cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Intimate Violence of Political and Economic Change in Southern Ethiopia

In 1960, women in southern Ethiopia's rural Konso district faced a violent campaign by local men to eradicate leather clothing following a ban imposed by the local governor, Tesfaye Hailu. Tesfaye, a man of the northern Amhara ethnic group, banned leather clothes along with bead necklaces and arm bracelets as part of imperial Ethiopia's “modernization,” which was influenced by disparate sources, including the United States. Tesfaye saw women's attire as “backward” and “unhygienic” and as obstructing modernization; its elimination was a means to improve Konso culture and help the empire join the community of modern nations. The “culture” of “the Other” has often been cast as impeding “modernity” and requiring elimination or change, particularly the practices of women, from genital cutting in eastern Africa to veiling among Muslim women in the Middle East and Europe (Hodgson 2009; Masquelier 2005; Merry 2009a). So it was with the widespread, politicized transition to cotton clothing in nineteenth- and twentieth-century eastern Africa. The target was clothing worn by all women in Konso and made by women in the low-status category of “Xauta,” sometimes referred to as a “caste.” Leather skirts signaled important stages in women's lives, and became extensions of individual women's tastes, experiences, and identities. Women today recall the violence and punishments of the campaign, including being chased, beaten, imprisoned, and fined, and even having their skirts forcibly removed at home and in public. They offer contradictory explanations of who initiated the ban and the reasons for it, but they remember clearly the local men involved in eradication efforts.
High-frequency effects of the potential minimum on noise

A physical model of the compensation phenomenon in space-charge reduced shot noise is discussed in some detail and applied first to a planar diode of infinite spacing short-circuited to ac effects. Analysis of both the time response and frequency response shows that parameters of the potential minimum are very important to the degree of noise compensation or over-compensation, and for certain parameters the internal feedback mechanism of returning charges may cause a self oscillation without external stimuli, or in other words a building-up to saturation levels of noise phenomena in these frequency ranges. For other parameters of the minimum there appear to be very complete compensation phenomena possible, but practical parameters for this were not found in the infinite spacing case. The infinite spaced short-circuited diode gives results in exact agreement with the frequency domain analysis of the open-circuited diode as analyzed by Siegman and Watkins. Some additional approximations may be made in this analysis for qualitative explorations, particularly important being the consideration of only a single velocity class of noise perturbation. The short-circuited diode of finite spacing is analyzed in both the frequency domain and time domain, and an approximate correction to the above results found as a function of total transit angle across the diode. In particular, the factor produces appreciable decreases in the reduction factor in the vicinity of certain transit angles across the diode, and as the Tien dips occur in these general ranges, the finite diode spacing is believed to be a strong candidate for explanation of these dips.
Trauma and sepsis in the intensive care unit

Objective. To highlight recent work directing practice standards for the resuscitation and respiratory support of patients sustaining trauma and infection. Material and methods. We undertook a selective review of the literature. Results. Careful use of blood products has received increasing attention in the setting of injury. Early aggressive administration of blood products may reduce the use of transfusion and improve outcomes while overuse of blood products increases the risk of complications, including transfusion-related acute lung injury. The septic patient will also benefit from early administration of fluids, vasoactive drugs and blood products. For sepsis and trauma patients, ventilator strategies favoring reduction of tidal volume and elevation of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) as lung-protective efforts are supported by recent data. Conclusion. Selective use of blood products and fluids leading to a reduction in tidal volume and an increase in PEEP support the enhanced management of trauma and sepsis.
Short and Long-Term Outcomes After Esophagectomy for Cancer in Elderly Patients

Background As worldwide life expectancy rises, the number of candidates for surgical treatment of esophageal cancer over 70 years will increase. This study aims to examine outcomes after esophagectomy in elderly patients. Methods This study is a retrospective review of 474 patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer during 2002 to 2011. A total of 334 (70.5%) patients were less than 70 years old (group A), 124 (26.2%) 70 to 79 years (group B), and 16 (3.4%) 80 years or greater (group C). We analyzed the effect of age on outcome variables including overall and disease specific survival. Results Major morbidity was observed to occur in 115 (35.6%) patients of group A, 58 (47.9%) of group B, and 10 (62.5%) of group C ( p = 0.010). Mortality, both 30-day and 90-day was observed in 2 (0.6%) and 7 (2.2%) of group A, 4 (3.2%) and 7 (6.1%) of group B, and 1 (6.3%) and 2 (14.3%) of group C, respectively ( p = 0.032 and p = 0.013). Anastomotic leak was observed in 16 (4.8%) patients of group A, 6 (4.8%) of group B, and 0 (0%) of group C ( p = 0.685). Anastomotic stricture (defined by the need for ≥ 2 dilations) was observed in 76 (22.8%) of group A, 13 (10.5%) of group B, and 1 (6.3%) of group C ( p = 0.005). Five-year overall and disease specific survival was 64.8% and 72.4% for group A, 41.7% and 53.4% for group B, 49.2% and 49.2% for group C patients ( p = 0.0006), respectively. Conclusions Esophagectomy should be carefully considered in patients 70 to 79 years old and can be justified with low mortality. Outcomes in octogenarians are worse suggesting esophagectomy be considered on a case by case basis. Stricture rate is inversely associated to age.
Theory and Numerical Modelling of the Effects of Ablator Wall and Hohlraum Transfer Gas Thermal Resistances on Deuterium-Tritium Redistribution Rates

