cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preface: The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Mission

The solar system began in the early solar nebula when the gas and dust accreted to form planetesimals which accumulated into the larger bodies we now know as the planets. Mars, the fourth planet from the sun was less massive than its two neighbors, Jupiter and Earth. But it had grown large enough to differentiate, forming a core and mantle and topped by a crust. It also was surrounded by an atmosphere. This early atmosphere appears to have provided a relatively benign environment, with surficial water that was much more abundant and geologically active than is possible on Mars today. Now, the surface of Mars is cold and dry, and any liquid water will very quickly either freeze or evaporate/sublimate into the atmosphere. We want to understand how this transition in climate occurred, and what role loss of gas from the atmosphere to space played in this climate change. The records of how the atmosphere evolved are difficult to decipher. We can determine how loss processes operate today, and try to extrapolate backward in time. It is not sufficient to simply use the present day loss rate because the conditions that led to that atmospheric evolution were not the same throughout Mars’ history but changed as the Sun evolved. So we must study the loss of atmosphere as a function of solar conditions and apply what we know about the evolution of the Sun to account for these changing conditions and make an accurate estimate of the losses with time. We also can examine characteristics such as the ratios of isotopes of light stable gases and noble gases for clues to the integrated loss to space over time. A major step in being able to do this was the development of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission as part of NASA’s Scout program. MAVEN is led by a Principal Investigator, and involves collaboration between the University of Colorado’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, the University of California at Berkeley’s Space Sciences Laboratory, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Lockheed Martin. While many missions have flown to Mars, none has had such
Federal Reorganization to Protect the Environment

Congress and the Executive Branch have acted spasmodically, reversed direction, and been indecisive in considering organizational proposals for evironmental activities which are widely diffused through government as integral parts of most programs. Neither the Executive Branch nor the Congress has shown a great willingness to pursue effective enforcement; without reorganization, action could have been taken to give pollution control higher priorities and greater attention. Execuvtive agencies are ineffectual in counteracting external influences, but under conditions of uncertainty, it is not unusual for action agencies to carry the public burden leaving political figures free of responsibility. The responsibility of the current environmental protection hierarchy is to prove it will be responsive to the public's evident desires to reduce stresses from environmental pollution.
The role of metallothionein IIa in defending lens epithelial cells against cadmium and TBHP induced oxidative stress.

Purpose: Heavy metals and other forms of oxidative stress have been implicated as key factors in the formation of agerelated cataract in humans. Metallothioneins are a group of proteins known to play important roles in defending cells against the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals. However, little is known about their involvement in defending against other forms of oxidative stress. Here, we examined the ability of metallothionein IIa (MTIIa) to protect human lens epithelial cells against cadmium and tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced oxidative stress. Methods: MTIIa over-expressing human lens epithelial cells (SRA01/04) were created by retroviral mediated gene transfer. Normal and MTIIa over-expressing cells were exposed to various concentrations of cadmium and TBHP and subsequently monitored for cell death, changes in cell phenotype and differences in growth rate. In addition, expression levels of three other important antioxidant genes, heme oxygenase-1, thioredoxin reductase-1, and manganese superoxide dismutase were monitored by real-time RT-PCR following exposure to TBHP. Results: Analysis of the over expressing cell lines revealed an approximate 3-4 fold increase in MTIIa expression relative to control cells, resulting in as much as 20% protection against cadmium-induced oxidative stress (p<0.001). The MTIIa over expressing cells were also significantly more resistant to TBHP treatment while control cells exhibited significant shrinking and rounding-up following 3-6 h TBHP treatment, no changes were observed in TBHP-treated over expressing cells. When control cells were treated for 3 h or overnight with TBHP, 40-45% cell death occurred by day three. However, no cell death was observed at this time for the treated MTIIa over-expressing cell line. In addition, TBHP induced the expression of MTIIa, heme oxygenase-1, thioredoxin reductase-1, and MnSOD in both normal and MTIIa over-expressed cell lines. Interestingly the latter three genes were induced at 2-3 fold higher levels in TBHP-treated MTIIa over-expressing cells, compared to treated control cells (p=0.001, p=0.02, and p=0.01, respectively). Conclusions: These data indicate that over-expression of MTIIa in human lens epithelial cells results in protection against cadmium and TBHP-induced oxidative stress. In addition, the results suggest that MTIIa, and/or its ability to chelate metals, may play a role in regulating expression of other important antioxidant genes in response to oxidative stress.
Preparation and Characterization of Amorphous Fe-B-P Ultrafine Particles

