cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histological changes in the gonads and reproductive behavior of house flies following treatment with chemosterilants p,p-bis (1-aziridinyl), N-methylphosphinic amide and p,p-bis (1-aziridinyl)-N-(3-methoxypropyl) phosphinothioic amide.

Evaluation of p, p -bis (l-aziridinyl)- N -methylphosphinic amide and p, p -bis (l-aziridinyl)- N -(3-methoxypropyl)-phosphinothioic amide for histological effects on gonadal tissue was made by feeding treated diet to adult Musca domestica L. A histological study of gonads showed that both compounds caused a drastic reduction in in spermatocyte cells in the testes of male flies, but aspermia never occurred. Some males treated with phosphinothioic amide showed recovery of spermatocyte cells 14 days after treatment. Primary oocytes in the ovary were least affected, although vacuolation of the yolk was evident in eggs of females treated with either compound. Atrophy of the ovaries began by the 10th day after treatment. The ovaries did not show recovery when the test was terminated 3 weeks after treatment. Females remained monogamous after mating with treated males thus indicating that these matings were satisfactory to the females. Males treated with either compound showed no difference from untreated males in initiation or duration of copulation.
Shell Elements Performance in Crashworthiness Analysis

Crashworthiness analysis, a type of large deformation transient dynamics, has been an important and active area of researches and engineering applications. Several shell elements have been implemented in the finite element software for crashworthiness analysis. Among them, the 4-node quadrilateral Belytschko-Tsay element, using lower order integration technique is most commonly employed, due to its efficiency, robustness and overall accuracy. However, the lower order integration brings in some uncertainty. This paper is to conduct an engineering evaluation on performance of various shell elements, including Belytschko-Tsay, Belytschko-Leviathan (QPH), Bathe-Dvorkin, discrete Kirchhoff triangular elements, available in the commercial explicit finite element software. The study uses several linear and nonlinear benchmark examples and high-speed impact examples, to investigate the performance of these elements. Results of engineering interest and efficiency of computation are reported. Also, the behavior of finite element convergence, observed from the results by a sequence of refined meshes is investigated.© 2004 ASME
Analysis of infection rate and drug resistance of urinogenital mycoplasma from 2009 to 2011

Objective In order to provide guidance for rational drug use in clinic,mycoplasma detection and resistance variation were analyzed in patients with non-gonococeal urogenital tract infection from 2009 to 2011. Methods Mycoplasma IST2 kit from French BioMerieux was used for culture,identification,counting and sensitive test of mycoplasma,and the test results of patients with non-gonococeal urethritis infection in three years( 2009-2011) were retrospectively analyzed. Results In 3 years,4631 cases were detected as suspected urogenital infection,and the positive rate of mycoplasma was 39. 4% ~ 50. 3%, showing an increasing trend. Among the positive cases,the detection rates of ureaplasma urealyticum( UU),mycoplasma hominis( MH) and mixed( UU + MH) were 27. 0% ~ 32. 8%,1. 1% ~ 1. 4% and 11. 3% ~ 16. 1%,respectively. In the three years,UU showed no obvious changes to Tetracyeline in sensitivity,but significant to the Quinolones and Macrolides; MH showed high and stable sensitivity to pristinamycin,josamycin,doxycycline and tetracycline,but insensitive to other antibiotics. UU + MH was sensitive to pristinamycin,doxycycline,josamycin and tetracycline,while the susceptibility of last three drugs decreased slightly year by year. Conclusion Mycoplasma infection showed an increasing trend,and the drug resistance dynamics was very obvious,so the clinician should be aware of its epidemiology and resistance changes,ensuring the rational use of antibiotics during the treatment process.
The protective effect of Polygonum cuspidatum extract in ConA-induced liver injury of mice

OBJECTIVE To study the protective effect of Polygonum cuspidatum extract in ConA-induced liver injury of mice.METHODS The serum ALT,AST and TNF-α,liver homogenate SOD and MDA were determined to evaluate its protective effects on the liver.RESULTS Polygonum cuspidatum extract high-dose group was significantly reduced ConA-induced liver injury in mice models of serum ALT,AST,TNF-α,liver homogenate MDA,increased liver homogenate SOD(P0.01).CONCLUSION Polygonum cuspidatum extract on ConA-induced liver injury in mice has protective effect.
ATP depletion inhibits capacitative Ca2+ entry in rat thymic lymphocytes

The present study investigates the requirement for cellular ATP in the increase in plasma membrane Ca2+ permeability activated by the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in rat thymic lymphocytes (capacitative Ca2+ entry). The permeability state of this pathway following activation with thapsigargin was probed in control and ATP-depleted cells using fluorometric measurements of intracellular Ca2+, Mn2+ entry, and membrane potential, and unidirectional measurements of Ca2+ uptake using 45Ca2+. The capacitative Ca(2+)-entry pathway was markedly inhibited in cells depleted of ATP by incubation in glucose-free solution containing oligomycin, antimycin A, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. These data cannot be explained on the basis of a loss of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient for Ca2+, alterations in intracellular pH or cellular Na+ content, a direct effect of the inhibitors of ATP production on the capacitative Ca(2+)-entry pathway, or the ability of thapsigargin to release Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Rather, these data are consistent with a requirement for ATP or a high-energy phosphate donor in the activation and/or maintained activation of capacitative Ca2+ entry.
The association between posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, and length of hospital stay following traumatic injury.

