cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative Heart Rate, Heart Rate Reserve, and Vo2 During Submaximal Exercise in the Elderly

Background. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among relative maximal heart rate (%HRmax), maximal heart rate reserve (%HRmax reserve), and maximal oxygen uptake (%Vo2max) during submaximal exercise by elderly subjects. Methods. Vo2max and HRmax were determined on 36 women and 19 men, 60 to 80 yrs of age, by a maximal treadmill test to volitional exhaustion. On a separate day, subjects underwent a submaximal treadmill protocol consisting of three 6min exercise stages at treadmill speeds and grades estimated to elicit 40%, 60%, and 80% of HRmax reserve. Cardiorespiratory responses were determined during mins 4-5 and 5-6 of each stage. Results. Measured exercise intensities expressed by the three methods were: %HRmax reserve = 36, 55, and 79%; %HRmax = 65, 75, and 88%; % Vo2max = 53, 69, and 88%. %HRmax was greater (p < .05) than % Vo2max at 53 and 69% of Vojmax. %HRmax reserve was less (p < .05) than % Vo2max for all three intensities. Slopes and intercepts for the linear regression equations relating % Vo2max with %HRmax and with %HRmax reserve differed between men and women (p < .05). The regression equation relating % Vo2max and %HRmax was y = -22.8 + 1.2 (%HRmax) -13.0 (Gender) + 0.2 (%HRmaxX Gender): standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 9.7% and R 2 = .71. The regression equation relating % Vo2max and %HRmax reserve was y = 32.4 + 0.7 (%HRmax reserve) -10.9 (Gender) + 0.2 (%HRmax reserve x Gender): SEE = 9.8% and R 2 = .70 (Gender: F = 0; M = 1). Conclusions. The data indicate that there is considerable variability among methods of expressing exercise intensity and that %HRmax more closely represents % Vo2max than does %HRmax reserve (p < .05) in older adults. These results are in contrast to what has been shown with younger subjects and with American College of Sports Medicine guidelines for exercise prescription.
Optimal Channel Estimation in Beamformed Systems for Common-Randomness-Based Secret Key Establishment

Establishing secret keys from the commonly-observed randomness of reciprocal wireless propagation channels has recently received considerable attention. We consider such key establishment between two multiantenna nodes that use beamforming for communication, showing that the upper bound on the number of key bits that can be generated from the channel observations can be maximized by properly probing the channel. Specifically, we demonstrate that the eigenvectors of the channel spatial covariance matrix should be used as beamformer weights during channel estimation and we optimize the energy allocated to channel estimation for each beamformer weight under a total energy constraint. Finally, by assuming that the channel covariance is separable, we illustrate implementation of the technique for practical beamforming systems and more advanced signal models that incorporate antenna mutual coupling.
Going DEEP: guidelines for building simulation-based team assessments

Background Whether for team training, research or evaluation, making effective use of simulation-based technologies requires robust, reliable and accurate assessment tools. Extant literature on simulation-based assessment practices has primarily focused on scenario and instructional design; however, relatively little direct guidance has been provided regarding the challenging decisions and fundamental principles related to assessment development and implementation. Objective The objective of this manuscript is to introduce a generalisable assessment framework supplemented by specific guidance on how to construct and ensure valid and reliable simulation-based team assessment tools. The recommendations reflect best practices in assessment and are designed to empower healthcare educators, professionals and researchers with the knowledge to design and employ valid and reliable simulation-based team assessments. Overview Information and actionable recommendations associated with creating assessments of team processes (non-technical ‘teamwork’ activities) and performance (demonstration of technical proficiency) are presented which provide direct guidance on how to Distinguish the underlying competencies one aims to assess, Elaborate the measures used to capture team member behaviours during simulation activities, Establish the content validity of these measures and Proceduralise the measurement tools in a way that is systematically aligned with the goals of the simulation activity while maintaining methodological rigour ( DEEP ). Summary The DEEP framework targets fundamental principles and critical activities that are important for effective assessment, and should benefit healthcare educators, professionals and researchers seeking to design or enhance any simulation-based assessment effort.
Inhibition of class II major histocompatibility complex antigen processing by Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin requires an enzymatically active A subunit

Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT) were found to inhibit intracellular antigen processing. Processing was not inhibited by mutant LT with attenuated ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, CT B or LT B subunit, which enhanced presentation of preexisting cell surface peptide-class II major histocompatibility complex complexes. Inhibition of antigen processing correlated with A subunit ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.
On the Origin of Heme Absorption Band Shifts and Associated Protein Structural Relaxation in Myoglobin following Flash Photolysis

