cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POPULATION GENETICS OF CHIRONOMUS STIGMATERUS SAY (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE): II. PROTEIN VARIABILITY IN POPULATIONS OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES.

An unusual form of karyotypic variation occurs in Chironomus stigmaterus Say (Diptera: Chironomidae), a midge inhabiting the southwestern United States. Martin and Wiilker (1974) found only one individual out of 191 collected at five California localities to have an autosomal inversion. In contrast, 88 individuals from three populations in Texas and New Mexico yielded six inversions, most occurring in more than one population. Examination of collections from 11 sites in eastern New Mexico and western Texas (Hilburn, 1974) confirmed that high levels of chromosomal heterogeneity occur. In 1975 and 1976 extensive collecting was done in the southwestern United States in an attempt to characterize the distributions of inversions occurring in the species and to determine the nature of the processes which maintain the dichotomy in the inversion frequencies between the California OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit) and the eastern OTU from Texas and New Mexico. No populations of C. stigmaterus were found between Lordsburg, New Mexico, and Blythe, California, suggesting allopatric distributions of the two chromosomally defined OTU's (Hilburn, 1979). The eight California populations examined had low levels of chromosomal heterogeneity. Only six new inversions were observed, all found in one or two heterozygotes in the Palm Springs population. In contrast, 21 inversions occurred in populations from Texas and New Mexico, with ten being found in more than one sample. Between 53% and 93% of the individuals in populations from these two states were heterozygous for at least one inversion. However, populations in the center of the study area were more polymorphic than those on the periphery. In the populations at Roswell, New Mexico, and Marathon, Texas, seven and nine inversions, respectively, were found with 93% and 90% of the animals examined being heterozygous for at least one inversion. Only two inversions occurred in the EXIT population (Fig. 1) with 53% of the sample heterozygous for at least one of these sequences. The lower level of chromosomal variability in peripheral populations makes it difficult to discern between the hypotheses that the two chromosomal OTU's represent genetically divergent forms or that they are merely ecotypes at the ends of a cline which restricts the distribution of chromosomal rearrangements without affecting the dispersal of genic mutations. The purpose of this study was to examine the genetic variability of C. stigmaterus in the southwestern United States and to obtain a more representative estimate of the genetic differences between the two chromosomally defined forms. Also, the relationship between chromosomal and genic variability in this species was examined in a preliminary way.
Normal and pathologic cells in urine.

Normal urine does not contain epithelial cells other than the squamous cells commonly passed by women. Proper examination of urine can be a valuable diagnostic procedure. The characteristics of nonmalignant epithelial cells and of abnormal (carcinoma) cells are described, as well as technical details of urine collection, staining and examination.
Cortical Stimulation Concurrent With Skilled Motor Training Improves Forelimb Function and Enhances Motor Cortical Reorganization Following Controlled Cortical Impact.

Background. Electrical and magnetic brain stimulation can improve motor function following stroke in humans, rats, and nonhuman primates, especially when paired with rehabilitative training (RT). Previously, we found in rodent stroke models that epidural electrical cortical stimulation (CS) of the ipsilesional motor cortex (MC) combined with motor RT enhances motor function and motor cortical plasticity. It was unknown whether CS following experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) would have similar effects. Objective. To test the effects of CS combined with motor training after moderate/severe TBI on behavioral outcome and motor cortical organization. Methods. Following unilateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) over the caudal forelimb area of the MC in adult male rats, forelimb reach training was administered daily for 9 weeks concurrently with subthreshold, 100-Hz monopolar CS or no-stimulation control procedures. The rate and magnitude of behavioral improvements and changes in forelimb movement repr...
Graphene–Silicon Heterostructures at the Two-Dimensional Limit

The integration of heterogeneous two-dimensional materials has the potential to yield electronic behavior approaching theoretical limits and facilitate the exploration of new fundamental physical phenomena. Here, we report the integration of graphene with two-dimensional, semiconducting crystalline silicon. Sequential deposition of carbon and silicon on Ag(111) in ultrahigh vacuum results in the synthesis of both lateral and vertical graphene–silicon heterostructures. The one-dimensional in-plane interfaces demonstrate atomically precise material transitions both structurally and electronically. The vertical heterostructures show noninteracting van der Waals behavior as shown by energetically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy coupled with ex-situ Raman analysis. The pristine and direct integration of graphene with two-dimensional, semiconducting crystalline silicon couples two of the most studied electronic materials into a hybrid structure with high potential for next-generation nanoelectronics.
Evaluation of Femtosecond Laser Intrastromal Incision Location Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose To use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to evaluate the femtosecond laser intrastromal incisions made during cataract surgery to reduce corneal astigmatism. Design Retrospective case series. Participants Seventy-seven eyes of 77 patients. Methods Paired intrastromal incisions were created using the Catalys femtosecond laser (Abbott Medical Optics, Inc., Santa Ana, CA). The planned intrastromal incision parameters were 20% uncut anterior, 20% uncut posterior, midpoint depth of 50%, and 90° side cut angle. Optical coherence tomography scans were obtained 3 weeks or more after surgery to assess these 4 parameters, and actual values were compared with intended values. Main Outcome Measures Percentages of uncut anterior and posterior tissue, midpoint depth, and degrees of side cut angle. Results The mean values were 17.2±5.8% (range, 7.2%–36.9%) for uncut anterior, 32.5±8.8% (range, 6.0%–57.9%) for uncut posterior, and 42.3±6.6% (range, 25.5%–65.4%) for midpoint depth, which all were significantly different from the planned parameters (all P P r = −0.063 and −0.067, respectively; P > 0.05). Conclusions The intrastromal incision midpoint depth was significantly more anterior than the planned depth of 50%. The locations of paired intrastromal incisions in each eye were not correlated. Further improvements are needed to ensure the precise location of the intrastromal incisions made with this device.
Predicting Functional MicroRNA-mRNA Interactions

