cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marine paleoclimatology and paleoecology of a Pleistocene invertebrate fauna from Amchitka Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Sea cliff exposures at the head of South Bight on Amchitka Island contain an invertebrate fauna consisting of 24 bivale, 14 gastropod, 4 barnacle, 2 brachiopod, 1 amphineuran, 1 echinoid, 1 annelid and 2 planktonic foraminifer species and various unstudied bryozoans, benthonic foraminifers and ostracodes, as well as bone fragments of marine mammals. With the exception of 4 species of Chlamys, all taxa appear to be living along the Alaskan coastline today. Paleotemperature analyses based on the average size of adult Hiatella arctica, the median of midpoints technique, the extralimital species technique, a biogeographic method, species distribution and coiling ratios of planktonic foraminifers, and oxygen stable isotope ratios give varied values. The extralimital species, biogeographic and oxygen isotope techniques are judged to give the most reliable evidence of paleotemperature at South Bight. These data suggest that mean February sea surface temperature was about 3.9° C and that mean August temperatures were somewhere between 10.0° C and 11.7° C. Present-day mean February temperature at South Bight is 3.9° C and mean August temperature is 10.0° C. The fauna lived in shallow (0–23 m?) water in a sublittoral environment on the open coast. Remains of a few rocky-shore littoral organisms were displaced downslope a short distance where they accumulated with remains of epifaunal, infaunal and neritopelagic elements of the inner sublittoral zone and open ocean planktonic foraminifers. The fauna is most closely comparable to that of the present-day Aleutian Province, and to a lesser degree comparable to that of the Arctic. Astarte bennettii, A. borealis, Diplodonta aleutica, and Liomesus nux are unreported in North Pacific strata older than those of the Einahnuhtan transgression, and Chlamys hanaishiensis amchitkana, C. islandica powersi and C. coatsi middletonensis are unknown from strata younger than those of the Einahnuhtan. However, the almost entirely modern aspect of the fauna, coupled with the absence of Astarte mortonensis-like variants of the Astarte borealis lineage, and radiometric dates on bone and shell material of 130,000 ± 15,000 years, appear to indicate a Kotzebuan age.
Security Solution For Data Integrity InWireless BioSensor Networks

In body biosensor networks, which may be classified as a specialized type of ad hoc networks, it is necessary to ensure the authenticity and freshness of the vital medical information. In this work, we propose security solutions to identify attacks on data freshness and preserve message integrity in these networks. We use the measurement of permissible round trip time threshold and computationally feasible authentication solution to address the security threats in the network. We have implemented a prototype framework in GloMoSim to assess and evaluate the robustness of our detection mechanism.
Rethinking Bargaining: Policymaking with a Single Proposer

Most political bargaining in the U.S. system has two features which are constitutionally mandated: (1) only one actor can make a formal proposal, and (2) he or she can make an indefinite number of proposals. Existing work in economics and political science ignores at least one of these features. I construct a model incorporating both of these components of political bargaining. The main finding of this paper is that time preferences and the number of periods have no effect on the equilibrium policy outcomes, which are identical to those first stated by Romer and Rosenthal in a one-period model. This result suggests that impatience and time preferences may not be key features of political bargaining. This model has implications for constitutional and statutory rules regarding bargaining: it can be applied to Presidential appointments, legislation, citizen initiatives, vetoes and filibusters (e.g., Krehbiel's pivotal politics model), and term limits.
ErratumErratum to “Model reactions for insect cuticle sclerotization: Cross-linking of recombinant cuticular proteins upon their laccase-catalyzed oxidative conjugation with catechols”: [Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 36 (2006) 353–365]

Erratum to ‘‘Model reactions for insect cuticle sclerotization: Cross-linking of recombinant cuticular proteins upon their laccase-catalyzed oxidative conjugation with catechols’’ [Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 36 (2006) 353–365] Richard J. Suderman, Neal T. Dittmer, Michael R. Kanost , Karl J. Kramer Department of Biochemistry, 103 Willard Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-3706, USA Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-2736, USA
Computations in nonlinear saturation of stationary crossflow vortices in a swept-wing boundary layer

The nonlinear development of stationary crossflow vortices over a 45° swept NLF(2)-0415 airfoil is studied. Previous investigations indicate that the linear stability theories are unable to accurately describe the transitional flow over crossflow-dominated configurations. In recent years the development of nonlinear parabolized stability equations (NPSE) has opened new pathways toward understanding transitional boundary-layer flows. This is because the elegant inclusion of nonlinear and nonparallel effects in the NPSE allows accurate stability analyses to be performed without the difficulties and overhead associated with direct numerical simulations (DNS). Numerical (NPSE) results are presented here and compared with experimental results obtained at the Arizona State University Unsteady Wind Tunnel (ASUUWT) for the same configuration. The comparison shows clearly that the saturation of crossflow disturbances is responsible for the discrepancy between linear stability theories and experimental results. The comparison of computational (NPSE) and experimental disturbance mode shapes and N-factor curves shows excellent agreement.
Assessment of Insect Emigration from Alfalfa Hay to Bean Fields

