cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric soundings from AIRS/AMSU in partial cloud cover

Simultaneous use of AIRS/AMSU-A observations allow for the determination of accurate atmospheric soundings under partial cloud cover conditions. The methodology involves the determination of the radiances AIRS would have seen if the AIRS fields of view were clear, called clear column radiances, and use of these radiances to infer the atmospheric and surface conditions giving rise to these clear column radiances. Susskind et al. demonstrate via simulation that accurate temperature soundings and clear column radiances can be derived from AIRS/AMSU-A observations in cases of up to 80% partial cloud cover, with only a small degradation in accuracy compared to that obtained in clear scenes. Susskind and Atlas show that these findings hold for real AIRS/AMSU-A soundings as well. For data assimilation purposes, this small degradation in accuracy is more than offset by a significant increase in spatial coverage (roughly 50% of global cases were accepted, compared to 3.6% of the global cases being diagnosed as clear), and assimilation of AIRS temperature soundings in partially cloudy conditions resulted in a larger improvement in forecast skill than when AIRS soundings were assimilated only under clear conditions. Alternatively, derived AIRS clear column radiances under partial cloud cover could also be used for data assimilation purposes. Further improvements in AIRS sounding methodology have been made since the results shown in Susskind and Atlas . A new version of the AIRS/AMSU-A retrieval algorithm, Version 4.0, was delivered to the Goddard DAAC in February 2005 for production of AIRS derived products, including clear column radiances. The major improvement in the Version 4.0 retrieval algorithm is with regard to a more flexible, parameter dependent, quality control. Results are shown of the accuracy and spatial distribution of temperature-moisture profiles and clear column radiances derived from AIRS/AMSU-A as a function of fractional cloud cover using the Version 4.0 algorithm. Use of the Version 4.0 AIRS temperature profiles increased the positive forecast impact arising from AIRS retrievals relative to what was shown in Susskind and Atlas .
Mineral insulated electric trace heating for nuclear power plant facilities

The nuclear power plants of today require some form of process heating to keep various process fluids moving in their associated systems and thus render the plants operational. Such applications of process heating include the following: 1) heating to prevent borated water from dropping below its crystalization temperature, 2) heating to prevent caustic solutions from dropping below their crystalization temperatures, and 3) heating to prevent outdoor service water systems from freezing during cold weather (if applicable). At Duke Power Company mineral insulated (MI) electric trace heating systems are being used in all of the above listed applications. It is felt that the use of MI electric trace heating systems will be beneficial due to their durability, long life, and relatively maintenance free operation.
The evolving role of medical therapy for chronic stable angina

The management of chronic stable angina has undergone considerable evolution over the past two decades. This article highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to management that includes carefully identifying cardiac risk factors, using therapeutic lifestyle interventions, aggressive, multifaceted medical therapy, and judiciously using myocardial revascularization. For patients whose ischemia cannot be optimally controlled with traditional anti-ischemic agents, a novel antianginal and anti-ischemic agent (ie, ranolazine) has promise in reducing refractory ischemia as add-on therapy. This article discusses the role of coronary artery bypass graft surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in managing chronic stable angina patients and the clinical implications of the COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive drug Evaluation) trial. The combined use of a “focal” approach (PCI to treat the culprit stenosis) and a “systemic” approach (lifestyle intervention and aggressive pharmacotherapy) may afford the best event-free survival and clinical outcomes in patients with stable angina.
ABERRANT CHROMOSOME MOVEMENT AND SPINDLE FORMATION IN MEIOSIS OF BROMUS HYBRIDS: AN INTERPRETATION OF SPINDLE ORGANIZATION

IN PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS, the meiotic divisions of certain interspecific hybrids of Bromus seemed thoroughly disorganized: chromosomes were clumped or scattered at diakinesis, located at the equator or poles at metaphase and in two polar nuclei or in one equatorial restitution group at late anaphase; in place of the normal second division dyad there were microsporocytes with one to six cells and as many as six spindles and in place of the normal telophase II tetrad were twoto tencelled microsporocytes. Detailed studies, however, brought this apparent disorganization into perspective and revealed an orderly, although atypical, pattern of meiosis. The present studies have been concerned particularly with the movements of chromosomes during the first meiotic division and with the structure and function of the spindle, particularly as revealed in the second meiotic division. These are current cytological puzzles, and no explanation attempted so far has been entirely satisfactory. The presentation of additional data obtained from atypical meiotic divisions is therefore of value. Some aspects of the interpretation and discussion of these data are frankly speculative; such speculation may also have some value at the present stage of the long search for understanding of the processes by which chromosome reapportionment and cell division regularly take place.
Refining Ethical Guidelines for Early Clinical Trials of Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease

Early clinical trials with a pluripotent stem-cell-based therapeutic for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) present a series of vexing ethical challenges. The uncertainties and risks in...
Transcription factor Nfat1 deficiency causes osteoarthritis through dysfunction of adult articular chondrocytes

