cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The blood-brain barrier and neurotherapeutics.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical yet underdeveloped part of neurotherapeutics development. The BBB bottleneck is illustrated by these facts: More than 98% of all small-molecule drugs do not cross the BBB. Approximately 100% of large-molecule drugs or genes do not cross the BBB. No large pharmaceutical company in the world today has a BBB drug targeting program. The logical consequence of this constellation is that it is very difficult to develop effective new neurotherapeutics that actually succeed in phase III clinical trials. This theme issue of NeuroRx® is devoted to the BBB, and to brain targeting of both small- and large-molecule drugs, including nonviral gene medicines. Investigators from Europe, Japan, and the U.S. have contributed to this issue
A chi-square test for a unit root

Abstract The present paper develops a chi-square test for a unit root that has higher power than Dickey-Fuller tests when the sample size is small and the autoregressive root is close to one.
Monte Carlo simulation of Touschek effect

We present a Monte Carlo method implementation in the code elegant for simulating Touschek scattering effects in a linac beam. The local scattering rate and the distribution of scattered electrons can be obtained from the code either for a Gaussian-distributed beam or for a general beam whose distribution function is given. In addition, scattered electrons can be tracked through the beam line and the local beam-loss rate and beam halo information recorded.
Differential scanning calorimetry study of the effects of heating rate on the α → β transformation in unalloyed plutonium

Abstract The α → β transformation in plutonium is studied as a function of heating rate by differential scanning calorimetry over the range 0.01 °C min −1 to 10 °C min −1 . Consistent with the fact that the transformation is controlled by nucleation and growth, the onset temperature and the temperature range of the reaction are shown to depend markedly upon heating rate. By investigating heating rates up to a factor of 100 lower than usual we show: 1. (1) Earlier calorimetric measurements report onset temperatures for the transformation which are too high. 2. (2) The Kissinger analysis, which predicts the scanning rate parameter to vary linearly with reciprocal temperature, does not fit the results of this study. 3. (3) With increased scanning rate, the transformation occurs at higher temperatures, and the growth rate of the β phase at a constant fraction transformed is proportional to this temperature increase.
Children's Political Representation: The Right to Make a Difference

While children's rights have made significant gains in recent decades, children and youth continue to wield relatively little power in determining the nature of their societies' rights as such. This article sets out to explore what it might mean for children to enjoy genuine political representation. While it is often acknowledged that children should possess political rights to participation, voice, and citizenship, we argue that there is a need also for their more specific right to representation in democratic government. Furthermore, this right can be realized only if the very notion of representation is rethought along post-modern lines in light of children's particular experiences: as a right not so much to exercise autonomy as to make a political difference. The article examines recent movements toward children's involvement in policy-making, children's parliaments, and children's voting, and then makes practical proposals for enabling children's fuller representational empowerment.
Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Patterns in Ovariectomized Rats: Involvement of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in the Release of LH-Releasing Hormone and LH

Cannulated ovariectomized (OVX) rats were bled every 10 min for 2 h to characterize their individual patterns of LH release. After the last sample, all rats were decapitated, and their brains were removed for analysis of LHRH, norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) levels in median eminence (ME), arcuate-ventromedial, and suprachiasmatic-medial preoptic region (Sch-PO) to determine if changes in NE, DA, and LHRH levels in any of those areas could be observed at different points during the pulsatile release of LH. The results showed that when LH levels started to increase, NE levels peaked in the Sch-PO, whereas a sharp drop in DA and LHRH levels in the ME was detected, which may reflect an acute release in the ME of both DA and LHRH. When LH levels reached peak values, NE levels in the Sch-PO returned to lower values, and DA and LHRH in the ME rose to higher levels. Inhibition of NE synthesis with diethyldithiocarbamate resulted in the suppression of LH pulses. L-Dopa administered after diethyldithiocarba...
Kappa Opioid Agonist-Induced Changes in IOP: Correlation with3H-NE Release and cAMP Accumulation

