cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Folded-crossed hypercube: a complete interconnection network

In this paper, the complete folded-crossed hypercube FCQn is proposed based on the folded hypercube [IEEE Trans. Parall. Distrib. Syst. 2(1) (1991) 31], the enhanced hypercube [IEEE Trans. Comput. 40 (3) (1991) 284] and the crossed hypercube CQn [IEEE Trans. Parall. Distrib. Syst. 3 (5) (1992) 513]. FCQn has such appealing properties as diameter of [n/2], degree of n + 1, much short mean internode distance about 75-62.5% of that of n-cube for n ≥ 6, and very low message traffic density only about 0.667-0.625 for n ≥ 4. Therefore, FCQn is a high-performance-low-cost architecture. Additionally, a general formula of mean internode distance of the complete hypercube-type architecture is given in order to analyze different hypercube-type architectures easily.
Two cytosolic neutrophil oxidase components absent in autosomal chronic granulomatous disease

Neutrophils kill microorganisms with oxygen radicals generated by an oxidase that uses the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as substrate. This system requires both membrane and cytosolic components and is defective in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. A cytosolic complex capable of activating latent membrane oxidase was eluted from guanosine triphosphate-agarose and was used to raise polyclonal antiserum that recognized 47- and 67-kilodalton proteins. These proteins were restricted to the cytosol of myeloid cells. Both proteins were associated with NADPH oxidase-activating capacity when neutrophil cytosol was purified on nucleotide affinity matrices or molecular sizing columns. Neutrophils from patients with two different forms of autosomal chronic granulomatous disease lacked either the 47- or 67-kilodalton protein.
CB1-02: A Comparison of Blood Pressure Measurements Derived from Primary Care Practice and Research Settings

Background/Aims Guidelines for blood pressure (BP) treatment thresholds and goals have been derived from measurements obtained in research clinics (RC), but few studies have compared BP measurements obtained in RC and routine primary care practice (PCP) settings, where decisions about BP treatment occur.
On the way to subcellular imaging of mechanotransduction in the developing vasculature

Endothelial cells that comprise vessels and line the heart are known to respond to mechanical forces imparted by fluid flow. It is also known that blood flow is required for vascular remodeling and that abnormal heart contractions lead to the failure of the vasculature to remodel properly. Although there is considerable evidence to indicate that flow is necessary, little is known about how mechanical signals are transduced in endothelial cells in the embryo. This project is focused on understanding the role mechanical forces play in the development of the cardiovascular system using recently generated FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) reporter that can detect real-time Src-kinase activity in cells using fluorescence microscopy. Src kinase regulates integrin-cytoskeleton interactions that are essential for mechanotransduction, and its activity is upregulated in cultured endothelial cells exposed to flow. Experiments reported here were focused on testing potential feasibility of the proposed technique to sense Src changes in vivo. Successful implementation of this project will reveal previously unknown signaling events involved in the mechanism of vascular remodeling and their relation to the blood flow, thus providing a unique tool for in vivo sub-cellular imaging of mechanotransduction in the vasculature and other organs.
Computer Modeling Using Spreadsheets and Related Software

Computer models hold a continuing fascination for political scientists. Part of their attraction derives from being working miniatures like mechanical toys. They also hold the less enjoyable but more scientific promise of allowing something akin to laboratory experimentation—denied to political scientists in most circumstances because of cost or the nature of the subject matter. Spreadsheets are powerful tools for the construction of simple or complex models. At their core, spreadsheets are nothing more than cells arranged in columns and rows into which labels, numbers, or formulas can be placed. The numbers and formulas can be arranged in infinite variety, and in modern spreadsheets they are supplemented by such features as built-in formulas called functions, macro languages which are highly flexible programming environments, data query features, and graphics capabilities. Edith Stokey's and Richard Zeckhauser's clearly explained difference equation models lend themselves especially well to rendition on a spreadsheet (1978, 47–73). Stokey and Zeckhauser furnish the case of public housing units in a city deteriorating at the rate of 10% per year to the point of being uninhabitable. If 800 units per year are built, will the total number of public housing units reach an equilibrium and, if so, will it be stable? Such a problem is expressed in difference equation form as follows: Units n = Units n − 1 – .1 * Units n − 1 + 800 or Units n = .9 * Units n − 1 + 800 The number of housing units in any year n equals .9 times the number of housing units in the previous year plus 800. The beginning of a spreadsheet solution to this problem is shown in Figure 1.
Partial resistance to infection by R5X4 primary HIV type 1 isolates in an exposed-uninfected individual homozygous for CCR5 32-base pair deletion.

