cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing efficacy of novel Hsp90 inhibitors in breast cancer patients by enumeration of circulating tumor cells and HER-2 degradation

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 3622 Background: Hsp90 inhibitors are currently under investigation in multiple human (Phase I-III) cancer trials. We have a fully synthetic Hsp90 inhibitor (BIIB021) in development that effectively inhibits tumor growth in a variety of tumor models. BIIB021 is being investigated for the treatment of solid tumors and metastatic breast cancer in Phase I clinical trials. To evaluate the effect of BIIB021 on HER-2 degradation in clinical trials, we used a systematic approach to develop a semi-quantitative method for estimating HER-2 expression on circulating tumor cells (CTC) utilizing the Veridex technology. As a first step, we used control breast cancer cell lines with varied HER-2 expression levels to establish a scoring system to predict changes in HER-2 receptor (intensity) levels. Additionally, we treated these control cells with different doses of BIIB021 to demonstrate HER-2 degradation on CTC. This assay will be used for assessing the pharmacological activity of BIIB021 in the ongoing metastatic breast cancer patient trials. Methods: CTC analysis was performed on the Immunicon/Veridex cell tracks system using the CTC IVD kit coupled with HER-2/neu immunophenotyping reagent. To establish a scoring system (0 to 3+) for predicting changes in HER-2 expression levels, the receptor intensities of four breast cancer lines (BT474, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-175, MCF7 having high to very low HER-2 receptor numbers) were spiked into human blood and analyzed using the HER-2 CTC system. Next, breast cancer cells expressing high (BT474) and low (MCF7) levels of HER-2 receptor were treated with a titrated dose of BIIB021 and HER-2 expression levels determined by flow cytometry. Based on the flow cytometry data, BT474 (high Her2-expression), MDA-361, MDA-175 (intermediate HER-2 expressor), and MCF7 (low Her2 -expression) cells were treated with BIIB021 for 16 hours and changes in HER-2 expression levels were assessed on the CTC platform using the preestablished scoring system. Results/Conclusions: We established a receptor intensity chart for scoring HER-2 levels on CTC following Hsp90 inhibitor therapy. Based on this scoring system over 80% of the MDA-MB-361 and 40% of MDA-MB-175 cells treated with BIIB021 showed complete HER-2 degradation (scored ‘0’) and a majority (>90%) of the BT474 cells had low levels (1+) of HER-2. This semi-quantitative scoring system should be useful in assessing the pharmacological activity of Hsp90 inhibitors in breast cancer patients with high to intermediate HER-2 expression levels and coupled with the ability to enumerate changes in absolute number of metastatic cancer cells, the HER-2 CTC platform should provide a powerful way to demonstrate the pharmacological efficacy of Hsp90 inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer patients.
Suicide prevention with adolescents: considering potential benefits and untoward effects of public service announcements.

Background/Aims: Suicide is one of the most serious public health challenges; yet determining optimal methods for preventing suicide in adolescents continues to be an elusive goal. The aim of this ...
Reconnection-driven Current Filamentation in Solar Arcades

We present numerical simulations of the interaction between two bipoles through magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere, a process believed to be the origin of many manifestations of solar activity. The present work differs from previous studies in that the field is sheared asymmetrically and that the bipoles have markedly unequal field strengths. Our key discovery is that, under such common circumstances, reconnection leads to an apparently random distribution of shear in the magnetic field, resulting in numerous current sheets throughout the volume occupied by the reconnected field lines. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a numerical simulation yielding current sheets over a large but well-defined volume of the corona, resembling a coronal loop in profile. In this Letter, we demonstrate this process of reconnection-driven current filamentation and discuss ramifications for coronal heating and structure.
Development of large copepods during spring in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract Development rate in Neocalanus plumchrus at Station P (50°N, 145°W) in the Gulf of Alaska was estimated from changing copepodite stage proportions. Apparent duration of the third copepodite stage (C3) was 13.4 days. The error imposed on this estimate by differential mortality was modelled numerically. If mortality rate declines with age, C3 duration as short as 11.7 days is compatible with the data. If it accelerates with age, durations up to 16.2 days are reasonable. These estimates are shorter than those made previously for May 1984. Dry weight and lipid-free dry weight estimates show that Neocalanus flemingeri C5 with full lipid loading were smaller in 1988 (270μg DW, 170μg LFDW) than in 1987 (400μg DW, 225μg LFDS). Resting stage N. flemingeri females from 1988 were smaller than those of any recorded year, while those of 1987 were of average size. Nutrient, floristic, and microbial conditions were unusual in May 1988, all possibly shifted by a late season storm in mid-April. This could have caused the poor growth of N. flemingeri and a delay in development of N. plumchrus of two weeks compared to 1984.
Eisenstein-Series on the Four-Dimensional Hyperbolic Space

Abstract The paper deals with Eisenstein-series on the four-dimensional hyperbolic space in the realization of a quaternionic upper half-plane. The Rankin-Selberg method leads to a duality theorem saying that these Eisenstein-series arise from those on the complex upper half-plane by the Petersson inner product with certain theta-series and vice versa. Moreover the meromorphic continuation and a Kronecker limit formula are proved and Hecke-operators are introduced.
The cell biology of ischemic renal injury

