cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Value of Using Scheduling Information in Planning Material Requirements

Current research and practice in the field of production and inventory planning is dominated by hierarchical, material requirements planning-based methods. The objective of this research is to determine the merits of a major redirection for the design of manufacturing planning systems—a direction that more directly exploits the capabilities of modern computer technology. We test the relative performance of two fundamentally different classes of manufacturing planning systems: (1) those that make no use of sequencing and scheduling information in the planning of material deliveries (for example, traditional MRP-based systems), and (2) those that use sequencing and scheduling information to plan delivery of materials. We first derive an analytical expression for the expected benefit (in terms of flow time reduction) of using scheduling information for a single machine system. We then describe and test a simple heuristic for predicting the improvement that could be realized in more complicated multimachine systems, under certain conditions. Results from controlled simulation experiments, over a wide range of operating environments, suggest that although the value of scheduling information is influenced by the operating environment, it could be substantial.
Ectopic Eruption of the Mandibular First Permanent Molar

A case of ectopic eruption of the mandibular first permanent molar is described, and the root dilaceration and impaction of the ectopically erupted tooth are discussed.
Provenance of Selected Sandstones and Mud Rocks of Dunkard Group (Upper Pennsylvanian-Permian) in Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania: ABSTRACT

A standard QFL count and a special count of quartz grains indicate that the Dunkard sandstones are rich in quartz and sedimentary and metasedimentary lithic fragments, but poor in feldspar and igneous lithic fragments. Plots of the Dunkard detrital mode on provenance diagrams End_Page 1445------------------------------ reveal a separation of samples into two groups: a geographically restricted "northern" group and a more extensive "southern" group. This discrimination is consistent with paleocurrent and facies distribution data, which delineate two sources of sediment to the Dunkard basin: a dominant southeastern source and a subordinate northern source. Northern sandstones are rich in nonundulatory, monocrystalline quartz, "stable" polycrystalline quartz, and sedimentary lithic fragments. These sandstones largely reflect a stable cratonic source wherein rocks were formed from multicycle sediments, some of which were ultimately derived from a low-lying craton of granite and/or high-rank metamorphic Precambrian rocks. Southern sandstones are enriched in mud rock and foliated, quartz-mica rock fragments, "unstable" polycrystalline quartz, and polycyclic, monocrystalline quartz reflecting a southeastern source terrane of mixed low-rank metamorphic and sedimentary lithology. Comparison of the Dunkard detrital mode with modern sands from tectonic settings capable of producing uplifted terranes of supracrustal source rocks reveals that the Dunkard basin was a foreland basin that received sediment from both the adjacent foreland fold-thrust upland and from positive areas on the craton. Low to medium-grade metamorphic and recycled sedimentary detritus, shed from an orogenic highland, diluted contributions of supermature sedimentary and magmatic detritus from the continental lowlands. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1446------------
Iodide myxedema with facial swelling simulating angioneurotic edema.

The iodide given as treatment for asthma may cause myxedema with facial swelling simulating angioneurotic edema, and this facial swelling may be erroneously attributed to allergic reactions. In 5 patients with asthma, myxedema developed during iodide therapy. Each patient complained of swelling of the face and eyelids, and this was considered allergic in origin by one or more physicians. However, the diagnosis of iodide-induced myxedema was suggested by the history of regular iodide ingestion, facial and eyelid swelling, and other symptoms, including fatigue, cold intolerance, hoarseness, and dry skin and hair. Physical examination also revealed slowed deep tendon reflexes in 4 patients and diffuse goiter in 4. Laboratory measurements supported the diagnosis of myxedema. In 4 patients, the facial swelling and other symptoms of myxedema disappeared after cessation of iodide therapy. The fifth patient required iodide for control of asthmatic symptoms, and the symptoms of myxedema were controlled by exogenously administered thyroid hormone. Myxedema due to iodide ingestion may develop because of an underlying defect in thyroidal function.
Family factors and mediators of substance use among African American adolescents

This study uses a sample of 424 African American 8th- and 12th-grade students (mean age = 16.55; 65.1% girls) in the United States to examine how family protective factors explain cultural and school protective factors that prevent substance use. Questionnaires were administered between 2007 and 2009. Using structural equation modeling, results indicated that cultural and school factors partially mediated the relationship between family factors and lifetime substance use. School factors fully mediated the relationship between cultural factors and lifetime substance use. The findings suggest that parents promote cultural attributes, which in turn promotes school achievement, and in turn contributes to lower substance use. Limitations of the study, and implications for future research and prevention programs are discussed.
Modernism & cosmology: absurd lights

Katherine Ebury’s Modernism & Cosmology: Absurd Lights sets for itself an ambitious agenda: to review and examine the influence of the New Physics and its cosmological concepts on the Modernist wor...
Simultaneous determination of the spectroscopic and adsorption isotherms of water on silica

