cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular relations in mouse circumvallate taste buds

The fine structure of the taste buds of circumvallate papillae of two strains of mice was studied by electron microscopy. Mice anesthetized with ketamine were perfused through the heart with a double aldehyde mixture in cacodylate buffer and the tissues embedded in Epon. Semi-serial sections were employed. The morphology and relationships of cell types are consistent with the majority of descriptions of mammalian taste buds served by the ninth cranial nerve. Cells of type II are particularly well documented, as the stages in their origin, maturation and degeneration could be followed. Significant differences, however, relate to cell type I. These cells contain large dense-cored granules, contrasted with the more irregular and somewhat larger dark granules of the type I cells in the rabbit. These granules do not produce a dense homogenous product for the pore, as seen in the rabbit. Rather the pore substance consists of small, empty vesicles in a diffuse dark matrix. These granules are only moderately larger than the dense-cored vesicles of the type III cells. All features of the type III cell were demonstrated, although no instance of a complete cell was seen in any section. No significant differences were noted between the two strains of mice. Intimate proximity of a nerve to a cell nucleolus, suggestive of a trophic pathway, is illustrated. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Monoamine oxidases in major depressive disorder and alcoholism

Monoamine oxidases play an integral role in brain function. Both monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) regulate neurochemistry by degrading monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine). Any alteration in MAO levels can have devastating effects on the brain and behavior by lowering or raising neurotransmitter levels and producing toxic reactive oxygen species. In this review article, MAO is examined in terms of function and genetic organization, with special focus on recent discoveries related to the transcriptional regulation of MAO. In recent studies, transcriptional regulation involves a repressor protein, R1, for MAO-A and an activator protein, KLF11 (a Kruppel-like factor; also referred to as transforming growth factor-beta early inducible gene 2, TIEG2), for both MAO-A and MAO-B, by binding to Sp/KLF sites in the core promoters of MAO and regulating MAO gene expression. Furthermore, KLF11 may influence MAO-B expression and augment glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to upregulate MAO-B transcription upon exposure to ethanol. Finally, we review recent progress in MAO research and highlight the roles that MAOs play in several psychiatric conditions, including chronic stress, major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence. Further research in this area is needed to better understand MAOs, their transcription factors and signaling pathways in psychiatric illnesses in order to develop new strategies for pharmacological advancement.
Mechanism of phospholipase A2 action toward mixed micelles of detergent and phospholipids.

Phospholipase A2 from cobra venom (Naja naja naja) is a homogeneous, heat-stable enzyme that has a monomer molecular weight of only 11,000 and contains one histidine and one tryptophan residue. This enzyme acts optimally on phospholipids contained in mixed micelles with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100; the interactions of this detergent yith pholiholipid in the mixed micelles have been elucidated with 1H- and 13C-NMR. In reacting, the enzyme first associates with the mixed micelle and then exhibits “surface dilution kinetics” in its reaction with substrate. Recent studies show that various reagents completely inactivate this phospholipase A2 resulting in the modification of the histidine in only one-half of the enzyme molecules. These results suggest that the histidine residue, which is essential for activity, exhibits “half-site reactivity.” These and other experiments are interpreted in terms of a model that suggests that the monomeric enzyme forms an asymmetric dimer or higher order aggregate at the lipid-water interface. The studies which are described on the interaction of the phospholipase A2 with mixed micelles serve as a general model system for understanding detergent effects on the assay of lipid enzymes.
Search for an onset mechanism that operates for both CMEs and substorms

Abstract. Substorms and coronal mass ejections have been cited as the most accessible examples of the explosive energy conversion phenomenon that seems to characterize one of the behavior modes of cosmic plasmas. This paper addresses the question of whether these two examples – substorms and CMEs – support or otherwise the idea that explosive energy conversion is the result of a single process operating in different places and under different conditions. As a candidate mechanism that might be common to both substorms and CMEs we use the Forbes catastrophe model for CMEs because before testing it appears to have the potential, suitably modified, to operate also for substorms. The essence of the FCM is a sudden onset of an imbalance of the forces acting on an incipient CME. The imbalance of forces causes the CME to start to rise. Beneath the rising CME conditions develop that favor the onset of magnetic reconnection which then releases the CME and assists its expulsion. Thus the signature of the FCM is a temporally ordered sequence in which there is first the appearance of force imbalance which leads to upward (or outward) motion of the CME which leads to magnetic reconnection under it which expedites rapid expulsion. We look for the FCM signature in the output of two global magnetospheric MHD simulations that produce substorm-like events. We find the ordered sequence of events as stated but with a significant difference: there is no plasmoid prior to the onset of rapid reconnection, that is, there is no counterpart to the incipient CME on which an imbalance of forces acts to initiate the action in the FCM. If this result – that rapid tailward motion precedes the rapid reconnection of substorm expansion – is ultimately verified by other studies, it suggests that a description of the cause of substorm expansion should identify the cause of the preceding rapid tailward motion, since this leads necessarily to rapid reconnection, whatever the reconnection mechanism turns out to be. Clearly then, it is important to identify the cause of the preceding tailward motion.
Inventory Control at Spiegel Grove

