cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro and in vivo histone deacetylase inhibitor therapy with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective. To determine effects of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) with and without paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cells and a nude mouse model. Methods. Cell viability and apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells (2774) were measured following exposure to control, SAHA, paclitaxel, or SAHA in combination with paclitaxel. Nude mice were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with cancer cells and then groups received variable SAHA doses (25–100 mg/kg/day). In a second experiment, mice were inoculated with cancer and treated IP with vehicle injection, SAHA, paclitaxel, paclitaxel followed by SAHA, or SAHA followed by paclitaxel. Survival, tumor weight, and ascites were evaluated. Results. SAHA decreased viability and increased apoptosis similarly to paclitaxel, but the combination was not statistically significantly different from the single agents. The only significant difference in the SAHA alone mouse study was decreased survival in the 50 mg/kg/daily group. In the combination groups, SAHA followed by paclitaxel, paclitaxel alone, and paclitaxel followed by SAHA improved survival compared with control ( p =0.0358, 0.0006, and 0.0001), but SAHA alone did not ( p =0.524). The paclitaxel followed by SAHA group had improved survival compared to SAHA followed by paclitaxel ( p =0.0002) but not compared to paclitaxel alone ( p =0.166). Conclusions. In vitro , SAHA alone decreased viability and increased apoptosis similarly to paclitaxel. In vivo , paclitaxel followed by SAHA and paclitaxel alone increased survival compared with SAHA alone or SAHA followed by paclitaxel. This suggests adding SAHA to ovarian cancer chemotherapy could increase efficacy and that sequencing of agents is important.
Subterranean clover living mulch: an alternative method of weed control

Abstract An alternative method to using herbicides in some crops may be the use of subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.) as a living mulch for weed control. Subterranean clover is a self-seeding winter annual legume with a geocarpic type of growth for which it is also known as ‘subclover’. From 1986 to 1990 subterranean clover was used in our research with success in several agronomic and vegetable crops. Our initial work was with field corn ( Zea mays indentata L.). Included in this experiment were treatments of subterranean clover living mulch, rye ( Seacale cereale L.) dead mulch, and no-mulch. Included also were several tillage treatments superimposed on the mulch treatments. These were conventional, minimum, and no-tillage. We later included soy beans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr], sweet corn ( Zea mays saccharata L.) and several vegetables such as summer squash ( Cucurbita pepo L.), spring cabbage ( Brassica oleracea capitata L.), snap beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in our research. We found that subterranean clover used as a living mulch in a no-tillage system provided excellent weed control in all experiments without the use of herbicides. All living mulch-tillage treatments reduced greatly weed biomass. Treatments without subterranean clover living mulch, including the conventional tillage-herbicide treated checks, had higher weed biomass. Yields of corn, sweet corn, cabbage, snap beans and tomato were not adversely affected by the subterranean clover living mulch.
Bowen Fluoresence and He II Lines in Active Galaxies and Gaseous Nebulae

It is pointed out that emission lines of ionized helium are among the most important diagnostic indicators in the spectrum of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and other types of gaseous nebulae. Certain difficulties in some investigations are related to the line-continuum overlap problem. In this paper, a new formalism is introduced for handling this problem. The employed technique represents a pure escape probability method, involving only the solution of the (nonlinear) level population algebraic equations. The relevant expressions have been incorporated into existing photoionization codes which were utilized to investigate the general problem of ionization and excitation of He II, O III, and N III in gaseous nebulae, giving particular attention to AGN conditions. The new results are presented for ionization and line intensities under a large range of physical conditions, and the arising implications for models of AGNs and other gaseous nebulae are discussed. 37 references.
Meteorological control of lower stratospheric minor species variations - An observational example

Lower stratospheric air trajectories entering the region over Alaska at the approximately 125 mb level during late May, 1975 indicate a substantial shift in the geographical source regions for the air masses present during that time. This shift coincides with an approximately 25% decrease in the observed halocarbon mixing ratios at the 125 mb level as determined from a daily sequence of halocarbon profiles. Since the halocarbon species measured are essentially chemically inactive at this level, the observed variation is linked to the changing meteorological pattern.
Internalizing and externalizing characteristics of sexually and/or physically abused children.

