cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependent deformation of the B2 austenite phase of a NiTi shape memory alloy

Abstract Temperature dependent deformation of the B2 austenite phase of a polycrystalline Ni49.9Ti50.1 (at.%) shape memory alloy was studied through combined macroscopic and microstructural characterization efforts. The objective was to determine mechanisms responsible for the macroscopic inelastic strains during isothermal loading of NiTi to 18% strain at temperatures above which the austenite phase exists in the nominally unloaded or stress-free condition (i.e., above the austenite finish temperature, Af). This study included in situ time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffraction experiments used to follow the evolution of the lattice strains, texture, and phase fractions during deformation, ex situ macroscopic tensile experiments, and hot stage transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that stress-induced martensite (SIM) formed at temperatures up to 310 °C, which is well above the stress-free Af of 105 °C. However, the stress induced martensite formed concurrently with general slip processes and twinning by {1 1 4}B2 compound deformation twins, and did not occur as a separate distinguishable mechanism. Above the temperature that martensite cannot form with stress or the martensite desist temperature, Md, deformation was governed by the same slip and deformation twinning mechanisms, in addition to diffusion-assisted deformation processes. The overall results were combined to generate a deformation map that contained limits over which each of the identified deformation mechanisms was dominant in this Ni49.9Ti50.1 alloy.
App inventor for android: report from a summer camp

Google's App Inventor for Android (AIA) is the newest visual "blocks" programming language designed to introduce students to programming through creation of mobile applications (apps). AIA opens up the world of mobile apps to novice programmers. Success stories of using AIA to introduce college students to programming exist. We used AIA in computing summer camps for high school students that we offer at our university. This paper is an experience report about using AIA in our camps. We provide a detailed description of designing our camps with AIA including the process of selecting and setting-up an Android device and instructional materials that we developed and made available to everyone. We evaluated our camps through surveys to determine the effects on the students. We found that there was mostly a slight increase in the favorable disposition towards computing. We also share our successes with using AIA and what still needs improvement for wider use.
Modeling-First Approach for Computer Science Instruction

A Modeling-based pedagogical approach for curriculum design can provide useful framework for teaching computing concepts, particularly in courses that target novices. While modeling is a foundational pillar of computing, it is not typically a focus of introductory computing curricula. Our research proposes that modeling can provide a valuable conceptual framework for teaching abstract computing concepts when student learning is guided along a progression of increasingly formalized models. Our research focuses on student-constructed models to encourage collaborative discourse, which can help surface inconsistencies in student conceptual understanding. After exploring computing concepts through model-mediated activities, students can then extend their understanding through construction of creative representations of the target computing concepts. We are re-designing introductory computing curricula for students majoring in animation, game, and interaction design using this methodology. We argue that this pedagogical approach can be broadly applied, but may be particularly beneficial when designing curricula for students majoring in non-computing domains.
Marital Style and Its Effects on Sexual Desire and Functioning

Abstract This paper is an attempt to integrate findings about marital styles and sexual functioning, with a special focus on desire issues. The couple's marital style -complementary, conflict minimizing, best friend, emotionally expressive-has important implications for degree of intimacy and the importance of sex in the relationship. When sexuality functions well in a marriage, it's a positive, integral component, contributing 15-20 percent. However, when sexuality is dysfunctional or non-existent it plays an inordinately powerful role, 50-75 percent, robbing the marriage of intimacy and vitality. Especially for best friend and emotionally expressive couples, sexual problems destroy marital viability. There is a need for empirical and clinical exploration of the reciprocal effects of marital style with sexual desire and functioning.
Commentary: Understanding the Effects of Peer Education as a Health Promotion Strategy

The article by Ebreo et al. presents the results of an interesting study on a topic frequently raised in the health promotion literature: the use of peer educators as a strategy for enhancing adolescent health. This article examines the impact of peer education from a different perspective by studying how peer educators were personally affected by their involvement in teaching HIV and alcohol prevention to their classmates. The authors briefly review literature that makes a compelling case that peers can play an important role in school-based health promotion programs. Particularly for young adolescents peers can be effective role models for promoting healthy behavior help create and reinforce social norms supporting safer behaviors and serve as an accessible and approachable health education resource both inside and outside the classroom. For peer educators this role can bring them higher status and acceptance from classmates and afford them new opportunities for developing social and communication skills and enhancing self-efficacy. Many researchers and health educators stop here confident that on both conceptual and practical grounds peer education makes good sense. However in their study Ebreo et al. advance our thinking about the impact of peer education further. They use the same “yardstick” we use to determine the effectiveness of other school health education programs: Do we change student (peer) knowledge attitudes and behaviors? (excerpt)
Advances in the separation, sensitive detection, and characterization of heparin and heparan sulfate

