cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of quenched hopping conduction in GaAs layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy at 200 °C

The dark current at 82 K, in GaAs layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy at 200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and annealed at 550 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, is reduced by a factor 350 after 5 min of IR (h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1.12 eV) light illumination. As temperature is swept upward at 0.2 K/s, the current recovers rapidly near 130 K. A numerical analysis of the current recovery, based on hopping conduction, gives an excellent fit to the data for a thermal recovery rate r=3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ exp(-0.26/kT), very close to the rate observed for EL2 (${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$). This proves that the conduction below 300 K in this material is due to hopping between ${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$-related centers in their ground states. Variable-range hopping [exp-(${\mathit{T}}_{0}$/T${)}^{1/4}$] gives a slightly better fit to the data than nearest-neighbor hopping [exp(-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{3}$/kT)] in the range T=82--160 K, but the fitted recovery rate is not strongly affected no matter which mechanism is assumed.
Use of a drinking straw in teaching external jugular caval catheterization

A technique is described for training physicians in external jugular caval catheterization using a drinking straw as the training aid.
Permanent impairment of birth and survival of cortical and hippocampal proliferating cells following excessive drinking during alcohol dependence

Experimenter-delivered alcohol decreases adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. The present study used clinically relevant rodent models of nondependent limited access alcohol self-administration and excessive drinking during alcohol dependence (alcohol self-administration followed by intermittent exposure to alcohol vapors over several weeks) to compare alcohol-induced effects on cortical gliogenesis and hippocampal neurogenesis. Alcohol dependence, but not nondependent drinking, reduced proliferation and survival in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Apoptosis was reduced in both alcohol groups within the mPFC, which may reflect an initiation of a reparative environment following alcohol exposure as decreased proliferation was abolished after prolonged dependence. Reduced proliferation, differentiation, and neurogenesis were observed in the hippocampus of both alcohol groups, and prolonged dependence worsened the effects. Increased hippocampal apoptosis and neuronal degeneration following alcohol exposure suggest a loss in neuronal turnover and indicate that the hippocampal neurogenic niche is highly vulnerable to alcohol.
Fever as a sign of urinary tract infection

Abstract Prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in febrile infants presenting to an emergency department is approximately 3% to 5%, higher than the post-Haemophilus influenza type b era prevalence of occult bacteremia. The majority of young children with febrile UTI arc at risk for kidney damage, especially if diagnosis or treatment is delayed. Fever, however, may be the only sign of UTI in febrile infants, Risk factors include a history of urinary tract anomalies or previous UTI, uncircumcised boys, white patients, age younger than 12 months, the absence of an alter native source for the fever, and height of fever greater than or equal to 39°C. Urine should be obtained for culture because none of the screening tests can rule out UTI definitively. The decision to treat empiric ally should be based tan strong evidence of both pyuria and bacteriuria, Hospital admission is advisable in the child who is dehydrated or toxic-appearing and considered strongly in infants younger than 6 to 12 months of age.
PREDICTIVE MEDICINE. II. EXPERIMENTAL MODELS

: Attempts to predict disease susceptibility have led to the development of proneness profiles. The diagnostic factors include age, sex, weight, blood pressure, blood biochemical values, and dietary habits. Persons with one chronic disorder sooner or later have other chronic ailments. Thus there must be common denominators in seemingly different patterns of proneness. This is illustrated by the well established coronary proneness profile and by the less well developed cancer profile. What is urgently needed is a proneness profile designed to anticipate the syndrome of sickness. There is a very ancient belief that health is a simple state to be obtained by observing a few simple positive and negative rules … But it follows from the complexity of the body that health cannot be a simple state … Because there are literally thousands of ways of being ill, to be well one has to be well in thousands of ways at once. Sir Russell Brain
On Structure and Elastic Fields of Random Fiber Networks

Random filamentous networks and their response to the applied load can be considered as a model to study the mechanical properties of biological systems such as cytoskeleton of a cell and connective tissues. A mathematical model for the actual and complex deformation of these networks under stress is developed using a micromechanics approach. We recently studied the effect of various micro-structural parameters such as fiber length, mean segment length and fiber flexibility on the network deformation field at various length scales. The network elasticity is mapped into a two dimensional heterogeneous continuum domain in order to show that the elastic fields of dense fiber networks show long range correlations over a range of scales for which we gave the upper and lower bounds. It is concluded that the deformation of random networks is similar to that of highly heterogeneous continuum domains with stochastic distribution of moduli. We employed the stochastic finite element method to solve boundary value problems defined on the random fiber network domain. Here, we present a brief review of this methodology and report new results on scaling properties of the structure of fiber networks using box-counting method.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Screening and early diagnosis

