cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Tolerance Allocation for Improved Productivity

Abstract Industrial quality is presented as a direct result of manufacturing practices (e.g., tolerance allocation, process selection, inspection procedures). A quality indicator is developed that allows for the computation of a function representing the cost of an industrial product versus its quality level. This cost function is then incorporated in an economic model that estimates the consumers demand for the product as a function of both its price and quality level. The profit maximizing values of the price and quality level are derived, and in turn indicate the optimum production mode.
Laryngeal distribution of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in a previously untreated cohort.

Objectives/Hypothesis To describe the distribution of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) lesions across 21 laryngeal anatomic regions in previously untreated patients at initial presentation to provide insight regarding the natural history of RRP. Study Design Multi-institutional, retrospective case series. Methods Initial laryngoscopic examination videos of 83 previously untreated patients with adult-onset RRP were reviewed. Papilloma locations were recorded using a 21-region laryngeal schematic. Multivariate analyses by anatomic subsite were conducted for the entire population and for subgroups stratified by sex, age, and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) usage. Heat maps were generated, hierarchically color coding the anatomic distribution of disease. Results In this cohort, RRP was most likely to occur on the true vocal folds (TVFs) and anterior commissure (P < .0001, odds ratio [OR]: 7.02); within the TVFs, the membranous vocal folds (MVFs) were most likely to be affected (P < .0001, OR: 3.56). The cohort was predominantly male (80.7%); males had a higher average number of affected sites (P = .005) and were more likely to have lesions in any laryngeal subsite (P < .0001, OR: 2.88,) compared to females. PPI users were more likely than nonusers to have disease in any laryngeal subsite (P = .0037, OR: 1.62), particularly in the posterior and subglottic regions (P = .0061, OR: 2.53). Age was not correlated with lesion prevalence or distribution. Conclusions In untreated patients presenting to three laryngology clinics, the MVFs were most likely to be affected by RRP. Males had more anatomic sites affected by papilloma than females. The influence of PPI use on RRP distribution warrants further investigation. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017
Evaluating Fit Indices for Multivariate t-Based Structural Equation Modeling with Data Contamination.

In conventional structural equation modeling (SEM), with the presence of even a tiny amount of data contamination due to outliers or influential observations normal-theory maximum likelihood (ML-Normal) is not efficient and can be severely biased. The multivariate-t-based SEM, which recently got implemented in Mplus as an approach for mixture modeling, represents a robust estimation alternative to downweigh the impact of outliers and influential observations. To our knowledge, the use of maximum likelihood estimation with a multivariate-t model (ML-t) to handle outliers has not been shown in SEM literature. In this paper we demonstrate the use of ML-t using the classic Holzinger and Swineford (1939) data set with a few observations modified as outliers or influential observations. A simulation study is then conducted to examine the performance of fit indices and information criteria under ML-Normal and ML-t in the presence of outliers. Results showed that whereas all fit indices got worse for ML-Normal with increasing amount of outliers and influential observations, their values were relatively stable with ML-t, and the use of information criteria was effective in selecting ML-normal without data contamination and selecting ML-t with data contamination, especially when the sample size was at least 200.
Power, Suffering, and the Struggle for Dignity: Human Rights Frameworks for Health and Why They Matter: by Alicia Ely Yamin. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. 313 pp. $69.95 hardcover.

In the 1990s, when I first became interested in the right to health, there were many questions as to what the right entailed. Interpreters differed considerably in defining the scope and content of...
Generating Inverse Filters for HpTF Equalization as Part of Headphone Playback of Binaural Audio

While a significantly amount of research related to binaural audio is focused on the Head-Related Transfer Function, an equally important consideration for headphone reproduction is the Headphone Transfer Function (HpTF). This includes the effect of the headphones and their interactions with the outer and middle ear. An overview of research being conducted by the author on the estimation of the Headphone Transfer Function (HpTF) and the generation of inverse filters to minimize its effect as part of a binaural audio playback system will be discussed.
Scatter profiles of the MIRD phantom with Geant4

Scatter is an important source of image artifacts in cone beam computed tomography. In this study, we investigate the complexity of the scatter signal using Monte Carlo simulations with the anthropomorphic MIRD phantom. We assess the differences in scatter intensities for two angular positions of the source at a given bed position. We identified the contribution of single-scatter (coherent and in-coherent) to total-scatter signal as well as the relative contribution multiple scatter events, and we also identified the scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR). Simulations were performed at different monochromatic beam energies ranging from 40 keV to 120 keV.
Etiology of the common cold: Modulating factors

