cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview and Future Directions

Modern microbial and enzyme engineering and their advancement are increasingly dependent on the marriage of a wide range of sophisticated technologies. For students entering the field of biotechnology, the outlook is indeed daunting. Expertise at levels beyond that of simple familiarity will be needed to conduct competitive research. It goes without saying that to be competitive, all new researchers in this field will need basic preparation in molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics. Further, experience working with concepts and experimental tools in enzyme biochemistry and kinetics, gene editing, computational metabolic pathway modeling, experimental pathway flux analysis, and computational clustering tools to process complex data sets will be vital for success. We speculate that most biotechnology researchers in early career at this time will build teams of collaborators to address these disparate science fields rather than attempt to become experts in one lab.
Interface-by-design in zirconia-polyurea matrix hybrid composites

Abstract This study investigates the incorporation of zirconia particles in polyurea matrix to form hybrid composites. Pristine zirconia particles in the monoclinic phase are first premixed with an oligomeric diamine−a reactant for polyurea−as an alternative method of surface functionalization that does not require the use of organosilanes. Interfacial interactions between the zirconia particles and polyurea are revealed via attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, where a shift and broadening of the urea-carbonyl stretching and an increase in relative intensity of the corresponding disordered vs. ordered N–H stretching are shown in hybrid composites vs. bulk polyurea. The composition dependence of the viscoelastic relaxation characteristics and dynamic storage modulus in hybrid composites as determined by dynamic mechanical analysis are also elaborated upon. Additionally, we evaluate the potential of exploiting zirconia-polyurea hybrids to enabling dynamic impedance optimization at the interface of a select bi-layer construct, particularly when considering the material response under dynamic loading environments.
An Efficient DNA Molecule Clustering using GCC Algorithm

Researchers in the biotechnology field have accomplished many achievements in the past century. They can now measure expression levels for thousands of genes, testing different conditions over varying periods of time. The analysis of the measurement results is essential to understand gene patterns and extract information about their functions and their biological roles. This paper describes a novel approach for clustering large-scale next-generation sequences (NGS). It also facilitates the process of predicting patterns and the likelihood of mutations based on a semi-supervised clustering technique. The process is based on the previously developed construction of FuzzyFind Dictionary utilizing the Golay Code for error correction. The introduced method is exceptional; it has linear time complexity with one passage through the file.
The lasting impacts of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale on storm surge risk communication: The need for multidisciplinary research in addressing a multidisciplinary challenge

Abstract Historically, storm surge risk was indicated alongside the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS), and a lasting association remains among the general public. In recent years, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) has continually developed their advisories and products to explicitly communicate the storm surge hazard. In this study, we examine these developments to understand its impact on risk perception and discuss that though not explicitly, underlying associations to the SSHWS remain. We also find that despite the messaging produced through official storm surge guidance, the SSHWS continues to influence public perception and response. Our findings suggest that while improvements in storm surge messaging can improve risk communication and perception and ultimately save lives, it only addresses one component of the multidisciplinary system that defines storm surge risk. Truly effective resilience efforts will require comprehensive, multidisciplinary approaches.
Aerosol printing and flash sintering of conformal conductors on 3D nonplanar surfaces

Abstract Printing techniques have been extensively studied as a promising route towards large-scale, low-cost and high-throughput manufacturing process for electronic devices. With the recently emerging applications in wearable electronics and customizable conformal electronics, it calls for the necessity to develop printed electronics that function on complex, 3D nonplanar architectures. In this study, aerosol printing and flash sintering of conformal conductors on nonplanar surfaces are demonstrated. Various printed patterns are fabricated by aerosol printing of conductive ink by copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) on both planar and nonplanar surfaces. Pulsed flash light introduces rapid sintering of the printed Cu patterns in the ambient environment. For the nonplanar patterns, a back reflector is utilized to improve the uniformity of sintering. As a result, highly conductive customizable nonplanar Cu patterns with conductivity at 10%–12% of that of bulk Cu are obtained. Effects of different sintering conditions, including sintering voltage and mounting distance on the conductivity of sintered patterns are studied. For nonplanar patterns, conductivity values at different localized spots on the nonplanar rod are also investigated to evaluate the uniformity of nonplanar sintering. The processes of aerosol printing and flash sintering have provided a facile manufacturing route for conformal conductors on arbitrary nonplanar objects.
Leakage Reuse for Energy Efficient Near-memory Computing of Heterogeneous DNN Accelerators

