cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy issues in chemical and dimensional metrology in the SEM and TEM

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) are very powerful tools for the nanoscale characterization of materials. To make the best use of these capabilities, it is necessary to understand the nature of the uncertainties in the measurement process and to allow for errors during the data capture and data analysis stages of the measurement. By using replicated measurements and statistical analyses, it is possible to address repeatability and reproducibility issues and to assign a precision to the measurements. In general it is much harder to address accuracy issues in the experiment because some of the errors are systematic and non-statistical in nature and in almost all cases the true value of the measurand is unknown. In this work computer simulations are used to understand systematic errors and accuracy concerns in dimensional and chemical metrology in both the SEM and TEM. Multislice high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) simulations are used to produce synthetic cross-section micrographs of SiO2 gate dielectrics on Si substrates. These synthetic images are processed in the same manner as experimental images to extract a film thickness value from the micrographs. The absolute error in the dielectric film thickness measurement is determined by comparing this 'measured' value with the known, true thickness intrinsic to the sample's structural model used for simulation. This process allows the accuracy of the measurement process to be assessed for a given set of microscope, sample, environmental, data capture and data processing parameters. Statistical design of experiment methods is used to screen the influence of variables including beam tilt, along-beam thickness, dielectric thickness, defocus, astigmatism and vibration on the accuracy. The most important main effects are beam tilt, defocus and vibration, and the most significant two-term interactions are (beam tilt–defocus) and (defocus–vibration). Three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations in Java and Jython are used to simulate the electron transport and x-ray generation of energy-dispersive x-ray (XEDS) experiments in the SEM. This code permits the simulation of synthetic hyperspectral XEDS datasets from complex, chemically heterogeneous nanostructures. Analysis of these datasets reveals the effects of self-absorption, thickness and beam broadening due to multiple scattering on the accuracy of chemical measurements in the SEM and TEM. A synthetic XEDS datacube from a four-phase Raney nickel sample is presented. While the effects mentioned above degrade both TEM-based and SEM-based measurements, their magnitude is larger and more easily visualized in the SEM because of lower beam energies and thicker samples.
Eclectic mechanisms of heme regulation of hematopoiesis

Regulatory features of heme (ferroprotoporphyrin IX) on hematopoietic growth/differentiation and related processes are reviewed. It is emphasized that expressions of specific erythroid and nonerythroid heme biosynthetic and degradatory enzymes are required, and the regulatory processes whereby this occurs is considered. The specificity of heme, relationship to cellular events such as differentiation, response to growth factors, oncogene and receptor expression, and how heme counteracts toxic effects such as viral growth are all discussed. The significance of heme in the hemopoietic bone marrow microenvironment and growth factor network are considered. Finally, the third pathway for arachidonic acid metabolism via the heme-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system, in addition to cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, by bone marrow adherent cells and its role in cellular differentiation is briefly reviewed.
An Experimental Study of the Interaction of Multiple Liquid Pool Fires

The risk of accidental spills and possible fires is high in the storage and handling of large quantities of flammable liquids. Such liquid pool fires are generally buoyancy-driven and emit a large fraction of their heat release in the form of radiation. Ignition and combustion characteristics of liquid pools depend on the design parameters such as diameter, spacing, and shape of the pools. This laboratory scale study was conducted to determine the effects of these parameters on the characteristics of multiple liquid pool fires. The measurements reported include pool surface regression rate, flame height, temperature, and concentrations of carbon dioxide, soot, and oxygen.
Selecting Repertoires of Action in Environmental Movement Organizations: An Interpretive Approach

Environmental movement organizations (EMOs) that have similar goals frequently rely on different tactics and strategies to advance their agendas. This article uses an interpretive perspective to examine the factors influencing EMO selection of a repertoire of action. Building on concepts from organization and social movement theories, and relying on interview and archival data from Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace, this study suggests that experience, core values and beliefs, environmental philosophy, and political ideology work together to create distinct organizational interpretations of the political environment, efficacy of action, acceptability of tactics, significance of an issue, and source of the problem. These interpretations combine to shape EMO determinations of what types of action will be most appropriate and effective. Although structural factors influence the decisions that are made within EMOs, organizations also rely on interpretive processes in their selection of a repertoire of action.
A Further Account . . .