Abstract Objective The present study examined the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depression symptoms with hospital outcome measures to explore how psychiatric factors relate to hospital length of stay (LOS). Method Participants were adults admitted to a large Level I Trauma Center for longer than 24h. Depression was assessed at hospitalization using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), and PTSS was measured by the Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD). Hospital outcome information was collected from the hospital's trauma registry. Pearson correlations were performed. Results 460 participants (mean age=44years, SD =16.8; 65.4% male) completed the study. Baseline PTSS and depression were significantly correlated with longer hospital LOS while controlling for demographics and injury severity ( p =0.026; p =0.023). Both PTSS-positive and depression-positive groups had an average increased hospital LOS of two days. Conclusions A significant proportion of individuals who are admitted to the hospital following trauma may be at risk for depression and PTSS, which may then increase hospital LOS. As national attention turns to reducing healthcare costs, early screenings and interventions may aid in minimizing psychiatric symptoms in trauma patients, in turn reducing the cost and outcomes associated with total hospital LOS.
Paramodular forms of level 8 and weights 10 and 12

We study degree 2 paramodular eigenforms of level 8 and weights 10 and 12, and determine all their local representations. We prove dimensions by the technique of Jacobi restriction. A level divisible by a cube permits a wide variety of local representations, but also complicates the Hecke theory by involving Fourier expansions at more than one zero-dimensional cusp. We overcome this difficulty by the technique of restriction to modular curves. An application of our determination of the local representations is that we obtain the Euler 2-factor of each newform.
Hydrotropic Solubilization— Mechanistic Studies

Purpose. This study examines the mechanism of hydrotropic solubilization using the riboflavin-nicotinamide system. The most commonly proposed mechanism for hydrotropic solubilization is complexation, and therefore, is investigated. Additionally, since nicotinamide and several other hydrotropic agents self-associate in aqueous solution, the possibility that self-association of the hydrotropic agent is important mechanistically is examined by studying the effect of temperature on hydrotropic ability. Researchers have shown that the degree of self-association decreases with increasing temperature. Therefore, if temperature affects the solubilizing capacity of nicotinamide, self-association must be mechanistically significant. Methods. The complexation hypothesis is tested by looking at nicotinamide's ability to quench riboflavin fluorescence and by examining changes in the UV/Vis spectrum of riboflavin upon addition of nicotinamide. The solubility of riboflavin in nicotinamide solutions as a function of temperature is determined to assess the impact of self-association on hydrotropicity. Results. Nicotinamide does not alter the intrinsic fluorescence of riboflavin nor are changes indicative of complexation observed in the UV/Vis spectrum. Temperature does have an effect on the hydrotropic ability of nicotinamide. Specifically, as temperature increases, the solubilizing capacity of nicotinamide decreases. Conclusions. Because nicotinamide is unable to quench riboflavin fluorescence, and does not produce significant spectral changes, complexation of nicotinamide and riboflavin does not occur. However, since increasing temperature causes a decrease in the hydrotropic ability of nicotinamide and in its degree of self-association, it is proposed here that the self-association of nicotinamide impacts the hydrotropic mechanism.
Can Tax Expenditures Stimulate Growth in the Old Industrial North

This book chapter (to be) is an examination of the effectiveness of tax expenditures at the local level to stimulate economic development and growth. It focuses on the old industrial north, with a case study from the Cleveland area.
In Search of the Transformative Imaginary: Literary Representations of Non-State Violence in the Globalized Postcolony

Though revolutionary violence and the violence of the dispossessed gained a liberatory valence in its theorization during the anticolonial era by a wide range of writers, including Frantz Fanon, th...
Exposure to Arsenite in CD-1 Mice during Juvenile and Adult Stages: Effects on Intestinal Microbiota and Gut-Associated Immune Status.

