cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How do children weigh competence and benevolence when deciding whom to trust

In three experiments, we investigate how 187 3- to 5-year-olds weigh competence and benevolence when deciding whom to trust. Children were presented with two informants who provided conflicting labels for novel objects--one informant was competent, but mean, the other incompetent, but nice. Across experiments, we manipulated the order in which competence and benevolence were presented and the way in which they were described (via trait labels or descriptions of prior behavior). When competence was described via prior behavior (Experiments 1-2), children endorsed the informants' labels equally. In contrast, when competence was described via trait labels (Experiment 3), children endorsed labels provided by the competent, mean informant. When considering children's endorsement at the individual level, we found their ability to evaluate competence, not benevolence, related to their endorsements. These findings emphasize the importance of considering how children process information about informants and use this information to determine whom to trust.
The Coremelt attack

Current Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks are directed towards a specific victim. The research community has devised several countermeasures that protect the victim host against undesired traffic. We present Coremelt, a new attack mechanism, where attackers only send traffic between each other, and not towards a victim host. As a result, none of the attack traffic is unwanted. The Coremelt attack is powerful because among N attackers, there are O(N2) connections, which cause significant damage in the core of the network. We demonstrate the attack based on simulations within a real Internet topology using realistic attacker distributions and show that attackers can induce a significant amount of congestion.
Vibrational Damping, Design Considerations

This article discusses the phases of a damping design effort. The basic steps in a damping design effort are identical for either a passive or active damping concept. The steps in this general approach are summarized. The first four steps in this design process ensure that the designer completely defines the problem to be solved. During these steps, the designer verifies that the problem is the result of a resonant vibration, defines the vibrational characteristics of the structure under consideration, defines the environmental conditions in which the structure operates, and defines the level of damping required to solve the problem. These parameters are obviously needed because an effective design for the candidate damping concept (either active or passive) depends on the level of damping required, the frequency and mode shape, and the operational temperature range of the vibrating system. Based on these parameters, the problem is completely defined, and the designer can make a logical choice of appropriate damping concepts to be evaluated that lead to the final design. Although this design approach identifies individual steps, these steps are not independent. A successful damping design project is a systems engineering problem and must be solved using a concurrent engineering process. Most unsuccessfully damping designs are the direct result of not addressing all of the critical issues in a timely manner. The critical tasks contained in each of the process steps and present examples from actual case histories of the way various issues were addressed are detailed. Keywords: Dynamic problem identification; Dynamic characteristics; Environmental definition; Required damping; Increase; Application design; Selection; Damping design; Prototype; Verification; Production tooling; Field validation
Workshop on Risk Assessment in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology: Addressing the Assumptions and Identifying the Research Needs

The risk assessment process is an imprecise procedure aimed at determining a toxicant exposure level with an acceptable risk to the human population. The lack of precision is due to the uncertainties in the assumptions that must be made due to the lack of specific scientific information or knowledge of how to use certain types of data. Unfortunately, every necessary piece of information cannot be obtained for every chemical requiring a risk assessment. In order to better identify and understand some of the assumptions that are made in the risk assessment of reproductive and developmental toxicants, a workshop was organized to specifically define the assumptions underlying the risk assessments for seven specific toxicants (dibromochloropropane, dioxin, glycol ethers, heptachlor, lead, tetrahydrocannabinol, and vitamin A) and to determine the potential research which would reduce the uncertainty associated with making those assumptions. The major assumptions discussed centered around the topics of heterogeneous populations, thresholds, safety factors, exposure assessment, quantitative structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms. This report is the summary of the workshop discussions.
Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase--inhibition of methanol activity by pyrazole, 4-methylpyrazole, 4-hydroxymethylpyrazole and 4-carboxypyrazole

Abstract With human liver alcohol dehydrogenase of high purity at pH 7.0 and 500 μM NAD the Km for methanol is 7.0 mM (ten times greater than the Km for ethanol) and the turnover number 1.4/active site/min (about one-tenth of the turnover with ethanol in the same conditions). From secondary kinetic plots it can be calculated that at saturating concentrations of both substrates, namely methanol and NAD, these constants do not change appreciably: the Km for methanol is somewhat lower (5.2 mM) and the turnover number slightly higher (1.7/active site/min). The difference in turnover numbers with methanol and ethanol as substrates suggests that the kinetic mechanism for methanol is different from that for ethanol dehydrogenation. The dissociation constant between human alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD, determined kinetically with methanol as substrate, is 127 μM. The Ki values for pyrazole, 4-methylpyrazole and 4-hydroxymethylpyrazole are 0.54, 0.09 and 6.6 μM respectively; 4-carboxypyrazole (100 μM) at 3mM methanol does not inhibit human ADH. The inhibitory effect of 4-methylpyrazole is therefore not likely to be enhanced by a possible metabolic conversion to 4-hydroxymethylpyrazole and 4-carboxypyrazole.
A generic model for divorce mediation

