cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Students Weigh in: Application and Interpretation by the Target Audience

Salkin and Shenkel spent time in high school classrooms, giving students the opportunity to review, apply, and improve samples of language used by student handbooks to describe student speech right and responsibilities, as well as reflect on what they mean for them, as students. Their responses gave way to recurring themes: the idea that intention matters in the context of expression and that terms and concepts within handbook language should be as clear as possible in order to increase the chances of appropriate and harmless expression.
Fuzzy Logic Based Energy Storage Management System for MVDC Power System of All Electric Ship

In this paper, for supporting the medium voltage dc (MVDC) shipboard power system, an energy storage management (ESM) system based on fuzzy logic (FL) has been proposed and its performance with a proportional-integral (PI) control based ESM system is compared. In order to support the peak demand and pulsed load, a hybrid energy storage system incorporating high energy density storage (battery) and high power density storage (supercapacitor) is proposed. For energy transfer among the energy storages and the MVDC system, bidirectional dc–dc converters with dual active bridge (DAB) configuration are used. With the change of the bus voltage and load power demand, the ESM systems provide instantaneous reference powers for charging or discharging of the battery and supercapacitor. The reference powers for the battery and supercapacitor are sent to the respective controllers of the DAB converters. Two power sharing strategies are designed to share power among multiple energy storages. The MVDC shipboard power system with the generators, loads, battery, and supercapacitor with DAB converters are modeled in SimPowerSystems. Simulation results are used to make a comparison of performances of the FL and PI controller based ESM systems. Finally, controller hardware-in-the-loop based experimental results are added to demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller.
A novel STEAM approach: Using cinematic meditation exercises to motivate students and predict performance in an engineering class

Given the high drop-out rates of students from colleges in USA, including STEM fields, there is a national imperative to address this issue with all possible means. Universities are pushed towards providing students with personalized attention and timely academic feedback. At the same time, intrinsic student motivation also plays an enormous role in success. It is important for educators to present course material in an engaging way that captures student interest and imagination.
“Heredity” and “environment” in biology and psychology

Hereditary theories are considered that purport to explain behavioral facts. The use of the term, heredity, is traced to its non-scientific, common sense derivation in the distant past. Samples of alleged inheritance of anatomic, physiologic and behavioral data are examined, and a frustrated attempt is made to achieve a sharp definition of the term, heredity, by appeal to the specialized field of biology known as genetics. An examination of psychological writings for a clear specification of this term and its constant correlate, environment, is equally fruitless. An alternative theoretical approach is then sketched which requires neither heredity nor environment as explanatory principles for behavioral data.
Flexible glass and its application for electronic devices

Ultra-thin flexible glass provides all the benefits of glass — thermo-mechanical stability at high temperature, transparency and the best barrier property in a transparent material, while capable of using R2R processing and deliver products that can be flexible. Corning® Willow® Glass is 100–200 μm thick glass that is flexible and is used in a roll-to-roll (R2R) process. In this paper we will discuss the glass advantages over other flexible substrates for electronic devices and highlight demonstrations of R2R fabricated devices.
Nanomolar small-molecule detection using a genetically encoded 129Xe NMR contrast agent.

Genetically encoded magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents enable non-invasive detection of specific biomarkers in vivo. Here, we employed the hyper-CEST 129Xe NMR technique to quantify maltose (32 nM to 1 mM) through its modulation of conformational change and xenon exchange in maltose binding protein (MBP). Remarkably, no hyper-CEST signal was observed for MBP in the absence of maltose, making MBP an ultrasensitive “smart” contrast agent. The resonance frequency of 129Xe bound to MBP was greatly downfield-shifted (Δδ = 95 ppm) from the 129Xe(aq) peak, which facilitated detection in E. coli as well as multiplexing with TEM-1 β-lactamase. Finally, a Val to Ala mutation at the MBP–Xe binding site yielded 34% more contrast than WT, with 129Xe resonance frequency shifted 59 ppm upfield from WT. We conclude that engineered MBPs constitute a new class of genetically encoded, analyte-sensitive molecular imaging agents detectable by 129Xe NMR/MRI.
Employee Social Responsibility: A Missing Component in the ISI 26000 Social Responsibility Standard

In this article, the focus is on developing a governance concept built on integrating the ISO 26000 Social Responsibility (SR) standard with an “employee social responsibility” (ESR) concept developed by the authors. To this end. The authors propose to compliment the voluntary, organizationally adaptable, ISO 26000 SR standard for the organization/firm with a seamlessly integrated—and equally adaptable—ESR concept for the individual/employee of that organization/firm. An SR/ESR governance concept emerges, with an emphasis on implementing a SR‐based business enterprise code of conduct and ESR‐related functional‐level codes of conduct, the latter firmly ensconced in an organization's ethical climate. The conclusion section discusses the strengths and weaknesses of our proposed SR/ESR governance concept.
Clinical Monitoring of Well-Appearing Infants Born to Mothers With Chorioamnionitis.

