cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure, deformation and strength of ferrous martensites

Abstract The structure, deformation mode and flow strength of a widely varied series of Fe-Ni-C alloys has been determined. In alloys with less than 0.3 wt.% carbon, both lenticular-tetragonal martensites and packet-cubic martensites deform by slip at flow strengths determined chiefly by the carbon content. At higher carbon levels, the packet-cubic martensites are significantly stronger because they continue to deform by slip whereas lenticular-tetragonal martensites with the same carbon content deform by twinning. It is suggested that twinning is suppressed in the higher carbon cubic martensites because in these structures all twin variants inevitably carry a large fraction of the carbon atoms into high energy, non-octahedral sites.
The application of a fluorinated isothiocyanate as coupling agent in the Edman degradation.

Abstract Pentafluorophenylisothiocyanate was used as a coupling agent in Edman degradation. All the pentafluorophenylthiohydantoins, except for arginine and histidine, could be identified by gas chromatography with the use of a one-column system. Their ultraviolet spectra and mobilities in thin-layer systems were studied. This new coupling agent was successfully used in short degradations of peptides and alternating with phenylthiocyanate in the degradation of a complex mixture of peptides of salmon calcitonin.
Theoretical evaluation of a mechanism of precipitate-enhanced cavity swelling during irradiation

Abstract It is often observed experimentally in complex alloys, such as the austenitic stainless steels, that the largest cavities produced during irradiation are attached to second-phase precipitate particles. One hypothesis that such observations suggest is that the precipitate—matrix interface may assist in the collection of irradiation-produced point defects which are channelled to the attached cavities. A theoretical analysis is developed to evaluate this mechanism. It is found that the growth of cavities attached to precipitates is increased compared to the growth of cavities in the matrix. The relative growth rates of the two types of cavity are also affected by differences in bias and differences in sink strength. The relationships required to evaluate these effects are developed and the consequences of enhanced point-defect collection are explored in some detail. For the parameter range of interest, it is found by calculation that the cavity attached to the precipitate may grow several times larg...
Spectrometric rapid sampling/mixing system for analytical/clinical methods.

Abstract A rapid sampling/mixing system has been designed which conforms to certain criteria necessary for its use as a clinical analyser. These include low solution volume (
VLF LH/whistler nonlinear interactions in the topside ionosphere: Simulation study

Summary form only given. Recent observations of the VLF waves with frequencies close to so-called lower hybrid resonance frequency have shown that amplitudes of the observed waves are 20–30 dB smaller than those obtained in VLF propagation models. Nonlinear interactions have been suggested1 to account for the missing mechanism of energy losses in the current propagation models. Our study2 of nonlinear induced scattering in electrostatic limit based on a novel 3D code which includes so-called vector nonlinearity pinned the above nonlinear mechanism as a very likely source of this discrepancy. The results virtually reproduce the Demeter satellite observations of intense broadband lower hybrid (LH) electrostatic waves generated by whistler-mode waves from the VLF transmitter NWC. Here we present the results of the extension of the numerical model to electromagnetic (whistler) limit and discuss possible ways of doing the modeling in realistic geometry, essential for obtaining the correct spatial distribution of attenuation of the pump wave emitted from spacecraft through various latitude/longitude as well as altitude regions of the ionosphere.
High-resolution CT assessment of the pediatric airways: structure and function

The airway has always been a central focus for respiratory pathology in infants and children. Imaging of the larynx, trachea, and the central bronchi can be readily accomplished by radiographic or conventional CT techniques. Newer high resolution CT (HRCT) techniques have extended our view of the bronchi peripherally to the limits of scanner resolution, i.e., to bronchial generations 7 - 9, and rapid volumetric CT data acquisitions have made it possible to follow the same lung anatomic level through the rapidly occurring changes in a series of experimental protocols. These techniques together with a custom designed computer software program for image display and analysis have enabled us to objectively study changes in airway caliber and lung density that occurred in an animal mode of airway reactivity and thereby relate structure with function in the airways.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pyrrolidine analogs of GZ-793A: Synthesis and evaluation as inhibitors of the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2)

Abstract Central heterocyclic ring size reduction from piperidinyl to pyrrolidinyl in the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitor GZ-793A and its analogs resulted in novel N-propane-1,2(R)-diol analogs 11a–i. These compounds were evaluated for their affinity for the dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) binding site on VMAT2 and for their ability to inhibit vesicular dopamine (DA) uptake. The 4-difluoromethoxyphenethyl analog 11f was the most potent inhibitor of [3H]-DTBZ binding (Ki = 560 nM), with 15-fold greater affinity for this site than GZ-793A (Ki = 8.29 μM). Analog 11f also showed similar potency of inhibition of [3H]-DA uptake into vesicles (Ki = 45 nM) compared to that for GZ-793A (Ki = 29 nM). Thus, 11f represents a new water-soluble inhibitor of VMAT function.
The chlamydial functional homolog of KsgA confers kasugamycin sensitivity to Chlamydia trachomatis and impacts bacterial fitness.

