cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metalloproteinase Inhibitors Inhibit the Release of Soluble CD27 by Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia Cells.

Abstract Abstract 3942 Poster Board III-878 Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) is characterized by bone marrow infiltration with lymphoplasmacytic cells (LPCs), and increased presence of mast cells. CD27 is a marker of memory B-cells, and is heterogeneously expressed on the cell surface of WM cells. In recent studies, we showed that the soluble CD27 (sCD27) is produced by WM LPC and is a faithful marker of disease burden in WM patients. Importantly, sCD27 triggers via CD70 the expression of CD40L on neighboring Mast Cells, which in turn supports the growth and survival of WM LPC. sCD27 therefore represents a promising target for the treatment of WM. The mechanism for sCD27 release in WM remains to be elucidated, but is likely cleaved from cell surface CD27. We therefore examined the effects of various matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors on the production of sCD27. sCD27 levels were measured by ELISA from supernatants of cultured BCWM.1 and BL2126 B-cells transfected with a vector expressing either FLAG-tagged CD27 (pCD27-FLAG) or a control vector. PMA treatment of pCD27-FLAG transfected BCWM.1 WM and BL2126 cells led to sustained sCD27 release in cultured supernatants; in contrast, PMA treatment of control vector transfected cells showed minimal sCD27 release. Importantly, treatment of pCD27-FLAG transfected BCWM.1 WM and BL2126 cells with MMP 8 and MMP 3 inhibitors (Calbiochem) led to four-fold and two-fold decrease in sCD27 levels, respectively (Figure 1). In contrast, no significant change in sCD27 release was observed following treatment with MMP 2/9 or non-specific MMP inhibitors. These studies demonstrate that matrix metalloproteinases play an important role in sCD27 release, and provide the framework for efforts examining MMP 8 and 3 specific inhibitors in the treatment of WM. Download : Download high-res image (108KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Inclusive Apparel Design for Baby Boomer Women

AbstractApparel design solutions for an aging population with unique and changing needs are lacking in the retail industry. This especially applies to baby boomer women. As one of the largest segme...
Biochemical characterization of functional domains of the chaperone Cosmc

Cosmc is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone necessary for normal protein O-GalNAc glycosylation through regulation of T-synthase, its single client. Loss-of-function of Cosmc results in expression of the Tn antigen, which is associated with multiple human diseases including cancer. Despite intense interest in dysregulated expression of the Tn antigen, little is known about the structure and function of Cosmc, including domain organization, secondary structure, oligomerization, and co-factors. Limited proteolysis experiments show that Cosmc contains a structured N-terminal domain (CosmcΔ256), and biochemical characterization of CosmcΔ256 reveals wild type chaperone activity. Interestingly, CosmcE152K, which shows loss of function in vivo, exhibits wild type-like activity in vitro. Cosmc and CosmcE152K heterogeneously oligomerize and form monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric species, while CosmcΔ256 is predominantly monomeric as characterized by chemical crosslinking and blue native page electrophoresis. Additionally, Cosmc selectively binds divalent cations in thermal shift assays and metal binding is abrogated by the CosmcΔ256 truncation, and perturbed by the E152K mutation. Therefore, the N-terminal domain of Cosmc mediates T-synthase binding and chaperone function, whereas the C-terminal domain is necessary for oligomerization and metal binding. Our results provide new structure-function insight to Cosmc, indicate that Cosmc behaves as a modular protein and suggests points of modulation or regulation of in vivo chaperone function.
Vaccinations in Older Adults

Vaccines are important for preventing infections in adults aged ≥65 years. Older adults are at increased risk for complications from vaccine-preventable illnesses due to age-associated changes in immune function and chronic medical comorbidities. Vaccination rates for older adults remain low despite widely accepted practice guidelines. Recommended vaccinations for older adults include (1) influenza; (2) pneumococcal; (3) herpes zoster; (4) tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis; and (5) hepatitis B. Cost influences vaccination rates in older adults.
A Staufen1-mediated decay pathway influences the local transcriptome in axons.

Local translation is critical for diverse aspects of neuronal function, including mediating responses of elongating axons to guidance cues and other signaling molecules. A major determinant...
Comparative analysis and patch optimization using the cyber security analytics framework

Dependable metrics are one of the critical elements of an organization’s information security program and are crucial for its long-term success. Current research in the area of enterprise security metrics provides limited insight on understanding the impact that attacks have on the overall security goals of an enterprise as well as predicting the future security state of the network. In this paper we present a novel security analytics framework that takes into account both the inter-relationship between different vulnerabilities and the temporal features that evolve over time, such as the vulnerability discovery rate and the lifecycle events. We then formally define a non-homogenous stochastic model that incorporates time dependent covariates, namely the vulnerability age and the vulnerability discovery rate, to help visualize the future security state of the network leading to actionable knowledge and insight. We will perform a comparative analysis and also describe the patch optimization methodology by ...
Xanthohumol Protects Morphology and Function in a Mouse Model of Retinal Degeneration

