cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chloroquine allows the secretion of internalized 125I-epidermal growth factor from fibroblasts

Incubation of cells with labelled hormone in the presence of the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine produces an enhanced intracellular accumulation of hormone and receptor. Using a pulse-chase paradigm in which cell surface receptors were labelled with SVI-EGF at 4 degrees C, it was found that when 100 microM chloroquine was present in the 37 degrees C chase medium intact hormone was accumulated in the medium. Without chloroquine, low molecular weight (mw) degradation products were found in the medium. The processes of receptor-mediated endocytosis and subcellular distribution of SVI-EGF-receptor complexes were unchanged by chloroquine. The source of the intact hormone accumulating in the medium was therefore an intracellular compartment(s). The SVI-EGF released from the cells could rebind to surface receptors and be re-internalized; rebinding was inhibited by unlabelled EGF or Concanavalin A in the incubation medium. The concentration of unlabelled EGF required to inhibit rebinding was more than three orders of magnitude greater than the amount of SVI-EGF whose rebinding was inhibited. Thus, the SVI-EGF released from intracellular sites was rebound preferentially over exogenous EGF. The possible pathways for secretion of intact SVI-EGF and mechanisms of its preferential rebinding are discussed.
Boost image clustering with user query log

Image clustering is to derive a salient grouping of images such that similar ones are placed in the same cluster, which is useful in many applications. In this paper, we propose a constrained clustering algorithm, which leverages the collected user query log to guide the clustering process. Our method models a set of images as a graph and randomly contracts two vertices into a meta vertex iteratively with regarding to their similarity until the desired number of image groups has been reached. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our proposal.
Bone marrow cell therapies in ischemic cardiomyopathy

Decrements in ventricular function due to the permanent loss of contractile tissue remain problematic in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. For this reason, cell replacement therapy has received much popularity in recent years. Bone marrow is an abundant and accessible source of stem cells with regenerative potential. However, ischemic heart disease clinical trials based on bone marrow-derived stem cell (BMC) infusion have yielded discrepant results and marginal therapeutic benefits, making this modality's future uncertain. Further investigation of molecular and cellular characteristics critical for therapeutic efficacy and defining the mechanism(s) of BMC-mediated cardiac repair will be paramount for harnessing their full therapeutic potential.
Subspace subcodes of Reed-Solomon codes

We introduce a class of nonlinear cyclic error-correcting codes, which we call subspace subcodes of Reed-Solomon (SSRS) codes. An SSRS code is a subset of a parent Reed-Solomon (RS) code consisting of the RS codewords whose components all lie in a fixed /spl nu/-dimensional vector subspace S of GF (2/sup m/). SSRS codes are constructed using properties of the Galois field GF(2/sup m/). They are not linear over the field GF(2/sup /spl nu//), which does not come into play, but rather are Abelian group codes over S. However, they are linear over GF(2), and the symbol-wise cyclic shift of any codeword is also a codeword. Our main result is an explicit but complicated formula for the dimension of an SSRS code. It implies a simple lower bound, which gives the true value of the dimension for most, though not all, subspaces. We also prove several important duality properties. We present some numerical examples, which show, among other things, that (1) SSRS codes can have a higher dimension than comparable subfield subcodes of RS codes, so that even if GF(2/sup /spl nu//) is a subfield of GF(2/sup m/), it may not be the best /spl nu/-dimensional subspace for constructing SSRS codes; and (2) many high-rate SSRS codes have a larger dimension than any previously known code with the same values of n, d, and q, including algebraic-geometry codes. These examples suggest that high-rate SSRS codes are promising candidates to replace Reed-Solomon codes in high-performance transmission and storage systems.
Photon correlations generated by inelastic scattering in a one-dimensional waveguide coupled to three-level systems

Abstract We study photon correlations generated by scattering from three-level systems (3LS) in one dimension. The two systems studied are a 3LS in a semi-infinite waveguide (3LS plus a mirror) and two 3LS in an infinite waveguide (double 3LS). Our two-photon scattering approach naturally connects photon correlation effects with inelastically scattered photons; it corresponds to input–output theory in the weak-probe limit. At the resonance where electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) occurs, we find that no photons are scattered inelastically and hence there are no induced correlations. Slightly away from EIT, the total inelastically scattered flux is large, being substantially enhanced due to the additional interference paths. This enhancement carries over to the two-photon correlation function, which exhibits non-classical behavior such as strong bunching with a very long time-scale. The long time scale originates from the slow-light effect associated with EIT.
Ag/Au Mixed Sites Promote Oxidative Coupling of Methanol on the Alloy Surface

