cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of HTS Twisted Stacked-Tape Cable (TSTC) Conductor for High-Field, High-Current Fusion Magnets

The critical currents of a twisted single-tape were measured at 4.2 K in fields up to 17 T. It was confirmed that the critical current of a twisted-tape was similar to that of a flat tape in c-axis fields. Based on the single-tape critical-currents, a 40-tape (4-mm width) twisted stacked-tape cable (TSTC) conductor was experimentally evaluated at fields up to 17 T at 4.2 K. It was found that the Lorentz load degradation of the TSTC conductor was negligible at the end of a cyclic test. The TSTC cabling method has been considered to be suitable for developing a high-field high-current REBCO conductor for magnet applications as well as power transmission cables. A method to fabricate the inner legs of a D-shape toroidal field coil using a TSTC conductor has been discussed. This method allows the conductor to properly resist the transverse Lorentz load and mitigate ac loss issues by adopting a parallel-HTS-tape flat cable configuration where necessary.
Insights into the Gating Mechanism of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters-Associated Anion Channel

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAATs) control excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. They complete this task through a secondary active transport mechanism. In addition, EAATs operate as substrate-gated anion channels. These two mechanisms are known to be thermodynamically uncoupled. However, emerging evidence demonstrates a tight structural coupling between them. We have recently identified a conserved positively charged residue (R388, hEAAT1) in transmembrane domain 7 (TM7), which is crucial for such a coupling. Substituting R388 with a negatively charged amino acid drives the carrier into a constitutive open channel state, while it limits the transport cycle. We here combine electrophysiological recordings and molecular dynamic simulations to characterize the mechanism that controls the switch between transport mode and channel mode. We have built a homology model of the mammalian isoform EAAT1 using the crystal structure of the archaeal orthologue GltPh as a template. Then using atomistic molecular simulations, we have identified residues in TM2, TM5, TM7 and the hairpin loop 1 (HP1) which may be coordinating with R388, the anion channel opening. Our results show that mutating E377 (HP1) to a positively charged residue, yields a large anion conductance and a significantly reduced transport activity (less than 1%), similar to R388D/E. These results suggest that an interaction E377-R388 is necessary to maintain an efficient transporter, and that affecting this interaction favors the equilibrium into an open channel and out of the transport cycle. Interestingly, a double mutant swapping these charges (R388D-E377R) virtually recovered the wild type phenotype, corroborating this hypothesis. Our data provide additional insights into the mechanism that facilitates opening and closing of the EAAT-associated anion channel and suggest that intramolecular interactions between R388 and nearby residues are a crucial piece of this process.
Phase I trial of the hedgehog (Hh) inhibitor, LDE225, in combination with etoposide and cisplatin (EP) for initial treatment of extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC).

7602 Background: SCLC relies on the Hh developmental pathway for tumor initiation and progression. Pharmacologic blockade with Hh inhibitors blocks these processes. We performed a phase I study to ...
Optical fractal dimensional analysis for biosensing

A novel optical biosensing scheme based on the interaction between the abbe limit and the optical power spectrum of a nanoscale fractal pattern in the Fourier plane is presented.
Poverty or Privies? The Pellagra Controversy in America

In 1908, Dr. Charles Wardell Stiles, Chief of Zoology for the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, visited Columbia, South Carolina. The stop was part of a fact finding mission dispatched to the southern United States to determine the etiology of indolence; the so-called "disease of the cracker," widely blamed for the long-term economic malaise in the postbellum South. If hunting for the "germ of laziness" seemed a laughable notion, the credentials of the well-connected Connecticuter and European-educated acolyte of Pasteur certainly were not. Stiles was widely considered the nation's foremost expert on hookworm disease and was no stranger to the South by 1908. Indeed, he was an anomaly to the uneasy egoism of the New South; he represented a rare sort of progressive Yankee expert, never deriding Southerners for their perceived backwardness, but rather, demonstrating a heartfelt desire to do whatever was in his power to alleviate rural and small-town misery. During his many visits, Southern newspaper editors and local politicians came to know him and looked forward to his calls, offering what support they could to his cause.1
Listening to Mozart Sonata (K.448) Enhances Spatial-Temporal Reasoning: The “Mozart Effect”

This chapter examines how listening to Mozart Sonata (K.448) enhances spatial-temporal reasoning. It makes a point that, if music training might yield a long-term enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning, then perhaps even listening to music might produce a short-term enhancement. Experiment is performed to test this hypothesis using U.C. Irvine college students as subjects. Three listening conditions are used: silence, a relaxation tape, and a selection by Mozart. Immediately after each listening condition, the student is tested on one of three spatial tasks from the Stanford-Binet intelligence tests namely paper folding & cutting (PF&C), pattern analysis, and matrices. Data entered in computer are analyzed statistically. The result showed the students did much better in the spatial reasoning after listening to the first 10 minutes of the Mozart Sonata (K.448) than after listening to silence or to the relaxation tape. The design helped to conclude that the enhancing effect of the Mozart listening condition does not last much beyond the 10- to 15-minute period during which the subjects were engaged in each spatial task.
Ontogenetic change in determinants of social network position in the spotted hyena

