cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in forest soil solution and effects of chronic nitrogen deposition

Using a flow-through bioreactor, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in forest floor solution was determined for a red pine (Pinus resinosa) plantation and a naturally regenerated mixed hardwood forest (dominant species: Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, Prunus serotina). The forests have received chronic-N fertilization at three different rates (0, 50, 150 kg N ha−1 year−1) since 1988. Both BDOC concentration and %BDOC [% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)] were significantly higher in the summer (18–20 mg C l−1, ≈30%) than spring or fall for both forest types. The BDOC depletion that was hypothesized to occur with chronic-N application and N saturation was not found in either stand. Instead, for the hardwood stand, BDOC concentration increased with N application, probably due to increased BDOC production in the forest floor with increases in available N. The strong negative relationship between litterfall mass and both BDOC concentration (r2=0.36) and %BDOC (r2=0.60) for the hardwood stand suggests that the primary source of BDOC in the hardwood forest floor is recent photosynthate allocated to fine roots for their growth, and organic compounds released from them (e.g., exudates and mucilage) rather than the leachate of freshly fallen autumn litter. A significant but weaker positive relationship between BDOC and ambient temperature for both stands suggests that the decomposition of forest floor organic matter is an additional source of BDOC in the forest floor. The production of non-biodegradable DOC (NBDOC) in the forest floor was not sensitive to ambient temperature or the chronic-N treatment. This suggests that an abiotic process, such as chemical equilibration between forest floor and forest floor solution, is responsible for the concentration of non-labile DOC. High %BDOC in throughfall (50–75%) for both stands suggests that throughfall is possibly an additional source of BDOC in the forest floor.
On “Exploiting” Node-Heterogeneous Clusters Optimally

It is proved that “FIFO” worksharing protocols provide asymptotically optimal solutions to two problems related to sharing large collections of independent tasks in a heterogeneous network of workstations (HNOW) $\mathcal{N}$. In the $\mathsf{HNOW-Exploitation Problem}$, one seeks to accomplish as much work as possible on $\mathcal{N}$ during a prespecified fixed period of L time units. In the $\mathsf{HNOW-Rental Problem}$, one seeks to complete W units of work by “renting” $\mathcal{N}$ for as short a time as necessary. The worksharing protocols we study are crafted within an architectural model that characterizes $\mathcal {N}$ via parameters that measure $\mathcal{N}$ ’s workstations’ computational and communicational powers. All valid protocols are self-scheduling, in the sense that they determine completely both an amount of work to allocate to each of $\mathcal{N}$ ’s workstations and a schedule for all related interworkstation communications. The schedules provide either a value for W given L, or a value for L given W, hence solve both of the motivating problems. A protocol observes a FIFO regimen if it has $\mathcal{N}$ ’s workstations finish their assigned work, and return their results, in the same order in which they are supplied with their workloads. The proven optimality of FIFO protocols resides in the fact that they accomplish at least as much work as any other protocol during all sufficiently long worksharing episodes, and that they complete sufficiently large given collections of tasks at least as fast as any other protocol. Simulation experiments illustrate that the superiority of FIFO protocols is often observed during worksharing episodes of only a few minutes’ duration.
Nonlinear Control of Dual-Spin Spacecraft During Despin Through Precession Phase Lock

When a dual-spin spacecraft is placed on orbit, thrusters bring the rotor and platform to an all spun condition. Then, during despin an internal torque motor aligned with the main bearing is activated to increase the rotor rate and decrease the platform rate, until the platform rate is near zero. We focus on the capture dynamics of precession phase lock, a phenomenon that can prevent successful despin. A spacecraft model used to illustrate precession phase lock contains an axially symmetric, dynamically unbalanced rotor. During precession phase lock, the unbalanced rotor becomes synchronized with the inertial free precession of the spacecraft. If the despin motor torque is constant and small relative to unbalance size, then precession phase lock causes a large secular deviation of the bearing axis from its desired direction. One common despin strategy to avoid this is to apply constant torque at the maximum capability of a relatively large motor. An alternative based on nonlinear closed-loop feedback control of despin motor torque, exploiting a priori knowledge of states favorable for despin through precession phase lock, is developed. Computer simulations demonstrate that this strategy can lead to successful despin when constant torque cannot—even with relatively limited motor torque.
FLASH vs. (simulated) FLASH: closing the simulation loop