McCormick reveals the significance of a pamphlet, "A Further Account of New Jersey in an Abstract of Letters Lately Writ From Thence," published in London in 1676 and held in Rutgers' Special Collections.Â
Development of high-activity 252Cf sources for neutron brachytherapy

The Gershenson Radiation Oncology Center of Wayne State University (WSU), Detroit, Michigan, is using 252Cf medical sources for neutron brachytherapy. These sources are based on a 20-year-old design containing < or = 30 micrograms 252Cf in the form of a cermet wire of Cf2O3 in a palladium matrix. The Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC) of Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been asked to develop very compact, high-activity 252Cf neutron sources for use with remote afterloading equipment in order to reduce treatment times and dose to clinical personnel and to expedite treatment of brain and other tumors. To date, the REDC has demonstrated that 252Cf loadings can be greatly increased in cermet wires and with much smaller diameters. Equipment designed for hot cell fabrication of these wires is being tested. A parallel program is under way to relicense the existing source design for fabrication at the REDC.
Response of the medalist

I am highly honored to accept this medal in memory of so eminent an engineer as Mr. Lamme. May I also say that I was not only surprised but also, to a degree, shocked when I was first informed of this honor. I had always thought of medals as being given either to bright young men, to encourage them to further efforts, or to distinguished old men, in order to provide an occasion to learn their philosophy of life and work. However, the middle-aged man, in which group I had up to now classified myself, actively engaged in the practice of his profession, is normally under such competitive, family, and financial pressure that he does not need any additional encouragement, while at the same time he has been so busy that he has not yet developed a philosophy worth listening to. So it is truly a special pleasure to be included among the group of distinguished recipients of the Lamme Medal, whose contributions to the development of electrical equipment have been so great. I am especially pleased to recall that I have had the privilege of being personally acquainted with 15 out of the 34 recipients. I recall also that A. B. Field, the first Lamme Medalist, wrote a very stimulating article on liquid cooling of rotating machinery — which today still has a very modern theme — that influenced my own studies of liquid cooling made during the early 1930's under the direction of H. M. Hobart.
Developing alternative approaches to predicting the laminar burning speed of refrigerants using the minimum ignition energy

Measurement of laminar burning speed is complex and costly. Therefore, engineering correlations of this thermo-chemical property with other simpler-to-measure fundamental combustion properties, such as minimum ignition energy, are desired. Two different correlations between laminar burning speed and minimum ignition energy have been developed. The first correlation is of the form Sl = a minimum ignition energy−1/3 and the second correlation of the form Sl = b minimum ignition energyc, where a, b, and c are the fitting constants. The accuracies of these fits were close to each other.
Preschoolers' Reunion Responses in Day Care:

Although reunion responses are often used in studies of the effects of day care on parent-child relationships, little is known about the reliability of such behaviours in preschoolers. A fifteen-category Preschool Reunion Behavior Measure was developed to appraise the range of preschoolers' reunion responses in day care and their consistency across multiple observations. Twenty-two boys and girls were observed six times over a seven-week period during reunions with the same parent. Children showed the same type of reunion behaviour 50 percent of the time, which was significantly greater than chance expectation. Consistency in the general emotional tone of reunions was 72 percent. There were no differences in specific reunion behaviours - or in their consistency - between boys and girls, or when the mother or father was the retrieving parent. Taken together these findings indicate that preschoolers show a broad range of greeting behaviour, and the consistency of individual differences in reunion responses ...
The Gold Nanorod-Biology Interface: From Proteins to Cells to Tissue.

Gold nanorods absorb and scatter light strongly in the near-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, making them ideal tissue contrast agents for imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). Strong interactions occur at the nano-bio interface, such as proteins binding to gold nanorods forming a ‘corona.’ To fulfill the promise of nanorods for applications such as contrast agents, we must better understand the intrinsic interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems at the molecular, cellular and tissue level. In this paper, we briefly review the nanorod-protein interface. We then present some new fast relaxation imaging (FReI) measurements of how the presence of strongly-absorbing gold nanorods affects protein binding and folding, taking into account inner filter effects and the strong quenching effect of nanorods on fluorescent-labeled proteins. Next we show that two-photon photoluminescence of the gold nanorods can be used to image the nanorods in tissue constructs, allowing us to independently study their tissue distribution so they can be used successfully as contrast agents in optical coherence microscopy.
A Swift and Simple Refutation of the Kalam Cosmological Argument

John Taylor complains that the Kalam cosmological argument gives the appearance of being a swift and simple demonstration of the existence of a Creator of the universe, whereas in fact a convincing argument involving the premiss that the universe began to exist is very difficult to achieve. But Taylor's proffered defeaters of the premisses of the philosophical arguments for the beginning of the universe are themselves typically undercut due to Taylor's inadvertence to alternatives open to the defender of the Kalam arguments. With respect to empirical confirmation of the universe's beginning Taylor is forced into an anti-realist position on the Big Bang theory, but without sufficient warrant for singling out the theory as non-realistic. Therefore, despite the virtue of simplicity of form, the Kalam cosmological argument has not been defeated by Taylor's all too swift refutation.
Optimal dynamic vibration absorbers for general beam systems