The influence of capsule wall material and the transfer gas surrounding the capsule on the time required for beta-heating-induced redistribution of a 50-50 mole percent mixture of deuterium and tri...
Early use of beta blockers in patients with cocaine associated chest pain

Abstract Background The most common symptom of cocaine abuse is chest pain. Cocaine induced chest pain (CICP) shares patho-physiological pathways with the acute coronary syndromes (ACS). A key event is the increase of activity of the adrenergic system. Beta blockers (BBs), a cornerstone in the treatment of ACS, are felt to be contraindicated in the patient with CICP due to a potential of an “unopposed alpha adrenergic effect (UAE)”. Objectives Identify signs of UAE and in-hospital complications in patients who received BB while having cocaine induced chest pain. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 378 patients admitted to a medical unit because of CICP. Twenty six of these were given a BB at the time of admission while having CICP. We compared these patients to a control group paired by age, sex, race and history of hypertension who did not received a BB while having CICP. Blood pressure, heart rate, length of stay and in-hospital cardiovascular complications were compared. Results No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups except for a longer length of stay in the case group. This was felt to be due to unrelated causes. Conclusions This study does not support the presence of an UAE in patients with continuing CICP and treated early with BB. There were no in-hospital cardiovascular complications in the group of patients who had an early dose of BB while having CICP. Implications BB appeared safe when given early on admission to patients with CICP.
Learning to learn: advanced behavioural flexibility in a poison frog

Behavioural flexibility is essential for survival in a world with changing contingencies and its evolution is linked to complex physical and social environments. Serial reversal learning, in which reward contingencies change frequently, is a key indicator of behavioural flexibility. While many vertebrates are capable of serial reversal learning, only birds and mammals have previously been shown to use rule-based decision strategies (e.g. win-stay/lose-shift) to become better at learning changes in reward contingencies across reversals. While the lifestyles of many amphibians have a degree of complexity, the evidence to date suggests limited levels of behavioural flexibility. Here, we show that the poison frog Dendrobates auratus, which has evolved complex parental behaviours that likely depend on remembering locations in a flexible manner, can use a win-stay/lose-shift strategy to increase their behavioural flexibility across sequential changes in the reward contingencies in a visual discrimination task. Furthermore, probe trials demonstrate that the frogs used the provided visual cues to spatially orient in the maze in a manner reminiscent of complex spatial cognition. Our study provides the first evidence of serial reversal learning in frogs and is the first to demonstrate the use of a rule-based learning strategy in a nonavian, nonmammalian species.
Religious Participation and the Development of Moral Identity in Adolescence

Religion’s connection to morality may currently be of greater interest than it has been in any previous period of American history. Scarcely a week goes by without headlines in the newspaper and stories on television news concerning religion and its role in the ethics of education, public life, international relations, and so on. The salience of religion and morality has resulted partly from the clash of background assumptions about religion with current events. Most Americans presume that religion contributes to the public good and to ethical life. In a recent national poll (Public Agenda, 2001), 70% of Americans reported that they wanted religion’s influence on the country to grow. Particularly surprising was the same poll’s finding that most (76%) of those advocating for greater religious influence on public life claimed that denominational affiliation did not matter. In other words, Americans seemingly believe that those connected to a religious community—whatever that community’s practices may be—are more ethical than those without membership in a religious group. This belief probably underlies the American public’s support for nondenominational school prayer as an effective strategy for moral development (Public Agenda, 2001).
A comparison of Clean Power Plan forecasts for Wyoming: The importance of implementation and modeling assumptions

Abstract Debate regarding new policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as the Clean Power Plan (CPP) has focused on the significant implied changes such policies will have for the national energy system, and the national economy. Less debate, however, has occurred regarding the impact such policies will have on significant fossil fuel producing regions in the country. Such impacts are important to consider, both from an equity and political perspective. If some regions are impacted more than others across a national society, this could create political opposition that could undermine the implementation of such policies. The purpose of this paper is to present one such impact analysis, estimating the potential economic effects the CPP could have on Wyoming, the nation’s largest coal producing state. The paper also highlights how such estimates are heavily dependent on the initial simulation assumptions used to generate them. Using two sources of simulations, from Godby et al. (2015a) , and a later set from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), estimates of the potential impact of the originally proposed CPP rules on Wyoming economy are described. Simulation results are shown to be highly sensitive to how policy is implemented, and modeling assumptions. Regardless of the simulation, however, economic impacts of the CPP are shown to be severe to a producing state like Wyoming, potentially reducing that state’s employment by over 3%, and reducing state revenues by 14% or more.
A Study of the Effects of Smoking upon Grip Strength and Recuperation from Local Muscular Fatigue

