cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment—Bad News and Good News: Losing vs. Finding the Phenomenon in Legal Settings

In his review article, Max Travers observes that, although an approach like mine in Bad News, Good News: Conversational Order in Everyday Talk and Medical Settings , “could be used to investigate the delivery of news in legal settings,” no such studies “have so far been published.” He is right about that, but in 1998, Linda F. Smith (1998, 409–10), exploring situations in which lawyers may need to tell their clients bad news, reviewed medical studies on this topic. Extrapolating from the medical literature, Smith proposed how attorneys can deliver bad news while allowing clients to have more influence over their own cases during the legal process. Judging from Smith’s recommendations, “bad news” is a phenomenon in legal settings and in the interactions between attorneys and clients. I will say more about what I mean by phenomenon shortly. Given the lack of research on this phenomenon in these settings, Smith is forced not only to draw analogies between medicine and law, but also to rely on movie portrayals of lawyerclient interaction, such as those in Philadelphia, A Few Good Men , and Kramer vs. Kramer . Film is transparently an unreliable guide about real-worldly interactions, of course. Additionally, in an empirical sense, medical resources are suspect in that most, including Buckman’s (1992) very fine Breaking Bad News —upon which Smith (1998) depends heavily for making recommendations to legal practitioners—are overwhelmingly based upon clinical anecdote rather than systematic investigation or theoretical foundation (Ptacek and Eberhardt 1996).
RELEASE OF PROPYL PARABEN FROM A POLYMER COATING INTO WATER AND FOOD SIMULATING SOLVENTS FOR ANTIMICROBIAL PACKAGING APPLICATIONS

The release phenomena of propyl paraben from a polymer coating to water and three food simulating solvents (10% aqueous ethanol, 50% aqueous ethanol, n-heptane) were studied for antimicrobial packaging applications. The effects of food simulating solvent, initial concentration in the coating and temperature on the propyl paraben release were examined. The initial concentration of propyl paraben in the coating ranged from 1.26 × 104 to 10.52 × 104 g/m3 and the temperature from 5.5 to 30C. For water, the release was controlled by Fickian diffusion with constant diffusion coefficient (7±11 × 10-11 cm2/s at 30C), and independent of the initial concentration. For 10% ethanol, the release followed again the Fickian model with constant diffusion coefficient (30±40 × 10-11 cm2/s at 30C). For 50% ethanol and n-heptane, the release was instantaneous and not controlled by Fickian diffusion. For the release into water, the activation energy for diffusion from the Arrhenius relationship was around 88 kJ/mole.
Hypnocounseling: Ericksonian Hypnosis for Counselors

Milton H. Erickson provided a wealth of therapeutic interventions that could be invaluable to counselors. The author describes hypnocounseling as an eclectic foundation, whereby Ericksonian hypnotic language patterns can be adapted by most counselors to their primary orientations and techniques.
Effects of the enantiomers of MDA, MDMA and related analogues on [3H]serotonin and [3H]dopamine release from superfused rat brain slices.

The primary amines 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (BDB) were measured for efficacy in release of [3H]serotonin (5-HT) from rat hippocampal slices, and release of [3H]dopamine (DA) from rat caudate nucleus slices. The N-methyl derivatives of MDA and BDB, MDMA and MBDB, respectively, and the optical antipodes of these four agents were compared in this paradigm. All of the test compounds demonstrated a similar efficacy of [3H]5-HT release in the micromolar concentration range. No significant stereoselectivity was seen in measurements of 5-HT release. However, striking differences were found between the test compounds when [3H]DA release was studied. N-methylation of racemic MDA resulted in a decreased ability to release DA, while side chain extension from α-ethyl completely abolished this activity. Stereoselectivity for the S-(+)-isomers of MDA and MDMA was also demonstrated in the DA release studies. Correlation of these biochemical findings with human subjective reports indicates that serotonin release may play a more important role in the mechanism of action than does dopamine release.
Geology of the Small Tharsis Volcanoes: Jovis Tholus, Ulysses Patera, BibIls Patera, Mars

Jovis Tholus, Ulysses Patera, and Biblis Patera, three small volcanoes in the Tharsis area of Mars, provide important insight into the evolution of volcanism on Mars. All three are interpreted to be shield volcanoes, indicating that shield volcansim was present from the outset in Tharsis. Jovis Tholus is the least complex with simple repeated outpouring of lavas and caldera-forming events. Ulysses Patera is dominated by a giant caldera within which is a line of cinder cones or domes suggesting terminal stages of volcanism in which the magma had either significant volatiles or increased viscosity. Biblis Patera is characterized by nested calderas which have expanded by block faulting of the flank; it also exhibits lava flows erupted onto the flanks from events along concentric fractures. These shields are different from the younger Tharsis Montes shields only in terms of the volume of erupted material. The limited shield volume suggests that the magma source which fed the shields was rapidly depleted. The relatively large size ofthe calderas probably results from relatively large, shallow magma bodies rather than significant burial of the flanks by younger lavas. Eruption rates consistent with typical terrestrial basaltic eruptiuon rates suggest that these volcanoes were probably built over time spans of 10(exp 4) to 10(exp 5) years. Stratigraphic ages range from Early to Upper Hesperian; absolute ages range from 1.9 to 3.4 Ga.
Gust Velocity Spatial Distribution Effects on Lateral-Directional Response of VTOL Aircraft

