cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusion to a random array of identical spherical sinks

The effect of the insertion of one additional spherical sink on the steady state diffusion field of particles migrating to a random array of identical sinks of the same type is determined. The change in particle concentration as a function of the distance from the inserted sink, when averaged over all permissible configurations of the original array, is shown to be of the same form as that arising from insertion of a sink of the same type in a homogeneous lossy medium. The loss rate per atom in this effective medium is found to be of the form DkM2(c (r) − c), where D is the particle diffusivity, c(r) an ensemble-averaged concentration (atomic fraction) defined in the text, and c is the prescribed concentration at each sink surface. The sink strength, kM2, is calculated to be kM2 = λ2 {1 + λa − λ2a2 (16 + γ + ln 6λa)}, with λ2 = 4πCa and γ Euler's constant, C being the average volume concentration of sinks, a their common radius. These results are shown to substantiate the standard rate theory treatment of simultaneous diffusion to many sinks and confirm the existence of correction terms in λa to the sink strength normally employed in this method.
The Neuroendocrinology of Thirst and Salt Appetite: Visceral Sensory Signals and Mechanisms of Central Integration

This review examines recent advances in the study of the behavioral responses to deficits of body water and body sodium that in humans are accompanied by the sensations of thirst and salt appetite. Thirst and salt appetite are satisfied by ingesting water and salty substances. These behavioral responses to losses of body fluids, together with reflex endocrine and neural responses, are critical for reestablishing homeostasis. Like their endocrine and neural counterparts, these behaviors are under the control of both excitatory and inhibitory influences arising from changes in osmolality, endocrine factors such as angiotensin and aldosterone, and neural signals from low and high pressure baroreceptors. The excitatory and inhibitory influences reaching the brain require the integrative capacity of a neural network which includes the structures of the lamina terminalis, the amygdala, the perifornical area, and the paraventricular nucleus in the forebrain, and the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN), the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and the area postrema in the hindbrain. These regions are discussed in terms of their roles in receiving afferent sensory input and in processing information related to hydromineral balance. Osmoreceptors controlling thirst are located in systemic Viscera and in central structures that lack the blood-brain barrier. Angiotensin and aldosterone act on and through structures of the lamina terminalis and the amygdala to stimulate thirst and sodium appetite under conditions of hypovolemia. The NTS and LPBN receive neural signals from baroreceptors and are responsible for inhibiting the ingestion of fluids under conditions of increased volume and pressure and for stimulating thirst under conditions of bypovolemia and hypotension. The interplay of multiple facilitory influences within the brain may take the form of interactions between descending angiotensinergic systems originating in the forebrain and ascending adrenergic systems emanating from the hindbrain. Oxytocin and serotonin are additional candidate neuro- chemicals with postulated inhibitory central actions and with essential roles in the overall integration of sensory input within the neural network devoted to maintaining hydromineral balance.
Characterization of Attenuated Proestrous Luteinizing Hormone Surges in Middle-Aged Rats by Deconvolution Analysis

Reproductive aging in female rats is associated with attenuated preovulatory LH surges. In this study, detailed analyses of the episodic characteristics of the proestrous LH surge were conducted in young and middle-aged regularly cyclic rats. On proestrus, blood samples were withdrawn at 3-min intervals for 6 h and analyzed for LH concentrations by RIA in triplicate. Deconvolution analysis of immunoreactive LH concentrations revealed that there was no difference in the detectable LH secretory burst frequency between young and middle-aged rats. However, in middle-aged rats with an attenuated LH surge on proestrus, the mass of LH secreted per burst and the maximal rate of LH secretion per burst were only one fourth (p < 0.01) of those in young and middle-aged rats with normal LH surges. Furthermore, middle-aged rats with attenuated LH surges had a 4-fold decrease (p < 0.01) in the maximal rate of LH secretion per burst compared to young and middle-aged females with normal LH surges. The apparent half-life of endogenous LH was similar among the 3 groups. The attenuated LH surges of middle-aged rats were related specifically to a decrease in LH burst amplitude with no change in pulse frequency. The orderliness of moment-to-moment LH release as quantified by the regularity statistic, approximate entropy, was comparable in the 3 groups. Our findings of a markedly decreased amount of LH released per burst and preserved orderliness of the LH release process strongly suggest that a deficient GnRH drive and/or reduced responsivity to the GnRH signal, rather than altered timing of the signal, accounts for the age-related decline in reproductive function in female rats as presaged by an attenuated proestrous LH surge in middle age.
The Distress Disclosure Index: A Research Review and Multitrait―Multimethod Examination