Elucidation of the relationship between the structure and biological function of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) presents an important analytical challenge mainly due to the difficulty in determining their fine structure. Heparin and HS are responsible for mediation of a wide range of biological actions through specific binding to a variety of proteins including those involved in blood coagulation, cell proliferation, differentiation and adhesion, and host-pathogen interactions. Therefore, there is a growing interest in characterizing the microstructure of heparin and HS and in elucidating the molecular level details of their interaction with peptides and proteins. This review discusses recent developments in the analytical methods used for sensitive separation, detection, and structural characterization of heparin and HS. A brief discussion of the analysis of contaminants in pharmaceutical heparin is also presented.
Induction of ornithine decarboxylase by nerve growth factor dissociated from effects on survival and neurite outgrowth

SEVERAL eukaryotic cell types respond to a variety of hormones or growth-promoting agents by a rapid induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity (for reviews see refs 1, 2). This enzyme2 and the polyamines whose synthesis it catalyses1 have been suggested in turn to play a part in mediating subsequent cellular responses to such hormone or replication factors. Among the agents shown to affect ODC activity is nerve growth factor (NGF), a protein which affects the differentiation and survival of sympathetic and responsive sensory neurones3. MacDonnell et al.4 have demonstrated that treatment of rat superior cervical ganglia with NGF causes a rapid (maximal by 6–7 h), transcription-dependent increase in ODC activity. NGF treatment has also been reported to increase ODC activity in rat brain5. Such findings have led to the suggestion that ODC may mediate other responses of neurones to NGF4. We show here, however, that suppression of ODC activity and of its induction do not interfere with several other responses to NGF such as promotion of neurite outgrowth, maintenance of survival and increase in cell size. Such findings may be relevant to the possible role of ODC induction in other differentiating systems.
cAMP inhibits the in vitro assembly of microtubules

Abstract A new method for assaying microtubule assembly is described. The method utilizes the colchicine binding property of tubulin. This technique was used to study the effect of cyclic AMP on tubulin assembly using 100,000 g supernatant and cycle-purified tubulin prepared from porcine brain. Cyclic AMP, in the presence of NaF, inhibited tubulin assembly from 100,000 g supernatant but had no effect on cycle-purified tubulin.
Resting energy expenditure in injured, septic, and malnourished adult patients on intravenous diets

Abstract Energy expenditures of 237 adult patients and 37 normal subjects receiving all nutrition intravenously were analysed retrospectively. Patients were classified as nutritionally depleted (67), post-operative (96), injured (43), or septic/depleted (31). Groups were further divided into those receiving either: (1) only 5% dextrose (D5W); (2) hypocaloric regimens including glucose and amino-acids; and (3) eucaloric or hypercaloric total parenteral nutrition (TPN) which also included fat. Resting energy expenditures (REE) of normal subjects on D5W were only 85% of predicted basal values based on either the Aub-Du Bois or Harris-Benedict equations. During D5W infusions, increases for the patient groups, above these values for normal subjects, varied depending on whether they were based on absolute values or ratios to predicted values. They were: (1) 1–11% for depleted; 1–21% for post-operative; 28–30% for injured; and 18–30% for septic/depleted patients. The average increase in REE with TPN was 10%. Variability within the patient groups was high, reducing the utility of these values as a basis for estimating energy requirements of patients needing artificial nutrition. Coefficients of variation averaged 15% across patient groups when the data were expressed in kJ/kg, and were reduced only slightly, to 12%, when data were expressed as ratios to predicted values. Thus, 1 3 of the patients would differ by more than 12% from mean values, and 1 out of 20 by more than 24%. Properly performed measurements of individual energy expenditure are therefore superior to values predicted from equations or average values previously obtained from patient groups and should be used wherever possible, particularly in the very sick.
Recent issues in the physics of heavy fermion materials

Abstract The basic properties of heavy fermion materials are briefly summarized. Several recent issues in the physics of heavy fermion materials are discussed, including the unconventional superconductivity of UPt 3 , non Fermi liquid behavior in strongly correlated f-electron systems, and the possible observation of the Fulde-Ferrel-Larkin-Ovchinnikov spatially nonuniform superconducting state.
Efficiency of weighted averages

Abstract When combining estimates of a common parameter (of dimension d ⩾ 1 ) from independent data sets—as in stratified analyses and meta analyses—a weighted average, with weights ‘proportional’ to inverse variance matrices, is shown to have a minimal variance matrix (a standard fact when d = 1 )—minimal in the sense that all convex combinations of the coordinates of the combined estimate have minimal variances. Minimum variance for the estimation of a single coordinate of the parameter can therefore be achieved by joint estimation of all coordinates using matrix weights. Moreover, if each estimate is asymptotically efficient within its own data set, then this optimally weighted average, with consistently estimated weights, is shown to be asymptotically efficient in the combined data set and avoids the need to merge the data sets and estimate the parameter in question afresh. This is so whatever additional non-common nuisance parameters may be in the models for the various data sets. A special case of this appeared in Fisher [1925. Theory of statistical estimation. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 22, 700–725.]: Optimal weights are ‘proportional’ to information matrices, and he argued that sample information should be used as weights rather than expected information, to maintain second-order efficiency of maximum likelihood. A number of special cases have appeared in the literature; we review several of them and give additional special cases, including stratified regression analysis—proportional-hazards, logistic or linear—, combination of independent ROC curves, and meta analysis. A test for homogeneity of the parameter across the data sets is also given.
Thermodynamic properties of internal water molecules in the hydrophobic cavity around the catalytic center of cytochrome c oxidase.

