cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Complementary Hydrogen Bonding Additives in Subphase on the Structure and Properties of the 2-Amino-4,6-dioctadecylamino-1,3,5-triazine Amphiphile at the Air−Water Interface: Studies by Ultraviolet−Visible Absorption Spectroscopy and Brewster Angle Microscopy

The present work is focused on the effects of hydrogen bonding on the 2-D properties of aminotriazine amphiphile 1 (2C18TAZ) by incorporating different complementary hydrogen bonding components in the subphase. The structural organization of 1 at the air−water interface in the presence of barbituric acid (BA), barbital (BT), and cyanuric acid (CA) was examined by surface pressure−area isotherm measurements, Ultraviolet-visible (UV−vis) absorption spectroscopy, and Brewster angle microscopy. UV−vis absorption spectra reveal that amphiphile 1 forms an irreversible monolayer at the air−water interface due to its “auto assembly”. The binding of BA molecules to a 2C18TAZ monolayer can be detected by UV spectra at BA subphase concentrations as low as 0.01 mM. Different complementary hydrogen bonding additives in the subphase have different effects on the monolayer structure and properties of 1, which are likely due to the different structures of hydrogen bonding additives at the air−water interface. The effects...
Effect of social network type on building occupant energy use

The energy demands of buildings have been shown to vary considerably due to differences in occupant energy use behavior. In buildings, occupants are subject to social pressures and influences which help moderate what is and what is not acceptable behavior, including energy use behavior. This transmission of social influence and the creation of social norms occur through social networks. Recent research has examined changes in occupant energy use behavior due to social influence through social networks, but has done so considering only one network type at a time. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of network type on occupant energy use behavior and consumption. Agent-based modeling is applied to explore the effect of network type for two separate administrative actions on reducing energy consumption: increasing social connectivity and implementing environmental champions. Results indicate that social network type is not significant in determining mean energy use change, but is when considering the time required for the system to reach equilibrium, through convergence or grouping. Additionally, increasing social connectivity has undesired effects without the presence of environmental champions; however, with them, increasing social connectivity can significantly decrease the time required to realize energy savings and amplifies the reductions.
Effects of graded upper-airway obstruction on pulmonary mechanics during transtracheal jet ventilation in dogs

Study objective: To quantify the effects of graded upper-airwayobstruction on the delivered tidal volume and selected parameters of pulmonary mechanics during transtracheal jet ventilation (TTJV) in a dog model. Design: Laboratory study in which seven dogs wereanesthetized, paralyzed, and placed within a volume plethysmograph with the head and neck externalized. Interventions: Ventilation was performed using TTJV at 45 psiand a frequency of 15 beats per minute. The upper trachea was occluded progressively using a Foley catheter balloon to induce tracheal pressure levels of approximately 150%, 200%, 250%, and 300% of the tracheal pressure obtained during TTJV-c. Tidal volume, tracheal pressure, transpulmonary pressure, airflow, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, and arterial blood gases were measured during all conditions of ventilation. Quasistatic compliance curves of the lungs were measured at the conclusion of spontaneous breathing, TTJV-c, and TTJV (at all levels of obstruction). Minute ventilation and pulmonary flow resistance were calculated for each condition of ventilation. Results: Application of graded upper-airway obstruction during TTJV yielded mean tracheal pressures of 130% (level 1), 190% (level 2), 220% (level 3), and 230% (level 4) of that obtained during TTJV-c (10.9±2.0 cm H 2 O). Tidal volume significantly increased with each level of obstruction except between levels 3 and 4 (spontaneous breathing, 506±72 mL; TTJV-c, 446±69 mL; level 1,663±139 mL; level 2, 780±140 mL; level 3, 931±181 mL; and level 4, 944±135 mL). During TTJV at obstruction level 1, transpulmonary pressure was not significantly higher than either spontaneous breathing or TTJV-c, but did significantly increase during higher levels of obstruction. The mean arterial Pco 2 significantly decreased at all levels of obstruction due to significantly increased minute ventilation, with a concomitant increase in arterial pH. There was no significant difference seen in the quasistatic compliance of the lungs among spontaneous breathing, TTJV-c, or TTJV at any level of upper airway obstruction. Conclusion: Partial upper-airway obstruction increases the delivered tidal volume, minute ventilation, and transpulmonary pressure of the lungs during TTJV, with consequent decreases in the arterial Pco 2 as the amount of obstruction increases. No significant changes were seen in the quasistatic compliance of the lungs, pulmonary flow resistance, or alveolar: arterial gradient, lending support to the position that TTJV is a safe technique under conditions of partial upper-airway obstruction. However, due to significant increases in tidal volume and functional residual capacity and decreases in mean arterial blood pressure, concerns still exist during near-total or total upper-airway obstruction.
A conjugation family for finite groups

