cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In the game: the interface between Watson and Jeopardy!

To play as a contestant in Jeopardy!™, IBM Watson™ needed an interface program to handle the communications between the Jeopardy! computers that operate the game and its own components: question answering, game strategy, speech, buzzer, etc. Because Watson cannot hear or see, when the categories and clues were displayed on the game board, they were also sent electronically to Watson. The program also monitored signals generated when the buzzer system was activated and when a contestant successfully rang in. If Watson was confident of its answer, it triggered a solenoid to depress its buzzer button and used a text-to-speech system to speak its response. Since it did not hear the host's judgment, it relied on changes to the scores and the game flow to infer whether its answer was correct. The interface program had to use what were sometimes conflicting events to determine the state of the game without any human intervention.
5. Visual evoked potentials, contrast sensitivity and foveal optical coherence tomography in Parkinson’s disease patients

Background and objective Impaired vision and remodeled foveal pit are demonstrated in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) reflect abnormality anywhere in the retina to cortex pathways. We evaluated the correlation between the VEP, contrast sensitivity (CS) and foveal thickness in PD and assessed diagnostic yield of their combination. Methods Ten PD (20 eyes) and eight HC subjects (16 eyes) were enrolled in the study. The two groups were matched for age, gender and ethnicity ( P > 0.05). All subjects underwent standard neurological and ophthalmological examination to exclude any pathology. CS was evaluated using Pelli-Robson chart. Two-channel VEP was recorded on each subject with two different stimuli (pattern reversal, frequency of 2.3 cpd; and on/off pattern frequency of 4.6 cpd). N70 and P100 were recorded. Macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were obtained using Zeiss-HD OCT and macular thickness, volume and ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) thickness were extracted. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 21.0). Results PD patients had a significantly longer N70 (reversal pattern) and P100 (on/off pattern) latency (86.7 ± 10.2 and 132.9 ± 8.7 ms, respectively) compared to healthy controls (78.8 ± 6.6 and 125.5 ± 11.5 ms, respectively) ( P = 0.01 and P = 0.03). CS score was significantly lower in PD patients (1.66 ± 0.21 vs. 1.89 ± 0.15; P = 0.001). PD patients had decreased thickness at the distance of 1.5–2.5 mm from the foveola (perifovea) (255.0 ± 6.5μ vs. 264.9 ± 18.7μ; P = 0.03). N70 latency was negatively correlated with CS ( R = −0.419, P = 0.01) and average GCL-IPL thickness ( R = −0.529, P = 0.001). CS was positively correlated with parafoveal thickness ( R = 0.490, P = 0.002). A combination of parafoveal thickness and CS score yielded an AUC of 0.784, which increased to 0.844 when combined with N70 and P100 measures. Conclusion Visual function is correlated with foveal morphology. A combination of VEP parameters, CS score, and foveal thickness has a high diagnostic yield for PD.
Antimicrobial stewardship efforts to manage a pentamidine shortage

The number of drug shortages quadrupled from 2004, with 58 shortages, to 267 in 2011.[1][1] Eighty percent of the 127 studied shortages in 2010–11 involved sterile injections, and the leading causes for the reported sterile injection shortages included problems at the manufacturing facility (43
Patient safety: The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's ongoing commitment.

MANY ASPECTS of the US health care system are in flux, but one thing has not changed: nurses remain at the forefront of clinical care. Every day, nurses confront complicated patient situations, combining sophisticated technology and old-fashioned physical assessment skills to monitor and improve health. Nurses are central to the provision of evidence-based, patient-centered care. Despite new evidence and advanced technology, many longstanding issues remain. Patient safety is one. While American health care sometimes is the best in the world, it is not always so. The quality of the care we provide is still uneven. Patients are still at risk of harm resulting from the care they receive. We still grapple with issues related to access and quality, and disparities with regard to race and ethnicity, gender, geography, and other factors. The problems that lead to these conclu-
Divergent Aquifer Biogeochemical Systems Converge on Similar and Unexpected Cr(VI) Reduction Products