Nanoporous gold, a dilute alloy of Ag in Au, activates molecular oxygen and promotes the oxygen-assisted catalytic coupling of methanol. Because this trace amount of Ag inherent to nanoporous gold has been proposed as the source of oxygen activation, a thin film Ag/Au alloy surface was studied as a model system for probing the origin of this reactivity. Thin alloy layers of Ag(x)Au(1-x), with 0.15≤x≤0.40, were examined for dioxygen activation and methanol self-coupling. These alloy surfaces recombine atomic oxygen at different temperatures depending on the alloy composition. Total conversion of methanol to selective oxidation products, that is, formaldehyde and methyl formate, was achieved at low initial oxygen coverage and at low temperature. Reaction channels for methyl formate formation occurred on both Au and Au/Ag mixed sites with a ratio, as was predicted from the local 2-dimensional composition.
An analytical model of SiC MESFET incorporating trapping and thermal effects

Abstract A physics-based analytical model of SiC MESFET incorporating trapping and thermal effects is reported. The model takes into account the field and temperature dependencies of carrier transport parameters and carrier trapping effects. Both surface and substrate traps have been incorporated in the model to calculate the observed current slump in the I – V characteristics. The trapping and detrapping from surface traps control the channel opening at the drain end of the channel that requires the drain resistance to be gate and drain voltage dependent. The substrate traps capture channel electrons at high drain bias when the buffer layer is fully depleted resulting current collapse at low drain bias in the following I – V trace. The detrapping of the captured electrons is initiated with increasing drain bias and the channel electron concentration increases which is accelerated by increased thermal effects. As a result, restoration of collapsed drain current is obtained before the trapping effect is reinitiated at high drain bias. The calculated results using the current model are in good agreement with experimental data.
An improved game theory based approach to one type of H-infinity optimal control problems

In this paper we convert H-infinity optimal control problems with linear quadratic objective functions to a regular optimal regulator problem by improving a game theory based approach (Basar and Bernhard, 1991), in which the critical /spl lambda//sub /spl infin//* plays a key role. An alternative and optimal-control-related method of theoretically defining /spl lambda//spl circ/ is presented. Instead of solving the H-infinity problem, we solve a regular optimal control problem. The relation between the optimal control strategy of the H-infinity problem and that of the related optimal regulator problem is presented and proved. Given some regularity conditions, the stability of the optimal controller is proved via a Hamiltonian system. In addition, a fast approximate procedure is also provided to calculate /spl lambda//spl circ/.
Oral capsaicin provides temporary relief for oral mucositis pain secondary to chemotherapy/radiation therapy

Pain from oral mucositis afflicts from 40% to 70% of patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Current methods of clinical pain management (for example, topical anesthetics, systemic analgesics) have limited success. In a pilot study, we examined the ability of oral capsaicin to provide temporary relief of oral mucositis pain. Capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili peppers, desensitizes some neurons and has provided moderate pain relief when applied to the skin surface. Oral capsaicin in a candy (taffy) vehicle produced substantial pain reduction in 11 patients with oral mucositis pain from cancer therapy. However, this pain relief was not complete for most patients and was only temporary. Additional research is needed to fully utilize the properties of capsaicin desensitization and thus optimize analgesia.
Response to "Comments on 'Radiation and scattering from thin wires in chiral media'"

Replies that Monzon appears to imply that Jaggard, Liu, Grot and Pelet (see IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.40, p.1273-1282, 1992) paper was not completely independent of his published work (see Monzon, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.38, p. 227-235, 1990). A brief chronology of the documented research effort is given to clear any misunderstanding. An abstract of Jaggard et. al. works displayed wire currents which could have only come from numerically solving the chiral integral equation in question. Since they did not have access to Monzon's paper before its publication it is impossible for their research to have used the results of Monzon. What appears to have happened is that two different groups discovered the chiral version of Pocklington's integral equation coincidentally and independently. >
Antarctic Satellite Meteorology: Applications for Weather Forecasting

For over 30 years, weather forecasting for the Antarctic continent and adjacent Southern Ocean has relied on weather satellites. Significant advancements in forecasting skill have come via the weather satellite. The advent of the high-resolution picture transmission (HRPT) system in the 1980s and 1990s allowed real-time weather forecasting to become a reality. Small-scale features such as mesocyclones and polar lows could be tracked and larger-scale features such as katabatic winds could be detected using the infrared channel. Currently, HRPT is received at most of the manned Antarctic stations. In the late 1990s the University of Wisconsin composites, which combined all available polar and geostationary satellite imagery, allowed a near-real-time hemispheric view of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic continent. The newest generation of satellites carries improved vertical sounders, special sensors for microwave imaging, and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. In spite of the advances in sensors, shortcomings still impede the forecaster. Gaps in satellite data coverage hinder operations at certain times of the day. The development and implementation of software to derive products and visualize information quickly has lagged. The lack of high-performance communications links at many of the manned stations reduces the amount of information that is available to the forecasters. Future applications of weather satellite data for Antarctic forecasting include better retrievals of temperature and moisture and more derived products for fog, cloud detection, and cloud drift winds. Upgrades in technology at Antarctic stations would allow regional numerical prediction models to be run on station and use all the current and future satellite data that may be available.
Comparison of Two Physical Simulation Tests to Determine the No-Recrystallization Temperature in Hot Rolled Steel Plates

