cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of Zn(II) onto hydrous aluminosilicates

The adsorption characteristics of Zn(II) onto various hydrous aluminosilicates were investigated. Two major types of aluminosilicates, namely, amorphous (Zeosyl 100, Zeo 49, Zeolex 23, and Blazer) and crystalline (Zeolite A and Mordenite), and two pure oxides (SiO2 and Al2O3) were studied. These solids were characterized for their pHzpc and cation-exchange capacity (CEC). Isomorphous substitution and constant potential sites are the two major contributing factors to CEC. CEC increases with decreasing SiAl ratio, with Zeolite A, Mordenite, Blazer, and Zeo 23 exhibiting a CEC 2 to 10 times that of Zero 49, Zeosyl 100, SiO2, and Al2O3. The CEC of pure oxide is mainly contributed by the capacity of the electrical double layer. Both constant charge sites and constant potential sites play an equally important role in Zn(II) adsorption. When adsorption takes place at constant charge sites, the reaction follows a simple ion-exchange process and is most pronounced in the low pH region. Adsorption onto constant potential sites is brought about by specific chemical interactions. Surface precipitation to some extent also contributes to Zn(II) adsorption, especially in the alkaline pH regionl.
Effect of supplements on Campylobacter growth in enrichment media.

Supplementation of Niroomand and Fung broth (NFB) and Hunt broth (HB) with Oxyrase®, sheep blood, hemin or yeast extract for recovery of Campylobacter was evaluated. Five strains of C. jejuni and one strain of C. coli were cultured in HB with or without Oxyrase®, NFB with or without Oxyrase®, NFB without hemin, and NFB plus yeast extract without hemin. The HB without Oxyrase® was evacuated and flushed three times with mixed gas (5% O2, 10% CO2, and 85% N2) prior to incubation. The effect of blood in HB supplemented with Oxyrase® on the growth of Campylobacter was also examined. Hunt broth showed significantly better performance than NFB (p 0.05) was found between the Oxyrase® method and gas replacement method at incubation times of 12h, 20h, 28h, and 36h for all strains tested. Dissolved oxygen levels of all enrichment media were less than 1.5 mg/L. Using Oxyrase® supplemented HB without the cumbersome gassing step provides a simple and time-saving procedure for culturing Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli.
High Dose Dopamine for Treatment of Neonatal Hypotension 1111

Dopamine doses of 10-20 mcg/kg/min are often avoided because alpha-adrenergic effects may decrease renal perfusion and impair urine output. However, some hypotensive neonates do not respond even to these doses, and require greater pressor support. Of 130 neonates treated with dopamine in 1991-1995, 24 (18.5%) required dopamine > 20 mcg/kg/min to achieve adequate blood pressure. We reviewed the data on these 24 infants. Doses of dopamine were 26 to 250 mcg/kg/min. Gestational age was 22-41 (29±6) weeks, and birth weight was 450 to 3845 (1505±1086) gr. The most common associated diagnosis included: RDS (n=18), pulmonary hypertension (n=5), sepsis (n=7), and barotrauma (n=10). Dopamine was infused at gradually increasing doses until adequate values of blood pressure (BP) were achieved. Urine output (UO) was also assessed. We compared results pre-treatment, while on“conventional” pressor doses, and while on “high-dose” dopamine. UO and BP were significantly higher (P <0.001) while on“high-dose” dopamine vs. the two preceding epochs. Data analyzed for the subgroup with birth weight <1500 gr. (n=15) was similar to the above. Overall survival was 45% (40% in the group with birth weight<1500gr). Incidence of severe IVH (grades 3 & 4) was 16% in the surviving infants with weight < 1500 gr. We conclude that there is an increasing pressor response to dopamine beyond 20 mcg/kg/min., and that urine output (UO) is not suppressed by these high doses; in fact, hemodynamic improvement may have a beneficial net effect on renal function. Table
Early identification of Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease

Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-LPD) is a common, usually fatal, complication developing after transplantation of bone marrow from HLA-mismatched or HLA-matched unrelated donors. Prompted by recent reports of successful treatment of EBV-LPD, we investigated methods which could result in early identification of patients at high risk for this disorder, thus improving the likelihood of successful therapeutic interventions. Both the outgrowth of transformed B lymphocytes ex vivo (100% correlation) and the detection of EBV DNA by a PCR method (80% correlation) showed statistically significant association with the histopathological diagnosis of EBV-LPD. Because these abnormalities can be detected prior to the onset of clinical disease. It should now be possible to use a combination of the methods described here to identify patients at high risk of developing EBV-LPD, thus enabling early therapeutic intervention.
Social policy and the mental health of black children.