The Distress Disclosure Index (DDI; J. H. Kahn & R. M. Hessling, 2001) is a brief self-report measure of one's tendency to disclose personally distressing information. The purpose of this article was to summarize what is known about the DDI, present new validity evidence, and make recommendations for use of the DDI. This article reviews research on the DDI from the past decade that indicates that distress disclosure is associated with well-being, professional help-seeking attitudes and intentions, and success in brief psychotherapy. On the basis of the reviewed literature, the authors report a reliability generalization study of DDI scores that strongly supports the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of DDI scores, and they review criterion-related and construct validity evidence. Next, the authors present a new multitrait-multimethod validity study of the DDI. Participants (N = 153) and peer informants (N = 153)--one per participant--completed paper-and-pencil questionnaire packets. Convergent validity of self-reported DDI scores was supported by a strong association with self-reports of emotional self-disclosure in response to a specific, unpleasant event, and self- and peer reports on the DDI were moderately correlated. DDI scores were not strongly associated with cognitive reappraisal and ambivalence over emotional expression, thus supporting discriminant validity. DDI scores were strongly associated with expressive suppression, and correlations between DDI scores and affect, depression symptoms, coping, and emotional expressivity were similar to those found with expressive suppression. The authors offer possible hypotheses explaining the overlap between distress disclosure and expressive suppression and present recommendations for future use of the DDI.
Cloning and characterization of a microsatellite in the mitochondrial control region of the African side-necked turtle, Pelomedusa subrufa

The nucleotide sequence of the African side-necked turtle mitochondrial control region and its flanking tRNA genes was determined. This 73% A+T-rich region is 1194 bp long. Several conserved motifs involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial genome replication process, including one conserved sequence block (CSB1), and three termination-associated sequences were identified. The most remarkable feature found in this control region was the presence of six microsatellite-containing tandem repeats between the CSB1 motif and the tRNAPhe gene. The potential usefulness of this microsatellite sequence for populationlevel studies is enhanced by its unique localization in the maternally inherited mitochondrial molecule. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Stock returns and the US dollar: the importance of monetary policy

Purpose – In the increasingly globalized economy, foreign exchange fluctuations have multiple, conflicting effects on domestic stock prices. The purpose of this paper is to examine return data to determine the relation between the dollar’s value and stock prices as it relates to monetary policy. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examine US stock returns over a 40-year period, which is classified according to monetary policy and dollar trend. To better understand the impact of foreign exchange fluctuations, the authors estimate a model of stock returns using the three Fama-French factors and a momentum factor. Then the authors explore the underlying economic fundamentals that drive the sharp difference in annual returns between periods when the dollar is in an uptrend trend with loose monetary policy and periods when the dollar is in a downtrend with tight monetary policy. Findings – Over the last 40 years, US stock returns were 2.5 times higher when the dollar was trending up vs down. The factor m...
A probabilistic clustering algorithm in wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network consists of nodes that can communicate with each other via wireless links. One way to support efficient communication between sensors is to organize the network into several groups, called clusters, with each cluster electing one node as the head of cluster. The paper describes a constant time clustering algorithm that can be applied on wireless sensor networks. This approach is an extension to the Younis and Fahmy method (1). The simulation results show that the extension can generate a small number of cluster heads in relatively few rounds, especially in sparse networks.
A New Approach for STS? A Synthesis of Marxism and Actor-Network Theory

From a micro-sociological focus on ‘laboratory life', the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) is today increasingly concerned with broader questions of the relationship between science an...
Crosslinking of starch xanthate. II. Reaction with polyacrolein

The reaction between polyacrolein bisulfite adduct and sodium starch xanthate in aqueous alkali gives a rapid viscosity increase and subsequent gelation. The magnitude and pattern of the viscosity development depend on the degree of substitution of the starch xanthates in the range of 0.12 to 0.45, varying from around 5000 cP centipoises (nongelling) for the lowest to more than 100 000 cP for the highest. The viscosity patterns developed with the more highly substituted xanthates show a minimum valley after a 20-30-min reaction. Analytical and spectral analyses of solid materials obtained from the ethanol precipitation of the gels indicate that the product is a monothiocarbonate stemming from the elimination of sodium hydrogen sulfide between a xanthate group of the starch and a hydroxyl group of the polyacrolein adduct. A hydrated form of polyacrolein does not react with starch xanthate under the same aqueous alkaline conditions.
Hexavalent Chromium in the Ground Water in Paradise Valley, Arizona

Hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) of natural origin has been found in the ground water in Paradise Valley, Maricopa County, Arizona. The concentrations exceed 0.05 milligrams per liter, the U.S. Public Health Service's upper limit for Cr+6. Paradise Valley is a northwest-trending, down-faulted basin of about 225 square miles that is located in the semi-arid Basin and Range physiographic province. The accumulation of fine-grained sediments (in part gypsiferous) near the center of the basin indicates that the material was deposited in a playa-type sedimentary environment. The Cr+6 is present in the ground water in a 75-square mile area and forms an elongate northwest-trending pattern in the southern part of the basin. The largest Cr+6 concentrations are located in the approximate center of this pattern and decrease toward the margins. The Cr +6 distribution in the ground water corresponds to the location of the fine-grained part of the alluvial deposits; the highest Cr +6 concentrations are associated with the finest-grained sediments. Evidence indicates that the Cr+6 is fairly evenly distributed vertically in the ground water, at least throughout the finer-grained part of the aquifer system. Thermodynamic calculations and Eh and pH measurements of the ground water indicate that the water containing Cr +6 is oxidizing and alkaline enough to account for the observed concentrations. An alkaline environment, largely a result of primary silicate hydrolysis in the fine-grained sediments, allows chemical oxidation of the trivalent chromium to the soluble Cr+6
Dispersal and foraging behaviour of Platygaster californica : hosts can't run, but they can hide

1. Host–parasitoid models often identify foraging behaviour and dispersal distance as important for system persistence. 2. Laboratory observations and field trials were used to characterise foraging behaviour and dispersal capability of Platygaster californica Ashmead (Platygasteridae), a parasitoid of the gall midge Rhopalomyia californica Felt (Cecidomyiidae). 3. Although foraging parasitoids meticulously searched plants in laboratory observations, none of the laboratory trials resulted in 100% parasitism, and the proportion of parasitism declined as midge egg density increased. 4. The field trials showed that the distribution of parasitism over distance from a central release point was hump-shaped, as predicted by a simple diffusion model. Mean parasitoid dispersal distance was 4.5 m, considerably farther than the 1.7 m mean midge dispersal found in previous work. 5. Although the parasitoid appears to search thoroughly for midge eggs and to disperse farther than the midge, the results of this study show how this host–parasitoid system may persist due to spatially variable incomplete parasitism.
Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections, Cytologic and Histologic Abnormalities, and Cancer

Over 100 human papillomavirus (HPV) types have been identified to date, of which over 40 infect the genital tract, primarily through sexual transmission. The many different genital HPV types appear to infect, resolve, or persist, and cause abnormal cytology and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Several cofactors have been associated with HPV persistence and lesion progression, including smoking, long-term oral contraceptive use, other sexually transmitted infections, host immunogenetics, and viral factors, such as HPV type and HPV variants. Given the discovery of HPV as the single primary cause of invasive cervical cancer, primary and secondary interventions have been realized, including HPV testing in cervical screening programs and prophylactic HPV vaccines. Because first generation HPV vaccines only target the two most common HPV types found in cervical cancer (HPV 16 and 18), cervical screening programs must continue, and the relative roles of HPV vaccination in young women and HPV testing in older women (alone or in conjunction with cytology) will be determined over the next decades.
The Effect of Coal Combustion Byproducts on the Pricing Strategy of Upstream Industries

Price discrimination is often difficult to disentangle from price dispersion due to a lack of transaction level data capable of tracking sales from individual companies to quantifiably heterogeneous groups of consumers. This paper uses coal mine-mouth prices and transportation prices paid by regulated coal-fired power plants in the U.S. coal market during the time period 2008-2010 to study how coal mines and transportation companies practice price discrimination against electricity plants. Power plants with heterogeneous demand for coal are perfectly identified based upon their ability to market flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, which is a byproduct produced from scrubbing SO2 emissions. Because sulfur is the raw material for FGD gypsum byproduct production, gypsum sellers are anticipated to have a more inelastic demand for high sulfur coal. Results indicate that individual coal mines charges different marginal prices to gypsum sellers in comparison to non-sellers on the basis of coal quality for transactions occurring during the same month of the same year. Coal-fired power plants capable of selling FGD gypsum byproducts are estimated to pay an 8.8 ¢/MMBtu marginal price premium for a 1 percentage point increase in average sulfur content. Partitioning mines into high sulfur and low sulfur mine types reveals that high sulfur mines charge a 21.2 ¢/MMBtu (8.4%) total price premium to gypsum sellers and low sulfur mines offer a 9.5 ¢/MMBtu (3.8%) total price discount to gypsum sellers. Coal mines are estimated to capture the largest share of the aforementioned rents from price discrimination (71% to 98%), and the remaining accrues to coal transporters.
A CFD study of hygro–thermal stresses distribution in PEM fuel cell during regular cell operation