(1951). A Study of the Effects of Smoking upon Grip Strength and Recuperation from Local Muscular Fatigue. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 102-108.
Uranium Adsorbent Fibers Prepared by Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) from Poly(vinyl chloride)-co-chlorinated Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-co-CPVC) Fiber

The need to secure future supplies of energy attracts researchers in several countries to a vast resource of nuclear energy fuel: uranium in seawater (estimated at 4.5 billion tons in seawater). In this study, we developed effective adsorbent fibers for the recovery of uranium from seawater via atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from a poly(vinyl chloride)-co-chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-co-CPVC) fiber. ATRP was employed in the surface graft polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and tert-butyl acrylate (tBA), precursors for uranium-interacting functional groups, from PVC-co-CPVC fiber. The [tBA]/[AN] was systematically varied to identify the optimal ratio between hydrophilic groups (from tBA) and uranyl-binding ligands (from AN). The best performing adsorbent fiber, the one with the optimal [tBA]/[AN] ratio and a high degree of grafting (1390%), demonstrated uranium adsorption capacities that are significantly greater than those of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) reference fiber in ...
An Effect of Electrostatic Dusting on DDT Dust Deposition.

A high electrical potential placed on insecticidal dust particles might create a force which would increase deposition on undersides of plant foliage. Conventional dusting equipment depends primarily on forces exerted by the mechanical equipment, air movement, and the force of gravity, to place the dust in the proper perspective for deposition. It is believed that little dust is ordinarily deposited on the bottom of plant foliage. This study was designed to determine if dust deposition on the bottom of plant foliage can be increased by emitting the dust particles from electrically charged nozzles.
Chronic catheterization of carotid and vertebral arteries in cats.

Summary1. A technic is described which makes it possible to administer drugs into the carotid or vertebral circulations of intact, freely moving cats repeatedly over a period of weeks or months. Ob...
Renin and antirenin in treatment of long term experimental renal hypertension in the dog.

Summary and Conclusions1. Courses of intramuscular injections of semipurified hog renin from cortex administered to dogs with experimental renal hypertensions of 4 or more years duration produced a significant reduction in blood pressure in those dogs which developed antirenin but not to normotension as previously found in dogs with chronic renal hypertension of 6 to 37 months duration. The 2 dogs which did not develop antirenin showed a maintained chronic pressor effect. 2. Passive immunization with homologous antirenin to hog renin produced a reduction in blood pressure to normotension or near normotension in dogs with experimental renal hypertensions of more than 7 years duration. 3. The mechanism of the decreased response to hog renin therapy in long term experimental renal hypertension in the dog is unknown. The results with passive immunization suggest that a lessened pathogenetic role for renin is not involved nor is progressive arteriolosclerosis. Possibly compensatory hypertensive mechanisms are ...
Analysis of Judgement Criteria of Lightning Strike Location Automatic Alarm System

The automatic analyzing system of lightning tripping,being developed for lightning strike location system of Henan Power Grid is presented.The system,on receipt of enquiry about line tripping from power dispatching or other personnel through GSM MODEM,compiles information on name of transmission line and time of tripping through decoding,automatically search for tripping from tower alarm database of lightning location system,and feeds back the enquiring result through short message to relevant personnel.The judgement criteria for lightning alarm were discussed and analyzed based on data from Henan lightning location system for 5 years.It is considered that most precise lightning alarm could be get when lightning strike occurred in 600 m from transmission line in time span of 5 min before and after line tripping,most alarm duration was 15 min and most effective alarm distance was 1 000 m.Line operation proves the feasibility of lightning alarm.
Reno-protective Effect of Simvastatin on Adriamycin-induced Nephropathy Rats

Objective:To observe the reno-protective effect of simvastatin on adriamycin(ADR) induced nephropathy rats.Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control,ADR nephrosis and simvastatin-treated ADR nephrosis groups.ADR nephropathy was induced by a single tail intravenous injection of ADR(6.5 mg/kg).Simvastatin at 3 mg/kg body weight was administered once a day by gavage,the control rats and the ADR nephrosis rats received 0.9% saline once a day by gavage.Treatment was started 6 d after ADR injection and lasted 11 weeks.Twenty four hours urinary protein excretion was measured with the Coomassie brilliant blue method,serum albumin(ALB),total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low-density lipoprotein(LDL) and creatinine(Cr) were measured with an automatic biochemical analyzer,histopathological changes were observed under light microscopy and transmission electron microscope,and glomerulosclerosis index(GSI) was also evaluated.Results:Simvastatin significantly decreased 24-h urinary protein excretion,serum Cr and GSI,and these changes occurred in the absence of lowering of serum lipids.Conclusions:Simvastatin has renoprotective effects on adriamycin induced nephropathy rats,independent of the lipids-lowering effects.
Observation of curative effect of Kaihoujian spray(child) in treatment of hand foot and mouth disease oral herpes

