cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition and metabolism in the rehabilitative phase of recovery in burn children: a review of clinical and research findings in a speciality pediatric burn hospital

During the rehabilitation phase of burn injury, patient care transitions from critical care medicine to restorative treatment strategies that encompass physical and occupational therapies, nutrition repletion, and psychosocial support for community reintegration. As pediatric burn patients undergo rehabilitation, nutrition assessment remains ongoing to define nutritional status and any alterations in metabolism that may take place. For some, a persistent hypermetabolic state appears evident, and weight loss may continue. The severity and duration however varies among patients. Many patients enter their rehabilitative phase with visible lean body mass depletion, and the focus of nutritional therapy for them shifts to replenishing nutritional status, while supporting rehabilitative efforts. Over the past decade, we have conducted studies on energy and protein metabolism, body composition, including bone mineralization, and general wellness in over 130 patients to better understand changes in metabolism and nutritional status during the rehabilitative phase of recovery. This abstract summarizes our findings.
Tissue distribution and excretion of copper-67 intraperitoneally administered to rats fed fructose or starch.

It has been suggested that impaired gut absorption of copper is the cause of the exacerbated copper deficiency signs in rats fed fructose when compared to rats fed starch. The present study was designed to examine how rats fed fructose or starch diets, either copper-deficient or supplemented, distributed and excreted /sup 67/Cu when the isotope was administered i.p. Intraperitoneal administration was chosen in an effort to circumvent primary gut absorption as a factor in the metabolism of /sup 67/Cu. After 7 wk of dietary treatment, rats received an i.p. injection of /sup 67/Cu and were placed in metabolic cages for 4 d. Regardless of dietary carbohydrate, copper-deficient rats retained similar levels of radioactivity in various tissues and excreted similar amounts of /sup 67/Cu in feces and urine. This similarity in copper metabolism in copper-deficient rats fed either fructose or starch when the gut was circumvented for isotope administration suggests that the gut could be responsible, at least in part, for the exacerbated signs associated with the copper deficiency in rats fed fructose. The possibility is discussed that alterations in metabolism may increase the requirement for copper when fructose is the main dietary carbohydrate.
On the Analysis and Construction of Perfectly Matched Layers for the Linearized Euler Equations

We present a detailed analysis of a recently proposed perfectly matched layer (PML) method for the absorption of acoustic waves. The split set of equations is shown to be only weakly well-posed, and ill-posed under small low order perturbations. This analysis provides the explanation for the stability problems associated with the spilt field formulation and illustrates why applying a filter has a stabilizing effect. Utilizing recent results obtained within the context of electromagnetics, we develop strongly well-posed absorbing layers for the linearized Euler equations. The schemes are shown to be perfectly absorbing independent of frequency and angle of incidence of the wave in the case of a non-convecting mean flow. In the general case of a convecting mean flow, a number of techniques is combined to obtain absorbing layers exhibiting PML-like behavior. The efficacy of the absorbing layers is illustrated though the solution of aero-acoustic benchmark problems.
A theoretical analysis of tectonic stress relief during overcoring

Abstract The direct strain-gauge technique for measuring tectonic stress is analyzed theoretically. The effect of overcoring is simulaed by imposing uniform displacement discontinuities rather than uniform stress relief on the cylindrical surface. This simplification allows algebraic expressions to be found giving strain at the rosette in terms of depth of overcoring. These expressions are used to find Poisson's ratio and tectonic stress from data at two sites in New York State.
Rights, Resources, and the Social Memory of Struggle: Reflections on a Study of Indigenous and Black Community Land Rights on Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast

In early 1997, the three authors accepted a research contract, funded by the World Bank, to carry out a diagnostico (research and analysis) of the communal land claims of some 130 indigenous, Garifuna, and Afro-Nicaraguan communities on the Atlantic (Caribbean) Coast of Nicaragua. This essay makes the diagnostico itself the subject of analysis, summarizing the research results and examining their impact. After a brief overview of the role of land claims in the history of coast peoples, we present a summary of the research project’s conception, methodology, and principal findings. Two substantive analytical sections follow. One examines the contradictory positioning of this research—funded by the World Bank, administered by the state, yet conceived to advance the interests of community members who perceive the state as their long-term adversary. The second reflects on theoretical insights gained from this type of research, in which the very process of data collection transforms the object of inquiry, and i...
Energetic storm particle events in coronal mass ejection–driven shocks