Two rolling simulations were conducted using a Gleeble 3500 to determine the no-recrystallization temperature, TNR on six microalloyed plate steels. Double hit deformation tests and multistep torsion tests were performed on steels containing varying amounts of Nb, V, and Ti. TNR for the double hit deformation tests were determined by finding fractional softening using the 5 % true-strain method and the intersection of the sigmoidal fractional softening curve with 20 % fractional softening. TNR for the multistep hot torsion test were determined using a mean flow stress method and finding the intersection of the two linear regions. TNR values following multistep hot torsion testing were lower than values measured after double hit deformation testing. The decrease in measured TNR values for the torsion tests occurs from the inherent multiple deformations, resulting in refined grains and an increase in nucleation sites for recrystallization during the subsequent deformation steps; thus recrystallization can continue to occur at lower temperatures.
Screening for tumor suppressors : Loss of Ephrin receptor A2 cooperates with oncogenic KRas in promoting lung adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma, a major form of non-small cell lung cancer, is the leading cause of cancer deaths. The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis of lung adenocarcinoma has identified a large number of previously unknown copy number alterations and mutations, requiring experimental validation before use in therapeutics. Here, we describe an shRNA-mediated high-throughput approach to test a set of genes for their ability to function as tumor suppressors in the background of mutant KRas and WT Tp53. We identified several candidate genes from tumors originated from lentiviral delivery of shRNAs along with Cre recombinase into lungs of Loxp-stop-Loxp-KRas mice. Ephrin receptorA2 (EphA2) is among the top candidate genes and was reconfirmed by two distinct shRNAs. By generating knockdown, inducible knockdown and knockout cell lines for loss of EphA2, we showed that negating its expression activates a transcriptional program for cell proliferation. Loss of EPHA2 releases feedback inhibition of KRAS, resulting in activation of ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling, leading to enhanced cell proliferation. Intriguingly, loss of EPHA2 induces activation of GLI1 transcription factor and hedgehog signaling that further contributes to cell proliferation. Small molecules targeting MEK1/2 and Smoothened hamper proliferation in EphA2-deficient cells. Additionally, in EphA2 WT cells, activation of EPHA2 by its ligand, EFNA1, affects KRAS-RAF interaction, leading to inhibition of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway and cell proliferation. Together, our studies have identified that (i) EphA2 acts as a KRas cooperative tumor suppressor by in vivo screen and (ii) reactivation of the EphA2 signal may serve as a potential therapeutic for KRas-induced human lung cancers.
Women’s empowerment: Finding strength in self-compassion

ABSTRACTEmpowerment is often a desired outcome for health programs; however, it is rarely evaluated. One way to increase empowerment may be through self-compassion. The authors of the current study aimed to determine whether self-compassion and empowerment were positively related. Two hundred and five women (ages 18 to 48 years) were recruited from a pool of undergraduate students at a university in the southeastern United States in the summer/fall of 2012. Participants completed the study using Qualtrics, an online survey system. Participants wrote about a fight in a romantic relationship and were randomly assigned to write about the fight either self-compassionately or generally. Empowerment and perceptions of the fight were assessed as dependent measures. Hierarchical regression analyses investigated the relation of self-compassion, manipulated self-compassion, and their interaction with empowerment. A significant positive relationship was found between self-compassion and empowerment. However, manipul...
Loss of siloxane monolayers from GaN surfaces in water.

Gallium nitride, with a thin passivating layer of Ga2O3, has been functionalized with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Water contact angles, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used for characterization of the bare and functionalized surfaces. The SAMs are stable in acetonitrile, but both the hydrophobic OTS SAM and the hydrophilic APTES SAM completely desorb after 1–24 h of immersion in water and common buffers. The concentration of gallium in solution after a clean GaN chip is immersed in water is consistent with dissolution of roughly one monolayer of interfacial gallium oxide. Dissolution of this oxide layer could account for the loss of SAMs from GaN surfaces.
Cardiac, Renal and Hepatic Hypertrophy in Pyridoxine-Deficient Rats.∗:

SummaryThe wet and dry weights of the heart and kidneys of pyridoxine-deficient rats were significantly heavier (g/100 g body-weight) than those of ad lib. and paired-weighed littermate controls. T...
Dilemmas of Physical and Human Security

