cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomaly Patterns of Climate Over the Western United States, 1700 1930, Derived from Principal Component Analysis of Tree-Ring Data

Abstract Major anomaly patterns of annual tree-ring growth in “drought-sensitive” trees of the Western United States, 1931–1962, seem to reflect corresponding patterns in monthly precipitation amounts, which in turn may be related to circulation anomalies. The three most important anomaly patterns that dominated the 1931–1962 period were also prominent in the tree-growth data during the preceding period 1700–1930. These patterns can thus be expected to maintain their importance during at least the immediate future. Time series of eigenvector amplitudes show how the relative importance of the anomaly patterns changes through time. These can be studied for properties lending possible forecasting value and may provide important insight into the past behavior of the atmospheric circulation over the Western United States.
More Clever than the Devil: "Ujanja" as Schooling Strategy in Tanzania.

This article explores the concept of “cleverness” as it is employed by Tanzanian youth to improve their likelihood of succeeding in school. It analyzes the Swahili term ujanja, which combines cleverness, opportunism, and deception, while it also illustrates an educational anthropologist’s ongoing process of familiarization and defamiliarization with this culturally salient concept over many years of fieldwork and engagement with key participants. Specifically, the study draws on interviews with youth participating in a longitudinal study on Mount Kilimanjaro and an extended life history interview with a close friend and research assistant. The interviews reveal the strategies used by some youth to evade peer pressure, thwart sexual advances, and cultivate relationships with school sponsors. The article concludes with a call for greater use of life history methodologies in the study of complex cultural concepts like “cleverness” and of textual forms that elucidate the emotional complexity of narrator/inter...
Heterogenous localization of adenylate and guanylate cyclases in R3230AC rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells

Adenylate and guanylate cyclase activities were demonstrated in R3230AC rat mammary adenocarcinomas by electron microscopic cytochemistry. Adenylate (AC) and guanylate (GC) cyclases were detected on plasma membrane of tumor epithelial cells, but not on fibroblasts and endothelial cells in the perivascular space. Both AC and GC activities were enriched in tumor epithelial cells at the periphery of the tumor lobular parenchyma rather than in cells in central core of the lobular parenchyma. Furthermore, the tumor cell plasma membranes facing the connective tissue stroma were in paucity or devoid of either enzyme activity. These heterogenous distributions of both AC and GC among tumor epithelia suggest that R3230AC epithelial cells in different parts of the tumor mass may vary significantly in their regulation of cellular physiology.
The influence of dispositional affect on whistle-blowing

Abstract Consensus appears to be building that something must be done soon to stem the flood of corporate ethical lapses of the last decade. Businesses are being pressed to adopt policies, practices and procedures that advance integrity-in-action (not just talk). Provisions for whistle-blowing without retaliation might be one such practice. But, research is lacking. Our study probes why some people are willing to blow the whistle, while others are not? We examine the influence of dispositional affect on whistle blowing specifically, the affective states of sadness/demoralization, fear, arousal and contentedness/happiness. Environmental factors largely drive these affective states; environmental factors under the control of corporate management. Our hypotheses test tenets to the Toxic Triangle and Pro-Social Organizational Behavioral models. We report on a behavioral experiment using evening MBAs who express whistle blowing intent across a set of ethics laden case scenarios. Our findings provide strong support for the Toxic Triangle and Pro-Social Organizational Behavior models.
Tetraspanins and tumor progression

Transmembrane protein tetraspanins either promote or suppress tumor invasion and metastasis. Their effects on tumor progression depend on the multimolecular transmembrane complex called tetraspanin-enriched microdomain (TEM) and are attributed to the alterations in the (1) motogenic and mitogenic behaviors and/or (2) microenvironmental interactions of tumor cells. As the modifiers of cell membrane structure and function, tetraspanins have emerged as diagnostic and prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for tumor progression.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein in scrapie.

Abstract Although little is known about its metabolism, glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein has become widely used as a cell-specific, species-non-specific antigenic marker for normal or pathologically altered astroglia. So far there have been few investigations on GFA protein in relation to scrapie and analogous spongiform encephalopathies although there has been a need for an unequivocal method for the discrimination of different types of glia in these diseases. In the present studies, a commercially available antiserum to GFA protein incorporated in a peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure was applied to paraffin sections of brain and spinal cord from mice affected with scrapie, avirulent Semliki forest virus and cuprizone encephalopathy, and to tissue from healthy and scrapie-affected sheep. Excellent delineation of GFA protein was obtained in astroglial cell bodies and processes and in fibrils in the glia limitans and in perivascular and subependymal sites. The method was extremely sensitive and selective. A massive increase in GFA protein in scrapie-affected mice paralleled an increase in reactive astrocytes and facilitated the construction of astroglial lesion profiles for scrapie and the other encephalopathies. In sheep, abundant GFA protein occurred in both healthy and in scrapie-affected animals and in the tissues examined the differences were not conclusive.
Control of chaos by capture and release.