The role of the protein structural change monitored by absorption band shifts following flash photolysis of CO from myoglobin is discussed in terms of structure-function relationships. Evidence is presented that the Soret band shift does not depend primarily on the covalent linkage of the heme iron to the protein by using the mutation H93G(L) in which the proximal histidine 93 is replaced by glycine and an exogenous ligand L, which coordinates the heme iron but is not covalently bound to the globin. While CO rebinding kinetics depend strongly on the nature of the exogenous ligand L in H93G(L), the magnitude and time evolution of the Soret band shift in a viscous buffer on the nanosecond time scale are hardly perturbed in all cases studied. Comparison of the Soret band and charge transfer Band III shifts demonstrates that both have a similar time dependence on the nanosecond to microsecond time scale following flash photolysis in viscous solvents. We conclude that the nonexponential kinetics of protein relaxation probed by transient absorption band position shifts involves primarily distal coordinates prior to ligand escape. This result agrees with earlier measurements of Soret band shifts in distal pocket mutants of myoglobin (1). We suggest that the band shifts are primarily a response to changes in the electrostatic field around the heme (a transient Stark shift) associated with changes in protein structure that occur following ligand photodissociation.
Internal Fault Detection and Isolation for Paralleled Voltage Source Converters

This paper presented a systematic analysis of the protection methods for paralleled VSCs system especially with common DC bus from four types of internal faults, including short or open circuit faults of single switch or diode. The potential damages of such faults relating to circulating current were first explained. After that internal faults detection and isolation schemes based on de-saturation and circulating currents were shown in detail. The study confirmed that if the system can be shut down for a short period, SCRs can be used to recovery the system from internal faults with one redundant VSC. Otherwise, the topology with isolated DC buses for each VSC or other fast DC current breakers should be used. Finally, experimental results using a 2+1 VSCs system validated the analysis and protection schemes.
FIXED-TIME SCHEDULES ATTENUATE EXTINCTION-INDUCED PHENOMENA IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE ABERRANT BEHAVIOR

We compared the effects of extinction (EXT) and fixed-time (FT) schedules as treatment for severe problem behavior displayed by 3 individuals with developmental disabilities. First, functional analyses identified the reinforcers maintaining aberrant behavior for all 3 individuals. Next, EXT and FT schedules were compared using a multielement design. During EXT, the reinforcer maintaining problem behavior was withheld. During FT, the reinforcers were presented response independently at preset intervals. Results showed that FT schedules were generally more effective than EXT schedules in reducing aberrant behavior. FT schedules may be used in situations when extinction-induced phenomena are problematic.
Increasing coping resources at work: a field experiment to increase social support, improve work team functioning, and enhance employee mental health

Correlational studies have identified worksite coping resources such as social support and perceived control, and have suggested a positive role for such resources in employee stress processes. However, little experimental evidence has demonstrated the causal role of worksite coping resources in improving mental health, nor how worksite coping resources can be enhanced. This paper reports the results of a field experiment intended to provide such evidence. Human service workers participated in a theory-driven training program designed to increase individual and group psychosocial coping resources and individuals' abilities to use those resources when coping with job demands. The inclusion of selection variables in models used to estimate the impact of the intervention controlled for selection biases and also allowed for the assessment of the impact of the training on those workers identified as most prone to turnover and on those most likely to participate in such an intervention. Results indicated that the program enhanced the work team climate and reduced depresssive symptoms and somatization in those most at risk for leaving their jobs. The program was also effective in increasing the amount of supervisor support received on the job and strengthening perceptions of coping abilities in those workers most likely to participate in the program.
Response of Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to Testosterone Therapy: Endocrine Evaluation

Four men with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were treated with 200 mg of intramuscular testosterone weekly. Endocrine evaluation, using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone infusion test, indicated the expected degree of suppression of pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone production. These data suggest that testosterone's (androgen) interaction with its receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is normal in patients with ALS.
Observation of Oxidation-Enhanced and -Retarded Diffusion of Antimony in Silicon: The Behavior of (111) Wafers

An experiment was performed to study the oxidation-enhanced and -retarded diffusion (OED and ORD) of Sb in silicon wafers oxidized in dry O2 at 1160°C. The ORD data of (100) wafers agree well with the prediction of a model assuming that Si self-interstitials (I) and vacancies (V) coexist in thermal equilibrium at high temperatures. An adjustment of the I supersaturation values is needed to bring the ORD/OED data of (111) wafers to fit with the model satisfactorily. This indicates the existence of a mechanism which injects V into (111) wafers in addition to the normal mechanism of I injection due to SiO2 growth.
Cellular and molecular basis of Venous insufficiency

Chronic venous disease (CVD) has a range of clinical presentations, including tortuous, distended veins in lower extremities, increasing skin pigmentation, and in severe cases ulceration of the affected skin. Venous insufficiency, a precursor to CVD characterized by improper return of blood from the lower extremities to the heart, must be studied in its earliest stages at a time when preventative measures could be applied in man. This underscores the need for basic research into biomarkers and genetic predisposing factors affecting the progression of venous disease. Investigation over the past decade has yielded insight into these specific genetic, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of venous disease. Among the many advances include the elucidation of an increasing role for matrix metalloproteinases as important mediators of the degenerative process involved with venous insufficiency. This may be preceded by an inflammatory process which further contributes to venular degeneration and endothelial dysfunction seen in advanced presentation of disease. Furthermore, genomic analyses have shed light upon temporal expression patterns of matrix remodeling proteins in diseased tissue samples. In this review we examine some of the current findings surrounding cellular, molecular and genetic advances in delineating the etiology of chronic venous disease.
“Our Changed Attitude”: Armed Defense and the New Negro in the 1919 Chicago Race Riot

