cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anthelmintic efficacy of cranberry vine extracts on ovine Haemonchus contortus

Abstract The discovery that plant secondary compounds, including proanthocyanidins (PAC), suppress gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection has provided promise for alternative methods of GIN control in small ruminants. This investigation is the first to examine the anthelmintic potential of cranberry vine (CV) against the GIN Haemonchus contortus. The purpose of this study was to explore the anti-parasitic activity of CV in the form of a specific organic proanthocyanidin extract (CV-PAC) and an aqueous extract (CV-AqE) containing PAC and other compounds. In vitro egg hatching, first (L1) and third (L3) stage larval and adult worm motility and L3 exsheathment were evaluated after a 24-h incubation with CV products. In addition, CV treated worms were observed via scanning electron microscopy, and a preliminary investigation of the efficacy of CV powder against an experimental infection of H. contortus was conducted. The in vivo effect on an experimental infection was determined by administering 21.1 g CV powder to lambs (n = 9 per group) for three consecutive days, and collecting fecal egg count data for four weeks post-treatment. The effect of CV-PAC on egg hatching, L3 motility and exsheathment was limited. However, a substantial effect was observed on motility of post-hatch L1 (EC50 0.3 mg PAC/mL) and adults (EC50 0.2 mg PAC/mL). The CV-AqE showed more effect on egg hatching (EC50 5.3 mg/mL containing 0.6 mg PAC/mL) as well as impacting motility of L1 (EC50 1.5 mg/mL with 0.2 mg PAC/mL) and adults (EC50 3.4 mg/mL with 0.4 mg PAC/mL), but like CV-PAC, did not substantially effect L3 motility or exsheathment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an accumulation of aggregate on the cuticle around the buccal area of adult worms incubated in CV-AqE and CV-PAC. In the preliminary in vivo study, there was a significant effect of treatment over time (p = .04), although differences in individual weeks were not significant. In summary, both extracts inhibited motility of L1 and adult worms. The higher efficacy of CV-AqE than CV-PAC at levels that contained the same concentrations of PAC tested alone, suggest that other secondary compounds in the CV-AqE contributed to the observed effects on the parasites. This first study of the in vitro and in vivo effects of CV suggest that this readily available plant product may have utility in integrated control of H. contortus and support the need for additional testing to provide further information.
Using the Self-regulated Strategy Development Model to Support Middle-level Writing

Writing is a complex and difficult skill for many middle-level students. Therefore, teachers must invest considerable time and apply evidence-based instructional approaches when teaching writing. T...
On-Line Analysis during a Flight Test

Flight flutter testing is the process of envelope expansion that determines a range of flight conditions within which an aircraft is safe from aeroelastic instabilities. This testing, which must be done for new and reconfigured aircraft, incurs dramatic time and costs because of the danger associated with encountering unpredicted instabilities. A particular concern is the onset of explosive flutter that is characterized by a sudden loss of stability between test points despite only a small change in flight conditions [13].
Studies of ligand binding and CD analysis with apo- and holo-tear lipocalins.

Tear lipocalins (TL) are novel members of the lipocalin family, a group of proteins that are capable of binding and transporting small hydrophobic molecules.1,2 Most lipocalins, such as retinol binding protein and pheromaxeine bind specific ligands. However,TL are capable of binding a broad array of lipid molecules.3 Cholesterol, fatty acids, phospholipids, and glycolipids are bound to TL in tears. TL are promiscuous and have been shown to bind retinol, synthetic analogs of cholesterol, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, phospholipids, glycolipids, and even environmental contaminants such as dioctyl phthalate.1,3
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Calcium phosphate is a widely used pharmaceutical excipient as binder and filler in solid oral dosage forms which include compressed tablets and hard gelatin capsules. A review of the marketed tablets and capsules indicated that several of them contain calcium phosphate. Some of the commonly used dosage forms are Benadryl®, Sudafed®, Decadron®, Norvasc®, Ex-Lax®, and Gas-X®. The wide acceptance of calcium phosphate is primarily due to its excellent flowability and compressibility characteristics. The relatively low cost and its elemental calcium value adds to its popularity. It is mainly used as anhydrous and dihydrate forms of dibasic calcium phosphate, and tribasic calcium phosphate. While the calcium phosphate dihydrate is commercially available from different sources, Emcompress® from Mendell and Di-Tab® from Stauffer are very popular. The present chapter focuses on the physical and chemical properties of these calcium phosphates, flow property measurements, compressional behavior and the forces involved, tablet compression studies, and certain excipient incompatibilities. Calcium phosphates have also been used as anti-caking or flocculating agents in suspensions, and adsorbent or thickening agents in ointments and creams. However, the present chapter is focused towards its use in solid dosage forms. Since the present book is intended for a multidisciplinary readership, an introduction is provided for the method of preparation of tablets, type of tablets, function of tablet excipients, and the evaluation of compressed tablets.
Learning to Lead: What Gets Taught in Principal-Preparation Programs