Soft magnetic Fe-B-P ultrafine particles with amorphous structure were prepared by aqueous reduction method with variable pH values. The microstructure, compositions and the soft magnetic properties of Fe-B-P submicron particles were investigated by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), mossbauer spectrum (MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results showed that a series of Fe-B-P amorphous particles with the average particle size of 0.26~0.42 μm were obtained depending on the pH value of solution. As pH value increased, the contents of B and P increased, and the specific saturation magnetization of the Fe-B-P submicron particles decreased. Some electrons, transferred from p-shell of B atoms and P atoms to 3d-shell of Fe atom, resulted in the decrease of the number of unpaired electron, which in turn led to reduction of the average hyperfine magnetic field of the Fe-B-P particles and the decrease of the magnetic torque of Fe atoms. The relation between hyperfine magnetic field (Hhf) and the specific saturation magnetization was in accord with the Marshall’s equation. At the same time, the enhancement of the shielding effect on 4s electron orbital, i.e., the density of 4s electron reduced, leading to the increase of Isomer Shift.
Communication of Target Trajectory and Wind Information to Improve Airborne Interval Management Spacing Performance

Interval Management (IM) is an ADS-B-enabled NextGen concept that will lead to more precise inter-aircraft spacing between an IM Aircraft and a Target Aircraft, in order to increase runway throughput. This paper describes the integration of IM operations with time-based metering operations and the related ground automation, which will support air traffic controllers in managing mixed operations (i.e., some aircraft are equipped with IM avionics and some are not). There are several considerations when determining how IM operations should be integrated into the time-based metering environment, including the initiation location and the information that must be communicated to the IM avionics to conduct the IM operation. This paper examines some performance trade-offs between where to initiate IM and the extent to which communication of supporting trajectory and wind information is needed. Starting the IM operation far from the destination runway requires more information about the environment in order to ensure that the desired spacing precision can be met, but is less sensitive to the pre-conditioning of the traffic at initiation. Conversely, initiating IM closer to the runway requires less information to be provided to the IM Aircraft; however, it requires more consistent traffic pre-conditioning prior to initiation. The performance trade-offs discussed here will be used as input to the development of Data Communications messages, which can enable the transfer of more complex operational and environmental information between air traffic control and flight crews and/or avionics to improve IM performance.
THREE DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE IN ORBIT

Space structures, such as space station, solar arrays, deployable and inflatable structures are large and flexible. These structures undergo orbital rigid body motion and large structural deformations under space environmental loadings. In this paper, a finite element methodology based on the parallel reference frames, which combines features of the floating frame of reference and the absolute coordinate formulations, has been developed to study the large deformation, non- linear, coupled orbital and 3-D structural response of an orbiting flexible structures. The analytical formulation consists of two sets of reference frames: one is the fixed coordinate system which describes the location of the second coordinate system; the second set, whose axes are parallel to the first set and is attached to the mass center of the structure, describes the local position of the body. The formulation includes both bending and axial structural flexibilities. Applications and results of this formulation have been presented for dynamics of a flexible beam-type orbiting structure. Results in terms of time variation of structural displacement, orbital, and attitude responses are presented and discussed.
A Markovian model of adult gaze behavior

This study was designed to test a proposed Markov chain model of adult gaze behaviors. Hypotheses for an individual's gaze behavior, dyadic visual interaction, and dyadic gaze states within an independent decision model were examined. Subjects were assigned to a same-or mixed-sex dyad and instructed to converse for approximately 5 min about life at the university. Video tapes of the conversations were unobtrusively obtained and scored by an observer of gaze behaviors for 41/2 min in 24 pairs of subjects: eight male, eight female, and eight mixed-sex dyads. The results indicate that the occurrence of a gaze behavior is dependent on a 0.6-sec history, but infrequently prolonged Looking behaviors were found to occur slightly more often than Markovian formulations predicted. The mathematical properties of gaze behavior demonstrated in this experiment are congruent with those of dialogic time patterns, suggesting a regularity in the gross temporal organization of nonverbal communications.
Entropy and Minimal Data Rates for State Estimation and Model Detection

We investigate the problem of constructing exponentially converging estimates of the state of a continuous-time system from state measurements transmitted via a limited-data-rate communication channel, so that only quantized and sampled measurements of continuous signals are available to the estimator. Following prior work on topological entropy of dynamical systems, we introduce a notion of estimation entropy which captures this data rate in terms of the number of system trajectories that approximate all other trajectories with desired accuracy. We also propose a novel alternative definition of estimation entropy which uses approximating functions that are not necessarily trajectories of the system. We show that the two entropy notions are actually equivalent. We establish an upper bound for the estimation entropy in terms of the sum of the system's Lipschitz constant and the desired convergence rate, multiplied by the system dimension. We propose an iterative procedure that uses quantized and sampled state measurements to generate state estimates that converge to the true state at the desired exponential rate. The average bit rate utilized by this procedure matches the derived upper bound on the estimation entropy. We also show that no other estimator (based on iterative quantized measurements) can perform the same estimation task with bit rates lower than the estimation entropy. Finally, we develop an application of the estimation procedure in determining, from the quantized state measurements, which of two competing models of a dynamical system is the true model. We show that under a mild assumption of exponential separation of the candidate models, detection is always possible in finite time. Our numerical experiments with randomly generated affine dynamical systems suggest that in practice the algorithm always works.
Layered Space Time Block Code Based on TCM Coding

