cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Sexual Abuse Among Individuals With Serious Mental Illnesses

The deleterious effects of sexual abuse (SA) are well documented, as many studies have found that SA can increase the risk for psychiatric disorders. While SA has been examined in multiple samples, no studies have examined the characteristics of SA in individuals with severe mental illnesses (SMI). This study examined the prevalence rate and characterized the nature of SA among individuals with SMI who were under psychiatric care in three different inpatient facilities. Utilizing data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study, 1,136 individuals with SMI were assessed for SA histories, psychiatric diagnoses, and other demographics. Nearly half of this sample ( n = 511) identified SA histories, with almost half indicating that the person was a stranger or someone outside of the family unit. One third reported SA occurred "too many times to count," and approximately a third indicated the abuse consisted of intercourse, occurring at a mean age of 11.22 years. Results found that individuals with SA histories were often never married, Caucasian, female, had children, described themselves as psychologically unwell, and were commonly voluntary psychiatric admissions. Those with SA histories had significantly higher psychopathology and lower functioning, and were more likely to be diagnosed with depression but less likely to be substance dependent. Identifying SA characteristics in individuals with SMI is a critical component to successful treatment. Thorough screening and assessment of this common problem can help clinicians identify accompanying issues that may exacerbate SMI symptomology, and improve the prognosis for long-term outcomes.
Experimental studies on cluster ions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several experimental studies conducted on cluster ions. Cluster ions comprise a nonrigid assembly of components having properties between those of large gas phase molecules and the bulk condensed state. Research on the properties of cluster ions is valuable in obtaining a complete understanding of the forces between ions and neutral atoms or molecules, where, for example, data on energetics provide a direct measure of the depth of the potential well of interaction between the ion and the collection of neutral molecules. There are three types of experimental approaches to produce and study these cluster ions depending on different degrees of physical isolation, that is, clusters moving freely in space (gas phase studies), clusters supported upon a substrate surface, and clusters existing in solids and liquids. Moreover, the use of cluster ions for fuel injection into fusion reactors and cluster ions are also present in other high-temperature systems such as those designed as sources of energy employing magnets and hydrodynamics.
Antibody response of channel catfish after channel catfish virus infection and following dexamethasone treatment

Channel catfish virus (CCV, Ictalurid herpesvirus 1) and CCV disease have been extensively studied. Yet, little is known about CCV-host interaction after resolution of the primary infection. In order to determine potential recrudescence of CCV from latency, we established latency by exposing channel catfish juveniles with CCV or a thymidine kinase-negative recombinant (CCVlacZ) at a dose that caused less than 20% mortality. Then, we evaluated antibody response by serially sampling the same fish at 0 (pre-infection), 30, 60 and 90 d post challenge (DPC). We then attempted to induce viral recrudescence by intramuscular administration of dexamethasone and sampled the fish at 2, 4, 7, or 10 d post treatment. Recrudescence was evaluated by leukocyte co-cultivation and cell culture of tissue homogenates but no virus was detected. Western blot data demonstrated the highest number of seropositive fish by 30 DPC and a secondary antibody induction after dexamethasone treatment. The antigen specificity of the secondary response corresponded to viral proteins with molecular masses similar to those recognized by the same fish by 30 DPC. The recognized proteins were predominantly large, ranging from approximately 90 to >200 kDa. Expression analysis of selected virus genes at 90 DPC and following dexamethasone treatment demonstrated occasional immediate-early virus gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes. Early and late gene expression was rarely detected. The combined data suggest restricted re-activation of CCV in our experimental system. Primary and secondary responses and virus gene expression were demonstrated in CCVlacZ-exposed fish but were less frequent than in CCV-exposed fish.
Substance abuse (including nicotine) in schizophrenic patients

Comorbid substance-use disorders are present in at least 25% of patients with schizophrenia, and 70-80% of these patients smoke. It is important to understand how substance-use disorders affect outcomes in this already impaired population. Substance-use disorders occur most commonly in males, and are most prevalent in the young. Substance-use disorders are associated with bad outcomes, including medication non-compliance, rehospitalization, homelessness, contact with the criminal justice system, medical morbidity and suicide, and these bad outcomes seem to be more likely among those patients who utilize multiple drugs rather than alcohol alone. Psychosocial and behavioral treatments produce few successes. Early indications suggest that clozapine may reduce substance-use disorders. Nicotine corrects certain neurophysiological deficits (e.g. eye-tracking abnormalities) in patients with schizophrenia. Maternal smoking during pregnancy may increase the likelihood of antisocial behavior and substance-use disorder in the offspring. Atypical antipsychotics plus bupropion increase the likelihood of smoking reduction/cessation in patients with schizophrenia. The recent literature clearly documents the devastating effects of comorbid substance-use disorders in schizophrenia. Promising new treatment options will require further study.
Impact of Hydrophobic Chain Composition on Amphiphilic Macromolecule Antiatherogenic Bioactivity