School leadership is the key to school improvement. In a new era of accountability, where school leaders are expected to demonstrate bottom-line results and use data to drive decisions, the skill and knowledge of principals matter more than ever. Meanwhile, public school choice, charter schooling, developments in teacher compensation and hiring, and site-based budgeting have created new opportunities for principal leadership. In this environment, school improvement rests to an unprecedented degree on school leaders.
The immunobiology of MIF: function, genetics and prospects for precision medicine

The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in autoimmunity is underscored by data showing that common functional polymorphisms in MIF are associated with disease susceptibility or clinical severity. MIF can regulate glucocorticoid-mediated immunosuppression and has a prominent function in cell survival signalling. Further specific functions of MIF are now being defined in different autoimmune diseases and MIF-targeted biologic therapeutics are in early-stage clinical trials. The unique structure of MIF is also directing the development of small-molecule MIF antagonists. Together, these efforts could provide a means of selectively intervening in pathogenesis and overcoming MIF-related genetic susceptibility to many rheumatic diseases. The pleiotropic cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory disorders. This Review discusses MIF biology and signalling, its mechanisms of action and its involvement in rheumatic diseases, including opportunities for targeted therapies.
On the nature of C-H···F-C interactions in hindered CF3-C(sp3) bond rotations.

In cinchona alkaloid-based scaffolds, hindered CF3 rotations have been observed. The variation in barrier heights for the CF3 rotations is controlled by the corresponding entropic changes when the substituents are changed from an allyl to a bulky 9-methylanthracenyl group. Quantum chemical and experimental studies have shown that the noncovalent C3′[BOND]H1⋅⋅⋅F[BOND]C interactions in the studied cases possess a weak hydrogen bonding-like
Multifunctional Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3) O2-Si batteries with self-actuation and self-sensing

Among anode materials for Li-ion batteries, Si is known for high theoretical capacity, low cost, large volume change, relatively fast capacity fade and significant stress-potential coupling. This a...
Tortuosity of superior cerebral veins: Comparative magnetic resonance imaging morphometrics in normal subjects and arteriovenous malformation patients.

Blood vessel tortuosity results from increased diameter and length in response to higher hemodynamic loads. Tortuosity metrics have not been determined for abnormal superior cerebral veins (SCVs) draining cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Draining vein (DV) tortuosity may influence safety and efficacy of retrograde microcatheter navigation during transvenous treatment of pial AVMs. Here, we quantify SCV tortuosity in normal subjects and AVM patients using two image segmentation methods. We used contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance (MR) images to define the axis of each SCV through a regularly spaced set of three-dimensional (3D) points defining its skeleton curve. We then calculated two metrics: the "sum of angles metric" (SOAM), which adds all angles of curvature along a vessel and normalizes by vessel length, and the "distance metric" (DM), a tortuosity measure providing a ratio of vessel length to linear distance between vessel endpoints. We analyzed 168 metrics in 43 veins of eight normal subjects and 41 veins of seven AVM patients. In normal subjects, the mean SOAM and DM for SCVs were 21.34 ± 7.49 °/mm and 1.42 ± 0.25, respectively. In AVM patients, DVs had a significantly higher mean SOAM of 30.43 ± 11.38 °/mm (p = .02) and DM of 2.79 ± 1.77 (p = .01) than normal subjects. In AVM patients, DVs were significantly more tortuous than matched contralateral uninvolved SCVs, which were similar in tortuosity to normal subject SCVs. We thus report normative tortuosity metrics of brain SCVs and show that AVM cortical DVs are significantly more tortuous than normal SCVs. Knowledge of these comparative tortuosities is valuable in planning endovenous AVM embolotherapies.
Chapter 26 – Gnotobiotics

Growing recognition of the profound importance of the role of the microbiota in health and disease is driving renewed and growing interest in gnotobiotics. In this chapter, we review major principles and offer practical guidance related to establishing and operating a gnotobiotic mouse facility. Topics include general considerations, isolator construction, ancillary equipment, sterilization methods, isolator setup and sterilization, sterilization and entry of supplies, introduction and transfer of animals, organization and ergonomics of working in isolators, monitoring for contamination, derivation of germfree mice, and establishing defined microbiota.
Sex Differences in Left Ventricular Assist Device-related Emergency Department Visits in the United States

