cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser acoustic emission thermal technique (LAETT): a technique for generating acoustic emission in dental composites.

Abstract Objectives . This study was designed to investigate a new method for generating interfacial debonding between the resin matrix and filler particles of dental composites. Methods . A pilot study was conducted to evaluate laser-induced acoustic emission in dental resins filled with varying quantities of particles. Model systems of 50/50 BisGMA/TEGDMA resin reinforced with 0, 25, and 75 wt% 5–10 μm silanated BaSiO 6 were analyzed. The sample size was 3.5 mm diameter ×0.25–0.28 mm thick. A continuous wave CO 2 laser (Synrad Infrared Gas Laser Model 48-1) was used to heat the composite samples. Acoustic events were detected, recorded, and processed by a model 4610 Smart Acoustic Monitor (SAM) with a 1220A preamp (Physical Acoustic Corp.) as a function of laser power. Results . Initially, the acoustic signal from the model composites produced a burst pattern characteristic of fracturing, about 3.7 watts laser power. Acoustic emission increased with laser power up to about 6 watts. At laser powers above 6 watts, the acoustic emission remained constant. The amount of acoustic emission followed the trend: unfilled resin>composite with 25 wt% BaSiO 6 >composite with 75 wt% BaSiO 6 . Significance . Acoustic emission generated by laser thermal heating is dependent on the weight percent of filler particles in the composite and the amount of laser power. For this reason, laser thermal acoustic emission might be useful as a nondestructive form of analysis of dental composites.
Raman Spectra from Sulfur Dioxide

In view of the increasing interest which is being shown in the spectra of polyatomic molecules, we desire to report the results of some Raman effect measurements on sulfur dioxide. The material used was taken from a commercial tank; it was passed over phosphorous pentoxide to dry it and then condensed in a heavy walled Pyrex glass tube 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long. During the condensation care was taken to exclude moisture; but no further purification than drying was considered to be necessary since the commercial product is ordinarily much better than 99 percent pure. When this glass tube was nearly filled with liquid, it was sealed off and subsequently used for the light-scattering experiments.
ENZYMATICALLY AND CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ZEIN FOR IMPROVEMENT OF FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Limited specific hydrolysis of zein by trypsin was used to produce 1.42%, 1.70%, and 1.87% hydrolysates (percentage of peptide bonds cleaved), containing three to four polypeptides (by Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC)) ranging in size from ∼16,000 to 3,500 daltons. The mixtures of polypeptides had substantially increased solubilities at pH below 11, including at the isoelectric point of zein (pH 6–7). In general, the emulsifying activity index was less for the hydrolysates than for native zein; the emulsion stability was higher for the 1.70% hydrolysate than was the emulsion of native zein only at pH above 8. At lower pHs, the stability of the emulsions was similar for all samples. The foamability (% overrun) of the hydrolysates was higher than for native zein; the foam stability was higher for the 1.87% hydrolysate than for the other hydrolysates. Phosphorylation and deamidation of the hydrolysates markedly increased the water solubility in the pH range from 4 to 10. Chemical modification of the native zein improved the solubility at pH 2 to 9 after phosphorylation and pH 6 to 11 after deamidation as compared to the native protein. In general, the emulsifying activity index, as well as its stability, was less for the phosphorylated and deamidated hydrolysates than for native zein but the emulsifying activity index of deamidated native zein was higher at pH 7 to 11. Foaming activity and stability of chemically modified hydrolysates were similar to the 1.87% hydrolysate.
Reduction of interferon-gamma as a critical mechanism by which ultraviolet radiation prevents tumor rejection.

— Mice irradiated with UVB, unlike nonirradiated mice, are highly susceptible to syngeneic, immunogenic tumors induced by UVB irradiation or by chemicals. We postulated that UV induced susceptibility to immunogenic tumors results from a reduction in host capacity to generate an interferon (IFN)-γ immune response to tumor antigens. Shaved BALB/c mice were exposed to 6 × 105 J m-2 of UVB radiation delivered intermittently over 12 weeks. The UVB-irradiated and nonirradiated mice received intradermal injections of UVM12 or BP2 tumor cells. After 0, 1.5, 3, 7 or 21 days, draining lymph nodes were excised. Lymph node cells were incubated with UVM12 or BP2 cells that had received 2.5 Gy of γ-radiation. After 48 h in culture, supernatants were analyzed for IFN-γ content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cellular RNA was extracted for mRNA detection by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. At 7 days after tumor injection, draining lymph node cells from nonirradiated control mice secreted significant levels of IFN-γ and contained at least 0.0729 amol of IFN-γ mRNA/μg cDNA upon in vitro exposure to γ-irradiated tumor cells. Draining lymph node cells removed from UV-irradiated mice contained only 18% as much IFN-γ mRNA and secreted little or no IFN-γ when exposed to γ-irradiated tumor cells. A single injection of antibody directed against murine IFN-γ rendered normal mice as susceptible as UV-irradiated mice to BP2 tumor cells. Thus, chronic UV irradiation leads to an inability of host tumor draining lymph node cells to mount an IFN-γ response to tumor antigens. Reduced levels of IFN-γ at the time of early exposure to tumor antigens can lead to tumor susceptibility and can account for the inability of UV-irradiated mice to reject antigenic tumors.
Perinatal Hospice: Compassionate and Comprehensive Care for Families with Lethal Prenatal Diagnosis:

