cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rural People, Places and Landscapes: The Changing Nature of the Intermountain West

It is abundantly clear that major changes are transforming both human and biophysical landscapes throughout the Intermountain West. The results of this study show that many areas across this vast and varied region have experienced profound alterations over the past several decades, and that these patterns of change are ongoing at the start of the twenty-first century. In particular, our findings highlight shifts involving new forms of economic activity and development and the arrival of new and different populations – changes that in combination characterize the emergence of a New West.
An Adhesive Contact Problem for a Semi-plane with a Surface Elasticity in the Steigmann-Ogden Form

The main goal of the present paper is to study a two-dimensional problem of adhesive contact of a rigid stamp with an elastic upper semi-plane. Surface elasticity in the Steigmann-Ogden form acts on the free boundary of the semi-plane. The mechanical problem is solved using integral representations of the stresses and the displacements. The resulting system of singular integro-differential equations is regularized using Fourier transform method. The numerical procedure of the solution of the system of singular integro-differential equations is presented, and the numerical results are obtained for different values of the mechanical parameters. The size-dependency of the solutions of the problem is studied. It can be seen that taking into account curvature-dependency of the surface energy is increasingly important at the very small scales (characteristic length of the contact interval is under $20~\mbox{nm}$ ).
Effects of Silence, Sound, and Singing on Melodic Dictation Accuracy:

This study continues a line of inquiry testing strategies commonly used in melodic dictation. Undergraduate music majors (N = 44) completed short tonal dictations in a within-subjects design to det...
Role of asthma camp in improving the overall health of children with asthma.

AbstractThis study sought to evaluate the benefit of asthma camp for patients who attended Baylor Scott & White McLane Children’s Medical Center’s Camp Wheeze Away in July 2016. Data were collected...
History of Maltreatment is not Associated with Symptom Profiles of Children with Autism

Some authors hypothesize that autism in children from orphanages results from neglect, which has been referred to as “quasi-autistic pattern” and “post-institutional autistic syndrome.” However, studies of children who have been neglected show even higher rates of ADHD, oppositional defiant and conduct disorders, anxiety, and depression than rates of autism. Our study determined if autism symptoms differed between children with autism who were and were not maltreated and if duration of and number of years since removal from neglect were related to symptoms in 789 children with autism, 2–17 years of age. Mean scores on a 30-item autism diagnostic symptom checklist (Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder, CASD) did not differ between the 700 children with autism who were not maltreated (21.6), the 80 children with autism who were neglected (21.5) and the 89 with autism who experienced neglect and/or physical or sexual abuse (21.1). These scores were similar to the mean of 21.7 for the 1052 children in the CASD autism normative sample. Correlations between CASD scores and duration of neglect and number of years since removal from neglect were close to zero. Findings suggest that symptoms of autism are likely independent of maltreatment. This has important implications for treatment. Autism in maltreated children should not be considered as “quasi-autism” or possibly temporary because these children may then be denied evidence-based intervention that can improve outcomes in children with autism.
Synthesis of silicon-based infrared semiconductors in the Ge-Sn system using molecular chemistry methods.

Growth reactions based on a newly developed deuterium-stabilized Sn hydride [(Ph)SnD3] with Ge2H6 produce a new family of Ge−Sn semiconductors with tunable band gaps and potential applications in high-speed, high-efficiency infrared optoelectronics. Metastable diamond-cubic films of Ge1-xSnx alloys are created by chemical vapor deposition at 350 °C on Si(100). These exhibit unprecedented thermal stability and superior crystallinity despite the 17% lattice mismatch between the constituent materials. The composition, crystal structure, electronic structure, and optical properties of these materials are characterized by Rutherford backscattering, high-resolution electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, as well as Raman, IR, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Electron diffraction reveals monocrystalline and perfectly epitaxial layers with lattice constants intermediate between those of Ge and α-Sn. X-ray diffraction in the θ−2θ mode shows well-defined peaks corresponding to random alloys, and in-plane rocking...
Underutilization of Bowel Ultrasound in North America in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing disease that requires evaluation using multiple objective tools. In Europe, bowel ultrasound (US) is a widely accepted modality used for the management of patients with IBD; however, its use in North America has only recently emerged as a potential technique. Objectives Our goal was to identify current practice patterns of pediatric gastroenterologists and radiologists using bowel US in patients with IBD and highlight perceived limitations to the widespread adoption of this modality in North America. Methods A 14-question survey was e-mailed to the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition internet bulletin board composed of 3,058 subscribers from 51 countries; the Society of Pediatric Radiology listserv composed of 1,917 subscribers worldwide; and the Society of Chairs of Radiology at Children's Hospitals listserv. Descriptive summary statistics was used. Results In North America, about one-quarter of gastroenterology and radiology participants reported using bowel US for IBD; over 3-fourths expressed an interest in using US more often. Bowel US was performed more frequently for Crohn's disease. Both groups agreed the main limitation to using bowel US was concern for inter-observer variability and operator-dependent factors; radiologists reported that other modalities are more effective to assess IBD, whereas gastroenterologists reported unfamiliarity with bowel US indications and techniques. Conclusions Our data show there is significant interest among both radiologists and gastroenterologists in using bowel US. However, lack of education, insufficient training, and perceived high inter-observer variability among US technologists are limitations preventing the widespread adoption of US for IBD in North America.
Repeat Molecular Testing for Respiratory Pathogens: Diagnostic Gain or Diminishing Returns?

