cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Complexity and Construct Validity

Despite a century of methodological and conceptual advances in the technology of psychosocial measurement, poor correspondence between indicators and the constructs they are intended to represent remains a limiting factor to the accumulation of scientific knowledge. Longstanding conventions in measurement may contribute to the failure to develop optimal criteria. These conventions include the focus on complex over simple constructs and the use of multi-item measures of disparate content to represent those constructs. Several arguments suggest that such a measurement model compromises the potential for developing measures that accurately reflect psychosocial phenomena. The article concludes with some preliminary suggestions concerning an alternative model that may address this construct validity problem more effectively.
Nonlinear Analysis of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures: State of the Art

This paper presents the current state of the art of nonlinear analysis of steel-concrete composite structures. The focus is on frame elements, which are computationally faster than continuum finite element models. First, section models are presented, with a review of resultant and fiber models and a discussion of possible practical applications. The presentation of frame elements follows. Models with lumped and distributed inelasticity, as well as models with perfect and partial connections are covered. Rigid and partially restrained joints are then reviewed and discussed at length. A discussion of the analysis of structural walls completes the presentation of the models. Modeling applications to the analysis of composite frames are also presented. This state-of-the-art review focuses on developments that have stemmed from the recently completed National Science Foundation sponsored U.S.-Japan program on composite and hybrid structures.
Radiochemical analysis of reactor effluent waste materials at Hanford

Abstract Analytical procedures are described which were found to be suitable for the measurement of radioisotopes in effluent water and in erosion products deposited from effluent water. The procedures have been applied in studying the changes in concentration of radioisotopes in effluent water following reactor start-up and in identifying and measuring the radioisotopes deposited on metal surfaces during operation. The increase in concentration of nine radioisotopes in the effluent water from a chemically cleaned (purged with Turco 4306B) process tube has been measured. The concentrations of all radioisotopes studied in the effluent from the purged tube were, with the exception of Na 24 , less than those removed from the control tube during the first two days of operation by factors of 5 to 100; several of the radioisotopes, including P 32 and As 76 , were less than 25 per cent of their normal value 2 weeks after the purge. It was demonstrated by means of this study that radioisotope concentrations increased rather slowly in the effluent water during the 1½ month period of the test. The relative amounts of the sixteen radioisotopes in the effluent water, absorbed during a 35 day exposure on Al, stainless steel and carbon steel surfaces, downstream from both a normal tube and a chemically cleaned tube were measured. The amounts of the majority of the radioisotopes on the Al and stainless-steel surfaces downstream from the purged tube were lower by factors of 2 to 7 than the amounts from the control tube. A smaller difference was observed for the carbon steel samples. The relative affinity of the metal surfaces for the radioisotopes studied was found to vary by a factor of about 3 × 10 3 ; the most readily adsorbed radioisotopes being the lanthanides and the least readily adsorbed being Np 239 . Calculations based on the relative amounts of these sixteen radioisotopes indicate that, for a short exposure (35 days). La 140 , As 76 and Cu 64 are the major short-lived radioisotopes contributing to the γ-ray emission at the rear face of the reactor, while Zn 65 and Sc 46 are the major long-lived radioisotopes. For purpose of comparison, measurements were made of radioisotopes adsorbed on original reactor piping after 15 years of exposure. From these measurements, it was shown that La 140 , As 76 and Cu 64 were still the major short-lived contributors; however. Eu 152 , Co 60 , Tb 160 and Fe 59 , in addition to Zn 65 and Sc 46 , were important long-lived contributors.
Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, and the Evolution / Creation of the Human Brain And Mind

Charles Darwin y Alfred Russel Wallace descubrieron de forma independiente la seleccion natural; seguramente ciertas experiencias en comun posibilitaron dicho evento. Sin embargo, hubo diferencias mayores en sus experiencias de vida como colectores y viajeros, en sus compromisos socioculturales y sus estilos personales. El presente ensayo se centra en, lo que quizas constituya, el area de mayor desacuerdo entre Darwin y Wallace: la evolucion de la humanidad. Darwin argumento que la evolucion humana podia explicarse mediante seleccion natural, con la seleccion sexual como un principio suplementario importante. Wallace siempre tuvo dudas sobre la seleccion sexual, y concluyo que la seleccion natural por si sola era insufciente para dar cuenta de un grupo de caracteristicas unico de los humanos. Entre estas, el tamano y complejidad de la mente humana, presente en todas las razas, ocupo un lugar central en sus argumentos. Wallace razono que agentes adicionales debian ser invocados para explicar la existencia de una mente, que podia dar cuenta de las actividades intelectuales de la cultura europea, pero que no era (en su vision) requerida para explicar la supervivencia y reproduccion de las personas con las que el habia vivido en los tropicos. El interes de Wallace en la mente humana, y en una vision materialista del funcionamiento de la misma, fue una consecuencia natural de su creencia en la frenologia. Una vez que visualizo la paradojica hipertrofa cerebral de los grupos raciales no europeos, el compromiso de Wallace con el adaptacionismo derivo en la necesidad de invocar un principio suplementario para explicar dicha hipertrofa. La invocacion de un poder superior, y/o de una inteligencia suprema, que intervino para crear la humanidad moderna, fue propiciada indudablemente por su interes, a la vez que conversion, en el espiritualismo. El abandono de Wallace de la seleccion natural y sexual, como los unicos agentes detras de la evolucion humana, lo apartaron de Darwin; hecho que inevitablemente aparejo incertidumbre sobre los motivos de su desercion. Entre las caracteristicas personales de Wallace fguraba una atraccion consistente por causas impopulares, incluyendo la frenologia y el espiritualismo. Asi como se sintio atraido por las ideas evolutivas, contrarias a las ideas prevalecientes de su tiempo, se alejo de sus colegas darwinistas al invocar la accion de una inteligencia superior para dar cuenta de la naturaleza de nuestra especie.
Self Report and Performance‐Based Hand Function Tests as Correlates of Dependency in the Elderly

