cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Philosophy of Science and Its Historical Reconstructions

The title of this chapter alludes, of course, to a famous article by Imre Lakatos, “History of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions.” It is also meant to invoke the title of another celebrated article, itself teasingly resonating with Lakatos’s, by Steven Shapin, “History of Science and Its Sociological Reconstructions” (Shapin 1982). Both Lakatos and Shapin wanted to talk about how best to do the history of science, but my own intention is not to tell people how to do the philosophy of science. However, I do value the disciplinary intersection of “history and philosophy of science” (HPS); consequently, my subject is what I think HPS used to be about, and what it could still offer us.
Argument Positions and Configurationality

Jelinek (1984) presents the hypothesis that in languages with a certain set of typological properties, argument positions are realized where bound person markers appear.
Corruption: The Role of Culture, Religion, Wealth and Governance

Drawing on macro and micro-economic theory, this paper expands the literature by examining the role of culture, values, religion, wealth, rule of law, governance and accounting on corruption. Using a panel of 75 countries, I find evidence that countries with Civil German law have better control of corruption and better governance, than countries with Civil French and Common Law legal traditions. I also find that the relationship of individualism and corruption is mediated by the positive effect of GNI suggesting that economically and institutionally mature countries with high levels of individualism tend to have higher corruption than countries with intermediate levels of individualism, indicating a non-monotonic, non-linear relationship between individualism, wealth and corruption. Even though there is evidence that Protestant countries are less corrupt than Catholic and Muslim countries, I find that this association is mediated by the level of institutional and regulatory development. Specifically, an efficient rule of law, moderate growth rates, as well as better governance & accounting is directly associated with countries that have controlled corruption, suggesting a causal relationship.
Mineralogy and Astrobiology Detection Using Laser Remote Sensing Instrument

A multispectral instrument based on Raman, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), and a lidar system provides high-fidelity scientific investigations, scientific input, and science operation constraints in the context of planetary field campaigns with the Jupiter Europa Robotic Lander and Mars Sample Return mission opportunities. This instrument conducts scientific investigations analogous to investigations anticipated for missions to Mars and Jupiter's icy moons. This combined multispectral instrument is capable of performing Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy out to a >100 m target distance from the rover system and provides single-wavelength atmospheric profiling over long ranges (>20 km). In this article, we will reveal integrated remote Raman, LIF, and lidar technologies for use in robotic and lander-based planetary remote sensing applications. Discussions are focused on recently developed Raman, LIF, and lidar systems in addition to emphasizing surface water ice, surface and subsurface minerals, organics, biogenic, biomarker identification, atmospheric aerosols and clouds distributions, i.e., near-field atmospheric thin layers detection for next robotic-lander based instruments to measure all the above-mentioned parameters. OCIS codes: (120.0280) Remote sensing and sensors; (130.0250) Optoelectronics; (280.3640) Lidar; (300.2530) Fluorescence, laser-induced; (300.6450) Spectroscopy, Raman; (300.6365) Spectroscopy, laser induced breakdown
Thrust Stand for Electric Propulsion Performance Evaluation

An electric propulsion thrust stand capable of supporting thrusters with total mass of up to 125 kg and 1 mN to 1 N thrust levels has been developed and tested. The mechanical design features a conventional hanging pendulum arm attached to a balance mechanism that transforms horizontal motion into amplified vertical motion, with accommodation for variable displacement sensitivity. Unlike conventional hanging pendulum thrust stands, the deflection is independent of the length of the pendulum arm, and no reference structure is required at the end of the pendulum. Displacement is measured using a non-contact, optical linear gap displacement transducer. Mechanical oscillations are attenuated using a passive, eddy current damper. An on-board microprocessor-based level control system, which includes a two axis accelerometer and two linear-displacement stepper motors, continuously maintains the level of the balance mechanism - counteracting mechanical %era drift during thruster testing. A thermal control system, which includes heat exchange panels, thermocouples, and a programmable recirculating water chiller, continuously adjusts to varying thermal loads to maintain the balance mechanism temperature, to counteract thermal drifts. An in-situ calibration rig allows for steady state calibration both prior to and during thruster testing. Thrust measurements were carried out on a well-characterized 1 kW Hall thruster; the thrust stand was shown to produce repeatable results consistent with previously published performance data.
Proteolytic activity of hemophilic plasma.