A technique is developed to give the optimal dynamic vibration absorber parameters for the elimination of excessive vibration in sinusoidally forced Bernoulli-Euler beams. The result is presented in a general form so as to include all possible sets of ordinary boundary conditions and absorber attachment points. This is done by employing a single mode expansion for the beam in an assumed mode approach. The general equations developed are then applied to a point-forced cantilever beam with a viscously damped dynamic absorber attached at the beam midpoint. The optimal values developed for the single mode approximation are then evaluated with account taken of the first five beam modes where discrepancies are noted near the higher order beam resonances which are shifted somewhat due to the absorber.
Perinatal Professionals' View of Fathers in the Cesarean Room

This study surveyed the views toward fathers in the cesarean room of perinatal professionals in a tertiary referral teaching hospital. Respondents were largely supportive of encouraging fathers in the cesarean delivery and providing a number of options including keeping the family unit together through surgery into the postanesthesia recovery. Anesthesiologists tended to be more restrictive as to conditions for father's admission to the O.R., and more limiting in options allowed to the couple in the O.R., than did both obstetricians and delivery room nurses. Our respondents basically supported the recommendations of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Task Force on cesarean childbirth of 1981 — ‘Hospitals are encouraged to liberalize their policies concerning the option of having the father or father surrogate attend the cesarean birth’ [22].
Effect of thermal treatment on the activation of bovine plasminogen

Abstract The effect of heat on plasminogen (PG) was studied in both buffer and milk. The denaturation temperature for bovine PG was determined. Kinetic analysis of heated PG was conducted using a coupled assay and Spectrozyme ® PL. The effect of heat on PG activation was studied in milk samples with and without addition of PG activator. The temperature range for denaturation of PG was between 50.1 and 61.6 °C. The overall catalytic efficiency increased for PG heated to 60 °C and above, as indicated by the significant increase in k cat / K M . In a milk system, a significant increase in activation of PG was measured at 57 °C. A drop in activation of PG was observed at higher temperatures, suggesting counteracting effects of other milk components that were affected by heat. Results indicated that the increased activation of heated bovine PG observed in buffer and milk systems was probably due to the unfolding of PG as a result of thermal denaturation.
Fault Detection for a Class of Nonlinear Systems in Presence of Unmodeled Dynamics and Parametric Uncertainties Using Adaptive Robust Observers

The goal of this work is to present some theoretical results which can be used for increasing fault sensitivity of a detection scheme, without sacrificing robustness. Robustness against modeling uncertainties and fault sensitivity are two contradicting demands, and typically, one is achieved at the expense of the other. The main reason for this trade-off is the use of a worst case scenario bound for modeling uncertainties at the residual evaluation stage. Many robust fault detection algorithms have been proposed based on the assumption that an a priori known functional bound exists for modeling uncertainties. In the present work, we look into the two main sources of modeling uncertainties, parametric uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics, and carefully examine their effect on residual evaluation. Finally, based on our analysis, and certain assumptions about the unmodeled dynamics and parametric uncertainties, we propose a threshold for residual generation and evaluation, and analytically prove its superior robustness and sensitivity properties.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The dynamics of livelihood diversification in post-famine Ethiopia

Abstract Based on data for almost 300 households this paper explores associations among income diversification, household perceptions of livelihood risks, and changes in consumption outcomes across two points in time in post-famine Ethiopia. Four key questions are addressed: i) To what extent did households emerging from the famine period with relatively higher income and calorie consumption levels also have a more diversified income base?; ii) Was higher income diversification in 1989 associated with higher income and consumption levels by 1994?; iii) Which households increased their share of income from non-cropping activities most during the inter-survey years?; and iv) Did household heads perceive a lack of non-farm income activities to be an important risk factor in famine vulnerability? We find that wealthier households tended to have more diversified income streams; those initially more diversified subsequently experienced a relatively greater increase in both income and calorie intake; households with a greater concentration of assets were more likely to fall in their relative outcome ranking (as were female-headed households); and, initially less diversified households subsequently realized greater gains in income diversification. We also find suggestive evidence that personal perceptions of risk factors guided subsequent diversification decisions.
Work and retirement preferences of practicing radiologists as a predictor of workforce needs.

Rationale and Objectives The radiology job market has been described as highly variable, and recent practice hiring surveys predict that the number of available jobs will remain flat. Radiologists may be working more hours and retiring later than desired, activities that influence overall job availability. A national survey was performed to determine the desired work rate and retirement preferences of practicing radiologists, and the responses are used to estimate current and potential future work output and future workforce needs. Materials and Methods Practicing radiologists were surveyed regarding current and preferred work level and desired and expected retirement age. A model incorporating these preferences and stratified by age was developed using survey responses and American Medical Association full-time equivalent (FTE) estimates. Available FTE radiologists are estimated under four scenarios from 2016 to 2031 in 5-year intervals. Results The model predicts a total of 26,362 FTE radiologists available in 2011, which corresponds to previous estimates. Participants reported working more hours and expecting to retire later than desired, with younger radiologists and women reporting the greatest desired decrease in FTE hours worked. Under each scenario, there is an initial FTE availability in 2016 ranging from 21,156 to 24,537, which increases to between 27,753 and 31,435 FTE by 2031 depending on work rate and retirement patterns. Conclusions Practicing radiologists report that they currently work more hours than desired and expect to retire later than they would prefer. If radiologists changed current personal work rate and expected retirement age to meet these preferences, there would be an immediate shortage of FTE radiologists continuing until at least 2020 assuming no other workforce needs changes.
The effect of fluid inertia in hydrodynamic lubrication studied by a linearization method: Two useful applications

