cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explaining the Duration of Exchange-Rate Pegs

Abstract This paper is an empirical investigation of the duration of exchange-rate pegs in 16 Latin American countries and Jamaica. We identify factors that influence peg duration using logit analysis. The real exchange rate and the level of international liquidity are significant determinants of the monthly likelihood of devaluation. Structural variables, such as the openness of an economy and its geographical trade concentration, and political variables, such as changes in the executive, also significantly affect the likelihood of a devaluation. There is some evidence that the likelihood of a devaluation first rises and subsequently declines during the first year of a peg.
The economics of agricultural development: what have we learned?

Agricultural development thinking has gone through several stages of fad and fancy, often without an understanding of previous fallacies. Its current doldrums are unfortunate given the unrivaled importance of agricultural development for poverty reduction in most development countries. After reviewing several policy and program areas, lessons are synthesized, and a forward-looking research framework suggested, especially regarding role of specialization in the evolution of economic organization. The corresponding role of government is seen to be the facilitation of economic cooperation, rather than social engineering.
Weak convergence approach for parabolic equations with large, highly oscillatory, random potential

Nous considerons le comportement macroscopique de solutions d’equations paraboliques presentant un terme potentiel aleatoire de grande intensite et oscillant rapidement. Lorsque la fonction de correlation du potentiel aleatoire satisfait une condition precise d’integrabilite, nous demontrons que la solution aleatoire converge vers la solution deterministe d’une equation homogeneisee quand la longueur de correlation du milieu tend vers zero en toute dimension $d\geq3$. Notre preuve s’appuie sur une representation probabiliste de type Feynman–Kac et sur la methodologie introduite par Kipnis et Varadhan permettant de montrer la convergence de mouvements browniens dans des milieux aleatoires. Lorsque les coefficients aleatoires sont suffisamment melangeants, nous presentons un taux optimal de convergence grâce a une approche quantitative du theoreme de la limite centrale pour les martingales. Des que la condition d’integrabilite mentionee ci-dessus n’est plus satisfaite, nous pensons que la solution restera fortement stochastique pour toute longueur de correlation du milieu. Nous montrons, pour une classe de potentiels decrits comme des fonctionnelles de champs gaussiens, que la solution converge vers celle d’une equation differentielle stochastique. La representation de Feynman–Kac et la convergence faible de mouvements browniens nous permet d’obtenir une description precise de la transition d’une limite deterministe vers une limite stochastique en fonction des proprietes de la fonction de correlation du potentiel aleatoire.
Empirical Bayes Estimation of a Sparse Vector of Gene Expression Changes

Gene microarray technology is often used to compare the expression of thousand of genes in two different cell lines. Typically, one does not expect measurable changes in transcription amounts for a large number of genes; furthermore, the noise level of array experiments is rather high in relation to the available number of replicates. For the purpose of statistical analysis, inference on the "population'' difference in expression for genes across the two cell lines is often cast in the framework of hypothesis testing, with the null hypothesis being no change in expression. Given that thousands of genes are investigated at the same time, this requires some multiple comparison correction procedure to be in place. We argue that hypothesis testing, with its emphasis on type I error and family analogues, may not address the exploratory nature of most microarray experiments. We instead propose viewing the problem as one of estimation of a vector known to have a large number of zero components. In a Bayesian framework, we describe the prior knowledge on expression changes using mixture priors that incorporate a mass at zero, and we choose a loss function that favors the selection of sparse solutions. We consider two different models applicable to the microarray problem, depending on the nature of replicates available, and show how to explore the posterior distributions of the parameters using MCMC. Simulations show an interesting connection between this Bayesian estimation framework and false discovery rate (FDR) control. Finally, two empirical examples illustrate the practical advantages of this Bayesian estimation paradigm.
Contact Schwarzian derivatives

H. Sato introduced a Schwarzian derivative of a contactomorphism of ${\mathbb{R}}^{3}$ and with T. Ozawa described its basic properties. In this note their construction is extended to all odd dimensions and to non-flat contact projective structures. The contact projective Schwarzian derivative of a contact projective structure is defined to be a cocycle of the contactomorphism group taking values in the space of sections of a certain vector bundle associated to the contact structure, and measuring the extent to which a contactomorphism fails to be an automorphism of the contact projective structure. For the flat model contact projective structure, this gives a contact Schwarzian derivative associating to a contactomorphism of ${\mathbb{R}}^{2n-1}$ a tensor which vanishes if and only if the given contactomorphism is an element of the linear symplectic group acting by linear fractional transformation.
Implementing a Calculus for Distributed Access Control in Higher Order Logic and HOL