Let Syl,(G) denote the set of Sylowp-subgroups of a finite group G. Let * be the equivalence relation on Syl,(G) g enerated by nontrivial intersection. We say that G is p-isolated if G has more than one w-equivalence class of Sylow p-subgroups. For p = 2, this definition is equivalent to the assertion that G has a strongly embedded subgroup (see Bender [2] for details.) In [l], Alperin introduced the notion of a conjugation family and proved that fusion of p-elements in a group G is determined by the p-local subgroups of G. Recall that a p-local subgroup is a subgroup of the shape No(H) where H is a p-subgroup of G. The object of this paper is to show that fusion of p-elements is in fact determined by p-local subgroups N(H) such that iV(H)/H is p-isolated. For p = 2 this result is powerful in view of the following fundamental classification theorem of Bender [2].
Angiosarcoma of the heart predominantly involving the pericardium: A clinicopathologic study with electron-microscopic and immunohistochemical correlation.

A case of angiosarcoma of the heart with predominant involvement of the pericardium and diffuse bilateral lymphangitic spread to both lungs is presented. The patient was a 32-year-old man admitted for cough, dyspnea, and intermittent hemoptysis. Chest x-ray and computed tomography scans revealed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and pericardial effusion. An echocardiogram showed a large oval mass overlying and compressing the right atrium and ventricle. At autopsy, multiple hemorrhagic tumor nodules were present in the pericardial sac, and an 8-cm hemorrhagic tumor mass was found overlying and compressing the right atrial appendage and infiltrating the heart muscle. Histological, immunohistochemical, and electron-microscopic examination revealed the features of angiosarcoma. The predominant pericardial location observed in this case was a source of difficulty both in the clinical and pathological differential diagnosis and raised the question of possible primary pericardial angiosarcoma with secondary involvement of the heart. A review of the literature on this topic is presented.
3.7 ps pulse generation at ≥ 30 GHz by dual-drive electroabsorption modulator

The authors describe optical short pulse generation at frequencies /spl ges/30 GHz by a dual-drive scheme of a high-saturation power travelling-wave electroabsorption modulator. Sub-4ps almost transform-limited pulses are achieved with >20 dB dynamic extinction ratio and low polarisation sensitivity.
Histologic Development of the Human Fovea From Midgestation to Maturity

Purpose To describe the histologic development of the human central retina from fetal week (Fwk) 22 to 13 years. Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods Retinal layers and neuronal substructures were delineated on foveal sections of fixed tissue stained in azure II–methylene blue and on frozen sections immunolabeled for cone, rod, or glial proteins. Postmortem tissue was from 11 eyes at Fwk 20–27; 8 eyes at Fwk 28–37; 6 eyes at postnatal 1 day to 6 weeks; 3 eyes at 9 to 15 months; and 5 eyes at 28 months to 13 years. Results At Fwk 20–22 the fovea could be identified by the presence of a single layer of cones in the outer nuclear layer. Immunolabeling detected synaptic proteins, cone and rod opsins, and Muller glial processes separating the photoreceptors. The foveal pit appeared at Fwk 25, involving progressive peripheral displacement of ganglion cell, inner plexiform, and inner nuclear layers. The pit became wider and shallower after birth, and appeared mature by 15 months. Between Fwk 25 and Fwk 38, all photoreceptors developed more distinct inner and outer segments, but these were longer on peripheral than foveal cones. After birth the foveal outer nuclear layer became much thicker as cone packing occurred. Cone packing and neuronal migration during pit formation combined to form long central photoreceptor axons, which changed the outer plexiform layer from a thin sheet of synaptic pedicles into the thickest layer in the central retina by 15 months. Foveal inner and outer segment length matched peripheral cones by 15 months and was 4 times longer by 13 years. Conclusions These data are necessary to understand the marked changes in human retina from late gestation to early adulthood. They provide qualitative and quantitative morphologic information required to interpret the changes in hyper- and hyporeflexive bands in pediatric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images at the same ages.
Problematizing the Notion of Puerto Ricans as "Underclass": A Step Toward a Decolonizing Study of Poverty

The article examines the social science concept of the underclass with respect to its historical origin, meaning and general usage during the past 3 decades and more specifically, in terms of its more recent use for Puerto Ricans. A critique is presented that not only challenges the use of the term "underclass" to describe the phenomenon of poverty in the Puerto Rican community today, but that also calls into question the interests of the political and ideological foundations that inform its general use as a social science construct. Central to the discussion is a critical analysis of the assymetrical power relations inherent in the act of labeling and hence, the potential colonizing impact of traditional social science language on populations who are members of subordinate cultures. In an effort to move toward a decolonizing study of poverty, social scientists are strongly urged to develop contextually oriented research methodologies and approaches that are firmly grounded in an emancipatory vision of community empowerment and transformation. Language: en
Comparing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Angiography and Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography for the Assessment of Hemodynamically Significant Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis

To compare diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for the assessment of hemodynamically significant transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS). After institutional review board approval, records of 27 patients with TRAS confirmed on digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 13 patients had MRA and 14 had CTA before DSA. Two board-certified fellowship-trained radiologists, one each from interventional radiology and body imaging blindly reviewed the DSA and CTA or MRA data, respectively. Sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MRA and CTA were estimated using 50% stenosis as the detection threshold for significant TRAS. These parameters were compared between modalities using the Fisher exact test. Bias between MRA or CTA imaging and DSA was tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Two patients were excluded from the MRA group owing to susceptibility artifacts obscuring the TRAS. The correlation between MRA and DSA measurements of stenosis was r = 0.57 (95% CI:−0.02, 0.87; P = 0.052) and between CTA and DSA measurements was r = 0.63 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.87; P = 0.015); the difference between the 2 techniques was not significant ( P = 0.7). Both imaging modalities tended to underestimate the degree of stenosis when compared with DSA. MRA group (SN and SP: 56% and 100%, respectively) and CTA group (SN and SP: 81% and 67%, respectively). There were no significant differences in detection performance between modalities ( P >0.3 for all measures). We did not find that either modality had any advantage over the other in terms of measuring or detecting significant stenosis. Accordingly, MRA may be preferred over CTA after positive color Doppler ultrasound screening when not contraindicated owing to lack of ionizing radiation or nephrotoxic iodinated contrast. However, susceptibility of artifacts owing to surgical clips at the anastomosis may limit diagnostic utility of MRA as found in 2 of 13 patients. Trend towards no significant difference between the CTA and enhanced MRA in the detection of hemodynamically significant TRAS.
Equations of motion for the transverse correlations of the one-dimensional XY-model at finite temperature

Abstract The time-dependent transverse correlation functions of the one-dimensional XY-model at arbitrary temperature are given in terms of the solution of a set of nonlinear difference-differential equations. The equal-time correlations have to be used as the initial conditions.
A Procedure for the Diagonalization of Normal Matrices

The so-called Jacobi Procedure is extended to the case of normal matrices. A stable iterative procedure is described utilizing plane unitary transformations for such matrices which yield both the characteristic values and their associated vectors. Generally, the technique consists of minimizing at each stage the sum of the squares of the off-diagonal elements of the given matrix; however, there is one case in which this leads to no improvement; i.e. the lowest value for the change is non-negative. In this case, it is shown that a convergent procedure is still possible.
Vacuum Polarization in a Strong Coulomb Field

A study is carried out of the vacuum polarization in a strong Coulomb field. Radiative corrections are neglected. A perturbation calculation is avoided by making use of the explicit solutions of the Dirac equation in a Coulomb field. The Laplace transform of the polarization charge density times ${r}^{2}$ is found and used as a basis for further study. It is proved to be an analytic function of the strength of the inducing charge. It is verified that the first-order term in a power series expansion in the strength of the inducing charge just corresponds to the Uehling potential. The third-order term is studied in some detail. The leading term in the polarization potential close to the inducing charge and the space integral of the induced potential divided by $r$ are found to all orders in the strength of the inducing charge. Ambiguities are handled by a method corresponding to regularization.Some experimental applications are considered. The corrections to the Uehling term in these cases are found to be small.
The role of gas analysis with exercise testing

Evaluation of exercise performance is an integral component of every medical history. Currently, it is accomplished by means of subjective history taking. Routine exercise testing adds very little information; however, the addition of gas analysis (or cardio pulmonary exercise [CPX] testing) provides the crucial objective assessment by analyzing breath-by-breath oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, and anaerobic threshold (AT). Cardiac and pulmonary causes can be reliably differentiated, e.g., cardiac patients cross AT and attain VO2max, use less than 50% of maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) at peak exercise, and do not develop desaturation. Pulmonary patients, on the contrary, fail to cross AT or achieve VO2max, utilize more than 70% of MVV at peak exercise, and develop arterial desaturation. In the current cost-conscious health care system, CPX proves to be a better cost-effective test because it is objective and more directly targeted to the issues than the conventional exercise test. CPX provides an important link between the disease process and its effect on exercise performance, which is crucial to a comprehensive clinical evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, exercise prescription, and follow-up after medical or surgical intervention in patients with various diseases causing cardiopulmonary dysfunction.
A phenomenological model for heat transfer in freeboard of fluidized beds

