cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cell Biology of Pattern Formation during Drosophila Development

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of cell-to-cell interactions during pattern formation in Drosophila melanogaster . The key advantage of studying pattern formation in Drosophila is that it offers the opportunity to carry out exhaustive genetic screens to identify pattern-determining genes. The cell-to-cell communication mechanisms include direct interactions between transmembrane proteins, interactions at a distance mediated by diffusible factors secreted into the extracellular matrix and bound by cell-surface receptors, and direct metabolic coupling through gap junctions, which allow substances to diffuse between adjoining cell cytoplasms. The cellular responses to such signals are diverse and include activation or repression of transcription of key genes mediating cell phenotype, posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA translation or stability, and posttranslational regulation, such as protein phosphorylation or sequestration of proteins to particular subcellular compartments. Three model systems of Drosophila in which cell-to-cell interactions are required for differentiation of specific cell types include (1) the establishment of patterns within the embryonic segments of Drosophila , which are fields comprised of epithelial sheets of cells, (2) the development of the nervous system of Drosophila , which requires extensive cell-to-cell interactions, and (3) the development of the compound eye of Drosophila.
Antibiotic treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in the elderly: effect of a multidimensional educational intervention.

Objectives: To measure and improve antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) in the elderly. Design: Prospective, nonrandomized controlled trial. Setting: Ambulatory office practices in Denver metropolitan area (n=4 intervention practices; n=51 control practices). Participants: Consecutive patients enrolled in a Medicare managed care program who were diagnosed with ARIs during baseline (winter 2000/2001) and intervention (winter 2001/2002) periods. A total of 4,270 patient visits were analyzed (including 341 patient visits in intervention practices). Intervention: Appropriate antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance educational materials were mailed to intervention practice households. Waiting and examination room posters were provided to intervention office practices. Measurements: Antibiotic prescription rates, based on administrative office visit and pharmacy data, for total and condition-specific ARIs. Results: There was wide variation in antibiotic prescription rates for ARIs across unique practices, ranging from 21% to 88% (median=54%). Antibiotic prescription rates varied little by patient age, sex, and underlying chronic lung disease. Prescription rates varied by diagnosis: sinusitis (69%), bronchitis (59%), pharyngitis (50%), and nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection (26%). The educational intervention was not associated with greater reduction in antibiotic prescription rates for total or condition-specific ARIs beyond a modest secular trend (P=.79). Conclusion: Wide variation in antibiotic prescription rates suggests that quality improvement efforts are needed to optimize antibiotic use in the elderly. In the setting of an ongoing physician intervention, a patient education intervention had little effect. Factors other than patient expectations and demands may play a stronger role in antibiotic treatment decisions in elderly populations.
Automated Trust Negotiation in Open Systems

To trust an entity means to have strong confidence in the integrity and ability of that entity to perform according to one’s expections [24]. Trust relationships between entities are particularly important when one entity’s action or service may have a great impact on the interests of others. In this chapter, we study how to establish such trust relationships between entities. In particular, we are interested in the establishment of trust relationships between service providers and service requesters in open distributed computing environments.
Dynamic polarization of 7Li nuclei in solutions containing radical ions

Dynamic nuclear polarization parameters, obtained at 75 G, are reported for 7Li ions in collision with several radical anions and with one radical cation. All systems show large negative 7Li N.M.R. enhancements indicative of weak scalar relaxation. However, radical induced relaxation rates derived from 7Li T 1 measurements suggest stronger complexing of lithium ions with radical anions than with the radical cation as would be expected from simple coulombic considerations. Translational modulation of the dipolar interaction best accounts for proton and radical cation dipolar relaxation rates while rotational modulation best accounts for the corresponding radical anion rates; this supports the interpretation above. A model for the lithium radical collision is proposed which implies that, for radical anions, scalar coupling is only apparently weak and that the low 7Li scalar relaxation rates observed result from scalar correlation times (τc = 10-8-10-9 s) longer than any yet observed by this technique. The m...
On iterative path integral calculations for a system interacting with a shifted dissipative bath

Real-time path integral calculations for the propagation of a system in contact with a harmonic dissipative environment often employ the iterative quasi-adiabatic propagator path integral (i-QuAPI) methodology. We compare two simple ways of applying this methodology to a bath initially in equilibrium with the localized state of the system (e.g., the donor in the case of charge transfer). The first way involves modifying the phase of the system via a time-local phase given in terms of integrals of the spectral density or in terms of the coefficients entering the QuAPI-discretized influence functional. In the iterative decomposition of the path integral, this approach requires consistent memory truncation to avoid extremely slow convergence. The second, alternative approach involves shifting the coordinate of the system, to bring the donor state in equilibrium with the bath, and requires no further modification of the i-QuAPI algorithm.
Global Diversity and Inclusion at Royal Dutch Shell (B): The Impact of Restructuring

The (B) case describes the actions taken by Royal Dutch Shell's CEO and his management team to maintain their commitment to diversity and inclusion (D&I), as introduced in the (A) case, during a major restructuring of the whole organization.Learning Objective: To examine how a global company can maintain its focus on diversity and inclusion in a period of change.
Purification and characterization of a DNA-binding heterodimer of 52 and 100 kDa from HeLa cells.

