cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cysteine in the manganous-isocitrate binding site of pig heart TPN-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase. I. Kinetics of chemical modification and properties of thiocyano enzyme.

Abstract Pig heart TPN-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase is inactivated by reaction with 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). The dependence of the rate constant for inactivation on the reagent concentration is nonlinear, and can be analyzed in terms of the existence of two mechanisms for reaction with the enzyme, one involving reversible binding prior to inactivation and the other a bimolecular reaction. Cyanide reacts with the inactive modified enzyme to yield thiocyano-isocitrate dehydrogenase without increasing the catalytic activity; this result suggests that inactivation by DTNB is not due to steric hindrance by the bulky thionitrobenzoate group bound to the enzyme. The inactive thiocyano enzyme binds manganous ion normally. In contrast to its effect on native enzyme, however, isocitrate does not strengthen the binding of Mn 2+ to the thiocyano enzyme; the tightened binding of manganous-isocitrate may be critical for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Protection against inactivation by DTNB is provided by isocitrate plus the activator, manganous ion, or the competitive inhibitor, calcium ion. The concerted inhibitors oxalacetate and glyoxylate, when present together with Mn 2+ and TPN, also protect against loss of activity. A marked decrease in the inactivation rate constant to a finite limiting value is caused by saturating concentrations of TPNH and Mn 2+ , indicating that these ligands do not bind directly at the sites attacked by DTNB. The number of cysteine residues which react with DTNB concomitant with inactivation depends on the ligands present in the reaction mixture. In all cases, the equivalent of one -SH reacts without affecting activity. In the presence of Mn 2+ and α-ketoglutarate, which do not appreciably affect the inactivation rate, loss of activity is proportional to reaction with two -SH groups. These results suggest that the integrity of a maximum of two cysteine residues is essential for the function of the pig heart isocitrate dehydrogenase, and that at least one cysteine residue may be located within the manganous-isocitrate binding site.
Observations of Wind Variability in Cool Stars

Spectroscopic signatures of winds are briefly reviewed for the Sun and more luminous cool giants and supergiants using specific examples of a hybrid star (α Aqr) and Betelgeuse. The relation of winds and mass flow to (cyclic) magnetic activity and atmospheric pulsation is explored using recent ultraviolet, optical, and infrared spectroscopic observations.
Stability of isradipine in an extemporaneously compounded oral liquid

The stability of isradipine in an extemporaneously compounded oral liquid was studied. A suspension was prepared from the powder of commercially available 5-mg isradipine capsules and sufficient Simple Syrup, NF, to make a final volume of 50 mL. A control suspension was prepared from analytical-grade isradipine powder and Simple Syrup, NF. The final concentration of isradipine in both suspensions was 1 mg/mL. Three identical volumes of each suspension were stored in 2-oz amber glass prescription bottles, which were stored at 4 degrees C. Immediately after preparation and at 7, 16, 22, 28, and 35 days, samples were visually inspected and assayed in duplicate by high-performance liquid chromatography; the pH of the samples was also determined. At least 95% of the initial isradipine concentration remained throughout the study period in all samples of both suspensions. Color, odor, and pH did not change appreciably. Isradipine 1 mg/mL in an oral liquid compounded from Simple Syrup, NF, and powder from capsules was stable for at least 35 days in amber glass bottles at 4 degrees C.
The effect of biliary obstruction on hepatosplanchnic blood flow in dogs.

Abstract The response of hepatosplanchnic and other regional blood flows to CBD ligation has been studied after 1 and 2 weeks of biliary obstruction by the fractional distribution of differently labeled 25-μ carbonized microspheres injected into the left atrium. After 1 week of biliary obstruction, there was a generalized increased in effective liver blood flow and its hepatic arterial and portal venous components. The increase in the latter reflected an increase in arterial inflow to all the individual splanchnic viscera which was least in the colon. By 2 weeks, these changes had essentially returned to preoperative levels, with the exception of splenic flow. Coincident with these changes was an apparent increase in systemic arteriovenous shunting, the site of which was not determined. Possible causes underlying this early hepatosplanchnic response to biliary obstruction are discussed.
Simulations of a turbulent non-premixed flame using combined dimension reduction and tabulation for combustion chemistry