Summary1. A method is described by which the proteolytic activity of human normal and hemophilic plasmas may be compared.2. The proteolytic activity of 3 hemophilic plasmas was found to be comparable to that of normal plasmas.
First-Principles Study of Electron Mobility in Cationic and Anionic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes

Electron mobilities in two similar conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with an identical conjugated backbone but different counterions and appended charges are calculated from first-principles. An e...
Addendum to "Effects of Λ − Σ Coupling in H Λ 4 , He Λ 4 , and He Λ 5 "

An error in the estimate of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ coupling effects in the excited states of $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{4}\mathrm{H}$ and $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is corrected and the consequences are explored.
A Comparative Political History: Israel, Geshur and the ‘Amurrite Age’

This article offers a comparative approach to political history in ancient Israel. It focuses on political refugees and pretendants to thrones (kaltū) documented in the cuneiform tablet collection from Mari and demonstrates how the careers of kaltū transpired at the nexus of domestic and international politics. Thereafter, it treats the Absalom narrative and argues that Absalom's political aspirations, which led him to become a political refugee in Geshur, precipitated a waning in the relations between Israel and Geshur. The clearest evidence of the deteriorating relations between Israel and Geshur, it is argued, comes from the narrative concerning Absalom's revolt against David.
Retrospective report of contraindications to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) among adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Abstract Objectives To determine the incidence of contraindications to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) among adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and assess the impact of contraindications on the number of patients receiving ECMO (case volume). Background The extent to which contraindications may affect case volumes has not been described. Methods Retrospective, observational study at an academic tertiary medical center. The records of 730 consecutive patients with ARDS were queried for respiratory ECMO eligibility and ECMO contraindications. Results Of the 730 patients with ARDS, 168 (23.0%) met ECMO inclusion criteria and 515 (70.5%) never met ECMO eligibility due to inadequately severe disease. Among 168 patients who met ECMO inclusion criteria, 1 or more relative contraindications were present in 144 (85.7%) patients. The three most common relative contraindications were immunocompromised state (58.3%), multiorgan dysfunction (29.2%) and contraindication to anticoagulation (16.7%). Conclusions Application of relative contraindications may greatly affect ECMO case volumes.
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency as a Complication of Urological Surgery

AbstractAcute adrenal insufficiency postoperatively is an uncommon problem and, if unrecognized, it may cause serious morbidity and can be fatal. It can occur as the result of acute bilateral adrenal hemorrhage associated with anticoagulation, inadvertent injury to or removal of a solitary adrenal gland, or postoperative stress in an individual with incipient adrenal insufficiency. Its manifestations, such as fever, tachycardia, hypotension, lethargy, abdominal pain and gastrointestinal dysfunction, mimic the other more common postoperative complications and compound the difficulty in establishing the correct diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is made the condition is readily managed successfully.We report 3 cases of acute adrenal insufficiency occurring after salvage cystectomy, ileal replacement of the ureter and retropubic prostatectomy, which illustrate the salient clinical features, problems in diagnosis and predisposing risk factors. All 3 patients survived once the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency was...
Survey of Schistosomiasis in Sichuan Province in 2007

Objective To explore the schistosomiasis epidemic situation so as to offer scientific evidence for schistosomiasis control in Sichuan Province.Method Ac- cording to the national schistosomiasis surveillance proto- col,the surveillance activities were carried on in 9 na- tional surveillance sites of Sichuan in 2007.Results The snail area was 206 870 m~2 in 9 sites.The snail density was from 0.01 to 1.52 per 0.11 m~2with an average snail density of 0.23 per 0.11 m~2.No infected snail was detected in 9 sites.No schistosomiasis case was found in Renshou and Zhongjiang,and the human infected rate ranged from 0.27% to 0.98% in other sites.The average human schistosomiasis infections rate was 0.41% in Sichuan.No infected domestic animal was found in 9 sites.Conclusion The schistosomiasis epi- demic situation was further reduced than before in Sichuan,while the consolidating measures should be car- ried on in order to prevent the schistosomiasis epidemic situation re-raising up.
A Curriculum-Theory Model of the Art Museum Milieu as Teacher

(2003). A Curriculum-Theory Model of the Art Museum Milieu as Teacher. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 28, Sociocultural Perspectives on Museums: Part 1, pp. 8-16.
Keratoacanthoma: Clinical and Therapeutic Considerations

Keratoacanthoma is a rapidly growing tumor of the skin which causes concern to both the affected individual and the examining physician. In spite of its clinical and histological similarity to squamous cell carcinoma, the lesion has, as a rule, a benign course with spontaneous involution in a period of weeks to several months. Recognition of the lesion and familiarity with its biological behavior are indispensable for adequate management. The different types of tumor, complications, and therapy are discussed.
Combined NMR and XAS Study on Local Environments and Electronic Structures of Electrochemically Li-Ion Deintercalated Li1 − x Co1 / 3Ni1 / 3Mn1 / 3 O 2 Electrode System