In studies of protein binding to the upstream region of the human proliferation-associated antigen p120 gene, a heterodimer of 52 and 100 kDa proteins was purified from HeLa cells. A 1:1 ratio of p52 and p100 was constant throughout the purification. The heterodimer was localized to cell nuclei, as shown by immunofluorescence. The pI values of the p52 and p100 were 7.8 and 8.6 respectively. The peptide sequences obtained for p52 (QSNKTFNLEKQNHTPRKKHQ and PLRGKQLRVRFAAHSASLTVR) and for p100 (PGGPKPGGGPGLSTPGGHPKPPHRGGGEPPRGRQ and GPGPGQSGPKPPIPPPPPHQQ) were not found in the computer databanks. One p52 peptide sequence, PLRGKQLRVRFA, shows considerable sequence similarity to a conserved motif in topoisomerase II of multiple species. The p52/100 heterodimer bound to different DNA probes. The binding was competed by poly(dI-dC), sonicated salmon sperm DNA, and circular or linearized plasmid DNA. The optimal DNA binding for the heterodimer was at pH 7-9 with low salt. The DNA-binding subunit of the heterodimer was the p100 polypeptide, as shown by u.v.-cross-linking assays and Southwestern blots.
Cost of Steer Weight Gain to Rate of Supplementation with Ground Corn on Bermudagrass Pasture

Cattle (Bos sp.) weight gain on bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pastures declines in the middle to late grazing season regardless of forage supply. Nutrient supplementation with concentrates is an option for boosting average daily gain (ADG), but economic feasibility of this management is not clearly understood. A grazing experiment was conducted in 1998 and 1999 with yearling steers grazing bermudagrass to evaluate ADG and costs as amounts of supplemented ground corn (Zea mays L.) (0, 0.45, 1.35, and 2.25 kg steer -1 d -1 ) increased and to monitor seasonal changes in bermudagrass in vitro digestible dry matter and crude protein (CP) concentration. There was a curvilinear increase in ADG as supplementation was increased from 0 and 1.35 kg steer -1 d -1 , but ADG stabilized between the 1.35- and 2.25-kg rates. In vitro digestible dry matter and CP concentrations declined over the two grazing seasons, but CP concentration increased following the second application of N fertilizer in 1998 when rainfall was adequate for bermudagrass growth and N uptake. Cost of additional ADG from supplementation tended to be lowest for the 1.35 kg steer -1 d -1 supplementation rate over a range in corn costs from $90 to $250 Mg -1 . The 1.35-kg supplementation rate provided costs of additional ADG that were lower than break-even costs for low ($1.32 kg -1 liveweight), intermediate ($1.77 kg -1 liveweight), and high ($2.20 kg -1 liveweight) cattle prices. Costs of additional ADG for the 0.45- and 2.25-kg supplementation rates were lower than the break-even costs for high cattle prices when corn costs were less than $170 and $190 Mg -1 , respectively. Supplementation with ground corn at rates of 0.45 to 1.35 kg steer -1 d -1 can cost effectively enhance weight gain of yearling steers grazing bermudagrass.
Robotic-assisted Roux-en-Y gastric bypass performed in a community hospital setting: the future of bariatric surgery?

Since receiving Food and Drug Administration approval in 2000, surgery utilizing a robot has been successfully performed in numerous procedures including gastric bypass. However, despite the proven safety profile, reported lower complication rates, and technical benefits of robotic surgery, only a few centers in the USA have consistently applied this technology to bariatric surgery. In addition, there are limited studies with relatively small sample sizes comparing robotic-assisted Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RRYGB) with laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Through a retrospective analysis of our database, we compared outcomes of RRYGB versus LRYGB in the treatment of morbid obesity. All patients who underwent RRYGB and LRYGB through the Comprehensive Weight Management Program of the Queen’s Medical Center (Honolulu, HI) from January 2007 to December 2009 were included. Outcomes data included weight loss, operative times, and hospital length of stay. All complications were reported. 105 patients who underwent RRYGB were compared with 195 patients who received LRYGB. Excess weight loss, estimated blood loss, and length of hospital stay were similar in both groups. There were no mortalities in either group. The RRYGB group experienced a 9.5% complication rate versus 9.7% in LRYGB patients. Operative time was the only statistically significant difference, being approximately 17 min in favor of LRYGB. However, there was a steady decrease in RRYGB operative time with increasing experience. Our study demonstrates a favorable safety profile with nearly equivalent outcomes and some previously unidentified qualitative benefits of the RRYGB approach to bariatric surgery in a community setting. These results are despite our early experience with the robotic surgery platform and confirm noninferiority of RRYGB versus LRYGB. While the RRYGB operative time was longer than LRYGB, the demonstrated decrease in operative time commensurate with increase in operative experience holds tremendous promise for the future.
Influence of Wing Shapes on Surface Pressure Fluctuations at Wing-Body Junctions