Objective:To observe curative effect of Kaihoujian spray(child) in treatment of hand foot and mouth disease oral herpes.Methods:690 cases of HFMD patients with diagnosed were divided into treatment group and control group,control group was given the treatment of Kaihoujian spray,the control group was given montmorillonite powder mixed with honey applied oral ulcer,respectively,the therapeutic effects were observed.Results:The total effective rate and cure time of treatment group was significantly better than the control group.Conclusion:Curative effect of Kaihoujian spray(child) in treatment of hand foot and mouth disease oral herpes is better than the control group,with significantly shorter healing time of oral herpes,relieve pain,and during treatment without any adverse reaction.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Formation and Stabilization of the RNA Polymerase-Promoter Open Compex

Specific binding of E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme (RNAP; α2ββ’σ70) to promoter DNA sets in motion a series of conformational changes that advance the initial closed complex (RPc), open 12-14 bp including the −10 region and the transcription start site, and at some promoters then stabilize the initial open complex dramatically. Our research focuses on the kinetics and mechanism of these conformational changes at different promoters, using Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and protein induced fluorescence enhancement (PIFE) together with fast footprinting and filter binding assays to determine the kinetics of open complex formation and dissociation, and to obtain structural and thermodynamic information about key intermediates. FRET and PIFE results to date demonstrate the importance of wrapping of upstream promoter DNA on RNAP for efficient bending of the downstream duplex into the active site cleft to form the advanced closed complex which is opened by RNAP in the rate limiting step. The initial open complex is found to be unstable, and is subsequently stabilized at some but not all promoters by conformational changes and interactions of in-cleft and downstream mobile elements of RNAP, directed by the discriminator sequence of the promoter. Dissociation kinetic studies with PIFE, FRET and filter binding assays are being used to probe the mechanism of these conformational changes in open complex stabilization. This project is funded by NIH support(GM103061).
CHAPTER 61 – A Graphical Method of Determining Tracer Influx Constants in the Presence of Labeled Metabolites

The graphical analysis technique of Patlak, Blasburg, and Fenstermacher and Gjedde is a popular tool for estimating blood-to-tissue influx constants from multiple-time uptake data. This chapter presents a convenient extension of this technique that can be applied to tracers with significant quantities of labeled metabolites in the blood, which cause errors in the standard graphical analysis. The extended graphical method applies when the intact tracer is irreversibly trapped in tissue and the labeled metabolites are not. It has been concluded that the extended graphical analysis approach provides a simple and efficient method for estimating tissue transfer constants for tracers with labeled metabolites.
Multiple Signals Govern Utilization of a Polysaccharide in the Gut Bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

ABSTRACT The utilization of simple sugars is widespread across all domains of life. In contrast, the breakdown of complex carbohydrates is restricted to a subset of organisms. A regulatory paradigm for integration of complex polysaccharide breakdown with simple sugar utilization was established in the mammalian gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, whereby sensing of monomeric fructose regulates catabolism of both fructose and polymeric fructans. We now report that a different regulatory paradigm governs utilization of monomeric arabinose and the arabinose polymer arabinan. We establish that (i) arabinan utilization genes are controlled by a transcriptional activator that responds to arabinan and by a transcriptional repressor that responds to arabinose, (ii) arabinose utilization genes are regulated directly by the arabinose-responding repressor but indirectly by the arabinan-responding activator, and (iii) activation of both arabinan and arabinose utilization genes requires a pleiotropic transcriptional regulator necessary for survival in the mammalian gut. Genomic analysis predicts that this paradigm is broadly applicable to the breakdown of other polysaccharides in both B. thetaiotaomicron and other gut Bacteroides spp. The uncovered mechanism enables regulation of polysaccharide utilization genes in response to both the polysaccharide and its breakdown products. IMPORTANCE Breakdown of complex polysaccharides derived from “dietary fiber” is achieved by the mammalian gut microbiota. This breakdown creates a critical nutrient source for both the microbiota and its mammalian host. Because the availability of individual polysaccharides fluctuates with variations in the host diet, members of the microbiota strictly control expression of polysaccharide utilization genes. Our findings define a regulatory architecture that controls the breakdown of a polysaccharide by a gut bacterium in response to three distinct signals. This architecture integrates perception of a complex polysaccharide and its monomeric constituent as well as feedback of central metabolism. Moreover, it is broadly applicable to several prominent members of the mammalian gut microbiota. The identified regulatory strategy may contribute to the abundance of gut Bacteroides , despite fluctuations in the host diet.
Nat Turner and the Rising in Southampton County. By David F. Allmendinger Jr. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. Pp. xi, 401. $49.95.)