For Layered Space time Block Coding(LSTBC),a new layered space time block coding scheme combined with the outer Trellis-Coded Modulation(TCM) is proposed.In the receiver,a group interference suppression technology without matrix inverse is introduced,by exploiting the properties of measurements.For one thing,the signal can be efficiently separated one from another layer using the TCM-LSTBC scheme and the new group interference suppression.For another,the new channel matrix remains the character of Alamouti matrix.Then the complexity of receiver is decreased in decoding stage.The simulation results demonstrate the favorable performance of the proposed TCM-LSTBC scheme.
Parameter calculation of bubble movement about underwater explosion

When the explosive blasted under the water,the gaseous explosive product would quickly expand with a great deal bubble shape.The bubble would be pulsed oscillate several times before they got to the water surface.The pressure of the bubble is much smaller than the pressure produced by gaseous detonation,but the bubble's reaction time to the underwater structure such as submarine,and That is to say,depth charge,and depth pressure sensor is longer,and the impulse of the bubble pulse to the underwater structure is to big that it can't be neglected.The parameters of bubble's kinematic law,bubble's biggest diameter,the time of arriving bubble's biggest diameter,bubble of pulsation period and bubble energy were presented,and the transfiguration and the injection of bubble's locomotion process studied and analyzed.
Efficacy of common used gel bait against cockroaches in Wuhan

Objective To test the effect of common used gel bait against Blattella germanica in Wuhan.Methods Dieting test of 9 gel baits against Blattella germanica was tested by using Φ10 glass pot,30 cm glass pot and 70 cm×70 cm×70 cm glass cabinet in laboratory.Results The mortality of No.1,3,5,7,9 to Blattella germanica was 100% by using Φ10 glass,and others were more than 90.0% and No.8 was only 75.5%.The mortality of No.1,3,5,7 to Blattella germanica was 100% by using Φ10 glass,and No.8 was only 74.3%,others were more than 85.5%.The mortality of No.1,3,6,7 to Blattella germanica was close 100% by using 70 cm×70 cm×70 cm glass cabinet,and No.4 was only 79.4%.Conclusion All the 9 gel baits against cockroaches was effective,and effect of gel bait against cockroaches was more easier.
Design method for axisymmetric uniform illumination system with LED

An optical system design method for LED lighting based on edge-ray theory is presented.The two LED uniform illumination systems based on LED lens and reflector respectively are developed to target a specific distance from the surface of the formation of uniform illuminated circular spot with desired size.Two kinds of optical systems are simulated by ray tracing software based on Monte-Carlo method,the results show that the luminous uniformity is better than 85% in the illuminated spot and the system efficiency is higher than 90%.
Random Mobile Agent Based WSN Model and Its Analysis

In order to optimize wireless sensor network coverage scheme, a random mobile agent-based wireless sensor network model(RMAWSN) is presented in this paper. The model uses swarm optimization algorithm to relocate active mobile agent for event detection. In this model, active mobile agent provides several advantages by the characteristics of random generation and movement: reducing active nodes in monitored area on the premise of coverage rate and the adaptation of divided or isolated network. Experiment results show that this model effectively improves network coverage and reduces consideration of communication distance.
Paths to entrepreneurship in the life sciences.

Many biotech companies are founded by scientists. But there is certainly a path, somewhat less trodden but nonetheless viable, for the inspired entrepreneur who may not be a brilliant researcher.
Women’s Self-Report of Sexual Victimization An Experimental Examination of the Influence of Race, Mode of Inquiry, Setting, and Researcher Contact

Female college students (N = 255) provided self-report of adult sexual assault (ASA) and child sexual abuse (CSA) in one of eight randomly assigned conditions which manipulated three methodological variables (level of researcher contact, setting, and inquiry mode). The impact of methodology on reporting was examined, with race as a moderator. Non-White participants reported significantly more CSA than White participants out of lab, but differences were not observed in lab. White participants reported significantly more ASA than non-White participants on pencil-and-paper surveys, but there were no differences on computer surveys. Interpretation of race-related differences in self-reported victimization may require consideration of methodological effects.
Calcified synovial metastasis in the knee from renal cell carcinoma: a case report

