cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Customize Deep Learning-based De-Identification Systems Using Local Clinical Notes - A Study of Sample Size

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are a valuable resource for both clinical and translational research. However, much detailed patient information is embedded in clinical narratives, including a large number of patients9 identifiable information. De-identification of clinical notes is a critical technology to protect the privacy and confidentiality of patients. Previous studies presented many automated de-identification systems to capture and remove protected health information from clinical text. However, most of them were tested only in one institute setting where training and test data were from the same institution. Directly adapting these systems without customization could lead to a dramatic performance drop. Recent studies have shown that fine-tuning is a promising method to customize deep learning-based NLP systems across different institutes. However, it9s still not clear how much local data is required. In this study, we examined the customizing of a deep learning-based de-identification system using different sizes of local notes from UF Health. Our results showed that the fine-tuning could significantly improve the model performance even on a small local dataset. Yet, when the local data exceeded a threshold (e.g., 700 notes in this study), the performance improvement became marginal.
Orthogonality sampling type methods for an inverse acoustic scattering problem.

We consider the inverse acoustic scattering problem of determining the location and shape of penetrable scattering objects from multi-static Cauchy data of the scattered field. We propose two novel imaging functionals of orthogonality sampling type for solving the inverse problem. These imaging functionals, like the orthogonality sampling method, are fast, simple to implement, and robust with respect to noise in the data. A further advantage is that they are applicable to both near-field and far-field data. In particular, in the case of far-field data, the functionals can be easily modified such that only the scattered field data is needed. The theoretical analysis of the first imaging functional relies on the Factorization method along with the Funk-Hecke formula and a relation between the Cauchy data and the scattering amplitude of the scattered field. The second one is justified using the Helmholtz integral representation for the imaginary part of the Green's function of the direct scattering problem. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed imaging functionals.
Use and Benefit of Dyadic Coping for Couple Relationship Satisfaction in Parents of Children with Autism

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at increased risk for unsatisfying and conflict-ridden couple relationships (i.e., marital or romantic partner relationships). There is a critical need to identify the couple-level processes that contribute to this risk. The current study examined the use of dyadic coping, defined as the appraisals and behaviors that partners in relationships use and receive to manage stressors, and to examine whether dyadic coping mediated the association between parenting stress and couple relationship satisfaction in parents who have a child with ASD and in parents who do not have a child with ASD. In total, 184 couples that had a child with ASD (aged 5-12 years) and comparison group of 183 couples who have a child without a neurodevelopmental condition participated in the study. A multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that parents of children with ASD reported less positive and more negative dyadic coping than did parents in the comparison group. Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that dyadic coping mediated the association between parenting stress and couple relationship satisfaction. Findings have important implications for programs aimed at enhancing parent couple relationship in families of children with ASD.
Tax Expenditures, Social Justice and Civil Rights: Expanding the Scope of Civil Rights Laws to Apply to Private Charities

This Article is a follow-up to The Power of The Treasury: Racial Discrimination, Public Policy and "Charity" In Contemporary Society, 33 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 389-447 (2000), which used affirmative action as an example to highlight problems with Treasury's public policy power - the power to revoke 501(c)(3) tax exemption of charities that violate "established public policy." Tax Expenditures and Civil Rights offers a possible solution to many of the problems highlighted in Power of the Treasury. Using tax expenditure theory as a guide, Tax Expenditures and Civil Rights proposes that courts interpret "federal financial assistance" as used in many civil rights statutes to include tax benefits received by tax-exempt charities. The Supreme Court has never addressed this matter. However, several lower federal courts have addressed the issue and reached different conclusions about whether FFA includes tax benefits. This Article's proposal is one way to combat invidious discrimination based on race, gender, disability and age by charities that does not involve the many problems highlighted in Power of the Treasury. The proposal also offers the advantage of a well-developed body of law that more clearly delineates when race preferences are illegal discrimination and when they are permissible affirmative action.
Case 9-2021: A 16-Year-Old Boy with Headache, Abdominal Pain, and Hypertension

A Boy with Headache, Abdominal Pain, and Hypertension A 16-year-old boy presented with headache, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. He had been injured 17 months earlier in an ATV accident and a...
Emotional heritage: visitor engagement at museums and heritage sites: by Laurajane Smith, London and New York, Routledge, 2021, 338 pp., $35.96 USD (e-book), ISBN 9781315713274

How do museum visitors interact with heritage sites and museum spaces? According to Laurajane Smith in her new book Emotional Heritage: Visitor Engagement at Museums and Heritage Sites, they are no...
Xrn1 is a deNADding Enzyme Modulating Mitochondrial NAD Levels