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease in middle-aged and older individuals. Previous studies have shown that over-expression of matrix-degrading proteinases and proinflammatory cytokines is associated with osteoarthritic cartilage degradation. However, it remains unclear which transcription factors regulate the expression of these cartilage-degrading molecules in articular chondrocytes. This study demonstrated that mice lacking Nfat1, a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factors, exhibited normal skeletal development but displayed loss of type II collagen (collagen-2) and aggrecan with over-expression of specific matrix-degrading proteinases and proinflammatory cytokines in young adult articular cartilage of load-bearing joints. These initial changes are followed by articular chondrocyte proliferation/clustering, progressive articular surface destruction, periarticular chondro-osteophyte formation and exposure of thickened subchondral bone, all of which resemble human OA. Forced expression of Nfat1 delivered with lentiviral vectors in cultured 3 month-old primary Nfat1 knockout (Nfat1(-/-)) articular chondrocytes partially or completely rescued the abnormal catabolic and anabolic activities of Nfat1(-/-) articular chondrocytes. These new findings revealed a previously unrecognized critical role of Nfat1 in maintaining the physiological function of differentiated adult articular chondrocytes through regulating the expression of specific matrix-degrading proteinases and proinflammatory cytokines. Nfat1 deficiency causes OA due to an imbalance between the catabolic and anabolic activities of adult articular chondrocytes, leading to articular cartilage degradation and failed repair activities in and around articular cartilage. These results may provide new insights into the aetiology, pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis.
Subvocalization and reading for meaning

Two experiments demonstrated that subvocalization is of value in reading for certain types of meaning. Blocking subvocalization by requiring subjects to count or say “cola-colacola …” aloud impaired their reading comprehension but generally not their listening comprehension. The effect of blocking subvocalization was found to be specific to tests that required integration of concepts within or across sentences, as contrasted with tests that required only memory of individual word concepts. Two hypotheses were offered: first, that subvocalization results in a more durable memory representation needed for integration of concepts; and second, that subvocalization enables a prosodic restructuring that makes information needed for sentence comprehension accessible.
DISLOCATION ETCHANT FOR BERYLLIUM OXIDE

A hydrochloric acid chemical etchant for BeO was refined and evaluated. The etchant, when used for 20 min at 120°C on chemically polished surfaces, produces distinctive pits at dislocations intersecting the (0001) and (101) surfaces. Correspondence of etch pits and dislocations was inferred by comparing the enlargement of pits with etching time and the constancy of pit density with continued etching. On {1010} surfaces, the etchant is not sensitive to sites of defect emergence and hence leaves a relatively flat, featureless surface. The etch rates and activation energies are given for {0001}, {1010}, and {101} surfaces. The reaction mechanism is discussed.
High-resolution imaging system using a tabletop extreme ultraviolet source

We present a simple setup for obtaining high resolution, sub-micron images using high harmonic generation (HHG) in a hollow-core waveguide as a light source. We demonstrate imaging with illumination at a wavelength of 30 nm using an all-reflective, double-multilayer mirror setup and a CCD camera as a recording device. For the magnifications of up to 50x used here, the all-reflective setup has advantages over zone plate microscopes because of the much larger working distances that allow for imaging of plasmas. This setup has also a throughput that is higher by at least a factor of three compared to zone-plate microscopes, and presents the additional advantage of preserving the temporal pulse width of the harmonics because diffractive optics are not used. This work demonstrates the feasibility of high-spatial-resolution, time-resolved, EUV imaging of plasmas and other objects using a tabletop compact light source.
Quasi-classical scattering theory and bound state production processes

Abstract We develop a theoretical approach to collisions involving complex systems with special emphasis to applications involving a short wavelength approximation. Use of the Wigner representation casts the quantum mechanical scattering problem in the form of a stochastic process. Useful analogies to classical transport theory may then be drawn. Monte Carlo calculations of production processes are then discussed in this framework. One immediate result is the derivation of the correct formula for bound state production via the Monte Carlo method. Further development of our general formalism yields a diagrammatic procedure useful for the calculation of various inclusive cross-sections. This is then applied to the problem of fast deuteron production in high energy proton-nucleus collisions. A lowest order calculation is made involving no free parameters. The resulting formulae are physically transparent. Experimental data are reproduced with an accuracy consistent with the first-order, parameter-free nature of the calculation.
Calcergy in murine progressive ankylosis.

