cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Usability of Touchpad Based Game Controller Interfaces

This paper examines the use of a new input device that is available on two video game systems released in the past year. The Ouya controller and the Dual Shock 4 controller for the Playstation 4 contain a touchpad located in the center of the control-ler. This type of input mechanism is also expected be a feature of the planned Steam Controller by Valve. Even though the touchpad is currently available to developers, few games take advantage of it. This paper analyzes the usability of touchpad based game interfaces for the Ouya Controller and the Dual Shock 4 controller in both a gaming environment and in a controlled user interface study. The results show that traditional thumbstick controls are preferred and perform significantly better than the touchpad interfaces for 2D driving games, and that hand posture can significantly affect the usability of game controller based touchpad interfaces.
The role of mycorrhizas in plant community structure and dynamics: lessons from grasslands

Research on the mycorrhizal associations over the past several decades has yielded increased understanding and appreciation of the important role of this symbiosis in the functioning and performance of plants in a wide array of terrestrial ecosystems. We now understand that the role of mycorrhizal fungi extends beyond the symbiotic acquisition of phosphorus for the host plant and reciprocal carbon provision from the host to fungus. Additional effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the functioning of their host plants including increased disease resistance, improved water relations, acquisition of other soil nutrients, and alterations in other soil physico-chemical properties have been documented. Other aspects of the ecology of mycorrhizas, including variation in the costs and benefits of carbon and nutrient exchange, the ecological significance of mycelial networks, the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in multi-species interactions, and the extent and consequences of host-specificity in these associations have also recently been explored.
Hierarchical probabilistic regionalization of volcanism for Sengan region in Japan using multivariate statistical techniques and geostatistical interpolation techniques.

Sandia National Laboratories, under contract to Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO), is performing research on regional classification of given sites in Japan with respect to potential volcanic disruption using multivariate statistics and geo-statistical interpolation techniques. This report provides results obtained for hierarchical probabilistic regionalization of volcanism for the Sengan region in Japan by applying multivariate statistical techniques and geostatistical interpolation techniques on the geologic data provided by NUMO. A workshop report produced in September 2003 by Sandia National Laboratories (Arnold et al., 2003) on volcanism lists a set of most important geologic variables as well as some secondary information related to volcanism. Geologic data extracted for the Sengan region in Japan from the data provided by NUMO revealed that data are not available at the same locations for all the important geologic variables. In other words, the geologic variable vectors were found to be incomplete spatially. However, it is necessary to have complete geologic variable vectors to perform multivariate statistical analyses. As a first step towards constructing complete geologic variable vectors, the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone 54 projected coordinate system and a 1 km square regular grid system were selected. The data available for each geologic variable on a geographic coordinate system were transferred to the aforementioned grid system. Also the recorded data on volcanic activity for Sengan region were produced on the same grid system. Each geologic variable map was compared with the recorded volcanic activity map to determine the geologic variables that are most important for volcanism. In the regionalized classification procedure, this step is known as the variable selection step. The following variables were determined as most important for volcanism: geothermal gradient, groundwater temperature, heat discharge, groundwater pH value, presence of volcanic rocks and presence of hydrothermal alteration. Data available for each of these important geologic variables were used to perform directional variogram modeling and kriging to estimate values for each variable at 23949 centers of the chosen 1 km cell grid system that represents the Sengan region. These values formed complete geologic variable vectors at each of the 23,949 one km cell centers.
Race, Death and The Complicitous Mind

Despite the historical racial imbalance in capital punishment, interdisciplinary scholarship has failed to investigate fully how the human mind may automatically and systematically facilitate racial bias against African-American defendants in capital cases. Considered in the legal context, well-developed social science principles may help reveal how people’s automatic and unintentional cognitive processes may either propagate racial disparities in the death penalty or serve as a masking agent in covering up those disparities. This Article introduces implicit social cognition research to the death penalty context and proposes new hypotheses that help explain why capital cases may be automatically infused with racial bias and why research to date may unintentionally cover up existing racial disparities. The author presents two preliminary hypotheses that apply social cognition theory to the capital context. Death Penalty Priming Hypothesis posits that the supposedly race-neutral death qualification of jurors unintentionally and automatically elicits implicit racial bias in the final jury panel. This hypothesis is based on the social cognition concept of priming, a phenomenon that explains how even seemingly race-neutral conversations can elicit automatically racially biased cognitive processes in jurors. This automatic activation results from both deep historical associations between capital punishment and race and the continuing propagation of racial stereotypes in the media and American culture generally. Racial Bias Masking Hypothesis proposes that influential studies examining racial bias in the death penalty have unintentionally covered up racial bias against African-American defendants because these studies rely upon sources of case information that are tainted by implicit bias. Social cognition studies have demonstrated that people store and retrieve information from the memory in stereotype driven ways, and that transmission of information from one source to another can unintentionally transform a non-biased story into a racially biased one. As a result of the unintentional fact-based errors that occur when racial stereotypes are present, even the most thoughtful and complex of empirical studies on race and capital punishment may use statistical techniques that unintentionally mask racial bias. The Article considers these two new hypotheses and calls for a comprehensive interdisciplinary collaboration designed to further investigate racial disparities in the death penalty.
The impact of computer input devices, interaction methods, and parental assistance on young children's computer competence