ABSTRACT Intestinal microbiota composition and gut-associated immune response can contribute to the toxicity of arsenic. We investigated the potential toxicity of short-term arsenic exposure on gut microbiome composition, intestinal immune status, microbial arsenic resistance gene, and arsenic metabolic profiles in adult and developmental stages of CD-1 mice. The potential toxicity of arsenite [As(III)] was determined for two life stages: (i) adult animals at 24 or 48 h after single gavage (0.05 mg/kg body weight [b.w.] [low dose], 0.1 mg/kg b.w. [medium dose], and 0.2 mg/kg b.w. [high dose]) and repeated exposure at 1 mg/liter for 8 days and (ii) postnatal day 10 (PND10) and PND21 after single gavage (0.05 mg/kg b.w.). Dose- and time-dependent responses in bacterial recovery/microbial composition were observed in adults after a single gavage. Repeated exposure caused a transient decrease in the recovery of intestinal bacteria, a shift in the bacterial population with abundance of arsenic resistance genes, and evidence for host metabolism of arsenite into less-reactive trivalent methylated species. Arsenic exposure in adult animals induced high levels of CC chemokines and of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in intestine. Arsenic exposure at PND21 resulted in the development of distinct bacterial populations. Results of this study highlight significant changes in the intestinal microbiome and gut-associated immune status during a single or repeated exposure to arsenic in juvenile and adult animals. The data warrant investigation of the long-term effects of oral arsenic exposure on the microbiome and of immune system development and responses. IMPORTANCE Transformation of organic arsenic to toxic inorganic arsenic (iAs) is likely carried out by intestinal bacteria, and iAs may alter the viability of certain microbial populations. This study addressed the impact of arsenic exposure on intestinal microbiota diversity and host gut-associated immune mediators during early development or adulthood using scenarios of acute or repeated doses. During acute arsenic exposure, animals developed defense functions characterized by higher abundances of bacteria that are involved in arsenic resistance or detoxification mechanisms. Arsenite had a negative effect on the abundance of bacterial species that are involved in the conversion of protein to butyrate, which is an alternative energy source in the intestine. The intestinal mucosal immune cytokine profile reflected a mechanism of protection from arsenic toxicity.
Novel 1.3 Mb germline duplication in chromosome 8q21.11 by microarray comparative genomic hybridization plus single nucleotide polymorphism analysis in an adult patient with pancytopenia and urinary bladder complications.

We present the case of a 30-year-old woman with a history of perinatal complications as well as bladder and urinary disease through her childhood and adult life. Microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis revealed a 1.3 megabase duplication at chromosome 8q21.11 encompassing the CASC9 and HNF4G genes.
Concomitant Occlusive Vascular Lesions of Legs in Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Diseases: Do These Lesions Influence Treatment?

Background and Study Aims Vascular narrowing or obstruction reduces blood flow to the lower limbs during exercise or at rest. Symptoms may range from intermittent claudication to pain at rest. Narrowing of these arteries may produce pain in the buttocks, thighs, or legs. These symptoms may resemble those of lumbar radicular pain. Spine surgeons may overlook obstructive vascular lesions of the lower limbs in patients with lumbar degenerative diseases such as spinal stenosis and spondylolisthesis. We investigated the clinical and radiologic risk factors of concomitant vascular pathologic lesions in patients with degenerative lumbar diseases. Materials and Methods If patients presented with a weak or absent dorsalis pedis artery pulse, edema of both legs, and a past history related to vascular lesions of the lower limbs, we evaluated the veins and arteries of the lower extremities using Doppler sonography. If abnormal vascular findings were detected, computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the lower extremities was performed. Radiologic and clinical risk factors of concomitant occlusive arterial lesions of the lower limb were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Results In 2013, 335 patients suspected of having vascular lesions underwent Doppler sonography. Among them, CTA of the lower extremities was performed in 58 patients. The mean age was 69.4 years (35 men and 23 women). Severe narrowing or total occlusion of the leg arteries was detected in 23 patients. Partial obstructive arterial disease of the legs was detected in 14 patients. Occlusion but with good collateral circulation of the leg was found in three patients. Surgical treatment plans were cancelled or changed in 28 patients. The risk factors for occlusive arterial lesions of the legs were an abnormal ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI), absent dorsalis pedis artery pulse, and lack of response after a pain-blocking procedure. Conclusion If patients present with a weak or absent dorsalis pedis artery pulse, abnormal ABPI ratio, and no response after a pain-blocking procedure, the clinician should consider the possibility of severe arterial occlusion of the legs. We suggest that the differential diagnosis of obstructive arterial lesions of the legs from lumbar degenerative diseases is important to prevent unnecessary invasive surgical treatment of the lumbar spine.
Understanding Moment‐to‐Moment Processing of Visual Narratives