Although colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US, the majority of diagnoses are made at an advanced stage, and screening detects 70% at an early stage, controversy has existed because of a lack of experimental controlled trial evidence showing a decrease in mortality. Indirect and now direct evidence supports the current screening guidelines of the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute as reasonable and should be continued
Who benefits from bilateral information exchange in a retail channel

Abstract Retailers and their suppliers often exchange demand information, which is believed to benefit both firms and consumers. We show how such information exchange can benefit only the upstream supplier at the expense of the downstream retailer and consumers.
Growing up in a Violent Society: Longitudinal Predictors of Violence in Colombian Adolescents

Although violence and homicide are more prevalent in Colombia, South America than the US, the role of psychosocial factors in the violent behavior of Colombian adolescents remains unclear. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the interrelation of domains of personality, familial, peer, and ecological variables associated with violence in a community sample of adolescents from various self-reported ethnic groups in Colombia. The sample consisted of 1,151 male adolescents selected from three Colombian cities. The participants were surveyed using structured interviews at two points in time over a 2-year interval. Data were collected concerning adolescent personal attributes, family characteristics, peer, and ecological factors, including drug availability and the prevalence of violence in the community. The dependent variable was the self-reported frequency of the adolescent’s violent behavior. The results supported a model in which violent behavior was correlated independently over time with a number of risk factors from several domains. Evidence for the hypothesized mediated effects of the familial monitoring and bonding domain, the peer domain, the ecological domain, and prior victimization related to personal attributes and contemporaneous violence and the adolescent’s violent behavior 2 years later was also found. The findings suggest the use of specific intervention procedures with adolescents to prevent their subsequent violent behavior.
Covalent Immobilization of Transglucosidase onto Polymer Beads for Production of Isomaltooligosaccharides

Transglucosidase from Aspergillus niger was immobilized onto Amberzyme oxirane beads and was used for the production of Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) including panose from maltose. The optimum immobilization parameters and, the stability and activity of the immobilized enzyme were determined. Immobilization resulted in 83–85 % immobilization efficiency. The optimum immobilization conditions were 400 mg of Amberzyme oxirane beads with 20 U of transglucosidase at pH 7.5 for 48 h at 25 °C with agitation at 150 rpm. Both immobilized and free enzyme had maximum activity at pH 4 and 60 °C. The results obtained in this study could be used for production of IMOs from maltose with the repeated use of the immobilized enzyme.
Pediatric emergency department utilization habits: A consumer survey

The objective of this study was to identify pediatric emergency department (PED) utilization patterns to develop areas for future educational interventions. To this end a verbally administered questionnaire by a single interviewer was given over 17 days between February 8, 1993, through April 7, 1993, at a PED of an urban university hospital. Participating were 300 families (convenience sample) who were interviewed at varying times of the day and night. They represented about 20% of PED visits during the survey days. Each parent was surveyed about his/her child's health. Parents were also asked to indicate on a linear scale how sick they believed their child was. The mean patient age was 3.8 +/- 4.3 years; 81% were African-American, 15% were Caucasian, and 2% were Hispanic; 65% had medical assistance (MED), 21% had commercial insurance (COM), and 4% had both. Ten percent either had no insurance or their insurance status was unknown. Thirty-four percent of patients utilized a community clinic for primary health care, 32% identified a private physician, and 28% used the hospital's pediatric clinic. The most commonly stated reasons for coming to the PED differed between the MED and COM groups; 14% of the MED group was referred compared to 59% of the COM group (P = 0.002, chi 2), 24% of the MED group came because their primary care provider's office was closed compared to 3% of the COM group (P < 0.01, chi 2). Seventy-one percent of COM group called their primary care provider before coming to the PED compared to 27% of MED group (P < 0.001, chi 2). Analysis of parental rating of their child's illness severity on a linear (10-point) scale showed a mean of 5.7 +/- 2.5. The COM group had lower triage scores (indicating greater severity of illness) than the MED group: 50% COM patients were scored < or = 2.5 compared to 30% of MED patients (P < 0.01, chi 2). We found a significant difference in the PED utilization habits of patients on medical assistance compared to those with commercial insurance, and we plan to develop educational materials to meet the needs of our patients, many of whom utilize the PED for nonurgent illnesses.
Atomic and molecular adsorption on Ir(111)

The chemisorption of atomic (H, O, N, S, C), molecular (N2, CO, NO, NH3), and radical (CH3, OH, NOH) species on Ir(111) has been systematically studied. Self-consistent, periodic, density functional theory (DFT-GGA) calculations, using PW91 and RPBE functionals, have been used to determine preferred binding sites, chemisorbed structures, binding energies, vibrational frequencies, and the effect of surface relaxation for the above species at 0.25 ML surface coverage. The following order in binding energies from least to most strongly bound was determined: N2 < NH3 < NO < CH3 < CO < OH < H < NOH < O < N < S < C. A preference for 3-fold sites for the atomic adsorbates was observed, with the exception of atomic H, which prefers top sites. Molecular species showed a preference for top sites with the exception of NOH; this species preferred fcc sites. Surface relaxation had only a small effect on energetics in most cases. Calculated vibrational frequencies, in general, were in good agreement with experimental ...
Hounsfield unit density in the determination of urinary stone composition.