Access control – determining which requests for services sho-uld be honored or not – is particularly difficult in networked systems. Assuring that access-control decisions are made correctly involves determining identities, privileges, and delegations. The basis for making such decisions often relies upon cryptographically signed statements that are evaluated within the context of an access-control policy.
The Uses and Limits of Financial Cryptography: A Law Professor's Perspective

There is considerable support in the cryptography community for the “Cypherpunk Credo,” defined as: “Privacy through technology, not legislation.“ Much discussion to date has assumed that the U.S. government's opposition to strong cryptography, such as its key escrow proposals, is the primary obstacle to widespread use of anonymous electronic cash. For purposes of this paper, I assume that strong cryptography is legal and readily available. Even in that event, I claim that strong cryptography will be used to preserve anonymity only in a highly restricted subset of financial transactions. Furthermore, because technology often will not assure privacy, legal rules can and should play an important supplementary role in the protection of privacy in financial transactions.
The Role of the Main Geomagnetic Field in Locating Conjugate Points

Sample distribution of conjugate points calculated using various models of main geomagnetic field
Treasury Regulations and Judicial Deference In The Post- Chevron Era

1984 was a watershed year in administrative law jurisprudence in the United States. That year, the Supreme Court outlined the degree of deference courts must show to agency regulatory interpretations of statutes. The Court concluded in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. that an administering agency's reasonable regulatory interpretation of a statute must prevail over a differing judicial interpretation in two instances: (1) when Congress fails to unambiguously address the issue involved or (2) when the agency's interpretation is consistent with Congress' intentions. In so doing, the Court broke new ground in administrative law by asserting that the judiciary must yield to the reasonable legal and policy determinations of an executive agency. Despite contrary assertions, the Chevron directive remains unchanged today after more than a decade of subsequent Supreme Court rulings. Analysis of several post-Chevron cases indicates that every major Supreme Court case since 1984 involving the validity of a Treasury regulation is consistent with Chevron. Indeed, since 1984 every challenged Treasury regulation interpreting a statute in which Congress failed to address a specific tax issue has been upheld by the Court. In fact, no Supreme Court case since 1984 could be discovered in which the Court invalidated a Treasury regulation on the grounds that it was an unreasonable interpretation of a statute. Several post-Chevron Supreme Court decisions, however, rejected the Treasury's application of a tax regulation to a particular factual situation. Additionally, there have been times when the Court failed to defer to the Treasury's non-regulatory interpretations. However, at least with respect to Treasury regulatory interpretations, the Supreme Court's review of tax cases since 1984 has been consistent with Chevron.
On Riemann-Roch Formulas for Multiplicities

A Theorem due to Guillemin and Sternberg about geometric quantization of Hamiltonian actions of compact Lie groups $G$ on compact Kaehler manifolds says that the dimension of the $G$-invariant subspace is equal to the Riemann-Roch number of the symplectically reduced space. Combined with the shifting-trick, this gives explicit formulas for the multiplicities of the various irreducible components. One of the assumptions of the Theorem is that the reduction is regular, so that the reduced space is a smooth symplectic manifold. In this paper, we prove a generalization of this result to the case where the reduced space may have orbifold singularities. Our proof uses localization techniques from equivariant cohomology, and relies in particular on recent work of Jeffrey-Kirwan and Guillemin. Since there are no complex geometry arguments involved, the result also extends to non Kaehlerian settings.
Flexible Queueing Architectures

We study a multiserver model with n flexible servers and n queues, connected through a bipartite graph, where the level of flexibility is captured by an upper bound on the graph’s average degree, dn. Applications in content replication in data centers, skill-based routing in call centers, and flexible supply chains are among our main motivations. We focus on the scaling regime where the system size n tends to infinity, while the overall traffic intensity stays fixed. We show that a large capacity region and an asymptotically vanishing queueing delay are simultaneously achievable even under limited flexibility (dn ≪ n). Our main results demonstrate that, when dn ≫ ln n, a family of expander-graph-based flexibility architectures has a capacity region that is within a constant factor of the maximum possible, while simultaneously ensuring a diminishing queueing delay for all arrival rate vectors in the capacity region. Our analysis is centered around a new class of virtual-queue-based scheduling policies that...
Comparative statics and laws of scarcity for games

A “law of scarcity” is that scarceness is rewarded. We demonstrate laws of scarcity for cores and approximate cores of games. Furthermore, we demonstrate conditions under which all payoffs in the core of any game in a parameterized collection have an equal treatment property and show that equal treatment core payoff vectors satisfy a condition of cyclic monotonicity. Our results are developed for parameterized collections of games and exact bounds on the maximum possible deviation of approximate core payoff vectors from satisfying a law of scarcity are stated in terms of the parameters describing the games. We note that the parameters can, in principle, be estimated. Results are compared to the developments in the literature on matching markets, pregames, and general equilibrium. This paper expands on results published in Kovalenkov and Wooders, Economic Theory (26, 383–396, 2005).
Deformable registration of diffusion tensor MR images with explicit orientation optimization

