cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexity matching and lexical matching in monolingual and bilingual conversations

When people interact, aspects of their speech and language patterns often converge in interactions involving one or more languages. Most studies of speech convergence in conversations have examined monolingual interactions, whereas most studies of bilingual speech convergence have examined spoken responses to prompts. However, it is not uncommon in multilingual communities to converse in two languages, where each speaker primarily produces only one of the two languages. The present study examined complexity matching and lexical matching as two measures of speech convergence in conversations spoken in English, Spanish, or both languages. Complexity matching measured convergence in the hierarchical timing of speech, and lexical matching measured convergence in the frequency distributions of lemmas produced. Both types of matching were found equally in all three language conditions. Taken together, the results indicate that convergence is robust to monolingual and bilingual interactions because it stems from basic mechanisms of coordination and communication.
Two Tier Analysis of Social Media Collaboration for Student Migration

Global adoption of Social Media as the preferred medium for collaboration and information exchange is increasingly reshaping social realities and facilitating new research methodologies in various disciplines. Social Media applications are collecting a large amount of User-Generated Content (UGC) and web data that contains knowledge about novel approaches of global collaboration between people. We have done a detailed study of the factors that lead to student migration, as espoused by social scientists, and compared it with factors observed by analyzing over 10 million Twitter posts. Using the gravity model as our baseline, we built a novel methodology to identify the features and facts that twitter posts offer for studying human collaboration during migration. We leveraged methods from Natural Language Processing (NLP) to extract contents specific to migration from social media posts. We used topic modeling-Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to extract the topics from tweets and word embedding-Word to vector (W2V) to find the correlation and similarity between UGC and socioeconomics theories. In this paper, we present our methodology in detail, along with the results of our analysis.
Reducing fossil fuel consumption in the household sector by enabling technology and behavior

Abstract Inspired by Beyond Politics and extending its thesis focusing on the household sector’s potential in enabling energy efficiency technology and behavioral plasticity in reducing carbon emissions, we examine this sector’s critical role in the operation of grid-connected technologies, particularly electric vehicles (EVs) and demand response (DR), through the lens of private governance. In this perspective, we present a framework for understanding social-technological integration. We discuss the role of households’ actions in technology adoption and operation and utilities’ actions contributing to the impact of these technologies on emissions reduction. Our perspective attempts to offer a brief overview and some insights regarding the energy-saving potential from consumer initiatives and utility programs in motivating customers to adopt DR and EVs, while highlighting the behavioral challenges to realizing sufficient reductions in carbon emissions. We observe, indeed, that the household sector can contribute significantly to the reduction of carbon emissions with technical innovations that bring customers to the center of control and decision-making.
Dynamical Role of Pivotal Brain Regions in Parkinson Symptomatology Uncovered with Deep Learning.

Background: The release of a broad, longitudinal anatomical dataset by the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative promoted a surge of machine-learning studies aimed at predicting disease onset and progression. However, the excessive number of features used in these models often conceals their relationship to the Parkinsonian symptomatology. Objectives: The aim of this study is two-fold: (i) to predict future motor and cognitive impairments up to four years from brain features acquired at baseline; and (ii) to interpret the role of pivotal brain regions responsible for different symptoms from a neurological viewpoint. Methods: We test several deep-learning neural network configurations, and report our best results obtained with an autoencoder deep-learning model, run on a 5-fold cross-validation set. Comparison with Existing Methods: Our approach improves upon results from standard regression and others. It also includes neuroimaging biomarkers as features. Results: The relative contributions of pivotal brain regions to each impairment change over time, suggesting a dynamical reordering of culprits as the disease progresses. Specifically, the Putamen is initially the most critical region accounting for the overall cognitive state, only being surpassed by the Substantia Nigra in later years. The Pallidum is the first region to influence motor scores, followed by the parahippocampal and ambient gyri, and the anterior orbital gyrus. Conclusions: While the causal link between regional brain atrophy and Parkinson symptomatology is poorly understood, our methods demonstrate that the contributions of pivotal regions to cognitive and motor impairments are more dynamical than generally appreciated.
ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC INDUCER AND SUPPRESSOR FACTORS FROM POOLED LEUKOCYTE DIALYSATES OF UNSELECTED DONORS BY AFFINITY ADSORPTION

Publisher Summary It has been shown that antigen-specific inducer and suppressor factors may be isolated from dialysates of leukocyte extracts (DLE) by affinity adsorption and assayed by means of the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test. These observations suggested that purified antigen-specific factors could be obtained from the DLE of leukocytes of unselected donors which had been pooled to yield larger quantities of material with consistent activity. This chapter discusses such immunoadsorbant techniques to permit the isolation and purification of inducer and suppressor substances from unselected donors. The preliminary results indicate that inducer and suppressor factors for multiple antigens can be isolated with regularity from DLE preparations of random blood donors and can be pooled to yield bulk quantities of inducer and suppressor factors. The ability to produce these factors in quantity should facilitate their analysis and our understanding of their respective roles in immune function.
Guerrilla marketing counterinsurgency and capitalism in Colombia

Every year, scholars add a significant quantity of academic production to the already long list of publications on the Colombian conflict. For this reason, the media anthropologist Alexander Fattal...
Genetic variability of cooking time in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) related to seed coat thickness and the cotyledon cell wall.

