cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic radiation dose delivered to the low axilla during whole breast radiation therapy in the prone position: implications for targeting the undissected axilla.

Abstract Purpose One interpretation of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial is that whole breast radiation therapy, known to treat a portion of the low axilla when delivered in the supine position, can treat residual microscopic disease in patients with involved axillary nodes that were not removed by axillary dissection. The purpose of this study was to quantify radiation dose delivered to the axilla for patients treated in the prone position. Methods and Materials We analyzed treatment plans from 40 consecutive patients who received radiation targeting the intact breast with tangent fields in the prone position. Axillary levels were contoured using Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) definitions and radiation dose- volume calculations were made for axillary levels, heart, and lungs. We generated revised plans for 10 patients by modifying the tangent beams to increase axillary dose and compared original with modified plans. Results The median proportion of the axilla covered by 90% of the prescription dose was 13% of level I (range, 0%-61%), 0% of level II (range, 0%-6%), and 0% of level III (range, 0%-0%). More of the level I axilla was covered in obese compared with nonobese patients (P = .013). Level I coverage did not differ significantly by laterality (P = .740) or tumor location (P = .527). Modification of the treatment plans significantly increased level I coverage (P = .005) with all modified plans delivering 90% of the prescription dose to at least 96% of the level I axilla. The modified plans had increased lung (P = .005) and heart (P = .028) dose, which were within acceptable RTOG normal tissue constraints. Conclusions Most patients treated with standard whole breast tangential radiation in the prone position receive subtherapeutic dose to the level I and II axilla. Patients treated in the prone position who require therapeutic radiation dose to the low axilla need treatment field modification; this is feasible for many patients using tangent fields.
The effects of labeling upon hypothesis-testing behavior

The effects of labeling upon the consistency and the efficiency with which 40 college students test hypotheses were investigated. Subjects labeled after positive, negative, or positive and negative feedback, or they did not label. Negative feedback was experienced following the first, second, or third outcome trial of each problem. More extensive labeling was found to facilitate the consistency with which subjects tested hypotheses. However, hypothesis-testing efficiency was reduced by more extensive labeling. The results were interpreted as reflecting differential processing demands.
Using a long semi-rigid catheter with a controllable tip to facilitate tracheal intubation with a GlideScope®

To the Editor, The recently developed GlideScope (GS) (Original model, Verathon Inc., Bothel, WA, USA) has become very popular for managing both difficult and routine tracheal intubations. The GS allows improved visualization of the vocal cords, but occasionally inserting the endotracheal tube (ETT) may be difficult. In cases where the glottic opening is situated very anterior, the ETT tends to be directed into the larynx with an angle almost perpendicular to the axis of the trachea. This situation can lead to the failure of intubation. A number of solutions for this well-known problem have been suggested already, including the use of a preformed stylet or an Eschmann Tracheal Tube Introducer (gum elastic bougie), or possibly using a combination of a GlideScope and a fibreoptic bronchoscope (FOB) to facilitate intubation. This latter combination is especially beneficial when the GS view is suboptimal. We frequently use this technique, and in our view, the crucial factor for success is the FOB’s flexibility, which allows the ETT to pass easily through the glottis. In the majority of cases, the fibreoptic bronchoscope is not absolutely necessary and could be replaced by a catheter with a controllable tip. Unfortunately, this type of equipment is not freely available; therefore, we recommend using a special type of endobronchial blocker, namely, the Cook Cohen Tip Deflecting Endobronchial Blocker Set (Cook Critical Care, Bloomington, IN, USA). This device consists of a long semi-rigid catheter with a controllable distal tip that can be flexed by rotating a small steering wheel at the proximal end of the endobronchial blocker. This manipulation enables the catheter to be directed into the trachea in cases where the vocal cords are situated very anterior (Fig. 1). The ETT can then be passed easily over the catheter. One clinician can manage the tracheal intubation without additional help. We have successfully performed tracheal intubations on eleven patients using this procedure. To our knowledge, the endobronchial blocker set (Cook ) is the only device that has the ability to steer the tip of the catheter in different directions. This endobronchial blocker is relatively expensive, but a catheter with an adjustable tip may be considered a prototype. The development of a simple device with a controllable tip would be a useful adjunct for indirect laryngoscopic intubation techniques.
Energy metabolism in the digestive tract and liver of cattle: influence of physiological state and nutrition

