cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differing Domains of Actual Sibling Conflict Discussions and Associations with Conflict Styles and Relationship Quality

Four types of sibling conflict were identified in actual adolescent sibling discussions: equality and fairness, invasion of the personal domain, intrinsic harm, and relationships. Older [M = 14.97, standard deviation (SD) = 1.69 years] and younger siblings (M = 12.20, SD = 1.90 years) from 144 dyads discussed conflicts during a semi-structured conflict task. Trained observers coded the topics discussed, and separate observers rated their conflict styles, whereas siblings rated their relationship quality. The proportion of conflicts of each domain differed by dyadic gender composition. Equality and fairness conflicts (and invasion of the personal domain conflicts for sister–sister pairs) were discussed the most frequently whereas intrinsic harm conflicts were associated with destructive conflict styles. Siblings' discussions of conflicts involving intrinsic harm were associated with older siblings' reports of negative relationship quality. The associations between these conflict topics and negative relationship quality were mediated by the siblings discussing the conflicts in destructive ways.
Tribute to Irwin P. Stotzky

We were introduced by a mutual friend, Human Rights attorney Michael Ratner, Irwin's former colleague at Yale. Irwin, Michael, Ira Kurzban, and several other attorneys were working at the request of the Aristide Government to bring to justice those responsible for the murders of thousands of Haitians during the reign of the military from 1991 to 1994. Among the victims, the most prominent were Minister of Justice Guy Malary, businessman-activist Antoine Izmery, and Father Jean Marie Vincent. This was, and distressingly still is, a nearly impossible task due to the rudimentary state of Haiti's justice system.
Mold allergy: I. Field survey of Philadelphia area

Abstract 1.1. The presence of a major mold season beginning in mid-May and lasting till mid-October has been demonstrated. This was shown best by the use of the gravity slide method, although the same results may be obtained with the plate method by careful examination of the types of colonies obtained during that period. 2.2. There was a disproportionate increase in those molds possessing large spores during this season, most important of which were Alternaria, Hormodendrum, and smuts. 3.3. No direct correlation could be established between meteorologic conditions and the amount of molds present in the atmosphere. 4.4. There seemed to be an hourly variation in the spore content of the air. 5.5. No one method of estimating the mold content of the atmosphere was found satisfactory, and it is suggested that future surveys utilize both methods. 6.6. Spore showers were observed frequently throughout this study.
Hierarchy and Sequence vs. Full Parallelism in Action Selection

Hierarchical organization has become an unfashionable model of intelligent control within some communities of both natural and artificial intelligence. What has replaced it are models based on parallel distributed processes, both neural and behavior based, or dynamical systems theory, which denies modularity, let alone rigorous structure. In this paper we present experimental results demonstrating an artificial reactive hierarchybased system that outperforms fully parallel systems in a highly dynamic environment with a large number of conflicting goals. This work is conducted in Tyrrell’s (1993) Simulated Environment and can be seen as an extension of his work on comparing action selection mechanisms. We observe that the hierarchical strategy has also been well demonstrated in nature. We argue that, for complex intelligences, preserving full reactivity may not be worth the cost in terms of the complexity of action selection.
Evidence for nonequilibrium base transport in Si and SiGe bipolar transistors at cryogenic temperatures

Observed discrepancies between measured collector current and transconductance with that predicted by standard drift-diffusion theory at cryogenic temperatures are explained by accounting for nonequilibrium carrier transport across the neutral base region in advanced Si and SiGe bipolar devices.
Beyond cost benefit: an assessment approach for the '90s.

A new evaluation approach is needed to evaluate clinical and management applications of H.I.S.-- where the major benefits may not be related to labor savings. New evaluation approaches also need to reflect a "bottom line" business orientation. We will describe an evaluation approach which is based on TQM concepts and meets both these criteria and incorporates benefits realization into the evaluation process.
Computational Mechanics for Metal Deformation Processes Using Polycrystal Plasticity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses computational mechanics for metal deformation processes using polycrystal plasticity. The chapter presents a methodology for utilizing polycrystal plasticity as the constitutive description in simulations of large-strain metal-forming processes. An unstressed crystal lattice always retains the same internal arrangement of crystal planes and directions, regardless of the level of plastic strain. A crystal's orientation is simply that rotation needed to align a set of axes fixed to its lattice with a reference frame. The orientations of crystal lattices are discussed in terms of these rotations and the different parameterizations of such a rotation. With respect to the plastic deformation of crystals, equivalent orientations must exhibit both the identical geometric arrangement of atoms and identical strengths in the associated deformation mode. The inelastic response of a metal to an applied loading may involve one or more deformation mechanisms, such as crystallographic slip, diffusional creep, and twinning. The dominant mechanism, at any instant, depends on the regime of temperature and strain rate, as well as the microstructural condition of the material. The rotation of individual crystals during deformation modifies the orientation distribution of crystals that comprise the material. The evolution of the orientation distribution by using the finite-element method is also elaborated.
Tandem mirror and field-reversed mirror experiments