The author of this study has put together many pieces of the most important slave rebellion of the nineteenth‐century United States to create the most detailed study we have yet of Nat Turner's reb...
Evaluating the Accountability Deficits of Government Agencies (WITHDRAWN)

Accountability is one of the foundations of democratic governance, but noticeably little is known of how it works in practice. Empirical studies of Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) as a major ...
Américo Castro’s Conversos and the Question of Subjectivity

Scholars have long puzzled over the disproportionate role played by Judeo-conversos in the innovative cultural currents of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. Recently, a number of scholars have developed the idea that outstanding converso thinkers and authors shared a sensibility that anticipated modernity (particularly Jewish modernity). One of the key features of this sensibility was subjective consciousness. This article explores the foundational work of Americo Castro on this subject. Drawing from nineteenth-century orientalist discourse, Castro understood the subjective awareness of conversos to be a renewed expression of ancient “semitic” characteristics discernable in medieval Jewish (and Islamic) writing, as well as in the Hebrew Bible. In Castro’s view, the conversos’ inherent access to their inner life, stimulated by their experience of repression, allowed them to create a literature that became synonymous with Hispanicity. Castro’s conversos, in whom the strongly negative characteristics of his Jews have “disappeared,” are thus harbingers not of modernity, but of a coalescing Spanish national identity. Yet his essentialized view of converso subjectivity has offered support to recent scholarship on “Marranism” and modernity, which follows Castro in its converso-centric apprehension of subjectivity in early modern Europe.
Metabolomics and Precision Medicine in Trauma: The State of the Field

Trauma is a major problem in the United States. Mortality from trauma is the number one cause of death under the age of 45 in the United States and is the third leading cause of death for all age groups. There are approximately 200,000 deaths per year due to trauma in the United States at a cost of over $671 billion in combined healthcare costs and lost productivity. Unsurprisingly, trauma accounts for approximately 30% of all life-years lost in the United States. Due to immense development of trauma systems, a large majority of trauma patients survive the injury, but then go on to die from complications arising from the injury. These complications are marked by early and significant metabolic changes accompanied by inflammatory responses that lead to progressive organ failure and, ultimately, death. Early resuscitative and surgical interventions followed by close monitoring to identify and rescue treatment failures are key to successful outcomes. Currently, the adequacy of resuscitation is measured using vital signs, noninvasive methods such as bedside echocardiography or stroke volume variation, and other laboratory endpoints of resuscitation, such as lactate and base deficit. However, these methods may be too crude to understand cellular and subcellular changes that may be occurring in trauma patients. Better diagnostic and therapeutic markers are needed to assess the adequacy of interventions and monitor responses at a cellular and subcellular level and inform clinical decision-making before complications are clinically apparent. The developing field of metabolomics holds great promise in the identification and application of biochemical markers toward the clinical decision-making process.
Transcriptional Changes during Naturally Acquired Zika Virus Infection Render Dendritic Cells Highly Conducive to Viral Replication.

Summary Although dendritic cells are among the human cell population best equipped for cell-intrinsic antiviral immune defense, they seem highly susceptible to infection with the Zika virus (ZIKV). Using highly purified myeloid dendritic cells isolated from individuals with naturally acquired acute infection, we here show that ZIKV induces profound perturbations of transcriptional signatures relative to healthy donors. Interestingly, we noted a remarkable downregulation of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes and innate immune sensors, suggesting that ZIKV can actively suppress interferon-dependent immune responses. In contrast, several host factors known to support ZIKV infection were strongly upregulated during natural ZIKV infection; these transcripts included AXL, the main entry receptor for ZIKV; SOCS3, a negative regulator of ISG expression; and IDO-1, a recognized inducer of regulatory T cell responses. Thus, during in vivo infection, ZIKV can transform the transcriptome of dendritic cells in favor of the virus to render these cells highly conducive to ZIKV infection.
Convenience or Strength? Aiding Optimal Strategies in Password Generation

Passwords are a wide-spread authentication method used almost unanimously. Though the topic of passwords security may seem old, it is more relevant than ever. This study examines current user-password interactions and classifies them in terms of convenience and security. Findings show that users are aware of what constitutes a secure password but may forgo these security measures in terms of more convenient passwords, largely depending on account type. Additionally, responses show that users are very motivated to reuse or create similar passwords, making them easy to remember and including something meaningful to them. Finally, researchers provide discussion of the results along with a conclusion and recommendations.
Tumor antigens discovery: perspectives for cancer therapy

The adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) along with interleukin 2 (IL-2) into autologous patients with cancer resulted in the objective regression of tumor, indicating that these CTLs recognized cancer rejection antigens on tumor cells. To understand the molecular basis of T cell-mediated antitumor immunity, several groups started to search for such tumor antigens in melanoma as well as in other types of cancers. This led to the subject I will review in this article. A number of tumor antigens were isolated by the use of cDNA expression systems and biochemical approaches. These tumor antigens could be classified into several categories: tissue-specific differentiation antigens, tumor-specific shared antigens, and tumor-specific unique antigens. However, the majority of tumor antigens identified to date are nonmutated, self proteins. This raises important questions regarding the mechanism of antitumor activity and autoimmune disease. The identification of human tumor rejection antigens provides new opportunities for the development of therapeutic strategies against cancer. This review will summarize the current status and progress toward identifying human tumor antigens and their potential applications to cancer treatment.
An EWMA-based Bounded Adjustment Scheme with Adaptive Noise Variance Estimation

Bounded-adjustment schemes have been developed to adjust processes subject to stochastic disturbances. Actual implementation of these schemes can depend on a number of decisions, including the cost associated with the control actions. The schemes are fo..
Selective, C-3 Friedel-Crafts acylation to generate functionally diverse, acetylated Imidazo[1,2- a ]pyridine derivatives.

Abstract Carbon-carbon bonds are integral for pharmaceutical discovery and development. Frequently, C C bond reactions utilize expensive catalyst/ligand combinations and/or are low yielding, which can increase time and expenditures in pharmaceutical development. To enhance C C bond formation protocols, we developed a highly efficient, selective, and combinatorially applicable Friedel-Crafts acylation to acetylate the C-3 position of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. The reaction, catalyzed by aluminum chloride, is both cost effective and more combinatorial friendly compared to acetylation reactions requiring multiple, stoichiometric equivalents of AlCl3. The protocol has broad application in the construction of acetylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with an extensive substrate scope. All starting materials are common and the reaction requires inexpensive, conventional heating methods for adaptation in any laboratory. Further, the synthesized compounds are predicted to possess GABA activity through a validated, GABA binding model. The developed method serves as a superior route to generate C-3 acetylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine building-blocks for combinatorial synthetic efforts.
Prediction of Incident Delirium Using a Random Forest classifier

Delirium is a serious medical complication associated with poor outcomes. Given the complexity of the syndrome, prevention and early detection are critical in mitigating its effects. We used Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) screening and Electronic Health Record (EHR) data for 64,038 inpatient visits to train and test a model predicting delirium arising in hospital. Incident delirium was defined as the first instance of a positive CAM occurring at least 48 h into a hospital stay. A Random Forest machine learning algorithm was used with demographic data, comorbidities, medications, procedures, and physiological measures. The data set was randomly partitioned 80% / 20% for training and validating the predictive model, respectively. Of the 51,240 patients in the training set, 2774 (5.4%) experienced delirium during their hospital stay; and of the 12,798 patients in the validation set, 701 (5.5%) experienced delirium. Under-sampling of the delirium negative population was used to address the class imbalance. The Random Forest predictive model yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) of 0.909 (95% CI 0.898 to 0.921). Important variables in the model included previously identified predisposing and precipitating risk factors. This machine learning approach displayed a high degree of accuracy and has the potential to provide a clinically useful predictive model for earlier intervention in those patients at greatest risk of developing delirium.
Approximating Ocean Acoustic Fields with Finite Basis Function Series for Autonomous Vehicle Applications

Algorithms that enable acoustic sensing vehicles to autonomously map acoustic fields are being developed, but some require an analytical representation of the data collected from the acoustic field...
Knowledge, evidence, and multiple process types

The generality problem is one of the most pressing challenges for reliabilism. The problem begins with this question: of all the process types exemplified by a given process token, which types are the relevant ones for determining whether the resultant belief counts as knowledge? As philosophers like Earl Conee and Richard Feldman have argued, extant responses to the generality problem have failed, and it looks as if no solution is forthcoming. In this paper, I present a new response to the generality problem that illuminates the nature of knowledge-enabling reliability. My response builds upon the insights of Juan Comesana’s well-founded solution to the generality problem, according to which relevant types are content–evidence pairs, i.e., descriptions of both the target belief’s content and the evidence on which the belief was based. While most responses to the generality problem, including Comesana’s, only posit one relevant type for any given process token, I argue that knowledge-enabling reliability requires a process token to be reliable with respect to multiple content–evidence pairs, each with varying degrees of descriptive specificity. I call this solution multi-type evidential reliabilism (MTE). After offering a clear formulation of MTE, I conclude by arguing that MTE is sufficiently informative to rebut Conee and Feldman’s generality problem objection to a reliability condition on knowledge.
The Origin of the Zanstra Discrepancy: UV Excess in the Central Star Continuum?