The development of a “cold-like illness” (CLI) usually requires infection with an upper respiratory virus such as rhinovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfuluenza virus, coronavirus or adenovirus, among others, and the development of sufficient signs, symptoms and pathophysiologies to qualify as being ill based on personal and cultural definitions. A viral upper respiratory tract infection (vURTI) in the absence of overt illness (subclinical vURTI) will not be made manifest to the individual or to observers and, therefore, will not be diagnosed as a CLI. The degree of illness occurring during a vURTI is directly related to the extent of provoked inflammation, which in turn depends on the engagement of antiviral defense systems. Thus, risk factors for CLI can modulate either the vURTI risk by affecting virus exposure and/or susceptibility to infection, or the CLI risk given a vURTI by affecting immunocompetence, the provoked inflammation and/or the interpretation of ilness as a CLI. In this chapter, we review published studies for evidence of CLI risk-modulating factors and report that climate, crowding and perhaps female gender can affect the probability of exposure to vURTI viruses, that extant immunological factors and age can affect the probability of virus infection given exposure, that stress levels (moderated by social environment), health practices (exercise, tobacco and alcohol consumption, sleep efficiency) and genetics contribute to CLI risk most probably by modulating the immune-inflammatory response to infection, and that other factors such as pollution, home environment and certain personality traits affect CLI risk by biasing illness interpretation for a given set of symptoms and signs.
Epidemiological considerations in male infertility

The diagnosis of male infertility indicates impairment in male reproductive potential. Unfortunately, there is no gold standard test for assessing male reproductive potential. The diagnostic accuracy of semen analysis is compromised by substantial overlap between the distributions of semen characteristics in empirically fertile and infertile men. Novel assays, including seminal reactive oxygen species levels, may prove to be of greater clinical utility for identifying men with below-average reproductive potential. Efforts to identify and treat modifiable risk factors should ideally be targeted toward these individuals. Although economic analyses have demonstrated that pathology-directed treatment for male infertility is often more cost-effective than immediate use of assisted reproductive technology, there is a declining trend in surgical treatment of male infertility.
Stress, Brain Adenosine Signaling, and Fatigue-Related Behavioral Processes

This chapter reviews the role of adenosine in stress-induced behaviors such as fatigue and behavioral depression, as characterized by the state of conservation-withdrawal. Evidence is provided that adenosine A2A receptors mediate these behaviors as seen in a variety of animal models of depression: learned helplessness, behavioral despair, reserpine-induced depression, sickness behavior, and cytokine-induced behavioral depression. A2A receptors are colocalized with dopamine D2 receptors on the indirect pathway of the striatum where they modulate the binding affinity of dopamine to the D2 receptor. The striatum is segregated into functionally distinct regions, ranging from control of sensorimotor behaviors in the dorsal striatum to the motivational aspects of ongoing behavior in the ventral striatum. Preliminary evidence suggests that adenosine A2A receptors in the core of the ventral striatum mediate behavioral depression in the learned helplessness paradigm. Activation of A2A receptors in this region blocks the dopaminergic signal from the ventral tegmental area, resulting in the uncoupling of motivation from ongoing behavior.
Study notes separability of oil company profitability, efficiency

In recent years, the large publicly traded oil companies have been restructuring and downsizing to improve efficiency. Newly developed decision theory forces one to question the widely held singular focus on efficiency because improving efficiency will not necessarily improve profits. This is especially likely in the oil industry, where price volatility is the norm. Because its products are so basic, its price volatility typically ripples widely throughout the economy. In light of this, efficiency and profitability in the oil industry require separate treatment. More specifically, the efficient are not necessarily the most profitable; conversely, the most profitable are not necessarily the most efficient. Such a decoupling of efficiency and profitability requires a totally new look at business strategy. In the face of highly variable prices, firms can no longer depend on the long-accepted duality norm between profits and efficiency.
Aviation Safety Courses Within The Collegiate Aviation Curriculum

A review of current literature that identifies issues in aviation safety that can be addressed by collegiate aviation within the aviation curriculum. A survey of colleges and universities with existing aviation programs was conducted in May and June of 1986 that reveals the extent of aviation safety offerings within the present aviation curriculum. Definitions of aviation safety issues are suggested that identify the issues as individual topics of study that can be developed for inclusion within the aviation curriculum. The conclusion offers recommendations for additional research in the area of aviation safety courses and steps to be taken by collegiate aviation to improve aviation safety study within the-collegiate aviation curriculum.
Regenerative Materials for Surgical Reconstruction: Current Spectrum of Materials and a Proposed Method for Classification.