In this study of reductive chromium immobilization, we found that flow-through columns constructed with homogenized aquifer sediment and continuously infused with lactate, chromate, and various native electron acceptors diverged to have very different Cr(VI)-reducing biogeochemical regimes characterized by either denitrifying or fermentative conditions (as indicated by effluent chemical data, 16S rRNA pyrotag data, and metatranscriptome data). Despite the two dramatically different biogeochemical environments that evolved in the columns, these regimes created similar Cr(III)-Fe(III) hydroxide precipitates as the predominant Cr(VI) reduction product, as characterized by micro-X-ray fluorescence and micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis. We discuss two conflicting scenarios of microbially mediated formation of Cr(III)-Fe(III) precipitates, each of which is both supported and contradicted by different lines of evidence: (1) enzymatic reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) followed by coprecipitation of Cr(III) and Fe(III) and (2) both regimes generated at least small amounts of Fe(II), which abiotically reduced Cr(VI) to form a Cr-Fe precipitate. Evidence of zones with different levels of Cr(VI) reduction suggest that local heterogeneity may have confounded interpretation of processes based on bulk measurements. This study indicates that the bulk redox status and biogeochemical regime, as categorized by the dominant electron-accepting process, do not necessarily control the final product of Cr(VI) reduction.
A Time for Hope: A Response to Nancy Adler

The first point we will address is hope. Adler focuses on the importance of hope and what it means to be hopeful. What is hope? The second is time. Adler argues that the time is right for the cross-fertilization of the arts and leadership. What does it mean that this is "the right time"? The third is Adler's call to "see reality." We see links between "seeing reality" and some current approaches to "Presence" as being discussed by Peter Senge and others associated with the Society for Organizational Learning. What does it mean, as Adler puts it, "to have the courage to see reality"? Fourth, we introduce some links suggested by the field of organizational aesthetics. How might aesthetics education and experience foster the ability to see reality? We believe that Adler's work both enriches and is enriched by these reflections.
Critical Care Updates for the Nephrologist, 2016

With improvements in supportive care, mortality from sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome has declined over the past 20 years. However, mortality associated with these conditions is still high. We will review the latest clinical trial findings in these fields, along with implications for the nephrologist. Very recently, there have been significant changes with regard to the management of anterior ischemic strokes; given the high rate of cerebrovascular disease in patients with CKD or ESRD, we will review those studies here. Finally, we will comment on best care practices in the intensive care unit, which are relevant to the nephrologist.
Imaging-driven Digital Biomarkers

Cancer imaging is crucial for advancing diagnostics and treatment, thus directly impacting medical practice. A wealth of medical information is collected worldwide in the form of digital medical images as a main component of electronic health records. Correspondingly, the unprecedented information, qualitative or quantitative, that is becoming available, calls for integrative multiplexed approaches linking genetic molecular profiles, imaging, and experimental omics evidence, but also clinical records, social-driven, and self-quantified data. The paper aims to emphasize and justify the potential of integrative approaches centered on a systems' view of newly generated markers, namely digital ones.
Development and Validation of the Dissociative Symptoms Scale

The Dissociative Symptoms Scale (DSS) was developed to assess moderately severe levels of depersonalization, derealization, gaps in awareness or memory, and dissociative reexperiencing that would be relevant to a wide range of clinical populations. Structural analyses of data from four clinical and five nonclinical samples ( N = 1,600) yielded four factors that reflected the domains of interest and showed good fit with the data. Sample scores were consistent with expectations and showed very good internal consistency and temporal stability. Analyses showed consistent evidence of convergent and divergent validity, and posttrauma elevations in scores and in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder provided additional evidence of construct validity. Item response theory analyses indicated that the items assessed moderately severe dissociative experiences. Overall, the results provide support for the reliability and validity of DSS total and subscale scores in the populations studied. Further work is needed to evaluate the performance of the DSS relative to structured interview measures and in samples of patients with other psychological disorders.
Host Defense Mechanisms against Bark Beetle Attack Differ between Ponderosa and Lodgepole Pines

Conifer defenses against bark beetle attack include, but are not limited to, quantitative and qualitative defenses produced prior to attack. Our objective was to assess host defenses of lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine from ecotone stands. These stands provide a transition of host species for mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB). We asked two questions: (1) do the preformed quantitative host defenses (amount of resin) and (2) the preformed qualitative host defenses (monoterpene constituents) differ between lodgepole and ponderosa pines. We collected oleoresins at three locations in the Southern Rocky Mountains from 56 pairs of the pine species of similar size and growing conditions. The amount of preformed-ponderosa pine oleoresins exuded in 24 h (mg) was almost four times that of lodgepole pine. Total qualitative preformed monoterpenes did not differ between the two hosts, though we found differences in all but three monoterpenes. No differences were detected in α-pinene, γ-terpinene, and bornyl acetate. We found greater concentrations of limonene, β-phellandrene, and cymene in lodgepole pines, whereas β-pinene, 3-carene, myrcene, and terpinolene were greater in ponderosa pine. Although we found differences both in quantitative and qualitative preformed oleoresin defenses, the ecological relevance of these differences to bark beetle susceptibility have not been fully tested.
Endoscopic Evaluation and Management of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic inflammatory cholestatic liver disease that is characterized by fibrosis and progressive destruction of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts with an increased risk for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and eventual development of cirrhosis in the majority of patients. In this chapter we review the central role of endoscopy in the initial diagnosis of PSC, endoscopic evaluation and endotherapy for dominant strictures, endoscopic evaluation for development of CCA, and endoscopic evaluation and management of recurrent PSC after liver transplantation.
Bacterial expression, correct membrane targeting and functional folding of the HIV-1 membrane protein Vpu using a periplasmic signal peptide

