cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Economic Pressure on Parent Positivity, Parenting, and Adolescent Positivity into Emerging Adulthood

The current study describes how positivity can be incorporated into the Family Stress Model to explain resilience to disrupted family processes in the face of economic distress. Prospective, longitudinal data came from 451 mothers, fathers, and youth participating from their adolescence through early adulthood. Assessments included observational and self-report measures. Information regarding economic pressure, parental positivity, and parenting were collected during early adolescence, positivity was collected in late adolescence and emerging adulthood. Results indicated that economic pressure was indirectly associated with adolescent positivity through parental positivity. Economic pressure was negatively associated with parent positivity, whereas parental positivity was positively associated with parenting. Moreover, parental positivity and parenting were both related to positivity in adolescence. Results suggest that personal resources linked to a positive outlook can foster nurturant parenting, even in times of economic strain. Such parenting seems to positively influence adolescent development into emerging adulthood.
What other anomalies? Failure to wean post ventricular septal defect repair secondary to anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery

Summary A six week old infant underwent ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect closure. Preoperative echocardiography showed evidence of pulmonary hypertension. The post operative course was complicated failure to wean from ventilatory and inotropic support. Echocardiography showed severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and suggested some fistulous drainage of the left coronary artery into the right pulmonary artery; this anomalous drainage of the left coronary artery into the right pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) was confirmed with coronary angiogram. Re-implantation of the left coronary artery into the aorta was performed. Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was required to allow time for ventricular recovery. Supports were weaned gradually, with concurrent evidence of LV recovery and the child was discharged on postoperative day 30. ALCAPA is rare and typically presents at 8 weeks of age with symptoms of heart failure, as pulmonary pressure falls leading to myocardial ischaemia due to myocardial hypoperfusion with relatively desaturated blood. In our case the pulmonary hypertension and left to right shunt preoperatively were protective, maintaining forward flow of relatively oxygenated blood. While protective to the myocardium this made the preoperative diagnosis of ALCAPA difficult, as there was no flow reversal on Doppler echocardiography. Closure of the septal defects meant this protective effect was lost, with subsequent severe myocardial ischaemia and heart failure. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of ALCAPA, the ‘protective’ effects of pulmonary hypertension with ALCAPA, and the importance of early cardiac catheterization in the setting of unexplained failure to wean post cardiac surgery.
Synoptic weather patterns associated with intense ENSO rainfall in the southwest United States

[1] La Nina winters exhibit significant local enhancement of heavy rainfall in the southwest United States, relative to El Nino. This contrasts with average daily rainfall intensity, which is instead increased during El Nino winters. The present study explores the relationship between heavy rainfall and associated atmospheric circulation patterns. Using composite analysis, we find that heavy rainfall events in the southwest arise from the presence of a persistent offshore trough and simultaneous emplacement of a strong source of subtropical water vapor. Greater intensity of these storms during La Nina is consistent with a deeper offshore trough leading to strengthened moisture fluxes. Composite circulation patterns survive amongst a large degree of synoptic variability, highlighting the importance of understanding this variability when making regional climate predictions.
Time resolved direct probing of the change in the local solvent response following excitation of a solute.

The change in the low frequency (0.1 − 500 cm−1) non-resonant Raman response following excitation of a dye molecule in solution has been measured as a function of time after resonant excitation of a solute using a two-dimensional mixed resonant, non-resonant time domain spectroscopy. This method provides a direct measurement of the change in the spectrum of the local environment as a dynamic event proceeds in a Condensed phase.
Saunter: A Conversation with Henry David Thoreau

Every day I walk the network of trails that wind through the woods of our Michigan farm. This morning I will walk the boundary trail, which follows our land's periphery. Before leaving, I dig out and drop on the table a wad of twenty jangling gold and silver keys?to two cars, the farmhouse, my office, the shed, the garage, the bike locks, the copy room, and who knows what else. Then I pull out a billfold bulging with plastic: Visa and Master and atm and phone and gift and health insurance cards and licenses and photo IDs. The cash slot is stuffed with receipts and coupons and blank checks, four one-dollar bills, and an individually wrapped Earl Grey tea bag. Why is this small act, this emptying, so satisfying? And why do I sometimes carry my keys and billfold when I go walking in the woods? Do I imagine I will find a hidden lockbox in the buggy tangle, or a new cash station in the beaver dam near the oxbow? I walk out of the farmhouse, cross the creek, and soon reach the meadow where I'm lured by the warm sun to sit in the grass. I notice a dimple in the ground behind me, about the size and depth of an Italian plum split in half. With my eyes four inches away I can see a sparkling prism of sticky dew beads: a sheet web (which if actually a sheet would only bed down a small grasshopper). A spider with a head and body like two saffron grains of sand waits on the rainbow of light it has built, listening for prey with all eight legs. Two black ants walking in different directions over the lovely trap on the stable bridge of a green blade of grass have just enough room to pass without pushing the other off. Since the ants don't stop to investigate with their antennae (parts of which serve as both their noses and fingertips), they seem oblivious to the debacle that looms below them. Ah, the tiny life of the tiny ant?no anxiety, or ignorance, or heroism?just food and reproduction and the chemi cals that drive them toward it. How much simpler can a life get?
Galactose Transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae I. Nonmetabolized Sugars as Substrates and Inducers of the Galactose Transport System