Amphiphilic macromolecules (AMs) composed of sugar backbones modified with branched aliphatic chains and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) tail can inhibit macrophage uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL), a major event underlying atherosclerosis development. Previous studies indicate that AM hydrophobic domains influence this bioactivity through interacting with macrophage scavenger receptors, which can contain basic and/or hydrophobic residues within their binding pockets. In this study, we compare two classes of AMs to investigate their ability to promote athero-protective potency via hydrogen-bonding or hydrophobic interactions with scavenger receptors. A series of ether-AMs, containing methoxy-terminated aliphatic arms capable of hydrogen-bonding, was synthesized. Compared to analogous AMs containing no ether moieties (alkyl-AMs), ether-AMs showed improved cytotoxicity profiles. Increasing AM hydrophobicity via incorporation of longer and/or alkyl-terminated hydrophobic chains yielded macromolecules with enhanced oxLDL uptake inhibition. These findings indicate that hydrophobic interactions and the length of AM aliphatic arms more significantly influence AM bioactivity than hydrogen-bonding.
A 0.0054-mm 2 Frequency-to-Current Conversion-Based Fractional Frequency Synthesizer in 32 nm Utilizing Deep Trench Capacitor

In this brief, a frequency-to-current conversion-based fractional frequency synthesizer is implemented in 32-nm technology utilizing a high-density deep trench capacitor. The technique proposed here can replace the use of multiple crystal oscillators or a phase-locked loop for medium accuracy clock generation with very low chip area and power consumption. In addition to exploiting the inherently low variation of capacitors as compared to that of transistors, the proposed circuit generates an output frequency proportional to the capacitor ratio, canceling out any small process-voltage-temperature (PVT) dependences of the capacitor. The performance of the fractional synthesizer is verified from chip measurement results. An output frequency range of 16–156 MHz is covered with a frequency resolution of 0.8 MHz using a 4-MHz reference clock. The total area of the frequency synthesizer core is only 0.0054 mm2, and it consumes 116 $\mu\mbox{W}$ of power from a 0.9-V supply while generating an output frequency of 48 MHz. The output frequency variation is ±0.14% at 48 MHz for a temperature sweep from −40 °C to 90 °C. Periodic jitter measured from an on-chip high-resolution jitter measurement circuit is 115 ps (rms) at 76 MHz.
Diarrhea: The Nemesis of the Artificially Reared, Early Weaned Piglet and a Strategy for Defense

Rearing early weaned piglets artificially for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of the sow is an attractive management concept. However, high death losses resulting from diarrhea in artificially reared piglets have dampered enthusiasm for early weaning. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, transmissible gastroenteritis virus and rotavirus are the three main enteropathogens responsible for causing the diarrhea. The enteropathogens infect the small intestine, which produces a secretory or malabsorptive diarrhea. In nature, the nursing piglet is protected from the enteropathogens by antibody bathing his gut. The source of the antibody is the dam's colostrum and milk. It should be possible to protect artificially reared, early weaned piglets from enteropathogens by feeding them diets that contain antibodies to putative enteropathogens.
The use of bone morphogenic protein in cervical spine fusions: A literature review

Abstract Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are signaling proteins which promote osteogenesis and facilitate fusion of bone in lumbar spinal procedures. Research is targeted towards the benefits of use in lumbar fusions and the use of BMPs in anterior lumbar interbody fusions (ALIFs) is FDA approved. However, fewer studies have detailed adverse effects and use in cervical fusion procedures, which is currently considered "off-label". BMP use in cervical fusion procedures may improve radiographic outcomes and functionality of patients in the long term, though overall rates of serious medical complications from use are increased in the early postoperative period. Complications of BMP use include: ectopic bone formation, inflammation, swelling and seroma. These adverse outcomes can be much more fatal in the cervical spine as compared to their occurrence in the lumbar spine. Because of the adverse effects, low doses of BMPs have been recommended, reducing risks of complications while still aiding in the fusion process. Additionally, BMPs have not been approved for use in pediatric populations, though off-label use in fusion patients with paucity of autologous bone may prove advantageous. Patients who are considered high risk for pseudoarthrosis may also be candidates for the use of BMPs in cervical procedures. Physicians and patients should be aware of the potential adverse outcomes of using BMPs in cervical fusion procedures and weigh the risks and benefits before deciding on use.
Spina Bifida and Carbamazepine

The records of all pregnant Medicaid recipients in Michigan who were taking anti-epileptic agents during pregnancy were studied at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland.
Elucidating the utility of neuro-navigation in reducing malposition rates in Ommaya reservoir placement: 23-year operative experience at the Louisiana State University.

