cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tensiomyographic Responses to Warm-Up Protocols in Collegiate Male Soccer Athletes.

The mechanical properties of knee flexors and extensors in 15 collegiate male soccer players following different warm-up protocols [small-sided games (SSG), dynamic (DYN), and plyometric (PLY)] were evaluated. Tensiomyography (TMG) was used to assess contraction time (Tc), delay time (Td) and maximal displacement (Dm) of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) of both legs before and after each warm-up, while countermovement jump height variables, 20 m sprint, t-test and sit-and-reach were measured following the warm-ups. TMG was analyzed using a three-way [condition × time × leg] ANOVA, while performance variables were analyzed with a repeated measures ANOVA. Main effects of time were observed for BF-Tc (p = 0.035), RF-Td (p < 0.001), and BF-Td, (p = 0.008), and a main effect of condition was seen for RF-Tc (p = 0.038). Moreover, participants’ 20 m sprint improved following SSG (p = 0.021) compared to DYN and PLY. Sit-and-reach was greater following PLY (p = 0.021). No significant interactions were noted for the measured TMG variables. Warm-up-specific improvements were demonstrated in sprint speed and flexibility following SSG and PLY, respectively. The present study revealed changes in certain TMG measures following the warm-ups that suggest enhanced response of lower leg muscles regardless of specific activities used.
Taylor Rules and Forward Guidance: A Rule is Not a Path

We study the impact of forward guidance--non-systematic announcements about future policy rates -- in a stylized new Keynesian model. Using novel closed-form solutions, we show that the impact of forward guidance depends critically on the systematic monetary policy rule, ranging from non-existing to unrealistically large, the so-called forward guidance puzzle. We demonstrate that the puzzle occurs only under relatively passive -- empirically implausible and socially suboptimal -- policy rules, while more active empirically-relevant Taylor rules lead to sensible implications. Our analysis encompasses the case of a fixed interest-rate path, which characterizes effective lower-bound (ELB) periods. We conclude that it is not ELB per se that produces backward explosion but the passivity of monetary policy rules.
Central Nervous System Associated With Light Perception and Physiological Responses of Birds

Environmental light that animal receives (photoperiod and light intensity) has recently been shown that it affects avian central nervous system for the physiological responses to the environment by up or down- regulation of dopamine and serotonin activities, and this in turn affects reproductive function and stress-related behavior of birds. In this article, we speculate on the intriguing possibility that one of the proposed avian deep brain photoreceptors, melanopsin (Opn4), may play roles in the dual sensory-neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus, midbrain, and brainstem for the behavior and physiological responses of birds by light. Specifically, we have shown that the direct light perception of premammillary nucleus dopamine-melatonin (PMM DA-Mel) neurons is associated with the reproductive activation in birds. Although further research is required to establish the functional role of Opn4 in the ventral tegmental area, dorsal raphe nucleus, and raphe nuclei in the light perception and physiological responses of birds, it is an exciting prospect, because the previous results in the PMM support this hypothesis that Opn4 in the midbrain DA and serotonin neurons may play significant roles on the light-induced physiological responses of birds. One of the potential deep-brain photoreceptors, Opn4, in the midbrain and brainstem of birds will be discussed.
The Soviet burden on the world food system: Challenge and response

Abstract Through its disruptive entry into western food markets and its non —participation in global efforts at food policy management the Soviet Union has placed a burden upon the world food system. Dr Paarlberg examines this burden and the US response which has been to seek better information on Soviet agriculture, impose ad hoc controls on food sales and to enter a bilateral agreement in 1975. Three other suggested responses —grain reserves held without Soviet participation, a US wheat board, and a North American export cartel —are discussed. The author concludes that the Soviet burden is decreasing and is best lifted by increasing the free supply available for export. In future. Soviet reliance on food imports may draw it into a greater dependence on the non-socialist world.
Advanced process technologies of 1S1R for high density cross point ReRAM

2Xnm cross point cell array of 1S1R has been investigated using advanced process technologies which include 1) a spacer to protect a selector material, 2) a selector to reduce sneak current, and 3) a resistor to have proper amount of oxygen vacancies (Vo). With such technologies optimization, the excellent bipolar 1S1R switching characteristics with low sneak current (300nA), low power operation (30μA), and high on/off ratio (>30) were acquired.
Engineering Real-Time Robotics Software Systems Using CLEOPATRA

In this paper we overview our work on Cleopatra, an object-oriented specification and programming language, and show how Cleopatra was instrumental in the design and testing of a sensory-motor robotics application using a generalization of Brooks' subsumption architecture. The specification of a real-time software control system is often the result of a process, whereby a conceptual control system is eshed out as a computer program. To be accurate, this process must abide by operational (e.g., timing or synchronization) constraints, which necessitate that knowledge about the available computation resources be utilized. Cleopatra is unique in that, unlike most traditional programming languages for non-real-time systems, it does not abstract away the details of the underlying machinery (e.g., hardware and operating system). By subjecting programmers to (at least some) limitations of the underlying machinery, the likelihood of timing failures is greatly reduced because programmers must write programs that are cognizant of these limitations. Unrealistic systems - possessing properties such as infinite capacities or perfect timing - cannot be specified. This preventative approach at the specification level is likely to spare a lot of time and energy in the development cycle - not to mention the elimination of potential hazards that would have gone unnoticed.
Fibrin Gel Investment Associated With Line 1 and Line 10 Solid Tumor Growth, Angiogenesis, and Fibroplasia in Guinea Pigs. Role of Cellular Immunity, Myofibroblasts, Microvascular Damage, and Infarction in Line 1 Tumor Regression