The inducible galactose transport system in bakers9 yeast carries out the facilitated diffusion of the nonmetabolized galactose analogues d-fucose and l-arabinose. This capacity depends on the activity of the Ga 2 gene. In some strains, d-fucose and l-arabinose are also gratuitous inducers. Mutants in which the inducibility of the galactose pathway enzymes is altered show a parallel alteration of the inducibility of the galactose transport system.
Ovarian involvement in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of uterus

Abstract Objective Ovarian preservation is an option for some premenopausal patients with early stage endometrial cancer. Studies have shown that ovarian preservation in selected patients does not negatively impact survival outcomes. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency and characteristics of ovarian involvement when endometrial cancer is clinically confined to the uterus. Methods Patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma of uterus treated at our institution between 2000 and 2013 were identified. Patients with ovarian metastasis or synchronous primary ovarian cancer were included. Patients were excluded if there was gross extrapelvic disease on examination or imaging. Results Seven hundred and fifty-nine patients were found to have endometrial cancer with the disease confined to the pelvis (stages I, II, and III). Fifteen patients (2%) had ovarian metastasis. Twenty-three patients (3%) had synchronous uterine and ovarian cancer. Most ovarian lesions (32 out of 38) were either enlarged or had abnormal appearing surface involvement. Six patients had microscopic ovarian involvement, accounting for 0.8% of the endometrial cancer patients with pelvis-confined disease. All of the patients were greater than 50years of age. For those patients with microscopic ovarian metastasis, all had FIGO grade 3 disease, deep myometrial invasion, and extrauterine involvement of either cervix or lymph nodes. Conclusions Microscopic ovarian involvement occurred in 0.8% of patients with endometrial cancer. For premenopausal patients with endometrial cancer, normal appearing ovaries may be considered for preservation in the absence of extrauterine spread, grade 3 disease and deep myometrial invasion.
Benign ureteral polyp as a cause of obstruction in a child

In a 9-year-old boy with intermittent flank pain and microhematuria, ureteral obstruction due to multiple fibroepithelial polyps was diagnosed by means of radiologic studies and surgical exploration. The benign nature of the lesions and the need for conservative surgery is stressed.
Intraoperative echocardiography during congenital heart operations: Experience from 1,000 cases

Background This article provides an overview of the application of intraoperative echocardiography during repair of congenital heart defects based on our experience with 1,000 patients. Methods The patients in this study all underwent repair of a congenital heart defect between 1987 and 1994 at Duke University Medical Center. Echocardiography was performed on all patients in the operating room both before and after repair using epicardial or transesophageal imaging (or both). Hospital costs and outcome data were obtained for all patients. Results Overall, 44 patients (4.4%) underwent intraoperative revision of their repair based on echocardiographic findings. There was an initial learning phase during which 8.5% of repairs needed to be revised. With experience, the number of revisions fell to as low as 3% to 4%, but need for revision continued to occur throughout the series. Thirty-nine patients (88.6%) had a successful revision. It was not possible for the surgeon to predict the need for a revision based on his confidence in the repair: in 2.6% of patients thought by the surgeon to have a good repair, intraoperative echocardiography revealed the need for operative revision. The average cost for patients who return to the operating room during their hospitalization for revision of a repair is significantly greater than for those whose repairs are revised before they leave the operating room ($94,180.28 ± $33,881.63 versus $21,415.79 ± $8,215.74). There were no significant complications attributable to intraoperative echocardiography. Conclusions In an era where complete repair of congenital heart defects is emphasized, intraoperative echocardiography provides information that can guide successful operative revision so that babies leave the operating room with optimal results.
Prognostic evaluation of DNA flow cytometric and histopathologic parameters of colorectal cancer

