cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ORIGIN AND TURNOVER OF MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN PERITONEAL EXUDATES IN RATS

Tritiated thymidine-labeling data in individual and parabiotic rats showed that macrophages in peritoneal exudates were derived from cells in the blood which were the progeny of rapidly and continuously proliferating precursors. The characteristics of this population identify them with free macrophages studied in other sites; similarly, they can be obtained from transfused bone marrow. Cells in the exudates which were morphologically indistinguishable from small lymphocytes were also found to have the labeling features of a rapidly proliferating population in contrast with the known kinetics of the majority of small lymphocytes in blood and thoracic duct lymph. However, experimental evidence indicated that the lymphocytelike exudate cells had emigrated from the blood and that bone marrow was a source of their precursors. These findings support the concept of the heterogeneity of lymphocytes. The possible relationships among the mononuclear cells is discussed.
Three-dimensional finite element analysis of spherical particle composites

Abstract A three-dimensional finite element analysis (SAFE-3D) has been used to determine the internal stresses in an ordered spherical particle composite. The stresses have been determined for various volume fractions of particles and the Young's modulus has been calculated from a knowledge of these stresses and the applied deformation. The results for the modulus of elasticity have been compared with experimental values for a ceramic composite and show close agreement. The internal stresses from the three-dimensional analysis have been compared with results obtained from a simpler axisymmetric analysis. It is shown that the results are quite similar and that the more costly three-dimensional analysis is not necessary.
What Makes Women Feel Powerful? An Exploratory Study of Relationship Power and Sexual Decision-Making with African Americans at Risk for HIV/STDs

Because of the importance of relationship power and cultural norms on women's ability to protect themselves from HIV/STDs, effective interventions must address power differentials among men and women. These programs need to be informed by and adapted to the cultural values of the target population. Accordingly, we conducted exploratory interviews with 22 young African American women at risk of HIV/ STDs and unintended pregnancy and their male partners regarding the meaning of power in heterosexual relationships, what makes a woman feel powerful in a relationship with a man, and who makes sexual and reproductive decisions in their relationships. Content analyses suggested that relationship power was linked to control and decision-making for most participants; yet, others appeared to associate power with positive relationship qualities such as respect and security. In addition, most participants reported that they shared decision-making about sexual and reproductive matters with their partners. Subsequently, interviews were conducted with another 40 women to explore and identify cultural beliefs regarding what makes women feel powerful in their relationships with their husbands or partners. Cultural consensus analysis was performed and results indicated that the participants comprise a cultural group with shared beliefs about what makes women feel powerful in their relationships. Participants believed that women's sense of power in their relationships came from (1) knowing what they want and having autonomy and control; (2) the quality of their relationships; (3) having resources to provide for their families; and (4) physical attractiveness and sexual factors.
JUST WAIT UNTIL THERE'S A DROUGHT: MEDIATING ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES FOR URBAN GROWTH

Pro-development water managers from a southern Californian jurisdiction secured voter approval for importing water supplies by mediating a six year drought. Through reorganized water management structures, unsustainable technological practices, and “crisis” discourses, water managers overcame residents' historic resistance to imported water by defining it as insurance against a “natural” emergency, not a social mechanism for growth. The research suggests how the environmental crisis can advance development-oriented state agencies' hegemony. Given the otherwise general advocacy of environmentalism and “slow-growth in the empirical setting, water managers” success in overturning sustainable water development regimes reveals potential contradictions within the “environmentalist” landscape.
Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Self-Oscillating Systems using MRAS Technique

This paper presents a model reference adaptive system (MRAS) using Liapunov synthesis applied to a nonlinear oscillator to achieve adaptive control. By considering important properties of the reference model describing a nonlinear oscillator it is possible to manipulate the mathematical equation of the adapted oscillator to derive the error-equation in a form which is linear in the state variables. The method then proceeds along lines similar to the linear case. The nonlinear spring and damping characteristics of the plant need not be known, and the plant is not linearized. The technique is simulated using an adaptive autopilot for a ship.
Effects of adrenergic drugs on raphe unit activity in freely moving cats

Previous work has suggested that central noradrenergic neurons may have an important influence on the activity of serotonergic neurons located in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Pharmacological studies have indicated that an alpha -adrenergic input is necessary to maintain the activity of these raphe cells. This issue was examined in freely moving cats by studying the effects of adrenergic drugs on raphe unit activity. Systemic administration of the selective alpha 1-antagonists WB4101 (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) or prazosin (10 mg/kg), or the non-competitive antagonist phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg), produced strong behavioral effects but had little effect on raphe unit activity. A low dose of the alpha -agonist clonidine (0.05 mg/kg), which decreases adrenergic transmission, produced similar results. These same drugs also had negligible effects on the evoked responses of raphe units to auditory or visual stimulation. Administration of d-amphetamine, a catecholamine releaser, produced behavioral stereotypy but had no significant effect on the discharge of raphe units. These data suggest that the adrenergic influence on serotonergic raphe neurons is very small in the freely moving cat. This is in contrast to the reported complete suppression of unit activity produced by alpha -adrenergic blockade in the chloral hydrate anesthetized rat.
Ultrasound for the detection of foreign bodies.