This study evaluates the behavioral consequences of childhood abuse (sexual, physical, or both), with particular focus on prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Three abuse type groups and nonabused controls were contrasted on behavioral rating scales and on structured psychiatric interview data. The participants (109 abused children and 16 normal control children) were recruited from Arkansas Children’s Hospital and local agencies for abused children. As expected, proportionately more females than males were sexually abused. Overall, males were rated as more disturbed than females. Type of abuse did not consistently influence behavioral ratings. Externalizing scores were significantly higher than internalizing scores in all abused groups. PTSD was diagnosed in 50% of the abused children, with a higher rate for boys who had been sexually abused as opposed to physically abused only (58% versus 13%). The most frequent comorbid condition with PTSD was Separation Anxiety. Sexually abused boys were hospitalized for psychiatric treatment at a higher rate than were other abused children.
DOMAIN-SPECIFIC SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES FOR GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL

We describe two languages and associated tools for capturing and analyzing two different views of the architecture of an embedded system. One language is tailored to address guidance, navigation, and feedback control issues, while the other is tailored to address real-time, fault-tolerance, secure partitioning, and scalable multiprocessor issues. Both languages have tools that perform analyses appropriate for the issues each addresses, and tools to automatically configure the application software from a sufficiently detailed specification. The integrated languages and tools are intended to support a development process based on reusing an easily configurable generic architecture developed for a family of products.
A new species of Micronycteris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Saint Vincent, Lesser Antilles

We describe and formally name a species of big-eared bat (genus: Micronycteris), collected from the Lesser Antillean island of Saint Vincent. The new species is distinguished from its closest relative, Micronycteris megalotis, by its large size, distinct craniodental features, and by mitochondrial DNA variation. The distribution of the new species is restricted to the island of St. Vincent, southern Lesser Antilles. Relaxed molecular clock analyses indicate the most recent common ancestor between the St. Vincent species of Micronycteris and mainland populations of M. megalotis is less than 1 million years. Rising sea levels during the late Pleistocene likely contributed to the geographic isolation and subsequent allopatric speciation of this new species. Our data reinforce previous hypotheses regarding unrecognized species diversity within the M. megalotis complex.
Oxidation and protection of fiberglass-epoxy composite masts for photovoltaic arrays in the low earth orbital environment

Fiberglass-epoxy composites are considered for use as structural members for the mast of the space station solar array panel. The low Earth orbital environment in which space station is to operate is composed mainly of atomic oxygen, which has been shown to cause erosion of many organic materials and some metals. Ground based testing in a plasma asher was performed to determine the extent of degradation of fiberglass-epoxy composites when exposed to a simulated atomic oxygen environment. During exposure, the epoxy at the surface of the composite was oxidized, exposing individual glass fibers which could easily be removed. Several methods of protecting the composite were evaluated in an atomic oxygen environment and with thermal cycling and flexing. The protection techniques evaluated to date include an aluminum braid covering, an indium-tin eutectic and a silicone based paint. The open aluminum braid offered little protection while the CV-1144 coating offered some initial protection against atomic oxygen, but appears to develop cracks which accelerate degradation when flexed. Coatings such as the In-Sn eutectic may provide adequate protection by containing the glass fibers even though mass loss still occurs.
A randomized investigator-blinded study comparing pimecrolimus cream 1% with tacrolimus ointment 0.03% in the treatment of pediatric patients with moderate atopic dermatitis.

Abstract Objective To evaluate pimecrolimus cream 1% and tacrolimus ointment 0.03% in pediatric patients with moderate atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods 141 patients (aged 2-17 years) were randomized to treatment with pimecrolimus cream 1% (n=71) or tacrolimus ointment 0.03% (n=70) twice daily for 6 weeks. Results At day 4, local, application-site reactions were less common and of shorter duration with pimecrolimus than with tacrolimus. Incidence of erythema/irritation was 8% (6/71) with pimecrolimus compared with 19% (13/70) with tacrolimus ( P =.039). Fewer patients receiving pimecrolimus (0%, 0/6) experienced erythema/irritation lasting >30 minutes, compared with those receiving tacrolimus (85%, 11/13; P P =.073). Incidence of warmth, stinging, and burning was similar in both groups; however, reactions lasting >30 minutes were fewer with pimecrolimus (0%, 0/14) than with tacrolimus (67%, 8/12; P P Conclusion Pimecrolimus cream 1% had better formulation attributes and local tolerability than tacrolimus ointment 0.03% while providing similar efficacy and overall safety in pediatric patients with moderate AD.
Investigation of the ability of a silica “seed” layer to improve the thermal and aqueous immersion stability of alkylsilane monolayers on silicon oxide surfaces

Abstract Previously, a “seed” layer has been demonstrated to improve the thermal and immersion stability of organosilane films deposited on titanium nitride and aluminum substrates through the creation of a highly hydroxylated surface favorable for organosilane surface reaction. In order to determine if a similar silica seed layer can improve the stability of similar monolayers deposited on surfaces that are favorable for organosilane surface modification in their native state, the thermal and aqueous immersion stability of various alkylsilane molecular films on clean silicon oxide surfaces and on silicon oxide surfaces treated with the silica seed layer have been investigated. Contact angle, ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy are employed to monitor samples treated with various alkylsilane monolayers as they are subjected to elevated temperatures and aqueous immersion. Nearly identical trends in contact angle and ellipsometric data demonstrate that the silica seed layer does not improve the thermal and aqueous immersion stability of alkylsilane films on silicon oxide surfaces. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the importance of collecting both contact angle and ellipsometric data during immersion experiments, as reliance on contact angle data alone may lead to faulty conclusions regarding film stability.
Inverse Wheel Dynamics

