cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OXIDATION OF N-HYDROXY-AMPHETAMINE AND -PHENTERMINE BY ACTIVE OXYGEN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the oxidation of N–hydroxyamphetamine (NOHA) and –phentermine by active oxygen. In a study examining the properties of microsome/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) catalyzed oxidation of N–hydroxyphentermine (NOHP) to the corresponding nitro compound, that is, l–methyl–2–nitro–2–phenylpro-panol (MNPP), the possible participation of peroxide was proposed based on azide enhancement and catalase inhibition of the reaction. The chapter describes additional experiments examining this reaction and a comparison with the oxidative metabolism of N–hydroxyamphetamine. The oxidation products formed from xanthine oxidase and glucose oxidase provide a comparison of the oxidation products from enzymatically generated superoxide and peroxide, respectively. Microsomal oxidation of NOHA results in a 2-electron change to phenylacetone oxime, while NOHP is converted to the nitro compound MNPP, which is a 4-electron change.
Volcano Transition in a Solvable Model of Frustrated Oscillators

In 1992, a puzzling transition was discovered in simulations of randomly coupled limit-cycle oscillators. This so-called volcano transition has resisted analysis ever since. It was originally conjectured to mark the emergence of an oscillator glass, but here we show it need not. We introduce and solve a simpler model with a qualitatively identical volcano transition and find that its supercritical state is not glassy. We discuss the implications for the original model and suggest experimental systems in which a volcano transition and oscillator glass may appear.
Radial axial interosseous load (RAIL) test for essex lopresti type injuries.

Abstract Background When approaching radial head and neck fractures, the decision for ORIF, resection, or arthroplasty is often performed intraoperatively. Factors that contribute include ligamentous and bony stability, cartilage injury, mechanical alignment as well as patient factors. Recent data has suggested conventional methods may not be sufficiently sensitive in detecting Essex Lopresti injuries. Here we describe an intraoperative technique that could objectively assess proximal radio-ulnar stability with subsequent disruption of the ligamentous structures. Methods Eight cadaveric specimens were used to evaluate amount of radial proximal migration between three groups of forearms. After radial head resection, proximal migration of the radial shaft was measured in three distinct groups. Group A included intact forearms, Group B included forearms with resected interosseous membranes (IOM), and Group C included forearms with resected interosseous membranes and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) disruptions. Results As compared to group A, group B averaged 4 mm of proximal radial migration (p 6 mm of migration (p Conclusion In the setting of a non-repairable radial head, the RAIL test may provide a more objective means of assessing for Essex-Lopresti injuries.
Nontarget effects on songbirds from habitat manipulation for Greater Sage-Grouse: Implications for the umbrella species concept

ABSTRACT The “umbrella species” concept is a conservation strategy in which creating and managing reserve areas to meet the needs of one species is thought to benefit other species indirectly. Broad-scale habitat protections on behalf of an umbrella species are assumed to benefit co-occurring taxa, but targeted management actions to improve local habitat suitability for the umbrella species may produce unintended effects on other species. Our objective was to quantify the effects of a common habitat treatment (mowing of big sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata]) intended to benefit a high-profile umbrella species (Greater Sage-Grouse [Centrocercus urophasianus]) on 3 sympatric songbird species of concern. We used a before–after control-impact experimental design spanning 3 yr in Wyoming, USA, to quantify the effect of mowing on the abundance, nest-site selection, nestling condition, and nest survival of 2 sagebrush-obligate songbirds (Brewer's Sparrow [Spizella breweri] and Sage Thrasher [Oreoscoptes montanus]...
Trehalose synthesis during differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. IV. Secretion of trehalase and the in vitro expression of trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase activity

The activity profiles for trehalase and trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthetase were determined during differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. The decrease in specific activity of intracellular trehalase during the first 15 hr of development may be due to inactivation or masking of the enzyme, superimposed upon its secretion by the cells. Late in development, the specific activity of the intracellular enzyme returns to a value equivalent to that for the myxamoebae. The specific activity for T6P synthetase reaches its maximal value at preculmination and remains constant throughout the remainder of development.
Endothelium 1977: a review.