The 1919 Chicago race riot sparked a contentious debate among African Americans over the future of antiracist politics. Previous scholars have argued that the actions of “New Negroes” who took up arms in the riot represent a rejection of the politics of respectability dominant among black elites in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. This article argues that African American actions in the riot are more complex than previously understood. African Americans participated in the riot in a myriad of ways, and events were fluid and unpredictable. Violent acts spanned a continuum from spontaneous responses to more organized interventions. Moreover, African Americans not only committed aggressive violence, but also fought among themselves about the boundaries of legitimate violence. Based on their divergent interpretations of the events of the riot, black leaders found ample support for different and even contradictory political programs. Black radicals argued that armed defense exposed the irrelevance of established black leaders. Chicago's black elite, however, used riot narratives to create a new vision of respectable politics, in which the willingness to use force both defined and demonstrated manhood and equal citizenship.
Development of benzo[1,4]oxazines as biofilm inhibitors and dispersal agents against Vibrio cholerae

Bacterial biofilms are estimated to be associated with over 65 percent of all nosocomial infections. However, no therapeutics have been approved by the FDA which directly mediate biofilm formation or persistence. Herein we report oxazine 25 as a highly potent inhibitor, disperser and in the presence of the appropriate antibiotic eradicator of V. cholerae biofilms.
Gene regulation by dietary microRNAs.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) silence genes through destabilizing mRNA or preventing translation of mRNA, thereby playing an essential role in gene silencing. Traditionally, miRNAs have been considered endogenous regulators of genes, i.e., miRNAs synthesized by an organism regulate the genes in that organism. Recently, that dogma has been challenged in studies suggesting that food-borne miRNAs are bioavailable and affect gene expression in mice and humans. While the evidence in support of this theory may be considered weak for miRNAs that originate in plants, there is compelling evidence to suggest that humans use bovine miRNAs in cow’s milk and avian miRNAs in chicken eggs for gene regulation. Importantly, evidence also suggests that mice fed a miRNA-depleted diet cannot compensate for dietary depletion by increased endogenous synthesis. Bioinformatics predictions implicate bovine miRNAs in the regulation of genes that play roles in human health and development. Current challenges in this area of research include t...
Using Digital Videos to Enhance Teacher Preparation

The technology to produce high quality, digital videos is widely available, yet its use in teacher preparation remains largely overlooked. A digital video library was created to augment instruction...
Asymmetric coding of categorical spatial relations in both language and vision.

Describing certain types of spatial relationships between a pair of objects requires that the objects are assigned different “roles” in the relation, e.g., “A is above B” is different than “B is above A.” This asymmetric representation places one object in the “target” or “figure” role and the other in the “reference” or “ground” role. Here we provide evidence that this asymmetry may be present not just in spatial language, but also in perceptual representations. More specifically, we describe a model of visual spatial relationship judgment where the designation of the target object within such a spatial relationship is guided by the location of the “spotlight” of attention. To demonstrate the existence of this perceptual asymmetry, we cued attention to one object within a pair by briefly previewing it, and showed that participants were faster to verify the depicted relation when that object was the linguistic target. Experiment 1 demonstrated this effect for left-right relations, and Experiment 2 for above-below relations. These results join several other types of demonstrations in suggesting that perceptual representations of some spatial relations may be asymmetrically coded, and further suggest that the location of selective attention may serve as the mechanism that guides this asymmetry.
Compute globally, act locally: protecting federated systems from systemic threats

Building dependable federated systems is often complicated by privacy concerns: if the domains are not willing to share information with each other, a global or 'systemic' threat may not be detected until it is too late. In this paper, we study this problem using a somewhat unusual example: the financial crisis of 2008. Based on results from the economics literature, we argue that a) the impending crisis could have been predicted by performing a specific distributed computation on the financial information of each bank, but that b) existing tools, such as secure multiparty computation, do not offer enough privacy to make participation safe from the banks' perspective. We then sketch the design of a system that can perform this (and possibly other) computation at scale with strong privacy guarantees. Results from an early prototype suggest that the computation and communication costs are reasonable.
Testimony on the Regulation of Indian Gaming, United States Senate, Committee on Indian Affairs, 109th Congress, 1st Session (April 27, 2005)

Congress must shore up NIGC regulatory authority over Class III gaming, guard against regulatory capture in tribal regulatory commissions, and reconsider the legitimacy of federal oversight of tribal economic decision-making. Congress should give the NIGC greater authority over licensure of those involved in Indian gaming and circumscribe the federal role over tribal economic decisions.
mTOR: The Master Regulator of Conceptus Development in Response to Uterine Histotroph During Pregnancy in Ungulates