Background Upper respiratory tract infections are common, and the ability to accurately and rapidly diagnose the causative pathogen has important implications for patient management. Methods We evaluated the test-ordering practices for 2 commonly utilized nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for the detection of respiratory pathogens: the Xpert Flu Assay for influenza A/B (Flu assay) and the Biofire FilmArray respiratory panel assay (RP assay), which detects 20 different targets. Our study examined repeat testing; that is, testing within 7 days from an initial test. Results Our study found that repeat testing is common for each of the individual assays: 3.0% of all Flu assays and 10.0% of all RP assays were repeat testing. Of repeat testing, 8/293 (2.7%) of repeat Flu assays and 75/1257 (6.0%) of RP assays resulted diagnostic gains, i.e., new detections. However, for the RP assay, these new detections were not always clinically actionable. The most frequently discrepant organisms were rhinovirus/enterovirus (28/102, 27.5%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (12/102, 11.8%) and coronavirus OC43 (11/102, 10.8%). Furthermore, there were 3,336 instances in which a patient was tested using both a Flu assay and RP assay, of which only 44 (1.3%) had discrepant influenza results. Conclusions Our findings suggest opportunities exist to better guide ordering practices for respiratory pathogen testing, including limiting repeat testing, with the goal of optimization of clinical yield, and diagnostic stewardship.
College student veterans' experience with a mindfulness- and acceptance-based mobile app intervention for PTSD: A qualitative study.

Abstract This study aimed to explore college student military veterans' experience with a mindfulness- and acceptance-based smartphone app intervention. Upon the 4-week participation in the intervention, 23 student veterans took part in semi-structured interviews. In the thematic analysis of the interview transcripts, three main themes emerged: (1) generating momentum of app use; (2) optimizing the functions and benefits of the app; and (3) resolving to deepen the practice of mindfulness and acceptance. Considering the low engagement rates of several previous app-based studies, our results provide a useful framework for incorporating human feedback and support in enhancing users' engagement with the app.
Differentiation of Multiple Fluorescent Powders, Powder Transfer, and Effect on Mating in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Five different fluorescent powders (orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet) were tested on Aedes aegypti adults to evaluate the differentiation of multiple fluorescent powder colors applied externally in the same female mosquito, their effect on coupling time, copulation time, insemination success, mate choice, and the extent of transference of powders between marked and unmarked individuals, either during copulation or same-sex interactions. Marking with multiple powders was evaluated after applying different powders in the same female at different times and combinations. The comparative effect of powders on mating was explored using different cross-combinations of marked/unmarked couples. Transference of powders between marked/unmarked individuals after copulation was checked in mated individuals, and between same-sex interactions by allowing them to interact under crowded and uncrowded conditions. Identification of the colors included in multiple markings in the same individual was possible when exploring almost all combinations (exception: green-yellow). No important effect of powder marking between cross-combinations was found on coupling time (overall 95% CI (Confidence Interval) 37.6-49.6 min), copulation time (overall 95% CI 17-20 s), insemination success, nor their mate choice. Transferred powder after copulation activity, concentrated in genitalia, legs, and the tip of wings, occurred in >80% of females and 100% of males. Powder transference in legs and genitalia, between same-sex individuals, occurred only in males (ranged between 23-35%) under both density conditions. The lack of important effects of these powders on the studied aspects of Ae. aegypti provides information about their usefulness and limitations, which should be recognized for future applications and to avoid bias.
Investigation of the short argon arc with hot anode. I. Numerical simulations of non-equilibrium effects in the near-electrode regions

The atmospheric pressure arcs have recently found application in the production of nanoparticles. The distinguishing features of such arcs are small length and hot ablating anode characterized by intensive electron emission and radiation from its surface. We performed a one-dimensional modeling of argon arc, which shows that near-electrode effects of thermal and ionization non-equilibrium play an important role in the operation of a short arc, because the non-equilibrium regions are up to several millimeters long and are comparable to the arc length. The near-anode region is typically longer than the near-cathode region and its length depends more strongly on the current density. The model was extensively verified and validated against previous simulation results and experimental data. The Volt-Ampere characteristic (VAC) of the near-anode region depends on the anode cooling mechanism. The anode voltage is negative. In the case of strong anode cooling (water-cooled anode) when the anode is cold, temperatu...
A review of the efficacy of a low-cost cancer screening test using cancer sniffing canines.