Line 1 and line 10 tumors became invested in a fibrin-gel cocoon within hours after transplantation to the subcutaneous spaces of unsensitized syngeneic inbred Sewall Wright strain 2 guinea pigs. The fibrin gel comprised more than 80% of the line 1 tumor mass and, after day 3, became organized and was subsequently replaced by fibrous connective tissue, which gave the tumor the appearance of a scirrhous carcinoma. A cellular infiltrate of lymphocytes and basophils developed at the periphery of line 1 tumors after day 8, and tumors regressed by day 13. The fibrin gel investing the highly malignant line 10 tumors accounted for less than 10% of the tumor mass and persisted without fibrous organization as a tumor grew progressively and invaded adjacent tissues. These data provide new and potentially important insights into the biology of solid tumor growth and the mechanisms of immunologic tumor rejection. Envelopment of tumors in a fibrin gel created an anatomic barrier separating the tumors from the host. Neovascularization mimicking that about line 1 and line 10 tumors was induced by sc fibrin implants; these data suggest that activation of the clotting and/or fibrinolytic systems by tumor cells may itself provide sufficient stimulus for induction of tumor angiogenesis without requiring a separate tumor angiogenesis factor. The scirrhous pattern of growth characteristic of line 1 tumors apparently was achieved by organization of an abundant fibrin gel. Line 1 tumor regression did not for the most part involve direct contacts between tumor cells and any type of inflammatory cell, including macrophages; rather, tumor destruction was effected by ischemic necrosis secondary to widespread microvascular injury. The mechanisms of such injury are uncertain, but tumor rejection was correlated with evidence of developing cellular immunity and anatomic associations between lymphocytes and myofibroblasts. Further experiments will be necessary before these findings can be generalized to other tumor systems.
Traces of the Past: Unraveling the Secrets of Archaeology through Chemistry

Traces of the Past: Unraveling the Secrets of Archaeology through Chemistry. Joseph B. Lambert. Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1997. 318 pp.
Survival of Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli in groundwater during prolonged starvation at low temperatures

Aims: To evaluate the survival of Campylobacter jejuni relative to that of Escherichia coli in groundwater microcosms varying in nutrient composition. Methods and Results: Studies were conducted in groundwater and deionized water incubated for up to 470 days at 4°C. Samples were taken for culturable and total cell counts, nutrient and molecular analysis. Die-off in groundwater microcosms was between 2·5 and 13 times faster for C. jejuni than for E. coli. Campylobacter jejuni had the lowest decay rate and longest culturability in microcosms with higher dissolved organic carbon (4 mg l−1). Escherichia coli survival was the greatest when the total dissolved nitrogen (12·0 mg l−1) was high. The transition of C. jejuni to the coccoid stage was independent of culturability. Conclusion: The differences in the duration of survival and response to water nutrient composition between the two organisms suggest that E. coli may be present in the waters much longer and respond to water composition much differently than C. jejuni. Significance and Impact of the Study: The data from these studies would aid in the evaluation of the utility of E. coli as an indicator of C. jejuni. This study also provided new information about the effect of nutrient composition on C. jejuni viability.
Taking a last look at the Venus ionosphere

This piece was written to help inform science teachers, students, and journalists about some of the latest developments in the geophysical sciences. It will also appear in Earth in Space, published by AGU. The Pioneer Venus Orbiter came to a fiery end in the atmosphere of Venus in October 1992 when the spacecraft propellant was finally exhausted and solar gravitational perturbations to the spacecraft orbit could no longer be countered with thruster firings. This entry marked the end of a highly successful mission to study the ionosphere and atmosphere of Venus.
Erosion-corrosion of materials at elevated temperatures

Abstract High-temperature corrosion and solid-particle erosion both involve the action of the environment on the near-surface region of materials. The interactions cause chemical, physical and mechanical changes in the material surfaces; as a result, life predictions for components exposed to such environments become difficult. Models are presented in this paper for the synergistic interaction of oxidation and erosion of metals and alloys. The models are based on an extension of earlier work on paralinear kinetics in which oxidation of metal is assumed to be diffusion-controlled and erosion is assumed to result in uniform removal of material. The models have been applied to oxidation-erosion data developed on pure metals such as nickel and cobalt and to burner-rig test data developed for a number of superalloys. The approach enables the identification of oxidation- or erosion-dominated regimes for future experiments, and aids in the prediction of metal consumption as a function of exposure conditions.
Delayed onset hypertension with infrarenal aortic cross-clamping in dogs.