This paper is conceived as a short update of the review published in 1965 (1). It is based on a set of 2,476 references assembled through a MEDLARS search limited to the single word endothelium (January 1966 – June 1977; a few references were added up to the end of 1977). Much to our regret, we were obliged to omit from our search the word capillary which would have yielded an unmanageable number of additional papers. About 5% of the MEDLARS titles referred to corneal endothelium and were eliminated. This decision, which was based on limitations of space, may well have discarded relevant data: vascular and corneal endothelium are both mesodermal structures, and although the corneal endothelium has some attributes which appear to be distinctive, such as a water pump (2), other properties are similar (3). In limiting the number of references to about 500, arbitrary choices had to be made; papers obviously belonging under the headings of inflammation, atherosclerosis, or thrombosis were not included and will be found in other portions of this volume. Some of the inevitable gaps will be filled by the bibliography of the papers quoted herein, by other reviews (4–15), and by the proceedings of the A. Benzon Symposium of 1969 (16).
Chemical compatibility of uranium carbides with Cr-Fe-Ni alloys

This paper discusses the chemical compatibility of uranium carbides and Cr-Fe-Ni alloys, which has been evaluated by thermodynamic modeling and experimental phase studies. Two reaction temperatures, 973 and 1273 K, were used to simulate normal and overtemperature operation of advanced liquid-metal fast breeder reactor fuel-cladding couples. 27 refs.
The illuminative function of the agent intellect

ABSTRACTThomas Aquinas argues that the agent intellect's function is to abstract an intelligible species from a phantasm. However, insofar as he claims that the intelligible species is not present in the phantasm, it is unclear how the agent intellect accomplishes this task. In this paper I explore two models of abstraction – the extraction model and the production model – suggesting that each fails to capture Aquinas’ understanding of abstraction. I then offer my own interpretation of the function of the agent intellect – the illumination model – by employing Aquinas’ comparison of the agent intellect to light. I argue that the agent intellect neither extracts nor produces an intelligible species, but rather makes the nature that is already present in the object intelligible by actualizing its passive power of intelligibility. This involves the co-actualization of partner powers in the intellect and in the intelligible object, and ultimately makes it possible to cognize a particular, material object in a...
Manager impacts on worker performance in American football: Do offensive coordinators impact quarterback performance in the National Football League?

Ample research in nonsports labor markets suggests that managerial quality significantly impacts worker productivity; however, studies using sports data have been less likely to find such evidence supporting the importance of managers/coaches. We examine the impact of offensive coordinators on quarterback performance in football. While we find that various offensive coordinator characteristics have little impact on quarterback performance, we show that individual offensive coordinators do seem to play a role in quarterback development. Consistent with research on manager effects outside of sports, this suggests that elite and poor offensive coordinators do significantly impact the productivity of the quarterbacks they manage.
Comparison of primary and secondary breast cancer in adolescents and young adults (AYA).

9518 Background: Breast cancer is one of the top malignancies in AYA females (ages 15-39) and may develop de novo or in patients previously treated for cancer. This study compares the tumor charact...
Peaynotes: a generic web-based patient clinical notes sharing system for health care professionals

We explore the current landscape of patient clinical notes systems and their utility in the classroom. We examine the requirements for making our own web-based patient clinical notes sharing system that emphasizes the needs of student nurses and professors. We then introduce our system called PeayNotes which depends on the WordPress platform. We describe the process by which we create our system and end the paper with a short evaluation of the system along with future planned work.
Orthodontics for Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Deformities

Orthodontic treatment of patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft palate requires an extensive interdisciplinary approach to achieve optimal functional and esthetic rehabilitation. Intervention is divided into 3 main stages: early mixed, late mixed, and permanent dentition. Treatment modalities can vary according to developmental stage, severity of cleft, and presence of other dentofacial abnormalities. This article describes the use and efficacy of different orthodontic, orthopedic, and surgical approaches at each developmental stage of unilateral and bilateral clefts, whereby the orthodontist plays a pivotal role in the different phases of growth and development of the cleft lip and the patient.
Recent Developments of PFAS-Detecting Sensors and Future Direction: A Review

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have recently been labeled as toxic constituents that exist in many aqueous environments. However, traditional methods used to determine the level of PFASs are often not appropriate for continuous environmental monitoring and management. Based on the current state of research, PFAS-detecting sensors have surfaced as a promising method of determination. These sensors are an innovative solution with characteristics that allow for in situ, low-cost, and easy-to-use capabilities. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent developments in PFAS-detecting sensors, and why the literature on determination methods has shifted in this direction compared to the traditional methods used. PFAS-detecting sensors discussed herein are primarily categorized in terms of the detection mechanism used. The topics covered also include the current limitations, as well as insight on the future direction of PFAS analyses. This paper is expected to be useful for the smart sensing technology development of PFAS detection methods and the associated environmental management best practices in smart cities of the future.
Study on micromagnets induced local wavy mixing in a microfluidic channel

The phenomenon of ferrofluid-water mixing is investigated using a double-layer magnetic micromixer, in which a layer of micromagnet bars is placed immediately below the fluid layer. A wavy pattern of the ferrofluid–water interface is surprisingly observed at each micromagnet responsible for improved mixing. The mechanism causing the wavy mixing is discovered and analyzed through experimental measurements and numerical simulations, and the mixing efficiency under different flow conditions is discussed. For flows with Re ≪ 1, the resultant steep gradient of opposing magnetic forces by micromagnets in the ferrofluid region gives rise to a local pressure source that induces a transverse/spanwise pressure gradient and activates momentum transfer between fluids. The current finding enables effective localized mixing of ferrofluids with a small footprint and, thus, has great potential to achieve fast mixing for high-throughput flows with an integrated parallel system of multiple microfluidic channels and micromagnets.
Reflections on Racemic Natural Products