Abstract When the diagnosis of a lethal anomaly has been established, many patients will choose to continue to their pregnancy. Until recently, there has been a lack of medical literature addressing the specific management of the families who find themselves in this unique situation. Since 1996, we have proposed a model of care that involves the strength of prenatal diagnosis, perinatal grief management, and hospice care to address the needs of these families. This article describes how to identify patients who benefit from this care; the multidisciplinary team approach; and the aspects of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care. The literature to date is discussed, and barriers to implementation described.
Somatostatin binding to pituitary plasma membranes.

Abstract A method has been developed for the study of somatostatin binding to anterior pituitary plasma membranes. When 5×10 −9 M [ 125 I]Tyr 1 -somatostatin (SA 18 Ci/mmol) was incubated with isolated pituitary plasma membranes (protein = 100 μg), 13.6% of total radioactivity was bound excluding nonspecific binding. The Scatchard plot could be resolved into two distinct components and analyzed to yield: K 1 diss = 3.3×10 −8 M and K 2 diss = 7.7×10 −6 M. This binding was shown to be specific for somatostatin.
Beginning Teachers and the Emotional Drama of the Classroom

As a teacher educator, the author believes that he must prepare teachers to go forth into schools with a deep understanding of the subjects they will teach, an appreciation for how students learn, and a repertoire of instructional strategies that will help them make learning come alive for their students. As they develop these skills, they must simultaneously work on resolving four inescapable challenges: First, they have to figure out what it means to be a novice. Second, although teaching is intellectually challenging, it is also chock full of emotional drama. How students negotiate the emotional terrain of teaching is a critical element of their experience. Third, the author thinks about how a primary challenge for teachers is to secure the genuine attention of students. Fourth, the author considers what it means for young teachers to take care of their health and spirit amid the stress that marks the 1st year of teaching.
Genetic model for longitudinal studies of aging, health, and longevity and its potential application to incomplete data

Many longitudinal studies of aging collect genetic information only for a sub-sample of participants of the study. These data also do not include recent findings, new ideas and methodological concepts developed by distinct groups of researchers. The formal statistical analyses of genetic data ignore this additional information and therefore cannot utilize the entire research potential of the data. In this paper, we present a stochastic model for studying such longitudinal data in joint analyses of genetic and non-genetic sub-samples. The model incorporates several major concepts of aging known to date and usually studied independently. These include age-specific physiological norms, allostasis and allostatic load, stochasticity, and decline in stress resistance and adaptive capacity with age. The approach allows for studying all these concepts in their mutual connection, even if respective mechanisms are not directly measured in data (which is typical for longitudinal data available to date). The model takes into account dependence of longitudinal indices and hazard rates on genetic markers and permits evaluation of all these characteristics for carriers of different alleles (genotypes) to address questions concerning genetic influence on aging-related characteristics. The method is based on extracting genetic information from the entire sample of longitudinal data consisting of genetic and non-genetic sub-samples. Thus it results in a substantial increase in the accuracy of statistical estimates of genetic parameters compared to methods that use only information from a genetic sub-sample. Such an increase is achieved without collecting additional genetic data. Simulation studies illustrate the increase in the accuracy in different scenarios for datasets structurally similar to the Framingham Heart Study. Possible applications of the model and its further generalizations are discussed.
It Ain’t Necessarily So: An Essay Review of Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives*

Nature exhibits a rich variety of adaptations. Cells contain complex biomolecular structures, such as proteins, that are exquisitely adapted to perform specific biological functions. Evolutionary biology explains how biomolecular structures evolve. Intelligent design creationists reject evolutionary explanations. They want to believe that all adaptations in nature are the handiwork of God. Their critics aver that “it ain’t necessarily so.” The anthology under review is an excellent display of the issues between intelligent design creationists and their critics. I agree with the critics.
Macrophage expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as a prognostic indicator in colon cancer