Abstract Embryonic mortality is a major constraint to reproductive performance in all mammals. Estimates of embryonic death in most mammals, including swine, sheep, cattle, and humans, ranges from 20% to 40%, with two-thirds of the losses occurring during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. During that stage of pregnancy, the dialog between the mammalian conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated membranes) and maternal uterus involves signaling for pregnancy recognition and maintenance of pregnancy as the stage is set for implantation and placentation that precedes fetal development. Uterine epithelial cells secrete and/or transport a wide range of molecules, including nutrients, collectively referred to as histotroph, that are transported into the fetal–placental vascular system to support growth and development of the conceptus. This review provides a framework for studies of constituents, including hexose sugars (i.e., glucose and fructose), extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., secreted phosphoprotein 1), amino acids (e.g., arginine, leucine, and glutamine), and their metabolites (e.g., nitric oxide and polyamines) that independently and cooperatively activate nutrient-sensing cell signaling pathways, particularly mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), the master regulator of cell growth (proliferative growth via mTORC1 and spatial growth via mTORC2), for growth, development, and survival of conceptuses, as well as for the optimization of culture media for in vitro studies of conceptus development. Understanding the relationships between cell signaling pathways and developmental events is critical for enhancing conceptus development, implantation, and placentation, thereby increasing the probability for birth of healthy offspring.
A Rational Approach to the Analysis of Delaminated Composite Panels

Two models, clamped, initially deflected, elliptical and rectangular panels are used as bases to study the behavior of delaminating composite panels. Both models appear to be capable of serving the desired purpose. The elliptical model is compared qualitatively to test results generated for a [90/0/ + 45] delamination in a [90/0/ ± 45]3s graphite/epoxy coupon tested in compression. The orientation, shape, and deflection correlation were very good. The short transverse stress field correlated qualitatively with the observed delamination growth. The observed self-similar growth shape was also obtained by the analytic model.
The host immune response in respiratory virus infection: balancing virus clearance and immunopathology

The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to the external environment, and therefore, must be equipped to respond to and eliminate pathogens. Viral clearance and resolution of infection requires a complex, multi-faceted response initiated by resident respiratory tract cells and innate immune cells and ultimately resolved by adaptive immune cells. Although an effective immune response to eliminate viral pathogens is essential, a prolonged or exaggerated response can damage the respiratory tract. Immune-mediated pulmonary damage is manifested clinically in a variety of ways depending on location and extent of injury. Thus, the antiviral immune response represents a balancing act between the elimination of virus and immune-mediated pulmonary injury. In this review, we highlight major components of the host response to acute viral infection and their role in contributing to mitigating respiratory damage. We also briefly describe common clinical manifestations of respiratory viral infection and morphological correlates. The continuing threat posed by pandemic influenza as well as the emergence of novel respiratory viruses also capable of producing severe acute lung injury such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and enterovirus D68, highlights the need for an understanding of the immune mechanisms that contribute to virus elimination and immune-mediated injury.
Threshold increases in soil lead and mercury from tropospheric deposition across an elevational gradient.

Atmospheric deposition is the primary mechanism by which remote ecosystems are contaminated, but few data sets show how fluxes change and control soil metal burdens at the landform scale. We presen...
Using Speckle to Build Compact, High-Resolution Spectrometers

Speckle pattern produced by a random structure or a multimode fiber carries spectral information of the input signal. We build a disordered on-chip spectrometer with sub-nm resolution and an all-fiber spectrometer with 1 pm resolution.
Collaborative Developmental Action Inquiry: An Opportunity for Transformative Learning to Occur?

Life in the 21st century is increasingly complex, paradoxical, and ambiguous, bringing into question the ways that graduate adult education programs function. In this article, we describe an action...
Bioinorganic Interface: Mechanistic Studies of Protein-Directed Nanomaterial Synthesis

Proteins and peptides have attracted much attention as templates for one-pot synthesis of biocompatible gold nanoparticles. While numerous natural and de novo protein sequences have been used, the actual mechanism of nanoparticle nucleation and growth from the protein matrix is not well understood. In this study we utilized engineered consensus tetratricopeptide repeat protein (CTPR) to probe the bioinorganic interface during gold nanoparticle synthesis. The binding of CTPR to gold ions and the gold nanoparticle surface was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR spectroscopy to provide residue-specific measurements. This work provides a foundation for the rational design of proteins for synthesis of tailored functional nanomaterials for biological, medical, and optical applications.
All Solid-state Continuous-wave Cyan Laser at 501nm

A all solid-state continuous-wave cyan laser at 501nm is reported,946nm wavelength is obtained from 4F3/2-4I9/2 transition in Nd∶YAG and 1064nm wavelength is obtained from 4F3/2-4I11/2 transition in Nd∶YVO4.Cyan laser at 501nm is obtained by using a doubly folded-cavity,type-Ⅱ critical phase matching KTP crystal intracavity sum frequency mixing by 946nm and 1064nm,with incident pumped power of 18W in Nd∶YAG and 7.4W in NdYVO4,TEM00 mode cyan laser at 501nm of 660mW is obtained at last.The power stability in 24h is better than±4%.
Integrated Communication Technologies for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System of Multi-type PV Station