What role do moment-to-moment comprehension processes play in visual attentional selection in picture stories? The current work uniquely tested the role of bridging inference generation processes on eye movements while participants viewed picture stories. Specific components of the Scene Perception and Event Comprehension Theory (SPECT) were tested. Bridging inference generation was induced by manipulating the presence of highly inferable actions embedded in picture stories. When inferable actions are missing, participants have increased viewing times for the immediately following critical image (Magliano, Larson, Higgs, & Loschky, ). This study used eye-tracking to test competing hypotheses about the increased viewing time: (a) Computational Load: inference generation processes increase overall computational load, producing longer fixation durations; (b) Visual Search: inference generation processes guide eye-movements to pick up inference-relevant information, producing more fixations. Participants had similar fixation durations, but they made more fixations while generating inferences, with that process starting from the fifth fixation. A follow-up hypothesis predicted that when generating inferences, participants fixate scene regions important for generating the inference. A separate group of participants rated the inferential-relevance of regions in the critical images, and results showed that these inferentially relevant regions predicted differences in other viewers' eye movements. Thus, viewers' event models in working memory affect visual attentional selection while viewing visual narratives.
Ordered Transmission for Efficient Wireless Autonomy

Collaborative autonomous systems may rely on wireless communications in dynamic settings. Fundamental to these systems is collaborative decision making, gathering evidence and efficiently producing a joint decision. In many applications fast decision cycles are required and the speed of decision limits the overall system performance. In this paper we develop and analyze a binary hypothesis testing approach using ordered transmission with K \leq N, where N is the number of sensors and K is the number of transmissions to a fusion center. By ordering the local likelihoods the most informative local statistics are transmitted first. Our analysis, using properties of order statistics, characterizes the test and reveals tradeoffs between K and N. This provides a flexible scheme for quick collaborative decision making, with as few as K=1 transmissions, and enables nontraditional tradeoffs by increasing N while keeping K small. The results can be applied to a variety of distributed decision applications.
The Medical Student Summer Research Program at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston: building research foundations.

Background: Interest in incorporating research into the medical school curriculum has grown over the years. One of the challenges involved with providing research to medical students is developing ...
The Role of Incremental Peritoneal Dialysis in the Era of the Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative.

On July 10, 2019, President Trump signed the Advancing American Kidney Health (AAKH) Executive Order—an order that aims to shift care delivery for kidney failure to patient-centered home therapies ([1][1]). One main goal of AAKH is for 80% of patients with incident kidney failure to receive a
The Intersection of Childhood Maltreatment and Marriage: Implications for Adult’s Health

Childhood maltreatment is associated with mental and physical health problems across the life course. Marriages may be a risk factor for continued mental and physical health problems or, alternativ...
Background television and distractibility in young children: Does program content matter?

Abstract Background television distracts and disrupts the productivity of young children's play, but little is known about how different types of television programming affect attentional control and task performance in this age group. This was the goal of the current project. 115 preschoolers were given tasks to complete while an adult- or child-directed television program played in the periphery, and no program played in the control condition. The child-directed distractor had stronger attention-getting and -holding properties than the adult-directed distractor, and across conditions, it was the most detrimental to children's on-task attention and task performance. The adult-directed distractor also disrupted on-task attention. Additionally, changes in children's frequency of looking and latency to turn to both distractors over the session revealed a decrease in orienting, but average length of individual looks did not change over time. Results are consistent with prior work that suggests parents limit their children's exposure to background television.
A Review of Different Curriculums for Effective Teaching Practices [In English]

As a teacher of more than 20 years and as a curriculum developer, I found out that there are many commonly used teaching methodologies that are not related to our students. This does not mean that what we explain to them is useless. No, but it is that our students do not see the use of information presented to them which leads them to think of it as irrelevant to their lives especially with the new technologies and growing globalization world around us. In this article, I will introduce the two most common types of curriculum instructions which are: linear and holistic approaches in education. I will start with a short introduction to each approach and will present some explanation and discussion platform towards the characteristics of each methodology. Later, I will introduce some best practices that can be utilized in holistic approach classes to help teachers in developing their daily teaching practices. In this article, best practices refer to in-class teacher’s activities, methods or approaches used to improve students’ academic abilities, ways of thinking and desired outcomes. These methods will help students to connect what they learn with their daily lives.
Abstract 962: Small-molecule NSC58874 releases and activates p73 via induction of mutant p53 degradation in cancer cells

