cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compartment model approaches for estimating the parameters of a chronic disease process under changing risk factor exposures

Compartment model approaches have been proposed for the analysis of the age incidence of specific types of cancer. These models represented the age increases in incidence as the result of a compound hazard function where individual level risks were described by the Weibull hazard function and where the population level hazard rate is a continuous mixture of the Weibull hazards. These formulations assumed that the mixing function, which described differences in risk due to different exposure histories, was constant after the age at which the model was first applied. In this paper we show how the mixing distribution can be allowed to change with time reflecting changing exposures. The model is fitted to U.S. lung cancer mortality data where for recent male cohorts there appear to be changing patterns of exposure possibly related to recent declines in male smoking. The implications for future lung cancer mortality trends in the United States are discussed.
Characterization Of Optical Properties Of Chromium Substrates And Linewidth Control For Mask Making

spectroscopy analysis was performed and the results were reported in Figure 1 to Figure 3. In each figure, the peak to peak inten­ sity which is proportional to the atomic Optical properties of thin Cr/Cr O films sputtered on glass for photomask making are investigated using Auger spectroscopy, ellip- concentration of the elements under investi- sometry and reflectometry techniques. The gation are shown. In all Auger profiles, films selected for the study vary from oxygen this is limited to carbon, chromium, and very rich to very poor. The complex indices of refraction are derived from the ellipso- oxygen, listed along the ordinate. Type A was prepared by sputtering pure chromium onto metry data using metal film calculation. The the glass substrate in a helium gas environ- reflectance is then calculated to compare withment. The film has a thickness 700 A, which that directly measured. These comparisons areroughly corresponds to 30 minutes of sputter- important in understanding the film properties ing time in Figure 1. Beyond 30 minutes a and their application in microlithography. film/glass interface region is reached and The optical properties are found to be closelythe tail of the profile is due to the glass related to the oxygen concentration and its material (Si02). It can be observed that profile in the film. Optical intensity pro- this is quite a homogeneous film with an files in the photoresist are calculated for atomic ratio of Cr to 0 4:1 across the film, various photoresist/Cr/Cr O systems, yielding The carbon component may be due to contamina- optimal conditions for minimizing resist line-tion. width variations. An experiment is also carried out to illustrate the main points pre- In the preparation of Type B film, oxygen dieted by the theory.
Developing connections for affective regulation: age-related changes in emotional brain connectivity.

Abstract The regulation of affective arousal is a critical aspect of children’s social and cognitive development. However, few studies have examined the brain mechanisms involved in the development of this aspect of “hot” executive functioning. This process has been conceptualized as involving prefrontal control of the amygdala. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the brain mechanisms involved in the development of affective regulation in typically developing 5- to 11-year-olds and an adult comparison sample. Children and adults displayed differing patterns of increased anterior cingulate cortex and decreased amygdala activation during episodes in which emotion regulation was required. Specifically, amygdala activation increased in adults but decreased in children during recovery from a frustrating episode. In addition, we used effective connectivity analyses to investigate differential correlations between key emotional brain areas in response to the regulatory task demands. We found reliable increases in effective connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala during periods of increased demand for emotion regulation. This effective connectivity increased with age.
The role of whole organ pancreas transplantation in the treatment of type I diabetes

Background and Demographics Clinical course was reviewed for 19 whole organ pancreas transplant recipients at UCLA between 11/14/93 and 5/31/95, 18 of which were simultaneous pancreas kidney transplants and 1 of which was an isolated pancreas after kidney transplant. The initial 4 pancreatic grafts were procured by classical warm dissection techniques while the remaining 15 were procured by rapid en bloc technique. Mean recipient age, duration of diabetes, and daily insulin requirements were 38 years, 25 years, and 45 units, respectively. Bladder drainage of exocrine secretions was used primarily in 18 cases and primary enteric drainage in one. Results All recipients manifested immediate dialysis and insulin independence. Actuarial patient and graft survival were 100% and 89%, respectively, at a mean follow-up of 396 days (range, 150–660 days). Mean maximal serum amylase on the first postoperative day was 366 U/dL. There were no instances of pancreatic graft vascular thrombosis. Three patients experienced pancreatic leaks (16%), 1 of which resulted in graft loss. Six month posttransplant Hgb A1c was within normal range and significantly lower than pretransplantation values (5.1 vs 10.7, P = 0.002). Mean length of initial hospitalization was 15 days, with 100% of patients requiring at least one readmission. Fifty-eight percent of patients experienced rejection episodes. Ninety-one percent of patients responding to a quality of life survey reported improvement in general sense of well-being after transplantation. Conclusions It is concluded that high rates of success may be possible with whole organ pancreas transplantation, even in new programs. Rapid en bloc dissection is a safe, expeditious method of pancreas procurement. Successful pancreatic transplantation is associated with freedom from exogenous insulin administration, normalization of glycated hemoglobin, and subjective improvement in quality of life. However, this modality is associated with higher rates of rejection and readmission, and longer duration of hospitalization when compared with isolated kidney transplantation.
Experimentation of an Electric Machine Technology Demonstrator Incorporating Direct Winding Heat Exchangers