Social development is crucial in the ontogeny of animals living in complex societies and has lasting consequences in adulthood. Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) live in fission-fusion societies as complex as those of cercopithecine primates. The social positions adult hyenas hold within their groups are complex and varied, but little is known about how those positons emerge and change over the course of development. Using social network analysis (SNA), we tested predictions of hypotheses suggesting that sex and dominance status affect the social network positions of young hyenas across three stages of ontogeny: (1) while living at the communal den, (2) den independent but pre-reproductive, and (3) early adulthood. By examining rates at which hyenas were found alone and their association networks, aggression networks, and affiliation networks, we observed striking changes in individuals’ network positions across ontogeny, as well as pronounced sex differences. With the exception of rates at which individuals were found alone, which increased over ontogeny, most social network position metrics decreased greatly from infancy to adulthood. However, females showed considerably more rank-related variation in this trajectory than did males. Overall, social rank had stronger effects on the development of social network positions in females than males. Thus, females and males have different social development trajectories that appear to prepare them for their different respective futures of integrating into their natal clan or dispersing to a new one. Social development is difficult to study, particularly in long-lived gregarious mammals, so little is known about the variables shaping the emergence during ontogeny of social roles played by adults. We used social network analysis to investigate how sex and rank affect the social positions of maturing spotted hyenas as their positions change across ontogenetic development. Females develop more complex social positions than males early in life, with strategies that vary with their dominance status. Although males are just as well connected to group-mates as females when they are cubs, they generally disengage from the natal clan as they mature; males clearly do not disperse because they are aggressively expelled from their natal group. Our data suggest for the first time that social development appears to prepare females and males for their alternative futures of philopatry or dispersal.
Special Population: Children and Adolescents

Prevalence rates of chronic illness in childhood have increased steadily over the last several decades. Caring for the child with chronic illness is a complex task that requires a multidisciplinary approach across multiple care settings. In addition to the medical settings of outpatient clinics, emergency rooms, and hospitals, children with chronic illness receive care in their homes, schools, and communities. Chronic illness and frequent or prolonged hospitalizations can negatively affect a child’s physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychological development. Health-care providers can identify problems and mitigate negative consequences. Chronic illness in children has a significant impact on their future adult health. Health-care models must maximize the health potential of children with chronic illness.
Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemistry for Zebrafish Larvae

In situ hybridization enables visualization of mRNA localization, and immunohistochemistry enables visualization of protein localization within a tissue or organism. Both techniques have been extensively utilized in zebrafish (Thisse et al., Development 119:1203-1215, 1993; Dutton et al., Development 128:4113-4125, 2001; Gilmour et al., Neuron 34:577-588, 2002; Lyons et al., Curr Biol 15:513-524, 2005) including for visualization of mRNA localization in Schwann cells (Lyons et al., Curr Biol 15:513-524, 2005; Monk et al., Science 325:1402-1405, 2009). For in situ hybridization, here, we outline how to generate RNA probes, conduct whole mount in situ hybridization for larvae, and list RNA probes that label different stages of Schwann cell development in zebrafish. For immunohistochemistry, the protocol we outline can be used to mark Schwann cells of sensory and motor nerves to examine properties such as developmental stage, morphology, proliferation, and apoptosis.
Fulvestrant (F) plus sorafenib (S) as salvage therapy for hormone receptor positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) failing prior aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment.

e11042 Background: Upon MBC progression with AI treatment; F, an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, is often used. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) remains a potential target in MBC. S is a multi-kinase inhibitor of VEGF, Raf, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta, Flt-3, and c-KIT. Prior studies of S show activity with chemotherapy and as a single agent. Combination therapy with an anti-estrogen and a VEGF inhibitor may be more effective than either agent alone. This pilot study combines F + S for HR+ MBC. Methods: Upon disease progression with an AI, 8 pts were treated with F. Concurrent S was administered starting day 1 until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Assessment of tumor status with computed tomography and/or bone scan was performed at baseline and every 2 cycles until disease progression. Results: Median age = 58; 75 % <65. ER and PR + = 6 pts; ER + and PR - = 2 pts. 6 pts were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy, with subsequent AI...
Neural Control of Airways