Major functions of portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver of cattle include absorption of digestion products and modification of the body's supply of intermediary metabolites. The disproportionately high metabolic rate of PDV and liver (7-13% of body tissues) is exemplified by their oxygen uptake (40-50% of whole body). Extensive metabolism of glucose, volatile fatty acids and amino acids by PDV modulates nutrient supply from the diet such that most responses to diet or physiological state are a function of level of diet intake. Similarly, blood flow through PDV is highly correlated with energy intake across a range of body weight, physiological state or diet composition. Most common dietary responses in metabolite uptake by PDV are changes in uptake of ammonia and volatile fatty acids, which emphasize the strong energy: nitrogen interrelationship in the rumen and subsequently the rest of the body. The liver (tissue in series with PDV) removes glucose precursors and ammonia from its blood supply as part of its functions in gluconeogenesis, ammonia detoxification and urea synthesis. The liver also alters amounts and proportions of amino acids supplied by PDV. Accountable percentages of metabolizable energy from net PDV supply include: organic acids, 41-59%; amino acids, 5-13%; and heat energy (from oxygen uptake), 11-22%.
Neutron Reaction Cross Sections of Selenium and Iron at 14.4 MeV

Fast neutron activation cross sections of Se and Fe measured, noting subshell closure effect and isomer ratio
Poverty and the Course of Schizophrenia: Implications for Research and Policy

Interest in the relationship between social class and schizophrenia has diminished in recent years. However, these issues can usefully be reconsidered in light of increased recognition that schizophrenia has a protean course, that deinstitutionalization and community support of persons with schizophrenia are linked to welfare programs, and that conceptualizations and measurements of social class and its impact on the daily life of persons with schizophrenia have been rudimentary. The author examines the role that social class, especially poverty, plays in the course and outcome of schizopbrenia. He reviews literature on the contributions of social structure and policy to the economic status of persons with schizophrenia, identifies variables associated with poverty that are found disproportionately among persons with schizophrenia, and examines the psychological significance of those variables. The overview is used to develop three approaches to research: examining the role of the chronic stress of povert...
An extraordinary memory: The case study of a musical prodigy

Prodigies are children under 10 years of age who perform culturally relevant tasks at a level that is rare even among highly trained professionals. While there is no lack of fascination or speculation about the origins and underpinnings of musical prodigies, little work and less actual data exist to offer much in the way of an explanation of this rare phenomenon. The present study investigated a 6-year-old musical prodigy. A new summation approach was used as a framework to investigate the cognitive, musical, and practice elements that are involved in becoming an exceptional performer. The results support that general intelligence and domain-specific skills are vital for prodigies who, given their young ages, have not had the opportunity for extended practice.
Discrete-Time Bond and Options Pricing for Jump-Diffusion Processes

This paper provides a methodology for pricing American type interest rate contingent claims for jump-diffusion processes. The method enhances the standard finite- differencing approach to deal with partial differential- difference equations derived in a jump-diffusion world. The numerical stability and convergence of the scheme is also proved. Numerical illustrations compare jump-diffusion and pure-diffusion models. Whereas the existence of jumps affects call options on bonds very much like those on stocks, this is not the case for puts which are affected by the asymmetric convexity of the bond pricing functions. Early exercise behavior is also analyzed.
Practice Guidelines for Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2nd ed

By Geri Morgan and Carole Hamilton. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2003. $42.95, softcover (spiral).
Streptokinase in the treatment of acute arterial occlusion of the hand

Continuous, low-dose, intra-arterial streptokinase was used to treat six patients with ischemia of the hand secondary to distal arterial occlusion. A bolus dose of 100,000 U of streptokinase was administered, followed by a maintenance dose of 5000 U/hr, which was titrated against the patients' coagulation profile. The duration of infusion ranged from 16 to 96 hours. Recanalization was achieved in four patients who were treated within 36 hours of the onset of occlusion.
Solid State Storage: Catalyst to Future Technology Growth

Solid State Storage (SSS) will enable major advances in the evolution and revolution of computer systems and software. The inclusion of SSS technologies will expand the capabilities of these systems, allowing more complex problems to be solved faster. The use of SSS in these systems will result in increased work performed per unit time, which will generate ever increasing sets of results data, SSS will continue to drive the needs for mass storage well into the future. Moving forward, increased performance can be achieved by employing new architectures to solve latency and write capability issues that affect present system designs. Additionally, SSS can be developed to fit into many storage sockets, such as cache, due to its small size, low power, and high capacity storage. SSS will provide a catalyst to enable the multi-faceted future of Information Technology.
Effects of human contact on the heart activity of curarized patients in a shock-trauma unit.

