cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renewal sequences with periodic dynamics

Discrete-time renewal sequences play a fundamental role in the theory of stochastic processes. This article considers periodic versions of such processes; specifically, the length of an interrenewal is allowed to probabilistically depend on the season at which it began. Using only elementary renewal and Markov chain techniques, computational and limiting aspects of periodic renewal sequences are investigated. We use these results to construct a time series model for a periodically stationary sequence of integer counts.
Disintegration of chemotherapy tablets for oral administration in patients with swallowing difficulties.

Purpose:The administration of oral chemotherapeutic drugs can be problematic in patients with swallowing difficulties. Inability to swallow solid dosage forms can compromise compliance and may lead to poor clinical outcome. The current technique of tablet crushing to aid in administration is considered an unsafe practice. By developing a technique to disintegrate tablets in an oral syringe, the risk associated with tablet crushing can be avoided. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using disintegration in an oral syringe for the administration of oral chemotherapeutic tablets. Eight commonly used oral chemotherapeutic drugs were tested.Methods:Tablets were placed in an oral syringe and allowed to disintegrate in tap water. Various volumes and temperatures were tested to identify which combination allows for complete disintegration of the tablet in the shortest amount of time. The oral syringe disintegration method was considered feasible if disintegration occurred in £≤15 min and...
HUMORAL FACTORS IN CANINE RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION

Abstract Renal allograft rejection in the absence of participating incompatible immunologically competent cells was produced experimentally. Canine kidneys were implanted in specifically sensitised dogs rendered severely leucopenic by irradiation. The kidneys, after reimplantation into the original dogs, were promptly rejected. Although humoral factors initiated this autologous rejection, histological damage and the cessation of urinary flow were associated with the infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells and platelets.
Ecologically and Evolutionarily Important SNPs Identified in Natural Populations

Evolution by natural selection acts on natural populations amidst migration, gene-by-environmental interactions, constraints, and tradeoffs, which affect the rate and frequency of adaptive change. We asked how many and how rapidly loci change in populations subject to severe, recent environmental changes. To address these questions, we used genomic approaches to identify randomly selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with evolutionarily significant patterns in three natural populations of Fundulus heteroclitus that inhabit and have adapted to highly polluted Superfund sites. Three statistical tests identified 1.4‐2.5% of SNPs that were significantly different from the neutral model in each polluted population. These nonneutral patterns in populations adapted to highly polluted environments suggest that these loci or closely linked loci are evolving by natural selection. One SNP identified in all polluted populations using all tests is in the gene for the xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), which has been identified previously as being refractory to induction in the three highly polluted populations. Extrapolating across the genome, these data suggest that rapid evolutionary change in natural populations can involve hundreds of loci, a few of which will be shared in independent events.
Critiquing and Analyzing the Effects of Neoliberalism on Community Organizing: Implications and Recommendations for Practitioners and Educators

Although community organizing has historic and current roots as a mode of practice, characterized by people coming together to collectively address unmet needs and/or challenge inequality, neoliberal trends beginning to form in the 1980s have negatively impacted community organizing. Neoliberal values, which promote individualism, capitalism, the existence of welfare states, and reform from solely within the system are concerning to the future of community practice. This article provides a critique and analysis of the impact of neoliberalism on community organizing in three areas: The influence of evidence-based practice on dictating how community organizers practice, a lack of focus on social movements in community organizing, and the professionalization of community organizing, which marginalizes nonprofessionals engaged in community organizing. This article exposes potential problems arising from within community organizing as a result of neoliberalism. In order to uncover and analyze the major effects of neoliberalism, we propose a theoretical framework that combines critical theory and Foucault’s work on social control. We end the analysis by providing recommendations for practitioners of community organizing as well as for educators teaching about community organizing.
What the Government Thinks of the People, Chapter 2: The Civic Distance Between the Rulers and Ruled

This chapter examines the “civic distance” between government officials and the American people. We find that those who work for and with the government operate in a different demographic, attitudinal and cognitive space than the average American citizen.
The 24-h kinetics of leucine oxidation in healthy adults receiving a generous leucine intake via three discrete meals.

The significance of meal size and frequency for the 24-h leucine tracer-balance technique was examined. Continuous measurements of leucine oxidation throughout a 24-h d were performed in six healthy, young adults who were given a weight-maintaining diet (188 kJ.kg-1.d-1; 1 g protein.kg-1.d-1) for 6 d followed by primed, continuous intravenous infusions of L-[1-13C]leucine and [15N-15N]urea. The 24-h study was started at 1800 on day 6 and three equal discrete meals were given at 2000, 0600, and 1200. Leucine oxidation was assessed from plasma [13C]alpha-ketoisocaproate enrichment and 13CO2 excretion. The mean (+/- SD) leucine oxidation after each meal (over 6 h) was not significantly different (P > 0.5) among the three discrete meals: 20.0 +/- 3.9, 20.2 +/- 1.9, and 20.3 +/- 2.4 mg.kg-1.d-1 for the meals given at 2000, 0600, and 1200, respectively. Twenty-four-hour leucine oxidation was 75.0 +/- 7.8 mg.kg-1.d-1 for a leucine dietary intake of 80 mg.kg-1.d-1 (and approximately 9.7 mg tracer.kg-1.d-1). The 24-h pattern in leucine oxidation was paralleled by plasma leucine concentrations. Further, leucine oxidation and urea excretion predicted relatively similar values for 24-h protein oxidation. These data are compared with results from our similar previous studies using a multiple-small-meal feeding protocol.
Three dimensional equilibrium solutions for a current-carrying reversed-field pinch plasma with a close-fitting conducting shell