ABSTRACT Multiple-mirror systems offer significant enhancement of the power balance above that attainable from a conventional single-cell mirror reactor. Several multiple-mirror configurations are under experimental investigation: the tandem mirror, the high-density multiple-mirror, and the field-reversed mirror. This paper is largely devoted to tandem mirror and field-reversed mirror experiments at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL), and briefly summarizes results of experiments in which field-reversal has been achieved. In the tandem experiment, high-energy, high-density plasmas (nearly identical to 2XIIB plasmas) are located at each end of a solenoid where plasma ions are electrostatically confined by the high positive potentials arising in the “end plug” plasmas. End plug ions are magnetically confined, and electrons are electrostatically confined by the overall positive potential of the system. The field-reversed mirror reactor consists of several small field-reversed mirror plasmas linked together for economic reasons. In the LLL Beta II experiment, generation of a field-reversed plasma ring will be investigated using a high-energy plasma gun with a transverse radial magnetic field. This plasma will be further heated and sustained by injection of intense, high- energy neutral beams. Key words: magnetic mirror; thermonuclear reactors; fusion; tandem mirror; field-reversed; θ-pinch; multiple mirrors.
Epigenetic Reprogramming by Adenovirus e1a

Adenovirus e1a induces quiescent human cells to replicate. We found that e1a causes global relocalization of the RB (retinoblastoma) proteins (RB, p130, and p107) and p300/CBP histone acetyltransferases on promoters, the effect of which is to restrict the acetylation of histone 3 lysine-18 (H3K18ac) to a limited set of genes, thereby stimulating cell cycling and inhibiting antiviral responses and cellular differentiation. Soon after expression, e1a binds transiently to promoters of cell cycle and growth genes, causing enrichment of p300/CBP, PCAF (p300/CBP-associated factor), and H3K18ac; depletion of RB proteins; and transcriptional activation. e1a also associates transiently with promoters of antiviral genes, causing enrichment for RB, p130, and H4K16ac; increased nucleosome density; and transcriptional repression. At later times, e1a and p107 bind mainly to promoters of development and differentiation genes, repressing transcription. The temporal order of e1a binding requires its interactions with p300/CBP and RB proteins. Our data uncover a defined epigenetic reprogramming leading to cellular transformation.
Pulp and Paper from Blue Agave Waste from Tequila Production

Pulping of blue agave waste, from the production of tequila, was evaluated by both chemical and biomechanical pulping processes. Two conventional and two organosolv systems were used to pulp the agave waste under a standard set of conditions. The soda-ethanol process was superior in terms of delignification and pulp properties in comparison to the soda and ethanol organosolv processes for pulping of agave waste; however, the kraft process gave the best strength properties. In general, the strength of the agave waste pulps was rather poor in comparison to wood and other agro-based pulps; however, the tear strength was relatively high. This result is typical of poorly bonded sheets and may be due to the coarseness of the agave fibers and/or loss of hemicelluloses in the steaming process for the tequila production. Fungal treatment of the agave waste with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora reduced the energy consumption for mechanical refining but gave biomechanical pulps with inferior strength properties. The blue agave chemical pulps should be suitable for blending with softwood kraft pulps for publication grade paper.
Muscarinic modulation of conductances underlying the afterhyperpolarization in neurons of the rat basolateral amygdala

The excitability level of pyramidal neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is greatly increased following muscarinic receptor activation, an effect associated with an increased rate of action potential firing and reduction of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP). We impaled BLA pyramidal neurons in slices of rat ventral forebrain with a single microelectrode to examine the currents underlying the AHP and spike frequency accommodation and determine their sensitivities to muscarinic modulation. In voltage-clamp, depolarizing steps were followed by biphasic outward tail currents, consisting of rapidly decaying (IFast) and slowly decaying (ISlow) current components. These corresponded temporally with the medium and slow portions of the AHP, respectively. The reversal potential for the IFast component of the AHP tail current shifted in the depolarizing direction with increases in the extracellular K+ concentration. The amplitude of IFast was reduced during perfusion of 0-Ca2+ medium or by superfusion of TEA (1-5 mM) or carbachol (10-40 microM). It is suggested that IFast was produced by the rapidly decaying Ca(2+)-activated K+ current (IC) and the muscarinic-sensitive M-current (IM). The ISlow tail current component reversed at the estimated values for EK in medium containing either normal or elevated K+ levels. This component was eliminated by perfusion of 0-Ca2+ medium or inclusion of cyclic-AMP in the recording electrode. It was not blocked by TEA (5 mM) or apamin (50-500 nM), but was reduced by carbachol in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.5 microM). Electrical stimulation of cholinergic afferent pathways to the BLA produced inhibition of ISlow, an effect which was enhanced by eserine and prevented by atropine. Loss of the ISlow component was always accompanied by similar reductions in accommodation and the slow AHP. It was concluded that this tail current component resulted from the slowly decaying Ca(2+)-activated K+ current, IAHP. Thus, the muscarinic inhibition of IAHP contributes to the enhanced excitability exhibited by BLA pyramidal neurons following cholinergic stimulation.
Incentives in BitTorrent induce free riding

