cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological and Morphological Identification of Action Potential Generating Secretory Cell Types Isolated from the Salivary Gland of Ariolimax

The salivary glands of the terrestrial slug, Ariolimax , are composed of several morphologically distinct cell types which are observable in thin pieces of living glands and in sectioned tissue viewed with the light or electron microscope. ‘Blind’ penetration via microelectrode into the gland reveals different classes of electrical activity including: (1) cells with fast action potentials; (2) cells with slow action potentials; and (3) cells with large resting potentials but which display only delayed rectification. After isolation of cells by enzymatic dissociation we could electrophysiologically characterize individual cell types and relate these to cell types identified morphologically in the living gland and under the light and electron microscopes. Microelectrode recordings from identified cell types have demonstrated: (1) the large granule cell type (granule diameter = 8–12μm) displays a characteristic long duration, slow rise time action potential whose inward current is primarily carried by Ca 2+ ; (2) the medium granule cell type (granule diameter = 3--6 μm) displays only delayed rectification and (3) the small granule cell type (granule diameter = 1–2μm) displays fast rise time, short duration action potentials whose inward current is also carried primarily by Ca 2+ ions. The finding that morphologically distinct cell types display distinct electrical activity may indicate that different secretory products are released only under a specific set of conditions associated with changes in membrane potential.
Origin of Shape Dependence in Nano-Aperture Transmission

Transmission through nano-apertures was shown to be strongly dependent on the shape. Here we identify the shape dependence in mode propagation and coupling processes. We conclude that the waveguide mode plays the most influential role.
Self-Perception of HIV Risk and Candidacy for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Testing for HIV at Commercial Sex Venues in New York City

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of men who have sex with men (MSM) testing for HIV at commercial sex venues to assess the following: their candidacy for pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PrEP) as defined by meeting entry criteria for the iPrEx (Iniciativa Profilaxis Pre-Exposicion) phase III clinical trial of PrEP, and their perception of their own HIV risk and candidacy for PrEP. Interviewers surveyed 629 MSM at three NYC commercial sex venues from June 2011 through June 2012. Questions focused on demographics, sexual activity, and drug use in the three months prior to testing, as well as perceived risk of HIV acquisition and perceived candidacy for PrEP use. Data were analyzed by Chi square and Fisher's exact test. Results show that a majority of clients (80.3%) met entry criteria for the iPrEX. Most of these men (78.0%), however, did not perceive their risk to be significant enough to warrant PrEP use (P=.000). Factors were identified which associated with a risk perception that correlated with eligibility for iPrEX.
A nonparametric statistical method for image segmentation using information theory and curve evolution

In this paper, we present a new information-theoretic approach to image segmentation. We cast the segmentation problem as the maximization of the mutual information between the region labels and the image pixel intensities, subject to a constraint on the total length of the region boundaries. We assume that the probability densities associated with the image pixel intensities within each region are completely unknown a priori, and we formulate the problem based on nonparametric density estimates. Due to the nonparametric structure, our method does not require the image regions to have a particular type of probability distribution and does not require the extraction and use of a particular statistic. We solve the information-theoretic optimization problem by deriving the associated gradient flows and applying curve evolution techniques. We use level-set methods to implement the resulting evolution. The experimental results based on both synthetic and real images demonstrate that the proposed technique can solve a variety of challenging image segmentation problems. Furthermore, our method, which does not require any training, performs as good as methods based on training.
Non-destructive detection of water stress and estimation of relative water content in maize

[1] Non-destructive estimation of leaf water content provides vital information about vegetation productivity. We report here on controlled seven day experiments using greenhouse-grown maize. Fifty plants were randomly assigned to two equal groups: water stressed and well watered. Spectroscopic, relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll concentration measurements were made daily. Because water molecules absorb radiation in near- and middle-infrared, most efforts to sense water deficit remotely utilize infrared wavelengths. In these experiments, we identified a strong, systematic, and repeatable relationship between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) albedo and leaf RWC. We show that visible spectrum reflectance provides a means to detect early stages of plant stress and estimate leaf RWC.
MORPHOLOGY OF WETTING REACTIONS OF SNPB ALLOYS ON CU AS A FUNCTION OF ALLOY COMPOSITION

We have investigated the wetting angle, side band growth, and intermetallic compound formation of seven SnPb alloys on Cu ranging from pure Sn to pure Pb. The wetting angle has a minimum near the middle composition and increases toward pure Sn and pure Pb, but the side band growth has a maximum near the middle composition. The intermetallic compounds formed are Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn for the eutectic and high-Sn alloys, yet for the high-Pb alloys, only Cu3Sn can be detected. While no intermetallic compound forms between Cu and pure Pb, the latter nevertheless wets the former with an angle of 115°. The driving force of a wetting reaction, which may be affected by the free energy gain in compound formation, is discussed by assuming that rate of compound formation is fast.
Insecticide Resistance in the Bed Bug: A Factor in the Pest's Sudden Resurgence?

