cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Permutation Tests for Multiple Loci Affecting a Quantitative Character

The problem of detecting minor quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for genetic variation not explained by major QTL is of importance in the complete dissection of quantitative characters. Two extensions of the permutation-based method for estimating empirical threshold values are presented. These methods, the conditional empirical threshold (CET) and the residual empirical threshold (RET), yield critical values that can be used to construct tests for the presence of minor QTL effects while accounting for effects of known major QTL. The CET provides a completely nonparametric test through conditioning on markers linked to major QTL. It allows for general nonadditive interactions among QTL, but its practical application is restricted to regions of the genome that are unlinked to the major QTL. The RET assumes a structural model for the effect of major QTL, and a threshold is constructed using residuals from this structural model. The search space for minor QTL is unrestricted, and RET-based tests may be more powerful than the CET-based test when the structural model is approximately true.
Evaluation of acute right ventricular failure in scleroderma and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Background: The ability to maintain adequate right ventricle (RV) function is paramount to survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, little is known about RV function in patients with established PAH who are hospitalized for acute RV failure. Since RV adaptation is often worse in scleroderma-associated PAH (SSc-PAH) than in patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) despite similar afterload, we sought to compare RV function in hospitalized PAH patients using tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), a non-invasive measurement of RV function that strongly associates with invasive hemodynamics and survival in both SSc-PAH and IPAH. Methods: 47 patients with SSc-PAH or IPAH were evaluated during their first admission to a hospital for RV failure. All patients received transthoracic echocardiography. Vital signs and survival from time of admission were recorded. Results: This cohort was composed of 91% females, with mean age 56 (range 23-81). There were 68% SSc-PAH and 32% IPAH patients. Mean TAPSE was 0.3 cm larger in IPAH compared to SSc-PAH (1.4cm ± 0.424, vs. 1.1cm ± 0.33, p=0.02). This relationship persisted despite controlling for age, admission vitals, and time since diagnosis. 1-year mortality was 47%. Relative risk of mortality was 53% less in the IPAH group than in those with SSc (10% ± 0.32 vs. 63% ± 0.49, p=0.004). Conclusion: SSc-PAH patients admitted with acute RV failure had both lower TAPSE and higher 1 year mortality than those with IPAH. This association suggests that TAPSE may offer prognostic information in patients with acute RV failure. Larger studies are needed to confirm the significance of these findings.
Regional Impact of Public Transportation Infrastructure: A Spatial Panel Assessment of the U.S. Northeast Megaregion

This research examines the regional impact of public transportation infrastructure in the northeast megaregion of the United States: public highways, railways, transit, and airports. Infrastructure stock is valued in monetary terms from 1991 to 2009. A spatial panel approach with fixed effects is adopted to test the hypothesis of spillovers by controlling for spatial dependence. The result suggests that transportation infrastructure, in general, does have a significant impact on regional economic growth, most of which is from spillover effects. Highways have an overwhelming influence through local effects and spillover effects. The impacts from public railways and airports are significant, but transit impacts are insignificant, although a positive spillover effect is found.
Imatinib and the neoplastic bone microenvironment

The effects of aging, medical comorbidity, and systemic therapeutics interplay with the varied and distinctive capacities of neoplasms to usurp the physiological machinery regulating bone structure and function, thus determining skeletal morbidity and related mortality. In this issue of Blood, Fitter and colleagues report frequent increases in trabecular bone volume—a 2-fold increase over baseline in nearly half of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)—treated with the multi–tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, imatinib mesylate. Although the clinical significance of this anabolic and/or anticatabolic effect remains to be determined, these mechanistic studies offer a plausible explanation for the outcome.
Total internal reflection apodizers

Abstract A novel type of apodizer using total internal reflection is suggested for use in high-power laser systems.
Nutritive value of marine oils. II. Effects ofin vivo antioxidants in feeding menhaden oil to swine

Five pair-groups of swine were fed diets composed of crude feed materials to which 10% of clay-bleached, light cold-pressed menhaden oil was added. The oil was allowed to oxidize under controlled conditions and aliquots of fresh and oxidized oil were removed at peroxide values (PV) of 2.6, 15.5, and 61—each of which was fed to one group of animals. Two additional animal groups received diets containing the highly oxidized oil (PV=61) plus either alpha-tocopherol acetate or ethoxyquin. All oils were stored frozen and were mixed with the diets daily. Lard was fed at a similar 10% level to a control group of pigs. Both feed intakes and weight gains were progressively reduced as the diet oil was more highly oxidized. As oxidation of the oil increased, intensity of “yellow fat” increased and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were progressively decreased. Both alpha-tocopherol acetate and ethoxyquin actedin vivo to improve feed intake, rate of gain, and blood condition, and eliminated the incidence of steatitis.
Element analysis in labeled DNA by x-ray fluorescence

