cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prenatal dental development in the black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya).

Prenatal dental development was investigated in 19 black howler monkey fetuses that ranged in crown-rump length from 84 mm to 170.5 mm. During this period of fetal development, all of the deciduous teeth and the first permanent molars were found to pass through various stages of crown and root formation. The deciduous incisors, canines, and first molars each calcified from a single calcification center. The second deciduous molars each calcified from two separate calcification centers. And, the third deciduous and first permanent molars each calcified from four separate calcification centers. The morphogenetic events involved in the establishment of the molar crown patterns were found to differ markedly from those of their counterparts among catarrhine primates. In all cases, however, the calcification sequence was found to be directly related to the morphology of the developing crown.
The effect of migration on maximum opportunity for selection.

The effect of migration on the maximum opportunity for selection is analyzed using koseki data the Japanese family registration records of a village population in a small island. When selection intensity is divided into 2 components migration greatly influences the variance of the mortality component of the original formula. The difference in selection intensity with and without allowance for migration is conspicuous in the recent cohort; the intensity with a migration component shows a consistent increase whereas it declined in the original formula. The implications of this are discussed in the context of the genetic structure of a population of small size changing rapidly over time. (authors)
Trabecular bone density and menstrual function in women runners

Osteoporosis results in decreased bone mineral mass and reduced trabecular bone density. Although its etiology remains unknown, studies have revealed differential changes in the bone mineral densities of postmenopausal women, anorexic women, and amenorrheic female athletes. Correlations have also been made between estrogen deficiency and osteoporosis in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In order to examine the possibility of osteopenia, a group of 36 female runners between the ages of 15 and 44 years were evaluated for bone mineral density, menstrual function, and dietary habits. Serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were also determined for each participant, as were complete blood counts. Using dual photon absorptiometry, all participants underwent a 20 minute scan of the lumbar spine with specificity to the L1-14 vertebrae. The 36 subjects included 19 oligomenorrheic and 17 eumenorrheic women. Results of bone density analyses revealed that the oligomenorrheic runners had significantly lower calibrated bone mineral density (CBMD) than their eumenorrheic counterparts (P less than or equal to 0.01). Likewise, the PTH levels of the oligomenorrheic runners were also significantly lower (P less than or equal to 0.01). Analysis of dietary logs revealed no significant differences between the dietary habits, the calcium intake, or the caloric intake of the two groups. The data from this study indicate that there is a relationship between reduced serum PTH levels and the oligomenorrheic state. The loss of the protective effect of estrogen in the oligomenorrheic runners possibly contributed to their reduced bone mineral densities and could be a contributing factor in osteopenia.
Phase Diagrams for the Systems Si-O and Cr-O

Equilibrium studies in the systems Si-O and Cr-O at high temperatures indicate that no stable intermediate compounds exist between the metals and the oxides, SiO2 or Cr2 O3, up to solidus temperatures. In both systems, there is a large concentration range of coexistence of two liquid phases above liquidus temperatures.
Scapegoating in Small Groups: An Organizational Approach

We present findings from a videotape study of naturally occurring scapegoating incidents in a Tavistock Group Relations Training Conference. Videotape recordings of three successive sessions from each of four study groups revealed nine scapegoating incidents. We offer an empirical description of the incidents together with a sociopsychological theoretical analysis. Aspects of the tasks, social structure, and culture of the group-relations training conference as a temporary organization led to a reliance upon the projective identification of work difficulties into individuals who were then scapegoated. We identify the phenomenon of task displacement in which groups whose task performance is inherently hard to measure unwittingly shift their emphasis from achievement to conformity. This may be a general phenomenon in HEW-type organizations of which the group-relations training conference is one.
Reconstruction of fiber trajectories via population-based estimation of local orientations

White matter fiber tractography plays a key role in the in vivo understanding of brain circuitry. For tract-based comparison of a population of images, a common approach is to first generate an atlas by averaging, after spatial normalization, all images in the population, and then perform tractography using the constructed atlas. The reconstructed fiber trajectories form a common geometry onto which diffusion properties of each individual subject can be projected based on the corresponding locations in the subject native space. However, in the case of High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI), where modeling fiber crossings is an important goal, the above-mentioned averaging method for generating an atlas results in significant error in the estimation of local fiber orientations and causes a major loss of fiber crossings. These limitatitons have significant impact on the accuracy of the reconstructed fiber trajectories and jeopardize subsequent tract-based analysis. As a remedy, we present in this paper a more effective means of performing tractography at a population level. Our method entails determining a bipolar Watson distribution at each voxel location based on information given by all images in the population, giving us not only the local principal orientations of the fiber pathways, but also confidence levels of how reliable these orientations are across subjects. The distribution field is then fed as an input to a probabilistic tractography framework for reconstructing a set of fiber trajectories that are consistent across all images in the population. We observe that the proposed method, called PopTract, results in significantly better preservation of fiber crossings, and hence yields better trajectory reconstruction in the atlas space.
High speed bulk data transfer using the SSH protocol

