cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Text mining biomedical literature for genomic knowledge discovery

The last decade has been marked by unprecedented growth in both the production of biomedical data and the amount of published literature discussing it. Almost every known or postulated piece of information pertaining to genes, proteins, and their role in biological processes is reported somewhere in the vast amount of published biomedical literature. We believe the ability to rapidly survey and analyze this literature and extract pertinent information constitutes a necessary step toward both the design and the interpretation of any large-scale experiment. Moreover, automated literature mining offers a yet untapped opportunity to integrate many fragments of information gathered by researchers from multiple fields of expertise into a complete picture exposing the interrelated roles of various genes, proteins, and chemical reactions in cells and organisms. In this thesis, we show that functional keywords in biomedical literature, particularly Medline, represent very valuable information and can be used to discover “new” genomic knowledge. To validate our claim we present an investigation into text mining biomedical literature to assist microarray data analysis, yeast gene function classification, and biomedical literature categorization. We conduct following studies: (1) We test sets of genes to discover common functional keywords among them and use these keywords to cluster them into groups; (2) We show that it is possible to link genes to diseases by an expert human interpretation of the functional keywords for the genes—none of these diseases are as yet mentioned in public databases; (3) By clustering genes based on commonality of functional keywords it is possible to group genes into meaningful clusters that reveal more information about their functions, link to diseases and roles in metabolism pathways; (4) Using extracted functional keywords, we are able to demonstrate that for yeast genes, we can make a better functional grouping of genes in comparison to available public microarray and phylogenetic databases; (5) We show an application of our approach to literature classification. Using functional keywords as features, we are able to extract epidemiological abstracts automatically from Medline with higher sensitivity and accuracy than a human expert.
The influence of photoperiod on the onset of puberty in the female rabbit.

Seventy-six New Zealand white does born between June 28, 1979 and April 6, 1980 were used in an experiment of 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design to determine if 1) exposure to 18 h (L) or 6 h (D) of light/d beginning at weaning influenced age and body weight at puberty and 2) if mating and(or) hormone treatment at puberty influenced ovulation rate and number of embryos. Beginning at weaning, estrus was checked daily using males known to be fertile. At first expression of estrus, does were either mated or nonmated and were injected iv with either 30 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or saline. Means for the L and D groups for age at puberty (d), body weight at puberty (kg), ovarian weight (g) and number of embryos 5 d postcoitus were 105 +/- 3.6 vs 121.9 +/- 4.1 (P less than .01); 2.65 +/- .07 vs 2.87 +/- .08 (P less than .05); .56 +/- .04 vs .78 +/- .04 (P less than .001) and 6.1 +/- .83 vs 3.44 +/- .67 (P less than .01), respectively. Photoperiod did not influence number of ovulations. Number of embryos relative to number of ovulations were higher in rabbits exposed to 18 h of light. Does that were both mated and hormone-treated had more (P less than .025) corpora lutea (11.0 +/- .9) than does that were either hormone-treated (7.7 +/- .86) or mated (7.0 +/- .97) only. Mated does had heavier uteri (10.8 +/- .5 vs 7.9 +/- .5) while hormone treatment increased both ovarian and uterine weights (g) over nontreated does (.74 +/- .04 vs .59 +/- .05; 9.9 +/- .45 vs 8.8 +/- .65). Multiple regression analysis revealed that does born in summer reached puberty later than those born during other seasons. It was concluded that season of birth and exposure of does to 18 h of light from weaning affect onset of puberty. Increasing daily light exposure from 6 to 18 h/d may improve litter size in pubertal does.
Psychosocial determinants of breast self-examination.

To explore the psychosocial determinants of breast self-examination (BSE) among women, we studied a stratified random sample of 264 women students, faculty, and staff in a university community. The dependent variable of the study was self-reported frequency of BSE, and predictors included measures of general health predispositions, variables of the Health Belief Model, the impact of a woman’s social network, a set of secondary non-health-related barriers and benefits, and the woman’s evaluation of her personal health care system. Analysis of the data showed strong relationships between most of the predictor variables and BSE. Regression analysis showed that variables measuring a woman’s recent experience in the health care system were stronger predictors of BSE practice than intrapersonal “health belief” variables. However, the independent variables included in the regression accounted for almost 35 percent of the total variance in BSE practice.
Using remote sensing satellite data and artificial neural network for prediction of potato yield in Bangladesh