Abstract An x-ray fluorescence method has been developed which allows for the determination of the degree of replacement of thymine in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by the halogenated uracils, 5-bromouracil, 5-iodouracil and 5-chlorouracil, as well as the sulfur-containing analogs, thioguanine (replacing guanine) and 6-mercaptopurine (replacing adenine). In this method the ratio of the number of halogen (or sulfur) to phosphorus atoms is measured for determination of the degree of replacement. This ratio is obtained dispersively without concern for interline interferences due to elemental impurities in the DNA. The more sensitive nondispersive analytical approach is also used in this system for the determination of bromouracil and iodouracil replacement for isolated DNA material of extreme purity. Under our optimum instrumental conditions, the dispersive approach gives an expected relative counting error for the determination of the Br: P ratio in 10 μg samples of DNA containing 0.5% Br by dry weight (equivalent to about 1% replacement) of 8% for a 10 min integration time. An actual precision measurement on 10 μg samples of DNA with a bromine content of 0.8% dry weight gave a relative standard deviation of 3.7% for the Br: P ratio in a 20 min integration time. Precision analysis on 2 μg samples of Br containing DNA shows the experimental error is less than 1.3 times the expected counting statistical error (see “Results”). The precision in the determination of the Br: P ratio on 2 μg samples of DNA was found to remain practically unchanged with the addition of 8 μg of nonphosphorus containing “impurities,” and the measure of the ratio upon the addition of 80% impurities shows a variation of close to 6% for DNA samples containing about 3% Br by dry weight. The expected error in replacement determinations depends on the amount of replacement. For example, maximal replacement in the order of 0.6% of guanine by TG in Escherichia coli B r (E. coli B r ) has been reported (13). This is about 100 times less than the maximal replacement of thymine by BU reported for E. coli 15T− and HeLa cells. The statistical counting error in the determination of TG replacement would be greater than 10%, for reasonable integration times, if the degree of replacement to be measured is 0.6% or less. It would also be difficult to determine if the analog is actually incorporated or is present as a nonincorporated impurity at these low levels of replacement.
Vertical Spectral Representation in Primitive Equation Models of the Atmosphere

Abstract Attempts to represent the vertical structure in primitive equation models of the atmosphere with the spectral method have been unsuccessful to date. The linear stability analysis of Francis showed that small time steps were required for computational stability near the upper boundary with a vertical spectral method using Laguerre polynomials. Machenhauer and Daley used Legendre polynomials in their vertical spectral representation and found it necessary to use an artificial constraint to force temperature to zero when pressure was zero to control the upper-level horizontal velocities. This ad hoc correction is undesirable, and an analysis that shows such a correction is unnecessary is presented. By formulating the model in terms of velocity and geopotential and then using the hydrostatic equation to calculate temperature from geopotential, temperature is necessarily zero when pressure is zero. This strategy works provided the multiplicative inverse of the first vertical derivative of the vertical...
Feminist methodologies and engineering education research

This paper introduces feminist methodologies in the context of engineering education research. It builds upon other recent methodology articles in engineering education journals and presents feminist research methodologies as a concrete engineering education setting in which to explore the connections between epistemology, methodology and theory. The paper begins with a literature review that covers a broad range of topics featured in the literature on feminist methodologies. Next, data from interviews with engineering educators and researchers who have engaged with feminist methodologies are presented. The ways in which feminist methodologies shape their research topics, questions, frameworks of analysis, methods, practices and reporting are each discussed. The challenges and barriers they have faced are then discussed. Finally, the benefits of further and broader engagement with feminist methodologies within the engineering education community are identified.
High-sensitivity picosecond time-domain reflectometry

The combination of a time-domain reflectometer, signal averager, and lock-in amplifier is shown to increase the amplitude sensitivity of the reflectometer by a factor of about 200 for observing small, multiple transmission line reflections. Replacing the signal averager by a second lock-in amplifier increases the sensitivity further by a factor of 10, but this method is only suitable for measuring reflections from a single point. In the latter case, the minimum, detectable shunt capacitive discontinuity (signal-to-noise ratio of unity, Z 0 = 50 Ω) is about 5 aF (1 aF = 10−6 pF); the corresponding value for a series inductive reflection is 10 fH (1 fH = 10−3 pH). The time window drift must be very low to achieve such sensitivity. Methods are described which reduce the intrinsic drift by about a factor of 500 to 20 fs. In precision 7-mm coaxial line, relatively pure shunt “capacitors,” below 0.5 fF, and series “inductors,” below 1 pH, have been constructed and measured using these techniques.
Radar Images of the Earth from Space

Orbiting radar systems capable of synthesizing images of the earth's surface from backscattered microwaves are providing new information about surface features.
Neurochemical consequences following administration of CNS stimulants to the neonatal rat

