cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends and Determinants of CHD Mortality:Changes in Risk Factors and Their Effects

Cardiovascular disease risk factor and mortality data collected since the 1978 Conference on the Decline in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality were reviewed. Risk factor and disease trends were generally parallel and compatible with current hypotheses of cause and prevention. A few discrepancies between risk factors and disease change were noted and discussed. Models were presented for estimating effects of risk factor and medical care changes on disease trends. Their usefulness and limitations were considered. An ongoing need was elaborated for systematic and innovative surveillance research to expand and improve the capability to measure, explain, and predict disease trends. Rational public health policy depends on competent and sustained surveillance.
Efficient feature representation employing PCA and VQ in the transform domain for facial recognition

In this paper a new fast facial recognition system employing the principal component analysis, in the transform domain, and in conjunction with vector quantization, TD2DPCA/VQ, is presented. A transform domain two dimensional principal component analysis algorithm (TD2DPCA) was recently reported which possesses high recognition accuracy and low storage and computational requirements. The TD2DPCA/VQ presented here, maintains the recognition accuracy of the TD2DPCA while considerably improving the storage and computational properties. Employing the TD2DPCA/VQ, the storage and computational requirements are reduced by a factor P, where P is the number of training images (poses) per individual, used in the training mode. Experimental results employing the ORL and Yale databases confirm these excellent properties, where it is shown that the storage requirements and the computational complexity, for P=5, are reduced by 80% compared to the, high-performance, TD2DPCA algorithm.
A Comparison of Leak Compensation in Acute Care Ventilators During Noninvasive and Invasive Ventilation: A Lung Model Study

BACKGROUND: Although leak compensation has been widely introduced to acute care ventilators to improve patient-ventilator synchronization in the presence of system leaks, there are no data on these ventilators9 ability to prevent triggering and cycling asynchrony. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of leak compensation in acute care ventilators during invasive and noninvasive ventilation (NIV). METHODS: Using a lung simulator, the impact of system leaks was compared on 7 ICU ventilators and 1 dedicated NIV ventilator during triggering and cycling at 2 respiratory mechanics (COPD and ARDS models) settings, various modes of ventilation (NIV mode [pressure support ventilation], and invasive mode [pressure support and continuous mandatory ventilation]), and 2 PEEP levels (5 and 10 cm H2O). Leak levels used were up to 35–36 L/min in NIV mode and 26–27 L/min in invasive mode. RESULTS: Although all of the ventilators were able to synchronize with the simulator at baseline, only 4 of the 8 ventilators synchronized to all leaks in NIV mode, and 2 of the 8 ventilators in invasive mode. The number of breaths to synchronization was higher during increasing than during decreasing leak. In the COPD model, miss-triggering occurred more frequently and required a longer time to stabilize tidal volume than in the ARDS model. The PB840 required fewer breaths to synchronize in both invasive and noninvasive modes, compared with the other ventilators (P CONCLUSIONS: Leak compensation in invasive and noninvasive modes has wide variations between ventilators. The PB840 and the V60 were the only ventilators to acclimate to all leaks, but there were differences in performance between these 2 ventilators. It is not clear if these differences have clinical importance.
Comparative Physiology of Acetate and Bicarbonate Alkalinization

In 1964, acetate was introduced into dialysis therapy as a substitute for bicarbonate to overcome the technical problem of precipitation of carbonate salts in the bath (Mion et al., 1964). At that time, a few studies were carried out to demonstrate that acetate was indeed an effective source of alkali during dialysis, and then this organic anion rapidly replaced bicarbonate in dialysis baths. Only after a decade or more of widespread use of acetate in dialysis have physicians begun to examine in detail the implications of the substitution of acetate for bicarbonate (Kveim and Nesbakken, 1975; Tolchin et al., 1977; Graefe et al., 1978; Vreeman et al., 1980). These investigations increased our understanding of acid-base balance in dialysis patients. At the same time, however, some controversy has arisen. Acetate has been condemned by some, but as yet no one has uncovered convincing evidence that acetate use should be discontinued altogether.
Distributed estimation and control for stochastically interacting robots

We introduce a distributed estimation algorithm for use by a collection of stochastically interacting agents. Each agent has both a discrete value and an estimate of the mean of that value taken over all agents. The estimates are updated according to a local rule when pairs of agents interact. In this paper we prove that the ensemble average of the estimates converges to the correct global average. We then use the estimate information to control the agents to a desired average value. Furthermore, we demonstrate the algorithm experimentally using the Programmable Parts Testbed.
Eden chairs AGU Meetings