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that play key regulatory roles in general biological processes and disease pathogenesis. These small RNA molecules interact with their target mRNAs to induce mRNA degradation and/or inhibit the translation of mRNAs into proteins. Therefore, identifying miRNA targets is an essential step to fully understand the regulatory effects of miRNAs. Here, we describe a regularized regression approach that integrates the sequence information with the miRNA and mRNA expression profiles for detecting miRNA targets. This method takes into account the full spectrum of gene sequence features of miRNA targets, including the thermodynamic stability, the accessibility energy, and the context features of the target sites,. Given these sequence features for each putative miRNA-mRNA interaction and their expression values, this model is able to quantify the down-regulation effect of each miRNA on its targets while simultaneously estimating the contribution of each sequence feature for predicting functional miRNA-mRNA interactions.
Minimally invasive vs open nephrectomy in the modern era: does approach matter?

To evaluate if the widespread adoption of a minimally invasive approach to radical nephrectomy has affected short- and long-term patient outcomes in the modern era. A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent radical nephrectomy from 2001 to 2012 was conducted using the US National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program and Medicare insurance program database. Patients who underwent open surgery were compared to those who underwent minimally invasive surgery using propensity score matching. 10,739 (85.9%) underwent open surgery and 1776 (14.1%) underwent minimally invasive surgery. Minimally invasive surgery increased from 18.4% from 2001–2004 to 43.5% from 2009 to 2012. After median follow-up of 57.1 months, minimally invasive radical nephrectomy conferred long-term oncologic efficacy in terms of overall (HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.75–0.95) survival and cancer-specific (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.54–0.86) survival compared to open radical nephrectomy. Minimally invasive surgery was associated with lower risk of inpatient death [risk ratio (RR) 0.45 with 95% CI: (0.20–0.99), p = 0.04], deep vein thrombosis [RR: 0.35 (0.18–0.69), p = 0.002], respiratory complications [RR: 0.73 (0.60–0.89), p = 0.001], infectious complications [RR: 0.35 (0.14–0.90), p = 0.02], acute kidney injury [RR: 0.66 (0.52–0.84), p < 0.001], sepsis [RR: 0.55 (0.31–0.98), p = 0.04], prolonged length of stay (18.6 vs 30.0%, p < 0.001), and ICU admission (19.7 vs 26.3%, p < 0.001). Costs were similar between the two approaches (30-day costs $15,882 vs $15,564; p = 0.70). After widespread adoption of minimally invasive approaches to radical nephrectomy across the United States, oncologic standards remain preserved with improved perioperative outcomes at no additional cost burden.
Moving in the Wrong Direction — Health Care under the AHCA

The American Health Care Act would change the U.S. health care system in several major ways, dramatically and immediately reducing insurance coverage. In many states, the seriously ill would be at particular risk of losing coverage.
Abstract 527: Natriuretic Effect Mediated by the Renal Medullary α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

Although there are extensive studies on the regulation of renal sodium excretion by adrenergic pathway, the role of cholinergic pathway in the renal sodium excretion is largely unknown. The present study characterized the expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in the kidneys and determined the functional role of this nAChR subtype in urinary sodium excretion in Sprague Dawley rats. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that α7 nAChR was present in the kidneys. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that the strongest immunostaining of α7 nAChR was observed in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys. Infusion of an α7 nAChR agonist PNU-282987 (2.7 μM, 10 μl/min) into the renal medulla dramatically increased the urine volume (from 15.4 ± 2.1 to 42.5 ± 3.9 μl/min/g kwt) and sodium excretion (from 1.26 ± 0.18 to 4.15 ± 0.60 μmole/min/g kwt), which was blocked by an α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA, 5 μM, 10 μl/min), in anesthetized rats. Infusion of PNU-282987 did not cause any change in renal medullary blood flow as measured by Laser Doppler flowmeter. In addition, intra-renal medullary infusion of MLA (5 μM, 10 μl/min) significantly inhibited the volume expansion-induced increase of urine volume and sodium excretion by 25%. These data suggest that activation of renal medullary α7 nAChR produces a natriuretic effect through its tubular action in rats. (Supported by NIH grant HL89563 and HL106042)
Sequential differential optimization of incremental redundancy transmission lengths: An example with tail-biting convolutional codes