We propose and demonstrate a different method for the control of flip saddles in dissipative chaotic systems. Due to the dynamics of a flip saddle, the stable manifolds of a target orbit and its perturbation can be modeled as a pair of concentric M\"obius bands. Over the period of the target orbit, these bands rotate relative to one another. The method of capture and release (CR) takes advantage of this rotation, and captures a nearby system state in the perturbed stable manifold, releasing it when the rotation of the M\"obius bands brings them into alignment. Unlike the method of Ott, Grebogi, and Yorke and most of its variants, CR does not rely on the unstable component of the flow to push the system state onto the stable manifold; the system state is evolving in a stable subspace for the duration of the control perturbation.
Citizen Participation in Health in the Republic of Cuba

Community participation in health was established as a guiding principle in the development of Cuban health services as early as 1961. This paper examines the nature and scope of popular participation in health utilizing Arnstein's “ladder of participation” as a theoretical framework for analysis. Attention is focused in particular on two of Cuba's mass organizations — the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR's) and the Cuban Women's Federation (FMC) — and on the broad-based People's Commissions on Health and Public Health Commissions which they help comprise.Cuba's strong accent on consumer participation at all levels of society, and particularly at the broad institutional level, is seen as providing an important example to health professionals in other nations concerned with facilitating consumer involvement in the quest for healthier societies.
Performance Quality and Tolerance Sensitivity of Mechanisms

This paper presents a general theory to determine the sensitivity of tolerances to the performance quality of mechanisms and a technique to identify a robust design, which is the least sensitive to the tolerances. The method is demonstrated in position synthesis of linkages. The sensitivity Jacobian is first introduced to relate the performance tolerances and the dimensional tolerances. The Rayleigh quotient of the sensitivity Jacobian, which is equivalent to Taguchi's signal to noise ratio, is then used to define the performance quality and a sensitivity index is introduced to measure the sensitivity of the performance quality to the dimensional tolerances for the whole system. The ideal tolerance distribution is obtained in closed form. It shows how the tolerance specification affects the performance quality and that the performance quality can be significantly improved by tightening a key tolerance while loosening the others. The theory is general and the technique can be adapted easily for other mechanical systems, including multiple-loop linkages.
On nonreconstructable tournaments

Abstract Pairs of non-isomorphic strong tournaments of orders 5 and 6 are given for which the subtournaments of orders 4 and 5, respectively, are pairwise isomorphic. Herefore, only pairs of orders 3 and 4 were known.
Modeling the caries-inhibitory effects of dental materials

The objectives of this review are to compare the models that are used to simulate the caries process in cardiology research and to suggest how these models might be used to assess caries-inhibitory properties of dental materials. Available caries-simulation models fall into the following classifications: 1) in vitro demineralization using acid buffers, 2) in vitro demineralization using bacterially generated acids, 3) in vitro demineralization/remineralization using a pH-cycling system, 4) an artificial mouth where a bacterially generated acid challenge is interspersed with a "saliva" treatment, 5) in vivo animal model (generally with rats), 6) in situ demineralization and/or remineralization using enamel or dentin blocks or slices in the human mouth, and 7) in vivo studies using teeth scheduled for extraction in the human mouth. Most dental materials studies have used simple in vitro demineralization models or component release experiments, each of which is inadequate to answer the questions that are being asked about the caries-inhibitory properties of the material being tested. Experimental methods must be chosen with care to ensure that the material to be tested is examined in an appropriate mode. The ultimate goal is to correctly predict clinical outcomes. The design or redesign of a model must eventually be tied to documented clinical outcomes to improve the model and allow for future successful development of new materials.
On the trajectory of non-conservative dynamical systems with two degrees of freedom

Abstract A technique is given for deducing the differential equation for the trajectory of motion of a dynamical system with two degrees of freedom. The technique applies to non-conservative systems.
Antimicrobial prophylaxis in ear surgery

The purpose of this research was to assess the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotic administration in ear surgery over a wide range of cases. Additional objectives include the assessment of the relative effect of patient age, duration of operation, preoperative condition, and the success of tympanoplasty. Prospectively, in a controlled study, 4,000 patients were studied employing cephalosporin and oxacillin as prophylactic antimicrobials. No statistically significant difference in postoperative otologic infection rates was observed. This conclusion was unaltered by the operative duration, patient age, or preoperative condition. Grafting success was not improved.
Imagining what we might study if we really studied small groups from a speech perspective

Research in the field of speech is placed within the context of academic research in general, and the historical tendency for speech research to be derivative is noted. The essay argues for the need to focus on the essential subject matter of speech in the study of small group communication. The necessity for more research of a descriptive nature and the desirability for alternative research designs are emphasized.
An ounce of prevention potentiates a pound of cure for hemophilia A

Comment on Ohlfest et al, page [2691][1] Ohlfest and colleagues demonstrate that injection of human factor VIII (hFVIII) protein into hemophilia A mice shortly after birth induces long-lasting tolerance to hFVIII and allows gene therapy to be performed during adulthood with a Sleeping Beauty
Do theories of the glass transition, in which the structural relaxation time does not define the dispersion of the structural relaxation, need revision?