Abstract The use of large chemical mechanisms of hydrocarbon fuels in turbulent flame simulations is computationally expensive due to the large number of chemical species and the wide range of chemical time scales involved. The reduced description of reactive flows in combination with chemistry tabulation can effectively reduce the simulation time when detailed chemical kinetics is employed in multi-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFDs). In this study, this approach is applied to simulate a bluff-body-stabilized non-premixed flame with the eddy dissipation concept (EDC) and transported probability density function (PDF) combustion models. In the calculations, the 31 chemical species in the GRI-Mech 1.2 mechanism are partitioned into represented species and unrepresented species. The reactive system is described in terms of a smaller number of represented species instead of the full set of chemical species in the mechanism; and the evolution equations are solved only for the represented species. The In Situ Adaptive Tabulation (ISAT) approach is employed to speed the chemistry calculation by tabulating information of the reduced system. The simulations show that a reduced description with 13 represented species and three atomic elements in the unrepresented species agrees well with the full description that has 31 species while achieving a speed-up factor of up to three. Compared to experimental data, the PDF model yields more accurate predictions in the composition fields of upstream locations than EDC. The impact of the reduced description on NOx emissions is also studied by performing the full and reduced descriptions of the flame with GRI-Mech 3.0. The study shows that a reduced description with a total 16 represented species, including three nitrogen-containing species, agrees well with the full description and incurs less than 5% error in NO predictions. Moreover, in this study, an efficient initialization procedure is first demonstrated for the CFD calculations with detailed chemistry.
Inferior olive of the cat: intracellular recording

The action potential evoked from inferior olivary neurons of the cat by orthodromic, antidromic, or intracellular stimulation has a large prolonged depolarization, frequently with several superimposed smaller spikes. The all-or-nothing unitary response appears to be a property of the cell, and the later spikes are not secondary to synaptic excitation by recurrent axon collaterals.
Determining the effect of urbanization on generalist butterfly species diversity in butterfly gardens

This study investigates the effects of urbanization on local butterfly populations and the role of butterfly gardens in preserving regional butterfly diversity. Data are from 135 butterfly gardens of varying size, location, and number of blooming plants in the Washington DC metropolitan area observed during 2001 and 2002. We investigated the species diversity for comparable gardens in rural, suburban, and urban locations to determine whether the landscape matrix surrounding otherwise suitable habitat affects the diversity found in the habitat. We hypothesized that, once factors such as garden size and number of blooming plant species were taken into account, butterfly diversity for 12 generalist species would decrease as urbanization increased. We found that there were systematic decreases (with one exception) in diversity from rural to suburban to urban gardens only for medium-sized gardens (0.10 to 0.20 ha) with one to ten types of blooming plants, and large gardens (>0.20 ha) with over 20 types of blooming plants. Gardens of other sizes or plant communities showed some decreases in diversity from rural to suburban to urban sites, but these differences were not consistent across the urban/rural gradient. Results of this study indicate that local butterfly diversity is negatively affected by increasing levels of human population, but that the matrix is just one factor determining generalist species diversity.
Is There a Potent, Naturally Occurring Sodium-Losing Steroid Hormone?

ACTH did not significantly affect serum sodium concentration or body weight in 6 patients with the sodium-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia; it produced minimal increases in urinary sodium. There is no conclusive evidence that a sodium-losing steroid is secreted in this syndrome. 3α,16α-Dihydroxy-5β-pregnane-20-one caused delayed sterile abscess formation but no systemic fever. 3α,16α-Dihydroxy-5β-pregnane-20-one, 3β,16α-dihydroxy-Δ5-pregnene-20-one and 16α-hydroxy progesterone were tested for renal sodium-losing potency in man. Progesterone was also given as a standard for comparison. Progesterone had weak sodium-losing potency, 16α-hydroxy progesterone had minimal potency and the other 2 steroids had none. There is no known potent naturally occurring sodium-losing steroid.
Effect of light activation on tooth whitening efficacy and hydrogen peroxide penetration: An in vitro study

Abstract Objectives To determine the effect of light activation on tooth whitening efficacy and hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp cavity and correlate tooth color change with penetration levels. Methods Extracted human canines (40) were randomized into four groups, Group A: placebo gel, Group B, placebo gel with light activation, Group C: 40% hydrogen peroxide gel, and Group D: 40% hydrogen peroxide gel with light activation. Treatment was performed three times, at 1-week intervals. Hydrogen peroxide penetration (HPP) was estimated spectrophotometrically and specimen color measured using the Vita Easy Shade Compact at baseline, after whitening, 1-h, 1-day, 1-, 4-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 20-, and 24-week post-whitening. Color change was measured per Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage methodology. ANCOVA was performed to compare color change and HPP level among the four groups. Partial nonparametric correlations between color change and HPP levels were performed with rank transformations. Tests of hypotheses were two-sided with alpha level of 0.05. Results Greater HPP was observed in Groups C and D compared to Groups A and B ( p E *ab) values after treatment were observed in Group D and remained higher than Groups A–C ( p L * and Δ b *) were higher in Groups C and D compared to Groups A and B from post-whitening until 24 weeks ( p p > 0.05). Conclusions Light activation enhanced whitening efficacy without affecting hydrogen peroxide penetration levels.
Optical implementation of a quality control algorithm for the removal of nonprecipitation echoes in weather radars

