cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enslaving effects in multi-finger force production

When a person produces isometric force with one, two, or three fingers, the other fingers of the hand also produce a certain force. Enslaving is the involuntary force production by fingers not explicitly involved in a force-production task. This study explored the enslaving effects (EE) in multi-finger tasks in which the contributions of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), and intrinsic muscles (INT) were manipulated. A new experimental technique was developed that allows the redistribution of the muscle activity between the FDP, FDS, and INT muscles. In the experiment, ten subjects were instructed to perform maximal voluntary contractions with all possible one-, two-, three-, and four-finger combinations. The point of force application was changed in parallel for the index, middle, ring, and little fingers from the middle of the distal phalanx, to the distal interphalangeal joint, and then to the proximal interphalangeal joint. It was found that: (1) the EE of similar amplitude were present in various experimental conditions that involved different muscle groups for force production; (2) the EE were large on average – the slave fingers could produce forces reaching 67.5% of the maximal forces produced by themselves in a single-finger task; (3) the EE were larger for neighboring fingers; and (4) the EE were non-additive – in most cases, the EE from two or three fingers were smaller than the EE from at least one finger. EE among different muscles suggest a widespread neural interaction among the structures controlling flexor muscles in the hand as the main mechanism of finger enslaving.
The implementation of information systems for workers: a structural equation model

Abstract Previous studies of information systems implementation and utilization have been concerned with the behaviors and attitudes of managers or their surrogates. This paper employs a system of five structural equations to represent the causal relationships between the characteristics of workers, jobs, and systems that may account for the satisfaction and utilization of information technologies by nonsupervisory workers. Results indicate that the character of the job and the individual worker have little impact on the ultimate satisfaction and usage of CBIS by workers, while education and training in the system and opportunities for enhanced work productivity are important.
Comparative Mechanisms for Contraction of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle

The comparison of cardiac and skeletal muscle structure reveals differences which can be related to differences in the functional characteristics of the two muscle types. Examples which are discussed include the sarcolemma, transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum which serve as major sources of contraction-dependent calcium. Mechanisms by which calcium is made available to, and utilized by the myofibrils is discussed in relation to the mechanics of muscle contraction as a basis for the discussion of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle is considered to be mediated by a voltage-dependent charge movement within the region of the sarcolemma (T-tubule): junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. Depolarization of the sarcolemma initiates the charge movement which may result in a change in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane potential and ion conductance which is associated with release of calcium to the myofibrils. In cardiac muscle, excitation appears to be linked to contraction by a different although not mutually exclusive mechanism, ie, by a process of calcium induced-calcium release. Depolarization of the cardiac sarcolemma is associated with an influx of calcium into the cell which initiates the release of more calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to activate the myofibrils. One major mechanism that is predominantly active in cardiac muscle to regulate excitation-contraction coupling is the adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase system. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase mediated phosphorylation of at least three sites within the myocardium have been identified (myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma) which appear to modulate myocardial function. These sites, which are the primary regulatory sites of calcium and muscle contraction, may be sites of major dysfunction during cardiac disease.
Limitation of abduction of hips in the newborn: Is it a clinical sign or a phenocopy of congenital hip dislocation?

Until recently the possibility of a connection between maternal thyroid disorders and congenital hip pathology in the newborn has not been given any attention. However, from this study it is evident that there is a close relationship between maternal thyroid disorders and limitation of abduction of the hips in the newborn. The histological findings are suggestive of a neonatal thyrotoxic myopathy or periodic paralysis which might give rise to an error in muscle balance around the hips. The high proportion of affected children without a family history of congenital hip dislocation suggests that genetic factors have in the past been overemphasized.
Measurement and analysis of the response field of turbulent boundary layer excited panels

Abstract Reported here are experimental results 0f the wall pressure covariance on a rigid wall, the dynamic response, and acoustic radiation characteristics of rigidly clamped panels excited by turbulent flow. Statistical techniques are employed. A duct 0f 7·3 × 3·5 in. crosssection was used, with flow speeds up t0 700 ft/sec. Two functional representations 0f the wall pressure covariance in the broad frequency band have been obtained. One representation uses a probability density distribution which fits the experimental cross-correlation distribution but is of limited range of frequency components. The other covariance is constructed from the auto-correlation obtained from the power spectral density with temporal decay in a moving frame of reference, corresponding to a broader range 0f frequency components. The panels tested were 7 × 12 in. made 0f aluminium flush mounted in the wall of a turbulent flow duct. Panel thicknesses were 0·020 0·040 0·060 and 0·080 in. It is found that the modal mean-square displacement, along the flow direction, varies with Mach number and panel thickness. The higher order modes show the effect 0f aerodynamic coincidence corresponding to the maximum displacement amplitude. A similar maximum is indicated by the bending stresses. The broad-band longitudinal space-time correlation 0f the displacement 0f the 0·040 in. panel clearly shows pronounced oblique ridges and valleys which are interpreted as moving waves having the same phase velocity as the convected wall pressure fluctuations. The correlation 0f the 0·080 in. panel shows a more irregular wave pattern with n0 evidence of coincidence. This difference in response between the thickest and the thinnest panel is also manifested in the total mean-square displacement, the total acoustic power radiated, and the modal bending stresses; indicating a transition in power laws for conditions above and below coincidence. The degree of coupling between the structural field and the acoustic field is discussed. It is shown that the modal acoustic impedance is a measurable quantity which increases with modal number, and less significantly with Mach number.
Ethnicity Constructed and Reconstructed: the role of Sikh women in cultural elaboration and educational decision‐making in Britain