Abstract Infestations of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae), are increasing around the world at an alarming rate and have become a major public health concern. The evolution of insecticide resistance could be a primary factor in explaining this resurgence. Extremely high levels of resistance to two pyrethroid insecticides, deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin, relative to a susceptible colony, were detected in populations collected from human dwellings in Kentucky and Ohio. Offspring of a cross between a resistant and susceptible colony had intermediate susceptibility. Evaluations of populations from across the United States indicate that resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is already widespread. Without the development of new tactics for bed bug management, further escalation of this public health problem should be expected.
Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of Heterotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the West Indies

A phylogenetic analysis of Heterotermes from 63 locations in the West Indies and associated mainland is presented based on the DNA sequence of a portion of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Maximum parsimony analysis of the aligned Heterotermes species and the outgroup taxa resulted in a consensus tree with five distinct West Indian groups. Morphological characters and geographical distribution supported the resulting clades, which were given the following taxonomic assignments: Heterotermes cardini (Bahamas and Cuba); Heterotermes sp. (Bonaire, FL; Grand Cayman; Grand Turk; Jamaica; and St. Barthelemy), Heterotermes convexinotatus (Antigua, Barbados, Curacao, Dominican Republic, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, St. Maarten, Venezuela, and Virgin Island), and Heterotermes tenuis (Lesser Antilles except Barbados and Martinique, Ecuador, and Suriname). The Florida Heterotermes sp. is a known nonendemic population, whereas those on Barbados, Grand Cayman, Grand Turk, Martinique, St. Barthelemy, and elsewhere may harbor or consist solely of nonendemic populations.
University Reform in Global Times: Opportunities and Challenges

In this article, Professor Robert Rhoads of UCLA examines the impact of globalization on universities around the world, with a particular focus on the context of the United States and its role in shaping global university reform. He begins by defining globalization as the shrinkage of time and space and then proceeds to describe the influence of five primary manifestations of globalization: global capitalism and intergovernmental organizations such as the WTO and IMF (”globalization from above”), social movements (”globalization from below”), cultural globalization, the globalization of human rights, and the globalization of violence of a massive scale. He then examines university reform in light of the preceding forces by focusing on movements to deregulate, privatize, and standardize universities. He closes by pointing to some of the significant limitations of the ”academic capitalist” model of the United States.
Adversity Across the Life Course of Incarcerated Parents: Gender Differences

More than half of the 1.6 million adults in U.S. prions are parents. Despite growing knowledge regarding the life course adversities of corrections-involved populations, less is known regarding incarcerated parents per se and the implications of cumulative adversities both on their needs and those of their children. Using a gender-balanced (41% minority) sample of incarcerated parents (N=357) from a randomized controlled trial of an in-prison parent training program, this study examines differences between incarcerated mothers and fathers in their exposures to adversities across the life course. Mothers and fathers shared similar patterns of adversity exposure in their families of origin, but differed in their experiences of juvenile justice and child welfare systems involvement, as well as in their adult experiences of victimization and related adult social and mental health outcomes. Implications for gender-responsive parent support and prevention programs for their children of incarcerated mothers and fathers are discussed.
The Fiber Optic Spreads the Feeling Experiment Design

This thesis puts forward a kind of fiber optic that is applicable to the teaching to spread the feeling machine experiment research system.Measured the characteristic curve of I-P of the light source of LED first in experiment process.Carry the light field to distribute to carry on the test to the fiber of the fiber optic immediately after,and the data that gets through an experiment draws a fiber of fiber optic to carry a curve with strong light of light.Then make use of the fiber optic to spread the feeling experiment instrument to move to the tiny to carry on the diagraph with two kinds of methods.Designed according to the existing experiment condition in keeping with basic experiment that student carry on.
Application of NRA/channeling to study He + implanted waveguides

Abstract Four different techniques (RBS/channeling, NRA/channeling, prism coupling, and TRIM) for estimating the depth and width of a damaged layer created by ion implantation in LiNbO3 are compared. Waveguides can be created in LiNbO3 by lattice disruption damage with light ions (protons, alphas) or by implantation with Ti. End of range damage results in a decrease in refractive index that acts as a low index barrier to create a waveguide. In the electronic stopping region the ordinary index of LiNbO3 is decreased while the extraordinary index is increased. The damage in the electronic stopping regime is removed by annealing to a temperature lower than that needed to remove the nuclear damage. RBS/channeling is used to examine displacement of Nb atoms and NRA/channeling is used to study displacement of Li atoms using Li(p,α) and Li(p,γ) reactions. We have analyzed waveguides produced by implantation of 1.7 MeV He+. Comparison of the NRA/channeling results of as implanted and 175°C and 400°C annealed crystals suggest that lithium movement towards the nuclear damage region is responsible for the increase in the extraordinary index in the electronic stopping region.
Using a Spaceflight Three-Dimensional Microenvironment to Probe Cancer–Stromal Interactions

