cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic recognition of geological aperture in carbonates

This paper studies the shape and colority of apertures in carbonates, puts forward the basic algorithm of automatic recognition of the apertures in carbonates and parameter quantitative calculation using imaging logging. We obtain parameters related to the apertures through practical material processing by means of the technique of image processing. The result indicates that automatic recognition and segmentation of apertures is feasible based on the difference of shape and colority between the apertures and the surrounding rock, highly precise parameters can be acquired after calibration by this method.
Abstract 22: Inferring regulatory element landscapes and transcription factor networks from cancer methylomes

Genome-wide DNA methylation studies have established that transcriptional enhancers can be detected from changes in methylation patterns. However, no systematic approach has been developed to infer the function of these elements within larger transcription factor networks. We developed ELMER (Enhancer Linking by Methylation/Expression Relationships), a computational tool that combines DNA methylation and gene expression data from tissue samples, along with annotations from epigenomic repositories, to infer multi-level cis-regulatory networks. ELMER uses DNA methylation to identify enhancers that differ between normal and disease tissues, and correlates these with gene expression to identify a target gene or genes (typically not the nearest gene). Transcription factor (TF) binding site analysis is then used in conjunction with TF expression patterns to infer the upstream regulators that drive enhancer changes. We applied ELMER to Infinium HM450k methylation and RNA-seq data for 2,000+ tumor samples and ten cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Our multi-level analysis identified enhancer networks regulated by known cancer driver transcription factors, such as GATA3 and FOXA1 in breast cancer, FOXA2 and SOX17 in endometrial cancer, and NFE2L2, SOX2, and TP63 in squamous cell lung cancer. We also identified several novel networks with prognostic associations, including RUNX1 in kidney cancer, and putative target genes of these transcription factors in primary tumor. Citation Format: Lijing Yao, Hui Shen, Peter Laird, Peggy Farnham, Berman Benjamin. Inferring regulatory element landscapes and transcription factor networks from cancer methylomes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Integrating Clinical Genomics and Cancer Therapy; Jun 13-16, 2015; Salt Lake City, UT. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(1_Suppl):Abstract nr 22.
Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier: Pedagogical Approaches and the Different Styles of Preludes

The present article discusses pedagogical aspects aiming to contribute to teaching and learning Bach’s Preludes of the Well‐Tempered Clavier. Section one presents a review of the prelude as a musical genre and the different styles that influenced the Well‐ Tempered Clavier Preludes. Then, there is an analysis of selected preludes that will exemplify the variety of styles found in this work of Bach.
WE-DE-201-09: Performance of HDR Ring Surface Applicator Printed by 3D Printer

Purpose: The commercially available Leipzig-style Cone for High Dose Rate (HDR) Brachytherapy has a steep depth dose curve and a non-uniform dose distribution. This work shows the performance of a Ring Surface Applicator created using a 3D printer that can generate a better dose distribution. Calculated doses were verified with film measurement. Methods: The water equivalent red-ABS plastic was used to print the Ring Surface Applicator which hosts three catheters: a center piece with a straight catheter and two concentric rings with diameters of 3.5 and 5.5 cm. Gafchromic EBT2 film, Epson Expression 10000 flatbed scanner, and the online software at radiochromic.com were used to analyze the measured data. 10cm×10cm piece of film was sandwiched between two 15×10×5cm3 polystyrene phantoms. The applicator was positioned directly on top of the phantom. Measurement was done using dwell time and positions calculated by Eclipse BrachyVision treatment planning system (RTP). Results: Depth dose curve was generated from the plan and measurement. The results show that the measured and calculated depth dose were in agreement (<3%) from surface to 4mm depth. A discrepancy of 6% was observed at 5 mm depth, where the dose is typically prescribed to. For depths deeper than 5 mm, the measured doses were lower than those calculated by Eclipse BrachyVision. This can be attributed to a combination of simple calculation algorithm using TG-43 and the lack of inhomogeneity correction. Dose profiles at 5 mm depth were also generated from TPS calculation and measured with film. The measured and calculated profiles are similar. Consistent with the depth dose curve, the measured dose is lower than the calculated. Conclusion: Our results showed that the Ring Surface Applicator, printed using 3D printer, can generate more uniform dose distribution within the target volume and can be safely used in the clinic.
Molecular imaging by mass spectrometry

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the current state of profiling and imaging matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry (MALDI–MS) as applied to tissue analysis, focusing on sample preparation, and illustrating the technological capabilities with several applications. Two general modes of data acquisition are used for direct tissue analysis, termed profiling and imaging. Profiling proteins in a tissue section involves depositing matrix droplets on selected areas of a tissue. Imaging involves collecting MS data in a regular pattern or array across a matrix-coated tissue section. This approach typically provides a higher resolution molecular picture of the tissue from data collected from hundreds or thousands of pixels across the tissue surface. The most important aspect of sample preparation is matrix application. Matrix and matrix solvent selection for tissue section analysis is key to obtaining quality protein profiles. Imaging MS can be used to map the location of administered drugs from various organs and monitor protein changes as a response to drug treatment. The profiles generated by MALDI–MS analysis of tumor samples may be indicative of drug resistance. Two types of tumors, originating from the same transgenic founder cell line, were found to have a differing response to Herceptin, a therapeutic agent that binds the HER2 receptor and inhibits tumor growth.
Effect of Center Volume on Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients With Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