Racemic natural products with complex molecular structures have inspired chemists for decades. Their widespread occurrence raises interesting biosynthetic questions and poses (retro)synthetic challenges. Using some classic examples and representative work from the recent literature, we show how biomimetic synthesis can address some of these questions and challenges, provide insights into the formation of such molecules in nature, and enable efficient access to them in the laboratory. The importance of stereoselective reaction cascades that involve cycloadditions, electrocyclizations, phenolic oxidations, and Mannich, Michael, and Aldol reactions is highlighted. In the absence of chiral information, these cascades form racemates from achiral precursors. Their stereochemical complexity can be increased further when these racemic products undergo homochiral or heterochiral dimerizations.
Emotional Consequences of Participating in Research: How Does a History of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Trauma Exposure Affect Participants’ Experiences?:

Although research into trauma and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is critical to informing evidence-based interventions, IRB committees express caution about the potential safety concerns these que...
Inception Impact Assessment: Measures to Further Improve the Effectiveness of the Fight Against Illegal Content Online

The European Commission's March 2018 Recommendation on measures to further improve the effectiveness of the fight against illegal content online calls on Internet platforms to use automatic filters to detect and remove terrorist content. It also tells platforms to inform law enforcement if users share certain content. To correct for the inevitable errors of technical filters, the Recommendation suggests human review for flagged content -- but only in some cases. It also suggests mechanisms such as notice to affected users and opportunity for them to contest the removal, but again, only in some cases. This Comment, filed in response to the Commission's request for feedback, identifies potentially serious problems with this proposal. While measures to combat terrorist content are important, and private Internet platforms have important roles to play in this effort, the specific measures recommended by the Commission are poorly calibrated to protect both safety and security and the fundamental rights of Internet users. The Comment discusses: (1) unique attributes of potentially terrorist content, including the significance of context in distinguishing material that incites violence from sometimes-identical material used in counter-radicalization efforts and other important public discourse; (2) discriminatory impact of Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) efforts, which disproportionately affect innocent Internet users based on their ethnicity, language (such as Farsi, Arabic, or Chechen), or religion; and the likely increase in such harms if the Recommendation is followed; (3) security research regarding the impact of CVE campaigns and ways they can backfire to the detriment of public safety and security, including by marginalizing or silencing important voices countering radicalization within their communities and by driving potential extremist recruits into Internet echo chambers; and (4) outlines fundamental rights impacted by the Recommendation, including Equality and Non-Discrimination Rights (EU Charter Arts. 20-21); Privacy and Data Protection Rights (Arts. 7-8); Information and Expression Rights (Art. 11); and Fair Process Rights (Arts. 47-48).
Barriers and facilitators to genetic service delivery models: Scoping review

Background: Advances in diagnostics testing and treatment of genetic conditions have led to increased demand for genetic services in the United States. At the same time, there is a shortage of genetic services professionals. Thus, understanding the models of service delivery currently in use can help increase access and improve outcomes for individuals identified with genetic conditions. Objective: This review aims to provide an overview of barriers and facilitators to genetic service delivery models to inform future service delivery. Methods: We conducted a scoping literature review of the evidence to more fully understand barriers and facilitators around the provision of genetic services. Results: There were a number of challenges identified, including the limited number of genetics specialists, wait time for appointments, delivery of services by nongenetics providers, reimbursement, and licensure. The ways to address these challenges include the use of health information technology such as telehealth, group genetic counseling, provider-to-provider education, partnership models, and training; expanding genetic provider types; and embedding genetic counselors in clinical settings. Conclusions: The literature review highlighted the need to expand access to genetic services. Ways to expand services include telehealth, technical assistance, and changing staffing models. In addition, using technology to improve knowledge among related professionals can help expand access.
Case 28: An Endobronchial Foreign Body

You are working in Rwanda as an anesthesiologist. You have just arrived. Later that evening, you are getting acquainted with the hospital by walking around. In the emergency room, you watch a long queue of patients. The doctor on call is an elderly gentleman who does everything himself. The main reason that he does everything is that he is the only doctor/surgeon in the hospital.
Chapter Five - Tomato Glandular Trichomes As a Model System for Exploring Evolution of Specialized Metabolism in a Single Cell