Large scale grid-connected PV station and customer premise grid-connected PV station are the main PV exploitation trend in China.Because of various scale,environment,position and application,supervisory control and data acquisition system of PV station is flexible and complex.Particularly,its communication system is different from that of traditional thermal power plant and hydropower plant,with urgent need of research and development.This paper studies the communication needs of PV station,and proposes a comprehensive communication platform scheme which integrates optical fiber communication,power line carrier communication and wireless communication.It has characteristics of uniform network management,flexible configuration and strong adaptability,which are suitable for supervisory control and data acquisition of multi-type PV stations.
Further Discuss on Optimal Solutions of Transportation Problem

Firstly,some interrelated conceptions of transportation problem are proposed,in which,the multiple optimal solutions is expanded to broad-sense category,the narrow-sense multiple optimal solutions and the broad-sense multiple optimal solutions are proposed and differentiated.Then some judgment theorem are given and proved,such as the judgment theorem on exclusive optimal solutions,multiple optimal solutions,broad-sense numbered multiple optimal solutions,broad-sense unnumbered multiple optimal solutions.Finally,two formulas are put forward they are the formula for least number of narrow-sense numbered multiple optimal solutions multiple optimal solutions and the formula for most number of broad-sense numbered multiple optimal solutions multiple optimal solutions,and one example is given to show correctness of conclusion.
Lithium-ion Battery: Successful Practice of the Intercalation Theory

Li-ion battery system is a successful example for putting the intercalation theory into practice. An overview on the principle, cell chemistry, components, performance characteristics and advances of the Li ion battery is (presented.)
Analysis on urine iodine level of children aged 8 to 10 years old in Shangluo city during 2009-2010

Objective:To study the present iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 in Shangluo city.Methods:The detection results of children's urine iodine in 2009 and 2010 were analyzed statistically.Results:In 2009,the median of children's urine iodine in sampling test was 328.43 μg/L.Among these samples,urine iodine 20 μg/L accounted for 0%,urine iodine 50 μg/L accounted for 0.9%,urine iodine 100 μg/L accounted for1.5%.In 2010,the median of children's urine iodine in sampling test was 319.16 μg/L.Among these samples,urine iodine 20 μg/L accounted for 0%,urine iodine 50 μg/L accounted for 3.8%,urine iodine 100 μg/L accounted for 5.7%.Conclusion:Currently,iodine intake can satisfy the demand and the concentration of iodized salt is a little higher,suggested to control at(15±5 μg/kg).
Flow Field Analysis of Fully Coupled Computations of a Flexible Wing undergoing Stall Flutter

