cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perirenal Transplant Fluid Collections

Various collections can develop in the space surrounding a renal transplant. These collections can present at any point in time from the immediate post transplant period to several months post transplantation and can be incidental or cause significant transplant dysfunction. The use on computed tomography and ultrasound allows for the imaging characteristics of these collections and their relationship to the transplanted kidney to be easily characterized. Standard means of percutaneously accessing the collections to obtain fluid is instrumental in diagnosing their etiology. Urinomas, hematomas, seroma, lymphomas and abscesses can be seen. The management of these collections is dependent on the nature of the peritransplant collection. Optimal care of patients with peritransplant collections is best attained by considered collaboration of a multi-specialty team.
Cushing's Syndrome in Childhood: Report of Two Cases with Bilateral Adrenocortical Hyperplasia, Showing Distinctive Clinical Features

Abstract Two cases of Cushing's syndrome resulting from adrenocortical hyperplasia arising in childhood are described. The distinctive features of these children were: 1) They were totally asymptomatic except for marked obesity associated with complete cessation of growth, resulting in stunted stature, and 2) they had submissive personalities and exhibited compulsive diligence in their schoolwork, which were no longer evident after adrenalectomy. Despite the patients' paucity of symptoms, the diagnosis was strongly suggested by the presence of characteristic physical findings and readily substantiated by the demonstration of the classic derangement of steroid excretion. Treatment consisted of total bilateral adrenalectomy. In each instance an entirely satisfactory result was obtained, with reversal of the biochemical and clinical abnormalities. In view of the numerous practical and theoretical disadvantages of the alternative modes of therapy, bilateral adrenalectomy appears to be the treatment of choice ...
Combined Effect of Electromagnetic Field and Grain Refiner on Microstructure of Φ310 Mm 7050 Aluminium Alloy Ingot

Grain refinement is quite important for producing 7050 alloy ingot especially in large scale. Low frequency electromagnetic casting (LFEC) process was used to make 7050 aluminum alloy Φ310 ingots and study the effect of electromagnetic field and grain refiner on the microstructure of 7050 alloy ingots. The results showed that both grain refiner and low frequency electromagnetic field can result in some grain refinement of 7050 alloy. However, the low frequency electromagnetic field shows more remarkable grain refinement. For the grain refined alloy by grain refiner, further significant grain refinement can be achieved with the application of low frequency electromagnetic field. The finest microstructure was achieved by combining the applications of both grain refiner and electromagnetic field.
Observations of Meridional Scale Frequency Dependence in the Coupled Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere System

It is generally observed in models of the coupled tropical ocean-atmosphere system that the meridional scales for oscillations at interannual periods are larger than an oceanic equatorial Rossby radius of deformation. Using 9 years of the high-resolution optimum interpolation sea surface temperature (SST) product of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), analyses are made on the frequency dependence of the observed meridional scales, with emphasis on the latitudinal structures in the central Pacific at 140°W. On the relatively short intraseasonal and seasonal timescales the SST variations are found to occur over a meridional scale of the oceanic equatorial Rossby radius of deformation suggested by conventional equatorially trapped wave theory. In contrast to this, on the longer annual and interannual timescales the meridional scales are found to increase beyond the oceanic equatorial Rossby radius of deformation. A physical explanation for this meridional scale increase with decreasing frequency in the coupled tropical ocean-atmosphere system is discussed.
The invention of radical reactions. Part XIX. The synthesis of very hindered quinones

Abstract On photolysis with tungsten light, the acyl derivatives of N -hydroxy-2-thiopyridone afford carbon radicals which readily add to guinones. In the case of benzoguinone radical addition is followed by 2-thiopyridyl transfer to afford adducts of type 4. Two different procedures were developed for the conversion of type 4 compounds into hindered quinones of type 7.
Relation of computerized tomography Hounsfield unit measurements and internal components of fresh chestnuts (Castanea spp.)

Abstract Little is known about Chestnut (Castanea spp.) in vivo cultivar characterization and morphology, the effect of mechanical harvesting, peelability, postharvest mold, physiological kernel decay, and quality. Thus, there is a need to develop a nondestructive technique able to assess fresh chestnut internal components, especially disorders. In this study, a medical grade computed tomography (CT) was used to obtain transversal two-dimensional (2D) images from decayed and healthy fresh chestnuts, from the hybrid cultivar ‘Colossal’ and ‘Chinese seedlings’. Attenuation coefficients, referred to as Hounsfield-units (HU) or CT numbers, were acquired from different 2D CT image regions including air, and several chestnut components containing decayed tissue, healthy tissue, various imperfections such as pellicle invagination into healthy kernel, and void spaces. Results offer an in vivo accurate insight of fresh intact chestnuts, and suggest that CT technology is appropriate for inline sorting. HU measurements can be used as a nondestructive predictor of fresh chestnut internal components with a 90.6% overall accuracy rate.
The wheels on the bus go "buy buy buy": School bus advertising laws

