cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 18 Intercalating Agents as Probes of Chromatin Structure

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on intercalating agents as probes of chromatin structure. The intercalation model, proposed in the early 1960s, involves the unwinding of the deoxyribose sugar phosphate chains and elongation of the DNA molecule to produce an approximately 3.4 A-thick hydrophobic space to accommodate the insertion of planar aromatic molecules between base pairs. Lerman provided extensive experimental support for the intercalation model. A number of planar aromatic molecules have been shown to form intercalated complexes with DNA; these include the acridine dyes, antiparasitic drugs, antitumor agents, and a variety of small molecules. The structure of some typical intercalating molecules is shown in the chapter. A brief description of the characteristic physical and chemical changes occurring in both DNA and the bound small molecule as a result of intercalation are presented as an introduction to the more complex phenomena which occur with chromatin. Effects of intercalation on the physical properties of DNA are discussed. Proton magnetic resonance techniques are also described in the chapter.
Contract Is Context

Actually, Contract is context. We can only understand the normative object of Contract by reference to the context in which the doctrine operates. That is a challenge for unitary normative theory—a challenge that more than a few theorists have been willing to confront on their way to positing unitary normative theories of Contract. Such efforts are largely empty. Contract is, in an important sense, the product of a series of historical accidents because history is context in retrospect. But there is a method to the madness: while Contract represents diverse (and often divergent) normative conclusions, those conclusions do proceed from the conjunction of a limited store of normative alternatives. My thesis is that context reveals the normative dynamic that determines the incidents of the law of consensual relations— Contract—and doctrine accommodates that revelation. That statement will support more specific consideration of the normative challenge that the Principles of the Law of Software Contracts (“Software Principles”), recently promulgated by the American Law Institute (“ALI”), present to Contract law and to Contract theory
Δ7, 24-Cholestadien-3β-ol, a Probable Intermediate in Cholesterol Synthesis

Abstract A new sterol has been isolated from the skin of rats treated with triparanol. The structure proposed for this compound is Δ7, 24-cholestadien-3β-ol, on the basis of the following evidence. 1. The optical rotation is similar to that of Δ7-cholesten-3β-ol. 2. Hydrogenation with Raney nickel catalyst yields a compound with chromatographic behavior similar to that of Δ7-cholesten-3β-ol. 3. Hydrogenation with palladium catalyst yields a compound with an infrared spectrum indistinguishable from that of δ8(14)-cholesten-3β-ol. Approximately 1 mole of hydrogen is absorbed per mole of sterol. 4. The elemental composition is correct for the proposed structure. 5. The infrared spectrum is similar to that of Δ7-cholesten-3β-ol, except for the differences to be expected from the presence of the Δ24 bond. 6. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum differs from that of Δ7-cholesten-3β-ol in the ways predicted. Δ7, 24-Cholestadien-3β-ol is biologically convertible to Δ7-cholesten-3β-ol and to cholesterol. It can be derived from Δ8, 24-cholestadien-3β-ol, but the reverse reaction could not be shown.
Forecast and weather-related information used among coastal tourism businesses

Coastal tourism businesses comprise a large and diverse consumer of climate and weather forecasts information. An online survey of tourism business owners, managers and support specialists was conducted within the eight North Carolina oceanfront counties asking respondents about forecast usage and purposes as well as why certain forecasts are not used. Respondents were also asked about the perceived dependency of their business on climate and weather as well as how valuable different forecasts are to their decision making. Business types represented include the following: Fishing, Outdoor Recreation, Accommodations, Food Services, Parks and Heritage, and Other. Weekly forecasts were the most popular with monthly and seasonal being the least used. Comparison analyses revealed that outdoor-oriented businesses (Fishing and Outdoor Recreation) perceived themselves significantly more dependent on climate and weather than indoor-oriented ones (Food Services and Accommodations). Outdoor businesses also valued sh...
Reproductive endocrinology of sea urchins

This chapter presents an overview of environmental cues that influence seasonal changes in gonad morphology and physiology. Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms that stimulate growth and maintenance of nutritive phagocytes and gametes is essential to understand the reproductive biology and ecology of sea urchins in the field. This information is also essential for the development of technologies that will optimize the texture, quality, and quantity of gonads from sea urchins in aquaculture. Factors like sex steroids, proteins, catecholaminergic, and cholingeric play roles in regulating various aspects of gonad function. Diet plays a vital role in stimulation and maintenance of gonad production and is one parameter that is easily manipulated in aquaculture. This chapter also illustrates the understanding of the physiological control that assists in the development of formulated feeds to regulate gonad quality and quantity.
A new worldwide chronology of volcanic eruptions