ABSTRACT The existence of non-canonical nicotinamide adenine diphosphate (NAD) 5’-end capped RNAs is now well established. Nevertheless, the biological function of this nucleotide metabolite cap remains elusive. Here, we show that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytoplasmic 5’-end exoribonuclease Xrn1 is also a NAD cap decapping (deNADding) enzyme that releases intact NAD and subsequently degrades the RNA. The significance of Xrn1 deNADding is evident in a deNADding deficient Xrn1 mutant that still retains its 5’-monophosphate exonuclease activity. This mutant reveals Xrn1 deNADding is necessary for normal growth on non-fermenting sugar and is involved in modulating mitochondrial NAD-capped RNA levels and in turn intramitochondrial NAD levels. Our findings uncover a functional role for mitochondrial NAD-capped RNAs as a reservoir to maintain overall NAD homeostasis. We propose NAD-capped RNAs function as a cistern for mitochondrial NAD with Xrn1 serving as a rheostat for NAD-capped RNAs.
Career Self-Efficacy as a Mediator Between Emotional Intelligence and Employment Planning Among US College Students

This study examines the dynamics of personality traits that interfere with occupational decisions among young adults, especially during a pandemic. Three multiple regression analyses were conducted to predict career decision self-efficacy (CDSE), e.g., planning and indecision from the Big 5 personality measures. We hypothesized that EI and personality affect employment conflicts (Study 1), and that CDSE mediates EI and planning difficulty (Study 2). Conscientiousness and openness significantly predicted CDSE, F(5, 128) = 15.64, p < .001, R2 = .38, while neuroticism was statistically significant in predicting CSPS, F(5, 128) = 3.94, p < .01, R2 = .13. Neuroticism was significant for personality variables while a negative correlation was found between EI and career indecision (r = -0.25, at p < .01). Results demonstrate that the positive effect of CDSE mediated EI’s link to career indecision, which reveals that conscientiousness also predicted participants’ occupational indecision (β = -0.17, p < .05).
Temporal orientation as a robust predictor of innovation

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between societal temporal orientation and level of innovation. Previous studies linking culture to innovation have predominantly focused on individualism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity as determinants of innovation – overlooking temporal orientation. Utilizing theory from sociology and psychology, we elucidate temporal orientation as an important aspect of culture that can promote innovation. We hypothesize and find evidence for the effect of temporal orientation on three different stages of the innovation process. Results suggest temporal orientation dimensions of culture have important implications for innovation at the country level. Additionally, we find differences in effect between the temporal orientation conceptualizations of Hofstede and the GLOBE project. Our results provide evidence to strengthen theory regarding temporal orientation phenomena. Such implications are discussed along with future research directions.
Physiological and Anatomical Mechanisms: Neural Bases of Learning

The most productive laboratory studies concerned with neuronal substrates of learning and memory in the mammalian brain have utilized highly simplified and controlled experimental situations and paradigms, what is often termed a “model system” approach. The basic strategy is to select an organism capable of exhibiting the range of behavioral phenomena one wishes to explain and whose nervous system possesses the properties and/or is understood at a level that makes neurobiological analysis feasible. The trade-off typically encountered is that the more complex the behavior one wishes to explain, the less tractable are the nervous systems of organisms capable of exhibiting such behavior. The chief advantage of the model system approach is that the facts gained from anatomical, physiological, and behavioral investigations for a particular preparation are cumulative and tend to have synergistic effects on theory development and research.
The effect of cortisone upon absorption of protein, fat, and calcium in idiopathic steatorrhea.

Summary The case history of a young female with severe idiopathic steatorrhea is described. Metabolic balances for fat, nitrogen and calcium, and intestinal absorption tests were studied before and during emergency ACTH and cortisone therapy. Dramatic clinical response was paralleled by a rapid fall in daily stool weight and prompt improvement in fat, nitrogen, and calcium absorption. Calcium balance data suggest that very large doses of oral vitamin D may be ineffective in relapses of sprue and that cortisone may promote calcium absorption independently of the action of vitamin D.
Magnetic Thin Films

The sections in this article are 1 Basic Concepts for Magnetic Thin Film Formation 2 Magnetic Film Fabrication Techniques 3 High Vacuum Evaporation of Magnetic Films 4 Summary and Further Reading 5 Acknowledgments
Blind detection of multirate asynchronous CDMA signals using super-exponential methods

In this paper, we consider the blind detection of multirate CDMA signals by applying a fast convergence blind deconvolution algorithm-the super-exponential algorithm. Here only the desired user's spreading code is assumed to be known. Compared with existing high-order statistics based blind multiuser detectors, when the system actually converges to the desired user (generally needs SNR/spl ges/15 dB for both existing methods and the proposed approach), the proposed approach can achieve much better performance with significantly faster convergence speed.
Multiculturalism in Social Work Ethics

