cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychotropic medications for highly vulnerable children.

Introduction: At least 20% of children in the U.S. are highly vulnerable because they lack healthcare and protection. Several factors produce vulnerability: trauma, disruptions of parenting, poverty, involvement in the juvenile justice and/or child welfare systems, residence in restrictive settings, and problems related to developmental disabilities. These children receive psychotropic medications at high rates, raising numerous concerns.Areas covered: The authors begin this review with a description of the population of highly vulnerable children. They then follow this with a review of the effectiveness and side effects of psychotropic medications for their most common diagnoses, using the highest-quality systematic reviews identified by multiple database searches.Expert opinion: Highly vulnerable children receive numerous psychotropic medications with high rates of polypharmacy, off-label use, and long-term use, typically in the absence of adjunctive psychosocial interventions. The current evide...
HTLV-I Infection

The discovery of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I) and its linkage to an unusual leukemia and chronic myelopathy is an extraordinary story of modern-day medical scientific investigation. In 1980, Poeisz and his collaborators isolated a retrovirus from fresh lymphocytes of an American patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. This was the first human retrovirus isolated, and it was called HTLV-I. A worldwide search for links between hematologic malignancies and human retroviruses ensued. In Martinique, neurologist Jean Claude Vernant noted a patient with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) who had serum antibodies to HTLV-I. He had a group of 25 patients with TSP tested for serum HTLV-I antibodies, and 78% were positive. This was the first link of TSP with HTLV-I.
An experimental investigation of the fracture behavior of thick, notched laminated composites

The fracture of high-modulus fiber-reinforced graphite/epoxy laminates with machined crack-like notches is discussed. An experimental program was conducted, in which stacking sequence,laminate thickness, notch size, and specimen configuration have been investigated. This research has led to the fundamental observation that heterogeneity significantly effects the fracture of thin laminates but has a relatively insignificant effect on the fracture of thick laminates. The results of this program are reviewed with the emphasis on the notch sensitivity and design of thick laminates.
Treatment of poor-prognosis, newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia with high-dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and rHUGM-CSF.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is one of several growth factors that affect the survival, proliferation, and functional activation of myeloid cells in culture [1]. Clinical trials have indicated that GM-CSF can increase neutrophil counts in patients with solid tumors [2], aplastic anemia [3], and myelodysplastic syndromes [4]. Other trials have demonstrated that GM-CSF can shorten the duration of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with solid tumors [5].
Demo Abstract: Themis: Cross-Domain Resource Orchestration and Virtualization in Cellular Computing Networks

We demonstrate the Themis protocol and its system implementation that realizes cross-domain resource orchestration and virtualization in cellular computing networks.
Towards Building a Plant Cell Atlas

Enormous societal challenges, such as feeding and providing energy for a growing population in a dramatically changing climate, necessitate technological advances in plant science. Plant cells are fundamental organizational units that mediate the production, transport, and storage of our primary food sources, and they sequester a significant proportion of the world's carbon. New technologies allow comprehensive descriptions of cells that could accelerate research across fields of plant science. Complementary to the efforts towards understanding the cellular diversity in human brain and immune systems, a Plant Cell Atlas (PCA) that maps molecular machineries to cellular and subcellular domains, follows their dynamic movements, and describes their interactions would accelerate discovery in plant science and help to solve imminent societal problems.
Oxygenation and hydrologic controls on iron and manganese mass budgets in a drinking-water reservoir

Munger ZW, Carey CC, Gerling AB, Doubek JP, Hamre KD, McClure RP, Schreiber ME. 2018. Oxygenation and hydrologic controls on iron and manganese mass budgets in a drinking-water reservoir. Lake Rese...
Data-Driven User-Aware HVAC Scheduling

HVAC (Heat, Ventilation, Air Conditioning) systems account for significant amount of energy spent in residential and commercial buildings. Improved wall and window insulation, energy efficient bulbs as well as building design that facilitates a more optimal usage of the thermally conditioned air within a building, are amongst some of the measures taken to address the high usage of energy for space conditioning. In this paper we address a main issue that affects the energy consumption for heating and cooling of buildings, namely the duty cycle of the furnaces/air-conditioners. We propose D-DUAL, a 3-fold scheduling mechanism that builds on multiple variable linear regression model. Our scheduler minimizes the duty cycle and does not impact users’ comfort. Our experimental evaluation shows that our proposed approach saves up to 49% energy, compared to commodity HVAC systems.
Myocardial death and dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injury require CaMKIIδ oxidation.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to myocardial death during ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but detailed knowledge of molecular pathways connecting ROS to cardiac injury is lacking. Activation of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKIIδ) is implicated in myocardial death, and CaMKII can be activated by ROS (ox-CaMKII) through oxidation of regulatory domain methionines (Met281/282). We examined I/R injury in mice where CaMKIIδ was made resistant to ROS activation by knock-in replacement of regulatory domain methionines with valines (MMVV). We found reduced myocardial death, and improved left ventricular function 24 hours after I/R injury in MMVV in vivo and in vitro compared to WT controls. Loss of ATP sensitive K+ channel (KATP) current contributes to I/R injury, and CaMKII promotes sequestration of KATP from myocardial cell membranes. KATP current density was significantly reduced by H2O2 in WT ventricular myocytes, but not in MMVV, showing ox-CaMKII decreases KATP availability. Taken together, these findings support a view that ox-CaMKII and KATP are components of a signaling axis promoting I/R injury by ROS.
Referral for Ophthalmology Evaluation and Visual Sequelae in Children With Primary Brain Tumors.