We investigate the incentive mechanism of BitTorrent, which is a peer-to-peer file distribution system. As downloaders in BitTorrent are faced with the conflict between the eagerness to download and the unwillingness to upload, we relate this problem to the iterated prisoner's dilemma, which suggests guidelines to design a good incentive mechanism. Based on these guidelines, we propose a new, simple incentive mechanism. Our analysis and the experimental results using PlanetLab show that the original incentive mechanism of BitTorrent can induce free riding because it is not effective in rewarding and punishing downloaders properly. In contrast, a new mechanism proposed by us is shown to be more robust against free riders.
Demonstration of a bright 50 Hz repetition rate table-top soft x-ray laser driven by a diode-pumped laser

We report the highest repetition rate table-top soft x-ray laser, 50Hz. Microjoule-level picosecond laser pulses were produced at λ=18.9nm by amplification in a molybdenum plasma generated by a 1 J diode-pumped chirped-pulse-amplification Yb-YAG laser.
Shift work and the incidence of injury among police officers.

BACKGROUND: Police officers may be injury prone due to fatigue, erratic work hours, and insufficient sleep. This study explored injury incidence among police officers across shifts. METHODS: Day-to-day shift data from computerized payroll records (1994-2010) were available from a mid-sized urban police department (n = 430). Sleep duration, shift activity level, returning to work after days off, and injury incidence over time were also examined. RESULTS: Age-adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for injury on the midnight shift was 72% larger than the day shift (IRR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.26-2.36) and 66% larger than the afternoon shift (IRR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.23-2.25). Injury incidence for the first day back on the midnight shift was 69% larger than day shift (IRR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.23-2.32) and 54% larger than the afternoon shift (IRR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.36-1.76). High activity level combined with midnight shift work put officers at increased injury risk (IRR = 2.31; P = 0.0003). Probability of remaining free of injury was significantly higher for day shift than midnight shift (P Language: en
Categorizing web queries according to geographical locality

Web pages (and resources, in general) can be characterized according to their geographical locality. For example, a web page with general information about wildflowers could be considered a global page, likely to be of interest to a geographically broad audience. In contrast, a web page with listings on houses for sale in a specific city could be regarded as a local page, likely to be of interest only to an audience in a relatively narrow region. Similarly, some search engine queries (implicitly) target global pages, while other queries are after local pages. For example, the best results for query [wildflowers] are probably global pages about wildflowers such as the one discussed above. However, local pages that are relevant to, say, San Francisco are likely to be good matches for a query [houses for sale] that was issued by a San Francisco resident or by somebody moving to that city. Unfortunately, search engines do not analyze the geographical locality of queries and users, and hence often produce sub-optimal results. Thus query [wildflowers] might return pages that discuss wildflowers in specific U.S. states (and not general information about wildflowers), while query [houses for sale] might return pages with real estate listings for locations other than that of interest to the person who issued the query. Deciding whether an unseen query should produce mostly local or global pages---without placing this burden on the search engine users---is an important and challenging problem, because queries are often ambiguous or underspecify the information they are after. In this paper, we address this problem by first defining how to categorize queries according to their (often implicit) geographical locality. We then introduce several alternatives for automatically and efficiently categorizing queries in our scheme, using a variety of state-of-the-art machine learning tools. We report a thorough evaluation of our classifiers using a large sample of queries from a real web search engine, and conclude by discussing how our query categorization approach can help improve query result quality.
The effects of retention intervals on self- and proxy reports of purchases.

Two studies explored underlying differences between self- and proxy reports and determining whether proxy reporters process and retrieve information the same way self-reporters do. In both studies, participants recorded their own and a target person's incidental purchases for two weeks and then returned, either immediately or one-week after the diary-keeping period, for two recall tests. These tests pertained to self-and proxy purchases. The reported items were scored against the recorded ones. In Study 1, the data indicate that proxies tend to recall more typical events than do self-reporters immediately following the diary-keeping period. However, after a delay of one week, both proxy and self-reporters tended to report typical items. These findings suggest that, at least initially, self- and proxy reporters process the information differently but that after one week they process it similarly. Study 2 employed a method that was identical to that of Study 1 except that participants were given a recogniti...
Dividend Yields and Stock Returns: Evidence of Time Variation between Bull and Bear Markets