Simulation is the primary method for evaluating computer systems during all phases of the design process. One significant problem with simulation is that it rarely models the system exactly, and quantifying the resulting simulator error can be difficult. More importantly, architects often assume without proof that although their simulator may make inaccurate absolute performance predictions, it will still accurately predict architectural trends.This paper studies the source and magnitude of error in a range of architectural simulators by comparing the simulated execution time of several applications and microbenchmarks to their execution time on the actual hardware being modeled. The existence of a hardware gold standard allows us to find, quantify, and fix simulator inaccuracies. We then use the simulators to predict architectural trends and analyze the sensitivity of the results to the simulator configuration. We find that most of our simulators predict trends accurately, as long as they model all of the important performance effects for the application in question. Unfortunately, it is difficult to know what these effects are without having a hardware reference, as they can be quite subtle. This calls into question the value, for architectural studies, of highly detailed simulators whose characteristics are not carefully validated against s real hardware design.
Big Data versus the Crowd: Looking for Relationships in All the Right Places

Classically, training relation extractors relies on high-quality, manually annotated training data, which can be expensive to obtain. To mitigate this cost, NLU researchers have considered two newly available sources of less expensive (but potentially lower quality) labeled data from distant supervision and crowd sourcing. There is, however, no study comparing the relative impact of these two sources on the precision and recall of post-learning answers. To fill this gap, we empirically study how state-of-the-art techniques are affected by scaling these two sources. We use corpus sizes of up to 100 million documents and tens of thousands of crowd-source labeled examples. Our experiments show that increasing the corpus size for distant supervision has a statistically significant, positive impact on quality (F1 score). In contrast, human feedback has a positive and statistically significant, but lower, impact on precision and recall.
An energy-consistent material-point method for dynamic finite deformation plasticity

Energy consistency for the material-point method (MPM) is examined for thermodynamically consistent hyperelastic-plastic materials. It is shown that MPM can be formulated with implicit, three-field variational, finite element algorithms which dissipate energy and conserve momentum for that class of material models. With a consistent mass matrix the resulting overall numerical method inherits the energy-dissipative and momentum-conserving properties of the mesh solution. Thus, the proposed MPM algorithm satisfies by construction a time-discrete form of the second law of thermodynamics. Properties of the method are illustrated in numerical examples.
Maximal Autonomous Clocks of Sequential Machines

Some sequential machinies contain input-independent parts and can therefore be input-inependent machine (an autonomous clock) and an input-dependent machine. Necessary and sufficient conditions on the flow table are obtained for the existence of autonomous clocks in sequential machines, and the properties of these machines and their clocks are studied.
Common and Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Animal Shelter

The beneficial role that animal shelters play is unquestionable. An estimated 3 to 4 million animals are cared for or placed in homes each year, and most shelters promote public health and support responsible pet ownership. It is, nonetheless, inevitable that shelters are prime examples of anthropogenic biological instability: even well-run shelters often house transient, displaced, and mixed populations of animals. Many of these animals have received minimal to no prior health care, and some have a history of scavenging or predation to survive. Overcrowding and poor shelter conditions further magnify these inherent risks to create individual, intraspecies, and interspecies stress and provide an environment conducive to exposure to numerous potentially collaborative pathogens. All of these factors can contribute to the evolution and emergence of new pathogens or to alterations in virulence of endemic pathogens. While it is not possible to effectively anticipate the timing or the pathogen type in emergence events, their sites of origin are less enigmatic, and pathologists and diagnosticians who work with sheltered animal populations have recognized several such events in the past decade. This article first considers the contribution of the shelter environment to canine and feline disease. This is followed by summaries of recent research on the pathogenesis of common shelter pathogens, as well as research that has led to the discovery of novel or emerging diseases and the methods that are used for their diagnosis and discovery. For the infectious agents that commonly affect sheltered dogs and cats, including canine distemper virus, canine influenza virus, Streptococcus spp, parvoviruses, feline herpesvirus, feline caliciviruses, and feline infectious peritonitis virus, we present familiar as well as newly recognized lesions associated with infection. Preliminary studies on recently discovered viruses like canine circovirus, canine bocavirus, and feline norovirus indicate that these pathogens can cause or contribute to canine and feline disease.
A Novel Channel Assignment Approach for Local Broadcast in Multi-radio Multi-channel Wireless Networks

This paper presents a novel channel assignment approach to support local broadcast in multi-radio multi-channel (MR-MC) wireless networks. The proposed algorithm intelligently assigns channels to each node based on superimposed codes. By applying superimposed codes, each node can easily locate a common channel shared with its s-closest neighbors. Under certain conditions, it is proved that our solution is able to solve the exposed terminal problem as well as the hidden terminal problem. Furthermore, with our channel assignment for local broadcast, most traditional MAC/routing protocols, though designed for single-radio single-channel (SR-SC) wireless networks, can possibly adapt to MR-MC wireless networks.
Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of juvenile winter flounder as indicators of inputs to estuarine systems