[1] We investigate the variability in the occurrence of energetic storm particle (ESP) events associated with shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The interplanetary shocks were detected during the period from 1996 to 2006. First, we analyze the CME properties near the Sun. The CMEs with an ESP-producing shock are faster (〈VCME〉 = 1088 km/s) than those driving shocks without an ESP event (〈VCME〉 = 771 km/s) and have a larger fraction of halo CMEs (67% versus 38%). The Alfvenic Mach numbers of shocks with an ESP event are on average 1.6 times higher than those of shocks without. We also contrast the ESP event properties and frequency in shocks with and without a type II radio burst by dividing the shocks into radio-loud (RL) and radio-quiet (RQ) shocks, respectively. The shocks seem to be organized into a decreasing sequence by the energy content of the CMEs: RL shocks with an ESP event are driven by the most energetic CMEs, followed by RL shocks without an ESP event, then RQ shocks with and without an ESP event. The ESP events occur more often in RL shocks than in RQ shocks: 52% of RL shocks and only ∼33% of RQ shocks produced an ESP event at proton energies above 1.8 MeV; in the keV energy range the ESP frequencies are 80% and 65%, respectively. Electron ESP events were detected in 19% of RQ shocks and 39% of RL shocks. In addition, we find that (1) ESP events in RQ shocks are less intense than those in RL shocks; (2) RQ shocks with ESP events are predominately quasi-perpendicular shocks; (3) their solar sources are located slightly to the east of the central meridian; and (4) ESP event sizes show a modest positive correlation with the CME and shock speeds. The observation that RL shocks tend to produce more frequently ESP events with larger particle flux increases than RQ shocks emphasizes the importance of type II bursts in identifying solar events prone to producing high particle fluxes in the near-Earth space. However, the trend is not definitive. If there is no type II emission, an ESP event is less likely but not absent. The variability in the probability and size of ESP events most likely reflects differences in the shock formation in the low corona and changes in the properties of the shocks as they propagate through interplanetary space and the escape efficiency of accelerated particles from the shock front.
Letter to the Editor Regarding Sullivan et al.

To the Editor:—In their brief report “Training Internists in Shared Decision Making About Chronic Opioid Treatment for NonCancer Pain,” Sullivan, Leigh, and Gaster reported on their training of Internal Medicine physicians (principally residents) in the prescribing of opioids, especially methadone, to patients with chronic noncancer pain.1 They reported that their training resulted in “improvement,” with physicians in the intervention group being 3 times more likely to prescribe opioids at 3 months posttraining than those in the control group. The authors chose methadone “as the long-acting opioid least prone to abuse.” Although it is debatable if methadone is actually the opioid least prone to abuse, what is certain is that methadone is causing many preventable deaths. A National Assessment by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration concluded that dramatically increasing methadone-associated mortality is from its use as an analgesic, not from its use in opioid addiction treatment.2 In the most recent data from the Centers for Disease Control published on January 31, 2006, methadone was implicated in 2,376 deaths and other specified opioids were implicated in an additional 4,484 deaths (not including 2,101 deaths from heroin) in 2002 in the United States.3 In their reference to the editorial by Van Korff and Deyo,4 the authors acknowledged the belief by many that the efficacy of long-term opioid treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain remains unproven. The authors failed to mention the unacceptably high mortality that is resulting from this questionable practice. We should be training our residents in safe and effective treatments for chronic nonmalignant pain, not in those that are of questionable efficacy and are causing great harm.
Concentrations and characteristics of organic carbon in surface water in Arizona: influence of urbanization

Abstract Dissolved (DOC) and total (TOC) organic carbon concentrations and compositions were studied for several river systems in Arizona, USA. DOC composition was characterized by ultraviolet and visible absorption and fluorescence emission (excitation wavelength of 370 nm) spectra characteristics. Ephemeral sites had the highest DOC concentrations, and unregulated perennial sites had lower concentrations than unregulated intermittent sites, regulated sites, and sites downstream from wastewater-treatment plants (p
Modeling of heat recovery from a steam‐gas mixture in a high‐temperature sorption process

A high pressure condenser is considered to remove water vapor as well as recover heat from the desorbed steam—CO2 gas mixture in a novel sorption enhanced reaction process. It is possible to have water condensation at the gas side as well as water evaporation at the coolant water side because of large temperature difference between the hot and cold side. A model of heat and mass transfer and phase change was developed to understand the complex phenomena associated with the simultaneous condensation and evaporation taking place in the unit. A finite difference method was used to solve the boundary value problem. Additional insight was obtained by describing the operating lines and equilibrium condition in an enthalpy diagram. The model was used to explore the performance in terms of the heat recovery. The heat recovery was best at the beginning of the process when the superheated steam was generated. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
A controlled, randomized, comparative study of a radiant heat bandage on the healing of stage 3–4 pressure ulcers: A pilot study

Objectives Pressure ulcers, like other chronic wounds, fail to proceed through an orderly and timely process to produce anatomical or functional integrity. Treatment of pressure ulcers is directed to improving host factors and providing an optimum wound environment. In addition to providing a moist wound environment, it has been theorized that preventing hypothermia in a wound and maintaining a normothermic state might improve wound healing. Design/Setting Forty-one subjects with a stage 3 or stage 4 truncal pressure ulcer >1.0 cm 2 were recruited from outpatient clinics, long-term care nursing homes, and a rehabilitation center. The experimental group was randomized to a radiant-heat dressing device and the control group was randomized to a hydrocolloid dressing, with or without a calcium alginate filler. Subjects were followed until healed or for 12 weeks. Results Eight subjects (57%) in the experimental group had complete healing of their pressure ulcer compared with 7 subjects (44%) with complete healing in the control group ( P = .46). Conclusion Although a 13% difference in healing rate between the two arms of the study was found, this difference was not statistically significant. At almost all points along the healing curve, the proportion not healed was higher in the control arm.
Sell me Some Prestige! The Portrayal of Women in Business-Related Ads