One of the most powerful tools in fighting cancer is early detection, as it has been strongly linked to greater chances of cancer survival. However, traditional cancer screening tests can cost hundreds if not thousands of dollars and are therefore not an affordable option for many marginalized populations. From a public health perspective, it is vital to research the use of inexpensive cancer detection so that low-resourced patients have greater access to affordable cancer screening. Numerous studies dating from the early 2000s to recent years have shown extensive evidence that the exceptional olfactory system of canines allows them to detect certain odors through exhaled breath condensate that are known to be biomarkers of a variety of cancers. In addition to providing a cheaper alternative to conventional cancer screening tests, the use of cancer sniffing dogs has other benefits, including great reliability and accuracy. There are a few major types of cancer for which the "cancer dog test" proved to be remarkably effective, particularly colorectal, ovarian, and lung cancers. The test is non-invasive unlike most previous detection methods, meaning that it is also a safer option for individuals seeking cancer screening. Although the use of cancer sniffing dogs does have certain limitations and scope for error, it would provide a more affordable and accessible option for cancer screening, making it especially beneficial to low-resourced populations.
Alfalfa hay does not negatively impact performance outcomes in broilers during coccidiosis challenge

The use of alfalfa and similar forages in poultry products is often limited due to the detrimental effects of high-fiber ingredients on non-ruminant animal performance. Despite this, inclusion of alfalfa hay, specifically late-cutting hay, may confer health benefits that protect against the damaging effects of coccidiosis in poultry. The study objective was to examine performance outcomes in Ross 708 broilers fed 5% 5th-cutting alfalfa hay during a coccidiosis challenge. A total of 144 birds were assigned to a corn-soybean meal control or diet with 5% inclusion of ground 5th cutting alfalfa hay for 42d divided into 14d starter, grower, and finisher periods. At 14d, half of the birds were orally inoculated with 10X Coccivac® B-52 vaccine with a 2x2 factorial treatment arrangement of diet and inoculation. Body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) was recorded weekly to calculate average performance outcomes. Prior to inoculation, 5% alfalfa did not negatively impact performance but increased week 2 FI by 5.1% (P = 0.04). As expected, coccidiosis reduced performance in week 3 (P < 0.05). Alfalfa inclusion did not alter coccidiosis-induced performance outcomes; however, numerical differences observed in non-inoculated birds supports future research into the benefits of feeding late-cutting alfalfa and its products to poultry.
Non-asymptotic analysis and inference for an outlyingness induced winsorized mean.

Robust estimation of a mean vector, a topic regarded as obsolete in the traditional robust statistics community, has recently surged in machine learning literature in the last decade. The latest focus is on the sub-Gaussian performance and computability of the estimators in a non-asymptotic setting. Numerous traditional robust estimators are computationally intractable, which partly contributes to the renewal of the interest in the robust mean estimation. Robust centrality estimators, however, include the trimmed mean and the sample median. The latter has the best robustness but suffers a low-efficiency drawback. Trimmed mean and median of means, %as robust alternatives to the sample mean, and achieving sub-Gaussian performance have been proposed and studied in the literature. This article investigates the robustness of leading sub-Gaussian estimators of mean and reveals that none of them can resist greater than $25\%$ contamination in data and consequently introduces an outlyingness induced winsorized mean which has the best possible robustness (can resist up to $50\%$ contamination without breakdown) meanwhile achieving high efficiency. Furthermore, it has a sub-Gaussian performance for uncontaminated samples and a bounded estimation error for contaminated samples at a given confidence level in a finite sample setting. It can be computed in linear time.
Pathology updates and diagnostic approaches to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a complex, often under-recognized hyperinflammatory immune dysregulation syndrome arising in a diverse range of clinical scenarios and conditions. The accurate and timely diagnosis of HLH is crucial for patient survival, and usually requires a high level of clinical suspicion. The histologic corollary to clinical HLH - hemophagocytosis - is neither necessary nor sufficient for the diagnosis of HLH, as it may be seen in a variety of reactive conditions and may be absent in true HLH. Nevertheless, the finding of hemophagocytosis in specific clinical situations should prompt consideration of HLH and further testing to exclude the condition. While traditionally described in bone marrow, identification of hemophagocytosis in other tissues, including lymphoid, splenic, liver, or neural tissue, can be an important asset to the overall recognition of HLH. In this review we discuss the underlying pathophysiology and etiologies of HLH, morphologic aspects of hemophagocytosis and its associated histologic findings in different tissues, and give a brief overview of diagnostic criteria and clinical evaluation.
Diabetes-Specific Dementia: A Structured Literature Review of Cognitive Assessment Methods: Cognitive Assessment of Diabetic Dementia

