cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-mode fibers by the OVD process

Single-mode fibers made by the inside vapor deposition process and the axial vapor deposition process have been widely reported in the literature. This paper describes progress made in fabrication of single-mode fibers by the outside vapor deposition (OVD) process.
Do-I-Care: a collaborative Web agent

Social filtering and collaborative resource discovery mechanisms often fail because of the extra burden, even tiny, placed on the user. This work proposes an innovative World Wide Web agent that uses a model of collaboration that leverages the natural incentives for individual users to easily provide for collaborative work.
Caffeine clearance in the horse.

The pharmacokinetic properties of intravenously administered caffeine were studied in 10 horses using a commercially available automated enzyme immunoassay. The harmonic mean for the distribution half-life was 5.2 min (range 1.4–18.7). The harmonic mean for the elimination half-life was 10.18 h (range 6.82–20.92). The harmonic mean of the volume of distribution was 0.32 L/kg (range 0.22–0.53). There was no correlation between the dose of caffeine/kg body weight and the elimination half-life (Spearman's coefficient of rank correlation =0.19).
Numerical analysis of thermal striping induced high cycle thermal fatigue in a mixing tee

Thermal striping, characterized by turbulent mixing of two flow streams of different temperatures that result in temperature fluctuations of coolant near the pipe wall, is one of the main causes of thermal fatigue failure. Coolant temperature oscillations due to thermal striping are on the order of several Hz. Thermal striping high-cycle thermal fatigue that occurs at tee junctions is one of the topics that should be addressed for the life management of light water reactor (LWR) piping systems. This study focuses on numerical analyses of the temperature fluctuations and structural response of coolant piping at a mixing tee. The coolant temperature fluctuations are obtained from Large Eddy Simulations that are validated by experimental data. For the thermal stress fatigue analysis, a model is developed to identify the relative importance of various parameters affecting fatigue-cracking failure. This study shows that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids of a tee junction and the enhanced heat transfer coefficient due to turbulent mixing are the dominant factors of thermal fatigue failure of a tee junction.
Geometric Variation Prediction for Automotive Aluminum Welded Assemblies

Assembly error prediction is one of the key problems in quality control. The objective of this paper is to develop the statistical error analysis model for assembling, to derive measures of controlling the geometric variations in assembly with multiple assembly stations, and to provide a statistical tolerance prediction/distribution toolkit integrated with CAD system for responding quickly to market opportunities with reduced manufacturing costs and improved quality. First the homogeneous transformation is used to describe the location and orientation of assembly features, parts and other related surfaces. The desired location and orientation, and the related fixturing configuration (including locator position and orientation) are automatically extracted from CAD models. The location and orientation errors are represented with differential transformations. Then the statistical error prediction model is formulated and the related algorithms are integrated with the CAD system so that the complex geometric information can be directly accessed. In the prediction model, the manufacturing process (joining) error, induced by heat deformation in welding, is taken into account. Finally case studies are presented to verify the prediction algorithms. The proposed model has following characteristics: 1) variety error elements of both design and process aspects are taken into account; 2) assembly error prediction and control can be dealt with for multiple assembly stations and multiple fixtures in each station; and 3) the technical approach is integrated with CAD system.© 2002 ASME
Common knowledge and ideological critique : The significance of knowing that the Haves come out ahead

En 1974, Marc Galanter a mis en evidence une serie de contradictions internes au systeme juridique americain permettant a celui-ci de se reclamer de l'universalisme et de l'autorite publique tout en favorisant d'un autre cote le particularisme, le pouvoir prive et l'inegalite. En particulier, il a mis en relief le rapport existant entre un statut socio-economique eleve et la capacite a mobiliser frequemment l'action juridique (repeat players). Cet article examine les differentes perceptions que les citoyens americains ont de ce dualisme du systeme juridique, a travers la categorie utilisee par Galanter, a savoir celle de nantis, et quelles en sont les consequences ideologiques
The color of the human eye: A review of morphologic correlates and of some conditions that affect iridial pigmentation

Iris color can be affected by a variety of ocular disorders. It is suspected that iris color may not remain constant throughout life. These observations have drawn attention to the morphologic correlates of iris color and its regulation. Differences in the iris color of normal eyes are the result of variable amounts of melanin pigment granules within a constant number of melanocytes in the superficial stroma of the iris. These melanocytes seem to reach their genetically determined amount of melanin in early childhood, and their melanin content usually remains constant in adulthood. Diseases such as Horner's syndrome and Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis affect iris color, resulting in a decrease of iris pigmentation. Evidence suggests that melanin content of some melanocytes is subject to adrenergic regulation even past childhood. Application of the prostaglandin analogue latanoprost, on the other hand, leads to an increase in iris pigmentation in some patients. Studies with cultured dermal and uveal melanocytes, as well as with uveal melanoma cells, however, show no increase in cell proliferation when treated with latanoprost in vitro. The mechanisms by which latanoprost affects regulation of iris pigmentation requires further investigation.
Shape From Symmetry