Abstract Objectives. Noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) has emerged as the diagnostic study of choice in the evaluation of acute flank pain. Recent in vitro studies have suggested that NCCT can be used to predict the composition of urinary stones on the basis of differences in radiodensity (measured in Hounsfield units, HUs). We sought to determine whether the analysis of in vivo urinary stones seen on NCCT could predict their composition. Methods. Between March 1997 and August 1999, 100 pure stones from patients seen at the Wilford Hall Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas were submitted for analysis. All had been visualized by NCCT before stone passage or retrieval. A General Electric High-Speed Advantage CT scanner evaluated most of these patients by a “flank pain protocol” (ie, helical technique with breath-holding at 120 kV, 200 mA with 5 mm collimation). Each scan was interpreted by one of two staff radiologists who measured the HUs for each stone. A statistical comparison was made between the stone composition and radiodensity. To allow for subsequently observed increases in radiodensity with increasing stone size regardless of composition, the HU value was divided by each stone’s largest transverse diameter in millimeters to give the HU density. A statistical comparison was then made between stone composition and HU density. Results. No significant difference was noted between the HU values of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones, and thus they were analyzed collectively as “calcium stones.” When the HU values of calcium (n = 87), uric acid (n = 7), struvite (n = 4), and cystine (n = 2) stones were compared, the overlap of ranges precluded accurate identification, and the mean HU values were not significantly different from one another. There was less overlap noted when comparing the HU densities of the stones studied, and no noncalcium stone had an HU density greater than 76 HU/mm. Using one-way analysis of variance, significant differences were noted between the mean HU density of calcium (105 ± 43) and uric acid (50 ± 24) stones ( P = 0.006). A trend toward significance was found between the mean HU density of the calcium and struvite stones (53 ± 28, P = 0.073). No significant differences were found among the other stones. Conclusions. HU density compared with the HU value alone better characterized differences in radiodensities among urinary stones; calcium stones can be distinguished from uric acid stones on the basis of this value. However, neither the HU density nor the mean HU value was able to identify urinary stones in vivo.
Selectivity of the host Ni(4-mepy)4(NCS)2 towards aromatic guests

The host Ni(4-mepy)4(NCS)2, I, forms isomorphous 1:1 inclusion compounds with many monocyclic aromatic guests. In continuing attempts to determine the basis for the selectivity shown by I towards pairs of such guests, distribution data between solid and liquid phases were reported for seven ternary systems at room temperature. These consist of I, p-xylene, and each of the following in turn: p-bromotoluene, p-chlorotoluene, p-fluorotoluene, p-dichlorobenzene, 4-methylpyridine and benzene, as well as the system I—p-chlorotoluene—p-dichlorobenzene. The results, as well as those already published, were reviewed.
CHRONIC KETOSIS AND CEREBRAL METABOLISM

We propose that cerebral ketone body utilization underlies the anticonvulsant mechanism of a ketogenic diet. Blood and forebrain analyses (freeze-blowing technique) performed on adult rats fed an 80% fat diet for 20 days (FF group) were compared to a control group. Blood [glucose] was ↓ and blood [BOMB] and [acetoacetate] were + (p < .005) in the FF group. Brain concentrations of Na, K, Cl, glucose, malate, AMP, phosphocreatine, oxaloacetate and water content were similar in the two groups. Brain glycogen, glucose 6-P, pyruvate, lactate, BOHB, citrate, α-ketoglutarate, and ATP concentrations were ↓ (p < .005) and brain fructose 1, 6-P2, ADP, cyclic AMP, and cyclic GMP concentrations were ↓ (p < .05) in the FF group. We conclude from these observations that chronic ketosis effects cerebral metabolism: (1) like certain anticonvulsant drugs by slowing brain phosphofructokinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; (2) by ↑ the brain/blood glucose ratio by 21% and the cerebral energy reserves by 12%; (3) unlike certain anticonvulsant and sedative drugs, by maintaining the concentrations of citric acid cycle intermediates reflecting the precursor role of ketone bodies for acetyl-CoA synthesis; and (4) by decreasing cyclic nucleotide concentrations 12-21% presumably reflecting a depression in neuronal activity. It is suggested that each of these metabolic effects contributes to the anticonvulsant action of the ketogenic diet. (Supported by USPHS Grants #NS 09808 and #NS 13104.
A Brief Review of Models Representing Creep of Alloy 617