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were measured in young-of-the-year (YOY) winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, collected from several Rhode Island, USA estuarine systems. These included three coastal lagoons, an estuarine river and Narragansett Bay. The δ(13)C trends observed along transects in several systems showed isotopically depleted terrestrial signals in the upper reaches of the estuaries. Significant differences (P<0.05) in δ(15)N were observed among all estuarine systems and these differences correlated (P<0.01) with human population densities in the watersheds. Although Narragansett Bay has a strong north-south gradient in nutrient concentrations this trend was not reflected in flounder δ(15)N. The northernmost station with the highest nutrient concentrations unexpectedly had significantly lower δ(15)N values. Depleted δ(15)N values at this nutrient-rich station may indicate that concentration-dependent fractionation needs to be considered when using nitrogen isotope ratios in biota to monitor anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in systems with high nitrogen loadings.
Electron mobility characteristics of n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors fabricated on Ge-rich single- and dual-channel SiGe heterostructures

Strained Si (e-Si) grown on Si-rich relaxed Si1−xGex buffers (single-channel heterostructures) can be used to fabricate n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (n-MOSFETs) with enhanced performance over bulk Si. However, single-channel heterostructures grown on Ge-rich Si1−xGex buffers (i.e., x⩾0.5) exhibit much larger hole mobility enhancements than those on Si-rich buffers, and the highest hole mobilities have been attained in heterostructures where a compressively strained Ge (e-Ge) layer is grown beneath the e-Si cap (e-Si/e-Ge dual-channel heterostructures). In this article, we report on n-MOSFET mobility characteristics in single- and dual-channel heterostructures grown on Ge-rich Si1−xGex buffers. Single-channel n-MOSFETs were fabricated on virtual substrates with Ge contents as high as 70%, and electron mobility enhancements of 1.4–1.6 were observed. For dual-channel heterostructures, electron mobility enhancements of 1.7–1.9 were attained when the e-Si cap was thick enough to...
Learning Rules from Multiple Criteria Decision Tables

This paper introduces algorithms for learning decision rules from Multiple Criteria Decision Tables (MCDT) in the context of dominance-based rough sets introduced by Greco et al. Our method enables the use of existing rule-learning algorithms by transforming a MCDT into a family of discretized decision tables. The transformation is based on the indexed block representation of dominance-based approximation spaces. When the family of indexed blocks forms a partition on the set of objects in a MCDT, we have certain rules; otherwise, the set of rules learned may include uncertain rules. The method is demonstrated by using the ROSE2 and BLEM2 learning tools.
Essential Hypertension Part I: Definition and Etiology

Essential hypertension remains a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) despite important advances in our understanding of its pathophysiology and the availability of effective treatment strategies. High blood pressure (BP) increases the risk of CVD for millions of people worldwide, and there is evidence that the problem is only getting worse. In the past decade, age-adjusted rates of stroke incidence have risen, and the slope of the age-adjusted rate of decline in coronary disease has leveled off. The incidence of end-stage renal disease and the prevalence of heart failure have also increased. A major contributor to these trends is inadequate control of BP in the hypertensive population. This review of current concepts regarding the definition, etiology, and treatment of essential hypertension is intended to aid the clinician in identifying those individuals at high risk who need to undergo evaluation and treatment, as well as in selecting optimal treatment strategies for hypertensive patients with comorbid conditions and/or target organ damage. The part of the review that deals with the genetic basis of hypertension and the gene/environment interaction that may lead to elevated BP is still a work in progress. Information gained from the Human Genome Project and from ongoing studies of the genetic basis of hypertension both in animal models and human populations may revolutionize the treatment of hypertension by replacing current empirical therapy with more effective, targeted treatments based on the genotype of the patient. Concepts introduced in this review form the basis for such “pharmacogenomic” approaches to antihypertensive therapy. BP is a quantitative trait that is highly variable1 ; in population studies, BP has a normal distribution that is slightly skewed to the right. There is a strong positive and continuous correlation between BP and the risk of CVD (stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure), renal disease, …
Charge Separation Between Strain Coupled Quantum Dots in a Self-Assembled InAs Quantum Dot Structure

We present an InAs QDs structure designed to separate and store photo-generated electron-hole pairs. Charge separation in the structure is demonstrated using power dependent photoluminescence and biased photoluminescence. Preliminary data from time resolved photoluminescence suggest storage times in the device in the μsec range.
Calculation of the Moisture and Protein Content of Market Chickens from the Fat Content