Recent research has indicated that separate populations of macrophages are associated with differing outcomes in cancer survival. In our study, we examine macrophage expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and its effect on survival in colon cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis on colorectal adenocarcinomas confirmed macrophage expression of TRAP. Co-localization of TRAP with CD68, a pan-macrophage marker, revealed that TRAP is present in some but not all sub-populations of macrophages. Further co-localization of TRAP with CD163, an M2 marker, revealed that TRAP is expressed by both M2 and non-M2 macrophages. TRAP expression was then measured using the AQUA method of quantitative immunofluorescence in a tissue microarray consisting of 233 colorectal cancer patients seen at Yale-New Haven Hospital. Survival analysis revealed that patients with high TRAP expression have a 22 % increase in 5-year survival (uncorrected log-rank p = 0.025) and a 47 % risk reduction in disease-specific death (p = 0.02). This finding was validated in a second cohort of older cases consisting of 505 colorectal cancer patients. Patients with high TRAP expression in the validation set had a 19 % increase in 5-year survival (log-rank p = 0.0041) and a 52 % risk reduction in death (p = 0.0019). These results provide evidence that macrophage expression of TRAP is associated with improved outcome and implicates TRAP as a potential biomarker in colon cancer.
The Effects of Gaussian Interference on Communication Systemswith Adaptive Arrays

The performance of a bandlimited binary phase-shift-keyed (BPSK) communication system is examined when the received BPSK signal is corrupted by both thermal noise and a directional Gaussian noise interfering signal. The system uses an LMS adaptive array to suppress this interference. The effects of signal power levels, arrival angles, bandwidths, and the array bandwidth are examined. The performance of a system that uses tapped delay lines for the array weights is also examined. It is shown that the performance of a system with tapped delay lines is not affected by the interference bandwidth for a single interferer.
Incidental trichinellosis of strap muscle identified after thyroglossal duct cyst excision.

OBJECTIVES (1) Present a unique case of a thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) excised for recurrent infections with Trichinella spiralis in adjacent strap muscle; (2) review the literature regarding the diagnosis and treatment of subclinical trichinellosis of the head and neck. STUDY DESIGN Case report and literature review. METHODS Case report and literature review. RESULTS We present the case of a male immigrant who suffered from recurrent midline neck infections due to aTGDC. The patient underwent an uneventful Sistrunk procedure. Histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed a chronically infected TGDC as well as remnants of skeletal muscle adjacent to the cyst containing nematode larvae, positively identified as Trichinella spiralis. The patient was subsequently evaluated by an infectious disease specialist and required no further treatment for his parasitic infection. DISCUSSION The presence of nematode infections in developed countries is rare today given improved hygiene practices and control of meat quality. We present a unique case of incidentally noted Trichinella spiralis infection of the head and neck. To our knowledge, this is the first described case of trichinellosis of strap muscle adjacent to an excised TGDC and furthermore highlights the rarity of Trichinella spiralis infections of the head and neck. CONCLUSIONS Trichinella spiralis may exist subclinically in a variety of human tissues including neck muscles.
Effect of Enzyme Deactivation on Substrate Conversion in Fixed‐ and Fluid‐Bed Reactors Influence of Enzyme Microheterogeneity

Une etude comparative de la desactivation par la chaleur de la glucose oxydase (libre ou immobilisee) est entreprise. Un modele theorique decrivant son comportement est propose, prenant en consideration la microheterogeneite des enzymes dans les reacteurs a lit fixe ou a lit fluidise
Effect of progesterone on human corticosteroid 21-hydroxylation.

Progesterone inhibits the 21-hydroxylation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone by human adrenal cortex microsomes. The possible light this finding may shed on the genetic condition, the ‘adrenogenital syndrome’ is discussed.Km and Vmax data for the above hydroxylation reaction are given.
Rational or reckless? Georgia's zugzwang in the Caucasus

Although the 2008 Russian-Georgian war was a military defeat for Georgia, it has only reinforced Georgia's westward trajectory. One noteworthy difference from Georgia's pre-war policy is a new regional strategy – the North Caucasus Initiative – that seeks to create a soft power alternative to Russia's military dominance in the region. We suggest that this approach is rational rather than reckless, as some critics have claimed. It represents a carefully calculated strategy that is already benefiting Georgia and from which all concerned parties, including Russia, stand to gain. If the South and North Caucasus were more open and less divided – a direction in which this new initiative appears to point – the Caucasus could become more prosperous and more stable. That would serve Russia's long-term interest by significantly reducing the cost of subsidies to sustain and stabilize the volatile region.
Faster construction of planar two-centers

Author(s): Eppstein, David | Abstract: Improving on a recent breakthrough of Sharir, we show how to find two circular disks of minimum radius covering a set of points in the Euclidean plane, in randomized expected time O(n log^2 n).
Silver halide gelatin spatial frequency response.