Knowledge of depth aids greatly in the object recognition task. It is preferable to be able to calculate depth without requiring multiple views, or special light sources. This paper presents a method of calculating depth from a single image in the case where the object is symmetrical about a plane. The algorithm requires the identification of symmetrical locations in the image, thus for each point at which depth is to be computed the corresponding symmetrical point must be visible in the image. The distance for which the camera is focused must also be known. The implementation of this algorithm is discussed and reconstructed shapes computed from real images are presented.
Complete Genome Sequence of Porcine Coronavirus HKU15 Strain IN2847 from the United States

ABSTRACT Porcine coronavirus HKU15 (PorCoV HKU15) was first detected in pigs with clinical diseases in February 2014 in the United States. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Indiana strain IN2847, which might be useful for understanding the molecular profile of PorCoV HKU15.
SIM-PlanetQuest technology: A retrospective view

Abstract Optical interferometry will open new vistas for astronomy over the next decade. The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM-PlanetQuest), operating unfettered by the Earth's atmosphere, will offer unprecedented astrometric precision that promises the discovery of Earth-class extra-solar planets as well as a wealth of important astrophysics. Optical interferometers also present severe technological challenges: laser metrology systems must perform with sub-nanometer precision; mechanical vibrations must be controlled to nanometers requiring orders of magnitude disturbance rejection; a multitude of actuators and sensors must operate flawlessly and in concert. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with the support of Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (LM ATC) and Northrop Grumman Space Technology (NGST), has addressed these challenges with a technology development program that is now complete. Technology transfer to the SIM flight team is now well along and the project is proceeding toward Preliminary Design Review (PDR) with a quickening pace.
The C2H3 + O2 reaction revisited: is multireference treatment of the wave function really critical?

This letter revisits critical intermediates and transition states of the C2H3 + O2 reaction. To obtain their accurate relative energies, ab initio calculations are performed using sophisticated single and multireference theoretical methods with various basis sets. The energy difference between two crucial transition states, for ring opening in dioxiranylmethyl radical and its isomerization to C2H3OO, is calculated as ∼2 kcal/mol both at multireference MRCI and at single-reference CCSD(T) levels extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. The deviation from the earlier G2M(RCC,MP2) value (∼7 kcal/mol) is caused by a deficiency of the 6-311+G(3df,2p) basis set as compared to correlation-consistent Dunning's basis sets.
The shape of faces (to come).

Have facial expressions evolved randomly or do their different shapes support some adaptive purpose? New work offers evidence of a selection pressure that may have shaped fearful and disgusted expressions.
Theories of Quark Confinement

Abstract It is conjectured that a non-Abelian gauge theory based on the color SU(3) group will confine quarks. Various techniques that have been applied to this question are reviewed. These include approximate methods based on strong coupling expansions of Hamiltonian and Euclidian lattice theories, instanton improvements on perturbation theory, and solutions of truncated Dyson-Schwinger equations for the gauge field propagator. Formal results based on electric-magnetic duality arguments and on the study of loop field theories are presented. Deconfinement at high temperatures, the inclusion of light quarks, and a possible reconciliation with a hypothetical discovery of free quarks are discussed.
Efficient and stable photoelectrochemical cells constructed with WSe2 and MoSe2 photoanodes

Abstract Single crystals of n-WSe2 and n-MoSe2 were grown and employed as the photoanode in a regenerative photoelectrochemical cell with an iodide/triiodide electrolyte. Solar to electrical power conversion efficiencies 10.2 and 9.4% were achieved on selected crystals of WSe2 and MoSe2, respectively. Products of a photocorrosion reaction from a MoSe2 electrode could not be detected in the electrolyte after one month of continuous operation. The photocurrent spectra and optimization of the electrolyte are also discussed.
Analysis of 30 Genes (355 SNPS) Related to Energy Homeostasis for Association with Adiposity in European-American and Yup'ik Eskimo Populations

Objective: Human adiposity is highly heritable, but few of the genes that predispose to obesity in most humans are known. We tested candidate genes in pathways related to food intak
Long-term results of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty with the Inoue balloon catheter.

The initial 85 patients who successfully underwent percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) with the Inoue balloon catheter at the Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute between November 1985 and November 1988 had a mean follow-up period of 5 +/- 1 year (range 43 to 79 months). Before and after PMV and at follow-up, mean diastolic mitral gradients by the catheter method were 17.5 +/- 6.2, 3.1 +/- 3.3 and 3.3 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, respectively (p 0.05 after PMV vs follow-up). Mean diastolic mitral gradients by the Doppler method were 18 +/- 6, 8 +/- 5 and 9 +/- 5 mm Hg, respectively (p 0.05 after PMV vs follow-up). Mean diastolic mitral gradients by the Doppler method were 18 +/- 6, 8 +/- 5 and 9 +/- 5 mm Hg, respectively (p 0.05 after PMV vs follow-up). Mitral valve areas by the echo-Doppler method were 1.1 +/- 0.3, 2.0 +/- 0.4 and 1.8 +/- 0.5 cm2, respectively (p 0.05 after PMV vs follow-up). Phonocardiographic and vectorcardiographic studies, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing showed significant improvement after PMV and at follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Metabolic World: Sugars as an Energized Carbon Substrate for Prebiotic and Biotic Synthesis