Background. The clinical value of DNA flow cytometry of colorectal cancer is unclear. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the relationship between tumor flow cytometry, histopathologic parameters, and survival. Methods. Flow cytometry was performed on paraffin embedded specimens from 653 patients who had surgery from 1980 to 1983. Results. Aneuploidy was associated with distal tumor, perineural invasion, desmoplastic reaction, and failure to secrete mucin. TNM Stage I tumors were more frequently diploid than were more advanced tumors {71% vs. 41%). An abnormal DNA content had a marginal impact on survival as evaluated by univariate analysis (69% vs. 61% 10-year survival rate, P = 0.06). Multivariate analysis revealed that significant predictors of outcome were lymph node metastasis (95% confidence interval of relative risks of death from recurrent disease, 1.50–2.92), rectal cancer (1.22–2.19), absence of lymphocytic infiltration (1.20–2.17), invasion through bowel wall (1.17–3.13), lymphatic vessel invasion outside bowel wall (1.05–2.69), perineural invasion (1.15-3.19), and male gender (1.00–1.79). Conclusions. These findings suggest that ploidy is associated with some histopathologic parameters, but flow cytometry does not correlate with long term survival of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1995; 76:1724–30.
Consumer Attitudes Toward Social Network Advertising

Little is known about the attitudes that consumers have toward social network advertising. To explore this phenomenon, the authors developed a theoretical framework to explain the antecedents and consequences of social network advertising on online behaviors. Based on survey data, four antecedents and two consequences were examined. Drawing upon the technology acceptance model (TAM), the authors developed and tested a series of hypotheses based on this framework. The analysis confirmed the hypothesized relationships and revealed new paths among some constructs on the model. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for future research.
Multiculturalism and the American liberal arts college: faculty perceptions of the role of pedagogy

The incompatibility of American liberal education and multiculturalism ground this qualitative study. Given this assertion and that teaching and learning is central to the liberal educational mission, we explore faculty perceptions of the relationship between multiculturalism and liberal educational pedagogy. The findings of this study suggest that the lack of coherence between institutional mission and multiculturalism, and the variety of epistemological positions, characterize faculty views of teaching and learning at a liberal arts college struggling to attain pluralistic community.
The Global Logic of the Neoconservatives

EQUALITY, men have been endlessly told by rulers, scholars, and religious teachings, knows no limits; once the passion for it is unleashed, it can wreak havoc on fragile social orders that must either allow for inequality, slip into mediocrity, or succumb to anarchy and chaos. "Some of you," the Quran instructs the faithful, "we have placed over others in rank." Other traditions and the weight of history have rendered similar advice: equality is not of this world, and there is very little use trying to bring it about, for even if established orders are overthrown, the same sorts of relationships are bound to begin all over again. The slave would try to be a master-and would thereby confirm that inequality is the natural order of things. The "revolution betrayed" is an established historical theme that denies to revolutionary and egalitarian claims the sense of moral assurance they might once have possessed. When the dust settles, new orthodoxies emerge to stultify life, new inquisitors crack the whip, and the nouveaux riches act in even more repugnant ways than the old aristocracies. Conservatives have always dwelled on what they think is the historical record. They have sought to deflate the appeal of egalitarian claims, to add a somber note to the frenzy and enthusiasm associated with the politics of rebellion and challenge. "At the very center of conservative thought," notes Michael Walzer, "lies this idea: that the present division of wealth and power corresponds to some deeper reality of human life . . . and that all efforts to change it, temporarily successful in relation to their bloodiness, must be futile in the end."' Indeed, in conservative writings on society, one sees a bewilderment, an inability to comprehend why a futile quest for equality has engaged the energies and imagination of so many. Robert Nisbet, a prominent conservative thinker, expresses that kind of exasperation. He contends that the egalitarian quest falls outside logic and rationality; it is the nature of such
An analytical and experimental comparison of Ji-values for shallow through and part-through surface cracks

Abstract The use of initiation fracture toughness ( J i ) values measured using standard deep crack single edge notch bend, SE(B), specimens in fracture integrity assessments of shallow part through surface flaws frequently leads to under predictions of structural reserve capacity against fracture. To determine if the ratio of the J- integral to the crack tip opening displacement ( m factor) can be used to judge the expected comparability of J i - Values appropriate to different crack geometries, dynamic J i - Values were measured using three different test specimen types. These included both laboratory specimens, shallow and deep crack SE(B), and a specimen having a shallow part-through semi-elliptical surface crack intended to represent that which might be encountered in service. Comparisons between the J i - Values measured using these three specimens were conducted for pre-initiation deformation conditions ranging from small scale to gross section yielding so that the effect of material toughness on J i similarity could be assessed. These comparisons indicated that specimen geometries which have similar m factors also have approximately the same resistance to crack initiation. Additionally, it was demonstrated that matching m factors was not needed to ensure similarity of J i - Values if specimen failure occurs under conditions approximating small scale yielding. This information suggests that the m factor may be useful for selecting test specimens which can provide fracture initiation toughness measurements appropriate for use in structural defect assessments.
Photorefractive properties of BaTiO 3 :Cr