Upon decreasing temperature or increasing pressure, a noncrystallizing liquid will vitrify; that is, the structural relaxation time, τα, becomes so long that the system cannot attain an equilibrium configuration in the available time. Theories, including the well-known free volume and configurational entropy models, explain the glass transition by invoking a single quantity that governs the structural relaxation time. The dispersion of the structural relaxation (i.e., the structural relaxation function) is either not addressed or is derived as a parallel consequence (or afterthought) and thus is independent of τα. In these models the time dependence of the relaxation bears no fundamental relationship to the value of τα or other dynamic properties. Such approaches appear to be incompatible with a general experimental fact recently discovered in glass-formers: for a given material at a fixed value of τα, the dispersion is constant, independent of thermodynamic conditions (T and P); that is, the shape of th...
Houses and the Changing Residential Unit: Domestic Architecture at PPNB ‘Ain Ghazal, Jordan.

The exceptional preservation of structural detail at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of ‘Ain Ghazal allows analysis of techniques of house building, and of sequences of construction and modification of houses. Frequent remodelling was common, with a trend towards smaller residential areas. The concept of the ‘development cycle’ is applied, to explain the structural modifications in terms of the changing nature of the co-residential group.
Poor patient comprehension of abnormal mammography results

BACKGROUND: Screening mammography for women 50 to 69 years of age may lead to 50% having an abnormal study. We set out to determine the proportion of women who understand their abnormal mammogram results and the factors that predict understanding.
Intersection queries in curved objects

Abstract A number of problems of the following type are studied: Given a set of n arcs (disks, circles, circular arcs, Jordan arcs) in the plane, preprocess it into a data structure, so that for a query line (or segment) one can quickly (i) report all arcs intersecting it, or (ii) count the number of arcs intersecting it. We also study the ray-shooting problem among disjoint Jordan arcs and circular arcs. Most of the data structures presented here use close to linear space and have query time close to O (√ n + K ) or O ( n 2/3 + K ), where K is the size of the output.
Measuring the international usage of US institutional repositories

Purpose – In an educational world with increasing internationalization, digitization, assessment and financial justification, US institutions, especially academic libraries, must justify each new project. Institutional Repositories (IRs) are no exception. The authors attempt to identify factors that might affect the international usage of US IRs as part of assessment efforts to determine an IR's return‐on‐investment.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was disseminated to IR administrators asking for demographic information, international usage counts for website hits and downloads, and any internationalization efforts connected to the IR in order to determine any influencing factors on an IR's international usage.Findings – While many IRs reported various rates of international usage, the largest group of respondents did not report an international usage rate for both page hits and downloads, despite overwhelmingly expressing an importance of international traffic to their IR and parent institution.Res...
John Ogbu and minority education in Japan

This paper discusses John Ogbu and his work in the context of Japan. First, his interest in Japan, his interactions with Japanese educators and researchers, and their responses to his work are discussed. Then Ogbu’s cultural model from the author’s fieldwork experiences is examined and a relational and dialectic perspective is proposed to study ‘the system’ and ‘community forces’ to capture generational changes and the interethnic dynamics of the school–community relationship.
Recovery-Oriented Services for Individuals with Mental Illness and Case Managers’ Experience of Professional Burnout

Present cross-sectional study examined perceptions of recovery-oriented services and reports of professional burnout and job satisfaction in a sample of 114 case managers working in community mental health centers across Ohio. The research examined the relative contribution of demographic characteristics, the structure of case management services, and case managers’ beliefs about recovery-oriented services in describing their reports of professional burnout and job satisfaction. Regardless of individual characteristics of case managers and reports of the structure of their jobs, case managers who perceived their agency to offer higher levels of recovery-oriented services also reported lower levels of depersonalization and emotional exhaustion at work, and higher levels of professional accomplishment and job satisfaction. Directions for future research in the area are discussed.
A surface approximation for quench front motion