The tomato glandular trichomes function as a site of biosynthesis as well as the site of storage of specialized metabolites. This chapter aims to further study the mechanisms that underlie the divergence of primary metabolism (fatty acid biosynthesis) to specialized metabolism (methylketones) in these cells. Molecular factors that regulate this divergence will be identified by combining quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of interspecific crosses, derived from crosses between wild species and the cultivated tomato, with transcriptosome and proteome analysis of the glandular trichomes. This integrated approach will develop an infrastructure that will be used to import natural insecticide compounds into the cultivated varieties, and will set a model on how to explore specialized metabolism in other plants.
Exploring secondary agriscience teachers' and students' use, attitude toward, knowledge, and perceptions of computers and technology tools

Computers are an ever changing facet of everyday life; almost all businesses, including schools, are dependent on technology, from research to information delivery. With the rapid advances in computer technology made every year combined with the increasing availability of computers to students, it is important to continually investigate how secondary agriscience teachers' and students' use and view computer technology, both personally and educationally, in order to effectively utilize this advancing educational tool for the benefit of both groups. The purpose of this study was to describe agriscience teachers' and students use, attitude toward, knowledge and perceptions of computers and technology tools in order to better understand how secondary agriscience teachers use computers in their instruction and how agriscience students use computers for school and social purposes. This study explored both teacher and student opinions about school assignments that require computer use and how often both groups utilize the computer for work and entertainment. The study consisted of three parts. The first part sought to document agriscience teachers access to computers and related technologies and how they utilize computer tools for classroom and student assignments. The second part of the study sought to document computer access of agriscience students to computer tools and software used for both educational and personal reasons, and identify agriscience students' general attitude towards computer technology. The third and final part of the study sought to describe how agriscience students use the Internet and related technologies for school and personal reasons and identify students’ general attitude towards the Internet. Teacher data were collected from teachers in the Southern Region of California. Student data were also collected in the Southern Region of California using random selection of school sites and quota sampling to obtain a sufficient number of student responses. Findings revealed that while teachers and students have access to computers and the Internet, both at home and at school, these groups are not utilizing technology as effectively and regularly as one might believe. In-service training for teachers and additional requirements of student computer and Internet use for school purposes should be considered a priority for increasing efficient use of computers and Internet technologies for educational purposes.
Spectroscopic Data for the 6it s6it p 3 P 1 level of Lu + for the Determination of the Solar Lutetium Abundance

We report spectroscopic measurements on the 6s6p 3P1 level of Lu+ at 28503.16 cm-1. The radiative lifetime of this level was measured to be 37.4 ± 1.9 ns using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence of a slow ion beam. Branching fractions were determined from Lu spectra recorded using the 1.0 m Fourier transform spectrometer at the National Solar Observatory. Thelog(gf) values determined by combining the radiative lifetime and branching fractions for the λ3507.39,λ 5983.90, and λ6221.87 (air wavelengths) lines are - 1.16 ± 0.03, - 1.16 ± 0.06, and -0.76 ± 0.04, respectively. Theλ 6221.87 line has been identified by Bord, Cowley, and Mirijanian (1997) as the best candidate for the determination of the solar lutetium abundance because it is only slightly blended in the solar spectrum. The present λ6221.87 transition probability measurement brings their solar lutetium abundance into good agreement with the CI chondrite abundance.
Oxygen‐Activating Enzymes, Chemistry of

Aerobic organisms derive the energy required for cellular processes from the conversion of dioxygen to water, which highlights the importance of dioxygen chemistry in biologic systems. The biochemistry of dioxygen is far from simple and has been the subject of intense study in a range of chemical and biologic disciplines. The reduction of dioxygen is energetically favorable; however, dioxygen is a ground state triplet, kinetically unreactive with singlet organic molecules. Nature has developed a diverse array of catalysts to overcome this kinetic barrier. These dioxygen-activating enzymes are divided into two classes: oxygenases and oxidases. Oxygenases incorporate directly at least one atom from dioxygen into the organic products of their reaction. Oxidases couple the reduction of dioxygen with the oxidation of substrate. Typically, enzymes that react with dioxygen contain transition metal ions and/or conjugated organic molecules as cofactors. The reaction with dioxygen is initiated by electron transfer from the cofactor to O2. The subsequent chemistry varies depending on both the nature of the cofactor and the protein scaffold. Here we review the fascinating chemistry of the dioxygen-activating enzymes and identify some of the common strategies and themes that have emerged from over half a century of research.
Visual-motor abnormalities in VLBW infants with grade III-IV intracranial hemorrhage. |[dagger]| 1245

The objective of our study was to evaluate visual-motor abnormalities at 18 mo corrected age in VLBW infants after grade III-IV intracranial hemorrhage(ICH) in the neonatal period. 14 VLBW infants (BW 700-1565g; GA 27-33 wk) diagnosed to have grade III-IV ICH and progressive posthemorrhagic ventriculomegaly (PHVM) were treated with reservoir placement (with daily reservoir taps) followed by ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) insertion. VPS revisions were performed after NICU discharge whenever shunt infection or obstruction occurred. All infants had detailed ophthalmologic evaluations at 3,6 and 18 mo to evaluate vision and ocular movements and presence of strabismus, nystagmus, optic atrophy and residual retinopathy of prematurity(ROP).
Importance of phase fluctuations in superconductors with small superfluid density