Murine progressive ankylosis (MPA) is characterized by periarticular ossification and joint ankylosis. We studied calcergy and calciphylaxis in MPA. Calcergy represents a chemical attraction betwen heavy metal salts and apatite followed by hydroxyapatite deposition around collagen Mice were injected subcutaneously with FeCl2, PbAcetate, and saline, and sacrificed at intervals between 5 minutes and 14 days. Section of skin and subcutaneous tissues were stained with Von Kossa's stain. No mice developed calcifylaxis. PbAcetate produced calcergy in all mice. MPA mice exhibited calcergy qualitatively and quantitatively the same as normal mice suggesting abnormal calcergy is not responsible for joint ankylosis in MPA.
Pharmacology of the maternal-placental-fetal-unit and fetal therapy

Abstract Fetal drug therapy represents an exciting new area ofclinical pharmacology. Dynamic changes in the MPFU throughout-pregnancy create a complex physiologic situation that precludes easy predictions of the extent of maternal-fetal drug transfer. Isolated measurements of single pairs of maternal and fetal drug concentrations add little quantitative information about the extent of maternal-fetal drug transfer. More extensive serial measurements of maternal and fetal drug concentrations after empiric treatment of fetal arrhythmias are needed to improve our understanding of the pharmacologic factors contributing to success or failure of the therapy. Such data about maternal-fetal drug transfer may guide clinicians and pharmacologists toward more effective drug administration to improve our success with fetal therapy.
Temporal nonlinear dimensionality reduction

Existing Nonlinear dimensionality reduction (NLDR) algorithms make the assumption that distances between observations are uniformly scaled. Unfortunately, with many interesting systems, this assumption does not hold. We present a new technique called Temporal NLDR (TNLDR), which is specifically designed for analyzing the high-dimensional observations obtained from random-walks with dynamical systems that have external controls. It uses the additional information implicit in ordered sequences of observations to compensate for non-uniform scaling in observation space. We demonstrate that TNLDR computes more accurate estimates of intrinsic state than regular NLDR, and we show that accurate estimates of state can be used to train accurate models of dynamical systems.
Medicare Payments for Outpatient Urological Surgery by Location of Care

Purpose: The cost implications associated with offloading outpatient surgery from hospitals to ambulatory surgery centers and the physician office remain poorly defined. Therefore, we determined whether payments for outpatient surgery vary by location of care.Materials and Methods: Using national Medicare claims from 1998 to 2006, we identified elderly patients who underwent 1 of 22 common outpatient urological procedures. For each procedure we measured all relevant payments (in United States dollars) made during the 30-day claims window that encompassed the procedure date. We then categorized payment types (hospital, physician and outpatient facility). Finally, we used multivariable regression to compare price standardized payments across hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers and the physician office.Results: Average total payments for outpatient surgery episodes varied widely from $200 for urethral dilation in the physician office to $5,688 for hospital based shock wave lithotripsy. For all but 2 proced...
The Conley Index

In any theoretical investigation of a real physical system, one is always forced to make simplifying assumptions concerning the true nature of the system. Since such idealizations are inevitable, it is reasonable to inquire as to how far one can go in this direction and still obtain satisfactory results. In certain cases, for example the motion of the planets, the equations of celestial mechanics provide a quite accurate model of the real physical system. In other situations, such as ecological or chemical interactions, or the study of large scale atmospheric phenomena, one either writes down certain reasonable relations between the quantities involved and their rates of change, or one tremendously reduces the number of actual equations involved. If such “leaps of faith” are to be of any use, it is necessary to study “rough” equations in “rough” terms. This in a nutshell, is our aim in this chapter and the next one. In other words, we want to fit these vague notions into a precise mathematical framework.
Fourteen Reasons Privacy Matters: A Multidisciplinary Review of Scholarly Literature1

Librarians have long recognized the importance of privacy to intellectual freedom. As digital technology and its applications advance, however, efforts to protect privacy may become increasingly difficult. With some users behaving in ways that suggest they do not care about privacy and with powerful voices claiming that privacy is dead, librarians may question whether privacy is worth protecting. This article reviews some of the extensive scholarly literature on privacy from disciplines outside the field of library science, including anthropology, law, philosophy, political science, psychology, and sociology, and it identifies fourteen reasons privacy matters to individuals, relationships, and to society. It also discusses the challenge of defining privacy and addresses the question of how the concept of privacy spans cultures. Librarians may find this broader understanding of the value of privacy useful in affirming and defending their commitment to the privacy of library users.
Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Eating Disorder Symptomatology Among College Women

This study examined the relationship between Bartholomew's four-category model of adult attachment and eating disorder symptomatology, as measured by the Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissa...
The rotation period of Neptune's upper atmosphere

The variations in the near-infrared brightness of Neptune observed during July and August 1980 show a well-defined, large-amplitude variation in Neptune's J-K color, with a period of 17.73 + or - 0.1 hour. These results are interpreted as diurnal variations resulting from the 17.73-hour rotation period of the Neptune upper atmosphere in the presence of inhomogeneous weather, and are found to qualitatively corroborate those of Cruikshank (1978). It is also noted that Smith and Slavsky (1980) report a 17.7-hour component as a secondary periodicity in their data. Variations were observed in the 5-0-micron spectral region which are in phase with the variations seen at shorter wavelengths.
Applications of the Kirchhoff‐Helmholtz integral to problems in seismology