The changes in the near infrared spectra of the porous 96% silica glass-water system were determined, simultaneously with the vapour pressure and the adsorbate concentration, during a complete adsorption cycle. The heating effect of the analyzing undispersed infrared beam was eliminated. From the absorbance vs concentration plots it is inferred that the “free” silanol groups are the main adsorption centres and the ratio of H2O to OH is 1:1 in the monolayer. The results indicate that the Corning 7,930 porous silica has micropores and a portion of the adsorbed water exists in an unperturbed state over the entire concentration region.
Gravity waves in the equatorial mesosphere

Abstract Oscillations observed in the mesospheric velocities measured at Jicamarca, Peru are interpreted to be a manifestation of atmospheric gravity waves of periods 1 hr have amplitudes weaker than those predicted by tidal theory. Acoustic gravity waves of periods
Electrical Characterization of Sol-Gel Derived PZT Films

Sol-gel derived PZT films were successfully prepared from precursor solutions based on lead acetate and Zr/Ti alkoxides. A pyrochlore phase was observed in films fired at low temperatures, while single-phase perovskite films were obtained at temperatures above 725C. The dielectric constant increased to above 1000 when there was a higher proportion of perovskite than pyrochlore. The films were essentially fatigue-free up to 108 cycles and exhibited a low aging rate of 5.7% / decade-sec.
Triggering constructive change by managing organizational culture in an academic library

Cet article traite de la difficulte d'instaurer une gestion organisationnelle de la culture dans les bibliotheque universitaires americaine. Apres une definition de l'organisation culturelle de la culture en bibliotheque, une methode est proposee etape par etape pour permettre aux bibliothecaires de faire leurs changements progressivement
Monomeric complexes of manganese(II) with tetradentate ligands: isolation of cis -diaquamanganese(II) and cis -dichloromanganese(II) species

The synthesis and characterization of the monomeric complexes cis -diaqua( N , N ′-bis(2-methylpyrazyl)ethane-1,2-diamine)manganese(II) perchlorate monohydrate ( 1 ), or cis -[Mn(bispyzen)- (H 2 O) 2 ](ClO 4 ) 2 ·H 2 O, and cis -dichloro( N , N -bis((6-methylpyrid-2-yl)methyl)- N -2-pyridylmethylamine) manganese(II) ( 2 ) are reported. The diaqua complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c with four molecules in a cell of dimensions a =13.394(4), b =9.778(3), c =17.434(7) A, β=103.15(3)°. The structure has been refined to an R factor of 0.0485 based on 3857 independent intensities. The OMnO bond angle in the complex is 93.9(1)°, and the MnO bond lengths are 2.137(3) and 2.158(3) A. There is extensive hydrogen bonding in the crystals. The dichloro complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n with four molecules in a cell of dimensions a =8.993(2), b =28.717(7), c =9.053(2) A. β=118.84(1)°. The structure has been refined to an R factor of 0.0370 based on 3276 independent intensities. The ClMnCl bond angle in the complex is 99.4(1)°, and the MnCl bond lengths are 2.402(1) and 2.467(1) A. The axial MnN bond lengths of 2.423(2) and 2.456(3) A are much longer than the equatorial MnN distances of 2.285(3) and 2.329(3) A; this observed elongation of the axial bonds is presumably due to the steric crowding caused by the presence of the 6-methyl groups on the axial pyridine rings. The dichloro complex shows a quasi-reversible redox wave at 0.80 V versus Ag/AgCl corresponding to the Mn(II)↔Mn(III) couple.
Prostate Cancer: PET with 18F-FDG, 18F- or 11C-Acetate, and 18F- or 11C-Choline

Prostate cancer is biologically and clinically a heterogeneous disease that makes imaging evaluation challenging. The role of imaging in prostate cancer should include diagnosis, localization, and characterization (indolent vs. lethal) of the primary tumor, determination of extracapsular spread, guidance and evaluation of local therapy in organ-confined disease, staging of locoregional lymph nodes, detection of locally recurrent and metastatic disease in biochemical relapse, planning of radiation treatment, prediction and assessment of tumor response to salvage and systemic therapy, monitoring of active surveillance and definition of a trigger for definitive therapy, and prognostication of time to hormone refractoriness in castrate disease and overall survival. To address these tasks effectively, imaging needs to be tailored to the specific phases of the disease in a patient-specific, risk-adjusted manner. In this article, I review the preclinical and clinical evidence on the potential and emerging role of PET with the 3 most commonly studied radiotracers in prostate cancer, namely 18F-FDG, 18F- or 11C-acetate, and 18F- or 11C-choline.
A time efficient Delaunay refinement algorithm