Abstract : Fully coupled CFD-CSD simulations using HPCMP CREATE-AV Kestrel were performed to compute the dynamic aeroelastic behavior of a torsion ally flexible, finite aspect ratio NACA0018 wing. The uncontrolled dynamic instability resulted a very periodic limit cycle oscillation largely governed by the dynamic stall phenomenon. Three-dimensional effects due to the span wise twist variation produces a localized stalled region which is bound by small interior angles of attack and the wing tip vortex outboard. The flow field at various phases throughout the limit cycle oscillation of the flow field are shown to characterize the three dimensional flow structures. The coherence and development of a leading edge vortex is reduced due to the three-dimensionality of the problem. In addition to the uncontrolled case, the ability to suppress flutter through momentum addition through a blowing port at 75 span is detailed. By varying the amount of momentum addition added through a slot, varying control authority to suppress the aeroelastic instability is observed. In particular, two flow states are attained for depending on the magnitude of momentum addition.
Clofarabine, Idarubicin, and Cytarabine (CIA) As Frontline Therapy for Patients <= 60 Years with Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Abstract 1550 Background: Clofarabine is a second generation nucleoside analogue with activity in adults with AML. A recent randomized phase III study in AML relapse showed higher response rates and better event-free survival with the combination of clofarabine and cytarabine (CA) compared to cytarabine alone. We have also reported the feasibility and safety of the addition of idarubicin to CA (CIA) in a previous phase I and II study. To explore this combination further, we conducted a phase II study of CIA in pts Patients and Methods: Patients (Pts) were eligible if they were 2, cardiac ejection fraction 2 iv daily (days 1–5), Idarubicin 6 mg/m 2 daily (days 1–3), and Cytarabine 0.75 g/m 2 daily (days 1–5). From pt 31 onward, induction doses were amended to Clofarabine 20 mg/m 2 × 5, Idarubicin 10 mg/m 2 × 3, and Cytarabine 1 g/m 2 × 5. Pts who have not achieved a complete remission following the induction could receive one re-induction course. Pts in CR or CRp continued with up to 6 consolidation cycles with Clofarabine 22.5 mg/m 2 × 3, Idarubicin 6 mg/m 2 (days 1–2), and Cytarabine 0.75 g/m 2 × 3, subsequently amended to Clofarabine 15 mg/m 2 × 3, Idarubicin 8 mg/m 2 × 2, and Cytarabine 0.75 g/m 2 × 3. Supportive care was standard. Pts ≥ 50 yrs were admitted to a laminar air flow room for the duration of the induction. Results: From April 2010 until August 2011, 51 pts have been accrued with a median age of 49 yrs (range 19–59): 33 pts (65%) with de novo AML and 18 pts (35%) with secondary AML (18 related to MDS, 7 related to therapy). Three pts (5%) had a PS of 2. Median WBC at diagnosis was 3.4 × 10 9 /L (0.6-92.3). Thirty-three (65%) pts had abnormal cytogenetics (21/33[64%] poor risk and 5/33 [15%] intermediate risk). Molecular profile: 6 pts (11%) had FLT3/ITD, 3 pts (6%) CEBPA, and 8 pts (16%) NPM1 mutations. Thirty-five pts (69%) achieved CR and 1 (2%) CRp for an overall response rate (ORR) of 71%. 61% pts (31/51) achieved CR following one induction cycle. 18% (9/51) pts required a re-induction and 44% (4/9) of them responded after the re-induction. Responding pts received a median of 2 courses (1–8) courses. With a median follow-up of 23 weeks (3–36+) median remission duration has not been reached with a 1-yr remission probability of 85%. Ten pts (19%) died on study including 2 (4%) who died grade 2 included elevated bilirubin (4%), hypokalemia (4%), cellulitis (4%) and seizure (1%). Myelosuppression was ubiquitous but prolonged myelosuppression > 42 days was infrequent. 76 % (39/51) pts had neutropenic fever. Conclusion: Clofarabine, Idarubicin and Cytarabine achieve a response rate of 71% in patients Disclosures: Off Label Use: Clofarabine, use of Clofarabine in AML. Ravandi: Genzyme: Research Funding. Kantarjian: Genzyme: Research Funding. Faderl: Genzyme: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.
Nonfermentative bacilli associated with man. I. Nomenclature.

During the past five years major advances have been made in the nutritional, chemical, and genetic characterization and taxonomy of nonfermentative bacilli, particularly the genera Acinetobacter, Moraxella, and Pseudomonas. Since strains of these three genera represent more than 80% of all nonfermentative bacilli recovered from clinical specimens, these advances also represent a major contribution toward their correct identification. Evidence from such advances supports the conclusion that many of these bacilli cannot be correctly identified by means of the biochemical tests conventionally used in clinical bacteriology.
Incidence and Outcomes of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) in Adolescents and Young Adults (AYAs).

Abstract 2845 Background: The MPNs are a family of chronic hematologic malignancies that typically affect pts ages 60–70s. However, there is growing awareness of hematologic malignancies developing in young pts, particularly a unique subset of pts known as AYAs. Little is known about incidence and outcomes of AYA pts with MPNs. Objectives: To determine the incidence and outcomes of MPN AYA pts. Results: We retrospectively reviewed charts of 1,616 MPN pts evaluated at our institution from 1986–2011. A total of 171 MPN pts (11%) were identified whose ages were 16–39, defined as AYA pts (per NCCN guideline recommendations on AYA cancers). Breakdown by MPN subtype: Essential Thrombocytosis, ET (n=78, 46% of AYA MPNs), Polycythemia Vera, PV (n=25, 15%), Myelofibrosis, MF(n=24, 14%), [3 post-ET, 1 post-PV, 20 primary MF], Hypereosinophilic syndrome, HES (n=22, 13%), and Systemic Mastocytosis, SM (n=22, 13%). Baseline characteristics of AYA MPN pts detailed in Table 1. Only significant difference among AYA and non-AYA pts in terms of baseline CBC parameters was WBC: 6.4 (0.4–108.4) in AYA MF vs 10.1 (0.6–361) in non-AYA MF, p=0.0049. Analysis of median overall survival (OS), by Kaplan-Meier method, compared by age group (AYA vs non-AYA pts) and broken down by MPN subtype, shown in Table 2. Conclusion: MPN AYA pts constitute 11% of MPN pts at our institution. Overall, their 5- and 10- yr OS were significantly better than their older counterparts in the 3 major MPN subtypes (ET, PV, MF) and trended towards better survival but not statistically significant in HES and SM. Among AYA MPN pts, female predominance was noted among ET and SM pts and only 1 transformation event was noted among all MPN AYA pts in this analysis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Spondylolysis: Assessment and Treatment in Youth Athletes

Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis that can range from a stress reaction to an overt fracture. It is the most common cause of low back pain in adolescent athletes, with a higher incidence in sports involving repetitive hyperextension. The purpose of this review is to discuss the work-up and management of spondylolysis in the youth athlete. A thorough history and physical examination is important in the evaluation of a patient with suspected spondylolysis, but there is no one examination maneuver with high sensitivity and specificity. Although plain radiography is the first imaging study ordered, it is frequently non-diagnostic and generally requires follow-up bone scan, CT, or MRI. The use of bracing appears to have improved short-term relief of pain but similar long-term outcomes when compared to conservative management without bracing. If pain persists despite 6–9 months of conservative management, surgery is an option and has excellent outcomes. In this review article, aspects of the history that can assist in making a diagnosis are explored. Imaging options are also discussed to help the physician order the most efficacious test for each patient. Conservative management options are reviewed, along with a brief discussion of surgical management. Overall, the current literature suggests an excellent outcome with return to previous sport for most young athletes with spondylolysis.
Bayesian learning of dose–response parameters from a cohort under response-guided dosing

Abstract There has been a surge of clinical interest in the idea of response-guided dosing (RGD). The goal in RGD is to tailor drug-doses to the stochastic evolution of each individual patient’s disease condition over the treatment course. The hope is that this form of individualized therapy will deliver the right dose to the right patient at the right time. Several expert panels have observed that despite the excitement surrounding RGD, quantitative, data-driven decision-making approaches that learn patients’ dose–response and incorporate this information into adaptive dosing strategies are lagging behind. This situation is particularly exacerbated in clinical trials. For instance, fixed design clinical studies for estimating the key parameter of a dose–response function might not treat trial patients optimally. Similarly, the dosing strategies employed in clinical trials for RGD often appear ad-hoc.We study the problem of finding optimal RGD policies while learning the distribution of a dose–response parameter from a cohort of patients. We provide a Bayesian stochastic dynamic programming (DP) formulation of this problem. Exact solution of Bellman’s equations for this problem is computationally intractable. We therefore present two approximate control schemes and mathematically analyze the monotonicity, stationarity, and separability structures of the resulting dosing strategies. These structures are then exploited in efficient, approximate solution of our problem. Computer simulations using the Michaelis–Menten dose–response function are included as an example wherein we study the effect of cohort size and of prior misspecification.
Analysis of restricted mean survival time for length‐biased data

In clinical studies with time-to-event outcomes, the restricted mean survival time (RMST) has attracted substantial attention as a summary measurement for its straightforward clinical interpretation. When the data are subject to length-biased sampling, which is frequently encountered in observational cohort studies, existing methods to estimate the RMST are not applicable. In this article, we consider nonparametric and semiparametric regression methods to estimate the RMST under the setting of length-biased sampling. To assess the covariate effects on the RMST, a semiparametric regression model that directly relates the covariates and the RMST is assumed. Based on the model, we develop unbiased estimating equations to obtain consistent estimators of covariate effects by properly adjusting for informative censoring and length bias. Stochastic process theories are used to establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators. We investigate the finite sample performance through simulations and illustrate the methods by analyzing a prevalent cohort study of dementia in Canada.
The Parathyroids in Renal Disease: Pathophysiology and Systemic Consequences

The association between kidney disease, bone disease, and hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands has been recognized for decades. Through signaling mechanisms between bone, kidney, and parathyroid glands, alterations in kidney function lead to changes in circulating biochemical values and to progressive skeletal disease. Early in the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD), at a time when serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations are still within the normal range, changes in circulating calciotropic hormones are evident. Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in blood are common in patients with decreased kidney function; however, end-organ resistance to the actions of PTH also occurs in patients with CKD, necessitating increased concentrations of PTH to maintain normal rates of bone turnover. Persistently increased PTH concentrations in CKD (secondary hyperparathyroidism, 2°HPT) have been associated with abnormal bone metabolism, with subsequent bony deformities, pain, fractures, and (in children) growth failure. Thus, considerable efforts have been devoted to the elucidation of the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Estrogen-dependent epigenetic regulation of soluble epoxide hydrolase via DNA methylation

To elucidate molecular mechanisms responsible for the sexually dimorphic phenotype of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) expression, we tested the hypothesis that female-specific down-regulation of sEH expression is driven by estrogen-dependent methylation of the Ephx2 gene. Mesenteric arteries isolated from male, female, ovariectomized female (OV), and OV with estrogen replacement (OVE) mice, as well as the human cell line (HEK293T) were used. Methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing analysis indicate significant increases in DNA/CG methylation in vessels of female and OVE compared with those of male and OV mice. The same increase in CG methylation was also observed in male vessels incubated with a physiological concentration of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) for 48 hours. All vessels that displayed increases in CG methylation were concomitantly associated with decreases in their Ephx2 mRNA and protein, suggesting a methylation-induced gene silencing. Transient transfection assays indicate that the activity of Ephx2 promoter-coding luciferase was significantly attenuated in HEK293T cells treated with 17β-E2, which was prevented by additional treatment with an estrogen receptor antagonist (ICI). ChIP analysis indicates significantly reduced binding activities of transcription factors (including SP1, AP-1, and NF-κB with their binding elements located in the Ephx2 promoter) in vessels of female mice and human cells treated with 17β-E2, responses that were prevented by ICI and Decitabine (DNA methyltransferase inhibitor), respectively. In conclusion, estrogen/estrogen receptor-dependent methylation of the promoter of Ephx2 gene silences sEH expression, which is involved in specific transcription factor-directed regulatory pathways.
Minimizing Postural Demands of Walking While Still Emphasizing Locomotor Force Generation for Nonimpaired Individuals