Summary. A numerical method for evaluating the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral is described. The Kirchhoff response is calculated by discretizing the surface, specifying simple point sources on each element of the surface, and summing the contribution from the elements. The results of the method are compared to those of an asymptotic, first motion approximation of the analytical solution of SH-waves impinging on a rigid sphere. The agreement between the results of the two methods is excellent for source and receiver distances which are large compared to the radius of the sphere. The method is applied to the calculations of reflections from mountain topography and a planar surface with an aperture. The phase shifts of pulses are consistent with optics; the amplitudes are not. The method does predict frequency dependence of the scattered amplitudes. Calculations are presented to model spall which produce travel-time and amplitude anomalies consistent with observations from nuclear blasts.
Variance estimation in the analysis of microarray data

Microarrays are one of the most widely used high throughput technologies. One of the main problems in the area is that conventional estimates of the variances that are required in the t-statistic and other statistics are unreliable owing to the small number of replications. Various methods have been proposed in the literature to overcome this lack of degrees of freedom problem. In this context, it is commonly observed that the variance increases proportionally with the intensity level, which has led many researchers to assume that the variance is a function of the mean. Here we concentrate on estimation of the variance as a function of an unknown mean in two models: the constant coefficient of variation model and the quadratic variance-mean model. Because the means are unknown and estimated with few degrees of freedom, naive methods that use the sample mean in place of the true mean are generally biased because of the errors-in-variables phenomenon. We propose three methods for overcoming this bias. The first two are variations on the theme of the so-called heteroscedastic simulation-extrapolation estimator, modified to estimate the variance function consistently. The third class of estimators is entirely different, being based on semiparametric information calculations. Simulations show the power of our methods and their lack of bias compared with the naive method that ignores the measurement error. The methodology is illustrated by using microarray data from leukaemia patients.
Reactive Oxygen Species Produced by NAD(P)H Oxidase Inhibit Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

One reason why pancreatic cancer is so aggressive and unresponsive to treatments is its resistance to apoptosis. We report here that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a prosurvival, antiapoptotic factor in pancreatic cancer cells. Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells generated ROS, which was stimulated by growth factors (serum, insulin-like growth factor I, or fibroblast growth factor-2). Growth factors also stimulated membrane NAD(P)H oxidase activity in these cells. Both intracellular ROS and NAD(P)H oxidase activity were inhibited by antioxidants tiron and N-acetylcysteine and the inhibitor of flavoprotein-dependent oxidases, diphenylene iodonium, but not by inhibitors of various other ROS-generating enzymes. Using Rho(0) cells deficient in mitochondrial DNA, we showed that a nonmitochondrial NAD(P)H oxidase is a major source of growth factor-induced ROS in pancreatic cancer cells. Among proteins that have been implicated in NAD(P)H oxidase activity, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells do not express the phagocytic gp91(phox) subunit but express several nonphagocytic oxidase (NOX) isoforms. Transfection with Nox4 antisense oligonucleotide inhibited NAD(P)H oxidase activity and ROS production in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells. Inhibiting ROS with the antioxidants, Nox4 antisense, or MnSOD overexpression all stimulated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells as measured by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, cytochrome c release, and effector caspase activation. The results show that growth factor-induced ROS produced by NAD(P)H oxidase (probably Nox4) protect pancreatic cancer cells from apoptosis. This mechanism may play an important role in pancreatic cancer resistance to treatment and thus represent a novel therapeutic target.
Response of chick cerebellum in culture to L-dopa and estradiol

Abstract Cerebellar explants were removed from chick embryos at either 14 or 20 days and maintained in organ culture for 2 or 4 hours in the presence of either L-dopa or estradiol dipropionate or a combination of both. The activities of AChE and BuChE were higher in explants cultured in L-dopa, but not changed in explants cultured in estradiol. These increases were no longer seen with simultaneous treatment with L-dopa and estradiol. Moreover, simultaneous treatment decreased BuChE activity in explants from 14 day old embryos. These data suggest that estradiol may interfere with the action of neurohumors on glial cells.
Eight Myths about School Choice.

(1992). Eight Myths about School Choice. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 71-74.
Effect of Natural Feedstuffs Added to a Semi-Purified Diet on Eimeria tenella Infection

Abstract Experiments were conducted to study the effect of addition of natural feedstuffs to a semi-purified (SP) diet on Eimeria tenella infection of chickens. Chicks were fed the experimental diet throughout the experimental period and were orally inoculated with 200,000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella at 14 days of age. Addition of corn, but not soybean meal, to a SP diet increased mortality and decreased body weight gain due to the coccidial infection in comparison with chickens fed the SP diet. Addition of corn gluten meal or replacement of poultry fat by corn oil or glucose by corn starch in the SP diet did not significantly change any of the parameters studied. Addition of 20% of corn fermentation solubles (CFS) – but not 20% of distillers dried grains with solubles, wheat bran, or rice bran – to the SP diet, resulted in significantly higher mortality from the coccidial infection. Addition of 5 or 10% of CFS to the SP diet significantly increased mortality in chicks compared to those fed the SP diet, but feeding the residue of CFS after extraction with chloroform-methanol followed by water did not increase mortality. These studies show that corn and CFS contain factors that enhance E. tenella infection in chicks fed a semi-purified diet, but other natural feedstuffs such as soybean meal do not.
Mini-RIA: adaptation of conventional 125I-labeled radioimmunoassay to a 96-tube format