The body surface pressure fluctuation along the stagnation streamlines of several wing-body junctions were measured with microphones. The wings shapes are of a 3:2 semielliptical-nosed NACA-0020-tailed body, a parallel centerbody model, a tear drop shape, Sand 1850, NACA-0015, and NACA-0012. The oil-flow visualizations revealed the limiting streamline structure on the wall where the models were mounted. Measurements were conducted at a nominal reference velocity of 32.5 m/s and Reynolds number based on approach momentum thickness of 4450
Associations among nonword repetition and phonemic and vocabulary awareness: Implications for intervention

Prior research has shown possible relations among nonword repetition (NWR), vocabulary, and phonological processing skills in children with and without language impairment. This study was designed to investigate whether relationships would differ for students with primary language impairment (PLI) and typical language (TL) and whether they would shift across the school-age years, with implications for setting intervention priorities. NWR performance was compared for school-age students with PLI (n = 36) and TL (n = 36), matched for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and home language experience at three grade level bands (grades 1–2, 3–5, and 6–12). Both groups also completed tests of vocabulary awareness and phonological awareness to investigate them as predictors of performance on the NWR task. The two groups differed significantly with large effect sizes on the NWR task, as well as on vocabulary awareness and phonological awareness tasks. Regression analyses supported different predictive models for students wi...
The "Two Presidencies" in Future Research: Moving Beyond Roll-Call Analysis

The two presidencies literature ostensibly seeks to determine whether presidents exercise more power over foreign policy than over domestic policy. In a laudable effort to be rigorous, scholars have sought to answer the question by examining roll-call voting in Congress. Doing so, however, changes the question from the power of the president versus Congress to the success of the president in Congress. Because presidents act without the approval of Congress far more often on foreign policy than they do on domestic policy, the two questions are not identical. Even with the narrower question of presidential success in Congress, several methodological problems cast doubt on the validity of previous studies. Future research needs to confront the problems plaguing roll-call analysis, and it needs to revisit the original question of how presidential influence varies across policy domains.
Essentially stochastic matrices—factorizations into elementary and quasi-elementary matrices

Abstract In this paper we show that every essentially stochastic (e.s.) matrix A of order n ⩾2 is a product of at most q ( n ) elementary e.s. matrices, where q ( n ) is a quadratic polynomial in n , whenever the field of entries F is not GF(2). When F = GF(2) and n ⩾ 3, we obtain a similar result with the class of elementary e.s. matrices extended to include the quasi-elementary e.s. matrices. If the rank of A is r , the number of singular factors in these factorizations is n − r , and this number is minimal. If desired, these factorizations can be modified so that all of the singular factors are a particular elementary e.s. matrix.
Gas transport behavior of semicrystalline syndiotactic polystyrene containing α and β crystalline forms

Abstract Solid-state structure of syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS) after crystallization from the melt and the glassy state was examined by differential scanning calorimetry, density and X-ray diffraction analysis (WAXS). It was possible to prepare semicrystalline s-PS containing pure α (α″ or α′ modifications) and pure β crystalline forms with different crystallinities (0–40%). The measurements confirmed the low density of both crystalline forms, which in the case of α crystalline form was smaller and in the case of β crystalline form was slightly larger than the density of the glassy amorphous s-PS. Oxygen and carbon dioxide gas permeability, diffusion and solubility of semicrystalline s-PS containing different crystalline forms were studied as a function of crystallinity. These measurements confirmed that more dense β crystalline form was impermeable for the transport of small gas molecules while less dense α crystalline form was highly gas permeable. Unusual gas transport behavior of the α crystalline form was attributed to porous crystalline structure containing the nanochannels. Despite the porous structure, α crystalline form showed very low oxygen and carbon dioxide solubility compared to gas solubility in the amorphous phase. The proposed diffusion model explained the characteristic features of the gas permeation behavior for chemically ‘inert’ small gas molecules in the permeation medium consisting of glassy amorphous polymer with dispersed porous crystalline phase containing the nanochannels. A new relaxation process with the maximum at about −35 °C was observed in semicrystalline s-PS containing the α crystals and was associated with the porous structure of this crystalline form.
In vivo recognition of murine tissue and serum proteins

Abstract 1. 1. The in vivo fate of proteins derived from several murine tissues was investigated to broadly test the hypothesis that proteins contain recognition markers which determine their clearance from circulation and uptake by specific tissues. 2. 2. Radiolabeled liver proteins were recovered primarily in hepatic tissue and serum at 5 min and in hepatic tissue at 120 min post-injection. 3. 3. Following neuraminidase treatment, liver proteins, as well as serum proteins, were rapidly cleared from the circulation with a concomitant hepatic uptake. 4. 4. Renal proteins were distributed to kidneys in addition to liver and serum. 5. 5. Following neuraminidase treatment, one population of renal proteins behaved similar to hepatic and serum proteins while a second population was distributed similar to untreated renal proteins. 6. 6. These experiments extend to tissue protein observations previously made for the role of carbohydrates on serum glycoproteins and suggest the existence of recognition markers other than AcNeu-Gal-X on some proteins.
ON THE EVOLUTION OF A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER INDUCED BY A THREE-DIMENSIONAL ROUGHNESS ELEMENT