Potato is one of the staple foods and cash crops in Bangladesh. It is widely cultivated in all of the districts and ranks second after rice in production. Bangladesh is the fourth largest potato producer in Asia and is among the world’s top 15 potato producing countries. The weather condition for potato cultivation is favorable during the sowing, growing and harvesting period. It is a winter crop and is cultivated during the period of November to March. Bangladesh is mainly an agricultural based country with respect to agriculture’s contribution to GDP, employment and consumption. Potato is a prominent crop in consideration of production, its internal demand and economic value. Bangladesh has a big economic activities related to potato cultivation and marketing, especially the economic relations among farmers, traders, stockers and cold storage owners. Potato yield prediction before harvest is an important issue for the Government and the stakeholders in managing and controlling the potato market. Advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) based satellite data product vegetation health indices VCI (vegetation condition index) and TCI (temperature condition index) are used as predictors for early prediction. Artificial neural network (ANN) is used to develop a prediction model. The simulated result from this model is encouraging and the error of prediction is less than 10%.
Internet of Things – A Complete Solution for Aviation’s Predictive Maintenance

The University of South Carolina has been involved in research for the US military for helicopters and rotary aircraft for over 18 years. Majority of this work has been focused on optimizing aircraft uptime and flight readiness by leveraging condition-based maintenance (CBM), more commonly known as predictive maintenance (PM). This type of maintenance differs from other classical styles (reactive and preventive) in that it has a high reliability and a low cost. The foundation of PM in any application is data collection and storage. It begins with applying tools such as natural language processing (NLP) to historical maintenance records to determine the most critical components on the aircraft. Data mining of previously collected sensor data is then used to establish the most reliable types of condition indicators (CIs) that monitor the critical components. These thresholds from the CIs can be modified over time as more data is collected. Once a data collection scheme is in place, prognostics can be used to determine the remaining useful life of a component. Using this process, along with an optimized maintenance schedule through the maintenance steering group (MSG-3) program, helps to eliminate unnecessary maintenance actions on the aircraft, as well as, reduce the inventory of components needed for the aircraft to operate. After this maintenance scheme has been set up, the Internet of Things (IoT) can be leveraged to allow the entire process to operate within a single environment. This further develops the solution, and allows actions to be executed more quickly than if they were performed individually. The expected benefits and future development of these practices will never come to fruition unless personnel are properly educated and trained. Developing a culture of predictive maintenance practices in an aviation environment is necessary to ensure success of this solution.
Association of Otolaryngology Resident Duty Hour Restrictions With Procedure-Specific Outcomes in Head and Neck Endocrine Surgery

Importance Graduate medical education has undergone a transformation from traditional long work hours to a restricted plan to allow adequate rest for residents. The initial goal of this restriction is to improve patient outcomes. Objective To determine whether duty hour restrictions had any impact on surgery-specific outcomes by analyzing complications following thyroid and parathyroid procedures performed before and after duty hour reform. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS).The NIS was queried for procedure codes associated with thyroid and parathyroid procedures for the years 2000 to 2002 and 2006 to 2008. Hospitals were divided based on teaching status into 3 groups: nonteaching hospitals (NTHs), teaching hospitals without otolaryngology programs (THs), and teaching hospitals with otolaryngology programs (THs-OTO). Main Outcomes and Measures Procedure-specific complication rates, length of stay, and mortality rates were collected. SAS statistical software (version 9.4) was used for analysis with adjustment using Charlson comorbidity index. Results Total numbers of head and neck endocrine procedures were 34 685 and 39 770 (a 14.7% increase), for 2000 to 2002 and 2006 to 2008, respectively. THs-OTO contributed a greater share of procedures in 2006 to 2008 (from 18% to 25%). With the earlier period serving as the reference, length of stay remained constant (2.1 days); however, total hospital charges increased (from $12 978 to $23 708; P Conclusions and Relevance While recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hematoma formation, and hypoparathyroidism did not change, length of stay and mortality improved within THs-OTO following head and neck endocrine procedures after implementation of duty hour regulations. This finding refutes the concern that duty hour restrictions result in poorer overall outcomes. Less time available to develop technical competence may play a factor in some outcomes in lieu of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury increasing within THs and accidental injury to vessels, organs, or nerves and hypocalcemia increasing within THs-OTO. Furthermore, head and neck endocrine cases increased at THs with otolaryngology programs.
Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Oral Cancer

The management of oral cancer necessarily involves not only therapy directed toward improving survival but also rehabilitation of the patient with the goals of improving quality of life and preserving the patient’s dignity. Surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy create substantial morbidity and deformity. Treatment of this region therefore has tremendous consequences for irreplaceable functions: mastication, deglutition, verbal communication, respiration, and facial expression. Moreover, cancer creates extensive psychosocial and financial burden for the patient, their families, and the society in general. The focus on quality of life as it pertains to rehabilitation is critical to understanding the oral cancer patient. This chapter is dedicated to the discussion of oral cancer rehabilitation, with an emphasis on functional considerations in order to achieve maximum conservation of activity and quality of life.
Central Vein Stenosis with Angioplasty Prior to Catheter Placement

Stenosis of the internal jugular vein among today’s dialysis population is not an unusual finding. The challenge is in finding a site suitable for catheter insertion when the need arises. In this case, a problem with the vein was suspected at the time it was evaluated with ultrasound because of failure of the vein to dilate significantly with a Valsalva maneuver. In this case, it was possible to pass a guidewire through what appeared to be a complete obstruction making placement of the catheter possible.
Predicting Major Adverse Kidney Events among Critically Ill Adults Using the Electronic Health Record