The authors analyze the treatment of multiculturalism in the 1999 National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics, arguing that it presents multiculturalism as a knowledge base and area in which social workers should demonstrate competence rather than as a guiding principle of virtuous practice. They criticize the ramifications of this application, and propose three arguments for repositioning multiculturalism in the Code as a principle of ethical practice rather than a specific knowledge area.
Towards High-Precision Service Retrieval

The ability to rapidly locate useful on-line services (e.g. software applications, software components, process models, or service organizations), as opposed to simply useful documents, is becoming increasingly critical in many domains. Current service retrieval technology is, however, notoriously prone to low precision. This paper describes a novel service retrieval approached based on the sophisticated use of process ontologies. Our preliminary evaluations suggest that this approach offers qualitatively higher retrieval precision than existing (keyword and table-based) approaches without sacrificing recall and computational tractability/scalability.
The omnicardiogram: new approach to detection of heart disease in patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram.

Abstract The omnicardiogram is a new technique in which various leads of the standard electrocardiogram are digitized and subjected to a nonlinear mathematical transformation so as to detect subtle degrees of abnormality not apparent in the original electrocardiogram. Its usefulness in the detection of heart disease was studied in 121 male patients with a normal resting 12 lead electrocardiogram who underwent selective coronary cineangiography for a chest pain syndrome. In normotensive patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram, an abnormal omnicardiogram was recorded in 81 percent of those with three vessel disease, 67 percent of those with two vessel disease and 41 percent of those with one vessel disease. Nineteen percent of patients with normal coronary arteries or nonobstructive coronary artery disease had false positive tracings. The omnicardiogram was abnormal in 81 percent of patients with hypertension whether or not coronary artery disease was present. A double Master exercise test was performed by 109 of the 121 patients. In normotensive patients results of the test were positive in 67 percent of those with three vessel disease, 31 percent of those with two vessel disease and 14 percent of those with one vessel disease. There was a 4 percent rate of false positive tracings. Thus in our study, the omnicardiogram appeared to be superior to the Master test and to provide a useful new approach to detection of coronary artery disease in male patients with a normal resting electrocardiogram.
WE-C-I-609-02: Investigation of Various Methods for Determination of Similarity Measures for Pairs of Clustered Microcalcifications On Mammograms

Purpose: Presentation of images similar to an unknown lesion on mammograms may be useful to radiologists in their image interpretation. The purpose of this study is to investigate different methods for determination of similarity measures that would agree with radiologists' subjective similarity ratings. Method and Materials: We used 881 ROIs that included clustered microcalcifications. We selected 19 “unknown” images each of which was compared with six “known” images to produce 114 pairs. Nine breast radiologists provided similarity ratings based on the overall impression for diagnosis for the 114 pairs. Subjective ratings were marked on a continuous rating scale between 0 and 1, where 0 and 1 correspond to two lesions not similar at all and almost identical, respectively. A number of image features were extracted from the lesions for determination of similarity measures. Two similarity measures were determined by use of the Euclidean distance without and with unique strong features of an unknown image. A psychophysical similarity measure was determined by use of an ANN that can learn the relationship between radiologists' similarity ratings and feature values. The correlation values between the subjective ratings and the similarity measures were determined to evaluate the usefulness of similarity measures. Results: The Euclidean-distance- based measure with unique features provided the improved correlation values for four cases, but degraded correlation values for three cases, compared with that without unique features. When ANN was employed, the correlation coefficients were further improved by use of a leave-one-out test method. Conclusion: Simple similarity measures such as those based on the Euclidean distance would not be a reliable measure. The selection of features for a specific unknown case and the use of ANN have the potential to improve the determination of reliable similarity measures. Conflict of Interest: RAS and KD: shareholders, R2 Technology Inc.; KD: shareholder, Deus Technology Inc.
Single-stranded shuttle phagemid for mutagenesis studies in mammalian cells: 8-oxoguanine in DNA induces targeted G.C-->T.A transversions in simian kidney cells.