Preventing or minimizing functional dependency in older adults rests, in part, upon the ability to predict who is at risk. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of five tests of hand function to discriminate the degree of dependency in older adults. Seven hundred sixty four subjects were assessed for hand function on performance-based (Williams Test of Hand Function, a test of Williams Board items only, Jebsen Test of Hand Function, grip strength), and self-reported (Dexterity Scale of the Geriatrics-Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (GERI-AIMS] measures of hand function, and self-reported multidimensional functional status (GERI-AIMS). A trichotomous variable representing a continuum of dependency based upon living site (independent living, home-bound, institutional) was used as the measure of dependency. Sixty-two cases were dropped for incomplete data. Discriminant function analyses of the 702 subjects (age X = 76.78 years, SD = 8.79) showed that basic demographic variables explain 40.8% of the variance in dependency; all hand function tests significantly correlated with dependency; the Williams Board correlated best (additional 12.5% variance explained). However, a multidimensional functional status measure explains substantially more variance in dependency (16.9%) after controlling for demographic variables and performance on the Williams Board. This comparison of methods and tests available for measuring hand function was made to provide criteria for selecting an instrument for a given setting.
Age-Dependent Effects of Indomethacin on Hypoxic Vasoconstriction in Neonatal Lamb Lungs

Although smooth muscle is abundant in the pulmonary vessels of young animals at birth, it is not clear if these vessels respond more vigorously to hypoxia than the less muscular vessels of older neonates. To determine the effect of age on the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia during the neonatal period in a single species, we measured the steady-state stimulus-response relationship between inspired oxygen tension (200, 50, 30 and 0 mm Hg) and pulmonary artery pressure-flow curves in isolated blood perfused lungs from 2- to 4- and 12- to 14-day-old lambs. Hypoxic vasoconstriction was attenuated in the younger newborns at an inspired oxygen tension of 50 mm Hg, but not at the other oxygen tensions. To determine if this age-related difference was due to differences in modulation of hypoxic vasoconstriction by cyclooxygenase products, we assayed the metabolite of prostacyclin, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha in the perfusate and determined the effects of indomethacin (40 micrograms/ml) on the hypoxic stimulus-response relationship. There was no age-related difference in perfusate concentration of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha at any oxygen tension. However, indomethacin reversed the age-dependent attenuation of hypoxic vasoconstriction at inspired oxygen tension = 50 mm Hg such that in indomethacin-treated lungs pulmonary vasomotor tone was higher in 2- to 4-day-old lungs than in 12- to 14-day-old lungs. This marked enhancement of hypoxic reactivity by indomethacin in the younger lambs suggests that in isolated neonatal lamb lungs cyclooxygenase products exerted a vasodilatory modulation of hypoxic vasoconstriction that decreased with age.
The relationship of the internal security system to group level organization in Miller's living systems theory

It has been suggested that a 20th subsystem, the internal security subsystem, should be added to Miller's 19 matter-energy and information processes that are critical to living systems (Bosserman, 1982). This subsystem protects all levels of living systems from error and disruption resulting from internal and external sources. Yet many characteristics of the proposed security subsystem already are found in existing ones, that is, the reproducer, channel and net, and distributor. Therefore, a discrete internal security subsystem is not justified. There are, however, dormant aspects of the security system that are not described within the existing taxonomy that perhaps best fit as a mirror system across the organizational levels.
Transition-Metal-Containing Polymers by ADMET: Polymerization of cis-Mo(CO)4(Ph2P(CH2)3CH═CH2)2