In this paper we present a Delaunay refinement algorithm for generating good aspect ratio and optimal size triangulations. This is the first algorithm known to have sub-quadratic running time. The algorithm is based on the extremely popular Delaunay refinement algorithm of Ruppert. We know of no prior refinement algorithm with an analyzed subquadratic time bound. For many natural classes of meshing problems, our time bounds are comparable to know bounds for quadtree methods.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase in immunological systems

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are an evolutionarily conserved family of signal transducing enzymes. A great variety of stimuli activate PI3K, leading to the transient accumulation of its lipid products in cell membranes. These lipids serve as second messengers to regulate the location and activity of an array of downstream effector molecules. In cells of the mammalian immune system, PI3K is activated by receptors for antigen, cytokines, costimulatory molecules, immunoglobulins and chemoattractants. Signaling via PI3K regulates immune cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, degranulation, and respiratory burst. Here we review our current understanding of PI3K signaling in leukocytes.
Mining an Ostrinia nubilalis midgut expressed sequence tag (EST) library for candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Genes expressed in lepidopteran midgut tissues are involved in digestion and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin resistance traits. Five hundred and thirty five unique transcripts were annotated from 1745 high quality O. nubilalis larval midgut expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Full-length cDNA sequence of 12 putative serine proteinase genes and 3 partial O. nubilalis aminopeptidase N protein genes, apn1, apn3, and apn4, were obtained, and genes may have roles in plant feeding and Bt toxin resistance traits of Ostrinia larvae. The EST library was not normalized and insert frequencies reflect transcript levels under the initial treatment conditions and redundancy of inserts from highly expressed transcripts allowed prediction of putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ten di-, tri- or tetranucleotide repeat unit microsatellite loci were identified, and minisatellite repeats were observed within the C-termini of two encoded serine proteinases. Molecular markers showed polymorphism at 28 SNP loci and one microsatellite locus, and Mendelian inheritance indicated that markers were applicable to genome mapping applications. This O. nubilalis larval midgut EST collection is a resource for gene discovery, expression information, and allelic variation for use in genetic marker development.
Theory talk in the library science scholarly literature: An exploratory analysis

Abstract In the discipline of library and information science (LIS), a qualitative analysis of the meaningful use of theory in contemporary scholarly literature is critical to helping scholars expand their repertoire of knowledge about various theories and helping them make informed decisions about how to skillfully integrate theory in their research. This study explored how theory was presented and talked about in seven prominent library science-focused journals from 2009 to 2011. Through a process of analytic induction, categories representing a continuum of theory talk were identified and their relationships examined. Three main types of theory talk in library research are defined, ranging from minimal (theory dropping), moderate (theory conversation), to major (theory generation). The categories and their relationships generate a rich discussion about the intensity and degree to which theory is being discussed and used in a less-examined subset of library and information science research journals. This research contributes both an explanatory structure and substantive discussion regarding theory use in library science to the professional literature.
Changes in renal hemodynamics and structure in the aging kidney; sexual dimorphism and the nitric oxide system

With advancing age the kidney shows both functional declines (falls in GFR) and development of structural damage. In most individuals this occurs slowly and does not lead to severe renal impairment unless additional insults are superimposed. There is a pronounced sexual dimorphism with females protected, due both to beneficial effects of the estrogens and damaging effects of androgens, some of which act directly on the glomerular mesangial cell to regulate growth and extracellular matrix production. Nitric oxide is a major factor in regulation of vascular tone and growth and becomes deficient with advancing age, as endothelial dysfunction develops. Although the abundance of the substrate, L-arginine, is well maintained during aging, there are increases in the concentration of circulating endogenous nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors, which will contribute, to the endothelial dysfunction. There is a clear sexual dimorphism in the NO system, with pre-menopausal females producing more NO than men. Within the kidney, declines in the abundance and activity of the neuronal form of the nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) correlate with development of disease. In the male rat where injury and dysfunction occurs, nNOS abundance declines markedly, whereas in the protected female, renal nNOS abundance is maintained. Taken together, it is likely that age-dependent declines in NO generation contribute to age-dependent kidney damage.
Hemodynamic and myocardial blood flow. Profiles of pinacidil and nitroprusside in conscious dogs.

