cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic and neostriatal neurons: Dose-dependent changes in sensitivity to amphetamine following long-term treatment

Rats were pretreated with saline, 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg of (+)-amphetamine twice daily for 6 consecutive days. Single unit recording in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and the neostriatum, on the following day, revealed a differential shift in the intravenous dose of the drug required to produce at least a 50% change in neuronal activity (ED50) depending on the pretreatment dose. In the substantia nigra pars compacta, pretreatment with the small dose significantly reduced the ED50, compared to saline controls, whereas in rats pretreated with the large dose, the ED50 was significantly increased. In the neostriatum, control rats responded to increasing incremental doses of (+)-amphetamine with either an inhibition followed by an excitation, or an excitation. Following pretreatment with 1.0 mg/kg, neurons responded with either a depression or an excitation, whereas only amphetamine-induced excitations were recorded in the neostriatum following pretreatment with 5.0 mg/kg. The complex changes in firing rate produced by repeated exposure to amphetamine were dose-dependent in both sites and cannot be simply explained by a decrease in the sensitivity of dopamine neurons to this drug.
Uptake and metabolism of thyroid hormones by cultured monkey hepatocarconoma cells Effects of potassium cyanide and dinitrophenol

Abstract Cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells (NCLP-6E) were used to investigate the uptake and metabolism of thyroid hormones. Intracellular accumulation was shown by the failure to acutely release hormone from cells subsequently exposed to serum proteins, and by the metabolic transformation of the hormones to deiodinated products and their sulfates. When hepatocarconoma cell monolayers were studied at hormone concentrations below 10−10 M, neither KCN nor dinitrophenol inhibited uptake. Taken together with previous findings that uptake was neither saturable nor reduced at low temperature, these results indicate that this process was not active transport. Deiodination of both the phenolic and non-phenolic rings, however, was partially inhibited by KCN but not by dinitrophenol. Sulfation of 3,3′-diiodothyronine and 3′-monoiodothyronine was strongly inhibited by both KCN and dinitrophenol. Uptake of the hormones and their metabolites was also measured in suspended hepatocarcinoma cells and compared with the uptake by normal rat hepatocytes, human fibroblasts and human lymphocytes. In these experiments 1 μM triiodothyronine and 0.47 mM dinitrophenol were used to inhibit deiodination and sulfation, respectively. Uptake was similar in all cell types. Accumulation was highest with 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, intermediate with other compounds having iodines in both rings, lowest with compounds iodinated in only one ring, and absent with iodothronine sulfates. These findings help to explain the relative rates of metabolism of the iodothyronines and their release from the cells.
MAINTENANCE CHEMOTHERAPY FOR ADVANCED HODGKIN'S DISEASE IN REMISSION

Abstract 57 patients with advanced Hodgkin's Summary disease who entered a complete remission after chemotherapy with mustine (nitrogen mustard), vincristine ('Oncovin'), procarbazine, and prednisone (M.O.P.P.) were allocated at random to one of three regimens—no additional therapy, intermittent therapy with M.O.P.P., or intermittent therapy with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (B.C.N.U.). 24% of those patients receiving no further therapy have relapsed, as have 25% of those on intermittent M.O.P.P. and 13% of those on intermittent B.C.N.U.; the differences are not significant. The median duration of initial remissions will be >48 months for all the patients, and there is no significant difference between the individual groups. Complications and infections were more frequently seen in the patients receiving maintenance therapy, especially in those on B.C.N.U. Only 1 patient in each of the three groups has died of Hodgkin's disease, and survival is not significantly influenced by maintenance therapy. The projected 5-year survival for the entire group of patients is 86%.
Behavioral, neurophysiological and evolutionary perspectives on unihemispheric sleep

Several animals mitigate the fundamental conflict between sleep and wakefulness by engaging in unihemispheric sleep, a unique state during which one cerebral hemisphere sleeps while the other remains awake. Among mammals, unihemispheric sleep is restricted to aquatic species (Cetaceans, eared seals and manatees). In contrast to mammals, unihemispheric sleep is widespread in birds, and may even occur in reptiles. Unihemispheric sleep allows surfacing to breathe in aquatic mammals and predator detection in birds. Despite the apparent utility in being able to sleep unihemispherically, very few mammals sleep in this manner. This is particularly interesting since the reptilian ancestors to mammals may have slept unihemispherically. The relative absence of unihemispheric sleep in mammals suggests that a trade off exists between unihemispheric sleep and other adaptive brain functions occurring during sleep or wakefulness. Presumably, the benefits of sleeping unihemispherically only outweigh the costs under extreme circumstances such as sleeping at sea. Ultimately, a greater understanding of the reasons for little unihemispheric sleep in mammals promises to provide insight into the functions of sleep, in general.
Evolution of acceptor stem tRNA recognition by class II prolyl-tRNA synthetase