Cytochrome c oxidase is a redox-driven proton pump that creates a membrane proton gradient responsible for driving ATP synthesis in aerobic cells. The crystal structure of the enzyme has been recently solved; however, the details of the mechanism of its proton pumping remain unknown. The enzyme internal water molecules play a key role in proton translocation through the enzyme. Here, we examine the thermodynamic properties of internal water in a hydrophobic cavity around the catalytic center of the enzyme. The crystal structure does not show any water molecules in this region; it is believed, however, that, since protons are delivered to the catalytic center, where the reduction of molecular oxygen occurs, at least some water molecules must be present there. The goal of the present study was to examine how many water molecules are present in the catalytic center cavity and why these water molecules are not observed in the crystal structure of the enzyme. The behavior of water molecules is discussed in the...
17 USE OF CHLAMYDIAL MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TEST TO DETECT C. TRACHOMATIS ENDOCERVICAL INFECTIONS IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES

17 USE OF CHLAMYDIAL MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TEST TO DETECT C. TRACHOMATIS ENDOCERVICAL INFECTIONS IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES
Hypercalcemia, Excessive Bone Resorption, and Neutrophilia in Mice Bearing a Mammary Carcinoma:

In an attempt to gain insight into the relationship between bone marrow and bone tissue, studies of bone metabolism and quantitative analysis of bone structure were carried out in mice following a transplantation of a granulocytosis-inducing mammary carcinoma. With the progression of the tumor growth and development of granulocytosis, there was a sharp increase in plasma calcium and urine calcium, both reaching over 200% of control values. Hypercalcemia was associated with a significant increase in urinary hydroxyproline (P less than 0.005), an increase in marrow medullary area (P less than 0.05), and an increase in number of endosteal osteoclasts (P less than 0.005), together indicating that the cause of hypercalcemia was an increase in bone resorption. In parallel with hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria, there was an increase in urinary cyclic AMP excretion. The removal of the tumor normalized both blood neutrophil counts and plasma calcium levels, suggesting that a humoral agent from the tumor tissue, rather than tumor metastasis to bones, may be responsible for the phenomena. These studies documented the association of excessive bone resorption in this animal model of tumor-induced neutrophilia; the model may prove useful for studies of tumor-associated hypercalcemia as well as studies of marrow and bone interactions.
Research assistantship experiences and subsequent research productivity

This paper is an examination of one component of research training programs, the research assistantship. Data are presented from a national study of the topic. Results of a survey with 3,963 respondents showed that genuine research assistantship experience is positively related to subsequent research involvement and productivity. More intensive data collection from the 50 most productive researchers and 50 nonproductive respondents resulted in identification of 35 variables that discriminate between the two groups (4 structural, 19 experiential, 4 supervisor-assistant interactions, and 8 perceptual). Clusters of variables resulting from factor analysis are presented and nondiscriminating variables are discussed. Recommendations are offered for designers and directors of programs in colleges and universities for use in training educational research personnel.
GLYCATED ALBUMIN PROMOTES A GENERALIZED VASCULOPATHY IN THE DB/DB MOUSE

Increased protein glycation has been mechanistically linked to accelerated vascular pathobiology in diabetes. Because glycated albumin induces biosynthetic abnormalities in cultured aortic endothelial cells that resemble those associated with macrovascular disease, we sought evidence that increased glycated albumin is operative in the genesis of diabetic vasculopathyin vivo. Plasma concentrations of fibronectin, a sensitive marker of endothelial cell damage, were increased two-fold in diabeticdb/dbmice compared with their nondiabeticdb/mlittermates. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies specifically reactive with albumin modified by Amadori glucose adducts normalized fibronectin in diabetic animals despite persistent hyperglycemia. These findings suggest that increased glycated albumin causally contributes to diabetic vasculopathy, and that blocking this influence ameliorates vascular damage.
A hands-on dataflow architecture/programming course

The University of Lowell's Department of Computer Science offers a course in data flow programming which provides students with the opportunity to run their programs on an actual, rather inexpensive dataflow machine. Students gain a much deeper understanding of the issues related to line grain parallel processing. The course not only surveys various dataflow architectures and languages, but also involves laboratory assignments where students must design, debug and execule dataflow programs.
Current knowledge about nanotechnology safety