Abstract A chronological enumeration of volcanic eruptions from around the world is used to describe temporal and spatial variations in historical volcanism. Over 5000 eruptions from 907 active volcanoes of the world are classified on the basis of eruption type and scaled on the basis of relative magnitude of ejected material. The chronology extends from 2227 B.C. to 1969 A.D. but is most reliable after 1850 A.D. Advantages of the data set over other existing chronologies include a vastly increased sample size, a scheme for assessing the relative ash-producing magnitude of each eruption, and a computerized data-storage format. Preliminary application of the eruption chronology to global and hemispheric temperature trends for the period 1880–1969 demonstrates that episodes of frequent and intense ash-producing eruptions tend to be associated with periods of cooler hemispheric temperatures, while volcanically quiescent episodes tend to correspond with periods of hemispheric warming.
ESTADO, COMUNIDADES LOCALES Y ESCUELAS PRIMARIAS EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DE LIMA, PERÚ (1821 - 1905)

This article shows that from Independence up to the early twentieth century, regional, provincial and district elites in Lima used the growing educational apparatus to achieve and maintain political hegemony, and that patronage was a key mechanism in this pattern. Many of the alleged and real deficiencies of primary education were directly linked to the search for political power and material resources.
Localization of the type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in the Ca2+ wave trigger zone of pancreatic acinar cells.

Agonist-induced cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca2+i) signals begin as apical-to-basal Ca2+i waves in pancreatic acinar cells and in other polarized epithelia. However, the basis of this polarized Ca2+i signaling pattern is unknown. Here we use immunocytochemistry to demonstrate that the type 3 inositol trisphosphate receptor is localized to the extreme apex of pancreatic acinar cells, the region which corresponds to the trigger zone from which Ca2+i signals originate in this cell type (Kasai, H., Li, Y.X., and Miyashita, Y. (1993) Cell 74, 669-677). We also show that inositol trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ release induces amylase release from permeabilized pancreatic acini. Since Ca2+i signals begin by inositol trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ release, these findings suggest that localization of the type 3 inositol trisphosphate receptor to the trigger zone is responsible for the generation of apical-to-basal Ca2+i waves, and that this organization may be important for regulating apical exocytosis in pancreatic acinar cells.
The Origins and Consequences of Public Trust in Government: A Time Series Analysis

The study of citizens' trust in the national government has been primarily individual-level, cross-sectional analysis. In the current research, we develop a quarterly time series measure of trust in the U.S. national government from 1980 to 1997 and conduct the first multivariate time series examination of public trust in government. We find that negative perceptions of the economy, scandals associated with Congress, and increasing public concern about crime each lead to declining public trust in government. Declining trust in government in turn leads to less positive evaluations of Congress and reduced support for government action to address a range of domestic policy concerns. These results provide new evidence of the influence of public concern about crime and the centrality of Congress in understanding public evaluations of the national government and new evidence of how declining levels of trust in government may influence elections and domestic policy making.
Global IT Expenditure Growth: An Empirical Investigation Across Some Developing Nations

Information technology (IT) expenditures in different developing nations of the world have been impressive but controversial lately. Research is needed to know how IT expenditures are growing in these nations. Do stages of IT development or price drops in IT infrastructure influence such growth? We intend to explore these issues with various growth models, using data from 14 nations (constrained by data availability) over a period of time. Our preliminary results show that previous IT expenditure growth models can be improved by including the impact of price and that a price drop in IT keeps the growth unabated. Preliminary evidence also suggests that developing nations are benefiting from a price drop.
Optimal Parallelization of Las Vegas Algorithms

We describe a parallel simulation strategy with optimal expected running time for Las Vegas Algorithms. This strategy has been implemented on a network of workstations and applied to a randomized automated theorem prover.
CORR Insights®: Factors Associated with Reoperation after Fixation of Displaced Olecranon Fractures