BACKGROUND: The risk of early-onset sepsis is low in well-appearing late-preterm and term infants even in the setting of chorioamnionitis. The empirical antibiotic strategies for chorioamnionitis-exposed infants that are recommended by national guidelines result in antibiotic exposure for numerous well-appearing, uninfected infants. We aimed to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in chorioamnionitis-exposed infants through the implementation of a treatment approach that focused on clinical presentation to determine the need for antibiotics. METHODS: Within a quality-improvement framework, a new treatment approach was implemented in March 2015. Well-appearing late-preterm and term infants who were exposed to chorioamnionitis were clinically monitored for at least 24 hours in a level II nursery; those who remained well appearing received no laboratory testing or antibiotics and were transferred to the level I nursery or discharged from the hospital. Newborns who became symptomatic were further evaluated and/or treated with antibiotics. Antibiotic use, laboratory testing, culture results, and clinical outcomes were collected. RESULTS: Among 277 well-appearing, chorioamnionitis-exposed infants, 32 (11.6%) received antibiotics during the first 15 months of the quality-improvement initiative. No cases of culture result–positive early-onset sepsis occurred. No infant required intubation or inotropic support. Only 48 of 277 (17%) patients had sepsis laboratory testing. The implementation of the new approach was associated with a 55% reduction (95% confidence interval 40%–65%) in antibiotic exposure across all infants ≥34 weeks’ gestation born at our hospital. CONCLUSIONS: A management approach using clinical presentation to determine the need for antibiotics in chorioamnionitis-exposed infants was successful in reducing antibiotic exposure and was not associated with any clinically relevant delays in care or adverse outcomes.
High fidelity model for the atmospheric re-entry of CubeSats equipped with the Drag De-Orbit Device

Abstract The use of CubeSat-like small satellites is growing exponentially nowadays, pushing towards missions of increased complexity, including Earth imaging, commercial communications and astronomical observations. As such, they might require components that may survive the re-entry conditions and reach the ground, posing risks for population and properties, or that are intended to be retrieved. The possibility of demise and ground impact poses many challenges from the modeling standpoint because of the uncertainties associated with both the aero- and the aerothermo-dynamic models of the spacecraft. Several formulations and correlations can be found in the literature. Most of them are derived in dated and difficult-to-access papers and technical reports. This paper collects all the necessary and sufficient models, laws and data to describe in a comprehensive way the re-entry of small satellites. They are presented in an organized fashion, with uniform nomenclature and consistent assumptions in order to provide the smallsats scientific community with a smallsats specific, easy-to-understand and rapid-to-implement tool. Furthermore, the paper originally presents an approximated aero- and aerothermo-dynamic model of the Drag De-Orbit Device, a recently developed drag modulation device for drag-based controlled re-entry of large CubeSats.
Cytosolic Reactions in Mitochondrial Protein Import

Cytosolic hsp70 molecules are involved in maintenance of pre-proteins in transport competent conformations. Genetic and biochemical studies in procaryotes indicate that hsp70 (DnaK) functionally interacts with two other cytosolic proteins, DnaJ and GrpE (Ang et al., 1991). Recently, several eukaryotic DnaJ homologs have been identified. We have purified cytosolic hsp70 (SSA1p) and DnaJ (YDJ1p) homologs from S. cerevisiae and characterized interactions between them. SSA1p exhibited a weak ATPase activity which was stimulated about 10 fold by YDJ1p. Stable complex formation between SSA1p and a mitochondria) presequence peptide was demonstrated. Significant reductions in complex formation were only observed in the presence of both ATP and YDJ1 p. Thus, an eukaryotic dnaJ homolog functionally interacts an eukaryotic hsp70 family member to regulate affinity of the chaperone for a polypeptide substrate.
Food safety and older people.

Abstract As one ages, there is a greater risk of developing a foodborne illness and the complications can be more serious. Many food-handling practices, perceived consequences of mishandling food, barriers to making changes, sources of knowledge, and desired educational methods of this population are different from those of the general population. This chapter expands on these differences and provides suggestions on how to meet the educational needs of senior citizens. It also provides an explanation of why the aging population is at greater risk and the pathogens of greater concern. Because foodborne illness in this population will continue to be a top concern throughout the world, a discussion of specific practices that will make an impact on reducing the risk is included as well as suggestions to motivate this group to attend educational programs.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF DOPAMINE AND NEUROLEPTIC RECEPTORS IN THE RAT BRAIN USING 3H-SPIPERONE

ABSTRACT Neuroleptic receptor sites were localized in rat brain using autoradiographic methods after receptor labelling with i.v. 3H-spiperone (SP). Highest densities of autoradiographic grains were found in regions containing dopamine (DA) neurons and their processes. Grains were also found in other areas, including many having serotonergic innervation.
Artificial or Biological? Nature, Fertilizer, and the German Origins of Organic Agriculture