This review paper provides insight into the risk faced by laboratory workers from suspected nanoparticle hazards. The potential hazard and risk is examined with respect to the dermal, inhalation, and ingestion pathways into the human body. Based on the current understanding, the risks are presented qualitatively from a system safety perspective as a function of likelihood and consequence. Without protective equipment, the likelihood of dermal exposure for carbon nanoparticles is high, but is low and very low for inhalation and ingestion pathways, respectively. The consequence for dermal exposure is likely to be dermatitis, but for the other two pathways there has been no clear evidence of any consequence. However, the consequences will be better judged after nanotechnology has had time to establish itself and more studies have been performed on the toxicological effects of nanoparticles. The surveyed papers propose that because nanoparticles vary in their chemical composition and biological and immunological properties, the risks posed by them also vary. Thus, each nanomaterial should be assessed individually for its health risks
Spark Discharge: Application Multielement Spectrochemical Analysis

Spark discharge is shown to be a cyclic process of energy dissipation, with one spark in a time-connected train influenced by its relation to predecessor sparks. Spectroscopic instruments having temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution indicate that the light emission is highly ordered with cylindrical symmetry about the current-conducting spark channel. The favored spatial coincidence is between the channel and the most highly ionized and most excited species sampled from the cathode, with less ionized and less excited species emitting farther outward. Light absorption occurs to such an extent that there are full line reversals in excited states of magnesium ions, distant from the channel. Schlieren data indicate a toroidal structure in the postdischarge environment. Charge transfer, Penning ionization, and sensitized fluorescence are thought to be the chemical mechanisms responsible for the spectroscopic topography. Experiments in spectrochemical analysis based on the topography and designed for increased sensitivity, reduced matrix effects, and simpler spectra are discussed.
Safety studies of the intraperitoneal injection of E1A–liposome complex in mice

The HER-2/neu (also called c-erbB-2) proto-oncogene is overexpressed in many human cancer cells, including those of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. We have previously shown that adenovirus 5 E1A inhibits HER-2/neu transcription and functions as a tumor suppressor gene in HER-2/neu-overexpressing cancer cells. Liposome-mediated E1A gene transfer suppresses tumor development and prolongs survival of tumor-bearing mice. In support of a phase I clinical trial of an E1A-liposome complex administered to patients with HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast of ovarian cancer, we conducted a series of studies to evaluate the safety of intraperitoneal injection of E1A in normal mice. The cumulative doses used were from five to 40 times the DNA-lipid starting dose proposed for the phase I clinical trial. In this dosing range, the administration of the E1A-liposome complex had no adverse effects on renal, hepatic and hematological parameters studied. No major organ pathologic changes were observed. We concluded that intraperitoneal administration of E1A-liposome complex at the proposed dose would not be expected to produce significant toxicity. The E1A-liposome clinical trial was recently approved by the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee and Food and Drug Administration for a phase I trial in patients with HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast and ovarian cancer.
Toward a unified theory of serotonin dysregulation in eating and related disorders

Patients with eating disorders (EDs) exhibit several clinical features and biologic findings indicative of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) dysregulation. These include feeding disturbances, depression and suicide, impulsivity and violence, anxiety and harm avoidance, obsessive-compulsive features, seasonal variation of symptoms, as well as disturbances in neuroendocrine and vascular tissues, as well as other neurochemical systems linked to 5-HT, such as temperature. This review attempts to integrate available results from controlled studies in humans, with particular focus on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), platelet and plasma studies, as well as pharmacologic challenge strategies using a variety of serotonergic agents. Taken together, these findings support the concept of altered post-synaptic, hypothalamic 5-HT receptor sensitivity in bulimia nervosa (BN), regardless of the presence of anorexia nervosa (AN) or major depression (MD), although these conditions may be associated with other disturbances in 5-HT function, perhaps pre-synaptic ones. The observation that different response measures of 5-HT function in the same subjects may be simultaneously increased, decreased and no different in patients compared to controls is consistent with a 5-HT dysregulation hypothesis. It may be that a variety of psychobiological stressors, such as dieting, binge-eating, purging, drug abuse, photoperiodic changes, as well as psychosocial-interpersonal stressors, perturb and interact with an already vulnerable 5-HT system.
Reactions involving the bound nucleotide component of muscle actin.