Of all the peacebuilding challenges, whether providing public goods, coordinating domestic and international projects, or building institutions, the collective need for security is the most important, and the most daunting. Security is ever threatened by those who are unhappy with the status quo and have not completely accepted the democratic consensus required by peacebuilding. Security is the prerequisite human right, without which peacebuilding projects and state institutions cannot improve. Both shortterm relief and long-term development require short- and long-term security. As an international institution, peacebuilding requires resources, rules, and enforcement. States provide the public good of security, while NGOs attempting to monitor its provision sometimes undermine it. The failure of peacebuilding is epitomized by the incapacity of the largest UN peacekeeping mission to halt the killing of another million afterwards to current estimates of 5.4 million dead in Eastern Congo. There, seven countries have intervened, and militias exploit conflict resources, some of which end up in Western smart phones.
Direct observation of immiscibility in pyrope-almandine-grossular garnet

Although recent thermodynamic models predict a low-temperature miscibility gap in the pyrope-almandine-grossular garnet solid-solution series, coexistence of two immiscible garnets consistent with the calculated miscibility gap has not been demonstrated previously. Here we report the discovery of such a coexistence in nature, which provides direct evidence for immiscibility in the pyrope-almandine-grossular system. Garnet inclusions were found near solidified fluid/melt inclusions in a single pyrope crystal collected from the ultramafic diatreme at Garnet Ridge, Arizona. Microprobe analyses close to the contact between the pyrope host and one garnet inclusion yield formulae of (Mg 1.98 Ca 0.52 Fe 0.50 Mn 0.02 )(Al 1.89 Cr 0.09 )Si 3 O 12 for the host and (Mg 1.28 Ca 1.31 Fe 0.41 Mn 0.02 )(Al 1.93 Cr 0.07 )Si 3 O 12 for the inclusion. High-resolution analytical traverses across the two-garnet boundary reveal that the compositional difference between the inclusion and the host increases as the contact is approached, implying that the two garnet grains represent an immiscible pair rather than a disequilibrium coexistence. The compositions of the coexisting garnets are in good agreement with those predicted from recent thermodynamic mixing models for pyrope-almandine-grossular garnet.
Interactions of zinc and molybdenum with copper in therapy of Wilson's disease

We review two newer treatments for Wilson's disease that each use an interaction of another metal with Cu to bring about therapeutic benefit. The two metals are Zn, in the form of the acetate salt, and Mo in the form of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TM). Zn, which blocks absorption of Cu in the intestine by inducing intestinal cell metallothionein, is used for maintenance therapy, treatment of the presymptomatic patient from the beginning, and treatment of the pregnant patient. TM, which complexes Cu in a tripartite complex with protein, is used for the initial treatment of neurologically presenting patients.
Predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D in relation to incidence of breast cancer in a large cohort of African American women

Vitamin D deficiency, which has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer, is particularly common among African Americans. Previous studies of vitamin D status and breast cancer risk, mostly conducted in white women, have had conflicting results. We examined the relationship between predicted vitamin D status and incidence of breast cancer in a cohort of 59,000 African American women. Participants in the Black Women’s Health Study have been followed by biennial mail questionnaires since 1995, with self-reported diagnoses of cancer confirmed by hospital and cancer registry records. Repeated five-fold cross-validation with linear regression was used to derive the best 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) prediction model based on measured 25(OH)D in plasma specimens obtained from 2856 participants in 2013–2015 and questionnaire-based variables from the same time frame. In the full cohort, including 1454 cases of incident invasive breast cancer, Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for each quartile of predicted vitamin D score relative to the highest quartile. Predicted vitamin D score for each two-year exposure period was a cumulative average of predicted scores from all exposure periods up to that time. Twenty-two percent of women with measured 25(OH)D were categorized as “deficient” (<20 ng/mL) and another 25 % as “insufficient” (20–29 ng/mL). The prediction model explained 25 % of variation in measured 25(OH)D and the correlation coefficient for predicted versus observed 25(OH)D averaged across all cross-validation runs was 0.49 (SD 0.026). Breast cancer risk increased with decreasing quartile of predicted 25(OH)D, p for trend 0.015; the IRR for the lowest versus highest quartile was 1.23 (95 % confidence interval 1.04, 1.46). In prospective data, African American women in the lowest quartile of cumulative predicted 25(OH)D were estimated to have a 23 % increased risk of breast cancer relative to those with relatively high levels. Preventing vitamin D deficiency may be an effective means of reducing breast cancer incidence in African American women.
Molecular biology of DNA in Acanthamoeba, Amoeba, Entamoeba, and Naegleria.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular biology of DNA in acanthameba, ameba, entameba, and naegleria. The chapter reviews a reasonably current review about gene structure and the overall organization of the DNA and its metabolism. The four genera of amebas that have been studied most extensively are described. The genus ameba includes large free-living organisms. The cell cycle is simple; replication is by binary fission and differentiation is unknown. These amebas are large enough to manipulate by various surgical procedures, and this attribute has been exploited extensively. Cultures typically are grown using the ciliated protozoan tetrahymena as the major food organism. The genus acanthameba includes small amebas that are ordinarily free-living, but can be opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans. Such organisms are considered amphizoic. In a few cases, infection has been lethal, but these organisms are ubiquitous in nature and most humans appear to have good resistance to infections. The taxonomy of acanthameba is confusing, and it is unclear whether pathogenicity is restricted to certain species or whether all strains are capable of it. acanthameba replicate by binary fission. They differentiate into dormant cysts (that is, they encyst) during adverse environmental conditions. The genus naegleria includes small amebas that can differentiate either into a cyst or a flagellated stage. In naegleria, it is clear that certain species are pathogenic and that other species are not. The pathogenic Naegleria fowleri is highly virulent and fatal to humans. The genus entameba is distinct from the rest because it includes anaerobes and parasites. The life cycle includes a phase of replication by binary fission and encystment, which occurs in response to environmental factors. Nuclear division can continue in the cyst in the absence of cytoplasmic division. Species are typically identified according to their hosts. Entameba histolytica, the human parasite, and Entameba invadens, a parasite of reptiles, are the two most commonly studied species. Both can be grown axenically under anaerobic conditions. Entameba moshkovskii is interesting because it appears to be free-living.
Reexamining English Clay Pipes in Captive African Burials on the Island of Barbados