Abstract It is well-known that for sufficiently small values of the heat transfer coefficient the two-dimensional quench front problem can be reduced to one dimension. Using a form of boundary layer analysis we derive a one-dimensional approximation for large, and possibly non-linear, heat transfer coefficient. Velocities computed from this approximation are compared with accurate numerical solutions and with the formula of Dua and Tien.
DIFFERENTIAL EYELID CONDITIONING AS A FUNCTION OF CS-UCS INTERVAL AND DISTANCE SEPARATING THE CSS

Summary.-Human Ss were given differential eyelid conditioning at CSUCS intervals of 400, 600, and 800 msec. to visual CSs separated by 1.25 and 2.50 in. The CS outlines were nor visible to S during the intertrial interval as they customarily are in spatial discrimination tasks. CS' response levels increased with interval throughout the range employed with CS- levels increasing only through 600 msec. No differentiation was observed at 400 and 600 msec. intervals at either level of separation. These results indicate that CS-UCS interval functions in differential conditioning cannot be generally defined and must be related to the conditions employed in a given experiment. Previous investigations in differential eyelid conditioning have reported relatively low levels of responding to the CS+ at a 400 msec. CS-UCS interval (Hartman & Grant, 1962; Vandament, 1967). In the Hartman and Grant study, which involved a spatial discrimination of visual CSs, higher CR percentages were observed at intervals of 600, 800, and 1000 msec. than at a 400msec. interval. Response levels were likewise low at 400 msec. when contrasted with an 800-msec. condition in the Vandarnent study in which visual intensity and auditory frequency dimensions were utilized in a stimulus compound situation. Of possible relevance to these results is a finding by Gynther (1957) that CS+ responding at a 500-msec. interval was higher when the CSs could be differentiated along spatial, intensity, and color dimensions than along the spatial dimension alone. This suggests that the CS+ function at short intervals is influenced by generalization of inhibition from the CS- and, therefore, that the CS-UCS interval function in differential conditioning might be altered by a manipulation of the distance between the CSs along some physical dimension. The present investigation was concerned with the characteristics of differential responding as a joint function of CS-UCS interval and the distance separating visual CSs along a spatial dimension. The visual disks employed as stimuli differed from those customarily utilized in differential conditioning in that they appeared during the trials on a homogeneous white screen. Thus, CS locations were not visible to S during the intertrial interval as they are when [he CSs consist of the onsets of milk glass disks which are located on a black panel. METHOD A p paratll~ Ss were seated in a straight back chair with cushioned chin rest in a sound
Mutations induced by dacarbazine activated with cytochrome P-450

Abstract The mutagenicity of the antitumor drug dacarbazine (DTIC) is due to alkylation of cellular DNA by metabolites resulting from the metabolism of this drug by the mixed function oxidase system. In the present study, we used an in vitro shuttle vector assay to study the base and sequence specificity of mutagenesis by DTIC. The shuttle vector plasmid pSP189 was treated with DTIC (1–2.5 mM) in vitro in a reconstituted cytochrome P-450 system at 37°C for either 30 or 60 min. SupF tRNA gene insert contained in the plasmid was sequenced after replication of the drug-treated plasmid in human Ad 293 cells followed by amplification in indicator bacteria. Mutagenesis of DTIC in this system was dependent upon the presence of the cytochrome P-450 reconstituted system and NADPH. Mutations induced by DTIC included single base substitutions (35%), single base deletions (30.5%), single base insertions (19.4%) and large deletions (13.8%). Among the substitutions, transversions and transitions were in the ratio of 1:0.7. Base pairs 108 and 127 in the SupF tRNA of the pSP189 were identified as mutational hot spots.
Imaginative instruction: what master storytellers can teach instructional designers

Good instructional storytelling engages students’ attention and cognitive abilities to the end of more effective learning, and instructional researchers have discussed whether the principles of storytelling could lead to the same or similar results if applied to educational situations beyond only telling traditional stories. But despite this potential, the principles of storytelling are seemingly underutilized by today’s instructional designers. This study investigates what instructional designers might learn from another design field that is more experienced in the art of storytelling, specifically that of film production. Eight filmmakers who have successfully produced films that motivate, inspire, and educate were interviewed to discover what they know about the topic of creating effective instructional stories. The results of these interviews, which will help instructional designers learn and apply storytelling principles, are analyzed to help further illustrate an inventive approach for the creation ...
Mercury Cycling in Stream Ecosystems. 1. Water Column Chemistry and Transport

We studied total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in eight streams, located in Oregon, Wisconsin, and Florida, that span large ranges in climate, landscape characteristics, atmospheric Hg deposition, and water chemistry. While atmospheric deposition was the source of Hg at each site, basin characteristics appeared to mediate this source by providing controls on methylation and fluvial THg and MeHg transport. Instantaneous concentrations of filtered total mercury (FTHg) and filtered methylmercury (FMeHg) exhibited strong positive correlations with both dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and streamflow for most streams, whereas mean FTHg and FMeHg concentrations were correlated with wetland density of the basins. For all streams combined, whole water concentrations (sum of filtered and particulate forms) of THg and MeHg correlated strongly with DOC and suspended sediment concentrations in the water column.
Biochemical screening for congenital defects