Abstract A study has been made of the changes and reactions of the bound nucleotide of actin in various stages of preparation and changes in state, utilizing reliable methods of distinguishing between the bound and loose nucleotides. The findings were as follows: 1. 1. Both bound and free ATP are synthesized during the water extraction of the muscle acetone powder. The synthetic mechanism is probably enzymic and does not involve the utilization of inorganic phosphate. 2. 2. G-ATP actin will exchange its bound nucleotide with free ATP at 0 °C. Evidence is given suggesting a mechanism of ATP exchange not involving a reaction requiring appreciable ATP dissociation. 3. 3. Sequential polymerization-depolymerization of the actin results in a constant nucleotide-protein ratio. Molecular weight of the actin by analysis for the bound nucleotide by several methods gives good agreement with values of other workers. 4. 4. Use of ATP doubly labeled with P32 has confirmed the dephosphorylation of the terminal phosphate of the bound ATP in the polymerization of G-ATP actin. Further, it has revealed complicating reactions in generally accepted preparative procedures of actin.
The effect of closed-loop feedback control on scalar mixing in a plane shear layer

The effect of feedback on mixing in a plane shear layer was studied using temperature as an analog to species concentration. Mixing was quantified using temperature measurements made by an array of cold-wire sensors. Upstream of the cold-wire sensors, a schlieren imager measured the cross-stream position of the temperature interface between the two streams before the primary vortical structures had formed. Surface heaters mounted on the flow partition were used as control actuators. Feeding the gained output from the interface position sensor back to the surface heaters closed the loop and created resonance and out-of-resonance conditions in the flow, both of which increased mixing. The feedback gains were adaptively modified in real time to maximize mixing at a given streamwise station. Finally, it was found that deliberately introducing streamwise vorticity, and then choosing feedback gains that strengthen these streamwise vortices, can greatly enhance mixing.
ATOPY IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS(C/F)

Atopy has been said to make C/F clinically both better and worse. Since many of the symptoms of C/F resemble respiratory allergy,It is difficult to determine the presence of atopy in C/F on clinical grounds alone.Thirty-two C/F patients(13 males, 19 females;7-23 yrs.)of varying severity(scores 47-94)were studied to determine the presence of Type I (IgE mediated)hypersensitivity. Scratch and intradermal tests with 40 allergens(epidermoids,dust, mite, pollens, molds), peripheral eosinophil and basophil counts, and serum IgE levels (PRIST) were done. Sputum was cultured for fungus. Eight(25%) patients were sensitive to grass and/or ragweed. Twenty-three(72%)were sensitive to mold spores. Thirteen(41%)were sensitive to Aspergillus fumigatus. Eight(8/26=3l%)had positive sputum cultures for Aspergillus fumigatus. Five(16%)had serum IgE levels greater than normal (>122 U/ml.). Patients were grouped according to severity(I)n=11, score 81. There was no relationship between IgE levels, eosinophil or basophil counts and severity of disease. Group I was more atopic when one of the criteria used for determining atopy was 5 or more positive skin tests (p < .05). These were usually due to mold allergens. Atopy occurs frequently in C/F and more commonly in the more severe C/F patients. Whether atopy is the cause or result of C/F severity remains to be determined. If the result, then a damaged and colonized respiratory tract may facilitate the development of atopy in C/F.
Initial Delay in the Immune Response to Francisella tularensis Is Followed by Hypercytokinemia Characteristic of Severe Sepsis and Correlating with Upregulation and Release of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns

"Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida" intranasal infection causes a rapid pneumonia in mice with mortality at 4 to 6 days with a low dose of bacteria (10(2) bacteria). The short time to death suggests that there is a failure of the innate immune response. As the neutrophil is often the first cell type to infiltrate sites of infection, we focused on the emigration of neutrophils in this infection, as well as cytokines involved in their recruitment. The results indicated that there was a significant delay in the influx of neutrophils into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of F. tularensis subsp. novicida-infected mice. The delay in neutrophil recruitment in F. tularensis subsp. novicida-infected mice correlated with a delay in the upregulation of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as a delay in caspase-1 activation. Strikingly, the initial delay in the upregulation of cytokines through 1 day postinfection was followed by profound upregulation of multiple cytokines and chemokines to levels consistent with hypercytokinemia described for severe sepsis. This finding was further supported by a bacteremia and the cellular relocalization and release of high-mobility group box-1 and S100A9, both of which are damage-associated molecular pattern molecules and are known to be mediators of severe sepsis.
The Verdet constant of undoped Y3AL5O12 in the near infrared

Abstract The optical activity of an undoped Y3Al5O12 (YAG) crystal is measured in the near infrared at a fixed temperature. The crystal is located inside the bore of a hollow cylindrical magnet of uniform magnetization. By integrating the applied magnetic field along the cylindrical axis of the crystal, the Verdet constant is determined for wavelengths from 1300 nm to 1350 nm as well as at 1064 nm. For the 1300 nm range, the Verdet constant is found to be approximately 1.38 rad / T m while at 1064 nm it is 2.12 rad / T m . From a fit to these measurements, we can extract values for the band gap energy and K-parameter of the crystal. For undoped YAG, we report a band gap value of 8.1 eV ± 0.3 eV and a K-parameter of 596 rad / T m ± 52 rad / T m , consistent with the previous measurements made with visible light.
New strategies for the prevention and reduction of cancer treatment-induced diarrhea.