Abstract Opioid receptors have been demonstrated to modulate various functions in the eye. This research project was designed to determine and compare the effects of kappa opioid agonists on selected parameters that influence ocular hydrodynamics. Experiments determined the effects of two relatively selective kappa opioid receptor agonists, ICI 204 448 (ICI), which has limited ability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier, and spiradoline mesylate on: (1) in vivo parameters, intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD); and (2) in vitro parameters, neurotransmitter release and cAMP accumulation, in the ciliary body. Dark-adapted, reverse light cycle New Zealand white (NZW) male rabbits were used in all experiments. In in vivo experiments, intraocular pressures and pupil diameters were measured by a pneumatonometer and an optistick, respectively, before and after drug administration. Baseline readings were taken at 0.5 and 0 hr prior to agonist administration. Postdrug IOP and PD measurements were made at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hr after agonist application. In some experiments, the relatively selective kappa antagonist, norbinaltorphimine was applied 30 min prior to agonist application. In in vitro experiments, the release of tritiated norepinephrine ( 3 H-NE) was measured from perfused electrically stimulated iris ciliary bodies and expressed as the percent change of the control. Basal and isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP concentrations in iris ciliary bodies were quantified by radioimmunoassay techniques in the presence and absence of ICI and spiradoline. ICI and spiradoline decreased IOP in a dose-dependent manner in normal rabbits, but only spiradoline produced significant changes in PD. The kappa opioid receptor antagonist, norbinaltorphimine, antagonized the hypotensive effects of spiradoline and ICI in IOP experiments. Both kappa agonists inhibited the release of norepinephrine from perfused iris ciliary bodies. Isoproterenol- stimulated cAMP levels in iris ciliary bodies were suppressed by both kappa receptor agonists. The antagonism by norbinaltorphimine suggests that ICI and spiradoline lower IOP by activating kappa opioid receptors in the eye. The bilateral effects of unilaterally applied spiradoline on PD indicate that this kappa agonist activates receptors in the iris and/or the brain. The inhibition of norepinephrine release and cAMP accumulation in the iris ciliary body by ICI and spiradoline suggests that there are both pre- and postjunctional sites of action for kappa agonists.
Malathion and diazinon levels in grain dust from New Orleans area grain elevators.

Insecticides applied to grain may be present in dust generated during grain handling and could expose workers to high insecticide concentrations, or be fed to animals in the form of pelleted grain dust. Residual levels of two organophosphate insecticides, malathion and diazinon, were measured in 31 samples of grain dust collected from six terminal grain elevators along the Mississippi River in the New Orleans area. These grain elevator samples and additional spiked samples were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography. The lower limit of detection for malathion was 0.1 µg/g and for diazinon, 0.01 µg/g. Recovery of malathion from samples spiked with less than 1 µg/g was erratic. Mean recoveries of both malathion and diazinon from spiked samples ranged from 83 to 92% at levels of 1 to 50 µg/g of dust. Samples of grain dust from the elevators contained 0.17 to 32 µg of malathion/g of dust, but diazinon was not detectable at the 0.01 µg/g limit of detection.
The promise of biomarkers for personalized renal cancer care

Biomarkers hold promise for personalizing renal cancer care by potentially identifying patients most likely to benefit from novel therapies. Porta and colleagues report that among subjects with advanced renal-cell carcinoma receiving sunitinib treatment, those with above-normal levels of the circulating biomarkers vascular endothelial growth factor and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin displayed significantly lower progression-free survival times. This Commentary reviews the current status of these biomarkers with respect to methodological issues, specificity, and biological plausibility.
Effects of sediment-bound residues of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate on survival and reproduction of meiobenthic copepods

Pure, microcosm-cultured populations of benthic copepods were established from pristine or pesticide-impacted Spartina marsh creeks and used as efficient bioassay groups to assess lethal and sublethal effects of sediment-bound pesticide residues. Naturally-weathered sediments contaminated with the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate were collected by traps moored in a tidal creek receiving major pesticide-laced runoff from an agricultural watershed, and used as dosing material. Silty sediments with fenvalerate residues reaching 100 ppb were trapped and then diluted with uncontaminated sediments to achieve an exposure range of 0, 25, 50 and 100 ppb (i.e. no dilution). Despite a broad database showing extreme sensitivity to water-solubilized fenvalerate by many marine invertebrates and fishes, a 7-day exposure to sediment-bound residues as high as 100 ppb caused no significant mortality for any life stages (i.e. nauplii, copepodites or adults) of the benthic harpacticoid copepods Microarthridion littorale or Paronychocamptus wilsoni, and no mortality for adults of Enhydrosoma propinquum. However, sediment-bound residues as low as 25 ppb significantly depressed egg production (50–100% reduction) and mean clutch sizes (40–100% reduction) of fertile M. littorale and P. wilsoni. If sedimenting fenvalerate depresses copepod reproduction in the field, then lowered recruitment of new individuals will lead inevitably to a decline in population growth.
An airy function to rapidly predict stresses in wound metal strip having asymmetric thickness profile