Abstract The time course and mechanism of systemic hypertension associated with infrarenal aortic cross-clamping were investigated in 31 chloralose-anesthetized dogs after ligating the tail artery, the paired infrarenal lumbar arteries, and the circumflex iliac arteries bilaterally. Cardiac output, renal blood flow, and suprarenal and infrarenal mean arterial blood pressure were continuously monitored. Infrarenal aortic clamping (90 min) in the standard group ( n = 6) consistently decreased infrarenal blood pressure from 90 ± 6 to 13 ± 1 mm Hg within 1 min, while suprarenal blood pressure gradually increased over 20-30 min from 88 ± 7 to 144 ± 8 mm Hg, where it remained until declamp. The SHAM group (identical operation and instrumentation, without aortic clamping) ( n = 5) showed no statistically significant changes. After 90 min of clamp total peripheral and renal resistance nearly doubled but no statistically significant changes in cardiac output, heart rate, central venous pressure, renal blood flow, renin, or glomerular filtration rate were detected. Upon declamping, pressures returned to control levels within 20 min. Groups with bilateral nephrectomy ( n = 9) or unilateral iliac artery clamping ( n = 7) produced similar time courses and patterns of hemodynamic change. Ablation of afferent nerves from the left hind limb ( n = 4) eliminated the hypertension produced by left iliac artery clamping. The substantial delay (20-30 min) to the onset and full development of suprarenal hypertension, with near immediate infrarenal hypotension, is not consistent with a direct mechanical impedance effect. Hypertension in the presence of a bilateral nephrectomy or unilateral iliac artery clamping combined with its full reversal by nerve section strongly suggests that this is a reflex hypertension. This reflex mechanism of hypertension development has implications for intra- or perioperative events associated with hypertension management.
Double strand interaction is the predominant pathway for intermolecular recombination of adeno-associated viral genomes.

Abstract Intermolecular recombination is the foundation for dual vector mediated larger gene transfer by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). To identify precursors for intermolecular recombination, we sequentially infected skeletal muscle with AAV LacZ trans -splicing viruses. At 1 month postinfection, nearly all inputting single-strand (ss) AAV genomes were cleared out in muscle. If ss–ss interaction is absolutely required for intermolecular recombination, LacZ expression from sequential infection will be negligible to that from coinfection. Interestingly, expression from sequential infection reached ∼50% of that from coinfection at the 1-month time-point in BL6 mice. In immune deficient SCID mice, expression from sequential infection was comparable to that from coinfection at the 4- and 13-month time points. Our results suggest that ds interaction represents the predominant pathway for AAV intermolecular recombination.
Exercise Hemodynamics of Pulmonary Valvular Stenosis Study of 64 Children

Sixty-four children with pulmonary stenosis were studied by cardiac catheterization both at rest and on exercise. Whereas milder degrees of stenosis were associated with normal right ventricular function, more severe stenosis was associated with fixed stroke index and elevated RVEDP, and suboptimal response of cardiac index. These changes result from altered right ventricular compliance. In several the compliance abnormality was related to myocardial hypertrophy, whereas in four patients it was most likely caused by myocardial fibrosis.
Electrocardiographic and pathologic features of myocardial infarction in man

Myocardial infarction is not always associated with the electrocardiographic features that are considered indicative of this lesion by present standards. Better understanding of the mechanisms of electrocardiographic alteration by infarction may make it possible to improve current diagnostic criteria. Our present observations on man supplement previous theoretic and experimental investigations of the mechanism by which localized myocardial lesions affect the electrocardiogram [1, 2].
End-of-life decision-making in the United States

Decision-making at the end-of-life in the United States has evolved over the last 50 yr, beginning with the development of the concept of brain death as a criterion for permitting patients who are in a state of 'irreversible coma' to be considered as 'dead' for purposes of ventilator withdrawal and organ transplantation. Since then, a firm consensus has emerged in American law and ethics that 'Patients have a virtually unlimited right to refuse any unwanted medical treatment, even if necessary for life itself.' With regard to patients who are unable to make decisions for themselves, both Europe and the United States are converging toward a view that respects a role for surrogates in decision-making while recognizing the need to limit their authority. Beyond decisions to withdraw and withhold treatments, both the United States and Europe are experimenting with active hastening of the dying process through euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. In the author's opinion, the next big question to be addressed in end-of-life decision-making is 'Just how bad does the neurological condition and prognosis need to be before it is acceptable to allow a decision to withdraw life support'? Although the practices described here have wide acceptance throughout the United States and Europe, the worldwide emergence of religious fundamentalism and the associated vitalistic view about the sanctity of life may result in significant changes over the next few decades.
Unusually high division of the median nerve

The median nerve divides into its terminal branches at or proximal to the distal edge of the flexor retinaculum. A case of high division into lateral and medial divisions is described. The terminal branches arose from the divisions at the distal end of the flexor retinaculum. Fascicular crossover between the two divisions occurred after the takeoff of the thenar motor branch from the lateral division.
The genetic toxicology of Gene-Tox non-carcinogens