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a known risk factor for the development of multiple subtypes of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Recent research identifies a cause-specific diabetes-related dementia with a unique set of characteristics. Currently, there is no standard cognitive assessment battery recommended to specifically assess dementia that is a direct consequence of chronic diabetes, and some evaluations have been used for decades with minimal revisions, regardless of appropriateness. We performed a systematic review of the dementia/cognition evaluation methods most commonly used in the literature for assessing diabetic patients and identified which cognitive domains are typically assessed in this setting, and whether cognitive changes were more reflective of a vascular pathology, Alzheimer's pathology, or something else entirely. Search results yielded 1,089 articles. After screening for appropriateness, a total of 11 full-text articles were assessed. In general, subjects in the reviewed studies were assessed using a variety of testing methods, examining different combinations of cognitive domains. A standard, clear definition of which cognitive domains are the most important to assess in diabetic patients is needed in order to determine what combination of assessment tools are most pertinent. Given the growing subset of the US population, careful reconsideration of cognitive assessment methods is needed to create self-care plans that take into account a specific collection of cognitive challenges for those with diabetes.
Ivar Kreuger and IMCO: A case of taxation of fictitious income

Abstract This paper relates an episode of epic capital market fraud that previous research has linked to major twentieth-century legislative reforms of U.S. capital markets. In 1932, following the suicide of Ivar Kreuger, the companies representing two of the most popular and arguably the most widely distributed securities in the world, the Swedish holding company Kreuger & Toll AB and its U.S. subsidiary, International Match Company (IMCO), filed for bankruptcy. IMCO, the focus of this study, was alleged by bondholders' legal counsel to have overstated financial income and substantially overpaid federal income taxes. IMCO paid nearly $6 million in income taxes, the current equivalent of over $85 million. Using previously unexplored primary documents from the accountant hired by the bankruptcy trustees for IMCO, this paper investigates the effort to substantiate the claim for and to recover the federal income taxes paid because the payments were based on fictitious income.
The Myth of the Monolithic Minority: The Renewed Call for Effective Segmentation of African American Consumers

While effective segmentation strategies have been developed for targeting the majority market, African American consumers have either been included in general market segmentation, or regarded as a separate, monolithic whole. This paper utilizes an historical/sociological approach to examine diversity among African Americans, and advocates research that explores the diverse segments among African American consumers.
Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer

Chemoprevention is prevention of cancer by administering natural or synthetic chemicals. Anti-androgens are among the promising chemopreventive agents for prostate cancer because prostate epithelium is androgen dependent. A National Cancer Institute supported large, randomized, clinical prostate cancer chemoprevention trial has been conducted to test the efficacy of finasteride, an inhibitor of 5-α-reductase, which converts testosterone to 5-hydroxy-testosterone. Now the focus is on micronutrients and phytochemicals, which have potential preventive effects against prostate cancer. Lycopene, soy isoflavones, vitamin E and selenium are among the most promising nutritional chemopreventive agents. Another NCI supported large clinical chemoprevention trial was recently started to investigate the efficacy of selenium and vitamin E, alone or in combination in the prevention of prostate cancer. Inclusion of appropriate biomarkers in clinical trials will help elucidate the mechanisms by which genetic and epigenetic pathways of carcinogenesis are modulated by nutrients and phytochemicals.
The Temperature Dependence of Irradiation Induced Void Swelling in 20% Cold Worked Type 316 Stainless Steel Irradiated with 5 MeV Nickel Ions

The temperature dependence of swelling for 20% CW Type 316 SS containing nominally 15 ppm He has been established using 5 MeV nickel ions; swelling was measured using standard transmission electron microscopy techniques. The damage rate of this experiment is roughly 103 times faster than fast reactor irradiation resulting in a shift in the peak swelling temperature of +115±25°C.
Hydrogeological constraints on riparian buffers for reduction of diffuse pollution: examples from the Bear Creek watershed in Iowa, USA.

Riparian Management Systems (RiMS) have been proposed to minimize the impacts of agricultural production and improve water quality in Iowa in the Midwestern USA. As part of RiMS, multi-species riparian buffers have been shown to decrease nutrient, pesticide, and sediment concentrations in runoff from adjacent crop fields. However, their effect on nutrients and pesticides moving in groundwater beneath buffers has been discussed only in limited and idealized hydrogeologic settings. Studies in the Bear Creek watershed of central Iowa show the variability inherent in hydrogeologic systems at the watershed scale, some of which may be favorable or unfavorable to future implementation of buffers. Buffers may be optimized by choosing hydrogeologic systems where a shallow groundwater flow system channels water directly through the riparian buffer at velocities that allow for processes such as denitrification to occur.
Isolation of a sea urchin egg kinesin-related protein using peptide antibodies.