A single-stranded shuttle vector has been developed for the purpose of investigating translesional events in mammalian cells. The vector is designed to permit site-specific introduction of defined DNA lesions between a gene for neomycin resistance and its promoter. Efficiencies of translesional synthesis in simian kidney cells (COS) and Escherichia coli are established by determining the number of neomycin- and ampicillin-resistant colonies recovered, respectively, after introduction of a modified vector. Fidelity of translesional synthesis is evaluated by analyzing the nucleotide sequence of progeny phagemid DNA in the region corresponding to the lesion site. This experimental system, capable of detecting mutagenic and nonmutagenic events at and adjacent to the lesion site, was used to establish the mutagenic potential of a single 8-oxoguanine residue in DNA. This modified base, produced by attack of reactive oxygen species on cellular DNA, did not cause a decrease in the number of transformants when single-stranded DNA containing the lesion replicated in COS cells or E. coli. The predominant mutations observed (> 78%) were G-->T transversions targeted to the site of the lesion. The mutation frequencies for this event were 2.5-4.8% in COS cells and 1.8% in E. coli. It is concluded that a single-stranded shuttle vector, utilized in conjunction with a site-specific approach, can be used to investigate translesional events in mammalian cells and in bacteria.
METABOLIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS“ IN ORNITHINE TRANS-CARBAMYLASE DEFICIENCY?

Females with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, an X-linked disorder, are mosaic in that they have hepatocytes with almost no enzyme activity and hepatocytes with normal enzyme activity. The normal and abnormal cells occur in clusters since cells in an area tend to be the progeny of the same parent cell. Marked variation in OTC was found in small liver biopsies from a female with OTC deficiency, probably because the samples included clusters of normal or abnormal cells. OTC activity was measured in 10 approx. 5 mg specimens of liver from a single surgical biopsy from a 7 year old girl with OTC def. (two experiments and control autopsy liver (three experiments). The OTC activity in the patient varied 10-40 fold in the two experiments with a coefficient of variation of 76 and 97 percent (control 20,21 and 26 percent). Thus OTC activity in a small biopsy in females with OTC def. may not be representative of the entire liver. The OTC activity in several bits of liver from our patient was very low suggesting that clusters of abnormal cells may often involve a major portion of a hepatic lobule. If so, blood passing through these areas would in effect be passing through a “metabolic shunt.” These shunts may, in part, account for the hyperammonemia in this disorder. The notion that an X-linked disorder can produce disease in heterozygotes by affecting small functional units could apply to other disorders such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus or vitamin D dependent rickets.
Problems in Damage Analysis Under Nonproportional Cycling

This paper uses examples to illustrate problems in damage analysis under nonproportional cycling. Nonproportional histories examined include multiaxial loading with either fixed or rotating principal directions. Currently popular concepts advanced for use in damage analysis of nonproportional cycling are reviewed and examined in terms of their potential ability to assess damage for example histories. It is shown that while such damage measures may be valid for mildly nonproportional histories, their successful application to general nonproportional cycling is unlikely. The paper closes with a commentary on the issues considered.
Relationship of ketone body metabolism and carbohydrate utilization to fat mobilization in the ruminant.

Abstract A significant decrease in plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) level occurred during intravenous administration of sodium β -hydroxybutyrate to goats previously fasted or fasted and phlorizinized. No significant change in plasma glucose concentration was observed during the infusion in either metabolic state. A depression in plasma NEFA level of lower magnitude was also noted during infusion of β -hydroxybutyrate to alloxan-diabetic goats. A direct feedback effect of ketone bodies on fat mobilization is implicated, although the presence of insulin may be necessary for maximum suppression of NEFA release.
Neocortical anomalies in autoimmune mice: A model for the developmental neuropathology seen in the dyslexic brain

Developmental ectopias (nests of neurons) in the molecular layer of the cerebral neocortex and associated dysplasias of underlying layers have been seen in two strains of mice (New Zealand Black and BXSB) that spontaneously develop autoimmune disorders. The ectopias are usually unilateral and males are more often affected than females. The emerging situation is comparable to that of male dyslexics who in addition to their language problems show similar developmental brain anomalies. These anomalies are through to have their origin during the last stages of neuronal migration. We believe that maternal autoantibodies passing through the placenta and blood-brain barrier may damage the important structural components of the cerebral cortex affecting the final positions of migrating neurons. The autoimmune mice are a useful experimental animal model for understanding the development of neuropathology in dyslexics.
Groundwater in Science Education

Although clean, potable groundwater constitutes one of our most valuable resources, few students or science educators hold complete and appropriate understandings regarding the concept. Recent studies that focus on secondary students’ and preservice science teachers’ understandings of groundwater found little difference between the groups’ conceptualizations of subsurface hydrology. This article discusses possible reasons for the apparent lack of appropriate understanding regarding the complex concept of groundwater. Specifically, we concentrate on the lack of emphasis concerning groundwater content in standards documents, the need for increased attention to students’ spatial reasoning abilities, inadequate formal instruction for science teachers concerning groundwater, and difficulty in designing appropriate assessment of groundwater concepts. We conclude by offering suggestions for enhancing the teaching and learning of groundwater.
An ideal observer with channels versus feature-independent processing of spatial frequency and orientation in visual search performance.