Combined 6 Li magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR, in situ metal K-edge (hard) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and O K-edge (soft) XAS have been carried out during the first charging process for layered Li 1 - x Co 1 / 3 Ni 1 / 3 Mn 1 / 3 O 2 cathode material. The 6 Li MAS NMR results showed the presence of Li in the Ni 2 + /Mn 4 + layers, in addition to the expected sites for Li in the lithium layers. On charging, Li ions in both the transition metals and lithium layers are removed and no new resonances are observed. The metal K-edge XAS results suggest that the major charge compensation at the metal site during charge is achieved by oxidation of Ni 2 + ions, while manganese ions remain mostly unchanged in the Mn 4 + state. From observation of O K-edge XAS results, one can conclude that a large portion of the charge compensation during charge is achieved in the oxygen site. This work provides the possibility of larger capacity of the electrode material using Li in the transition metal layers and contribution of oxygen during charge.
The influence of neoliberalization on the success and failure of fishing cooperatives in contemporary small-scale fishing communities: A case study from Yucatán, Mexico

Abstract This paper examines the effects of neoliberalization on the opportunities and constraints that fishing cooperatives face in Yucatan, Mexico. Cooperatives have the potential to enhance small-scale fishing livelihoods and participate in sustainable resource governance. However, promoting cooperatives’ success entails developing a realistic understanding of the political and economic contexts in which they operate. Drawing on interview and census data, the analysis employs the theory of club goods to examine how the neoliberalization of Mexican fisheries policies in the 1980s and 1990s has affected cooperatives’ ability to provide members with collective benefits, and thus the success and failure of fishing cooperatives in the region. In general, neoliberalization has reduced support to fishing cooperatives and generated greater challenges for their success in Yucatan. The results of this study are likely relevant to many other small-scale fisheries in the South that have undergone similar processes of neoliberalization.
Lifetime Enhancement of the CHeX Cryogenic System

The Confined Helium Experiment (CHeX) is manifested for flight on the Space Shuttle (STS-87) in November, 1997. The experiment was constrained to re-use a previously flown flight cryogenic system. However, the inherited system did not meet CHeX science requirements, nor current Shuttle launch requirements; enhancements of the system and procedures were required. We present model and data of the full flight system, before and after the enhancements were made. A discussion of procedural changes and their impact on the system are also presented. With the changes, all Shuttle servicing requirements were met. A net improvement in ground servicing of 30% and a net parasitic reduction of 15% were achieved. Predicted flight performance is also presented.
Rushing to Opportunities: A Model of Entrepreneurship and Growth

Rushes are a fundamental characteristic of the growth of many industries and cities. To explain these rushes, and better understand the mechanisms of growth, this paper develops a model centered on a new tradeoff between fundamentals and opportunities. Early growth in industries and cities depend critically on the opportunities they provide; whether from entrepreneurship human capital accumulation or land in cities. This analysis provides a blueprint for evaluating policies aimed at encouraging growth. These policies are particularly important in developing countries that are experiencing rapid urban growth both in current cities and the number of new cities.
The Way of Shalom: An Orienting Narrative for Public School Teachers

Shalom is a Hebrew word, often used in the Hebrew Bible, and it is typically translated as “peace.” The new capacity of teacher is the teacher who employs her gifts, her training, and her love for children, as a craftsperson of shalom. After analyzing the term shalom in an educational setting, this chapter addresses five suggestions of how shalom can inform the teacher’s practice.
Moving-source elastic wave reconstruction for high-resolution optical coherence elastography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based elasticity imaging can map soft tissue elasticity based on speckle-tracking of elastic wave propagation using highly sensitive phase measurements of OCT signals. Using a fixed elastic wave source and moving detection, current imaging sequences have difficulty in reconstructing tissue elasticity within speckle-free regions, for example, within the crystalline lens of the eye. We present a moving acoustic radiation force imaging sequence to reconstruct elastic properties within a speckle-free region by tracking elastic wave propagation from multiple laterally moving sources across the field of view. We demonstrate the proposed strategy using heterogeneous and partial speckle-free tissue-mimicking phantoms. Harder inclusions within the speckle-free region can be detected, and the contrast-to-noise ratio slightly enhanced compared to current OCE imaging sequences. The results suggest that a moving source approach may be appropriate for OCE studies within the large speckle-free regions of the crystalline lens.
Syndromes Associated with Hereditary Deafness

About 1 in 1000 children are affected by severe deafness at birth or during early childhood (i. e. the prelingual period). A further 1 in 1000 children become deaf before adulthood. Most of the studies assessing the genetic causes of deafness address the prelingual forms as these are the most severe, and currently about 60% of these cases are attributed to genetic causes.
Engagement and Pedagogy: Traveling with Students in Chiapas, Mexico

This meditation on the pedagogy of fieldwork-based courses is based on the author’s experience as an instructor for Cornell’s oldest fieldwork course, a collaborative class anchored in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, but open to a wide interdisciplinary audience. In recent years, it has been located in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas, known for the Zapatista rebellion, the richness of the state’s natural resources, its indigenous poverty, and the increasingly fraught issue of Central American migration. The chapter addresses the purposes and practices of public scholarship in the humanities and the challenge of creating meaningful international models of engagement and fieldwork practice in local communities.
Abstract P198: Differential Regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Phosphorylation by Protease-Activated Receptors in Adult Human Endothelial Cells