The tumor suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer. Mutant p53 is a challenge to target in cancer therapy due to its many mutations and the fact that it is an inactivated transcription factor. p73 is a member of the p53 family but very rarely mutated in cancer cells. Therefore, activation of p73 is one of the promising strategies to restore the p53 pathway signaling in cancer therapy. Our laboratory has reported that p73 can be activated by small molecules to restore p53 pathway signaling via induction of p73 expression or interruption of p73 interaction with mutant p53. In the present study, we explored a strategy for releasing p73 from a mutant p53 inhibitory complex by induction of mutant p53 degradation using small molecule NSC59984. We previously reported that NSC59984 induces mutant p53 degradation and restores p53 pathway signaling through p73 in p53-mutant cancer cells. To address the mechanism of whether p73 is released from a mutant p53 inhibitory complex to transcriptionally regulate p53 targets, we performed p53-RE-luc reporter assays and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR in cancer cells with overexpression of p73. We found NSC59984 enhances p73-mediated signaling based on p53 target (such as p21 and noxa) induction at the protein level and p53-RE-luc reporter assay. Further ChIP-PCR analysis showed that NSC59984 treatment increases p73-binding to the p21 and Noxa promoters. These results taken together suggest that NSC59984 enhances p73 transcriptional activity to restore the p53 pathway signaling. It is also well known that p73 activity is regulated through a complex mechanism such as post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions. We found that NSC59984 can stimulate the ERK2 signaling pathway. The MEK1 inhibitor U0126 partially blocked p73 binding to the p21 and Noxa promoters and their gene expression in cells treated with NSC59984, and this correlated with the rescue of mutant p53 stabilization. These results suggest that p73 is released from mutant p53 inhibitory complex and further stimulated through ERK2 signaling, as a mechanism of tumor suppression in tumors with mutant p53. Citation Format: Shengliang Zhang, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Small-molecule NSC58874 releases and activates p73 via induction of mutant p53 degradation in cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 962.
Changes in Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Use in Posterior Fusion Over the Past Two Decades.

Background In 2011, studies suggested that complications and cancer rates associated with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) were greater than previously reported. However, later studies reported complication rates similar to prior literature and no increased cancer rate. We evaluated the pattern of clinical utilization of BMP in posteriorly based lumbar fusion by comparing two periods: 2002-2004 and 2017-2019. Methods Patients who received BMP from 2002-2004 (Early) and 2017-2019 (Late) from a single multi-surgeon institution who had a lumbar fusion were identified. One hundred patients from each cohort were randomly selected. Mean total BMP used at each level and the proportion of BMP placed in the interbody space versus posterolateral gutters were evaluated. Results In the transforaminal lumbar intebody fusion (TLIF) cohort, the total BMP dose in the Late group (6.15 mg) was nearly half of that used in the Early group (12.04 mg, p<0.000). The amount of BMP used in the posterolateral gutters remained similar (Early: 4.01 mg vs Late: 3.38 mg, p=0.222). The amount of BMP used in the interbody space was less in the Late group (2.76 mg) compared to the Early group (8.03 mg, p<0.000). In the posterior spinal fusion (PSF) cohort, the total BMP dose remained similar between the Early (11.96 mg) and the Late groups (10.82 mg, p=0.007). Conclusion Change in the use of BMP in TLIF cases was driven by the complications reported in the literature with no change in outcome. A similar impetus was not seen for PSF.
Crowdsourcing Global Perspectives in Ecology Using Social Media

Transparent, open, and reproducible research is still far from routine, and the full potential of open science has not yet been realized. Crowdsourcing––defined as the usage of a flexible open call to a heterogeneous group of individuals to recruit volunteers for a task ––is an emerging scientific model that encourages larger and more outwardly transparent collaborations. While crowdsourcing, particularly through citizen- or community-based science, has been increasing over the last decade in ecological research, it remains infrequently used as a means of generating scientific knowledge in comparison to more traditional approaches. We explored a new implementation of crowdsourcing by using an open call on social media to assess its utility to address fundamental ecological questions. We specifically focused on pervasive challenges in predicting, mitigating, and understanding the consequences of disturbances. In this paper, we briefly review open science concepts and their benefits, and then focus on the new methods we used to generate a scientific publication. We share our approach, lessons learned, and potential pathways forward for expanding open science. Our model is based on the beliefs that social media can be a powerful tool for idea generation and that open collaborative writing processes can enhance scientific outcomes. We structured the project in five phases: 1) draft idea generation, 2) leadership team recruitment and project development, 3) open collaborator recruitment via social media, 4) iterative paper development, and 5) final editing, authorship assignment, and submission by the leadership team. We observed benefits including: facilitating connections between unusual networks of scientists, providing opportunities for early career and underrepresented groups of scientists, and rapid knowledge exchange that generated multidisciplinary ideas. We also identified areas for improvement, highlighting biases in the individuals that self-selected participation and acknowledging remaining barriers to contributing new or incompletely formed ideas into a public document. While shifting scientific paradigms to completely open science is a long-term process, our hope in publishing this work is to encourage others to build upon and improve our efforts in new and creative ways.
Cutting Edge: Dysfunctional CD8+ T Cells Reside in Nonlymphoid Tissues During Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi Infection