An experimental investigation is described which has as its objectives the extension of the technical data base pertaining to roughness-induced transition and the advancement of the understanding of the physical processes by which three-dimensional roughness elements induce transition from laminar to turbulent flow in boundary layers. The investigation was carried out primarily with single hemispherical roughness elements surface mounted in a well-characterized zero-pressure-gradient laminar boundary layer on a flat plate. The critical roughness Reynolds number at which turbulence is regarded as originating at the roughness was determined for the roughness elements herein considered and evaluated in the context of data existing in the literature. The effect of a steady and oscillatory free-stream velocity on eddy shedding was also investigated. The Strouhal behaviour of the ‘hairpin’ eddies shed by the roughness and role they play in the evolution of a fully developed turbulent boundary layer, as well as whether their generation is governed by an inflexional instability, are examined. Distributions of mean velocity and intensity of the u-fluctuation demonstrating the evolution toward such distributions for a fully developed turbulent boundary layer were measured on the centreline at Reynolds numbers below and above the critical Reynolds number of transition. A two-region model is postulated for the evolutionary change toward a fully developed turbulent boundary layer: an inner region where the turbulence is generated by the complex interaction of the hairpin eddies with the pre-existing stationary vortices that lie near the surface and are inherent to a flow about a three-dimensional obstacle in a laminar boundary layer; and an outer region where the hairpin eddies deform and generate turbulent vortex rings. The structure of the resulting fully developed turbulent boundary layer is discussed in the light of the proposed model for the evolutionary process.
El Triunfo de Átropos en la" Celestina."

The followwing paper examins the possible references concerning the three fairies mentioned at the end of Fernando de Rojas´Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea or Celestina We will analyse how the roles of these three mythological sisters were interpreted in the visual imagination at Rojas’ time. And most of all the importance of the third characted, the greek Atropos and the latin Morta, as shown in Petrarca’s theme about the conquest of Chastity and the triumph of Death in Renaissance.
A Typology of Mass Political Violence

Traditional distinctions of mass political violence (i.e., interstate war, civil war, and genocide) seem to insufficiently capture underlying causal mechanisms. In order to better capture these mechanisms, this paper provides an innovative typology of mass political violence. By introducing mass violence as a product of between-group as opposed to within-group competition, this paper arrives at four observably distinct types of political violence. The paper demonstrates that episodes of mass political violence that at first glance seem to be similar are actually very different and should be treated as such.
Observing reward-informative and -uninformative stimuli by normal children of different ages ☆

Abstract Normal children from ages 4 to 5, 9 to 10, and 13 to 14 years received points independent of responding according to a variable-time 30-sec schedule which alternated randomly with an extinction component. Money, for the older groups, or marbles, for the 4 to 5 year old children, were given to subjects following experimental sessions in exchange for points earned. Subjects were explicitly informed of the payoff and the schedule contingencies, including the fact that responding could not influence rate or distribution of points. Instead, presses on each of two levers (“observing responses”) produced stimuli. Stimuli positively correlated with points and stimuli uncorrelated with points were each chosen over stimuli correlated with extinction in every age group. These results are consistent with the conditioned-reinforcement hypothesis of observing but are inconsistent with the uncertainty-reduction hypothesis.
Electrode interfaces switchable by physical and chemical signals for biosensing, biofuel, and biocomputing applications

This review outlines advances in designing modified electrodes with switchable properties controlled by various physical and chemical signals. Irradiation of the modified electrode surfaces with various light signals, changing the temperature of the electrolyte solution, application of a magnetic field or electrical potentials, changing the pH of the solutions, and addition of chemical/biochemical substrates were used to change reversibly the electrode activity. The increasing complexity in the signal processing was achieved by integration of the switchable electrode interfaces with biomolecular information processing systems mimicking Boolean logic operations, thus allowing activation and inhibition of electrochemical processes on demand by complex combinations of biochemical signals. The systems reviewed range from simple chemical compositions to complex mixtures modeling biological fluids, where the signal substrates were added at normal physiological and elevated pathological concentrations. The switchable electrode interfaces are considered for future biomedical applications where the electrode properties will be modulated by the biomarker concentrations reflecting physiological conditions.
Cardiorespiratory responses to bidirectional tilts in infants.