Abstract With increased demand for thin gage flat metals, control of strip flatness or shape in cold rolling processes has become very important. To improve the flatness quality of cold rolled metal strip and sheet, this work provides a rapid method to predict the transient strains (or stresses) occurring during the rewinding of flat-rolled steels having problematic asymmetric strip thickness profile (or wedge). Flatness control systems, used to monitor and correct the distribution of stress across the width of rolled sheet, are unable to distinguish between stresses induced during rolling, and those caused when rewinding strip containing asymmetric thickness profile. The winding stresses, unless large enough to plastically deform the strip, vanish upon unwinding during subsequent operations such as stamping. Therefore, to help avoid strip flatness defects in thin strip containing wedge, a method is developed to separate the winding stress contribution from the overall stresses that are measured indirectly by flatness control systems. A fourth-order polynomial Airy function is developed to rapidly predict the in-plane stresses based on mandrel wrap number and spatial location on the strip. The Airy function is obtained by applying two-dimensional finite element analysis to study the transient in-plane stresses during rewinding at various numbers of mandrel wraps for a strip containing wedge profile. Three-dimensional finite element analysis is first employed, however, to show justification to a simplified two-dimensional problem described by the plane-stress Airy function. The two-dimensional finite element analysis provides insight as to how the in-plane stresses evolve, and allows determination of coefficients for the Airy function based upon model geometry and displacement boundary conditions. This approach differs from other methods that employ Fourier series to solve the biharmonic equations for an assumed two-dimensional problem. Finally, filtering of the winding stresses from flatness control system input signals is also discussed based on data taken from a rolling mill different to that used for model development.
Consequences of Surface Deposition of Molten Aluminum in High-Temperature Oxidizing Environments

In a potential accident scenario with a solid-propellant fire, aluminum present in the propellant and in surrounding structures is exposed to high-temperature environments. The enthalpy present in the aluminum particles is a substantial component of the heat release, both in terms of the particle sensible energy and its chemical energy. This paper examines the consequences of the deposition of aluminum particles present in the propellant in terms of heat transfer to surfaces. Also examined is the possibility that deposited aluminum will ignite in the high-temperature oxidizing environment. The examination is made using a computational fluid dynamics approach with some new models to describe the aluminum oxidation. In addition, these models provide a means to predict the aluminum ignition criteria that will be discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Periodicities of a class of infinite integer sequences modulo M

Abstract We study properties of the periodicity of an infinite integer sequence (mod M) generated by 1 f(x) , where f(x) ∈ Z[x] and f(0) = 1. In particular, we consider the case in which f(x) is a product of t polynomials, all of them congruent to φ(x)5 modulo p, where φ(x) is irreducible modulo p. Consequently, we determine the minimum periods, modulo pN, of the sequences generated by Πi=1t (1 − rix)−1, where ri are integers. Many results, both old and new, will be obtained.
Intuitively detecting what is hidden within a visual mask: Familiar–novel discrimination and threat detection for unidentified stimuli

Recognition without identification is the finding that, among recognition test items that go unidentified (as when a word is unidentified from a fragment), participants can discriminate those that were studied from those that were unstudied. In the present study, we extended this phenomenon to the more life-like situation of discriminating known from novel stimuli. Pictures of famous and nonfamous faces (Exp. 1), famous and nonfamous scenes (Exp. 2), and threatening and nonthreatening images (Exp. 3) were filtered in order to impede identification. As in list-learning recognition-without-identification paradigms, participants attempted to identify each image (e.g., whose face it was, what scene it was, or what was in the picture) and rated how familiar the image seemed on a scale of 0 (very unfamiliar) to 10 (very familiar). Among the unidentified stimuli, higher familiarity ratings were given to famous than to nonfamous faces (Exp. 1) and scenes (Exp. 2), and to threatening than to nonthreatening living/animate (but not to nonliving/nonanimate) images (Exp. 3). These findings suggest that even when a stimulus is too occluded to allow for conscious identification, enough information can be processed to allow a sense of familiarity or novelty with it, which appears also to be related to the sense of whether or not a living creature is a threat. That the sense of familiarity for unidentified stimuli may be related to threat detection for living or animate things suggests that it may be an adaptive aspect of human memory.
Nutrient regeneration in sediments off Cap Blanc, Spanish Sahara

Abstract Fluxes of nutrients out of the bottom sediments were measured off Cap Blanc, Spanish Sahara, by in situ incubation of the bottom under bell jars. The relationship of Si/N/P regenerated averaged 11/8/1. The average total nitrogen flux out of the sediments (410 μg-atoms M n −2 h −1 ) would account for approximately 30 to 40% of the nitrogen presumed to be required for photosynthesis. Pore water nutrient concentrations were high over the 60 nautical miles square area investigated during the JOINT-I expedition, but tended to decrease offshore in deep water, and it can be presumed that sediment to bottom water fluxes of nutrients followed a similar trend.
The U.S. Angel and Venture Capital Market: Recent Trends and Developments

Since the nadir of the early nineties the angel and venture capital markets began a recovery with a vengeance, and recent market gyrations offer yet more insights into the long and winding road of the private equity industry. From a relatively quiet and little noticed beginning, angel and venture capital investments soared, accompanied by a near astronomical rise in deal valuations. For the first time since the study of angels was initiated, venture capital investments exceed, in total dollars, the amount of angel investments, although the number of deals remained larger in the angel market. A classic angel and venture capital boom was in the making. Since the law of gravity has not been repealed, even in the early stage equity financing of high growth ventures, unsustainable trends inevitably return to normalcy. Unfortunately, after such lofty behavior, the return to normalcy often seems a harsh penalty. In general, the carnage has resulted in the needed culling of the forest. Angels are reasserting their fundamental role as the major source of seed capital for high growth entrepreneurial ventures. Patient investing is back in vogue and unsustainable expectations have been discarded into the trash heap of an overheated market. This article examines the rise and the downturn in the private equity market, and identifies some of the causes for each. Current and future market trends are also identified.
Site-specific integration of mycobacteriophage L5: integration-proficient vectors for Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and bacille Calmette-Guérin.