Etude de la reponse aux frequences spatiales d'un materiau d'enregistrement holographique (halogenure d'argent) pour la fabrication de composants optiques holographiques a haut rendement et a faible bruit
Chemical processes in the chemical mechanical polishing of copper

The mechanisms by which removal and planarization occur during the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of copper, used for pattern delineation in a multilevel metallization scheme, are investigated in this paper. We propose that removal occurs as mechanical abrasion of the surface followed by chemical dissolution of the abraded species. Planarization is achieved by the use of a rigid polishing pad that provides mechanical abrasion only to the high areas on the copper surface and by the formation of a surface layer on the copper during polishing to prevent dissolution of copper in the low areas. Fundamentals of electrochemistry are used to explain and predict both the dissolution of copper and the formation of a surface layer in the CMP slurry. Examples of polishing slurries are presented to demonstrate our hypotheses, including a complexing agent (ammonia) plus oxidizer (ferricyanide ion or nitrate ion) slurry and an oxidizing acid (nitric acid) plus corrosion inhibitor (benzotriazole) slurry. Finally, the mechanisms used to explain the CMP of copper are used to explain anomalous behavior during the CMP of titanium, in which the presence of copper ions in the polish slurry accelerates the polish rate of titanium. Titanium is used as a diffusion barrier and adhesion promoter for copper.
Altered invertebrate nerve function after chronic exposure to low concentrations of alcohol.

Previous studies of direct alcohol toxicity on nerve tissue have been carried out using acute, extremely high doses of alcohol. Chronic administration of 20 mM ethanol to the mollusc Aplysia californica was achieved by adding ethanol to surrounding seawater. Although the animals appeared healthy, isolated ganglion cells from treated animals had significantly decreased mean action potential amplitudes and prolonged mean action potential durations compared to controls. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to a low concentration of ethanol comparable to that producing drunke-ness in humans may have a direct toxic effect on invertebrate nerve tissue.
Fossil Penguin from the Late Cenozoic of South Africa

Spheniscus predemersus, new species, from the late Pliocene of Langebaanweg, Cape Province, is the first fossil penguin to be described from Africa. It is closely related and possibly ancestral to the living species, Spheniscus demnersus, of southern and southwestern Africa.
Wordshape errors in language production.

Errors in natural speech that crucially involve the shape of the target word, i.e. interact in some way with the number of consonants and vowels in the word and their relative positioning, are examined in detail. It is shown that context highly constrains the rate of such errors. The data implicate a distinction between a segment level that encodes fine phonemic distinctions and a wordshape level with a course encoding. Implications for the representation of language and cognitive processing in language production are explored.
Flow and chemical contributions to streamflow in an upland watershed : a baseflow survey

Abstract We sampled an east-central Pennsylvania watershed to investigate controls on baseflow and the associated water quality in the upland agricultural watershed setting. Tributaries and upgradient reaches of two main streams exhibited increasing flow from influent groundwater, but rates of increase were different depending on topographic position. Approximately midway through the watershed, the main streams showed loss of flow to groundwater, but reverted to gaining conditions near the watershed outlet, a zone of groundwater discharge. Tributaries draining a forested ridge exhibited low ionic concentrations, while those originating within agricultural areas exhibited higher concentrations of all ions, including NO 3 -N upto 20 mg l −1 . These concentrations represent drainage from a surficial aquifer with water quality affected by overlying land use. From midway down the main streams to the watershed outlet, baseflow exhibited stable and moderate chemical concentrations; Ca, Mg, SO 4 , Cl, NO 3 , and HCO 3 were the dominant ions, and NO 3 -N concentrations were about 5 mg l −1 . A simple model was developed to explain nitrate concentrations within baseflow. It showed that nitrate was predictable down to the subwatershed scale based on percentage of major land use categories.
An RNAi screen identifies genes that regulate GABA synapses

GABA synapses play a critical role in many aspects of circuit development and function. For example, conditions that perturb GABA transmission have been implicated in epilepsy. To identify genes that regulate GABA transmission, we performed an RNAi screen for genes whose inactivation increases the activity of C. elegans body muscles, which receive direct input from GABAergic motor neurons. We identified 90 genes, 21 of which were previously implicated in seizure syndromes, suggesting that this screen has effectively identified candidate genes for epilepsy. Electrophysiological recordings and imaging of excitatory and inhibitory synapses indicate that several genes alter muscle activity by selectively regulating GABA transmission. In particular, we identify two humoral pathways and several protein kinases that modulate GABA transmission but have little effect on excitatory transmission at cholinergic neuromuscular junctions. Our data suggest these conserved genes are components of signaling pathways that regulate GABA transmission and consequently may play a role in epilepsy and other cognitive or psychiatric disorders.
Myocardial contractile function during postischemic low-flow reperfusion: critical thresholds of NADH and O2 delivery.