Study objective: To determine the ability of an emergency physician to detect a variety of foreign bodies in an experimental model using a portable ultrasound device. Design: Ten pieces of beef were sliced into cubes approximately 6 cm on each side. Six different groups of foreign bodies were examined: gravel, cactus spine, glass, metal, wood, and plastic. An independent observer placed the objects in a random fashion into the beef cubes. One hundred twenty observations were made using sets of ten beef cubes at a time. Five foreign bodies were placed into each set of ten beef cubes. Interventions: A blinded emergency physician used a portable ultrasound with a 7.5-MHz transducer to determine the presence or absence of a foreign body in each cube. Measurements and main results: Ultrasound detected 59 of 60 foreign bodies, including all cubes of meat embedded with gravel, cactus spine, plastic, metal, and wood. Glass was detected nine of ten times. Of the 60 cubes of meat with no foreign bodies, one false-positive was recorded. This yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 98%. Positive determinations by ultrasound were significantly greater in the meat cubes with foreign bodies compared with the control group with no foreign bodies ( P χ 2 ). Although the subset of glass foreign bodies had one false-positive and one false-negative, it was not significantly different in comparison with the other groups ( P > .05 by χ 2 ). Conclusion: Ultrasound has promise as a diagnostic tool for the detection of a variety of foreign bodies. Further clinical studies using ultrasound for the detection of foreign bodies are warranted.
Social memory, evidence, and conflict☆

Abstract This paper examines an equilibrium model of social memory — a society's vicarious beliefs about its past. We show that incorrect social memory is a key ingredient in creating and perpetuating destructive conflicts. We analyze an infinite-horizon model in which two countries face off each period in a game of conflict characterized by the possibility of mutually destructive “all out war” that yields catastrophic consequences for both sides. Each country is inhabited by a dynastic sequence of individuals. Each individual cares about future individuals in the same country, and can communicate with the next generation of their countrymen using private messages . Social memory is based on these messages, and on physical evidence — a sequence of imperfectly informative public signals of past behavior. We find that if the future is sufficiently important for all individuals, then regardless of the precision of physical evidence from the past there is an equilibrium in which the two countries engage in all out war with arbitrarily high frequency, an outcome that cannot arise in the standard repeated game. In our construction, each new generation “repeats the mistakes” of its predecessors, leading to an endless cycle of destructive behavior. Surprisingly, we find that degrading the quality of information that individuals have about current decisions may “improve” social memory. This in turn ensures that arbitrarily frequent all out wars cannot occur.
Measured versus modeled dietary arsenic and relation to urinary arsenic excretion and total exposure

Chronic exposure to arsenic (As) in food and water is a significant public health problem. Person-specific aggregate exposure is difficult to collect and modeling based on limited food As residue databases is of uncertain reliability. Two cross-sectional population exposure studies, the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey-Arizona and Arizona Border Survey, had a combined total of 252 subjects with diet, water, and urinary As data. Total As was measured in 24-h duplicate diet samples and modeled using 24-h diet diaries in conjunction with several published food surveys of As. Two-stage regression was used to assess the effects of dietary As on urinary total As (uAs): (1) generalized linear mixed models of uAs above versus below the limit of detection (LOD); and (2) restricted models limited to those subjects with uAs>LOD, using bootstrap sampling and mixed models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, current smoking, and As intake from drinking and cooking water. In restricted models, measured and modeled estimates were significant predictors of uAs. Modeled dietary As based on Total Diet Study mean residues greatly underestimated the dietary intake. In households with tap water As ≤10 p.p.b., over 93% of total arsenic exposure was attributable to diet.
Granulomatous appendiceal disease in cystic fibrosis

Abdominal pain due to acute appendicitis in patients with cystic fibrosis is uncommon. A review of 572 patients with cystic fibrosis from the cystic fibrosis clinic of the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 1959 to 1983 disclosed only 4 in whom the diagnosis of acute appendicitis lead to appendectomy. In 3 of these the diagnosis was confirmed at operation. In 1 child, laparotomy for a persistent asymptomatic abdominal mass disclosed a huge cecal fecaloma originating in the appendiceal lumen. Histological examination of the appendix established the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Large, symptomatic appendiceal granulomas were noted in 6 other children; these simulated abdominal tumors in 2. In 3 others there was smoldering infection and abscess with sepsis and in 1 a colocystic fistula. Such chronic granulomas, acute appendicitis, meconium ileus, and nonsurgical abdominal pain in cystic fibrosis can best be differentiated by careful clinical examination before and after treatment for meconium ileus equivalent. The granulomas involve not only the appendix but also the cecum and ascending colon. Contrast X-ray studies are of little value in diagnosis. The appendix in cystic fibrosis undergoes changes that are diagnostic even in the newborn; the granulomas described here appear to represent a progression of these changes.
Mediterranean Slavery, New World Transformations: Galley Slaves in the Spanish Caribbean, 1578–1635