Abstract Objectives To describe possible new strategies for the prevention of CTID. Data sources Abstracts presented at oncology meetings, primary and secondary literature, trial protocols, and clinical experience. Conclusion Patients who have experienced an episode of diarrhea are at high risk for developing diarrhea with additional cycles of chemotherapy or radiation. One preventive strategy that holds out promise is the use of octreotide LAR as prophylaxis. This strategy should be considered for patients with a prior cycle complicated by persistent (lasting more than 48 hours) diarrhea of any severity, or by diarrhea of grades 3 and higher. Implications for nursing practice With preventive intervention and aggressive management of breakthrough symptoms, CTID may no longer pose a significant threat to patient comfort and well-being.
Mass media and the first amendment

Free press principles established by the U. S. Supreme Court affect the output of U. S. media, mainly through interpretations of the First Amendment. Far more complicated than the Amendment are the principles established by case law. This article contains four classroom decision‐making exercises based on four recent Supreme Court decisions. It also presents discussion questions raised in the cases as stimuli for discussions of conflict between individual and media liberties versus protection of society. The cases are: Pittsburgh Press v. Pittsburgh Human Relations Commission, Miller v. California, N. Y. Times v. U. S., and U. S. v. Caldwell.
Upwelling velocity and eddy diffusivity from 7Be measurements used to compare vertical nutrient flux to export POC flux in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific

Abstract Five 7Be profiles, measured in an area bounded by 10°S–20°S and 80°W–100°W, were used to determine upwelling velocity (wH) and vertical diffusivity (Kz). A positive correlation between wH and 14C primary production rate and a negative correlation between the inventories of 7Be and phosphate were observed. We interpret this as the influence of deeper, nutrient-rich, 7Be-poor water brought up by upwelling. Excluding two stations that appear to be influenced by non-steady state dynamics or horizontal transport, upwelling velocities were estimated to be 0 to 1.0 m d− 1 and Kz values ranged from 0.4 to 2.6 cm2 s− 1. From these parameters, NO3− fluxes into the euphotic zone were assessed and ranged from 0.15 to 2.9 mmol m− 2 d− 1. Using these values, we estimate 1.0 to 19 mmol C m− 2 d− 1 of new production in the ETSP. New production based on 7Be-derived transport parameters agree with carbon export estimates using a 234Th balance, sediment traps and O2/Ar supersaturation for stations along 20°S, but are higher than export estimates at 10°S, 100°W.
Multiscale modeling of incompressible turbulent flows

Developing an effective turbulence model is important for engineering applications as well as for fundamental understanding of the flow physics. We present a mathematical derivation of a closure relating the Reynolds stress to the mean strain rate for incompressible flows. A systematic multiscale analysis expresses the Reynolds stress in terms of the solutions of local periodic cell problems. We reveal an asymptotic structure of the Reynolds stress by invoking the frame invariant property of the cell problems and an iterative dynamic homogenization of large- and small-scale solutions. The recovery of the Smagorinsky model for homogeneous turbulence validates our derivation. Another example is the channel flow, where we derive a simplified turbulence model using the asymptotic structure near the wall. Numerical simulations at two Reynolds numbers (Re's) using our model agrees well with both experiments and Direct Numerical Simulations of turbulent channel flow.
Cranioplasty: cosmetic or therapeutic?

Abstract Cranioplasty is among the oldest surgical procedures. Trauma, infections, tumors and compression caused by brain edema are some of the reasons for the removal of bone. The indications for cranioplasty after resolution of the primary process that led to the bone defect were never well defined, and many were the “cosmetic” indications for cranioplasty. However, there are many theories suggesting that an underlying physiological alteration may occur which may require the correction of the bone defect; many patients improve after surgery. We discuss the physiopathological basis of the “syndrome of the trephined” and try to achieve a better understanding of the present status of cranioplasty and its possible therapeutic role.
The Graying Phenomenon An Unusual Manifestation of Alopecia Areata

: A 31-year-old man developed sudden “whitening” of scalp and body hair. There may be a relationship to alopecia areata and its pathogenesis.
Evaluation of Pediatric Near-Infrared Cerebral Oximeter for Cardiac Disease