Unusual beam fanning has been observed in heavily doped BaTiO 3 :Cr along with an increased photovoltaic effect. The nature and symmetry of this beam fanning are described, and the results of the photovoltaic measurements are presented.
Effect of metoclopramide and domperidone on aldosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone and prolactin secretion in the rhesus monkey

Abstract This study was designed to investigate dopaminergic mechanisms in the control of corticosteroid secretion. Eight rhesus monkeys received metoclopramide (200 μg/kg) or domperidone (200 and 400 μg/kg) with 5% dextrose (vehicle), or with dopamine (4 μg/kg/min) infusions begun 60 min before administration of the dopamine antagonist. Metoclopramide, in the presence of vehicle, increased plasma aldosterone concentrations from 4.8 ± 0.6 ng/dl to a maximum of 36 ± 4.7 ng/dl and PRL concentrations from 7.6 ± 1.1 ng/ml to a maximum of 120.5 ± 8.0 ng/ml. Administration of metoclopramide resulted in a rise in plasma 18-hydroxycorticosterone from 10.2 ± 1.3 ng/dl to a maximum concentration of 49.6 ± 4.5 ng/dl. Plasma concentrations of electrolytes, PRA, plasma cortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, were not altered by metoclopramide. Domperidone, in both doses, markedly increased plasma PRL concentrations but had no effect on plasma 18-OHB or aldosterone concentrations. Dopamine infusion inhibited the aldosterone response to metoclopramide and the prolactin response to metoclopramide and domperidone. The results of this investigation demonstrate that aldosterone responses to metoclopramide and prolactin responses to metoclopramide and domperidone, are mediated by their antagonist activity at dopamine receptors.
Relationships among levels of government support, marketing activities, and financial health of nonprofit performing arts organizations

This exploratory study researches and analyzes the empirical effects of financial levels of government support and marketing practices on the financial health of nonprofit performing arts organizations. Declining government subsidies and increasing competition from non-traditional sources have presented these organizations with unique opportunities and challenges that call for a market-centered, as well as an art-centered approach. Financial health is critical for the long-term success of a nonprofit performing arts organization. Few empirical studies have examined the interrelationships between these key variables. This study analyzes a sample of 63 American professional symphony orchestras employing 20 years of data. The correlations among financial levels of government support and marketing activities were positive and significant, the correlations among levels of government support and financial health were negative and significant, and the correlations between levels of marketing activity and financial health were negative and varied in significance. Causal analyses were less conclusive, but significant causal relationships were found for large symphony orchestras, indicating that segmentation research may be warranted. Implications and opportunities for future research are presented which have potential application for government agencies, academic researchers, and arts organization managers, boards of directors, and donors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GLC Determination of Papaverine in Biological Fluids

A procedure for the determination of papaverine in blood plasma or urine, based on ion-pair extraction with diethyl-hexyl phosphate and GLC, permits specific determination of papaverine at levels as low as 0.01 μg/ml. The applicability of this method for bioavailability studies of papaverine after acute administration of oral dosage forms is demonstrated.
The role of socio-economic status and perinatal factors in racial disparities in the risk of cerebral palsy.

Recent studies in the US and Europe have found an increased risk of cerebral palsy (CP) associated with socio-economic disadvantage.1–6 Some have found this association to persist, though somewhat attenuated, after controlling for perinatal risk factors such as low birthweight.1,3–5 Previous studies in the US have also reported higher prevalence of CP among black children relative to white children. 5,7–10 One study found no excess prevalence of CP in black children after adjusting for birthweight. 5 What is unclear from previous studies is the extent to which the excess prevalence of CP in black children in the US is explained by socio-economic disparities. In the present study, we evaluated available indicators of socio-economic status (SES), including maternal educational attainment when a child is born, and their association with the risk of CP in a large, diverse cohort of US children. We also sought to determine whether racial and ethnic disparities in CP risk persist after controlling for SES. More specifically, we designed the study to test the following three hypotheses: (1) consistent with recent studies, we will find the risk of CP to decline with increasing SES as indicated by maternal education or a census-based indicator of SES; (2) the observed racial and ethnic disparity in CP risk is caused by confounding or is mediated by racial disparities in SES and, therefore, will no longer be present after controlling for SES; and (3) perinatal factors such as preterm birth and small for gestational age mediate the association between race as well as maternal education and CP risk, so that after controlling for these perinatal risk factors, CP risk will not differ by race or maternal education.
In Vitro Study of Sequential Fluconazole and Caspofungin Treatment against Candida albicans Biofilms

