cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualitative characterizations of misinformed disclosure reactions to medications for opioid use disorders and their consequences.

Abstract Introduction Methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone medications are among the most effective treatment options for opioid use disorders, yet many people remain misinformed about their benefits and hold negative perceptions about the use of medications to treat opioid use disorders. Such perceptions, especially negative perceptions based on misinformation, may be especially harmful or stigmatizing within the context of disclosure (i.e., telling another about one's opioid use disorder history or treatment), inhibiting important recovery outcomes and sources of social support. Methods Therefore, using the Disclosure Process Model as a framework, the current study seeks to characterize and compare participants' perceptions of stigmatizing reactions to their disclosures of MOUD use that stem from misinformation about methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone. Participants included people who are actively receiving MOUD as treatment. Results Results suggest that participants (N = 52) receiving both types of medications experienced similar stigmatizing reactions to disclosures. Participants also reported treatment consequences of misinformed reactions to their disclosure, such as dropping out of support groups (e.g., Narcotics Anonymous) or prematurely ending their medication use. Further, the paper provides participants' recommendations for avoiding or managing misinformed disclosure reactions. Conclusions Short-term intervention efforts may promote strategies to manage misinformation, equipping individuals to respond to misinformation surrounding their medication use. Long-term interventions may target misinformation about methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone medications to increase health literacy, reduce stigma, and combat cultural ambivalence within communities, as well as promote recovery among people receiving medications for opioid use disorder.
Hybrid Smart Converter Transformer for HVDC with Advanced Grid Support

The HVDC systems are typically utilized for long distance power transmission due to their advantages like minimal-loss bulk power transmission, advanced control features and capability to interconnect asynchronous AC networks. Among the two most common HVDC technologies; voltage source converter HVDC (VSC-HVDC) and line commutated converter HVDC (LCC-HVDC), the former has enhanced control features along with non-dependence upon synchronous machines for commutation. However, it suffers from higher losses due to the involvement of high-speed switching, involves sophisticated gate-driver circuitry, has a weak overload capability, suffers from non-availability in higher ratings and lower reliability due to higher component count. This paper is focused on enhancing the reliability along with reduced control complexity of the highly mature LCC-HVDC technology by converting the inverter-side transformer into smart one through integration of a power electronics-based module between its neutral and converter-station ground. The module enables the conventional converter transformer to perform voltage regulation, harmonics isolation, voltage and impedance balancing. This leads to enhanced robustness of LCC-HVDC against commutation failure, minimization of DC power recovery time and protection against disturbances, such as, solar storms and high-elevation nuclear explosions. The proposed approach is also depicted to introduce power flow control capabilities in AC-tie lines for parallel AC/DC transmission. The PSCAD/EMTDC is utilized to evaluate the proposed approach on the CIGRE benchmark model and the results verify it as a promising solution to multiple HVDC problems.
Oral Health Knowledge, Barriers to Dental Care, and Awareness of a Medicaid Pregnancy Dental Coverage Among Reproductive-Age Women.

Objectives: Oral health is an integral part of women's health, yet many women face barriers and go without necessary dental care. The objectives of this study were to (1) examine and compare pregna...
Assessing the microbiota of recycled bedding sand on a Wisconsin dairy farm.

Background Sand is often considered the preferred bedding material for dairy cows as it is thought to have lower bacterial counts than organic bedding materials and cows bedded on sand experience fewer cases of lameness and disease. Sand can also be efficiently recycled and reused, making it cost-effective. However, some studies have suggested that the residual organic material present in recycled sand can serve as a reservoir for commensal and pathogenic bacteria, although no studies have yet characterized the total bacterial community composition. Here we sought to characterize the bacterial community composition of a Wisconsin dairy farm bedding sand recycling system and its dynamics across several stages of the recycling process during both summer and winter using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results Bacterial community compositions of the sand recycling system differed by both seasons and stage. Summer samples had higher richness and distinct community compositions, relative to winter samples. In both summer and winter samples, the diversity of recycled sand decreased with time drying in the recycling room. Compositionally, summer sand 14 d post-recycling was enriched in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the genera Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas, relative to freshly washed sand and sand from cow pens. In contrast, no OTUs were found to be enriched in winter sand. The sand recycling system contained an overall core microbiota of 141 OTUs representing 68.45% ± 10.33% SD of the total bacterial relative abundance at each sampled stage. The 4 most abundant genera in this core microbiota included Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter, Corynebacterium, and Pseudomonas. Acinetobacter was present in greater abundance in summer samples, whereas Psychrobacter and Corynebacterium had higher relative abundances in winter samples. Pseudomonas had consistent relative abundances across both seasons. Conclusions These findings highlight the potential of recycled bedding sand as a bacterial reservoir that warrants further study.
Holographic Methods in X-Ray Crystallography