Purpose To investigate whether treatment with xanthohumol (XN), the principal prenylated chalconoid from Humulus lupulus (hops), is protective in a mouse model of light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD). Methods Mice (129S2/SvPasCrl) were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or XN prior to toxic light exposure and every 3 days thereafter. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinograms at 1, 2, and 4 weeks following toxic light exposure. Visual acuity was tested by optokinetic tracking 1 week and 4 weeks after toxic light exposure. Retina sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for morphologic analysis or by TUNEL. Redox potentials were assessed in retinal tissue by measuring levels of cysteine (CYS), cystine (CYSS), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Results Toxic light significantly suppressed retinal function and visual acuity, severely disrupted the photoreceptor cell layer, and significantly decreased the number of nuclei and increased the accumulation of TUNEL-labeled cells in the outer nuclear layer. These effects were prevented by XN treatment. Treatment with XN also maintained GSSG and CYSS redox potentials and the total CYS pool in retinas of mice undergoing toxic light exposure. Conclusions XN treatment partially preserved visual acuity and retinal function in the LIRD mouse. Preservation of retinal CYS and of GSSG and CYSS redox potentials may indicate that XN treatment induces an increased antioxidant response, but further experiments are needed to verify this potential mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report protective effects of XN in a model of retinal degeneration.
An analysis of Venezuela's foreign policy during the period of the Betancourt doctrine and Caldera's ideological pluralism

AN ANALYSIS OF VENEZUELA'S FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE BETANCOURT DOCTRINE AND CALDERA'S IDEOLOGICAL PLURALISM
A Micromachined Magnet-Less RF Electron Trap

This paper reports a magnet-less enhanced-efficiency electron trapping module (E3TM) that uses micromachined components to provide electron trapping using only RF electric fields. The structure of the E3TM is comprised of five microfabricated elements that include two perforated electrodes. Importantly, the electrode perforations are only 130 $\mu \text{m}$ in diameter in order to control the fringing electric field near the electrodes. The microfabricated elements enable a large volume efficiency, with the device occupying a volume of 1.63 cm3, of which 75.7% is available for the trap. The electron density as measured by proxy with a small probe near the center of the RF electron trap is approximated as $2.24 \times 10^{6}$ cm−3 when the E3TM is tuned to and operated at 96.9 MHz, and is approximated as $2.16 \times 10^{6}$ cm−3 when tuned to and operated at 141.3 MHz. This trap could potentially be used to enable a magnet-less ion pump for maintaining ultra-high vacuum in chip-scale atomic clocks or other atomic microsystems that are sensitive to magnetic fields. [2017–0296]
Dioptra: An Ethics Decision Support System

Ethical decision making is difficult. Decision makers with cognitive, emotional, social, and philosophical limits have incomplete information about ambiguous, dynamic situations, where the consequences of action are uncertain. This paper describes Dioptra, a decision support system that can help people become more effective ethical decision makers. Dioptra adds structure to the decision process, supports various communication modes from face-to-face to fully distributed teams, helps DMs avoid cognitive and other biases, and addresses dysfunctional group behavior. Dioptra is a flexible system, potentially useful for many other applications besides ethical decision support. However, Dioptra is intended to be used by mindful people in organizations with an ethical culture. The system will be of limited use if these conditions are not met.
Auditory System: Efferent Systems to the Auditory Periphery

Descending pathways connect all levels of the central auditory pathway. Two of these descending pathways project to the auditory periphery and have been studied extensively: olivocochlear neurons project to the hair cells of the cochlea and decrease their responsiveness to sound. Motor neurons innervating the middle ear muscles cause a decrease in sound transmission through the middle ear. These systems are likely to be used to shift the dynamic range of hearing to higher levels, decrease the masking effects of noise, and protect the ear from damage due to high-level sounds.
Nanoscale Hole Fabrication in Cylindrical Devices for Bubble Generation

We report the nanofabrication stage of a unique bubble oxygenator catheter. Microspheres in a polymer solution are used to coat a fiber and form a template for nanoscale holes formed over cylindrical substrates.
A Comparison of Health Achievements in Rwanda and Burundi.