Importance Visual impairment in children with brain tumors has received limited attention, as most pediatric neuro-oncology clinical trials neither require ophthalmologic evaluation on enrollment nor monitor effects of treatment on visual function during and after treatment. Objective To investigate ophthalmology referral patterns for children with primary brain tumors, the prevalence of visual sequelae, and the association between tumor characteristics and vision-related diagnoses. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included 141 children with primary brain tumors treated at Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital and Eye Institute, a university-based tertiary referral center, between January 2013 and September 2017. Data analysis was completed in March 2019. Intervention Comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation for children with primary brain tumors. Main Outcomes and Measures Percentage of patients with ophthalmology evaluation, prevalence of abnormal ophthalmic findings, and their association with tumor characteristics. Results A total of 141 children (73 [52%] male; median [range] age, 7 [0-18] years) with primary brain tumors were enrolled in this study. Seventy-three patients (41 [52%] male; median [range] age, 8 [0-17] years) never had formal ophthalmologic evaluation. Sixty-eight patients (32 [48%] male; median [range] age, 7 [0-18] years) were evaluated by 1 of 4 board-certified, fellowship-trained pediatric and/or neuro-ophthalmologists for any visual impairment over a total of 222 visits. Five-year overall survival for patients who had eye examination was not significantly different from those who did not (mean [SD] survival, 78.3% [6.2%] vs 84.9% [4.7%]). Median (range) time from tumor diagnosis to initial ophthalmologic evaluation was 9 (0-94) months. Only 10 of 68 children (15%) presented with visual symptoms at tumor diagnosis, while 61 of 68 (90%) had abnormal findings on examination, including strabismus (41 [60%]), visual acuity impairment (37 [54%]), amblyopia (26 [38%]), papilledema (24 [35%]), visual field defects (13 [19%]), optic atrophy (12 [18%]), and keratopathy (10 [15%]). Strabismus occurred more frequently in patients with posterior fossa tumors (26 of 68 in posterior fossa vs 15 of 68 in other locations;P = .02). The presence of visual field defects in patients with no visual symptoms was 15% (9 of 58). Radiation was significantly associated with amblyopia (odds ratio, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.2-15.7;P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, more than 50% of children with primary brain tumors were not referred for ophthalmologic evaluation. Although visual symptoms were uncommon, visual impairments occurred more frequently than previously reported. Ophthalmologic evaluation is recommended to identify and manage visual impairment and prevent permanent vision loss in children with brain tumors.
An energy-optimal framework for assignment and trajectory generation in teams of autonomous agents

Abstract In this paper, we present an approach for solving the problem of moving N homogeneous agents into M ≥ N goal locations along energy-minimizing trajectories. We propose a decentralized framework that only requires knowledge of the goal locations and partial observations of the global state by each agent. The framework includes guarantees on safety through dynamic constraints, and a method to impose a dynamic, global priority ordering on the agents. A solution to the goal assignment and trajectory generation problems is derived in the form of a binary program and a nonlinear system of equations. Then, we present the conditions for optimality and characterize the conditions under which our algorithm is guaranteed to converge to a unique assignment of agents to goals. We also solve the fully constrained decentralized trajectory generation problem considering the state, control, and safety constraints. Finally, we validate the efficacy of our approach through a numerical simulation in MATLAB.
Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Plasmids Associated With Strains Isolated From Various Retail Meats

Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the most important foodborne bacterial pathogens causing food poisoning and related illnesses. S. aureus strains harbor plasmids encoding genes for virulence and antimicrobial resistance, but few studies have investigated S. aureus plasmids, especially megaplasmids, in isolates from retail meats. Furthermore, knowledge about the distribution of genes encoding replication (rep) initiation proteins in food isolates is lacking. In this study, the prevalence of plasmids in S. aureus strains isolated from retail meats purchased in Oklahoma was investigated; furthermore, we evaluated associations between rep families, selected virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and food source origin. Two hundred and twenty-two S. aureus isolates from chicken (n = 55), beef liver (n = 43), pork (n = 42), chicken liver (n = 29), beef (n = 24), turkey (n = 22), and chicken gizzards (n = 7) were subjected to plasmid screening with alkaline lysis and PFGE to detect small-to-medium sized and large plasmids, respectively. The S. aureus isolates contained variable sizes of plasmids, and PFGE was superior to alkaline lysis in detecting large megaplasmids. A total of 26 rep families were identified by PCR, and the most dominant rep families were rep10 and rep7 in 164 isolates (89%), rep21 in 124 isolates (56%), and rep12 in 99 isolates (45%). Relationships between selected rep genes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and meat sources were detected. In conclusion, S. aureus strains isolated from retail meats harbor plasmids with various sizes and there is an association between rep genes on these plasmids and the meat source or the antimicrobial resistance of the strains harboring them.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR in anal from patients who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019.

An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), started in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The real‐time reverse‐ transcriptase polymerase ‐ chain ‐ reaction (RT ‐ PCR) method can be used for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 in oral swabs1. Now, results have confirmed the presence of the live virus in stool samples from patients with COVID‐ 192.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Engagement in technology-enhanced interventions for children and adolescents: Current status and recommendations for moving forward.

Abstract Treatment engagement is a primary challenge to the effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents. One solution to this challenge is technology, which has been proposed as an enhancement to or replacement for standard clinic-based, therapist delivered services. This review summarizes the current state of the field regarding technology's promise to enhance engagement. A review of this literature suggests that although the focus of much theoretical consideration, as well as funding priorities, relatively little empirical research has been published on the role of technology as a vehicle to enhance engagement in particular. Moreover, lack of consistency in constructs, design, and measures make it difficult to draw useful comparisons across studies and, in turn, to determine if and what progress has been made toward more definitive conclusions. At this point in the literature, we can say only that we do not yet definitively know if technology does (or does not) enhance engagement in evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents. Recommendations are provided with the hope of more definitively assessing technology's capacity to improve engagement, including more studies explicitly designed to assess this research question, as well as greater consistency across studies in the measurement of and designs used to test engagement.
Perioperative and long-term outcomes after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair of chronic dissection etiology.

Abstract Objectives Open repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA) that have developed secondary to chronic aortic dissection (CD) is often more complex than repair of degenerative aneurysms (DA). However, the literature is conflicted regarding the effect of CD on peri-operative and long-term outcomes after open TAAA repair. The goal of this study was to determine if CD pathology predicts negative outcomes after TAAA repair. Methods All open type I-III TAAA repairs performed from 1987-2015 were evaluated using a single institutional database. Endpoints included in-hospital death, spinal cord ischemia (SCI), major adverse events (MAE) and long-term survival. Repairs performed for rupture or acute dissection were excluded. Univariate analysis was conducted using the Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. Logistic multivariable regression was used for the in-hospital endpoints and survival analyses were performed with Cox Proportional Hazards modelling and Kaplan-Meier techniques. Results Four hundred fifty-three patients underwent an intact open type I-III TAAA repair during the study period. Ninety (20%) were performed on patients with CD. Those with CD were more likely to be younger (59 versus 72 years, p Conclusions When analysis is limited to type I-III TAAA, open repair of patient with CD leads to increased perioperative mortality and morbidity when compared to DA. However, age adjusted long-term survival is no different between the two cohorts.
Lifestyle Medicine Center for Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases

The United States and many other industrialized countries are in the midst of epidemics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and stroke. Aging and metabolic morbidity (e.g., insulin resistance and abdominal obesity) are the major modifiable risk factors for brain disorders of aging. Profit-driven healthcare systems de-emphasize or even ignore diet and lifestyle modification-based interventions as first-line prescriptions for disease risk reduction and treatment. Therefore, there is a pressing need for Lifestyle Medicine Centers for Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases (LMC-BAND). Such Centers would include both outpatient and inpatient programs that focus on education and the implementation and long-term adoption of lifestyle changes that enhance brain health and resilience during aging. Specific prescriptions would include those for intermittent fasting, exercise, and intellectual challenging endeavors. Staff would be trained in the science of metabolism, brain health, and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as how diet, exercise, and intellectually challenging lifestyles impact brain aging. As with physical therapy and psychotherapy, the cost of LMC-BANDs would be covered by health insurance or national healthcare systems. To enhance their effectiveness, the goals of LMC-BANDs would be facilitated by government regulations that reign in the disease-promoting behaviors of the agriculture, processed food, and pharmaceutical industries.
Disambiguating Kant for the Sake of Science

This chapter analyzes the differences between Helmholtz’s and Cohen’s readings of Kant, both of which aimed at constructing an epistemological framework suitable for housing progressive developments in scientific practice. Section 3.1 explains how Helmholtz interprets and then evaluates Kantian terms and dicta in light of research advances in perceptual and cognitive psychology and the study of non-Euclidean geometry. I conclude that the neo-Kantian framework proffered by Helmholtz anticipates Quine’s (1969) proposed “Epistemology Naturalized.” In Sect. 3.2, I argue that Cohen’s school of Kantian interpretation was largely an effort to undermine Helmholtzian naturalism, demonstrating that it could not account for the normativity and objectivity accorded to science proper. I further conclude that Cohen’s objections to Helmholtz’s research on non-Euclidean geometry are not the mere ramblings of someone standing in the way of progress. Rather, these objections indicate that Cohen presaged Kuhn in worrying that radical changes in terminology and methodology, if not managed carefully, threaten the very notion of scientific progress.
Enhancing developmental-behavioral pediatric rotations by teaching residents how to evaluate autism in primary care.