Abstract Chronic wound management is an enormous economic strain and quality-of-life issue for patients. Current treatments are ineffective or expensive and invasive. Materials (native and artificial) can act as the basis to enhance wound repair but often fall short of complete healing. The therapeutic index of materials have often been enhanced by combining them with drug or biologic elution technologies. Combination of materials with living drugs (cells) presents a new paradigm for enhancing therapy. Cell material interaction and therapeutic output will depend on variables ascribed to the living drug as well as variables ascribed to the underlying matrix. In this article, we review medical matrices currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that would likely be the first generation of materials to be used in this manner. Currently there are hundreds of different materials on the market. Identification of the right combinations would benefit from a classification scheme to group materials with similar composition or derivation. We provide a classification scheme and FDA documentation references that should provide researchers and clinicians a starting point for testing these materials in the laboratory and rapidly transitioning cell therapies to the bedside.
Medical Oncology Training Programs in the United States

ABSTRACT Specific training in the field of medical oncology is available to physicians who have completed their residency training in general internal medicine. The objective of medical oncology fellowships is to train general internists to become well-rounded medical oncologists who can deal with many different types of cancer using multi-modality approaches. At the completion of the fellowship program, these physicians are expected to be board-eligible for medical oncology and board certified in internal medicine. We expect that many graduates of fellowship programs will work in community settings rather than at academic institutions. Nevertheless, given the rapid pace at which the medical knowledge base is expanding, part of the fellowship training process involves teaching fellows how to conduct, evaluate, and interpret advances in biomedical science, with the goal of applying that knowledge in their practices. Fellowships also offer the opportunity for direct experience in cancer prevention, treatment, and palliative care; particular attention is given to the psychosocial and medical effects of cancer and its treatment on quality of life. Medical oncology fellowships are generally offered in combination with fellowship training in hematology. The fellowship period usually lasts for 3 years. The major advancement of science in the field of medical onclogy requires a team medicine and a team science approach. Therefore, the requirement to etablish yourself as a medical oncologist is not simply about obtainging knowledge skill set but to have a strong communication or leadership skills.
New List Skeletons for the Python Skeleton Library

Algorithmic skeletons are patterns of parallel computations. Skeletal parallel programming eases parallel programming: a program is merely a composition of such patterns. Data-parallel skeletons operate on parallel data-structures that have often sequential counterparts. In algorithmic skeleton approaches that offer a global view of programs, a parallel program has therefore a structure similar to a sequential program but operates on parallel data-structures. PySke is such an algorithmic skeleton library for Python to program shared or distributed memory parallel architectures in a simple way. This paper presents an extension to PySke: new algorithmic skeletons on parallel lists. This extension is evaluated on an application.
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE UNDERGOING ENDOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION OF INFRAINGUINAL PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE: INSIGHTS FROM THE XLPAD REGISTRY

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an established predictor of more advanced peripheral artery disease (PAD) and vascular calcification. However, clinical outcome data for these patients remains inadequately defined. Using the ongoing multicenter Excellence in Peripheral Artery Disease (XLPAD)
Religious Duress and Reverential Fear in Clergy Sexual Abuse Cases: Examination of Victims’ Reports and Recommendations for Change:

According to prior research, approximately 14% of sexual victimizations by priests are reported to civil authorities. Victim grooming by the abuser is a main reason the number of reported incidents...
A Flat Organizational Structure for an Inclusive, Interdisciplinary, International, and Undergraduate-Led Team

Here, we describe our team’s approach to fostering an inclusive laboratory culture that executes a study in accordance with funder guidelines and research regulations, as well as provides volunteers with targeted mentorship, skill-development, and leadership opportunities. Our approach is five-pronged: (1) applying the principles of transformational leadership and kaizen, (2) establishing a strong mentor-mentee relationship and fostering community, (3) expanding the role of the research volunteer, (4) identifying volunteer leaders to (a) oversee and work alongside members of existing committees and (b) create new interconnected/interdisciplinary teams, and (5) using technology effectively. Our team is large; at the time of the initial submission we had 104 undergraduate/post-baccalaureate students with no graduate student supervision, and we have since grown to 118 members. Volunteers are diverse and come from 14 countries spanning 4 continents and numerous intersectional identities. We attribute our rapid expansion and diverse membership to our unique flat organization structure, which allows students from diverse backgrounds to work alongside the PI and contribute to improvements within the team, while fostering their own leadership skills. All volunteers are encouraged to take an active role in the lab, based on their strengths, experiences, and goals, and promote continuous improvement within the organization. Volunteers report feeling valued and have recruited new members from other groups they belong to, creating a self-sustaining system that allows aspiring professionals to learn from and lead their peers.
DASSA: Parallel DAS Data Storage and Analysis for Subsurface Event Detection