Quantitative models for inventory decision making in a multi-echelon distribution system are very challenging for most undergraduate business or engineering students. To expose students to the challenges of managing multi-echelon inventory levels in an uncertain environment, we have created the Inventory Control at Spiegel Grove classroom exercise, which simulates the inventory management process for a single product in a serial supply chain. Shipments are subject to both transportation quality variability and product quality variability, and students are challenged with adjusting their levels of safety inventory appropriately without carrying an inordinate amount of stock.
The Intelligent Campus Energy-Saving System Research Based on Power Line Carrier

This paper introduces a power line carrier technology based on MCU-51 of the campus power saving control system’s working principle and structure; At the same time, it introduces direct sequence spread spectrum and half duplex asynchronous modem PL2102 carrier chip, which are used in the power line carrier application system can realize the classroom management and control of the electric light; With PL2102 are given for the control of electric light’s basic principle and the method how to realize through software and hardware, along with its design schematic diagram.
Conditional Survival of Patients With Metastatic Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Treated With First-Line Curative Therapy

PurposeThe International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) criteria prognosticate survival outcomes in metastatic testicular germ cell tumor (MT-GCT), but how the initial risk changes over time for those who survived since curative treatment is unknown.Patients and MethodsWe assessed patients eligible for first-line therapy for MT-GCT at five tertiary cancer centers from 1990 to 2012 for 2-year conditional overall survival (COS) and conditional disease-free survival (CDFS), defined as the probability of surviving, or surviving and being disease free, respectively, for an additional 2 years at a given time point since the initial diagnosis.ResultsFor all patients (N = 942), 2-year COS increased from 92% (95% CI, 91% to 94%) at 0 months to 98% (95% CI, 97% to 99%), and 2-year CDFS increased from 83% (95% CI, 81% to 86%) at baseline to 98% (95% CI, 97% to 99%) at 24 months after diagnosis. Two-year COS improved by 2% (97% at 0 months, 99% at 24 months) in the IGCCCG favorable-risk group, by 5% (9...
Information-seeking Behavior of Physical Science Librarians: Does Research Inform Practice?

Physical science librarians rely on personal communication and online discussion groups for information to enlighten their practice. Scholarly journals appear third on the list of resources used to inform daily activities and are used primarily to support information literacy instruction, subscription decisions, and their own research as well as to learn about best practices in other libraries. The preferred library and information studies journals publish virtually equal proportions of research and nonresearch articles, with the majority of research articles being reports of qualitative surveys without statistical analysis. The popular journals were not those most highly cited, nor were the research articles cited to a greater extent than the nonresearch articles. In essence, the experiences and opinions of colleagues and patrons were found to be of greater value to the practice of physical science librarianship than reports of original research.
An Editor's Hello

The November issue of SRL contained John Ebel's “Editor's Farewell”, so it seemed appropriate that this issue, the first for which I have been responsible, contain my “Editor's Hello.” I am humbled (okay, make that terrified) to be taking over at the helm of this journal. Along with the rest of the seismological community I applaud the remarkable job that John has done to take an ambitious vision and make it a reality. This journal, conceived as a general forum for informal communication among seismologists (that's a quote from the SSA Web page), has become a seismological watering hole, a useful and lively forum that serves our community remarkably well. I will do my best to carry the torch forward. John's success in getting the journal established both buoys my confidence and challenges it. Suffice it to say that I think I now have an inkling of how John Adams felt. I am fortunate, however, to have a Thomas Jefferson—in the person of Paul Bodin, who has agreed to serve as SRL 's first-ever Associate Editor. Paul, who I am proud to know both as a respected colleague with broad seismological expertise and as a good friend, will be handling the review process for a subset of SRL submissions. I am also fortunate to be joining an experienced team at the SSA office. When I signed on as editor, I did not understand the nuts and bolts of the publication process, particularly how the disparate parts of the journal get put together. I quickly learned the two-word answer to this question: Janice Sellers. Janice does not …
SELF-ESTEEM AMONG PERSONS WITH SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS

There has been little research to substantiate the nature and degree of self-esteem among persons with mental illness. The results reported here are from a study involving 92 clients with severe mental illness. The study explored the relation between work status and quality of life, drug attitudes, and self-esteem. In this analysis, positive self-esteem was found among all subjects and was significantly higher in workers than in nonworkers. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, feelings regarding functioning, valuing of work, social relationships, and activities with family explained 50% of the variance in self-esteem. Mental health professionals should not assume that clients with mental illness experience low self-esteem.
Toward understanding compiler bugs in GCC and LLVM

