cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bargaining, Production, and Monotonicity in Economic Environments

Abstract The axiomatic bargaining theory of J. Nash (1950, Econometrica18, 155–162) presumes that only status quo utilities and the shape of the utility possibilities set are relevant to the bargaining outcome. Here we consider a class of economic problems for which bargaining solutions may depend on more than just utility information. (A fifty-fifty split of a single good between two bargainers is one example of such a solution.) It is shown that the requirements of Pareto efficiency, weak symmetry, and technological monotonicity (i.e., bargainers should gain from technological improvement) combine to characterize welfare egalitarianism. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C78.
Characterization of Rb uptake into Sf9 cells using cation chromatography: evidence for a K-Cl cotransporter.

Abstract To assess cation–chloride cotransporter activity in Sf9 cells, cation chromatography was used to measure initial uptake rates of Rb. Rb exchanged with cellular K, with 30% of cellular K replaced after a 40 min exposure to Rb. Rb uptake into Sf9 cells was not inhibited by 50 μmol l−1 ouabain. Rb uptake was approximately 65% inhibited by 250 μmol l−1 bumetanide added to the assay solution, and was more than 95% inhibited when cells were pre-incubated for 20 min with bumetanide (100 and 1000 μmol l−1). Uptake of Rb and Cl followed simple Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with a Km for Rb of 17.1±2.2 mmol l−1 and a Km for Cl of 93.7±5.6 mmol l−1. Rb uptake was not dependent upon extracellular Na. Two min exposures to solutions with reduced [Na] or [Cl] produced small but significant changes in cellular Na content. We conclude that the primary Rb uptake pathway in Sf9 cells is a K–Cl cotransporter and that cation chromatography can be used to effectively study kinetic parameters of cotransporter function in tissue culture cells. Characterization of baseline cation–chloride cotransporter activity in Sf9 cells strengthens their utility as a tool for expression and characterization of exogenous proteins.
Two-photon induced fluorescence and resonance-enhanced ionization of sulfur atoms

Abstract Two-photon induced fluorescence and resonance-enhanced photoionization have been observed in atomic sulfur originating from both the 3P2,1,0 and the 1D2 states. Sulfur atoms are generated by the sequential multiphoton dissociation of CS2 at probing wavelengths. The two-photon absorption process involves the 3 3P2,1,0 → 4 3P2,0,1 or the 3 1D2 → 4 1F3 transitions with resolution of the individual J″ → J′ transitions in most cases. Intensities of the 33PJ″ → 4 3PJ′ transitions have been compared with Hartree-Fock calculated transition probabilities from the analogous transitions in atomic oxygen. Photoionization is observed in a three-photon (two to resonance) ionization originating from the 3P2,1,0 and the 1D2 states. Induced fluorescence is observed at 167 and 180 nm which is dipole-allowed radiation from the intermediate 3S01 and 1D02 states, respectively.
A median voter analysis of variations in the use of property taxes among local governments

This paper explores the variations among local governments in the composition of tax revenues, or more specifically, in the relative use of property taxes. Using a median voter framework, various hypotheses are developed concerning the factors that should influence the relative use of property taxes. A cross-sectional sample of central cities is employed to test the hypotheses. The empirical results are consistent with the hypotheses.
Sex Role Attitudes and the Employment of Married Women: the Direction of Causality*

The causal relationship between the employment status of married women and their attitude toward sex roles is investigated for a cohort of women approximately thirty years in age, using data collec...
Medial rectus fadenoperation for esotropia only at near fixation

Abstract Purpose: The patient with a large esodeviation at near and a minimal if any deviation at distance who is unable to discontinue bifocal wear or demonstrates a decrease in binocular function presents a difficult therapeutic dilemma to the strabismologist. The medial rectus fadenoperation has been proposed as a method of reducing the accommodative convergence/accommodation ( AC A ) ratio and may be a reasonable approach to correct a deviation that is present only at near fixation. We examined our results with this type of operation in these difficult patients. Methods: A review of consecutive patients who underwent a bilateral medial rectus fadenoperation (no recession) for high AC A ratio esotropia with a significant esodeviation only at near was performed. Preoperative and postoperative motility and sensory status were evaluated. Results: Sixteen patients meeting the criteria were identified. The preoperative mean distance deviation was 8.8 PD of esodeviation and the mean near deviation was 33 PD of esodeviation. The mean AC A ratio (by the gradient method) preoperatively was 7.4 PD/D. The average age at surgery was 8 years. Six (38%) had undergone prior strabismus surgery. Average follow-up was 36 months (range 12 to 98 months). Postoperatively the mean distance deviation was 3.2 PD of esodeviation and the mean near deviation was 10.3 PD of esodeviation. The mean decrease in the near deviation was 22.8 PD. The mean postoperative AC A ratio was 2.9. Ninety-five percent of the patients normalized their AC A ratios and 70% attained 400 arc-sec of stereopsis postoperatively (vs 44% preoperatively. The majority of patients (86%) were able to maintain satisfactory near ocular alignment without bifocals. Conclusions: The fadenoperation appears to be useful in this patient population by reducing the distance-near disparity and the AC A ratio, by decreasing the necessity for bifocal wear, and by improving binocular function at near.
A multistage approach for production and workforce planning in long-cycle product environments