The effects of microgravity and spaceflight on cancer development and progression have not been defined. We provide an introductory review of our studies of microgravity and spaceflight on human prostate cancer cell growth, with emphasis on the investigation of cancer–stromal interaction under 3-dimensional (3-D) rotary wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor and space flight conditions.
New Construction for Spherical Minimal Immersions

We describe a general method of manufacturing new minimal immersions between round spheres out of old ones. The resulting spherical minimal immersions are given analytically in terms of the harmonic projection operator and have higher source dimensions. Applied to classical examples, this gives an abundance of new minimal immersions of even-dimensional spheres.
The myth of a multilateral framework in international investment law

In past, various attempts at creating a multilateral treaty for the protection of foreign investment have failed. Yet, scholars have tried to fill in the void through theoretical arguments to the effect that even in the absence of a multilateral treaty, the bilateral investment treaties create a multilateral normative framework. This framework imposes external disciplines on States. These theoretical arguments do not find any basis in the treaty text and result into expanding the scope of standards of treatment provided in the bilateral investment treaties (BITs). The first part establishes that States are not ready for a multilateral treaty on investor protection and the reasons for this position based on past experiences. The theoretical arguments used as a substitute for a multilateral treaty have various aspects. It is claimed that the BITs have created a framework which is uniform due to a large number of BITs and consistency in their language. BITs allow corporate restructuring and contain Most Favoured Nation (MFN) clause, which allows any foreign investors to choose the most beneficial BIT to file a claim and most beneficial provision from the all the BITs entered into by the host state. This process is said to have resulted into multilateralization – another form of a multilateral framework. These arguments do violence to the treaty language and stretch the treaty text beyond its purview. The extravagant interpretations proposed by scholars and adopted by tribunals have forced the regime of investment arbitration into an uncertain future.
The microwave spectrum and molecular structure of Ar-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene

Abstract The microwave spectra of four isotopologues of the complex formed between argon and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene are obtained in the 5.6–18.4 GHz region using a combination of broadband chirped pulse and Balle-Flygare cavity Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The argon atom is determined to occupy a position out of the symmetry plane of the tetrafluoropropene where it can interact most strongly with one of the out-of-plane fluorine atoms of the methyl group, carbon atom C2, and the fluorine atom attached to that olefinic carbon. In contrast to previously studied argon-haloethylene complexes, the argon atom is located almost directly above this latter atom instead of being offset from the atoms in the binding partner. Comparisons with analogous species suggests that the π electrons of the C C double bond play an important, but still not completely understood, role in determining the location of the argon while steric effects lead to strongly conserved distances between argon and the atoms to which it binds.
Chapter 7 The 2000s: A New Millennium

After the turn of the century, dramatic changes occurred in experimental and theoretical shock wave research at Sandia. In the 1950s and 1960s, computational capabilities to design and interpret shock wave experiments were extremely limited. Use of slide rules and small desktop calculators was common. In the 1950s instruments to measure the fine details of shock compression and dynamic material response were limited. In those early decades, the innovation and intuition of experimentalists and modelers were critical in advancing shock wave research in spite of these constraints. By the late 1960s, dynamic phenomenological models to describe the shock compression of complex materials such as composites and porous materials were beginning to be established. The pioneering loading and diagnostic technology developed in the 1960s was instrumental in advancing knowledge in the later decades. This was especially true for high-pressure applications until the mid-1970s, when time-resolved gauges became available for routine use at Sandia. Bob Graham and his team concentrated on developing the piezoelectric gauge, which is also known as the quartz gauge (Graham 1961a, b; Graham 1975; Neilson and Benedick 1960; Neilson et al. 1962; Graham and Ingram 1968; Graham and Reed 1978). Meanwhile, Lynn Barker and his team concentrated on developing optical interferometric gauges and, in particular, the velocity interferometer system for any reflector (or VISAR), which grew out of a wide-angle version of the Michelson interferometer (Barker and Hollenbach 1965, 1972; Barker 1968, 2000a). This allowed considerable progress in understanding dynamic compression processes. Among early researchers, there was an excitement in developing pioneering new capabilities and solving complex dynamic material problems using the new gauges.
Microstructurally Anchored Cardiac Kinematics by Combining In Vivo DENSE MRI and cDTI

