cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fractionation and composition of crotoxin

Abstract 1. 1. Crotoxin, upon treatment with fluorodinitrobenzene, yields a water-soluble dinitrophenyl derivative, and a fraction which is insoluble in water and various salt solutions buffered between pH 5 and 10. The latter usually comprises about 65% of the total. 2. 2. The two DNP-proteins differ in their content in most amino acids. The soluble is much lower in lysine, arginine, and leucine and higher in the dibasic amino acids, than the insoluble. 3. 3. The soluble component has what may, after due correction, amount to one N-terminal serine residue, and one C-terminal aspartic acid, followed by threonine and serine or phenylalanine, per assumed molecular weight of about 13,000. The insoluble component contains about one-fourth as much of the same terminal amino acids, which are tentatively attributed to contamination with the other component. 4. 4. Crotoxin retains its neurotoxic and hemolytic activity after three amino acid resudues have been split off by means of carboxypeptidase.
A SIMPLE DETECTION SCHEME FOR DELAY-INDUCING FREEWAY INCIDENTS

Abstract This paper describes a freeway incident detection scheme that does not rely on complicated theories. The procedure compares the occupancy information recorded by two neighboring loop detectors to determine whether an incident has occurred in the intervening segment, using a recipe that is directly related to an intrinsic property of delay-inducing incidents. The method, which can also signal the termination of a detected incident, assumes that any significant bottlenecks are located outside the segment in question: i.e. that the segment is “homogeneous”. Independent of complicated theories, the proposed method can be applied with little calibration to any site despite the presence of detector errors and statistical fluctuations. It is also possible to use site-independent (default) parameters, although one should then expect a somewhat inferior performance. Tests with five sets of 30 s data from three different sites in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands, using the recommended default parameters, were encouraging. The resulting graphical displays included in this paper clearly illustrate the scheme's effectiveness in distinguishing non-recurrent from recurrent congestion.
SU-E-T-311: Dose Perturbation Due to Thin Layers of High-Z in HDR Ir-192 Source Dose Delivery.

Purpose: To evaluate the dose perturbation associated with thin layers of high‐Z materials in HDR 192I source dose delivery through Monte Carlo simulation and experimental measurement. Methods: Dose perturbation of high‐Z thin materials in HDR 192Ir source dose delivery was experimentally and theoretically studied. MCNP5 Monte Carlo simulation code was employed to calculate the dose enhancement effects at upstream and downstream of high‐Z materials. The cutoff energy for photon was 1 keV and for electron 5 keV. A parallel plate ion chamber with window thickness of 0.9 mm, was used to measure the dose rates at the downstream of the high‐Z thin layer. The high‐Z layer was positioned at 0.625 cm from the 192Ir source. The thickness of layer was from 0.1 to 1 mm. The results were normalized by the dose rate in a homogeneous water phantom at the location of the interface. The high‐Z materials used were lead,tin and titanium. In addition, the dose enhancement effects of different high‐Z materials at the shortest distance from the interface were also calculated and measured to examine the Z dependence. Results: The Monte Carlo simulation results agreed very well with the experimental data. At the surface of the 0.1 mm high‐Z interface, Ti, Sn and Pb respectively increase dose rate by 1.2, 1.4 and 2.5 times the dose rate in homogeneous water medium. The dose rate enhancement depends on Z and thickness of the high‐Z layer. The dose enhancement increases with Z. However, an increased thickness in the high‐ Z layer results in less dose enhancement due to attenuation. Conclusions: HDR 192Ir source dose enhancement by a high‐Z material thin layer is similar to that reported from a kilo‐voltage X‐ray beam. Attention should be paid for high‐Z thin layers with HDR source clinically as it could cause significant dose enhancement.
Electroplating as an economical means to lower series resistance in GaAs concentrator solar cells

This paper presents a process for electroplating thick gold grid fingers for use as part of the contact layer on GaAs concentrator solar cells. This process is more economical than evaporation and is shown to produce grid fingers with low resistivity and contact resistance. Cell results show low overall series resistance values of near 15 mΩ-cm2 and peak efficiencies near 400 suns, much higher than attained with a thinner evaporated grid.
Modeling Business Services for Implementing on Global Business Services Delivery Platforms

Developing global business service delivery platforms for complex services will benefit from a structured design approach that takes into account a variety of requirements including diversity of service domains, different levels of service granularity, service expectations, amongst several others. We propose a model-driven approach that starts with establishing a model to describe business services from the perspective of business people. This Unified Service Model (USM) provides a holistic approach to designing a wide spectrum of services while modeling business services at multiple levels of granularity, from large-grained business functions to finer-grained IT functions. By specifying both the business aspects as well as the operational aspects of a business service, USM supports communication between service providers and service consumers as well as between service providers and service implementers. By leveraging the recursive nature of any service operation model, USM also provides a path for communicating higher-level operational goals to lower-level services. In this paper, we describe the USM meta-model in the context of a healthcare insurance example.
Arctic Ocean Foraminifera and Correlation of Pleistocene Climatic Changes: ABSTRACT