Prediction of major adverse kidney events in critically ill patients may help target therapy, allow risk adjustment, and facilitate the conduct of clinical trials. In a cohort comprised of all critically ill adults admitted to five intensive care units at a single tertiary care center over one year, we developed a logistic regression model for the outcome of Major Adverse Kidney Events within 30 days (MAKE30), the composite of persistent renal dysfunction, new renal replacement therapy (RRT), and in-hospital mortality. Proposed risk factors for the MAKE30 outcome were selected a priori and included age, race, gender, University Health System Consortium (UHC) expected mortality, baseline creatinine, volume of isotonic crystalloid fluid received in the prior 24 h, admission service, intensive care unit (ICU), source of admission, mechanical ventilation or receipt of vasopressors within 24 h of ICU admission, renal replacement therapy prior to ICU admission, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease as defined by baseline creatinine value, and renal failure as defined by the Elixhauser index. Among 10,983 patients in the study population, 1489 patients (13.6%) met the MAKE30 endpoint. The strongest independent predictors of MAKE30 were UHC expected mortality (OR 2.32 [95%CI 2.06---2.61]) and presence of acute kidney injury at ICU admission (OR 4.98 [95%CI 4.12---6.03]). The model had strong predictive properties including excellent discrimination with a bootstrap-corrected area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 0.903, and high precision of calibration with a mean absolute error prediction of 1.7%. The MAKE30 composite outcome can be reliably predicted from factors present within 24 h of ICU admission using data derived from the electronic health record.
The politics of suffering: from the survivor-witness to humanitarian witnessing

This essay engages with the work of the French anthropologist, sociologist and psychiatrist Didier Fassin on the proliferation of the language of trauma and suffering in the late twentieth century. It shows the benefit of taking a long historical view. It describes the fashioning of the ‘survivor-witness’ during the 1961 Eichmann trial and its symbolic connection to the humanitarian witness that emerged in the 1990s. By illustrating the historical processes by which each of these two figures became a ‘witness’, it reveals the conditions under which traumatized victims are assigned a negative or positive cultural valence.
Are Cocaine-Seeking "Habits" Necessary for the Development of Addiction-Like Behavior in Rats?

Drug self-administration models of addiction typically require animals to make the same response (e.g., a lever-press or nose-poke) over and over to procure and take drugs. By their design, such procedures often produce behavior controlled by stimulus-response (S-R) habits. This has supported the notion of addiction as a “drug habit”, and has led to considerable advances in our understanding of the neurobiological basis of such behavior. However, for addicts to procure drugs, like cocaine, often requires considerable ingenuity and flexibility in seeking behavior, which, by definition, precludes the development of habits. To better model drug-seeking behavior in addicts we first developed a novel cocaine self-administration procedure (the Puzzle Self-Administration Procedure; PSAP) that required rats to solve a new puzzle every day to gain access to cocaine, which they then self-administered on an Intermittent Access (IntA) schedule. Such daily problem-solving precluded the development of S-R seeking habits. We then asked whether prolonged PSAP/IntA experience would nevertheless produce ‘symptoms of addiction’. It did, including escalation of intake, sensitized motivation for drug, continued drug use in the face of adverse consequences and very robust cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking, especially in a subset of ‘addiction-prone’ rats. Furthermore, drug-seeking behavior continued to require dopamine neurotransmission in the core of the nucleus accumbens (but not the dorsolateral striatum). We conclude that the development of S-R seeking habits is not necessary for the development of cocaine addiction-like behavior in rats.
CUMULUS: NASA's cloud based distributed active archive center prototype

Since 1994, NASA's Earth Science Data System (ESDS) Program, central to facilitating the implementation of NASA's Earth Science strategic plan, has committed to the full and open, public sharing of Earth science data obtained from NASA instruments. A vital responsibility of the ESDS Program is to continuously evolve the entire data and information system (“EOSDIS”) to maximize returns on NASA's collected data. An independent, holistic review of the EOSDIS was conducted to identify gaps and resulted in the following recommendations: investigate (a) whether commercial cloud providers offer potential for storage, processing, and operational efficiencies, and (b) the potential development of new data access and analysis paradigms. In response, ESDS has initiated several prototypes, including the “Cumulus” prototype, to investigate the advantages and risks of leveraging cloud computing. Cumulus is being designed and developed as a “native” cloud-based data ingest, archive and management system that can be used for all future NASA Earth science data streams.
Freedom as Non-Domination in Behavioral and Biomedical Research.

