cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A machine learning based model for Out of Hospital cardiac arrest outcome classification and sensitivity analysis.

Abstract Background Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) affects nearly 400,000 people each year in the United States of which only 10% survive. Using data from the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES), and machine learning (ML) techniques, we developed a model of neurological outcome prediction for OHCA in Chicago, Illinois. Methods Rescue workflow data of 2639 patients with witnessed OHCA were retrieved from Chicago’s CARES. An Embedded Fully Convolutional Network (EFCN) classification model was selected to predict the patient outcome (survival with good neurological outcomes or not) based on 27 input features with the objective of maximizing the average class sensitivity. Using this model, sensitivity analysis of intervention variables such as bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), targeted temperature management, and coronary angiography was conducted. Results The EFCN classification model has an average class sensitivity of 0.825. Sensitivity analysis of patient outcome shows that an additional 33 patients would have survived with good neurological outcome if they had received lay person CPR in addition to CPR by emergency medical services and 88 additional patients would have survived if they had received the coronary angiography intervention. Conclusions ML modeling of the complex Chicago OHCA rescue system can predict neurologic outcomes with a reasonable level of accuracy and can be used to support intervention decisions such as CPR or coronary angiography. The discriminative ability of this ML model requires validation in external cohorts to establish generalizability.
Validation of a Diet Quality Screening Tool for Use in the Oldest Old

AbstractThe oldest old (aged ≥80 years) are often the population subgroup at high nutritional risk due to age-related metabolic changes. We performed a validation analysis of a dietary screening to...
Guaranteed fault detection and isolation for switched affine models

This paper considers the problem of fault detection and isolation (FDI) for switched affine models. We first study the model invalidation problem and its application to guaranteed fault detection. Novel and intuitive optimization-based formulations are proposed for model invalidation and T-distinguishability problems, which we demonstrate to be computationally more efficient than an earlier formulation that required a complicated change of variables. Moreover, we introduce a distinguishability index as a measure of separation between the system and fault models, which offers a practical method for finding the smallest receding time horizon that is required for fault detection, and for finding potential design recommendations for ensuring T-distinguishability. Then, we extend our fault detection guarantees to the problem of fault isolation with multiple fault models, i.e., the identification of the type and location of faults, by introducing the concept of I-isolability. An efficient way to implement the FDI scheme is also proposed, whose run-time does not grow with the number of fault models that are considered. Moreover, we derive bounds on detection and isolation delays and present an adaptive scheme for reducing isolation delays. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated using several examples, including an HVAC system model with multiple faults.
A History of the Lobes of the Brain.

The division of the cerebrum into 5 lobes is widely accepted in the scientific community. Despite this, a history of the lobes of the brain has not been discussed in the literature. Therefore, this article recounts this history with emphasis on the contributions of Thomas Willis (1664), Felix Vicq d'Azyr (1796), Johann-Christian Reil (1796), Francois Chaussier (1807), and Louis Pierre Gratiolet and Francois Leuret (1857) into one of the most widely accepted concepts in neuroanatomy.
Spatial Deadbeat Torque Control for Six-Step Operation

This paper presents a methodology for implementing a spatially triggered, deadbeat torque control for permanent magnet synchronous machines in six-step operation using deadbeat flux vector control. At every sampling instant, the flux vector is controlled on a hexagonal trajectory, and hence, the flux trajectory is manipulated for torque control while maintaining six-step operation. Six-step operation allows control of the flux angle, and therefore the torque, only at sixty electrical degree intervals, limiting dynamic operation. Consequently, this work proposes a deadbeat torque controller that achieves the commanded average torque as fast as possible, i.e., every sixty electrical degrees. The advantages of this approach are very fast and smooth torque and flux dynamics. Step and sinusoidal torque trajectories are evaluated using simulations and experiments to show the deadbeat response and the smoothness of the proposed controller.
Words matter life: The effect of language on suicide behavior

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between future time reference (FTR) in language and suicide behavior on both country level and individual level and provides a new source to explain the huge variation of suicide behaviors across countries. We find that language markers on future tense have impacts on the speakers’ behaviors that involve intertemporal considerations, even the most critical decision on life – the suicide behavior. On aggregate level, countries with primary languages marking future tense intensively in grammar have lower suicide rates. We prove this effect is consistent with the results obtained on individual level: Individuals speaking strong FTR languages tend to have lower acceptance on both suicide and euthanasia.
AMERICAN BUDDHIST PROTECTION OF STONES IN TERMS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MARS AND EARTH