The exploration of custom deep neural network (DNN) accelerators for highly energy constrained edge devices with on-device intelligence is gaining traction in the research community. Despite the superior throughput and performance of custom accelerators as compared to CPUs or GPUs, the energy efficiency and versatility of state-of-the-art DNN accelerators is constrained due to a) the storage and movement of a large volume of data and b) the limited scope of monolithic architectures, where the entire accelerator executes only a single model at any given time. In this paper, a multi-voltage domain heterogeneous DNN accelerator is proposed that executes multiple models simultaneously with different power-performance operating points. The proposed architecture concurrently implements near-memory computing and leakage reuse, where the leakage current of idle memory banks within each processing element is utilized to deliver current to the adjacently placed multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) units. The proposed architecture and circuit techniques are evaluated with SPICE simulation in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The simulation results indicate that the proposed heterogeneous architecture with leakage reuse improves the energy efficiency to 3.27 tera-operations per second per watt (TOPS/W) as compared to a conventional monolithic and single voltage domain architecture that exhibits an energy efficiency of 0.0458 TOPS/W. In addition, the proposed accelerator that applies the leakage reuse technique to only half of the memory elements storing the weights reduces the power consumption of the sub-arrays of processing elements by 100 mW as compared to an accelerator that does not apply leakage reuse.
NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION OF GOLDEN SHINER (NOTEMIGONUS CRYSOLEUCAS) AND RUDD (SCARDINIUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS) IN A COLORADO RESERVOIR

Golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) have been hybridized in a laboratory experiment and a hatchery setting but have not been reported in wild populations. Here we report the presence of golden shiner × rudd hybrids in the wild in Lake San Isabel, Colorado, where both parental species maintain reproducing populations. The hybrid was identified based on intermediate squamation of the keel (cultrate abdomen), where a small fleshy ridge was present at the posterior edge of the keel adjacent to the vent. In contrast, the keel of the golden shiner lacks squamation entirely while the keel of the rudd is completely covered by scales.
Agro-food industry byproducts into value-added extruded foods

Abstract Food industry co-products, fruit pomace and liquid whey, were converted into shelf-stable, puffed products by using low-shear, low-temperature supercritical fluid extrusion. Co-products were utilized as a source of dietary fiber, phytochemicals, and milk nutrients in extruded products. Liquid whey was concentrated and pumped directly into extruder barrel in lieu of water while processing cereal formulations fortified with finely ground fruit pomace. The resulting extruded products were very light in weight with 0.21–0.35 g/cm3 density and contain14 g dietary fiber, 93 mg gallic acid equivalent polyphenols, and 652 mg vitamin C equivalent antioxidants in 100 g products. The natural fruit color is retained in the final product, indicating the preservation of color pigments and the associated bioactive compounds. About 84% of the total phenolics and 74% of the antioxidants of apple pomace were preserved in the final extrudates. The utilization of the agro-industry waste streams offers effective preservation and utilization of the nutritionally attractive byproducts as a source of functional ingredients in extruded products while adding value to the industrial waste streams.
Relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and interference control in breast cancer survivors

Purpose Nutrition plays an important role in brain structure and function, and the effects of diet may even be greater in those at greater risk of cognitive decline, such as individuals with cancer-related cognitive impairment. However, the relation of dietary components to cognitive function in cancer survivors is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether breast cancer survivors (BCS) evidenced impairments in interference control, a component of cognitive control, compared to age-matched women with no prior history of cancer, and to examine the moderating role of diet on cognitive function. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a modified flanker task was used to assess interference control in BCS (n = 31) and age-matched women with no prior history of cancer (n = 30). Diet was assessed with 3-day food records. Differences between BCS and age-matched controls were assessed using linear mixed models, and multilevel regression analyses were conducted to assess the moderating role of diet on cognitive performance. Results Cognitive performance was not different between groups. Fruit intake and vegetable intake were significantly
Modelling the Local Interstellar Medium as a Supernova Remnant in a Multiphase Gas

The construction of supernova remnant which is consistent with the observations and what it talls about the theory was investigated. It is argued that thermal evaporation and local inhomogeneity are crucial elements which are essential to any satisfactory description. It is concluded that: (1) a multiphase supernova remnant (SNR) seems to provide a plausible description of the local interstellar medium (ISM); (2) the local region could have been deficient in cool gas prior to the supernova both on theoretical and observational grounds; (3) the Sun may lie in a region towards the outside of the supernova remnant which hasn't yet come into pressure equilibrium with the hot gas; and (4) evaporative models give a much more satisfactory description of the O VI observations than Sedov Solutions.
The 4-parameter controller: a linear, time-varying treatment

An extension of the 4-parameter controller configuration given by Nett (1986) to the case of linear, time-varying systems is given. These results include a complete parameterization of all stabilizing controllers for a given linear, time-varying plant. The results, while not limited to the lumped parameter case, are illustrated by considering linear, finite dimensional, time-varying systems with state space representations {A(t), B(t), C(t), D(t)}. In addition, a controller design example is provided.
Biosynthesis of biopterin by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO K1) cell culture.