Abstract Dry beans are an affordable, nutritious food that often require long cooking times. Storage time and conditions, growing environment, and genotype influence cooking times. Little is known about factors underlying genetic variation for cooking time. Using fast and slow cooking genotypes from four different seed types (brown, cranberry, red mottled, yellow), the objectives of this study were to (1) characterize genetic variability for cooking time across multiple soaking time points; (2) determine the roles of seed coat and cotyledon cell wall physical traits in genetic variability for cooking time; and (3) identify seed coat and cotyledon cell wall compositional differences associated with genetic variability for cooking time. Genotypes were evaluated for cooking time on unsoaked beans and beans soaked for 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. Cooking times were sharply reduced after 3 h of soaking and plateaued after 6 h of soaking. Interestingly, the genotypes in each pair that cooked faster when soaked did not necessarily cook faster when unsoaked. Greater seed coat percentage, cotyledon cell wall thickness, total and insoluble whole seed dietary fiber, and insoluble cotyledon cell wall isolate were genotypic factors associated with longer cooking times of soaked beans. Thicker seed coat macrosclereid- and osteosclereid-layers were genotypic factors associated with longer cooking times of unsoaked beans. These findings suggest that cotyledon cell wall thickness and composition have a significant role in genetic variability for cooking time of soaked beans and seed coat layer thickness relates to the genetic variability for cooking time of unsoaked beans.
An Experimental Study of Rate and Beam Adaptation in 60 GHz WLANs

In this paper, we conduct an extensive experimental study of the two primary link adaptation mechanisms in 60 GHz WLANs, namely rate adaptation and beam adaptation, using a large data set collected from a 60 GHz software-defined radio testbed. First, we compare the effectiveness of the two mechanisms in a variety of indoor environments and scenarios, including linear and angular displacement, mobility, blockage, and interference. Next, we study the effectiveness of two rate adaptation approaches -- SNR-based rate adaptation, which has been proposed by recent works, and a learning-based approach using PHY layer information. Our results show that the former performs poorly in practical scenarios, while the latter is promising, especially when combined with online training. Finally, we explore the effectiveness of maintaining backup beams to speedup link recovery and reduce the beam training overhead. We show that this heuristic fails in scenarios involving angular displacement on the receiver side but is quite effective in most other scenarios.
Cytotoxic Effects of N,N -Diethyl- Meta -Toluamide (DEET) on Sinonasal Epithelia.

Although the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis remains unknown, environmental factors including airborne pollutants and toxicants are postulated to contribute to its pathogenesis. However, the pre...
Counting What Counts: Epidemiologic Measurement and Generating Meaningful Findings

Quantitative data serve key purposes in global mental health. They tell us who is in need of care, how well that care is working, and what risk and protective factors are associated with mental health outcomes. It is therefore vital to ensure that our quantitative data are collected in ethical ways. A key concern is how we decide what to measure. In particular, whose goals and priorities are we attempting to meet – funders, other researchers, or the individuals and communities we hope to serve through our interventions? Additionally, we must consider how our measures are designed. Simple translation of screening tools is often insufficient for capturing mental health needs and experiences in a new setting. Mixed-method approaches to cultural adaptation can ensure that our tools are comprehensible, acceptable, and relevant and that they reflect what matters most. Although screening tools should ideally be validated, there are trade-offs to consider in validation studies. Finally, it is vital that epidemiologic data only be collected if procedures are in place for referring individuals identified as in need of care. Drawing on case studies from Haiti and Nigeria, I demonstrate some of the complexities of ensuring ethical measurement procedures in global mental health.
High-discharge disturbance does not alter the seasonal trajectory of nutrient uptake in a montane stream