Most pediatric residency programs do not provide adequate practical experiences for residents in autism-related care, with a specific dearth of training in diagnostic processes. Without this traini...
Ophthalmic Implications of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a revolutionary addition to the burgeoning field of immunotherapy. CAR T-cells are engineered by combining a T-cell receptor with the antigen-bindi...
Impact of condensed tannin interactions with grain proteins and non-starch polysaccharides on batter system properties.

Proanthocyanidins (PA) cross-link wheat gluten proteins and dramatically enhance batter viscosity; PA could similarly affect related grains. This study aimed to determine PA effect on viscosity and pasting properties of barley, rye, and oat flours, and the relative contributions of PA interactions with proteins and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). PA significantly increased batter viscosity, stability, and RVA peak viscosity in rye and barley flours (2.8× and 1.2×, respectively). Interestingly, viscosity peaked distinctively ~75 °C in PA-treated rye and barley flours, and their isolated protein-starch systems, indicating prolamins unravelled and complexed with PA during heating. Oat was largely unaffected by PA, likely because of its protein composition. Furthermore, water-soluble rye NSP and arabinoxylans, but not barley β-glucans, significantly increased starch pasting viscosity with PA; oxidative gelation was not a factor. Thus, rye flour viscosity dramatically increased through interactive effects of PA on rye proteins and NSP, which could expand its food applications.
Urinary catheter alleviation navigator protocol (UCANP): Overview of protocol and review of initial experience.

Background Given the associated morbidity, mortality, and financial consequences of catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), efforts should be made to mitigate the risk. We sought to describe, and report results for a post-catheter removal bladder management protocol focused on decreasing catheter reinsertion, catheter days, and overall CAUTI risk. Methods This was a quality improvement initiative implemented over a 3-month period at a single urban, tertiary health care center. Patients with an indwelling urinary catheter deemed eligible for removal were followed and cared for according to the study protocol. Rates of catheter reinsertion, catheter days, and assessment of CAUTI risk were compared between cohorts. Results A total of 173 patients were eligible for protocol enrollment. Catheter reinsertion rate was 16% during the pilot, compared to 21% and 27% for the historical cohorts, (P = .02). The mean number of catheter day’s during the study was 1.4 days, compared to 9.5 and 5.6 days in the historical cohorts (P = .004). Catheter hours (OR 1.010 95% CI 1.005 – 1.015 P Conclusions Our protocol resulted in a reduction of catheter reinsertion rates and number of catheter days. Expansion of this protocol to a larger patient cohort is required
Language, Telenovelas, and Citizenship: A Mexican Immigrant’s Exploration of First-Generation American Narratives in Jane The Virgin

The CW’s Jane The Virgin (JTV) is the most recent broadcast network show to feature Latinas and issues of immigration and citizenship at the forefront. JTV (2014–2019) appeals to and offers portrayals of immigrants, including first-, second-, and third-generation Americans, through multi-dimensional characters and storylines. In this chapter, I draw on Andrea Pitts’ (2016) discussion of Gloria Anzaldua’s autohistoria-teoria to illustrate how media portrayals of Latinas in JTV have shaped my first-generation Mexican American self-knowledge/ignorance regarding immigration and Latinx citizenship. JTV’s engagement of the immigrant experience in a multi-generational family not only advocates for “#IMMIGRATIONREFORM” but also illustrates the role of media in fostering identity-making for the Latinx diaspora.
Extreme Cosserat elastic hinged lattices with Sarrus links

Abstract Hinged lattices are envisaged with Sarrus linkages in the ribs and with rigid nodes where the ribs intersect. Triangulated lattices with Sarrus hinged ribs only deform volumetrically and have a Poisson’s ratio of −1. Lattices containing squares and hexagons can deform axially as well as volumetrically. All the lattices are compliant with respect to tension and compression and rigid with respect to bending. The lattices exhibit extreme Cosserat elasticity corresponding to rotational elasticity.
Biological response modifiers in infectious diseases: prospectives for the future.