Strong primary health care systems are essential for implementing universal health coverage and fulfilling health rights entitlements, but disagreement exists over how best to create them. Comparing countries with similar histories, lifestyle practices, and geography but divergent health outcomes can yield insights into possible mechanisms for improvement. Rwanda and Burundi are two such countries. Both faced protracted periods of violence in the 1990s, leading to significant societal upheaval. In subsequent years, Rwanda’s improvement in health has been far greater than Burundi’s. To understand how this divergence occurred, we studied trends in life expectancy following the periods of instability in both countries, as well as the health policies implemented after these conflicts. We used the World Bank’s World Development Indicators to assess trends in life expectancy in the two countries and then evaluated health policy reforms using Walt and Gilson’s framework. Following both countries’ implementation of health sector policies in 2005, we found a statistically significant increase in life expectancy in Rwanda after adjusting for GDP per capita (14.7 years, 95% CI: 11.4–18.0), relative to Burundi (4.6 years, 95% CI: 1.8–7.5). Strong public sector leadership, investments in health information systems, equity-driven policies, and the use of foreign aid to invest in local capacity helped Rwanda achieve greater health gains compared to Burundi.
Constitution and secularism: a Western account

Modern liberal constitutionalism requires some form of secularism. There is, however, much dispute regarding what kind of secularism and how much of it is required. Secularism itself is Christian in origin and it does not significantly figure in the two other major Western religious traditions, namely Judaism and Islam. The Enlightenment has extracted secularism from its Christian moorings and has institutionalized it within constitutional ordering by combining a thrust to expel religion from the public sphere with a call for special protection for religious expression and practice within the private sphere. Western democracies have produced five different types of constitutional models to regulate the relationship between the state and religion. These vary from the military secular model to the one that features an official state religion while commanding tolerance of other religions. In more recent times, the Enlightenment legacy has been challenged by the repoliticization of religion and by attacks against institutional secularism. This presents challenges and opportunities to western constitutional secularism.
Hemojuvelin Mutations in Whites, Blacks and Asians with Primary Iron Overload and in Control Subjects.

Mutations in the hemojuvelin gene ( HJV ) are a cause of juvenile hemochromatosis (JH), but do they influence the phenotype of patients with adult-onset hemochromatosis with or without mutations of the HFE gene? We sequenced the coding region of the HJV gene of 133 subjects with primary iron overload (75 whites: 50 HFE , 25 non- HFE associated; 51 blacks: 1 HFE -associated; 7 Asians). A 63 year old white woman with non- HFE iron overload was found to be a compound heterozygote for HJV mutations: one previously identified (G320V); the other novel (C321W). The patient was diagnosed at age 30 (SI 223 μg/100 mL, TIBC 293 μg/100 mL, TS 76%, hepatic iron 31,154 μg/g, hepatic iron index 19.2). She had 2 healthy children, developed amenorrhea at age 23, had a history of hypothyroidism and developed Type 2 diabetes at age 59. She was iron depleted after 66 phlebotomies. Among 74 other white subjects with iron overload we found 3 polymorphisms: IVS2-6 C>G (3 subjects); nt 165 T>A (G55G), and IVS4-50 C>T (1 subject, each). Among 51 black iron overloaded and 132 black control subjects, the most notable polymorphism was a DNA triplet insert predicting an insertion of glycine. This was found in 2 subjects, one with and one without iron storage disease. Among the iron overloaded black subjects, we also found IVS2-6 C>G (1 subject), nt -140 G>C (3 subjects), nt 792 G>C (S264S) (1 subject), nt 828 C>A (I275I) (1 subject), and nt 929 C>G (A310G) (2 subjects). These polymorphisms, excluding S264S and I275I, were found in control subjects as well. No coding region mutations or polymorphisms were found in the 7 Asian iron overloaded subjects. We also determined the gene frequency of the HJV I222N and G320V mutations in adult control subjects from central Alabama, where a JH index case had been found with these mutations. Allele frequencies of I222N and G320V were 0.002 (n=240) and 0 (n=241) respectively in control whites. A white control female heterozygous for the I222N was also heterozygous for HFE C282Y but had normal iron measures. No I222N and G320V mutations were found in 124 and 118 black subjects respectively. We conclude that: 1) iron overloaded patients without HFE mutations, with or without a JH phenotype should be screened for HJV ; 2) HJV mutations do not account for most cases of increased penetrance of HFE- associated hemochromatosis; 3) double heterozygosity for HFE C282Y and HJV I222N does not necessarily cause iron overload.
The Processing Electronics and Detector of the Mars 2020 SHERLOC Instrument