Polymerization of the cis-Mo(CO)4(Ph2P(CH2)3CH═CH2)2 complex using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization is reported. Ideally, ADMET polymerization is performed in bulk monomer to maximize monomer concentration and favor formation of polymer. The monomer in this case is a solid with a melting temperature of 128 °C, which is well above room temperature and above the range of catalyst stability. The polymerization was carried out therefore in a concentrated solution of toluene. The complex underwent polymerization when catalyzed with Grubbs’ second-generation catalyst; neither Grubbs’ first-generation catalyst nor Schrock’s catalyst was active. Homopolymerization resulted in oligomers of Mn = 2060 (n ≈ 3, GPC relative to polystyrene). At elevated temperatures the coordination core of the polymerized cis-Mo(CO)4(Ph2P(CH2)3CH═CH2)2 complex isomerized to the trans geometry. Copolymerization with 1,9-decadiene was also carried out and resulted in an oligomer of slightly higher molecular weight, Mn = 5...
IFN-γ Inhibition of TRAIL-Induced IAP-2 Upregulation, a Possible Mechanism of IFN-γ-Enhanced TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis☆☆☆

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a type II transmembrane cytokine molecule of TNF family and a potent inducer of apoptosis. The anticancer activities of TNF family members are often modulated by interferon (IFN)-γ. Thus, we investigated whether IFN-γ enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We exposed HeLa cells to IFN-γ for 12 h and then treated with recombinant TRAIL protein. No apoptosis was induced in cells pretreated with IFN-γ, and TRAIL induced 25% cell death after 3 h treatment. In HeLa cells pretreated with IFN-γ, TRAIL induced cell death to more than 70% at 3 h, indicating that IFN-γ pretreatment sensitized HeLa cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We investigated molecules that might be regulated by IFN-γ pretreatment that would affect TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Western blotting analyses demonstrated that TRAIL treatment increased the level of IAP-2 protein and IFN-γ pretreatment inhibited the upregulation of IAP-2 protein by TRAIL protein. Our data indicate that TRAIL can signal to activate both apoptosis induction and antiapoptotic mechanism, at least, through IAP-2 simultaneously. IFN-γ or TRAIL treatment alone did not change expression of other pro- or antiapoptotic proteins such as DR4, DR5, FADD, Bax, IAP-1, XIAP, Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL. Our findings suggest that IFN-γ may sensitize HeLa cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by preventing TRAIL-induced IAP-2 upregulation, and IFN-γ may play a role in anticancer therapy of TRAIL protein through such mechanism.
Conservation and degradation of cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract Radioactive isotopic labeling experiments have shown that chloroplast 70 s and cytoplasmic 79 s ribosomes as well as their RNA are conserved from generation to generation during vegetative growth of the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . Under controlled experimental conditions, the total population of vegetative cells of C. reinhardtii in liquid culture could be induced to undergo a synchronous gametogenic cell division, which produced sexually competent gametes. In striking contrast to the vegetative growth, approximately 90% of the preexisting vegetative ribosomes were found to have degraded during this sexual differentiation (16 to 18 hr in duration). The extent of degradation was similar for both the cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomes; the starting times of these two degradation processes were, however, temporally separated by approximately five hours. Concurrent degradation of both cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomal RNA was also demonstrated, although much less degradation of transfer RNA in the 4s region was observed. The DNA synthesis that accompanied the gametogenic cell division utilized exclusively the degraded products of RNA as nucleotide precursors. Other degraded RNA contributed to the enlarged 10% trichloroacetic acid-soluble pool and also was released into the culture medium. The occurrence of ribosomal degradation between two drastically different developmental (i.e. vegetative and sexual) stages in the life cycle of C. reinhardtii suggests that such degradation and re-utilization of ribosomes and RNA may be involved in key regulatory events in the sexual differentiation of this organism.
Atrial parasystole with interpolation. Observations on prolonged sinoatrial conduction.

Abstract 1. 1. We have reported an unusual case of sinus rhythm with atrial premature systoles due to an independent ectopic pacemaker (atrial parasystole). 2. 2. Marked variations in the duration of the returning cycle (P′-P) after the ectopic atrial beats, in spite of a fairly regular rate of the sinus pacemaker, are accounted for in the following manner: (a) A P′-P interval longer than the P-P cycle indicates discharge of the sinus pacemaker by the ectopic impulse. This is seen with P′ occurring in the middle portion of the cycle. (b) P′-P intervals about equal to the P-P cycle indicate interference of the ectopic with the next sinus impulse (fully compensatory pause). This is seen with P′ occurring late in the cycle. (c) P′-P intervals shorter than the P-P cycle indicate interpolation of P′ with postextra-systolic prolongation of S-A conduction time. This is seen with P′ occurring early in the cycle. 3. 3. Events subsequent to interpolation of the ectopic atrial impulse indicate that the sinus impulse which follows the postextrasystolic sinus impulse is blocked rather than interfered with. Thus, the mechanism is that of a pseudointerpolation with postponed compensatory pause, analogous to the same phenomenon which occurs after nodal or ventricular premature systoles. 4. 4. Comparison of a single atrial cycle (P-P) with one which contains an interpolated atrial premature systole (P-P′-P) permits determination of the delay in S-A conduction of the postextrasystolic beat.
A functional assay for detection of the mitoxantrone resistance protein, MXR (ABCG2).