Alloy 617 is being considered for the construction of components to operate in the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP). Service temperatures will range from 650 to 1000°C. To meet the needs of the conceptual designers of this plant, a materials handbook is being developed that will provide information on alloy 617, as well as other materials of interest. The database for alloy 617 to be incorporated into the handbook was produced in the 1970s and 1980s, while creep and damage models were developed from the database for use in the design of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors. In the work reported here, the US database and creep models are briefly reviewed. The work reported represents progress toward a useful model of the behavior of this material in the temperature range of 650 to 1000°C.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The effect of temperature on the transition from crazing to shear deformation in crosslinked polystyrene

Thin films (≈0.7μm thick) of polystyrene (PS) are bonded to copper grids and crosslinked by exposure to electron irradiation. By controlling the exposure time it is possible to produce samples of PS having a range of network strand densities ν (entangled and crosslinked). After physical ageing at 75° C for 10 to 12 h the PS films are then strained in tension at various temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy is used to characterize the ensuing deformation as well as measure the local extension ratio λ in either a craze or a deformation zone. A transition from crazing to shear deformation is observed to occur with increasing values of ν. At a slow strain rate of 4.1×10−6 sec−1 and a temperature of 23° C this transition in the aged PS occurs at ν≈(10 to 14)×1025 strands m−3, whereas at the same strain rate and 90° C the transition occurs at ν≈(5.8 to 8)×1025 strands m−3. The transition from crazing to shear deformation with increasing v may be rationalized by considering the extra energy required to break more main-chain polymer bonds to form the craze fibril surfaces in the high-ν networks. As the temperature is increased the yield stress σy (which is assumed to be independent of ν) decreases almost linearly to zero as T g is approached. On the other hand the crazing stress may be approximated by S c ∞[σ y(T)ν 1/2]1/2. Thus at higher temperatures the transition from crazing to shear deformation is expected to occur at lower values of ν as observed.
Peripapillary vitreoretinal traction.

Abstract Background Vitreoretinal traction syndrome may occur in patients with incomplete posterior vitreous detachment. Although vitreoretinal traction of the macula is well-documented in the literature, the manifestations of peripapillary vitreoretinal traction are rarely discussed. Case report A 62-year-old black woman presented for a comprehensive examination. She reported having uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension. Best-corrected visual acuities were 20/30 in the right eye (OD) and 20/25 in the left eye (OS). Dilated examination found a flame-shaped hemorrhage OD. The optic nerve margins OS were blurred, with the margins appearing elevated with peripapillary intraretinal hemorrhages. Cirrus spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) found the presence of peripapillary vitreoretinal traction with concurrent vitreomacular traction OS. Conclusion Although the effects of vitreoretinal traction are most commonly associated with the macula or peripheral retina, residual attachment can occur at the optic nerve head. Peripapillary vitreoretinal traction can cause optic nerve head elevation with the appearance of edema that must be distinguished from sight- or health-threatening etiologies. OCT is a valuable diagnostic tool in confirming peripapillary vitreoretinal traction.
The effect of stress on hydride precipitation

Abstract : A major difficulty in comprehending the mechanism of stress induced hydride fracture has been brought to the attention of one of the authors (HKB) by the other two. This difficulty has arisen because a clear distinction was not made between uniformly and non-uniformly stressed situations in the metal-hydrogen systems previously discussed. Since this distinction is a crucial one in understanding the proposed fracture mechanism, an attempt will be made here to resolve this difficulty. In addition, the discussion will encompass some general aspects of the effects of stress on hydride precipitation.
Craniopharyngioma: endocrine sequelae of treatment

Following complete surgical resection of a craniopharyngioma, combined anterior and posterior pituitary dysfunction is present in the majority of patients. Moreover, up to three-quarters of the patien
WE-E-BRB-05: The Effects of Low Dose Regions On 3D IMRT QA Delivery Using a MatriXX 2D Array and MULTICUBE

Purpose: IMRTquality assurance performed at treatment gantry angles using 2D arrays allows for the evaluation of rotational aspects of beam delivery. We investigate aspects of angular‐based IMRT QA that contribute to lower‐than‐average passing rates when compared to treatment planning calculations. Method and Materials: Planar dose profiles calculated on a CT of the IBA MatriXX 2D array device with the MULTICUBE phantom at iso‐center were exported from the Philips Pinnacle TPS. Beam angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270° were delivered using a Varian Clinac 2300iX. IBA OmniPro‐I'mRTsoftware was used for analysis. Individual beams of 4×4 and 10×10 cm2 were compared to calculated profiles using gamma index criteria of 3 % and 3 mm. Additionally, composite profiles of 0 and 90° beams were assessed for each field size. Finally, IMRT‐delivered clinical beams were assessed. Results: The gamma index pass rates of individual 4×4 and 10×10 cm2 beams at 0° were greater than 98%. However, 90° beams were found to achieve below 90% pass rates, with the 4×4 being below 85%. The measured and calculated results compared worse in the exit dose region. Composite profiles of 0 and 90° beams agreed with calculated to within 98 % for both field sizes. Clinical IMRT beams showed good agreement in high‐dose regions, but passing rates in exit‐dose regions demonstrated reduced passing rates. Conclusion: An angular dependency is evident in the measurement of radiation fields when using the MatriXX device. Gamma index pass rates can show significant improvement through composite dose comparison. However, individual beam information can be lost, particularly the low‐dose beam exit contribution, when applying composite evaluation. This becomes important when considering the dose to organs‐at‐risk which lay in these low dose regions.
Optimal detection of heterogeneous and heteroscedastic mixtures

