cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tectonic control on sea-floor relief and the localization of Lower Mississippian Waulsortian mounds, New Mexico

Lower Mississippian carbonate mud-rich bioherms, generally referred to as Waulsortian mounds, are commonly associated with low-paleolatitude carbonate ramp settings and have recently been recognized as important hydrocarbon reservoirs. The factors controlling localization of Waulsortian mounds have heretofore been poorly understood. Stratal relations exposed in the Alamogordo Member of the Lake Valley Formation in the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico illustrate the effects of tectonism on carbonate sedimentation prior to, during, and after mound growth. They indicate that mound initiation and localization were strongly controlled by tectonically generated, intraramp, sea-floor topography. These observations bear strongly on understanding the controls on localization and growth of mud mounds in general. Stratal geometries observed in the underlying Andrecito Member indicate that this topography was modified by erosional and depositional processes prior to mound initiation. Mounds formed on the surfaces and margins of the intraramp topography as the result of aggradational, in situ accumulation of biogenic sediment. Differences in growth geometry of stratal units within individual mounds and differences between mounds are correlated with position of the mound on the ramp and the deformation occurring immediately prior to mound growth. It is probable that local tectonism continued during mound growth, and that local differences in the amount of relative uplift resulted in different amounts of space for growth of individual mounds, and thus determined differences in mound size and geometry.
Kinetics of ordering in metallic alloys

Electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties of metallic alloys depend on their state of chemical order. The systematic perturbations of57Fe hyper-fine magnetic fields by solute atoms near57Fe atoms can be used to measure the degree of order, provided that the systematics of these perturbations are properly understood. Although the equilibrium states of order in alloys are largely known, kinetic theories of the disorder → order transformation are still maturing, and Mossbauer spectrometry can contribute to their development. Examples of how Mossbauer spectrometry can be used to determine some novel features of ordering in ternary alloys are described.
Asocial beliefs as predictors of asocial behavior in schizophrenia

Poor social and vocational outcomes have long been observed in schizophrenia, and therapeutic outcomes have been modest. Most studies have identified neurocognition and emotion perception as important contributors to social functioning. Recent research has suggested that personal beliefs, attitudes, and expectancies contribute to negative symptoms. However, the impact of specific beliefs and expectancies on social withdrawal in schizophrenia has not been examined. The present study explored: 1. whether asocial beliefs made a significant contribution to social functioning after accounting for neurocognitive performance and emotion perception; and, 2. whether asocial beliefs predicted asocial behavior in a longitudinal design. 123 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder completed tests of neurocognitive performance, emotion perception, asocial beliefs, symptomatology, and functional outcome. A subset of 13 outpatients was retested one year after the initial assessment. Hierarchical regression indicated that asocial beliefs accounted for 18% of the variability in social functioning. Depression and negative symptoms explained another 9% of the dispersion. Contrary to expectations, neurocognition and emotion perception accounted for less than 1% of the variance. In the longitudinal study, baseline asocial beliefs predicted asocial behavior one year later. Asocial beliefs predict poor social functioning in schizophrenia, and may be modifiable by psychological interventions.
Moneyball: Brad Pitt, the statistician and the movie

A major Hollywood release has an unlikely hero. In Moneyball, Brad Pitt, Hollywood heart-throb and twice voted sexiest man alive, plays not a glamorous spy, nor a hard-bitten detective but … a statistician. Ray Stefani and Jim Albert say the movie hits a home run …
Sociality of losing? Speculations on the Beijing Olympics and emergent forms of Chinese capitalism

Instead of directly confronting the Beijing Olympics, this paper is interested in the broader theatrical conjuncture in which the drama of ‘Olympics’ is put on stage. This conjuncture is tentatively named ‘sociality of losing’. Moving across a story that apparently presents the familiar significance of descendants for the Chinese mind, this essay starts by reading beyond the common anthropological assumption regarding Chinese kinship and proposes that the intimate in the Chinese family is directly linked to this emergent form of capitalist sociality. In order to specify the various forms of this particular kind of sociality, the essay then draws in another story, which enjoyed wide circulation before and during the Beijing Olympics and demonstrates the position of the corporeal body in relation to this sociality. Having demonstrated some of the different forms this sociality of losing has taken, this essay moves on in the second section to an investigation of forms of sovereign power in contemporary China...
The head and neck sequelae of cervical intravenous drug abuse

When peripheral veins sclerose, addicts desperately seek new and more dangerous injection sites. At Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, a disturbing increase in intravenous head and neck complications has been observed. From 1982 to 1985, 30 patients demonstrating complications resulting from intravenous cervical injections were treated. Computed tomography is emphasized as the most helpful diagnostic modality. Its timely use enables physicians to formulate early diagnosis and precise surgical intervention. A suggested diagnostic and treatment protocol is presented as a guideline in the management of this potentially deadly phenomenon.
The divided visual world paradigm: Eye tracking reveals hemispheric asymmetries in lexical ambiguity resolution