A phenomenological model was developed to predict heat transfer to tubes located in the freeboard region of gas fluidized beds. The model is concerned with the conductive/convective mechanism of heat transfer. For high temperature applications, an additional contribution by thermal radiation would need to be incorporated. The model considers that the tube surface experiences alternating contact with a dense emulsion phase and a lean void phase. Contributions by dense and lean phases are represented by transient conduction and convection mechanisms, respectively. Particletube contact information was obtained experimentally for a wide range of operating conditions at room temperature and pressure. Predictions of the model were compared with measured heat transfer coefficients. Over a 20-fold range in magnitudes of heat transfer coefficients, the model successfully predicted the measured values with an average deviation of 44 percent. Un modele phenomenologique a ete mis au point pour predire le transfert de chaleur de tubes situes dans l'espace de transition de lits fluidises gazeux. Ce modele porte sur le mecanisme de transfert de chaleur par conduction et convection. Pour les applications a des temperatures elevees, une contribution additionnelle par radiation thermique devra ětre incluse. Le modele considere que la surface du tube subit alternativement un contact avec une phase d'emulsion dense et une phase bulleuse pauvre. Les contributions de la phase dense et pauvre sont representees par les mecanismes de conduction et de convection transitoires, respectivement. Des donnees sur le contact tube-particules ont ete obtenues de maniere experimentale pour un large eventail de conditions operatoires a la temperature et a la pression ambiantes. Les predictions du modele ont ete comparees aux coefficients de transfert de chaleur mesures. Pour des coefficients de transfert de chaleur pouvant varier jusqu'a un facteur 20, le modele predit avec succes les valeurs mesurees avec un ecart moyen de 44 p. cent.
Extracellular Reduction of the Ascorbate Free Radical by Human Erythrocytes

We investigated the possibility that human erythrocytes can reduce extracellular ascorbate free radical (AFR). When the AFR was generated from ascorbate by ascorbate oxidase, intact cells slowed the loss of extracellular ascorbate, an effect that could not be explained by changes in enzyme activity or by release of ascorbate from the cells. If cells preserve extracellular ascorbate by regenerating it from the AFR, then they should decrease the steady-state concentration of the AFR. This was confirmed directly by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, in which the steady-state extracellular AFR signal varied inversely with the cell concentration and was a saturable function of the absolute AFR concentration. Treatment of cells N-ethylmaleimide (2 mM) impaired their ability both to preserve extracellular ascorbate, and to decrease the extracellular AFR concentration. These results suggest that erythrocytes spare extracellular ascorbate by enhancing recycling of the AFR, which could help to maintain extracellular concentrations of the vitamin.
Efficiency limit of multilevel spatially quantized Fourier-plane diffractive optical elements

For five selected diffraction patterns, the combing effect of phase and spatial quantization to diffraction efficiency is evaluated by checking the effectiveness of the proposed efficiency limit sinc 2 (1/Z)(eta) slim , where Z is the number of uniformly distributed phase levels and (eta) slim is the efficiency limit due to spatial quantization only. The simulation results show that the effectiveness of the above efficiency limit depends on the number of phase levels, diffraction pattern and the initial random phase. For some patterns, the above efficiency limit approximately holds for both Z equals 4 and Z equals 8.
The “Old Grumblers” of Napoleon's Army: Rates of Promotion before and after 1815

(1990). The “Old Grumblers” of Napoleon's Army: Rates of Promotion before and after 1815. The Historian: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 63-76.
A Failure to Obtain “Disinhibition”

Resume LE MANQUE D'OBTENIR LA DESINHIBITION Pavlov et d'autres ont employe le terme “inhibition” pour l'appliquer a presque n'importe quelle sorte de decroissance dans la force d'un reflexe et ont suppoese que l'effet engage toujours la suppression d'un etat d'activite. Dans le cas special de l'extinction on dit que l'excitabilite d'un reflexe conditionnel est supprimee au moyen d'une elicitation sans renforcement. Une interpretation plus simple est de regarder l'extinction comme l'epuisement de l'etat etabli dans le conditionnement du reflexe, mais ceci est contredit, paraǐt-il, par le phenomene de “desinhibition” ou un etat supprime se revele, dit-on. L'essai-ci de trouver une repetition de l'activite apres l'extinction n'a reussi dans aucun de vingt-quatre cas. De divers stimuli “desinhibants” n'ont pas du tout fait elever la force du reflexe ou ont cause une petite quantite d'activite, chose attendue selon l'analyse du reste de la courbe d'extinction. Localement l'effet est en quelques cas semblable a...
Exploring Students' Conceptual Understanding of the Averaging Algorithm

Conceptual understanding of arithmetic average includes both an understanding of the computational algorithm and the statistical aspects of the concept. This study focused on the examination of 250 sixth-grade students' understanding of the arithmetic average by assessing their understanding of the computational algorithm. The results of the study showed that the majority of the students knew the “add-them-all-up-and-divide” averaging algorithm, but only about half of the students were able to correctly apply the algorithm to solve a contextualized average problem. Students were able to use various solution strategies and representations to solve the average problem. Those who used algebraic and arithmetic representations were better problem solvers than those who used pictorial and verbal representations. This study not only suggests that the average concept is more complex than the simplicity suggested by the computational algorithm, but also indicates the need for teaching the concept of average, both as a statistical idea for describing and making sense of data sets and as a computational algorithm for solving problems.
Biotransformation of acridine by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii.