Viral protein U (Vpu) is a type-III integral membrane protein encoded by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV- 1). It is expressed in infected host cells and plays several roles in viral progeny escape from infected cells, including down-regulation of CD4 receptors. But key structure/function questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which the Vpu protein contributes to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Here we describe expression of Vpu in bacteria, its purification and characterization. We report the successful expression of PelB-Vpu in Escherichia coli using the leader peptide pectate lyase B (PelB) from Erwinia carotovora. The protein was detergent extractable and could be isolated in a very pure form. We demonstrate that the PelB signal peptide successfully targets Vpu to the cell membranes and inserts it as a type I membrane protein. PelB-Vpu was biophysically characterized by circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering experiments and was shown to be an excellent candidate for elucidating structural models.
Nonmagnetic Quantum Emitters in Boron Nitride with Ultranarrow and Sideband-Free Emission Spectra

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is an emerging material in nanophotonics and an attractive host for color centers for quantum photonic devices. Here, we show that optical emission from individual quantum emitters in hBN is spatially correlated with structural defects and can display ultranarrow zero-phonon line width down to 45 μeV if spectral diffusion is effectively eliminated by proper surface passivation. We demonstrate that undesired emission into phonon sidebands is largely absent for this type of emitter. In addition, magneto-optical characterization reveals cycling optical transitions with an upper bound for the g-factor of 0.2 ± 0.2. Spin-polarized density functional theory calculations predict possible commensurate transitions between like-spin electron states, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental nonmagnetic defect center emission. Our results constitute a step toward the realization of narrowband quantum light sources and the development of spin–photon interfaces within 2D mate...
Putative Cerebral Microbleeds in Dogs Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Head: A Retrospective Study of Demographics, Clinical Associations, and Relationship to Case Outcome.

Background Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are focal intraparenchymal signal voids on gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), corresponding to regions of chronic hemorrhage. In humans, they are associated with systemic disease and shorter survival times. Although similar findings have been identified in dogs, their epidemiology and clinical correlations have not been investigated. Objective To determine epidemiological features, clinical associations, and associations with outcome for putative CMB-like foci (putative microbleeds [pMBs]) identified by T2*-weighted MRI in dogs. Animals Five hundred and eighty-two dogs undergoing 3T brain MRI between 2011 and 2016. Methods Retrospective case–control study. Demographic, diagnostic, and clinicopathological data were obtained from medical records and phone follow-up. Demographic variables were compared between dogs with and without evidence of pMBs. For dogs with such evidence, and a subset of matched controls, associations with clinical presentation, concurrent disease, and survival times were evaluated. Results Dogs with pMBs were older (P < .001) and smaller (P = .004) than unaffected dogs. Compared to matched controls, they presented more frequently for vestibular signs (P = .030). Cortical atrophy occurred concurrently with pMBs in 26% (14/54) of dogs. Diagnosed renal disease was not significantly associated with pMBs, but proteinuria was more common in dogs with pMBs than in matched controls (odds ratio = 3.01, P = .005). Dogs with pMBs had a shorter median survival time than did matched controls (P = .011). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Putative microbleeds occurred in 54 of 582 (9.3%) of dogs undergoing brain MRI, but may not be a normal consequence of aging. They were associated with shorter survival time and proteinuria in the study population.
Cenozoic Muricidae of the Western Atlantic Region Part XI - The Subfamily Ergalataxinae

The muricid subfamily Ergalataxinae has only recently been recognized to comprise a small number of primarily IndoPacific genera and species, which have been placed in a variety of subfamilies over the years. In the western Atlantic the group is poorly represented with but six species in all. One, assigned to the genus Cytharomorula, is a relatively deep-water form known only from the Recent fauna. Three species are assigned to the genus Trachypollia. Of these, one occurs in the Oak Grove Sand, the Shoal River Formation, and (?) the Gatun Formation; one is from the Cercado, (?)Caloosahatchee, Bowden, Moin, and Bermont formations and the Recent fauna; and one is found only in the Recent fauna. Two species are assigned to the genus Lindapterys, one from the Miocene Chipola Formation and one from the Pleistocene Moin Formation and the Recent fauna.
The drying tendency of shallow meridional circulations in monsoons