Psychiatric training programs should provide information about the impact of social conditions on the behavior of all communities, families, and children. They should also provide knowledge about minority communities that have had particularly traumatic social experiences as well as some understanding of the variationof experiences between and among racial, ethnic, religious, and income groups. Trainees should participate in activities beyond the clinical setting to promote social policies which facilitate adequate child and family functioning.
Hypertrophy of the muscularis propria of the lower esophageal sphincter and the body of the esophagus in patients with primary motility disorders of the esophagus

Hypertrophy of the muscularis propria of the lower esophageal sphincter and the body of the esophagus in patients with primary motility disorders of the esophagus
Wideband radar imaging using chaotic-based gaussian frequency modulation

In previous work, we proposed to generate random samples using chaotic maps. More specifically, we demonstrated that Gaussian samples can be obtained via two random number generators that utilize first order or second order chaotic maps. In this paper we extend this work and propose to utilize the chaos-based random generators to develop a Gaussian FM signal that can be exploited for radar imaging. For this purpose, we fine-tune the chaotic map parameters of the Gaussian FM signal until we obtain a white wide-band spectrum, which is computed as an ensemble average, and analyze the corresponding ambiguity surface of the signal. We observe that the ensemble average of the ambiguity surface approaches an ideal two dimensional delta with uniformly distributed sidelobes on the range-Doppler plane. On average the sidelobes of the surface have intensity inversely proportional to the length of the processed echo. For completeness, we compare the variance of the Gaussian FM ambiguity function to that of a random binary phase code with comparable bandwidth. Furthermore, we show through simulations that Fourier processing of the Gaussian FM signal can yield a high-resolution range-Doppler image aircraft with prominent point scattering points over a substantial SNR dynamic range.
The absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of a single oral dose of O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate in hens

The disposition and metabolism of a single oral 10 mg/kg (LD50) of uniformly phenyl-labeled [14C]EPN (O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl [14C]phenylphosphonothioate) were studied in adult hens. The birds were protected from acute toxicity with atropine sulfate. Three treated hens were killed at each time interval (days): 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 12. Radioactivity was adsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed in all tissues. Most of the dose was excreted in the combined urinary-fecal excreta (74%). Only traces of the radioactivity (0.2%) were detected in expired CO2. Most of the excreted radioactive materials were identified as phenylphosphonic acid (PPA), O-ethyl phenylphosphonic acid (EPPA), and O-ethyl phenylphosphonothioc acid (EPPTA). Radioactivity in tissues reached a peak of 11.8% in 12 days. The highest concentration of radioactivity was present in the liver followed by bile, kidney, adipose tissue, and muscle. EPN was the major compound identified in brain, spinal cord, sciatic nerve, kidney, and plasma. Most of the radioactivity in the liver was identified as EPPA followed by EPPTA and PPA. Kinetic studies showed that EPN disappeared exponentially from tissues. The half-life of the elimination of EPN from plasma was 16.5 days corresponding to a constant rate value of 0.04 day-1. Relative residence (RR) of EPN relative to plasma was shortest in liver and longest in adipose tissue followed by sciatic nerve and spinal cord.
HETEROGENOUS PROTEINS IN KERATINOHYALINE GRANULES STUDIED BY QUANTITATIVE AUTORADIOGRAPHY

Electron microscopic autoradiography with [3H]histidine, [3H]cystine, I13H]arginine, and [3H]proline was used to study protein synthesis in keratohyaline granules of newborn rats. All 3H-amino acids were incorporated into proteins in the granular cells, and the radioactive proteins appeared in the keratohyaline granules. However, the amount of radioactivity associated with the granules and the pattern of ultrastructural localization of the radioactive proteins differed considerably for each 3H-amino acid. "Histidine-labeled" protein was located mainly in the matrix portion of keratohyaline granules whereas "cystine-labeled" protein accumulated in the dense homogenous deposits. "Arginine-labeled" protein was distributed more diffusely in the organelles of granular cells, but that associated with keratohyaline granules seemed to localize mostly with "histidine-labeled" protein and partly with "cystine-labeled" protein. Large amounts of "proline-labeled" protein were also present in other areas of the cytoplasm than keratohyaline granules. This protein localized in the dense homogeneous deposits, but it seemed to turn over more rapidly than "cystine-labeled" protein, an indication that the dense homogenous deposits consist of at least two different polypeptide chains, one of which contains higher cystine and the other higher proline.
Morphologic Lesions in Aging Syrian Hamsters

The oldest members of most short- and long-lived mammalian species develop many similar morphologic changes. This suggests that the combined occurrence of a variety of age-associated lesions in a group can be used as an indicator of its advanced biological age. Males and females from our colony of aging Syrian hamsters were previously shown to have an equally high incidence of atrial thrombosis and myocardial degeneration, despite the females' much shorter life-span. Other age-associated lesions were then examined histopathologically to determine whether females age faster than males. Hepatic, renal, and splenic amyloidosis were more severe in females than in males and became so at an earlier age. Degenerative lesions were also found in adrenals, thyroids, and brains of both sexes. Atrophy was especially severe in the thymus. The incidence of malignant neoplasms, most of which were of lymphoreticular origin, was similar in both sexes. Female hamsters may age faster than males if biological age can be assessed by these morhologic criteria.
Determination of T2 from analysis of wings of symmetrical inhomogeneous lines