Cultures of Mycobacterium vanbaalenii strain PYR-1 in a liquid medium were exposed to the toxic environmental contaminant acridine (260 μM). After incubation for 7 d, the cultures were extracted with ethyl acetate. Metabolites were purified using high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Four metabolites, 9,10-dihydroacridine, 4-hydroxyacridine, acridine cis-1,2-dihydrodiol, and acridin-9(10H)-one, were identified.
Investigating the atomic scale structure and chemistry of grain boundaries in high- T c superconductors

Abstract The short superconducting coherence length in high-Tc materials makes them extremely susceptible to the deleterious effect of atomic scale defects. Perhaps the most important of these defects for large-scale technological applications, are grain boundaries. Here we describe an atomic resolution investigation of structural and chemical changes that occur at grain boundaries in high-Tc materials using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). STEM is ideally suited to this analysis, as atomic resolution Z-contrast images and electron energy loss spectra (EELS) can be acquired simultaneously. This permits a direct correlation between the structural images and the local electronic structure information in the spectrum. From this detailed experimental characterization of the grain boundaries, simple theoretical models can be derived that allow the structure-property relationships in high-Tc superconductors to be inferred. Results obtained from YBa2Cu3O7−δ and (Bi/Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 show that there is a charge depletion zone formed at grain boundaries. This charge depletion zone can act as a tunnel barrier to the flow of superconducting charge carriers and appears to increase in width with increasing misorientation angle. The magnitude of the critical current across grain boundaries in high-Tc materials predicted from these models is in excellent agreement with the widely reported electrical transport results.
Application of Electronics to Aircraft Flight Control

In automatic flight control, as in other control problems, the limit of flight accuracy through mechanical and electrical controlling methods seems to have been reached. Only by the application of electronic-control principles has it been possible sible to set new standards and to achieve full flexibility of control with completely automatic operation of all control functions. Furthermore, these advantages have been obtained with actual reductions in the total weight of equipment. Since the use of an automatic pilot for precision bombing imposes complex and rigid requirements which are not encountered in commercial aeronautics, it can be confidently stated that the continued development of electronic controls will produce a small lightweight, foolproof automatic pilot for peacetime use. Because of the precision bombardment Autopilot, the control industry is certainly richer in knowledge and experience, and will be better able to cope with the new problems of peacetime industry. Although the connection now seems obscure, some of the applications in the development of the type C-1 Autopilot were taken from a cabin-temperature-control system. In a similar way, the principles employed in both systems have been found useful in the automatic regulation of engine power. And so, in a seemingly endless chain, each new development brings to light the solution of another problem. Who knows what application these same developments will find in enlarging the prosperity, health, and happiness of a peaceful world?
Successfully Integrating an HIV Risk Reduction Intervention into a Community-Based Substance Abuse Treatment Program

A number of evidence-based HIV risk reduction interventions are now widely available to clinicians. However, difficulties with intervention transportability have historically impeded the integration of evidence-based interventions into clinical settings. In this article, we discuss one successful approach to transportability through appropriate intervention selection, adaptation, placement, and evaluation. Our intervention adaptation process required substantially reducing the content and duration of an evidence-based intervention. Findings from 226 assessed participants suggested significant drug- and sex-related risk reduction outcomes, particularly among participants at greatest risk. Results point to a need to examine the relative costs/benefits of comprehensive, evidence-based interventions vs. shortened, adapted versions thereof.
A Semi‐Automated Procedure for the Determination of Caspofungin in Human Plasma Using Solid‐Phase Extraction and HPLC with Fluorescence Detection Using Secondary Ionic Interactions to Obtain a Highly Purified Extract

Abstract A semi‐automated assay for the determination of caspofungin in human plasma is presented. High assay throughput was achieved through the use of a robotic sample processor and 96 well format solid phase extraction (SPE). Drug and internal standard (an isostere) were extracted from plasma using a silica based, C8 stationary phase. The extraction yielded a highly purified extract, as retention was mediated by a combination of reverse phase and secondary ionic interactions. Conditioned SPE plates (50 mg sorbent/well) were loaded with buffered (pH 4.9) plasma containing drug and internal standard. The wells were washed with water and neat methanol prior to elution with a reagent optimized for both recovery and selectivity (0.25 M ammonium hydroxide/0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in methanol). Excess residual water in the SPE wells during the methanol wash was found to cause variable drug recovery and was eliminated by centrifugation of the SPE plate. After evaporation of the SPE eluent, plasma extracts we...
Reaction of acrylic acid on TiO2(001) single crystal surfaces, evidence of different pathways for vinyl and carboxyl groups