Mycobacteriophage L5, a temperate phage of mycobacteria, integrates site-specifically into the Mycobacterium smegmatis chromosome. We have identified the int gene and attP site of L5, characterized the chromosomal attachment site (attB), and constructed plasmid vectors that efficiently transform M. smegmatis through stable site-specific integration of the plasmid into the bacterial genome. These integration-proficient plasmids also efficiently transform slow-growing mycobacteria such as the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the vaccine strain bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). The ability to easily generate stable recombinants in these slow-growing mycobacteria without the requirement for continual selection is of particular importance for the construction of recombinant BCG vaccines and for the isolation and characterization of mycobacterial pathogenic determinants in animal model systems. Integration vectors of this type should be of general use in a number of additional bacterial systems where temperate phages have been identified.
Modeling of flow in a single screw extruder

Abstract A new analytical solution of an isothermal, Newtonian flow in a single screw extruder with a finite channel is developed with the actual boundary conditions encountered. Down channel velocity distributions are presented in three-dimensional plots. The boundary conditions, velocity distributions, and screw characteristics predicted by the new solution are tested using the experimental data from published literature (Choo et al ., 1980, Polymer Engineering and Science, 20 , 349-56; Griffith, 1962, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 1 , 180-7). The results are found to be more accurate than existing theories (Rowell & Finlayson, 1922, Engineering, 126 , 249-87; Tadmor & Gogos, 1979, Principles of Polymer Processing, Wiley; Rauwendaal, 1986, Polymer Extrusion, Hanser).
Extending the fundamental imaging-depth limit of multi-photon microscopy by imaging with photo-activatable fluorophores

It is highly desirable to be able to optically probe biological activities deep inside live organisms. By employing a spatially confined excitation via a nonlinear transition, multiphoton fluorescence microscopy has become indispensable for imaging scattering samples. However, as the incident laser power drops exponentially with imaging depth due to scattering loss, the out-of-focus fluorescence eventually overwhelms the in-focal signal. The resulting loss of imaging contrast defines a fundamental imaging-depth limit, which cannot be overcome by increasing excitation intensity. Herein we propose to significantly extend this depth limit by multiphoton activation and imaging (MPAI) of photo-activatable fluorophores. The imaging contrast is drastically improved due to the created disparity of bright-dark quantum states in space. We demonstrate this new principle by both analytical theory and experiments on tissue phantoms labeled with synthetic caged fluorescein dye or genetically encodable photoactivatable GFP.
High elastic modulus nanoparticles: a novel tool for subfailure connective tissue matrix damage

Subfailure matrix injuries such as sprains and strains account for a considerable portion of ligament and tendon pathologies. In addition to the lack of a robust biological healing response, these types of injuries are often characterized by seriously diminished matrix biomechanics. Recent work has shown nanosized particles, such as nanocarbons and nanocellulose, to be effective in modulating cell and biological matrix responses for biomedical applications. In this article, we investigate the feasibility and effect of using high stiffness nanostructures of varying size and shape as nanofillers to mechanically reinforce damaged soft tissue matrices. To this end, nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. Next, we used a uniaxial tensile injury model to test connective tissue (porcine skin and tendon) biomechanical response to NP injections. After injection into damaged skin and tendon specimens, the NPs, more notably nanocarbons in skin, led to an increase in elastic moduli and yield strength. Furthermore, rat primary patella tendon fibroblast cell activity evaluated using the metabolic water soluble tetrazolium salt assay showed no cytotoxicity of the NPs studied, instead after 21 days nanocellulose-treated tenocytes exhibited significantly higher cell activity when compared with nontreated control tenocytes. Dispersion of nanocarbons injected by solution into tendon tissue was investigated through histologic studies, revealing effective dispersion and infiltration in the treated region. Such results suggest that these high modulus NPs could be used as a tool for damaged connective tissue repair.
Prior and future withdrawal and performance: A meta-analysis of their relations in panel studies