This chapter investigates the origins of organic agriculture in the German life reform movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Aiming to make lifestyles more natural, life reformers paid close attention to food and farming. In the 1870s–1880s, they argued that natural agriculture was a necessary step on the road to freedom and embraced the new artificial fertilizers of German chemistry. By the early twentieth century, in contrast, concern with racial degeneration and agricultural globalization led a new generation to reject artificial fertilizers as unnatural. Working from the proto-ecological view that “humans are only plants in the garden of nature,” life reformers adopted new ideas from German biology to invent an early form of organic agriculture that also served rightwing political goals. As such, the life reform movement became an important site for developing and politicizing the “biological perspective,” a characteristic expression of German thinking about nature.
PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitor toxicities in non-small cell lung cancer.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) utilize the natural programming of the immune system to initiate an antitumor response, counteracting checkpoint molecule expression on tumor cells (1).
A molecular strategy designed for the rapid screening of gene traps based on sequence identity and gene expression pattern in adult mice.

We have devised a strategy to rapidly screen gene traps in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells based on DNA sequence information and an in vitro analysis of gene expression. After the initial identification of ES cell clones expressing β-galactosidase, tagged RNA transcripts were immediately cloned and sequenced in order to determine their identities. Novel gene sequences found were used to probe northern blots to examine the expression patterns of their cognate genes. Our initial characterization of 30 cDNA clones indicated that more than half of the tagged sequences were novel mouse genes and of these 40% showed a restricted pattern of expression in adult mouse tissues. This molecular characterization of gene traps is quick, reliable and well suited for the large-scale screening of mammalian developmental genes. Furthermore, since gene trap insertion frequently disrupts the tagged host gene, the ES cells can be used to produce transgenic animals for a genetic analysis of gene function
Enhancement of the antioxidant capacity of ripe tomatoes by the application of a hot water treatment at the mature-green stage

Abstract Plants are constantly exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses, inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In response, the synthesis of antioxidants is upregulated to neutralize the deteriorating effects of ROS. We investigated whether promoting this response could enhance the nutritional and sensory quality of tomatoes. In preliminary experiments, mature green tomatoes were immersed in hot water (HW) at 50 °C for 5 min, 52 °C for 5 min, or 54 °C for 2.5 min (25 °C water for 5 min as control); subsequent experiments utilized 52 °C for 5 min. Following those treatments, we evaluated the changes in color, texture, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and the antioxidant system of the fruit during ripening at 20 °C and 85–90 % relative humidity. The HW treatment of 52 °C for 5 min promoted higher accumulation of carotenoids and lipophilic phenolics, resulting in greater color development and slightly higher antioxidant potential, but did not otherwise affect the composition of ripe fruit; the tomatoes ripened normally after HW immersion, with no firmness differences, but were darker red and less yellow-orange with higher antioxidant potential. Furthermore, we observed that the beneficial effects were more noticeable at early stages of ripening, even in varieties that did not exhibit major differences after reaching full ripeness. In this sense, we found that ‘Florida 47’ and ‘Security 28’ tomatoes have a limited response to HW treatment compared with ‘Soraya’ and especially ‘Tasti Lee’ tomatoes, indicating that there might be genetic constraints on the response in the former varieties. The beneficial effect of immersing the tomatoes in HW was proportional to the heat penetration profile inside the fruit; for example, the 52 °C for 5 min treatment increased the temperature up to 45 °C in the peripheral tissues 4 mm below the fruit surface where the content of carotenoids and lipophilic phenolic compounds was mainly increased; whereas, the tissue temperature was 35 °C at the center of the tomato, where we did not observe any change in composition. In conclusion, the HW immersion used in this research promoted the synthesis of lipophilic antioxidants such as carotenoids in tomato fruit, enhancing red color development and antioxidant potential.
The Political Economy of Cooperative Federalism: Why State Autonomy Makes Sense and