Wheel dynamics is a significant component of vehicle dynamics and performance analysis. This paper presents an innovative method of studying wheel dynamics and wheel performance control based on the inverse dynamics formulation of the problem. Such an approach opens up a new way to the optimization and control of both vehicle dynamics and vehicle performance by optimizing and controlling power distribution to the drive wheels. An equation of motion of a wheel is derived first from the wheel power balance equation that makes the equation more general. This equation of motion is considered the basis for studying both direct and inverse wheel dynamics. The development of a control strategy on the basis of the inverse wheel dynamics approach includes wheel torque control that provides a wheel with both the referred angular velocity and rolling radius and also with the required functionals of quality. An algorithm for controlling the angular velocity is presented as the first part in the implementation of the developed strategy of the inverse wheel dynamics/performance control.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
ManChEWS: Royal Manchester Children's Hospital early warning score

Unrecognised clinical deterioration resulting in near or actual cardiorespiratory arrest in hospitalised children sadly still occurs. The majority of these events may be preventable. Royal Manchester Children's Hospital (RMCH) introduced a simple track and trigger Early Warning System (ManChEWS) in 2005 by which variation in six key physiological parameters is scored according to a traffic-light system in routine nursing observations. The aim was to evaluate use of ManChEWS since its introduction, in order to allow continued improvement and development.
Examining arguments against quantitative research: “Case studies” illustrating the challenge of finding a sound philosophical basis for a human sciences approach to psychology

Abstract This article offers a close examination of critiques of quantitative research by Michell, 2011 , Marecek, 2011 , and Morawski (2011) . One goal is to show that these three critics actually share with most mainstream quantitative researchers commitments to the Cartesian framework, even though this is not obvious because Cartesianism can appear in different guises. As a result of these commitments, the three theorists advance criticisms of mainstream quantitative research that fail to identify its key failings, put forward flawed views about how we should conduct research, and offer misguided criticisms of an approach I advocate called explicitly interpretive quantitative research. Another goal is to use the examination of the three critiques as a vehicle for clarifying the participatory perspective, a philosophical viewpoint that departs from the Cartesian framework. With regard to research methodology, the participatory perspective provides the basis for explicitly interpretive quantitative research, leads to ideas about changes we should make in how we conduct qualitative research, and treats quantitative and qualitative research as fundamentally similar because both should be pursued as interpretive modes of inquiry. I suggest that my analyses of the three critiques of quantitative research – or “case studies,” as I call these analyses – also may prove useful to researchers and theorists who want to develop a human sciences approach to other issues besides research methodology by helping them (1) recognize when lines of thinking that seem to depart from the mainstream actually represent variants of Cartesianism, and (2) consider what the participatory perspective might have to offer if they were to use it as the philosophical basis for their efforts.
Apparent image rotation in stereoscopic vision: The unbalance of the pupils

In binocular vision the apparent rotation of an object relative to the frontal plane seldom corresponds with the actual rotation. The reason for this is a difference in the brightness of the object in both eyes. It can be produced by a difference in the pupil size, adaptation, or sensitivity. One of the purposes of the pupils seems to be to compensate for this brightness unbalance and to make the apparent rotation come closer to the actual one. Unbalance was produced by placing a density filter before one eye, and the corresponding rotations were then measured. The rotations are affected by the irradiation in the eye, as a physical component, but also by the lateral inhibition in the visual nervous system. If the object and the background have a different color but there is no brightness difference on the edges of the object, there is no distorted rotation.
Characterization of eae+Escherichia coli isolated from healthy and diarrheic calves.

Strains of Escherichia coli from 101 healthy and 114 diarrheic calves were screened by PCR for the eae (intimin) gene and Shiga toxin genes (stx). Each eae+ and eae/stx+ strain was examined for antimicrobial susceptibility, enterohemolysin activity, and the somatic O antigen was determined. An immunoassay was used to detect Shiga toxin antigens for the eae/stx+ E. coli. Significantly more (p = 0.005) of the healthy calves carried eae+ and eae/stx+ E. coli in their feces when compared to strains from diarrheic calves. Moreover, Shiga toxin antigens were detected significantly more (p = 0.001) often among the eae/stx+ strains from healthy calves when compared to eae/stx+ strains from diarrheic calves. However, significantly more (p = 0.001) of the eae+ and eae/stx+ strains from diarrheic calves were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested, and the strains from diarrheic calves had a significantly (p = 0.05) higher rate of antimicrobial resistance to at least two different antimicrobial classes. No significant difference (p> or =0.05) was detected among the eae+ and eae/stx+ strains from healthy and diarrheic calves for enterohemolysin production. Serogroups O-negative, O5, O26, and O111 were predominate among both healthy and diarrheic calves.
Inelastic and quasielastic collisions of Rydberg atoms with the heavy rare-gas atoms