The TiO2(001) single crystal surface is unique in that surface structure, coordination number of titanium cations, and degree of reduction may be easily controlled by varying the annealing temperature in ultrahigh vacuum. In an effort to understand the chemical pathways of conjugated molecules over the surfaces of semiconductors, the complementary techniques of temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning kinetic spectroscopy have been applied to study the interaction and surface chemistry of CH2CHCOOH with the TiO2(001) single crystal surface in detail. A clear difference is observed between the reaction of this unsaturated carboxylic acid and that of saturated analogues. Two different coupling pathways were observed. The first, involving the H2CCH moiety, generated C4 and C6 hydrocarbon products (butene, butadiene, and benzene). The second results in the production of divinyl ketone, formed by ketonization of two adsorbed acrylate molecules at a doubly coordinatively...
An Analysis of the 1964 Wheat Option

Wheat farmers operate in a quasi free market in which guaranteed price minima are available upon satisfaction of governmental imposed preconditions. A method is developed with which farmers can evaluate the profitability of available alternatives. In general, there must be sufficient land so that the acreage of wheat relative to the allotment exceeds the ratio of the loan rate to the expected free market price. These break even criteria can be used by policy planners to evaluate proposed programs and to determine their efficacy before their implementation. Ideally, programs should be structured so that the most profitable alternative for the farmer is also the one that will achieve the policy goal. An analysis of statewide aggregate data confirms the theoretical conclusion, based on this methodology, that full participation without additional voluntary diversion was the most profitable alternative open to the wheat farmer in 1964.
Validating Aerial Photographic Mark‐Recapture for Naturally Marked Feral Horses

Abstract Accurately estimating large mammal populations is a difficult challenge because species of interest often occupy vast areas and exhibit low and heterogeneous visibility. Population estimation techniques using aerial surveys and statistical design and analysis methods provide a means for meeting this challenge, yet they have only rarely been validated because wild populations of known size suitable for field tests are rare. Our study presents field validations of a photographic aerial mark–recapture technique that takes advantage of the recognizable natural markings on free-roaming feral horses (Equus caballus) to accurately identify individual animals and groups of animals sighted on multiple occasions. The 3 small populations of feral horses (<400 animals each) in the western United States used in the study were all closely monitored on a weekly basis by local researchers, thus providing test populations of known size. We were able to accurately estimate these population sizes with aerial survey...
Photo processes on self-associated cationic porphyrins and plastocyanin complexes 1. Ligation of plastocyanin tyrosine 83 onto metalloporphyrins and electron-transfer fluorescence quenching.

The spectroscopic properties of the self-associated complexes formed between the anionic surface docking site of spinach plastocyanin and the cationic metalloporphyrins, in which the tyrosine 83 (Y...
Platinum coil-mediated implantation of growth factor-secreting endovascular tissue grafts: an in vivo study.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate in vivo that platinum embolic coils can be used to deliver genetically modified, growth factor-secreting fibroblast grafts into the endovascular space with the long-term goal of improving fibrosis within coil-embolized cerebral aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Murine fibroblasts that contained multiple inserts of the DNA for human basic fibroblast growth factor were grown in culture onto 10-mm-long segments of Guglielmi detachable coils. Control (n = 4) and fibroblast-bearing (n = 4) coils were implanted into the common carotid artery in nude rats. The arterial segments that contained the coil were harvested after 14 or 35 days. Cellular content and collagen formation in the treated vessels were assessed histologically. RESULTS: At both 14 and 35 days, samples with control coils showed primarily involuting blood elements with minimal fibroblast proliferation or collagen formation. At 14 days, samples with fibroblast-bearing coils showed extensive fibroblast proliferation. At 35 da...
Nonlinear dynamic system identification using artificial neural networks (ANNs)

A recurrent multilayer perceptron (MLP) network topology is used in the identification of nonlinear dynamic systems from only the input/output measurements. This effort is part of a research program devoted to developing real-time diagnostics and predictive control techniques for large-scale complex nonlinear dynamic systems. The identification is performed in the discrete-time domain, with the learning algorithm being a modified form of the back-propagation (BP) rule. The recurrent dynamic network (RDN) developed is used for the identification of a simple power plant boiler with known nonlinear behavior. Results indicate that the RDN can reproduce the nonlinear response of the boiler while keeping the number of nodes roughly equal to the relative order of the system. A number of issues are identified regarding the behavior of the RDN which are unresolved and require further research. Use of the recurrent MLP structure with a variety of different learning algorithms may prove useful in utilizing artificial neural networks for recognition, classification, and prediction of dynamic patterns
A WLAN design problem with known mobile device locations: a global optimization approach