Background Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia remains a complication in children with congenital heart disease. Near-infrared spectroscopy can be utilized at the bedside to detect cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. This study aimed to calibrate and validate an advanced technology near-infrared cerebral oximeter for use in children with congenital heart disease. Methods After institutional review board approval and parental consent, 100 children less than 12 years and less than 40 kg were enrolled. Phase I (calibration) measured arterial and jugular venous saturation (SaO 2 , SjO 2 ) by co-oximetry simultaneously with device signals to calibrate an algorithm to determine regional cerebral saturation against a weighted average cerebral saturation (0.7 SjO 2 + 0.3 SaO 2 ). Phase II (validation) evaluated regional cerebral saturation from the algorithm against the weighted average cerebral saturation by correlation, bias, precision, and A Root Mean Square assessed by linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. Results Of 100 patients, 86 were evaluable consisting of 7 neonates, 44 infants, and 35 children of whom 55% were female, 79% Caucasian, and 41% with cyanotic disease. The SaO 2 and regional cerebral saturation ranged from 34% to 100% and 34% to 91%, respectively. There were no significant differences in subject characteristics between phases. For the entire cohort, A RMS , bias, precision, and correlation coefficient were 5.4%, 0.5%, 5.39%, and 0.88, respectively. Age, skin color, and hematocrit did not affect these values. Conclusions This cerebral oximeter accurately measures the absolute value of cerebral saturation in children over a wide range of oxygenation and subject characteristics, offering advantages in assessment of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in congenital heart disease.
Spectral Estimation by Variable Span Log Periodogram Smoothing: An Application to Annual Lynx Numbers

Spectral estimation is commonly based on smoothing the periodogram or its logarithm. In such a smoothing exercise, it is not entirely sensible to use the same bandwidth for all frequencies, since the smoothness of the underlying spectrum may vary. This note describes the use of a variable span smoother in estimating the log spectrum. An application to annual lynx data is presented.
Testing the Adequacy of Markov Chain and Mover-Stayer Models as Representations of Credit Behavior

We summarize methodology for testing the compatibility of discrete time stochastic processes-stationary and nonstationary Markov chains and an extension, the mover-stayer model-with longitudinal data from an unknown empirical process. We apply this methodology to determine the suitability of these models to represent the payment behavior of a sample of retail revolving credit accounts. We are led to reject stationary and also nonstationary Markov chain models for our data and for our state space definition in favor of the mover-stayer model. The mover-stayer model, in contrast to Markov chains, incorporates a simple form of population heterogeneity. Stationary Markov chains have been used extensively in finance literature to model payment behavior of credit accounts. Our empirical study suggests, however, that stationary Markov chains may not appropriately model payment behavior. It also indicates that incorporating heterogeneity in modeling payment behavior may be more important than incorporing nonstationarity.
Time-resolved emission studies of intermolecular triplet excimers in fluid solutions: Dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene revisited

In fluid solutions at room temperature, the high-purity dibenzofuran (DBF) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) exhibit phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence from monomers as well as intermolecular triplet excimers. The delayed emissions assigned to the excimer are red shifted with respect to the corresponding emissions from the monomers. All four delayed emissions exhibit excitation spectra that are identical with the excitation spectrum of the prompt fluorescence of the corresponding monomer. Consistent with an emission originating from the bimolecular annihilation of the triplet excimers, the delayed excimer fluorescence is spectrally very similar to the normal excimer fluorescence of the compounds, and it decays with a lifetime which is one-half the decay time of the excimer phosphorescence. At longer delay times, where the triplet excimer-monomer equilibration is expected to occur, the ratio of the intensity of the excimer phosphorescence to that of the monomer phosphorescence becomes independent of time. Concomitantly, the lifetimes of the two emissions become identical to each other, as indicated by the very similar lifetimes of the delayed excimer fluorescence and the delayed monomer fluorescence. These results confirm the formation of intermolecular triplet excimers in fluid solutions of these compounds.
Pulse oximetry may lead to unnecessary hospital admissions for infants with bronchiolitis and mild hypoxaemia.

Commentary on : Schuh S, Freedman S, Coates A, et al. Effect of oximetry on hospitalization in bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;312:712–18.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Viral bronchiolitis is a leading cause for infants to be admitted to hospital. Hospitalisation rates for bronchiolitis increased more than twofold between 1980 and 2000, a period during which pulse oximetry was introduced into routine practice. Practice guidelines from the American Academy of Paediatrics have stressed that oxygen is not required in otherwise stable infants with saturations greater than 90%.1 However, prior work using surveys and observational data suggests that arbitrary oximetry thresholds in the mild hypoxaemia range (90–95%) may be an important driver for clinicians to decide to admit … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.volume%253D312%26rft.spage%253D712%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.2014.8637%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25138332%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.2014.8637&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25138332&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F1%2F19.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000340438700019&link_type=ISI
Tensile, impact and fatigue behavior of an amine‐cured epoxy resin

Although crosslinked networks are commonly used as adhesives and composite matrixes, structure-property relationships are not as well established as with thermoplastics. For this reason, an extensive study was begun to systematically examine effects of stoichiometry, morphology, and distribution of crosslink density on viscoelastic behavior and ultimate properties. The system selected was based on a bisphenol-A-type epoxy cured with methylene dianiline. This paper describes and discusses results obtained for resins in which the amine/epoxy ratio ranged between 0.7 and 2.2. In agreement with reports by others, the tensile strength, modulus, and ultimate elongation were relatively insensitive to stoichiometry but did not show slight maxima or minima when the amine was somewhat in excess. Impact strengths, tensile energies-to-break and fracture toughness were, in contrast, quite sensitive, though the patterns of each differed significantly. Both fracture toughness and the stress intensity factor required to drive the crack at a given rate varied directly with the amine/epoxy ratio, as did estimates of the characteristic flaw size. Fatigue striations were observed on the fracture surfaces and corresponded to the incremental advance of the crack in one loading cycle.
A regenerative bootstrap approach to estimating the initial transient