O lecranon fractures occur commonly, and account for approximately 10% of upper extremity fractures in adults [10, 13]. Most displaced olecranon fractures are treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Tension band wiring remains the most commonly used method of internal fixation, although other methods of fixation are being used such as low-profile plating, intramedullary screw fixation, and locked intramedullary nailing [1, 2, 4, 7, 9]. But reoperations complicate the care of many (and in some series, most) patients treated with ORIF for olecranon fractures [3–5, 7, 12]. The factors resulting in these reoperations are not fully understood, and could be related to the fractures, the patients, or the implants used. Several reports [7, 9–11] identified different factors associated with reoperations including prominent hardware, arthrosis, infection, ulnar neuropathy, and older age. Efforts to reduce the frequency of these reoperations have focused on techniques to eliminate or reduce hardware prominence and wire migration such as the use of low profile plates and intramedullary implants [1, 2, 4–6, 8]; these efforts have met with only mixed success.
Propositional dynamic logic of looping and converse is elementarily decidable

Propositional dynamic logic is a formal system for reasoning about the before—after behavior of regular program schemes. An extension of propositional dynamic logic which includes both an infinite looping construct and a converse or backtracking construct is considered and it is proved that the satisfiability problem for this logic is elementarily decidable. In order to establish this result, deterministic two-way automata on infinite trees are defined, and it is shown how they can be simulated by nondeterministic one-way automata. The satisfiability problem for propositional dynamic logic of looping and converse is then reduced to the emptiness problem for these two-way automata.
Convergent Evolution of Mechanically Optimal Locomotion in Aquatic Invertebrates and Vertebrates

Examples of animals evolving similar traits despite the absence of that trait in the last common ancestor, such as the wing and camera-type lens eye in vertebrates and invertebrates, are called cases of convergent evolution. Instances of convergent evolution of locomotory patterns that quantitatively agree with the mechanically optimal solution are very rare. Here, we show that, with respect to a very diverse group of aquatic animals, a mechanically optimal method of swimming with elongated fins has evolved independently at least eight times in both vertebrate and invertebrate swimmers across three different phyla. Specifically, if we take the length of an undulation along an animal’s fin during swimming and divide it by the mean amplitude of undulations along the fin length, the result is consistently around twenty. We call this value the optimal specific wavelength (OSW). We show that the OSW maximizes the force generated by the body, which also maximizes swimming speed. We hypothesize a mechanical basis for this optimality and suggest reasons for its repeated emergence through evolution.
A cascade model for neutrally buoyant dispersed two-phase homogeneous turbulence—II. Numerical solution and results

Abstract The two-phase cascade model for homogeneous, neutrally buoyant turbulent dispersions proposed earlier (Jairazbhoy et al. 1995 Int. J. Multiphase Flow 21, 467–483) results in a system of partial integrodifferential equations. These are the energy, intermittency and population balance equations, and they account for the effects of drop-eddy interactions. A semi-discretization technique is developed for the solution. The drop number densities are discretized non-uniformly, the integrals approximated by Gaussian quadrature, and the resulting transient ODEs solved numerically to steady steady sing an integrator package. The results represent steady, isotropic turbulence with constant power input in the large eddies. The effects of phase fraction, drop size, Reynolds number and the model parameter on the turbulent spectrum and drop populations are examined. It is observed that the energy contained in large eddies is unaffected by drops, while small eddies are damped considerably. At low phase fractions, the energy spectrum is essentially unchanged by the dispersion. At high phase fractions, however, selective damping of the smaller eddies results in a sharp drop-off in the spectrum, tantamount to an increase in the apparent viscosity. The relative energy loss contributions from drop-eddy terms vary from about 8% for some cases with a phase fraction of 0.01 to over 82% in some instances with a phase fraction of 0.2. It is also found that, when the drops are too large to reside in a small eddy, the drop distribution in these eddies is substantially different from the overall distribution. Computation results comparing the energy spectra are in agreement with the model of Al Taweel & Landau at smaller and intermediate wave numbers, over which range comparisons are valid. These results suggest the model displays potential for the description of dense two-phase flows of breaking and coalescing drops, while accounting for drop interactions.
Influence of Changes in the Cotton Plant During the Season on the Feeding, Oviposition, and Development of the Boll Weevil

