cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11 Statistical analysis of protein structures: Using environmental features for multiple purposes

This chapter discusses the three-dimensional (3D) structure of protein. Generally, the amino acid sequence of a protein can determine its 3D conformation, which in turn determines the protein's functions. However, the precise manner in which sequence determines structure and structure determines function is not always clear. The 3D structures of proteins are largely determined experimentally by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In the Protein Data Bank (PDB), many of the known protein structures belong to the same structural or functional families. This offers the opportunity to statistically study multiple structures with the same general 3D shape or the same function. The advantage of statistical analysis on a large set of structures, rather than case-by-case analysis, is that it becomes possible to distinguish general, conserved features from individual idiosyncratic ones, to discover patterns that could only be revealed by pooled data, and to use these patterns for analysis of new sequences and structures. The chapter outlines a statistical approach to collectively analyzing protein structures, which are represented with physical and chemical properties defined at multiple levels.
Enabling Interoperation of High Performance, Scientific Computing Applications: Modeling Scientific Data with the Sets & Fields (SAF) Modeling System

This paper describes the Sets and Fields (SAF) scientific data modeling system; a revolutionary approach to interoperation of high performance, scientific computing applications based upon rigorous, math-oriented data modeling principles. Previous technologies have required all applications to use the same data structures and/or meshes to represent scientific data or lead to an ever expanding set of incrementally different data structures and/or meshes. SAF addresses this problem by providing a small set of mathematical building blocks--sets, relations and fields--out of which a wide variety of scientific data can be characterized. Applications literally model their data by assembling these building blocks. A short historical perspective, a conceptual model and an overview of SAF along with preliminary results from its use in a few ASCI codes are discussed.
Postnatal growth and development of infants born after diethylstilbestrol administration during pregnancy

Abstract The prophylactic administration of diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy to prevent those accidents associated with progesterone deficiency was introduced in 1946 by Smith, Smith, and Hurwitz. 1 The success of this treatment in preventing abortion, 2 reducing the incidence and severity of late pregnancy complications, and increasing fetal salvage 3, 4 has led to its continued and extensive use in this hospital. Previously reported clinical studies indicated that the newborn infants of stilbestrol-treated mothers exhibited no deleterious effects from the Smith and Smith regime. In fact, weights and lengths of infants born prematurely to stilbestrol-treated mothers exceeded those expected at their gestational age, 3, 4 a finding presumably related to the reduced fetal loss observed. Because all of these data covered only the prenatal and immediately postnatal periods, the present study of postnatal development was undertaken.
The xenotransplantation question: public consultation is an important part of the answer.

In his commentary in this issue (page 40),[1][1] James Wright disagrees with the central conclusion of the recent Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA) report on its public consultation on xenotransplantation. Whereas we have some sympathy with some of the concerns he raises, both he and the
Conciencia Con Compromiso: Aspirantes as Bridges for Latin@ Bilingual Learners.

The study examined the influence of culture on the desire of a group of six aspirantes (Spanish/English bilingual education teacher candidates) from Texas to become bilingual education teachers of Latin@ bilingual learners. Chicana/Latina feminist thought is utilized as a lens to understand the role teacher education programs can play in helping teacher candidates explore their cultural backgrounds and critically assess hierarchical systems of oppression. Incorporating Latina teacher candidates’ cultural resources in teacher education programs can prove beneficial in preparing all teachers to meet the strengths and needs of Latin@ bilingual learners.
Invariance Properties of the Negative Binomial Levy Process and Stochastic Self-similarity

We study the concept of self-similarity with respect to stochastic time change. The negative binomial process (NBP) is an example of a family of random time transformations with respect to which stochastic self-similarity holds for certain stochastic processes. These processes include gamma process, geometric stable processes, Laplace motion, and fractional Laplace motion. We derive invariance properties of the NBP with respect to random time deformations in connection with stochastic self-similarity. In particular, we obtain more general classes of processes that exhibit stochastic self-similarity properties. As an application, our results lead to approximations of the gamma process via the NBP and simulation algorithms for both processes. (Less)
Solvation, Structural, and Hydration Forces

This chapter explains basic concepts related to solvation, structural, and hydration forces. It is now known that solvation forces depend not only on the properties of the intervening liquid medium but also on the chemical and physical properties of the surfaces. These factors affect the structure that confined liquids adopt between two surfaces, which in turn affects the solvation force. It is difficult to distinguish between a solvation force that arises from the intrinsic properties of the solvent molecules and a surface force that depends on the properties of the surfaces or solute molecules. This chapter begins with a discussion of non-DLVO forces, and proceeds with explaining concepts of molecular ordering at surfaces, interfaces, and in thin films. The chapter explains ordering of spherical molecules between two smooth surfaces. Ordering of nonspherical molecules between structured surfaces is also studied. The chapter explains origin of the oscillatory force that is the main type of solvation force. Experimental measurements and properties of oscillatory forces are presented. The chapter concludes with a discussion on monotonically repulsive hydration forces and attractive hydrophobic forces.
ABORIGINALITY AT LARGE: VARIETIES OF RESISTANCE IN MALISEET LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION

Maliseet is one of many Canadian aboriginal languages that are projected to become extinct within the next twenty years. This article examines the events surrounding Maliseet language instruction that contributed to enactments of resistive strategies that corresponded to varieties of power relations—a process I call aboriginality. The local acts of resistance are situated in the Canadian nation-state ideology of “two founding cultures.” I argue the local acts of resistance challenge local asymmetrical power relations while also addressing nation-state ideologies of dominance and coercion. Initially, the focus of resistance was confined to local domains, but over a period of three years, resistive strategies changed to confront global dominance and coercion. I argue the implications of such shifts in strategies and scales of resistance reflect an “aboriginal social imaginary,” which holds promise for the survival of aboriginal languages as well as meaningful participation in the “modern social imaginary” c...
A wiki paradigm for use in IT courses

We present a system currently used by the department of Computer Science at the California State University, San Bernardino. The system extends the traditional wiki paradigm with features that make it useful as an instructional aid for IT courses. The most notable feature includes the use of strict XHTML for user input rather than traditional wiki markup. The use of XHTML serves three purposes: it requires IT students to learn XML syntax and concepts, it requires students to learn HTML, and it provides more flexibility to students and instructors when constructing pages. Additionally, we added other features not commonly found in wiki systems to better accommodate the needs of the classroom.
Dependence of Sertoli cell maturation on the pituitary gland in the mouse

Postnatal development of the Sertoli cell population was studied in testes taken from newborn mice and implanted into the testes of normal, hypophysectomized and testosterone-treated hypophysectomized adult mice for 13, 15–17 and 17–19 days, respectively. Maturation of the Sertoli cell complement of each specimen was judged by two criteria: (1) the proportion of Sertoli cells exhibiting a nucleolonema; (2) the prevalence of specialized inter-Sertoli cell junctions. In these respects implants recovered from normal hosts did not differ from sibling controls of the same age. Sertoli cells in implants recovered from hypophysectomized hosts retained the features observed in newborn controls, indicating that maturation of the Sertoli cells is dependent on normal pituitary function. Implants recovered from testosterone-treated hypophysectomized hosts exhibited a degree of Sertoli cell development intermediate between those recovered from the other two host categories.
An assessment of the differences between three satellite snow cover mapping techniques

The National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Weather Service (NWS) provides daily satellite-derived snow cover maps to support the NWS Hydrologic Services Program covering the coterminous USA and Alaska. This study compared the NOHRSC snow cover maps with new automated snow cover maps produced by the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) and the snow cover maps created from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate and account for the differences that occur between the three different snow cover mapping techniques. Because each of these snow cover products uses data from different sensors at different resolutions, the data were degraded to the coarsest relevant resolution. In both comparisons, forest canopy density was examined as a possible explanatory factor to account for those differences. NOHRSC snow cover maps were compared with NESDIS snow cover maps for 32 different dates from November 2000 to February 2001. NOHRSC snow cover maps were also compared with MODIS snow cover maps in the Pacific Northwest and the Great Plains for 18 days and 21 days, respectively, between March and June 2001. In the first comparison, where the NOHRSC product (∼1 km) was degraded to match the resolution of the NESDIS data (∼5 km), the two products showed an average agreement of 96%. Forest canopy density data provided only weak explanation for the differences between the NOHRSC and the NESDIS snow cover maps. In the second comparison, where the MODIS product (∼500 m) was degraded to match the resolution of the NOHRSC product for two sample areas, the agreement was 94% in the study area in the Pacific Northwest, and 95% in the study area in the Great Plains.
Performance study of one-dimensional models for stratified thermal storage tanks

Two basic approaches are used to model the temperature distribution in thermal storage tanks for solar domestic hot water (SDHW) systems. In the multinode approach, the tank is divided into N nodes, with an energy balance written for each node. This approach results in a set of N differential equations that can be solved for the temperatures of the nodes as a function of time. In the plug flow approach, segments of liquid of different temperatures and sizes are assumed to move through the tank in a plug flow manner. The sizes of the fluid elements are determined mainly by the simulation time step and the flow rates. Whenever the incoming fluid from the heat source is colder than the fluid at the top of the tank, “plume entrainment” occurs. A model describing plume entrainment has been incorporated into both the multinode and the plug flow models in the TRNSYS program[1]. A performance study of the TRNSYS tank models has been carried out with experimental data from two different sources. Three performance numbers have been defined for quantifying the accuracy of the models compared with experimental data. Recommendations are given as to which tank model should be used under which conditions.
Legalizing Gender Inequality: Courts, Markets and Unequal Pay for Women in America