Abstract The paper deals with the increased consciousness of the British Sikhs of their ethnicity as defined through their religious and cultural values—which have gone through a process of effervescence with increased settlement in Britain and especially after the army action at the Golden Temple in Amritsar in 1984. The thrust of the paper is that the construction of Sikh identities is not based on a single premise and a simple process, but that identities are formulated continuously in a process of negotiation with a number of economic and political forces that shift over time and space. In particular, the focus is on the role of Sikh women in the re‐establishment of sikh cultural and religious values, and in the elaboration of certain facets of them on the British scene, as a result of Sikh women's entry into the waged labour market and increased command over economic resources since migration. The paper explores Sikh educational beliefs which have their roots in an egalitarian religious background th...
Identification of ampullary and isthmic oviductal fluid proteins that associate with the bovine sperm membrane.

Abstract The objective of this study was to define the complement of ampullary and isthmic oviductal fluid proteins that associate with the sperm membrane during the non-luteal and luteal stages of the oestrous cycle. Oviductal fluid was obtained from three dairy cows via indwelling cannulae in the ampulla and isthmus of the same oviduct. Daily samples of oviductal fluid were combined by region and stage of the cycle to create pools consisting of non-luteal isthmic, luteal isthmic, non-luteal ampullary, and luteal ampullary oviductal fluid. An aliquot from each oviductal fluid pool was biotinylated by incubation in biotin reagent. Spermatozoa from three fertile bulls were pooled, washed and incubated for 4 h in each of the four pools of biotinylated oviductal fluid. After incubation, sperm membrane proteins were solubilized, and proteins subjected to one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. The biotinylated oviductal fluid proteins that associated with the sperm membranes were detected by avidin–horseradish peroxidase and diaminobenzidine substrate. Eight oviductal fluid proteins with apparent molecular weights of 97, 75, 66, 55, 48, 34, 28 and 24 kDa were consistently detected to associate with the sperm membrane. Differences in ampullar and isthmic fluid proteins that associated with sperm during the luteal and non-luteal stage of the oestrous cycle were not detected.
From military sexual trauma to ‘organization‐trauma’: practising ‘poetics of testimony’

In this descriptive essay, the authors attempt to demonstrate the inadequacy of positivist and modern theoretical approaches to understand and respond to sexual trauma and other forms of traumatic organization violations, which occur before and in the aftermath of sexual trauma, in the armed forces. Modern theories which advance colonizing rationalities, positivist epistemes, and male‐identified narratives are contested in their ‘thrones of privilege’ to no longer remain the dominant and ‘only’ legitimate judgers of what is deemed ‘true’ knowledge and reality, specifically in the context of sexual trauma and violations in organizations, who is violated, what constitutes a traumatic violation, and its effect on the victim. Building upon the work of critical management scholars, knowledge/language around the topic of traumatic violations committed by the organization itself as the unit of analysis and how this relates to military sexual trauma in total institutions, specifically the armed forces, is constru...
The structural analysis of NdKFe(CN)6·4H2O

The title compound crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P63/m(C26h, No. 176), with t = 7.358(1) A and c = 13.780(2) A. The experimental density for two molecules in the unit cell is 2.399(5) Mg m−3 (calculated, 2.402 Mg m−3). The single-crystal X-ray diffraction data refined by a full-matrix least-squares method have yielded R1 = 0.0160 and R2 = 0.0165, based on 858 unique reflections. The octahedral FeC6 groups are linked to the nine-coordinated NdN6(H2O)3 groups via cyanide bridging. The uncoordinated water molecule and the potassium ion occupy holes in the structure along a threefold axis above and below the Nd ion. Important bond lengths are: NdN = 2.518(3); FeC = 1.903(3); NdO = 2.685(3); and C = 1.166(4) A.
Nonconformity and Street Design in West Hollywood, California

Nonconforming people and activities challenge municipal governments. Using the US city of West Hollywood, California, as a case study, this paper argues planning tools such as design interventions for commercial streets cannot intentionally include nonconforming people or activities. West Hollywood drew national attention when it incorporated in 1984 as a progressive city with unique demographics, most notably a high percentage of gay residents. In the subsequent decades, it became a more exclusive city of leisure and entertainment. This case study helps explain why the redesign of its commercial streets became more exclusive despite the city's continued progressive politics and commitment to diversity.
Statistical power of psychological research: What have we gained in 20 years?