The problem of detecting heterogeneous and heteroscedastic Gaussian mixtures is considered. The focus is on how the parameters of heterogeneity, heteroscedasticity, and proportion of non-null component influence the difficulty of the problem. We establish an explicit detection boundary which separates the detectable region where the likelihood ratio test is shown to reliably detect the presence of non-null effect, from the undetectable region where no method can do so. In particular, the results show that the detection boundary changes dramatically when the proportion of nonnull component shifts from the sparse regime to the dense regime. Furthermore, it is shown that the Higher Criticism test, which does not require the specific information of model parameters, is optimally adaptive to the unknown degrees of heterogeneity and heteroscedasticity in both the sparse and dense cases.
The Diagnostic Criteria of Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease according to Definitions in Men

Methods: The participants were 426 men above forty years old who had visited to have health screening in a general hospital in Daegu from March to December in 2007. The diagnostic criteria of MS and Kappa statistic were calculated according to the following five diagnostic definitions; modified World Health Organization (WHO), National Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III), International Diabetes Federation (IDF), American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) and NCEP-ATP III modified waist circumference ≥ 90 cm (modified NCEP-ATP III). The sensitivity and specificity of each definition of MS were calculated with respect to high risk group by Framingham risk score (FRS). Results: The diagnostic criteria of MS were 6.6% by IDF, 7.7% by WHO, 10.6% by NCEP-ATP III, 18.1% by modified NCEPATP III and 22.3% by AHA/NHLBI. The kappa satistic ranged from 0.30 to 0.87. The sensitivity of each definition with respect to FRS was 8.3% in IDF, 13.4% in WHO, 15.3% in NCEP-ATP III, 27.4% in modified NCEP-ATP III and 32.5% in AHA/NHLBI. Conclusion: There was great difference in the diagnostic criteria of MS according to diagnostic definitions. The author suggests that AHA/NHLBI or modified NCEP-ATP III definition may be better for screening high risk group of coronary heart disease than others.
Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study randomized trial of I-125 brachytherapy

Background Although findings from observational studies published in the 1970s and early 1980s suggested that length of remaining life after a diagnosis of uveal melanoma was similar following enucleation (removal of the eye) and local eye-conserving radiotherapy, the majority of ophthalmologists in the United States were not convinced that “saving the eye” would not compromise survival.Purpose The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) was designed to compare enucleation and radiotherapy among similar patients with respect to survival outcomes.Methods A multicenter randomized trial of primary treatment with iodine-125 brachytherapy versus enucleation (i.e., a comparative effectiveness trial) was conducted to provide the evidence required to answer the concerns of ophthalmologists and their patients. Eligibility criteria adopted for the trial were intended to apply to the majority of patients diagnosed with choroidal melanoma who would be suitable candidates for either form of primary treatment.Result...
Organizational Decision Support Systems: Parameters and Benefits

This chapter identifies parameters that can affect the benefits realized from organizational decision support systems. Some of these factors operate at a micro level. These design parameters stem from characteristics exhibited by the organizational decision support system (ODSS). Other parameters affecting ODSS benefits operate at more of a macro level. These contextual parameters are concerned with the relationships between an ODSS and the organization in which it is deployed. Developers, administrators, and researchers of ODSSs need to be cognizant of both design and contextual parameters. The treatments of these parameters for a particular ODSS will affect the value realized from it on both operational and strategic levels. Ultimately, these benefits resolve into an organization’s competitiveness in riding environmental waves while weathering environmental storms.
AN INVESTIGATION OF FALSE MEMORIES IN ANXIOUS AND FEARFUL INDIVIDUALS

The present study applied the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory paradigm to examine whether anxious and fearful individuals exhibit higher recall and recognition rates of never presented threat words than nonanxious individuals. In Study 1, 39 spider fearful individuals, 28 blood fearful individuals, and 41 nonfearful individuals learned four word lists associated with unpresented target words: “spider”, “blood”, “river”, and “music”. Regardless of whether participants completed only a recognition task or a recall task and then a recognition task, there were no differences as a function of group in the degree to which they falsely remembered unpresented target threat words. In Study 2, 48 socially anxious and 51 nonanxious individuals learned four lists associated with social/evaluative threat unpresented target words and four lists associated with neutral unpresented target words. Similar to the findings from Study 1, groups did not differ in the degree to which they falsely remembered target words. These findings add to an increasingly large literature suggesting that anxious individuals are not characterized by a memory bias toward threat.
Grandfathers' Perceptions and Expectations of Relationships With Their Adult Grandchildren