List of figures and tables Acknowledgements 1. Law, markets, and the institutional construction of gender inequality in pay Part I. Theory and Method: 2. Legal theories of sex-based pay discrimination 3. Toward an organizational theory of gender inequality in pay 4. Methodological approach: law cases, case studies, and critical empiricism Part II. The Case Studies. Section A. Public Sector Organizations: 5. Paternalism and politics in a university pay system: Christensen v. State of Iowa 6. Bureaucratic politics and gender inequality in a state pay system: AFSCME v. State of Washington Section B. Private Sector Organizations: 7. Corporate politics, rationalization, and managerial discretion: EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck & Co. 8. The financial institution as a male, profit-making club: Glass v. Coastal Bank Part III. Conclusion: Legalizing Gender Inequality: 9. Rethinking the relationship between law, markets, and gender inequality in organizations Appendix: court documents and case materials used in case studies References Index.
The role of fungal pathogens in flower size and seed mass variation in three species of Hydrophyllum (Hydrophyllaceae)

Identifying ecological factors that affect seed number and seed size is key to understanding the persistence of large seed mass variation in some plant species. Pathogens may increase seed mass variation by increasing resource demand over the growing season such that late fruits experience higher resource competition than early fruits. We tested whether Fusarium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp., soil fungi that cause wilt, contributed to seasonal decline in flower size, seed number, or seed mass in Hydrophyllum appendiculatum and H. canadense. A third species not infected by these soil fungi, H. virginianum, was studied to determine how seasonal decline in floral traits and seed mass variation varies within this genus. Flower size declined seasonally for all species, but was greatest for H. appendiculatum, a monocarpic biennial with indeterminate inflorescences. Seed number decreased between first and last inflorescences in H. appendiculatum, but not in H. canadense or H. virginianum, perennials with determinate inflorescences. Seed mass varied most in H. appendiculatum and H. canadense (4-20-fold in 50% of individuals) and least in H. virginianum (4-8-fold in >30% of individuals). Fungal infection increased seed mass variation among diseased plants in H. canadense and H. appendiculatum. However, within plants fungal infection only increased seasonal decline in flower size, seed number, and seed mass in H. appendiculatum when flowers received supplemental pollination.
Feeling sick: The experience and legitimation of illness

Abstract In interviews with a sample of laypersons about how they manage their health, we found that the way an individual feels is a prime criterion of health, illness, and recovery, as well as a feature of health interactions. In this paper, we describe the place of feeling in illness and its importance in the social organization of health care, both lay and professional. While other criteria of illness are certainly employed, the problems which the criterion of feeling poses for the social legitimation of illness permit us to begin to specify how these legitimation processes work. Based on interview data, we show that the use of feelings as a criterion generates the problem of proving that one is ill. The structure of knowledge on which physicians draw in their diagnoses is specifically suited to solving this problem of the patient. and thus provides one reason for the patient to consult or to avoid the doctor.
Electron, hole and exciton self-trapping in germanium doped silica glass from DFT calculations with self-interaction correction

We performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations of electron, hole and exciton self-trapping in germanium doped silica glass to understand the refractive index change in these glasses induced by UV irradiation. The local structure relaxation and excess electron density distribution upon trapping of the above species were calculated. The results show that both trapped exciton and electron are highly localized on germanium ion and, to some extent, on its oxygen neighbors. Exciton self-trapping is found to lead to the formation of Ge E’ center and non-bridging hole center. Electron trapping changes the GeO4 tetrahedron structure into trigonal bi-pyramid with the majority of the excess electron density located along the equatorial line. Self-trapped hole is localized on bridging oxygen ions that are not coordinated to germanium atoms and leads to elongation of the Si-O bonds and change of the Si-O-Si bond angles. We did comparative study of standard DFT vs. DFT with a hybrid PBE0 exchange and correlation functional. The results show that the two methods give qualitatively similar relaxed structure and charge distribution for the electron and exciton trapping in germanium doped silica glass; however, only using the PBE0 functional reproduces the hole self-trapping. This research is supported by themore » Divisions of Chemical Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy. This research was performed in part using the Molecular Science Computing Facility in the William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The EMSL is funded by DOE’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy.« less
Optical image reconstruction using DC data: enhanced experimental results with tissue-like phantoms