Recently developed distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technologies convert fiber-optic cables into large arrays of subsurface sensors, enabling a variety of applications including earthquake detection and environmental characterization. However, DAS systems produce voluminous datasets sampled at high spatial-temporal resolution and consequently, discovering useful geophysical knowledge within these large-scale data becomes a nearly impossible task for geophysicists. It is appealing to use supercomputers for DAS data analysis, as modern supercomputers are capable of performing over a hundred quadrillion FLOPS operations and have access to exabytes of storage space. Unfortunately, the majority of geophysical data processing libraries are not geared towards these supercomputer environments. This paper introduces a parallel DAS Data Storage and Analysis (DASSA) framework to enable easy-to-use and parallel DAS data analysis on modern supercomputers. DASSA uses a hybrid (i.e., MPI and OpenMP) data analysis execution engine that supports a user-defined function (UDF) interface for various operations and automatically parallelizes them for supercomputer execution. DASSA also provides novel data storage and access strategies, such as communication-avoiding parallel I/O, to reduce the cost of retrieving large DAS data for analysis. Compared with existing data analysis pipelines used by the geophysical community, DASSA is 16× faster and can efficiently scale up to 1456 computing nodes with 11648 CPU cores.
Hard White: The Mainstreaming of Racism in American Politics: by Richard C. Fording and Sanford F. Schram, New York, Oxford University Press, 2020, 288 pp., $27.95 (paperback), ISBN: 9780197500491; $99.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 9780197500484

The ethical responsibility of social work professionals is to promote social justice. Within democratic societies, this often translates as a call to engage in the political process. More recently,...
The 190 kDa Ankyrin-G isoform is required for the dendritic stability of neurons and its palmitoylation is altered by lithium

Abstract The ANK3 gene, which encodes ankyrin-G (AnkG), is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders including bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. These diseases are characterized by abnormal dendritic and synaptic architecture. AnkG is a multifunctional scaffold protein with several isoforms: The 480 kDa and 270 kDa isoforms have roles at the axon initial segment and node of Ranvier, but the function of the 190 kDa isoform (AnkG-190) is less well understood. Moreover, AnkG isoforms are regulated by palmitoylation, but palmitoylation of AnkG-190 has not been investigated in neurons. Here we show that AnkG is required for normal dendrite and spine architecture in vivo and that AnkG-190 stabilizes pyramidal neuron dendrites. We found that palmitoylation at Cys70 stabilizes AnkG-190 in spine heads and at dendritic plasma membrane nanodomains. Finally, we found that lithium, a commonly used mood stabilizer, reduces AnkG-190 palmitoylation and increases its mobility in spines by inhibiting ZDHHC8 action. Taken together, our data reveal a novel mechanism regulating dendritic architecture and mood stabilizer action on palmitoylation of an important psychiatric disorder risk factor. Significance The ANK3 gene has been associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia although the mechanisms of disease are not known. The AnkG 190 kDa isoform, AnkG-190, was previously described for its role in dendritic spines. Here, we show it is required to stabilize dendritic arborization and show that palmitoylation, a post-translation modification which allows proteins to stabilize at the membrane, is critical for its localization. Moreover, we show that lithium, a mood stabilizer commonly used in bipolar disorder, modifies AnkG-190 palmitoylation and its dendritic spine localization by inhibiting ZDHHC8 activity, another protein encoded by a psychiatric disorder risk gene. We describe a new novel function for Ank-190 and the early mechanistic actions of lithium in neurons.
Disparities in adverse childhood experiences by race/ethnicity, gender, and economic status: Intersectional analysis of a nationally representative sample

Abstract Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are disturbingly common and consequential. Priority should be given to identifying populations that bear a disproportionate share of the burden of ACEs, but such disparities have received limited attention to date. Objective This study analyzes data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative sample in the U.S., to explore variation in ACEs by race/ethnicity, economic status, and gender. Methods In addition to using conventional statistical methods to generate unadjusted and adjusted estimates, we conduct an intercategorical intersectional analysis of variation in ACEs using multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA). Results Descriptively, we find that ACEs are more prevalent overall among the poor than the non-poor, among most racial/ethnic minority groups than non-Hispanic Whites, and among females than males. However, multivariate regression results indicate that gender is not a robust correlate of cumulative adversity and that economic status moderates racial/ethnic differences. MAIHDA models further expose heterogeneity in aggregate ACE scores between intersectional strata representing unique combinations of gender, race/ethnicity, and economic status. Conclusions The MAIHDA results confirm that conclusions based on unadjusted group differences may be spurious. While most variance in ACE scores is explained by additive main effects, accounting for intersections among social categories generates a more complex portrait of inequality. We compare our work to prior studies and discuss potential explanations for and implications of these findings for research on disparities.
A meta-analysis comparing the outcomes of syndesmotic injury treated with metal screw, dynamic fixation, and bioabsorbable screw.