Protease-activated receptors (PARs) have been shown to regulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) through the activation of specific sites on the enzyme. It has been established that phosphorylation of eNOS-Ser-1177 leads to the production of the potent vasodilator nitric oxide (NO), and is associated with PAR-2 activation; while phosphorylation of eNOS-Thr-495 decreases NO production, and is coupled to PAR-1 activation. In this study, we demonstrate a differential regulation of the eNOS/NO pathway by the PARs using primary adult human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). Thrombin and the PAR-1 activating peptide, TFLLR, which are known to phosphorylate eNOS-Thr-495 in bovine and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, phosphorylated eNOS-Ser-1177 in HCAECs, and increased NO production. The PAR-1 responses were blocked using SCH-79797, a PAR-1 inhibitor, and L-NAME was used to inhibit NO production. A PAR-2 specific ligand, SLIGRL, which has been shown to phosphorylate eNOS-Ser-1177 in bovine and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, primarily regulated eNOS-Thr-495 phosphorylation and suppressed NO production in the HCAECs. PAR-3, known for its non-signaling potential, was activated by TFRGAP, a PAR-3 mimicking peptide, and only induced phosphorylation of eNOS-Thr-495 with no effect on NO production. In addition, we confirmed that PAR-mediated eNOS-Ser-1177 phosphorylation was calcium-dependent using the calcium chelator, BAPTA, and eNOS-Thr-495 phosphorylation was mediated via Rho kinase using the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632. These data suggest a vascular bed specific differential coupling of PARs to the signaling pathways that regulate eNOS and NO production that may be responsible for the modulation of endothelial function associated with cardiovascular disease.
Psychosocial Factors in the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Risk: the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study

U.S. Hispanics/Latinos display a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), a group of co-occurring cardiometabolic risk factors (abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure) associated with higher cardiovascular disease and mortality risk. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher risk for MetSyn in Hispanics/Latinos, and psychosocial factors may play a role in this relationship. This cross-sectional study examined psychosocial factors in the association of SES and MetSyn components in 4,996 Hispanic/Latino adults from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study. MetSyn components were measured at the baseline examination. Participants completed interviews to determine psychosocial risks (e.g., depression) and resources (e.g., social support) within 9 months of baseline (< 4 months in 72.6% of participants). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to identify latent constructs and examine associations. Participant mean age was 41.7 years (SE = 0.4) and 62.7% were female. CFA identified single latent factors for SES and psychosocial indicators, and three factors for MetSyn [blood pressure, lipids, metabolic factors]. SEMs showed that lower SES was related to MetSyn factors indirectly through higher psychosocial risk/lower resources (Y-Bχ2 (df = 420) = 4412.90, p < .05, RMSEA = .042, SRMR = .051). A statistically significant effect consistent with mediation was found from lower SES to higher metabolic risk (glucose/waist circumference) via psychosocial risk/resource variables (Mackinnon’s 95% asymmetric CI = −0.13 to −0.02). SES is related to metabolic variables indirectly through psychosocial factors in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos of diverse ancestries.
Machine Learning Guided Ligand-Protein Simulation Approach Elucidates the Binding Mechanism of Abscisic Acid

Rising temperatures and climate change are threatening agricultural productivity and have motivated efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of drought resistance in plants. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key plant hormone that imparts drought resistance in plants. Crystal structures of receptors (PYLs) involved in ABA perception have shed light on the interactions ABA makes in the binding pocket of the receptor but these structures provide limited knowledge about the dynamic mechanism of ABA binding. Mechanistic understanding of ABA recognition by plants could provide new avenues for development of drought resistant agrochemicals. In this work, we have performed extensive atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using Markov state models (MSMs) based adaptive sampling protocols to characterize ABA binding pathway for two ABA receptors in A. Thaliana, AtPYL5 and AtPYL10 receptors belonging to different sub-classes of ABA receptors to identify the major bottlenecks in their binding pathways. Our results not only explain the binding mechanism of ABA molecule but also provide atomistic information about the intermediate states along the binding pathways. We have also identified a new non-productive pose, which we call the inverted state, where ABA gets trapped in the binding pocket while forming an unproductive complex. We validate our results with previously published NMR and Hydrogen/Deuterium exchange experiments to show that receptors retain their flexibility even after ABA binding. Our findings shed light on the role of specific receptor residues in ABA binding, explore role of water in binding and characterize major barriers to ABA binding. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of MD simulations and MSM framework in elucidating the mechanism of ABA signaling. Knowledge of ABA binding mechanism will help in improving drought resistance in plants by informing genetic manipulations and agrochemical discovery efforts.
Inheritance and linkage study of isozyme loci and morphological traits in red clover.