In the biomedical and behavioral sciences, it is widely recognized that researchers conducting studies involving human participants must respect the autonomy of research subjects. There is signific...
Power and the Pulpit: A Look into the Diversity of Ministerial Power:

The issue of extreme variability in regard to types of power displayed within the typical ministerial position is discussed. Six power bases originally offered by French and Raven (1959) were appli...
Refinement of Perioperative Feeding in a Mouse Model of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy

Provision of liquid enteral nutrition (LEN) during the perioperative period is standard practice for rodents undergoing bariatric surgery, yet these diets are associated with several challenges, including coagulation of the liquid diet within the delivery system and decreased postoperative consumption. We investigated the use of a commercially available high-calorie dietary gel supplement (DG) as an alternative food source for mice during the perioperative period. C57BL/6J male mice were fed high-fat diet for 8 to 10 wk prior to surgery. The study groups were: vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) +DG, VSG+LEN, sham surgery+DG, and sham+LEN. Food and water intakes, body weight, and body fat composition was monitored throughout the study. Mice that received DG lost significantly more weight preoperatively than those fed LEN. However, during the postoperative period, body weight, body fat composition, and water and caloric intake were similar among all experimental diet groups. Three mice in the VSG+LEN group were euthanized due to clinical illness during the course of the study. In summary, feeding a high-calorie DG to mice undergoing VSG surgery is a viable alternative to LEN, given that DG does not significantly affect the surgical model of weight loss or result in adverse clinical outcomes. We recommend additional metabolic characterization of DG supplementation to ensure that this novel diet does not confound specific research goals in the murine VSG model.
Feinheiten von Befruchtung und Geschlechtsbestimmung

Wir mussen diesen Abschnitt mit dem Eingestandnis eines Unrechts eroffnen: wir behandelten bisher eine wichtige Personlichkeit recht zurucksetzend, die es gar nicht verdiente. Wir erwahnten bisher immer nur so nebenbei den Kern der Zelle, so das er fast als ein nebensachliches Gebilde erscheinen konnte. Jetzt soll er dafur zu um so hoherer Ehre kommen. Denn im winzigen Raum dieses mikroskopisch kleinen Blaschens spielen sich die vielleicht grosten Wunder des Lebens ab, und der Forscher, dessen heises Bemuhen es ist, von den Geheimnissen des Lebens den Schleier zu luften, sieht sich immer wieder genotigt, seine Fragen an dies unscheinbare Gebilde zu richten.
Small-polaron conduction in Y 2 Ti 2 O 7

An activated low electron mobility in single-crystal ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ has been interpreted in terms of small-polaron conduction. Formation of these polarons is attributed to strong short-range forces and to a large oxygen-vacancy concentration, which are related to the large site volume of one of the oxygen ions. Strong temperature dependence of the optical band gap and a large coupling constant are evidence for the strong electron-phonon interaction. An increase in hopping energy upon second ionization of the vacancy donor is indicative of the role of defects in polaron formation.
Modes of Mechanical Ventilation: Part 1

After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the indications for mechanical ventilation, distinguishing hypercapnic vs. hypoxemic respiratory failure. Recognize the various modes of mechanical ventilation and their specific indications. Recognize alternate modes of mechanical ventilation and adjunctive therapies.
No Hints, No Forecasts, No Previews: Analyzing Supreme Court Nominee Evasiveness, 1955-2009

Criticism of Supreme Court confirmation hearings has intensified considerably over the past two decades. In particular, there is a growing sense that nominees are now less forthcoming and that the hearings have suffered as a result. In this paper, we challenge that conventional wisdom. Based on a comprehensive content analysis of every question and answer in all of the modern confirmation hearings, we find only a mild decline in the candor of recent nominees. Moreover, we find that senators ask more probing questions than in the past, and that nominees are now more explicit when they refuse to respond – two factors that may be fueling the perception that evasiveness has increased in recent years. We close with a discussion of the normative implications of our findings as well as an outline for future research.
Limited role of Chromogranin A as clinical biomarker for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Abstract Background Serum Chromogranin A (CgA) is widely used as a biomarker for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). The aim of this study was to investigate the value of CgA as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for well-differentiated PanNETs. Methods Patients with well-differentiated PanNET and a baseline CgA measurement, between 2011 and 2016 were reviewed. The diagnostic value was determined by comparing CgA values from patients with PanNETs to those with other pancreatic neoplasms and healthy controls. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to investigate the CgA prognostic significance. Results Ninety-nine patients met inclusion criteria. As a diagnostic marker, CgA had a sensitivity of 66%, specificity of 95%, and overall accuracy of 71%. The use of PPIs was associated with a higher CgA level (p = 0.015). When excluding patients on PPIs, CgA accuracy in distinguishing PanNETs from other pancreatic neoplasms was 66%, the sensitivity and specificity were 60% and 75% respectively. Elevated CgA (p = 0.004), Ki67% (p Conclusion CgA has a limited role as a diagnostic biomarker for well-differentiated PanNETs. An elevated CgA level may have prognostic value but its role should be further investigated with respect to other known pathological factors.
Novel Theory and Algorithms of Path-Gradient and Their Application to Image Segmentation