Abstract Objective To determine whether hospitalized patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) had better outcomes at high-volume treatment centers (HVCs). Patients and Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2000-2011) was used to identify HHT-related hospitalizations. Hospitals were classified based on quartiles of annual HHT discharge volume. The 75th percentile cutoff value (third quartile) was used to classify hospitals as low-volume centers (1-7 HHT discharges per year) or as HVCs (≥8 discharges per year. Demographic features, complication rates, and outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. Results We identified 9440 hospital discharges in patients with HHT. Of these patients, 6856 (72.6%) were admitted to low-volume centers and 2584 (27.4%) to HVCs. The former were more likely to be of white race, older, and with higher income levels ( P P P P Conclusion Patients with HHT hospitalized at HVCs had better outcomes, with lower in-hospital mortality and higher home discharge rates. These findings strongly support ongoing efforts to expand access to HHT centers of excellence in the United States and worldwide.
Platelet storage pool deficiency in mouse pigment mutations associated with seven distinct genetic loci

Seven mouse pigment mutants, which have alterations at distinct genes, are known to have a defect in kidney lysosomal enzyme secretion. Two of these, beige and pale ear, have a bleeding abnormality associated with a deficiency in the number of platelet dense granules. In the present study, five other mutants with defective lysosomal enzyme secretion-- pearl, pallid, light ear, maroon, and ruby-eye--were likewise found to have abnormally prolonged bleeding times after experimental injury. Platelet counts were similar to those of normal mice, but the platelet dense granule components serotonin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and morphologically identifiable dense granules were markedly reduced in these mutants. The capacity to accumulate exogenous 3H-serotonin in platelets was reduced 2–3-fold. Thrombin-stimulated secretion of 3H-serotonin was slightly decreased in all mutants. However, the seven mutants could be subdivided into three groups based on the degree of secretion of lysosomal enzymes after thrombin stimulation. Thus, all seven mouse pigment mutants have symptoms consistent with platelet storage pool deficiency and may serve as useful animal models for specific types of human platelet storage pool disease. Also, the results emphasize the genetic, morphological, and functional interrelatedness of three organelles: melanosomes, lysosomes, and platelet dense granules.
High tibial osteotomy and ligament reconstruction in varus angulated, anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees A two- to seven-year follow-up study

We assessed short-term treatment results of younger patients with varus malalignment and chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Forty-one patients (mean, 32 years; range, 16 to 47) underwent a high tibial osteotomy. Because of giving way symptoms, 14 also had a lateral iliotibial band extraarticular procedure at the time of the osteotomy and 16 had an intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament allograft reconstruction after the osteotomy. All returned for followup (mean, 58 months; range, 23 to 86), which included KT-1000 arthrometer testing and evaluation by our knee rating system.Statistically significant (P < 0.05) improvements were found in the mean overall rating scores for pain, swell ing, and giving way. Preoperatively, 30 (73%) had pain with activities of daily living or with any sports activity; 11 (27%) could perform only light sports activities with out pain. At followup, 32 patients (78%) had no pain with activities of daily living or light sports.Ten of 15 patients with advanced medial...
Inhibition of HIV-1 by Ferroprotin Expression.