School buses, a practical necessity for millions of children, are at the center of new efforts to raise revenue. School bus advertising laws bring public health and commercialization concerns to the school setting. In doing so, they potentially expose school districts to First Amendment lawsuits.I examined various school bus advertising bills and laws. I reviewed First Amendment “forum analysis” as applied in the transit and school settings to clarify how this legal test may affect school districts subject to such laws.I have made recommendations for school districts to enact appropriate policies to ensure that such advertising does not undermine public health and to enable the districts to maintain control over their property.
Inhibition of calcium currents in cultured myenteric neurons by neuropeptide Y: evidence for direct receptor/channel coupling

Abstract Single channel recordings from rat myenteric plexus neurons demonstrated the presence of two categories of Ca2+ channels. One type of Ca channel had a slope conductance of 27 pS and was sensitive to dihydropyridines while the other type had a conductance of 14 pS and was dihydropyridine-insensitive. The 14 pS channel was mostly inactivated at a holding potential of -40 mV, while the 27 pS channel was much more resistant to depolarized holding potentials. A majority of whole-cell current was reprinted by the use of negative holding (-90 mV) potentials, when compared to that obtained at a holding potential of -40 mV. These properties are consistent with N- and L-type Ca channels previously described. In general, the inactivating part of the whole-cell Ca2+ current, selectively reprimed by negative holding potentials, was inhibited by neuropeptide Y (NPY). Depolarization-induced [Ca2+]i transients assessed using fura-2 showed that the inhibitory effects of nitrendipine and NPY were additive. The effects of NPY were abolished by pertussis toxin pretreatment. Single-channel experiments showed that neither the 14 nor the 27 pS Ca channel currents were inhibited by the addition of NPY outside the patch pipette. These results suggest that NPY modulates N-type Ca2+ channels selectively in these neurons and that an easily diffusible second messenger does not appear to participate in receptor/channel coupling.
C2 oxygenate synthesis from CO hydrogenation on AgRh/SiO2

The effect of silver on carbon monoxide hydrogenation over Rh/SiO2 has been studied. Silver is found to decrease the rates of formation for methane and C2+ hydrocarbons more than those for C2 oxygenates resulting in a marked increase in C2 oxygenate selectivity. Infrared spectroscopic studies reveal that Ag blocks the bridge-CO sites. Ethylene addition studies show that Ag promotes carbon monoxide insertion and suppresses hydrogenation. The results suggest that the number of Rh atoms required for carbon monoxide insertion may be less than that for hydrogenation and methanation.
CHLOROPLAST‐DNA PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY IN A RETICULATING GROUP: STUDY IN POA (POACEAE)

Cladistic analysis of Poa chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction sites tested previously hypothesized relationships within the genus. Forty-six taxa representing 19 sections or groups and three subgenera of Poa and two out-group genera, Puccinellia and Bellardiochloa, are analyzed. Five major and several minor cpDNA groups are identified. The cpDNA cladogram is generally congruent with the subgeneric taxonomy of Poa. Exceptions are reclassified or are discussed in terms of character incompatibilities and possible reticulation events. The cpDNA tree detected relationships among sections that were unresolved using traditional character sets and provides a basis for polarization of morphological character states. An assessment of biogeographic events based on the cpDNA tree suggests: 1) Poa originated in Eurasia; 2) at least six groups of species independently colonized North America; and 3) two of the latter groups colonized South America, and one closely related group colonized New Zealand and Australia. The cpDNA tree provided a conservative estimate of the number of amphi-neotropical disjunctions when compared to the known number of species disjunctions. Species of the genus Poa are native to arctic,
Toxicity of sediment-incorporated drilling fluids

The 24, 96, or 168-h LC50s of four used drilling fluids or barite incorporated into sediment were determined in toxicity tests with lancelets (Branchiostoma caribaeum), a benthic chordate. The number of lancelets that did not burrow into contaminated sediments was used to calculate EC50s at the same times that LC50s were determined. Observations of the burrowing behavior allowed quantitation of effects after 24-h exposures to each of the drilling fluids whereas lancelet mortality was sufficient to calculate 24-h LC50s for only one drilling fluid. Drilling fluids were less toxic to lancelets when incorporated into sediments than to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) or benthic invertebrate communities in water-column exposures.
Effects of Nonionic Surfactants on Root Growth and Cation Uptake

Surfactants are frequently employed by biological investigators to reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions and to bring about ready wetting of tissues. Maximum expression of this property is attained at low surfactant concentrations, though the effective concentration varies somewhat between preparations. In some situations the role of the surfactant is that of a solubility aid or stabilizer of a 2-phase system, in which case higher concentrations may be necesssary. In the investigations reported here we confined our attention to nonionic surfactants, on the assumption that they would be less likely to be retained by plant tissues than cationic or anionic compounds. Our primary interest was with effects on root growth and function. Materials and Methods
An investigation of second phases in alloy 718 using electrolytic extraction techniques