Flood disturbances scour stream benthos and initiate biofilm succession. Nutrient uptake is generally expected to increase over successional time, but succession likely depends on the environmental context and seasonal timing or frequency of flooding. To explore how a midsummer flood alters uptake in streams with predictable snowmelt-driven spring floods followed by typically stable summertime flow, we present two summers of uptake and biofilm trajectories in the East River, a high elevation oligotrophic stream in central Colorado, USA. In 2017, a large rainstorm caused a midsummer flood 3.4 × the previous week’s average discharge. Biofilm biomass accrued and areal P uptake increased after the flood. During the same timeframe of 2018 without any midsummer floods, biofilm biomass and P uptake declined. N uptake did not change in either year. The ratio of biofilm chlorophyll-a to ash-free dry mass explained 84% of the variation in N uptake across both years, whereas an additional model term for ambient P explained 96% of the variation in P uptake. Higher proportion of algae was associated with greater uptake of both nutrients, suggesting that algae drive uptake, whereas temperature and light availability did not influence uptake, suggesting that nutrient-limited heterotrophs could also provide important controls.
Multi-ethnic Investigation of Risk and Immune Determinants of COVID-19 Outcomes

Objectives: To compare risk factors for COVID-19 mortality among hospitalized Hispanic, Non-Hispanic Black, and White patients. Design: Retrospecitve cohort study Setting: Five hosptials within a single academic health system Participants: 3,086 adult patients with self-reported race/ethnicity information presenting to the emergency department and hospitalized with COVID-19 up to April 13, 2020. Main outcome measures: In-hospital mortality Results: While older age (multivariable OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.05-1.07) and baseline hypoxia (multivariable OR 2.71, 95% CI 2.17-3.36) were associated with increased mortality overall and across all races/ethnicities, Non-Hispanic Black (median age 67, IQR 58-76) and Hispanic (median age 63, IQR 50-74) patients were younger and had different comorbidity profiles compared to Non-Hispanic White patients (median age 73, IQR 62-84; p<0.05 for both comparisons). Among inflammatory markers associated with COVID-19 mortality, there was a significant interaction between the Non-Hispanic Black population and interleukin-1-beta (interaction p-value 0.04). Conclusions: This analysis of a multi-ethnic cohort highlights the need for inclusion and consideration of diverse popualtions in ongoing COVID-19 trials targeting inflammatory cytokines.
Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media

Chapter 3 concluded with a discussion of the dispersive effects that arise in isotropic materials due to the microscopic nature of the ‘springs’ that make up the material. Another kind of dispersion arises when the wave functions that exhibit the transitions that give rise to the dielectric constant are not strictly symmetric. In this case, as will be seen in the coming paragraphs, the relation between the propagation constant and the optical frequency can be not only nonlinear but also multivalued. This multivaluedness can lead to very many interesting polarization effects, as we will presently see. Analysis of these effects will allow us to use some of the tools we developed in Chapter 2, as well as to come to a better understanding of how the polarization converting devices we discussed in that chapter work.
Stripping the Memoir

Late at night when I can't sleep, I think about stories: why certain memoirists pull me close, surrendering a life's worth of certainty and confusion while others tell me a story that seems too familiar, too predictable, a linear tagging of traumatic events. What I've come to see is that it's not merely a case of subject matter, but a ques tion of the intimacy and judgment that accompanies self-revelation. Intimacy is the most difficult act of creation in the memoir because it depends on a narrative honesty that balances on the razor's edge of self-knowledge. The lure in the memoir isn't: open your life to me, but something more difficult: create a melody of your contradictions. Contradiction is at the heart of confession. Look, for example, at the narrator of Kathryn Harrison's The Kiss: the narrator desires merger with the father and, in equal measure, longs for release from his grip; she desires heightened visibility while simultaneously seeking annihilation. The book itself is a fever of contradictory pur poses, beginning with the father's megalomaniac need to consume the daughter and the daughter's desire to be needed and loved for herself. The story, a long unraveling of the transgression initiated by the kiss, demands a retrospective gaze back to childhood, to the mother, to the place where the mother "refuses consciousness of me: I do not exist." The grip of the story is whether the daughter can save herself after her fall from grace into the landscape of self-loathing and moral despair. In another memoir, Carolyn Slaughter's Before the Knife, the nar rator seeks release from the seething violence of her colonialist family in British-ruled Botswana and simultaneously longs only to fit into the orbit of her mother, even as that mother retreats behind her mosquito net. For the narrator, violence (to self, to others, from others) alternates with the need for beauty, for the solace of wilder ness and the more pagan life of instinct which the bush demands. Without the pleasures of the bush, the daughter is lost to the cru elty and violence of the father and the neglect and passivity of the mother. Although the story relates the last days of colonialist rule in Africa, Before the Knife takes its narrative landscape from perverted
A NATURALISTIC STUDY OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN'S AGGRESSION