Beginning in the 1570s, the Spanish Crown dispatched approximately 20 to 25 Mediterranean galleys to the Caribbean in order to protect the empire's maritime lifelines. In addition to convict rowers of widely varied origins, the galleys employed relatively small numbers of skilled oarsmen drawn from the Islamic Mediterranean, particularly North Africa and the Ottoman empire. While Spain's Caribbean galley squadrons existed for only 60 years, their reliance on ‘Turkish’ and ‘Moorish’ galley slaves provides evidence of an overlooked, intermediate stage in the evolution of slavery within the early modern Iberian Atlantic world.
A critical evaluation of the AE indices

The computation of the total eastward and westward auroral electrojets from numerical modeling techniques for three different intervals during disturbed conditions provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of the standard Auroral Electrojet indices AU(12) and AL(12). The effect on the indices of replacing the local magnetic coordinate system with a global system, of increasing the latitudinal coverage by increasing the number of stations from 12 to 57, and of integrating the current density to obtain the total current is considered as new indices are correlated with the standard ones. We conclude that AL(12) is a reasonable measure of the westward electrojet current in a statistical sense, that AU(12) is not as good a measure of the eastward current, and that values of AU(12) and AL(12) during quiet conditions, i.e., less than 50nT, must be treated separately from disturbed conditions. It should also be noted that a rotation of the perturbation vectors into a global coordinate system improves the indices more than an increase in the number of stations.
Evolving intergroup cooperation

This paper examines the problem of inter-group cooperation using an agent-based model. Within a single, small group, reputation can be used to promote cooperation. However, reputation fails across groups when the members of the groups cannot identify each other individually. Two mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to foster inter-group cooperation: collective sanctions and in-group policing. I use an agent-based model in an evolutionary environment to determine the effectiveness of these two mechanisms. Examining them separately, I find in-group policing results in high-levels of inter-group cooperation while collective sanctions do not. When employed concurrently, collective sanctions do nothing to enhance the effectiveness of the in-group policing mechanism and may impede its functioning.
Factors affecting the transfer of technology from industry/university cooperatives to sponsoring companies

This paper illuminates the technology-transfer process by identifying the factors affecting the implementation decisions of sponsor companies with regard to eight projects conducted at two industry/university cooperative-research centers. Telephone interviews with corporate-sponsor representatives provided the data. The factors reported most often as influential in the decision of whether or not to use research results were relevance of the project, researcher's ability to demonstrate the usefulness of the results, and the quality of communication with the researcher. When results were not used, lack of company support and lack of communication within the company also appeared to be influential. The end result of these analyses is a model depicting the factors that affect the implementation decision.
Non-linear axisymmetric response of closed spherical shells to a radial harmonic excitation

Abstract A numerical-perturbation approach is used to study the axisymmetric dynamic response of closed spherical shells to an external harmonic excitation having a frequency near one of the natural frequencies of a flexural mode (i.e. primary resonance of a flexural mode) in the presence of a two-to-one internal (autoparametric) resonance between the excited mode and a lower flexural mode. The method of multiple-time scales is used to derive four first-order non-linear equations describing the evolution (modulation) of the amplitudes and phases of the interacting modes. A numerical scheme that combines a shooting technique and a Newton-Raphson procedure is used to calculate limit cycles of the evolution equations. The stability of these limit cycles is determined by using a Floquet analysis. As the excitation amplitude varies, the fixed-point solutions of the evolution equations exhibit the jump and saturation phenomena. They also undergo supercritical and subcritical Hopf bifurcations as the frequency of excitation varies; the supercritical Hopf-bifurcation frequency is lower than the subcritical one. As the excitation frequency increases above the supercritical Hopf-bifurcation value, the fixed-point solutions lose their stability and limit cycles are born. These limit cycles experience a symmetry-breaking (pitchfork) bifurcation followed by a cascade- of period-doubling bifurcations culminating in chaos. On the other hand, as the excitation frequency decreases below the subcritical Hopf-bifurcation value, the resulting limit cycle deforms and eventually loses its stability through a cyclic-fold bifurcation causing a transition to chaos. In the frequency range in between the above two chaotic regions the evolution equations possess limit-cycle solutions.
Structure of human R-state aquomethemoglobin at 2.0 Å resolution.