Abstract SEVERAL attempts have been made to develop indirect methods for determining the crude chemical composition, the moisture, protein, fat and ash, of meat animals. The composition of beef, pork and mutton carcasses and parts may be calculated with fair accuracy when the fat content is known since the moisture and protein content of the carcass is fairly constant when calculated on a fat-free basis (Moulton et al., 1922). A further improvement in the method of calculations was made by Callow (1935) by use of linear regression equations based on the fat content, since the equations will adjust for a residual fat which is present even in lean animals. The crude chemical composition of market poultry has been studied in relation to growth and nutrition by Mitchell, Card and Hamilton (1926), Harshaw (1938), and others. Further information would be useful as to the relationships between the various crude chemical components. For …
Anomalous heating rate effect in thermoluminescence intensity using a simplified semi-localized transition (SLT) model

highlights < Anomalous heating rate phenomenon of TL is explained with simplified SLT model. < 2000 random variations of parameters in the model are simulated. < Variable heating rate method systematically underestimates activation energy E. < Relevance to experimental work on double doped dosimetric material YPO4. abstract During thermoluminescence (TL) measurements carried out with different heating rates, one expects the total number of emitted photons to be constant. However, for many luminescence materials one observes a decreased intensity of luminescence at elevated temperatures, due to the presence of the well-known phenomenon of thermal quenching. Recent experimental work on the dosimetric material YPO4 double doped with lanthanides demonstrated the exact opposite behavior, in which the total luminescence intensity increases with the heating rate during the TL experiments. This anomalous TL behavior was recently explained by using the Mandowski model of semi-localized transitions (SLTs). In this paper it is shown that this anomalous heating rate or "anti-quenching" phenomenon can also be described by using a simplified SLT model of TL with approximated kinetic equations. The simulated glow curves show that as the probability of the non-radiative processes increases, the anomalous heating rate effect becomes dominant. The dependence of the anomalous heating rate effect on the values of the kinetic parameters in the model is examined by allowing random variations of the parameters in the model, within wide ranges of physically reasonable values covering several orders of magnitude. It is shown by simulation that the variable heating rate method can systematically underestimate the value of the activation en- ergy E, while by contrast the initial rise method of analysis almost always yields the correct E value. These simulated results are discussed in relation to recent experimental work on the double doped dosimetric material YPO 4.
The Visual Effects of Exposure to Electroluminescent Instrument Lighting

This report describes two experiments with electroluminescent aircraft instrument lighting. In the first experiment, white electroluminescent, green electroluminescent, and red incandescent lighting were compared for their effects on dark-adapted, scotopic absolute and acuity thresholds, using a simulated T-38 instrument panel for light exposure. In the second experiment, white, green, and yellow electroluminescent and red incandescent light were compared in terms of legibility of a transilluminated letter-acuity chart. Exposure to red incandescent lighting at 0.05 ft.-l. produced the lowest absolute and acuity thresholds, with white and green electroluminescent producing higher thresholds in that order. Although threshold differences between lighting colors were statistically significant, the absolute differences in visual sensitivity were small for practical purposes. Luminances required for equal legibility of transilluminated letters of various sizes were about the same for red incandescent, and white...
Biologics in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: etanercept (preliminary report on clinical trial) and infliximab (case study)

A teenager with significant hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and ulcerative colitis was treated with infliximab infusion. The response was rapid and dramatic. This response led us to develop and gain approval for a 20 patient, 6-month investigator-initiated study using another anti-tumor necrosis alpha agent, etanercept. The study is double-blinded and placebo controlled using etanercept 50 mg subcutaneous injection twice weekly. For the first 3 months, one-half of the patients will receive placebo and other half active drug. Neither patient nor investigator will know whether active drug or placebo is used. In the last 3 months, all patients will receive active drug. The purpose of the study is to evaluate etanercept effectiveness and adverse effects when used for HS. The study is still in progress, but preliminary results are encouraging.
Testing programmable interconnect systems: an algorithmic approach

Presents an approach for fault detection in programmable wiring networks (PWNs). A comprehensive fault model which includes faults in the nets (open, stuck-at and shorts) as well as in the switches (stuck-off, stuck-on and programming faults) is assumed at both the physical and behavioral levels. In a PWN, the most important issue is to find the minimal number of configurations (or programming phases) as the dominant figure of merit of testing. Through the construction of different graphs, it is shown that this process corresponds to finding the node-disjoint path-sets such that each switch is turned on/off at least once and adjacencies in the nets for possible bridge faults (shorts) are verified. To account for 100% fault coverage of bridge faults, a post-processing algorithm may be required.
Improving the efficacy of electrical stimulation-induced leg cycle ergometry: an analysis based on a dynamic musculoskeletal model