SSH is a highly successful multipurpose protocol used for both interactive shells and transport layer mechanisms. However, a design choice in most implementations of SSH reduces its functionality as bulk data transport tool in high performance network environments. This paper will discuss the nature of this limitation, the functional barriers it imposes, a method by which it can be remedied, and introduces a high performance implementation based on the industry standard, OpenSSH. Additionally, the authors will introduce a method by which performance on multi-core systems is improved through the use of cipher multi-threading.
High performance speed and position tracking of induction motors using multi-layer fuzzy control

An electric drive system is considered high performance when the rotor position or shaft speed can be made to follow a preselected track at all times. The design of tracking controllers for induction motors is difficult due to motor nonlinearities and unknown load dynamics. An extension to fuzzy control, multi-layer fuzzy control (MLFC), is proposed and applied to high performance tracking of induction motors. The MLFC has two layers. The first layer is the execution layer which is made up of small subcontrollers. The second layer is the supervisor layer which fuzzily combines the execution layer subcontrollers to achieve the system objectives. The design and the tuning of the controller is simpler because of the layered topology. The MLFC tracking controllers are tested in the laboratory and their effectiveness in tracking applications is verified. The ease of controller tuning is also demonstrated.
A simple model for relating concentrations and fluctuations of trace reactive species to their lifetimes in the atmosphere

[1] By means of a simple analytical one-dimensional (1-D) model, we predict mean vertical structure and fluctuations in trace gas concentrations as a function of species lifetime in the atmosphere. The model assumes a well-mixed planetary boundary layer (PBL) overlain by a free troposphere with constant diffusivity separated by a jump in species concentration. A jump in concentration is also assumed across the tropopause, and an exponential increase in diffusivity with height is assumed through the stratosphere. This three-layer model is applied to species with surface sources that have lifetimes of the order of days to years and predicts that the standard deviations of the concentration fluctuations normalized by the mean concentration are approximately proportional to the lifetimes of the trace gases to a power between −1/2 and −1, depending on altitude and lifetime. Observations from several long-range aircraft field deployments, which collected gas samples from within the PBL up to 12 km altitude, generally agree with this prediction. A relation of this type is useful for estimating lifetimes of trace gases in the atmosphere or, conversely, if the lifetimes are known, average entrainment rates in the measurement region. The model also predicts a relationship among the surface emission, mean concentration, and lifetime, so that given any two of these quantities the third can be estimated.
Edge-to-Edge Bailout Forward Contracts for Single-Domain Internet Services

Despite the huge success of the Internet in providing basic communication services, the Internet architecture needs to be upgraded so as to provide end-to-end QoS services to its customers. Currently, a user or an enterprise that needs end-to-end bandwidth guarantees between two arbitrary points in the Internet for a short period of time has no way of expressing its needs. To allow these much needed basic QoS services, we propose a single-domain edge-to-edge (g2g) dynamic capacity contracting mechanism, where a network customer can enter into a bandwidth contract on a g2g path at a future time, at a predetermined price. For practical and economic viability, such forward contracts must involve a bailout option to account for bandwidth becoming unavailable at service delivery time, and must be priced appropriately to enable ISPs manage risks in their contracting and investments. Our design allows ISPs to advertise point-to-point different prices for each of their g2g paths instead of the current point-to-anywhere prices, allowing for better end-to-end paths, temporal flexibility and efficiency of bandwidth usage. We compute the risk-neutral prices for these g2g bailout forward contracts (BFCs), taking into account correlations between different contracts due to correlated demand patterns and overlapping paths. We implement this multiple g2g BFC framework on a realistic network model with Rocketfuel topologies, and evaluate our contract switching mechanism in terms of key network performance metrics like fraction of bailouts, revenue earned by the provider, and adaptability to link failures.
Synovial sarcoma in children. A single centre experience