We propose a new algorithm for identifying the duration of the initial transient for a regenerative stochastic process. The algorithm involves re-sampling of the simulated cycles, and therefore has a "bootstrap" flavor. The paper includes a derivation of the estimator for the duration of the transient that offers theoretical support for its validity, and provides a preliminary numerical investigation of the estimator's properties.
The Civil War project: project-based collaborative learning in a virtual space

This project created on-line practicum and mentoring experiences for pre-service teachers and developed the research, information literacy, and writing skills of eighth-grade students studying the American Civil War. The task given to the eighth-grade students was to write a story of historical fiction about the American Civil War from the perspective of someone living during that time period. The system described supported all aspects of the pupils' research, data organization, pre-writing and drafting process. Pre-service teachers could interact with the pupils through an internal email system and by writing comments directly on the various elements of the students' work.
Pedometer-Assessed Physical Activity in Children and Young Adults with CKD

Summary Background and objectives Data on physical activity are limited in children with CKD. The objectives of this study were to measure the level and correlates of physical activity in children and young adults with CKD and to determine the association of physical activity with physical performance and physical functioning. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Physical activity was measured for 7 days using pedometers; physical performance was measured by the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) and physical functioning with the PedsQL 4.0. Results Study participants were 44 patients 7–20 years of age who had CKD stage 1–4 (n=12), had ESRD and were undergoing dialysis (n=7), or had undergone kidney transplantation (n=25). Participants were very sedentary; they walked 6218 (interquartile range, 3637, 9829) steps per day, considerably less than recommended. Physical activity did not differ among participants in the CKD stage 1–4, ESRD, and transplant groups. Females were less active than males (P Conclusions In most participants with CKD, physical activity was considerably below recommended levels. Future studies are needed to determine whether increasing physical activity can improve physical performance and physical functioning.
Visual prior entry for foreground figures.

Attended stimuli reach perceptual-level processes before unattended stimuli do, a finding that is referred to as visual prior entry. We asked whether a similar effect arises for salient objects (foreground figures) in a visual scene. If prior entry holds for figure—ground perception, targets will be perceived to appear earlier on figures than on grounds. Participants performed a temporal order judgment by reporting the order in which targets appeared. Participants perceived that targets appearing on foreground figures occurred earlier than did those appearing on backgrounds. These findings did not result from a response bias for targets appearing on figures. Most important, when figures and grounds were spatially separated and did not share an edge, no prior-entry effects were observed. Our results suggest that figural regions are available to perceptual-level processes sooner than are grounds.
Two glucose sensing/signaling pathways stimulate glucose-induced inactivation of maltose permease in Saccharomyces.

Glucose is a global metabolic regulator in Saccharomyces. It controls the expression of many genes involved in carbohydrate utilization at the level of transcription, and it induces the inactivatio...
The Acetylation Motif in AMP-Forming Acyl Coenzyme A Synthetases Contains Residues Critical for Acetylation and Recognition by the Protein Acetyltransferase Pat of Rhodopseudomonas palustris

The AMP-forming acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) synthetases are a large class of enzymes found in both anabolic and catabolic pathways that activate fatty acids to acyl-CoA molecules. The protein acetyltransferase (Pat) from Rhodopseudomonas palustris (RpPat) inactivates AMP-forming acyl-CoA synthetases by acetylating the e-amino group of a conserved, catalytic lysine residue. In all of the previously described RpPat substrates, this lysine residue is located within a PX4GK motif that has been proposed to be a recognition motif for RpPat. Here, we report five new substrates for RpPat, all of which are also AMP-forming acyl-CoA synthetases. This finding supports the idea that Pat enzymes may have evolved to control the activity of this family of enzymes. Notably, RpPat did not acetylate the wild-type long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase B (RpLcsB; formerly Rpa2714) enzyme of this bacterium. However, a single amino acid change two residues upstream of the acetylation site was sufficient to convert RpLcsB into an RpPat substrate. The results of mutational and functional analyses of RpLcsB and RpPimA variants led us to propose PK/RTXS/T/V/NGKX2K/R as a substrate recognition motif. The underlined positions within this motif are particularly important for acetylation by RpPat. The first residue, threonine, is located 4 amino acids upstream of the acetylation site. The second residue can be S/T/V/N and is located two positions upstream of the acetylation site. Analysis of published crystal structures suggests that the side chains of these two residues are very close to the acetylated lysine residue, indicating that they may directly interact with RpPat.