Populations of five insect species— Lygus hesperus (Knight); the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris); a damsel bug, Nabis americoferus (Carayon); and the minute pirate bug, Orius tristicolor (White)— increased slightly in bean fields after cutting of alfalfa hay. More definite increases of insects in bean fields occurred after hay cutting in 1978, when all hay study fields were cut on the same day, as opposed to 1979 and 1980, when adjacent hay fields were cut over a 10-day period. Proximity to a hay field did not correlate with large insect buildup in bean fields. No significant differences were recorded in numbers of these insects 10, 50, and 100 m into bean fields when adjacent hay fields were cut. Lygus bugs and thrips did not appear in beans in large numbers, and invaded beans only late in the growing season.
Growing pains for the Medicare hospice benefit.

Medicare's current approach to hospice permits patients to choose a well-defined end-of-life care benefit, but it has tradeoffs in terms of eligibility, distinctions between curative and palliative therapy, and the segregation of hospice care from other services.
Opioids and nitric oxide contribute to hypoxia-induced pial arterial vasodilation in newborn pigs

The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of opioids and nitric oxide (NO) to hypoxia-induced pial vasodilation. Newborn pigs equipped with a closed cranial window were used to measure pial arteriolar diameter and to collect cortical periarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for assay of opioids and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Hypoxia-induced pial dilation was potentiated by norbinaltorphimine, 10(-6) M, a kappa-opioid antagonist (25 +/- 2 vs. 33 +/- 3%, n = 5), but was blunted by beta-funaltrexamine, 10(-8) M, a mu-opioid antagonist (28 +/- 2 vs. 19 +/- 1%, n = 5). Hypoxia-induced vasodilation was associated with increased CSF methionine enkephalin, a mu-opioid agonist (884 +/- 29 vs. 2,638 +/- 387 pg/ml, n = 5). N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), an NO synthase inhibitor (10(-6) M), also blunted hypoxia-induced vasodilation that was further diminished by coadministration of L-NNA and beta-funaltrexamine (26 +/- 2, 14 +/- 1, and 9 +/- 1%, respectively, n = 5). Reversal of the above order of antagonist administration resulted in similar inhibition of hypoxia-induced pial dilation. Hypoxia-induced vasodilation was also associated with an increase in CSF cGMP that was attenuated by L-NNA (2.1 +/- 0.1- vs. 1.1 +/- 0.2-fold change in CSF cGMP, n = 5). Sodium nitroprusside (10(-6) M) increased CSF cGMP and methionine enkephalin concentration similar to hypoxia. These data suggest that hypoxia-induced pial arterial vasodilation, in part, is due to NO and/or cGMP-induced methionine enkephalin release as well as the direct action of NO.
Panniculectomy as an integral part of pelvic operation is an underutilized technique in patients with morbid obesity.

BACKGROUND Panniculectomy integrated into pelvic procedures mandated in morbidly obese patients is a well described technique. Nevertheless, the abdominal cavity in such patients is generally approached through a vertical incision, frequently by forcibly pulling the panniculus inferiorly. Such a vertical approach has been associated with significant wound morbidity. STUDY DESIGN Patients were offered removal of excess abdominal skin without cosmetic intent. The mean weight of patients was 126 kg and the body mass index ranged from 29.4 to 59.9. The object of this study was to discover whether or not operative access was facilitated and whether or not wound morbidity was reduced. Fifteen patients had significant medical problems and nine of the 16 had an umbilical hernia. RESULTS Removal of the panniculus seemed to facilitate access to the abdomen, provided excellent exposure, and certainly allowed ready repair of the umbilical hernia with a Blake technique. All but one of the wounds healed by first intention, and in that patient, an 8 cm segment was easily resutured. The operative time was acceptable. There was no increased blood loss associated with the panniculectomy, but of note is the fact that the hematocrit level decreased in five patients on days 2 to 5 postoperatively without hematoma formation. CONCLUSIONS Conservative panniculectomy to facilitate access to the pelvic area seems to be an advantageous procedure, with good wound healing, and deserves a randomized prospective study comparing it to a vertical incisional approach to validate its technical superiority.
GPS-Free Maintenance of A Free-Space-Optical Link Between Two Autonomous Mobiles