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a rare disease in the paediatric population, predominating in adolescents. Surgery remains the best treatment strategy for resectable cases. Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy can be used but have not proven efficacy. Metastatic disease and unsuccessful surgery are major prognostic factors. We describe four cases in children aged 7–13 years old. All of them were affected by SS of upper and lower limbs, and had satisfactory resections with different outcomes in spite of receiving diverse chemotherapy regimens. One of them is at the moment under treatment for relapse, two are disease-free and another died after metastatic disease.
Good governance and budget reform in Lesotho Public Hospitals: performance, root causes and reality

Lesotho has been implementing financial management reforms, including performance-based budgeting (PBB) since 2005 in an effort to increase accountability, transparency and effectiveness in governance, yet little is known about how these efforts are affecting the health sector. Supported by several development partners and $24 million in external resources, the PBB reform is intended to strengthen government capacity to manage aid funds directly and to target assistance to pressing social priorities. This study designed and tested a methodology for measuring implementation progress for PBB reform in the hospital sector in Lesotho. We found that despite some efforts on the national level to promote and support reform implementation, staff at the hospital level were largely unaware of the purpose of the reform and had made almost no progress in transforming institutions and systems to fully realize reform goals. Problems can be traced to a complex reform design, inadequate personnel and capacity to implement, professional boundaries between financial and clinical personnel and weak leadership. The Lesotho reform experience suggests that less complex designs for budget reform, better adapted to the context and realities of health sectors in developing countries, may be needed to improve governance. It also highlights the importance of measuring reform implementation at the sectoral level.
Variations of Urinary Antigens in Trophoblastic Proliferative Disorders1

A previous study of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) demonstrated 2 antigens, Ag 5 and Ag 6, characteristic of pregnancy and distinct from the biologically active hormone. In this study urine extracts prepared from male and female patients with trophoblastic proliferative disorders were tested for the presence of antigens Ag 5 and Ag 6. It has been possible to subdivide urine extracts containing biologically active HCG into 3 immunologic groups. Urine extracts which contain both antigen Ag 5 and Ag 6 were obtained from 5 of 6 patients with gestational choriocarcinoma, 6 of 9 patients with hydatidiform mole and 1 of 4 male patients with germinal tumor. A second group consisting of urine extracts obtained from 1 of 6 patients with gestational choriocarcinoma and 3 of 9 patients with hydatidiform mole did not contain detectable amounts of either antigen Ag 5 or Ag 6. However, a third antigen (designated as antigen Ag 5A) which cross-reacts with HCG antiserum was demonstrated. Urine extracts obtained from 3...
CAM05-5: Bandwidth Constraint Models: A Performance Study with Preemption on Link Failures

Bandwidth constraint models have been a topic of intense discussions at the IETF meetings. Three conventional methods have been described in informational IETF RFCs and their performance on a single link has been analyzed and discussed in the literature. In this article, we take a further step into analyzing their performance and optimal bandwidth constraint setting for a real network scenario. A new model is proposed and compared to existing ones when failure events may cause preemption of traffic trunks in a network. Our simulations results provide great insight on the benefits of the methods.
Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity

Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer temperatures and an earlier spring snowmelt.
Signal enhancement and background cancellation in collinear two-dimensional spectroscopies.

We present a polarization method that significantly improves the signal-to-noise ratio in two-dimensional (2D) spectra collected in a “pump-probe” phase-matching geometry by improving the signal strength and eliminating unwanted background signals. This beam geometry is particularly useful when collecting 2D spectra using a pulse shaper.
High Pressure Ternary Equilibrium in Aqueous — Hydrocarbon Systems

The possibility of using water as a solvent for aromatics extraction was first demonstrated by Arnold and Coghlan [1] in 1948 when they successfully extracted a nitration grade toluene from reformed naphtha. Experimental and theoretical work performed since then has led to a better understanding of the phase behavior of these systems. It is now possible to predict at least qualitatively and in a few instances quantitatively their binary equilibrium.
Language and literacy learning in developing communities via cellphones

This final abstract builds on the earlier four by studying mobile learning across multiple cultural contexts in the developing world. Now in its 6th year, the Mobile and Immersive Learning for Literacy in Emerging Economies (MILLEE, http://www.millee.org) research project aims to leverage the increasing ubiquity of the cellphone - the fastest growing technology in developing regions such as South Asia and Africa - to make language and literacy learning more accessible to children in rural areas and the urban slums. The educational intervention involves the design of educational game software that runs on the cellphone. The e-learning games target global languages such as English as a Second Language and Mandarin, so as to empower low-income children from minority-language backgrounds to integrate into the mainstream, global economy.
Clinical syndromes referable to failure of ovulation