Compilers are critical, widely-used complex software. Bugs in them have significant impact, and can cause serious damage when they silently miscompile a safety-critical application. An in-depth understanding of compiler bugs can help detect and fix them. To this end, we conduct the first empirical study on the characteristics of the bugs in two main-stream compilers, GCC and LLVM. Our study is significant in scale — it exhaustively examines about 50K bugs and 30K bug fix revisions over more than a decade’s span. This paper details our systematic study. Summary findings include: (1) In both compilers, C++ is the most buggy component, accounting for around 20% of the total bugs and twice as many as the second most buggy component; (2) the bug revealing test cases are typically small, with 80% having fewer than 45 lines of code; (3) most of the bug fixes touch a single source file with small modifications (43 lines for GCC and 38 for LLVM on average); (4) the average lifetime of GCC bugs is 200 days, and 111 days for LLVM; and (5) high priority tends to be assigned to optimizer bugs, most notably 30% of the bugs in GCC’s inter-procedural analysis component are labeled P1 (the highest priority). This study deepens our understanding of compiler bugs. For application developers, it shows that even mature production compilers still have many bugs, which may affect development. For researchers and compiler developers, it sheds light on interesting characteristics of compiler bugs, and highlights challenges and opportunities to more effectively test and debug compilers.
Electrophysiological Analysis of Transepithelial Transport

In this chapter we discuss electrophysiological approaches to the study of renal function. The purpose is to provide an overview of the available techniques, with particular emphasis on what can be learned using the latest methods. However, the chapter is neither a technical manual nor a comprehensive review of the literature. For this, we refer the reader to other sections of the book which deal with specific nephron segments and transport mechanisms. Finally, we will not derive mathematical equations from first principles. Those equations that are essential to the text are provided in the main body of the chapter, while the more detailed formulae are described in the appendices.
Comparative genomics of 9 novel Paenibacillus larvae bacteriophages.

ABSTRACTAmerican Foulbrood Disease, caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, is one of the most destructive diseases of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. Our group recently published the sequences of 9 new phages with the ability to infect and lyse P. larvae. Here, we characterize the genomes of these P. larvae phages, compare them to each other and to other sequenced P. larvae phages, and putatively identify protein function. The phage genomes are 38–45 kb in size and contain 68–86 genes, most of which appear to be unique to P. larvae phages. We classify P. larvae phages into 2 main clusters and one singleton based on nucleotide sequence identity. Three of the new phages show sequence similarity to other sequenced P. larvae phages, while the remaining 6 do not. We identified functions for roughly half of the P. larvae phage proteins, including structural, assembly, host lysis, DNA replication/metabolism, regulatory, and host-related functions. Structural and assembly proteins are highly conserved among ...
Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery and Multiple Peripheral Mycotic Aneurysms Due to Mycobacterium Bovis Following Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy: A Case Report.

The use of live attenuated intravesicular Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy is a generally accepted safe and effective method for the treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. Although rare, 2 years following initial therapy, and initial workup revealed a ruptured saccular aneurysm of the left popliteal artery as well as incidental bilateral common femoral artery aneurysms. Following endovascular treatment and additional workup, the patient was discovered to have additional aneurysms in the right popliteal artery and left anterior descending artery (LAD). Surgical pathology and bacterial cultures obtained from the excised femoral aneurysms and surgical groin wounds were positive for Mycobacterium Bovis, and the patient was initiated on a nine-month antimycobacterial course of isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol. Including the present case, there has been a total of 32 reported cases of mycotic aneurysms as a complication from intravesicular BCG therapy, which we will review here. The majority of reported cases involve the abdominal aorta; however, this represents the first known reported case of a coronary aneurysm.
Social media and contentious politics in South Africa

This article is an explication of the student protests that erupted throughout South African universities in the latter part of 2015. These protests are symptomatic of greater governmental failings...
Secure the Nation, Secure the Family

Unforgettable day. 1987 November 21, a Saturday afternoon. The day I won’t forget until my death; the most painful and heart-wrenching day of my life. The day that my heart was torn asunder.
Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act and Insurance Coverage in Rural and Urban Areas