The effects of spanwise distribution of longitudinal and vertical components of gust velocity and longitudinal distribution of the lateral component on the lateral-directional response of a nearly hovering VTOL aircraft are analyzed. Results show that spanwise effects of the longitudinal and vertical components are negligible, and the longitudinal distribution of the lateral component is significant in computing the power spectral densities of gustinduced side force, yawing moment, rolling moment, and the aircraft sideslip, yaw, and roll rms response angles. If the gust-induced angles of attack and sideslip angles are in the nonlinear range of lift curve slope, the foregoing conclusions, which are based on linear aerodynamic theory, may not hold, and an analysis based on momentum transfer of gust energy to the aircraft is recommended.
Computer detection of the rapid diffusion of fluorescent membrane fusion markers in images observed with video microscopy

We have developed an algorithm for automated detection of the dynamic pattern characterizing flashes of fluorescence in video images of membrane fusion. The algorithm detects the spatially localized, transient increases and decreases in brightness that result from the dequenching of fluorescent dye in phospholipid vesicles or lipid-enveloped virions fusing with a planar membrane. The flash is identified in video images by its nonzero time derivative and the symmetry of its spatial profile. Differentiation is implemented by forward and backward subtractions of video frames. The algorithm groups spatially connected pixels brighter than a user-specified threshold into distinct objects in forward- and backward-differentiated images. Objects are classified as either flashes or noise particles by comparing the symmetries of matched forward and backward difference profiles and then by tracking each profile in successive difference images. The number of flashes identified depends on the brightness threshold, the size of the convolution kernel used to filter the image, and the time difference between the subtracted video frames. When these parameters are changed so that the algorithm identifies an increasing percentage of the flashes recognized by eye, an increasing number of noise objects are mistakenly identified as flashes. These mistaken flashes can be eliminated by a human observer. The algorithm considerably shortens the time needed to analyze video data. Tested extensively with phospholipid vesicle and virion fusion with planar membranes, our implementation of the algorithm accurately determined the rate of fusion of influenza virions labeled with the lipophilic dye octadecylrhodamine (R18).
The double helix: a tale of two puckers

Deoxyguanosine with attached phosphorous atoms is shown in the two major nucleic acid sugar puckers. The C2′ endo pucker (left) is found in B-DNA, whereas the C3′ endo pucker (right) is found in A-DNA or in RNA. The distance between successive phosphate groups is close to 7.0 A in C2′ endo and shortens to 5.8‐6 A in the C3′ endo pucker. Nucleic acids can convert from one pucker to the other, although it takes greater energy for conversion of ribonucleotides. Carbon, large open circles; hydrogen, small open circles; nitrogen, cross hatched circles; oxygen, black circles; and phosphorous, heavily outlined open circles.
The carbohydrate constituents of human serum β-lipoprotein: Galactose, mannose, glucosamine and sialic acid☆

Abstract β-Lipoprotein of density less than 1.063 was isolated from normal human serum. The protein associated with this fraction contained 3.23 ± .58% hexose (galactose and mannose), 1.2 ± .11% hexosamine (glucosamine), and 0.35 ± .04% sialic acid. A sample of hyperlipemic blood contained 3.25% hexose, 1.20% hexosamine, and 0.35% sialic acid.
HMO coverage of cosmetic procedures: Response to market competition

Theory suggests that insurance policies should not cover purely cosmetic procedures. This paper attempts to explain empirical variation in coverage of a purely cosmetic procedure. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are modeled in a Cournot competition with two decisions—the number of policies and the limits placed on medical care utilization. Comparative statics for an individual market suggest, first, that restrictiveness is positively associated with the number of HMOs. Second, restrictiveness is positively associated with the predisposition to demand managed care products. Third, each effect is strengthened by increasing the other parameter. Restriction of tattoo ablation, a purely cosmetic procedure, is examined empirically. The first and second predictions are supported at low levels of predisposition and numbers of HMOs, while the third prediction is not supported.
Incompatibility of BCS pairing and the Peierls distortion in linear chain systems

Abstract We have solved the coupled gap equations for a one dimensional electron gas which can undergo both a Peierls insulating and a BCS superconducting transition. We find that, except for a very special case, (i) only one of the order parameters can be non-vanishing and (ii) there is only one critical temperature. We conclude that, independent of the pairing interaction strength, if the Peierls transition occurs, there can be no BCS superconductivity, and conversely.
Fever by diathermy in the treatment of allergic disease