Shallow meridional overturning circulations are superimposed on the deep circulations that produce precipitation in nearly all monsoon regions, and these shallow circulations transport subtropical, mid-tropospheric dry air into the tropical monsoon precipitation maxima. Here horizontal moisture advection produced by shallow meridional circulations is characterized in the monsoon regions of West Africa, South Asia, Australia, and southern Africa during local summer. Horizontal flow in the upper and lower branches of the shallow meridional circulations consistently dries and moistens air, respectively, in the continental precipitation maxima of each region. The peak drying by horizontal advection occurs at a lower altitude than peak winds in the upper branch of the shallow circulations, consistent with the small scale height of water vapor. Advection of time-mean moisture by time-mean wind dominates horizontal moisture advection in South Asia and West Africa, while most horizontal moisture advection in Australia and southern Africa is produced by transient eddies. Much of the transient eddy advection can be accurately represented as a first-order horizontal diffusion with a constant, globally uniform diffusivity. These results suggest that horizontal moisture advection in theoretical and conceptual models of seasonal mean monsoons can be adequately represented in terms of time-mean winds plus a simple horizontal moisture diffusion. Finally, interannual variations in the summer mean regional averages of monsoon precipitation and horizontal advective drying in the lower free troposphere are shown to be negatively correlated in most regions, consistent with the hypothesis that advective drying by shallow meridional circulations inhibits monsoon precipitation.
Serum albumin levels and depression in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection: a cross-sectional study.

Abstract Background Lower serum albumin levels and depression are common among HIV-infected persons. High serum albumin levels may provide protection against depression through its defensive role in inflammation and infection. We tested the hypothesis of an independent relationship between serum albumin levels and depressive symptoms in a cohort of HIV-infected persons. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 310 HIV-infected persons (176 men and 134 women) aged 20–60 years residing in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The bromocresol green method was used to measure serum albumin levels and the Beck Depression Inventory method was used to measure depressive symptoms, with a cut off score of 20 or higher indicating likely depression. The relationship between serum albumin levels and depressive symptoms was assessed using both multiple linear regression analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for sociodemographic, cardiovascular, life-style, and HIV-related clinical and treatment confounding factors. Results Serum albumin levels were inversely associated with depressive symptoms scores (beta for 1 unit change in serum albumin levels: β = − 3.91; p = 0.001) for the total participant sample. This inverse association was significant in both men (β = − 3.93; p = 0.009) and women (β = − 4.47; p = 0.03). A significantly decreased risk of depression was observed among participants with the highest serum albumin levels, with odds ratio and 95% CI for those with > 5.0 g/dL versus Conclusion Serum albumin levels were inversely associated with depressive symptoms scores in HIV-infected persons.
On the measures for ranking software components

Large software systems consist of many components some of which are more significant than others. A component is deemed significant if it plays an important role and can have a significant impact on the rest of the system when modified. Identifying such core components is important since change is inevitable as a normal course of evolution in any system and core components must be designed to minimize their impact of change. Several different graph-based strategies exist for ranking software components that can be used to identify the core components within a software system. However, each ranking strategy behaves differently and most fail to pick up all of the significant core components among their top tier of highly ranked components. In this paper, we propose a component ranking approach that models the component graph of a system as a Discrete-Time Markov Chain and uses it as a basis for component ranking. Using this approach produces results that are superior to ranking strategies based on centrality measures such as closeness, betweenness and eigenvector centrality. We demonstrate the utility of the metric and compare it against existing graph-based measures, in the analysis of Kona and JUnit, two published systems with documented architectures.
Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination during pregnancy and reduced risk of infant acute respiratory infections

Abstract Background To protect infants from pertussis infection, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends women receive the tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine between 27 and 36 weeks of pregnancy. Here, we assessed the association between timing of maternal Tdap vaccination during pregnancy and acute respiratory infection (ARI) in infants Methods This retrospective cohort study included 99,434 infants born to active duty military women in the Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Registry from 2006 through 2013. Multivariable log-binomial regression was used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between maternal Tdap vaccination during pregnancy and infant ARI at Results Infants of mothers who received Tdap vaccination during pregnancy vs those who did not were 9% less likely to be diagnosed with an ARI at Conclusions Maternal Tdap vaccination between 27 and 36 weeks of pregnancy was consistently protective against infant ARI in the first 2 months of life vs no vaccination during pregnancy, regardless of Tdap vaccination prior to pregnancy. Our findings strongly support current ACIP guidelines recommending Tdap vaccination in late pregnancy for every pregnancy.
Chronic sleep restriction differentially affects implicit biases toward food among men and women: preliminary evidence