It is known that certain individuals remain persistently seronegative despite repeated exposure to HIV-1. Studies have shown that some exposed uninfected (EU) individuals who are homozygous for a 32-bp deletion in the CCR5 gene are resistant to infection with non-syncytium-inducing (R5) viruses. In the present investigation, we provide evidence that a highly exposed-uninfected individual with the CCR5 32-bp deletion (EU Delta 32-1) also has partial resistance to syncytium-inducing (R5X4) HIV-1 viruses, when compared with unexposed-uninfected individuals with (UU Delta 32-1 and UU Delta 32-2) and without (UU-1 and UU-2) the 32-bp deletion. The partial resistance of EU cells was due neither to altered coreceptor expression, nor to specific mutation or deletion in the coding region of chemokine coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR3. While SDF-1, the ligand for CXCR4, blocked entry of R5X4 viruses to a similar extent in EU Delta 32 and UU Delta 32, there was a differential production of soluble factors by EU Delta 32. B...
The Existence of Optimal Invariant Stocks in a Multi-Sector Economy

The existence of optimal invariant stocks, i.e. stocks constant in an optimal programme, is studied in Koopmans (1971) and Hansen and Koopmans (1972) for an extension of the von Neumann model, in Peleg and Ryder (1974) for a model where utility depends on consumption, and in Sutherland (1967, 1970) for a more general model. Sutherland uses Kakutani's theorem to prove the existence of OIS; however, as discussed below, he leaves the existence of a nonnull one open. Theorem 1 guarantees nonnull OIS under essentially the same conditions that suffice in the neo-classical one-sector model, thus extending Peleg and Ryder (1974), while Theorem 2 gives equations that determine such stocks under additional assumptions. Our approach, like Peleg and Ryder (1974), depends on the Kakutani and the Kuhn-Tucker theorems. We thank Peter Hammond for his detailed comments, which led to improvements in this paper.
3DμV: a MEMS 3D visualization package

A 3D color graphics visualization package has been developed for MEMS design. The package takes input in CIF format and translates the 2D layout information into a 3D rendering of the design. The user can pan, zoom, and rotate the entire design, or select any individual object and translate, rotate, or scale it. 3Dmicrometers V allows interactive assembly and 3D modeling of hinged, out-of-plane structures. It is particularly useful when interacting parts need to be modeled. A kinematic modeler (collision detection and simulation) has been incorporated into the package. The user can easily manipulate parts and assembly structures, determine clearances, and check for design errors and unexpected inconsistences. Processes supported currently are two-poly/two-sacrificial surface processes (such as the process offered by MCNC in the US), and high aspect ratio processes such as LIGA. Depending on process complexity, new processes can be added to the system with very little effort. As a part of the UCLA MEMS synthesis and analysis CAD toolset, 3Dmicrometers V is public domain, and is available by anonynous FTP from synergy.icsl.ucla.edu. 3Dmicrometers V weas developed on a Sun Sparcstation and written in C with X11R5 Xt and PHIGS-SI graphics library.
Transcranial laser doppler mapping of activation flow coupling of the rat somatosensory cortex

Signal averaged laser Doppler (LD) through a thinned skull over the rat somatosensory cortex was used to map the spatial and temporal characteristics of activation-flow coupling, the change in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) due to neuronal activation, in response to electrical forepaw stimulation. The location of maximal changes in amplitude of the LD response was reproducibly recorded at 4-5 mm lateral to Bregma. This location is very similar but slightly posterior and lateral to results obtained from electrophysiological, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and optical imaging studies. The latency of the activation-flow coupling (AFC) response was inversely correlated to response amplitude, with shorter latencies at positions of maximal amplitude.
Characterization of mannide monooleate

Abstract Two lots of a specially treated mannide monooleate emulsifier were fractionated by column chromatography and characterized by TLC and GC; individual components were identified by mass spectrometry. Silica gel fractionation indicated the presence of three major classes of components: diesters, monoesters, and polymeric carbohydrate material. The diester contents of Lots 114B and 115B were 36.3 and 51.8 wt. % while the monoester content was 52.2 and 31.4 wt. %, respectively. The carbohydrate polymer content amounted to 11.2 and 15.8 wt. %, respectively. The mannide monooleate (as the chemical entity) content within Lots 114B and 115B was 33.6 and 20 wt. %, respectively, while the mannide dioleate content varied from 21.9 wt. % (114B) to 29.2 wt. % (115B). Six cyclic fatty acids were observed in these two lots as well as in two toxic lots identified as 8B and 3589. The UV absorptions at 267, 278, 298, and 315 nm. were approximately fivefold greater for Lot 8B than Lot 114B and approximately 20‐fold greater for Lot 3589. Nonconjugated trans ‐olefins were present in Lots 114B and 115B to the extent of 5.9 and 6.0 wt. %, respectively, while the conjugated tratts ‐ trans ‐diene content amounted to about 1.6 wt. % for both specially treated lots. In both lots, 14 components were found to comprise the monoester class, while 13 components comprised the diester class. The carbohydrate material was not characterized.
The nature and frequency of low wind speed conditions