Vasodilator antihypertensive agents can induce endocardial underperfusion relative to myocardial metabolic demand in normal hearts. We studied ten conscious normotensive dogs, paced at constant heart rate, to determine the relative probabilities of inducing endocardial ischemia with intravenous sodium nitroprusside or pinacidil, a novel antihypertensive agent. On different days, pinacidil and nitroprusside were infused in each animal to achieve mean aortic pressures (MAP) of 83 +/- 0.2 mm Hg and 62 +/- 1 mm Hg, reduced from control pressures of 106 +/- 3 mm Hg (pinacidil) and 107 +/- 3 mm Hg (nitroprusside). At MAP = 62 mm Hg, pinacidil depressed the left ventricular endocardial:epicardial blood flow (0.81 +/- 0.03) more than did nitroprusside (1.00 +/- 0.06, P less than .01). However, pinacidil increased left ventricular blood flow in all transmural layers at both levels of hypotension (P less than .05); nitroprusside increased only epicardial blood flow at MAP = 62 mm Hg (P less than .05). Neither vasodilator significantly altered myocardial oxygen consumption at either level of hypotension. At MAP = 83 mm Hg, pinacidil depressed the ratio of left ventricular vascular resistance and systemic vascular resistance indices (LVVRI/SVRI) 40 +/- 6 percent (P less than .001) to a level below that existing during nitroprusside infusion (P less than .05). These data indicate that pinacidil has greater selectivity for the coronary circulation over the systemic circulation compared to nitroprusside. Although it is unlikely that either drug caused endocardial ischemia in the present study, the data suggest that pinacidil is less likely to do so than is nitroprusside in normal hearts.
Monte Carlo simulations of luminescence processes under quasi-equilibrium (QE) conditions

Abstract Previous researchers have carried out Monte Carlo simulations of thermoluminescence (TL) phenomena by considering the allowed transitions of charge carriers between the conduction band, electron traps and recombination centers. Such simulations have demonstrated successfully the effect of trap clustering on the kinetics of charge carriers in a solid, and showed that trap clustering can significantly change the observed luminescence properties. While such Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out for TL, there has been no such trap clustering studies for optically stimulated luminescence phenomena (OSL). This paper presents a simplified method of carrying out Monte Carlo simulations for TL and linearly modulated optically stimulated luminescence (LM-OSL) phenomena, based on the General One Trap (GOT) model, which is a special case of the one trap one recombination center model (OTOR) when quasi-equilibrium conditions (QE) hold. The simulated results show that the presence of small clusters consisting of a few traps in a solid can lead to multiple peaks in both the TL and LM-OSL signals. The effects of retrapping and degree of trap filling are simulated for such multi-peak luminescence signals, and insight is obtained into the mechanism producing these peaks. The method presented in this paper can be easily generalized for other types of luminescence solids in which the recombination probability varies with time.
Effects of Very Large Doses of Penicillin G given Orally to Rats

Nimni and Bavetta1 reported a connective tissue disorder in rats fed penicillamine. The disorder was reflected by decreased breaking strength of unwounded and wounded skin, decreased collagen synthesis in polyvinyl sponge implants and a diminished proportion of insoluble to soluble collagen in such granulomas. We have studied this phenomenon in rats and guinea-pigs2–4 and have likened it to the lathyritic state induced by feeding β-amino propionitrile, a view also expressed by Nimni5. Penicillamine can be derived6 from both the in vitro and the in vivo hydrolysis of penicillin, so we set out to determine whether the feeding of very large doses of penicillin would cause a collagen defect similar to that caused by penicillamine.
Benign tumors of the teenage breast.

First launched in 1997, the PSEF has continued to expand its computer-based educational opportunities through its Visiting Professor Online Conference. The most recent live broadcast featured PSEF Senior Visiting Professor Dr. Mary H. McGrath discussing and answering questions about Benign Tumors of the Teenage Breast. For detailed information about how to participate in the next interactive online communication, call the ASPRS/PSEF Executive Office at (800) 766-4955 (press 7) or (847) 228-9900, ext, 470; or e-mail memserv@plasticsurgery.org.
Development of an algorithm to measure defect geometry using a 3D laser scanner

Current fatigue life prediction models for coiled tubing (CT) require accurate measurements of the defect geometry. Three-dimensional (3D) laser imaging has shown promise toward becoming a nondestructive, non-contacting method of surface defect characterization. Laser imaging provides a detailed photographic image of a flaw, in addition to a detailed 3D surface map from which its critical dimensions can be measured. This paper describes algorithms to determine defect characteristics, specifically depth, width, length and projected cross-sectional area. Curve-fitting methods were compared and implicit algebraic fits have higher probability of convergence compared to explicit geometric fits. Among the algebraic fits, the Taubin circle fit has the least error. The algorithm was able to extract the dimensions of the flaw geometry from the scanned data of CT to within a tolerance of about 0.127 mm, close to the tolerance specified for the laser scanner itself, compared to measurements made using traveling microscopes. The algorithm computes the projected surface area of the flaw, which could previously only be estimated from the dimension measurements and the assumptions made about cutter shape. Although shadows compromised the accuracy of the shape characterization, especially for deep and narrow flaws, the results indicate that the algorithm with laser scanner can be used for non-destructive evaluation of CT in the oil field industry. Further work is needed to improve accuracy, to eliminate shadow effects and to reduce radial deviation.
Pathologic Features of Pediatric Head and Neck Melanoma

