cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunological Tolerance to Microbial Antigens II. Suppressed Antibody Plaque Formation to Shigella Antigen by Spleen Cells from Tolerant Mice

Friedman, Herman (Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.). Immunological tolerance to microbial antigens. II. Suppressed antibody plaque formation to Shigella antigen by spleen cells from tolerant mice. J. Bacteriol. 92:820–827. 1966.—An indirect, localized, antibody plaque procedure has been used to demonstrate a marked difference in the number of antibody plaques formed with spleen cell suspensions from normal and Shigella -tolerant mice. Whereas challenge with soluble Shigella antigen (SSA) into normal mice, ranging in age from 4 to 40 weeks, resulted in a rapid rise in antibody plaque formation to Shigella -treated sheep erythrocytes, there was only a slight increase in plaque formation with spleen cell suspensions from similarly challenged mice which had been made tolerant to Shigella antigen during neonatal life. Apparently, the suppression of plaque formation to Shigella in tolerant animals was specific, since both Shigella -tolerant and normal mice responded equally well to untreated sheep red blood cells after challenge with sheep erythrocytes only. Spleen cells from nonchallenged Shigella -tolerant mice did not form significant numbers of antibody plaques to SSA-treated red blood cells during an observation period of 4 to 30 weeks after neonatal administration of antigen. “Nonspecific” increases in plaque formation to untreated sheep red cells occurred with spleen cell suspensions from both normal and SSA-tolerant mice after challenge injection with Shigella antigen, with or without sheep erythrocytes. Such a response suggested an adjuvant effect for the endotoxin-containing Shigella antigen even in mice tolerant to the agglutinogenic moiety of SSA. The results of these experiments support the view that specific antibody-forming cells are either absent or in low number in lymphoid tissue from mice specifically tolerant to Shigella antigens. It seems unlikely that the low postchallenge agglutinin titers of tolerant mice are due to suppressed antibody formation by normal numbers of individual antibody-producing cells, or due to “masking” of normal antibody production by persisting circulating antigen. Images
Estimation and optimization of reliability of noisy digital circuits

With continued scaling, reliability is emerging as a critical challenge for the designers of digital circuits. The challenge stems in part from the lack of computationally efficient techniques for analyzing and optimizing circuits for reliability. To address this problem, we propose an exact analysis method based on circuit transformations. Also, we propose a hybrid method that combines exact analysis with probabilistic measures to estimate reliability. We use such measures in a rewiring-based optimization framework to optimize reliability. Our hybrid approach offers a speedup of 56X when compared to a pure Monte Carlo simulation-based approach with only a 3.5% loss in accuracy. Our optimization framework improves reliability by about 10% accompanied by a 6.9% reduction in circuit area.
CELLO: A fast algorithm for Covariance Estimation

We present CELLO (Covariance Estimation and Learning through Likelihood Optimization), an algorithm for predicting the covariances of measurements based on any available informative features. This algorithm is intended to improve the accuracy and reliability of on-line state estimation by providing a principled way to extend the conventional fixed-covariance Gaussian measurement model. We show that in experiments, CELLO learns to predict measurement covariances that agree with empirical covariances obtained by manually annotating sensor regimes. We also show that using the learned covariances during filtering provides substantial quantitative improvement to the overall state estimate.
Dissecting the regulation of yeast genes by the osmotin receptor

The Izh2p protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a receptor for the plant antifungal protein, osmotin. Since Izh2p is conserved in fungi, understanding its biochemical function could inspire novel strategies for the prevention of fungal growth. However, it has been difficult to determine the exact role of Izh2p because it has pleiotropic effects on cellular biochemistry. Herein, we demonstrate that Izh2p negatively regulates functionally divergent genes through a CCCTC promoter motif. Moreover, we show that Izh2p-dependent promoters containing this motif are regulated by the Nrg1p/Nrg2p and Msn2p/Msn4p transcription factors. The fact that Izh2p can regulate gene expression through this widely dispersed element presents a reasonable explanation of its pleiotropy. The involvement of Nrg1p/Nrgp2 in Izh2p-dependent gene regulation also suggests a role for this receptor in regulating fungal differentiation in response to stimuli produced by plants.
A genetic cascade-correlation learning algorithm

Gradient descent techniques such as backpropagation have been used effectively to train neural network connection weights; however, in some applications gradient information may not be available. Biologically inspired genetic algorithms provide an alternative. The paper explores an approach in which a traditional genetic algorithm using standard two-point crossover and mutation is applied within the cascade-correlation learning architecture to train neural network connection weights. In the cascade-correlation architecture the hidden unit feature detector mapping is static; therefore, the possibility of the crossover operator shifting genetic material out of its useful context is reduced. >
CATEGORICAL APPROACH TO GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY

A categorical description of the model of general systems introduced by Lin and Ma2.3.5 is given. Discussion of some basic facts about the functor lim on the categories ℒv, ℒv are provided- It is expected to be a fundamental work for the study of the asymptotic behaviors of suitable linked systems. or, in the fashion concept, linked hierarchies of systems. It is also supposed to serve as a part of mathematical foundations for the general systems theory.
Jejunal Feeding in Patients With Pancreatitis

Patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated by organ failure and/or pancreatic necrosis or fluid collections should have placement of a double-lumen nasogastric-jejunal tube to be used for both gastric decompression and jejunal feeding. These patients are at risk for gastric outlet obstruction, which may be treated so that complications such as aspiration and reflux are avoided. Furthermore, early enteral feeding can prevent ileus, suppress further organ failure, and ultimately restore gut function if continued in an uninterrupted manner. Ultimately, this patient population will benefit from pancreatic rest and jejunal feeding specifically when compared with patients using nasogastric feeding tubes.
Does Self-Defense Training Prevent Sexual Violence Against Women?

Self-defense classes are offered across the nation as a strategy for reducing women's vulnerability to sexual assault. Yet there has been little systematic research assessing the effectiveness of these classes. In this article, I use data from a mixed methods study of a 10-week, university-based, feminist self-defense class to examine the effectiveness of self-defense training over a 1-year follow-up period. My analyses indicate that women who participate in self-defense training are less likely to experience sexual assault and are more confident in their ability to effectively resist assault than similar women who have not taken such a class.
Strike-Slip Control of Basin-Range Structure Indicated by Historical Faults in Western Nevada

Pattern and movement of historical surface faults in western Nevada—typical Basin-Range structures—suggest a control related to strike-slip faulting. Surface faults associated with seven major earthquakes in the past 60 years form a coherent arcuate linear zone (the “Churchill arc”), which appears to have resulted from a specific deformation acting at a single instant in geologic time. The Churchill arc transgresses several mountain ranges, demonstrating that Basin-Range fault-block mountains have not grown independently of one another. A progressive change from dip-slip normal faulting at the north end of the arc to dominantly right-lateral strike-slip faulting at the south end suggests a relationship to the Walker Lane at the south end. The Walker Lane is a major northwest-trending structural zone along which significant right-lateral strike-slip movement has occurred. A surface fault that formed during one other historical earthquake in this part of western Nevada, in the Excelsior Mountains, is oriented northeasterly and is characterized by left-lateral strike-slip movement. A possible relationship between block faulting and strike-slip faulting is supported by other evidence besides the historical faults. Experimental evidence of near-surface faulting related to underlying strike-slip faulting, as well as the common association of horst-and-graben structures with large-scale strike-slip faults in several places around the world, implies a genetic relationship between the two different types of structures. Moreover, geologic evidence shows an association between the two contrasting structures in several other parts of the Basin-Range province. A broad system of conjugate northwesterly and northeasterly strike-slip structures parallel to the San Andreas-Garlock system in California may be present in a large part of the western United States: if so, Basin-Range mountains in general may have formed near zones of horizontal deformation. These transverse lineaments may represent a fundamental structural framework in and near the Basin-Range province. The general northerly orientation of Basin-Range mountains may be in part related to a structural “grain” established prior to the development of the block-faulted mountains. Pre-Cenozoic structures within and along the western boundary of the Basin-Range province are dominated by nearly north-trending foliations and fold axes that are commonly almost parallel to the present ranges. A few structures older than the Basin ranges are transverse fault zones that trend northwest and northeast; these structures may be ancestral to those of the present regional conjugate strike-slip system here proposed. Most of the faults in the Churchill arc probably formed above a branch fault of the Walker Lane having right-lateral strike-slip movement. Possibly faults at the north end of the arc resulted merely from north-northeasterly propagation of an inter-montane graben along pre-existing structures.
Alien(ating) ideology and the American media Apprehending the alien image in television through The X-Files

The pervasiveness of the alien image in the contemporary American media raises a host of questions. The article’s objective is to offer one possible means of theoretically apprehending the use of the alien image in the American media, particularly in television programming. In this respect, no single television series better exemplifies the public intrigue with the alien than Fox’s The X-Files. Utilizing a textual analysis of The X-Files focused on those episodes of the first five seasons constituting the progressive alien-government conspiracy narrative, the article provides a theoretical basis for addressing the sociopolitical and ideological implications of the currency of the alien in the media. It is suggested that the very complexities within this mainstream media text reflect possible conflicting ideological perspectives in the realm of cultural production.
Exploration of advanced preamplifier circuit and system issues

The issues dealt with in this paper concern preamplifier/front-end circuit and system design and integration. Much theoretical work has been published in this area, but less so on system application oriented explorations. A few of the many system issues will be addressed here, including magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) read head integration, crosstalk reduction and characterization measurements, and head ESD/EOS mitigation.
Discussions across difference: addressing the affective dimensions of teaching diverse students about diversity