A number of scientific writers have proposed manipulating the ecology of Mars in order to make the planet more comfortable for future immigrants from Earth. However, the ethical acceptability of su...
15 – Breeder Reactors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relationship between reproduction factor and breeding, and describes the physical features of the liquid metal fast breeder reactor. The compatibility of uranium fuel resources and requirements is also reviewed. The most important feature of the fission process is the enormous energy release from each reaction. However, another significant fact, is that for each neutron absorbed in a fuel such as U-235, more than two neutrons are released. To maintain the chain reaction, only one neutron is needed. Thus, any extra neutrons available can be used to produce other fissile materials such as Pu-239 and U-233 from the “fertile” materials, U-238 and Th-232, respectively. If losses of neutrons can be reduced enough, the possibility exists for new fuel to be generated in quantities as large or even larger than the amount consumed, a situation called “breeding.” The ability to convert significant quantities of fertile materials into useful fissile materials depends crucially on the magnitude of the reproduction factor, η, which is the number of neutrons produced per neutron absorbed in fuel.
Innovative Technologies and Management Approaches for Facility Design Standardization and Modularization of Capital Projects

AbstractRecently, the emergence of new technologies has renewed interest in modularization and facility design standardization. However, the application of both facility design standardization and ...
Monte Carlo characterization of the cosmic ray muon flux in shallow subsurface geological repositories intended for disposal of radioactive materials.

Abstract Recent challenges in monitoring subsurface geological repositories intended for disposal of radioactive materials such as spent nuclear fuel call for new, innovative concepts that are facility independent, cost-effective, passive, and reliable. Once nuclear material is in place at these facilities, reverifying the inventory may no longer be feasible if continuity of knowledge is lost or unavailable to the inspectors. Using cosmic ray muons may present several potential advantages over conventional photon/neutron signatures, and their use in safeguards applications have only received attention in the past decade. However, there have been limited efforts to explore the integration of cosmic ray muons into repository safeguards and study potential gains, risks, and costs. This paper presents a Monte Carlo-based methodology to characterize the cosmic ray muon flux, including muon angular and energy differential distributions at depths representative of subsurface geological repositories. Since there have been limited measurements at these sites and a measurement made in one site is not always transferable to another site, the objective is to develop an efficient simulation method and useful parametrizations to provide a convenient tool for enabling muon simulations at any geological repository site. It is expected these results will provide a better understanding of how muons can be integrated into an existing geological repository safeguards framework.
Genetics and Dysmorphology

Autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance is determined by the presence of one abnormal gene on one of the autosome (chromosome 1–22).
Narrative review of cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal metastases in ovarian cancer

Due to numerous factors, such as no specific symptoms and ineffective screening to identify premalignant or early-stage disease, most patients with ovarian cancer present with advanced-stage disease and overt peritoneal metastases. Currently, the most effective treatment for these patients is complete cytoreductive surgery with systemic platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy. Over the past few decades, many researchers have evaluated the use of postoperative normothermic intraperitoneal (NIPEC) and intraoperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) delivery as additional treatment modalities. Here, we will review the current status and future directions for these treatment strategies in the management of ovarian cancer. Most of the studies in this area of research have been retrospective in nature, limited by heterogeneous patient populations and large variance in chemotherapeutic regimens used, leading to mixed results and difficulties in evaluating the clinical impact of the data. More mature data from prospective trials are lacking, and IP therapy for advanced ovarian cancer should still be considered an investigational approach and evaluated only in clinical trials; the exception is for patients with stage III disease who undergo interval debulking surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, for whom HIPEC can be considered in selected patients as part of first-line therapy.
Economic burden of pediatric prescription opioid poisonings in the United States

BACKGROUND: Among the different drugs involved in pediatric exposures and poisonings, opioids are the most important, given their rise in nonmedical use. Opioid poisonings in children can result in...
Bone infarct (osteonecrosis) as late side effect of steroid in acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivor

Survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), though cured of their primary disease may suffer from long-term complications such as bone infarction contributing to a major morbidity. Here, we report a very rare case of bone infarct in bilateral tibia and femur of a patient of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, post completion of maintenance chemotherapy. With this case report, we suggest that appropriate preventive measures are necessary to decrease the risk of this very rare morbidity.
Natural Language Processing Insight into LGBTQ+ Youth Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Content Analysis of Anxiety-Provoking Topics and Trends in Emotion in LGBTeens Microcommunity Subreddit.