In principle, the X-rays that are diffracted by a crystal provide enough information to determine the distribution of electron density in the crystal. However, due to fundamental limitations on how X-rays are detected, some of the information about these diffracted X-rays is lost. Specifically, the amplitudes of the diffracted X-rays are measured but not their phases. Furthermore, due to the sampling limitations imposed by the Bragg condition, the amplitudes of the diffraction data are not sufficient to uniquely define an electron density distribution. Instead there is a range of electron densities compatible with a given set of experimentally measured structure factor amplitudes.
Benchmark Problems in Which Equality Plays the Major Role

We have recently heard rumors that researchers are again studying paramodulation (Wos87) in the context of strategy for its control. In part to facilitate such research, and in part to provide test problems for evaluating other approaches to equality-oriented reasoning, we offer in this article a set of benchmark problems in which equality plays the dominant role. The test problems are taken from group theory, Robbins algebra, combinatory logic, and other areas. For each problem, we include appropriate clauses and comment as to its status with regard to provability by an unaided automated reasoning program.
Organization, Leadership and Revolution: Religiously-Oriented Opposition in the Iranian Revolution of 1978-1979

In February 1979 a popular revolution in Iran, widely supported by both secular and traditional forces, succeeded in overthrowing a monarchy and a system of government dedicated to modernization and Westernization by any means and at any cost. Although many secular forces were involved in the opposition to the regime from the beginning, gradually the system's ruthless policies against public expression eliminated the development of any legitimate outlet for grievances and discouraged any active public participation in the formation of policies, thereby silencing many of its opponents. The only resistance the government failed to eradicate came from tradition-oriented and religious groups, and the mosque. Thus, gradually the leadership of the opposition was garnered by the Ayatollah Khomeini, who was still abroad, through his widespread organizational networks operating in thousands of small and large community mosques throughout Iran. Khomeini became the unifying element in the wide spectrum of the opposition to the system.
Effects of Calcium on Sugar Transport in Azotobacter vinelandii.

A fast and environmentally safe procedure was used to study sugar uptake by Azotobacter vinelandii. Transport experiments were performed in a 24-well plate and aerated by rapid oscillatory vibration. Samples were washed by centrifugation and dissolved in biodegradable scintillation cocktail for counting. At cell concentrations up to 6 × 108 cells per ml, the uptake of sucrose was a function of time and was proportional to the cell concentration. This modified uptake assay was used to test the effect of cations on sugar uptake in A. vinelandii. Results showed that Ca2+ at 1 to 2 mM stimulated sucrose uptake by decreasing the apparent Km of sucrose transport. Higher Ca2+ concentrations inhibited sucrose uptake in this organism.
Soldier Performance and Mood States Following a Strenuous Road March

Eighty-nine soldiers performed a maximal effort 20-km road march, carrying a total load of 46 kg. Compared to pre-march values, post-march marksmanship accuracy decreased 26% for number of target hits and 33% for distance from the centroid of the target. Maximal grenade throw distance decreased 9%, but there was no change in maximal vertical jump height. The Profile of Mood States questionnaire revealed an 82% increase in self-reported fatigue and 38% decrease in vigor. Significant decrements in some aspects of military performance occur when soldiers march rapidly with heavy loads over long distances.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PLACENTAL EXCHANGE OF THE RESPIRATORY GASES IN PREGNANT WOMEN AT CESAREAN SECTION.

T H E H I G H oxygen capacity and low degree of saturation of the blood in the umbilical vessels of man observed by Eastman1 in 1930 led to the view that the blood of the fetus is exposed to a low oxygen tension while it is taking up that gas. Anselmino and Hoffman2 first suggested that the low tension was due to the resistance offered to the diffusion of oxygen by the tissue barrier of the placenta and to its intrinsic oxygen use. The fetus, in this view, appeared to be adjusted or acclimatized to an aspect of its environment it could not control, i.e., the low oxygen tension to which its blood is exposed in the placental capillaries. According to this view any reduction in the oxygen tension in the maternal placental capillaries might be expected to reduce the rate at which oxygen reaches the fetus and so to reduce its margin of safety.
Climatological evaporation seasonality in the northern Red Sea