Abstract Aggregate production planning (APP) has been studied extensively for the past two decades. The APP problem, also called production and workforce scheduling, is to determine the optimal workforce and production level in each period of the planning horizon in order to satisfy demand forecasts for these periods. The advantages of the APP are low cost of data collection and computational cost of the running model; the accuracy of data; and, effective managerial understanding of the results. If the product of concern takes longer than one period, it is called a long-cycle product. Examples of long-cycle products are aircraft, ships, buildings and special machines. A detailed model incorporating dynamic productivity and long-cycle products considerations is presented to solve the problem of production and workforce planning. Using a multistage production system approach, a search technique is developed to solve this class of problems where the objective function is linear and some of the constraint coe...
Comments on: Space-time wind speed forecasting for improved power system dispatch

I would first like to thank the authors for a well-written paper that illustrates the benefit of collaborating across disciplines. This type of work is very important for renewable energy to become integrated into mainstream utility systems, and the authors have clearly demonstrated how advanced statistical forecasting models can be incorporated into optimization models for scheduling power while simultaneously minimizing operating costs. As the percentage of a country’s total energy needs that are met with variable renewable energies, such as wind, increases, the potential to disrupt the stability of the utility to deliver uninterrupted power also increases (Marquis et al. 2011). Therefore, having good short-term wind forecasts will be even more important in the coming years, and the development of such models and testbeds as done in this paper by Zhu et al. (2014), hereafter referred to as ZGGX, will be highly relevant. In this comment on the ZGGX paper, I would like to focus my attention on the Rotating Regime-switching Space–Time Diurnal (RRSTD) model. In the following Sect. 2, novel aspects of this model will be discussed, and then potential difficulties in fitting the model will be identified. The RRSTD is a generalization of the RSTD model developed by Gneiting et al. (2006) and is also related to the TDD model developed by Hering and Genton (2010). ZGGX show that the RRSTD is better than both persistence and autoregressive models, but they have not compared their results to the RRSTD or the TDDmodels. ZGGX also state that “... the RRSTDmodel has the potential to improve forecasts further if more information on monthly wind patterns
Fluid dynamics of feeding behaviour in white-spotted bamboo sharks.

SUMMARY Although the motor control of feeding is presumed to be generally conserved, some fishes are capable of modulating the feeding behaviour in response to prey type and or prey size. This led to the `feeding modulation hypothesis9, which states that rapid suction strikes are pre-programmed stereotyped events that proceed to completion once initiated regardless of sensory input. If this hypothesis holds true, successful strikes should be indistinguishable from unsuccessful strikes owing to a lack of feedback control in specialized suction feeding fishes. The hydrodynamics of suction feeding in white-spotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) was studied in three behaviours: successful strikes, intraoral transports of prey and unsuccessful strikes. The area of the fluid velocity region around the head of feeding sharks was quantified using time-resolved digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The maximal size of the fluid velocity region is 56% larger in successful strikes than unsuccessful strikes (10.79 cm2vs 6.90 cm2), but they do not differ in duration, indicating that strikes are modulated based on some aspect of the prey or simply as a result of decreased effort on the part of the predator. The hydrodynamic profiles of successful and unsuccessful strikes differ after 21 ms, a period probably too short to provide time to react through feedback control. The predator-to-prey distance is larger in missed strikes compared with successful strikes, indicating that insufficient suction is generated to compensate for the increased distance. An accuracy index distinguishes unsuccessful strikes (–0.26) from successful strikes (0.45 to 0.61). Successful strikes occur primarily between the horizontal axis of the mouth and the dorsal boundary of the ingested parcel of water, and missed prey are closer to the boundary or beyond. Suction transports are shorter in duration than suction strikes but have similar maximal fluid velocity areas to move the prey through the oropharyngeal cavity into the oesophagus (54 ms vs 67 ms).
A Lysine Residue in the Fingers Subdomain of T7 DNA Polymerase Modulates the Miscoding Potential of 8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydroguanosine

Summary 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8oG) is a highly mutagenic DNA lesion that stably pairs with adenosine, forming 8oG( syn )·dA( anti ) Hoogsteen base pairs. DNA polymerases show different propensities to insert dCMP or dAMP opposite 8oG, but the molecular mechanisms that determine faithful or mutagenic bypass are poorly understood. Here, we report kinetic and structural data providing evidence that, in T7 DNA polymerase, residue Lys536 is responsible for attenuating the miscoding potential of 8oG. The Lys536Ala polymerase shows a significant increase in mutagenic 8oG bypass versus wild-type polymerase, and a crystal structure of the Lys536Ala mutant reveals a closed complex with an 8oG( syn )·dATP mismatch in the polymerase active site, in contrast to the unproductive, open complex previously obtained by using wild-type polymerase. We propose that Lys536 acts as a steric and/or electrostatic filter that attenuates the miscoding potential of 8oG by normally interfering with the binding of 8oG in a syn conformation that pairs with dATP.
On bizarreness in the entertainment industry

Examines the use of the bizarre or the outrageous in the entertainment industry as a promotion strategy, and specifically the propensity of rock/pop artistes to engage in bizarre or outrageous acts or conduct. Provides a brief survey of the practice. Next, using economic theories of human behavior to maximize expected utility and minimize transaction and learning costs, shows that what may appear as a thoughtless act or outrageous behavior by an artiste could in fact be a well‐thought‐out promotion strategy with valid economic underpinnings designed to promote the artiste. Such acts do not only confer uniqueness on the individual artiste, but are also useful in reducing the learning and transaction costs incurred by fans, and hence beneficial to both the artistes and the consumers. Suggests some less controversial but effective strategies for promoting artistes.
Linear time-lag systems with side constraints

Necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimal control for linear time-lag optimal control systems with side constraints are given. Also the existence of an optimal control is proved.
Anionic antimicrobial peptide-lysozyme interactions in innate pulmonary immunity

Abstract The respiratory tract contains numerous antimicrobial factors necessary for normal innate pulmonary defense. Although many of these molecules reside in airway surface liquid (ASL) simultaneously, little information exists concerning antagonistic, additive, or synergistic interactions. Since both cationic lysozyme and anionic antimicrobial peptides (AP) are found in high concentrations in ASL, the purpose of this study was to assess any interaction that might affect antimicrobial activity. For this, Pasteurella haemolytica, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa were added to egg white lysozyme (3.9–250.0 μg/ml) or human neutrophil lysozyme (0.8–50.0 μg/ml) and H-GADDDDD-OH (from 0.01 to 0.50 mM) mixtures in 50, 100, or 150 mM NaCl; incubated for 2 h; and then plated. In this assay, the MICs of AP for P. haemolytica , M. lysodeikticus , and P. aeruginosa varied slightly depending upon the concentration of NaCl and MICs generally increased slightly with increasing NaCl concentrations. The MIC of lysozyme for P. haemolytica and M. lysodeikticus also increased slightly with increasing NaCl concentrations. The MIC of lysozyme for P. aeruginosa was greater than 50 μg/ml and did not vary with increasing NaCl concentrations. When AP was combined with lysozyme in 50, 100, or 150 mM NaCl concentrations, there was no significant interaction that affected antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, the MICs of AP generally increased with increasing NaCl concentrations but lysozyme and AP appeared not to interact significantly at physiologically relevant concentrations.
The name game: tradition and change.

As noted by Salerno et al (1), the term “internal medicine” was developed in 19th-century Germany to distinguish a new breed of physicians who would focus on understanding and treating the underlying causes of disease rather than on the symptoms that were emphasized in “clinical medicine” (2,3). In the modern vernacular, the emphasis of this new cadre of physicians would likely have been called “scientific medicine,” and its practitioners may have been called scientists rather than internists (3). For the first half of the 20th century in America, internal medicine was clearly a specialty, which required 3 years of training after medical school as compared with the 1 year required for general practice. Internists served as diagnosticians, as consultants to the far more numerous general practitioners, and as the longitudinal physicians for patients with complicated illnesses (4).
Kinetics of the reduction of neptunium(V) with iodide ion

Abstract The rate law for the reaction, NpO2+ + I− = Np4+ + 1 2 I 2 , may be expressed as d Np4+/dt = k[NpO2+][I−]1.5[H+]2.5. At 25† and in 3·29 M HCl, the rate constant is 10·27 × 10−2l. 4mole−4min−1. The apparent activation energy is 28,300 cal mole−1. A possible mechanism is suggested.
Use of the delta-P1 approximation and Monte Carlo simulations to examine the transition from ballistic to diffuse propagation in frequency-domain photon migration

We develop the delta-P1 approximation for frequency-domain radiative transport predictions. Comparison with Monte Carlo simulations establishes superior accuracy of the delta-P1 approximation relative to the standard diffusion approximation. We demonstrate the identification of three spatial regimes where the light field is dominated by ballistic photons, multiply-scattered photons; and diffusely-scattered photons.
Daily Hassles and Uplifts as Perceived by Adolescents