In this paper we present a novel deformable registration algorithm for diffusion tensor (DT) MR images that enables explicit analytic optimization of tensor reorientation. The optimization seeks a piecewise affine transformation that divides the image domain into uniform regions and transforms each of them affinely. The objective function captures both the image similarity and the smoothness of the transformation across region boundaries. The image similarity enables explicit orientation optimization by incorporating tensor reorientation, which is necessary for warping DT images. The objective function is formulated in a way that allows explicit implementation of analytic derivatives to drive fast and accurate optimization using the conjugate gradient method. The optimal transformation is hierarchically refined in a subdivision framework. A comparison with affine registration for inter-subject normalization of 8 subjects shows that our algorithm improves the alignment of manually segmented white matter structures (corpus callosum and cortio-spinal tracts).
A 24 GHz phased-array transmitter in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS

A fully integrated 4-element phased-array transmitter at 24 GHz with on-chip PAs is implemented in a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process. It has a beam-forming resolution of 10/spl deg/, a peak-to-null ratio of 23 dB, and isolation between paths of 28 dB. Each CMOS PA can deliver up to +14 dBm into a 50 /spl Omega/ load. The transmitter supports a 500 Mb/s QPSK signal and has a bandwidth in excess of 400 MHz. The die size is 6.8/spl times/2.1 mm/sup 2/ and the complete 4-element transmitter, including the 4 on-chip PAs, draws 788 mA from a 2.5 V supply.
Eros and the Wise: The Stoic Response to a Cultural Dilemma

An older man stands close to a younger man, who looks up (or as the case may be down) at him, often with fond affection. The older man beams beneficently at the young man’s beardless face, and with one hand he cups the younger man’s chin, in a gesture expressive of tender personal affection. His other hand, however, has other ideas: it fondles the young man’s genitals, which are usually exposed. The older man’s penis is often erect, the younger man’s almost never.1 The young man sometimes repels the groping hand, but often, too, contentedly allows it.2
Delta-A scientific and application satellite launch vehicle

Research and development of three stage Delta launch vehicle for scientific and applications satellites
A low false negative filter for detecting rare bird species from short video segments using a probable observation data set-based EKF method

We report a new filter for assisting the search for rare bird species. Since a rare bird only appears in front of the camera with very low occurrence (e.g. less than ten times per year) for very short duration (e.g. less than a fraction of a second), our algorithm must have very low false negative rate. We verify the bird body axis information with the known bird flying dynamics from the short video segment. Since a regular extended Kalman filter (EKF) cannot converge due to high measurement error and limited data, we develop a novel Probable Observation Data Set (PODS)-based EKF method. The new PODS-EKF searches the measurement error range for all probable observation data that ensures the convergence of the corresponding EKF in short time frame. The algorithm has been extensively tested in experiments. The results show that the algorithm achieves 95.0% area under ROC curve in physical experiment with close to zero false negative rate.
Analyst Reputation, Communication, and Information Acquisition

Earlier studies have shown that reputational concerns tend to reduce agents' opportunistic behavior. However, a recent study by Morris argued that analysts' (experts') reputational concerns may discourage truthful communication when they try to avoid being perceived as being misaligned with investors. In this paper, I examine the effect of reputational concerns on communication in a setting where analysts can choose their precision endogenously. Because both misaligned and aligned analysts want investors to trust their reports in the future, both will aim to build a reputation for being aligned. In equilibrium, aligned analysts will acquire more information than misaligned analysts. As a result, investors may favorably update their beliefs about the analysts' type when the report is proven to be accurate. Therefore, both types of analysts will have reputational incentives to communicate truthfully. The paper also derives conditions under which the analysts' reputational concerns have a nonmonotonic impact on aligned analysts' equilibrium precision choices and investors' welfare.
Probing properties of hot and dense QCD matter with heavy flavor in the PHENIX experiment at RHIC

Hadrons carrying heavy quarks, i.e. charm or bottom, are important probes of the hot and dense medium created in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Heavy quark-antiquark pairs are mainly produced in initial hard scattering processes of partons. While some of the produced pairs form bound quarkonia, the vast majority hadronize into particles carrying open heavy flavor. Heavy quark production has been studied by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC via measurements of single leptons from semi-leptonic decays in both the electron channel at mid-rapidity and in the muon channel at forward rapidity. A large suppression and azimuthal anisotropy of single electrons have been observed in Au + Au collisions at 200 GeV. These results suggest a large energy loss and flow of heavy quarks in the hot, dense matter. The PHENIX experiment has also measured J/ψ production at 200 GeV in p + p, d + Au, Cu + Cu and Au + Au collisions, both at mid- and forward-rapidities, and additionally Cu + Au and U + U at forward-rapidities. In the most energetic collisions, more suppression is observed at forward rapidity than at central rapidity. This can be interpreted either as a sign of quark recombination, or as a hintmore » of additional cold nuclear matter effects. The centrality dependence of nuclear modification factor, RAA(pT), for J/ψ in U + U collisions at √sNN = 193 GeV shows a similar trend to the lighter systems, Au + Au and Cu + Cu, at similar energy 200 GeV.« less
Globalization and national development at the end ot the 20th century - tensions and challenges