[1] The dynamic and thermodynamic processes that underlie the exceptionally high evaporation over the northern Red Sea are examined. Through a combination of data analysis and a simple numerical model we show that the key boundary layer dehumidifier is ageostrophic cross-channel sea breezes. This circulation develops semidiurnally in response to thermal gradients across the Red Sea's coasts because of disparate land-ocean heat capacities. During the summer day the thermally induced high-pressure center over the Red Sea axis results in near-surface flows from the Red Sea toward the neighboring deserts. The strong divergence associated with these flows is maximized along the Red Sea axis and is accompanied by strong subsidence that suppresses boundary layer relative humidity by both reducing specific humidity and increasing temperatures. Because the summer nighttime reversed thermal gradients are smaller in magnitude, the daytime circulation dominates over the nighttime in summer and thus dominates over the daily and seasonal means. Following similar reasoning, we also devise a winter dehumidifier. We conclude by advancing a simple means of estimating Red Sea evaporation under diverse paleoinsolation regimes, and we show small but clear evaporation changes during the course of the Holocene. Our estimates represent lower bounds, and we plan to refine them in follow-up work.
Phase II Enzymes Induction Blocks the Enhanced IgE Production in B Cells by Diesel Exhaust Particles

Oxidant pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) can initiate and exacerbate airway allergic responses through enhanced IgE production. These effects are especially pronounced in individuals in whom phase II antioxidant enzyme responses are impaired. We confirmed that DEPs and DEP extracts (DEPX) can act directly on B lymphocytes and showed that DEPX could enhance IgH e germline transcription in a B cell line and in PBMCs. We therefore studied the regulation in B cells of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) as a typical model phase II enzyme and its role in modulating DEPX-enhanced IgE responses. DEPX increased NQO1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. NQO1 protein induction by DEPX was confirmed by Western blot. DEPs induced activity of the antioxidant response element located in the NQO1 gene promoter. Induction of both NQO1 mRNA and protein expression could be blocked by coculture with an antioxidant and partly repressed by inhibitors of PI3K and p38 MAPK, but not by inhibitors of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK/ERK) or protein kinase C. The ability of DEPX to enhance IgE production was blocked by the induction of phase II enzymes, including NQO1 in B cells by the chemical sulforaphane. These findings suggest that a natural protective mechanism in B cells from oxidant pollutants such as diesel particles is the expression of phase II enzymes through induction of antioxidant response elements and support the approach of overexpression of these enzymes as a potential future chemopreventative strategy.
Isolation of Vitamin B12-binding Proteins Using Affinity Chromatography II. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A HUMAN GRANULOCYTE VITAMIN B12-BINDING PROTEIN

A vitamin B12-binding protein has been isolated from human granulocytes derived from patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia. Utilizing affinity chromatography as the sole purification technique, the protein was purified 9,860-fold with a yield of over 90% and was homogeneous based on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein binds 34.9 µg of vitamin B12 per mg of protein and has a single vitamin B12-binding site. The molecular weight determined by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation was 56,000, whereas that determined by amino acid and carbohydrate analysis was 58,200. The protein contains 33% carbohydrate which accounts for the elevated molecular weight values (121,000 to 138,000) obtained using gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
JSC Mars-1 Martian Soil Simulant: Melting Experiments and Electron Microprobe Studies

JSC Mars-1 has been developed as a Martian regolith simulant, and is the <1 mm size fraction of a palagonitic tephra (a glassy volcanic ash altered at low temperatures) from Pu'u Nene cinder cone on the Island of Hawaii. The Mars-1 simulant forms the basis for numerous terrestrial studies which aim to evaluate the suitability of Martian soil for materials processing. Martian soil may be sintered to form building materials for construction, and also melted or reacted to extract metals for various uses, as well as oxygen for life support.
Correct diagnosis of chest pain by an integrated expert system

ECG computerized analysis nowadays needs homogeneous standardized reading protocol to provide clinicians reliable diagnostic and prognostic help and allow communication between different cardiological hosts and between cardiological intensive care units, homes, ambulances or peripheral medical emergency structures. SCP protocol of the OEDIPE project solved many of these problems. In the past few years the authors have developed a prototype expert system called ERIC for diagnostic and prognostic use in patients with chest pain so as to overcome many intrinsic limitations of ECG. The system utilizes for these purposes not only ECG analysis according to SCP-protocol criteria, but also chest pain characteristics analysis and risk profile estimation. Thanks to this data integration, the system is more accurate than ECG alone in the diagnosis of chest pain in both normal and diseased patients. >
Microsomal Lipid Peroxidation: II. Stimulation by Carbon Tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride initiated lipid peroxidation in isolated rat liver microsomes in the absence of free metal ions. In contrast to the nonenzymatic process stimulated by ferrous iron, CCl 4 -induced peroxidation showed an absolute requirement for NADPH and appeared dependent on the integrity of cytochrome P -450 as reflected by measurement of aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities. The peroxidation subsided after only 10% of the total peroxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acids had reacted, at which point the cytochrome P -450 activities were 85-95% inhibited, whereas NADPH-cytochrome P -450 reductase activity was not significantly affected. Ferrous iron, in contrast, caused peroxidation of 100% of the available polyunsaturated fatty acids and produced decreases in cytochrome P -450 activities as well as a loss of susceptibility to CCl 4 -induced peroxidation that approximately paralleled the extent of peroxidation. Thus, CCl 4 -induced peroxidation appeared to be 10 times more potent in inhibiting cytochrome P -450 activities than the peroxidation caused by iron. Boiled liver microsomes or liposomes prepared from extracted liver lipid underwent extensive peroxidation in the presence of untreated microsomes when ferrous iron was the initiating species. In contrast, the CCl 4 -induced peroxidative response was not affected by the addition of these exogenous forms of lipid substrate and thus the initiating species appeared to be confined to the active microsomes. No detectable peroxidation was induced by CCl 4 in microsomes from brain, kidney, or lung, and microsomal aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities were more than 10-fold lower in these tissues compared to liver. These results are consistent with activation of CCl 4 by cytochrome P -450 to a reactive short-lived radical which initiates peroxidation in the immediate vicinity of the cytochrome and thereby inhibits enzyme activity either by destruction of essential lipids or by direct attack on the enzyme by reactive intermediates of the peroxidative process. Loss of cytochrome P -450 activity then results in cessation of the CCl 4 -induced peroxidative response prior to more extensive reaction of membrane polyunsaturated lipids.
The role of behavioral research and profiling in malicious cyber insider investigations