A theory of inelastic {ital n},{ital l}-changing and quasielastic {ital l}-mixing collisions of Rydberg atoms with the heavy rare-gas atoms is developed. It is based on the semiclassical impact-parameter approach combined with the normalized perturbation theory. Semiclassical formulas for scaled transition probabilities and cross sections as functions of the inelasticity parameter and the collision strength are analyzed. This approach gives a general description of collisional {ital nl}{r_arrow}{ital n}{sup {prime}} transitions independently of the specific values of the principal quantum number, the relative velocity, and the type of colliding atoms. The energy and angular dependence of the electron-atom scattering amplitude is included in the theory by incorporating the impulse-approximation results in the weak-coupling limit. The Ramsauer-Townsend effect affects significantly the values of the cross sections, especially for the inelastic transitions with large energy transfer. The results obtained are used in calculations of the quenching cross sections for the Rb({ital nS},{ital nD},{ital nF}) atoms in collisions with Ar, Kr, and Xe. Comparison of theory and experiment is made in a wide range of the principal quantum numbers and transition energy defects. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Atomic, electronic and transport properties of quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures

ABSTRACT We present theoretical study of the atomic, electronic and transport properties of silicon nanowires and single-walled carbon nanotubes using atomistic simulation. For silicon nanowires, we present investigation of the atomicstructure and electronic properties of ultrathin nanowire s with dierent surface stru ctures and growth directionsand the trend of such property variations with increasing nanowire diameters using density functional theorywith both local atomic basis and plane waves. For single-walled carbon nanotubes, we present self-consistenttight-binding study of the electronic and transport properties of semiconducting carbon nanotubes in contactwith metal electrodes. We discuss insights obtained from such atomistic study on the contact, and diameterdependence of junction conductance. Finally, we examine the application of single-walled carbon nanotubes asnovel nanouidic channels by analyzing the structure and kinetics of water molecules conned and transportedthrough the nanotube channels using molecular dynamics simulation.Keywords: Nanostructures, Nanoelectronics, Nanouidics
Thrombin induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via PAR-1, PKC, and ERK1/2 pathways in A549 cells

Thrombin activates protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and induces a myofibroblast phenotype in normal lung fibroblasts. The origins of myofibroblasts are resident fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We investigated the effects of thrombin, an important mediator of interstitial lung fibrosis, on EMT in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells. We show that thrombin induced EMT and collagen I secretion through the activation of PAR-1, and PKC and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in A549 cells. These effects were largely prevented by a specific PAR-1 antagonist, short interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against PAR-1, or specific PKCα/β, δ, and e inhibitors. These data indicated that interaction with thrombin and alveolar epithelial cells might directly contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis through EMT. Targeting PAR-1 on the pulmonary epithelium or specific inhibitors to PKCα/β, δ, and e might stop the fibrotic processes in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by preventing thrombin-induced EMT.
Wave gradiometry for USArray : Rayleigh waves

[1] Wave gradiometry (WG) is a new array data processing technique to extract phase velocity, wave directionality, geometrical spreading, and radiation pattern from spatial gradients of waveforms. A weighted inversion method and a reducing velocity method are introduced to compute spatial gradients accurately for irregular arrays. Numerical experiments are conducted to test techniques and to evaluate the parameters determined from the WG method. We apply this method to USArray data for the western United States. In this study, Rayleigh waves from nine earthquakes with varying azimuths are analyzed. The stability of this method is shown by the similarity between the results from two nearly collocated earthquakes from the Kurile Islands. The error check shows the WG results are stable for ambient noise level as high as 10%. Phase velocities determined by WG and two station (TS) methods are statistically consistent, while these determined from beam forming method are systematically higher for wavelength larger than one quarter of the array diameter. Our results show that, first, the average phase velocities of Rayleigh waves range from 3.8 to 4.1 km/s for periods from 60 s to 150 s. This is consistent with average earth models. The prominent feature on the phase velocity map is that the Basin and Range province is dominated by velocity lows while the west coast of the United States and the north and northeastern Snake River plain are dominated by velocity highs. The Snake River plain appears to be a primary tectonic boundary. Second, azimuthal variations represent the accumulated wave directionality changes along the raypath. A velocity contrast of 0.25 km/s across the oceanic-continental lithosphere boundary along the west coast of the United States is needed to explain the negative azimuth variations. Third, geometrical spreading is slightly anticorrelated with phase velocity, which may suggest that amplitude variations in radial directions are subject to surface wave focusing and defocusing. Fourth, similar to the wave directionality, radiation pattern variations also exhibit strong path dependence. Further theoretical and experimental studies will be conducted to understand the two amplitude parameters: geometrical spreading and radiation pattern and their relations with the local geophysical properties.
III-nitrides for energy production: photovoltaic and thermoelectric applications