Introduction Studies regarding sex differences in patients with LVADs have demonstrated variable characteristics and outcomes in terms of frequency of adverse events and mortality by sex. There are limited data regarding differences in LVAD-related emergency department (ED) visits between women and men. Hypothesis Comorbidity burden and clinical outcomes of LVAD patients vary by sex. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 44,042 LVAD-related ED encounters from the 2010-2017 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS). ICD-9/10 codes were used to identify patients with LVADs and their associated primary and comorbidity diagnoses. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes (death, hospital admission, and rates of LVAD-related procedures) were compared via Chi-square tests. Results Women comprised 26% (n=11654) of LVAD-related ED visits. Compared to men, women were younger (58.1 years [IQR 46.59, 67.13] vs. 61.5 [IQR 51.66, 69.31]; p 0.05). Women underwent endoscopy less frequently than men (5.1% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.006), but there were no differences in blood transfusion, catheterization, device exchange, and heart transplantation (p for all ≥ 0.05). Despite being less likely than men to be admitted to the hospital (61.6% vs. 67.6%, p Conclusions Compared to men, the comorbidity profiles and clinical outcomes of women with LVADs who seek ED evaluation significantly differ. Future analyses will further explore the disparity in hospital admission by sex despite similar mortality rates. Understanding these sex differences among VAD patients is a critical step in the effort to improve long-term outcomes. Figure 1. Comorbidities (A), Primary Diagnosis (B), ED or Hospital Procedures Performed (C), and Outcomes (D) of LVAD-related ED Encounters by Sex
Bioglass incorporated methacrylated collagen bioactive ink for 3D printing of bone tissue

Bioactive 3D printed scaffolds are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Here, we introduce a bioactive ink composed of Bioglass 45S5 (BG) and methacrylated collagen (CMA) for 3D printing of biomimetic constructs that resemble the organic and inorganic composition of native bone tissue. A uniform dispersion of BG particles within the collagen network improved stability and reduced swelling of collagen hydrogels. Rheological testing showed significant improvement in the yield stress and percent recovery of 3D printed constructs upon BG incorporation. Further, addition of BG improved the bone bioactivity of 3D printed constructs in stimulated body fluid. BG incorporated CMA (BG-CMA) constructs maintained high cell viability and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity of human mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, cell-mediated calcium deposition was significantly higher on BG-CMA constructs, compared to CMA alone. In conclusion, 3D printed BG-CMA constructs have significant potential for use in BTE applications.
Compound Uptake into E. coli Can Be Facilitated by N-Alkyl Guanidiniums and Pyridiniums.

Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections are on the rise, and with no FDA approvals for new classes of broad-spectrum antibiotics in over 50 years, these infections constitute a major threat to human health. A significant challenge is the inability of most compounds to accumulate in Gram-negative bacteria. Recently developed predictive guidelines show that appending a primary amine to an appropriately shaped compound can enhance Gram-negative accumulation. Here, we report that other positively charged nitrogen functional groups, namely, N-alkyl guanidiniums and pyridiniums, can also facilitate compound uptake into Gram-negative bacteria. The accumulation of a set of 60 nonantibiotic compounds, consisting of 20 primary amines and their corresponding guanidiniums and pyridiniums, was assessed in Escherichia coli. We also installed these alternate functional groups onto antibiotic scaffolds and assessed their accumulation and antibacterial activity in Gram-negative bacteria. The results suggest that other positively-charged, nitrogen-containing functional groups should be considered when designing antibiotics with Gram-negative activity.
Surgical treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis

Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) it remains a serious complication of prosthetic valve replacement. Antibiotic treatment alone can be successful for late infections that involve the prosthesis only (particularly for patients with bioprothesis), but it rarely cures infections involving the valve-native annulus interface. Combined antibiotic and surgical treatment of PVE often is successful; more accurate diagnosis (usually based on echocardiography), more effective myocardial protection at reoperation, and improved surgical experience have improved the short-term and long-term outcomes for patients with PVE. For 146 patients of Cleveland Clinic Foundation who underwent reoperation for PVE from 1975 through 1992, the overall in-hospital mortality rate was 13%, 10% from 1985 to 1992. In this more recent surgical period, active infection and early PVE did not appear to be factors that increase in-hospital mortality. The mean in-hospital stay of survivors was 25 days, which highlights the fact that even successful treatment of PVE uses enormous resources. The late survival rate of in-hospital survivors was 82% at 5 years, and the reoperation-free survival rate was 75% at 5 postoperative years.
Politically Polarized Depositors

Exploiting a shock drawing public attention to banks’ financial relationships with the firearms industry – Antigun activism following the 2018 Parkland shooting – this paper demonstrates that political values shape depositor behavior. I find that, following the 2018 Parkland shooting, banks that financed firearms manufacturers experienced significant decreases in deposit growth. These antigun depositor movements were stronger in counties with higher Democrat shares and for more Republican-leaning banks. Banks that implemented antigun policies also experienced substantial reductions in deposit growth, but these pro-gun depositor movements were stronger in counties with higher Republican shares. These divergent depositor movements suggest that conflicting political values between banks and depositors lead to depositor movements. Furthermore, this paper presents the implications of antigun depositor movements for the deposit market and the firearms industry. I find that antigun depositor movements deteriorated the market competitiveness of targeted banks, thus leading them to decrease deposit spreads in favor of depositors. The targeted banks’ increased costs of funding by the sluggish deposit growth and the decreased deposit spreads imposed higher financial constraints on the firearms industry, thus contracting their business.
Clearance of an Amyloid-Like Translational Repressor is Governed by 14-3-3 Proteins