Abstract Fever by diathermy is presented as a method of nonspecific treatment of allergic disease. A number of severe asthmatic patients treated by this method gave results which are regarded as highly encouraging. The fact is stressed that a careful study of the individual case will have to be made before such treatment may be considered either necessary, advisable, or safe.
The structural basis for the narrow substrate specificity of an acetyl esterase from Thermotoga maritima

Acetyl esterases from carbohydrate esterase family 7 exhibit unusual substrate specificity. These proteins catalyze the cleavage of disparate acetate esters with high efficiency, but are unreactive to larger acyl groups. The structural basis for this distinct selectivity profile is unknown. Here, we investigate a thermostable acetyl esterase (TM0077) from Thermotoga maritima using evolutionary relationships, structural information, fluorescent kinetic measurements, and site directed mutagenesis. We measured the kinetic and structural determinants for this specificity using a diverse series of small molecule enzyme substrates, including novel fluorogenic esters. These experiments identified two hydrophobic plasticity residues (Pro228, and Ile276) surrounding the nucleophilic serine that impart this specificity of TM0077 for small, straight-chain esters. Substitution of these residues with alanine imparts broader specificity to TM0077 for the hydrolysis of longer and bulkier esters. Our results suggest the specificity of acetyl esterases have been finely tuned by evolution to catalyze the removal of acetate groups from diverse substrates, but can be modified by focused amino acid substitutions to yield enzymes capable of cleaving larger ester functionalities.
Emergence, Not Supervenience

I argue that supervenience is an inadequate device for representing relations between different levels of phenomena. I then provide six criteria that emergent phenomena seem to satisfy. Using examples drawn from macroscopic physics, I suggest that such emergent features may well be quite common in the physical realm.
Protein Partners of Dynamin-1 in the Retina

Dynamin proteins are involved in vesicle generation, providing mechanical force to excise newly formed vesicles from membranes of cellular compartments. In the brain, dynamin-1, dynamin-2, and dynamin-3 have been well studied; however, their function in the retina remains elusive. A retina-specific splice variant of dynamin-1 interacts with the photoreceptor-specific protein Tubby-like protein 1 (Tulp1), which when mutated causes an early onset form of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Here, we investigated the role of the dynamins in the retina, using immunohistochemistry to localize dynamin-1, dynamin-2, and dynamin-3 and immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry to explore dynamin-1 interacting proteins in mouse retina. Dynamin-2 is primarily confined to the inner segment compartment of photoreceptors, suggesting a role in outer segment protein transport. Dynamin-3 is present in the terminals of photoreceptors and dendrites of second-order neurons but is most pronounced in the inner plexiform layer where second-order neurons relay signals from photoreceptors. Dynamin-1 appears to be the dominant isoform in the retina and is present throughout the retina and in multiple compartments of the photoreceptor cell. This suggests that it may function in multiple cellular pathways. Surprisingly, dynamin-1 expression and localization did not appear to be disrupted in tulp1−/− mice. Immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that dynamin-1 associates primarily with proteins involved in cytoskeletal-based membrane dynamics. This finding is confirmed by western blot analysis. Results further implicate dynamin-1 in vesicular protein transport processes relevant to synaptic and post-Golgi pathways and indicate a possible role in photoreceptor stability.
Expression of cellular oncogenes in human malignancies

Cellular oncogenes have been implicated in the induction of malignant transformation in some model systems in vitro and may be related to malignancies in vivo in some vertebrate species. This article describes a study of the expression of 15 cellular oncogenes in fresh human tumors from 54 patients, representing 20 different tumor types. More than one cellular oncogene was transcriptionally active in all of the tumors examined. In 14 patients it was possible to study normal and malignant tissue from the same organ. In many of these patients, the transcriptional activity of certain oncogenes was greater in the malignant than the normal tissue. The cellular fes (feline sarcoma) oncogene, not previously known to be transcribed in mammalian tissue, was found to be active in lung and hematopoietic malignancies.
Structure and Activity of Human Pancreasin, a Novel Tryptic Serine Peptidase Expressed Primarily by the Pancreas

