cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by (+)physostigmine and efficacy against lethality induced by soman.

ABSTRACTThe optical isomer (+)Physostigmine [(+) Phy] is a very weak anticholinesterase. In a recent report, pretreatment with (+)Phy, at a dose which failed to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and atropine provided efficacy against a lethal dose of sarin (SYNAPSE:2,139,1988). It was of interest to see whether (+)Phy could protect against soman at a dose which caused only marginal inhibition of the whole blood (WB) AChE in guinea pigs (GPs). (-)Phy (0.15 rog/kg, im) and (+)Phy (10.0 mg/kg, im) produced nearly 70% inhibition of WB AChE at 30 min whereas (+)Phy (0.15 rog/kg, im) caused only marginal inhibition. Groups of guinea pigs (20/group) were dosed, im, with (-)Phy (0.15 mg/kg), (+)Phy (0.15 rog/kg), (+)Phy (10.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.5 ml/kg) respectively in one thigh while the mild anticholinergic trihexyphenidyl (THP), 2.0 mg/kg, was injected into the other thigh of 10 animals from each of the respective groups. Thirty min after pretreatment, all animals were challenged with soman (60 ug/kg, sc;...
A brief history of library-vendor relations since 1950

Abstract This paper traces the developments of the past 40 years that have impacted the way publishers, vendors, and libraries operate and interact among themselves. Five areas of current concern are noted.
Leakage and storage of sucrose during sucrose synthesis in the corn scutellum

Abstract During incubation of corn scutellum slices in fructose solutions (0·1–0·9 M) sucrose leaked (leakage A) from the slices, and additional leakage (leakage B) occurred upon dilution of the fructose solution to 0·1 M or less. Sucrose was also stored within the slices, and net sucrose synthesis (stored plus leaked) was 20–25 μmoles/hrg fresh wt. Fructose concentration of the bathing solution had little effect on net sucrose synthesis or on the amount of sucrose leakage A. However, with increased fructose concentration, the amount of sucrose stored decreased while the amount of sucrose leakage B increased. The rate of sucrose leakage B was strongly inhibited by fructose, galactose, polyhydric alcohols and 2,4-dinitrophenol. After incubation of the slices in 14C-fructose, leakage A and leakage B sucrose were found to be quite different with respect to specific activity and distribution of 14C between the fructose and glucose moieties. From these results and the results of inhibition studies, it is concluded that the two types of leakage have different origins within the cell.
The growth of information workers in the US economy, 1950–2000: the role of technological change, computerization, and structural change

Abstract Using data from the decennial US Censuses of 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000, I construct matrices of employment by 267 occupations and 64 industries and then aggregate the occupations into four categories: (i) knowledge producers; (ii) data processors; (iii) service workers; and (iv) goods-processing workers. I find that information workers (the sum of the first two categories) increased from 37% of the workforce in 1950 to 59% in 2000. Then, using an input–output decomposition analysis, I find that the growth in information workers was driven not by a shift in tastes toward information-intensive goods and services (as measured by the composition of final demand) but rather by a roughly equal combination of the substitution of information workers for goods and service workers within the structure of production of industries and the unbalanced growth effect (from differential rates of industry productivity growth). Finally, on the basis of regression analysis, I find that R&D expenditures ...
Manipulation of host-resource dynamics impacts transmission of trophic parasites

Many complex life cycle parasites rely on predator-prey interactions for transmission, whereby definitive hosts become infected via the consumption of an infected intermediate host. As such, these trophic parasites are embedded in the larger community food web. We postulated that exposure to infection and, hence, parasite transmission are inherently linked to host foraging ecology, and that perturbation of the host-resource dynamic will impact parasite transmission dynamics. We employed a field manipulation experiment in which natural populations of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) were provisioned with a readily available food resource in clumped or uniform spatial distributions. Using replicated longitudinal capture-mark-recapture techniques, replicated supplemented and unsupplemented control sites were monitored before and after treatment for changes in infection levels with three gastro-intestinal helminth parasites. We predicted that definitive hosts subject to food supplementation would experience lower rates of exposure to infective intermediate hosts, presumably because they shifted their diet away from the intermediate host towards the more readily available resource (sunflower seeds). As predicted, prevalence of infection by the trophically transmitted parasite decreased in response to supplemental food treatment, but no such change in infection prevalence was detected for the two directly transmitted parasites in the system. The fact that food supplementation only had an impact on the transmission of the trophically transmitted parasite, and not the directly transmitted parasites, supports our hypothesis that host foraging ecology directly affects exposure to parasites that rely on the ingestion of intermediate hosts for transmission. We concluded that the relative availability of different food resources has important consequences for the transmission of parasites and, more specifically, parasites that are embedded in the food web. The broader implications of these findings for food web dynamics and disease ecology are discussed.
Application of hydrologic models to rangelands