To understand the roles of kinesin and its relatives in cell division, it is necessary to identify and characterize multiple members of the kinesin superfamily from mitotic cells. To this end we have raised antisera to peptides corresponding to highly conserved regions of the motor domains of several known members of the kinesin superfamily. These peptide antibodies react specifically with the motor domains of kinesin and ncd protein, as expected, and they also react with several polypeptides (including kinesin heavy chain) that cosediment with microtubules (MTs) precipitated from AMPPNP-treated sea urchin egg cytosol. Subsequent fractionation of ATP eluates of these MTs yields a protein of relative molecular mass 330 × 10(3) that behaves as a complex of three polypeptides that are distinct from conventional kinesin subunits or fragments thereof. This complex contains 85 kDa and 95 kDa polypeptides, which react with our peptide antibodies, and a 115 kDa polypeptide, which does not. This triplet of polypeptides, which we refer to as KRP(85/95), binds to purified sea urchin egg tubulin in an AMPPNP-enhanced, ATP-sensitive manner and induces the formation of microtubule bundles. We therefore propose that the triplet corresponds to a novel sea urchin egg kinesin-related protein.
The rest-frame far-ultraviolet morphologies of star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1.5 and 4

We apply a new approach to quantifying galaxy morphology and identifying galaxy mergers to the rest-frame far-ultraviolet images of 82 z ~ 4 Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) and 55 1.2 2.5 and Petrosian radii >03. Ten of the 82 LBGs have M20 ≥ -1.1 and possess bright double or multiple nuclei, implying a major-merger fraction of star-forming galaxies ~10%-25% at MFUV < -20, depending on our incompleteness corrections. Galaxies with bulge-like morphologies (G ≥ 0.55, M20 < -1.6) make up ~30% of the z ~ 4 LBG sample, while the remaining ~50% have G- and M20-values higher than expected for smooth bulges and disks and may be star-forming disks, minor mergers, or postmergers. The star-forming z ~ 1.5 galaxy sample has a morphological distribution that is similar to the UDF z ~ 4 LBGs, with an identical fraction of major-merger candidates but fewer spheroids. The observed morphological distributions are roughly consistent with current hierarchical model predictions for the major-merger rates and minor-merger-induced starbursts at z ~ 1.5 and ~4. We also examine the rest-frame FUV - NUV and FUV - B colors as a function of morphology and find no strong correlations at either epoch.
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 can form homodimers (1064.17)

Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) is under normal physiological conditions mainly expressed at basolateral membrane of human hepatocytes where it is thought to mediate uptake of ...
Mammary Gland Involution as an Immunotherapeutic Target for Postpartum Breast Cancer

Postpartum mammary gland involution has been identified as tumor-promotional and is proposed to contribute to the increased rates of metastasis and poor survival observed in postpartum breast cancer patients. In rodent models, the involuting mammary gland microenvironment is sufficient to induce enhanced tumor cell growth, local invasion, and metastasis. Postpartum involution shares many attributes with wound healing, including upregulation of genes involved in immune responsiveness and infiltration of tissue by immune cells. In rodent models, treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ameliorates the tumor-promotional effects of involution, consistent with the immune milieu of the involuting gland contributing to tumor promotion. Currently, immunotherapy is being investigated as a means of breast cancer treatment with the purpose of identifying ways to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Here we review evidence for postpartum mammary gland involution being a uniquely defined ‘hot-spot’ of pro-tumorigenic immune cell infiltration, and propose that immunotherapy should be explored for prevention and treatment of breast cancers that arise in this environment.
Independent Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infection and for Subsequent Bacteremia or Acute Cellular Rejection: A Single Center Report of 1166 Kidney Allograft Recipients

Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a frequent, serious complication in kidney allograft recipients.
The discriminative stimulus effects of midazolam are resistant to modulation by morphine, amphetamine, dizocilpine and γ-butyrolactone in rhesus monkeys

Rationale Although abuse of benzodiazepines alone is uncommon, it is high in polydrug abusers, including those who primarily use opioids or stimulants.
Flame and flameless atomic-absorption determination of tellurium in geological materials

Abstract The sample is digested with a solution of hydrobromic acid and bromine and the excess of bromine is expelled. After dilution of the solution to approximately 3 M in hydrobromic acid, ascorbic acid is added to reduce iron(III) before extraction of tellurium into methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). An oxidizing air-acetylene flame is used to determine tellurium in the 0.1–20 ppm range. For samples containing 4–200 ppb of tellurium, a carbon-rod atomizer is used after the MIBK extract has been washed with 0.5 M hydrobromic acid to remove the residual iron. The flame procedure is useful for rapid preliminary monitoring, and the flameless procedure can determine tellurium at very low concentrations.
The synthesis and cationic polymerization of novel monomers from renewable sources

This communication describes recent developments in this laboratory directed towards the design of cationically polymerizable monomers from biorenewable sources. Three classes of ubiquitous biorenewable substrates were explored, namely: lipids, carbohydrates and terpenes. Considered in the synthesis and design were the cost and availability of the substrates, and the practicality and environmental acceptability of the chemical methodology. The polymerizations of the monomers were carried out using photoinitiated cationic polymerization.
Epidemiology and outcomes of acute encephalitis.

