cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliable methods to evaluate the burden of actinic keratoses.

Dermatologists treat actinic keratoses to prevent non-melanoma skin cancer. Evaluation of actinic keratosis therapy depends on reliable measures of the lesions. The commonly used method of directly counting all visible lesions has been shown to be unreliable. We performed a prospective, single-blinded study to explore the reliability of body surface area involvement and direct counting of lesions measuring greater than 0.5cm. Consecutively available subjects with >2% body surface area involvement of both upper extremities were recruited from the Albuquerque, NM Veterans Administration Dermatology Clinic upon their arrival. Blinded investigators evaluated 37 subjects during two visits, baseline and 2 weeks later, using both methods. Data were analyzed using the 26 pairs where evaluating physician was the same at both time points. Both methods correlated well when comparing the two time points. Our results did not change when we added the pairs where the evaluating physician differed in the two time points. Our study demonstrates that both methods are viable ways to evaluate actinic keratoses, even when the investigators differ at different time points, a practical matter in clinical trials. Our study provides a promising option to evaluate emerging new actinic keratoses therapies. However, given that the method was only tested on upper extremities of a veteran population, further testing must be performed in different anatomical locations and in non-veteran populations.
Nuclear Stability and Nucleon−Nucleon Interactions in Introductory and General Chemistry Textbooks

The nucleus is a highly dense and highly charged substructure of atoms. In the nuclei of all atoms beyond hydrogen, multiple protons are in close proximity to each other in spite of strong electrostatic repulsions between them. The attractive internucleon strong force is described and its origin explained by using a simple quark model for the proton and neutron.
Job satisfaction and job performance: An empirical test of some theoretical propositions☆

Abstract In a theoretical analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance, Locke proposed that these two variables would be associated when performance led to the attainment of the individual's important job values. Three hypotheses specifying conditions for finding a relationship between satisfaction and performance were derived from Locke's conceptual analysis, and tested using data from a study of 103 physicians providing routine pediatric care in ambulatory clinics. Satisfaction and performance were positively associated when: (1) the physician's intrinsic job values supported patient care activities; (2) he received professional recognition from outpatient care; and (3) commitment to outpatient care arose from interest in the activity itself rather than from its value as a means to longrange career goals. These findings support the hypotheses based on Locke's work. It was suggested that certain conditions particular to the settings in which this research was carried out may have contributed to these results.
Mental Health Service Use Among Youth with Mental Health Need: Do School-Based Services Make a Difference for Sexual Minority Youth?

Evidence suggests that despite higher rates of mental health service use, sexual minority youth (SMY) have greater unmet mental health need than peers. Using a representative subsample of students with a mental health need from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 8,034), a multilevel analysis was conducted to explore whether: (1) Availability of school mental health services affects the odds that youth with a mental health need will use mental health services; and whether (2) sexual minority status (SMS) interacts with availability of school mental health services to moderate the relationship between SMS and mental health service use. SMY accounted for 10.3 % (n = 766) of the subsample. Mental health need was defined using measures for physical and sexual victimization, anxiety, depression, and suicidality. A hierarchical logistical regression tested for cross-level interaction (SMS × school mental health services). SMY had 82 % higher odds of using mental health services in any sector than their heterosexual peers (OR = 1.82, p < .001). Overall, youth with a mental health need had 40 % higher odds of using any type of mental health services if they attended schools offering mental health services (OR = 1.40, p < .001). The cross-level interaction test between SMS and service use was nonsignificant. Model-predicted probabilities are presented to better understand the findings. School-based mental health services are a crucial gateway to mental health service use in any sector for youth with a mental health need regardless of SMS.
Connections, Confusions, Colonialism and the Construction of Religion: Making Sense of Fitzgerald's Discourse on Civility and Barbarity

Timothy Fitzgerald's recent Discourse on Civility and Barbarity , represents an important development in his work. In this book he attempts to introduce a new argument into his overall project, illustrating a connection between the invention of “religion” that he has described elsewhere and a particular (English) colonial discourse. This essay argues that while Fitzgerald's argument shows promise, he has not yet fully succeeded in making this connection explicit. Confusion over his accounts of Locke's colonial interests, as well as the supposed universality of the discourse of civility and barbarity, indicate that Fitzgerald has more work to do.
EXPOSURE TO THE MILITARY EXPERIENCE AND LEVEL OF MORAL REASONING