Objectives: Variability exists with the use of neuro-navigation in the placement of Ommaya reservoir. In the setting of recent healthcare reforms in the United States that are focused on cost-containment strategies, we discuss from our experience at the Louisiana State University, Shreveport, if the use of high-cost stealth-guided navigation technique reduces malposition rates over free-hand placement. Patients and Methods: A retrospective cohort analyses on 146 patients that underwent placement of Ommaya reservoir between 1991 and 2014 using free-hand and neuro-navigated technique was performed. Primary endpoint was to evaluate the differences in rates of malposition across these two placement techniques. Results: The mean age of our cohort was 44.85 ± 15.05 years and 45% patients were female. We did not find any statistical differences for complications rates including infections (8.3% vs 9.2%; P = 1.000), hemorrhage (0.0% vs 3.1%; P = 0.551), and repositioning (6.3% vs 8.2%; P = 1.000) across patients that underwent placement of Ommaya reservoir using neuro-navigation and free hand technique. Conclusion: Although placement of Ommaya reservoir is a relatively easier technique as compared to other neurosurgical procedures, based on our experience and literature, we found lower rates of complications in patients who underwent placement via the stealth-guided neuro-navigational approach. Despite not having found any statistical difference in malposition rates between navigated and free-hand implantation of Ommaya reservoirs in our series, it is plausible that the number of technical complications in the neuronavigational group in the early years of acquisition could possibly be attributed to the learning curve, rather than their occuring purely by chance. Nevertheless, considering the increased cost of hospitalization associated with the use of navigational technology, future studies are recommended to weigh the cost-benefit ratio of preferring the neuro-navigational techniques for placement of Ommaya reservoir over the free-hand placement techniques.
Promoting Treatment Engagement with Specific Populations: Depression

Depressive disorders were identified as a leading cause of burden in the Global Burden of Disease studies conducted in 1990, 2000, and 2010. In the 2010 study, major depressive disorder (MDD) was identified as a contributor of burden allocated to both suicide and ischemic heart disease (Ferrari et al., 2013). The World Health Organization (WHO) ranks MDD as the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide and predicts that by 2020, MDD will be the second leading cause of disability. Data on the prevalence and costs of depressive disorders worldwide are limited, but existing studies suggest that lifetime prevalence rates are between 1.5 % and 19 %, with higher rates occurring in higher income countries. Epidemiological studies have identified costs related to depression that impact living in four domains: education, marital timing and stability, childbearing, and occupation (Kessler, 2012).
Abstract W P153: HEALS Hypertension Control Program for Stroke Prevention in African American Communities

Stroke is the 4th leading cause of death and a leading cause of severe, long-term disability in US. African Americans (AAs) are at an elevated risk for cerebrovascular diseases. An approach of proven efficacy is to target a major modifiable risk factor for stroke, hypertension (HTN), and to do so using lifestyle changes (i.e., diet and exercise). The objective of this study was to implement and assess the efficacy of an evidence-based, socio-culturally tailored, lifestyle intervention called HEALS (Healthy Eating And Living Spiritually) adopted and modified from PREMIER and DASH studies in AA churches in Northeast Florida. Methods: 3- months HEALS program was delivered by trained church members to the high risk church members who were; a) church parishioners 25-75 years; and b) newly or known diagnosed with HTN/pre-HTN as per JNC-7 criteria. The outcomes were analyzed using ANOVA and Wilcoxon rank tests. Results: Of the 36 eligible, 32 (90%) provided complete information on outcomes and were included in the analysis. At baseline, 15 (42%) participants were pre-HTN, 9 (25%) had Stage 1 HTN, and 12 (33%) had Stage 2 HTN. Retention of 89% was observed at the end of 3- month HEALs intervention. After the completion of the 3-months intervention, the mean reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were 6.72mmHg (p=.0425) and 4.00 mmHg (p=.0073), respectively. A mean weight reduction of 1.7 kg was also significant (p=0.0023). Further, positive trends in healthy eating occurred for the majority of the participants (60%), more than half consumed dark green or other vegetables frequently, while 75% consumed at least one fruit daily or weekly. Lower percentages (44%) reported consumption of 100% fruit juices or cooked beans regularly. Conclusion: The study provided much-needed information on the translation and sustainability of evidence-based lifestyle modification in community-based settings, particularly within churches, which represent the most influential institution in the community lives of AA. HEALS program can serve as a cost-effective model for stroke prevention. Future longitudinal randomized controlled studies on HEALS effectiveness are needed.
Rehabilitation and Return-to-Play Following Arthroscopic Bankart Repair