Abstract In several recent articles a linearization method was presented to study the effect of fluid inertia in fluid film bearings. Very accurate results are obtained in closed form which were previously amenable only to numerical analysis or asymptotic analysis (e.g. very weak inertia effects). Two applications presently studied are: (a) the one-dimensional journal bearing; and (b) the squeeze film damper bearing. The solutions are applicable at arbitrary modified Reynolds number and eccentricity ratio, provided the flow is laminar and the film is thin.
The STARD Initiative and the Reporting of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy

With the current public attention on medical tests (1), it is appropriate that we publish (2) this month, simultaneously with other journals,1 the first result of an international project to improve the reporting of studies of the diagnostic accuracy of medical tests. The report(2) on Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) reflects a multidisciplinary effort, 3 years in the making, that involved close collaboration of scores of clinicians, clinical investigators, clinical chemists, radiologists, clinical microbiologists, methodologists, and others. I review here some of the evidence that studies of diagnostic accuracy of medical tests need improving and I suggest that the STARD report(2) is a step in the right direction. “Diagnostic accuracy” refers to the ability of a test to identify a condition of interest. In studies of diagnostic accuracy, the results of one or more tests are compared with a reference (“gold”) standard in a group of patients suspected of having the condition of interest. The term “accuracy” in this context thus refers to the amount of agreement between the studied test(s) and the reference standard. Studies of diagnostic accuracy are distinct from studies of analytical characteristics of a test, such as analytical accuracy, and distinct from studies of nonanalytical factors, such as within-person biological variation. Both of these types of studies provide essential information about tests, but they are not the focus here. Similarly, studies of diagnostic accuracy must be distinguished from studies of outcomes related to testing (such as improvements in health) and from studies of cost-effectiveness of testing. Quantitative understanding of the diagnostic accuracy of a test is critical both in deciding on its potential to improve outcomes and in assessing the results of a test in an individual patient. The term diagnostic accuracy is sometimes used in a broad …
Numerical Verification of Scaling for Scattering from Fractons

The single-length-scale postulate for fractons and the scaling hypothesis for the dynamic structure factor are confirmed for scalar elasticity on bond-percolation clusters. The strain exponent \ensuremath{\sigma} is determined in two and three dimensions. Because of granularity and finite-size effects, these results cannot be obtained from site-percolation models for which the short-range structure fails to scale. Dipole-induced-dipole scattering is particularly sensitive to granularity.
Barium enema: an outpatient procedure in the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

Both of our patients, young girls with ulcerative colitis, developed the onset of fever, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea after the ingestion of SAS. We believe that these symptoms were not secondary to the underlying ulcerative colitis because they were reproducible in each patient and resolution was more rapid than could be expected with ulcerative colitis. Patient 1 presented with symptoms characteristic of ulcerative colitis. When treated with SAS her condition deteriorated and did not improve until the SAS was discontinued. Symptoms returned during two subsequent challenges although she was clinically well on both occasions and in complete remission on one. Similarly Patient 2 developed symptoms each time she was treated with SAS. Her colitis was quiescent at the time of each challenge. Both patients tolerate aspirin without evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding or upset. Numerous side effects have been reported with both sulfonamides and salicylates, but the combination of fever, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea has not been among them 8. 9 nor has bloody diarrhea been previously reported with SAS. 1~ We have no explanation for the toxicity observed in our patients. Physicians caring for patients with inflammatory bowel disease should be aware that the onset of fever, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea may be due to SAS and not to a flare-up of the disease. REFERENCES 1. Misiewicz J J, Lennard-Jones JE, Connell AM, Baron JH, and Avery Jones F: Controlled trial of sulfasalazine in maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis, Lancet 1:185, 1965. 2. Goldman P, and Peppercorn MA: Sulfasalazine, N Engl J Med 293:20, 1975. 3. Das KM, Eastwood MA, McManus JPA, and Sircus W: Adverse reaction during salicylazosulfapyridine therapy and the relation with drug metabolism and acetylator phenotype, N Engl J Med 289:491, 1973. 4. Block MB, Genant HK, and Kirsner JB: Pancreatitis as an adverse reaction to salicylazosulfapyridine, N Engl J Med 282:380, 1970. 5. Lead Article. Sulfasalazine induced lung disease, Lancet 2:504, 1974. 6. Wallace IW: Neurotoxicity associated with a reaction to sulfasalazine, Practitioner 204:850, 1970. 7. Strom J: Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's Syndrome) Scand J Infect Dis 1:209, 1969. 8. Woodbury DM, and Fingl E: Analgesic, antipyretics, antiinflammatory agents and drugs employed in the therapy of gout, in Goodman A, and Gilman AG, editors: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, New York, 1975, The Macmillan Company, pp 325-358. 9. Weinstein LS: Antimicrobial agents, sulfonamides and trimethoprimsulfmethoxazole, in Goodman A, and Gilman AG, editors: The pharmacologic basis of therapeutics, New York, 1975, The Macmillan Company, pp 1113-1129. 10. Schinagl EF: Pharmacia Laboratories Inc., Personal communication.
The link between abrupt climate change and basin stratigraphy: a numerical approach