A growing number of children are being exposed to computer technology at very early ages. The rapid increase in computer hardware and software being marketed to young children has not been accompanied by similar growth in our knowledge of children's experiences with this technology. The present study attempted to address this information gap by investigating: (1) the performance of 3 and 4 year old novice computer users utilizing two different input devices (mouse and stylus) in the execution of three different interaction methods (click, point and click, and drag) by measuring response times and error rates and; (2) the patterns of parental assistance that occur when these preschool children use these input devices. Twenty-four families (child and parent) participated in this study. The primary measures used to examine key variables included pre-and post-computer measured tasks to assess children's performance when utilizing the two input devices to perform the three interaction methods; parent-child computer sessions to observe the kinds of parental assistance provided as children initially utilize the two input devices; and a 10 day in-home practice period. Parents also completed pre-and post questionnaires to assess the children's experiences with computers and a daily practice diary to assess input device usage and parental assistance given during the in-home practice period. Descriptive, inferential and qualitative techniques were utilized to analyze the data. Both the mouse and stylus were found to be comparable with one exception. Children's response times were significantly slower using the mouse than the stylus when performing the drag method. There was also a significant effect of practice on response times for both 3 year olds and 4 year olds, with response times decreasing significantly from pretest to posttest. The effects of practice on error rates, however, were restricted to the drag method only. There was also a significant effect of gender on response times, with females performing faster than males. In addition, parental assistance techniques were found to be broadly categorized as visual, verbal and physical. These assistance techniques were in direct response to the difficulties the children were experiencing with the device mechanics and impacted, to a large degree, their success or failure in addressing these difficulties.
Variance reduction in aged sample data by the use of lot acceptance test data [missile primary cell testing]

NAVSEA Crane Division performs ongoing quality evaluation test (QET) programs to evaluate the steady deterioration with age of critical performance parameters (such as risetime and runtime) of Navy Fleet-aged missile primary batteries. The goal is to estimate service life (SL), the age at which these batteries must be replaced. QET data is obtained by sampling a few dozen units of various ages throughout the range of date of manufacturing (DOM) of the inventory. It is expensive to obtain; few data points are available. Typically, a QET is performed every 3-5 years on 22 samples. Abundant lot acceptance test (LAT) data usually is available; it is used to perform lot sentencing (accept or reject) before shipping. Here, the authors show new mathematical methods which improve the accuracy of service life estimation, and which also may be a significant advance in the general mathematical theory of regression analysis. The enhanced delta method also eliminates the well-known problem that arises when QET and LAT raw data sets are combined in one analysis.
Attenuation of seismic waves in the earth's mantle

Contrasting with conclusions from laboratory experiments that the absorption coefficient k for amplitudes of elastic waves is proportional to 1/T, or, from theoretical considerations, that it should be proportional to 1/T or to 1/T^2, observations of body waves through the mantle of the earth show little if any decrease in absorption with increasing period T. In teleseismic records S rarely shows periods of less than 4 seconds, while in P periods of 1 second are observed to the greatest distances. The value k = 0.06 per 1,000 km., found previously for P, P'P' and P'P'P' through the mantle and the core, is confirmed for P and PP and is found also for S in the mantle.
Pulmonary amniotic fluid embolism; report of a fatal case.

Abstract Another fatal case of amniotic fluid embolism is presented. This case demonstrates another probable mechanism for the entry of amniotic fluid into the maternal circulation.
The Influence Of Criminal Justice Professors On Narco-Terrorism Policies

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of leadership and managerial decision making within the Drug Enforcement Administration since September 11, 2001. A web based survey questionnaire was used to collect the data. Participants in the study were criminal justice professors from randomly selected colleges and universities located in the southeast and southwest region of the United States. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. Each participant was asked to complete a post survey that addressed areas of leadership and decision-making based on opinions and knowledge related to criminal justice. Paired samples t test was used to describe the data. In spite of the survey findings of change in knowledge, skills, and cultural behavior, these changes did not appear to lead to significant differences in determining leadership skills. It is recommended that future studies use a survey sample instrument designed to measure attitudinal dimensions of decision-making among leaders and managers within the Drug Enforcement Administration. One possible recommendation is to utilize a different type of comparison method or instrument that would measure certain dimensions of managerial levels between upper and lower management.
Review of Formalisms and Notation