This article discusses biochemical screening for congenital defects. Biochemical screening remains the standard for estimating the risk of aneuploidy in pregnancy. The combination of first and second trimester markers promises to further improve diagnostic accuracy for anomaly detection.
Focused Examination of the Intestinal Epithelium Reveals Transcriptional Signatures Consistent with Disturbances in Enterocyte Maturation and Differentiation during the Course of SIV Infection

The Gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a pivotal role in AIDS pathogenesis as it is the primary site for viral transmission, replication and CD4+ T cell destruction. Accordingly, GI disease (enteropathy) has become a well-known complication and a driver of AIDS progression. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying GI disease we analyzed global gene expression profiles sequentially in the intestinal epithelium of the same animals before SIV infection and at 21 and 90 days post infection (DPI). More importantly we obtained sequential excisional intestinal biopsies and examined distinct mucosal components (epithelium. intraepithelial lymphocytes, lamina propria lymphocytes, fibrovascular stroma) separately. Here we report data pertaining to the epithelium. Overall genes associated with epithelial cell renewal/proliferation/differentiation, permeability and adhesion were significantly down regulated (<1.5–7 fold) at 21 and 90DPI. Genes regulating focal adhesions (n = 6), gap junctions (n = 3), ErbB (n = 3) and Wnt signaling (n = 4) were markedly down at 21DPI and the number of genes in each of these groups that were down regulated doubled between 21 and 90DPI. Notable genes included FAK, ITGA6, PDGF, TGFβ3, Ezrin, FZD6, WNT10A, and TCF7L2. In addition, at 90DPI genes regulating ECM-receptor interactions (laminins and ITGB1), epithelial cell gene expression (PDX1, KLF6), polarity/tight junction formation (PARD3B&6B) and histone demethylase (JMJD3) were also down regulated. In contrast, expression of NOTCH3, notch target genes (HES4, HES7) and EZH2 (histone methyltransferase) were significantly increased at 90DPI. The altered expression of genes linked to Wnt signaling together with decreased expression of PDX1, PARD3B, PARD6B and SDK1 suggests marked perturbations in intestinal epithelial function and homeostasis leading to breakdown of the mucosal barrier. More importantly, the divergent expression patterns of EZH2 and JMJD3 suggests that an epigenetic mechanism involving histone modifications may contribute to the massive decrease in gene expression at 90DPI leading to defects in enterocyte maturation and differentiation.
Calcium current modulation in frog sympathetic neurones : L-current is relatively insensitive to neurotransmitters

1. Neurotransmitters (noradrenaline, NA; chicken II luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, LHRH) and activators of G proteins (GTP-gamma-S and AlF3) partially inhibit calcium current in bullfrog sympathetic neruones. Activation of the remaining current is slowed and shifted to more positive voltages. 2. The N-type calcium current appears to be the type modulated, since approximately 90% of peak current is blocked by omega-conotoxin (omega CgTx) and modulation is not affected by nisoldipine. 3. Calcium current at relatively negative voltages (-30 to -50 mV) is resistant to transmitter modulation. The current at such voltages is also resistant to omega CgTx, suggesting that it results from a different type of calcium channel. 4. The omega CgTx-resistant current includes dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive and DHP-resistant components. The omega CgTx- and DHP-resistant current is inhibited by transmitter agonist, but the DHP-sensitive (L-type) current is not. 5. In cells dialysed with a low concentration of calcium buffer (0.1 mM-BAPTA), transmitters still inhibit N-current incompletely. However, L-current was partially inhibited (approximately 10%) by LHRH, NA and the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine-M (OXO-M).
Rapid isolation of RNA using proteinase K and sodium perchlorate

Abstract A simple, efficient procedure for the isolation of cellular nucleic acids is described. It combines the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate, proteinase K, sodium perchlorate, and isopropanol precipitation. The yields and purity of RNA extracted from a variety of sources are comparable or superior to those obtained by phenol extraction. High molecular weight RNA (ribosomal as well as nonribosomal) is recovered intact and in high yield. Fibroin messenger RNA (Mr 5.8 × 106) isolated by this procedure is biologically active.
ATTRIBUTION OF FEMININE AND MASCULINE TRAITS TO OPPOSITE-SEX DYADS

Descriptions of achieving female and male dyads in different relationships were presented to subjects and rated using masculine and feminine stereotypic traits. The relationship between the dyads varied in level of involvement—no relationship between them, acquainted, dating and married. Both the male and female stimulus-persons were rated more masculine when they were successful than when they were unsuccessful. Attributions of masculine traits to the “out-of-role,” achieving, female stimulus-person were made on the basis of internal factors, whereas attributions to the “in-role” achieving, male stimulus-person were made on the basis of both internal and external factors. In ratings made by men, the woman's achievement level affected the man's masculinity and self-esteem when the couple was dating—they attributed lower masculinity and lower self-esteem to the male stimulus-person when the woman was a success than when she was a failure. A nonstereotypic description of the couple, in which the woman was f...
Learning a Theory of Causality.