Chronic sleep restriction and obesity are two major public health concerns. This study investigated how chronic sleep restriction changes implicit attitudes towards low- and high-calorie foods. In a randomized, counterbalanced cross-over design, 17 participants (eight females, nine males) underwent two laboratory testing sessions where they were either sleep-restricted for 3 weeks (i.e. underwent three weekly cycles of 5 nights of 4 h of sleep followed by 2 nights of 8 h of sleep opportunity) or received 3 weeks of control sleep (i.e. 8 h of sleep opportunity per night for 3 weeks). There was evidence for a significant sleep condition x sex interaction (F(1, 20) = 4.60, P = 0.04). After chronic sleep restriction, men showed a trend towards a significant decrease in their implicit attitudes favouring low-calorie foods (P = 0.08), whereas women did not show a significant change (P = 0.16). Men may be at increased risk of weight gain when sleep-deprived due to a reduced bias towards low-calorie foods.
Modified Inguinal Lymphadenectomy for Carcinoma of the Penis with Preservation of Saphenous Veins: Technique and Preliminary Results

AbstractThe controversy surrounding the management of patients with invasive carcinoma of the penis and clinically negative nodes is discussed. The rationale, technique and preliminary results of a modified inguinal lymphadenectomy in which the lateral and caudal extents of nodal excision are reduced, and the saphenous veins are preserved also are presented. This modified lymphadenectomy has been performed in 6 patients with invasive carcinoma of the penis or distal urethra without major or troublesome complications.
Towards zero-discharge mining: minimization of water outflow

Increasing environmental pressures have resulted in the call for a zero discharge policy to be adopted by many mining operations located in sensitive areas. The achievement of this policy is feasible in many climatic regions, without excessive cost, especially if account is taken in the initial design. Retrofitting is usually more difficult.
Teaching an international course in the business school: A new blended approach

This article showcases a course that is intended to address emerging educational needs related to the internationalisation of businesses. The course aims to cut across several functional areas (management, accounting, and general business) and pertains to issues confronted by managers while establishing business relationships outside their national borders. It utilises advanced educational methodologies and employs self-regulated learning along with several active learning strategies including interactive lectures, active review sessions, and ‘jigsaw’ discussions accompanied with extensive use of technology. It is designed to address how differences in international business practices can be translated into the future success (or failure) of a business partnership and to provide students with valuable insights as they prepare to be competent managers in a global business setting.
CLACC: Translating OpenACC to OpenMP in Clang

OpenACC was launched in 2010 as a portable programming model for heterogeneous accelerators. Although various implementations already exist, no extensible, open-source, production-quality compiler support is available to the community. This deficiency poses a serious risk for HPC application developers targeting GPUs and other accelerators, and it limits experimentation and progress for the OpenACC specification. To address this deficiency, Clacc is a recent effort funded by the US Exascale Computing Project to develop production OpenACC compiler support for Clang and LLVM. A key feature of the Clacc design is to translate OpenACC to OpenMP to build on Clang's existing OpenMP compiler and runtime support. In this paper, we describe the Clacc goals and design. We also describe the challenges that we have encountered so far in our prototyping efforts, and we present some early performance results.
Maturing System Competencies to Engineer a Better World

Creating a better world requires a systems thinking mindset that incorporates conflicting ideas, sees the world through multiple perspectives, anticipates the impact of systems in use over time and space, and can reliably adjust for the dynamic influences of an uncertain future. Global engineers of the future need to understand the foundations of systems theory and science, and be exposed to challenges that help them mature their knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes (competencies) about applying a systems approach. To this end, this paper will report on various efforts to understand the essential systems related competencies that all engineers should develop, the level of proficiency attained by today’s engineers in these competencies based on their current level of experience (measured in years), the proposed level of proficiency needed to achieve the goals of peace engineering, and the current gap. The paper will close with recommendations for maturing system related competencies in engineering around the world to close the systems gap and achieve a better world through peace engineering.
Abstract P115: Prevalence of Undiagnosed Diabetes Decreases by Eighty Percent When A1C Replaces the OGTT: The Africans in America Study

Introduction: Africa has the highest prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes (DM) in the world. It is unknown whether programs designed to screen for DM in Africa should rely on hemoglobin A1C (A1C) or ...
Molecular digital data storage using DNA