Image segmentation is a major challenge in many real-life applications. Path-based segmentation methods are popularly used, which expectedly grow a region from initial seeds along the target object while arresting between-object leakages. An ever-existing challenge with such methods is to select the optimum scale capturing the total intensity variation across object interfaces without smearing small-scale structures. The recent method of minimum barrier distance (MBD) addresses this issue using a path-cost function computing the maximum intensity variation along the path. Major concerns of MBD emerge from its high computational complexity and convoluted trajectory of the optimum path between two points located at two different sides of an object interface, which limit the benefits of MBD. Here, we introduce a new notion of path-gradient (PG) that exhibits similar behavior as MBD for object segmentation with significantly reduced computation. The formulation of PG allows the addition of a regularization term in the path cost function formulating regularized path-gradient (RPG), which improves segmentation still at considerably reduced computation cost than regular MBD. Efficient algorithms for computing PG and RPG are presented and their properties are qualitatively demonstrated, and segmentation performances are compared with that of MBD.
Explicit bias among fourth-year medical students.

The aim of this study was to analyze themes related to explicit bias in patient-doctor relationships among fourth-year medical students. Class cohorts between 2013 and 2016 taking an online electiv...
Incidence and Risk Factors for Reoperation Following Meniscal Repair in a Military Population

The purpose of this study is to determine the reoperation rate following meniscal repair and the associated risk factors. The Military Health System Data Repository was queried for active duty patients between January 2009 and December 2012 undergoing meniscal repair by Current Procedural Terminology code (29882, 29883, and 27403). This cohort was then screened for subsequent procedures following the index procedure. Risk factors for reoperation were calculated using a Cox proportional hazard analysis. A total of 3259 primary meniscal repairs were identified over the study period, of which 1423 (43.7%) were performed in conjunction with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The reoperation rate was 13.6%, occurring at a median of 1.1 years following the index procedure. Marine Corps service, younger age (>35), enlisted or cadet rank, and junior rank status were identified as significant risk factors for requiring reoperation. Isolated repairs were significantly more likely to require a secondary procedure than those with concomitant ACL reconstruction. Meniscal repairs performed in the military demonstrate similar reoperation rates as published literature despite increased occupational demands. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 27(1):47-51, 2018).
LEFT VENTRICULAR CARDIAC MECHANICS IMPROVE IN PATIENTS POST TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT REGARDLESS OF BASELINE LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION

The left ventricle (LV) compensates for the increased afterload encountered in severe aortic stenosis (AS) through hypertrophy. However, a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction LVEF <50% (dLVEF) is an indication for valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis because of its adverse
Cervical Stratified Mucin-Producing Intraepithelial Lesion: A Systematic Review of Diagnosis and Management.

Objectives The aims of the study were to synthesize reported associations of stratified mucin-producing intraepithelial lesion (SMILE) of the cervix with other dysplasia lesions and immunohistochemical (IHC) stains, compare expected patterns of IHC staining to other lesions in the differential diagnosis, and assess follow-up pathology. Methods This systematic review includes all case reports and case series of cervical lesions consistent with SMILE based on the histologic diagnosis described in the original case series. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database were searched through June 2019. Immunohistochemical analysis, concurrent lesions, and pathology on follow-up were compiled for comparison. Weighted averages of concurrent lesions were calculated. Results Nine case reports and case series were included, published between 2000 and 2019. Of 9 studies, 6 and 5 studies reported strong, diffuse staining of p16 and increased expression of Ki-67, respectively. Stratified mucin-producing intraepithelial lesion is associated with human papillomavirus, especially type 18. The weighted average risk of concurrent high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was 79% (range = 33%-93%), adenocarcinoma in situ 39% (2.9%-92%), adenocarcinoma 5% (1%-25%), and squamous cell carcinoma 6% (0%-11%). Patients underwent follow-up ranging from repeat Pap to radical hysterectomy, with pathology on follow-up infrequently and irregularly reported. Conclusions Stratified mucin-producing intraepithelial lesion is a rare lesion with a paucity of research on necessary cytology and IHC stains for diagnosis, but p16 and Ki-67 IHC stains can be performed to rule out benign lesions. The lesion is associated with high risk of concurrent high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, adenocarcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma, but studies on the risk of pursuing fertility-preserving management are needed.
Bone-graft substitutes