This Article defends the constitutional doctrine of "state autonomy" by drawing an analogy between private corporations and non-federal governments. The national government generally does not confiscate goods or conscript services from private organizations, because these methods of acquiring goods and services tend to be distributionally unjust and economically inefficient. Instead, the government generally relies on voluntary agreements to obtain goods and services. Analogous considerations suggest that the federal government should not be permitted to demand regulatory services from non federal governments. Rather, the federal government should purchase such services through a voluntary intergovernmental agreement. Examining the empirical reality of intergovernmental relations, I maintain that few transaction costs (e.g., holdouts or other strategic behavior) afflict intergovernmental transactions. Moreover, just as federal conscription of private services inefficiently deters investment in the production of such services, federal "commandeering" of non-federal governments' services also risks deterring state and local politicians' and voters' useful investments of political effort -- voting, running for office, etc. I also argue that such commandeering may be distributionally unjust to the constituencies controlling state and local government in the same way that confiscation of private property imposes distributive injustice on owners of private property. In the final part of the paper, I argue that the Supreme Court's justifications for its doctrine of state autonomy are misguided and unconvincing. Examining decisions such as Martin v. Hunter's Lessee and Prigg v. Pennsylvania, I argue that the doctrine of state autonomy originally developed out of nationalistic distrust of state governments: Justice Story developed the doctrine to prevent the national government from delegating federal responsibilities to non-federal governments because he deemed non federal governments to be unfit for such duties. I also argue that the "political accountability" argument in New York v. United States and Printz v. United States also reflects such distrust of state officials as federal agents because, taken to its logical conclusion, it would prohibit even voluntary intergovernmental arrangements. I argue instead that the Court should rest its anti-commandeering rule on considerations analogous to the doctrine of regulatory takings.
Composite magnetorheological elastomers for tactile displays: Enhanced MR-effect through bi-layer composition

Abstract In this study, the feasibility of a novel tactile display based on the magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) was studied. To this end, initially, a survey on various requirements of tactile displays for surgical applications was performed. The survey showed that MREs would make a good fit for tactile displays. To further study the MREs, the samples were characterized perpendicular to the magnetic field, similar to the actual use-cases. Also, to compensate for the loss of MR-effect, due to the non-parallel application of compression and magnetic field, MREs were composited in bi-layer configuration with a non-MRE elastomer. The results of mechanical characterization showed that bi-layer composition increased the MR-effect in MREs by 42%. This study showed that further enhancement of MR-effect in MREs is possible through bi-layer composition with a non-MRE elastomer. Also, it was shown that the development of an MRE-based tactile display is feasible using the proposed enhanced MRE composites.
The influence of backgrinding on the fracture strength of 100 mm diameter (1 1 1) p-type silicon wafers

The influence of grinding geometry and damage depth on the fracture strength of 100 mm diameter (1 1 1) p-type silicon wafers has been studied. The fracture strengths were measured in a biaxial flexure test after the wafers were ground to 0.36 mm from 0.53 mm thick, in a grinding apparatus that produces a swath of swirls on the silicon wafer surfaces. Analysis of orientations of the swirl geometries and fracture probability was used to deduce the fracture strength relative to the crystallographic orientation of the wafers. Optical and scanning electron microscopy of bevelled, and cleaved and etched samples was used to measure the damage depths from selected locations on the wafers. The depth of damage and fracture strengths were correlated to the geometry of the backgrind swirl pattern and the relative position of the orientation flat. The damage depth was smaller when the swirl path was parallel or at 45° to the orientation flat as compared to the swirl paths at 90° and 135° orientations. As a result, the wafers ground in the former orientations had a higher fracture strength than those of the latter orientations (136 and 124 MPa versus 100 and 103 MPa, for the four orientations, respectively).
Insulating Glass Unit Quick Selection Guide

Abstract The structural design of sealed insulating glass units for wind loads involves complex structural mechanics procedures that address load sharing between two glass lites that vary in thickn...
Patients Desire Personalized, Specific, and Continuous Advice on Weight Management

Objective To deliver effective care, healthcare systems should understand patients' preferences for weight management across a spectrum of needs. Our objective was to describe patients' perceptions of what helps or hinders weight loss and maintenance. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with patients who accessed weight management services at a large integrated health system in 2018. The interview guide was developed and iteratively refined through a literature search and by consulting experts. Questions included the respondent's weight history, interactions with the health system, and current health status. The analysis used a grounded theory approach, and each transcript was double-coded in 2019. Codes were sorted into themes. All discrepancies were resolved through team discussion. Results Fifteen patients were interviewed. The majority of respondents (87%) reported multiple weight loss attempts. Three themes were identified. First, advice should be matched to a patient's knowledge and prior experience (eg, using bariatric deck cards). As patients progressed, clinician advice also needed to advance (eg, explaining how to expand food options instead of defining a healthy diet). Second, respondents had a variety of motivating factors, and understanding where motivation is generated from can inform how to design a weight management approach. Third, patients need continual and long-term advice. Some respondents feared becoming ineligible for services if their weight dropped too much. Conclusions Health systems can support patients by developing processes for identifying the extent of a patient's knowledge and giving personalized advice based on the patient's preferences and experiences. Reassessing needs at defined intervals may help patients attain and sustain their goals.
Odum’s dark bottle and an ecosystem approach