To understand the origin of metabolism and biopolymer synthesis we investigated the energy sources that drive anabolic metabolism. We found that biosynthesis of amino acids and lipids from sugars is driven bz the free energy of redox disproportionation of carbon (see discussion or next page). The indispensable role of sugar disproportionation in the biosynthesis of amino acids and lipids suggests that the origin of life uses the same chemical engine, and was therefore based on nonenzymatic redox disproportionation reactions of sugars that occurred in the presence o ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The chemistry of this 'metabolic' model of the origin of life is described.
Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life After Bariatric Surgery.

Background Bariatric surgery is typically associated with improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, recent reports are conflicting, and the aim of this study was to determine factors that would be predictive for long-term outcomes after bariatric procedures.
Articulating “Responsivity” in Context: Re-making the M.A. in Composition and Rhetoric for the Electronic Age

Abstract To foster a meaningful graduate-level program in writing studies, we as a discipline need to attend more explicitly to a greater range of stakeholders (e.g., our states’ citizens, government, and community and business leaders; university administration; fellow academic departments) than are usually at the table in local curricular design. These stakeholders call for innovative programs that prepare students to respond to evolving economic conditions, social practices, and ways of making and using knowledge. At the University of Wyoming, we believe our in-progress program development addresses these challenges and in so doing can function as a telling case for those seeking to position their programs as responsive to the range of constituencies with legitimate stakes in contemporary writing studies. Throughout our collaborations, we identify new media—the tools, relationships, and novel rhetorical situations it creates—as a key mediator providing us with a domain in which to both enact and respond to contemporary calls for innovation. Investigating complex problems with new tools and entrepreneurial orientations can both drive program innovation and foster greater engagement with social challenges in order to pursue sustained responsivity to diverse stakeholders.
Spectral performance of a composite single-crystal filtered thermal neutron beam for BNCT research at the University of Missouri.

Abstract Parameter studies, design calculations and initial neutronic performance measurements have been completed for a new thermal neutron beamline to be used for neutron capture therapy cell and small-animal radiobiology studies at the University of Missouri Research Reactor. The beamline features the use of single-crystal silicon and bismuth sections for neutron filtering and for reduction of incident gamma radiation. The calculated and measured thermal neutron fluxes produced at the irradiation location are 9.6×10 8 and 8.8×10 8 neutrons/cm 2 s, respectively. Calculated and measured cadmium ratios (Au foils) are 217 and 132. These results indicate a well-thermalized neutron spectrum with sufficient thermal neutron flux for a variety of small animal BNCT studies.
Multiscale neocortical dynamics, experimental EEG measures, and global facilitation of local cell assemblies

Multiscale dynamics, linear approximations, global boundary conditions, experimental verification, and global influences on local cell assemblies are considered in the context of Wright & Liley's work. W&L provide a nice introduction to these issues and a reasonable simulation of intermediate scale dynamics, but the model does not adequately simulate combined local and global processes.
Anemia in the setting of traumatic brain injury: the arguments for and against liberal transfusion.

Abstract Anemia is recognized as a possible cause of secondary injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Cogent arguments can be made for both liberal and restrictive blood transfusion practices in this setting. In this narrative review, we summarize available knowledge regarding the risks of anemia and transfusion in patients with TBI. Laboratory studies using animal models and healthy human subjects suggest that anemia below a hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of 7 g/dL results in impaired brain function and below 10 g/dL may be detrimental to recovery from TBI. Clinical studies that have evaluated the association of anemia with clinical outcomes have not consistently demonstrated harm, but they generally have important methodological weaknesses. Alternatively, studies that have analyzed transfusion as a predictor of worse outcome have consistently identified such an association, but these studies may involve residual confounding. What little information exists from randomized trials that have included...
P-Cadherin and E-Cadherin Are Co-expressed in MDCK Cells

Abstract The Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line is a valuable model of epithelial cell function and the role of E(epithelial)-cadherin in MDCK cell activity is well-appreciated. Northern and immunoblot analyses were used here to demonstrate that, in addition to E-cadherin, MDCK cell cultures also express P(placental)-cadherin. Immunocytochemistry was then used to compare the localization and detergent extractability of P- and E-cadherin. While both cadherins were found at areas of cell-cell contact, the relative ease with which P-cadherin could be extracted suggests a weaker anchorage to the actin cytoskeleton than has been demonstrated for E-cadherin, and may correspond to less permanent cell-cell interactions than those attributed to E-cadherin. The co-expression of different cadherins by MDCK cells has not been fully explored and may influence interpretations of MDCK cell function that previously considered only the activity of E-cadherin.
Large inert-gas thrusters