Anterior shoulder instability is a common clinical entity, especially in young male athletes. Many patients, especially first-time dislocators, may be successfully treated with nonoperative measures such as physical therapy and activity modification. The goals of nonoperative management are to gradually restore pain-free range of motion and dynamic stability of the shoulder. For patients who have failed conservative management or have suffered significant anterior labral tears, arthroscopic anterior stabilization has been shown to be an effective management option, in turn, affording patients a high-rate of return-to-play and good clinical outcomes. In this article, the authors' nonoperative and arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization rehabilitation protocols will be detailed alongside timelines for allowing athletes of different levels and sports to return-to-play following nonoperative and operative management. An up-to-date review of literature regarding rehabilitation and return-to-play after anterior shoulder instability injuries will also be provided.
Teaching Statistics to MSW Students: Comparing Credit and Non-Credit Options

In professional disciplines like social work, students are expected to be able to understand and apply basic statistical concepts. Graduate programs differ in how they expect students to develop this ability; some require a full-credit statistics course as a prerequisite to admission, and others incorporate statistics into social work research courses. The for-credit requirement has a high financial and time cost for students. This exploratory study examined the feasibility of replacing this requirement with a brief, non-credit statistics course. MSW students (n=168) who took both types of courses were surveyed. No association was found between the type of course and students’ anxiety, confidence, and the perceived relevance of statistics. Students identified factors that impeded or facilitated their learning. The inclusion of the statistics course within the social work program and the use of relevant social work literature was perceived as supporting students’ learning of statistics. The course length was no more of a concern for the non-credit statistics students than for the for-credit students. These findings support the use of a brief, non-credit statistics course as a less costly and time-consuming approach, but raises concerns about consistently high levels of anxiety, and low levels of confidence and statistics ability of MSW students.
Thermal and hydraulic performance enhancement of microchannel heat sinks utilizing porous substrates

Abstract A comprehensive study utilizing porous substrates in microchannel heat sinks (MCHS) is presented in this work to find an optimized design which improves thermal and hydraulic performance of conventional microchannels. Three dimensional models of MCHS with different solid and porous fin thicknesses have been analyzed in this work. A parametric optimization has been done on the thickness of the solid and porous fin, and various performance parameters are evaluated for different MCHSs. The results are compared with the conventional heat sinks and demonstrate that for every combination set of MCHS geometrical parameters, there is an optimized porous design which can improve the thermal and hydraulic performance at the same time, or at least improving one while keeping the other at the same level as a conventional heat sink. This improvement is examined for different ranges of Reynolds numbers and pumping powers. Optimization process has been applied for porous MCHSs with various heat sink material and porosities. The superior effect of optimized porous design has been observed in all cases.
Peyer's patch eosinophils: identification, characterization, and regulation by mucosal allergen exposure, interleukin-5, and eotaxin.

The gastrointestinal immune system is traditionally thought to be composed of lymphocytes located within Peyer's patches and the lamina propria. We have recently reported that eosinophils also reside in the gastrointestinal tract during healthy states, in particular, within the lamina propria, and that these cells substantially increase after oral allergen exposure. We now demonstrate the presence of eosinophils in Peyer's patches and characterize the signals that regulate the accumulation of eosinophils in Peyer's patches. In contrast to the lamina propria, intestinal Peyer's patches have very low levels of eosinophils under healthy states. However, elevated levels of interleukin-5 (IL-5), generated by transgenic or pharmacologic approaches, result in a dramatic increase in eosinophil levels in Peyer's patches. Most eosinophils are located in the outer cortex and interfollicular regions of the Peyer's patches. To dissect the mechanism of eosinophil trafficking to Peyer's patches, the role of eotaxin was examined. Mice transgenic for IL-5 and genetically deficient in eotaxin were found to have reduced levels of eosinophils in Peyer's patches compared with IL-5-transgenic mice. To prove that eosinophils also traffic to Peyer's patches in wild-type mice, allergic hypersensitivity was induced and Peyer's patches were examined. Exposure to mucosal allergen promoted marked accumulation of eosinophils in Peyer's patches and this process was attenuated in eotaxin-deficient mice. In summary, these data demonstrate that elevated levels of IL-5 and mucosal allergen exposure promote eotaxin-dependent eosinophil trafficking to Peyer's patches. These studies suggest that eosinophils may cooperate with lymphocytes in the development of mucosal immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract.
Students with Visual Impairments

Psychologists and educators have speculated that 90% to 95% of the perceptions of sighted children come from vision (Hatlen & Curry, 1987). When vision is deficient, it may or may not have a significant effect upon students’ school performance. If the vision problem is severe enough to affect school functioning, students need some type of assistance in dealing with school content. Over the years, there has been some confusion concerning the general characteristics of students with visual impairments and the overall handicapping effect of the impairment itself. Much of this confusion can probably be attributed to misunderstandings concerning what the actual effect of the impairment is on students’ abilities to use their vision.
From Madison to Wall Street: Assessing the Electoral Consequences of Protest on the Left