This study documents persistent shifts in the relationship between stock returns and dividend yields over bull and bear markets. The shift in this relationship appears as a separate effect, distinct from the January effect, and after controlling for firm size and systematic risk. After controlling for these other factors, dividend yield is positively related to return during bear markets but negatively related to return during bull markets. This time-varying relationship between dividend yield and stock return helps to explain the anomalous results of earlier studies.
Clinical evaluation of angiographic multiple-view 3D reconstruction

Endovascular treatment of stroke, a leading cause of death in the United States, involves guidance of devices to the intervention site often through tortuous vessels. Typically, these interventions are performed under two- dimensional (2D) fluoroscopy. To facilitate these procedures, we developed and previously presented a multiple-view self-calibration method involving two steps: (1) calibration of the imaging geometry, and (2) reconstruction of the 3D vessel centerline. Only those 2D angiograms obtained during the procedure are used for reconstruction. In this manuscript, we evaluate this technique on a large set (117 cases) of clinical data obtained over a 12-month period. We evaluated the technique using (1) the RMS difference between the calculated 3D centerlines and the average centerline (before and after application of our method), (2) the difference between the projected 3D centerlines and the 2D indicated centerlines, (3) the translations and rotations calculated by our technique, and (4) intra- and inter-user variations. Our approach (1) reduces the RMS 3D differences by a factor of 10, (2) increases the number of projected 3D centerline points lying within 1 mm of the indicated 2D centerline points by over a factor of 2 (from 28 to 71%), (3) provides an assessment of the variations in the gantry geometry as provided by the imaging system, and (4) is insensitive to user variations in indication (<1 mm differences in 3D are seen). These results indicate that this technique will provide more reliable vessel centerlines in the clinical setting without requiring additional acquisitions or increasing dose to the patient.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The biosynthesis of retronecine

Abstract The biosynthesis of the retronecine moiety of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Senecio douglasii has been studied with aid of radioactive tracers. It has been shown that putrescine and ornithine are used in the synthesis of the pyrrolizidine ring. When ornithine is used, at least one of the two molecules utilized in the synthesis of the base goes through a symmetrical precursor.
Inositol polyphosphate multikinase regulates inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate.

Abstract The human inositol phosphate multikinase (IPMK, 5-kinase) has a preferred 5-kinase activity over 3-kinase and 6-kinase activities and a substrate preference for inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,6)P 4 ) over inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P 3 ) and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P 4 ). We now report that the recombinant human protein can catalyze the conversion of inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5,6)P 4 ) to Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 in vitro; the reaction product was identified by HPLC to be Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 . The apparent V max was 42 nmol of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 formed/min/mg protein, and the apparent K m was 222 nM using Ins(1,3,4,6)P 4 as a substrate; the catalytic efficiency was similar to that for Ins(1,4,5)P 3 . Stable over-expression of the human protein in HEK-293 cells abrogates the in vivo elevation of Ins(1,4,5,6)P 4 from the Salmonella dublin SopB protein. Hence, the human 5-kinase may also regulate the level of Ins(1,4,5,6)P 4 and have an effect on chloride channel regulation.
Oxidatively Induced α-Hydrogen Abstraction. A Mild Protocol to Generate Terminal Titanium Alkylidenes Containing a β-Hydrogen

One-electron oxidation of the Ti(III) bis-isobutyl complexes (nacnac)Ti(CH2iPr)2 (1) (nacnac- = [ArNC(tBu)]2CH, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) and (PNP)Ti(CH2iPr)2 (4) (PNP- = N[2-P(CHMe2)2-4-methylphenyl]2) with AgOTf promotes exclusive α-hydrogen abstraction to provide the first structurally characterized examples of terminal group 4 alkylidenes bearing a β-hydrogen, namely, (nacnac)TiCHiPr(OTf) (2) and (PNP)TiCHiPr(OTf) (5). These complexes have been prepared and characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In the case of the nacnac framework, the reactive TiCHiPr motif can readily engage in an intramolecular Wittig-like rearrangement. However, the isobutylidene motif can be stabilized when supported by a more robust ancillary ligand such as PNP, which is demonstrated by the thermal resistance of 5 and the preparation of a rare example of a stable alkylidene methyl complex (PNP)TiCHiPr(Me) (6).
Dosimetry implications of upper tracheobronchial airway anatomy in two mouse varieties.