Summary Concerning many of the endocrinologic matters upon which I have merely touched, an enormous literature has developed, but this I have refrained from reviewing in this brief summarizing paper. My purpose has been simply to call attention to the fact that failure of ovulation occurs not infrequently in ostensibly normal women, and that it is the responsible factor in at least a small proportion of sterility cases and in the most frequent variety of functional bleeding. With reference to the former problem there is after all much analogy between the two sexes. The more cases of sterility I see the more I am impressed with the frequency and importance of the male factor. Complete aspermia is not at all infrequent in men who otherwise seem quite normal, and in whom there is no history of gonorrhea, mumps, or other infections, and in whom the genitourinary specialist finds no evidence of infection of the prostate or seminal vesicles. The same statement can be made as to necrospermia, which likewise is a frequent finding. That such cases, like our anovulatory cases in women, or like those in which defective ova lead to early and perhaps repeated abortion, are of endocrine causation, probably of pituitary source, seems certain. It is important to recognize these abnormalities of ovulation, even though we must await further developments before we can hope to treat them with any hope of consistent success. The same fundamental defect, a failure of ovulation, is concerned in the most common variety of functional bleeding, and likewise implies a primarily pituitary dysfunction. It we could therapeutically bring about ovulation in such cases, we would be attacking the problem at its source. Instead of this, we must for the present depend on more superficial methods, such as the use of the anterior pituitary-like pregnancy urine principles, progesterone, and the androgenic hormone. promising field of investigation in the effort to find a means of promoting ovulation in nonovulatingy women is the study of the effects upon the ovaries of ovulating and nonovulating women of the gouadotropic principles found in the blood serum of pregnant mares.
Wittgenstein, Music, and the Philosophy of Culture

Language, for Wittgenstein, is anything but a stable and fixed set of names for things; the simple model of ostensive definition as the sole determinant of linguistic meaning does not survive the first section of Philosophical Investigations. Language, rather, is a myriad network of possible and actual actions that take place in particularized contexts, where the interconnecting relational linkages that emerge or reside within those contexts, those language-games, constitute in large part the meanings of our words and they constitute the preconditions for our verbal actions. This context-sensitivity applies to art and music as well as to language: art that we see or hear or read is in considerable part constituted by those relational interconnections. Thus the idea of a stable and fixed work of music or art, directly analogous to the model of the stable word given invariant meaning by direct reference or ostensive definition, is equally attractive to a mind seeking organized simplicity—and equally mythical.
Insight into On-Wafer Crystallization of Pure-Silica-Zeolite Films through Nutrient Replenishment

Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) is added to a pure-silica-zeolite MEL nanoparticle suspension and the mixture is subsequently used for preparing spin-on low-dielectric constant (low-k) films. The films are then characterized by ellipsometric porosimetry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nanoindentation. Investigation into the film microstructure indicates that the addition of TEOS significantly increases the fraction of the crystalline domains, decreases the inter-crystal mesopore size, and narrows the pore size distribution. Films with 12% TEOS loading have a mean pore size distribution centered at 3.5 nm (diameter) with a full width at half maximum (fwhm) of 0.8 nm, while those with no TEOS have a distribution at 11.1 nm and fwhm of 7.9 nm. At 12% TEOS loading, the reduced modulus and hardness are 11.0 and 1.12 GPa, respectively; without TEOS, the values are 6.4 and 0.57 GPa.
Association between airway hyperreactivity and bronchial macrophage dysfunction in individuals with mild asthma

Little is known about the functional capabilities of bronchial macrophages (BMs) and their relationship to airway disease such as asthma. We hypothesize that BMs from asthmatics may be modulated in their function compared with similar cells from healthy individuals. BMs obtained by induced sputum from mild asthmatics (n = 20) and healthy individuals (n = 20) were analyzed using flow cytometry for CD16, CD64, CD11b, CD14, and human leukocyte antigen-DR expression, phagocytosis of IgG opsonized yeast, and oxidant production. Asthma status was assessed by lung function [percent predicted forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1))], percent sputum eosinophils, and nonspecific airway responsiveness [provocative concentration that produces a 20% fall in FEV(1) (PC(20,FEV1))]. Asthmatics with >5% airway eosinophils (AEo+) had decreased BM CD64 expression and phagocytosis compared with asthmatics with <5% eosinophils (AEo-). Among asthmatics, a significant correlation was found between CD64 expression and BM phagocytosis (R = 0.7, P < 0.009). Phagocytosis was also correlated with PC(20,FEV1) (R = 0.6, P < 0.007), lung function (%predicted FEV(1), R = 0.7, P < 0.002) and percent eosinophils (R = -0.6, P < 0.01). In conclusion, BM from asthmatics are functionally modulated, possibly by Th2 cytokines involved in asthma pathology.
How to deal with presensitized candidates for heart transplantation