Background: Widespread fear surrounding COVID-19, coupled with physical and social distancing orders, has caused severe adverse mental health outcomes. Little is known, however, about how the COVID-19 crisis has impacted LGBTQ+ youth, who disproportionately experienced a high rate of adverse mental health outcomes before the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: We aimed to address this knowledge gap by harnessing natural language processing methodologies to investigate the evolution of conversation topics in the most popular subreddit for LGBTQ+ youth. Methods: We generated a data set of all r/LGBTeens subreddit posts (n=39,389) between January 1, 2020 and February 1, 2021 and analyzed meaningful trends in anxiety, anger, and sadness in the posts. Because the distribution of anxiety before widespread social distancing orders was meaningfully different from the distribution after (P<.001), we employed latent Dirichlet allocation to examine topics that provoked this shift in anxiety. Results: We did not find any differences in LGBTQ+ youth anger and sadness before and after government-mandated social distancing; however, anxiety increased significantly (P<.001). Further analysis revealed a list of 10 anxiety-provoking topics discussed during the pandemic: attraction to a friend, coming out, coming out to family, discrimination, education, exploring sexuality, gender pronouns, love and relationship advice, starting a new relationship, and struggling with mental health. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, LGBTQ+ teens increased their reliance on anonymous discussion forums when discussing anxiety-provoking topics. LGBTQ+ teens likely perceived anonymous forums as safe spaces for discussing lifestyle stressors during COVID-19 disruptions (eg, school closures). The list of prevalent anxiety-provoking topics in LGBTQ+ teens’ anonymous discussions can inform future mental health interventions in LGBTQ+ youth.
L-malic acid production from xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

L-malic acid is widely used in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we report on production of malic acid from xylose, the second most abundant sugar in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To enable malic acid production in a xylose-assimilating S. cerevisiae, we overexpressed PYC1 and PYC2, coding for pyruvate carboxylases, a truncated MDH3 coding for malate dehydrogenase, and SpMAE1, coding for a Schizosaccharomyces pombe malate transporter. Additionally, both the ethanol and glycerol-producing pathways were blocked to enhance malic acid production. The resulting strain produced malic acid from both glucose and xylose, but it produced much higher titers of malic acid from xylose than glucose. Interestingly, the engineered strain had higher malic acid yield from lower concentrations (10 g L-1 ) of xylose, with no ethanol production, than from higher xylose concentrations (20 and 40 g L-1 ). As such, a fed-batch culture maintaining xylose concentrations at low levels was conducted and 61.2 g L-1 of malic acid was produced, with a productivity of 0.32 g L-1 h. These results represent successful engineering of S. cerevisiae for the production of malic acid from xylose, confirming that that xylose offers the efficient production of various biofuels and chemicals by engineered S. cerevisiae.
Validation of Transforming Growth Factor ß-1 Binding Assay for Bovine Mammary Tissue

Active transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-s1) implanted in the mammary gland prior to puberty inhibits DNA synthesis in the end buds (Daniel et al., 1989). However, implantation of the same pellet during pregnancy does not influence lobulo-alveolar development (Daniel et al., 1989). This inability of the mammary gland to respond to active TGF-sl may be regulated at the level of the receptor for TGF-s1.
Forced Savings in China

The explanation offered here for the high rates of saving in China is that much of the saving has been in two Benthamite senses, “forced.” Involuntary saving, the first of Bentham’s meanings, includes taxes which finance investment. These have been more than half of total saving in China in recent years. There is also forced saving in China in Bentham’s second sense of conduced saving, resulting from bank loans which have financed investment While the existence of a savings glut has been suggested for China, the better characterization would be that it has had a high rate of investment.
Development and implementation of a coupled computational muscle force optimization bone shape adaptation modeling method.

SUMMARY Improved methods to analyze and compare the muscle-based influences that drive bone strength adaptation can aid in the understanding of the wide array of experimental observations about the effectiveness of various mechanical countermeasures to losses in bone strength that result from age, disuse, and reduced gravity environments. The coupling of gradient-based and gradientless numerical optimization routines with finite element methods in this work results in a modeling technique that determines the individual magnitudes of the muscle forces acting in a multisegment musculoskeletal system and predicts the improvement in the stress state uniformity and, therefore, strength, of a targeted bone through simulated local cortical material accretion and resorption. With a performance-based stopping criteria, no experimentally based or system-based parameters, and designed to include the direct and indirect effects of muscles attached to the targeted bone as well as to its neighbors, shape and strength alterations resulting from a wide range of boundary conditions can be consistently quantified. As demonstrated in a representative parametric study, the developed technique effectively provides a clearer foundation for the study of the relationships between muscle forces and the induced changes in bone strength. Its use can lead to the better control of such adaptive phenomena. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amnion and Chorion