38 high school students identified their top 15 hassles and uplifts. The results tend to support previous findings with this particular population. Counseling considerations are mentioned.
SUBTERMINAL OXIDATION OF ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS BY MICROORGANISMS

(1971). Subterminal Oxidation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 225-237.
Cooperative load balancing for a network of heterogeneous computers

In this paper, we present a game theoretic approach to solve the static load balancing problem in a distributed system which consists of heterogeneous computers connected by a single channel communication network. We use a cooperative game to model the load balancing problem. Our solution is based on the Nash bargaining solution (NBS) which provides a Pareto optimal solution for the distributed system and is also a fair solution. An algorithm for computing the NBS is derived for the proposed cooperative load balancing game. Our scheme is compared with that of other existing schemes under simulations with various system loads and configurations. We show that the solution of our scheme is near optimal and is superior to the other schemes in terms of fairness.
DEGENERACY AND THE (MIS)INTERPRETATION OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Under conditions of degeneracy, sensitivity analysis information such as cost and right-hand-side ranges, which are produced by standard linear programming procedures used in commercial codes, can be misleading. From a managerial perspective, the interpretation of such information can be erroneous. In this paper we present these problems, explain their occurence with elementary examples, and discuss procedures for their resolution.
Minority Stress and Psychological Distress Among Asian American Sexual Minority Persons

The purpose of this study was to examine multiple minority stressors (i.e., heterosexist events, racist events, heterosexism in communities of color, racism in sexual minority communities, race-related dating and relationship problems, internalized heterosexism or homophobia, outness to family, and outness to world) as they relate to the psychological distress of 144 Asian American lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) persons. When examined concomitantly, these minority stress variables accounted for approximately one third of the variance in psychological distress scores. Results indicate that heterosexism in communities of color, race-related dating and relationship problems in the LGBTQ community, internalized heterosexism, and outness to world were the only significant and unique predictors of Asian American LGBTQ persons’ psychological distress. In addition, no support was found for the moderating or mediating roles of outness in the internalized heterosexism-distress link.
Acoustic microscopy: a study of contrast in fresh tissue

The scanning laser acoustic microscope (SLAM), which exhibits a resolution of about 15 /spl mu/m in biological materials, was operated at a frequency of 100 MHz to evaluate the source of image contrast. Specifically, the SLAM's quantitative capabilities yielded the ultrasonic propagation properties of attenuation coefficient and propagation speed of rat brain tissue (white versus gray matter) and these properties mere correlated with tissue constituents and image contrast. The SLAM's image contrast between the two brain layers in both fresh and fixed specimens was analyzed subjectively by an experienced microscopist. It was determined that ethanol fixation decreased the image contrast between the brain layers. Additionally, the propagation speed was the least affected property in the fresh tissue specimens yet increased in both brain layers after fixation whereas the attenuation coefficient of white matter in unfixed brain tissue was higher than that of gray matter. These results indicate that the SLAM's acoustic image contrast is a direct reflection of the difference in attenuation coefficient whereas the propagation speed is not a significant contributor to the image contrast. >
Accessibility, usability, and usefulness of a Web-based clinical decision support tool to enhance provider–patient communication around Self-management TO Prevent (STOP) Stroke:

This article reports redesign strategies identified to create a Web-based user-interface for the Self-management TO Prevent (STOP) Stroke Tool. Members of a Stroke Quality Improvement Network (N = 12) viewed a visualization video of a proposed prototype and provided feedback on implementation barriers/facilitators. Stroke-care providers (N = 10) tested the Web-based prototype in think-aloud sessions of simulated clinic visits. Participants' dialogues were coded into themes. Access to comprehensive information and the automated features/systematized processes were the primary accessibility and usability facilitator themes. The need for training, time to complete the tool, and computer-centric care were identified as possible usability barriers. Patient accountability, reminders for best practice, goal-focused care, and communication/counseling themes indicate that the STOP Stroke Tool supports the paradigm of patient-centered care. The STOP Stroke Tool was found to prompt clinicians on secondary stroke-prevention clinical-practice guidelines, facilitate comprehensive documentation of evidence-based care, and support clinicians in providing patient-centered care through the shared decision-making process that occurred while using the action-planning/goal-setting feature of the tool.
Hormone therapy: a tale of two cancers - the potential of estrogen/selective estrogen receptor modulator combinations.

Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab. 5(5), 633–635 (2010) The public debate surrounding the use of hormone therapy in the menopause has reached a polemic divide. Many see menopausal hormone therapy as a choice between the risk of one of two cancers. We learned many years ago that un opposed estrogen exposure would lead to a high incidence of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer in women with a uterus. We can prevent the increased incidence of endometrial cancer by the addition of a progestin; however, this comes at a price of increased breast cancer risk. These risks have caused many to abandon hormone therapy. Fortunately, new agents currently under the US FDA review may eliminate this dichotomy and allow for progestinfree hormone administration in all women, including those with an intact uterus.
Development of tools for the automated analysis of spectra generated by tandem mass spectrometry

Background While multiple tools exist for the analysis and identification of spectra generated in shotgun proteomics experiments, few easily implemented tools exist that allow for the automated analysis of the quality of spectra. A researcher’s knowledge of the quality of a spectra from an experiment can be helpful in determining possible reasons for misidentification or lack of identification of spectra in a sample.
Privacy management in global organisations

Meeting privacy requirements can be challenging for global organisations, particularly where future Internet service provision models are involved. In this paper approaches will be explained that can be used to help address these issues, with a focus on some of the solutions that the author has been involved in developing in HP Labs that are currently being used, rolled out or are the subjects of further research.
An update on Clostridium difficile infection and its management.

Soledad M. Smith, RN, BSN, MSN, PhD In 2006 and 2009, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported severe cases of Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection in pregnant or recently pregnant healthy women, in healthy individuals living in the community and in younger patients and children (Jarvis, Schlosser, Jarvis, & Chinn, 2009). Nurses are well-positioned to assist with early detection of symptoms and secure prompt testing and treatment to prevent potentially serious complications such as severe fluid and electrolyte depletion, malnutrition, toxic megacolon, bowel perforation, peritonitis and perhaps even death of the mother or her child. Collaborating with the development, implementation and supervision of guidelines to prevent outbreaks and spread of C. diff infection and its Management
Reduction of voltage-dependent currents by ethanol contributes to inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission

Previous studies have shown inhibitory effects of EtOH on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in several brain regions. We examined this effect of EtOH under both current clamp and voltage clamp conditions in the basolateral amygdala because of the putative role of the amygdala in mediating anxiolytic effects of EtOH. We found that EtOH reduced NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses. In addition, we found that NMDA receptor-mediated depolarizations could also activate a voltage-dependent regenerative potential which was also sensitive to EtOH. Pharmacological characterization of this current was consistent with a high-threshold Ca2+ current. This current also exhibited a pronounced tendency towards transient enhancement upon withdrawal of EtOH.
Socioeconomic deprivation as a determinant of cancer mortality and the Hispanic paradox in Texas, USA.

We have recently reported that delayed cancer detection is associated with the Wellbeing Index (WI) for socioeconomic deprivation, lack of health insurance, physician shortage, and Hispanic ethnicity. The current study investigates whether these factors are determinants of cancer mortality in Texas, the United States of America (USA). Data for breast, colorectal, female genital system, lung, prostate, and all-type cancers are obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry. A weighted regression model for non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, and African Americans is used with age-adjusted mortality (2004–2008 data combined) for each county as the dependent variable while independent variables include WI, percentage of the uninsured, and physician supply. Higher mortality for breast, female genital system, lung, and all-type cancers is associated with higher WI among non-Hispanic whites and/or African Americans but with lower WI in Hispanics after adjusting for physician supply and percentage of the uninsured. Mortality for all the cancers studied is in the following order from high to low: African Americans, non-Hispanic whites, and Hispanics. Lung cancer mortality is particularly low in Hispanics, which is only 35% of African Americans’ mortality and 40% of non-Hispanic whites’ mortality. Higher degree of socioeconomic deprivation is associated with higher mortality of several cancers among non-Hispanic whites and African Americans, but with lower mortality among Hispanics in Texas. Also, mortality rates of all these cancers studied are the lowest in Hispanics. Further investigations are needed to better understand the mechanisms of the Hispanic Paradox.
Presidential Capital and the Supreme Court Confirmation Process

The Supreme Court nomination and confirmation process has become one of the most contentious aspects of American politics in recent years, representing a seismic struggle between the president and the U.S. Senate over the ideological makeup of the nation's highest court. Existing research focuses on how the ideological compatibility of the president and the Senate affects the ideology of the president's nominees. However, little work addresses whether presidents can overcome an ideologically hostile Senate by spending political capital to support a nominee. As such, we examine the president's public expenditure of capital to obtain confirmation for Supreme Court nominees facing a Senate that is reticent to confirm. By content analyzing public statements made by presidents during confirmation battles we find strong support for the hypothesis that presidents strategically “go public.” Further, this strategy has a marked influence on presidents’ ability to win confirmation for their most important nominees.“...
The Allocative Cost of Price Ceilings: Lessons to be Learned from the U.S. Residential Market for Natural Gas