Abstract To use basin stratigraphy for studying past climate change, it is important to understand the influence of evolving boundary conditions (river discharge and sediment flux, initial bathymetry, sea level, subsidence) and the complex interplay of the redistribution processes (plumes, turbidity currents, debris flows). To provide understanding of this complexity, we have employed source to sink numerical models to evaluate which process dominates the observed variability in a sedimentary record of two coastal Pacific basins, Knight Inlet in British Columbia and the Eel Margin of northern California. During the last glacial period, the Eel River supplied comparatively more sediment with a less variable flux to the ocean, while today the river is dominated by episodic events. Model results show this change in the variability of sediment flux to be as important to the deposit character as is the change in the volume of sediment supply. Due to the complex interaction of flooding events and ocean storm events, the more episodic flood deposits of recent times are less well preserved than the flood deposits associated with an ice-age climate. In Knight Inlet, the evolving boundary conditions (rapidly prograding coastline, secondary transport by gravity flows from sediment failures) are a strong influence on the sedimentary record. The delta and gravity flow deposits punctuate the sedimentary record formed by hemipelagic sedimentation from river plumes. Missing time intervals due to sediment failures can take away the advantage of the otherwise amplified lithologic record of discharge events, given the enclosed nature of the fjord basin.
Advances in vasospasm treatment and prevention

Outcome after aSAH depends on several factors, including the severity of the initial event, perioperative medical management, surgical variables, and the incidence of complications. Cerebral vasospasm (CV) is ure to consistently respond to treatment, emphasizing the need for further research into the underlying mechanisms of SAH-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction. To this end, our paper reviews the relevant literature on the main therapies employed for CV after aSAH and discusses possible avenues for future investigations. Current management of this condition consists of maximal medical therapy, including triple H regimen and oral administration of calcium antagonists, followed by endovascular balloon angioplasty and/or injection of vasodilatory agents for refractory cases. As the precise pathophysiology of CV is further elucidated, the development of promising investigational therapies will follow.
Competition Between Radial Expansion and Thickening in the Enlargement of an Intracranial Saccular Aneurysm

Rupture of intracranial saccular aneurysms is the leading cause of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage, which results in significant morbidity and mortality. Although many have suggested that saccular aneurysms enlarge and rupture due to mechanical instabilities, our recent nonlinear analyses suggest that at least certain classes of aneurysms do not exhibit a quasi-static limit point instability or dynamic instabilities in response to periodic loading. Based on an increased understanding of the ubiquitous role of growth and remodeling within the vasculature and recent histopathological data on saccular aneurysms, it is hypothesized that a stress-mediated regulation of collagen turnover causes their enlargement. There is a need, however, for a theoretical framework to explore this and competing hypotheses. In this paper, we present a 2-D constrained mixture model for growth and remodeling of an ellipsoidally shaped saccular aneurysm and numerically simulate enlargement and changes in material symmetry in the aneurysmal wall. Results suggest that ellipsoidal aneurysms tend toward spherical shapes, and a competition between radial expansion and wall thickening plays a critical role in determining the stability of an enlarging lesion.
Synthesis of well-defined all-acrylic graft copolymers

Well defined all-acrylic graft copolymers have been synthesized using the macromonomer technique. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) macromonomers of controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution have been synthesized by group transfer polymerization (GTP) using a protected hydroxyl functional initiator. These macromonomers were quantitatively functionalized with a polymerizable acrylic and group and copolymerized under free radical conditions with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2EHA) to form the desired well defined graft copolymers in high yields. The macromonomers and the copolymers have been characterized by a variety of spectroscopic, chromatographic and thermal analysis methods. Transparent, multiphase materials with glass transition temperature (Tg) values of approximately -65 °C and 115 °C were obtained. The reaction conditions necessary to generate these materials most effectively have also been investigated and are described herein.
Down the up staircase: US academic accounting prestige and the placement of doctoral students