Foraminifera from 20 Arctic Ocean sediment cores have been studied at 3-4 cm intervals. Magnetic stratigraphy correlations provide time lines in the cores and recent time-scale determinations suggest that segments of our cores that correlate with the Gauss-Gilbert Epochs are early to middle Pliocene (more than 3 m.y. old). Most of the cores represent at least the entire Pleistocene of the Arctic Ocean. Globigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) is the dominant fossil found. In some cores it comprises about 100% of the greater than 62-µ sediment fraction. Because End_Page 2474------------------------------ cause productivity of plankton can reflect climatic changes, careful plots of "abundance intervals" of G. pachyderma have been constructed. The time of greatest abundance of G. pachyderma shows some variation from core to core but in general two "abundance intervals" are present. The most recent occurs in the upper 20-30 cm of the cores and suggests that the present warming trend (indicated by slightly greater number of dextrally coiled Foraminifera) is the cause. The second "abundance interval" occurs at or above the level represented by the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal (690,000 years ago). At other positions in the cores, G. pachyderma and other forms constitute only a few percent of the total coarse fraction. Apparently, there have been only 2 intervals of substantial G. pachyderma abundance during the past 3 m.y. and these intervals are difficult to correlate with the Pleistocene glacial cycles known on the continents. In spite of previous attempts to show a relation, it appears that there is no real correlation between the 4 glacial and interglacial stages represented in Pleistocene deposits of the continents and the G. pachyderma abundances in the Pleistocene Arctic Ocean sediments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2475------------
Evaluation of clinical competence in rheumatology training programs

To ensure that members of the public and the medical profession can identify physicians who have demonstrated excellence in the field of rheumatology, the American Board of Internal Medicine has called upon directors of rheumatology training programs to establish systems to evaluate, document, and substantiate those components of overall clinical competence that are considered essential for certification. Many of these abilities can be assessed only by repeated, direct observations.
Collaboration in biotechnology: how inter-firm relations strengthen research efforts in the USA

This paper considers the importance of collaboration for commercial biotechnology research. Biotechnology is the most research-intensive economic activity in existence today. Inter-firm collaboration is a major support of research, since most biotech firms are unable to secure all the research resources they need on their own. The ecology of biotech collaboration and its importance is considered firstly, along with the various collaborative modes and their causes. A second part then addresses the question of whether inter-firm collaboration actually strengthens research intensity. Two main types of collaborative arrangements, strategic research alliances and subcontracting, are considered. Insights into the importance of inter-firm collaborative relationships for research are provided, based on extensive empirical analyses of US commercial biotech establishments. Establishing inter-firm collaborative relationships is considered to be vital as commercial biotechnology research becomes more independent from academic research.
High performance software testing on SIMD machines

A method for high-performance, software testing, called mutant unification, is described. The method is designed to support program mutation on parallel machines based on the single instruction multiple data stream (SIMD) paradigm. Several parameters that affect the performance of unification have been identified and their effect on the time to completion of a mutation test cycle and speedup has been studied. Program mutation analysis provides an effective means for determining the reliability of large software systems and a systematic method for measuring the adequacy of test data. However, it is likely that testing large software systems using mutation is computation bound and prohibitive on traditional sequential machines. Current, implementations of mutation tools are unacceptably slow and are only suitable for testing relatively small programs. The proposed unification method provides a practical alternative to the current approaches. The method also opens up a new application domain for SIMD machines. >
Heterochrony revisited: the evolution of developmental sequences

The concept of heterochrony is a persistent component of discussions about the way that evolution and development interact. Since the late 1970s heterochrony has been defined largely as developmental changes in the relationship of size and shape. This approach to heterochrony, here termed growth heterochrony, is limited in the way it can analyse change in the relative timing of developmental events in a number of respects. In particular, analytical techniques do not readily allow the study of changes in developmental events not characterized by size and shape parameters, or of many kinds of events in many taxa. I discuss here an alternative approach to heterochrony, termed sequence heterochrony, in which a developmental trajectory is conceptualized as a series of discrete events. Heterochrony is demonstrated when the sequence position of an event changes relative to other events in that sequence. I summarize several analytical techniques that allow the investigation of sequence heterochrony in phylogenetic contexts and also quantitatively. Finally, several examples of how this approach may be used to test hypotheses on the way development evolves are summarized.
Mathematical Modeling of the Gas-Phase Chemistry in the Decomposition of Chlorosilanes in Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen at High Temperatures