Following a Supreme Court decision in 1954, natural gas markets in the U.S. were subject to 35 years of intensive federal regulation. Several studies have measured the deadweight loss from the price ceilings that were imposed during this period. This paper concentrates on an additional component of welfare loss that is rarely discussed. In particular, when there is excess demand for a good such as natural gas for which secondary markets do not exist, an additional welfare loss occurs when the good is not allocated to the buyers who value it the most. We quantify the overall size of this allocative cost, its evolution during the post-war period, and its geographical distribution across states, and we highlight implications of our analysis for the regulation of other markets. Using a household-level, discrete-continuous model of natural gas demand we estimate that the allocative cost averaged $8.1 billion annually in the U.S. residential market for natural gas during 1950-2000, effectively doubling previous estimates of the total welfare losses from natural gas regulation. We find that these allocative costs were borne disproportionately by households in the Northeast, Midwest, and South Atlantic states.
Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn

Abstract A study of 72 cases of hemorrhagic disease, occurring in 11,303 infants born during the period from September, 1932, to April, 1936, inclusive, has been presented. This comprises the material on the indoor and Outdoor Services of the Woman's Clinic of the New York Hospital. Emphasis has been placed on certain maternal and infantile factors. Criteria have been suggested for diagnosis. The treatment has been discussed and the autopsy data have been included. Additional studies are indicated and should include: antepartum and intrapartum aspects of pregnancy; the use of drugs; further consideration of the blood loss in the third stage of labor; dietary factors; prematurity; blood studies, especially normoblastic determinations in the blood smears or in the fetal vessels of the placenta; blood pressure and blood volume determinations; capillary fragility tests; arterial oxygen; and the value of intramuscular whole blood.
The Inequality of Politics: Social Class Rank and Political Participation

Perceived lower rank in the social class hierarchy reflects an individual’s relative lack of perceived social and economic worth in society. In the current study we tested the predictions that lower perceptions of social class rank elicit both reduced political participation and lower political self-efficacy. Study 1 found that students with lower perceived social class were less likely to seek information about student government. Study 2 found that perceptions of political self-efficacy accounted for the relationship between perceived social class rank and political participation. Study 3 established causal associations between perceived social class and political participation — a momentary manipulation of elevated perceived social class increased political efficacy and intentions to participate in politics. In Study 4, affirming the self reduced social class disparities in both perceived political participation and efficacy. Throughout the studies, perceptions of social class were consistently related to political participation, and these associations occurred after accounting for political ideology and objective indicators of social class. Discussion focused on the understudied psychological barriers that perpetuate voter inequality in society.
Thermoelectric power factor: Enhancement mechanisms and strategies for higher performance thermoelectric materials

Abstract Thermoelectric research has witnessed groundbreaking progress over the past 15–20 years. The thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, a measure of the competition between electronic transport (i.e. power factor) and thermal transport (i.e. total thermal conductivity), has long surpassed once a longtime barrier of ∼1 and thermoelectric scientists are targeting ZT > 2 as the new goal. A majority of this recent improvement in ZT has been achieved through the reduction of lattice part of thermal conductivity (κl) using nanostructuring techniques. The rapid progress in this direction focused the efforts on the development of experimental methods and understanding phonon transport to decrease lattice thermal conductivity. This fact left the development of ideas to improve electronic transport and thermoelectric power factor rather overlooked. With thermal conductivity of the potential thermoelectrics approaching the minimum theoretical limit, on the journey to higher ZT values, a paradigm shift is necessary toward the enhancement of the thermoelectric power factor. This article discusses the ideas and strategies proposed and developed in order to improve the thermoelectric power factor and thus hopefully move us closer to the target of a ZT > 2!
The Micromechanics of Cellularized Extracellular Matrix

Collagen gels are widely used in experiments on cell mechanics because they mimic the extracellular matrix in physiological conditions. Collagen gels are often characterized by their bulk rheology; however, variations in the gel microstructure and cell adhesion forces cause the mechanical properties to be inhomogeneous at the cellular scale. We study the mechanics of type I collagen on the scale of tens to hundreds of microns by using holographic optical tweezers (HOT) to apply pN forces to microparticles embedded in the collagen network. We find that in response to optical forces particle displacements are inhomogeneous, anisotropic and asymmetric. Gels prepared at 21C and 37C show qualitative difference in their micromechanical characteristics. We also demonstrate that contracting cells remodel the micromechanics of their surrounding extracellular matrix in a strain- and distance- dependent manner.
Mental Representations of Hypermedia: An Evaluation of the Spatial Assumption

This study attempts to clarify some ambiguities in the literature that deal with users' mental representations of hypermedia. It is frequently assumed that users form a spatial representation (cogn...
Finding How Many Roots a Polynomial has in (0, 1) or (0, ∞)

(1979). Finding How Many Roots a Polynomial has in (0, 1) or (0, ∞) The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 86, No. 8, pp. 630-637.
Classic conditioning: the FCC’s use of merger conditions to advance policy goals