Chagas disease is caused by persistent Trypanosoma cruzi infection in muscle tissue that ultimately results in chronic inflammation and tissue destruction. It is unclear why T. cruzi is cleared from some tissues but persists in others, despite an active inflammatory response. In this study, we show that the majority of CD8+ T cells present in muscle tissue express memory and effector cell surface markers but have sharply attenuated effector function compared with their splenic counterparts. The dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in the muscle tissue suggests a mechanism by which T. cruzi can persist in that location and cause inflammatory damage.
The Steel and Shipbuilding Industries of South Korea: Rising East Asia and Globalization

In this paper, we focus on the roles of the steel and shipbuilding industries as generative sectors in Koreas rapid economic ascent. We argue that a world-systems analysis focusing on these generative sectors provides a more complete understanding of Koreas rapid economic ascent than do other theoretical models. We outline the similarities between this case and those analyzed by Bunker and Ciccantell (2005, 2007) both in terms of the central role of generative sectors in raw materials and transport industries and how the creation and growth of these two industrial sectors shaped institutional patterns and the broader economic ascent of South Korea and East Asia. Even though South Korea has not and may never become a challenger for global hegemony, its rapid ascent has helped reshape East Asia and the capitalist world-economy. We use the model of generative sectors to analyze the critical industries that underlay and shaped South Koreas ascent from a low wage, light industry base to a world leader in electronics, automobiles, and other advanced industries.
Ear and Lateral Line of Vertebrates: Organisation and Development

In vertebrates, perception of movement and sound is accomplished by the lateral line and inner ear sensory systems. These systems sense reverberations, movement and acceleration by transducing mechanical stimuli from the environment into electrical signals by means of mechanosensory hair cells. Vestibular and auditory hair cells have associated sensory neurons that transmit these signals from the periphery to the central nervous system. During development, cranial sensory systems arise from an initially homogeneous population of cells that ultimately give rise to discrete sensory structures. Although the demands for auditory and vestibular sensation differ between species and environments, vertebrates use common cell types, genetic programmes and molecules to achieve the development of these mechanosensory organs. In this article, the structure and function of the mechanosensory hair cells, lateral line and inner ear and how these systems develop across species are discussed, and as well as the innervation of these systems. Key Concepts: The vertebrate inner ear is composed of both auditory and vestibular components. Both the lateral line and the inner ear are derived from embryonic structures known as cranial placodes. All cranial placodes originate from a homogenous group of cells known as the preplacodal ectoderm. Hair cells are structurally and functionally similar in both auditory and lateral line systems. The adult lateral line mediates sensation of movement in the aquatic environment of fishes and frogs. Embryonic posterior lateral line development is accomplished by the pre-patterned posterior lateral line primordium. The lateral line is an experimentally accessible model for studying mechanosensory system development and biology. Keywords: lateral line; inner ear; mechanosensory hair cells; development; vestibular; auditory; cranial placodes; primordium
Three-dimensional numerical simulation tools for fracture analysis in planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)

A major step in future development of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is comprehension of the relationship between critical electrochemical and thermomechanical processes and the structural failure of the fuel cells. The reported research makes use of several finite element modeling tools to gain an overall understanding of fracture in a planar cell model. In our analysis, the ANSYS finite element (FEM) software is used to create a simplified cell structure with thermally induced stresses, which is then used to determine areas of high stresses in the anode-electrolyte-cathode (PEN) layers of an anode-supported planar SOFC. Refined fracture models are analyzed using the Fracture Mechanical Analyzer (FMA) code developed at Georgia Tech, which is a post-processing program capable of calculating fracture parameters in conjunction with finite element programs. The FMA code enables prediction of both crack growth and direction of three dimensional curvilinear cracks in a PEN structure under combined thermal and mechanical loading conditions. Examples of flaws in the anode, electrolyte, and at the anode-electrolyte interface will be given to demonstrate the robustness of the FMA software and to study possible failure modes of the PEN.
Experiments in a high-amplitude Kinoshita meandering channel: 1. Implications of bend orientation on mean and turbulent flow structure

[1] Meandering rivers exhibit complex planform patterns with both upstream and downstream valley oriented meander bends. In order to describe the effects of bend orientation on long-term river evolution, it is of great importance to be able to describe bend orientation (curvature) effects on the hydrodynamics of the flow as a first approximation. Mean flow and turbulence characteristics were investigated experimentally in a periodic, asymmetric, meandering channel herein called “the Kinoshita channel”. The channel planform configuration retains high-order harmonic modes. Upstream and downstream valley oriented meander bends can be studied by reversing the flow. A flat, smooth bed (without sediment) condition has been considered to avoid further complexity. Spatial distributions of mean flow (e.g., velocities) and turbulence parameters (Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy) were observed at several cross sections along the meander wavelength. Measurements show that at the bend apex, the core of maximum velocity is found near the inner bank for both planform orientations. At the same cross section, observations show that when bends are oriented upstream valley, the secondary flow is not as well developed as in the case where bends are oriented downstream valley. Furthermore, for the upstream condition the energy gradient is smaller than that for the downstream condition, suggesting that the friction (i.e., flow resistance) due to curvature is higher for the downstream-skewed condition. Implications about having upstream and downstream bends in the meandering river migration framework are also discussed herein.
Teaching Backwards: Using Computer Output as a Vehicle for Self-Directed Study of Financial Theory