Abstract Risk assessments for hazardous installations, in which loss of inventory could result in offsite risk, will generally require the modelling of the dispersion of toxic or flammable gases for several realistic scenarios in a range of representative wind conditions. Since hazard ranges — the distances affected by hazardous gas clouds — are usually greater for low wind speeds, it is necessary to be able to model such conditions in an appropriate manner, and also to understand the nature and frequency of these low wind speed conditions. This paper presents the results of part of a study which considered the whole problem of using low wind speed conditions in risk assessments. Its particular focus is to provide an understanding of atmospheric conditions in low wind speeds and to assess some sample meteorological data. These data have included both standard data, available from many Meteorological Office sites throughout the UK, and also some more accurate data, obtained using sonic anemometers or lightweight cups. Results are presented in terms of wind speed frequency estimates down to very low values, and also the dependence of such conditions on time of day, stability and averaging time, and the persistence of both wind speed and direction over time periods from ten minutes to three hours.
Role of capillarity in penetration into and flow through fibrous barrier materials

Hydrophobic fibrous media, in the form of barriers, provide protection to its user against fluids. Important aspects to consider are the pressure at which liquids (nonwetting fluids) will penetrate into the fabric and the rate at which it will flow through. At the same time we need to consider the comfort level that the fabric provides, that is, the pores should be large enough to allow the exchange of air. The objective of this study was to develop an experimental technique to determine (1) the displacement pressure of medical barrier fabrics in combination with aqueous solutions and (2) the flow rates once the aqueous solutions had penetrated. A pressure/flow cell was used to make these determinations during sequences of increasing and decreasing pressures applied to the nonwetting fluids (aqueous solution). The resulting flow rate–pressure curves exhibited hysteresis, that is, lower flow rates existed during increasing pressures (increasing liquid contact) than during decreasing pressures (decreasing liquid contact) at corresponding pressure values. The reasons for this hysteresis were investigated. The flow rate–pressure curves also provided information about the pore size distributions of the fabrics. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 841–846, 2005
Design and test of a microfabricated SU-8 optical scanner

The use of SU-8 in recent years has spawned new developments in MEMS technologies due to its low cost and well characterized mechanical and optical properties. SU-8 is a high contrast, negative tone, chemically amplified, epoxy based photoresist. Considered the poor man's LIGA, the resist is recognized for its high aspect ratio (~15:1), great for vertical sidewalls. Designs of ink jets, micro fluidic devices, and optical devices are a few examples that the material has been used for. Written here is the fabrication and test analysis of a MEMS optical scanner. The scanner is a new stage development to the previous microfabricated Si/SiO 2 cantilever beam which was fabricated for the purpose of endoscope examination. The current design has improved performance and “ease of use” with the implementation of SU-8 as the foundation to the optical waveguide or scanner. With this new device, larger thicknesses were achieved as compared to the previous method. Fabrication of the SU-8 waveguide was measured to be ~85μm as compared to the silixon oxide method of ~3μm. An overall larger device makes coupling a fiber into the waveguide much easier and increases the amount of light coupled into the beam. The optical scanner consists of a cantilever beam with a U-shaped groove for optical coupling. In this paper, we will discuss the image scanning capabilities of the device.
Sharing computing resources to satisfy multi-cloud user requirements

In this paper, we first propose a system model for a multi-cloud environment, which we define as a network of clouds that may interoperate to serve their individual user bases in each local intra-cloud. Local clouds may share services among other clouds in order to load balance or meet peak demands. Using this model, we propose an effective proportional and integral feedback control scheme based on control theory to share limited resources to satisfy requirements of multiple users wanting fast response and/or high utilisation of cloud resources. Our control scheme is based on a self-tuning feedback theory, which considers not only the actual versus target value of resource utilisation, but also the history of application computing rates. After that, we provide a theoretical analysis of the system stability and give guidelines for selection of feedback control parameters to stabilise the resource utilisation at a desirable target level. Simulations have been conducted to demonstrate that this proposed sche...
Relationship of Young‐of‐the‐Year Trout to Mature Trout and Groundwater

Abstract Estimates of the numbers of young-of-the-year and mature (age-groups I and older for the brook trout, and 9 inches and longer for the brown trout) brook and brown trout present in Sections B, C, and D of the Pigeon River were made each September 1949-60. Correlation coefficients (r) were calculated for the numbers of young-of-the-year trout and groundwater levels in October as measured in feet below land-surface datum at an observation well within the Pigeon River drainage. Calculation of the difference between the average minimum discharge (in cubic feet per second) at two streamflow gaging stations on the Pigeon River indicated the well measurements were reflected in the flow data. For the 9 years of available data, 1949-57, there was a highly significant linear correlation between numbers of young-of-the-year brook trout and groundwater levels; for the brown trout no correlation was evident. During years of high groundwater level, large numbers of young-of-the-year brook trout were present. Co...
ANALYSIS OF ARRIVAL TYPE ESTIMATION PROCEDURES