A detailed kinetic model is formulated for the decomposition of chlorosilanes [e.g., silicon tetrachloride (SiCl 4 ) and methyltrichlorosilane (CH 3 SiCl 3 , MTS)] in mixtures of CO 2 and H 2 under conditions encountered when these mixtures are used to deposit SiO 2 on solid substrates or to form powders in the gas phase. A complete mechanistic model for the water gas-shift reaction is included as a subset in the overall homogeneous mechanism. The kinetic model is introduced into the transport and reaction model of a plug-flow reactor, and the overall model is used to investigate the sensitivity of gas-phase composition on the operating conditions, the residence time in the reactor, and some key steps in the pathways of the homogeneous chemistry of the process Two sources of silicon are used in the computations, namely, silicon tetrachloride and methyltrichlorosilane. The results of the computations reveal that at the same conditions the major components of the gas phase reach partial equilibrium at shorter residence times in the MTS system. In both systems, the gas phase approaches equilibrium at residence times that are much greater than those typically encountered in chemical vapor deposition reactors. The concentrations of SiCl x compounds and water vapor are much higher in the MTS system. In agreement with past experimental observations, this result suggests that silica should be deposited at higher rates from mixtures containing MTS.
In vitro activity of the new triazole voriconazole (UK-109,496) against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and common and emerging yeast pathogens

The in vitro antifungal activity of a new triazole derivative, voriconazole, was compared with those of itraconazole and amphotericin B against 67 isolates of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Bipolaris spp., Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii, Rhizopus arrhizus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Sporothrix schenckii. The in vitro activities of voriconazole were also compared with those of amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole against 189 isolates of emerging and common yeast pathogens of Blastoschizomyces capitatus, Candida (13 species), Cryptococcus neoformans, Hansenula anomala, Rhodotorula rubra, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sporobolomyces salmonicolor, and Trichosporon beigelii. MICs were determined according to a procedure under evaluation by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) for broth microdilution testing of filamentous fungi and by the NCCLS M27-A broth microdilution method for yeasts. The in vitro activities of voriconazole were similar to or better than those of itraconazole and amphotericin B against Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and P. boydii as well as against B. dermatitidis and H. capsulatum. The activities of voriconazole were also comparable to or better than those of amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole against most species of yeasts tested. Exceptions were certain isolates of R. rubra and S. salmonicolor. These results suggest that voriconazole has a wide spectrum of activity in vitro; its effectiveness in the treatment of human mycoses is under evaluation in clinical trials.
The equivalency processing parallel photonic integrated circuit (EP/sup 3/IC), a parallel digital equivalence search module

We present an optoelectronic module called the equivalency processing parallel photonic integrated circuit (EP/sup 3/IC). EP/sup 3/IC is created specifically to implement high-speed digital parallel equivalence searches (i.e. a database word search or multimedia search). The module implements a parallel computation model with multiple-wavelength photonic integrated circuit technology. Based on the simulation and initial analytical computation, a single-step multiple comparand word parallel bit parallel equality search can achieve an aggregate processing speed of 82 terabits per second. We outlines the theoretical design of the monolithic module and integrated components, compares this with a functionally identical bulk-optics implementation. This integrated circuit solution provides relatively low power operation, fast switching speed, a compact system footprint, vibration tolerance, and is highly manufacturable.
Computing the performance of optical receivers with avalanche diode detectors

A method is described for exactly computing the probability distribution of the sum of the output of an avalanche diode and Gaussian noise using the Personick-McIntyre model of the random electron multiplication in the diode. A saddlepoint approximation is also presented. Both are incorporated in an optimization procedure for efficiently calculating the minimum input signal strength and the decision level that are needed to attain a preassigned error probability when the diode is embodied in a binary optical communication receiver. >
Global Water Crisis and Climate Change

Exceptional, and possibly historic, drought conditions in North Carolina and the rest of the Southeast were endured through part of 2007 and 2008 U.S. Drought Monitor 2007, 2008 . To gain perspective, a statistical analysis of the forty-five-year record of measured flows at a gauging station on the Eno River near Durham, N.C., reveals that the daily river flow averages 3.56 m3 /s 125.75 cfs , compared to 0.29 m3 /s 10.35 cfs from May 30, 2007, to January 30, 2008. During this drought, the minimum average flows were little more than 0.028 to 0.085 m3 /s 1 to 3 cfs at the same location. Although surface storage was replenished through the early months of 2009, groundwater levels remain below average. By contrast, during Hurricane Fran September 1996 the flow averaged 416.26 m3 /s 14,700 cfs , equivalent to at least a twenty-year flood. California has endured three years of drought since the fall of 2006 DWR 2009 and this past summer most of south and central Texas has been suffering from extreme to exceptional drought conditions U.S. Drought Monitor 2009 . An El Nino weather pattern may bring relief through February 2010 Reuters 2009 . Yet, as an annual average, only about 10 million people are exposed to droughts in the United States with zero annual deaths versus over 25 million exposed in China with well over 100 annual deaths as shown in Fig. 1 EM-DAT 2009 . Severe drought has recently prevailed in Northern and Western China 2008–2009 , in major winter wheat producing areas provinces of Henan, Anhai, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu with precipitation levels at 70–90% below normal Branigan 2009 . It is considered the worst drought in 60 years in China, with about 9.5 million hectares of winter wheat 44% of total planted damaged. This extreme event was foreseen years earlier: Domroes and Schaefer 2003 studied the temperature and rainfall records of 165 World Meteorological Organization
Intramyocardial Transplantation of Autologous Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Therapeutic Neovascularization of Myocardial Ischemia