In the three years since Maccoby and Jacklin presented their posi tion, experimental studies on human aggression have come under increased scrutiny. In particular, the apparent consistency of findings showing males more aggressive than females has been questioned on methodological grounds. Reviewing the literature on children's aggression, Caplan (1975) noted that sex differences were greatest in those studies in which the adult observer's presence was most conspicuous, suggesting an experimenter (expectancy) effect. Frodi, Macauley, and Thome (1977), examining the experimental studies on adult aggression, concluded that sex differences tended to be minimized when aggression anxiety was inhibited by instructions which justified aggressive behavior. In addition, they noted that many studies on sex differences in aggression have confounded sex of subject with sex of target. Since a majority of studies have reported that males are more frequently aggressed against than females, this may constitute a serious methodological problem. Naturalistic, observational studies on children's aggression have not employed methods that would allow for assessment and control of such contextual factors, which might mediate the relationship be tween sex and aggression. For example, Maccoby and Jacklin cited eight recent observational studies showing boys more aggressive than girls on at least one measure of peer aggression, in contrast to one showing females more aggressive and five showing no sex differences (p. 230). Close examination reveals few systematic attempts to con trol for the variables which might contribute to sex differences in
INFERTILITY INSURANCE MANDATES AND MULTIPLE BIRTHS

In 2002, 15.4% of women of childbearing age in the USA reported struggles with infertility. Over the past 3 decades, drugs and assisted reproductive technologies have been developed to treat infertility, but treatment is costly. Since 1985, several states have adopted insurance mandates that require providers to cover or offer infertility treatments. In this paper, I examine the impact of strong mandate-to-cover laws on multiple births, which are associated with infertility treatment use. I also investigate whether the laws had heterogeneous treatment effects. Using birth certificate data from 1980–2002, I show that the laws had a small and statistically insignificant impact on multiple birth rates. However, I find that there were over 5300 mandate-induced triplet and higher-order births over the period, for which the delivery costs alone are estimated to be over $900 million. Increases in multiple birth rates are only observed for women over 30 and are greater for women who are married, white, or have a college degree. This is consistent with previous work, which finds that the mandates did not reduce disparities in treatment use. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Browsing the mobile web: device, small cell, and distributed mobile caches

The increasing amounts of data requested by mobile client devices has given rise to broad research endeavors to determine how network providers can cope with this challenge. Based on real world data used to derive upper limits of web page complexity, we provide an evaluation of web browsing and localized caching approaches. In this paper, we employ two different user-browsing models for (i) individual mobile clients, (ii) mobile clients sharing one centralized small cell cache, and (iii) mobile clients operating in an energy-optimized co-located fashion. We find that for a given content popularity distribution, average group savings due to caching depend highly on the user model. Furthermore, we find that for the purpose of overall savings determinations, an aggregated virtual cache falls within less than ten percent of a more elaborate energy-conscious approach to caching.
Electrochemical micro flow cell for rapid PET tracer synthesis

286 Objectives A versatile electrochemical micro flow cell was designed to repeatedly extract [18F]fluoride from an aqueous solution faster and more efficiently than traditional evaporation and other electrochemical techniques. Based on this cell, a compact and robust flow-through synthesizer with feedback control was designed for practical microfluidic synthesis of FDG, the most widely used PET probe. Methods Aqueous [18F]fluoride is passed through the cell with electric field applied to trap [18F]F- ions on the anode. The cell is then dried with solvent and gas, and the [18F]F- is released into anhydrous solvent. Parameters that can impact the ion kinetics are optimized and fluoride released into a K2.2.2 solution is first reacted with mannose triflate and subsequently hydrolyzed with 1M HCl in a flow-through fashion. The platinum-metal-oxide electrochemical cell reported here avoids glassy carbon erosion reported in other approaches, allowing operation at higher voltages and faster speeds, reusability of the cell and increased reproducibility of performance. Results Reproducible trapping and release was achieved in over 100 experiments in the same electrochemical cell. In typical operation, trapping was performed at room temperature with 20VDC potential and 94±4% (n=8) of the radioactivity was trapped within approximately 30sec. After trapping, the cell was flushed with MeCN and dried with N2, with negligible loss of radioactivity. The [18F]fluoride was released with 64±4% (n=8) efficiency into a 300µl solution of MeCN+K2.2.2+ K2CO3 by heating the cell to 65°C and applying a sinusoidal voltage for 2 min. A flow-through synthesizer was designed to mix and react the released solution with mannose triflate at 100°C. At 0.5ml/min, this process which took an added 4 minutes produced [18F]FTAG with 85±4% (n=3) conversion, analyzed by radio-TLC. Conclusions Reliable trapping and release was achieved in an electrochemical micro flow cell with a brass anode and Pt cathode. The same flow cell was used in multiple experiments to synthesize [18F]FTAG with conversion above 80%
Postharvest Changes in Glycoalkaloid Content of Potatoes