The degree of myocardial oxygen delivery (Do2) that is necessary to reestablish functional contractile activity after short-term global ischemia in heart is not known. To determine the relationship...
Extending Graph Colorings

Suppose ?(G)=r and P?V(G). It is known that if the distance between any two vertices in P is at least 4, then any (r+1)-coloring of P extends to an (r+1)-coloring of all of G, but an r-coloring of P might not extend to an r-coloring of G. We show that if the distance between any two vertices in P is at least 3, then an (r+1)-coloring of P can be extended to a ?(3r+1)/2?-coloring of G. Kostochka showed that if P induces a set of k-cliques whose pairwise distance is at least 4k, then an (r+1)-coloring of P can be extended to an (r+1)-coloring of G. We give Kostochka's proof and more precise results concerning the distance required between precolored components. For example, we show that when k=r, there is a coloring extension provided the cliques have pairwise distance at least 3k. We relate the structure of the precolored components to the number of extra colors needed in a coloring extension theorem. We construct families of graphs to show that all of the above results are close to being best possible.
A crowdsourcing model for receiving design critique

Designers in many domains are increasingly turning to online communities to receive critiques of early design ideas. However, members of these communities may not contribute an effective critique due to limited skills, motivation, or time, and therefore many critiques may not go beyond "I (don't) like it". We propose a new approach for designers to receive online critique. Our approach is novel because it adopts a theoretical framework for effective critique and implements the framework on a popular crowdsourcing platform. Preliminary results show that our approach allows designers to acquire quality critiques in a timely manner that compare favorably with critiques produced from a well-known online community.
Disturbance Regimes and Life‐History Evolution

abstract: Disturbance regimes are ecologically important, but many of their evolutionary consequences are poorly understood. A model is developed here that combines the within‐ and among‐season dynamics of disturbances with evolutionary life‐history theory. “Disturbance regime” is defined in terms of disturbance timing, frequency, predictability, and severity. The model predicts the optimal body size and time at which organisms should abandon a disturbance‐prone growth habitat by maturing and moving to a disturbance‐free, nongrowth habitat. The effects of both coarse‐grained (those affecting the entire population synchronously) and fine‐grained disturbances (those occurring in a patch dynamics setting) are explored. Several predictions are congruent with previous theory. Infrequent or temporally unpredictable disturbances should have little effect on the evolution of life‐history strategies, even though they may cause high mortality. Similar to seasonal time constraints on reproduction, disturbance regime...
The Drosophila early ovarian transcriptome provides insight to the molecular causes of recombination rate variation across genomes

Evidence in yeast indicates that gene expression is correlated with recombination activity and double-strand break (DSB) formation in some hotspots. Studies of nucleosome occupancy in yeast and mice also suggest that open chromatin influences the formation of DSBs. In Drosophila melanogaster, high-resolution recombination maps show an excess of DSBs within annotated transcripts relative to intergenic sequences. The impact of active transcription on recombination landscapes, however, remains unexplored in a multicellular organism. We then investigated the transcription profile during early meiosis in D. melanogaster females to obtain a glimpse at the relevant transcriptional dynamics during DSB formation, and test the specific hypothesis that DSBs preferentially target transcriptionally active genomic regions. Our study of transcript profiles of early- and late-meiosis using mRNA-seq revealed, 1) significant differences in gene expression, 2) new genes and exons, 3) parent-of-origin effects on transcription in early-meiosis stages, and 4) a nonrandom genomic distribution of transcribed genes. Importantly, genomic regions that are more actively transcribed during early meiosis show higher rates of recombination, and we ruled out DSB preference for genic regions that are not transcribed. Our results provide evidence in a multicellular organism that transcription during the initial phases of meiosis increases the likelihood of DSB and give insight into the molecular determinants of recombination rate variation across the D. melanogaster genome. We propose that a model where variation in gene expression plays a role altering the recombination landscape across the genome could provide a molecular, heritable and plastic mechanism to observed patterns of recombination variation, from the high level of intra-specific variation to the known influence of environmental factors and stress conditions.
Interferometric studies of coherence in a powder laser

Abstract Longitudinal and transversal coherence in powder laser emission was studied using two different interferometric techniques. It has been shown that longitudinal coherence length in Nd0.5La0.5Al3(BO3)4 powder (ceramics) laser emission corresponds to 0.7 A linewidth. This value is in agreement with the results of direct spectroscopic linewidth measurements published in the literature. The transversal coherence has not been shown to be noticeable when the distance between two points on the emitting surface is equal to ≈85 μm. The possible explanation of the result obtained is discussed.
Moore's law and the energy requirement of computing versus performance

It has recently been recognised that speed, noise and energy dissipation are strongly interrelated entities. Following Moore's law of miniaturisation, at sizes below 40 nm, physics will impose fundamental and practical limits of performance by shrinking noise margin, increasing and quickening noise, and increasing power dissipation. It is important to locate the fundamental aspects of the problem, explore relevant practical problems and possible solutions, and investigate this situation, not only in microelectronics (CMOS etc.) but also in single-electron-transistor-based nanoelectronics and also in quantum informatics applications. The energy requirement of running classical and quantum logic gates is compared.
Data unification in personal information management

Users need ways to unify, simplify, and consolidate information too often fragmented by location, device, and software application.
Cellular interaction and chondrogenesis in vitro.