Molecular data storage is an attractive alternative for dense and durable information storage, which is sorely needed to deal with the growing gap between information production and the ability to store data. DNA is a clear example of effective archival data storage in molecular form. In this Review, we provide an overview of the process, the state of the art in this area and challenges for mainstream adoption. We also survey the field of in vivo molecular memory systems that record and store information within the DNA of living cells, which, together with in vitro DNA data storage, lie at the growing intersection of computer systems and biotechnology.
Computational investigation of wing-body interaction and its lift enhancement effect in hummingbird forward flight

A lift enhancement mechanism due to wing-body interaction (WBI) was previously proved to be significant in the forward flight of insect flyers with wide-shape bodies, such as cicada. In order to further explore WBI and its lift enhancement effect in a flapping flight platform with different wing and body shapes, numerical investigations of WBI were performed on the forward flight of a hummingbird in this paper. A high-fidelity computational model of a hummingbird in forward flight was modeled with its geometric complexity. The wing kinematics of flapping flight were prescribed using experimental data from previous literature. An immersed-boundary-method-based incompressible Navier‒Stokes solver was used for the 3D flow simulations of the wing-body system. Analyses on aerodynamic performances and vortex dynamics of three models, including the wing-body (WB), wing-only (WO), and body-only (BO) models, were made to examine the effect of WBI. Results have shown significant overall lift enhancement (OLE) due to WBI. The total lift force of the WB model increased by 29% compared with its WO/BO counterparts. Vortex dynamics results showed formations of unique body vortex pairs on the dorsal thorax of hummingbird where low-pressure zones were created to generate more body lift. Significant interactions between body vortex and leading-edge vortex (LEV) were observed, resulting in strengthened LEVs near the wing root and enhanced wing lift generation during downstroke. Parametric studies showed strong OLEs over wide ranges of body angle and advance ratio, respectively. The contribution of OLE from the hummingbird body increased with increasing body angle, and the wing pair's contribution increased as advance ratio increased. Results from this paper supported that lift enhancement due to WBI is potentially a general mechanism adopted by different kinds of flapping-wing flyers, and demonstrated the potential of WBI in the design of flapping-wing micro aerial vehicle (MAV) that pursue higher performance.
The decision to act: Factors that predict women’s and men’s decisions to confront sexism

Abstract Recent media campaigns, news articles, and political events have spotlighted sexism and collective action against sexism. In the face of these injustices, some women and men decide to confront sexist events, whereas others do not. In this chapter, we focus on the factors that motivate people to confront sexism with particular attention to the ways in which confrontations of sexism might be unique. We first consider the integral role of recognizing sexism in predicting confronting behaviors. Viewed through the lens of Ambivalent Sexism Theory, we articulate the ways in which sexism, in contrast to other forms of bias, may be particularly difficult to recognize. Next, we present research findings regarding the diversity of sexist experiences and the role of social power differentials in predicting confronting. We also detail how both perceived and actual costs and benefits of confronting sexism motivate women to confront. We pay special attention to ally confrontation and the differential effectiveness of ally versus target confrontation, with speculation as to how male allies may both help and hinder the goal to reduce sexism. Throughout the chapter, we consider how the recent surge in recognition and public confrontation of sexism may fit with empirical research findings. Finally, we provide concrete strategies for increasing confrontation behavior and suggest novel and important avenues for future research.
Pragmatic Clinical Trials

Pragmatic clinical trials are designed with an emphasis on using a treatment in clinical practice. They investigate a treatment strategy that can be implemented into usual care practice in a diverse patient population. They incorporate the perspective of stakeholders including patients, clinicians, and healthcare systems and are designed to generate actionable and relevant results that can be used for clinical decision-making.
Trends in Indicators of Injection Drug Use, Indian Health Service, 2010-2014: A Study of Health Care Encounter Data

ObjectivesHepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV transmission in the United States may increase as a result of increasing rates of opioid use disorder (OUD) and associated injection drug use (IDU). Epidem...
The Microbiome in Health and Disease from the Perspective of Modern Medicine and Ayurveda

The role of the microbiome in health and disease helps to provide a scientific understanding of key concepts in Ayurveda. We now recognize that virtually every aspect of our physiology and health is influenced by the collection of microorganisms that live in various parts of our body, especially the gut microbiome. There are many external factors which influence the composition of the gut microbiome but one of the most important is diet and digestion. Ayurveda and other systems of traditional health have for thousands of years focused on diet and digestion. Recent research has helped us understand the connection between the microbiome and the many different prevention and therapeutic treatment approaches of Ayurveda.
Fault Classification in Microgrids using Deep Learning