Metrics of regional myocardial function can detect the onset of cardiovascular disease, evaluate the response to therapy, and provide mechanistic insight into cardiac dysfunction. Knowledge of local myocardial microstructure is necessary to distinguish between isotropic and anisotropic contributions of local deformation and to quantify myofiber kinematics, a microstructurally anchored measure of cardiac function. Using a computational model we combine in vivo cardiac displacement and diffusion tensor data to evaluate pointwise the deformation gradient tensor and isotropic and anisotropic deformation invariants. In discussing the imaging methods and the model construction, we identify potential improvements to increase measurement accuracy. We conclude by demonstrating the applicability of our method to compute myofiber strain in five healthy volunteers.
Sociability, Civil War, and a Diverted Renaissance

Montague Street around the Academy of Music marked the physical center of Brooklyn’s renaissance. The Academy promoted sociability in a public space and became Brooklyn’s meeting house during the Civil War. As Brooklyn’s monument to civic as well as cultural pride, it helped smooth over political divisiveness among Republicans and Democrats over slavery. However, programming and seating remained flashpoints of local contention. The introduction of Italian opera and controversy over prose theater broadened polite tastes. Civil War and the Draft transformed the Academy into Brooklyn’s center for war relief activities. Luther Wyman took under his wing the 48th Regiment of New York Volunteers at Fort Hamilton. Brooklyn’s elite attempted to balance war relief, social reality, and their continued commitment to the civilizing potential of the arts.
Law, Language, and Corporatehood: Corporations and the U.S. Constitution.

The discourse regarding the status and standing of corporations vis-a-vis the Constitution has consistently been misdirected by the Supreme Court. The issue that has caused so much consternation concerns whether a corporation is a “person.” The reason the discourse regarding the status and standing of corporations vis-a-vis the Constitution has been misdirected is the consequence of the very nature of the question: “is a corporation a person in the constitution?” The question preconditions the answer with the fundamental assumption that the discourse can take place using person-centered terms. To ask whether a corporation is a “person” in the Constitution places the cart before the horse. Before the question whether a corporation is a “person” in the Constitution is asked, the question “what is a person in the Constitution” must first be asked and answered. This paper asks the question that must be asked first, “what is a person in the Constitution,” and answers the question using a critical linguistic analysis and exegesis of “person” in the Constitution as a whole and the canons of statutory and Constitutional interpretation adopted by the Supreme Court. While the Supreme Court has analyzed whether a corporation is a “person” in the Constitution, it has done so on a piecemeal basis. In cases in which the Supreme Court has ruled that a corporation is a “person” in the Constitution, it has disregarded, twisted, and distorted the basic rules of English grammar and syntax and its own canons of statutory and Constitutional interpretation. This paper argues that the terms “corporate person” and “corporate personhood” be abandoned because they are, grammatically and syntactically, nonsense.
Undocumented Latino students pursuing degrees in STEM disciplines: Attitudes, perceptions, teacher support, and future views

If classrooms are being filled with undocumented Latino students, it is essential that teachers are trained on how to better serve this population, placing a particular focus on those students who ...
Clinic Appointment Attendance in Adults with Serious Mental Illness and Diabetes.

Objectives We assessed characteristics that may predict outpatient appointment attendance in outpatient medical clinics among patients comorbid for serious mental illness (SMI) and type 2 diabetes (DM). Methods Baseline covariate data from 200 individuals with SMI-DM enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) were used to examine characteristics associated with electronic health record-identified clinic appointment attendance using a generalized estimating equations approach. The analyses evaluated the relationship between clinic attendance and potentially modifiable factors including disease knowledge, self-efficacy, social support, physical health, and mental health, as well as demographic information. Results Demographic and mental health characteristics were most associated with clinic attendance in adults with SMI-DM. Physical health was not associated with clinic attendance. Conclusions Information on clinical and demographic characteristics and factors potentially modifiable by psychological interventions may be useful in improving adherence to treatment among SMI-DM patients. It is our hope that clinicians and researchers will use these results to help tailor adherence-facilitating interventions among people at particular risk for poor engagement in care.
Integrating Self-Affirmation and Implementation Intentions: Effects on College Student Drinking.