Abstract Background Currently there is significant controversy regarding which fixation method is most effective for the treatment of syndesmotic ankle injuries. Objective This meta-analysis was designed to compare the metal screw, dynamic, and bioabsorbable screw fixation methods for treatment of syndesmotic ankle injuries. Methods An online search for RCT and prospective/retrospective clinical comparison studies between January 1998 and December 2018 on syndesmotic fixation was conducted. The main parameters collected include functional scores, mean time to full weightbearing, postoperative tibiofibular clear spaces, tibiofibular overlap, medial clear spaces, and complication rates. Statistical analysis was conducted using One Way ANOVAs and Chi-Squared tests using Review Manager and Excel. Results A total of 18 comparison studies, with 509 patients in the metal screw fixation group, 275 in the dynamic fixation group, and 226 in the bioabsorbable screw fixation group, were included in this meta-analysis. For the metal screw group, dynamic fixation group, and bioabsorbable screw group, the mean AOFAS score were 83.8, 87.2, and 84.3 (p Conclusion The dynamic fixation group was found to have significantly improved functional scores, lower complication rates, and lower mean time to full weight-bearing than the metal screw and bioabsorbable screw fixation methods. Level of evidence Meta-analysis of all relevant Level 1–3 Evidence Comparative Studies.
The association between climate change attitudes and COVID-19 attitudes: The link is more than political ideology.

The COVID-19 pandemic and climate change are two current global threats. This study examined the relationship between climate change attitudes and COVID-19 behaviors and risk perceptions. Drivers of both climate change attitudes and COVID-19 behaviors was also assessed. Study participants were an online sample of 520 respondents from a longitudinal study of COVID-19 and well-being in the US. Logistic regression models were used to examine the outcomes of climate change opinions and COVID-19 perceptions and prevention behaviors (perceived COVID-19 risk, mask wearing, social distancing, and vaccine intentions). Covariates included political ideology, conspiracy beliefs, and trust in scientific information about COVID-19. In the multivariable models of COVID-19 perceptions and prevention behaviors, climate change opinions were also included as a covariate. In these models, climate change attitudes were significantly associated with perceived risk of COVID-19, always wearing masks, decreased time spent with others due to COVID-19, and intending to get COVID-19 vaccine. In adjusted models, the odds of wearing a mask increased 41% (CI: 1.11-1.78) for every 1-point increase on the climate attitude scale and decreased 13% (CI: 0.79-0.96) if the participant distrusted COVID-19 information. Those who reported distrust of COVID-19 information (aOR: 1.61, CI: 1.40-1.85), politically conservative ideology (aOR: 1.24, CI: 1.04-1.47), lower concern about climate change (aOR: 0.71, CI: 0.53-0.97), female sex (aOR: 2.39 CI: 1.38-4.13), and lower disbelief in conspiracy theories (aOR: 0.63, CI: 0.51-0.80) had higher odds of not intending to be vaccinated. These findings suggest that climate change attitudes are linked to COVID-19 behaviors and perceptions, which are not completely driven by political ideology or trust in scientific information.
Finding security vulnerabilities in java applications with static analysis

This paper proposes a static analysis technique for detecting many recently discovered application vulnerabilities such as SQL injections, cross-site scripting, and HTTP splitting attacks. These vulnerabilities stem from unchecked input, which is widely recognized as the most common source of security vulnerabilities in Web applications. We propose a static analysis approach based on a scalable and precise points-to analysis. In our system, user-provided specifications of vulnerabilities are automatically translated into static analyzers. Our approach finds all vulnerabilities matching a specification in the statically analyzed code. Results of our static analysis are presented to the user for assessment in an auditing interface integrated within Eclipse, a popular Java development environment. Our static analysis found 29 security vulnerabilities in nine large, popular open-source applications, with two of the vulnerabilities residing in widely-used Java libraries. In fact, all but one application in our benchmark suite had at least one vulnerability. Context sensitivity, combined with improved object naming, proved instrumental in keeping the number of false positives low. Our approach yielded very few false positives in our experiments: in fact, only one of our benchmarks suffered from false alarms.
Evaluating crop and revenue insurance products as risk management tools for Texas cotton producers

This paper develops and illustrates the application of a procedure to evaluate and compare the cost effectiveness of alternative crop insurance products for cotton in terms of their effect on expected producer net returns and the variation of net returns. Farm unit-level cotton yields and state-level price distributions are estimated by a multivariate nonnormal parametric modeling procedure and used to simulate the net returns to alternative crop insurance products over a 10-year planning horizon. The ranking of alternative insurance products using third-degree stochastic dominance is presented for Texas cotton producers.
Men as Meat: Exploiting Jewish Law in Ælfric’s Translation of Maccabees