Abstract An inhomogeneously broadened magnetic resonance absorption line with reflection symmetry about the line center and consisting of overlapping spin packets with Lorentzian lineshape and equal widths is analyzed theoretically. It is shown that the wings of the line are identical in shape to the wings that would be observed if all spin packets of the inhomogeneous envelope were shifted in position to exact superposition at the line center. This permits a unique determination of T 2 without knowledge of the particular distribution of resonance conditions that gives rise to the inhomogeneous line.
Using a computerized concept mapping program to assess preservice teachers' thinking about effective teaching

Concept mapping with Learning Tool, a computerized mapping program, was used to assess changes in the content and organization of 17 preservice teachers' concept maps for the topic of effective teaching. Preservice teachers in their senior year of an early childhood teacher education program constructed and revised concept maps with a partner. They entered reflections on each mapping experience into their reflective journals, developing implications for teaching. Analysis of the concept maps revealed that these students had a primary concern with classroom management throughout the year, linking diverse information to that concept. They evidenced detailed and diverse understandings under the labels of knowledge and organization. Professionalism was a common item, though it was less well developed. Their reflective journals indicated that these students moved from describing emotional reactions to using the computer program as a basis for reflection on the teaching/learning process. This study illustrates how concept mapping can be useful in describing students' evolving constructions of knowledge in a particular subject area, and in promoting reflection.
Correlation of the shear modulus and internal friction in the reversible structural relaxation of a glassy metal

Abstract The effect of structural relaxation on the shear modulus, G, was studied for amorphous Fe32Ni36Cr14P12B6 alloy, and was found to be closely related to the changes in the internal friction, Q−1. It was found that the temperature dependence of G shows two distinct behaviors; one is the iso-configurational behavior and the other is the equilibrium behavior. The temperature at which the cross-over between these two occurs is the fictive temperature for anelasticity.
Is Sex Too Good for the Working Class? Education and Oppression

The United States has three school systems, one of them excellent, another borderline in quality, and the third thoroughly inadequate. Together they satisfy the needs of the economy. Since the earliest days of the republic, national and state governments have resisted expenditures for children of the working class, not only for their education but also for purposes of health, housing, nutrition, and the financial and psychological security of their parents—all of these relevant to quality of education and educational achievement. Significant improvement in schooling for all children requires societal changes that are spelled out in this article, along with proposals about how to implement those changes.
ATP-induced activation of purified rat hepatic glucocorticoid receptors.

Abstract We have utilized unactivated rat hepatic glucocorticoid receptor complexes purified to near homogeneity by a three-step scheme which includes affinity chromatography, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography, to demonstrate for the first time that ATP can interact directly with the receptor protein in stimulating activation. This stimulation is reflected by an increase in DNA-cellulose binding as well as by a shift in the elution profile of the purified receptor complexes from DEAE-cellulose. A concentration of 10 mM Na 2 MoO 4 is able to block both of these effects. ATP stimulates activation in a dose-dependent manner (maximally at 10 mM), and elicits maximal activation within 30 min at 15°C. There appears to be no nucleotide specificity xince GTP, CTP and UTP, as well as ADP and GDP also stimulate activation. All of these observations closely parallel data obtained from similar activation experiments performed with crude rat hepatic receptors. ATP does not appear to stimulate activation of receptors (crude or purified) by initiating a phosphorylation reaction since hydrolysis-resistant analogues of ATP are also effective. Pyrophosphate (PPi) is as effective as ATP in promoting receptor activation, since it elicits similar increases in DNA-cellulose binding, shifts in elution patterns from DEAE-cellulose, and dose-response relationships. None of the compounds tested stimulate activation indirectly by pH or ionic strength effects. Despite the fact that high ATP concentrations (3–4-fold higher than those present in vivo ) are necessary to stimulate maximal activation, a physiological role of ATP in directly regulating in vivo activation of glucocorticoid receptors cannot be ruled out.
A causal event graph for cyber-power system events using synchrophasor

The probability of occurrence of cyber-power events is ever increasing along with the operational challenges. Increases in electricity demand with inadequate delivery infrastructure and cyber-physical attack threats due to technological interdependencies introduce more complex events. Accurate and timely power system event identification and detection have great significance in system operation, monitoring, and control processes. Insufficient and slow event information may lead to catastrophes. Significant research effort is being made toward developing robust monitoring systems using advanced state of the art technologies such as synchrophasor technologies. This paper extends our previous work [1] and proposes a model that leverages the causal relationship between devices in cyber physical systems. Causal event graphs (CEG), a modified version of Bayesian networks, are used to create unique paths that model deterministic signatures of each cyber-physical event. The CEG and Bayesian network can be incorporated to event detection systems (EDS) to classify cyber physical events. A causal event graph for each scenario can be created using a sequence of power system events, measureable states, and logs from different sources. A modified IEEE 9 bus system with multi zone distance protection schemes for two transmission lines is used to demonstrate the proposed concept. A total of 22 cyber-physical scenarios are mapped into CEG and Bayesian networks to define rules for cyber-power system events.
Density Functional Theory Study of the β-Carotene Radical Cation and Deprotonated Radicals

