cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrency control with data coloring

Concurrency control is one of the main sources of error and complexity in shared memory parallel programming. While there are several techniques to handle concurrency control such as locks and transactional memory, simplifying concurrency control has proved elusive.In this paper we introduce the Data Coloring programming model, based on the principles of our previous work on architecture support for data-centric synchronization. The main idea is to group data structures into consistency domains and mark places in the control flow where data should be consistent. Based on these annotations, the system dynamically infers transaction boundaries. An important aspect of data coloring is that the occurrence of a synchronization defect is typically determinate and leads to a violation of liveness rather than to a safety violation. Finally, this paper includes empirical data that shows that most of the critical sections in large applications are used in a data-centric manner.
Keynote: Judith Bishop

An operating system is frequently the largest and most fundamental piece of software on a computer. From its installation, it rapidly transforms into an individualized ecosystem, based on its connections to other software, compilers, drivers, intranet and user habits. Companies such as Microsoft are no longer maintaining one operating system, but billions of individual versions of it. So how does a company face up to the issues of reliability and maintenance in this context? What do we do with the bug reports that flood in in their billions? Can we predict where problems will occur before they do? In this talk, we present case studies of research into Windows and Visual Studio maintenance over the past decade. Issues of scale, globalization and system complexity are discussed and some surprising figures given. We'll end with some future directions in bug prediction that might help stem the tide.
Design and Monitoring of Well-Performing Bridge Transitions

This paper presents a review of railroad track transition designs that have performed well, e.g., ballasted bridge decks, hot-mixed asphalt (HMA) sublayer, and concrete wing walls parallel to the track, to guide future design and maintenance of bridge transitions instead of installing a concept and monitoring its performance. Using non-invasive monitoring techniques, e.g., miniature accelerometers, the performance of the two railroad track transitions has been measured and evaluated. The results show well-performing track exhibits tie accelerations of 5g or less with little difference between: (1) the bridge deck, approach embankment, and open track, (2) concrete and wood ties, and (3) clayey or silty subgrades. The measured transient vertical tie displacements are negligible, which verifies the observed good track support. The results from these two sites are being used as a control for comparison with poorly-performing bridge transitions, track defects, e.g. broken ties, rail-fastener gaps, fouled ballast, broken rail, and to verify the success of remedial measures.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Age-dependent decrease of synaptic plasticity in the neocortex of αCaMKII mutant mice

Synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) were studied in the visual cortex of mutant mice lacking α-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (αCaMKII). In adult mutants, little LTD or LTP could be elicited using standard conditioning protocols. However, substantial LTD and LTP were induced in 4- to 5-week-old mutants. Thus, the reduction in cortical plasticity in αCaMKII (−/−) mice is conditional, with the relevant condition being postnatal age.
Reasons for worship: a response to Bayne and Nagasawa

Worship is a topic that is rarely considered by philosophers of religion. In a recent paper, Tim Bayne and Yujin Nagasawa challenge this trend by offering an analysis of worship and by considering some difficulties attendant on the claim that worship is obligatory. I argue that their case for there being these difficulties is insufficiently supported. I offer two reasons that a theist might provide for the claim that worship is obligatory: (i) a divine command, and (2) the demands of justice with respect to God's redemption of humanity. I also challenge the soundness of some of the analogies they employ in their argument.
Calculating aerial images from EUV masks

Aerial images for line/space patterns, arrays of posts and an arbitrary layout pattern are calculated for EUV masks in a 4X EUV imaging system. Both mask parameters and illumination parameters are varied to investigate their effects on the aerial image. To facilitate this study, a parallel version of TEMPEST with a Fourier transform boundary condition was developed and run on a network of 24 microprocessors. Line width variations are observed when absorber thickness or sidewall angle changes. As the line/space pattern scales to smaller dimensions, the aspect ratios of the absorber features increase, introducing geometric shadowing and reducing aerial image intensity and contrast. 100nm square posts have circular images of diameter close to 100nm, but decreasing in diameter significantly when the corner round radius at the mask becomes greater than 50 nm. Exterior mask posts image slightly smaller and with higher ellipticity than interior mask posts. The aerial image of the arbitrary test pattern gives insight into the effects of the off-axis incidence employed in EUV lithography systems.
Metabolic rewiring drives resistance to targeted cancer therapy