Free-Space-Optical (FSO) communication has the potential to provide optical-level wireless communication speeds. It can also help solve the wireless capacity problem experienced by the traditional RF-based technologies. Despite its capacity advantages, FSO communication is prone to mobility. Since the FSO transceivers are highly directional, they require establishment and maintenance of line-of-sight (LOS) between each other. We consider two autonomous mobile nodes, each with one FSO transceiver mounted on a movable head capable of rotating 360 degree. We propose a novel scheme that deals with the problem of automatic maintenance of LOS alignment between the two nodes with mechanical steering of the FSO transceivers. We design protocols to maintain an FSO link between the mobiles satisfying a minimum received power or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We also present a prototype implementation of such mobile node with FSO transceivers. The effectiveness of the alignment protocol is evaluated by analyzing the results obtained from both simulations and also experiments conducted using the prototype. The results show that, by using such mechanically steerable transceivers and a simple auto-alignment mechanism, it is possible to maintain optical wireless links in a mobile setting with nominal disruption.
Molecular Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections: Species Identification and Quantitative Analysis by Broad-Spectrum PCR Assays.

Abstract Invasive fungal infections (IFI) play an increasingly important role as life-threatening complications in immunocompromised patients. Early application of antimycotic agents is an essential prerequisite for successful therapy. However, standardized diagnostic techniques permitting rapid, sensitive and, no less importantly, economic screening for the clinically relevant fungi have been lacking. We have developed two different real-time PCR systems for quantitative analysis of pathogenic fungi. The Pan-AC assay* permits in a single reaction the detection of all important Aspergillus and Candida species, which are responsible for the great majority of IFI in immunosuppressed individuals. In view of the increasing incidence of invasive infections caused by hitherto uncommon fungal species, new diagnostic tests with very broad specificity are required. We have therefore developed an additional two-reaction Pan-fungus assay*, which facilitates quantitative detection of a wide spectrum of fungal species (n>50), including also the newly emerging pathogenic fungi. The assays display high sensitivity and show no cross-reactivity with non-fungal pathogens or human DNA sequences. We have established an additional rapid molecular assay based on PCR fragment length analysis of a variable region in the fungal genome permitting rapid identification of the fungal species present, in order to facilitate selection of the most appropriate antifungal treatment. Correct identification of specific fungal pathogens including different Aspergillus, Candida and Fusarium species detected by the above assays in patients with febrile neutropenia has been confirmed by sequence analysis. The new assays are readily applicable to routine clinical diagnosis and provide a rapid and economic approach to the screening and monitoring of invasive fungal infections.
United States Soil Degradation

The United States has not directly addressed soil degradation through legislation or litigation in some time. However, three recent developments impact the regulation of soil degradation in the United States, and may impact soil degradation in novel and dramatic ways. This chapter first reviews the structure of the United States governance and regulation, emphasizing soil degradation. The chapter then discusses the three recent impacts on soil degradation. The 2014 Farm Bill builds upon and changes earlier farm bills. Conservation compliance continues under the new Farm Bill, but conservation programs have been consolidated and funding to conservation programs has been cut. Other provisions that may impact soil degradation include biofuels, specialty crops and organic production. The controversy and confusion over the jurisdiction of the federal government over “waters of the United States” continues. The federal agencies adopted a new definition of the term that purportedly “clarifies” the issue, but other stakeholders assert that the rule expands federal jurisdiction. Several lawsuits seek resolution of the dispute, which likely will not occur in the near future. Finally, a lawsuit in Iowa over discharge of pollutants from farmland could dramatically alter regulation of water quality in the United States. Along with water quality, soil quality will be impacted.
Geriatric Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI) is an international problem, affecting a high percentage of geriatric women. Nurses caring for geriatric women of all ages should be aware of the problem of UI and familiarize themselves with the potential treatment options for these patients. This article focuses on the prevalence, burden, clinical application, and management recommendations for the different types of UI.
Clinical and Community Strategies to Prevent Falls and Fall-Related Injuries Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Falls in older adults are the result of several risk factors across biological and behavioral aspects of the person, along with environmental factors. Falls can trigger a downward spiral in activities of daily living, independence, and overall health outcomes. Clinicians who care for older adults should screen them annually for falls. A multifactorial comprehensive clinical fall assessment coupled with tailored interventions can result in a dramatic public health impact, while improving older adult quality of life. For community-dwelling older adults, effective fall prevention has the potential to reduce serious fall-related injuries, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, institutionalization, and functional decline.
Exploring Genetic Numeracy Skills in a Sample of U.S. University Students