Abstract The possible induction of long-lasting catecholamine depletions in discrete brain regions by psychomotor stimulant drugs was examined in neonatal rats. Three agents, methylamphetamine, d -amphetamine, and methylphenidate were administered to groups of rats pups from days 10 to 40 of life. Pups were killed 2 weeks beyond the last drug administration. Catecholamine levels of various brain regions from groups of rats receiving 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg/day of each drug were compared with levels of vehicle treated pups. Both methylamphetamine and d -amphetamine at the higher doses induced long-lasting dopamine depletions in the caudate of rat pups. Methylphenidate had no long-term effect on dopamine while norepinephrine levels were not altered by any treatment.
On the tensile behavior of high density polyethylene subjected to cold rolling

Abstract High density polyethylene was cold rolled to produce a series of specimens having from zero to 50% cold work. For those worked beyond 20%, the absolute thickness recovery was relatively constant. X-Ray diffraction studies indicated that significant changes in the original structure also occurred in specimens cold worked beyond 20% and that increasing c-axis orientation was coincident with greater cold work. From the fully recovered specimens, tensile behavior was studied for two strain rates. The early portions of the true stress-true strain curves vary as the degree of initial cold rolling increases; this is reflected in different values of the elastic modulus which exhibits a minimum with material cold rolled about 25%. Tensile instability or necking is delayed as the degree of initial cold working increases but little variation was observed in regard to the tensile strength. The findings pertain for both strain rates. Regarding specimens of similar “structural” condition, say for example 15% cold work, higher strain rates correlate with greater strength and lower strain at instability. In a qualitative manner, comparative behavior between this polymer and ductile metals is discussed.
Modulation of the activity of NAD malic enzyme from Solanum tuberosum by changes in oligomeric state

The effects of pH, NaCl, and malate2- on the equilibrium between dimeric and higher-molecular-weight forms of NAD malic enzyme from Solanum tuberosum var. Chieftain have been analyzed by monitoring the kinetic changes associated with disaggregation [S. D. Grover and R. T. Wedding (1982) Plant Physiol. 70, 1169-1172]. At pH values above 7.0 the enzyme was disaggregated to the dimeric, high-Km(malate) form by preincubation with NaCl, with a half-maximal effect at 25 mM. At low pH the enzyme remained in the low-Km(malate) (tetramer or octamer) form. Malate protected against disaggregation to the high-Km form in preincubation, and this effect was half-maximal at 6 mM. At pH 7.3, in the absence of malate, half-maximal disaggregation occurred at 580 nM enzyme. Varying the enzyme concentration in the assay led to kinetic changes which fit equations based on an associating enzyme model [B. I. Kurganov (1967) Mol. Biol. (Moscow) 1, 17-27]. This analysis confirmed that the dimer has intrinsic activity, with Vm somewhat lower than that of the tetramer but a Km(malate) that was 9-fold higher than that of the tetramer. Malate decreased the Kd for disaggregation of the enzyme during assay approximately 20-fold, with a half-maximal effect at 3 to 4 mM. In contrast, high NaCl concentrations in the assay increased the Kd for disaggregation in a manner which was competitive with the effect of malate on Kd. The physiological significance of these aggregation state changes is discussed.
Screening Technologies for Small Molecule Discovery: The State of the Art

Screening, high-throughput screening, and ultra-high-throughput screening are all really just points on a spectrum that represent differing applications of the same process: the creation of biologically relevant assays that are relevant, reproducible, reliable, and robust. Whether the discovery program is developing a pharmaceutical, an academic probe, cosmetics, pesticides, or a toxicity monitoring assay, the development of a screen focuses on generating a method that will reliably deliver reproducible results over a period of weeks, months, or years and that will generate consistent results for every test along the way. This review provides both historical perspective on how this unique scientific discipline evolved and commentary on the current state of the art technologies and techniques.
The Informationist: Ten Years Later

The article explores the last 10 years of literature relating to Davidoff and Florance's informationist concept. An informationist provides many of the same services as a medical librarian, is a permanent member of the clinical team, and resides on the clinical floors. The author explores the job functions of the informationist and examines whether this service has come to fruition. The author argues that the informationist service can only be fully realized in large academic health sciences libraries, large teaching hospitals, and medical research organizations such as the National Institutes of Health. To facilitate this argument, a questionnaire was distributed to Health Sciences Library listservs; CANMEDLIB and MEDLIB-L. Three hundred ninety respondents completed the questionnaire. The author concludes that there is an inconsistency in the job functions of the informationist service and their academic background. Lastly, the author argues that informationists provide many of the same duties of the med...
TlO charge reservoir changes on annealing Tl-1223 crystals