Two varieties of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), Deltapine Smooth Leaf (DPSL) and Acala 4-42-77, were studied 2 years to determine whether changes in the plant during the growing season might affect feeding, oviposition, and development of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. The criteria used to measure the effects were the tests for antibiosis, feeding stimulant, and oviposition normally used to study host-plant resistance. The overall averaged results for 2 seasons showed no differences between varieties, but there were significant differences within test periods. This interaction between variety × test period indicated that testing is necessary through several periods of a season to determine true differences among varieties. In the test of feeding stimulants, the difference between squares collected at different dates was significant only after August 24, probably because there was less feeding on samples collected August 31 and September 7; the difference between varieties was not significant. In the studies of antibiosis made with lyophilized square powder diets there were no significant differences in time to eclosion of adults and weight of emerging weevils for samples collected weekly; thus, the time of the season that squares are collected should not affect results of a test of antibiosis.
Training Dogs and Training Humans: Symbolic Interaction and Dog Training

ABSTRACTThe way we train our dogs reflects our perceptions of human–nonhuman animal relationships. The methods and training skills used by dog trainers differ by philosophy on dog behavior and human responsibility. Yet, all trainers agree that training is a critical component in ending the cycle of acquisition and relinquishment of unwanted dogs due to behavioral problems. This ethnographic study uses the theory of symbolic interaction to study human–dog relationships by analyzing two different types of dog training. The “traditional” dominance-based method of training endorses obedience by using a human-centric approach that places dogs in a subordinate position in order to maintain a space in the family. The “reward-based” behavior modification method promotes a dog-centric approach that highlights companionship over dominance and promotes a balance of human and dog desires and needs. Through the process of training, dogs learn proper behavior and their role in the family. In addition, while guardians m...
Hydrophobic Surfaces Prepared by Aluminum-Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

This paper reports fabrication and understanding of hydrophobic silicon nano-textured surfaces produced by aluminum-induced crystallization (AIC) of amorphous silicon (a-Si). In this study, the effects of annealing temperature and duration on surface topography and wetting property were investigated. The results showed that surface wetting property directly correlates with the percentage area coverage by the nano-textures, which in turn was determined by the annealing conditions. The largest water contact angle (WCA) obtained from this research is 137°.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Implementation of an asthma intervention in the inner city.

Background Despite availability of asthma self-management interventions for children, few have been implemented in community-based settings. Objective To describe implementation of the Inner-City Asthma Intervention and factors associated with higher rates of program completion by enrollees. Methods Descriptive analyses of data from multiple data sources. Two-tailed Pearson correlation coefficients and analyses of variance were used to calculate associations of descriptive variables with the retention rate (percentage of enrolled children who completed the core intervention and had more than 1 follow-up visit) and with the percentage who had allergy testing done. Results A total of 4,174 children were enrolled at 22 sites; 2,153 (52%) completed the core intervention and had more than 1 follow-up visit. A total of 2,014 enrolled children (48%) were tested for allergies. Retention was related to type and location of site, ease of obtaining written plans, language and ethnicity of asthma counselor, and on-site allergy testing. Higher rates of allergy testing were associated with the same factors, as well as flexibility in scheduling and selective enrollment of participants. Conclusions Inner-city children with asthma can be enrolled in the Inner-City Asthma Intervention outside a controlled research setting. However, completion of all intervention components is difficult to achieve. We identify having an asthma counselor who is representative of the community, access to asthma action plans, and on-site allergy testing as factors that facilitate the implementation of this intervention in community-based settings.
Indeterminacy of translation and of truth

There are three theses connected with Quine's views about the indeter minacy of translation which should be clearly distinguished from one another. These are: (1) A person's dispositions to accept sentences do not determine a unique interpretation of those sentences.1 (2) The notions of meaning, propositional attitudes, etc., do not pos sess the explanatory power often attributed to them by philosophers. (In particular, one cannot explain the truth of a sentence by saying it is "true by virtue of meaning", nor can one "explain why a person accepts a sentence by saying he accepts a proposition which the sentence expres ses."2) (3) "Though linguistics is of course a part of the theory of nature, the indeterminacy of translation is not just inherited as a special case of the underdetermination of our theory of nature. It is parallel but additional."3 I doubt that (1) is still a subject of debate. Quine's opponents have by now been argued around to admitting that alternative systems of analyt ical hypotheses, producing non-equivalent translations, will predict dis positions to accept sentences equally well. (2) is a much more important, interesting, and controversial matter, and one which requires more ar gument than merely citing (1). The arguments for (2) consist mainly in exhibiting the poverty of the 'explanations' provided by an appeal to the notions in question.4 (3) is often run together with (2). Thus when replying to Chomsky's doubts about (3) Quine himself seems to merge the two theses by saying that grasping the difference between the general "under determination of our theory of nature" and the special indeterminacy of translation will lead to "a change in prevalent attitudes toward meaning, idea, proposition", and that the difference escapes recognition "because of the uncritical persistence of old notions of meaning, idea, proposi tion".5 The suggestion seems to be that accepting (2) should lead to accepting (3), or vice versa, or both. I find this suggestion puzzling because I should want to accept (1) and
Physics : What does one need to know ?