rRNA adenine dimethyltransferases, represented by the Escherichia coli KsgA protein, are highly conserved phylogenetically and are generally not essential for growth. They are responsible for the post-transcriptional transfer of two methyl groups to two universally conserved adenosines located near the 3'end of the small subunit rRNA and participate in ribosome maturation. All sequenced genomes of Chlamydia reveal a ksgA homolog in each species, including C. trachomatis. Yet absence of a S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase in Chlamydia, the conserved enzyme involved in the synthesis of the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine, raises a doubt concerning the activity of the KsgA homolog in these organisms. Lack of the dimethylated adenosines following ksgA inactivation confers resistance to kasugamycin (KSM) in E. coli. Expression of the C. trachomatis L2 KsgA ortholog restored KSM sensitivity to the E. coli ksgA mutant, suggesting that the chlamydial KsgA homolog has specific rRNA dimethylase activity. C. trachomatis growth was sensitive to KSM and we were able to isolate a KSM resistant mutant of C. trachomatis containing a frameshift mutation in ksgA, which led to the formation of a shorter protein with no activity. Growth of the C. trachomatis ksgA mutant was negatively affected in cell culture highlighting the importance of the methylase in the development of these obligate intracellular and as yet genetically intractable pathogens. The presence of a functional rRNA dimethylase enzyme belonging to the KsgA family in Chlamydia presents an excellent chemotherapeutic target with real potential. It also confirms the existence of S-adenosyl-methionine - dependent methylation reactions in Chlamydia raising the question of how these organisms acquire this cofactor.
The design of a parallel graphics interface

It has become increasingly difficult to drive a modern highperformance graphics accelerator at full speed with a serial immediate-mode graphics interface. To resolve this problem, retainedmode constructs have been integrated into graphics interfaces. While retained-mode constructs provide a good solution in many cases, at times they provide an undesirable interface model for the application programmer, and in some cases they do not solve the performance problem. In order to resolve some of these cases, we present a parallel graphics interface that may be used in conjunction with the existing API as a new paradigm for highperformance graphics applications. The parallel API extends existing ideas found in OpenGL and X11 that allow multiple graphics contexts to simultaneously draw into the same image. Through the introduction of synchronization primitives, the parallel API allows parallel traversal of an explicitly ordered scene. We give code examples which demonstrate how the API can be used to expose parallelism while retaining many of the desirable features of serial immediate-mode programming. The viability of the API is demonstrated by the performance of our implementation which achieves scalable performance on a 24 processor system. CR
Comparison of the tendency to cling to glass and haemagglutination produced in erythrocyte suspensions by ferric chloride and by influenza virus.

IN a recent publication1 dealing with the mechanism of virus haemagglutination, it was suggested that erythrocytes that had adsorbed the virus became hydrophobic, hence their tendency to cling to glass. This hydrophobic character of the virus – erythrocyte adsorption complex produces behaviour similar to that observed with oil droplets in an aqueous medium. That is, under the influence of surface tension the complex adheres to any surface with which it is in contact. It was further suggested that the aggregation of erythrocytes (haemagglutination), as well as tendency to cling to glass (shield formation), could be explained in this fashion without the necessity of postulating virus ‘bridges’2 linking cell to cell and cell to glass.
Variation in carbon isotope discrimination within and among Sphagnum species in a temperate wetland

Field samples of bryophytes are highly variable in carbon isotope discrimination values (Δ, a measure of 13CO2 uptake relative to 12CO2), but it is unknown what affects Δ under field conditions, or how variation in Δ relates to bryophyte performance. This study employed field and greenhouse common garden studies to evaluate the influence of microsite, seasonal, and genetic variation on Δ in peatmosses. Three species of Sphagnum that occupy hollow (S. recurvum), carpet (S. palustre), and hummock (S. tenerum) habitats were sampled for relative growth rates (RGR), C:N ratio, and Δ throughout a growing season. Values of Δ ranged from 19.0 to 27.1‰. This variation was unrelated to species (P=0.61). However, Δ varied seasonally (P 0.08). These results suggest that environmental, not genetic, variation at microsites affects Δ in non-vascular plants. However, environmental control of Δ is unlike that in vascular plants where water limitation lowers chloroplastic demand and increases resistance to carbon uptake. In non-vascular plants, water limitation lowers chloroplastic demand and decreases resistance to carbon uptake. These processes have additive effects and generate high spatial and seasonal variability in Δ.
Inhibition of radiostrontium absorption by aluminum phosphate gel in man and its comparative effect on radiocalcium absorption.