This article is about missed opportunities for promoting learning and growth in our increasingly diverse classrooms and the fundamental affective and social questions we need to address if we are to teach about diversity effectively. It is about the need to develop trust within diverse groups, so that students can learn from each others’ differences, confront their own assumptions and biases and prepare for engaged citizenship. To address the affective dimensions of this pedagogical work, this article synthesizes educational research on the impact of diversity, social science research on the impact of trust, and psychoanalytic literature on how we respond to and negotiate difference.
PhyloFacts: an online structural phylogenomic encyclopedia for protein functional and structural classification

The Berkeley Phylogenomics Group presents PhyloFacts, a structural phylogenomic encyclopedia containing almost 10,000 'books' for protein families and domains, with pre-calculated structural, functional and evolutionary analyses. PhyloFacts enables biologists to avoid the systematic errors associated with function prediction by homology through the integration of a variety of experimental data and bioinformatics methods in an evolutionary framework. Users can submit sequences for classification to families and functional subfamilies. PhyloFacts is available as a worldwide web resource from http://phylogenomics.berkeley.edu/phylofacts.
Prevention and Treatment of Serous Otitis Media with an Oral Antihistamine A Double-blind Study in Pediatric Practice

Serous otitis media (SOM) is a common and troublesome disease in childhood. Although antihistamines are commonly prescribed to prevent or treat SOM, there have been no controlled clinical trials to determine the efficacy of such interventions. This study was designed to determine if antihistamines are of value in the prevention or treatment of SOM. Using a randomized double-blind method, 206 children with acute otitis media were treated with antibiotics and either brompheniramine maleate or placebo. The children were evaluated two weeks later by tympanometry and, independently, by combined pneumatoscopy and otoscopy. There were no significant differences overall between the treatment and control groups in terms of preventing SOM: 44% of those on antihistamine and 41% of those on placebo had SOM after two weeks of therapy. However, children with a history of serous otitis media did significantly better on placebo than did those on antihistamine, and children without a history of serous otitis media did significantly better on antihistamine than did those on placebo. One hundred children continued to use antihistamine or placebo for four more weeks. There were no significant differences between the treatment and control groups in terms of resolution of SOM (64% versus 68%).
Thermal Shock Effects on Brittle-Ductile Materials

Thermal shock has different effects on brittle and ductile materials. The main reason may be explained by strains and energy. A brittle material can endure little strain before rupture. There is also a large surplus of elastic energy in brittle materials, which accelerates the crack to high speeds when they fail in thermal shock. On the other hand, ductile materials can usually withstand more strains and the plastic deformation will help the ductile materials to absorb more strain energy before failure occurs. Based on these reasons, the brittle materials usually fail in cracking abruptly and ductile materials usually fail in fatiguing slowly under thermal shocks. Different approaches are required to deal with thermal shock problems of brittle materials and ductile materials. A few important parameters described in connection with this problem are thermal shock-resistence, heat transfer conditions, crack and failure associated with brittle materials, the thermal cycles, material characteristics, surface effects, and plastic deformation associated with ductile materials.
Impact damage detection in composite structures using distributed piezoceramics

In this presentation, a concept of a damage diagnostic system using distributed built-in piezoelectric~ for detecting foreign object impact as well as estimating the resulting impact damage is proposed. Based on the concept, an impact detection method has been developed for predicting impact load and impact location for beams. A delamination identification method will also be demonstrated for estimating the location and size of an embedded delamination in composite beams. The impact detection method uses a quadratic fitting method based on transient dynamic response measured from piezoelectric sensors for detecting foreign object impact. The delamination identification method compares measured amplitude response of a structure excited locally by piezo-actuators with estimated measurements to identify the delamination size and location. By combining the two methods, it is possible to develop a damage diagnostic system for structures which may be susceptible to foreign object impact.
A Method for Measuring the Self-Cementing Characteristics of Fly Ash Pastes

The development of an improved method of trimethylsilylation [1] made possible the assessment of different polysilicate fractions in hydrated cement pastes, as a means of structural characterization. Several laboratories have presented various gas-liquid chromatographic data on the polysilicate derivatives of C-S-H [2–5]. Identification of the different molecular weight fractions has been made, in most laboratories, by matching the gasliquid chromatographic peaks with the gel permeation chromatographic peaks. The success of this matching process is always dependent on type of instruments, length of columns and temperature range. In the present investigation, a mass spectrometer, in direct contact with the gas-liquid chromatograph, was used to identify the molecular weight of each of the fractions separated from the chromatograph. The technique was applied to determine the molecular weights and abundances of different polysilicate species in hydrated fly ash pastes.
Gardner's syndrome; a revisit to a previously described family.