An experimental study of detectability in steady-state optical image reconstruction through varying the single target size (15 mm - 4 mm in diameters) at three different locations (center, middle and near boundary surface) and a through evaluation of our finite element based image reconstruction algorithm to distinguish multiple targets are performed in this paper. The multi-target experiments consisted of several interested geometric and contrast combinations including two targets with the same contrast (2:1 between the target and the background) at three different separation distances, two targets with different contrasts (2:1 and 4:1) at two different separation distances and three targets with the same and different sizes (20 mm, 15 mm and 8 mm in diameters) and contrasts (2:1, 4:1 and 8:1) respectively. The reconstruction algorithm used along with a few imaging enhancement methods including total variation minimization, dual meshing and spatial low pass filtering are discussed. Quantitative measures of image quality including the size, location and shape of the heterogeneity are used to quantify the analysis. The results show that near 22:1 ratio (tissue thickness relative to detectable anomaly size) can be obtained and multiple targets can be correctly resolved using dc data with an 86 mm diameter circular tissue-like phantom.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
O-022 Reopening the chronically occluded basilar artery

Introduction Occlusion of the basilar artery (BA) has a poor prognosis. We evaluated technical considerations and complications associated with reopening subacute to chronically occluded BAs. Methods Duration of BA occlusion before revascularization, symptoms and medical management before treatment, and postprocedural antiplatelet regimen and anticoagulation protocols of 10 patients were analyzed. All patients underwent attempted Gateway angioplasty followed by Wingspan stenting (Boston Scientific, Fremont, California, USA). Results 10 patients, including seven men and three women, were treated from 2004 to the present. They ranged in age from 29 to 80 years with a mean of 62. The median time between onset of symptoms to treatment ranged from 4 to 150 days (mean 50 days). Recanalization was successful in 8/10 patients. Immediately following the procedure, seven patients were either improved or stable, and three were worse. Of these three, two died of procedure related complications and one suffered a mild brainstem stroke from which she has made a substantial recovery. A third patient died in a delayed fashion of unrelated causes. Three subacute complications occurred. These included: one acute thrombosis of the stent requiring emergent repeat angioplasty, one symptomatic basilar dissection requiring placement of a second stent 1 week after the original procedure and one mild recurrent stroke after delayed stent occlusion. Of the seven surviving patients, five are improved or stable. The other two patients are mentioned above and suffered a mild brainstem procedurally related stroke and the other a delayed stroke as a result of re-occlusion. Conclusion With current endovascular techniques, recanalization of the subacute and chronically occluded basilar artery is feasible. The procedure carries substantial risks and should be reserved for patients with medically refractory symptoms. Careful postprocedural medical management and radiographic follow-up are warranted do prevent in-stent restenosis.
Phase Matching in Harmonic Generation Employing Optical Rotatory Dispersion

It is shown that phase matching in harmonic generation may, in principle, be achieved in a nonlinear medium which has appropriate optical rotatory dispersion. The treatment follows the analysis of Franken and Ward whereby the resultant radiative output of a dipolar array generated by a laser beam is obtained. For specific cases without double refraction, the relative intensities of second- and third-harmonic radiation are calculated, new phase-matching conditions are derived, and the nature of harmonic radiation in the presence of optical rotation is examined.
High-power laser pulse recirculation for inverse Compton scattering-produced γ-rays

Inverse Compton scattering (ICS) of high-power laser pulses on relativistic electron bunches represents an attractive method for high-brightness, quasi-monoenergetic γ-ray production. The efficiency of γ-ray generation via ICS is severely constrained by the small Thomson scattering cross-section. Furthermore, repetition rates of high-energy short-pulse lasers are poorly matched with those available from electron accelerators, resulting in low repetition rates for generated γ-rays. Laser recirculation has been proposed as a method to address those limitations, but has been limited to only small pulse energies and peak powers. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate an alternative method for laser pulse recirculation that is uniquely capable of recirculating short pulses with energies exceeding 1 J. ICS of recirculated Joule-level laser pulses has a potential to produce unprecedented peak and average γ-ray brightness in the next generation of sources.
Arsenic speciation by ion-exchange separation and graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrophotometry

As(III), As(V), monomethylarsenic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) were determined by graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrophotometry after separation of the species by ion-exchange chromatography. The detection limits (ng/ml) were DMA 0.02, MMA 2.0, As(V) 0.4 and total arsenic 4.0. As(III) was determined by difference. This system gave better detection limits and/or shorter analysis times than previously reported systems.
A simple protocol for micropropagating diploid and tetraploid watermelon using shoot-tip explants