In a search for genes encoding the serine peptidases prostasin and testisin, which are expressed mainly in prostate and testis, respectively, we identified a related, novel gene. Sequencing of cDNA allowed us to deduce the full amino acid sequence of the human gene product, which we term "pancreasin" because it is transcribed strongly in the pancreas. The idiosyncratic 6-exon organization of the gene is shared by a small group of tryptic proteases, including prostasin, testisin, and γ-tryptase. Like the other genes, the pancreasin gene resides on chromosome 16p. Pancreasin cDNA predicts a 290-residue, N-glycosylated, serine peptidase with a typical signal peptide, a 12-residue activation peptide cleaved by tryptic hydrolysis, and a 256-amino acid catalytic domain. Unlike prostasin and other close relatives, human pancreasin and a nearly identical chimpanzee homologue lack a carboxyl-terminal membrane anchor, although this is present in 328-residue mouse pancreasin, the cDNA of which we also cloned and sequenced. In marked contrast to prostasin, which is 43% identical in the catalytic domain, human pancreasin is transcribed strongly in pancreas (and in the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma line, HPAC) but weakly or not at all in kidney and prostate. Antibodies raised against pancreasin detect cytoplasmic expression in HPAC cells. Recombinant, epitope-tagged pancreasin expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells is glycosylated and secreted as an active tryptic peptidase. Pancreasin's preferences for hydrolysis of extended peptide substrates feature a strong preference for P1 Arg and differ from those of trypsin. Pancreasin is inhibited by benzamidine and leupeptin but resists several classic inhibitors of trypsin. Thus, pancreasin is a secreted, tryptic serine protease of the pancreas with novel physical and enzymatic properties. These studies provide a rationale for exploring the natural targets and roles of this enzyme.
Overlapping Symptoms of Substance Abuse and Learning Handicaps: Implications for Educators

The effects of substance abuse have produced a population of students who exhibit behaviors similar to the behaviors of many youth with learning problems. Often such students are mislabeled as learning handicapped (including learning disability, behavioral disorder, and attention deficit/hyperactive disorder), when their primary problem is actually one of chemical abuse. The following issues are examined: (a) overlapping symptoms of chemical impairment and learning handicap that may result in misdiagnosis, (b) student populations at high risk for chemical abuse, (c) preventive measures, and (d) intervention and treatment for chemically impaired students.
Backcross test demonstrates the linkage of glucocorticoid-induced cleft palate susceptibility to H-2.

Data in this report demonstrate a linkage between glucocorticoid-induced cleft palate susceptibility and H-2. B10.A X C57BL/10F1 females were backcrossed to C57BL/10 males. Cleft palate was induced in the BC1 fetuses by giving pregnant females 80 mg/kg of dexamethasone intraperitoneally (IP) on day 12 of gestation. The H-2a/b haplotype was detected on day 18 BC1 fetal spleen cells with an indirect immunofluorescent labeling technique. Fetuses without antigen H-2Kk were H-2b/b . H-2a/b fetuses had a cleft palate frequency of 29%; 11% of the H-2b/b fetuses had cleft palate (P less than .01), demonstrating that the higher susceptibility to cleft palate segregates with the H-2a halotype.
In vitro phagocytosis of Nosema apis spores by honey-bee hemocytes☆☆☆

Abstract Phagocytozed Nosema apis spores caused hemocytes of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, to rupture. This phenomenon may be responsible for the weakened state and the ensuing death of the insect.
Magnetic properties of Fe-Al-Si films prepared by a DC triode sputtering method

The magnetic properties of FeAlSi films prepared using a DC triode sputtering method are studied. The FeAlSi film must be annealed above 500°C in order to improve the magnetic properties. The thermal expansion coefficient of substrates has less influence on the magnetic properties as the film thickness increases. The dependence of the magnetic properties on the film thickness is related to the film structure.
The proventriculus of the carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica virginica (L.), with special reference to bacteria‐containing luminal tunnels

Abstract. Four tunnels off the lumen of the proventriculus of the carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica virginica, have been discovered. Light and electron micrographs revealed the presence in the tunnels of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, some of which showed division stages. The occurrence of the bacteria exclusively in the tunnels—not in the lumen of the proventriculus—makes speculation as to their function difficult. The function of the tunnels is also obscure, as no glands were seen emptying into them. The bacteria may be symbionts that release enzymes into the tunnels, which are subsequently transported to the midgut to aid digestion. They could also be parasites. This is the first report of such bacterial-containing tunnels in insects.
Degrees of finite-to-one factor maps

Iff: Σ A → Σ A is an endomorphism of an irreducible shift of finite type, andp is a rational prime which divides the degree off, thenp divides every non-leading coefficient of χA. We also give constraints on the possible degrees of finite-to-one factor maps between shifts of finite type.
Effects of harmony on reduction in Kera

The reduction of vowels is a popular topic for research, but little has been said about the effects of vowel harmony on vowel reduction. Gendrot and Adda-Decker (2006, 2007) claim that phonetic reduction is linked to the phonetic duration of the vowel so that in short syllables, the vowel converges towards a schwa-like quality. I support this claim in general, but I add the claim that reduction is blocked in vowel harmony domains. Within a harmony domain, even in vowels of short duration, the quality of the vowel retains the quality of the feature which is spreading. This paper demonstrates this with data from Kera, a Chadic language spoken in Chad. I examine fronting, rounding, and height harmony in Kera and confirm the fact that harmony (but not accidental agreement) in some way blocks the reduction. This has implications for the role of harmony and claims concerning privative features. Keywords: phonology; reduction; Kera; vowel harmony; acoustic; formants; duration; blocking; privative
IN-Visible: perceiving invisible urban information through ambient media