Power was calculated for 6,155 statistical tests in 221 journal articles published in the 1982 volumes of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Power to detect small, medium, and large effects was .17, .57, and .83, respectively. 20 years after Cohen (1962) conducted the first power survey, the power of psychological research is still low. The implications of these results concerning the proliferation of Type I errors in the published literature, the failure of replication studies, and the interpretation of null (negative) results are emphasized. An example is given of the use of power analysis to help interpret null results by setting probable upper bounds on the magnitudes of effects. Limitations of statistical power analyses, suggestions for future research, sources of computational information, and recommendations for improving power are discussed.
Impediments to police modernisation in Iran, 1878–1979

The foundational precepts of modern police professionalism were laid down by the establishment of London Metropolitan Police in 1829 under Sir Robert Peel. During his commission, Peel introduced organisational principles that were gradually applied to Anglo-American policing that, in conjunction with the larger democratisation processes, transformed western policing from its traditional Praetorian Guards functionality to much more neutral law enforcer professionalism. Applying this rationale to the case of Iran, this paper posits that Iran's National Police were modernised in form rather than in content under the monarchy. In order to transform Iranian policing to western professionalism stature, Iran's National Police must be democratised.
Implications of the Radio Afterglow from the Gamma-Ray Burst of 1997 May 8

Radio observations of the afterglow of the γ-ray burst GRB 970508 provide unique new constraints on afterglow models. The quenching of diffractive scintillation at ~4 weeks delay provides the first direct estimate of source size and expansion rate. It implies an apparent size R ~ 1017 cm and an expansion at a speed comparable to that of light at t ~ 4 weeks, in agreement with the fireball model prediction, R = 1017(t/week)5/8 cm. The radio flux and its dependence on time and frequency at 1-5 weeks delay are in agreement with the model and imply a fireball energy (assuming spherical symmetry) ~1052 ergs, consistent with the value inferred from observations at shorter delay. The observed radio behavior deviates from model predictions at delays greater than 5 weeks. This is expected, since at this delay the fireball is in transition from highly relativistic to subrelativistic expansion, with Lorentz factor γ ≤ 2. Deviation may result from a change in the physical processes associated with the shock wave as it becomes subrelativistic (e.g., a decrease in the fraction of energy carried by the magnetic field) or from the fireball being a cone of opening angle ~ 1/γ ~ . We predict the future behavior of the radio flux assuming that the latter interpretation is valid. These predictions may be tested by radio observations in the frequency range 0.1-10 GHz on a timescale of months.
Catecholamine distribution in feline hypothalamus.

Catecholamine distribution was examined in cat hypothalamus using the histochemical fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp. The heaviest accumulations of catecholamine-containing varicosities were seen within the: anterior periventricular nucleus; dorsal hypothalamic area; bed nucleus of the inferior thalamic peduncle; dorsal component of the paraventricular nucleus; dorsomedial nucleus; infundibular nucleus; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis-medial division; and supraoptic nucleus. Catecholaminergic perikarya were observed within periventricular, dorsal, and caudal hypothalamic areas as well as within the supramamillary nucleus and caudal diencephalon. Catecholamine distribution in cat hypothalamus possesses both similarities and dissimilarities in relation to distributions reported in other mammals.
The Relationship of Pycnobathic Currents and Baroclinic Torques

Abstract Recent work has shown the importance of baroclinicity–bathymetry interactions in diagnostic calculations of the current field from hydrographic data. In particular, pycnobathic currents can be generated by the presence of an alongshore-bottom density gradient in a shelf-slope domain. We investigate the nature of the pycnobathic term, which is proportional to the product of the alongshore-bottom density gradient and the bottom slope (for a sea floor that varies in depth in the offshore direction only). Previous work involves formulations that calculate the vorticity of the alongshore-bottom velocity. It is shown that this vorticity is proportional to the magnitude of the relative vorticity vector perpendicular to the bottom. Therefore the offshore component of the baroclinic torque is introduced into the dynamics and accounts for the presence of the pycnobathic term.
Energy-Efficient Production Systems Through Schedule-Based Operations