The fluorescent compounds rhodamine 123, LysoTracker Green DMD-26, mitoxantrone, and BODIPY-prazosin were used with the antagonist fumitremorgin C (FTC) in order to develop functional assays for the half-transporter, MXR/BCRP/ ABCP1. A measure of FTC-inhibitable efflux was generated for each compound in a series of MXR-overexpressing drugselected cell lines and in ten unselected cell lines which were used to determine if the four fluorescent compounds were sensitive enough to detect the low MXR levels found in drug-sensitive cell lines. FTC-inhibitable efflux of mitoxantrone and prazosin was found in four of the ten cell lines, SF295, KM12, NCI-H460, and A549, and low but detectable levels of MXR mRNA were also observed by Northern analysis in these cells. FTC-inhibitable mitoxantrone and prazosin efflux in both selected and unselected cell lines was found to correlate well with MXR levels as determined by Northern blotting, r 2 = 0.89 and r 2 = 0.70 respectively. In contrast, rhodamine and LysoTracker were not able to reliably detect MXR. Cytotoxicity assays performed on two of the four unselected cell lines confirmed increased sensitivity to mitoxantrone in the presence of FTC. FTC was found to be a specific inhibitor of MXR, with half-maximal inhibition of MXR-associated ATPase activity at 1 WM FTC. Short term selections of the SF295, KM12, NCI-H460 and A549 cell lines in mitoxantrone resulted in a small but measurable increase in MXR by both Northern blot and functional assay. These studies show that flow cytometric measurement of FTC-inhibitable mitoxantrone or prazosin efflux is a sensitive and specific method for measuring the function of the MXR half-transporter in both selected and unselected cell lines. fl 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Receiving Two Consequences: Tests of Monotonicity and Scale Invariance

The present study investigated two behavioral properties of decision making. Participants were presented two alternatives, each of which yielded two consequences jointly (joint receipt, JR). Monotonicity of JR states that choices remain invariant when the same lottery is adjoined to both of the original alternatives. The data failed to reject monotonicity of JR. Scale invariance states that choices remain invariant under proportionate (scale) changes of the lottery consequences. This property was not rejected for three of four classes of JR lotteries having a common consequence, but it was rejected for two of three classes of binary lotteries and for two of the four classes of general JR lotteries. We conclude that scale invariance does not hold in general. The implication of these findings for utility theory, testing its fundamental assumptions, and determining the functional form of utility is discussed.
Decision and Adaptation Research on Female Retirement

Review of the literature shows that while women's adaptation to retirement has been closely studied, little is known of the female retirement decision. No gender differences in adaptation have been...
The Structures of Polynuclear Th(IV) Hydrolysis Products

The hydrolysis chemistry of the tetravalent actinides is discussed based on recent studies with thorium. The coupling of high energy x-ray scattering and single crystal diffraction has provided insight into the structures of the polynuclear complexes formed by hydrolytic reactions of the tetravalent actinides. The success of these experiments with thorium presents many opportunities for the elucidation of the structures and thermodynamic quantities describing the dissolved polynuclear complexes of the heavier actinides.
Blockade of parabrachial pressor responses by spinal administration of an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist.

Abstract The purpose of these studies was to investigate a potential role for N- methyl - d - aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors in the spinal cord, in the mediation of pressor responses, evoked by electrical stimulation of supraspinal pressor sites. Graded electrical stimulation (10–40 Hz) of the lateral parabrachial complex increased the mean arterial pressure by 19 to 59 nunHg, and heart rate by 4 to 12 beats/min. Intrathecal administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (D-AP7; 200 nmol/10μl) reduced the arterial pressure from 101 to 68mmHg and heart rate from 364 to 330 beats/min. Parabrachial pressor responses were virtually eliminated after spinal administration of D-AP7 while tachycardie responses were not significantly affected. Neither intravenous administration of D-AP7 nor intrathecal infusion of vehicle had any effect on parabrachial pressor responses. Intrathecal infusion of NMDA (50 nmol) increased arterial pressure by 43 mmHg and heart rate by 53 beats/min. Intrathecal infusion of kainic acid (3 nmol) increased arterial pressure by 38 mmHg and heart rate by 54 beats/min. Intrathecal infusion of D-AP7 eliminated the pressor and tachycardie actions of NMDA, without affecting those of kainic acid. These results suggest that the maintenance of sympathetic vasomotor tone as well as the mediation of pressor responses produced by electrical stimulation of the parabrachial complex, is dependent upon synaptic activation of spinal NMDA receptors and furthr, that excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters in the spinal cord may play a significant role in central cardiovascular regulation.
Incorporating resilience into life cycle assessments