Purpose To analyze the differential rural-urban impacts of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion on low-income childless adults’ health insurance coverage. Methods Using data from the American Community Survey years 2011-2015, we conducted a difference-in-differences regression analysis to test for changes in the probability of low-income childless adults having insurance in states that expanded Medicaid versus states that did not expand, in rural versus urban areas. Analyses employed survey weights, adjusted for covariates, and included a set of falsification tests as well as sensitivity analyses. Findings Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act increased the probability of Medicaid coverage for targeted populations in rural and urban areas, with a significantly greater increase in rural areas (P < .05), but some of these gains were offset by reductions in individual purchased insurance among rural populations (P < .01). Falsification tests showed that the insurance increases were specific to low-income childless adults, as expected, and were largely insignificant for other populations. Conclusions The Medicaid expansion increased the probability of having “any insurance” for the pooled urban and rural low-income populations, and it specifically increased Medicaid coverage more in rural versus urban populations. There was some evidence that the expansion was accompanied by some shifting from individual purchased insurance to Medicaid in rural areas, and there is a need for future work to understand the implications of this shift on expenditures, access to care and utilization.
The role of correlations in uncertainty quantification of transportation relevant fuel models

Abstract Large reaction mechanisms are often used to describe the combustion behavior of transportation-relevant fuels like gasoline, where these are typically represented by surrogate blends, e.g., n-heptane/iso-octane/toluene. We describe efforts to quantify the uncertainty in the predictions of such mechanisms at realistic engine conditions, seeking to better understand the robustness of the model as well as the important reaction pathways and their impacts on combustion behavior. In this work, we examine the importance of taking into account correlations among reactions that utilize the same rate rules and those with multiple product channels on forward propagation of uncertainty by Monte Carlo simulations. Automated means are developed to generate the uncertainty factor assignment for a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism, by first uniquely identifying each reacting species, then sorting each of the reactions based on the rate rule utilized. Simulation results reveal that in the low temperature combustion regime for iso-octane, the majority of the uncertainty in the model predictions can be attributed to low temperature reactions of the fuel sub-mechanism. The foundational, or small-molecule chemistry (C 0 C 4 ) only contributes significantly to uncertainties in the predictions at the highest temperatures (Tc = 900 K). Accounting for correlations between important reactions is shown to produce non-negligible differences in the estimates of uncertainty. Including correlations among reactions that use the same rate rules increases uncertainty in the model predictions, while accounting for correlations among reactions with multiple branches decreases uncertainty in some cases. Significant non-linear response is observed in the model predictions depending on how the probability distributions of the uncertain rate constants are defined. It is concluded that care must be exercised in defining these probability distributions in order to reduce bias, and physically unrealistic estimates in the forward propagation of uncertainty for a range of UQ activities.
N-(3-Trimethylsilyl)propargyl amino esters via reductive amination

N-Propargyl amino esters are useful starting materials in a variety of settings. General reductive amination conditions for N-(3-trimethylsily)propargylation of amino esters have been developed. These conditions demonstrated greater tolerance for nucleophilic side chains (amines and alcohols) than has been previously reported. This procedure produced a variety of N-(3-trimethylsilyl)propargyl amino esters in good to excellent yield.
Niceness, Flattery, and Deceit

Popular culture helps trace the contours of conventional wisdom. In Mediated: How the Media Shapes Your World and How You Live in It, Thomas de Zengotita (2005) lays the foundation for understanding the way niceness leads to deceit. While initially uneasy with this arrangement, he works to describe and ultimately embrace niceness and its association with deceit. Despite the deceit, de Zengotita identifies niceness as a core virtue and central value of modernity—a default communicative practice within our digital age (pp. 72, 78). This essay explores the historical emergence of nice as a term and an idea; reviews present considerations and manifestations of niceness; and offers a preliminary investigation into the dynamics and dimensions of its intrinsic deceits.
The Nuclear X-Ray Emission-line Structure in NGC 2992 Revealed by Chandra-HETGS

We present the narrow emission-line structure revealed by a 135 ks Chandra observation of Seyfert galaxy NGC 2992, using the High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer. The source was observed in an historically low-flux state. Using a Bayesian Block search technique, we detected neutral Si Kα and S Kα fluorescence and two additional lines that are consistent with redshifted, ionized Si emission. The latter two features are indicative of a photoionized outflow with a velocity of . We also observed prominent, unresolved line emission at the rest energy of Fe Kα, with a 90% confidence FWHM velocity width of () and equivalent width of 406–1148 eV (288–858 eV) when broad Fe Kα line emission, as detected by Suzaku, was (was not) included in the model.
Creative Sense-Making: Quantifying Interaction Dynamics in Co-Creation

This paper describes a new technique for quantifying interaction dynamics during open-ended co-creation, such as collaborative drawing or playing pretend. We present a cognitive framework called creative sense-making. This framework synthesizes existing cognitive science theories and empirical investigations into open-ended improvisation to develop a method of quantifying cognitive states and types of interactions through time. We apply this framework to empirical studies of human collaboration (in the domain of pretend play) and AI-based systems (in the domain of collaborative drawing) to establish its validity through cross-domain application and inter-rater reliability within each domain. The creative sense-making framework described includes a qualitative coding technique, interaction coding software, and the cognitive theory behind their application.
Complexity of defining death: organismal death does not mean the cessation of all biological life