A “grammar” is a formal device for specifying a potentially infinite “language” (set of strings) in a finite way. Strings in the lanaguage are generated by starting with a string consisting of one particular “start symbol” and successively rewriting the string according to a finite set of rewriting rules or “productions”. Grammars of interest here impose a structure, called a “derivation tree”, on the string generated. Formally, grammars are defined as follows.
HIV and coronary arterial remodeling from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)

Objective Positive remodeling (PR), a coronary artery characteristic associated with risk for myocardial infarction (MI), may be more prevalent in HIV-infected (HIV+) people. We evaluated the prevalence of PR using coronary CT angiography (CCTA) in HIV+ and HIV-uninfected (HIV−) men.
Assembly and stabilization of {E(cyclo-P3)2} (E = Sn, Pb) as a bridging ligand spanning two triaryloxyniobium units

Complexes (THF)0–2E[P3Nb(ODipp)3]2 (E = Sn, Pb; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) were isolated (>90%) from the salt metathesis of [Na(THF)3][P3Nb(ODipp)3] with E2+ salts. The reaction of (THF)Sn[P3Nb(ODipp)3]2 with pyridine-N-oxide was investigated as a method to deposit a new SnP6 phase. Additionally, the neutral complex P3Nb(ODipp)2(py)2 (py = pyridine) was prepared from [Na(THF)3][P3Nb(ODipp)3] in the presence of pyridine and salts of coordinating cations (Mg(II), Sn(II), Pb(II), Ge(II), Hg(II) and Ag(I)). P3Nb(ODipp)2(py)2 was found to successfully produce AsP3 upon treatment with AsCl3. The characterization of complexes (THF)0–1Sn[P3Nb(ODipp)3]2, (THF)2Pb[P3Nb(ODipp)3]2 and P3Nb(ODipp)2(py)2, including their solid state structures, is discussed.
The influence of physical properties and lipid content of bile on the human blood/bile ethanol ratio

Abstract The relationship between ethanol levels in blood and bile was determined in human postmortem specimens. The influences of several physical properties — surface tension, specific gravity and viscosity — and bile lipid content on the blood/bile ethanol ratio were evaluated. A gas chromatographic direct injection technique was employed to determine the ethanol concentrations in postmortem blood and bile specimens. A positive correlation was established between the levels in the two fluids. No correlation could be found between the blood/bile ethanol ratios and the aforementioned physical properties of bile. Correction of the observed bile ethanol for lipid content had an insignificant effect on the ratio. The average blood/bile ethanol ratio was 1.03 ± 0.29 (range: 0.32-2.91). The wide range observed makes it undesirable to use bile ethanol concentrations to predict specific blood ethanol concentrations. However, under certain conditions, bile ethanol levels may be used to estimate blood concentrations within a range of values.
Gender and Contractile Functions of Slow and Fast Skeletal Muscles in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus has been linked with specific morphological and metabolic abnormalities of skeletal muscle in a fiber specific manner. Aim: The present study was designed to compare the contractile functions of slow and fast skeletal muscles in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Material and methods: Thirty healthy Sprague Dawley rats (15 male and 15 female) were divided into two groups and studied after four weeks following diabetes induction. The rats in group I (male diabetic; n = 15) and group II (female diabetic; n = 15) were fed on normal pellet diet and water ad libitum and rendered diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ 65 mg/kg body weight at the start of study (day 1). At the end of four weeks, the contractile parameters of slow soleus and fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were recorded by iWorx advanced animal/human physiology data acquisition unit (AHK/214). Results: At the end of four weeks, the weight of isolated soleus and EDL muscles in the male diabetic rats was significantly higher (p < 0.001) as compared to the female diabetic rats. However, no significant difference was found in any of the contractile functions of isolated soleus and EDL muscles when compared between the male and female diabetic rats. Conclusion: No gender differences exist in the contractile functions of slow and fast skeletal muscles in streptozotocin induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats.
What we look at when we read

The entire surface phrase structure hierarchy of sentences influences visual scanning patterns in reading familiar material. A general eye-fixation rule predicts the pattern of adults’ eye-fixations in a study of reading predictable sentences: “fixate on the first half of phrase structure constituents.” This rule applies cumulatively at all levels of the surface phrase structure.
CD23+/CD21hi B-cell translocation and ipsilateral lymph node collapse is associated with asymmetric arthritic flare in TNF-Tg mice

Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with episodic flares in affected joints. However, how arthritic flare occurs only in select joints during a systemic autoimmune disease remains an enigma. To better understand these observations, we developed longitudinal imaging outcomes of synovitis and lymphatic flow in mouse models of RA, and identified that asymmetric knee flare is associated with ipsilateral popliteal lymph node (PLN) collapse and the translocation of CD23+/CD21hi B-cells (B-in) into the paracortical sinus space of the node. In order to understand the relationship between this B-in translocation and lymph drainage from flaring joints, we tested the hypothesis that asymmetric tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced knee arthritis is associated with ipsilateral PLN and iliac lymph node (ILN) collapse, B-in translocation, and decreased afferent lymphatic flow.
Maximizing parallelism and minimizing synchronization with affine partitions

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm to find the optimal affine partitions that maximize the degree of parallelism and minimize the degree of synchronization in programs with arbitrary loop nestings and affine data accesses. The problem is formulated without the use of imprecise data dependence abstractions such as data dependence vectors. The algorithm presented subsumes previously proposed loop transformation algorithms that are based on unimodular transformations, loop distribution, fusion, scaling, reindexing, and statement reordering.
Faunal age of the Usno, Shungura B and Hadar Formations, Ethiopia

Recent work by Brown1, correlating the Sidi Hakoma (or Sidiha Koma2) Tuff at Hadar with Tuffs B and U-10 of the Shungura and Usno Formations, respectively, reverses a recent finding3 indicating an age of the Hadar Formation fauna of 2.9 to greater than 3.6 Myr BP. The difference in these determinations is 0.4 Myr, a significant period of evolutionary time. We compare the faunas from Shungura Unit B10, Usno and Hadar and discuss the implications for interpretation of the early hominid fossil record.
B-cell antigen receptor activates transcription factors NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) via a mechanism that involves diacylglycerol

Engagement of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) induces the activation of various transcription factors, including NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB), which participate in long-term biological responses such as proliferation, survival and differentiation of B-lymphocytes. We addressed the biochemical basis of this process using the DT40 chicken B-cell lymphoma. We discovered that Bruton9s tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phospholipase C-γ2 (PLC-γ2) are required to activate NFAT and NF-κB, and to produce the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol in response to BCR cross-linking. Therefore the functional integrity of the BTK/PLC-γ2/diacylglycerol signalling axis is crucial for BCR-directed activation of both transcription factors NFAT and NF-κB.
Effects of low doses of transdermal 17 beta-estradiol on carbohydrate metabolism in postmenopausal women

The impact of a 3-month continuous administration of transdermal estradiol (E2-TTS 50; 50 micrograms/day) or oral conjugated estrogen (CE; 0.625 mg/day) on glucose and lipid metabolism was investigated in two groups (n = 15/group) of postmenopausal women. Fasting levels of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide; C-peptide/insulin ratio (index of hepatic insulin clearance); and their responses to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were evaluated before and after 3 months of continuous estrogen administration. E2-TTS 50 modified carbohydrate metabolism, decreasing fasting insulin levels (P less than 0.01) and increasing the pancreatic islet response to glucose challenges, as indicated by an increased integrated value of the C-peptide curve associated with OGTT (P less than 0.05). Despite greater C-peptide secretion, integrated peripheral insulin after OGTT was decreased (P less than 0.05). The resulting increase in the integrated curve of the molar C-peptide/insulin ratio (P less than 0.01) indicated elevated hepatic insulin clearance after E2-TTS 50 administration. CE treatment did not modify carbohydrate metabolism, except for reducing fasting glucose levels (P less than 0.01). Neither therapy modified lipid metabolism, but a slight increase in circulating triglycerides (P less than 0.01) was observed during CE administration. Our data show that the addition of low doses of natural estrogens does not negatively influence glucose and lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women. By contrast, reversal of postmenopausal hypoestrogenism to early follicular phase estrogenic values with E2-TTS 50 administration seems to exert a beneficial effect on glucose metabolism by increasing hepatic insulin clearance.
Evaluation of Raman Scattering as a Sensor of Temperature and Molecular Density

The performance of the Raman scattering technique for the remote monitoring of temperature and molecular number density in various wind tunnel and engine testing facilities has been experimentally evaluated. Temperature measurements were made by monitoring the pure rotational spectrum of nitrogen and the rotational branch separations of nu2 of CF4 for temperatures in the range 300 to 1000 K. These measurements yielded an average error of 2.6 and 7.6%, respectively, for temperature measurements at pressures near 1 atm. Molecular number density measurements with 20% error could be made at densities as low as 3.5 times 10 to the 22-nd power per cu m by monitoring the 6 to 8 rotational transition of nitrogen, 3.5 times 10 to the 23-rd power per cu m by monitoring the Q-branch of the fundamental vibrational transition of nitrogen, and 7 times 10 to the 22-nd power per cu m by monitoring the nu1 fundamental vibrational transition of CF4.
Dynamical corrugation: simulations of the sticking of CO on Cu(100)