We present the case of an 83-year-old man who had painful swelling of right knee for 6 months. Radiographs showed a large intra-articular soft-tissue mass with small calcifications, whereas MRI detected a multilobulated intra-articular tumor with bone erosions at the distal femur. Histopathology of ultrasound-guided biopsy specimen of the synovial mass revealed it to be a poorly differentiated metastatic carcinoma. Abdominal computed tomography with intravenous contrast medium administration found a heterogeneously enhancing large right renal mass with calcifications, which was shown to be a renal cell carcinoma on histopathology. No metastases were found elsewhere. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case with MRI findings of a calcified intra-articular synovial metastasis from renal cell carcinoma.
Perceived instructor argumentativeness, verbal aggressiveness, and classroom communication climate in relation to student state motivation and math anxiety

ABSTRACTThis study examined how student perceptions of math/statistics instructors’ argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness are related to student perceptions of classroom communication climate, student state motivation, and student math anxiety. A total of 216 completed questionnaires were returned by the student participants (96 males and 120 females). Results supported four of the seven research hypotheses and partially support another research hypothesis, indicating that perceived instructor argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness directly affect perceptions of classroom communication climate; these three perceptions directly influence student state motivation; and student state motivation has a direct impact on math anxiety. Implications based on the findings suggest that math/statistics instructors can adapt different communication behaviors to influence the reduction of student math anxiety.
Temperature and Microstructural Effects on the Superconducting Properties of Niobium Thin Films

Superconducting thin films have a wide range of dc and RF applications, from detectors to superconducting radio frequency. Amongst the most used materials, niobium (Nb) has the highest critical temperature (TC) and highest lower critical field (HC1) of the elemental superconductors and can be deposited on a variety of substrates, making Nb thin films very appealing for such applications. Here, we present temperature-dependent dc studies on the critical temperature and critical fields of Nb thin films grown on copper and r-plane sapphire surfaces. Additionally, we correlate the dc superconducting properties of these films with their microstructure, which allows for the possibility of tailoring future films for a specific application.
Which Research Fields Get Better Faster? Measuring the Evolution of International Research Collaboration

A fundamental problem in the field of the economics of science is how to accurately measure the evolution of collaboration patterns across different scientific fields. This study confronts the problem by employing a model of morphological changes in order to measure and evaluate the relative growth of international scientific collaboration in comparison with domestic collaboration. Empirical evidence, based on co-authored articles from 1997–2012, shows an acceleration of international research collaboration in medical sciences, social sciences, and some specific applied sciences, including geosciences, agricultural sciences, and psychology. These research fields have benefited from a disproportionate relative growth of international co-authored articles in comparison to collaborations with domestic institutions only. By contrast, some theoretical sciences, including physics and mathematics, have lower relative growth in international collaborations). This evolution of scientific fields is analyzed to explain some possible determinants of the ongoing social dynamics of science that support the pervasive plexus (interwoven combination of parts in a system) and development of modern science in society. Moreover, this new approach here can predict which research fields are likeliest to advance rapidly and which are likely to develop more slowly. Knowing this can help policy makers make better investment decisions between different scientific fields to support the progress of science and technology.
Understanding the distressed prostate cancer patient: Role of personality.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between personality and emotional distress in prostate cancer. Neuroticism and introversion were hypothesized to be associated with clinically significant symptoms of emotional distress, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Methods Men with a history of prostate cancer (n = 212) completed an NIH-funded cross-sectional study using well-validated measures of personality, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Covariates were age, education, time since diagnosis, comorbidity, and presence of metastases. Results Emotional distress was reported by 37% of participants, including depression (23%), anxiety (15%), and suicidal ideation (10%). As hypothesized, men who were more neurotic were more likely to report emotional distress (44.5% vs 26.9%; OR = 2.78, P = .004), depression (31.9% vs 11.8%; OR = 4.23, P = .001), and suicidal ideation (29.4% vs 9.7%; OR = 4.15, P = .001). Introverts were more likely to report emotional distress (45.2% vs 28.7%; OR = 2.32, P = .012) and depression (30.8% vs 15.7%; OR = 2.57, P = .014). Men with metastases were more likely to report emotional distress (51.7% vs 31.2%; OR = 4.56, P < .001). Conclusions Neuroticism and introversion were associated with clinically significant emotional distress in men with prostate cancer. Findings suggest that, in the context of treatment for prostate cancer, patient distress reflects disease characteristics (eg, metastases presence) as well as stable personality traits. Implications for clinical care are discussed.
Effects of millimetric geometric features on dropwise condensation under different vapor conditions

Abstract In this work, we investigated the effects of millimetric surface structures on dropwise condensation heat transfer under two different environments: pure vapor and an air-vapor mixture. Our experimental results show that, although convex structures enable faster droplet growth in an air-vapor mixture, the same structures impose the opposite effect during pure vapor condensation, hindering droplet growth. We developed a model for each case to predict the heat flux distribution along the structured surface, and the model shows reasonable agreement with experimental results. This work demonstrates that the effects of geometric features on dropwise condensation are not invariable but rather dependent on the scenario of resistances to heat and mass transfer in the system. The fundamental understanding developed in this study provides useful guidelines for condensation applications including power generation, desalination, dew harvesting, and thermal management.
Analysis on the Nonlinear Dynamics of Deep Neural Networks: Topological Entropy and Chaos.