The structure of the fetal membranes has been elucidated by the numerous comparative studies of Bautzmann and his colleagues. A complete summary of the literature of normal and pathologic findings in amnion and chorion is found in the monograph of Bourne who, in several studies, has contributed greatly to the understanding of the pathology of the membranes. He distinguishes five distinct layers of the amnion and four of the heavier chorion, considers their embryologic derivation and possible function. Of particular interest in this context is the behavior of the epithelium. Among others, Lange had previously pointed out the presence of intercellular bridges between the epithelial cells of the amnion, observations borne out by electronmicroscopic studies of Bourne & Lacy who also demonstrated the presence of a microvillous surface toward the embryo (Bautzmann, Schmidt & Lemburg). Bautzmann & Hertenstein found no bridges in the amnion of the first trimester of pregnancy (10 cm fetus) but demonstrated their presence at term. At the base of the epithelial cells, these authors were able to demonstrate “feet”; these basal processes were again demonstrated electronmieroscopically by Bourne & Lacy and the complex nature of cell surfaces presumably aids in fluid exchange. In an excellent fine structure study of amnion, Thomas. has provided evidence for a secretory function of this epithelium.
Investigating Security and Privacy of a Cloud-Based Wireless IP Camera: NetCam

Over the last few years, there has been a significant increase in the number of IP cameras used in various places including markets, malls, pharmacies, movie theatres and schools. Recent products on the market are cloud-based and upload the captured video to a cloud server. With widespread use, security of these IP cameras emerges as an important issue. However, there is still very little work done on the security of these devices. In this paper, we investigate security of cloud-based wireless IP cameras. Security of these devices spans multiple research areas including secure multimedia, network security and cloud security. We have investigated the traffic generated by a low-end, easy-to-setup, off-the-shelf wireless IP camera for average home user. We explored the security precautions taken by the manufacturers of IP cameras and evaluated the access control mechanisms in place. We used a variety of open source and non-commercial tools in our investigation. We identified many security and privacy issues in using these devices ranging from minor to severe issues.We showed that if a malicious person can sniff the IP camera's network traffic anywhere in between the mobile device-cloud servers-IP camera path, he would be able to reconstruct the JPEG images, which is a serious a privacy issue.
When Patients Interact with EHRs: Problems of Privacy and Confidentiality

Increasing individuals’ understanding and participation in their health care is good for their health and for the health care system. So goes the argument for encouraging and enhancing technologies that allow interaction between patients and their providers, including patients’ access to their health records. With electronic health records (EHRs) and panoplies of remote communication technologies, patient access can be direct, in real-time, and interactive. These technologies include portals for patients to access their providers’ EHRs and communicate electronically with their providers, remote sensing devices for patient data to be entered directly into EHRs, and EHR capabilities that allow patients to download electronic copies of information in their EHRs. But patient interaction with their EHRs also presents privacy and confidentiality risks. From the perspective of privacy, patients may be unaware of the extent to which information may be gleaned from them and then be available to others, including their health care providers. From a confidentiality perspective, inadequate identity proofing or authentication procedures may allow unauthorized individuals to access records. Moreover, rules governing records access by authorized personal representatives may reveal more than patients would expect or want. Use by patients of capabilities to download their records may open these records to confidentiality and security protections that are far less stringent than the protections afforded these same records in the possession of health care providers. The article concludes with suggestions for protections that can enable patients to enjoy the great advantages of participative technologies with assurance that privacy and confidentiality are respected.
Phospho-ΔNp63α-dependent regulation of autophagic signaling through transcription and micro-RNA modulation

Cisplatin was shown to induce the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent phosphorylation of tumor protein p63 isoform, (ΔNp63α), leading to a transcriptional regulation of specific genes implicated in the control of cell death of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. We previously observed that the cisplatin-induced phosphorylated (p)-ΔNp63α transcriptionally regulates the expression of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) in SCC cells. We found here that cisplatin exposure of SCC cells led to modulation of the members of the autophagic pathway, such as Atg1/Ulk1, Atg3, Atg4A, Atg5, Atg6/Becn1, Atg7, Atg9A and Atg10, by a direct p-ΔNp63α-dependent transcriptional regulation. We further found that specific miRNAs (miR-181a, miR-519a, miR-374a and miR-630), which are critical downstream targets of the p-ΔNp63α, modulated the protein levels of ATG5, ATG6/BECN1, ATG10, ATG12, ATG16L1 and UVRAG, adding another level of expression control for autophagic pathways in SCC cells upon cisplatin exposure. Our data support the notion that the cisplatin-induced p-ΔNp63α could regulate key pathways implicated in response of cancer cells to chemotherapeutics.
Factors in the Personality of Nursery School Children

In 1939 Ball and Roberts1 published cer tain data regarding the Merrill-Palmer Per sonality Rating Scales, largely material con cerning their reliability and the standards for their use. They reported also a table of in tercorrelations between the scales. Since very little has been done with factorial analysis at the nursery school level, and the work of this sort in the area of personality variables at any age level is in little agreement, I thought it would be interesting to see what factor pattern this table of intercorrelations would yield. Van Alstyne3 reported at least three factors present in ratings of child behavior in 33 situations: "Pupil desirability," "Leadership," "Social Consciousness." Possibly factors of "Emotional Security" and "Responsibility"
Phage display of intact domains at high copy number: A system based on SOC, the small outer capsid protein of bacteriophage T4