The use of hydrologic modeling and simulation in range management has been increasing. Models provide effective and efficient tools for range management and research. As management tools, they are used to make long-term predictions and to determine the responses of rangelands to management practices. As research tools, they are used to conceptualize, organize and synthesize the available information; they are also used to focus research. Several models of rangeland hydrologic processes have been used, especially for runoff, evapotranspiration and erosion. This paper reviews and summarizes the performance of these models. The paper also discusses the problems involved with some of the techniques used to model the hydrologic processes. Recommendations for improving runoff prediction are included.
Large-Scale Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Phosphorothioate Using Controlled-Pore Glass as Support

Abstract An efficient synthesis of oligonucleotide phosphorothioate on a very large-scale using controlled-pore glass as support is described.
New twists of T cell fate: control of T cell activation and tolerance by TGF-β and NFAT

Protective and pathogenic immune responses were initially thought to be determined by the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 and Th2 effector subsets and the immunosuppressive activity of thymic-derived regulatory T cells. It is now clear that naive T cells can also differentiate into 'induced' regulatory T cells or inflammatory T cells that secrete IL-17. These divergent T-cell subsets have opposing functions in imparting inflammation or tolerance, yet both developmental programs are controlled by the pluripotent cytokine transforming growth factor beta and the transcription factor NFAT. Recent findings have begun to shed light on the mechanisms by which TGF-beta and NFAT integrate multiple signaling inputs to determine the direction of naive T-cell differentiation.
The Harvest of PT: ISPFS Past Presidents' Recommendations for the Preparation of Performance Technologists

Much of the preparation for performance technologists has been embedded in other disciplines such as instructional technology, organizational development, and human resources. Changes in the work environment are forcing instructional technologists to examine their priorities and to reexamine the primary skills they need to work in the field of performance technology. This interview study examines the collective advice, concerns, and recommendations of fifteen of ISPI's past presidents. They offer advice on essential skills, voice concerns about the general application of instructional technology, and comment on ISPI's role in the preparation of performance technologists in a world of fast-moving organizational problems, challenges, and opportunities.
A high hydrate of acetylcholine chloride

Summary The solid-solution phase diagram of the acetylcholine chloride-water system was investigated by thermal analysis (observing halts in warming curves). The phase diagram was mapped between −75 and 0°C and between 0 and 16.2 mole % acetylcholine chloride. The salt forms a hydrate with at least 8 but less than 20 water molecules per salt molecule. The hydrate melts incongruently at approximately −44°C.
Temporal Resolution with a Prescriptive Fitting Formula

Purpose Authors of previous work using laboratory-based paradigms documented that wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) may improve gap detection compared to linear amplification. The purpose of this study was to measure temporal resolution using WDRC fit with compression ratios set for each listener's hearing loss. Method Nineteen adults with mild-to-moderate hearing loss fitted with WDRC or linear amplification set to a prescriptive fitting method participated in this study. Subjects detected amplitude modulations and gaps. Two types of noise carrier were used: narrowband (1995–2005 Hz) and broadband (100–8000 Hz). Results Small differences between WDRC and linear amplification were observed in the measures of temporal resolution. Modulation detection thresholds worsened by a mean of 0.7 dB with WDRC compared to linear amplification. This reduction was observed for both carrier types. Gap detection thresholds did not differ between the 2 amplification conditions. Conclusions WDRC set using a prescriptiv...
Attachment and feeding behavior of Ancylostoma caninum.

The feeding behavior of Ancylostoma caninum was studied to define its relationship to associated blood loss. Wells' method of observing worms in vivo was used, and the observations were extended to worms and tissues that were fixed together after various periods of 1 to 18 minutes and up to 2 hours. At necropsy attached worms were excised together with adjacent intestine and fixed in situ. Changes in the tissues surrounding and ingested by the worms were used in reconstructing the probable sequence of feeding and related events. Observations revealed that feeding is essentially restricted to the mucosa. When mucosa is sucked into the buccal capsule, detached epithelium is carried into the worm's intestine along with blood from ruptured vessels. The remaining indrawn tissue becomes constricted at the buccal orifice as the mass of lamina propria is drawn from the surrounding areas toward the opening, and the host tissue in the capsule of the worm is broken down and sucked into the midgut after which a new “bite” is taken. Hemorrhage at the site of attachment appears to be of considerable importance in the manifestations of hookworm disease.
Resource competition and coexistence in heterogeneous metacommunities: many-species coexistence is unlikely to be facilitated by spatial variation in resources