The theoretical explanation for deep neural network (DNN) is still an open problem. In this paper DNN is considered as a discrete-time dynamical system due to its layered structure. The complexity provided by the nonlinearity in the dynamics is analyzed in terms of topological entropy and chaos characterized by Lyapunov exponents. The properties revealed for the dynamics of DNN are applied to analyze the corresponding capabilities of classification and generalization.
Knowing where it comes from: labeling traditional foods to compete in a global market

Fabio Parasecoli’s book “Knowing Where It Comes From: Labeling Traditional Foods to Compete in a Global Market” offers a thorough examination of place-based labeling systems, their diverse effects,...
8 – Metapopulations and Coalescent Theory

Publisher Summary The coalescent theory, or the study of gene genealogies, provides the framework for empirical molecular population genetics. It is a rapidly moving field that at once draws upon the long history of population genetics theory and responds to the latest advances in biotechnology. The essence of the coalescent theory is that it models the genealogical history of a sample of genetic data and, via that history, makes predictions about the patterns of variation that might be observed among members of the sample. During the development of the coalescent approach between the early 1970s and the early 1980s, there was a switch in the prospective view taken by classical population genetics to a new one that begins with a sample and looks backward in time. The immense practical benefit of this was that it was no longer necessary to describe the properties of an entire population and then imagine sampling from it in order to make predictions about a sample of genetic data; only the direct ancestors of the sample mattered. This chapter describes the basic features of coalescence in unstructured populations to discuss how this forms a basis for inference about population history, and then to discuss the ways in which metapopulation structure changes these basic features and what, in turn, the prospects are for historical inference in metapopulations.
Models and their local stability

This chapter presents several models of population change and examines some simple but approximate methods for determining their stability. In the next chapter, I shall consider alternative and more complex stability criteria.
Is the Second Amendment A Second-Class Right?

In the decade since District of Columbia v. Heller, results for gun rights claimants have been fairly unimpressive. The situation leaves some people concerned that judicial opposition is turning the Second Amendment into a "second-class right." This paper takes up empirical elements of the concern. We compare five fields of constitutional litigation in the U.S. Courts of Appeals from 2008 through 2016: gun rights, abortion rights, affirmative action, establishment of religion, and commercial speech. In terms of success rates, we do find significant differences in attracting judge votes across some of these case sets, with gun rights claims at the low end. We are unable to erase or fully explain the relatively poor performance of gun rights claims by introducing several independent variables. Furthermore, judges appointed by Democrats might contribute more to the disparities than judges appointed by Republicans, although neither set of judges seems to support all claims at equal rates. In terms of causes, the situation is far less clear. Plausible explanations are available that do not involve judges disfavoring gun rights, such as relatively assertive claimants and relatively cautious regulators. Existing data cannot rule out those explanations. Nor is it clear that more data will solve the problem of isolating the contribution of judicial preferences to case results across fields of litigation. More fully detailing and explaining the forces at play in all of these fields is a task for future work, a significant part of which will have to be theoretical, historical, and ethnographic.
Case 2: A 13-year-old Boy with a Perplexing Rash

1. Shafee Salloum, MD* 2. Aphton Lane, DO† 1. *Department of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Dayton Children's Hospital, Dayton, OH 2. †Wright Patterson AFB/Department of Pediatrics, Wright State University/Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH A 13-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with a fever for 1 day and a worsening rash for 1 month. He initially took amoxicillin because the rash was thought to be due to scarlet fever. The amoxicillin was changed to azithromycin after 3 days due to concern for allergic reaction after the development of facial swelling. A week after completion of azithromycin therapy the patient was prescribed prednisone due to worsening of his rash, which became pruritic with drainage from some lesions. A review of systems is otherwise negative. The patient has no eczema, food, or drug allergies. He has no significant medical history other than a recent diagnosis of bipolar disorder for which he started taking carbamazepine 2 months before his presentation to the emergency department. He is up to date on his immunizations, without known sick contacts. Physical examination reveals an uncomfortable child in mild distress complaining of pruritus. His temperature is 102.2°F (39°C), heart rate is 134 beats/min, blood pressure is 117/69 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. He has a diffuse maculopapular erythematous rash over his torso and extremities (Fig). The rash is most concentrated on his face, neck, and upper trunk, with the flexural creases …
Quantum Statistics of Vortices from a Dual Theory of the X Y Ferromagnet