AbstractAElfric’s Old English homiletic-hagiographical translation of Maccabees, “Passio Machabeorum,” manifests the unique problems and opportunities presented by Old Testament food taboos to early medieval English Christianity. Taking up Giorgio Agamben’s observation that the division between human and animal life occurs within the human as a condition of human possibility (an observation he extends analogously to Christians and Jews) and Kenneth R. Stow’s documentation of the association between Jews and dogs as a primary channel of Christian supersession over Judaism, I argue that AElfric exploits an unlikely similarity between Jewish dietary law and his own program of Christian orthodoxy: the centrality to each system of the classification and separation of orders of being, particularly animal orders. This shared investment provides an irresistible opportunity for AElfric, in whose hands Jewish food and sacrifice laws first appear as anthropologically curious aspects of the radical difference between Ch...
Estimating the mechanical effects of riparian vegetation on stream bank stability using a fiber bundle model

[1] Recent research has suggested that the roots of riparian vegetation dramatically increase the geomechanical stability (i.e., factor of safety) of stream banks. Past research has used a perpendicular root reinforcement model that assumes that all of the tensile strength of the roots is mobilized instantaneously at the moment of bank failure. In reality, as a soil-root matrix shears, the roots contained within the soil have different tensile strengths and thus break progressively, with an associated redistribution of stress as each root breaks. This mode of progressive failure is well described by fiber bundle models in material science. In this paper, we apply a fiber bundle approach to tensile strength data collected from 12 riparian species and compare the root reinforcement estimates against direct shear tests with root-permeated and non-root-permeated samples. The results were then input to a stream bank stability model to assess the impact of the differences between the root models on stream bank factor of safety values. The new fiber bundle model, RipRoot, provided more accurate estimates of root reinforcement through its inclusion of progressive root breaking during mass failure of a stream bank. In cases where bank driving forces were great enough to break all of the roots, the perpendicular root model overestimated root reinforcement by up to 50%, with overestimation increasing an order of magnitude in model runs where stream bank driving forces did not exceed root strength. For the highest bank modeled (3 m) the difference in factor of safety values between runs with the two models varied from 0.13 to 2.39 depending on the riparian species considered. Thus recent work has almost certainly overestimated the effect of vegetation roots on mass stability of stream banks.
30 years in 30 minutes: integrating imaging, cell and developmental biology with teaching and service (341.1)

The American Association of Anatomists (AAA) has been integral in my education and academic career. I was trained as a developmental biologist and anatomist at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Dr. K Sue O’Shea was my mentor and Dr. William K. Metcalf was my departmental chair. As students we were expected to be competent in teaching all anatomy disciplines. My introduction to the AAA was the Omaha, NE annual meeting in 1980. I also met my postdoctoral advisor, Dr. Elizabeth Hay at the Indianapolis meeting (1982) and interviewed with Dr. Allen Peters for my first professorship at the Reno meeting (1986). I’ve taught medical and dental students Gross Anatomy, Histology and Human Development at Harvard, Boston University School of Medicine and Baylor College of Dentistry. In parallel, my research used morphological (TEM, SEM and LM), biochemical and molecular biology approaches to investigate signal transduction pathways controlling developmental processes and cell biology of adult tissues. The AAA...
New algorithms for pattern matching with wildcards and length constraints

The pattern matching with wildcards and length constraints problem is an interesting problem in the literature whose computational complexity is still open. There are polynomial time exact algorithms for its special cases. There are heuristic algorithms, and online algorithms that do not guarantee an optimal solution to the original problem. We consider two special cases of the problem for which we develop offline solutions. We give an algorithm for one case with provably better worst case time complexity compared to existing algorithms. We present the first exact algorithm for the second case. This algorithm uses integer linear programming (ILP) and it takes polynomial time under certain conditions.
THE BABY DOCTOR'S BEHAVIOR.

I want to congratulate you, as well as Dr. Lawrence Ross, for the publication of his most delightful article, "Understanding Your Baby Doctor9s Behavior" in the October issue of Pediatrics, 34:564, 1964. As a pediatrician who returned to the W.O.M.B. during the stage of the tranquil 59s, I can lend my support to his developmental scheme. Although my personal bias results in a slightly different interpretation of some of his later development stages, I agree in principle and I9m sure that Dr. Ross did not mean the scheme to be all inclusive and without normal variations.
The impact of information and familiarity on public attitudes toward the eastern hellbender