There is little debate about the potential of environmental heterogeneity to facilitate species diversity. However, attempts to show the relationship between spatial heterogeneity and diversity empirically have given mixed results. One reason for this may be the failure to consider how species respond to the factor in the environment that varies. Most models of the heterogeneity-diversity relationship assume heterogeneity in non-resource environmental factors. These models show the potential for spatial heterogeneity to promote many-species coexistence via mainly the spatial storage effect. Here, I present a model of species competition under spatial heterogeneity and resource factors. This model allows for the stable coexistence of only two species. Partitioning the model to quantify the contributions of variation-dependent coexistence mechanisms shows contributions from only one mechanism, growth-density covariance. More notably, it shows the lack of potential for any contribution from the spatial storage effect, the only mechanism that can facilitate stable many-species coexistence. This happens because the spatial storage effect measures the contribution of different species to specializing on different parts of the gradient of the heterogeneous factor. Under simple models of resource competition, in which all species grow best at high resource levels, such specialization is impossible. This analysis suggests that, in the absence of additional mechanisms, spatial heterogeneity in a single resource is unlikely to facilitate many-species coexistence and, more generally, that when evaluating the relationship between heterogeneity and diversity, a distinction should be made between resource and non-resource factors.
How Do Plant Cell Walls Extend

This article briefly summarizes recent work that identifies the biophysical and biochemical processes that give rise to the extension of plant cell walls. I begin with the biophysical notion of stress relaxation of the wall and follow with recent studies of wall enzymes thought to catalyze wall extension and relaxation. Readers should refer to detailed reviews for more comprehensive discussion of earlier literature (Taiz, 1984; Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993; Cosgrove, 1993).
Problems on the Z -statistic

Abstract We present ten assorted problems which have arisen in the attempt to understand the Z-statistic, a statistic on words which plays a crucial role in the proof of Andrews' q-Dyson conjecture.
Anaerobic Metabolism of Crithidia fasciculata

SYNOPSIS: Crithidia fasciculata was cultured in a modification of the nutrient medium described by Cowperthwaite in 1951. Carbon dioxide, lactic acid, succinic acid and ethyl alcohol were produced by the organisms during anaerobic conditions. Hexokinase, enolase, alcohol dehydrogenase and glucoses-phosphate dehydrogenase were demonstrated in ho-mogenates of the flagellates. Aldolase, phosphohexokinase and lactic acid dehydrogenase could not be demonstrated.
Chemical diabetes in children: tolbutamide experience.

Abstract Pediatric patients with impaired glucose tolerance were categorized and studied. Some were treated with tolbutamide, while others received no drug therapy. Evaluation of blood glucose response during intermittent glucose tolerance tests showed the courses of untreated patients to be more satisfactory than that of subjects who received tolbutamide. Furthermore, there was no correlation between improved glucose handling and the normalization of insulin release or insulin: glucose ratios in either treated or untreated subjects.
Interaction of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate derivatives with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary and ovary.

Under some circumstances, exogenous cyclic nucleotides are reported to induce gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary, although the role of endogenous cAMP in the acute actions of GnRH remains controversial. In this study, millimolar concentrations of 8-bromo cAMP, 8-hydroxy cAMP, (Bu)2cAMP, and cAMP itself,produced significant LH and FSH release from cultured male rat anterior pituitary cells. However, cells whose GnRH receptors were blocked with a 10-nM concentration of the potent GnRH antagonist [AcΔ3Pro1pFD-Phe2,DTrp3,6]GnRH failed to respond to the cAMP derivatives. Superfusion of the pituitary cells revealed that the cAMP analogs produced an increase in LH secretion within 3 min, and this effect was blocked by the antagonist in an equally rapid fashion. Although the GnRH antagonist completely blocked the stimulatory effects of GnRH and the cAMP analogs, it had no effect on LH secretion induced by the calcium ionophore A23187 or phorbol myristate acetate. To determine if the cyclic nucleotid...
Effect of dietary phosphorus on performance of lactating dairy cows: Milk production and cow health

The objective of this study was to measure cow response to feeding of two dietary concentrations of P, one of which was close to recent National Research Council requirements, and the other of which was well in excess of the requirement. Diets containing 0.37 or 0.57% P (dry basis) were fed to Holstein cows for the first 165 d of lactation, and occasionally longer until cows were confirmed pregnant approximately 60 d after insemination. At calving, cows were randomly assigned to experimental diets. The number of cows completing a minimum of 165 d of lactation was 123 for the 0.37 and 124 for the 0.57% P groups. Cows were housed in a stanchion barn and fed one of two transition diets, each formulated to contain one of the P treatments for the first 3 wk of lactation, and then cows were moved to a free-stall barn where the experimental diets were group fed. Milk production, milk fat, and milk protein averaged 35.1 kg/d, 3.92%, and 2.90% for the 0.37% P diet, and 34.9 kg/d, 3.98%, and 2.91% for the 0.57% P diet. None of these measures were different between treatments. Blood serum P concentrations on d 50 and 100 of lactation averaged 6.1 and 6.2 mg/dL for the 0.37% P diet, and 6.8 and 6.9 mg/dL for the 0.57% P diet. No treatment differences were detected in milk production, cow health, or body condition score.
Velocity field in a twin-screw extruder