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out of the non-dissociative sticking probability of carbon monoxide on the clean (1 0 0) face of a copper crystal, as a function of incident translational energy, Etr, and incident angle with respect to the surface normal, θ. The computed sticking probabilities do not obey the standard functional dependence on E tr cos n θ . Rather, in order to fit this functional form, the exponent n must vary from the usual positive values at low incident energies to negative values at high energies, with a crossover from positive to negative at 0.5 eV. A negative n reflects a higher sticking probability at normal incidence than at oblique incidence for the same incident energy. This suggests that the effective corrugation is energy dependent and very pronounced at energies above 0.5 eV, in spite of the fact that Cu(1 0 0) is a smooth crystal face and its interaction with intact CO is chemically simple. Similar behavior has been observed experimentally for related systems, CO on Ni(1 0 0) and NO on Pt(1 1 1). In order to identify the source of this apparent strong corrugation, we have carried out MD simulations in which the moment of inertia of the CO molecule was artificially altered. We show that deeper penetration into the surface at higher energies is a negligible effect. The major contribution to the large, energy-dependent corrugation is a dynamic one; at low incident energies the CO molecular axis has time to continuously reorient into energetically favorable directions, whereas at high energy this orientational “steering” is much less complete. This, in conjunction with the strong directionality of the CO–Cu(1 0 0) binding, produces a large effective corrugation at high incident energy. We conclude that this source of large effective corrugation will apply generally to molecule–surface systems for which the orientational and lateral degrees of freedom are strongly coupled.
Suppressive effect of anticholinergic, oxyphenonium bromide, on reserpine-stimulated gastric secretion.

SummaryAn anticholinergic drug, oxy-phenonium bromide, (20 mg/day) was administered concomitantly with reserpine (.32 mg and .5 mg/day) to normal young adults. Addition of anticholinergic compound suppressed the rise in gastric free hydrochloric acid induced by administration of reserpine alone and reduced the gastric acidity below control levels in all instances.
Pyridopyrimidinone inhibitors of HIV-1 RNase H

Using a structure based pharmacophore design, a weak inhibitor of RNase H, identified from a small library of two metal binding HIV-1 integrase inhibitors, was optimized for potency and physicochemical properties. This manuscript describes the SAR and in vivo DMPK for the pyridopyrimidinone class of inhibitors.
Day-to-Day Variation in Iron Status Indexes is Similar for Most Measures in Elderly Women With and Without Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract Objective To determine the day-to-day variation in biochemical measures of iron status in a group of elderly women with rheumatoid arthritis compared with a group of healthy elderly women. Design Venous blood samples were collected from each subject on 3 nonconsecutive days during a 2-week study period; subjects had fasted overnight. Variability in hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, serum iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin concentration, and plasma transferrin receptor level was determined. Subjects Two groups of women, one with rheumatoid arthritis (n=10) and another that was apparently healthy (n=10). Statistical analyses Variance component analysis was used to estimate the biological variation (σ 2 day ) and analytic variation (σ 2 rep ) for each iron index. The coefficient of variation (CV) for each variance component was calculated: coefficient of biological variation=CV day , coefficient of analytic variation=CV rep , and coefficient of a single future determination=CV fd . Results The CV rep for all iron indexes was smaller than the CV day in both groups. The CV day was considerably higher for serum iron concentration and for transferrin saturation than for the other indexes in both groups (16.6% arid 16.6% in healthy subjects and 33.6% and 28.2%, respectively, in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis). The higher CV day for serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation translated into a higher CV fd for these indexes. Because of the higher variance for these two indexes, more sampling days were required for reliable estimates. CV da and CV fd for plasma transferrin receptor level were relatively low. Conclusions These findings corroborate our previous finding that variation of serum ferritin concentration in the elderly is lower than that demonstrated in younger populations. This aging effect persists in the presence of rheumatoid arthritis. Fasting appeared to improve reliability in the determinations for serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation. Variability estimates for the indexes other than serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation were not altered by the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis. Plasma transferrin receptor level is a reliable index for assessing iron status in populations with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:247-251 .
Electrically pumped UV nanowire lasers

We report electrically pumped Fabry-Perot (FP) type waveguide ultraviolet lasing from laser diodes that consist of Sb-doped p-type ZnO nanowires and n-type ZnO thin films. The diodes exhibit highly stable lasing at room temperature.
DARP: Java-based Data Analysis and Rapid Prototyping Environment for Distributed High Performance Computations

The integration of a compiled and interpreted HPF gives us an opportunity to design a powerful application development environment targeted for high performance parallel and distributed systems. This Web based system follows a three-tier model. The Java front-end holds proxy objects which can be manipulated with an interpreted Web client (a Java applet) interacting dynamically with compiled code through a tier-2 server. Although targeted for the HPF back-end, the system's architecture is independent of the back-end language, and can be extended to support other high performance languages. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women, Work, and Ideology in the Islamic Republic