There is now considerable evidence that neural control of the airways may be abnormal in asthma, and that neurogenic mechanisms may contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma. Indeed there is a complex interaction between inflammation and neural control of airways. Autonomic nerves regulate many aspects of airway function and influence the tone of airway smooth muscle, airway secretions, blood flow, microvascular permeability and the migration and release of inflammatory cells 1,2. In inflammatory diseases of the airways neural mechanisms may augment or modulate the inflammatory response.
Reinforcement Theory Strategies for Modifying Transit Ridership

The predominance of the single-occupancy private automobile as the major urban transportation mode has led to many well-recognized problems. The private car uses 27% of the nation’s annual consumption of petroleum and natural gas (Sokolsky, 1979). It is the most significant contributor to urban pollution and congestion. The road systems designed to accommodate the private car have disrupted the social fabric of many neighborhoods (Leavitt, 1970), and there is good evidence that they have determined the size, shape, and character of many urban areas (Chapin, 1968). Finally, the overreliance on a single transportation mode has forced a certain component of our population (the elderly, the young, the poor, the handicapped) to be truly deprived of mobility as options other than the private car are simply not available.
Matrix metalloproteinase synthesis and expression in isolated LV myocyte preparations

In several cardiac disease states, alterations in myocyte and extracellular matrix (ECM) structure occur with left ventricular (LV) remodeling and are associated with changes in matrix metalloprote...
Shape Optimization: Finite Element Example

The study of shape optimization for skeletal structures is extended to a simple case of the finite element method using plane stress, constant strain triangular elements. Following earlier work, the method developed neglects the constitutive equations and is formulated using only node equilibrium and a stress-type objective function from plasticity theory. A form of constitutive equation subsequently appears through the Kuhn-Tucker conditions. As a result, the optimization algorithm used takes on the appearance of an analysis-redesign procedure. Two plane stress, beam-type examples are included.
Proceedings of the 29th ACM on International Conference on Supercomputing

Welcome to the 29th ACM International Conference on Supercomputing (ICS), June 8-11, 2015 at Newport Beach, CA. ICS is well known as the premier technical forum where researchers present their latest results and share with colleagues their perspectives on the state-of-the-art in the field of high-performance computing systems. ICS 2015 continues the strong tradition of excellent technical presentations, motivating keynote addresses, and a few carefully selected workshops and tutorials. This year the conference is held in the beautiful city of Newport Beach, CA, which offers ten miles of extraordinary fishing, swimming, surfing, and aquatic sports activities. Newport Beach is an intimate seaside oasis that will tempt you with its elegance, modern shopping and stunning residential landscape. We welcome you to ICS 2015, and hope that you will be able to stay over and enjoy what the city offers. This year's program contains 40 technical papers. We would like to thank the authors of the 160 paper submissions from 27 countries, and regret that we could not accept more papers. We also want to thank the 50 members of the program committee for their hard work in producing nearly 500 paper reviews, deliberating through the review rebuttal process, and participating in a program committee meeting held at Houston, TX that resulted in the selection of this excellent set of papers. This volume represents some of the most exciting current research in high-performance computing, including big data and large-scale systems, heterogeneous systems, GPU optimizations, algorithms and applications, green computing, emerging technologies, and much more. We are fortunate to have three visionary keynote speakers this year, and the abstracts for their talks are also included in this volume.
Nonlinear Oscillations in Bioreaction Systems

An operation strategy of utilizing self-generated limit cycle for performance enhancement of a chemostat system, proposed and demonstrated previously on pure culture with Monod type growth and linearly varying yield coefficient, was applied to pure culture of substrate-inhibition type growth and found to produce performance improvements of similar magnitude.
Sex Differences in Associations Between CYP2D6 Phenotypes and Response to Opioid Analgesics.

Background Several small studies have previously investigated associations between the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) metabolism and response to opioids. We used a large sample of patients to study associations between CYP2D6 phenotypes and estimated CYP2D6 enzymatic activity scores with pain control and adverse reactions related to codeine and tramadol use. We conducted additional analyses to determine whether our results were consistent among men and women. Methods We used data from 2,877 participants in the RIGHT Protocol who were prescribed codeine and/or tramadol between 01/01/2005 and 12/31/2017 and who were not prescribed CYP2D6 inhibitors within 1 year prior to the opioid prescription. CYP2D6 phenotype categories were condensed into four groups: (1) Ultra-rapid and Rapid (n = 61), (2) Normal and Intermediate to Normal (n = 1,448), (3) Intermediate and Intermediate to Poor (n = 1,175), and (4) Poor metabolizer status (n = 193). Opioid-related outcomes included indications of poor pain control or adverse reactions related to medication use. We modeled the risk of each outcome using logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Results The results revealed a trend from poor to ultra-rapid and rapid CYP2D6 phenotypes in which the risk of adverse reactions incrementally increased and the risk of poor pain control incrementally decreased. This trend reached statistical significance among female (but not male) participants. Among normal and intermediate to normal metabolizers, a larger proportion of women experienced adverse reactions relative to men. Discussion We replicated and extended the findings of previous research indicating associations between CYP2D6 phenotypes and response to opioids. In addition, the observed associations were stronger in women than in men. We recommend sex differences to be factored in future research investigating associations between pharmacogenomics and response to medications.
4.21 – One View of the Geochemistry of Subduction-Related Magmatic Arcs, with an Emphasis on Primitive Andesite and Lower Crust