Despite their ecological significance, rare and uncharismatic but threatened species are less often the focus of research and conservation efforts than more familiar and charismatic threatened species. The eastern hellbender, a salamander threatened by human activities, is believed to be negatively perceived by or unknown to the general public. Through a survey of 541 (response rate 40.1%) residents in southern Indiana, this study assessed public familiarity and attitudes toward the hellbender. Overall attitudes were found to be relatively neutral. There were significant differences between the attitudes of respondents who were familiar with hellbenders compared to those who were not familiar, with familiar respondents reporting more positive attitudes overall. Providing survey respondents with just a small amount of additional information about the rarity and locality of the hellbender resulted in more positive attitudes toward this species. Respondents who were unfamiliar with the hellbender expressed significantly more positive attitudes when given the additional information, while the attitudes of respondents familiar with hellbenders were more established and remained stable despite the additional information. The measurement instruments and findings from this study could inform future efforts to protect little-known and threatened species by identifying attitudes and beliefs for social interventions to address.
Analysis of large finite frequency selective surfaces embedded in dielectric layers

This paper presents an efficient approach for the analysis of large finite multiple frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) embedded in dielectric layers. Numerical results are presented for two typical test cases and are validated by using an element-by-element MoM approach. The proposed approach can handle arbitrarily large arrays, and offers significant savings in computational time without compromising accuracy. For practical radomes comprising thousands of elements, the use of the direct MoM technique would be totally impractical, owing to an enormous burden imposed on computational time and memory. However, the proposed approach does not suffer from this limitation, since the computational time required by this method is virtually independent of the number of elements in the finite structure.
Depleted uranium induces neoplastic transformation in human lung epithelial cells

Depleted uranium (DU) is commonly used in military armor and munitions, and thus, exposure of soldiers and noncombatants is frequent and widespread. Previous studies have shown that DU has both chemical and radiological toxicity and that the primary route of exposure of DU to humans is through inhalation and ingestion. However, there is limited research information on the potential carcinogenicity of DU in human bronchial cells. Accordingly, we determined the neoplastic transforming ability of particulate DU to human bronchial epithelial cells (BEP2D). We observed the loss of contact inhibition and anchorage independent growth in cells exposed to DU after 24 h. We also characterized these DU-induced transformed cell lines and found that 40% of the cell lines exhibit alterations in plating efficiency and no significant changes in the cytotoxic response to DU. Cytogenetic analyses showed that 53% of the DU-transformed cell lines possess a hypodiploid phenotype. These data indicate that human bronchial cells are transformed by DU and exhibit significant chromosome instability consistent with a neoplastic phenotype.
Separate effects experiments for air-ingress in helium filled vessel

Abstract This study performs scaled separate-effects experiments to investigate the gravity-driven ingress of air into a helium filled vessel. Experiments are performed under both adiabatic and heated conditions up to 100 °C. An oxygen analyzer is employed to measure the transient oxygen concentration inside the test vessel during the ingress event. The air-ingress transient is found to be characterized by three distinct stages, namely: (a) The initial stage where the exchange flow rate linearly increases with time until it reaches its maxima and makes a transition; (b) The intermediate stage where the exchange flow rate decreases from its maximum value and varies non-linearly with time; and (c) The final stage of ingress where the exchange rate decreases asymptotically to zero towards the end of the ingress. An extensive oxygen concentration transient database is established accounting for various effects including the pipe-break size (or length-to-diameter ratios), break location, break orientation and the initial helium temperature. Predictive models are developed for the mixture density transient and the exchange flow rate during entire ingress process. Additionally, a non-dimensional critical density ratio is defined that determines the point of transition between the initial and the intermediate stages of the ingress process.
An SEM Model based on PISA 2009 in Turkey: How Does the use of Technology and Self-regulation Activities Predict Reading Scores?

Abstract This study focused on the relationship between the use of technology for reading, students’ attitude towards reading, and self-regulation to predict reading scores in PISA 2009. The sample of this study included 15 year-old students from Turkey (N=4996). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to create latent variables for technology for reading, attitude towards reading, and self-regulation; and to estimate the path coefficients between these latent variables and reading scores. Results showed that technology usage for reading and attitude towards reading were significantly related to reading scores. Self-regulation had indirect effects on reading scores through attitude towards reading and technology usage for reading.
Computer-generated holograms recorded in bacteriorhodopsin

ABSTRACT Computer-generated holograms (CGHs) of phase modulation type have been designed and fabricated in the biological material Bacteriorhodopsin (BR). BR is a photochromic retinal protein which may be used in optical data storage and security applications. Using the permanent light-inducible refractive index change of BR, we demonstrate that both analog and digital optical data can be stored in this material in a write-once-read-many (WORM) mode. The calculation and the optimization of the phase function of the CGHs have been accomplished with iterative Fourier transform algorithm methods (IFTA) such as error reduction algorithms. In the fabrication procedure the optimized phase functions of the CGHs have been recorded in BR which was coated onto a glass substrate. A direct laser writing process employing the 532 nm line of a cw-Nd:YAG laser was used for recording the CGH as a modulation of the absorption coefficient as well as of the refractive index. The design and fabrication method of the CGHs with a pixel pitch of 20 µm and a total size of 10 mm x 10 mm are presented. Keywords: Bacteriorhodopsin, computer generated holograms, light-inducible refractive index change, information storage, WORM, iterative Fourier transform algorithm methods, error reduction algorithm, anti-counterfeiting
Anesthesia for neonatal orthotopic cardiac xenograft.