Control of production operations is considered as one of the most economical methods to improve energy efficiency in manufacturing systems. This paper investigates energy consumption reduction in production systems through effective scheduling of machine startup and shutdown. Specifically, we consider serial production lines with finite buffers and machines having Bernoulli reliability model. This machine reliability model is applicable in production situations, where the downtime is relatively short and comparable to machine cycle time (e.g., automotive paint shops and general assembly). In this paper, using transient analysis of the systems at hand, an analytical performance evaluation technique is developed for Bernoulli serial lines with time-dependent machine efficiencies. In addition, tradeoff between productivity and energy-efficiency in production systems is discussed and the energy-efficient production problem is formulated as a constrained optimization problem. The effects and practical implications of operations schedule are demonstrated using a numerical study on automotive paint shop operations. Note to Practitioners - This paper develops an effective analytical tool to evaluate the performance of production systems with time-varying parameters of machine reliability. Using this tool, production engineers and managers can predict the performance of the production systems in real-time with high accuracy. In addition, based on this tool, production operators can determine the machine startup and shutdown schedule based on the current status of the line and production requirement. Numerical experiments show that significant energy savings can be obtained by applying effective machine operations schedule.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in the Vasculature

Despite their discovery as angiogenic factors and mitogens for endothelial cells more than 30 years ago, much remains to be determined about the role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors in vascular development, homeostasis, and disease. In vitro studies show that members of the FGF family stimulate growth, migration, and sprouting of endothelial cells, and growth, migration, and phenotypic plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells. Recent studies have revealed important roles for FGFs and their receptors in the regulation of endothelial cell sprouting and vascular homeostasis in vivo. Furthermore, recent work has revealed roles for FGFs in atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and vascular dysfunction. The large number of FGFs and their receptors expressed in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells complicates these studies. In this review, we summarize recent studies in which new and unanticipated roles for FGFs and their receptors in the vasculature have been revealed.
Calmodulin mRNA in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): apparent regulation by cell proliferation and light

Calmodulin is encoded by a 650-nucleotide mRNA in higher plants. This messenger was identified in barley and pea by a combination of in vitro translation and blot hybridization experiments using anti-sense RNA produced from an eel calmodulin cDNA probe. In all plant tissues tested, calmodulin mRNA represents between 0.01 and 0.1% of the total translatable mRNA population. Calmodulin mRNA levels are three- to fourfold higher in the meristematic zone of the first leaf of barley. At all other stages of leaf cell differentiation, calmodulin mRNA levels are nearly identical. During light-induced development in barley leaves, the relative proportion of translatable calmodulin mRNA declines about twofold. Cytoplasmic mRNAs that may encode calmodulin-like proteins were also detected. The levels of several of these putative Ca2+-binding protein mRNAs are modulated during the course of light-induced barley leaf cell development.
Variation in Provider Identification of Obesity by Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Characteristics among an Insured Population.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine whether neighborhood- and individual-level characteristics affect providers' likelihood of providing an obesity diagnosis code in their obese patients' claims. Methods. Logistic regressions were performed with obesity diagnosis code serving as the outcome variable and neighborhood characteristics and member characteristics serving as the independent variables (N = 16,151 obese plan members). Results. Only 7.7 percent of obese plan members had an obesity diagnosis code listed in their claims. Members living in neighborhoods with the largest proportions of Blacks were 29 percent less likely to receive an obesity diagnosis (). The odds of having an obesity diagnosis code were greater among members who were female, aged 44 or below, hypertensive, dyslipidemic, BMI&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;35&#x2009;kg/, had a larger number of provider visits, or who lived in an urban area (all ). Conclusions. Most health care providers do not include an obesity diagnosis code in their obese patients' claims. Rates of obesity identification were strongly related to individual characteristics and somewhat associated with neighborhood characteristics.
LONG DISTANCE DYNAMICS AND CONFINEMENT VIA RG DECIMATIONS

We review a recently developed framework employing computable Renormalization Group (RG) decimations for gauge theories in the lattice regularization. They provide upper and lower bounds at every scale for free energies and some order parameters. By interpolating between these bounds representations of the exact quantities are obtained at progressively longer scales (coarser lattices). In the case of the SU(2) gauge theory in four dimensions RG flow to the confining strongly coupled regime is obtained for any initial coupling; whereas for the U(1) theory a fixed point is reached for small initial coupling.
Localized Weed Control in Management of Game Fish

Abstract The use of chlorinated hydrocarbons, namely trichlorbenzene, ortho-dichlorbenzene, and mono-chlorbenzene is indicated for the control of aquatic vegetation in localized areas. Ortho-dichlorbenzene is best because it settles fast and does not impart any great amount of odor or taste to the water. These chemicals, which are relatively insoluble in and heavier than water, sink to the bottom and sterilize it for a period of time. Trichlorbenzene is least satisfactory as it disperses far past the limits of the area to which applied. It also imparts a disagreeable odor and taste to the water and fish. It is possible that trichlorbenzene, with an emulsifier added, might prove an effective fish poison. Chlorophyll is destroyed by these chemicals. The ground then becomes completely barren and, since the chemical is absorbed into the roots, it remains free of weeds from a few months to 2 or 3 years. The chemical is applied under water with a high-pressure spray to spread it at rates of from 20 to 40 gallon...
Observations of the Effects of Atmospheric Stability on Turbulence Statistics Deep within an Urban Street Canyon