Potatoes contain antinutritional and potentially toxic compounds including inhibitors of digestive enzymes, hemagglutinins, and glycoalkaloids. Solanum glycoalkaloids are reported to inhibit Cholinesterase, disrupt cell membranes, and induce teratogenicity. In this overview, we describe the role of potatoes in the human diet, reported changes in glycoalkaloid content of fresh and processed potatoes during storage, under the influence of light and radiation, following mechanical damage, and as a result of food processing. Also covered are safety aspects and suggested research needs to develop a protocol that can be adopted by the potato producers and processors to minimize post-harvest synthesis of glycoalkaloids in potatoes. Reducing the glycoalkaloid content of potatoes will provide a variety of benefits extending from the farm to processing, shipping, marketing, and consumption of potatoes and potato products. A commercially available ELISA kit is described which permits rapid assay of glycoalkaloid content of parts of the potato plant including leaves, tubers, and peel, as well as processed potato products including french fries, chips, and skins. Understanding the multiple overlapping aspects of glycoalkaloids in the plant and in the diet will permit controlling postharvest glycoalkaloid production for the benefit of the producer and consumer.
Psychological Reasoning in Infancy

Adults routinely make sense of others' actions by inferring the mental states that underlie these actions. Over the past two decades, developmental researchers have made significant advances in understanding the origins of this ability in infancy. This evidence indicates that when infants observe an agent act in a simple scene, they infer the agent's mental states and then use these mental states, together with a principle of rationality (and its corollaries of efficiency and consistency), to predict and interpret the agent's subsequent actions and to guide their own actions toward the agent. In this review, we first describe the initial demonstrations of infants' sensitivity to the efficiency and consistency principles. We then examine how infants identify novel entities as agents. Next, we summarize what is known about infants' ability to reason about agents' motivational, epistemic, and counterfactual states. Finally, we consider alternative interpretations of these findings and discuss the current controversy about the relation between implicit and explicit psychological reasoning.
Characterizing cartilage ultrastructure using noninvasive depth-resolved polarimetric imaging

Using enhanced polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (EPS-OCT), we demonstrate visualization and quantification of collagen fiber ultrastructure in cartilage. This is important for understanding the physiological and mechanical properties of cartilage and its associated diseases.
One step integration methods with maximum stability regions

Abstract One step integration methods, using K function evaluations, for the solution of a system of ordinary differential equations dv / dt = A ⋅ v are evaluated. A general expression for a class of methods is found for all positive integers K . This class of methods is proven to maximize the interval on the imaginary axis which is contained in the stability region such that the stability constraint is optimized. It is proven that every method with this optimal stability property has a polynomial M defined by y 1+, Δt = M ⋅ v i for which M ( iS l )= exp ( iS l π /2) where S l = K − l .
Quasi-multipliers of operator spaces $

We use the injective envelope to study quasi-multipliers of operator spaces. We prove that all representable operator algebra products that an operator space can be endowed with are induced by quasi-multipliers. We obtain generalizations of the Banach–Stone theorem.
Rippling mode in the subsolar magnetopause current layer and its influence on three‐dimensional magnetic reconnection

[1] The properties of an asymmetric magnetopause current layer without a guide magnetic field are investigated using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The low-density (magnetosphere) side of the current layer is found to be unstable to an internal mode that ripples the current layer with a wavelength comparable to the ion inertia length based on the high (magnetosheath) density. These modes produce localized perpendicular electric fields with peak magnitude of the order of 100 mV/m, which is more than an order of magnitude greater than in corresponding two-dimensional treatments. The rippling of the current sheet leads to a modulation in the east-west direction on time scales of the order of a second of the electron outflows and Poynting flux produced by magnetic reconnection.
Contamination control program results from three years of ground operations on the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer instruments

A stringent contamination-control plan has been developed for the optical components of the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer instruments, whose performance in the 80-900 A wavelength range is highly sensitive to particulate and molecular contamination. The contamination-control program has been implemented over the last three years during assembly, test and calibration phases of the instrument. These phases have now been completed and the optics cavities of the instruments have been sealed until deployment in space. Various approaches are discussed which have been used during ground operations to meet optics' contamination goals within the project schedule and budget. The measured optical properties of EUV witness mirrors are also presented which remained with the flight mirrors during ground operations. These were used to track optical degradation due to contamination from the cleanroom and high-vacuum test-chamber environments.
Group separation of the actinides from the lanthanides by anion exchange