Research in historical archaeology has often focused on analyzing the degree to which African diaspora material culture has been shaped by the beliefs and practices of particular African cultures impacted by the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Landscapes, architecture, and objects can, at times, be analyzed to evaluate whether their design, construction, or use has been influenced by such cultural traditions. Through the concepts of innovation and creolization, material culture such as this can be reinterpreted in new ways. This article reexamines English manufactured smoking pipes recovered from Newton Plantation cemetery on Barbados. I argue that within an African diasporic burial context, unmodified European manufactured objects, such as English manufactured smoking pipes, could carry cultural significance shaped by African cultural beliefs and practices. Artifacts such as these are embedded in both diversity and situational complexity.
How should what economists call social values be measured

Most economists and some philosophers distinguish individual utilities from interpersonal social values. Even if challenges to that conceptual distinction can be met, further philosophically interesting questions arise. I pursue three in this paper, using, as context for the discussion, health economics and its attempt to discern empirically a social welfare function to help guide rationing decisions. (1) To discern these utilities and values in a manner that is morally appropriate if they are to influence rationing decisions, who should be queried? To discern individual health state utilities, persons in precisely those states should be asked (generically, “patients”), but for social values, representatives of the general public should be. (2) To discern social values, what should representatives of the public be asked? They should be asked “person trade-off” (PTO) questions that encompass their own self-interest, not PTO questions that focus only on others. (3) What must public representatives understand before they respond to such questions? Despite the philosophically complex problem of patient adaptation, they should understand (among other things) the health state utilities elicited from actual patients with the conditions at issue.
Generous Throughput Oriented Channel Assignment for Infra-Structured WiFi Networks

IEEE 802.11 protocol uses random frequency channel assignment which can severely degrade the network throughput. This paper presents a novel efficient throughput oriented frequency channel assignment mechanism with low complexity for the infra-structured IEEE 802.11 based WiFi networks. The core idea of this assignment mechanism is to choose the frequency channel that is just good enough to maximize the number of served users per access point (AP) and leave the over-qualified frequency channels to other APs that may be in need for using them. Unlike other proposed works which aim to solve this IEEE 802.11 problem while ignoring some important network factors (e.g. out- of-system interference, the random AP deployment in reality, the APs not owned by one administrator, etc.), the proposed assignment mechanism takes these factors in consideration. The proposed mechanism performance is compared with the Random, the Greedy and the CACAO channel assignment mechanisms. The results show a remarkable throughput and fairness improvement of the proposed scheme while reserving the simplicity and realism.
Potential for Interfraction Motion to Increase Esophageal Toxicity in Lung SBRT.

Purpose:To characterize the effect of the relative motion of esophagus and tumor on radiation doses to the esophagus in patients treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy for central lung tumors.Methods and Materials:Fifty fractions of stereotactic body radiation therapy in 10 patients with lung tumors within 2.5 cm of the esophagus were reviewed. The esophagus was delineated on each treatment’s cone-beam computed tomography scan and compared to its position on the planning scan. Dose–volume histograms were calculated using the original treatment beams to determine the actual dose delivered to the esophagus for each fraction of stereotactic body radiation therapy.Results:Median interfraction right–left shift of the esophagus was 0.9 mm (range, −5.4 to 3.3 mm) toward the left. Median interfraction anteroposterior shift was 0.7 mm (range, −3.7 to 11.5 mm) posteriorly. The median percentage increase in dose to 1 cm3, dose to 3.5 cm3, and dose to 5 cm3 was 1.7%, 5.6%, and 6.6%, respectively. Two cases ...
Using reverse geocoding to identify prominent wildfire evacuation trigger points