Velocity measurements inside the screw channels of a co-rotating, self-wiping, twin-screw extruder were carried out. A laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) system was used to measure tangential and axial velocity components in the translational region of one of the screws of a twin-screw extruder. The velocity measurements were carried out using heavy corn syrup at different screw speeds and for two forwards conveying elements differing in their pitch. It was found that velocity profiles in the translational region were substantially affected by the pitch of the screw element, however, screw speed (30-90 r.p.m.) did not have a significant effect on the shape of the velocity profiles. The range of velocity values in a 14 mm pitch screw element was wider than that in a 28 mm pitch screw element. Experimentally measured velocity profiles were compared with predictions of a one-dimensional model, which showed that the model underpredicted the velocity values, for the 14 mm pitch element.
Exploring the structural basis for selenium/mercury antagonism in Allium fistulosum

While continuing efforts are devoted to studying the mutually protective effect of mercury and selenium in mammals, few studies have investigated the mercury–selenium antagonism in plants. In this study, we report the metabolic fate of mercury and selenium in Allium fistulosum (green onion) after supplementation with sodium selenite and mercuric chloride. Analysis of homogenized root extracts via capillary reversed phase chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (capRPLC-ICP-MS) suggests the formation of a mercury–selenium containing compound. Micro-focused synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of freshly excised roots show Hg sequestered on the root surface and outlining individual root cells, while Se is more evenly distributed throughout the root. There are also discrete Hg-only, Se-only regions and an overall strong correlation between Hg and Se throughout the root. Analysis of the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra show a “background” of methylselenocysteine within the root with discrete spots of SeO32−, Se0 and solid HgSe on the root surface. Mercury outlining individual root cells is possibly binding to sulfhydryl groups or plasma membrane or cell wall proteins, and in some places reacting with reduced selenium in the rhizosphere to form a mercury(II) selenide species. Together with the formation of the root-bound mercury(II) selenide species, we also report on the formation of cinnabar (HgS) and Hg0 in the rhizosphere. The results presented herein shed light on the intricate chemical and biological processes occurring within the rhizosphere that influence Hg and Se bioavailability and will be instrumental in predicting the fate and assisting in the remediation of these metals in the environment and informing whether or not fruit and vegetable food selection from aerial plant compartments or roots from plants grown in Hg contaminated soils, are safe for consumption.
Fractionation of a polydisperse polymer using an antisolvent. Application of continuous thermodynamics

Continuous thermodynamics is used to calculate liquid-liquid equilibria in a ternary system containing polydisperse polymer, one good solvent and one poor solvent (antisolvent). The polymer has a semiinfinite molecular-weight distribution which can be described by a gamma distribution. From Flory-Huggins theory, the logarithm of the distribution ratio of the polymer is a linear function of the molecular weight. Because the distribution of polymer between the two liquid phases is very sensitive to the choice of binary Flory parameters. The Flory parameters must be fitted to the ternary data. Results are given for the system benzene, ethanol, and polydisperse polystyrene.
Otolaryngologic manifestations of Maffucci's syndrome

Maffucci's syndrome is an uncommon congenital disease marked by multiple vascular malformations and enchondromas throughout the body. Otolaryngologic manifestations are relatively rare but potentially can cause symptoms such as respiratory distress and dysphagia if the lesions appear in the upper aerodigestive tract or larynx. We report a case of a young woman who demonstrated a wide range of head and neck pathology associated with this unique disease, including sphenoid enchondroma, bilateral petrous apex lesions, and rarely reported laryngeal and hypopharyngeal vascular malformations, over a period of nearly 20 years.
Relationships among Fractional Cloud Coverage, Relative Humidity and Condensation in a Simple Wave Model

Abstract Recent numerical experiments indicate that the fractional cloud coverage and relative humidity decrease with increasing temperature even though the evaporation and hence the condensation increases. In order to understand why this occurs, an analysis is made of the relative humidity equation in a simple wave model involving an eddy relative humidity wave interacting with a linear eddy vertical velocity wave. Also included are terms for zonal mean vertical velocity, radiative and sensible heating, and surface evaporation. The analysis is then extended to include mean zonal advection of relative humidity. It is found that for an increasing vertical velocity and static stability, the fractional cloud cover and relative humidity tend toward limiting values of 50%. Since the condensation is proportional to the vertical velocity and static stability, it increases. It is also found that horizontal advection decreases the fractional cloud cover and precipitation, and increases the relative humidity. The r...
INCREASES IN WATER YIELD AFTER SEVERAL TYPES OF FOREST CUTTING