Abstract Studies performed under constant and strictly controlled dietary conditions have shown that a single oral dose of aluminum phosphate gel, ranging from 300 ml to 100 ml, given immediately prior to the oral dose of 85Sr decreased the absorption of 85Sr in man by an average of 87·5 per cent. An amount of 100 ml aluminum phosphate gel was as effective as 300 ml in decreasing the absorption of 85Sr. The decrease in 47Ca absorption was considerably less than the decrease in 85Sr absorption, averaging 37·8 per cent. The disproportionate decrease in 47Ca and 85Sr absorption in the aluminum phosphate gel studies resulted in a marked increase in the 47Ca/85Sr discrimination ratio of the absorption and of the plasma levels of these radio-isotopes. A comparison of the absorption of 47Ca and 85Sr determined in the same patients in the aluminum phosphate gel studies showed an average 47Ca/85Sr discrimination ratio of 12·9 as compared to a value of 1·62 in the control studies. The aluminum phosphate gel studies have shown that this non-toxic, well-tolerated substance is effective in inhibiting the absorption of acutely ingested radiostrontium in man and that this compound decreases the absorption of 47Ca to a considerably lesser extent.
Surface states, Friedel oscillations, and spin accumulation in p-doped semiconductors

We consider a hole-doped semiconductor with a sharp boundary and study the boundary spin accumulation in response to a charge current. First, we solve exactly a single-particle quantum-mechanics problem described by the isotropic Luttinger model in half-space and construct an orthonormal basis for the corresponding Hamiltonian. It is shown that the complete basis includes two types of eigenstates. The first class of states contains conventional incident and reflected waves, while the other class includes localized surface states. Second, we consider a many-body system in the presence of a charge current flowing parallel to the boundary. It is shown that the localized states contribute to spin accumulation near the surface. We also show that the spin density exhibits current-induced Friedel oscillations with three different periods determined by the Fermi momenta of the light and heavy holes. We find an exact asymptotic expression for the Friedel oscillations far from the boundary. We also calculate numerically the spin density profile and compute the total spin accumulation, which is defined as the integral of the spin density in the direction perpendicular to the boundary. The total spin accumulation is shown to fit very well the simple formula ${S}_{\mathrm{tot}}\ensuremath{\propto}(1\ensuremath{-}{m}_{L}∕{m}_{H}{)}^{2}$, where ${m}_{L}$ and ${m}_{H}$ are the light- and heavy-hole masses. The effects of disorder are discussed. We estimate the spin relaxation time in the Luttinger model and argue that spin physics cannot be described within the diffusion approximation.
Developing manufacturing control software: A survey and critique

The complexity and diversity of manufacturing software and the need to adapt this software to the frequent changes in the production requirements necessitate the use of a systematic approach to developing this software. The software life-cycle model (Royce, 1970) that consists of specifying the requirements of a software system, designing, implementing, testing, and evolving this software can be followed when developing large portions of manufacturing software. However, the presence of hardware devices in these systems and the high costs of acquiring and operating hardware devices further complicate the manufacturing software development process and require that the functionality of this software be extended to incorporate simulation and prototyping.
On the matrix equations AH + HA∗ = A∗H + HA = I

Abstract This paper considers the simultaneous solution of the matrix equations AH + HA ∗ = A ∗ H + HA = I , where H is Hermitian. A full characterization of A in terms of a given H is obtained. Various results are also obtained for those H satisfying the equations with a given A .
Poverty and Peacemaking Criminology: Beyond Mainstream Criminology

Mainstream criminology has traditionally focused on poverty as an isolated variable, whose effects are typically explored by inserting a limited measure of this variable in a multivariate analysis. Peacemaking criminology, however, offers an alternative perspective. In this paradigm, poverty is seen as a source of suffering and, to a degree, a “crime” in and of itself. Furthermore, the suffering poverty engenders is an enveloping social experience that exposes its victims to concentrated disadvantage—or, to use Jonathan Kozol’s (1991) term, to a range of “savage inequalities.” Thus, poverty is best understood not as an isolated variable, but as a master status of fundamental social reality that subjects people to lives filled with suffering—suffering that can engender criminal behavior. From a peacemaking perspective, a key avenue for preventing crime is, in the short run, diminishing the suffering poverty causes and, in the long run, embracing social policies that reduce the prevalence of economic suffering in contemporary society.
A simpler expression for Henry’s function describing the electrophoretic mobility of spherical colloids

An approximate expression for Henry’s function, describing the electrophoretic mobility of a spherical colloidal particle in the limit of low surface potentials, is developed through a physical analogy to a colloidal particle with a linearly slipping surface (i.e. satisfies the Navier slip condition). The resulting expression reproduces Henry’s function with a relative error of no more than 0.1%. This approach is generalized for the electrophoretic mobility of a particle regardless of surface potential though necessary data for rigorous testing is lacking.
Prenatal ethanol and ontogeny of pituitary-adrenal responses to ethanol and morphine