Work during the past several years has produced new insights into many aspects of the cell biology of ischemic injury to the tubulointerstitium. The major processes are conveniently considered in terms of early events, the prelethal and lethal cell injuries that occur during the period of ischemia and in the first hours of reperfusion, and late events, the proliferation and fibrosis which repair and restructure the damaged tissue. Most currently available data are pertinent to understanding the early events at the tubule cell level, and this information will necessarily comprise most of the review.
Resonant-cavity-enhanced p-i-n photodiode with a broad quantum-efficiency spectrum by use of an anomalous-dispersion mirror

A resonant-cavity-enhanced photodiode with broad filter transmittance and high quantum efficiency was numerically designed and analyzed, fabricated, and validated experimentally. We show theoretically that the quantum-efficiency spectrum broadens because of anomalous dispersion of the reflection phase of a mirror in the device and describe conditions that allow maximal flatness of the transmitted spectrum to be achieved. To demonstrate the concepts we design, fabricate, and characterize a backilluminated In0.47Ga0.53As-based p-i-n photodiode upon a InP substrate. Experimental measurements of the fabricated devices demonstrate a peak quantum efficiency of 0.80 at 1550 nm and a FWHM of transmittance of 35.96 nm.
Comparison of Euler and full potential marching techniques for flows over complex configurations

Two recently developed aerodynamic prediction techniques based on the steady full potential equation and the unsteady Euler equations have been applied to a variety of three-dimensional supersonic flow problems exhibiting embedded subsonic regions. Both techniques utilize planar Gauss-Seidel relaxation in the marching direction and approximate factorization in the cross-flow plane. A conservative switching scheme and flux bias technique are employed in the full potential method to transition from the supersonic marching procedure to a subsonic relaxation algorithm and vice versa. A new unified approach with finite volume, high accuracy (up to third order) Total Variation Diminishing formulation (based on Roe's scheme) is used in the Euler solver. In the supersonic regions of the flow an 'infinitely large' time step is employed, and a finite time step is applied in the subsonic regions of the flow to reach the steady-state as a time-asymptote. Numerical solutions are obtained for a number of complex configurations, including: (1) an elliptic waverider, (2) a realistic fighter configuration, (3) the Space Shuttle, and (4) a Shuttle-like configuration. Both the Full Potential and Euler numerical results are in good agreement with available experimental data.
Responding to the needs of youth who are homeless: Calling for politicized trauma-informed intervention

Abstract Trauma in the lives of youth who are homeless is a pervasive reality. In this article, a politicized understanding of trauma is taken up to explore the complex psychological, relational, and social/political challenges experienced by many young persons facing homelessness. Their needs are contrasted with the dominant framework for assessing and addressing homelessness among youth, which fails to adequately account for the effects of trauma in their lives. The authors argue for therapeutic approaches to address the negative effects of trauma; development of community services that adequately respond to the consequences of traumatic life experiences; and socially responsible policies that ensure provision of adequate services and also aim to address root causes of youth homelessness. While current conceptualizations of trauma-informed services go some distance toward achieving these goals, the authors argue that it is only by taking up a more radical understanding of trauma that interventions will be employed to better achieve these targets. Toward this end, the authors introduce a framework that integrates the SPECs model (Evans & Prilleltensky, 2007; Prilleltensky, 2005) with trauma-informed service provision, thereby infusing a social and political analysis to guide more effective trauma-informed solution building in response to the issue of youth homelessness.
A METHODOLOGY FOR INTEGRATING MATERIALS SCIENCE WITH SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Abstract The performance of a system is determined by variables of different kinds: some related to the micro/nanostructure of materials, others to the shape and architecture of the components of the system that are constructed from these materials, and yet others to the thermal, mechanical and chemical loading on the components. Design and optimization of the system requires evaluating the trade-offs between these variables. The example of tungsten filament for incandescent lamps is used to illustrate a new methodology for evaluating these trade-offs. We demonstrate how the `system' can be partitioned into subsystems, one relating predominantly to geometry and the other to the microstructure. The subsystems interact through linking variables that permit superimposition of the design constraints imposed by filament geometry, and those imposed by the microstructure. The overlay defines a `design regime' within which the filament would have the expected life. A possible application of the methodology is to find the bounds on manufacturing process parameters in order to achieve lifetimes that lie within given limits. The present analysis may be further generalized to include materials processing variables to aid in process control for the purpose of improving product reliability.
CMOS Digital Pixel Sensor with Multiple Reference, Multiple Sampling Dynamic Range Enhancement

A CMOS DPS (Digital Pixel Sensor) with wide dynamic range is presented. Highly efficient exponential multiple sampling with variable reset voltage is used to enhance the dynamic range. Each pixel in the image sensor is composed of a photo detector, a comparator, and an 8-bit memory which is used to record the time. A 64 × 64 pixel array has been designed and simulated in 0.18? 1P6M CMOS technology. It achieves 14.7 × 13.8 ?m2 pixel size at 13.9% fill factor. The simulated power consumed by the image sensor at video rate is 2.7mW.
“Hunt”-ing for post-translational modifications that underlie the histone code