A generic model of divorce mediation was developed to provide a framework for both court-connected and noncourt-connected mediation. The purpose of the model is to consolidate the fragmentation that currently appears in the field of divorce mediation without compromising the divergent ways in which divorce mediation is currently being practiced. The model begins with a screening interview to assess the positive and negative attributes of the mediating couple. Based on this screening device, the couple will be placed in an appropriate mediation setting. The generic model incorporates three previously identified models including the therapeutic model, the structured model and the labor-based model.
Mirizzi syndrome: evaluation by MR imaging

We report three cases of Mirizzi syndrome diagnosed by MR imaging. MR cholangiography revealed dilation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, narrowing of the common hepatic duct, the level of obstruction, and the location of gallstone in the cystic duct. MR showed thickening of the gallbladder wall and the pattern of wall enhancement. MR evaluation with MR cholangiography sequences proved to be useful in these patients with Mirizzi syndrome.
The Robockey Cup

Each fall, a group of intrepid students converge in a classroom on the third floor of the University of Pennsylvania's Towne Engineering Building for what they know will be one of the most challenging courses in their academic career. That first class begins with a discussion of where it will end. In particular, we talk about what they will accomplish in the final project, where they will design, fabricate, assemble, program, and debug small teams of autonomous hockey-playing robots, complete with wireless communications, infrared puck sensing, and enough onboard computational power to handle just about any task that can dream up. Most of the students look incredulous; after all, many of them have never built a circuit or written C code before.
Synthesis of 64Cu-Labeled Magnetic Nanoparticles for Multimodal Imaging

Complementary imaging modalities provide more information than either method alone can yield and we have developed a dual-mode imaging probe for combined magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We have developed dual-mode PET/MRI active probes targeted to vascular inflammation and present synthesis of (1) an aliphatic amine polystyrene bead and (2) a novel superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle targeted to macrophages that were both coupled to positron-emitting copper-64 isotopes. The amine groups of the polystyrene beads were directly conjugated with an amine-reactive form (isothiocyanate) of aza-macrocycle 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-dodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). Iron oxide nanoparticles are dextran sulfate coated, and the surface was modified to contain aldehyde groups to conjugate to an amine-activated DOTA. Incorporation of chelated Cu-64 to nanoparticles under these conditions, which is routinely used to couple DOTA to macromolecules, was unexpectedly difficult and illustrates that traditional conjugation methods do not always work in a nanoparticle environment. Therefore, we developed new methods to couple Cu-64 to nanoparticles and demonstrate successful labeling to a range of nanoparticle types. We obtained labeling yields of 24% for the amine polystyrene beads and 21% radiolabeling yield for the anionic dextran sulfate iron oxide nanoparticles. The new coupling chemistry can be generalized for attaching chelated metals to other nanoparticle platforms.
Experimental Studies Of Adaptive Laser Resonator Techniques (Alert)

A standard multidither COAT servo system is used to control the surface figure of an 18-element deformable mirror located inside a CO2 unstable resonator. This adaptive laser resonator is capable of correcting for intra-cavity phase errors arising from disturbances in the laser medium or from distortions in the optical elements that form the laser cavity. This paper presents a brief discussion of the adaptive laser resonator as well as preliminary data on the correction of static and time-dependent resonator mirror tilt.
Corrections for Wavelength Variations in Precision Interferometric Displacement Measurements.

Abstract : Precision interferometric displacement measurements require deadpath corrections to account for variations in wavelength during the course of the measurement. This paper discusses common errors in applying deadpath corrections and describes the correction necessary to fully account for variations in wavelength.
Influenza vaccination and risk of incident myocardial infarction.

Background: Several studies suggest that influenza vaccination may be associated with a decreased risk of acute cardiovascular events. We examined the association between influenza vaccination and risk of incident myocardial infarction (MI) in persons at least 65 years of age in a population-based case-control study.Methods: Case subjects were members of Group Health Cooperative (GHC), a health maintenance organization, with incident MI during 1992-1998. Control subjects were GHC members without a history of MI who were frequency matched to case subjects by age, sex, calendar year, and presence of treated hypertension. The medical records of 750 case subjects with MI and 1735 controls were reviewed.Results: Receipt of influenza vaccine was not associated with risk of incident MI during the months of November through March (odds ratio [OR]: 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75-1.27) or April through September (OR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.75-1.26).Conclusions: This study does not provide evidence supporting an a...
Immigration patterns, social support, and adaptation among Korean immigrant women and Korean American women