The β-carotene radical cation and deprotonated neutral radicals were studied at the density functional theory (DFT) level using different density functionals and basis sets: B3LYP/3-21G, SVWN5/6-3...
Keynesian macroeconomics as the rejection of classical axioms

This paper explores themes suggested by Paul Davidson's 2007 book John Maynard Keynes. I argue, first, that rejection of the neutrality of money goes beyond nominal rigidity to explain the possibility of insufficient effective demand. Second, I relate Davidson's rejection of the "gross substitution axiom" to the Keynesian critique of the coordination of saving and investment through the loanable funds market, and to the possible failure of wage and price adjustment to assure full employment aggregate demand. Third, I propose that the inherent uncertainty implied by Davidson's assumption of a nonergodic system affects the way economists understand human behavior.
Multimode and multitone analysis of the dynamic mode operation of the Atomic Force Microscope

This article investigates the multimode model of the cantilever beam during probe based imaging. It develops a framework to quantify the effects of different material properties like dissipativity and stiffness in a near tapping mode operation of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), which is the primary mode of imaging soft matter, when excitation consists of more than one sinusoids. Averaging theory forms an important basis and provides the theoretical foundations. Effect of dissipative and stiffness properties of the sample on the forces experienced by probe is modeled as changes in parameters of an equivalent linear time invariant model, of the cantilever-sample system. It is shown that this model can be extended to the case when multiple modes of the cantilever participate in the nonlinear interaction with the sample forces.
Allograft Rejection, Autograft Fusion and Inflammatory Responses to Injury in Callyspongia diffusa (Porifera; Demospongia)

Sponges exhibit a variety of swift, cellular defence responses to protect self integrity. The sponge Callyspongia diffusa has been used to characterize the cytological changes that occur during allograft rejection, autograft fusion, and inflammation. Allogeneic contact results in fusion of the two exopinacoderms followed by an infiltration of mesohyl cells into the graft zone. As mesohyl cells accumulate, they form tissue bridges that span the graft interface. After a few days, the tissue bridges and the nearby cellular infiltrate become necrotic and slough off, which separates the allogeneic tissues. Autograft fusion begins similarly but cellular infiltration does not follow exopinacoderm fusion. Contacted exopinacocytes are redistributed, the endopinacoderms and choanosomes come into contact, and the grafted sponge tissues merge. Tissue damage exposes internal regions of the sponge to the external environment. In many areas of injury, exposed choanosome is sealed by infiltrating mesohyl cells. In other areas, exposed endopinacoderm appears to serve as new exopinacoderm. Cellular debris is removed by phagocytic archaeocytes and new exopinacoderm is regenerated over the damaged choanosome. No scars remain once the inflammatory infiltrate has dispersed. In general, mesohyl cells are involved in defence responses without an observed enrichment of any specific cell type. However, archaeocytes from rejecting sponges appear to line both sides of the allogeneic interface.
Opportunities for economies of scale with alkaline electrolyzers

Abstract Large alkaline electrolyzer installations are typically modular and do not exhibit significant economies of scale. Substantial capital cost reductions are possible if electrolyzer stacks utilize equipment common to each modular installation. This work analyzes the possible capital cost reduction arising from the use of common equipment. Established chemical engineering techniques are used to determine the capital cost curves for the major electrolyzer subsystems for installations ranging from one to fifty units. The major equipment found in large-scale alkaline electrolyzers – like those electrolyzers used in the DOE's Hydrogen Analysis (H2A) program – is reviewed and the associated cost scaling exponents are discussed. The common equipment is scaled up to meet the flow rates and processing requirements of large, multi-electrolyzer systems. The capital costs of the scaled electrolyzer systems are calculated and compared to standard modular systems. It is shown that scaling the compressors, the gas holding tanks, the transformers and the balance of plant equipment can reduce the capital costs by as much as 60% for the best-case scenario and 25% for the worst-case scenario. It was also found that simply using large compressors common to each electrolyzer has the greatest impact on capital cost reduction.
Explorations in the History of South Asia: Essays in Honour of Dietmar Rothermund . Edited by Georg Berkemer, Tilman Frash, Hermann Kulke, and Jurgan Lutt. New Delhi: Manohar, 2001. 417 pp.