In a study recently published in this Journal, i t was found that as predicted, children responded with a higher level of moral reasoning on an issue which has received a great deal of exposure (slavery) than on other moral dilemmas ( 2 ) . These results were interpreted as indicating that levels of moral reasoning are more advanced around those issues with which the child has had the most experience. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the degree to which familiarity with military matters would influence one's moral reasoning about military issues. It was hypothesized that level of moral reasoning on military moral dilemmas as compared to orher types of dilemmas would be higher for students enrolled in a full-rime Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program and lower for civilian males and females. Subjects were 78 students enrolled in one of three social science classes at a state university which has a full-time ROTC program. All subjects were administered four of Kohlberg's (1) moral dilemma stories during a regular class session. In each of these stories the subject gives his reasoning for deciding on the outcome. Half of the dilemmas concerned military simations; the others focused on the issues of a thief and a reformed criminal. The subjects' written responses to the four stories were coded by a practiced scorer who was a member of Kohlberg's research group. This scorer was. kept blind as to the sample composition and the hypotheses. Each subject was assigned two Moral Maturicy Scores,l one of which represented the subject's level of moral reasoning on the military issues and the other based on the nonmilitary dilemmas. These scores provided a quantitative index of moral reasoning paralleling Kohlberg's six stages of moral development. A 3 X 2 factorial analysis of variance indicated no main effects for either group membership or for type of dilemma, but the predicted interaction approached significance ( p < .06). Examination of the cell means showed that for che ROTC students there was no significant difference between scores on the military ( M = 322.22 & 36.19) and nonmilitary stories (319.44 -t38.90). While the females had a lower Moral Maturity Score on the military stories as predicted (305.61 2 30.78 vs 311.11 2 34.26; P < .05), the civilian males demonstrated a significantly higher level of moral reasoning on the military as compared to the nonmilitary dilemmas (307.10 -t42.02 vs 300.74 2 43.20; p < .05). While such results can only be suggestive, it appears that experience with an issue per se may not be as important as the type of experience. Furthermore, one could speculate that the civilian males had spent more time construcring concepts concerning the military than the females. It may be that thinking about a potential experience is quite important for advancing one's level of moral development.
Photosystem II energy coupling in chloroplasts with H2O2 as electron donor.

Abstract NH2OH-treated, non-water-splitting chloroplasts can oxidize H2O2 to O2 through Photosystem II at substantial rates (100–250 μequiv · h−1 · mg−1 chlorophyll with 5 mM H2O2) using 2,5-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone as an electron acceptor in the presence of the plastoquinone antagonist dibromothymoquinone. This H2O2 → Photosystem II → dimethylquinone reaction supports phosphorylation with a P e 2 ratio of 0.25–0.35 and proton uptake with H + e values of 0.67 (pH 8)–0.85 (pH 6). These are close to the P e 2 value of 0.3–0.38 and the H + e values of 0.7–0.93 found in parallel experiments for the H2O → Photosystem II → dimethylquinone reaction in untreated chloroplasts. Semi-quantitative data are also presented which show that the donor → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone (→O2) reaction can support phosphorylation when the donor used is a proton-releasing reductant (benzidine, catechol) but not when it is a non-proton carrier (I−, ferrocyanide).
Deletion of Bid Impedes Cell Proliferation and Hepatic Carcinogenesis

Mechanisms that control the proliferation capability of the initiated cells during hepatocarcinogenesis are still largely unclear. We investigated the role of a pro-death Bcl-2 family protein, Bid, in liver tumor development using a neonatal diethylnitrosamine model. Diethylnitrosamine was administrated to 15-day-old wild-type and bid-null mice. The development of microfoci at the early stage and of gross tumors at the later stage was compared between the two groups of mice. Both microfoci and gross tumor development were significantly retarded in the bid-null mice, despite reduced cell death as measured by TUNEL staining. Further studies indicated that there were significantly less proliferating cells in diethylnitrosamine-treated bid-null livers. The regulation of cell proliferation by Bid was confirmed in two other systems not involving carcinogenesis. Hepatocyte proliferation following partial hepatectomy and T lymphocyte proliferation following anti-CD3 stimulation were both retarded in bid-null mice. Thus, these studies revealed a previously undisclosed function of Bid in regulating cell proliferation, which can be important to tumor development. Furthermore, the role of Bid in promoting hepatocarcinogenesis is in contrast to its reported role in suppressing myeloid leukemia and thus suggests an organ- and/or etiology-specific role of the Bcl-2 family proteins in regulating oncogenesis.
A demonstration of Cascadia through a digital diary application

The Cascadia system provides RFID-based pervasive computing applications with an infrastructure for specifying, extracting and managing meaningful high-level events from raw RFID data. Cascadia allows application developers and even users to specify events of interest using either a declarative query language or a graphical interface with an intuitive visual language. Cascadia then effectively extracts these events from data in spite of the unreliability of RFID technology and the inherent ambiguity in event extraction.We demonstrate Cascadia's technique through a digital diary application in the form of a calendar. Cascadia automatically populates the calendar with meaningful events for the user. We use data collected in a building-wide RFID deployment.
Ergonomic job design in frequent manual lifting tasks: a microcomputer-based model