The earth-related sciences are in a time of great excitement, and, moreover, we are seeing the advent of a strong multidisciplinary approach to the underlying themes in these sciences, according to H. Frank Eden, the recently appointed AGU Meetings Chairman for 1983 and 1984. He succeeds Martin Walt, who completes his term as Meetings Chairman with the upcoming meeting. Eden and Walt have been working closely on the 1982 Fall Meeting As senior science associate of the National Science Foundation's Directorate for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences (AAEO), Eden brings to the chairmanship a multidisciplinary approach from AAEO that is akin to AGU's longtime approach to its annual meetings. ‘The broad spectrum of disciplines genuinely interests me. I think the fact that scientists from all these disciplines get together twice each year is unique’ and is one of AGU's major strengths, he said. ‘I don't know any other broad branch of science where this happens.’ The best evidence of this approach at work is the increasing number of papers presented at the AGU meetings; this year's Fall Meeting is the largest AGU meeting ever, necessitating 8 full days of sessions.
Temporal near fields of a missile structure under plane wave illumination

Summary form only given. Discusses the interaction of a transient EM field with a conducting cylindrical body. The physical features of the body-of-revolution (BOR) model and the characteristics of the incident wave are of prime importance with regard to the means of interaction. The conducting BOR studied is a simplified missile structure consisting of a straight cylinder which is closed with an endcap on one end and linearly-tapered to a circular aperture on the opposite end. Different types of incident ultra-wideband plane waves are considered. The standard Gaussian temporal waveshape is investigated along with a wave that resembles a short single cycle sine wave (designated as the non-Gaussian plane wave). The structure response which is of particular interest is the axial electric field at the center of the BOR aperture which represents the field in the nose cone of the missile. The fins and other external details are omitted in this model since the dominant structure resonance corresponds to longitudinal skin currents occurring at a frequency where the axial length of the BOR is approximately one-half wavelength. The time domain response of the BOR to a given incident pulse is determined via the following approach. The response of the BOR to a true time-domain impulse (flat spectrum) is computed in the frequency domain via the method of moments. The range of frequencies computed is governed by the upper limit on the spectral content of the incident pulse. The product of the incident pulse spectrum and the impulse spectral response is found and the overall time-domain response is determined.
Hybridizing behavioral models: A possible solution to some problems in neurophenotyping research?

The use of batteries of single-domain tests for neurophenotyping research is a common strategy to achieve higher data density and explore different behavioral domains. This approach, however, is accompanied by several methodological challenges, briefly discussed here. As an alternative, this paper advocates the wider use of extensive “hybrid” protocols that assess multiple domains in parallel, or logically/logistically combine experimental paradigms, in a way that disproportionately maximizes the number of tested phenotypes per experimental manipulation. Several examples of this approach are given in this paper, demonstrating the potential to reduce time, cost and subject requirements for the experiments. Offering behavioral analyses that are lacking in the standard single-domain tests, such “hybrid” models enable innovative modeling of neuropsychiatric disorders by more thorough and broader investigation of complex phenotypical characteristics.
A roadmap for metapopulation research.

The theory of metapopulation dynamics now embraces a diversity of spatially structured populations. New and increasingly realistic models address important details of population and community dynamics. But general results are difficult to glean from such realistic models. Discovering the general behaviour of these models will require meaningful comparison of metapopulations with very diverse structures. A simple parameter space can be constructed to facilitate such comparisons. The axes defining this space determine both the structure of metapopulations and the potential for action of various persistence mechanisms. This exercise clarifies the relationship between metapopulation structure and dynamics, and illustrates future research opportunities.
Pulmonary artery compression by a saphenous vein graft aneurysm and contrast echocardiography using an agitated mixture of ten percent air, ten percent blood, and ten percent saline

Abstract This case illustrates the use of intravenous injection of an agitated mixture of 10% air, 10% blood, and 80% saline during intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in a patient with a saphenous vein graft aneurysm compressing the main pulmonary artery. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:1529-32.)
A DISCONFIRMATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEAR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING AND IRRATIONAL BELIEFS