This paper applies the sequential differential optimization (SDO) algorithm to optimize the transmission lengths of incremental redundancy for a 1024-state tail-biting convolutional code. The tail-biting reliability-output Viterbi algorithm is used to determine whether to inform the transmitter that a message has been successfully received or to request that the transmitter provide additional convolutional code bits. In order to maximize the average throughput, SDO is used to determine the rate of the initial codeword and the number of bits of incremental redundancy to be sent in each increment. With the help of SDO, this paper demonstrates a system that achieves 86.3 percent of the binary-input AWGN capacity (for SNR 2 dB) with an average blocklength of 115.5 symbols.
Are We Happy Yet?: Re-evaluating the Evaluation of Indigenous Community Development

As I was working on research into Indigenous community development, I wanted to get an overview of how things are going - are projects improving well-being? What is working and what isn9t? I found I couldn9t get a clear multi-dimensional picture. So I had to wonder, about evaluation criteria and what the alternatives were. How can we, as academics and researchers and allies, make sense of the available information in such a way that our work is meaningful to the Indigenous communities we work with?
Shear wave speed: Becoming a clinically valuable biomarker

Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (SWEI) utilizes acoustic radiation force excitations to generate transient shear waves in soft tissues. The speed of these propagating shear waves can be used to characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft tissues. Multiple manufacturers have introduced shear wave-based imaging modes on their scanners, with a variety of clinical applications, including characterizing liver stiffness and breast masses. The clinical literature, however, has highlighted an unacceptable level of variability in shear wave speed measurements between different commercial systems that could limit their future integration into clinical diagnostic workflows as a valuable biomarker. The RSNA Quantitative Imaging Biomarker Alliance (QIBA) has established a working group to evaluate the performance of current shear wave imaging systems from different manufacturers and define sources of variability when making shear wave measurements at different clinical sites.
Filling pressures in Fontan revisited: Comparison between pulmonary artery wedge, ventricular end-diastolic, and left atrial pressures in adults.

Abstract Background Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) has been shown to correlate better with left atrial pressure (LAP) than ventricular end-diastolic pressure (VEDP) in acquired heart disease. The correlation between VEDP and PAWP and their performance as surrogates for LAP in Fontan patients is unknown. Methods Offline single-beat simultaneous measurement of PAWP and VEDP was performed in 50 adult Fontan patients and non-simultaneous hemodynamic data abstracted for calculation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). For the evaluation of PAWP and VEDP as surrogates for LAP, 14 fenestrated adult Fontan patients were included. Results Mean age was 34.2±10years and 54% of patients were female. Tricuspid atresia and double inlet left ventricle were the most common congenital defects (44% and 20%, respectively). Simultaneous mean VEDP was 10.8±4.6mmHg and mean PAWP was 11±4.6mmHg; the PAWP-VEDP correlation was 0.91 (p 2 , 95% CI 0.2–1.0; p=0.005) and left-sided (mean difference 0.5WU·m 2 , 95% CI 0.1–0.9; p=0.02) PVRs were significantly higher when PAWP rather than VEDP was used. In fenestrated patients, LAP-right PAWP and LAP-left PAWP correlations were 0.97 and 0.95 (p Conclusions PAWP and VEDP correlate reasonably well in adult Fontan patients but PAWP is a better surrogate for LAP. The use of VEDP instead of PAWP appears to significantly underestimate PVR in these patients.
Games, Sports and Exercises for the Physically Handicapped. By Ronald C. Adams, Alfred N. Daniel and Lee Rullman

(1974). Games, Sports and Exercises for the Physically Handicapped. By Ronald C. Adams, Alfred N. Daniel and Lee Rullman. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 321-323.
Studien der chirurgischen Onkologie

Multimodale Therapiestrategien haben in den letzten Jahren bei fast allen soliden Tumoren Eingang in die Therapiekonzepte gefunden. Ihr tatsachlicher Stellenwert ist derzeit jedoch nur teilweise geklart, sodass zur Beantwortung der offenen Indikationen noch eine Reihe von randomisierten Studien anstehen. Hierbei kommt der Qualitat der chirurgischen Therapie im Rahmen dieser multimodalen Protokolle entscheidende Bedeutung zu, da ansonsten moglicherweise nur scheinbare Vorteile neoadjuvanter/adjuvanter Verfahren resultieren. Chirurgische Qualitatssicherung ist deshalb ein unabdingbarer Bestandteil bei der Umsetzung durch Optimierungsstudien. Hierfur wurden in Deutschland entsprechende Voraussetzungen, beispielsweise fur gastrointestinale Karzinome, durch die interdisziplinare „Studiengruppe Gastrointestinale Tumore der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft geschaffen“. Weitere Studiennetzwerke mussen zukunftig auch die Umsetzung der chirurgischen Qualitatssicherung weiter verbessern.
Unexpected Neuromuscular Diagnoses from Chromosomal Microarrays (P2.336)