Mol Syst Biol. 8: 597 Cancers are diseases of uncontrolled cell growth in which cells acquire mutations that allow for proliferation outside the context of normal tissue development. The genetic events that define tumorigenesis have been, to a large extent, cataloged (Stratton et al , 2009; Beroukhim et al , 2010). Therapies have been developed that interfere with these defined genetic aberrations (Slamon et al , 1989). These targeted agents however have largely achieved only modest clinical results, due to the acquired resistance that invariably and often rapidly follows. Resistance commonly occurs through the acquisition of compensatory mechanisms that bypass the function of the mutated gene (i.e., oncogene) that is targeted pharmacologically (Solit and Rosen, 2011). In the work by Komurov et al (2012), the authors investigated the mechanisms that underlie resistance to the targeted agent, Lapatinib, in breast cancer. Lapatinib is an FDA‐approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets EGFR, the epidermal growth factor receptor, along with HER2, a tyrosine kinase frequently amplified and overexpressed in breast cancer. Receptor tyrosine kinases activate downstream signal transduction pathways that coordinate tumor cell growth (Shaw and Cantley, 2006). Breast cancer patients who are treated with Lapatinib often show a rapid and initially positive clinical response. The response however is transient due to the …
Health Education Specialists’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

The changing landscape of health care as a result of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) may provide new opportunities for health education specialists (HES). The purpose of this study was to survey HES in the United States on their knowledge and attitudes of the ACA and assess their perceptions of job growth under the law. A random sample of 220 (36% response rate) certified HES completed a 53-item cross sectional survey administered online through Qualtrics. Findings were compared to public opinion on health care reform. HES are highly favorable of the law (70%) compared to the general public (23%). A total of 85% of respondents were able to list a provision of the ACA, and most (81%) thought the ACA would be successful at increasing insured Americans. Over half (64.6%) believe job opportunities will increase. Those who viewed the law favorably were significantly more likely to score better on a knowledge scale related to the ACA. HES understand publicized provisions but are uncertain about common myths and specific provisions related to Title IV, "Prevention of Chronic Disease and Improving Public Health." Directed and continuing education to HES regarding the ACA is warranted.
Post Register Allocation Spill Code Optimization

A highly optimized register allocator should provide an efficient placement of save/restore code for procedures that contain calls. This paper presents a new approach to placing callee-saved save and restore instructions that generalizes Chow's shrink-wrapping technique (Chow, 1988). An efficient, profile-guided, hierarchical spill code placement algorithm is used to analyze the structure of a procedure to calculate the minimum dynamic execution count locations to place callee-saved save and restore code. The algorithm is implemented in the Gnu Compiler Collection and has been tested on the SPEC CPU2000 Integer Benchmark suite. Results show that the technique reduces the number of dynamic load and store instructions by 15% compared to saving and restoring at procedure entry and exit while Chow's shrink-wrapping technique reduces dynamic load and store instructions by only 1% compared to saving and restoring at procedure entry and exit. The dynamic number of callee-saved save and restore instructions inserted with this new approach is never greater than the number produced by Chow's shrink-wrapping technique or the placement at procedure entry and exit.
Ancient host shifts followed by host conservatism in a group of ant parasitoids

While ant colonies serve as host to a diverse array of myrmecophiles, few parasitoids are able to exploit this vast resource. A notable exception is the wasp family Eucharitidae, which is the only family of insects known to exclusively parasitize ants. Worldwide, approximately 700 Eucharitidae species attack five subfamilies across the ant phylogeny. Our goal is to uncover the pattern of eucharitid diversification, including timing of key evolutionary events, biogeographic patterns and potential cophylogeny with ant hosts. We present the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Eucharitidae to date, including 44 of the 53 genera and fossil-calibrated estimates of divergence dates. Eucharitidae arose approximately 50 Ma after their hosts, during the time when the major ant lineages were already established and diversifying. We incorporate host association data to test for congruence between eucharitid and ant phylogenies and find that their evolutionary histories are more similar than expected at random. After a series of initial host shifts, clades within Eucharitidae maintained their host affinity. Even after multiple dispersal events to the New World and extensive speciation within biogeographic regions, eucharitids remain parasitic on the same ant subfamilies as their Old World relatives, suggesting host conservatism despite access to a diverse novel ant fauna.
An enhanced and automated approach for deriving a priori SAC-SMA parameters from the soil survey geographic database

This paper presents an automated approach for processing the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database and the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), and deriving gridded a priori parameters for the National Weather Service (NWS) Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model from these data sets. Our approach considerably extends methods previously used in the NWS and offers automated and geographically invariant ways of extracting soil information, interpreting soil texture, and spatially aggregating SAC-SMA parameters. The methodology is composed of four components. The first and second components are SSURGO and NLCD preprocessors. The third component is a parameter generator producing SAC-SMA parameters for each soil survey area on an approximately 30-m grid mesh. The last component is a postprocessor creating parameters for user-specified areas of interest on the Hydrologic Rainfall Analysis Project (HRAP) grid. Implemented in open-source software, this approach was employed by creating a set of SAC-SMA parameter and related soil property grids spanning 25 states, wherein it was shown to greatly reduce the derivation time and meanwhile yield results comparable to those based on the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO). The broad applicability of the methodologies and associated intermediate products to hydrologic modeling is discussed.
Are energetic electrons in the solar wind the source of the outer radiation belt