The crystal structure of tetrameric (αβ)2 R-state human adult aquomethemoglobin is reported at 2.0 A resolution. The asymmetric unit contained one αβ subunit pair. The R-state crystal belonged to space group P41212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 53.6, c = 192.8 A. An Fe-bound water molecule was modeled into the heme distal pockets of each of the α and β subunits. In the α subunit, a highly ordered liganded water was modeled with an Fe—O(water) distance of 2.2 A and appears to be protected against escape from the distal pocket by the conformation of the heme propionate groups, which point upwards towards the distal His58 residue aided by a hydrogen-bonding network involving the solvent. In the β subunit, the liganded water exhibited greater motion and was modeled with a longer Fe—O(water) distance of 2.5 A; in this subunit both propionate groups point downwards away from the distal His63 residue, presumably allowing greater motion of the liganded water in and out of the distal pocket.
Interactive graphics for transportation systems planning and design

This paper summarizes the content and findings of a three-day seminar designed to explore and assess the potential utility of interactive computer graphics for application in the transportation systems planning and design fields. The seminar was structured around the concept of finding good matches between existing technology in the interactive graphics field (capabilities) with high priority and suitable problems in the transportation planning and design fields (needs). The basic objective was to define and specify, as clearly as possible, some guidelines for the U.S. Dept. of Transportation that could assist the formulation of a DOT development and demonstration program strategy for utilizing existing technology in the computer graphics area. The seminar was structured into two parts. The first was tutorial in nature and was designed to provide the participants with an up-to-date description of capabilities and limitations. The second was a review and critique of eight resource papers, prepared especially for and prior to the seminar, which together provided twenty-two recommended development/demonstration projects. Three other recommendations were received from other sources. All twenty-five projects received a priority rating of 1 to 4. Twelve projects were rated as Priority 1 or 2. A wide variety of other recommendations are also included. Fifty persons participated in the seminar, representing a wide variety of activities in both the public and private sectors of the transportation field.
Early Cretaceous breakup of Gondwanaland off western Australia

Magnetic lineations mapped between the Wallaby and Exmouth plateaus off western Australia in the eastern Indian Ocean are identified as Early Cretaceous reversals M-0 to M-4 and some older part of the Early Cretaceous reversal sequence. They formed at the same plate boundary as the anomalies to the south in the Perth abyssal plain and, likewise, date the Early Cretaceous breakup of eastern Gondwanaland at between 120 and 135 m.y. The presence of these lineations implies that the “Greater India” or Tibetan part of Gondwanaland lay adjacent to western Australia as far north as the Exmouth plateau prior to breakup of the supercontinent.
STARS: Electrocardiography [Scanning Our Past]

Presents a reprinted article from the IEEE Global History Network's STARS articles, focusing on the history and development of electrocardiography equipment and medical services.
Linear Sawing Apparatus and its Evaluation for Research Into High Speed Bone Sawing

Previous research into the cutting mechanics of bone sawing has been primarily approached from the perspective of orthogonal metal machining with a single edge cutting tool. This was a natural progression from the larger body of knowledge on the mechanics of metal cutting. However, there are significant differences between typical orthogonal metal cutting parameters and those encountered in bone sawing, such as anisotropic material behavior, depth of cut on the order of cutting edge radius, chip formation mechanism in the context of a saw blade kerf, non-orthogonal considerations of set saw blade teeth, and cutting speed to name a few. In the present study, an attempt is made to overcome these shortcomings by employing a unique sawing fixture, developed to establish cutting speeds equivalent to those of typical sagittal saws used in orthopaedic procedures. The apparatus was developed for research into bone sawing mechanics and is not intended to be a commercial sawing machine. The sawing fixture incorporates the cutting speed possible with lathe operations, as well as the linear cutting capabilities of a milling machine. Depths of cut are on the same order of magnitude as the cutting edge radius typical to saw blade teeth. Initial measurements of cutting and thrust force, obtained with this new experimental equipment, are compared to previous work.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
U.S. Domestic Politics and International Political Economy: An Introduction to the Special Issue

The articles in this special issue of Business and Politics weigh in on the domestic political dynamics that continue to shape the international political economy, with a focus on the United States case. In this issue, Richard Carney discusses the role of New Deal–era farmers in shaping modern global financial standards, Daniel Kono analyzes the relationship between social policy and support for freer trade, and Kathleen Rehbein and Douglas Schuler examine the characteristics of business firms that are most likely to gain legislative and executive branch access in the area of trade policy. The two final articles provide insights into critical issues in ongoing policy debates. Irja Vormedal discusses the role of business strategies and “tipping points” in determining the support and failure of federal environmental regulation from 1990 through 2010, while Emily Yixuan Cao, Yong Cao, Rashmi Prasad, and Zhengping Shen argue that domestic politics continues (and will continue) to influence the character of U.S.-China exchange rate negotiations. This introduction to the special issue summarizes the contributions of these five articles and also situates them in relation to other contemporary political science debates.
Lipids and ultrastructure of Phymatotrichum omnivorum