To improve the design and increase the effectiveness of electrical stimulation-induced leg cycle ergometry, it is necessary to have a better understanding of the factors that influence the force production capabilities of the stimulated muscles, the ability of the muscles to produce the desired movement, and the metabolic demands of the contractions. A dynamic musculoskeletal model capable of simulating a spinal cord injured (SCI) person exercising on a stimulation-powered leg cycle ergometer was developed to explore these issues. This model was used to address the concern whether performance can be improved by changing seat configuration, the loading, or the intermuscle stimulation pattern. Performance was assessed in terms of the probability that a given SCI subject would be able to maintain a steady cadence, the relative strength required by each muscle group to pedal alone, and the estimated rate of metabolic energy utilization associated with steady-state pedaling. The authors considered the sensitivity of the model predictions to intersubject variability. Several strategies are suggested for either minimizing the strength needed to pedal, or maximizing the cardiovascular aerobic exercise. >
A New Method of Broad-Band Equalization Applied to Microwave Amplifiers

A new approach to broad-band matching which bypasses analytic gain-bandwidth theory and directly utilizes measured real frequency impedance data is applied to gain equalization and low-noise design of GaAs Shottky-barrier FET amplifiers. Neither the equalizer topology nor the analytic form of the system transfer function are initially assumed. These result from the design process. Examples include an octave-band FET amplifier design and a low-noise FET amplifier design. The equalizers are realized with lumped elements or transmission-fine sections. A single basic least squares program implements the design procedure.
Evaluation of flight spoilers for vortex alleviation

The paper describes the facilities and test procedures used in a series of wind-tunnel and full-scale flight investigations of the effectiveness of flight spoilers currently existing on wide-bodied transport jet aircraft when used as trailing vortex hazard alleviation devices. Examples of the results of such studies include the variation of trailing wing rolling-moment coefficient with downstream distance behind a B-747 airplane model with various segments of its flight spoilers deflected 45 deg, and comparisons with models without spoilers deflected. It is concluded that the existing flight spoilers on the B-747 are effective as trailing vortex attenuators.
Update on the Establishment of Paragonatas divergens (Hemiptera: Rhyparochromidae) in Florida

Dobbs & Brambila (2004) gave the first veri fied report of Paragonatas divergens (Distant) (Hemiptera: Rhyparochromidae) from the United States based on a single female swept from road side vegetation in southwestern Florida in 2003 (Fig. 1). They provided a brief description of the species, demonstrated the morphological differ ences between P. divergens and its sister species, P. costaricensis (Distant), and related some of the basic biology as reported in the literature. Since then, extensive collecting in South Florida by sev eral heteropterists has not yielded additional specimens of this species that is widespread in the Neotropics from Mexico to South America and the West Indies (Dobbs & Brambila 2004). While conducting field surveys in 2007, we ex amined the personal collection of Vincent Golia Jr., which contains extensive material from South Florida. During this visit we located 5 specimens of P. divergens, all of which predate the record of Dobbs & Brambila (2004). Label data for the 5 Florida specimens in the Golia collection are as follows: FL: Monroe Co., Key Largo, Hwy 905, Jan. 25, 1991, V Golia, mer cury vapor light (1 female); FL: Palm Beach Co., Defray Beach, Country Lake (on Military Trail), Feb. 28, 1992, V Golia, mercury vapor light (1 fe male); FL: Palm Beach Co., same locality, May 26, 1995, V Golia (1 female); FL: Palm Beach Co., same locality, Mar. 27, 1997, V Golia (1 female); FL: Palm Beach Co., same locality, Aug. 12,1997, V Golia (1 male). The last 2 specimens are now deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM).
Foreword: Civil Procedure and the Legal Profession

This Foreword introduces the papers of the 2011 Fordham Law Review symposium on Civil Procedure and the Legal Profession. The papers address a number of topics at the intersection of procedure and legal ethics, including sanctions, conflicts of interest, work product doctrine, evidence preservation, attorneys’ fees, class actions, and the duties of MDL leadership counsel. The Foreword introduces these papers and briefly reflects on the perspectives of proceduralists and ethicists.
Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis in an immunocompromised young adult

Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis is an acute onset disease characterised by ulceration, necrosis, pain and bleeding in gingival surfaces. It is predominantly seen in severely malnourished children and young adults with advanced HIV infection. We present a unique presentation in a young adult with high-grade osteogenic sarcoma.
Constrained inventory allocation

This paper shows how to allocate a limited supply of inventory in a centralized distribution system with multiple retailers subject to minimal supply commitments and maximum delivery limits for each retailer. The objective is to maximize the number of units sold by all retailers in one time period. The analysis is done by building on a classical result of Derman. The demand at each retailer is described by a probability density function and unsold portions of the supply lose their value at the end of the period.
What role does body mass index play in hospital admission rates from the pediatric emergency department

BackgroundThe primary objective of this study was to determine if children with abnormal body mass index (BMI) percentiles for age were admitted to the hospital from the emergency room at greater frequency than normal-weight children. This study also sought to evaluate what specific diagnoses both u
A New Resource for Effective Consumer Product Instructions: Manufacturer's Guide to Developing Consumer Product Instructions:

This paper describes a new resource for developing and evaluating consumer product instructions. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff, when conducting product safety assessments, often finds that the instructions provided with a product are deficient and result in consumers misassembling or misusing the product. Therefore, CPSC staff recently released the Manufacturer's Guide to Developing Consumer Product Instructions. This Guide is unique in providing a relatively comprehensive, yet compact, set of principles specifically addressing the development and evaluation of instructional material for consumer products. It has a strong human factors orientation. The approach to developing the document was based upon the behavioral sequence that must be accomplished if the final outcome is to be a change in product user behavior. The content, structure, and perspective of the Guide make it useful for human factors professionals in product design, safety research, and forensics, as well as for ...
Open-circuit voltage exceeding the outermost HOMO-LUMO offset in cascade organic solar cells

Abstract We demonstrate a planar organic solar cell with a four-layer cascade architecture that exhibits an open-circuit voltage (Voc) greater than the offset in energy between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the outermost donor and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the outermost acceptor. The device consists of a subphthalocyanine (SubPc)/fullerene (C60) heterojunction that is modified by inserting one or two additional donor layers between SubPc and the anode. We find that two-, three- and four-layer structures yield similar Voc (1.0 V, 0.91 V and 0.94 V, respectively), even though the outermost HOMO-LUMO offset decreases from 1.4 eV to 1.10 eV, and to 0.9 eV, respectively. Analysis of the turn-on voltage in dark provides further evidence that open-circuit voltage is not limited by the outermost HOMO-LUMO offset.
The Higher-stratum Structure of Cognitive Abilities: Current Evidence Supports g and About Ten Broad Factors

Publisher Summary This chapter considers three views about the higher-order structure of cognitive abilities and general cognitive ability, g factor—the classic view of Spearman, the view of Gustafsson and others, and the view of Horn. The chapter also analyzes sample data and arguments favoring or disfavoring each of these alternative views, to draw conclusions as to which of them is most nearly correct in terms of logical reasonableness and closeness of fit to a wide range of empirical data. The analysis concludes that the general factor g exists along with a series of second-order factors that measure broad special abilities. Special facts that should be considered, however, are that more and better tests of factor Gf are needed to establish this factor as linearly independent of factor g. It is recommended that estimates of scores on factor g should be based on multiple regression formulas for determining factor scores rather than simple weighted sums of scores
Los Angeles employment concentration in the 21st century

This paper is an empirical analysis of employment centres in the Los Angeles region from 1997 to 2014. Most extant work on employment centres focuses on identification methodology or their dynamics...
A review of computation of mathematically rigorous bounds on optima of linear programs

Linear program solvers sometimes fail to find a good approximation to the optimum value, without indicating possible failure. However, it may be important to know how close the value such solvers return is to an actual optimum, or even to obtain mathematically rigorous bounds on the optimum. In a seminal 2004 paper, Neumaier and Shcherbina, propose a method by which such rigorous lower bounds can be computed; we now have significant experience with this method. Here, we review the technique. We point out typographical errors in two formulas in the original publication, and illustrate their impact. Separately, implementers and practitioners can also easily make errors. To help implementers avoid such problems, we cite a technical report where we explain things to mind and where we present rigorous bounds corresponding to alternative formulations of the linear program.
Comparison of milk and plasma pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in postpartum versus mid-lactation Holstein cows.

The objective of this study reported here was determine whether differences occurred in meloxicam pharmacokinetics between postpartum cows and mid-lactation cows. Preliminary data from a separate study (P. J. Gorden, unpublished data) in postpartum cows demonstrated elevated plasma and milk concentration profiles compared to previously published data (Malreddy, Coetzee, KuKanich, & Gehring, ). Two different groups were enrolled, each with 10 cows. The treatment group (TRT) was postpartum cows treated with meloxicam, and the positive control (PC) group was cows in mid-lactation treated with meloxicam. Plasma and milk meloxicam concentrations between the TRT and PC group were compared. Significant differences in meloxicam concentration in plasma were determined at all time points from 8 hr to 120 hr post-treatment. In milk, there was a treatment (p = .003), time (p < .001), and treatment by time interaction (p < .001). Significant differences in milk meloxicam concentration were determined at all time points from 8 hr to 96 hr post-treatment, except for the 16-hr time point. The time needed for meloxicam to no longer be detected in milk of the TRT group was longer compared to the PC group, indicating that a longer milk withdrawal is needed. These data suggest higher bioavailability as the underlying mechanism. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms underlying differences this outcome.
Multi-Dimensional Upwind Fluctuation Splitting Scheme with Mesh Adaption for Hypersonic Viscous Flow