Cet article se penche sur les representations de la femme vehiculees par la publicite relative au travail et aux affaires. L'A. montre que les inegalites sexuelles dans le travail se refletent dans la publicite. C'est ainsi que les stereotypes sexuels sont perpetues, validant et renforcant les roles assignes dans la societe et influencant les attentes de role
Molecular cloning and characterization of Mustang, a novel nuclear protein expressed during skeletal development and regeneration

Bone regeneration occurs as a series of events that requires temporal and spatial orchestration of numerous cell types guided by the transcriptional activity of thousands of genes, as recently demonstrated by our laboratory. Using the rat femoral fracture model, bioinformatics, cloning, expression assays, fusion proteins, and transfection, we report on the identification and characterization of one such differentially expressed gene, termed Mustang (musculoskeletal temporally activated novel gene). Mustang encodes for an 82 amino acid nuclear protein with no homology to any known protein family. However, other species homologues (mouse, human, cow) were identified within EST (expressed sequence tag) databases. Nuclear localization was confirmed using a GFP-Mustang fusion protein. Using in situ hybridization, Mustang expression was localized to differentiating periosteal osteogenic cells, proliferating chondrocytes, and osteoblasts of the fracture callus. Unlike adult tissues, developing embryos abundantly express Mustang, especially in mesenchymal condensations of limbs, vertebral perichondrium, and mesenchymal cells of the intervertebral discs. Although the precise function of Mustang is unknown, its unique pattern of expression during bone development and regeneration, absence in adult tissues (except skeletal muscle and tendon), and nuclear localization suggest that Mustang is involved in the development and regeneration of the mammalian musculoskeletal system.
TESTS OF INBREEDING EFFECTS ON HOST-SHIFT POTENTIAL IN THE PHYTOPHAGOUS BEETLE OPHRAELLA COMMUNA.

Although inbreeding, on average, decreases additive genetic variance, some inbred populations may show an increase in phenotypic variance for some characters. In those populations with increased phenotypic variance, character changes by peak shifts may occur because of the effects of the higher variance on the adaptive landscape. A population's increased phenotypic variance may place it in the domain of attraction of a new adaptive peak or increase the likelihood of a selection-driven peak shift as the landscape of mean fitness flattens. The focus of this study was to test for increased variance, in inbred populations, in a behavioral character involved in adaptive diver- sification and probably speciation. We examined the effect of inbreeding on feeding responses of the leaf beetle Ophraella communa in a series of inbred lineages across a range of levels of inbreeding (f = 0.25, 0.375, 0.5). We measured the feeding response of inbred lineages of 0. communa on its normal host, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and on two novel plants, Chrysopsis villosa and Ivafrutescens, that are the hosts of other Ophraella species. The results show that feeding responses on the different plants are not correlated, indicating that the feeding responses to the different plants are to some degree genetically independent. Despite apparent genetic variation in lineage feeding responses, we could not statistically demonstrate increases in phenotypic variance within the lineages. Thus, the experimental results do not support the idea that host shifts in this beetle evolved by peak shifts in bottlenecked populations.
The urea amidolyase (DUR1,2) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The DNA sequence of the urea amidolyase (DUR1,2) gene from S. cerevisiae has been determined. The polypeptide structure deduced from the DNA sequence contains 1,835 amino acid residues and possesses a calculated weight of 201,665 daltons which favorably correlates with that predicted from compositional analysis of purified protein (1,881 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 203,900). The C-terminal 57 residues of the polypeptide exhibit significant homology with similarly situated sequences found in five other biotin carboxylases whose primary structures have been determined or deduced from protein and DNA sequence data, respectively. Major S1 nuclease protection fragments derived from DUR1,2 RNA-DNA hybrids exhibit apparent termini at positions —140 and —141 upstream of the coding region. The termini of minor protection fragments also occur at eleven other positions as well.
Continuous versus Categorical Models of Delinquency Risk

