cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer-based Assessment of Collaborative Problem Solving: Exploring the Feasibility of Human-to-Agent Approach

How can activities in which collaborative skills of an individual are measured be standardized? In order to understand how students perform on collaborative problem solving (CPS) computer-based assessment, it is necessary to examine empirically the multi-faceted performance that may be distributed across collaboration methods. Theaim of this study was to explore possible differences in student performance in humanto-agent (H-A), compared to human-to-human (H-H) CPS assessment tasks. One hundred seventy nine 14 years-old students from the United States, Singapore and Israel participated in the study. Students in both H-H and H-A modes were able to collaborate and communicate by using identical methods and resources. However, while in the H-A mode, students collaborated with a simulated computer-driven partner, and in the H-H mode students collaborated with another student to solve a problem. Overall, the findings showed that CPS with a computer agent involved significantly higher levels of shared understanding, progress monitoring, and feedback. However, no significant difference was found in a student’s ability to solve the problem or in student motivation with a computer agent or a human partner. One major implication of CPS score difference in collaboration measures between the two modes is that in H-A mode one can program a wider range of interaction possibilities than would be available with a human partner. Thus, H-A approach offers more opportunities for students to demonstrate their CPS skills. This study is among the first of its kind to investigate systematically the effect of collaborative problem solving in standardized assessment settings.
Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA gene: the Les- phenotype.

The Les- phenotype (lysogeny establishment deficient) is a pleiotropic effect of the lesB908 mutation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. lesB908-containing strains are also (i) deficient in general recombination, (ii) sensitive to UV irradiation, and (iii) deficient in UV-stimulated induction of prophages. The P. aeruginosa recA-containing plasmid pKML3001 complemented each of these pleiotropic characteristics of the lesB908 mutation, supporting the hypothesis that lesB908 is an allele of the P. aeruginosa recA gene. The phenotypic effects of the lesB908 mutation may be best explained by the hypothesis that the lesB908 gene product is altered in such a way that it has lost synaptase activity but possesses intrinsic protease activity in the absence of DNA damage. The Les- phenotype is a result of the rapid destruction of newly synthesized phage repressor, resulting in lytic growth of the infecting virus. This hypothesis is consistent with the observations that increasing the number of copies of the phage repressor gene by increasing the multiplicity of infection (i.e., average number of phage genomes per cell) or by introducing the cloned phage repressor gene into a lesB908 mutant will also suppress the Les- phenotype in a phage-specific fashion.
Landscape biogeochemistry reflected in shifting distributions of chemical traits in the Amazon forest canopy

Tropical forest functional diversity, which is a measure of the diversity of organismal interactions with the environment, is poorly understood despite its importance for linking evolutionary biology to ecosystem biogeochemistry. Functional diversity is reflected in functional traits such as the concentrations of different compounds in leaves or the density of leaf mass, which are related to plant activities such as plant defence, nutrient cycling, or growth. In the Amazonian lowlands, river movement and microtopography control nutrient mobility, which may influence functional trait distributions. Here we use airborne laser-guided imaging spectroscopy to develop maps of 16 forest canopy traits, throughout four large landscapes that harbour three common forest community types on the Madre de Dios and Tambopata rivers in southwestern Amazonia. Our maps, which are based on quantitative chemometric analysis of forest canopies with visible-to-near infrared (400–2,500 nm) spectroscopy, reveal substantial variation in canopy traits and their distributions within and among forested landscapes. Forest canopy trait distributions are arranged in a nested pattern, with location along rivers controlling trait variation between different landscapes, and microtopography controlling trait variation within landscapes. We suggest that processes of nutrient deposition and depletion drive increasing phosphorus limitation, and a corresponding increase in plant defence, in an eastward direction from the base of the Andes into the Amazon Basin. The controls on plant functional diversity are unclear. Analysis of spectral data from the tree canopy in the Amazonian lowlands implies that plant functional traits are influenced by nutrient supply, which in turn varies with topography.
Empirical Relationships between Cognitive Ability and Computer Familiarity.

AbstractThe recent explosion of computer use and accessibility in both academic and work settings has made computer literacy almost mandatory. Yet, there are many individuals who are unfamiliar with using computers. Previous research has partially attributed computer attitudes to past math experience and gender of the user. The present study empirically investigated the relationship between computer familiarity and cognitive ability in an attempt to identify cognitive ability as a variable that may account for differences in computer familiarity and usage. Subjects completed two cognitive ability tests and reported their familiarity with computers. Results indicated that high scorers on the cognitive ability tests were significantly more familiar with computers. Contrary to previous research, there were no gender differences in computer familiarity (and cognitive ability). Plausible explanations for the results and its implications are discussed.
2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid and 2,6-diaminopyridine polyamides: Complexes with rhodium