Globalization offers developing countries the opportunities to create wealth through export-led growth, to expand international trade in goods and services, and to gain access to new ideas, technologies, and institutional designs. But globalization also entails problems and tensions that must be appropriately managed. For one thing, global business cycles can contribute greatly to macroeconomic volatility at the national level. The scope and severity of crises in Mexico (1994-95), Asia (1997), Russia (1998), and Brazil (1999) suggests the severity of the financial vulnerability developing countries face nowadays. With financial markets so highly integrated, problems are transmitted rapidly from one country to another. The rapid transmission of financial shocks changes levels of confidence and affects exchange rates, interest rates, asset prices, and, ultimately, output and employment - with consequent social effects. Policymakers should also be concerned about how globalization exacerbates job instability and income disparities both within and across countries. Macroeconomic and financial crises, by increasing poverty and social tensions, can be political destabilizing. As the 20th century ends, the resources of Bretton Woods institutions are strained because of the large and complex rescue packages needed to deal with large-scale volatility. Development policy agendas in the era of globalization need to articulate traditional concerns with growth, stability, and social equity with new themes such as transparency and good governance at several levels: national, regional, and global.
Discovery of a 6.4 keV Emission Line in a Burst from SGR 1900+14

We present evidence indicating the presence of a 6.4 keV emission line during a burst from the soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1900+14. The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) Monitored this source extensively during its outburst in the summer of 1998. A strong burst observed on August 29, 1998 revealed a number of unique properties. The burst exhibits a precursor and is followed by a long ($\sim 10(+)3$ s) tail modulated at the 5.16 s stellar rotation period. The precursor has a duration of $\sim 0.85$ s and shows both significant spectral evolution as well as an emission feature centered near 6.4 keV during the first 0.3 s of the event, when the X-ray spectrum was hardest. The continuum during the burst is well fit with an optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung (OTTB) spectrum with the temperature ranging from as high as $\sim 40$ to as low as 10 keV. The line is strong, with an equivalent width of $\sim 400$ eV, and the centroid is consistent with Fe K-$\alpha$ fluorescence from relatively cool material. If the rest-frame energy is indeed 6.4 keV, then the lack of an observed redshift indicates that the source of the line is at least $\sim 80$ km above the surface of the neutron star. We briefly discuss the implications of the line detection in the context of models for SGRs.
Bargaining for a new fiscal pact in Mexico

The authors consider the malaise with the present set-up of fiscal federalism in Mexico from the points of view of the main players-the federal government, the states, the municipalities, and the citizen voters-in order to identify the areas of potential common interest as well as the direct conflicts. There is a zero-sum game on some issues, like the size of aggregate transfers, but not on others, like raising tax collection and improving accountability for service delivery. The authors consider bargain packages that combine mutually beneficial changes and thus might obtain broad enough political support. They analyze the bargaining packages in two main tracks-one concerning tax assignments, revenue sharing, and tax administration, and another concerning the conjunction of earmarked transfers and accountability for service provision. An important result is that almost all states would find it fiscally attractive to impose a sales tax that replaced part of the federal value-added tax (VAT), even if the federal government reduced revenue sharing enough to cover half the cost of reducing the VAT rate to make room for the state tax.
Trade Integration as a Way Forward for the Arab World : A Regional Agenda

The current political turmoil for more open and participative societies in many Arab countries coupled with the emergence of new growth poles around the world could create the conditions for a big push toward greater regional and global trade integration of the Arab world. Further integrating Arab countries among themselves and opening up the region to the rest of the world are two complementary avenues to improve market access, promote behind-the-border regulatory reforms, facilitate cooperation on regional public goods, foster the emergence of an Arab factory through regional supply chains and productions networks, and eventually create the conditions for more and better paid jobs for the growing Arab workforce. A more ambitious trade agenda in the context of the Pan-Arab Free Trade Area would be a good place to start. Although difficult and challenging, and requiring a good dosage of flexibility and variable geometry, such an agenda would consist of (1) completing the free movement of goods within the Pan-Arab Free Trade Area, notably through the elimination of unnecessary non-tariff barriers; (2) implementing a regional initiative to liberalize services trade, including identifying a number of pilot service sectors for early regional liberalization; and (3) strengthening the rules and discipline applicable to regional trade and other policies of common interest.
Quantum-mechanical interpretation of density functional theory