Background We investigated whether catheter-based, intramyocardial transplantation of autologous endothelial progenitor cells can enhance neovascularization in myocardial ischemia. Methods and results Myocardial ischemia was induced by placement of an ameroid constrictor around swine left circumflex artery. Four weeks after constrictor placement, CD31+ mononuclear cells (MNCs) were freshly isolated from the peripheral blood of each animal. After overnight incubation of CD31+ MNCs in noncoated plates, nonadhesive cells (NA/CD31+ MNCs) were harvested as the endothelial progenitor cell-enriched fraction. Nonadhesive CD31- cells (NA/CD31- MNCs) were also prepared. Autologous transplantation of 10(7) NA/CD31+ MNCs, 10(7) NA/CD31- MNCs, or PBS was performed with a NOGA mapping injection catheter to target ischemic myocardium. In a parallel study, 10(5) human CD34+ MNCs, 10(5) human CD34- MNCs, or PBS was transplanted into ischemic myocardium of nude rats 10 minutes after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In the swine study, ischemic area by NOGA mapping, Rentrop grade angiographic collateral development, and echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction improved significantly 4 weeks after transplantation of NA/CD31+ MNCs but not after injection of NA/CD31- MNCs or PBS. Capillary density in ischemic myocardium 4 weeks after transplantation was significantly greater in the NA/CD31+ MNC group than the control groups. In the rat study, echocardiographic left ventricular systolic function and capillary density were significantly better preserved in the CD34+ MNC group than in the control groups 4 weeks after myocardial ischemia. Conclusions These favorable outcomes encourage future clinical trials of catheter-based, intramyocardial transplantation of autologous CD34+ MNCs in the setting of chronic myocardial ischemia.
Neighbourhood fruit and vegetable availability and consumption: the role of small food stores in an urban environment.

Objective: Previous studies on the relationship of dietary intake to the neighbourhood food environment have focused on access to supermarkets, quantified by geographic distance or store concentration measures. However, in-store food availability may also be an important determinant, particularly for urban neighbourhoods with a greater concentration of small food stores. This study synthesises both types of information - store access and in-store availability - to determine their potential relationship to fruit and vegetable consumption. Design: Residents in four census tracts were surveyed in 2001 about their fruit and vegetable intake. Household distances to food stores in these and surrounding tracts were obtained using geographical information system mapping techniques. In-store fruit and vegetable availability was measured by linear shelf space. Multivariate linear regression models were used to measure the association of these neighbourhood availability measures with consumption. Setting: Four contiguous census tracts in central-city New Orleans. Subjects: A random sample of 102 households. Results: Greater fresh vegetable availability within 100m of a residence was a positive predictor of vegetable intake; each additional metre of shelf space was associated with 0.35 servings per day of increased intake. Fresh fruit availability was not associated with intake, although having a small food store within this same distance was a marginal predictor of fruit consumption. Conclusions: The findings suggest the possible importance of small neighbourhood food stores and their fresh produce availability in affecting fruit and vegetable intake.
Numerical Study of Surface Integral Formulations for Low-Contrast Objects

Several surface integral formulations for electromagnetic interactions with homogeneous material bodies are studied numerically. Included are the well-known Muller and Poggio, Miller, Chang, Harrington, Wu, and Tsai (PMCHWT) formulations and two other formulations. One of the two formulations introduced gives a simple form of the Neumann series for low-contrast material bodies. The integral formulations are discretized into the matrix equations using the method of moments (MoM). The condition numbers of the matrices are evaluated using three definitions of norms and are shown as functions of combination constants. Numerical results also show the regions of the combination constants producing accurate results.
Assessment of Lutein Bioavailability from Meals and a Supplement Using Simulated Digestion and Caco-2 Human Intestinal Cells

Lutein and zeaxanthin are selectively accumulated in the lens and macular region of the retina. It was suggested that these xanthophylls protect ocular tissues from free-radical damage that can cause cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Insights regarding the absorption of dietary xanthophylls for delivery to ocular tissues are limited. Our primary objective was to examine factors affecting the transfer of lutein from foods to absorptive intestinal epithelial cells during digestion. Lutein and other carotenoids present in spinach puree and lutein from a commercial supplement were relatively stable during in vitro digestion. Micellarization of lutein and zeaxanthin during the small intestinal phase of digestion exceeded that of beta-carotene and was greater for xanthophylls in oil-based supplements than in spinach. Apical uptake of lutein from micelles by Caco-2 human intestinal cells was linear for at least 8 h, and accumulation from synthetic micelles exceeded that from micelles generated during simulated digestion. Stimulation of chylomicron synthesis resulted in the secretion of 7.6 +/- 0.1% of cellular lutein into the triglyceride-rich fraction in the basolateral chamber. These data support the use of simulated digestion and the Caco-2 cell model as effective tools for identifying factors affecting absorption of dietary carotenoids.
Restylane persistent for 23 months found during Mohs micrographic surgery: a source of confusion with hyaluronic acid surrounding basal cell carcinoma.