Abstract By use of a Crithidia bioassay, the production of a 6-(l-erythrodihydroxypropyl)pterin (biopterin)-like substance was observed during the cultivation of Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO K1) and mouse neuroblastoma cell line (C-1300). Further studies were carried out with the CHO K1 cells using various suspected precursors. In a cell culture [2-14C]folic acid was converted to 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine (pterin), 6-hydroxymethylpterin, and 6-carboxypterin, but not to biopterin. When [2-14C]guanine was added to the culture, radioactive biopterin and pterin were obtained. However, when [2-14C]guanine was replaced by [8-14C]guanine, little or no radioactivity was incorporated into biopterin and other pterins, indicating that the purine undergoes ring opening and elimination of carbon atom 8. When the cells were cultured in a biopterin-free medium with [2-14C]guanine, the specific radioactivities of the isolated biopterin and GMP from RNA were in close agreement. A similar experiment with [U-14C]-guanosine showed that only about 10% of the label found in the GMP of RNA appeared in the ribosyl moiety. Therefore, using this approach the possible involvement of the ribosyl moiety of GMP in biopterin biosynthesis could not be unequivocally determined. In addition, the results suggested that the radioactivity found in the other nucleotides of RNA was distributed among the ribose moiety. When [6-14C]glucose was used most of the radioactivity found in biopterin was localized in the side chain and in carbon atom 5 of the ribose moiety of GMP in RNA. The results indicate that guanosine or one of its phosphorylated derivatives is the precursor of biopterin and that the side chain is of ribose origin. The addition of 6-lactyl-7,8-dihydropterin (sepiapterin) to a cell culture with [2-14C]guanine increased the amount of biopterin isolated and prevented the incorporation of radioactivity into the biopterin. This result indicates the possible intermediary role of sepiapterin. Based upon these observations, the metabolic relationship of pterins in CHO cell culture is proposed.
Take Courage: What the Courts Can Do to Improve the Delivery of Criminal Defense Services

In this article, I first, suggest that the current deplorable state of criminal defense services should provide a motivation for judicial action. Then, I review the precedent providing the foundation for judicial action. In the third section, I discuss the standards applicable to defense services. In the final section, I speculate about the changing role of the criminal defense attorney and how that evolution might hasten judicial action.
Integrating Boolean Verification with Formal Derivation

Abstract This summary describes results in integrating formal derivational reasoning with low level verification. The reported work is part of a project to construct an FPGA realization of Hunt's FM9001 Microprocessor description by applying the DDD (Digital Design Derivation) System in conjunction with low level verification systems. The purpose is to study the interaction between derivation and verification in hardware design. The result of this work is a derived FM9001 implemented in FPGAs defined by a rigorous path to hardware which integrates both derivation and verification.
RADICAL LABOR SUBCULTURE: KEY TO PAST AND FUTURE INSURGENCIES

Notions developed by cultural anthropologists intersect with Marxist theorizations to suggest the analytical concept of “radical labor subculture.” The actuality of this subculture was an essential element in the development of radical class-consciousness within the U.S. working class, and sheds light on the growth of the powerful and influential left-wing currents within the mainstream of the U.S. labor movement from the 1860s through the 1930s. Political, economic, social, and cultural transformations stretching from the 1940s through the 1960s resulted in the erosion and decline of that subculture, with a consequent disconnect of left-wing radicalism from the working class. Political, social and economic transformations since the 1970s have generated cultural shifts and openings that appear to be feeding into the recreation of a new radical labor subculture.
A New Algorithm for Inverse Consistent Image Registration

This paper presents a novel variational model for inverse consistent deformable image registration. This model deforms the source and target image simultaneously, and aligns the deformed source and deformed target images in the way that the both transformations are inverse consistent. The model does not computes the inverse transforms explicitly, alternatively it finds two more deformation fields satisfying the invertibility constraints. Moreover, to improve the robustness of the model to noises and the choice of parameters, the dissimilarity measure is derived from the likelihood estimation of the residue image. The proposed model is formulated as an energy minimization problem, which involves the regularization for four deformation fields, the dissimilarity measure of the deformed source and deformed target images, and the invertibility constraints. The experimental results on clinical data indicate the efficiency of the proposed method, and improvements in robustness, accuracy and inverse consistency.
Activity of CD4+ T-cell clones of type 1 and type 2 in generation of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic responses in vitro.

The activity of distinct CD4+ T-helper cell (Th) clones in promoting secondary A/PR/8/34/Mt.S.(H1N1) (A/PR8) influenza virus-specific, class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vitro was examined. CD8+ T cells which had been purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorter from spleen cells of A/PR8-primed mice were used as responders. On their own, purified CD8+ T cells were unable to generate cytotoxic activity upon in vitro culture with A/PR8-infected stimulator cells. Significant cytotoxic activity was generated in cultures that were additionally supplemented with A/PR8-specific Th clones or cell-free supernatant from these clones. Although there were large differences among individual Th clones in this function, Th clones of type 1 (Th1) promoted, on average, significantly stronger cytotoxic responses than Th clones of type 2 (Th2). The differences in promotion of a cytotoxic response correlated with the amount of interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-4 secreted by individual Th clones. These two lymphokines accounted for the CTL-promoting activity of the respective Th clones, since addition of recombinant IL-2 (IL-2) or rIL-4 to Th-free cultures substituted fully for the respective Th clones. As observed with Th clones, rIL-2 was significantly more effective than rIL-4 in promoting a cytotoxic response. When used in combination, Th2 clones had an antagonistic effect on the generation of a CTL response by Th1 clones. This effect could be partially transferred with cell-free supernatant from activated Th2 clones and could be reversed by addition of excess rIL-2. Both consumption of IL-2 by Th2 and secretion of an inhibitory factor(s) appear to be involved in this phenomenon.
A Framework for Immigration

