cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feedback-Seeking Behavior and Practice Readiness for General Surgery.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationship between feedback-seeking behavior, operationalized as the number of trainee-requested evaluations, with ratings of surgical trainees' operative autonomy and performance. DESIGN We analyzed operative assessment data using the System for Improving and Measuring Procedural Learning's smartphone-based assessment app called Society for Improving Medical Professional Learning (SIMPL) OR. Using cross-classified mixed effects models, we analyzed the association between trainee-requested SIMPL OR app evaluations and both trainee performance and autonomy ratings. Models included covariates for requested evaluations, PGY-year, month of the academic year, and patient-related case complexity. Random effects for program, procedure, rater, and trainee were also included to account for correlations among evaluations. Only ratings for procedures deemed Core to general surgery were included. SETTING Operative assessment data using the SIMPL OR app requested by categorical U.S. general surgery residents between September 2015 to April 2021. PARTICIPANTS A total of 61 general surgery residency programs, encompassing 2190 categorical general surgery residents. RESULTS A total of 58,104 SIMPL app operative assessments were analyzed. Autonomy scores were weakly but positively associated with number of trainee-requested evaluations (B = 0.002, p < 0.001). Trainee-requested evaluations were also statistically associated with operative performance scores ( B = 0.002, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The propensity of a resident to seek feedback using the SIMPL app was weakly associated with higher operative autonomy ratings and higher operative performance ratings. While regular feedback is important for monitoring performance over time, more direct approaches related to the quality of feedback that trainees receive may be needed to better assess the relationships between feedback-seeking behavior and operative autonomy as well as performance.
The New Extraction: Rewriting the Political Ecology of the Andes?

(2009). The New Extraction: Rewriting the Political Ecology of the Andes? NACLA Report on the Americas: Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 12-20.
Cell-free synthesis of rat and rabbit gastric proton pump

Ribonucleic acid was isolated from the fundic gastric mucosae of rats and rabbits by cesium chloride centrifugation of guanidine isothiocyanate-denatured mucosal homogenates, and poly A+ RNA was recovered from the pellets by oligodeoxythymidine column selection. When added to rabbit reticulocyte lysates, this poly A+ RNA stimulated [35S]methionine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. Fluorographic analysis of the lysates showed protein synthesis to be dominated by polypeptides with molecular weights from 40,000 to 50,000, presumably prepepsinogen isoforms. Immune precipitation of the lysates with monoclonal antibodies directed against the gastric H+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase yielded bands at 94 kilodaltons and more diffuse banding at 180 kilodaltons. Further purification of the poly A+ RNA on sucrose gradients eliminated prepepsinogen messenger RNA; nascent H+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase synthesized by purified messenger RNA consisted of polypeptides with molecular weights between 88,000 and 94,000. The study indicates that cell-free translation of gastric mucosal messenger RNA may provide a useful model for analysis of gastric H+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase biosynthesis and processing.
The interaction of short chain coenzyme Q analogs with different redox states of myoglobin

Two-equivalent oxidation of metmyoglobin (MbIII) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) yields an oxoferryl moiety (MbIV) plus a protein radical which presumably originates from the conversion of tyrosines to tyrosyl radicals (-MbIV). In the absence of electron donors, MbIII oxidation is followed by (i) heme degradation or (ii) tyrosyl radical-dependent reactions, such as irreversible dimerization or covalent binding of the heme group to the apoprotein. Moreover, the oxidizing equivalents of H2O2-activated MbIII promote the peroxidative decomposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this study, water-soluble short chain coenzyme Q analogs (CoQ1H2 and CoQ2H2) were found to reduce the oxoferryl moiety, preventing heme degradation and regenerating MbIII and, more slowly, MbIIO2. CoQ1H2 and CoQ2H2 were also found to reduce tyrosyl radicals generated by UV irradiation of tyrosine solutions. Accordingly, CoQ1H2 and CoQ2H2 effectively prevented tyrosyl radical-dependent reactions such as the dimerization of sperm whale myoglobin and heme-apoprotein covalent binding in horse heart myoglobin. By competing for the oxidizing equivalents of hypervalent myoglobin, CoQ1H2 and CoQ2H2 also prevented the peroxidation of arachidonic acid. Collectively, these studies suggest that the proposed function of coenzyme Q as a naturally occurring antioxidant might well relate to its ability of reducing H2O2-activated myoglobin. Coenzyme Q should therefore mitigate cardiac or muscular dysfunctions that are caused by an abnormal generation of H2O2.
Mentoring Toward Technology Use: Cooperating Teacher Practice in Supporting Student Teachers