Abstract The elaboration of organized tissue structures by dissociated chondrocytes has been analyzed in vitro. Such tissue reconstruction involves not only synthesis of matrix components, but also the organization of matrix around the cells in lacunae. The expression of this tissue phenotype was favored when an initial inoculum of at least 106 cells per dish was grown in nutrient medium CMRL-1066 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. At the same density in Ham's F-10 or F-12 (as modified by Coon) with the same serum supplement, the cells produced less matrix; and the matrix produced was not organized around the cells. Growth on a collagen substrate did not alter the cells' response to the various media. However, the degree of differentiation in F-10 was enhanced by supplementing the medium with ascorbic acid. In clonal cultures (102 cells per dish) in CMRL-1066, well-differentiated colonies arose. The development of these colonies paralleled cultures inoculated with 106 cells. Cultures established at intermediate cell population densities in the same medium, however, developed large areas of cells not associated with organized metachromatic matrix. It is suggested that in CMRL-1066 cultures, chondrocytes not only proliferate, secrete, and organize matrix, but also degenerate like hypertrophied cartilage cells in vivo. Because the cells interact as a population but do not adapt to in vitro conditions, this culture system may be useful for studying the processes involved in the transition from the cellular to the tissue level of organization.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT: SOCIAL VERSUS ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES

Sustainable supply management research generally focuses on environmental practices. We show through an analysis of the food industry that sustainability requires an expanded view to encompass both environmental and social elements. We interviewed and surveyed food and beverage producers in the U.S. Pacific Northwest to both validate expanded sustainability elements in the industry and assess subsequent performance outcomes. A path analysis reveals that food industry managers perceive both direct and mediated impacts of sustainability programs on performance. Specifically, the results indicate that sustainability program effects are limited to the impact of conservation and land management environmental practices on overall environmental performance and human resources practices on quality performance. However, environmental performance improvements lead to improved quality performance, which in turn improves cost performance. The results highlight the complexity of sustainability impacts on performance and suggest that performance benefits from sustainability programs may be difficult to recognize.
Modelling Chlamydia–koala interactions: coexistence, population dynamics and conservation implications

1. Considerable research has been conducted on koala Phascolarctos cinereus population dynamics and the epidemiology of Chlamydia psittaci infection in koalas, but the impact of Chlamydia on koala populations has been difficult to assess. 2. I developed a model of koala and Chlamydia population dynamics to examine interactions between Chlamydia transmission and pathogenicity, koala mating behaviour and demography, and koala population persistence. 3. Simulations based on sexual and parent–offspring parasite transmission demonstrate that stable Chlamydia–koala coexistence is possible in a small population for a broad range of demographic, behavioural, pathogenicity and transmission parameter estimations. Koala population persistence was most sensitive to reduced annual survivorship of adults (4–10-year-old males and 2–12-year-old females), highlighting the need for accurate field estimates of adult survivorship in order to assess Chlamydia’s impact on specific populations. 4. If koalas become less resistant to disease in fragmented, high-stress habitats (i.e. experience increased Chlamydia-induced mortality and sterility rates), Chlamydia is not predicted to cause koala extinctions under most conditions. Extinctions are only predicted if Chlamydia transmission rates also increase (e.g. due to new transmission pathways or increased mating frequency), or other non-disease factors change birth and mortality rates to reduce the koala population’s intrinsic rate of increase below 0·1. 5. The most important predicted effect of habitat fragmentation and other forms of human disturbance on this unique host–parasite relationship is the extinction of Chlamydia in populations where koala resistance to disease decreases.
Captopril prevents myosin light chain phosphatase isoform switching to preserve normal cGMP-mediated vasodilatation.

Abstract Congestive heart failure (CHF) is characterized by abnormal vasoconstriction and an impairment in nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilatation. We have previously demonstrated that the decrease in sensitivity to NO lies at least partially at the level of the smooth muscle and is due to a reduction in the relative expression of the leucine zipper positive (LZ + ) isoform of the myosin targeting subunit (MYPT1) of myosin light chain phosphatase. We hypothesized that since the attenuated vasodilatory response to NO in CHF has been shown to be secondary to an increased activity of the renin–angiotensin system, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition could affect MYPT1 isoform expression. To test this hypothesis, a rat myocardial infarction (MI) model of CHF was used; following left coronary artery ligation, rats were divided into control and captopril-treated groups. A third group of rats was given prazosin for 4 weeks. In the untreated control group, left ventricular function (LVF) was reduced at 2 weeks post-MI and remained at this level. Captopril treatment attenuated the fall in LVF. In the control aorta and iliac artery, the expression of the LZ + MYPT1 isoform fell 44–52% between 2 and 4 weeks post-MI, whereas in animals treated with captopril, MYPT1 isoform expression did not change. A decrease in the sensitivity to cGMP-mediated smooth muscle relaxation occurred coincident with the decrease in LZ + MYPT1 expression. The change in LZ + MYPT1 expression was not due to the decrease in afterload, as prazosin therapy produced an improvement in LVF but did not increase the relative expression of LZ + MYPT1 isoform. These data suggest that ACE inhibition, unique from pure afterload reduction, prevents MYPT1 isoform switching, which would preserve normal flow, or NO-mediated vasodilatation.
Effects of expected vs. unexpected proximal US preexposure on taste-aversion learning