This chapter has four main aims. Provide a comprehensive picture of the composition of volcanic rocks from subduction-related magmatic arcs. Review evidence in favor of the existence of andesitic, as well as basaltic primary magmas in arcs. Present new data on the composition of arc lower crust, based mainly on our work on the Talkeetna arc section in southcentral Alaska. Summarize evidence from arc lower crustal sections that a substantial proportion of the dense, lower crustal pyroxenites and garnet granulites produced by crystal fractionation are missing.
Creating Character: Theories of Nature and Nurture in Victorian Sensation Fiction

Published in Manchester University Press’s Interventions: Rethinking the Nineteenth Century series, Helena Ifill’s Creating Character: Theories of Nature and Nurture in Victorian Sensation Fiction ...
The Constitution and the Fed after the COVID-19 Crisis

The COVID-19 financial response brought a seismic shift in the allocation of authority between Congress, the Treasury, and the Federal Reserve. According to the classic division of labor, Congress claims the “power of the purse” or the constitutional authority to appropriate public funds; the Treasury holds responsibility over the spending and taxing that puts those orders into effect; and the Federal Reserve engages in money creation as part of its role making monetary policy and acting as lender of last resort. Drawing on that theory of separated powers, the essay reconstructs the traditional ways of thinking that distinguished money creation by the Fed from the congressional power of the purse. Most notably, approaches to the Fed have downplayed the distributive implications of its money creation powers by casting them as merely a stabilizing force, either backstopping private lending in times of panic or maintaining the health of credit markets more generally. We then analyze the COVID-19 liquidity facilities at the heart of the Federal government’s response to the current crisis. Established by the Fed, these facilities are shaped in non-transparent ways by the Treasury’s authority to protect the Fed from losses. With only $450 billion in congressional appropriations, the facilities are anticipated to lend $4.5 trillion, an amount the size of the 2019 federal budget. In our view, the facilities collapse the traditional narrative that distinguished Fed money creation from congressional appropriations. We conclude that that traditional narrative was problematic from the start. Congress’s inability to take responsibility over Fed credit support calls for a more structural reform in our financial system- one compatible with democratic governance and distributive justice.
Improving signal-to-noise ratio for the forensic analysis of glass using micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μXRF) is a standard technique used for the elemental analysis of glass fragments in forensic casework. The glass specimens encountered in casework are usually small ( 30%) was observed for lower atomic number elements (Na and Mg) and higher atomic number elements (Sr and Zr). Another simple method to improve SNR is the use of primary beam filters; when using primary beam filters during analyses, elements with characteristic lines in the high-energy range (Rb, Sr, and Zr) showed the greatest improvement (>70%) in SNR. The impact of both strategies for the improvement of SNR is presented here.
Classification of printing inks in pharmaceutucal packages by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract The identification of counterfeit pharmaceutical packaging is a complex problem that often requires multiple physical or chemical analyses. In this study, LIBS and ATR-FTIR were used as fast and non-invasive methods to classify pharmaceutical paperboard packaging sample into an authentic group or belonging to one of five counterfeit counterpart packaging sources. The collection set consisted of 124 external pharmaceutical packages, originating from 6 authentic sources (n = 12 packages) and 3 to 5 counterfeit sources per product (n = 112 packages). Orthogonal methods, such as LIBS and ATR-FTIR, were especially advantageous for classification purposes because they reveal chemical information of the organic and inorganic components of the package ink. Different ink colors from the logo, text, barcodes, and images were tested; additionally, the paperboard sample substrate was analyzed with ATR-FTIR. After data reduction via Principal Component Analysis, two supervised machine learning classification techniques were used for classification: k-Nearest Neighbors, and Linear Discriminant Analysis. A random 60:40 split of the data was used for training and testing the algorithms. Across all analyzed ink types, correct classification rates above 70% (LIBS) and 85% (ATR-FTIR) were observed. Data fusion of the two complementary methods improved the results, providing correct classifications ranging from 90 to 100% depending on the classifier and the pharmaceutical package. The results demonstrate that the elemental information obtained by LIBS and the chemical composition by ATR-FTIR are complementary and provide practical alternatives for fast screening of counterfeit secondary packaging.
Evaluation of a Resiliency Focused Health Coaching Intervention for Middle School Students: Building Resilience for Healthy Kids Program.