BackgroundRestylane (Q-Med, Uppsala, Sweden), a hyaluronic acid (HA) that is microbiologically produced and then cross-linked, is becoming popular as a dermal filler for improvement of facial lines and wrinkles. However, it is currently believed that the clinical and histologic persistence of this f
Family Interviewing and Pediatric Training Teaching How to Recognize and Deal With Family Situations in Which Emotional Problems Aggravate Chronic Illness

By actively participating in family interviews, pediatric resident trainees sharpen their skills, discover the importance of intra- family dynamics, observe the interaction of biologic and psycho social factors in illnesses and develop an awareness of their own potentialities and weaknesses for dealing with clinical problems referable to the behavioral and emotional aspects of pediatrics.
The production of functional sex-reversed male rainbow trout with 17α-methyltestosterone and 11 β-hydroxyandrostenedione☆

Abstract The sex of gynogenetic rainbow trout was reversed to produce XX males by using two steroids, 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) and 11 β-hydroxyandrostenedione (OHA). Fish were exposed to either single or multiple doses of steroids during various times around the period of hatching to determine the labile period for effective sex reversal. Steroids were administered either by immersion (400 μg/ 1 for 2 h) or a combination of immersion plus feeding (3 mg/kg diet for 60 days) to determine if males with intact sperm ducts could be produced. Immersion in MT resulted in varying degrees of masculinization while immersion plus feeding produced nearly 100% male populations. The most effective period for steroid immersion was 1 week after the time when one-half of the fish had hatched. Multiple immersions in MT failed to increase masculinizing effects. Immersion in OHA caused only low rates of masculinization, while immersion plus feeding resulted in 70% male populations. Males produced through both immersion and feeding of MT generally did not develop sperm ducts; whereas animals treated by immersion alone in MT, or those produced with OHA, tended to be functional. Although final yields for sex-reversed males following gynogenesis were low, 1.5 and 1.6% for the two groups respectively, cryopreserved semen from these males can be used to produce all-female offspring for years. Cryopreserved semen from functional males in this study produced 100% female populations.
Election and Ethnicity: Paul's View of Israel in Romans 9.1-13:

This article contests the growing scholarly consensus that Paul in no way limits Israel's election as an ethnic group by a detailed examination of Rom. 9.1-13. Paul's apparent association of covenant privileges with ethnic Israel as a whole in 9.1-5 is qualified by 9.6, where Paul explains the basis for this association. Covenant privileges continue to be associated with the nation by virtue of a faithful remnant within Israel, and therefore not on the basis of purely ethnic criteria. The boundary marking out the people of God and the boundary marking out the people of Israel are not coterminous, as a Jew of Paul's time might suppose. The distinction between sociological and soteriological boundaries allows for the possibility of Gentiles being included in the people of God without first becoming Jews. The fact that covenant privileges continue to be associated with ethnic Israel through a faithful subset guarantees that God's promises to the nation have not failed.
Impact of the Setup Variable on Capacity and Inventory Decisions

This paper examines the operating characteristics of setup when used as a decision variable in a capacity-constrained production-inventory environment. Within this study, the interrelationships among capacity expansion, order quantity adjustment, and setup time reduction are analyzed, and a model is formulated to evaluate the relative effectiveness of these decision variables. A series of propositions is presented to suggest future directions for research.
The Method of Biorthogonal Grids

Like several of the authors reviewed, I too have been tantalized enough by the recalcitrant elegance of the Thompson problem to attempt a fresh mathematical unfolding.
Markov Models for Burst Errors in Radio Communications Channels

Markov Modeling of burst errors in communications channels is discussed. Fritchman Modeling and Hidden Markov Modeling techniques are considered. It is found that the Fritchman parameters are not sufficient to characterize statistically dependent error burst patterns. The Hidden Markov Modeling (HMM) algorithm is computationally inefficient because it requires an order of N2T computations for an N state model of an observation sequence that is T symbols long. In this paper we propose a modified HMM algorithm that is computationally more feasible for channel modeling. The modified algorithm (CHMM) is also more applicable due to the uniqueness of its parameters.
Woody Ornamentals, Shade Trees, and Conifers