The development of pituitary-adrenal activity was examined in the offspring of rat dams fed a 5.0% w/v ethanol-containing liquid diet or pair-fed an isocaloric diet, as a nutritional control, from day 8 of gestation to parturition. Serum corticosterone responses of the pups to challenges with ethanol (1.5 g/kg) or morphine (3.0 mg/kg) were determined at 5, 7, 10, 12 and 18 days of age. The pituitary-adrenal axis of normal neonates was activated by the drugs at each age, with a characteristic biphasic developmental pattern in which a trough occurred at day 7. The overall pattern was unaffected by prenatal ethanol exposure or pair-feeding. However, both prenatal treatments intensified the trough. Already on day 5 and also on day 7, corticosterone responses of both the ethanol-exposed and pair-fed offspring to ethanol were significantly lower than responses of normal pups. Additionally, on day 7, ethanol-exposed offspring had significantly lower responses to ethanol than pair-fed offspring and significantly lower responses to morphine than normal pups. Thus, both the prenatal ethanol and pair-feeding treatments suppressed pituitary-adrenal responsiveness of 5 and 7 day-old neonates to the drug challenges. This is in marked contrast to our previous findings for adult prenatally ethanol-exposed offspring whose pituitary-adrenal responses to the same drugs, as well as to other stressors, are consistently enhanced in comparison to pair-fed derived rats, whose responses in adulthood no longer differ from normals.
Nuclear Rotation and Boson Expansions. I

The Beliaev-Zelevinsky method, which represents fermion-pair operators by infinite expansions in exact bosons, is applied to the problem of nuclear rotation. In the harmonic order, which is essentially the random-phase approximation (RPA), the rotation, viewed as infinitesimal, is decoupled from the collective vibrations. The higher orders, however, give rise to various band-mixing terms, which may be interpreted as rotation-vibration and higher-order Coriolis interactions, as well as to vibrational anharmonicities and renormalization of the moment of inertia. A systematic approach is given for extracting these higher-order corrections for the idealized case of a two-dimensional system of interacting particles. Both the Hamiltonian and transition operators are treated. The self-consistent-field approximation is then formulated in the boson picture and applied to the cranking model. The advantage of this formulation is that it allows one to establish the correctness of the higher-order cranking model, which is shown to provide the ground-state-band rotational energies with an error of the order of the small boson-expansion parameter (or the square of this parameter, depending on its definition). The usefulness of the cranking model for obtaining the angular momentum dependence of transition operators is also demonstrated. The Appendix illustrates some of the ideas by way of application to a system of particles interacting through a two-dimensional analog of the quadrupole-quadrupole force.
Proposed Temperature Standards for Synchronous Machines (IEEE Synchronous Machinery Subcommittee Report)

This paper reports the results of work done by a Working Group of the IEEE 5ynchronous Machinery Subcommittee (IEEE SMS) to update and coordinate temperature standards for synchronous machines. Proposed temperature standards recommended by the IEEE SMS are presented in Appendix II.
Outcomes following renal transplantation in patients with chronic hepatitis C based on severity of fibrosis on pre-transplant liver biopsy

Data regarding long-term outcomes following renal transplantation in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been controversial. Our aim was to determine whether there is a difference in outcomes between patients with HCV and more advanced fibrosis on pretransplant biopsy and those with minimal or no fibrosis. Patients were divided according to the severity of fibrosis and their outcomes (including acute rejection, chronic rejection, re-initiation of dialysis, progression of liver disease and mortality) were compared. Thirty-one patients with minimal or no fibrosis (Scheuer stages 0 and 1: Group-A) and 10 patients with more advanced fibrosis (Scheuer stages 2 and 3: Group-B) were included in the final data analysis. Acute rejection occurred in 29% (9/31) of the patients with minimal and 30% (3/10) of the patients with advanced fibrosis (P = 0.95), while chronic allograft nephropathy occurred in 6.5% (2/31) of the patients without and 50% (5/10) of the patients with fibrosis (P = 0.006). None of the patients without fibrosis required re-initiation of dialysis compared with 50% (5/10) of the patients with fibrosis (P <0.05). Median graft survival was 46 months and 18 months for patients with minimal and advanced fibrosis, respectively. There were four deaths among patients with advanced and three deaths among patients with minimal fibrosis (P = 0.04). Our data suggests that patients with chronic HCV and more advanced fibrosis on liver biopsy who undergo a renal transplant have a higher incidence of chronic rejection, graft failure and mortality following renal transplant compared with those with minimal fibrosis.
Reversible pupillary miosis during a hyperglycaemic episode: case report

A young female patient presented with non-ketotic hyperglycaemia, pupillary miosis and clouding of consciousness. The initial blood glucose was 83.3 mmol/l; there was no metabolic acidosis. After insulin therapy and improved diabetic control, pupillary function returned to normal. There was no other associated somatic or autonomic nerve dysfunction.
A Non-Contact Method For Surface Profile Measurement And Angular Deflection Monitoring Using A Scanning Laser Beam