Abstract Polyamides prepared from the polycondensation of 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid and 2,6-diaminopyridine [1–4] have been converted to transition metal complexes containing rhodium(III) by reaction with rhodium trichloride. This Rh(III) complex was reduced in alkaline methanol under hydrogen to obtain the Rh(I) polymer complex, which is an active catalyst for the hydrogenation of ketones, olefins and nitro compounds at ambient temperature and 1 atm pressure.
InstantGenotype: a non-parametric model for genotype inference using microarray probe intensities

Numerous microarray genotype-calling methods rely on fitting a parametric model to clusters derived from the hybridization intensities of training data. However, in most cases we are uncertain about the expected sample distribution and the resulting parametric model tends to be inaccurate if the assumptions of the data distribution are not met. Moreover, many methods assume four genotypes (reference allele, alternate allele, heterozygous allele, or no call) and use a common parametric model that applies to all probes. We demonstrate that conversion of probe intensities to discrete genotypes and applying the same model to all probes results in information loss and even incorrect genotype calls due to genomic variations within probes [6].We make no assumption about the data distribution. We represent cluster distribution using a non-parametric model which is consistent with the data. The model can be easily evaluated and it provides genotype calls for a given sample's marker using a table lookup. Furthermore, our algorithms have no prior assumptions concerning the number of genotype calls. We apply the algorithms to each probe separately whereas others infer a common set of clusters that apply to all probes. We demonstrate our methods on Collaborative Cross (CC) genetic reference mice population and all samples are genotyped using a 78,000-marker genotyping array on Illumina platform. Our algorithm exhibits high concordance with Illumina genotype calls and achieves > 98% call rates on all CC samples.Code for the described algorithms is available by request from the authors.
CORR Insights®: Muscle fibers are injured at the time of acute and chronic rotator cuff repair.

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Muscle Fibers are Injured at the Time of Acute and Chronic Rotator Cuff Repair” by Davis and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3860-y. The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3860-y.
The Problem Student in a Rural School Setting A Model for Identification, Diagnosis, and Management

A model has been developed and implemented for community involvement in a multidiscipli nary educational/medical approach to problem pupils. The complexity of the pupils' problems re quires evaluation of this nature. Some of the con straints imposed by the rural setting can be overcome by education and community involve ment. Other constraints are more resistant to solutions. Preliminary evaluations suggest that the program here described is beneficial.
Anatomical Plasticity of Adult Brain Is Titrated by Nogo Receptor 1

Summary Experience rearranges anatomical connectivity in the brain, but such plasticity is suppressed in adulthood. We examined the turnover of dendritic spines and axonal varicosities in the somatosensory cortex of mice lacking Nogo Receptor 1 (NgR1). Through adolescence, the anatomy and plasticity of ngr1 null mice are indistinguishable from control, but suppression of turnover after age 26 days fails to occur in ngr1 −/− mice. Adolescent anatomical plasticity can be restored to 1-year-old mice by conditional deletion of ngr1 . Suppression of anatomical dynamics by NgR1 is cell autonomous and is phenocopied by deletion of Nogo-A ligand. Whisker removal deprives the somatosensory cortex of experience-dependent input and reduces dendritic spine turnover in adult ngr1 −/− mice to control levels, while an acutely enriched environment increases dendritic spine dynamics in control mice to the level of ngr1 −/− mice in a standard environment. Thus, NgR1 determines the low set point for synaptic turnover in adult cerebral cortex.
A test of vision training and potential antecedents to leaders' visioning ability

Various individuals have argued that creating an organizational vision, which is frequently defined as an image of the future, is an important part of strategy development. Many training programs attempt to teach leaders to create an organizational vision, but there is no empirical evidence that this type of training is effective. Managers participated in a vision training program and completed measures of future time perspective, positivism, and visioning ability. Results indicated that visioning ability increased after a vision training program. In addition, results indicated that future time perspective and positivism correlated with the participants' visioning ability, suggesting that some leaders may naturally be better able than others to create an organizational vision. These results have practical implications for leadership training professionals.
Use of oral contraceptives in the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome

In addition to the benefits of contraception, oral contraceptives (OCs) are commonly prescribed for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to improve the clinical and metabolic parameters associated with this disorder. However, women with PCOS are at increased risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome and, therefore, may also be at increased risk of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. OCs are contraindicated in women at increased risk of both venous and cardiovascular events; therefore, we must reconsider the routine use of OCs in women with PCOS who may also be at increased risk of either venous or arterial events. Furthermore, some studies have shown that the use of OCs is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity. Therefore, OCs should not be used as a monotherapy in women with impaired glucose tolerance. Finally, weight loss and lifestyle changes, including exercise and reducing caloric and saturated fat intake, are important in the treatment of obese patients with PCOS.
Remote inductive effects in the Si 2p spectra of halogenated silicon

Abstract Si 2p spectra collected from fluorinated Si(111)−7 × 7 are analyzed to determine whether chemical shifts induced by remote F atoms are discernible. Although the traditional interpretation adequately accounts for the observed chemical shifts without considering remotely induced shifts, recent experimental evidence indicates that such shifts may occur for highly electronegative adsorbates. Thus, an extended scheme is outlined that is consistent with all known data, but which includes remotely induced shifts. It is found that, although they differ quantitatively, both approaches yield the same qualitative results for fluorinated Si.
Adaptation of ECHO Viruses in HeLa Cells; their Use in Complement Fixation.