The previous presentations in this symposium have amply documented the application of microculture in the production of numerous herbaceous crops. However, the number of woody shrubs, trees, and conifers now in commercial micropropagation is much more limited. One significant factor leading to this difference is that there has been proportionately much less research and time spent in applying tissue culture techniques to woody perennial crop plants than to their herbaceous counterparts. When significant time has been devoted to micropropagating woody perennial plants (as with tree fruits), good progress has been observed. However, there appears to be fundamental problems based on the biology of these plants that also accounts for the relative difficulty in their in vitro culture.
Syntheses of a Perfluoroethanesulfonyl Fluoride Vinyl Ether

The target monomer, perfluoroethanesulfonyl fluoride vinyl ether 8, was obtained from the starting material, iodoperfluoroethanesulfonyl fluoride 1, through the intermediate, acyl fluoride 4. Two different synthetic routes were utilized in the conversion of 4 to 8.
Hemorrhagic bullous dermatosis caused by warfarin therapy.

Hemorrhagic bullous dermatosis is a rare, generalized skin reaction with unknown pathogenesis, described in association with heparin therapy. Heparin is known to cause injection site reactions and ecchymosis but rarely causes global cutaneous reactions, making hemorrhagic bullous dermatosis an unusual clinical entity. The condition occurs within 5 to 21 days of the initiation of therapy at locations distant to the site of subcutaneous heparin injection. Characteristic lesions are painless, hemorrhagic papules on a background of uninvolved skin. The histologic findings are usually nonspecific but can help rule out thrombosis, vasculitis, or marked inflammatory changes. Skin lesions usually resolve after discontinuation of heparin. We present a case of hemorrhagic bullous dermatosis in an 82-year-old woman recently started on warfarin therapy and briefly review skin effects of anticoagulation.
Research of Related Point Calculation on Dam Monitoring based on Regex and Conditional Branch

In this paper,a related point calculation model based on regex and conditional branch is proposed for dam safety monitoring.The structure and legality of the formula is analyzed by iteratively matching and replacing nested point measuring values and user-defined functions,then the whole calculation is completed.Meanwhile,multi formulas are supported by conditional branch,which would be chosen automatically by the model during the run time via the special varies.Practice has proved that this model is a local light-weight calculation solution with advantages as nested call calculations,functions support and so on.
Examining the Impact of Patient-Reported Hope for Improvement and Patient Satisfaction with Clinician/Treatment on the Outcome of Major Depressive Disorder Treatment

AIMS This analysis aims at examining if patient-reported variables such as hope for improvement and patient satisfaction with clinician/treatment could influence the outcome major depressive disorder (MDD) treatment, namely depression remission, in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY The STAR*D study was conducted at 18 primary care and 23 psychiatric care settings in the United States from 2001-2007 and was funded by the National Institute of Mental health (NIMH). The analysis contained in this manuscript was conceptualized at the Cedars-Sinai Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences and performed at the UCLA School of Public Health. METHODOLOGY Using data from STAR*D, the current study used logistic regression and survival analyses to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms remission and two sets of self-reported factors: Hope for improvement and, Patient satisfaction with treatment/clinician. RESULTS First, more than 90% of STAR*D patients reported having high hope for improvement (agree or strongly agree) and more than 66% endorsed high satisfaction with clinicians and more than 50% expressed high satisfaction with treatments (very or mostly satisfied). Second, hope for improvement was predictive of depression remission (p<0.05). Third, satisfaction with clinician/treatment, did not predict remission. CONCLUSION This study shows the impact that patients' subjective hope for improvement can have on predicting depression remission in contrast to satisfaction with clinician/treatment. Future studies should prospectively incorporate patients' subjective attitudes regarding hope for improvement and satisfaction with clinicians and treatments as mediators and moderators of MDD treatment success.
Co-infection Status of HIV and Cryptosporidium in Xuancheng City

Objective To study the co-infection status of HIV and cryptosporidium and associated factors.Methods A total of 342 HIV infected persons in Xuancheng city were recruited and their fecal samples were collected for detection of cryptosporidium oocysts and blood samples were collected for detection of the antibodies(IgM and IgG)against cryptosporidium by ELISA;counts of CD4+T lymphocytes and CD8+T lymphocytes in blood samples were determined as well.Meanwhile,questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze the associated factors of co-infection.Results The total infection rate of cryptosporidium was 9.36%.The differences of co-infection among different age groups,sources of drinking water,the number of CD4+T lymphocytes and the number of CD8+T lymphocytes,conditions on antivirus treatment and taking antihelminthic drugs were statistically significant(all P0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that there were correlation with infection and drinking surface water(OR:0.067,95% CI:0.021,0.215),CD4+ T lymphocytes≤ 350/μl(OR:4.276,95%CI:1.294,14.124).Conclusion The co-infection rate ofHIV and cryptosporidium is relatively high;age,drinking surface water,number of CD4+ T lym-phocytes and with no antiviral treatment or antihelmintic treatment are associated factors, which deserve focused prevention measures.
A Historian Looks Back: From Proof-Technique to Definition: The Pre-History of Delta-Epsilon Methods