There are little empirical data available on the mental health and social functioning of Korean American Women (both native U.S. born and foreign Korean-born U.S. residents, inclusive). State-of-the-art research used to inform social work practice is exploratory descriptive. With the goal of contributing to the social work knowledge base regarding this understudied population, this article uses an emic understanding and approach to examine immigration patterns, social support networks, and issues around adaptation experienced by Korean American women. Issues examined include gender role disruption, limited use of social services, and evidence of depressive symptoms in Korean American women and subsequent risk of substance abuse, suicide, battering, loss of employment, deficits in parenting, and mental health problems. Focus on these areas of functioning suggests the need for development of culturally competent community, family, individual, and organizational-level intervention strategies. Language: en
Effects of strychnine, bicuculline, and picrotoxin on inhibition of hypoglossal motoneurons

Postsynaptic potentials, evoked by lingual or hypoglossal nerve stimulation, were recorded from hypoglossal motoneurons of the cat with glass microelectrodes. Lingual nerve-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (LIPSPs) were recorded in 98% of hypoglossal motoneurons. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation caused a hyperpolarizing potential following the antidromic spike in all hypoglossal motoneurons tested. This potential was unaffected by depolarizing or hyperpolarizing currents, could not be evoked at a stimulus strength less than that which was threshold for the antidromic action potential, and did not change in shape or amplitude at stimulus strengths which were above threshold for antidromic invasion. This hyperpolarizing potential was therefore considered to be an afterhyperpolarization. However, hypoglossal nerve-induced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were recorded from hypoglossal units which had characteristics of interneurons, thus suggesting the presence of afferent fibers in the hypoglossal nerve. The hypoglossal nerve-induced afterhyperpolarization was not affected by strychnine, bicuculline, or picrotoxin. The LIPSP was antagonized by strychnine but unaffected by bicuculline or picrotoxin. The results suggest that inhibition of hypoglossal motoneurons via the lingual nerve is more likely to be mediated by glycine than gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and is therefore similar to the strychnine-sensitive postsynaptic inhibition of spinal motoneurons.
Building Information Modeling and Potential Legal Issues

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an emerging concept within the construction industry. With the increase in the utilization of BIM, it has become clear that there is some legal uncertainty in dealing with this technology. While the technology is rapidly growing in sophistication, these legal uncertainties may be acting as obstacles on BIM's wider adoption. It is important that the potential users of BIM become aware of the potential legal issues and how these issues are evolving within the companies that have been using BIM to make better informed decisions. Within this context, this article's purpose is to: (i) provide an overview of the potential legal issues associated with BIM and (ii) present the perspectives of companies (that have been involved in projects using BIM) on those potential legal issues and their experiences in dealing with those issues as gathered through semi-structured interviews. The interviews included ten professionals representing different entities in the construction indu...
Detection of mutations and DNA polymorphisms using whole genome Southern Cross hybridization

We report a general method for the detection of restriction fragment length alterations associated with mutations or polymorphisms using whole genomic DNA rather than specific cloned DNA probes. We utilized a modified Southern Cross hybridization to display the hybridization pattern of all size-separated restriction fragments from wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans to all the corresponding fragments in a particular mutant strain and in a distinct C. elegans variety. In this analysis, almost all homologous restriction fragments are the same size in both strains and result in an intense diagonal of hybridization, whereas homologous fragments that differ in size between the two strains generate an off-diagonal spot. To attenuate the contribution of repeated sequences in the genome to spurious off-diagonal spots, restriction fragments from each genome were partially resected with a 3' or 5' exonuclease and not denatured, so that only the DNA sequences at the ends of these fragments could hybridize. Off-diagonal hybridization spots were detected at the expected locations when genomic DNA from wild-type was compared to an unc-54 mutant strain containing a 1.5 kb deletion or to a C. elegans variety that contains dispersed transposon insertions. We suggest that this modified Southern Cross hybridization technique could be used to identify restriction fragment length alterations associated with mutations or genome rearrangements in organisms with DNA complexities as large as 10(8) base pairs and, using rare-cutting enzymes and pulse-field gel electrophoresis, perhaps as large as mammalian genomes. This information could be used to clone fragments associated with such DNA alterations.
Clinical and pathological findings in a HERDA-affected foal for 1.5 years of life

A Quarter horse filly bred from two horses affected with HERDA (hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia) was observed clinically and its skin histologically for the 1.5 years of its life. Severe signs of the disease did not manifest until 1.5 years of age, and were not temporally related to saddling. Histological comparison to an age-, breed- and sex-matched control did not show any consistent diagnostic features. Monitoring of the proband substantiated previous reports of (i) the autosomal recessive nature of the disease, (ii) mares affected with HERDA being able to foal without damage to the skin or reproductive tract, (iii) HERDA foals appearing phenotypically normal throughout the first year of life, and (iv) demonstrated that histological interpretation of skin specimens from grossly normal skin may be insufficient to differentiate HERDA-affected horses from controls.
Chronic toxicity of the bromoxynil formulation Buctril ® to Daphnia magna exposed continuously and intermittently