This article reviews recent empirical evidence garnered from inductive studies of insiders examining ''who, what, where, when, why and how'' of insider computer attacks. These results are then compared to insider ''theories'' and folklore. Then the use of a specific deductive profiling approach to insider investigation and case management is described along with illustrative case studies. The overall role of the behavioral consultant in insider cases is examined with emphasis on specific forms of support for the investigative team and aid to managers and security personnel with case management of insiders within corporate environments.
Does Time Matter in Improving Mathematical Discussions? The Influence of Mathematical Autonomy

Facilitating students’ transition from less to more mathematically productive engagement in discussions is an important area of investigation. Research on mathematical whole-class discussions has consistently identified facilitating students' mathematical autonomy as a central component of this transition. Additionally, research commonly infers such transitions take time to manifest. The present study examined students' perceived mathematical autonomy and perceived engagement in mathematical discussions over a half year of school. Using hierarchical linear growth-curve modeling, the authors found that although it may take time for students to transition into more mathematically productive engagement in discussions, it may be the development of their mathematical autonomy, rather than mere exposure over time, that facilitates this transition.
Stress in aerogel during depressurization of autoclave: I. theory

Aerogels are made by heating a wet gel in an autoclave to a temperature and pressure exceeding the critical point of the solvent, then releasing the pressure. This avoids the capillary stresses that usually cause cracking during drying (since there is no liquid/vapor meniscus above the critical point). However, if the pressure is released too quickly, the fluid inside the gel does not have time to flow out of the network, so it expands within the gel and can cause cracking. The pressure in the pores of the network has been analyzed, so that the stress in the gel can be calculated as a function of the rate of pressure release. Quantitative comparisons of the measured strength of the gel with the calculated stresses (for depressurization rates known to cause cracking) are presented in a companion paper.
Can Attitudes Predict Outcomes? Public Opinion, Democratic Institutions and Environmental Policy

The ‘post-materialist’ value hypothesis, positing heightened concern for the environment, should predict eventual convergence in environmental policies. In the meantime, surprisingly wide variations persist, even when controlling for income levels. Is there a role for public opinion to explain better the divergences and outcomes observed in environmental policies? This paper explores a possible mechanism by which widely hypothesized income effects on policy can occur via pressure from public opinion. By building upon a median-voter model of environmental policy-making and developing an extension to include voter-information characteristics, we test these effects on air pollution outcomes of varying (global, regional and local) scales. The results provide evidence of significant effects, but suggest two antecedent conditions necessary for political and opinion variables to have an effect: redistributive opportunities, and credible frameworks for addressing collective action problems. The implication is that relying on democratic reform alone may not suffice to improve environmental performance if underlying collective action problems are not addressed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
MUTUALLY DEPENDENT HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN LAMINAR DUCT FLOW

An analysis is performed of the strongly coupled heat and mass transfer processes which result from sublimation of mass from the walls of a duct into a flowing gas, the latent heat being provided solely by convective transfer from the gas. The flow is assumed to be laminar and hydrodynamically developed. Results are given for the streamward variations of the bulk and wall temperatures and mass fractions, of the heat and mass transfer rates, and of the local heat transfer coefficient. Representative temperature and mass fraction profiles are also presented. Entrance lengths characterizing the near approach to fully developed conditions are tabulated. Comparisons are made of the present results (based on a parabolic velocity profile) with those based on a slug flow velocity profile. A subsidiary analysis using the Levěque model is also performed and the results compared with those of the principal solution.
Innate and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder, involves both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response that mediate the initiation, progression, and ultimate thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. Most fatal thromboses, which may manifest as acute myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke, result from frank rupture or superficial erosion of the fibrous cap overlying the atheroma, processes that occur in inflammatorily active, rupture-prone plaques. Appreciation of the inflammatory character of atherosclerosis has led to the application of C-reactive protein as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk and the characterization of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions of the statin class of drugs. An improved understanding of the pathobiology of atherosclerosis and further studies of its immune mechanisms provide avenues for the development of future strategies directed toward better risk stratification of patients as well as the identification of novel anti-inflammatory therapies. This review retraces leukocyte subsets involved in innate and adaptive immunity and their contributions to atherogenesis.
Air flow characteristics of the speech of stutterers and non stutterers