Objective: Describe pediatric cases with a neuromuscular genetic abnormality found on routine chromosomal microarray testing for development delay and the clinical implications. Background: Neuromuscular diagnoses often stem from history and clinical exam findings with early genetic testing in asymptomatic patients typically reserved for those with a positive family history. Chromosomal Microarray is generally used in screening patients with a combination of developmental delay, dysmorphic features, or multiple clinical features that may stem from more than one organ system. Design/Methods: Four subjects with abnormal chromosomal microarrays in regions of genes which are suggestive of neuromuscular diagnoses were included. Subject one with neonatal hypotonia and dysmorphic features had a chromosomal microarray revealing deletion of chromosome 10q11.22–11.33 (including CHAT gene, Congenital Myasthenic syndrome). Subjects two and three, an 11 year old boy and 10 year old girl with developmental delays both had a Xp21.1 deletion on chromosome microarray (including DMD gene, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy). Subject four, a two year old boy with developmental delay, had on chromosomal microarray a partial trisomy 17p11.2 (Smith-Magenis) due to duplication (includeing PMP22 region, Charcot Marie Tooth disease). Results: Subjects underwent further examination including neuromuscular examination, creatine kinase (CK) levels, EMG/NCS, and/or muscle biopsy. Neuromuscular examination was performed in all patients but only 2/4 (50%) had abnormal findings suggestive of neuromuscular disease. CK levels were checked in 3/4 (75%) and two were mildly elevated. Three of the four patients (75%) had EMG/NCS and two of the three were abnormal. Only one patient has undergone a muscle biopsy (subject 3) which was normal. One of the four patients is undergoing treatment specifically for a neuromuscular diagnosis. Conclusions: Children with incidental genetic abnormalities suggestive of a neuromuscular disease on chromosomal microarrays should have consideration of more extensive testing. Disclosure: Dr. Luke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Verma has nothing to disclose.
Alert: Public Health Implications of Electronic Cigarette Waste.

textabstractIntro: Health policy debates about electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have thus far overlooked the potentially serious environmental effects these products pose. From mining to manufacturing, using, and disposing, each stage of the e-cigarette product lifecycle presents novel environmental harms compared with traditional cigarettes. The effect of e-cigarettes on the environmental determinants of health requires urgent study. Tobacco companies already recognize that e-cigarettes pose new environmental burdens, necessitating them to “manage new areas of impact due to the increasing use of electronics and batteries in [their] products.”
Benign Cysts, Tumors, and Tumor-Like Non-vascular Lesions of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues

There is a wide variety of benign tumors and tumor-like lesions that can involve the skin and subcutaneous tissues in the head and neck regions. This chapter reviews the characteristic clinicopathological and imaging findings of benign keratinocytic and adnexal lesions, benign lipomatous tumors, and benign and “borderline” fibrous tumors and proliferations.
Analyzing Bayesian Crosslingual Transfer in Topic Models

We introduce a theoretical analysis of crosslingual transfer in probabilistic topic models. By formulating posterior inference through Gibbs sampling as a process of language transfer, we propose a new measure that quantifies the loss of knowledge across languages during this process. This measure enables us to derive a PAC-Bayesian bound that elucidates the factors affecting model quality, both during training and in downstream applications. We provide experimental validation of the analysis on a diverse set of five languages, and discuss best practices for data collection and model design based on our analysis.
Can I Keep My Nipple? Factors Influencing the Surgical Decision between Skin-Sparing and Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy.

Both skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) are well accepted in the management of breast cancer. Factors that influence the decision of choosing one of these techniques ...
Increasing affordance potency through process improvement: case study of a healthcare system

While the adoption of electronic health records (EHR) has greatly increased in recent years, the ability of healthcare organizations to leverage their EHRs to improve clinical outcomes has not been...
Linear Delay-cell Design for Low-energy Delay Multiplication and Accumulation.

A practical deep neural network's (DNN) evaluation involves thousands of multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations. To extend DNN's superior inference capabilities to energy constrained devices, architectures and circuits that minimize energy-per-MAC must be developed. In this respect, analog delay-based MAC is advantageous due to reasons both extrinsic and intrinsic to the MAC implementation - (1) lower fixed-point precision requirement for a DNN's evaluation, (2) better dynamic range than charge-based accumulation, for smaller technology nodes, and (3) simpler analog-digital interfacing. Implementing DNNs using delay-based MAC requires mixed-signal delay multipliers that accept digitally stored weights and analog voltages as arguments. To this end, a novel, linearly tune-able delay-cell is proposed, wherein, the delay is realized using an inverted MOS capacitor's (C*) steady discharge from a linearly input-voltage dependent initial charge. The cell is analytically modeled, constraints for its functional validity are determined, and jitter-models are developed. Multiple cells with scaled delays, corresponding to each bit of the digital argument, must be cascaded to form the multiplier. To realize such bit-wise delay-scaling of the cells, a biasing circuit is proposed that generates sub-threshold gate-voltages to scale C*'s discharging rate, and thus area-expensive transistor width-scaling is avoided. For 130nm CMOS technology, the theoretical constraints and limits on jitter are used to find the optimal design-point and quantify the jitter versus bits-per-multiplier trade-off. Schematic-level simulations show a worst-case energy-consumption close to the state-of-art, and thus, feasibility of the cell.
Using virtual reality to train inhibitory control and reduce binge eating: A proof-of-concept study.