Abstract Eukaryotic cells package their DNA with histone proteins to form chromatin that can be regulated to enable transcription, DNA repair and replication in response to cellular needs and external stimuli. A wealth of recent studies of post-translational histone modifications and histone variants have led to an explosion of insights into and more questions about how these processes might be regulated. Work from Donald Hunt and colleagues contributed greatly to our understanding of the “histone code” by developing novel methods to study and identify histone modifications in both generic and specialized variant histone proteins. Without his expertise, the field of chromatin biology would not be where it is today. In recognition, we are pleased to contribute to a special issue of the International Journal of Mass Spectrometry dedicated to the many advances pioneered by the Hunt laboratory, which have enhanced the science of many fields and the careers of many scientists.
Layered, erasable polymer multilayers formed by hydrogen-bonded sequential self-assembly

Robust multilayers can be formed on solid surfaces, and subsequently destroyed by changing the environmental conditions, by the layer-by-layer sequential assembly of monomolecular films of a polyacid and polybase from aqueous solution. Interlayer hydrogen bonding produces stable multilayers up to the point where altered pH or other environmental stimulus introduces an unacceptably large electrical charge within them. This is demonstrated for the polyacids poly(acrylic acid), PAA, and poly(methacrylic acid), PMAA, and for the polybases poly(vinylpyrrolidone), PVPON, and poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, in D2O. The adsorption was quantified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR). The ratio between suppressed ionization of the carboxylic groups within the film and their ionization in solution, as directly measured by FTIR-ATR, was used to estimate the fraction of hydrogen-bonded carboxylic groups; this was ∼0.5 in PVPON/PMAA but only ∼0.1 in the PEO/PMAA system, though...
S4: Top-k Spreadsheet-Style Search for Query Discovery

An enterprise information worker is often aware of a few example tuples that should be present in the output of the query. Query discovery systems have been developed to discover project-join queries that contain the given example tuples in their output. However, they require the output to exactly contain all the example tuples and do not perform any ranking. To address this limitation, we study the problem of efficiently discovering top-k project join queries which approximately contain the given example tuples in their output. We extend our algorithms to incrementally produce results as soon as the user finishes typing/modifying a cell. Our experiments on real-life and synthetic datasets show that our proposed solution is significantly more efficient compared with applying state-of-the-art algorithms.
Advanced Hidradenitis Suppurativa Presenting with Bilateral Vulvar Masses

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic suppurative inflammatory disease of the apocrine sweat glands. It is more common in women and involves the genital region in half of all affected patients. An advanced case of hidradenitis suppurativa with bilateral vulvar masses is presented. Possible etiologies of the disease are discussed, as well as strategies for definitive therapy. Because the disease frequently affects the female external genitalia and therapy can require extensive surgical resection and reconstruction, the services of a gynecologic oncologist may be required. Adequate therapy based on an understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease can yield significant relief of symptoms.
Androgen receptor characteristics in skin fibroblasts from hirsute women

Hormonal measurements in some women with hirsutism often reveal little or no elevation in androgen levels to explain the disorder. Thus, it has been postulated that increased sensitivity of the hair follicle to androgen may contribute to the development of hirsutism in such patients. We, therefore, sought androgen receptor abnormalities in skin fibroblasts cultured from 10 hirsute women (ages 17-43) and normal or mildly elevated plasma testosterone levels (28-82 ng/dl). Androgen receptor content (Ro) and binding affinity (Kd) in cultured pubic skin fibroblasts were measured using a dispersed, whole cell assay. Ten such cell lines from these women were compared with 19 pubic skin cell lines from 9 normal volunteers (6 males and 3 females) and from 10 other subjects (males with gynecomastia or hypospadias). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean androgen receptor content (11,600 +/- 2700 (SE) sites/cell fibroblasts vs 7900 +/- 700 sites/cell or binding affinity (2.0 +/- 0.3 (SE) X 10(-9) M vs 1.5 +/- 0.2 X 10(-9) M, respectively) between the patients' fibroblasts and those of the controls. We conclude that hirsutism cannot be explained by abnormalities in fibroblast androgen receptor number or affinity. These observations do not exclude the possibility that other mechanisms might lead to increased peripheral androgen sensitivity in such patients.
Effects of the external field and interlayer coupling on the spin reorientation of magnetic thin films