Abstract Results from 11 forest cutting experiments on small watersheds at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in western North Carolina are presented as a summary of twenty years experience in water yield studies. Conversion of mature forest to low-growing vegetation in this well-watered area increased the supply of water to streams in amounts varying from 5 to 16 inches per year. Increases in annual yield the first year after cutting mature hardwood forest in several ways were roughly proportional to the percentage of the stand cut on any one watershed, but are not yet predictable quantitatively because of variation in soils, physiography, and orientation of small drainages. Increases tend to diminish in the years following the initial treatment, whether cutting is repeated or not, but a certain portion of the increases can be maintained indefinitely by annual recutting. In general, increases are greatest during those months when normal streamflow is lowest, but water yield can be influenced during all se...
Occurrence of sex attractant pheromone, 2,6-dichlorophenol, in relation to age and feeding in American dog tick,Dermacentor variabilis (say) (Acari:Ixodidae)

No detectable sex pheromone, 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), was found inDermacentor variabilis engorged nymphs, teneral females, replete females, or unfed males. The amount of 2,6-DCP present in unfed females of different ages was extremely variable; no relationship between age and 2,6-DCP content in these unfed females was observed. Partially fed virgin females had less 2,6-DCP than unfed females, but there was no change in pheromone content during the course of feeding. Sex pheromone was also found in partially fed males.
The vascular architecture of renal cell carcinoma in fine-needle aspiration biopsies. An aid in its distinction from hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The morphologic similarities between renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can cause diagnostic difficulty in fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) specimens. In the authors' prior study of liver FNAB, peripherally wrapping endothelium (PE) and arborizing transgressing endothelium (TE) were 100% specific for HCC relative to metastatic tumors, which included only three RCCs. In this study, the vascular patterns of RCC in FNAB were reviewed for comparison with HCC, to determine their usefulness in the differential diagnosis of HCC and RCC. METHODS FNAB of 49 RCCs (26 primary and 23 metastatic) from 46 patients were reviewed. Four vascular patterns were assessed: PE, TE, papillary endothelium (PAP) in fibrovascular cores of papillary fragments, and short nonbranching endothelium (SE) in small cell clusters. Each pattern was given a semiquantitative score: absent (0), focal (1), or extensive (2). Cellularity was categorized as low ( 50 groups). RESULTS Vessels were present in 19 of 26 (73%) primary and 9 of 23 (39%) secondary RCC. PE was not identified. TE was observed in 11 primary (42%) and 7 metastatic (30%) RCC. SE was present in 5 primary (19%) and 1 metastatic (4%) RCC. The TE and SE patterns were distributed among the clear cell, granular cell, and chromophobe RCC. PAP was observed in all four papillary RCC. The majority of the TE and all of the PAP were present in moderately to highly cellular FNABs, whereas SE was usually observed in FNABs with low cellularity. CONCLUSIONS FNAB specimens of RCC commonly contain TE, as in HCC, but lack PE. TE was less frequent in metastatic than primary RCC. Other vascular patterns (SE, PAP), absent in HCC, were observed infrequently. Vascular patterns, especially PE, are useful in distinguishing HCC from RCC. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1997; 81:45-50. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Specific antagonism of excitotoxic action of 'uncommon' amino acids assayed in organotypic mouse cortical cultures.

Abstract β -N-Methylamino- l -alanine (BMAA) and β -N-oxalylamino- l -alanine (BOAA) are chemically related excitant amino acids present in the seeds of Cycas circinalis and Lathyrus sativus , respectively. Consumption of these seeds has been linked to Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (BMAA) and lathyrism (BOAA) (a form of primary lateral sclerosis). We report that the acute neuronotoxic actions of these amino acids are blocked selectively by specific glutamate receptor antagonists. Administration of BOAA and BMAA to neuratal mouse cortex explants ( EC 100 = 28 μM and1.6mM, respectively) rapidly induces postsynaptic vacuolation (PSV) and neuronal degeneration characterized by dark/shrunken (D/S) cells. BOAA-mediated neuronotoxic effects are attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner by cis -2,3-piperidine dicar☐ylic acid (PDA), an antagonist of quisqualate (QA)-preferring and kainate (KA)-preferring glutamate receptors. PDA maximally protected against BOAA-induced PSV by 84% at 1 mM and D/S cells by 80% at 0.5 mM. BMAA-induced cellular changes were antagonized selectively in a concentration-dependent manner by 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7), an N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) glutamate-receptor antagonist. AP7 maximally protected against BMAA-induced induced PSV and D/S by 88% at 1.0 and 0.5 mM, respectively. These protective actions were selective and specific since AP7 failed to attenuate BOAA-induced alterations, and PDA was ineffective in ameliorating BMAA-induced changes. Other glutamate receptor antagonists (glutamic diethyl ester and streptomycin) failed to protect the explants from the destructive action of either toxin. Taken collectively, our data indicate that the acute neuronotoxic actions of BOAA and BMAA (or a metabolite) operate through different glutamate receptor species. BMAA, probably acting indirectly through a metabolite, exerts its action predominantly via the NMDA glutamate receptor, while BOAA acts at the QA and/or KA receptor.
Homogenization in the Modelling of Volume-Controlled Elastic Structures