Abstract Objective One reason for limited efficacy of treatments for binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN) is a failure to directly target deficits in inhibitory control (i.e., the ability to withhold a pre-potent response). Inhibitory control trainings (ICTs; computerized tasks meant to improve inhibitory control) have shown promise but appear not to be powerful enough to generalize to real-word eating behavior or engaging enough for to sustain long-term compliance. Delivering an ICT through virtual reality (VR) technology should increase intervention power because 3D imagery and actual real hand/arm movements are lifelike and may improve compliance because the VR environment is highly engaging. Thus, we created the first-ever VR-based ICT to test its initial feasibility, acceptability, and impact on binge eating. Method We recruited participants (N = 14) with once-weekly loss-of-control (LOC) eating to use the VR ICT daily, at home, for two weeks, and measured feasibility, acceptability and change in LOC eating at post-intervention and 2-week follow-up. Results The VR ICT was feasible to construct and deploy, and demonstrated high acceptability and compliance (i.e., 86.8% of daily trainings completed). Users of the VR ICT experienced large decreases in LOC eating at post-intervention and 2-week follow-up. Discussion Results from this initial pilot indicate that delivering ICT through VR is feasible, acceptable, and is associated with reductions in binge eating. Future study is warranted and should examine whether a VR ICT can serve as a useful adjunct to standard treatment for BN and BED.
Quantum criticality and superconducting pairing in Ce 1-x Yb x CoIn 5 alloys

Charge transport measurements under magnetic field and pressure on Ce1-xYbxCoIn5 single crystalline alloys revealed that: (i) relatively small Yb substitution suppresses the field induced quantum critical point, with a complete suppression for Yb doping x > 0.07; (ii) the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) and Kondo lattice coherence temperature (Tcoh) decrease with x, yet they remain finite over the wide range of Yb concentrations; (iii) both Tc and Tcoh increase with pressure; (iv) there are two contributions to resistivity, which show different temperature and pressure dependences, implying that both heavy and light quasiparticles contribute to inelastic scattering. We also analyzed the pressure dependence of both Tcoh and Tc within the composite pairing theory. In the purely static limit, we find that the composite pairing mechanism necessarily causes opposite behaviors of Tcoh and Tc with pressure: if Tcoh grows with pressure, Tc must decrease with pressure and vice versa.
High-Order Finite Element Method using Standard and Device-Level Batch GEMM on GPUs

The following topics are dealt with: graphics processing units; mathematics computing; iterative methods; parallel machines; parallel architectures; matrix multiplication; floating point arithmetic; parallel processing; partial differential equations; multiprocessing systems.
Perceived HIV Treatment Norms Modify the Association Between HIV-Related Stigma and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among Persons Living with HIV in Baltimore, Maryland

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with reduced HIV-related morbidity/mortality and ongoing transmission; however, the extent to which this association is modified by perceived HIV treatment norms is unknown. 270 PLWH completed a survey to assess demographics, risk behaviors, stigma, ART adherence, and perceived HIV treatment norms (Baltimore, 2014–2017). We used modified Poisson regression to examine effect modification by perceived HIV treatment norms. The association between HIV-related stigma and ART adherence was modified by perceived HIV treatment norms. Among individuals who perceived that friends/family were sub-optimally adherent, HIV-related stigma was negatively associated with ART adherence (Adjusted Risk Ratio [ARR] = 0.36; 95%CI 0.15–0.87). Among those who perceived optimal adherence among friends/family, the relationship between HIV-related stigma and ART adherence was not statistically significant (ARR = 1.07; 95%CI 0.65–1.76). Interventions to improve ART adherence among those who are sub-optimally adherent could focus on increasing perceptions of ART adherence among their friends/family.
Third Party Funding of Investment Arbitration

This Essay discusses Third-Party Funding in Investment Arbitration. It describes the rise of third-party funding of investment arbitration; the debate over the definition of litigation/arbitration finance; the forms arbitration finance takes; the normative debate in favor and against third-party funding of investment arbitration; the effects of arbitration funding on the arbitral process; developments in national, international, and soft law governing investment arbitration funding; and the likely effects of third-party funding on the international bar.
A specific cytosolic estrogen receptor in human term placenta.