Abstract The separation of the lanthanides from the tripositive actinides has been successfully accomplished by column elution with lithium chloride solutions 10 M or stronger using a moderately cross-linked, strongly basic anion exchange resin at an elevated temperature. Fractionation of the actinide ions into the groups Pu, AmCm, Bk, and CfEs can be obtained during the same column elution. The distribution coefficient Dv (defined in terms of the geometric resin bed volume) of representative actinides and lanthanides was investigated as a function of LiCl and H+ concentration, temperature, and cross-linkage of the resin, using the column elution technique. In addition, adsorption kinetics were investigated by measurement of americium elution peak half-widths over a range of flow-rates at 25 and 87°C with 2, 8, and 10 per cent DVB resin of several particle sizes. The formation of anionic complexes is markedly influenced by the LiCl and H+ concentrations. Dv for La, Lu, Am and Cf uniformly decreased by nearly one-fourth when the H+ concentration was increased from 0·1 to 1·0 M, while maintaining the chloride ion concentration constant at 10·15 M. Except for deviations observed in the elution order of Gd and Ho and their corresponding actinide homologs, Cm and Es, the elution sequence proceeded in order of increasing atomic number, La being the least strongly adsorbed. Under acceptable operating conditions the ratio D v ( Am ) D v ( La ) = 19 .
MMR: An algorithm for clustering categorical data using Rough Set Theory

A variety of cluster analysis techniques exist to group objects having similar characteristics. However, the implementation of many of these techniques is challenging due to the fact that much of the data contained in today's databases is categorical in nature. While there have been recent advances in algorithms for clustering categorical data, some are unable to handle uncertainty in the clustering process while others have stability issues. This research proposes a new algorithm for clustering categorical data, termed Min-Min-Roughness (MMR), based on Rough Set Theory (RST), which has the ability to handle the uncertainty in the clustering process.
Optical determinations of energy-band dispersion curves in novel compound semiconductor materials

We present magnetoluminescence data which provides a quantitative measure of the energy- band dispersion curves of novel compound semiconductor optoelectronic materials. Data for a n-type strained-layer InGaAs/GaAs (quantum-well width approximately 8 nm) and a n-type 4.5 nm-wide GaAs/AlGaAs lattice-matched single-quantum well are presented. We find that the conduction-bands are almost parabolic, with a mass of about 0.068m0 for the GaAs/AlGaAs structure. The valence-bands are nonparabolic with wave vector dependent in- plane valence-band masses varying from about 0.1m0 at zone center to about 0.3m0 for 20 meV energies.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Camera-based portable system for wind turbine blade tip clearance measurement

Blade tip clearance of wind turbines is a critical operating parameter to prevent catastrophic failures caused by blade striking the tower. There are studies to estimate tip clearance in real time using a physics model. Yet, an accurate tip clearance measurement is highly desired to calibrate the physics model. In this paper, a high-speed camera based portable system for blade tip clearance measurement is proposed. The system provides a flexible method to calibrate the physics model or the models from other methods. It can also be used for any purpose where tip clearance measurement is required. Image processing algorithm is implemented to compute the tip clearance based on camera data. The proposed system is validated with field test in a 1.5 MW wind turbine.
Single-letter cue selection in the paired-associate learning of normal children and retardates

Abstract An attempt was made to assess the amount and locus of cue selection in paired-associate learning of normal children and mental retardates. Subjects learned a five-pair list comprised of trigram stimulus terms and single digit responses. All subjects were response pretrained. Following PA acquisition, a transfer list was given in which the subject was shown a letter from either the initial, medial, or terminal positions of the trigram. He was asked to recall the correct response and reproduce the missing letters. Cue selection was defined as those instances in which the subject was able to recall the correct response but was unable to reproduce either of the missing letters. A control was run in which a fourth group of subjects was shown the entire trigram in the transfer test. Transfer data revealed that both intelligence groups engaged in a substantial amount of single-letter selection, mostly limited to the first letter.
Volunteer satisfaction and volunteer action: A functional approach

A functional approach to understanding the volunteer process was applied to 192 predominantly long-term hospice volunteers. The relationships among volunteer antecedents (motives), experiences (motive fulfillment, satisfaction), and outcomes (time spent volunteering, length of service) were examined. Participants reported greater satisfaction the more their experiences fulfilled their motivations for helping. Satisfaction also predicted time spent volunteering although not volunteer longevity. The amount of time volunteers devoted to the hospice and length of service were only weakly related to either motive or motive fulfillment. Results suggest that motivations for helping should be determined early in the volunteering process in order to match individuals with tasks they will find most rewarding. Less motivated or satisfied individuals may offer less time to the organization but remain volunteers in good standing for many years.
Looking toward 2000, and beyond: Some developmental tendencies in organizations

Based on our combined readings of partially overlapping literatures, and spiced by our consulting experience and instructional work with employees at all levels, this essay identifies 14 developmental tendencies that seem to have a reasonable chance of becoming dominant features of our exploring organizational landscapes. The effort can be labelled “future scan,” with the focal length varying from tendencies that are already observable in numbers of cases to those that seem noteworthy despite their rarity.
Preparation and structure of fluorite-type (Sr,Y)Cl2.05