We extend the well-known mapping between the easy-plane ferromagnet and electrostatics in $d=2$ spatial dimensions to dynamical and quantum phenomena in a $d=2+1$ spacetime. Ferromagnetic vortices behave like quantum particles with an electric charge equal to the vortex number and a magnetic flux equal to the transverse spin of the vortex core. Vortices with half-integer core spin exhibit fermionic statistics.
The Travel Bans

Historically, most landmark cases that present foundational constitutional questions trickle up to the Supreme Court over the course of several years. During that deliberative process, advocates on both sides could develop arguments and implement a carefully-crafted litigation strategy. Other landmark cases race to the Supreme Court following major crises. These latter cases arose out of true exigencies: the judiciary was forced to mobilize in response to an emergency that the other branches were unable to resolve. Trump v. Hawaii fits into neither category: the legal issues were not difficult and the circumstances were not exigent. Without question, the president has the statutory and constitutional authority to deny entry to aliens from certain countries based on national-security concerns. Yet, the judiciary still moved at warp speed to halt President Donald Trump’s signature policies. Why? The “travel bans”—which denied entry to aliens from predominantly Muslim nations—traced their roots to overtly anti-Muslim statements made by then-candidate Trump. Furthermore, the government could only offer the faintest patina of a rational basis to defend the policies. Confronted with these facts, the lower courts uniformly enjoined the travel bans. Ultimately, only the Supreme Court upheld the final version in its entirety. This essay recounts the travel bans’ 18-month litigation blitz. This contribution to the Cato Supreme Court Review provides an early assessment of Trump v. Hawaii. Part I discusses the first iteration of the travel ban, which President Trump signed one week after his inauguration. Part II dissects Travel Ban 2.0. Part III introduces Travel Ban 3.0, which was announced in September 2017. This policy—designed to be permanent—was promptly challenged in district courts. Once again, nationwide injunctions were affirmed by the courts of appeals. Yet, in December 2017, the Supreme Court permitted the entire policy to go into effect. This decision was a conclusive indication that the lower courts had gone astray. As a result, there should have been no surprises when, in June 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the third iteration in its entirety. Now that this saga has drawn to an anti-climactic close, Part IV places the travel ban in perspective.
The Young-Dees Operation for the Correction of Retrograde Ejaculation

Retrograde ejaculation can be a significant problem when it interferes with fertility. Sympathomimetic drugs and sperm retrieval from the urine with insemination of the wife are the common methods of treatment. When these methods have not been successful we have used the Young-Dees type of bladder neck reconstruction to convert retrograde ejaculation into normal or antegrade ejaculation. The operation has been successful in 4 of 5 patients.
Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices and the Aortic Valve: Interactions, Issues, and Surgical Therapy.

Concomitant valve disease is common in patients undergoing continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) implantation. In this review, we characterize the epidemiology and management of aortic valve disease following CF-LVAD. Studies suggest that 20–40% of patients have mild or greater aortic insufficiency (AI) at baseline and that AI progresses following CF-LVAD implantation. AI, either pre-existing or de novo, can have deleterious effects on LVAD efficacy and clinical outcomes. Surgical methods to correct AI in patients supported with CF-LVAD include central oversewing of the aortic valve, complete closure of the aortic valve, patch closure of the ventriculo-aortic junction, or aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis. Transcatheter options have recently emerged as feasible modalities to address AI. CF-LVADs contribute to the progression of aortic insufficiency (AI) and its development de novo. Prompt recognition, assessment, and treatment are important. Aortic valve repairs and replacements, now including TAVR, are the primary surgical methods to correct AI.
Fundamentals of ion mobility in the free molecular regime. Interlacing the past, present and future of ion mobility calculations

While existing ion mobility calculators are capable of feats as impressive as calculating collision cross sections (CCS) within a few per cent and within a very reasonable time, the simplifications...
649 Incidence of thromboembolism (TE) in patients with melanoma receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and its adverse impact on survival