In order to characterize the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) reversed-field pinch (RFP) plasmas that bifurcate to a helical equilibrium, the V3FIT equilibrium reconstruction code was modified to include a conducting boundary. RFP plasmas become helical at a high plasma current, which induces large eddy currents in MST's thick aluminum shell. The V3FIT conducting boundary accounts for the contribution from these eddy currents to external magnetic diagnostic coil signals. This implementation of V3FIT was benchmarked against MSTFit, a 2D Grad-Shafranov solver, for axisymmetric plasmas. The two codes both fit Bθ measurement loops around the plasma minor diameter with qualitative agreement between each other and the measured field. Fits in the 3D case converge well, with q-profile and plasma shape agreement between two distinct toroidal locking phases. Greater than 60% of the measured n = 5 component of Bθ at r = a is due to eddy currents in the shell, as calculated by the conducting boundary model.
Sinusitis and Ear Infections as Related to Swimming and Diving

(1938). Sinusitis and Ear Infections as Related to Swimming and Diving. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 308-332.
Revision of the Shrews Sorex merriami and a Description of a New Species of the Subgenus Sorex

One hundred and five specimens of S. merriami , including old and new records, were analyzed for nongeographic and geographic variation. Sorex merriami is monotypic. Comparisons of S. merriami with some specimens previously referred to S. vagrans from southern Arizona documents the presence of a new species from the Huachuca, Santa Rita, and Chiricahua mountains. Sorex vagrans is also known from the Chircahua Mountains. The new species was compared to other members of the subgenus Sorex , to which it belongs, and is most closely related to S. emarginatus from Jalisco, Mexico. Characters are given for recognition of the new species, S. merriami , and S. vagrans in Arizona.
When the radical is ordinary: ridicule, performance and the everyday in Bulgaria’s protests of 2013

AbstractThis article examines the performances of the #DANSwithme protests in Bulgaria in the summer and early autumn of 2013, and asks questions about the role of carnival and the everyday as a resource for the elaboration of protest idiom for popular movements. I complement the implications of recent work on carnivalesque protests and politics and argue that in appropriating the sites, tropes, and practices of the everyday and the ordinary in order to parade daily discontent with the political establishment in Bulgaria, the political message of the protest can also lose its exceptionality and become too routine to make a difference.
Bilateral Complete Ureteral Obstruction Secondary to an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm with Perianeurysmal Fibrosis: Diagnosis by Computed Tomography

The sixteenth case of bilateral ureteral obstruction with anuria secondary to an abdominal aortic aneurysm with perianeurysmal fibrosis is presented. The details of this case clearly indicate the need for a combined vascular and urologic approach to patients with this disorder. A complete preoperative evaluation, including excretory urography, retrograde pyeloureterography, aortography and, when indicated, venacavography, may determine renal and vascular abnormalities that will allow a more definitive and successful management of this difficult problem. Furthermore, we believe that the use of computed tomography is an invaluable tool to define this retroperitoneal disease process and its precise relationship to the ureters.
Pharmacogenomic incidental findings in 308 families: The NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program experience

Using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip and exome sequence data from individuals participating in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Undiagnosed Diseases Program (UDP), we evaluated the number and therapeutic informativeness of incidental pharmacogenetic variants. Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) annotated sequence variants were identified in 1,101 individuals. Medication records of participants were used to identify individuals prescribed medications with a genetic variant that might alter efficacy. A total of 395 sequence variants, including 19 PharmGKB 1A and 1B variants, were identified in SNP chip sequence data, and 388 variants, including 21 PharmGKB 1A and 1B variants, were identified in the exome sequence data. Nine participants had incidental pharmacogenetic variants associated with altered efficacy of a prescribed medication. Despite the small size of the NIH UDP patient cohort, we identified pharmacogenetic incidental findings potentially useful for guiding therapy. Consequently, groups conducting clinical genomic studies might consider reporting of pharmacogenetic incidental findings. Genet Med 18 12, 1303–1307.
Time interval providing highest yield for initial EEG in patients with new onset seizures

