cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two period Homologs: Circadian Expression and Photic Regulation in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

We have characterized a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila period gene and designated it Per2. The PER2 protein shows >40% amino acid identity to the protein of another mammalian per homolog (designated Per1) that was recently cloned and characterized. Both PER1 and PER2 proteins share several regions of homology with the Drosophila PER protein, including the protein dimerization PAS domain. Phylogenetic analysis supports the existence of a family of mammalian per genes. In the mouse, Per1 and Per2 RNA levels exhibit circadian rhythms in the SCN and eyes, sites of circadian clocks. Both Per1 and Per2 RNAs in the SCN are increased by light exposure during subjective night but not during subjective day. The results advance our knowledge of candidate clock elements in mammals.
An RNA transcriptional regulator templates its own regulatory RNA

The bacterial transcriptional repressor 6S RNA mimics the DNA contained in a melted promoter and forms specific interactions with the active site of RNA polymerase. A new study shows that, surprisingly, 6S RNA acts as a template for the synthesis of small RNAs, which liberates the polymerase from 6S RNA. Hence, the transcriptional repressor 6S RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of its own de-repressive RNA.
Detection of faking on the personality inventory for children

Evaluated the effectiveness of various techniques for the identification of faking on the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC). Seventy undergraduate students were asked to complete two PICs on their child using various permutations of the options: Faking bad, faking good, and legitimate. The results were cross-validated against a clinical sample in which there was reason to believe that the informant had completed the PIC in a faked bad, faked good, or legitimate fashion. The results indicate that a clinician cannot be absolutely certain whether a PIC profile is valid. However, given our current level of understanding, Adjustment (ADJ) greater than or equal to 84 T for the identification of faking bad and either Social Desirability (SD) greater than or equal to 54 T or K greater than or equal to 59 T for the identification of faking good are recommended.
In vitro packaging into phage T4 particles and specific recircularization of phage lambda DNAs.

Abstract Concatemeric phage λimm434 DNA packaged in vitro into phage T4 particles produced plaques on a selective host. Moreover, λ DNA containing a pBR322 derivative flanked by the λattL and attR sites could be specifically recireularized by excisive A recombination to yield the pBR322 derivative. A host deficient m generalized recombination and containing a defective λcIts prophage which provided Int and Xis proteins was the recipient for this plasmid derivative carried by T4. Such a T4-λ hybrid may potentially allow almost one T4 headful of donor DNA (166 kb) to be packaged and recircularized.
An analysis of Health Marketing Quarterly 1991-2002.

Abstract Health Marketing Quarterly (HMQ) is one of the leading journals in its field and has been published since 1983. This article reports the findings of a content analysis of HMQ over a period of more than a decade. The study identifies most frequent authors and institutional affiliation of contributors, the primary subject of articles, methodology utilized, and implications offered readers. Conclusions from the findings are discussed and suggestions are offered for the benefit of readers, authors, editorial review board members, and editors.
Regulatory-Science: Biphasic Cancer Models or the LNT-Not Just a Matter of Biology!

There is no doubt that prudence and risk aversion must guide public decisions when the associated adverse outcomes are either serious or irreversible. With any carcinogen, the levels of risk and needed protection before and after an event occurs, are determined by dose-response models. Regulatory law should not crowd out the actual beneficial effects from low dose exposures—when demonstrable—that are inevitably lost when it adopts the linear non-threshold (LNT) as its causal model. Because regulating exposures requires planning and developing protective measures for future acute and chronic exposures, public management decisions should be based on minimizing costs and harmful exposures. We address the direct and indirect effects of causation when the danger consists of exposure to very low levels of carcinogens and toxicants. The societal consequences of a policy can be deleterious when that policy is based on a risk assumed by the LNT, in cases where low exposures are actually beneficial. Our work develops the science and the law of causal risk modeling: both are interwoven. We suggest how their relevant characteristics differ, but do not attempt to keep them separated; as we demonstrate, this union, however unsatisfactory, cannot be severed.
NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) Localizes to the Mitotic Spindle in Human Cells

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an FAD containing quinone reductase that catalyzes the 2-electron reduction of a broad range of quinones. The 2-electron reduction of quinones to hydroquinones by NQO1 is believed to be a detoxification process since this reaction bypasses the formation of the highly reactive semiquinone. NQO1 is expressed at high levels in normal epithelium, endothelium and adipocytes as well as in many human solid tumors. In addition to its function as a quinone reductase NQO1 has been shown to reduce superoxide and regulate the 20 S proteasomal degradation of proteins including p53. Biochemical studies have indicated that NQO1 is primarily located in the cytosol, however, lower levels of NQO1 have also been found in the nucleus. In these studies we demonstrate using immunocytochemistry and confocal imaging that NQO1 was found associated with mitotic spindles in cells undergoing division. The association of NQO1 with the mitotic spindles was observed in many different human cell lines including nontransformed cells (astrocytes, HUVEC) immortalized cell lines (HBMEC, 16HBE) and cancer (pancreatic adenocarcinoma, BXPC3). Confocal analysis of double-labeling experiments demonstrated co-localization of NQO1with alpha-tubulin in mitotic spindles. In studies with BxPc-3 human pancreatic cancer cells the association of NQO1 with mitotic spindles appeared to be unchanged in the presence of NQO1 inhibitors ES936 or dicoumarol suggesting that NQO1 can associate with the mitotic spindle and still retain catalytic activity. Analysis of archival human squamous lung carcinoma tissue immunostained for NQO1 demonstrated positive staining for NQO1 in the spindles of mitotic cells. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate for the first time the association of the quinone reductase NQO1 with the mitotic spindle in human cells.
Genetic differences in intravenous cocaine self-administration between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice

In experiment 1, two different strains of mice [C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2)] were allowed to nosepoke for 5 µl intravenous (IV) infusions during 2-h daily sessions. Two nosepoke holes were available, only one of which was reinforced on an FR-3 schedule with a 10-s time-out indicated by a light inside the reinforced nosepoke hole. During the first nine sessions, infusions were saline. On subsequent sessions, mice acquired nosepoking for 0.5 mg/kg cocaine. Finally, all mice were extinguished by again receiving only saline infusions. Cocaine acted as a reinforcer in both strains. In experiment 2, different mice from the same two strains were allowed to acquire nosepoking for IV cocaine at one of three unit doses (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg). Although there were no effects of unit dose on rate of acquisition, B6 mice were faster in acquiring self-administration behavior than were D2 mice. Experiment 3 assessed behavior in the same mice, after acquisition had occurred. D2 mice nosepoked at a lower rate at asymptote than did B6 mice, but with a higher preference for the cocaine reinforced hole. Unit doses of cocaine were then manipulated within subjects, from 0.125 to 2.0 mg/kg per infusion. Higher doses yielded lower response rates than lower doses, both between and within subjects. Behavior in D2 mice relative to B6 mice also appeared to be shifted to the left of the dose-response curve measured within-subjects. Together, these findings indicate that although cocaine serves as a reinforcer in both strains, there are genetic differences in the pattern of cocaine self-administration between these two mouse strains.
An evolving paradigm for managing hazardous materials transportation risk

The advent of terrorist activity has taught us that managing hazardous materials transportation risk must be performed with a different lens to accommodate terrorism scenarios that may not have previously warranted such formal attention. Given these circumstances, a new paradigm must emerge for managing the risks associated with transport of Hazardous Materials (HM), one that explicitly considers the likelihood and consequences of terrorist attacks, while preserving consideration of risks posed by accidents and natural hazards. This article presents a review of traditional risk assessment methods and practices as applied to the transport of HM, introduces the challenge of assessing security risks, and describes a methodology for constructing a systematic, integrated risk assessment process for addressing natural and man-made disasters, be they accidental or planned. The methodology is subsequently applied to various classes of HM transported by highway, both to illustrate the methodology as well as to interpret the results. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings and implications associated with this effort.
Fusion of disturbed soil feature for down-looking ground-penetrating radar mine detection

For vehicle-mounted down-looking ground penetrating radar (DLGPR) systems, the largest response is typically due to the radar reflecting off the ground. Most DLGPR algorithms remove the ground bounce response as a first preprocessing step. The remaining subsurface response is then used to detect buried mines. It was observed that the ground bounce response over recently buried mines differs from the surrounding undisturbed soil. This suggests an approach in which the ground bounce response could be used to enhance detection performance. In this paper, we describe a technique for fusing the GPR ground bounce response with the GPS subsurface response to enhance mine detection performance. The technique is applied to data collected by a wide bandwidth impulse radar over buried mines in various soil conditions.
CONDENSED TANNINS: DESULFONATION OF HYDROXYBENZYLSULFONIC ACIDS RELATED TO PROANTHOCYANIDIN DERIVATIVES

Abstract Studies on the desulfonation of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzylsulfonic acid and sodium epicatechin-(4β)-sulfonate showed that sulfonates α to a phloroglucinol ring are good leaving groups at ambient temperature and pH greater than 8.0. In contrast, hydroxybenzylsulfonic acids with resorcinol or phenol hydroxyl functionality resist desulfonation even at pH 12 and 90°C. It was also not possible to make (2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl), (4-hydroxyphenyl)-methane or (2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl),(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-methane by slow addition of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzylsulfonic acid to alkaline solutions of phenol or resorcinol. However, facile desulfonation of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzylsulfonic acid derivatives permits the use of condensed tannins from most conifer barks as intermediates for the formulation of water-resistant, cold-setting, wood-laminating adhesives. Under typical adhesive formulation conditions, the sulfonic acid groups on tannin derivatives from conifer barks will he displaced, resulting in water-insoluble p...
Atomistic Studies of Jogged Screw Dislocations in γ-TiAl Alloys