The SHERLOC instrument (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals) is an ultraviolet (UV) Raman and fluorescence spectrometer that will be deployed on the Mars 2020 rover mission. The instrument includes a context microscopic imager with resolution of $10\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ , and the scanning laser has a spot size of $100\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ , which allows SHERLOC to generate spatially and spectrally resolved data cubes without contact with the Martian surface (typically ∼5 cm of standoff from an abraded surface); it is designed to detect and characterize organics and astrobiologically relevant minerals in the search for past life. The instrument is led by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) with electronics, software, and electronic ground support equipment provided by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), among others. The instrument is composed of two main physical components: the SHERLOC body assembly (SBA) and the turret assembly (STA). The SBA resides in the main body of the rover and operates in a relatively benign environment, while the STA is mounted on the rover arm turret and experiences extreme temperature fluctuations. The SBA conditions power from the rover, interfaces with the rover for command and data handling, and provides the control for the scanner and spectrometer. The SBA incorporates a LEON3 processor that runs all of the spectroscopy flight software. The STA houses the laser, laser power supply, imagers, scanning mirror, optics, and charge coupled device detector. The STA and SBA communicate via Spacewire over 12m of flex circuit routed down the rover robotic arm. The instrument is designed to autonomously scan a sample scene of approximately 7 × 7 mm, process the resulting data, and then subsequently interrogate regions of interest with much higher spatial and spectral resolution. This paper will describe the instrument spectroscopy electronics design and operation. It will cover the sampling and acquisition of data from the CCD, the detector noise performance, as well as storage and transmission of data to the vehicle.
Intracranial dolichoectasia in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease: Results from the MYRIAD study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is unknown whether intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD), in addition to causing stenosis, also associates with abnormal arterial enlargement, a condition known as intracranial dolichoectasia (IDE). Across symptomatic ICAD patients, we aim to determine IDE prevalence and IDE impact on cerebral hemodynamics and recurrent cerebral ischemia. METHODS We analyzed 98 participants (mean age 63.8 ± 11.9 years, 56.1% men) of the prospective observational study MYRIAD. Participants were enrolled within 21 days of an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack caused by moderate-to-severe ICAD. Semi-automatic vessel segmentation was used to determine diameters, length, and tortuosity-index of proximal intracranial arteries. Either ectasia (increased diameter) or dolichosis (increased length or TI) defined IDE. We assessed IDE association with new infarcts during 12-month follow-up, and IDE correlation with cerebral hemodynamics determined by quantitative MR-angiography (QMRA), MR-perfusion weighted-imaging, and transcranial Doppler breath-holding index. RESULTS IDE was present in 35.7% of patients and 10.2% of symptomatic arteries. Basilar stenosis was associated with higher IDE prevalence (27.8% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.04), whereas other symptomatic arteries showed no association with IDE. Symptomatic arteries with IDE had lower hypoperfusion prevalence on MR-PWI (11.1% vs. 28.4%, p = 0.03). Increased diameter (r = 0.33, p<0.01) and tortuosity-index (r = 0.29, p = 0.01) showed positive correlation with QMRA flow rate. IDE was not associated with new infarcts during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS IDE was common among symptomatic ICAD patients. IDE was not associated with stroke recurrence. Instead, increased diameter and tortuosity correlated with improved blood flow across the stenotic artery, suggesting that IDE may originate as an adaptive mechanism in ICAD.
To eP or Not to eP: Electronic Portfolio Usage and Their Role in Framing Digital Identities Among Criminal Justice, Cybersecurity, and Leadership Majors.

Electronic portfolios have been hailed as a useful pedological tool on numerous grounds. One commonly cited justification is that portfolios deepen student learning and help students develop a prof...
Analysis of the Driving Factors of Active and Rapid Growth Clusters Among CRF07_BC-Infected Patients in a Developed Area in Eastern China

Background The purpose of this study was to research the molecular transmission and genetic evolutionary characteristics among CRF07_BC-infected patients in a developed area in Eastern China. Methods Plasma samples from newly diagnosed HIV-1-positive patients from 2015-2018 and basic demographic and epidemiological information were obtained. Pol sequences from CRF07_BC-infected patients were selected for phylogenetic, molecular transmission network, and Bayesian evolutionary analyses. Results Pol sequences were successfully obtained from 258 samples of CRF07_BC. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 2 distinct lineages: lineage 1 (66.3%, 171/258), primarily from men who have sex with men (MSM) and some heterosexual individuals, and lineage 2 (33.7%, 87/258), primarily from heterosexual individuals. Under an optimal genetic distance of 0.01 substitutions/site, 163 individuals (63.2%, 163/258) formed 23 groups comprising 6 clusters and 17 dyads in the networks. A distinctly large and rapidly growing cluster (C1) containing 105 individuals was identified, in which MSM with ≥4 links had quite a high transmission risk (low educational background, active sexual behavior, low sexual protection awareness, etc.). According to Bayesian analyses, most C1 clades formed from 2005 to 2009, most of which were closely geographically related to CRF07_BC epidemic strains from Anhui province. Conclusions Here, we elucidated the local transmission characteristics and epidemic pattern of HIV-1 CRF07_BC, revealing that MSM (especially with ≥4 links) may be a significant driver in the formation of active and rapid growth networks in regional CRF07_BC epidemics. Thus, unique region- and risk group-specific transmission network analysis based on a molecular approach can provide critical and insightful information for more effective intervention strategies to limit future HIV-1 transmission.
Forget Forgotten Stents: Review of Ureteral Stent Tracking Systems

AbstractIntroduction:Our objective was to assess existing systems for tracking ureteral stents after urological surgery and determine if these systems impact the rate of retained and forgotten sten...
Damage Estimation and Localization from Sparse Aerial Imagery