Amyloids are fibrous protein aggregates associated with age-related diseases. While these aggregates are typically described as irreversible and pathogenic, some cells utilize reversible amyloid-like structures that serve important functions. The RNA-binding protein Rim4 forms amyloid-like assemblies that are essential for translational control during S. cerevisiae meiosis. Rim4 amyloid-like assemblies are disassembled in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. By investigating Rim4 clearance, we elucidate how phosphorylation contributes to reversal and clearance of amyloid-like assemblies in a physiological setting. We demonstrate that yeast 14-3-3 proteins link Rim4 to its kinase, thus facilitating phosphorylation and timely clearance of Rim4 assemblies. Furthermore, distinct 14-3-3 proteins play non-redundant roles in facilitating phosphorylation and clearance of amyloid-like Rim4. Additionally, we find that 14-3-3 proteins contribute to global protein aggregate homeostasis. Based on the role of 14-3- 3 proteins in aggregate homeostasis and their interactions with disease-associated assemblies, we propose that these proteins may protect against pathological protein aggregates.
La Importancia De Los Activos Intangibles En La Sociedad Del Conocimiento (The Importance of Intangible Assets in the Knowledge Society)

Spanish Abstract: La finalidad del presente articulo es establecer la fuerte vinculacion que existe entre el conocimiento y los activos intangibles, siendo que estos son los grandes desconocidos en la valoracion de las empresas y en el calculo de las cuentas nacionales, en especial el PIB y la productividad. Fue el investigador Robert Solow, en 1956, uno de los primeros en senalar la importancia del conocimiento en el crecimiento economico, expresando que este es una funcion de capital, trabajo y conocimiento. Desde la decada de 1990 viene creciendo la inquietud sobre la necesidad de analizar y medir los diferentes tipos de activos intangibles para incluirlos, con su justo valor, tanto en las cuentas nacionales como en los estados financieros de las empresas. Pero dichos activos tienen unas caracteristicas muy especiales, las cuales hacen de su valoracion monetaria una dificil tarea. Es impostergable profundizar su analisis y estudio para que no sigan siendo ignorados o minimizados en las practicas cotidianas de las empresas y los mercados. English Abstract: The purpose of this article is to establish the strong link between knowledge and intangible assets, being that these are the great unknown in the valuation of businesses and in the calculation of national accounts, especially gdp and productivity. It was the investigator Robert Solow, in 1956, one of the first to point out the importance of knowledge in economic growth, saying that this is a function of capital, labor and knowledge. From the 1990s has been growing concern about the need to analyze and measure the different types of intangible assets to include, with its fair value, both in the national accounts and financial statements of companies. But these assets have very special characteristics, wich make their monetary valuation difficult. It is urgent to deepen their analysis and study to not continue to be ignored or minimized in the daily practices of companies and markets.
Assessment of the effectiveness of supply-side cost-containment measures

This article assesses the arguments and evidence concerning the likely effectiveness of four supply-side cost-containment measures. The health planning efforts of the 1970s, particularly certificate-of-need regulations, had very limited success in containing costs. The new and related tools of technology assessment and practice guidelines hold some promise for refining benefit packages, but they are inadequate for micromanaging complex medical practices. Payment policies, such as hospital ratesetting, have enjoyed some success in limiting hospital cost growth but are less effective at controlling total costs. None of these measures alone is likely to address fully the fundamental issues of equity and efficiency in health care resource allocation that underlie the problem of rising costs.
High-Speed Magnetic-Core Memory Technology

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on various aspects of the high-speed magnetic-core memory technology. The three-dimensional or coincident-current, toroidal core storage array is the most widely explored and used random-access electronic memory. The speed that can be achieved with ferrite cores in a three-dimensional array is fast enough to satisfy most random-access storage requirements. A brief description of the memory cycle of operation and the associated terminology is discussed in this chapter. The primary factor determining the overall design and operating characteristics of the total 3D memory is the ferrite core storage array. The saturable magnetic core is one in which moderate positive or negative drive forces will result in a large change in magnetization toward corresponding positive or negative magnetization. It is important to note that while the cores in the array may be subjected to disturbances or half-select drives from an arbitrarily large number of bit drivers, they need to only withstand the disturbance of one word-write drive between the storing of a datum state and the time for which it is subsequently read. It is found that the common bit-drive and sense winding is usually accomplished by dividing a common winding into two halves and connecting one end of each into a differential amplifier.
Out on the farm with DNA vaccines