Abstract Administration of the antiestrogen ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25) during baboon gestation results in a marked decline in placental progesterone production. Since this effect in primates may be modulated via an estrogen receptor, the present study investigated the possible existence of an estrogen receptor in human placenta. Villous tissue of human, term placentas was homogenized in 0.01M Tris-HCl, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, dithiothreitol, glycerol buffer. Cytosol was incubated with 10 −8 M [ 3 H] 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) in the presence or absence of 10 −6 M diethylstilbestrol (DES). A single peak of [ 3 H]E 2 binding occurred in the 5.2 region after glycerol density gradient centrifugation, which was competed for by DES, E 2 , and enclomiphene. Scatchard analysis demonstrated E 2 binding, which was saturable, of high affinity (K d = 1.90 × 10 −11 M) and of low capacity (N = 0.13 × 10 −14 moles/mg cytosolic protein). Competition for [ 3 H]E 2 binding was DES > E 2 > estrone > MER-25 > enclomiphene, whereas androgens, progestins, and corticosteroids were ineffective. The results fulfill the criteria for a specific estrogen receptor. The influence of antiestrogen and, possibly, estrogen upon placental function in baboons may be modulated by an estrogen receptor.
Temperature measurement via oh spectrum in a flat flame by degenerate four-wave mixing

Abstract The degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) spectra method was employed to measure the temperature in a premixed propane-oxygen flame via OH radicals. The focus was to study the dependencies of the signal-to-noise ratio and linewidth of DFWM on the crossing angle. It was found that temperature measurements via DFWM could be made with crossing angles up to 13 °. Also, the DFWM signals were detectable for a crossing angle up to 25 ° with acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The results suggest that it is possible to use DFWM two-dimensional imaging as a realistic diagnostic technique.
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal association of body mass index and brain volume

While a link between body mass index (BMI) and brain volume has been established in several cross-sectional studies, evidence of the association between change in BMI over time and changes in brain structure is limited. Using data from a cohort of 347 former lead workers and community controls with two MRI scans over an approximately 5-year period, we estimated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of BMI and brain volume using both region-of-interest (ROI) and voxel-based morpho-metric (VBM) methods. We found that associations of BMI and brain volume were not significantly different in former lead workers as compared to community controls. In the cross-sectional analysis, higher BMIs were associated with smaller brain volumes in gray matter (GM) using both ROI and VBM approaches. No associations with white matter (WM) were observed. In the longitudinal analysis, higher baseline BMI was associated with greater decline in temporal and occipital GM ROI volumes. Change in BMI over the five-year period was only associated with change in hippocampal volume and was not associated with change in any of the GM ROIs. Overall, higher BMI was associated with lower GM volume in several ROIs and with declines in volume in temporal and occipital GM over time. These results suggest that sustained high body mass may contribute to progressive temporal and occipital atrophy.
O UTCOME S TUDY OF M INORS AFTER P ARENTAL R EFUSAL OF P ARAMEDIC T RANSPORT

Objective. Patient refusal of paramedic transport against medical advice (AMA) has significant medical-legal implications. Previous studies have investigated patient outcomes after refusal of transport, but none has focused on these events in minors. This study was performed to evaluate the outcomes of this patient population after refusal of transport as well as the significance of base hospital physician discussion with parents in the decision to refuse transport. Methods. This was a retrospective telephone follow-up survey involving parents of minors for whom transport was refused after accessing emergency medical services (EMS) via the 911 system. Data were initially obtained from paramedic run records and each family was subsequently contacted by telephone and surveyed with regard to their experiences with the field medics in addition to the medical follow-up sought for their child and patient outcomes. Results. Eighty-nine patients met criteria for survey. Telephone contact was made with 44 parents,...
Overview of Descriptive Epidemiology of Mental Disorders

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and correlates of illness in the population. The three stages of epidemiological investigation are descriptive, analytic, and experimental. Descriptive epidemiology is concerned with the distribution of illness onset and course, whereas analytic epidemiology is concerned with the use of nonexperimental data to elucidate causal processes involved in illness onset and course, and experimental epidemiology is concerned with the development and evaluation of interventions aimed at modifying risk factors to prevent illness onset or to modify illness course. Most epidemiological studies of psychiatric disorders are either descriptive or analytic. Historically, much of the important work in these areas has been done by sociologists. Experimental psychiatric epidemiology is more rare. A challenge for sociologists working in psychiatric epidemiology is to refine their analytic models sufficiently to establish the basis for structural interventions. See Rothman (1986) for an introduction to epidemiology overall and Tsaung, Tohen, and Zahner (1995) for an introduction to psychiatric epidemiology.
Group Size in Animal Societies: The Potential Role of Social and Ecological Limitations in the Group‐Living Fish, Paragobiodon xanthosomus

The number of group members in an animal society can have a major influence on group members’ life history, survival, and reproductive success. Identifying the factors that limit group size is therefore fundamental for a complete understanding of social behavior. Here, I examined the relationships between resource availability, social conflict, and group size in the coral-dwelling fish, Paragobiogon xanthosomus (Gobiidae). The size of the largest (breeding) female and the minimum size difference required for hierarchy stability strongly but not perfectly predicted maximum group size, suggesting that social conflicts and hierarchy structure set the upper limit on group size. Deviations in group size around the predicted maximum were explained by variation in average body size ratios but not by variation in coral size, suggesting that coral size does not directly influence group size. In contrast, coral size was a significant predictor of body size ratios, and possible explanations for this relationship are discussed. Group size may be limited by the social conflicts that characterize size-based dominance hierarchies. Ecological factors, namely coral size, may in turn play an indirect role via an effect on body size ratios.
Scaling law and flux pinning in polycrystalline La1.85Sr0.15CuO4.