This paper is a quantitative and qualitative analysis of Islamic ideology and female employment in Iran today. I examine the Islamic regime's ideology regarding women's roles (as well as the inconsistencies within it) and contrast it with women's employment patterns. I also compare the employment patterns today with those before the Revolution. The paper shows that much of the initial rhetoric discouraging female employment and attempting to impose an ideology of domesticity has not been successful. Although labor participation rates have declined for women, they have declined even more for men. The female share of the urban labor force has not altered, and government employment for women is actually higher today than it was before the Revolution. This paper suggests a discrepancy between ideological prescriptions and economic imperatives.
Avoiding depletion in virtual work: Telework and the intervening impact of work exhaustion on commitment and turnover intentions

Abstract Despite the tremendous growth of telework and other forms of virtual work, little is known about its impact on organizational commitment and turnover intentions, nor the mechanisms through which telework operates. Drawing upon the conservation of resources model as the theoretical framework, I posit telework’s impact is the result of resource stockpiling and flexibility as teleworkers are able to yield work and personal benefits and protect themselves from resource depletion in the office. Using a sample of 393 professional-level teleworkers in one organization, I therefore investigate the intervening role of work exhaustion in determining commitment and turnover intentions. Results indicate that telework is positively related to commitment and negatively related to turnover intentions, such that a higher degree of teleworking is associated with more commitment to the organization and weakened turnover intentions. Moreover, work exhaustion is found to mediate the relationships between teleworking and both commitment and turnover intentions.
Thermal stresses in a solid containing parallel circular cracks

This paper presents an analysis of the steady-state thermal stresses and displacements in an infinite elastic medium containing two or more parallel coaxial circular cracks. A “perturbation” technique is employed to reduce the problem of finding the temperature and the induced stresses to integral equations of Fredholm type which may be solved by numerical means or iterations. Two types of prescribed thermal conditions are considered. The first is concerned with a uniform flow of heat disturbed by insulated cracks and the second deals with stress-free cracks whose surfaces are exposed to identical amounts of heat. The details of the analysis are illustrated by considering the case of two cracks symmetrically located about the mid plane of the solid. When the cracks are of equal radii, iterative solutions of the governing integral equations are derived and used to determine expressions for the stress-intensity factors (opening and edge-sliding modes), displacements of crack surfaces and other quantities of physical interest which are valid for widely spaced cracks.
Etiology and symptomatology of chalkbrood in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata

Abstract Aseptically reared larvae of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata , are susceptible to infection by spores but not mycelial cultures of Ascosphaera aggregata when introduced per os. The symptoms and signs of chalkbrood vary, depending upon host age at inoculation. Larvae inoculated early in life did not undergo the internal color changes after death that characterized larvae inoculated later. A longer time to death was also evident among larvae inoculated at an early age. Changes in the aerobic state of the host gut at the molt to the fourth instar may account for the difference in average time to death.
Adherence process research on developmental interventions: filling in the middle.

Developmental interventions are programmatic efforts to influence change in specifically targeted developmental-behavioral processes and thereby alter the developmental trajectories of individuals or groups. Briefly stated, developmental interventions are developmental to the degree that they define individual behavior as a product of organism-context interactions over time, account for the organizational balance between risk and vulnerability factors on one hand and protective and resiliency factors on the other in developmental change, and assess the full profile of adaptive and maladaptive responses to developmental challenges at various life stages (Shirk, 1999). They are interventions to the degree that they promote change from an established or projected developmental pathway toward a more developmentally competent proximal or distal outcome (Ramey and Ramey, 1998). Developmental interventions can be categorized according to three fundamental intervention goals. Developmental health promotion focuses on facilitating positive outcomes in normative developmental achievement across the life span (Zeldin, 2000). These interventions work by providing social environments that afford task performance or mastery and stimulate existing developmental competencies. Preventive intervention aims to prevent or delay the onset of psychological distress and mental health problems for all members of a given population (universal preventions), members who have empirically established risk characteristics (selective preventions), or members who exhibit subclinical symptoms of a psychological disorder (indicated preventions) (Mrazek and Haggerty, 1994). Treatment intervention focuses on ameliorating symptoms and enhancing ; coping in individuals who experience significant psychological distress or exhibit behavioral symptoms that meet diagnostic criteria for mental health disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
Effect of Fluoride on Ribosomes from Corn Roots. Changes with Growth Retardation