The estimation of arrival type, an important part of the 1997 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) procedure for estimation of delay and level of service (LOS) at signalized intersections, is considered. The research examines whether arrival type can be reliably estimated by the procedures outlined in HCM. The objective is to review the impact that arrival type has on delay estimation and to evaluate quantitatively the variance and error of arrival types estimated under controlled conditions. Progression quality issues are discussed, and potential additions and clarifications are explored. To understand the impact that arrival type estimations have on delay results, an experiment was conducted using the HCM delay estimation procedure. Participants were shown video clips of traffic at seven different intersection approaches and were asked to indicate the observed arrival type. The results are categorized by response groups (traffic engineering professionals, high school students, and university students) and appr...
Glutathione-dependent metabolism in fish and rodents

Hepatic glutathione (GSH) concentration was significantly higher in rats and mice compared to either fathead minnows or rainbow trout. In rodents, the concentration of GSH approximated the Km of hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx), whereas in fish GSH concentration was less than the Km of GPx. The significantly lower Km for oxidized glutathione (GSSG) of glutathione reductase compared to the Km for GSH of the peroxidase is consistent with the large ratio of reduced-to-oxidized glutathione in all four species. The concentration of GSH in rodent liver far exceeds the Km for hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST), which contrasts with that observed for fish. Furthermore, the greater activity of renal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in rodents compared to fish suggests that, once formed, glutathione conjugates are rapidly hydrolyzed, leading to greater mer-capturic acid production in rats and mice. Collectively, these data suggest that rodents are quite capable of conducting GSH-dependent detoxification of prooxidants and electrophiles, whereas in fish GSH-dependent metabolism appears to be self-limited by the availability of endogenous GSH. Accordingly, the data suggest that fish may be disproportionately more susceptible than rodents to xenobiotics that are eliminated principally by GSH-dependent metabolic detoxification.
Sodium Balance and the Dysnatremias

The dysnatremias are defined as abnormalities in serum sodium concentration. Depending on the magnitude and duration of the sodium abnormality and the nature of any concurrent or primary disease, hypernatremia and hypernatremia may result in no consequences, subclinical impairment of health and productivity, or severe clinical disease. Dysnatremias can be the sequelae to diseases or environmental conditions that promote fluid gain or loss from the body, as well as medical interventions that add excessive amounts of sodium or water to the extracellular fluid. Extreme, sustained dysnatremia may result in central nervous system dysfunction and death.
Three-dimensional visual stimulus deflector

A 3-D visual stimulus deflector has been designed so that a subject can view any stimulus pattern or object through it, and the pattern (up to 25° in diameter) can be moved over a range of 40° horizontally and 30° vertically. The optical distance of the object being viewed can be changed over a 15-diopter range, while the brightness and visual angle subtended by the object remain fixed. Further, the observer can view the object through a pupil of any desired shape and transmittance. Horizontal and vertical movements are independent, with time delays of 1 msec and a response range from dc to 200 Hz. Focus change is independent of lateral field motion and has a time delay of 12 msec and a maximum slewing rate of approximately 40 diopters/sec. Two such devices can be aligned side by side in a binocular configuration for independent 3-D control of the fixation of each eye.
Selective aromatic substitution by hydrophobic binding of a substrate to a simple cyclodextrin catalyst

Abstract The reaction of anisole with HOCl is changed in the presence of α-cyclodextrin (cyclohexaamylose). The anisole binds into the cyclodextrin cavity; within the complex, ortho -chlorination is completely suppressed while para -chlorination is catalyzed. Thus, with appropriate cyclodextrin concentrations the 60 40 p o product ratio for reaction of free anisole with HOCl can be changed so that only p -chloroanisole is produced. In the complex of anisole with β-cyclodextrin (cycloheptaamylose) o -chlorination is also blocked, but p -chlorination proceeds at the same rate as in free solution. The actual relative values of the pseudo-first-order rate constants, k free and k bound , depend on the HOCl concentration, since chlorination in the complex is first-order in HOCl, while chlorination of anisole in free solution is second-order in HOCl. These findings strongly support a mechanism in which the cyclodextrin reacts with HOCl to form a hypochlorite, and delivers this chlorine selectively to anisole bound in its cavity. Studies of other aromatic chlorinations, and of a diazo coupling reaction in the presence of α-cyclodextrin, further support this enzyme-like mechanism.
Improved Inertial Fusion Energy Direct-Drive Target Survival in Chamber Gas Through Validated Simulation

Commercial inertial fusion energy power plants will require 5-20Hz fusion target injection rates for utility-scale power production. To mitigate damage from target emission, some designs include a ...
Mobilizing stem cells from normal donors : is it possible to improve upon G-CSF?