Abstract This paper presents an example of an approach to teaching financial theory at the college level that I call “teaching backwards”. In the more traditional approach, instructors begin by explaining financial theory, and proceed to give examples of the way this theory can be applied to a business problem, structuring data around the predetermined theory. When teaching backwards we reverse the process, suggesting various ways to organize and report data related to a business problem and then inviting students to analyze these data to identify relationships between the variables that enable them to see potential applications of financial theory, or even to discover the theory itself.
Pilus hijacking by a bacterial coaggregation factor critical for oral biofilm development

The formation of dental plaque, a highly complex biofilm that causes gingivitis and periodontitis, requires specific adherence among many oral microbes, including the coaggregation of Actinomyces oris with Streptococcus oralis that helps to seed biofilm development. Here, we report the discovery of a key coaggregation factor for this process. This protein, which we named coaggregation factor A (CafA), is one of 14 cell surface proteins with the LPXTG motif predicted in A. oris MG1, whose function was hitherto unknown. By systematic mutagenesis of each of these genes and phenotypic characterization, we found that the Actinomyces/Streptococcus coaggregation is only abolished by deletion of cafA. Subsequent biochemical and cytological experiments revealed that CafA constitutes the tip of a unique form of the type 2 fimbria long known for its role in coaggregation. The direct and predominant role of CafA in adherence is evident from the fact that CafA or an antibody against CafA inhibits coaggregation, whereas the shaft protein FimA or a polyclonal antibody against FimA has no effect. Remarkably, FimA polymerization was blocked by deletion of genes for both CafA and FimB, the previously described tip protein of the type 2 fimbria. Together, these results indicate that some surface proteins not linked to a pilus gene cluster in Gram-positive bacteria may hijack the pilus. These unique tip proteins displayed on a common pilus shaft may serve distinct physiological functions. Furthermore, the pilus shaft assembly in Gram-positive bacteria may require a tip, as is true for certain Gram-negative bacterial pili.
Stochastic Programming Approach for the Planning of Offshore Oil or Gas Field Infrastructure under Decision-Dependent Uncertainty

The planning of offshore oil or gas field infrastructure under uncertainty is addressed in this article. The main uncertainties considered are in the initial maximum oil or gas flowrate, the recoverable oil or gas volume, and the water breakthrough time of the reservoir, which are represented by discrete distributions. Furthermore, it is assumed that these uncertainties are not immediately realized, but are gradually revealed as a function of design and operation decisions. To account for these decision-dependent uncertainties, we propose a multistage stochastic programming model that captures the complex economic objectives and nonlinear reservoir behavior and simultaneously optimizes the investment and operating decisions over the entire planning horizon. The proposed solution algorithm relies on a duality-based branch-and-bound method involving subproblems as nonconvex mixed-integer nonlinear programs. Several examples involving nonlinear reservoir models are presented to illustrate the application of ...
In-Core Neutron Monitoring System for General Electric Boiling Water Reactors

A general description of the Neutron Monitoring System will be presented. The functions and neutronics response of each subsystem will be described. The operational and safety functions will be discussed and a description of the detectors and signal conditioning electronic functions will be given.
Research on the PRO-SELF intervention program

Summary Dodd and Miaskowski have clearly demonstrated the utility of conducting high-quality clinical research to evaluate self-care practices for adult cancer patients. Self-care strategies should be developed for children with cancer. Evaluation of pediatric self-care research must be held to the same methodologic standards as new cancer treatments. Consideration must be given initially to the applicability of adult self-care interventions and to the pediatric academic research setting as well to the community setting.
Interferometric measurement of double stars with an 18-inch refractor

Abstract This paper proves that an interferometer mounted on a moderate-sized telescope can be a useful instrument for measuring close double stars. By means of an auxiliary tube fitted into the filar micrometer of the Flower Observatory a double slit aperture forming the interferometer was supported 2 feet inside the focus of the telescope.The position angle of the slits could be read from the micrometer circle. From readings of position angles of minimum fringe visibility have resulted many accurate measures in position angle and distance of 44 double stars between o″.i and o″.6 in distance and down to magnitude 7.5 in brightness. The interferometer more than doubles the resolving power of the telescope and greatly reduces the inconvenience of poor seeing. Its defects are a waste of light and susceptibility to errors caused by atmospheric dispersion.
Origin and phenotype of lung side population cells