Abstract Wildfire evacuation trigger points are prominent geographic features (e.g., ridge lines, rivers, and roads) utilized in timing evacuation warnings. When a fire crosses a feature, an evacuation warning is issued to the communities or firefighters in the path of the fire. Current methods for generating trigger buffers have limited utility because the resulting buffers are not explicitly tied to prominent geographic features, making it difficult to visually determine when a fire has breached a trigger point. This work aims to address this limitation by using reverse geocoding to identify prominent geographic trigger points that have more value to emergency managers. The method consists of three steps: 1) generate a trigger buffer using fire-spread modeling; 2) utilize online reverse-geocoding to retrieve geographic features proximal to the buffer boundary; and 3) identify the most prominent geographic features using viewshed analysis and compute the warning time each would offer given predicted fire spread rates to proximal communities. A case study of Julian, California is presented to identify prominent geographic trigger points that may have value to emergency managers in improving the timing of wildfire evacuation warnings in this region.
Individual and Collective Graph Mining: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications

Abstract Graphs naturally represent information ranging from links between web pages, to communication in email networks, to connections between neurons in our brains. These graphs often span billions of nodes and interactions between them. Within this deluge of interconnected data, how can we find the most important structures and summarize them? How can we efficiently visualize them? How can we detect anomalies that indicate critical events, such as an attack on a computer system, disease formation in the human brain, or the fall of a company? This book presents scalable, principled discovery algorithms that combine globality with locality to make sense of one or more graphs. In addition to fast algorithmic methodologies, we also contribute graph-theoretical ideas and models, and real-world applications in two main areas: •Individual Graph Mining: We show how to interpretably summarize a single graph by identifying its important graph structures. We complement summarization with inference, which leverag...
Reflections on the South African Visual Arts Historians and the Comité International d'Histoire de l'Art (or What happens when art history collides with the global South and Vasari's Lives of the artists) : views and (re)views

When reflecting on the recent symposium at the University of the Witwatersrand, organised by the South African Visual Arts Historians (SAVAH) under the aegis of the Comite International d'Histoire de l'Art (CIHA), I could not help but think that such organisations - both committed to the perpetuation of very different types of art-historical discourse - made for an unanticipated pairing.
Quantitative polyp size measurements with photometric stereo endoscopy enhanced by deep learning (Conference Presentation)

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Identifying and removing premalignant lesions via colonoscopy can significantly reduce colorectal cancer mortality. Unfortunately, the protective value of screening colonoscopy is limited because more than one quarter of clinically-important lesions are missed on average. Most of these lesions are associated with characteristic 3D topographical shapes that appear subtle to a conventional colonoscope. Photometric stereo endoscopy captures this 3D structure but is inherently qualitative due to the unknown working distances from each point of the object to the endoscope. In this work, we use deep learning to estimate the depth from a monocular endoscope camera. Significant amounts of endoscopy data with known depth maps is required for training a convolutional neural network for deep learning. Moreover, this training problem is challenging because the colon texture is patient-specific and cannot be used to efficiently learn depth. To resolve these issues, we developed a photometric stereo endoscopy simulator and generated data with ground truth depths from a virtual, texture-free colon phantom. These data were used to train a deep convolutional neural field network that can estimate the depth for test data with an accuracy of 84%. We use this depth estimate to implement a smart photometric stereo algorithm that reconstructs absolute depth maps. Applying this technique to an in-vivo human colonoscopy video of a single polyp viewed at varying distance, initial results show a reduction in polyp size measurement variation from 15.5% with conventional to 3.4% with smart photometric reconstruction.
Some applications of graph bandwidth to constraint satisfaction problems

Bandwidth is a fundamental concept in graph theory which has some surprising applications to a class of AI search problems. Graph bandwidth provides a link between the syntactic structure of a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) and the complexity of the underlying search task. Bandwidth can be used to define a new class of easy CSP's, namely those that have limited constraint graph bandwidth. These CSP's can be solved in polynomial time, essentially by divide and conquer. This in turn suggests that bandwidth provides a mathematical measure of the decomposability of a search problem. In addition, bandwidth supplies a measure for comparing different search orderings for a given CSP. Statistical analysis suggests that backtracking with small bandwidth orderings leads to a more efficient search than that obtained under orderings with larger bandwidths. Small bandwidth orderings also limit the pruning that can be done by intelligent backtracking. If small bandwidth orderings are indeed advantageous, then a large number of heuristics developed in numerical analysis to find such orderings may find applicability to solving constraint satisfaction problems.
An Algorithm for Partial-Fraction Expansion.