The transport critical current density (${J}_{\mathrm{ct}}$) of two hot-pressed bulk polycrystalline ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ superconducting samples has been measured over the temperature range 2 K to ${T}_{c}$ in magnetic fields up to 27 T. It is demonstrated that these data have a separable variable form ${F}_{p}$=${J}_{\mathrm{ct}\mathrm{B}=\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}(\mathrm{D}){B}_{c2}^{2.4}}$ (T)b [where \ensuremath{\alpha}(D) is a constant and b=B/${B}_{c2}$(T)], in agreement with the Fietz-Webb scaling law. This is strong evidence that in high magnetic fields, flux pinning is the mechanism that determines the critical current density. The authors suggest that the dissipative state is described by flux flow along the regions of weak flux pinning at the grain boundaries.
Ethnography in a Steam Bath

The Shvitz. 1993. 47 minutes, color. A film by Jonathan Berman. For information contact All-Weather Films, Atten: Jonathan Berman, 396 Third Avenue #2-S, New York, NY 10016.
From Syntactic Theories to Interpreters: Automating the Proof of Unique Decomposition

Developing syntactic theories for reasoning about programming languages usually involves proving a unique-decomposition lemma. The proof of such a lemma is tedious, error-prone, and is usually attempted many times during the design of a theory. We therefore investigate the automation of such proofs. We map the unique-decomposition lemma to the problems of checking equivalence and ambiguity of syntactic definitions. Because checking these properties of context-free grammars is undecidable, we work with regular tree grammars and use algorithms on finite tree automata to perform the checking. To make up for the insufficient expressiveness of regular tree grammars, we extend the basic framework with built-in types and constants, contexts, and polymorphic types. Our implementation extends an earlier system by Xiao et al. [16] that translates semantic specifications expressed as syntactic theories to interpreters. We have successfully used the combined system to generate interpreters and verify the unique-decomposition lemma for a number of examples.
WHO’S THE BOSS? HOUSEHOLD DISTRIBUTION OF POWER IN A NON-COOPERATIVE FRAMEWORK

When labour market participation influences bargaining power in a household, the male and the female labour supplies can be either positively or negatively related. If negatively related, possibilities include: ‘balance of power’, the complete dominance of one member, and circumstances where inequity persists with incomplete dominance. If effort levels are positively sloped, it is possible to have equilibrium at either high or low effort levels leading to equity. The effects of economic development and wage discrimination are also discussed.
Textural Properties of Cold‐set Gels Induced from Heat‐denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl 2 (10-40 mM), NaCl (50-400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4-2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. increasing CaCl 2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.
Study of Some (p, n) Reactions by Neutron Time of Flight

A millimicrosecond time-of-flight technique was applied to the study of (p,n) reactions in K, Ca/sup 48/, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, As, and Rb using the phase- focused 3-Mev proton beam from a small fixed-frequency cyclotron. The neutron spectra. resulting from these reactions. gave data from which the ground-state Q values and some of the energy levels in the residual nuclei have been determined. The reactions in K and Fe yielded only one neutron group each, which corresponded to the ground states in Ca/sup 41/ and Co/sup 57/, respectively. In addition to the ground state Q values. the energies were determined for one excited state in each of the nuclei Mn/sup 53/, Mn/sup 54/, and Sr/sup 85/, two excited states in Zn/sup 65/, three excited states in Sr/sup 87/, and four excited states in each of the nuclei Sc/sup 48, V/sup 49/, Fe/sup 55, and Se/sup 75/. The angular distribu tions of the neutron groups were observed to be essentially isotropic in the Ca/sup 48/(p,n)Sc/sup 48/ and Cu/sup 65/(p.n) Zn/sup 65/ reactions. (auth)
Exploring the effects of climate change on northern soil carbon

Over recent millennia, northern ecosystems have been an important sink for the global carbon cycle, with vast quantities of carbon slowly accumulating and becoming trapped within thick layers of permafrost or peat. Some scientists have raised the prospect that global warming will free this carbon from its icy prison, with devastating effects on the global climate. However, researchers have identified a number of dynamic feedback systems that drive boreal and tundra ecosystems, suggesting that the fate of the 1400–1850 petagrams of stored carbon—enough to raise atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations by 660–870 parts per million if ever fully released—is much less certain.
A stable adaptive Hammerstein filter employing partial orthogonalization of the input signals

This paper presents an algorithm that adapts the parameters of a Hammerstein system model. Hammerstein systems are nonlinear systems that contain a static nonlinearity cascaded with a linear system. In this, work, the static nonlinearity is modeled using a polynomial system and the linear filter that follows the nonlinearity is an infinite impulse response system. The adaptation of the nonlinear components is enhanced in the algorithm by orthogonalizing the inputs to the coefficients of the polynomial system. The linear system is implemented as a recursive higher-order filter. The step sizes associated with the recursive components are constrained in such a way as to guarantee bounded-input, bounded-output stability of the overall system. Experimental results included in the paper show that the algorithm performs well and always converges to the global minimum if the input signal is white.
Update of geriatric psychiatry practices among American psychiatrists: Analysis of the 1996 National Survey of Psychiatric Practice.