Misconceptions concerning numerical genetic risk exist even within educated populations. To more fully characterize and understand the extent of these risk misunderstandings, which have large potential impact on clinical care, we analyzed the responses from 2,576 students enrolled at two Southwestern universities using the PGRID tool, a 138-item web-based survey comprising measures of understanding of genetics, genetic disease, and genetic risk. The primary purpose of this study was to characterize the intersection of risk perception and knowledge, termed genetic numeracy (GN). Additionally, we identify socio-demographic factors that might shape varying levels of GN skills within the study sample and explore the impact of GN on genetic testing intentions using both the Masrscuilo procedure and logistic regression analysis. Despite having some college coursework or at least one college degree, most respondents lacked high-level aptitude in understanding genetic inheritance risk, especially with respect to recessive disorders. Prior education about genetics and biology, as well as exposure to biomedical models of genetics, was associated with higher GN levels; exposure to popular media models of genetics was inversely associated with higher GN levels. Differing GN levels affects genetic testing intentions. GN will become more relevant as genetic testing is increasingly incorporated into general clinical care.
Trial measurement of movement-related cortical dynamics using electroencephalography and diffuse correlation spectroscopy

To better characterize movement-related neurophysiological change, the authors propose to measure not only neural activity through the electroencephalogram (EEG) but also cerebral blood flow (CBF) using a new technology, near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). A preliminary trial is described, in which EEG, DCS, and exerted force were simultaneously recorded during a cue-triggered hand grip task. Eight channels of EEG were acquired from frontal, central, and occipital regions, and DCS signals were collected from locations over frontal and motor cortex. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) was observed at the onset of hand movement and lasted until movement ceased. EEG from the motor area showed a significant ERD in the 8–13 Hz mu band (p<0.001). Mean CBF increased during the task by 6.8 % (p<0.001) in the motor location and by 4.5 % (p<0.001) in the frontal location, respectively. These preliminary observations suggest that a combination of electrical and optical measurements may provide a more complete characterization of brain dynamics related to movement. A broader study is required to explore the potential benefit of these combined measurements when used as command signals for brain-computer interfaces.
Imaging the polymerization of multivalent nanoparticles in solution

Numerous mechanisms have been studied for chemical reactions to provide quantitative predictions on how atoms spatially arrange into molecules. In nanoscale colloidal systems, however, less is known about the physical rules governing their spatial organization, i.e., self-assembly, into functional materials. Here, we monitor real-time self-assembly dynamics at the single nanoparticle level, which reveal marked similarities to foundational principles of polymerization. Specifically, using the prototypical system of gold triangular nanoprisms, we show that colloidal self-assembly is analogous to polymerization in three aspects: ensemble growth statistics following models for step-growth polymerization, with nanoparticles as linkable “monomers”; bond angles determined by directional internanoparticle interactions; and product topology determined by the valency of monomeric units. Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy imaging and theoretical modeling elucidate the nanometer-scale mechanisms for these polymer-like phenomena in nanoparticle systems. The results establish a quantitative conceptual framework for self-assembly dynamics that can aid in designing future nanoparticle-based materials. Few models exist that describe the spontaneous organization of colloids into materials. Here, the authors combine liquid-phase TEM and single particle tracking to observe the dynamics of gold nanoprisms, finding that nanoscale self-assembly can be understood within the framework of atomic polymerization.
Perceptual Analysis of Speech Disorders in Friedreich Disease and Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy

Motor speech production is highly sensitive to alterations in function of the nervous system (Darley et al. 1975; La Pointe 1975). Dysarthria, a frequent symptom of neurological disorders, is a collective term for a group of related speech disorders resulting from involvement of the muscular control of the speech mechanisms owing to impairment of any of the basic motor speech processes involved in the execution of speech (Darley et al. 1969a, b, 1975). Dysarthria can result not only from abnormalities of articulation but also from disorders of respiration, phonation, resonance, and prosody.
Current Status of Genetic Research in Affective Disorders

A growing body of clinical investigation is concerned with genetic variation in psychobiology. Neurotransmitter receptors, neurobiological peptides (structural or quantitative variations), and clinical biological variables such as monoamine metabolites are being studied for genetic variation. Psychopharmacogenetic studies of variations in biologic response (as opposed to variations in metabolism of a drug) are also pursued. In the past, such studies were unusual in psychobiology or in clinical genetic studies. With the shift in research interest and the availability of new genetic technologies, the prospects for resolving the genetics of affective disorders are now brighter than they were. At this point, however, no firmly established genetic marker exists for affective disorders in general or for any identifiable subgroup of them. The evidence on the chromosomal linkage markers HLA and color blindness is contradictory and awaits resolution. Biological hypotheses on the nature of affective disorders have led to several genetic studies, some of which are promising, but the crucial test of unambiguous prediction of vulnerability within pedigrees has never been satisfied.
Preclinical and Clinical Studies on Chlorozotocin, a New Nitrosourea with Decreased Bone Marrow Toxicity