In this paper, we propose the use of optoelectronic joint transform correlator (JTC) and multifractal analysis based quality control (QC) to provide accurate, real-time identification of precipitation in weather data collected from meteorological-radar volume scans. The multifractal based QC algorithm is an objective algorithm that minimizes human interaction. The algorithm utilizes both textural and intensity information obtained from the two lower-elevation reflectivity maps. The multifractal exponents are obtained using the JTC system. Computer simulations are provided to show the effectiveness of this system.
Power-Limited Design

Technology scaling has entered a new era, where the chip performance is constrained by its power dissipation. Although the power limits vary with the application domain, they dictate the choice of technology, and architecture, and dictate the use of implementation techniques that trade off performance for power savings. This paper examines the technology options in the power-limited scaling regime, and reviews sensitivity-based analysis that can be used for the optimal selection of power-performance tradeoffs, to achieve the best performance under the power constraints. These tradeoffs are examined on the techniques for power minimization at the technology, circuit, logic, and architecture levels.
The vascular endothelium as a target tissue in acute cadmium toxicity

Sensitivity of tissues to the acute toxicity of cadmium is reviewed. It is concluded that the initial effect of acute cadmium administration is on the integrity and permeability of the vascular endothelium; other necrotic changes occur secondarily to this effect. In a sensitive tissue, not all of the endothelial cells are susceptible to cadmium. Furthermore, after necrosis of the sensitive cells, the resistant cells proliferate and result in regeneration of the vasculature and subsequent acquired resistance to the metal. It is found that sex hormones are probably important in determining susceptibility and response of tissues to cadmium. The role of metallothionein in these phenomena remains to be elucidated.
Evaluation of a new breast-shaped compensation filter for a newly built breast imaging system

A new breast-shaped compensation filter has been designed and fabricated for breast imaging using our newly built breast imaging (CBCTBI) system, which is able to scan an uncompressed breast with pendant geometry. The shape of this compensation filter is designed based on an average-sized breast phantom. Unlike conventional bow-tie compensation filters, its cross-sectional profile varies along the chest wall-to-nipple direction for better compensation for the shape of a breast. Breast phantoms of three different sizes are used to evaluate the performance of this compensation filter. The reconstruction image quality was studied and compared to that obtained without the compensation filter in place. The uniformity of linear attenuation coefficient and the uniformity of noise distribution are significantly improved, and the contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) of small lesions near the chest wall are increased as well. Multi-normal image method is used in the reconstruction process to correct compensation flood field and to reduce ring artifacts.
Path following of underactuated marine surface vessels using line-of-sight based model predictive control ☆

This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) for a way-point tracking of underactuated surface vessels with input constraints. A three-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of surface vessels has been used for the controller design. In order for the control action to render good helmsman behavior, a MPC scheme with line-of-sight (LOS) path generation capability is formulated. Quadratic programming (QP) is used to solve a linear MPC by successive linearization along the LOS model of the surface vessel. Furthermore, we show that an LOS decision variable can be incorporated into the MPC design to improve the path following performance. The effectiveness of the developed control law is demonstrated via computer simulations.
Direct selection for gene replacement events in yeast

A method that facilitates gene replacement at the HIS3 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) has been developed. First, an internal region of the cloned HIS3 gene was replaced by a DNA segment containing the wild-type ribosomal protein gene, CYH2. Second, by using standard yeast transformation methods, the wild-type HIS3 locus of a cycloheximide resistant strain (cyh2r) was replaced by this his3-CYH2 substitution. The resulting strain is sensitive to cycloheximide because CYH2 is dominant to cyh2r. Third, his3 mutations cloned into integrating or replicating vectors were introduced into this strain by selecting transformants via the vector-encoded marker. Selection for cycloheximide-resistant colonies resulted in the replacement of the his3-CYH2 allele by newly introduced his3 alleles. Thus, this scheme provides for the direct selection of gene replacement events at the HIS3 locus independently of the phenotype of the cloned his3 derivatives. In principle, it can be extended to any region of the yeast genome.
Comparison of the thermal and electrochemical properties of LiPF6 and LiN(SO2C2F5)2 salts in organic electrolytes

Abstract Thermal and electrochemical properties of LiPF6 and LiN(SO2C2F5)2, known as LiBETI, are compared in binary mixtures of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). Thermal stability of these electrolytes was tested between 50 and 120 °C at 10 °C intervals. The electrolytes were kept at temperature for 1 week and every other day they were taken out of the oven and checked visually for any discoloration. Visual inspection showed discoloration of the LiPF6-containing electrolyte even at 60 °C (straw brown to dark brown at 120 °C) while the electrolyte containing LiBETI showed no or very little discoloration even at 120 °C. In lithium-ion “Tee” cells the electrolyte with LiBETI cycled equally well or better than the electrolyte containing LiPF6 at room temperature. Tee cells containing LiBETI showed lower cathode impedance than and comparable anode impedance to the cells containing electrolytes with LiPF6. In a full cell the electrodes performed equally well.
Center of mass velocity-position predictions for balance control