HIV-1 transcription is induced by viral Tat protein, which recruits transcriptional co-activators to the HIV-1 promoter. We recently showed that Tat is phosphorylated in the Ser16 and Ser 46 residues by protein kinase CDK2 and that mutations in these residues prevent HIV-1 transcription and viral replication [[1][1]]. We also found that iron depletion by iron chelators inhibits cellular activity of CDK2, prevents Tat phosphorylation and inhibits HIV-1 transcription [[2][2]]. Thus our previous studies suggest that a decrease in cellular iron might have a protective effect against HIV-1 through inhibition of CDK2 and Tat phosphorylation. Here, we analyzed the effect of the iron exporter, ferroportin, on HIV-1 transcription and viral replication. Increased expression of ferroportin by transfection in iron-treated 293T cells significantly reduced ferritin protein levels compared to increased expression of CD4 or EGFP in iron-treated cells as controls. Treatment with hepcidin increased ferritin levels in 293T cells that expressed wild type ferroportin but not the C326Y mutant of ferroprotin which is not sensitive to hepcidin. Expression of both wild type ferroportin and the C326Y mutant in 293T cells significantly inhibited HIV-1 transcription. Treatment with hepcidin partially restored HIV-1 transcription in the cells expressing wild type ferroportin and not in those expressing the C326Y mutant of ferroportin. Treatment of promonocytic THP-1 cells with iron increased cellular ferritin level. Subsequent treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) led to increased expression of ferroportin and reduced ferritin level, and this reduction in ferritin was partially alleviated by exposing the cells to hepcidin. Thus, PMA appeared to reduce intracellular iron through increased iron export by ferroportin. HIV-1 replication in iron-supplemented THP-1 cells or primary human monocytes was significantly reduced by treatment with PMA. Subsequent exposure of the PMA-treated monocytes to hepcidin partially restored HIV-1 replication, suggesting that HIV-1 was inhibited in part by the expression of ferroportin and its associated iron-exporting activity. Taken together, our results indicate that expression of ferroportin leads to reduction of cellular iron and also reduced HIV-1 transcription and replication, and that exposure to hepcidin may lead to increased cellular iron content and enhancement of HIV-1 replication. Thus our results suggest that iron depletion of cells that harbor HIV might serve as a strategy to combat this infection, and they point to the need to develop iron chelators specifically designed for HIV-1 therapy. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2
An Investigation of High-Achieving African-American Students Attending Community Colleges: A Mixed Methods Research Study

ABSTRACTWhile much more research has been conducted about African-American college students in recent decades, there still exists a need for further explorations concerning factors related to student success and retention. For example, articles often explore the experiences of African-American students at four-year institutions and often use deficit frameworks instead of focusing on the experiences of successful students. To add to what is known, this article summarizes the findings of a multi-institutional mixed methods research study that explored the experiences of high-achieving African-American students attending community colleges. Specifically, the researchers explored noncognitive factors that influenced high academic achievement—defined as grade point average (GPA) higher than 3.00, why students considered leaving an institution, and why students decided to remain enrolled. Findings suggested that studying alone promoted a high cumulative GPA and increased the likelihood students never seriously ...
How Arrest Impacts Delinquency Over Time Between and Within Individuals

While some studies find that criminal justice contact may deter future offending, another body of research indicates that contact with the criminal justice system can increase delinquency among you...
Pearls & Oy-sters: Transient neurologic events in a patient with leptomeningeal metastases.

Patients with leptomeningeal metastases (LM) may develop transient neurologic events in the setting of temporary elevations of intracranial pressure (ICP).
Mortality and operator experience with vascular access for percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes: A pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract Background Recently, several meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that transradial access (TRA) reduces mortality compared to transfemoral access (TFA). However, a critical appraisal of these RCTs suggests that the findings could have resulted from a greater incidence of adverse events in the TFA groups rather than a beneficial effect of TRA. Methods Scientific databases and websites were searched for RCTs. Patients were divided into groups based on access type and whether the operator was a radial expert (RE) or non-radial expert (NRE). The groups were TFA-RE, TFA-NRE, TRA-RE, and TRA-NRE. Both a traditional meta-analysis and a network meta-analysis using mixed-treatment comparison models were performed. Results Data from 13 trials including 15,615 patients were analyzed. The mortality rate for TFA-RE (3.54%) was more than double compared to TFA-NRE (1.61%). In pairwise meta-analysis, TFA-RE was associated with increased risk of mortality (RR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.13–2.62; p =0.011) compared to TFA-NRE. In subgroup analysis, TFA-RE was associated with increased mortality (RR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.24–2.34; p =0.001) compared to TRA, but TRA-NRE was not. Similarly, in mixed comparison models, TFA-RE was associated with increased mortality compared to TRA-NRE, TRA-RE, and TFA-NRE, but TFA-NRE was not, compared to TRA-RE and TRA-NRE. Conclusion Recently-reported survival differences between TRA and TFA may have been driven by adverse events in the TFA groups of the RCTs rather than a beneficial effect of TRA. This issue needs further investigation before labeling radial access a lifesaving procedure in invasively-managed patients with ACS.
Centuries-Old Chinese Art: With an Italian Twist

“CREATIVE ART EXPRESSION” is a goal shared by both researchers and educators working on initiatives such as Head Start and art education standards. For practitioners, the key issue is where to find...
Intertidal community structure : Experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant competitor and its principal predator.