Peptides fused to the coat proteins of filamentous phages have found widespread applications in antigen display, the construction of antibody libraries, and biopanning. However, such systems are limited in terms of the size and number of the peptides that may be incorporated without compromising the fusion proteins' capacity to self-assemble. We describe here a system in which the molecules to be displayed are bound to pre-assembled polymers. The polymers are T4 capsids and polyheads (tubular capsid variants) and the display molecules are derivatives of the dispensable capsid protein SOC. In one implementation, SOC and its fusion derivatives are expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli, purified in high yield, and then bound in vitro to separately isolated polyheads. In the other, a positive selection vector forces integration of the modified soc gene into a soc-deleted T4 genome, leading to in vivo binding of the display protein to progeny virions. The system is demonstrated as applied to C-terminal fusions to SOC of (1) a tetrapeptide; (2) the 43-residue V3 loop domain of gp120, the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein; and (3) poliovirus VP1 capsid protein (312 residues). SOC-V3 displaying phage were highly antigenic in mice and produced antibodies reactive with native gp120. That the fusion protein binds correctly to the surface lattice was attested in averaged electron micrographs of polyheads. The SOC display system is capable of presenting up to approximately 10(3) copies per capsid and > 10(4) copies per polyhead of V3-sized domains. Phage displaying SOC-VP1 were isolated from a 1:10(6) mixture by two cycles of a simple biopanning procedure, indicating that proteins of at least 35 kDa may be accommodated.
Effect of thyrotropin upon release of iodide from human and rat thyroid.

The early effects of thyrotropin (TSH) upon urinary and thyroidal iodide were studied in man and in the rat. Human subjects. (a) TSH given intramuscularly to euthyroid and hyperthyroid persons whose thyroidal iodine stores had been labeled with I131 produced within two to four hours an increase in the urinary excretion of iodide-I131 which was maximal in twelve to twenty-four hours. Myxedematous subjects failed to respond. (b) When organic binding was prevented (by methimazole) and iodide-trapping was partially impaired (by thiocyanate), the injection of TSH led, in most cases, to a prompt decrease in glandular radioiodide content. Rats. (a) The urinary excretion of I131 increased significantly within two and a half hours after administration of TSH to intact rats given I131 several days earlier; in thyroidectomized rats there was a smaller, but distinct, increment in urinary I131. (b) When organic binding of injected I131 was blocked (by propylthiouracil) and thyroidal iodine stores were unlabeled, the g...
The multidisciplinary influence of common sustainability indices

Sustainability is often poorly defined and difficult to measure. We describe several concepts from ecology, economics, and physics, that have contributed to sustainability indices, and discuss their positive and negative aspects. Indices range from mostly ecological (such as ecosystem resilience and global human carrying capacity), to those inspired by both economics and ecology (green income and maximum sustainable yield), to a mix of ecology and physics (exergy and emergy). Economic concepts such as substitutability of natural and human capital (the “weak” versus “strong” sustainability debate), and throughput of natural resources through an economic system, are the basis for several strictly economic indices. The second law of thermodynamics, which dictates the decrease in usable energy, has also had an increasing influence on sustainability discussions. The indices described here address different aspects of the interactions between human societies and ecosystems, and are therefore probably most effec...
Correlates of depressive symptoms among HIV-positive injection drug users: The role of social support

Using cross-sectional data from an ethnically diverse sample of HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs), we sought to identify correlates of depressive symptoms. We were particularly interested in whether perceived social support was associated with depression among HIV-positive IDUs and whether social support buffered adverse effects of other correlates. Data were collected from a sample of HIV-positive IDUs recruited from a variety of venues in the New York City and San Francisco metropolitan areas in the USA. Multiple regression analysis identified four significant correlates of depressive symptoms. Perceived social support and having a regular place for HIV medical care were significantly associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms, while history of mental health problems and non-injection polydrug use were significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Moreover, a significant interaction effect was found between social support and non-injection polydrug use, indicating that social support buffers the association between non-injection polydrug use and depression. These results suggest that increasing social support might be a useful tool for HIV-positive IDUs in reducing depression and the adverse effect of non-injection polydrug use.
Biinvertible actions of Hopf algebras