Two groups of participants, one a nationally representative sample with roughly equal numbers of male and female participants (N = 8,984) and the other a sample of mostly male adjudicated delinquents (N = 1,354), were used to test whether risk factors for delinquency are organized continuously or categorically. A continuous (variable-centered) model was created using factor scores from a one-factor confirmatory factor analysis and a categorical (person-centered) model was constructed using posterior probabilities from a two-class finite mixture modeling analysis. In both samples the continuous model correlated significantly better with subsequent offending than did the categorical model, a finding that was replicated in males from both samples and in females from the nationally representative sample. The current findings suggest that risk factors are better construed as points along a continuum rather than as properties of distinct groups or types. These results further suggest that the etiology of offending, in the form of risk factors, is general/additive rather than specific/selective. The implications of these results for theory development, clinical practice, and future research are discussed.
Do age and baseline LDL cholesterol levels determine the effect of regular exercise on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentration and age are independently associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Age is also associated with increased apoB concentration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of exercise on apoB and examine the association between age and lipoproteins. Forty-one sedentary individuals exercised for 6 months, four times/week for 40 min between 60 and 85% of their maximal heart rate. Lipids were determined three times: before training, 24 and 72 h after the last training session. Exercise did not alter apoB (1.2+/-0.05 g/l vs. 1.2+/-0.05 g/l; P>0.05), or other lipids or lipoproteins. When participants were sequestered by baseline low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), total cholesterol (TC) was decreased at 24 h post (6.3+/-0.2 mmol/l vs. 6.0+/-0.2 mmol/l, P 0.05) and LDLc (2.6+/-0.1 mmol/l vs. 2.8+/-0.1 and 2.8+/-0.2 mmol/l, P<0.05) were elevated at 24 h and remained elevated at 72 h post compared to baseline. Age does not affect apoB or lipoproteins in response to exercise. Individuals with high baseline LDLc experienced acute reduction in TC and LDLc produced by each exercise session.
Dexamethasone reduces energy expenditure and increases susceptibility to diet‐induced obesity in mice

Objective To investigate how long-term treatment with dexamethasone affects energy expenditure and adiposity in mice and whether this is influenced by feeding on a high-fat diet (HFD). Design and Methods Mice were placed on a HFD for 2 weeks and started on dexamethasone at 5 mg/kg every other day during the next 7 weeks. Results Treatment with dexamethasone increased body fat, an effect that was more pronounced in the animals kept on HFD; dexamethasone treatment also worsened liver steatosis caused by the HFD. At the same time, treatment with dexamethasone lowered the respiratory quotient in chow-fed animals and slowed nightly metabolic rate in the animals kept on HFD. In addition, the acute VO2 acceleration in response to β3 adrenergic-stimulation was significantly limited in the dexamethasone-treated animals, as a result of marked decrease in UCP-1 mRNA observed in the brown adipose tissue of these animals. Conclusions Long-term treatment with dexamethasone in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity decreases brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and exaggerates adiposity and liver steatosis. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2013
A Stronger Post-Publication Culture Is Needed for Better Science

Hilda Bastian considers post-publication commenting and the cultural changes that are needed to better capture this intellectual effort. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Experimental results and future prospects for a nonpulsatile cardiac prosthesis.

Replacing the heart function by means of a nonpulsatile blood pump is a great challenge to nature, which evolved pulsatile blood circulation. Some years ago, we hypothesized that mammalian physiology was capable of adapting to chronic nonpulsatile blood flow and maintaining normal organ function. The methodology of complete circulatory replacement with nonpulsatile flow has been established in awake calf experiments in our institution. To date, 5 animals have lived with nonpulsatile blood perfusion with near normal physiology for up to 3 months. Our studies on nonpulsatile biventricular animals have shown that immediately following surgery there is an adaptation phase which lasts approximately 7 to 10 days. This phase is characterized by increased total systemic vascular resistance (SVR), which appears to correlate with an increase in the circulating catecholamines. After this phase, these animals showed normal values of SVR, renal, biochemical, and endocrine function. Our data show that nonpulsatile blood flow is not a limiting factor to maintain mammalian life.
Reynolds Stress and Eddy Diffusivity of β-Plane Shear Flows

AbstractThe Reynolds stress induced by anisotropically forcing an unbounded Couette flow, with uniform shear γ, on a β plane, is calculated in conjunction with the eddy diffusivity of a coevolving passive tracer. The flow is damped by linear drag on a time scale μ−1. The stochastic forcing is white noise in time and its spatial anisotropy is controlled by a parameter α that characterizes whether eddies are elongated along the zonal direction (α 0), or are isotropic (α = 0). The Reynolds stress varies linearly with α and nonlinearly and nonmonotonically with γ, but the Reynolds stress is independent of β. For positive values of α, the Reynolds stress displays an “antifrictional” effect (energy is transferred from the eddies to the mean flow); for negative values of α, it displays a frictional effect. When γ/μ ≪ 1, these transfers can be identified as negative and positive eddy viscosities, respectively. With γ = β = 0, the meridional tracer eddy diffu...
Communication: Observation of dipole-bound state and high-resolution photoelectron imaging of cold acetate anions.