Abstract The intermetallic phases produced in Alloy 718 by two different heat treatments were investigated by electrolytic matrix extraction techniques. X-ray diffraction and fluorescence procedures were used for precipitate identification and to assess the relative elemental redistribution produced by the heat treatments. The x-ray results show that the 1093°C anneal plus modified duplex age heat treatment produced a significant reduction in the quantity of hexagonal Laves phase when compared with the 955°C anneal plus conventional duplex age heat treatment. Scanning electron microscope examination of the extracted material as well as the alloy specimens revealed the morphology of the phase and indicated that a carbide phase was present within the grains while the Laves phase was prominent in the grain boundaries. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis confirmed the diffraction and fluorescence results and further identified the carbide phase as (Cb, Ti, Al)C and the Laves phase as (Ni, Fe, Cr)2(Cb, Ti, Mo). It was concluded that the increased grain size and redistribution of the grain boundary precipitate phases produced by the modified heat treatment are likely to be responsible for the intergranular failure mode observed for fatigue crack propagation specimens, given the modified heat treatment and tested at elevated temperatures.
Fully relativistic correlated benchmark results for uranyl and a critical look at relativistic effective core potentials for uranium

A complete set of fully-relativistic benchmark results for the bond lengths and vibrational frequencies of uranyl at various levels of correlation treatment are presented. It is shown that the relativistic and correlation effects are of the same magnitude and should be treated on an equal footing. Results of uranyl calculations using various relativistic effective core potentials (RECP) are presented. Appropriate choices for RECPs for use in density functional theory (DFT) calculations in the local density approximation (LDA) and with the gradient-corrected B3LYP exchange-correlation functional are discussed. The conclusion is reached that small-core RECPs need to be used and that the best results as compared to the benchmark values are obtained by using a DFT functional that includes some fraction of Hartree-Fock Exchange.
The distribution of Brownian motion in Rn at a natural stopping time

Abstract For a measure μ on Rn let ((Bt, Pμ) be Brownian motion in Rn with initial distribution μ. Let D be an open subset of Rn with exit time ζ ≡ inf {t > 0: Bt ∉ D}. In the case where D is a Green region with Green function G and μ is a measure in D such that Gμ is not identically infinite on any component of D, we have given necessary and sufficient conditions for a measure ν in D to be of the form ν(dx) = Pμ(BT ∉ dx, T
Oligomerization of the E. coli core RNA polymerase: formation of (α2ββ'ω)2-DNA complexes and regulation of the oligomerization by auxiliary subunits.

In this work, using multiple, dissimilar physico-chemical techniques, we demonstrate that the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase core enzyme obtained through a classic purification procedure forms stable (α2ββ'ω)2 complexes in the presence or absence of short DNA probes. Multiple control experiments indicate that this self-association is unlikely to be mediated by RNA polymerase-associated non-protein molecules. We show that the formation of (α2ββ'ω)2 complexes is subject to regulation by known RNA polymerase interactors, such as the auxiliary SWI/SNF subunit of RNA polymerase RapA, as well as NusA and σ70. We also demonstrate that the separation of the core RNA polymerase and RNA polymerase holoenzyme species during Mono Q chromatography is likely due to oligomerization of the core enzyme. We have analyzed the oligomeric state of the polymerase in the presence or absence of DNA, an aspect that was missing from previous studies. Importantly, our work demonstrates that RNA polymerase oligomerization is compatible with DNA binding. Through in vitro transcription and in vivo experiments (utilizing a RapAR599/Q602 mutant lacking transcription-stimulatory function), we demonstrate that the formation of tandem (α2ββ'ω)2–DNA complexes is likely functionally significant and beneficial for the transcriptional activity of the polymerase. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel structural aspect of the E. coli elongation complex. We hypothesize that transcription by tandem RNA polymerase complexes initiated at hypothetical bidirectional “origins of transcription” may explain recurring switches of the direction of transcription in bacterial genomes.
The preparation and characterization of water-soluble proteolipid protein from bovine brain white matter.