Abstract Two TlCa 2 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 9−δ (Tl-1223) single crystals have been sequentially annealed in flowing oxygen or nitrogen and the complete crystal structure determined by leastsquares refinement of Mo Kα X-ray diffraction data. Small atomic displacements are consistent with a model in which small amounts of Tl 1+ present in the TlO layer are reversibly oxidized to Tl 3+ during mild oxygen anneals. Further, the disordered location of the Tl position off the four-fold, as determined by the usual least-squares refinement of X-ray data, appears to be related to the amount of oxygen present in the TlO layer in the particular crystal. Despite substantial changes in oxygen content in the TlO layers with annealing, Meissner data show very modest shifts in the superconducting transition temperature. T c 's are 117 K after extended oxygen anneals and 121 K for nitrogen anneals, suggesting little change in the carrier concentration in the CuO 2 planes.
Optical frequency domain reflectometry measurements of spatio-temporal temperature inside catalytic reactors: Applied to study wrong-way behavior

Abstract An Optical Backscatter Reflectometer (OBR) with optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) enables measurement of the spatial temporal temperature inside catalytic reactors with unparalleled combined spatial and temporal resolution. It was used to measure the transient temperature inside a single channel of a washcoated monolith reactor in which the Pt-catalyzed oxidation of ammonia was carried out. Measurements of the monolith temperature response to either a rapid step decrease in the feed temperature or an increase of the flow rate were used to test the capability of the OFDR technique and to determine their impact on the transient temperature rise of the monolithic catalyst. The rapid step increase in the flow rate can generate a transient peak temperature of the solid phase higher than that at the steady state. This transient temperature rise was smaller than that caused by a sudden decrease of the feed temperature.
Stabilization of a self-referenced, prism-based, Cr:forsterite laser frequency comb using an intracavity prism

The frequency comb from a prism-based Cr:forsterite laser has been frequency stabilized using intracavity prism insertion and pump power modulation. Absolute frequency measurements of a CW fiber laser stabilized to the P(13) transition of acetylene demonstrate a fractional instability of approximately 2 x 10(-11) at a 1 s gate time, limited by a commercial Global Positioning System (GPS)-disciplined rubidium oscillator. Additionally, absolute frequency measurements made simultaneously using a second frequency comb indicate relative instabilities of 3 x 10(-12) for both combs for a 1 s gate time. Estimations of the carrier-envelope offset frequency linewidth based on relative intensity noise and the response dynamics of the carrier-envelope offset to pump power changes confirm the observed linewidths.
Exploring the notion of the paradoxical in Tang Wee Teo’s “paradoxical positionality”

I want to thank both author Tang Wee Teo and lead editor Matthew Weinstein for the opportunity to read, explore, and respond to the paper, ‘‘Inside versus outside the science classroom: Examining the positionality of two female science teachers at the boundaries of science education.’’ The author suggests that one of the primary contributions of the paper is the identification of a new dimension of positionality in the study—described by Tang Wee Teo as ‘‘paradoxical positionality’’—in which social agents undertake ‘‘actions that impose the same set of structures (e.g., discrimination, emphasized differences, stigma, and ideologies) that have led [to] the forming of their political position and yet, they do not recognize or are not aware that they have participated in the reproduction of hegemony.’’ In the paper, this type of positionality becomes visible via the author’s individual, comparative and integrative analysis of the positionality of two female science teachers. The first science teacher, Rosa (pseudonym), is an ‘‘Hispanic Latina from Puerto Rico’’ with a doctorate in Chemistry who teaches at ASTEM, a publicly funded ‘‘compulsory boarding, tuition-free education that specializes in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curriculum catered for the gifted and academically talented
Mechanisms for the Expulsion of Propene from Ionized Propyl Phenyl Ethers in the Gas Phase

Unimolecular dissociation of ionized, deuterium-substituted propyl phenyl ethers has been investigated by means of photoionization mass spectrometry as a technique for insuring that different isotopomers can be compared at the same internal energy. Elimination of neutral propene is the only ionic fragmentation detected in the energy domain studied but is found to take place via competing pathways. The contrast between measured fragment ion ratios from parent ions having internal energies 0.8 eV above the dissociation barriers, HOPh ¥+ :DOPh ¥+ ) 1.23 for PhOCH2CH2CD3 (1c) Versus HOPh ¥+ :DOPh ¥+ g 1.38 for PhOCH(CD3)CH3 (4b), demonstrates that 4b ¥+ is not an obligatory intermediate in the dissociation of 1c ¥+ . Examination of ten other deuterated analogues of n-propyl phenyl ether permits an assignment of branching ratios. There are two ways to interpret the data using first-order kinetics: a phenomenological analysis (which considers the contributions from different chain positions) and a mechanistic analysis (which considers competition among four pathways). These two analyses lead to different conclusions, and the mechanistic analysis is to be preferred. For 1c the molecular ion decomposes predominantly (>90%) via a (CD3CHCH3 + PhO ¥ ) ion-neutral complex, with an additional 7% passing through complexes that randomize hydrogen within the propyl cation. Only 1% of ionized 1c fragments via site-specific ‚-transfer from the propyl side chain. Slightly more than 1% decomposes via site-specific A-transfer, which can be ascribed to intervention of ion-neutral complexes containing unrearranged, corner-protonated cyclopropanes. Correction for these alternative pathways leads to the conclusion that the primary isotope effect for the Bronsted acid-base reaction between isopropyl cation and phenoxy radical within ion-neutral complexes has a value kH/kD ) 1.21. Proportions of the various pathways for ionized n-propyl phenyl ethers depend on the isotopic substitution pattern. Nearly one-sixth of PhOCD2CH2CD3 (1d) molecular ions decompose via site-specific ‚-transfer or A-transfer (in a ratio of 1:1.1). The increased competition in this d5 analogue accounts for the reported conformational dependence of its supersonic jet/REMPI mass spectrum.
Characterization of the effect of vanadium additions to TiAl base alloys