Eugene Odum was an ecological pioneer, writing the discipline’s first textbook, Fundamentals of Ecology, in 1953. Although his work is almost 70 years old, it laid the groundwork for contemporary landscape systems thinking. Since Odum’s time, a lineage of ecological research and theory has helped to define concepts pertaining to ecology, ecosystems, and nature. With these terms in peril of becoming ambiguous, especially in the design arts, this chapter revisits the origins and development of ecologic thinking in order to construct a more critical understanding of nature, and the role of the designer for Building with Nature. One particular experiment by Odum is used as the foundation of concept development. A pond is his reference site and he ‘dissects’ it, using dark and light bottes to illustrate its nuances and the overall ecosystem idea. Three important principles can be derived. First, the ecologist, or the designer, should understand the ‘nature’ of the system, or site, where they are working. Second, nature is formed through functional interactions over extended periods of time. Lastly, through an ecosystem approach, it is shown that systems involve indirect effects. In ecological networks, sites are impacted by forces beyond their immediate boundaries, as well as through other social and cultural systems. Case studies located along the Florida Gulf Coast are used to explain Odum’s and others’ concepts. Florida has developed in parallel with human’s capacity to manipulate their environment. For this reason, it is a useful reference site, illustrating trajectories in ecological thinking.
Trialing U-Net Training Modifications for Segmenting Gliomas Using Open Source Deep Learning Framework

Automatic brain segmentation has the potential to save time and resources for researchers and clinicians. We aimed to improve upon previously proposed methods by implementing the U-Net model and trialing various modifications to the training and inference strategies. The trials were performed and tested on the Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation dataset that provides MR images of brain tumors along with manual segmentations for hundreds of subjects. The U-Net models were trained on a training set of MR images from 369 subjects and then tested against a validation set of images from 125 subjects. The proposed modifications included predicting the labeled region contours, permutations of the input data via rotation and reflection, grouping labels together, as well as creating an ensemble of models. The ensemble of models provided the best results compared to any of the other methods, but the other modifications did not demonstrate improvement. Future work will look at reducing the level of the training augmentation so that the models are better able to generalize to the validation set. Overall, our open source deep learning framework allowed us to quickly implement and test multiple U-Net training modifications. The code for this project is available at https://github.com/ellisdg/3DUnetCNN.
Working Together in a PhamilySpace: Facilitating Collaboration on Healthy Behaviors Over Distance

Studies have shown that interpersonal relationships such as families and friends are an important source of support and encouragement to those who seek to engage in healthier habits. However, challenges related to geographic distance may hinder those relationships from fully collaborating and engaging in healthy living together. To explore this domain, we developed and deployed a lightweight photo-based application called PhamilySpace with a week-long intervention. Our goal is to examine family members' and friends' engagement and awareness on healthy behaviors while living apart. Our analysis of the semi-structured interviews, pre/post-intervention instruments, and application logs suggests three main benefits of interventions for health promotion in this context: (1) increased awareness on acts of health; (2) reciprocal sharing of health information supports social accountability over distance; and (3) positive dialogue around health enhances support on healthy living. By providing insights into distributed family/friends interactions and experiences with the application, we identify benefits, challenges, and opportunities for future design interventions that promote healthy behaviors.
Transient deformation and curvature evolution during the snap-through of a bistable laminate under asymmetric point load

Abstract Bistable carbon fiber composites, whose bistability arises from having asymmetric fiber layouts in different layers, have shown immense potential for using in shape morphing and adaptive structure applications. While many studies in this field focus on these composite laminates' external shapes at the two stable states, their snap-through behavior of shifting from one stable shape to the other remains a critical aspect to be investigated in complete detail. Moreover, symmetric loading conditions have been extensively studied based on the classical lamination theory, but the asymmetric loading conditions received far less attention. Therefore, this study examines an asymmetric, localized point load on a [ 0 ∘ / 90 ∘ ] bistable laminate and its complex transient deformation during the snap-through. Finite element simulation and experiment results reveal three uniquely different snap-through behaviors — two-step snap, one-step snap, and no snap — depending on the point load location. The localized initiation and propagation of a “curvature inversion zone,” calculated from finite element and digital image correlation results, are directly related to these snap-through characteristics. This study also explored the feasibility of using an extended analytical model of classical lamination theory to qualitatively reproduce the above findings. This model compares three polynomial functions of different orders to approximate the out-of-plane laminate displacement field. This study's results can offer valuable insights into the fundamental mechanics of snap-through behaviors and the actuation designs for the bistable composites for different loading scenarios.
From 'Preferred Position' to 'Poor Relation': History, Wilkie v. Robbins, and the Status of Property Rights Under the Takings Clause

This article discusses the status of constitutional property rights in light of the Supreme Court's 2007 decision in Wilkie v. Robbins. In Wilkie, the Court rejected a property owner's claim that he had been retaliated against by federal officials for exercising his right to resist an uncompensated taking of his property (notwithstanding the Court's prior precedents recognizing similar claims in the context of other constitutional rights).This article suggests that Wilkie reveals an attitude among the Justices that property rights are less worthy of judicial protection than other rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Additionally, the article contrasts this attitude with that of the early American legal culture, which gave property rights the preferred position among constitutional liberties and viewed the judiciary as a bulwark against the encroachment of those rights by the political branches of government. The article concludes by noting the importance this change in judicial attitude may have for constitutional rights generally. If rights as central to early constitutional understandings as those relating to property can be relegated based on shifting judicial preferences, then other rights would appear equally vulnerable.
DIZZINESS, PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTION, AND GAIT ASSESSMENT FOLLOWING SPORT-RELATED CONCUSSION:

Background:Dizziness after concussion can be detrimental to both the physical and psychosocial wellbeing of patients. Vestibular symptoms, in particular, can amplify postural instability, which may...
Effects of Peer Mentoring for Caregivers of Patients With Acquired Brain Injury: A Preliminary Investigation of Efficacy.