In this work, two neural network models i.e. Long - Short Term Memory (LSTM) Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are employed to classify faults in microgrids. We used Matlab/Simulink to model a modified IEEE-13 bus feeder and simulate 11 types of faults to generate training and testing data. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Additive Impulsive Gaussian Noise (AIGN) are added to the data to make it closer to real-world data. The data is pre-processed using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA). The investigation showed that the LSTM network out-performed the CNN classifier and achieved high accuracy in classifying the faults using only one signal cycle of post fault voltage.
The alignment of interstellar dust grains: thermal flipping and the Davis–Greenstein mechanism

Interstellar dust grains are non-spherical and, in some environments, partially aligned along the direction of the interstellar magnetic field. Numerous alignment theories have been proposed, all of which examine the grain rotational dynamics. In 1999, Lazarian & Draine introduced the important concept of thermal flipping, in which internal relaxation processes induce the grain body to flip while its angular momentum remains fixed. Through detailed numerical simulations, we study the role of thermal flipping on the grain dynamics during periods of relatively slow rotation, known as `crossovers', for the special case of a spheroidal grain with a non-uniform mass distribution. Lazarian & Draine proposed that rapid flipping during a crossover would lead to `thermal trapping', in which a systematic torque, fixed relative to the grain body, would time average to zero, delaying spin-up to larger rotational speeds. We find that the time-averaged systematic torque is not zero during the crossover and that thermal trapping is not prevalent. As an application, we examine whether the classic Davis-Greenstein alignment mechanism is viable, for grains residing in the cold neutral medium and lacking superparamagnetic inclusions. We find that Davis-Greenstein alignment is not hindered by thermal trapping, but argue that it is, nevertheless, too inefficient to yield the alignment of large grains responsible for optical and infrared starlight polarization. Davis-Greenstein alignment of small grains could potentially contribute to the observed ultraviolet polarization. The theoretical and computational tools developed here can also be applied to analyses of alignment via radiative torques and rotational disruption of grains.
Inferring Human Demographic History from Genetic Data

Genetics and archeology are two fields that provide complementary sources of information on our history as a species. We review what has been learned about human population history from recent genetic studies, including studies of geographic structure, population bottlenecks, and recent population growth. We also describe recent studies that highlight the importance of admixture in human history, from the mixing of different continental populations in the Americas over the past several centuries to ancient admixture between humans and Neanderthals tens of thousands of years ago.
Confessionalisation and erudition in early modern Europe: an episode in the history of the humanities: edited by Nicholas Hardy and Dmitri Levitin, Proceedings of the British Academy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019, 426 pp., £90.00 (cloth), ISBN 9780197266601

In Confessionalisation and Erudition in Early Modern Europe, Hardy and Levitin have brought together a collection of scholarship that illuminates the complex relationship between confessional ortho...
CS-Materials: A system for classifying and analyzing pedagogical materials to improve adoption of parallel and distributed computing topics in early CS courses

Abstract The NSF/IEEE-TCPP Parallel and Distributed Computing curriculum guidelines released in 2012 (PDC12) represents an effort to bring more parallel computing concepts into early computer science courses. To date, it has been moderately successful, with the inclusion of some PDC topics in the ACM/IEEE Computer Science curriculum guidelines in 2013 (CS13) and mentions of PDC topics in the Computing Curricula 2020. Additionally, some universities in the U.S. and around the world have started to cover some of these topics in early CS courses. Lack of knowledge of or training in PDC topics among instructors, along with the need to align early CS course content with prescribed learning objectives in the curricula, are often cited as hurdles for adoption in early CS courses. There have been attempts at bringing PDC materials, such as textbook chapters, lecture slides, assignments, and demos to assist instructors of early CS classes. However, the effort required on the part of the instructor to figure out what is relevant to a particular class can be daunting. In this work, we contend that simultaneously classifying pedagogical materials against the CS13 and the PDC12 curriculum guidelines can address some of the challenges faced by instructors and can promote broader adoption of PDC materials in early CS courses. We present CS Materials, a system that can be used to categorize pedagogical materials according to well-known and established curricular guidelines. We show that CS Materials can be leveraged 1) by instructors of early CS courses to find materials that are similar to the one that they use but that also cover PDC topics, and 2) by instructors to check the coverage of topics (and gaps) in a course, and 3) by PDC experts to identify topics for which PDC instructional materials do not exist or are insufficient in order to inform development of additional PDC curricular materials.
Lagos in life: placing cities in lived experience