Abstract Anion excess colorless fluorite-type strontium-yttrium chloride has been prepared. Single crystals of the SrY compound exhibit a primitive cubic lattice with a = 6.967(1)A. Two mutually exclusive structural models for solutions, neither of which is exact, are discussed. The first is a vacancy model in which the extra charge which results from substitution of Y3+ for Sr2+ is balanced by the simultaneous removal of a Sr2+Cl− ion pair. This model requires individual ion sites to be partially occupied and nonequivalent and is strongly suggestive of vacancy ordering. Refinement in space group P1, with sites refined independenty, led to R = 0.1096. The second model describes the structure in terms of a Willis cluster of defects and includes both anion vacancies and interstitial anions. Full-matrix least squares refinement in space group Fm3m, with positions analogous to those in UO2.12 and (Ca,Y)F2.10, converged at R = 0.0633 for the 114 face-centered parent structure reflections whose |F|;2 > σ(F2). This second model is discussed in relation to a probable true solution which involves longrange order.
The actin nucleation factor JMY is a negative regulator of neuritogenesis

Junction-mediating and regulatory protein (JMY) is a p53 cofactor that was re- cently shown to nucleate actin assembly by a hybrid mechanism involving tandem actin monomer binding and Arp2/3 complex activation. However, the regulation and function of JMY remain largely uncharacterized. We examined the activity of JMY in vitro and in cells, its subcellular distribution, and its function in fibroblast and neuronal cell lines. We demonstrat - ed that recombinant full-length JMY and its isolated WASP homology 2 domain, connector, and acidic region (WWWCA) have potent actin-nucleating and Arp2/3-activating abilities in vitro. In contrast, the activity of full-length JMY, but not the isolated WWWCA domain, is sup- pressed in cells. The WWWCA domain is sufficient to promote actin-based bead motility in cytoplasmic extracts, and this activity depends on its ability to activate the Arp2/3 complex. JMY is expressed at high levels in brain tissue, and in various cell lines JMY is predominantly cytoplasmic, with a minor fraction in the nucleus. Of interest, silencing JMY expression in neuronal cells results in a significant enhancement of the ability of these cells to form neu - rites, suggesting that JMY functions to suppress neurite formation. This function of JMY re- quires its actin-nucleating activity. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized func - tion for JMY as a modulator of neuritogenesis.
Methamphetamine Modulates DC-SIGN Expression by Mature Dendritic Cells

We report that methamphetamine (meth) may act as cofactor in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 pathogenesis by increasing dendritic cell (DC)-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3) grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) expression on DCs. Mature DCs (MDCs), obtained from normal subjects, cultured with meth show an up-regulation of DC-SIGN gene and protein expression as analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analyses, respectively. Furthermore, these meth-induced effects were reversed by a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (SCH 23390) and small interfering RNA specific to the D1 receptor (D1R) demonstrating that meth-induced effects are mediated through these receptors. Furthermore, meth in synergy with the HIV-1 peptide gp120 up-regulates DC-SIGN gene expression by MDCs. These data are the first evidence that meth up-regulates the expression of DC-SIGN on MDCs. A better understanding of the role of DC-SIGN in HIV-1 infection may help to design novel therapeutic strategies against the progression of HIV-1 disease in the drug-using population.
A novel role for a TonB-family protein and photoregulation of iron acclimation in Fremyella diplosiphon.

Photosynthetic organisms display adaptations to changes in light and nutrient availability. Iron, which is required for the function of photosynthetic photosystems and other important biochemical processes, is an essential mineral that consequently impacts not only overall photosynthetic efficiency, but also the physiology of organisms in general. Our recent study represents the first functional characterization of a cyanobacterial TonB protein. TonB proteins classically are membrane proteins that support the transport of iron and vitamin B12 into cells. TonB proteins thus generally serve a critical role in organismal iron acclimation. We recently identified FdTonB, a TonB-family protein, in the filamentous freshwater cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon. FdTonB contains conserved TonB residues and domains, as well as novel protein domains. Our recent study, however, supports a novel function for this protein in the photoregulation of morphology, rather than iron acclimation, in F. diplosiphon. Our detail...
The promotion of participatory methods for group events in Zambia: a process evaluation report for unicef 1994–1997

Abstract Beginning in early 1994, UNICEF Zambia made a commitment to emphasize the use of participatory methods in conducting its business. Specifically, this has meant adopting and experimenting with a participatory methodology named VIPP (Visualization in Participatory Programmes) which had been used in a wide variety of group events, ranging from planning and review meetings to training and team building. Three years later, a process evaluation was commissioned to examine the question: How has this initiative been accepted and what effect is it having on UNICEF-supported programmes in Zambia? Employing a widely-utilized framework for evaluating training effectiveness, the evaluation team traced the history of VIPP implementation in Zambia through document reviews and interviews. In addition, the evaluators collected data from three different programme sites in Zambia where VIPP had been used. Several participatory evaluation techniques were used to conduct this evaluation, the first exercise of its kind for assessing VIPP application in Africa. Through this evaluation exercise, the evaluation team has gained knowledge about the strategic benefits and application of VIPP that will help with future planning for VIPP in Zambia and that will also inform other UNICEF offices and organizations about the experience of implementing a participatory methodology for programme and organisational purposes. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The utilization of placental substrates for cortisol synthesis by the baboon fetus near term