We report the observation of a dipole-bound state and a high-resolution photoelectron imaging study of cryogenically cooled acetate anions (CH3COO−). Both high-resolution non-resonant and resonant photoelectron spectra via the dipole-bound state of CH3COO− are obtained. The binding energy of the dipole-bound state relative to the detachment threshold is determined to be 53 ± 8 cm−1. The electron affinity of the CH3COO neutral radical is measured accurately as 26 236 ± 8 cm−1 (3.2528 ± 0.0010 eV) using high-resolution photoelectron imaging. This accurate electron affinity is validated by observation of autodetachment from two vibrational levels of the dipole-bound state of CH3COO−. Excitation spectra to the dipole-bound states yield rotational profiles, allowing the rotational temperature of the trapped CH3COO− anions to be evaluated.
Dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance: kinetic modeling using novel PET radiopharmaceutical 6-deoxy-6-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose.

Purpose An insulin-resistant rat model, induced by dexamethasone, was used to evaluate a Michaelis–Menten-based kinetic model using 6-deoxy-6-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (6-[18F]FDG) to quantify glucose transport with PET.
Penetrating high-velocity genitourinary injuries. Part I. Statistics mechanisms, and renal wounds.

Abstract As a consequence of missile-tissue energy exchange, high-velocity missile wounds necessitate wide surgical debridement because of severe tissue contusion distant from the wound tract. A missile tract mentally projected by the physician through the urologic tract demands appropriate investigation. The approach to urologic surgery may be primarily determined by the wound tract since this has to be debrided anyway. Ureteral filling on an intravenous pyelogram will save valuable time at surgery. High-velocity penetrating renal injury demands an aggressive surgical approach to obviate later complications.
Doctor of Audiology program at the University of Florida.

The University of Florida on-campus AuD program is described. To date, 63 students have been enrolled in this program. Sixteen doctoral-level audiology faculty teach in this program, either in the ...
Should an axis for defense mechanisms be included in DSM-IV?

Abstract The purpose of this review is to address empirical evidence bearing on the desirability of including a Defense Mechanisms Axis in DSM-IV. The authors reviewed studies based on standardized clinical or self-report methods for assessing defense mechanisms. Information was sought pertinent to methods for assessment, relevance to clinicians with diverse theoretical perspectives, definitions, suitability for an axial format, complexity, reliability, clinical utility, and relationship to existing axes. Methods for reliably rating defense mechanisms have been developed, and data on the clinical utility of ratings have begun to accumulate. A consensus on definitions is emerging, and evidence supports a hierarchy of defenses based on their adaptiveness. Since training in psychodynamic theory and treatment approaches is required of residencies performed in the United States, all psychiatrists should be able to evaluate patient defenses. However, new methodologies have not been tested under usual clinical conditions with limited, “live” clinical data. A viable option for DSM-IV is the inclusion of a defense mechanisms axis in an appendix of optional axes for use in special clinical and research settings. In addition to providing dynamically meaningful diagnostic data, this axis would facilitate expansion of the empirical data base on a standardized measure of defenses under conditions of routine clinical practice.
Synthesis and structure of BaKFeO3: a new quaternary oxide with 1-D ferrate chains

Abstract Amber-colored single crystals of the quaternary oxide BaKFeO 3 were synthesized from a mixture of Fe 2 O 3 , KOH and Ba(OH) 2 heated at 750°C for 5 h then cooled slowly. The structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (space group Cmca ; a =5.804(1) A, b =11.528(1) A, c =12.776(1) A; Z =8, R 1 =0.0376, w R 2 =0.0996). The structure is comprised of [FeO 3 3− ] ∞ chains of corner-sharing iron-oxo tetrahedra that are isolated from one another by interspersed Ba and K cations. The iron coordination environment is moderately distorted from perfect tetrahedral symmetry and the Fe–O–Fe bond angles are 152.8°. Magnetic susceptibility data show a pronounced zero-field cooling effect that suggests strong coupling from 5 K to above room temperature.
Critical appraisal of elvitegravir in the treatment of HIV-1/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitors belong to a novel class of antiretroviral drugs with high potency and better tolerability. Elvitegravir (EVG) is the second integrase inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration when administered in combination with a novel pharmacoenhancer, cobicistat (COBI), and two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). This combination of drugs (EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF) developed and marketed by Gilead Sciences Inc. (Foster City, CA, USA) as STRIBILD®, is the first integrase inhibitor-based single-tablet regimen administered once-daily. In the USA, it has been approved for use in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1 patients with estimated creatinine clearance of >70 mL/min. The Department of Health and Human Services has approved EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF as one of preferred first-line regimens for HIV-1 treatment. In Europe, the European Medicines Agency has approved STRIBILD in treatment-naive patients as well as in patients having no resistant mutation to any of the antiviral agents contained in STRIBILD. Its availability as a fixed-dose combination and once-daily dosage makes the adherence highly likely. However, it also discounts the possibility of dosage adjustment if needed.
Electrical and structural characterization of GaN nanowire based devices