A three-dimensional, multi-phase, non-isothermal computational fluid dynamics model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell has been developed and used to investigate the displacement, deformation, and stresses inside the whole cell, which developed during the cell operation due to the changes of temperature and relative humidity. The behaviour of the fuel cell during operation has been studied and investigated under real cell operating conditions. A unique feature of the present model is to incorporate the effect of hygro and thermal stresses into actual three-dimensional fuel cell model for a complete cell with both the membrane-electrode-assembly and the gas distribution flow channels. The results show that the non-uniform distribution of stresses, caused by the temperature gradient in the cell, induces localized bending stresses, which can contribute to delaminating between the membrane and the gas diffusion layers. The non-uniform distribution of stresses can also contribute to delaminating between the gas diffusion layers and the channels, especially in the cathode side. These stresses may explain the occurrence of cracks and pinholes in the fuel cells components under steady-state loading during regular cell operation, especially in the high loading conditions.
Noninvasive in utero assessment of PR and QRS intervals from the fetal magnetocardiogram

Fetal cardiac waveform intervals were assessed from fetal magnetocardiogram (FMCG) recordings taken from 59 pregnant women at 17-41 weeks gestation. Beyond 27 weeks' gestation PR and QRS intervals, measured from averaged waveforms, could be obtained from all subjects; however, prior to 21 weeks' gestation the success rate was 50% or less due to low signal-to-noise ratio. QT interval could not be assessed accurately in most subjects. Weak, but statistically significant, correlations with gestational age were found for PR interval (n = 145, R2 = 0.033, P = 0.028) and QRS interval (n = 145, R2 = 0.140, P < 0.0005). Abnormal waveform morphology was documented in several patients with cardiac malformations.
Bilaterality of Meniere's disease.

The audiometric configurations of a randomly selected group of 360 patients with clinical Meniere's disease were analysed in conjunction with their clinical manifestations. Although 78.6% of the patients had an abnormal pure-tone audiogram in the opposite ear from that which was initially diagnosed as Meniere's disease, based on the entire clinical picture, the disease was found to be definitely bilateral in 32% of the patients. A peaking audiogram type was found to be most common, occurring in about half of the involved ears. In approximately half of those with bilateral disease the second ear became involved within two years of onset of involvement of the first ear, and in another 27 % the second ear became involved after a period of 5 years or more. These observations stress the importance of conservatism in managing Meniere's disease, especially when considering surgical intervention for intractable disease, with the hope of retaining or restoring labyrinthine function.
Differential expression of genes encoding cell wall proteins in vascular tissues from vertical and bent loblolly pine trees

Differential expression of cell wall proteins during plant development and in response to biotic or abiotic stress suggests that these proteins may contribute in different ways to plant cell wall architecture. Because the wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is highly specialized in the formation of secondary cell walls, it is an ideal tissue for studying these proteins. The cDNAs coding for six novel cell wall associated proteins, as well as a homologue for a phytocyanin, were identified and characterized from differentiating xylem of loblolly pine. Three of these cDNAs encoded new putative loblolly pine arabinogalactan proteins, based on their structural similarity to classical arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). In addition, one clone was related to the proline-rich protein group and the other two to the glycine-rich protein group and the mussel adhesive protein. Relative expression of these genes was examined in different tissues and organs from normal trees (needles, phloem and vertical wood), the underside of bent trees (compression wood) and the lateral sides of the bent stems (side wood). All clones, except one, were highly expressed in vascular tissues with noticeable differences among the three types of wood. Their relationships and diversity provide the first insights into concerted expression and related function for this important group of proteins in cell wall formation of wood.
Unilateral deafness in children affects development of multi-modal modulation and default mode networks

Monaural auditory input due to congenital or acquired unilateral hearing loss (UHL) may have neurobiological effects on the developing brain. Using fMRI, we investigated the effect of UHL on the development of functional brain networks used for cross-modal processing. Children ages 7-12 with moderate or greater unilateral hearing loss of sensorineural origin (UHL-SN; N = 21) and normal-hearing controls (N = 23) performed an fMRI-compatible adaptation of the Token Test involving listening to a sentence such as “touched the small green circle and the large blue square” and simultaneously viewing an arrow touching colored shapes on a video. Children with right or severe-to-profound UHL-SN displayed smaller activation in a region encompassing the right inferior temporal, middle temporal, and middle occipital gyrus (BA 19/37/39), evidencing differences due to monaural hearing in cross-modal modulation of the visual processing pathway. Children with UHL-SN displayed increased activation in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus, likely the result either of more effortful low-level processing of auditory stimuli or differences in cross-modal modulation of the auditory processing pathway. Additionally, children with UHL-SN displayed reduced deactivation of anterior and posterior regions of the default mode network. Results suggest that monaural hearing affects the development of brain networks related to cross-modal sensory processing and the regulation of the default network during processing of spoken language.
Predicting Boron Adsorption by Soils Using Soil Chemical Parameters in the Constant Capacitance Model