Although malignant melanoma is rare in children, its incidence is steadily increasing, and it is potentially lethal. Few studies have examined head and neck melanoma in children, and even fewer have focused on the histopathologic features of melanoma within this anatomic region. To further the understanding of this entity, we examined pathology specimens from nine subjects age 18 years and younger with an original diagnosis of head or neck melanoma. The anatomic locations of these primary melanomas were the face and nose (n = 4), scalp and neck (n = 4), and ear (n = 1). The cases included seven superficial spreading melanomas, one unclassified (possible nodular) melanoma, and one melanoma in situ. No melanomas demonstrating desmoplastic or spindle cell morphologies were noted upon review. Breslow depth ranged from 0 to 2.9 mm (mean 1.3 mm, median 0.6 mm), with Clark level ranging from I to V. Pagetoid scatter was found in eight cases. Other notable features included regression (n = 5), ulceration (n = 1), and associated melanocytic nevus (n = 4). We did not observe any small cell variants; all nine cases had an epithelioid appearance. Nor was any melanoma-associated mortality observed at last follow-up (mean 60.4 mos, median 48 mos, range 2-174 mos). These histopathologic features were consistent with adult-type melanoma, which is in agreement with other histopathologic studies of melanoma in children.
Case report of right hamate hook fracture in a patient with previous fracture history of left hamate hook: is it hamate bipartite?

Background: Hamate hook fracture is a common fracture in golfers and others who play sports that involve rackets or sticks such as tennis or hockey. This patient had a previous hamate fracture in the opposing wrist along with potential features of hamate bipartite. Case presentation: A 19 year old male presented with a complaint of right wrist pain on the ulnar side of the wrist with no apparent mechanism of injury. The pain came on gradually one week before being seen in the office and he reported no prior care for the complaint. His history includes traumatic left hamate hook fracture with surgical excision. Conclusion: The patient was found to have marked tenderness over the hamate and with a prior fracture to the other wrist, computed tomography of the wrist was ordered revealing a fracture to the hamate hook in the right wrist. He was referred for surgical evaluation and the hook of the hamate was excised. Post-surgically, the patient was able to return to normal activity within eight weeks. This case is indicative of fracture rather than hamate bipartite. This fracture should be considered in a case of ulnar sided wrist pain where marked tenderness is noted over the hamate, especially after participation in club or racket sports.
In-situ removal of ammonium and lactate through electrical means for hybridoma cultures

Ammonium and lactate are two known toxic products detrimental to mammalian cell growth and productivity. An electrokinetic technique, utilizing an electrophoretic mechanism, was developed to remove these cellular wastes in-situ from suspension hybridoma (ATCC CRL-1606) cultures to enhance cell growth and productivity. This technique applies continuously a dc electric field to selectively remove the electrically charged wastes. The experiments were shown to be successful in the removal of externally added 10 rnM ammonium and 45 mM lactate while maintaining the chemostatic condition of culture medium in a cell-free condition under an electric current density of 50 A/m(2). Toxic levels of ammonium were added, ranging from 7.5 to 12.5 mM, at the start of the hybridoma culture, and the applied dc electric fields were able to completely remove these added materials. This in turn released the inhibition and restored the cell growth. Finally, this electrokinetic technique was applied to the batch and glutamine fed-batch hybridoma cultures. At an applied electric current density of 50 A/m(2), this was able to completely remove cell-produced ammonium and increased the cell growth and antibody titer by 30% to 50%, respectively, compared to the control experiment in the absence of the electric field. Lastly, the applied electric current density of 50 A/m(2) did not affect cellular functionalities such as glucose and glutamine consumption and antibody productivity.(c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Factors influencing coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) seasonal survival rates: A spatially continuous approach within stream networks

Mark–recapture methods were used to examine watershed-scale survival of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) from two headwater stream networks. A total of 1725 individuals (≥100 ...
Fear and loathing in cooperative collection development

Purpose – The paper ' s aim is to demonstrate how research libraries might overcome their reluctance to enter into cooperative collection development ventures by devising resource sharing partnerships and streamlining ILL operations to the extent that they can replace significant portions of local collections. The data obtained from these and other library services can be used to identify collection areas that are ripe for cooperative collecting. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses data from the Borrow Direct cooperative to illustrate how efficient and effective ILL services have become, and identifies a number of data types that might be collected in a data repository and used to inform the construction of a successful cooperative collection development program. Findings – A data repository consisting of the following data types will prove useful in outlining the parameters of a cooperative collection development program: ILL and circulation transactions, database usage statistics, online catal...
Nutrient Encounter by a Generalist Herbivore in a Heterogeneous Landscape

Abstract Most landscapes are heterogeneous in vegetation composition and thus, in the distribution of nutrients required by herbivores for growth and reproduction. Hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispdus) inhabit Texas coastal prairies which are characterized by habitat patches dominated by dicots, monocots or both [mixed] plant types. Hispid cotton rats must obtain nutrients necessary for reproduction by ingesting both dicots and monocots, and reproductive females concentrate their activity in mixed patches. Mixed patches may be selected because they have high nutrient contents or because presence of both monocot and dicot food plants lowers cost of foraging movements. Because hispid cotton rats select a nutritionally complete diet and may detect protein by odor and taste cues, we hypothesized that nutrient concentrations may cue position of foraging paths. We used nutrient maps to measure amount of protein, P and Ca encountered during foraging from radiotracked individuals. We compared these values to thos...
Towards prediction of environmental Arctic change