The Gene-Tox Program has identified 61 chemicals that have been tested in chronic rodent carcinogenesis bioassays and found to be inactive. The genetic toxicology data of these 61 non-carcinogens is reviewed and summarized. A large proportion of these chemicals have been tested to a limited extent in genetic toxicity bioassays: 32 in 2 tests or less. Of the remaining 29 chemicals, 28% have been tested in 9 or more tests which encompass a range of genetic endpoints: gene mutation, chromosomal effects, other genetic endpoints, and cell transformation. The genetic toxicity of 12 chemicals with sufficient data is discussed in detail: benzoin, caffeine caprolactam, ethanol, halothane, hycanthone methanesulfonate, malathion, maleic hydrazide, methotrexate, 1-naphthylamine, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, and p-phenylenediamine. A new technique for the evaluation of multiple test data, the "genetic activity profile", has been applied to 6 of these chemicals, allowing the qualitative and quantitative information to be compared collectively. In the evaluation of the genotoxicity effects of these non-carcinogens, a number of discrepancies between the results from genetic toxicity bioassays and chronic rodent bioassays have been uncovered. These discrepancies are discussed in light of current knowledge on the strengths and weaknesses of both genetic toxicity bioassays and chronic rodent bioassays.
Ni(II) catalyzed bromination of aryl C–H bonds

Abstract Bromination of unactivated aromatic C–H bonds without directing and/or chelating groups was achieved by employing an air stable N-heterocyclic Ni(II) complex. PhI(OAC) 2 and N-bromosuccinimide have been used as the oxidizing agent and the bromine source, respectively. Yields for bromination are as high as >99%, especially in presence of electron-withdrawing groups like –NO 2 and –CF 3 . This is a rare report on C–H bond activation with Ni(II) where, instead of homo C–C coupling, reductive elimination to form C-halogen could be achieved.
Differentially flat mobile manipulators mounted with an under-actuated vertical arm

This paper discusses how mobile manipulators with an under-actuated vertical arm can be designed to be differentially flat. The property of differential flatness is achieved by appropriate inertia redistribution of the vertical arm and a wide range of under-actuation becomes possible. As a result of having the flatness property, the under-actuated mobile manipulators are capable of executing point-to-point maneuvers as mobile manipulators with a fully actuated arm would do. In addition, the trajectory planning and feedback controller design for point-to-point motions in state space is considerably simplified despite the under-actuation of the arm and nonholonomic constraints (from no-slip assumption) of the mobile base, which make the system more difficult to plan and control. These ideas are demonstrated through an illustrative example of a mobile manipulator consisting of an under-actuated vertical three-link arm and a two-wheeled differentially driven mobile base using differential flatness.
DIVIDEND POLICY AND THE BID-ASK SPREAD: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

Extant theories of the bid-ask spread posit a positive relationship between the level of information asymmetry and the magnitude of the spread. As suggested by dividend signaling and agency theories, the payment of dividends conveys information to the market, thereby reducing asymmetry. Thus, dividend policy may influence the bid-ask spread. Based on this reasoning, we explore the empirical proposition that an inverse relation between dividend yield and bid-ask spread exists, ceteris paribus. Evidence is consistent with this hypothesis.
Recent research on the acquisition of aspect: an embarrassment of riches?

This review article surveys recent research on the first and second language acquisition of temporal and aspectual properties of natural languages.Three recently published books are discussed in the context of the primacy or aspect hypothesis and the prototype, the connectionist and the discourse explanations for the attested acquisition sequences. A potentially misleading terminological issue is highlighted: Deictic tense, grammatical and lexical aspect are often conflated in acquisition studies. Recent research from the (innatist) generative perspective (e.g., Olsen and Weinberg, 1999) is also examined. An alternative explanation of the skewed acquisition sequences in terms of processing costs is proposed. Some important topics for future aspect research are identified.
SIMION ion optics simulations at atmospheric pressure

Abstract A method for simulating the motions of charged particles in atmospheric pressure conditions in electrostatic and magnetic fields has been developed and implemented in a user program for SIMION 7.0 and the predictive capability of the model tested against experiment. The statistical diffusion simulation (SDS) user program avoids the computationally intensive issues of high collision rates by employing collision statistics to simulate the effects of millions of collisions per time step. Ion motions are simulated by a combined viscous ion mobility and random ion jumping approach. Comparison of the model predictions against measurement of Cs + transport through room air, N 2 , Xe, Ar, and He collision gases in a simple drift cell at pressures from 6 to 640 Torr are favorable and provide confidence that the approach is viable.
Physical fitness in aging men.

Abstract Of 56 middle-aged male joggers (mean age 43.3 yr), 38 were measured for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and 18 for cardiac output at a heart rate of 170 bpm (Q170). Each Q170 was divided by subject body surface area to yield cardiac index (CI170). A treadmill protocol was used to elicit maximal exercise during measurement of VO2max. The bicycle ergometer was employed when measuring Q170. For maximal exercise, termination was upon subject-declared fatigue. In subjects measured for VO2max, heart rate at 3.5 miles/h and 5% treadmill grade (HRsubmax) as well as heart rate at maximal exercise (HRmax) were noted. Heart rates were monitored electrocardiographically. A modified Douglas bag technique was applied when sampling expired air for determination of VO2max. Carbon dioxide rebreathing was used to estimate Q170. Data were grouped according to age (43 yr and older; 42 yr and younger). There were significant (P 0.05) between means achieved by the age groups. The overall mean for VO2max was 43.36 ml/kg per min and for Q170 33.53 1/min. Findings suggest that men who remain physically active retain youthful characteristics of cardiorespiratory function.
EMOTIONS, GENES AND THE BRAIN