Using present technology as a starting point, performance predictions were made for large thrusters. The optimum beam diameter for maximum thruster efficiency was determined for a range of specific impulse. This optimum beam diameter varied greatly with specific impulse, from about 0.6 m at 3000 seconds (and below) to about 4 m at 10,000 seconds with argon, and from about 0.6 m at 2,000 seconds (and below) to about 12 m at 10,000 seconds with Xe. These beams sizes would require much larger thrusters than those presently available, but would offer substantial complexity and cost reductions for large electric propulsion systems.
A monoclonal antibody detecting a possible public specificity of the HLA‐C locus

An IgM monoclonal antibody (CC-C1 11) was produced by fusing myeloma cell line SP2/08 with lymphocytes of a Balb/c mouse previously immunized with peripheral blood lymphocytes of an A2, Bw44, B27, Cw1, Cw7, DR5 donor. Reactivity of CC-C1 11 on a lymphocyte panel of 172 unrelated donors and lysostripping and absorption experiments have shown that CC-C1 11 recognizes an antigenic determinant common to HLA-Cw1 and Cw3 positive lymphocytes.
Electrical properties of hydrated collagen. I. Dielectric properties

The effect of water on the low-frequency (102-105 Hz) complex permittivitv of native, sold-state collagen has been investigated experimentally. Measurements at ambient temperature show that dry collagen exhibits essentially no frequency or temperature dependence. As water is absorbed, both dielectric constant and loss factor increase simultaneously and rise sharply upward at a hydration level which may be associated with the completion of the primary absorption layer as determined from independent water absorption studies. The behaviour is qualitatively identical to that observed for other proteins and related materials. Temperature-dependent measurements made under vacuum conditions in the range −196°C to +100°C are characteristic of the dielectric properties of the water in the sample. Dehydration produced by successive temperature recycling to the maximum temperature effectively eliminates any temperature or frequency dependence. A maximum in the temperature-dependent curves is found at about +40°C and is explained as the superposition of two processes: (1) the transition of water molecules from bound to free states, and (2) the difffusion of water molecules out of the system. The dielectric constant of dry collagen, after desorption at ambient temperature, is about 4.5. Desorption at elevated temperatures reduced the room temperature value to about 2.3 and the liquid nitrogen temperature value to a number indistinguishable from the optical value of n2 = 2.16.
Surface atomic ordering of Cu3Au (001) above Tc

Abstract The stoichiometric Cu 3 Au (001) surface was investigated by glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction. The temperature dependence of intensities of the bulk 001 and the surface ( in-plane ) 100 peaks were followed. The 001 peak becomes diffuse above the bulk critical temperature, T c = 663 K, but the 100 peak remains sharp even at T > T c + 30 K. At T = T c + 56 K, only strong diffuse intensity is observed. This diffuse intensity was measured throughout a two-dimensional region of reciprocal space in order to obtain information on the short-range order (SRO) in the surface. The diffuse intensity around 100 is stronger than that near 110, and has a cylindrical shape. Qualitative considerations of the diffuse intensities suggest a high correlation along 〈100〉 in the surface, which implies an important role of anti-phase boundaries (APB) in the two-dimensional surface SRO just as in the three-dimensional SRO in the bulk.
Perceived invulnerability and cigarette smoking among adolescents

Abstract Adolescent perceptions of invulnerability toward smoking and nonsmoking–related health risks were examined among 442 continuation high school students. Smokers were less likely than nonsmokers to report feeling invulnerable to both smoking and nonsmoking–related health risks. Among the smokers, those who reported feeling invulnerable to smoking-related health risks, compared to those who reported feeling vulnerable, smoked fewer cigarettes, were less addicted, were less likely to intend to smoke more in the future, attempted to quit fewer times in the past, valued their health more, and reported higher public body awareness. In a multiple logistic regression model, only high public body awareness, fewer previous attempts to quit, and being in the action stage of change (compared to being in the precontemplation stage of change) remained significant independent concurrent predictors of being in the invulnerable group. These results suggest, contrary to some previous work, that perceived invulnerability may be predictive of quitting tobacco use and may reflect relative invulnerability; that is, lighter use of tobacco.
Self assembly of coiled-coil peptide-porphyrin complexes.

We are interested in the controlled assembly of photoelectronic materials using peptides as scaffolds and porphyrins as the conducting material. We describe the integration of a peptide-based polymer strategy with the ability of designed basic peptides to bind anionic porphyrins in order to create regulated photoelectronically active biomaterials. We have described our peptide system in earlier work, which demonstrates the ability of a peptide to form filamentous materials made up of self-assembling coiled-coil structures. We have modified this peptide system to include lysine residues appropriately positioned to specifically bind meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS4), a porphyrin that contains four negatively charged sulfonate groups at neutral pH. We measure the binding of TPPS4 to our peptide using UV−visible and fluorescence spectroscopies to follow the porphyrin signature. We determine the concomitant acquisition of helical secondary structure in the peptide upon TPPS4 binding using circul...
Detection of Single-Molecule DNA Hybridization Using Enzymatic Amplification in an Array of Femtoliter-Sized Reaction Vessels