We study actions of a Hopf algebraH on an algebraR such that the action is twisted by an invertible mapσ:H⊗H →R; the biinvertible condition means that these actions also have both an inverse and an antiinverse in Hom(H, EndR). WhenR is an ordinaryH-module algebra, the action is biinvertible if the antipose is bijective. As a new example we show that if theH-action is twisted and the coradical ofH is cocommutative, then the action is biinvertible. After studying the continuity of these actions with respect to the filter of ideals ofR with zero annihilator, we consider when the actions may be extended to the symmetric Martindale quotient ring ofR and itsH-analog. Our results can be applied to crossed productsR# σ .
Nsclick: bridging network simulation and deployment

Ad hoc network protocols are often developed, tested and evaluated using simulators. However, when the time comes to deploy those protocols for use or testing on real systems the protocol must be reimplemented for the target platform. This usually results in two, completely separate code-bases that must be maintained. Bugs which are found and fixed under simulated conditions must also be fixed separately in the deployed implementation, and vice versa. There is ample opportunity for the two implementations to drift apart, possibly to the point where the deployed and simulated version have little actual resemblance to each other. Testing the deployed version may also require construction of a testbed, a potentially time-consuming and expensive endeavor. Even if constructing an actual testbed is feasible, simulators are very useful for running large, repeatable scenarios for tasks such as protocol evaluation and regression testing. Furthermore, since the implementation may require modification of the kernel network stack, there's a good chance that a particular implementation may only run on specific versions of specific operating systems. To address these issues, we constructed the nsclick simulation environment by embedding the Click Modular Router inside of the popular \ns~network simulator. Routing protocols may be implemented as Click graphs and easily moved between simulation and any operating system supported by Click. This paper describes the design, use, validation and performance of nsclick.
The importance of shape in early lexical learning

Abstract We ask if certain dimensions of perceptual similarity are weighted more heavily than others in determining word extension. The specific dimensions examined were shape, size, and texture. In four experiments, subjects were asked either to extend a novel count noun to new instances or, in a nonword classification task, to put together objects that go together. The subjects were 2-year-olds, 3-year-olds, and adults. The results of all four experiments indicate that 2- and 3-year-olds and adults all weight shape more heavily than they do size or texture. This observed emphasis on shape, however, depends on the age of the subject and the task. First, there is a developmental trend. The shape bias increases in strength and generality from 2 to 3 years of age and more markedly from early childhood to adulthood. Second, in young children, the shape bias is much stronger in word extension than in nonword classification tasks. These results suggest that the development of the shape bias originates in language learning—it reflects a fact about language—and does not stem from general perceptual processes.
Atomic resolution observations of solute-atom segregation effects and phase transitions in stacking faults in dilute cobalt alloys—I. Experimental results

Abstract Solute atom segregation effects to individual stacking faults in Co-0.96 at.% Nb and Co-0.98 at.% Fe alloys have been investigated using the atom-probe field-ion microscope. The composition of individual stacking faults has been directly measured in the range 450–575°C. The diameter of the analyzed cylinder of alloy was ~ 30–50 A. It is shown that the solute concentration profile falls off very quickly with distance—within less than 4 A—from the plane of the fault in both alloys. And it is suggested that the Nb and Fe segregation effects are most likely confined to the plane of the fault. Very strong solute atom segregation effects to stacking faults have been observed in both alloys. After correction for the matrix contribution to the chemical analyses, the Nb concentration in the stacking faults in a Co-0.96 at.% Nb alloy is greater than the bulk composition by factors of 30, 12 and 7 at annealing temperatures of 450, 525 and 575°C. The corrected Fe concentration in the stacking faults in a Co-0.98 at.% Fe alloy is greater than the bulk composition by factors of 10, 6 and 4 at the annealing temperatures 450, 550 and 575°C. Small solute-rich fluctuations, (~ 5–20 A dia), whose compositions differ significantly from the average fault composition, have been observed in the plane of the stacking faults at 525 and 575°C in the Co-0.96 at.% Nb alloy. This, in combination with the experimental observation that at 450°C the stacking fault composition is close to that of Co2Nb, suggests that in addition to solute atom segregation we have evidence for a disorder-order transformation within the plane of the fault with decreasing temperature. Small solute-rich fluctuations (~ 20 A dia) have also been observed in the Co-0.98 at.% alloy at 550 and 575°C.
Defining Ourselves Name Calling in Black Studies

What's in a name? For the discipline that has become familiar to so many of us as Black Studies , much can be made of this question. While the study of Black people from multiple approaches and perspectives reflective of African worldviews and orientations is at the very core of the discipline, properly naming the field with a single, unifying designation has remained an elusive goal. In the past 40 years, the multidisciplinary nature of the field has contributed to the ongoing development of new programs and academic units with specialized foci and creative titles to match. This article examines the historical emergence and expansion of the field of Black Studies and the challenges that remain in appropriately naming the discipline and correctly identifying those who portend to be its practitioners.
Neighborhood, poverty, and negative behavior: An examination of differential association and social control theory