Explorations in the History of South Asia assembles a wide-ranging collection of articles written in honour of one of the outstanding historians of India, Dietmar Rotheremund. The essays reflect the span of Rothermunds academic productivity. The first part which is dedicated to Indias foreign relations, not only with Germany, but also with her neighbours in the Indian Ocean, is followed by a close look at the relationship between states, courts and religion in premodern contexts. The third part contains articles on Indias colonial experience, while the fourth focuses on developments of the post-colonial states, tackling questions of identity, nationhood and political movements. This volume has contributions by C S Mohanavelu, M Mann, J H Voigt, R Ptak, A Das Gupta, O Prakash, H Kulke, T Frasch, R Chakravarti, G Berkemer, M Horstmann, J K Bautz, A R Kulkarni, M M Islam, R E Frykenberg, K McPherson, A Satyanarayana, J Malik, H Fischer-Tine, B Dahm, M Roberts, P S Ghosh, D Hellmann-Rajanayagam, I Baloch, S K Mitra and D Conrad. Published in association with South Asia Institute, New Delhi Branch.
Factors Influencing Destruction of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP)

Acid catalyzes the formation of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) from acetone and hydrogen peroxide, but acid also destroys TATP, and, under certain conditions, converts TATP to diacetone diperoxide (DADP). Addition of strong acids to TATP can cause an explosive reaction, while reaction with dilute acid reduces the decomposition rate so drastically that gentle destruction of TATP is impractical. However, combined use of dilute acid with slightly solvated TATP made gentle destruction of TATP feasible. Variables including acid type, concentration, solvent and ratios thereof have been explored, along with kinetics, in an attempt to provide a field-safe technique for gently destroying this homemade primary explosive. The preferred method is moistening TATP with an alcoholic solution (aqueous methanol, ethanol, or iso-propanol) followed by addition of 36 wt-% hydrochloric acid. Preliminary experiments have shown the technique to be safe and effective for destruction of hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), as well.
Pulse characteristics of passively mode-locked diode lasers.

For the first time to our knowledge, asymmetric pulse shapes and the linear and nonlinear chirp from a passively mode-locked semiconductor laser are directly measured. For the laser tuned to various center wavelengths, fall-time-to-rise-time ratios of 2.0 to 2.5 are measured. With the laser tuned to the shorter-wavelength side of its tuning range, a significant quadratic chirp of -60 fs/nm^2 is measured, along with a linear chirp of -800 fs/nm. The nonlinear chirp is responsible for the asymmetrically shaped compressed pulses that produce long-tailed autocorrelations.
Cathodoluminescence of epitaxial diamond films

Abstract The cathodoluminescence of epitaxial and polycrystalline diamond films was observed and intermediate emission between 2.8 and 2.4 eV was found. The epitaxial and polycrystalline diamond films were deposited by microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition (CVD) from a reactant gas consisting of hydrogen and methane, the concentration of the latter being varied from 1% to 8%. The intensity of the cathodoluminescence from both films was found to decrease with increasing CH 4 concentration. The effect of electron current density suggested that the intermediate peaks between 2.8 and 2.4 eV are characteristic of epitaxial and polycrystalline films deposited at higher CH 4 concentration. The quality of epitaxial film deposited at higher CH 4 concentration was considered to be worse than that at lower CH 4 concentration. The peak of the cathodoluminescence of boron-doped epitaxial film was found to be at 2.4 eV, which suggests the existence of defects characteristic of CVD methods.
Mediterranean crossings: the politics of an interrupted modernity

By Iain Chambers, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2008, 192 pp., $74.95 (cloth), $21.95 (paperback), ISBN 0-8223-4150-6 Mediterranean crossings reads like a collection of a thousand messages-in-...
Impaired nerve regeneration and enhanced neuroinflammatory response in mice lacking pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide.

Abstract Peripheral nerve injury models are used to investigate processes that can potentially be exploited in CNS injury. A consistent change that occurs in injured peripheral neurons is an induction in expression of pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), a neuropeptide with putative neuroprotective and neuritogenic actions. PACAP-deficient mice were used here to investigate actions of endogenous PACAP after facial nerve injury. Although motor neuron survival after axotomy was not significantly different in PACAP deficient vs. wild type mice, recovery of axon regeneration after crush injury was significantly delayed. The impaired regeneration was associated with 8- to 12-fold increases in gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL) -6, and a 90% decrease in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 at the injury site. Similar cytokine changes and an increased microglial response were observed in the brainstem facial motor nucleus. Because immunocompromised animals such as SCID mice are known to exhibit peripheral nerve regeneration defects, the observations raise the novel hypothesis that PACAP is critically involved in a carefully controlled immune response that is necessary for proper nerve regeneration after injury.
Electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in otherwise normal children: Clarification by echocardiography

Eleven apparently normal children whose electrocardiograms demonstrated greatly increased precordial QRS voltages suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy were studied by echocardiography to determine whether this finding represented an early manifestation of cardiac disease. Echocardiographic measurements of the thickness of the ventricular septum and of the left ventricular posterobasal wall were normal in all 11 subjects when compared with normal values for age. Also within normal limits were left ventricular, left atrial and aortic root internal diameters, left ventricular mass and the motion and structure of the anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets. We conclude: (1) These children probably have normal hearts; (2) increased precordial QRS voltage in children and adolescents, in the absence of other abnormalities, is an unreliable indicator of left ventricular hypertrophy; and (3) echocardiography is a powerful diagnostic test in determining the significance of abnormal electrocardiograms suggestive of left venticular hypertrophy.
Intratelencephalic projections of the visual wulst in pigeons (Columba livia).