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) employing iodinated ligands represents a popular measurement method for small molecules due to its excellent sensitivity and specificity. Yet performing RIAs of large numbers of tubes remains a tedious laboratory chore due to the need to individually handle tubes multiple times. We here present a method in which conventional 125 I-labeled RIA ([ 125 I] RIA) is adapted to a microtiter plate format, termed mini-RIA. Tubes are handled in batch for centrifugation or during the separation of antibody-bound ligand from free ligand. A simple draining device for batch decantation of free ligand from 96 minitubes is used. Optimal conditions for the mini-RIA were established using two workup methods—double-antibody immunoprecipitation and direct polyethylene glycol precipitation. Use of the mini-RIA method was found to result in a considerable savings in assay times; in addition, the sensitivity of the mini-RIA was improved over conventional RIA. The mini-RIA is particularly useful for assay of large numbers of samples derived from chromatographic methods, since aliquots can be transferred directly from the fraction collector into the minitubes using multiple channel pipettors. Because the method is flexible with regard to assay workup, we predict that most
Intervention Research: The Importance of Fidelity Measurement

In this commentary, the issue of fidelity assessment is addressed as it relates to Strain and Bovey’s article (2011). Four reasons are provided for measuring fidelity in intervention studies. Measu...
On the Moments of the Exponentiated Weibull Distribution

Abstract This article concerns the exponentiated Weibull distribution introduced by Mudholkar et al. (1995). The moments of this distribution have been of some interest, Mudholkar and Hutson (1996) provided a non closed form integral representatior, for the moments while, most recently, Nassar and Eissa (2003) derived a finite sum representation by restricting one of the parameters of the distribution to be c positive integer. In this article, we derive various closed-form representations for the moments with no restrictions imposed on the parameters of the distribution. These representations involve only the (standard) gamma junction and its derivatives.
Norms and trends of sleep time among US children and adolescents

Objectives To develop national sleep norms conditional on age and to examine stratification by sex, race/ethnicity, and changes over time. Design Secondary analysis of a panel survey. Setting The 3 waves (1997, 2002, and 2007) of the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationally representative survey. Participants Children from birth to 18 years with time-diary data were included: 2832 children in 1997, 2520 children in 2002, and 1424 children in 2007. Main Exposure Age. Main Outcome Measures Minutes of sleep for daytime and total sleep. Results The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of the distribution of children's minutes of sleep conditional on age were estimated using a double-kernel estimator that incorporates sample weights. Total average sleep was estimated at more than 13 hours a day for infants, decreasing steadily throughout childhood and early adolescence, reaching about 9 hours a day for 14- to 18-year-olds. The estimated conditional percentiles were higher on weekends than on weekdays for older children. The conditional percentiles for the weekend sleep minutes were flatter with respect to age than the weekday sleep minutes. The interquartile ranges were greater for children younger than 6 years and for teenagers. The medians stratified by race/ethnicity and sex were similar for most ages. For different survey years, the estimated medians were within a few minutes of each other. Conclusions These estimates are consistent with the amount of sleep recommended for children, and no evidence was found of racial/ethnic differences.
An Improved Method for Calibrating Purchase Intentions in Stated Preference Demand Models

The Orbit demand model allows the magnitude of the calibration to stated purchase intentions to vary based on the magnitude of the stated quantities. Using an empirical example of stated trips, we find that the extent of calibration varies substantially with less correction needed at small stated trips (-25%) but larger corrections at higher quantities of stated visits (-48%). We extend the Orbit model to calculate consumer surplus per stated trip of $26. Combining the calibrations in stated trips and value per trip, the Orbit model provides estimates of annual benefits from 60% to 111% less than the count data model.
On principal angles between subspaces in Rn