Purpose of reviewThis review seeks to describe recent advances in the epidemiology, outcomes, and prognostic factors in acute encephalitis.Recent findingsInfectious causes continue to account for the largest proportion of encephalitis cases in which a cause is identified, although autoimmune causes
Energy management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles via vehicle-to-grid

As a paradigm of the incoming smart grid, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) has been proposed as a solution to increase the adoption rate of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In this work, we investigate the energy management strategies for PHEVs via bidirectional V2G. We first follow a cost-conscious approach. To minimize the daily energy cost, we formulate the energy management problem through dynamic programming. However, the “well-known” complexity in solving dynamic programming poses a computational challenge even for a small number of iterations. Therefore, we prove that a state-independent four-threshold (s, S, s', S') feedback policy is optimal for PHEV battery charging/discharging based on stochastic inventory theory. A backward iteration algorithm is further developed to practically implement the above (s, S, s', S') policy. Second, aiming to minimize the peak load and flatten the overall load profile, we propose an optimal PHEV charging scheme and derive a reminiscent “water-filling” solution for this scenario. Realistic PHEV battery models, time-of-use (TOU) electricity pricing rate and real data of household demand are integrated into our formulated PHEV model. The theoretical analysis and proofs are instrumental to the future large-scale PHEV adoption in smart grid.
A method for real time monitoring of charged particle beam profile and fluence

Abstract Detectors planned for use at the Large Hadron Collider will operate in a radiation field produced by beam collisions. To predict the radiation damage to the components of the detectors, prototype devices are irradiated at test beam facilities that reproduce the radiation conditions expected. The profile of the test beam and the fluence applied per unit time must be known. Techniques such as thin metal foil activation and radiographic image analysis have been used to measure these; however, some of these techniques do not operate in real time, have low sensitivity, or have large uncertainties. We have developed a technique to monitor in real time the beam profile and fluence using an array of p – i – n semiconductor diodes whose forward voltage is linear with fluence over the fluence regime relevant to, for example, tracking in the LHC Upgrade era. We have demonstrated this technique in the 800 MeV proton beam at the LANSCE facility of Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Forskolin Stimulation of Cyclic AMP Accumulation in Rat Brain Cortex Slices Is Markedly Enhanced by Endogenous Adenosine

Stimulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in rat cortex slices by 1 microM forskolin (F) was markedly reduced (96%) by treatment with adenosine deaminase (ADA). The effect of ADA was progressively less at higher concentrations of F, but still inhibited the response by 50% at 100 microM F. ADA-mediated inhibition of the cAMP response to 1 microM F was completely reversed by 5 microM 2-chloroadenosine (CA), an ADA-resistant analogue. Stimulation by F (controls) and F plus CA (ADA treated) in cortex slices was significantly inhibited by 200 microM caffeine (CAF) and by 10 microM 8-phenyltheophylline. cAMP accumulation in ADA-treated cortex slices stimulated with CA at concentrations from 5 to 100 microM was markedly enhanced by 1 microM F. Neither ADA treatment nor 200 microM CAF significantly affected cAMP accumulation in slices stimulated by 1 microM vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or adenylate cyclase in membranes stimulated by 1 microM F. CAF (1 mM) did not significantly increase basal cAMP levels in cortex slices, whereas 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine caused a significant 80% increase and 100 microM rolipram enhanced cAMP levels by 4.5-fold. F-stimulated cAMP accumulation (1 microM) in cortex slices was inhibited 98% by 1 mM CAF and 49% by 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and was enhanced 2.5-fold by 100 microM rolipram. These data have been interpreted to indicate that the stimulation of cAMP accumulation in rat cortex slices by 1 microM F is predominantly due to synergistic interaction with endogenous adenosine and that the inhibition of this response by CAF is largely due to blockade of adenosine receptors.
Effects of Dental Restorative Materials: Local and Systemic Responses Reviewed

Although there are few reports of adverse reactions to dental materials, new materials contain chemically active compounds that can have detrimental effects not only on pulp tissue but on adjacent oral mucosa as well.
Literature and medicine: some major works

As those who have tried it can attest, asserting the existence of a canon of works in any field is an enterprise fraught with peril, especially in view of academic debates about the desirability or even the possibility of doing so. 1 In literature and medicine, as in other areas of inquiry, opinion is bound to be divided about which literary works constitute core texts. A list of any kind invariably excludes some very fine works; and writings by nonwesterners, women, people of colour, and contemporary authors tend to be slighted, as do innovative forms. In future essays I will explore other, less traditional works that are being used to examine the relationships between literature and medicine. Here, however, I will provide a brief overview of selected major works of fiction, widely regarded as established masterpieces, that I believe are indispensable for understanding the intersection of these two very different disciplines.
Social-emotional and character development and academics as a dual focus of educational policy