A novel advanced cooling technique for electric machines, which is termed the direct winding heat exchanger (DWHX), is presented. This technique uses a microfeature enhanced heat exchanger that is inserted between the stator winding bundles. The DWHX is innovative, with the capability of generating large heat transfer coefficients, i.e., $\sim\!\! 30\,000 \ \hbox{W/m}^{2}\cdot \hbox{K}$ , due to the small channel size and microfeatures. This cooling technique significantly reduces the thermal resistance from the stator windings to the ambient. The cooling technique is explained in detail, and an initial DWHX technology demonstrator electric machine is presented. The technology demonstrator is shown to be capable of steady current densities in excess of 24.7 $\hbox{A/mm}^{2}$ and transient current densities in excess of 40 $\hbox{A/mm}^{2}$ for class F insulation.
On the Development of a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Model for the Flowshop Sequencing Problem

This paper describes the development of a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for the standard N-job, M-machine flowshop sequencing problem. Based on an earlier all-integer model developed by Wagner, this MILP model has been used to solve optimally problems with as many as 25 jobs and as many as 10 machines. Variants of the standard flowshop model, including a variety of performance measures, are also presented. Computational experience involving the successful solution of over 175 flowshop problems is discussed, and suggestions for future research projects are offered.
Protein kinase C acts as a molecular detector of firing patterns to mediate sensory gating in Aplysia

This study describes burst-dependent protection from synaptic depression, which maintains responsiveness to behaviorally important stimuli in Aplysia. In this attention-like mechanism, PKC at sensory neuron synapses discriminates the precise pattern of firing, preventing these release sites from becoming silenced during repeated tactile stimuli when these stimuli are salient.
Dilation-producing stresses and strains obtained with the aid of density measurements

Stress systems in a deformed medium are in general of two kinds: (i) dilation-producing and (ii) nondilation-producing. Ordinarily the dilation is computed from a knowledge of the stresses, which in turn are obtained by solving the general elastostatic equations of equilibrium, under specified boundary conditions. If, however, interest is centered only in dilation-producing stresses, or in the event that only such stresses exist in the deformed system, and the density changes in the medium may be experimentally determined or postulateda priori as functions of the coordinates, these stresses may be directly obtained by a simplified procedure of solving for a particular integral of the Poisson equation without appeal to boundary conditions.** In irrotational systems in which conservative body forces exist, there is a direct relationship between the dilation and the distributed body forces. Reference to both purely physical and biophysical systems is made.
Justice by Paperwork: A Day in the Life of a Court Scribe in Bourbon Mexico City

This essay describes a typical day for a court scribe in Bourbon Mexico City in order to evaluate the prevailing scholarly view of criminal Judicial administration in the viceregal capital and the nature of the late colonial state. Historians and nineteenth century critics have asserted that the Bourbon state embraced oppressive criminal legal practices in Mexico City as a means of controlling popular groups and upholding public order. Based on an analysis of over 7,000 criminal cases, this study demonstrates that in spite of expanding poverty, a burgeoning caseload, and growing fear crime in the rapidly-growing city, the colonial legal system routinely adhered to standards of due process, and the courts systematically extended procedural safeguards to all of the accused, regardless of their social position. The daily operation of the criminal justice system, as demonstrated in the procedural work of the scribe and in the flexibility and moderation of the relatively autonomous magistrates, shaped popular notions of the state and thereby became one of the means through which public authority was sustained in late colonial Mexico City. Ultimately, this study questions the claim that the so-called absolutist Bourbon colonial state exercised judicial power in an arbitrary or capricious manner.
An investigation of the co-ordination chemistry of glyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) and methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone)

Cobalt (II), nickel (II), and copper (II) complexes of glyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) and cobalt (II) and copper (II) complexes of methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) have been prepared and tentatively characterized. The two ligands exhibit a marked difference in their metal-binding tendencies and an explanation of this difference is suggested.
Comparative study of cranial topographic procedures: Broca's legacy toward practical brain surgery.