The temperature of a planetary nebula central star (CPN) may be determined by observing the nebular flux in an H I or He II recombination line and the stellar flux in a continuum band. The former measures the integrated UV stellar continuum blueward of the ionization edge of the recombined ion. By assuming a continuum shape (usually a blackbody), the ratio of these two fluxes yields an effective temperature for the CPN. This particular method, first introduced by Zanstra (1931), has an advantage over others in that the observables are relatively straightforward to obtain. However, this method also carries a troublesome ambiguity with it: CPN temperatures determined using He II recombination lines. This Zanstra discretpancy is reviewed by Kaler (1985) and Henry and Shipman (1986). Examples of He II and H I temperatures for numerous CPNs are given in Pottasch (1984), where it is shown that the He II Zanstra temperature often exceeds the H I temperature by several times 104K.
Physical activity and sleep problems in homeless adults

Background For the estimated 554,000 homeless individuals on any given night in the United States, obtaining quality sleep is often challenging. This group is known to have multiple health disparities, potentially affected by sleep problems; therefore, identifying lifestyle factors–such as physical activity–that are associated with improving both quality and quantity of sleep has important implications for public health. Here, we examine associations of physical activity with subjective sleep problems within a large sample of homeless adults. Methods Participants were homeless adults recruited from Dallas and Oklahoma (N = 747; 66.1% men, Mage = 43.7±12.1). Participants self-reported insufficient sleep (number of days without sufficient rest/sleep in the last month; categorized as 0, 1–13, 14–29, or ≥30 days), sleep duration (over average 24 hours; categorized as ≤6 [short sleeper], 7–9 [optimal sleeper], or ≥10 hours [long sleeper]), and unintentional daytime sleep (number of days with unintentional sleep in the last month; categorized as 0 vs ≥30 days). Physical activity was assessed subjectively using the BRFSS Physical Activity Questionnaire. Regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between physical activity and sleep problems, controlling for age, sex, race, education, body mass, months homeless, at-risk drinking, self-rated health, serious mental illness, smoking status, and recruitment city. Results Failure to meet/exceed physical activity guidelines was associated with higher likelihood of being a long sleeper (OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.46, 4.78) but a lower likelihood of having ≥30 days of insufficient rest/sleep (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.93). Conclusions Findings suggest that physical activity promotion may hold promise for addressing the problem of too much sleep, but not other manifestations of sleep problems among this vulnerable group.
Loop Antennas for Use On/Off Ground Planes

Many applications benefit from the ability of an RFID tag to operate both on and off a conducting ground plane. This paper presents an electrically small loop antenna at 433 MHz that passively maintains its free-space tune and match when located a certain distance away from a large conducting ground plane. The design achieves this using a single radiation mechanism (that of a loop) in both environments without the use of a ground plane or EBG/AMC structure. An equivalent circuit model is developed that explains the dual-environment behavior and shows that the geometry balances inductive and capacitive parasitics introduced by the ground plane such that the free-space loop reactance, and thus resonant frequency, does not change. A design equation for balancing the inductive and capacitive parasitic effects is derived. Finally, experimental data showing the design eliminates ground plane detuning in practice is presented. The design is suitable for active, “hard” RFID tag applications.
Molecular Basis of Impulse Generation and Propagation

In 1952, Hodgkin and Huxley reported their findings on the channel theory and the gating system in the squid axon, by demonstrating how channels open and close and how ions pass through open channels. In this chapter the author discusses the ionic basis of the cardiac action potential, the role of sodium channels, voltage-gated calcium channels, voltage-gated potassium channels, the genesis of the funny current of the sinus node, and gap junction channels. Major advances in basic electrophysiology of the conducting system including cloning and sequencing of the genes responsible for ion channels hold the futuristic potential of genetic manipulation in the treatment of hereditary as well as acquired cardiac arrhythmias.
Gametic embryogenesis and callogenesis in Isolated microspore culture of Jatropha curcas L. a recalcitrant bioenergy crop

Jatropha curcas is an undomesticated crop and its plantations did not meet commercial expectation due to absence of high yielding commercial line with desired agronomic characters. Earlier, breeding efforts did not pay much attention on yield and disease improving traits due to lack of desired genetic variability. Isolated microspore culture is one of the most widely used in vitro techniques to induce gametic embryogenesis with wide degree of genetic variability for the development of haploids and doubled haploids. In this study, an efficient isolated microspore culture system was established for different genotypes with the optimization of various factors that affect microspore embryogenesis. After 15–20 days of culture at 25 °C, tetrads, mid, early un-vacuolated and vacuolated late stage uninucleate microspores, which were preincubated at 4 °C for 7 days under shaking conditions, induced the formation of embryo like structures (ELSs) in a modified MS medium with 2.0 mg/l, 2,4-d, 0.1 mg/l kinetin, 300 mg/l casein hydrolysate, 1 g/l glutamine, 0.5 mg/l folic acid, 0.05 mg/l biotin and 5% sucrose. It is observed that the shock at 4 °C for 7 days, subsequently incubation of microspore cultures at 25 °C for 15 days and then at 15 °C for 10 days played a significant role in induction and accelerated creation of ELSs in three different genotypes. Microscopic analyses confirmed the different developmental stages of microspore embryogenesis including cell division and multicellular embryo like structures. Additionally, flow cytometric analyses verified the calli and ELSs were haploids in nature and strengthened that the origin was from microspores. This study supports the evidence of gametic embryogenesis in Jatropha microspore culture. Development of haploid and doubled haploids in Jatropha Microspore culture.
Star formation environments and the distribution of binary separations