Abstract Purpose Timing providing highest yield of initial electroencephalogram (EEG) after new onset unprovoked seizures, is an important and practical issue both in diagnosis and patient care. Current guidelines suggest routine EEG is the standard of care in work-up. However, yield of the initial EEG and exact timeframe in which to perform remain unclear and standardization in both adult and pediatric populations is still lacking. Our objective was to determine a concrete timeframe to perform initial EEG in patients with new onset unprovoked seizures and provide greater yield of EEG benefits in patient management. Method This is a retrospective chart review study of both pediatric and adult patients identified from EEG Database over 1999–2014 located at Kaleida Health at Buffalo using keyword "new onset seizure". Results The percentage of EEGs revealing epileptiform discharges is much higher if EEGs are performed within 12hours after the seizure onset compared to studies done beyond this timeframe (53.1% versus 23.9%). There was no significant difference in the presence of epileptiform discharges if the study is done 12hours after the seizure onset. Odds ratio was 3.599 (the presence of epileptiform discharges) with a Confidence Interval of 1.691–7.660 ( p =0.001) within first 12hours of initial event. Conclusion This study demonstrated statistical significance in yield of epileptiform discharges by performing EEG within the first 12hours of seizure onset, in both adult and pediatric populations, which should be considered for clinical practice and patient care.
Net Income of Pharmacy Faculty Compared to Community and Hospital Pharmacists

Objective. To compare the net cumulative income of community pharmacists, hospital pharmacists, and full-time pharmacy faculty members (residency-trained or with a PhD after obtaining a PharmD) in pharmacy practice, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, and social and administrative sciences. Methods. Markov modeling was conducted to calculate net projected cumulative earnings of career paths by estimating the costs of education, including the costs of obtaining degrees and student loans. Results. The economic model spanned 49 years, from ages 18 to 67 years. Earning a PharmD and pursuing an academic career resulted in projected net cumulative lifetime earnings ranging from approximately $4.7 million to $6.3 million. A pharmacy practice faculty position following public pharmacy school and one year of residency resulted in higher net cumulative income than community pharmacy. Faculty members with postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) training also had higher net income than other faculty and hospital pharmacy career paths, given similar years of prepharmacy education and type of pharmacy school attended. Faculty members with either a PharmD or PhD in the pharmacology discipline may net as much as $5.9 million and outpace all other PhD graduates by at least $75 000 in lifetime earnings. Projected career earnings of postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) trained faculty and PharmD/PhD faculty members were lower than those of community pharmacists. Findings were more variable when comparing pharmacy faculty members and hospital pharmacists. Conclusion. With the exception of PGY1 trained academic pharmacists, faculty projected net cumulative incomes generally lagged behind community pharmacists, likely because of delayed entry into the job market as a result of advanced training/education. However, nonsalary benefits such as greater flexibility and autonomy may enhance the desirability of academic pharmacy as a career path.
A Lagrangian Reactive Transport Simulator with Successive Paths and Stationary-States: Concepts, Implementation and Verification

A geochemical software package which models static, single-path kinetic water-rock interactions, EQ3/6, has been modified to incorporate successive-paths and stationary states under high Peclet number transport conditions in a Lagrangian reference frame. These modifications permit calculation of reactive transport with reasonable computational requirements. Results from the new option in EQ3/6 have been compared with analytical results for the simple HCI - SiO2 system; excellent agreements were achieved. Results have also been compared with published results for a portion of the Al2O3 - HCI - K2O - SiO2 system. The results are in good qualitative and, in some cases, good quantitative agreement. However, the values of some variables differ substantially; these differences can be attributed to use of a different set of Al and Si aqueous species.
Influence of solids residence time and carbon storage on nitrogen and phosphorus recovery by microalgae across diel cycles

Abstract Microalgal treatment systems could advance nutrient recovery from wastewater by achieving effluent nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels below the current limit of technology, but their successful implementation requires an understanding of how design decisions influence nutrient uptake over daily (i.e., diel) cycles. This work demonstrates the ability to influence microalgal N:P recovery ratio via solids residence time (SRT) while maintaining complete nutrient removal across day/night cycles through carbon storage and mobilization. Experiments were conducted with two microalgal species, Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, in photobioreactors (PBRs) operated as cyclostats (chemostats subjected to simulated natural light cycles) with retention times of 6–22 days (S. obliquus) and 7–13 days (C. reinhardtii). Nutrient loading and all other factors were fixed across all experiments. Elevated SRTs (>8 days) achieved limiting nutrient concentrations (either N or P) below the detection limit throughout the diel cycle. N:P mass ratio in algal biomass was linearly correlated with SRT, varying from 9.9:1 to 5.0:1 (S. obliquus) and 4.7:1 to 4.3:1 (C. reinhardtii). Carbohydrate content of biomass increased in high irradiance and decreased in low irradiance and darkness across all experiments, whereas lipid dynamics were minimal over 24-h cycles. Across all nutrient-limited cultures, specific (i.e., protein-normalized) dynamic carbohydrate generally decreased with increasing SRT. Nighttime consumption of stored carbohydrate fueled uptake of nutrients, enabling complete nutrient limitation throughout the night. Dynamic carbohydrate consumption for nutrient assimilation was consistent with dark protein synthesis but less than that of heterotrophic growth, underscoring the need for algal process models to decouple growth from nutrient uptake in periods of low/no light. The ability to tailor microalgal N:P uptake ratio and target an optimal energy storage metabolism with traditional engineering process controls (such as SRT) may enable advanced nutrient recovery facilities to target continuous and reliable dual limitation of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Thermal filamentation instability of millimeter waves in laboratory plasmas