This article describes the rigorous quantum-mechanical interpretation of Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham density-functional theory based on the original ideas of Harbola and Sahni, and of their extension by Holas and March. The local electron-interaction potential v ee KS (r) of density-functional theory is defined mathematically as the functional derivative v ee KS (r)=δE ee KS [ρ]/δρ(r), where E ee KS [ρ] is the electron-interaction energy functional of the density ρ(r). This functional and its derivative incorporate the effects of Pauli and Coulomb correlations as well as those of the correlation contribution to the kinetic energy. The potential v ee KS (r) also has the following physical interpretation. It is the work done to move an electron in a field ℱ(r), which is the sum of two fields. The first, ℰee(r), is representative of Pauli and Coulomb correlations, and is determined by Coulomb's law from its source charge which is the pair-correlation density. The second field, \(Z_{t_c } (r)\), represents the correlation contribution to the kinetic energy, and is proportional to the difference of fields derived from the kinetic-energy-density tensor for the interacting and non-interacting systems. The field ℱ(r) is conservative, and thus the work done in this field is path-independent. The quantum-mechanical electron-interaction energy component Eee[ρ] of E ee KS [ρ] is the energy of interaction between the electronic and pair-correlation densities. The correlation-kinetic-energy component Tc[ρ] can also be written in terms of its source through the field \(Z_{t_c } (r)\). Some results for finite atomic (both ground and excited states) and extended metal surface systems derived via the interpretation are presented. Certain consequences of the physical interpretation such as the understanding of Slater theory, and the implications with regard to electron correlations within approximate Kohn-Sham theory are also discussed.
Transport Maps for {\beta}-Matrix Models and Universality

We construct approximate transport maps for non-critical $${\beta}$$ -matrix models, that is, maps so that the push forward of a non-critical $${\beta}$$ -matrix model with a given potential is a non-critical $${\beta}$$ -matrix model with another potential, up to a small error in the total variation distance. One of the main features of our construction is that these maps enjoy regularity estimates that are uniform in the dimension. In addition, we find a very useful asymptotic expansion for such maps which allows us to deduce that local statistics have the same asymptotic behavior for both models.
Effects of Food Safety Standards on Seafood Exports to US, EU and Japan

Estimating the panel gravity model with bilateral pair and country-by-time fixed-effects separately for each seafood product, we found that food safety regulations have differential effects across seafood products. In all three industrialized markets, shrimp is most sensitive, while fish is the least sensitive to changing food safety policies. The enforcement of the US HACCP, the EU Minimum Required Performance Level and the Japanese Food Safety Basic Law caused a loss of 90.45%, 99.47%, and 99.97% to shrimp trade in these markets, and a reduction associated with fish trade was 66.71%, 82.83%, and 89.32%.
Quantum algorithms for invariants of triangulated manifolds

One of the apparent advantages of quantum computers over their classical counterparts is their ability to efficiently contract tensor networks. In this article, we study some implications of this fact in the case of topological tensor networks. The graph underlying these networks is given by the triangulation of a manifold, and the structure of the tensors ensures that the overall tensor is independent of the choice of internal triangulation. This leads to quantum algorithms for additively approximating certain invariants of triangulated manifolds. We discuss the details of this construction in two specific cases. In the first case, we consider triangulated surfaces, where the triangle tensor is defined by the multiplication operator of a finite group; the resulting invariant has a simple closed-form expression involving the dimensions of the irreducible representations of the group and the Euler characteristic of the surface. In the second case, we consider triangulated 3-manifolds, where the tetrahedral tensor is defined by the so-called Fibonacci anyon model; the resulting invariant is the well-known Turaev-Viro invariant of 3-manifolds.
Frictions in the CEO Labor Market: The Role of Talent Agents in CEO Compensation*

Standard principal-agent models commonly invoked to explain executive pay practices do not account for the involvement of third-party intermediaries in the CEO labor market. This paper investigates the influence of one such intermediary – talent agents who seek out prospective employers and negotiate pay packages on behalf of CEOs. Jensen, Murphy and Wruck (2004) characterize the hiring of such agents as an obvious example of rent extraction by incoming CEOs. After controlling for economic factors, proxies for governance quality, and determinants of the CEO’s reservation wage, the first year compensation of CEOs who use these agents is significantly higher by about $10 million relative to the pay of CEOs who do not use such agents. Further analysis suggests that firms run by CEOs who use talent agents report superior future operating and stock performance, suggesting that these CEOs are not extracting rents at the expense of shareholders.
Wage Effects of Unionization and Occupational Licensing Coverage in the United States