etiological factors, psychopathology and brain function/structure. On the behavioural level, psychopathological symptoms can hardly separate the potential variety of pathophysiological subgroups. Contrary to nosological entities, biologically based phenotypes referred to as intermediate phenotypes consisting of neuropsychological, electrophysiological, functional and structural brain imaging parameters, could represent etiological basis more directly. In this symposium, wewill try to bridge the gap between brain structure and function, cognition, and their relation to susceptibility genes in schizophrenia, most recently identified through GWAS. The literature will be reviewd and newest findings presentend.
Unusual strength properties of echinoderm calcite related to structure.

Echinoderm skeletons are composed of high-magnesium calcite having a fenestrate structure. Each skeletal ossicle appears to be a single crystal of calcium carbonate rather than a polycrystalline aggregate as, for example, are mollusc shells. Measurements of crushing strength for spines of three species of sea urchin demonstrate that the strength to weight ratio of these spines is equivalent to or greater than that of mollusc skeletons and most calcareous rocks. Echinoderms utilize calcium carbonate with unusually high efficiency, fulfilling the strength and volumetric requirements of a suitable skeleton with a minimum amount of material. Comparative dimensional analysis of structural and mechanical properties of these skeletal materials may provide further insight into the evolution of echinoderms.
Automated liquid chromatographic determination of ochratoxin A in cereals and animal products using immunoaffinity column clean-up.

The analysis of the fungal mycotoxin ochratoxin A in cereals and animal products is described using an immunoaffinity column clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination. The clean-up can be carried out manually or using a commercially available automated sample preparation system. The method has been applied to cereals such as wheat, rye and barley, unprocessed breakfast cereals and animal products such as pigs' kidneys and blood sausages. Recoveries ranged from 70−80% for spiked samples (10 μ/kg) and the method had a relative standard deviation of 1.3% n=8) for the analysis of a wheat sample naturally contaminated at 13.7 /gm/kg ochratoxin A and relative standard deviation of 3.0% (n=8) for a pig kidney sample spiked at 10 μ/kg ochratoxin A. The immunoaffinity approach was significantly faster than methods employing conventional chromatographic clean-up, and extracts were freer of co-extractives giving a limit of detection of 0.2 μ/kg.
Pressure-induced amorphization of cubic ZrMo2O8 studied in situ by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and diffraction

Abstract A combination of in situ high-pressure X-ray diffraction and Mo K-edge XANES was used to examine the changes in local structure that occur as the negative thermal expansion material cubic zirconium molybdate becomes amorphous on compression and, hence, provide insight into the mechanism of amorphization. Amorphization started at ∼1.7 and by 4.1 GPa the sample was glass like by diffraction. The XANES data shows that the pressure induced amorphization at 4.1 GPa does not involve a complete change of molybdenum coordination from tetrahedral, in the starting phase, to approximately octahedral as would be expected if the amorphous material were a metastable intermediate well advanced along the pathway towards decomposition into a mixture of MoO3 and ZrO2. Recrystallization of the amorphous material at 600 °C and 4.1 GPa produced a sample that was not a simple mixture of known MoO3 and ZrO2 polymorphs nor a known polymorph of ZrMo2O8.
Saturated tabletop x-ray laser system at 19 nm

Saturated operation of a tabletop x-ray laser at 19 nm is demonstrated with a laser-irradiated Mo slab target. The output energy, the intensity, the near-field beam pattern, and the beam divergence are characterized. The wavelength scalability and the high brightness make it a potential tool for x-ray laser applications.
Antiplatelet activity of nipecotamides in experimental thrombosis in mice

□ A group of nipecotamides (3-carbamoylpiperidines) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their ability to protect platelets from induced aggregation. An in vivo mouse thrombosis model was used to determine the protection afforded by these compounds from sudden thrombotic death induced by intravenous collagen plus epinephrine. Enantioselectivity appears to play a pivotal role In determining the activity of these compounds. Lipophilicity, whereas previously found to correlate well with in vitro activity, did not directly influence in vivo activity. The presence of an amide function on the 3-posltlon of the piperidine ring was essential for activity. Of the 10 compounds reported here, α,α'-bis[3-( N -benzyl- N -methylcarbamoyl)- plperldlno]- p -xylene dlhydrobromide (4) was the most potent in preventing Induced intravascular platelet aggregation in mice, with a 50% effective dose of (ED 50 ) of 27.5 μmol (20 mg)/kg.
Growing and finishing performance by lambs differing in growth potential consuming diets during growing varying in levels of corn and rumen undegradable protein