The complete pedigree of the family with Gardner's syndrome, first reported by Weiner and Cooper, is presented and the natural history of this autosomal dominant disorder is reviewed. Two new cases were found among members of the third generation. Fifteen years after total colectomy, the only affected survivor from the second generation developed a metastasizing adenocarcinoma of the third portion of the duodenum. In addition to features of the classic triad, the dental abnormalities found in all affected survivors in this family appear to be a consistent manifestation of the syndrome. No structural or numerical chromosome abnormalities were found in karyotypes prepared from peripheral white blood cells, a mandibular osteoma or testicular cells. All affected individuals should be advised of the high risk of producing affected offspring. Careful evaluation of all family members at risk will allow identification of affected individuals long before intestinal symptoms develop and should permit appropriate surgical therapy before malignant degeneration of the colon can occur. Until the true incidence of malignancy in the retained rectum is established, subtotal colectomy with careful lifelong follow-up would appear to be the most acceptable therapy for Gardner's syndrome. Even total colectomy may not be curative, since the small bowel mucosa carries a small but definite premalignant potential.
BERNOULLI TRIALS AND NUMBER THEORY

(1994). Bernoulli Trials and Number Theory. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 101, No. 10, pp. 948-952.
Computers in medicine. Specific applications to coronary heart disease.

Computers are changing the visage of medicine. Automation is now being applied in at least seven biomedical areas: education, libraries, records, hospital administration, diagnosis, patient care and experimental research. Further refinements and applications promise new sophistication in almost every facet of the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Prices and E-Cigarette Demand: Evidence From the European Union.

INTRODUCTION Many European Union (EU) Member States have expressed the need for EU legislation to clarify the issue of e-cigarette taxation, but the economic evidence to inform creation of such policies has been lacking. To date, only one study - on the U.S. only - has examined responsiveness of e-cigarette demand to price changes. METHODS We used 2011-2014 pooled time-series data on e-cigarette sales as well as e-cigarette and cigarette prices for six EU markets (Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). We utilized static and dynamic fixed-effects models to estimate the own and cross-price elasticity of demand for e-cigarettes. In a separate model for Sweden, we examined the effects of snus prices on e-cigarette sales. RESULTS Based on static models, every 10% increase in e-cigarette prices is associated with a drop in e-cigarettes sales of approximately 8.2%, while based on dynamic models, the drop is 2.7% in the short run and 11.5% in the long run. Combustible cigarette prices are positively associated with sales of e-cigarettes. Snus prices are positively associated with sales of e-cigarettes in Sweden. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the sales of e-cigarettes are responsive to price changes, which suggests that excise taxes can help governments to mitigate an increase in e-cigarette use. E-cigarettes and regular cigarettes are substitutes, with higher cigarette prices being associated with increased e-cigarette sales. Making combustible cigarettes more expensive compared to e-cigarettes could be effective in moving current combustible smokers to e-cigarettes, which might have positive health effects.
Multi-objective collaborative optimization using linear physical programming with dynamic weight

The multi-objective collaborative optimization problem with multi-objective subsystems has a bi-level optimization architecture, that consists of the system and subsystem levels. Combining the multi-objective optimization algorithm with a bi-level optimization structure can obtain a satisfactory solution. Given that the preference-based algorithm requires minimal running time, the Linear physical programming (LPP) method, one of the typical preference-based algorithms, is adopted. Considering that setting the preference values for the incompatibility function is difficult, the weighted incompatibility function is added to the piecewise linear function of the LPP model. An expression of dynamic weight is also presented according to the inconsistency among the subsystems, which is caused by the sharing and auxiliary variables relative to the different subsystems. Using an engineering example, this study reveals that the interdisciplinary consistency is satisfactory when the dynamic weight is used in the LPP model, which thereby demonstrates the effectiveness of the presented method.
The Current and Future Treatment of Brain Metastases

Brain metastases are the most common intracranial malignancy, accounting for significant morbidity and mortality in oncology patients. The current treatment paradigm for brain metastasis depends on the patient’s overall health status, the primary tumor pathology, and the number and location of brain lesions. Herein, we review the modern management options for these tumors, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Recent operative advances, such as fluorescence, confocal microscopy, and brachytherapy, are highlighted. With an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of brain metastasis come increased future therapeutic options. Therapy targeted to specific tumor molecular pathways, such as those involved in blood-brain barrier transgression, cell-cell adhesion, and angiogenesis, are also reviewed. A personalized plan for each patient, based on molecular characterizations of the tumor that are used to better target radiotherapy and chemotherapy, is undoubtedly the future of brain metastasis treatment.
Inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha by gossypol.