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) are an essential family of enzymes that catalyze the attachment of amino acids to specific tRNAs during translation. Previously, we showed that base-specific recognition of the tRNA(Pro) acceptor stem is critical for recognition by Escherichia coli prolyl-tRNA synthetase (ProRS), but not for human ProRS. To further delineate species-specific differences in acceptor stem recognition, atomic group mutagenesis was used to probe the role of sugar-phosphate backbone interactions in recognition of human tRNA(Pro). Incorporation of site-specific 2'-deoxynucleotides, as well as phosphorothioate and methylphosphonate modifications within the tRNA acceptor stem revealed an extensive network of interactions with specific functional groups proximal to the first base pair and the discriminator base. Backbone functional groups located at the base of the acceptor stem, especially the 2'-hydroxyl of A66, are also critical for aminoacylation catalytic efficiency by human ProRS. Therefore, in contrast to the bacterial system, backbone-specific interactions contribute significantly more to tRNA recognition by the human enzyme than base-specific interactions. Taken together with previous studies, these data show that ProRS-tRNA acceptor stem interactions have co-adapted through evolution from a mechanism involving 'direct readout' of nucleotide bases to one relying primarily on backbone-specific 'indirect readout'.
Jahn-Teller mediated ordering in layered Li x M O 2 compounds

Lithium ordering in layered ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}M{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ compounds $(M=\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i},\mathrm{}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o},\mathrm{}\mathrm{Mn})$ is investigated with first-principles calculations. We found that apart from the in-plane Li-Li interactions, the stability of ordered ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}M{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ structures strongly depends on the interlayer Li-Li interactions through the M cations. When several stacking sequences are possible, the selection of stacking is shown to be driven by the electronic structure of the transition-metal cations (metallic for ${\mathrm{Co}}^{+3/+4},$ localized for ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{+3/+4}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{+3/+4}).$ In ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ the stacking is chosen so as to minimize the variations in coordination of the symmetrically different Co sites, thus enhancing electronic charge delocalization. In ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{NiO}}_{2},$ lithium ordering couples to orbital and Jahn-Teller ordering so as to form 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ${\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i}}^{+3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}$ complexes. The presence of these 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ${\mathrm{Li}}_{A}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}\ensuremath{-}M\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{O}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}}_{B}$ interactions ensures distinct M environments and charge localization. We indicate how the coupling between the ${e}_{g}^{*}$ and $\mathrm{Li}\ensuremath{-}2s$ orbital hybridization and the Jahn-Teller distortion produces a long-range attractive interaction between Li ions.
The Effects of Labour on Accounting Choice in Canada

This study examines the effects of labour considerations on accounting choice in Canada. Two potential labour-related incentives are considered: ability to pay and employee attraction and retention. Measures of these incentives are developed based on Canadian data: unionization for ability-to-pay incentives, and labour intensity and the percentage of white-collar employees for the attract and retain incentives. Our results indicate that ability-to-pay incentives, measured by unionization, are not associated with depreciation policies in Canada. In contrast, the findings provide mixed support for the attract-and-retain perspective, because labour intensity was significantly correlated with these choices, while the percentage of white-collar employees was marginally significant.
Barriers that predict resistance to completing a living will.

Abstract We sought to identify perceived barriers and benefits to completing living wills for 176 medical outpatients or their family members, using a questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model. The regression equation of the patient data identified two items that functioned as significant barriers: “I am not very interested in a living will because I believe that I will live a lot longer” and “Completing a living will now is difficult because I would likely change my mind about how I want to be managed during terminal illness.” No variables remained in the equation when family member data were analyzed. We conclude that a major barrier to the completion of living wills (and perhaps advance directives generally) is that they connote personal death. Implications are explored.
Thermocapillary convection in a liquid bridge

Results from experiments on thermocapillary flow in a vertical liquid bridge are reported. Data on surface velocities are presented for four different silicone oils at several values of the temperature difference across the liquid bridge and for three different average temperatures. Also, axial velocity measured as a function of radial position in the bridge is reported. A theoretical model of the velocity and temperature fields in the system is formulated and solved by finite differences. The experimental data on surface velocities are nondimensionalized, and are found to collapse on a single line when plotted against the Marangoni number. Scaled velocities are relatively insensitive to changes in the value of the Marangoni number from 20 to 290, and the Prandtl number from 1460 to 7120. The data are in reasonable accord with predictions from theory.
Family Extension and the Elderly: Economic, Demographic, and Family Cycle Factors

This paper reports on the results of applying a multivariate regression model of living arrangements choices to census data on the 1970 U. S. population of nonmarried, nonparenting adults. The model examines the factors affecting living with (1) relatives or (2) living alone or with nonrelatives. These factors include sex, income, marital history, and age. In addition, the model tests whether living arrangements choices differ for the elderly relative to other ages. The analysis shows that higher income, the experience of divorce, and being male are all associated with a higher probability of nonfamily living. Widowhood has the same effect, but only for women. The central finding, however, is that there is no special role for the elderly in living arrangements choices.
Age differences in the capacity demands of a strategy among spontaneously strategic children.