SummaryTwelve of 13 original ECHO viruses have been adapted to HeLa cells in tissue cultures. The adapted viruses produced discrete, recognizable cytopathogenic changes. Infected fluids at the 5th passage level provided specific, reliable antigens for use in the CF test.
A Liquid Drop: What Is It Good For?

The unique features of liquid drops and their value for analytical systems are illustrated through a series of novel liquid drop-based systems: windowless optical cells, micro liquid handling vessels, renewable gas samplers, and simple sample introduction interfaces. Drops are of particular value in solving problems in biphasic systems because of their truly renewable surfaces.
The Impact of Increased LDC Food Production on LDC Food Imports: Comment

If a less developed country (LDC) increases its food production, will its food imports decrease or increase? This question is of obvious importance not only to those concerned with development of LDCs but also to agricultural exporters in the United States and elsewhere.' In a series of papers (beginning with one in this Journal) de Janvry and Sadoulet (hereafter JS) have used simulation models to examine the impact of increased LDC food production on LDC food imports (1986, 1988; De Janvry, Sadoulet, and White). I offer a critique of their model after presenting a brief background to the debate.
Hedgehog signaling induced by breast cancer cells promotes osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis

Bone integrity is maintained by a dynamic equilibrium between the activities of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteolytic lesions are a painful consequence of metastasis of breast cancer cells to bone in an overwhelming majority of breast cancer patients. Factors secreted by breast cancer cells propel a cascade of events that trigger osteoclastogenesis and elevated bone resorption. In the present study, we show that the Hedgehog (Hh) ligands secreted by breast cancer cells promote osteoclast differentiation and potentiate the activity of mature osteoclasts. Paracrine Hh signaling induced by breast cancer cells mediates a detrimental chain of events by the up-regulation of osteopontin (OPN), which in turn enhances osteoclastic activity by up-regulating cathepsin K and MMP9. Hh signaling is essential for osteoclasts because blocking the Hh pathway using the pharmacological Hh inhibitor, cyclopamine, results in an overall decrease in osteoclastogenesis and resorptive activity. Our studies suggest that inhibiting Hh signaling interferes with the ability of pre-osteoclasts to respond to the stimulatory effects of the breast cancer cells, indicating that Hh signaling is vital to osteoclast activity.
Increased Cardiovascular Risk with Second-Generation Antipsychotic Agent Switches

Objective: To model the risk of long-term, adverse cardiovascular events after switching from one second-generation antipsychotic medication (SGA) to another in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Data Sources: PubMed from 1985 to 2004 using the search terms atypical antipsychotics, obesity, weight, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, lipids, second generation antipsychotics, antipsychotic agents, schizophrenia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular risk factors. Study Selection: By the authors. Data Extraction: By the authors. Data Synthesis: The selection of an SGA for an individual patient should be primarily based upon its therapeutic effectiveness. However, when two medications are clinically equivalent with respect to treatment outcomes, other important consequences of the medication choice should be considered. Depending upon the type of SGA switch, the risk of an adverse cardiovascular event may be lower, as when olanzapine is switched to risperidone, or may increase by as much as 33%, as when risperidone is switched to olanzapine or clozapine. Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk likely differs depending upon SGA choice, but limited data make it difficult to predict the metabolic changes associated with switching. Prospective controlled studies are needed to describe the cardiovascular consequences of switching among the antipsychotic agents so that evidence-based strategies can be developed for selection of the optimal SGA.
Potential Sources of Errors in Measuring and Evaluating the Specific Loss Power of Magnetic Nanoparticles in an Alternating Magnetic Field