An influential assumption for the front end of models in vision, visual search, and object recognition is an analysis of independent features that correspond to basic image properties, such as motion, shape, and color. Empirically, one common test of independent features (a cue-summation study) measures performance with increasing available cues or features, with improving performance leading to conclusions of summation across independent features. In a study by Shimozaki et al. [J. Vision 2, 354‐370 (2002)], both ideal and human observers showed no summation with large stimulus differences, in contrast to independent-feature models and suggesting that stimulus information (as assessed by an ideal observer) might affect cue-summation studies. Extending the previous summation study, observers performed a visual search of four Gabors differing in only orientation, only spatial frequency, or both orientation and spatial frequency, across a range of target‐ distractor differences. An ideal observer underpredicted human summation for small differences, whereas the independent-orientation and spatial-frequency feature models overpredicted human summation for large differences. An ideal observer with channels jointly tuned to spatial frequency and orientation predicted human performance across both small and large target‐distractor differences. © 2003 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 330.0330, 330.5510, 330.4060, 330.6100.
Nerve pathology in unregulated limb growth.

Limb overgrowth is a rare pathological condition that may affect either all tissues equally or some tissues selectively and may be associated with other systemic conditions, such as tumorigenesis. While much progress has been made in recent years regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in limb development and, in particular, the formation of new bone, the precise cause of limb overgrowth remains largely unknown. Recent emerging evidence in the converging fields of nerve-tumor biology and limb regeneration has provided evidence that the vascular and peripheral nervous systems might be critically involved in regulating limb size. In this paper, we review the evidence supporting the notion that peripheral nerve abnormalities might cause limb and/or digit overgrowth. During embryonic development, mesenchymal progenitor cells form a cartilaginous template that subsequently undergoes ossification to form new bone1,2. Several signaling molecules involved in normal growth plate chondrocyte differentiation have recently been identified3. Growth factors (including growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, transforming growth factor-beta, and parathyroid hormone-related protein) and fibroblast growth-factor receptors play an important role in this process4,5. Similarly, multiple morphogens, such as bone morphogenetic proteins6, the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway7, and Sonic and Indian hedgehog cascades8, are now known to be critical for proper bone formation. Growth factor and morphogen signaling converge in the modulation of gene transcription, where Runx2 has been uncovered as a master transcription factor involved in all stages of bone formation and is essential for the initial commitment of mesenchymal cells to the osteoblastic lineage and in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of these cells9. Genetic studies have demonstrated that limb growth and distal limb patterning critically depend on homeobox transcription factors (Hox genes10) and the zinc finger domain transcription factor Gli311 …
“Treating the Abusive Partner: An individualized Cognitive-Behavioral Approach,” by C. M. Murphy & C. I. Eckhardt

Researchers and practitioners alike have only recently begun to acknowledge that individuals who commit acts of intimate violence are a diverse group. Yet, few specialized treatment programs have b...
Effects of deuterium oxide on cell growth and vesicle speed in RBL-2H3 cells

For the first time we show the effects of deuterium oxide on cell growth and vesicle transport in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. RBL-2H3 cells cultured with 15 moles/L deuterium showed decreased cell growth which was attributed to cells not doubling their DNA content. Experimental observations also showed an increase in vesicle speed for cells cultured in deuterium oxide. This increase in vesicle speed was not observed in deuterium oxide cultures treated with a microtubule-destabilizing drug, suggesting that deuterium oxide affects microtubule-dependent vesicle transport.
A geochemically consistent hypothesis for MORB generation

Abstract Geochemical observations of MORB including U-series disequilibria are used to examine the processes and timescales of MORB melt generation. Incompatible elements in MORB suggest that the MORB source region consists of a depleted lherzolite matrix interspersed with chemically enriched mafic veins. Wide variations in Th/U distinguish these source variations in MORB better than 87 Sr / 86 Sr and document that the relative chemical homogeneity of normal MORB reflects efficient melt mixing rather than a homogeneous source. Spinel compositional variations in MORB and in mantle solids (abyssal peridotites and dunites) reflect reactive flow of melts having significant compositional variations. High Cr# spinels result from reactive flow of chemically enriched melts derived from the mafic vein source ascending through the lherzolite of the upper melting column. High Cr# and TiO2 contents in dunite spinels indicate that dunites form by reactive flow of enriched melts through the upper melting column. Once formed, dunites act as high permeability pathways for melt from surrounding lherzolite and are responsible for the “fractional signatures” observed in the major element chemistry, melt inclusions, abyssal peridotites and Lu–Hf systematics of MORB. Based on the recognition that there are two sources melting beneath ridges that have different porosity characteristics, a melting model consistent with evidence for both fractional and equilibrium porous flow melting is proposed. In this model, the presence of dunite channels affect melt generation and transport in the lherzolite matrix, suggesting that mantle heterogeneity may be critical to the physical aspects of melting and melt transport in the mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges. U-series disequilibria provide information on how melting occurs in the two endmember sources and suggest that melt porosities in the lherzolite may be as low as 0.1%. Melt within lherzolite maintains equilibrium with the coexisting solid while it ascends porously. Primitive MORB with high Mg# consistently have low 230 Th excesses or deficits with major element chemical signatures of equilibration near 1.0 GPa suggesting that the depleted endmember melt maintains chemical equilibrium with lherzolite until shallow mantle depths (∼30 km). Melt porosities in enriched heterogeneities remain below 1% for perhaps 10s of km before losing chemical equilibrium with the solid during transport in the upper melting column. Because the porosities required by the observed disequilibria are small, the transition to porosities large enough to form “veins” of melt must occur over a timescale which is very long in comparison to the 226 Ra half-life and significantly long for 231 Pa . Thus, instantaneous transport dynamic melting models appear incompatible with the observed disequilibria even when initial melt productivities as low as 0.05%/km are used.
False positive diagnosis of malingering due to the use of multiple effort tests.