Strain- and variety-related differences in responses of mice have been reported for a variety of inhaled particulate and gaseous materials. It is important to understand the potential contributions to such responses of differences in delivered doses to the respiratory tract as well as differences in biochemical processes. Deposition doses of inhaled particles are influenced by several factors, including airway anatomy, ventilation, and particle characteristics. Tracheobronchial airway morphometry for airway generations 1-6 of the BALB/c mouse was generated using replica lung casts prepared in situ. Measurements were performed on two groups: control and ovalbumin-sensitized male BALB/c mice. These measurements were compared with previously published airway morphometry of male B6C3F(1) mice. Sensitization did not significantly change measured airway dimensions in the BALB/c mouse. However, the two mouse varieties had significant differences in airway anatomy. The differences found in airway anatomy between mouse varieties correlated with differences in body length and chest circumference. Particle deposition predictions for both varieties of mice were performed for unit density spherical particles from 0.1 to 10 microm in diameter at two ventilation rates using a published aerosol dosimetry computer code. Particle deposition in the proximal tracheobronchial tree ranged up to 3 times greater for the BALB/c mouse for a 2 microm particle diameter and high ventilation rate. These differences in predicted particle deposition suggest that observed strain and variety differences in response to inhaled particulate matter may be in part due to differences in delivered doses to the respiratory tract.
Supramolecular nanostructures as drug carriers

Supramolecular nanostructures are well-defined nanoscale objects that are constructed by self-assembly of rationally designed or naturally occurring molecular building units. These non-covalently linked assemblies carry some advantageous features such as dynamic and stimulus-responsive structures for interfacing with biological systems and particularly for use as drug carriers. In this brief review, we examine several recent examples on the use of discrete supramolecular nanostructures as drug carriers, and discuss the key challenges in optimizing such self-assembling systems for improved treatments of cancer.
Presence relates to distinct outcomes in two virtual environments employing different learning modalities.

Abstract Presence in virtual learning environments (VLEs) has been associated with a number of outcome factors related to a user's ability and motivation to learn. The extant but relatively small body of research suggests that a high level of presence is related to better performance on learning outcomes in VLEs. Different configurations of form and content variables such as those associated with active (self-driven, interactive activities) versus didactic (reading or lecture) learning may, however, influence how presence operates and on what content it operates. We compared the influence of presence between two types of immersive VLEs (i.e., active versus didactic techniques) on comprehension and engagement-related outcomes. The findings revealed that the active VLE promoted greater presence. Although we found no relationship between presence and learning comprehension outcomes for either virtual environment, presence was related to information engagement variables in the didactic immersive VLE but not t...
The Impact of Wind Energy on Generator Dispatch Profiles and Carbon Dioxide Production

This paper considers the impact of wind energy and forecast uncertainty on two important factors associated with power systems and sustainability, generator dispatch patterns and CO2 emissions. The impact of wind forecasting error on both of these factors is investigated via an AC OPF model and Monte Carol simulations using the 39-bus IEEE test system. Results of this analysis indicate that CO2 emissions reductions of 17% are achieved at 30% wind penetration, exceeding the 10% GHG reduction goal of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). Results also demonstrate that the variability in dispatch levels of base load units increases with wind penetration, and this variability impacts the resulting carbon dioxide emissions from the system.
Synthesis and evaluation of the antidepressant activity of the enantiomers of bupropion

The synthesis of the enantiomers of bupropion, (rac)-2-tert-butylamino-3′-chloropropiophenone 1 (Wellbutrin®) is described. The enantiomers were compared with the racemate in both the tetrabenazine-induced sedation model and the inhibition of uptake of biogenic amine assay. No significant differences were found in their potencies to reverse tetrabenazine-induced sedation in mice or in their IC50 values as inhibitors of biogenic amine uptake into nerve endings obtained from mouse brain. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
31P‐NMR studies of deoxyoligonucleotides

The assignments of 31P resonances of eight short oligonucleotides have been achieved through specific heterodecoupling techniques reported previously from our laboratory [Cheng et al. (1982) Biopolymers21, 697–701]. The temperature dependence of the assigned31P chemical shifts of these oligomers was studied and compared to the constitutive dimeric units. This comparison gives some insight to the chemical-shift values of the phosphorus resonances of oligonucleotides. (1) The 3′-end terminal phosphorus resonance in an oligomer tends to locate at a spectral position relatively close to its constitutive dimeric unit. (2) On chain elongation (from 5′-toward 3′-end), the phosphorus resonance in the oligomer will be shifted upfield by 0.2–0.3 ppm, as compared to its constitutive dimeric unit. (3) The relative positions of phosphorus resonances in an oligomer tend to remain in the same order as their constitutive dimeric units. The above obsrvations lead to the development of a new procedure to assign the 31P resonance of a single-stranded oligonucleotide.
Backward-angle anomalies in alpha-particle elastic scattering☆

Abstract The backward-angle anomalies in elastic alpha-particle scattering have been recently attirbuted to exchange processes such as heavy-particle stripping and knock-on. Using a parameter-free treatment, it is shown that the so far neglected one-particle exchange arising from the antisymmetrisation between the projectile and the target nucleus is important and should be considered in any quantitative analysis of the anomalous alpha-backscattering.
Bahadur—Kiefer representation properties of intermediate order statistics