During the electron cyclotron resonant heating of laboratory plasmas by intense millimeter waves, the thermal filamentation instability can be excited to cause significant fluctuations in plasma density and magnetic field. These pump wave-induced perturbations may affect the plasma confinement.
Resurrection of Mycteronastes (Monogenoidea: Monocotylidae), with Description of Mycteronastes caalusi n. sp. from Olfactory Sacs of the Smalltooth Sawfish, Pristis pectinata (Pristiformes: Pristidae), in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida.

Abstract Mycteronastes Kearn and Beverley-Burton, 1990 (Monogenoidea: Monocotylidae: Merizocotylinae) was resurrected from subjective synonymy with Merizocotyle Cerfontaine, 1894, and its diagnosis was emended to include monocotylids with a haptor lacking a central loculus and having 5 peripheral (2 bilateral pairs and an unpaired anteromedial loculus), 1 interhamular, and 17 marginal loculi. The 3 species of Mycteronastes accepted herein are parasitic within the olfactory sacs of rays and sawfishes: Mycteronastes icopae (Beverley-Burton and Williams, 1989) Kearn and Beverley-Burton, 1990 (type species) from the giant shovelnose ray, Glaucostegus typus (Anonymous (Bennett)) (Glaucostegidae), in the southwestern Pacific Ocean; Mycteronastes undulatae Kearn and Beverley-Burton, 1990 from the undulate ray, Raja undulata Lacepede (Rajidae), in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean; and Mycteronastes caalusi n. sp. from the smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata Latham (Pristidae), in the Gulf of Mexico. Mycteronaste...
Long-term spatial and temporal maize and soybean evapotranspiration trends derived from ground-based and satellite-based datasets over the Great Plains.

AbstractEstimation of evapotranspiration (ET) from any given crop is essential for agricultural water consumption analyses, hydrologic modeling, understanding vegetation response to climatic change...
Content Relevance of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure in Patients With Achilles Tendon Diseases.

Background. The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) is among the most widely utilized and best psychometrically supported lower extremity–specific patient-reported outcome measures. However, its ...
Higher Mallampati Scores Are Not Associated with More Adverse Events During Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia.

Author(s): Iyer, Maya S.; Pitteti, Raymond D.; Vitale, Melissa | Abstract: Introduction: Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is used by non-anesthesiologists (NAs) outside of the operating room for several types of procedures. Adverse events during pediatric PSA that pose the most risk to patient safety involve airway compromise. Higher Mallampati scores may indirectly indicate children at risk for airway compromise. Medical governing bodies have proposed guidelines for PSA performed by NAs, but these recommendations rarely suggest using Mallampati scores in pre-PSA evaluations. Our objective was to compare rates of adverse events during pediatric PSA in children with Mallampati scores of III/IV vs. scores of Mallampati I/II. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study. Children 18 years of age and under who presented to the pediatric emergency department (PED) and required PSA were enrolled. We obtained Mallampati scores as part of pre-PSA assessments. We defined adverse events as oxygen desaturation l 90%, apnea, laryngospasm, bag-valve-mask ventilation performed, repositioning of patient, emesis, and “other.” We used chi-square analysis to compare rates of adverse events between groups. Results: We enrolled 575 patients. The median age of the patients was 6.0 years (interquartile range = 3.1,9.9). The primary reasons for PSA was fracture reduction (n=265, 46.1%). Most sedations involved the use of ketamine (n= 568, 98.8%). Patients with Mallampati scores of III/IV were more likely to need repositioning compared to those with Mallampati scores of I/II (p=0.049). Overall, patients with Mallampati III/IV scores did not experience a higher proportion of adverse events compared to those with Mallampati scores of I/II. The relative risk of any adverse event in patients with Mallampati scores of III/IV (40 [23.8%]) compared to patients with Mallampati scores of I/II (53 [18.3%]) was 1.3 (95% confidence interval [0.91-1.87]).Conclusion: Patients with Mallampati scores of III/IV vs. Mallampati scores of I/II are not at an increased risk of adverse events during pediatric PSA. However, patients with Mallampati III/IV scores showed an increased need for repositioning, suggesting that the sedating physician should be vigilant when performing PSA in children with higher Mallampati scores.
Branched Amine Synthesis via Aziridine or Azetidine Opening with Organotrifluoroborates by Cooperative Brønsted/Lewis Acid Catalysis: An Acid-Dependent Divergent Mechanism