Abstract This study applies differential association and social control theories to childhood negative behaviors. Using a path analysis model, relationships between poverty, neighborhood SES, and parenting are explored. Analyses suggest that decreases in rates of poverty and increases in neighborhood SES lead to decreased negative behaviors, and aggravation with parenting is the greatest predictor of negative behavior.
Insights from theory and experiments on slip flow in chromatography

Slip flow has become a topic of interest in reversed-phase liquid chromatography because it gives a flow enhancement that facilitates the use of submicrometer particles, providing a large improvement in separation efficiency. Moreover, slip flow provides an additional improvement in efficiency by reducing the velocity distribution in the mobile phase. The phenomenon of slip flow in open tubes is described in chromatographically relative terms. A recent paper in this journal is discussed, as it provides the first theoretical study of slip flow in packed beds, in this case for face-centered cubic geometry. The theory paper reveals that the presence of the packed bed introduces a heterogeneity in fluid velocities that is absent in open tubes, reducing the additional improvement in efficiency from slip flow. The recent paper also suggests that there is yet another factor improving efficiency, which is size-exclusion of proteins from regions of stagnant flow. The latter is supported by recently published data on restricted protein diffusion in face-centered cubic silica colloidal crystals. Extremely low plate heights are enabled by use of submicrometer particles, and further improvement appears to be possible when the analyte size is on the order of 1% of the particle diameter or larger.
STUDIES ON THE SOMATIC C POLYSACCHARIDE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS : II. THE PRECIPITATION REACTION IN ANIMALS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED PNEUMOCOCCIC INFECTION.

The capacity of the serum of rabbits following intradermal pneumococcus infections to precipitate in the presence of pneumococcus C polysaccharide has been studied during the resultant periods of active infection and during recovery. In rabbits infected with Type I, III, or VIII pneumococci, large hemorrhagic lesions are produced which frequently bring about death of the animals after a febrile illness of 3 to 4 days. Repeated precipitation tests with the sera of these animals have been uniformly and consistently negative, not only during the acute illness but in the recovery period as well. On the other hand, the sera of monkeys of the Macacus cynomolgos species actively ill with experimental Type III pneumonia have been shown to react in precipitation tests with the C substance. The serum reaction appears within the first 24 hours after infection, remains positive in high titer for 2 to 3 days during the acute illness, and disappears with the onset of recovery. The precipitation reaction with C also occurs with the sera of monkeys following intradermal and intraperitoneal infection with pneumococci. The results of precipitation tests of the serum of monkeys during experimental pneumonia are similar to those obtained with the sera of patients suffering from pneumococcus lobar pneumonia. From the results of these studies it would appear improbable that the demonstration of the serum precipitation phenomenon with C polysaccharide in monkeys, and possibly also in man, is conditioned by previous exposure to pneumococcus antigen.
Histologic Evidence of Distal Coronary Thromboembolism: A Complication of Acute Proximal Coronary Artery Thrombolysis Therapy

Distal migration of occluding coronary thrombus during thrombolysis therapy for acute myocardial infarction rarely has been observed angiographically. Necropsy documentation of the final location of embolic fragments in this circumstance has not been reported previously. This report documents multiple occluded intramyocardial vessels with thrombus observed to have showered distally during thrombolysis therapy. Depending on size and number, fragments of dislodging proximal coronary embolus may produce additional myocardial necrosis.
Focal Adhesion Kinase Overexpression Enhances Ras-dependent Integrin Signaling to ERK2/Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase through Interactions with and Activation of c-Src

Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin (FN) triggers a number of intracellular signaling events including the increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) and also the stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) associates with integrin receptors, and FN-stimulated phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr-397 and Tyr-925 promotes the binding of Src family PTKs and Grb2, respectively. To investigate the mechanisms by which FAK, c-Src, and Grb2 function in FN-stimulated signaling events to ERK2, we expressed wild type and mutant forms of FAK in human 293 epithelial cells by transient transfection. FAK overexpression enhanced FN-stimulated activation of ERK2 approximately 4-fold. This was blocked by co-expression of the dominant negative Asn-17 mutant Ras, indicating that FN stimulation of ERK2 was Ras-dependent. FN-stimulated c-Src PTK activity was enhanced by wild type FAK expression, whereas FN-stimulated activation of ERK2 was blocked by expression of the c-Src binding site Phe-397 mutant of FAK. Expression of the Grb2 binding site Phe-925 mutant of FAK enhanced activation of ERK2, whereas a kinase-inactive Arg-454 mutant FAK did not. Expression of wild type and Phe-925 FAK, but not Phe-397 FAK, enhanced p130(Cas) association with FAK, Shc tyrosine phosphorylation, and Grb2 binding to Shc after FN stimulation. FN-induced Grb2-Shc association is another pathway leading to activation of ERK2 via Ras. The inhibitory effects of Tyr-397 FAK expression show that FAK-mediated association and activation of c-Src is essential for maximal signaling to ERK2. Moreover, multiple signaling pathways are activated upon the formation of an FAK.c-Src complex, and several of these can lead to Ras-dependent ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.
Solvent dependent characteristics of XeCl pumped UV dye lasers