The visual wulst is the telencephalic target of the thalamofugal visual pathway of birds, and thus the avian equivalent of the striate cortex of mammals. The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was used to follow the intratelencephalic connections of the major constituents of the visual wulst in pigeons. In particular, efferent pathways from the granular layer (Intercalated nucleus of the hyperstriatum accessorium, IHA), supragranular layer (hyperstriatum accessorium, HA), and infragranular layers (hyperstriatum intercalatus superior and/or hyperstriatum dorsale, HIS/HD) were investigated. These efferent projections were confirmed by injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B into their terminal fields. When a deposit of the anterograde tracer was centered in IHA, which receives the visual thalamic input, efferent fibers were seen to extend mainly dorsomedially to HA. When a deposit of the anterograde tracer was centered in HA, efferent fibers were seen to extend mainly in three directions: (1) medially to the tractus septomesencephalicus, which sends projections to extratelencephalic visual nuclei; (2) ventrolaterally to the lateral portion of the neostriatum frontale, where there were also labeled cells after the retrograde tracer was injected in HA; and (3) ventromedially to the paleosfriatal complex, which is the avian equivalent of the mammalian basal ganglia. Furthermore, relatively minor terminal fields were seen in (4) the neostriatum caudale, (5) neostriaturn intermedium, (6) archistriatum intermedium, and (7) hyperstriatum laterale. Finally, HIS/HD have projections predominantly to HA and the dorsocaudal telencephaion (area corticoidea dorsolateralis and area parahippocampalis), as well as relatively minor projections to the areas which also receive projections from HA. No anterogradely labeled fibers were seen in the tractus septomesencephalicus following the tracer injections in HIS/HD. These results indicate that the visual information from the granular layer is distributed via the supragranular layer HA to multiple areas within the telencephalon, such as the neostriatum frontale and paleostriatal complex. In addition, HA is the source of an extratelencephalic projection via the tractus septomesencephalicus. Thus, the avian supragranular layer HA contains neurons which are the source of both intratelencephalic and extratelencephalic projections, whereas neurons of the mammalian cortex are segregated into two distinct layers, supragranular and infragranular layers, based on the targets of their projections. The findings are further discussed and compared to the mammalian striate cortex. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The rotational spectrum of HC8N, a linear molecule with a triplet ground state

Abstract By means of Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy of a supersonic molecular beam, we report here the laboratory detection of HC8N, a carbon chain with a triplet electronic ground state. A total of 71 hyperfine components from six rotational transitions between 8 and 13 GHz were measured to an uncertainty of 5 kHz or better. Eight spectroscopic constants, including six fine and hyperfine coupling constants, were determined to high accuracy, despite a complex spectrum which consists of many closely spaced lines. Like the shorter HC2nN chains, the linear triplet isomer detected here is highly polar and is almost certainly the ground state of HC8N; in our molecular beam discharge source, it is 10 times less abundant than triplet HC6N, but more than 100 times less abundant than the well-studied closed-shell cyanopolyyne HC7N. Owing to the collapse of the hyperfine structure with increasing chain length, still longer chains may be detectable.
Cytokine regulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in human endometrial cells.

Abstract Objective To determine whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ ligands can affect the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cytokines related to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Design In vitro study to determine whether PPARs are expressed in human endometrial cells and determine the effects of various PPAR-γ ligands on IL-6 and other cytokine expression in these cells. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Women presenting for infertility workup. Intervention(s) Endometrial cell cultures were treated with PPAR-γ ligands. Main outcome measure(s) Interleukin-6, IL-8, colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and macrophage chemotactic factor (MCP-1) protein secretion, messenger RNA expression of IL-6, PPAR-α, -β, and -γ. Result(s) Using a human endometrial cell line (EM42), as well as primary stromal and epithelial endometrial cells, we show the presence of PPAR-α, -β, and -γ by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in these cells. PPAR-γ ligands stimulated IL-6 secretion and induced enhancement of IL-6 mRNA levels. These ligands also stimulated the secretion of IL-8 and CSF-1. Conclusion(s) PPAR-γ may play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis related to the production of IL-6 and some other cytokines.
Conformational studies of polysaccharide multiple helices