Background High levels of alcohol consumption are an enduring health risk among college students. Integrating multiple, complementary behavior change theories may offer a promising approach to promote reductions in alcohol consumption. Purpose The current study tested if integrating self-affirmation and implementation intentions would be more effective than a self-affirmation only, implementation intentions only, or control condition at reducing alcohol consumption in college students over a 2-week period. Method Two hundred and ninety-three college students who reported drinking in the past month were randomly assigned to a condition in a 2 (self-affirmation: values vs. control writing task) × 2 (implementation intentions: formed vs. not formed) between-subjects factorial design. Participants first completed a self-affirmation or control writing task, then read an article describing the risks of drinking. Next, all participants reported their common drinking behaviors and contexts, and then selected two harm-reduction strategies forming (or not forming) implementation intentions to use the strategies. Alcohol consumption was measured 1 and 2 weeks after the experiment. Results Participants in the integrated self-affirmation and implementation intention condition were most likely to abstain from drinking 1 week later. Affirmed participants continued to be more likely to abstain from drinking 2 weeks later. Conclusions The findings support the efficacy of integrating self-affirmation and implementation intentions to reduce college student drinking (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02926794).
Nrf2-dependent regulation of miRNA and mRNA expressions alters basal myocardial redox state

Background NFE2L2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2; Nrf2), is a stress-responsive transcription factor that regulates cellular redox homeostasis. However, under the basal condition, the role of excess Nrf2 on global miRNA–mRNA interactions in the myocardium is unknown. Here, we tested a hypothesis that excess Nrf2 (transgene) will promote the transcription of antioxidants, which then escalate the basal defense mechanisms in the heart. Furthermore, we investigated whether changes in the miRNA profile might have a strong role on the transcriptome in TG hearts. Methods Cardiac specific Nrf2 transgenic (Nrf2-TG) and non-transgenic (NTG) litter mates in the C57/BL6 background at the age of 6-8 months were used to examine transcriptional (mRNA) and post-transcriptional (miRNA) signatures in the heart. Next generation sequencing (NGS) for RNA (RNAseq) and miRNA (miRNAseq) expressions (n=3-6/group) were performed. qPCR validation of the NGS data for selected miRNAs or mRNAs and in-silico analysis were also performed to determine the miRNA–mRNA interactome networks, and the pathways that are potentially regulated by these networks. Results NGS analysis for mRNA indicated that there were 5727 differently expressed genes (DEGs) in the Nrf2-TG vs. NTG myocardium. Of which, 3552 were upregulated and 2175 were downregulated significantly. Small RNAseq analysis revealed that 55 miRNAs were significantly altered in Nrf2-TG versus NTG hearts. Among these miRNAs, 39 were upregulated and 16 were downregulated significantly. Validation of key targets for mRNA and miRNA by qPCR confirmed the NGS results. In-silico analysis revealed that the majority of the miRNAs and mRNAs that are significantly altered in response to transgene expression are potentially involved in regulating the Nrf2 signaling, glutathione metabolism, cardiac development, chaperone activity, oxidoreductase capacity, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Conclusion Our comprehensive analysis indicates that Nrf2 may directly or indirectly regulates these sub-sets of cardiac miRNA–mRNA interactome networks under basal physiological setting.
Deception in Cyberspace: Performance Focused Con Resistant Trust Algorithm

A con man trick appears in cyberspace as a deception around cloud services from the service provider. Con man resistant trust algorithm continuously monitors cloud service's performance to detect this con man behavior. A cloud service is identified as a con when a lapse in service performance repeats by an amount more than the consumer of this service can accept. Like the repetition, performance of a degraded amount is another service performance attribute affecting consumer satisfaction. The work presented in this paper includes performance degradation following various models. The algorithm's mathematical scheme tracks the performance degradation amount. This revision evaluates con behavior in proportion to the performance degradation. This proportional affect follows an exponential function. Three alternative exponential functions are evaluated. Each of these functions is applicable for specific cloud services. These functions are compared with each other and their properties effecting con resistant Trust are analyzed resulting in a set of principles. Also, the relationship between performance degradation amounts and con behavior detection speed are unlocked resulting in a principle. The result correctness and effectiveness of the principles.
Equipping Public Spaces to Facilitate Rapid Point-of-Injury Hemorrhage Control After Mass Casualty.

In response to increasing violent attacks, the Stop the Bleed campaign recommends that everyone have access to both personal and public bleeding-control kits. There are currently no guidelines about how many bleeding victims public sites should be equipped to treat during a mass casualty incident.We conducted a retrospective review of intentional mass casualty incidents, including shootings, stabbings, vehicle attacks, and bombings, to determine the typical number of people who might benefit from immediate hemorrhage control by a bystander before professional medical help arrives.On the basis of our analysis, we recommend that planners at public venues consider equipping their sites with supplies to treat a minimum of 20 bleeding victims during an intentional mass casualty incident.
From Community College to Bilingual Teachers: Aspirations, Validation, and Identity of Latinx Pre- and In-Service Teachers.