. For the basic areas of physics-classical mechanics, classical field theories, and quantum mechanics-there are local dynamical theories that offer complete descriptions of systems when the proper subsidiary conditions also are provided. For all these cases there are global theories from which the local theories can be derived. Symmetries and their relation to conservation laws are reviewed. The standard model of elementary particles is mentioned, along with frontier questions about them. A case against reductionism in physics is presented.
Local Influence and Robust Procedures for Mediation Analysis

Existing studies of mediation models have been limited to normal-theory maximum likelihood (ML). Because real data in the social and behavioral sciences are seldom normally distributed and often contain outliers, classical methods generally lead to inefficient or biased parameter estimates. Consequently, the conclusions from a mediation analysis can be misleading. In this article, we propose 2 approaches to alleviate these problems. One is to identify cases that strongly affect testing of mediation using local influence methods or robust methods. The other is to use robust methods for parameter estimation and subsequently test the mediated effect based on the robust estimates. The application of these 2 approaches is illustrated using 1 simulated and 2 real data examples. The interest in 1 real data set is the relationship among marital conflict, children's emotional insecurity, and children's internalizing problems. The other example is concerned with whether ethnic identity mediates the effect of family cohesion on Korean language fluency. Results show that local influence and robust methods rank the influence of cases similarly, but robust methods are more objective. Moreover, when the normality assumption is violated, robust methods give estimates with smaller standard errors and more reliable tests of the mediated effect compared with normal-theory ML. An R program that implements the local influence and robust procedures for mediation analysis is also provided.
Philippine arc system—Collision or flipped subduction zones?

Between Taiwan and the Molucca strait, an arc-arc collision migrating southward between late Oligocene and early or mid-Pliocene time was followed by renewed subduction at the former sites of arc-associated wrenching. Possibly triggered by polarity changes along strike of the collision, the postcollisional trenches are offset and of opposed polarity. Their combined motion leads to rotation of the convergence system relative to its foreland areas. Examples of such rotating systems are also found in the circum-Mediterranean orogenic complexes.
Public economics at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees: 1830–1850

Abstract If economics is no longer the Dismal Science, good news still does not always travel fast amongst economists. Delay is especially likely if the good news happens to appear first in a journal for highway engineers; and delay is yet more likely, as far as English-speaking economists are concerned, if the engineering journal happens to be the Annales des Ponts et Chaussees .
Interaction of a hurricane with the steering flow and its effect upon the hurricane trajectory

If the steering flow is defined at all times as the residual after subtraction of an axially symmetric vortex that moves with variable speed but invariant shape, then interaction terms appear in the prediction equation that governs the steering flow. The vortex is taken as the one that minimizes the kinetic energy of the steering flow in the initial data. The propagation velocity of the vortex is defined in such a way as to minimize interactions between vortex and steering flow, and is found to have a second-order dynamic part proportional to the gradient of steering-flow absolute vorticity. It also is shown that in a uniform steering flow, interaction terms give rise to an acceleration of cyclonic vortices in the direction of increasing steering-flow absolute potential vorticity. Results are presented for numerical computations made from 500-mb data on hurricane Betsy 1956 with the proposed prediction model with and without the interaction terms. The interaction terms remove the major part of a systematic rightward bias found in earlier hurricane-trajectory forecasts based upon steering-flow models. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1963.tb01395.x
Sequential thoracic metastasectomy prolongs survival by re-establishing local control within the chest