Summary.-Fear of public speaking is associated with the personality variable of trait anxiety. Trait anxiety is also associated with irrational beliefs. Therapies designed to modify irrational beliefs have been successful in reducing fear about speaking and support the hypothesis that fear about speech is mediated by irrational beliefs. However, the present srudy showed that only one of 10 irrational beliefs, Demand for Approval, is positively correlated with fear about speaking. Demand for Approval scores were not statistically different for groups reporting high and low fear. The implications of the negative findings are discussed regarding cognitive processes and cognitive modification of fear about public speaking. McCroskey (13) argues that there are two major categories of fear associated with public speaking. Apprehension about communication is a technical term for general fear of presenting one's self publicly. Formal public speaking is only one component. There are other components which involve less formal dyadic communication, as in interpersonal relationships. He suggests that apprehension about communication is a reflection of and caused by generalized trait anxiety which has broad correlates in other aspects of personality functioning. McCroskey differentiates apprehension about communication from fear about public speaking. The latter is said to be a normal and specific reaction to opportunities for communication in public settings. He suggests that it is a reflection of and caused by state anxiety. However, recent correlational research ( 11 ) showed that both were associated with generalized trait anxiety and state anxiety. The findings thus question McCroskey's (13) distinction between apprehension abouc communication and fear about public speaking. It can be concluded on the basis of our recent data (8) that measures of fear of public speaking reflect both immediate situational stressors (state anxiety) and more pervasive personality characteristics (trait anxiety). The concept of anxiety pe7 se has also been conceprualized in many different ways (14). From a psychodynamic point of view, clinicians have understood anxiety to be associated with poor ego control of unconscious motives. More recently, however, Ellis (1) has suggested that anxiety sterns from a set of conscious beliefs which predispose a person to indulge in irrational and syllogistic reasoning processes. These beliefs determine the way in which people interpret and emotionally react to everyday activities. Among these 'Reprint requests should be sent to Jeffrey M. Lohr, Department of Psychology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.
Mechanism of inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by doxycycline in human aortic smooth muscle cells☆

Degradation of the extracellular matrix components elastin and collagen has been implicated in vascular diseases, including abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is involved in these disease processes. Our previous studies have demonstrated that MMP-2 derived from mesenchymal cells is required for aneurysm development in a murine model. Doxycycline is a nonspecific inhibitor of MMPs. In the present study, the mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of doxycycline on MMP-2 expression from cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and human aortic aneurysm tissue explants were studied. Doxycycline inhibited MMP-2 expression from cultured SMCs in a concentration-dependent manner (5-40 microg/mL; inhibitory concentration of 50%, 6.5 microg/mL). At normal therapeutic serum concentration (5 microg/mL) doxycycline significantly reduced MMP-2 production from SMCs (37%; P <.05), which were stimulated with conditioned media from macrophage or lymphocyte co-culture simulating the inflammatory milieu of AAA tissue. This correlated with a decrease in MMP-2 mRNA half-life, from 49 hours to 28 hours, which suggests that doxycycline inhibits SMC MMP-2 production in part by reducing MMP-2 mRNA stability. When AAA tissue was cultured for 10 days with doxycycline at concentrations of 2.5 to 40 microg/mL, the media exhibited a concentration-dependent decrease in both active and latent forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Doxycycline at a concentration of 5 microg/mL reduced active and latent MMP-2 secreted from cultured AAA tissue by 50% and 30%, respectively (P <.05). These study findings demonstrate that doxycycline at standard therapeutic serum concentrations inhibits MMP-2 expression from cultured human aortic SMCs and AAA tissue explants. Inasmuch as MMP activity contributes to extracellular matrix degradation in AAAs and atherosclerotic plaque, doxycycline may have potential value in treating these diseases.
How Are Substance Use Disorders Addressed in VA Psychiatric and Primary Care Settings? Results of a National Survey

Objective: This study examined interventions for substance use disorders within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) psychiatric and primary care settings. Methods: National random samples of 83 VA psychiatry program directors and 102 primary care practitioners were surveyed by telephone. The survey assessed screening practices to detect substance use disorders, protocols for treating patients with substance use disorders, and available treatments for substance use disorders. Results: Respondents reported extensive contact with patients with substance use problems. However, a majority reported being ill equipped to treat substance use disorders themselves; they usually referred such patients to specialty substance use disorder treatment programs. Conclusions: Offering fewer specialty substance use disorder services within the VA may be problematic: providers can refer patients to specialty programs only if such programs exist. Caring for veterans with substance use disorders may require increasing the capacity of and establishing new specialty programs or expanding the ability of psychiatric programs and primary care practitioners to provide such care.
Biodegradable aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane based on poly(ε‐caprolactone) and L‐lysine diisocyanate

A biodegradable aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane based on L-lysine diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol hard block segments, and 2000 g/mol poly(e-caprolactone) diol soft block segments was synthesized. The resulting polymer was a tough thermoplastic with ultimate tensile strength of 33 MPa and elongation of 1000%. The polymer displayed classic segmented thermoplastic elastomer morphology with distinct hard block and soft block phases. Thermal and dynamic mechanical analyses determined that the material has a useful service temperature range of around −40 °C to +40 °C, making it an excellent candidate for low-temperature elastomer and film applications, and potentially as a material for use in temporary orthopedic implant devices. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2990–3000, 2006
Host marking behavior in phytophagous insects and parasitoids