The background for this article is the question of modification of the geometric configuration of an elastic structure by means of "volume"-type actuation. In this actuation mode stresses are applied to the elastic body by injection/extraction of a fluid into, or from, a large number of vacuoles in the elastic "matrix" material. Previous articles by the author, and others, have examined this process and studied its effectiveness in the context of a "naive" continuous model. The present paper develops modified models in the two-dimensional case by applying the "multiple scales" homogenization method to elastic bodies with increasingly small and numerous vacuoles arranged in a rectangularly periodic structure. The process leads to a modification of the naive model potentially useful in future elastic system control research.
Pseudogap and competing states in underdoped cuprates

Abstract I shall argue that the high T c problem is the problem of doping into a Mott insulator. Furthermore, the well documented pseudo-gap phenomenon in underdoped cuprates holds the key to understanding this physics. Phase fluctuation alone cannot explain this phenomenon, but there is a clear need to identify a competing state which lives in the vortex core. The staggered flux state is a good candidate for the competing state and experimental tests of these ideas will be discussed.
Weaning and post-weaning performance by fall-born beef calves weaned on different dates in the spring from Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected tall fescue pastures

Abstract Fall-born calves grazing Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected tall fescue [E+; Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] pastures should benefit from early weaning because of reduced exposure to fungal toxins. However, fall-born calves that grazed E+ and were weaned in mid-April had reduced post-weaning performance compared with calves managed similarly but weaned in early June. Gelbvieh × Angus calves (n = 238) were used in a 3-year study to determine the optimal time to wean fall-born calves grazing E+. Cow/calf pairs were allocated randomly to one of four weaning date treatments: 1) March 16 (177 ± 4.7 days of age; MarW), 2) April 13 (204 ± 4.7 days of age; AprW), 3) May 11 (236 ± 4.7 days of age; MayW), and 4) June 8 (264 ± 4.8 days of age; JuneW). On their assigned weaning date, calves were weighed, vaccinated, blood samples were collected, and calves were moved to 3.2-ha pastures adjacent to their dams for 14 days. After the weaning period, calves were weighed, blood samples were collected, and then calves were moved to pastures containing non-toxic forages. Birth weight and calf weights on MarW, AprW, and MayW weaning dates did not differ (P ≥ 0.21) across weaning date treatments. However, calf weaning weights on their respective weaning dates, weight on JuneW and on June 22 (14 days following the JuneW), daily gain between birth and June 22, and weight change between MarW and JuneW increased linearly (P
Indoor air pollution: NO, NO2, CO, and CO2

The common indoor air pollutants may be categorized in several different ways. In a 1987 state of the art article, Samet et al.’ divided the major pollutants by origin. They identified three major groups: (1) combustion sources, (2) biologic sources, and (3) other sources (e.g., radon and radon daughters, volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, and formaldehyde) (Table I). This review will center on indoor air pollution that emanates from combustion sources. The best known and arguably the most important indoor air pollutant is tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke is an aerosol containing several thousand substances that are distributed as gases, vapors, or particulates.* Environmental tobacco smoke will be discussed in detail elsewhere in this supplement. It is important to note, however, that tobacco smoke is a major source of indoor nitrogen dioxide (NO,) and carbon monoxide (CO). Smoke that emanates from wood stoves and fireplaces is a potential source of several indoor air pollutants. This is a much larger problem in lesser developed nati0ns.j Approximately half of the world’s population still relies on biomass fuels (wood, crop residues, and animal dung) for cooking and heating.“ For several reasons (e.g., economic and aesthetic), there has been a resurgence in the use of wood as a fuel in the home in the United States. Wood burning, in addition to producing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and increased respirable particles, is a significant source of indoor CO. A third major indoor air pollutant from combustion sources is NO, and the other oxides of nitrogen, and the fourth category of major indoor air pollutants of this class is CO. Depending on the fuel and the circumstances of combustion,
Loss of c-Met Disrupts Gene Expression Program Required for G2/M Progression during Liver Regeneration in Mice

Background Previous work has established that HGF/c-Met signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating the onset of S phase following partial hepatectomy (PH). In this study, we used Metfl/fl;Alb-Cre+/− conditional knockout mice to determine the effects of c-Met dysfunction in hepatocytes on kinetics of liver regeneration.
Taking the lab to the field: Monitoring reproductive hormones in population research.