The very early appearance of abstract knowledge is often taken as evidence for innateness. We explore the relative learning speeds of abstract and specific knowledge within a Bayesian framework and the role for innate structure. We focus on knowledge about causality, seen as a domain-general intuitive theory, and ask whether this knowledge can be learned from co-occurrence of events. We begin by phrasing the causal Bayes nets theory of causality and a range of alternatives in a logical language for relational theories. This allows us to explore simultaneous inductive learning of an abstract theory of causality and a causal model for each of several causal systems. We find that the correct theory of causality can be learned relatively quickly, often becoming available before specific causal theories have been learned--an effect we term the blessing of abstraction. We then explore the effect of providing a variety of auxiliary evidence and find that a collection of simple perceptual input analyzers can help to bootstrap abstract knowledge. Together, these results suggest that the most efficient route to causal knowledge may be to build in not an abstract notion of causality but a powerful inductive learning mechanism and a variety of perceptual supports. While these results are purely computational, they have implications for cognitive development, which we explore in the conclusion.
Polarized light propagation and scattering in random media

Using radiative transfer, we investigate linear and circular polarized light normally impinging a plane-parallel medium containing a random distribution of identically sized latex spheres in water. The focus of this study is to understand fundamental properties of polarized light scattering. In particular, we analyze backscattered and transmitted flux responses computed form direct numerical simulations. Form these numerical computations, we observe that circular polarized light depolarizes at a slower rate than linear polarized light. In addition, circular polarized light shows a more noticeable dependence on the size of the scatterers than linear polarized light. Furthermore, the helicity flip observed in circular polarized backscattered light is a fundamental phenomenon manifested by low order scattering.
Cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus in awake but not anesthetized rats resemble conditioned emotional responses.

Abstract Cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the central amygdaloid nucleus were examined in awake and anesthetized rats. Stimulation through chronically implanted electrodes evoked increases in arterial pressure and heart rate in awake, freely behaving rats. The responses, which were dependent upon the frequency and the intensity of the stimulus, were not consistently related to the presence of evoked amygdaloid afterdischarges or to evoked behavioral reactions. Following induction of anesthesia, stimuli delivered to the same rats through the same fixed electrodes produced decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. Microinjection of l -glutamate into the amygdala of freely behaving rats also elicited increases in arterial pressure and heart rate, indicating that the cardiovascular changes evoked by electrical stimuli are due to excitation of local neurons rather than fibers of passage. The timing and pattern of the response elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdala in the awake but not anesthetized rat closely corresponds with that evoked by an acoustic conditioned emotional stimulus.
Primum non nocere: Should adults with idiopathic FSGS receive steroids?

Corticosteroids have been widely recommended for the treatment of patients with idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), despite the lack of evidence-based data to support the use of steroids in this disease. The published studies have a number of limitations. They primarily have been retrospective, have included few patients, and have not been uniform with respect to the steroid treatment protocol. Furthermore, side effects associated with corticosteroid use have not been well documented. The Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network's experience with steroids in idiopathic FSGS has shown a low rate of remission even when steroids were used in the recommended doses and for prolonged periods. Recommendations regarding a specific subset of patients who may benefit from steroid treatment are discussed. The controversies regarding steroids in idiopathic FSGS will only be resolved with data from controlled clinical trials.
Semiconductor processing with plasma implantation.

Abstract An updated survey of plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) applications in semiconductor processing is presented. PIII is a technique in which a negative bias extracts ions directly from a plasma to be implanted into a substrate immersed in the plasma. This technique offers the advantage of high dose-rate implantation at low energies and large area processing capability over conventional implanters with more compex design. PIII has been applied to semiconductor processing in the formation of shallow junctions, poly doping, impurity gettering, Pd seeding for Cu interconnects and conformal doping of trenches. While PIII has inherent advantages, such as built-in wafer charge neutralization, issues such as contamination, wafer heating, secondary electron generation, and substrate interactions with the plasma remain concerns.
Exploration of disaccharide conformations by molecular mechanics