Abstract While consensus exists among researchers that withdrawal and performance are related, the ordering of these constructs in proposed models frequently varies based on the theoretical focus of the study. Specifically, several extant well-being theories predict employee withdrawal will affect future performance while several turnover theories predict employee performance will affect future withdrawal. This study systematically addresses these complementary theories by conducting a meta-analysis of panel studies measuring both withdrawal and performance at two or more time periods. After accounting for sampling and measurement error, meta-analytic regression results indicate that performance is significantly negatively related to future withdrawal (ρ = − .19) even after accounting for prior withdrawal (β = − .03). However, the relationship between withdrawal and future performance (ρ = − .20) disappeared after accounting for prior performance (β = .00), although burnout did predict future performance even after accounting for prior performance (β = − .07).
Infinite Alternating Groups as Finitary Linear Transformation Groups

abstract degree of a classical group as its natural projective representation degree (see (6.2)). Case (1) of (2.6) is dispensed with using Mal’cev’s local characterization of finite dimensional linear groups and their classification. THEOREM (2.7) (Mal’cev, see [ 13, l.L.91). Let G be a Iocally finite group with adeg(G) < 00. Then G is a finite dimensional linear group. THEOREM (2.8) [l, 2,8,21]. Let G be an infinite group. Then is a simple, locally finite, linear group of finite degree if and only if G is isomorphic to an adjoint group of Lie type over an infinite subfield Fp, the algebraic closure of [F,, for some prime p. 3. LOCAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FINITARY LINEAR GROUPS; A THEOREM OF MAL’CEV TYPE Mal’cev’s theorem (2.7) provides a local characterization of locally finite linear groups G of finite degree. The property of having a faithful linear representation of degree n passes from the set of finite subgroups of G to G itself. Under this section we provide a similar result for locally finite simple groups which are linitary linear. Remember that the linear transformation g of the vector space I/ is finitary if g fixes pointwise a subspace of finite codimension in V. That is, the subspace C,(g) = {v E V 1 vg = v} has finite codimension in V, or equivalently the subspace [V, g] = {v(g - 1) 1 v E V} has finite dimension in V. The collection of all linitary members of GL( V) forms a normal sub- group FGL( V), and a group which is (isomorphic to) a subgroup of FGL( V), for some V, is sometimes called a finitary linear group.
Richmond's Rhetoric and Chatham's Collapse: A Media History

John Singleton Copley's The Death of the Earl of Chatham has been discussed extensively by art historians, but little critical attention has been paid to written accounts of the debate between the Duke of Richmond and the Earl of Chatham nor the process by which they evolved into the strikingly uniform descriptions found in biographies of Chatham and in parliamentary histories both contemporary and modern. A letter from Walker King to Richard Burke, Jr., written within hours of the event, offers a compelling new perspective on what may have been said on the floor of Lords on 7 April 1778 and raises questions about the role of the London newspapers and journals in not only reporting parliamentary debates but also editorially controlling how they passed into history. The mysterious disappearance of inflammatory rhetoric found in more immediate newspaper reports suggests particular political reasons for such omissions and subsequent adjustments to the historical and visual record. Such findings in turn posit the desirability of an enhanced method for reconstructing parliamentary debates based on the accessibility of the digital Burney newspaper collection.
Decoupled Architectures as a Low-Complexity Alternative to Out-of-order Execution

In this paper we present OUTRIDERHP, a novel implementation of a decoupled architecture that approaches the performance of contemporary out-of-order processors on parallel benchmarks while maintaining low hardware complexity. OUTRIDERHP leverages the compiler to separate a single thread of execution into memory-accessing and memory-consuming streams that can be executed concurrently, which we call strands. We identify loss-of-decoupling events which cripple performance on traditional decoupled architectures, and design OUTRIDERHP to enable extraction of multiple strands and control speculation which provide superior memory and functional unit latency tolerance. OUTRIDERHP outperforms a baseline in-order architecture by 26-220% and Decoupled Access/Execute by 7-172% when executing parallel benchmarks on an 8-core CMP configuration. OUTRIDERHP performs within 15% of higher-complexity out-of-order cores despite not utilizing large physical register files, dynamic scheduling, and register renaming hardware.
Turbulent drag reduction and multistage transitions in viscoelastic minimal flow units