As wireless networks continue to see rapid growth, the next generation of networks needs to be designed to optimize fundamental capacity limits suggested by Shannon's Information Theory. The use of simple coverage models and linear objective functions based on number of users will not provide optimal performance. This manuscript describes an optimization model and software tools that may be used to assist a network engineer in the design of a wireless local area network. The model uses Shannon's channel capacity formula to calculate network capacity and is restricted to a single frequency with known locations for the mobile devices. Even under these assumptions, the model involves a complex nonlinear objective function with quadratic constraints. Multiple commercial software tools as well as a global optimizer developed by us are empirically evaluated on a set of test cases. One of the global solvers developed by LINDO Systems was found to work very well for all of the design cases tested.
Antibodies to native DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. A technique of rapid and quantitative determination.

The nitrocellulose membrane technique for detecting DNA-protein complexes was used to demonstrate antibodies to native DNA in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Such antibodies were found in 19 of 21 patients with active SLE, in ten of 12 patients with inactive SLE, and in three of 217 controls. This rapidly performed assay is easily quantified and can be useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with SLE.
The Conformational Restriction of Synthetic Peptides, Including a Malaria Peptide, for Use as Immunogens

A new strategy is advanced for the conformational restriction of peptidyl immunogens. Our approach is to replace putative amide-amide hydrogen bonds with covalent hydrogen-bond mimics. Because on average every other amino acid in a protein engages in this bond, the syntheses of diversely shaped peptides can be contemplated. Synthetic methods for introducing a potential hydrogen-bond mimic into a peptide with alpha-helical potential is reported and the structural consequences are discussed. The replacement of the hydrogen bond with a chemical link will modify as well as shape the peptide. To explore the consequences of these changes, a potential synthetic vaccine for malaria, the repeating tetrapeptide Asn-Pro-Asn-Ala, was conformationally restricted. Antibodies to the shaped malarial peptide showed a strong cross reaction with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites.
Enhanced recovery of arsenite sorbed onto synthetic oxides by L-ascorbic acid addition to phosphate solution: calibrating a sequential leaching method for the speciation analysis of arsenic in natural samples.

Abstract Stripping voltammetry capable of detecting 0.3 μg/L arsenate and arsenite was applied for speciation analysis of arsenic sorbed onto synthetic ferrihydrite, goethite at As/Fe ratio of ∼1.5 mg/g with or without birnessite after sequential extraction using 1 M phosphate (24 and 16 h) and 1.2 M HCl (1 h). Precautions to avoid oxygen were undertaken by extracting under anaerobic conditions and by adding 0.1 M l -ascorbic acid to 1 M NaH 2 PO 4 (pH 5). Addition of l -ascorbic acid did not reduce As(V) to As(III). The recovery rate for As(III) using l -ascorbic acid for extraction (pH 5) but not for adsorption was 81% and 74% of total sorbed As, and was 99% and 97% of extracted As for ferrihydrite and goethite, respectively. Birnessite oxidized most As(III) during the adsorption procedure. l -ascorbic acid used both in adsorption and extraction procedures improved the recovery of As(III) to 79–94% for ferrihydrite–birnessite and 57–94% for goethite–birnessite systems with Fe/Mn ratios of 7, 70, 140 and 280 g/g.
An Approach for Estimating a Decay Series for Organic Nitrogen in Animal Manure

Animal manures are an important source of N for crop production. Efficient use of manure is necessary to increase N recycling, eliminate excessive purchase of fertilizer N, and reduce N loss to the environment. An estimate of the annual rate of organic N mineralization in manure is a necessary prerequisite to efficient manure N management. A mineralization or decay series for the organic N in dairy manure was estimated for corn (Zea mays L.) production from several field experiments over a 5- to 8-yr period. Four rates of idedressed fertilizer N (0, 56, 112, and 224 kg N ha −1 ) were superimposed over several spring-applied manure treatments ranging from 0 to 168 Mg ha −1 yr −1
STAT3 phosphorylation in injured axons before sensory and motor neuron nuclei: Potential role for STAT3 as a retrograde signaling transcription factor

STAT3 is a latent transcription factor that is activated by plasma membrane growth factor receptor complexes. Conditional gene disruption data indicate that it contributes to the survival of cranial motor neurons after peripheral nerve lesion. In agreement, levels of activated STAT3 (Tyr705-phosphorylated STAT3) have been shown to increase in the nuclei of adult cranial motor neurons during their regeneration after the same injury. The data presented here demonstrate that STAT3 is similarly but not identically affected in sciatic motor neurons after sciatic nerve injury. In addition, we find that sensory neuron nuclei also display an analogous increase in activated STAT3, thereby supporting a role for STAT3 in the survival and regeneration of these cells. Most interesting, the present data indicate that peripheral nerve lesion leads to a very rapid activation of STAT3 in axons at the lesion site. This response increases during the first 24 hours after injury and extends back to the motor and sensory neurons such that phospho-STAT3-immunoreactive axons are first detected in the dorsal root ganglia and ventral spinal cord at the same postlesion time intervals at which the activated STAT3 is first detected in the neuronal nuclei. Together these data raise the possibility that axonal STAT3, activated at the injury site, acts as a retrograde signaling transcription factor, which promotes the survival and regeneration of both sensory and motor neurons.
FINANCIAL INTEGRATION AND THE NEW EU MEMBER COUNTRIES: CHALLENGES AND DILEMMAS