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to generate ergonomic software that can be used in the design and evaluation of manual materials handling tasks so as to minimize the risk of injury. Specifically, this study is aimed at developing a microcomputer-based model for the design of frequent manual lifting tasks based ont he concept of job saverity index. The microcomputer-based software package is intended to be used by non-experts in the field of MMH. Possible engineering and administrative controls are implemented in the software in case if human lifting abilities are exceeded. The software was written in AutoLISP for the IBM personal computer. The knowledge base of the software is built upon a set of two models which were developed in the present study. The models were based on 2,736 observations.
The Lost Letter Technique Revisited1

The present study used the Lost Letter Technique (LLT) to explore the use of personalized letters in assessing community attitudes in a large western metropolitan area. Response to one of the attitude issues was independently validated by subsequent election returns. Results confirm the usefulness of the LLT as a survey tool for sensitive social issues, even with a small sample size, when the envelopes are hand-addressed and hand-stamped and drop locations are carefully selected.
‘Justified by the Spirit’: Soteriological Reflections on the Resurrection

Justification of the Spirit has been too often overlooked in Protestant theology. This article asserts that the recovery of this aspect of New Testament theology offers the possibility of a fuller and more adequate soteriology than has often been the case in western theology. Part I provides a survey of the New Testament's witness to the resurrection and of the soteriological implications for the followers of Jesus. The focus of this survey is the relation of resurrection to justification. Part II develops some implications which follow for a theology of salvation today. The article here suggests a threefold possibility for a soteriology which reclaims the relation of Spirit to resurrection: first, soteriology could speak of the whole of the life, death and resurrection of Christ; second, soteriology could speak of the salvation of the whole of our life and death in resurrection; and third, soteriology could be concerned with the material, social and embodied from the outset.
Opportunities for systems scientists in modeling agricultural systems

The use of projections in public and private decisions is reviewed with emphasis on agricultural decisions. At the public level the decisions deal with agricultural policy, program and project problems and at the private level with the problems encountered by farm and agribusiness firm managers. There is a discussion of (1) the impact of increased competence in economics and econometrics on the use of specialized projections with respect to agriculture and (2) the credibility gap which has arisen among decision-makers with respect to all quantitative work. The reasons for this credibility gap reveal opportunities for systems scientists in modeling the domains of agrarian problems and further developing systems-science techniques to (1) include "man components" and (2) close the normative feedback loops required in iteratively and interactively defining and solving problems.
Initiation of DNA synthesis in HeLa cell-free system.

THE molecular mechanism for initiating DNA replication can be studied using a subcellular system. Rao and Johnson1 found that HeLa cells in the pre-DNA-synthetic (G-1) period of the cell cycle initiate DNA synthesis after fusion with cells that are in the DNA synthetic (S) period. A previous subcellular system of DNA replication from HeLa cells2–4 consisted of intact nuclei, supplemented with the four deoxy-nucleoside triphosphates, salt, ATP and a cytosol factor. The nuclei in this system appeared to be permeable to proteins and DNA synthesis was very similar to that within intact cells. We report here the initiation of DNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from HeLa cells. Our results suggest that, with the synchronization method used, a small percentage of dormant G-1 nuclei can be stimulated by S-phase cytoplasm; this would be the case if the cells were receptive to stimulation for only 30–60 min during the cell cycle. illustration Open image in new window
Transfer function modeling of damping mechanisms in viscoelastic plates

This work formulates a method for the modeling of material damping characteristics in plates. The Sophie German equation of classical plate theory is modified to incorporate hysteresis effects represented by complex stiffness using the transfer function approach proposed by Golla and Hughes, (1985). However, this procedure is not limited to this representation. The governing characteristic equation is decoupled through separation of variables, yielding a solution similar to that of undamped classical plate theory, allowing solution of the steady state as well as the transient response problem.
Effects of Seating distance and room illumination on the affective outcomes of small group interaction

Three experiments were conducted to explore the effects of variation in room illumination and in seating distance between members of a small group on moods, evaluations, attraction, and opinion expression. Groups of 3 participants and a moderator discussed a socially relevant issue and then made several ratings. During the discussion, group members sat either very close to each other or far apart. In the first 2 studies room illumination ranged from normal lighting to darkness, and in the third study the room was either red or blue in hue. Check questions indicated successful manipulation of the variables. However, across the 3 experiments there were only slight effects for the several measures of affective response. The results indicate that, contrary to expectation, interaction distance is not per se a very powerful variable. Very likely, pleasant or unpleasant effect will depend on distance only under relatively circumscribed boundary conditions, which are, as yet, undetermined.
Evolution of streamwise vortices and generation of small-scale motion in a plane mixing layer