AbstractThis paper investigates the mentoring practices of 16 cooperating teachers as they prepared student teachers to integrate technology into teaching and learning activities. Data were gathered from multiple sources during a semester of student teaching. A complex variety of contextual and conceptual factors influencing the integration of technology into student teaching experiences are presented, including access to technology, on-site support, and beliefs about mentoring. Findings describe the practices of cooperating teachers in mentoring student teachers toward technology use. In order for student teachers to learn how to support student-centered lessons with technology, they need knowledgeable mentor teachers and adequate access to technology to practice and develop those lessons. Recommendations for other school district/university partnerships attempting to integrate technology in field experiences include the implementation of frequent professional development sessions for mentors that help t...
Evaluation of nanoparticle zirconia supports in the thermochemical water splitting cycle over iron oxides

Abstract Two-step solar thermochemical water splitting offers a viable solution for employing renewable energy pathways for production of high-purity hydrogen, which can be used in fuel cells or for the production of liquid fuels. One promising thermochemical cycle uses iron oxide as the reactive material to split water in a relatively simple two-step process. However, this cycle requires high temperatures, on the order of 1500 °C. Therefore, to increase stability and thermal shock resistance, iron oxide was deposited onto high-temperature-stable ceramic oxides, such as zirconia (ZrO2) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Nanoparticle zirconia samples (n-ZrO2 and n-YSZ) were used in this study to increase the interactions between the iron oxide and the zirconia, and the resulting materials were compared with an iron oxide supported on a commercially available porous zirconia support (p-ZrO2). After heat treatment, these FeOx/n-ZrO2 and FeOx/n-YSZ materials were surprisingly stable and yielded consistent hydrogen production over several cycles. The hydrogen yield per cycle for the FeOx/n-YSZ material was consistently higher for all iron loadings compared with the FeOx/n-ZrO2 materials, and they both yielded significantly more hydrogen compared to the FeOx supported on the commercial ZrO2 support. Compared with the FeOx/n-YSZ, the iron loading had a larger effect on the hydrogen production over n-ZrO2-supported materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data indicated that iron was incorporated into the unit cell lattice of the n-YSZ supported material, which alleviated some of the detrimental iron oxide sintering inherent at the high-temperatures of the thermochemical water splitting reaction, and resulted in a more consistent and higher hydrogen production compared with the FeOx/n-ZrO2 material.
Inability of Choleragenoid-Sensitized Cells to Induce T Cell-Mediated Cytolysis

Murine splenocytes and tumor cells bind cholera enterotoxoid (choleragenoid). Four hours after sensitization, choleragenoid-coated cells were lysed in the presence of anti-cholergenoid serum and complement, indicating that the binding was stable. Choleragenoid-coated cells were unable to sensitize spleen cells from normal or choleragenoid primed syngeneic mice into displaying a cytotoxic effect against choleragenoid-coated target cells in the T cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. Cells coated with both choleragenoid and trinitrophenyl (TNP) groups did sensitize syngeneic spleen cells to display a cytotoxic effect against target cells bearing choleragenoid and TNP or TNP alone, but not choleragenoid alone. These data demonstrate that the mere binding of a foreign component to lymphoid cells is not sufficient to allow sensitization of cytotoxic T cells.
A Retrospective Review and Treatment Paradigm of Interventional Therapies for Patients Suffering from Intractable Thoracic Chest Wall Pain in the Oncologic Population

Introduction Tumors invading the chest wall and pleura are often incurable, and treatment is targeted toward palliation of symptoms and control of pain. When patients develop tolerance or side effects to systemic opioid therapy, interventional techniques can better optimize a patient's pain. We performed a retrospective review of 146 patients from April 2004 to January 2014 who underwent diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for pain relief. Using four patients as a paradigm for neurolytic approaches to pain relief, we present a therapeutic algorithm for treating patients with intractable thoracic chest wall pain in the oncologic population. Material and Methods For each patient, we describe the use of intercostal/paravertebral nerve blocks and neurolysis, pulsed radiofrequency ablation (PRFA) of the thoracic nerve roots, or intrathecal pump placement to successfully treat the patient's chest wall pain. Analysis of 146 patient charts is also performed to assess effectiveness of therapy. Results Seventy-nine percent of patients undergoing an intercostal nerve diagnostic blockade (with local anesthetic and steroid) stated that they had improved pain relief with 22% having prolonged pain relief (average of 21.5 days). Only 32% of successful diagnostic blockade patients elected to proceed to neurolysis, with a 62% success rate. Seven patients elected to proceed to intrathecal drug delivery. Discussion Intercostal nerve diagnostic blockade with local anesthetic and steroid may lead to prolonged pain relief in this population. Furthermore, depending on tumor location, we have developed a paradigm for the treatment of thoracic chest wall pain in the oncologic population.
Wire chamber gases

Abstract In this paper, we describe new developments in gas mixtures which have occurred during the last three to four years. In particular, we discuss new results on the measurement and modeling of electron drift parameters, the modeling of drift chamber resolution, measurements of primary ionization and the choice of gas for applications such as tracking, single electron detection, X-ray detection and visual imaging. In addition, new results are presented on photon feedback, breakdown and wire aging.
Substorm Aurorae and Their Connection to the Inner Magnetosphere