The constant capacitance model, a chemical surface complexation model, was applied to arsenate, As(V), adsorption on 49 soils selected for variation in soil properties. The constant capacitance model was able to fit arsenate adsorption on all soils by optimizing either three monodentate or two bidentate As(V) surface complexation constants. A general regression model was developed for predicting soil As(V) surface complexation constants from easily measured soil chemical characteristics. These chemical properties were cation exchange capacity (CEC), inorganic C (IOC) content, organic C (OC) content, iron oxide content, and surface area (SA). The prediction equations were used to obtain values for the As(V) surface complexation constants for five additional soils, thereby providing a completely independent evaluation of the ability of the constant capacitance model to describe As(V) adsorption. The model's ability to predict As(V) adsorption was quantitative on three soils, semi-quantitative on one soil, and poor on another soil. Incorporation of these prediction equations into chemical speciation-transport models will allow simulation of soil solution As(V) concentrations under diverse agricultural and environmental conditions without the requirement of soil specific adsorption data and subsequent parameter optimization.
Fetal compression syndrome caused by myoma in pregnancy: A case report

(2001). Fetal compression syndrome caused by myoma in pregnancy: A case report. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica: Vol. 80, No. 5, pp. 472-473.
Pricing Life‐of‐Loan Rate Caps on Default‐Free Adjustable‐Rate Mortgages

A model is developed and utilized in this paper to value a life-of-loan interest-rate cap on an ARM that reprices monthly. The value of the cap is seen to depend importantly on both the slope of the term structure and the variance of the 1-month rate. However, the cap value is not sensitive to the source of the slope of the term structure — what precise combination of interest-rate expectations and risk aversion determined the slope. This insensitivity is fortunate because of the great difficulty of knowing at any point in time why the term structure is what it is. Given the variation in the slope of the term structure and the variance of the 1-month rate that occurred over the 1979–84 period, the addition to the coupon rate on a 1-month ARM that lenders should have charged for a 5% life-of-loan cap has ranged from 5 to 40 basis points.
Why Employers Need To Rethink How They Buy Health Care

Employers will continue to have a key role in the U.S. health system. Unfortunately, their purchasing practices have fallen far short of ideal. Large employers can lead the way for smaller companies, but by not routinely using competitive bidding or integrating quality into their specifications, they have sent mixed messages to both health plans and providers. Employers need to either get serious about buying health care as individual companies or explore other options. To purchase effectively, both health care expertise and the sustained commitment of senior leadership are needed. Whether employers can reverse their historical performance and become better purchasers is an open question.
Response to my Critics

This essay is a rejoinder to comments on Uneasy Virtue made by Onora O'Neill, John Skorupski, and Michael Slote in this issue. In Uneasy Virtue I presented criticisms of traditional virtue theory. I also presented an alternative – a consequentialist account of virtue, one which is a form of ‘pure evaluational externalism’. This type of theory holds that the moral quality of character traits is determined by factors external to agency (e.g. consequences). All three commentators took exception to this account. Therefore, the bulk of my response focuses on defending the externalist account of virtue presented in the final chapters of Uneasy Virtue.
Thermal ecology of Massasauga Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) near their northern range limit

Using populations at their northern range limits, we compared the thermoregulatory behaviour of Massasauga Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818)) to published results for Ratsnakes (...
Autoimmune Retinopathy Patients With Antirecoverin Immunoreactivity and Panretinal Degeneration

Purpose To investigate whether antirecoverin antibodies are present in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Recoverin, a retinal protein, has been implicated as a cause of cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), which manifests as an RP-like retinal degeneration. The rationale is that the ocular findings in CAR syndrome are similar to those found in many forms of RP, and since 40% of patients with RP have no family history, some patients may have an underlying autoimmune process causing or contributing to their retinopathy. Methods Serum samples from 521 patients diagnosed with RP were screened for antiretinal proteins activity by Western blot analysis. Fifty-one patients had antibody reactivity against retinal proteins in the range of 23 to 26 kd and underwent dot-blot analysis for antirecoverin antibody, checking IgG and IgM antibodies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to evaluate the titer of antirecoverin antibodies in patients with positive results on dot-blot analysis. Lymphocyte proliferation assays using recoverin were performed on 26 samples. Results Ten patients were found to have antirecoverin antibody and/or cellular immunoreactivity. Eight patients had positive dot-blot testing: 6 patients had both IgG and IgM antirecoverin activity, and 1 patient each had IgG or IgM activity. In these 8 patients, numerous other antiretinal protein antibodies were present. Three patients had positive recoverin-mediated lymphocyte proliferation, and all patients were positive for antirecoverin antibodies on ELISA testing. Conclusions Antirecoverin immunoreactivity was found in 10 patients without systemic malignancy but with clinical findings consistent with RP. These results suggest that there are other immunogenic mechanisms occurring in the formation of antirecoverin antibodies in addition to the putative tumor-mediated mechanisms. This survey suggests that there may be rare cases of CAR-like syndrome in the category of simplex RP, or that some patients with RP also have antirecoverin antibodies that may be exacerbating their underlying disease.
Nonparametric Identification of Causal Effects under Temporal Dependence