Prior research in newborns has shown that head-up and head-down tilting elicits sustained increases and decreases in heart rate, respectively. Other studies in older infants have suggested that the pattern of heart rate responses to head-up tilting varies with risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In this study, heart and respiratory rate changes following bidirectional tilting were recorded in sleeping infants on Day 1 or 2 of life, and during the period of maximum risk for SIDS, at 2 and 4 months of age. Newborns show increases in heart rate following 30° head-up tilts and decreases in heart rate to 300 head-down tilting. Respiratory rates decreased to head-up tilting but did not change significantly to head-down tilting. While respiratory rate changes at 2 and 4 months of age are comparable to those of newborns, and decreases in heart rate to head-down tilting are similar across ages, sustained elevations in heart rate following head-up tilting are no longer apparent at the older ages. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that, during the period of maximum risk for SIDS, infants may have reduced ability to compensate for challenges that lead to decreases in blood pressure.
Effects of pH on calcium transport in turtle bladder

Abstract This study was designed to examine the effect of apical and basolateral (ie, mucosal and serosal) pH on calcium (Ca) transport in turtle bladder, a nonmammalian analog of the distal nephron. Unidirectional Ca 45 fluxes were measured when serosal pH was 6.4, 7.4, or 8.4 (mucosal pH, 7.4) in the presence and absence of ouabain. When serosal pH was 8.4, M → S Ca 45 flux increased significantly, and when it was 6.4, M → S Ca 45 flux decreased markedly. Changes in serosal pH did not affect the S → M Ca 45 flux. When 5 × 10 −4 mol/L ouabain was added to inhibit sodium transport, M → S Ca 45 flux, at pH 7.4, was 221.6 ± 27.4 pmol/mg/h (n = 10), and low pH again inhibited this flux (∼50%). Lowering mucosal pH (with serosal pH 7.4) also decreased M → S Ca 45 flux. In stripped bladders, Ca 45 uptake increased linearly as medium pH was increased from 4.4 to 8.4. Total tissue Ca concentration did not change when serosal pH was varied, except at the extreme of pH 4.4, where tissue Ca decreased. By contrast, when apical pH was 6.4, tissue Ca rose substantially (∼1.5-fold). These results demonstrate that extracellular pH directly affects Ca homeostasis in the turtle bladder. Lowering the pH of either the serosal or mucosal medium directly inhibits apical Ca permeability. This change in Ca permeability is seen in the presence of ouabain. By contrast, alkalization of the serosal medium enhances apical permeability, but this effect is, in some manner, related to sodium transport. The hypercalciuria of metabolic acidosis universally seen in humans may be due to altered apical Ca permeability in the distal nephron.
SPECULATION AND THE MARKET FOR RECOMMENDATIONS

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the theoretical value of information in a speculative securities market. A model of speculative equilibrium is developed in a market where an independent profit-seeking advisor sells information in the form of buy and sell recommendations. These recommendations and the record of the advisor determine traders' speculative commitments, which take explicit account of informational risk. The model leads to a complete specification of the speculative equilibrium which includes stock prices as well as the price that the advisor can charge for providing recommendations.
Directional structural features of globular proteins.

We describe a novel presentation of the conformation of the backbone atoms for proteins of known structure. Given the Cα atom cartesian co-ordinates from X-ray crystallography, a matrix is calculated, where the ijth element of the matrix is the cosine of the angle between the direction of the chain at residue i and the direction of the chain at residue j. These “direction matrices” have distinctive patterns which correspond to α-helix, extended structure, straight or bent segments, “superhelix”, and many other important structural features. We discuss the direction matrices for a number of proteins, and make some generalizations on the basic principles of protein folding.
Secularism In Antebellum America. John Lardas Modern. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.

Secularism In Antebellum America. John Lardas Modern. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.Theological penchants and methodological constraints have haunted the study of American religious historiography since its advent. Modern's work finds precedence in this field; however, Secularism in Antebellum America challenges many of the commonly accepted theorems of relevant and preceding works in this discipline. Modern offers a postmodern examination of mid-nineteenth-century Protestant, secular, American culture; secularism for Modern is "a conceptual environment-emergent since at least the Protestant Reformation and early Enlightenment-that has made 'religion' a recognizable and vital thing in the world" (7). Thus secularism in its various forms is always already caught up in the matrices of religion per se, a theme Modern develops throughout the work. The book operates primarily through the hermeneutic of metaphysics; Modern elucidates mechanisms by which evolving technology in various contexts-all within mid-nineteenth-century America-impacted language, subjectivity, and religion/secularism in modernity. The book's theoretical density is accounted for in its lengthy introduction, and the variety of examples employed are encountered before opening the book; the subtitle reads as follows: With Reference to Ghosts, Protestant Subcultures, Machines, and Their Metaphors; Featuring Discussions of Mass Media, Moby-Dick, Spirituality, Phrenology, Anthropology, Sing Sing State Penitentiary and Sex With The New Motive Power.The first chapter, "Evangelical Secularism and The Measure of Leviathan," builds upon Modern's previously published essay (Church History, 77-A. 2008) and offers analysis of specific evangelical media practices; Modern states, "The difference that new media technologies and semiotic strategies made in recasting the production, distribution, and reception of evangelical words was substantial in making secularism a metaphysical solvent" (91). Chapter 2, "Toward a Genealogy of Spirituality," presents several rigorous examinations of spirituality's different connotations and forms of embodiment; Modern puts forth, "Spirituality, I contend, emerged from the differential tension between evangelical and liberal appropriations of Scottish Common Sense" (131). The second chapter also discusses how phrenology impacted various Protestant sects.The third chapter is titled "A Short Biography of Lewis Henry Morgan with Curious Asides on the Affect of Spirituality & The Emergence of Anthropological Comprehension." The biographical account of Morgan is perhaps the book's clearest example of secularism's complex and ambivalent subsistence. …
Dietary copper and the induction of neoplasms in the rat by acetylaminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine

Abstract The effect of dietary copper on the incidence and location of neoplasms was studied in rats fed copper-deficient (1 ppm) and excess-copper (800 ppm) diets containing acetylaminofluorene ( (AAF) and in rats fed the same copper-deficient and excess-copper diets and given dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in the drinking-water for 9 months. The excess copper with or without DMN or AAF was toxic, body-weight gains being reduced and mortality increased. Reduction in weight gain was greatest in the excess-copper-AAF group, but the highest mortality (72%) occurred in the excess-copper-DMN group. Liver weights were increased in the AAF-treated rats, partly because of the presence of neoplasms. The average copper content (4·5 ppm) in hepatic tissue from rats fed the copper-deficient diet was greater than that found in hepatic tissue from DMN-treated (3·9 ppm) or AAF-fed rats (2·8 ppm). Hepatic copper concentrations of rats fed the excess-copper diet averaged 244 ppm in controls, while the comparable figures for the DMN-treated and AAF-fed rats were 394 and 354 ppm respectively. Neoplastic hepatic tissue from rats fed the copper-deficient diet had a copper content similar to that of the non-neoplastic tissue, but the neoplastic hepatic tissue from rats fed the excess-copper diet was lower than that of non-neoplastic liver. Neoplastic tissue from the kidney had less copper than grossly normal renal tissue. The incidence of hepatic neoplasms was similar in DMN-treated rats fed either the copper-deficient-or excess-copper diets, but kidney neoplasms occurred in 57% of the rats receiving the copper-deficient-DMN treatment and killed for autopsy, compared to an incidence of 0·0% in the excess-copper-DMN group. This difference in incidence may be related to the copper levels of the diet. The incidence of DMN-induced neoplasms in the lungs was similar in rats fed the copper-deficient and excess-copper diets. More AAF-fed than DMN-treated animals developed hepatic neoplasms, but dietary copper concentration did not have any effect on the incidence. Extrahepatic neoplasms in AAF-fed rats occurred in the lungs, spleen, skin, intestine, pancreas and muscle. The incidence of extrahepatic neoplasms was 40% in copper-deficient-AAF rats killed for autopsy, but only 17% in those fed the excess-copper diet.
Becun the educational computer user's network at battelle

The Educational Computer User's Network at Battelle represents a unique application of the joint-computer-center concept. The program is unique in two respects. First, it is a cooperative effort between a group of Ohio colleges, secondary schools, and a large research-oriented organization. Second, the entire program has proceeded without any federal or other outside financial support. Both Battelle and the schools have participated by utilizing funds available within their own operating budgets.The purpose of this paper is to describe the program and some of its results from the viewpoint of Battelle's Computer Center.
Computed normal values for peak acid output based on age, sex and body weight.

The value of gastric analysis in the clinical management of patients with duodenal ulcer disease has been limited by lack of information on the expected normal gastric acid production following maximal stimulation. A table of peak acid outputs utilizing the augmented histamine test and based on age, sex and body weight of the individual was devised using the method of least squares. Results of the peak acid output in 64 patients with proven duodenal ulcer and in 38 normal controls, when compared to the computed normal values based on age, sex and body weight, revealed that 90% of patients with duodenal ulcer fell outside the expected normal range, and 92% of the normal subjects fell within the computed normal range. It is felt that these tables are helpful in recognizing individuals with duodenal ulcer or its diathesis.
Fabrication procedure for cranial prostheses

Abstract A procedure for duplication of cranial bone flaps used in cranioplasty is described. This procedure overcomes the difficulties inherent in direct duplication of irregular-shaped bone flaps through primary replication of the flap in wax. The wax pattern is used to fabricate the definitive prosthesis. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:229-31.)
Model analysis of tissue responses to transient and chronic heating.