In this paper we present evidence from the low-altitude DMSP F7 satellite that the poleward edge of auroral luminosity in the nightside auroral zone does not necessarily correspond to the boundary between plasma-filled flux tubes and flux tubes devoid of plasma. Assuming that that low-altitude boundary corresponds to the boundary between the lobe and the plasma sheet, this implies that the boundary between open and closed field lines may lie poleward of the most poleward auroral luminosity. Thus the assumption that the poleward boundary of auroral luminosity is a good indicator of the open-closed boundary may not always be correct. Furthermore, we show clear evidence that an auroral surge may also be located equatorward of the open-closed boundary. Therefore, tailward of the region of the plasma sheet to which the surge is connected there may exist undisturbed plasma sheet that has not yet been disconnected from the ionosphere. This means that substorm-associated reconnection does not necessarily begin to reconnect lobe field lines at the onset of a substorm. Moreover, available evidence strongly suggests that the arc that brightens at the onset of a substorm and that develops into a surge maps to the inner magnetotail, to that region at the inner edge of the plasma sheet where the magnetic field changes from a dipolar to a taillike configuration. This would be consistent with recent studies that connect auroral breakup to the near-Earth (<10RE) plasma sheet.
Vitamin B12 and the synthesis of the methyl groups of choline in ochromonas malhamensis

Abstract Vitamin B12-deficient cells of Ochromonas malhamensis were used to investigate the effect of vitamin B12 on choline-methyl group formation. Vitamin B12 stimulated the incorporation of formate-C14 and formaldehyde-C14, but not of methionine-C14H3, into the methyl groups of phospholipid choline. The optimum utilization of formate-C14 occurred when both homocysteine and vitamin B12 were provided. Methyl-C14-cobalamin donated its methyl group for choline synthesis; however, a greater C14 incorporation was realized when homocysteine was provided. The data support the concept that methionine synthesis is an intermediate step in choline-methyl group biosynthesis, and that in Ochromonas as in other organisms, de novo methyl group synthesis is vitamin B12 dependent.
Model following reconfigurable flight control system for the AFTI/F-16

In the event of a control surface failure, the purpose of a reconfigurable flight control system is to redistribute and coordinate the control effort among the aircraft's remaining effective surfaces such that satisfactory flight performance is retained. In this paper, a model following reconfigurable flight control system designed for the AFTI/F-16 is discussed. The system utilizes an adaptive proportional plus integral controller with gain adjustment based on errors between desired performance and actual performance. Stability analysis and simulation results are presented.
Employed Women’s Well-Being: The Global and Daily Impact of Work

Although women derive satisfaction and self-efficacy from work, the potential for stress and the need for balance of multiple roles are of great concern. Utilizing a sample of women from the National Longitudinal Survey cohort Young Women in 1997, this study develops a model which delineates global well-being, measured as life satisfaction and daily well-being, measured as depression, and tests the impact of personal, family, and work variables specifically chosen for each well-being measure. Findings suggest that in addition to personal and family variables, union membership, supervisory capacity, recent promotion, and government employment are significant correlates of global life satisfaction and irregular shifts, paid leave, and telecommuting are significant correlates of daily depression.
Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by nonoxynol-9, C31G, or an alkyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate

A highly desirable approach to prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission during sexual intercourse is the development of nontoxic, topical, broad spectrum microbicides effective against transmission of cell-associated and cell-free virus. Toward this end, the HIV-1 inactivation potential of surface active agents C31G and an alkyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was assessed. Because of its extensive use as a microbicidal agent, nonoxynol-9 (N-9) was used as a reference against which C31G and SDS were compared. Viral inactivation was measured using HIV-1 LTR-beta-galactosidase indicator cells (expressing CD4 or CD4/CCR5) derived from HeLa cells, a cell line of human cervical adenocarcinoma origin. In experiments which examined inactivation of cell-free HIV-1, C31G was generally more effective than N-9. Viral inactivation by SDS occurred at twice the concentration necessary to achieve similar levels of inactivation using either N-9 or C31G. Using HeLa and HeLa-derived cells in cytotoxicity studies, it was demonstrated that SDS is as much as 11 and five times less cytotoxic than N-9 or C31G, respectively, during 48 h of continuous exposure. SDS (unlike C31G and N-9) can inactivate non-enveloped viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV) [Howett, M.K., Neely, E.B., Christensen, N.D., Wigdahl, B., Krebs, F.C., Malamud, D., Patrick, S.D., Pickel, M.D., Welsh, P.A., Reed, C.A., Ward, M.G., Budgeon, L.R., Kreider, J.W., 1999. A broad-spectrum microbicide with virucidal activity against sexually transmitted viruses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43(2), 314-321]. Since addition of SDS to C31G or N-9 may make the resulting microbicidal mixtures broadly effective against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, several surface active agent combinations were evaluated for their abilities to inactivate HIV-1. Addition of SDS to either C31G or N-9 resulted in mixtures that were only slightly less effective than equivalent concentrations of C31G or N-9 alone. To investigate inactivation of cell-associated infectivity, HIV-1 IIIB-infected SupT1 cells were treated with N-9, C31G, or SDS. Inactivation of cell-associated infectivity required higher microbicide concentrations than were needed for inactivation of cell-free virus. However, the relative activities of N-9, C31G, or SDS were similar to those seen in assays of inactivation using cell-free virus. These studies suggest that C31G and SDS may be attractive candidates for human trials as topical microbicides effective against HIV-1 transmission since both function at concentrations that provide effective viral inactivation with low levels of cytotoxicity. SDS microbicides (used alone or with other microbicides) may provide the added advantage of protection from HPV infection.
Is Design the Preeminent Protagonist in User Experience