Objective In many locations, neurosurgeons still use stereotactic- or anatomic-based craniocerebral topography systems to identify cortical landmarks. However, their predictive value for identifying two key landmarks--the central sulcus (CS) and lateral sulcus (LS)--has never been evaluated. We quantitatively compare leading craniocerebral topographic methods and review their historical significance for neurosurgery. Methods On 12 cadaveric head sides, the methods of Broca, Reid, Poirier, Taylor-Haughton, and Rhoton were used to predict positions of the CS and LS. After craniotomy, the actual CS, LS, and the superior and inferior Rolandic points were identified. Distances between predicted positions and actual structures were measured, and the systems were compared. Results The actual superior Rolandic point was 4.6 +/- 2.9 mm anterior to prediction by Broca's method; 4.3 +/- 2.13 mm anterior to the Poirier, Taylor-Haughton, and Rhoton methods; and 3.26 +/- 3.17 mm anterior or posterior using Reid's method. The actual inferior Rolandic point was anteroinferior to all predictions: 5.87 +/- 3.1 mm by Rhoton, 6.97 +/- 3.55 mm by Broca, 7.64 +/- 2.54 mm by Poirier, and 7.61 +/- 3.85 mm by Reid and Taylor-Haughton. The actual LS was 2.33 mm away from the predicted point using Poirier's method, and 2.00 mm away from the predicted point using the Reid, Taylor-Haughton, and Rhoton methods. Conclusion Predicting positions of the CS and LS to within a few millimeters, these landmark methods remain reliable for cerebral localization. Largely initiated by the work of Paul Broca, these systems lay at the development of a practical method of neurosurgery in the late 19th century.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of acylcarnitines following derivatization with 4′-bromophenacyl trifluromethanesulfonate

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation of acylcarnitines after derivatization with 4′-bromophenacyl trifluoromethanesulfonate is presented. Derivatization of acylcarnitines was achieved at room temperature within 10 min. Separation of the acylcarnitine 4′-bromophenacyl esters was accomplished by high-performance liquid chromatography using as the analytical column a Resolve-PAK 5-μm C18 radially compressed cartridge eluted with a tertiary gradient containing varying proportions of water, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, triethylamine, potassium phosphate, and phosphoric acid. Acylcarnitine 4′-bromophenacyl esters were detected spectrophotometrically at 254 nm. Baseline separation was obtained for a standard mixture (5 nmol of each injected) containing carnitine, acetyl-, propionyl-, butyryl-, valeryl-, hexanoyl-, heptanoyl-, octanoyl-, nonanoyl-, decanoyl-, lauroyl-, myristroyl-, palmitoyl-, and stearoylcarnitine. Nearly complete separation was obtained for a standard mixture containing butyryl-, isobutyryl-, isovaleryl-, and 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine. The method was applied to a normal human urine and then to this same urine spiked with the acylcarnitine standards. Urinary acylcarnitine profiles from patients having propionic acidemia, isovaleric acidemia, and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency were performed. Urinary isovalerylcarnitine was quantified in the patient with isovaleric acidemia using heptanoylcarnitine as an internal standard.
Influence of cell cycle on collagen synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts.

The effect of cell cycle stages on collagen and protein synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts was investigated. The fibroblasts were synchronized by depriving them of serum for 48 hours and then activating them to divide by adding 10 per cent fetal calf serum. At various time points, the cells were pulse labeled with radioactive proline, and protein and collagen synthesis were measured. Proteins were quantitated by total proline incorporation and collagen was assayed by digesting it with purified bacterial collagenase. Protein synthesis increased with time and reached maximal levels at and after 24 hours, the time of peak DNA synthesis. The proportion of collagen synthesized also increased, and it reached maximum values after 33 hours. The levels of transport of proline into the cell did not parallel the protein synthesis. Confluent and nonconfluem cells gave similar results. The ratio of collagen type I to type III collagen did not significantly vary at any time and no new collagens were detected.
Measurements of rotating bubble shapes in a low-gravity environment

Measurements of rotating equilibrium bubble shapes in the low-gravity environment of a free-falling aircraft are presented. Emphasis is placed on bubbles which intersect the container boundaries. These data are compared with theoretical profiles derived from Laplace's formula and are in good agreement with the measurements. The interface shape depends on the contact angle, the radius of intersection with the container, and the parameter F, which is a measure of the relative importance of centrifugal force to surface tension. For isolated bubbles F has a maximum value of 1/2. A further increase in F causes the bubble to break contact with the axis of rotation. For large values of F the bubble becomes more cylindrical and the capillary rise occurs over a thinner layer in order that the small radius of curvature can generate a sufficient pressure drop to account for the increased hydrostatic contribution.
In Situ Observations of Beam-Induced Effects During High-Resolution Electron Microscopy

A variety of electron-beam-induced effects, including oxidation, reduction and surface rearrangements are observed to occur at surfaces of oxides, fluorides and compound semiconductors during electron irradiation within the electron microscope. The extent and type of surface modifications observed are shown to depend upon the irradiation level, the residual microscope vacuum and the specimen temperature. For example, ex situ annealing of compound semiconductors leads to different end-products compared with in situ irradiation, thus showing that residual gas components can have a strong influence on the surface reactions. Electron irradiation of rutile during annealing at high temperature under ultrahigh vacuum conditions caused the rapid development of well-facetted holes without the usual intermediary phase seen at room temperature in conventional vacuum.
Relief of central airways obstruction following spinal release in a patient with idiopathic scoliosis.