It is less than 125 years that the etiologic cause of infectious diseases was described and widely accepted. Since then it has become well known that infections are due to microorganisms, either bacteria, fungi, rickettsia or viruses. Soon after discovery that microorganisms cause disease, early “biological” methods were developed to prevent many infections, i.e, vaccination with killed or attenuated microorganisms given to individuals to induce resistance to infection by specific humoral inhibitors (i.e. antibodies), cellular immunity, or both. Thus vaccines were really the first “biological response modifiers” (BRM). However, in the middle portion of this century antibiotics superseded many vaccine procedures to treat infections and became a staple for infectious disease control. It is now well known, however, that certain antibiotics may also affect the host immune response system, especially antibiotics which are antimetabolites and interfere with metabolic or synthetic pathways. Yet antibiotics are not considered biological response modifiers.
Uniform decay rates for a nonlinear thermoelastic system

The uniform stability of a thermoelastic plate model is investigated, this model being described by a coupling of the dynamical Von Karman and heat equations. Linear analogs of this work were considered in [1] and [2]. Even in the absence of inserted dissipative feedbacks on the boundary, we determine this system's stability with exponential decay rates which are uniform with respect to the crucial parameter γ described below (uniform stability of a thermoelastic plate with added boundary dissipation was shown in [6], as was that of the analytic case γ = 0 in [11]); both the analytic and nonanalytic cases are treated here. The proof of this result involves a classical multiplier method, but with the particular multiplier being of a rather nonstandard (pseudodifferential) nature. Free use is also made of "sharp" regularity results for the Airy stress function which were recently derived in [4].
The Trajectory of Dying

The case records of the 97 patients in the largely geriatric clinical practice at the Palo Alto Medical Clinic who died in 1987 were reviewed. Functional states 12 months, six months, and one week before death were determined retrospectively in an attempt to establish the degree of functionality in the period before death, and particularly to assess the impact of age on this functionality. The data of the series suggest that age per se is not closely correlated with dysfunction. Further, use of the hospital for terminal care was largely confined to more functional patients.
Abstract 4181: Chronic stress and beta adrenergic signaling promote angiogenesis and prostate cancer progression through suppressing the expression of Thrombospondin 1

Several recent studies have revealed that the activation of beta adrenergic signaling induced by chronic biobehavioral stress promotes the progression of ovarian, breast and prostate cancers. Conversely, the use of hypertension medicine, beta blockers (beta adrenergic antagonists), has been found to be associated with better prognosis in several human cancers. Although the beta adrenergic signaling has been shown to be activated by chronic stress and responsible for promoting cancers, the mechanisms through which beta adrenergic signaling promotes tumor angiogenesis and cancer progression are still unclear. We found that chronic stress and activation of beta adrenergic signaling suppressed the expression of Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) in prostate cancer cells in vitro, as well as in mouse xenograft tumors in vivo, which in turn promoted tumor angiogenesis and cancer progression. TSP1 was the first endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor to be discovered and its down-regulation is associated with increased angiogenesis. We recently demonstrated that G-protein coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3, ADRBK2) promotes angiogenesis and prostate cancer progression through suppressing TSP1. Interestingly, GRK3 expression is up-regulated by chronic stress and activation of beta adrenergic signaling, suggesting that GRK3 acts as a mediator for chronic stress and beta adrenergic signaling in repressing TSP1 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that beta adrenergic signaling pathway stimulates angiogenesis through GRK3 mediated suppression of TSP1. Citation Format: Mohit M. Hulsurkar, Meixiang Sang, Haiping Song, Wenliang Li. Chronic stress and beta adrenergic signaling promote angiogenesis and prostate cancer progression through suppressing the expression of Thrombospondin 1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4181. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4181
Quenching the Spark in the Heart

At each heart beat, the cells in the heart contract in response to electrical excitation. This process is mediated by a multistep pathway that results in an increase in calcium concentration. In his Perspective, Yue discusses a report in this week's issue by G&oacutemez et al . (p. [800][1]) that identifies the coupling step in this pathway that is defective in heart failure. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5313/800
Ischaemic conditioning: Pitfalls on the path to clinical translation

The development of novel adjuvant strategies capable of attenuating myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury and reducing infarct size remains a major, unmet clinical need. A wealth of preclinical evidence has established that ischaemic 'conditioning' is profoundly cardioprotective, and has positioned the phenomenon (in particular, the paradigms of postconditioning and remote conditioning) as the most promising and potent candidate for clinical translation identified to date. However, despite this preclinical consensus, current phase II trials have been plagued by heterogeneity, and the outcomes of recent meta-analyses have largely failed to confirm significant benefit. As a result, the path to clinical application has been perceived as 'disappointing' and 'frustrating'. The goal of the current review is to discuss the pitfalls that may be stalling the successful clinical translation of ischaemic conditioning, with an emphasis on concerns regarding: (i) appropriate clinical study design and (ii) the choice of the 'right' preclinical models to facilitate clinical translation.
A meta-analysis of writing instruction for adolescent students.