Along exposed rocky intertidal shorelines of western North America the mussel Mytilus californianus exists as a characteristic, well-defined band. Measurements at Mukkaw Bay and Tatoosh Island, Washington State, suggest that the upper limit to distribution is constant. The lower limit is also predictably constant, as judged by photographs of the same areas taken up to 9 years apart. The band of mussels is formed by larval recruitment to a variety of substrates, especially the filamentous red alga Endocladia muricata. From the settlement site, if the mussels survive a series of predators including the starfish Pisaster ochraceus and a variety of carnivorous gastropods (Thais spp.), the mussles may be washed inward or migrate (be pushed) downward.When Pisaster was removed manually, the zonation pattern changed rapidly. Mussels advanced downward at Mukkaw Bay a vertical distance of 0.85 m in 5 years. No movement was observed on 2 adjacent control sites. At Tatoosh Island a maximum displacement of 1.93 m has been observed in 3 years; the slope there is 40°. Again, there was no change at control sites with Pisaster. At Mukkaw Bay over 25 species of invertebrates and benthic algae are excluded from occupancy of the primary substratum by mussels. The ecological dominance of mussels is discussed; predation is shown to enhance coexistence among potential competitors. A survival curve for Pollicipes polymerus indicates that the time course for interspecific competitive exclusion may be long (76 months). The clarity of the biological interrelationships and the constancy of pattern through time provide no support for the contention that intertidal communities are physically-controlled.
The Practice of Geriatric Anesthesia

The approach to and management of surgery and anesthesia in geriatric patients is different and frequently more complex than in younger patients. In caring for the elderly in the operating room, recovery room, and intensive care unit, the members of the perioperative medical team should be aware of the nature of aging physiology, the interaction of these alterations with pathologies, and the likelihood of multiple diagnoses and polypharmacy. The context of geriatric care encompasses multiple levels, stretching from primary care, through acute hospitalization, acute and subacute rehabilitation, nursing home care, and hopefully back to sufficient function to require additional primary care. By the nature of their practices, anesthesiologists and geriatricians have different approaches to patient care and the time frame over which such care occurs. In communicating with patients and geriatricians, one should understand that expectations for recovery are frequently different than in younger patients, marked by issues of maintenance of function and independence.
Ocular tropisms of murine coronavirus (strain JHM) after inoculation by various routes.

The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV, strain JHM) infects tissues in the anterior and posterior segments when injected intravitreally into adult mouse eyes. Infection causes progressive damage to the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), resulting in a disease the authors have termed JHM retinopathy. To determine whether this virus is retinotropic independent of route of inoculation, the authors injected mice with virus by several different routes: into the anterior chamber (AC), onto the cornea, intranasally, or intracerebrally. Inoculation into the AC produced effects similar to those after intravitreal inoculation, although slightly slower in onset. Viral antigen was detected in the anterior portion of the iris on day 3, and by day 6, was also located primarily in the inner nuclear layer, photoreceptors, Muller cells, and RPE. However, by day 10, viral antigens were only detected in a few cells in the ganglion cell layer. Infectious virus was isolated from neural retinas on days 3 and 6, but not on day 10. In contrast, infectious virus could not be isolated from contralateral eyes. After 14 weeks, specific regions of some retinas were atrophied, with most of the retinal layers involved. Inoculation by other routes also resulted in virus-induced disease. Scarification of the cornea with virus, but not application of virus droplets alone, caused pathologic changes in the corneal epithelium and stroma and subtle effects on the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers. Intracerebral inoculation of virus affected mainly the RPE. Pathologic effects and viral antigens were not detected in eyes from four mice inoculated intranasally. These results show that a murine coronavirus is retinotropic when introduced by several direct routes and one indirect route. Moreover, these studies show that long-lasting retinal disorders ranging in intensity from mild to severe can occur after coronavirus infection.
Small cell carcinoma of the genitourinary tract: an immunohistochemical, electron microscopic and clinicopathological study.

AbstractWe examined 13 cases of small cell carcinoma of the genitourinary tract to evaluate and compare the immunocytochemical and ultrastructural features as well as the clinicopathological behavior. Immunohistochemical stains revealed that neuron specific enolase and chromogranin showed differences in staining between the bladder and prostate, as well as between the small cell and adenocarcinomatous components of the prostate. Also, synaptophysin was negative over-all in 12 of 13 cases. Epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen and keratin showed strong focal positivity within the small cell component. Electron microscopy was performed in 4 cases, with 3 demonstrating neurosecretory granules. Clinically, 6 of the 7 patients with adenocarcinoma/small cell carcinoma of the prostate did poorly, all with a survival of 15 months or less. Of 5 patients with transitional cell/small cell carcinoma of the bladder 2 fared better (both had no evidence of disease at 12 months and 11 years, respectively)...
Hard and soft tissue necroses following radiation therapy for oral cancer.

Abstract Three hundred and fifty-four patients, who underwent radiation therapy for oral cancer (excluding lip) at the University of California Medical Center at San Francisco between 1961 and 1969, were reviewed as to site of tumor, mode of therapy, tumor dose, and occurrence of tissue necrosis. The study group was limited to those 278 patients who were available for follow-up for at least 6 months. Osteonecrosis occurred in 3.6 per cent: 8 of 141 dentulous patients (5.7 per cent) and 2 of 137 edentulous patients (1.5 per cent). All cases of bone necrosis occurred in the mandible and were within the treatment field. There were 18 cases (6.5 per cent) of soft tissue necrosis. Eleven of these patients were treated by needle implantation or intraoral cone technique. Fifteen were self limited (5.2 per cent).
Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: an overview.