AbstractA method for measuring the surface profile of a reflecting surface is presented. Thetechnique involves comparing, in the time domain, a surface reflected laser beam to a ref-erence beam. The comparison is made by alternately scanning both beams across an opticaldetector and measuring their phase relationship electronically. From this information andby scanning along a line, the surface profile in a plane can be determined. The accuracyof the method falls between mechanical contact techniques and more sophisticated interfero-metric schemes. Precision of microns with dynamic range of millimeters or more can beachieved. A brief theoretical analysis is presented as well as the result of several ex-perimental tests. This method can be useful in such applications as measuring the profileof the human cornea and other delicate materials where non -contact is obligatory and indetermining the surface contour of optical components or of any other reflecting surface.Precise monitoring of angular deflection is also possible with this technique.IntroductionIn the development of variable focal length lenses(1) the problem of making non -contactmeasurements of the surface profile of silicone rubber(2) lenses was encountered.
Role of dopamine in d-amphetamine-induced discriminative responding☆

Abstract In two-lever operant chambers, rats were trained in a food-reinforced discrimination task. Reward was contingent upon correct lever choices to the induced differential cue conditions of d-amphetamine (0.8 mg/kg) or saline throughout training on a differential reinforcement of low response rate (DRL-15 sec) schedule. Upon acquisition of discriminative response control the animals were pretreated with various neurochemical agents. Pretreatment with atropine, phentolamine, propranolol, methysergide or cinanserin did not block production of d-amphetamine lever responding. Nicotine and oxotremorine did not produce the amphetamine-like cueing effect. However, pimozide blocked the ability of animals to discriminate d-amphetamine and L-DOPA, in combination with Ro 4-4602 with or without amantadine, generated amphetamine-like responses. These results indicate a role of dopamine in the production of the amphetamine state and from the failure of apomorphine to exhibit the stimulus property of d-amphetamine and the antagonism by α-methyltyrosine of the d-amphetamine responding it is further suggested that this amphetamine state is produced via the releasing of newly synthesized dopamine.
Electron scattering from a potential in a radiation field

Electron scattering from a potential in the presence of a classical, monochromatic, spatially homogeneous radiation field is considered. A coupled integral equations method is formulated to calculate the cross section for stimulated photon emission or absorption. This method is applicable for field strengths such that the difference between the instantaneous velocity and the cycle-average velocity of the electron is not too large. The method has been applied to the case of a separable potential, and some results are presented.
A single gene encodes soluble and membrane-bound forms of the major histocompatibility Qa-2 antigen: Anchoring of the product by a phospholipid tail

The H-2, Qa, and Tla genes of the murine major histocompatibility complex are related to each other by DNA sequence homology. The H-2 genes encode ubiquitously expressed transplantation antigens that serve as recognition structures for cytotoxic T cells. The identities of the Qa and Tla products, their sites of expression, and their functions are largely unknown. We report here that the Qa region gene Q7 encodes a membrane-bound as well as a secreted form of the serologically defined antigen Qa-2. The Q7 gene introduced into liver-derived cells is expressed as a membrane-bound and as a secreted molecule. In transfected L cells it is expressed only as a soluble protein. Biochemical analysis suggests that the Q7 product is anchored to the liver cell membranes by a phospholipid tail. This feature may be responsible for cell type-specific expression of the two forms of the Qa-2 molecules.
Implanted defibrillators in young hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients: A multicenter study

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiovascular disease, with an annual risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) estimated at 1 %. Limited data are available regarding both the risk of SCD in the young HCM population and the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). This retrospective study included all patients with HCM who underwent ICD implantation for primary or secondary prevention of SCD before the age of 30 years at five institutions between 1995 and 2009. There were 99 devices implanted in 73 patients. Appropriate shocks occurred for 11 % of all the patients. None of the previously identified conventional risk factors for SCD in HCM patients were associated with increased risk of appropriate shocks in the young study cohort. During a median follow-up period of 2.4 years, inappropriate shocks occurred for 22 % of the patients. Older age at implant was associated with a decreased risk of inappropriate shock. Those who underwent implantation in the earlier decade had a higher incidence of inappropriate shocks. Late complications including lead fracture or dislodgement, generator malfunction, and infection occurred for 32 % of the patients. Three patients died (4 %), one of whom had an arrhythmic sudden death. A greater proportion of primary prevention implantations was performed for patients from the latter decade. Over time, ICD use in young HCM patients has become increasingly primary prevention oriented. Shock rates mirror those reported in adult series, and there is a substantial incidence of device complications.
Radio Telemetering from Within the Human Body