Polar lipid components of the mycelia, conidia and sclerotia of the cotton root rot fungus, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, were analysed. The major phosphatides in mycelia, conidia and sclerotia were phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and lysophosphatidyl choline. Phosphatidyl serine was found only in mycelia and sclerotia. In the mycelia, conidia and sclerotia, the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids were Jinoleic and oleic, whereas the predominant saturated fatty acid was palmitic. Hyphae, sclerotia, and conidia contained relatively small lipid bodies and some conidia also contained prominent lipid bodies. Hyphae also contained spherosome-like organelles.
The Hundred Years’ War: The Etiology and Status of Assaults on Transgender Women in Men's Prisons

A war on transgender women has been waged for hundreds if not thousands of years and is manifest in their treatment in their families, communities, and social institutions. There has been little acceptance of the gender diversity they represent in the rigid and hypermasculine prisons and jails in the United States. As a consequence, transgender women have been targets of abuse by staff and inmates in male prisons. It is only now, as research has surfaced documenting their victimization, that legal imperatives are turning the tenor of the war to a ceasefire. In this article I review the nature of the inflexible corrections system around issues of gender. Much of the rest of the article is then focused on why the protection of transgender women in jails and prisons is important to address and how it might be done, and is being done, in some facilities.
Productivity, trophic structure, and energy flow in the steady-state ecosystems of Silver Springs, Florida

Productivity, trophic structure, and energy flow in the steady-state ecosystems of Silver Springs, Florida W.M. Kemp a,∗, W.R. Boynton b a Horn Point Laboratory, Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland System, Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA b Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland System, 1 Williams Street, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
Effect of charge deformation and geometric relaxation on the dynamics and the thermodynamic properties of the MgO (001) surface

Model calculations by Martin and Bilz have indicated that a slight enhancement of effective surface charges may largely account for recent observations on the static (001) MgO surface (low-energy electron diffraction, electron-energy-loss spectroscopy, and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy). The simplest model incorporating the feature of charge enhancement, a modified rigid-ion model, is used in the present work to study the dynamical and thermodynamic properties of this surface. The results are compared with available experimental data.
Study on Nonlinear Dynamic Characteristic of Gearbox Based on Explicit Dynamic

Considering the drawbacks of existing dynamics research of gearbox system, the dynamic analysis method based on perfectly elastic body is presented. A certain type of marine gearbox is taken as investigation object based on Abaqus/Explicit dynamic finite element program, the dynamic contact nonlinear model of gearbox system is established considering the coupling effect of each component, dynamic simulation of the gearbox system is carried out. The results show that, in the gearbox coupling model, the coupling effects among the bearing, the housing and the gears cause the dynamic characteristic of the gear transmission system more complex, which exacerbates shock effect of the gearbox, the model which considered coupling among the components is closer to the real working condition. The research has certain reference value for gearbox dynamic characteristic optimization.
Transient cyclic stress strain response caused by sudden change of strain in Al-Cu alloy

Abstract The transient cyclic behavior caused by a sudden change of strain is of interest, because this transient period is the stage which connects the cyclic behaviors at the old level and the new level and will control behavior during variable amplitude loading. Thus, this transient behavior was investigated for Al-Cu alloy single crystals and polycrystals containing θ′ precipitates or θ″ precipitates. We found episodes of transient hardening after strain reductions and softening after strain increments which are surprising in the light of common experience in the literature. However, using our own data and those available in the literature, we are able to reach general conclusions regarding hardening and softening transients, by taking proper account of the magnitudes of the high and low amplitudes, the difficulty of cross-slip in the material, the nature of the hardening precipitates and the extent of strain localization.
Architecture: The Story of Practice

(1992). Architecture: The Story of Practice. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 61-62.
Economic Impacts of Porcine Somatotropin on Midwest Hog Producers