Information on inheritance of isozymes and linkage maps in Trifolium pratense L is limited. Genetic analysis of 18 isozyme systems and three morphological traits (white vs. pink flower, present vs. absent leaf marker and green vs. sun-red stem) was conducted. Six loci of four isozymes had simple Mendelian inheritance. Joint segregation analyses among 8 isozyme loci and 3 morphological gene markers (55 pair-wise combinations) resulted in the assignment of one linkage group. Two morphological markers coding for flower (c) and stem (gs) color were found to be in the same linkage group based on the analyses of two segregating families. The recombination values of the two progenies for c-gs were 0.079 and 0.113. No linkage was found between any of the isozyme loci and the morphological traits.
A Game-Driven Approach to Teaching Bit Manipulation (Abstract Only)

The use of educational games to teach and reinforce concepts to students is an idea that has gained popularity in recent years. Games force students to demonstrate their mastery of a subject by applying its principles to complete a goal or solve a problem. Games also offer more frequent feedback on the student's performance along with immediate rewards. These factors can make games more engaging for the student than traditional homework or quizzes. In this poster, the authors present a program which hopes to leverage the advantages games have as a learning tool in order to help students understand the effects of bit manipulation. The player controls a factory with a series of pipes that dispense chocolate into trucks waiting below. Using bitwise operators, the player must manipulate which pipes are open and closed in order to ensure that a pipe is only open if there is a truck aligned beneath it. The player is offered immediate feedback on their performance in the form of empty trucks driving away or wasted chocolate splashing to the ground. Additional challenge can be added to the game by only allowing the player to adjust the pipes one time between each set of trucks. By providing immediate feedback and encouraging creative problem solving, this game may improve student's intuition about the mechanics underlying bit manipulation.
Imidacloprid insecticide slows development of Pierce's Disease in bunch grapes.

Six cultivars of bunch grapevines Vitis labrusca (L.) and V. vinifera (L), ‘Cabernet Franc’, ‘Canadice’, ‘Flame Seedless’, ‘Johannesburg Riesling’, ‘Mars’ and ‘Reliance’ when treated at planting an...
NMR of Sodium-23 and Potassium-39 in Biological Systems

The aim of the introduction is to give the general reader some perspective concerning the nature of the biological problems to which NMR techniques have been applied. In addition, we give a brief description of other major techniques that have been used, and point out how NMR can be helpful in obtaining different complementary information concerning Na+ and K+ in biological systems.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Guanylate Cyclase-C Agonists for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Efficacy and Tolerability of Guanylate Cyclase-C Agonists for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Porcine and Human Ovarian Nonsteroidal Follicular Regulators

The ovarian follicle and the oocyte mature at a well-controlled rate in response to a constant as well as to changing levels of pituitary gonad­otropins. In the primate, only one follicle grows to maturity and ovulates an ovum each menstrual cycle, while at least 200 other follicles undergo atresia (for reviews, see Greenwald, 1978; Byskov, 1978). The mechanism for choice of one follicle over the other is not known. Since all follicles are exposed to the same level of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (Sakai and Channing, 1979a,o), local ovarian factors rather than systemic hormones should be responsible for choice of follicle. Local factors controlling follicular maturation include steroids as well as nonsteroidal factors. The local steroids primarily secreted by the ovary are: (1) estrogen, which stimulates granulosa-cell growth (Bradbury, 1961; Rao et al., 1978; Harman et al., 1975; (2) androgen, which may play a role in atresia in the rat (Louvet et al., 1975), since administration of testosterone antiserum diminishes follicular atresia in the rat; and (3) progesterone, which may partially regulate the initiation of new follicular growth, since DeZerga and Hodgen (1979), personal communication) found that the insertion of Silastic wafers impregnated with progesterone into the ovary immediately after removal of its corpus luteum can lead to a delay in follicular growth.
Information Technology Conduit as a Portal to Circumvent the Graveyard Shift

Information technology (IT) with increasingly faster rates of data transfer is anticipated to continue to shape the practice of medicine in the future. Such changes in health information technology coincide with our rapidly evolving understanding of sleep deprivation and circadian disturbances and their consequent effects on health, performance of the medical provider, and the commission of medical errors. This commentary aims to update the reader of the changes in these two bodies of knowledge and explicate how they may dovetail for the mutual benefit of the patient and the provider. We will also explore some of the impediments to the transfer of health IT data and present a viewpoint of how such issues may need to be addressed and by which parties.
Metatheorie und Methodologie der Modellbildung: Realistische Ansätze