Abstract This paper presents a framework for immigration, regardless of country of origin or of destination. It identifies factors that precipitate emigration and those that affect immigration, providing a background for understanding the immigration experience.
A WAVE-1 and WRP Signaling Complex Regulates Spine Density, Synaptic Plasticity, and Memory

The scaffolding protein WAVE-1 (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family member 1) directs signals from the GTPase Rac through the Arp2/3 complex to facilitate neuronal actin remodeling. The WAVE-associated GTPase activating protein called WRP is implicated in human mental retardation, and WAVE-1 knock-out mice have altered behavior. Neuronal time-lapse imaging, behavioral analyses, and electrophysiological recordings from genetically modified mice were used to show that WAVE-1 signaling complexes control aspects of neuronal morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Gene targeting experiments in mice demonstrate that WRP anchoring to WAVE-1 is a homeostatic mechanism that contributes to neuronal development and the fidelity of synaptic connectivity. This implies that signaling through WAVE-1 complexes is essential for neural plasticity and cognitive behavior.
New Neolignans that Inhibit DNA Polymerase β Lyase

Bioassay-directed fractionation of a methyl ethyl ketone extract of the roots of Endlicheria aff. resulted in the isolation of four new neolignans (1−4) and eight known compounds, namely, canellin A (5), canellin C (6), 3‘-methoxyguianin (7), (7S,8R,1‘S,5‘S,6‘R)-Δ2‘,8‘-3‘,6‘-dihydroxy-5‘-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-4‘-oxo-8.1‘,7.5‘-neolignan (8), armenin-B (9), dillapiole (10), 1-allyl-2,6-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene (11), and ω-hydroxyisodillapiole (12). The structures of the new compounds (1−4) were established as (7S,8R,1‘S,5‘S,6‘R)-Δ2‘,8‘-5‘,6‘-dihydroxy-3‘-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-4‘-oxo-8.1‘,7.5‘-neolignan, (7S,8R,1‘S,5‘S,6‘R)-Δ2‘,8‘-3‘,5‘,6‘-trihydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-4‘-oxo-8.1‘,7.5‘-neolignan, 2,4-dimethoxy-5,6-methylenedioxy-1-(2-propenyl)benzene, and 2,6-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxycinnamyl alcohol, respectively, on the basis of spectroscopic interpretation.
Consequences of a chromospheric temperature gradient on the width of H-alpha in late-type giants

An analytic expression for the integrated H alpha optical depth profile is derived for a one dimensional slab geometry model chromosphere, with electron temperature increasing as a power law with height. The formula predicts H alpha opacity and profile width to be sensitive functions of the thermal gradient. Application of the model to observation reveals that broad H alpha absorption widths in G and K giant stars are consistent with a mean H alpha chromospheric optical depth of 50, while narrower widths in M stars indicate slightly lower opacities. It is proposed that differences in H alpha width between late-type giants of similar spectral type may be due, in part, to differences in their chromospheric thermal gradient, and associated H alpha opacity.
Positive radial solutions for and related topics

We study the existence of positive radial solutions of semilinear elliptic equations . By using a variational method and finite balls approach, we prove that there exists a positive radial solution with finite energy on provided that K satisfies the following conditions (i) for small r > 0, β > 0 and α∊(0,n), (ii) K(r) ≥ 0 for large r and and (iii) . Some existence theorems of positive radial and non-radial solutions on also obtained for equations .
Privatization, provision, and targeting: Trends and policy implications for social security in the United States

This paper examines several important trends in the changing structure of social security in the United States and their impact on the elderly in different income groups. These trends involve the shifting public/private mix of retirement income, the declining replacement rates of public benefits, and reforms for targeting benefits by age. An analysis of these trends suggests that (a) social security will provide declining economic support for those most in need; (b) middle- and upper-income groups will have a diminished stake in social security, reducing the programme's political base of support; (c) increasing reliance on occupational pensions will heighten the need for greater public regulation of private schemes; (d) an unplanned two-tiered system of pensions will emerge, with the first tier consisting of a whittled-down version of social security to provide a predominant source of retirement income for low-income wage earners and the second tier consisting of private pensions for middle- and upper-income groups.
Magnetic anomaly map of the world