In recent years small radio transmitters have been developed that can transmit physiological information from within the human body. The present units are small enough to be introduced into the bladder, or to be swallowed without unpleasant sensation. A summary of these recent developments is given along with some of the present lines of investigation toward future forms. A representative unit is described in some detail.
Enhanced MIMO LMMSE Turbo Equalization

We propose an enhanced linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) turbo equalization scheme for multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. The turbo equalizer employs soft interference cancellation (SIC), where tentative soft decisions of the interfering symbols are subtracted from the received samples before the LMMSE filtering. The enhanced LMMSE turbo equalization with SIC introduces two improvements over existing methods. First, unlike existing methods that completely rely on the a priori soft decisions at the equalizer input for SIC, the new scheme performs SIC by continuously updating the soft decisions with the a posteriori information of the symbols that have just been equalized. The a posteriori soft decision has a better quality than the a priori soft decision, thus it leads to a better SIC performance. Second, since the a posteriori soft decision of an equalized symbol will affect the SIC operation of all the subsequent symbols to be equalized, the order in which the symbols are equalized and detected plays a critical role on the overall performance. We propose a reliability-based detection ordering scheme, where symbols with more "reliable" soft input will be equalized before those less "reliable" symbols. The reliability information is extracted from the symbol a priori probability, which is a unique byproduct of turbo equalization and can be obtained with minimum extra cost. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves considerable performance gain over the conventional turbo equalization methods.
A Holocene record of endogenic iron and manganese precipitation and vegetation history in a lake-fen complex in northwestern Minnesota

Little Shingobee Lake and Fen are part of the extensive network of lakes and wetlands in the Shingobee River headwaters of northwestern Minnesota, designed to study the interactions between surface and ground waters. Prior to about 11.2 cal. ka, most of these lakes and wetlands were interconnected to form glacial Lake Willobee, which apparently formed when a debris flow dammed the Shingobee River. Between 11.2 and 8.5 cal. ka, the level of Lake Willobee fell as a result of breaching of the dam, transforming the deep lake into the existing lakes and wetlands. Analyses of a 9-m core from Little Shingobee Lake (LSL-B), and lacustrine sediments under 3.3 m of peat in a 17-m core from Little Shingobee Fen (LSF-10), show that the dominant components are allogenic clastic material, and endogenic CaCO3 and organic matter. In both cores almost all of the iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are incorporated in endogenic minerals, presumed to be X-ray amorphous oxyhydroxide minerals, that occur in significant quantities throughout the cores; almost no Fe and Mn are contributed from detrital aluminosilicate minerals. This suggests that, for most of the Holocene, the allogenic watershed contributions to lake chemistry were minor compared to the dissolved mineral load. In addition, prior to 3.5 cal. ka, pollen zone boundaries coincide with large changes in lake-sediment mineralogy, indicating that both landscape and climate processes were linked to early- and mid-Holocene lake chemistry. The pollen time series, with sequential domination by spruce, pine, sagebrush-oak, birch-oak and, finally, white pine is typical of the region and reflects the changing location of the prairie-forest transition zone over time. These changes in vegetation had some profound effects on the geochemistry of the lake waters.
Abstract 1685: Ginsenoside compound K inhibits colorectal tumorigenesis via multiple pathways including ATM/p53-p21

To date, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most prevalent malignancies in the United States. Health benefits derived from medicinal plants have been investigated for years. Ginseng has been shown to induce diverse pharmacological effects mediated predominantly by saponins, a type of ginsenoside contained in ginseng. Compound K (20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, CK), an intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins, has been shown to inhibit cell growth in a variety of tumors. However, the detailed mechanism, especially the effects of CK on cell cycle regulation in CRC cells, has not been examined. In addition, it is uncertain whether CK can inhibit colorectal tumor growth in vivo. In this study, we observed that CK significantly inhibited the growth of HCT-116 cells in athymic nude mouse xenograft models. Quantitative analysis revealed that CK significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth from the 3rd week after CK administration (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1685. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1685
The platelet integrin alpha(IIb) beta(3) imaged by atomic force microscopy on model surfaces

Abstract The platelet membrane receptor α IIb β 3 binds to adsorbed protein ligands including fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor and fibronectin, and is critically important in mediating platelet adhesion to damaged subendothelium and to synthetic biomaterial surfaces. This receptor is a member of the integrin family, a highly prevalent class of heterodimeric molecules consisting of a single α and β subunit. In an ongoing effort to understand the mechanisms underlying platelet adhesion events, high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) under dynamic conditions was used to obtain images of α IIb β 3 molecules as well as aggregates of the protein. Images of integrin molecules were obtained by tapping mode AFM under aqueous buffer conditions following adsorption on a series of ultrasmooth model surfaces. On a model hydrophobic surface, detergents stabilizing the protein in solution competed for surface adsorption sites. When this detergent was removed from the system, the protein was predominantly seen as aggregates with head groups pointing outward. A limited number of individual integrin molecules were observed, and were found to have dimensions consistent with those reported previously by electron microscopy studies. Integrin molecules showed weak adhesion to the two hydrophilic surfaces used in the study, although formation of a lipid bilayer around surface-adsorbed molecules improved the resolution. At longer time periods, the integrin molecules embedded in this lipid bilayer exhibited sufficient mobility to form molecular aggregates. The structural measurements described in this study not only reveal three-dimensional features of the molecule, they represent an important step towards dynamic adsorption experiments and visualizing the integrin interacting with surface-adsorbed proteins as in biomaterial-induced thrombogenesis.
Power distribution network design and characterization using virtual ground fence