Aerial images provide important situational awareness for responding to natural disasters such as hurricanes. They are well-suited for providing information for damage estimation and localization (DEL); i.e., characterizing the type and spatial extent of damage following a disaster. Despite recent advances in sensing and unmanned aerial systems technology, much of post-disaster aerial imagery is still taken by handheld DSLR cameras from small, manned, fixed-wing aircraft. However, these handheld cameras lack IMU information, and images are taken opportunistically post-event by operators. As such, DEL from such imagery is still a highly manual and time-consuming process. We propose an approach to both detect damage in aerial images and localize it in world coordinates, with specific focus on detecting and localizing flooding. The approach is based on using structure from motion to relate image coordinates to world coordinates via a projective transformation, using class activation mapping to detect the extent of damage in an image, and applying the projective transformation to localize damage in world coordinates. We evaluate the performance of our approach on post-event data from the 2016 Louisiana floods, and find that our approach achieves a precision of 88%. Given this high precision using limited data, we argue that this approach is currently viable for fast and effective DEL from handheld aerial imagery for disaster response.
Media Coverage and a Federal Grand Jury: Publication of the Secret Watergate Transcripts (1973)

Abstract Although scholarship about press coverage of the Watergate scandal has mostly been viewed through a journalistic frame—focused on debate about the true role of investigative reporters in precipitating President Richard Nixon's resignation—a more apt frame may be a legal one involving the clash between the media's First Amendment rights and the judiciary's Sixth Amendment responsibilities. As the Nixon administration attempted to cover up its crimes from the federal grand jury investigating the scandal, journalists tried to expose that wrongdoing by revealing confidential grand jury evidence. This article focuses on the single most extensive leak of secret grand jury information to the press during Watergate: syndicated columnist Jack Anderson s publication of verbatim grand jury transcripts of sworn witness testimony in Spring of 1973. Using oral history interviews and documents released after appeals under the Freedom of Information Act, the author reconstructs and analyzes a little-known but dr...
An Alternative Model of Self-Forgiveness

To date there has been no holistic confirmation of Hall and Fincham’s (2005 and 2008) models of self-forgiveness. We review interrelationships among Hall and Fincham’s (2005) proposed antecedents (i.e., attributions, severity of transgressions, empathy, guilt, shame, conciliatory behaviors, and perceived forgiveness), and ultimately how they contribute to self-forgiveness. The current study compared Hall and Fincham’s (2005 and 2008) models with an a priori alternative model via structural equation modeling. Our alternative model was the best fitting model, eliciting adequate to good model fit with all estimated parameters significant at the .001 level. Nonetheless, significant multivariate non-normality might have decreased its appropriateness and thus, it may actually approximate a better fit than results seemed to indicate. We also discuss research and therapeutic implications.
Sugar transport in chick embryo fibroblasts. II. Alterations in transport following transformation by a temperature-sensitive mutant of the Rous sarcoma virus.

Abstract Chick embryo fibroblasts infected with the temperaturesensitive mutant of the Rous sarcoma virus, Ts-68, are morphologically transformed when cultured at 37° but retain their fusiform morphology when cultured at 41°. Accompanying the temperature-dependent cell shape changes are alterations in the rate of 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake. Ts-68-infected fibroblasts cultured at 37° have a 2.5- to 4-fold higher rate of sugar uptake than fibroblasts cultured at 41°. When Ts-68-infected fibroblasts cultured at 41° are shifted to 37° or vice versa, the greatest change in the rate of sugar uptake occurs in the first 6 hours following the temperature shift. The initial rates of 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake and intracellular phosphorylation in Ts-68-infected fibroblasts depended upon the culture temperature. However, no differences were found in the initial rates of phosphorylation in homogenates prepared from infected cells cultured at 41 and 37°. Experiments with cytochalasin B, a sugar transport inhibitor, showed that inhibition of 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake was always paralleled by an equal inhibition of 2-deoxy-d-glucose phosphorylation. These data indicated that transport was rate-limiting in 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake at early time points, and alterations in transport were responsible for the alterations in sugar uptake in Ts-68-infected chick embryo fibroblasts. Lineweaver-Burk plots were used to calculate the kinetic constants for 2-deoxy-d-glucose and 3-O-methyl-d-glucose transport in Ts-68-infected cells cultured at 41 and 37°. The Km remained constant at approximately 2 or 5 mm at both temperatures for 2-deoxy-d-glucose and 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, respectively, but the Vmax was more than 2-fold greater for cells cultured at 37° (17 and 40 nmoles per mg of protein per min for Ts-68-infected cells cultured at 41 and 37°, respectively). Determination of the kinetic constants in Ts-68-infected cells following a 6-hour shift in culture temperature from 41 to 37° or 37° to 41° revealed that only the Vmax for 2-deoxy-d-glucose transport was changed. The similar values calculated for activation energy, 17.9 and 17.5 Cal per mole, for the 2-deoxy-d-glucose transport reaction in Ts-68-infected cells at 41 and 37°, respectively, is consistent with the interpretation that the increased Vmax in cells cultured at 37° was the result of an increase in the number of transport sites.
Blurring the boundaries: cell phones, mobility, and the line between work and personal life