The Magnetic Anomaly Map of the World is the first global compilation of the wealth of magnetic anomaly information derived from more than 50 years of aeromagnetic surveys over land areas, research vessel magnetometer traverses at sea, and observations from Earth-orbiting satellites, supplemented by anomaly values derived from oceanic crustal ages. This map will soon be published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Commission for the Geological Map of the World, and will be publicly released at the July 2007 meeting of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, in Perugia, Italy. Metamorphism, petrology, and redox state all have important effects on the magnetism of crustal materials. The magnetic anomalies represented on this map (Figure 1) originate primarily in igneous and metamorphic rocks, in the Earth's crust, and possibly in the uppermost mantle. Magnetic anomalies represent an estimate of the short-wavelength (<2600 kilometer) fields associated with these parts of the Earth, after estimates of fields from other sources have been subtracted from the measured field magnitude.
Erratum to: Cervical Cancer Screening Among Southeast Asian American Women

The original version of the online published review paper contained errors in the Introduction section of the paper and in Table 2. While describing the socioeconomic status of Southeast Asian Americans, it was stated that ‘‘indeed, two-thirds of Southeast Asian Americans live below the poverty line [5].’’ The incorrect reference was given for this statement. The correct reference is listed below:
Engineered oxide thin films as 100% lattice match buffer layers for YBCO coated conductors

Abstract One of the most important qualities of buffer layers for RE-BCO coated conductors’ growth is close lattice match with RE-BCO. However, there is no natural material with a 100% lattice match with RE-BCO. In this study mixtures of europium oxide (Eu2O3) and ytterbium oxide (Yb2O3), (Eu1−uYbu)2O3 (0.0⩽u⩽1.0), were investigated as a candidate buffer layer that could have same lattice parameter as YBa2Cu3O7−δ(YBCO). Because the pseudocubic lattice parameter of Eu2O3 is bigger, and that of Yb2O3 is smaller than lattice parameter of YBCO, and the mixed oxides with appropriate ratio would have same lattice parameter of YBCO. The mixtures were prepared using metal-organic precursor by sol–gel process, and it was found that all mixed samples are single phase, complete solid solutions, and have same crystal system over the whole range of “u”. Lattice parameters of mixed (Eu1−uYbu)2O3 oxide powders were changed between 10.86831 and 10.42828 A which are lattice parameter of Eu2O3 and Yb2O3, respectively by changing the ratio of Eu/Yb in the mixture. Phase and lattice parameter analysis revealed that pseudocubic lattice parameter of (Eu0.893Yb0.107)2O3 is 3.82 A which is same as the lattice parameter of YBCO. Textured (Eu0.893Yb0.107)2O3 buffer layers were grown on biaxially textured-Ni (1 0 0) substrates. The solution was prepared from Europium and Ytterbium 2,4-pentadioanate, and was deposited on the Ni substrates using a reel-to-reel sol–gel dip coating system. The textured films were annealed at 1150 °C for 10 min under 4% H2–Ar gas flow. Extensive texture analysis has been done to characterize the texture of (Eu0.893Yb0.107)2O3 buffer layers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the buffer layer showed strong out-of-plane orientation on Ni tape. The (Eu0.893Yb0.107)2O3 (2 2 2) pole figure indicated a single cube-on-cube textured structure. The omega and phi scans revealed good out-of-plane and in-plane alignments. The full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) values of omega and Phi scan of (Eu0.893Yb0.107)2O3 films were 6.45° and 7.70°, respectively. ESEM micrographs of the films revealed pinhole-free, crack-free and dense microstructures.
Testosterone and the sex difference in blood pressure in mice

Blood pressure of adult male SWR/J mice is approximately 20 mm Hg higher than that of females. Castrating males at weaning eliminated this sex difference. Testosterone restored blood pressure of castrated mice to the level of the intact males within 10 days indicating a pressor effect of testosterone. Ovariectomy had no effect on blood pressure.
Deformation mechanisms in composite nano-layered metallic and nanowire structures

Using molecular dynamics simulations, the deformation behavior of two types of nanocomposite metallic materials (nano-layered thin films and composite nanowires) is investigated and compared with that of the bulk materials. The first structure is a hybrid nano-layered metallic composite formed by alternating layers of Cu, Ni, Cu, and Nb layers. The nanocomposite has a pre-existing dislocation structure inside it, generated by initially loading a perfect structure to a high strain to nucleate dislocations, then completely unloading it, and loading it again. Four different structures are considered all having the same Cu and Ni layers thickness and varying Nb thickness. Comparison of the deformation behavior between the different structures revealed that the addition of Nb layer makes the material stronger. However, this behavior has a critical limit below which the strength of the material decreases. This is attributed to the extended shearing of the interface that results from the accumulation of dislocations in the Cu/Nb interface. The second structure discussed is a composite nanowire made of a Ni layer sandwiched between two Cu layers. We show that the natural development of coherency stresses at the interfaces between the two layers increases the ability of the wire to deform by a twinning process under tensile loading. This process results in the reorientation of the composite nanowire that, under unloading, forces the nanowire to completely recover the straining, leading to a pronounced pseudoelastic behavior.
RNA and protein synthesis in the earwig ovary