Abstract Proteolipid proteins, essentially lipid-free, have been prepared and solubilized in aqueous solutions. Earlier attempts to isolate this protein moiety usually resulted in an insoluble product; though, chromatography on silicic acid did give proteins which were soluble in chloroform-methanol mixtures. Both types, however, contained about 5% tightly-bound phospholipid. The present method utilizes dialysis against acidified chloroform-methanol followed by dialysis against a succession of solvent mixtures of slowly increasing water content. The final product is water soluble while still retaining solubility in chloroform-methanol mixtures. Chemical analyses show it to be above 95% protein, and to contain 14–16% nitrogen, no inositol, and practically no phosphorus or neutral sugars. Upon gel filtration, the protein is excluded from Sephadex G-100 and shows one broad peak on G-200. The previously reported amino acid pattern for these proteolipid proteins is unchanged by the procedure, and like other proteolipid preparations from the same tissue, this protein is neither attacked by trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) nor pepsin (EC 3.4.4.1).
Near-infrared spectroscopy during resuscitation of trauma patients predicts development of multiple organ dysfunction: a prospective cohort study

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) noninvasively monitors muscle tissue oxygen saturation (StO2). It may provide a continuous measurement to identify occult hypoperfusion, guide resuscitation, and predict the development of multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) after severe trauma. We evaluated the correlation between initial StO2 and the development of MOD in multitrauma patients.
Natural regions for national parks: the Canadian experience

Abstract This article examines the history and characteristics of the system of natural regions devised by the Canadian federal government as a basis for selecting new national parks and in use since 1971. It begins with an examination of the political and scientific problems faced by those who devised the regional system and of how the system they devised solved these problems. It then examines the system's strengths and weaknesses as an instrument of public policy and evaluates its success as a guide to the selection of new national parks. It concludes by observing that the system's lack of those characteristics commonly considered the hallmarks of a logically satisfying regional system, distinct regions and unambiguous boundaries delineated by an objective process, was unimportant. Far more important to its success as an instrument of policy were other, less formal characteristics such as its overall appearance of reasonableness and the way it led to the selection of sites which were aesthetically, and therefore politically, appealing.
Factors Contributing to the Success of Undergraduate Business Students in Management Science Courses

The introductory management science (MS) course has historically been recognized as one of the most difficult core courses in the business school curriculum. This study uses multiple regression to examine the factors that contribute to the success of undergraduate business students in an MS course, based on data gathered from the college transcripts and academic files of 310 students. The results suggest that the strongest predictive variable is a student's college grade point average, indicating that overall academic performance to date has more influence than mathematical skills on the outcomes in MS classes. These findings have implications for faculty who desire to improve the effectiveness of instruction for their MS students.
Explaining investor preference for cash dividends

Abstract The well-known tendency of investors to favor cash dividends emerges quite naturally in two new theories of choice behavior [the theory of self-control due to Thaler and Shefrin (1981), and the version of prospect theory set out by Kahneman and Tversky (1979)]. Although our treatment is novel when viewed from the perspective of standard financial theory, it provides explanations for a phenomenon that has long been described as perplexing.
The preparation of ammonium tetrapolyphosphate, (NH4)6P4O13.6H2O

Abstract A reliable and direct method for the preparation of crystalline hexa ammonium tetrapolyphosphate is described. The method is based on the conversion of lead tetrapolyphosphate into ammonium tetrapolyphosphate with ammonium sulphide.
Potential role of stress and sensitization in the development and expression of multiple chemical sensitivity.

Chemical sensitivity in humans may be an acquired disorder in which individuals become increasingly sensitive to chemicals in the environment. It is hypothesized that in individuals with multiple c...
Alcohol and Head Injury: An Issue Revisited

The pathophysiologic changes associated with acute and chronic alcohol exposure in the setting of traumatic brain injury are complex. Experimental data indicate that ethanol intoxication can exacerbate brain injury through several mechanisms including hemodynamic and respiratory depression, blood-brain barrier disruption, and derangements in hemostasis. Alcohol, however, is also a potent inhibitor of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, and thus is neuroprotective. In contrast to the effects of acute intoxication, chronic alcohol exposure appears to result in upregulation of NMDA receptor activity and downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor function. This imbalance, it is hypothesized, can result in a surge of excitotoxicity following alcohol withdrawal. Trauma-related excitotoxic cell damage may be significantly potentiated by this alcohol-induced receptor imbalance that is unmasked as withdrawal occurs. Clinical and epidemiologic investigations of alcohol and outcome after head injury have not consistently demonstrated a measurable effect from either acute or chronic alcohol use. Multiple factors including the timing of intoxication in relation to time of injury, the degree and chronicity of intoxication, as well as the influence of other secondary injury processes appear to determine the net effect of alcohol in a given individual. Further clinical and experimental investigations aimed at defining the impact of alcohol use on outcome after head injury are warranted.
Extrahypophysial distribution of thyrotropin as a function of brain size.