Abstract Let X1,…,Xn be a random sample from a distribution function (d.f.) F. Let Vn = Xkn:n be the intermediate knth order statistic for the random sample with kn→∞, but kn/n → 0 as n → ∞. A Bahadur—Kiefer type representation for Vn is established under some regularity conditions on F and on the assumption that kn ⩾ nα for all sufficiently large n and for some α ϵ (0, 1).
Managing the flow of intelligent parts

Abstract Advances in computer technology have brought the feasibility of intelligent system components to fuitation. Within the manufacturing environment, the regulation of parts' value-adding operations from entry into the system to completion as a finished product now can be individualized to depend on part specific information. The new CADENCE system, introduced in this research, manages the physical parts' operations and the information flow within manufacturing. Integration of both the physical flow dependencies and the information flow is provided by a negotiation procedure. CADENCE goes beyond previously proposed task bidding structures by utilizing distributed decision making in managing the flow of individual intelligent parts.
Effects of soil composition and mineralogy on remote sensing of crop residue cover

Abstract The management of crop residues (non-photosynthetic vegetation) in agricultural fields influences soil erosion and soil carbon sequestration. Remote sensing methods can efficiently assess crop residue cover and related tillage intensity over many fields in a region. Although the reflectance spectra of soils and crop residues are often similar in the visible, near infrared, and the lower part of the shortwave infrared (400–1900 nm) wavelength region, specific diagnostic chemical absorption features are evident in the upper shortwave infrared (1900–2500 nm) region. Two reflectance band height indices used for estimating residue cover are the Cellulose Absorption Index (CAI) and the Lignin-Cellulose Absorption (LCA) index, both of which use reflectances in the upper shortwave infrared (SWIR). Soil mineralogy and composition will affect soil spectral properties and may limit the usefulness of these spectral indices in certain areas. Our objectives were to (1) identify minerals and soil components with absorption features in the 2000 nm to 2400 nm wavelength region that would affect CAI and LCA and (2) assess their potential impact on remote sensing estimates of crop residue cover. Most common soil minerals had CAI values ≤ 0.5, whereas crop residues were always > 0.5, allowing for good contrast between soils and residues. However, a number of common soil minerals had LCA values > 0.5, and, in some cases, the mineral LCA values were greater than those of the crop residues, which could limit the effectiveness of LCA for residue cover estimation. The LCA of some dry residues and live corn canopies were similar in value, unlike CAI. Thus, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) or similar method should be used to separate out green vegetation pixels. Mineral groups, such as garnets and chlorites, often have wide ranges of CAI and LCA values, and thus, mineralogical analyses often do not identify individual mineral species required for precise CAI estimation. However, these methods are still useful for identifying mineral soils requiring additional scrutiny. Future advanced multi- and hyperspectral remote sensing platforms should include CAI bands to allow for crop residue cover estimation.
Information-Theoretic Key Agreement of Multiple Terminals—Part II: Channel Model

This is the second part of a two-part paper on information-theoretically secure secret key agreement. This part covers the secret key capacity under the channel model. In this model, multiple terminals wish to create a shared secret key that is secure from an eavesdropper with unlimited computational resources. The terminals are all connected to a noiseless and authenticated but insecure channel, called the “public channel.” Furthermore, the terminals have access to a secure but noisy discrete memoryless broadcast channel (DMBC). The first terminal can choose a sequence of inputs to the DMBC, which has outputs at the other terminals and at the eavesdropper. After each channel use, the terminals can engage in arbitrarily many rounds of interactive authenticated communication over the public channel. At the end, each legitimate terminal should be able to generate the secret key. In this paper, we derive new lower and upper bounds on the secrecy capacity. In each case, an example is provided to show that the new bound represents a strict improvement over the previously best known bound. This part of the paper is not standalone, and is written under the assumption that the reader has access to Part I, which is published in the same issue.
Vegetation succession after bauxite mining in Western Australia.

Alcoa World Alumina Australia has been rehabilitating bauxite mines in the jarrah forest of Western Australia for more than 35 years. An experiment was established in 1988 using three different seed treatments (legume and small understorey mix, small understorey mix only, and no seed) and two fertilizer treatments (N and P, and P only). The objectives of this study were to (1) document vegetation changes in the first 14 years after bauxite mining; (2) assess whether the vegetation is becoming more similar to the unmined forest; and (3) gain a better understanding of successional processes. Seed treatments significantly affected 13 of the 14 measured vegetation characteristics. Native species richness was higher in seeded than in unseeded sites at 1, 2, and 5 years of age, whereas diversity and evenness were generally higher at all assessment ages. Exotic species density was higher in unseeded than in seeded sites from 5 years onward, whereas richness was higher from 8 years onward. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased exotic species richness, density, and cover. Ephemerals dominated plant density in all rehabilitation treatments over time, whereas seeder species dominated cover. In contrast, resprouting species dominated density and cover in the unmined forest. Orchids were the only species that were not present in the first year in rehabilitated sites but increased in abundance over time. Vegetation composition in rehabilitated areas did not become more similar to the unmined forest during the 14 years since seeding, instead strongly reflected the initial species mix. Rehabilitated bauxite mines appear to follow the initial floristic composition model of succession.
Management of the solitary pulmonary nodule: directed resection.