The purposes of this analysis were to predict the feasible movements during which balance can be maintained, based on environmental (contact force), anatomical (foot geometry), and physiological (muscle strength) constraints, and to identify the role of each constraint in limiting movement. An inverted pendulum model with a foot segment was used with an optimization algorithm to determine the set of feasible center of mass (CM) velocity-position combinations for movement termination. The upper boundary of the resulting feasible region ran from a velocity of 1.1 s-1 (normalized to body height) at 2.4 foot lengths behind the heel, to 0.45 s-1 over the heel, to zero over the toe, and the lower boundary from a velocity of 0.9 s-1 at 2.7 foot lengths behind the heel, to zero over the heel. Forward falls would be initiated if states exceeded the upper boundary, and backward falls would be initiated if the states fell below the lower boundary. Under normal conditions, the constraint on the size of the base of support (BOS) determined the upper and lower boundaries of the feasible region. However, friction and strength did limit the feasible region when friction levels were less than 0.82, when dorsiflexion was reduced more than 51%, or when plantar flexion strength was reduced more than 35%. These findings expand the long-held concept that balance is based on CM position limits (i.e. the horizontal CM position has to be confined within the BOS to guarantee stable standing) to a concept based on CM velocity-position limits.
Prolonged antibiotic use induces intestinal injury in mice that is repaired after removing antibiotic pressure: implications for empiric antibiotic therapy

Metabolic profiling of urine and fecal extracts, histological investigation of intestinal ilea, and fecal metagenomics analyses were used to investigate effects of prolonged antibiotic use in mice. The study provides insight into the effects of extended empiric antibiotic therapy in humans. Mice were administered a broad-spectrum antibiotic for four consecutive days followed by oral gavage with Clostridium butyricum, an opportunistic gram-positive pathogenic bacteria commonly isolated in fecal and blood cultures of necrotizing enterocolitis patients. Metagenomics data indicated loss of bacterial diversity after 4 days on antibiotics that was restored after removing antibiotic pressure. Histological analyses indicated damage to ileal villi after antibiotic treatment that underwent repair after lifting antibiotic pressure. Metabolic profiling confirmed intestinal injury in antibiotic-treated mice indicated by increased urinary trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline, a breakdown product of collagen present in connective tissue of ileal villi that may serve as a biomarker for antibiotic-induced injury in at risk populations.
Serum leptin response to endogenous hyperinsulinemia in aging rats.

To determine if aging is associated with altered serum leptin response to diet-induced changes in endogenous hyperinsulinemia, male Fisher 344 (F344) rats at different age groups were studied while on regular rat chow and following 10 days of experimental diets consisting of 60% of the weight as fructose or glucose. The serum leptin concentration (ng/ml) gradually increased from basal levels of 2.5±0.1 at age of 4 months to 3.7±0.1, 6.9±0.9, 9.4±0.3 and 8.9±1.1 at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age, respectively (P<0.001). Hyperinsulinemia associated with 60% fructose diet was associated with increased serum leptin levels in 4, 12, and 24 month old rats to 5.1±0.8, 6.7±1.2, and 8.6±1.1, respectively (P<0.001). Feeding 60% glucose diet also was associated with increased serum leptin levels in 4, 12 and 24 month old rats to 7.6±0.6, 7.2±0.7, and 9.1±1.1, respectively (P<0.001). Restricting dietary intake to 60% of the calories consumed by control rats for 10 days resulted in a decrease in serum leptin to 1.0±0.02 in 4 month old rats and 2.5±0.4 in 24 month old rats (P<0.01). It is concluded that aging in F344 rats is associated with increased serum leptin concentrations. However, diet-related hyperinsulinemic effect on leptin is blunted in aging rats although leptin response to caloric restriction is maintained. The inability of aging rats to mount hyperleptinemic response to dietary changes may contribute to the age-related increase in adiposity.
PLASTIDS IN LATICIFERS OF PAPAVER. I. DEVELOPMENT AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF LATICIFER PLASTIDS IN P. SOMNIFERUM L. (PAPAVERACEAE)

Plastids were observed in all stages of laticifer differentiation in Papaver somniferum L. Plastids in laticifer initials were present as proplastids that later developed electron-dense inclusions, but never possessed the thylakoids or starch grains that characterize chloroplasts in other cells. Electrondense inclusions in laticifer plastids were membrane-bound and appeared to arise from the accumulation of material within an invagination of the inner plastid membrane. Cytochemical studies of these plastid inclusions indicated that their matrix was not composed of crystalline protein, a-amylose, amylopectin or polysaccharide. The results suggest that the electron-dense, membrane-bound inclusions in laticifer plastids may be composed of lipoprotein. PREVIOUS ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES of laticifers in Papaver somniferum L. (Nessler, 1976; Thureson-Klein, 1970) and its latex have re
Line-digraphs, arborescences, and theorems of tutte and knuth