Two chronic toxicity tests were conducted in which Daphnia magna were either continuously or intermittently exposed to bromoxynil octanoate (BO; as Buctril®) for 28 d. In the intermittent exposure test, daphnids were exposed to daily pulses of BO with 24-h mean concentrations equal to those in the continuous exposure test, and the peak concentrations were three times the 24-h mean values. After 28 d of continuous exposure to BO, survival of daphnids was reduced at 80 μg/L, whereas mean number of young per adult, intrinsic rate of natural increase, and mean weight of adults were all reduced at ⩾40 μg/L. Intermittent exposures to daily pulses of BO for 28 d caused reduced survival of daphnids at 24-h mean concentrations ⩾40 μg/L and reduced mean number of young per adult, intrinsic rate of natural increase, and mean weight of adults at 24-h mean concentrations ⩾20 μg/L. The estimated geometric mean-maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations of BO based on 24-h mean nominal values were 28 μg/L for continuous exposures and 14 μg/L for intermittent exposures. These results demonstrated that continuous-exposure studies may not be adequate in assessing herbicide toxicity to aquatic biota when concentrations fluctuate temporally.
Stress Intensity Factor Estimates for a Peripherally Cracked Spherical Void and a Hemispherical Surface Pit

Stress intensity factors are estimated for three-dimensional defects which occur in ceramic bodies. The two idealized cases considered are a spherical void with a circumferential crack at its equator stressed by uniaxial tension at infinity and a hemispherical pit at a free surface of a semi-infinite body also stressed by uniaxial tension with a circumferential crack at the semiequator of the pit. These stress intensity factors, which are given as a function of the crack length L to radius R of the spherical void or hemispherical pit, are considered as estimates because of the approximate nature of the analysis.
Reliability of a computerized scoring routine for an open-ended task

Abstract This article asserts the value of open-ended responses for CALL lessons and language tests. Results are presented from a study in which students' notes and recall protocols of computerized reading passages were scored by both people and a computer program. The reliability of human scores was calculated using coefficient alpha; the reliability of human and computer scores was computed using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient. Results indicated that the computer program scored reliably with the people, and in much less time.
A Visual Critique of Ken Burns's The National Parks: America's Best Idea

Abstract This essay analyzes how Burns adapts his well-known documentary style to the subject of national parks and the effects of his visual representations on viewers9 understanding of the parks. It offers two main critiques: first, Burns presents an ideal of nature that inhibits viewers from perceiving how they live in the same world as the parks and that undermines the management of actual parks, and second, he misrepresents park development by minimizing the contributions of American Indians and women, who are vital to understanding the history of park landscapes and nature protection.
Iron chelation therapy in sickle cell anemia.

Iron stores, ascorbic acid levels, and urinary excretion of iron in response to deferoxamine (DFO) were studied in nine patients with sickle cell anemia who had received 8–55 liters of red blood cells. Ferritin levels ranged from 2, 168 to 6,300 ng/ml and were elevated even in patients who had normal serum iron concentrations. Leukocyte ascorbic acid levels were low in three patients. Urinary iron excretion in response to 2.0 gm DFO administered as a 12-hour subcutaneous infusion after ascorbic acid supplementation was 13–39 mg/24 hours. With this method of DFO therapy daily, urinary iron excretion would exceed transfusional iron accumulation in eight of nine patients. Following the intramuscular injection of 0.75 gm DFO, urinary iron excretion was 5–16 mg/24 hours. Iron excretion would exceed iron accumulation in only one of nine patients with this method of DFO therapy. Urinary iron excretion in response to 1.5 gm DFO infused intravenously in 18 hours after ascorbic acid supplementation was 11–38 mg/24 hours. In six regularly transfused but nonchelated patients iron excretion in response to intravenous DFO had increased 46–107%, in comparison with previous studies 15–22 months before. These data indicate that negative iron balance can be obtained in regularly transfused patients with sickle cell anemia by the use of overnight subcutaneous infusions of DFO. Urinary iron excretion in response to DFO should be evaluated periodically in appropriate patients with sickle cell anemia to determine the proper time for the institution of chelation therapy.
Determination of isotope ratios of chromium, nickel, zinc and copper by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry by using volatile metal chelates

A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method involving thermally stable, volatile chelates was investigated for measurements of isotope ratios of chromium, nickel, zinc and copper. The chelating agents acetylacetone, trifluoroacetylacetone, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and lithium bis (trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate [Li(FDEDTC])] were used. Experimental conditions for the preparation of chelates and the mass spectrometric operating parameters for precise and accurate measurement of isotope ratios were optimized using a general-purpose mass spectrometer. Imprecision values of 1–4% were obtained for measurements of different isotope ratios using chelates containing about 10 ng of metal. The capability of this technique for the accurate determination of natural and altered isotope ratios was also evaluated for these elements using Li(FDEDTC) as a chelating agent. This GC-MS method obviates the need for a more specialized mass spectrometer such as a thermal ionization or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer for trace metal determination. The technique gives detection limits down to parts per 109 levels and offers considerable potential for isotope dilution measurements.
Edward B. Neuhauser lecture. Current concepts of brain injury in the premature infant.