Abstract This study involved respirometric measurements of six normals and six stutterers throughout vocal and whispered readings of 12 CVC words. In each condition, dependent variables were peak air flow rates on initial and final consonants, flow duration and flow volume between peaks. The stutterers, both individually and as a group, were almost completely fluent during the readings in both conditions. At the same time, their air flow, duration and volume scores either equalled or exceeded those of the controls. These results are discussed in terms of how air flow and durational features of articulation contribute to fluent speech. Directions for future work are also described.
Miroirs du Colonialisme, Terrain, no. 28, Carnets du Patronomie, Mars 1997

Miroirs du Colonialisme, Terrain, no. 28, Carnets du Patronomie, Mars 1997. Paris: Ministere de la Culture. 174 pp.
Exploring the effects of individual traits and within-colony variation on task differentiation and collective behavior in a desert social spider

Social animals are extraordinarily diverse and ecologically abundant. In understanding the success of complex animal societies, task differentiation has been identified as a central mechanism underlying the emergence and performance of adaptive collective behaviors. In this study, we explore how individual differences in behavior and body size determine task allocation in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. We found that individuals with high body condition indices were less likely to participate in prey capture, and individuals’ tendency to engage in prey capture was not associated with either their behavioral traits or body size. No traits were associated with individuals’ propensity to participation in web repair, but small individuals were more likely to engage in standard web-building. We also discovered consistent, differences among colonies in their collective behavior (i.e., colony-level personality). At the colony level, within-colony variation in behavior (aggressiveness) and body size were positively associated with aggressive foraging behavior. Together, our findings reveal a subtly complex relationship between individual variation and collective behavior in this species. We close by comparing the relationship between individual variation and social organization in nine species of social spider. We conclude that intraspecific variation is a major force behind the social organization of multiple independently derived lineages of social spider.
Distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity and GABA content in the olfactory bulb.

Abstract The quantitative histochemical distribution of GAD activity and GABA content in rat olfactory bulb is consistent with the hypothesis that granule cell inhibition is mediated by GABA. The data also indicate that GABA mediated inhibition should be considered in future investigations involving periglomerular cells.
Critical temperature of the Potts models on the kagomé lattice.

We investigate the Wu conjecture for the critical temperature of the Potts model on the kagome lattice. Previous testing of this conjecture has been for small values of q. Our emphasis is on large values of q where we are able to obtain very accurate estimates of the critical temperature which show the conjecture itself to be very accurate for these q values but not exact.
Restriction endonuclease mapping of ribosomal RNA genes: sequence divergence and the origin of the tetraploid treefrog Hyla versicolor.

Hyla chrysoscelis (2n=24) and H. versicolor (2n=48) are a diploid-tetraploid species pair of treefrogs. Restriction endonuclease mapping of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene repeat units of diploids collected from eastern and western populations reveals no differences within rRNA gene coding regions but distinctive differences within the nontranscribed spacers. A minimum of two physical maps is required to construct an rRNA gene map for the tetraploid, whose repeat units appear to be a composite, with about 50% of the elements resembling the “western” diploid population and about 50% resembling the “eastern” population. These results imply that this population of the tetraploid species may have arisen from a genetically hybrid diploid. Alternatively, the dual level of sequence heterogeneity in H. versicolor may reflect some type of gene flow between the two species. The coding region of the rRNA genes in the tetraploid differs from that in either diploid in about 20% of all repeat units, as exemplified by a BamHI site located near the 5′ terminus of the 28 S rRNA gene. If the 20% variant class of 28 S rRNA gene coding sequences is expressed, then there must be two structural classes of ribosomes; if only the 80% sequence class is expressed, then a genetic control mechanism must be capable of distinguishing between the two different sequence variants. It is postulated that the 20% variant sequence class may be correlated with a partial functional diploidization of rRNA genes in the tetraploid species.
Religious and Genomics/Genetics Beliefs: An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this study is to provide structure and evidence-based insight into the impact of religious beliefs on public perceptions and U.S. government policies regarding embryonic stem cell research (ESCR). Through a qualitative examination of college students’ from various racial/ethnic and religious backgrounds, the definition, interpretation, and conceptualization of the influence of religious beliefs on perceptions regarding embryonic stem cell research were explored. Employing an emergent design, the data collection process encompassed 37 in-depth interviews. From the qualitative data, it was found that the majority of participants in this study believed that ESCR should be conducted and federally funded in the United States, regardless of their religious beliefs. Additionally, participants were able to cite both potential benefits and potential risks of conducting embryonic stem cell research regardless of their religious affiliations. ESCR has great promise for helping to alleviate human disea...
A changing but not an absolute energy budget dictates risk-sensitive behaviour in the honeybee