Michael Nair-Collins and Franklin Miller are right to emphasise that, in order to deliberate responsibly about ethical and legal questions related to brain death and organ donation, it is crucial to answer the question of whether or not ‘brain death’i does indeed mark the biological death of the organism. Nonetheless, I disagree with the authors’ conclusion that brain death does not indicate the death of the human organism. Death can never be defined in merely biological terms, because any biological conception of death relies on metaphysical presuppositions regarding what it means to be an ‘organism as a whole’ (ie, to possess organismal unity), rather than an aggregate of cells and tissues. Death is a change in substance —that is, a change from one type of entity to another (or multiple others)— not the cessation of all biological life. Organismal death occurs well before all of the organism’s parts irreversibly cease vital activity and decompose into inorganic matter. Biological life in some form can and usually does continue after organismal death at least for a time, with recent evidence indicating that animal cell networks continue to perform complex functions like stress response, immune response and inflammation response up to several days postmortem.1 With external support, many cells and tissues can continue to perform their functions ex vivo for long periods of time or even indefinitely.2 Henrietta Lax died in 1951, but cells derived from her cancerous cervical cells …
Multibeam high-resolution die-to-database reticle inspection

A new die-to-database reticle inspection system has been developed to meet the production requirements for 130nm node 4x reticles, as well as, the early inspection requirements for 100nm node 4x reticles. This new system is based on the TeraStarT platform1 developed recently by KLA-Tencor Corporation for high performance die-to-die and STARlightT inspection of 130nm node reticles. The TeraStar platform uses high-NA triple-beam scanning laser optics for high throughput. The platform also includes a new generation of defect detection algorithms and image processing hardware to inspect, with high sensitivity and low false detections, the small linewidths, aggressive OPC, and advanced EPSM 4x reticles characteristic of the 130nm node. The platform further includes the TeraProTM concurrent STARlight and die-to-die inspection mode for exceptional productivity. The necessary database elements have now been developed and added to the TeraStar platform, to give it die-to-database inspection capability. A new data format along with new data preparation, data rendering, and data modeling algorithms have been developed to allow high precision database matching with the optical image for exceptional die-to-database performance. The TeraPro high productivity features of the TeraStar platform have been extended to the die-to-database mode providing the opportunity to use STARlight and die-to-database modes concurrently.
Hybrid sensing face detection and registration for low-light and unconstrained conditions

The capability to track, detect, and identify human targets in highly cluttered scenes under extreme conditions, such as in complete darkness or on the battlefield, has been one of the primary tactical advantages in military operations. In this paper, we propose a new collaborative, multi-spectrum sensing method to achieve face detection and registration under low-light and unconstrained conditions. We design and prototype a novel type of hybrid sensor by combining a pair of near-infrared (NIR) cameras and a thermal camera (a long-wave infrared camera). We strategically surround each NIR sensor with a ring of LED IR flashes to capture the “red-eye,” or more precisely, the “bright-eye” effect of the target. The “bright-eyes” are used to localize the 3D position of eyes and face. The recovered 3D information is further used to warp the thermal face imagery to a frontal-parallel pose so that additional tasks, such as face recognition, can be reliably conducted, especially with the assistance of accurate eye locations. Experiments on real face images are provided to demonstrate the merit of our method.
Defining ecologically, geographically, and politically coherent boundaries for the Northern Gulf of Mexico coastal region: Facilitating ecosystem-based management

Abstract Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is an integrated approach that recognizes the complex interactions within an ecosystem. Proper facilitation of EBM techniques require explicitly defined spatial boundaries, but biophysical processes, human activities, and the ecosystems that they influence operate at various scales. Careful thought to combine ecological, physical, and regulatory boundaries to define spatial scales of coastal regions can be a tedious yet significant early step towards the meaningful application of ecosystem-based management. We recommend nine coastal regions for the Northern Gulf of Mexico by creating both regulatory and biophysically meaningful spatial boundaries. A basic framework illustrating the utility of publicly available spatial datasets for defining the seaward, landward, and lateral boundaries of coastal regions is provided. These nine coastal regions will be key in creating spatial criteria for the Northern Gulf of Mexico, within which differences in ecosystem services can be measured, and temporal changes in ecosystem services can be tracked. The framework developed here is meant to build capacity for EBM and serve as a starting point for the continued discussion and modification of sensible ecological, geographical and political boundaries.
Early prediction of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy with 18[F]FDG-PET: A preclinical and clinical correlation

14064 Background: Predictive biomarkers for response to anti-EGFR therapy are of significant clinical importance. We hypothesized that early changes in 18[F]FDG tumor uptake predict response to ant...
Molecular genetics of the psychosis phenotype.