The spin reorientation of ferromagnetic thin films with magnetic single-ion anisotropies is studied within the framework of the many-body Green-function technique. We investigate the effects due to the perpendicular external field and the anisotropic interface/intraface couplings on the magnetization reorientation transition in thin magnetic films consisting of up to 6 monolayers. The relative magnetization (RM) and various anisotropies under different conditions are calculated as functions of the temperature, film thickness, as well as the external field for arbitrary spin. The nearest-neighbor (NN) intraface coupling constant is treated as a parameter, whose value is determined by the Curie temperature of the bulk magnet. It is found that under the external field, the RM near the critical point exhibits behavior different from what is expected in the absence of the field. In particular, it is illustrated that an applied field increases the critical thickness for the magnetization reorientation transition (MRT). A slight change of the surface anisotropy ${D}_{s}$ may change the nature of transition between the ferromagnetic ordered-disorder transition and MRT. The effects of various exchange coupling constants, however, can only shift the transition temperature but cannot change the nature of the transition. Finally, we find that in Fe films with perpendicular magnetization, the ferromagnetic (antiferromagnetic) interlayer coupling constants do not coexist with the antiferromagnetic (ferromagnetic) intralayer coupling constants. The nature of both the interlayer and intralayer coupling must be the same, either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic.
What humanists want: how scholars use source materials

Despite the growing prominence of digital libraries as tools to support humanities scholars, little is known about the work practices and needs of these scholars as they pertain to working with source documents. In this paper we present our findings from a formative user study consisting of semi-structured interviews with eight scholars.We find that the use of source materials (by which we mean the original physical documents or digital facsimiles with minimal editorial intervention) in scholarship is not a simple, straight-forward examination of a document in isolation. Instead, scholars study source materials as an integral part of a complex ecosystem of inquiry that seeks to understand both the text being studied and the context in which that text was created, transmitted and used. Drawing examples from our interviews, we address critical questions of why scholars use source documents and what information they hope to gain by studying them. We also briefly summarize key note-taking practices as a means for assessing the potential to design user interfaces that support scholarly work-practices.
Nanosecond time-resolved EPR spectroscopy: time profiles via integration of free induction decays

Abstract Tune dependence of transient magnetization can be sampled by using a single microwave pulse and observing the intensity of free induction decay (FID). The FID method is illustrated and compared to the two-pulse electron spin echo (ESE) technique. The time pronies of the hydrogen atoms created by electron beam pulse radiolysis or acidic water are used to illustrate the advantages of the FID method. Superior signal to noise and better effective response time of the F ID method makes it an ideal tool for the study of fast reacting radicals in liquids.
Upper limit of vulnerability reliably predicts the defibrillation threshold in humans.

BACKGROUND The upper limit of vulnerability is the stimulus strength above which electrical stimulation cannot induce ventricular fibrillation even when the stimulus occurs during the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the upper limit of vulnerability can accurately predict the defibrillation threshold in patients undergoing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation using nonthoracotomy lead systems. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 77 patients at the time of ICD implantation. Multiple endocardial-endocardial and endocardial-subcutaneous shock pathways were used. Two different protocols were used to test the upper limit of vulnerability. In protocol 1 (n = 17), the upper limit of vulnerability was tested with two shocks on the peak or the up-slope of the T wave of paced rhythm. The shocks were given randomly either at the peak and 20 milliseconds before the peak of T wave (n = 7) or at 20 and 40 milliseconds before the peak of T wave (n = 10). In protocol 2 (n = 60), the upper limit of vulnerability was tested with three shocks delivered at 0, 20, and 40 milliseconds before the peak of the T wave. The weakest shock that failed to induce ventricular fibrillation by a 5-J step-down or step-up method was defined as the upper limit of vulnerability. The defibrillation threshold was also determined by a 5-J step-down or step-up method. In protocol 1, the upper limit of vulnerability (9 +/- 6 J) was significantly lower than the defibrillation threshold (13 +/- 7 J) with a correlation coefficient of .87 and P 10 J in 8 patients and underestimated the defibrillation threshold by > 10 J in only 1 patient. The overestimation and underestimation occurred only in patients with the upper limit of vulnerability > 15 J. CONCLUSIONS When tested with three shocks on and before the peak of the T wave, the upper limit of vulnerability accurately predicted the defibrillation threshold in patients undergoing ICD implantation using nonthoracotomy lead systems. This method required either one or no episodes of ventricular fibrillation in most patients.
Aligning Faculty Rewards with Institutional Mission: Statements, Policies, and Guidelines

About the Author. Preface. 1. Institutional Priorities and the Promotion and Tenure Process. 2. Roles and Responsibilities: Placing the Issue on the Institutional Agenda. 3. the Institutional Mission and Vision Statement. 4. Developing Institutional, School, and College Guidelines for Promotion and Tenure. 5. Developing Departmental Guidelines. 6. The Union Contract. Annotated Bibliography: Promotion and Tenure Resources. References. Index.
Programming model for a heterogeneous x86 platform

The client computing platform is moving towards a heterogeneous architecture consisting of a combination of cores focused on scalar performance, and a set of throughput-oriented cores. The throughput oriented cores (e.g. a GPU) may be connected over both coherent and non-coherent interconnects, and have different ISAs. This paper describes a programming model for such heterogeneous platforms. We discuss the language constructs, runtime implementation, and the memory model for such a programming environment. We implemented this programming environment in a x86 heterogeneous platform simulator. We ported a number of workloads to our programming environment, and present the performance of our programming environment on these workloads.
Asthma control during pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery or impaired fetal growth