LIFE cycle assessments (LCAs) are useful for analyzing the environmental impacts of a product during the production, use and disposal phases. However, they often do not accurately account for a product's resilience, in particular durability. LCA framework guides such as the EPA's LCA 101 and ISO 14040 note that replacement and maintenance costs should be considered in LCAs but do not define methods for accomplishing this task. Particularly in software programs, product life spans are often assumed at incorrect values (or are not included at all), inaccurately portraying the impacts of product durability to the LCA. This is an issue because, for example, a product requiring less energy and resources to manufacture that is not durable could eventually pose greater harm to the environment than a durable but more resource and energy intensive product. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the effect of product durability on LCAs.
Borepin and its valence isomers

Abstract Ab initio calculations show borepin to be planar and more stable than its valence isomers boranorbornadiene and boranorcaradiene by a considerable amount; the latter have Cs symmetry.
Vector and tensor analyzing powers in deuteron-deuteron elastic scattering at 10 MeV

Abstract The angular distributions of the analyzing powers iT11, T20, T21 and T22 of the elastic scattering of polarized deuterons on deuterons have been measured at a bombarding energy of 10 MeV. The elastically scattered deuterons were identified by observing them in coincidence with the recoil deuterons. All analyzing powers have small but non-zero values. An attempt is made to discuss the results in terms of phase shifts.
On the centralizer of K in U(g)

Abstract Let g = k + p be a complexified Cartan decomposition of a complex semisimple Lie algebra g and let K be the subgroup of the adjoint group of g corresponding to k . If H is an irreducible Harish-Chandra module of U ( g ) , then H is completely determined by the finite-dimensional action of the centralizer U ( g ) K on any one fixed primary k component in H. This original approach of Harish-Chandra to a determination of all H has largely been abandoned because one knows very little about generators of U ( g ) K . Generators of U ( g ) K may be given by generators of the symmetric algebra analogue S ( g ) K . Let S m ( g ) K , m ∈ Z + , be the subalgebra of S ( g ) K defined by K-invariant polynomials of degree at most m. For convenience write A = S ( g ) K and A m for the subalgebra of A generated by S m ( g ) K . Let Q and Q m be the respective quotient fields of A and A m . We prove that if n = dim g one has Q = Q 2 n . We also determine the variety, Nil K , of unstable points with respect to the action K on g and show that Nil K is already defined by A 2 n . As pointed out to us by Hanspeter Kraft, this fact together with a result of Harm Derksen (see [H. Derksen, Polynomial bounds for rings of invariants, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 129 (4) (2001) 955–963]) implies, indeed, that A = A r where r = ( 2 n 2 ) dim p .
The long-range restriction map surrounding the mouse agouti locus reveals a disparity between physical and genetic distances.

Abstract Isolation of a gene based on its location, which depends on aligning physical landmarks with the genetic map, can yield basic information about genome structure and organization. As a first step toward isolating the mouse agouti ( A ) locus, we have begun to define the physical position of this gene relative to genetically linked DNA probes from the Psp, Emv-15 , and Src loci. Using a combination of pulsed-field gel techniques that include partial digestion with rare-cutting restriction enzymes and analysis of polymorphic sites present in certain inbred strains, we have constructed long-range restriction maps for each of the probes that span a total of more than 3000 kb. The Src and Emv-15 probes are less than 600 kb apart, but are separated from the Psp probe by at least 1500 kb. By determining the position of a 75-kb deletion that inactivates agouti function, we have localized the A locus to within 500 kb of the Psp probe, but more than 600 kb away from the Emv-15 probe. These physical distances contrast with the known recombination frequencies, 3±3 cM for A - Psp and A - Emv -15, and suggest that recombination between A and Emv-15 may be suppressed.
Digital Power: from Marketing Buzzword To Market Relevance

Digital control of power management systems has experienced a slow rate of acceptance in the market. How and why will it gain it?
Measurement error and outcomes defined by exceeding a threshold: biased findings in comparative effectiveness trials.

In medical studies, the long-term level of a risk factor exceeding a threshold is often an outcome of interest. In practice, such a risk factor may not be directly measurable. Instead, outcome variables are based on a single or multiple biomedical measurements that have substantial variability. This variability is due to measurement error in a strict sense, true day-to-day variability, or a combination of the two. Estimates of prevalence based on such outcomes are biased; some individuals with long-term levels below the threshold will be diagnosed, and some with long-term levels above the threshold will not be diagnosed. From a public health point of view, this is a relatively minor concern; it is much less important than the fact that many individuals are not tested at all. However, in comparative effectiveness research studies, such as clinical trials evaluating a new treatment as compared with a placebo or a gold standard treatment, the combination of a noisy measurement and a threshold can distort the studies’ conclusions in important ways. Using simulations and theoretical formulas, we systematically describe the bias of prevalence difference and prevalence ratio when comparing arms and its effect on trial conclusions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
They Hear, But Do Not Listen: Retention for Podcasted Material in a Classroom Context