Improving the sensitivity of DNA biosensors is extremely important in clinical diagnostics, gene therapy, and a variety of other biomedical studies. In this regard, we have developed a highly sensitive single molecule DNA assay platform with a 1fM experimental detection limit using enzymatic amplification in an array of femtoliter-sized reaction wells. To validate the utility of this technology in our study, we employed a fiber optic array to create thousands of femtoliter-sized reaction wells, each specifically functionalized with oligonucleotide probes capable of capturing biotinylated target DNA. After hybridization, the fiber was incubated with streptavidin-labeled enzyme solution. The bound single enzyme molecules were confined to individual reaction vessels containing excess fluorogenic substrate and catalyzed the production of a sufficient number of fluorescent product molecules to generate a detectable signal. At low target DNA concentrations with relatively short incubation times, only a small percentage of the capture sites bind target DNA, enabling a binary readout of target concentration from the high-density fiber array. This simple binary readout-based scheme is easy to perform and exhibits a high signal-to-noise ratio in the presence of trace amounts of DNA target. Furthermore, it also should be possible to extend this technology to protein detection by modifying the reaction wells with specific capture antibodies. We expect this assay to be useful in a number of biomedical applications where accurate and highly sensitive target analysis is critical.
Comparative Excretion and Retention of DDT Analogs by Dairy Cows

Abstract Three groups of three cows each were fed 25mg of p,p′ -DDT, p,p′ -DDD, or p,p′ -DDE per day for 60 days. Concentrations of the compounds in milk fat approached, but did not reach, equilibrium during the feeding period. From 40 to 60 days, 25.8% of the p,p′ -DDE, 7.6% of the p,p′ -DDD, and 5.1% of the p,p′ -DDT as p,p′ -DDT (2.1%) and p,p′ -DDD (3.0%) were excreted in the milk. When the feeding of the compounds ended at 60 days, the decline in milk fat concentrations of all compounds could be described as the sum of two first-order terms. The initial partial concentrations of the first term were 0.41, 0.91, and 0.41 with rates of decline of 67, 41, and 31% per day for p,p′ -DBT, p,p′ -DDD, and p,p′ -DDE, respectively. The initial partial concentrations of the second term were 0.59, 0.09, and 0.59, with rates of decline of 1.3, 2.6, and 1.3% per day, respectively.
Sketching Awareness: A Participatory Study to Elicit Designs for Supporting Ad Hoc Emergency Medical Teamwork

Prior CSCW research on awareness in clinical settings has mostly focused on higher-level team coordination spanning across longer-term trajectories at the department and inter-department levels. In this paper, we offer a perspective on what awareness means within the context of an ad hoc, time- and safety-critical medical setting by looking at teams treating severely ill patients with urgent needs. We report findings from four participatory design workshops conducted with emergency medicine clinicians at two regional emergency departments. Workshops were developed to elicit design ideas for information displays that support awareness in emergency medical situations. Through analysis of discussions and clinicians' sketches of information displays, we identified five features of teamwork that can be used as a foundation for supporting awareness from the perspective of clinicians. Based on these findings, we contribute rich descriptions of four facets of awareness that teams manage during emergency medical situations: team member awareness, elapsed time awareness, teamwork-oriented and patient-driven task awareness, and overall progress awareness. We then discuss these four awareness types in relation to awareness facets found in the CSCW literature.
Giant magnetoresistance in nonmultilayer magnetic systems.

We have observed isotropic giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in nonmultilayer magnetic systems using granular magnetic solids. We show that GMR occurs in magnetically inhomogeneous media containing nonaligned ferromagnetic entities on a microscopic scale. The GMR is determined by the orientations of the magnetization axes, the density, and the size of the ferromagnetic entities.
SELCALL Applications: The Key to Advanced Marine Communications

This paper treats the related and equally important area of SELCALL applications, particularly at VHF. SELCALL is, first and foremost, a digital contacting system but because of its development to serve the diverse needs of a multinational maritime community, it can provide a very versatile means for both telecontrol and telecommunication service. The implications of this capability to serve marine communications and navigation in the more densely populated coastal waters, rivers and ports are only now beginning to be appreciated. A description of the SELCALL message structure and spectrum requirements for use at VHF/UHF is given in this paper together with several important applications to marine communications, navigation and traffic management.
ENHANCING THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (%COHb) DETERMINATIONS