Background Concerns regarding potential harmful effect of medications on fetuses often result in inadequate treatment of asthma in pregnancy, whereas risks posed by poorly controlled maternal asthma are often underestimated. Objective To evaluate the effect of maternal asthma on preterm delivery and fetal growth. Methods Study participants were individuals enrolled in the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists Asthma Medications in Pregnancy Study between February 1, 1998, and December 31, 2003. Pregnant women with physician-diagnosed asthma (n = 719) evaluated their asthma control repeatedly during pregnancy based on symptom frequency and interference with daily activities and sleep and reported hospitalizations and unscheduled clinic visits for asthma exacerbations. The incidence of preterm delivery, the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction, and mean birth weight were evaluated relative to asthma symptom control and exacerbation measures. Results The incidence of preterm delivery was significantly higher among patients with inadequate asthma symptom control during the first part of pregnancy (11.4%) compared with patients with adequate asthma control (6.3%; P = .02). Similarly, patients who were hospitalized for asthma during pregnancy had a higher incidence of preterm delivery (16.4%) compared with asthmatic women without a history of hospitalization (7.6%; P = .02). The effect seemed independent from use of systemic corticosteroids and other covariates. Neither the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction nor mean birth weight varied by any measures of asthma symptom control or exacerbations. Conclusions This study demonstrates a substantial risk for preterm delivery posed by poorly controlled maternal asthma and provides additional evidence regarding the importance of adequate treatment of asthma in pregnancy to maintain optimal asthma control.
Fingerprinting petroporphyrin structures with vibrational spectroscopy: resonance Raman spectra of nickel and vanadyl etioporphyrins I and III

Abstract A study has been initiated which utilizes the sensitivity and selectivity of resonance Raman (RR) scattering to establish vibrational “structure-marker” frequencies for petroporphyrins in crude oils and tar balls as an empirical tool in the determination and differentiation of numerous porphyrins known to exist in these complex matrices. The RR spectra with variable-wavelength excitation are reported for nickel and vanadyl etioporphyrins I and III. Essentially all in-plane porphyrin skeletal modes and their assignments are catalogued. Among these, many (VO)Etio high-frequency vibrations (> 1400 cm −1 ) associated mainly with pyrrole C s C s and methine bridge C α C m stretching modes are 14–28 cm −1 lower in frequency than their corresponding modes in NiEtios, enabling the two metalloporphyrin families to be readily distinguished. The strongest band with the Soret-band excitation of vanadyl etioporphyrins arises from the characteristic VO stretch at 991 cm −1 . The RR spectra of two isomers, Etio-I and Etio-III, show significant differences in the 750–1050 cm −1 alkyl substituent vibrations which should allow qualitative identification of particular position isomers and perhaps quantitative analysis of isomeric mixtures.
The generator coordinate method applied to pairing vibrations

Abstract The generator coordinate integral equation is solved for the pairing Hamiltonian with the gap parameter Δ as the generator coordinate. This is shown to be a poor approximation in the weak pairing limit, so an improved wave function is used. Applications are made to the pairing vibrational spectra and two-nucleon transition strengths in 206,208,210 Pb and the single-particle levels in 207,209 Pb.
Determination of the anisotropy of surface energy of metals—II: Experimental γ-plot of gold

Abstract The orientation dependence of the surface tension of gold has been experimentally determined by means of a twin-boundary grooving technique. At a temperature of 1030°C in a hydrogen atmosphere the γ-plot for gold was found to be cusped at the {111} and {100} orientations with knife-edge grooves occurring along the zones between the 〈111〉 and 〈100〉 and the 〈111〉 and 〈110〉 poles. A qualitative similarity was found between the results and the predictions of the simple pairwise-interaction model at finite temperatures. With the application of the analysis described in Part I to our data several features in the γ-plot have been distinguished for the first time. One of these is a region of positive curvature in the γ surface along the [110] zone near the [111] pole in the γ-plot. Good agreement was found between the morphologies of the boundary grooves and surface scratches observed in other studies and the morphological features predicted from the experimental γ-plot.
The Korean language

Maps Preface Abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Genetic affiliation 3. Historical development 4. Dialects 5. Lexicon 6. Writing systems 7. Sound patterns 8. Word structure 9. Grammatical structure Select bibliography Index.
The photochemical decomposition of azoethane