The benefits of incorporating biomarkers in population studies are further illustrated by examining how an understanding of the variation in reproductive hormone levels contributes to understanding demographic phenomena. The variation in reproductive hormone levels can be very high among populations within populations and even within the same woman. This variation far from being considered as noise should become the focus of our research attention. This note provides an overview of methods and techniques for estimating hormonal levels in large-scale population studies and considers their advantages and disadvantages and the ethical issues that biomarker collection may raise. Herein "large-scale" means the collection and analysis of thousands of samples from the field. (excerpt)
α Grain size and β volume fraction aspects of the superplasticity of Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract The elevated temperature deformation behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V has been investigated in the temperature range between 775 and 925 °C and for true strain rates 2 × 10−5 to 0.005 s−1. Region III was characterized by m = 0.13 and Q = 602 kJ mol−1. Region II is subdivided into a low temperature region IIa and a high temperature region IIb. Region IIa is characterized by m = 0.77, Q = 216 kJ mol−1 and relatively low ductility while region IIb is characterized by n = 1.3, and identical value of Q and high ductility. Low and high β-phase proportions are responsible for regions IIa and IIb respectively. An apparent region I was accounted for by concurrent grain growth utilizing a grain size sensitivity parameter which is dependent on the β-phase volume fraction. The strain rate-temperature regimes of regions IIa, IIb and III are illustrated in a “region” map.
Fractures related to occlusal overload with single posterior implants: a clinical report.

This clinical report describes the oral rehabilitation of a 12-year-old boy with a central giant cell granuloma of the mandible. He underwent en bloc resection of a central giant cell granuloma, free vascularized fibula reconstruction, implant placement, and prosthesis fabrication. The multidisciplinary approach successfully restored function and esthetics. Considerations regarding the extensive surgical and prosthetic rehabilitation of a young adult with remaining growth are discussed. (J Prosthet Dent 2008;99:257-262)
Multimedia systems in ultrasound image boundary detection and measurements

Ultrasound as a medical imaging modality offers the clinician a real-time of the anatomy of the internal organs/tissues, their movement, and flow noninvasively. One of the applications of ultrasound is to monitor fetal growth by measuring biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC). We have been working on automatic detection of fetal head boundaries in ultrasound images. These detected boundaries are used to measure BPD and HC. The boundary detection algorithm is based on active contour models and takes 32 seconds on an external high-end workstation, SUN SparcStation 20/71. Our goal has been to make this tool available within an ultrasound machine and at the same time significantly improve its performance utilizing multimedia technology. With the advent of high- performance programmable digital signal processors (DSP), the software solution within an ultrasound machine instead of the traditional hardwired approach or requiring an external computer is now possible. We have integrated our boundary detection algorithm into a programmable ultrasound image processor (PUIP) that fits into a commercial ultrasound machine. The PUIP provides both the high computing power and flexibility needed to support computationally-intensive image processing algorithms within an ultrasound machine. According to our data analysis, BPD/HC measurements made on PUIP lie within the interobserver variability. Hence, the errors in the automated BPD/HC measurements using the algorithm are on the same order as the average interobserver differences. On PUIP, it takes 360 ms to measure the values of BPD/HC on one head image. When processing multiple head images in sequence, it takes 185 ms per image, thus enabling 5.4 BPD/HC measurements per second. Reduction in the overall execution time from 32 seconds to a fraction of a second and making this multimedia system available within an ultrasound machine will help this image processing algorithm and other computer-intensive imaging applications become a practical tool for the sonographers in the feature.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Positive Aspects of Being the Parent of an LGBTQ Child

Parenting an LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer) identified child presents unique opportunities for growth and development. This study focused on self-reported perceptions of the positive aspects of being the parent of an LGBTQ child. Participants (N = 142) were mothers (83.8%) and fathers (16.2%) of LGBTQ identified individuals who responded to an open-ended online survey. Thematic analysis revealed five primary themes: Personal Growth (open mindedness, new perspectives, awareness of discrimination, and compassion), Positive Emotions (pride and unconditional love), Activism, Social Connection, and Closer Relationships (closer to child and family closeness). The practice implications of these findings for supporting parents in envisioning positive relationship outcomes for themselves and their children are highlighted in the discussion.
Acetylcholinesterase antibody treatment results in neurite detachment and reduced outgrowth from cultured neurons: further evidence for a cell adhesive role for neuronal acetylcholinesterase.

Data from our laboratory and others demonstrate that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is expressed transiently by neurons during periods of neurite outgrowth preceding synaptogenesis, suggesting an extrasynaptic function for this molecule. These findings, along with reports that AChE shares amino acid sequence homology and structural similarities with known cell adhesion molecules, have led to the theory that, during development, AChE may exert a morphogenic effect through cell adhesion. To further test this hypothesis, we have examined the effects of an AChE monoclonal antibody (MAB304) on neurite outgrowth in primary cultures of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Short-term, high-concentration antibody treatment produced a rapid detachment of established DRG neurites, which was followed by regrowth upon removal of the antibody from the culture medium. This effect appeared to be site-specific, because other AChE antibodies that were able to detect AChE immunocytochemically failed to produce this disadhesion. Long-term, low-concentration antibody exposure produced a 50% reduction in total area of outgrowth, in which neurites were more densely packed and interlaced compared with the neurites in control cultures. These results extend our previous observations on the outgrowth perturbing effects of AChE inhibitor treatment and provide further evidence that AChE may support neurite outgrowth through a cell adhesive role. J. Neurosci. Res. 53:454–464, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Muzaffer Uysal – a great scholar and a true gentleman