Candida albicans biofilms are generally considered to be resistant to azole antifungal agents but susceptible to echinocandins. We demonstrate that in a sequential therapy regimen, treatment with fluconazole first followed by caspofungin leads to a significant decrease of the efficacy of this echinocandin. Cellular stress responses induced by high fluconazole concentrations and mediated by Hsp90 and calcineurin play an important role in this phenomenon.
Non-coding RNAs in cerebral endothelial pathophysiology: emerging roles in stroke

Cerebral vascular endothelial cells form the major element of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and constitute the primary interface between circulating blood and brain parenchyma. The structural and functional changes in cerebral endothelium during cerebral ischemia are well known to result in BBB disruption, vascular inflammation, edema, and angiogenesis. These complex pathological processes directly contribute to brain infarction, neurological deficits, and post-stroke neurovascular remodeling. Ischemic endothelial dysfunction appears to be tightly controlled by multiple gene signaling networks. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that are generally not translated into proteins but can actively regulate the expression and function of many thousands of protein-coding genes by different mechanisms. Various classes of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), are highly expressed in the cerebrovascular endothelium where they serve as critical mediators to maintain normal cerebral vascular functions. Dysregulation of ncRNA activities has been closely linked to the pathophysiology of cerebral vascular endothelium and neurologic functional disorders in the brain's response to ischemic stimuli. In this review, we summarize recent advancements of these ncRNA mediators in the brain vasculature, highlighting the specific roles of endothelial miRNAs in stroke.
Genome sharing in large pedigrees: multiple imputation of ibd for linkage detection.

Our objective is the development of robust methods for assessment of evidence for linkage of loci affecting a complex trait to a marker linkage group, using data on extended pedigrees. Using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, it is possible to sample realizations from the distribution of gene identity by descent (ibd) patterns on a pedigree, conditional on observed data YM at multiple marker loci. Measures of gene ibdW which capture joint genome sharing in extended pedigrees often have unknown and highly skewed distributions, particularly when conditioned on marker data. MCMC provides a direct estimate of the distribution of such measures. Let W be the ibd measure from data YM, and W* the ibd measure from pseudo-data Y*M simulated with the same data availability and genetic marker model as the true data YM, but in the absence of linkage. Then measures of the difference in distributions of W and W* provide evidence for linkage. This approach extracts more information from the data YM than either comparison to the pedigree prior distribution of W or use of statistics that are expectations of W given the data YM. A small example is presented.
Assessing the impacts of international volunteer tourism in host communities: a new approach to organizing and prioritizing indicators

This paper explores the use of indicators to evaluate the impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities, based on an online questionnaire sent to 183 volunteer tourism organizations. Little research exists demonstrating how volunteer tourism programs impact host communities or how impacts can be assessed, but the literature suggests the use of indicators to do so. Social indicator research and systems thinking assert that impact evaluation must be comprehensive and that indicators must consider interconnectivities present in the tourist system; we propose a framework of indicator development that addresses this. Data analysis focuses on volunteer tourist activities and how organizations prioritize indicators to assess diverse impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities. Comparisons are drawn between organizations in Latin America and international organizations (based in the USA, Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand) that send volunteers abroad. Differing volunteer activities suggest unique a...
Income and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after primary total knee arthroplasty

To assess whether income is associated with patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We used prospectively collected data from the Mayo Clinic Total Joint Registry to assess the association of income with index knee functional improvement, moderate to severe pain and moderate to severe activity limitation at 2-year and 5-year follow-up after primary TKA using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses. There were 7, 139 primary TKAs at 2 years and 4, 234 at 5 years. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, at 2-year follow-up, compared to income > US$45, 000, lower incomes of ≤ US$35, 000 and > US$35, 000 to 45, 000 were associated (1) significantly with moderate to severe pain with an odds ratio (OR) 0.61 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.94) (P = 0.02) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.94) (P = 0.02); and (2) trended towards significance for moderate to severe activity limitation with OR 0.78 (95% CI 0.60 to 1.02) (P = 0.07) and no significant association with OR 0.96 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.20) (P = 0.75), respectively. At 5 years, odds were not statistically significantly different by income, although numerically they favored lower income. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, overall improvement in knee function was rated as 'better' slightly more often at 2 years by patients with income in the ≤ US$35, 000 range compared to patients with income > US$45, 000, with an OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.0 to 3.6) (P = 0.06). We found that patients with lower income had better pain outcomes compared to patients with higher income. There was more improvement in knee function, and a trend towards less overall activity limitation after primary TKA in lower income patients compared to those with higher incomes. Insights into mediators of these relationships need to be investigated to understand how income influences outcomes after TKA.
Form Birefringence In Thin Films