Oviposition behavior in phytophagous insects and entomophagous parasitoids is often modified by the presence of conspecific brood (eggs and larvae). Often, females avoid laying eggs on or in hosts bearing brood, a behavior that acts to reduce the level of competition suffered by their offspring. Avoidance of occupied hosts is typically mediated by cues and/or signals associated with brood. In this article, we review the role of Marking Pheromones (MPs) as signals of brood presence in both phytophagous and entomophagous insects. We place information about the function and evolution of MPs in the context of recent theory in the field of animal communication. We highlight the dynamics of host-marking systems and discuss how effects of MPs vary according to factors such as female experience and egg load. We also examine variation in the form and function of MP communication across a variety of insect taxa. While studies of MP communication in phytophagous insects have focused on the underlying behavioral mechanisms and chemistry of MP communication, studies in entomophagous insects have focused on the functional aspects of MPs and their role in ‘decision-making’ in insects. We argue that an approach that incorporates the important contributions of both of these somewhat independent, but complementary areas of research will lead to a more complete understanding of MPs in insects. Finally, we suggest that MP systems are model systems for the study of animal signaling and its evolution.
Labor Market Conditions and Violent Crime among Youth and Adults

Drawing on labor stratification and life course perspec- tives, this article extends recent work on the role of labor market conditions in neighborhood rates of violent crime by examining whether distinct aspects of labor market quantity (joblessness) and quality (secondary sector work and low-wage jobs) have varying effects on violent arrest rates for teenagers, young adults, and older adults. Drawing on data for census tracts in Cleveland, Ohio, we demonstrate that the relevance of the labor market for violent crime is contingent on the age group and characteristic examined. Labor market conditions have limited effects on violent arrest rates for teens. Older adult rates are influenced only by levels of joblessness. How- ever, violent crime among younger adults is affected by both the quantity and the quality of work. We discuss the theoretical and empirical implica- tions of these patterns. Do varying aspects of local labor market conditions affect neighborhood levels of violence? How do distinct characteristics of the labor market affect rates of vio- lence for groups at different stages of the life course? Are the quantity and quality of jobs equally important in explaining violent offending overall and for different age groups? Answers to these questions are necessary to more fully understand the structural connections between local economic conditions and levels of criminal involvement. Yet scant theoretical and empirical work has addressed these issues. Unemployment, low wages, and unstable work in the legal economy are prob- lems plaguing many U.S. cities in the postindustrial economy. This is particularly the case for older urban areas in the Midwest and Northeast. These problems have affected some communities more than others, as certain neighborhoods have more joblessness and higher levels of unstable and low-paying employment among those who work. Wilson (1987, 1996) and Crutchfield (1989) argue that weak labor market conditions are important for understanding why some local areas have high levels of a variety of social dislocations, including crime and vio- lence. However, only a small body of empirical evidence has been assembled
On coenrollment in clinical resuscitation studies: review and experience from randomized trials.

Context: Patients with acute life-threatening illness are candidates for enrollment in multiple trials. Whether patients are enrolled in multiple trials has implications for patient safety, trial enrollment duration, and study validity. Objective: We review issues related to coenrollment and propose guidelines for when it should be allowed. Results: There is no regulatory prohibition on coenrollment of patients in more than one study. Randomized trials of interventions for a variety of clinical conditions have allowed coenrollment without any reported deleterious impact on either study. Guidelines for coenrollment are proposed.
Aggregating levelized cost functions in microgrids for transmission grid operation

While much research effort has been devoted to operation of microgrids, how the economic benefits of microgrids can be integrated into the transmission-level main grids remains as an open question. Motivated by this observation, we position the microgrid operation problem that is compatible with the main grid operation problem. This paper first presents an economic structure where multiple microgrids can be aggregated into the transmission-level main grids through load serving entities. Assuming that a microgrid energy manager (MEM) can bid into the market through a load serving entity, we solve the optimal scheduling of various distributed energy resources (DERs) in a microgrid. We construct detailed cost functions for DERs taking into account the costs of aging and fuel. The resulting cost functions can be non-increasing in terms of power, which is significantly different from cost functions of traditional bulk power producers, and can hinder MEMs from participating in the market. However, we show that as a result of the optimal scheduling of DERs, a MEM can obtain a single linear bid, which is the marginal cost of the microgrid system for each time step. This is compatible with the market structure at the main grid level. We also show the impact of including levelized costs of DERs compared to a case assuming zero short-term costs.
Fill-in Theorems

In this paper, we study existential diagramatic theorems, i.e., theorems such as the connecting homomorphism lemma, in which certain exactness and commutativity conditions in a diagram imply the existence of an auxiliary map or „fill-in“ in the diagram, together with certain properties for the enlarged diagram.
Pre-Post-History of Tolman’s Cosmos

A unique extension of Tolman’s radiation cosmos with positive curvature is given based on its projective structure. The completed compactified manifold is a projective space P 4. The cosmologic singularity is a S 3 bounding the non-orientable space-time, which is a four-dimensional Mobius bubble enclosed in a solid ball of four-dimensional time. Complex extension of the manifold leads to a Mahler metric on CP 4, which is invariant under U4.
God and Explosions