Purpose of review With increasing utilization of assist devices and adoption of calculated panel-reactive antibody (cPRA), the number of presensitized patients being listed for heart transplantation is increasing. An effort to standardize identification and management of such patients is paramount and recently initiated in the heart transplant community. The current review describes the basic concepts of presensitization and details the most relevant work including the latest advancements in this area. Recent findings More sensitive techniques in identifying presensitized patients have posed challenges in understanding the clinical relevance and implications of such testing. cPRA has been shown to benefit presensitized heart transplant patients. De-sensitization strategies have never been studied in a large clinical trial setting but a combination of plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin has been shown to be beneficial in small studies. Long-term positive outcomes of de-sensitization have been recently reported. Newer agents like alemtuzumab, bortezomib and complement inhibitors have been reported in case reports and series with promising results as de-sensitization strategy. Summary Data specific to strategies and therapies in heart transplantation are sparse and most knowledge stems from other organ transplantation. Consensus efforts to standardize care and also advance research in this area were initiated recently with hope for improving care for these patients.
A new linear V1A vasopressin antagonist and its use in characterizing receptor/G protein interactions.

We characterized a new iodinated, high affinity, linear V1avasopressin antagonist, phenylacetyld-Tyr(Et)Phe-Gln-Asn-Lys-Pro-Arg-Tyr-NH2. The antagonist bound specifically to the V1a vasopressin receptor in crude rat liver membranes with an apparentKd value of 0.168 nm. This affinity is ∼1 order of magnitude greater than that of the natural agonist, vasopressin. The inhibitory activity of the antagonist can be demonstrated by its inability to elicit activation and uncoupling of G proteins from the receptor. Thus, after occupancy of receptor sites in rat liver membranes with labeled antagonist and detergent solubilization, the labeled receptor (∼60 kDa) was eluted as a stable 400-kDa complex on size-exclusion chromatography. In contrast, when the receptor sites were occupied by the agonist [3H]vasopressin, the receptor eluted as a 60-kDa peak. Coincubation of membranes with iodinated antagonist and an excess of unlabeled vasopressin caused both reduced antagonist binding and a complete shift from the 400-kDa to the 60-kDa peak. The addition of vasopressin to unliganded 400-kDa fractions resulted in a 75% increase in [35S]guanosine-5′-O-(3-thio)triphosphate binding activity, indicating that the 400-kDa fraction contains complexes between the V1a receptor and G proteins. The vasopressin-elicited increase was inhibited by antagonist. Using specific antibodies and immunoadsorption to protein A/Sepharose columns, we found that G protein isotypes Gαq/11, Gαi3, and Gαs, and effector enzymes PLC-β1, PLC-γ2 and PLA-2 were associated with the antagonist-labeled receptor in the 400-kDa fraction. Because the 400-kDa complex was found in the absence of ligand, the V1areceptor and the appropriate G proteins and effector enzymes are likely preassociated with each other and do not aggregate after antagonist addition. The association of V1a receptor with the different specific G proteins and effector enzymes is consistent with the multiple actions of vasopressin on liver cells. Antibodies directed against a portion of the carboxyl-terminal domain of the V1a receptor interacted with 60-kDa antagonist-occupied receptor but not with receptor in the 400-kDa complex. These results suggest that the carboxyl-terminal region of the receptor is sterically hindered when coupled to G proteins. The iodinated linear vasopressin antagonist therefore allows stable receptor/G protein complexes and can be an important tool (along with the antisera) for use in the study of factors that control V1a receptor/G protein coupling.
Properties of new high-density fuel

The formulation of new high-density hydrocarbon fuel HD-2 and aero kerosene(RP-3) is studied.Density,viscosity,flash point and combustive calorific value of the complex fuel were measured and compared.The ignition and combustion performances of complex fuels with different HD-2 ratio were investigated by performance experiments on RBCC engine.The results show that HD-2 can remarkably improve ignition and combustion properties of RP-3,and increase the thrust of RBCC engine.
Arrays and Pointers

In this chapter, we describe some of the fundamental changes from C to C++ in the three areas of pointers, arrays, and pointer arithmetic. The changes are all designed to provide more type checking and to enable better run-time and compile-time control of array indices and memory allocation. For completeness, we briefly discuss some of these three areas in C and describe some well-known deficiencies of the C language implementations of these features. The effective use of pointers in C++ classes is emphasized.
Translational Research of Skin Substitutes and Wound Healing Products