This study examined whether spontaneously strategic children from two age groups differed in the capacity required to execute a strategy. The strategic behavior of younger (grades K and 1) and older (grades 4 and 5) children (N = 104) was assessed on a selective memory task. Children selected objects to view from a larger pool of objects. The most mature strategy (i.e., selectivity) involves opening doors that reveal objects to be remembered and not opening those that do not. In a dual-task procedure in a second session, children performed a finger tapping task simultaneously with the selective strategy. The reduction of rate of finger tapping from the finger tapping baseline to the dual-task trials provided an assessment of the capacity required to execute the strategy. A control group followed the same procedure, but with a simpler door opening selective strategy. A significant age difference in the capacity required for the strategy, even among spontaneously strategic children, suggested that there is further development of strategies even after children spontaneously produce them. Results were discussed in terms of increased strategy effectiveness during development.
Cellular immunity and its serum-mediated inhibition in shope-virus-induced rabbit papillomas

A colony-inhibition technique was used to demonstrate lymph-node-cell (LNC) mediated immune reactions against tumor-specific transplantation antigens of Shope-virus-induced papilloma and carcinoma cells. Lymph-node cells from rabbits in which Shope papillomas had regressed spontaneously, as well as LNC from rabbits with persistent Shope papillomas, reduced the plating efficiency of Shope-virus-induced papilloma and carcinoma cells but did not affect normal skin fibroblasts from the same rabbits as the tumor cells. Serum from rabbits with persistent Shope papillomas or Shope carcinomas abrogated the inhibitory effect of regressor LNC on Shope tumor cells, while serum from regressor rabbits had no such effect. It is postulated that sera from “persistor” and carcinoma rabbits contain antibodies which mediate an efferent form of immunological enhancement. Inhibition Serique de l'Immunite. A la Tumeur de Shope On a utilise une technique d'inhibition cles colonies pour mettre en evidence les reactions inimunitaires des cellules dr ganglions lytiiphatiques (CGL) contre les antigenes specifiques de transplantation de cellules d'epithkliotiius et de papillotnes provoques par Ie virus de Shope. Les CGL dc lapins chez lesquels les pupillomes de Shope avaient regresse spotitanement, ainsi que les CGL de lapins presentant des papillomes de Shope persistants, ont abaisse la vitalite des cellules des epithelionias et des papillomes induits par le virus de Shope, mais n'ont pas affecte les fibroplastes cutanes normaux des lapins qui presentaient ces cellules tumorales. Du serum de lapins chez lesquels les papillomes ou les epitheliomas de Shope persistaient a annule l'effet d'inhibition des CGL “regresseurs” sur les cellules des tumeurs de Shope, alors que le serum de lapins “regresseurs” n'avait pas cet effet. On estime que le serum des lapins “persisteurs” et porteurs d'epitheliomas contient des anticorps mediateurs d'une forme efferente de facilitation immunologique.
Creative Strategies for Treating Victims of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence in the United States grows in prevalence each year; therefore, it is crucial that counselors are prepared to offer support services to victims. Due to the emotional and mental impact of domestic violence, many victims have difficulty discussing their trauma. Therefore, creative arts activities may be helpful when working with victims of domestic violence. In this article, three creative activities are described and discussed. This column is designed to underscore relationally based creative interventions used by counselors and psychotherapists in their practices. Our intention is to provide examples of novel, innovative ways of working with clients in their efforts to deepen self-awareness and their connections with others. Although the interventions within this column will be presented in a linear “how-to” manner, an essential premise of this column is that interventions submitted for publication have a contextual and relational basis. Basic to this column is the therapeutic focus of wo...
Maturation of spermatozoa in the rabbit epididymis: Effect of castration and testosterone replacement

Rabbit epididymal spermatozoa gain their fertilizing ability upon reaching the distal corpus epididymidis. When prevented by ligatures from reaching this region, they become fertile in the proximal corpus after 24 hours in the intact male but not in the three-day castrated male. Unilateral castration has no such effect. Testosterone propionate (2 mg/kg/day) prevents this effect of castration. Abnormalities in ova fertilized by spermatozoa from castrated males and castrated males receiving testosterone suggest that an adequate level of androgen is necessary not only for the spermatozoa to become fertile but, also, for support of the normal development of the ova.
Local compensation of quantum numbers and the phase of many-particle production amplitudes