The photolysis of azoethane has been investigated over the temperature range 26 to 178 °C. An analogous reaction mechanism to that for the photolysis of diethylketone (1) has been proposed to explain the results. For the activation energy of the reaction C2H5 + C2H5N2C2H5 a value of 7.5 kcal. /mole has been obtained, assuming that the combination reaction of two ethyl radicals has an activation energy of zero. The ratio of disproportionation to recombination of ethyl radicals is 0.13 ± 0.02.
ANDROGEN MEDIATED REGULATION AND FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF FKBP51 EXPRESSION IN PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: Androgen ablation continues to be the most effective therapy for metastatic prostate cancer, although the biologically active androgen receptor (AR) target genes remain largely unknown. Because AR signaling continues in hormone refractory disease, effector AR target genes may have therapeutic import. Materials and Methods: We used oligonucleotide microarrays to identify genes with expression induced by androgen and associated with androgen independent growth. The androgen induced expression of FKBP51, a steroid receptor chaperone, was further investigated in LNCaP cells by Northern and Western analysis, and in primary prostate specimens using immunohistochemistry. We used stable clones over expressing FKBP51 to test the functional effects of FKBP51. Results: Many genes had expression that correlates with androgen stimulation in LNCaP cells but relatively few had reproducible, androgen mediated changes in expression across multiple prostate cancer cell lines. FKBP51 had androgen induced RNA and protein expression in LNCaP cells and decreased expression in normal prostate epithelial cells following castration. Further study demonstrated that FKBP51 induction was not a generalized response to cell proliferation, FKBP51 protein physically interacts with AR and LNCaP cells constitutively over expressing FKBP51 have increased ligand mediated AR activation of an exogenous AR reporter construct and endogenous prostate specific antigen. Conclusions: Taken together these results confirm FKBP51 as an androgen induced gene, demonstrate a physical interaction between FKBP51 and AR and suggest that FKBP51 over expression increases AR transcriptional activity in prostate cancer.
Glucose transporters are abundant in cells with "occluding" junctions at the blood-eye barriers.

Abstract We studied the distribution of the "erythroid/brain" glucose transporter protein in the human and rat eye by immunocytochemistry with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the C terminus of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter. We found intense immunocytochemical staining in the endothelium of microvessels of the retina, optic nerve, and iris but not in microvessels of the choroid, ciliary body, sclera, and other retro-orbital tissues. In addition, we found marked immunocytochemical staining of retinal pigment epithelium, ciliary body epithelium, and posterior epithelium of the iris. The common feature of all those endothelial and epithelial cells that stained intensely for the glucose transporter is the presence of "occluding" intercellular junctions, which constitute the anatomical bases of the blood-eye barriers. We propose that a high density of the glucose transporter is a biochemical concomitant of epithelial and endothelial cells with barrier characteristics, at least in tissues that have a high metabolic requirement for glucose.
cAMP promotion of osteoclast-like cell development from mouse bone marrow cells requires a permissive action of 1,25-(OH)2D3.

Recruitment of osteoclasts from monocytic precursors is modulated by local signals. We previously showed that monoblastic differentiation in U937 cells is stimulated by 1,25-(OH)2D3 and cAMP in series. We investigate here the combined effects of these agents to stimulate differentiation of osteoclast-like cells from mouse marrow. Cells from mouse marrow were harvested and cultured in α-MEM with 10% fetal bovine serum. The appearance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-containing multinuclear cells was measured after 8 days in culture by cytochemical staining. Continuous exposure of cultures to 10 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3 positively stimulated development of these cells after 8 days (101 + 3 cells per well, n = 74). No osteoclast-like cells were found when 1,25-(OH)2D3 was added for the first 4 days followed by 4 days more with no treatment. PGE2 (1 μM) as a single agent added during the last 4 days of culture was not able to recruit osteoclast-like cells. However, cultures exposed to 1,25-(OH)2D3 during the first 4 days and 1 μM PGE2 during the second 4 days developed osteoclast-like cells at 8 days [66 + 8% of the formation seen with 1,25-(OH)2D3 alone, p < 0.05]. Dibutyryl cAMP (1 μM to 3 mM) was also not effective used as a single agent, but was able to stimulate formation of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells when 1,25-(OH)2D3 preceded its addition to culture medium. cAMP analogs therefore mimicked the effect of 1 μM PGE2, but these experiments do not allow us to assign the PGE2 action entirely to activation of cAMP second messenger. We postulate that continuous 1,25-(OH)2D3 stimulation is alone sufficient to recruit osteoclasts from precursors but that the effect of cAMP to stimulate osteoclast formation occurs only when combined with a permissive action of 1,25-(OH)2D3.
Evolving strategies for preventing biofilm on implantable materials

Implantable devices have improved the lives of many patients, but implant-associated infection remains a serious complication with significant morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the role of biofilm in the development of these infections has become increasingly recognized, and strategies to combat biofilm are beginning to proliferate in the literature. This review will explore how implant-associated infections have historically been treated, where the research currently stands, and the future trends of infection control.
Phonon Raman spectra, molecular motions, and phase transitions of dimethylacetylene crystal

Abstract The phonon Raman spectra of crystals of dimethylacetylene, perdeutero-dimethylacetylene and their mixtures have been investigated down to 20°K. The high temperature phase shows only one line and the low temperature phase only two. Neither of these is related to the R z (methyl) rotation, which seems to remain practically free. However, the latter motion is found to be restricted in a newly discovered metastable phase, which is reported here first, displaying 5–6 phonon bands. The well-known λ-point transition appears little related to methyl rotations. The internal rotation of dimethylacetylene seems to stay practically free down to 20°K in the stable phases.
The influence of communication mode and incentive structure on GDSS process and outcomes