Les accidents sont frequents chez les prematures de moins de 1500 g: leukomalacie periventriculaire, sa neuropathologie, le diagnostic, les correlations clinico-pathologiques. L'infarctus hemorrhagique periventriculaire, sa neuropathologie et ses correlations clinico-pathologiques. Prevention
Gas-phase organic reactions of the atomic oxygen radical cation

Abstract Reactivity of ground-state oxygen radical cation, O + ( 4 S), has been studied with several organic compounds for the first time. Rate constants and product distributions have been measured for the ion-neutral reactions of O + with acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, dimethyl ether, methanol, and methyl formate at 300 K in a flowing-afterglow-selected ion flow tube (FA-SIFT). The reactions observed proceed efficiently, occurring above 50% of the collision rate in each case. We observed highly exothermic charge transfer reactions which lead to dissociation in some cases. Other interesting trends in reactivity include attack on methyl groups, and for some reactions, O + replaces the methyl radical.
Variation in potassium transport properties of mouse 3t3 cells as a result of subcultivation.

Unindirectional potassium influx and the fraction of this influx sensitive to ouabain, an inhibitor of the (Na + K) activated ATPase, have been evaluated as a function of subcultivation of the 3T3 and SV40 transformed 3T3 cell. Total and ouabain-sensitive K influx change little over approximately 50 passages of the transformed 3T3 cell. In contrast, these components of K influx increase nearly 5-fold over a similar number of passages of the 3T3 cell. During early passages total and ouabain-sensitive K influx of the 3T3 cell are below that of the SV40 3T3 cell on a per cell volume basis. At later passages the magnitude of these components of K transport exceed those found in the SV40 3T3 cell. Previous studies have reported the ouabain-sensitive uptake of K and the levels of (Na + K) activated ATPase as being higher, lower or equivalent in the 3T3 versus transformed 3T3 cell. The present data suggest these differences may results from the degree to which the cells were passaged at the time of the experiments. Evaluation of previous studies substantiates this conclusion.
Characterization of a mutant of E. coli with elevated levels of seryl-tRNA synthetase.

Abstract A mutant strain of E.coli K12 with an elevated level of seryl-tRNA synthetase activity has been described. The enzyme from the mutant was inactivated by antiserum prepared against the K12 enzyme and the inactivation curve demonstrated that the increased activity was a consequence of more enzyme protein rather than an enzyme with altered kinetic properties. The gene controlling the enzyme level was shown by transduction to be linked to the structural gene for the enzyme. Regulatory processes involving the supply of serine or charging of seryl-tRNA were not detected.
A required mechanical engineering course in microprocessors

Abstract The University of South Carolina's Department of Mechanical Engineering has, over the last nine years, developed a course in the fundamentals of microprocessors for the undergraduate mechanical engineering student. This required class is designed to give the student a broad exposure to the abilities and limitations of microprocessors enabling them to effectively communicate with others when dealing with control systems. With the increasing use of microprocessor controls of mechanical systems, it is necessary for mechanical engineering students to have a basic knowledge of microprocessors and their associated interfaces with the mechanical world. Our course at the University of South Carolina, Fundamentals of Microprocessors, addresses these concerns through a combination of in-class instruction and weekly laboratory sessions. The course is based on the Motorola 6811 microprocessor and the laboratory utilizes Motorola's 6811EVB evaluation board. The students are given in-class instruction on microprocessor architecture, basic machine level programming, logic, parallel and serial communications, timer functions, analog-to-digital conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, motor control and basic interfacing circuitry. Each of these topics is reinforced through the use of laboratory instruction. There are nine labs: Basics of the 6811, Logic Circuits, Parallel Communications, Serial Communications, Event Timing, Interrupts, D.C. Motor Circuit Construction, D.C. Motor Control, Stepper Motor Control, and Analog-to-Digital Conversion. The capstone of the class is a student designed, and built, final project utilizing the unique abilities of the microprocessor.
Philosophical leisure as recuperative praxis: texturing human communication.