This paper compares three movements with respect to their impact on elections: the Tea Party, the pro-labor protests in Madison and other capitals, and Occupy Wall Street. Findings: 1) Both the Tea Party and the labor protests have moved directly to electoral action. 2) The Tea Party increased its influence by its willingness to sabotage Republican Party chances of victory; the labor-based insurgency, in contrast, has never opposed a Democratic incumbent. 3) Occupy Wall Street is unlikely to lead to electoral activism by its participants, but has had a major indirect influence by changing the national issue agenda.
Identifying trippers and non-trippers based on knee kinematics during obstacle-free walking

Abstract Trips are a major cause of falls. Sagittal-plane kinematics affect clearance between the foot and obstacles, however, it is unclear which kinematic measures during obstacle-free walking are associated with avoiding a trip when encountering an obstacle. The purpose of this study was to determine kinematic factors during obstacle-free walking that are related to obstacle avoidance ability. It was expected that successful obstacle avoidance would be associated with greater peak flexion/dorsiflexion and range of motion (ROM), and differences in timing of peak flexion/dorsiflexion during swing of obstacle-free walking for the hip, knee and ankle. Three-dimensional kinematics were recorded as 35 participants (young adults age 18–45 (N = 10), older adults age 65+ without a history of falls (N = 10), older adults age 65+ who had fallen in the last six months (N = 10), and individuals who had experienced a stroke more than six months earlier (N = 5)) walked on a treadmill, under obstacle-free walking conditions with kinematic features calculated for each stride. A separate obstacle avoidance task identified trippers (multiple obstacle contact) and non-trippers. Linear discriminant analysis with sequential feature selection classified trippers and non-trippers based on kinematics during obstacle-free walking. Differences in classification performance and selected features (knee ROM and timing of peak knee flexion during swing) were evaluated between trippers and non-trippers. Non-trippers had greater knee ROM (P = .001). There was no significant difference in classification performance (P = .193). Individuals with reduced knee ROM during obstacle-free walking may have greater difficulty avoiding obstacles.
Hitting the Mark: Optimizing the Use of Calcium Phosphate Injections for the Treatment of Bone Marrow Lesions of the Proximal Tibia and Distal Femur.

Abstract Increased contact pressures of the osteoarthritic joint can lead to underlying osseous injury, with resultant marrow edema changes of the subchondral bone. These osteoarthritis-related bone marrow lesions can subsequently lead to persistent pain and further disability. Limited joint preservation treatment options exist to alleviate symptoms or potentially alter the natural history of the affected joint; however, recent success with injectable calcium phosphate has provided early pain relief and may provide a scaffold for endogenous repair mechanisms. In this Technical Note, a comprehensive surgical approach using injectable calcium phosphate to target bone marrow lesions of the proximal tibia and distal femur is presented. Critical technique considerations include the use of magnetic resonance and fluoroscopic imaging to target the area of the subchondral bone while refraining from overfilling and/or forced pressurization during delivery and the use of postinjection arthroscopy to prevent potential injurious sequelae.
The Accuracy of Large Vessel Occlusion Recognition Scales in Telestroke Setting.

Abstract Introduction: A significant proportion of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients who are evaluated through telestroke consultation are transferred to thrombectomy-capable stroke centers (TSC...
Oxidation Studies of Lubricants from Dornte to Microreactors

Friction, wear and the oxidation of lubricants are concerns in most mechanical systems. Selection of the best current thermoanalytical method to evaluate the oxidative performance of a lubricant for an application is an ongoing problem. The variability and complexity of mechanical systems makes correlation with bench tests difficult. The oxidative environment in automotive applications may vary from nil in sealed-for-life components to severe oxidative conditions found in piston, ring, and liner zones. The researcher's task is to develop useful and meaningful bench tests to allow the engineer to concentrate his effort and resources on developing better lubricants for a given application. This paper reviews the evolution of oxidation test methods for the past 50 years from large complex systems to the current microanalysis methods. The mechanism of oxidation has changed very little but our understanding of additive interactions has advanced significantly. Additive depletion and the resulting oxidation process can be studied using the microthermooxidative methods. Often, a combination of methods can be used to obtain a better understanding of the thermal and oxidative processes occurring. Some comparisons of the methods and their applications are described.
Floral traits influence the opportunity for selection among male gametophytes: independent and combined effects of style length and petal area.