We are gradually learning that "user experience" is a critical factor in customer satisfaction and loyalty. A positive experience means a happy customer who returns again. Designers of software systems and web services have been digging deeply into how they might generate a positive user experience. They are moving beyond anecdotes about excellent examples of user experiences and are developing design principles. Phillip Tobias gives us a fascinating account of the emerging design principles that will generate satisfied and loyal users.
Custom-made water-cooled trays for reversible hydrocolloid impressions in difficult situations

Abstract A method of producing reversible hydrocolloid impressions in altered dental arches has been described. For those who prefer such a material for definitive restorations, a useful procedure for unusual impression problems has been provided.
The Role of Knowledge Repositories in Technical Support Environments: Speed Versus Learning in User Performance

Knowledge repositories are commonly used by technical support analysts in call center environments as a way of capturing and reusing solutions to common problems, and are generally expected to improve service quality, reduce costs, and enhance analyst learning. This study investigates why technical support analysts seek out and access knowledge from these repositories, as opposed to more traditional sources of such knowledge--colleagues and manuals. Focusing on the demand for--rather than supply of--knowledge in organizations, our research elaborates the role played by analysts' learning orientation, perceived work demands, and risk aversion in predicting their knowledge sourcing behavior. Our results include several counterintuitive findings that suggest there is not very much learning going on via technical support knowledge repositories. Analysts seem to be focused on finding recipes for solving customers' problems rather than building a better understanding of the products they support. Implications for research and practice highlight the need for more effective technologies to speed searches, the utility of a formal and visible mechanism for validating knowledge, and the inherent tension between efficiency and learning in these environments.
The Discourse of Dog Fighting

In this essay, we discuss dog fighting as a blood sport with a history embedded in the status-driven display of masculinity, power and violence. Based on published reports and interviews with those living and working in dog fighting neighborhoods, we show that the contemporary cultural knowledge of dog fighting is a discourse with multiple meanings: for those who pit dogs against each other, for the worried public, for those who are charged with law enforcement, and for the dogs themselves. We conclude with an argument that the discourse of dog fighting might best be approached from the perspective of green criminology with a focus on those who are most abused by the crime: the fighting dogs.
Runaway-electron-dominated discharges in ORMAK

Near the end of the ORMAK tokamak operation, a series of experiments was performed in which the bulk of the toroidal current was carried by relativistic runaway electrons. New or improved measurements of RF and microwave emission, electron temperatures, and hard-X-ray flux were made. Of particular interest is the observation that the RF signal levels are remarkably low, less than a conventional (non-runaway) discharge. The data are compared with two runaway electron creation models and tend to agree better with a model in which runaways are created continuously throughout the discharge.
Infertility: An international health problem

When considering infertility as a health problem, the above definition is too restrictive for a number of reasons. First, for women aged 30-35 who have voluntarily delayed childbearing, a waiting period of 1 year or more may be psychologically unacceptable. In this situation, consultation and investigation may be offered sooner if the couple presents with this request. Second, in addition to the treatment of primary and secondary infertility, the spectrum of human infertility therapy today includes the prevention of pregnancy loss, including the problems associated with repeated abortion, as this problem can be equally distressing to women, who may be able to conceive but not able to maintain a pregnancy. Finally, the
Determination of absolute configuration using concerted ab Initio DFT calculations of electronic circular dichroism and optical rotation: bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane diones.

The concerted use of ab initio time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations of transparent spectral region optical rotation and of circular dichroism has recently become practicable, permitting the concerted use of transparent spectral region optical rotation and circular dichroism in determining the absolute configurations of chiral molecules. Here, we report concerted TDDFT calculations of the transparent spectral region specific rotations and of the circular dichroism spectra originating in n → π* CO group excitations of four bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane diones, 1−4. Comparison to experiment yields absolute configurations for 1−4. For each dione, specific rotations and circular dichroism spectra give identical absolute configurations. Our results are consistent with previous work, with the exception of the Octant Rule-derived absolute configuration of the 2,9-dione.
Emission and predissociation of Li+22Πu