Abstract Ternary TiAl-base alloys containing V have been studied, using rapid-solidification processed materials. The mechanical behavior has been characterized and related to other results on microstructure, lattice parameters, site occupancy, phase stability, and deformation mode. It was found that V additions enhance the plasticity of duplex γ + α 2 alloys, altough not single-phase alloys. The suctibility increase which is attributable to the V addition is small (∼0.5%), compared with that attributable to the duplex structure effect (∼1%) as previously determined in a binary alloy study. The ductilization effect of V is partially due to its ability to occupy Al lattice sites and modify the TiAl bond. It is also partially due to its ability to promote twin formation, by modifying the Al partitioning and therefore the α 2 / γ volume ratio in transformed regions.
Scalable propagation-based call graph construction algorithms

Propagation-based call graph construction algorithms have been studied intensively in the 199Os, and differ primarily in the number of sets that are used to approximate run-time values of expressions. In practice, algorithms such as RTA that use a single set for the whole program scale well. The scalability of algorithms such as 0-CFA that use one set per expression remains doubtful.In this paper, we investigate the design space between RTA and 0-CFA. We have implemented various novel algorithms in the context of Jax, an application extractor for Java, and shown that they all scale to a 325,000-line program. A key property of these algorithms is that they do not analyze values on the run-time stack, which makes them efficient and easy to implement. Surprisingly, for detecting unreachable methods, the inexpensive RTA algorithm does almost as well as the seemingly more powerful algorithms. However, for determining call sites with a single target, one of our new algorithms obtains the current best tradeoff between speed and precision.
TLR4 polymorphisms and disease susceptibility

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in the regulation of the host immune system. Each TLR recognizes specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR4 is one of the well characterized pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognizes the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria, some conserved structures from fungal to mycobacterial pathogens and some endogenous ligands. A complex signaling cascade initiates after the ligand binds to the TLR4 ectodomain, leading to the activation of multiple inflammatory genes. Genetic variations greatly influence immune responses towards pathogenic challenges and disease outcome. In this review, we summarize various reports regarding TLR4 polymorphisms and disease susceptibility.
Predicting the Consequences of Nuclear War: Precipitation Scavenging of Smoke

Several factors need to be better determined in order to predict the climatic impacts of a nuclear war. These include (a) the amount of fuel burned, (b) the emission factor for smoke, (c) the optical properties of smoke, and (d) the amount of smoke removed in precipitation. This last factor combines the need to predict both the dynamic processes taking place in large-area fires and the microphysical processes that create precipitation and lead to the capture and removal of smoke. Estimates for the amount of smoke removed in precipitation have ranged from less than 2% to more than 90%. The reasons for these discrepancies in prediction will be reviewed. Two of the more recent and more complete calculations appear to be consistent with scavenging values in the range from 10% to 30%. We show, however, that these predictions have not considered several scavenging pathways that must be included for a complete analysis. Thus, we argue, based on estimates by the NRC in 1985, that the fraction of smoke removed by ...
CT and Magnetic Resonance of the Thorax, 3rd Edition

By DP Naidich, WR Webb, and NL Mu¨ller, et al, eds. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999; 784 pp; $155.00
Chromatic number and skewness

Abstract In this note, we solve the problem of determing the chromatic number of planar graphs to which a certain number μ of “extra” edges are attached. We obtain a (best-possible) theorem when μ 2 k for every integer k ≥ 3. The statement of the theorem for k = 2 is the Four-Color Conjecture.
A study of aqueous medicinal lubricants.

The relation of viscosity and solid concentration to the lubricant effect of aqueous solutions of methylcellulose was investigated. Lubricity increased directly with solid concentration, while the high viscosity at greater methylcellulose concentrations prevented any further lubricity increase. Glycerin, polyethylene glycol 400, and propylene glycol are effective lubricants over a wide concentration range under the conditions tested.
Global Energy Transports and the Influence of Clouds on Transport Requirements—A Satellite Analysis

This report investigates the impact of differential net radiative heating on 2D energy transports within the atmosphere ocean system and the role of clouds on this process. The 2D mean energy transports, in answer to zonal and meridional gradients in the net radiation field, show an east-west coupled dipole structure in which the Pacific acts as the major energy source and North Africa as the major energy sink. It is demonstrated that the dipole is embedded in the secondary energy transports arising mainly from the differential heating between land and oceans in the tropics in which the tropical east-west (zonal) transports are up to 30 percent of the tropical north-south (meridional) transports.
Viscoelastic shear properties of the equine medial meniscus.