Heat-generating magnetic nanoparticles suspensions are being explored in research and clinical settings as hyperthermia treatment for cancer or as adjuvant in established cancer therapies. In these applications it is essential to use low nanoparticle dosage to prevent any potential side effects including those associated with their accumulation in liver or spleen. Hence, developing particles with superior heating properties continues to remain an active area of research. Specific loss power (SLP), also referred to as specific absorption rate (SAR), represents the power dissipation per unit mass of magnetic nanoparticles in alternating magnetic fields. Accurate measurement of SLP is the key for understanding the parameters that control the heat generation rate, which is required to optimize these systems. However, at presents there are no standards for performing SLP measurements and no accepted calibration materials, making it difficult to compare the performance of various systems reported in literature. Previous work from this group discussed the effect of sample volume and geometry on the SLP data accuracy. In this study, additional analysis and experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of the power dissipation rate, the magnetic properties and the method for temperature slope calculation on the accuracy of the reported power density. Results indicate that when the same heating time is used, the volume at which heat losses become negligible decreases with decreasing sample heating rate. Furthermore, it is shown that for calculating initial temperature slope, a larger error occurs with a longer heating time and higher power level regardless of the curve fitting methods, hence, when power density or heating time increases, a higher order curve fitting (e.g., 2nd polynomial and exponential) is more desirable. In addition, when the magnetization of a nanoparticle suspension is low, the SLP is independent of the sample geometry.
Influences of 7-alkyl substitution on the reversible binding of the proximate carcinogen trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrobenz[a]anthracene to DNA.

Abstract The effects of 7-alkyl substitution on the reversible intercalation of the proximate carcinogen trans -3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrobenz[a]anthracene (BAD) to calf thymus DNA have been examined using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicate that in 10 −3 M sodium cacodylate the binding constant of BAD is 1.8 × 10 3 M −1 . 7-Ethyl substitution decreases the binding constant 1.6 times, while 7-methyl substitution increases the binding constant 1.7 times. UV Photoelectron data and results from ab initio molecular orbital calculations suggest that an increase in polarizability contributes to the increased binding accompanying methyl substitution. The decreased binding accompanying ethyl substitution arises from steric inhibition. The physical binding data correlates with the decrease in carcinogenic activity which occurs with 7-ethyl substitution of benz[a]anthracene metabolites.
Electrosensory systems in fish

A close integration of behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical approaches has guided research on the neural basis of electrosensation and the generation of behaviors associated with this modality. By postulating neuronal implementations of specific computations in sensory information processing, behavioral studies have been crucial in focusing studies at the neuronal level onto behaviorally relevant structural and functional aspects. Physiological and anatomical studies have analyzed a) neural networks underlying the distributed processing of sensory information, b) the role of descending recurrent pathways and efference copy mechanisms for the filtering of incoming information, c) the significance of multiple topographic representations for sensory information processing, and d) the modulation of sensory and motor structures through various transmitters and receptor subtypes. Developmental studies have explored the significance of steroid hormones for the tuning of electroreceptors to the frequency of an endogenous neuronal oscillator which drives the electric current pulses necessary for their stimulation. Embryological studies have revealed that the development of mechanoreceptors and electroreceptors in the fish's skin is induced by the innervation of primary afferent nerve fibers which are specific with regard to their central connections as well as with regard to the type of receptor induced in the periphery.
Delay-optimal simultaneous technology mapping and placement with applications to timing optimization

Technology mapping and placement have significant impact on the delays in standard cell based very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. Traditionally, these steps are applied separately to optimize delays, possibly since efficient algorithms that allow the simultaneous exploration of the mapping and placement solution spaces are unknown. In this paper, we present an exact polynomial time algorithm for delay-optimal placement of a tree and extend the same to simultaneous technology mapping and placement for optimal delay in the tree. We extend the algorithm by employing Lagrangian relaxation technique, which assesses the timing criticality of paths beyond a tree, to optimize the delays in directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). Experimental results on benchmark circuits in a 70 nm technology show that our algorithms improve timing significantly with remarkably less run-times compared to a competitive approach of iterative conventional timing driven mapping and multi-level placement.
Smad2 Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling by Nucleoporins CAN/Nup214 and Nup153 Feeds TGFβ Signaling Complexes in the Cytoplasm and Nucleus

The transcription factor Smad2 is released from cytoplasmic retention by TGFβ receptor-mediated phosphorylation, accumulating in the nucleus where it associates with cofactors to regulate transcription. We uncovered direct interactions of Smad2 with the nucleoporins CAN/Nup214 and Nup153. These interactions mediate constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Smad2. CAN/Nup214 and Nup153 compete with the cytoplasmic retention factor SARA and the nuclear Smad2 partner FAST-1 for binding to a hydrophobic corridor on the MH2 surface of Smad2. TGFβ receptor-mediated phosphorylation stimulates nuclear accumulation of Smad2 by modifying its affinity for SARA and Smad4 but not for CAN/Nup214 or Nup153. Thus, by directly contacting the nuclear pore complex, Smad2 undergoes constant shuttling, providing a dynamic pool that is competitively drawn by cytoplasmic and nuclear signal transduction partners.
BYPASS1 negatively regulates a root-derived signal that controls plant architecture