The behavior of jogged screw dislocations in {gamma}-TiAl alloys has been investigated with large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The authors find a new mechanism for formation of pinning points in jogged screw dislocations. They also find that the critical height for the jogs in the {+-}[{bar 1}10] directions on the (001) plane to move nonconservatively is between 3r{sub 0} and 4r{sub 0}, where r{sub 0} is the nearest neighbor distance of aluminum atoms. Interstitials and vacancies are created during the nonconservative motions of the jogs. In addition, the formation of dislocation dipole and loops around the jogs is also observed.
Diffusion of F-centers in potassium chloride crystals†

Diffusion coefficients of F-centers in additively colored KCI single crystals have been measured as a function of F-center concentration [F] and temperature. It has been found that up to a certain critical concentration which decreases with temperature, these coefficients are independent of [F]. Above this concentration, diffusion coefficients decrease with [F]. Presence of divalent cations seems to increase diffusion rates. Theoretical analysis of the experimental data indicates, that at low [F], diffusion of F-centers is controlled by electrons hopping from one vacancy to another. At high [F], the dominant transport mechanism is diffusion of cation vacancies. Les coefficients de la diffusion de centres F ont ete mesures en fonction de leur concentration [F], et la temperature. Ces coefficients sont constantes jusqu'a la concentration critique qui s'abaisse avec la temperature. Au-dessus de cette concentration critique les coefficients de la diffusion diminuent quand [F] augmente. La presence des cations divalantes semble accroǐtre la vitesse de la diffusion. L'analyse theorique des resultats experimentaux indique, que pour de faibles concentrations de F la diffusion de centres F est con-trolee par „hopping” des electrons d'une lacune a l'autre. Quand la concentration de centres F devient importante, le mecanisme de transport est essentiellement la diffusion des lacunes cationiques.
An examination of articles in the eight leading management information systems journals: 1980–1988

Abstract Researchers within the management information systems (MIS) discipline display an on-going concern with rating professional journals. These ratings appear to have merit as indicators of academic excellence, in faculty recruitment, and in various administrative decisions. The purpose of the current paper is to add to the existing body of knowledge in this area. The study analyzes 817 articles published in what frequently-cited MIS researchers rank as the 8 leading journals in the discipline. It discloses the number of MIS-related articles published by each journal in each of the nine years included in the study (1980–1988). It also reveals the 60 leading MIS researchers, based on prorated scores, and which journals publish their work. Additionally, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) subject classification scheme, as presented in Computing Surveys , is employed to identify and discuss the most and least heavily researched topic areas in MIS.
Isotopic analyses of amino acids from the Murchison meteorite

Previous isotopic analyses of the total amino acids of the Murchison meteorite showed these compounds to be substantially enriched in ^2H, ^(13)C, and ^(15)N relative to terrestrial organic matter. These analyses have been repeated (^2H, ^(13)C) with inclusion of an ultrafiltration step to exclude the possibility that a fine paniculate contaminant carried the isotopic excesses observed in the previous work. In addition, the meteorite amino acids were chromatographically separated to rule out the possibility that the isotopic enrichment of the meteorite extract could reside in basic compounds other than amino acids. The results indicate that the Murchison amino acids are truly isotopically unusual, that the isotopic excesses reside in at least several different amino acids, and that the isotopic contents of some of these amino acids reach values of about +40%. (δ^(13)C) and +2500%. (δD). If it is assumed that the high deuterium content of the meteorite ɑ - amino acids is a result of the synthesis of their molecular precursors by low temperature ion-molecule reactions in an interstellar cloud, their formation by aqueous phase Strecker reactions in the parent body is consistent with their general characteristics and with known parent body processes.
Assessment of metal inhibition of reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene at a superfund site

Laboratory studies were conducted to identify easily measured parameters that would predict the potential for metal inhibition in sediments co-contaminated by heavy metals and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at the Petro Processors Superfund site. Metal inhibition was investigated using HCB-contaminated sediment and a range of added metal concentrations (1–1,000 mg/kg). Cadmium, Cu, Pb, and Zn all caused inhibition of HCB reductive dechlorination and methane production with inhibiting concentrations of Cd and Pb equivalent to those found in portions of the site. In the second phase of studies, laboratory experiments investigated the relationship between Cd and Pb availability on the kinetics of HCB degradation. Cadmium and Pb affected both dechlorination rates and lag times. In addition, Cd affected the appearance of lower chlorinated benzene metabolites. Inhibition of HCB dechlorination was well correlated to ratios of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) to simultaneously extractable metals (SEM) and water-soluble Cd. Only treatments with a measurable concentration (>6 μg/L) of free, uncomplexed Cd exhibited inhibition. Lead inhibited HCB dechlorination at all concentrations tested (10–1,000 mg/kg) and inhibition did not correlate to either water-soluble Pb concentrations or AVS/SEM ratios. For both Cd and Pb, methane production was less sensitive to metals than HCB dechlorination, making production of methane a poor indicator of inhibition. Measurement of free, uncomplexed Cd was the best predictor of Cd inhibition while no suitable indicators were found for Pb. These results demonstrate the importance of metal bioavailability on the inhibition of reductive dechlorination.
Relationships Between Reactions of Sweet Corn Hybrids to Stewart's Wilt and Incidence of Systemic Infection by Erwinia stewartii.