The present study investigates the evolution of streamwise vortices in a plane mixing layer and their role in the generation of small-scale 3D motion in a closed-return water facility. Spanwise-periodic streamwise vortices are excited by a time-harmonic wavetrain with spanwise-periodic amplitude variations synthesized by a mosaic of 32 surface film heaters flush-mounted on the low partition. The onset of streamwise vortices is accompanied by significant distortion in the transverse distribution of the streamwise velocity component. The presence of inflexion points, absent in corresponding velocity distributions of the unforced flow, suggests the formation of locally unstable regions of large shear in which broadband perturbations already present in the base flow undergo rapid amplification, followed by breakdown to small-scale motion. The cores of the primary vortices are significantly altered as a result of spanwise nonuniform excitation. The 3D features of the streamwise vortices and their interaction with the base flow are inferred from surfaces or rms velocity fluctuations and an approximation to cross-stream vorticity using 3D single component velocity data.
Molecular cloning and structural characterization of the rat thymosin β15 gene

Abstract Thymosin β15 is expressed in metastatic variants of Dunning rat prostatic carcinoma but not in a nonmetastatic variant. It is also upregulated in malignant human prostate cancers and was shown to be a predictive marker for patient outcome in prostate cancer. To explore the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation of thymosin β15, we isolated and characterized the rat thymosin β15 gene. The gene appears to exist as a single copy in the rat genome and to comprise three exons distributed over 2 kb. The transcription start site was defined by primer extension analysis at 30 bp upstream of the translation start site. Sequence analysis of the 5′-flanking region of the transcription start site revealed properties consistent with promoter activity. The promoter region is GC rich and contains numerous consensus transcription factor binding sites as well as a GC box, but no TATA box. The transcriptional activity of the 5′-flanking region was analyzed by transient transfection of rat prostate cancer cells with firefly luciferase-encoding gene expression vector constructs. The isolated 5′ region showed significant promoter activity. The identification of the thymosin β15 promoter could aid our understanding of the regulation of this gene and its enhanced expression in human cancer.
Reliability analysis of warehouse containers under life test policies

Abstract In a warehouse and distribution center operations, one of the basic ingredient of cost is the containers used in storage and distribution of goods. These containers or cases are perishable items because aging after a number of usage cycles known as turns. Thus, the economic case requirement planning is highly dependent on the case failure probability. In this paper, we assume a deterministic failure probability (p) and derive a reliability model under two life test policies. It is shown that the reliability is a function of p and the number of life test periods.
Low-Income Women Describe Fertility-Related Expectations: Descriptive Norms, Injunctive Norms, and Behavior

Social norms surrounding sexuality, pregnancy, and childbearing may help guide women's health-related behaviors. In this study, we explore low-income women's perceptions of fertility-related norms by allowing women to describe their experiences with normative expectations. Semistructured interviews (n = 30) suggested that women in low-income subject positions articulate descriptive norms that generally correspond with mainstream descriptive norms, identify two major sources of injunctive norms concerning fertility and sexuality- authoritative and peer-oriented-and often align their behaviors according to subgroup expectations communicated in the form of peer-oriented injunctive norms. We discuss these results in light of the extant literature on social norms.
Molecular Mass and Structure Dependence of Liquid Crystalline Properties for a Homologous Series of Polyesters

Abstract Mesomorphic properties of higher homologues of flexible main chain thermotropic polyesters based on regularly alternating p-dioxy,2,2′dimethylazoxybenzene mesogen and (α,αω)-alkanedicarboxylic acid were investigated. Attention was given to changes from cybotactic nematic to smectic C (Nc—Sc) mesophases. On the basis of SAX data, rheology and miscibility diagrams with low M compounds displaying both a Sc and Nc mesophase it was shown that the polyester with n=18 and M > 3,000 displays a Sc monotropic mesophase. The data suggest that while polyesters of odd spacer parity in the nematic quiescent state do not display any tendency toward formation of layered order, polyesters with n even exhibit a pronounced tendency toward the formation of layered order, This tendency increasing with n and M is favored by a decrease of temperature. It may be argued that the observed passage Nc—Sc is continuous. The formation of layered (Nc) order was also observed for large n and M for a spacer of odd parity but onl...
A comparison of modeled and observed intensity profiles for C2, CN, and the blue continuum for Comet Bradfield (1987s)

Abstract Intensity profiles were obtained for the C 2 and CN emission and blue continuum of Comet Bradfield (1987s), from observations obtained over a 10 week period starting shortly before perihelion. Model intensity profiles were produced and then fitted to the observed profiles, and used to put constraints on some of the dust and gas parameters. Most of these parameters, including the gas and dust outflow speeds from the cometary nucleus and the molecular lifetimes, were consistent with expected values. The best fitting models incorporate significant dust particle fragmentation and extended emission of CN from dust, both occurring in the inner coma. In addition, although there may have been enhancement of gas and dust emission on the sunward side of the cometary nucleus, it appears that the tailward side maintained a significant level of activity.
Results of the Valvuloplasty and Angioplasty of Congenital Anomalies Registry.