Using community cultural wealth as an overarching theoretical lens and validation theory interconnected with language and identity frameworks, this paper describes the educational trajectories of L...
The premise of personalized immunotherapy for cancer dormancy

Progress in cancer therapies has resulted in improved survival of patients with early stage breast cancer. However, mortality remains high in patients with distant recurrence of the disease after initially successful treatment of early stage breast cancer. To this end, tumor recurrences have been attributed to the presence of dormant tumor cells in breast cancer patients and cancer survivors. Current clinical practice guidelines recommend a "wait-and-watch" approach for tumor recurrence. This is because of our limited understanding of tumor dormancy. Dormant tumor cells are quiescent, and thus, do not respond to chemotherapies or radiation therapies, and they are not operable. Therefore, immunotherapy is the only option for the treatment of tumor dormancy. However, gaps in our knowledge as to dormancy-specific antigens prevent a relapse preventing vaccine design. Here, I provide a critical review of cancer immunotherapy, and discuss empirical evidence related to naturally occurring tumor dormancy and treatment-induced tumor dormancy at the site of primary tumor and in distant organs before and after cancer therapies. Finally, I suggest that personalized vaccines targeting dormancy-associated neoantigens, which can be given to patients with early stage disease after the completion of neoadjuvant therapies and tumor resection as well as to cancer survivors could eliminate relapse causing dormant cells and offer a cure for cancer.
CHAPTER 21 – SHORTENED CAKES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the respective roles of ingredients in cakes. The rules for cake formulation are based on balance between tenderizing ingredients—sugar and fat—and structural ingredients—flour and egg. Earlier, the weight of sugar in cakes could not exceed the weight of flour. With improvements in cake flour and cake shortenings, it became possible to use larger amounts of sugar and liquid. Balance between liquids and the batter constituents that have an affinity for water is the basis for the rule that the weight of the liquids, including fluid milk, water, and eggs, should equal or slightly exceed the weight of the sugar; otherwise, the high sugar concentration interferes with hydration of proteins and gelatinization of starch. Fat melts and batter viscosity decreases in the early stages of baking. Leavening gases are formed and they diffuse into the gas cell nuclei; new gas cells are not formed. Cake quality is assessed by the measurement of volume, compressibility, and breaking strength and by sensory evaluation.
Cerebrovascular pathology and misdiagnosis of multiple system atrophy: An autopsy study.

Abstract Background Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by a combination of dysautonomia, parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia. Other disorders can mimic MSA, but it is unknown whether cerebrovascular pathology, so-called “vascular parkinsonism,” can mimic MSA. This study aimed to determine the clinicopathological features and red flags for vascular parkinsonism masquerading as MSA. Methods Using a brain bank database, we screened 270 patients with an antemortem diagnosis of MSA, who did not have pathologic evidence of MSA, but rather cerebrovascular pathology, including leukoencephalopathy, lacunar infarcts, and microinfarcts. Histologic sections from the neocortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum were reviewed. Medical records were reviewed to characterize the clinical features. The probability of a clinical diagnosis of MSA was assigned retrospectively, guided by current consensus criteria. Results Four patients had cerebrovascular pathology without neurodegenerative processes. Chronic ischemic changes in periventricular white matter, subcortical leukoencephalopathy, lacunar infarcts, or microinfarcts were detected in basal ganglia of all patients. Cerebrovascular pathology that might contribute to autonomic failure was not identified. Clinically, two patients were diagnosed with possible MSA-parkinsonism, one with probable MSA-parkinsonism, and one with possible MSA-cerebellar type; however, they also had one or more non-supporting features of MSA (e.g., onset >75-years of age, dementia), vascular risk factors, and other etiologies (e.g., autonomic neuropathy) that could cause autonomic failure. Conclusions When combined with cerebrovascular risk factors and comorbidities, cerebrovascular pathology may masquerade as MSA. The important lesson from this study is that the diagnosis of MSA requires exclusion of other causes, including cerebrovascular disease.
Cultivating a Better Understanding of COVID-19 Amidst a Shifting Landscape.

As COVID-19 swept across the globe, emergency physicians stood on the front lines of a pandemic unlike any seen in our lifetimes. In areas where cases surged, we rapidly assessed and stabilized large numbers of critically ill patients using the limited data available to us, for that is, fundamentally, what we do. In the beginning, we relied on first principles. Vital signs are vital. Isolate the infected. Intubate ARDS early.
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19);Lessons Learnt from International Response and Advice to the Georgia Government