Suppose, for simplicity, that there is the God. Yes. The question is, why He will do explosions? Why show bad example to future terrorists on Earth?
Exercise, unlike insulin, promotes glucose transporter translocation in obese Zucker rat muscle

Insulin or exercise stimulates skeletal muscle glucose transport, most likely by increasing both the number and activity of glucose transporters in the plasma membrane. Skeletal muscle glucose transport of genetically obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) displays a severe insulin resistance that results, at least in part, from a failure of net transporter translocation to the cell membrane (King, P., E. D. Horton, M. Hirshman, and E. S. Horton. J. Clin, Invest. 90: 1568-1575, 1992). The purpose of the present study was to determine if the obese rat muscle was also resistant to the action of acute exercise to increase glucose transport and, if so, to determine if the defect involved transporter translocation as seen in the resistance to insulin. The muscle glucose transport system was investigated in plasma membranes isolated from postprandial, sedentary or acutely exercised, lean and obese Zucker rats. Measurements of D- and L-glucose uptake by membrane vesicles under equilibrium exchange conditions indicated that an acute bout of exercise resulted in a threefold increase in the maximum velocity (Vmax) for lean animals (5.7 vs. 17.6 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1) and a 4.5-fold increase in the Vmax for obese rats (4.1 vs. 18.6 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1). For both lean and obese animals, this increase in transport was associated with an increase in transporter number measured by cytochalasin B binding (1.6- and 2.2-fold, respectively) and with an increase in the average carrier turnover number (1.9- and 2.0-fold, respectively). The results indicate that, unlike a maximal insulin stimulus, acute exercise of the obese Zucker rat promotes both transporter translocation and transporter activation in skeletal muscle.
Folic acid: effect on zinc absorption in humans and in the rat

The effect of folic acid on zinc absorption and utilization was studied in humans and in rats. Serum Zn response curves after a 25-mg oral dose of Zn was measured for 4 h with and without 10 mg folic acid. The increase in serum Zn expressed as AUC (area under the curve) was 57 mumol/L for Zn alone and 65 mumol/L with folate. Zn intragastric intubation experiments with rats showed that adding 4.4 or 176 micrograms of folate to test meals containing 13 micrograms Zn did not affect the bioavailability of Zn as measured by the retention of 65Zn by the liver and kidney. A 3-wk feeding test carried out with diets containing either 6 or 12 mg Zn/kg diet showed that adding either 2 or 160 mg of folic acid had no effect on growth or Zn uptake by the femur. These results do not indicate any inhibition of Zn utilization by folic acid.
The work of networks: Embedding firms, transport, and the state in the Russian Arctic oil and gas sector

The “network” has gained widespread acceptance within economic geography as a metaphor for economic interaction. Consistent with a global production network (GPN) approach, extractive industries ar...
Rotational Barrier in Phenalenyl Neutral Radical Dimer: Separating Pancake and van der Waals Interactions

Pancake π-stacking produces shorter contacts than van der Waals bonding but it has strongly preferred configurations. By high-level multireference average quadratic coupled cluster theory for the singlet and triplet, we identify the specific orbital component and the nonspecific vdW contributions in the prototypical pancake-bonded dimer of phenalenyl thereby explaining the configurational preferences.
School programming, design, and evaluation: a community/university partnership

For decades, educational leaders discussed the components of a successful educational program, yet they have regarded the physical setting as an institutional backdrop receiving scant attention. Widespread misconceptions reinforce the view that the quality of school building has no impact on academic performance. Consequently, a gap exists between the educators' view of improving quality and the process of planning schools. School buildings ought to be an expression of the fact that exploration and discovery are important parts of obtaining knowledge. Current learning styles and teaching methods suggest the need for a new form of learning environment characterized by different activity settings and smallgroup activities. This middle school reflects recent efforts to promote small schools. It is the result of a lengthy collaborative process between the county public school system and a university to develop a 600-student school that includes three academic houses, each of which functions independently but under the same principal. Although school construction was completed in 2000, this case study focuses on the stages prior to design development and after building construction. A key factor in this study is the creation of a building program that responds to a curriculum featuring integrative, active, real world learning that involves significant contact with adults. Another important factor in the development of this case study is the assessment of the completed building from the students’ and teachers’ viewpoint after one year of occupancy.
The Value of Paco2 in Relation to Outcome in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Background Postnatal assessment of disease severity is critical for analysis of mortality rates and development of future interventions in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Objective The objective of this study was to stratify the risk of mortality based on arterial Pa co 2 . Methods Retrospective analysis of infants ( n = 133) with CDH admitted to a regional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) center in two different periods: period I (1987–1996; n = 46) and period II (2002–2010; n = 87). Results The mortality rate (37%) was similar in both periods ( p = 0.98). Pa co 2 p = 0.03). The predicted survival rate was 84% if initial Pa co 2 was co 2 > 55 mm Hg treated with ECMO ( n = 83), the predicted survival rate was 11% if the Pa co 2 was > 88 mm Hg before the initiation of ECMO. Conclusion Pa co 2 , a surrogate of lung hypoplasia, may be useful for risk stratification in CDH. Pa co 2 co 2 > 80 mm Hg in the first ABG and/or before ECMO may indicate severe pulmonary hypoplasia.
Size-Controlled Flow Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using a Segmented Flow Microfluidic Platform

