasmic elements consisting of aggregated misfolded proteins, and as such, they exhibit non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance. While prion transfer through mating and sporulation, or through protein transformation, is possible, these approaches yield non-isogenic strains or are technically complex, respectively. Cytoduction is a mating-based technique that takes advantage of a kar1 mutation with impaired nuclear fusion (karyogamy). It is a straightforward method for introducing a prion to any yeast strain (referred to as the recipient) by mating it with a donor strain containing the prion of interest. The only absolute requirement is that one of these two strains (donor or recipient) must carry the kar1-1 mutation to limit nuclear fusion. The resulting cytoductant contains the original nucleus of the recipient strain, but a cytoplasm reflecting a mix of all elements from the donor and the recipient. Modifications to the basic cytoduction strategy provide several options for successful cytoduction, including when working with slow growing or respiratory deficient strains. A significant advantage of the plasmiduction protocol presented is the ability to transfer a plasmid encoding a fluorescently tagged version of the prion protein, which allows for the direct verification of the prion state through visual protein aggregates. Graphic abstract: Transfer of Yeast Cytoplasmic Elements such as Prions using Cytoduction.
Retinal Flips the Script

Understanding the link between dynamics and function stands as a grand challenge in molecular-scale protein biophysics. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) rhodopsin provides an important case study in this context. Upon absorption of a photon, rhodopsin’s covalently bound ligand retinal is converted from 11-cis to all-trans, which changes the ligand from an inverse agonist to an agonist. Although structures of both the dark state (1) and the activated (Meta-II) state of rhodopsin have been solved (2), exactly how the local conformational change of the ligand is transduced to a global conformational change of the protein and ultimately into transducin activation remains unknown.
Feeds and Feed Additives, Nonruminant Feeds

Meat and eggs produced by swine and poultry in the United States contributes significantly toward meeting the nutritional requirements of the human population. The feed required to produce such a quantity of meat and eggs is considerable. Most poultry operations and some swine operations take place in intensive confinement operations. Most of the poultry production take place in vertically integrated operations. This system is not as common in the swine industry. Both swine and poultry are fed diets composed of grains such as corn or grain sorghum with soybean meal the primary protein source. Many human and industrial byproducts that would otherwise go unused are also incorporated into feed for nonruminants. Vitamins and trace minerals are added to ensure an adequate supply. Amino acids produced by fermentation or chemical synthesis are used to fortify diets, resulting in feeds with lower crude protein contnt. Nutrient requirements of swine and poultry are well reserched and nutrient composition of common ingredients has been determined. As ingredient prices change in relation to supply and demand, diet composition can be changed rapidly. There is no “best” feed composition. Animals thrive on diets composed of many different types of diets so long as the diets provide adequate levels of essential nutrients. Keywords: nonruminants; monogastric; nutrition; feed composition; animal production
Schizophrenia, Functional Outcomes in

The classic symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions, hallucinations, and elements of disorganized behavior (e.g., communication abnormalities and bizarre behavior), are striking in their presentation. However, the most common symptom of schizophrenia is disability in everyday functioning: impairments in social, living, and vocational outcomes. The striking clinical signs of schizophrenia are episodic in nature and can come and go even in the absence of treatment, as demonstrated by the fact that up to a third of people with schizophrenia demonstrated remission of these symptoms even prior to the development of antipsychotic medications. In contrast, disability in schizophrenia develops early in the illness and is persistent, even during periods when the symptoms just described are absent because of treatment or spontaneous remission. Keywords: schizophrenia; disability; cognition; neuropsychology; psychosis
Recent Advances on the Solidification Processing of Cast Energetic Materials

This paper investigates the solidification of highly viscous energetic materials cast into a projectile. Active cooling and heating (ACH) control solidification technology as well as mechanical vibration (MV) are applied to achieve unidirectional solidification and to reduce cracks, gas pores, and shrinkage defects and to decrease the detrimental gap size between the projectile and the solidified energetic material. A comprehensive numerical model was developed to simulate the solidification processes during casting of energetic materials, as well as the resulting induced thermal stresses. The optimized design parameters of the proposed technologies are developed based on numerical modeling and experiment work.
Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Situation Analysis