Abstract This essay advances the argument that everyday human communication has become overly phatic in nature due to a general eclipse of leisure in one's life. The eclipse of leisure is rhetorical and lived because the understanding of leisure has been distorted by rapid technological advancement and its permeation into everyday life. This essay uses the couplet philosophical leisure to remind the reader of the classical sense of leisure, which shifts our understanding of leisure back to its etymological and philosophical origin. Additionally, this essay demonstrates that while the state of human communication is currently flat and void of otherness, the recuperative power of philosophical leisure can shift communicative attributes into a deep and textured way of communicating with others.
The Case for an M2 Growth Rate of 10

The recovery from the 2008-2009 recession has been much slower than the average recovery since the 1924 recession. As analysts who believe that the St. Louis model created by Leonall Andersen and Jerry Jordan still has relevance we believe that the slow rate of M2 growth since 2Q2009 is a major reason why GDP growth has been so slow. At the 9th Annual Missouri Economics Conference on March 27, 2009 we presented a paper, “Interwar Hoarding, Liquidity Traps, and the 2008 Solvency Trap” in which we recommended that the Federal Reserve attempt to maintain a 10% growth rate for M2 (or a growth rate of 6.80% on an inflation adjusted basis similar to the 1960, 1970, 1982 recoveries) with the hope that the plan would lead to a real GDP growth rate of 7% with an inflation rate of 3%.The title of that paper indicates two other factors hindering both M2 and GDP growth. Bank hoarding of excess reserves far in excess of ratios seen in the 1930s put the US into a liquidity trap. But in 2008 this was not an ordinary trap. We tried to coin the term “solvency trap” to indicate our belief that, using mark to market accounting, the financial system was insolvent. As Reinhart and Rogoff have noted, recoveries from financial crises tend to be slower than those from ordinary recessions. Analyses of each downturn since 1922 are conducted along with what has happened after the economy bottomed in 2Q09 including money supply analysis. Three years have passed. We continue to believe our original recommendation was correct.
The effects of varying the polymer composition on the cut growth characteristics of E/P/1,4 HD tire treads

Abstract Experimental ethylene-propylene—1, 4-hexadiene polymers covering a range of compositions which possess satisfactory processing characteristics and economics have been evaluated in passenger car tires with emphasis on groove cracking. The tearing energy criterion was used in a laboratory test to correctly predict the groove cracking behavior of the tires made from these polymers. Road tests indicate that ethylene-propylene-1,4-hexadiene tripolymers containing 36%–42% propylene and 1.8%–2.2% diene exhibit resistance to cut growth and abrasion which is superior to standard SBR-BR in bias tires. Polymers containing more than 42% propylene or 2.2% diene were inferior in wear and resistance to groove cracking, but sufficient data are not available to pinpoint the reason.
Upregulation of transforming growth factor-β signaling in a rat model of rotator cuff tears.

Background Muscle atrophy, fatty infiltration, and fibrosis of the muscle have been described as important factors governing outcome after rotator cuff injury and repair. Muscle fibrosis is also thought to have a role in determining muscle compliance at the time of surgery. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways are highly conserved pathways that exert a potent level of control over muscle gene expression and are critical regulators of fibrosis in multiple organ systems. It has been shown that TGF-β can regulate important pathways of muscle atrophy, including the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of TGF-β and its downstream effectors of fibrosis after a massive rotator cuff tear (RCT) in a previously established rat model. Methods To simulate a massive RCT, infraspinatus and supraspinatus tenotomy and suprascapular nerve transection were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats with use of a validated model. Two and 6 weeks after surgery, supraspinatus muscles were harvested to study alterations in TGF-β signaling by Western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and histologic analysis. Results There was a significant increase in fibrosis in the rotator cuff muscle after RCT in our animal model. There was a concomitant increase in TGF-β gene and protein expression at both 2 and 6 weeks after RCT. Evaluation of the TGF-β signaling pathway revealed an increase in SMAD2 activation but not in SMAD3. There was an increase in profibrotic markers collagen I, collagen III, and α-smooth muscle actin. Conclusions TGF-β signaling is significantly upregulated in rat supraspinatus muscles after RCTs.
A database of course materials in computer architecture

Teaching computer architecture, like any course at the college level, requires the instructor to spend much time in preparation outside class. This time is spent in writing lectures, making up homework problems and labs, and devising and grading exams. This involves much duplication of effort, since the same problems and labs are, in principle, usable in courses at different universities. Although a small amount of sharing has gone on an ad hoc basis, until now, there has been no way to search for and retrieve a very wide variety of course materials.Instructors teaching computer architecture have been surveyed, and several dozen have expressed interest in participating in this project. Contributors to the database will be asked to supply a pathname(s) for the location of their course materials. For security's sake, problem solutions will be kept in encrypted archives. The unencrypted portion of the database will be managed very similar to the technical-report databases now available for browsing over the World-Wide Web. It will be possible to search for problems, lectures, or other material, containing arbitrary keywords. The encrypted portion of the database will require new interfaces, or possibly new browser software to be written. Development of this database will encourage reuse, and aid in improving the quality of courses and decreasing the time required to teach them well.
Practical Views of Risk-Taking

This article reports the results of a survey administered to undergraduate and graduate business students at two universities to assess their perception of risky situations that are not easily or directly translatable into conventional measures of probability. Significant differences are found between men and women in four of the five situations. Contrary to expectations, the greater the uncertainty of the consequences, and the less familiar the subjects are with respect to possible monetary and other repercussions, the riskier the subjects9 choices are. The authors surmise that age, social status, and other factors as well may influence perceptions of risk-taking.
Analysis of textured surfaces for photovoltaics

Abstract Reflectances of periodically textured Si solar cells were calculated using the T-matrix method, the linear feature dimensions being of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength in vacuum. A special wafer geometry was evaluated to isolate the effect of surface texturing. We observed that texturing affects solar cell absorption, but it does not necessarily reduce reflectance for all insolation conditions. Tailored combinations of pit- and hillock-texturing may yield optimal results, depending on the geographical locality where the solar cells are deployed.
Chiral hierarchies and flavor-changing neutral currents in hypercolor.