Abstract Let L, M be subspaces in R n , dim L = l ⩽dim M = m . Then the principal angles between L and M , 0⩽θ 1 ⩽θ 2 ⩽⋯⩽θ l ⩽π/2, are given by cos θ i = 〈 x i y i 〉 ∥ x i ∥∥ y i ∥ = max 〈 x,y 〉 ∥ x ∥∥ y ∥ : x ∈L, y ∈ M x ,⊥ x k , y ⊥ y k k=1, …,−1 where ( x i , y i ) ∈ L × M , i = 1,…, l , are the corresponding pairs of principal vectors . We also define sin { L, M }≔П l i =1 sinϴ i , cos{ L, M }≔П l i =1 cosϴ i . We study relations between the principal angles and the volume of a matrix A ∈ R m×n defined by vol A ≔√∑det 2 A IJ , summing over all r × r submatrices A IJ of A . Sample results are the following generalizations of the Hadamard and Cauchy-Schwarz inequalities: 1. Let A =( A 1 , A 2 ), A 1 ∈ R n × n 1 l , A 2 ∈ R n × n 2 m , rank A = l + m ; then vol A = vol A 1 vol A 2 sin{ R ( A 1 ), R ( A 2 )}. 2. Let B , C ∈ R n × r r ; then |det(B T C)|=volBvolCcos{R(B), R(C} .
Pharmacokinetic parameters analyzed from mr contrast enhancement kinetics of multiple malignant and benign breast lesions detected in the same patients.

Ninety-nine patients with confirmed breast cancer were reviewed to identify patients who had two confirmed malignant lesions of identical pathology (Group-1, N=17), and patients who had one malignant lesion and the second benign lesion (Group-2, N=8). Contrast enhancement kinetics from every lesion was measured and analyzed using three different models to obtain fitting parameters related to up-slope, enhancement amplitude, and wash-out, including Model-1: modified Tofts model (vp, Ktrans, kep), Model-2: standard Tofts model (Ktrans, kep), and Model-3: a 3-parameter heuristic model (Tc, A, C). By analyzing lesions from same patients, the differences in whole body hemodynamics thus the blood kinetics could be controlled. Two questions were addressed in this study: i) What is the association between pharmacokinetic parameters analyzed from multiple cancers of identical pathology in same patients?; and ii) What is the difference between secondary malignant lesions and secondary benign lesions with reference ...
Language-and-Law Scholarship: An Interdisciplinary Conversation and a Post-9/11 Example

Language-and-law research is now an established field for study, with decades of development behind it. And yet the field remains fragmented, with disparate streams of scholarship that, ironically, tend to speak in different languages: linguistic anthropology, discourse studies, semiotics, literary theory and rhetoric, translation studies, sociolinguistics, legal philosophy, and more. On one hand, this broad variety speaks to the robust character of language-and-law studies as a focus for relatively diverse scholarly endeavors. And for a number of reasons, it seems likely that the separate schools of thought in this area will generally continue to pursue their often distinct paths. On the other hand, as this article argues, a careful reading of work in the area reveals the potential for a productive conversation among some very different perspectives. Such a conversation offers the promise of creating exciting bridges among law, the social sciences, and the humanities. It also draws together interest in a...
The Meaning of Older Adults' Health Appraisals: Congruence with Health Status and Determinant of Mortality

This study explored open-ended responses regarding attributions underlying health appraisals made by older adults, resulting in five categories (physical health, attitudinal'behavioral, externally focused, health transcendence, nonreflective). The older the respondents, the less likely they were to focus on physical aspects of their health. Health optimists were the most likely to make attitudinal/behavioral or health transcendent attributions, while poor-health realists were most likely to mention physical health aspects and least likely to make attitudinal or behavioral attributions. While poor-health realists were at the highest risk of dying within a three-year period, health optimists were significantly less likely to die than poor-health realists, in spite of sharing similar health status. Respondents who were unable to identify underlying attributions were significantly more likely to die than were those identifying any other attribution. In conclusion, health attributions provide unique insight into the complex relationship between older adults' health appraisals, health status, and mortality.
Effects of Applied DC Electric Field on Ligament Fibroblast Migration and Wound Healing

Applied electric fields (static and pulsing) are widely used in orthopedic practices to treat nonunions and spine fusions and have been shown to improve ligament healing in vivo. Few studies, however, have addressed the effect of electric fields (EFs) on ligament fibroblast migration and biosynthesis. In the current study, we applied static and pulsing direct current (DC) EFs to calf anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fibroblasts. ACL fibroblasts demonstrated enhanced migration speed and perpendicular alignment to the applied EFs. The motility of ligament fibroblasts was further modulated on type I collagen. In addition, type I collagen expression increased in ACL fibroblasts after exposure to pulsing EFs. In vitro wound-healing studies showed inhibitory effects of static EFs, which were alleviated with a pulsing EF. Our results demonstrate that applied EFs augment ACL fibroblast migration and biosynthesis and provide potential mechanisms by which EFs may be used for enhancing ligament healing and repair.
X chromosome dosage compensation in Drosophila

Abstract Dosage compensation in Drosophila is achieved by increasing the transcription of genes on the male X chromosome. Recent advances in the study of dosage compensation indicate that the chromatin composition of the male X chromosome is distinct from that of female X chromosomes or of the autosomes in either sex. At least two dosage compensation regulatory proteins (MLE and MSL-1) and a specific acetylated isoform of histone H4 (H4 Ac16) associate predominantly with hundreds of sites along the length of the X chromosome in male and not in female nuclei. In this review, we discuss these findings in the context of the relationship between gene expression and local chromatin structure.
A Continuous-Flow Streamwise Thermal-Gradient CCN Chamber for Atmospheric Measurements