There are multiple mechanisms whereby ACE inhibitors could be beneficial during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, including: i) reduced formation of angiotensin II ii) decreased metabolism of bradykinin, iii) antioxidant activity, and iv) possibly other unknown mechanisms. Reduced formation of angiotensin II should be beneficial because this peptide exerts several actions that are potentially detrimental to the ischemic/reperfused myocardium, including vasoconstriction, increased release of norepinephrine, stimulation of phospholipase C and/or A2, and increased afterload with an attendant increase in oxygen demands. Reduced metabolism of bradykinin could be beneficial by increasing myocardial glucose uptake, by causing vasodilation, and by stimulating production of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and prostacyclin. Although earlier studies suggested that sulfhydryl-containing ACE inhibitors scavenge superoxide anions, recent data have shown that these drugs scavenge hydroxyl radical and hypochlorous acid with no effect on superoxide anion. Studies in isolated hearts have demonstrated that ACE inhibitors attenuate the metabolic, arrhythmic, and contractile dearangements associated with ischemia and reperfusion, and have suggested that such beneficial effects are mediated by potentiation of bradykinin and/or increased synthesis of prostacyclin. Studies in models of myocardial stunning after brief (15-min) ischemia in vivo (anesthetized dogs) suggest that ACE inhibitors enhance the recovery of contractile function after a single brief ischemic episode. No data are available regarding the effect of these drugs on myocardial stunning after a prolonged, partly reversible episode, after multiple consecutive brief ischemic episodes, and after global ischemia. The mechanism for the salutary effects of ACE inhibitors on stunning remains a mystery. It may involve an antioxidant action (in the case of thiol-containing molecules) or potentiation of prostaglandins (in the case of non-thiol-containing molecules). What is clear is that the enhanced recovery of function effected by these drugs is not due to hemodynamic effects, inhibition of the converting enzyme per se, or an “antiischemic” action (since the drugs were effective when given at the time of reperfusion). The effects of ACE inhibitors on myocardial infarct size remain controversial.
Considerations When Using Turbine-Type Flowmeters in Cryogenic Service

Even though the merits of cryogenic fluid metering are well known, the means of accomplishing this end are not so well established. Flow measurement is useful in those applications that involve gases or liquids in processes which either produce or use cryogenic fluids. It is useful in custody transfer at the point of sale, where measurement of the fluid transferred forms the basis of customer billing. It is useful in the ground test and the in-flight performance testing of rockets and missiles. The measurement of cryogenic fluid flow is a difficult and sometimes exasperating task. In large part, this is due to the very nature of the fluids being measured. Cryogenic fluids generally exist as saturated fluids. Pipe runs are generally short. Differential pressure measurement associated with head-type meters is often difficult. Because of the extreme low temperatures involved, thermal effects are significant. Pressure drop through a flowmeter must be kept low to avoid superheating the fluid. Cryogenic fluids provide little or no lubrication for meter bearings.
The Evolution of Good Faith in Western Contract Law

The concept of good faith as it pertains to Western contract law has existed since the Roman Republic. As a preeminent roman legal scholar, Cicero wrote: “Ut inter benos bene agier oportet et sine fraudatione” - one must act well, as among good men without fraudulence. The Roman law recognized the concept of bona fides and most western civilizations have developed legal systems that require some degree of good faith between contracting parties. For the Roman lawyer, good faith or bona fide meant fidelity to promise. At common law it asks what a reasonable person would take the parties to have meant at the time of their agreement. Civil law nations such as Germany have codified the obligation of good faith, as has the United States in its Uniform Commercial Code, but its concept of good faith is not as extensive as its civil law peers. The UK has not formally codified good faith, but it has been recognized in many judicial decisions. Additionally, all of the above-mentioned countries are at least signatories to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) , and the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), which both mandate that parties contract in good faith. But while good faith is at least recognized by these countries, it has not been implemented even handedly. History has altered good faith, and it has evolved to suit the needs of the cultures that have adopted it. This paper seeks to explore the transmission of the concept of good faith from Roman law to common law, from civilian to case law systems.
Evaluating simplified chemical mechanisms within present-day simulations of the Community Earth System Model version 1.2 with CAM4 (CESM1.2 CAM-chem): MOZART-4 vs. Reduced Hydrocarbon vs. Super-Fast chemistry