Dynamical chiral-symmetry breaking in asymptotically free theories with a slowly running coupling is analyzed. When the confinement scale ..lambda.. is much less than the cutoff M beyond which the theory cannot be used in isolation, the dynamical mass ..sigma..(p) starts from a value approx. =..lambda.. for momenta papprox. ..lambda... It then takes on the asymptotic form (lnp)/sup a//p/sup 2/ where a>1. In hypercolor theories this behavior generates sufficiently large fermion masses for a higher value of M than naively expected. This in turn could allow for an adequate suppression of flavor-changing neutral currents.
INCIDENCE AND PREDICTORS OF COMPLICATIONS WITH SACRAL NEUROMODULATION

Objectives To determine the incidence and predictors of complications with sacral nerve stimulation (SNS). Methods A prospective, longitudinal analysis of all patients treated with SNS was performed to define the incidence of complications and identify the predictors of these adverse events (AEs). All patients underwent staged SNS placement with the InterStim device for treatment of refractory voiding dysfunction. The patients were followed up for evidence of AEs and device efficacy. The patient and device variables were examined statistically for evidence of predictive value. Results From September 2001 to March 2008, 221 patients with a mean age of 48.8 years underwent SNS lead placement for the treatment of intractable urinary urgency/frequency (n = 121), urge incontinence (n = 63), or urinary retention (n = 37). Of this group, 202 patients (91.4%) experienced a >50% improvement in symptoms and underwent implantable pulse generator placement. At a mean follow-up of 36.9 months, 67 patients (30.3%) had experienced AEs (pain in 6, elective removal in 10, lack of efficacy in 11, trauma in 18, infection in 7, hematoma in 3, and lead migration in 12) requiring 44 lead revisions and 47 implantable pulse generator revisions. The significant predictors of AEs included a history of trauma ( P P P = .008), the duration of follow-up ( P = .002), and a history of AEs ( P Conclusions The results of our study have shown that SNS is an effective treatment for patients with intractable voiding dysfunction. Complications are not uncommon but can be minimized with better patient selection.
Integrating evidence based practices into public relations education

Abstract Public relations continue to play an essential and changing role in society, requiring the regular reassessment of the education of future public relations practitioners. Academics and practitioners often differ in how they view the public relations field, how they define the discipline, and how they view the major pedagogical approaches. This paper explores the impact of integrating three different perspectives in public relations education including practitioner perspective, client perspective, and the evidence-based perspective. Results from students’ reaction papers and an online questionnaire suggest that integrating an evidence-based approach improves the competence and clarity of communications counsel provided by aspiring practitioners.
A Harness and Computer System to Facilitate Automated Body Temperature Data Collection in Heat-Stressed Broilers

Abstract An easy-to-use, low-cost system was developed that permitted nearly continuous, automated core body temperature (Tc) readings on 7-wk-old male broiler chickens via direct computer linkage to thermistor probes held in place by a specially designed harness. Elevated Tc was noted in heat stress studies following the replacement of expelled temperature probes in some hyperthermic birds. To demonstrate the usefulness of the data collection system described herein, three treatments with three to four birds per treatment were used to examine this observation. Birds were designated as handled only (HAN), handled to remove and replace the temperature probe (RPL), or left as nonhandled controls (CON). Treatments had no effect on subsequent Tc in experiments when the thermoregulatory capacity of the birds was not challenged. However, when the birds were sufficiently challenged, Tc of HAN and RPL birds increased within 4 min of the initiation of handling and remained above baseline for up to 45 min. The Tc of CON birds in that trial also increased, but to a smaller degree, within 5 min and remained above baseline for up to 20 min. This study indicates that Tc of hyperthermic birds can be superelevated by simulated manual placement of cloacal temperature probes and that fixed probes connected to an automated data monitoring and collection system is a relatively simple way to avoid this problem.
The thermal behavior of CMAS-infiltrated thermal barrier coatings