Abstract The primary goals in management of a solitary pulmonary nodule are: 1) early detection and treatment of lung cancer at a curable stage; 2) avoidance of unnecessary surgery for benign lesions; 3) efficient, economic use of resources in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. Management depends on the nature of the nodule, the nature of the patient, and the approach of the physician or surgeon who assumes responsibility for further evaluation and treatment of the solitary pulmonary nodule. By combining appropriate diagnostic studies, and close personal attention, unnecessary excision of benign nodules can be kept to a minimum, patient anxiety allayed and excision of cancers undertaken with appropriate staging and without compromise of outcome. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Adaptive evolution of non-coding DNA in Drosophila

A large fraction of eukaryotic genomes consists of DNA that is not translated into protein sequence, and little is known about its functional significance. Here I show that several classes of non-coding DNA in Drosophila are evolving considerably slower than synonymous sites, and yet show an excess of between-species divergence relative to polymorphism when compared with synonymous sites. The former is a hallmark of selective constraint, but the latter is a signature of adaptive evolution, resembling general patterns of protein evolution in Drosophila. I estimate that about 40-70% of nucleotides in intergenic regions, untranslated portions of mature mRNAs (UTRs) and most intronic DNA are evolutionarily constrained relative to synonymous sites. However, I also use an extension to the McDonald-Kreitman test to show that a substantial fraction of the nucleotide divergence in these regions was driven to fixation by positive selection (about 20% for most intronic and intergenic DNA, and 60% for UTRs). On the basis of these observations, I suggest that a large fraction of the non-translated genome is functionally important and subject to both purifying selection and adaptive evolution. These results imply that, although positive selection is clearly an important facet of protein evolution, adaptive changes to non-coding DNA might have been considerably more common in the evolution of D. melanogaster.
White Noise to Decrease Problem Behaviors in the Classroom for a Child With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Continuous white noise played through headphones was used as a classroom intervention to reduce off-task behavior and increase assignment production and accuracy for a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). When listening to white noise the student's off-task behavior decreased from 89% during baseline to 62%. Subsequently, he began taking a stimulant medication for his ADHD. Pharmacotherapy alone (65% off task) was approximately equivalent to white noise alone. When medication was combined with white noise his off-task behavior decreased to 45%. Assignment production was also enhanced while listening to white noise, whereas accuracy remained high throughout.
The Institutional Mobility of Minority Members of Congress

This article examines the extent to which race and ethnicity affect mobility to leadership positions within Congress. The authors utilize survival analysis to examine the rate at which legislators ...
Control of ventilation during graded exercise in the dog.

We analyzed the time courses of the VE, VT, and f responses to graded levels of exercise produced by increases in treadmill speed at preset inclines in 207 experiments on 15 tracheostomized dogs. At the onset of work, VE increased within 1-2 respiratory cycles (VE fast), and then either remained constant, or decreased. Following this time delay (TD), VE rose more slowly (VE slow) to attain a stable plateau (Dejours). The amplitude of VE fast, VT, and f during the TD were independent of the work load. However, the duration of the TD and the amplitude of the component mediating VE slow were workload dependent. The VE fast and the VE during the TD are the major components of the total VE response at low work levels (VO2 = 30-40 ml . min-1 . kg-1) and are mediated primarily by increased f, whereas, at higher VO2 (70-90 ml . min-1 . kg-1), VE slow is mediated largely by increased VT and this component is engaged earlier to make a greater contribution to the total VE response. In the conscious dog, the total VE response to exercise appears to be comprised of both neural and humoral components when thermal stress is minimal.
Regulated vnd expression is required for both neural and glial specification in Drosophila.