Abstract The spontaneous 2Πu - 2=+g radiative emission rates and predissociation rates of 2Πu by 2 Σ+2 are calculated for the 2Πu state of Li+2 using ab initio transition matrix elements. The Q branches are not piedissociated, whereas the P and R branches are piedissociated in a manner that varies strongly with vibrational and rotational quantum numbers. The υ = 0 2Πu radiative lifetime is 12 ns.
Incarceration and inmates’ self perceptions about returning home

Abstract Purpose This paper expands the emerging literature on offenders’ self-perceptions by exploring prisoners’ perceptions as they are preparing to leave prison and return to the community. Research on the impact of imprisonment on reoffending suggests the need to focus on possible individual-level mechanisms that impact prisoner perceptions of life after release from prison. In particular, a greater understanding of the role of prison experiences in offending patterns necessarily requires attention to the perceptions and lived experiences of individuals. Methods Data for this paper were derived from self report surveys and interviews of 800 men and women preparing to leave prison. Descriptive and regression analyses were utilized. Results Results indicate that family support, having children, and in-prison substance abuse treatment increase optimism, while negative family influences (incarceration or drug use of family members), longer incarceration times, and a history of serious drug use reduce optimism about life after incarceration. Conclusions This study suggests that correctional policies that facilitate family support and offer substance abuse treatment during confinement appear to be important in increasing optimism among men and women returning to the community after incarceration.
Automatic recognition of geologic prospects

Computer recognition of prospective areas through the processing of digital exploration data can be effective if the statistical tests for the determination of the prospects are pertinent to the presence of the desired mineral. Where exploration involves the application of polynomial trend analysis to structure contour maps in the search for petroleum and natural gas, standard analysis of variance tests may not indicate the best exploration maps. Variance tests may be completely invalid where isolated dips and clustered samples cause the surfaces generated by some of the most common trend programs to oscillate, creating a false impression of variance. On the other hand, tests that directly compare the position of residual features with areas of known production consistently indicate the best map for the determination of new prospects. They are simple to apply and appear to offer the most opportunity for the automatic recognition of prospective areas.
A note on the creeping motion of a viscoelastic fluid past a sphere

In this paper we consider the creeping motion of a viscoelastic fluid past a sphere. Detailed visualization of the flow was carried out using small suspended tracer particles, forReynolds numbers Re, less than 0.1 andWeissenberg numbers, We, ranging from 10−2 to 22. Although some upstream shifting of the streamlines was found for ReWe = O(1), comparison shows that the streamline shift is very much smaller than predicted by the theoretical analysis ofUltman andDenn (1971). This discrepancy has led us to re-examine the validity of the basic assumptions of the analysis, as reported in the last section of the present communication.
Reconsidering the Power of Story in Religious Education.

Some years ago I heard a story about a conference of psychologists. I have been telling this story for so long that I honestly do not know the origin of it. 1 [Stories are like that. … We hear them...
The Museum's Mummies: An Inside View

We applied medical and scientific methodology in a study of the mummies in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, New York, by computed tomographic scanning and other radiographic methods. These noninvasive procedures allow us to "unwrap" these mummies without unwrapping them. This is, in effect, technology transfer of routine diagnostic techniques used in medicine to Egyptology. After this noninvasive information-gathering procedure, the mummies are preserved intact for possible future investigations that may be more sophisticated and more informative. The data are presented and put into perspective by a review of pertinent literature.
Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Management of Chronic Pain

Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary pain management programs incorporate a biopsychosocial model in assessing and treating pain and result in pain reduction, improved quality of life, and psychosocial functioning. Additionally, return-to-work and vocational outcomes may be seen in selected patients. Treatment teams may include a physiatrist, a physical or occupational therapist,a pain psychologist, a relaxation (biofeedback) therapist, vocational and therapeutic recreational therapists, social workers, and nurses. The key component to program success is collaborative ongoing communication among team members, the patient, and the case manager.
Negative selection of precursor thymocytes before their differentiation into CD4+CD8+ cells

Thymic selection of the developing T cell repertoire is thought to occur at the CD4+CD8+ stage of differentiation and to be determined by the specificity of the T cell receptors (TCRs) that CD4+CD8+ thymocytes express. However, TCR signals can inhibit the differentiation of precursor thymocytes into CD4+CD8+ cells, which suggests that selection might occur earlier than thought. Indeed, in a negatively selecting male thymus, CD4-CD8lo precursor thymocytes that express a transgenic TCR to male antigen are developmentally arrested as a consequence of antigen encounter and fail to become CD4+CD8+. Thus, negative selection can occur before the CD4+CD8+ stage of differentiation.
What Makes a Heart Murmur Innocent

The physician determines that a murmur is innocent by evaluating it on its own merits. The information should be assessed in a logical and orderly fashion, and the possibilities are considered based on the information that is obtained. All of this information is processed through the physician's knowledge and experience base, and then a decision is made. One cannot increase one's skill as a cardiac auscultator by reading articles such as this-one can only learn what is abnormal by being completely comfortable with what is normal. There is no substitution for listening to many hearts, but the physician must listen to normal hearts thoughtfully and analytically. What makes a heart murmur innocent? The answer to this question includes the characteristics of the murmur in the context of the patient's total cardiovascular examination. How are these characteristics determined? They are determined the same way as any other technical skill is accomplished-with practice.
Endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat aorta may be mediated through cyclic GMP-dependent protein phosphorylation