Objective Relative to recent successes in elucidating the genetic mechanisms associated with complex diseases including macular degeneration, Type II diabetes, heart disease and cancer, molecular genetic approaches to psychiatric illness have met with more limited success. While factors such as small allelic effects, allelic heterogeneity and variation in population sub-structure have received considerable attention in attempt to explain the paucity of significant results in psychiatric genetics, significantly less focus has been directed towards phenotypic factors.
TCP/IP and Network Programming

This chapter covers TCP/IP and network programming. The chapter consists of two parts. The first part covers the TCP/IP protocol and its applications. These include the TCP/IP stack, IP address, hostname, DNS, IP data packets and routers. It describes the UDP and TCP protocols, port number and data flow in TCP/IP networks. It explains the server-client computing model and the socket programming interface. It demonstrates network programming by examples using both UDP and TCP sockets. The first programming project is to implement a pair of TCP server-client to do file operations across the Internet. It allows the user to define additional communication protocols for reliable transfer of file contents.
Designing Health and Fitness Apps with Older Adults: Examining the Value of Experience-Based Co-Design

Identifying useful features of health and fitness technologies has the potential to lead to more effective pervasive technology interventions. Through collaborative creative processes, co-design provides useful insight and direction for the design of these technologies from populations such as older adults who are often neglected in design. Additionally, extensive technology experience prior to co-design may elicit richer feedback from users that may otherwise be unfamiliar with the intervention of interest. In this paper, we examine the value of experience-based co-design among older adults. We report on seven design sessions conducted with a total of 25 older adults, following a 10-week study of fitness app effectiveness. Sessions were grouped into users and non-users of the assigned app following the study. We found that continued use with the assigned application led to more robust, detailed feedback in design sessions, suggesting that long-term, prior use of sample technologies is an important prerequisite to ideating useful features for new health technology. We draw on these findings to make design recommendations, and discuss the values and guidelines of implementing experience-based co-design.
A population approach using cholesterol imputation to identify adults with high cardiovascular risk: a report from AHRQ's EvidenceNow initiative.

Objective Large practice networks have access to EHR data that can be used to drive important improvements in population health. However, missing data often limit improvement efforts. Our goal was to determine the proportion of patients in a cohort of small primary care practices who lacked cholesterol data to calculate ASCVD risk scores and then gauge the extent that imputation can accurately identify individuals already at high risk. 219 practices enrolled. Patients between the ages of 40 and 79 years qualified for risk calculation. For patients who lacked cholesterol data, we measured the effect of employing a conservative estimation strategy using a total cholesterol of 170 mg/dl and HDL-cholesterol of 50 mg/dl in the ASCVD risk equation to identify patients with ≥ 10%, 10-year ASCVD risk who were eligible for risk reduction interventions then compared this to a rigorous formal imputation methodology. 345 440 patients, average age 58 years, qualified for risk scores. 108 515 patients were missing cholesterol information. Using the "good value" estimation methodology, 40 565 had risk scores ≥ 10% compared to 43 205 using formal imputation. However, the latter strategy yielded a lower specificity and higher false positive rate. Estimates using either strategy achieved ASCVD risk stratification quickly and accurately identified high risk patients who could benefit from intervention.
Cutting Edge: ICOS-Deficient Regulatory T Cells Display Normal Induction of Il10 but Readily Downregulate Expression of Foxp3

The ICOS pathway has been implicated in the development and functions of regulatory T (Treg) cells, including those producing IL-10. Treg cell–derived IL-10 is indispensable for the establishment and maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis. We examined the possible involvement of the ICOS pathway in the accumulation of murine colonic Foxp3- and/or IL-10–expressing cells. We show that ICOS deficiency does not impair induction of IL-10 by intestinal CD4 T cells but, instead, triggers substantial reductions in gut-resident and peripherally derived Foxp3 + Treg cells. ICOS deficiency is associated with reduced demethylation of Foxp3 CNS2 and enhanced loss of Foxp3. This instability significantly limits the ability of ICOS-deficient Treg cells to reverse ongoing inflammation. Collectively, our results identify a novel role for ICOS costimulation in imprinting the functional stability of Foxp3 that is required for the retention of full Treg cell function in the periphery.
Shellfish, Geophytes, and Sedentism on Early Holocene Santa Rosa Island, Alta California, USA

AbstractArchaeobotanical remains recovered from a large ∼8000-year-old-shell midden (CA-SRI-666) on Santa Rosa Island provide the first ancient plant data from this large island, shedding light on ...
A Novel Route to an Aza Analog of the Marine Natural Product Damirone B

Abstract 3-(N-carboalkoxyamino)-1-diazopropane has been used as a difunctional synthon for a three step synthesis of pyrazolo[5,4,3-de]-1,2,3,6,7-pentahydroquinolin-6,7-dione, a tricyclic aza analog of the marine natural product Damirone B.
Indigeneity, diversity, and equity in Internet interventions: Could ISRII contribute to making health care a universal human right?