Abstract Data obtained in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, during the Joint Urban 2003 atmospheric dispersion study have been analyzed to investigate the effects of upstream atmospheric stability on turbulence statistics in an urban core. The data presented include turbulent heat and momentum fluxes at various vertical and horizontal locations in the lower 30% of the street canyon. These data have been segregated into three broad stability classification regimes: stable (z/L > 0.2), neutral (−0.2 < z/L < 0.2), and unstable (z/L < −0.2) based on upstream measurements of the Monin–Obukhov length scale L. Most of the momentum-related turbulence statistics were insensitive to upstream atmospheric stability, while the energy-related statistics (potential temperatures and kinematic heat fluxes) were more sensitive. In particular, the local turbulence intensity inside the street canyon varied little with atmospheric stability but always had large magnitudes. Measurements of turbulent momentum fluxes indicate th...
Color additives and trace elements in ancient glasses: Specialized studies using PIXE spectrometry

Abstract This paper discusses the physical processes of proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry that underlie its general advantages as an analytical tool in the study of ancient glasses, and reviews the practical limitations met in the routine determination of certain elements (e.g., titanium in a calcium-rich matrix, arsenic and tin in an lead-rich matrix). Detection limits are given for 19 elements (minor and trace) that might characterize the source of raw materials used in the making of an ancient glass. Emphasis is laid upon how a controlled variation of the proton beam's energy, together with the use of a wide variety of selective filters, allows certain background effects from the X-ray output of dominant matrix elements to be appreciably reduced. Applications include the study of brown and blue decorated glass vessels from the ancient Greek settlement site of Cyrene, in Libya.
Antimalarial agents: Specific treatment regimens

with high plasma quinidinelevels (13, 17). However, dysrhythmias have not been seenin patients receiving rate-controlled infusions. Althoughtwopatients became hypotensive transiently during the loadingdose, their hypotension improved when the infusion wasstopped temporarily and restarted at a slower rate (34).These studies indicate that i.v. quinidine can be adminis-tered safely withcareful monitoringofinfusion speed, bloodpressure, and, if possible, electrocardiogram.
Between two worlds.

Abstract Objective To reflect on the challenges of caring for an elderly ill parent who lives afar and to pronounce the importance of system-wide standards in nursing homes and elderly care. Method Personal memoire in which the author conjures up powerful images of contrasting healthcare systems and the tension of living in two countries. Results The author discusses many aspects of healthcare for the elderly. Some of the pictures depicted include the picture of a gradually declining memory of an Alzheimer's disease patient and the challenges of elderly care. Conclusion There is a value of medical knowledge, an importance of nursing homes designs and regulation, and a significance of simple concepts such as a “do-not-resuscitate” order. Practice implications Care for the elderly can be exhausting physically and emotionally; system-wide changes and standards are important in minimizing its impact.
An integrated diagnostic package for intense proton and lithium-ion beam measurements on the sandia national laboratories' PBFA-II accelerator☆

Abstract A review of the diagnostic packages used at Sandia National Laboratories to measure the parameters of intense proton and lithium beams generated on the PBFA-II accelerator will be presented. These diagnostics consist of several types, namely: K α X-ray pinhole cameras, a multiframe dE/dx ion pinhole camera, a p-i-n diode array ion pinhole camera, Thomson parabola spectrographs, a Rutherford magnetic spectrograph, plasma visible spectroscopy and several nuclear activation diagnostics. These components, when taken together, provide a rather thorough description of the 5 MV, 10 TW ion beams presently being produced. Specifically, the beam parameters measured by the diagnostic array include spatial profile (off and on axis), absolute number, species, voltage, current density and focal power density. A unique feature of these diagnostics is that they are capable of operating in hard (several MeV) X-ray bremsstrahlung backgrounds of some 109–1011rad/s. The operating principles of each diagnostic will be summarized in the paper, along with a discussion of how the diagnostics are integrated together to form a complete system. The paper will close with a discussion of a new nuclear track counting system that has been developed for automatic counting of solid-state nuclear track detectors.
Exploratory designs for computational experiments