Our main objective is to use models of the coupled ice-ocean Arctic environment to understand the past and present sea ice and ocean states and to predict future scenarios of environmental change in the Arctic Ocean. To meet this objective we have developed a coupled ice-ocean model of the sea ice covered northern hemisphere at 9-km and 45-level grid. The model has been spun up for 48 years. Three 24-year experiments have been completed following the spinup, all forced with realistic 1979-2002 ECMWF data but with a different surface temperature and salinity restoring times. Results from these integrations are compared to each other and to sea ice data available over this period to address the growing need for understanding the recent warming and the subsequent decrease of the Arctic ice pack during the late 1990s and 2000s.
Lane tracking control in vehicle-following collision situations

This paper describes work on the subject of vehicle-following collisions and the implementation of a controller to maintain the vehicles in the desired trajectory. The goal of the study is to evaluate the feasibility of lane-tracking control systems in vehicle-following collisions. The effectiveness of such systems implies the potential for an automated or a driver-assistance function that can help maintain the paths of vehicles in collisions. This study was conducted with a combined model of collision and vehicle dynamics, SMAC (simulation model of automobile collisions). SMAC allows the longitudinal and lateral movements as well as the yaw motion about the vertical axis of vehicles on a horizontal plane. A controller is incorporated into the model to allow steering inputs. A feedback controller was selected to perform the lane tracking function. The control law corrects the current and foreseen deviation from the desired position. The scenarios evaluated in this paper include straight and curved road cases. Besides the basic controller, a gain compensator was introduced to reduce steady state tracking errors in curved roads. Simulations were also conducted to evaluate wheel offset caused by collision damage and time delay in sensing or actuation cycle. The controller was found to be effective. The feedback controller utilized illustrates a simple yet robust control law that can be applied to a wide range of conditions. The result is significant because a robust controller is essential to such applications when a system are open to uncertainties and variations in operation parameters.
The Reliability of Maternal Recall Mothers' Remembrance of Their Infant's Health and Illness

Fifty-nine mothers were asked, when their babies were nine months of age, to recall the baby's birth date, birth weight, last recorded weight, past illnesses, illness visits, well-baby visits, and immunization history. These responses were checked against the data recorded in the baby's clinical records to determine the accuracy of the mothers' recall. Maternal education did affect the accuracy of recall while maternal age, race, and the sex and birth order of the baby did not.Health and illness related historical events require ongoing documentation in some easily retrievable form if they are to be relied upon by physicians and medical investigators when providing care or conducting research.
Commentary: Challenges and Pathways for Clinical and Translational Research: Why Is This Research Different From All Other Research?

Three related articles in this issue addressing clinical and translational (C/T) research suggest four simple questions about such research that should be considered by policy makers at a national level, by academic institutions, and by individual scientists: What, who, how, and why. The author of this commentary posits that ambiguity in answering these questions means that policy makers are not providing a clear target for institutions and researchers. The vagueness of the definitions may also obscure accountability with regard to assessing whether the rhetoric matches actions—for instance, what is the distribution of research activities and funding across the different phases of C/T research? Given the rapid evolution of new tools and methodologies in C/T research, it is important to consider each of these issues across the full developmental pathway of a C/T researcher. Overcoming these challenges and rapidly advancing along the pathway of creating knowledge to enhance the health of our communities and the nation depends on coherence and agreement by all players involved in C/T policy, funding, and participation.
Product quality, service reliability and management of operations at Starbucks

High product quality, service reliability, and management of operations are key factors in business growth and sustainability. Analyzing “The Starbucks Experience” is a pedagogical approach to reinforcing the concepts of control and management of quality, service reliability, and efficient operations in action. The objective of this paper is to show how providing high-quality, reliable products and service at Starbucks have influenced its market share, productivity, and profitability. In turn, Starbucks has improved on these business measures by excelling in operations management. The approach taken was to research the early days at Starbucks to gain insight on what made Starbucks so successful and then to use observational research to assess the customer experience at a particular Starbucks store in a city in the state of Michigan, USA. Sitting in this Starbucks store in the city’s little downtown and observing its operations and customers contact offered the opportunity to observe customers waiting in line, the baristas serving the customers, examining the store’s layout, and listening to conversations that revealed what customers like and dislike about “The Starbucks Experience.” Recommendations are made to improve operations. These areas fall under operations management for a company that sells a product and provides a service. There are three reasons customers choose Starbucks: the coffee, the people serving the coffee, and the experience in the stores. By excelling in these three areas and improving operations management, Starbucks can regain its market share, and improve productivity and profitability.
When Are Juridically Autonomous Agencies Responsive to Elected Officials? A Simulation Based on the Costa Rican Case