AbstractObjective: Effort indicators are used to determine if neuropsychological test results are valid measures of a patient’s cognitive abilities. The use of multiple effort measures is often advocated, but the false positive rate for multiple indicators depends on the number of measures used and the correlation among indicators. This study presents a meta-analysis of correlations among effort measures. False positive rates for multiple correlated indicators are then estimated using Monte Carlo simulations.Methods: a literature search of published studies identified 22 independent samples in which 407 correlations among 31 effort measures were available in 3564 participants with normal effort. Participants were patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders and healthy volunteers.Results: Meta-analysis showed a mean correlation among effort indicators of 0.31. Monte Carlo simulation based on a 15% false positive rate for individual indicators showed that, when 10 effort indicators are used together...
Finding the n Most Vital Nodes in a Flow Network

The n most vital nodes in a network are those n nodes whose removal, along with all arcs incident with them, would cause the greatest decrease in maximum flow between a specified node pair. Results are established for this problem that lead to a procedure for determining the n most vital nodes.
The peptic ulcer syndrome in the Negro

1. Negroes constituted 12.7 per cent of all the peptic ulcer patients admitted to the Cook County Hospital during the period of one year, while slightly higher or lower percentages are found in other hospitals admitting both White and Negro patients. 2. Environmentally conditioned psychic factors play an equally important role in the genesis of peptic ulcer in White and Negro patients. 3. Northern Negroes, hence, of industrial centers, just as the Whites of these areas, are more frequently subject to peptic ulcer than Southern Negroes and Whites of agricultural areas, respectively. 4. The theory of racial selectivity as a unique feature of the peptic ulcer syndrome could not be substantiated, while the hypothesis on which this theory of racial selectivity is based is contrary to the latest conceptions of comparative psychology.
Human Behavior Characteristics Analysis in Teleoperation System

This paper is concerned with the analysis of human behavior in teleoperation system. A teleoperation experimental system is developed in this paper. The stability of the inverted pendulum is controled by joystick. The Laminar Phase and power spectrum is adopted to analyse human behavior characteristics. The experiment results show that human is adaptive to the disturbance in the teleoperation system.
Accounting for Public Policy Actions: The Case of Motor Carrier Deregulation

An important concern of accounting policy is the provision of guidance for the reporting of relevant information related to economic events including public policy actions. In the case of motor carrier deregulation, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued a specialized accounting standard which required all regulated motor carriers to write off as extraordinary losses the intangible assets associated with their interstate operating rights. The specific focus of the present research was to investigate the extent to which these reported accounting losses reflect real economic losses. The findings provide evidence that industry-wide economic losses are unsubstantiated. The study concludes that a requirement that all firms involved in a regulatory reform to report write-offs which are unsupported by entity-specific transactions or events can result in serious economic consequences. Also discussed are the more general issues relevant to the promulgation of specialized accounting standards, the impact of accounting policy on public policy formulations, and accounting treatments for politically sensitive issues.
The Missing Thyroid