We consider in this work the anisotropic microstructure contribution to the polarization effect in thin films deposited at high angles of vapor incidence. Previous reports that metal films mainly respond as polarizers under such conditions have been confirmed. Structural anisotropy in dielectric films, rather than affecting the extinction coefficient values differently along different directions, seems to induce significant asymmetry in the refractive index values that enables us to find a retarder-like behavior. Quantitative analysis of the effect under normal incidence light at 632.8 nm is presented for aluminum and zirconium oxide films, and its structural origin is discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Energy- and hole-transfer dynamics in oxidized porphyrin dyads.

The mechanisms and dynamics of quenching of a photoexcited free base porphyrin (Fb*) covalently linked to a nearby oxidized zinc porphyrin (Zn+) have been investigated in a set of five dyads using time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. The dyads include porphyrins joined at the meso-positions by a diphenylethyne linker or a diarylethyne linker with 2,6-dimethyl substitution on either one or both of the aryl rings. Another dyad is linked at the β-pyrrole positions of the porphyrins via a diphenylethyne linker. The type of linker and attachment site modulate the interporphyrin through-bond electronic coupling via steric hindrance (porphyrin-linker orbital overlap) and attachment motif (porphyrin electron density at the connection site). For each ZnFb dyad, the zinc porphyrin is selectively electrochemically oxidized (to produce Zn+Fb), the free base porphyrin is selectively excited with a 130 fs flash (to produce Zn+Fb*), and the subsequent dynamics monitored. The Zn+Fb* excited state has a lifetime of ∼3 t...
Generating Random Variates Using Transformations with Multiple Roots

Abstract The general approach to generating random variates through transformations with multiple roots is discussed. Multinomial probabilities are determined for the selection of the different roots. An application of the general result yields a new and simple technique for the generation of variates from the inverse Gaussian distribution.
The power of the 3' UTR: Translational control and development

Many crucial decisions, such as the location and timing of cell division, cell-fate determination, and embryonic axes establishment, are made in the early embryo, a time in development when there is often little or no transcription. For this reason, the control of variation in gene expression in the early embryo often relies on post-transcriptional control of maternal genes. Although the early embryo is rife with translational control, controlling mRNA activity is also important in other developmental processes, such as stem-cell proliferation, sex determination, neurogenesis and erythropoiesis.
Theoretical studies of the tautomeric equilibria for five-member N-heterocycles in the gas phase and in solution.

Tautomeric equilibria have been studied for five-member N-heterocycles and their methyl derivatives in the gas phase and in different solvents with dielectric constants of e = 4.7−78.4. The free en...
The Continuous Performance Test in Learning Disabled and Nondisabled Children

The performance of 30 learning disabled (LD) children with specific memory disability was compared to 30 matched controls on a computerized test of attentional skills. The Continuous Performance Test (CPT) provided a measure of omission errors, commission errors, and average rate of responding to a color-letter combination target. The LD group showed more omission errors and a slower rate of responding, but did not differ from controls on commission errors. The results were interpreted from a signal detection perspective and suggested that the LD group showed inefficient allocation of processing resources rather than an attentional deficit. The importance of dividing LD children into homogeneous cognitive subgroups was stressed.
Spectral characteristics of heart period variability during cold face stress and shock avoidance in normal subjects.

Spectral analysis of heart period variability was used to examine autonomic cardiac control in several tasks used in experimental and clinical assessments of autonomic nervous system function. Cardiovascular measures were recorded in healthy humans during quiet rest, reaction time shock-avoidance, cold face stress, and combined shock-avoidance/cold face stress. Shock-avoidance was characterized by symparhetic beta-adrenergic dominance, as evidenced by (1) shorter heart periods, (2) less highfrequency spectral power, (3) elevated low-frequency power, (4) increased ratios of low- to high-frequency power, and (5) a steep regression line fitted to the log-log plot of the power spectra. Cold face stress yielded (1) longer heart periods, (2) more high-frequency power, (3) decreased low-frequency spectral power, and (4) a flat regression slope, indicating vagal dominance. Quiet rest appeared as mildly vagal, with less total spectral power, and the combination task elicited a mixed vagal-sympathetic pattern. These results are discussed in the context of (1) the autonomic underpinnings of low-frequency power, (2) the autonomic effects of facial cooling, and (3) the utiliry of spectral analysis of heart period variability during autonomic challenge tasks for basic research and clinical application.
Leading public sector networks: An empirical examination of integrative leadership behaviors