A multi-dimensional upwind fluctuation splitting scheme is developed and implemented for two-dimensional and axisymmetric formulations of the Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured meshes. Key features of the scheme are the compact stencil, full upwinding, and non-linear discretization which allow for second-order accuracy with enforced positivity. Throughout, the fluctuation splitting scheme is compared to a current state-of-the-art finite volume approach, a second-order, dual mesh upwind flux difference splitting scheme (DMFDSFV), and is shown to produce more accurate results using fewer computer resources for a wide range of test cases. A Blasius flat plate viscous validation case reveals a more accurate upsilon-velocity profile for fluctuation splitting, and the reduced artificial dissipation production is shown relative to DMFDSFV. Remarkably, the fluctuation splitting scheme shows grid converged skin friction coefficients with only five points in the boundary layer for this case. The second half of the report develops a local, compact, anisotropic unstructured mesh adaptation scheme in conjunction with the multi-dimensional upwind solver, exhibiting a characteristic alignment behavior for scalar problems. The adaptation strategy is extended to the two-dimensional and axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations of motion through the concept of fluctuation minimization.
Law, pregnancy and sport: what are the repercussions when a pregnant lady plays?

This article reflects on the issue of pregnancy and sport that was brought to the fore in Gardner v National Netball League (2001) 182 ALR 408; [2001] FMCA 50 and Gardner v All Australia Netball Association Ltd (2003) 174 FLR 452. It suggests that these cases did not provide a definitive discussion of the tortious liability implications that initially led Netball Australia to introduce a ban on pregnant players. In an attempt to fill some of these gaps, other case law that deals with liability of sporting organisations and prenatal injury is discussed. The article primarily focuses on whether the unborn child when born alive will have an action against her or his mother as a result of injury occasioned while the mother was playing sport when pregnant. This examination is undertaken in light of recent Australian tort reform as well as changes in policy direction. The article summarises the legal position of the parties involved in sport--sporting organisations, medical practitioners, other participants and the pregnant mother--and argues that, with reference to the guidelines and case law, in only a very small number of cases would liability be found against the sporting organisation or pregnant mother as a result of injuries incurred prenatally. Language: en
Ocular Surface Stem Cell Transplantation for Treatment of Keratitis-Ichthyosis-Deafness Syndrome.

Purpose To report our surgical experience with ocular surface stem cell transplantation (OSST) for limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) in the setting of keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome. Methods Retrospective interventional case series. Results We present 5 eyes of 3 patients with KID syndrome that developed LSCD and underwent OSST. Mean follow-up after OSST was 8.3 ± 4.3 years (range 3.4-11.4 years). Two eyes underwent living-related conjunctival limbal allograft (lr-CLAL), and 3 eyes were treated with keratolimbal allograft (KLAL). Four of the 5 eyes underwent subsequent keratoplasty. Both lr-CLAL eyes maintained a stable ocular surface at final follow-up. Conversely, all KLAL eyes developed a failed surface requiring repeat KLAL surgery. Because of multiple failed KLALs, 1 eye underwent placement of a keratoprosthesis. Conclusions KID syndrome is a rare cause of LSCD. Although OSST can stabilize the surface, long-term treatment of KID syndrome can be challenging. An lr-CLAL may offer further benefit over a KLAL in these eyes because it is HLA- and ABO-matched tissue; it also helps to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca, often a prominent feature of KID syndrome.
DUE-A: Data-driven Urban Energy Analytics for understanding relationships between building energy use and urban systems

Abstract Cities account for over 75% of all primary energy usage in the world with buildings making up the bulk of this usage. It is well acknowledged that the building energy usage is greatly impacted by urban context and thus understanding the relationships between building energy use and surrounding urban systems is critical for more energy efficient and holistic planning. This paper proposes a Data-driven Urban Energy Analytics (DUE-A) workflow to investigate and quantify the relationships between building energy usage and the spatial proximity of other urban systems. A case study of 530 buildings in a mid-size city in the Unites States is conducted to validate the performance of the workflow and demonstrate the statistical significance of relationships between building energy use and spatial proximity of other systems. Results show that spatial proximity of other buildings, roads and trees can have both positive and negative impacts on the mean, variability and distribution of building energy usage, and indicate that more holistic planning and design of cities could unlock urban energy efficiency and low-carbon municipal pathways.
Transient Expression of GATA3 in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Facilitates Helper Innate Lymphoid Cell Differentiation