Abstract This study examines the effects of human contact on the heart rate of four seriously injured patients who were on d-tubocurarine and artificially respirated. All four patients showed significant heart rate changes during routine clinical interactions such as pulse taking or when a nurse held their hand and comforted them. Coupled with previous animal and human observations, these findings indicate that human contact can serve as a potent stimulus for change in cardiovascular functioning of other humans. These studies also indicate that heart reactions to human contact (1) occur in patients where musculoskeletal movements are blocked and who are respired regularly, (2) occur even in the context of intense sensory bombardment, (3) can be of a magnitude equivalent to such strong physical stimuli as tracheal suction, and (4) can occur even when the patients are described as unconscious and comatose.
Galactic Arms Race: an experiment in evolving video game content

Galactic Arms Race (GAR) is an indie video game developed by the Evolutionary Complexity Research Group (EPlex) at the University of Central Florida to demonstrate the potential for novel artificial intelligence (AI) technology to impact video games. In particular, the new technology in GAR is an evolutionary algorithm called content-generating neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (cgNEAT), which is designed to evolve unique game content as the game is played. GAR is a multi-player space shooter in which players fight with particle-system weapons. The unique feature of GAR is that the game continually introduces new such weapons evolved by the cgNEAT algorithm. The philosophy behind GAR is that one of the best ways to support the argument that novel AI algorithms can impact how games are made is to make a fun game that is not only an academic proof-of-concept, but also a genuinely entertaining experience for regular gamers.
Retrieval and Use of High-Resolution Moisture and Stability Fields from Nimbus 6 HIRS Radiances in Pre-Convective Situations

A moisture-temperature retrieval scheme was developed for lower-tropospheric analysis and forecasting parameters from the Nimbus 6 High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder, in a study of convective development on the Great Plains of the U.S. on four case study days in August 1975. Dew points and temperatures, along with such secondary parameters as total precipitate water and static stability indices, were derived and analyzed at a horizontal resolution of up to 30 km on the four days. Convective development beginning 2.0-2.5 hours after the satellite pass at local noon was found to correlate well with local moisture and instability maxima seen in the satellite-derived analyses. A statistical structure analysis of the satellite-derived parameters gave the highest signal-to-noise values for the moisture and stability parameters, while the temperature parameters showed much lower signal-to-noise content.
Incidence of the Remnant Femoral Attachment of the Ruptured ACL

The presence of remnant tibial and femoral attachments of the ruptured ACL has been described in the literature but the femoral remnant has not been well described as a landmark for tunnel placement during reconstruction. We reviewed operative reports, pictures, and videotapes from 111 ACL reconstructions to determine the incidence of a remnant femoral stump. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A included patients treated from January 2006 through September 2006 (n = 63) when the presence of the femoral footprint was documented retrospectively and Group B included patients treated from September 2006 through June 2007 (n = 48) when the presence or absence of the femoral footprint was documented prospectively. In Group A, there were 48 of 58 (83%) patients with a visible stump and 10 (17%) patients in whom we could not verify the existence of the stump. In Group B, 43 of 44 (98%) patients had a visible stump on the lateral femoral wall that was adequate as a guide for femoral tunnel placement. The native femoral footprint is seen in most cases of ACL reconstruction and can be used for guidance during femoral tunnel preparation.
Reproductive endocrine disruption in a sentinel species (Chrysemys picta) on Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

Freshwater turtles (Chrysemys picta) were collected from two sites on Cape Cod, MA. One site (Moody Pond), adjacent to the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR), was considered potentially impacted by toxic agents deriving from contaminant point sources on the MMR. The second (reference) site (Washburn Pond), to the east of the MMR, was considered not impacted by these pollutants and was chosen as a control site. Plasma estradiol 17 β and vitellogenin were significantly lower in female turtles from Moody Pond. Ovarian follicular analysis indicated a significant decrease in the >16.00-mm follicular cohort in Moody Pond female turtles compared with Washburn Pond animals. Although testicular weight was lower at the Moody Pond site, histology, plasma testosterone, and sperm number were similar to these parameters in Washburn Pond animals. The data suggest that in Moody Pond, the reproductive capacity of turtles may be negatively affected by contaminants from the MMR.
Modeling Complexity of EMA Data: Time-Varying Lagged Effects of Negative Affect on Smoking Urges for Subgroups of Nicotine Addiction

INTRODUCTION Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) are increasingly used in studies of smoking behavior. Through EMA, examination of lagged relationships is particularly useful for establishing a temporal order of events and for identifying types and timing of risk factors. The time-varying effect model (TVEM) handles EMA data challenges and addresses unique questions about the time-varying effects. METHODS Generalized TVEM was applied to EMA data from a smoking cessation study to investigate a "time-varying lagged" effect of negative affect on high smoking urges. Participants included 224 smokers with a smoking history of 23.1 years (SD = 9.8) smoking 27.3 cigarettes per day (SD = 10.7), which provided 11,394 EMAs following a quit attempt and prior to a smoking lapse. RESULTS The effect of negative affect was found to vary as a function of a time lag, with stronger immediate effects: estimated odds ratio (OR) of 2.7 for the lower nicotine-dependence group (time to first morning cigarette > 5 min, 57.6%) and OR of 2.4 for the higher nicotine-dependence group (≤ 5 min). The magnitude of the effect persisted up to 7 hr while decreasing over time. CONCLUSIONS This analysis confirmed the importance of negative affect as a precursor of smoking urges while showing that the magnitude of the effect varies over time. An assumption of a constant lagged effect may bias estimates of the relationships and fail to provide a comprehensive outlook of the relational dynamics.
What Do Patients With Glaucoma See? Visual Symptoms Reported by Patients With Glaucoma