Abstract Recent work by Johnson et al. (J. Statist. Plann. Inference 26 (1990) 131–148) establishes equivalence of the maximin distance design criterion and an entropy criterion motivated by function prediction in a Bayesian setting. The latter criterion has been used by Currin et al. (J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 86 (1991) 953–963) to design experiments for which the motivating application is approximation of a complex deterministic computer model. Because computer experiments often have a large number of controlled variables (inputs), maximin designs of moderate size are often concentrated in the corners of the cuboidal design region, i.e. each input is represented at only two levels. Here we will examine some maximin distance designs constructed within the class of Latin hypercube arrangements. The goal of this is to find designs which offer a compromise between the entropy/maximin criterion, and good projective properties in each dimension (as guaranteed by Latin hypercubes). A simulated annealing search algorithm is presented for constructing these designs, and patterns apparent in the optimal designs are discussed.
Pathologic and Immunohistochemical Findings in Hypothalamic and Mesencephalic Regions in the Pahenu2 Mouse Model for Phenylketonuria

The Pahenu2 mouse, created through ethylnitrosurea mutagenesis, is a model for phenylketonuria. These mice have elevated serum phenylalanine levels, hypopigmentation, and behavior and movement abnormalities, and female mice exhibit a maternal phenylketonuria syndrome. We evaluated the brains of adult and juvenile Pahenu2 mice for consistent, demonstrable lesions to elucidate various neuropathologic processes and to assess the efficacy of various treatment modalities such as AAV-mediated gene therapy. One aspect of the disease may involve the effect of hyperphenylalanemia on catecholamine function. High levels of phenylalanine inhibit enzymes that are important in the conversion of tyrosine and tryptophan to their respective neurotransmitter derivatives, including dopamine. Therefore, assessment of dopaminergic regions was of interest in this study. Histologic evaluation of juvenile and adult brains revealed an increased cellular density as early as 4 wk of age in the middle to posterior hypothalamus and substantia nigra. The infiltrating cells showed immunoreactivity for CD11b and had morphologic characteristics of macrophages. There was marked expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in these dopaminergic regions that co-localized to CD11b-positive cells. The CD11b-positive cells and increased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in these regions may function in a neuroregulatory manner to compensate for alterations in dopamine metabolism.
A Rapid High‐Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Propylthiouracil

Abstract A rapid and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of propylthiouracil. The chromatographic system utilized a C8 column with the detector wavelength set at 276 nm. The mobile phase was composed of water and methanol in a 70:30 (v/v) ratio and was delivered at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/minute. The analytical run time was less than 7 min. The standard curves were linear over a range of 1–100 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9958. The limit of quantification was assessed to be 15 ng and the limit of detection 4.5 ng. The RSD values for the intra‐ and inter‐day precision studies were 0.11–1.28% and 1.65%, respectively. The accuracy was ≤5% over the concentration range 1–100 µg/mL. The stability‐indicating nature of the assay method was determined by subjecting a stock solution of propylthiouracil to extremes of acidic and basic degradation. It was found that the method was specific for propylthiouracil. Hence, a simple, rapid, sensitive, stab...
An automated ion-exchange assay for glutathione

Abstract A method has been developed for the automated assay of glutathione and of related compounds utilizing an anion-exchange resin column in an amino acid analyzer. Reduced glutathione, glutathione disulfide, bis(γ-glutamyl)cystine, γ-glutamylcysteine, and cysteinylglycine have been assayed either directly or after conversion to various derivatives.
Bottlenecks in developing optically addressed SLMs with desirable performance

OASLMs incorporating an a-Si:H photosensor and ferroelectric liquid crystal have proved their high performance in optoelectronic processing systems. The final step in their development is to establish a long mean time between failures, consistent responsibility, gain, resolution, and gray level response. Some subtle properties of the alignment layers, the liquid crystals, and the operating conditions create bottlenecks to producing consistently performing devices. We examine these bottleneck issues and explore ways to extend the reliability of device performance.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Oxide and Carbide Formation at Titanium/Organic Monolayer Interfaces

X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) are reported from a series of buried titanium/organic monolayer interfaces accessed through sample delamination in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Conventional characterization of such buried interfaces requires ion-mill depth profiling, an energetic process that frequently destroys bonding information by chemically reducing the milled material. In contrast, we show that delaminating the samples at the metal/organic interface in vacuum yields sharp, nonreduced spectra that allow quantitative analysis of the buried interface chemistry. Using this UHV delamination XPS, we examine titanium vapor deposited onto a C18 cadmium stearate Langmuir−Blodgett monolayer supported on Au, SiO2, or PtO2 substrates. Titanium is widely used as an adhesion layer in organic thick film metallization as well as a top metal contact for molecular monolayer junctions, where it has been assumed to form a few-atoms-thick Ti carbide overlayer. We establish here that under many conditions the titanium instea...
Turnover of S35-sulfate in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of rats as seen in autoradiograms.