THE superconducting state of a metal is characterized by a complex order parameter with an amplitude and a phase. In the BCS-Eliashberg mean-field theory1, which is a very good approximation for conventional metals, the phase of the order parameter is un-important for determining the value of the transition temperature Tc and the change of many physical properties brought about by the transition. Here we argue that superconductors with low super-conducting carrier density (such as the organic and high-Tc oxide superconductors) are characterized by a relatively small phase 'stiffness9 and poor screening, both of which imply a significantly larger role for phase fluctuations. As a consequence, in these mat-erials the transition to the superconducting state may not display typical mean-field behaviour, and phase fluctuations, both classical and quantum, may have a significant influence on low-temperature properties. For some quasi-two-dimensional materials, notably underdoped high-temperature superconductors, the onset of long-range phase order controls the gross value of Tc as well as its systematic variation from one material to another.
Differential functional ontogeny of dopamine presynaptic receptor regulation

The ontogeny of dopamine (DA) presynaptic receptor regulation was examined neuropharmacologically in 7-, 14-, 21-, 28- and 35-day-old and adult rats. In striatum, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) significantly increased DA levels as early as 7 days postnatally; apomorphine attenuated this increase beginning at 14 days postnatally. However, in olfactory tubercles, no increase in DA was observed after GBL until 21 days postnatally, and not until 35 days postnatally was apomorphine consistently able to attenuate this increase. Thus, DA presynaptic receptors in mesolimbic regions may mature several weeks later than in striatum.
The role of model systems in the few‐body reduction of the N‐fermion problem

The problem of upper and lower ground state energy bounds for many-fermion systems is considered from the viewpoint of reduced density matrices. Model density matrices are used for upper bounds to, first uncoupled, then coupled fermions. Model Hamiltonians are developed for lower bounds in corresponding fashion. Both mathematical and physical models are constructed for setting up universally valid inequalities on density matrices. These are joined by both inequalities and equalities in which the explicit form of the system at hand is used. A few illustrative examples are presented.
Multilayer monochromator for synchrotron radiation angiography

We have investigated the properties of small period multilayers as possible diffracting elements in a monochromator for synchrotron radiation angiography. This type of angiography uses two photon beams, tuned above and below the iodine K-edge (33 KeV) resp., to image an iodine contrast agent injected into the coronary circulation. The fine energy resolution of the perfect Si(1 1 1) Bragg reflectors now used is not necessary and severely limits the useful flux from the synchrotron. We report measurements showing that an increase in flux of nearly 2 orders of magnitude times that of Si may be obtained by using small period (20 to 27 A) W/C or W/B C multilayers. However, the background in the angiogram due to bone and tissue increases as the energy difference between the two beams goes up, and therefore as the bandpass increases. Additional work is needed to determine the maximum allowable bandpass.
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The pathological sequence for type 2 diabetes is complex and entails many different elements that act in concert to cause that disease. This review proposes a sequence of events and how they interact by a careful analysis of the human and animal model literature. A genetic predisposition must exist, although to date very little is known about specific genetic defects in this disease. Whether the diabetes phenotype will occur depends on many environmental factors that share an ability to stress the glucose homeostasis system, with the current explosion of obesity and sedentary lifestyle being a major cause of the worldwide diabetes epidemic. We also propose that a lowered beta-cell mass either through genetic and/or beta-cell cytotoxic factors predisposes for glucose intolerance. As the blood glucose level rises even a small amount above normal, then acquired defects in the glucose homeostasis system occur—initially to impair the beta cell's glucose responsiveness to meals by impairing the first phase insulin response—and cause the blood glucose level to rise into the range of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). This rise in blood glucose, now perhaps in concert with the excess fatty acids that are a typical feature of obesity and insulin resistance, cause additional deterioration in beta-cell function along with further insulin resistance, and the blood glucose levels rise to full-blown diabetes. This sequence also provides insight into how to better prevent or treat type 2 diabetes, by studying the molecular basis for the early defects, and developing targeted therapies against them.
Effect of Diethylstilbestrol and Cholesterol on the Fatty Acid Metabolism of Turkeys