In mixed-signal systems, noise coupling between different domains, such as digital and RF, can be a critical problem. Especially the power/ground planes in packages or boards can be a major factor for noise coupling. Simultaneously switching drivers cause supply voltage fluctuations which can propagate both horizontally and vertically between the power/ground planes. The sensitive RF/analog signals have to be isolated from this digital switching noise, which gets coupled through the shared power distribution system. Hence, accurate estimation and improvement of the performance of power/ground planes is critical in a mixed-signal system. For this purpose we propose a new design methodology, called the virtual ground fence. In this paper, we present measurement characterization of power and ground planes including the virtual ground fence.
Does it pay to be green

This paper examines the relationships between the environmental performances and financial performances of large U.S. companies. The environmental performance is measured in pollution in pounds per sales revenue and financial performance in profit margins and stock market values. An analysis of more than 230 companies shows that lower pollution per sales revenue has a positive impact on the profit margins and stock market values. Pollution is also found to have a direct impact on environmental compliance, spills and various other legal infractions.
University libraries, integrated scholarly information systems (ISIS), and the changing character of academic research

This article reviews areas of common concern between librarians on the one hand and scholars on the other as they each attempt to pursue their work in an era of electronic information. The issues require the attention of both librarians and scholars, and it is argued that both communities need now to talk more extensively with one another in an effort to re‐think the fundamental role of the university library in the coming years. The function and importance of Integrated Scholarly Information Systems (ISIS) are discussed with examples to illustrate the ways in which scholars are likely to acquire and integrate electronic information in the future. The article concludes with reflections on two contradictory trends that are emerging in scholarly research with the expansion of electronic research systems.
A Rasch Analysis of Raven Item Data

The Progressive Matrices items require varying degrees of analytical reasoning. Individuals high on the underlying trait measured by the Raven should score high on the test. Latent trait models applied to data of the Raven form provide a useful methodology for examining the tenability of the above hypothesis. In this study the Rasch latent model was applied to investigate the fit of observed performance on Raven items to what was expected by the model for individuals at six different levels of the underlying scale. For the most part the model showed a good fit to the test data. The findings were similar to previous empirical work that has investigated the behavior of Rasch test scores. In three instances, however, the item fit statistic was relatively large. A closer study of the “misfitting” items revealed two items were of extreme difficulty, which is likely to contribute to the misfit. The study raises issues about the use of the Rasch model in instances of small samples. Other issues related to the in...
Multiaxis aircraft control power from thrust vectoring at high angles of attack

Extensive research programs conducted at the Langley Research Center have shown that thrust vectoring can be provided by multifunction (nonaxisymmetric) nozzles. Most of this research has been conducted on pitch vectoring at both static and forward flight conditions. Recent efforts have been aimed at evaluating yaw vectoring concepts at static (wind off) conditions. This paper summarizes results for three different twin-engine fighter configurations tested over a Mach number range of 0.15 to 2.47 at angles of attack up to 35 deg. The objective of these investigations was to determine the multiaxis control power characteristics provided by thrust vectoring. All three configurations employed two-dimensional convergent-divergent nozzles which provided pitch vectoring by differential deflection of the upper and lower nozzle divergent flaps. Three different means of yaw vectoring were tested: (1) a translating nozzle sidewall; (2) yaw flaps located in the nozzle sidewalls; and (3) canted nozzles. These investigations were conducted in the Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel and the Lewis 10x10-Foot Supersonic Tunnel. Longitudinal and direction control power from thrust vectoring was greater than that provided by aerodynamic control effectors at low speed or at high angles of attack.
Versatility in computer automation for biofeedback: The Behavioral Assessment and Rehabilitative Training System (BARTS)

User versatility in a system for computer-automated biofeedback training is the degree to which the assessment and training parameters may be altered by the user's employing English language or other simple code, that is, without altering the system's applications software. The Behavioral Assessment and Rehabilitative Training System (BARTS) includes a design and control program that allows for the specification of assessment and training protocols by persons who are entirely lacking in computer programming skills. This paper describes the logic for data acquisition and training that is incorporated in the BARTS, describes the parameters that must be specified in constituting unique assessment or training protocols, and illustrates the system's application in a research-oriented biofeedback clinic.
Shape Isomers As Candidates For The Gamma Ray Laser Storage State