There has been much study of the autonomy of the state vis-a-vis society. This article, however, focuses on autonomy within the state--the ability of elected officials to control the bureaucracy so that it will implement their policy goals even when the relevant agency has juridical autonomy, versus when such agencies can pursue their own policy goals. Juridically autonomous agencies are an important subset of the bureaucracy in most Latin American democracies; thus this subject merits study because of its implications for bureaucratic accountability and the legitimacy of democratic government. Through simulation, using a model of Costa Rican bureaucratic politics, we learn that when elected officials desire a higher level of service production than the agency wants, they are unable to induce the agency to respond and can inadvertently cause it to produce less efficiently. However, when the agency wants to produce more service than elected officials desire, the executive can use the budget to constrain th...
Biomarkers of HPV Infection in Oropharyngeal Carcinomas: Can We Find Simplicity in the Puzzle of Complexity?

Commentary on Holzinger et al., [p. 4993][1] and Liang et al., [p. 5004][2] In this issue of Cancer Research , 2 studies by Holzinger and colleagues ([1][3]) and Liang and colleagues ([2][4]) investigate which biomarker(s) of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are more prognostic in oropharyngeal
Interventional narratology: form and function of the narrative medical write-up.

The narrative medical write-up is a nontraditional patient work-up in which medical students narrate a patient's story. The purpose of the assignment is to help students gain skills necessary for "narrative competence," the ability to understand and act according to the larger narrative of a patient's life. More than a simple, empathetic retelling, the narrative medical write-up is a re-creation of the patient's story in which the student is both listener and teller, entering into a collaborative effort with the patient. This essay approaches the write-up from a narratological perspective, examining the complexities of plot construction, authorship, and fictionality within the write-up that make the work both difficult to define and truly powerful within medical education.
Application of GNSS networks to detect and analyze atmospheric-induced ionospheric disturbances coincident with earthquakes and tsunamis

Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) induced by acoustic-gravity waves(AGWs) in the neutral atmosphere are subsequently observable in trans-ionospheric Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements. Disruptive events on the Earth's surface, such as earthquakes, tsunamis and large explosions are one source of these disturbances. In this study, we apply a wavelet method to enhance the cross-correlation technique for detecting the presence of TIDs in dual frequency IEC time series collected from GNSS networks. Data were collected after the March 11, 2011 earthquake in Japan and the February 27, 2010 earthquake in Chile. Both earthquakes produced large tsunamis. Through use of the wavelet coherence analysis, we are able to find major a wave train, present in the data collected from these networks, with two dominant frequency bands.
Assessing Anti-White Attitudes and Predicting Perceived Racism: The Johnson-Lecci Scale

Five studies are herein reported to describe the development and preliminary validation of the Johnson-Lecci Scale (JLS), a multicomponent self-report measure of anti-White attitudes held among Blacks. Items were generated from the everyday experiences of Black respondents using an act-frequency approach, and the scale configuration was derived using factor analysis. The factor structure was shown to be robust because it was cross-validated in an independent sample. The resulting JLS factors (subscales) were ingroup-directed stigmatization and discriminatory expectations, outgroup-directed negative beliefs, negative views toward ingroup-outgroup relations, and negative verbal expression toward the outgroup. These subscales were shown to predict the interpretations of ambiguously racist scenarios (i.e., perceived racism) and converged with peer evaluations of the target's anti-White attitudes. The subscales also demonstrate both convergent and discriminant validity with other self-report assessments of bias relating to age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and race.
Interface metaphors and user interface design

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses interface metaphors and the user interface design. The integration of operational, structural, and pragmatic approaches to metaphors can provide guidance and a starting point for the design of a user interface that integrates a central metaphor, with a carefully analyzed similarity basis and a set of planned mismatches, with myriad other interface elements that support and exploit the matches and mismatches inhering in the metaphor. Metaphoric comparisons and interface presentations do more than render static denotative correspondences. They have motivational and affective consequences for users. They interact with and frame users' problem-solving efforts in learning about the target domain. Metaphors have been employed to increase the initial familiarity of the target domain, but they have an inevitable further role to play. The ultimate problem that the user should solve is to develop an understanding of the target domain itself—a mental model. Interface metaphors should also be viewed as tools proffered to users for articulating mental models.
Tissue PO2 and Mitochondrial Enzymes