Social scientists routinely address temporal dependence by adopting a simple technical fix. However, the correct identification strategy for a causal effect depends on causal assumptions. These nee...
Effects of dietary carbohydrate on weight gain and gonad production in small sea urchins, Lytechinus variegatus

In experiment 1, juvenile sea urchins (n = 80, 0.088 ± 0.001 g wet weight and 5.72 ± 0.04 mm diameter) were held individually and fed ad libitum one of three semi-purified formulated diets (n = 16 individuals treatment-1). In the diets, protein was held constant (310g kg-1 dry, as fed) and carbohydrate level varied (190, 260, or 380 g kg-1 dry, as fed). Wet weights were measured every 2 weeks. Total wet weight gain was inversely proportional to dietary carbohydrate level and energy content of the respective diet. In experiment 2, sea urchins (5.60 ± 0.48g wet weight, n= 40) fed 190 g kg-1 carbohydrate consumed significantly more dry feed than those fed 260 g kg-1, but not more than those fed 380 g kg-1 carbohydrate. Based on differential feed intake rates, sea urchins that consumed more feed also consumed higher levels of protein and had the highest weight gain. Consequently, protein content and/or protein: energy ratio may be important in determining feed utilization and growth among sea urchins in this study. The average digestible energy intake was approximately 70 kcal kg-1 body weight day-1, suggesting daily caloric intake of juvenile Lytechinus variegatus is lower than in shrimp and fish.
POLITICAL LEGITIMACY IN ISRAEL: HOW IMPORTANT IS THE STATE?

Without knowing its exact dimensions, political scientists have taken government to be the primary unit for the study of political behavior. No matter how far modern analysis appears to be from the formalism embodied in mere descriptions of government, political science still assumes that the institutions of government form the major system within which political activity is embedded.1 Government is understood not simply as the organization ordering political activity, but also as the foundation of the moral community within which people live. Government not only symbolizes but also defines appropriate political behavior, proper political associations, and, of course, legality and illegality. Government is thought to define right by virtue of its possession of legitimacy, a power that holds people together through their adherence to a public morality supposedly articulated and certified through the government.2 Political scientists attribute legitimacy to governments when it appears that the community over which such governments rule is cohesive. The legitimacy of government is understood as an isomorphism of the coherence of the political community. But if the research of anthropology, sociology, and, paradoxically, even modern political science has pressed any powerful argument, it is that governments are not necessarily central to the continuity of political communities.3 Yet, political scientists have ignored the brunt of their own arguments and discoveries about political parties, social structure, and cultural values. Perhaps political scientists are reluctant to carry the argument that far, because if governments are not
HOHOKAM TO AKIMEL O'ODHAM: OBSIDIAN ACQUISITION AT THE HISTORIC PERIOD SACATE SITE (GR-909), GILA RIVER INDIAN COMMUNITY, ARIZONA

his study examines Akimel O’Odham (i.e.,Pima) socioeconomic interactions throughanalyses of Protohistoric (ca. A.D.1500–1693) and Historic period (A.D. 1694–1962)obsidian acquisition patterns at the Sacate site (GR-909) in south-central Arizona. Until recently,comparatively few archaeological data were avail-able from the Akimel O’Odham settlement areaalong the Middle Gila River portion of the Ho-hokam core area in the Phoenix Basin (Figure 1).However, as part of the Pima-Maricopa IrrigationProject, the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC)created a Cultural Resource Management Programthat has conducted a full-coverage archaeologicalsurvey of nearly 57,000 ha within the communi-ty (Darling 2011; Darling et al. 2004; Loendorf2012; Loendorf and Rice 2004; Ravesloot 2007;Waters and Ravesloot 2000, 2001; Wells 2006;Wells et al. 2004; Woodson 2010). These inves-tigations included recording efforts at Sacate, anextensive historical village located on the south sideof the Middle Gila near the center of the GRIC.Prehistoric remains are uncommon at Sacate,and therefore it is possible to study indigenously
Notes on the Biology of the Royal Palm Bug, Xylastodoris Luteolus Barber (Hemiptera, Thaumastocoridae)

This bug is only known to occur on Roystonea regia in Cuba and southern Florida. It lives in the still-folded leaflets of newly emerging palm fronds, and though sometimes plentiful on older trees, it is uncommonly found on younger ones. Eggs are laid among the membranous scales covering the under side of the leaflet midrib, and hatch in 8 to 9 days. Nymphal stages then require an average of 28 days for completion. Males are significantly more numerous than females and are of two types, approximately half having the genital capsule opening to the right, the others to the left. In their confined microhabitat, females generally have one side or the other in contact with plant tissues, so that each one normally is accessible for mating only to one, but not the other, sort of male.
Rhodium Hydrogenation Catalysts Supported in Metal Organic Frameworks: Influence of the Framework on Catalytic Activity and Selectivity