Bone is the most commonly transplanted tissue except for blood. An autogenous bone graft was first used successfully in 1875 when Nussbaum harvested the ulna for bone to correct a skeletal defect? Today, in the U S A alone, autogenous bone grafting is done in about 200 000 surgical cases annually. Bone grafts are indicated in the t reatment of fractures and non-unions, after bone loss due to tumour or infection, and in reconstructive procedures such as fusions or joint replacements. Autogenous grafts remain the gold standard for bone grafts, with the posterior iliac crest being the commones t source. However , there are several disadvantages of autogenous grafting. First, the rate of major complications (infection, wound drainage, haematomas, reoperation, prolonged pain, sensory loss, and keloids) is 8"6%, and that of minor complications is 20"6%. 2 Autogenous bone grafting generally requires the patient to undergo a second skin incision, and there are the costs of long anaesthetic t ime and hospital stay. Bone grafts aid new bone formation in several ways: • Osteogenic grafts provide cells with the direct ability to form new bone. • Osteoconductive grafts provide a scaffolding for new bone to grow in from an adjacent osseous bed. • Osteoinductive grafts provide factors that induce undifferentiated tissue to differentiate into bone.
Tool Wear Characterization and Monitoring with Hierarchical Spatio-Temporal Models for Micro-Friction Stir Welding

Abstract Tool condition in manufacturing plays a significant role on process dynamics and part quality. Effective modeling and monitoring of tool condition deterioration can provide the technical basis for maintaining production efficiency and quality. Inspired by the need of tool condition monitoring in joining dissimilar materials, especially the micro friction stir welding (μFSW) process, this paper aims to model and monitor the spatial and temporal patterns in the dynamic tool wear propagation in μFSW. A hybrid hierarchical spatio-temporal model is developed for the time-ordered, high-dimensional tool surface measurement images to characterize the dynamic tool wear propagation in μFSW. The model is developed in a hierarchical Bayesian structure with the first level being a data-driven regression model for the high-resolution tool pin profile images and the second level being a physics-based advection-diffusion model for the welding temperature distribution. Kalman filter is adopted to estimate the posterior distributions of the state variable (temperature distribution) and the error between the measured tool surface image and the predicted images. Regularized Mahalanobis distance is proposed to monitor tool wear progression. Numerical studies on three abnormal tool wear progression patterns demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed spatio-temporal modeling method, as well as the timeliness, confidence, and power of detection. Results show that abnormal tool wear progression can be detected within 2 time-steps, the detecting accuracy of abnormal tool wear progressions can reach 99%, and the Type II error rates remain at 0. The method developed in this paper is expected to facilitate early detection of abnormal tool wear progressions, reduce the efforts in manual inspection, and support smart manufacturing. The proposed methods can be easily extended to other manufacturing processes with online sensing and tool measurement capabilities.
Aging Disrupts Normal Time-of-day Variation in Cardiac Electrophysiology

Background: Cardiac gene expression and arrhythmia occurrence have time-of-day variation; however, daily changes in cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmia susceptibility, and Ca2+ handling have not ...
Sleep in young adult cancer survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic

Citation:Zhou ES, Michaud AL, Owens J, Recklitis CJ. Sleep in young-adult cancer survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(11):1991.
Influences of Demographic, Social Determinants, Clinical, Knowledge, and Self-Care Factors on Quality of Life in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Black-White Differences.

This study evaluated racial differences in the contribution of demographic, social determinants, clinical, and self-care factors on quality of life (QOL) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 615 adults with T2DM in Southeastern United States were recruited. Linear regression models were used to assess the contribution of demographic, social determinants, clinical, and self-care factors on the mental (MCS) and physical components (PCS) of QOL, after stratifying by race. For the entire sample, there were significant relationships between PCS and psychological distress (β = 0.02, p < 0.01), neighborhood aesthetics (β = 0.05, p < 0.01), neighborhood walking environment (β = −0.02, p < 0.05), access to healthy food (β = 0.01, p < 0.05), neighborhood crime (β = −0.15, p < 0.05), and neighborhood comparison (β = 0.13, p < 0.05); and MCS and depression (β = −0.06, p < 0.05), psychological distress (β = −0.09, p < 0.001), perceived stress (β = −0.12, p < 0.01), and perceived health status (β = −0.33, p < 0.01). In the regression models stratified by race, notable differences existed in the association between PCS, MCS, and demographic, psychosocial, built environment, and clinical factors among Whites and Blacks, respectively. In this sample, there were racial differences in demographic, social determinants, built environment, and clinical factors associated with PCS and MCS components of QOL. Interventions may need to be tailored by race or ethnicity to improve quality of life in adults with T2DM.
Leadership Training and Undergraduate Medical Education: a Scoping Review.

The purpose of this scoping review is to fill the gap in understanding the current status of intervention-based studies regarding leadership training in undergraduate medical education. As of late, there is an increased focus on the role of physicians as leaders in their fields, and communities. In order to evaluate these studies, both the PubMed and ERIC databases were searched, and an ultimate total of 35 articles methodologies were evaluated for their general methodology, curricular content, specific teaching methods, and evaluation methodologies. There were a number of trends identified, as well as remaining gaps.
Roles for Ndel1 in keratin organization and desmosome function.