Abstract Forty-eight 3.5-month-old lambs were used (2×2×2×2 factorial arrangement) to determine effects of corn and rumen undegradable protein (R) levels in growing diets on growing (56 days) and subsequent finishing (47 days) performance by lambs differing in growth potential. During the growing phase, the basal diet consisted of bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon L.) hay (8% CP) consumed ad libitum and 0.3% BW of soybean meal. Factors investigated were: 1.0 vs 2.5% BW (LC and HC, respectively) of ground corn; 0 vs 0.5% BW (S and SR, respectively) of a mixture of fish, feather, and blood meals (36, 27, and 37%, respectively); ewes vs wethers (17.9±0.63 and 19.2±0.66 kg initial BW, respectively); and Romanov (RV) × St. Croix vs Suffolk (SU) × St. Croix (18.2±0.61 and 18.7±0.63 kg initial BW, respectively). During the finishing phase, all lambs consumed ad libitum the same 80% concentrate, 20% CP diet. Dry matter intakes during growing (0.83, 0.96, 0.97, and 0.97 kg/day; SE=0.023) and finishing (1.47, 1.67, 1.66, and 1.56 kg/day for LC–S, LC–SR, HC–S, and HC–SR, respectively; SE=0.052) were affected by interactions ( p =0.05) between corn and R levels. Corn and R levels increased ( p ≤0.02) mass of fat (4.68, 5.82, 6.25, and 7.02 kg; SE=0.271) and protein (3.91, 4.11, 4.15, and 4.40 kg for LC–S, LC–SR, HC–S, and HC–SR, respectively; SE=0.031) after growing, although effects, particularly those of corn level, varied with sire breed [fat: 5.49, 5.01, 6.13, and 7.15 kg (SE=0.286); protein: 4.07, 3.96, 4.18, and 4.37 kg for RV–LC, RV–HC, SU–LC, and SU–HC, respectively (SE=0.065)]. Dietary corn level during growing increased accretion of empty BW [268, 258, 289, and 276 g/day; SE=9.3 ( p =0.10)] and fat [151, 152, 167, and 164 g/day for LC–S, LC–SR, HC–S, and HC–SR, respectively; SE=5.9 ( p =0.08)] during finishing. In conclusion, different concentrate levels and types during growing may comparably affect growth during growing, but can have dissimilar impact on finishing performance, and such effects are more likely to vary with growth potential as affected by genotype than gender.
Comparison of Dynamic Loadlines of CE and CB SiGe HBTs under Equivalent Bias Conditions

Large-signal dynamic loadlines of common-emitter (CE) and common-base (CB) SiGe power HBTs are measured and compared to reveal the different amplification mechanisms under the two configurations. Under equivalent junction voltage bias conditions for the two configurations, CB HBT can provide higher power gain and high power-added efficiency (PAE) than CE HBT at low input power. However, CE HBT can deliver more output power due to its later compression of power gain than CB HBT. Different input and output matching conditions affect the out-of-phase characteristics of output current and voltage and thus the power performance characteristics of both configurations
Over-expression of snakin-2 and extensin-like protein genes restricts pathogen invasiveness and enhances tolerance to Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Two tomato proteins were evaluated by over-expression in transgenic tomato for their ability to confer resistance to Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm). Snakin-2 (SN2) is a cysteine-rich peptide with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro while extensin-like protein (ELP) is a major cell-wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein linked with plant response to pathogen attack and wounding. Tomato plants, cultivar Mountain Fresh, were transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring a binary vector for expression of the full-length SN2 gene or ELP cDNA under the regulation of the CaMV 35S promoter. Molecular characterization of PCR-positive putative T0 transgenic plants by Northern analysis revealed constitutive over-expression of SN2 and ELP mRNA. Junction fragment analysis by Southern blot showed that three of the four SN2 over-expressing T0 lines had single copies of complete T-DNAs while the other line had two complete T-DNA copies. All four ELP over-expressing T0 lines had a single copy T-DNA insertion. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of T1 plants revealed constitutive over-expression of SN2 and ELP. Transgenic lines that accumulated high levels of SN2 or ELP mRNA showed enhanced tolerance to Cmm resulting in a significant delay in the development of wilt symptoms and a reduction in the size of canker lesions compared to non-transformed control plants. Furthermore, in transgenic lines over-expressing SN2 or ELP bacterial populations were significantly lower (100–10,000-fold) than in non-transformed control plants. These results demonstrate that SN2 and ELP over-expression limits Cmm invasiveness suggesting potential in vivo antibacterial activity and possible biotechnological application for these two defense proteins.
Atlas of estradiol-concentrating cells in the central nervous system of the female rat.

Two hours following intraperitoneal injection, estradiol-H3 is concentrated by cells in a system of limbic and hypothalamic structures. Preoptic-hypothalamic nuclei containing estrogen-concentrating cells include the medial preoptic area, medial anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus, arcuate nucleus and ventral premammillary nucleus. Limbic structures include the medial and cortical nuclei of the amygdala, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, diagonal band of Broca, olfactory tubercle, ventral hippocampus, and prepiriform and entorhinal cortex. Labelled cells were also found in the lateral and ventrolateral portions of the mesencephalic central grey. Compared to these regions, most other regions of the nervous system, including the spinal cord, have very small numbers of labelled cells, which are relatively weakly labelled, and are not found in regular, specific locations. The distribution of estrogen-concentrating cells determined with the present autoradiographic method agrees with previous autoradiographic conclusions and with biochemical results from cell fractionation experiments. The locations of estrogen-concentrating cells coincide in several brain regions with locations of estrogen-dependent neuroendocrine control mechanisms, as determined by brain implants, lesions, electrical stimulation, and electrophysiological recording. Moreover, experimental neuroanatomical studies have provided evidence for several pathways connecting regions which concentrate radioactive estradiol. Taken together, the evidence suggests a limbic-hypothalamic system of estrogen-concentrating neurons which participate in the control of mating behavior and of gonadotrophin release from the pituitary.
PS2-20: Identifying Treatment Resistant Depression in Administrative Claims Databases