I n 1983, after the initial studies were reported about the use of balloon dilation to treat various congenital cardiac lesions it became apparent that proper, expedient and safe development of the procedures would require coordination and open communication regarding techniques, complications and feasibility for different congenital cardiac lesions. With this goal, pediatric cardiologists from a few concerned institutions formed the Valvuloplasty and Angioplasty of Congenital Anomalies (VACA) group, which was sponsored by Mansfield Scientific,, Inc. The initial membership included:
Predation by striped searobin (Prionotus evolans, Triglidae) on young-of-the-year winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Walbaum): examining prey size selection and prey choice using field observations and laboratory experiments

Laboratory experiments and field observations in shallow water habitats in the Navesink River/Sandy Hook Bay estuarine system (NSHES), New Jersey, USA, were used to examine the predator–prey relationship between the striped searobin (Prionotus evolans: Linnaeus) and young-of-the-year (YOY) winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus: Walbaum). Striped sea robins (121–367 mm total length [TL]) were present in Sandy Hook Bay but absent from the Navesink River in biweekly gillnet surveys conducted from May through October, 1998. However, juvenile winter flounder were present throughout the estuary during periodic beam trawl surveys. Although mysids and sand shrimp (Crangon septemspinosa, Say: 10–49 mm TL) were the numerically predominant prey of searobins, winter flounder (15–57 mm TL) accounted for an average of 17% (±3) of prey by weight and were found in the diets of 69% of predators collected in June. In the laboratory, searobins (212–319 mm TL) presented with a range of winter flounder sizes (30–114 mm TL) selected prey <70 mm TL (24% of predator TL) and maximum prey size appeared to be constrained by predator esophageal width. When winter flounder (40–60 mm TL) and sand shrimp (30–50 mm TL) were offered at different densities to searobins, the predators fed opportunistically, consuming the prey in proportions similar to initial relative abundances. Laboratory observations showed that searobins rely on modified pectoral finrays to detect, flush, and occasionally excavate buried winter flounder. Our field and laboratory observations indicate that striped searobins consume large numbers of winter flounder in vulnerable size classes (15–70 mm TL) in habitats where the two species co-occur. Patterns in the distribution of the two species in the NSHES suggest that predation probably varies spatially in the estuary, with flounder more at risk in nurseries in Sandy Hook Bay than in the Navesink River, which may serve as a spatial refuge for winter flounder from searobin predation during some years.
The Interleukin-1β +3953 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Cervical Protein Concentration and Preterm Delivery Risk

PROBLEM To determine the associations between preterm delivery <37 weeks (PTD), cervical fluid interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) concentration, and its +3953 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). METHOD OF STUDY Cervical fluid, peripheral blood, and cord blood samples were obtained from a cohort of women 23-32 weeks gestation with preterm labor symptoms and intact membranes. RESULTS Increased cervical fluid concentrations of IL-1beta were associated with PTD (P = 0.017) and spontaneous PTD (P = 0.001). Maternal IL-1beta +3953 SNP genotype was associated neither with PTD (P = 0.43) nor with cervical fluid IL-1beta concentrations (P = 0.35). Neonatal IL-1beta +3953 SNP genotype was associated neither with PTD nor cervical IL-1beta concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Cervical fluid concentrations of IL-1beta were elevated in symptomatic women destined to have a spontaneous PTD. The gene dosage of maternal IL-1beta +3953 allele 2 was associated neither with increased cervical fluid concentrations of IL-1beta nor with risk of PTD.
Swelling behavior and network structure of hydrogels synthesized using controlled UV‐initiated free radical polymerization

N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) copolymeric gels have been synthesized using UV-initiated photopolymerization to understand their characteristic behavior for development as a bioengineering material, specifically for tissue expansion. The properties of the gels have been investigated by systematic variation of the monomer feed composition and initiator and crosslinker concentrations as well as UV irradiation intensity, which was controlled by various photomasks. The swelling kinetics and network characteristics for the various hydrogels were investigated through the observation of gel swelling behavior in saline solutions and compression modulus determination of the fully swollen hydrogels. The equilibrium swelling ratio (qe) of the gels increased as expected with increasing VP content and decreasing crosslinker concentration. However, it was found that as the amount of initiator or UV intensity increased, unexpectedly qe also increased, which indicates a network structure with decreasing effective crosslink density (νe) (or increasing average molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc)). Based on this anomalous swelling behavior and thermal analysis of the gels, a molecular structure is proposed consisting of increasing number of dangling chain ends within the polymer network. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1450–1462, 2008
Accessibility of starch by deuteration