III-nitride based semiconductors have been under intense research focus in recent years largely due to their electronic and optoelectronic applications. In comparison to large area devices, III-nitride nanowire based devices provide unique opportunity to dramatically improve device efficiency and scope of integration, as well as, reduce device cost. In this talk, the author present the growth, device fabrication, and electrical and structural characterization of GaN nanowires (20 nm typical diameter) grown by direct reaction between metallic Ga and ammonia. GaN nanowires were grown on SiO2 covered doped Si substrates using Ni catalyst, and metal contacts (stack of Ti/Al/Mo/Au) were deposited at the two ends (nominally 4 micron apart) using a novel pre-aligned nanowire growth and fabrication process, to fabricate backgated FETs with the Si substrate as gate terminal
On nominal islands and LF extraction in Chinese

Evidence from Chinese Wh-questions strongly suggests that LF locality is a matter of referentiality and nominality, while locality in overt syntax involves the requirement of head government. This observation echoes thesplit ECP approach of WAHL (1987). Specifically, Chinese arguments and referential adjuncts (when, where, instrumentalhow and purposewhy) contrast with nonreferential adjuncts (mannerhow and reasonwhy) in allowing wide-scope construals out of islands in LF. Overt Wh-fronting, on the other hand, displays an argument/adjunct asymmetry. This paper proposes to deal with the LF asymmetry within the Generalized Binding framework, in association with the referential/nonreferential distinction among Wh-elements. With the ECP reduced to thegeneralized binding principles (GBPs), it further argues for a type of locality employing the notion ofcheckpoints instead ofbarriers, according to which the [N] feature is checked along with the [WH] feature through Comp-indexing. Consequently, nominal clauses are always islands for nonnominal/nonreferential adjuncts, because either selectional restrictions or the GBPs will be violated by long-distance extraction. This move is independently motivated by a parallel asymmetry in Chinese (non)bridge-verb constructions.
Whey‐Protein‐Coated Peanuts Assessed by Sensory Evaluation and Static Headspace Gas Chromatography

: : Lipid oxidation is one of the leading causes of deterioration in peanuts. Oxygen concentration plays an important role in oxidation. Oxygen uptake can be impeded by specialized packaging systems or an edible coating, which in turn will decrease the rate of lipid oxidation. Four different formulations of whey-protein-based coatings were used to coat the peanuts. The peanut samples were stored in duplicate at 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C, each for storage times of 0, 5,15, and 45 d. Descriptive analysis results revealed that the rancidity was significantly lower for whey-protein-coated peanuts than for uncoated peanuts. This finding was also confirmed by static headspace GC analysis.
Slamming Impacts of Hydrodynamically–Supported Craft

High–speed planing boats are subject to repeated slamming impacts, which can cause structural damage and discomfort or injury to passengers. The goal of this research is to study the fundamental physics of the water-impact of high–speed planing hulls and to measure the slamming loads and resulting motions of the craft upon re–entry into the water after becoming partially airborne. A set of towed scale–model experiments was conducted in calm water, regular waves and irregular waves to capture a sequence of individual impact events. Pressure measurements were taken on the bottom of the hull using both point sensors (PCB Piezotronics) and a pressure mapping system (Tekscan). The pressure signals from the pressure pads (providing both spatial and temporal resolution) and the point–pressure measurements (high temporal resolution) will be presented for individual slam events, allowing a deterministic approach to investigating high–speed planing craft wave slamming.© 2014 ASME
Dielectric response of electron-doped ionic superconductor Li x ZrNCl

When electron doped, the layered transition metal nitrides ${\cal T}$NCl (${\cal T}$ = group IVB transition metal ion) become impressive superconductors with critical temperature T$_c$= 15-26K. Here we take the most studied member, ZrNCl, as a representative and calculate the dielectric response $\epsilon(\omega)$ versus frequency and concentration of doped electronic carriers. The static dielectric constant $\epsilon_{\infty}$=5 is reproduced extremely well. We establish that the differences between rigid band modeling and virtual crystal treatment are small, and compare also with actual lithium doping using supercells. We obtain the variations upon changing the doping level of the reflectivity and energy loss function as well, many of which are found not to be correlated with the observed (non)variation of T$_c(x)$. The main plasmon peaks appear where the electron gas model suggests, in the range 1.2-2.0 eV for $x$ varying from 0.16 to 0.50.
Identification of a putative mitochondrial RNA polymerase from Physarum polycephalum: characterization, expression, purification, and transcription in vitro