Abstract Cytochemical and autoradiographic studies on the ovaries of Labidura riparia indicate that the oocyte is supplied with RNA synthesized in the nurse cell nucleus. There is no indication that the oocyte synthesizes its own RNA. Neither DNA nor protein can be shown to enter the oocyte from external sources. Although largely cytoplasmic, the incorporation of lysine into protein also localizes in the nucleolus of older oocytes.
Stress in Indonesian and bracketing paradoxes

Most solutions to bracketing paradoxes involve the restructuring of either the morphological or the phonological structure. Yet the bracketing paradoxes cited in the literature offer no independent evidence for the primacy of either morphological or phonological structure. Indonesian has bracketing paradoxes and also offers the crucial evidence needed to decide between these types of approaches: evidence from cyclic assignment of stress shows that the only possible type of solution is one in which the morphological structure is primal and there is restructuring to account for the phonological facts.
Retinal topography and thickness mapping in atrophic age related macular degeneration.

Aim: To determine the relation between alterations in the retinal topography and thickness, visual acuity, and retinal pigment epithelium hypopigmentation in atrophic age related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: 22 patients, mean age 74 (SD 8) years, with atrophic AMD were recruited. An optical imaging system based on the retinal thickness analyser (RTA) was applied to generate a series of 20 optical section images that encompass 2 mm × 2 mm retinal areas. The optical section images were digitised and analysed to provide topographic maps of the vitreoretinal and chorioretinal surfaces and the retinal thickness. Vitreoretinal and chorioretinal surface elevations and retinal thickness were determined. Results: Variation in the vitreoretinal surface height was moderately correlated with visual acuity ( r = −0.4; p = 0.03; n = 22). Increase in variation of chorioretinal surface height was correlated with decrease in visual acuity ( r = −0.5; p = 0.01; n = 22). The retinal thickness was not associated with visual acuity ( r = 0.2; p = 0.2; n=22). Relative height of the vitreoretinal surface in eyes with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) hypopigmentation was significantly less than eyes without RPE hypopigmentation (p = 0.005). Eyes with and without RPE hypopigmentation had a similar relative height of the chorioretinal surface (p = 0.4). Retinal thickness in eyes with RPE hypopigmentation was less than in eyes without RPE hypopigmentation (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Mapping of chorioretinal and vitreoretinal topography and retinal thickness provides objective and quantitative measurements of retinal structural abnormalities and shows promise as an adjunct for the evaluation of retinal structural changes due to AMD.
General constraints on neutral-current couplings from SO(10) grand unification☆

Abstract Given any pattern of symmetry breaking in SO(10), the low-energy neutral-current couplings gL and gL are constrainted theoretically. We analyze two patterns of symmetry breaking, and show how present data can be used to confront theory. The ratios e 2 g L 2 and e 2 g R 2 are confined to a limited region. Lower bounds on the symmetry breaking scales in left-right models are obtained.
Dietary omega-3 fatty acids differentially influence ova release and ovarian cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in rats.

Abstract Ovulation is a prostaglandin (PG)-dependent process. Although n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) have differing effects in the body, both reduce PG synthesis. We hypothesized that dietary n-3 fatty acids and CLA would differentially alter ovarian PG profiles through reductions in expression of enzymes involved in PG biosynthesis resulting in enhanced ovulation. Our objectives were to determine how dietary stearidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at 0.3 g/100 g diet and mixed isomers of CLA at 0.7 g/100 g diet, human achievable levels with daily consumption of fish or beef and dairy products, respectively, would influence ovulation and ovarian cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 expression in ovulation-induced rats. After 27 days on diet and ovulation induction, ovaries were isolated and analyzed from 22 pups per diet. Eicosapentaenoic acid ingestion reduced ova release by 16% while increasing PGE 2 and PGF 2α release without altering COX-1 or COX-2 expression. Conversely, ovarian COX-1 expression was increased 135% with stearidonic acid ingestion associated with increased PGF 2α without altering PGE 2 or ova release. Conjugated linoleic acid ingestion reduced COX-2 expression to 65% of that in rats consuming control and EPA diets; however, without affecting ovulation or PGs. Although it is generally believed that the COX-2 is the primary COX involved in ovulation, these results demonstrated that the n-3 PUFA differently affect ovarian COX-1 expression and that this effect differs from CLA, which reduced COX-2 expression. Further, although ovarian PGF 2α is the primary PG altered by dietary n-3 PUFA, n-3 PUFA differentially influence ovarian PG biosynthesis and can decrease ova release, possibly induced through constitutive COX-1 enzyme expression.
Ocean Circulation Model Hindcasts of the 1982-83 El Niño: Thermal Variability along the Ship-of-Opportunity Tracks

Abstract Five different analyses of 1982–83 monthly average surface wind stress fields have been used to force an ocean general circulation model of the tropical Pacific, in a series of El Nino hindcast experiments, like the one reported by Philander and Seigel. Although there were prominent common departures from climatology in the surface wind stress field during 1982–83 according to each wind analysis, there are also very substantial differences between analyses. This study was done to investigate the sensitivity of such hindcasts to our uncertain knowledge of the surface wind stress field. We concentrate here on the behavior along the Pacific ship-of-opportunity tracks. According to the ship-of-opportunity XBT data, the ocean underwent major changes during this period. The vertical temperature gradients and mixed layer temperatures, as well as the depth of the thermocline, underwent substantial changes. There were also major changes in the geostrophic flow of the major current systems, as revealed by ...
High-risk mild head injury