Abstract Various starch materials and cotton cellulose were deuterated in liquid deuterium oxide. Relative accessibility (amorphous content) was determined by infrared spectroscopy. The values obtained agreed on the whole with those determined by X-ray diffraction methods. In all cases, there was a residuum of inaccessible (usually crystalline) material which could not be deuterated.
Adding up the effects of cultural experience on the brain

How does the brain represent number and perform mathematical calculations? According to a recent and provocative study by Tang and colleagues, it depends on which language you learn. They found that the divergent linguistic and cultural experiences of native Chinese and native English speakers are associated with distinct patterns of brain activity during mathematical processing. Their results raise important questions about the cognitive and neural specificity of cultural influences on mathematical processes and the core nature of mathematical cognition.
Physical examination and self-reported pain outcomes from a randomized trial on chronic cervicogenic headache.

Abstract Objective Objective clinical measures for use as surrogate markers of cervicogenic headache (CGH) pain have not been established. In this analysis, we investigate relationships between objective physical examination (PE) measures with self-reported CGH outcomes. Methods This is an exploratory analysis of data generated by attention control PE from an open-label randomized clinical trial. Of 80 subjects, 40 were randomized to 8 treatments (spinal manipulative therapy or light massage control) and 8 PE over 8 weeks. The remaining subjects received no PE. Physical examination included motion palpation of the cervical and upper thoracic regions, active cervical range of motion (ROM) and associated pain, and algometric pain threshold evaluated over articular pillars. Self-reported outcomes included CGH and neck pain and disability, number of CGH headaches, and related disability days. Associations between PE and self-reported outcomes were evaluated using generalized linear models, adjusting for sociodemographic differences and study group. Results At baseline, number of CGH and disability days were strongly associated with cervical active ROM ( P P P ≤ .001 to .048). Conclusions Cervical ROM was most associated with the baseline headache experience. However, 4 weeks after treatment, algometric pain thresholds were most associated. No one PE measure remained associated with the self-reported headache outcomes over time.
The M5 Simulator: Modeling Networked Systems

The M5 simulator is developed specifically to enable research in TCP/IP networking. The M5 simulator provides features necessary for simulating networked hosts, including full-system capability, a detailed I/O subsystem, and the ability to simulate multiple networked systems deterministically. M5's usefulness as a general-purpose architecture simulator and its liberal open-source license has led to its adoption by several academic and commercial groups
Using case-based reviews to improve student exam performance

Abstract Objective The objective of this project was to assess the impact on student exam performance of case-based exam reviews, which were developed and delivered using an interdisciplinary team of pharmacists and respiratory therapists. Methods The activity was designed to emphasize application of curricular content in the authentic context of a medical team. An interprofessional educational team approach was utilized, as the pharmacy course coordinator and two respiratory therapy faculty members joined in a collaborative effort to design and deliver the case-based final exam review. Results A 28-question question sub-set of final exam questions used for between-years comparisons yielded statistically significant improvement in the students' exam performance between 2013 (n = 83) and previous years when no case-based review occurred 2012 (n = 73). The investigators hypothesized that engaging pharmacy students at higher levels of cognition in an exam review would improve student exam performance. This hypothesis is supported by the modest increase (5.4%) in student exam performance that was achieved on a 28-question subset of the final exam questions over the previous year. Conclusion Replacing didactic pharmacy-led instructor led reviews with problem-based case reviews that include inter-professional perspectives had a positive impact on student exam performance. The case-based review intervention also connected educational experiences to practice-based competencies such as team-based care setting.
Impact of pretreatment technologies on saccharification and isopentenol fermentation of mixed lignocellulosic feedstocks

In order to enable the large-scale production of biofuels or chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass, a consistent and affordable year-round supply of lignocellulosic feedstocks is essential. Feedstock blending and/or densification offers one promising solution to overcome current challenges on biomass supply, i.e., low energy and bulk densities and significant compositional variations. Therefore, it is imperative to develop conversion technologies that can process mixed pelleted biomass feedstocks with minimal negative impact in terms of overall performance of the relevant biorefinery unit operations: pretreatment, fermentable sugar production, and fuel titers. We processed the mixture of four feedstocks—corn stover, switchgrass, lodgepole pine, and eucalyptus (1:1:1:1 on dry weight basis)—in flour and pellet form using ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, dilute sulfuric acid (DA), and soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) pretreatments. Commercial enzyme mixtures, including cellulases and hemicellulases, were then applied to these pretreated feedstocks at low to moderate enzyme loadings to determine hydrolysis efficiency. Results show significant variations on the chemical composition, crystallinity, and enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated feedstocks across the different pretreatment technologies studied. The advanced biofuel isopentenol was produced during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of pretreated feedstocks using an engineered Escherichia coli strain. Results show that IL pretreatment liberates the most sugar during enzymatic saccharification, and in turn led to the highest isopentenol titer as compared to DA and SAA pretreatments. This study provides insights on developing biorefinery technologies that produce advanced biofuels based on mixed feedstock streams.
Dietary protein requirement of the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and relative use of dietary carbohydrate and lipid