The translation of basic discoveries to commercially viable tissue-engineered/regenerative medicine products poses scientific, regulatory, and economic challenges. Product development may be optimized within a Strategic Development Framework that takes into account not only the requirements for regulatory approval but also market demands and strategy, and emphasizes the formulation of a compelling value proposition. Continuing technological innovations promise new generations of skin substitutes capable of addressing additional unmet medical needs.
Infringement of Individual Privacy via Mining Differentially Private GWAS Statistics

Individual privacy in genomic era is becoming a growing concern as more individuals get their genomes sequenced or genotyped. Infringement of genetic privacy can be conducted even without raw genotypes or sequencing data. Studies have reported that summary statistics from Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) can be exploited to threat individual privacy. In this study, we show that even with differentially private GWAS statistics, there is still a risk for leaking individual privacy. Specifically, we constructed a Bayesian network through mining public GWAS statistics, and evaluated two attacks, namely trait inference attack and identity inference attack, for infringement of individual privacy not only for GWAS participants but also regular individuals. We used both simulation and real human genetic data from 1000 Genome Project to evaluate our methods. Our results demonstrated that unexpected privacy breaches could occur and attackers can derive identity information and private information by utilizing these algorithms. Hence, more methodological studies should be invested to understand the infringement and protection of genetic privacy.
The Control of Air Pollution on Indian Reservations

Changes in oil and gas production technology in recent years led to a boom in domestic oil and gas production. Between 2010 and 2014 petroleum production increased fifty-nine percent and natural gas production increased by twenty-two percent. While this production has reduced the nation’s dependence on imported fuel it has resulted in serious air pollution problems developing in rural areas of the western United States including Indian lands. The lack of effective air pollution controls on existing oil and gas well operations has made it difficult to control emissions from this industry. This article looks at the efforts being made to deal with air quality issues arising in Indian country that involve a legal regimen that differs from the program applicable to the rest of the nation. It examines the application of air pollution controls in Utah where approximately forty percent of the active oil and gas wells are located in Indian reservations.
A Systematic Review of the mHealth Interventions to Prevent Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Substance abuse in young adults is a public health issue with costs to the individual and society. There is mounting evidence that the increased uses of mHealth approaches have promise as a way to facilitate reductions in substance use. This systematic review evaluated the recent body of research on mHealth-based interventions for substance use, with aims of (a) examining the functionality and effectiveness of these interventions, (b) evaluating the available research on the effectiveness of these interventions for substance use, and (c) evaluating the design, methodology, results, theoretical grounding, limitations, and implications of each study. We identified eligible studies by searching electronic databases using Boolean methods. The reviewed studies (N = 12) indicated that that a wide range of Internet-based, text messaging, and smartphone application interventions have been developed to address substance use. Interventions had an assortment of features; participants in each study highlighted the ease and convenience of the interventions; and the majority of studies provided support for the efficacy of mHealth in reducing substance use. Mobile technology is a promising tool for reducing substance use and warrants further development. Future practice including the use of mHealth interventions can be an integral part of reducing substance use.
Piezo1 Mediated Mechanotransduction of Wall Shear Stress Activates Ca2+ Gating Secondary to Src Phosphorylation of Piezo1 and induces Angiogenesis

Vascular endothelial cell (EC) sensing of wall shear stress (WSS) in areas of disturbed hemodynamics induces severe neovascularization; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we de...
Elaborating UNCITRAL's Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law: Principles for Natural Persons

This article advances detailed proposals for an expansion of UNCITRAL’s landmark Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law to encompass several key issues of particular concern to individual debtors. Small entrepreneurs makes up the vast majority of business actors in the world today, yet most of the discussion in the Guide is concentrated on corporate insolvency resolution. The Guide currently makes reference to natural person debtors, but it offers little or no discussion or consideration of several of the most salient issues unique to natural persons, as opposed to juridical entities. Many of these issues have crystallized only after the Guide’s adoption in 2004, and a vast expansion of judicial and legislative activity on personal insolvency since that time has thrust these issues to the forefront of insolvency policy. This article thus advocates for a revisitation and expansion of the Guide by surveying in detail the most critical divergences in law and practice among existing personal insolvency regimes, including several of the newest laws adopted in 2015 and 2016. It proposes that the Guide’s discussion of these issues, and of the very goals to be achieved by an insolvency law, be augmented by consideration of these crucial emerging topics, which are of increasing concern for legislators seeking the very guidance that UNCITRAL and its Legislative Guide project had aimed to provide.
Corrected QT Interval and Methadone Dose and Concentrations in Pregnant and Postpartum Women