In this paper, we introduce IN-Visible, an urban system that enhances the contact between people and the subway. IN-Visible was conceived as a two-way system that brings users of the subway closer to the "exterior" urban environment and, through ambient media, provides walkers-by with knowledge about the subway, such as timings, motion, etc.The intention is to reflect upon how, using ambient media, structural urban elements can have an adequate impact on the urban space and make that meaningful for potential users.We propose one way of implementing this idea in the surroundings of one specific subway station and discuss ways in which the system may be generalized so as to serve other stations, trains and cities.
Measured and predicted resting energy expenditure in clinically stable patients

Abstract Resting energy expenditure (REE), measured by bedside indirect calorimetry, was compared to estimated REE by the Harris-Benedict and Kleiber predictors in 200 clinically stable hospitalized patients (100 males, 100 females) and 72 healthy control subjects (20 males, 52 females). Mean predicted values were not significantly different from measured REE for the male patients and control subjects, but measured REE was significantly overestimated by the Kleiber formula in female patients and controls (p Since no method exists for identifying the clinically stable patient for whom REE cannot be estimated via these commonly employed predictors, the bedside measurement of resting energy expenditure is the most appropriate method for deriving caloric expenditure and designing subsequent caloric provision regimens for adequate and safe nutritional repletion or maintenance.
A Second Double-Stranded RNA Virus from Yeast

Two double-stranded RNA viruses exist as permanent persistent infections of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: ScVL1 and ScVLa. Both belong to the Totiviridae, which include a number of fungal and protozoan double-stranded RNA viruses. Although ScVL1 and ScVLa share the same genomic organization and mode of expression and coexist in the same cells, they show no evidence of recombination: with one limited exception, sequence conservation is detectable only in regions conserved in all totiviruses. Both have two open reading frames on their single essential RNAs: cap (encoding a capsid polypeptide) and pol (encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). The ScVLa virus, like ScVL1, appears to express its Pol domain by a -1 translational frameshift.
ARE 100 GeV ELECTRON-ELECTRON COLLISIONS INTERESTING?

It is pointed out that e−e−→µ−µ− at center of mass energy=100 GeV can be sensitive to dileptonic gauge bosons in an unexplored mass region; such states are predicted in a wide class of theories.
Implications of Managerial Talent Projections for Management Education

Declining motivation to manage among college students poses the threat of severe managerial talent shortages. Socially responsible business education must move to meet this challenge by adding programs in managing (not just management) to existing curricula. Managerial role-motivation training is essential to any such program.
Resonance Raman and UV−Vis Spectroscopic Characterization of FADH• in the Complex of Photolyase with UV-Damaged DNA†

Escherichia coli photolyase uses blue light to repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers which are formed upon irradiation of DNA with ultraviolet (UV) light. E. coli photolyase is a flavoenzyme which c...
Core Competence, Distinctive Competence, and Competitive Advantage: What Is the Difference?

Core competence, distinctive competence, and competitive advantage are 3 of the most important business concepts that managers, researchers, and educators rely on for decision making, pedagogy, and research. However, little attention has been paid to defining these concepts. As a result, they have become buzzwords that are used so frequently that their meanings are often taken for granted but are not fully understood. In this article, the author reviews the evolution of these concepts in business literature and provides comprehensive definitions, conceptual models, and examples to help clarify and distinguish the concepts so that failures of communication can be avoided.
Chest wall mass after pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction

The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap has become a widely used means for the reconstruction of defects derived from the surgical removal of head and neck neoplasms. The most common complications arising from immediate reconstruction with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap include flap necrosis, fistula, infection, dehiscence, and hematoma.1,2 Although the literature has focused primarily on the morbidity associated with the flap during the immediate postoperative period, little attention has been placed on the delayed postoperative complications of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. We present a report of a patient in whom a chest wall mass developed 4 months after tumor resection with immediate pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction.
SUPPORTING AUTOMATED PEN AND INK STYLE SURFACE ILLUSTRATION WITH B-SPLINE MODELS

This paper introduces a methodology for constructing pen and ink style landscape illustrations using B-spline surface models. After a brief discussion of the history of 19 th and 20 th century manual techniques and recent developments in automated non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) techniques, the paper discusses polynomial models for surface rendering and their implementation in the OpenGL graphics interface. The paper then discusses the generation of silhouettes and form lines for topographic surfaces from a set of triangulated vertices obtained from polygonal tessellations. An implementation of the methodology outlined in the paper is described and tested. The results are analyzed and suggestions for further research are presented.
Soil Amendments That Slow Cancer Growth