It gives me great pleasure to paint this Portrait of my good friend and colleague, Professor Muzaffer Uysal (a.k.a “Muzzo”). Muzzo has been one of my very good friends and colleague for many years ...
Atmospheric Scattering Coefficients in the Visible and Infrared Regions

Atmospheric spectral attenuation coefficients have been measured in ten narrow wavelength bands between 0.4 and 2.3 μ for a variety of weather conditions for two overwater, sea-level paths of 5.5 and 16.3 km. The wavelength bands were chosen so as to avoid molecular absorption and were isolated by interference filters. A 60-in.-diameter high-intensity source and a 24-in.-diameter narrow-field receiver were combined to yield relative scattering attenuation coefficients (σ) as a function of wavelength λ. These were then scaled using values obtained at one wavelength with a visual telephotometer. Logσ vs logλ curves show a wide range of slopes and shapes, with a tendency toward less slope in the infrared (indicating that σ is becoming independent of λ in the infrared). Some correlation with relative humidity was found for relative humidities greater than 70%. An anomalous slope reversal between 1.68 and 2.27 μ is discussed, and a possible explanation for the reversal is given as selective scattering by the aerosol at these wavelengths.
Detailed modeling of bolted joints with slippage

Bolted connections that allow for slippage are widely used on roadside structures. Due to limitations in existing analysis tools, non-linear finite-element analysis was used to develop detailed modeling techniques for bolted joints that slip in one direction when loaded in shear. Because bolt preload, and thus clamping forces, is very critical in determining joint slippage behavior, two modeling techniques were developed: (1) a discrete-spring based clamping model with several rigid parts, and (2) a stress based clamping model with deformable elements. Both techniques were used to simulate physical testing of a bolted joint undergoing slippage. Simulation results compared fairly well with test results. Very good accuracy was achieved when using finely meshed deformable elements for all parts. Of course, the cost of increased accuracy has significantly increased computational time.
Better educational website interface design: the implications from gender‐specific preferences in graduate students

This study investigated graduate students' gender-specific preferences for certain website interface design features, intending to generate useful information for instructors in choosing and for website designers in creating educational websites. The features investigated in this study included colour value, major navigation buttons placement, and navigation mode. In this study, 56 graduate students in a north-eastern research university in the US volunteered to evaluate 30 pairs of web page screenshots or website prototypes, and to indicate on the questionnaires their preferences within each pair of prototype. Each participant's preferences for the three features were coded and categorised for chi-square tests of independence to determine the relationships between gender and the investigated design features. The findings of gender effects on graduate students' preferences for the aforementioned features were presented and discussed.
Synthesis of Potential Adrenergic Blocking Agents: 2-Substituted Aminomethylnaphtho(2,3-b)-1,4-dioxans

Eleven 2-substituted aminomethylnaphtho(2,3-b)-1,4-dioxans were synthesized. The nucleophilic displacement of 2-tosyloxymethylnaphtho(2,3-b)-1,4-dioxan by appropriate amines was carried out using dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation revealed a potentiation of norepinephrine at low doses and a noncompetitive antagonism at high doses in the rat vas deferens and a dose-related hypotensive action of short duration in the anesthetized rat.
Formalinized tanned cell hemagglutination test for demonstration of autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis.

SummaryA formalinized tanned cell agglutination test for detecting muscle antibodies in the serum of patients suffering from myasthenia gravis is described. The results obtained with the formalinized tanned cells appear to be essentially the same as those obtained with fresh tanned cells. However, the formalinized and coated tanned cells can be kept in the refrigerator for 1 to 2 weeks or in a frozen state in the deep-freeze for as long as 6 months. Thyroid antibodies and antinuclear antibodies seem to occur more frequently in the sera of patients suffering from myasthenia gravis containing muscle autoantibodies than in groups of those patients without muscle antibodies.
Generalized Additive Regression Models of Discharge and Mean Velocity Associated with Direct-Runoff Conditions in Texas: Utility of the U.S. Geological Survey Discharge Measurement Database

AbstractA database containing more than 17,700 discharge values and ancillary hydraulic properties was assembled from summaries of discharge measurement records for 424 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gauging stations (stream gauges) in Texas. Each discharge exceeds the 90th-percentile daily mean streamflow as determined by period-of-record, stream-gauge-specific, flow-duration curves. Each discharge therefore is assumed to represent discharge measurement made during direct-runoff conditions. The hydraulic properties of each discharge measurement included concomitant cross-sectional flow area, water-surface top width, and reported mean velocity. Systematic and statewide investigation of these data in pursuit of regional models for the estimation of discharge and mean velocity has not been previously attempted. Generalized additive regression modeling is used to develop readily implemented procedures by end-users for estimation of discharge and mean velocity from select predictor variables at ungauged st...