Recent estimates in standard models of wage determination for both unionization and occupational licensing have shown wage effects that are similar across the two institutions. These cross-sectional estimates use specialized data sets, with small sample sizes, for the period 2006 to 2008. The authors’ analysis examines the impact of unions and licensing coverage on wage determination using new data collected on licensing statutes that are then linked to longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2010. They develop several approaches, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, to measure the impact of these two labor market institutions on wage determination. The estimates of the economic returns to union coverage are greater than those for licensing statutes.
Exploration of Halley’s Comet: symposium summary

The recent missions to comets P/Giacobini-Zinner and P/Halley, together with the coordinated ground-based observations, have led to a quantum leap forward in our knowledge of comets. Careful analysis of the accumulated data in conjunction with more sophisticated theoretical modelling will no doubt lead to a much deeper and more secure understanding of these cosmogonically highly significant solar system bodies. This process is already well under way. In this symposium summary, which makes no claims to being comprehensive, some of the most important of these new findings are highlighted. An attempt is also made to briefly summarize our pre-encounter understanding of comets, so that these new discoveries may be seen in perspective. In conclusion, the question of what needs to be done in the immediate future is briefly addressed.
Generation of Emissions By Fast Particles In Stochastic Media

We demonstrate the potential importance of small-scale turbulence in the generation of radio emission from natural plasmas. This emission, being reliably detected and interpreted, probes small-scale turbulence in remote sources in the most direct way. The radiation emitted is called "diffusive synchrotron radiation" because it is related to shaking the electron distribution when passing through randomly distributed small-scale plasma inhomogeneities caused in turbulence. The emissivity is calculated and shown to be in the observable range. A further effect of inhomogeneities is transition radiation arising from fast particles which interact with small-scale density inhomogeneities. This emission process generates continuum emission below synchrotron and is applicable to some solar radio bursts. It serves for probing number densities. The effect of inhomogeneities on coherent emissions is either broadening or splitting of the spectral peaks generated by the electron cyclotron maser mechanism.
Community, conflict, and reconciliation

The article deals with the social pragmatist approach to the political conception of community, especially in light of the challenges posed by the tendency to view democracy without community and blur the problem and boundaries between conflict and reconciliation. KEY WORDS – Community. Conflict. Democracy. Pragmatism. Reconciliation.
A Spatial Knowledge Economy

Leading empiricists and theorists of cities have recently argued that the generation and exchange of ideas must play a more central role in the analysis of cities. This paper develops the first system of cities model with costly idea exchange as the agglomeration force. The model replicates a broad set of established facts about the cross section of cities. It provides the first spatial equilibrium theory of why skill premia are higher in larger cities and how variation in these premia emerges from symmetric fundamentals.
An Inductive Approach to Constructing Universal Cycles on the k-Subsets of [n]

In this paper, we introduce a method of constructing Universal Cycles on sets by taking "sums" and "products" of smaller cycles. We demonstrate this new approach by proving that if there exist Universal Cycles on the 4-subsets of [18] and the 4-subsets of [26], then for any integer $n\ge18$ equivalent to $2 \pmod{8}$, there exists a Universal Cycle on the 4-subsets of [n].
Remote C-H activation via through-space palladium and rhodium migrations.

The catalytic activation of a C–H bond is a fundamentally important organic transformation. There are now numerous reports of palladium-mediated C–H activation by the through-space interaction of a palladium center with a neighboring C–H bond. This type of C–H activation can lead to a net “palladium migration” from the carbon atom where the palladium is first introduced to a remote carbon atom where C–H activation occurs. This process provides a novel method to introduce a palladium moiety into a position where direct palladium introduction may not be straightforward. This process is accompanied by concurrent migration of a hydrogen atom in the direction opposite to that of the palladium migration. Analogous rhodium migrations have also been reported. In this account, different types of palladium and rhodium migrations are reviewed and the reaction mechanism is discussed.
Algorithms for irrelevance-based partial MAPs

Irrelevance-based partial MAPs are useful constructs for domain-independent explanation using belief networks. We look at two definitions for such partial MAPs, and prove important properties that are useful in designing algorithms for computing them effectively. We make use of these properties in modifying our standard MAP best-first algorithm, so as to handle irrelevance-based partial MAPs.
FDI and Local Financial Market Development:A Granger Causality Test Using Panel Data

This paper reports the findings of Granger causality tests on the relationship between foreign direct investment (henceforth, FDI) and local financial market development across 62 countries from 1996 to 2007. In this paper we explore whether local financial market development is important in catalyzing the flow of foreign direct investment. findings results are robust to different measures of financial market development. Furthermore, the results indicate that most of the causal links are found in Non OECD, Low income and Lower middle Income countries.
Fits to Light WIMPs

We review fits to “light WIMPs” since the region was first mentioned relative to the DAMA collaboration data in 2003 to the present, analyzing the compatibility of potential signals and bounds in this region.
Collective innovation: A literature review