Abstract Conformational analyses by molecular mechanics of two-bond linked, glucose-glucose and some glucose-fructose disaccharides are reviewed. Usually, the conformations found by diffraction studies of crystals of relevant molecules were in low-energy regions on φ,ψ surfaces computed with mm 3. However, several sucrosyl linkages had energies high above the global minimum. Also, the distributions of experimental conformations did not conform well to the energy surfaces for sucrose and, to a lesser extent, maltose. A new map for maltose, made with mm 3(92), had less low-energy area wherein crystal structures were not found, and a miniature crystal model accounts for the remaining distortions Of φ and ψ as well as the short O4…O1 distances in crystalline maltose. An internally consistent calculation of the lattice energy (−76kcalmor−1) required a dielectric constant of 2.5, and values around 3 also worked well for various intramolecular and intermolecular parameters and the φ,ψ map of maltose. The problems with sucrose were not resolved despite further study. The high molecular mechanics energy for some of the sucrosyl linkages may arise from failure to account for an overlapping exo-anomeric effect.
The N30 component of somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with dystonia.

Abstract We recorded short-latency median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in 10 patients with dystonia (6 with focal dystonia, 3 with generalized dystonia, and 1 with segmental dystonia) and compared them with those of 10 normal controls. The EEG was recorded from 29 sites on the scalp with linked earlobe electrodes for reference. Latencies and amplitudes of P15, postcentral N20 and P45, and frontal N30 were evaluated. The latencies of all potentials were the same in patients and controls. The amplitudes of P15, N20 and P45 were also the same in both groups, but the N30 amplitude of the patients was larger than that of the controls. The amplitude of N30 did not vary from the affected side to the unaffected side. Previous work has shown decreased N30 amplitude in patients with Parkinson's disease. Changes in N30 amplitude may be indicative of abnormal excitatory efects on cortex resulting from disorders of the basal ganglia.
Prediction of single phase transport parameters in a variable aperture fracture

A single variable aperture fracture plane is the microscopic scale equivalent of a pore in a porous medium, with the advantage that it can be more easily characterized using a deterministic or stochastic description of the fracture aperture. Fracture aperture distributions can be measured in the laboratory for small fractured cores using Computed Tomography (CT) X-ray scanning to a resolution of about 50 µm. Using the small perturbation analysis developed by Gelhar (1987) based on a stochastic description of the fracture aperture distribution, we predict the breakthrough curve of a dissolved contaminant in an aqueous phase flowing through a single natural fracture, from the knowledge of the geostatistical description of the fracture aperture. The results of the stochastic analysis are compared to experimental results from the actual breakthrough curve of a nonsorbing solute flowing through a single fracture plane in a granite core at different flow rates, with a fracture aperture characterized using CT scanning. The measured effective transmissivity is 13% larger than the estimated value, and the measured dispersivity is 33% larger than the estimated value. Errors introduced by the boundary conditions, the first order approximation and heterogeneities not sampled by the CT scanner may account for the difference. The estimation method may be useful for predicting solute breakthrough at field sites if the required statistics are obtained from hydraulic and tracer tests at similar sites.
The World Health Organization's MPOWER framework and international human rights treaties: an opportunity to promote global tobacco control.

M. Spires *, L. Rutkow , I. Feldhaus , J.E. Cohen a a Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Health, Behavior and Society e Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2213 McElderry Street (4th Floor), Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Health Policy and Management e Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway (Room 513), Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of International Health e Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
γ-H2AX formation in response to interstrand crosslinks requires XPF in human cells

To further define the molecular mechanisms involved in processing interstrand crosslinks, we monitored the formation of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX), which is generated in chromatin near double strand break sites, following DNA damage in normal and repair-deficient human cells. Following treatment with a psoralen derivative and ultraviolet A radiation doses that produce significant numbers of crosslinks, γ-H2AX levels in nucleotide excision repair-deficient XP-A fibroblasts (XP12RO-SV) increased to levels that were twice those observed in normal control GM637 fibroblasts. A partial XPA revertant cell line (XP129) that is proficient in crosslink removal, exhibited reduced γ-H2AX levels that were intermediate between those of GM637 and XP-A cells. XP-F fibroblasts (XP2YO-SV and XP3YO) that are also repair-deficient exhibited γ-H2AX levels below even control fibroblasts following treatment with psoralen and ultraviolet A radiation. Similarly, another crosslinking agent, mitomycin C, did not induce γ-H2AX in XP-F cells, although it did induce equivalent levels of γ-H2AX in XPA and control GM637 cells. Ectopic expression of XPF in XP-F fibroblasts restored γ-H2AX induction following treatment with crosslinking agents. Angelicin, a furocoumarin which forms only monoadducts and not crosslinks following ultraviolet A radiation, as well as ultraviolet C radiation, resulted only in weak induction of γ-H2AX in all cells, suggesting that the double strand breaks observed with psoralen and ultraviolet A treatment result preferentially following crosslink formation. These results indicate that XPF is required to form γ-H2AX and likely double strand breaks in response to interstrand crosslinks in human cells. Furthermore, XPA may be important to allow psoralen interstrand crosslinks to be processed without forming a double strand break intermediate.
ADAPTIVE TRACKING CONTROL VIA EXTREMUM-SEEKING METHOD