Segmented flow is often used in the synthesis of nanomaterials to achieve narrow particle size distribution. The narrowness of the distribution is commonly attributed to the reduced dispersion associated with segmented flows. On the basis of the analysis of flow fields and the resulting particle size distribution, we demonstrate that it is the slip velocity between the two fluids and internal mixing in the continuous-phase slugs that govern the nature of the particle size distribution. The reduction in the axial dispersion has less impact on particle growth and hence on the particle size distribution. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles from HAuCl4 with rapid reduction by NaBH4 serves as a model system. Rapid reduction yields gold nuclei, which grow by agglomeration, and it is controlled by the interaction of the nuclei with local flow. Thus, the difference in the physical properties of the two phases and the inlet flow rates ultimately control the particle growth. Hence, a careful choice of continuous and di...
Paula Lind Ayers: "song-physician" for troops with shell shock during World War I.

Background Little is known about the therapeutic uses of music during the First World War. This historical study provides a biography of Paula Lind Ayers (1891-1974), a vocalist, actress, and YMCA Entertainer who became known as "the girl who could sing away shell shock." Objective The purpose of this study is to describe Paula Lind Ayers' respite services during World War I and provide a contextual biography of her life. Methods The author conducted an exhaustive search regarding Paula Lind Ayers' life and her activities during World War I. Numerous databases were used to locate print sources. Libraries, archives, and organizations were consulted to obtain unpublished primary sources. The author evaluated materials via a recursive process that included corroborating evidence, assessing source reliability, and contextualizing information. Data were synthesized and analyzed for emergent themes. Results Findings suggest that Paula Lind Ayers developed a systematic approach using familiar, live singing that was effective in alleviating symptoms of shell shock. Her method was replicated by others overseas during World War I. After the war, she returned to a successful performance career until the Great Depression. No information was found about Ayers' life from the year 1929 until her death in 1974. Conclusions Understanding Paula Lind Ayers' contribution to music therapy provides a deeper awareness of past therapeutic uses of music with soldiers who experienced shell shock. Such understanding helps shape the way we view the present conception of music therapy with veterans and how we might answer questions that will affect the future of the field.
Osmosis in Cortical Collecting Tubules A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Osmotic Transient Phenomenon

This paper reports a theoretical analysis of osmotic transients and an experimental evaluation both of rapid time resolution of lumen to bath osmosis and of bidirectional steady-state osmosis in isolated rabbit cortical collecting tubules exposed to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). For the case of a membrane in series with unstirred layers, there may be considerable differences between initial and steady-state osmotic flows (i.e., the osmotic transient phenomenon), because the solute concentrations at the interfaces between membrane and unstirred layers may vary with time. A numerical solution of the equation of continuity provided a means for computing these time-dependent values, and, accordingly, the variation of osmotic flow with time for a given set of parameters including: Pf (cm s–1), the osmotic water permeability coefficient, the bulk phase solute concentrations, the unstirred layer thickness on either side of the membrane, and the fractional areas available for volume flow in the unstirred layers. The analyses provide a quantitative frame of reference for evaluating osmotic transients observed in epithelia in series with asymmetrical unstirred layers and indicate that, for such epithelia, Pf determinations from steady-state osmotic flows may result in gross underestimates of osmotic water permeability. In earlier studies, we suggested that the discrepancy between the ADH-dependent values of Pf and PDDw (cm s–1, diffusional water permeability coefficient) was the consequence of cellular constraints to diffusion. In the present experiments, no transients were detectable 20–30 s after initiating ADH-dependent lumen to bath osmosis; and steady-state ADH-dependent osmotic flows from bath to lumen and lumen to bath were linear and symmetrical. An evaluation of these data in terms of the analytical model indicates: First, cellular constraints to diffusion in cortical collecting tubules could be rationalized in terms of a 25-fold reduction in the area of the cell layer available for water transport, possibly due in part to transcellular shunting of osmotic flow; and second, such cellular constraints resulted in relatively small, approximately 15%, underestimates of Pf.
Smoothed Boundary Method for simulating bulk and grain boundary transport in complex polycrystalline microstructures