Recent studies have shown that the meniscus is highly anisotropic in tension and that its compressive creep behavior can be modeled using biphasic theory. In this study, an alternative approach is used, where viscoelastic shear properties of the meniscal fibrocartilage are measured to determine the anisotropy and inhomogeneity of this tissue with respect to specimen location and fiber orientation, Medial menisci were obtained from eight skeletally-mature horses. Nine test specimens were taken from the circumferential midsubstance of each meniscus, at three circumferential and three axial positions. The magnitude of the complex shear modulus and the phase angle were determined for each specimen from 100–800 Hz, in 100 Hz increments. Data were gathered shearing and perpendicular to the circumferentiallyoriented fibers. The magnitude of the shear modulus and the phase angle were both found to be frequency dependent, anisotropic, and inhomogeneous. The magnitude of the shear modulus increased with frequency, and was greatest in specimens from the posterior superior region, shearing parallel to the fibers. The phase angle decreased slightly with frequency and was lowest in specimens from the midsubstance of the anterior region, shearing perpendicular to the fibers. Our data demonstrated that collagen fibers substantially stiffen the meniscus in the direction of its fibers and that the solid matrix of the meniscus, like articular cartilage, behaves largely as an elastic material.
Selection of verbal probabilities: A solution for some problems of verbal probability expression.

Abstract A method for verbal expression of degree of uncertainty is described. It requires the subject to select a phrase from a list that spans the full range of probabilities. In a second, optional, step, the subject indicates the numerical meaning of each phrase. The method avoids two problems of verbal probabilities—the indefinitely large lexicon and the individual differences in the interpretation of words. To test whether context and ordinal position might bias subjects' selection or interpretation of the verbal expressions in the list, the list order was varied. When the verbal expressions were arranged in random order, ordinal position had a significant effect on the selection of expressions. However, these effects did not occur when the phrases were listed in ascending or descending order. Considerations of accuracy and interpersonal agreement also support the use of ordered phrase lists.
Attitudes toward employee and employer rights in the workplace

A large sample (N=692) of undergraduate business majors were surveyed in order to assess their attitudes toward 54 different employer activities that might impact on employee rights in the workplace. Demographic and lifestyle measures as well as one personality variable, authoritarianism, were also included in the survey. A factor analysis on attitudes toward employer activities revealed three distinct factors, which we labeled private, polydrug (i.e., polygraphs and drug tests), and normative activities. Mean levels of agreement with employer actions were highest for normative and lowest for private activities, with polydrug activities falling in between. All mean differences were highly significant. Authoritarianism proved to be the strongest predictor of attitudes toward both private and polydrug activities.
Holocene Meteoric Dolomitization of Pleistocene Limestones, North Jamaica: ABSTRACT

Wholesale stabilization of the unstable carbonate phases aragonite and magnesium calcite, and reprecipitation of calcite and dolomite are currently taking place where the phreatic zone (modern water table) invades 120,000-year-old Pleistocene biolithites (Falmouth Formation), north Jamaica. Pleistocene rocks in the vadose zone are relatively unaltered, and consist of in situ, mineralogically unstable scleractinian biolithites. At the water table, a narrow zone of solution, a "water-table cave," commonly is present. Below the water table, the rocks are invariably more highly altered than those above. Magnesium-calcites are very scarce, and considerable dissolution of aragonite commonly has occurred. Dolomite occurs as 8-25 micron, subhedral crystals precipitated as void linings. The isotopic composition of the dolomite (O18 = -1.0 ^pmil, ^dgr C13 = 8.4 ^pmil) and its high-strongtium content (3,000 ppm) suggest precipitation as CO2-oversaturated meteoric groundwaters invade the mineralogically unstable biolithites, dissolve magnesium-calcites and strontium-rich aragonites, and remove the gas. Because some dolomitized rocks are enriched in magnesium relative to primary biolithites, magnesium addition to the system is necessitated and probably is derived from seawater in the mixing zone. End_of_Article - Last_Page 790------------
"Thin-Film" Experiment with Bulk Superconductors