Abstract Objective To evaluate effectiveness of a peer mentor intervention for caregivers of patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) in encouraging caregiver participation in support services to prepare them for the role of caregiving and in reducing caregiver stress and depression. Design Controlled trial with participants randomized to either usual care or 1-to-1 visits with a family caregiver peer mentor during the ABI inpatient rehabilitation stay. Setting Nonprofit rehabilitation hospital specializing in care of persons with brain and spinal cord injury. Participants Caregivers (N=36) of patients with ABI admitted for rehabilitation whose discharge location was home with care provided by family members (caregivers: 93% female; 58% White; mean age, 48±10.4y). Interventions One-to-one peer mentoring visits during the inpatient stay with a trained peer mentor who is also a family caregiver of a survivor of brain injury. Main Outcome Measures Frequency of participation in support services for family caregivers, reported caregiver stress, and reported caregiver depressive symptoms. Results There was no difference between groups in participation in support services for family caregivers. Participants in the peer mentor intervention group reported significantly greater improvement in caregiver stress at discharge and 30 days post discharge than participants in the usual care group. Reported depressive symptoms were also lower for the intervention group, but change scores did not achieve statistical significance at discharge or 30-day follow-up. Conclusions Peer mentoring appears to improve caregivers’ ability to handle the stress of caregiving and reduces reported depressive symptoms. There was no between-group difference noted in participation in support services for families; however, participation was adversely affected by restrictions imposed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, which may have masked any effect.
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Air Pollution Studies

Air pollutant samples are very complex in nature, containing chemical species which range in concentration from low ppt to high ppm levels.(1) Chemical compounds present in the atmosphere include both gaseous components and those present in dispersions of liquid or solid particles. Samples may be collected from ambient and interior (work space) air environments and mobile and stationary source emissions.
The Dynamically Reconfigurable Assembly System

Abstract An essential element of World Class Manufacturing is the existence of small, focused factories in which a variety of products can be made. Unfortunately, classical approaches to assembly automation result in systems which are difficult to reconfigure; i.e., to reprogram, refixture and retool. The Dynamically Reconfigurable Assembly System (DRAS) is a project at the Automation & Robotics Research Institute to address the issues involved in introducing more flexibility into assembly systems by making them able to be dynamically reconfigured for new products. Both hardware and software standards and architectures are being developed to facilitate the reconfiguration of DRAS in minutes instead of the usual weeks. The requirements for such a system and the hardware and software architecture will be described.
Sequence conservation in potential regulatory regions of the mouse and human leukocyte common antigen gene.

Abstract The leukocyte common antigen is a family of glycoproteins uniquely expressed by cells of hemopoietic origin. The family is generated by alternative splicing of 3 exons, and individual members are expressed in a cell type-specific fashion. The glycoprotein consists of a heavily glycosylated exterior domain of approximately 100 kDa, a single membrane spanning region, and a cytoplasmic domain that has homology to a protein tyrosine phosphatase of 83 kDa. To further understand the regulation and structure of this family of molecules, genomic clones were isolated from mouse lambda and cosmid libraries. The genomic organization was determined from 20 genomic clones. Eighteen of the clones clustered within a 75-kilobase region, whereas the promoter region, the exons for the 5'-untranslated region, and the leader domain are located an unknown distance further 5' within in an unlinked clone. The gene is composed of 34 exons: two 5'-untranslated exons, 1a and 1b, and 32 exons that encode protein sequence. Exon 2 contains part of the 5'-untranslated region and encodes the 23 amino acids of the leader sequence. Exons 3-15 encode amino acid residues 1-538 of the external domain, exon 16 encodes residues 539-574, encompassing the membrane-spanning domain, and exons 17-33 encode residues 575-1268 of the cytoplasmic domain. Exon 33, the largest exon, contains the 1.1-kilobase 3'-untranslated region. A comparison between mouse and human (Hall, L.R., Streuli, M., Schlossman, S.F., and Saito, H. (1988) J. Immunol. 141, 2781-2787) promoter regions reveals significant homologies 5' to the transcription start site. The relationship between exon structure and glycoprotein structure is discussed.
Analysis of best management practice effectiveness and spatiotemporal variability based on different targeting strategies