We have carried out K-band speckle observations of a sample of 114 X-ray selected weak-line T Tauri stars in the nearby Scorpius-Centaurus OB association. We find that for binary T Tauri stars closely associated to the early type stars in Upper Scorpius, the youngest subgroup of the OB association, the peak in the distribution of binary separations is at 90 A.U. For binary T Tauri stars located in the direction of an older subgroup, but not closely associated to early type stars, the peak in the distribution is at 215 A.U. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicates that the two binary populations do not result from the same distibution at a significance level of 98%. Apparently, the same physical conditions which facilitate the formation of massive stars also facilitate the formation of closer binaries among low-mass stars, whereas physical conditions unfavorable for the formation of massive stars lead to the formation of wider binaries among low-mass stars. The outcome of the binary formation process might be related to the internal turbulence and the angular momentum of molecular cloud cores, magnetic field, the initial temperature within a cloud, or - most likely - a combination of all of these. We conclude that the distribution of binary separations is not a universal quantity, and that the broad distribution of binary separations observed among main-sequence stars can be explained by a superposition of more peaked binary distributions resulting from various star forming environments. The overall binary frequency among pre-main-sequence stars in individual star forming regions is not necessarily higher than among main-sequence stars.
Cognitive control training for urgency: A pilot randomized controlled trial in an acute clinical sample.

Abstract Urgency – rash action in the context of strong emotion – is a facet of impulsivity closely related to many psychological disorders. Deficits in working memory and response inhibition are potential mechanisms underlying urgency, and a previous study showed that cognitive training targeting these domains is efficacious in reducing urgency. However, the feasibility and efficacy of this intervention has not yet been tested in a clinical sample or naturalistic treatment setting. To fill this gap, we conducted a pilot study of cognitive training for individuals reporting high levels of urgency in a partial hospitalization program. We evaluated this intervention in an open trial (n = 20), followed by a randomized controlled trial (n = 46) comparing cognitive training plus treatment as usual to treatment as usual. Results supported the feasibility and acceptability of cognitive training. Participants in the training group showed significant improvement on cognitive tasks, but groups did not differ in urgency. In pooled analyses combining the open trial and RCT, there was a significant reduction in distress intolerance in the training group only. Results indicate the potential benefit of cognitive training for distress intolerance, but do not support the use of cognitive training for urgency in acute clinical settings. The study conducted in the RCT phase of this manuscript is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT: NCT03527550 ). The full trial protocol is available on ClinicalTrials.gov .
The society of text: hypertext, hypermedia, and the social construction of information

Introduction - thought and language in a virtual environment, Edward Barrett. Part 1 Hypertext and hypermedia - designing systems for the online user: online information, hypermedia, and the idea of literacy, Philip Rubens online information - what do people want? what do people need?, Roger A. Grice hypertext in context, David S. Herrstrom and David G. Massey hypertext and intelligent interfaces for text retrieval, Patricia Ann Carlson. Part 2 Multimedia and nonlinear information architectures: investigations in multimedia design documentation, Matthew E. Hodges, et al supporting collaboration in hypermedia - issues and experiences, Peggy M. Irish and Randall H. Trigg the missing link - why we're all doing hypertext wrong, Norman Meyrowitz reflections on authoring, editing and managing hypertext, Ben Shneiderman authoring tools for complex document sets, Janet H. Walker limited freedom - linear reflections on nonlinear texts, Joseph T. Jaynes from database to hypertext via electronic publishing - an information odyssey, R. John Brockmann, et al. Part 3 The social perspective - writers, management and the online environment: trends in the emerging profession of technical communication, John Kirsch reconstruction of a profession - new roles for writers in the computer industry, Muriel Zimmerman online writing from an organizational perspective, Robert Krull consulting skills for technical writers, Lawrence B. Levine how to manage educational computing initiatives - lessons from the first five years of Project Athena at MIT, Jacqueline A. Stewart textual intervention, collaboration and the online environment, Edward Barrett. Part 4 Sensemaking, learning and the online environment: techniques of user message design - developing a user message system to support co-operative work, Christine M. Neuwirth hand-crafted hypertext - lessons from the ACM experiment, Liora Alschuler the evaluation of online help systems - a conceptual model, Thomas M. Duffy, et al escher effects in online text, Judith Ramey using "Word-Knowledge" reasoning for question answering, Jill Gaulding and Boris Katz learning by doing with simulated intelligent help, John M. Carroll and Amy P. Aaronson.