Abstract Determination by radioimmunoassay of thyrotropin in the brains of rats and humans reveals that the dimensions within which the hormone is found is the same for rodents and primates but that the anatomical regions in which the hormone is found depends on brain size. Thyrotropin is widely distributed in the brain of rats but is found only in the hypothalamic regions of the human brain. These findings suggest that the pituitary is the sole site of synthesis of this hormone.
How much is that DAWG in the window? A moving window algorithm for the directed acyclic word graph

Abstract There is a class of data compression techniques that involve replacing repeating strings by pointers to previous occurrences of those strings. In order to implement these techniques, it would be useful to have an index which can quickly locate repeats within a fixed window of the text seen so far. One such index is the directed acyclic word graph (DAWG). An algorithm is presented which constructs the DAWG for a fixed window of k letters moving from left to right along the input text. It is shown that this algorithm has worst case behavior proportional to nk , where n is the length of the input text and k is the size of the window. This bound is the best possible for a window moving through the DAWG and also for a window moving through the suffix tree, a functionally related structure. The average case for the algorithm is analyzed under the assumption that input strings are random texts constructed from a fixed alphabet where each letter has equal probability. The resulting upper bound is O ( n log k ).
Pressure-induced superconductivity in Sc to 74 GPa

Using a diamond-anvil cell with nearly hydrostatic helium pressure medium, we have significantly extended the superconducting phase diagram ${T}_{c}(P)$ of Sc, the lightest of all transition metals. We find that superconductivity is induced in Sc under pressure, ${T}_{c}$ increasing monotonically to $8.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ at $74.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. The ${T}_{c}(P)$ dependences of the trivalent $d$-electron metals Sc, Y, La, and Lu are compared and discussed within a simple $s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d$ charge transfer framework.
The detection of faking on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI).

This study investigated the effects of a variety of faking strategies on the Weight Factor correction scores (designed to detect malingering) of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, a relatively new personality questionnaire. Subjects (both psychiatric patients [N = 95] and general medical/surgical controls [N = 90]) were asked to take the MCMI according to one of the following instructional sets: (1) traditional faking-good; (2) traditional faking-bad; (3) role faking-positive; (4) role faking-negative; (5) role faking-neutral; and (6) honest. The results indicated that neutral social role faking resulted in no significant differences in weight factor correction from subjects in the honest condition and that directionally role faked profiles did not differ in correction from those in the traditional “best” and “worst” conditions. Finally, only the Weight Factor corrections in the protocols from the fake bad conditions (whether in traditional “worst” or negative social role conditions) differed significantly from those in the honest conditions for both subject groups. Implications for the practicing clinician are discussed.
Regeneration of deactivated porous ceramic membranes

Because of the pore structure change and blocking of the ceramic membrane pores, deactivation of ceramic membranes occurred after repeated use. A pore blocking mechanism has been observed from the SEM study that in the first stage of deactivation, the membrane pore sizes became smaller due to the accumulation of the unremoved chemicals, and the pore neck parts were closed and/or blocked. Finally, the pore structures changed to the broken piece of long and thin elliptical shapes. Two regeneration methods were explored and tested in attempts to recover useful activity for the deactivated membranes. Relatively fresh membranes, including intermediately used membranes, can recover fluxes as much as 70 percent of fresh membrane flux by chemical treatments such as acetone-acid treatment, while the severely deactivated membranes were partially regenerated by an oxidation method followed by the acetone and acid treatment.
Mind wandering while reading easy and difficult texts

Mind wandering is a phenomenon in which attention drifts away from the primary task to task-unrelated thoughts. Previous studies have used self-report methods to measure the frequency of mind wandering and its effects on task performance. Many of these studies have investigated mind wandering in simple perceptual and memory tasks, such as recognition memory, sustained attention, and choice reaction time tasks. Manipulations of task difficulty have revealed that mind wandering occurs more frequently in easy than in difficult conditions, but that it has a greater negative impact on performance in the difficult conditions. The goal of this study was to examine the relation between mind wandering and task difficulty in a high-level cognitive task, namely reading comprehension of standardized texts. We hypothesized that reading comprehension may yield a different relation between mind wandering and task difficulty than has been observed previously. Participants read easy or difficult versions of eight passages and then answered comprehension questions after reading each of the passages. Mind wandering was reported using the probe-caught method from several previous studies. In contrast to the previous results, but consistent with our hypothesis, mind wandering occurred more frequently when participants read difficult rather than easy texts. However, mind wandering had a more negative influence on comprehension for the difficult texts, which is consistent with the previous data. The results are interpreted from the perspectives of the executive-resources and control-failure theories of mind wandering, as well as with regard to situation models of text comprehension.
Trochanteric fixation in total hip arthroplasty using the S-ROM bolt and washer

We evaluated the S-ROM bolt and washer (DePuy, Inc, Warsaw, IN) for fixation of the greater trochanter after trochanteric osteotomy in 29 hips in 28 consecutive patients. Of 29 cases, 9 (31%) resulted in trochanteric nonunion, with bony union being achieved in only 38% of cases. There was dislocation and subluxation in 7 of 29 (24%) cases with 6 of the 7 dislocations associated with trochanteric nonunion. Revision was necessary in 4 of 8 hips to obtain fixation of the trochanter. The rate of complications in this series suggests that the S-ROM bolt and washer is associated with a high rate of nonunion, particularly in the multiply-revised hip. Avoidance of trochanteric osteotomy whenever possible would be desirable. When an osteotomy is necessary, alternative forms of fixation should be considered.
Second-order chemical reactions in a nonhomogeneous turbulent fluid