Abstract Helper Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue resident lymphocytes that play a critical role in a number of biological processes. Several transcription factors are required for the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into ILCs. Recent studies demonstrate GATA3 as a transcriptional regulator that plays an essential role in ILC development. We aimed to modulate the differentiation of human cord blood-derived CD34+ cells into ILCs by transient and ectopic expression of mRNA encoding transcription factors known to be important for ILC lineage differentiation, including GATA3, TOX, NFIL3, ID2 and RORt. Using this experimental protocol, only GATA3 significantly modulated HSCs to differentiate into helper ILCs. Transient overexpression of GATA3 drove the emergence of CD34+α4β7+ early ILC progenitors during the first few days of culture. These ILC progenitors further acquired IL-7Rα and CD117 to give rise to immediate ILC precursors. In support of these findings, analysis of the genes induced by GATA3 in HSCs showed an upregulation of those associated with ILC development. Moreover, we show GATA3 also acts on more committed progenitors and significantly shifts the differentiation of progenitors away from the ILC1/NK lineage to the ILC2 and ILC3 lineage. In summary, transient overexpression of GATA3 mRNA in CD34+ HSCs enhances the differentiation of HSCs into the helper ILC lineages, at the expense of NK cell development.
Effects of feed intake and dietary level of wet corn gluten feed on feedlot performance, digestibility of nutrients, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing beef heifers.

The objective was to compare the relative energy value of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) to that of corn in a feedlot situation when diets were initially offered ad libitum (AL) or at restricted feed intake (RFI; 80% of AL). In a completely randomized block (pen location) design experiment, 144 beef heifers (204.1 +/- 18.2 kg) were used (six treatments; three pens of eight heifers/treatment). Treatments were levels of WCGF (on DM basis) in corn silage-based diets (AL; 25 or 50% WCGF) or high-moisture corn-based diets (RFI; 0, 25, 50, or 75% WCGF) during the growing phase (127 d). During finishing (84 d), all diets were offered AL and contained 5% corn silage by replacing corn silage with high-moisture corn in diets that were offered AL. Heifers that were initially at AL had similar (P > .1) feedlot performance (during growing and during the whole trial), digestibility of nutrients (OM, NDF, CP, and GE), and carcass characteristics. During finishing, however, these heifers had better (P = .06) ADG and gain:feed when 25% WCGF was fed. Heifers that were initially at RFI showed a linear decrease (P .1) digestibility of nutrients but it improved some carcass characteristics linearly, decreasing fat thickness (P = .04), liver abscess (P = .02), and yield grade (P = .13). Results suggest that WCGF can substitute up to 25 or 50% of dietary DM without negative effects on feedlot performance, digestibility of nutrients, or carcass characteristics. In addition, restricting feeding during growing may be strategy that improves the utilization of WCGF at these levels.
A Monte Carlo-based framework for assessing the value of information and development risk in geothermal exploration

Abstract The exploration and development of geothermal energy resources carries considerable financial risk. Due to the cost of drilling, there is often large uncertainty in the prediction of resource potential as well as challenges in optimizing well placement. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive Bayesian framework that accounts for high degrees of geologic uncertainty. Although Bayesian inference methods for prediction and uncertainty quantification are well-established, limitations exist, such as incorporating model realism and reducing the computational burden of simulating a large number of forward models. Using a case study problem, we demonstrate how to turn geologic understanding into a prior probability model for a basin-scale extensional geothermal system. We then use the proposed Bayesian framework, called Bayesian Evidential Learning, to generate posterior temperature predictions constrained to a temperature well without any explicit model inversion. In this approach, the relationship between data and prediction variables is learned by Canonical Correlation Analysis of a training set of models generated by Monte Carlo simulation. Sensitivity analysis results show that temperature in a geothermal target area is most sensitive to the bulk permeability of the basement and basin rock as well as the basal heat flux.
Text Recycling in STEM Research: An Exploratory Investigation of Expert and Novice Beliefs and Attitudes:

When writing journal articles, STEM researchers produce a number of other genres such as grant proposals and conference posters, and their articles routinely build directly on their own prior work....
Critical Mobility, a practical criterion and early indicator for regional COVID-19 resurgence

The sharp reduction of human mobility in March 2020, as observed by anonymized cellphone data, has played an important role in thwarting a runaway COVID-19 pandemic. As the world is reopening, the risks of new flare-ups are rising. We report a data-driven approach, grounded in strong correlation between mobility and growth in COVID-19 cases two weeks later, to establish a spatial-temporal model of "critical mobility" maps that separate relatively safe mobility levels from dangerous ones. The normalized difference between the current and critical mobility has predictive power for case trajectories during the "opening-up" phases. For instance, actual mobility has risen above critical mobility in many southern US counties by the end of May, foreshadowing the latest virus resurgence. Encouragingly, critical mobility has been rising throughout the USA, likely due to face mask-wearing and social distancing measures. However, critical mobility is still well below pre-COVID mobility levels in most of the country suggesting continued mobility-reduction is still necessary. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement No external funding. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Not applicable. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data used for this manuscript is in the public domain.