The line-digraph of a digraph D with vertices V1, …, Vn is the digraph D∗ obtained from D by associating with each edge of D a vertex of D∗, and then directing an edge from vertex (Vi, Vj) of D∗ to vertex (Vk, Vm) if and only if j = k. This paper extends a characterization given by Harary and Norman for linedigraphs. It is also possible to repeatedly contract vertices of the line-digraph (with a new contraction procedure) so as to obtain the digraph derived from D by deleting all vertices with no incoming edges. Several new identities for arborescences are presented, leading to a combinatorial proof of Knuth's formula for the number of arborescences of a line-digraph. A new proof is given for the fact that in a digraph with every vertex having indegree equal to outdegree, the number of arborescences with root Vj is independent of j. Finally a new proof is presented for Tutte's Matrix Tree Theorem which shows the theorem to be a special case of the principle of inclusion-exclusion.
Automatic cognitions and teen dating violence.

Objective: The present research examined whether the level of aggression in automatic cognitions was positively associated with teen dating violence after accounting for more consciously controlled, self-reported attitudes about dating violence. Method: At baseline, 95 teens who had been remanded to the juvenile court system because of antisocial behavior completed a word-completion task designed to measure the level of aggression in their automatic cognitions. Teens also completed questionnaire measures of attitudes about dating violence and dating violence perpetration during the previous three months, and then provided data on dating violence perpetration every two weeks over a 3-month follow-up period. Results: The level of aggression in automatic cognitions was positively associated with dating violence perpetration after accounting for teens’ self-reported attitudes about dating violence. This pattern of results emerged with both concurrent and prospective associations. It is noteworthy that aggression in automatic cognitions also predicted changes in dating violence perpetration over the 3-month follow-up period, even after controlling for baseline levels of the perpetration of dating violence and teens’ self-reported attitudes about dating violence. Conclusions: These findings suggest that theoretical models of teen dating violence should consider the role of automatic as well as more consciously controlled cognitive processes in the perpetration of teen dating violence. In addition, clinical efforts to reduce teen dating violence might benefit from targeting automatic as well as more controlled cognitive processes.
Family communication and decision making at the end of life: a literature review.

Objective: Patients and families coping with a terminal illness are faced with a number of decisions over the course of their disease. The role that family communication plays in the process of decision making is an important one. The objectives for this review are to examine the current state of empirical literature on the relationship between family communication and decision making about end-of-life care, to identify gaps, and to discuss implications for policy, practice, and future research. Method: Articles were identified using systematic keyword searches within the following relevant databases: Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Plus, Communications and Mass Media Complete, ERIC, PsychINFO, MEDLINE, SocINDEX, and ProQuest. Results: The three bodies of relevant literature that emerged during this review include: (1) the importance of family communication at the end of life (EoL); (2) family decision making at the EoL; and (3) the interrelationship of communication (both within the family and with healthcare professionals) and decision making at the EoL. While the literature highlights the role of communication between medical professionals and the patient or family members, there is very little focus on the process of how family communication among the family members themselves contributes to decision making at the end of life. Significance of results: Barriers to end-of-life care are important considerations for helping patients to access timely and appropriate services. Understanding the pertinent role of family communication as it relates to the decision for EoL care is the first step in working to provide another avenue for overcoming these barriers.
The Modification of Speech Naturalness During Rhythmic Stimulation Treatment of Stuttering

This study investigated the modification of speech naturalness during stuttering treatment. It systematically replicated an earlier study (Ingham & Onslow, 1985) that demonstrated that unnatural-sounding stutter-free speech could be shaped into more natural-sounding stutter-free speech by using regular feedback of speech-naturalness ratings during speaking tasks. In the present study, the some procedure was used with three persons who stutter-2 adolescent girls and 1 adult man-during rhythmic stimulation conditions. The two adolescent participants spoke only English, but Spanish was the first and English the second language (ESL) of the adult participant. For the 2 adolescents, it was demonstrated that their unnatural-sounding rhythmic speech could be shaped to levels found among normally fluent speakers without losing the fluency-inducing benefits of rhythmic speech. The findings indicate that speech-naturalness feedback may be a powerful procedure for overcoming a problematic aspect of rhythmic speech treatments of stuttering. However, it was not possible to deliver reliable speech-naturalness feedback to the adult ESL speaker, who also displayed a strong dialect. The study highlights the need to find strategies to improve interjudge agreement when using speech naturalness ratings with speakers who display a strong dialect.
Synthesis, chemical reactivity, and photophysical properties of 2′,7′ phenylated rhodamine dyes