8x3 + 28x2+28x+17 _ a3 a2 (x+2)3.(x-l)2 ~0 -2)3+( +2)2 I Al I &2 1 fri |"(x+2)i'(x-l)ai"(x-l)" There are two standard techniques for evaluating the coefficients. One technique consists of recombining the partial-fraction expansion into a single fraction and equating like powers of its numerator polynomial with those of the numerator polynomial of the original frac tion. If the number of undetermined coeffi cients is ft, there would be linearly in dependent equations in unknowns. These could be solved to find any of the coeffi cients. In the above example, the following would have to be solved:
A glimpse at the R-completion of non-nilpotent spaces

Although the R-completion is quite well understood for nilpotent spaces (Ch.V and Ch.VI), the situation for non-nilpotent spaces is still very mysterious. So far we have essentially dealt with only one non-nilpotent example, in Ch.IV, 5.3, where we showed that for any free group F $${R_\infty }K\left( {F,1} \right) \simeq K\left( {F_R^ \wedge ,l} \right)$$ and our main purpose in this chapter is to discuss some other non-nilpotent spaces and indicate how little is known about them and how much more work remains to be done for non-nilpotent spaces.
Transport of Sodium and Potassium across the Blood-Brain Barrier

Active transport of sodium and potassium across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been suspected, but until quite recently, there has been no direct evidence that the blood vessels of the central nervous system (CNS) are even capable of this kind of transport. Evidence from in vivo experiments indicated that special mechanisms at the blood-brain barrier regulated the concentration of potassium in the brain extracellular fluid (ECF) (1). Interpretation of these experiments, however, is complicated by the difficulty in assigning specific transport properties to the walls of the blood vessels when the effects of choroid plexus and glia cannot be excluded (2).
Self-assembling biomaterials

A new class of molecules for the preparation of self-assembling biomaterials were synthesized. These molecules consist of a cholesteryl-moiety attached via an oligo(ethylene oxide) or oligo(L-lactic acid) segment to a biologically relevant headgroup. The oligomers were characterized using SAXS, DSC and optical microscopy.
Chapter 6.: Combined Psychotherapy/Medication Treatment: The Valpo Model

This article presents how the Valparaiso University Student Counseling and Development Center (SCDC) developed and delivers a combined service treatment model integrating pharmacotherapy with psychotherapy for a subset of the center's clients evidencing significant psychiatric concerns. To explicate the model, several documents that may be of potential use to other counseling centers are shared. The chapter then summarizes a recently published study on outcomes for clients using our combined treatment service. Finally, the chapter presents questions currently under consideration concerning the continuing implementation of the model.
Upper and lower bounds for the Hilbert–Schmidt norm of a potential operator

We give upper and lower bounds for the Hilbert–Schmidt norm of logarithmic potential on a planar domain in terms of its area and inradius.
The Effects of Training A Good Working Memory Strategy on L1 and L2 Writing

The main purpose of this chapter is to describe the effects of training working memory strategies on writing performance. The research compares two writing strategies, an ‘all-at-once’ strategy derived from previously-collected analyses of skilled writers and a ‘step-by-step’ derived from less skilled writers (Levy & Ransdell, 1995). The effectiveness of training these writing strategies was tested in four different subgroups of students: Advanced college students writing in L1, beginning students in L1, advanced students in L2, and beginning students in L2. The main research question was whether an all-at-once writing strategy (non-linear processing) could lead to higher writing quality and fluency than a step-by-step strategy (linear processing). Non-linear processing is characterized by continuous planning, text generation, and revision and is associated with good writing. Poor writing involves a linear process of planning first, generating text, and revising last. One hundred and twenty-five participants wrote three 10-minute essays in their own untrained strategy plus the two trained strategies. The all-at-once strategy yielded higher writing fluency and quality than the step-by-step condition across all four subgroups of writers. The effect of training a good working memory strategy was most potent on the least skilled writers in terms of both college experience and English language writing experience.
Intravenous Fluid Warming with Microwave Ovens A Review and Guidelines for Use

Rapid infusion of room temperature intravenous fluids for fluid loading before regional anesthesia may contribute to patient shivering and requires increased patient energy expenditure. Microwave ovens may be useful to warm intravenous fluids rapidly. To develop guidelines for use, four microwave ovens of differing power capacity were used to warm 1-L bags of different intravenous fluids. Time required for warming to a satisfactory temperature was directly related to the power output of the oven. Type of fluid made no difference in warming rate. From these data, suggested warming time guidelines were developed. Caramelization of glucose solutions, significant pH changes, and other untoward effects were not noted. The use of microwave ovens to warm rapidly infused intravenous fluids appears to be safe and efficient, and provides for increased patient comfort.
Water Pollution Biology

(1990). Water Pollution Biology. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 119, No. 4, pp. 786-790.
Epigenome-wide association study of DNA methylation and microRNA expression highlights novel pathways for human complex traits.