Using data from WIND, SAMPEX (Solar Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer), and the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) sensors onboard geostationary satellites, we investigate the correlation of energetic electrons in the 20–200 keV range in the solar wind and of high speed solar wind streams with relativistic electrons in the magnetosphere to determine whether energetic electrons in the solar wind are the source of the outer relativistic electron radiation belt. Though there is some correlation between energetic electron enhancements in the solar wind and enhancements in the outer radiation belt, the phase space density of 20–200 keV electrons in the solar wind is not adequate to supply the outer radiation belt electrons. Although lower energy electrons in the solar wind could be a seed population of the outer radiation belt, such lower energy electrons cannot achieve relativistic energies through the normal process of radial transport which conserves the first adiabatic invariant. Thus additional internal acceleration processes are required within the magnetosphere to produce the outer radiation belt. High speed solar wind streams are well correlated with increased magnetic activity and with increased fluxes in the outer radiation belt. The maximum correlation between the high speed streams and the radiation belt flux occurs with an increasing time delay for higher energies and and lower L values. We conclude that acceleration processes within the magnetosphere which are well correlated with high speed solar wind streams are responsible for the outer radiation belt electrons.
Compound Eyes: Localization of Two Color Receptors in the Same Ommatidium

The compound eye of the cockroach Periplaneta has receptors for ultraviolet light (maximum sensitivity at 365 nanometers) and green light (maximum sensitivity at 510 nanometers). Single photoreceptor cells in the compound eye were impaled, identified by spectral response, and marked with dye-filled microelectrodes. Using two diferent dyes, we showed that both types of receptors can be found in the same ommatidium.
Finding good candidate cycles for efficient p-cycle network design

An important problem in p-cycle network design is to find a set of p-cycles to protect a given working capacity distribution so that the total spare capacity used by the p-cycles is minimized. Existing approaches for solving the problem include ILP and heuristic algorithm. Both require a set of candidate p-cycles to be precomputed. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to compute a small set of candidate p-cycles that can lead to good performance when used by ILP or the heuristic algorithm. The key idea of the algorithm is to generate a combination of high efficiency cycles and short cycles so that both densely distributed and sparsely distributed working capacities can be efficiently protected by the candidate cycles. The algorithm is also flexible in that the number of cycles generated is controlled by an input parameter. Simulation study showed that the cycles generated by our algorithm can lead to near optimal solutions when used by either ILP or the heuristic algorithm
Children's and parents' perspectives on open‐label use of placebos in the treatment of ADHD

Background The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and acceptability of an open-label conditioned placebo dose reduction (CPDR) treatment in 70 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).This paper focuses on the qualitative data from the study. Methods Following a double-blind,crossover dose finding procedure to determine each subject’s optimal dose of stimulant medication,subjects were randomized to the CPDR treatment or one of two control groups.Outcome measures included parent and teacher ratings of ADHD behaviours and stimulant side effects.Qualitative assessments were based on open-ended interviews of children and parents.Positive responders to CPDR and controls were followed for 3 months to assess persistence of treatment benefits. Results Children randomized to CPDR showed an excellent treatment response,well maintained over time.Parents and children were generally accepting of the treatment.Most parents reported treatment benefits and 80% of the children found the placebo to be useful.Full disclosure of the placebo to parents and children did not appear to negate the placebo’s effectiveness.Participation effects and changes in caregiver behaviour may have contributed to positive treatment outcomes. Conclusions Open-label use of placebos as part of CPDR treatment may represent an innovative, ethical way of harnessing the power of placebos in clinical therapeutics.
New M&S challenges derived from the NATO research & technology organization (RTO) systems analysis studies (SAS-071) task group on analytical tools for irregular warfare

The research conducted recently by NATO's RTO Systems Analysis Studies (SAS-071) Task Group on Analytical Tools for Irregular Warfare (IW) is of direct interest to the M&S community, as it formulates several new challenges that have to be met by the M&S community. IW comprises among others the following categories: insurgency/counter-insurgency, combating terrorism, unconventional warfare, strategic communications, transnational criminal activities, including narco-trafficking, illicit arms dealing, and illegal financial transactions, and more. Many of these domains are either not modeled or modeled as stand-alone solutions. The paper establishes a research agenda for M&S activities in support of IW.
Virus-Like Hepatic Cell Particles in Patients with Chronic Alcoholism