Open innovation, the innovation model characterized by permeable firm boundary for innovations is gaining popularity. At the intersection of open innovation and collective intelligence lies collective innovation, an approach of innovation from crowd. First, some relevant topics, such as open innovation and crowdsourcing, are reviewed to present a big picture. The concept of collective innovation is differentiated from similar terms. Then different aspects of collective innovation are reviewed, including its advantage, typology, mechanisms, tools, motivation of the crowd, and the performance. Finally, future research directions are discussed.
Acquisition and evaluation of thermodynamic data for morenosite-retgersite equilibria at 0.1 MPa

Metal-sulfate salts in mine drainage environments commonly occur as solid solutions containing Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn, Al, Mn, Ni, Co, Cd, and other elements. Thermodynamic data for some of the end- member salts containing Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mg have been collected and evaluated previously, and the present study extends to the system containing Ni. Morenosite (NiSO4·7H2O)-retgersite (NiSO4·6H2O) equilibria were determined along five humidity buffer curves at 0.1 MPa and between 5 and 22 rC. Reversals along these humidity-buffer curves yield ln K = 17.58-6303.35/T, where K is the equilib- rium constant, and T is temperature in K. The derived standard Gibbs free energy of reaction is 8.84 kJ/mol, which agrees very well with the values of 8.90, 8.83, and 8.85 kJ/mol based on the vapor pressure measurements of Schumb (1923), Bonnell and Burridge (1935), and Stout et al. (1966), respectively. This value also agrees reasonably well with the values of 8.65 and 9.56 kJ/mol calculated from the data compiled by Wagman et al. (1982) and DeKock (1982), respectively. The temperature- humidity relationships defined by this study for dehydration equilibria between morenosite and retgersite explain the more common occurrence of retgersite relative to morenosite in nature.
International law, military effectiveness, and public support for drone strikes

Despite the increased emphasis on domestic politics in the study of international law, scholars remain divided about whether and how international law affects domestic institutions. Moreover, while public support is a core ingredient for sustainable, legitimate policies in a democracy, research at the individual level of analysis remains limited. Weighing in on these areas of study, we investigate the use of drone strikes for counterterrorism, a subject of considerable debate. Proponents in the government point to drones as both effective for disrupting terrorist networks and compatible with international law. Critics from groups such as international organizations (IOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) respond that attacks create more terrorists than they kill and violate legal commitments. The central question we ask in this article is whether these international legal criticisms impact public support for drone strikes, the centerpiece of US counterterrorism policy, or whether individuals are mo...
The Independence of AGN black hole mass and radio - loudness

We revisit the issue of whether radio loudness in AGN is associated with central black hole mass, as has been suggested in the literature. We present new estimates of black hole mass for 295 AGN (mostly radio-quiet), calculating their radio loudnesses from published radio and optical fluxes, and combine with our previously published values, for a sample of 452 AGN for which both black hole mass and radio loudness (or upper limits thereto) are known. Among the radio-quiet AGN, there are now many black holes with mass larger than 10 M⊙, extending to the same high black hole masses as radio-loud AGN of the same redshifts. Over the full sample, the black hole masses of radio-loud and radioquiet AGN span the same large range, 10 − 1010M⊙. We conclude that radio loudness in AGN does not depend strongly on central black hole mass. Subject headings: galaxies: active quasars: general
XMeta repository and services

The XMeta repository is an emerging industrial-strength model and instance persistence, management, access, query, update, upgrade and mapping facility based on EMF modelling technology. It is actively used as the foundation of several commercial metadata intensive products within IBM as well as several research efforts involving conceptual modeling. This talk covers both the features of XMeta and its services, and some of its current uses. It is expected that a version of XMeta will be made more widely available in some external form in the future.
Astrophysics at the Highest Energy Frontiers

I discuss recent advances being made in the physics and astrophysics of cosmic rays and cosmic γ-rays at the highest observed energies as well as the related physics and astrophysics of very high energy cosmic neutrinos. I also discuss the connections between these topics.
Stability of atenolol in an extemporaneously compounded oral liquid

The stability of atenolol in an oral liquid stored for 40 days under various conditions was studied. A liquid preparation of atenolol 2 mg/mL was prepared by triturating 50-mg atenolol tablets with a commercially available oral diluent. Twelve 30-mL portions in vials were prepared. Three vials were refrigerated (5 degrees C) and shaken immediately before analysis, three were stored at room temperature (25 degrees C) and shaken, three were refrigerated and not shaken, and three were stored at room temperature and not shaken. One sample from each vial was assayed in duplicate on days 0, 15, 30, and 40 by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of atenolol remained above 90% of the original concentration in each vial under each of the four sets of conditions. Microbial growth occurred in a few cultured samples, and pH changed minimally. Atenolol 2 mg/mL in an oral liquid was stable for up to 40 days when stored at 5 or 25 degrees C and shaken or at 5 or 25 degrees C and not shaken.
COMMENT ON “QUANTUM PHASE SHIFT CAUSED BY SPATIAL CONFINEMENT” BY B. E. ALLMAN ET AL.