Background Several patients have been referred to our practice after having undergone attempted thyroidectomy, during which the thyroid gland was not found. These patients were reviewed to identify factors associated with failure to identify or adequately resect the thyroid. Study design Patients referred for a "missed thyroid" between October 1, 1990 and December 31, 2002, were reviewed retrospectively. Seven patients who underwent neck exploration for thyroid cancer (n=6) or Graves' disease (n=1) were identified. Surgical indications, history of neck operations, means of recognizing the complication, incision location, and intraoperative and pathologic findings were analyzed. Results The thyroid was missed on initial exploration in four patients and in the second or third operation in three patients. In three patients, the surgeon misidentified the thymus (two patients) or nodal tissue (one patient) as the thyroid gland. In one patient, the thyroid could not be identified. In one patient, the thyroid was deemed unresectable because of scar tissue. In two patients, an inadequate "near-total" thyroidectomy was performed. In five patients with long necks, the neck incision was too far below the cricoid cartilage. Conclusions Failure to identify the thyroid gland at the normal anatomic position was associated with low cervical incisions and a history of earlier neck operations. These findings emphasize the need for improved understanding of thyroid anatomy, embryology, localization procedures, and surgical technique.
Supplemental iron exacerbates aminoglycoside ototoxicity in vivo

There is increasing evidence to suggest that free radical generation is central to a variety of pathological processes, including drug toxicity. Studies demonstrating the ability of gentamicin to facilitate the generation of radical species suggest that this process plays an important role in aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. Because transition metals, particularly iron, play an important role in the production of free radicals and the generation of reactive oxygen species, we sought to determine whether gentamicin-induced ototoxicity is exacerbated by increases in serum iron levels. To this end, we assessed the effects of supplemental iron administration (2 mg/kg/day and 6 mg/kg/day) on changes in auditory function induced by co-administration of gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day for 30 days). Experiments were carried out on pigmented guinea pigs initially weighing 250-300 g. Changes in cochlear function were characterized as shifts in compound action potential (CAP) thresholds, estimated every third day throughout the treatment period by use of chronic indwelling electrodes implanted at the round window, vertex, and contralateral mastoid. Results showed that animals receiving iron in combination with gentamicin demonstrated a more rapid and profound elevation in CAP thresholds compared with animals receiving gentamicin alone. This effect occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Animals receiving supplemental iron alone maintained normal CAP thresholds throughout the treatment period. There was no statistically significant difference in serum gentamicin levels between groups receiving gentamicin alone or gentamicin plus iron. These results provide further evidence of the recently reported intrinsic role of iron in aminoglycoside ototoxicity, and highlight a potential risk of aminoglycoside administration in patients with elevated serum iron.
Daily life in a nursing home: Impact on quality of life after a spinal cord injury

This article describes the impact of the nursing home environment on the quality of life (QOL) of six persons with a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). The data resulted from serial in-depth interviews starting soon after injury. Study participants were aware that nursing home placement was inevitable due to their lack of financial and social resources. Multiple nursing home "moves" were punctuated by periodic rehospitalizations for SCI complications. Self-rated QOL was at a low shortly after injury, rose during the rehabilitation stay, declined by the first nursing home interview, and improved somewhat thereafter. Characteristics of the physical and social environment of the nursing home provide explanations for fluctuations in QOL.
Television and the cultivation of attitudes toward subordinate groups

This study examines the relationship between frequency of viewing television news and crime dramas, and adherence to an ideology of individualism. Attitudes toward women, blacks, and the poor were examined among members of these groups and among white males. Among women and blacks, exposure to television news increases group consciousness, while viewing crime dramas decreases personal efficacy. Among white males, we find an association between exposure to crime drama and endorsement of individual rather than structural causes of inequality. Television news, by contrast, fosters a belief that women's unequal status is due to structural sources.
Comment on "On the regulation of populations of mammals, birds, fish, and insects" IV.

Sibly et al .'s (Reports, 22 July 2005, p. 607) contention that density dependence acts strongly on low-density animal populations irrespective of body size contradicts many long-term studies of large mammals. Their findings were distorted by harvest records, which may poorly reflect population trend. Omitting unreliable data, their massive data set is reduced to only one case for large mammals.
Minor Histocompatibility Antigens and the Maternal Immune Response to the Fetus During Pregnancy

The tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus by the maternal immune system is an important area of research for understanding how the maternal and fetal systems interact during pregnancy to ensure a successful outcome. Several lines of research reveal that the maternal immune system can recognize and respond to fetal minor histocompatibility antigens during pregnancy. Reactions to these antigens arise because of allelic differences between the mother and fetus and have been shown more broadly to play an important role in mediating transplantation outcomes. This review outlines the discovery of minor histocompatibility antigens and their importance in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantations, maternal T-cell responses to minor histocompatibility antigens during pregnancy, expression of minor histocompatibility antigens in the human placenta, and the potential involvement of minor histocompatibility antigens in the development and manifestation of pregnancy complications.
The Effect of 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on In Vitro Drug Release of Steroids from Suppository Bases