SUMMARY. Patients with idiopathic scoliosis are reported to have a restrictive pattern on pulmonary function tests. A case is presented of a teenage girl with juvenile idiopathic scoliosis who had evidence of airways obstruction in addition to restriction on pulmonary function tests (PFT). Examination of flow-volume loops suggested central airways obstruction. At the time of induction of anesthesia for the initial spinal release surgery, a double-lumen endotracheal tube could not be passed, despite fiberoptic visualization, because of extreme deviation of the left main-stem bronchus. Postoperatively, PFT demonstrated improved flows at high lung volumes and normalization of the shape of the flow volume loop. We suggest that preoperative PFT may be used to predict which patients have central airways obstruction. This may lessen unanticipated problems with intubation at the time of surgery and may identify patients who may expect immediate improvement in lung function after scoliosis repair.
Effect of anions on chloroplast particles.

Summary As previously shown, monovalent anions, such as Cl−, SCN−, NO3−, stimulate electron transport, with water as substrate, in aged or EDTA-treated chloroplasts. The rate-limiting step of electron transport in chloride-deficient chloroplast particles is shown to be the oxidation of cytochrome 559 by exogenous electron acceptors. Monovalent anions, such as Cl−, lower the apparent Km of exogenous electron acceptors, apparently by facilitating fluxes of the oxidized and reduced forms of the acceptors across the chloroplast membrane. Thus, a major function of anions in the water-splitting steps of photosystem II, is to facilitate transport of external oxidants.
Oxciplex emission of naphthalenes in polymer matrices

In this communication we report the observation of oxciplex emission, (T1 + O2(1Δ)) → (S0 + O2(3Σ)) + hν from naphthalene and octafluoronaphthalene in polystyrene fluffs. We detect this emission as an oxygen induced luminescence burst upon admission of oxygen to a phosphorescing sample. The assignment is based on a mirror image relationship of the emission to the absorption, and energetic, kinetic, and intensity considerations.
Divalent Cation Mediated Binding of Oligonucleotides to Langmuir Monolayers of Charged Lipids

Antisense oligonucleotides inhibit the expression of complementary target sequences with extraordinary selectivity and thus have great potential for development of novel therapeutics in many critic...
The Brain/Education Barrier

In an era of translational science, researchers often find themselves in the mixed company of policy-makers, legislators, and educators looking for "evidence-based" practice. That's how it was earlier this year in March, when a distinguished international group of neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists convened at the University of Chile in Santiago for the conference titled Early Education and Human Brain Development, which many Chilean ministers, educators, and scientists attended to learn how brain science might transform education. On day one, however, it became clear that myths about brain-based pedagogy dominated participants' thinking. The Chilean educators were looking to brain science for insights about which type of preschool would be the most effective, whether children are safe in child care, and how best to teach reading. The brain research presented at the conference that day was mute on these issues. However, cognitive and behavioral science could help.
Suicidal behavior and childhood onychophagia in hospitalized psychiatric veterans.

This investigation of adult suicidal behavior and childhood onychophagia among hospitalized psychiatric male veterans suggests that for only personality disorders does childhood non-onychophagia show a significant relationship to adult nonsuicidal behavior. Otherwise, this study indicates that the presence or abscence of childhood onychophagia is not a significant suicidal or nonsuicidal factor among these veterans with a psychotic, neurotic, or personality disorder classification. Language: en
The Challenge of Staying HIV-Negative for Latin American Immigrants

Abstract Homophobia, fueled by the anti-homosexual rhetoric of the Catholic church, is rampant in most Latin American countries. This conceptual paper postulates that, in the same way that ethnic culture is deeply entrenched in Latin American groups living in the U.S., transgression of social rules, as a gay-survival strategy, is an intrinsic part of Latin American gay men's psychological functioning. Many of these men, who experience moving to the U.S. as a personal Stonewall Rebellion, are subsequently reluctant to accept restrictions on their sexual expression. Although they are aware of the HIV risks presented by unsafe sex, they equate safer-sex guidelines to the moral and social taboos that they circumvented. In this context, HIV-negative gay men feel that they can get away with still one more instance of unprotected sex. This paper highlights the need for critical thinking about internalized homophobia and transgression survival mechanisms as prerequisites to self-empowerment and HIV-prevention beh...
Adsorption Hysteresis in Porous Solids