Animals are sensitive to risk or the variability of a reward distribution, and the energy budget rule of risk sensitivity theory predicts that it is adaptive for an animal to be risk averse when it is on a positive energy budget and to be risk prone when it is on a negative budget, because the utility of a potential large reward is much higher in the latter case. It has, however, been notoriously difficult to find conclusive empirical support for these predictions. We performed a comprehensive test of the energy budget rule in the honeybee, Apis mellifera, by constructing empirical utility functions and by testing the choice of bees for a constant or variable reward with an olfactory conditioning assay subsequent to manipulating their energy budgets. We demonstrate that a decline in energetic state leads to an increasing choice for a variable reward, while an increase in energetic state leads to an increased choice for a constant reward. We then show that subjects maintained on constant high or low energy budgets are risk indifferent, which suggests that an animal must perceive a change in its energetic state to be risk sensitive. We discuss the challenges of finding empirical evidence for the energy budget rule and the necessity of integrating physiological assays in these tests. Based on our previous results showing that parasitic infections cause an energetic stress in honeybees, we also discuss the possibility of energetic shortfall being responsible for the observed display of risky behaviour in infected bees.
Influences of Vehicles on Signal Propagation in Road Tunnels

It is well known that the electromagnetic (EM) waves do not propagate well in road tunnels. The channel characteristics for empty tunnels have already been well analyzed by both theoretical and numerical/experimental methods. However, any road tunnels are full with running vehicles. Currently a few works have investigated the influence of the vehicles on the signal propagation in road tunnels. However, they are all limited to experimental or numerical results. This paper provides a theoretical mode-based analysis to give the straightforward description of the wireless channel in road tunnels with traffic flow. First the effects of a single vehicle in the tunnel are investigated. The analytical expressions of the in-mode loss and the mode coupling are provided using uniform theory of diffraction (UTD), Poisson summation formula and saddle point method. Then the channel model for a L-lane road tunnel with the Poisson traffic flow is provided basing on the analysis on single vehicle's effect.
386 EVALUATION OF TOTAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE

Total radiation exposure of newborns in intensive care has not been directly evaluated previously. Reusable calcium and lithium fluoride crystals with a sensitivity of one mRem and an accuracy of ±10% were used for direct measurement of the radiation exposure of 133 consecutive infants. Two calibrated crystals were placed in the x-ray field during all radiographic procedures. Technical data including number and type of radiographs were recorded and subsequently correlated with exposure measurements. The average technique was 60 and 65 KVP at 1 MAS for chest and abdominal films, respectively. Chest radiographs gave an average skin exposure of 7.3 mRem (range 2.0-15 mRem); the maximum abdominal exposure was 16 mRem per examination. During these patients' intensive care stay, 14% received a total skin exposure of >100 mRem. The highest recorded was 286 mRem in a child who underwent cardiac catheterization. Precise body measurements of each patient permitted a calculation of potential gonadal exposure due to abdominal radiographs. The average per film was 4.4 mRem for male and 2.2 mRem for female infants. If gonad shields had not been used, 29% of the babies would have received >15 mRem and 56% >10 mRem total gonadal exposure. Infants adjacent to babies being radiographed received negligible scatter radiation. This study describes a novel technique for newborns which permits sensitive monitoring of accumulative radiation exposure and may be useful in establishing radiation limits for infants.
How have American baby boomers fared? Earnings and economic well-being of young adults, 1964–1987

For American baby boomers, altered demographic behavior has been the key to transforming adverse labor market conditions into favorable living levels. The economic well-being of baby boomers is, on average, higher than that of their predecessors, because they are disproportionately remaining single, having fewer children, doubling up with others, forming unmarried couple unions, and coupling mother's work with childbearing. In the 1980s, baby boomers share in common with all cohorts an increase in income inequality. In contrast to the findings on average income, demographic changes had little effect on the trend in inequality of economic well-being compared with that in earnings.
Usual clinical dose of acetazolamide does not alter cerebral blood flow velocity.