We have addressed the need for improved measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) by developing a continuous-flow instrument that provides in situ measurements of CCN. The design presented in this article can operate between 0.1 and 3% supersaturation, at sampling rates sufficient for airborne operation. The design constitutes a cylindrical continuous-flow thermal-gradient diffusion chamber employing a novel technique of generating a supersaturation: by establishing a constant streamwise temperature gradient so that the difference in water vapor and thermal diffusivity yield a quasi-uniformcenterline supersaturation. Our design maximizes the growth rate of activated droplets, thereby enhancing the performance of the instrument. The temperature gradient and the flow through the column control the supersaturation and may be modified to retrieve CCN spectra. The principle of the CCN instrument was validated in controlled laboratory experiments at different operating conditions using a monodisperse aerosols with known composition and size. These experiments yield sharp activation curves, even for those kinetically limited particles that have not exceeded their critical diameter. The performance of the CCN instrument was also assessed using polydisperse laboratory-generated aerosol of known composition and size distributions similar to ambient particulate matter. In all tests, the measured CCN concentrations compared well with predicted values and highlight the instrument’s ability to measure CCN at various size distributions. The full potential of the new design has yet to be explored; however, model simulations suggest that direct measurements in the climatically important range of supersaturations of less than
Model predictions of arc cathode erosion rate dependence on plasma gas and on cathode material

We have previously reported results of a theoretical study which predict that high current arc cathode erosion is predominantly dependent on the work function and the vapor pressure of the cathode material, and that the thermal design plays a secondary role. These results have been obtained with a newly developed self-consistent model of the cathode region including a realistic one-dimensional sheath model. The results have been obtained for an argon arc and a tungsten cathode. The model has now been extended and results have been obtained for different arc gases and different electrode materials. The arc gas has a strong effect because it affects not only the temperature at the boundary between the arc and the cathode region, but also the electron density in the cathode region and at the cathode. The results of the calculations show that the cathode material plays a dominant role in terms of the cathode spot temperature and the associated mass loss rate by evaporation of cathode material. Since the addition of thorium oxide to tungsten reduces the work function of the cathode material, the cathode spot temperature as well as the mass loss rate by evaporation are reduced. For the same cathode material, hydrogen leads to the highest cathode spot temperature and mass loss rate, followed by nitrogen and argon. The current density at the cathode spot, the cathode spot size, and the percentages of the energy fluxes removed from the cathode spot are mainly determined by the plasma gas rather than by the cathode material.
Experimental Device to Electromechanically Characterize 3-Strand $\hbox{Nb}_{3}\hbox{Sn}$ Samples Under Transverse Load

Triplet cables are the basic cable element of CICC cables, and understanding their electromechanical behaviors under transverse loads is of critical importance to evaluate the electromagnetic behaviors of large cables. This paper describes a new compact experimental device to characterize electromechanically single strand and triplet cable samples as well as HTS tapes under transverse loads. The device has been built and tested with significant reduction of the cost of the experiment compared to a previously used hairpin sample device. Critical current measurements as a function of transverse mechanical load at 12 T were successfully performed on triplets using ITER Nb3Sn wire. The transversely loaded section of the samples is 110 mm in length, longer than the typical twist pitch lengths of first-stage triplets of CICC. The load is applied by using a gear system driven by a 1/2 HP motor. A wedge, vertically displaced by the motor, moves other pressing components transversely. Those parts ultimately apply transverse compression on the cable. A load cell and an extensometer are used to measure the absolute vertical load and displacement, respectively. Limitations and challenges of this compact transverse load device design are discussed together with some experimental results.
The Infrastructure of Nature’s Island: Settlements, Networks and Economy of Two Plantations in Colonial Dominica

Scholars have tended to think about the plantation as a functional institution comprised of property geared towards agricultural production. This article looks at unique modes of settlement in Dominica and suggests that we might think about more subtle definitions of plantations that encompass the social and economic networks of their residents. I begin by describing how British observers envisioned Dominica as a colonial enterprise, poised to augment the sugar holdings of other overseas territories in their Caribbean empire. This had the effect of creating an archaeological horizon on the physical landscape of the island. I compare the settlement histories of two estates with a focus on the accretion of buildings associated with plantation agriculture. Finally I turn to the lives lived on those estates and how the material registers of everyday life speak to the durability of existing social networks and ways of doing things.
The archaeology of a “Destroyed” Site: Surface survey and historical documents at the civilian conservation corps camp, bandelier national monument, New Mexico