Introduction The nineteenth century is often called “the Age of Rigor in Analysis.” This name can be understood as “the age of delta and epsilon.” In defining limits, in proving theorems, in exemplifying clear thinking, the rigor known as “Weierstrassian” represents to us the greatest achievement of the nineteenth-century analysts. The development of these principles from the less adequate foundations for the calculus of the eighteenth century illustrates a trend common to many branches of nineteenth century mathematics, a trend toward increasing generality and abstraction. In the area of the foundations of analysis, this trend can be viewed as a retreating of the frontier of the “obvious.” For instance, Lagrange believed that the principles of the algebra of finite polynomials could be extended to the algebra of infinite series; Andre-Marie Ampere rejected this, but, like Lagrange, accepted the intermediate-value property as a self-evident attribute of continuous functions; Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Bernhard Bolzano realized that the intermediate-value property had to be proved, but implicitly assumed in their proofs the convergence of bounded monotone sequences. Again, after Richard Dedekind had worked out a rigorous theory of the irrational, while Karl Weierstrass had completed the task of reducing the concepts of the calculus to those of arithmetic, the search for the foundations of arithmetic itself was begun. The working out of the principles and techniques of delta-epsilon methods lies at the heart of the rigorization of analysis.
Correction: DNA-catalyzed glycosylation using aryl glycoside donors.

Correction for ‘DNA-catalyzed glycosylation using aryl glycoside donors’ by Anthony R. Hesser et al., Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 9259–9262.
Attention to Physical Activity–Equivalent Calorie Information on Nutrition Facts Labels: An Eye-Tracking Investigation

Abstract Objective Investigate attention to Nutrition Facts Labels (NFLs) with numeric only vs both numeric and activity-equivalent calorie information, and attitudes toward activity-equivalent calories. Design An eye-tracking camera monitored participants' viewing of NFLs for 64 packaged foods with either standard NFLs or modified NFLs. Participants self-reported demographic information and diet-related attitudes and behaviors. Setting Participants came to the Behavioral Medicine Lab at Colorado State University in spring, 2015. Participants The researchers randomized 234 participants to view NFLs with numeric calorie information only (n = 108) or numeric and activity-equivalent calorie information (n = 126). Main Outcome Measure(s) Attention to and attitudes about activity-equivalent calorie information. Analysis Differences by experimental condition and weight loss intention (overall and within experimental condition) were assessed using t tests and Pearson's chi-square tests of independence. Results Overall, participants viewed numeric calorie information on 20% of NFLs for 249 ms. Participants in the modified NFL condition viewed activity-equivalent information on 17% of NFLs for 231 ms. Most participants indicated that activity-equivalent calorie information would help them decide whether to eat a food (69%) and that they preferred both numeric and activity-equivalent calorie information on NFLs (70%). Conclusions and Implications Participants used activity-equivalent calorie information on NFLs and found this information helpful for making food decisions.
The role of strength defects in shaping impact crater planforms

Abstract High-resolution imagery and digital elevation models (DEMs) were used to measure the planimetric shapes of well-preserved impact craters. These measurements were used to characterize the size-dependent scaling of the departure from circular symmetry, which provides useful insights into the processes of crater growth and modification. For example, we characterized the dependence of the standard deviation of radius ( σ R ) on crater diameter ( D ) as σ R ∼ D m . For complex craters on the Moon and Mars, m ranges from 0.9 to 1.2 among strong and weak target materials. For the martian simple craters in our data set, m varies from 0.5 to 0.8. The value of m tends toward larger values in weak materials and modified craters, and toward smaller values in relatively unmodified craters as well as craters in high-strength targets, such as young lava plains. We hypothesize that m ≈ 1 for planforms shaped by modification processes (slumping and collapse), whereas m tends toward ∼ 1/2 for planforms shaped by an excavation flow that was influenced by strength anisotropies. Additional morphometric parameters were computed to characterize the following planform properties: the planform aspect ratio or ellipticity, the deviation from a fitted ellipse, and the deviation from a convex shape. We also measured the distribution of crater shapes using Fourier decomposition of the planform, finding a similar distribution for simple and complex craters. By comparing the strength of small and large circular harmonics, we confirmed that lunar and martian complex craters are more polygonal at small sizes. Finally, we have used physical and geometrical principles to motivate scaling arguments and simple Monte Carlo models for generating synthetic planforms, which depend on a characteristic length scale of target strength defects. One of these models can be used to generate populations of synthetic planforms which are very similar to the measured population of well-preserved simple craters on Mars.
Tracing Legitimating Accounts During Times of Change: The Case of the Organic Food Certification Debate, 1990 to 2011:

This study explores the dynamics of how organizations make appeals for legitimacy in unstable fields. Empirically, we investigate the debate surrounding U.S. Department of Agriculture organic food ...
A computational model for TensorFlow: an introduction