Porcine Somatotropin (PST) administered to feeder pigs has been shown to increase feed efficiency, ratio of lean meat to carcass weight, and market weight. Three representative grain-hog farms in the Midwest were simulated for five years to estimate the economic incentives for adopting PST. Larger-scale operations garnered greater increases in income from PST adoption than small- and medium-scale operations that adopted PST. Without a carcass merit premium, however, the economic benefits from adoption are merely sufficient to cover the costs of adoption.
Respiratory water flow and production of mucus in the cushion star, Pteraster tesselatus Ives (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Abstract Histological analysis revealed three types of mucous cells present in the tissues of Pteraster tesselatus Ives. They were all unicellular in structure and each was restricted to certain areas of the anatomy. Mucus produced by these gland cells was forced out onto the aboral surface of Pteraster by water pressure generated within the nidamental cavity (respiratory chamber). Water flow in and out of the respiratory chamber was powered both by muscle contractions and a complex network of overlapping ossicles. Ambient sea water was allowed into the respiratory chamber only through large pores lining the ambulacral groove. Expulsion of respiratory water out of the chamber was by either one of two different pathways. In defence, water and secreted mucus were forced out of the numerous spiracular openings that perforate the supradorsal membrane. When, on the other hand, the sea star was not in a defensive posture, water was simply passed out through the centrally located osculum.
Plio-pleistocene cercopithecids from Kanam East, western Kenya

This paper describes cercopithecid craniodental and postcranial fossils recovered by L. S. B. Leakey at Kanam East, Kenya during the early 1930s. These fossil monkeys have been generally assumed to have been derived from early Pliocene horizons, but their exact geographical and stratigraphical provenience is unknown. Although the question of the evolutionary significance of these specimens must await the recovery of more securely dated material from Kanam East, some general conclusions can be drawn concerning their taxonomic affinities and paleobiology. Based on comparative studies of the craniodental material, at least three extant genera are represented—Colobus,Lophocebus, andCercopithecus. The postcranial fossils include a number of hindlimb specimens, as well as the manubrium of a sternum and a caudal vertebra. Identification of the postcranial remains to particular genera is not possible, but they are similar in morphology to modern arboreal and semiterrestrial cercopithecid monkeys of small to medium size. It is evident that Kanam East had a diverse cercopithecid community, similar to those found today in forested and woodland habitats, and this may be of some significance in reconstructing the paleoecology of the site. Because the fossil record of most extant cercopithecid genera is rather sparse at Plio-Pleistocene sites in Africa, Kanam East represents one of only a few sites that has yielded material that can be assigned toColobus,Lophocebus, orCercopithecus. The fossil monkeys from the site, therefore, provide additional evidence to help reconstruct the paleobiology, as well as the patterns of species diversity and community structure that characterized the cercopithecid radiation during the Plio-Pleistocene.
Multiple use of machine readable data in publishing

This article reports an investigation of the technical and economic aspects of the multiple use of bibliographic data and abstracts of articles in machine readable format. Various techniques such as OCR, word processing, and photocomposition are available for data acquisition and transmission. There is also sufficient economic justification to encourage sharing of such data among publishers. But questions of cost sharing, standards copyright, and procedural adjustments in management and accounting are powerful deterrents to the multiple use of publication data both within an organization and among different publishing concerns. The advantages of sharing bibliographic data can be achieved only if publishing concerns in both the public and private sectors are willing to cooperate and adjust.
Academic Librarians, Professional Literature, and New Technologies: A Survey.

Keeping abreast of professional literature and the latest trends is critical for academic librarians to be successful, but in a time of information glut, are librarians achieving this? Over seven hundred academic librarians responded to this survey and inform us about their use of both traditional methods and new technologies to stay current.
Mechanistic Investigation of the Staudinger Ligation

The Staudinger ligation of azides and phosphines has found widespread use in the field of chemical biology, but the mechanism of the transformation has not been characterized in detail. In this work, we undertook a mechanistic study of the Staudinger ligation with a focus on factors that affect reaction kinetics and on the identification of intermediates. The Staudinger ligation with alkyl azides was second-order overall and proceeded more rapidly in polar, protic solvents. Hammett analyses demonstrated that electron-donating substituents on the phosphine accelerate the overall reaction. The electronic and steric properties of the ester had no significant impact on the overall rate but did affect product ratios. Finally, the structure of an intermediate that accumulates under anhydrous conditions was identified. These findings establish a platform for optimizing the Staudinger ligation for expanded use in biological applications.
Education in disguise: sanctioning sexuality in elementary school Halloween celebrations

Halloween as celebrated in US elementary schools provides a rare opportunity to explore the more tangible manifestations of sexuality. A time of celebration, Halloween is perceived as a festive event for children, being both ‘innocent’ and fun. Yet, because it is the one school day where sexuality is on display, sexuality becomes a spectacle. Drawing on ethnographic data collected over the 2010–2011 school year at Unity Elementary School, a San Francisco Bay Area school with majority immigrant students from Latin America, this paper focuses specifically on the ways in which elementary schools express forces of a consumer market that capitalises on the sexualisation of children on Halloween, most particularly that of girls. It illustrates the ways in which teachers make sense of these forces when they are written on the bodies of their Latino elementary school students. Findings reveal how these elementary school Halloween celebrations bring to light entanglements and articulations of sexuality, gender, ra...
Collective excitations in metallic glasses: A model of dynamic structure.