Abstract SEVERAL workers (Lorenz, 1944, 1945; Sykes et al., 1945; Gassner and Wilgus, 1948; Bird, 1946; and Herbert and Brunson, 1957) have reported increased fat deposition in cockerels, broilers and turkeys treated with diethylstilbestrol. Reinis et al. (1962) and Malinow et al. (1963) found that diethylstilbestrol greatly elevated serum total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol contents of cocks and cockerels. Dietary corn oil increased the liver linoleate content and decreased the palmitoleic and oleic acid contents (Marion and Edwards, 1963). Hill (1966) reported that liver trienoic acid content was high when the diet was low in linoleic acid. Trienoic acid content decreased and dienoic and tetraenoic acid contents increased with an increase in dietary linoleate. Previous investigations in our laboratory have shown that plasma oleic acid content of cockerels treated with cholesterol, diethylstilbestrol, and a combination of cholesterol and diethylstilbestrol, increased but the plasma eicosatrienoic acid content was unchanged (Chung et al., . . .
The Comparative Ethology of Courtship in Salamandrid Salamanders. 1. Salamandra and Chioglossa

This paper describes for the first time spermatophore deposition and sperm transfer in the salamander genus Chioglossa. As in Salamandra, the Chioglossa male holds the female in ventral amplexus and deposits his spermatophore under the female's vent. The female drops down upon the spermatophore to accomplish sperm transfer. This mode of sperm transfer is unique to the salamandrid genera Salamandra and Chioglossa and is at least 26 million years old. These two genera also share a number of derived features of preliminary courtship.
Heart Rate Variability in Neurosurgical Patients

Cardiac monitors determine heart rate by counting the number of beats in a given time interval. The normal heart, however, does not beat at a constant rate. Instead, there is a continuous change in heart rate on a beat-by-beat basis. This is termed the instantaneous heart rate and it represents the projected rate per minute that the heart would beat if only one R-R interval (the time between sequential R waves) was repeated throughout a 60-second period. Calculation of the instantaneous heart rate for each heart beat (R-R interval) produces a pattern that demonstrates the variability in heart rate. This instantaneous heart rate pattern was prospectively studied in 102 patients admitted to a neurosurgical intensive care unit. Short-term (STV) and long-term (LTV) heart rate variability were compared to the Glasgow coma scale as a method for patient assessment. LTV seems to be the most useful heart rate parameter in the clinical setting, and both STV and LTV performed better in the serial evaluation of patients. Two postulations found in the heart rate literature were not borne out in this study. First, we did not find a strong correlation between elevated intracranial pressure and decreases in heart rate or variability, as previously reported by Lowensohn et al. Second, the morphological classification of heart rate patterns described by Evans in his study of head-injured patients did not carry the same prognostic value when applied to this broad spectrum of patients with a variety of acute neurological disorders. Heart rate and its variability is a simple parameter to monitor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reactive oxygen species produced in metal‐catalyzed oxidation of bis(trifluoromethyl)disulfide and protection by ze™

Bis(trifluoromethyl)disulfide (TFD), used as an industrial fumigant, was found to generate a thiyl free radical as seen by EPR/spin trapping. Oxygen appears to be an absolute requirement for radical production. The results obtained in this investigation implicate the production of thiyl and reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide radical anion and hydroxyl radicals, during TFD autoxidation. The rate of production of these free radical intermediates was found to increase in the presence of iron(III) and copper(II). In addition, the metal ion chelator DETAPAC and ROS scavengers ethanol, mannitol, and PEG-SOD/catalase were found to inhibit free radical production. Reactive oxygen species were not formed when a high-potency zinc plus antioxidant, ZE caps, was present. These results provide support for the pro-oxidation of TFD and a protective role for zinc.
Field structure of collapsing wave packets in 3D strong Langmuir turbulence.

A simple model is constructed for the electric fields in the collapsing wave packets found in 3D simulations of driven and damped isotropic strong Langmuir turbulence. This model, based on a spherical-harmonic decomposition of the electrostatic potential, accounts for the distribution of wave-packet shapes observed in the simulations, particularly the predominance of oblate wave packets. In contrast with predictions for undamped and undriven subsonic collapse of scalar fields, oblate vector-field wave packets do not flatten during collapse but, instead, remain approximately self-similar and rigid.
On the response of stagewise processes to stationary randomly-fluctuating inputs

Abstract This theoretical paper deals with the response of stagewise processes to stationary randomly-fluctuating inputs with Guassian probability distributions. It is shown how the problem may be formulated mathematically and solved in a manner believed to be more straightforward than the techniques presently used in control theory. Exact solutions are obtained for linear systems and two asymptotic series are developed for cases where the fluctuations are either slow or rapid. By means of these expressions, which involve only simple algebraic operations, it is possible to calculate without too much difficulty the probability that certain critical variables in the system will exceed a prespecified range of values.
The voices within narratives: The development of intertextuality in young children's stories

In recent years we've come to understand how fully even young speakers acquire more than grammar, learning, in addition, how language is used variously across different registers and genres. However, young speakers are learning more than the rules of baby talk or story telling. They are discovering that naturally occurring speech is a rich mix of voices and forms, where the moves between perspectives and kinds of text convey meaning as certainly as the words do. In the following paper, we use longitudinal observations of children's narratives to describe how this occurs.
The man of the house—How the use of household head characteristics may lead to omitted variable bias