Prestige distinctions are critical to any understanding of the US academic community. Past rankings of academic departments of accounting, based on a variety of factors including faculty publications, citations and external perceptions, fail to provide a means of assessing relative prestige. This paper proposes that an accounting department's ability to place its doctoral recipients should serve as the pivotal prestige measurement. As such, prestige becomes an ex anteattribute of the stratification system rather than an ex postproductivity metric. An empirical analysis of accounting faculty placements from graduate schools in the US was conducted as a means of ranking US departments of accounting that offer the doctoral degree. The resultant rankings, also evaluated over time and against programme size, provide a unique opportunity to observe a hierarchy of social judgment.
BI-07HYPERPOLARIZED [1-13C] GLUTAMATE: A METABOLIC IMAGING BIOMARKER OF IDH1 MUTATIONAL STATUS IN GLIOMA.

Mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene are among the most prevalent in low-grade glioma and secondary glioblastoma, represent an early pathogenic event and are being considered a promising therapeutic target. Consequently, non-invasive imaging methods are needed to monitor IDH1 status. Amongst these, we previously demonstrated the use of 13C MR spectroscopic imaging of hyperpolarized [1-13C] α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to non-invasively assess IDH1 status through the detection of the conversion of hyperpolarized α-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) catalyzed by mutant IDH1. Importantly, in addition to its oncogenic role, IDH1 mutation is also associated with global modulations in metabolism. Interestingly, a study recently uncovered a relationship between presence of IDH1 mutation and decreased activity of the branched chained amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) enzyme, which transaminates amino acids while converting α-KG to glutamate. Given this new study, we decided to expand on our previous findings and investigated the potential of hyperpolarized α-KG as an imaging probe to monitor BCAT1-driven α-KG-to-glutamate conversion and its modulation in the presence of IDH1 mutation. We investigated two isogenic glioblastoma lines that differed only in their IDH1 status, and performed experiments in live cells and in vivo in rat orthotopic tumors. Following injection of hyperpolarized α-KG, hyperpolarized glutamate production was detected both in cells and in vivo, and the level of hyperpolarized glutamate was significantly lower in mutant IDH1 cells and tumors compared to their IDH1-wild-type counterparts. Importantly however, the observed drop in hyperpolarized glutamate was likely mediated not only by a drop in BCAT1 activity, but also by reductions in aspartate transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities, suggesting additional metabolic reprogramming at least in our model. Hyperpolarized glutamate could thus inform on multiple mutant IDH1-associated metabolic events and serve as a secondary metabolic biomarker of IDH1 mutational status in gliomas, together with 2-HG.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PARENTS NOT HAVING THEIR CHILD'S IMMUNIZATION RECORD: A HOUSEHOLD STUDY. † 640

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PARENTS NOT HAVING THEIR CHILD'S IMMUNIZATION RECORD: A HOUSEHOLD STUDY. † 640
Does AMP participate in photosynthetic phosphorylation

Abstract Osmotically disrupted chloroplasts catalyze a rapid, light and AMP and ATP dependent 32 P i incorporation into ATP. Light does not stimulate [ 14 C] AMP incorporation into ATP in this system. AMP in the presence of P i inhibits electron flow in a manner analogous to ADP inhibition in the absence of P i . The inhibition of AMP + P i is reversed on addition of ADP.
Joint transmission expansion planning and energy storage placement in smart grid towards efficient integration of renewable energy

This paper investigates the integration of renewable energy resources in power systems, using bulk energy storage technologies as well as transmission system capacity expansion. A joint transmission expansion planning and energy storage placement is proposed to satisfy the requirements of a power system model with wind farm generation. The problem is formulated as a multistage mixed integer programming problem, aiming to minimize the total investment and operational costs incurred for integrating wind generation. The operating cost captures the benefits subject to the planning decisions. Based on the DC power flow model, the optimal planning is presented, which strikes a balance between the system expansion cost and the operational cost. By leveraging the properties of the proposed optimization problem, the formulated problem is transformed into a linear mixed integer program. Numerical studies, using the modified Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) and IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS), explore the proposed optimization method and compare the central and distributed energy storage schemes. The results demonstrate the significant benefits of the proposed approach.
Creating Discursive Space for Religion and Spirituality in Universities: A Review Essay.