This study examined the retention of students who listened to podcasts of a primary source to the retention of students who read the source as text. We also assessed students’ preferences and study habits. Quiz scores revealed that the podcast group performed more poorly than did students who read the text. Although students initially preferred podcasts, their preferences changed immediately after the quiz. Podcasts might be a useful tool to supplement or enrich course-related material, but they are not as effective as text for delivering primary content.
EFFECTS OF CHAMBER GEOMETRY AND GAS PROPERTIES ON HYDRODYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF IFE CHAMBERS

The rep rate of an inertial fusion energy facility depends on the time-dependent response of the chamber environment between target ignitions. The fusion burn following the target ignition releases large quantities of energy into the chamber. This energy should be removed and the environment should he returned to a quiescent state so that the new fusion target can be positioned for the next cycle. Understanding the hydrodynamic transport of this energy through the chamber fill gas is essential because the multidimensional geometry effects become important on the long time scale, as the fluid interacts with the vessel wall containing various beam access ports. This interaction affects several different modes of the chamber species transport, including convection induced by shock waves and secondary flow, molecular diffusion, electron conductivity and radiation. In order to investigate these phenomena, we have developed SPARTAN code as an assembly of algorithms that were the most suitable for an accurate treatment of the computational problem, such as shock wave resolution and tracking, underlying flow physics and complex wall geometry. This study demonstrates that the geometry effects are critical in affecting the flow during the first 50 milliseconds following the target ignition. Thermal diffusion by molecules and free electrons has only a moderate effect in reducing the temperature extrema and is not sufficient to cool down the chamber to the equilibrium with the chamber wall within 100 ms. Radiation of the background plasma was identified as the only transport mechanism that has approached to this goal, making the chamber environment more suitable for inserting the next target.
13C-NMR spectroscopy of human atherosclerotic lesions. Relation between fatty acid saturation, cholesteryl ester content, and luminal obstruction.

Previous investigations have used 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to demonstrate the similarities between lipoproteins and the mobile lipids of atheroma. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that 13C-NMR changes are related to indices of histological severity. We classified 20 human arteries according to their obstruction ratio (OR), defined as the ratio of the plaque area to the area delimited by the external elastic lamina. In group A, OR was 40%. We analyzed at 9.4 T the resonances of unsaturated (UFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) carbons, the resonances of the carbons 19 and 21 (C19, C21) of cholesteryl esters (CE), the methine carbon peak of fatty acids (CH2)n, the choline peak from phospholipids (PL), and the glycerol peak from triglyceride (TG). The UFA/PUFA, UFA/(CH2)n, and PUFA/(CH2)n ratios are markers of fatty acid saturation. (C19, C21)/(CH2)n, choline/(CH2)n, and glycerol/(CH2)n are indices of CE, PL, and TG content, respectively. UFA/PUFA in group A is 1.15 +/- 0.34 versus 1.63 +/- 0.32 in group B (P = .005). PUFA/(CH2)n is 0.26 +/- 0.10 in group A versus 0.16 +/- 0.04 in group B (P = .049). C19, C21/(CH2)n in group A is 0.32 +/- 0.15 versus 0.63 +/- 0.23 for group B (P = .003). No significant difference was found in UFA/(CH2)n or in the TG or PL ratios. 13C spectral examination of human atherosclerosis demonstrates decreased resonances for polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains and cholesteryl esters with increasing obstruction.
On the origin of HNC in Comet Lee

We have modelled the chemistry occurring in the coma of Comet Lee and have critically evaluated the possible routes leading to HNC. We show that the observed levels of HNC cannot be produced by ion–molecule chemistry, or by reactions of energetic H atoms with HCN. Rather, it appears that HNC is injected into the coma following the photodestruction of an unknown precursor. We discuss the possible nature of the parent of HNC and conclude that photofragmentation of large HCN polymers, such as polyaminocyanomethylene (PACM), is responsible. The degradation of hydrogen cyanide polymers may constitute a common source of HNC in comets, accounting for HNC/HCN ratios in the range measured in Lee and Hyakutake (≈0.06–0.12). The high HNC/HCN ratio measured in Hale–Bopp (≈0.2) and its heliocentric variation may, however, require an additional source.
Stereotypes in Disguise: The Dual School Lives of Japanese Immigrant Students

This study investigated how Japanese adolescents behaved and performed in differing educational contexts. A qualitative analysis of 12 male and 11 female students revealed that they were quiet and reserved and fit the model minority stereotype while attending public/private schools in an urban region of the northwestern part of the United States. In contrast, at a Japanese weekend school the same students were relaxed, loud, and careless about academic performance. The findings of the study suggest a unique function of an ethnic language school beyond the maintenance of language and culture.
An equivalent source model for the study of radiated electromagnetic fields in multi-machine electric drive systems