Chlorozotocin is a glucose-substituted chloroethyl nitrosourea with pharmacologic properties suggesting it is a relatively nonmyelosuppressive cancer chemotherapy drug. Preclinical studies have shown that this drug possesses approximately twice the in vitro alkylating activity of the chloroethyl nitrosoureas BCNU and CCNU. In the L1210 leukemia system, chlorozotocin has curative activity at doses that result in minimal bone marrow toxicity. In vitro studies of human bone marrow stem cells have shown that chlorozotocin is relatively sparing of these cells compared to BCNU. Phase I and phase II trials in man have been performed that show that chlorozotocin’s dose-limiting toxicity is thrombocytopenia at doses > 120 mg/m2. In the phase II trial, 16% of patients with colon cancer and 20% of patients with malignant melanoma evidenced objective regression of disease. Chlorozotocin is now undergoing phase II evaluation in combination chemotherapy trials in colon and stomach cancer.
Qualitative approaches to use of the RE-AIM framework: rationale and methods

There have been over 430 publications using the RE-AIM model for planning and evaluation of health programs and policies, as well as numerous applications of the model in grant proposals and national programs. Full use of the model includes use of qualitative methods to understand why and how results were obtained on different RE-AIM dimensions, however, recent reviews have revealed that qualitative methods have been used infrequently. Having quantitative and qualitative methods and results iteratively inform each other should enhance understanding and lessons learned. Because there have been few published examples of qualitative approaches and methods using RE-AIM for planning or assessment and no guidance on how qualitative approaches can inform these processes, we provide guidance on qualitative methods to address the RE-AIM model and its various dimensions. The intended audience is researchers interested in applying RE-AIM or similar implementation models, but the methods discussed should also be relevant to those in community or clinical settings. We present directions for, examples of, and guidance on how qualitative methods can be used to address each of the five RE-AIM dimensions. Formative qualitative methods can be helpful in planning interventions and designing for dissemination. Summative qualitative methods are useful when used in an iterative, mixed methods approach for understanding how and why different patterns of results occur. In summary, qualitative and mixed methods approaches to RE-AIM help understand complex situations and results, why and how outcomes were obtained, and contextual factors not easily assessed using quantitative measures.
Molecular analyses of group 1 late embryogenic abundant (Lea) genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

30 Introduction 31 Materials and Methods 33 Plant Material 33 ABA and Water Deficit Treatments 33 Isolation of cDNA and Genomic Clones 34 DNA Sequencing and DNA Comparisons 35 RFLP Mapping 36
An Approach for Supporting Teachers’ Learning in Social Context

Our purpose in this chapter is to outline a general approach to collaborating with teachers in order to support the establishment of a professional teaching community. As will become apparent, our goal is to help teachers develop instructional practices in which they induct their students into the ways of reasoning of the discipline by building systematically on their current mathematical activity. We develop the rationale for the approach we propose by describing how our thinking about in-service teacher development has evolved over the last thirteen years or so. To this end, we first revisit work conducted in collaboration with Erna Yackel and Terry Wood between 1986 and 1992 in which we supported the development of American second- and third-grade teachers. In doing so, we tease out aspects of the approach we took that still appear viable and discuss two major lessons that we learned. In the next section of the chapter, we draw on a series of teaching experiments we have conducted over the past seven years in American elementary and middle-school classrooms both to critique our prior work and to develop three further aspects of the approach we propose. We conclude by highlighting broad features of the approach and by locating them in institutional context.
Effects of Hormones and Hormone Therapy on Cardiovascular Health in Women

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in American women, causing approximately 250,000 women to die each year of ischemic heart disease, roughly six times more than the number of women who die from breast cancer [1]. When compared to age-matched men, the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is much lower in younger women [2]. The Framingham population study showed that coronary artery disease usually manifests 10 years later in women than it does in men [3]. This lag was punctuated by the age of menopause and was suggestive of a protective effect of estrogen [4]. The potential protective effects of female hormones on the cardiovascular system have been a topic of great interest. Loss of this protection after menopause may be linked to the increased incidence of CHD in older women [2].
The Household “Pie”

The discussion of theoretical, conceptual, and methodological concerns in the last three chapters has set the stage for an examination of the total effort that households devote to domestic and market activities. In the introductory chapter, I argued that a study of the apportionment of household and market labors must rest fundamentally on an understanding of what households need to accomplish. Moreover, the mechanisms by which individual members divide their labors and their labor time are first seen most appropriately in the context of the total productive output of households.
Extending Discrete Exterior Calculus to a Fractional Derivative