Hollow cylindrical samples of indium have been prepared by an extrusion process and equipped with both a center wire and a concentric tube. The critical current has been determined for the case in which the current passes through the sample and returns through the concentric tube. It has been found that this critical current is identical with that of solid samples. The same determination has been made for the case in which the current returns through the center wire. In this case the critical current is about 80 to 90% of that for solid samples. A field was produced by the center wire, the respective current returning through the concentric tube. The resistance of the sample was measured with a small measuring current, also returned through the concentric tube, as a function of the field produced by the center wire. The critical field thus determined depends on the value of the measuring current. These findings can be interpreted in the following way: If the magnetic field of the current through the center wire is dominating, the current in the sample will flow in a very thin layer at the outer surface of the sample. This constitutes a "thin film experiment" which does not require a thin metal film. The resistance measurements have been supplemented by measurements of the circular flux on a sample of larger size.
Interpreting at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal

This paper gives an overview of the interpreting arrangements at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal (1946–1948), focusing on some sociopolitical aspects of the interpreting phenomena, and discusses the behavior of the interpreters and monitors during the testimony of Hideki Tojo, Japan’s wartime Prime Minister. It provides a contextualized examination of court interpreting rather than a microlinguistic analysis of interpreted texts. The study demonstrates how political and social aspects of the trial and wartime world affairs affected the interpreting arrangements, especially the hierarchical set-up in which three ethnically and socially different groups of “linguists” (language specialists) performed three different functions in the interpreting process. An examination of the linguists’ behavior during Tojo’s testimony points to a link between their relative positions in the power constellation of the trial and their choices, strategies and behavior in interpreting and monitoring. These findings reinforce the view that interpreting is a social practice conditioned by the social, political and cultural contexts of the setting in which interpreters operate.
The University and the Alliance: A Study in Contradictions

Abstract The continuing interest in the activities of the state geographic alliances supported by the National Geographic Society has let to the observance of a number of apparent contradictions. The basic themes in these incongruities relate to the major role assigned to classroom teachers who have, in many cases, had only modest course work in geography. There is, as well, concern over the axial role played by the National Geographic Society since professional geographers have been inclined to consider its geography to be quite distinct from academic geography as expressed by the professoriate. These considerations and five additional perceived contradictions are discussed in light of the true goals and accomplishments of this reform movement that is having such an impact on the American educational landscape.
Competition in a Stock Market with Small Firms

The present paper focusses on competition in the meanvariance model of the stock market. First of all, the notion of a competitive market is controversial. Which of the following is the main feature of competition: price-taking, free entry, many small firms, many similar firms, many identical firms, or a combination of these properties? An ultimate answer to the question seems impossible. One can, however, distinguish certain phenomena which are commonly attributed to a lack of competition. Hence reversely, the absence of these phenomena can be considered as a minimal requirement for any notion of perfect competition. In particular, both (A) disagreement of shareholders on the objectives of the firm and (B) suboptimality of equilibria are often explained by insufficient competition in the stock market.1 Hence one might
The Brookhaven 50-MeV Linac RF Multiport System

A new high power RF system has been installed at the Brookhaven 50-MeV linac to accelerate the higher beam intensities now available from an improved preinjector. Use has been made of the previous efforts of many people to reach a final flexible system design. Initial system operation to date has increased by a factor of two the linac output current intensity while obtaining an energy spread comparable to the one observed for lower currents.
Comparative morphology and ultrastructure of the corpora allata in newly emerged and sexually mature female Xyleborus ferrugineus (fabr.) (Coleoptera : Scolytidae)

Abstract The corpora allata (CA) of newly transformed versus sexually matured ovipositing female Xyleborus ferrugineus beetles were compared using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The objective was to identify CA characteristics that are unique to each age insect. The surfaces of the spherical CA of newly emerged sexually immature females are initially rough in comparison with the smooth-surfaced CA of the 9-day-old ovipositing adult female. CA are enveloped by a continuous noncellular sheath of varying thickness. Gland cells in CA are closely packed. Some nucleoli of gland cells in CA of ovipositing beetles have a central core which is less electron-dense, but such a core is lacking in the CA of newly transformed females. Mitochondria, with well-developed cristae bathed in an electron-dense matrix, are well dispersed throughout the cells at both stages. Free ribosomes and lysosomes are present in the cells. Golgi complexes are not conspicuous. There is a sparse system of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER). A smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum system is strikingly widespread in the CA cytoplasm of ovipositing females, but is absent in that of the newly emerged females. Neurosecretory axons, filled with electron-dense neurosecretory granules, not only are distributed in the peripheral portion of the CA, but some also penetrate deeply inside the gland. Axons without neurosecretory granules also are present.
Dirac phenomenology for deuteron elastic scattering

A relativistic description of deuteron elastic scattering based on a two-particle Dirac Hamiltonian containing phenomenological nucleon-nucleus Dirac potentials is developed. The resulting effective central potential is like that obtained with a folding model based on the Schroedinger equation; the spin-orbit potential, however, is only one-half as strong. Dirac and Schroedinger fits to 80-MeV d+/sup 58/Ni data with potentials consistent with nucleon-nucleus phenomenology are of comparable quality.
Why Rules for Risk Communication Are Not Enough: A Problem‐Solving Approach to Risk Communication