Introduction:Youth mental health issues are a growing public health concern. Resilience has been identified as a mitigating factor for adverse mental health outcomes. Schools have shown an increasi...
Tapas: T heory Combin a tions and P ractical A pplication s

Satisfiability Modulo Theories is about checking the satisfiability of logical formulas over one or more theories. We provide an appetizer of SMT solving, illustrate an application for test-case generation based on dynamic symbolic execution and summarize an array of existing applications, enabling features, challenges and future directions.
Medical malpractice in aortic valve and mitral valve replacement surgery in North America.

BACKGROUND Aortic and mitral valve replacement are commonly performed by cardiovascular surgeons, but little data quantitatively analyzes the etiology and prevalence of medical malpractice litigations involving these operations. This study aims to analyze incidence, cause, and resolution of medical malpractice lawsuits involving aortic and mitral valve replacements, alone and in combination with coronary artery bypass and/or aortic procedures. METHODS The Westlaw legal database was utilized to compile relevant litigations across the United States from 1994-2019. Clinical data, verdict data, demographic data, and litigation attributes were compiled. Fisher-exact tests and Mann-Whitney tests were performed for statistical analyses. RESULTS One hundred four malpractice litigations involving aortic valve replacement and 55 litigations involving mitral valve replacement were included in this analysis. The mean age of patients was 55.2 years and proportion of female patients was 32.7% in aortic valve replacements litigations, compared to a mean age of 54.1 years and female patients in 61.8% of mitral valve replacements litigations. Significant relationships exist between an alleged failure to monitor the patient and defendant verdicts (p=0.01), delayed treatment and defendant verdicts (p=0.04), and incidence of infective endocarditis and plaintiff verdicts (p=0.04) in aortic valve replacement litigations. Similarly, significant relationships exist between an alleged failure to diagnose and settlement verdicts (p=0.047), and stroke incidence and defendant verdicts (p=0.03) in mitral valve replacement litigations. CONCLUSIONS In addition to excellent surgeon patient/family communication, administering surgical treatment in a timely manner, diagnosing and acting on concomitant medical conditions, and close patient monitoring may diminish medical malpractice litigation involving aortic and mitral valve replacement operations.
Microscopic Object Classification through Passive Motion Observations with Holographic Microscopy

Digital holographic microscopy provides the ability to observe throughout a volume that is large compared to its resolution without the need to actively refocus to capture the entire volume. This enables simultaneous observations of large numbers of small objects within such a volume. We have constructed a microscope that can observe a volume of 0.4 µm × 0.4 µm × 1.0 µm with submicrometer resolution (in xy) and 2 µm resolution (in z) for observation of microorganisms and minerals in liquid environments on Earth and on potential planetary missions. Because environmental samples are likely to contain mixtures of inorganics and microorganisms of comparable sizes near the resolution limit of the instrument, discrimination between living and non-living objects may be difficult. The active motion of motile organisms can be used to readily distinguish them from non-motile objects (live or inorganic), but additional methods are required to distinguish non-motile organisms and inorganic objects that are of comparable size but different composition and structure. We demonstrate the use of passive motion to make this discrimination by evaluating diffusion and buoyancy characteristics of cells, styrene beads, alumina particles, and gas-filled vesicles of micron scale in the field of view.
Sluggish, chemical bias and percolation phenomena in atomic transport by vacancy and interstitial diffusion in Ni Fe alloys

Abstract In this article, we report the results of extended atomistic modeling of intrinsic mobility of point defects and associated atomic transport in Ni Fe model binary alloys. We consider the effects of composition and temperature and present evidence of the sluggish and chemically biased diffusion, and percolation effects occurring in atomic transport via the vacancy and interstitial migration mechanisms. The results are analyzed and discussed in the light of previous studies and some experimental observations. It is demonstrated that the sluggish diffusion, the chemically biased diffusion, and the percolation are interlinked phenomena that are defined by the chemical complexity of particular alloys. Methods for predicting these phenomena in multicomponent alloys are discussed. We report a fundamental understanding of sluggish diffusion, chemically-biased diffusion, as well as percolation phenomena, in Ni Fe random alloys for vacancy and interstitial atom migration mechanisms.
Machine Learning Based Sound Speed Prediction for Underwater Networking Applications