Abstract Fractional partial differential equations (FDEs) are used to describe phenomena that involve a “non-local” or “long-range” interaction of some kind. Accurate and practical numerical approximation of their solutions is challenging due to the dense matrices arising from standard discretization procedures. In this paper, we begin to extend the well-established computational toolkit of Discrete Exterior Calculus (DEC) to the fractional setting, focusing on proper discretization of the fractional derivative. We define a Caputo-like fractional discrete derivative, in terms of the standard discrete exterior derivative operator from DEC, weighted by a measure of distance between p -simplices in a simplicial complex. We discuss key theoretical properties of the fractional discrete derivative and compare it to the continuous fractional derivative via a series of numerical experiments.
Contextual variables of student math proficiency and their geographic variations in Missouri

Abstract This study examines variables of student math proficiency relevant to family, teacher, and school characteristics, and investigates how effects of significant variables vary by geographic areas in the State of Missouri, United States, using aggregated data at the school-district level. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis derives a statewide model of five significant predictor variables with an R square of 0.35, showing that school districts with higher family income, higher parent education levels, higher two-parent percentage, more teacher years of experience, and higher percentage of certified teaching assignments tend to have higher student math proficiency. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) local regression analysis using the five significant variables from OLS regression achieves R squares between 0.37 and 0.45 at different bandwidths, i.e., the spatial extent of local regression. Examining GWR local regression coefficients, we found that the variable effects can change considerably across different geographic areas, and some prominent variable effects can only be manifested at a small GWR bandwidth. The results of this study identified the most influential factors of math proficiency for local areas, which provide useful insights for policy makers to prioritize educational resources for improving student math proficiency.
Effect of polymer and glass physicochemical properties on MS2 recovery from food contact surfaces

Abstract Viruses are transmissible via their interaction with contact surfaces of food containers or tools. This study evaluated the recoveries of MS2 coliphage, a virus surrogate, from polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and glass (borosilicate and soda lime), as influenced by the surface chemistry and topography. MS2 (5–6 logs) in PBS with 1% TSB was inoculated onto each of 9 different surfaces, 24-h cold-incubated, and recovery was quantified by infectivity. The order of MS2 recovery efficiency from smooth surfaces was PP > PE ≥ soda lime glass, which classified into 3 ANOVA groups, p = 0.05. The MS2 recovery ratios of smooth vs. rough surfaces were 1.4–1.5. Atomic force microscopy revealed 21-nm diam pinholes (
Abstract TP119: Tibia Fracture Leads to Long-Lasting Memory Dysfunction in Mice Through Enhanced Blood-Brain Barrie Breakdown in the Hippocampus and White Matter Damage

Background and Purpose: Tibia fracture (BF) causes long-lasting memory dysfunction in stroke mice, which is associated with microglia accumulation in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the stroke injur...
Current and new fluorescent probes for fluorescence-guided surgery

Abstract Surgical resection is an important treatment of cancer. Despite advances in preoperative imaging, surgery itself is primarily guided by the surgeon’s ability to locate pathology by direct vision and/or palpation. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) is a promising technique that is increasingly used to aid surgeons in identifying sites of tumor and surgical margins. Intraoperative visualization of tumors may not only allow more complete resections but also improve safety by avoiding unnecessary damage to normal tissue, reducing operative time and decreasing the need for second-look surgeries. A number of new FGS imaging probes have recently been developed, complementing a small but useful number of existing probes. In this review, we describe current clinical and preclinical FGS techniques and new fluorescent probes that may assist FGS.
Longitudinal Associations between Parenting and Inattention, Impulsivity, and Delay of Gratification in Preschool-aged Children: The Role of Temperamental Difficultness and Toddler Attention Focusing

Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care were used to test whether maternal sensitivity and stimulation at 15 and 54 months predicted child a...
The Effect of Wearing Foam and Etymotic Earplugs on Classical Musicians’ Pitch Perception

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of wearing earplugs on classical musicians’ pitch perception across three experimental conditions: no earplugs, foam earplugs, and Etymotic earplugs. Participants were graduate and undergraduate music majors attending a large school of music in the southeastern United States (N = 72). Participants adjusted the pitch of five complex stimulus tones (C#4, C#5, C#3, G#4, and F#3) using a continuous response digital interface until they believed the interval was in tune with an oboe (C#4) reference tone. Participants tended to tune flat when the stimulus tone was presented flat and to tune sharp when it was presented sharp across all three earplug conditions. Overall cent deviation in tuning responses showed that in both directional and absolute deviation analyses, listeners were most accurate when tuning without earplugs, then when using Etymotic earplugs, and least accurate with foam earplugs. Significant differences, however, were limited to specific intervals and in magnitudes not likely to be perceived. Although more research is needed, the use of Etymotic earplugs may provide valuable protection against noise-induced hearing loss with negligible effects on pitch perception. Implications for musicians and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Fiduciary Duty and the Ex Officio Conundrum in Corporate Governance: The Troublesome Murkiness of the Gubernatorial Trustee's Obligations