Abstract Background Vision loss from glaucoma has traditionally been described as loss of "peripheral vision." In this prospective study, we aimed to improve our clinical understanding of the visual symptoms caused by glaucoma by asking patients specific detailed questions about how they see. Methods Patients who were clinically diagnosed with various types and stages of glaucoma were included. All had a comprehensive ocular examination, including Octopus visual field testing. Patients were excluded if they had other ocular conditions that affected their vision, including cornea, lens or retina pathologies. Patients responded to an oral questionnaire about their visual symptoms. We investigated the visual symptoms described by patients with glaucoma and correlated the severity of visual field loss with visual symptoms reported. Results Ninety-nine patients completed the questionnaire. Most patients (76%) were diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma. The most common symptoms reported by all patients, including patients with early or moderate glaucoma, were needing more light and blurry vision. Patients with a greater amount of field loss (Octopus mean defect > + 9.4 dB) were more likely to report difficulty seeing objects to one or both sides, as if looking through dirty glasses and trouble differentiating boundaries and colors. Conclusions Vision loss in patients with glaucoma is not as simple as the traditional view of loss of peripheral vision. Needing more light and blurry vision were the most common symptoms reported by patients with glaucoma.
A hybrid particle level set method for improved interface capturing

In this paper, we propose a new numerical method for improving the mass conservation properties of the level set method when the interface is passively advected in a flow field. Our method uses Lagrangian marker particles to rebuild the level set in regions which are underresolved. This is often the case for flows undergoing stretching and tearing. The overall method maintains a smooth geometrical description of the interface and the implementation simplicity characteristic of the level set method. Our method compares favorably with volume of fluid methods in the conservation of mass and purely Lagrangian schemes for interface resolution. The method is presented in three spatial dimensions.
Toward a political economy of inheritance: Community and household among the Mennonites

Exasperated, the Marion County, Kansas, Registrar of Deeds said, "You'll never figure those people out. Their land records are a nightmare, a crazy quilt, a maze." She was standing beside a large plat map of the County and the land records of the Alexanderwohl Mennonites. Together, we examined section twenty-two in West Branch township, which consisted of seven twenty-acre plots, a forty-acre, a sixty-acre, and five eighty-acre plots. Indeed, the several townships inhabited by Mennonites looked like a patchwork. I was at first tempted to infer, as others in anthropology and sociology have, that they were merely applying a "traditional ... partible inheritance model as a means of transferring property between generations."' After all, the aggregate data showed that the number of land divisions was increasing over time and the size of the holdings was decreasing. But one problem remained. A more careful scrutiny of the land maps and census and interview data showed that some farms were not being divided.
Cost-benefit analysis of the Dutch nature policy: Transaction costs and land market impacts

Abstract This paper analyses the financial and economic costs and benefits of the large scale National Ecological Network (NEN) nature conservation project in the Netherlands, taking into account transaction costs and land market impacts of different institutional arrangements. The net financial costs associated with achieving the current plan are equivalent with an annual amount €876 per hectare. Of the costs, transaction costs amount about 16% or €140 per hectare. The substantive land purchases involved in the plan will lead to land price increase of 20%. Nature management by agriculture turns out to be a relatively cheap option.
Community Standards for Defining Attempt Inconsistencies With the Model Penal Code

When should taking various steps toward the commission of a crime itself count as a crime? Different legal codes give remarkably different answers: The older common law criminalized individuals' attempts only if the steps had led the individual into dangerous proximity to successfully committing the crime, whereas the current Model Penal Code holds that an individual who has taken any substantial step toward committing a crime is liable. We presented college students and community respondents with a series of scenarios describing different levels of attempt and discovered that their views about liabilities for attempted crimes are better described by the older common law than the Model Penal Code. Further, we asked respondents to tell us how they thought that the various levels of attempt would be treated by the laws of the state in which they resided. They believed that the state law assigned liabilities that matched their own intuitions about appropriate liability judgments. Because they lived in a Model Penal Code state, this indicates that their beliefs about the law were inaccurate in an unfortunate direction: actual attempt liability was incurred far earlier than subjects thought it was. The discussion focuses on the implications of individuals' views about appropriate liability judgments for legal codes.
Inhibition of Macrophage Chemotaxis and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Normal and Hyperglycemic Rats by the Aldose Reductase Inhibitor Tolrestat

Abstract This study examined the effect of Tolrestat, an inhibitor of aldose reductase, on the regenerative capacity and macrophage chemotactic property of crush-injured sciatic nerve in normal and galactose-fed rats. Galactose intoxication reduced the incidence of regeneration but did not alter the regeneration distance or the injury-induced increase in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide content of dorsal root ganglia. Tolrestat improved the incidence of regeneration in galactose-fed rats but significantly (P
Female mimicry in male bluegill sunfish—a genetic polymorphism?