The observation that addition of a minute amount of flexible polymers to fluid reduces turbulent friction drag is well known. However, many aspects of this drag reduction phenomenon are not well understood; in particular, the origin of the maximum drag reduction (MDR) asymptote, a universal upper limit on drag reduction by polymers, remains an open question. This study focuses on the drag reduction phenomenon in the plane Poiseuille geometry in a parameter regime close to the laminar–turbulent transition. By minimizing the size of the periodic simulation box to the lower limit for which turbulence persists, the essential self-sustaining turbulent motions are isolated. In these ‘minimal flow unit’ (MFU) solutions, a series of qualitatively different stages consistent with previous experiments is observed, including an MDR stage where the mean flow rate is found to be invariant with respect to changing polymer-related parameters. Before the MDR stage, an additional transition exists between a relatively low degree (LDR) and a high degree (HDR) of drag reduction. This transition occurs at about 13%–15% of drag reduction and is characterized by a sudden increase in the minimal box size, as well as many qualitative changes in flow statistics. The observation of LDR–HDR transition at less than 15% drag reduction shows for the first time that it is a qualitative transition instead of a quantitative effect of the amount of drag reduction. Spatio-temporal flow structures change substantially upon this transition, suggesting that two distinct types of self-sustaining turbulent dynamics are observed. In LDR, as in Newtonian turbulence, the self-sustaining process involves one low-speed streak and its surrounding streamwise vortices; after the LDR–HDR transition, multiple streaks are present in the self-sustaining structure and complex intermittent behaviour of the streaks is observed. This multistage scenario of LDR–HDR–MDR recovers all key transitions commonly observed and studied at much higher Reynolds numbers.
Compiler analysis of irregular memory accesses

Irregular array accesses are array accesses whose array subscripts do not have closed-form expressions in terms of loop indices. Traditional array analysis and loop transformation techniques cannot handle irregular array accesses. In this paper, we study two kinds of simple and common cases of irregular array accesses: single-indexed access and indirect array access. We present techniques to analyze these two cases at compile-time, and we provide experimental results showing the effectiveness of these techniques in finding more implicit loop parallelism at compile-time and improved speedups.
Association Between Hospital Finances, Payer Mix, and Complications After Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Deficiencies in the Current Healthcare Reimbursement System and Future Implications

Despite increasing implementation of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), there are little data on its financial implications. We analyzed hospital cost and reimbursement data within the context of insurance provider type and postoperative complications. Clinicopathologic variables, hospital costs, and reimbursement for all patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC at a single institution from 2009 to 2013 were analyzed. A total of 64 patients underwent CRS/HIPEC. Median PCI score was 19, and average operative time was 550 min. Tumor histology included appendiceal (n = 40; 62 %), colorectal (n = 16; 25 %), goblet cell (n = 5; 8 %), and mesothelioma (n = 3; 5 %). Median length-of-stay was 13 days. Complications occurred in 42 patients (66 %), including 13 (20 %) with major (Clavien grade III–IV) complications. Payer mix included 42 private insurance and 22 Medicare/Medicaid. Financial data was available for 56 patients: average total hospital cost was $49,248 and reimbursement was $63,771, for a hospital profit of $14,523/patient. Despite similar costs between Medicare/Medicaid and private-insurance patients, Medicare/Medicaid reimbursed much less ($30,713 vs $80,747; p < 0.001), resulting in a net loss of $17,342 per patient. For private-insured patients, major complications were associated with increased cost and increased reimbursement, resulting in a net profit of $36,285, compared with a net loss of $54,274 in Medicare/Medicaid patients. CRS/HIPEC is profitable in privately insured patients, even for those with major complications, but loses money in patients with Medicare/Medicaid. Under a future bundled-reimbursement system, complications will be negatively associated with profit. With these impending changes, hospitals must place emphasis on value, recalculate the reimbursement necessary for financial viability, and focus on decreasing costs and minimizing complications.
Speciation of selenium dietary supplements; formation of S-(methylseleno)cysteine and other selenium compounds.

Abstract Speciation of selenium is of interest because it is both essential and toxic to humans, depending on the species and the amount ingested. Following indications that selenium supplementation could reduce the incidence of some cancers, selenium-enriched yeast and other materials have been commercialized as supplements. Most dramatically however, the SELECT trial that utilized l -selenomethionine as the active supplement was terminated in 2008 and there is much debate regarding both the planning and the results of efficacy studies. Further, since dietary supplements are not regulated as pharmaceuticals, there are concerns about the quality, storage conditions, stability and selenium content in selenium supplements. Enzymatic hydrolysis enabled selenium speciation profiles to be obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC–ICP-MS) and following derivatization gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC–AED). Coated fiber solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used to extract volatile selenium species for determination by GC–AED and GC–MS. Similar speciation patterns were observed between yeast-based supplements subject to extended storage and those heated briefly at elevated temperatures. All the yeast-based supplements and one yeast-free supplement formed S -(methylseleno)cysteine on heating. Evidence was obtained in support of the hypotheses that S -(methylseleno)cysteine is formed from a reaction between dimethyldiselenide and cysteine or cystine.
Pathophysiologic basis of soft tissue tumor scanning

Mechanisms for localization of radionuclides in soft tissue tumors are discussed in relationship to a sequential observation of the label from the time it enters the intravascular space until the time it can be identified in a tumor in greater concentration than in surrounding normal structures. In the case of soft tissue lymphoma identification with gallium or other labeled compounds, it appears that the degree of positivity on a scan will depend upon the characteristic features that the tumor has which differ from the normal surrounding structure. These features include the relative blood volume in the tumor, the transcapillary transport of labeled protein within the tumor, the relative pinocytotic activity of tumor cells in relation to normal tissue, the relative affinity for the label of intracellular proteins in tumor cells vs. normal tissue, and finally the capacity of the tumor to retain the radioactive label due to poor lymphatic drainage or interstitial pressure different from surrounding tissue. By appreciating these possible mechanisms, we may now be able to search for those features which would lead toward positive tumor scans and predict the characteristic features of tumors which will make it possible to detect them by tracer methods. In recognizing these features, we may be able to develop tracer techniques to improve the identification of soft tissue neoplasms.
Purification of the intestinal receptor for intrinsic factor by affinity chromatography.