Mitochondrial RNA polymerases (mtRNAPs) are necessary for the biogenesis of mitochondria and for proper mitochondrial function since they transcribe genes on mtDNA for tRNAs, rRNAs, and mRNAs. The unique type of RNA editing identified in mitochondria of Physarum polycephalum is thought to be closely associated with transcription, and as such, RNA editing activity would be expected to be closely associated with the mtRNAP. In order to better characterize the role of mtRNAPs in mitochondrial biogenesis and to determine the role of the Physarum mtRNAP in RNA editing, the cDNA of the Physarum mtRNAP was identified using PCR and degenerate primers designed from conserved motifs in mtRNAPs. This amplification product was used to screen a cDNA library for the cDNA corresponding to the Physarum mtRNAP. A cDNA corresponding to a 3.2 kb transcript containing a 997 codon open reading frame was identified. The amino acid sequence inferred from the open reading frame contains motifs characteristic of mtRNAPs. To confirm that a cDNA for an RNA polymerase had been isolated, the cDNA was expressed in E. coli as an N-terminal maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion protein. The fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatography and shown to have DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity. This functional mtRNAP will be useful for in vitro studies of mitochondrial transcription and RNA editing.
Energy for the future: The world view

Abstract Energy use is essential to national wealth, as indicated by gross national product-energy trajectories. Both the less-developed countries (LDC) and the very-developed countries (VDC) show the same dependence of the one on the other. The dependence of technology on changing this ratio is illustrated in the history of this relationship for the U.S. The goal for the “post-industrial society”, wherein energy use is reduced, raises the question of how to preserve the national economy. We further examine the relationship between energy use and income inequalities within and between nations, noting a similarity between income inequality in an econodynamic system and temperature differences in a thermodynamic system: an income inequality in the one is as necessary as a temperature inequality in the other. We thus have a dual effect from energy reduction: national income tends to decrease and income inequalities increase. An economic chain analysis is used to derive income inequality distributions for an LDC and a VDC, specifically identifying the role of energy in changing them via the multiplication effect of human productivity from energy use. Will expensive energy be a disaster to industrial nations and even worse for the LDCs? The role of expensive but domestic-origin energy is examined.
Emergency medical dispatch

In the past 30 years, emergency medical dispatch (EMD) has become recognized as an essential component of the chain of survival. At its core, EMD provides a means of discerning as quickly as possible whether requests for medical aid involve life-threatening situations that require the fastest possible response. Conversely, EMD seeks to preserve the finite resources of emergency medical services (EMS) by prioritizing their assignments relative to immediacy of need. Improved dispatch training and protocols now allow telecommunications professionals to safely provide care and support well before the arrival of traditional EMS responders. EMD must be performed with due regard to training and adherence to protocol to avoid liability, as several recent verdicts have demonstrated. The challenge imposed by expanding wireless technology and healthcare finance reform is providing incentive for the rapid evolution of EMD. For many reasons, it is essential that EMS medical directors understand and participate in this crucial component of the healthcare safety net.
Applications of qualitative analysis software: A view from the field

This article describes six potential benefits and five possible limitations of microcomputer-assisted qualitative data management and analysis. It is written from the perspective of a new faculty member, within the specific context of dissertation student advisement and mentoring. Although the article addresses the composite qualities of the genre of microcomputer software known as “text analysis programs,” the particular product featured in the examples is THE ETHNOGRAPH.
STACCATO: disjoint support decompositions from BDDs through symbolic kernels

A disjoint support decomposition (DSD) is a representation of a Boolean function F obtained by composing two or more simpler component functions such that the component functions have no common inputs. The decomposition of a function is desirable for several reasons. First, it's a method to obtain a multiple-level implementation of a function. It leads to a partition in simpler blocks that easily results in smaller areas and fewer interconnects. Moreover, it exposes a parallelism in the computation of the function that can be exploited by hardware as well as during simulation. In this paper we present a novel algorithm, STACCATO, that generates a DSD decomposition starting from the BDD of a function. STACCATO is novel because: 1) it provides a complete description of each decomposition, that is, it computes the "kernel" function K relating the elements of each decomposition; and 2) it has better performance than previously known algorithms. Experimental results run on both IWLS and industrial test-benches show that STACCATO'S performance is in most cases three times as fast or more than previously known solutions.
Bioluminescent bioreporter integrated-circuit sensing of microbial volatile organic compounds

A bioluminescent bioreporter for the detection of the microbial volatile organic compound p-cymene was constructed as a model sensor for the detection of metabolic by-products indicative of microbial growth. The bioreporter, designated Pseudomonas putida UT93, contains a Vibrio fischeri luxCDABE gene fused to a p-cymene/p-cumate-inducible promoter derived from the P. putida F1 cym operon. Exposure of strain UT93 to 0.02–850 ppm p-cymene produced self-generated bioluminescence in less than 1.5 h. Signals in response to specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as m- and p-xylene and styrene, also occurred, but at two-fold lower bioluminescent levels. The bioreporter was interfaced with an integrated-circuit microluminometer to create a miniaturized hybrid sensor for remote monitoring of p-cymene signatures. This bioluminescent bioreporter integrated-circuit device was capable of detecting fungal presence within approximately 3.5 h of initial exposure to a culture of p-cymene-producing Penicillium roqueforti.
Anaemia: Does the KDIGO Guideline Move the Needle in CKD Anaemia?