Rather than examining what constitutes urban life in a particular city, this paper draws attention to how cities are ‘placed’ along individuals’ life trajectories. The outcome of 15 months of ethnographic research among 102 residents of Lagos's Gowon Estate neighbourhood suggests that Lagos is better understood relationally, through subjective narratives of city life. Given its scale and position among Nigerian cities, the meanings of Lagos to different individuals must be illuminated via an examination of how they ‘place’ those urban places that are important to them – Lagos, hometowns and regional centres – both conceptually and practically within their lived experiences and current livelihoods. In short, this paper exemplifies and advocates a methodology that does not treat cities as a central analytical unit, but instead interprets the meanings of living in cities based on individual inhabitants’ narratives, networks and other aspects of their lived experiences in Lagos and elsewhere.
Leveraging laboratory and clinical studies to design effective antibiotic combination therapy

Interest in antibiotic combination therapy is increasing due to antimicrobial resistance and a slowing antibiotic pipeline. However, aside from specific indications, combination therapy in the clinic is often not administered systematically; instead, it is used at the physician's discretion as a bet-hedging mechanism to increase the chances of appropriately targeting a pathogen(s) with an unknown antibiotic resistance profile. Some recent clinical trials have been unable to demonstrate superior efficacy of combination therapy over monotherapy. Other trials have shown a benefit of combination therapy in defined circumstances consistent with recent studies indicating that factors including species, strain, resistance profile, and microenvironment affect drug combination efficacy and drug interactions. In this review, we discuss how a careful study design that takes these factors into account, along with the different drug interaction and potency metrics for assessing combination performance, may provide the necessary insight to understand the best clinical use-cases for combination therapy.
Cluster Analysis: Advanced Concepts

In the previous chapter, the basic data clustering methods were introduced. In this chapter, several advanced clustering scenarios will be studied, such as the impact of the size, dimensionality, or type of the underlying data. In addition, it is possible to obtain significant insights with the use of advanced supervision methods, or with the use of ensemble-based algorithms. In particular, two important aspects of clustering algorithms will be addressed:
Technology, Ethical Issues in

The words “innovative” and “innovation” are bantered about in the media, in business, and in our everyday lives. The words evoke a feeling of progress with technology moving us upward and forward while simultaneously pushing aside existing, soon to be outdated, technology. How does business “handle” this disruption? How can we think about the responsibility for the innovation and the associated wake of changed beliefs, behaviors, and relationships? Business has a special role within the technological life cycle. Firms are the mechanism through which technology is introduced to the market and are made useful. Keywords: technology; ethics; innovative; innovation; social determinism; technological determinists; internet and information technology; nanotechnology; biotechnology
Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors and Heart Failure

Cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of death in the Western societies. Heart failure (HF) is due primarily to progressive myocardial dysfunction accompanied by myocardial remodeling. Once HF develops, the condition is, in most cases, irreversible and is associated with a very high mortality rate. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid through the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway. EETs have been shown to have vasodilatory, antiinflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. When EETs are hydrolyzed by sEH to corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, their cardioprotective activities become less pronounced. In line with the recent genetic study that has identified sEH as a susceptibility gene for HF, the sEH enzyme has received considerable attention as an attractive therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, sEH inhibition has been demonstrated to have antihypertensive and antiinflammatory actions, presumably due to the increased bioavailability of endogenous EETs and other epoxylipids, and several potent sEH inhibitors have been developed and tested in animal models of cardiovascular disease including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. sEH inhibitor treatment has been shown to effectively prevent pressure overload- and angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and reverse the pre-established cardiac hypertrophy caused by chronic pressure overload. Application of sEH inhibitors in several cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury models reduced infarct size and prevented the progressive cardiac remodeling. Moreover, the use of sEH inhibitors prevented the development of electrical remodeling and ventricular arrhythmias associated with cardiac hypertrophy and ischemia/reperfusion injury. The data published to date support the notion that sEH inhibitors may represent a promising therapeutic approach for combating detrimental cardiac remodeling and HF.
Integration, Productivity, and Inclusion in Mexico: A Macro Perspective

Among the larger Latin American nations, Mexico stands out for attempting to escape the middle-income trap through a development strategy focused on economic integration. By joining the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, the predecessor to the World Trade Organization) in 1986, enacting the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, and signing numerous other trade agreements since then, the Mexican government has transformed what was once a relatively closed economy into one of the world’s most open and export-oriented ones. As a result of these trade policies together with a set of domestic reforms, Mexico has become one of the world’s leading exporters of manufactured goods in general and of relatively advanced product categories in particular. Manufactures now account for about 80 % of Mexican exports, and about three-quarters of these consist of machinery and equipment broadly defined—including large volumes of automotive and electronic products, and small but growing amounts of aerospace equipment, biotechnology products, and information technology. Mexican industries have become deeply integrated into global value (supply) chains, especially within North America and increasingly with East Asia and other world regions.