In this paper we develop an equivalent model for electrical machines which is useful for the study of radiated electromagnetic fields in a multi source environment. The proposed models are created from a representative cylinder loops and cubes carrying a set of currents in the cylinder branches as well as voltages at the nodes of the cubes or loops. The amount of current and voltage of the model are obtained based on the current density and electric field displacement of the windings of the actual machines. The geometry of the cube model were calculated based upon a genetic algorithm-based particle swarm minimization process taking into consideration the actual size and the operating conditions of drive system being studied. To investigate the accuracy of model, the electric and magnetic fields propagated from the model at a point far from the drive systems were compared with the actual model. The simulated results show excellent accuracy and practical simulation time compared to full three dimensional finite element model of actual machine. This makes the proposed model ideal for the development of accurate tools for the estimation of radiated electromagnetic field emissions from electric drives and multi conductor environments during their development stage. For verification, the equivalent model is used in multi machine scale and the results of the equivalent model of multi machine case match the result of the actual model case.
Pathogenesis of Lung Vasculitis

Vasculitides that affect the lung represent a diverse group of diseases with various systemic clinical manifestations, and include microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, formerly Wegener granulomatosis), Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), and anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease (Goodpasture syndrome). The etiologies of these diseases remain largely unknown. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of each differ, these diseases overlap by the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in the vast majority of patients with MPA and GPA, and a substantial minority of patients with CSS and anti-GBM disease. This article reviews the current understanding of the pathogenesis of these four disease entities.
The approximate modal interface—solution space projection method including internal ports for efficient finite-element analysis of multilayer printed circuits

The approximate modal interface—solution space projection (AMI-SSP) [1] is a combined domain decomposition—model order reduction (DD-MOR) algorithm for efficient broadband simulation of multilayer printed circuits. The AMI method solves each layer of a circuit board independently and reduces the problem to a global interface system which couples all the layers. The mesh of each layer can be generated and refined independently without being consistent at a subdomain interface. In the AMI-SSP algorithm, SSP [2] is first performed in each layer to generate reduced-order models, with which the AMI computation is accelerated significantly and a fast frequency sweep is achieved.
Subspace-Based Self-Calibration of Mutual Coupling in Uniform and Circular Array

To achieve the theoretical high performance, array calibration is an indispensable procedure. In this paper, a novel mutual coupling calibration algorithm is proposed for uniform and circular array (UCA). The new method uses the subspace principle to estimate the coupling coefficients, requiring none calibration sources. Conditions are provided for the existence of a solution. Computer simulations show the effectiveness and behavior of the proposed method and prove that the nice statistical properties of classical super-resolution DOA estimation algorithms can be restored despite the presence of mutual coupling.
Low-Level Jet Climatology from Enhanced Rawinsonde Observations at a Site in the Southern Great Plains

Abstract A climatology of the Great Plains low-level jet (LLJ) is developed from 2 yr of research rawinsonde data obtained up to eight times per day at a site in north-central Oklahoma. These data have better height and time resolution than earlier studies, and show that jets are stronger than previously reported and that the heights of maximum wind speed are closer to the ground. LLJs are present in 47% of the warm season soundings and 45% of the cold season soundings. More than 50% of the LLJs have wind maxima below 500 m above ground level (AGL). Because the 404-MHz radar profiler network in the central United States has its first data points at 500 m AGL, it is likely to miss some LLJ events and will have inadequate vertical resolution of LLJ wind structure. Previous studies have identified LLJs on the basis of a wind speed profile criterion. This criterion fails to separate the classical southerly LLJs from the less frequent northerly jets, which differ in both structure and evolution. Classical sout...
The complexity of treatments for persons with epilepsy.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the types of antiepileptic medication regimens and the types of actions required to take medications for a group of patients with epilepsy. The Epilepsy Medication and Treatment Complexity Index (EMTCI) was used to gather information about medications and treatments. The sample of 314 reported on 585 epilepsy medications. The majority (56%) were on more than one treatment. On average, an individual took 1.86 medications per day (range, 1–6) and 7.98 pills per day (range, 1–36 pills). Most medications (54%) were taken twice a day. The most common special instruction was taking different doses on the same day. Taking more than one tablet per dose was the most common administrative action. Data presented here raise interesting areas for further research as well as important clinical implications.
The Impact of Institutional Discrimination on Psychiatric Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: A Prospective Study

Objectives. We examined the relation between living in states that instituted bans on same-sex marriage during the 2004 and 2005 elections and the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations.Methods. We used data from wave 1 (2001–2002) and wave 2 (2004–2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 34 653), a longitudinal, nationally representative study of noninstitutionalized US adults.Results. Psychiatric disorders defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, increased significantly between waves 1 and 2 among LGB respondents living in states that banned gay marriage for the following outcomes: any mood disorder (36.6% increase), generalized anxiety disorder (248.2% increase), any alcohol use disorder (41.9% increase), and psychiatric comorbidity (36.3% increase). These psychiatric disorders did not increase significantly among LGB respondents living in states without constitutional a...
Studies of exclusion in individuals with severe mental retardation