Shoot-tip explants from 21-day-old aseptically-germinated watermelon seedlings were incubated on solidified MS medium containing test concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (each at 0, 1, 5 or 10 µM), and thidiazuron (TDZ; 0, 0.1, 1 or 5 µM) for 8 weeks. Approximately 1.5x–2.8x more axillary shoots formed at the optimum BA level (1 µM) compared to the best TDZ (0.1 µM) or kinetin (10 µM) concentration. The ability of various diploid and tetraploid genotypes to undergo prolonged axillary shoot proliferation on medium with 1 µM BA was examined. Among the genotypes tested, the number of axillary shoots per explant was greater for ‘Bush Jubilee’ and ‘Jubilee II’ than for ‘Minilee’, ‘Dixielee’, and the tetraploid genotypes. For a majority of the genotypes tested, the number of shoots per explant was low (2.7–4.0) during the first month of culture, peaked (5.3–12.5) at 2 to 3 months, and then declined (3.7–7.7) at 6 months. In contrast, the number of shoots per explant was greatest (11.7) for ‘Bush Jubilee’ during the first month of culture and declined to 7.7 by the sixth subculture. The percentage of rooted shoots varied from 60% to 100% and the percentage of acclimatized plants ranged from 21% to 96% depending on the genotype and the length of time in culture. Using this procedure, 13,200 finished plants could be produced in 3 months from 250 seedlings.
Demographics of the prevalence, incidence, and management of coronary heart disease in the elderly and in women.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease constitutes an expanding problem in the elderly because of the increasing size of the aged population. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes are responsible for the predonderance of cardiovascular disease, which causes 70% of all deaths beyond age 75. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common and most lethal cardiovascular event in both sexes, exacting a large toll in disability and deteriorated quality of life in old age. Unrecognized myocardial infarctions are especially common and are as serious as symptomatic infarctions. beyond age 65, women are as vulnerable to cardiovascular death as men. The predisposing modifiable risk factors for coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and cardiac failure are similar in young and old and in men and women. These include hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, physical indolence, and cigarette smoking. An attenuated risk ratio for some risk factors is offset by a greater incidence of cardiovascular events in advanced age so that the attributable risk and the potential benefit of treatment rise with age. Because the major risk factors predict CHD as efficiently in the elderly as in the young, and the decline in cardiovascular mortality has included the elderly, preventive efforts in the elderly may have substantial potential benefit. At advanced age, total cholesterol levels are considerably higher in women than in men. Some 10 million elderly, two-thirds of whom are women, may require investigation and treatment for elevated lipid levels, as determined by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines. Because of the preponderance of women in the elderly population, trials of the efficacy of correcting risk factors in general, and lipids in particular, should include women.
Acetylcholinesterase and its reduced sensitivity to inhibition by paraoxon in organophosphate-resistant Lygus hesperus knight (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from Lygus hesperus Knight was partially characterized and examined to determine if insensitive AChE contributed to insecticide resistance in the field. The optimal pH and temperature were 8.5 and 35–40°C, respectively. The specific activity in head homogenates was higher than in thoracic or abdominal homogenates. AChE was likely to be a membrane-associated enzyme. The kinetic parameters, K m and V max , determined with acetylthiocholine iodide at 38°C, were 1.2 × 10 −4 M and 43.4 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for the susceptible (S) population and 1.1 × 10 −4 M and 45.3 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for the resistant (R) population. Neither parameter differed significantly between the two populations ( P > 0.05). The bimolecular rate constant, k i , in the S and R populations was 2.8 × 10 5 and 8.3 × 10 3 M −1 min −1 , respectively, for paraoxon at 25°C, which indicates that AChE from the R population was about 34-fold less sensitive to paraoxon inhibition than AChE from the S population. AChE from the S population was homogenous to paraoxon inhibition, while AChE from the R population appeared to be heterogenous.
Activation of myocardial and renal natriuretic peptides during acute intravascular volume overload in dogs: functional cardiorenal responses to receptor antagonism