Background Little is known about rates of arterial thromboembolism (ATE) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with melanoma on ICI. We assessed incidence and outcomes of ATE and VTE in patients with melanoma receiving ICI. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with melanoma receiving ICI from July 2015 through December 2017 at Cleveland Clinic. TE including VTE events of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), visceral vein thrombosis (VVT), and ATE events of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or transient ischemic attack (TIA) after ICI initiation were identified. Overall survival (OS) from ICI initiation was estimated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox hazard models; associations between TE, ICI regimen, and clinical risk factors were evaluated using log-rank test. Results The study population comprised 228 patients with median age 65 (23–91) years, 67% male, and median follow up 27.3 months. Pembrolizumab was most commonly used (38.7%), followed by combination ipilimumab plus nivolumab (29.4%), ipilimumab (20%), and nivolumab (12.3%). Most had stage IV disease (81.1%) and 11% had brain metastases (BM) at treatment initiation. Fifty-one TE events occurred in 47 patients (20.6%), including 37 (16.2%) VTE and 14 (6.1%) ATE. Of VTE, DVT comprised 46.0%, PE 24.3%, DVT+PE 21.6%, VVT 5.4%, and DVT+VVT 2.7%. Of ATE, stroke comprised 57.2%, MI 35.7%, and TIA 7.1%. Of all TE events, 72% resulted in hospitalization and 19% resulted in clot-related mortality. Cumulative incidence of TE after ICI initiation was 9.3% (95%CI,6.0–13.6%) at 6 months, and 16.0% (95%CI,11.6–21.2%) at 12 months. The 6- and 12-month VTE cumulative incidence rates were 8.0% (95%CI,4.9–12.0%), and 12.9% (95%CI,8.9–17.7%), respectively. The 6- and 12-month ATE cumulative incidence rates were 2.2% (95%CI,0.84–4.8%), and 4.5% (95%CI,2.3–7.8%), respectively. The 6- and 12-month VTE cumulative incidence rates were higher with combination ICI than single agent (16.7% vs. 5.0% and 21.3% vs. 9.5%, respectively; p=0.02) (figure 1). Risk factors associated with VTE in univariate analysis included BM, stage IV disease, combination ICI, and Khorana score ≥1 (p Conclusions ICI is associated with a high incidence of TE in patients with melanoma; TE is associated with substantial worsening of survival.
Associations Between Diet Quality and Dental Caries in Low-Income Women.

Abstract Background The Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) is a diet quality measure of conformity of diet to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This tool is being used increasingly to assess relationships between diet quality and health outcomes. Objective The objective of this research was to investigate the relationships between diet quality as measured by HEI-2015 total and component scores and Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth Index (DMFT) scores in low-income women. Design In this cross-sectional study, low-income women were administered questionnaires and dental examinations on 1 occasion. The questionnaires included demographics, food frequency, and oral health questionnaires, and the US Adult Food Security Survey Module. Participants/settings Participants in this study were part of a larger research project—Impact of Diet and Nutrition on Dental Caries in Low-Income Women. For the larger research project, a total of 255 women aged 18 to 50 years with annual income Main outcome measures The exposure was diet quality and the main outcome measure was DMFT score. Statistical analysis Dental caries scores were calculated by addition of decayed, missing, and filled teeth. Descriptive statistics were conducted on the variables of age, race and ethnicity, education, annual household income, food security status, and frequency of brushing and flossing. Linear regression analysis was used to discern relationships between diet quality—as assessed by HEI-2015 total and component scores—and dental caries experience, adjusting for the covariates. Results Caries in permanent teeth was present in 95.6% of participants. HEI-2015 total scores were inversely associated with dental caries. An increase of 1 point in total HEI-2015 score was accompanied by a decrease in DMFT score by 0.569 (P = .001). In addition, component scores for total vegetables (P = .001), greens and beans (P = .002), dairy (P = .004), refined grains (P = .001), and added sugars (P = .001) were inversely related to DMFT scores. Conclusions This research suggests that diet quality, as measured by the HEI-2015, is inversely associated with DMFT scores in low-income women. Future research is needed to investigate the influence of diet and nutrition on the integrity of oral health.
Prenatal exposure to arsenic and lung function in children from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study.

Abstract Prenatal arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer along with multiple non-carcinogenic outcomes, including respiratory diseases in arsenic-contaminated areas. Limited epidemiologic data exist on whether in utero arsenic exposure influences lung development and subsequent respiratory health. We investigated the association between gestational arsenic exposure and childhood lung function in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. Urinary arsenic speciation including inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenobetaine was measured in maternal urine samples collected during pregnancy and spirometry was performed in offspring at a median age of 7.4 years. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second of exhalation (FEV1), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25-75) standardized z-scores were assessed in linear models as dependent variables with the log2-transformed summation of urinary arsenic species (ΣAs = iAs + MMA + DMA) corrected for specific gravity as an independent variable and with adjustment for maternal smoking status, children’s age, sex and height. Among the 358 children in the study, a doubling of ΣAs was associated with a −0.08 (s) decrease in FVC z-scores (95% confidence interval (CI) from −0.14 to −0.01) and −0.10 (s) (95% CI from −0.18 to −0.02) decrease in FEV1 z-scores. The inverse association appeared stronger among those mothers with lower secondary methylation index (urinary DMA/MMA), especially among girls. No association was observed for FEF25-75 z-scores. Our results suggest that gestation arsenic exposure at levels relevant to the general US population during the vulnerable period of lung formation may adversely affect lung function in childhood.
Mechanisms of modulation of pre-mRNA 3D structural scaffolds for splicing substrate definition