Archaeological records and historical documents provide complementary data for the understanding of temporary laborers’ quarters related to large-scale construction projects. In this work, documents are used to evaluate data from an archaeological surface survey of a large 1930s era work camp of the Civilian Conservation Corps in northern New Mexico. The camp, occupied for seven years, was bulldozed immediately after its occupants left. Despite this drastic step, surface remains are still visible, and the site was recorded in 1990 and 1991 as part of a long-term survey project at Bandelier National Monument. Artifacts, rubble, and altered vegetation patterns constitute the known archaeological remains of the site and form the basis for the identification of activity areas. Historic maps and photographs complement artifact analysis and vegetation studies to illustrate the camp’s configurations.
Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance of Zinc Interstitials and Frenkel Pairs in ZnSe

Optical detection of magnetic resonance (ODMR) is reported for ZnSe irradiated by 2.5 MeV electrons in situ at 4.2K. Interstitial zinc atoms are detected in both isolated form and paired with zinc vacancies (Frenkel pairs) of many resolved discrete separations. The isolated interstitial produces a deep second donor state (+/++) at -Ec - 0.8 eV and its activation energy for migration is estimated to be -0.6-0.7 eV. The Frenkel pairs give rise to efficient localized donor-acceptor recombination luminescence and the exchange interactions between the electron and hole on the two partners are measured directly by ODMR.
Turgor maintenance in leaves and roots of 'Colt' cherry trees (Prunus avium X pseudocerasus) in response to water stress.

SummaryPressure-volume methodology was used to evaluate the components of plant water potential in expanding leaves, mature leaves and roots of well watered and water stressed plants of Prunus avium x pseudocerasus ‘Colt’. Under well watered conditions, expanding leaves, mature leaves and roots lost turgor at water potentials of -1.37, -1.84, and -1.12 MPa, respectively. Comparable tissue from water stressed plants maintained turgor to^water potentials of —2.08, —2.09, and —1.85 MPa. This improved capacity for maintaining turgor resulted primarily from changes in tissue osmotic potential and was not due to changes in tissue elasticity. Regardless of the imposed water regime, roots lost less turgor for a given change in tissue water potential than did leaves. As compared with leaves, the more elastic root tissue compensated for higher tissue osmotic potentials at full turgor by allowing for a greater reduction in relative water content and concentration of tissue solutes as water potentials decreased, ther...
Measuring Personal Values: An Evaluation of Alternative Methods:

Three methods of gathering and evaluating value profiles for use in market segmentation are compared. Different reliability estimates are found to produce different conclusions as to the relative t...
Early Man in Arizona: The Pollen Evidence *

Under the classic Bryan-Antevs model the climatic history of the Southwest has been divided into (1) pluvial, (2) early postpluvial or Anathermal, (3) mid-postpluvial or Altithermal, (4) late postpluvial or Medithermal. Pollen analysis of radiocarbon-dated pluvial deposits shows that the desert grassland of southern Arizona and the short grassland of the Texas High Plains were invaded by a pine forest or pine savanna during the last pluvial period. Sulphur Spring-age alluvial deposits at Double Adobe, dated as pluvial in age by Sayles and Antevs, do not contain the pine-pollen record associated with pluvial conditions elsewhere; six radiocarbon dates from deep alluvial deposits at Double Adobe range from 7756 to 9350 years B.P. On the basis of pollen content and radiocarbon-age estimates, the beds are of early postpluvial rather than pluvial age, and thus the Sulphur Spring-stage artifacts found there are also early postpluvial in age. Under the Bryan-Antevs model the Altithermal, 7500-4000 B.P., is considered an especially hot, dry period. Sediments associated with three radiocarbon dates within this interval contain slightly more pollen of mesic and hygric indicators than do sediments postdating the Altithermal. Interpreting the results literally, the Altithermal was wetter, not hotter and drier, than at present. The limitations of pollen analysis are not fully understood. But the traditional view of a hot, dry Altithermal in southern Arizona cannot be verified from fossil pollen evidence available to date.
THE LOCATION OF A MUTATOR FACTOR IN A STRAIN OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER BY ASSAYING MALE RECOMBINATION

ABSTRACT In a set of "mutation accumulation lines," of Drosophila melanogaster that had originated from two different wild-caught lethal-carrying second chromosomes (Yamaguchi and Mukai 1974; Mukai and Cockerham 1977; Voelkers, Schaffer and Mukai 1980) a correlation exists between high rates of reverse mutation at two visible loci and the ability to induce male recombination (Scobie and Schaffer 1982). The second and third chromosomes were extracted from the lines demonstrating these phenomena and tested for independent ability to induce male recombination. When the wild chromosome being tested was of male origin, extracted second chromosome lines were found to induce moderate to high levels of male recombination and reduced transmission frequency of the wild chromosome (the k value). The recombinants recovered in these crosses also demonstrated a high level of double-crossover recombination without the recovery of the reciprocal double-recombinant types. In addition, identifiable portions of extracted second chromosomes of male origin have been placed on very similar, marked genetic backgrounds and tested for their ability to induce male recombination. Results of this procedure have identified two regions of the second chromosome that induce male recombination and reduce k values. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that there exist two mutator factors on the second chromosome, each associated with a "mutation accumulation line" with an unstable locus.