A practical catalytic method to synthesize β,β- and γ,γ-substituted amines by opening aziridines and azetidines, respectively, using alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl/heteroaryl trifluoroborate salts is described. This reaction features simple open-flask reaction conditions, the use of transition-metal-free catalysis, complete regioselectivity, and high diastereoselectivity. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that carbocation formation is disfavored. Stereoretentive addition is favored with Bronsted acid present, while stereoinversion is favored in its absence, indicating divergent mechanisms.
Screening Coccidioides serology in kidney transplant recipients: A 10-year cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at risk for reactivation and complicated infection due to Coccidioides. Pre-transplant serological screening should provide benefit for patients from endemic areas. We evaluated Coccidioides seroprevalence by area of residence in KTRs at a major transplant program in Los Angeles. METHODS We performed cross-sectional analyses of adult KTRs who underwent transplantation at UCLA between 2007-2016. Patients with Coccidioides serology by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) before or within 14 days from transplantation were included. Patients were classified as living in highly, established, suspected, or not endemic areas by their residential zip code. RESULTS Overall prevalence of Coccidioides IgG and IgM were 1.4% and 2.8%, respectively. Of patients with positive serology, 31.4% had isolated IgG and 66.3% isolated IgM. Patients from established and highly endemic areas had IgG seropositivity of 3.7% versus 1.3% for patients living in suspected endemic areas(P < .01). Rates of IgM seropositivity were 3.7% compared to 2.8% respectively (P = .28). No patients from non-endemic areas had positive screening serology. CONCLUSIONS Pre-transplant serological screening for Coccidioides is recommended in kidney transplant candidates from endemic areas. We observed high seroprevalence among patients from highly and established endemic areas, for whom universal prophylaxis is recommended. For residents from less well-established areas of endemicity, serological screening showed benefit in identifying patients at risk. In patients with isolated EIA IgM, performing repeat and confirmatory tests is recommended. Patients from non-endemic areas had low risk of infection, however, a thorough social history is necessary to evaluate risk.
Characterization of the crystal structure, kinematics, stresses and rotations in angular granular quartz during compaction

Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3DXRD), a method for quantifying the position, orientation and elastic strain of large ensembles of single crystals, has recently emerged as an important tool for studying the mechanical response of granular materials during compaction. Applications have demonstrated the utility of 3DXRD and X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) for assessing strains, particle stresses and orientations, inter-particle contacts and forces, particle fracture mechanics, and porosity evolution in situ. Although past studies employing 3DXRD and XRCT have elucidated the mechanics of spherical particle packings and angular particle packings with a small number of particles, there has been limited effort to date in studying angular particle packings with a large number of particles and in comparing the mechanics of these packings with those composed of a large number of spherical particles. Therefore, the focus of the present paper is on the mechanics of several hundred angular particles during compaction using in situ 3DXRD to study the crystal structure, kinematics, stresses and rotations of angular quartz grains. Comparisons are also made between the compaction response of angular grains and that of spherical grains, and stress-induced twinning within individual grains is discussed.
Vegetation Structure, Dynamics and Physiology

Vegetation measurements have evolved significantly during the series of integrated terrestrial experiments, with a broadening of interest in plant and soil processes that affect not only the canopy water and energy balance but, increasingly, ecosystem carbon balance and biogeochemistry. This evolution was related to increasing recognition of the importance of the terrestrial biosphere in climate, growing interest in the components of the global carbon cycle, and recognition of the importance of interactions between biosphere, atmosphere, management and biogeochemical cycles. An explicit focus within the integrated terrestrial experiment on the contribution of stand-scale processes to regional-scale processes means that consideration of spatial scale and heterogeneity, in both measurement and modelling activities, has been a necessary common theme.
Success for the Whole Community

I grew up in a small coastal town near Savannah, Georgia. Darien, my hometown, was founded in 1736, making it the second oldest city in Georgia. Despite major growth around it, Darien remains a quaint and unspoiled coastal town, with ancient live oaks and beautiful Spanish moss. With its strong sense of community, Darien was a good place for instilling values that would serve anyone well. Many of my friends stayed after high school, and those who left for military service or college often returned to the area to live.
Luminescence and Absorption Spectra of C sub 60 Films

Abstract : Solid films of C60 deposited on CaF2 under ultra-high vacuum show luminescence in the 700-1100nm spectral range at 20K. A 1400 cm-1 progression in the ag soccerball inflation mode is observed. The low-temperature absorption spectrum exhibits similar fine structure. The characterization of vibronic splittings in the ground and emitting state and the transition intensity mechanism are discussed.
The Race for Wireless

The early inventing life of Lee de Forest can be viewed as a prelude to his final invention of significance, his version of the talkies, the 1920s Phonofilm. His post-Yale years and his early wireless inventions will show a pattern of a man who is interested in communication systems using electricity. While at Yale, he learned about the theories of James Clerk Maxwell and how Heinrich Hertz turned those theories into practical applications when he sent a spark across the room and received it using a crude detector. At Yale he was a curious student, embellishing his lecture notes with ideas, questions, and diagrams, as he begins to understand the scientific world to which he now belongs. He has graduated and he is on his way to what will turn out to be a complicated life as a wireless inventor. In this endeavor, de Forest follows Marconi and attempts to build a better system.
Taste Stimuli as Possible Messengers