Summary Further electron microscopic investigations of human liver biopsies of patients with jaundice have demonstrated the presence of cytoplasmic virus-like particles of two slightly different sizes in a 48-year-old alcoholic woman and a 55-year-old alcoholic man with jaundice. High magnification micrographs demonstrate the striking resemblance of the particles to those described by Rightsel, Keltsch, Taylor, Boggs, McLean, and Bearcroft, in clinical cases of hepatitis. Hitherto unresolved structural detail is demonstrated in micrographsoof sections. These particles are 832 ± 43 A or 1080 ± 23 A in size and apparently are composed of at least 7 smaller, slightly angular particles measuring about 130 ± 25 A in size. The resemblance of such virus-like particles to glycogen is pointed out, and suggestions are made concerning methods of investigating this matter.
Selective screening of hospitalized patients for the presence of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriage: predictability based on census tract data.

Review of all hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients reported to the county health department over the past 3 years showed that 60% of patients had been diagnosed at our hospital, which serves an inner city, predominantly black, indigent population. Sera from 524 adult patients admitted to the hospital were prospectively collected and tested for hepatitis B surface antigen, eight (1.5%) of which were antigen-positive. Census tract data allowed us to perform selective screening of sera from 95 other patients who were subsequently hospitalized and deemed "high risk" for hepatitis B infection. Nine of 95 (9.5%) selectively screened samples were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, which represented a significantly higher rate of antigen carriage (P<0.0001) in hospitalized patients from "high risk" areas than that found in the general population screen. The methodology presented herein may be useful in providing a means of identifying hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients from adult, urban, indigent care populations. [Infect Control 1986; 7(11):546-549.]
Ben A Jerry's Homemade, Inc. (B): Scooped Up! What Lies Ahead?

This case presents the dilemma faced by a small, independent company, known for its quirkiness and commitment to social responsibility, when two large competitors seek to acquire the company.
Everyone’s responsibility: Community partnerships and shared commitment for mental health promotion

ABSTRACTIn this article, we use qualitative methods to understand the ways in which community involvement in a community-based mental health promotion conference encourages mental health care in an African-American community. We collected data through key informant interviews, focus groups, and participant observations at conference planning meetings and conferences, as well as archival documents related to the conference. We identify community partnerships and shared commitment as drivers of the outreach to people in the community, creators of a culturally relevant and supportive environment for mental health education, and, consequently, promoters of mental health care in the African-American community.
The detection of ovulation by intravaginal telemetry.

Following ovulatory control cycles in four celibate, healthy women, 27 to 34years of age, basal body temperatures (BBT) were obtained in three cycles, utilizing a transistorized transvaginal telemeter. The electronic signals were collected on an automatically activated cassette receiver and later translated into temperature readings. The results were compared with values obtained simultaneously with a standard metabolic oral thermometer. The vaginal temperatures were consistently lower than the oral readings and offered a more sensitive and reproducible method of obtaining BBT. However, this system is very complex, requiring well-informed, highly motivated patients, and should be viewed currently as an investigative tool.
The role of vitamins in modulating disease resistance.

Summary Many nutrients have been found to be essential in the development of an animal's resistance to disease. Disease resistance includes maintenance of protective barriers against pathogen entry and an optimally functioning immune system. These may be impaired by stress, oxidative damage, and a decreased rate of cell differentiation. A brief discussion of the impact of each of these phenomena on disease resistance, vitamin nutrition,and mechanisms that thwart these debilitating changes, and factors that alter vitamin availability is presented.
Everyday game design on a school playground: children as bricoleurs

This article analyzes empirical data from an ethnographic study of a multilingual, multiethnic school playground in London, UK. Using social semiotics, the article provides an analysis of two playground games which exemplify children's everyday game design practices. Children's game designing activities on school playgrounds are theorized as processes of ‘bricolage’ in which children use ludic structures from games and media and representational structures from any number of cultural sources. In addition, the analysis shows that in their play and game design process, children draw on and perform particular social positions on the playground. The analysis employs theories of game design as well as Levi-Strauss's discussion of bricolage to add to current understandings of the improvisational processes involved in children's play.
Thixcin-Thickened Sprays of Cue-lure + Naled: Investigation of Rates of Application for Use in Male Annihilation of Melon Fly

Aerial sprays of thickened cue-lure + 5% naled applied at rates of 0.8, 2.0, 3.4, 8.5 lb of formulation/mile2 reduced populations of the male of Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett by 92, 97, 93, and 95%, respectively, for 11–15 days in a 4-mi2 plot. Replicated small-plot tests (3–30 treated leaves/site) showed that small volumes of formulation at a site had reduced effectiveness. Small-plot data also demonstrated that toxicity was lost before attraction at sites treated with small volumes of formulation. However, in terms of number killed per unit of lure, numerous small deposits are more efficient initially than fewer large ones.
On Transitions Between Representations: The Role of Contextual Reasoning in Calculus Problem Solving