Abstract Our earlier studies have shown that gossypol is a specific inhibitor of DNA synthesis in cultured cells at low doses. In an attempt to determine the mechanism for the inhibition of DNA synthesis by gossypol we observed that gossypol does not interact with DNA per se but may affect some of the enzymes involved in DNA replication. These studies indicated that gossypol inhibits both in vivo and in vitro the activity of DNA polymerase α (EC 2.7.7.7), a major enzyme involved in DNA replication, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Kinetic analysis revealed that gossypol acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of DNA polymerase α with respect to all four deoxynucleotide triphosphates and to the activated DNA template. Inhibition of DNA polymerase α does not appear to be due to either metal chelation or reduction of sulfhydryl groups on the enzyme. Gossypol also inhibited HeLa DNA polymerase β in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on DNA polymerase γ. These results suggest that inhibition of DNA polymerase α may account in part for the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the S-phase block caused by gossypol. The data also raise the possibility that gossypol may interfere with DNA repair processes as well.
Machine Learning Can Reliably Distinguish Histological Patterns of Micropapillary and Solid Lung Adenocarcinomas

The World Health Organization recommends subclassification of lung cancer according to the percentages of histologic subtypes within a tumor. The manual quantification of lung tumor composition is very time consuming, but it can potentially be aided by a machine learning application. We have updated our previously developed methodology to segment and distinguish solid and micropapillary lung tumor subtypes. Binary tumor masks delineated by machine learning were defined by the mean area of binary objects and by the number of objects found in an image frame. These two features distinguished solid (\(n=31\)) and micropapillary (\(n=61\)) histologic subtypes with excellent performance (\(p<4.04{\textsc {e}}{\text {-}}19\)) for three different frame sizes. Our method to quantify tumor growth patterns applied to histological images of lung adenocarcinoma, demonstrates for the first time that it is feasible to quantify the composition of histological subtypes in individual lung cancers.
Electron Beam Melting

This chapter provides a basic understanding of electron beam melting, how it works, and the software commonly utilized. The materials available and recommended by ARCAM as well as the materials currently analyzed in different research projects are described. A summary on research performed on different alloys where successful parts have been fabricated by electron beam melting, along with the microstructures and mechanical properties obtained for different alloys is provided. The alloys considered in this chapter are Ti–6Al–4V, Ti–48Al, Co–Cr–Mo, Inconel 625 and 718, and copper. Targeted applications and a research overview are provided in this chapter.
Evaluation and Modification of a Robust Path Following Controller for Marine Surface Vessels in Wave Fields

This paper evaluates a novel robust path following controller for marine surface vessels in wave fields. Because of complex wave structure interactions, most path following control designs neglect the wave impact at the design stage and rely on simulation or experiment to ensure the satisfactory performance in wave fields. In this paper, we first introduce a numerical test bed that combines the ship dynamics and wave effects on vessels to facilitate the model-base performance evaluation of path following control systems in wave fields. Then, a novel robust path following controller is described and its key features are summarized. Simulation results of the path following controller in the wave field are presented. Several issues, such as steady-state errors and rudder oscillations, have been identified, thereby motivating controller modification and gain retuning. Mitigating strategies for improving the controller performance are proposed and numerically evaluated. The simulation results show that the performance of the modified controller can be substantially improved in wave fields.
Medication Reviews in Older Adults

Increased scrutiny of medication regimens by healthcare professionals across the continuum of care is to be expected as the worldwide population ages. Similarly, pharmaceutical companies will be expected to develop new drugs that are safe and effective for older adults, including those who are frail, have complex comorbidities, and/or are prescribed multiple medications. Understanding the medication review process from the clinician perspective can help pharmaceutical industry professionals involved in drug development for older adults anticipate potential post-marketing pitfalls.
Determining Criteria for Missed Events to Evaluate Significant Severe Convective Outlooks

AbstractAmong the Storm Prediction Center’s (SPC) probabilistic convective outlook products are forecasts specifically targeted at significant severe weather: tornadoes that produce EF2 or greater damage, wind gusts of at least 75 mi h−1, and hail with diameters of 2 in. or greater. During the period of 2005–15, for outlooks issued beginning on day 3 and through the final update to the day 1 forecast, the accuracy and skill of these significant severe outlooks are evaluated. To achieve this, criteria for the identification of significant severe weather events were developed, with a focus on determining days for which outlooks were not issued, but should have been based on the goals of the product. Results show that significant tornadoes and hail are generally well identified by outlooks, but significant wind events are underforecast. There exist differences between verification measures when calculating them based on 1) only those days for which outlooks were issued and 2) days with outlooks or missed eve...
3d Computer Generated Holography by Nonconvex Optimization

We propose a nonconvex optimization algorithm for 3D computer generated holography. Our algorithm solves for a 2D phase pattern in Fourier space to best approximate a user-specified 3D intensity at the image plane. We demonstrate improved performance over existing techniques, in both simulation and experiment.
Creation of distal enhancers defines human-specific features of interphase chromatin architecture in embryonic stem cells