Abstract Household heads are defined in many micro data sets and are usually male. This paper illustrates potential consequences of the common practice of using only the household head’s characteristics in empirical research.
Deep Web Query Interface Understanding and Integration

There are millions of searchable data sources on the Web and to a large extent their contents can only be reached through their own query interfaces. There is an enormous interest in making the data in these sources easily accessible. There are primarily two general approaches to achieve this objective. The first is to surface the contents of these sources from the deep Web and add the contents to the index of regular search engines. The second is to integrate the searching capabilities of these sources and support integrated access to them. In this book, we introduce the state-of-the-art techniques for extracting, understanding, and integrating the query interfaces of deep Web data sources. These techniques are critical for producing an integrated query interface for each domain. The interface serves as the mediator for searching all data sources in the concerned domain. While query interface integration is only relevant for the deep Web integration approach, the extraction and understanding of query interfaces are critical for both deep Web exploration approaches. This book aims to provide in-depth and comprehensive coverage of the key technologies needed to create high quality integrated query interfaces automatically. The following technical issues are discussed in detail in this book: query interface modeling, query interface extraction, query interface clustering, query interface matching, query interface attribute integration, and query interface integration. Table of Contents: Introduction / Query Interface Representation and Extraction / Query Interface Clustering and Categorization / Query Interface Matching / Query Interface Attribute Integration / Query Interface Integration / Summary and Future Research
Chest Pain in an Urban Pediatric Cardiology Practice 133

Evaluation of chest pain is the second most common reason for referral to our pediatric cardiology clinics. Chest pain generates anxiety for patient and parent, as well as frequent diagnostic testing. We sought to determine diagnostic testing patterns and their economic implications in the evaluation of chest pain in children and adolescents. We conducted a retrospective chart review of children and adolescents referred to our practice for initial evaluation of chest pain between 1992 and 1997, who had no pre-existing cardiac conditions. Of 347 children referred, 200 met these criteria. The mean age was 11.5 yrs. (3-19 yrs.), with 51% males. Pertinent past medical history included asthma (17%) and pectoral deformities (2%); pertinent family history included mitral valve prolapse (MVP) (5%), and early sudden death (3%). Chest pain was acute (<1 month) in 15%, chronic in 48%, and of unspecified length in 35%. Other chronic illnesses, primarily asthma, were present in 20%. Associated symptoms were present in 40%; most common were tachycardia (10.5%), dizziness (8%), and palpitations (7%). Chest pain occurred equally with activity and at rest. In only 7 cases (3.5%) was a cardiac abnormality identified: MVP (1%), benign arrhythmia (1.5%), hypertension (0.5%), and small secundum atrial septal defect (0.5%). In only 1 case was the chest pain thought to be related to a cardiac abnormality (mild MVP), and in no case was a serious or life-threatening condition identified. Other causes of chest pain identified included muscloskeletal pain (40.5%), asthma (5%), and obesity(2.5%). All but 1 patient had some diagnostic test: 69 (34.5%) had electrocardiogram (ECG) only; 66 (33%) had ECG and echocardiogram (ECHO),and the remainder had various combinations of ECG, ECHO and a variety of other tests, including Holter monitoring, stress testing, and event monitoring. Total charges were $210,300, or $1,051 per patient, including the outpatient visit, and technical and professional fees for tests performed (except charges for event monitoring, for which complete data were not available). Conclusions: Our data agree with previous studies that chest pain is not a harbinger of serious cardiovascular disease. In general, young patients who have life-threatening cardiac events do not have chest pain as a premonitory symptom. The cost of diagnostic testing in the evaluation of chest pain is high, and the yield is nearly zero. We believe no additional tests are required if the history and physical reveal a non-cardiac origin of chest pain, and that ECG alone should suffice if further testing is desired.
TGFBR1*6A Enhances the Migration and Invasion of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells through RhoA Activation