Segments of the gastrointestinal tract removed from rats after intervals of time following injection of S35-sulfate were fixed in aqueous formalin and then washed in water. Contact and coated autoradiograms were prepared. The suggestion made by others that more of the labelled sulfate is fixed by the mucosa than by the underlying coats of the gastrointestinal tract is confirmed. In addition it was found that the isotope is fixed to a greater extent in the lower intestine than in the middle or upper portions of it. Coated autoradiograms revealed that 6 hours after administration of S35-sulfate more of the label was present in the goblet cells lying deep in the crypts of the mucosa than in those adjacent to the intestinal lumen. By the 24th hour the concentration of the isotope was strikingly higher and more uniform from cell to cell. The mucus in the intestinal lumen was also highly radioactive. At the end of 48 hours very little of the sulfur-35 remained in the intestinal wall or could be made out in the mucus of the lumen: the autoradiographic reaction was faint and diffuse as contrasted with the punctiform and intense reaction given by the specimens removed at the end of shorter intervals of time.
High-dose bolus lidocaine for chemical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a prospective, randomized, double-blind crossover trial

Abstract Background Most drugs used for chemical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation have significant proarrhythmia risk and require close monitoring after administration. Lidocaine has few of the proarrhythmic concerns of most antiarrhythmic drugs and, at high bolus doses, prolongs the atrial refractory period well enough to be effective in converting atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. This finding has been previously demonstrated in a dog model. We sought to confirm the animal findings in human beings with lidocaine doses of 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg. Methods Twenty patients with atrial fibrillation scheduled for elective cardioversion were enrolled in this study. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study design, each patient received intravenous bolus lidocaine or saline. Patients were observed for 10 minutes after the initial bolus to assess efficacy. The second test drug was then delivered if the first was unsuccessful at cardioversion. Results All 20 patients received both lidocaine and saline placebo therapy in a crossover manner. None of the 20 patients converted to sinus rhythm with either therapy. The 95% confidence interval for effectiveness of lidocaine in this population was 0% to 14%. Conclusion: In this population of patients referred for elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, high-dose bolus lidocaine was ineffective in converting patients to sinus rhythm. Although this study was not sufficiently powered to rule out a low efficacy of lidocaine (
The hemodynamics of the left side of the heart as studied by simultaneous left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic pressures; particular reference to mitral stenosis.

At operation the hemodynamics of the left side of the heart were studied in six patients without mitral stenosis, and in eight patients with mitral stenosis, by means of simultaneous needle puncture of the left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta. This technic permits analysis of the various phases of the cardiac cycle in normal subjects and in patients with mitral stenosis. The fundamental hemodynamic expression of mitral stenosis is the presence of an elevated left atrioventricular filling pressure sure gradient, which ranged from 4 to 20 mm. Hg, and after valvulotomy fell in relation to the adequacy of the procedure.
CELL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HISTOINCOMPATIBLE T AND B LYMPHOCYTES : IV. INVOLVEMENT OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE (Ir) GENE IN THE CONTROL OF LYMPHOCYTE INTERACTIONS IN RESPONSES CONTROLLED BY THE GENE

In the present study we have asked the question of whether F1 carrier-primed T cells can serve as helper cells for either or both parental B cells when (a) the carrier molecule employed is under genetic control such that one parental strain is a responder and the other is a nonresponder, and (b) the determinant specificity of the parental B cells being assessed is not under genetic control and bears no relationship to the specificity of the carrier molecule. Utilizing the system of immune response gene control of responses to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid-L-lysine-L-tyrosine (GLT) to which A strain mice (H-2a) are nonresponders, whereas BALB/c (H-2d) and (BALB/c x A)F1 hybrids (CAF1) are responders, these studies demonstrate that GLT-primed T cells of CAF1 donors can provide for responder BALB/c, but not for nonresponder A/J, the required stimulus for the anti-DNP responses of DNP-specific B cells of these respective parental strains to the DNP conjugate of GLT. The implications of these findings for Ir gene function in physiologic T-B cell interactions are discussed in detail.
Multi-field of view see-spot optics

The increasing availability of sensors that can image in the 1-5 micron region has allowed for systems to be developed that utilize the full spectrum. Past MWIR systems have typically only imaged in the 3-5 micron region, but the new detectors allow imaging in the SWIR and MWIR bands with the same system. The use of a single FPA reduces SWAP and allows the user to see laser rangefinder and laser designator wavelengths. NVESD and Axsys have designed and built a SWIR/MWIR optical system that images in the 1-5 micron band. The optical system utilizes a cooled infrared detector that images in the 3-5 micron band as well as 1.04 - 1.08 and 1.54 microns without having to refocus the system to see the SWIR wavelengths. This provided an optical challenge to design a system that would image from 1-5 microns on the same detector. A combination reflective/refractive design was chosen in order to minimize packaging and meet the different FOV requirements. This paper discusses the design and development of a multi-FOV optical system with the capability to image across the 1-5 micron spectral band utilizing a combination of reflective and refractive components.
Inpatients with eating disorders: demographic, diagnostic, and service characteristics from a nationwide pediatric sample.