It is well known that insects may use highly specific pheromones to release stereotyped behavior leading to reproduction. In this regard the insect has become the model for other animals, and odors have become emphasized as the means of communication. Consequently, another chemosensory system, taste, is seldom considered in the study of pheromone-released behavior by these other animals. This neglect of taste is perhaps understandable when considering distant communication in non-aquatic species since in such species taste communication would most often require body contact. (In aquatic animals several contingencies, including the arrangement of the receptors and the water solubility of the stimuli, often convert taste into a distance sensory system.) However, it is conceivable that even for non-aquatic animals much information might still be transferred during body contact using the taste system to receive the chemical signals. Gross observations of the mating behavior of many mammals would indicate that taste is indeed used as a cue, and recent research of the secretion of the gerbil Harderian gland suggests that tastes, as well as odors, may be involved in groom-induced behavior (Thiessen, Clancy and Goodwin, 1976). If indeed tastes can operate as conspecific messengers, several questions become pertinent: How varied are the taste qualities? To what kinds of chemicals and with what specificity is the gustatory system responsive? How sensitive is the system to these chemicals and how does the gustatory system compare with the olfactory system in its ability to act as an information channel?
Interfacial Agents (“Compatibilizers”) for Polymer Blends

Publisher Summary Ideally, it may be possible for two or more polymers to blend together to form a wide variety of random or structured morphologies to obtain products that potentially offer desirable combinations of characteristics. However, it can be difficult to achieve potential combinations through simple blending because of some inherent and fundamental problems. Frequently, the two polymers are thermodynamically immiscible, which prevents generating a truly homogeneous product. The presence of certain polymeric species, usually block or graft copolymers, can rectify to some degree the difficulty in formation of blend. Such species are referred to as “compatibilizers.” There are many important applications of this concept—particularly in the area of rubber-modified plastics to achieve improved toughness. The chapter reviews the basic evidence that supports the envisioned surface active character of block-and-graft copolymers, the fundamental information available to guide the design and use of this concept, and provides examples of where blocks and grafts have been used to obtain desirable mechanical performance in specific systems. The chapter also highlights selected examples of the effect of “compatibilizers” on mechanical behavior of blends
Testosterone and Cortisol Responses to Five High-Intensity Functional Training Competition Workouts in Recreationally Active Adults.

To determine the salivary steroid response to high-intensity functional training (HIFT) competition workouts, saliva samples were collected from ten recreationally trained male and female competitors during a 5-week (WK1–WK5) international competition. Competitors arrived at their local affiliate and provided samples prior to (PRE) their warm-up, immediately (IP), 30-min (30P), and 60-min (60P) post-exercise. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of testosterone (T), cortisol (C), and their ratio (TC). Generalized linear mixed models with repeated measures revealed significant main effects for time (p < 0.001) for T, C, and TC. Compared to PRE-concentrations, elevated (p < 0.05) T was observed at IP on WK2–WK5 (mean difference: 135–511 pg·mL−1), at 30P on WK3 (mean difference: 81.0 ± 30.1 pg·mL−1) and WK5 (mean difference: 56.6 ± 22.7 pg·mL−1), and at 60P on WK3 (mean difference: 73.5 ± 29.7 pg·mL−1) and WK5 (mean difference: 74.3 ± 28.4 pg·mL−1). Compared to PRE-concentrations, elevated (p < 0.05) C was noted on all weeks at IP (mean difference: 9.3–15.9 ng·mL−1) and 30P (mean difference: 6.0–19.9 ng·mL−1); significant (p < 0.006) elevations were noted at 60P on WK1 (mean difference: 9.1 ± 3.0 ng·mL−1) and WK5 (mean difference: 12.8 ± 2.9 ng·mL−1). Additionally, TC was significantly reduced from PRE-values by 61% on WK1 at 60P (p = 0.040) and by 80% on WK5 at 30P (p = 0.023). Differences in T, C, and TC were also observed between weeks at specific time points. Although each workout affected concentrations in T, C, and/or the TC ratio, changes appeared to be modulated by the presence of overload and workout duration. During periods of elevated training or competition, athletes and coaches may consider monitoring these hormones for consistency and as a means of assessing workout difficulty.
Examining the Career Pathways of Educators with Superintendent Certification.