Relationships between the reactions of sweet corn hybrids to Stewart's wilt and the incidence of natural, systemic infection by Erwinia stewartii differed among trials in which the prevalence of Stewart's wilt differed. Systemic Stewart's wilt infection was assessed for 262, 296, and 245 hybrids planted in seven trials in central Illinois in June and July 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively. Incidence of systemic infection was calculated in each trial for all hybrids in each of nine categories of Stewart's wilt reactions (i.e., 1 = resistant and 9 = susceptible). When mean incidence was about 5%, incidence ranged from about 1 to 8% on resistant to moderately susceptible hybrids, but incidence was nearly 30% on susceptible hybrids. When mean incidence ranged from 10 to 16%, the relationships between hybrid reactions and incidence were explained by exponential or polynomial regressions. Incidence was less than 10% for hybrids with resistant and moderately resistant reactions, and incidence was greater than 15% for moderately susceptible to susceptible hybrids. When mean incidence was near 50%, the relationship was linear. Incidence was about 18% for resistant hybrids and about 80% for susceptible hybrids. Incidence increased about 8% for each class of hybrid reaction from 1 to 9. The influence of resistance on the development of systemic infection at very early seedling growth stages also was evaluated in six greenhouse trials. A highly resistant hybrid, Bonus, was systemically infected in two of six greenhouse trials when seedlings were inoculated prior to the V3 growth stage; however, systemic infection was not as severe as on a susceptible hybrid, Jubilee. Systemic infection was more severe on Bonus when plants were inoculated at earlier growth stages between VE and V3. The resistant hybrid Bonus was not systemically infected when inoculated after the V4 growth stage except for one greenhouse trial when all Stewart's wilt ratings were higher than usual. Hybrid reactions to Stewart's wilt affected the incidence of systemic infection in field situations and they affected the growth stage at which resistance effectively prevented systemic movement of E. stewartii within plants in greenhouse trials. This information can be used to determine more effectively when to apply other control measures, such as insecticidal seed treatments.
Impact of adiponectin deficiency on pulmonary responses to acute ozone exposure in mice.

Obese mice have increased responses to acute ozone (O3) exposure. T-cadherin is a binding protein for the high–molecular weight isoforms of adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory hormone that declines in obesity. The objective of the present study was to determine whether adiponectin affects pulmonary responses to O3, and whether these effects are mediated through T-cadherin. We performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and measured pulmonary responsiveness to methacholine after acute air or O3 exposure (2 ppm for 3 h) in adiponectin-deficient (Adipo−/−) or T-cadherin–deficient (T-Cad−/−) mice. O3 increased pulmonary responses to methacholine and increased BAL neutrophils and protein to a greater extent in wild-type than in Adipo−/− mice, whereas T-cadherin deficiency had no effect. O3-induced increases in BAL IL-6 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), which contribute to O3-induced pulmonary neutrophilia, were also greater in wild-type than in Adipo−/− mice. In contrast, responses to O3 were not altered by transgenic overexpression of adiponectin. To determine which adiponectin isoforms are present in the lung, Western blotting was performed. The hexameric isoform of adiponectin dominated in serum, whereas BAL was dominated by the high–molecular weight isoform of adiponectin. Interestingly, serum adiponectin was greater in T-Cad−/− versus wild-type mice, whereas BAL adiponectin was lower in T-Cad−/− versus wild-type mice, suggesting that T-cadherin may be important for transit of high–molecular weight adiponectin from the blood to the lung. Our results indicate that adiponectin deficiency inhibits pulmonary inflammation induced by acute O3 exposure, and that T-cadherin does not mediate the effects of adiponectin responsible for these events.
Nanopatterning of Si/SiGe Two-dimensional Hole Gases by PFOTS-aided AFM Lithography of Carrier Supply Layer

The nanopatterning of Si/SiGe layers by PFOTS (perfluorooctyl trichlorosilane) -aided AFM (atomic force microscopy) lithography is demonstrated. We use self-assembled PFOTS monolayers as a resist for AFM exposure and then transfer patterns in to underlying SiGe layers by a two-step selective wet etching. Minimum linewidths of 100nm can be achieved with improved uniformity and repeatability compared to AFM lithography without PFOTS. This lithography technique was used to pattern the carrier supply layer in Si/SiGe 2-D hole gases to localize holes for epitaxially passivated quantum dot applications.
Vancomycin Dosing in Obese Pediatric Patients