In motor control studies, the interdependent nature of the neural controllers for posture and locomotion makes it difficult to separate components of stepping control from postural maintenance functions. To better understand the separate influences of postural versus locomotor control during walking, we fabricated a novel postural support apparatus. This apparatus was intended to minimize the postural demands of walking but allow for matched locomotor force generation, thus isolating the control of stepping. We tested the ability of this support apparatus to minimize the postural demands of walking tasks for nonimpaired participants ( ${N} = 20$ ) and characterized the behavior of these participants when walking in this environment. We demonstrated that the apparatus reduced trunk motion in flexion/extension, lateral flexion, and transverse rotation, minimized peak vertical ground reaction forces to 15.8% body weight, and reduced total positive and negative work compared to walking with typical postural demands. In addition, using visual feedback, participants were able to successfully match vertical forces during supported walking to those of walking with typical postural demands. We plan to use this apparatus to design future experiments exploring mechanisms underlying postural and locomotor control in both nonimpaired walking and of individuals with impaired coordination of posture and stepping.
Comparison of Head Impact Exposure Between Male and Female High School Ice Hockey Athletes.

Background:Concussion incidence rates are higher among female than male athletes in sports played by both sexes. Biomechanical factors may play a role in observed sex-based differences in concussio...
Uncovering/discovering: Querying knowledge in early modernity

From the late fifteenth century, westerners have held the next two–three centuries ‘‘their’’ modern ‘‘age of discovery.’’ Over past decades scholars have increasingly replaced ‘‘discovery’’ by ‘‘invention,’’ as Fleming amusingly shows in an ample footnote of titles, observing in his Introduction that this constructivist ‘‘retroping’’ still leaves ‘‘discovery’’ primary, with ‘‘invention’’ as a deconstructive ‘‘peripeteia,’’ reversal of fortune, that ‘‘depends upon, and re-projects as normative, that fortune’’ (2). This collection of essays ponders whether and how discovery itself may be the mother of such inventions. He offers three major cases. The translatio of classical letters that grounded humanism caused its champions to go looking for the texts no one had yet bothered to seek: they ‘‘motivated discovery by translatio,’’ not the reverse. Praise goes to a text’s explicator, not to Petrarch’s fisherman who accidentally discovers a gem in his catch (3). The Protestant effort to discover the uninterpreted Bible was countered by Tridentine Catholicism’s effort to retain its ‘‘established chain of redactions and interpretations,’’ insisting on history and tradition to reject the new ‘‘discovery trope,’’ even as many Protestants denied that discovery was at issue: they were just uncovering eternal divine truth (4-5). Science, thirdly, set out to discover material truth, only to find that what was seen was but ‘‘an index to what is true,’’ that experiments and their technology showed objects other than they appeared, offering the searcher a potentially infinite regress, thus requiring observation to be always theory laden and making ‘‘allegory—not literalism—typif[y] the new-scientific conception of data-interpretation’’ (6). In turn, this implied that discovery, in science at least, had its limits. Fleming sees here Galileo’s and Newton’s efforts in biblical exegesis as emblematic: They turn to allegorical and non-literal readings. Their ‘‘hermeneutics of discovery’’ lays down a rule of ‘‘this far—but no further’’ (7). As the religious and humanist cases imply,
Invadopodia: Interface for Invasion

The term invadopodia is essentially a functional definition linking membrane protrusions with proteolysis of the matrix at focused points beneath cells cultured on two-dimensional ECM matrices. Their molecular definition awaits more complete characterization of the interactions of molecular components that organize into morphologically distinct structures recognized by characteristic actin/cortactin cores which subsequently attain a proteolytic functionality that facilitates cellular invasion. Because of their similarity to podosomes and because there are progressive stages in the formation of invadopodia, confusion exists regarding the precise definition of invadopodia. In this chapter, we discuss sources of confusion prevalent in the literature to date, delineate characteristic features of invadopodia, review molecular components required for invadopodia-mediated matrix degradation, and discuss the assembly of functional invadopodia and the relationship of the invadopodia membrane to the actin/cortactin core. Finally, we discuss what is known about the functional consequences of invadopodia-mediated matrix degradation and the role of proteases associated with invadopodia in cellular interaction with other cells and the matrix, and their contribution to the tumor microenvironment.
A Survey of the Theory of Post Algebras and Their Generalizations

In this article the historical development of the theory of Post algebras is presented. Various approaches to the theory of Post algebras are described with particular emphasis on recent development and recent results. The article also includes a rather extensive discussion of generalized Post algebras (Post algebras with infinite chains of constants) which have been studied in recent years.