Abstract. While state-of-the-art complex chemical mechanisms expand our understanding of atmospheric chemistry, their sheer size and computational requirements often limit simulations to short lengths or ensembles to only a few members. Here we present and compare three 25-year present-day offline simulations with chemical mechanisms of different levels of complexity using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Version 1.2 CAM-chem (CAM4): the Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) mechanism, the Reduced Hydrocarbon mechanism, and the Super-Fast mechanism. We show that, for most regions and time periods, differences in simulated ozone chemistry between these three mechanisms are smaller than the model–observation differences themselves. The MOZART-4 mechanism and the Reduced Hydrocarbon are in close agreement in their representation of ozone throughout the troposphere during all time periods (annual, seasonal, and diurnal). While the Super-Fast mechanism tends to have higher simulated ozone variability and differs from the MOZART-4 mechanism over regions of high biogenic emissions, it is surprisingly capable of simulating ozone adequately given its simplicity. We explore the trade-offs between chemical mechanism complexity and computational cost by identifying regions where the simpler mechanisms are comparable to the MOZART-4 mechanism and regions where they are not. The Super-Fast mechanism is 3 times as fast as the MOZART-4 mechanism, which allows for longer simulations or ensembles with more members that may not be feasible with the MOZART-4 mechanism given limited computational resources.
Prediction of surface roughness in extrusion-based additive manufacturing with machine learning

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has been increasingly adopted in the aerospace, automotive, energy, and healthcare industries over the past few years. While AM has many advantages over subtractive manufacturing processes, one of the primary limitations of AM is surface integrity. To improve the surface integrity of additively manufactured parts, a data-driven predictive modeling approach to predicting surface roughness in AM is introduced. Multiple sensors of different types, including thermocouples, infrared temperature sensors, and accelerometers, are used to collect temperature and vibration data. An ensemble learning algorithm is introduced to train the predictive model of surface roughness. Features in the time and frequency domains are extracted from sensor-based condition monitoring data. A subset of these features is selected to improve computational efficiency and prediction accuracy. The predictive model is validated using the condition monitoring data collected from a set of AM tests conducted on a fused filament fabrication (FFF) machine. Experimental results have shown that the proposed predictive modeling approach is capable of predicting the surface roughness of 3D printed components with high accuracy.
Use of Problematic Integration Theory in Destination Online Promotional Activities: The Case of Australia.com in the United States Market

This paper examines the concept of attitudinal change of online consumers in terms of their travel purchase behaviors on the Internet using problematic integration theory. The model of online consumer attitudinal change focuses on the consumers' online brand preference drivers (differentiation, quality, and value) and online market data (price, distribution, Web presence, promotions, direct mail, and ad identification) of the promotional Websites of Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs). The model is tested against the effectiveness of the Website for Australia (www.australia.com) in the U.S. market. The results showed that the Australia.com Website serves mainly as an online brochure and not as an interactive medium between the organization and its consumers. By applying consumer online brand preference drivers DMOs may be able to reduce the underlying uncertainty regarding the destination and may be able to more clearly address the needs of their target markets.
Sperm Morphology: History, Challenges, and Impact on Natural and Assisted Fertility

The classification of morphologically normal sperm has been progressively redefined. Concurrently, our understanding of the significance of sperm morphology in relation to male factor infertility has evolved. In this review, we will discuss the evolution of sperm morphology assessment and factors that contribute to its measurement variability. We will examine the impact of sperm morphology on natural pregnancy, IUI, IVF, and ICSI outcomes. There is a lack of consensus on sperm morphology classification, technique, and inter-observer grading variability. Current evidence suggests sperm morphology has low predictive value for pregnancy success, for both natural and assisted reproduction. Additionally, the threshold for what is considered an adequate percentage of morphologically normal sperm has changed over time. These variables have called into question the relevance of this variable in predicting fertility outcomes. Our understanding of the impact of sperm morphology on reproductive outcomes continues to evolve and seems to play less of a role than initially thought.
Inhibition of folylpolyglutamate synthetase by substrate analogues with an ornithine side chain

Nα-[4-[[(4-Aminopteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L-ornithine (dAPA-Orn) was synthesized, and its ability to inhibit folylpolyglutamate synthetase from mouse liver was compared with that of the corresponding 2,4-diamino analogue APA-Orn. Also compared were the inhibitory activities of the deaza analogues 5-deazaAPA-Orn, 8-deazaAPA-Orn, and 5,8-dideazaAPA-Orn, as well as those of Nα-pteroyl-L-ornithine (PteOrn) and its deaza analogues 5-deazaPteOrn and 5,8-dideazaPteOrn. The inhibition constant Ki of dAPA-Orn was 7-fold greater than that of APA-Orn, indicating that the 2-amino group plays a role in binding to the active site. The binding affinity of the 2,4-diamino compounds increased in the order 5-deazaAPA < APA-Orn <5,8-dideazaAPA-Orn < 8-deazaAPA-Orn, and that of the 2-amino-4(3H)-oxo compounds increased in the order 5-deazaPteOrn < PteOrn < 5,8-dideazaPteOrn. The most potent inhibitor of both groups was 8-deazaAPA-Orn, with a Ki of 0.018 μM, coresponding to an 8-fold and 15-fold increase in affinity relative to APA-Orn and 5-deazaAPA-Orn, respectively. The results suggest (a) that the binding of Orn-containing folylpolyglutamate synthetase inhibitors is affected to a greater degree by replacement of N8 by a carbon atom than it is by the corresponding change at N5, (b) that the effect of carbon for nitrogen replacement is greater in the 2,4-diamino derivatives than in the 2-amino-4(3H)-oxo compounds, and (c) that the 2,4-diamines are the better inhibitors. Comparison of the Ki values of the Orn-containing inhibitors with the Km values of the corresponding glutamate-containing substrates revealed that Km/Ki ratio can vary as much as 100-fold depending on the nature of the heterocyclic moiety, suggesting that caution should be exercised in using Km values of known substrates to predict Ki values of putative inhibitors.
The Impact of Digital Otoscopy on Medical Student and Resident Education