Purpose: We used gatekeeping theory to frame our examination of whether and when educators with superintendent certification become superintendents, and how their likelihood of making that transiti...
Theory of the Ventilated Thermocline

One of the fundamental problems in physical oceanography is explaining the observed density structure of the ocean. The density field varies significantly in all three spatial directions, and perhaps its most striking feature is the limitation of the largest density variations to the upper 1–2 km of the ocean. The density increases with depth almost everywhere in the ocean, but the major part of this increase occurs in the upper kilometer. Figure 4.1.1 from the Levitus Atlas (1982) shows basin-averaged density profiles for the major oceans in which this feature is manifest. The density increases rapidly to its abyssal value in a rather short distance compared to the total depth of the ocean. In Section 3.1 we described the link between the motion field and the field of density that this implies. The two are intimately coupled through the advection/diffusion equation for density and the thermal wind relation for the velocity. We also noted in Chapter 3 that the explanation of the density structure requires a dynamical explanation of the circulation.
Stage 1: Context Development and the Concept View

This chapter introduces the notion of “as-is” and “to-be” architectures, and the use of architecture views to plan the transition. It describes the initial stage of the Human Viewpoint methodology, the context development. It emphasizes the use of a data map at this stage to identify the required data and relationships to be captured in the Human Views. It also introduces the first view to be developed, the Concept view, which provides the guiding parameters or use case for the remainder of the Human Viewpoint development.
Sex-differences in LPS-induced neonatal lung injury

Being of the male sex has been identified as a risk factor for multiple morbidities associated with preterm birth, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Exposure to inflammatory stress is a well-recognized risk factor for developing BPD. Whether there is a sex difference in pulmonary innate immune TLR4 signaling, lung injury and subsequent abnormal lung development is unknown. Neonatal (P0) male and female mice (ICR) were exposed to systemic LPS (5 mg/kg, IP) and innate immune signaling, and the transcriptional response were assessed (1 and 5 hours), along with lung development (P7). Male and female mice demonstrated a similar degree of impaired lung development with decreased radial alveolar counts, increased surface area, increased airspace area and increased mean linear intercept. We found no differences between male and female mice in the baseline pulmonary expression of key components of TLR4-NFκB signaling, or in the LPS-induced pulmonary expression of key mediators of neonatal lung injury. Finally, we found no difference in the kinetics of LPS-induced pulmonary NFκB activation between male and female mice. Together, these data support the conclusion that the innate immune response to early postnatal LPS exposure and resulting pulmonary sequelae is similar in male and female mice.
Beyond Habermas, with Habermas: Adjudicating Ethical Issues in Sport through a Discourse Ethics-based Normative Theory of Sport

In this article, I revise the normative account of sport that I proposed in ‘William J. Morgan’s “conventionalist internalism” approach. Furthering internalism? A critical hermeneutical response.’ ...
Deliverable Energy Flexibility Scheduling for Active Distribution Networks

This paper proposes a fundamental model for defining and optimizing distributed energy flexibility in distribution buses, as well as deliverable energy flexibility as the aggregate distributed flexibility that is available for offering to the day-ahead energy market by distribution system operators (DSOs), without jeopardizing the operational constraints of the distribution network. The distributed energy flexibility is provided by flexible loads in distribution buses, which are modeled by clustered queuing systems representing the aggregation of large population of flexible loads with different energy and service quality requirements. Further, controllable inverters interfacing distributed solar generation provide reactive power flexibility in distribution buses. The deliverable energy flexibility is optimized by the proposed model that coordinates the energy flexibility of queued flexible loads and controllable inverters to maximize DSO’s profit of participating in the day-ahead energy market, while satisfying the service quality constraints of flexible loads, the operational limits of controllable inverters, and power flow constraints of distribution network that are formulated using the branch flow model. Moreover, an index is proposed to calculate the contribution of each distribution bus in providing the deliverable energy flexibility. The proposed model is implemented on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network. The numerical results exhibit profit opportunities for DSOs from providing the deliverable energy flexibility in the day-ahead energy market.
Assessing the Potential to Reduce U.S. Building CO2 Emissions 80% by 2050

Summary Buildings are responsible for 36% of CO2 emissions in the United States and will thus be integral to climate change mitigation; yet, no studies have comprehensively assessed the potential long-term CO2 emissions reductions from the U.S. buildings sector against national goals in a way that can be regularly updated in the future. We use Scout, a reproducible and granular model of U.S. building energy use, to investigate the potential for the U.S. buildings sector to reduce CO2 emissions 80% by 2050, consistent with the U.S. Mid-Century Strategy. We find that a combination of aggressive efficiency measures, electrification, and high renewable energy penetration can reduce CO2 emissions by 72%–78% relative to 2005 levels, just short of the target. Results are sufficiently disaggregated by technology and end use to inform targeted building energy policy approaches and establish a foundation for continual reassessment of technology development pathways that drive significant long-term emissions reductions.
Teacher Perspectives on Math E-Learning Tools for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities

Students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) typically struggle in their K-12 math classes, limiting the likelihood of success in STEM fields. Private tutoring is reported to be effective at helping them succeed in math, but it is not a scalable solution. While many recent e-learning tools have aimed at personalizing math support in ways that might be scalable, there remains much to be done. To better understand the gaps between current tools and the particular needs of students with SLD (and of their teachers), we conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 middle school math teachers. Our findings shed light on both the learning challenges faced by students with SLD and on the instructional challenges their teachers experience with e-learning tools. Further, we came to appreciate the importance of harnessing teacher perspectives in the design of effective e-learning tools for special students.
FGF signaling directs myotube guidance by regulating Rac activity.