Background Methadone is a standard treatment for opioid dependence in pregnancy; however, its impact on maternal corrected QT interval (QTc) has not been evaluated. We studied the association between methadone dose and enantiomer-specific plasma concentrations and QTc among pregnant and postpartum women and newborns. We assessed the relevance of QTc screening guidelines for pregnant women and infants. Methods From 2006 to 2008, plasma methadone concentrations were measured during pregnancy, postpartum, and in cord blood in women treated for opioid dependence at a single treatment program. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were obtained at peak methadone concentrations in mothers and within 48 hours of birth for infants. Pearson correlations were performed at each time point for QTc and R-methadone, S-methadone, and total methadone concentrations and ratio of R-methadone/S-methadone concentrations. Results Mean (SD) daily methadone dose for the 25 women was 94.2 (39.1) mg during pregnancy and 112.5 (46.6) mg postpartum. During the third trimester, higher methadone dose and R-methadone concentration correlated with longer QTc (Pearson r = 0.67, P Conclusions QTc correlated with dose and R-methadone concentration during the third trimester. However, longer QTc was common among women during and after pregnancy. Given the relatively high rate of QTc > 450 ms, an ECG before and after methadone initiation is advisable for pregnant and postpartum women.
PID Design Example

This chapter continues to develop the example of proportional, integral, and derivative control. The analysis illustrates the classic responses to a step change in input and a temporary impulse perturbation to input. The techniques for analyzing and visualizing dynamics and sensitivities are emphasized, particularly the Bode gain and phase plots.
Enforcing Self-Regulatory Organization's Penalties and the Nature of Self-Regulation

Few issues are as poorly understood and under-theorized as the concept of “industry self-regulation.” The Second Circuit recently raised important issues about the nature of such self-regulations when it held that the industry’s self-regulatory agency, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), 1 lacked the authority to judicially enforce the fines it levies against member broker-dealers. 2
Entry of Insecticides into Animal Systems

The body surface of insects consists of a hard skin known as the cuticle. At first glance it appears that this barrier should be very effective against the entry of insecticides, but there are two main reasons why it is not: (1) the insect exposes a far greater surface area relative to its volume than the mammal, and (2) the insect cuticle is hydrophobic (i.e., lipophilic) so that it can resist desiccation and drowning. Most modern insecticides are apolar and therefore easily penetrate the insect cuticle. Mammalian skin, by contrast, is relatively resistant to the entry of insecticides. As a result, it is common that the acute oral toxicity of an insecticide is much higher in mammals than the contact toxicity, whereas the contact and oral toxicities are almost equal in insects. Though in insects cuticular penetration is usually the major pathway, in some instances insecticides do enter by way of the mouth, repiratory system, and other vulnerable places such as the antennae, eyes, and tarsi.
Transformation Formulas: 10th Order Mock Theta Functions

On page 9 in his Lost Notebook [232], Ramanujan offers eight identities for tenth order mock theta functions.
Cost-effectiveness of repeated interventions on failing arteriovenous fistulas

Abstract Objective Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) used for hemodialysis commonly undergo multiple percutaneous and open interventions to maintain functional patency, but it is unclear whether this strategy is cost-effective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of performing repeated interventions vs starting a new AVF. Methods We reviewed all patients with mature radiocephalic, brachiocephalic, and brachiobasilic AVFs at a single academic institution between 2007 and 2015 and assessed the clinical effectiveness of each open and percutaneous intervention to maintain functional patency after the fistula was created. These data were used to parameterize a Markov simulation model to determine the cost-effectiveness for performing an open or percutaneous intervention vs creating an AVF at a new anatomic location. This model compared strategies of creating a new AVF after the first to fourth reintervention within a 1-year time window, with the reference being creation of a new AVF on the fourth reintervention. Costs were measured from Medicare's perspective, and effectiveness was measured as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and time in functional access. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated by taking the ratio of the difference in cost and the difference in effectiveness between two strategies. Results A total of 720 AVFs that were created during the 8-year period reached maturity, and 407 (56%) underwent at least one intervention to maintain functional patency, with the median (interquartile range) time to first reintervention of 12.6 (10-17) months. For the strategies of creating a new AVF after the first versus the fourth reintervention, payer costs ranged from $3519 to $3922 for open procedures and $2134 to $3922 for percutaneous procedures. The ICERs for open interventions on failing AVFs were $357,143/QALY after the first reintervention and $95,876/QALY after the second reintervention. The ICERs for percutaneous interventions on failing AVFs ranged from $1,522,078/QALY after the first reintervention to $443,243/QALY after the third reintervention. Conclusions Whereas the clinical effectiveness of performing percutaneous interventions on failing AVFs diminishes after each reintervention, they are nevertheless less costly than creating a new AVF. In comparison, our data show that creating a new AVF is cost-effective after the second open reintervention procedure.
Automorphism groups of some pure braid groups