Abstract Prior reports indicate that acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, in moderate doses reduces symptoms of acute mountain sickness, and in large dose increases cerebral blood flow. The effect on flow is not known for a moderate dose, but were flow to increase, then increased cerebral cortex oxygen delivery would be one mechanism of benefit from acetazolamide at high altitude. We utilized Doppler ultrasound in 8 volunteers to determine whether a usual acetazolamide dose (250 mg three times daily) would increase flow velocities in internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Acetazolamide during normoxia decreased pHa, PaCO2, and P ET CO2, but baseline flow velocity remained unchanged. In 2 subjects without acetazolamide, voluntary hyperventilation decreased both P ET CO2 and flow velocity. Both hypoxia and hypercapnia caused increases in arterial velocities. The increases were not altered by acetazolamide administration. In one sybject, 1 g acetazolamide by acute i.v. injection induced an increase in flow velocity (40%) concomitant with a 5 mm decrease in P ET CO2 confirming prior reports using similar intravenous dose. In doses employed for prevention of acute mountain sickness, acetazolamide induced metabolic acidosis and may have prevented the fall in velocity usually associated with hypocapnia, but it neither increased baseline cerebral blood flow velocity nor velocity responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Benefit of acetazolamide at high altitude may related to mechanisms other than increased cerebral blood flow.
Language, Culture, and Disability Interacting Influences on Preschool Inclusion

The interplay among language, culture, and disability in children's experiences in inclusive preschool environments was examined as part of a larger study of preschool inclusion. A qualitative rese...
Effect of marathon running on hematologic and biochemical laboratory parameters, including cardiac markers.

Participants in marathon races may require medical attention and the performance of laboratory assays. We report the changes in basic biochemical parameters, cardiac markers, CBC counts, and WBC differentials observed in participants in a marathon before, within 4 hours, and 24 hours after a race. The concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, myoglobin, and the anion gap were increased after the race, consistent with the effects of exertional rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis. The increase in WBC counts was due mainly to neutrophilia and monocytosis, with a relative decrease in circulating lymphocytes, consistent with an inflammatory reaction to tissue injury. A significant percentage of laboratory results were outside the standard reference ranges, indicating that modified reference ranges derived from marathon runners might be more appropriate for this population. We provide a table of modified reference ranges (or expected ranges) for basic biochemical, cardiac, and hematologic laboratory parameters for marathon runners.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of lamotrigine (Lamictal) in patients with epilepsy.

In a double-blind parallel study, patients with epilepsy on stable regimen of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were given lamotrigine (8 pts) or placebo (3 pts). Patients were sequentially dosed with 100, 200 and 300 mg/day given as a b.i.d. regimen. After steady state was achieved, timed plasma lamotrigine levels were obtained post dose. No medical, psychogenic, neurologic, or hematologic changes were observed and no subjective effects were detected as a result of treatment with lamotrigine. No changes in heart rhythm or blood pressure were observed related to lamotrigine. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using 1-compartment and non-compartment models. The results were similar using both models. Area under the plasma concentration vs. time curves increased linearly with dose. Mean half life (13.5 h), volume of distribution (1.36 l/kg) and clearance (1.27 ml/min/kg) were similar to previously reported results and did not change with increasing dose. These findings indicate that lamotrigine pharmacokinetics can be described by the 1-compartment model, has linear kinetics, and does not induce its own metabolism in patients on concomitant AEDs.
Specific tear prealbumin: a unique lachrymal protein absent from serum and other secretions.

A MAJOR, poorly characterized component of human tears migrates more anodally than serum albumin in electrophoresis1. Erickson termed this protein “tear albumin”. When they carried out immunoelectrophoresis of human tears with rabbit anti-human tear serum, Josephson and Lockwood2,3 obtained a precipitin line in the albumin region. This line did not disappear when the anti-tear serum was absorbed with normal human serum. These results1–3 did not exclude the possibility that the tear albumin was a modified form of the albumin or prealbumin found in serum, as was the case with secretory IgA, which consists of serum IgA attached to a “transport piece”4.
Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Irreversible Human Rhinovirus 3C Protease Inhibitors. 2. Peptide Structure−Activity Studies

The structure-based design, chemical synthesis, and biological evaluation of various peptide-derived human rhinovirus (HRV) 3C protease (3CP) inhibitors are described. These compounds are comprised of an ethyl propenoate Michael acceptor moiety and a tripeptidyl binding determinant. The systematic modification of each amino acid residue present in the binding determinant as well as the N-terminal functionality is described. Such modifications are shown to provide irreversible HRV-14 3CP inhibitors with anti-3CP activities (kobs/[I]) ranging from 60 to 280 000 M-1 s-1 and antiviral EC50's which approach 0.15 μM. An optimized inhibitor which incorporates several improvements identified by the structure−activity studies is also described. This molecule displays very rapid irreversible inhibition of HRV-14 3CP (kobs/[I] = 800 000 M-1 s-1) and potent antiviral activity against HRV-14 in cell culture (EC50 = 0.056 μM). A 1.9 A crystal structure of an S-alkylthiocarbamate-containing inhibitor complexed with HRV-...
Selected Determinants of Consumer Satisfaction and Complaint Reports