We assume that two-body scattering processes occur only as the shadow of a class of many-particle production events and that the probability distribution of this class of events obeys the requirement of local compensation of quantum numbers. The first of these assumptions implies that a certain functional integral yields the strongest bound on the energy dependence of two-body quantum-number exchange which can be obtained from inelastic production probabilities. Using the second assumption we evaluate this bound and show that recent data imply that the result for charge exchange is probably much weaker than the energy dependence actually observed. We therefore conclude the energy dependence of charge exchange should be generated mainly by the phase of many-particle production. Then we reformulate local compensation of quantum numbers as a condition on many-particle production amplitudes, including their phases. We show that this assumption implies the leading energy dependence of two-body quantum-number exchange is given by Regge poles with factorizable residues. The Regge trajectories we obtain are expected to be analytic functions of both charge and momentum transfer and can be extrapolated to provide a number of semiquantitative conclusions concerning exotic meson trajectories.
A community engagement orientation among people with a history of substance misuse and incarceration

• Summary: Community engagement, or acting on behalf of the collective, can provide a variety of rewards. Nonetheless, people who misuse substances are less likely to endorse such goals as making a contribution to society or correcting systemic inequities. As people modify their use of drugs or alcohol, they have been shown to draw purpose from community engagement. This mixed methods study examined contributors to a community engagement orientation among 68 respondents with a history of substance misuse and incarceration.• Findings: In the initial qualitative analysis, four themes emerged related to the respondents’ sense of purpose in life. The theme most frequently mentioned, community engagement, is the focus of this study. Discriminant analyses revealed that those endorsing community engagement goals were older at the onset of heavy drinking, more likely to have received public assistance, more highly educated, as were their mothers, manifested greater self-esteem, and had previously been involved in...
Gradual Degradation of GaAs FETs Under Normal Operation

The gradual degradation of low-noise and power GaAs FETs under normal operating conditions has been investigated. The degradation of the drain current under both low and normal biasing was monitored for low-noise devices, but only the degradation of the drain resistance was monitored for power GaAs FETs. Using elevated temperatures to stabilize devices and assuming a single monotonically decreasing failure mode, it is relatively simple to determine the device's long-term reliability within several days of operating at normal temperatures of 100°C or lower. This is accomplished by observing a sufficiently low degradation rate, which, when extrapolated to the desired end-of-life, yields an acceptable low longterm degradation estimation. To minimize the risk associated with the possible existence of compensating gradual degradation modes, the gradual degradation of devices is examined against a second gradual degradation failure criterion, which is based on the device having a sufficient low-degradation second derivative. Fulfilling the second-order failure criterion is more difficult to demonstrate and is the main focus of this investigation.
Blueschist-facies metamorphism related to regional thrust faulting

Abstract Rocks of the blueschist (glaucophane schist) facies occur throughout the world in narrow tectonic belts associated with ultramafic rocks. In the Coast Range province of California, blueschist rocks are devloped in the eugeosynclinal Franciscan Formation of Late Mesozoic age. The blueschist rocks form a narrow belt for more than 800 km along the eastern margin of this province and commonly are separated from rocks of an overlying thrust plate by serpentinite. Increasing metamorphism upward toward the thrust fault is indicated mineralogically by a transition from pumpellyite to lawsonite and texturally by a transition from metagraywacke to schist. The blueschist metamorphism probably occurred during thrusting in a zone of anomalously high water pressure in the lower plate along the sole of the thrust fault. This tectonic mode of origin for blueschist differs from the generally accepted hypothesis involving extreme depth of burial. Other belts of blueschist-facies rocks, including the Sanbagawa belt of Japan, the marginal synclinal belt of New Zealand, and the blueschist-ultramafic belts of Venezuela, Kamchatka, Ural mountains, and New Caledonia have similar geologic relations and might be explained in the same manner.
Duration of vaginal retention and potential duration of antiviral activity for five nonoxynol‐9 containing intravaginal contraceptives

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the vaginal retention of five nonoxynol-9 intravaginal contraceptives. Method: An open-label crossover study in 10 premenopausal volunteers was performed at an outpatient clinical research center. The outcomes are described utilizing the median and range. Result: At 8 h post-instillation, the median amounts of nonoxynol-9 present in the vagina were: Delfon® 7.68 mg, Conceptrol® 5.18 mg, Advantage 24® 1.95 mg, VCF® 1.74 mg, and Semicid® 1.51 mg respectively. Our calculated theoretical minimal amount needed to protect against HIV infection is 2.00 mg. Conclusion: The best vehicle for retaining nonoxynol-9 in the vagina appears to be foam. Further research in the effectiveness of nonoxynol-9 in prevention of the spread of HIV infection should be directed toward the use of foam vehicles to deliver nonoxynol-9 to the vagina.
The effect of L-dopa on in vivo dopamine release from nigrostriatal bundle neurons.