In this review article, we discuss the recent advances in the III-nitrides, in particular GaN and its ternary alloys, for photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices. The advantages of using the III-nitrides for electronic and optoelectronic applications are well understood and III-nitride devices are already seen in many consumer based products. Recently, an emerging potential of III-nitrides for energy harvesting has been investigated due to its unique materials properties that include a tunable direct band gap, mechanical and thermal stability at high temperatures and excellent electronic transport properties. This review will show that the potential of using the III-nitrides for photovoltaic and thermoelectric applications will be realized as the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic defects on the photovoltaic and thermoelectric properties are better understood.
Phototransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene: sensitized by riboflavin under different irradiation spectral range.

Abstract Riboflavin-sensitized phototransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) under natural sunlight was investigated with reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The effect of different spectral region of sunlight on TNT phototransformation in the absence or presence of riboflavin was also investigated by using optical filters with cut-off at 400 or 455 nm. The concentration of riboflavin in the phototransformation of TNT was optimized. Concentration of riboflavin and TNT was 1.0 and 50 μM, respectively. The rates of phototransformation of TNT under natural sunlight in the presence or absence of riboflavin were conformed to initial pseudo-first-order rate equation. The photolysis half life of TNT in the presence of riboflavin was 21.87 min, compared to 39 min in the absence of riboflavin under natural sunlight. Two major phototransformation products of TNT, 3,5-dinitroaniline (3,5-DNA) and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (1,3,5-TNB), were detected in the samples in the presence of riboflavin receiving irradiation at full wavelength or wavelength >400 nm. The results indicate that riboflavin mediates TNT sensitized-phototransfomation under natural sunlight or near-UV–vis light.
Extinction of free-operant avoidance with and without feedback

Extinction of free-operant avoidance behavior of rats was studied under conditions in which a response either resulted in a response-contingent event (feedback) or had no scheduled consequence. Probes and the original conditions of training were alternated. The time to reach the criterion of extinction and the number of responses in extinction were greater when a feedback stimulus was available. Cyclic patterns of responding were observed during both free-operant avoidance and extinction.
Spore-wall formation in the myxomycete Arcyria cinerea

The wall of a mature spore of Arcyria cinerea is usually about 1 μm in thickness and consists of a thin, electron-dense outer component, of which the surface markings are a part, and a much thicker, inner, virtually electron-transparent component. Wall formation begins 1–2 h after spore cleavage and continues for 15–18 h. The outer component of the wall is formed first. With its formation the diameter of the spore is fixed and further thickening of the wall as a result of the formation of the inner component is centripetal. Formation of the inner component appears to involve membrane-bounded, electron-transparent vesicles which fuse with the plasma-membrane and contribute material to the wall. The vesicles are often associated with short cisternal elements from which they appear to originate. Vesicles are most numerous during the early stages of wall formation, but disappear from the spore completely as wall formation nears completion.
Canadian experience of fire safety in high buildings

The circumstances leading to the development in Canada during the 1970s of special measures for life safety in high buildings are described. Examples are given of tests carried out to verify the effectiveness of controls on movement of smoke, and reference is made to some real five incidents in high buildings.
Steroid protein interactions. XXVIII. The isoelectric point and pH stability of the progesterone-binding globulin

Abstract Isoelectric focusing of progesterone-binding globulin of pregnant guinea pig serum occured at pI = 2.8. This result was obtained when the binding activity of the focused protein fractions was measured by equilibrium dialysis. Reliance on localization of the radioprogesterone alone may lead to erroneous results presumably due to dissociation of the uncharged progesterone molecule from the protein during the electrophoretic migration into the acidic milieu. This assumption was corroborated by binding assays over the pH range from 2 to 11. Almost complete dissociation occurred at pH 4 and below; however, return to neutral pH restored over 80% of the binding activity. The pH gradient of the electrofocusing column was improved by adding aspartic and glutamic acid to the pH 3–5 Ampholines.
Politeness Strategies in Chinese Business Correspondence and Their Teaching Applications1