Jede realwissenschaftliche Theoriebildung ist auf die (in der Regel formalisierte) Modellierung der sie interessierenden Zusammenhange angewiesen. Der Sinn der Modellbildung besteht darin, zu diesem Zweck von irrelevanten Faktoren abstrahieren oder sie idealisieren bzw. relevante Faktoren und Zusammenhange steigern oder ubertreiben zu durfen. Theorien und ihre Modelle stellen die Sachverhalte ihres Wertbereichs demnach nicht ”vollstandig“ dar und werden deshalb in der uberwiegenden Mehrzahl der Falle nichtrealistisch und d.h. als Instrumente geordneten theoretischen Denkens, als” Bilder“ oder als” Metaphern“ und” Fiktionen“ gedeutet, die nicht wahrheitsfahig sind. Der nachfolgende Beitrag zeigt,” that a theory may be true even if it is partial and involves idealizations“ (Maki 1994: 148).
Charging of RNA Microhelices and Decoding Genetic Information: Evaluation of Functional Coupling Between Distal Parts of a tRNA Structure

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are divided into two distinct and unrelated classes of ten enzyme each(Webster et al., 1984; Ludmerer and Schimmel, 1987; Schimmel, 1987; Eriani et al., 1990; Cusack et al., 1990, 1991; Moras, 1992). These enzymes interpret the genetic code through the aminoacylation reaction, whereby specific amino acids are joined to the 3’-ends of tRNAs. The tRNAs contain specific anticodon trinucleotide sequences which are located approximately 75 angstroms from the amino acid attachment site, so that the aminoacylation reaction per se establishes the trinucleotide-amino acid rules of the code.
Thermotropic Polymeric Liquid Crystals: Polymers with Mesogenic Elements and Flexible Spacers in the Main Chain

It is known since the work of Roviello and Sirigu (1) that polymers with mesogenic moieties and flexible sequences of methylene groups in the main chain display thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior. It was assumed that nematic phases are strongly favored. More recently we have studied poly (ester) derivatives of 4,4′-dihydroxyhyphenyl and 4,4′-dihydroxystilbene, condensed with sebacic acid and shown that smectic mesophases appear in these systems (2).
Endoscopic, Ultrasonographic, and Histologic Descriptions of Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid in a Case of Fecal Incontinence.

Objective. To present a case of fecal incontinence treated with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Solesta®) injections, which later caused clinical confusion and avoidable interventions. The endoscopic, ultrasonographic, and histologic appearances of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid will also be reported. Case Presentation. A middle-aged Hispanic male who failed conservative management of his fecal incontinence was injected with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid in an attempt to alleviate symptoms. An unrelated screening colonoscopy was performed soon after, revealing a submucosal rectal lesion. Flexible sigmoidoscopy and endoscopic rectal ultrasound with FNA were scheduled for patient for further evaluation. An unknown foreign material was noted under microscopy and, upon attaining additional history, the gastroenterologist uncovered the patient’s recent injections of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid. Conclusion. Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid for the treatment of fecal incontinence has become more common in recent years. Though the imaging and histologic appearance of this gel-like material is seen in other areas of medicine, equivalent descriptions are limited in the anorectal region. To curb misdiagnoses and prevent unnecessary interventions, it is important to expound on the endoscopic, imaging, and histopathologic features of this tissue-bulking agent in the setting of fecal incontinence and to encourage communication, proper documentation, and easy accessibility to patient health information by all medical staff.
Investigating 14th century immigration and settlement response on the Georgia Coast, USA

Abstract Following the 14th century depopulation of the Savannah River Valley of modern Georgia and South Carolina, the neighboring coastal region of Georgia exhibited significant changes in settlement. In the absence of other demographic proxies, Georgia state site file data show that there was a greater accumulation of archaeological components during the 14th century than in any other preceding period. Exploratory Bayesian modeling of settlement practices using a compiled set of legacy radiocarbon dates demonstrates that much of this expansion of settlement happened concomitant with the depopulation of the Savannah River Valley.
Multiscale Tortuous Diffusion in Anion and Cation Exchange Membranes

A fundamental understanding of water transport and morphology is critical for improving ionic conductivity in polymer membranes. In a series of random copolymer anion exchange and cation exchange m...
Identification and mitigation of pervasive off-target activity in CRISPR-Cas9 screens for essential non-coding elements