Current work on risk communication offers practitioners helpful guidelines and rules such as “speak clearly” and “speak with compassion.” While important, these guidelines have limitations. They offer practitioners and scholars little aid in determining why a communication encounter failed. Also, they do not help practitioners anticipate and overcome likely difficulties in future risk situations, nor can they help locate information about how to reduce these difficulties. To overcome the limitations of rule-based approaches to risk communication, this paper describes a diagnostic or problem-solving approach. This approach maintains that instead of rules, people need bases for anticipating likely obstacles to effective communication and selecting approaches that reduce these difficulties. Research on building trust, increasing awareness, deepening comprehension, gaining agreement, and motivating action is available in fields such as communication, educational psychology, science education, marketing, counseling, negotiation, and disaster response. This paper describes a framework that assists scholars and practitioners in: (a) identifying communication goals; (b) determining principal obstacles to those goals; and (c) selecting research-based methods for overcoming or minimizing these difficulties and achieving communication objectives.
Missing Data Five Practical Guidelines

Missing data (a) reside at three missing data levels of analysis (item-, construct-, and person-level), (b) arise from three missing data mechanisms (missing completely at random, missing at random...
Cranial and vertebral morphology of the straight-billed Miocene phoenicopteriform bird Palaelodus and its evolutionary significance

Abstract Palaelodidae are the extinct sister taxon of flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). These Cenozoic birds are of significance for an understanding of flamingo evolution, because they have a short and straight beak and exhibit swimming adaptations, thus possibly bridging the morphological gap between flamingos and their closest extant relatives, the grebes (Podicipedidae). Palaelodus bones are very abundant in some fossil localities, but critical osteological details remained unknown, and for the first time more detailed descriptions of the neurocranium, quadrate, mandible, vertebrae, and pedal phalanges are given in the present study. Although the postcranial osteology of Palaelodus closely resembles that of extant flamingos, the skull is utterly different. The morphology of the mandible casts some doubt on previous assumptions that Palaelodus already evolved a filter feeding apparatus. The shape of the pedal phalanges supports swimming habits and differences in the vertebral column are described, which suggest a different feeding position than in extant flamingos. Derived features are identified, which are shared by flamingos, grebes, and some “gruiform” taxa, and which may constrain the candidate taxa for the closest extant relatives of flamingos and grebes.
CSSeer: an expert recommendation system based on CiteseerX

We propose CSSeer, a free and publicly available keyphrase based recommendation system for expert discovery based on the CiteSeerX digital library and Wikipedia as an auxiliary resource. CSSeer generates keyphrases from the title and the abstract of each document in CiteSeerX. These keyphrases are then utilized to infer the authors' expertise. We compared CSSeer with the other two state-of-the-art expert recommenders and found that the three systems have moderately divergent recommendations on 20 benchmark queries. Thus, we recommend users to browse through several different recommenders to obtain a more complete expert list.
HIV/AIDS and Nondecision in Louisiana: A Case Study of Prevention Strategy in Three Black Communities

The HIV/AIDS infection rates are increasing in predominantly Black communities while decreasing among other previously at-risk groups. This study reviews the prevention strategies of three agencies...
Effects of 4-OH-2,3-trans-Nonenal on Human Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane Ca2+Pump and Passive Ca2+Permeability☆☆☆

Abstract Structural and functional alterations of cell membranes caused by free radicals leading to lipid peroxidation and increases in intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations have been implicated in atherogenesis. The objective of this study was to directly measure the effects of a major aldehydic lipid peroxidation product, 4-OH-nonenal (HNE), on plasma membrane Ca 2+ regulatory mechanisms. This was attained by measuring passive Ca 2+ permeability, primary active Ca 2+ - transport, and (Ca 2+ +Mg 2+ )-ATPase activity in a human red cell model system. Using this three-pronged approach it could be shown that HNE increases passive Ca 2+ permeability significantly beyond the typically low basal flux, while at the same time inhibiting the active Ca 2+ extrusion pump and associated (Ca 2+ +Mg 2+ )-ATPase activity. We conclude that this deleterious combination of effects by HNE in this plasma membrane model system may be indicative of plasma membrane changes in cells directly involved in atheroma formation and thus may represent causative factors in the early stages of atherogenesis.
The Founding of Christianity Today Magazine and the Construction of An American Evangelical Identity

The emergence of modern American evangelicalism parallels the rise and development of Christianity Today magazine, a publication that has moved from a position of advocacy for a group of marginalized neo-fundamentalists to a well-established media system with a large evangelical constituency. This paper considers Christianity Today as both an ideological tool and a journalistic enterprise and examines the magazine's role during its founding era, under the editorial leadership of Carl F. H. Henry, in the ascendancy of evangelicalism as a social movement.