The cationic rhodium complexes (dppe)Rh(COD)BF4 and (MeCN)2Rh(COD)BF4 have been supported in metal–organic frameworks bearing anionic nodes (ZJU-28) and anionic linkers (MIL-101-SO3) via ion exchange. These MOF-supported Rh species serve as recyclable catalysts for the hydrogenation of both the terminal alkene substrate 1-octene and the internal alkene substrate 2,3-dimethylbutene. The nature of the MOF support impacts various aspects of catalysis, including: (i) the rate of 1-octene hydrogenation, (ii) the activity and recyclability of the catalyst in 2,3-dimethylbutene hydrogenation, and (iii) the size selectivity of hydrogenation with alkene substrates appended to calixarenes.
REPORT ON THE ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS IN FUSHAN DISTRICT OF YANTAI CITY IN 2009

Objective To statistically analyze the adverse drug reactions reported in Fushan District in 2009 drug report for the purpose of future rational use of drugs.Methods 321 reports on drug adverse reaction received by Yantai City Fushan District Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Centren in 2009 were statistically analyzed.Results According to the 321 cases of drug reactions,microbial reaction against drug,accounted for about 160(49.84%),adverse reactions of traditional Chinese medicine injection accounted for 36(11.21%).The drug reactions endangered some organs,especially the digestive system(77cases,23.98%) and the next was the skin(62 cases,19.31%).Conclusion Rational use of antibiotics,herbal medicines should be emphasized to reduce the adverse drug reactions.
Introduction to Series Standard for High Voltage SVC

“The series standard f or High voltage SVC” is com posed by 5 parts of system design,thyristor valve test,control system,testing on site and sealed water-cooling installation.This paper introduced the com piling background,s uitable scope and m ajor content of this series standard f or ref erence of i ts perf orm ance.
Wettability and spontaneous penetration of a water drop into hydrophobic pores

The penetration of a water drop into hydrophobic pores reflects its instability on a porous surface. To understand the mechanism of penetration and to predict the behavior of such a drop, an investigation was conducted through experimental study combined theoretical analysis. Water drops with volumes from 0.5 to 15μL were examined on Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates containing pores of 800μm and less in diameter. Results showed a critical condition at which a drop starts to penetrate into a certain sized pore. The critical condition presents a parabolic relationship between the volume of a water drop and the size of a hydrophobic pore. This behavior was due to a net force resulting from Laplace pressure, and capillary pressure. This force was found to be affected by the porosity, wetting angle, and there after the critical condition. The finding of this research will be beneficial for future design of structured surfaces.
Electromagnetic horizons and convex-spherical reflectionless absorber coatings

We mathematically demonstrate the necessity of an electromagnetic (EM) horizon to facilitate prescription of geometrically convex, spherically-shaped material shells whose doubly-anisotropic material blueprints correspond to reflectionless (i.e., scatter-free), primitively causal, and passive absorber media. Subsequently, we simulate the performance of more practical pseudo-reflectionless absorbers, demonstrating their absorption and scattering characteristics. There has long been interest in realizing broadband omnidirectional absorbers, akin to a perfectly matched layer (PML), that would conformally coat an arbitrarily-shaped scatterer. Building upon historic analysis that classifies convex reflectionless absorbers as primitively non-causal, we first invoke a more general energy conservation-based argument to explain more broadly the “failure” of convex PML media to effect reflectionless EM wave absorption. We next elucidate two specific manners in which convex, spherical PML medium coatings, with Drude-dispersive behavior, can also fail despite passing the mathematical “litmus test” routinely used in traditional causality-based analysis of convex PML media. Finally, numerical simulations show that convex spherical “pseudo” PML (P-PML) media are not reflectionless, but nonetheless can effect polarization-robust and omnidirectional absorption with low backscatter, encouraging further investigation into physically realizing P-PML media for an array of engineering applications, such as target concealment from mono-static sensors.
The relational definition of reinforcement: comments on circularity

Several authors argue that Skinner’s definition of reinforcement is not circular if such a definition is either ostensive (“pointing” to changes in operant probabilities defines “reinforcement”), stipulative (establishment of the usage of the concept is in a given discussion), or empirical (the definition is not circular if it is testable). Skinner’s (1957) functional analysis of verbal behavior has also been suggested to eliminate circularity in that definition: The definition of reinforcement is not circular if it is viewed as a case of verbal behavior controlled by environmental contingencies. This paper argues that Skinner’s definition of reinforcement is inherently circular because it is relational, and all relational definitions are inherently tautological. This paper concludes that circularity in that definition is not a problem “waiting” for the best solution, but a fact similar in nature to that found when defining relational concepts in economics, evolutionary theory, genetics, geometry, statistics, and physics.
Essays in Criticism (1865), New Poems (1867)