Abstract Objective: The value of sequential thoracic metastasectomies is unknown. We evaluate repeat metastasectomy for limited recurrences within the thorax. Methods: From July 1988 to September 1998, 54 patients underwent 2 to 6 separate sequential procedures to excise metastases after recurrence isolated to the thorax. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox modeling determined prognostic variables. Results: Thirty-three men and 21 women, 22 to 76 years underwent 2 (100%, n=54), 3 (50%), 4 (22%), or 5 to 6 (11%) metastasectomies. Fifty-four percent of patients had carcinoma, 35% sarcoma, 9% germ cell, and 2% melanoma. There were no operative deaths; all late deaths occurred from cancer. Median follow-up was 48 months. Cumulative 5-year survival from the second procedure was 57%. After the second, third, fourth, and fifth procedures, respectively, permanent control was achieved in 15 (27%) of 54 patients, 5 (19%) of 27, 1 (8%) of 12, and 0 of 7. Recurrence amenable to additional surgery occurred in 27 (50%) of 54, 12 (44%) of 27, 6 (50%) of 12, and 1 (17%) of 6. Mean hazard for the development of unresectable recurrence increased from 0.21 after the second procedure to 0.91 after the fifth procedure. The 5-year survival for the 27 patients undergoing only 2 metastasectomies was 60% (median not yet reached), 33% for the 15 patients undergoing only 3 metastasectomies (median 34.7 months), and 38% for the 12 patients undergoing 4 or more (median 45.6 months). From the time a recurrence was declared unresectable, patients had a 19% 2-year survival (median 8 months). Conclusions: Multiple attempts to re-establish intrathoracic control of metastatic disease is justified in carefully selected patients, but the magnitude of benefit decays with each subsequent attempt. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:657-67)
Postinfarction sudden death: significance of inducible ventricular tachycardia and infarct size in a conscious canine model.

Abstract The relationship between inducible ventricular tachycardia in the convalescent phase of myocardial infarction and subsequent spontaneous ventricular fibrillation is uncertain. Thirty conscious instrumented dogs underwent programmed ventricular stimulation 5 days after anterior infarction; 15 had inducible ventricular tachycardia and 15 were noninducible. Following programmed ventricular stimulation, the application of a 150 uA current to the intima of the proximal circumflex artery initiated intimal damage, thrombosis, and acute ischemia of the posterolateral wall. After 20 minutes of ischemia, 73% inducible and 15% noninducible anlmals developed ventricular fibrillation (p
Chromatin modifications as therapeutic targets in MLL-rearranged leukemia

MLL-rearranged leukemias exemplify malignancies with perturbations of the epigenetic landscape. Specific chromatin modifications that aid in the perpetuation of MLL fusion gene driven oncogenic programs are being defined, presenting novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. Proof-of-concept studies have recently been reported, using small-molecule inhibitors targeting the histone methyltransferase disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L), or the acetyl-histone binding protein bromodomain containing protein 4 (BRD4) showing potent activity against MLL-rearranged leukemias in preclinical models. It is apparent that intensive efforts will be made toward the further development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting these, and other chromatin-associated protein targets. These studies may lead to the advent of a new generation of much-needed therapeutic modalities in leukemia and other cancers.
CT risks dwarfed by diagnostic benefits.

The News Focus story “Second thoughts about CT imaging” (L. Schenkman, 25 February, p. [1002][1]) describes the theoretical risk of low-dose radiation from computed tomography (CT), the growing use of CT in medical practice, and its use (and presumed overuse) in the diagnosis of appendicitis,
Calculation of dingle temperatures for dilute CuH

Abstract The average t -matrix approximation is used in conjunction with the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker equations of band theory to calculate Fermi surface damping and Dingle temperatures in dilute CuH for the neck, belly, and dog's bone orbits. The agreement with experiment is found to be satisfactory.
Noninvasive Bone Mineral Measurements

Single and dual photon absorptiometry are now available to aid the physician in diagnosis and management of generalized bone diseases. Both methods are reviewed in detail. They allow an accurate and reproducible assessment of bone mineral at predominantly cortical (appendicular skeleton) and trabecular (axial skeleton) bone sites. Newer findings show that cortical and trabecular bone behave differently and that the effect of endocrine dysfunction on bone appears to be both disease and site specific. These qualitative and quantitative differences in cortical and trabecular bone loss require that an optimal sampling site has to be found for a given bone problem if maximum benefit is to be derived from these tests.
Skin Response To Fabric. A Review of Studies and Assessment Methods

Research studies which provide insight into the response of human skin to fabric when contacted by and/or covered with fabric are reviewed When possible, the fabric parameter thought influential in...
Beyond aflatoxin: four distinct expression patterns and functional roles associated with Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolism gene clusters