TGFBR1*6A is a common hypomorphic variant of the type 1 transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFBR1), which has been associated with increased cancer risk in some studies. Although TGFBR1*6A is capable of switching TGF-beta growth-inhibitory signals into growth-stimulatory signals when stably transfected into MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the biological effects of TGFBR1*6A are largely unknown. To broadly explore the potential oncogenic properties of TGFBR1*6A, we assessed its effects on NIH-3T3 cells as well as its effect on the migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells. We found that TGFBR1*6A has decreased oncogenic properties compared with TGFBR1. However, TGFBR1*6A significantly enhances MCF-7 cell migration and invasion in a TGF-beta signaling-independent manner. Gene expression profiling studies identified two down-regulated genes involved in cell migration and invasion: ARHGAP5, encoding ARHGAP5, and FN1, encoding fibronectin-1 (FN1). ARHGAP5 and FN1 expression was similarly down-regulated in MCF-7 cells stably transfected with a kinase-inactivated TGFBR1*6A construct. Functional assays show that TGFBR1*6A-mediated decreased ARHGAP5 expression is associated with higher RhoA activation, a crucial mediator of cell migration. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation is also higher in cells that harbor the TGFBR1*6A allele. We conclude that TGFBR1*6A is not an oncogene but enhances MCF-7 cell migration and invasion through RhoA and ERK pathway activation and down-regulates two crucial mediators of this phenotype. These results provide the first evidence that TGFBR1*6A may contribute to cancer progression in a TGF-beta signaling-independent manner.
Do Public Neighborhood Centers Have the Capacity to Be Instruments of Change in Human Services

This article examines the capacity of public neighborhood centers to be instruments of change in human services. The authors focus specifically on the centers' ability to perform critical leadership functions in social planning and locality development. Data presented in the article were gathered through an independent study of 45 public neighborhood centers in Central Florida. Study findings indicate that public neighborhood centers tend to reflect the characteristics of static rather than dynamic organizations. Major adjustments in their goals, funding, technology, decision making, and performance will be needed before public officials can count on them to lead innovations in social planning and locality development.
Attributional life cycle assessment of woodchips for bioethanol production

Abstract Besides the apparent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, other important factors contributing to the renewed interest in biofuels are energy security concerns and the need of sustainable transportation fuel. Nearly 30% of the annual CO2 emissions in the U.S. come from the transportation sector and more than half of the fuel is imported. Biofuels appear to be a promising option to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and the reliance on imported oil concomitantly. The interest on (ligno) cellulosic ethanol is gaining momentum as corn-based ethanol is criticized for using agricultural outputs for fuel production. Among many lignocellulosic feedstocks, woodchips is viewed as one of the most promising feedstocks for producing liquid transportation fuels. The renewable and carbon neutral nature of the feedstocks, similar chemical and physical properties to gasoline, and the low infrastructure cost due to the availability of fuel flex vehicles and transportation networks make (ligno) cellulosic bioethanol an attractive option. An in-depth LCA of woodchips shows that harvesting and woodchips processing stage and transportation to the facility stage emit large amount of environmental pollutants compared to other life cycle stages of ethanol production. Our analysis also found that fossil fuel consumption and respiratory inorganic effects are the two most critical environmental impact categories in woodchips production. We have used Eco-indicator 99 based cradle-to-gate LCA method with a functional unit of 4 m3 of dry hardwood chips production.
Antitproliferative effects of citrus flavonoids on a human squamous cell carcinoma in vitro

We examined the effects of four plant flavonoids (quercetin, taxifolin, nobiletin and tangeretin) on the in vitro growth of a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HTB43). Cell cultures were treated with each flavonoid (2-8 micrograms/ml) for 3-7 days. Cell viability, as determined by counting cells, correlated well with that obtained from a colorimetric assay for cellular growth utilizing 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. The polymethoxylated flavonoids, nobiletin and tangeretin, markedly inhibited cell growth at all concentrations tested on days 5 and 7. On day 3, the inhibition observed was 70-72% at 8 micrograms/ml, while on day 5, it ranged from 61-88% at 2-4 micrograms/ml. Quercetin and taxifolin exhibited no significant inhibition at any of the concentrations tested. This difference in activity may be due to the relatively greater membrane uptake of the polymethoxylated flavonoids since methoxylation of the phenolic groups decreases hydrophilicity of the flavonoid.
Coupling of predation intensity and global diversity over geologic time.

The geologic history of earth's biodiversity, and the origins of this pattern, are central problems in paleobiology and evolutionary biology. The basic picture for marine organisms was outlined in 1860 (1) but was considerably refined in the 1980s and 1990s by the late Jack Sepkoski. His databases of marine animal families and genera produced an iconic pattern of an early Paleozoic rise in diversity, followed by a late Paleozoic plateau or slow decline, a low after the end-Permian extinction, and a final protracted rise through the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (2, 3). The explanation for this pattern has been an active area of research, with interpretations ranging from preservational artifacts to a host of biologically mediated processes (4–7). Predation has been regarded as potentially important, but the data to establish its significance have been limited in scope (8–11). The work of Huntley and Kowalewski (12) in this issue of PNAS demonstrates for the first time a strong correlation between predation intensity and marine biodiversity throughout the Phanerozoic Eon. Their results are particularly compelling because the data are independent of the global-scale taxonomic lists used to generate diversity curves, making a spurious correlation between the two unlikely. The authors' evidence strongly suggests that predation and biodiversity are highly correlated in the marine realm, although which is cause and which is effect …