Abstract Plant architecture is regulated by endogenous developmental programs, but it can also be strongly influenced by cues derived from the environment [1]. For example, rhizosphere conditions such as water and nutrient availability affect shoot and root architecture [2–6]; this implicates the root as a source of signals that can override endogenous developmental programs. Cytokinin, abscisic acid, and carotenoid derivatives have all been implicated as long-distance signals that can be derived from the root [7–11]. However, little is known about how root-derived signaling pathways are regulated. Here, we show that BYPASS1 ( BPS1 ), an Arabidopsis gene of unknown function, is required to prevent constitutive production of a root-derived graft-transmissible signal that is sufficient to inhibit leaf initiation, leaf expansion, and shoot apical meristem activity. We show that this root-derived signal is likely to be a novel carotenoid-derived molecule that can modulate both root and shoot architecture.
Soil pore visualisation using 3D Koch curves

In this article an algorithm for creating 3D Koch curves is proposed. Based on this algorithm, a 3D visualisation of soil pores is constructed. Firstly according to the minimal value principle of generalised energy, we computed the turning point coordinates of the Koch curve and extended it into a 3D curve, and analysed the soil pore structure and the aperture's statistical characteristics; then we modelled the quantificational control of the aperture's variety and distribution and transferred the agriculture parameters of the soil into system parameters. The technique of layer rendering was used to boost the realism of visualisation. Comparing the virtual pictures generated with the metrical data and using the method of qualitative and quantificational contrastive analysis, our approach can generate soil pore 3D structures more realistically and better representing the soil features.
Commentary: Today's Special Education and Its Messages for Tomorrow

Ten characterizations of contemporary special education and five major implications for the future of the field are offered. Special education today is characterized as (a) ignorant of history, (b) apologetic for existing, (c) preoccupied with image, (d) lost in space, (e) unrealistic in expectations, (f) unprepared to focus on teaching and learning, (g) unaware of sociopolitical drift, (h) mesmerized by postmodernist/deconstructionist inanities, (i) an easy target for scam artists, and (j) immobilized by anticipation of systemic transformation. The implications are (a) changes in the boundaries of special education, (b) shifts in service delivery patterns and staffing patterns for special educators and in special education's relationship to general education, (c) changes in state standards and patterns of funding for special education and in personnel preparation, (d) additional changes in state and federal legislation and regulation, and (e) possible loss of special education's focus on the scientific u...
Experimental measurements of the force-frequency effect of thickness-mode langasite resonators

Because of their excellent temperature behavior, high piezoelectric coupling, low acoustic loss, and high Q-factor, langasite resonators have been the subject of recent interest for use in a variety of applications. The force-frequency effect refers to the phenomenon of frequency changes resulting from the stress applied to the resonator. A clear understanding of this effect is essential for many design applications such as force sensors and stress-compensated resonators. In this article, we report on experimental measurements of the force- frequency effect of various doubly-rotated langasite resonator samples with plano-plano configurations. Comparisons with the available experimental data for the force-frequency effect of quartz resonators are made. The application of this effect for sensors and stress-compensated resonators is also discussed.
High pressure freezing and freeze substitution improve immunolabeling of S-locus specific glycoproteins in the stigma papillae of Brassica

High pressure freezing and freeze substitution methods significantly improve the antigenic preservation of S-locus specific glycoproteins (SLSG). The SLSG, which are implicated in the incompatibility response, are localized over the cell wall and cytoplasm. Labeling in the cytoplasm is mainly associated with dictyosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Quantitative analysis show that in cryofixed papillae the labeling was enhanced by approximately 45% over the cell wall and approximately 90% over the dictyosomes compared to chemically fixed papillae.
Polygonal Eye Walls and Rainbands in Hurricanes

Abstract It was noted from analyses of radar data obtained in hurricanes that both the spiral bands and the inner boundary of the wall cloud frequently were composed of a series of straight line segments. Indeed, the eye of a strong hurricane is frequently polygonal rather than circular or elliptical. These features may have a possible kinematic explanation based an interference among differing wavenumbers and frequencies of internal gravity waves.
Minimum-Landing-Error Powered-Descent Guidance for Mars Landing Using Convex Optimization

To increase the science return of future missions to Mars and to enable sample return missions, the accuracy with which a lander can be deliverer to the Martian surface must be improved by orders of magnitude. The prior work developed a convex-optimization-based minimum-fuel powered-descent guidance algorithm. In this paper, this convex-optimization-based approach is extended to handle the case when no feasible trajectory to the target exists. In this case, the objective is to generate the minimum-landing-error trajectory, which is the trajectory that minimizes the distance to the prescribed target while using the available fuel optimally. This problem is inherently a nonconvex optimal control problem due to a nonzero lower bound on the magnitude of the feasible thrust vector. It is first proven that an optimal solution of a convex relaxation of the problem is also optimal for the original nonconvex problem, which is referred to as a lossless convexification of the original nonconvex problem. Then it is shown that the minimum-landing-error trajectory generation problem can be posed as a convex optimization problem and solved to global optimality with known bounds on convergence time. This makes the approach amenable to onboard implementation for real-time applications.
A SERS investigation of the decomposition of fluorobenzene on a silver surface