Abstract The intestinal receptor for the intrinsic factor•vitamin B-12 complex has been solubilized and then purified from the guinea pig ileum using a double strutured affinity resin comprised of intrinsic factor coupled to vitamin B-12 which, in turn, was covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. The receptor purified approximately 57 000-fold from the crude homogenate, appears to be a homogeneous protein which may be composed of two subunits which separated when the preparation was subjected to polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid induced dissociation of the complex between the purified receptor and intrinsic factor•B-12 could not be reversed by the addition of excess Ca 2+ , unlike the effect of EDTA with semipurified receptor or crude ileal homogenates. Calcium reversed the EDTA effect only after the mixture was subjected to extensive dialysis suggesting that the chelating agent interacts directly with the receptor protein. Intrinsic factor·vitamin B-12 competively inhibited the binding of intrinsic factor·[ 57 Co] vitamin B-12 to the purified receptor whereas vitamin B-12 free intrinsic factor did not, even at a 100-fold greater concentration.
Role for the Proapoptotic Factor BIM in Mediating Imatinib-induced Apoptosis in a c-KIT-dependent Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Cell Line

The c-KIT receptor tyrosine kinase is constitutively activated and oncogenic in the majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. The identification of selective inhibitors of c-KIT, such as imatinib, has provided a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of this chemotherapy refractory tumor. However, despite the clinical importance of these findings and the potential it provides as a model system for understanding targeted therapy, this approach has not yielded curative outcomes in most patients, and the biochemical pathways connecting c-KIT inhibition to cell death are not completely understood. Here, we show that inhibition of c-KIT with imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) triggered the up-regulation of the proapoptotic protein BIM via both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. The inhibition of c-KIT by imatinib increased levels of the dephosphorylated and deubiquitinated form of BIM as well as triggered the accumulation of the transcription factor FOXO3a on the BIM promoter to activate transcription of BIM mRNA. Furthermore, using RNA interference directed against BIM, we demonstrated that BIM knockdown attenuated the effects of imatinib, suggesting that BIM functionally contributes to imatinib-induced apoptosis in GIST. The identification and characterization of the pathways that mediate imatinib-induced cell death in GIST provide for a better understanding of targeted therapy and may facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to further exploit these pathways.
New picture of high-temperature superconductivity

Abstract The case for high-temperature superconductivity originating in SrO or BaO planes, or in interstitial regions, is made, including (i) four successfully predicted superconductors; (ii) evidence that the superconductivity of the major cuprates is associated with holes in these layers; (iii) data showing that Pr on one side of a cuprate-plane kills the superconductivity, but Pr on the other side does not; and (iv) evidence that doped Sr 2 YRuO 6 has an onset of superconductivity at ∼45 K despite having no cuprate-planes.
Sulphasalazine inhibition of thiopurine methyltransferase: possible mechanism for interaction with 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine.

Abstract Thiopurine drugs are used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease--as are sulphasalazine and its metabolite 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA). S-Methylation catalyzed by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is a major pathway in the metabolism of thiopurines. The hypothesis was tested that TPMT might be inhibited by sulphasalazine or isomers of ASA. Sulphasalazine as well as 3-, 4- and 5-ASA inhibited recombinant human TPMT, with IC50 values of 78, 99, 2600 and 1240 microM, respectively. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the inhibition of TPMT by sulphasalazine and ASA isomers was non-competitive with regard to the thiopurine substrate, 6-MP, and was uncompetitive with regard to the methyl donor for the reaction, S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Our observations raise the possibility of a clinically significant drug-drug interaction in patients treated simultaneously with sulphasalazine and thiopurine drugs.
The Energy Radiated by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake Estimated from 10-Minute P-Wave Windows