Currently, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) remains the standard mobilizing agent for peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donors, allowing the safe collection of adequate PBSCs from the vast majority of donors. However, G-CSF mobilization can be associated with some significant side effects and requires a multi-day dosing regimen. The other cytokine approved for stem cell mobilization, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), alters graft composition and may reduce the development of graft-versus-host disease, but a significant minority of donors fails to provide sufficient CD34+ cells with GM-CSF and some experience unacceptable toxicity. AMD3100 is a promising new mobilizing agent, which may have several advantages over G-CSF for donor mobilization. As it is a direct antagonist of the interaction between the chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 and its receptor CXCR4, AMD3100 mobilizes PBSCs within hours rather than days. It is also well tolerated, with no significant side effects reported in any of the clinical trials to date. Studies of autologous and allogeneic transplantation of AMD3100 mobilized grafts have demonstrated prompt and stable engraftment. Here, we review the current state of stem cell mobilization in normal donors and discuss novel strategies for donor stem cell mobilization.
Application of MHT to through the wall radar tracking

The logic for a track-oriented Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) algorithm has been extended for application to a through the wall radar tracking problem. Specifically, the hypothesis formation and compatibility logic are designed to address the issues associated with radar multipath returns from multiple targets within a building. In addition to the direct returns from the targets, there are typically several returns on each dwell produced by reflections of the radar beam off the building walls before and/or after the beam intersects the target. Multiple passes through the MHT hypothesis formation logic are performed in order to allow tracks to be updated with both direct and multipath observations on the same dwell. The first pass assumes observations to be direct path and later passes assume feasible multipath models. Final track pruning based upon probability is deferred until all passes for a given dwell are completed. Thus, a track can be updated by more than one observation on a single dwell, but an observation can only be used once in any valid hypothesis. This paper describes the multipath modeling approach and the filtering and data association logic that has been implemented. Representative results obtained using real data from a through the wall radar that detected moving targets in a building are shown to validate the method.
Venous thrombosis associated with the placement of peripherally inserted central catheters.

PURPOSE Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) have become an essential component of the management of an increasing number of patients, including patients who may require hemodialysis. Reported symptomatic venous thrombosis rates associated with PICC lines are based on clinical signs and symptoms and range from 1% to 4%. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the true rate of thrombosis of upper extremity veins after the placement of PICCs and the potential impact on future access in hemodialysis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed. Patients who had (i) normal findings during initial venography, (ii) PICC placement, and (iii) who underwent subsequent repeated venography were included. Age, sex, vein cannulated, catheter size, location, and incidence of thrombosis were analyzed. RESULTS Three hundred fifty-four PICCs were placed in 119 patients. Of the 144 extremities, 137 had normal findings during initial venography. Of the 137 extremities, 32 developed thrombosis of the cannulated vein (or central veins) after initial PICC placement (23.3%). When all extremities with multiple PICC lines placed were considered, 52 developed thrombosis, for an overall thrombosis rate of 38%. The incidence of thrombosis by site was cephalic 57%, basilic 14%, and brachial 10%. No significant differences were noted in the rates of thrombosis by age, sex, or catheter size. CONCLUSIONS There is a relatively high rate of venous thrombosis associated with PICCs, particularly cephalic thrombus. Because of the high rate of thrombosis associated with these catheters, an alternative mode of access should be considered in current or potential hemodialysis patients. All patients with a history of PICC line placement requiring dialysis access should undergo upper extremity venography prior to the placement of permanent access.
The endogenous mitochondrial complex II inhibitor malonate regulates mitochondrial ATP sensitive potassium channels: implications for ischemic preconditioning

Abstract Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) affords cardioprotection against ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury, and while the molecular mechanisms of IPC are debated, the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K + channel (mK ATP ) has emerged as a candidate effector for several IPC signaling pathways. The molecular identity of this channel is unknown, but significant pharmacologic overlap exists between mK ATP and mitochondrial respiratory complex II (succinate dehydrogenase). In this investigation, we utilized isolated cardiac mitochondria, Langendorff perfused hearts, and a variety of biochemical methods, to make the following observations: (i) The competitive complex II inhibitor malonate is formed in mitochondria under conditions resembling IPC. (ii) IPC leads to a reversible inhibition of complex II that has likely been missed in previous investigations due to the use of saturating concentrations of succinate. (iii) Malonate opens mK ATP channels even when mitochondria are respiring on complex I-linked substrates, suggesting an effect of this inhibitor on the mK ATP channel independent of complex II inhibition. Together, these observations suggest that complex II inhibition by endogenously formed malonate may represent an important activation pathway for mK ATP channels during IPC.
Effect of Temperature on the Loss of Ductility of S-135 Grade Drill Pipe Steel and Characterization of Corrosion Products in CO 2 Containing Environments