Abstract The surface enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) of fluorobenzene and fluorobenzene-d 5 on silver surfaces have been studied as a function of sample annealing. The resulting SERS spectra indicate that fluorobenzene undergoes decomposition on the silver surface above 185 K with products including alkyne type molecules.
Reserpine-induced alterations in mucus production and calmodulin-binding proteins in a human epithelial cell line☆

Abstract The characterization of a mucus-producing human cell line (HC-84) derived from a colon carcinoma and its response to in vitro reserpine treatment is reported. Mucous granules were demonstrated within these cells on the basis of electron microscopic examination and incorporation of [ 3 H ] glucosamine with subsequent autoradiographic analysis. Fluorographic analysis of total HC-84 cell protein after incubation with [ 3 H ] glucosamine indicated that the majority of tritium was incorporated into two proteins with molecular weights of 115 and 120 kD. When total HC-84 protein was subjected to immuno-blot analysis utilizing rabbit antibody against human intestinal mucus, only these two proteins (115K and 120K) reacted positively, indicating a direct correlation between [ 3 H ] glucosamine incorporation and mucus production. Immunofluorescence localization of mucus within HC-84 cells utilizing this same antibody resulted in a punctate pattern of fluorescence within the cytoplasm. Treatment of HC-84 cells with 30 μM reserpine for 7 days resulted in a three-fold increase in mucus production compared with controls. There was also a concomitant loss of a 30K calmodulin-binding protein in cells treated with reserpine. These cells represent a useful system for studying the effect of reserpine on the processes of mucus synthesis and secretion.
Thermoregulatory and metabolic responses of Japanese quail to hypoxia.

Abstract Common responses to hypoxia include decreased body temperature ( T b ) and decreased energy metabolism. In this study, the effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on T b and metabolic oxygen consumption (V.O 2 ) were investigated in Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ). When exposed to hypoxia (15, 13, 11 and 9% O 2 ), T b decreased only at 11% and 9% O 2 compared to normoxia; quail were better able to maintain T b during acute hypoxia after a one-week acclimation to 10% O 2 . V.O 2 also decreased during hypoxia, but at 9% O 2 this was partially offset by increased anaerobic metabolism. T b and V.O 2 responses to 9% O 2 were exaggerated at lower ambient temperature ( T a ), reflecting a decreased lower critical temperature during hypoxia. Conversely, hypoxia had little effect on T b or V.O 2 at higher T a (36 °C). We conclude that Japanese quail respond to hypoxia in much the same way as mammals, by reducing both T b and V.O 2 . No relationship was found between the magnitudes of decreases in T b and V.O 2 during 9% O 2 , however. Since metabolism is the source of heat generation, this suggests that Japanese quail increase thermolysis to reduce T b . During hypercapnia (3, 6 and 9% CO 2 ), T b was reduced only at 9% CO 2 while V.O 2 was unchanged.
What radio can do to increase a song's appeal: a study of Canadian music presented to American college students

Four experiments examined whether it was possible to quickly and easily increase the appeal of unfamiliar rock songs presented to American college students. In Experiment 1, reading an essay about an artist increased the appeal of the artist's songs, but repeated exposure to the songs did not. In Experiments 2a and 2b, repeatedly following an affectively neutral song with a liked song increased the appeal of the first song. In Experiment 3, listening to a music critic praise a song increased the song's appeal. These results show that intramusical and intrapersonal strategies, evaluative conditioning, and persuasion by authority can be used to increase a song's appeal. It should be possible for radio stations to use these cost-effective techniques to expand their playlists without a net loss of listeners.
SEPARATING THE EFFECTS OF TRIAL-SPECIFIC AND AVERAGE SAMPLE-STIMULUS DURATION IN DELAYED MATCHING TO SAMPLE IN PIGEONS

Pigeons were studied in two experiments employing delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) tasks in which the reduction in delay to reinforcement signaled by the onset of the sample stimulus was manipulated by varying sample-stimulus duration. In Experiment 1, the duration of the sample stimulus was either 5 s or 10 s for one sample stimulus and 10 s or 20 s for the other. Subjects matched more frequently when the sample duration was 10 s following the sample associated with the shorter average duration. This finding is analogous to the memory distribution effect found by Honig (1987) in a successive DMTS task that varied retention interval. In Experiment 2, sample duration was either 5 s or 15 s. In Phases 1 and 3 each sample duration was correlated with a particular sample color, and in Phase 2 sample duration and color were uncorrelated. When sample duration was 5 s, subjects matched more frequently when sample duration and color were correlated than when they were uncorrelated. Overall, subjects matched more frequently when sample duration and color were correlated. The data from both experiments support Wixted’s (1989) model, which states that one determinant of choice in a DMTS task is the delay-reduction value of the sample stimulus.
High-performance MEMS square electrode quadrupole mass filters for chip-scale mass spectrometry