Hysteresis has been observed in adsorption isotherms for a number of gas-solid systems and, generally, is attributed to adsorption in mesoporous materials with capillary condensation. This behavior is classified as Type IV or Type V in the IUPAC classification scheme. Here, lattice theory is used to predict adsorption behavior in pores. The Ono-Kondo theory is used with appropriate boundary conditions for fluid adsorption in infinite and semi-finite slit-like pores. It is shown that there can be phase transitions in the adsorbed phase which lead to hysteresis in kinetically controlled experiments. However, hysteresis in equilibrium behavior is exhibited only in pores of finite length. For finite-length pores, the interface geometry is predicted to be different during the processes of adsorption and desorption and this difference in interface shape leads to hysteresis. This simple molecular model is able to predict the change in the interface geometry without invoking the Kelvin equation or the macroscopic concept of surface tension. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
Derivation of physics-based HRR moving target models

Although SAR has demonstrated excellent performance in stationary target identification, SAR resolution suffers in moving target scenarios. High Range Resolution (HRR) radar appears to be an attractive alternative in applications to moving target identification because HRR target signature can provide target scatterer information with high range resolution. Since many HRR processing steps, such as feature extraction and clutter suppression, are based on underlying modeling assumptions, devising a reliable physics-based HRR model for moving targets has become an increasingly important topic. In this paper, we derive a scattering-based HRR moving target model. However, the general form of the derived model is quite complex, and this complexity makes subsequent analysis difficult. We therefore simplify the complex model to obtain different simplified versions that facilitate the utility of the models. Simplifications is achieved by instantiating the parameters in this model with radar and target parameters from the real world, and then retaining only those terms with dominant value. A series of reliable, yet theoretically tractable models, are obtained with different degrees of simplification. The contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) Two new physics-based HRR moving target models with different degrees of simplification are presented; (2) These models make no assumptions regarding the distribution of the clutter; (3) Performance boundaries on the subsequent feature extraction algorithms are derived and delineated.
High-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the fundamental bands of HNC

Abstract Infrared Fourier transform absorption measurements at 0.004 cm −1 unapodized resolution have been made for the 10 0 0-00 0 0, 01 1 0-00 0 0, and 00 0 1-00 0 0 fundamental bands of the unstable HNC molecule. Transitions up to J = 26 have been observed and analyzed yielding precise molecular constants for the 01 1 0 and 00 0 1 states and improved constants for the 10 0 0 and 00 0 0 states. The band origins are ν 1 = 3652.65952(8), ν 2 = 464.23966(7), and ν 3 = 2023.85932(8), where the values in parentheses are one standard deviation. The rms standard deviation of the fits was 0.00030 cm −1 .
Secular trends in recombinant erythropoietin therapy among the U.S. hemodialysis population : 1990-1996

Secular trends in recombinant erythropoietin therapy among the U.S. hemodialysis population: 1990–1996. Background Chronic anemia is a major cause of morbidity among the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population. Recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been recognized as a major advance in the treatment of anemia among the ESRD population. This study examines the secular trends in the use of and response to rHuEPO therapy among severely, moderately and mildly anemic hemodialysis patients. Methods We designed a cohort analytic study using seven years of claims data. The study population comprised all facility-based adult hemodialysis patients receiving rHuEPO therapy, who were initially reimbursed by Medicare in each of the first quarter of the calendar years 1990 through 1996 ( N = 64,957). Results Between 1990 and 1996, the mean rHuEPO dose increased by 139% for the patient cohorts with a first observed hematocrit P Conclusions The results of the clinical use of rHuEPO seven years after FDA approval found in the general ESRD hemodialysis population have not equaled the results obtained in the initial clinical trials. Overall, our findings suggest that substantial increases in rHuEPO dose provided to anemic patients have resulted in only modest increases in hematocrit in the seven years since rHuEPO's introduction. Resistance to rHuEPO, prior rHuEPO treatment, inadequate use of supplemental iron, and policy and financial incentives may explain this finding.
Antibody-ligand interaction studied by fluorescence enhancement method—IV: Hapten binding activity of peptide fragments from purified antibody heavy chain cleaved by cyanogen bromide