Eye tracking was combined with the visual half-field procedure to examine hemispheric asymmetries in meaning selection and revision. In two experiments, gaze was monitored as participants searched a four-word array for a target that was semantically related to a lateralized ambiguous or unambiguous prime. Primes were preceded by a related or unrelated centrally-presented context word. In Experiment 1, unambiguous primes were paired with concordant weakly-related context words and strongly-related targets that were similar in associative strength to discordant subordinate-related context words and dominant-related targets in the ambiguous condition. Context words and targets were reversed in Experiment 2. A parallel study involved the measurement of event-related potentials (ERPs; Meyer, A. M., and Federmeier, K. D., 2007. The effects of context, meaning frequency, and associative strength on semantic selection: distinct contributions from each cerebral hemisphere. Brain Res. 1183, 91-108). Similar to the ERP findings, gaze revealed context effects for both visual fields/hemispheres when subordinate-related targets were presented: initial gaze revealed meaning activation when an unrelated context was utilized, whereas later gaze also revealed activation in the discordant context, indicating that meaning revision had occurred. However, eye tracking and ERP measures diverged when dominant-related targets were presented: for both visual fields/hemispheres, initial gaze indicated the presence of meaning activation in the discordant context, and, for the right hemisphere, discordant context information actually facilitated gaze relative to unrelated context information. These findings are discussed with respect to the activeness of the task and hemispheric asymmetries in the flexible use of context information.
Utilization of a pressure-sensing monitor to improve in-flight chest compressions

Previous research at the Division of Air Medical Services at East Carolina University School of Medicine has demonstrated impairment of chest compression efficacy in the setting of an airborne BO-105 helicopter. This study was undertaken to determine whether in-flight compression efficacy could be improved with utilization of a pressure-sensing monitor providing real-time feedback during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Ten flight nurses each performed two minutes of in-flight chest compressions on a mannequin that electronically assessed compression depth and hand placement. The session was then repeated using the pressure-sensing device. The mean proportion of correct compressions (95.7 +/- 3.2%) achieved with utilization of the pressure-sensing monitor was significantly higher (P < .01) than the corresponding proportion for the control group (33.4 +/- 12.1%). This study demonstrated that the difficulties of performing effective in-flight chest compressions are largely overcome with utilization of a pressure-sensing device providing real-time feedback on compression efficacy.
Contribution to the physiology of digestion in Tilapia mossambica Peters: Digestive enzymes and the effects of diets on their activity

1. Tilapia mossambicaPeters was used as an experimental animal in studies of the pH optima of amylase, lipase, pepsin and trypsin. They were 6.71, 7.15, 2.8, and 8.0–8.2 respectively. The optima were in general agreement with those from studies on other teleosts. 2. A weak amylolytic activity was found in esophagus and stomach. 3. In the entire digestive tract, lipolytic activity (at its pH optimum) appeared to be strongest in the stomach. However, since the prevailing pH (3.0–5.0) here is so low, lipase will in all probability not show a marked activity in this organ. 4. The effects of special diets (protein, carbohydrate, fat-rich) on the activity of these enzymes were studied: amylase and trypsin showed a positive correlation with the diet, whereas pepsin and lipase did not show such a correlation.
Understanding How the Brain Learns Should Inform Our Teaching Practices.

Comparative review of: The Brain-Targeted Teaching Model for 21st-Century Schools ; Mariale Hardiman; (2012). Corwin, Thousand Oaks, CA. 223 pages; and How the Brain Learns , 4th ed.; David A. Sousa; (2011). Corwin, Thousand Oaks, CA. 321 pages.
Mixing-height differences between land use types: Dependence on wind speed

[1] Mixing height and its spatial variation are important for a variety of issues and applications. In a previous study in the region around Nashville, Tennessee, we found a significant difference in the daytime mixed-layer inversion height zi between the area to the north and west of the city and the area to the south and east. These observations were from 3 days of very light daytime winds. The subregion to the north and west is deciduous forest, and that to the south and east is agricultural and mixed forest land. The differences in zi, which we are referring to as Δ zi, were attributed to differences in surface heat flux characteristics arising from the land use variation. In the present study we investigate the effects of increasing wind speed on Δ zi between the subregions, using a sample of 15 dry days from Southern Oxidants Study 1995. As convective boundary layer (CBL) wind speeds increased from ≲1 to 6 m s−1, Δ zi decreased from 600 m to negligible. We found that an increase in shear-generated turbulence in the CBL was a probable factor in this decline. Two light-wind days that followed days with widespread rainfall were also noted. The Δ zi on these days were small. Thus either strong winds or widespread surface moisture availability were able to nullify the effects of the land use/surface heat flux differences on Δ zi between the two subregions.
Long-Term Solutions in Semiclassical Radiation Theory