ABSTRACTThis article argues for a shift in how researchers discuss and examine students' uses and understandings of multiple representations within a calculus context. An extension of Zazkis, Dubinsky, and Dautermann's (1996) visualization/analysis framework to include contextual reasoning is proposed. Several examples that detail transitions between modes of reasoning and how these transitions inform students' reasoning in a calculus context are discussed. These examples are used to provide evidence for the usefulness of the model for unpacking student reasoning.
Prohibitin/annexin 2 interaction regulates fatty acid transport in adipose tissue

We have previously identified prohibitin (PHB) and annexin A2 (ANX2) as proteins interacting on the surface of vascular endothelial cells in white adipose tissue (WAT) of humans and mice. Here, we demonstrate that ANX2 and PHB also interact in adipocytes. Mice lacking ANX2 have normal WAT vascularization, adipogenesis, and glucose metabolism but display WAT hypotrophy due to reduced fatty acid uptake by WAT endothelium and adipocytes. By using cell culture systems in which ANX2/PHB binding is disrupted either genetically or through treatment with a blocking peptide, we show that fatty acid transport efficiency relies on this protein complex. We also provide evidence that the interaction between ANX2 and PHB mediates fatty acid transport from the endothelium into adipocytes. Moreover, we demonstrate that ANX2 and PHB form a complex with the fatty acid transporter CD36. Finally, we show that the colocalization of PHB and CD36 on adipocyte surface is induced by extracellular fatty acids. Together, our results suggest that an unrecognized biochemical interaction between ANX2 and PHB regulates CD36-mediated fatty acid transport in WAT, thus revealing a new potential pathway for intervention in metabolic diseases.
Diagnosis of HIV Infection During Early Infancy: How Early Is Early Enough?

elimination of pediatric HIV infection was to reduce new infections to <40 000 annually, not to zero [3]. Diagnosis of HIV infection during early infancy (commonly known as “early infant HIV diagnosis” [EID]) is critical because HIV disease progression is much more rapid in children than adults, with mortality as high as 68% by age 2 years in infants with perinatal infection (acquired in utero or during the intrapartum period), with much of this risk occurring in the first few months of life [4, 5].In infants infected in utero or during the intrapartum period, studies suggest that mortality begins to increase at about 3–4 weeks of age, compared with uninfected infants, and is as high as 10% by age 2m onths, reaching ap eakof 30%–40% between 8 and 12 weeks of age [5–10].While mortality appears lower for children who acquire HIV infection through breast milk, it is still considerable—an estimated
Metabolic biomarker validation and clinomics of World Trade Center-Lung injury

Introduction: Metabolic biomarkers predict World Trade Center lung injury (WTC-LI), FEV 1 less than the lower limit of normal (LLN), in a pilot study. We now validate these findings in the larger cohort. We identify distinct phenotypic clusters to further isolate endotypes that would benefit different treatment strategies. Methods: Using hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis we identified clinically relevant patterns in the larger cohort. Firefighters had FEV 1 ≥LLN prior to 9/11 and database was closed as of March 2015. Of the remaining N=7711, N=787 developed WTC-LI and N=6813 had FEV≥LLN. We modeled the ability of biomarkers at the first post-9/11 exam to predict FEV below LLN at the most recent PFT with binary logistic regression. Results: Two-step clustering identified one group with high triglycerides, glucose, and exposure intensity as strongly associated with WTC-LI, Figure 1A. Systolic blood pressure, dyslipidemia, glucose, and smoking are significant predictors in a regression after adjusting for age and exposure intensity, Figure 1B. Conclusion: We have validated biomarkers of metabolic syndrome also seen in our prior pilot to predict WTC-lung injury in a larger population of exposed individuals. These biomarkers are associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease, and suggest that systemic inflammation can contribute to future lung function loss.
Long Temporal Autocorrelations in Tropical Precipitation Data and Spike Train Prototypes