Given the orientation towards groups and the increase in the use of Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) for distributed groups, we study communication mode and incentive structure to learn how these two factors influence group decision making. This paper compares the decision process and outcomes of groups that use a face-to-face GDSS (FGDSS) to those that use a distributed GDSS (DGDSS) operating under two different incentive structures. Results indicate that communication mode and incentive structure can influence the effects of each other. Hence, the appropriate design of incentive structures may be important to the success of virtual organizations.
1019-30 The Effects of Protamine Sulfate on Myocyte Sarcolemmal Processes and the Relationship to Contractile Function

Protamine sulfate (PROT), a polycationic peptide is used to reverse the anticoagulant effects of heparin in cardiovascular operations but has been associated with acute LV dysfunction. We hypothesized that the cationic nature of PROT would alter myocyte (MYO) contractile processes, sarcolemmal function (Na+, K+-ATPase) and electrophysiology. Accordingly, isolated MYO contractile function (velocity of shortening; VEL,μm/s) from 6 pigs was measured in the contrOl state (no PROT) and in the presence of PROT (40 or 80 μg/ml; clinical doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg). Baseline (BASE) MYO VEL was obtained and then repeated following inhibition of the Na+, K+ATPase with 2 μM ouabain (OUAB). In addition, indices of MYO membrane potential (resting, RMP; max upstroke velocity, Vmax; time to 90% repolarization, APD90) were measured in the control state and in the presence of PROT. BASE-VEL OUAB-VEL RMP(mV) Vmax(V/s) APD90(ms) CONTROL 48 ± 2 65 ± 6 + -79.1 ± 08 139 ± 5 163 ± 9 40-PROT 31 ± 2 * 32 ± 3 * -73.7 ± 1.1 * 130 ± 5 214 ± 18 * 80-PROT 27 ± 1 * 28 ± 4 * -73.0 ± 2.1 * 114 ± 5 * 219 ± 6 * * p l 0.05 vs Control + p l 0.05 vs BASE Na+, K+-ATPase OUAB binding (Ba; pmol/mg), affinity (Kd; nM) and hydrolytic activity (ACTIVITY; μgpNP/mg/hr) were measured in the control state and with 40 μg/ml PROT. Summary PROT altered Na+, K+-ATPase receptor binding but not hydrolytic capacity. Thus, the mechanism for changes in MYO function and electrophysiology is likely due to alterations in sarcolemmal conformation. These results provide a potential cellular mechanism responsible for the acute LV dysfunction associated with PROT administration.
An unsolved mystery: The composition of bcc Cu alloy precipitates in bcc Fe and steels

Copper precipitation strengthened steels are of considerable technical importance. An application to a new bridge in Illinois is described. The Cu precipitates are body centered cubic (bcc) and a few nanometer in diameter at maximum strength. While recently published ab initio calculations of the mixing energy at 0 K predict that bcc Cu precipitates in bcc Fe should be pure Cu, literature data show that they contain almost 50% Fe according to atom probe tomography whereas combined small angle neutron and magnetic scattering predicts the composition is almost pure Cu. Possible sources of these differences are discussed.
Association of sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin with depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Objective Sex hormones are thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders in women. This study assessed the associations of total testosterone (T), bioavailable T, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with depressive symptoms stratified on postmenopausal stage to determine whether the associations were strongest for early postmenopausal women. Methods Women (N = 1,824) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (2000-2002) in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis were categorized into tertiles of years postmenopause: T1, 0 to 10 years; T2, 11 to 20 years; and T3, 21 to 58 years. Multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were computed for the incidence of depressive symptoms, as defined by a score of 16 or higher on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale at examination 3 (2004-2005). Results In analysis including all sex hormones, the RR for incident depressive symptoms associated with 1 unit higher log total T was 0.57 (P = 0.13), with log estradiol was 0.78 (P = 0.04), with log SHBG was 1.84 (P = 0.003), and with log dehydroepiandrosterone was 1.45 (P = 0.08) in T1. Without adjustment for SHBG, the RR for log bioavailable T was 0.16 (P = 0.04). However, in T2 and T3, there were no meaningful associations of hormone or SHBG levels with incident depressive symptoms. When stratified by HT use, results were consistent for HT users but attenuated for HT nonusers. Conclusions In early postmenopausal women, sex hormones were associated with incident depressive symptoms.
Regular cyclic coverings of regular affine maps

The regular coverings of regular affine algebraic maps are considered, and a large family of totally ramified coverings--the so-called Steinberg and Accola coverings--are fully classified.
PCB uptake and transfer to humans by lake trout