Should governors serve on the boards of incorporated universities as ex officio members? This paper examines the question by considering the experience of Penn State University and analyzes the implications of governors serving on the boards of state-aided corporations through focusing on the fiduciary responsibilities of directors under corporate law. The article concludes that the current statutory framework needs reconsideration and asserts that while there is no question that the state’s public interests should trump an institution’s “private” interests, it is the state that has chartered the corporation for the promotion of a public good (education) and has endowed it with the governor as one of its directors to guard the institution’s best interests. Accordingly, if the ex officio director is in a position where he may not be able to serve the corporation’s interests, the law must mandate that the fiduciary steps aside from the board, as the constant tensions that the current paradigm condones (those between public governance political objectives and private corporate governance principles as defined by centuries of fiduciary law), cannot be sustained.
Prevalence of polymorphism (“crossover”) among sexual offenders

Abstract Polymorphic or crossover sexual offenders have victims in different categories (e.g., adult and child victims; male and female victims; related and non-related victims). The present study systematically reviewed and synthesized the existing literature in an effort to ascertain the prevalence of crossover among sexual offenders that takes into account potentially relevant methodological features that might affect the estimates. Our search yielded 47 studies involving 35,572 contact sexual offenders. Key findings include: The mean prevalence of offenders who had both adult and child victims was 19.1% (based on 43 studies); the mean prevalence of offenders who had both male and female victims was 15.2% (based on 20 studies); the prevalence of offenders who had both related and non-related victims was 19.9% (based on 21 studies). Prevalence estimates more than doubled when the outcome measure is unofficially detected offending (ascertained via self-report or polygraph) versus officially detected offending (e.g., criminal justice statistics). The prevalence of victim age crossover was higher when the sample preselected offenders with multiple known victims, though sample preselection did not affect the prevalence of victim gender or relationship crossover. The nation in which the study was conducted does not appear to influence the prevalence of crossover offending.
Linear Viscoelastic Response

When a stress or a strain is impressed upon a body, rearrangements take place inside the material by which it responds to the imposed excitation. In any real material these rearrangements necessarily require a finite time. The time required, however, may be very short or very long. When the changes take place so rapidly that the time is negligible compared with the time scale of the experiment, we regard the material as purely viscous. In a purely viscous material, all the energy required to produce the deformation is dissipated as heat. When the material rearrangements take virtually infinite time, we speak of a purely elastic material. In a purely elastic material the energy of deformation is stored and may be recovered completely upon release of the forces acting on it. Water comes close to being a purely viscous material; and steel, if deformed to no more than a percent or two, behaves in an almost completely elastic fashion. In principle, however, all real materials are viscoelastic. Some energy may always be stored during the deformation of a material under appropriate conditions, and energy storage is always accompanied by dissipation of some energy.
3. Sources of Low-Charge-State Positive-Ion Beams

This chapter reviews that ion beams are used pervasively in many areas of fundamental and applied research and for a growing number of industrial applications; thus, emphasizing the importance of the ion source to modern science and technology. Ion source development has been driven by the needs of the basic and applied research communities and by the needs of the industrial communities for sources with improved performance attributes, including operational reliability, lifetime, beam quality, and intensity, for a growing number of applications. These applications includes basic and applied research, isotope separation, mass spectroscopy, fusion energy, inertial confinement, and radiation therapy as well as a growing and diverse number of industrial applications, such as ion beam lithography, semiconducting material doping, ion beam deposition, modification of material surfaces, and probe beams for the important analytical fields of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), proton-induced X-ray excitation (PIXE), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). All these applications are dependent on the use of ion beams and on the technologies for their production. The chapter describes the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) technology that can be used effectively to produce low-charge state ion beams, sources based on this technology.
Suboptimal compliance with evidence-based guidelines in patients with traumatic brain injuries: Clinical article

Object Evidence-based management (EBM) guidelines for severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) were promulgated decades ago. However, the extent of their adoption into bedside clinical practices is not known. The purpose of this study was to measure compliance with EBM guidelines for management of severe TBI and its impact on patient outcome. Methods This was a retrospective study of blunt TBI (11 Level I trauma centers, study period 2008–2009, n = 2056 patients). Inclusion criteria were an admission Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8 and a CT scan showing TBI, excluding patients with nonsurvivable injuries—that is, head Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 6. The authors measured compliance with 6 nonoperative EBM processes (endotracheal intubation, resuscitation, correction of coagulopathy, intracranial pressure monitoring, maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure ≥ 50 cm H2O, and discharge to rehabilitation). Compliance rates were calculated for each center using multivariate regression to adjust for patient demog...
A Chronology of Noteworthy Events in American Psychology

This volume contains notes about psychological history in chronological order. It winds through history with brief factual notes that offer a glimpse into what was once current news.
Self-Insight: Roadblocks and Detours on the Path to Knowing Thyself