The minimum dietary protein requirement of the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) was determined and its ability to utilize dietary lipid and carbohydrate was investigated in terms of growth, feed and protein efficiencies, and body composition. Six semipurified diets were formulated to contain 35, 40 or 45% crude protein from red drum muscle with similar energy: protein ratios. At each protein level, one diet contained 10% lipid while the other contained similar energy but from 3% lipid and additional dextrin. Each diet was fed to juvenile red drum in triplicate aquaria containing brackish (6 ppt) water at 23 ± 2 °C for 8 weeks. Factorial analysis of variance indicated that growth, feed and protein efficiencies were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by protein and lipid/carbohydrate levels. Fish fed diets containing 35% protein or 3% lipid at each protein level had reduced growth and feed efficiency. Highest growth and feed efficiency values were observed for fish fed diets containing 40 and 45% protein and 10% lipid. Enhanced growth and feed efficiency of fish fed diets containing 10% lipid was accompanied by increased lipid deposition in liver and peritoneal cavity. These data indicate that red drum require protein at approximately 40% of dry diet for maximum growth and that they utilize dietary lipid more efficiently than carbohydrate.
Electrical Resistivity of Antiferromagnetic Chromium–Rhenium Alloys

Electrical resistivity (ϱ) of Cr-Re alloys containing 0.56, 2.45, 5.05, 6.57, 10.7, and 13.1 at% Re is studied as a function of temperature (T). The ϱ vs. T curves exhibit large anomalies at the Neel temperature (TN). The TN vs. at% Re curve has a maximum near 7 at% Re. The data of ϱ near TN and the behavior of TN with Re concentration are discussed from the viewpoint of Fermi surface nesting within the two-band model. Der elektrische Widerstand (ϱ) von Cr-Re-Legierungen mit 0,56; 2,45; 5,05; 6,57; 10,7 und 13,1 At% Re wird in Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur (T) untersucht. Die ϱ–T-Kurven zeigen grose Anomalien bei der Neel-Temperatur (TN). Die TN-Kurve hat ein Maximum in der Nahe von 7 At% Re. Die Werte von ϱ bei TN und das Verhalten von TN mit der Re-Konzentration werden unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Fermiflache innerhalb des Zweiband-Modells diskutiert.
Thermal degradation of indium-tin-oxide/p-silicon solar cells

Thermal degradation of indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO)/p‐silicon solar cells has been investigated for cells fabricated on both single and polycrystalline silicon. The primary thermal degradation mechanisms was found to be the growth of SiO2 at the ITO/silicon interface resulting from oxygen diffusion through the ITO and not decomposition of the ITO. The degradation rate appears to be limited by surface reaction controlled oxidation since this rate is independent of ITO thickness. The polycrystalline cells were observed to degrade somewhat faster than the single‐crystalline cells. The projected cell life at 50 °C due to thermal failure mechanisms exceeds 105 years for both single‐crystal and polycrystalline cells.
A photovoltaic power conversion system with flat efficiency curve over a wide load range

This paper proposes a modular power conditioning unit (PCU) that is intended to improve light load efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. The proposed PCU topology consists of many modules in parallel with lower power rating, rather than a single module with power rating matching with PV panels. The new structure features high efficiency over a wide load range. Equalizing of utilization rate among PCU modules and maximum power point tracking control are presented. A case study of a 5 kW PV system demonstrates the superior efficiency performance of the proposed PCU structure and verifies the control strategy.
Capillary waves and shapes of liquid clusters

Abstract In molecular dynamics simulations of the structures and dynamic properties of liquid clusters containing a few hundred molecules, it has been found that the microdrops are often markedly deformed from spherical shapes. It is shown that the deformations can be accounted for by capillary waves, a treatment of which is developed in the paper. As well as describing shapes of microdrops, the results imply that shapes of critical nuclei in phase transitions can be expected to be highly irregular instead of the idealized spheres they are usually assumed to be in nucleation theory.
Discrete approximation of nonlinear filtering for stochastic delay equations

This paper deals with discrete–time approximation of nonlinear filtering problems in which both the state and observation processes are described by stochastic delay equations. The approach consists in approximating the original problem by Euler–type discrete–time model for which an optimal filter can be obtained by an explicit recursive procedure. The validity of the approach is substantiated by verifying the weak convergence of the approximating model to our original problem
Exploring polypharmacology using a ROCS-based target fishing approach