Abstract We find finite presentations for the automorphism group of the Artin pure braid group and the automorphism group of the pure braid group associated to the full monomial group.
An "In-Situ Binding" Approach to Produce Torrefied Biomass Briquettes.

Biomass-derived coal or “biocoal” produced using a torrefaction process presents a carbon-neutral option of coal for power generation. While torrefaction delivers a carbon content and hydrophobicity comparable to coal, it lowers its density and creates material handling, storage, and transportation challenges. Densification into briquettes would help mitigate these challenges. However, the torrefied biomass is difficult to densify and may require the use of binders, which are expensive and can be incompatible with respect to material and emissions. A cost-effective approach to utilize lignin in-situ of the biomass to promote binding during densification was demonstrated using a pilot-scale briquetter unit during this study. Lignin, a cross-linked polymer, tends to break down and lose its binding ability under high-temperature conditions of torrefaction. In this paper, we investigated the use of a lightly torrefied material as a binder―LTM (biomass torrefied in the transition region of non-reactive and reactive temperature ranges of torrefaction). When mixed with torrefied biomass and densified together under suitable moisture and temperature conditions, the lignin is shown to mobilize and provide binding to the briquettes. The results showed that briquettes produced using LTM as binder and 10% to 11% moisture provided in-situ binding, improved density and durability, and produced hydrophobic briquettes.
Mental Health Care Access Using Geographic Information Systems: An Integrative Review

A decade after the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act was implemented to ensure access to mental health and substance abuse services for U.S. citizens, accessing mental health care still is problematic for many needing services. More than 123 million Americans reside in federally-designated Mental Health Professional Shortage Areas (MHPSA) compared to 84 million living in similarly-designated primary care shortage areas and 62 million in dental health shortage areas. Health professional shortage areas are geographic areas that have a shortage of primary medical, dental, or mental health providers. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with spatial analysis approaches provide tools to understand the ever-changing distribution of health care, outcomes, and delivery to improve care. The aim of this integrative review is to describe and synthesize the literature on GIS approaches to improve access to mental health care services. GIS Bibliography, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Oalster were searched for articles between January 1, 1998 and January 1, 2018 that met established inclusion/exclusion criteria. Among the 138 articles reviewed, 18 met criteria and were included in the review. GIS approaches to improve access to mental health care can be categorized as (1) type of care (integrated, community), (2) contributions to access (distance, time, cost, perception of traveling, inequalities), and (3) the utilization of services. Results from the literature suggest closer examination of measures used to assess geographic variations in accessibility is needed for ultimately improving quality of care for people in MHPSA.
Turbulent particle deposition in a rectangular chamber: Study of the effect of particle size and ventilation regimes

The interaction of aerosol particles with wall surfaces is important in modeling their behavior. This interaction is usually represented in theoretical models as a loss term. The loss rate is the rate at which particles deposit or react with the surfaces. This loss term is important in many branches of aerosol science including human health and indoor air quality. Increased surface deposition usually means lower concentrations of airborne particles and hence, lower exposure to the inhabitants. If the efficiency of the particle deposition is influenced by factors other than the particle size, such as a natural convection of the air, this has to be taken into account to evaluate the results. In this research, test aerosol sized from 15 nm to 3 {micro}m are produced by several different aerosol generators; the gas burner, the Collison nebulizer, the condensation aerosol generator, the orifice atomizer and the Vibrating Orifice Aerosol Generator (VOAG). A rectangular chamber whose dimensions are 75 x 75 x 180 cm{sup 3} was used in this study. The particles were injected into the chamber, with a known ventilation and the concentration decay was monitored by the Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter (UCPC) and Optical Particle Counter (OPC). During the measurement, the air inside the chamber is moved by natural convection and ventilation effect. The results shows that the particle loss rate under the higher air exchange rate is larger and this is not only due to air exchange itself but also the wall deposition. The theoretical model presented by Benes and Holub (1996) agree with the experimental data better than the Crump and Seinfield (1981) model with the hypothesis of Plandtl`s mixing length. 118 refs.