Background/Aims Over 50% of depressed patients fail to remit after an adequate antidepressant (AD) treatment course, and 35% remain symptomatic after two adequate treatment courses. Patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) have higher risks of morbidity and mortality, and substantially higher healthcare expenditures. This study aims to develop and validate algorithms to identify patients with TRD in claims databases.
Reliability of ultra-thin silicon dioxide under substrate hot-electron, substrate hot-hole and tunneling stress

Substrate hot-electron and substrate hot-hole injection experiments are used to provide insight into defect generation and breakdown of ultra-thin silicon dioxide under constant voltage tunneling stress. Results from substrate hot-electron injection confirm that energetic electrons are responsible for degradation and breakdown of ultra-thin silicon dioxide under tunneling stress conditions. Substrate hot-hole injection experiments suggest that mechanisms other than trapping of hot holes may be responsible for the breakdown of ultra-thin silicon dioxide.
(+)-6,7-benzomorphan sigma ligands stimulate dopamine synthesis in rat corpus striatum tissue

The benzomorphan sigma ligands, (+)-N-allylnormetazocine (NANM) and (+)-pentazocine, but not (+)-cyclazocine, stereospecifically stimulated dopamine synthesis in minces of rat corpus striatum by 15-23% over basal values at 0.1-1.0 microM. The effect of (+)-NANM and (+)-pentazocine was blocked by the reported sigma antagonist, BMY-14802 but not by the opiate antagonist naloxone. These results suggest that these (+)-benzomorphans may act as agonists at putative sigma heteroreceptors on striatal nerve terminals, or through an indirect mechanism, to modulate dopamine synthesis.
Preliminary crystallographic analysis of a plant pathogenic factor: pectate lyase.

Abstract Pectate lyase is a saccharide-binding enzyme that lyitically depolymerizes polypectate in higher plant cell walls, thus causing soft-rot diseases in food crops. A pectate lyase from Erwinia chrysanthemi , EC16 (PLe), crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 with unit cell dimension of a = 39.0A, b = 91.0A and c = 103.4A. The asymmetric unit consists of one molecule with a molecular mass of 38,118 daltons and the X-ray diffraction extends to a resolution of 1.8 A. The crystals reproducibly grow to large dimensions and are suitable for a high-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis.
Effect of fasting on the toxicity and serum concentration of aminopyrine in rats.

Abstract The acute oral toxicity of aminopyrine is considerably greater in the fasted rat than in the fed rat. Acute toxicity by the ip route was comparable in these two groups of animals. Serum aminopyrine concentrations in the fasted rat reached maximum values within 5 min after oral dosing compared with approximately 15 min after dosing in the fed (ad libitum) animals. Maximum serum aminopyrine concentrations in the fasted rats were more than double those of the fed animals, thus accounting for the increased acute toxicity of this compound in fasted animals. These data not only indicate the importance of serum concentrations in toxicity studies, but also emphasize the necessity for consideration of the short-term nutritional status of the animals used in toxicologic investigations.
Induction of tremor in hypoxic gerbils by re-entry into a normoxic environment.

Abstract In Mongolian gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus ) exposure to sufficient hypoxia (between 4 and 8% O 2 ) followed by an immediate return to sea-level oxygen concentration (normoxia) induces tremors. Time of exposure and degree of hypoxia have a somewhat inverse relationship in producing the tremors. There are two types of tremor patterns. The first lasts 5 to 45 sec, is at a frequency of about 7 Hz, and is of high amplitude. The second occurs within minutes thereafter and lasts somewhere between 5 and 35 min or more and occurs in trains of bursts of tremor with a frequency of about 25 Hz. Neither had any of the irregular characteristics of a ballistocardiographic tremor. The first type of tremor can be induced by injection of oxotremorine, but this drug does not cause the second type. This suggests that alterations of pO 2 may result in the modification of the influences of the centers of the basal ganglia. The second type of tremor seems to indicate that in addition to the basal ganglia, changes in pO 2 also activate other regions of the brain possibly associated with thermoregulatory mediating processes. The predictability under given sets of pO 2 and time conditions introduces a tool for the study of hypoxia-induced effects on the levels of putative neurotransmitters in some relatively well defined regions of the brain.
Application of LQ modelling and optimization in urban traffic control