Abstract Understanding the mechanisms by which the durability and functionality of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are compromised by the infiltration of molten calcium–magnesium alumino-silicates (CMAS) requires an assessment of the effects on the thermal and mechanical properties of the coating. This study focuses on quantifying the effect of CMAS on the thermal properties and heat transport in TBCs. The thermal properties of a 7 wt.% yttria-stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) TBC deposited on a superalloy substrate by air plasma spray (APS) were measured before and after CMAS infiltration. A rise in both volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the coating was observed upon infiltration. Calculations to explain these trends were performed for a model TBC system and found to be in good agreement with the measured results. The evolution of the phase constitution of the coating was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and the integrity of the interface was characterized by optical examination of cross sections. These tests determined that the coating remained in good contact with the substrate and experienced no phase change after infiltration.
Enantiospecific Electrodeposition of Chiral CuO Films from Copper(II) Complexes of Tartaric and Amino Acids on Single-Crystal Au(001)

Chiral films of CuO were electrochemically deposited onto achiral Au(001) using chiral precursors such as tartaric acid and the amino acids alanine and valine to complex the Cu(II). The chirality of the electrodeposited films was dictated by the chiral solution precursor. X-ray diffraction pole figures and azimuthal scans, in conjunction with stereographic projections, were used to determine the absolute configuration and enantiomeric excess of the chiral CuO films. CuO films grown from l-tartaric acid have a (111) orientation with an enantiomeric excess of 95%, while the films grown from d-tartaric acid have a (111) orientation with an enantiomeric excess of 93%. CuO films grown from chiral amino acids have two types of chiral orientations, each showing lower enantiomeric excess compared with the films deposited from tartaric acid. The films grown from l-alanine and l-valine solution have an excess of the (111) and (111) orientations, while the films grown from d-alanine and d-valine have an exces...
Quantitative evaluation of pollen polymorphism in a tristylous weed, Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae)

Tristylous breeding system consists of three different forms of flowers that differ reciprocally in the heights of stigmas and anthers within flowers. Apart from the style and stamen lengths, heterostylous species also demonstrate pollen and stigma polymorphisms. Tristylous Lythrum salicaria L. bears trimorphic, striate, tricolporate pollen with three true colpi and three pseudocolpi. Using a scanning electron microscope, we quantified pollen polymorphism in L. salicaria by measuring the length and diameter of pollen, and the length of colpi and pseudocolpi. Pollen grains from the long stamens are significantly larger than those from the mid stamens, followed by those from the short stamens. Despite significant differences in pollen size among long, mid, and short stamens, pollen morphometric traits demonstrate overlap among morphs. Pollen diameter also differed significantly between source populations. A discriminant function analysis separated long-level pollen from mid- and short-level pollen based on ...
Bilateral corneal opacities in a LASIK patient after the use of titanium eye shields.

We report a case of bilateral corneal opacities in a laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) patient who subsequently had carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser skin resurfacing. The presumed etiology of the visually significant corneal opacities was late-onset diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK), secondary to traumatic corneal abrasions from the use of metal eye shields. The DLK went untreated for 1 month, resulting in permanent interface scarring and a corrected distance visual acuity of 20/30 in the patient's right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. We think patients who have had LASIK and are planning to have CO 2 laser skin resurfacing or any procedure that uses protective metal eye shields should be counseled about the risk for late-onset DLK as a potential complication. This warning is particularly germane now as an increasing number of patients who have had LASIK are entering the decades of life when cosmetic surgery is most likely to be sought. Financial Disclosure Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
The Conundrum of Worsening Renal Function and Optimal Volume Status in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Management strategies to treat advanced decompensated heart failure include alleviation of congestion in an attempt to decrease filling pressures and achieve a near euvolemic state. Aggressive diuresis leading to intravascular volume depletion often is associated with worsening renal function (WRF). Moreover, when diuresis proceeds at a rate greater than the plasma refill rate, the plasma becomes concentrated, leading to increases in levels of hemoglobin and plasma proteins. The investigators of this study postulated that hemoconcentration may represent the aggressiveness of diuresis more directly than other goals such as changes in filling pressures or deterioration of renal function. Aims
Becoming a philosopher: What Heidegger learned from Dilthey, 1919–25

Wilhelm Dilthey is, famously, an epistemological pioneer for a second, ‘human’ kind of science that ‘understands’ life as we live it, instead of ‘explaining’ things as we observe them. Even today, he is usually cited for his role in the Erklaren–Verstehen debate. My article, however, follows Heidegger's suggestion that we make the existence of the debate itself the problem. Whether there are different sorts of entity, different reasons for studying them and different means for doing so – such issues raise questions about science itself, not just about how to do it better. Moreover, what sort of philosopher is competent to address such questions? Heidegger argues that Dilthey's later writings intimate that it must be one who thinks from the ‘standpoint of (historical) life itself.’ This issue, says Heidegger, is ‘alive’ in Dilthey but is continually short-circuited by his very traditional plan for a ‘Critique of Historical Reason.’ Dilthey's unsuccessful struggles to produce this Critique are his gift to u...