Very rapid, rapid, and slow second-order reactions were studied in an isothermal turbulent flow reactor. The two aqueous reactant solutions were separately introduced through many alternate jets and the reaction took place in the resulting nonhomogeneous mixture. Very rapid reactions were diffusion controlled and were in agreement with earlier theory. All reactions followed second-order rate laws based on time average quantities. The apparent reaction velocity constant was controlled by the mixing for very rapid reactions, by the chemical kinetics for slow reactions, and by both mechanisms for rapid reactions.
Commentary: Infection-related cancers in low- and middle-income countries: challenges and opportunities

As non-communicable diseases (NCDs) rise in prominence as sources of morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), focus on cancer prevention and control activities has increased. These transitions coincide with improved prevention and treatment of infectious causes of death [e.g., tuberculosis, malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection], whereas NCDs such as cancer and cardiovascular disease related to tobacco consumption and poor dietary practices have increased. These changes also coincide with population expansion and aging in LMICs. In this issue of IJE, 1 Remais and colleagues discuss some of the factors contributing to ‘the convergence of noncommunicable and infectious diseases in LMICs’ and the importance of aligning existing infectious disease programmes with NCD prevention efforts. Notably, many cancers occurring in LMICs are related to infections that may be prevented and/or treated to preclude the development of cancer. In this commentary we provide a framework with which to consider infection-related cancers, and discuss challenges and opportunities for their control in LMICs. In 2008, infection-related cancers accounted for 22.9% of all cancers in less-developed countries (including 32.7% in sub-Saharan Africa) in contrast to 7.4% in developed countries. 2 Another study found that in 2008, the most common cancers in nations that were low in the Human Development Index (HDI), in which nations are ranked according to life expectancy, education, and gross domestic product, were (in order): cervical, female breast, liver, Kaposi
Making Feminist Sense of Neoliberalism: The Institutionalization of Women’s Struggles for Survival in Ecuador and Bolivia:

Since the early 1980s, community-based women’s organizations have emerged throughout Ecuador and Bolivia in response to persistent poverty, economic crisis, neoliberal-development policies and rela...
Online Switching Control Designs of LFT Systems

In this paper, we propose a switching control approach for linear fractional transformation (LFT) parameter dependent systems using multiple Lyapunov functions with online optimization techniques to improve performance and enhance control design flexibility. A gain-scheduled controller working for the next switching interval is designed at each switching time. A bumpless transfer compensator is also designed to minimize the jump of output caused by switching. The control synthesis conditions for both online switching controller and bumpless transfer compensator are formulated as Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI). Finally, the online switching control scheme is applied to an uninhabited combat aerospace vehicle (UCAV) problem.
On the allocation of fixed and variable costs from service departments

Abstract. In this paper, a service department chooses a fixed/variable cost combination based on the forecasts of two operating departments. The operating departments then make service usage decisions, and the service department provides the level of service demanded. The allocation of fixed and variable service department costs is used to: (1) encourage efficient short term use of the service and (2) encourage accurate forecasting by the operating departments. Three approaches are used to achieve these objectives — incentive compatible allocations, a modified Soviet incentive scheme, and a Groves allocation scheme — and we discuss conditions under which these schemes are successful. Resume. Dans cet article, un atelier de service retient une combinaison de couts fixes/ variables fondee sur des previsions de deux ateliers de fabrication. Par la suite, les ateliers de fabrication prennent des decisions relatives a leurs besoins de services, et l'atelier de service fournit le niveau de service exige. La repartition des frais fixes et variables de l'atelier de service vise a: (1) favoriser une utilisation efficace de l'atelier de service a court terme et (2) favoriser l'elaboration de previsions precises de la part des ateliers de fabrication. Trois approches sont utilisees pour atteindre ces objectifs — la compatibilite des repartitions et des mesures incitatives, un systeme incitatif sovietique modifie et un systeme de repartition de Groves — et nous examinons les conditions necessaires au bon fonctionnement de ces systemes.
Nanopore Structure and Sorption Properties of Cu-BTC Metal-Organic Framework

Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations in conjunction with high-resolution low-pressure argon adsorption experiments were employed to study adsorption mechanisms on the copper(II) benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate metal-organic framework (Cu−BTC). We constructed a molecular structural model of Cu−BTC. The pore network of Cu−BTC has a simple cubic symmetry. It consists of main channels of a square cross-section of ca. 0.9 nm diameter and tetrahedral side pockets of ca. 0.5 nm, which are connected to the main channels by triangular windows of ca. 0.35 nm diameter. Using a parameterized united-atom force field, we have determined the preferential adsorption sites and the sequence of adsorption mechanisms from a gradual filling of the side pockets to a stepwise adsorption and condensation in the main channels. The simulation results agree quantitatively with the experimental isotherm of argon up to almost complete filling of the pore network.
Rhythmic Layering Formed by Deposition of Plagioclase Phenocrysts from Influxes of Porphyritic Magma in the Cuillin Centre, Isle of Skye

The Outer Bytownite Gabbros of the Cuillin Centre on the Isle of Skye include a 175 m rhythmically layered sequence consisting of alternating layers of coarse-grained massive gabbro and finer-grained laminated gabbro.We infer that the massive layers formed from repeated influxes of plagioclase-phyric magmas, which flowed into an existing magma chamber and deposited their entrained phenocrysts on the chamber floor.The phenocrysts accumulated rapidly, trapping large amounts of pore liquid in the cumulus pile. During the intervals between influxes, laminated gabbro layers formed by crystallization of the resident magma; these layers accumulated more slowly, by crystal settling or in situ growth, allowing sufficient time for their pore liquids to be expelled by compaction or adcumulus crystallization. The resulting fractions of trapped pore liquid were510% in laminated gabbros and 20^40% in massive gabbros. High porosity in the massive layers is attributable to rapid accumulation of a lowdensity cumulus assemblage, with trapping of pore liquids facilitated by the confining effects of impermeable laminated cumulates above and below. Among layers, whole-rock Sr and Nd isotope ratios reveal variable degrees of contamination by the Archean crust beneath Skye. In the lower part of the section, influxes of plagioclase-phyric magma are associated with a shift to more primitive mineral compositions, lower Sr/Sr, and higher Nd/Nd, indicating that the replenishing magmas were initially more primitive and less contaminated than those already residing in the chamber. In accordance with this interpretation, massive layers have lower Sr/Sr than laminated layers, consistent with derivation of the plagioclase phenocrysts from a less contaminated source. In the upper part of the section, the shift toward more primitive and less contaminated compositions is reversed, suggesting that over time the replenishing magmas underwent increasing degrees of fractionation and contamination within the magmatic plumbing system that fed the intrusion. These observations and inferences, coupled with published evidence for other isotopic reversals, support a model for growth of the Cuillin Centre by frequent replenishment of a small-volume magma chamber with pulses of magma that underwent complex histories of fractionation and contamination during their transit through the Archean crust; periods dominated by assimilation and fractional crystallization within the feeder system alternated with periods of vigorous recharge by relatively primitive and less contaminated magmas.These cycles were superimposed on an overall trend toward less contamination through time, consistent with increasing dominance of the system by uncontaminated tholeiitic magmas as the Hebridean magmatic province matured.
The relationship between executive functioning, processing speed, and white matter integrity in multiple sclerosis.

The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between performance on executive tasks and white matter integrity, assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in multiple sclerosis (MS). A second aim was to examine how processing speed affects the relationship between executive functioning and fractional anisotropy (FA). This relationship was examined in two executive tasks that rely heavily on processing speed: the Color–Word Interference Test and the Trail Making Test (Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System). It was hypothesized that reduced FA is related to poor performance on executive tasks in MS, but that this relationship would be affected by the statistical correction of processing speed from the executive tasks. A total of 15 healthy controls and 25 persons with MS participated. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between executive functioning and FA, both before and after processing speed was removed from the executive scores. Before processing speed...
NMDA receptors interact with flotillin‐1 and ‐2, lipid raft‐associated proteins

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. Here we demonstrate interactions between the NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDARs with flotillin-1 (flot-1), a lipid raft-associated protein. When mapped, analogous regions in the far distal C-termini of NR2A and NR2B mediate binding to flot-1, and the prohibitin homology domain of flot-1 contains binding sites for NR2A and NR2B. Although NR2B can also directly bind to flot-2 via a separate region of its distal C-terminus, NMDARs were significantly more colocalized with flot-1 than flot-2 in cultured hippocampal neurons. Overall, this study defines a novel interaction between NMDARs and flotillins.
Detection of Barbiturates, Narcotics, and Amphetamines in Urine

(1973). Detection of Barbiturates, Narcotics, and Amphetamines in Urine. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 53-57.
Water Microgrids: The Future of Water Infrastructure Resilience☆