SHAPE ISOMERS AS CANDIDATES FOR THE GAMMA RAY LASER STORAGE STATEM.S. WeissLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physics DepartmentP. 0. Box 808, L -297, Livermore, California 94550ABSTRACTThree Dimension Nuclear Hartree -Fock calculations have been performed for isotopes of Osmium, Mercury,and Tungsten. Many of the calculated potential energy surfaces show a second minimum at large prolatedeformation indicating the possibility of shape isomeric states. Several are at sufficiently low energy to bepossible candidates as storage states for the gamma ray laser.
Resurgent Patronage and Lagging Bureaucracy in a Papago Off-Reservation Community

American indians have long been used to adapting their behavior to patronistic institutions, but it is increasingly expected that they should transfer habit patterns to bureaucratic institutions. This essay examines a particular case in which Papago Indians, accustomed to a patron/client pattern, are being asked to acquire behavior patterns more appropriate to a bureaucratic institution.
Simultaneous radiotherapy and superficial hyperthermia for high-risk breast carcinoma: A randomised comparison of treatment sequelae in heated versus non-heated sectors of the chest wall hyperthermia

Purpose: In vitro data demonstrate that heat-induced radiosensitisation is maximised if hyperthermia and radiotherapy are given simultaneously, with the radiation fraction delivered midway through a hyperthermia session, rather than sequentially. The long-term normal tissue toxicity of full-dose simultaneous thermoradiotherapy is unknown.Materials and methods: Patients with locally advanced breast cancer (T3, T4 or more than three involved nodes or local recurrence), no prior radiotherapy, received between four and eight sessions of simultaneous thermoradiotherapy. Hyperthermia always included the primary tumour site. In addition an electively heated sector (EHS) was included. The EHS was randomised to either medial or lateral to the tumour site, with the other side an irradiated but unheated control. As per our usual practice, patients received surgery and/or chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy. Radiation doses were 46–50 Gy followed by a boost of ≤16 Gy at 1.8–2 Gy per fraction. EHS and control sectors r...
Homocysteine in microvascular endothelial cell barrier permeability

Redox stress activates the endothelium and upregulates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade the matrix and lead to blood-endothelial barrier leakage. Interestingly, elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) are associated with vascular dementia, seizure, stroke, and Alzheimer disease. Hcy competes with the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A/B receptors and behave like an excitatory neurotransmitter. GABA stimulates the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA-A/B receptor and decreases arterial blood pressure. However, the neural mechanisms of microvascular remodeling in hyperhomocysteinemia are unclear. This review addresses the idea that Hcy induces microvascular permeability by attenuating the GABA-A/B receptors and increasing redox stress, which activates a disintegrin and metalloproteinase that suppresses tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase. This process causes disruption of the matrix in the blood-brain barrier. Understanding the mechanism of Hcy-mediated changes in permeability of the blood-brain barrier and extracellular matrix that can alter the neuronal environment in cerebral-vascular dementia is of great importance in developing treatments for this disease.
Recurrent postoperative stridor requiring tracheostomy in a patient with spasmodic dysphonia.

SPASMODIC dysphonia (SD) is a laryngeal disorder characterized by adductor or abductor dystonic spasms of the vocal cord (VC). It is usually manifested by abnormal phonation but may infrequently be associated with respiratory distress. We describe a patient with SD who developed recurrent severe postoperative stridor that required a tracheostomy.
Application of artificial neural networks for quantitative analysis of image data in chest radiographs for detection of interstitial lung disease.

The authors have developed an automated computeraided diagnostic (CAD) scheme by using artificial neural networks (ANNs) on quantitative analysis of image data. Three separate ANNs were applied for detection of interstitial disease on digitized chest images. The first ANN was trained with horizontal profiles in regions of interest (ROIs) selected from normal and abnormal chest radiographs for distinguishing between normal and abnormal patterns. For training and testing of the second ANN, the vertical output patterns obtained from the 1st ANN were used for each ROI. The output value of the second ANN was used to distinguish between normal and abnormal ROIs with interstitial infiltrates. If the ratio of the number of abnormal ROIs to the total number of all ROIs in a chest image was greater than a specified threshold level, the image was classified as abnormal. In addition, the third ANN was applied to distinguish between normal and abnormal chest images. The combination of the rule-based method and the third ANN also was applied to the classification between normal and abnormal chest images. The performance of the ANNs was evaluated by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The average Az value (area under the ROC curve) for distinguishing between normal and abnormal cases was 0.976±0.012 for 100 chest radiographs that were not used in training of ANNs. The results indicate that the ANN trained with image data can learn some statistical properties associated with interstitial infiltrates in chest radiographs.