Exclusion performances in matching to sample are demonstrated when subjects select experimentally undefined comparison stimuli in the presence of undefined sample stimuli, apparently by rejecting defined comparison stimuli. Several studies have documented exclusion performances in a small number of individuals with severe mental retardation. These studies also demonstrated the potential of exclusion procedures for establishing prerequisites for emergent naming performances. The present study examined exclusion in a larger cohort of subjects. Initial experiments asked two questions. First, how reliably would exclusion performances be demonstrated? Second, would those performances be followed by emergent naming, and, if so, how reliably? Follow-up experiments examined the stimulus control basis for exclusion performances. Our findings and conclusions can be summarized as follows: First, reliable exclusion was demonstrated in nearly all subjects. Second, naming performances typically emerged. These performances were seen in the context of a recent experimental history of matching to sample and of naming baseline stimuli in the experimental format. Third, apparent exclusion may sometimes result from relating undefined sample and comparison stimuli. Together, our findings suggest potentially effective strategies for teaching people with mental retardation and point to variables that should be considered when designing exclusion-based teaching interventions.
Adverse Outcomes Associated With Nerve Stimulator–Guided and Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Nerve Blocks by Supervised Trainees: Update of a Single-Site Database

Background We previously published a retrospective review of complications related to peripheral nerve blocks performed by supervised trainees, from our quality assurance and billing data, guided by either ultrasound, with nerve stimulator confirmation, or landmark-based nerve stimulator techniques. This report updates our results, for the period from May 2008 through December 2011, representing ongoing transition to near-complete combined ultrasound/nerve stimulator guidance in a block-oriented, outpatient orthopedic anesthesia practice. Methods We queried our deidentified departmental quality improvement electronic database for adverse outcomes associated with peripheral nerve blocks. Billing records were also deidentified and used to provide the denominator of total number of blocks using each technique of neurolocation. The types of blocks considered in this analysis were interscalene, axillary, femoral, sciatic, and popliteal-sciatic blocks. Nerve block complications based on each type of guidance were then compared for the entire recent 30-month time period, as well as for the 6-year period of this report. Results There were 9062 blocks performed by ultrasound/nerve stimulator, and 5436 by nerve stimulator alone over the entire 72-month period. Nerve injuries lasting longer than 1 year were rare, but similar in frequency with both nerve guidance techniques. The incidence of local anesthetic systemic toxicity was found to be higher with landmark–nerve stimulator technique than with use of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks (6/5436 vs 0/9069, P = 0.0061). Conclusions We report a large series of combined ultrasound/nerve stimulator nerve blocks by supervised trainees without major local anesthetic systemic toxicity. While lacking the compelling evidence of randomized controlled trials, this observational database nonetheless allows increased confidence in the safety of using combined ultrasound/nerve stimulator in the setting of anesthesiologists-in-training.
Isothermal adsorption kinetics properties of carbon dioxide in crushed coal

Understanding the dynamic response of coal to carbon dioxide sorption is crucial for optimizing carbon dioxide sequestration in unmineable coal seams and enhanced coalbed methane recovery. In order to explore the adsorption kinetics of carbon dioxide in coal, 15 isothermal adsorption tests were conducted on bituminous and sub‐bituminous coals at 50°C for increasing equilibrium pressures (up to 4 MPa). The pseudo‐second order (PSO) model is introduced to approximate the carbon dioxide sorption kinetics in coal, and the kinetics properties are then investigated via the PSO model. The linear relationship between (t/q) and (t) is validated and confirmed with a high correlation coefficient (>99%). The kinetics parameter, k 2 , decreases with both increasing equilibrium sorption pressure and increasing pressure difference. The sorption equilibrium content, Q e , in each sorption stage depends on both the final equilibrium pressure and the pressure difference. Based on the relationship between sorption content and time, the sorption content for different pressure ranges is predicted using different time intervals. The analysis indicates that the adsorption process for carbon dioxide in coal is a combination of both bulk diffusion‐controlled and surface interaction‐controlled processes; the former dominates the initial stage while the latter controls the majority of the overall process. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Diet of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in Korea: Food Items and Seasonal Changes

Abstract Although the diet of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) has been studied worldwide, little information on the species’ feeding behavior has been reported for East Asia. To document prey composition and seasonal foraging habits, we collected prey remains and observed hunting behavior of Peregrine Falcons from 2001 to 2013 in the Republic of Korea. We identified 362 prey items comprising 77 species, including two insect species, two globally threatened avian species, and three owls. We found wide variation in prey mass, ranging from 0.3 g to 1103 g; the geometric mean prey weight (GMPW) was 128.8 ± 3.5 g, and 74.3% of prey taxa were <240 g in body mass. The diversity and body mass of peregrine prey varied seasonally; peregrines tended to hunt for a few large-bodied prey species in winter when nonbreeding waterbirds were most abundant, whereas they fed on small- to medium-sized birds during other seasons. In particular, peregrines fed on more species in spring and autumn, likely because of the inc...