Abstract We have determined the proportion of the in vivo cortisol (F) secretion rate (SRF) derived from circulating pregnenolone (P5) and progesterone (P4) in 9 baboon ( Papio papio ) neonates, 5 (4 ♂, 1 ♀) delivered prior to the onset of labor by cesarean section (CS, 164–179 days) and 4 (2 ♂ , 2 ♀) delivered spontaneously at term (SD, 164–179 days; term = 184 days). The metabolic clearance rate (MCR; 1/d/kg) and production rates (PR; mg/d/kg) of P4 and P5 and transfer constants (p) for the reactions P5 → P4 14 P5 → F, and P4 → F, were determined by continuous infusion of [1,2- 3 H] P5 and [4- 14 C] P4. In CS animals the MCR-P5 (41.4 ± 5.6; X ± SE) was lower than the MCR-P4 (74.0 ± 8.5; P We conclude that endogenous adrenal substrates and not placental substrates are the primary precursors utilized for fetal adrenal F production in late baboon gestation.
Imaging the Sella and Parasellar Region

Diagnostic imaging evaluation of a pathologic process suspected to be located within the sellar and parasellar region requires much more than performing a routine CT or MR imaging examination of the brain. An intimate knowledge of the anatomy of the sellar and parasellar region is an essential prerequisite for imaging evaluation of this region. All neural components essential for vision and function of the eye and orbital structures converge in this region and contribute to the anatomic complexity. An understanding of the function of the cranial nerves related to vision and movement of the extraocular muscles aids in developing a more focused imaging examination of this region based on the provided clinical history. Furthermore, familiarity with the type and appearance of the pathologic processes that can be present at this location allows for a more precise and narrow differential diagnosis.
Distribution and sequence analysis of a novel Ty3‐like element in natural Saccharomyces paradoxus isolates

Little is known about the transposable elements of species closely related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We present a novel transposable element in Saccharomyces paradoxus, a close congener of S. cerevisiae. Sequence analysis of this element, designated Ty3-1p, indicates that it is a homologue of the S. cerevisiae Ty3 element. Ty3-1p shares 82% nucleotide identity with an S. cerevisiae Ty3 element and appears to be structured identically to Ty3, containing two overlapping open reading frames, six retroviral-like domains, a J domain, and flanking sigma-like elements. A sigma element from Ty3-1p is 75% identical to a Ty3 sigma element. There is no evidence of horizontal transfer of Ty3 in Saccharomyces sensu stricto. We assess the distributions of Ty3p and Ty3 element insertions in natural population samples of S. paradoxus and S. cerevisiae. The S. paradoxus population sample exhibits Ty3p insertions present at a variety of sites at low frequency; this suggests that Ty3p elements are active in the sampled population. The S. cerevisiae population sample exhibits a uniform Ty3 hybridization profile in which all element insertions appear to be fixed. We comment on the possible causes of these contrasting observed distributions (GenBank Accession Nos AY198186 and AY198187). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ontogeny of the estrogen receptor in the human fetal uterus.

The role of estrogen and its receptor in the development of the human fetal reproductive tract is unknown, but it may be involved in uterine maturation. In mouse and guinea pig uteri, studies have identified estrogen receptor (ER) protein during the fetal period. In the human, there are no published data regarding the ER during fetal uterine development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of ER gene and protein expression in the human fetal uterus. Uteri were obtained from abortuses (n = 43; range, 10-24 weeks gestation) of women undergoing elective termination of pregnancy. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed with whole uteri as well as cultured fetal uterine stroma-like cells (n = 15). Immunolocalization studies were performed on frozen uterine sections using the H222 monoclonal antibody (Abbott Laboratories) directed against the ER (n = 20). Western blotting was used to confirm the identity of the ER protein (n = 3). Ligand binding studies were performed ...
On time dependent multi-grid numerical technique

Abstract The multi-grid method which employs a sequence of nested grids in the solution process is a general numerical technique for solving continuous problems. Implementation of multi-grid algorithm can result in higher accuracy and efficiency than methods with the fixed-grid size and fixed-order of approximation, and specific tests of this are considered in the present study. An introduction to the implementation of the multi-grid method in the solution of time dependent partial differential equation is presented. Multi-grid solutions for the advection equation are compared with published results using the usual fixed-grid method.