Abstract Grain boundaries have a major impact on material properties, but explicit consideration of the complex geometries of grain structures in simulations poses a challenge. In this paper, we present a general method for incorporating the effect of grain boundaries based on the Smoothed Boundary Method (SBM). By using multiple domain parameters to define the domains of different grains, this method circumvents time-consuming mesh generation steps that are associated with finite element calculations involving complex microstructures. To validate the approach, we evaluate the accuracy of the SBM against the sharp interface method. The capabilities of this approach were demonstrated through simulations of surface and grain boundary diffusion, as well as those of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This method is applicable to many material systems in which grain boundaries play a crucial role.
Analysis of Distortion Resulting from Frequency Error and Phase Error in Synchronous Demodulation

In synchronous demodulation, frequency and phase of a local carrier must be synchronous with sending station, distortion will be caused in output signals of demodulation as frequency error and phase error occur in the local carrier. By taking double side band amplitude modulation (DSB) and single side band amplitude modulation (SSB) as examples, the problems of distortion resulted from frequency error and phase error are discussed in detail with a quantitative analysis, through distortion contrast between them, an important conclusion that the distortion caused by frequency error and phase error is more serious in DSB than in SSB is reached.
10q(q23→qter) duplication: GOTs, HK1, and other gene markers

Gene marker analyses have been carried out in a patient with 10q(q23→qter) duplication. The observed elevation of red cell glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity is compatible with earlier somatic cell hybridization studies that mapped the locus to this region. Hexokinase-1 activity in the red cells was normal, which is consistent with its prior assignment to the unaffected part of chromosome 10 (10pter→q23).
Abstract 3625: Beyond SNPs: Utilizing NGS methods to detect copy number alterations at high sensitivity in clinical cancer samples

The emergence of novel technologies, including Next-Generation Sequencing, has enabled the identification of actionable variants in clinical specimens, which can then be targeted with molecular therapeutics in a precision medicine approach. In human cancers, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have become powerful predictors of response to certain targeted therapies. However, Copy Number Alterations (CNAs) also represent a major class of clinically actionable variants that are frequently identified in clinical cancer samples. CNAs account for more than one third of all actionable mutations. A major question in the clinical application of technologies such as NGS is whether CNAs are faithfully detected; a particularly important question given the prevalence of actionable CNAs in cancer samples. To address this question we prepared tumor samples from eleven distinct patients and compared CNA detection on two different NGS platforms. As an orthogonal method for validation, we compared the CNA detection results to Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) performed on the same samples. We observed 20 copy number amplification events across the eleven patient samples according to FISH analysis. By comparison, our internal NGS assay, termed ICG100, detected 19/20 (94%) amplification events, whereas an external, commercially available NGS-based test detected only 12/20 (59%) amplification events. Of the seven amplification events that were not identified by the external NGS test, six were considered clinically actionable variants. These findings highlight the discrepancies that exist amongst NGS library preparation chemistries and their abilities to accurately detect CNAs. The relevance of these findings is particularly underscored by the clinically actionable nature of the variants that were discordantly detected, including a high-level ERBB2 amplification. Citation Format: Sharanya Raghunath, Jackie Wayne, Aimee Shamo, Patrick Bradley, Moises Hernandez Abanto, David Loughmiller, Jason Gillman, Derrick S. Haslem, Gary Stone, Pravin Mishra, Lincoln D. Nadauld. Beyond SNPs: Utilizing NGS methods to detect copy number alterations at high sensitivity in clinical cancer samples. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3625.
Stabilization of Proceeds from Raw Material Exports

In going over the literature on the subject of the stabilization of the proceeds from raw material exports, I find myself following numerous distinguished predecessors. But though the area is well travelled, it still permits occasional discoveries, thanks to the continued shifting of the economic scene. Each age views commodity stabilization in the light of its own special problems. The problems of the 1950s differ, in many important respects, from those of preceding decades. Some merit may attach, therefore, to a periodic survey even when the surveyor must realize that he is not an explorer.
An Elevated Joint Line After TKA Leads to Increased Mid-Flexion Laxity