Pooled CRISPR-Cas9 screens have recently emerged as a powerful method for functionally characterizing regulatory elements in the non-coding genome, but off-target effects in these experiments have not been systematically evaluated. Here, we conducted a genome-scale screen for essential CTCF loop anchors in the K562 leukemia cell line. Surprisingly, the primary drivers of signal in this screen were single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) with low specificity scores. After removing these guides, we found that there were no CTCF loop anchors critical for cell growth. We also observed this effect in an independent screen fine-mapping the core motifs in enhancers of the GATA1 gene. We then conducted screens in parallel with CRISPRi and CRISPRa, which do not induce DNA damage, and found that an unexpected and distinct set of off-targets also caused strong confounding growth effects with these epigenome-editing platforms. Promisingly, strict filtering of CRISPRi libraries using GuideScan specificity scores removed these confounded sgRNAs and allowed for the identification of essential enhancers, which we validated extensively. Together, our results show off-target activity can severely limit identification of essential functional motifs by active Cas9, while strictly filtered CRISPRi screens can be reliably used for assaying larger regulatory elements.
The entrepreneurial motivations, cognitive factors, and barriers to become a fashion entrepreneur: A direction to curriculum development for fashion entrepreneurship education

ABSTRACTResearch in the field of entrepreneurship education has been studied extensively, but fashion domain-based entrepreneurship has been neglected and does not have nearly the same amount of ex...
Deep Self-Organizing Maps for Unsupervised Image Classification

The deep self-organizing map (DSOM) was introduced to embed hierarchical feature abstraction capability to self-organizing maps (SOMs). This paper presents an extended version of the original DSOM algorithm (E-DSOM). E-DSOM enhances the DSOM in two ways—learning algorithm is modified to be completely unsupervised, and architecture is modified to learn features of different resolution in hidden layers. E-DSOM has three main advantages over the original DSOM: 1) improved classification accuracy; 2) improved generalization capability; and 3) need of fewer sequential layers (reduced training time). E-DSOM was tested on benchmark and real-world datasets and was compared against DSOM, SOM, sStacked autoencoder (AE), and stacked convolutional autoencoder (CAE). Experimental results showed that the E-DSOM outperformed DSOM with improvements of classification accuracy up to 15% while saving training time up to 19% on all datasets. Moreover, E-DSOM evidenced better generalization capability compared to the DSOM by showing superior performance on all datasets with induced noise. Further, E-DSOM showed comparable performance to the AE and the CAE while outperforming them on two datasets.
Pediatric CNS-isolated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Objective To highlight a novel, treatable syndrome, we report 4 patients with CNS-isolated inflammation associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) gene mutations (CNS-FHL). Methods Retrospective chart review. Results Patients with CNS-FHL are characterized by chronic inflammation restricted to the CNS that is not attributable to any previously described neuroinflammatory etiology and have germline mutations in known FHL-associated genes with no signs of systemic inflammation. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) can be well tolerated and effective in achieving or maintaining disease remission in patients with CNS-FHL. Conclusions Early and accurate diagnosis followed by treatment with HCT can reduce morbidity and mortality in CNS-FHL, a novel, treatable syndrome. Classification of evidence This study provides Class IV evidence that HCT is well tolerated and effective in treating CNS-FHL.
Fast Hierarchical Graph Clustering in Linear-Time

While there has been a lot of research on graph clustering (community detection), most work (i) does not address the hierarchical community detection problem or are (ii) inefficient for large networks. In this work, we describe an approach called hLP that addresses both these limitations. Notably, hLP is fast and efficient for discovering a hierarchy of communities in large networks with a worst-case time and space complexity that is linear in the number of edges and nodes, respectively. The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of hLP. Finally, we show an application for visualizing large networks with hundreds of thousands of nodes and edges.
Learning symmetric and low-energy locomotion

Learning locomotion skills is a challenging problem. To generate realistic and smooth locomotion, existing methods use motion capture, finite state machines or morphology-specific knowledge to guide the motion generation algorithms. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a promising approach for the automatic creation of locomotion control. Indeed, a standard benchmark for DRL is to automatically create a running controller for a biped character from a simple reward function [Duan et al. 2016]. Although several different DRL algorithms can successfully create a running controller, the resulting motions usually look nothing like a real runner. This paper takes a minimalist learning approach to the locomotion problem, without the use of motion examples, finite state machines, or morphology-specific knowledge. We introduce two modifications to the DRL approach that, when used together, produce locomotion behaviors that are symmetric, low-energy, and much closer to that of a real person. First, we introduce a new term to the loss function (not the reward function) that encourages symmetric actions. Second, we introduce a new curriculum learning method that provides modulated physical assistance to help the character with left/right balance and forward movement. The algorithm automatically computes appropriate assistance to the character and gradually relaxes this assistance, so that eventually the character learns to move entirely without help. Because our method does not make use of motion capture data, it can be applied to a variety of character morphologies. We demonstrate locomotion controllers for the lower half of a biped, a full humanoid, a quadruped, and a hexapod. Our results show that learned policies are able to produce symmetric, low-energy gaits. In addition, speed-appropriate gait patterns emerge without any guidance from motion examples or contact planning.
Integrating Mental Health into Maternal Health Care in Rural Mali: A Qualitative Study.