There is considerable concern that the majority of adolescents do not develop the competence in writing they need to be successful in school, the workplace, or their personal lives. A common explanation for why youngsters do not write well is that schools do not do a good job of teaching this complex skill. In an effort to identify effective instructional practices for teaching writing to adolescents, the authors conducted a meta-analysis of the writing intervention literature (Grades 4-12), focusing their efforts on experimental and quasi-experimental studies. They located 123 documents that yielded 154 effect sizes for quality of writing. The authors calculated an average weighted effect size (presented in parentheses) for the following 11 interventions: strategy instruction (0.82), summarization (0.82), peer assistance (0.75), setting product goals (0.70), word processing (0.55), sentence combining (0.50), inquiry (0.32), prewriting activities (0.32), process writing approach (0.32), study of models (0.25), grammar instruction (- 0.32).
Magnetoresistance in heavy-fermion alloys.

The spin-flip scattering of an electron by a pair of adjacent magnetic impurities is calculated in the presence of a magnetic field. In the limit of zero field the pair scattering yields a sharp drop in the low-temperature resistivity whose strength is inversely proportional to T. This process provides an explanation for the anomalous drop in resistivity below T\ensuremath{\le}100 K for ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$ and many other heavy-fermion alloys. An external magnetic field is shown to quench this spin-flip contribution, resulting in a positive magnetoresistance for ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$ at low temperatures. In conjunction with the single-impurity Kondo scattering, the pair process yields an interesting field dependence for the magnetoresistance at various temperatures and may cause a change of sign in the magnetoresistance as well as in the Hall effect.
A search for rotational modulation of the ultraviolet spectra of Psi 3 Piscium and 31 Comae Berenices

IUE observations were made daily over a seven-day interval to search for rotational variability in the ultraviolet emission lines of two rapidly rotating, early G giants, Psi 3 Psc and 31 Com. No evidence was found to suggest that the chromospheric and transition-region lines of these stars, or their ultraviolet continua near 1725 A, are modulated by rotation. The uniformity of the ultraviolet emission of these giants can be accounted for if their outer atmospheres are heated by acoustic waves. If the heating is a manifestation of dynamo-generated magnetic fields as on the sun, then regions of magnetic activity must be rather evenly distributed in longitude over the stellar surface.
METAL COORDINATION ENVIRONMENT AND DYNAMICS IN 113CADMIUM BLEOMYCIN : RELATIONSHIP TO ZINC BLEOMYCIN

The 13C chemical shifts of Cd- and ZnBlm A2 are almost identical throughout the entire molecule, suggesting that these structures adopt similar conformations. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with 113Cd-bleomycin have defined part of the metal-ligand environment of the molecule. Nitrogen atoms from the primary amine, pyrimidine, and imidazole are bound to 113Cd according to 13C spectra showing 113Cd-13C spin-spin couplings. Bound and free forms of the secondary amine nitrogen may be in equilibrium, as suggested by temperature-dependent 13C studies with Cd-bleomycin. In addition, a number of other carbon resonances are in chemical exchange over the temperature range 5-54 degrees C. The temperature dependence of the line widths of carbon atoms of Zn-bleomycin strongly resembles that of Cd-bleomycin. Examination of the 113Cd resonance as a function of temperature also supports the presence of at least two differently coordinated forms of cadmium in the molecule. According to the position of the 113Cd chemical shift, at most four nitrogen atoms are bound to Cd at low temperature. Titrations of 113Cd-bleomycin with chloride or acetate demonstrate that these anions can bind to major and minor forms of the structure and that a minor species exists which does not associate with chloride.
Scale Interaction and Predictability in a Mesoscale Model

Abstract Scale interaction is examined in the limited-area PSU/NCAR mesoscale model, with emphasis on the forcing of small scales by the small-scale fields themselves. Output data from the model are filtered by expanding fields at each level in two-dimensional Fourier series and eliminating all contributions outside a particular band of vector wavenumber. A trend defined by boundary values is removed prior to spectral analysis to reduce misrepresentation of scales larger than the domain. After the fields are filtered, time tendencies are computed from them using the model's finite difference equations. Spectral analysis of these tendencies is then employed to determine the scale interaction present. Results indicate that there is significant forcing of small-scale tendencies by the small scales themselves. This forcing is primarily due to topography, and appears mainly in the pressure gradient terms in the momentum equations and in the vertical motion-dependent terms in the thermodynamic equation. The eff...
De Finetti-type Representations for Life Distributions