Glasses lack the diffusive nature of dense liquids and the long-range order of crystals, two essential features which, by an elementary argument on the form of the density of collective modes, may be incorporated into a simple model for the displacement-displacement correlation function of a glassy metal. This, in turn, is used to evaluate the dynamic structure factor, and from an application of the theory to a typical system, a dispersion relation for collective excitations is obtained which is found to exhibit a rotonlike minimum.
Vaccination with Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknD Attenuates Bacterial Dissemination to the Brain in Guinea Pigs

Background We have previously identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknD to be an important virulence factor required for the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB). Specifically, PknD mediates bacillary invasion of the blood-brain barrier, which can be neutralized by specific antisera, suggesting its potential role as a therapeutic target against TB meningitis. Methodology/Principal Findings We utilized an aerosol challenge guinea pig model of CNS TB and compared the protective efficacy of recombinant M. tuberculosis PknD subunit protein with that of M. bovis BCG against bacillary dissemination to the brain. BCG vaccination limited the pulmonary bacillary burden after aerosol challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis in guinea pigs and also reduced bacillary dissemination to the brain (P = 0.01). PknD vaccination also offered significant protection against bacterial dissemination to the brain, which was no different from BCG (P>0.24), even though PknD vaccinated animals had almost 100-fold higher pulmonary bacterial burdens. Higher levels of PknD-specific IgG were noted in animals immunized with PknD, but not in BCG-vaccinated or control animals. Furthermore, pre-incubation of M. tuberculosis with sera from PknD-vaccinated animals, but not with sera from BCG-vaccinated or control animals, significantly reduced bacterial invasion in a human blood-brain barrier model (P<0.01). Conclusion Current recommendations for administering BCG at birth are based on protection gained against severe disease, such as TB meningitis, during infancy. We demonstrate that vaccination with recombinant M. tuberculosis PknD subunit offers a novel strategy to protect against TB meningitis, which is equivalent to BCG in a guinea pig model. Moreover, since BCG lacks the PknD sensor, BCG could also be boosted to develop a more effective vaccine against TB meningitis, a devastating disease that disproportionately affects young children.
Non-enzymatic glycation of antithrombin III in vitro

Non-enzymatic glycation of antithrombin III (AT-III) has been proposed as a significant contributor to the increased incidence of thrombo-occlusive events in diabetics. AT-III, isolated from normal human plasma by means of heparin affinity and ion-exchange chromatography, was incubated with 0–0.5 M glucose in neutral phosphate buffer at 37°C. The extent of non-enzymatic glycation could be monitored by uptake of radioactivity as well as by binding to a phenylboronate affinity resin, which effectively retards AT-III containing ketoamine-linked glucose. Non-enzymatically glycated AT-III (approx. 1 mol glucose/mol protein) bound heparin nearly as efficiently as non-glycated AT-III. The two AT-III preparations were equally active in inhibiting thrombin cleavage of chromogenic substrate. Following incubation with [14C]glucose, structural analyses of cyanogen-bromide-cleaved peptides of enzymatically glycated AT-III showed that the [14C]glucose adducts were distributed over many sites on the molecule. This lack of specificity contrasts with the restrcted sites of modification on hemoglobin, albumin and ribonuclease A, and explains why non-enzymatic glycation of AT-III has little if any effect on its function.
The effects of dietary protein:energy ratio and amino acid pattern on nitrogen utilization and excretion of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

This study was undertaken to investigate: (1) the effects of both deficiencies and excesses in essential amino acids (EAAs) from an estimated optimum dietary EAA pattern on nitrogen (N) utilization and excretion of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, (2) the effects of dietary digestible protein (PD): digestible energy (ED) ratio (PD:ED) on N utilization and excretion of O. mykiss and (3) the potential interaction of these two factors. A 3 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted, with the two factors EAA pattern and PD:ED ratio. The three levels of EAA pattern were: (1) optimum EAA pattern, (2) 60% deficiencies in the three amino acids arginine, histidine and lysine, and (3) 60% excesses in the three amino acids arginine, histidine and leucine. The three levels of PD:ED ratio were 18, 21 and 24 g MJ−1. Amino acid deficiencies from an optimum amino acid pattern caused reductions in mean N retention of 29 to 37%, with the greatest reduction associated with the lowest PD:ED ratio, and similar substantial increases in total N and ammonia-N excretion at all of the dietary PD:ED ratios investigated. Amino acid excesses, however, did not negatively affect N retention or excretion. Increasing PD:ED ratio was associated with decreasing N retention and increasing N excretion over the range of dietary protein and lipid levels tested. Results of this study showed that a diet with optimum dietary amino acid pattern and lowest PD:ED ratio produced the highest N retention (47% of ingested N) and the lowest total N and ammonia-N excretion of O. mykiss.
A system theoretic formulation of NMR experiments