Growth inhibition caused by fluoride was further studied by analyzing free and bound ribosomes, and the ribosomal components in corn roots. Ribosomes were isolated by differential centrifugation. Ribosomal components were analyzed by column chromatography and electrophoresis. Fluoride reduces the amounts of both free and bound ribosomes. Fluoride also modifies the RNA to protein ratio of bound ribosomes more than that of free ribosomes. Fluoride does not affect base ratios of the ribosomal RNA, but reduces its content and changes the structure of the ribosomal protein moiety.
Foreknowledge, Frankfurt, and Ability to Do Otherwise: A Reply to Fischer

There is one important point about which Fischer and I are in agreement. We agree that determinism is compatible with moral responsibility. We disagree about the best way of defending that claim. He thinks that Frankfurt's strategy is a good one, that we can grant incompatibilists the metaphysical victory (that is, agree with them that determinism means that we are never able to do otherwise) while insisting that we are still morally responsible. I think this a huge mistake and I think the literature spawned by Frankfurt's attempt to undercut the metaphysical debate between compatibilists and incompatibilists is a snare and a delusion, distracting our attention from the important issues.
Composite heavy quarks

Abstract A model is presented of composite heavy quarks, q α , which are “flavor excitations” of the standard four flavours q due to strong binding to a colored (spin 0, charge 0) boson α with a new quantum number. A number of novel, readily testable predictions follow: The d α = ( α d) and u α = ( α u) form an isodoublet so the ϒ(9.4) should consist of two resonances. The ϒ'(10.0) should be an (s α ,s α ) bound state. A (c α , s α ) state should exist around 15 GeV.
If you think socialisation in mLearning is difficult, try personalisation

Recently a lot has been written about Web 2.0, its focus on social networking, and its potential for eLearning. This carries forward to mLearning, a particular type of eLearning. Personalised learning has also been in the literature for decades. Much of this has involved a plea to individualise learning based on learning styles theories. This paper reviews the case for personalised learning, but instead of building on learning styles, the case presented here has more to do with mLearning as a way for learners having choice in what, how, and where they learn, both in school and out of school.
Modeling and Characterization of Damage Processes in Metallic Materials

This paper describes a broad effort that is aimed at understanding the fundamental mechanisms of crack growth and using that understanding as a basis for designing materials and enabling predictions of fracture in materials and structures that have small characteristic dimensions. This area of research, herein referred to as Damage Science, emphasizes the length scale regimes of the nanoscale and the microscale for which analysis and characterization tools are being developed to predict the formation, propagation, and interaction of fundamental damage mechanisms. Examination of nanoscale processes requires atomistic and discrete dislocation plasticity simulations, while microscale processes can be examined using strain gradient plasticity, crystal plasticity and microstructure modeling methods. Concurrent and sequential multiscale modeling methods are being developed to analytically bridge between these length scales. Experimental methods for characterization and quantification of near-crack tip damage are also being developed. This paper focuses on several new methodologies in these areas and their application to understanding damage processes in polycrystalline metals. On-going and potential applications are also discussed.
Mechanism for the Reduction of the Mixed-Valent MnIIIMnIV[2-OHsalpn]2+ Complex by Tertiary Amines

The mixed-valent dimanganese(III/IV) complex MnIIIMnIV(2-OHsalpn)2+, 1, is cleanly reduced in acetonitrile by aliphatic tertiary amines to give the dimanganese(III) product MnIII2(2-OHsalpn)2, 2. Thorough characterization of the organic reaction products shows that tributylamine is converted to dibutylformamide and propionaldehyde. Kinetic studies and radical trapping experiments suggest that this occurs via initial single-electron transfer from the amine to 1 coupled with C−Hα proton transfer from the oxidized amine. EPR spectroscopy and base inhibition studies indicate that coordination of the amine to 1 is a critical step prior to the electron transfer step. Rate data and its dependence on the amine indicate that the ability of the amine to reduce 1 is correlated to its basicity rather than to its reduction potential. Weakly basic amines were unable to reduce 1 irrespective of their reduction potential. This was inferred to indicate that proton transfer from the amine radical cation is also important i...
Neurotensin decreases pepsin output and gastrointestinal motility in chickens

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of neurotensin on gastric secretion and gastrointestinal motility in conscious chickens. Chickens were surgically fitted with a cannula to collect secretions from the proventriculus and strain gauge transducers sutured to the gizzard, duodenum, and ileum in order to detect contractions. Peripheral intravenous infusion of physiological levels of neurotensin inhibited pepsin output from the proventriculus, but had no effect on the volume or pH of gastric secretions. Neurotensin also inhibited both the frequency and strength of gastrointestinal contractions when compared to motility patterns following infusion of isotonic 0.9% (wt/vol) saline. The frequency of occurrence of small intestinal refluxes was not affected by neurotensin. These results coupled with our earlier work, which demonstrated that neurotensin is released by the presence of oleic acid in the duodenum, indicate that neurotensin may function as an enterogastrone released by lipids in the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken. This overall inhibitory effect of neurotensin on the avian gut indicates that it is involved in the postprandial regulation of digestion, especially lipid digestion.
Increased protein loss during peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis is neutrophil dependent.