The present article reports on an empirical study of the politeness strategies in Chinese business correspondence and considers its applications in teaching Business Chinese. The study investigated twenty examples of business correspondence by native speakers of Chinese. By analyzing the linguistic/stylistic features of the letters in two predesigned situations, the study found a range of various politeness strategies employed for the writing of the correspondence. The study concludes that such a variety of politeness strategies relates strongly to Chinese politeness values and business etiquette. It is therefore suggested, from the empirical data collected from the letters, that such strategies be implemented in an advanced Business Chinese curriculum. Possible instructional methods are recommended for such implementation.
Acute Rehabilitation in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Cervical spinal cord injury, tetraplegia, accounts for just over half of all traumatic spinal cord injuries. Early rehabilitation prevents secondary complications of spinal cord injury. An interdisciplinary team is essential in providing simultaneous care in medical management, equipment identification, family and patient education, and mobility and self-care training. Identification of the best bowel and bladder management, best pain management, prognosis for ambulation, and risk of autonomic dysreflexia must be done early as lengths of stay continue to decrease.
The Reaction Probability of OH on Organic Surfaces of Tropospheric Interest

Using a flow-tube reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer, we investigated the heterogeneous loss of OH on Halocarbon wax, two types of organized organic monolayers, and several solid organic surfaces (paraffin wax, stearic acid-palmitic acid mixture, pyrene, and soot) that are representative of surfaces found in the troposphere. The heterogeneous reaction is very efficient: the reaction probability is greater than 0.1 for all the organic surfaces investigated, except for Halocarbon wax. These results indicate that OH-organic heterogeneous reactions will significantly modify the hygroscopic properties and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) ability of organic surfaces in the troposphere, and thus may play an important role in the Earth’s radiative balance by affecting the properties of clouds. We also determined the diffusion coefficient of OH in helium to be 665 ( 35 Torr cm 2 s -1 . This value is close to that of its polar analogue, H 2O, suggesting that the diffusion coefficient of OH can be calculated accurately with H2O transport properties.
Analysis of antibody response in patients receiving recombinant Escherichia coli-derived human interferon-gamma.

Abstract Recombinant Escherichia coli -derived human interferon-gamma (rIFN-γ) was given to a total of 20 patients by iv bolus injection at various doses once a week for 4 weeks. The sera obtained 7–10 days after the final injection were analyzed for antibodies against both rIFN-γ and natural human IFN-γ. Biological assays demonstrated that the postin-oculation sera of the patients did not neutralize the antiviral activities of either rIFN-γ or natural human IFN-γ. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that no detectable antibodies against rIFN-γ were elicited. These results indicate that this rIFN-γ preparation is not a potent antigen and may be suitable for longer-term clinical trials and applications in the future.
Spirochaeta Halophila Sp. N., a Facultative Anaerobe From a High-Salinity Pond

A facultatively anaerobic spirochete isolated from a high-salinity pond grew optimally when 0.75 M NaCl, 0.2 M MgSO4, and 0.01 M CaCl2 were present in media containing yeast extract, peptone, and a carbohydrate. The organism failed to grow when any one of these three salts was omitted from the medium. Aerobically-grown colonies of the spirochete were red, whereas anaerobically-grown colonies showed no pigmentation. Non-pigmented mutants of the spirochete were isolated. The spirochete used carbohydrates, but not amino acids, as energy sources. Glucose was fermented to CO2, H2, ethanol, acetate, and a small amount of lactate. Determinations of radioactivity in products formed from glucose-1-14C and enzymatic assays indicated that glucose was dissimilated to pyruvate mainly via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Pyruvate was metabolized through a clostridial-type clastic reaction. Cells growing aerobically performed an incomplete oxidation of glucose mainly to CO2 and acetate. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic growth yields indicated that oxidative phosphorylation occurred in cells growing aerobically. The guanine + cytosine content of the DNA of the spirochete was 62 moles %. It is proposed that the spirochete described herein be considered a new species and that it be named Spirochaeta halophila.
Myrmecomyces annellisae gen. nov., sp. nov. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes), an endoparasitic fungus of fire ants, Solenopsis spp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Two strains of a parasitic fungus, differing only in assimilation of cellobiose and colonial morphology on some media, occur in the haemolymph of fire ants in the United States and Argentina. In the host, obclavate yeast cells bud from a narrow base at the larger pole. A true, septate mycelium without clamp connections readily develops in vitro, and has been observed on rare occasions in the host. The hyphal septum has a simple, central pore. Morphology in insect tissue culture medium closely resembles that in the host; however, in simpler media the cells and hyphae are pleomorphic and often only mycelial. Chlamydospores are produced; otherwise, sporulation has not been observed. The morphological, cultural, and physiological characteristics are described, and the fungus is named as a new species, Myrmecomyces annellisae, representing a new genus. Gross pathology, histopathology, or changes in host behaviour have not been observed; however, parasitized hosts appear to succumb more readily to stress.
"The Purity of Her Crime"-Hegel Reading Antigone