An improved form of semiclassical radiation theory is developed which includes the effect of the atom's radiation field back on the atom. This formalism is applied to the problem of a single "two-level atom" interacting with a monochromatic field. The resulting equations are solved without resorting to time-dependent perturbation theory, and are found to predict the behavior of the system over times long compared with the lifetime for spontaneous transitions. Not only stimulated emission and absorption, but also spontaneous emission with the proper Einstein $A$ coefficient, and a frequency shift which agrees at least semiquantitatively with the Lamb shift are described. In addition, several nonlinear effects involving the interference between spontaneous and stimulated radiation are described, and new experiments which might detect such effects are suggested.
A class of Markov models of social mobility with duration memory patterns

This paper proposes a class of Markov models of social mobility with duration memory. Several new duration memory structures as well as existing models, such as the Cornell model, are shown to be special cases of the general model. The model is also extended to heterogeneous populations thereby permitting age specific variants. Alternative axioms to cumulative inertia are included, pointing to new possibilities for duration specific modeling such as futuristic “memory” for currently planned programs. Given that duration effects are widespread and quite varied, the general model provides multiple possibilities for theoretically structuring these processes.
Comparison of decision tree classifiers with neural network and linear discriminant analysis classifiers for computer-aided diagnosis: a Monte Carlo simulation study

The goal of this study was to compare the performance of decision tree (DT) classifiers with artificial neural network (ANN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifiers under different conditions for the class distributions, feature space dimensionality, and training sample size using a Monte Carlo simulation study. We also investigated a bagging technique for improving the accuracy of the DT. The resubstitution (training) and test accuracies of the classifiers were compared by using the area Az under the ROC curve as the performance measure. Three types of feature space distributions were studied: the Gaussian feature space, a mixture of Gaussians, and a mixture of uniform distributions. The feature space dimensionality was varied between 2 and 12. In a given experiment, 1000 cases were randomly sampled from each distribution, Nt trainers per class was used for classifier design, and the remaining cases were used to test the classifier. The effect of the training sample size was investigated by varying Nt between 30 and 500. Performance measures from 100 experiments were averaged. Our results indicated that, in the Gaussian feature space, the LDA outperformed the other two classifiers, especially when the number of trainers was low. For the mixture of uniform distributions, the Az value of the DT was in general higher than that of the ANN and the LDA. For the mixture of Gaussians, the performances of the DT and ANN classifiers were comparable. Our results indicate that a DT can be a viable alternative to ANN and LDA classifiers in certain feature spaces.
Issues in large-angle scattering☆

Abstract We analyze phenomenologically several models for the high-energy scattering of hadrons through fixed, large angles. The emphasis is on trying to isolate and understand those aspects of hadronic forces which are important at large angles. We review the fixed-angle-lower bounds derived from analyticity and discuss how simple geometrical concepts can be used to guide our extrapolation of cross sections away from the forward and backward peaks into the large-angle region. This extrapolation is important in understanding whether or not we need a new, hard component of the hadronic force to interpret the data. We try to isolate the important features of dual models, statistical models, and constituent models and to clarify the possibility of experimental distinction between these approaches.
Analysis of the BCR-ABL protein in Philadelphia chromosome-positive adult acute lymphocytic leukemia

Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) constitutes 15-35% of all ALL in adults. Its detection is prognostically significant. The Ph abnormality is usually detected through standard cytogenetic analysis but 20-30% of patients have insufficient metaphases (IM) with such analysis. To detect the BCR-ABL oncoprotein in peripheral blood specimen of patients with ALL at the time of diagnosis and at follow-up, a new sensitive technique of enhanced chemiluminescence Western blot (ECL-WB) analysis was investigated. Among 41 patients with newly diagnosed ALL, nine were Ph positive by cytogenetic studies; they were also BCR-ABL positive according to ECL-WB. Eight had p190 disease, and one had p210 disease. Among the 16 patients with IM, none demonstrated the oncoprotein through ECL-WB or through simultaneous Southern blot (SB) for p210 rearrangement. Follow-up studies were available for seven patients: four had detectable protein and three of them relapsed 4-20 weeks later; three had undetectable protein and one of them (who had low level protein at the time of diagnosis) relapsed 11 weeks later. Although none of the patients with IM at diagnosis had detectable protein according to ECL-WB, this was probably due to the small number of patients studied. One patient with IM studied at follow-up demonstrated the protein by ECL-WB. In summary, we describe a technique that is useful in the detection of p190/p210 ALL at diagnosis. It is less time consuming, and more cost effective than standard chromosome banding techniques. It may also detect the oncoprotein in cases with IM. Although a larger number of patients should be studied to prove its clinical usefulness, this technique may also be of value for monitoring residual disease at follow-up.
Sensory Over-Responsivity in Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