People base thousands of choices across a lifetime on the views they hold of their skill and moral character, yet a growing body of research in psychology shows that such self-views are often misguided or misinformed. Anyone who has dealt with others in the classroom, in the workplace, in the medical office, or on the therapist’s couch has probably experienced people whose opinions of themselves depart from the objectively possible. This book outlines some of the common errors that people make when they evaluate themselves. It also describes the many psychological barriers - some that people build by their own hand - that prevent individuals from achieving self-insight about their ability and character. The first section of the book focuses on mistaken views of competence, and explores why people often remain blissfully unaware of their incompetence and personality flaws. The second section focuses on faulty views of character, and explores why people tend to perceive they are more unique and special than they really are, why people tend to possess inflated opinions of their moral fiber that are not matched by their deeds, and why people fail to anticipate the impact that emotions have on their choices and actions. The book will be of great interest to students and researchers in social, personality, and cognitive psychology, but, through the accessibility of its writing style, it will also appeal to those outside of academic psychology with an interest in the psychological processes that lead to our self-insight.
In Search of the Relationship Between Polychronicity and Multitasking Performance: The Importance of Trait Self-Control

In this age of mobile technology, individuals find themselves constantly bombarded by competing demands, which often leads to multitasking. Although polychronicity (preference for multitasking) has been proposed to be a key predictor of multitasking performance, findings have in fact been mixed. This study proposes that self-control may moderate the effects of polychronicity on multitasking performance (i.e., trait self-control obscures the polychronicity-performance relationship). In 186 participants, compared to sequential task completion multitasking had a negative impact on task performance. Polychronicity was not found to be positively associated with task performance when multitasking, but there was a positive polychronicity-performance association among individuals with low self-control.
Data-Driven Decision Making in Electronic Collection Development

ABSTRACT As budgets have tightened, library administrators are looking for more data to help them in making difficult collections decisions. They then often provide these data to higher-level administrators outside the library. When collecting library data, several questions come to mind: Who collects the data? What kinds of data exist? When are data collected? Where does the responsibility of data collection reside? How are data collected and interpreted? In this article, the author aims to address all these questions so as to give the reader a sense of direction in how these data can be applied to drive collections and collection-development policy.
PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSOCIATIONS OF DIETARY RESTRAINT : IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTHY WEIGHT PROMOTION

This paper critically reviews research on the psychosocial associations of dietary restraint and evaluates its usefulness in the promotion of healthy weight management. It is concluded that dietary restraint is a sociocultural phenomenon associated with the culture of thinness which impacts women more than men. Dietary restraint is further associated with numerous measures of negative affect, diminished cognitive functioning, body dissatisfaction, overvaluation of weight and shape, and eating disorders. Caution is indicated in the promotion of dietary restraint as a general principle for managing weight. Recommendations are discussed.
Barium carbonate as an alternative indicator to chromic oxide for use in digestibility experiments with rainbow trout

Abstract Chromic oxide is suspected of violating the assumptions of an indicator of nutrient digestibility. In this study, four diets were fed to juvenile rainbow trout. Those diets contained either BaCO 3 or BaCO 3 plus Cr 2 O 3 at levels of 0.5% or 1.0% of the dry diet as Ba and Cr. The diets incorporating Ba at 1.0% of the dry diet were not consumed by trout. Chromium was poorly recovered from diets (average of 13–14%) and a correction factor was used to determine apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD). Recovery of barium from diets averaged 103–108%. There were no significant differences in ACPD using Ba or Cr at 0.5% of the dry diet. No apparent toxicological effects occured over a 24 day feeding period and histopathological evaluation of gastrointestinal tracts from fish fed 0.5% Ba revealed no lesions. Barium carbonate appears to be a suitable alternative to chromic oxide in digestibility studies with rainbow trout.
Vibrational effects in the dissociation and scattering of hydrogen at a Cu(111) surface

Abstract We have determined dissociative chemisorption probabilities for D2 on Cu(111) as a function of translational energy and angle of incidence for molecules in specific vibrational states. We find that the translational energy required for dissociation is reduced with increasing vibrational energy, falling from ≈0.6 eV for D2(v=0) to ≈0.4 and 0.2 eV for molecules in v=1 and v=2 states, respectively. These results were obtained by combining molecular beam measurements of absolute adsorption probabilities with studies of the velocity distributions of molecules desorbed from the surface in specific quantum states. The observations indicate that vibrational and translational energy are strongly coupled by the potential energy surface for this system. This conclusion is supported by quantum-state-resolved scattering experiments that reveal direct vibrational excitation in collisions of H2 and D2 with a Cu(111) surface. The threshold for excitation of v=0 to v=1 is found to be similar for both molecules, and slightly higher than that for dissociation.