Thermal models are used to analyze responses of muscle and lung tissue to transient (30–45 min) and chronic (4–7 week) heating in vivo. The general bioheat model, which describes one-dimensional temperature dynamics, incorporates heat conductance and perfusion. In general, perfusion changes with time and distance from a heated surface. One of the main objectives of this study was to analyze long-term perfusion change, which reflects tissue adaptation associated with angiogenesis. The database for these models was obtained using heated disks implanted in calves for up to seven weeks. Tissue temperature distributions were obtained repeatedly from thermistors protruding 1 to 10 mm from the heated disk surface. The perfusion parameter was estimated from the transient experiments at least several times each week by nonlinear, least-squares fitting of the model predicted temperature to the measured temperature response.Chronic heating at a heat flux 0.08 W/cm2 caused perfusion of muscle tissue to increase with postimplant day (PID). Under the same conditions, lung tissue perfusion increased with chronic heating from early to late PID, but less than that for muscle tissue. During chronic heating above 42 °C and below 50 °C, a decrease in tissue temperature is associated with higher perfusion that develops with time. Over seven weeks, perfusion of muscle tissue near the heated disk surface increased by about 70% at 0.08 W/cm2 and 40% at 0.06 W/cm2. Furthermore, the model can be used to predict tissue and perfusion changes continuously over weeks for heat fluxes around 0.08 W/cm2. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Intermittent Hydrostatic Pressurization Modulates Gene Expression in Human Dermal Fibroblasts Seeded in Three-Dimensional Polymer Scaffolds

Mechanical stimuli are known to regulate the morphology and differentiated function of connective tissue cells. In particular, hydrostatic pressure has been reported to alter cytoskeletal organization in osteoblast-like cells (1) and chondrocytes (2), and to modulate metabolic activity in both chondrocytes (3–5) and intervertebral disc cells (6). The cellular response to continuous hydrostatic pressure is generally catabolic (3) while intermittent hydrostatic pressure at frequencies ranging from 0.25–1.0 Hz (3–5) is anabolic, giving rise to increased expression and biosynthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Previously, human dermal fibroblasts in monolayer culture were shown to respond to hydrostatic pressure by increasing heat shock protein expression levels (7). In this study, we characterize the effects of intermittent hydrostatic pressure on gene expression in human dermal fibroblasts seeded in three-dimensional polymer scaffolds.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Minority electron unipolar photodetectors based on type II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices for very long wavelength infrared detection

The bandstructure tunability of Type II antimonide-based superlattices has been significantly enhanced since the introduction of the M-structure superlattice, resulting in significant improvements of Type II superlattice infrared detectors. By using M-structure, we developed the pMp design, a novel infrared photodetector architecture that inherits the advantages of traditional photoconductive and photovoltaic devices. This minority electron unipolar device consists of an M-structure barrier layer blocking the transport of majority holes in a p-type semiconductor, resulting in an electrical transport due to minority carriers with low current density. Applied for the very long wavelength detection, at 77K, a 14μm cutoff detector exhibits a dark current 3.3 mA/cm2, a photoresponsivity of 1.4 A/W at 50mV bias and the associated shot-noise detectivity of 4x1010 Jones.
Polypeptides associated with the 250 S mengovirus-induced RNA polymerase structure.

One host polypeptide (40,000 daltons) synthesized prior to infection is associated with the 250S RNA polymerase structure partially purified by a combination of velocity sedimentation and isopycnic separation. A series of pulse-chase experiments have shown that a 56,000 dalton polypeptide made during the eclipse phase of infection is inserted into the 250S viral RNA polymerase structure. This 56,000 dalton polypeptide is bound in a stable manner since labeled 56,000 dalton polypeptide is not removed from the 250S polymerase structure by a 2-hour chase (3 to 5 hours after infection) and it is the major labeled polypeptide species remaining. However, the 56,000 dalton polypeptide (viral-specific polypeptide E) made at 4 hours after infection is not present in the 250S polymerase structure following a 50 minute chase. Levels of cycloheximide which inhibit protein synthesis 95 per cent in the infected cell have no effect on the amount of viral-specific RNA polymerase activity(in vitro) when the inhibitor is added for 30 minutes at the time of maximum rate of viral RNA synthesis in whole cells. These inhibitor studies support the hypothesis that the viral-specific RNA polymerase polypeptide may be a stable polypeptide that is not rapidly turning over in the infected cell. In view of these results the stable 56,000 dalton polypeptide (polypeptide E) made early in infection may be a candidate for the viral-specific polymerase polypeptide.
Atypical Band Keratopathy in Glaucomatous Patients

This report is to call attention to a kera­ topathy observed in well-controlled primary glaucoma patients, usually on long-term miotic therapy. Since 1963, 18 patients were observed who have manifested this clinical picture. It is characterized by changes resembling band keratopathy, but having a different dis­ tribution pattern, usually paracentral in the interpalpebral area, over the lower central and nasal portion of the cornea, becoming less pronounced toward the periphery (Fig. 1). Clinically, fine, grayish, granular depos­ its can be seen in the paracentral areas in the subepithelial layers of the cornea. As the de­ position increases, it tends to extend toward the Hmbus horizontally. Separate small areas "nay coalesce and progress in size and den­ sity rapidly, over a few months, or in a year or two. Rounded or irregular clear areas may develop in the opacified zone. Encroach­ ment over the pupillary area may result in severe reduction in vision. Other symptoms may include photophobia, lacrimation, and irritation, because the overlying epithelium may become slightly roughened. The corneas have intact sensitivity and are not vascularized. Schirmer's tear function test was nor­ mal in the 10 patients who were studied.
Endopeptidases of salmon ceca: Chromatographic separation and some properties