Before managers can begin to formulate marketing strategies for their businesses, they must have a strong understanding of the internal and external marketing environments in which they are operating. In this note, we present three methods for collecting and analyzing information about the internal and external marketing environments firms face: 5 C's Analysis, Porter's Five Forces Industry Analysis, and SWOT Analysis. These analyses help students understand the analytical processes by which managers understand themselves, their consumers, and the marketplaces in which they compete. The note gives students a foundation for analyzing marketing cases, as well as providing an analytical structure and process for completing the situation analysis section of a marketing plan.
Temporal Profile of Functional Visual Rehabilitative Outcomes Modulated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Objectives We have previously reported that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered to the occipital cortex enhances visual functional recovery when combined with 3 months of computer-based rehabilitative training in patients with hemianopia. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal sequence of effects of tDCS on visual recovery as they appear over the course of training and across different indicators of visual function.
Masonry failure investigations

Masonry failure is inadequate performance of masonry. The purposes of a masonry failure investigation are to avoid greater failure, provide a basis for recommended remedial action, and settle a claim by negotiation, arbitration, administrative hearing, or litigation. Causes of failures, twelve aspects of investigation, and qualifications of the investigator are described. Initial problem definition, three types of site visits, inspection equipment needs, laboratory and field testing, interviews with construction craftsmen, document discovery, literature search, and research are discussed. Attributes of an expert witness are enumerated.
Psychopharmacology and Bariatric Surgery

Currently, it has been demonstrated that psychotropic drugs, particularly antidepressants, are frequently prescribed for patients who seek bariatric surgery. Many bariatric surgery patients have a history of a mood disorder. Unlike medications for diabetes, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, which are generally reduced and at times discontinued, postsurgery antidepressants use is only slightly reduced. The Roux-en-Y procedure is most frequently associated with alteration in drug exposure. Medication disintegration, dissolution, absorption, metabolism and excretion have been found to be altered in postbariatric patients, although data are sparse at this time. This paper will review the current evidence regarding the effect of bariatric surgery on drug treatment including mechanism of interference as well as the extent of changes identified to date. Data will be presented as controlled trials followed by case series and reports.
Foaming Properties of Whey Protein Isolate and λ-Carrageenan Mixed Systems.

Heating protein with polysaccharide under neutral or near neutral pH can induce the formation of soluble complex with improved functional properties. The objective of our research was to investigate the effects of λ-carrageenan (λC) concentrations and pH on foaming properties of heated whey protein isolate (WPI) and λC soluble complex (h-cpx) in comparison to heated WPI with added λC (pWPI-λC), and unheated WPI with λC (WPI-λC). In all 3 WPI-λC systems at pH 7, increasing λC concentration led to improved foamability until a certain concentration before it decreased. Despite their higher viscosity, both heated systems (pWPI-λC and h-cpx) showed significantly better foamability and foam stability compared to WPI-λC. Rheological results of foams with 0.25% λC suggested that higher elasticity and viscous films were produced in h-cpx and pWPI-λC systems corresponding to better foam stability. Foam microstructure images indicated that foams produced from h-cpx had thicker film and consisted of smaller initial bubble area and more uniform bubble size. Results from the effect of pH (6.2, 6.5, and 7.0) further confirmed that stronger interactions between WPI and λC during heating contributed to the improved foaming properties. Foam stability was higher in h-cpx system at all 3 pH levels, especially under pH 6.2 where there were strongest interactions between the biopolymers. Practical Application With enhanced protein and polysaccharide interactions, heated complex between whey protein isolate and λ-carrageenan can be utilized to increase stability of food foams.
Does a palliative care consult decrease the cost of caring for hospitalized patients with dementia