Abstract The possibility of the existence of multiple helices in various homopolysaccharides has been explored by the calculation of conformational-energy contour maps. The structures include homopolymers of d -xylose, d -glucose, d -mannose, and d -galactose, linked α- and β-(1→2), -(1→3), and -(1→4). A number of double parallel-stranded, double antiparallel-stranded, and triple parallel-stranded helices are predicted, all of which are stabilized by interstrand hydrogen-bonds. At least three of the predicted, multiple-helical structures are known to exist. A classification scheme to predict the probabilities of multiple-helix formation is suggested. Possible structure-function relationships of homopolysaccharides are discussed.
A validation methodology for fault-tolerant clock synchronization

A validation method for the synchronization subsystem of a fault-tolerant computer system is presented. The high reliability requirement of flight crucial systems precludes the use of most traditional validation methods. The method presented utilizes formal design proof to uncover design and coding errors and experimentation to validate the assumptions of the design proof. The experimental method is described and illustrated by validating an experimental implementation of the Software Implemented Fault Tolerance (SIFT) clock synchronization algorithm. The design proof of the algorithm defines the maximum skew between any two nonfaulty clocks in the system in terms of theoretical upper bounds on certain system parameters. The quantile to which each parameter must be estimated is determined by a combinatorial analysis of the system reliability. The parameters are measured by direct and indirect means, and upper bounds are estimated. A nonparametric method based on an asymptotic property of the tail of a distribution is used to estimate the upper bound of a critical system parameter. Although the proof process is very costly, it is extremely valuable when validating the crucial synchronization subsystem.
Location of the vector of jaw muscle force in mammals

Previous work has suggested that the third molar lies just in front of the point where the resultant vector of jaw muscle force, estimated from dissections, intersects the tooth row. This point meets the jaw such that the vector is 30% of jaw length from the jaw joint. Thus, the vector divides the jaw in the ratio of 3:7 when measurements are taken perpendicular to the vector. In practice, however, distances along mammalian jaws are typically measured on an easily determined line such as a line from one end of the tooth row to the other. The position of the jaw joint is then projected onto this line. As a rule, such a line is not perpendicular to the vector and so the distance from the projection of the joint, out to the rear of the third molar (and the vector's intersection), is different in different mammals. Rarely is this distance 30% of total jaw length. However, when the location of the vector's intersection is measured along the tooth row, this position varies directly with the inclination of the vector; a vector inclined posteriorly intersects the tooth row far from the projection of the joint and an anterior vector's intersection is relatively close. Only a vector perpendicular to the line from one end of the tooth row to the other intersects at 30%. This obvious point suggests a way to test the above hypotheses when the inclination of the vector is not known exactly. The predicted relationship between the distance to the molar, as a percentage of the total jaw length, and the approximate inclination of the vector derived from muscle weights (posterior or anterior depending on whether the temporalis or the masseter/pterygoid, respectively, is dominant) was observed in a sample of 46 different mammals.
Multiorder etalon sounder for vertical temperature profiling: technique and performance analysis

In this paper a novel approach to high-resolution infrared atmospheric temperature sounding by using the multi-order etalon sounder (MOES) is discussed. The MOES exploits the periodic characteristics of Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) transmission function and the uniform line spacings of CO2 to maximize the instrument signal and to achieve the high-spectral resolution needed to improve the vertical resolution and retrieval accuracy of atmospheric temperature sounding. In this paper the MOES technique and a conceptual instrument design are presented. Suitable CO2 spectral regions, optimum etalon-free spectral ranges, characteristics of 44 representative temperature sounding channels and 12 water vapor sounding channels are calculated and discussed. Performance simulation studies indicate that MOES can provide more accurate temperature and water vapor profiles than the current operational high resolution infrared sounder (HIRS/2). The improvement in temperature and moisture retrieval accuracy with MOES is mainly due to its higher spectral resolution and the ability to resolve a single CO2 spectral line.
Lines of Practice: A Practice-Centered Theory of Interest Relationships

Based on a three-year-long ethnography of the hobby of model rocketry, I present a practice-centered theory of interest relationships—that is, the pattern of long-term, self-motivated engagement in open-ended practices that has been theorized under the concept of individual interests. In contrast to extant theories of individual interests, in which persistent engagement is pegged to a topic-specific relationship (e.g., a model rocketeer has an interest in the topic of rocketry, broadly conceived), I propose that persistence in a practice of interest is best understood in terms of what I call lines of practice. A line of practice is a distinctive, recurrent pattern of long-term engagement in a person's practice participation. Any line of practice entails a set of closely interrelated activities that are defined by two structural elements: preferences and conditions of practice. Preferences refer to the deep, long-term goals, values, and beliefs that a person develops in the practice, whereas conditions of ...
Surgical emergencies during pediatric interventional catheterization