Introduction Common perinatal mental disorders are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. The gap between the need for and availability of mental health services, also known as the mental health treatment gap, is particularly acute for women during the perinatal period in rural Mali. This qualitative study aimed to identify a feasible and acceptable integrated care approach for the provision of maternal mental health care in rural Mali to help narrow the treatment gap and increase access to care. Methods From April to June 2016, qualitative data were collected in the Selingue health district and Bamako, Mali. In-depth interviews were conducted among women, community health workers, midwives, and mental health specialists. Focus group participants included community health workers, midwives, and an obstetric nurse. All data were inductively coded and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results Women described several coping strategies to manage their distress, including visiting their parents; confiding in a friend, relative, or community health worker; and participating in women's association groups. Mental health-related stigma was described as being widespread in the community and among health providers. In response to the lack of mental health services, midwives and community health workers supported the feasibility and acceptability of the integration of mental health services into maternal health services. Midwives were discussed as being key providers to conduct mental health screenings and provide initial psychosocial care for women. Discussion Integrated maternal and mental health interventions are needed to narrow the gap between the need for and availability of mental health services in rural Mali. Findings from this study underscore the great need for mental health services for women in the perinatal period who reside in rural Mali and that it is both feasible and acceptable to integrate mental health screening and low-level psychosocial care into antenatal care, delivered by midwives.
Developmental idealism and migration: theorizing their relationship and an empirical example from Nepal

This paper brings together both theoretically and empirically two strands of social science research: migration and developmental idealism. The paper is motivated by the fact that there are extensi...
Primary Malignant Orbital Tumors.

Objective Primary orbital malignancy is rare. Awareness of the characteristic clinical and imaging features is imperative for timely identification and management. Surgery remains an important diagnostic and treatment modality for primary orbital malignancy, but determining the optimal surgical approach can be challenging. The purpose of this article is to explore recent advances in the diagnosis, management, and surgical approaches for primary orbital malignancies. Design In this review, the clinical presentation, imaging features, and medical and surgical management of primary orbital malignancies with representative cases will be discussed. Setting Outpatient and inpatient hospital settings. Participants Patients with diagnosed primary orbital malignancies. Main Outcome Measures Descriptive outcomes. Results Advancements in orbital imaging, microsurgical techniques, and multimodal therapy have improved the diagnosis and management of primary orbital malignancies. Special considerations for biopsy or resection are made based on the tumor's location, characteristics, nearby orbital structures, and goals of surgery. Minimally invasive techniques are supplanting traditional approaches to orbital surgery with less morbidity. Conclusions Advances in imaging technologies and surgical techniques have facilitated the diagnosis and management of primary orbital malignancies. Evolution toward less invasive orbital surgery with focus on preservation and restoration of function is underway.
The effectiveness of psychological intervention for depression, anxiety, and distress in prostate cancer: a systematic review of literature.

The increasing incidence and declining mortality rates seen in prostate cancer will result in a growing survivorship with a burden of health conditions, warranting attention to psychological health. Depression, anxiety, and distress have prognostic significance; attempts have been made to reduce them with psychological interventions using cognitive- and/or education-based approaches. The review of literature attempted to measure a clinically meaningful difference between pre- and post-intervention scores that were previously reported in randomized clinical trials. Using the PRISMA-checklist, we identified 22 studies that assessed psychological interventions by randomizing against care as usual (CAU). We calculated a percent change between pre- and post-trial mean scores for depression, anxiety, and distress in each study and analyzed effectiveness of intervention versus CAU. The patient group receiving intervention showed significantly greater improvement in depression, anxiety, as well as general and cancer-specific distress as compared to CAU. The effectiveness of intervention was retained even in subgroups upon limiting analysis to seven studies that used one single assessment tool, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), or to 14 studies with localized prostate cancer (LPC). Improvement in depression did not correlate with anxiety but correlated significantly with a reduction in distress. Lastly, improvement in all three parameters was numerically greater in three studies that combined cognitive- and education-based approaches versus studies using either approach alone. The present analysis underscores the utility of psychological intervention for depression, anxiety, and distress related to prostate cancer. Future research should ascertain their impact on long-term clinical outcomes, like disease progression and survival.
Targeting Metacognition by Incorporating Student-Reported Confidence Estimates on Self-Assessment Quizzes

Being able to accurately self-assess one's own understanding is a crucial metacognitive skill that enables students to allocate their study time and energy more effectively. Prior works have explored different metacognition-based interventions but they were either not reliably effective or heavy-weight. In this work, we present Compass, an intervention composed of self-assessment quizzes that additionally ask students to self-report their confidence level per answer in order to automatically recommend prioritized sets of resources. We found that although frequent self-assessment quiz taking correlated with higher exam performance, the repeated practice of self-reporting confidence levels did not seem to benefit students' metacognitive accuracy over time. Our findings also challenge the commonly accepted hypothesis that high-performing students have high metacognitive accuracy.