TensorFlow is a powerful, programmable system for machine learning. This paper aims to provide the basics of a conceptual framework for understanding the behavior of TensorFlow models during training and inference: it describes an operational semantics, of the kind common in the literature on programming languages. More broadly, the paper suggests that a programming-language perspective is fruitful in designing and in explaining systems such as TensorFlow.
Non‐fatal agricultural injury surveillance in the United States: A review of national‐level survey‐based systems

Background Currently, surveillance of non-fatal agricultural injuries in the U.S. mainly relies on national surveys, and to date, none of these surveys were formally reviewed. Our objective was to review and evaluate these survey-based systems, to identify critical gaps in them and provide recommendations to improve them. Methods We used the updated Center for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines to describe each system and evaluate each system's attributes like simplicity, flexibility, data quality, timeliness, representativeness, etc. Results Four adult and two youth national surveys collected data for non-fatal agricultural injuries in the U.S. The evaluation identified three major gaps: 1) insufficient data quality attributed to non-response, measurement errors, and underreporting; 2) untimeliness of data; and 3) lack of flexibility to integrate with other existing systems. Conclusion Improving data quality, timeliness and flexibility will provide reliable and valid injury estimates, and increase the usefulness of these surveys for surveillance and prevention of farm injuries.
Inclusion of almonds in a cholesterol-lowering diet improves plasma HDL subspecies and cholesterol efflux to serum in normal-weight individuals with elevated LDL cholesterol

Background: Almonds may increase circulating HDL cholesterol when substituted for a high-carbohydrate snack in an isocaloric diet, yet little is known about the effects on HDL biology and function.Objective: The objective was to determine whether incorporating 43 g almonds/d in a cholesterol-lowering diet would improve HDL subspecies and function, which were secondary study outcomes.Methods: In a randomized, 2-period, crossover, controlled-feeding study, a diet with 43 g almonds/d (percentage of total energy: 51% carbohydrate, 16% protein, and 32% total and 8% saturated fat) was compared with a similar diet with an isocaloric muffin substitution (58% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 26% total and 8% saturated fat) in men and women with elevated LDL cholesterol. Plasma HDL subspecies and cholesterol efflux from J774 macrophages to human serum were measured at baseline and after each diet period. Diet effects were examined in all participants (n = 48) and in normal-weight (body mass index: <25; n = 14) and overweight or obese (≥25; n = 34) participants by using linear mixed models.Results: The almond diet, compared with the control diet, increased α-1 HDL [mean ± SEM: 26.7 ± 1.5 compared with 24.3 ± 1.3 mg apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)/dL; P = 0.001]. In normal-weight participants, the almond diet, relative to the control diet, increased α-1 HDL (33.7 ± 3.2 compared with 28.4 ± 2.6 mg apoA-I/dL), the α-1 to pre-β-1 ratio [geometric mean (95% CI): 4.3 (3.3, 5.7) compared with 3.1 (2.4, 4.0)], and non-ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 cholesterol efflux (8.3% ± 0.4% compared with 7.8% ± 0.3%) and decreased pre-β-2 (3.8 ± 0.4 compared with 4.6 ± 0.4 mg apoA-I/dL) and α-3 (23.5 ± 0.9 compared with 26.9 ± 1.1 mg apoA-I/dL) HDL (P < 0.05). No diet effects were observed in the overweight or obese group.Conclusions: Substituting almonds for a carbohydrate-rich snack within a lower-saturated-fat diet may be a simple strategy to maintain a favorable circulating HDL subpopulation distribution and improve cholesterol efflux in normal-weight individuals with elevated LDL cholesterol. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01101230.
Stories and the development of virtue

From folk tales to movies, stories possess features which naturally suit them to contribute to the growth of virtue. In this article I show that the fictional exemplars help the learner to grasp th...
DisSent: Sentence Representation Learning from Explicit Discourse Relations.

Learning effective representations of sentences is one of the core missions of natural language understanding. Existing models either train on a vast amount of text, or require costly, manually curated sentence relation datasets. We show that with dependency parsing and rule-based rubrics, we can curate a high quality sentence relation task by leveraging explicit discourse relations. We show that our curated dataset provides an excellent signal for learning vector representations of sentence meaning, representing relations that can only be determined when the meanings of two sentences are combined. We demonstrate that the automatically curated corpus allows a bidirectional LSTM sentence encoder to yield high quality sentence embeddings and can serve as a supervised fine-tuning dataset for larger models such as BERT. Our fixed sentence embeddings achieve high performance on a variety of transfer tasks, including SentEval, and we achieve state-of-the-art results on Penn Discourse Treebank's implicit relation prediction task.
Climbing Out or Digging Deeper: Customer Reactions to Product Recalls and Recalling Firm Responses

Despite an increased focus on product recalls in the business press in recent years, management research examining product recalls and ensuing strategic outcomes has been relatively narrow in scope...