Real convergence is the key economic challenge for the new EU Member Countries. The main growth area today is the "new" entrepreneurial economy of creativity and innovation. But such an economy needs a financial structure capable of coping with the higher risk inherent in the "new" economy. To provide such a financial structure, the financial markets must be broad, deep and liquid, i.e. financial markets must be large enough to provide this financial structure. Hence, the financial integration became an imperative for the new Member Countries. But this integration process possesses both economic and political challenges and dilemmas. Answers to those challenges and dilemmas will then determine the degree of real convergence - and hence the degree of economic success - for each new Member State.
Fluorogenic label to quantify the cytosolic delivery of macromolecules

The delivery of a macromolecule to the cytosol of human cells is assessed by using a pendant di-O-glycosylated derivative of fluorescein. Its fluorescence is unmasked by Escherichia coli β-galactosidase installed in the cytosol. Background is diminished by using RNAi to suppress the expression of GLB1, which encodes a lysosomal β-galactosidase. This strategy was used to quantify the cytosolic entry of a highly cationic protein, ribonuclease A.
Contrasting drought-response strategies in California redwoods

We compared the physiology and growth of seedlings originating from different Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don.) Endl. (coast redwood) and Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh. (giant sequoia) populations subjected to progressive drought followed by a recovery period in a controlled greenhouse experiment. Our objective was to examine how multiple plant traits interact to influence the response of seedlings of each species and seed population to a single drought and recovery cycle. We measured soil and plant water status, leaf gas exchange, stem embolism and growth of control (well-watered) and drought-stressed (water withheld) seedlings from each population at the beginning, middle and end of a 6-week drought period and again 2 weeks after re-watering. The drought had a significant effect on many aspects of seedling performance, but water-stressed seedlings regained most physiological functioning by the end of the recovery period. Sequoiadendron seedlings exhibited a greater degree of isohydry (water status regulation), lower levels of stem embolism, higher biomass allocation to roots and lower sensitivity of growth to drought compared with Sequoia. Only minor intra-specific differences were observed among populations. Our results show that seedlings of the two redwood species exhibit contrasting drought-response strategies that align with the environmental conditions these trees experience in their native habitats, and demonstrate trade-offs and coordination among traits affecting plant water use, carbon gain and growth under drought.
Intellectuals and Society in China 1860–1949*

As in all Asian countries, modernization in China was a result of Western impact. The year 1860 was a turning point in Chinese history. Prior to that year tradition reigned supreme, and all foreign nations were considered as distant uncivilized peoples whose best fortune lay in becoming vassals of the Middle Kingdom. A preliminary sign of change came in 1839–1842, when China suffered defeat in the Opium War with Great Britain. The defeat, humiliating as it was at the time, proved insufficient to shake China's inertia and was soon almost forgotten. The age of change had, however, arrived. Internal rebellion flashed up in the fifties. In addition, a new war with France and Britain started in 1856. In 1860, the emperor was a fugitive at Jehol; his summer palace was burned down by the invaders; a humiliating “unequal” treaty was concluded. The wound was too deep to be ignored, and the ground for reform was prepared.
Clusters of computers for commercial processing: the invisible architecture

The paper discusses some of the reasons why clusters of computers are successful, particularly in the field of commercial processing. It considers three technical trends: fast performance; fast communications; and distributed programming tool implementation.
The Effect of ‘Simplicity’ on the Strategy–Performance Relationship: A Note*

The concept of ‘simplicity’ (Miller, 1993) in strategy making suggests a preoccupation with a single goal, strategic activity, or function. Prior research indicates that simplicity may, under certain conditions, benefit firm performance, but it may also limit an organization's perspective and blind it to the breadth and variety it needs to sustain its success. This field study investigates the role of simplicity as a moderator of strategy–performance relationships. Using moderated hierarchical regression analysis, simplicity was found to enhance performance among firms using cost leadership and focus strategies among a sample of 32 firms. The findings suggest that the strategy making styles and practices of strategic managers influence the character of the whole organization and often have an important impact on organizational outcomes.
Negotiation in International Politics

Two of the central issues in the study of international interactions concern how negotiations proceed and how they shape outcomes. The process of bargaining and negotiating is enormously complex. N...