This commentary presents an analysis of the containment and mitigation efforts by different countries against the recent COVID-19 pandemic. It was developed in response to the Georgia government's decision to relieve lock down restrictions. The article also provides recommendations based on interventions that have been observed to be effective, which will guide decision making for not only Georgia but other states and countries that are currently struggling to manage this outbreak.
Classic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy was developed in the mid-twentieth century when behavioral therapy was coupled with late cognitive psychoanalytic theory into a treatment construct that could be clinically evaluated as to efficacy. CBT has successfully expanded in application and definition in a series of waves. The current third wave has expanded the definition of CBT to include all psychological therapies that can be empirically tested. The typical classic CBT treatment protocol is presented and then applied specifically as used in the treatment of insomnia – commonly a problem for individuals with PTSD. The role and application of trauma focused PTSD is discussed including results attained, short-form formats, limitations, and potential side effects. The importance of relaxation components of behavioral approaches to treating PTSD is addressed along with a review of third-generation CBT. The protocol for Jacobson muscular relaxation is presented in table format.
Use of Botulinum Toxin A in Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction

Botulinum toxin A has been successfully used in a variety of areas to temporarily obliterate muscle mobility for either functional or aesthetic gain. Tissue expander-based breast reconstruction has been plagued with pain and discomfort. This chapter describes the use of botulinum toxin A in managing pain and discomfort in the breast reconstruction patients.
Planning and Assessing Patron Experience and Needs for an Academic Library Website

This article describes a research study performed at Northeastern State University during the spring semester of 2020. The authors detail the initial phase of a website redesign process informed by...
Modeling Onset of Hourly Nesting Activity in a Freshwater Turtle Using Abiotic Variables and Physiological Capacity

Nesting is an essential, yet variable, reproductive behavior in most oviparous organisms. Although many factors conceivably influence nesting behaviors, it is unclear which factors strongly influence terrestrial nest timing in aquatic nonavian reptiles. As climate is changing rapidly, understanding the relative influences of biotic and abiotic factors on nesting behaviors may yield important information on future changes in daily and seasonal nesting activity. We collected hourly data to examine the significance of local weather conditions to the timing of within-season nesting activity in a large population of Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta). We quantified nesting activity as the ratio of females who nested to all females who could nest in each hour, adjusting the size of the denominator to include the time required to shell a subsequent egg clutch. We then used zero-inflated models to identify potential weather predictors of presence/absence of nesting activity and strength of nesting responses (i.e., the fraction of turtles nesting that could nest). Higher temperatures and rainfall predicted stronger nesting responses, whereas lower temperatures and no rainfall predicted the absence of nesting activity, indicating that both temperature and rainfall are important cues in within-season nesting phenology. Our study enhances our understanding of abiotic influences on the terrestrial nesting behavior of aquatic organisms.
Machine-Learning Based Retrieval of Soil Moisture at High Spatio-Temporal Scales Using CYGNSS and SMAP Observations

High spatio-temporal soil moisture is critical for the understanding of land-atmosphere interactions and affects meteorological, hydrological and agricultural applications. Currently, most satellite-based microwave sensors provide global soil moisture retrievals at ∼40 km spatial and 2-3 days temporal resolution. Using the forward scattered L-band Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, surface soil moisture can be estimated at higher spatial and temporal scales. However, due to the complex land surface characteristics and bistatic nature of GNSS signals, the retrieval algorithms for deriving surface soil moisture from GNSS signals are still under development. In this work, a machine learning (ML) algorithm has been used for estimating soil moisture from Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) measurements. The in-situ data from International Soil Moisture Network and global soil moisture data from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) have been deployed as the reference data in the ML algorithm. In particular, various remote sensing-based land surface parameters have been included and facilitate a robust soil moisture retrieving process. The proposed approach has achieved an ubRMSD of 0.0523 m3/m3 between the retrieved soil moisture from CYGNSS and in-situ measurements in a 5-fold cross-validation over 129 ground-based soil moisture sites, suggesting a satisfactory performance of the ML-based approach. Moreover, the global median ubRMSD of 0.042 m3/m3 is obtained between SMAP and CYGNSS ML predictions. Surface soil moisture can be retrieved at ∼9 km spatial and 1-2 days temporal scales through the presented framework.
Immunopathogenesis of Immune-Related Adverse Events from Cancer Immunotherapy

The introduction of checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of many forms of cancer but has come at a price: the development of a new spectrum of immune-mediated toxicities affecting virtually every organ system. These toxicities, which range from being frequent and mild to rare and severe (even fatal), frequently limit the use of ICIs. The immune-mediated toxicities are referred to as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), pose formidable challenges to both the patient and the provider, and require interprofessional collaboration for optimal management. Many of the agents used to treat irAEs are drawn from the field of autoimmune diseases and are loosely based on similarities in clinical presentations between irAEs and the idiopathic forms of autoimmunity which they resemble. A detailed understanding of the immune mechanisms responsible for these irAEs is vital in order to allow the crafting of immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory therapies which will be effective but not compromise the basic antitumoral properties of ICI-based therapies. This chapter reviews current concepts of immunopathogenesis of irAEs and appraises data from in vitro preclinical models and human diseases to aid our understanding.
Effect modification of greenness on temperature-mortality relationship among older adults: A case-crossover study in China.