The Drosophila embryonic CNS arises from the neuroectoderm, which is divided along the dorsal-ventral axis into two halves by specialized mesectodermal cells at the ventral midline. The neuroectoderm is in turn divided into three longitudinal stripes—ventral, intermediate, and lateral. The ventral nervous system defective, or vnd, homeobox gene is expressed from cellularization throughout early neural development in ventral neuroectodermal cells, neuroblasts, and ganglion mother cells, and later in an unrelated pattern in neurons. Here, in the context of the dorsal-ventral location of precursor cells, we reassess the vnd loss- and gain-of-function CNS phenotypes using cell specific markers. We find that over expression of vnd causes significantly more profound effects on CNS cell specification than vnd loss. The CNS defects seen in vnd mutants are partly caused by loss of progeny of ventral neuroblasts—the commissures are fused and the longitudinal connectives are aberrantly positioned close to the ventral midline. The commissural vnd phenotype is associated with defects in cells that arise from the mesectoderm, where the VUM neurons have pathfinding defects, the MP1 neurons are mis-specified, and the midline glia are reduced in number. vnd over expression results in the mis-specification of progeny arising from all regions of the neuroectoderm, including the ventral neuroblasts that normally express the gene. The CNS of embryos that over express vnd is highly disrupted, with weak longitudinal connectives that are placed too far from the ventral midline and severely reduced commissural formation. The commissural defects seen in vnd gain-of-function mutants correlate with midline glial defects, whereas the mislocalization of interneurons coincides with longitudinal glial mis-specification. Thus, Drosophila neural and glial specification requires that vnd expression by tightly regulated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 118–136, 2002; DOI 10.1002/neu.10022
Label-Free, Real-Time Multiplexed DNA Detection Using Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers

A label-free, multiplexed DNA assay using fluorescent conjugated polymers as a detection probe to illustrate hybridization on metallic striped nanorods is demonstrated. Different DNA capture probes were encoded by the different reflectivities of Au and Ag stripe patterns. Successful DNA hybridization induced an optically detectable conformational change in conjugated polythiophene derivatives from forming single-stranded DNA−polymer complexes to forming double-stranded DNA−polymer ones. The results show attomole detection sensitivity and single-mutation specificity comparable to those of single-element assays but with much improved throughput.
Multi-objective optimization for wind energy integration

Due to the diverse and conflicting challenges associated with wind integration, multi-objective optimization is an effective way to address these issues. In this paper the conflicting objectives of cost and reliability are formulated into an economic/reliability dispatch. The first objective function includes wind and thermal unit costs, wind imbalance charges, and reserve capacity costs. The second objective function is the control performance standard (CPS2) score corresponding to a given reserve level. The dispatch problem is solved using a modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MO-PSO). Wind and load forecast errors are analyzed to find best fitting distributions to use in the dispatch. A simple test system is used to both validate the dispatch method and perform a wind integration study using a modeled wind facility. Results from the integration study are compared with those obtained using the actual wind data. The phenomenon of artificial wind diversity is discovered to lower the required reserve capacity by strategically manipulating the schedules.
Retailers' response to wholesale price changes: new evidence from scanner‐based quantity‐weighted beef prices

Retailers are often criticized for a slow response in retail prices to changes in wholesale beef prices. The unresponsiveness, especially when wholesale and farm prices are declining, is seen as a lack of competitiveness and as a reason for congressional action to regulate behavior of processors or retailers. The validity of the historical analyses of retailer price responsiveness is questionable, however. Traditional Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) retail beef prices biased upward and do not account for large volumes sold at discounted prices. This article uses newly available scanner-based quantity-weighted retail prices to suggest that retailers' response to changes in wholesale beef prices is significantly larger and possibly quicker than is shown by traditional BLS measures of retail prices. Recent efforts to prompt legislation to regulate how firms behave along the beef supply chain, which are based only on arguments that retailers are not responding to price changes at the wholesale level, may be inappropriate. [L110, L660, D400] © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ventilatory pump failure in premature newborns

Objective: To determine the prevalence of ventilatory pump failure in premature ( 55 torr) [ CO2], and apnea. Results: A total of 192 premature infants (47% of study sample? required intubations and assisted ventilation. Failure of the ventilatory pump to sustain ventilation (DR/CXR-, CO2 apnea) accounted for 70 of these 192 (36%) premature infants. Conclusions: Ventilatory pump failure is a common clinical phenomenon in premature infants. Intensified research on the mechanisms and treatment of ventilatory pump failure might benefit a significant number of such newborns. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:231–233. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Single residue substitutions that change the gating properties of a mechanosensitive channel in Escherichia coli

MscL is a channel that opens a large pore in the Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane in response to mechanical stress. Previously, we highly enriched the MscL protein by using patch clamp as a functional assay and cloned the corresponding gene. The predicted protein contains a largely hydrophobic core spanning two-thirds of the molecule and a more hydrophilic carboxyl terminal tail. Because MscL had no homology to characterized proteins, it was impossible to predict functional regions of the protein by simple inspection. Here, by mutagenesis, we have searched for functionally important regions of this molecule. We show that a short deletion from the amino terminus (3 amino acids), and a larger deletion of 27 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of this protein, had little if any effect in channel properties. We have thus narrowed the search of the core mechanosensitive mechanism to 106 residues of this 136-amino acid protein. In contrast, single residue substitutions of a lysine in the putative first transmembrane domain or a glutamine in the periplasmic loop caused pronounced shifts in the mechano-sensitivity curves and/or large changes in the kinetics of channel gating, suggesting that the conformational structure in these regions is critical for normal mechanosensitive channel gating.