Side population (SP) cells, a rare cell type identified by their ability to efflux the vital dye Hoechst 33342, are highly enriched for stem cell activity. Bone marrow (BM) SP cells uniformly expre...
The revival transformation

The notion that a definition of a variable is dead is used by optimizing compilers to delete code whose execution is useless. We extend the notion of deadness to that of partial deadness, and define a transformation, the revival transformation, which eliminates useless executions of a (partially dead) definition by tightening its execution conditions without changing the set of uses which it reaches or the conditions under which it reaches each of them.
Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies of a molybdenum cofactor model in aqueous micellar solution

A model of the molybdenum cofactor (Mo-co) of the molybdenum hydroxylases is examined in a variety of solvent environments that enhance the enzyme-mimetic properties of the complex. The complex MoO2(1L), 1, where 1L = N,N′-dimethyl-(N,N′-bis(2-mercaptophenyl)-1,2-diaminoethane), has been studied by cyclic voltammetry and infrared spectroscopy in DMF and in aqueous micellar solution as a function solvent composition and of pH (see structure, Figure 1). As the DMF concentration is lowered and replaced by aqueous micellar solution, E12 values become more positive. In 95% aqueous micellar solution, the complex exhibits quasi-reversible electrochemistry. As the pH is decreased from 9 to 4, the E12 values for 1 become more negative. The IR asymmetric stretch of the Mo-oxo bond in 1 increases in frequency with decreasing pH. The relevance of this work to the understanding of molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes is underscored, and the effectiveness of solubilization of complexes in micellar solutions is discussed.
Postfeminist education?: girls and the sexual politics of schooling

Weighing in on the question “has feminism gone too far?” is a recent book by Jessica Ringrose, Postfeminist Education?: Girls and the Sexual Politics of Schooling. Instead of merely offering a crit...
Stem cell transplantation in children: how to design a new study.

In contrast to adults, 50% or more of medicines used in children have never been actually studied in the paediatric population in the European Union community (EU). Under the impression that compliance with good clinical practice (GCP) requirements will lead to an improved quality of clinical trials, the ratification of the EU Directive 2001/20/EG now imposes the same GCP regulations demanded for commercial clinical trials on non-commercial trials or so-called investigator-initiated trials (IITs). Although it is desirable that all clinical trials comply with ICH–GCP, ensuring that an IIT conforms creates a significant burden for the principal investigator, turning an IIT into a substantial logistic, administrative and financial enterprise. This can only be achieved with a multidisciplinary approach, including physicians, statisticians, data managers, administrators and others. In particular, ‘treatment optimization studies’—the most important clinical trials in paediatric oncology—are affected by this new law, potentially resulting in significant delays in the implementation of new and innovative treatment strategies in the paediatric population. This significant drawback was not foreseen but is now recognized and lead to measures to improve the situation for both non-commercial and paediatric clinical trials. Draft guidance on ‘specific modalities for non-commercial trials’, posted for comment last October, attempts to redress some of the research-crippling problems caused by the initial legislation; however, major problems remain. The EU regulation (EC) no. 1901/2006 ‘on medicinal products for paediatric use’ was enacted in January 2007. This new regulation is a promising step in the right direction, as it will facilitate the development and accessibility of medicinal products specifically for use in children. To adapt to and benefit from this new situation and encourage IIT, a coordinated approach of high expertise is necessary to support and guide the novice in the field of IIT to successfully launch, conduct and complete clinical trials especially in children.
Pediatric residents' career intentions: data from the leading edge of the pediatrician workforce.

Objective. To determine factors influencing career choices by pediatric residents and how they may change the future pediatric physician workforce. Background. Societal norms and policy decisions can influence the demographics of residents entering pediatric practice and resident career choices. Although predictors of physician career choice have been identified retrospectively by examining the characteristics of physicians in practice, little work has focused on the job selection factors important to pediatric residents when they make their postresidency career decisions. Design/Methods. For 3 consecutive years (1997–1999), the American Academy of Pediatrics surveyed a national sample of 500 third-year residents, totaling 1500 residents. Data on resident characteristics, job selection attitudes, and career decisions were obtained, and trends for the past 3 years were examined. Results. The percentage of residents intending to practice primary care remained constant at around 69% from 1997 through 1999. Female residents, US medical graduates, and residents married to nonphysicians were more likely to report primary care practice as their future clinical goal. These relationships were mediated by higher rates of a primary care practice goal among those who felt geographic location and future colleagues were very important and by lower rates among those who felt acceptable income, teaching opportunities, and research opportunities were very important. Six percent of residents entering general pediatrics were heading to rural locations. Conclusions. With a projected increase in the number of female pediatricians and a decline in international medical graduates, our study suggests that pediatrics may continue to shift toward an increased proportion of general pediatricians. Lifestyle issues are a major factor influencing job choice and must be addressed.