This pilot study provides the first examination of sensory over-responsivity (SOR; exaggerated behavioral responses to sensory stimuli) in a clinical sample of youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Eighty treatment-seeking youth with OCD and their parents were recruited following initial assessment at a specialty outpatient treatment program. Procedures included clinician-administered diagnostic interviews and rating scales and parent-reported estimates of SOR and impairment. Findings suggest that SOR is relatively common among youth with OCD; 32.5 % experienced tactile hypersensitivity, 20.3 % experienced visual/auditory hypersensitivity, and 20.5 % experienced gustatory/olfactory hypersensitivity. Sensory over-responsivity was more common in younger children. Even after controlling for the effects of age and OCD symptom severity, youth with depressive disorder, ADHD, and disruptive behavior disorder comorbidities were more likely to have sensory hypersensitivity. Severity of compulsions, global OCD burden, and functional impairment were also moderately associated with the magnitude of SOR. Although preliminary, findings suggest SOR is relatively common among youth with OCD, especially preschool age youth. Further study is needed to understand the stability of SOR as well as its impact on treatment responsiveness.
A complete resistance extraction methodology and circuit models for typical TSV structures

Through-silicon via (TSV) is one of the key technologies on three-dimensional integration packaging. In this article, an experimental methodology with circuit models was proposed for electrical characteristic tests on typical TSV structures. To this end, self-developed test patterns such as the via chains, the snake interconnections and the Kelvin structures with different dimensions were designed and manufactured. Suitable electrical measurement methodologies were next employed to characterise the element behaviours of the patterns. Based on the experimental data, electrical circuit models for the TSV structures were introduced and the parameters of the model were exacted. The validity and accuracy of the electrical model were finally verified and the TSV characteristic measurements can be performed through a simpler process.
A comprehensive characterization of a group IB intron and its encoded maturase reveals that protein-assisted splicing requires an almost intact intron RNA

The group I intron (AnCOB) of the mitochondrial apocytochrome b gene from Aspergillus nidulans encodes a bi-functional maturase protein that is also a DNA endonuclease. Although the AnCOB intron self-splices, the encoded maturase protein greatly facilitates splicing, in part, by stabilizing RNA tertiary structure. To determine their role in self-splicing and in protein-assisted splicing, several peripheral RNA sub-domains in the 313 nucleotide intron were deleted (P2, P9, P9.1) or truncated (P5ab, P6a). The sequence in two helices (P2 and P9) was also inverted. Except for P9, the deleted regions are not highly conserved among group I introns and are often dispensable for catalytic activity. Nevertheless, despite the very tight binding of AnCOB RNA to the maturase and the high activity of the bimolecular complex (the rate of 5' splice-site cleavage was >20 min(-1) with guanosine as the cofactor), the intron was surprisingly sensitive to these modifications. Several mutations inactivated splicing completely and virtually all impaired splicing to varying degrees. Mutants containing comparatively small deletions in various regions of the intron significantly decreased binding affinity (generally >10(4)-fold), indicating that none of the domains that remained constitutes the primary recognition site of the maturase. The data argue that tight binding requires tertiary interactions that can be maintained by only a relatively intact intron RNA, and that the binding mechanism of the maturase differs from those of two other well-characterized group I intron splicing factors, CYT-18 and Cpb2. A model is proposed in which the protein promotes widespread cooperative folding of an RNA lacking extensive initial tertiary structure.
Maize selection passes the century mark: a unique resource for 21st century genomics

The Illinois Long-Term Selection Experiment for grain protein and oil concentration in maize (Zea mays) is the longest continuous genetics experiment in higher plants. A total of 103 cycles of selection have produced nine related populations that exhibit phenotypic extremes for grain composition and a host of correlated traits. The use of functional genomics tools in this unique genetic resource provides exciting opportunities not only to discover the genes that contribute to phenotypic differences but also to investigate issues such as the response of plant genomes to artificial selection, the genetic architecture of quantitative traits and the source of continued genetic variation within domesticated crop genomes.
What is a document? Rethinking the concept in uneasy times

Rapid growth in electronic publishing seems to have provoked a sense of uneasiness among information professionals. This essay describes the challenge of redefining the fundamental concept of “document” that underlies their apprehensions about changes in information generation, control, and access, along with their apprehensions about the future of the information professions. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT INTENSITY ON HUMAN OPERANT BEHAVIOR