The action of some vascular smooth muscle relaxants depends on the presence of the endothelium. We have recently shown that relaxation may be mediated through the formation of cyclic GMP. The nitrovasodilators are another class of relaxants which exert their effects through the formation of cyclic GMP, although their relaxation is independent of the presence of the endothelium. Their relaxant properties seem to depend on free radical formation--specifically, the formation of nitric oxide. The NO-induced smooth muscle relaxation is proposed to occur through activation of guanylate cyclase and the formation of cyclic GMP. Protein phosphorylation is thought to be a common event in the pathway for many biological phenomena. Moreover, sodium nitroprusside and 8-bromo cyclic GMP induce similar patterns of protein phosphorylation in intact rat thoracic aorta. Here we report that the patterns of protein phosphorylation induced by the endothelium-dependent vasodilators and nitrovasodilators were identical. Incorporation of 32P into myosin light chain was decreased by both classes of agents. Removal of the endothelium abolished the changes in phosphorylation with the endothelium-dependent vasodilator (acetylcholine), but not those with the nitrovasodilator (sodium nitroprusside). These results suggest that endothelium-dependent vasodilators and nitrovasodilators induce relaxation through cyclic GMP-dependent protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of myosin light chain.
Current and emerging pressure boundary issues — a US regulatory perspective

Abstract Concerns about pressure boundary integrity deal primarily with older plants, and establishing a basis for their continued safe operation. Pressure vessel problems stem from exposure to fast neutrons which changes the Nil-Ductility-Temperature (NDT) and the elevated temperature fracture energy of some vessels. The predicted shift in NDT has increased over the last decade as more has been learned about the effect of impurities (copper) and the synergism between nickel and copper. In PWRs this has lead to concern about excursion in which the a vessel remains at high pressure as the coolant temperature drops rapidly, that is the so-called Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS) accident. In BWRs one cannot have PTS events, but the more rapid than expected rise in NDT due to irradiation is impacting operations. In another set of PWRs the upper shelf energy of the welds was initially low due to the use of a slag which led to many small inclusions in the weld. Radiation has lowered the Charpy fracture energy of these welds to below the 50 ft lb level at which there is concern that the vessel may undergo low energy ductile failure even if cleavage does not occur. Problems in pressure boundary piping has stemmed primarily from corrosion, that is, IGSCC in BWR recirculation piping, and steam generator tube failures in PWRs. These have made a large contribution to downtime and occupational exposure, but are not seen as significant contributors to risk. There has been some concern about the aging (loss of toughness) of cast stainless components with significant ferrite content, especially because inspection by UT is difficult.
Protein synthesis and messenger RNA stability in activated, enucleate sea urchin eggs are not affected by actinomycin D.

Abstract We have investigated the possible effects of actinomycin on mRNA halflife and on protein synthesis in activated, enucleate sea urchin half-eggs. There was no effect by 20 μg/ml actinomycin D on the overall level of protein synthesis for up to 12 hr. Actinomycin-treated parthenogenetic merogones produced the same spectrum of proteins as untreated merogones, as determined by double label disc gel electrophoresis. Actinomycin had no effect on the levels of poly(A)-containing RNA in merogones cultured for up to 10 hr in the presence of the inhibitor. We conclude that in this system actinomycin has no gross effect upon protein synthesis nor upon the stability of mRNA and does not induce differential decay of specific mRNA species. Thus, experiments conducted using actinomycin to probe protein synthesis in the absence of nuclear transcription in sea urchin embryos are valid.
Dark Matter and Dynamics in Hercules Cluster

We present new 21-cm observations of faint (15.7<mpg<16.5) spiral galaxies in the Abell cluster 2151. These results, when combined with the large body of velocities available in the literature for Hercules, permit us to study the dynamics throughout the cluster core, out to a projected radius of 1.8h−1 Mpc. We calculate the global dynamical mass of Hercules using 3 different but related methods: two versions of the virial theorem and the projected mass estimator. These masses lie in the range 3–6×1014 M⊙. We investigate the importance of subclustering in A2151 using the statistical test of Dressler and Shectman1 and the effects of the detected substructure on the dynamical mass determination. The clumpy distribution of galaxies is interpreted as a sign that the galaxies in the cluster have not reached dynamical equilibrium in the gravitational potential, which means that dynamical mass estimates are prone to significant errors. In spite of this uncertainty, we estimate that the virial theorem errors due to the presence of substructure are not larger than 30% in A2151. Finally, we use the 21-cm linewidths to estimate the minimum total mass in the cluster which is contained within the HI radii of the cluster galaxies is about 3×1014 M⊙. This number may be compared with the dynamical mass and used to separate the contribution of dark matter inside and outside the HI envelopes of galaxies, and the fraction of DM which cannot be associated with individual galaxies, about 90–95%.
Model-Based Flow Property Estimation Using an Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Beam

Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) material is capable of producing electrical current signal closely correlated to its mechanical movement due to redistribution of the free ions inside the IPMC material. Motivated by the potential applications of this intrinsic characteristic of IPMC beams to automotive engines for flow property measurements, such as fuel flow viscosity, this paper presents a finite-element dynamic model of an IPMC beam and uses it to estimate the fluid properties based upon the measured IPMC signal using the least squares minimization approach. The results show that with the distinct output signals of the IPMC beam under different fluid media, the identified flow properties (such as drag coefficient) have a good agreement with the actual fluid properties. This is very important for automotive applications when the characteristics of the fuel blend (such as gasoline and ethanol) need to be identified.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation of the Talus Partially Restores Contact Mechanics of the Ankle Joint

Background: Autologous osteochondral transplantation procedures provide hyaline cartilage to the site of cartilage repair. It remains unknown whether these procedures restore native contact mechanics of the ankle joint.Purpose: This study was undertaken to characterize the regional and local contact mechanics after autologous osteochondral transplantation of the talus.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric lower limb specimens were used for this study. Specimens were loaded using a 6 degrees of freedom robotic arm with 4.5 N·m of inversion and a 300-N axial compressive load in a neutral plantar/dorsiflexion. An osteochondral defect was created at the centromedial aspect of the talar dome and an autologous osteochondral graft from the ipsilateral knee was subsequently transplanted to the defect site. Regional contact mechanics were analyzed across the talar dome as a function of the defect and repair conditions and compared with those in the intact ankle. Local contac...
The effect of isoproterenol on the postnatal differentiation and growth of the rat submandibular gland.

Administration of isoproterenol (IPR), twice daily for five days, to five day old rats resulted in a hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the submandibular gland as indicated by an increase of the total DNA, RNA, and protein contents of the gland. Four different cell types, the acinar cell, the terminal tubule cell, the intercalated duct cell and the striated duct cell were distinguished in 1 μ thick, Epon-embedded sections and their rates of proliferation were estimated from radioautographs prepared following the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. IPR treatment increased both the frequency and the absolute number of the acinar cells as compared to those of control animals. Concomitant with this there was a decrease in the number of terminal tubule cells from 50% in the control to about 15% in the IPR-treated rat submandibular gland. These findings indicate that IPR accelerated the postnatal differentiation and proliferation of acinar cells. Eleven days after withdrawal of the drug the gland showed chemical and morphological evidence of regression of the IPR-induced hypertrophy and hyperplasia and the numbers of acinar cells and terminal tubule cells in the glands of control and IPR-treated rats were the same. Thus the IPR-induced advanced differentiation of the gland was not maintained after the cessation of the IPR-administration.
William Kenrick, Eighteenth Century Scourage and Critic

Fussel seeks to give an idea of the whole career of William Kenrick, the hack, the dramatist, the lexicographer, the Shakespearian, and the "superlative scoundrel," as well as his criticism in the "Monthly Review."
Surprising stability of a monomeric bis azide of gallium(III)

Abstract The intramolecularly base-stabilized arylgallium diazide [2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]Ga(N3)2 (1) has been prepared by a metathetical reaction of the corresponding arylgallium dichloride with NaN3. Compound 1 was found not only to be air stable, but also to survive vapor phase heating at 400°C or UV irradiation at 254 nm. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 has been determined; triclinic, P 1 , with a = 8.861(2), b = 10.445(4), c = 11.562(4) A , α = 107.07(3), β = 105. 92(2), γ = 101.35(3)°, V = 937.9(5) A 3 and Z = 2. Compound 1 is monomeric in the solid state.
Tungsten disulfide prepared from ammonium tetrathiotungstate as a catalyst with high performance for the selective hydrogenation of CO2 to CO

For the hydrogenation of CO2 to CO, tungsten disulfide prepared by decomposing ammonium tetrathiotungstate, was found to exhibit high activity and good selectivity (>99.9%). Large surface area, viz., 64 m2g−1, is primarily responsible for the high activity, while the lack of activity in CO methanation for the good selectivity.
AVO modeling and the locally converted shear wave

The locally converted shear wave is often neglected in ray‐trace modeling when reproduction of the AVO response of potential hydrocarbon reservoirs is attempted. Primaries‐only ray‐trace modeling in which the Zoeppritz equations describe the reflection amplitudes is most common. The locally converted shear waves, however, often have a first‐order effect on the seismic response. This fact does not appear to be widely recognized, or else the implications are not well understood. Primaries‐only Zoeppritz modeling can be very misleading. Interference between the converted waves and the primary reflections from the base of the layers becomes increasingly important as layer thicknesses decrease. This interference often produces a seismogram that is very different from one produced under the primaries‐only Zoeppritz assumption. For primaries‐only modeling of thin layers, synthetic seismograms obtained by use of a linearized approximation to the Zoeppritz equations to describe the reflection coefficients are more...
Combined Configuration-Interaction—Hylleraas-Type Wave-Function Study of the Ground State of the Beryllium Atom