SUMMARY Species of Aspergillus produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, and recent genomic analysis has predicted that these species have the capacity to synthesize many more compounds. It has been possible to infer the presence of 55 gene clusters associated with secondary metabolism in Aspergillus flavus; however, only three metabolic pathways—aflatoxin, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and aflatrem—have been assigned to these clusters. To gain an insight into the regulation of and to infer the ecological significance of the 55 secondary metabolite gene clusters predicted in A. flavus, we examined their expression over 28 diverse conditions. Variables included culture medium and temperature, fungal development, colonization of developing maize seeds and misexpression of laeA, a global regulator of secondary metabolism. Hierarchical clustering analysis of expression profiles allowed us to categorize the gene clusters into four distinct clades. Gene clusters for the production of aflatoxins, CPA and seven other unknown compound(s) were identified as belonging to one clade. To further explore the relationships found by gene expression analysis, aflatoxin and CPA production were quantified under five different cell culture environments known to be conducive or nonconducive for aflatoxin biosynthesis and during the colonization of developing maize seeds. Results from these studies showed that secondary metabolism gene clusters have distinctive gene expression profiles. Aflatoxin and CPA were found to have unique regulation, but are sufficiently similar that they would be expected to co-occur in substrates colonized with A. flavus.
Factors influencing the persistence of fecal Bacteroides in stream water.

Fecal contamination leads to increased risk of exposure to enteric pathogens in aquatic environments used for drinking water, recreation, and commercial shellfishing. Current indicators of fecal contamination recommended by the EPA such as E. coli and enterococcus can fall short of meeting ideal indicator criteria by having widely-varying persistence in the environment, reproducing in the environment, occurring in the gut in low and variable concentrations, and requiring time-consuming assays. Furthermore, both these indicators lack the degree of host specificity needed for use in identifying sources of fecal contamination, which is an important tool for identifying and reducing fecal inputs to the aquatic environment. Preliminary studies have suggested bacteria belonging to the genus Bacteroides can be an alternative to current fecal indicators. This thesis assessed the utility of Bacteroides as a fecal indicator first through a review of the literature investigating the use of Bacteroides and highlighting current research needs. Next, a series of microcosm experiments investigating the effects of varying environmental parameters on the persistence of the Bacteroides 16S rRNA marker in stream water were performed. These studies used real-time PCR detection to develop decay curves for Bacteroides concentrations under different conditions of water filtration, initial fecal aggregate size, initial fecal concentration, temperature, and fecal source organism. Statistical models were used to determine the significance of the decay curves and identify those variables having the greatest significance to the rate of decline of Bacteroides. The results of this study indicated that filtration, temperature, and the initial fecal aggregate size had significant effects on the rate of removal of the Bacteroides genetic marker from stream water. The decline was significantly less in filtered (0.25 log removal/day) versus unfiltered stream water (0.67 log removal/day), 5 °C (0.32 log removal/day) versus 25 °C (1.62 log removal/day), and coarse (0.62 log removal/day) versus fine aggregate size (1.41 log removal/day). The initial concentration of fecal matter and the host organism did not have significant affects on removal. This suggests that the primary mechanism behind decline of the Bacteroides marker in stream water is biologic removal, such as grazing by protozoa or infection by bacteriophage. Finally, this thesis presents the development of the EqBac assay, a new quantitative PCR assay using the Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene from horses to detect equine fecal contamination.
Top Management Decision Sharing and Adherence to Plans

Abstract This article describes a study of the impact of top management decision sharing on the tendency of firms to adhere to their strategic plans, and the effects of strategic mission and environmental hostility on this decision sharing-adherence to plans relationship. As a secondary focus, the research also examined the impact of environmental hostility on the relationship between adherence to plans and firm financial performance. For the pur- poses of this study, adherence to plans was defined as an organizational outcome reflected in whether firms characteristically persist with predetermined and intended business plans or whether they regularly and extensively adjust their choice of business strategies and tactics in unplanned ways. Data were collected using questionnaires which were sent to the senior executives (presidents and/or CEOs) of 109 independent, nondiversified manufacturing firms. Approximately 20 industry segments are represented in the sample. Moderated regression analysis and subgroup analysis were used to analyze the data. Tests for monotonicity were conducted to clarify the regression analysis findings. Results indicate that firms with a participative or shared approach to top management decision making are no more likely to adhere to their plans than are firms which do not practice decision sharing. However, top management decision sharing was found to be positively related to adherence to plans among firms with “harvest” strategies and among firms operating in benign environments. Conversely, top management decision sharing was found to be negatively related to adherence to plans among firms with “build” strategies and among firms operating in hostile environments. Additional analyses revealed that adherence to plans is more positively related to financial performance among firms in hostile environments than among firms in more benign environments. The implications of these results and the limitations of the research are discussed.
Channel modeling for wireless networks-on-chips