Objective: Advanced dementia (AD) is a terminal disease. Palliative care is increasingly becoming of critical importance for patients afflicted with AD. The primary objective of this study was to compare pharmacy cost before and after a palliative care consultation (PCC) in patients with end-stage dementia. A secondary objective was to investigate the cost of particular types of medication before and after a PCC. Method: This was a retrospective study of 60 hospitalized patients with end-stage dementia at a large academic tertiary care hospital from January 1, 2010 to October 1, 2011, in order to investigate pharmacy costs before and after a PCC. In addition to demographics, we carried out a comparison of the average daily pharmacy cost and comparison of the proportion of subjects taking each medication type (cardiac, analgesics, antibiotics, antipsychotics and antiemetics) before and after a PCC. Results: There was a significant decrease in overall average daily pharmacy cost from before to after a PCC (0), respectively, p < 0.047. Significance of results: Our findings indicate that PCC is associated with overall decreased medication cost in hospitalized AD patients. Additionally, receiving a PCC was related to greater use of pain medications in hospitalized dementia patients. Our study corroborates the benefits of palliative care team intervention in managing elderly hospitalized dementia patients.
Sensitivity Analysis of Promotion Opportunities in Graded Organizations

This paper extends earlier work on manpower mobility in hierarchical organizations and is concerned especially with the effects of changes in hiring and separation on opportunities for internal advancement. We make use of a fractional flow model of personnel to highlight the links between personnel flows and vacancy flows, and then derive formulae that can be used to simulate the impact of changes in grade-size targets, hiring policy and attrition rates on promotion opportunities for staff. The model is then illustrated by application to data on faculty staffing in a large university.
A Panel Study of Media Effects on Political and Social Trust after September 11, 2001

The authors examine the relationship between media consumption and political trust, social trust, and confidence in governmental institutions in the year following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. This period provides a unique opportunity to explore the effects of media use on trust, given that political and social trust surged in the immediate aftermath only to decline in the months that followed. Using data from a panel survey, the authors find that television news use was associated with higher levels of trust in government and confidence in institutions during the surge that followed the terrorist attacks. Individual-level change in trust and confidence over the year that followed was not, however, attributable to media use or changes in media use. In the case of social trust, the results suggest that television news and newspaper use were not associated with social trust in the immediate aftermath but were associated with individual-level change in social trust over the course of the foll...
Optimization Framework for the Synthesis of Chemical Reactor Networks

The reactor network synthesis problem involves determining the type, size, and interconnections of the reactor units, optimal concentration and temperature profiles, and the heat load requirements ...
A constitutive equation for creep in polymer concretes and their resin binders

We present here a method for superposing creep measurements on polymer concrete (PC), taken at different temperatures, imposed stresses, and resin contents, onto master curves, which describe the respective responses of various PC systems and their resin binders, to compressive, tensile, and flexural loads. This treatment is extended to systems reinforced with chopped glass fiber and montmorillonite (MMT). The general applicability of this superposition is tested with creep measurements by other investigators under tensile, compressive, and flexural loads. The results make it possible to predict the long-term creep behavior of unfilled as well as reinforced glassy polymer systems at different temperatures and load conditions from limited, short-term data. Success of the multiple superposition suggests a generalized constitutive equation, which describes the creep compliance of these systems as a product of separable functions of each parameter in the form of shift factors for temperature (αT), stress (ασ), resin content (αυ), fiber reinforcement (αF), and MMT reinforcement (αM): J(PC) = JrαTασαυαFαMtm, where Jr is an appropriately chosen reference creep compliance. The time exponent m does not depend on the chemical nature of the polymer matrix.
Color Schlieren imaging of high-pressure overexpanded planar nozzle flow using a simple, low-cost test apparatus

Complex flow features within rocket nozzles can exert significant influence on both the dynamics and safety of rockets during flight. Specifically, under over-expanded flow conditions, during, low altitude flight, random, often large side loads can appear within nozzles. While significant research has focused on this classical problem, due to the high nozzle pressure ratios (NPR) extant across rocket nozzles, most experimental work: (1) has focused on measuring wall pressure distributions under conditions when side loads appear, (2) has been carried out in large government or industrial test facilities, and (3) has only provided limited, though crucially important, visualization data. This short paper describes the construction and operation of a very simple, low cost test apparatus that allows imaging of flow features within planar nozzles, under the high NPR conditions characteristic of medium-to-large rockets. Representative color Schlieren images of flow shock structure obtained within the test apparatus are also presented and briefly described.
Fate of the ribosomal RNA produced by a “relaxed” mutant of Escherichia coli