Federal regulators routinely impose conditions on companies seeking to complete a merger or acquisition. Under standard circumstances, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) must justify significant policy decisions by explaining assumptions underlying the decision; key alternatives; the rationale for that particular policy tactic; and how the new policy dovetails with agency precedent (Yoo, 2007). Critics contend, however, that merger negotiations lack transparency and are too far-reaching. In fact, the FCC may negotiate with companies under review to extract conditions that have minimal connection to actual concerns surrounding the transaction, and that circumvent established policymaking processes (Koutsky and Spiwak, 2010; Noah, 1997; Tramont, 2001; Weiser, 2009). Critics also assert that by engaging in closed-door negotiations and “arm-twisting” (Noah, 1997), the FCC is able to evade judicial scrutiny—partially because companies in regulated industries fear repercussions if they challenge agency demands. For these reasons, members of Congress have sponsored legislation aimed at severely limiting—and even stripping—FCC regulators of their power to review acquisitions (Borland, 1999; Telecommunications Merger Review Act of 2000). Despite their controversial nature, merger negotiations often do result in a set of conditions that benefit the public. While this study focuses on U.S. deals, European merger obligations can also be used to achieve industry-wide policy goals (Voight and Schmidt, 2005).
Single-crystal IR spectroscopy of grossular-andradite garnets

Fe3+-Al3+ substitution in the octahedral site of 14 natural garnet samples was investigated through measurement of complete single-crystal infrared (IR) reflectance spectra across the grossular-andradite [Car(Al,Fe,-")rSirO,r] binary. Frequencies of all 17 IRactive fundamental modes depend nearly linearly on composition. Two peaks assigned to translations of the octahedral cations against the O framework exhibit two-mode behavior. Observation of similar frequencies for bands involving Al and Fe3+ and of much larger intensities for bands associated with Fe3+ suggests that the Fe-O bond has greater strength, which compensates for the greater mass of Fe. The nearly linear behavior of the modes indicates that mixing should approach ideality for this series, as was previously observed in thermodynamic studies. The existence of ideal mixing suggests that high degrees of ordering are not present, and thus that ordering might not cause the anomaious birefringence associated with this series.
Problems and Countermeasures for the Comparative Study of Science and Technology Policy in China

By introduction of the definition of the comparative science and technology policy,the thesis described the existing problems for the research on the comparative study of science and technology policy,that is relatively a small number of relevant research literature,research quality needs to be raised,the ill-structure for the Researchers,weak"localization"research,Simple and basic research paradigm;and the thesis discuss proposals for improving the research on the comparative study of science and technology policy.
Accidentally encountered cervical cancer.

Summary This has been a preliminary survey of 251 cases of cancer of the cervix which were managed in part by surgery. Our incidence of operative treatment over the tliirty-year period from. 1922 to 1951 has been 21.4 per cent. We have attempted to divide these eases according to the type of operation performed and we have defined these surgical procedures as being accidental, palliative, investigative, and definitive. This report is concerned with our accidental series. Twenty-seven cases are discussed in detail. Sixty-seven per cent of these proved to be the responsibility of the private physician. Ninety-three per cent of the patients had symptoms of cervical cancer, 63 per cent presented with clinically abnormal cervices and only 22 per cent were properly studied preoperatively. There were 3 Stage 0 cases. 13 Stage I, 6 Stage II, 3 Stage III. and 2 Stage IV. All of the cases were handled originally by operation, and in all cases the diagnosis was unsuspected. Sixty-seven per cent of the patients were given further treatment and we have tried to evaluate the survival figures in correlation with the original surgery, the subsequent therapy, and the stage of the disease. Further, we have stated that we believe this entity will be encountered with increasing frequency, and at the same time cancer of the cervical stump will be seen less often.
Noninvasive diagnosis of recurrent familial left atrial myxoma: observations with echocardiography, ultrafast computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and in vitro relaxometry

A woman with recurrent familial atrial myxoma with associated skin pigmentation and endocrine abnormalities is described. The atrial myxoma was evaluated with echocardiography, ultrafast computed tomography, and electrocardiographic-gated nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
Dark spontaneous-force optical trap for sodium atoms

Since its invention the magneto-optical trap (MOT) has offered a relatively simple way to trap and study cold neutral atoms.1 However, the maximum density achieved in such a trap is much lower than is desirable for the study of cold collisions and the realization of evaporative cooling schemes. The density is limited by two processes; (1) trap loss due to excited-state collisions2 and (2) the repulsive force generated by the rescattering of photons.3
Thrusts of the Michigan program in intelligent vehicle-highway systems

This program has been characterized by an incremental approach to IVHS technology deployment, an extrapolation from the interests and capabilities of the automotive industry, and complementarity to other university programs in North America. Its research thrusts are in the areas of advanced driver information systems, and freight and fleet control. The University's proximity to Canada has also resulted in Canadian sponsorship and potential IVHS demonstrations involving both countries. >
Compensation for Propagation Uncertainties in the OMEGA Navigation System.