Abstract In this paper, an adaptive tracking controller is proposed using Extremum-seeking strategy. For unknown disturbances satisfying matching condition, the controller can adaptively seek for a proper magnitude level large enough for disturbance rejection without excessive control efforts. The proposed control strategy is robust to disturbances and uncertainties and is continuous in nature. As a result, there will be no chattering phenomenon and control energy will be largely saved comparing with a classic sliding mode output tracking controller. As an example, the proposed control strategy is applied to an adaptive vehicle following control to test it in a problem with high uncertainties.
Pseudochylothorax and diaphragmatic weakness secondary to a misplaced central venous catheter

A 20-year-old woman admitted with an aspirin overdose was encephalopathic and was intubated for airway protection. Under sonographic guidance, a right internal jugular central venous catheter was inserted for volume resuscitation. She was agitated and required treatment with a propofol infusion. Her salicylate levels improved and she was successfully extubated 12 h after intubation. One day later she developed severe dyspnoea and a right-sided pleural effusion and required immediate reintubation. The effusion was drained and was consistent with a chylothorax. A CT scan of the chest revealed that the central venous catheter traversed the mediastinum with its tip in the right pleural space. The propofol infusion was draining into the pleural space. A video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed to drain the pleural effusion and repair the punctured vessel. She was extubated within a day and discharged home 1 day later without any pleural fluid.
Structure-toxicity relationships for selected benzyl alcohols and the polar narcosis mechanism of toxicity

Abstract The relative toxicity of 20 ortho-, meta-, and para-position monoalkylated or monohalogenated benzyl alcohols has been determined as 50% population growth inhibition (log BR; biological response) to Tetrahymena pyriformis. Linear relationships are observed between log BR and the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) for both the alkylated and the halogenated series. Regression analysis of the combined data results in poor correlation with the model, log BR = 0.7085(log Kow) − 1.3018; n = 20, r2 = 0.644, s = 0.323. However, the predictability of this quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is sharply enhanced by the addition of the Hammett sigma constant (σ) as a second molecular descriptor, log BR = 0.8395(log Kow) + 1.4322 (σ) − 1.6823; n = 20, r2 = 0.923, s = 0.154. This latter QSAR uses the para-position σ as an estimator of ortho-position effects and compares well with previous work with alkyl- or halogen-substituted phenols. It is thought to model the polar narcosis mode of toxic action.
Coevolution of senders and receivers of sexual signals: Genetic coupling and genetic correlations.

The parallel evolution of senders and receivers of sexual signals has been a topic of research in both neuroethology and evolutionary quantitative genetics. Neuroethologists have debated whether the same physiological mechanism underlies both production and reception of a signal, and whether the same genes affect the physiology of communication in each sex. Quantitative geneticists have discussed the possibility that particular types of signals, and preferences for those types, are inherited together. Studies of communication by a variety of insect species do not provide strong support for a common physiological mechanism, but do not rule out the genetic effect. The neuroethological perspective may be of assistance in understanding the evolution of sexual communication because it offers a way to subdivide communication into units for genetic analysis.
Dihydrotestosterone and estrogen regulation of rat brain androgen-receptor immunoreactivity

Abstract Androgen-receptor upregulation that occurs with androgenic-anabolic steroid (AAS) administration may be mediated by AAS metabolites, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estrogen. Castrated and intact male rats received 14 s.c. daily injections of AAS (2 mg/kg testosterone cypionate, 2 mg/kg nandrolone decanoate, and 1 mg/kg boldenone undecylenate in sesame oil vehicle), DHT (5 mg/kg dihydrotestosterone), EB (5 mg/kg estradiol benzoate), or sesame oil vehicle. Approximately 18–24 h after the fourteenth injection, brain tissues were removed and processed immunocytochemically using the PG-21 androgen-receptor antibody. As reported before, castration eliminated AR-ir (androgen-receptor immunoreactivity) and AAS upregulated AR-ir in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHVL), medial amygdala (MePV), and medial preoptic area (MPOM). When compared to AAS, DHT fully upregulated AR-ir in the VM VL and MPOM and partially upregulated AR-ir in the MePV. EB treatment partially upregulated AR-ir in the VMHVL and MePV, but not in the MPOM of castrated rats. Because AR-ir in the MPOM was consistently upregulated by DHT or AAS, and not EB, androgen-receptor availability in this region may be mediated specifically via androgen receptors.