Up until the beginning of the twentieth century, most people lived in close proximity to the places they worked — on farms, above stores and cafes, in back rooms of schools, and in boarding houses. Co-workers were often members of the family, companions and neighbours. With the rise of modern technology — electrification, motorised transportation, communication systems — and the growing importance of the bureaucratic work organisation, the separation between work and personal life grew more definite. Commuting to work, strictures against “personal calls” at work, socialising during weekends, and having a separate “personal” or social life, are twentieth century concepts. These concepts reflect differentiation of the social meaning of places and locations — working with other employees at the office versus seeing family at home, for instance. They also reflect differentiation of the social meaning of time — the 9 to 5 workday versus the weekend. But today, wireless technologies, which help people cross space, time, activity and social networks, promise to bring us back to earlier times when the boundary between work and personal life was less distinct, and to influence the meaning of space and time. This change is somewhat of a paradox, however, as wireless technology will also take us further afield, as it increases our temporal and spatial mobility. In this chapter, we discuss how this paradox is unfolding and draw on data from a field trial of digital cellular telephony to show some of the social implications for how we work and live.
Segmentation, Indexing, and Visualization of Extended Instructional Videos

We present a new method for segmenting, and a new user interface for indexing and visualizing, the semantic content of extended instructional videos. Given a series of key frames from the video, we generate a condensed view of the data by clustering frames according to media type and visual similarities. Using various visual filters, key frames are first assigned a media type (board, class, computer, illustration, podium, and sheet). Key frames of media type board and sheet are then clustered based on contents via an algorithm with near-linear cost. A novel user interface, the result of two user studies, displays related topics using icons linked topologically, allowing users to quickly locate semantically related portions of the video. We analyze the accuracy of the segmentation tool on 17 instructional videos, each of which is from 75 to 150 minutes in duration (a total of 40 hours); the classification accuracy exceeds 96%.
Laboratory-based characterization of plutonium in soil particles using micro-XRF and 3D confocal XRF.

The measurement of plutonium (Pu) in a soil matrix is of interest in safeguards, nuclear forensics, and environmental remediation activities. The elemental composition of two Pu contaminated soil particles was characterized nondestructively using micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (micro-XRF) techniques including high resolution X-ray (hiRX) and 3D confocal XRF. The three dimensional elemental imaging capability of confocal XRF permitted the identification two distinct Pu particles within the samples: one external to the Fe-rich soil matrix and another co-located with Cu within the soil matrix. The size and morphology of the particles was assessed with X-ray transmission microscopy (XTM) and micro X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) providing complementary information. Limits of detection for a 30 μm Pu particle are <15 ng for each of the XRF techniques. This study highlights the capability for lab-based, nondestructive, spatially resolved characterization of heterogeneous matrices on the micrometer scale with nanogram sensitivity.
Controllability of pushing

This paper addresses the question "Can the object be pushed from here to there?" The authors characterize the set of objects that are controllable (can be positioned arbitrarily), with and without obstacles, for the cases of point and line pushing contact. For the case of line contact, the authors find a set of pushing directions that keep the object fixed to the pusher and they use these pushing directions to find sensorless plans to reposition the object among obstacles.
Cell transformation mediated by chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid of polyoma virus-transformed cells

Abstract To study the mechanism of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-mediated gene transfer, normal rat cells were transfected with total cellular DNA extracted from polyoma virus-transformed cells. This resulted in the appearance of the transformed phenotype in 1 X 10(-6) to 3 X 10(-6) of the transfected cells. Transformation was invariably associated with the acquisition of integrated viral DNA sequences characteristic of the donor DNA. This was caused not by the integration of free DNA molecules, but by the transfer of large DNA fragments (10 to 20 kilobases) containing linked cellular and viral sequences. Although Southern blot analysis showed that integration did not appear to occur in a homologous region of the recipient chromosome, the frequency of transformation was rather high when compared with that of purified polyoma DNA, perhaps due to "position" effects or to the high efficiency of recombination of large DNA fragments.
Successful treatment of hydrops fetalis caused by fetomaternal hemorrhage: a case report.