In Glas Derrida asserts that Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit , in its reading of Antigone , favors consciousness (over the unconscious) by first acknowledging the achievement of ethical plenitude by Antigone, as she comes to full recognition of two contradictory laws, that of the divine and that of the communal spheres, and consequently repressing this speculative accomplishment by her fateful disappearance from both texts. This article complicates the argument by looking at the role that literature takes not only in philosophy, but in the expression of speculative dialectics as such. What for Hegel can be included in a system? How does the impossible figure (Antigone), its expression and then exclusion enter and abandon the system? This text looks at war, burial and incest expressed by the role of Antigone in the Phenomenology of Spirit . (HC)
Kinetics of silicon–metal alloy infiltration into porous carbon

The kinetics of infiltration of Si and its alloys into porous carbon has been investigated theoretically using a modified Washburn model. The effect of alloy composition and temperature on infiltration has been quantified. The resulting characteristics depend on the type of alloy and the composition of the secondary metallic phase. Aluminum generally suppresses infiltration rate while the influence of Cu depends on composition. Infiltration is enhanced for low Cu concentration below a threshold value, and attenuated for higher concentration. Increasing the temperature enhances both the infiltration capacity and reaction rate.
Obesity Rather Than Severity of Sleep-Disordered Breathing as the Major Determinant of Insulin Resistance and Altered Lipidemia in Snoring Children

Objective. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in adults and in obese children. However, the prevalence of such metabolic abnormalities among snoring children is unknown. This study was done to prospectively assess the relative contribution of SDB and obesity to metabolic disturbances in a large cohort of snoring children. Methods. Measurements of fasting serum glucose, insulin, and lipids were obtained after polysomnographic evaluation in 116 snoring children and in 19 control subjects. Insulin resistance was assessed using the insulin/glucose ratio (I/G ratio) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Results. A total of 135 children (79 boys; mean age: 8.9 ± 3.5 years) were studied. Sixty-four children had moderate to severe SDB (AHI = 5 per hour of total sleep time [TST]), 52 had mild SDB (AHI = 1 but r = 0.58), HOMA and relBMI ( r = 0.52), triglycerides and relBMI ( r = 0.30), and high-density lipoprotein and relBMI ( r = 0.50). No significant differences were found in relBMI, I/G ratio, and lipid levels between boys and girls. Conclusions. Among children with suspected SDB, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia seem to be determined primarily by the degree of body adiposity rather than by the severity of SDB.
Four-Dimensional Electron Nanocrystallography

A framework to determine interfacial structure, temperature, and photovoltage dynamics based on surface sensitive ultrafast electron crystallography and voltammetry is demonstrated based on recent studies of surface supported nanomaterials.
Properties of tribofilms formed with ashless dithiophosphate and zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate under extreme pressure conditions

Tribological and nanoscale properties of tribofilms from ashless dialkyl dithiophosphates (DDPs) were compared with zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDPs) in this study. The tribosurfaces generated from these chemistries were examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The wear debris harvested from the wear tests was examined in a transmission electron microscope in bright field mode with selected area diffraction to examine the crystallinity and nature of the debris particles. Thickness of the tribofilms was measured using the focused ion beam cross-section microscopy indicating that the tribofilms formed by ashless dithiophosphates are significantly thicker than those formed by ZDDP. Nano-mechanical properties of the tribofilms including hardness and reduced modulus, scratch and nano-wear performance of the ashless dithiophosphate were compared to the secondary ZDDP. The overall results indicate that the wear performance of the ashless DDP are comparable or better than when ZDDP is used. The analytical techniques indicate that the tribofilms formed with ashless DDPs are thicker than those formed from ZDDP; however, the hardness and modulus of the tribofilm are lower in the case of ashless DDPs. XANES analysis indicate that in both tribofilms, phosphates are present as short chain phosphates. Ashless DDPs yield iron phosphates while ZDDP yielded a mix of iron and zinc phosphates. Both tribofilms have greater proportion of phosphates compared to sulfur species. The sulfur near the surface is mostly in the form of sulfates while the material in the interior is a mixture of sulfates and sulfides.
Effects of irregular sampling on 3‐D prestack migration

In a direct application of Kirchhoff migration each trace is added to the migrated volume by spreading the data along impulse response curves with suitable change in the amplitude and shape of the wavelets. Overlapping impulse responses form the correct answer where they form an envelope and are supposed to cancel elsewhere. For uniform data (constant offset, constant azimuth, constant midpoint spacing and constant velocity) the cancellation is excellent and the reflectors have the correct amplitude. This paper shows how failure to meet any of these constancy criteria results in noise. Modified summation procedures can reduce the noise at the expense of a loss of resolution.
Measuring associations with randomized response