Objective: This study describes the demographic and clinical characteristics of youth hospitalized with an eating disorder, using the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database. Method: Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine and compare PHIS inpatients (N 5 1,713) with a primary discharge diagnosis of anorexia, bulimia, or eating disorder, not otherwise specified. Results: Of pediatric inpatients with eating disorders, 92% were female and 78% were non-Hispanic white. Their mean age was 15.3 years; 71% had anorexia; 68% had one or more comorbid psychiatric disorders; 53% stayed on a psychiatric unit; the mean length of stay was 15.7 days. Private insurance paid for 55% of hospital stays. Patients without private insurance were more likely than patients with private insurance to be Black or Hispanic and to have comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Conclusion: This study provides new information that can be used by hospitals to anticipate developmental and treatment needs of future inpatients with eating disorders.
Anisotropic grain growth in boria-doped diphasic mullite gels

Abstract Densification and anisotropic grain growth were investigated in sol-gel derived, boria-doped diphasic mullite. Boria enhanced viscous flow densification by reducing the viscosity and also produced a fine grain microstructure. Whisker-like mullite grains evolved from the dense, equiaxed microstructure. The onset temperature was ∼1500°C. Chemical leaching was employed to characterize the anisotropic grains. Growth kinetics showed that anisotropic grains followed the empirical equation Gn-Gon=Kt with n=3 and n=4 for the length and thickness directions, respectively. The activation energies for grain growth were 660 kJ mol−1 for elongation and 800 kJ mol−1 for thickening.
Stanozolol as a novel therapeutic agent in dermatology

Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that were developed in the 1950s in an attempt to dissociate the anabolic and androgenic effects of testosterone. The anabolic steroid stanozolol has been particularly helpful because it has one of the largest anabolic/androgenic ratios. In addition, stanozolol has substantial fibrinolytic properties. We discuss the safety profile and the use of stanozolol for a variety of clinical applications. Stanozolol is approved for use in the treatment of hereditary angioedema, but numerous reports have detailed the effectiveness of this agent in the treatment of urticaria, Raynaud's phenomenon, and, more recently, cryofibrinogenemia and lipodermatosclerosis. Side effects are mostly dose related and are preventable with appropriate follow-up.
Potato Leafhopper Injury and Fusarium Crown Rot Effects on Three Alfalfa Populations

Evidence suggests that homopterous insects and crown-rotting Fusarium species interact to impose stresses affecting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) persistence; however, few experiments quantify the combined effects of those two stressors on alfalfa. Our objective was to investigate the effects of Fusarium crown rot and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris), alone and in combination, on three alfalfa populations differing in resistance to potato leafhopper and Fusarium crown rot. Treatments were Fusarium-inoculated plus leafhopper-infested, only leafhopper-infested, only Fusarium-inoculated, and uninoculated-uninfested in 35-wk experiments. Potato leafhoppers were introduced onto plants in greenhouse cages either before or after inoculation with a known crown-rotting isolate of Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. There were few Fusarium x potato leafhopper or Fusarium x potato leafhopper x population interactions, indicating that overall, the effects of Fusarium and potato leafhopper were additive. Both Fusarium and potato leafhopper injury caused stand losses, and the combined effects of Fusarium and potato leafhopper, under two different inoculation plus infestation sequences, were essentially the same. In the presence of both Fusarium and potato leafhopper, the population having resistance to both organisms had a three- to sevenfold increase in plant survival and a three- to 4.6-fold increase in yield compared with the population lacking resistance to either organism.
Dietary therapy for gestational diabetes: How long is long enough?

Abstract Objective: To determine the length of time required for dietary therapy alone to effect good glycemic control and whether the need for insulin treatment can be predicted at diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Women with GDM were treated with dietary therapy for 4 weeks. Each measured her blood glucose using a memory-based reflectance glucometer, and those in poor glycemic control (mean glucose exceeding 105 mg/dL) after 4 weeks of dietary therapy were prescribed insulin. Women were stratified by fasting plasma glucose value of 3-hour glucose tolerance tests (GTTs). Results: Women with fasting glucose at or below 95 mg/dL were significantly more likely to achieve good glycemic control after 2 weeks of dietary therapy than were those with values above 95 mg/dL whose control did not improve during the study. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis determined that fasting values of GTT between 91 and 95 mg/dL best predicted that insulin would be needed for good glycemic control. Conclusion: Women with GDM should be prescribed dietary therapy alone for at least 2 weeks before they are prescribed insulin. In those with fasting glucose above 95 mg/dL, insulin may be prescribed after 1 week of dietary therapy, or at diagnosis.