In an attempt to develop techniques which might lead to quantitative measures of human conflict behavior, female college students were placed in a free operant situation where responding was concurrently reinforced (with money represented by counter tally) and punished (with electric shock) with increasing severity for successive responses. Ss were able to reset the shock to a low level by making a second response, which resulted in subtraction of counter tallies. Results indicate that as shock intensity increases, total responding decreases, and the average number of responses before reset also decreases. Variations in the magnitude of positive reinforcement failed to have any effects. Several factors which might have been involved were discussed. Suggestions were made for clarifying the role that duration of exposure to shock plays in the situation.
Feature set optimization for the recognition of Arabic characters using genetic algorithms

This paper describes an investigation into the use of genetic algorithm techniques for selecting optimal feature sets in order to discriminate large sets of Arabic characters. Human experts defined a set of over 900 features from many different classes which could be used to help discriminate different characters from the Arabic character set. Each of the features was assigned a cost, based on the average amount of CPU time necessary to compute it for a typical character. The goal of the optimization was to find the subset of features which produced the best trade-off between recognition accuracy and computational cost. Using all of the features, or particular subsets, we obtained high recognition rates on machine-printed Arabic characters. Application of the genetic algorithm to selected subsets of characters and features demonstrates the ability of the method to significantly reduce the computational cost of the classification system and maintain or increase the recognition rate obtained with the complete set of features.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Restriction analysis of tandemly repeated yeast ribosomal RNA genes

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are clustered in a DNA “repeat unit” of 5.9 megadaltons with the gene order 5S-18S-5.8S-25S rRNA (Nath and Bollon, 1977). By using two restriction endonucleases, EcoRII and HindII, which generate DNA fragments that span contiguous portions of two “repeat units”, we report that the rRNA gene clusters are tandemly repeated without the intervention of additional spacer DNA.
Intravenous volume tomographic pulmonary angiography imaging

This study presents a new intravenous (IV) tomographic angiography imaging technique, called intravenous volume tomographic digital angiography (VTDA) for cross sectional pulmonary angiography. While the advantages of IV-VTDA over spiral CT in terms of volume scanning time and resolution have been validated and reported in our previous papers for head and neck vascular imaging, the superiority of IV-VTDA over spiral CT for cross sectional pulmonary angiography has not been explored yet. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the advantage of isotropic resolution of IV-VTDA in the x, y and z directions through phantom and animal studies, and to explore its clinical application for detecting clots in pulmonary angiography. A prototype image intensifier-based VTDA imaging system has been designed and constructed by modifying a GE 8800 CT scanner. This system was used for a series of phantom and dog studies. A pulmonary vascular phantom was designed and constructed. The phantom was scanned using the prototype VTDA system for direct 3D reconstruction. Then the same phantom was scanned using a GE CT/i spiral CT scanner using the routine pulmonary CT angiography protocols. IV contrast injection and volume scanning protocols were developed during the dog studies. Both VTDA reconstructed images and spiral CT images of the specially designed phantom were analyzed and compared. The detectability of simulated vessels and clots was assessed as the function of iodine concentration levels, oriented angles, and diameters of the vessels and clots. A set of 3D VTDA reconstruction images of dog pulmonary arteries was obtained with different IV injection rates and isotropic resolution in the x, y and z directions. The results of clot detection studies in dog pulmonary arteries have also been shown. This study presents a new tomographic IV angiography imaging technique for cross sectional pulmonary angiography. The results of phantom and animal studies indicate that IV-VTDA is superior to spiral CT for cross sectional pulmonary angiography.
The influence of subordinate age on managerial actions: An attributional analysis

The present research examined the effects of employee age on managers attributions and actions toward subordinates. The major prediction was that managers attributions would mediate the effects of age on managerial actions. One-hundred and twenty-four undergraduate management students participated in a laboratory experiment in which subordinate age (30 versus 60 years) and performance (high versus low) were manipulated. A laboratory study was conducted so that subordinate credentials and performance levels could be controlled. Analyses indicated that poor performance by older subordinates was attributed more to stable factors than similar performance by younger subordinates. In addition, job simplification was rated as more appropriate and training was recommended as less appropriate for older subordinates. A series of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the differences in managerial actions were a function of subjects' attributional patterns. Implications of the findings for practice and future research are discussed.
Adverse perinatal outcome in patients with an abnormal umbilical coiling index.