Abstract A mathematical model for contaminant uptake from food and water by fishes is combined with a model for yield as a function of fishing mortality in order to examine both the contaminant concentration in fishes and the amount of contaminant transferred to humans from fishes as functions of fishing mortality. The models are fitted to lake trout Salvelinus namaycush data from Lake Michigan, where there has been a persistent problem of PCB contamination. Transfer of contaminants from fishes to humans can be regulated through control of fishing. The concentration of contaminant decreases exponentially as fishing mortality increases because fishing reduces the number of older individuals in the population and concentration is a function of age. The amount of contaminant transferred from a fish population to humans increases to a maximum and then begins to decrease as fishing effort increases. The maximum rate of transfer occurs at a relatively low level of fishing.
Histological examination of bone-tempered pottery from mission Espı́ritu Santo (41VT11), Victoria County, Texas

Bone-tempered pottery is commonly found at Late Prehistoric and historic sites in both south and central Texas. While most scholars have assumed the inclusions are bone, attempts to identify species have been limited. The following paper provides a new approach to examining bone-tempered pottery through the use of histological methods. The application of this technique provides positive identification of the inclusions as bone and has the potential to shed light on the species of animal/s used for bone temper. Applying histological methods to a sample of pottery sherds from the Spanish Colonial mission of Espiritu Santo in south Texas is allowing a more detailed look at the crushed bone used as temper. Through histology the micro-anatomical features of bone can be examined and compared to known species. The identification of species can potentially yield information concerning possible regional differences in the types of bone used for temper and changes in native technologies through time.
Regulating the expectation of reward via cognitive strategies

Previous emotion regulation research has been successful in altering aversive emotional reactions. It is unclear, however, whether such strategies can also efficiently regulate expectations of reward arising from conditioned stimuli, which can at times be maladaptive (for example, drug cravings). Using a monetary reward-conditioning procedure with cognitive strategies, we observed attenuation in both the physiological (skin conductance) and neural correlates (striatum) of reward expectation as participants engaged in emotion regulation.
Teacher expectations: Self-fulfilling prophecies, perceptual biases, and accuracy.

Trois possibilites d'explication de la relation entre les attentes de maitres et la reussite des eleves (prophetie, biais perceptifs, prediction correcte), sont etudiees sur des donees de 27 enseignants et 429 eleves (mathematiques) et testees par analyses en pistes causales impliquant les attentes du maitre (3 indicateurs), la performance passee de l'eleve (tests et resultats scolaires), la motivation de l'eleve (4 indicateurs) et la performance ulterieure
Stereoregular polymerization of methyl vinyl ether with fluoro aluminum initiators

The reactions of HF, BF3, or certain organic fluorine compounds with AlCl3, (C2H5)3Al, or ethylaluminum chlorides in chlorinated hydrocarbons give rise to gels which exhibit pronounced stereoregular polymerization initiating ability toward methyl vinyl ether. The active sites are believed to involve species of the type RAlF4. Polymeric products having a wide range of stereoregularities are obtained. Several polymerization variables were examined. The reaction systems exhibit a variety of appearances and interesting rheological sequences. These are the consequences of differential solubility behaviors of the various stereoregular fractions. The most highly stereoregular fractions may be fabricated as fibers, films, or molded objects. Fractions of intermediate stereoregularity exhibit interesting emulsion-forming properties. Stereoregularity is shown to afford a novel control over degree of water absorption in films.
Activated Cdc42 sequesters c-Cbl and prevents EGF receptor degradation.

Cdc42 is a Ras-related protein that has been implicated in the control of normal cell growth, and when improperly regulated, in cellular transformation and invasiveness. A variety of extracellular stimuli, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), activate Cdc42. Here, we show that activation of Cdc42 protects the EGF receptor from the negative regulatory activity of the c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase. Activated Cdc42 binds to p85Cool-1 (for cloned-out-of-library)/β-Pix (for Pak-interactive exchange factor), a protein that directly associates with c-Cbl. This inhibits the binding of Cbl by the EGF receptor and thus prevents Cbl from catalyzing receptor ubiquitination. The role played by Cdc42 in regulating the timing of EGF receptor-Cbl interactions is underscored by the fact that constitutively active Cdc42(F28L), by persistently blocking the binding of Cbl to these receptors, leads to their aberrant accumulation and sustained EGF-stimulated ERK activation, thus resulting in cellular transformation.
An objective nowcasting tool that optimizes the impact of satellite derive sounder products in very-short-range forecasts

Future instruments will improve atmospheric measurements in both time and space. Although these data are expected to advance traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) guidance at 48 hours and beyond, greater benefit may come from objective nowcasting systems that assist forecasters in identifying rapidly developing and isolated extreme weather events a few hours in advance. These systems should detect and retain extreme variations in the atmosphere and incorporate large volumes of high-resolution asynoptic data. Because they need to be extremely fast, they may use numerical approaches different from current NWP. A new objective nowcasting approach is presented that uses trajectories to optimize the impact and retention of satellite information. It is designed to detect and preserve intense vertical and horizontal variations observed over time. Real data tests have identified atmospheric details associated with the onset of significant weather events up to 6 hours in advance. Using full resolution moisture products from current GOES sounders to update and enhance current operational forecasts, the Lagrangian system captures and retains details (maxima, minima and extreme gradients) important to the development of convective instability, even after IR observations are no longer available due to cloud development. Examples of the issues and impact of using hyperspectral AIRS data are also discussed.