Abstract Background Climate change exacerbates temperature-related mortality, but effects may vary by geographic characteristics. We hypothesize that higher greenness may mitigate temperature-related mortality, and that the effect may vary in different areas. Objective We examined how mortality among older adults in China was associated with temperature for 2000–2014, and how geolocation and residential greenness may modulate this association. Methods We used health data from the China Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), and meteorological data from the Global Surface Summary of Day (GSOD) product by National Climate Data Center. We used a case-crossover study design with distributed nonlinear modeling to estimate mortality risks in relation to temperature, and stratified analysis by quartile of greenness. Greenness was estimated by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from remote-sensed imagery. In addition to the national analysis, we also assessed three provinces (Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Liaoning) to examine differences by climatic regions. Results Extreme temperatures had a significant association with higher mortality, with regional differences. Findings from the national analysis suggest that individuals in the lowest quartile of greenness exposure had a ratio of relative risks (RRR) of 1.38 (0.79, 2.42) for mortality risk on extreme hot days at the 95th percentile compared to those at the 50th percentile, compared to those in the highest quartile, which means those residing in the lowest quartile of greenness had a 38% higher RR than those residing in the highest quartile of greenness, where RR refers to the risk of mortality on days at the 95th percentile of temperature compared to days at the 50th percentile. The RRR for the highest to lowest quartiles of greenness for mortality risk on extreme cold days at the 5th percentile compared to the 50th percentile was 2.08 (0.12, 36.2). In Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces, both the heat effects and cold effects were the lowest in the highest greenness quartile, and the results in Liaoning province were not statistically significant, indicating different regional effects of greenness on modulating the temperature-mortality relationship. Discussion We elucidated one pathway through which greenness benefits health by decreasing impact from extreme high temperatures. The effects of greenness differed by climatic regions. Policymakers should consider vegetation in the context of climate change and health.
Long-Term Outcomes of the Coarctation of the Aorta Stent Trials

BACKGROUND Long-term outcome data of stent-implantation for coarctation of the aorta are limited. We report up to 5 years of postimplant follow-up in patients enrolled into the COAST (Coarctation of the Aorta Stent Trial) and the COAST II trial (Covered Cheatham-Platinum Stents for Prevention or Treatment of Aortic Wall Injury Associated With Coarctation of the Aorta), evaluating the bare and Covered Cheatham-Platinum Stents for the treatment of coarctation of the aorta and associated aortic wall injury. METHODS Data was prospectively collected during the 2 multi-center studies, enrolling 248 patients (COAST: n=121, COAST II: n=127). Late follow-up data (48–60 month) was compared with immediate (1 month) and early (12 months) follow-up. RESULTS There was a notable decrease in the use of antihypertensive medication, from 53% at immediate, to 42% at early, and 29% at late follow-up. The cumulative incidence of stent fractures was 0% immediately, 2.9% at early, and 24.4% at late follow-up. Independent predictors for stent fractures at late follow-up were age <18 years, male sex, minimum stent diameter ≥12 mm, and use of bare metal stent. The cumulative incidence of reintervention was 1.6% at immediate, 5.1% at early, and 21.3% at late follow-up. Independent predictors for reinterventions at late follow-up were age <18 years, post implantation systolic arm-leg blood pressure gradient ≥10 mm Hg, minimum stent diameter at implantation <12 mm, and initial coarctation minimum diameter <6 mm. There were 13 patients with aortic aneurysms, with a cumulative incidence of 6.3% at late follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Coarctation stenting is effective at maintaining obstruction relief up to 60 months postimplant with reduction in the number of patients requiring antihypertensive medication. However, an increase in-stent fractures and reinterventions were observed between medium and long-term follow-up. Covered stents appear to confer some protection from the development of stent fractures but do not provide complete protection from late aneurysm formation. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifiers: NCT00552812 and NCT01278303.
Preventing Tommy John Surgery: The Identification of Trends in Pitch Selection, Velocity, and Spin Rate Before Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Major League Baseball Pitchers.

Background:Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction is a common surgery among Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers that results in a significant number of missed games. Little has been report...
Aluminium Gallium Arsenide on Insulator for Integrated Quantum Photonics

A rising photonic platform, aluminum gallium arsenide on insulator (AlGaAsOI), has led to remarkable breakthroughs in integrated photonics over last few years. In this talk, we will introduce the key progress on this platform, including development of low loss AlGaAsOI waveguide, many record-breaking efficient nonlinear processes enabled by ultra-high Q resonators, as well as the recent demonstration of the brightest entangled photon pair generation on chip. We will discuss the potential AlGaAsOI holds for realizing high performance quantum photonics devices and fully integrated photonic quantum circuits in the future.