Chez une fillette de 12 j transplantation d'un cœur de babouin. Recuperation postoperatoire excellente. Sa mort n'est pas en rapport avec des problemes techniques ou anesthesiques
Detecting systematic structure in distributed representations

A novel method of analysing the systematic structure formed inside a feedforward neural network is developed. This method is applied to the task of understanding how a network is performing unification on distributed representations. Systematic structure is detected by examining inter-representational distances, rather than by attempting to detect the vectorial similarities sought by previously described techniques. The method described can be applied to the detection of systematic structure in other networks using distributed representations.
Rethinking postwar planning history

This article discusses the impact of global transnationalism on postwar planning and considers the questions planning historians should address in future research. The topics assessed are planning and cosmopolitanism, the plurality of local planning practices, the stream of transnational influences on planning, and the modalities of power. The article considers comparative and transnational methodologies, and how they can best be applied to the postwar era.
A New Locality for Jurassic Insects

MR. A. J. LAVRUSHIN, a keen student of geology, who was my interpreter in Siberia, has sent me a careful drawing of a fossil insect which he received from a teacher in the Commercial School at Harbin. It was obtained near the coal mines at Soochan, in the Maritime Province of Siberia. The deposit is known to be Jurassic, probably middle or lower. Mr. Lavrushin says the rock is like that typical of the lower Jurassic. The figure appears to accord perfectly with the larva of the stone-fly Mesoleuctra gracilis Brauer, Redtenbacher, and Ganglbauer, known from the Jurassic (supposed middle Jurassic) at Ust Balei, west of Lake Baikal. It seems probable that we have another exposure of these insect-bearing beds, about 1500 miles from the original locality. This, if confirmed, may prove to be a matter of more than ordinary interest. For an account of the Ust Balei deposit and its significance see Bull. Amer. Museum Nat. History, 1924, p. 134.
The population biology of parasite-induced changes in host behavior.

The ability of parasites to change the behavior of infected hosts has been documented and reviewed by a number of different authors (Holmes adn Bethel, 1972; Moore, 1984a). This review attempts to ...
A QR algorithm with variable iteration multiplicity

Abstract I reconsider some hypotheses concerning errant behaviors of the m -tuple QP iteration for real Hessenberg matrices, including potential effects of small products of codiagonal elements on bulge and shift vectors, and the fitness of Householder matrices as information carriers. The design of an iteration with dynamic adjustment of m follows. Results of numerical experiments are included for illustration.
Use of lysophosphatidylethanolamine, a natural lipid, to retard tomato leaf and fruit senescence

We studied the influence of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) on the pattern and rate of ethylene production and respiration of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. H7155) leaflets and fruit. Leaflets that had been senescing on the plant showed a climacteric-like rise in ethylene production but not in respiration rate which decreased continuously with leaf age. Detached leaflets had a climacteric-like pattern in respiration whether they were incubated in complete darkness or in light. Detached leaflets incubated in the dark had higher rates of ethylene production and CO2 evolution than did light-incubated leaves. There was no change in the pattern of ethylene production or CO2 evolution as a result of LPE treatment. However, LPE-treated attached and detached leaflets had consistently lower rates of CO2 evolution. The reduction in CO2 evolution by LPE was most pronounced at the climacteric-like peak of the detached leaves. LPE-treated leaflets had a higher chlorophyll content and fresh weight and lower electrolyte leakage than the control. LPE-treated fruits had lower rates of ethylene and CO2 production than did the control. LPE-treated fruits also had higher pericarp firmness and lower electrolyte leakage than the control. The results of the present study provide evidence that LPE is able to retard senescence of attached leaves and detached leaves and tomato fruits. Several recent studies suggest that lysolipids can act in a specific manner as metabolic regulators. Our results suggest a specific role of lysolipid LPE in aging and senescence
The Effects of Attribution of VNRs and Risk on News Viewers' Assessments of Credibility

The executive branch practice of issuing video news releases (VNRs) without attributing them to government agencies has been sharply criticized by the Government Accounting Office. However, the effects of attribution on VNR viewers are not understood. This article reports the results of an experiment testing the relative credibility of two different government agencies by viewers of a VNR attributed to an agency, compared with viewers who saw the VNR without attribution. This article also examines how one's predisposition toward a domain-specific risk identified in the VNR influenced the perceived credibility of the message. Results indicate that partisanship impacted perceptions of credibility of the VNRs.