Animals were first conditioned to expect lithium treatment following exposure to one taste solution (the CS+) and to expect no drug treatment following exposure to another flavor (the CS−). All subjects then received a saccharin taste-aversion conditioning trial. In Experiment 1, this conditioning trial was preceded 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 h earlier by exposure to the CS+ flavor for independent groups. The CS+ exposure attenuated saccharin aversion learning if it occurred immediately before the saccharin conditioning trial but not if it occurred 1 h or more before conditioning. In Experiment 2, the saccharin conditioning trial was preceded 3 or 4.5 h earlier by a lithium injection. This proximal US preexposure injection was either unannounced (Li) or preceded by exposure to the CS+ (CS+Li) or the CS− (CS−Li) stimuli. The US preexposure attenuated saccharin aversion learning in all cases. However, the interference effect was less when the preexposure injection was expected (CS+Li) than when it was unexpected (CS−Li). This outcome could not be explained in terms of direct effects of the CS+ and CS− stimuli on the saccharin conditioning trial, and shows that the proximal US preexposure effect is a function of not only the drug dosage and preexposure interval, but also the anticipation of the drug pretreatment.
Establishing a beachhead: A stochastic population model with an Allee effect applied to species invasion

We formulated a spatially explicit stochastic population model with an Allee effect in order to explore how invasive species may become established. In our model, we varied the degree of migration between local populations and used an Allee effect with variable birth and death rates. Because of the stochastic component, population sizes below the Allee effect threshold may still have a positive probability for successful invasion. The larger the network of populations, the greater the probability of an invasion occurring when initial population sizes are close to or above the Allee threshold. Furthermore, if migration rates are low, one or more than one patch may be successfully invaded, while if migration rates are high all patches are invaded.
Women's Work, Men's Work: Gender, Labor Organization, and Technology Acquisition in a Oaxacan Village

Research undertaken in the Oaxacan (Mexican) indigenous community of Santa Cruz indicates that gender differences in technology acquisition derive in part from locally unique gendered patterns of labor participation. Previous studies have identified constraints on women's adoption of technology which stem from women's relative resource poverty and mode of insertion into the labor process. In the present comparative gender analysis labor-process theory is extended to argue that Santa Cruz men's engagement with communal labor (from which women are spatially and socially excluded) provides men with: (1) gender-specific sociocultural tools transferable to value-added-commodity production, and (2) a social space for discourse on labor-organization technology. Santa Cruz women's (socially constructed) involvement with household production, by contrast, isolates women, fragmenting the social space necessary for reworking labor-organization technologies. Women, however, contest men's advantages: the social organi...
Complete Genome Sequence of Clostridium clariflavum DSM 19732

Clostridium clariflavum is a Cluster III Clostridium within the family Clostridiaceae isolated from thermophilic anaerobic sludge (Shiratori et al, 2009). This species is of interest because of its similarity to the model cellulolytic organism Clostridium thermocellum and for the ability of environmental isolates to break down cellulose and hemicellulose. Here we describe features of the 4,897,678 bp long genome and its annotation, consisting of 4,131 protein-coding and 98 RNA genes, for the type strain DSM 19732.
Telepsychology: Research and Practice Overview

There are significant workforce shortages for psychologists with expertise in evidence-supported therapies with children, particularly in nonmetropolitan areas. Telepsychology, or psychology services delivered by real-time videoconferencing, helps bridge this access gap. This article first reviews the telepsychology literature and then builds on early telepsychology guidance for the current practice environment. The practicalities of telepsychology implementation and the lessons drawn from the more well-established telepsychiatry practice are described. The authors also provide an update to pioneering interdisciplinary telehealth principles presented a decade ago.
Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in the ICU: A Measure of Autonomic Function