The effects of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) on drug solubility and drug release from suppository bases were studied for dexamethasone (DX), dexamethasone acetate (DXA), hydrocortisone (HC), hydrocortisone acetate (HCA), and prednisolone acetate (PNA). It was found that HPCD significantly increased the aqueous solubility of all five steroids, and the increased drug solubility significantly influenced the drug release from the polyethylene glycol (PEG) base but not from the cocoa butter base.
Two Decades of Contributions to Marketing and Public Policy: An Analysis of Research Published in Journal of Public Policy & Marketing

Abstract The authors examine the first 20 years of Journal of Public Policy & Marketing (JPP&M) to understand the nature, influences, and impact of marketing and public policy research published in the journal. After discussing the history of JPP&M, the authors report three related sets of analyses based on all articles published since the journal’s inception. Specifically, a content analysis examines the scope and depth of research topics over time. Next, publication analyses assess how various authors and institutions have influenced the field through publishing in the journal. Finally, a citation analysis shows the impact of JPP&M articles on research published in journals of related fields.
Structure of partially denatured Escherichia coli 23 S ribosomal RNA determined by electron microscopy

The secondary structure of 23 S ribosomal RNA was analyzed by electron microscopy after partial denaturation. A reproducible pattern of loops was seen when molecules were spread for electron microscopy in 50% formamide solutions containing various concentrations of Mg2+ and Na+. Some loops were stabilized more than others by Na+ or by Mg2+: but in general, small amounts of Mg2+ (0·5 to 1·0 m m ) markedly stabilized all the major loops, as did much greater amounts of Na+ (100 m m ). However, at all levels of Mg2+ examined, increasing levels of Na+ destabilized loop structures. These data are consistent with the known salt dependence of double-stranded DNA and transfer RNA structure. The four most frequently observed loops correspond, within the limits of measurement error, to the major loops in the secondary structure models of Noller et al. (1981) and Goltz et al. (1981). These four loops are, in length and position of their midpoints along the 23 S rRNA molecule: 490±50 at 250±40; 350±50 at 1860±80; 400±70 at 2330±150; and 570±100 at 2350±100. Three of the four have base-paired stems with ΔG0 values among the lowest of all the loops in the two indirect models. At least two are also among the most stable loops found in computer searches of the 23 S rRNA sequence for dyad symmetry. These results demonstrate that partial denaturation mapping can both identify prominent features of secondary structure in rRNA and estimate their relative stability.
Transparency Calibrations for Lake St. Clair and Lake Michigan

Abstract Extensive measurements of water transparency using a Sea Tech transmissometer and total suspended solids (TSM) were made in the southern basin of Lake Michigan and in Lake St. Clair. The relationship between transparency and TSM in each lake can be expressed very well by a single equation. The similarity in the slopes of the lines for the two lakes suggests that the physical properties of the particles suspended in the water are very similar, while the large difference between the intercepts is due to the presence in Lake St. Clair of very fine material (particle diameter less than one micron) which is not present in Lake Michigan. Attempts to use the transparency measurements to identify different particle populations in Lake Michigan as a function of time, station, and sample depth were unsuccessful. Limited data from northern Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior suggest that the material in Lake Huron is similar to that in the southern basin of Lake Michigan while the observations in northern Lake Michigan more closely resemble those from Lake Superior.
A new “5+1” route to arenes. Application to the facile synthesis of D4-symmetric chiral porphyrins

Abstract A new synthesis of D 4 -symmetric porphyrins is presented which provides chiral macrocycles in only five steps starting from optically active cyclic ketones. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated with the synthesis of a new porphyrin derived from R-(+)-nopinone. The development of this flexible and general route should speed the development of porphyrin-based asymmetric catalysts.
New and Simple Syntheses of the Attractants of the Female Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae

The attractant of the female melon fly, (E)-6-nonenyl acetate, and the two analogs, (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate and (E)-7-decenyl acetate were synthesized via hydrozirconation to control the regioselective coupling reactions and resulted in good yields.
Combining manual dermasanding with low strength trichloroacetic acid to improve actinically injured skin

background: Motor-driven dermabrasion or deeper chemosurgical peeling improves photodamaged facial skin. However, these procedures each pose disadvantages that we felt could be largely ameliorated by combining manual dermasanding with low strength trichloroacetic acid peeling. objective: To evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and reproducibility of a technique combining manual dermasanding and light peeling in treating actinically injured facial skin. methods: Manual abrasion with moistened silicone-carbide sandpaper followed by application of a 25% trichloro-acetic acid solution was performed on over 300 patients followed as long as 7 years. results: Improvement was uniformly noted in luster, brightness, dyschromia, and rhytids. The procedure was easily mastered and results were reproducible. Postoperative pigmentary problems and scarring were extremely rare. conclusions: The technique demands minimal skill and experience, while providing pleasing results. There is no splatter or sharp lines of demarcation, and results suggest distinct advantages over motor-driven dermabrasion or deep peeling procedures.