DNA vaccination is a rapidly developing technology that offers new approaches for the prevention of disease. This technology may permit the production of new vaccines against diseases that have no current vaccine, as well as allowing the development of improved vaccines to replace existing products. We describe how DNA vaccination is being developed for use in commercial animal production, with an emphasis on viral diseases, and discuss the existing hurdles to its development and use.
Monolithic source of tunable narrowband photons for future quantum networks

Using high-Q Si 3 N 4 microresonators, we generate the narrowest bandwidth (40 MHz) photon pairs, yet achieved for a chip-based source. Its high intrinsic stability and broad tunability are highly promising for interfacing to quantum memory networks.
Copyright Genius: The Case for a Fair-Use Classification for User-Generated Online Annotations and Commentary

The Internet Age is here, and many questions regarding the legality of certain online practices have developed. Along with user privacy, copyright law stands front and center. With almost universal access to the Internet, copyrighted works are shared easily, instantly, and extensively. This dynamic perfectly represents the balance that copyright law and fair use of copyrights seeks to strike. While incentivizing innovation and creation through copyright protection is essential, too much protection leaves little room for future works to build off of those creations, which in turn limits secondary innovation. One recently newsworthy online project aims to find that perfect balance that protects authors while also allowing the freedom to build off of those authors’ works in a way that both incentivize creation. That project is Rap Genius, an online, community-based, annotation platform that allows users to comment directly on copyrighted song lyrics. When the site first launched, those lyrics were used freely but also constituted copyright infringement. When threatened with a lawsuit, Rap Genius agreed to pay royalties to the copyright holders of the songs.But does that not sound like a case of overprotecting original authors to the determinant of secondary users? Rap Genius argued that it was protected by fair use, the affirmative defense most often used in copyright lawsuits, and developed its platform under that assumption. However, its agreement to pay royalties seemingly represents an admission that what it was doing was not “fair.” Rap Genius was right — at first — what it does is fair and should be protected by fair use. While lines must be drawn in some areas within the online space, the line for community-based, annotation platforms like Rap Genius should allow infringement to occur behind a fair use protection.
Wilson Loop on a Light-Cone Cylinder

QCD without matter and quantized on a light-cone spatial cylinder is considered. For the gauge group SU(N) the theory has N-1 quantum mechanical degrees of freedom, which describe the color fux that circulates around the the spatial cylinder. In 1+1 dimensions this problem can be solved analytically. I use the solution for SU(2) to compute the Wilson loop phase on the surface of the cylinder and find that it is equal to g^2 area/4. This result is different from the well known result for flat space. I argue that for SU(N) the Wilson loop phase for a contour on a light-cone spatial cylinder is g^2(area) (N-1)/4. The underlying reason for this result is that only the N-1 dimensional Cartan subgroup of SU(N) is dynamical in this problem.
Transposon Tn917lacZ mutagenesis of Bacillus subtilis: identification of two new loci required for motility and chemotaxis.

We have used Tn917lacZ to mutagenize the Bacillus subtilis chromosome and have isolated mutants that are defective in chemotaxis and motility. Mapping of the transposon inserts identified two new loci. Mutations in one of these loci generated mutants that had paralyzed flagella. Accordingly, we designate this a mot locus. The other locus is closely linked to the first and encodes proteins specifying chemotaxis functions. This locus is designated the cheX locus. Both the mot and cheX loci map close to ptsI. An additional transposon insert that maps in the hag locus was obtained. The pattern of beta-galactosidase expression from some of the transposons suggested that the mot locus is regulated by sigD, a minor sigma factor of B. subtilis. The cheX locus appeared to be under the control of vegetative sigA. Four transposon inserts were mapped to a previously characterized che locus near spcB. These mutants did not produce flagellin and were defective in the methylation of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. This locus probably encodes proteins required for flagellum biosynthesis and other proteins that are required for the methylation response. Images
On finding all minimally unsatisfiable subformulas

Much attention has been given in recent years to the problem of finding Minimally Unsatisfiable Subformulas (MUSes) of Boolean formulas. In this paper, we present a new view of the problem, strongly linking it to the maximal satisfiability problem. From this relationship, we have developed a novel technique for extracting all MUSes of a CNF formula, tightly integrat ing our implementation with a modern SAT solver. We also present another algorithm for finding all MUSes, developed independently but based on the same relationship. Experimental comparisons show that our approach is con sistently faster than the other, and we discuss ways in which ideas from both could be combined to improve further.
Phase-sensitive detection of persistent spectral holes using synchronous ultrasonic modulation spectroscopy

Persistent spectral hole-burning (PHB) of inhomogeneously broadened absorption lines in solids occurs when a homogeneous class of absorbing centers in resonance with a narrowband laser beam undergoes a photolnduced change in optical absorption that persists for times longer than any excited state lifetime. Persistent spectral holes for impurity centers in solids can provide important information about guest–light and guest–host interactions, such as dephasing, Zeeman and Stark splittings, and photochemical reaction mechanisms.
Orthorhombic distortion of mismatched In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/InP heterostructures