Coordination of different serine-arginine-rich (SR) proteins - a class of critical splicing activators - facilitates recognition of the highly degenerate cognate splice signal sequences against the background sequences. Yet, the mechanistic details of their actions remain unclear. Here we show that cooperative binding of SR proteins to exonic and intronic motifs remodels the pre-mRNA 3D structural scaffold. The scaffold generated by pre-mRNA-specific combinations of different SR proteins in an appropriate stoichiometry is recognized by U1 snRNP. A large excess of U1 snRNP particles displaces the majority of the bound SR protein molecules from the remodeled pre-mRNA. A higher than optimal stoichiometry of SR proteins occludes the binding sites on the pre-mRNA, raising the U1 snRNP levels required for SR protein displacement and potentially impeding spliceosome assembly. This novel step is important for distinguishing the substrate and the non-substrate by U2AF65 - the primary 3' splice site-recognizing factor. Overall, this work elucidates early regulatory steps of mammalian splicing substrate definition by SR proteins.
Direct endoscopic necrosectomy in retroflexion when using a lumen-apposing transmural covered metal stent.

Direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN) is an effective method for the nonsurgical treatment of walled-off necrotic collections by means of debridement and drainage. Some aspects of the DEN technique are areas of ongoing debate, such as size or type of stent, need for simultaneous percutaneous drainage, specific approach to debridement, and number of repeated procedures. However, common to all approaches to DEN is the need for a stable, durable stomach-to-collection transmural tract for drainage and access. This is particularly important when a difficult endoscopic position is required, such as retroflexion. In this video, we demonstrate DEN while using a lumen-apposing transmural covered metal stent (Video 1, available online at www.giejournal.org). The stent has a dumbbell-like shape because both ends have a flared contour, facilitating endoscope passage and debridement in the retroflexed position (Fig. 1). DISCLOSURE
Reform and Efficiency Gains in the New Zealand Electrical Supply Industry

As part of a general program of market-based reform, New Zealand transformed the electrical supply industry from state-owned to commercially-oriented power companies. This paper tests the hypothesis that such privatization is efficiency-improving. A translog cost function is specified and estimated with controls for system (engineering) characteristics and environmental variables, and it is found that the reforms had substantial cost-reducing effects. The reforms are found to have benefitted customers, with the real price of electricity falling 16.4 percent, over the period.
[13] Receptor-activated tyrosine phosphatases: Activity assays and molecular cloning

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses receptor-activated tyrosine phosphatases, which are a diverse group of enzymes involved in signal–transduction pathways that are intimately associated with normal cellular physiology in most cell types and have been shown to be also involved in neuronal differentiation and neuroendocrine cell growth. This ill-defined group can be classified into receptor-linked phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) and receptor-coupled PTPases. Receptor-linked PTPases are analogous to receptor-linked tyrosine kinases (EGF receptor, NGF receptor/trk) and implicated in neuronal differentiation. Receptor-coupled PTPases are downstream effectors of G protein-coupled pathways primarily involved in the inhibition of cell growth. The discovery of both groups extends traditional notion of receptors and G protein-coupled pathways. Although a small percentage of total cellular phosphoproteins are phosphorylated on tyrosines, tyrosine phosphorylation appears to play an extremely important role in maintaining a balanced cellular environment. Tyrosine phosphorylation is now a well-accepted form of regulation of protein function, most clearly demonstrated by studying the signal–transduction pathways initiated by growth factor receptors that contain tyrosine kinase activity.
Self-Constructed Assets and Efficient Tax Timing

A well-known baseline result in the theory of public finance says that firm investment decisions are not distorted by income taxation when taxable income is reduced by net economic depreciation and net interest costs. This paper extends this result to the commonly encountered situation in which firms use capital to produce other capital that they, in turn, use to produce final output — as when a firm uses a truck to construct a plant, or a laboratory to generate intellectual property. In theory, the immediate deduction of net economic depreciation and net interest costs is still sufficient for the no-distortion result — provided, that is, that net economic depreciation is suitably (and somewhat unnaturally) redefined. The required definition of net economic depreciation renders the no-distortion result especially problematic in the case of nested capital. Given informational constraints facing the tax authority, the no-distortion result is arguably inapplicable outside the steady state of the firm’s optimal investment path, which, in the case of nested capital, converges only asymptotically. In addition to establishing these results, the paper provides three interpretations of the non-distortive regime, and relates it to current law regarding interest capitalization and “depreciation cascading.”