Abstract The Fd-CNBr fragment of anti-4-azo-1-naphthalene sulfonate antibody was obtained by CNBr cleavage of the separated heavy chain of specifically purified rabbit antibody in 0·3 M hydrochloric acid. The Fd-CNBr fragment showed specific binding activity for the hapten, 4-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (4,1-ANS), as evidenced by an enhancement in the fluorescence of the ligand as occurs when the ligand is bound by specific antibody. The fluorescence enhancement behavior with the Fd-CNBr fragment on serial addition of 4,1-ANS was different from the behavior with the intact or reassociated antibody molecule. There was a much more gradual increment of fluorescence, as expected for much weaker binding, similar to the behavior with light chains. The average binding constant of this fragment with 4,1-ANS was in the order of 10 3 1/M. Since there was no apparent increase in the fluorescence by the addition of homologous light chains, above that due to the added light chains it appears that the Fd-CNBr fragment does not associate strongly with light chains in contrast to the association of the Fd-papain fragment with light chains.
The recognition and evaluation of homoplasy in primate and human evolution.

Homoplasy has been a prominent issue in primate systematics and phylogeny for as long as people have been studying human evolution. In the past, homoplasy, in the form of parallel evolution, was often considered the dominant theme in primate evolution. Today, it receives blame for difficulties in phylogenetic analysis, but is essential in the study of adaptation. This paper reviews the history of study of homoplasy, methods of defining homoplasy, and methodological and biological factors that generate homoplasy. A post hoc definition of homology and homoplasy, based on patterns of character distributions and their congruence or incongruence on a cladogram, is the most consistent method of recognizing these phenomena. Defined this way, homology and homoplasy are mutually exclusive. However, when different levels of analysis are examined, it is seen that homoplasy at one level, such as adult phenotype, often exists simultaneously with homology at a different level, such as developmental process. Thus, in some cases, patterns of homoplasy may point to underlying similarities that reflect the shared heritage of a particular clade. This is an old concept that is being renewed on the strength of recent trends in developmental biology. Factors that influence homoplasy include character definition and a host of biological factors, such as developmental constraints, allometry, and adaptation. These interact with one another to provide explanations of homoplastic patterns. Because of the repetition of events, explanations of homoplastic features are often more reliable than those for homologous features, and serve as effective tests for hypotheses of evolutionary process. In some cases, particular explanations of homoplasy lead to generalizations about the likelihood of homoplasy in a type of structure. The structure may be adaptive or highly epigenetic, or it may belong to an anatomical system considered to be more prone to homoplasy than others. However, our review shows that these generalizations are usually based on theory, and contradictory expectations can be developed under different theoretical models. More rigorous empirical studies are necessary to discover what, if any, generalizations can be made about the likelihood of homoplasy in different types of characters. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 42:189–232, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integrated conservation and development project life cycles in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal: Is development overpowering conservation?

The merits of integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs), which aim to provide development incentives to citizens in return for conservation behaviors, have long been debated in the literature. Some of the most common critiques suggest that conservation activities tend to be strongly overpowered by development activities. We studied this assertion through participant observation and archival analysis of five Conservation Area Management Committees (CAMCs) in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA), Nepal. Committee activities were categorized as conservation activities (policy development and conservation implementation), development activities (infrastructure, health care, education, economic development, and sanitation), or activities related to institutional strengthening (administrative development and capacity building activities). Greater longevity of each ICDP was associated with greater conservation activity in relation to development activities. Project life cycles progressed from a focus on development activities in their early stages, through a transitional period of institutional strengthening, and toward a longer-term focus that roughly balanced conservation and development activities. Results suggest that the ICDP concept, as practiced in ACA, has been successful at building capacity for and interest in conservation amongst local communities. However, success has come over a period of nearly a decade, suggesting that prior conclusions about ICDP failures may have been based on unrealistic expectations of the time needed to influence behavioral changes in target populations.
Limitations of an ocular surface inflammatory biomarker in impression cytology specimens.

Context: A number of ocular conditions, such as dry eye, are associated with inflammation on the surface of the eye leading to irritation and ocular pain. Many drugs such as chemotherapeutics, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzymes and so forth also cause dry eye but currently there are no validated ocular surface biomarkers available.Objective: We evaluated sample stability, assay sensitivity, reproducibility and overall performance of impression cytology (IC) utilizing the cellular surface biomarker human leukocyte antigen DR-1 (HLA-DR) as an ocular surface inflammatory biomarker by flow cytometry in a fit-for-purpose validation study. Additionally, subjects classified as normal or having various degrees of dry eye were evaluated to determine if HLA-DR could demonstrate a clear separation between normal and dry eye samples.Results: The assay demonstrated high dynamic range detecting a broad range of fluorescent intensities in healthy donors. Additionally, inter, intra and stability assay results ...
Thermal emission from the dust coma of comet bowell and a model for the grains