Thin, mismatched epilayers tetragonally distort to form coherent interfaces. Beyond the critical thickness, misfit dislocations relieve strain. The dislocations form in an asymmetric pattern on
TYRO: a constraint based graphic designer's apprentice

'TYRO', the (very novice) graphic designer's apprentice is a visual programming environment to enhance the exploration and evolution of graphic design concepts. The basic unit of design knowledge, the prototype, is represented as a network of constraining relations with rules for asserting those relations. Similarly, a design is a constraint network of prototypes with its set of assertion rules. The environment supports multiple simultaneous perspectives on each object (logical, spatial and hierarchical browsers) and a variation generator used for exploring the design space and discovering the assertion rule breakpoints. >
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching Movements in Two Dimensions

Turner, Robert S. and Marjorie E. Anderson. Pallidal discharge related to the kinematics of reaching movements in two dimensions. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1051–1074, 1997. Movement-related discharge of...
Introduction to Our Commitment to Building Leaders: Programs for Leadership in Academic and Special Libraries

Planning for succession; building the capacity and confidence to exert influence within the context of higher education; promoting a culture of diversity within our libraries and home institutions;...
Preparation and properties of CdSnAs2

Abstract n -type samples of CdSnAs 2 (melting point = 590°–600°C) have been prepared by freezing from the melt. The highest room temperature Hall mobility attained was 1.2 × 10 4 cm 2 /volt sec for a sample with a free electron concentration of 5.5 × 10 17 cm −3 . From infrared absorption data the energy gap is estimated to be approximately 0.23 eV at room temperature. The absorption edge shifts to shorter wavelengths with increasing electron concentration. The electrical and optical data indicate that the conduction band of CdSnAs 2 is characterized by a low electron effective mass, of the order of a few hundredths of the free electron mass.
Facilitating Religious Environmentalism: Ethnology Plus Conservation Psychology Tools Can Assess An Interfaith Environmental Intervention!

Reliance on a limited number of methodologies may be distorting scholarship in religious environmentalism. This article describes a religious environmental educational intervention, uses a qualitative ethnological approach to describe the response of local congregations to this intervention, and uses a quasi-experimental, quantitative psychological methodology to assess the impact of this intervention on the behavior of religious congregational leaders. This article reports the impact of the Living Ocean Initiative, a ten-month interfaith envi­ronmental outreach intervention that engaged forty-nine diverse religious congregations and their leaders in California 2006-2007. This study indicates the value of studying religious environmental interventions, and suggests that carefully designed interventions may be able to increase religious environmentalism. It found that religious leaders were more inclined to engage in personal pro-environmental behavior within their congregations than pro-environmental behavior in the political realm. This study reports expressions of religious environmentalism at the congregational scale. It suggests that the potential of religious environmentalism to transform environmental beliefs and politics proposed by scholars and religious leaders may be unrealistic, yet it does demonstrate impacts of an intervention on pro-environmental behavior, thus clarifying some of the ambiguity in past correlational studies, and suggesting that religious environmentalism can help foster a more sustainable society.
Host genetics and resistance to acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. I. Antibody isotype profiles

Summary Some strains of inbred mice survive acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi while others die within a few weeks after infection. Mice which express B10 background genes and either the H-2q or H-2d haplotypes are resistant and survive. However, mice which share the B10 genetic background but express H-2k alleles die, usually within 4 weeks following infection. These data confirm that at least 1 gene in the major histocompatibility complex can determine whether an animal lives or dies during the acute phase. Expression of the H-2q haplotype on the B10 genetic background or in DBA/l mice is associated with resistance, but H-2q mice expressing the C3H background are susceptible. Therefore, at least I gene in the genetic background also influences resistance. Our data suggest that genes associated with resistance must be present in both the MHC and the genetic background or the animal will die. The isotypes and specificities of parasite reactive antibodies found in the serum of different inbred mouse strains were assessed during acute infection. Levels of IgM were higher in sera from mice which express the resistant B10 background than in sera from mice expressing the susceptible C3H background. Conversely, mice which share the C3H background genes produced high levels of anti-parasite IgG2a when compared to B10 congenic strains. Antigen specificity, however, may be influenced by both background and MHC genes, as congenic strains expressing different MHC haplotypes recognized different constellations of T. cruzi antigens. These data suggest a correlation between genes which influence antibody specificity or isotype and the genes which determine the ability of various inbred mouse strains to survive acute infection with T. cruzi.
Epidemiological monitoring plan for geothermal developments.