In this study, ten best management practices (BMP) were implemented on agricultural areas in the Saginaw River Watershed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model based on four targeting methods (Load per Subbasin Area Index (LPSAI), Load per Unit Area Index (LPUAI), Concentration Impact Index (CII), and Load Impact Index (LII)). The effective BMPs both for targeting and non-targeting pollutants were contour farming (CF) (except total nitrogen reduction during total phosphorus targeting scenario), residue management 1000 kg/ha and 2000 kg/ha, strip cropping, recharge structures, terracing, and native grass (NG). In contrast, conservation tillage and no tillage did not reduce significant amount of pollutants for any combination of targeting methods and priority areas. In regard to spatial correlation between targeting methods, a strong relationship was found between the LPSAI and LPUAI methods both for the sediment and total nitrogen targeting scenarios. In addition, a similar result was found between the CII and LPSAI targeting methods. Regarding the spatiotemporal variability of BMP implementation plan, distinct change in priority area was observed in the case of NG implementation by the end of the second year; however, this impact was minimal for CF due to less pollutant reduction efficiency compared to NG. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Placental bacteremia: a significant finding in septic abortion accompanied by vascular collapse.

Abstract A preliminary report is made of seven cases of septic abortion, associated with hypotension not related to blood loss. In severe cases a placental lesion characterized by bacteremia of the fetal vessels was found. Pathological findings, including those at autopsy in four cases, are presented. Management of these cases is discussed.
Review: The Unified Learning Model: How Motivational, Cognitive, and Neurobiological Sciences Inform Best Teaching Practices

The Unified Learning Model: How Motivational, Cognitive, and Neurobiological Sciences Inform Best Teaching Practices . By Duane F. Shell, David W. Brooks, Guy Trainin, Kathleen M. Wilson, Douglas F. Kauffman and Lynne M. Herr . 2009. Springer (ISBN 9789048132140). 211 pp. Hardcover. $139.00. This is an excellent book about how learners learn and behave in a classroom and how this understanding about learning could be put to use by teachers for effective teaching. The authors present the Unified Learning Model (ULM), which is based on three basic principles of learning, namely working memory allocation, prior knowledge, and motivation. The book is divided into two parts. In the first, the basic principles of ULM that cause learning are described in detail, and in the second part application of the model to develop effective teaching and learning strategies is discussed. There are several learning theories and models in contemporary education literature that have created conflicts and confusion in the minds of teachers and education researchers because these theories use different vocabulary and explain only certain aspects of learning phenomena. The ULM is an attempt to connect different learning theories and encompass almost all the aspects of learning. The authors explain with clarity the three basic principles of learning and their connection to form the ULM. The first chapter is a brief introduction to the ULM. In chapter 2, "Learning," the authors do an excellent job of explaining …
The Politics of Aid Effectiveness: Why Better Tools can Make for Worse Outcomes

The recent focus on impact evaluation within development economics has lead to increased pressure on aid agencies to provide "hard evidence", i.e. results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to motivate how they spend their money. In this paper I argue that even though RCTs can help us better understand if some interventions work or not, it can also reinforce an existing bias towards focusing on what generates quick, immediately verifiable and media-packaged results, at the expense of more long term and complex processes of learning and institutional development. This bias comes from a combination of public ignorance, simplistic media coverage and the temptation of politicians to play to the simplistic to gain political points and mitigate the risks of bad publicity. I formalize this idea in a simple principal-agent model with a government and an aid agency. The agency has two instruments to improve immediately verifiable outcomes; choose to spend more of the resources on operations rather than learning or select better projects/programs. I first show that if the government cares about long term development, then incentives will be moderated not to push the agency to neglect learning. If the government is impatient, though, then the optimal contract leads to stronger incentives, positively affecting the quality of projects/programs but also negatively affecting the allocation of resources across operations and learning. Finally, I show that in the presence of an impatient government, then the introduction of a better instrument for impact evaluation, such as RCTs, may actually decrease aid effectiveness by motivating the government to chose even stronger incentives.
How Did the Spanish Financial System Survive the First Stage of the Global Crisis

This article analyzed the impact of the global crisis on the Spanish financial system between 2008 and 2010. It shows that, overall, the performance of the largest Spanish financial institutions was positive. The article examined why, and outlined some lessons. It contendedthat this response was largely driven by institutional, political, and cultural factors. At the same time, the article showed that as the crisis intensified, Spain's banking sector could not escape its dramatic effects. Deteriorating economic conditions, the implosion of the real estate market, the dependence on wholesale funding, weaknesses in the regulatory framework, and the role of the Bank of Spain all helped to explain this reversal. Finally, the article considered the Spanish experience within the framework of the varieties of capitalism literature. It showed that differences among financial systems persist. Indeed, in Spain, the crisis has led to extensive regulatory intervention, reinforcing the preexisting model.
Interviewing the Interpretive Researcher: A Method for Addressing the Crises of Representation, Legitimation, and Praxis