An analysis of the physical characteristics of Comet Bowell is presented based on 10 and 20 microns emissions observed with the NASA 3 m IR telescope during 1981-82. Numerical models are defined for quantifying the number of dust particles at a given radius and at a given angular distance from the nucleus, the contribution of icy grains to the 20 microns flux and the average albedo, and the dust distribution in the coma. Large, dirty ice grains are judged to be responsible for production of OH at a rate of about 10 to the 29th mol/sec during the spring of 1981. The total surface area of the dirty ice grains is projected to be 10 to the 15th sq cm. The coma in 1982 would therefore have consisted of nonvolatile grains, i.e., old dirty ice grains. Further observations of other, similar comets are needed to identify the composition of the emitted grains and the heliocentric distance at which high water production is initiated.
The dynamics of primary source and electronic resource: The digital renaissance and the post‐reformation digital library

CON T E N T S NEX T PAGE > NEX T ART I C L E > < PRE V I OUS PAGE EDITOR’S SUMMARY The transition from mechanical printing to electronic information dissemination amounts to a digital renaissance, enabling primary source documents to be reborn as electronic resources. For history scholars, this presents opportunities and challenges for preserving centuries-old original texts in a digital environment, supporting downloading and digital access and presenting original research. The Post-Reformation Digital Library (PRDL) serves as a case study, capturing a select set of resources on theology and philosophy of the 15th to 18th centuries from a variety of physical locations and digital libraries. Through digitization, digital access and systematic cataloging, the PRDL – along with the database, social networking and dedicated website it has prompted – are helping to overcome barriers to access. Though a modest initiative, the progress of the PRDL demonstrates possibilities for rediscovering historical materials and making them available for modern scholarly studies.
Velocity filter mechanism for ion bowl distributions (bimodal conics)

The 'bowl-shaped' ion distributions in the high altitude auroral region observed by Klumpar et al. (1984) were originally interpreted as being due to a two-stage acceleration involving transverse ion heating and upward-aligned electric field acceleration. In this paper, it is shown that qualitatively similar bowl-shaped distributions can also be formed by transverse heating in a region of finite horizontal extent, followed by essentially adiabatic convective flow to the observation location. The latter stage contributes a velocity-filtering effect which produces some characteristics of the distributions observed. It is suggested it may be possible to use ion species observations to distinguish the mechanism proposed by Klumpar et al. from the alternative mechanism outlined in the present study.
Patterns and correlates of physical activity among older adults residing independently in retirement communities.

Abstract Older adults are the fastest growing segment of the United States population. Increasing physical activity among older adults is a public health challenge. Therefore, using a survey instrument, we investigated the prevalence and correlates of physical activity among older adults (N=259) living independently in retirement communities. Only 15 percent of the older adults in this study were active at recommended levels. A stepwise multiple regression tested the association of 22 correlates with four measures of physical activity: energy expenditure levels, strength activity levels, endurance activity levels, and flexibility activity levels. Results indicated that belief in ability and positive attitude were factors related to physical activity. Future studies can further investigate these and other correlates. To promote activity among older adults, these correlates may guide the development of effective interventions.
The impact of coronary artery disease risk factors on intravascular ultrasound-derived morphologic indices of human coronaries.

Objective: The relationship of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-derived measurements of atherosclerotic plaque to various coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors is not well known. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of percent coronary luminal stenosis by IVUS to other IVUS measures of CAD, as well as the relationship of common IVUS measures of CAD to traditional CAD risk factors. We hypothesized that one or more IVUS measures of CAD might relate more strongly to CAD risk factors than does percent luminal coronary stenosis. Methods: The records of 897 consecutive patients (57% men, mean age 62 years) who underwent IVUS investigation of their coronary arteries from 1996 through 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. IVUS was performed using a 20-MHz probe (Jomed, Rancho Cordoba, CA) and a manual pull-back technique to image the coronary arteries. Coronary artery remodeling ratio—i.e., the ratio of coronary lesion external elastic membrane cross-sectional area (EEM CSA) to proximal reference artery EEM CSA; plaque burden—i.e., plaque plus media CSA divided by EEM CSA; calcium arc; and percent stenosis of luminal cross-sectional area were measured by a single reader. Results: Percent area stenosis, the most commonly used IVUS parameter, did not correlate with the other three IVUS-derived parameters, nor was it related to any of the CAD risk factors considered. In contrast, remodeling ratio was directly correlated with plaque burden (r = 0.22, P < 0.001), but inversely related to calcium arc (r =−0.13, P = 0.01). IVUS plaque burden was significantly correlated with male gender (P < 0.0001) and diabetes mellitus (DM) (P = 0.003). In multivariate analyses including age, gender, and CAD risk factors, plaque burden was significantly associated with age, male gender, and DM, but not with chronic renal failure, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia. The multivariate model also revealed that the calcium arc was significantly associated with male gender and age. These IVUS findings provide anatomic documentation that the traditional CAD risk factors relate more strongly to plaque burden than to percent coronary arterial luminal narrowing.
Regulation of growth and proliferation in B cell subpopulations.