Abstract Beginning with a finite population of units and the judgment of exchangeability for units with respect to lifetime, we argue that measures of similarity lead to the appropriate probabilistic models for aging. This in turn implies that Schur-concavity of the joint probability function (or, more generally, the joint survival distribution) provides the correct probabilistic description of aging. Following this argument and using the principle of indifference, we argue that the appropriate probability models for life distributions conditional on average life are in a family of distributions that we call the generalized gamma distributions. If, on the other hand, we are interested in probabilistic models for aging conditional on average lifetime maintenance cost, it follows from our development that generalized Weibull distributions are appropriate.
Phenomenology of schizophrenia and neuroleptic drugs

This paper reviews the penomenology of schizophrenia to acquaint non-clinicans (pharmacology researchers) with the characteristic features of this disorder. Schizophrenia is noted to be a disorder with onset usually during early adult life in individuals who often have been at least mildly abnormal prior to the time of onset. The disorder is characterized by both positive symptoms, particularly delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder, and motoric symptoms, as well as negative symptoms, particularly affective flattening, avolition/apathy, and asociality. In most cases, schizophrenia leads to considerable psychosocial disability. Despite important advances in treatment, individuals who fully recover from schizophrenia remain relatively rare. New drugs are needed to treat this illness.
The Scaling of Digital Differential Analyzers

A method for computing the scales needed for programming a digital differential analyzer (DDA) is developed. DDA program (interconnection) maps containing integrators and servos are considered. The scales must satisfy ``equilibrium,'' ``topological,'' and ``boundary'' constraints. These constraints are shown to be equivalent to a set of linear inequalities. Linear programming techniques are used to find both feasible and ``optimal'' scales. The use of linear programming eliminates the need for the usual trial-and-error scaling techniques and makes the scheme amenable to programming on a general-purpose digital computer.
Diverging Effects of Steric Congestion on the Reaction of Tributylstannyl Radicals with Areneselenols and Aryl Bromides and Their Mechanistic Implications

The effects of bulky ortho,ortho‘ groups on the reactions of aryl bromides and areneselenols with tributylstannane have been studied. Bulky ortho,ortho‘ groups accelerate the reaction of the bromides with the stannane but retard the reactions of the selenols. On the other hand, ab initio and force field calculations show that introducing bulky ortho substituents into selenols causes a greater increase in strain than in the corresponding bromides. Two possible explanations for the divergent reactivity patterns are advanced. On one hand, it is possible that bromine abstraction by stannyl radicals from aryl bromides proceeds in a single step through a linear transition state whereas the abstraction of SeH from the selenols involves a T-shaped, hypervalent intermediate. Alternatively, it may be that both reactions are concerted with the bromine abstraction having a late transition state and the SeH abstraction an early one. Approximate second-order rate constants for the reaction of tributylstannane with a ra...
Neural Crest Development: Do developing enteric neurons need endothelins?

Recent experiments have led to the unexpected finding that endothelin-3 and the endothelin B receptor are absolutely necessary for the development of the enteric nervous system in the colon, but it is not yet clear why.
Chemical etching of thin film PLZT

Abstract A technique to chemically etch thin film PLZT has been developed. Micrometer geometries with straight walls have been produced in 0.7 μm thick films. The photolithography procedure was typical of semiconductor type processes. The etching procedure was to agitate the wafers in a solution of one part BOE, two parts HCl, and three parts water, then to dip them in HNO3 diluted 50 %. The etch rate was approximately 0.01 μm/sec. Partial etching is not possible, because the stoichiometry is not maintained during the etch and the surface figure is distorted.
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depressed inpatients

Forty-seven depressed inpatients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: 1) standard treatment (hospital milieu, pharmacotherapy, medication and management sessions), 2) cognitive therapy (cognitive therapy + standard treatment), or 3) social skills training (social skills training + standard treatment). All treatments began while the patients were in the hospital and continued for 4 months on an outpatient basis after discharge. The results from analyses of measures of psychiatric symptoms administered at discharge from the hospital and at the end of outpatient treatment are reported in this paper. All treatment groups evidenced significant improvement at discharge and end of outpatient treatment relative to pretreatment levels of symptoms. While there were no significant differences between the treatment groups at discharge from the hospital, the patients assigned to the cognitive therapy and the social skills training groups manifested lower levels of symptoms at the end of outpatient treatment than did the Standard Treatment group.
Quantitative determination of calcium-activated myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in rat skeletal muscle fibres

A quantitative histochemical technique was developed for determining the kinetics of the calcium-activated myosin ATPase (Ca2+-myosin ATPase) reaction in rat skeletal muscle fibres. Using this technique, the maximum velocity (Vmax) and the apparent Michaelis-Menten rate constant for ATP (Kapp) of the Ca2+-myosin ATPase reaction were measured in type-identified fibres of the rat medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle. The Vmax and the Kapp of the Ca2+-myosin ATPase reaction were lowest in type I fibres and highest (i.e., approx. two times greater) in type IIb fibres. The Kapp in type IIa fibres was similar to that in type I. However, the Vmax was 1.5 times greater in type IIa fibres, compared to type I fibres. Evidence is presented to suggest that the type IIb fibre population in the MG does not represent a single myosin isozyme. In addition, the broad range of Vmax and Kapp values indicates that there is marked heterogeneity in the myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain composition of myosin isozymes among individual fibres.
Epigenetic therapy in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