Evaluation of loss of ductility of the API S-135 grade drill pipe steel was studied at different temperatures from 298 K to 448 K (25 °C to 175 °C) in CO2 containing solution using a constant extension rate test in connection with a high-temperature/high-pressure autoclave. The effect of temperature on the composition and morphology of corrosion product layers of this steel were also investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicated the change of loss of ductility with temperature and the maximum loss of ductility was observed at 448 K (175 °C). XRD studies of the specimens revealed the formation of iron carbonate on the surface. SEM study of the surface of the specimens showed a rhombohedric crystalline iron carbonate layer above 373 K (100 °C), while no FeCO3 was detected at temperatures below 373 K (100 °C). Also, the crack size and depth of the cracks increased with temperature.
Statistical comparison of diesel particulate matter measurement methods.

Four methods are used to quantify diesel particulate matter (DPM) in the mine environment: respirable combustible dust sampling (RCD), size selective sampling with gravimetric analysis (SSG), respirable dust sampling with elemental carbon (EC) analysis, and respirable dust sampling with total carbon (TC) analysis. The authors assembled data from three underground mine studies to statistically compare these methods. The sampling protocol used in each study was similar. For all the four methods, samples were collected in triplicate at three locations—upwind and downwind of the diesel scoop and on the scoop. The methods were compared with respect to their precision, selectivity, sensitivity, and LOD, as well as their limitations in measuring DPM concentrations. This constitutes a meta-analysis of the available data and provides information over a broader range of mining conditions and DPM concentrations than any of the individual studies. The weighing imprecision for the SSG method is almost twice that for t...
Alkaline Phosphatase Purification: A Comparison of Prep-PAGE with Cyclic Processes

Abstract Enzyme purification has been investigated in a preparative-scale polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system, the Buchler Poly-Prep 200. Experimental results are presented for the optimization of this process using human placental alkaline phosphatase as a typical enzyme. The variables considered are electric field strength, feed concentration, buffer ionic strength, and buffer pH. Enzymes may also be purified by adsorption/desorption onto an ion exchange resin such as DEAE Sepharose in either of two cyclic processes-parametric pumping or cycling zone adsorption. Comparison of the three processes indicates that polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has the highest purification factor and the greatest enzyme activity recovered, but also the lowest rate of production.
Travelling neutral disturbances and minor constituent particle mass

The mass cut-offs for critical or resonant coupling of minor species acoustic waves (so-called travelling neutral disturbances) and acoustic-gravity waves in the main atmosphere are shown and explained. The effects of vertical temperature gradients and the diffusion of the minor species on the mass cut-offs are also demonstrated. The wave characteristics of these minor species waves are examined. The wave number surface is shown to be such that energy and group velocity directions are more nearly vertical than those of gravity waves for the same phase velocity direction. It is expected that these coupled waves, when properly excited, will act to damp gravity waves and redistribute energy vertically. Implications for the thermosphere and mesosphere are discussed. Under ordinary conditions such resonant coupling is judged more likely for lighter mass species, such as helium and hydrogen.
Mentors, Muses, and Memories: Personal Narratives From Psychological Assessment

Development of professional identity occurs through the twin tracks of scientific and narrative learning. Mentoring plays a key role in this process. Didactically acquired knowledge can fade over time, but narrative learning may persist within professional skills, attitudes, and identity. As well, memories of key interactions with mentors endure, often carrying bits of generative wisdom. Stories of interactions with luminaries in the field of psychological assessment illustrate these dynamics and “lessons learned.” Vignettes about George Welsh, Jane Loevinger, Molly Harrower, Sidney Blatt, and Paul Lerner are recalled. These are then explicated through an integration of early and contemporary scientific and professional literature, revealing their enduring relevance.
A Commonwealth of Perspective on Restitutionary Disgorgement for Breach of Contract