Abstract Objective: To determine the incidence of catheter-related surgical emergencies during pediatric interventional catheterization procedures. Study design: We reviewed all interventional catheter procedures (n = 578) over a 4-year period (April 1996 to April 2000) to determine any complication during interventional catheterization that required surgery within 24 hours after catheterization. Results: The overall incidence of surgical emergencies was 1.9% (70% confidence limits, 1.5% to 2.7%). Complications that required surgical intervention occurred with balloon dilation (valvuloplasty, angioplasty, n=4), device deployment (coils, stents, atrial-septal defect devices, n=5), transhepatic access (n = 1), and atrial transseptal puncture (n = 1). For the majority of interventions, the incidence of surgical emergencies was Conclusions: Surgery was required in 1.9% of all interventional catheter procedures. Surgical emergencies occurred during a wide variety of catheter interventions and could not be predicted by the type of procedure performed. (J Pediatr 2002;140:570-5)
Photostrictive effect in lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate ceramics near the morphotropic phase boundary

Abstract Photostrictive effect in lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics, one of the promising candidates for photostrictive materials, has been investigated with different contents of La and the ratio of Zr/Ti near the morphotropic phase boundary compositions. The maximum photocurrent and photovoltage were obtained at different compositions of PLZT ceramics: maximum photocurrent at 4/48/52, maximum photovoltage at 5/54/46. New figures of merit for evaluating these materials, which includes both the magnitude of strain and response speed, were proposed.
When the State Kills: Capital Punishment and the American Condition. By Austin Sarat. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. 314p. $29.95.

As the United States begins fighting a war devoted not to the overthrow or liberation of a particular government but, rather, as Mr. Bush put it, to rid the world of “evildoers,” it is easy to forget that our state is also busy at home killing people in the service of a similar oversimplified moralism. Austin Sarat's most recent book is, then, an important reminder. Since the Supreme Court reinstated capital punishment in 1976 the country's appetite for it has steadily increased: More than 3,600 people now sit on death row, and their numbers continue to swell. While there have been some welcome signs of a slackening in the nation's tolerance for the killing of the mentally retarded and the innocent, the Rehnquist court has been streamlining the appeal process in an attempt, in the Chief Justice's words, to “get on with it.” Sarat rightly protests against the ensuing compromises of the rights of those caught up in the system, a disproportionate number of whom are, as everyone knows, poor and black. He argues that routine killing by the state is not just illiberal in its corrosive effect upon the Bill of Rights but in conflict with the institutions and spirit of our democracy. Where democracy calls for a willingness to seek reconciliation and the improvement of institutions through dialogue, and hence a willingness to admit that one's own perspective is limited and one's own judgment fallible, capital punishment requires that we assume the mantle of infallibility, and it is sustained by a spirit of rage that it in turn nurtures. One of the strongest features of Sarat's book is its insistence that none of this is accidental: “State killing…is part of a strategy of governance that makes us fearful and dependent on the illusion of state protection, that divides rather than unites, that promises simple solutions to complex problems” (p. 247). It is easier and less anxiety-producing to tell ourselves familiar comic book stories about the battle of good and evil than to get down to “the difficult, often frustrating work of understanding what in our society breeds such heinous acts of violence” (p. 14). And if we believe the stories we tell, it is hard to imagine living without the protection of a powerful and threatening state that can match the violent forces arrayed against us. For those who profit politically or financially from the present forms of that society, that is all to the better. Protego ergo obligo .
Influence of physical setting on seagrass landscapes near Beaufort, North Carolina, USA

Field surveys were conducted in Core and Back Sounds, North Carolina. USA, to relate the physical setting of seagrass beds, as measured by a wave exposure index (REI), tidal current speed and water depth, to various measures of the sedimentary environment, spatial heterogeneity of seagrass distribution and measures of seagrass abundance. Seagrass beds in this area form patterns ranging from continuous to semi-continuous to widely dispersed, discrete patches across a gradient of increasing hydrodynamic activity. Tidal current speeds, exposure to waves and relative water depths revealed strong correlative evidence that physical processes influenced landscape-scale (50 X 50 m range with 1 m resolution) features of seagrass beds. Some habitat attributes, such as percent cover of seagrasses, seagrass bed perimeter to area ratio, sediment organic content and percent silt-cldy, declined with increasing REJ and current speed. Increased aggregation of these data was observed above and below the 50% seagrass cover value, and, supported by principle components analysis, signaled an abrupt transition of environmental setting correlated with this coverage level. The 50% cover value also occurred at current speeds of -25 cm S-', which should be near the initiation of motion current speed for local sand sediments, and an RE1 of -3 X 10h This coverage is also near to the 59.28% coverage value, previously determined to be where landscape elements join and below which they tend to exist as discrete patches. We hypothesize that a rapid loss of seagrass habitat structural integrity may occur as the habitat fragments, and seagrass landscape elements become isolated, contributing to the observed transition and accompanying data aggregation above and below the -50% coverage level. We discuss the interaction of physical setting, disturbance, landscape contiguity and growth response by these modular plants in the production of the observed landscape patterns across these hydrodynamic gradients.