Temporal precipitation autocorrelations drop slower than exponentially at long lags, and there is a range from tens to thousands of minutes where it is relevant to ask if a scale-free process might underlie the long autocorrelations. A simple stochastic model in which precipitation appears as variable-length spikes provides a reasonable prototype for this behavior. In both observations and the model, separating the component of the autocorrelation within wet events from the inter-event contribution suggests long autocorrelation behavior is primarily associated with the latter. When precipitation spikes are short compared to dry events, a true power law is obtained with analytical exponent −0.5 and precipitation autocorrelation is determined by dry-spell model parameters. In more realistic cases, wet-spell termination is also important. Although a variety of apparent power law exponents can be obtained for different parameters, the fundamental long-lag process appears to be that of the inter-event correlation.
Detection of an Unstable Intermediate in Br− Electro-oxidation to Br3− on a Platinum Electrode in Nitrobenzene by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Abstract We report the detection of an unstable intermediate generated during Br − oxidation to Br 3 − in nitrobenzene by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), and we attempt to simulate the collection of the intermediate using a proposed mechanism of Br − oxidation to Br 3 − . At a distance of ∼ 3.5 μm between the tip and the substrate electrode in the SECM experiment, we observed two waves as we measured the collection efficiency, N ss , while holding the tip at an anodic potential and scanning the substrate toward cathodic potentials. The second wave obtained at more negative substrate potentials was associated with the collection of Br 3 − , and the first wave was associated with the collection of an intermediate generated in Br − oxidation to Br 3 − . The N ss as a function of d , estimated at the constant substrate potential of 0.27 V vs. TMPD/TMPD + ·, abruptly increased as d was brought below 2.5 μm. We simulated this approach curve by using the following mechanism of Br − oxidation to Br 3 − : (1) Br − + e ⇋ Br·, (2) 2Br· ⇋ Br 2 , (3) Br· + Br − ⇋ Br 2 − ·, (4) Br 2 − · + e ⇋ Br 2 , and (5) Br 2 + Br − ⇋ Br 3 − .
The circumstances, orientations, and impact locations of falls in community-dwelling older women.

Objective We sought to characterize the circumstances, orientations, and impact locations of falls in community-dwelling, ambulatory, older women.
A bone marrow niche-derived molecular switch between osteogenesis and hematopoiesis

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside and are maintained in specialized microenvironments within the bone marrow known as niches, which are comprised of various cell types. Among them, leptin receptor (LepR)-expressing CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)-abundant reticular (CAR) cells are known to create a niche for HSCs and at the same time to give rise to osteoblasts. These two functions of CAR/LepR+ cells appear to be tightly but inversely regulated to ensure adequate physical space for HSCs. However, how osteogenesis is prevented in CAR cells to maintain spaces available for HSCs and hematopoiesis remains unclear. In this issue of Genes & Development, Seike and colleagues (pp. 359-372) report that the transcription factor early B-cell factor (Ebf3) is preferentially expressed by CAR/LepR+ cells and inhibits CAR cell differentiation into osteoblasts while at the same time maintaining self-renewal of CAR/LepR+ cells. Using conditional knockout and retroviral systems, the investigators show that loss of Ebf3 in CAR cells impairs HSC numbers and leads to osteosclerosis. This study provides novel insights into transcriptional requirements for CAR cell bone formation by identifying Ebf3 as a niche factor secreted from CAR/Lepr+ cells that regulates the interplay between osteogenesis and hematopoiesis.
Marking the unexpected: Evidence from Navajo to support a metadiscourse domain

Typological discussions of mirativity often consider the relationship between mirativity and evidentiality ( DeLancey 1997 , 2001 ; Aikhenvald 2004 ). However, in interaction speakers mobilize pragmatic extensions of miratives in ways that defy specific categorization. This study analyzes the function and distribution of the Navajo enclitic la in a Navajo Conversational Corpus ( Mithun ed 2015 NSF-DEL project 0853598). The enclitic most frequently functions as an interrogative in information questions ( Young & Morgan 1987 ), but it also encodes mirative senses including surprise, counter-expectation, discovery, and reported speech. Though the two seem synchronically unrelated, an examination of the pragmatic functions, as well as consideration of comparative Athabaskan evidence, links the polysemous enclitics as metadiscourse markers signaling contrastive focus on the unexpectedness of a proposition. These data support the interactional relevance of the semantic domain of expectation, subsuming contrastive focus and surprise ( Behrens 2012 ).
Diseases of the Urinary System

Potentially infective microorganisms may be found in urine, and it must be determined if these organisms are a result of contamination or prove the presence of active infection. Contamination will be avoided almost exclusively if following procedures to insure a proper sample are adhered to, as explained, but the possibility of contamination even if the sample is properly collected must be considered, based on the presence of certain clues such as cells from the urogenital system that are present along with potentially infective organisms.
Risk Assessment Using Control Banding