Abstract We have examined the impact of l -dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) on the in vivo release of dopamine (DA) in rat striatum using carbon fiber voltammetry. l -DOPA caused a large increase in the DA released by nigostriatal bundle stimulation. This was reduced by 94% in animals pretreated with intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine. We conclude that l -DOPA increases depolarization-induced DA release from DA neurons.
On Thermally Direct Circulations in Moist Atmospheres

Abstract An expression is derived for the critical horizontal gradient of subcloud-layer θe in radiative-convective equilibrium, sufficient for the onset of thermally direct, zonally symmetric circulations. This corresponds to zero absolute vorticity at the tropopause. The expression is then generalized to nonsymmetric flows under the approximation that the corresponding radiative-convective equilibrium state is in geostrophic balance. Scale analysis shows that actual moist entropy distributions cannot be far from critical in large-scale Hadley, Walker, and monsoon circulations. The balanced component of the surface winds can be calculated from the supercriticality of the surface θe distribution, and the secondary circulation can then be estimated from the surface stress.
Hypercholesterolemia predicts early death from coronary heart disease in elderly men but not women the Rancho Bernardo Study

In a 3-year follow-up study of 761 elderly men and 983 elderly women, total plasma cholesterol levels predicted fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) in men but not women. Low-density lipoprotein level was no better a predictor of fatal CHD than total cholesterol in either sex. Women had higher levels of high-density lipoprotein than men, which explains most of their usual higher total cholesterol levels. These data suggest that cholesterol screening of elderly women would have little value without a lipoprotein evaluation.
Comparison of the opioid receptor antagonist properties of naltrexone and 6β-naltrexol in morphine-naïve and morphine-dependent mice

It has been proposed that on chronic morphine treatment the micro-opioid receptor becomes constitutively active, and as a consequence, the opioid withdrawal response arises from a reduction in the level of this constitutively active receptor. In support of this, the putative micro-opioid receptor inverse agonist naltrexone has been shown to precipitate more severe withdrawal behavior in mice than the putative neutral receptor antagonist 6 beta-naltrexol. In the present study naltrexone and 6 beta-naltrexol were compared in NIH Swiss mice to test the hypothesis that their differential ability to precipitate withdrawal is due to differences in their in vivo opioid receptor antagonist potencies caused by differential access to micro-opioid receptors in the central nervous system and not necessarily by intrinsic differences in their opioid receptor activity. In naive mice both compounds had similar potencies to antagonize morphine-induced antinociception in the hot plate and warm-water tail-withdrawal assays when measured under equilibrium conditions and afforded similar calculated apparent in vivo micro-opioid receptor affinities. In morphine-dependent mice both compounds precipitated withdrawal jumping but naltrexone was between 10- and 100-fold more potent than 6 beta-naltrexol. A similar potency difference was seen for other withdrawal behaviors. Both naltrexone and 6 beta-naltrexol at 1 mg/kg reversed antinociception induced by the long-lasting micro-opioid receptor agonist BU72 in the warm-water tail-withdrawal assay, but antagonism by naltrexone was 6-fold more rapid in onset at equal doses. Since the compounds have similar affinity for the micro-opioid receptor in vivo, the results suggest that the differences observed between the ability of naltrexone and 6 beta-naltrexol to precipitate withdrawal in the mouse may be explained by differential onset of receptor antagonist action.
Nanomedicine: Swarming towards the target

A system comprising 'signalling' and 'receiving' modules — where the receiving module circulating in the bloodstream is directed to the tumour by a cascade triggered by the signalling module — improves the targeting effect of a nanomedicine.
Lipolytic cleavage of dolichyl oleate catalyzed by calf brain membranes.

Abstract Calf brain membranes catalyze the lipolytic cleavage of dolichyl [ 14 C]oleate added as an aqueous dispersion in Triton X-100. The enzymatic release of [ 14 C]oleate from the dolichyl ester is not affected by divalent cations or EDTA, but the lipase activity is inhibited by iodoacetamide and pHMB. The amount of [ 14 C]oleate released is dependent on the time of incubation, the amount of membrane protein added and the concentration of the radiolabeled lipid substrate. Dolichyl ester hydrolase activity exhibits a pH optimum of 7.5, distinguishing this lipase activity from cholesteryl ester hydrolase (5.0–5.5) and triolein hydrolase (5.0) activity associated with the same membrane preparations. The enzymatic hydrolysis of dolichyl [ 14 C]oleate is also partially inhibited by oleate and free dolichol, possibly by end-product inhibition.
Pattern Speeds of BIMA SONG Galaxies with Molecule-dominated Interstellar Mediums Using the Tremaine-Weinberg Method