Objective To evaluate perinatal outcome in neonates with hypocoiled and hypercoiled cords. Methods From February 18 through June 13, 1994, 635 placentas from deliveries of at least 24 weeks' gestation were examined for umbilical coiling. The umbilical coiling index was calculated by dividing the total number of coils by the length of the cord. Subjects with umbilical coiling indices below the tenth percentile, above the 90th percentile, and between the tenth and 90th percentiles were defined as hypocoiled, hypercoiled, and normocoiled, respectively. Subjects with hypocoiled and hypercoiled cords were compared with those found to have normocoiled cords. Twelve different characteristics were used to measure perinatal outcome. Results The subjects with hypocoiled cords differed from those with normocoiled cords in two significant ways: rate of fetal heart rate (FHR) disturbances and interventional delivery were higher in the hypocoiled group (28.6 versus 15.9% [ P =.01] and 19 versus 7.1% [ P =.002], respectively). The subjects with hypercoiled cords compared with those found to have normocoiled cords had a higher rate of premature delivery (33.3 versus 12.0% [ P P =.0006]). Conclusion Hypocoiled cords can be predictors of potential interventional delivery and intrapartum FHR disturbances. Hypercoiled cords are associated with an increased incidence of premature delivery and maternal cocaine use.
Adapting NeuroRighter for in vivo optogenetic stimulation

The temporal and cell-type specific precision of optogenetics provides effective functional dissection of the intact nervous system. Integrating these techniques with existing multielectrode electrophysiological recording methods is essential in realizing this goal. This work describes the adaptation of the low-cost, closed-loop, open-source electrophysiology system - NeuroRighter - for use with high-intensity LED optical stimulation. We apply this system in vivo to ChR2-based activation of medial septal neurons alongside simultaneous dorsal hippocampal recordings in both anesthetized and awake rats. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this system in modulating local field potential and single unit activity in the septohippocampal circuitry. The adapted NeuroRighter system can be readily applied to a number of in vivo experimental tasks requiring multielectrode recording and optogenetic stimulation.
Equilibria of the marine multiphase ammonia system

A lack of empirical data has made it difficult to ascertain whether ammonia is in equilibrium between the oceanic, atmospheric gas and atmospheric particle phases in the remote marine environment. Reported here are simultaneous measurements of the saturation concentration of ammonia relative to ammonia concentrations in ocean surface waters; total seawater ammonia; atmospheric gas phase ammonia; and atmospheric particulate-phase ammonium, non-seasalt sulfate, methanesulfonate, and nitrate. Sampling was performed in May of 1987 in the northeast Pacific Ocean environment and in April and May of 1988 in the central Pacific Ocean environment. These measurements were used to determine the degree to which ammonia approached equilibrium between the oceanic and atmospheric gas and aerosol particle phases. The experimental atmospheric gas phase ammonia concentrations were compared with calculated equilibrium concentrations assuming a Henry's law type of partitioning between the gas and condensed phases. Characteristic times of the processes controlling the fate of ammonia in the marine environment also were compared. The measured atmospheric gas phase and oceanic concentrations of ammonia indicate that ammonia is not in a Henry's law equilibrium across the air/sea interface. This disequilibrium is a result of the long air/sea exchange equilibration time relative to the lifetime of ammonia in the atmosphere. Comparison of the calculated equilibrium gas phase ammonia concentrations with the measured gas phase ammonia concentrations shows that attainment of equilibrium between the atmospheric gas and particle phases is a strong function of the chemical composition of the aerosol particles. The data suggest that fully neutralized aerosol particles are not in Henry's law equilibrium with the gas phase while equilibrium is observed for particles with an average ammonium to non-seasalt sulfate molar ratio less than 1.8.
Unique MAP Kinase binding sites.

Map kinases are drug targets for autoimmune disease, cancer, and apoptosis-related diseases. Drug discovery efforts have developed MAP kinase inhibitors directed toward the ATP binding site and neighboring “DFG-out” site, both of which are targets for inhibitors of other protein kinases. On the other hand, MAP kinases have unique substrate and small molecule binding sites that could serve as inhibition sites. The substrate and processing enzyme D-motif binding site is present in all MAP kinases, and has many features of a good small molecule binding site. Further, the MAP kinase p38α has a binding site near its C-terminus discovered in crystallographic studies. Finally, the MAP kinases ERK2 and p38α have a second substrate binding site, the FXFP binding site that is exposed in active ERK2 and the D-motif peptide induced conformation of MAP kinases. Crystallographic evidence of these latter two binding sites is presented.
Wind tunnel investigation of aerodynamic and tail buffet characteristics of leading-edge extension modifications to the F/A-18

The impact of leading-edge extension (LEX) modifications on aerodynamic and vertical tail buffet characteristics of a 16-percent scale F/A-18 model has been investigated in the NASA Langley 30-foot by 60-foot tunnel. Modifications under consideration include variations in LEX chord and span, addition of upper surface fences, and removal of the LEX. Both buffeting and high-angle-of-attack aerodynamics are found to be strongly dependent upon the LEX geometry, which directly influences the strength, position, and breakdown characteristics of the vortex flow field. Concepts aimed at influencing the development of vortical flow field are considered to have much greater potential in design application than those geared toward altering already established flow fields. It is recommended that configuration effects on structural and aerodynamic characteristics be evaluated in parallel, so that trade-off studies can be conducted to ensure adequate structural fatigue life and desired high-angle-of-attack stability and control characteristics in the design of future high performance aircraft.
An Attempt to Add an Electron to the Nucleus of an Atom