The activation of B lymphocyte subpopulations by anti-immunoglobulin and by LPS has been examined. All resting B cells were stimulated to grow larger (i.e. to go from G0 phase to mid G1 phase of the cell cycle) by the continuous presence of anti-mu antibodies. A subpopulation oif these B cells, 30-50% in normal mouse strains, entered S phase in response to large doses of anti-mu. This subpopulation, probably Lyb5+, was completely absent in mice with the xid-determined immune defect. Another, apparently distinct subpopulation, comprising about 25% of the cells, and probably present in xid mice, was sensitive to a proliferative signal delivered by LPS, if the cells had first been cultured for 24 h in the presence of a dose of anti-mu that was sufficient to cause cell enlargement. The fraction of B cells responding to LPS in this way was significantly larger than the fraction responding to LPS alone, suggesting that anti-mu is superior to LPS at inducing the G0 to G1 transition. Based on these results we propose a model of the control of B cell growth and proliferation. Anti-Ig antibodies, or epitopes on conventional antigens, combine with and cross-link B cell receptors, causing the cells to enter G1 and to develop sensitivity to late G1 stimuli, which determine whether they will then enter S phase. These stimuli are provided either by a high dose of anti-mu or by LPS. These agents may work directly or may stimulate other cells to produce B cell Growth Factor (BCGF) and/or related regulatory molecules which may be the actual late G1 stimuli. Distinct B cell types are sensitive to distinct mechanisms for control of proliferation. A new monoclonal antibody, 14G8, which recognizes only a fraction of B cells (30% in normal mice and about 65% in xid mice), was used to separate B cell subpopulations based on the presence or absence of the cell surface antigen recognized by this antibody. The results suggest that 14G8 expression is negatively correlated with Lyb5 expression, although not absolutely. Indeed 14G8+ B cells respond quite well to anti-mu (32% the cells enter S phase). Since Lyb5- B cells are believed not to proliferate in response to anti-mu, this would suggest that a sizeable fraction of the 14G8+ B cells are also Lyb5+. The 14G8+ and 14G8- B cell subpopulations were found to be functionally distinct in that the former responded very well to LPS, whereas the latter responded very poorly. Models of B cell development based on expression of these membrane antigens are presented.
A reliability generalization meta-analysis of coefficient alpha for the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale

The purpose of this study was to use a meta-analytic method known as reliability generalization to investigate the score reliability for a popular depression measure: The Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale. We used the technique to provide an aggregate estimate of coefficient alpha across empirical studies that have employed the measure over time and across populations. Furthermore, we identified sample and demographic characteristics associated with variance in coefficient alpha. We discuss conditions associated with variability in coefficient alpha and alert researchers and practitioners to appropriate uses of the scale based on common reliability benchmarks.
Oceanographic coupling across three trophic levels shapes source–sink dynamics in marine metacommunities

A central goal of metapopulation ecology is to determine which subpopulations have the greatest value to the larger metapopulation. That is, where are the 'sources' that are most essential to persistence? This question is especially relevant to benthic marine systems, where dispersal and recruitment are greatly affected by oceanographic processes. In a single-species context, theoretical models typically identify 'hotspots' with high recruitment, especially high self-recruitment, as having the highest value. However, the oceanographic forces affecting larval delivery of a given species may also influence the recruitment of that species' predators, prey, and competitors. We present evidence from the Virgin Islands and Bahamas that oceanographic forces produce spatial coupling between the recruitment of planktivorous fishes, the recruitment of their predators, and the productivity of their zooplankton prey. We examined the consequences of this type of multi-trophic coupling using a simple analytical population model and a multispecies numerical simulation model with parameter values based on the Virgin Islands system. In both analyses, strong coupling caused planktivores at the highest recruitment sites to experience higher mortality (a consequence of higher predator densities) but faster growth and higher fecundity (a consequence of higher zooplankton densities) than planktivores at low recruitment sites. As such, the relative strength of oceanographic coupling between the three trophic levels strongly determined whether a particular reef acted as a source or sink. In the simulation model, density-dependent competition for zooplankton limited overall metapopulation biomass more severely than predation, so oceanographic coupling between planktivore larval supply and zooplankton productivity had a stronger effect on the metapopulation value of a patch. We argue that the potential for such tri-trophic coupling should be incorporated into future metacommunity models and has considerable implications for the design and evaluation of marine reserves.