When male reproductive success depends on male–male competition and aggression, individuals which are at a competitive disadvantage sometimes adopt an entirely different constellation of reproductive behaviours. When such alternative reproductive patterns are practised opportunistically, as when a defeated territorial male adopts a parasitic role, or as part of a developmental sequence, as when younger males are satellites, they can be considered to be part of a single lifetime reproductive strategy. In contrast, when alternatives are available but individuals practise only a single reproductive option throughout their lifetime, the possibility of a genetic polymorphism can be considered. Such genetically mediated alternative reproductive strategies have been hypothesised1, but the ontogeny of supposed alternative reproductive strategies is seldom known2. This letter describes two reproductive patterns in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), a nesting male strategy and a female mimic strategy, and demonstrates that an individual male does not practise both reproductive strategies.
Linear transport equations with discontinuous coefficients

(1999). Linear transport equations with discontinuous coefficients. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 24, No. 9-10, pp. 1849-1873.
Effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands on behavioral vigilance in rats

The effects of nicotinic receptor ligands on performance in a task measuring sustained attention, or vigilance, were tested. This task required the animals to discriminate between signal and non-signal events. The sequence of signal (central panel light illumination for 500, 50 or 25 ms) and non-signal presentations was randomized over three blocks of 54 trials each (27 signal trials, 9 per length, and 27 non-signal trials). A left lever press following a signal was counted as a hit, and a right lever press following a non-signal event was counted as a correct rejection. Hits and correct rejections were rewarded, whereas misses and false alarms (defined as incorrect right and left lever presses, respectively) were not. Baseline performance was characterized by a signal length dependent ability of the animals to discriminate between signal and non-signal events. Administration of nicotine (0.19, 0.62, 1.9 µmol) or of two novel nicotinic receptor agonists, ABT-418 and A-82695, did not produce main effects on vigilance performance. Lobeline (1.9, 6.2, 19 µmol), a nicotinic receptor ligand with mixed agonist/antagonist activities, impaired the animals' ability to discriminate between signal and non-signal events. The antagonist mecamylamine (5, 15, 50 µmol) potently impaired performance while increasing the number of errors of omission. The lack of effect of nicotine largely corresponds with the findings from previous studies on the acute effects of nicotine in intact subjects and nonsmoking humans. While the detrimental effects of lobeline may have been related to the antagonist effects of this compound, the reasons for the differences between the effects of nicotine and lobeline still remain unsettled. These data support the hypothesis that nicotine receptor mechanisms are maximally activated in intact animals performing this task, and suggest that effects of acute nicotinic agonist treatment would not produce further cognitive benefit for these animals.
First Report of Bacterial Streak of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) in California Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii

A previously undescribed disease appeared on commercially grown fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) in Salinas (Monterey County), CA in March 2010. Initial symptoms consisted of small, dark brown-to-black lesions on leaves and stems. As disease progressed, lesions expanded in a linear fashion and eventually spread down the stems and into the bulbs. Once the disease reached the fennel bulbs, the plants were unmarketable. Eighteen, gram-negative, blue-fluorescing bacterial isolates were obtained on sucrose peptone agar from individual plants of two outbreaks from different fields in Salinas. The isolates were dome shaped on sucrose-amended media and produced necrotic lesions when injected into tobacco. Isolates were oxidase negative and did not rot potatoes or hydrolyze arginine. These reactions corresponded to Lelliot's group 1, which includes Pseudomonas syringae (2). The fennel isolates were identical to recently characterized isolates of P. syringae pv. apii from parsley grown in coastal California (1) and simi...
Application of the lattice Boltzmann method to two-phase Rayleigh-Benard convection with a deformable interface

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is extended to include the effects of interfacial tension and its dependence on temperature and is applied to the problem of buoyancy-driven flow in a non-isothermal two-phase system. No a priori assumptions are made regarding the shape and dynamic roles of the interface. The behavior of interface is obtained as part of the solution of the lattice Boltzmann equations. A parametric study of the effects of thermally induced density change, buoyancy, surface tension variation with temperature on interface dynamics, flow regimes and heat transfer is presented.
Measurement of 3He depolarization rates during bombardment with a 4He beam

Abstract We have produced a polarized 3He target and measured the depolarization rate arising from bombardment with a 4He beam. The 3He is contained in a glass cell with Mo windows and is polarized by spin exchange with laser-optically-pumped Rb. Nitrogen (at least 60 Torr) is included in the cell for effective optical pumping. The nitrogen also suppresses contributions to the depolarization of 3He by destroying atomic ions, 3He+, and molecular ions, 3He2+. In a target with 430 Torr of 3He and 150 Torr of N2 the depolarization rate due to bombardment by a 180 particle-nanoampere 18 MeV 4He beam is found to be 1 (3.5 h ) , which is consistent with the predictions of a detailed model of the effects of ionization by the beam.
The Impact of Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Rule on Economic Growth:

The question posed in this article is whether the record of economic growth of Third World countries so far supports the claim that at a certain stage late industrialization is best served by bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes. A multiple interrupted time-series design is used to assess and compare the impact of bureaucratic-authoritarian and democratic regimes on economic growth in South America.
Receptive fields in the accessory optic system of the rabbit

Abstract Visual receptive fields for single neurons in the accessory optic system were investigated in rabbits. Stainless steel microelectrodes were placed in the terminal nucleus of this system in the midbrain tegmentum, the nucleus of the transpeduncular tract. It was found that the receptive fields were unusually large, many being 40 to 60 deg in diameter, with some as large as 90 deg. Control experiments indicated that this large size cannot be attributed to stray light. These results suggest that a considerable amount of convergence occurs between the receptors and the nucleus of the transpeduncular tract. Using moving stimuli it was found that over half of the neurons in the nucleus of the transpeduncular tract were directionally selective in their response to vertically moving stimuli, most of these units exhibiting a greater response to upward movement than for downward movement. Differences between the two directions of horizontal movement were seldom observed. It was concluded that the accessory optic system is specialized for detecting movement in the vertical plane.
Nitric Oxide Production in Neonatal Pig Lungs is Decreased by Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors † 1749

Nitric Oxide Production in Neonatal Pig Lungs is Decreased by Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors † 1749
A broadband microwave linear phase modulator made of high Tc superconductors

A superconducting linear phase modulator using a single film device made of Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O for operation at 77 K is presented. The modulator has been analyzed from 300 MHz to about 6 GHz with good linearity for peak phase deviations up to 100 rad. Modulation has been observed for carriers up to 35 GHz.
EGF receptor regulation of cell motility: EGF induces disassembly of focal adhesions independently of the motility-associated PLCgamma signaling pathway

A current model of growth factor-induced cell motility invokes integration of diverse biophysical processes required for cell motility, including dynamic formation and disruption of cell/substratum attachments along with extension of membrane protrusions. To define how these biophysical events are actuated by biochemical signaling pathways, we investigate here whether epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces disruption of focal adhesions in fibroblasts. We find that EGF treatment of NR6 fibroblasts presenting full-length WT EGF receptors (EGFR) reduces the fraction of cells presenting focal adhesions from approximately 60% to approximately 30% within 10 minutes. The dose dependency of focal adhesion disassembly mirrors that for EGF-enhanced cell motility, being noted at 0.1 nM EGF. EGFR kinase activity is required as cells expressing two kinase-defective EGFR constructs retain their focal adhesions in the presence of EGF. The short-term (30 minutes) disassembly of focal adhesions is reflected in decreased adhesiveness of EGF-treated cells to substratum. We further examine here known motility-associated pathways to determine whether these contribute to EGF-induced effects. We have previously demonstrated that phospholipase C(gamma) (PLCgamma) activation and mobilization of gelsolin from a plasma membrane-bound state are required for EGFR-mediated cell motility. In contrast, we find here that short-term focal adhesion disassembly is induced by a signaling-restricted truncated EGFR (c'973) which fails to activate PLCgamma or mobilize gelsolin. The PLC inhibitor U73122 has no effect on this process, nor is the actin severing capacity of gelsolin required as EGF treatment reduces focal adhesions in gelsolin-devoid fibroblasts, further supporting the contention that focal adhesion disassembly is signaled by a pathway distinct from that involving PLCgamma. Because both WT and c'973 EGFR activate the erk MAP kinase pathway, we additionally explore here this signaling pathway, not previously associated with growth factor-induced cell motility. Levels of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 that block EGF-induced mitogenesis and MAP kinase phosphorylation also abrogate EGF-induced focal adhesion disassembly and cell motility. In summary, we characterize for the first time the ability of EGFR kinase activity to directly stimulate focal adhesion disassembly and cell/substratum detachment, in relation to its ability to stimulate migration. Furthermore, we propose a model of EGF-induced motogenic cell responses in which the PLCgamma pathway stimulating cell motility is distinct from the MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathway leading to disassembly and reorganization of cell-substratum adhesion.
Fill for shallow trench isolation CMP