Abstract Nonimmure hydrops fetalis is a serious perinatal complication with diverse causes but few successful treatment modalities. The first reported case of hydrops fetalis caused by a massive fetomaternal hemorrhage treated successfully prenatally is presented. A modification of the standard intrauterine transfusion technique was used for therapy. Implications of future treatment are discussed.
Mechanisms of neuronal polarity

The mechanisms that permit neurons to establish axons and dendrites involve an interplay between a cell's genetic program and signals in its environment. Recent experiments have identified some of the important extracellular molecules that regulate dendritic development and have furthered our understanding of the endogenous cell biological mechanisms that underlie protein sorting. Some of the signaling pathways that allow extracellular cues to regulate neuronal morphogenesis are also being elucidated.
What facilitates and impedes collaborative work during higher education software implementation projects

Implementations of new or major upgrades of existing student information systems require incorporation of new paradigms and the exchange of familiar routines for new methods. As a result, implementations are almost always time consuming and expensive. Many people in the field of information technology have identified some of the challenges faced by campuses that attempt to modify their student services. The work of Gardner et al. (Good work: When excellence and ethics meet. Basic Books, New York, 2001) was used as a model to examine the experiences of those involved in implementations and to explore how the values of staff members influence the experience of change. Analysis of student information system implementations at 10 institutions of higher education was conducted. Over a 2-month period, data were gathered from 74 people through a combination of online surveying, telephone interviews, and completion of a Q-sort instrument based on the published instrumentation of Gardner et al. (2001). Statistical analyses of the online survey and Q-sort results and use of the SPSS Text Analysis for Surveys 2.0 User’s Guide (SPSS Inc., Chicago, 2006) revealed trends that highlighted the overall perceived importance of communication, collaboration, and problem solving for implementation success. Analysis also highlighted campus members’ satisfaction level with the implementation process and how their satisfaction varied depending on if the implementations were completed or still “in process.” Discussion includes pragmatic recommendations for future implementations.
Charting the 3-Sphere—An Exposition for Undergraduates

Most people are familiar with the use of latitude and longitude in locating and naming points on the surface of the Earth, which, mathematically at least, is considered to be a perfectly round two-dimensional sphere. This article is about a similar coordinate system on the 3-sphere 53, the set of points in four-dimensional Euclidean space that lie exactly one unit from the origin. 53 iS a rich and beautiful space, and an exploration of it, even at the level of this introductory article, involves a wealth of interesting mathematics. Indeed, here are just some of the mathematical players who will appear in the brief exposition we're about to present: numbers real, complex and quaternion; matrices real and complex, orthogonal and unitary; linear algebra vector spaces, subspaces, inner products, traces, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, diagonalization and the matrix exponential; group theory-conjugation and conjugacy classes; geometry intrinsic distance, tangent spaces and the exponential map. Quite a lot of mathematics in a short expository paper about a single three-dimensional space-and we could have gone much further. In fact, the main difficulty in writing this paper was knowing when to say 'Enough!'. Which brings me to the point of this paper. I wrote this paper as a paper to be studied by undergraduate Mathematics Majors in a Senior Seminar. Of course, I hope that this article will be read by other people in other contexts as well, but my focus while writing this paper was fixed on the Senior Seminar, and I think that this focus is reflected in the paper's style. In particular, this paper is meant to be read and discussed by a group of students, so that all might benefit from the sharing of knowledge, and so that confusions might be quickly resolved and obstacles overcome. (I also assumed that there would be a faculty member present to help the students navigate through some of the paper's more treacherous passages.) I did not attempt to make this paper either self-contained or linear. This is because few topics in mathematics are truly self-contained, and because mathematics as a whole is decidedly non-linear. Throughout the paper there are terms and facts borrowed from many branches of mathematics, and there is also the occasional tidbit, usually parenthesized, meant to entice the readers to explore new territories in the mathematical kingdom. There are also many verifications left to the readers; most of these verifications are calculations. Having said all this, I feel that I should add that I tried to organize the paper so as to assist the readers in learning the material, and that I attempted to explain, at least informally, most of the technical terms in the article. I also tried to give proofs, or sketches of proofs, of most of the claims made within. At the end of the paper is a short list of references, which I include mainly as an act of basic decency. My hope is that the readers already have their own favorite sources of mathematical knowledge, and that they will consult these favorite sources as needed. I was inspired to write this
Community participatory appraisal in migration research: connecting neoliberalism, rural restructuring and mobility

This article argues for a ‘participatory turn’ in migration research – one that incorporates participatory methods as a complementary or principal means for examining transnational migration. We make the case for using participatory appraisal (PA) in migration studies by presenting illustrative examples of how this approach enriched research we conducted in Veracruz, Mexico, on neoliberalism, agrarian transformation and migration. We facilitated workshops with 23 adults, 57 elementary school children and 45 secondary school youths employing a range of participatory ‘tools’ that are highly visual and interactive, including, community histories, diagramming, matrix rankings and ‘photovoice’. We provide concrete examples from this experience to illustrate the potential power of PA in migration research to elucidate the connections between neoliberal rural restructuring and migration, to facilitate fruitful contrast of community typologies and to include underrepresented and marginalised voices such as those of children and youths who are often silent in migration research. Through the workshops we gained grounded, multi-scalar and diverse understandings of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’ as participants untangled the complex relationships between neoliberal practice, rural and agrarian restructuring, and migration. This allows richer and more nuanced understandings and theorisation of diverse factors shaping migration and its effects across multiple scales, while also empowering local people as co-producers of knowledge with the possibility of envisaging alternative futures.
New multinomial models for the Chechile–Meyer task