To capitalize on the equi-molar relation between endogenous carbon monoxide production (VCO) and heme turnover, we have e-valuated 6 alternative sampling methods for detecting increased VCO. The greatest resolution of VCO was achieved when %COHb levels were corrected for ambient CO exposure. This correction was based on the CO content of a diffusion chamber that remained at the bedside for 18 hours prior to obtaining a 0.5 cc sample of the patient's blood. The gas space of the chamber (a 100 ml glass syringe) and the area of the diffusion membrane (a loop of silicone tubing) are adjusted according to the patient's CO space and pulmonary function so that the patient's T1/2 for co equilibration with ambient air is duplicated. Our emperic data confirms the theoretical prediction that the effect of ambient CO on %COHb is described by the following e-quation: Δ%COHb=0.16 × CO in ppm. The relation between VCO and %COHb was derived from the intercept of a plot of %COHb vs ambient CO in normal individuals. Confirmation was obtained with the much more cumbersome tests of in vivo survival of Cr51 tagged erythrocytes and measurements of VCO in a rebreathing apparatus. Serial determinations of VCO on patients with Coombs positive hemolytic anemia permitted rapid adjustments of the optimal dose of immuno-suppressive agents. Successive measurements on jaundiced infants demonstrated no increase in VCO during phototherapy. Infants who developed bacterial septicemia did have a pronounced rise in VCO.
Who Really Wants “The Tired, the Poor, and the Huddled Masses” Anyway?: Teachers’ Use of Cultural Scripts With Refugee Students in Public Schools

Through an analysis of interviews and observations with three teachers working with refugee students in a Midwestern public high school, this paper identifies the institutional obstacles that teachers face when working with refugee students and the underlying cultural scripts that drive both their discourse about refugees and their actions towards refugees.
Growth of metal-ceramic interfaces by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We describe recent research into the epitaxial growth of ceramics, metals and metal-ceramic interfaces of high perfection, and with particular vicinal orientations, using molecular beam epitaxy. A number of interesting cases in which the atomic planes tilt are described.
A retrospective comparison of clinical outcomes and satisfaction using reconstituted recombinant gonadotropins (rFSH) or cartridge rFSH with a pen device in donor oocyte cycles.

ABSTRACTBackground: Use of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) in a cartridge pen device offers obvious benefits for donor oocyte cycles including the admin­istration of fewer and more patient-friendly injectable medications.Methods: In a University-based IVF program, a total of 98 oocyte donor cycles using rFSH either reconstituted or as a pen device given to 118 recipients (eight split cycles) were retrospectively reviewed. Following discontinuation of oral contraceptive, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was begun using either reconstituted rFSH (n = 19) or rFSH with a cartridge pen device (n = 79) (150–300 IU qd). GnRH-antagonists (Ganirelix, Organon) and an additional 75 IU of rFSH/day were begun when lead follicles were 13–14 mm in greatest diameter. The primary endpoints analyzed included cycle stimulation characteristics for each donor group and donor medication tolerance assessment with respect to each rFSH formulation, while secondary outcome measures included clinical pregnancy an...
Compensation for the effect of vacuum chamber eddy current by digital signal processing for closed orbit feedback

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) will implement both global and local beam position feedback systems to stabilize the particle and X-ray beams. The relatively thick (1/2") aluminum storage ring vacuum chamber at corrector magnet locations for the local feedback systems will induce significant eddy current. This will reduce the correction bandwidth and could potentially destabilize the feedback systems. This paper describes measurement of the effect of the eddy current induced in the APS storage ring vacuum chamber by a horizontal/vertical corrector magnet and its compensation using digital signal processing at 4 kHz sampling frequency with proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) control algorithm for closed orbit feedback. A theory of digital feedback to obtain the linear system responses and the conditions for optimal control will also be presented. The magnet field in the vacuum chamber shows strong quadrupole and sextupole components varying with frequency, in addition to significant attenuation and phase shift with bandwidth (-3 dB) of 20 Hz for horizontal and 4 Hz for vertical fields relative to the magnet current. Large changes in the magnet resistance and inductance were also observed, as the result of reduced total magnetic energy and increased Ohmic heat loss. >
On the Nature of the X-ray Sources Scorpius X-1 and Centaurus X-2

Preliminary evidence is presented which indicates that the star WX Cen, associated with the X-ray source Centaurus X-2 belongs to the Scorpio-Centaurus association. It is pointed out that this result greatly strengthens the similar results for the source Scorpius X-1, and lends support to the idea of the existence of a class of X-ray stars formed by young, subluminous objects, probably supernova remnants, thus neutron stars.
Natural IgM Anti-Leukocyte Autoantibodies Attenuate Excess Inflammation Mediated by Innate and Adaptive Immune Mechanisms Involving Th-17