Abstract This article is a partially revised version of a keynote address presented at the 10th Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Research on Internet Interventions (ISRII) in Auckland, New Zealand. It addresses six points: 1) the meanings of indigeneity, diversity, and equity, 2) the strong emotional reactions elicited by the inequities experienced by indigenous groups throughout the world, 3) the aspirations of members of ISRII in terms of what we would like our field to accomplish to address these inequities, 4) the United Nations goal of making health care a universal human right, 5) the difficulties encountered by other health sciences in attempting to include diverse populations into major studies, and 6) ways in which the Internet interventions and digital health field could include indigeneity, diversity, and equity in our work, and by doing so, contribute to the United Nations goal of making health care a universal human right. The authors suggest that providing access to health care to all people, no matter where they are on the socioeconomic continuum, is a key strategy to pursue. The field of Internet interventions could contribute by creating digital apothecaries that would develop, evaluate, and disseminate evidence-based Massive Open Online Interventions to anyone in the world who needs them.
Quantifying macro-rhythm in English and Spanish: A comparison of tonal rhythm strength in two speech styles

This study quantified macro-rhythm in English and Spanish in two speech styles. Macro-rhythm is defined as phrase-medial tonal rhythm (June 2014), and its strength is determined by the frequency of f0 alternations between peaks and valleys within a phrase, the uniformity of the rise-fall shape, and the regularity of distance intervals between high and low targets. The degree of strength can be predicted based on the number of phrase-level tones in a language’s tonal inventory, the most common type of phrase-medial tone, and the frequency of f0 rise per Prosodic Word. Based on these criteria, Spanish is predicted to have stronger macro-rhythm than English: the most common pitch accent is L+<H* in Spanish and H* in English, and Spanish tends to accent content words with greater regularity than English. Two experiments quantified and compared slope shape variability, the number of f0 alternations per Prosodic Word, and the regularity of distance intervals between tonal targets in read speech (Experiment 1) and newscaster speech (Experiment 2). The results of the variability, frequency, and distance measures support the prediction that Spanish has greater macro-rhythm strength than English.This study quantified macro-rhythm in English and Spanish in two speech styles. Macro-rhythm is defined as phrase-medial tonal rhythm (June 2014), and its strength is determined by the frequency of f0 alternations between peaks and valleys within a phrase, the uniformity of the rise-fall shape, and the regularity of distance intervals between high and low targets. The degree of strength can be predicted based on the number of phrase-level tones in a language’s tonal inventory, the most common type of phrase-medial tone, and the frequency of f0 rise per Prosodic Word. Based on these criteria, Spanish is predicted to have stronger macro-rhythm than English: the most common pitch accent is L+<H* in Spanish and H* in English, and Spanish tends to accent content words with greater regularity than English. Two experiments quantified and compared slope shape variability, the number of f0 alternations per Prosodic Word, and the regularity of distance intervals between tonal targets in read speech (Experiment 1) a...
The interpretability of stable hydrogen isotopes in modern herbivore tooth enamel

Abstract Stable hydrogen isotopes (δD values) in animal organic tissues such as collagen and keratin typically correlate with local meteoric water, but little is known about δD in tooth enamel apatite. In this study, we analyzed comminuted tooth enamel for oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of the CO3 component and for δD of bulk enamel. We find positive correlations between enamel δD and δ18O (R2 = 0.70) and between enamel δD and local precipitation δD (R2 = 0.53). However, the slopes of these relationships are much shallower (less variation in tooth enamel δD) than expected from studies of other tissues. Based on mass spectrometric peak areas, H2 contents for enamel are 2–5 times higher than expected from chemical compositions, and we interpret as much as 50–90% of measured hydrogen from tooth enamel may be adsorbed water derived from laboratory water vapor. We tested this hypothesis by equilibrating tooth enamel with very high and very low δD values of water vapor, then exposing to laboratory air for different periods of time ranging from minutes to 8 hours. These experiments show that the apparent δD value of enamel converges to a nearly constant δD value in 1 to 2 hours. The large amount of adsorbed water and rapid approach to equilibrium will make it difficult to infer provenance from δD measurements alone, or to reproduce measured tooth enamel δD values among laboratories with different water vapor compositions. Heating at 70 °C for 48 hours in air does not remove adsorbed hydrogen, but does reduce δD values by c. 10‰ compared to unheated samples. Differences in δD values for heated vs. unheated enamel may reflect either a different, temperature-dependent partition coefficient between adsorbed water (on apatite) and water vapor, exchange of structural H at elevated temperatures, or subtle changes to crystal structure, such as loss of structural H.
High-resolution two-dimensional and three-dimensional modeling of wire grid polarizers and micropolarizer arrays