Underwater acoustic networks operate in an inhomogeneous and dynamic environment, which makes it difficult to model the propagation path of signals. In essence acoustic signals experience reflection and refraction due to sound speed variation, based on many parameters such as salinity, temperature, and depth. To enable modeling of signal propagation, the sound speed profile (SSP) has to be accurately estimated. The most famous SSP equation has been proposed by Mackenzie and has been widely used among others like the Coppens’ and UNESCO equations. The drawback of these equations is that they yield different accuracy levels for various setups. They are also valid only for certain limits of salinity, depth and temperature. Moreover, the SSP estimation method should suit both deep and shallow water environments. In this paper, we use machine learning algorithms to predict sound speed in both deep and shallow waters and compare our results with data collected from acoustic tomography measurements. For training we have considered sound speed measurements across various oceans like Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean, etc. Our results show that our model achieves 99.99% accuracy and outperforms Leroy and Mackenzie equations.
Superobesity (body mass index >50 kg/m2) and complications after total shoulder arthroplasty: an incremental effect of increasing body mass index

Background The prevalence of obesity in the United States continues to increase. Attention has recently turned to an emerging population of extremely overweight patients, termed superobese and defined as those with body mass index (BMI) ≥50 kg/m 2 . The goal of this study was to use a national database to evaluate postoperative complication rates after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) in superobese patients and to compare patients of different BMI classes. Methods Patients who underwent TSA or reverse TSA were identified in the PearlDiver database by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes. These patients were then divided into nonobese, obese, morbidly obese, and superobese cohorts by ICD-9 codes. Postoperative complications were assessed and compared between cohorts. Results From 2005 to 2012, 144,239 unique patients who underwent TSA or reverse TSA were identified, including 105,661 nonobese patients, 23,864 obese patients, 13,759 morbidly obese patients, and 955 superobese patients. Superobese patients had a significantly higher rate of infection, dislocation, component loosening, revision shoulder arthroplasty, venous thromboembolism, and medical complications after shoulder arthroplasty compared with nonobese controls. Conclusions Obesity is associated with significantly increased rates of numerous complications after TSA, including infection, dislocation, component loosening, revision surgery, venous thromboembolism, and medical complications, compared with nonobese controls. Superobesity (BMI > 50 kg/m 2 ) is associated with significantly increased rates of several complications compared with even obese and morbidly obese patients, including infection, component loosening, venous thromboembolism, and medical complications.
The Warren Report's Forgotten Chapter: Press Response to Criticism of Kennedy Assassination Coverage

Abstract This study examines press coverage of the Kennedy assassination in an ethical context. The Warren Commission's official report criticized the media, devoting an entire chapter to describing, among other things, how a “milling mass” of journalists contributed to the confusion in which Jack Ruby killed Lee Harvey Oswald. The commission called on the press to adopt a code of conduct. This recommendation drew widespread attention, particularly among journalists. Many objected, often vociferously, saying a code would compromise press independence. Although the Warren Report's criticism yielded few tangible results, it made media ethics a national topic and put it on journalists' agendas. This informed future professional debates, especially those about free press-fair trial issues.
Ion channels as tools to monitor lipid bilayer-membrane protein interactions: gramicidin channels as molecular force transducers.

Publisher Summary Numerous studies show that membrane protein function depends on the bilayer lipid composition. Specifically, the function of integral membrane proteins varies with lipid bilayer thickness and monolayer equilibrium curvature. In most cases, there is only modest chemical specificity in these membrane lipid-protein interactions. This lack of chemical specificity, together with the large number of lipid types that are found in the membranes of any given cell, has caused difficulties for attempts to understand the way the function of integral membrane proteins is affected by the bilayer lipid composition. These difficulties arose in part because the results were interpreted within the framework of the Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic membrane model. A weakness of the fluid mosaic membrane model was that the lipid bilayer component was assumed to be a passive entity only—that is, a permeability barrier that separated the extracellular and intracellular aqueous phases. The view of the lipid bilayer as a sheet of liquid hydrocarbon led to the notion of bilayer fluidity as an important determinant of protein function. An important, but neglected consequence of the liquid-crystalline organization of lipid bilayers is that one needs to incorporate the bilayer material properties (thickness and compression modulus, curvature and bending modulus) into a description of membrane protein organization and function. Similarly, one needs to consider specifically the importance of geometric packing criteria for lipid-protein interactions and protein function.
Technologies for Production of Heat and Electricity

Biomass is a desirable source of energy because it is renewable, sustainable, widely available throughout the world, and amenable to conversion. Biomass is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin components. Cellulose is generally the dominant fraction, representing about 40 to 50% of the material by weight, with hemicellulose representing 20 to 50% of the material, and lignin making up the remaining portion [4,5,6]. Although the outward appearance of the various forms of cellulosic biomass, such as wood, grass, municipal solid waste (MSW), or agricultural residues, is different, all of these materials have a similar cellulosic composition. Elementally, however, biomass varies considerably, thereby presenting technical challenges at virtually every phase of its conversion to useful energy forms and products. Despite the variances among cellulosic sources, there are a variety of technologies for converting biomass into energy. These technologies are generally divided into two groups: biochemical (biological-based) and thermochemical (heat-based) conversion processes. This chapter reviews the specific technologies that can be used to convert biomass to energy. Each technology review includes the description of the process, and the positive and negative aspects.
Cation Dependence of the Transfer Reaction Catalyzed by Phenylalanyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase from Bakers' Yeast