Purpose: Otoscopy is a difficult, but requisite skill for Pediatric Residents and Medical Students to master. Locating the tympanic membrane, identifying normal anatomy and characterizing pathology are all skills that have historically been taught with verbal descriptions and/or static images due to the inability of the teacher and learner to perform the physical exam concurrently. Digital Otoscopy using a hand-held smart phone and performed by an Attending/Resident team may facilitate increased learner comfort with …
76. High dose radiation therapy improves survival for chordoma patients with positive surgical margins

BACKGROUND CONTEXT The role of radiation therapy (RT) for the treatment of axial chordomas remains controversial. Previous large database reviews have not found adjunct RT to improve overall survival, but these studies did not stratify based on high/low dose RT, the modality of RT, or the patient's surgical margin status. PURPOSE We investigated the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to determine if high dose RT improves survival in patients with positive vs negative surgical margins. Additionally, the study compares the 5-year survival between patient's treated with high vs low dose RT and advanced vs conventional delivery methods. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective study. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 1,480 chordoma patients. OUTCOME MEASURES Five-year overall survival. METHODS A total of 1,480 patients were identified in the NCDB between 2004 and 2015 with a histologically confirmed axial chordoma. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan Meier method. The 5-year survival was compared between surgical resection alone and surgical resection and adjunct therapeutic RT for the overall cohort, patients with positive surgical margins, and patients with negative surgical margins. Therapeutic RT was defined as a radiation dose greater than 65Gy. For patients treated with RT, the 5-year survival was compared between palliative dose ( 65Gy) RT. Similarly, 5-year survival was compared between proton beam therapy (PBT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and conventional external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). A multivariable analysis was performed to determine independent prognosticators associated with 5-year overall survival. RESULTS The cohort included 1,480 chordoma patients; skull base (n=569), sacral (n=551), mobile spine (n=360). The 5-year survival for the entire cohort was 76%. The survival for patients treated with surgical resection and adjunct therapeutic RT was greater than surgery alone (85% vs 80%, p=0.04). Therapeutic adjunct RT improved survival compared to surgery alone in the setting of positive surgical margins (82% vs 71%, p=0.03). In the setting of negative surgical margins adjunct RT did not statistically improve survival (p=0.33). Radiation dose >65Gy improved survival when compared to radiation dose between 40-65Gy (85% vs 69%, p CONCLUSIONS Adjunct RT (dose >65Gy) was associated with improved survival for patients with positive surgical margins; however, a survival benefit was not observed for patients with negative surgical margins. High dose RT and advanced radiation techniques, specifically PBT, were associated with improved 5-year survival. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
Co-creating Value from Social Media: A Framework:

AbstractCo-created value occurs when both the customer and provider benefit simultaneously from an interaction. To deliver on these opportunities, marketing has become a means by which organization...
Adherence, Medical Outcomes, and Health Care Costs in Adolescents/Young Adults Following Pediatric Liver Transplantation

Objective Improved outcomes after pediatric liver transplantation (LT) have led to increasing numbers of adolescent and young adult recipients entering into adult health care systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of transition from pediatric to adult health care models on medical outcomes, measures of adherence, and health care utilization for pediatric LT recipients. Methods We evaluated the course of patients who received an LT while followed in pediatrics and transferred to an adult care provider within our institution. Data were collected from 2 years preceding and 2 years following transfer of care. Results A total of 32 patients were eligible for analysis. Median age at time of transfer was 22.9 years (interquartile range 21.7-23.6). Nine patients (28%) died following transfer of care. There was a significant decrease in office visit adherence following transfer of care (P = 0.02). Although not achieving significance, an increase in alanine aminotransferase values, episodes of acute cellular rejection, progression to cirrhosis, evolution to chronic rejection, and hospital admission rates post transfer were found. These findings were associated with an increase in health care costs related to required interventions. Conclusions Our study demonstrates trends toward worse health outcomes, decreased adherence, and increased health care utilization following transfer of care. These findings and poor patient survival suggest that the time around transition from pediatric to adult health care models represents a period of increased vulnerability for pediatric LT recipients. Larger, multicenter, prospective studies are needed to identify factors and interventions that affect adolescent and young adult to improve the transition process.
Dyslexia in Pediatrics: Simple Practices to Tackle a Complex Issue.