Although there is evidence that Arnold had plans from the beginning to publish his Oxford lectures, the ones on Homer were the first to see print. From that point on, nearly all of them were published, initially as essays in journals. As Arnold became increasingly accustomed to journal publication, he supplemented these essays with other original articles as suitable subjects presented themselves. Many of the journal articles were in turn revised and collected in book form. Arnold followed this pattern with the pieces that eventually made up Essays in Criticism, one of the most important books of his career.
Too Big and Unable to Fail

Financial regulation after the Dodd-Frank Act has produced a blizzard of acronyms, many of which revolve around the “too big to fail” (TBTF) problem. OLA, OLF, SPOE, and TLAC are new regulatory tools that seek to build a new regime for resolving failures of systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs). The explicit goal of this new regime is to enable a SIFI to fail, just like United Airlines or Blockbuster Video, without requiring a government bailout. In this article, we express significant doubts about the new regime’s ability to work as advertised. The “single point of entry” (SPOE) resolution strategy, which focuses all resolution efforts on a SIFI’s parent holding company, is a strategy devised for a very stylized, even hypothetical sort of failure that does not threaten the stability of the financial system. SPOE is unlikely to work as intended during a future global crisis that involves multiple failing SIFIs operating thousands of subsidiaries across dozens of national boundaries. The Federal Reserve’s “total loss-absorbing capacity” (TLAC) proposal is closely tied to SPOE. It would require parent holding companies of SIFIs to issue large amounts of debt securities that can be written off or converted into equity in a resolution proceeding. In our view, TLAC debt will create a new, more opaque way to impose the costs of financial distress in SIFIs on ordinary citizens, because most TLAC debtholders are likely to be retail investors in brokerage accounts, mutual funds, and pension funds.The most fundamental shortcoming of SPOE and TLAC, as currently proposed, is that both policies would entrench our perverse system for regulating SIFIs. Our current regulatory system enables SIFIs and their Wall Street creditors to reap massive benefits from the TBTF subsidy while imposing the costs of that subsidy on ordinary citizens. We recognize that a new and improved version of Dodd-Frank is not likely to emerge from Congress in the near term. However, regulators should use their existing powers to shrink the TBTF subsidy by forcing SIFIs and their Wall Street creditors to internalize at least some of the costs of the enormous risks they create. The final part of our article proposes reforms that would help to achieve that goal.
X-Linked Ataxic Syndrome

An X-linked recessive disease with a fatal course in early childhood is reported in a five-generation Dutch family from the Netherlands.
Sovereignty issues in the Caucasus: contested ethnic and national identities in Chechnya, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia

Sovereignty issues in the Caucasus: contested ethnic and national identities in Chechnya, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia The issue of sovereignty has been at the forefront of regional politics in the Caucasus since the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. In particular, the Russian government has approached various—seemingly similar cases—in very different ways. Although each specific region examined—Chechnya, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia—is unique, the nature of ethnic and national identity has been framed differently by the Russian government. In Chechnya, the Putin administration has framed any outstanding separatist claims in conjunction with terrorism and national security issues. In Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the Putin administration has instead noted the need for “liberation.” The outcome has been to stifle secessionist desires in Chechnya, while supporting those same secessionist desires outside of Russia’s borders, in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Kwestia suwerenności na Kaukazie: kontestowane tozsamości etniczne i narodowe w Czeczenii, Abchazji i Osetii Poludniowej Kwestia suwerenności wysunela sie na czolowe miejsce w polityce regionalnej na Kaukazie z chwilą rozpadu Związku Sowieckiego w 1991 roku. W istocie rząd rosyjski do poszczegolnych, pozornie podobnych, przypadkow podszedl w odmienny sposob. Aczkolwiek kazdy z interesujących nas tutaj regionow – Czeczenia, Abchazja i Osetia Poludniowa – jest unikatowy, to charakter tozsamości etnicznej i narodowej zostal ujety przez rząd rosyjski w inne ramy. W Czeczenii administracja Putina wiązala wysuwane tam roszczenia separatystyczne z terroryzmem i kwestiami bezpieczenstwa narodowego. Z kolei w Abchazji i Osetii Poludniowej Rosja dostrzegla potrzebe „wyzwolenia”. W efekcie nastąpilo stlumienie aspiracji do secesji w Czeczenii, podczas gdy poza granicami Rosji, w Abchazji i Osetii Poludniowej, te same dązenia secesjonistyczne zyskaly sobie poparcie.
Behavioral Economics and Its Applications

(2008). Behavioral Economics and Its Applications. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 869-870.