The rupture process of the M W 9.1 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake lasted for approximately 500 sec, nearly twice as long as the teleseismic time windows between the P and PP arrival times generally used to compute radiated energy. In order to measure the P waves radiated by the entire earthquake, we analyze records that extend from the P -wave to the S -wave arrival times from stations at distances Δ >60°. These 8- to 10-min windows contain the PP, PPP , and ScP arrivals, along with other multiply reflected phases. To gauge the effect of including these additional phases, we form the spectral ratio of the source spectrum estimated from extended windows (between TP and TS ) to the source spectrum estimated from normal windows (between TP and TPP ). The extended windows are analyzed as though they contained only the P-pP-sP wave group. We analyze four smaller earthquakes that occurred in the vicinity of the M W 9.1 mainshock, with similar depths and focal mechanisms. These smaller events range in magnitude from an M W 6.0 aftershock of 9 January 2005 to the M W 8.6 Nias earthquake that occurred to the south of the Sumatra– Andaman earthquake on 28 March 2005. We average the spectral ratios for these four events to obtain a frequency-dependent operator for the extended windows. We then correct the source spectrum estimated from the extended records of the 26 December 2004 mainshock to obtain a complete or corrected source spectrum for the entire rupture process (∼600 sec) of the great Sumatra–Andaman earthquake. Our estimate of the total seismic energy radiated by this earthquake is 1.4 × 1017 J. When we compare the corrected source spectrum for the entire earthquake to the source spectrum from the first ∼250 sec of the rupture process (obtained from normal teleseismic windows), we find that the mainshock radiated much more seismic energy in the first half of the rupture process than in the second half, especially over the period range from 3 sec to 40 sec.
Physical properties of Tld, Sog, Tsg and Dpp protein interactions are predicted to help create a sharp boundary in Bmp signals during dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo.

Dorsal cell fate in Drosophila embryos is specified by an activity gradient of Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a homologue of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) 2/4. Previous genetic and biochemical studies have revealed that the Sog, Tsg and Tld proteins modify Dpp activity at the post-transcriptional level. The predominant view is that Sog and Tsg form a strong ternary complex with Dpp that prevents it from binding to its cognate receptors in lateral regions of the embryo, while in the dorsalmost cells Tld is proposed to process Sog and thereby liberate Dpp for signaling. In this model, it is not readily apparent how Tld activity is restricted to the dorsal-most cells as it is expressed throughout the entire dorsal domain. In this study, additional genetic and biochemical assays were developed to further probe the relationships between the Sog, Tsg, Tld and Dpp proteins. Using cell based assays, we find that the dynamic range over which Dpp functions for signaling is the same range in which Dpp stimulates the cleavage of Sog by Tld. In addition, our data supports a role for Tsg in sensitizing the patterning mechanism to low levels of Dpp. We propose that the strong Dpp concentration dependence exhibited by the processing reaction, together with movement of Dpp by Sog and Tsg protein can help explain how Tld activity is confined to the dorsal-most region of the embryo through formation of a spatially dependent positive and negative reinforcement loop. Such a mechanism also explains how a sharp rather than smooth signaling boundary is formed.
Psychosocial implications of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that has not only physical but also social and psychological ramifications for both the injured person and the family. Within one brief moment, a person's world will be changed forever. Like a ripple on the water, one injured family member affects the entire family system. This article will identify the social and psychological forces that impact the injured person's quality of life along with that of his or her family and the interventions that can be instituted by acute care personnel.
The effects of pyrolytic conditions on microwave pyrolysis of prairie cordgrass and kinetics

Abstract This study investigated microwave pyrolysis of prairie cordgrass (PCG) to determine the effects of pyrolysis temperature and time on the yields of bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. Microwave pyrolysis of PCG was analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM) to find out the effect of process variables on the bio-oil and syngas yield and established prediction models. Second-order reaction kinetics was developed to model the PCG pyrolysis. Bio-oil recovery was in the range of 20.3–33.1 wt% of the biomass. GC–MS analysis indicates that the bio-oil contained a series of important and useful chemical compounds: aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. These chemical compounds evolved were related to the pyrolysis conditions.
Optoelectronic Chip Based on a Laser Integrated with a Thermoelectrophotonic Heat Pump

Data are presented demonstrating, to our knowledge, the first monolithic chip integrating a semiconductor laser with a spontaneous light emitting diode optical pump that can also act as a heat pump. The light emitting diode operates in the voltage bias regime needed to generate a thermoelectrophotonic heat absorption. Under ideal operation the light emitting diode can efficiently optically pump the semiconductor laser, while at the same time absorbing heat generated by the laser and electrical contacting to the chip.
Depletion of heart and skeletal muscle carnitine in the normal rat by peritoneal dialysis

Abstract Serum carnitine values are markedly reduced during dialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. In an effort to obtain more evidence for dialysis induced carnitine depletion in tissue an antimal model was developed. It was found that a relatively short term peritoneal dialysis treatment in the normal rat led to a 50% decrease in serum carnitine and a 50% reduction of carnitine in the heart and skeletal muscle. The concentration of carnitine in liver did not change. The results indicate that this model may be suitable for determining specific effects of carnitine depletion in heart and skeletal muscle as well as studying the effects of dialysis under various experimental conditions.