Nascent myotubes undergo a dramatic morphological transformation during myogenesis in which the myotubes elongate over several cell diameters and choose the correct muscle attachment sites. Although this process of myotube guidance is essential to pattern the musculoskeletal system, the mechanisms that control myotube guidance remain poorly understood. Using transcriptomics, we found that components of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling pathway were enriched in nascent myotubes in Drosophila embryos. Null mutations in the FGF receptor heartless (htl), or its ligands, caused significant myotube guidance defects. The FGF ligand Pyramus is expressed broadly in the ectoderm and ectopic Pyramus expression disrupted muscle patterning. Mechanistically, Htl regulates the activity of Rho/Rac GTPases in nascent myotubes and effects changes in the actin cytoskeleton. FGF signals are thus essential regulators of myotube guidance that act through cytoskeletal regulatory proteins to pattern the musculoskeletal system.
Acute Medical and Forensic Care for Victims of Sexual Assault

Acute care medical professionals play a critical role in supporting survivors’ health both immediately following their assault and in the long term. Providing acute care to survivors involves several steps in addition to medical treatment, including taking a forensic history, physical examination of the patient, evidence collection, and discharge planning. This chapter reviews a variety of key concerns for medical professionals involved in providing acute care to survivors, including the process of forensic examination and evidence collection, the role of victim advocates and Sexual Assault Forensic Examiners (SAFE), and relevant treatment and follow-up care. By better understanding these and other unique aspects of supporting survivors in acute care settings, clinicians can play a key role in promoting survivors’ healing even after the acute care encounter.
Expression of pattern recognition receptor in patients of EV71 infection

Objective To investigate the expression of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)of immune cells from the patients with enterovirus 71 ( EV 71 ) infection and the changes of cytokines. Methods Seventy-one patients and 20 age-matched healthy children were enrolled in the study. The patients were divided into three groups according to the critical degree: 20 mild patients, 25 severe patients and 26 critical patients. Real-time PCR were used to evaluate the levels of retinoic acidinducible gene Ⅰ ( RIG- Ⅰ ), melanoma differentitation-associated gene 5 ( MDA5 ) and cytokines IL-12, IFN-α mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The proportions of Toll like receptors(TLRs) on monocytes/macrophages (MC) , myloiddentritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoiddentritic cells (pDC) were analyzed by flow cytometry. The concentrations of plasma cytokines( IL-12, IFN-α) were measured by ELISA. Results ( 1 ) The proportion of TLR7 is the unique TLR which is increased in mild patients and it was significantly elevated in MC, mDC and pDC in severe group (P＜0.05), TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 also had an enhanced expression in MC and mDC. The enhanced expression of TLRs mentioned above had a decreased trend in critical patients. (2)Transcription levels of RIG- Ⅰ and MDA5 was significantly elevated in EV71 infected children.(3)The expression levels of DC-associated cytokines gene( IL-12 and IFN-α) have an increased trend in mild cases and these cytokines were remarkably increased in severe patients (P＜0.05), whereas decreased in critical cases (P＜0.05). Conclusion TLR7 might be the main PRR recognizing EV71 in immune cells and RIG-Ⅰ/MDA5 might also take part in the recognition of EV71. The exogenous or endogenous ligands released from bacterial infection and cell destruction could result in the activation of TLR2 or TLR4, inducing the inflammatory response. Key words: EV71 infection; Pattern recognition receptor; Toll-like receptors; RIG-Ⅰ/MDAS; Immune function
Scattering by Rough Surfaces

Publisher Summary This chapter describes scattering by rough surfaces. All real surfaces are rough. Many length scales of the surface itself and the incident radiation characterize the roughness. General scaling parameters include the wavelength (λ) of the interrogating radiation, a vertical surface scale of height or rms height (h), one or two horizontal scales (L), surface slopes, curvatures, spectral parameters of the surface and a considerable range of parameters used by manufacturers to characterize specific surfaces and their finishes. These can include an average surface wavelength, various shape parameters such as ripples, average distances among zero crossings of the surface or surface extrema, polishing marks on surfaces, and so on. Rough surface scattering include acoustic and electromagnetic scattering from oceans, ice and terrain, atom surface scattering and scattering in computer chip micro topography. The scattering can be direct (given the topography, find the scattered field) or inverse (given some scattered field data reconstruct the surface or find some surface parameter of interest). A method of scattering based on a perturbation of the Green's function is used. The method reduces the propagator in the integral equation kernel in such a way that a convolution equation results. Finally, a recent application on scattering theories to oceanic scattering using modulated wave train surfaces has been used successfully to explain the phenomenon of sea spikes where the HH-to-VV polarization ratios exceed unity.