Background: Data are lacking to guide antimicrobial dosing for overweight children. The authors hypothesized that obese children would have increased vancomycin serum trough concentrations compared with nonobese children. Methods: A matched study design was employed to compare retrospectively vancomycin trough concentrations. Results: Among 24 matched pairs, obese patients received 14.1 ± 1.5 mg per kilogram and nonobese children 14.9 ± 0.9 mg per kilogram of vancomycin per kilogram of vancomycin (P = .03). There was a trend toward higher vancomycin serum concentrations in obese (6.9 ± 4.30 μg/mL) versus nonobese children (4.8 ± 3.08 μg/mL; P = .052). Mean half-life in obese patients was 2.9 ± 0.29 hours and volume of distribution was 0.35 ± 0.15 L/kg. Conclusions: Since obesity did not alter vancomycin trough concentrations, overweight children should receive vancomycin based on actual body weight. However, since vancomycin troughs were substantially lower than those recommended for adults, further studi...
Behavioral and Developmental Outcomes in Young Children with Disabilities in Integrated and Segregated Settings A Review of Comparative Studies

This article reviews the literature comparing outcomes for young children with disabilities in integrated and segregated settings. An examination of research methodology, dependent measures, and programmatic variables is used to analyze the effects of preschool integration across 22 studies. Despite some methodological weaknesses, an analysis of findings provides support for the benefits of preschool integration with respect to social and other behavioral outcomes. Children's developmental outcomes over time have not been shown to vary as a function of integrated versus segregated placement. The article concludes with a discussion of these findings and their implications for future research and practice in early intervention.
Balancing Cyclic $R$-ary Gray Codes$\,$ II

New cyclic $n$-digit Gray codes are constructed over $\{0, 1, \ldots, R-1 \}$ for all $R \ge 2$, $n \ge 3$. These codes have the property that the distribution of digit changes (transition counts) between two successive elements is close to uniform. For $R=2$, the construction and proof are simpler than earlier balanced cyclic binary Gray codes. For $R \ge 3$ and $n \ge 2$, every transition count is within $2$ of the average $R^n/n$. For even $R >2$, the codes are as close to uniform as possible, except when there are two anomalous transition counts for $R \equiv 2 \pmod{4}$ and $R^n$ is divisible by $n$.
Remarks on the time-optimal control of a class of hamiltonian systems

The author deals with time-optimal control and some other questions for multivariable systems for which a certain Hamiltonian structure is present. The main results characterize regions of the state space where singular trajectories cannot exist, and provide high-order conditions for optimality. A class of Hamiltonian systems is first defined. A time-optimal control problem is then discussed, and Pontryagin's maximum principle is delineated. >
Locational choice of AFDC recipients within California: a conditional logit analysis

Abstract This paper examines factors that influence migration of AFDC recipients within California. A county level conditional logit model is used to analyze the impact of cost adjusted benefits on intrastate moves during recipients’ first year of welfare participation. Costs of living, particularly housing costs, differ considerably across counties of California, yet the welfare benefit is set at the state level. This creates the potential for variation in the purchasing power of the welfare benefit if a family chooses to move. Variation in cost of living is shown to have a significant effect on migration patterns of AFDC recipients. Estimates suggest that a $150 decrease in fair market rent results in 15% more migration to the county. Recipients’ migration is more responsive to cost of living than migration of the general population.
Hyperthermia combined with radiation in treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer is associated with a favourable toxicity profile

Purpose: Hyperthermia is used to treat several pelvic tumours. An important step in establishing a broader role for hyperthermia in treatment of prostate cancer is verification of an acceptable toxicity profile. In this report, short- and long-term toxicity profiles of a completed phase II trial of transrectal ultrasound hyperthermia combined with radiation in treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer are presented.Methods and materials: Thirty-seven patients enrolled on a phase II study of external beam radiation ± androgen suppression with two transrectal ultrasound hyperthermia treatments were assessed for short- and long-term toxicity. Prostatic and anterior rectal wall temperatures were monitored. Rectal wall temperatures were limited to 40°C (19 patients), 41°C (three patients) and 42°C (15 patients). Univariate logistic regression was used to estimate the log hazard of developing NCI CTC Grade 2 toxicity based on temperature parameters. Hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals, p-values for stat...
Impact of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase–producing organisms on clinical and economic outcomes in patients with urinary tract infection

OBJECTIVE To compare clinical and economic outcomes between patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species (ESBL-EK) versus patients with non-ESBL-EK UTI. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty-four (3.6%) of 2345 patients admitted between September 1, 2011 and August 31, 2012 with UTI were positive for ESBL-EK. Fifty-five ESBL-EK UTI (cases) and matched controls (non–ESBL-EK UTI) were included in the analysis. Clinical and economic outcomes were compared between cases and controls for statistical significance. RESULTS Cases were more likely to have diabetes mellitus, a history of recurrent UTIs, recently received antibiotics, recently been hospitalized, and had previous isolation of an ESBL-producing organism compared with controls. Failure of initial antibiotic regimen (62% vs 6%; P < 0.001) and time to appropriate antibiotic therapy (51 vs 2.5 hours; P < 0.001) were greater in cases. The median cost of care was greater (additional $3658; P = 0.02) and the median length of stay (LOS) prolonged for cases (6 vs 4 days; P = 0.02) despite similar hospital reimbursement (additional $469; P = 0.56). Although not significant, infection-related mortality (7.2% vs 1.8%) and 30-day UTI readmission (7.2% vs 3.6%) were higher in ESBL-EK cases. CONCLUSIONS UTI caused by ESBL-EK is associated with significant clinical and economic burden. The cost of care and LOS of patients with ESBL-EK UTI were 1.5 times those caused by non–ESBL-EK. Importantly, the additional cost of care is a liability to the hospital, as this is not offset by reimbursement. Appropriate and timely initial antibiotics may minimize the ESBL-EK impact on outcomes of patients with UTI. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:232–238. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Trajectory of frequency stability in typical development