Increased protein loss during peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis is neutrophil dependent. Background Peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients is accompanied by an enhanced migration of neutrophils (PMNs) and increased protein loss into the peritoneal cavity; however, the role of PMNs in governing increased protein loss during peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis is unknown. Methods We determined the importance of PMNs in governing changes in peritoneal permeability to protein in New Zealand White rabbits in which acute peritonitis was induced by adding 4 × 10 6 colony-forming units of Escherichia coli to 35 mL/kg of 0.9% saline dialysate. The total leukocyte and PMN migration into the peritoneal cavity was assessed by differential cell counts in the dialysate, and peritoneal permeability to protein was evaluated by calculating the dialysate to plasma concentration ratio for total protein as a function of time during a six- or eight-hour dwell. In series 1 experiments, leukocytes were depleted from the rabbit circulation by an intravenous injection of mustine (1.2 mg/kg) three days before the experiment; in series 2 experiments, integrin-dependent PMN migration into the peritoneal cavity was inhibited by an intravenous injection of monoclonal antibody (mAb) 60.3 (2 mg/kg) directed against the integrin CD18 on leukocytes five minutes before the experiment. Results In series 1 experiments, mustine decreased circulating leukocytes by 82 ± 5% (mean ± SEM) and circulating PMNs by 93 ± 3%. Total leukocyte and PMN migration into the peritoneal cavity and peritoneal permeability to protein were decreased in mustine-treated rabbits after exposure to E. coli in the dialysate to levels similar to those found in rabbits without bacterial peritonitis. In series 2 experiments, an intravenous injection of anti-CD18 antibody also abrogated both the enhanced PMN migration into the peritoneal cavity and the increased peritoneal permeability to protein after exposure to E. coli in the dialysate. Conclusions PMN migration into the peritoneal cavity is integrin dependent. Increased protein loss during acute, gram-negative bacterial peritonitis in a rabbit model of peritoneal dialysis is PMN dependent.
Axonal transport and neuronal transcytosis of trophic factors, tracers, and pathogens

Neurons can specifically internalize macromolecules, such as trophic factors, lectins, toxins, and other pathogens. Upon internalization in terminals, proteins can move retrogradely along axons, or, upon internalization at somatodendritic domains, they can move into an anterograde axonal transport pathway. Release of internalized proteins from neurons after either retrograde or anterograde axonal transport results in transcytosis and trafficking of proteins across multiple synapses. Recent studies of binding properties of several such proteins suggest that pathogens and lectins may utilize existing transport machineries designed for trafficking of trophic factors. Specific pathways may protect trophic factors, pathogens, and toxins from degradation after internalization and may target the trophic or pathogenic cargo for transcytosis after either retrograde or anterograde transport along axons. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of sorting steps and transport pathways will further our understanding of trophic signaling and could be relevant for an understanding and possible treatment of neurological diseases such as rabies, Alzheimer's disease, and prion encephalopathies. At present, our knowledge is remarkably sparse about the types of receptors used by pathogens for trafficking, the signals that sort trophins or pathogens into recycling or degradation pathways, and the mechanisms that regulate their release from somatodendritic domains or axon terminals. This review intends to draw attention to potential convergences and parallels in trafficking of trophic and pathogenic proteins. It discusses axonal transport/trafficking mechanisms that may help to understand and eventually treat neurological diseases by targeted drug delivery.
Reclassifying to the superintendent of documents classification system: Some considerations

Abstract This article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and methods of reclassifying depository collections to Superintendent of Documents. Although local environment dictates organizational choices and reclassification entails careful planning, there are benefits to Superintendent of Documents reclassification: development of a coherent set of policies governing the organization of depository materials, increased access to depository materials through print indexes and on-line databases, easier processing of depository microfiche, and easier depository guideline compliance.
Liposome-encapsulated3H-5FU in rabbits

We compared the pharmacokinetics of liposome-encapsulated tritiated 5-fluorouracil (3H-5FU-Lipo) to3H-5FU in buffered saline (3H-5FU-PBS) after subconjunctival or intravitreal injection into rabbit eyes. Liposomes were prepared using phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, and alpha-tocopherol. Following a unilateral subconjunctival injection of either3H-5FU-Lipo or3H-5FU-PBS, rabbits were sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 4, and 8 hours. Significantly higher (p<0.05) drug levels were achieved with the encapsulated drug in the vitreous at all four time points and in the aqueous at three of four time points.