Using data from the 1996 National Survey of Psychiatric Practice from the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the authors updated information on psychiatrists who are high geriatric providers (HGPs). In 1996, HGPs comprised 18% of the sample. Only 23% reported no geriatric patients in their practice, a 51% reduction from 1988–89; the proportion of HGPs is increasing. HGPs were more often male, minority, international medical school graduates, certified in geriatric psychiatry, and not medical school-affiliated. HGPs worked longer hours/week in direct patient care, had more patient visits/week, and saw more new patients/month, spending more time in hospitals and nursing homes and less time in office-based practice, and seeing more patients with mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and other disorders. Medicare was a proportionally higher payment source. Older psychiatrists were likely to have more patients over age 65. Tracking practice activities of HGPs may help inform policy discussion regarding staffing needs for geriatric patients with late-life mental disorders.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOLLOW CATHODE DISCHARGE SOURCE FROM HOLLOW CATHODES OF DIFFERENT SIZES AND SHAPES

The empirical evaluation of several types of two-piece hollow cathodes for the analysis of microsamples using both dc and pulsed discharge modes of the hollow cathode discharge is reported. The discharge parameters used are similar to those that have given good precision and sensitivity for microsamples in this laboratory. Both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to follow sputtering effects on the cathode geometry. The sputtering patterns in the flat-bottom, two-piece cylindrical hollow cathode revealed directly the cathode dark space on the cathode cavity bottom. The temporal emission profiles from the spherical cathode cavity are similar to those observed in cylindrical cathode cavities. The temporal emission profile changes with the diameter of the cylindrical cathode cavity and is characteristic of the analyte.
On-Chip Clocking of Nanomagnet Logic Lines and Gates

The nanomagnet logic (NML) devices considered here are variants of proposed components for the edge-driven, quantum-dot cellular automata device architecture, where the position of electrons on quantum dots was suggested as a mechanism for representing binary state. To control NML circuit components (e.g., gates and lines), to date, externally generated magnetic fields have served as a clock. The clock is used to make the magnets in a circuit ensemble transition to a metastable state, so fringing fields from individual devices can set the state of a neighboring device in accordance with a new input. However, such a clocking scheme is obviously not extensible to chip-level systems. For NML to be a viable candidate for digital systems, a mechanism for simultaneously modulating the energy barriers of a group of devices must be implemented “on-chip,” and guarantee unidirectional dataflow from circuit input to circuit output. We have experimentally demonstrated a CMOS-compatible clock, and used it to reevaluate all of the NML constructs required for a functionally complete logic set. All possible input combinations to said constructs were successfully considered. Experiments were designed to promote unidirectional dataflow.
Protracted 1,25=Dihydroxyvitamin D Treatment Stimulates Multiple Calmodulin Binding Proteins in Rat Kidney*

Previous studies demonstrated that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] treatment in vivo stimulates [125I]calmodulin (CaM) binding to several proteins (detected by [125I]CaM gel overlay) in cytosol preparations from rat kidney. This study establishes the sizes of the principal stimulated forms and physiological aspects of their stimulation by the hormone. Densitometric analysis of the 1,25-(OH)2D-stimulated [125I]CaM binding activities demonstrated induction of two major bands, M(r) = 110 +/- 2.4 and 94 +/- 1.2 K. This analysis also revealed induction of a previously existing band at 150 +/- 2.7 K and induction of a 74 +/- 1.1 K band. 1,25-(OH)2D-induction of the [125I]CaM binding activities (CaMBP-Ds) was observed in both vitamin D-deficient and normal vitamin D-sufficient rats. The [125I]CaM binding activities were abolished by incubation with 1000-fold excess CaM, but not calbindin-D28, troponin C, parvalbumin, or alpha-lactalbumin. 1,25-(OH)2D induction of the [125I]CaM binding activities exhibited ...
NONLINEAR INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN A PLASMA DENSITY GRADIENT

Two intense electromagnetic waves interact strongly where the local plasma frequency equals their difference frequency, resulting in an irreversible transfer of action from the higher-frequency wave to the lower-frequency wave. The amount of transfer depends only on the intensities and the density scale length. Succesive transfers among a set of waves may produce efficient plasma heating. (auth)
The Nucleation of Polyethylene Dendrites from Solution

This paper is a study of nucleation mechanisms in the formation of polyethylene dendrites from dilute solutions. Polyethylene dendrites may be either of regular morphology or of irregular morphology (“hedgehog” dendrites). By varying the temperatures of dissolution and crystallisation, as well as the general impurity level of the system, it was possible to alter systematically the relative ratio of regular to hedgehog dendrites. It was found that regular dendrites could be nucleated through a “self-seeded” process, as well as through homogeneous nucleation. The irregular hedgehog dendrites were observed to be nucleated heterogeneously. The degree of super-cooling necessary for dilute solution homogeneous nucleation was established (∼30° C).