PREMISE Strong correlations between traits can obscure their independent effects on components of reproduction. Style length (SL) and petal area (PA) vary within species, for example, but their independent effects on the opportunity for selection among pollen genotypes are poorly understood. Previous work in Clarkia detected a positive effect of SL on pollen receipt, potentially intensifying selection. However, this apparent effect of SL may be influenced by a correlated trait, such as PA. Here, we examine the independent effects of these two traits on pollen receipt and performance. METHODS We collected petals and styles from wild populations of two insect-pollinated Clarkia taxa and estimated the independent and combined effects of SL and PA on pollen receipt and performance. RESULTS In both taxa, SL and PA are positively correlated. In C. unguiculata, both traits positively and independently affect pollen receipt, but in C. xantiana ssp. xantiana, the two traits act only in combination to affect pollen receipt. In both taxa, pollen receipt positively affects the numbers of pollen tubes entering and penetrating the style, as well as pollen tube attrition. CONCLUSIONS The effects of SL and PA on pollen receipt and performance are taxon specific. In C. unguiculata, both traits may be independent targets of selection due to their effects on pollen receipt. In C. xantiana ssp. xantiana, by contrast, the combined (but not independent) effects of SL and PA influence pollen receipt. Ecological differences between these taxa require exploration to understand the mechanisms by which these traits affect pollinator behavior.
Deformation of organic matter and its effect on pores in mud rocks

Pores within organic matter (OM) are strongly linked to hydrocarbon generation and primary migration in fine-grained source rocks and are very important for evaluating hydrocarbon storage and flow in shale reservoirs. Thus, it is critical to clarify the features of OM-hosted pores and their evolution in organic-rich mud rocks. The OM in mud rocks, including kerogen and bitumen, is deformed when the original equilibrium stress conditions are altered. The OM deformation at the nano- or microscale has rarely been discussed because of the lack of unequivocal evidence. This research begins with examining the subsurface evolution of kerogen and bitumen, with emphasis on various features of pores hosted by bitumen. Evidence of OM deformation is documented in scanning electron microscope images of seven overmature samples from the lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale, Sichuan Basin. To aid in the understanding and analysis, OM deformation is classified into three types: type I deformation induced by one additional force, type II deformation induced by two additional forces acting on two locations of single OM particles, and type III deformation induced by three or more deforming forces acting at three or more locations of single OM particles. Thus, type I deformation is generally less complex than type II and III deformation. The OM particles subjected to type I deformation were analyzed quantitatively for parameters such as pore size, geometry, and long-axis orientation of elliptical pores. Deformation of OM enhances the robust heterogeneity of OM-hosted pores.
Rekindling “Radical Democratic Embers”: Rawls and Habermas on Public Reason

It is widely recognized among proponents of liberal democracy that healthy democratic politics requires public reason based upon a citizenry engaged in political discourse and institutional setting...
Gender of presenters at orthopaedic meetings reflects gender diversity of society membership.

Abstract Objective To quantify the number of women presenters and their roles at national meetings across all orthopaedic sub-specialties. Methods A retrospective review of annual meeting programs for 2008 and 2017 from ten North American orthopaedic societies was conducted. Results A statistically significant increase was seen in the proportion of women presenting at society annual meetings between 2008 and 2017 (p Conclusion Men continue to hold a higher proportion of more respected roles within orthopaedic academia.
Evaluation and management of sports-related lacerations of the head and neck

Soft tissue injuries to the head and neck are a common occurrence in sports. These anatomical regions are somewhat predisposed because of the "athletic stance" that is utilized in many close-contact sports. Although appropriate use of protective equipment, including mouth guards, helmets, and face shields, has reduced the incidence and severity of these injuries, they still occur regularly. To provide appropriate medical care, one must possess adequate knowledge of the superficial and deep anatomical structures, fundamental knowledge and skill in regard to wound care, and awareness of potential poor outcomes related to lacerations of unique structures, such as the mouth, eye, or ear.
Emerging Pharmaceutical Treatments of Novel COVID-19: A Review

As a new decade began, COVID-19 quickly gained importance as it became the cause of the current global pandemic. Research has been focusing on studying the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and investigates possible pharmaceutical approaches. With the number of cases increasing every day, globally, multiple drugs are being researched as possible candidates. Although multiple drugs show promise in the treatment of COVID-19 via either inhibiting viral replication or preventing fusion of the virus to the ACE2 receptors, further investigation is still warranted and necessary before the admission of any type of pharmaceutical agent. Furthermore, several supplements have also been documented in being utilized as treatment of COVID-19. The exact mechanism and efficacy of current candidate drugs are still being explored through clinical trials. Despite the advancements in current research with emerging treatments, social distancing and engaging in preventative measures remains crucial to attempt to prevent the occurrence of more cases and deaths, worldwide. This review explores various drugs and their mechanism of action which are either currently being used in clinical trials or may be used in the future for the treatment of COVID-19.
A comparison of different therapies for women with polycyatic ovary syndrome