Since the present theories of the atom indicate that an electron is attracted by the atom nucleus, they also suggest that the principal difficulty in accomplishing the addition of an electron is in obtaining such (unknown) conditions as make the attraction effective. Electrons with a velocity corresponding to 138,000 to 145,000 volts were caused to strike the surface of liquid mercury. The mercury served as an anti-cathode in an x-ray tube. (This work was done before the electron tube of Coolidge was available.) When the experiments were begun it was not expected that positive results would be attained, since either the voltage may be too low, or the number of electrons shot into the surface (4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{21}$) too small, but it was thought to be of value to show this to be true. The addition of an electron to the nucleus of an atom of mercury should give an atom of gold. Since no gold was found in the exceedingly sensitive tests used, it is shown that either less than one in a billion of the electrons attached itself to an atom nucleus, or else all or a part of the nuclei produced were not sufficiently stable to endure for the period (24 to 48 hours) of the tests.
Evaluation of partial tef1, rpb2, and nLSU sequences for identification of isolates representing Armillaria calvescens and Armillaria gallica from northeastern North America

Armillaria calvescens and Armillaria gallica are two of the most closely-related species of Armillaria in North America and have been difficult to distinguish from one another using morphological and molecular techniques. In an attempt to better distinguish these two species, partial sequences of the elongation factor-1 alpha (tef1), RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and nuclear large subunit (nLSU) genes were generated for 32 total isolates; 12 isolates each for A. calvescens and A. gallica, along with two isolates each of Armillaria gemina, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria sinapina, and Armillaria solidipes. Within the tef1 amplicon, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were present between A. calvescens and A. gallica. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods showed that tef1 was the only gene capable of distinguishing A. calvescens from A. gallica, and additionally, all isolates representing the six northeastern North American species. Partial tef1 sequences grouped A. calvescens into a strongly-supported, monophyletic clade with bootstrap support (BS) values of 98/98 % (ML/MP), while A. gallica was grouped into a monophyletic clade with lower BS support (76/59 %). The results illustrate the utility of partial tef1 sequences for the identification of field isolates of Armillaria from northeastern North America.
A highly stable short α-helix constrained by a main-chain hydrogen-bond surrogate

Herein we describe a strategy for the preparation of artificial alpha-helices involving replacement of one of the main-chain hydrogen bonds with a covalent linkage. To mimic the C=O...H-N hydrogen bond as closely as possible, we envisioned a covalent bond of the type C=X-Y-N, where X and Y are two carbon atoms connected through an olefin metathesis reaction. Our results demonstrate that the replacement of a hydrogen bond between the i and i + 4 residues at the N-terminus of a short peptide with a carbon-carbon bond results in a highly stable constrained alpha-helix at physiological conditions as indicated by CD and NMR spectroscopies. The advantage of this strategy is that it allows access to short alpha-helices with strict preservation of molecular recognition surfaces required for biomolecular interactions.
Calcium depletion dissociates and activates heterodimeric notch receptors.

Notch receptors participate in a highly conserved signaling pathway that regulates morphogenesis in multicellular animals. Maturation of Notch receptors requires the proteolytic cleavage of a single precursor polypeptide to produce a heterodimer composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain (NEC) and a single-pass transmembrane signaling domain (NTM). Notch signaling has been correlated with additional ligand-induced proteolytic cleavages, as well as with nuclear translocation of the intracellular portion of NTM (NICD). In the current work, we show that the NEC and NTM subunits of Drosophila Notch and human Notch1 (hN1) interact noncovalently. NEC-NTM interaction was disrupted by 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate or divalent cation chelators such as EDTA, and stabilized by millimolar Ca2+. Deletion of the Ca2+-binding Lin12-Notch (LN) repeats from the NEC subunit resulted in spontaneous shedding of NEC into conditioned medium, implying that the LN repeats are important in maintaining the interaction of NEC and NTM. The functional consequences of EDTA-induced NEC dissociation were studied by using hN1-expressing NIH 3T3 cells. Treatment of these cells for 10 to 15 min with 0.5 to 10 mM EDTA resulted in the rapid shedding of NEC, the transient appearance of a polypeptide of the expected size of NICD, increased intranuclear anti-Notch1 staining, and the transient activation of an Notch-sensitive reporter gene. EDTA treatment of HeLa cells expressing endogenous Notch1 also stimulated reporter gene activity to a degree equivalent to that resulting from exposure of the cells to the ligand Delta1. These findings indicate that receptor activation can occur as a consequence of NEC dissociation, which relieves inhibition of the intrinsically active NTM subunit.
Polypharmacy and prescribing quality in older people.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between inappropriate prescribing, medication underuse, and the total number of medications used by patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ninety-six outpatients aged 65 and older who were taking five or more medications. MEASUREMENTS: Inappropriate prescribing was assessed using a combination of the Beers drugs-to-avoid criteria (2003 update) and subscales of the Medication Appropriateness Index that assess whether a drug is ineffective, not indicated, or unnecessary duplication of therapy. Underuse was assessed using the Assessment of Underutilization of Medications instrument. All vitamins and minerals, topical and herbal medications, and medications taken as needed were excluded from the analyses. RESULTS: Mean age was 74.6, and patients used a
Facet: Streaming over Videoconferencing for Censorship Circumvention