The fate of the RNA produced during methionine starvation by a strain of Escherichia coli with “relaxed” control of RNA synthesis has been investigated. This RNA consists of amino acid transfer RNA (4 s), messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA (16 s and 23 s); the ribosomal RNA forms part of a particle (18 s to 25 s). The RNA of the “relaxed” particles is not stable: it disappears slowly (half-life approximately 20 minutes) when RNA synthesis is inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. When methionine is restored to cells that have accumulated the “relaxed” particles, the RNA of these particles is rapidly incorporated intact into newly formed ribosomes. This incorporation also occurs when cells that have accumulated the “relaxed” particles in a glucose medium free of methionine are transferred to a succinate medium containing methionine: the “shift-down” prevents synthesis of new RNA, but permits the synthesis of the protein required for the conversion of the particles to complete ribosomes.
Share of Heart: What is it and How can it be Measured?

Examines several approaches to measuring consumers′ emotional response to brands. Describes projective techniques, fantasy and personification, story completion, usage scenarios, role playing and deprivation questioning. Concludes that qualitative research is a productive way of gaining knowledge of the whys of consumer behaviour, or share of heart, when such knowledge is essential to marketing managers.
Effect of exposure to Echinostoma liei miracidia on growth and survival of young Biomphalaria glabrata snails.

Abstract Kuris A. M. 1980. Effect of exposure to Echinostoma liei miracidia on growth and survival of young Biomphalaria glabrata snails. International Journal for Parasitology 10 : 303–308. Exposure to miracidia of Echinostoma liei resulted in increased mortality and reduced growth of 1–2 mm albino Biomphalaria glabrata snails whether or not the snails became infected. Growth rates for infected and exposed but uninfected snails were significantly more variable than growth rates of unexposed snails. Retarded growth and increased mortality were detected as rapidly as seven to nine days after exposure. Neither growth nor survivorship of 4–6 mm snails was altered upon exposure to or infection by E. liei .
Retention mechanisms on metallic stationary phases

Abstract An electron-rich, porous graphitic carbon stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography has been shown to act as an electron-pair acceptor of solutes under non-polar conditions. The application of delocalized electron bands as chromatographic substrates was extended to other conductors, namely a palladium metal stationary phase, which also interacted by an electron donor—acceptor mechanism. Quantitative structure—retention relationships are presented as indicators of chromatographic retention mechanisms.
ENZYMATIC STUDIES OF A NEW VARIANT OF GM 1 GANGLIOSIDOSIS IN AN OLDER CHILD

The metabolic error in GM1 gangliosidosis has been identified as a deficiency of acid β-D-galactosidase. A number of variants of the disease have been defined by clinical studies and by enzymatic differences with general classification into type 1 (infantile) and type II (juvenile). O'Brien has predicted identification of other mutants with varying phenotypes based on differences in activity of mutant enzyme for various natural substrates. Another phenotypic variant is reported in an 11 year old black girl whose symptoms began at age 6 years with extremity pain, and who has developed mild mental retardation and progressive ataxia. Focal and grand mal seizures developed at the age of 10 years. Intensive macula cherry red spots are present with evidence of deposition of storage material also in the stromal and epithelial areas of the cornea. There is no hepatomegaly or splenomegaly and no skeletal abnormality. Vacuolated cells are present in the bone marrow. Activity of β-D-galactosidase was 65 nmoles/mg protein/hr vs 389 as the average for control cultured skin fibroblasts (17% of normal). Using natural substrate GM1, ganglioside, activity of the enzyme was 4%, of normal, 9.5 nmoles/mg protein/hr vs 227.5 for controls. Enzymatic studies on leukocytes confirmed the deficiency in acid β-D-galactosidase activity. It is postulated that the affected child has a previously undescribed structural mutation of acid β-D-galactosidase.
The important econometric features of a linear regression model with cross-correlated random coefficients