Katherine Grace Hendrix and Janice D. Hamlet. (2009). As the spirit moves us: Embracing spirituality in the postsecondary experience. New Directions in Teaching and Learning, Vol. 120. San Francisc...
Collagen bioengineered systems: in situ advanced optical spatiotemporal analysis

The architecture of collagen is important in maintenance and regeneration of higher vertebrates’ tissues. We had been studying the changes to this architecture with in situ multi-photon optical microscopy that combines nonlinear optical phenomena of second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) signals from collagen hydrogels prepared from different collagen solid content, polymerized at different temperatures, with different ions as well as modified with reducing sugars. We incubated 2 g/l collagen hydrogels with 0.1 M fructose at 37 °C and after about 20 days observed a significant induction of in situ fluorescence. The twophoton fluorescence emission was centered at about 460 nm for 730 nm excitation wavelength and shifted to 480 nm when we changed the excitation wavelength to 790 nm. The one-photon fluorescence emission was centered at about 416 nm when excitation was 330 nm. It red shifted and split into two peaks centered at about 430 nm and 460 nm for 370 nm excitation; 460 nm peak became predominant for 385 nm excitation and further shifted to 470 nm for 390 nm excitation. SHG and TPF imaging showed restructuring of hydrogels upon this modification. We will discuss these findings within the context of our ongoing dermal wound repair research.
Endogenous angiotensin II and the regulation of oxygen consumption and colonic temperature in rats

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that angiotensin II, a hormone known to regulate water and salt balance and blood pressure, may also regulate oxygen consumption and body temperature. In this study we investigated the role of endogenous angiotensin in the regulation of oxygen consumption and colonic temperature in rats under low (control) and high (water deprivation, administration of isoproterenol and hemorrhage) peripheral angiotensin conditions. Peripheral administration of losartan, an AT 1 receptor antagonist or enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, did not alter oxygen consumption or colonic temperature in control or water deprived rats. Peripheral administration of losartan did not alter the oxygen consumption and colonic temperature responses to the administration of isoproterenol or hemorrhage. Endogenous peripherally generated angiotensin II does not play an important role in regulating either oxygen consumption or colonic temperature in rats under either low or high angiotensin II levels. The reductions in oxygen consumption and colonic temperature that accompany hemorrhage in rats are not mediated by angiotensin II.
Fever: Blessing or Curse? A Unifying Hypothesis

Considerable data indicate that fever and its mediators have the capacity both to potentiate and to inhibit resistance to infection. It is difficult to reconcile these apparently contradictory observations if they are viewed solely from the standpoint of the individual. However, when viewed from the perspective of the species, both fever's salutary effects on mild to moderately severe infections and its pernicious influence on fulminating infections become teleologically plausible. If one accepts preservation of the species, rather than survival of the individual, as the essence of evolution, fever and its mediators might have evolved as mechanisms both for accelerating recovery of individuals from localized or mild to moderately severe systemic infections in the interest of continued propagation of the species and for hastening the elimination of fulminantly infected individuals who pose a threat of epidemic disease to the species.
Alkaloids of Tobacco and Blood Coagulation: Effect of Nicotine on Thrombin and Fibrinogen

An alkaloid of tobacco, nicotine, affected the clot-formation property of the enzyme, thrombin, on the substrate, plasma or fibrinogen (thrombin time). Higher concentrations of nicotine retarded the clot-formation property of thrombin. By decreasing the nicotine concentration in the clotting mixture, the clotting time of thrombin was accelerated. Nicotine also modified the clot formation property of plasma or fibrinogen to thrombin, and this effect was dose dependent. From this experimental evidence, it is suggested that nicotine does alter the clot-forming properties of thrombin on fibrinogen.
New Glid-ARc Plasmatron device for on-board plasma-assisted reforming of JP-8 fuels for auxiliary power units

The Glid-Arc Plasmatron is a well known non-equilibrium plasma-assisted fuel reforming device [1]. In this investigation, it has been modified to operate as part of an integrated system with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) to create a complete plasma-assisted on-board auxiliary power unit (APU). The GA-Plasmatron utilizes part of the SOFC exhaust stream, which includes CO2 and H2O, and an internal heat exchanger recuperates heat at temperatures near 850C. By recycling heat and a portion of the SOFC exhaust, it is possible to promote endothermic steam reforming reactions and boost hydrogen yields above what is possible in the Partial Oxidation (POX) regime. The composition of the SOFC exhaust stream was 5.7% H2, 34.5% H2O, 6.8% CO, 36.3% CO2, 16.7% N2 and was created under laboratory conditions using several mass flow controllers and a water evaporation system. The total recycle stream flow rate was varied as was the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio and the H2O/C ratio. Low sulfur Diesel fuel was evaporated and premixed with the preheated SOFC recycle stream just before it entered the plasma reaction chamber.
Analysis of trends in technical and allocative efficiency: An application to Texas public school districts