We report exciting experimental data from a low-cost, high-performance square electrode quadrupole mass filter with integrated ion optics intended for chips-cale mass spectrometry. The device showed a mass range of 650 amu and a maximum resolution of ∼80, metrics that are comparable to the state-of-the-art. We demonstrated that operating our device in the second stability region leads to higher performance despite the unconventional electrode geometry. The data also suggests ion behavior that deviates from the standard circular rod case, motivating new studies.
Directed Intermolecular Association by Complementary Molecular Edges in 6-Methoxycoumarin

The design of complementary hydrogen bonding interactions between molecules is often used in crystal engineering and other molecular recognition research. Herein we report the ability of complement...
Detection of Cytomegalovirus Genomes in Human Skin Fibroblasts by DNA Hybridization

Summary A previous isolation of a human cytomegalovirus (CMV) from fibroblasts derived from intact skin of a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease patient has prompted examination of six blind-coded cultured human skin lines by CMV DNA hybridization. The detection of CMV genome equivalents in three of the lines suggests that, in some cases, intact human skin may be a site of CMV latency.
Inhibition of bacterial DNA and protein synthesis in Bacillus subtilis by phage SP82. Effect of changes of temperature on the inhibition

Abstract Data are presented concerning the effect of raising the temperature from 37° to 45° on the inhibition by phage SP82 of protein and DNA synthesis in Bacillus subtilis SH. When the bacteria are incubated for 40 min at 45° before infection, infection proceeds as at 37°: host protein and DNA synthesis are inhibited. When the bacteria are incubated for less than 30 min at 45° before infection, synthesis of some host proteins is not inhibited and inhibition of host DNA synthesis is delayed. The data presented suggest that the inhibition of host DNA synthesis may result directly from the reduction of thymidine triphosphate pool size after infection. Temperature jump experiments suggest some general requirements which would have to be satisfied by any model of inhibition of host protein synthesis in this system.
The multiple calculi of meaning

This article builds on investigations of practices of interpretation by linguistic anthropologists who, in their pursuit of challenges to Speech Act Theory, have alluded to but not yet fully explor...
Mechanical creep and recovery of poly(styrene-b-ethylene/butylene-b-styrene) (SEBS), sulfonated SEBS (sSEBS), and sSEBS/silicate nanostructured materials

Creep and recovery of poly(styrene-b-ethylene/butylene-b-styrene) (SEBS) and sulfonated SEBS (sSEBS) materials having various percent sulfonation, some of which were exchanged with monovalent counterions, and sSEBS/silicate hybrids, were investigated. Explanations offered for tensile and shear creep reduction for low degrees of sulfonation involved hydrogen bonding between SO3H groups and/or observed frustrated morphologies. At higher sulfonation levels, an increase in overall percent strain was rationalized in terms of either a more distinct EB phase morphology, or to residual water bound to sulfonic acid groups. This effect was also observed when the acid form materials were ion-exchanged with monovalent counterions. The behavior of silicate-containing systems is situational and less understood. An equation for a modified Burgers viscoelastic model was seen to fit the creep data very well. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Reference Methylome Database and Analysis Pipeline to Facilitate Integrative and Comparative Epigenomics

DNA methylation is implicated in a surprising diversity of regulatory, evolutionary processes and diseases in eukaryotes. The introduction of whole-genome bisulfite sequencing has enabled the study of DNA methylation at a single-base resolution, revealing many new aspects of DNA methylation and highlighting the usefulness of methylome data in understanding a variety of genomic phenomena. As the number of publicly available whole-genome bisulfite sequencing studies reaches into the hundreds, reliable and convenient tools for comparing and analyzing methylomes become increasingly important. We present MethPipe, a pipeline for both low and high-level methylome analysis, and MethBase, an accompanying database of annotated methylomes from the public domain. Together these resources enable researchers to extract interesting features from methylomes and compare them with those identified in public methylomes in our database.
Chemorheology of Polysulfide Rubbers