This work explores a feature of brain dynamics, metastability, by which transients are observed in functional brain data. Metastability is a balance between static (stable) and dynamic (unstable) tendencies in electrophysiological brain activity. Furthermore, metastability is a theoretical mechanism underlying the rapid synchronization of cell as- semblies that serve as neural substrates for cognitive states, and it has been associated with cognitive flexibility. While much previous research has sought to characterize metastabil- ity in the adult human brain, few studies have examined metastability in early development, in part because of the challenges of acquiring adequate, noise free continuous data in young children. To accomplish this endeavor, we studied a new method for characterizing the stability of EEG frequency in early childhood, as inspired by prior approaches for de- scribing cortical phase resets in the scalp EEG of healthy adults. Specifically, we quantified the variance of the rate of change of the signal phase (i.e., frequency) as a proxy for phase resets (signal instability), given that phase resets occur almost simultaneously across large portions of the scalp. We tested our method in a cohort of 39 preschool age children (age =53±13.6 months). We found that our outcome variable of interest, frequency variance, was a promising marker of signal stability, as it increased with the number of phase resets in surrogate (artificial) signals. In our cohort of children, frequency variance decreased cross-sectionally with age (r= −0.47, p=0.0028). EEG signal stability, as quantified by fre- quency variance, increases with age in preschool age children. Future studies will relate this biomarker with the development of executive function and cognitive flexibility in children, with the overarching goal of understanding metastability in atypical development.
How Realism Waltzed Off: Liberalism and Decisionmaking in Kenneth Waltz's Neorealism

Neorealism is one of the most influential theories of international relations, and its first theorist, Kenneth Waltz, a giant of the discipline. But why did Waltz move from a rather traditional form of classical realist political theory in the 1950s to neorealism in the 1970s? A possible answer is that Waltz's Theory of International Politics was his attempt to reconceive classical realism in a liberal form. Classical realism paid a great deal of attention to decisionmaking and statesmanship, and concomitantly asserted a nostalgic, anti-liberal political ideology. Neorealism, by contrast, dismissed the issue of foreign policymaking and decisionmaking. This shift reflected Waltz's desire to reconcile his acceptance of classical realism's tenets with his political commitment to liberalism. To do so, Waltz incorporated cybernetics and systems theory into Theory of International Politics, which allowed him to develop a theory of international relations no longer burdened with the problem of decisionmaking.
Quantitative recovery of pulmonary intravascular macrophages from sheep lungs

Pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) adhere to the endothelium of lung capillaries and Se- quester circulating particles and pathogens from the blood. Iron oxide (�yFe2O3) 5 mg/kg, administered in- travenously, specifically labeled PIMs in situ within the living sheep. Attempts to isolate yFe2O3-labeled PIMs us- ing vascular perfusion (VP) procedures yielded few cells. To improve recovery of PIMs, a proteolytic lung digestion (PLD) procedure was developed. Following PLD, 'yFe2O3- containing PIMs were recovered by magnets and the amount of -yFe2O3 present measured by fluxgate mag- netometry. Proteolytic lung digestion recovered 34% of the total yFe2O3 in lung samples and yielded 2 x 10� PIMs/g lung with 95% viability. In contrast, VP reco- vered only 3% of the total -yFe2O3 in the lung; further- more, less than 2 % of the recoveredyFe2O3 was cell as- sociated. Proteolytic lung digestion followed by magnetic separation is an effective way to recover viable sheep PIMs for in vitro study. J. Leukoc. Biol. 56: 692-701; 1994.
Case Report: Kaposi’s Sarcoma Involvement of the Bone Marrow

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a predominantly cutaneous malignancy with several clinical variants. Extracutaneous sites of involvement are uncommon in all disease variants except epidemic KS (human immunodeficiency virus related) and the African lymphadenopathic variant. Extracutaneous KS usually involves the lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract. The authors report the first description of a patient with classic KS to have bone marrow involvement. Two additional patients with KS variants and bone marrow involvement have been described. Bone marrow tumor invasion should be considered in patients with KS and hematologic abnormalities.
Mapping Population Health Management Roadmap into Cervical Cancer Screening Programs