DNA methylation and other epigenetic phenomena appear to be relevant in the pathogenesis of several malignant disorders. DNA methyltransferases add methyl groups to cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islandsleading to gene promoter silencing. The DNA methyltransferases inhibitors azacitidine and decitabine have anti-tumor activity against a broad range of malignancies, but have been investigated mostly in myelodysplastic syndrome. In addition, these agents have immunomodulatory effects that are under investigation in the allogeneic stem cell transplantation scenario. Both drugs have been used in the perioperative period of allogeneic transplantations with varying degrees of success. It has been hypothesized that low dose azacitidine may increase the graft-versus-leukemia effect and have a role in the maintenance of remission after allogeneic transplantation for myeloid leukemias. It is also intriguing that this favorable effect might occur while mitigating graft-versus-host disease. Here we present a review of the rapidly growing field of epigenetic manipulation using hypomethylating agents in allogeneic transplantation.
Family Socioeconomic Status, Parental Involvement, and College Major Choices—Gender, Race/Ethnic, and Nativity Patterns:

College major choice is a much-neglected yet highly significant topic in sociological research. This article focuses on family socioeconomic status (SES) and parental involvement to examine potential family influences on patterned college major choice by gender, race/ethnicity, and nativity. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study 1988–1994 (NELS: 88–94), this study confirms old gender patterns and finds new racial/ethnic patterns in college major choice. Lower SES children are found to favor more lucrative college majors. Family SES is found to have differential effects on men and women and for racial/ethnic minorities and whites. Parental involvement in children's domain-specific education exerts significant effects on children's college major choice. These together suggest important theoretical and policy implications.
Suppression or differentiation of solvent resonance by a combination of DEFT with a two-dimensional sequence

Abstract A new pulse sequence is described which combines the d riven e quilibrium F ourier transform (DEFT) and 2D pulse scheme, and allows simultaneous suppression of the solvent peak (H 2 O/D 2 O) in 1D and 2D experiments without perturbing the nearby solute signals. To overcome the sensitivity problem, and to allow for 2D experiments in a reasonably short time, a steady-state condition was set up by adjusting τ 1 (pulse delay) and D (recycle delay) to be 2–4 times the longest spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 (peptide) such that M z (solvent) was nulled prior to the 2D pulse sequence. Longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates of the solvent were analyzed in the steady state, and a direct calculation of T 1 (solvent) was performed using an equation derived in the present work. This novel pulse sequence is also extended to 2D NOE experiments with effective solvent suppression. The method is demonstrated in a variety of 1D and 2D experiments on the cyclic delta opioid receptor selective peptide .
Symbols and thought

No one need deny the importance of language to thought and cognition. At the same time, there is a tendency in studies of mind and mental functioning to assume that properties and principles of linguistic, or language-like, forms of representation must hold of forms of thought and representation in general. Consideration of a wider range of symbol systems shows that this is not so. In turn, various claims and arguments in cognitive theory that depend on assumptions applicable only to linguistic systems, do not go through or become difficult to state in a manner that makes them both interesting and plausible.
Evidence for chaos in spike trains of neurons that generate rhythmic motor patterns

The findings presented here of work on the opisthobranch mollusc Pleurobranchaea californica indicate that some of the variability that has been observed in the activity of neurons during patterned motor activity may be attributable to low-dimensional chaos. We obtained long trains of action potentials (spikes) from these neurons, scanned them using adjacent temporal windows having equal widths, and converted the counts into frequency time series. These series were passed through a low-pass filter and detrended when necessary. The resulting time series gave a view of the envelopes of high-frequency bursts of spikes relating to the repetitive motor activity rather than of the intervals between spikes. Where applicable, we also compared analyses of smoothed data with the unprocessed spike intervals and found similar results for each type of time series. Autocorrelation functions of the processed data quickly decreased to zero, indicating that the long-term evolution of the time series could not be predicted from information at some given time. The first zero crossing of the autocorrelation function was used to define the lag for mapping the series into multidimensional phase space. These constructions were then used to examine the dynamics of the motor patterns directly from the state parameters of the time series: 1-D maps obtained from Poincare slices of 2-D phase portraits, principal Lyapunov exponents, and correlation dimensions all indicated that the activity may be attributable to low-dimensional chaos. The present findings are similar to those of previous work in which equal-interval time series were obtained by interpolation of the unequal-interval spike trains. We discuss the implications of chaos and the difficulties in the application of extant dynamical tools to spike trains. An accompanying paper inquires into the ability of neural networks to read and transmit chaotic activity.