Abstract While exploring water soluble rhodamine based fluorescent polymeric systems for biological imaging applications we came across new rhodamine derivatives that possess interesting optical properties. We report the synthesis of three different 2′,7′-diphenylated rhodamine derivatives ( 1 – 3 ) with distinct photophysical properties. The three rhodamine derivatives differ by the number of methyl groups present on the nitrogens and their absorption maxima are red-shifted on increased methylation. We observed an unusual inertness of these compounds toward traditional DCC–DMAP esterification conditions, which we attribute to the ease of lactonization in the presence of even minute amounts of the nucleophile/base DMAP (p K a = 9.2). Synthesis of acrylate esters was successfully accomplished using MSNT (1-(Mesitylene-2-sulfonyl)-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole) coupling conditions using a much milder nucleophile/base, for example, N -methyl imidazole (p K a = 6.95).
Anchoring in action: Manual estimates of slant are powerfully biased toward initial hand orientation and are correlated with verbal report

People verbally overestimate hill slant by ~15–25° whereas manual estimates (e.g., palm board measures) are thought to be more accurate. The relative accuracy of palm boards has contributed to the widely cited theoretical claim that they tap into an accurate, but unconscious motor representation of locomotor space. In the current work, four replications (total N = 204) carried out by two different laboratories tested an alternative, anchoring hypothesis that manual action measures give low estimates because they are always initiated from horizontal. The results of all four replications indicate that the bias from response anchoring can entirely account for the difference between manual and verbal estimates. Moreover consistent correlations between manual and verbal estimates given by the same observers support the conclusion that both measures are based on the same visual representation. Concepts from the study of judgment under uncertainty apply even to action measures in information rich environments.
Tunable Lloyd-Mirror Interferometer for Large-Area Nanopatterning

This paper reports on a new Lloyd-mirror interference lithography system whose mirror angle is variable with respect to the substrate. We demonstrate that this tunable Lloyd-mirror interferometer significantly increases the nanopatterning area with greater controllability compared to a conventional fixed-angle system for pattern periodicity over 500 nm. The new configuration capable of the independent control of mirror angle will enhance the advantages of Lloyd-mirror interferometer for large-area nanopatterning with more flexibility.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
CFD assessment of intake fraction in the indoor environment

Abstract In this paper we use a validated CFD model to calculate the inhalation exposure, expressed as an intake fraction (iF), of a seated person in an office with different contaminant sources, a floor diffuser, and a ceiling vent. These sources include the floor, the walls, a desk, and the human body. First, experimental data is used to determine the correct turbulent Schmidt number for the computational model to predict the transport of the species in an indoor environment. It was found at a turbulent Schmidt number of ∼0.9 produced the best fit when compared to experimental data. Then, the iF was calculated for two representations of the computer simulated person (CSP): a CSP with detailed surface geometry, and a simplified CSP with multi-block geometry. It was found that the simplified multi-block geometry is not adequate for predicting iF because it radically changes the flowfield of the thermal plume in the breathing zone (BZ). Next, the effect of personal ventilation systems on iF was investigated. The results show that such systems can reduce the iF by an order of magnitude compared with conventional mixing and displacement ventilation systems. Finally, a comparison of iF results were made for a surface body temperature of 32 °C and 28 °C. It was found that a 4 °C change in body surface temperature influenced the iF by less than 10%.
Europeanization as Institutional Change: The Case of the Turkish Military

Institutional change has become a primary issue in recent institutionalist literature. By analyzing the civilianization process of the Turkish political system in the context of the Europeanization process, this study attempts another theoretical answer. The puzzling question is why the Turkish military, a veto player in the Turkish political system, has accepted its loss of power? This study shows that the military, which expressed its commitment to further integration with the EU on several occasions, found itself ‘rhetorically entrapped’. Thus, the military refrained from blocking the civilianization process due to the likely damage such an action would cause to its ideational interests (legitimacy and credibility).
LIFE AFTER TRAUMA : PERSONALITY AND DAILY LIFE EXPERIENCES OF TRAUMATIZED PEOPLE

In this study, we explored differences in personality and daily life experiences of traumatized (n = 26) versus nontraumatized (n = 30) college students. Study participants completed a variety of personality measures as well as a 28-day experience sampling study assessing daily activities, emotions, and physical health. Although not differing on general demographics, traumatized individuals reported more trait anxiety and lower self-esteem than nontraumatized individuals. They scored higher on Neuroticism, were more introverted, and were less emotionally stable than nontraumatized participants. Traumatized individuals also reported more cognitive disturbances, emotional blunting, and interpersonal withdrawal. They did not report being more depressed, but did endorse cognitive styles associated with heightened risk for depression. Earlier age of trauma was associated with more pathological outcomes: lower self-esteem and psychological well-being, more anxiety, more pessimism, and emotional constriction of positive mood. We compare this symptom profile to that of posttraumatic stress disorder.
The Use of a Self-Generation Memory Encoding Strategy to Improve Verbal Memory and Learning in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury

The generation effect refers to the theory that optimal acquisition and retention of information is achieved by active participation rather than by passive observation. The efficacy of a self-generation memory encoding strategy was tested using a verbal paired-associate task for free recall, cued recall, and recognition memory in 40 traumatically brain-injured outpatients in two studies. In study #1, self-generation encoding procedures improved recognition memory, but not free recall, compared with the didactic presentation of information. In study #2, self-generation procedures improved cued recall test performance, but the results demonstrated that the type of cue that is provided moderates the efficacy of self-generation procedures. Results provide preliminary empirical support for the use of self-generation encoding procedures in improving upon verbal memory and learning abilities in individuals with TBI.
Some Roadblocks on the Way to a Cybernated World

Triple Revolution1, both popular and professional interest in cybernation has risen markedly and an expanding literature has been appearing. This indicates an increasingly favorable reception to those ideas which are intrinsic to what has come to be referred to as the coming Age Of Cyberculture. The leading ideas of cybernation have been discussed in this journal earlier2, and the present writer will not review them in any detail. Here it will be sufficient to stress only that cybernation, defined as the combination of the computer and the automated self-regulating machine, has broken the link between work and income. According to cyberculturists, if the West is therefore willing to take advantage of the technical and social possibilities inherent in cybernation, certain dramatic consequences must inevitably follow-consequences which will require drastic social and institutional innovation in the future. Let me mention briefly some of these major consequences. Production in the future will require a new type of social and technical organization, and technically advanced countries, particularly the United States, will have to recognize that only a small percentage of its citizens would have to work at all. Under the new social dispensation promised by cybernation a high standard of living is guaranteed, without any need for the type of backbreaking toil which has historically been recognized as the prerequisite for economic survival. A Great Society is emerging whose dominant characteristic will be leisure for all, and if we have the foresight to use that leisure intelligently, along intellectual, cultural, educational, spiritual, and aesthetic lines, there is literally no limit to what men can accomplish socially. Partisans of the social and technical possibilities inherent in an Age of Cyberculture describe a vision of the human community which surpasses in desirability and novelty anything dreamed of in most of the utopias which have thus far been advanced by thinkers in the
Injuries to runners: A study of entrants to a 10,000 meter race

As the number of runners has increased dramatically, so has the incidence of running-related injuries. In order to determine what training factors are associated with running-related injuries, as well as what percentage of injured runners seeks professional medical attention, a random sample of entrants to a 10 kilometer race was asked to complete a questionnaire. There were 451 respondents, 355 men and 96 women, with a nonresponse rate of 12.7%. Nonrespondents did not differ from respondents with regard to age or sex. Forty-seven percent of respondents indicated that they had sustained a running-related injury in the last 2 years. Injured runners differed significantly from noninjured runners in that they were more likely to have run more miles per week, run more days per week, run a faster pace, run more races in the last year, stretched before running, and not participated regularly in other sports. Associated with injury, but not statistically significant, were those who had run marathons and had done muscle-strengthening exercises. No association was found with regard to the length of time running, running surfaces, part of the foot first contacting the ground, or running intervals, sprints, or hills. Seventy percent of those injured sought professional medical care, with 76% of these having a good or excellent recovery from their injuries. Compliance with medical advice correlated well with treatment success.
Dirke And the Sun's Course in Sophocles' Antigone

There has been apparently a universal agreement among commentators on Antigone that either Sophocles was wrong in having the early sun rise over Dirke, west of Thebes, or that he chose Dirke rather than Ismenos, which flows to the east, as the most representative waterbed. But, curiously enough, they fail to realize that Sophocles nowhere in the above passage mentions the sun, but rather the sunlight, , eyelid, may not necessarily mean but eyelashes, i.e. the outward-bound sunbeams.
How age conditions the relationship between climacteric status and health symptoms in African American women.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between climacteric status and health symptoms across age cohorts in 522 African American women aged 25–75. Data were collected through home interviews and subjected to hierarchical regression analyses. In the overall sample a direct relationship was found between climacteric status and physical health symptoms but not mental health symptoms. A direct relationship between climacteric status and both physical and mental health symptoms. A direct relationship between climacteric status and both physical and mental health symptoms was found for the younger age cohort 25–34. There was a direct relationship between climacteric status and physical health symptoms but not mental health symptoms for the 35–44 age cohort. The relationship between climacteric status and physical and mental health symptoms held despite controls for education, income, marital status, and body mass.
A conformational change in E. coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) is induced in the presence of a dNTP complementary to the template base in the active site.