The characteristics of near uv dye lasers pumped with short duration, 308 nm pulses from a XeCl laser are described with particular emphasis on the parameters influencing high average power operation. The solvent is shown to effect the operation of all dye lasers studied, particularly the photochemical stability. Measurements of the efficiency, as a function of the integrated pump energy have been made for a series of dye-solvent combinations. With the best combinations, average output powers in excess of 1W and conversion efficiencies greater than 25% were obtained at a repetition rate of ∼100 Hz.
Induction of implantation in the rat by cyclic nucleotides.

Abstract Implantation in the rat is preceded by a surge of estrogen which appears essential to the decidual izati on process. Moreover, the levels of cAMP and cGMP in rat uterus show characteristic reciprocal fluctuations following estrogen treatment. Recently, cAMP has been shown to induce implantation in the mouse. In the present study, cyclic nucleotides are shown to be involved in the initiation of implantation in the rat. Alloxan, an inhibitor of cAMP synthesis, effectively blocked implantation. Simultaneous administration of cGMP prevented the alloxan block. Administration of cAMP, cGMP or theophylline, facilitated implantation in rats in a state of simulated delayed implantation. The present study is the first demonstration of the importance of cyclic nucleotides in implantation in the rat, and the first indication of an essential role for cGMP.
Minireview: Steroid-Regulated Paracrine Mechanisms Controlling Implantation

Implantation is an essential process during establishment of pregnancy in mammals. It is initiated with the attachment of the blastocyst to a receptive uterine epithelium followed by its invasion into the stromal tissue. These events are profoundly regulated by the steroid hormones 17β-estradiol and progesterone. During the past several years, mouse models harboring conditional gene knockout mutations have become powerful tools for determining the functional roles of cellular factors involved in various aspects of implantation biology. Studies using these genetic models as well as primary cultures of human endometrial cells have established that the estrogen receptor α, the progesterone receptor, and their downstream target genes critically regulate uterine growth and differentiation, which in turn control embryo-endometrial interactions during early pregnancy. These studies have uncovered a diverse array of molecular cues, which are produced under the influence of estrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor and exchanged between the epithelial and stromal compartments of the uterus during the progressive phases of implantation. These paracrine signals are critical for acquisition of uterine receptivity and functional interactions with the embryo. This review highlights recent work describing paracrine mechanisms that govern steroid-regulated uterine epithelial-stromal dialogue during implantation and their roles in fertility and disease.
Temperature-Dependent Solvent Disruption of Guanidinium-1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonate Networks Yields a One-Dimensional Pore Structure

Crystallization of mixtures of the host compounds 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate and guanidinium results in a new three-component network structure in the presence of linear fatty acid esters. The formation of this new topology is temperature-dependent and arises from the disruption of the basic guanidinium-sulfonate sheet structure through the incorporation of the solvent 2-methoxyethanol within the host network. Examination of the high-temperature crystal phase, the fatty acid ester-free 2-methoxyethanol solvate, reveals that the GS sheet topography of this network is directed by the hydrogen-bond interactions of the solvent and host. In the fatty acid ester inclusion compound, which crystallizes at lower temperatures, the host−guest interaction is much more explicit, with each 2-methoxyethanol molecule participating in three hydrogen bonds, becoming the third component of the host structure. The result of this new assembly is the creation of hydrophobically lined pores with an available cross-section area ...
Express saccades and smooth pursuit eye movement function in schizophrenic, affective disorder, and normal subjects

Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements were recorded in three groups of subjects: a schizophrenic group, a non-schizophrenic psychotic patient comparison group, and a normal control group. Schizophrenic subjects demonstrated a greater decrease in saccadic response time than did normal controls in a gap task (when the fixation point was turned off 150 msec before the target appeared). The psychiatric comparison subjects did not differ from normal controls. Further, only schizophrenic subjects demonstrated a relation between smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movement performance, such that subjects with impaired smooth pursuit showed a larger decrease in saccadic response time in the gap task. The relation between performance on the gap task and quality of smooth pursuit and its relevance for a prefrontal deficit hypothesis of schizophrenia are discussed.