1. A family of structurally related but genetically distinct natriuretic peptides exist which include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) of myocardial cell origin and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) of endothelial and renal epithelial cell origin. All three exert actions via cGMP, with ANP and BNP functioning via the natriuretic peptide A receptor and CNP via the natriuretic peptide B receptor. 2. Circulating and urinary natriuretic peptides were determined in response to acute intravascular volume overload (AVO). Additionally, their functional role in cardiorenal regulation during AVO was investigated by utilizing the natriuretic peptide receptor antagonist HS-142-1. Control (n=5) and study dogs (HS-142-1, n=9) underwent AVO with normal saline equal to 10% of body weight over 1 h. Both groups demonstrated similar significant increases in right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac output. Circulating ANP paralleled increases in right atrial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, with no changes in plasma BNP or CNP. At peak AVO, urinary CNP excretion was increased compared with baseline (7.0+/-4.2 versus 62+/-8.0 pg/min, P<0.05). 3. In the HS-142-1-treated group, plasma cGMP was decreased compared with the control group (9.6+/-1.1 to 5.0+/-1.2 pmol/ml, P<0.05). A significant attenuation of natriuresis (566+/-91 versus 1241+/-198 microEq/min, P<0.05) and diuresis (4.8+/-0.7 versus 10.1+/-2.0 ml/min, P<0.05) was also observed at peak AVO in the HS-142-1 treated group. 4. These findings support differential and selective responses of the three natriuretic peptides to AVO, in which plasma ANP and urinary CNP are markers for AVO. Secondly, these studies confirm the role of ANP and CNP but not BNP in the natriuretic and diuretic response to acute volume overload.
New Trends In X-Ray Image Intensification

Starting with a brief history of the two stage diagnostic radiological technique, the development of x-ray image intensifiers with the aim of achieving improved fluoroscopy, with reduced exposure rates is discussed. The characteristics and limitations of these older image intensifiers are given. After these considerations about the performance of contemporary image intensification systems, the possibilities of improving these devices, as regards quantum detection efficiency, improved electron optics design using modern high speed computers, and improved output phosphor screen preparation are considered. In particular a discussion of sodium activated cesium iodide as the input scintillator, first reduced to practice by this author in 1967 is given. Some preliminary results on an experimental 210 mm input 70 mm output x-ray image intensifier tube are given which suggests that such a tube with a 100 mm output might be an adequate replacement for the presently used x-ray image intensifier screen-film combination.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Considering the first year: reflection as a means to address beginning teachers’ concerns

If teaching is a complex act, it is additionally complex for first-year teachers’, who enter with the same responsibilities as veteran teachers yet encounter specific difficulties as beginning teachers. This paper uses existing research on beginning English teachers major concerns to frame the exploration of concerns faced by four beginning teachers. This exploration focuses on two guiding questions: (1) What issues of practice do beginning teachers identify in their first year of teaching?; (2) How do the beginning teachers understand these issues of practice? A qualitative methodology guided the research, with active interviewing and ethnographic content analysis used to examine the data. While the beginning teachers experienced several concerns noted in previous research, analysis of the data identified three additional first-year teacher concerns: adjustment to the profession, acceptance of students and management of emotion. Teacher educators must prepare beginning teachers for the existence of these...
Controlled-release fertilizers and horticultural applications

Abstract For optimum plant growth, it is essential that a fertilizer material provides sufficient nutrients for the initial start followed by a uniform supply that synchronizes well with the nutrient requirement of the crop. A wide array of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) materials is available, varying in release duration from 3 to 24 months, for use in ornamental and nursery crops, floricultural and foliage crops, turf and forage usage, vegetable crops and tree crop production. Interest in these materials is primarily for one or more of the following reasons: Availability of nutrients during the entire growing-season; Reduced capital and labor outlay in horticultural crop production; Reduced nutrient loss via leaching and run-off; Reduced chemical and biological immobilization reactions in soil which cause plant-unavailable forms; Reduction of rapid nitrification and nitrogen loss through ammonia volatilization and denitrification; Reduced seed or seedling damage from high local concentrations of salts; Reduced leaf burn from heavy rates of surface-applied fertilizers; Better seasonal distribution of growth and better acclimatization in home or display environment; Improved storage and handling properties of fertilizer materials; Product differentiation resulting in improved market potential. The purpose of this review is to summarize the chemical and physical nature, methods of evaluation, release characteristics and soil transformations, utilization in various crop production systems, and the economic status of CRF materials in the U.S.A.
Effects of Contingent and Noncontingent Token Reinforcement upon Classroom Performance

5 boys attending a therapeutic summer camp were exposed to 1 ½ hr. of programmed instruction in mathematics per day for 28 days. Following an 8-day baseline period during which no tokens were given, the awarding of tokens was made contingent upon classroom productivity. After 10 days of contingent reinforcement, Ss received noncontingent tokens for 3 days after which for 7 days tokens were again contingent upon classroom performance. The token-incentive program was effective in controlling classroom productivity. A standard achievement test indicated concurrent academic gains in arithmetic but no gains (actually, a loss) in a subject (language) in which no instruction was received.
Singular perturbation of autonomous linear systems, II