It is well established that the insertion of a nucleotide into a growing DNA chain requires a conformational change in the structure of a DNA polymerase. These enzymes have been shown to bind a primer-template in the open conformation and then upon binding of a complementary dNTP undergo a conformational rearrangement to the closed ternary complex. This movement results in the positioning of the incoming nucleotide in the proper geometry for the nucleophilic attack by the 3‘-hydroxyl of the primer. In this work, tryptic digestion experiments were performed to detect this conformational change in the structure of the exonuclease-deficient DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment). Three distinct digestion patterns were observed: one for the polymerase alone, one for the binary complex with the primer-template, and one for the ternary polymerase−DNA−dNTP complex. The latter conformational change leads to a stable ternary closed complex formation only when the correct nucleotide is present in the reaction mixture....
Field Dependence-Independence in Navajo Children

Abstract Twenty Navajo boys and 20 Navajo girls 9 1/2 years of age were administered the Children's Embedded Figures Test. Mean scores were compared to Anglo normative scores for the same age range taken from Witkin et al. (1971). In contrast to previous research and hypothesized results, the Navajo sample scored significantly higher in a field independent direction than the Anglo sample. A multi-factor explanation comprised of genetic, environmental, experiential and linguistic factors unique to the Navajo is suggested to account for this outcome.
Implications of recent density-of-states measurements for optical and transport properties of a-Si:H

Abstract In this paper, recent developments in the determination of the density-of-states for hydrogenated amorphous silicon are reviewed, and the implications of these measurements for optical and transport measurements are discussed. The DOS derived from electron spectroscopies is remarkably consistent with DOS obtained from optical absorption, photoconductivity, and capacitance measurements. Both optical and transport measurements indicate that the phase coherence of the conduction band states is less than one lattice spacing. Some remaining questions regarding the DOS are briefly presented.
γ-ray-induced chemisorption of oxygen on titania

Abstract Static systems comprised of degassed anatase and oxygen at initial pressures ranging from 38 to 610 μ were irradiated with cobalt-60 γ-rays and the pressure was measured simultaneously. A distinct increase in the rate of chemisorption at the commencement of irradiation was observed; after prolonged irradiation a nearly steady-state pressure was reached. The data were found to fit an Elovich-type rate equation, with the parameters showing reasonable behavior with variation in the initil pressure. The effect was found to be sensitive to the temperature used for degassing the anatase and to the run temperature. The observed effect did not seem to be related to factors which altered the rate of diffusion.
Hydrogen safety training for laboratory researchers and technical personnel

Abstract We have developed a web-based hydrogen safety class and are developing a hands-on hydrogen safety class. The 4-h web-based class is directed to laboratory researchers who need basic hydrogen safety information (free online access at http://www.h2labsafety.org/ ), and it addresses hydrogen fundamentals: properties, pressure and cryogenic safety, emergency response and codes and standards. Technical operators in charge of building and testing experimental hydrogen equipment will also soon benefit from a more comprehensive 3-day hands-on safety class that will present detailed information for installation, testing and operation of hydrogen pressurized systems. The hands-on class includes a full day of classroom instruction followed by two days of laboratory work where students assemble, test and operate a pressure system based on a schematic and component description.
Distortion-accelerated cycloadditions and strain-release-promoted cycloreversions in the organocatalytic carbonyl-olefin metathesis

The mechanism of hydrazine-catalyzed carbonyl-olefin metathesis relying on a novel (3 + 2) strategy is studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The origins of the special reactivity of cyclopropene in this transformation are revealed, and the reactivities of different alkenes in the (3 + 2) cycloadditions and cycloreversions are compared. It is found that the ease of distortion of reactants accelerates cycloadditions, and that the strain release is the controlling factor for cycloreversions.
Effects of d-(−)-aminophosphonovalerate on behavioral and histological changes induced by systemic kainic acid

Abstract In rats, the seizures induced by systemic kainic acid (KA) are followed by extensive neuronal damage, notably in the hippocampal region. We report that the specific N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, d -(−)-aminophosphonovalerate (D(−)APV), given i.c.v. prior to or 2 h after i.p. KA injection markedly protected CA1 but not other hippocampal neurons against degeneration. In contrast, D(−)APV had no effect on KA-induced wet dog shakes or on behavioral seizures. We conclude that NMDA receptors participate in the neurotoxic but not in the behavioral effects of systemic KA.
Fetal growth and body composition in infants of women with diabetes mellitus during pregnancy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth velocities of various neonatal tissues in women with diabetes mellitus. We hypothesize that in large for gestational age (LGA) infants, insulin-sensitive tissue will demonstrate the greatest accelerated growth. Thirty-eight singleton pregnancies had prospective longitudinal ultrasound measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), transcerebellar diameter (TCD), liver length, renal length, abdominal fat, and thigh fat in late pregnancy. At birth, neonatal body composition was estimated and anthropometric measurements were obtained. Twenty-four neonates were not large for gestational age (non-LGA) and 14 LGA based on birth weight percentile ≥90 percentile. The fetal AC (P = 0.0006), liver length (P = 0.01), thigh fat (P = 0.02), and abdominal wall fat (P = 0.001) demonstrated accelerated growth velocity in LGA fetuses. At birth LGA infants had a 17% (P = 0.0001) increase in lean ...