Abstract Theoretical and empirical research presented illustrates how adding cross-correlated components to the Hildreth-Houck random coefficient regression model can eliminate negative estimated variances and uncover coefficient randomness otherwise masked.
Persistent pulmonary abnormalities in newborns: the changing picture of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Significant changes in the radiographic features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have accompanied recent advances in treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Retrospective study of 709 newborns showed atypical radiographic findings in many patients with clinical BPD. While 12/20 infants with clinical BPD showed changes identical to Northway's stage 4 disease, the remaining 8 (40% of patients with significant respiratory dysfunction) had diffuse, fine infiltrates without emphysema. Radiographic progression from RDS through all Northway stages was observed in only 4 patients. Diagnosis of stage 2 BPD was complicated by the presence of PDA in 9/17 cases. Stage 3 BPD was identified with certainty in only 5 infants, but may have coexisted with PIE in as many as 22 cases. Nevertheless, there was close agreement between the radiographic findings and clinical severity of chronic lung disease. Mild (type 1) infiltrates following RDS may be distinguished from chronic pulmonary insufficiency of prematurity (CPIP) or “immature lung”. In patients who require only short-term supplemental O2, type 1 changes may reflect delayed resolution of RDS in an underdeveloped lung. These same findings in infants with prolonged O2 dependence usually indicate a mild form of BPD. Coarse infiltrates and emphysema (type 2) are almost always associated with severe respiratory impairment.
Finite element simulation of the 2D collapse of a polyelectrolyte gel disk

Theoretical models describing the dynamic behavior of the expansion and contraction of polyelectrolyte gels present numerically challenging problems. This paper describes how a method of weighted residuals approach has been used to solve the two-dimensional governing system of equations by finite element analysis. The modulation of the imbibition/expulsion of solvent by a gel disk is studied as an example.
Translating Latin American/US Latina frameworks and methods in gender and health equity: linking women's health education and participatory social change.

This article applies transdisciplinary approaches to critical health education for gender equity by analyzing textual and political strategies translating/culturally adapting the U.S. feminist health text Our Bodies Ourselves (OBOS) for Latin American/Caribbean and U.S. Latina women. The resulting text Nuestros Cuerpos Nuestras Vidas (NCNV) was revised at multiple levels to reflect different cultural\sociopolitical assumptions connecting individual knowledge community-based and transnational activist organizations and strategic social change. Translation/cultural adaptation decisions were designed to ensure that gender-equitable health promotion education crossed cultural borders conveying personal knowledge and motivating individual actions while also inspiring participation in partnerships for change. Transdisciplinary approaches integrating critical ecosystemic frameworks and participatory methods can help design health promotion education mobilizing engaged gender-equitable health citizenship supporting both personal and societal change.
Natural killer cells induced by acute and chronic Toxoplasma infection.

Abstract The recent interest in natural killer (NK) cells in immunosurveillance and the ability of infection with certain organisms to modulate NK activity led us to examine the influence of Toxoplasma gondii infection on mouse NK cells. Infection of BALB/c mice with 5 × 10 3 virulent Toxoplasma intraperitoneally (ip) resulted in significantly enhanced NK activity in peritoneal exudate cells (PC) and in spleen cells (SC). Intravenous (iv) and subcutaneous (sc) challenge of BALB/c mice with Toxoplasma also resulted in enhanced natural killer (NK) activity in PC and SC. In BALB/c mice, as well as in other strains (A/J, C57BL/6, C3H/HeJ, CeH/HeN, [A/J × C3H]F 1 ), peak augmentation of PC and SC NK activity was observed 3 days following ip Toxoplasma challenge. Administration of silica to mice abolished Toxoplasma-induced NK cytotoxicity. BALB/c mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma had significantly higher endogenous NK activity than did controls in PC but not in SC. Chronically infected BALB/c mice boosted with virulent Toxoplasma ip exhibited significantly enhanced NK activity in PC but not in SC. Thus, acute and chronic infection with Toxoplasma modulates NK activity in addition to macrophage activation and thereby provides a system that should facilitate study of the relative contribution of NK cells and activated macrophages in resistance to tumor growth and spread.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Thermal Cracking of Tetrahydrothiophene