Molecular and genetic definitions of human-specific changes to genomic regulatory networks (GRNs) contributing to development of unique to human phenotypes remain a highly significant challenge. Genome-wide proximity placement analysis of diverse families of human-specific genomic regulatory loci (HSGRL) identified topologically-associating domains (TADs) that are significantly enriched for HSGRL and designated rapidly-evolving in humans TADs (Genome Biol Evol. 2016 8; 2774-88). In this contribution, the genome-wide proximity placement analysis of human-specific genomic regulatory loci (HSGRL), hESC-enriched enhancers, super-enhancers (SEs), topologically-associating domains (TADS), and specific sub-TAD structures termed super-enhancer domains (SEDs) has been performed. In the hESC genome, 331 of 504 (66%) of SED-harboring TADs contain HSGRL and 68% of SEDs co-localize with HSGRL, suggesting that emergence of HSGRL may have rewired SED-associated GRNs within specific TADs by inserting novel and/or erasing existing non-coding regulatory sequences. Consequently, markedly distinct features of the principal regulatory structures of interphase chromatin evolved in the hESC genome compared to mouse: the SED quantity is 3-fold higher and the median SED size is significantly larger. Concomitantly, the overall TAD quantity is increased by 42% while the median TAD size is significantly decreased (p = 9.11E-37) in the hESC genome. Present analyses illustrate a putative global role for HSGRL in shaping the human-specific features of the interphase chromatin organization and functions, which are facilitated by accelerated creation rates of new enhancers associated with targeted placement of HSGRL at defined genomic coordinates. A trend toward the convergence of TAD and SED architectures of interphase chromatin in the hESC genome may reflect changes of 3D-folding patterns of linear chromatin fibers designed to enhance both regulatory complexity and functional precision of GRNs by creating predominantly a single gene (or a set of functionally-linked genes) per regulatory domain structures.
Structured Learning: A Psychoeducational Approach for Teaching Social Competencies:

This article describes the use of Structured Learning, a psychoeducational approach for teaching social competencies to adolescents and pre-adolescents. The youngsters who are likely to be trained ...
Abstract TP237: Uneven Distribution of Stroke Patients and Stroke Centers

Background: Texas is a large state with high demographic and geographic diversity. We analyzed the distribution of high-risk patients and stroke care hospitals to determine how to optimally distrib...
Successful management of bleeding in a patient with factor V inhibitor by platelet transfusions

A 71-yr-old male was seen because of the development of severe bleeding diathesis secondary to an acquired factor V inhibitor. The lack of clinical and laboratory response to fresh frozen plasma prompted us to treat him with platelet transfusions during 4 separate bleeding episodes; on each occasion he received 10–15 U of homologous platelet concentrates. There was a remarkable clinical response associated with a marked correction of the prolonged prothrombin time, prolonged partial thromboplastin time, and prolonged Russell viper venom time; this correlated with higher factor V levels and complete neutralization of the inhibitor. The beneficial effect of platelet transfusion lasted 5–6 days. The inhibitor was of low titer, and it was precipitated by staphylococcal protein A. The in vivo response to platelet transfusion correlated with subsequently performed in vitro experiments. Nonwashed control platelet pellets mixed with inhibitor plasma partially corrected the prolonged PTT, whereas washed platelets or albumin density gradient separated samples did not. Similarly, nonwashed platelets from a patient with congenital factor V deficiency had no corrective effect. Likely mechanisms of the effect of transfused platelets might include: (A) factor V was provided by platelets; (B) the platelet surface provided receptor sites for the factor V inhibitor; or (C) platelet participated in local hemostasis. Treatment of this patient with immunosuppression (cyclophosphamide and prednisone) resulted in disappearance of the inhibitor. Thus, platelet transfusions could be an alternative therapy to fresh frozen plasma in the treatment of bleeding in patients with factor V inhibitors.
Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in plant molecular biology

Electron microscopic immunocytochemical protocols have been developed over the past decade to permit the localization of moderately abundant proteins with great resolution. The advantage of this type of assay is that it permits determination of the intracellular distribution of a specific antigen with an average resolution of 20–30 nm. This resolution is sufficient to resolve most of a cell’s organelle and membrane systems. Immunocytochemical localization is a labor-intensive assay requiring not only the appropriate technical and scientific background, but also various mechanical and photographic skills that usually require some time to perfect. Even in the hands of a very experienced immunocytochemist this type of assay will involve several weeks of work to prepare, assay, and photograph the material. In this chapter we have considered the current state of the art in electron microscopic localization of plant antigens. These procedures have proven to be a useful component of many plant molecular biology research programs. Additional information on the applications and results of immunocytochemical studies on plant tissues may be found in recent reviews [10, 12, 13,24,33,35].
Developing a Statistically Valid AND Practically Useful Student Evaluation Instrument.