Combining life course, feminist, and social-constructivist approaches with an inductive qualitative methodology, the authors explored the relationships of older men with their grandchildren. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 men, ranging in age from 59 to 82, who were part of a larger sample of 45 older adult grandparents. From their analyses of the men's perceptions of their family relationships, three main themes emerged: Geographic proximity affected closeness and distance in grandfather-grandchild relationships; challenging family circumstances created situations in which men became more actively involved in their grandchildren's lives; and although grandfathers relied on the traditional male role discourse when describing their family roles and relationships, several transcended traditional expectations for a remote relationship with grandchildren and actively constructed loving, agentic relationships with their grandchildren. Grandfathers' relationships with their grandchildren were continu...
Hamiltonian Many-Particle Systems

Mathematical tools have been derived in previous chapters to describe the dynamics of singly charged particles in electromagnetic fields. While the knowledge of single-particle dynamics is essential for the development of particle beam transport systems, we are still missing a formal treatment of the behavior of multiparticle beams. In principle a multiparticle beam can be described simply by calculating the trajectories of every single particle within this beam, a procedure that is obviously too inefficient to be useful for the description of any real beam involving a very large number of particles.
RF2ID: A Reliable Middleware Framework for RFID Deployment

The reliability of RFID systems depends on a number of factors including: RF interference, deployment environment, configuration of the readers, and placement of readers and tags. While RFID technology is improving rapidly, a reliable deployment of this technology is still a significant challenge impeding widespread adoption. This paper investigates system software solutions for achieving a highly reliable deployment that mitigates inherent unreliability in RFID technology. We have developed (1) a virtual reader abstraction to improve the potentially error-prone nature of reader generated data (2) a novel path abstraction to capture the logical flow of information among virtual readers. We have designed and implemented an RFID middleware: RF2ID (reliable framework for radio frequency identification) to organize and support queries over data streams in an efficient manner. Prototype implementation using both RFID readers and simulated readers using an empirical model of RFID readers show that RF2ID is able to provide high reliability and support path-based object detection.
Stability of DNA-linked nanoparticle crystals I: Effect of linker sequence and length

The creation of three-dimensional, crystalline-ordered nanoparticle (NP) structures linked by DNA has proved experimentally challenging. Here we aim to systematically study parameters that influence the relative thermodynamic and kinetic stability of such crystals. To avoid experimental bottlenecks and directly control molecular-scale parameters, we carry out molecular dynamics simulations of a coarse-grained model in which short DNA strands (6 to 12 bp) are tethered to a NP core. We examine the influence of the number of bases per strand L, number of linking bases and the number of spacer bases s on the stability of crystal states. We also consider the effect of using a single linking NP type versus a binary linking system. We explicitly compute the free energy, entropy, and melting point TM for BCC and FCC lattices. We show that binary systems are preferable for generating BCC lattices, while a single NP type generates the most stable FCC crystals. We propose a simple model for short DNA strands that can account for TM of all our data. The model also indicates that the heat of fusion between crystal and amorphous phases grows linearly with , providing a route to maximize the relative crystal stability.
Analysis of avian leukosis virus DNA and RNA in bursal tumors: Viral gene expression is not required for maintenance of the tumor state

Each of twelve tumors induced by either Rous-associated virus-1 or -2 (RAV-1 or RAV-2) contained a predominant population of cells with ALV proviruses integrated at common sites, consistent with a clonal origin. Seven of nine RAV-2-induced bursal tumors contained single proviruses, and all seven solitary proviruses had suffered deletions. The detailed structures of four of these proviruses show that major deletions had occurred near or at the 5' ends, spanning sequences potentially important in the production of viral RNA. One provirus also lacked most of the information coding for the replicative functions of the virus. Restriction maps suggest that these four proviruses were inserted in similar regions of the host genome. We have studied virus-specific RNA in four bursal tumors and four cell lines derived from bursal tumors. No normal viral RNA species were detectable in three tumors containing single aberrant proviruses. However, transcripts of 2.2. kb which reacted only with a hybridization probe specific for the 5' end of viral RNA were observed in one of these three tumors. Analogous species, varying in length from 1.5 to 6.0 kb, were observed in a fourth bursal tumor with multiple proviruses and in all four cell lines. (This tumor and the cell lines also contained normal species of ALV mRNA and apparently normal proviral DNA). The structures of the aberrant proviruses and the absence of normal viral RNA in some tumors indicate that expression of viral genes is not required for maintenance of the tumor phenotype. In at least some cases, the mechanism of oncogenesis may involve stimulation of transcription of flanking cellular sequences by a viral promoter.
Concomitant Rheumatic Fever and Acute Glomerulonephritis