Population Health Management PHM aims to provide better health outcomes for preventing diseases, closing care gaps and providing more personalized care. Since the inception of the Pap test, cervical cancer CxCa decreased in countries applying cervical cancer programs, involving both prevention and treatment. In this article, the authors map the PHM roadmap to the design of cervical cancer screening programs and examine the effect on the supporting information technology systems. Notwithstanding screening programs have a tight relation to PHM; the mapping reveals numerous interventions involving additional data sources, and timeless reconfiguration.
Mycoplasma genitalium: An Emerging Sexually Transmitted Infection

Mycoplasma genitalium has been recognized as a cause of male urethritis, and there is now evidence suggesting that it causes cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in women. M. genitalium is a slow growing organism, and, with the advent of nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), more studies are being performed, and knowledge about the pathogenicity of this organism elucidated. With NAAT detection, treatment modalities have been studied, and the next challenge is to determine the most effective antimicrobial therapy. Doxycycline, the first-line antibiotic for urethritis, is largely ineffective in the treatment of M. genitalium and furthermore, resistance to macrolide has also emerged. The most effective drug is Moxifloxacin although there are emerging reports of resistance to it in various parts of the world. This paper not only highlights the current research and knowledge, but also reviews the diversity of health implications on the health of men and women infected with M. genitalium. Alternate antibiotics and the impact of M. genitalium on infertility are areas that require more studies as we continue to research into this microorganism.
Age differences in perceptions of gerotranscendence: An examination of cosmic dimension behaviors

ABSTRACTThe theory of gerotranscendence contends that as we age, a shift in meta-perspective from a materialistic and pragmatic view of the world to a cosmic and transcendent one occurs. The cosmic dimension of gerotranscendence is a central component of the theory and is manifested in various ways. The purpose of this study was to examine age differences in perceptions of cosmic gerotranscendence. Results indicated that older adults rated cosmic gerotranscendent behaviors as less concerning and unusual compared to younger adults even when controlling for familiarity with these behaviors. Implications in terms of cross-generational interactions are discussed.
Interpenetrating nets in cis-bis(pyridine-4-carboxylate)nickel(II).

The title compound, [Ni(C6H4NO2)2], crystallized in a three-dimensional framework consisting of three interpenetrating diamond-like nets. The Ni atom is on a twofold axis, the coordination is `(O2)2N2' in a cis arrangement and the ligands are bridging.
Magic 4-cubes on Abelian groups and its algorithm

In this paper,we give three order magic 4-hypercubes and its algorithm on Abelian group Z34,and generalize it to the recursive generation and construction of p-order magic cubes and p-order magic 4-hypercubes of Zp4(prime number p=2n+1,n=1,2,3…).
Boundary Spanning: The Social Practices at the Micro-Foundation of Dynamic-Capability Processes

Although interest in dynamic capabilities has grown rapidly in recent years, the study of its micro-foundations has remained fixated on the role of managers, particularly their entrepreneurial attr...
Structural and Functional Characterization of Aerobactin Synthetase IucA from a Hypervirulent Pathotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Iron is a vital mineral nutrient required by virtually all life forms to prosper; pathogenic bacteria are no exception. Despite the abundance of iron within the human host, highly regulated iron physiology can result in exceedingly low levels of iron bioavailable to prospective invading bacteria. To combat this scarcity of iron, many pathogenic bacteria have acquired specific and efficient iron acquisition systems, which allow them to thrive in iron-deficient host environments. One of the more prominent bacterial iron acquisition systems involves the synthesis, secretion, and reuptake of small-molecule iron chelators known as siderophores. Aerobactin, a citrate-hydroxamate siderophore originally isolated nearly 50 years ago, is produced by a number of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. Aerobactin has recently been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in mediating the enhanced virulence of a particularly invasive pathotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP). Toward further understanding of this key virulence f...
Using Movies to Strengthen Learning of the Humanistic Aspects of Medicine.

Introduction Movie screening and activities have been used during the last two semesters (spring and summer 2015) to strengthen the learning of communication skills, empathy, professionalism, and greater understanding of the process and death and dying at the Xavier University School of Medicine. Aim The present manuscript describes the movie screening and activities. Student feedback regarding the sessions is also mentioned. Settings and design The activity was conducted among basic science undergraduate medical students and student feedback was obtained. A cross-sectional study design was used. Materials and methods Feedback was obtained towards the end of June 2015 using a questionnaire designed by the authors. Participants were asked to rate their degree of agreement with the set of statements and provide an overall rating for the sessions. No demographic information was collected. Statistical analysis Cronbach's alpha was calculated as a measure of internal consistency. The normality of distribution of the scores of individual statements and of the overall rating was determined using one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The average scores were calculated. Free text comments were tabulated. Results Forty-nine of the 63 students (77.8%) participated in the study. Cronbach's alpha was 0.868 indicating a high level of internal consistency. The median scores indicating the degree of agreement with most statements ranged from 3 to 5. The mean participant rating of the sessions was 7.10 (maximum possible score 10). A few participants provided free text comments regarding the sessions. Conclusion Student feedback about the session was positive. Impact of the session on humanistic issues, professionalism and death and dying should be studied in future.
Exploring the Foundations of US State-Level Anti-Sharia Initiatives