The new KDIGO anaemia guidelines represent a bold, sensible, and patient-centred approach to anaemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease. Recommendations regarding haemoglobin targets, blood transfusions, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent therapy are provided, and individualizing the management of anaemia is emphasized.
Rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as a cutaneous nodule.

• Two patients with rhabdomyosarcoma presented clinically with dermal nodules on the face. The first patient was a 12-month-old girl with a 2 × 3-cm-diameter red nodule on her left cheek that had begun as a small red papule when she was 3 months old and had progressively increased in size. The second patient was a 19-year-old girl who presented with an enlarging mass on her right cheek that had begun as a pea-sized nodule three months previously. In both cases, biopsies revealed a rhabdomyosarcoma in the underlying soft tissue with extension into the overlying dermis. Rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as a dermal nodule is rare. It usually presents as an asymptomatic papule without distinctive clinical features and therefore may result in delayed diagnosis unless a biopsy is performed. ( Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1687-1690)
Sequence-independent detection of gene family homologs: identification of a transcript encoding a molluscan serine protease homologous to the pancreatic enzymes of vertebrates

Autoradiography of 32P-labeled cDNA, fractionated at high resolution by electrophoresis through thin (0.8-1.5 mm) vertical alkaline agarose gels, provides a sequence-independent screening procedure for gene family homologs. A screen of tissues of a marine mollusc revealed a prominent intestine-specific cDNA encoding a pancreatic serine protease homolog, which was not detectable as a discrete poly(A)+ RNA species on formaldehyde agarose gels. Discrete cDNA products are authentic, non-truncated transcripts of tissue-specific mRNA. A band-sharpening effect is imparted to cDNA products due to (a) substitution of a uniform length 5'-oligo(dT) terminus for heterogeneous 3'-poly(A) termini and (b) the inherent superior resolution of alkaline-denatured DNA.
The SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase: signaling mechanisms and biological functions

Cellular biological activities are tightly controlled by intracellular signaling processes initiated by extracellular signals. Protein tyrosine phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated signaling molecules, play equally important tyrosine roles as protein tyrosine kinases in signal transduction. SHP-2, a cytoplasmic SH2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase, is involved in the signaling pathways of a variety of growth factors and cytokines. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that this phosphatase plays an important role in transducing signal relay from the cell surface to the nucleus, and is a critical intracellular regulator in mediating cell proliferation and differentiation.
Mathematical model for a documentation system

The Center is currently engaged in a number of theoretical and basic research investigations which are expected to lead to the formulation of a theory of documentation and of searching strategy. A basic program is leading to the development of a mathematical model for a documentation system. Work is proceeding (1) on a comprehensive investigation of the properties of aggregates and systems of messages in order to arrive at a general theory of “measure” for documentation systems, (2) on an analysis of the algebra that is imposed on the message complex, and (3) on a detailed study of the concept of mapping in documentation.
Use of a disease risk score to compare serious infections associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy among high- versus lower-risk rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Objective To evaluate whether rates of serious infection with anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients differ in magnitude by specific drugs and patient characteristics. Methods Among new nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug users enrolled in Medicare and Medicaid or a large US commercial health plan, we created and validated a person-specific infection risk score based on age, demographics, insurance type, glucocorticoid dose, and comorbidities to identify patients at high risk for hospitalized infections. We then applied this risk score to new users of infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab and compared the observed 1-year rates of infection to one another and to the predicted infection risk score estimated in the absence of anti-TNF exposure. Results Among 11,657 RA patients initiating anti-TNF therapy, the observed 1-year rate of infection was 14.2 infections per 100 person-years in older patients (age ≥65 years) and 4.8 in younger patients (age <65 years). There was a relatively constant rate difference of ∼1–4 infections per 100 person-years associated with anti-TNF therapy across the range of the infection risk score. Infliximab had a significantly greater adjusted rate of infection compared to etanercept and adalimumab in both high- and lower-risk RA patients. Conclusion The rate of serious infections for anti-TNF agents was incrementally increased by a fixed absolute difference irrespective of age, comorbidities, and other factors that contributed to infections. Older patients and those with high comorbidity burdens should be reassured that the magnitude of their incremental risk with anti-TNF agents is not greater than for lower-risk patients.
Intestinal Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors Are Essential for Iron Absorption following Iron Deficiency

Iron deficiency and iron overload are among the most prevalent nutritional disorders worldwide. Duodenal cytochrome b (DcytB) and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) are regulators of iron absorption. Their expression is increased during high systemic requirements for iron, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate DcytB and DMT1 expression are undefined. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling was induced in the intestine following acute iron deficiency in the duodenum, resulting in activation of DcytB and DMT1 expression and an increase in iron uptake. DcytB and DMT1 were demonstrated as direct HIF-2alpha target genes. Genetic disruption of HIF signaling in the intestine abolished the adaptive induction of iron absorption following iron deficiency, resulting in low systemic iron and hematological defects. These results demonstrate that HIF signaling in the intestine is a critical regulator of systemic iron homeostasis.