Concomitant rheumatic fever and acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis sometimes do occur simultaneously, with clinical features not notably different from those seen in children who have either disorder separately.Differential recognition presents a neat clinical challenge.
Carcinogenic Potential of Ovulatory Genotoxicity

Ovulation is a rate-limiting event for the perpetuation of a species; unfortunately, it imparts a cancer risk. Reactive oxidants generated during the mechanics of ovulatory follicular rupture damage the DNA of ovarian surface epithelial cells that are located within a limited diffusion radius. Those cells that survive the trauma of ovulation, along the margins of a ruptured follicle, proliferate and migrate to reconcile the discontinuity within the ovarian epithelium created at the site of oocyte release. It is conceivable that clonal expansion of an ovarian surface epithelial cell with unrepaired DNA, but not committed to death, could be an initiating factor in the etiology of common ovarian cancer. In fact, the majority of cancers of the ovary are derived from the surface epithelium; and circumstances that avert ovulation (oral contraceptive use, pregnancy/lactation) protect against ovarian adenocarcinoma. Not surprisingly, the genotoxic potential of ovulation is exacerbated by malfunctions in tumor suppressor/cell-cycle arrest and base-excision repair mechanisms. Recent experimental evidence indicates that vitamin E and progesterone protect against ovarian metaplasia by negating the oxidative stress of ovulation and by enhancing the repair capacity (genomic integrity) of the surface epithelium, respectively. Ovarian cancer of surface epithelial origin is a deadly insidious disease because it characteristically remains asymptomatic until it has metastasized throughout the abdominal cavity; therefore, prevention is a high priority.
Literature Circles in the Physical Education Classroom

(2004). Literature Circles in the Physical Education Classroom. Strategies: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 35-37.
Public employment management in the Australian states

The civil service commissioners of the Australian states exercise a wide range of function of employment management.
Ability Grouping and Student Achievement in Elementary Schools: A Best-Evidence Synthesis

This article reviews research on the effects of between- and within-class ability grouping on the achievement of elementary school students. The review technique—best-evidence synthesis—combines features of meta-analytic and narrative reviews. Overall, evidence does not support assignment of students to self-contained classes according to ability (median effect size [ES] = .00), but grouping plans involving cross-grade assignment for selected subjects can increase student achievement. Research particularly supports the Joplin Plan, cross-grade ability grouping for reading only (median ES = +.45). Within-class ability grouping in mathematics is also found to be instructionally effective (median ES = +.34). Analysis of effects of alternative grouping methods suggests that ability grouping is maximally effective when done for only one or two subjects, with students remaining in heterogeneous classes most of the day; when it greatly reduces student heterogeneity in a specific skill; when group assignments are...
Complete Radiographic Response to Zoledronic Acid Therapy in a Patient With Bony Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: A Case Report

Zoledronic acid (ZA) is commonly used for the prevention of skeletal-related events (SREs) in patients with bony metastases. ZA is a bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclasts, possibly through inhibition of proto-oncogenic Ras activity in osteoclasts by interfering with normal post-translational modifications of Ras. This would suggest that ZA could induce an objective tumor response in metastatic tumors in bone that harbor oncogenic Ras, as the oncogenic Ras in these tumors would require similar post-translational modifications. We recently cared for a patient with biopsy confirmed metastatic urothelial carcinoma who demonstrated a complete radiographic response to ZA. His tumor harbored an oncogenic K-Ras protein, supporting the possibility of interference with Ras activity as the mechanism for the radiographic complete response.
Survey and critique of studies related to shift length variations in nursing from 1970 to 1993

The purpose of this study was to describe the current status, stage of staffing change, and findings of research relating to shift length variations in nursing. This was accomplished through a review of the literature to (a) evaluate the quality of the research, (b) summarize and draw conclusions related to variations in nursing shift length, and (c) identify gaps in the literature for the purpose of making recommendations for future studies related to nursing shift length variations. Multiple methods were utilized for locating potential studies to include in this project. Smith and Stullenbarger's (1991) Quality of Study instrument was used to rate the studies. None of the research reviewed explicitly identified a conceptual or theoretical framework or model, and few studies could be classified as scientifically rigorous. This study illuminates the state of the art and findings related to length of shift variations in nursing, and as such has implications for practice and research in nursing service administration.
The consequences of disrupted dispersal in fragmented red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis populations