The carotid body senses both oxygen and carbon dioxide, responding to either decreasing oxygen pressure or increasing carbon dioxide pressure with increasing afferent activity (for review see Lahiri, 1994; Gonzles et al. 1994). Although the afferent electrical activity indicates some interaction between the two sensory systems, the sensors themselves are independent (Mulligan and Lahiri, 1982). The afferent neural activity of the carotid body responds rapidly and precisely to alterations in the oxygen pressure of the blood in the carotid artery. This afferent neural activity increases many fold as the oxygen pressure in the carotid artery falls from about 100 mm Hg to about 30 mm Hg. The general problem of how the levels of nutrients, such as oxygen, in tissues is measured (sensed) and how that information is used to generate the appropriate physiological adjustment remain incompletely understood. In principle, a cell must "measure" the metabolite through a biochemical component that interacts in a concentration dependent manner. This interaction must then be communicated to the appropriate cellular response element via an intermediate signaling system. There have been several competing hypotheses concerning the identity of the oxygen sensor. These include mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (see Mulligan et al. 1981; Biscoe and Duchen, 1990), an oxygen sensitive ion channel (see Donnelly, 1999), a plasma membrane NADH oxidase (Acker and Xue, 1995). The idea that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for oxygen sensing in the carotid
Single Molecule Analysis of yeast Rrp44 Exonuclease reveals a Spring-Loaded Mechanism of RNA Unwinding

The eukaryotic exosome catalyzes a series of reactions such as RNA processing and decay. Rrp44 is a key catalytic subunit of the yeast exosome complex and enables multi-enzymatic activities, including endoribonuclease, exoribonuclease and duplex unwinding. Its exoribonuclease and unwinding activities are indispensable for the complete degradation of mRNA that forms a variety of secondary structures.
Ab initio theory of phase stability and structural selectivity in Fe-Pd alloys

In Fe-Pd alloys, the competing geometric (fcc versus bcc) and magnetic tendencies result in rich phase stability and ordering physics. Here, we study these alloys via a first principles mixed-basis cluster expansion (CE) approach. Highly accurate fcc and bcc CEs are iteratively and self-consistently constructed using a genetic algorithm, based on the first principles results for $\ensuremath{\sim}$100 ordered structures. The structural and magnetic ``filters'' are introduced to determine whether a fully relaxed structure is of fcc/bcc and high-/low-spin types. All structures satisfying the Lifshitz condition for stability in extended phase diagram regions are included as inputs to our CEs. We find that in a wide composition range (with more than 1/3 atomic content of Fe), an fcc-constrained alloy has a single stable ordered compound, L${1}_{0}$ FePd. However, L${1}_{0}$ is higher in energy than the phase-separated mixture of bcc Fe and fcc-FePd${}_{2}$ ($\ensuremath{\beta}$2 structure) at low temperatures. In the Pd-rich composition range, we find several fcc $\ensuremath{\beta}2$-like ground states: FePd${}_{2}$ ($\ensuremath{\beta}2$), Fe${}_{3}$Pd${}_{9}$, Fe${}_{2}$Pd${}_{7}$, FePd${}_{5}$, Fe${}_{2}$Pd${}_{13}$, and FePd${}_{8}$, yet we do not find FePd${}_{3}$ with the the experimentally observed L1${}_{2}$ structure. Fcc Monte Carlo simulations show a transformation from any of the attempted $\ensuremath{\beta}2$-like ground states directly into a disordered alloy. We suggest that the phonon and/or spin excitation contributions to the free energy are responsible for the observed stability of L1${}_{2}$ at higher temperatures, and likely lead to a $\ensuremath{\beta}2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}$L${1}_{2}$ transition. Finally, we present here a complete characterization of all the fcc and bcc Lifshitz structures, i.e., the structures with ordering vectors exclusively at high-symmetry $k$ points.
Humidity Preference of the Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica, as Affected by Microenvironmental and Physiological Conditions

Humidity preference of adult Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was studied in the laboratory using modified petri dish and modified T-tube humidity chambers. Both chamber types offered 2 choices, with humidities being controlled by solutions of sulfuric acid and distilled water. Test results showed that sulfuric acid had no inherent effect upon alfalfa weevil behavior. The source of weevil, whether field collected or laboratory reared, had little effect on humidity behavior except under extreme conditions. Pretest starvation accentuated but did not change the direction of response to humidity gradients by the weevil. Both increasing age and increasing temperature resulted in increased selection of the higher of the 2 humidities. The higher of the 2 humidities was selected more frequently in the light than in the dark. Weevil response to moving and still-air gradients was similar. Weevil adults could distinguish humidity differences as small as 5% at 35°C. Discussion is presented to correlate results obtained and field behavior. It was felt that weevil presence on plants at night might be due in part to the low humidity preferred in decreasing light and temperature conditions. This lower humidity would be found near plant tips rather than in the duff. Decreasing weevil numbers on plants with increasing weevil age might similarly be correlated with a tendency to select higher humidities (as found in the duff) with increasing age. Correlation of experimental results and field conditions indicated that weevil humidity response would not differ significantly between the moving air at the tops of the plants and the still air of the duff.