Shallow trench isolation (STI) is the mainstream CMOS isolation technology. It uses chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) to remove excess of deposited oxide and attain a planar surface for successive process steps. Despite advances in STI CMP technology, pattern dependencies cause large post-CMP topography variation that can result in functional and parametric yield loss. Fill insertion is used to reduce pattern variation and consequently decrease post-CMP topography variation. Traditional fill insertion is rule-based and is used with reverse etchback to attain desired planarization quality. Due to extra costs associated with reverse etchback, "single-step" STI CMP in which fill insertion suffices is desirable. To alleviate the failures caused by imperfect CMP, we focus on two objectives for fill insertion: oxide density variation minimization and nitride density maximization. A linear programming based optimization is used to calculate oxide densities that minimize oxide density variation. Next a fill insertion methodology is presented that attains the calculated oxide density while maximizing the nitride density. Averaged over the two large testcases, the oxide density variation is reduced by 63% and minimum nitride density increased by 79% compared to tiling-based fill insertion. To assess post-CMP planarization, we run CMP simulation on the layout filled with our approach and find the planarization window (time window in which polishing can be stopped) to increase by 17% and maximum final step height (maximum difference in post-CMP oxide thickness) to decrease by 9%.
Effect of Additives on the Structure of Melt-Spun Poly(ethylene Terephthalate):

Incorporating a small amount of comonomer, sodio sulfoisophthalate, in PET produces a sharp decrease in the orientation of melt-spun fibers, but also reduces the wind-up-speed at which crystallization occurs in the spinline. This is consistent with high variations in local orientation, with crystallization in those areas where orien tation is sufficiently high. Incorporating a very small amount of an agent that ac celerates melt crystallization under quiescent conditions has no effect on spun yarn structure, because crystallization in the spinline is dominated by orientation/stress phenomena
The Case of Secretary versus Principal Or The Recalcitrant Secretary

In this case, a principal arrives at a troubled school in mid-year to discover that the school secretary is exerting managerial powers usually reserved for the principal. When the principal tries to implement changes, the secretary is combative and resistant. This case provides students an opportunity to explore the dynamics between a school principal and the school's support staff and to discuss the important role that a school secretary plays in a school's operation and culture. The case is accompanied by a brief review of literature on the secretary's role in a school and can be used in courses on human resources management, the principalship, or educational administration.
Multilocus Methods for Estimating Population Sizes, Migration Rates and Divergence Time, With Applications to the Divergence of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis

The genetic study of diverging, closely related populations is required for basic questions on demography and speciation, as well as for biodiversity and conservation research. However, it is often unclear whether divergence is due simply to separation or whether populations have also experienced gene flow. These questions can be addressed with a full model of population separation with gene flow, by applying a Markov chain Monte Carlo method for estimating the posterior probability distribution of model parameters. We have generalized this method and made it applicable to data from multiple unlinked loci. These loci can vary in their modes of inheritance, and inheritance scalars can be implemented either as constants or as parameters to be estimated. By treating inheritance scalars as parameters it is also possible to address variation among loci in the impact via linkage of recurrent selective sweeps or background selection. These methods are applied to a large multilocus data set from Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. The species are estimated to have diverged ∼500,000 years ago. Several loci have nonzero estimates of gene flow since the initial separation of the species, with considerable variation in gene flow estimates among loci, in both directions between the species.
(S)‐2,2′‐Binaphthoyl‐(R,R)‐di(1‐phenylethyl)aminoylphosphine

[201732-49-2] C36H30NO2P (MW 539.61) InChI = 1S/C36H32NO2P/c1-27(29-13-5-3-6-14-29)37(28(2)30-15-7-4-8-16-30)40(38-35-23-21-31-17-9-11-19-33(31)25-35)39-36-24-22-32-18-10-12-20-34(32)26-36/h3-28H,1-2H3/t27-,28-/m1/s1 InChIKey = XMBVJQDRKUGFOF-VSGBNLITSA-N (chiral phosphoramidite ligand for copper-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of dialkylzinc reagents to α,β-unsaturated acyclic and cyclic ketones,2 kinetic resolution of diene epoxides,3 and ring annulation4) Alternate Name: O,O′-(S)-(1,1′-dinaphthyl-2,2′-diyl)-N,N′-di- (R,R)-1-phenylethylphosphoramidite. Physical Data: [α]D = + 456.0 (c 0.79, CHCl3); 1H NMR: δ 7.98–8.08 (m, 4H),7.17–7.74 (m, 18H), 4.63 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.85(d, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H); 31P NMR; δ 145.3.5 Solubility: soluble in chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and diethyl ether. Form Supplied in: crystalline solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR, MS. Preparative Methods: the phosphoramidite ligand can be prepared by the nucleophilic substitution of phosphoryl chloride (formed from the reaction of PCl3 and (S)-2,2′-binaphthol in presence of triethylamine) with (R,R)-bis(1-phenylethyl)amine.5 Purification: recrystallization from diethyl ether/dichloromethane. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air and moisture stable solid; no special handling and storage precautions are indicated.
INFLUENCE OF VIRAL REPLICATION MECHANISMS ON WITHIN-HOST EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS

Viruses replicate their genomes using a variety of mechanisms, leading to different distributions of mutations among their progeny. Yet, models of viral evolution often only consider the mean mutation rate. To investigate when and how replication mechanisms impact viral evolution, we analyze the early dynamics of within-host infection for two idealized cases: when all offspring virions from an infected cell carry the same genotype, mutated or not; and when mutations occur independently across offspring virions. Other replication life histories fall between these extremes. Using branching process models, we study the probability that viral infection becomes established when mutations are lethal, and in the more general case of two strains of different fitness. For a given mean mutation rate, we show that a lineage of viruses with correlated mutations is less likely to survive than with independent mutations, but when it survives, the viral population grows faster. While this holds true for all parameter regimes, replication life history has a quantitatively significant influence on viral dynamics when stochastic effects are important and when mutations are crucial for survival—conditions typical of evolutionary escape situations.
Gel-coated Lamb wave sensors

Initial experiments and theory describing the operation of gel-coated Lamb wave sensors are described. The lowest-order flexural Lamb wave can propagate in gel-coated plates with low attenuation. This allows some novel sensing approaches to be investigated, such as: using gels as filters for larger particles and molecules, while allowing smaller analytes to diffuse through to the sensor surface, and realizing sensors based on gel density and viscoelastic changes. The authors develop two theories to predict the response of the sensor to the viscoelastic properties of the gel, and find excellent agreement predictions from these theories and those from a numerical simulation program for waves in multilayered media. One uses a Rayleigh-type solution with modified boundary conditions to derive the mechanical radiation impedance presented to the plate surface by the gel, and from this impedance calculates the phase velocity. The other uses a transmission line theory originally developed by A. Oliner et al. >
Chemical Thermodynamic Equilibria and Conductivity of Nonstoichiometric YBa2Cu3O7-δ. A Review

To synthesize a comprehensive understanding of the non stoichiometric phase, YBa2Cu3O7-δ, the following topics are discussed: 1. The chemical equilibria involved in nonstoichiometric YBa2Cu3O7-δ derived principally from photoelectron spectroscopic observations. 2. Nonstoichiometry: Experimental values of the variation of the partial pressure of oxygen with temperature and composition are rationalized quantitatively in terms of nearest neighbor lattice statistics. Energies of interaction between vacancies in the basal plane are obtained. 3. The structures of the variation of conductivity with temperature and composition are interpreted quantitatively in terms of a model with a narrow conduction band and a small gap, thermally activated valence band. 4. Optical conductivity derived from reflectance; structures of σ(T, ω). The studies of these topics lead to the conclusion that small polarons exist in YBa2Cu3O7-δ and are the source of the conductivity. This conclusion implies that the superconducting state is bipolaronic.
Inhibitory Activities of Colicins against Escherichia coli Strains Responsible for Postweaning Diarrhea and Edema Disease in Swine

The efficacies of colicins E1 and N against Escherichia coli strains responsible for postweaning diarrhea and edema disease, two of the most prevalent disease problems for pigs in the United States, were determined in vitro. These proteins may provide an environmentally sound means for the prevention of these infections in swine.
Design of polarization-insensitive ring resonators in silicon-on-insulator using MMI couplers and cladding stress engineering

A novel silicon-on-insulator (SOI) ring resonator design is described that uses a 2 /spl times/ 2 multimode interference coupler to achieve polarization-independent coupling, and cladding stress induced birefringence control to eliminate the difference in round-trip phase accumulation between the transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarized modes. The design parameters are determined for polarization-independent SOI ring resonators with couplers having a 50 : 50 or 15 : 85 splitting ratio, and 1.5-/spl mu/m ridge height and width. As designed, the resonators offer a polarization-independent free-spectral range of 0.5 nm for a ring radius of 200 /spl mu/m, and a quality factor Q as high as 55 000.
Redox-dependent stability, protonation, and reactivity of cysteine-bound heme proteins

Cysteine-bound hemes are key components of many enzymes and biological sensors. Protonation (deprotonation) of the Cys ligand often accompanies redox transformations of these centers. To characterize these phenomena, we have engineered a series of Thr78Cys/Lys79Gly/Met80X mutants of yeast cytochrome c (cyt c) in which Cys78 becomes one of the axial ligands to the heme. At neutral pH, the protonation state of the coordinated Cys differs for the ferric and ferrous heme species, with Cys binding as a thiolate and a thiol, respectively. Analysis of redox-dependent stability and alkaline transitions of these model proteins, as well as comparisons to Cys binding studies with the minimalist heme peptide microperoxidase-8, demonstrate that the protein scaffold and solvent interactions play important roles in stabilizing a particular Cys–heme coordination. The increased stability of ferric thiolate compared with ferrous thiol arises mainly from entropic factors. This robust cyt c model system provides access to all four forms of Cys-bound heme, including the ferric thiol. Protein motions control the rates of heme redox reactions, and these effects are amplified at low pH, where the proteins are less stable. Thermodynamic signatures and redox reactivity of the model Cys-bound hemes highlight the critical role of the protein scaffold and its dynamics in modulating redox-linked transitions between thiols and thiolates.