Abstract : During the past decade, an increased demand for long-range navigation aides has been exhibited by commercial and military interests. Fishing fleets, oil exploration companies, and global airlines are among the host of potential users for which very accurate, remotely available navigation information is imperative. OMEGA is a long range radio navigation system that has shown considerable promise in such applications and in fact has demonstrated a world-wide capability with accuracies on the order of 1 to 2 nautical miles. Although OMEGA has gained modest acceptance within the navigation community (particularly in marine applications), it is a propagation limited system and several problems persist. Certain changes in the daytime and nighttime characteristics of the transmission medium cause day to night changes in the received navigation signals, inducing what is known as diurnal shift. In addition to this repeatable (and somewhat predictable) phenomenon, unusual solar activity can cause severe and rapid changes in the medium which also affects the received signal. Large volumes of predicted diurnal shift values have been published which reduce errors caused by diurnal shift, but their usage is cumbersome at best and, of course, they cannot account for errors induced by high solar activity or other anomalous propagation conditions.
A network-based approach to eQTL interpretation and SNP functional characterization

Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis associates genotype with gene expression, but most eQTL studies only include cis-acting variants and generally examine a single tissue. We used data from 13 tissues obtained by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project v6.0 and, in each tissue, identified both cis- and trans-eQTLs. For each tissue, we represented significant associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes as edges in a bipartite network. These networks are organized into dense, highly modular communities often representing coherent biological processes. Global network hubs are enriched in distal gene regulatory regions such as enhancers, but are devoid of disease-associated SNPs from genome wide association studies. In contrast, local, community-specific network hubs (core SNPs) are preferentially located in regulatory regions such as promoters and enhancers and highly enriched for trait and disease associations. These results provide help explain how many weak-effect SNPs might together influence cellular function and phenotype.
Characterization of Vancomycin Reactions and Linezolid Utilization in the Pediatric Population.

Background Red man syndrome (RMS) occurs because of non–IgE-mediated histamine release. Unlike vancomycin allergy, which necessitates the use of an alternative drug (often linezolid), RMS does not typically preclude further vancomycin use. Care should be taken to differentiate these reaction types from one another to prevent unnecessary vancomycin avoidance. Objective To characterize vancomycin reaction types in our population, and to determine whether having a reaction consistent with RMS is associated with otherwise unexplained vancomycin avoidance and linezolid use. Methods We retrospectively reviewed charts for children with documented vancomycin reactions. We classified the in-hospital reactions via an objective analysis and estimated the prevalence of different reaction types. We then identified children who received linezolid over 3 years, and investigated reasons for linezolid use instead of vancomycin. Results Of the 78 in-hospital reactions we characterized, 72 (92%) were objectively consistent with RMS, 5 we could not objectively classify (2 most likely RMS, 3 more suspicious for possible IgE-mediated allergy), and 1 was a non-RMS/non-IgE reaction. Of 60 children who received linezolid, 19 had previous reactions consistent with RMS, which should not preclude further vancomycin. Nevertheless, only 7 of 19 (37%) had a clear explanation for receiving linezolid instead of vancomycin compared with 32 of 39 (82%) children without previous vancomycin reactions ( P Conclusions The vast majority of patients had vancomycin reactions consistent with RMS. These patients are at risk for unnecessary vancomycin avoidance and linezolid utilization. We propose that this may be related to how reactions appear in the electronic medical record.
Time Lord: Covert Timing Channel Implementation and Realistic Experimentation

Covert channels are unique methods for exchanging messages, since they permit sending information secretly. Unlike encryption, covert communication allows to send information covertly, using an otherwise legitimate medium of transfer, thus it is not apparent that a message is being transferred at all. There is limited research on Covert Timing Channels (CTCs), i.e., channels that manipulate packet inter-arrival time to exchange messages based on a certain encoding. Implementing and testing CTCs in real network environments is lacking in the current literature due to sensitivity to network delays that significantly affects this type of communication. Thus, it is important to implement CTC communication to analyze the challenges of creating robust, efficient, and undetectable channels in real life situations. It is also paramount to test these implementations in a wide range of realistic network conditions. In this research, we have developed and tested two implementations of CTCs. The first implementation is based on [1] using standard bits encoding and ASCII for simplicity and robustness. This implementation suffers from easy detection. On the other hand, we developed the second implementation with goal to make the channel undetectable by using encoding with five different delays, i.e., symbols, where five symbols in a specific order correspond to one letter of the alphabet. This implementation has sufficient randomness to be undetected with standard statistical mechanisms. We have tested both implementations on local networks, the Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) controlled environment, networks across states in the US, and internationally.