The recognition that the tumor microenvironment contributes to tumor survival, growth, and response to therapy provides the rationale for considering it a therapeutic target. The article by Alspach and colleagues in this issue provides evidence that p38MAPK acts posttranscriptionally to promote the tumor-permissive secretory phenotype of both cancer-associated and senescent fibroblasts, and that p38MAPK inhibitors already in clinical trials have significant therapeutic potential.
A numerical algorithm suggested by problems of transport in periodic media: The matrix case☆☆☆★★★

Extension of Allen and Wing's (1970) previous work on problems of transport in periodic media to the matrix case. A method in the form of a complete set of equations is presented that may be used without any further analytical work by investigators interested in computing solutions to problems of the type the method is designed to handle. All the formulas have been checked out numerically, and their effectiveness is demonstrated by numerical examples.
Extinction properties and left-handedness of spherical layered metallodielectric resonators

We present a theoretical study of the extinction properties of spherical metal-dielectric-metal layered structures. Our analysis shows tunable absorption and transparency, as well as possible left-handed behavior in the visible spectral range.
Bimodal networks and networks reinforced by the in situ precipitation of silica

The goal of primary interest in these investigations was the development of novel methods for preparing elastomeric networks having unusually good ultimate properties. The first technique employed involves endlinking mixtures of very short and relatively long functionally-terminated chains to give bimodal networks. Such (unfilled) elastomers show very large increases in reduced stress or modulus at high elongations because of the very limited extensibility of the short chains present in the networks. The second technique employs the in situ precipitation of reinforcing silica either after, during, or before network formation. The reaction involves hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate, using a variety of catalysts and precipitation conditions, and the effectiveness of the technique is gauged by stress-strain measurements carried out to yield values of the maximum extensibility, ultimate strength, and energy of rupture of the filled networks. Information on the filler particles thus introduced is obtained from density determinations, light scattering measurements, and electron microscopy.
Invited Commentary: Understanding the Role of Sleep

Chronic sleep deprivation is increasingly entertained as a novel risk factor for obesity. However, the vast majority of studies on this topic have relied on unvalidated subjective measures of habitual sleep habits. The accompanying paper by Lauderdale et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(7):805-813) presents the first longitudinal analysis of the relation between sleep duration and weight change by using an objective assessment of sleep. The lack of evidence for an association in this work suggests that the absolute time slept may not be important for weight regulation but raises questions as to what self-reported sleep duration is measuring. One intriguing possibility is that self-reported sleep may reflect the time spent in deeper stages of sleep, which physiologic studies suggest may be more relevant from a metabolic standpoint. Further research into the relation between sleep quantity and quality relative to obesity by use of more refined measures of sleep is needed to identify which, if any, aspects of sleep are important in weight homeostasis.
Conserved expression of the Arabidopsis ACT1 and ACT 3 actin subclass in organ primordia and mature pollen.

We have proposed that ancient and divergent classes of plant actin genes have been preserved throughout vascular plant evolution, because they have distinct patterns of gene regulation. The hypothesis was explored for ACT1 and ACT3, which represent one of the six ancient subclasses in the Arabidopsis actin gene family. Comparison of ACT1 and ACT3 cDNA and genomic sequences revealed highly divergent flaking and intron sequences, whereas they encoded nearly identical proteins. Quantification of their level of divergence suggests that they have not shared a common ancestor for 30 to 60 million years. Gene-specific RNA gel blot hybridization and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that the distribution of ACT1 and ACT3 mRNAs was very similar: both preferentially accumulated at high levels in mature pollen and at very low levels in the other major organs. The 59 flanking regions of both genes, including the promoter, leader exon and intron, and the first 19 condons, were fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. The expression of these reporter fusions was examined in a large number of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Histochemical assays demonstrated that both ACT1-GUS and ACT3-GUS constructs were expressed preferentially in pollen, pollen tubes, and in all organ primordia, including those in roots shoots, and the inflorescence. Comparison of the 59 flanking regions of ACT1 and ACT3 revealed a number of short conserved sequences, which may direct their common transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. The expression patterns observed were distinct from those of any other other Arabidopsis actin subclass. The conservation of their expression pattern and amino acid sequences suggests that this actin subclass plays a distinct and required role in the plant cytoskeleton.
NifB-dependent in vitro synthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase.