Little is known about the function of natural IgM autoantibodies, especially that of IgM anti-leukocyte autoantibodies (IgM-ALA). Natural IgM-ALA are present at birth and characteristically increase during inflammatory and infective conditions. Our prior clinical observations and those of other investigators showing fewer rejections in renal and cardiac allografts transplanted into recipients with high levels of IgM-ALA led us to investigate whether IgM-ALA regulate the inflammatory response. In this article, we show that IgM, in physiologic doses, inhibit proinflammatory cells from proliferating and producing IFN-γ and IL-17 in response to alloantigens (MLR), anti-CD3, and the glycolipid α-galactosyl ceramide. We showed in an IgM knockout murine model, with intact B cells and regulatory T cells, that there was more severe inflammation and loss of function in the absence of IgM after renal ischemia reperfusion injury and cardiac allograft rejection. Replenishing IgM in IgM knockout mice or increasing the levels of IgM-ALA in wild-type B6 mice significantly attenuated the inflammation in both of these inflammatory models that involve IFN-γ and IL-17. The protective effect on renal ischemia reperfusion injury was not observed using IgM preadsorbed with leukocytes to remove IgM-ALA. We provide data to show that the anti-inflammatory effect of IgM is mediated, in part, by inhibiting TLR-4–induced NF-κB translocation into the nucleus and inhibiting differentiation of activated T cells into Th-1 and Th-17 cells. These observations highlight the importance of IgM-ALA in regulating excess inflammation mediated by both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and where the inflammatory response involves Th-17 cells that are not effectively regulated by regulatory T cells.
Protection of the blood-brain barrier by hypercapnia during acute hypertension

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of hypercapnia on susceptibility of the blood-brain barrier to disruption during acute hypertension. Two methods were used to test the hypothesis that cerebral vasodilatation during hypercapnia increases disruption of the blood-brain barrier. First, permeability of the blood-brain barrier was measured in anesthetized cats with 125I-labeled serum albumin. Severe hypertension markedly increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier during normocapnia, but not during hypercapnia. The protective effect of hypercapnia was not dependent on sympathetic nerves. Second, in anesthetized rats, permeability of the barrier was quantitated by clearance of fluorescent dextran. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier during hypertension was decreased by hypercapnia. Because disruption of the blood-brain barrier occurred primarily in pial venules, we also measured pial venular diameter and pressure (with a servo-null method). Acute hypertension increased pial venular pressure and diameter in normocapnic rats. Hypercapnia alone increased pial venular pressure and pial venular diameter, and acute hypertension during hypercapnia further increased venular pressure. The magnitude of increase in pial venular pressure during acute hypertension was significantly less in hypercapnic than in normocapnic rats. We conclude that hypercapnia protects the blood-brain barrier. Possible mechanisms of this effect include attenuation of the incremental increase in pial venular pressure by hypercapnia or a direct effect on the blood-brain barrier not related to venous pressure.
Modeling subthreshold leakage and thermal stability in a production life test environment

Increased subthreshold leakage, inherent with decreasing transistor dimensions, has proven to be a manufacturability challenge within many areas of the semiconductor industry. One such challenge is maintaining device thermal stability during the device testing process. By understanding the relationship between subthreshold leakage and device junction temperature, it is possible to determine the thermal characteristics of the device. The thermal characteristics can then be applied to establish optimum conditions for achieving device thermal stability in the most challenging environment of the test process, burn-in. The paper presents a cost and manufacturing resource conscious method for predicting device thermal stability based on device specific data that may be obtained in the existing production test environment.
Langerhans cell activation in diabetic small fiber polyneuropathy

A 63-year-old man with type 2 diabetes developed painful feet with touch allodynia. Skin biopsy revealed prominent Langerhans cells (LC) staining with the standard epidermal nerve fiber antibody PGP9.5 when compared to a normal control (figure). Fiber density was severely decreased at the leg (mean 0.2 fibers/mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1–0.4) and thigh (mean 2.2 fibers/mm, 95% CI 1.8–2.8). These findings were consistent with small fiber neuropathy.
Towards building computerized image analysis framework for nucleus discrimination in microscopy images of diffuse glioma

As an effort to build an automated and objective system for pathologic image analysis, we present, in this paper, a computerized image processing method for identifying nuclei, a basic biological unit of diagnostic utility, in microscopy images of glioma tissue samples. The complete analysis includes multiple processing steps, involving mode detection with color and spatial information for pixel clustering, background normalization leveraging morphological operations, boundary refinement with deformable models, and clumped nuclei separation using watershed. In aggregate, our validation dataset includes 220 nuclei from 11 distinct tissue regions selected at random by an experienced neuropathologist. Computerized nuclei detection results are in good concordance with human markups by both visual appraisement and quantitative measures. We compare the performance of the proposed analysis algorithm with that of CellProfiler, a classical analysis software for cell image process, and present the superiority of our method to CellProfiler.
Kinetics of Conversion of Air Bubbles to Air Hydrate Crystals in Antarctic Ice

The depth dependence of bubble concentration at pressures above the transition to the air hydrate phase and the optical scattering length due to bubbles in deep ice at the South Pole are modeled with diffusion-growth data from the laboratory, taking into account the dependence of age and temperature on depth in the ice. The model fits the available data on bubbles in cores from Vostok and Byrd and on scattering length in deep ice at the South Pole. It explains why bubbles and air hydrate crystals coexist in deep ice over a range of depths as great as 800 meters and predicts that at depths below ∼1400 meters the AMANDA neutrino observatory at the South Pole will operate unimpaired by light scattering from bubbles.
Protein Stability During Freezing: Separation of Stresses and Mechanisms of Protein Stabilization