The muse of restitution enraptures the world's legal scholars. Yet America resists her lure. This article focuses on an American black-letter law endeavor to follow the Commonwealth's lead on restitutionary disgorgement as a remedy for contractual breach - Section 39 of the pending Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment. England's Attorney General v. Blake opens the door to the remedy. America's Restatement Section 39 steps through the door. It does so with much timidity despite its bold title, "Profit Derived from Opportunistic Breach." Though narrowly bounded, Section 39's sweeping foundation is in tension with the American Holmesian model of contractual choice and efficient breach theory. This author's other scholarship casts the Restatement's recognition of a restitutionary disgorgement remedy for opportunistic breach as potentially revolutionary for contract law because the remedy focuses on defendant's mindset and gains rather than plaintiff's loss. Further, the remedy seeks to deter if not punish wrongdoing. A well-developed, canon of scholarship and precedent on restitutionary disgorgement exists in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, and New Zealand. The Commonwealth experience should guide America's adoption of restitutionary disgorgement for contractual breach. America should embrace restitution's riddles. We should call restitution to our imagination. The Restatement proposal for restitutionary disgorgement advances unjust enrichment theory and merits serious scholarly attention, praise, and critique. It will admirably extend the stable of alternative remedies for contract plaintiffs. But, let's be honest about its shortcomings as drafted and its underlying morality-infused rationale. Then, we can glean the deeper lessons from the Commonwealth's lead and appreciate the consequences of our new path.
The construction and initial validation of the Work Volition Scale

This study constructed an instrument measuring work volition for adult populations, defined as the perceived capacity to make occupational choices despite constraints. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis produced a 3-factor structure containing subscales assessing general volition, financial constraints, and structural constraints. The full Work Volition Scale (WVS) and three subscales demonstrated adequate to strong internal consistency. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis replicated the factor structure from Study 1 with a new sample. The hypothesized factor structure of the WVS was a good fit to the data and was internally consistent. In Studies 2 and 3, work volition correlated in hypothesized directions with work locus of control, core self-evaluations, career barriers, career compromise, and adaptive personality traits, providing evidence of construct validity. Additionally, none of these correlations was large enough to indicate overlapping constructs. Finally, work volition added unique variance in the prediction of job satisfaction above and beyond the variance accounted for by work locus of control, core self-evaluations, and the big 5 personality traits, suggesting incremental validity of the construct. Research implications are discussed.
Chalk one up for 'nature' during neocortical neurogenesis.

During development, neurons destined for different neocortical layers are sequentially generated. Shen et al. report that this timing is programmed within individual progenitor cells and depends mainly on cell-intrinsic mechanisms.
An improved stereologic method for three-dimensional estimation of particle size distribution from observations in two dimensions and its application

Abstract Single enzyme-altered hepatocytes; altered hepatic foci (AHF); and nodular lesions have been implicated, respectively in the processes of initiation, promotion, and progression in rodent hepatocarcinogenesis. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of such lesions have been utilized both to identify and to determine the potency of initiating, promoting, and progressor agents in rodent liver. Of a number of possible parameters determined in the study of such lesions, estimation of the number of foci or nodules in the liver is very important. The method of Saltykov has been used for estimating the number of AHF in rat liver. However, in practice, the Saltykov calculation has at least two weak points: (a) the size class range is limited to 12, which in many instances is too narrow to cover the range of AHF data obtained; and (b) under some conditions, the Saltykov equation generates negative values in several size classes, an obvious impossibility in the real world. In order to overcome these limitations in the Saltykov calculations, a study of the particle size distribution in a wide-range, polydispersed sphere system was performed. A stereologic method, termed the 25F Association method, was developed from this study. This method offers 25 association factors that are derived from the frequency of different-sized transections obtained from transecting a spherical particle, thus expanding the size class range to be analyzed up to 25, which is sufficiently wide to encompass all rat AHF found in most cases. This method exhibits greater flexibility, which allows adjustments to be made within the calculation process when NA ( k , k ) , the net number of transections from the same size spheres, was found to be a negative value, which is not possible in real situations. The reliability of the 25F Association method was tested thoroughly by computer simulation in both monodispersed and polydispersed sphere systems. The test results were compared with the original Saltykov method. We found that the 25F Association method yielded a better estimate of the total number of spheres in the three-dimensional tissue sample as well as the detailed size distribution information. Although the 25F Association method was derived from the study of a polydispersed sphere system, it can be used for continuous size distribution sphere systems. Application of this method to the estimation of parameters of preneoplastic foci in rodent liver is presented as an example of its utility. An application software program, 3D_estimation.exe, which uses the 25F Association method to estimate the number of AHF in rodent liver, has been developed and is now available at the website of this laboratory.
Photons and gravitons in perturbation theory: Derivation of maxwell's and einstein's equations

The $S$ matrix for photon and graviton processes is studied in perturbation theory, under the restriction that the only creation and annihilation operators for massless particles of spin $j$ allowed in the interaction are those for the physical states with helicity $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}j$. The most general covariant fields that can be constructed from such operators cannot represent real photon and graviton interactions, because they give amplitudes for emission or absorption of massless particles which vanish as ${p}^{j}$ for momentum $p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. In order to obtain long-range forces it is necessary to introduce noncovariant "potentials" in the interaction, and the Lorentz invariance of the $S$ matrix requires that these potentials be coupled to conserved tensor currents, and also that there appear in the interaction direct current-current couplings, like the Coulomb interaction. We then find that the potentials for $j=1$ and $j=2$ must inevitably satisfy Maxwell's and Einstein's equations in the Heisenberg representation. We also show that although the existence of magnetic monopoles is consistent with parity and time-reversal invariance [provided that $P$ and $T$ are defined to take a monopole into its antiparticle], it is nevertheless impossible to construct a Lorentz-invariant $S$ matrix for magnetic monopoles and charges in perturbation theory.
Transmission parameter representation of non‐uniform transmission line Green's functions