In recent years, measures have been taken to ban the use of international legal principles in state courts. While these international laws vary in terms of the specific restrictions they place on state legal practices, many of these laws have been aimed implicitly or explicitly at banning Sharia law practices. While dozens of states have attempted to pass anti-Sharia policies, thus far, only eight have been successful. In this article, we apply a policy diffusion framework to help explain the agenda placement and adoption of these measures. We find that both internal state determinants and external regional diffusion factors influence the interstate agenda placement and adoption of anti-Sharia practices. However, the regional effect is negative, meaning that these policies follow an atypical diffusion pattern. This study adds to the growing body of literature that examines the diffusion of controversial morality policies.
Treatment Evaluation of Alcoholic Patients in an Alcoholism Program Vs. Those on General Medical Services

More than 20% of the adult medical patients treated in New York City municipal hospitals were discharged with either a primary or secondary diagnosis of alcoholism during the one year period December, 1976 – December, 1977. These patients were treated either on a general medical service or a special alcohol detoxification unit. In general, patients with complicated medical sequelae of alcoholism were admitted to general medical services (GMS), while patients who voluntarily sought treatment for alcoholism were admitted to detoxification units (DU). These individuals included primarily lower socioeconomic groups, racial and ethnic minorities, predominantly males, and ranged in age from 17 to 67 years (with a mean age of 48).
Formation of Scrolled Silver Vanadate Nanopeapods by Both Capture and Insertion Strategies

Ag-containing vanadate nanopeapods (NPPs) have been prepared by two distinct approaches. In the first, solvothermal methods utilizing 12-nm Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and vanadate nanosheets (NSs) lead to the formation of Ag NPPs where NPs are captured during the scrolling of NSs. High NP loadings are obtained with ∼40% of the NPPs ≥80% full. In the second approach, NPs and preformed nanoscrolls (NScs) are combined in toluene, and on slow evaporation of the solvent, NPs are drawn into the scrolls. This insertion approach produces much lower loadings with larger NP–NP interparticle distances. Surface plasmon resonance measurements on the series show a red shift in the NPPs relative to free Ag NPs with the solvothermally prepared NPPs exhibiting the greatest effect. Also of significance is that some vanadate NScs and NPPs demonstrate unusual asymmetric scrolling behavior; eccentric convolution occurs such that small and large interlayer spacings are realized on opposite sides of a scroll.
Proteomic maps of subcellular protein fractions of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, the vector of citrus huanglongbing

The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is an insect vector that transmits the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) associated with the destructive citrus disease, citrus huanglongbing (HLB). Currently, D. citri is the major target in HLB management, although insecticidal control and disruption of the D. citri–CLas interactions both face numerous challenges. The present study reports the subcellular proteomic profiles of D. citri, encompassing the three main subcellular protein fractions: cytosol, mitochondria and microsomes. After optimization, subcellular proteins of both high and low abundance are obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). A total of 1170 spots are detected in the 2-DE gels of the three subcellular fractions. One hundred and sixty-four differentially expressed proteins are successfully identified using liquid chromatography-dual mass spectroscopy. An efficient protocol for subcellular protein fractionation from D. citri is established and a clear protein separation is achieved with the chosen protein fractionation protocol. The identified cytosolic proteins are mainly metabolic enzymes, whereas a large portion of the identified proteins in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions are involved in ATP biosynthesis and protein metabolism, respectively. Protein–protein interaction networks are predicted for some identified proteins known to be implicated in pathogen–vector interactions, such as actin, tubulin and ATP synthase, as well as insecticide resistance, such as the cytochrome P450 superfamily. The findings should provide useful information to help identify the mechanism responsible for the CLas–D. citri interactions and eventually contribute to D. citri control.
Bloom Syndrome Helicase Promotes Meiotic Crossover Patterning and Homolog Disjunction.

Summary In most sexually reproducing organisms, crossover formation between homologous chromosomes is necessary for proper chromosome disjunction during meiosis I. During meiotic recombination, a subset of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired as crossovers, with the remainder becoming noncrossovers [1]. Whether a repair intermediate is designated to become a crossover is a highly regulated decision that integrates several crossover patterning processes, both along chromosome arms (interference and the centromere effect) and between chromosomes (crossover assurance) [2]. Because the mechanisms that generate crossover patterning have remained elusive for over a century, it has been difficult to assess the relationship between crossover patterning and meiotic chromosome behavior. We show here that meiotic crossover patterning is lost in Drosophila melanogaster mutants that lack the Bloom syndrome helicase. In the absence of interference and the centromere effect, crossovers are distributed more uniformly along chromosomes. Crossovers even occur on the small chromosome 4 , which normally never has meiotic crossovers [3]. Regulated distribution of crossovers between chromosome pairs is also lost, resulting in an elevated frequency of homologs that do not receive a crossover, which in turn leads to elevated nondisjunction.