As a representative compound of cyclic sulfides, tetrahydrothiophene in different solvents was thermally decomposed under several high temperatures in a microreactor. The observed sulfur-containing product distribution reveals that the solvent used has a large effect on the sulfur distribution. When benzene was the solvent, dihydrothiophene, thiophene, and hydrogen sulfide were the main sulfur compounds produced in the decomposition process. However, only hydrogen sulfide was the main product when tetrahydrothiophene in tetralin was thermally decomposed. 1,3-Butadiene is the significant component among all of the hydrocarbons produced. Plausible decomposition pathways leading to the observed products were investigated by quantum mechanical calculations using the B3LYP density functional theory for geometry optimization and QCISD(T) for energy evaluation. On the basis of the calculated results, favorable decomposition pathways were proposed.
Gramsci's bibliographies

Abstract As homage to John Cammett's bibliographical works, the essay looks at the importance, strategic uses and critical relevance of bibliographies in the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. In the overcoming of vulgar determinism that Gramsci called ‘philosophy of praxis’, bibliographies became – more than mere superstructural effects – social institutions through which a critical war of position could be waged against both Gentile's fascist idealism and against Croce's liberal one.
Fraunhofer diffraction by semicircular apertures

The far-field diffraction pattern of semicircular apertures is described. A general expression is given for the amplitude that is valid over the entire image plane and that reduces to Bessel and Struve functions on the axes. A simple approximation is also given that is valid for all angles at large distances from the origin.
p-Harmonic morphisms, minimal foliations, and rigidity of metrics

Abstract We classify p -harmonic morphisms of twisted product type from complete simply connected manifolds and polynomial p -harmonic morphisms and holomorphic p -harmonic morphisms between Euclidean spaces. We also characterize those p -harmonic functions f:(M,g)→ R whose level hypersurfaces produce minimal foliations of ( M , g ) generalizing Baird–Eells’ results on harmonic morphisms. Among applications, we show that Nil space ( R 3 ,g Nil ) and Sol space ( R 3 ,g Sol ) admit many 1-harmonic submersions and hence many foliations by minimal surfaces. We also prove that if a complete conformally flat non-flat metric g U = F −2 ∑ i =1 m d x i 2 on a connected open subset U of R m admits one Riemannian or m −1 minimal coordinate plane foliations, then ( U , g U ) must be hyperbolic space ( H m , x m −2 ∑ i =1 m d x i 2 ) up to a homothety.
Information flow using edge stress factor

This paper shows how a corpus of instant messages can be employed to detect de facto communities of practice automatically. A novel algorithm based on the concept of Edge Stress Factor is proposed and validated. Results show that this approach is fast and effective in studying collaborative behavior.
Suppression of tumorous adrenal hyperfunction by aminoglutethimide.

Abstract Six patients with Cushing's syndrome were treated with aminoglutethimide in doses ranging from 1000 to 1500 mg./day. Two had adrenocortical adenomas, 1 carcinoma and 3 bilateral hyperplasia. The 3 with tumors responded with a marked decrease in cortisol secretion rates, urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS), and 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) after the initial 2 days of treatment and showed no rebound for a further 8 days of therapy. This suppression was achieved with doses less than those recommended for maximal anti-convulsant therapy. In contrast, the 3 cases of bilateral hyperplasia showed incomplete suppression of steroid secretion even at higher dose levels. There were no unfavorable reactions to the drug. Aminoglutethimide is a promising agent for the control of excess steroid secretion in adrenocortical tumors.
Liver Transplant Case Report: Transgenderism and Liver Transplantation

ABSTRACT The literature is silent on the specific topic of liver transplantation in transgender people. The few prospective, large-scale studies that do exist of transgender health underscore increased risk of hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We present a case report of a female-to-male transgender who received a liver transplant at our facility.