Abstract In order to assure that geothermal developments in the Imperial Valley of California proceeded on an environmentally sound basis, The U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration contracted with the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory to conduct a comprehensive study of six aspects of the region and its potential problems: Air Quality Water Quality, Ecosystem Quality (Soil, Plants, Animals, etc.) Subsidence and Induced Seismicity, Health Effects, and Socio-Economic Effects which may result from the proposed development. This report of the possible health effects is designed to be repeated as geothermal developments progress. It includes both general health attributes and attributes which may be likely to be adversely affected by such developments and is focussed on two different populations, one likely to be affected and a second which is less likely to be affected. Such a design permits the easier identification of possible effects against a background of time-dependent processes in later phases of the study. This baseline study documents that before such developments, there were differences in health status of the two areas, which were chosen to maximize demographic comparability. It further identifies that odor, a possible problem associated with geothermal development, is currently present, and at times intense. Without such baseline monitoring, the likelihood is great that such effects in the future might be falsely ascribed to the geothermal development.
Whatever Became of the Socratic Elenchus? Philosophical Analysis in Plato

Readers who are introduced to philosophical analysis by reading the early Platonic dialogues may be puzzled to find that Plato, in his middle and late periods, largely abandons the style of analysis characteristic of early Plato, namely, the ‘Socratic elenchus’. This paper undertakes to solve the puzzle. In contrast to what is popularly called ‘the Socratic method’, the elenchus requires that Socrates, the lead investigator, not have a satisfactory answer to his ‘What is F-ness?’ question. Here is the bind. Part of what motivates the elenctic inquiry is the natural assumption that one cannot identify F-things unless one has a satisfactory analysis of what it is to be F. But to test the adequacy of suggested analyses of F-ness one needs to be able to identify counterexamples. Together these two points present us with a ‘catch-22’, which is something the ‘paradox of inquiry’ in the Meno brings out. In the Theaetetus Plato makes clear that, although the elenchus, including Socratic ignorance, can refute philosophical theses arrived at by other means, it cannot, by itself, give birth to viable philosophical theses. Its legitimate role is therefore only propaedeutic.
Field- and laboratory-investigations of the Carnegie Institution of Washington

Magnetic disturbances and diurnal variation—The application by Peters of stereographies projection in the analysis of magnetic disturbances and their relations to solar conditions was continued as regards directions in space and geographical distribution of the initial changes in the Earth s magnetic field, indicated by photographic records at 25 observatories for the magnetic storm September 21, 1925. Apparently the changes in the Earth s field represented by the Individual details at the beginning of the storm depend to some extent upon local regional conditions. Magnetic storms of January 29 and March 29, 1924, March 5, 1926, January 24 and May 27, 1927, and October 18, 1928, are being studied by this method.
Thromboembolic complications after combined internal carotid ligation and extra- to-intracranial bypass

Twelve cases of probable embolic complication occurring during or after therapeutic occlusion of the internal carotid artery are summarized briefly. In each case, an extracranial-to-intracranial bypass procedure had been performed. These cases were collected from an informal survey of 30 neurosurgeons. In most instances, the middle cerebral artery became occluded as a result of an embolus, probably formed in the occluded internal carotid artery or possibly in the giant aneurysm being treated. The literature on surgical carotid occlusion is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the frequency and pathogenesis of ischemic complications.
Sex Differences in Arm Muscle Fatigability With Cognitive Demand in Older Adults

Muscle fatigability can increase when a stressful, cognitively demanding task is imposed during a low-force fatiguing contraction with the arm muscles, especially in women. Whether this occurs among older adults (> 60 years) is currently unknown. We aimed to determine if higher cognitive demands, stratified by sex, increased fatigability in older adults (> 60 years). Secondarily, we assessed if varying cognitive demand resulted in decreased steadiness and was explained by anxiety or cortisol levels. Seventeen older women (70 ± 6 years) and 13 older men (71 ± 5 years) performed a sustained, isometric, fatiguing contraction at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction until task failure during three sessions: high cognitive demand (high CD = mental subtraction by 13); low cognitive demand (low CD = mental subtraction by 1); and control (no subtraction). Fatigability was greater when high and low CD were performed during the fatiguing contraction for the women but not for the men. In women, time to failure with high CD was 16 ± 8 minutes and with low CD was 17 ± 4 minutes, both of which were shorter than time to failure in control contractions (21 ± 7 minutes; high CD mean difference: 5 minutes [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.78–9.89], p = 0.02; low CD mean difference: 4 minutes [95% CI, 0.57–7.31], p = 0.03). However, in men, no differences were detected in time to failure with cognitive demand (control: 13 ± 5 minutes; high CD mean difference: −0.09 minutes [95% CI, −2.8 to 2.7], p = 1.00; low CD mean difference: 0.75 minutes [95% CI, −1.1 to 2.6], p = 0.85). Steadiness decreased (force fluctuations increased) more during high CD than control. Elevated anxiety, mean arterial pressure, and salivary cortisol levels in both men and women did not explain the greater fatigability during high CD. Older women but not men showed marked increases in fatigability when low or high CD was imposed during sustained static contractions with the elbow flexor muscles and contrasts with previous findings for the lower limb. Steadiness decreased in both sexes when high CD was imposed. Older women are susceptible to greater fatigability of the upper limb with heightened mental activity during sustained postural contractions, which are the foundation of many work-related tasks.
Projecting tension in virtual environments through lighting