It is demonstrated that the desmosome-associated protein Ndel1 promotes local assembly/reorganization of the keratin network and is required for desmosome function in cultured cells and mouse skin.
Adrenal chromaffin cells as multipotential neurons for autografts.

The chromaffin cell grafts in the Parkinsonism models is used primarily as the living depots of catecholamines. Because of their phenotypic plasticity, however, chromaffin cells have considerably more potential as donor tissue than has been utilized heretofore. These cells can be maintained in their normal chromaffin phenotype by the addition of corticosteroids, and they can grow neurites when the steroid is removed and nerve growth factor (NGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is added. Moreover, when the appropriate conditioned medium (CM) is supplied along with NGF, the efficiency of conversion of neonatal chromaffin cells into sympathetic neurons is enhanced and chromaffin cells taken from adult rats can also be converted. In addition, the chromaffin cell-derived neurons can be converted to the cholinergic phenotype when an instructive differentiation factor purified from cultured heart cells is added. These converted, cholinergic sympathetic neurons can form functional cholinergic synapses.
Methodology and Theoretical Assumptions

The essence of language is human activity — activity on the part of one individual to make himself understood by another, and activity on the part of that other to understand what was in the mind of the first. These two individuals, the producer and the recipient of language, or as we may more conveniently call them, the speaker and the hearer, and their relations to one another, should never be lost sight of if we want to understand the nature of language and of that part of language which is dealt with in grammar (Jespersen, 1965, p. 17).
Telephone surveys of mental health need and the unlisted subscriber

Community surveys for needs assessment purposes have gained considerable popularity in recent years, yet the prevalence estimates of psychiatric impairment or mental health need vary widely across studies. It is hypothesized that part of this variability may reflect methodological concerns, in particular the directory listing status of respondents when telephone survey methods are employed. Using data from two independent community surveys, the mental health needs of listed versus unlisted subscribers were compared on a series of mental health scales. The implications of the differences observed are discussed both for further telephone needs assessment projects, as well as for service providers.
Contrasting Employee Assistance, Health Promotion, and Quality of Work Life Programs and Their Effects on Alcohol Abuse and Dependence

Numerous programs addressing employee alcohol abuse and dependence have appeared in organizations in the U.S. since the 1940s. Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) have effectively used a dual strat...
Ethical Concerns Raised Among Pediatric Heart Failure Clinicians

Johnson and colleagues (2015) describe correctly that “little is known about the ethical issues that predominate in pediatric settings,” and use this deficit as motivation for their interesting and...
Where There Is No Earth

You can't tell where you're headed next, and that's the point. The path is convoluted, rich with asides. It's like listening to old relatives talk about the past, how they veer wide of the story they started, and take the winding roads of subplots and intrigues and I-tell-you's and right about when you've worn down, suddenly there it is?some pearl spun from the sand in their story's shoe, and it shines something on who you are and where you belong. But you've got to forget your agenda and just come along. Same with walking a labyrinth. You must step in and follow your feet. I'm following someone else's feet. This is supposed to be a medi tation, and I should be emptying my mind, empty, empty, but we've all taken off our shoes to walk the warm sand paths and I'm worried about the funky toenails of the woman in front of me. That would be ironic?picking up some fungus on a path toward enlighten ment. Twelve of us gathered this morning to hear a nun talk about this 5,000-year-old metaphor for pilgrimage, for life; unlike a maze with its tricks, but very much like life, there is one way in and one way out, and many turns in between. This kind of labyrinth is open, without walls. Lines of yellow brick lie end-to-end to form intricate, sand-filled paths of wide arches and tight curves, all of which whorl within a large circle. The labyrinth meditation has three stages, the
Emergency Visits for Prescription Opioid Poisonings.

Abstract Background Prescription opioid abuse and overdose has steadily increased in the United States (US) over the past two decades, and current research has shown a dramatic increase in hospitalizations resulting from opioid poisonings. Still, much is unknown about the clinical and demographic features of patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) for poisoning from prescription drugs. Objective We sought to evaluate ED visits by adults for prescription opioids. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study utilizing 2006–2011 data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Total number of admissions (weighted), disposition, gender, age, expected payer, income, geographic region, charges, and procedures performed were examined. Results From 2006 through 2010, there were 259,093 ED visits by adults for poisoning by opioids, and 53.50% of these were unintentional. The overall mean age of patients was 45.5 years, with more visits made by females (52.37%). Patients who unintentionally overdosed were more likely to have Medicare (36.54%), whereas those who intentionally overdosed had private insurance (29.41%). The majority of patients resided in the South (40.93%) and came from lower-income neighborhoods. Approximately 108,504 patients were discharged, and 140,395 were admitted. Conclusions There were over 250,000 visits to US EDs from 2006 through 2011 with a primary diagnosis of poisoning by a prescription opioid. Females made the majority of visits, and over half were admitted to the hospital, resulting in over $4 billion in charges. Future studies should examine preventative measures, optimal screening, and intervention programs for these patients.
Biological monitoring of the aquatic environment