Recent advances in photolithography allowed the fabrication of high-quality wire grid polarizers for the visible and near-infrared regimes. In turn, micropolarizer arrays (MPAs) based on wire grid polarizers have been developed and used to construct compact, versatile imaging polarimeters. However, the contrast and throughput of these polarimeters are significantly worse than one might expect based on the performance of large area wire grid polarizers or MPAs, alone. We investigate the parameters that affect the performance of wire grid polarizers and MPAs, using high-resolution two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain simulations. We pay special attention to numerical errors and other challenges that arise in models of these and other subwavelength optical devices. Our tests show that simulations of these structures in the visible and near-IR begin to converge numerically when the mesh size is smaller than ∼4 nm. The performance of wire grid polarizers is very sensitive to the shape, spacing, and conductivity of the metal wires. Using 3-D simulations of micropolarizer “superpixels,” we directly study the cross talk due to diffraction at the edges of each micropolarizer, which decreases the contrast of MPAs to ∼200∶1.
Where in the supply chain network does ISO 9001 improve firm productivity

Abstract Operations management scholars have long suggested that processes play a critical role in a firm's competitive advantage. ISO 9001, in particular, provides a standard to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of processes. Similarly, network researchers argue that a firm's embedded position in the network plays a critical role in their competitiveness. Taking a network perspective, this research investigates if the productivity benefits of ISO 9001 depend, in part, on the network topology that connects the firm to their network partners. Using customer disclosure data from COMPUSTAT and ISO 9001, this study finds that network closure, industry homophily, and network centrality each moderate the effect of ISO 9001 on firm productivity. We find that ISO 9001 is more effective when firms are well embedded in the supply chain network and least effective when they are isolated. The overall results provide managers guidance on the strategic benefit of network position with regards to ISO 9001 effectiveness.
Quantum Thermodynamics: An Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Quantum Computers

We are the verge of a technological revolution. Over the last couple of years the first computational devices have become commercially available that promise to exploit so-called quantum supremacy. Even though the thermodynamic cost for processing classical information has been known since the 1960s, the thermodynamic description of quantum computers is still at its infancy. This is due to the fact that many notions of classical thermodynamics, such as work and heat, do not readily generalize to quantum systems. In this keynote, we will outline a novel conceptual framework of an emerging theory, Quantum Thermodynamics, and illustrate its applicability, mindset, and questions with a few pedagogical examples.
Emergent behavioral organization in heterogeneous groups of a social insect

The composition of social groups has profound effects on their function, from collective decision-making to foraging efficiency. But few social systems afford sufficient control over group composition to precisely quantify its effects on individual and collective behavior. Here we combine experimental and theoretical approaches to study the effect of group composition on individual behavior and division of labor (DOL) in a social insect. Experimentally, we use automated behavioral tracking to monitor 120 colonies of the clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi, with controlled variation in three key correlates of social insect behavior: genotype, age, and morphology. We find that each of these sources of heterogeneity generates a distinct pattern of behavioral organization, including the amplification or dampening of inherent behavioral differences in colonies with mixed types. Theoretically, we use a well-studied model of DOL to explore potential mechanisms underlying the experimental findings. We find that the simplest implementation of this model, which assumes that heterogeneous individuals differ only in response thresholds, could only partially recapitulate the empirically observed patterns of behavior. However, the full spectrum of observed phenomena was recapitulated by extending the model to incorporate two factors that are biologically meaningful but theoretically rarely considered: variation among workers in task performance efficiency and among larvae in task demand. Our results thus show that different sources of heterogeneity within social groups can generate different, sometimes non-intuitive, behavioral effects, but that relatively simple models can capture these dynamics and thereby begin to elucidate the basic organizational principles of DOL in social insects.
State-to-state predissociation dynamics of hydroxyl radical via the A2Σ+ state

Photo-predissociation dynamics of jet-cooled hydroxyl radical (OH) via several rovibrational levels (v′ = 2–4, N′ = 0–2, J′ = 0.5–2.5, F 1) in the A2Σ+ state are studied using the high–n Rydberg-at...
Ergometer rowing to mitigate spinal pain in neurosurgeons

Abstract Work-related musculoskeletal pain, particularly spinal pain, is common among surgeons and other healthcare workers. Despite advances in intraoperative technologies allowing improved ergonomics, prolonged periods in suboptimal posture are commonly unavoidable. Spinal pain associated with poor posture can lead to diminished quality of life, chronic injuries, and shortened careers. Strategies to mitigate work-related, spinal pain for surgeons should be multi-faceted. One modifiable risk factor for musculoskeletal health is to involve exercise, such as rowing, that provides aerobic conditioning and core strengthening. Rowing can improve the endurance of core muscles (i.e., transversus abdominis, multifidi, scapular stabilizers) and extensor muscles of the spine, helping alleviate muscular fatigue in the operating room. Understanding proper rowing biomechanics is important for exercise safety and injury prevention.