The analysis of phase shifts in executed and proposed interferometry experiments on photons and neutrons neglected forces exerted at the boundaries of spatial constrictions. When those forces are included it is seen that the observed phenomena are not in fact geometric in nature. A new proposal in the reply to this comment avoids that pitfall.
Does the Gender of Offspring Affect Parental Political Orientation

Recently, offspring sex has been widely used as a natural experiment and argued to induce changes in political orientation among parents. However, prior results have been contradictory: in the UK, researchers found that having daughters led to parents favoring left-wing political parties and to holding more liberal views on family/gender roles, whereas in the United States scholars found that daughters were associated with more Republican (rightist) party identification and more conservative views on teen sexuality. We propose and examine three plausible explanations to account for these puzzling results using data from the General Social Survey and the European Social Survey; contextual (period/country) differences, heterogeneous treatment effects, and publication bias. In an analysis of thirty-six countries, we obtain null effects of the sex of the first child on party identification as well as on political ideology while ruling out country heterogeneity. Further, we observe no evidence of other heterogeneous treatment effects based on the analysis of Bayesian Additive Regression Tree models. As a corrective to the source of publication bias, we here add comprehensive null findings to the polarized canon of significant results.
Dynamics of Premixed H2/CH4 Flames Under Near Blowoff Conditions

Swirling flows are widely used in industrial burners and gas turbine combustors for flame stabilization. Several prior studies have shown that these flames exhibit complex dynamics under near blowoff conditions, associated with local flamelet extinction and alteration in the vortex breakdown flow structure. These extinction events are apparently due to the local strain rate irregularly oscillating above and below the extinction strain rate values near the attachment point. In this work, global temporally resolved and detailed spatial measurements were obtained of hydrogen/methane flames. Supporting calculations of extinction strain rates were also performed using detailed kinetics. It is shown that flames become unsteady (or local extinctions happen) at a nearly constant extinction strain rate for different hydrogen/methane mixtures. Based upon analysis of these results, it is suggested that classic Ðamkohler number correlations of blowoff are, in fact, correlations for the onset of local extinction events, not blowoff itself. Corresponding Mie scattering imaging of near blowoff flames also was used to characterize the spatio-temporal dynamics of holes along the flame that are associated with local extinction.
Running and tumbling with E. coli in polymeric solutions

Run-and-tumble motility is widely used by swimming microorganisms including numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Here, we experimentally investigate the run-and-tumble dynamics of the bacterium E. coli in polymeric solutions. We find that even small amounts of polymer in solution can drastically change E. coli dynamics: cells tumble less and their velocity increases, leading to an enhancement in cell translational diffusion and a sharp decline in rotational diffusion. We show that suppression of tumbling is due to fluid viscosity while the enhancement in swimming speed is mainly due to fluid elasticity. Visualization of single fluorescently labeled DNA polymers reveals that the flow generated by individual E. coli is sufficiently strong to stretch polymer molecules and induce elastic stresses in the fluid, which in turn can act on the cell in such a way to enhance its transport. Our results show that the transport and spread of chemotactic cells can be independently modified and controlled by the fluid material properties.
The Effect of Industrialization on Children’s Education – The Experience of Mexico

We use census data to examine the impact of industrialization on children’s education in Mexico. We find no evidence of reverse causality in this case. We find small positive effects of industrialization on primary education, effects which are larger for domestic manufacturing than for export-intensive assembly(maquiladoras). In contrast, teen-aged girls in Mexican counties(municipios) with more growth in maquiladora employment 1990-2000 have significantly less educational attainment than do girls in low-growth counties. These results shed light on literatures analyzing the impacts of industrialization, foreign investment, and intra-household bargaining power.
Water and Water Ions in the Martian Thermosphere/Ionosphere

First results from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft reveal density profiles of protonated species that are mostly in good qualitative agreement with recent models of the Martian thermosphere/ionosphere. We present here the first photochemical model in which the density profiles of water and water ions in the ionosphere/thermosphere are predicted. We find that the computed peak densities of OH+, H2O+, and H3O+ are in fairly good agreement with the measured values. The computed column density of water is predicted to be about 1010 cm−2, and the mixing ratio at 80 km is 0.4 ppb. The actual water densities must be small enough so that HCO+ is not destroyed by proton transfer to water during the daytime and large enough so that H3O+ dominates the ionosphere at low altitudes just beyond the terminator. The calculations also show that the mass-2 ion is almost certainly H 2+.