The current article presents the findings on the development of a student evaluation instrument in which course evaluation is directly tied to student learning outcomes. With a committee consisting of instructors from six distinct disciplines brought together as part of a working group for this purpose, the instrument was developed utilizing research on the components of effective teaching and how these components impacted student learning. The instrument was tested at two time points, once via pen and paper (n=340 students) and the other online (n=2636 students). Factor Analysis resulted in one latent factor both times. The instrument also had high internal consistency reliability. Comparisons of individual student factors revealed a few variables significantly predicted ratings, but effect sizes were small. This work suggests an instrument has been created that assesses components of effective teaching, via the impact on student learning, and the ratings obtained are not highly influenced by individual factors.
Sampling From Batches

The outputs of many manufacturing processes consist of batches which tend to be more homogeneous than the outputs from the process as a whole. Thus the quality of just one batch is not necessarily representative of the long term quality of the process. ..
Person- and Incident-Level Predictors of Blame, Disclosure, and Reporting to Authorities in Rape Scenarios

Rapes perpetrated during college are both common and underreported. Research highlights that several person- and incident-level factors relating to gender and sexuality may diminish reporting, by themselves and as they pertain to attributions of blame for the assault. In this study, male and female college students (N = 916) read vignettes describing a rape perpetrated by a man against a woman, a man against a man, or a woman against a man. Participants rated the blameworthiness of both perpetrator and victim and rated the likelihood that they would disclose the rape to social ties or health services or report it to authorities if they were in the victim's position. We found that male gender and heterosexual orientation predicted higher victim blame, lower perpetrator blame, and lower likelihood of disclosure, although relative endorsement of masculine gender ideology seemed to be driving these associations, as well as predicted lower likelihood of reporting to authorities. Controlling for other factors, vignettes portraying a woman raping a man led to a lower likelihood of disclosing or reporting the assault, compared with a male-on-female rape. We also found that the effects of female-on-male rape and traditional masculine ideologies tied to rape disclosure partially by decreasing blame to the perpetrator, which itself carried a unique influence on decisions to report. Our findings overall indicate that factors related to gender, sexuality, and blame have myriad influences and may contribute to low rates of disclosing rape to important outlets.
Endoscopic magnet placement into subadventitial tunnels for augmenting the lower esophageal sphincter using submucosal endoscopy: ex vivo and in vivo study in a porcine model (with video).

Background and Aims Endolumenal therapies serve as a treatment option for GERD. This study aimed to determine if magnets could be placed endoscopically using the adventitial layer to create a subadventitial space near the esophagogastric junction to augment the lower esophageal sphincter using submucosal endoscopy. Methods This study consisted of 2 phases, ex vivo and in vivo, with domestic pig esophagus. A long submucosal tunnel was made at the mid to lower esophagus. The muscularis propria was incised by a needle-knife within the submucosal tunnel. A subadventitial tunnel was made by biliary balloon catheter blunt dissection, and a magnet was deployed in the subadventitial space. The same maneuver was done within the opposing esophageal wall, with magnet placement in the opposing subadventitial space. Results Submucosal tunnels and subadventitial tunnels were successful without perforation ex vivo in all attempts and in 9 of 10 cases, respectively. Magnets were deployed in the subadventitial space in 7 cases. Magnets connected and separated with atraumatic endoscope passage into the stomach and reconnected when the endoscope was withdrawn under fluoroscopy in 5 of 7 cases (71.4%). In vivo submucosal tunnels and subadventitial tunnels were successful in all 5 cases, and magnet augmentation was functionally active in 4 cases (80%). Conclusion Subadventitial tunnels were feasible and could represent a new working space for endoscopic treatment. Endoscopic placement of magnets within the subadventitial space may be an attractive alternative endolumenal therapy for GERD.
Energy Transfer from Low Energy Noble Gas Ions to Gold Surfaces Using a Pyroelectric Calorimeter

The energy transfer from noble gas ions with energies in the range 0–4000 eV to polycrystalline Gold surfaces is studied with a pyroelectric calorimeter.
The Clinician’s Challenge: Recognizing Wilson’s Disease

Recognizing Wilson’s Disease is the number one challenge facing Wilson’s disease patients and their physicians today, and this chapter is designed to help clinician’s recognize the possible (or likely) diagnosis and help these patients. All too often recognition and diagnosis are greatly delayed, if they occur at all. It is indeed unfortunate that so many patients are beset with major clinical problems and neither the doctor nor the patient have the faintest clue as to the real underlying diagnosis.
A Reason to Wait: The Effect of Legal Status on Teen Pregnancy