Biological nitrogen fixation, an essential process of the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle that supports life on Earth, is catalyzed by the nitrogenase enzyme. The nitrogenase active site contains an iron and molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) composed of 7Fe-9S-Mo-homocitrate and one not-yet-identified atom, which probably is the most complex [Fe–S] cluster in nature. Here, we show the in vitro synthesis of FeMo-co from its simple constituents, Fe, S, Mo, and homocitrate. The in vitro FeMo-co synthesis requires purified NifB and depends on S-adenosylmethionine, indicating that radical chemistry is required during FeMo-co assembly.
Fine quantization in signal detection and estimation

The performance lost to data quantization in signal detection and estimation procedures is considered. The performance is measured by f-divergences, which are useful indices of discrimination information between statistical hypotheses. Some properties of the f-divergences are briefly discussed, and a general result for the loss in divergence due to uniform data quantization is obtained. Several applications of this result in specific problems of signal detection and estimation being developed, and some numerical results that illustrate the asymptotic behavior of the divergence in these applications are given. The divergence lost to finite nonuniform quantization through the use of a companding model is considered, and the asymptotically optimum nonuniform quantizer within this class is derived. Some interesting problems that remain open are discussed. >
What Have Lawyers Done For American Business? The Case of Baker & Botts of Houston

Although lawyers made crucial contributions to the development of business, scholars have said little about their role. As the following article explains, lawyers fought restrictions on business growth, worked to make laws uniform, and helped to establish legal rules in the areas of corporate reorganization, finance, and regulation. Pioneering a new type of organization—the large firm—they moved beyond the realm of legal doctrine and acquired the political influence, local knowledge, and community connections needed to reform the nation's decentralized legal system in ways that fit the demands of national-scale business.
Phylogeography of Peromyscus furvus (Rodentia; Muridae) based on cytochrome b sequence data

We conducted phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome b sequence data to assess genetic variation within and among the three allopatric segments of the distribution of Peromyscus furvus from the Sierra Madre Oriental in eastern Mexico. We identified 24 unique haplotypes among the 54 individuals examined and genetic distances ranged up to 0.078 substitutions per site. Populations from the central portion of the range formed a monophyletic unit, whereas samples from the southern distributional unit were polyphyletic. Furthermore, the southernmost population sampled may represent a distinct species. This high degree of genetic differentiation among populations, currently recognized as conspecific, mirrors the result of other genetic studies of highland rodents in Mesoamerica. Together these studies indicate that the region, already considered hyperdiverse on the basis of species diversity and endemism, may contain considerably greater diversity than is currently appreciated.
Examining Latinos/as’ Graduate School Choice Process An Intersectionality Perspective

Based on in-depth qualitative interviews, this study examined the factors that influenced Latino/a students’ decision to matriculate at a particular doctoral institution. Findings reveal that Latin...
Control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) through genetic improvements in disease resistance and tolerance.

Infections caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have a severe economic impact on pig production in North America, Europe, and Asia. The emergence and eventual predominance of PRRS in the 1990s are the likely result of changes in the pork industry initiated in the late 1970s, which allowed the virus to occupy a unique niche within a modern commercial production system. PRRSV infection is responsible for severe clinical disease, but can maintain a life-long subclinical infection, as well as participate in several polymicrobial syndromes. Current vaccines lessen clinical signs, but are of limited use for disease control and elimination. The relatively poor protective immunity following vaccination is a function of the virus’s capacity to generate a large degree of genetic diversity, combined with several strategies to evade innate and adaptive immune responses. In 2007, the PRRS Host Genetics consortium (PHGC) was established to explore the role of host genetics as an avenue for PRRS control. The PHGC model for PRRS incorporates the experimental infection of large numbers of growing pigs and has created the opportunity to study experimental PRRSV infection at the population level. The results show that pigs can be placed into distinct phenotypic groups, including pigs that show resistance (i.e., low virus load) or pigs that exhibit “tolerance” to infection. Tolerance was illustrated by pigs that gain weight normally in the face of a relatively high virus load. Genome-wide association analysis has identified a region on chromosome 4 (SSC4) correlated with resistance; i.e., lower cumulative virus load within the first 42 days of infection. The genomic region is near a family of genes involved in innate immunity. The region is also associated with higher weight gain in challenged pigs, suggesting that pigs with the resistance alleles don’t seem to simultaneously experience reduction in growth, i.e., that resistance and tolerance are not antagonistically related. These results create the opportunity to develop breeding programs that will produce pigs with increased resistance to PRRS and simultaneously high growth rate. The identification of genomic markers involved in actual tolerance will likely prove more difficult, primarily because tolerance is difficult to quantify and because tolerance mechanism are still poorly understood. Another avenue of study includes the identification of genomic markers related to improved response following vaccination.
Differential transceiver design for DS-CDMA systems with transmit diversity

The performance of new differential detection schemes with transmit diversity (TD) for direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems is evaluated. Two TD schemes are considered. One is the orthogonal transmit diversity (OTD) and the other is the space-time transmit diversity (STTD). To enable blind detection, the two schemes of differential encoding/decoding in combination with the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) receiver are proposed. Both schemes provide full spatial diversity and require no channel state information at the transmitter as well as the receiver. The performance of the proposed OTD+MV and STTD+MV transceivers are much better than that of the conventionally used OTD+MF (matched filter) and STTD+MF receivers. The STTD+MV outperforms the OTD+MV at the price of a higher receiver complexity.
Antisense-Mediated Reduction of Eukaryotic Noncoding RNAs