We apply the Tremaine-Weinberg method of pattern speed determination to data cubes of CO emission in six spiral galaxies from the BIMA Survey of Nearby Galaxies, each with an interstellar medium dominated by molecular gas. We compare derived pattern speeds with estimates based on other methods, usually involving the identification of a predicted behavior at one or more resonances of the pattern(s). In two cases (NGC 1068 and NGC 4736), we find evidence for a central bar pattern speed that is greater than that of the surrounding spiral and roughly consistent with previous estimates. However, the spiral pattern speed in both cases is much larger than previous determinations. For the barred spirals NGC 3627 and NGC 4321, the method is insensitive to the bar pattern speed (the bar in each is nearly parallel to the major axis; in this case the method will not work), but for the former galaxy the spiral pattern speed found agrees with previous estimates of the bar pattern speed, suggesting that these two structures are part of a single pattern. For the latter, the spiral pattern speed found is in agreement with several previous determinations. For the flocculent spiral NGC 4414 and the "Evil Eye" galaxy NGC 4826, the method does not support the presence of a large-scale coherent pattern. We also apply the method to a simulated barred galaxy in order to demonstrate its validity and to understand its sensitivity to various observational parameters. In addition, we study the results of applying the method to a simulated, clumpy axisymmetric disk with no wave present. The Tremaine & Weinberg method in this case may falsely indicate a well-defined pattern.
Brightness contrast at low luminances

Abstract Simultaneous brightness contrast was found to occur below cone threshold. The rod action spectrum of the phenomenon and its lack of a Stiles-Crawford effect, argue that it is mediated by the scotopic system. In additional experiments a parafoveal scotopic annulus was found not to darken a foveal test spot thus confirming the work of Schubert (1957) ; but a 7-deg-peripheral test spot, designed to stimulate predominantly cones, was darkened by a scotopic annulus. This last experiment suggests that the rod and cone systems may sometimes interact within the framework of brightness contrast.
Estimation and cross-country comparison of capital stocks

While capital stock as the measure of productive capacity and the wealth of a nation figures prominently in policy analysis, capital stocks data is lacking in many countries because of the cost of data collection and other difficulties. Even in those countries where such data is compiled, the data is not always up to date. In this paper, we estimate and report the time series data for the capital stocks of 69 countries. We then use the capital stocks series to assess the future growth potentials of these countries.
METABOLISM STUDIES IN THE ALBINO RAT CARBOHYDRATE STUDIES AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY1

Healthy, growing (70 to 140 gm., the majority were under 100 gm.) albino male rats of a pure strain, inbred in this laboratory for 3 years were employed. The basal diet consisted of dog chow ad lib., supplemented with greens. Hypophysectomy was accomplished by the technic of Richter and Wislocki (2) with the exception that a tracheotomy, as suggested by Fran-seen, (3) was usually performed. Success of the operation was based upon failure of weight to increase, atrophy of testes, atrophy of thymus, atrophy of cortex of adrenal and absence of visible hypophyseal tissue at autopsy. While the completeness of hypophysectomy was not checked histologically in- these experiments, similar studies have been performed elsewhere (at Cornell University Medical College) by one of us (R. A.P.) on Wistar strain rats. The chemical analyses reported in this paper were verified on the fasting animal and on the animal 3 hours after the administration of glucose.
Using NNF to transform conceptual data models to object-oriented database designs

More work is needed on devising practical, but theoretically well-founded procedures for doing object-oriented database (OODB) design [17]. Design procedures should also be flexible enough to take into account various application characteristics (such as whether objects are very large or are read-only). In this paper, we present and discuss an OODB design procedure that addresses these problems. The procedure is practical in the sense that it is based on a common family of conceptual models and in the sense that it does not expect users to supply esoteric, difficult-to-discover, and hard-to-understand constraints (such as multivalued dependencies), nor does it make hard-to-check and easy-to-overlook assumptions (such as the universal relation scheme assumption). At the same time, the procedure is well-founded and formal, being based on NNF (Nested Normal Form [21]), a new theoretical result that characterizes properties of interest in designing complex objects. It is also adaptable to various applications characteristics.
If you are a concerned engineer ...

The engineering profession must go beyond the purely technical realm if it is to assume a leadership role in the issues of our time. For the National Society of Professional Engineers, the challenges posed by the problems of social change, the economy, and the environment have provided the impetus for developing programs for the engineer who seeks ``involvement.''
Protein restriction during pregnancy induces hypertension and impairs endothelium-dependent vascular function in adult female offspring

Intrauterine undernutrition plays a role in the development of adult hypertension. Most studies are done in male offspring to delineate the mechanisms whereby blood pressure may be raised; however, th
On truncation of multiparameter estimator in discrete exponential families