Abstract We present a new DEA based method to analyze efficiency trends over time and differences across subgroups in a panel data setting. We employ a result that the aggregate technical and allocative inefficiency score equals the technical inefficiency when input quantities are aggregated into a single total input cost variable, and develop test procedures to evaluate the presence of allocative inefficiency. We apply these methods to test for the presence of allocative inefficiency in Texas school districts over 1993–99, and analyze shifts and trends in both technical and allocative inefficiencies over time for different regions. Our empirical results indicate the existence of statistically significant allocative inefficiencies. While technical inefficiency increased over the six year sample period, allocative inefficiency remained relatively stable during this period. These results for the full sample obtain also when we repeat the analysis for different regions.
Fermentation Enhancement by Spices: Identification of Active Component

Manganese was identified as a factor in spices responsible for the enhancement of acid production by meat starter bacteria. Stimulatory activity of 0.1N HCI extracts of spices increased with increasing Mn concentration. Extracts of clove, cardamom, ginger, celery seed, cinnamon, and turmeric, all with high Mn contents, were strongly stimulatory. Clove had the highest Mn content and exerted the greatest stimulatory effect. Spice extracts or standard Mn++ solutions enhanced acid production by Lactobacillus plantarum more than by Pediococcus acidilactici in a beef extract-sugar medium. Fermented sausages without spices but with added 1 × 10−5M Mn++ and those with spices developed a similar level of acidity.
Injectable hydroxyapatite paste as an option for ocular implantation after evisceration

Abstract Objective To investigate the feasibility of small incision evisceration with an injectable ocular implant that is biocompatible and preserves globe size. Design Experimental animal study. Methods The axial length of the eyes of 12 rabbits was determined by ultrasound before surgery. Subsequently, 12 eyes of 12 separate rabbits were eviscerated and injected with hydroxyapatite (HA) paste (BoneSource; Stryker Leibinger, Kalamazoo, MI). Three rabbits each were killed at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after evisceration, and measurements of globe size were compared with measurements of the fellow eye. Histologic examination of the eviscerated eyes was performed. Main outcome measures The axial length and lateral globe measurements of the eviscerated eye were compared with the fellow eye. The eviscerated eye was examined histologically and the degree of inflammation, vascularization, and ossification was noted for each period of observation. Results The mean preoperative difference in axial length between the control (fellow eyes) and the subsequently eviscerated eyes was 0.15 ± 0.04 mm (mean ± standard error of mean). The average axial and lateral globe measurements of the operated eye were 0.8 ± 0.4 mm less than the fellow eye 2 weeks after surgery, and this difference increased to 3.1 ± 0.7 mm 6 months after surgery. Histologic examination showed a decrease in granulomatous inflammation and an increase in vascularization of the implanted HA over the time of observation with early osseous metaplasia. Conclusions Small incision evisceration is possible with ocular volume replacement with an injectable orbital implant. Injectable HA paste shows promise as an option for implantation after eye evisceration; however, further studies are required to establish the stability of this material for this application.
Structural solution using molecular dynamics: Fundamentals and a case study of epoxy-silica interface

In this paper, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technique is described in the context of structural mechanics applications, providing a fundamental understanding of the atomistic approach, and demonstrating its applicability. Atomistic models provide a bottom-up description of material properties and processes, and MD simulation is capable of solving the dynamic evolution of equilibrium and non-equilibrium processes. The applicability of the technique to structural engineering problems is demonstrated through an interface debonding problem in a multi-layered material system usually encountered in composite structures. Interface debonding may lead to a possible premature failure of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bonded reinforced concrete (RC) structural elements subjected to moisture. Existing knowledge on meso-scale fracture mechanics may not fully explain the weakening of the interface between concrete and epoxy, when the interface is under moisture; there is a need to study the moisture affected debonding of the interface using a more fundamental approach that incorporates chemistry in the description of materials. The results of the atomistic modeling presented in this paper show that the adhesive strength (in terms of energy) between epoxy and silica is weakened in the presence of water through its interaction with epoxy. This is correlated with the existing meso-scale experimental data. This example demonstrates that MD simulation can be effectively used in studying the durability of the system through an understanding of how materials interact with the environment at the molecular level. In view of the limitation of MD simulation on both length- and time-scales, future research may focus on the development of a bridging technique between MD and finite element modeling (FEM) to be able to correlate the results from the nano- to the macro-scale.
Fractal dependence of vector-soliton collisions in birefringent fibers

Abstract Vector-soliton collisions in birefringent nonlinear optical fibers are investigated. The underlying mathematical model is the non-integrable coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations. It is shown that the exit velocity versus collision velocity graph has a fractal structure. When we zoom into different positions of this fractal, we get structures which are either a copy, a horizontal reflection or vertical reflection of the original structure. Collision dynamics in the zoomed-in windows and that in the original graph follow simple and well-defined patterns as well. We explain this fractal dependence of the collision by a novel resonance mechanism between translational motion of vector solitons and radiation modes which cause internal oscillations inside a vector soliton.