A detailed system theoretic description is given of NMR experiments including relaxation effects. The approach is based on an exact and analytical solution to the master equation. It is shown that NMR experiments can be described in the framework of bilinear time-invariant systems. This description is used to derive closed-form expressions for the spectrum of one- and two-dimensional experiments. The simulations show that the approach accounts for the frequency dependence of a pulse, distinguishes between soft and hard pulses and also explains artifacts such as axial peaks.
The potential for terrorism within the Soviet Union in the 21st century

Abstract The collapsing political and economic structures, the rise of Islamic nationalism, and the defeat in Afghanistan are viewed as contributing factors to potential terrorism within the Soviet Union. These factors are discussed within the framework of nationalist terrorism. An attempt is made to predict, based on the current trends, sociopolitical results if nationalistic terrorism becomes a reality in the Soviet Union.
Measurement of Optical Phase Amplification in Three-Wave Mixing

Amplification of optical phase in a phase-sensitive three-wave mixing is experimentally demonstrated and correlated to amplitude deamplification.
The Fifth Column: Consulting Survival in the Case of Incompetence, or The Iron Law of Consulting

One of the most dangerous things that can happen to a start-up consultant is initial success. Say that your client has called you in because he or she has a problem consistent with your expertise in, say, area A. You go right to work and come up with a cheap, quick, and understood-by-management answer that is immediately implemented, and it works. Before you can leave, it is inevitable that your client would like you to have a look at a similar problem in area B, an area in which you are totally incompetent. This is known in management circles as the halo effect. If you are competent in area A, clearly (your client thinks) that competence carries over to area B. The beginning consultant must resist this trap at all costs.
Hemispheric asymmetries in the time course of recognition memory

Hemispheric specialization has been studied extensively within subfields ranging from perception to language comprehension. However, the study of asymmetries for basic memory functions—an area that holds promise for bridging these low- and high-level cognitive domains—has been sporadic at best. We examined each hemisphere’s tendency to retain verbal information over time, using a continuous recognition memory task with lateralized study items and central test probes. We found that the ubiquitous advantage of the left hemisphere for the processing and retention of verbal information is attenuated and perhaps even reversed over long retention intervals. This result is consistent with theories that propose differences in the degree to which the hemispheres maintain veridical versus semantically transformed representations of the input they receive.
The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century

Professor Pocock's subject is how the seventeenth century looked at its own past. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, one of the most important modes of studying the past was the study of the law - the historical outlook which arose in each nation was in part the product of its law, and therefore, in turn of its history. In clarifying the relation of the historical outlook of seventeenth-century Englishmen to the study of law, and pointing out its political implication, Pocock shows how history's ground was laid for a more philosophical approach in the eighteenth century.
Sideroblastic anemia associated with thrombocytosis and a chromosome 3 abnormality

A unique patient with sideroblastic anemia and thrombocytosis with a recurrent and ultimately fatal thromboembolic phenomenon is described. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow metaphases revealed a pseudodiploid chromosome complement, 46,XY,ins(3;3)(q26;q21q26). The association of thrombocytosis and ins(3;3) in patients with preleukemia or myelogenous leukemia has been reported previously. The association of ins(3;3) and thrombocytosis in our patient with sideroblastic anemia suggests that the disorder may involve a hematopoietic progenitor cell capable of giving rise to all three cell lineages. Our findings also support the suggestion that a gene on the long arm of chromosome #3 may encode a protein that, at least in part, regulates megakaryopoiesis.
A Hirshfeld interpretation of the charge, spin distribution, and polarity of the dipole moment of the open shell (Σ3−) nitrogen halides: NF, NCl, and NBr

We calculated the dipole moment function for the ground Σ3−(mS=+1) state of the open shell molecules, NF, NCl, and NBr, and analyzed it in terms of the charge and spin distribution and the induced atomic dipoles using the Hirshfeld partitioning of the electron density. The smallest dipole moment (0.026ea0) obtains with NF, in which the atoms have the largest difference in electronegativity, while the dipole moments in NCl and NBr are 0.441ea0 and 0.506ea0, respectively. All dipoles have the N−X+ polarity. In the σ system α spin electrons flow from N to the halogen while β spin electrons flow in the opposite direction and interestingly from both the σ and the π systems of the halogen to the σ system of N. In NF the number of β spins lost by F is essentially equal to the number of α spins gained and the atomic charges are essentially 0. The small dipole in NF is the result of a slight imbalance in the induced atomic dipoles. For NCl and NBr the halogen loses more β spins than it gains α spins resulting in t...