The human genome has been demonstrated to be transcribed largely as noncoding RNAs. Accumulating evidence suggests important roles for many noncoding RNAs in different biological processes as well as in human diseases. Thus, it is important to be able to manipulate the expression of the noncoding RNAs, both for biological functionalization of these RNAs and for treatment of diseases related to noncoding RNAs. In this review, we summarize the approaches for reducing expression of noncoding RNAs in different eukaryotic organisms and the insights provided into the functions of these noncoding RNAs.
BLIS: A Framework for Rapidly Instantiating BLAS Functionality

The BLAS-like Library Instantiation Software (BLIS) framework is a new infrastructure for rapidly instantiating Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS) functionality. Its fundamental innovation is that virtually all computation within level-2 (matrix-vector) and level-3 (matrix-matrix) BLAS operations can be expressed and optimized in terms of very simple kernels. While others have had similar insights, BLIS reduces the necessary kernels to what we believe is the simplest set that still supports the high performance that the computational science community demands. Higher-level framework code is generalized and implemented in ISO C99 so that it can be reused and/or reparameterized for different operations (and different architectures) with little to no modification. Inserting high-performance kernels into the framework facilitates the immediate optimization of any BLAS-like operations which are cast in terms of these kernels, and thus the framework acts as a productivity multiplier. Users of BLAS-dependent applications are given a choice of using the traditional Fortran-77 BLAS interface, a generalized C interface, or any other higher level interface that builds upon this latter API. Preliminary performance of level-2 and level-3 operations is observed to be competitive with two mature open source libraries (OpenBLAS and ATLAS) as well as an established commercial product (Intel MKL).
Children and their Environments: Young people's participation in constructing a socially just public sphere

‘Well the children because they were nice and … they were very idealistic, and they had some ideas that were out of the normal thinking. The adult community members … did provide some more practical information about the neighbourhood and that kind of thing. The practitioners were helpful in that they were, I don't know. Obviously the students were able to learn, the young kids were able to take a look at their neighbourhood and see how they might be able to improve it. And the adults would get a little taste of that idealism and maybe try to pursue something that they wouldn't have normally.’ (university student) This student's reflections on how children's idealism can nudge adults out of sedimented ways of thinking provides the central theme of this chapter. Youth not only have a right to participate in social decision making, they benefit from such inclusion and can make valuable contributions to playful, transformative thinking. Youth participation yields collective and individual benefits, and is ‘part of the process and part of the answer for social inclusion’ (Hill et al. , 2004). Yet, a powerful ontology of childhood delimits young people's opportunities for activism, framing them as adults-in-waiting (Wyness, 1999), rather than as social agents capable of bringing a uniquely valuable perspective to civic discourse (see also Francis and Lorenzo, this volume).
Statin Effects on Exacerbation Rates, Mortality, and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review of Prospective Studies

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating, irreversible disease with currently available therapies targeting symptom control and exacerbation reduction. A need for alternative disease-modifying therapies remains, specifically those that may have antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that impact the pathophysiologic components of COPD. Statin drugs, the current gold standard for the treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), contain properties that affect the inflammatory disease processes seen in COPD. Several retrospective studies have demonstrated that statins may have a benefit in the reduction of morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD. This has led to prospective trials evaluating the impact of statins on various COPD-related outcomes. This article reviews the current body of prospective evidence for use of statins in patients with COPD. A search of the PubMed/Medline database of English-language articles was conducted from 1964 through November 2015; references of relevant articles were also reviewed for qualifying studies. Prospective studies of all types relating to statin use in patients with COPD were included if they had COPD- or respiratory-related outcomes; ultimately, eight studies were identified for this review. Statin effects on exacerbation rates, mortality, and inflammatory markers in patients with COPD are discussed. Strong prospective evidence does not currently exist to suggest that statins provide a clinical benefit in patients with COPD who do not have other CVD risk factors. Benefits from statins that have been illustrated are likely explained by their impact on underlying CVD risk factors rather than the COPD disease process. An opportunity exists for unanswered questions to be addressed in future studies.
for Challenges in the Design of Joined Wings Special Session: Comparison of Aeroelastic Stability of Conventional and Joined-Wing Highly Flexible Aircraft

Geometric nonlinearities are important in predicting the aeroelastic behavior of highaspect-ratio wings. In this paper, a novel geometrically nonlinear fully intrinsic set of equations is used to study and compare the aeroelastic behavior of high-aspect-ratio conventional and joined wings. As expected, the joined-wing configuration is much stiffer than the conventional one. Therefore, the joined wings undergo flutter at a higher speed than conventional wings. Also, the amplitude of limit cycle oscillation is smaller for joined wings than for conventional wings.