* Abbreviation: SLD — : specific learning disorder It is not uncommon for children with specific learning disorders (SLDs) to go through several years of school without receiving necessary academic support, emphasizing the need for earlier detection. Precursor skills of learning often provide important, early indications about whether a child might be at risk for developing an SLD. In this issue of Pediatrics, Sanfilippo et al1 provide a timely overview of current evidence on precursors of reading and outline how pediatricians can contribute to early identification of children at risk for dyslexia. Sanfilippo et al1 highlight “red flags” that can assist pediatricians in identifying dyslexia, including screening for family history, language development, and early literacy skills. Screening may be composed of cognitive-behavioral assessments that typically focus on phonological awareness, basic letter knowledge, vocabulary size, and language comprehension. Given that SLDs are of neurobiological origin, neuroimaging techniques have been used to investigate neural signatures of these precursor skills.2 Increasing evidence suggests that neurobiological markers can predict individual reading outcomes, outperforming the prediction accuracy of cognitive-behavioral precursors of literacy.3,4 As the authors point out, neuroimaging screenings are not (yet) available, … Address correspondence to Iliana I. Karipidis, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305, E-mail: ilianak{at}stanford.edu
Inherently Political? Associations of Parent Ethnic-Racial Socialization and Sociopolitical Discussions with Latinx Youths' Emergent Civic Engagement.

The current study expands on ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) among Latinx families to include sociopolitical discussions as a way to better understand how these practices relate to adolescents' developmental outcomes, including their ethnic-racial identity (ERI) and their sociopolitical development. More specifically, we examined whether there were direct links between parental ERS practices and sociopolitical discussions at home and adolescents' emergent participatory citizenship via their ERI processes (i.e., exploration and resolution). These questions were examined using path analyses with 267 self-identified Latinx early adolescents (Mage = 11.88, SD = 1.22; girls = 54.3%). Results revealed direct associations between sociopolitical discussions and cultural socialization at home with civic accountability. Thus, youth whose parents had engaged in more discussions with them about current political issues and who taught them about their ethnic heritage and history endorsed a greater sense of collective responsibility for helping community members in need. Additionally, preparation for bias and sociopolitical discussions at home were each uniquely associated with more ERI exploration, and each was also indirectly associated with expectations for future community involvement via youths' ERI exploration. Our findings come at a critical juncture in time, providing insight into ways we can support the positive ERI development and build the civic capacity of Latinx adolescents.
A Note on the Representation Power of GHHs.

In this note we prove a sharp lower bound on the necessary number of nestings of nested absolute-value functions of generalized hinging hyperplanes (GHH) to represent arbitrary CPWL functions. Previous upper bound states that $n+1$ nestings is sufficient for GHH to achieve universal representation power, but the corresponding lower bound was unknown. We prove that $n$ nestings is necessary for universal representation power, which provides an almost tight lower bound. We also show that one-hidden-layer neural networks don't have universal approximation power over the whole domain. The analysis is based on a key lemma showing that any finite sum of periodic functions is either non-integrable or the zero function, which might be of independent interest.
The Angular Relationships Between the Coracohumeral Ligament and Adjacent Shoulder Structures Are Variable.

Purpose To describe the arthroscopic anatomy of the coracohumeral ligament (CHL) in relation to visible anatomic reference points to aid in the execution of a more effective arthroscopic medial-lateral rotator interval closure. Methods Detailed dissection to identify the CHL was performed in 4 shoulders from 2 fresh-frozen donor cadavers with a deltopectoral approach. The angular relationship between the CHL and the superior border of the subscapularis tendon was determined via gross dissection. Arthroscopic images were used to determine the angular position of the CHL in relation to both the glenoid articular surface and the intraarticular segment of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii (LHB). Results Analysis of 4 cadaveric shoulders via gross dissection demonstrated the CHL to subtend a mean angle of 29° (range 16° to 39°) with respect to the superior border of the subscapularis tendon. Arthroscopic analysis of 4 cadaveric shoulders demonstrated the CHL to subtend a mean angle of 59° (range 38° to 77°) with respect to the glenoid articular surface. Additionally, arthroscopic analysis of 2 cadaveric shoulders demonstrated the CHL to subtend a mean angle of 29° (range 11° to 47°) with respect to the LHB tendon. Conclusion Although the position of the CHL in relation to the subscapularis tendon, glenoid articular surface, and LHB tendon demonstrates a moderate degree of anatomic variability, these structures provide valuable anatomic reference points for the identification of the course of this significant static shoulder stabilizer. Clinical Relevance Comprehensive understanding of the angular relationships between the CHL and adjacent shoulder structures may assist with the execution of a more effective arthroscopic rotator interval closure.