Abstract Control banding (CB) strategies offer simplified processes for controlling worker exposures in the absence of firm toxicologic and exposure information. The nanotechnology industry, with overwhelming uncertainties of work-related health risks posed by nanomaterials, is an excellent candidate for applying such strategies. Ongoing surveys continue to reflect that a majority of nanomaterial producers are not performing a basic risk assessment of their products in use. The use of CB strategies has become a primary route for the assessment and prioritization of potential health risks resulting from work-related exposures to nanomaterials and as a pragmatic approach to preliminary risk management. There has been an impressive growth of available CB tools developed internationally to address chemical risk assessment requirements; however, this is especially applicable in the nanomaterial industries. Toward this end, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) issued a new technical specification standard on the use of CB for managing inhalation risk from engineered nanomaterials. Included in this ISO standard is the CB Nanotool, the first useable tool developed for assessing and controlling nanomaterial exposure risks, which has now received an independent quantitative validation. Research on CB tools has also continued to expand in the scientific literature, and these updates have been addressed in a number of studies. The continuing expansion of CB tool use for nanomaterials requires ongoing efforts for evaluation, validation, and verification. This process has been especially true for the CB Nanotool and includes topics such as its input factors, structure, weighting of risk factors, effectiveness in practice, and utility for exposure mitigation. The ongoing scientific investigation and research on the CB tools developed for nanomaterials is necessary to ensure that risk assessments reflect appropriate solution outcomes and that these CB strategies remain accessible, affordable, and ultimately effective in protecting workers as the science of nanomaterials continues to grow.
Splitting the Baby: Whether ERISA-Imposed Withdrawal Liability Claims Should Be Prorated and Granted Administrative Priority in Bankruptcy Proceedings

Courts continue to struggle to identify the correct treatment of ERISA-imposed withdrawal liability claims in the context of bankruptcy proceedings. This article discusses the history and purpose of withdrawal liability and bankruptcy administrative priority. Specifically, this article examines Congress's purpose in creating withdrawal liability. Because Congress described bankruptcy-induced withdrawal liability as "uncollectible" and ordered the PBGC to create a voluntary supplemental insurance program to allow pension plans to insulate against such risk, this article argues for denial of such claims for administrative priority in accordance with the original intent of Congress.
The influence of elevated intraocular pressure on vascular pressures in the cat retina.

PURPOSE: Elevated intraocular pressure is known to reduce retinal blood flow, although the effect of intraocular pressure on retinal vascular pressures is unknown. Direct measurements of intravascular pressures were taken in the cat retina at various intraocular pressures. METHODS: Micropipettes of 2- to 3-microns tip diameter were used in conjunction with a servonull pressure-measuring system to determine retinal intravascular pressures in supine anesthetized cats. Pressures in large (80 to 120 microns diameter) vessels near the optic disc were measured over a wide range of intraocular pressures. RESULTS: Measurements show that retinal artery pressure depends on both intraocular pressure and mean systemic blood pressure, and that retinal vein pressure is determined by, but generally is different from, intraocular pressure, with no significant correlation to mean systemic blood pressure. Empirical equations are presented that predict statistically significant retinal artery, vein, and microvascular perfusion pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular pressure is an important determinant of the microvascular perfusion pressure in the retina of the cat, particularly at low mean systemic blood pressure. It is also apparent that retinal vein pressure is always greater than intraocular pressure, which implies the existence of a high-resistance extraretinal segment of the retinal vein. The results suggest mechanisms for the loss of visual function in glaucoma and other retinal circulatory disorders.
State Judicial Sovereignty

In our “dual sovereignty,” we have a dual judiciary. While the Constitution creates a single Supreme Court, and gives Congress the power to constitute inferior tribunals, predating our federal union were the courts of the states. Through concurrent jurisdiction, these courts, subject to the complete control of the states, were deemed parallel forums to adjudicate federal claims. Yet, in specific areas, Congress designated the federal courts as the exclusive forums of certain federal claims, depriving the state courts of that jurisdiction. In other areas, the Supreme Court has determined that state courts, with or without the consent of the state, are required to entertain certain federal causes of action. Each of these well-known features of our judicial system — concurrent, mandatory, and exclusive jurisdiction — represents efforts by one sovereign, the federal government, to command and control the jurisdiction of another sovereign, the states. Though the power to mandate, and exclude state court jurisdiction has been construed broadly, certain limits have been placed on this authority based on a respect for the autonomy of each state to manage their courts. I refer to the basis of these constraints on federal power as state judicial sovereignty. State judicial sovereignty refers to the power of states to vest their courts with subject matter jurisdiction to hear, or not to hear, federal causes of action. This article articulates a framework to explain how the autonomy of the states to control their own courts interacts with Congress’s efforts to use, or disregard the state courts for federal claims. Building on the analysis of concurrent, mandatory, and exclusive jurisdiction, I identify three attributes of state judicial sovereignty that are repeated throughout the Court’s precedents. First, state judge sovereignty refers to the constitutional obligations and state-law duties, of state judges with respect to federal causes of action. Second, state jurisdictional sovereignty, explains the autonomy of the states to vest their state courts with jurisdiction, subject to the strictures of the federal constitution. Third, state judge sovereignty, working under the auspices of state jurisdictional sovereignty, places a limit on the federal government’s power to regulate the state court, based on the anti-commandeering principle. The bounds of federal authority over the way state courts conduct their business have remained undefined for over 200 years. This article aims to bring some clarity to those boundaries.
Is There Progress toward Eliminating Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Leading Causes of Death?:

a SYNOPSIS Objectives. We examined changes in relative disparities between racial/ethnic populations for the five leading causes of death in the United States from 1990 to 2006. Methods. The study was based on age-adjusted death rates for four racial/ ethnic populations from 1990-1998 and 1999-2006. We compared the percent change in death rates over time between racial/ethnic populations to assess changes in relative differences. We also computed an index of disparity to assess changes in disparities relative to the most favorable group rate.
Rickettsia Lipid A Biosynthesis Utilizes the Late Acyltransferase LpxJ for Secondary Fatty Acid Addition

ABSTRACT Members of the Rickettsia genus are obligate intracellular, Gram-negative coccobacilli that infect mammalian and arthropod hosts. Several rickettsial species are human pathogens and are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods. In Gram-negative parasites, the outer membrane (OM) sits at the nexus of the host-pathogen interaction and is rich in lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The lipid A component of LPS anchors the molecule to the bacterial surface and is an endotoxic agonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Despite the apparent importance of lipid A in maintaining OM integrity, as well as its inflammatory potential during infection, this molecule is poorly characterized in Rickettsia pathogens. In this work, we have identified and characterized new members of the recently discovered LpxJ family of lipid A acyltransferases in both Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agents of murine typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, respectively. Our results demonstrate that these enzymes catalyze the addition of a secondary acyl chain (C14/C16) to the 3′-linked primary acyl chain of the lipid A moiety in the final steps of the Raetz pathway of lipid A biosynthesis. Since lipid A architecture is fundamental to bacterial OM integrity, we believe that rickettsial LpxJ may be important in maintaining membrane dynamics to facilitate molecular interactions at the host-pathogen interface that are required for adhesion and invasion of mammalian cells. This work contributes to our understanding of rickettsial outer membrane physiology and sets a foundation for further exploration of the envelope and its role in pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers an inflammatory response through the TLR4-MD2 receptor complex and inflammatory caspases, a process mediated by the lipid A moiety of LPS. Species of Rickettsia directly engage both extracellular and intracellular immunosurveillance, yet little is known about rickettsial lipid A. Here, we demonstrate that the alternative lipid A acyltransferase, LpxJ, from Rickettsia typhi and R. rickettsii catalyzes the addition of C16 fatty acid chains into the lipid A 3′-linked primary acyl chain, accounting for major structural differences relative to the highly inflammatory lipid A of Escherichia coli.
Automatic Tuning and Control for Advanced Light Sources

The next generation of X-ray Free Electron Laser (FEL) advanced light sources allow users to drastically change beam properties for various experiments. The main advantage of FELs over synchrotron light sources is their ability to provide more coherent, brighter flashes of light by tens of orders of magnitude with custom bunch lengths down to tens of femtoseconds. The wavelength of the brighter, more coherent light produced by an FEL is extremely dependent on both the electron beam energy, which must be adjusted between different experiments, and maintaining minimal electron bunch emittance. A large change in beam energy and bunch length usually requires a lengthy manual re-tuning of almost the entire accelerator. Therefore, unlike traditional machines which can operate for months or years at fixed energies, RF, and magnet settings FELs must have the ability to be completely re-tuned very quickly. For example, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) FEL can provide electrons at an energy range of 4–14 GeV and 1 nC pulses with 300 fs pulse width down to 20 pC pulses with 2 fs pulse width. The next generation of X-ray FELs will provide even bright, shorter wave-length (0.05 nm at EuXFEL, 0.01 nm at MaRIE), more coherent light, and at higher repetition rates (2 MHz at LCLS-II and 30,000 lasing bunches/second at EuXFEL, 2.3 ns bunch separation at MaRIE) than currently possible, requiring smaller electron bunch emittances than achievable today. Therefore, the next generation of light sources face two problems in terms of tuning and control. In parallel with the difficulties of improving performance to match tighter constraints on energy spreads and beam quality, existing and especially future accelerators face challenges in maintaining beam quality and quickly tuning between various experiments. We begin this chapter with a brief overview of some accelerator beam dynamics and a list of control problems important to particle accelerators. In the second half of this chapter we introduce some recently developed model-independent techniques for the control and tuning of accelerators with a focus on a feedback based extremum seeking method for automatic tuning and optimization which can tune multiple coupled parameters simultaneously and is incredibly robust to time-variation of system components and noise.