Abstract This paper provides a critique of the Chechile and Meyer (J. Math. Psychol. 13 (1976) 269) multinomial processing tree (MPT) models that were generated for the measurement of storage and retrieval components of the correct recall rate. These models were developed for a specific test procedure that involved the random mixing of recall and recognition trials. A key problem with the Chechile and Meyer (J. Math. Psychol. 13 (1976) 269) models is the validity of an assumption made for foil recognition test trials. Three new MPT models for obtaining separate storage and retrieval measures are provided. These new models circumvent the difficulties of the Chechile and Meyer (J. Math. Psychol. 13 (1976) 269) models. Both maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) and population-parameter mapping (PPM) estimates (discussed in Chechile (J. Math. Psychol. 42 (1998) 432)) are provided for the model parameters. Monte Carlo studies were conducted to compare the relative accuracy of the MLE and PPM storage estimates. Both methods have the same average error rate for samples that are very large in size; however, for all the more practical sample sizes, the PPM estimates were more accurate. Statistical methods for model selection were also developed and tested. Finally, the new models were used to reanalyze some existing data. The new analyses provide strong validation evidence for the new models.
Comparison of RADM dry deposition algorithms with a site specific method for inferring dry deposition

Data collected during 1986 at seven widely separated sites in the eastern United States were used to estimate weekly averages of deposition velocities for SO2, O3, HNO3, and SO inf4 sup2− with both a modified version of the RADM dry deposition module and a site-specific inferential technique developed by the Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Air Resources Laboratory. The results show some systematic differences between the two techniques, even when the module uses distributions of landuse types that match as closely as possible the observed vegetation coverages used in the inferential technique. When one ignores the systematic differences that easily could be removed by minor changes in the algorithms for computing resistances to deposition, weekly averages of the deposition velocities calculated with the two methods are within approximately ±30% of each other for SO2 and O3. Overall, the relative differences in the deposition velocities for HNO3 and SO inf4 sup2− are about ±30 and ±50%, respectively. Use of the module with landuse types extrapolated to areas as large as RADM grid cells (approximately 80 km square) around the measurement stations produces weekly averages within ±20% of the site-specific estimates for SO2, O3, and SO inf4 sup2− and approximately ±30% for HNO3 if one avoids landuse types such as urban and water areas that are both nonrepresentative and have very different characteristics from the measurement sites. These estimates are not complete measures of the true uncertainty associated with the two techniques because they do not account for such effects as differences in the siting of instrumentation for collecting input data and the inability of the computational algorithms to include the many surface nonuniformities that typically exist in the areas surrounding measurement sites.
The Writing on the Walls: Graffiti as Government Propaganda in Mexico

As pointed out in another article (Flora) contained in this volume, Latin American governments use mass media and popular culture forms to inform the masses and to provide messages which serve as alternatives to those communicated by the “controlled” media. While print and electronic means are effective in reaching large segments of Latin America's urban and rural populations, walls, both public and private, have been utilized as well. As Kenneth Crrieb points out in his article, painting announcements on walls is a common practice in these societies as well as in other nan- Western countries such as the People's Republic of China. Grieb focuses on the phenomenon in Mexico City during the latter protion of Luis Echeverria's presidenc (mid-1970s) when, under his orders, painters decorated walls all over the city with messages proclaiming both political slogans and popular wisdom. Perhaps inspired by his visit to China, Echeverria saw the potential of wall announcements to mobilize the populace to a greater awareness of their social responsibility as Mexican citizens. Grieb lists and comments on several categories of wall announcements which he sees as a mirror of the thoughts of the political leadership as well as an indication of the values it sought to promote.
Design of B‐DNA cross‐linking and sequence‐reading molecules

We report the design of hybrid molecules to bind in the minor groove of B-DNA, which combine DNA alkylating and cross-linking ability for increased chemotherapeutic efficacy, with sequence specificity, to minimize side effects. Optimal linkage geometries have been determined for the synthesis of bis-anthramycin and anthramycin-netropsin hybrid molecules. Earlier studies on linked drugs have typically been based on molecular mechanics calculations. This work, in contrast, uses the observed crystal structures of a netropsin/DNA complex and a new anthramycin/DNA complex to determine the exact spacing between two individual drugs when bound in the minor groove of B-DNA. Molecular linkers then are designed and tested between these two experimental positions, to form a chimeric or bis-linked compound molecule. A linked anthramycin-netropsin molecule has been designed specifically to target the polypurine tract second-strand primer site of the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1.