Abstract This paper is concerned with determining the limit of exp (A + B ϵ + C ϵ r + E ϵ s )t for t > 0, where A, B, C, E are n × n complex matrices, and s > r > 1. Explicit expressions are derived for the limit under a variety of assumptions. Examples are given to justify some of these assumptions. The application of these limit theorems to singularly perturbed antonomous linear systems is discussed.
A Syntactic Approach to 3-D Object Representation

A 3-D object representation scheme which uses surfaces as primitives and grammatical production rules as structural relationship descriptors is proposed. Possible selections of surface primitives are discussed. Examples are given to illustrate the object description method.
Three-Dimensional Repeated Elasto-Plastic Point Contacts, Rolling, and Sliding

Accumulative plastic deformation due to repeated loading is crucial to the lives of many mechanical components, such as gears, stamping dies, and rails in rail-wheel contacts. This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical model for simulating the repeated rolling or sliding contact of a rigid sphere over an elasto-plastic half-space. This model is a semi-analytical model based on the discrete convolution and fast Fourier transform algorithm. The half-space behaves either elastic-perfectly plastically or kinematic plastically. The analyses using this model result in histories of stress, strain, residual displacement, and plastic strain volume integral (PV) in the half-space. The model is examined through comparisons of the current results with those from the finite element method for a simple indentation test. The results of rolling contact obtained from four different hardening laws are presented when the load exceeds the theoretical shakedown limit. Shakedown and ratchetting behaviors are discussed in terms of the PV variation. The effect of friction coefficient on material responses to repeated sliding contacts is also investigated.
Asymptotic expressions for charge-matrix elements of the fluxonium circuit

In charge-coupled circuit QED systems, transition amplitudes and dispersive shifts are governed by the matrix elements of the charge operator. For the fluxonium circuit, these matrix elements are not limited to nearest-neighbor energy levels and are conveniently tunable by magnetic flux. Previously, their values were largely obtained numerically. Here, we present analytical expressions for the fluxonium charge matrix elements. We show that new selection rules emerge in the asymptotic limit of large Josephson energy and small inductive energy. We illustrate the usefulness of our expressions for the qualitative understanding of charge matrix elements in the parameter regime probed by previous experiments.
Information Theory and Rate Distortion Theory for Communications and Compression

This book is very specifically targeted to problems in communications and compression by providing the fundamental principles and results in information theory and rate distortion theory for these applications and presenting methods that have proved and will prove useful in analyzing and designing real systems. The chapters contain treatments of entropy, mutual information, lossless source coding, channel capacity, and rate distortion theory; however, it is the selection, ordering, and presentation of the topics within these broad categories that is unique to this concise book. While the coverage of some standard topics is shortened or eliminated, the standard, but important, topics of the chain rules for entropy and mutual information, relative entropy, the data processing inequality, and the Markov chain condition receive a full treatment. Similarly, lossless source coding techniques presented include the Lempel-Ziv-Welch coding method. The material on rate Distortion theory and exploring fundamental limits on lossy source coding covers the often-neglected Shannon lower bound and the Shannon backward channel condition, rate distortion theory for sources with memory, and the extremely practical topic of rate distortion functions for composite sources. The target audience for the book consists of graduate students at the master's degree level and practicing engineers. It is hoped that practicing engineers can work through this book and comprehend the key results needed to understand the utility of information theory and rate distortion theory and then utilize the results presented to analyze and perhaps improve the communications and compression systems with which they are familiar.
SOLID: A high-speed data- and question-independent information management system

The specifications for a General Information Management (GIM) system are given. A GIM system is defined as a generic information system which is information independent, question-type independent, bounded in retrieval time, secure, efficient, and modularly designed. The SOLID system, whose basis is a general data-manipulation language called JOBLIST, is described and shown to meet the requirements of a GIM system.
Morphogenesis of the respiratory bronchiole in rhesus monkey lungs.

The epithelium of the respiratory bronchiole in the adult rhesus monkey consists of two populations: a pseudostratified epithelium with basal, mucous goblet, and ciliated cells located near the pulmonary artery (PA); and a simple cuboidal epithelium composed only of nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (or Clara) cells in areas away from the PA. This study describes the pattern of differentiation of these two epithelial populations, and their relationship to the PA and to the time of appearance of alveoli. in the respiratory bronchiole of the rhesus monkey during the period of 90-125 days gestational age (DGA). These events were related to changes in the adjacent parenchyma. Dissected airways of infusion-fixed, critical-point-dried lungs were evaluated by scanning microscopy followed by light microscopy of the same airways. At 54% of gestation (90 DGA), the distal airway was lined by a mixture of ciliated and nonciliated cells. By 67% of gestation (110 DGA), the ciliated cells were confined to the epithelium over the PA. The underlying connective tissue initially was cellular containing few fibers but was fibrous by 76% of gestation (125 DGA). Alveolarization began near the most distal cartilage at 57% of gestation (95 DGA), the same period at which secondary septation occurred in the distal acinus. Thus, alveolarization occurred simultaneously in two centers: (1) the proximal centriacinar region in the vicinity of the most distal cartilage and (2) the distal lung parenchyma. The duration of centriacinar alvcolarization was short, approximately 5 days.
Determining genetic diversity between lines of Vigna unguiculata subspecies by AFLP and SSR markers

AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) and SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers were utilized to assess genetic diversity and relatedness between Vigna unguiculata subspecies. Three AFLP primer combinations and 10 SSR primer sets successfully identified closely related accessions, and the presence of heterogeneity in some accessions. AFLP methodology was successful in separating different species of Vigna. However, the level of intra-subspecies variation was as great as was the interspecies variation with both marker methods. The number of markers employed was insufficient to successfully group the subspecies into distinct clades.
Spontaneous subunit exchange in porcine liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

Abstract No evidence to date suggests the possibility of subunit exchange between tetramers of mammalian fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. An engineered fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, with subunits of altered electrostatic charge, exhibits spontaneous subunit exchange with wild-type enzyme in the absence of ligands. The exchange process reaches equilibrium in approximately 5 h at 4°C, as monitored by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and anion exchange chromatography. Active site ligands, such as fructose 6-phosphate, abolish subunit exchange at the level of the monomer, but permit dimer–dimer exchanges. AMP, alone or in the presence of active site ligands, abolishes all exchange processes. Exchange phenomena may play a role in the kinetic mechanism of allosteric regulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.
Trichlorofluoromethane as a tracer of urban air masses

Abstract Trichlorofluoromethane (CCl3F) measurements in 34 air samples collected at remote Whiteface Mountain N.Y, (elevation 1.5 km) during September 26 through October 29,1978, using electron capture gas chromatography are described. The day-to-day CCl3F concentration varies between values of 163 and 121 ppt (10−12. v/v) with an average concentration of 137 ppt. Simultaneous measurements of ozone and Be along with relevant meteorological parameters are also presented. The O3-CCl3F concentration interrelation suggests that CCl3F can be used as an area source urban tracer. Periods of elevated O3 levels associated with high 7Be concentration concomitantly marked by low CCl3F concentrations are explained qualitatively in terms of intrusion of upper atmospheric/stratospheric air into the lower tropospheric air masses. It is shown that the contribution of this factor is quite significant and it must be properly taken into account while establishing the role of CCl3F as a tracer through its measurements in the lower troposphere.
Gender Socialization and Identity Theory

Gender socialization is examined through a social psychological lens by applying identity theory and identity control theory. Current research from the fields of family and sociological social psychology are surveyed to provide a better conception of how the family operates as agents of socialization, and how identities that are cultivated and fostered in youth provide meaning throughout the life course and maintain the social order. The application of identity theory shows how gender is a diffuse status characteristic, which is salient in person, role, and social (group) identities, and also across social situations. Identity control theory is applied to show how emotions operate within an internal control system to stabilize gendered identities and perpetuate the social structure. Both theories are specifically applied to understand socialization dynamics that exist for children and families.
The Limited Empowerment of Women in Black Spiritual Churches: An Alternative Vehicle to Religious Leadership

In their efforts to compensate for the barriers emanating from the racist and class structure of American society, black men tended to monopolize positions of religious leadership in most African American religious groups. Some black women turned to Spiritualism as an alternative vehicle to religious leadership. Indeed, women played an important role in the establishment of the earliest black Spiritual churches. As the Spiritual movement became institutionalized, the battle of the sexes ensued, and men came to appropriate the highest positions of leadership in certain Spiritual groups. Nevertheless, even in these groups, women tend to occupy more significant positions than they do in Black mainstream churches and even many Black HolinessPentecostal sects. Whereas the Spiritual movement empowers women at a personal level, it has not empowered women at a structural level Women often have compensated for their relative powerlessness cross-culturally by participating and even sometimes rising to positions of leadership in sectarian or cultic movements. As religion became a differentiated and institutional sphere of social life, many women's roles and expressions were excluded or were kept alive in nonofficial forms, such as possession and healing cults. In the case of tribal societies, Lewis (1971:31) maintains that women's possession cults constitute "thinly disguised protest movements directed against the dominant sex" which provide women with oblique strategies for expressing their hostility and obtaining material or social privileges. Although women generally have not established separate religious organizations in