In this paper, we introduce Facet, an unobservable transport service for social video sites. Facet evades detection by Internet censors by streaming social videos over Skype calls, and applying a novel traffic-analysis countermeasure called video morphing. We report on the performance and security of a prototype implementation of Facet and find that a single Facet server can support roughly 20 simultaneous sessions, while providing strong unobservability: using the best known traffic analysis methods, a censor seeking to block 90% of Facet calls would need to block over 40% of all Skype calls. An additional benefit of our prototype implementation is that it avoids the distribution problem: clients can use Facet without installing any additional software.
Cumulative meta-analysis of the relationship between useful field of view and driving performance in older adults: current and future implications.

Purpose. Driving is a complex behavior that requires the utilization of a wide range of individual abilities. Identifying assessments that not only capture individual differences, but also are related to older adults' driving performance would be beneficial. This investigation examines the relationship between the Useful Field of View (UFOV) assessment and objective measures of retrospective or concurrent driving performance, including state- recorded accidents, on-road driving, and driving simulator performance. Method. The PubMed and PsycINFO data- bases were searched to retrieve eight studies that reported bivariate relationships between UFOV and these objective driving measures. Cumulative meta-analysis techniques were used to combine the effect sizes in an attempt to determine whether the strength of the relationship was stable across studies and to assess whether a sufficient number of studies have been conducted to validate the relationship between UFOV and driving performance. Results. A within-group homogeneity of effect sizes test revealed that the samples could be thought of as being drawn from the same population, Q (7) 11.29, p (one-tailed) 0.13. Therefore, the effect sizes of eight studies were combined for the present cumulative meta-analysis. The weighted mean effect size across the studies revealed a large effect (Cohen's d 0.945), with poorer UFOV performance associated with negative driving outcomes. This relationship was robust across multiple indices of driving performance and several research laboratories. Conclusions. This convergence of evidence across numerous studies using different methodologies confirms the importance of the UFOV assessment as a valid and reliable index of driving performance and safety. Recent prospective studies have confirmed a relationship between UFOV performance and future crashes, further supporting the use of this instrument as a potential screening measure for at-risk older drivers. (Optom Vis Sci 2005;82:724-731)
Tooth Agenesis Patterns in Bilateral Cleft Lip/Palate (BCLP) Indicate Possible Common Genetic Pathways

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Tooth agenesis patterns in bilateral cleft lip and palate. Bartzela TN, Carels CEL, Bronkhorst EM, Ronning E, Rizell S, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Eur J Oral Sci 2010;118:47-52. Reviewer Michael D. Martin, DMD, MSD, MPH, MA, PhD Purpose/Question Are there patterns of tooth agenesis in BCLP that may indicate genetic contributions common to tooth developmental anomalies and cleft lip/palate? Source of Funding Supported by the Department of Dentistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands. Type of Study/Design Retrospective cohort Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
A comparison of soil properties observed in farmed, restored and natural closed depressions on the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa

Abstract Extensive artificial soil drainage systems, including subsurface tiles and surface ditches, have been installed throughout the agricultural Midwest to remove excess water from perennially wet soils. Factors of soil formation, such as soil climate and biota, have been substantially altered by artificial drainage and the associated land use change. Efforts to restore wetlands are ongoing but success has been limited in some cases. The objectives of this study were to 1) quantify alterations of wetland soils due to artificial drainage in the recently glaciated, Des Moines Lobe region of north-central Iowa; and 2) compare physical and chemical soil properties of farmed (artificially drained) wetlands to those undergoing restoration efforts and those considered natural (undrained). Wetlands in thirteen Des Moines Lobe closed depressions were sampled during this study representing three distinct populations: farmed, restored and natural soils. There were distinct visual differences in soil morphological properties between farmed and restored wetlands and farmed depressions had significantly higher soil nutrients (NO 3 , P and K). Fewer differences were noted between restored and natural wetlands, implying that restoration of wetlands was returning soils to a more natural state in a relatively short time (15–20 years) compared to the time since they were initially drained (50–100 years). Study results suggest soil alteration due to artificial drainage and provide important context for establishing realistic timeframes for wetland soil restoration in closed depressions located on the Des Moines Lobe.