ABSTRACTDNA methylation (DNAm) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in a wide-range of human diseases. While often studied in isolation, DNAm and miRNAs are not independent. We analyzed asso...
Collaborating for Coherence around Social Justice: Leveraging Accreditation to Conceptually Transform from a Diversity Requirement to a Social Justice Orientation

In this article, we describe teacher educators’ collaboration for coherence around social justice teacher education in preparation for a national accreditation review. Specifically, we illuminate h...
Injury patterns and outcomes associated with fractures of the native distal femur in adults

Previous studies on distal femur fractures had a high degree of inclusion criteria in their sample populations, some even including pre-existing implants. The authors look to define an injury pattern unique to fractures of the distal femur by detailing demographics, associated injuries, and outcomes. This retrospective chart review identified 171 patients who presented to our Level 1 academic trauma center with a distal femur fracture, of which 91 injuries met inclusion for final analysis. For each patient, demographics, fracture classification, associated injuries, hospital outcomes, union rate, and complication rate were recorded. These characteristics were compared in high-energy injury versus low-energy injuries. Additional orthopedic injuries, most commonly an ipsilateral patella or tibia fracture (p = 0.02), were more likely to occur in patients who sustained high-energy injuries (86%, p = 0.0001). High-energy injuries resulted in more severe distal femur fracture types and significantly greater rate of open fractures (19.8% of all fractures, p = 0.0001). High-energy injuries were also associated with long operating room times during fixation (p < 0.001), estimated blood loss during surgery (p = 0.03), and hospital length of stay (p = 0.04). Finally, high-energy injuries were also associated with lower union rates (p = 0.036) and a higher rate of additional surgeries (p = 0.011). Patients who sustain a distal femur fracture have a greater risk for additional fractures (particularly ipsilateral tibia and patella fractures), open injuries, and non-orthopedic traumatic injuries. These high-energy injuries are also associated with a more complicated clinical course and lower rate of union compared to low-energy injuries. Prognostic level III.
Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes During Pregnancy and Risk of Childhood Asthma in Offspring.

Objective To examine maternal preexisting type 2 diabetes (T2D) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on risk of childhood asthma. Study design This retrospective birth cohort study included 97 554 singletons born in 2007-2011 within hospitals from a single integrated healthcare system. Children were prospectively followed from age 5 until December 31, 2017, using electronic medical records. Relative risks of childhood asthma associated with maternal diabetes in utero were estimated by hazard ratios using Cox regression adjusting for potential confounders. Results There were 3119 children (3.2%) who were exposed to preexisting T2D and 9836 (10.1%) to GDM. Among mothers with GDM, 3380 (34.4%) were dispensed antidiabetic medication during pregnancy. During a median of 7.6 years (IQR, 6.3-9.0 years) after birth, 15 125 children (15.5%) were diagnosed with asthma after age 5. Maternal diabetes interacted with maternal asthma history to affect child's asthma risk (P = .05). Among children without maternal asthma (n = 89 487), the adjusted hazard ratios for childhood asthma were 1.21 (95% CI, 1.08-1.36; P Conclusions The risk of childhood asthma was predominately observed for exposure to preexisting T2D, small for GDM requiring medication, and not increased for GDM not requiring medication during pregnancy, compared with no diabetes during pregnancy.
Harnessing genomics to trace the path of a viral outbreak in African lions

Predicting the emergence of novel infectious diseases requires an understanding of how pathogens infect and efficiently spread in alternative naive hosts. A pathogen's ability to adapt to a new host (i.e. host shift) oftentimes is constrained by host phylogeny, due to limits in the molecular mechanisms available to overcome host-specific immune defenses (Longdon, Brockhurst, Russell, Welch, & Jiggins, 2014). Some pathogens, such as RNA viruses, however, have a propensity to jump hosts due to rapid mutation rates. For example, canine distemper virus (CDV) infects a broad range of terrestrial carnivores, as well as non-carnivore species worldwide, with a host range that is distributed across 5 orders and 22 families (Beineke, Baumgartner, & Wohlsein, 2015). In 1993-1994, a severe CDV outbreak infected multiple carnivore host species in Serengeti National Park, causing widespread mortality and the subsequent decline of the African lion (Panthera leo) population (Roelke-Parker et al., 1996). While previous studies established domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) as the disease reservoir, the precise route of transmission to lions remained a mystery, and a number of wild carnivore species could have facilitated viral evolution and spread. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Weckworth et al. 2020 used whole genome viral sequences obtained from four carnivore species during the CDV outbreak, in combination with epidemiological data, to illuminate the pathway and evolutionary mechanisms leading to disease emergence in Serengeti lions.