Abstract The ability of yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase to transfer the phenylalanyl moiety from its phenylalanyladenylate complex to purified yeast phenylalanine tRNA (tRNAphe) has been examined in the presence of various cations. With the assay conditions employed (10 mm Trisacetate, pH 7.2, 21°), this transfer reaction was completely dependent upon the addition of an oligovalent cation. Low concentrations of Mg2+, organic diamines, spermidine, or spermine were effective in stimulating the formation of phenylalanyl-tRNA. The concentration-dependent stimulation of the transfer reaction by Mg2+, spermidine, and spermine correlated reasonably well with the concentration-dependent enhancement of the fluorescence of tRNAphe effected by these same cations. Organic diamines (0.7 mm) exhibited a diminishing ability to stimulate the rate of the transfer reaction as the number of carbon atoms between the two amine groups increased. NaCl, at concentrations as high as 1.0 m, appeared not to stimulate the transfer reaction. In the presence of Mg2+ (0.3 mm), concentrations of NaCl greater than 0.2 m increasingly inhibited the rate of the transfer reaction. The cation-specific differences in transfer efficiency were shown not to be caused by any major variation in the stability of the phenylalanyladenylate-enzyme complex under the different ionic conditions examined. These results are consistent with those of our previous study of yeast tRNAphe (Robison, B., and Zimmerman, T. P., J. Biol. Chem., 246, 110 (1971)) in support of the hypothesis that the oligovalent cation-induced fluorescence/conformational changes of tRNAphe represent the conversion to its biologically active form, principally through the formation of tertiary structure.
Brown Dwarf Variability: What's Varying and Why?

Surveys by ground based telescopes, HST, and Spitzer have revealed that brown dwarfs of most spectral classes exhibit variability. The spectral and temporal signatures of the variability are complex and apparently defy simplistic classification which complicates efforts to model the changes. Important questions include understanding if clearings are forming in an otherwise uniform cloud deck or if thermal perturbations, perhaps associated with breaking gravity waves, are responsible. If clouds are responsible how long does it take for the atmospheric thermal profile to relax from a hot cloudy to a cooler cloudless state? If thermal perturbations are responsible then what atmospheric layers are varying? How do the observed variability timescales compare to atmospheric radiative, chemical, and dynamical timescales? I will address such questions by presenting modeling results for time-varying partly cloudy atmospheres and explore the importance of various atmospheric processes over the relevant timescales for brown dwarfs of a range of effective temperatures. Regardless of the origin of the observed variability, the complexity seen in the atmospheres of the field dwarfs hints at the variability that we may encounter in the next few years in directly imaged young Jupiters. Thus understanding the nature of variability in the field dwarfs, including sensitivity to gravity and metallicity, is of particular importance for exoplanet characterization.
Solutions to Exercises

In this chapter, all the solutions of the exercises appearing at the ends of the chapters of this book are presented. Each following section contains the solutions related to one chapter.
Modeling the Neolithic on the Tibetan Plateau

Although much remains to be learned of the Neolithic of the Tibetan Plateau, enough is known to develop a set of models on the advent of the Neolithic on the plateau that can be used to guide future research. More sophisticated models are required because most existing models fail to consider the environmental context of the advent of the Neolithic, the nature of constraints on the movement of people and potential domesticates onto the plateau, and finally, the anthropological context of trait diffusion and movement. In this paper, I review existing models as well as what is known of the paleoenvironments of the Tibetan Neolithic and argue that future models must include consideration of different modes of food production, other routes onto the plateau, the biological and physiological constraints on potential plant and animal domesticates, and the evolution of dietary preferences.
A Report on the Image Orthicon using Slow Read-out

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a report on the image orthicon using slow read-out. Under a National Science Foundation grant, work has been directed toward the development of practical equipment which could be used day by day in an observatory and which would not require the services of personnel other than the astronomer and an electronics technician. It is felt that this objective in a large measure has been achieved. Although it has been found that the use of the slow scan technique does not directly improve the signal-to-beam-noise ratio, a number of important results ensue from the use of slow read-out which indicates that such a system is the correct one to use in astronomical applications. The equipment that has been developed utilizes a camera which, including the cooling unit, has a total weight of 40 1b. When it is attached to the output of the telescope, information can be fed by cable to the operating and control equipment in a lighted and heated room. The entire electronic equipment can be put together using parts and tubes which are available from manufacturers today. Tests are performed for the equipment and discussed in detail.
Radio Interferometry of Venus at Short Wavelengths