There is a missing piece to America’s education agenda, and children will continue to be left behind until that piece is addressed. Furthermore, children are not being systematically prepared for their complex roles as citizens in our democracy. A growing body of evidence from research and practice suggests reconceptualizing education as an integration of social-emotional and character development (SECD) and academic learning. This article reviews skills children need for effective social and academic participation, characteristics of schools that effectively integrate these forms of learning, and key reasons to adopt this integration. It concludes with examples of, and suggestions for, bringing SECD to prominence in educational policy making.
The hematopoiesis paradigm: clarity or ambiguity?

For several years, the lineage differentiation program of HSCs was believed to be well organized and unidirectional. However, data from recent studies question the commitment of lineage-restricted progenitors to a single lineage. Now, interesting work by Welner and colleagues presented in this issue of Blood suggests that the lineage differentiation pathways may be more complicated than initially thought.
Instructional Leadership and Community: A Perspective on School Based Management.

(1991). Instructional leadership and community: A perspective on school based management. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 30, Instructional Leadership: Making Supervision Meaningful, pp. 119-123.
Association of rheumatoid arthritis treatment response and disease duration with declines in serum levels of IgM rheumatoid factor and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody

Objective To examine the association of treatment response and disease duration with changes in rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody levels among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods The study sample included 66 RA patients who completed double-blind, randomized clinical protocols and for whom baseline and followup serum samples were available. Anti-CCP and RF levels were measured using commercially available assay kits. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to describe the association of response and disease duration with declines in antibody levels. Results Patients had a mean ± SD age of 49.9 ± 12.0 years and were predominantly female (n = 51; 77%). The mean ± SD duration between the times at which the baseline and followup serum samples were obtained was 13.7 ± 8.6 months. Among the 64 subjects with positive antibody at baseline, 33 (52%) experienced a ≥25% reduction in the anti-CCP antibody level during the course of treatment, and 35 patients (55%) had a ≥25% reduction in RF. After adjustment for the baseline anti-CCP antibody level, only a shorter disease duration (≤12 months) was significantly associated with a decline in the level of anti-CCP antibody (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0–8.8), and no association with treatment response was observed. Conversely, treatment response was the only significant determinant of a decrease in RF levels (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.2–10.4). Conclusion Shorter disease duration predicts greater declines in anti-CCP antibody levels with treatment in RA. Although treatment response is a robust determinant of a decrease in RF, it does not appear to be associated with declines in the anti-CCP antibody level.
Operational experience with the FSU optically pumped polarized lithium ion source

Abstract The dye-laser optically pumped polarized 6,7 Li − ion source of the FSU tandem-linac heavy-ion accelerator has completed its first year of operation. The ion source has produced highly polarized beams of 6 Li for nuclear physics experiments with on-target currents of 6 Li 3+ greater than 150 nA. Absolute measurements of the on-target 6 Li polarization have yielded P yy = −1.33± 0.02 and P y > 0.74 ± 0.03 for the nuclear tensor and vector polarization, respectively. No loss of polarization due to acceleration by the linac booster was observed.
Biochemical studies of taste sensation I. Binding of 14C-labeled sugars to bovine taste papillae

Abstract 1. 1. Binding of 14 C-labeled sugars to preparations of bovine taste papillae has been measured. Suspensioned of circumvallate and fungiform papillae, containing taste buds, bind more 14 C-labeled sucrose than do t hose derived from control (filiform) papillae, which are dovoid of taste buds. 2. 2. Additional studoes used only circumvallate and control papillae. The binding of sucrose to circumvallate papillae can be selectively abolished by heating. 3. 3. Sucrose, fructose, and glucos are known to elecit a behavioral preference response in bovine; these sugars bind to circumvallate papillae. Lactose, which does not elicit a similar behavioral response, shows little binding. 4. 4. It is conducted that specificity for taste stimuli exists in the peripheral taste receptors.
Incremental Validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles as a Predictor of Continuous and Dichotomous Measures of Recidivism

Postrelease recidivism data were collected on 137 male inmates released 1 to 72 months after completing the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) in follow-ups lasting 6 to 55 months. When a dichotomous measure of recidivism (0, 1+ arrests) was employed, Entitlement (En) was the only PICTS thinking-style scale to achieve significance after age, prior arrests, time at risk in the community, and the PICTS Superoptimism (So) scale were controlled in a binary logistic regression analysis. Both the Cutoff (Co) and En scales proved significant in predicting a continuous measure of recidivism (range = 0 to 6) after age, prior arrests, time at risk, and the So scale were controlled in a sequential linear regression analysis. Whereas the En scale displayed mixed incremental validity results relative to the Co scale, the Co scale failed to achieve incremental validity relative to the En scale.
Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs to define elegance in system architecture