The Green's function G(x, x') of a non-uniform transmission line is formulated exactly in terms of partial transmission matrix parameters associated with different segments of the line. Exact differential expressions relate the transmission parameters to each other, and it is shown that G(x, x') can be expressed entirely in terms of a single transmission parameter B(x, x') and its derivatives. The voltage response V(x) on any doubly-terminated line with arbitrary current source density along the line is given. A new perturbation technique, based on a Volterra integral equation, is developed which determines V(x) in terms of known functions and arbitrary perturbing immittances on the line.
Neurobiological perspective of spasticity as occurs after a spinal cord injury

In this review we use the term spasticity to mean the generation of abnormal patterns of forces that are generated involuntarily. It is clear that spasticity can have both detrimental and beneficial effects on the neuromuscular system of the affected individuals. Muscle spasticity routinely occurs after a spinal cord injury and other neurological disorders. Although often studied as if there was a single mechanism associated with this phenomenon, it is clear that there are multiple mechanisms having both neural and muscular components, particularly when such terms also are applied to other neuromotor disorders. The aims of this review are to describe the neural and muscular adaptations that are associated with spasticity, highlight the major possible mechanisms producing spasticity, and discuss the role of selected pharmacological interventions in controlling spasticity. Spasticity appears to be related to altered membrane channel and receptor properties that are primarily associated with an increase in the excitability of spinal neurons, resulting in abnormal (in the intensity and combination of muscles activated) contractions that are generated involuntarily. While most of the efforts to understand the etiology of spasticity have focused on motoneurons, it is likely that spinal interneurons play a central role as well as the mechanical properties of muscle fibers and associated connective tissues. A number of pharmacological interventions have been used in attempts to suppress spasticity with varying results, but concomitant with suppressed muscle activation, there can be significant side effects including a reduction in the control of movement.
The effects of gonadal irradiation in clinical radiation therapy: A review

Recent improvements in radiation therapy of some malignancies in lower abdominal sites are leading to a prolongation of life in persons of child-bearing age. These successes require an evaluation of the possible undersirable consequences of the unavoidable gonadal irradiation that occurs in these cases. A review of radiobiological data from experimental animal studies and retrospective clinical studies suggests that in most instances human gonadal exposures in both sexes are insufficient to cause permanent sterility, because the exposures are fractionated and the total gonadal dose is much less than 600 rads. As a consequence, return of fertility must be anticipated, and the worrison questions of radiation-induced genetic damage in subsequent pregnancies must be addressed. This review did not substantiate this fear, because no case reports could be found of malformed infants among the progeny of previously irradiated parents. Some experimental studies suggest that radiation-damaged spermatogonia are self-destructive, but any evidence for this phenomenon in the ovary is nonexistent. We suggest that the difference between fact and theory here may be the mathematical result of the interplay of low probability for occurrences and the few patients who until now have survived long enough for study.
Effects of drugs on punished behavior: Pre-clinical test for anxiolytics

Effects of drugs on punished operant responding and punished drinking, with emphasis on how these effects predict clinical anxiolytic action
Tibial Artery Autografts: Alternative Conduits for High Flow Cerebral Revascularizations

Background Extracranial-to-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass is a valuable tool in treating intracranial diseases requiring flow replacement or parent vessel sacrifice. Radial artery grafts (RAGs) and saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) have been used as conduits to provide adequate high flow revascularizations. It is a therapeutic challenge when these grafts are unavailable. Methods All EC-IC high flow cerebral revascularizations performed using conduits other than RAGs or SVGs were identified from a prospective cerebrovascular registry. These patients were retrospectively reviewed for surgical technique, graft patency, graft flow, and clinical outcomes. Results Three patients (all women) underwent EC-IC bypass surgery using tibial artery grafts (two anterior tibial artery and one posterior tibial artery) because of the nonavailability of RAG or SVG. The two anterior tibial artery graft bypasses were patent with good flow at 8 and 3 months. The posterior tibial artery graft occluded intraoperatively. None of the patients developed vascular complications in the lower extremity due to tibial artery harvest. Conclusions Tibial arteries are safe, contingent alternatives to conventional conduits for performing high flow cerebral revascularizations and conduit reconstructions.