Abstract The literature has often suggested that network leadership is different from leadership in hierarchical/single-agency structures. While this difference has been assumed, relatively little research has been conducted to determine whether such a distinction between network and hierarchical leadership actually exists. This study addresses this gap in the literature using data from 417 public sector leaders. We compared the leadership behaviors exhibited by a leader in their government agency with the behaviors exhibited by that same individual while leading his or her network. The leadership behaviors were classified into one of three categories common in the leadership literature. The results indicate that while the frequency of organization-oriented behaviors vary widely between the agency and network contexts, leaders in their networks focus more on people-oriented behaviors and less on task-oriented behaviors when compared to leading their agency.
Steady-state mRNA expression for growth factors in DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors.

Abstract Steady-state mRNA levels were examined for insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II, transforming growth factor α (TGF α) and its receptor and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in mammary tumors induced by DMBA in rats. An abundant 4.8 kb TGF α transcript was identified in all tumors, along with a 7.5 – 8.0 kb IGF-I transcript. A presumptive 2.9 kb IGF-II transcript was also identified in all tumors. Northern analyses and receptor autophosphorylation studies failed to detect EGF receptors in any mammary tumors. These findings suggest the potential for autocrine or paracrine influences of IGF-I and IGF-II in this tumor model and a possible paracrine influence of TGF α in tumor-induced neovascularization.
Lung aeration changes after lung recruitment in children with acute lung injury: a feasibility study.

Rationale There are several adult studies using computed tomography (CT-scan) to examine lung aeration changes during or after a recruitment maneuver (RM) in ventilated patients with acute lung injury (ALI). However, there are no published data on the lung aeration changes during or after a RM in ventilated pediatric patients with ALI. Objective To describe CT-scan lung aeration changes and gas exchange after lung recruitment in pediatric ALI and assess the safety of transporting patients in the acute phase of ALI to the CT-scanner. Methods We present a case series completed in a subset of six patients enrolled in our previously published study of efficacy and safety of lung recruitment in pediatric patients with ALI. Intervention: RM using incremental positive end-expiratory pressure. Results There was a variable increase in aerated and poorly aerated lung after the RM ranging from 3% to 72% (median 20%; interquartile range 6, 47; P = 0.03). All patients had improvement in the ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen over fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) after the RM (median 14%; interquartile range: 8, 72; P = 0.03). There was a decrease in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in four of six subjects after the RM (median −5%; interquartile range: −9, 2; P = 0.5). One subject had transient hypercapnia (41% increase in PaCO2) during the RM and this correlated with the smallest increase (3%) in aerated and poorly aerated lung. All patients tolerated the RM without hemodynamic compromise, barotrauma, hypoxemia, or dysrhythmias. Conclusions Lung recruitment results in improved lung aeration as detected by lung tomography. This is accompanied by improvements in oxygenation and ventilation. However, the clinical significance of these findings is uncertain. Transporting patients in early ALI to the CT-scanner seems safe and feasible. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012. 47:771–779. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complementary DNA cloning and sequencing of rat ovarian basic fibroblast growth factor and tissue distribution study of its mRNA

Three cDNA clones encoding rat basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) were isolated from 10 6 independent clones prepared from a pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-stimulated rat ovarian cDNA library. One of the cDNA clones contained the entire coding sequence for basic FGF. The other two possessed the sequence coding the carboxy terminal 61 amino acids of rat basic FGF, the putative upstream intron sequence, and a 3′-noncoding region. The cDNAs encoding rat basic FGF predict a molecule consisting of 154 amino acid residues, which is one amino acid shorter than the human and bovine basic FGF. Otherwise, there are only 5 conservative amino acid substitutions between the rat and the human/bovine sequences. Poly A + RNA from brain cortex and hypothalamus show a single 6.0 kb band that hybridizes to the cloned cDNA probe by Northern analyses. The observation that basic FGF mRNA is below the limits of detection in adrenal, spleen, heart, lung, kidney, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, testis, and ovary support the notion that the high levels of the protein found in these tissues is due to storage of the mitogen in the extracellular matrix and not continuous gene expression. The significance of the abundance of mRNA in tissues which are not undergoing either active angiogenesis or cell proliferation (hypothalamus and brain cortex) is unclear but emphasizes the potential neuronotrophic function of basic FGF.
Massless spinning test particles in a gravitational field