Abstract Despite the rising interest in developing elegant systems an integral definition of elegance in system architecture and design is lacking. Current attempts have only been able to describe emergent properties of an elegant design or system. This descriptive approach has resulted in evolving definitions and in an inability to use elegance as criteria to evaluate various design candidates. The present research proposes a need-based definition of elegance that aims at being complete yet adaptable, quantifiable, and that allows comparison between different designs or systems. Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs as a paradigm the present research proposes a structural definition that is grounded on the known and unknown needs an elegant system satisfies, rather than on its emergent properties. Specific emergent properties can then be categorized within the structural definition. The benefits of using such type of definition for elegance in system design are two-fold: it ensures completeness because the specific attributes can always be expanded without actually affecting the definition; and it is integral because it provides the necessary flexibility so that designers can tailor the attributes according to their specific environment.
Comparison of a resin ion-exchange method and a liquid ion-exchange method for determination of ionized calcium in skimmilk.

Abstract Raw, pasteurized, and sterilized skimmilk samples from the same lot were analyzed for ionized calcium content by a resin method and by a liquid ion-exchange method. The resin IR 120 was used in the cation exchange method of Christianson et al. (6), while an Orio calcium activity electrode was used for the liquid ion-exchange method. The three milk types were analyzed after four days storage at 4 C. An analysis of variance of the data showed that there was no significant difference between the results obtained for the raw, pasteurized, and sterilized milk by the two methods. Thus, it was concluded that the calcium activity electrode provides an accurate method for determination of the concentration of ionized calcium in skimmilk. The calcium electrode method has the advantage of speed, ease of analysis, and repeatability. The results also indicated that sterilization at 150 C for 5 sec had little or no effect on the concentration of ionized calcium, whereas pasteurization at 65 C for 30 min caused a significant decrease. The decrease in ionized calcium caused by pasteurization still was pronounced after four days of storage at 4 C.
An in situ infrared spectroscopic investigation of the pyrolysis of ethylene glycol encapsulated in silica sodalite.

Abstract The thermal stability and pyrolysis of ethylene glycol (EG) encapsulated in the sodalite cages of all-silica sodalite were studied by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy and transmission infrared spectroscopy. Evidence for the presence of encapsulated CO2 formed as a result of partial decomposition of EG molecules was observed starting at about 600 K. Complete, irreversible pyrolysis of the EG occurred between 675 and 775 K. After treatment at 775 K, the CO2 remained encapsulated in the sodalite framework, even though there were spectroscopic indications that the pyrolysis caused a disordering of the sodalite framework. There appeared to be a temperature dependence of the conformational interactions of the EG OH groups up to 600 K, which was mainly manifested as a weakening of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The only detectable encapsulated products of the EG decomposition in an inert (N2 or Ar) environment were CO2 and a carbonaceous (coke- or soot-like) residue. There was no evidence of other encapsulated products, such as CO, H2, H2O, or light hydrocarbons.
Physiological basis for the cultivation of the Gelidiaceae

An understanding of the physiological factors important to growth and agar production of the Gelidiales would be useful for successful mariculture of these commercially valuable plants. Several environmental factors, including light, nitrogen, carbon, temperature and water motion, have been shown to have potential significance for growth rates, reproduction and carbon partitioning in defining optimal conditions for cultivation. Limiting and optimal growth conditions, where known, are presented, and evaluation of data reported in the literature is addressed.
Angular distribution in pion electroproduction

The angular distribution of pions in electroproduction is calculated and its dependence on the pion form factor and the neutron charge form factor is studied.
The Interval to Biochemical Failure Is Prognostic for Metastasis, Prostate Cancer-Specific Mortality, and Overall Mortality After Salvage Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Purpose To investigate the utility of the interval to biochemical failure (IBF) after salvage radiation therapy (SRT) after radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer as a surrogate endpoint for distant metastasis (DM), prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM), and overall mortality (OM). Methods and Materials A retrospective analysis of 575 patients treated with SRT after RP from a single institution. Of those, 250 patients experienced biochemical failure (BF), with the IBF defined as the time from commencement of SRT to BF. The IBF was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models for its association with DM, PCSM, and OM. Results The median follow-up time was 85 (interquartile range [IQR] 49.8-121.1) months, with a median IBF of 16.8 (IQR, 8.5-37.1) months. With a cutoff time of 18 months, as previously used, 129 (52%) of patients had IBF ≤18 months. There were no differences among any clinical or pathologic features between those with IBF ≤ and those with IBF >18 months. On log–rank analysis, IBF ≤18 months was prognostic for increased DM ( P P P P P P Conclusion After SRT, a short IBF can be used for early identification of patients who are most likely to experience progression to DM, PCSM, and OM. IBF ≤18 months may be useful in clinical practice or as an endpoint for clinical trials.