In this article the authors outline five types of debriefing and introduce a new type of debriefing, namely, that of debriefing the interpretive researcher. Next they present eight main areas accompanied by example questions to guide the interviewer when debriefing the researcher. They also present five authenticity criteria developed by Guba and Lincoln (1989) and include possible interview questions to document the degree to which the researcher has met these criteria. Finally, using Miles and Huberman’s (1994) framework, they illustrate how displays such as matrices can be used to collect, analyze, and interpret debriefing interview data as well as leave an audit trail.
Hiring Good Colleagues: What You Need to Know about Interviewing New Teachers

Abstract Employers need a systematic approach for sorting and selecting the best new hires, and hiring may be enhanced by the use of teachers in the process. This article discusses information-rich job advertisements, behavior-based interview questions, and how to objectively evaluate candidates in preliminary and on-site interviews. Candidates' past behavior is the best predictor of their future performance, and developing an approach to hiring that evaluates applicants' preparation, experience, and expertise is the best way to ensure the hire of a strong new colleague. The article specifically addresses what teachers need to know when involved in hiring their colleagues.
Palestinian and Israeli Voices in Five Years of U.S. Newspaper Discourse

This article describes a comprehensive discourse analysis of U.S. newspaper coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over a five-year period, 2002 through 2006. Critical discourse analysis has been combined with corpus linguistics to produce integrated qualitative and quantitative analyses of six dimensions of the discourse: (1) direct quotes, (2) indirect quotes (3) terms denoting violence, (4) terms denoting negative emotions, (5) terms denoting conflict, and (6) positive discourse. These dimensions of discourse with respect to Israeli and Palestinian authorities and civilians led to a number of conclusions that, in general, the discourse is characterized by terms denoting violence, conflict, and negative emotion.
New titanium alloys for blended elemental powder processing

Abstract Six powder metallurgy titanium alloys based on commercial compositions were prepared using blended elemental titanium sponge and master alloy powders. The compositions were Ti-6Al-4V; Ti-6Al-4V + 0.5Fe; Ti-6Al-4V + 0.5Ni; Ti-6Al-6V-2Zr + 1Fe + 1Cu; Ti-6Al-6Zr-6Mo and Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The powders were cold isostatically pressed at 400 MPa and sintered at 1238 °C for 4 hours. The as-sintered samples had ∼ 94% of the theoretical density, uniaxial yield strengths from 710 to 880 MPa and reductions in area from 0.5 to 8%. After a hot isostatic pressing cycle of 900 °C and 100 MPa for 2 h, the samples had ∼ 99% of the theoretical density, yield strengths from 840 to 1035 MPa and reductions in area from 5 to 15%.
The local asymptotic minimax adaptive property of a recursive estimate

Abstract A locally asymptotically normal estiamtion problem generated by independent and identically distributed generalized random variables is considered. A recursive estimate based on a stochastic approximation method, a modification of an estimate proposed by Sakrison, is shown to be locally asymptotically minimax. For a nonparametric generalization of the estimation problem, a modification of the estimate is shown locally asymptotically minimax adaptive.
Early findings on toxicity of proton beam therapy with concurrent chemotherapy for nonsmall cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Concurrent chemoradiation therapy, the standard of care for locally advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), can cause life-threatening pneumonitis and esophagitis. X-ray (photon)-based radiation therapy (RT) often cannot be given at tumoricidal doses without toxicity to proximal normal tissues. We hypothesized that proton beam therapy for most patients with NSCLC could permit higher tumor doses with less normal-tissue toxicity than photon RT delivered as 3-dimensional conformal RT (3D-CRT) or intensity-modulated RT (IMRT). METHODS: We compared the toxicity of proton therapy+concurrent chemotherapy in 62 patients with NSCLC (treatment period 2006-2008) with toxicity for patients with similar disease given 3D-CRT+chemotherapy (n = 74; treatment period 2001-2003) or IMRT+chemotherapy (n = 66; treatment period 2003-2005). Proton therapy to the gross tumor volume was given with weekly intravenous paclitaxel (50 mg/m2) and carboplatin (area under the curve 2 mg/mL/min). The primary endpoint was toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0). RESULTS: Median follow-up times were 15.2 months (proton), 17.9 months (3D-CRT), and 17.4 months (IMRT). Median total radiation dose was 74 Gy(RBE) for the proton group versus 63 Gy for the other groups. Rates of severe (grade ≥3) pneumonitis and esophagitis in the proton group (2% and 5%) were lower despite the higher radiation dose (3D-CRT, 30% and 18%; IMRT, 9% and 44%; P<.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: We found that higher doses of proton radiation could be delivered to lung tumors with a lower risk of esophagitis and pneumonitis. A randomized comparison of IMRT versus proton therapy is underway. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.