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of different therapies for sterile women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ). Methods 108 sterile women with PCOS who had had medical visits during September 2007 and July 2010 were randomized to CC group, HMG group, CC/HMG group, or LE group, 27 women for each group. Ovulation induction, follicular development, endometrial thickness, and adverse reactions were observed. Results CC group had a higher rate of ovulation but lower rate of pregnancy, thinnest endometrial thickness, and a lower multiple pregnancy rate and OHSS risks. HMG group had higher rates of ovulation and pregnancy, and highest risks of multiple pregnancy and OHSS. LE group had lower rates of ovulation and pregnancy, smallest size of follicles, and lower risks of multiple pregnancy and OHSS. CC/HMG group had higher rates of ovulation, pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, and OHSS risk. Conclusions Four therapies have positive effects on ovulation. HMG and CC plus HMG could result in a higher rate of pregnancy and higher risks of multiple pregnancy and OHSS. LE has a positive effect on the development of follicles and endometrium,but has possible teratogenicity. Key words: HMG; Polycystic ovary syndrome; Infertility; Multiple pregnancy
ACCOUNTING FOR DEPENDENT ERRORS IN PREDICTORS AND TIME-TO-EVENT OUTCOMES USING ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS, VALIDATION SAMPLES, AND MULTIPLE IMPUTATION.

Data from electronic health records (EHR) are prone to errors which are often correlated across multiple variables. The error structure is further complicated when analysis variables are derived as functions of two or more error-prone variables. Such errors can substantially impact estimates, yet we are unaware of methods that simultaneously account for errors in covariates and time-to-event outcomes. Using EHR data from 4217 patients, the hazard ratio for an AIDS-defining event associated with a 100 cell/mm$^{3}$ increase in CD4 count at ART initiation was 0.74 (95$\%$CI: 0.68–0.80) using unvalidated data and 0.60 (95$\%$CI: 0.53–0.68) using fully validated data. Our goal is to obtain unbiased and efficient estimates after validating a random subset of records. We propose fitting discrete failure time models to the validated subsample and then multiply imputing values for unvalidated records. We demonstrate how this approach simultaneously addresses dependent errors in predictors, time-to-event outcomes, and inclusion criteria. Using the fully validated dataset as a gold standard, we compare the mean squared error of our estimates with those from the unvalidated dataset and the corresponding subsample-only dataset for various subsample sizes. By incorporating reasonably sized validated subsamples and appropriate imputation models, our approach had improved estimation over both the naive analysis and the analysis using only the validation subsample.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Baboon Simian Foamy Virus Isolated from an Infected Human.

ABSTRACT We obtained the full-length genome of a simian foamy virus (SFV) from an infected human. This virus originated from a baboon (Papio species, strain SFVpxx_hu9406). The genome is 13,113 nucleotides long with the canonical SFV genome structure. Phylogenetically, SFVpxx_hu9406 clustered closely with SFVpan_V909/03F from a captive baboon and other Cercopithecidae SFVs.
An Ambiguous Reading of Kant’s Epistemology

This chapter lays the foundation for the thesis, more fully supported in Chaps. 3 and 4, that the debate between Helmholtz, Cohen, and Frege is best understood as a debate between Kantian exegetes. The first section (Sect. 2.1) presents a textually grounded yet ambiguous rendering of crucial Kantian terminology, including ‘cognitive synthesis,’ ‘concept,’ and ‘intuition.’ The second section (Sect. 2.2) shows how Kant deploys his distinction between concepts and intuitions to highlight the fallacies that he identifies with an insufficiently critical rationalism and overweening empiricism. The importance of illustrating Kant’s use of the distinction becomes evident in Chap. 4, where I argue that Frege’s insistence on the absolute distinction between concepts and objects is an attempt to recover the significance of Kant’s distinction between concepts and intuitions as a norm for rigorous scientific thought. The final section (Sect. 2.3) ends with a summary of Kant’s philosophy of mathematics. This summary helps explain why Helmholtz, Cohen, Frege and other nineteenth century practitioners and philosophers of science were intent upon reinterpreting and repurposing Kant-inspired terms and dicta, as opposed to ditching them altogether.
A method for assessing ionic and molecular permeation in connexin hemichannels.

Abstract Connexin hemichannels are permeable to both atomic ions and small molecules. Yet, they have different selectivity for ions and signaling molecules critical for biological functions. Activity of connexin hemichannels in living cells is commonly evaluated by methods that include electrophysiology and fluorescence-based approaches. Although less common, luminescence and radioactivity-based uptake/release assays have been also successfully used to determine selectivity and permeability to different molecules. The current methods, however, have important technical and quantitative limitations that make them unsuitable for simultaneously evaluating ionic and molecular permeability using different stimuli that control channel gating (e.g., voltage or extracellular Ca2 +). To address this, we have recently designed a novel methodology that combines two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) and dye uptake assays in translucent Xenopus oocytes. This method allows for the evaluation of molecular transport kinetics in connexin hemichannels, and its utility can also be extended to other large pore channels, such as those formed by pannexin and CALHM. In this article, we describe step by step the protocol to perform the TEVC/Dye uptake assay.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis

Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a life-threatening disease that disproportionately affects older adults and people of African descent. This review discusses current knowledge regarding racial and ethnic disparities in the diagnosis and management of ATTR-CM. Historically, ATTR-CM was thought to be a rare cause of heart failure. Recent evidence has shown that ATTR-CM is more common among older adults, men, and people of African descent. In addition, significant geographic variation exists in the identification of amyloid cardiomyopathy. Despite the high burden of ATTR-CM among Black individuals, most clinical data for ATTR-CM are from North America and Europe. Moreover, only a minority of clinical trial participants thus far have been Black patients. In addition to racial differences, socioeconomic disparities may be further compounded by the potentially prohibitive cost and limited accessibility of disease-modifying ATTR therapies. ATTR-CM is an important cause of heart failure that disproportionately affects people of African descent. Efforts to promote earlier identification of ATTR-CM in general practice will likely improve clinical outcomes for all groups. Future trials should strive to enroll a higher proportion of Black patients. Furthermore, enhanced efforts are warranted to improve treatment accessibility among racial and ethnic minority groups that may be more likely to be affected by ATTR-CM.
Skip Entry Trajectory Planning and Guidance

A numerical predictor-corrector method for trajectory planning and closed-loop guidance of low-L/D vehicles during the skip entry phase of a lunar-return mission is presented. The strategy calls for controlling the trajectory by modulation of the magnitude of the vehicle's bank angle. The magnitude of the bank angle used in the skip phase is determined by satisfying the downrange requirement to the landing site. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear univariate root-finding problem. Full three-degree-of-freedom nonlinear trajectory dynamics are included to achieve high accuracy of the landing prediction. In addition, the proposed approach automatically yields a direct-entry trajectory when the downrange is such that a skip entry is no longer necessary. The same algorithm repeatedly applied onboard in every guidance cycle realizes closed-loop guidance in the skip entry phase. A number of issues are identified and addressed that are critical in closed-loop implementations. Extensive three-degree-of-freedom dispersion simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, and the results demonstrate very reliable and robust performance of the algorithm in highly stressful dispersed conditions.
Illustrating clinical relevance in the preclerkship medical school curriculum through active learning with KardiaMobile electrocardiography.

We introduced the AliveCor KardiaMobile electrocardiogram (ECG), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, iPad-enabled medical device, into the preclerkship curriculum to demonstrate the clin...
Understanding the Correlates Between Care-Recipient Age and Caregiver Burden, Work-Family Conflict, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intentions

Although the caregiver literature has explored a wide array of different variables, there is a gap in research on how demographics of the care recipient affect their caregiver. Using data from a diverse sample of 1,007 unpaid caregivers, individuals were separated into four groups based on care recipient age; childcare, adultcare, eldercare, and those with care recipients from multiple age categories. Then, following previous literature, childcare was split into four groups based on the age of the youngest child cared for (0-2 years; 3-5 years; 6-12 years; and 13-17 years). Group differences were found in work-family conflict (time) and five types of caregiver burden. Specifically, time-dependence burden differed most between groups with caregivers of children (0-2 years) having the highest levels and caregivers of children (13-17) having the lowest levels. There were no differences found between groups for job satisfaction, turnover intentions, or family-work conflict. Additional differences were found when considering caregivers' gender. This research is an exploratory step in understanding how age of care recipient relates to different outcomes for caregivers. Implications are discussed.
Long-Range Measurements of Seafloor Reverberation in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Area

An initial analysis of reverberation measurements made in the Mid Atlantic Ridge area during the Acoustic Reconnaissance Cruise in August 1991 is presented. Sound from a low-frequency source array was scattered by the seafloor at basin-wide ranges and then received by a towed array. Reverberation images show strong returns in the direct-path region followed by returns within concentric bands corresponding to bottom convergence zones. Diffuse and discrete returns occur in both regions. Reverberation images from HFM pulses of differing frequency exhibit similar behavior as do CWs. Discrete features exhibit constant or decreasing relative reverberation level with frequency. Cross-correlation between reverberation beam/time series for different frequency CW subpulses over these features exhibited high but variable correlation throughout the band.
Vulcanization: How Randomly Cross-Linked Macromolecules Form Equilibrium Amorphous Solids

As Goodyear discovered [1], when he first vulcanized rubber in 1839, a viscous liquid of macromolecules becomes solid when a sufficient number of permanent cross-links are introduced. In common with three-dimensional simple atomic solids [2], this equilibrium rigidity is a consequence of the spontaneous breakdown of translational symmetry: monomers no longer explore the container and, instead, become localized and fluctuate around preferred positions. In contrast, however, the formation of a crystalline macromolecular solid is frustrated by the random locations of the permanent cross-links, together with the impenetrability of the chains. As a result, rigidity is acquired through the formation of one of many equilibrium amorphous solid states.