A nation-wide water quality monitoring network was operated from 1957 to 1968 by a central Federal laboratory in Cincinnati. The network was decentralized in 1968, and the responsibility for its operation was transferred to the regional offices of the Federal Water Quality Administration. Following the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, an Office of Monitoring was established to provide overall technical coordination of the monitoring program and to standardize methodology and maintain quality control of the data. The responsibility for water quality monitoring in the EPA will be shared by the Office of Monitoring, Office of Air and Water Programs, Office of Enforcement and General Counsel, and Office of Research. Four types of monitoring have been identified-ambient trend monitoring, source monitoring, case preparation monitoring, and research monitoring. The water quality monitoring network of the EPA will consist of 5000 to 10 000 EPA-funded stations and 40 000 to 50 000 stations operated by state and local agencies. The data will be stored in a central EPA computerized system called STORET. The responsibility for quality control and the development, validation and standardization of chemical, microbiological, and biological methodology for water and waste water has been assigned to the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory (AQCL) in Cincinnati. Water quality is reflected in the species composition and diversity, population density and physiological condition of indigenous communities of aquatic organisms. Biological methodology employed in water quality monitoring in the EPA deals primarily with sample collection, sample processing, counting and identification of aquatic organisms, biomass measurements, measurement of bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pollutants, and biological data processing and interpretation. The AQCL conducts research in all areas of biological methodology for water quality monitoring, develops reference samples for quality control, and conducts agency-wide interlaboratory methods studies. An Agency biological methods manual is in preparation and will be available in 1973.
Morphological evidence that hypothalamic substance P-containing afferents are capable of filtering the signal flow in the monkey hippocampal formation

This study in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) was designed to characterize the neurochemical features of hippocampal nonpyramidal neurons that are specific synaptic targets of substance P- containing projective neurons located in the supramammillary nucleus. Our previous studies provided evidence for an excitatory nature to this hypothalamo-hippocampal pathway and described the mode of termination of these afferents on hippocampal principal neurons. The present correlated light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical analysis, using the nickel-diaminobenzidine/diaminobenzidine double-labeling technique, revealed that this hippocampal afferent system establishes multiple, exclusively asymmetric synapses with three specific subpopulations of nonpyramidal cells: (1) a small portion of parvalbumin-containing basket cells located periodically in or adjacent to the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, which therefore inhibit only a subpopulation of granule cells; (2) some of the calbindin- immunoreactive local circuit neurons located in the hilar area; and (3) calbindin-positive cells occurring exclusively in the stratum molecular of the middle portion of the CA3 subfield. Postembedding studies revealed that the aforementioned calbindin-containing cells are GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Our studies indicate that hypothalamic afferents can effectively filter the information flow at different levels of the excitatory signal loop in the monkey hippocampal formation. Dentate granule cells, which are only stimulated by hypothalamic afferents, will transfer excitatory signals differently than those that are controlled by a feedforward inhibitory mechanism initiated by these fibers. In the CA3 subfield, the signal flow can again be depressed by those pyramidal neurons that are inhibited by calbindin-containing cells receiving an excitatory hypothalamic input.
Demeaning Conditioning Diagnostics through Centering

Abstract It is often thought that regression data should be mean-centered before being diagnosed for collinearity (ill conditioning). This view is shown not generally to be correct. Such centering can mask elements of ill conditioning and produce meaningless and misleading collinearity diagnostics. In order to assess conditioning meaningfully, the data must be in a form that possesses structural interpretability.
Effects of theophylline on the neonatal immune response.

Summary: Theophylline has recently been shown to affect lymphocyte reactivity. In view of its widespread use in newborn intensive care units, the effects on both lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin production at varied throphylline concentrations were measured. In 12 adults and 10 term infants lymphocyte proliferation, as assessed by a whole blood micromethod, was significantly decreased in vitro at 7.5 μg/ml. Immunoglobulin production in adults was decreased, by both a plaque forming cell assay and a radioimmunoassay in vitro at 12.5 μg/ml. Ten premature infants on theophylline, mean serum level 7.8 μ 0.4 μg/ml, followed for 3–5 wk, showed a slight increase in lymphocyte proliferative responses to pokeweed mitogen. These data demonstrate no in vivo suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in theophylline-treated neonates at low theophylline levels. Speculation: Low dose theophylline therapy in premature infants does not interfere with mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Further studies of the effects of theophylline on immunoregulatory function in neonates may demonstrate adverse effects.
The Journalist as Reformer: Henry Demarest Lloyd and Wealth Against Commonwealth

Introduction: The Voice of the People Shall Be Heard "Lloyde" Security The Celebrity A New Calling Wealth Against Commonwealth The Legacy of Wealth The Rhetoric of Populism Muckraking and Other Reforms Conclusion: What Is Done By the People Lasts Forever Bibliographical Essay Index