Interactive synthetic environments are currently used in a wide variety of applications, including video games, exposure therapy, education, and training. Their success in such domains relies on their immersive and engagement qualities. Filmmakers and theatre directors use many techniques to project tension in the hope of affecting audiences' affective states. These techniques include narrative, sound effects, camera movements, and lighting. This paper focuses on temporal variation of lighting color and its use in evoking tension within interactive virtual worlds. Many game titles adopt some cinematic lighting effects to evoke certain moods, particularly saturated red colored lighting, flickering lights, and very dark lighting. Such effects may result in user frustration due to the lack of balance between the desire to project tension and the desire to use lighting for other goals, such as visibility and depth projection. In addition, such lighting effects used tend to be very obvious and obtrusive. In this paper, the author will identify several lighting color patterns, both obtrusive and subtle, based on a qualitative study of several movies and lighting design theories. In addition, the author presents a system that dynamically modulates the lighting within an interactive environment to project the desired tension while balancing other lighting goals, such as establishing visibility, projecting depth, and providing motivation for lighting direction. This work extends the author's previous work on the Expressive Lighting Engine [1-3]. Results of incorporating this system within a game will be discussed.
Response to Varying Amounts of Time in Reading Intervention for Students With Low Response to Intervention

Two studies examined response to varying amounts of time in reading intervention for two cohorts of first-grade students demonstrating low levels of reading after previous intervention. Students were assigned to one of three groups that received (a) a single dose of intervention, (b) a double dose of intervention, or (c) no intervention. Examination of individual student response to intervention indicated that more students in the treatment groups demonstrated accelerated learning over time than students in the comparison condition. Students' responses to the single-dose and double-dose interventions were similar over time. Students in all conditions demonstrated particular difficulties with gains in reading fluency. Implications for future research and practice within response to intervention models are provided.
A technique for time resolved nitric oxide measurements in auto-igniting mixtures

Abstract A technique has been developed to determine the formation rate of nitric oxide in combustion gases using a rapid quench. Studies were performed in a rapid compression machine with a thin diaphragm connecting the combustion chamber and a quenching chamber. Timed bursting of the diaphragm permitted determination of the nitric oxide history for an auto-igniting heptane-air mixture. Good agreement was obtained between experimental results and kinetic calculations using the extended Zeldovich mechanism. Effects of compression ratio and equivalence ratio on frozen nitric oxide concentrations were also determined.
A note on efficient estimation of mutation rates using Luria-Delbrück fluctuation analysis.

Abstract The maximu likelihood and Luria-Delbruck P 0 methods for the estimation of spontaneous mutation rates are compared. The maximum likelihood methods is fully efficient, utilizing all available information in a fluctuation experiment, but can be numerically cumbersome. Under certain conditions, there is little loss of efficiency using the P 0 method, which is readily implemented numerically. Design considerations should aid investigators in minimizing statistical errors associated with the statistical analysis of fluctuation experiments.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Counseling Competencies Scale: A Measure of Counseling Skills, Dispositions, and Behaviors

The authors examined the psychometric properties of the Counseling Competencies Scale (CCS; University of Central Florida Counselor Education Faculty, 2009), an instrument designed to assess trainee competencies as measured in their counseling skills, dispositions, and behaviors. There was strong internal consistency for the 4-factor model for midterm data (.927) and the 5-factor model for final data (.933). Interrater reliability for the total CCS score was .570, and criterion-related validity (correlation between the total score on the final CCS and semester grade) yielded a moderate correlation (r= .407, p < .01). Thus, the results provide initial support for using the CCS to assess counseling students’ professional competencies.
The binary adduct of 3,6,9,16,19,22-hexaazatricyclo[22.2.2.211,14]triaconta-11,13,24,26(1),27,29-hexaene and benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid.

The crystals of the title salt, 6,21-di­aza-3,9,18,24-tetraazoniatri­cyclo­[22.2.2.211,14]­triaconta-11,13,24,26(1),27,29-hexaene benzene-1,2,4,5-tetra­carboxyl­ate(4−) hexahydrate, C24H42N64+·C10H2O84−·6H2O, are formed by the intermolecular interaction of a macrocyclic hex­amine with a mol­ecule of C6H2(COOH)4 in aqueous solution. Both the cation and the anion are on inversion centres. Hydro­gen bonds are formed between the four ammonium cations in the hex­amine and the four carboxyl­ate anions in the aromatic acid. Stacks exist along the crystallographic a axis in the solid state. The water mol­ecules also take part in a hydrogen-bonding network which joins these stacks together.