Introduction The aim of this study was to quantify mid-flexion laxity in a total knee arthroplasty with an elevated joint line, as compared to a native knee and a TKA with joint line maintained. Our hypothesis was joint line elevation of 4mm would increase coronal plane laxity throughout mid-flexion in a pattern distinct from the preoperative knee or in a TKA with native joint line. Methods Six fresh-frozen cadaver legs from hip-to-toe underwent TKA with a posterior stabilised implant (APEX PS, OMNIlife Science, Inc.) using a computer navigation system equipped with a robotic cutting-guide, in this controlled laboratory cadaveric study. After the initial tibial and femoral resections were performed, the flexion and extension gaps were balanced using navigation, and a 4mm recut was made in the distal femur. The remaining femoral cuts were made, the femoral component was downsized by resecting an additional 4mm of bone off the posterior condyles, and the polyethylene was increased by 4mm to create a situation of a well-balanced knee with an elevated joint line. The navigation system was used to measure overall coronal plane laxity by measuring the mechanical alignment angle at maximum extension, 30, 45, 60 and 90(of flexion, when applying a standardised varus/valgus load of 9.8Nm across the knee using a 4kg spring-load located at 25cm distal to the knee joint line. Laxity was also measured in the native knee, as well as the native knee after a standard approach during TKA which included a medial release. Coronal plane laxity was defined as the absolute difference (in degrees) between the mean mechanical alignment angle obtained from applying a standardised varus and valgus stress at 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90(. Results In full extension, 30(, 45(, 60(, and 90(of flexion, the native knee showed coronal plane laxity of 2.4, 6.5, 7.0, 7.8, and 9.5(, respectively. The above soft tissue releases produced increased laxity in extension and 30(of flexion. After TKA, the mean coronal plane motion was decreased at all flexion angles and remained consistent throughout arc of motion. With 4mm of joint line elevation, coronal-plane laxity increased by a mean of 1.4° at 30° of flexion (p=.0.0103), 1.5° at 45° of flexion (p=.0.0001), and 1.3° at 60° of flexion (p=0.0018) compared to the TKA with native joint line. Conversely, there was no difference in laxity at 0° and 90° between the initial TKA and after 4mm joint line elevation. Conclusions The computer navigated, well balanced TKA with a maintained joint line showed consistent coronal plane laxity throughout all flexion angles, while the native knee showed greater laxity at 90° than in mid-flexion. Further, as suggested by retrospective clinical reports, this cadaver study confirms that joint line elevation of only 4mm results in greater coronal plane laxity in mid-flexion. These finding suggest that maintaining the joint line in TKA is necessary to avoid increased mid-flexion, coronal plane laxity.
Cell phone-based diabetes self-management and social networking system for American Indians

The epidemic of diabetes in American Indian (AI) communities is a serious public health challenge. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes have increased dramatically with accompanying increases in body weight and diminished physical activity. Daily diabetes care is primarily handled by the patients and their families, and the effectiveness of diabetes control is largely impacted by self-care strategies and behaviors. Thanks to the quasi-ubiquitous use of cell phones in most AI tribes, in this paper we propose a cell phone- based proactive diabetes self-care system, MobiDiaBTs. It is customized for AI patients using a personalized approach that considers the unique social, cultural, political, and demographic characteristic of AIs. The platform effectively and automatically collects users' physical and social behavior data and offers real-time diabetes health recommendations. It also can help a patient to interact with fellow patients in a trust-worthy and privacy-preserving environment.
Perinatal Biochemical Confirmation of Smoking Status by Trimester.

Introduction Tobacco use during pregnancy is the most modifiable risk factor associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Self-reported tobacco use has been demonstrated to have high misclassification rates. The aims were to examine misclassification rates of perinatal tobacco use during each trimester of pregnancy and 8 weeks postpartum, and to evaluate characteristics associated with misclassification of tobacco use status. Methods This is secondary analysis of a prospective, multicenter trial of pregnant women, and it includes participants who were biochemically identified as tobacco users during their first trimester (N = 103). Each trimester and once postpartum, tobacco use was assessed via self-report and validated using a cutoff of 100 ng/mL for urine cotinine via NicAlert test strips to indicate current use. Those who self-reported as nonusers but were identified as users via urine cotinine were considered misclassified; misclassification rates were determined for each time period. Logistic regression assessed maternal factors associated with misclassification status. Results Misclassification rates declined from 35.0% at first trimester to 31.9% and 26.6% at the second and third; the postpartum rate was 30.4%. These rates did not differ significantly from each other at the 0.05 level. Race/ethnicity was associated with misclassification status; white/non-Hispanic women were 87% less likely to be misclassified (p < .001). Conclusion Misclassification of prenatal smoking status decreases as pregnancy progresses, though the observed rate change was not significant. Minority women may be at particular risk for non-disclosure of tobacco use. Biochemical validation should be considered when assessing perinatal tobacco use via self-report, given high misclassification rates throughout the perinatal period. Implications These results demonstrate that regardless of trimester, more than one-quarter of tobacco-using pregnant women may not disclose tobacco use throughout pregnancy and early postpartum. Although the rate of misclassification decreased from first to third trimester and then increased in the immediate postpartum, these changes in misclassification rates were not significant. Minority groups may be at particular risk of misclassification compared with white/non-Hispanic women. Biochemical validation is warranted throughout pregnancy to encourage cessation as tobacco use is one of the most easily-modified risk factors for poor birth outcomes.