Let X1,…Xpbe independent random variables, where each of the p distributions of the random variables belongs to the family of one parameter discrete exponential distributions. The problem is to estimate the unknown parameters simultaneously in the pres¬ence of extreme observations. Hudson (1978) and Tsui (1979) show that the minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) of the param¬eters is inadmissible if p⩾3 under squared error loss, and esti¬mators better than MVUE are proposed. In this paper, a truncated version of the shrinkage estimator is proposed, in the case of discrete exponential family. This estimator is based on ordered observations which improves the MVUE.
Generation of cyanogen-free transgenic cassava.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is the major source of calories for subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava, however, contains potentially toxic levels of the cyanogenic glucoside, linamarin. The cyanogen content of cassava foods can be reduced to safe levels by maceration, soaking, rinsing and baking; however, short-cut processing techniques can yield toxic food products. Our objective was to eliminate cyanogens from cassava so as to eliminate the need for food processing. To achieve this goal we generated transgenic acyanogenic cassava plants in which the expression of the cytochrome P450 genes (CYP79D1 and CYP79D2), that catalyze the first-dedicated step in linamarin synthesis, was inhibited. Using a leaf-specific promoter to drive the antisense expression of the CYP79D1/CYP79D2 genes we observed up to a 94% reduction in leaf linamarin content associated with an inhibition of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 expression. Importantly, the linamarin content of roots also was reduced by 99% in transgenic plants having between 60 and 94% reduction in leaf linamarin content. Analysis of CYP79D1/CYP79D2 transcript levels in transgenic roots indicated they were unchanged relative to wild-type plants. These results suggest that linamarin is transported from leaves to roots and that a threshold level of leaf linamarin production is required for transport.
Prepositional complementizers in Welsh

A number of languages have what can be called prepositional complementizers, items which look like prepositions and have some of the properties of prepositions but appear in positions in which complementizers appear. In this paper I shall be concerned with Welsh prepositional complementizers and, in particular, with their implications for the analysis of subjectless infinitives. I shall consider the possibility of providing an analysis of the Welsh facts within the government-binding (GB) framework of Chomsky (1981, 1982, 1984), in which subjectless infinitives are clauses. I will argue that GB assumptions preclude a satisfactory account of the data. I will also show that certain facts relating to agreement pose further problems for a GB approach. I will then show that the facts are quite straightforward if one assumes that subjectless infinitives are bare VPs, as argued for Welsh in Borsley (1984a), and that VPs and Ss are members of the same basic category, as proposed in Borsley (1983, 1984b). It looks, then, as if we have some interesting evidence here for these assumptions.
Remote Viewing: Failures to Replicate with Control Comparisons:

The paranormal phenomenon termed “remote viewing” was investigated using procedures employed in successful demonstrations of the phenomenon. 20 selected college students volunteered as receivers and were given two “remote viewing” trials. A control condition was used on Trial 1 to evaluate chance factors in “remote viewing.” Independent judges and the receivers evaluated the accuracy of “remote viewing” by comparing the receivers' protocols to senders' descriptions and by visits to the target sites. The results offered no support for a “remote viewing” hypothesis. Means for judgments of correct receiver protocols were not significantly different between experimental and control group receivers and were not significantly different from judgment means for incorrect receiver protocols. A psychic/nonpsychic interpretation of judgment successes was discounted by the finding that successes could be accounted for in terms of differences among rating means for targets or differences among rating means for individ...
Prophylaxis by taurine in the hearts of cardiomyopathic hamsters

Abstract Cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters develop necrotic lesions consequent to calcium overload when 60 days old onwards. Taurine, given as 0.1 m solution in place of drinking water for one month prior to killing to animals of initial age 35 days, decreased the severity of subsequently developing cardiac lesions by 40%. Calcium concentration in the heart was decreased by 57%. Magnesium and iron concentrations were unaltered. Taurine given in a similar manner for 4 months still had a protective effect, decreasing lesion severity by 21% and calcium concentration by 35%. Magnesium concentrations were increased by 12%. Compared to random-bred animals, cardiomyopathic hamsters at 1 and 2 months of age have the same concentrations of calcium, magnesium and iron in the quadrants of the heart, except in the left ventricle, which has significantly higher concentration of calcium. Calcium concentrations are 70, 1320 and 2100% higher respectively in 1-month, 2-month and 5-month-old animals. Five-month-old animals differ slightly but significantly in iron (17% decrease) and magnesium concentrations (17% increase). Cardiomyopathic hamsters have insignificant differences in β-adrenergic receptor density compared to random-bred animals and have a significantly higher rate of taurine influx.
Childhood Asthma Practice Guideline Part Three: Update of the 2007 National Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma

Journal of Pediatric Health Care The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) has released updated guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma called ‘‘Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma,’’ which can be obtained via the Internet at http://www. nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/ asthgdln.htm (2007). The following is a review of the major changes from the 1997 and select 2002 Expert Panel reports (NAEPP, 2007).
Follow-up of 1 mg finasteride treatment of male pattern baldness-difference between clinical trials and private office follow-up: influences on prescribing habits evaluated.