Beat-to-beat heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of autonomic nervous system activity, which can be quantified using frequency domain analysis. Despite its potential utility, routine serial analysis of HRV in an ICU setting has rarely been attempted. We have developed an automated system for real-time spectral analysis of HRV and have utilized this system to study the effect of alterations in HRV on mortality in a surgical ICU population. HRV measurements were performed every 6 hr on all patients in the ICU. Total spectral power in the variability signal (TP, a measure of overall autonomic activity) and the ratio of high frequency to low frequency components (HF/LF ratio, a measure of parasympathetic/sympathetic balance) were calculated. Over a 6-month period 7994 automated HRV measurements were made in 742 patients. Both low TP (low autonomic tone) and high HF/LF ratio (relative lack of sympathetic tone) were associated with increased mortality. A low HF/LF ratio (relatively high sympathetic tone) was associated with increased survival, especially in patients with low autonomic tone. We conclude that serial spectral analysis of HRV is practical in an ICU setting and that HRV parameters appear to be a clinically relevant indication of autonomic activity. Low sympathetic tone and vagal predominance are associated with increased mortality, while sympathetic predominance favors survival. Monitoring of HRV parameters has the potential to detect physiologic deterioration or response to therapy.
Complementary in situ reactivity of isomeric dipyridylamide precursors and its effect on dimensionality of cadmium 5-nitroisophthalate coordination polymers

Abstract Hydrothermal treatment of cadmium nitrate, 5-nitroisophthalic acid (H2nip) and one of two isomeric dipyridylamides resulted in coordination polymer crystalline solids that manifested different in situ reactivity and dimensionality, as ascertained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Hydrolysis of 3-pyridylisonicotinamide (3-pina) afforded the 3-aminopyridine (3-ampyr) ligands observed in the 1-D ladder polymer {[Cd(nip)(3-ampyr)(H2O)]⋅2H2O}n (1). Conversely, hydrolysis of the isomeric precursor 3-pyridylnicotinamide (3-pna) generated the monoanionic nicotinate ligands in the 2-D coordination polymer [Cd2(nip)(nic)2(H2O)2]n (2). Compound 2 displays {Cd2(OCO)2} eight-membered ring dimeric units linked into (6,3) graphite-type slab motifs. Luminescent properties of these two new materials are also presented.
Activation of protein kinase C by crocidolite asbestos in hamster tracheal epithelial cells

To determine the mechanisms of cell signalling by asbestos in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) was examined in hamster tracheal epithelial (HTE) cells exposed to mitogenic concentrations of crocidolite asbestos. In the histone phosphorylation assay, asbestos significantly increased activity of PKC associated with the membrane fraction of HTE cells. However, in contrast to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, which caused redistribution of almost all PKC activity from the cytosolic to the membrane fraction, the majority of the PKC activity was associated with the cytosolic fraction at all time periods examined. Asbestos did not inhibit binding of [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate to intact HTE cells, whereas binding was inhibited by the phorbol compounds phorbol dibutyrate and phorbol dibenzoate. Thus, crocidolite-induced activation of PKC does not appear to be mediated through the same mechanism as classical phorbol ester tumor promoters, compounds which activate PKC by structurally resembling diacylglycerol.
Effects of exercise on male copulatory behavior after β-adrenoreceptor blockade

Abstract Chronic activity-wheel running enhances male copulation and is associated with brain noradrenergic adaptations that may be modulated by the neuropeptide galanin (GAL). When injected into the medial pre-optic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus, norepinephrine facilitates, and the β-adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol inhibits, male copulation. The present experiment tested whether chronic exercise mitigates copulatory decrements induced by adrenergic blockade in the MPOA. It was hypothesized that 3 weeks of activity-wheel running would (1) reverse deficits in male copulatory performance and (2) increase GAL mRNA in the MPOA after β-adrenoreceptor blockade with propranolol. Materials and methods Long–Evans male rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: sedentary/propranolol, activity-wheel/propranolol, and home-cage control. Animals were chronically administered propranolol in saline vehicle (6 μm/day) via an osmotic mini-pump connected to a cannula implanted into the third ventricle. After 3 weeks of activity-wheel running, rats underwent copulatory testing. After rapid decapitation 24 h later, rat brains were analyzed utilizing in situ hybridization histochemistry for GAL mRNA in the MPOA. Results Chronic exercise mitigated reductions in the percentage of males that intromitted and ejaculated after propranolol treatment, but there was no effect of exercise on GAL mRNA. Conclusion The findings are consistent with noradrenergic adaptations in the MPOA that facilitate male copulation after wheel running independently of GAL mRNA expression.
Assistive technologies in the home.

Assistive technologies are critical to elders maintaining independence in the home. Adequate assessment of the patient's needs, the appropriateness of the device that need, and the patient's motivation to use of a device is required for successful outcomes. A team approach is needed to ensure that devices are correctly prescribed, and the patient is taught how to use it effectively. A wide range of devices is available to support activities of daily living, mobility, home management, and safety. The use of personal computers is significantly expanding the possibility of independent living through support systems, monitoring systems, and information resources.