Abstract The view of many in the social science research community, it appears, underestimates the scope and potential of the randomized response technique, particularly with regard to its analytic capabilities. That is, there seems to be some concern that this data collection strategy is, by its nature, analytically restrictive. However, the quantitative, unrelated question model of randomized response can be reformulated into a measurement error model, which in turn allows a wide range of multivariate approaches. Also illustrated through a simulated correlation experiment is the type of adjustments that need to be made to manipulate randomized response data more powerfully than has been the practice in the past.
Detecting nondeterminacy in parallel programs

Methods and tools for detecting nondeterminacy in programs for shared-memory multiprocessors are discussed. The approach described divides the debugging chore into two phases. The first phase uses tools that automatically detect nondeterminacy to debug synchronization errors, assuming it is decided at the outset to make the parallel program determinate. At the end of this phase, it is known that the program is determinate, that timing differences will not affect results, and the debugging sessions are repeatable. In the second phase, an interactive break-point debugger is used to find arithmetic and logical errors. The proposed tools fall into two groups: those that statically analyze the source program and those that analyze an execution trace of the program. >
Health disparities and cancer: racial disparities in cancer mortality in the United States, 2000-2010

Declining cancer incidence and mortality rates in the United States (U.S.) have continued through the first decade of the twenty-first century. Reductions in tobacco use, greater uptake of prevention measures, adoption of early-detection methods, and improved treatments have resulted in improved outcomes for both men and women. However, Black Americans continue to have the higher cancer mortality rates and shorter survival times. This review discusses and compares the cancer mortality rates and mortality trends for Blacks and Whites. The complex relationship between socioeconomic status and race and its contribution to racial cancer disparities is discussed. Based on current trends and the potential and limitations of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) with its mandate to reduce health care inequities, future trends and challenges in cancer mortality disparities in the United States are explored.
Antisense Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Targeted against ICAM-1: Use of I-Linker to Eliminate 3‘-Terminal Phosphorothioate Monoester Formation

Detritylation of a 5‘-O-DMT-2‘-deoxyadenosine moiety attached to solid support under acidic conditions (3% dichloroacetic acid/solvent) leads to depurination during oligonucleotide synthesis. Depro...
Macrocyle-based column for the separation of inorganic cations by ion chromatography

Abstract A tetradecyl-18-crown-6 (TD18C6) column previously used exclusively for anion separations, has been successfully applied to the separation of mono- and divalent cations. The separation is dependent on the selectivity of the macrocycle for inorganic cations. Because of the unusual selectivity exhibited by TD18C6, this macrocycle-based stationary phase is suitable for the simultaneous separation of three alkaline earth metal cations, five alkali metal cations and the ammonium ion. Due to the similar selectivity of TD18C6 for Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ , these ions coelute. The affinity of this column for the hydronium ion is great enough that the cations of interest can be eluted by mildly acidic eluents which are amenable to chemical suppression. The innovations of the macrocycle-based cation chromatographic separation system described herein are fourfold. First, due to the high capacity of the columns, an acidic eluent is employed resulting in a different selectivity than previously seen. The selectivity is unique among macrocycle-based columns because there is no variability in retention times resulting from different counter-anions associated with the analytes. Second, the stationary phase is composed of macrocycle adsorbed onto a non-polar polymer resin, rather than to a silica-based column. This allows for the use of basic eluents for the separation of anions without fear of destroying the polymeric substrate. Third, tetradecyl-substituted 18-crown-6 has not been used in other reported separation schemes of this type. Fourth, this system allows for a greater sensitivity for Cs + because it elutes early in the analysis without coelution. Gradient separations employing organic modifiers, temperature, and pH provided improvements in separation over isocratic analyses.
Real wages inequality and globalization in Latin America before 1940

By 1914, there were huge economic gaps between the Southern Cone plus Cuba and the rest of Latin America. Can they be explained by the varying ability of these countries to exploit the first great globalization boom after about 1870? Or did the gaps appear much earlier? And what about the gaps between Latin America and the Mediterranean, let alone with industrial leaders like Britain? What role did geographic isolation, globalization and demographic forces play in the process? Conventional GDP estimates are much too coarse to confront these questions. This essay uses a new data base on real wages and relative factor prices for seven Latin American and three Mediterranean regions, the latter being a source of so many of immigrants for the former. These ten regions, plus comparative information from Britain and the United States, form the data base for the paper.
Stability of the Barto-Sutton Network under Rational Control Orbits

The class of networks based on the Barto-Sutton architecture are known to be capable of solving complex, multi-dimensional control problems. In these problems, the objective of the task is the localization of a system within a contiguous region of its state space.In this work, asymptotic stability criteria are derived for the Adaptive Critical Element (ACE) of the network. Here, the weights of the network are viewed as the state of a linear time-variant state- space learning machine. For system trajectories which can be represented by simple rational polynomials, discrete-time techniques are used to analyze the stability of the learning machine. The advantages of this approach are that it both provides bounds for the learning parameters and characterizes the resultant learning behavior.