BACKGROUNDFinasteride (Propecia) was approved by the FDA in 1998 for treating men with androgenetic alopecia. The published clinical trials demonstrated statistical differences between drug and placebo. Rarely do new drugs undergo further non-drug-company-sponsored studies of efficacy. Concerns abou
Study of pore pressures induced in laboratory dynamic consolidation

Abstract Knowledge of the pore pressure behavior during dynamic impacts on moderately low permeability soils is essential in averting possible liquefaction and effective field implementation of dynamic consolidation. Although field observations of dynamically induced pore pressures are abundant in the literature, analytical or numerical approaches for pore pressure prediction are scarce. Herein, the authors advance a simple technique to analytically model the laboratory dynamic consolidation by modifying the classical Terzaghi's static consolidation theory. Since the analytical prediction of dynamic surface stress and experimental verification are performed in a companion paper, the surface stress due to a dynamic impact is assumed to be known in this work. Then, the time dependent stress pulse is de-synthesized into a number of constant load steps to predict the subsequent pore pressure behavior. Since this methodology accounts for even the dynamic stress attenuation within the soil sample, a rigorous closed form solution has to be replaced by a numerical solution. It is shown how this solution rapidly converges when the load steps are made sufficiently small. Finally, the analytical predictions of dynamic pore pressure are verified by well controlled laboratory experiments performed on a special apparatus set up at the University of South Florida.
Gd-labeled glycol chitosan as a pH-responsive magnetic resonance imaging agent for detecting acidic tumor microenvironments.

Neoplastic lesions can create a hostile tumor microenvironment with low extracellular pH. It is commonly believed that these conditions can contribute to tumor progression as well as resistance to therapy. We report the development and characterization of a pH-responsive magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent for imaging the acidic tumor microenvironment. The preparation included the conjugation of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1-(2,5-dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) ester (DOTA-NHS) to the surface of a water-soluble glycol chitosan (GC) polymer, which contains pH-titrable primary amines, followed by gadolinium complexation (GC-NH2-GdDOTA). GC-NH2-GdDOTA had a chelate-to-polymer ratio of approximately1:24 and a molar relaxivity of 9.1 mM–1 s–1. GC-NH2-GdDOTA demonstrated pH-dependent cellular association in vitro compared to the control. It also generated a 2.4-fold enhancement in signal in tumor-bearing mice 2 h postinjection. These findings suggest that glycol chitosan coupled with co...
An explicit derivation of an exponential dependence of the hydraulic conductivity on relative saturation

It is shown how to derive explicitly an exponential dependence of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K, on relative saturation, S, and under what conditions such a relationship holds. An earlier derivation of the same result was so restrictive, that it appeared that realistic realizations were not possible, but the present derivation demonstrates the contrary. From existing results, the implication is that the steady-state unsaturated hydraulic conductivity will be log-normally distributed. The log-normal distribution, as well as an exponential dependence on moisture content, have been reported from the same experiment on the same field.
Packaging effects on shell egg breakage rates during simulated transportation

Abstract Shell eggs were packaged in either expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam or molded paper pulp (MPP) one dozen cartons, then were bulk packaged in either polypropylene crates or corrugated boxes. The packages were then subjected to a well-defined computer-simulated vibration test on an electrohydraulic test machine. The percentage and the location on the egg (side, top, bottom) of breakage was determined in the secondary (corrugated box or polypropylene crate) and primary (EPS or MPP carton) package after 15, 75, and 180 min. For each of three trials, 60 dozen Grade A large eggs were randomly assigned to each primary package and cross-stacked in a secondary container that contained three cartons in a row and a total of five layers. When cartons were packed in 15-dozen corrugated boxes, no significant difference was found in total eggshell damage rates between the MPP carton and the EPS carton. However, when eggs were packed in 15-dozen plastic crates, the MPP cartons caused significantly less eggshell damage than the EPS cartons. The EPS cartons packed in corrugated boxes had the lowest breakage (4.63%), whereas the EPS foam cartons packed in plastic crates had the highest breakage (12.59%). When the effect of secondary packaging and vibration time were not considered, no significant difference was found between MPP and EPS cartons. In addition, when the effect of primary packaging was not taken into account, the corrugated boxes had significantly lower breakage rates than the plastic crates. Nearly 55% of the breakage occurred in the bottom section of the eggshell as compared to the side and top. When the test periods were compared, the EPS cartons packed in plastic crates had the highest breakage (16.28%) at 180 min.
Effects of sodium chloride and melibiose on the in vitro growth and sporulation of Frankia strain HFPCcI3 isolated from Casuarina cunninghamiana

The in vitro growth and sporulation of Frankia isolate HFPCcI3, a nitrogen‐fixing symbiont of Casuarina, was inhibited by both the toxic and osmotic effects of sodium chloride. This was demonstrated by comparing HFPCcI3 halotolerance with its tolerance to metabolically neutral melibiose osmoticum at sodium chloride and melibiose concentrations from 0 to 500 mmol L‐1. The osmotolerance of this strain is similar to that of other Frankia strains, whereas the halotolerance of this strain is greater than that reported for Frankia strains isolated from actinorhizal plants from moist, temperate regions lacking sodic soils. This finding suggests that differential strain‐specific mechanisms are involved in Frankia's ability to tolerate dry versus sodic soil conditions and has important implications for the microbial ecology of soils supporting Casuarina spp. (Less)