Summary 1. Habitat fragmentation may adversely affect animal populations through several mechanisms. However, little is known about how the impacts of some of these mechanisms are manifested in altered dynamics of wild populations. 2. We used a spatially explicit individual-based simulation model to examine the potential effects of disrupted dispersal due to fragmentation on the population dynamics of the endangered, co-operatively breeding, red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis . 3. We simulated population dynamics as a function of population size and spatial aggregation of territories. Dispersal success (but not mortality or fecundity) was an emergent property of model runs. In the model all female and some male fledglings dispersed in straight lines in random directions, and the remaining males stayed on their natal territories as helpers and competed for breeding vacancies in their immediate neighbourhood. 4. Population trend was tied to the higher dispersal success of both males and females in larger and less fragmented populations. Helpers were more successful than dispersing males. Male breeder recruitment depended entirely on helpers when populations were small (25 or 100 territories). 5. Declining populations were characterized by high emigration rates and both failure and delay in female recruitment. The large numbers of unpaired males resulted in lowered reproductive output at the population level and in the loss of territories. Populations of 25 territories were stable when territories were highly aggregated, despite high emigration rates. These results closely match empirical observations. 6. A number of co-operatively breeding species are endangered. The unusual dispersal behaviour of helpers may make such species sensitive to habitat fragmentation but also resilient to reductions in population size when territories are aggregated. Small populations of co-operative breeders may have considerable conservation value as a source of genetic diversity.
Active and dynamic information fusion for facial expression understanding from image sequences

This paper explores the use of multisensory information fusion technique with dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) for modeling and understanding the temporal behaviors of facial expressions in image sequences. Our facial feature detection and tracking based on active IR illumination provides reliable visual information under variable lighting and head motion. Our approach to facial expression recognition lies in the proposed dynamic and probabilistic framework based on combining DBN with Ekman's facial action coding system (FACS) for systematically modeling the dynamic and stochastic behaviors of spontaneous facial expressions. The framework not only provides a coherent and unified hierarchical probabilistic framework to represent spatial and temporal information related to facial expressions, but also allows us to actively select the most informative visual cues from the available information sources to minimize the ambiguity in recognition. The recognition of facial expressions is accomplished by fusing not only from the current visual observations, but also from the previous visual evidences. Consequently, the recognition becomes more robust and accurate through explicitly modeling temporal behavior of facial expression. In this paper, we present the theoretical foundation underlying the proposed probabilistic and dynamic framework for facial expression modeling and understanding. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach can accurately and robustly recognize spontaneous facial expressions from an image sequence under different conditions.
Combining universal and targeted prevention for school-based eating disorder programs.

Objective This study examined a step toward providing a universal prevention program to all students while targeting those at risk. Method Seventy-eight 10th-grade female students were provided an on-line eating disorder prevention program and randomized to participate in (1) a higher risk and higher motivated group, (2) a lower risk or lower motivated group, or (3) a combined group. Results The students in the first group made significantly fewer negative and more positive comments in the on-line group discussion than the higher risk and higher motivated participants in the combined group. However, there were no differences among groups on outcome measures. Discussion The results suggest that, because it is relatively easy to provide interventions with separate groups, it seems appropriate to do so, if for no other reason than to minimize the few very negative comments that were posted by students that might have created an adverse environment for the higher risk-participants that the intervention specifically targets. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 1–9, 2004.
POLITICAL MONETARY CYCLES UNDER ALTERNATIVE INSTITUTIONS: THE INDEPENDENT TREASURY AND THE FEDERAL RESERVE

The theory of opportunistic political business cycles predicts incumbent politicians will alter their economic policies to spur short-run growth to attract additional votes for the upcoming election. There has not been much emphasis on the possibility of historical political business cycles prior to the Keynesian Revolution. No study has yet undertaken a systematic approach to testing for policy cycles during this period. Our study will bridge this gap by considering cycles in monetary policy for the periods of 1879–1914 until the start of Fed operations, and 1914–1932 until abandonment of the gold standard. To properly test for political cycles, it is necessary to develop reaction functions for the Treasury and compare against the reaction function later held by the Fed. This also reveals that creation of an independent monetary authority to be insulated from political pressures changed the manner in which policy was directed, aside from political issues. The evidence is not consistent, however, with monetary cycles closely tied to electoral concerns.
An Estimate of the Heat Balance of a Valley and Hill Station in Central Alaska.

Abstract The heat balance was estimated and climatic elements were compared for two stations in the Fairbanks area on a year-round basis, the first study of this kind carried out in the interior of Alaska. Although the stations were situated near to each other (within 5 km and 200 m altitude), great differences were observed. For the valley station the heat source is mainly radiation with 61 cal cm−2 for an average day of the year August 1966 to July 1967, and to a smaller extent, sensible heat flux (17 cal cm−2). Most of this energy is needed for evaporation (−74 cal cm−2). The heat flow in the soil is about zero over the year and the actual value of −4 cal cm−2 was mainly used for melting of the snow cover. For the hill station the heat fluxes are generally smaller. The only source is the radiation balance (24 cal cm−2), which is only 40% of the value found for the valley station. The latent heat flux is much smaller (−19 cal cm−2), and the surface temperature on the hill is higher. The sensible heat fl...