Abstract The classical equations of motion of a massless spinning test particle are derived as a limiting case of Mathisson-Papapetrou equations. It is shown that when a particular supplementary condition is assumed the particle follows a null geodesic and the spin is either parallel or antiparallel to the direction of motion. Moreover, the helicity is conserved in an orientable spacetime. The equations of the propagation of the momentum vector and the spin tensor along the trajectory are given and further implications of the solution are discussed.
High-speed aqueous-developing negative resist based on triflic-acid-catalyzed epoxy polymerization

The need for higher resolution is a continuing driving force in the development of new lithographic materials. In this paper we discuss a new high speed, high resolution negative photoresist based on acid catalyzed epoxy polymerization. These materials are copolymers of two monomers that each provide a separate function in the photoresist. This combination provides a unique new material with aqueous processability in metal ion-free developers and high sensitivity to photogenerated triflic acid. Imaging characteristics in electron beam and i- line exposure systems are discussed.
Nonlinear equations with coefficients of bounded variation in two space variables

Abstract We consider the equation u t + ▽ · [ v (x)ƒ]=0, x ∈ R 2 , with v defined as a divergenceless vector valued function (in the generalized sense) and subject to initial data u 0 . We prove the existence of a generalized global solution to this equation under assumptions of bounded variation for v and u 0 , and smoothness for ƒ.
Chemistry and structural modulations in Bi2Sr2CuO6

A series of samples along the composition lines Bi2+xSr2−xCuOy, and Bi2Sr2−xCuOy have been used to study the structural modulation, chemistry, and superconducting properties of pseudo-tetragonal Bi2Sr2CuO6 (2201). The 2201 phase can be formed from crystallization of thin glassy platelets. The sample displayed a strong crystallographic (00l) orientation which made it possible to determine incommensurate modulations near (00l) reflections using a conventional x-ray θ-2θ scan. From the crystallization of the 2201 phase, it was found that structural modulation was intrinsic to the phase, and ordering of the structure required a long time at high temperature. High temperature in situ x-ray diffraction of a 2201 Bi2Sr1.85CuOy platelet showed that the modulation existed at 875 °C in O2 (Tmelt ≍ 892 °C in O2). These suggest that the structural modulation cannot be caused solely by oxygen ordering and that metal-ion displacement must be involved. By removing 0.04 to 0.05 oxygen atom per formula unit from Bi2Sr2CuOy and Bi2Sr1.85CuOy, the c* components of the modulation changed from 0.31 to 0.26 and from 0.38 to 0.31, respectively, while the b* component of the modulation remained approximately 0.2. This demonstrates that oxygen, while not the sole cause, does play a role in the formation of the structural modulation. However, the invariance of bmod with respect to the change in oxygen content does not support the model that explained the modulation by inserting extra oxygen in the BiO plane. By varying metal-ion concentrations of Bi and Sr we found that both the lattice parameters and the modulation vectors depended more on the Bi/Sr ratio than on the Sr concentration alone. As the Bi/Sr ratio increased from 1.0 to 1.35, the modulation lines moved toward the (00l) reflections. The corresponding superstructural periodicities were calculated to vary from ∼1/5b* + 0.32 c* to ∼1/5 b* + 0.63 c*. Effects of oxygen content and metal-ion concentration on the 2201 phase formation and the superconducting properties will also be discussed.
Scaling behavior in very small percolation lattices

We examine the average cluster distribution as a function of lattice probability for a very small $(L=6)$ lattice and determine the scaling function of three-dimensional percolation. The behavior of the second moment, calculated from the average cluster distribution of $L=6$ and $L=63$ lattices, is compared to power-law behavior predicted by the scaling function. We also examine the finite-size scaling of the critical point and the size of the largest cluster at the critical point. This analysis leads to estimates of the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and the ratio of critical exponents $\ensuremath{\beta}/\ensuremath{\nu}$.
Separation of hydrophobic solutes by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis through dipolar and charge‐transfer interactions with pyrylium salts

In this study, the use of pyrylium salts for the separation of uncharged hydrophobic solutes in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) is examined. In an aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile, large polarizable compounds selectively interact with planar organic cations, thereby facilitating the analysis of solutes that have low solubilities in aqueous or mixed solvents. Presented in this article are the separations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that were achieved through dipolar and charge-transfer interactions with various substituted pyrylium cations. It was found that the number of rings contained in the PAH molecule, the presence of functional groups on the molecule, the concentration of the pyrylium cation, and the number of phenyl substituents on the pyrylium ring affected the electrophoretic mobility of the solute–cation complex. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 10: 681–685, 1998