Abstract Microgrids have recently come into vogue as a potential solution to address the increasing number of power outages caused by extreme weather events that impact our cities and communities. Such events – often precipitated by increasing global temperatures and climate change – have repercussions that expand beyond damages to a city's electric infrastructure. Water infrastructure is similarly vulnerable to extreme weather events, resulting in significant impacts to clean water distribution, wastewater treatment, and stormwater management. Given this similarity, and other value drivers to be outlined, this paper proposes leveraging concepts behind electricity microgrids to develop a unified framework for microgrid application to promote water resilience in the face of our changing climate. Many parallels can be drawn between the electric grid and water infrastructure considering both are utilities that generate, store, and distribute an essential product that has been identified as a basic human right. Also similar to the electric grid, water infrastructure is aged and costly to redevelop. For both industries, microgrids are a potential solution that addresses aged infrastructure concerns while also being potentially more cost effective. In addition, by leveraging legacy infrastructural components while developing a new system within the system, microgrids provide redundancy, fortify vulnerabilities and secure the resource supply chain. This paper will investigate parallel components of electric and water infrastructure to provide a vision for future resilient water microgrids.
An Organism of Words: Ekphrastic Poetry and the Pedagogy of Perception

This essay locates our understanding of poetry in a kind of phenomenological trust in the body’s sensory experience—one that coincides with (but doesn’t necessarily parallel) the poet’s sensory experience in writing the poem. Grounded in the philosophical writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and using as a case study the ekphrastic poetry of Margaret Atwood and Marianne Moore, this essay posits that the kind of attention to detail demanded by the ekphrastic poem’s focus on and description of the perceptual encounter with the art object can be taken as a method for reading the lyric poem as perception in language. The theoretical approach outlined here can transform the teaching of poetry by shifting students’ experiences of poetry from the solely intellectual practice of exegesis to a whole-body sensory experience of language, sound, form, and vision.
Resistance of Spring Wheat to the Wheat Stem Maggot

A total of 782 spring wheat varieties was screened for resistance to Meromyza Americana Fitch. The 5 most resistant and the 5 most susceptible varieties from this test were tested under replicated conditions the next year. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in infestation between Triticum aestivum L. and M. T. durum Desf. Some wheat varieties apparently had some degree of resistance to the wheat stem maggot, but it is not known if the resistance was high enough to be of economic importance. Correlation and regression analyses indicated that the number of infested heads was dependent to a large extent on the time of heading; therefore, the number of white heads is a very unreliable basis for picking resistant varieties. But it appeared that resistant varieties could be chosen reliably on the basis of the Number of tillers infested before heading. Wheat stem maggot adults apparently preferred to oviposit on wheat varieties with the greatest number of tillers. Therefore, to determine accurately which varieties are resistant, the infestations must be compared on the basis of a common denominator, such as the mean Number of tillers in a row-foot, so that varietal differences in tillering are taken into consideration. However, in a large screening test where precision is not required, the number of plants in a row could be used as an adequate common denominator.
Parse Imputation for Dependency Annotations

Syntactic annotation is a hard task, but it can be made easier by allowing annotators flexibility to leave aspects of a sentence underspecified. Unfortunately, partial annotations are not typically directly usable for training parsers. We describe a method for imputing missing dependencies from sentences that have been partially annotated using the Graph Fragment Language, such that a standard dependency parser can then be trained on all annotations. We show that this strategy improves performance over not using partial annotations for English, Chinese, Portuguese and Kinyarwanda, and that performance competitive with state-of-the-art unsupervised and weakly-supervised parsers can be reached with just a few hours of annotation.
On the Absolute/Convective Nature of Primary and Secondary Instabilities

Primary and secondary instabilities arising in fluid flows need not have the same absolute/convective character. The Newell-Whitehead-Segel evolution model is chosen to illustrate this phenomenon. It is shown that the Eckhaus instability can be either absolute or convective in a parameter domain of absolute primary instability. In the case of the cubic Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation, the Benjamin-Feir instability is determined to be absolute as soon as the amplitude of the Stokes wavetrain exceeds a certain threshold. These two problems also provide simple examples of application of the absolute/convective instability criterion.
An error-compensated piecewise linear logarithmic arithmetic unit for phong lighting acceleration

This paper presents an error compensated piecewise linear logarithmic arithmetic unit for Phong lighting hardware acceleration. Two novel error compensation techniques have been applied to differentiate finer bounds within piecewise linear (PWL) approximation intervals to achieve a lower absolute mean error rate with minimal increment in resource costs. Area/power/error performances of the logarithmic unit designs are presented for the proposed topologies applied to a five-interval base-2 PWL logarithm approximation circuit in comparison to its baseline counterpart. In addition, the design is applied to a single-cycle Phong lighting hardware accelerator and evaluated for graphical estimation accuracy at the system-level.
Classification of chromosomes using nearest neighbor classifier

This paper addresses automated classification of human chromosomes using k nearest neighbor classifier. k nearest neighbor classifier classifies objects according to the closest training sample in the feature space. Various distance functions can be used in computation of how close the object is to the training sample. In this work various different distance functions are used to compare the performance of each. It was found that Euclidean distance function produces the best results.