✓ The generally accepted definition of mild head injury includes Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 13 to 15. However, many studies have shown that there is a heterogeneous pathophysiology among patients with GCS scores in this range. The current definition of mild head injury is misleading because patients classified in this category can have severe sequelae. Therefore, a prospective study of 1360 head-injured patients with GCS scores ranging from 13 to 15 who were admitted to the neurosurgery service during 1994 and 1995 was undertaken to modify the current definition of mild head injury. Data regarding patients' age, sex, GCS score, radiographic findings, neurosurgical intervention, and 6-month outcome were collected and analyzed. The results of this study showed that patients with lower GCS scores tended to have suffered more serious injury. There was a statistically significant trend across GCS scores for percentage of patients with positive acute radiographic findings, percentage receiving neurosurg...
A Review of the Role of the Sequence-Dependent Electrostatic Landscape in DNA Alkylation Patterns

Alkylating agents, including environmental and endogenous carcinogens and DNA targeting antineoplastic agents, that adduct DNA via intermediates with significant cationic charge show a sequence selectively in their covalent bonding to nucleobases. The resulting patterns of alkylation eventually contribute to the agent-dependent distributions and types of mutations. The origin of the regioselective modification of DNA by electrophiles has been attributed to steric and/or electronic factors, but attempts to mechanistically model and predict alkylation patterns have had limited success. In this review, we present data consistent with the role of the intrinsic sequence-dependent electrostatic landscape (SDEL) in DNA that modulates the equilibrium binding of cations and the bonding of reactive charged alkylating agents to atoms that line the floor of the major groove of DNA.
Purification and characterization of cytochrome b5 reductase from the house fly, Musca domestica

Abstract NADH-cytochrome b 5 reductase (b5R) from the house fly was purified through solubilization of microsomes with Triton X-100 followed by DEAE, carboxylmethyl and 5'-ADP affinity column chromatography. Yields of 9% with a 320-fold increase in NADH-ferricyanide reductase specific activity and 2% with a 76-fold increase in NADH-cytochrome b5R specific activity were obtained. Two forms of b5R, a major form with the apparent molecular mass of 31 kDa and a minor form of 33 kDa, were obtained. Both forms of purified b5R could reduce cytochrome b 5 and both could use NADH or NADPH as an electron donor, although NADH was more efficient. Kinetics of the b5R activities were also studied. The 31-kDa b5R consists of -291 amino acids with the NH 2 -terminal sequence of Thr-Ala-Arg-Leu-Arg-Thr-Leu-Ile-Asp-Ala. An antiserum developed against the 31-kDa b5R recognized both forms of b5R. Using this polyclonal antiserum as a probe, immunologically reactive proteins were found in microsomes from five species of Diptera, mouse and rat liver but not in spider mites nor insects from other orders.
Matching poly layer ADI and AEI process windows by using ADI index

As the critical-dimension of IC devices shrinks to below 90nm, it becomes very important to find an approach to control AEI CD more efficiently. This is especially so for poly gate patterning where not only photoresist dimension but also the photoresist profile plays an important role in defining final CD due to the impact of the photoresist profile on the etch process. In this paper, we will introduce an ADI index, which includes both CD and profile information collected by scatterometry system (KLA-Tencor SCD). With this ADI index, we can match the ADI process window with the AEI process window (exposure and focus window), and final AEI CD can be accurately predicted. This approach can also be effectively used in feed-forward Advanced Process Control (APC) poly patterning.
Dynamic Interplay Between Spacecraft Charging, Space Environment Interactions, and Evolving Materials

While the effects on spacecraft charging from varying environmental conditions and from the selection of different construction materials have been extensively studied, modification of material properties by exposure to the space plasma environment can also have profound effects on spacecraft charging. Given the increasingly demanding nature of space missions, there is a clear need to extend our understanding of the dynamic nature of material properties that affect spacecraft charging and to expand our knowledgebase of materials’ responses to specific environmental conditions so that we can more reliably predict the long-term response of spacecraft to their environment. This paper focuses on the effects of environment-induced material modifications of physical properties relevant to spacecraft charging simulations. It also reviews several specific examples in which environment-induced material modifications have a significant impact on predicted spacecraft charging.
Treatment of unstable dorsal proximal interphalangeal fracture/dislocations using a hemi-hamate autograft.