From short wavelength (λ < 4 cm) interferometry of Venus interpreted on the basis of the physical structure and bulk composition of its atmosphere as given by spacecraft measurements, evidence for the presence of a source of opacity in addition to CO2 is found. This opacity presumably is due to unknown minor constituents of the atmosphere of Venus.
Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent and dangerous phenomenon associated with many negative outcomes, including future suicidal behaviors. Research on these behaviors has primarily focused on correlates; however, an emerging body of research has focused on NSSI risk factors. To provide a summary of current knowledge about NSSI risk factors, we conducted a meta-analysis of published, prospective studies longitudinally predicting NSSI. This included 20 published reports across 5078 unique participants. Results from a random-effects model demonstrated significant, albeit weak, overall prediction of NSSI (OR=1.59; 95% CI: 1.50 to 1.69). Among specific NSSI risk factors, prior history of NSSI, cluster b, and hopelessness yielded the strongest effects (ORs>3.0); all remaining risk factor categories produced ORs near or below 2.0. NSSI measurement, sample type, sample age, and prediction case measurement type (i.e., binary versus continuous) moderated these effects. Additionally, results highlighted several limitations of the existing literature, including idiosyncratic NSSI measurement and few studies among samples with NSSI histories. These findings indicate that few strong NSSI risk factors have been identified, and suggest a need for examination of novel risk factors, standardized NSSI measurement, and study samples with a history of NSSI.
Complications of laparoscopic general surgery

With the growth of laparoscopic general surgery, both minor and major complications are being encountered. This article discusses complications related to operative laparoscopy, including those associated with access techniques and the pneumoperitoneum. Complications specific to certain procedures, including laparoscopic cholecystectomy, appendectomy, colon resection, anti-reflux surgery, and herniorrhaphy, are also discussed in detail.
Zones of engagement: where meaning in work meets personal identity

In this study, the relationship between meaning in work and personal identity was examined using data from 115 men and women across 20 professions between ages 20 to 74 and various educational levels. A mixed-method, dual-team qualitative analysis revealed five broad zones of engagement. These zones of engagement are both descriptive and prescriptive in nature as they capture a moment-in-time interaction between person and work experience and can be used in developmental intervention dialogue toward a different desired experience. The implication of this work reveals the dynamic relationship between meaning in work and personal identity, and contributes to scholarship and applied practice by identifying specific identity-work relationships which are open to change and development.
Occam's Razor in the contingency theory: A national survey on 86 contingent variables

Abstract The purpose of this study is to quantify 86 contingent variables and modify the construct of the contingency theory. A nationwide survey among public relations practitioners first enabled quantitative analysis of the 86 contingent variables affecting public relations practice, divided into 12 factors on two dimensions. This test gave parsimony to the matrix of 86 contingent variables initially offered in the matrix, provided validity to the contingency theory, and suggested its theoretical evolution measured against Occam's Razor, which holds that the simplest explanation is generally the most precise and thus the best approach to follow in building theories.
Giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu multilayers: Influence of Co thickness at the first antiferromagnetic maximum

The dependence of the magnetoresistive properties of Co/Cu multilayers on the thickness of the Co layers is described for the case when the Cu layer thickness is 9 A, corresponding to the first antiferromagnetic maximum. Both the width and the height of the peaks in the magnetoresistance/field curves decrease with increasing Co layer thickness in the range 5–50 A. This leads to an optimum Co layer thickness of 30–40 A that maximizes the sensitivity to changes in magnetic field. This result may have practical significance for applications that require the relative lack of hysteresis that is found at the first antiferromagnetic maximum.
Studies of the specificity of an antibody directed against probenecid. Investigations with probenecid analogs.

Abstract An antibody against probenecid was obtained in rabbits immunized with probenecid conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The antibody exhibited a high degree of specificity (competitive assay) as shown by studies with 25 analogs which included isomers, homologs and metabolites. Interestingly, three analogs (2′-hydroxy, glycine and methyl ester) had a higher affinity than probenecid. The side-chain metabolites all had much lower affinity than the parent drug. Radioimmunoassay was carried out with dextran-coated charcoal and was sensitive to about 1 nanogram. This raises the possibility of radioimmunoassay of probenecid in plasma and tissue.
Direct filtration through porous graphite for A.A. analysis of beryllium particulates in air

Abstract A method is described for the determination of beryllium particulates in air by furnace atomic absorption. A small volume of air is filtered through the walls of a porous graphite cup. The cup containing the entrapped particulates is then inserted in a constant temperature graphite furnace. Measurements can be made over the concentration range 2–20 μg m 3 with sample vol of 50 cm 3 . The observed analytical precision is 15%.