Abstract The proteinases of extracts of salmon ceca were chromatographed on anionic and cationic cellulose columns by gradient salt elution. Several activities were obtained which were specific for the hydrolysis of toluenesulfonyl- l -arginine methyl ester (TAME) or acetyl- l -tyrosine ethyl ester. Considering the elution patterns, electrophoretic properties, and effect of soybean trypsin inhibitor, it appeared that the salmon enzymes in most cases had a physicochemical as well as a functional relationship to mammalian trypsins and chymotrypsins. However, there were generally minor differences and in the most exceptional case pronounced Chromatographic and electrophoretic differences from any known mammalian TAME-hydrolyzing endopeptidase.
Covariate Effect on Constancy Assumption in Noninferiority Clinical Trials

Noninferiority (NI) clinical trials are getting a lot of attention of late due to their direct application in biosimilar studies. Because of the missing placebo arm, NI is an indirect approach to demonstrate efficacy of a test treatment. One of the key assumptions in the NI test is the constancy assumption, that is, that the effect of the reference treatment is the same in current NI trials as in historical superiority trials. However, if a covariate interacts with the treatment arms, then changes in distribution of this covariate will likely result in violation of constancy assumption. In this article, we propose four new NI methods and compare them with two existing methods to evaluate the change of background constancy assumption on the performance of these six methods. To achieve this goal, we study the impact of three elements-(1) strength of covariate, (2) degree of interaction between covariate and treatment, and (3) differences in distribution of the covariate between historical and current trials-on both the type I error rate and power using three different measures of association: difference, log relative risk, and log odds ratio. Based on this research, we recommend using a modified covariate-adjustment fixed margin method.
The residues determining differences in ion affinities among the alternative splice variants F, A, and B of the mammalian renal Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC2)

Three alternatively spliced variants of the renal Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) are found in distinct regions of the thick ascending limb of the mammalian kidney; these variants mediate Na+K+2Cl- transport with different ion affinities. Here, we examine the specific residues involved in the variant-specific affinity differences, utilizing a mutagenic approach to change the NKCC2B variant into the A or F variant, with functional expression in Xenopus oocytes. The splice region contains the second transmembrane domain (TM2) and the putative intracellular loop (ICL1) connecting TM2 and TM3. It is found that the B variant is functionally changed to the F variant by replacement of six residues, half of the effect brought about by three TM2 residues and half by three ICL1 residues. The involvement of the ICL1 residues strongly suggests that this region of ICL1 may actually be part of a membrane-embedded domain. Changing six residues is also sufficient to bring about the smaller functional change from the B to the A variant; three residues in TM2 appear to be primarily responsible, two of which correspond to residues involved in the B-to-F changes. A B-variant mutation reported in a mild case of Bartter disease was found to render the cotransporter inactive. These results identify the combination of amino acid variations responsible for the differences among the three splice variants of NKCC2, and they support a model in which a reentrant loop following TM2 contributes to the chloride binding and translocation domains.
Oncomutations as Biomarkers of Cancer Risk

Cancer risk assessment impacts a range of societal needs, from the regulation of chemicals to achieving the best possible human health outcomes. Because oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations are necessary for the development of cancer, such mutations are ideal biomarkers to use in cancer risk assessment. Consequently, DNA-based methods to quantify particular tumor-associated hotspot point mutations (i.e., oncomutations) have been developed, including allele-specific competitive blocker-PCR (ACB-PCR). Several studies using ACB-PCR and model mutagens have demonstrated that significant induction of tumor-associated oncomutations are measureable at earlier time points than are used to score tumors in a bioassay. In the particular case of benzo[a]pyrene induction of K-Ras codon 12 TGT mutation in the A/J mouse lung, measurement of tumor-associated oncomutation was shown to be an earlier and more sensitive endpoint than tumor response. The measurement of oncomutation by ACB-PCR led to two unexpected findings. First, oncomutations are present in various tissues of control rodents and "normal" human colonic mucosa samples at relatively high frequencies. Approximately 60% of such samples (88/146) have mutant fractions (MFs) >10(-5), and some have MFs as high as 10(-3) or 10(-4). Second, preliminary data indicate that oncomutations are present frequently as subpopulations in tumors. These findings are integrated into a hypothesis that the predominant preexisting mutations in particular tissues may be useful as generic reporters of carcinogenesis. Future research opportunities using oncomutation as an endpoint are described, including rodent to human extrapolation, dose-response assessment, and personalized medicine.
General-case data interpretation of spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering

Following previous works on data interpretation in the case of a one-dimensionally encoded spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering instrument when the scattering data are collected along a single direction, further studies for the more general case of data collection in two dimensions are presented. A mathematical relationship between the correlation function measured in two dimensions and the pair-distance distribution function of the scattering sample is established. The relationship between the correlation function measured in one and two dimensions is also examined.