Polypharmacology has emerged as a new theme in drug discovery. In this paper, we studied polypharmacology using a ligand-based target fishing (LBTF) protocol. To implement the protocol, we first generated a chemogenomic database that links individual protein targets with a specified set of drugs or target representatives. Target profiles were then generated for a given query molecule by computing maximal shape/chemistry overlap between the query molecule and the drug sets assigned to each protein target. The overlap was computed using the program ROCS (Rapid Overlay of Chemical Structures). We validated this approach using the Directory of Useful Decoys (DUD). DUD contains 2950 active compounds, each with 36 property-matched decoys, against 40 protein targets. We chose a set of known drugs to represent each DUD target, and we carried out ligand-based virtual screens using data sets of DUD actives seeded into DUD decoys for each target. We computed Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves and associated area under the curve (AUC) values. For the majority of targets studied, the AUC values were significantly better than for the case of a random selection of compounds. In a second test, the method successfully identified off-targets for drugs such as rimantadine, propranolol, and domperidone that were consistent with those identified by recent experiments. The results from our ROCS-based target fishing approach are promising and have potential application in drug repurposing for single and multiple targets, identifying targets for orphan compounds, and adverse effect prediction.
Sensory attribute variation in low-temperature-stored roasted peanut paste.

Length of sample storage can become significant in sensory studies due to panel fatigue limitations and samples needed for a reasonable expectation of finding significant differences. In roasted peanut sensory studies samples are stored between −10 and −23 °C to prevent or retard changes. Studies of up to 13 months' duration have examined stability and slow-rate sensory changes. Sweet taste was relatively stable, whereas bitter and tongue burn attributes increased slightly. Stale taste increased, suggesting lipid oxidation was taking place even at −23 °C. Painty attribute did not increase until stale was >3. An increase in fruity attribute was unexpected. With increases in fruity and stale attributes a decrease in roasted peanut was expected. However, storage at −23 °C seems to stabilize the roasted peanut lability when compared to storage at −10 °C. Fruity and stale interactions with roasted peanut and lability of roasted peanut were shown to be three separate and identifiable effects on roasted peanut. ...
Pre-experimental associative probability as a determinant of retention

Summary Response competition is key concept in explaining the forgetting of verbal material, especially in the theoretical formulations of Underwood and Postman (1960) , who have considered such competition as a function of linguistic habits. Three major variables determining response competition in retention were considered in the present study, viz., (a) the frequency of occurrence in the language of stimulus words, (b) the probability of occurrence of associates to these stimuli, and (c) the presence of stimulus words during a retention test. Paired-associate lists were presented to Ss by means of a tape recorder. The stimuli in these lists were either high-frequency or low-frequency nouns of two syllables. High-probability and low-probability associates to these words, as determined by free association norms, were used as responses. The Ss heard a given list twice. After original learning, retention was tested by the recognition method after a 90-sec. or a 7-day delay. During the recognition test, some associates were presented without their stimulus. An analysis of the 90-sec. recognition data indicated that it was reasonable to assume that the degree of original learning for the various paired associates was comparable. This analysis also indicated that recognition of low-probability associates was differentially facilitated as compared to that of high-probability associates when the stimulus was removed from the testing situation. An analysis of the combined 90-sec. and 7-day recognition data led to the following conclusions. Low-probability associates were more poorly recognized regardless of stimulus frequency. Low-probability associates to low-frequency stimuli were more poorly recognized when the stimulus was present during testing, as compared to all other probability associates. Removal of the stimulus during testing reduced the recognition levels of all associates except that of the low-probability associates to low-frequency stimuli. This result was interpreted as being due to large reductions in response competition in the latter case. An error analysis indicated that the recovery over time of extinguished associates contributed largely to forgetting.
Rocks, Clays, Water, and Salts: Highly Durable, Infinitely Rechargeable, Eminently Controllable Thermal Batteries for Buildings

Materials that store the energy of warm days, to return that heat during cool nights, have been fundamental to vernacular building since ancient times. Although building with thermally rechargeable materials became a niche pursuit with the advent of fossil fuel-based heating and cooling, energy and climate change concerns have sparked new enthusiasm for these substances of high heat capacity and moderate thermal conductivity: stone, adobe, rammed earth, brick, water, concrete, and more recently, phase-change materials. While broadly similar, these substances absorb and release heat in unique patterns characteristic of their mineralogies, densities, fluidities, emissivities, and latent heats of fusion. Current architectural practice, however, shows little awareness of these differences and the resulting potential to match materials to desired thermal performance. This investigation explores that potential, illustrating the correspondence between physical parameters and thermal storage-and-release patterns in direct-, indirect-, and isolated-gain passive solar configurations. Focusing on heating applications, results demonstrate the superiority of water walls for daytime warmth, the tunability of granite and concrete for evening warmth, and the exceptional ability of phase-change materials to sustain near-constant heat delivery throughout the night.