The increasing congestion on urban streets demands traffic control signal timing to be well co-ordinated and optimized even during the transition between timing patterns used in different periods of time-of-day (TOD). The TOD timing plans, defined by fixed-time co-ordination parameters, need to change from one TOD period to another. The current methods used in transitioning are aimed at achieving quick transition rather than optimizing traffic flow during the transition period. As a result, they generally cause increased vehicle delays during the transition period particularly for vehicles on the minor street, which face lengthened red times. This paper proposes a quadratic optimization method that can be used to reduce disutility measures to motorists during the transition period. The transition is modeled as a linear dynamic process, and the disutility measures are modeled as the sum of squares of the deviations of the co-ordination parameters—that is, cycle length, phase split, and offset—from the optimal values during the transition. A linear quadratic (LQ) optimization technique of optimal control is used to determine the step size and the number of steps necessary to complete the transition with minimum disutility. The proposed transition period optimization method has the advantage that the user need not specify minimum and maximum cycle length to achieve optimization, as is the case with current methods. Simulation results for three co-ordinated intersections showed that the proposed method reduces total vehicle delay when compared to the ‘immediate’ transition method embedded in CORSIM traffic simulation software. This is due to the fact that vehicles on the minor street approaches get proportional green time without significantly affecting green times on the major street approach green phase. However, the method showed a slight increase in total delay for vehicles on the major street. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin logic via controlled correlation in a topological insulator-nanomagnet hybrid structure

A magnetic switching device implemented with a majority-gate logic structure is explored as a potential candidate for beyond-CMOS technology. Specifically, a novel switching mechanism is envisioned that relies on the unique magneto-electric properties of a hybrid structure consisting of topological insulator (TI), insulating ferromagnet (FM) and graphene (Gr) in the Bennett clocking operation scheme (Fig. 1A). A circuit layout is proposed and the logic operation demonstrated in a 1-bit adder.
Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition promotes desmosome assembly and strengthens intercellular adhesion in squamous cell carcinoma cells

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been proposed as a key modulator of cadherin-containing intercellular junctions, particularly in tumors that overexpress this tyrosine kinase. Here the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor PKI166 and EGFR blocking antibody C225, both of which are used clinically to treat head and neck cancers, were used to determine the effects of EGFR inhibition on intercellular junction assembly and adhesion in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. EGFR inhibition resulted in a transition from a fibroblastic morphology to a more epithelial phenotype in cells grown in low calcium; under these conditions cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion is normally reduced, and desmosomes are absent. The accumulated levels of desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) and desmocollin 2 increased 1.7-2.0-fold, and both desmosomal cadherin and plaque components were recruited to cell-cell borders. This redistribution was paralleled by an increase in Dsg2 and desmoplakin in the Triton-insoluble cell fraction, suggesting that EGFR blockade promotes desmosome assembly. Importantly, E-cadherin expression and solubility were unchanged. Furthermore, PKI166 blocked tyrosine phosphorylation of Dsg2 and plakoglobin following epidermal growth factor stimulation, whereas no change in phosphorylation was detected for E-cadherin and β-catenin. The increase in Dsg2 protein was in part due to the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-dependent proteolysis of this desmosomal cadherin. These morphological and biochemical changes were accompanied by an increase in intercellular adhesion based on functional assays at all calcium concentrations tested. Our results suggest that EGFR inhibition promotes desmosome assembly in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, resulting in increased cell-cell adhesion.
Multimaterial functional fibers

Integrating optically, electrically, and thermo-mechanically disparate materials into a fiber drawn from a preform is enabling fiber devices with unique functionalities. We present two examples: directionality-controlled radial fiber lasers and all-in-fiber chemical sensors.
Projected Wave-Field Approach to the Many-Electron Problem in Solids

The orthogonalized plane wave (O. P. W.) method for treating electrons in solids is generalized to the many-body problem. The core electrons are assumed to be dynamically independent of the valence electrons. Using a field-theoretical approach, a model wave field is introduced whose valence projection is the valence wave field of the physical system. When an appropriate choice is made for the model Hamiltonian, the rapid convergence of the O. P. W. method is incorporated in the many-body perturbation expansion.An attractive feature of the scheme is that the perturbation expansion can be carried out using zero-order Green's functions appropriate to free electrons. The single-particle self-energy to low order is the sum of the one-body O. P. W. contribution and a screened exchange energy similar to that obtained in the case of the uniform electron gas.The theory is expected to be most useful for metals and valence crystals for which the single-particle O. P. W. method is known to be appropriate.
Qualitative study of the competition of drugs in binding to serum albumin

The competitive binding of five drugs and a detergent to bovine serum albumin at pH 7.4 and room temperature was studied by Hummel-Dreyer method in high performance liquid chromatography. The five drugs are: warfarin, sulfinpyrazone, aspirin, quinidine gluconate and lidocaine and the detergent is the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). While the quantitative techniques of Hummel-Dreyer method have been well developed during last twenty years, this paper reports, perhaps for the first time, the qualitative techniques of Hummel-Dreyer method as an analytic tool to ascertain whether a drug would bind to protein and how one drug would affect another drug in binding, if the binding does occur. The results on the basis of qualitative observation indicate the strength of binding in the following order: warfarin > aspriin > lidocaine > sulfinpyrazone > quinidine gluconate. The SDS has capacity to disturb the binding site on the surface of protein.