Data obtained from 375 members of a consumer panel in a two-phase study of consumer experiences with automobile repairs and services were used to examine the antecedents and consequences of consume...
Regulation of Microtubule Synthesis and Utilization during Early Embryonic Development of the Sea Urchin

Microtubules deployed during early development of the sea urchin embryo are derived both from a preexisting pool of subunits present in the egg and from microtubule protein subunits synthesized in the embryo. Several aspects of microtubule protein synthesis and utilization are reviewed. Microtubule protein synthesis in early development utilizes oogenetic messenger RNA species. Translation of this mRNA is under regulation. Microtubule protein synthesis rises concomitantly with overall protein synthesis at fertilization, but rises at a relatively higher rate later in cleavage stages. Microtubule protein labeled with [3H]-leucine in early development is incorporated into cilia, indicating that newly synthesized protein enters the pool of subunits used in organelle assembly. The microtubule protein pool comprises about 1%of the soluble protein of the egg, and remains constant in size at least until the blastula stage. Direct pool size estimates are consistent with results of experiments on recruitment of microtubule protein subunits into the mitotic apparatus and into regenerating cilia. Soluble and particulate colchicine binding fractions, which have been reported from several systems, appear to be present in sea urchin embryos. The possible role of such fractions are discussed, as are aspects of the regulation of ciliary assembly.
The Rates of Ca2+ Dissociation and Cross-bridge Detachment from Ventricular Myofibrils as Reported by a Fluorescent Cardiac Troponin C

The rate-limiting step of cardiac muscle relaxation has been proposed to reside in the myofilament. Both the rates of cross-bridge detachment and Ca2+ dissociation from troponin C (TnC) have been hypothesized to rate-limit myofilament inactivation. In this study we used a fluorescent TnC to measure both the rate of Ca2+ dissociation from TnC and the rate of cross-bridge detachment from several different species of ventricular myofibrils. The fluorescently labeled TnC was sensitive to both Ca2+ dissociation and cross-bridge detachment at low Ca2+ (presence of EGTA), allowing for a direct comparison between the two proposed rates of myofilament inactivation. Unlike Ca2+ dissociation from TnC, cross-bridge detachment varied in myofibrils from different species and was rate-limited by ADP release. At subphysiological temperatures (
Variation of Electrical Conductivity With Water Content in Agarose Gel

Specific electrical conductivity, a material property of biological tissues, has been found to be greater in tumor tissue than in normal tissue on account of its higher water content [1]. Its value is related to water content, ion concentrations, and ion diffusivities within biological tissues [e.g., 1,2,3]. The variation in conductivity with water content is hypothesized to be related to the change in ion diffusivities [5,6]. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between conductivity and water content in hydrogels. The main goal is to develop a similar relationship for biological tissues and to understand deformation-dependent ion diffusivity in tissues under mechanical loading.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Water Content Dynamics in Biofiltration: The Role of Humidity and Microbial Heat Generation

Abstract Mass and energy balances were performed on a compost biofilter to identify the mechanisms for water content change in the compost bed material. Three mechanisms were identified: humidity fluctuations at the inlet and outlet, heat generation from microbial oxidation, and gradients in the water potential. Microbial oxidation and humidity fluctuations were the dominant mechanisms for water content changes. Time domain reflectometry was used to estimate on–line volumetric water content in the bed material. Biofiltration experiments demonstrated a moving front of temperature increase and water evaporation associated with the microbial oxidation of toluene. The localized microbial heat generation evaporated sufficient water from consecutive sections of the bed, eventually impairing degradation throughout the entire column.
A cooperative multi-agent approach to free flight

The next generation of air traffic control will require automated decision support systems in order to meet safety, reliability, flexibility, and robustness demands in an environment of steadily increasing air traffic density. Automation is most readily implemented in free flight, the segment of flight between airports. In this environment, centralized control is impractical, and on-board distributed decision making is required. To be effective, such decision making must be cooperative. Satisficing game theory provides a theoretical framework in which autonomous decision makers may coordinate their decisions. The key feature of the theory is that, unlike conventional game theory which is purely egotistic in its structure, it provides a natural mechanism for decision makers to form their preferences by taking into consideration the preferences of others. In this way, a controlled form of conditional altruism is possible, such that agents are able to compromise so that every decision maker receives due consideration in a group environment. Simulations demonstrate that reliable performance can be achieved with densities on the order of 50 planes per ten thousand square miles.