Abstract Purpose: This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of a hemi-hamate autograft for the treatment of comminuted dorsal proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint fracture/dislocations. Methods: Thirteen consecutive patients underwent hemi-hamate autograft for the treatment of an unstable dorsal PIP fracture dislocation. The fractured middle phalangeal base was debrided and the defect was replaced using a size-matched portion of the dorsal/distal hamate osteoarticular surface and was secured with miniscrews. The average middle phalangeal volar lip involvement on initial radiographs was 60% (range, 40% to 80%). The average time to surgery was 45 days (range, 2–175 d). Range of motion, stability, and grip strength were measured at a mean follow-up evaluation of 16 months. Radiographs were evaluated for union, graft incorporation, and/or collapse. Subjective data, satisfaction, and return to work were obtained on 12 of the 13 patients at a mean follow-up evaluation of 17 months. Results: The average arc of motion at the PIP joint was 85° (range, 65° to 100°). The distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint average arc of motion was 60° (range, 35° to 80°). Average grip strength was 80% of the uninjured side. Bony union was achieved in all patients. One graft showed ulnar collapse but graft resorption was not noted. Except for 2 patients with recurrent dorsal subluxation there were no complications. The average pain level was 1.3 (as rated on a visual analog scale of 0–10). Eleven of 12 patients were very satisfied with their function and one was somewhat satisfied; one patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusions: When greater than 50% of the volar base of the middle phalanx is fractured in a PIP fracture/dislocation or the joint remains unstable despite a lesser degree of involvement, a hemi-hamate autograft should be considered. This procedure reconstructs the cup-shaped contour of the middle phalangeal articular surface and facilitates a stable, functional arc of motion at the PIP joint. Additionally, in our experience the procedure renders minimal disability and has a low complication rate.
Color histogram diffusion for image enhancement

Various color histogram equalization (CHE) methods have been proposed to extend grayscale histogram equalization (GHE) for color images. In this paper a new method called “histogram diffusion” that extends the GHE method to arbitrary dimensions is proposed. Ranges in a histogram are specified as overlapping bars of uniform heights and variable widths which are proportional to their frequencies. This diagram is called the “vistogram.” As an alternative approach to GHE, the squared error of the vistogram from the uniform distribution is minimized. Each bar in the vistogram is approximated by a Gaussian function. Gaussian particles in the vistoram diffuse as a nonlinear autonomous system of ordinary differential equations. CHE results of color images showed that the approach is effective.
Phosphorimetric Detection in HPLC VIA Trivalent Lanthanides: High Sensitivity Time-Resolved Luminescence Detection of Tetracyclines Using Eu3+ in a Micellar Post Column Reagent

Abstract The detection of tetracyclines in HPLC by sensitized Europium phosphorescence has been reinvestigated using a dedicated LC detector with time-resolved luminescence capability. A micellar Eu3+ post column reagent was developed which contained 1% Triton X-100 and 200uM tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide buffered at pH 10.5. This reagent provided optimized time-resolved detection and was found to be compatible with a several mobile phases used in reversed phase chromatography of tetracyclines. The sensitivity and quantitative linearity of the technique was determined using standard fluorometric and time-resolved modes of detection with both grating and filter emission monochromation. Peak areas were linear with concentration from 2 ug on column to the limit of detection. Subnanogram limits of detection were obtained for both tetracycline and oxytetracycline. The relative sensitivity of the technique for compounds tested was oxytetracycline=tetracycline > doxycycline > chlortetracycline > minocycline. The h...
PARALLEL COMPUTATION OF THE 2-D NAVIER-STOKES FLOWFIELD OF A PITCHING AIRFOIL

SUMMARY An unsteady, compressible, two dimensional Navier-Stokes solver has been developed for the Connection Machine (CM-2 and CM-5). The solver has been applied to the computations of subsonic viscous flow past a pitching airfoil at Rec = 1044, (based on airfoil chord length) M∞ = 0.2, non-dimensional pitching rate Ωυ + = 0.2 and 0.4. The algorithm for solving the Navier-Stokes equations is based on an unstructured grid of triangles. Roe's flux difference split method is employed for the inviseid fluxes. A discrete representation of Gauss' theorem is used for the viscous fluxes and heat transfer. A four stage modified Runge-Kutta algorithm is employed for the temporal integration. The algorithm is second order accurate in space and time. The implementation of the algorilhm on the Connection Machine and the investigation of the incipient boundary layer separation for a pitching airfoil are presented. The investigation of the effect of pitching rate on incipient boundary layer separation for a pitching ai...
Old and new scales for the assessment of body image: a reply to Stunkard (2000).

Avoidance of shortcomings of older scales of body image and use of additional measurements in newer scales are stated.
Disturbance rejection in multivariable systems by state feedback controller

Abstract In this paper, computational algorithms for designing a state feedback controller to reject the disturbances acting on linear time-invariant multivariable systems is presented. The theoretical basis for these algorithms is a factorization procedure for the transfer function matrix between the outputs and the disturbance. This enables us to use the concept of a minimal order inverse to determine the position of the ‘disturbance blocking zeros’ which can be assigned by state feedback to desired locations, such that all measurable or unmeasurable exponential disturbances are rejected in the steady state. The performance of the algorithms are illustrated by two numerical examples.