Although proteins are often frozen during processing or freeze-dried after formulation to improve their stability, they can undergo degradation leading to losses in biological activity during the process. During freezing, the physical environment of a protein changes dramatically leading to the development of stresses that impact protein stability. Low temperature, freeze-concentration, and ice formation are the three chief stresses resulting during cooling and freezing. Because of the increase in solute concentrations, freeze-concentration could also facilitate second order reactions, crystallization of buffer or non-buffer components, phase separation, and redistribution of solutes. An understanding of these stresses is critical to the determination of when during freezing a protein suffers degradation and therefore important in the design of stabilizer systems. With the exception of a few studies, the relative contribution of various stresses to the instability of frozen proteins has not been addressed in the freeze-drying literature. The purpose of this review is to describe the various stages of freezing and examine the consequences of the various stresses developing during freezing on protein stability and to assess their relative contribution to the destabilization process. The ongoing debate on thermodynamic versus kinetic mechanisms of stabilization in frozen environments and the current state of knowledge concerning those mechanisms are also reviewed in this publication. An understanding of the relative contributions of freezing stresses coupled with the knowledge of cryoprotection mechanisms is central to the development of more rational formulation and process design of stable lyophilized proteins.
Tlie Two Milpas of Chan Kom: A Study of Socioeconomic and Political Transformations in a Maya Community

Tlie Two Milpas of Chan Kom:. Study of Socioeconomic and Political Transformations in. Maya Community. Alicia Re Cruz. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996. 203 pp.
Compensatory responses of the insulin signaling pathway restore muscle glucose uptake following long-term denervation

We investigated the role of muscle activity in maintaining normal glucose homeostasis via transection of the sciatic nerve, an extreme model of disuse atrophy. Mice were killed 3, 10, 28, or 56 days after transection or sham surgery. There was no difference in muscle weight between sham and transected limbs at 3 days post surgery, but it was significantly lower following transection at the other three time points. Transected muscle weight stabilized by 28 days post surgery with no further loss. Myocellular cross-sectional area was significantly smaller at 10, 28, and 56 days post transection surgery. Additionally, muscle fibrosis area was significantly greater at 56 days post transection. In transected muscle there was reduced expression of genes encoding transcriptional regulators of metabolism (PPARα, PGC-1α, PGC-1β, PPARδ), a glycolytic enzyme (PFK), a fatty acid transporter (M-CPT 1), and an enzyme of mitochondrial oxidation (CS) with transection. In denervated muscle, glucose uptake was significantly lower at 3 days but was greater at 56 days under basal and insulin-stimulated conditions. Although GLUT 4 mRNA was significantly lower at all time points in transected muscle, Western blot analysis showed greater expression of GLUT4 at 28 and 56 days post surgery. GLUT1 mRNA was unchanged; however, GLUT1 protein expression was also greater in transected muscles. Surgery led to significantly higher protein expression for Akt2 as well as higher phosphorylation of Akt. While denervation may initially lead to reduced glucose sensitivity, compensatory responses of insulin signaling appeared to restore and improve glucose uptake in long-term-transected muscle.
Toward a Sociology of Nature

Although we often believe that nature stands apart from social life, our experience of nature is profoundly social. This paper unpacks this paradox in order to (1) explain sociology's neglect of th...
Synthesis of transition metal clusters and their catalytic and optical properties

Metal Clusters may be synthesized in the interior of surfactant aggregates called inverse micelles. These nanosize chemical reactors permit the controlled growth of several types of metal clusters. We describe this process for the formation of Au, Ag, Pd, Pt and Ir clusters and cluster alloys. Two size-control strategies are described: (1) variation of micelle size by alteration of the surfactant and/or solvent combination used, and (2) judicious use of micelle interactions or phase behavior. Using these two methods, size control in the range of 1-100 mn is possible. The optical properties of metal clusters of gold, silver, and gold/silver alloys are described and the surface plasmon resonances are shown to have dramatic blue shifts and extensive line broadening with decreasing size in the range of 10-1 nm. In the case of gold clusters, the distinct resonance in the visible disappears for sizes less than 2.0 nm and new features appear in the UV. Optical spectra of alloys of gold and silver differ from homoatomic counterparts of same average size. We use electron and x-ray diffraction to determine the phase structure of the metal clusters and small angle x-ray scattering, neutron scattering, light scattering and TEM to characterize the averagemore » size and size distributions of these clusters. Finally, we describe measurements of the catalytic activity of Pd clusters and demonstrate a dramatic increase in hydrogenation activity on the size range of 10-2 nm.« less
Social Capital, Social Control, and Changes in Victimization Rates

A neighborhood-level model of crime that connects the central dimensions of social capital with specific forms of social control is developed. The proposed model is tested using a structural equation model that predicts changes in empirical Bayes log odds of neighborhood victimization rates between 2000 and 2001 in 41 neighborhoods in South Carolina. Results support the integrated model and illustrate the importance of including direct measures of social control in neighborhood models of crime. Although the dimensions of social capital are related to private, parochial, and public controls, the relationships among these concepts are not consistent. Instead, the relationships vary in strength and direction.