Abstract Experimental results indicate that the socalled “cold flow” of polysulfide rubbers is almost certainly chemical rather than physical in nature. The term chemorheology has been adopted to describe this chemical type of plasticity. The experimental method employed in this investigation was the measurement of relaxation of stress in stretched rubber samples held at a constant elongation. The changes in relaxation rate produced by changing the molecular structure of the rubber (by cross-linking), by incorporating carbon black, by illuminating with ultraviolet light, and by treating the rubber with various chemical agents, such as sulfur, a thiol, and agents that destroy thiol groups, were studied by this method. From the results of the above experiments and from additional considerations, it is concluded that the chemical reaction responsible for cold flow is an intermolecular exchange reaction, and that this exchange reaction is probably an exchange between a terminal thiol group of one chain and a ...
Elution of propranolol as an ion-pair complex by buffer solutions on C18-silica

Propranolol (pKa = 9.4) was eluted on C18-bonded Kromasil, equilibrated with buffer solutions of methanol and water (40/60, v/v) containing a constant concentration of a counteranion (12 mM). Nine different counteranions were studied: Cl-, I-, NO3-, SO42-, CH3COO-, HOOCC2H4COO-, -OOCC2H4COO-, HOOCCOHCOOHCOO-, HOOCCOHCOO-COO-, and -OOCCOHCOO-COO-. The co-cation was K+ or Na+. Vacancy perturbations were measured on three concentration plateaus of propranolol hydrochloride, at 1.2, 12, and 24 mM, by injecting 100 μL of a pure mixture of methanol and water (40/60, v/v). Indirect detection of the solvent, the counteranion, the co-cation, and the chloride ion was carried out at 325 nm, a wavelength at which only propranolol responds. In a 1.2 mM propranolol hydrochloride solution, there is a 10-fold excess of counteranions and only a positive perturbation peak, due to the excluded co-cation and eluting before the column hold-up time, and a large vacancy peak, associated with propranolol, were recorded. Associa...
Motivating mitigation: when health matters more than climate change

The US public consistently ranks climate change as a low national priority due, in part, to a lack of personal engagement and a sense of temporal and spatial distance from the environmental effects (Leiserowitz 2006). Yet, the chief method for climate changemitigation, the reduction of fossil fuel use, would also reduce particulate air pollution, which is implicated in over three million deaths worldwide each year (Lim et al. 2013). Indeed, in the US, improved public health ranks among the top perceived benefits of reducing fossil fuel use (Leiserowitz et al. 2013), and the scientific community has been promoting these benefits—such as reduction in hospitalizations and premature deaths —for over a decade (Cifuentes et al. 2001; West et al. 2013). Furthermore, the health behavior literature demonstrates that personal perception of risk, which is likely to be linked to health, is one of the strongest motivators of behavioral change (Few 2007; Maibach and Parrott 1995). Thus, one possible method for garnering support for carbon emissions reduction is to emphasize the added co-benefit of reducing present-day, health-related impacts. However, it remains to be understood whether public health messaging can lead to improved climate change mitigation efforts, or how specific segments of the US population will respond to this message. In particular, emphasizing health co-benefits may be a strong motivator of attitude change among individuals who are less concerned about environmental threats or who deny the existence of anthropogenic climate change. DOI 10.1007/s10584-014-1192-2
Templates for Rejection: Configuring Attention to Ignore Task-Irrelevant Features

Theories of attention are compatible with the idea that we can bias attention to avoid selecting objects that have known nontarget features. Although this may underlie several existing phenomena, the explicit guidance of attention away from known nontargets has yet to be demonstrated. Here we show that observers can use feature cues (i.e., color) to bias attention away from nontarget items during visual search. These negative cues were used to quickly instantiate a template for rejection that reliably facilitated search across the cue-to-search stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), although negative cues were not as potent as cues that guide attention toward target features. Furthermore, by varying the search set size we show a template for rejection is increasingly effective in facilitating search as scene complexity increases. Our findings demonstrate that knowing what not to look for can be used to configure attention to avoid certain features, complimenting what is known about setting attention to select certain target features.
The degree of internationalization and the value of the firm: theory and evidence

Abstract A valuation approach is used to examine the effects of the degree of internationalization on the relation between the market value of a firm’s stock and the book value of equity. Degree of internationalization was measured by both foreign revenues over total revenues and foreign assets over total assets. Results on the “Most International” 100 U.S. firms indicate a consistent and positive relation between each measure of the degree of internationalization and the value of equity.
Age, education, and sex effects on adult moral reasoning.

The role of age and education in adult moral reasoning was examined utilizing Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental stage theory of moral development and the most recent Standard Scoring System for assessing moral judgments. Individual interviews utilizing standard Kohlberg moral dilemmas were conducted with 195 adults ranging in age from nineteen to eight-two years and in years of education from three to twenty-five years. Results indicated no overall significant effect for age of reasoner, no significant effect for sex, and a significant effect for education (p less than .01). However, the effect of age was significant in the group with eighteen or more years of education, but not in the group with less than eighteen years of education.