A method is proposed for the accurate determination of atomic wave functions and energies by the explicit introduction of interelectronic coordinates into a configuration-interaction wave function. This is accomplished by choosing the configurations in the wave function to be antisymmetrized projected products of one-electron functions with powers of interelectronic coordinates. A 107-configuration wave function for the ground state of the beryllium atom was constructed from a basis set consisting of $s$ and $p$ Slater-type orbitals and powers of interelectronic coordinates: ${r}_{\mathrm{ij}}^{v} (v.=0,1,2)$. The energy obtained from this wave function ($E=\ensuremath{-}14.66654$ a.u.) is an upper bound to the "exact" nonrelativistic energy of this state and it is believed to be within 0.0002a. u. of the "exact" value. The advantages that the present method offers for extending accurate Hylleraas-method calculations to atomic systems with $Ng3$ are discussed.
The Origin of K-Radiation from the Target of an X-Ray Tube

The fluorescent energy transformation coefficient, the ratio of the energy of secondary K-radiation emitted by an elementary volume of the radiator to the energy absorbed by it from the exciting x-rays, is observed for Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Ag. The ratio of quanta emitted as K-radiation to quanta absorbed seems to be a constant for a given metal; Fe---33 percent; Ni---39 percent; Cu---43.5 percent; Zn---50 percent; Mo---83 percent; Ag---75 percent. Making use of the experimentally determined values of the transformation coefficient the fluorescent $K$-characteristic radiation from the target of an x-ray tube is calculated for Cu and Ag, and compared with observed values of the total K-radiation. An estimate is also made from theoretical considerations of the relative amounts of direct impact K-characteristic radiation to be expected from an x-ray tube target. The calculations indicate that for silver and probably for other elements of high atomic number practically all of the K-characteristic radiation from an x-ray tube is fluorescent in origin while for copper and probably other elements of low atomic number a considerable part of the K-radiation is due to direct impact of the cathode electrons.
Border of Notch activity establishes a boundary between the two dorsal appendage tube cell types.

Abstract Boundaries establish and maintain separate populations of cells critical for organ formation. We show that Notch signaling establishes the boundary between two types of post-mitotic epithelial cells, the Rhomboid- and the Broad-positive cells. These cells will undergo morphogenetic movements to generate the two sides of a simple organ, the dorsal appendage tube of the Drosophila egg chamber. The boundary forms due to a difference in Notch levels in adjacent cells. The Notch expression pattern mimics the boundary; Notch levels are high in Rhomboid cells and low in Broad cells. Notch− mutant clones generate an ectopic boundary: ectopic Rhomboid cells arise in Notch+ cells adjacent to the Notch− mutant cells but not further away from the clonal border. Pangolin, a component of the Wingless pathway, is required for Broad expression and for rhomboid repression. We further show that Broad represses rhomboid cell autonomously. Our data provide a foundation for understanding how a single row of Rhomboid cells arises adjacent to the Broad cells in the dorsal appendage primordia. Generating a boundary by the Notch pathway might constitute an evolutionarily conserved first step during organ formation in many tissues.
Determination of pKa Values of Individual Histidine Residues in Proteins Using Mass Spectrometry

We developed a mass spectrometric method to determine the pKa values of individual histidine residues in proteins. The method is based on the fact that the imidazole C2-proton undergoes pH-dependent hydrogen−deuterium exchange reaction, of which the rate constant (kφ) reflects the pKa for the ionization of imidazole to imidazolium. The experimental procedure consists of the following: (1) protein incubation in D2O solvent at various pH values, (2) protein digestion by proteolytic enzyme(s), during which all the rapidly exchanging deuterons such as those in amide and hydroxyl groups are back-exchanged for protons, and (3) measurement of the mass spectrum of each histidine-containing peptide by LC/ESI-MS. The kφ of the H−D exchange reaction is obtained from the mass spectrum reflecting the extent of deuterium incorporation. The pKa value is then determined from a plot of kφ versus pH, which gives a typical sigmoidal curve. Unambiguous assignment of the pKa values to individual histidine residues can be achi...
On control of shear flow of an upper convected Maxwell fluid

We consider parallel shear flow of an upper convected Maxwell fluid. A control is available in the form of a body force. The system of equations governing the velocity and shear stress is equivalent to a damped linear wave equation, and well known results imply that it is controllable if the time interval is sufficiently long for waves to propagate back and forth across the uncontrolled region. On the other hand, the issue of controlling normal stresses is far more difficult. If the control is available in the entire flow region, then normal stresses can be controlled, subject to a necessary positive definiteness constraint. On the other hand, if the control is confined to a subinterval, then the normal stresses are not controllable.