Although teen pregnancy has been on the decline in the United States, it remains among the highest within developed countries. Hispanics, who are more likely to be undocumented immigrants, lead this trend, yet the role of legal status has yet to be considered. To investigate this question, we examine teenage fertility responses to the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which provides temporary legal status to undocumented youth. We find that DACA reduced the likelihood of having a teenage birth by 1.6 percentage points and eliminated roughly half of the gap in teenage childbearing between documented and undocumented women.
Modelling activities integrating construction and simulation supported explanatory and evaluative reasoning

ABSTRACTModel-based instruction offers numerous benefits to students, including increased content knowledge and critical thinking. This study explored the differences in the knowledge outcomes and ...
Fostering Grassroots Civic Nationalism in an Ethno-nationally Divided Community in Northern Ireland

Much of Northern Ireland remains divided as it continues to transition from a prolonged ethno-national struggle during a period of violence known as “the Troubles” (1969–1998). This conflict result...
Oil impregnation of Douglas fir using a pressure reduction and an oil-water treatment

7 INTRODUCTION 1 REVm/ OF THE LITERATURE 3 B&okground Information 3 Requirements for proper treatment .... 3 Wood structure h Types of oomroerolal treatment 7 Factors Affecting Penetration and Retention. . 8 v/ood* 8 Permeability 12 Fluid 15 Pressure 15 Viscosity and temperature 17 Factors Affecting Bleeding 18 Temperature 18 Oil 19 Wood. 19 Treating schedule 19 LABORATORT EXPERIMENTS 21 Plan of Investigation 21 Equipment 23a Supplies 24 Wood 2k Oil preseryative 26 Procedure 26 Preparation of wood 27 Operation of treating unit 27 Collection of data 27
Government as the First Investor in Biopharmaceutical Innovation: Evidence From New Drug Approvals 2010–2019

The discovery and development of new medicines classically involves a linear process of basic biomedical research to uncover potential targets for drug action, followed by applied, or translational, research to identify candidate products and establish their effectiveness and safety. This Working Paper describes the public sector contribution to that process by tracing funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) related to published research on each of the 356 new drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration from 2010-2019 as well as research on their 219 biological targets. Specifically, we describe the timelines of clinical development for these products and proxy measures of their importance, including designations as first-in-class or expedited approvals. We model the maturation of basic research on the biological targets to determine the initiation and established points of this research and demonstrate that none of these products were approved before this enabling research passed the established point. This body of essential research comprised 2 million publications, of which 424 thousand were supported by 515 thousand Funding Years of NIH Project support totaling $195 billion. Research on the 356 drugs comprised 244 thousand publications, of which 39 thousand were supported by 64 thousand Funding Years of NIH Project support totaling $36 billion. Overall, NIH funding contributed to research associated with every new drug approved from 2010-2019, totaling $230 billion. This funding supported investigator-initiated Research Projects, Cooperative Agreements for government-led research on topics of particular importance, as well as Research Program Projects and Centers and training to support the research infrastructure. This NIH funding also produced 22 thousand patents, which provided marketing exclusivity for 27 (8.6%) of the drugs approved 2010-2019. These data demonstrate the essential role of public sector-funded basic research in drug discovery and development, as well as the scale and character of this funding. It also demonstrates the limited mechanisms available for recognizing the value created by these early investments and ensuring appropriate public returns. This analysis demonstrates the importance of sustained public investment in basic biomedical science as well as the need for policy innovations that fully realize the value of public sector investments in pharmaceutical innovation that ensure that these investments yield meaningful improvements in health.
Extending the MPI Stages Model of Fault Tolerance

Here, we expand upon our effective, checkpoint-based approach of fault tolerance for MPI-"MPI Stages," an extension of the Reinit model of fault-tolerant MPI introduced by some of us and others, notably without the use of setjmp/longjmp. MPI Stages saves internal MPI state in a separate checkpoint in coordination with application state saved by the application. While it is currently implemented based on the ExaMPI research implementation of MPI (designed to simplify checkpointing of state through a new, OO design), MPI Stages' downward requirement on any MPI implementation primarily inheres in internal-state checkpointability, apart from the new syntax and semantics of the MPI Stages model itself.As of now, MPI Stages supports communicators, groups, and limited forms of derived datatypes used with point-to-point and collective communication. We report on success with a substantial MPI application, SW4, which utilizes many of the common subset of features of many data-parallel MPI applications. We reinforce the model of a pre-main-type resilience interposition model, and introduce MPI opaque object serialization and deserialization. We also introduce new functions to better support use of the Stages model in hierarchical code and legacy software that does not sample MPI error codes faithfully. These MPI-Stages concepts appear useful for other fault tolerant MPI models and so are near-term standardization targets.We describe future steps needed to make MPI Stages more production ready, standardizable, and integrable with other MPI fault-tolerance models.