Designing and implementing wireless networks on chips (WiNoCs) presents numerous engineering challenges, in the areas of computer architecture, multiple access, wireless propagation, physical layer communications processing, and device design and fabrication. In this article we provide a survey on WiNoC propagation and the issues involved with WiNoC channel modeling. We address both attenuation and dispersion, and illustrate the dramatic differences between the miniature WiNoC case and more familiar terrestrial wireless channels. Remaining channel modeling research is outlined.
On the cerebellum, cutaneomuscular reflexes, movement control and the elusive engrams of memory

This review focuses on the role of the cerebellum in regulating cutaneomuscular reflexes and provides a hypothesis regarding the way in which this action contributes to the coordination of goal-directed movements of the extremities. Specific attention is directed towards the cerebellum's role in conditioned and unconditioned eyeblink reflexes and limb withdrawal reflexes as models of its interactions with the cutaneomuscular reflex systems. The implications regarding the cerebellum as a storage site for motor engrams also is discussed in the context of these two behaviors. The proposed hypothesis suggests that the cerebellum regulates important features of the cutaneomuscular reflex circuits including the integration of their activity with descending pathways in a manner that implements these fundamental reflex circuits in the organization and control of goal-directed movements of the extremities.
‘Stuck in the quagmire of an HIV ghetto’: the meaning of stigma in the lives of older black gay and bisexual men living with HIV in New York City

In this paper, we analyse the life history narratives of 10 poor gay and bisexual Black men over the age of 50 living with HIV/AIDS in New York City, focusing on experiences of stigma. Three overarching themes are identified. First, participants described the ways in which stigma marks them as 'just one more body' within social and medical institutions, emphasising the dehumanisation they experience in these settings. Second, respondents described the process of 'knowing your place' within social hierarchies as a means through which they are rendered tolerable. Finally, interviewees described the dynamics of stigma as all-consuming, relegating them to the 'quagmire of an HIV ghetto'. These findings emphasise that despite advances in treatment and an aging population of persons living with HIV, entrenched social stigmas continue to endanger the well-being of Black men who have sex with men.
The Ability of Preoperative Serum CA-125 to Predict Optimal Primary Tumor Cytoreduction in Stage III Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma

Abstract Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of preoperative serum CA-125 to predict optimal primary tumor cytoreduction in patients with Stage III epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Methods. We performed a retrospective chart review of 100 consecutive patients with Stage III ovarian carcinoma who had a serum CA-125 drawn prior to primary cytoreductive surgery. We used a receiver operating characteristic curve to determine the CA-125 level with the maximal prognostic power in predicting optimal versus suboptimal cytoreduction. Results. The median CA-125 level for the 100 patients was 819 U/ml (range 5.6–26,200 U/ml). Optimal cytoreduction (diameter of largest residual tumor nodule ≤1 cm) was obtained in 45 cases (45%). The probability of performing optimal cytoreduction decreased with increasing CA-125 levels. A preoperative CA-125 level of 500 U/ml was identified as the value with the most predictive power. Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 33 of the 45 cases (73%) with a CA-125 less than 500 U/ml compared to only 12 of the 55 cases (22%) with a CA-125 greater than 500 U/ml. Using a threshold level of 500 U/ml, the preoperative serum CA-125 level was able to predict optimal versus suboptimal cytoreduction with a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 73%, positive predictive value of 78%, and negative predictive value of 73%. Conclusion. The probability of performing optimal cytoreduction in patients with Stage III ovarian carcinoma and a preoperative CA-125 greater than 500 U/ml was approximately one in five. These patients may be candidates for initial laparoscopic evaluation to obtain a confirmatory tissue diagnosis and to determine resectability.
Reinforcement Schedule Effects on Long-Term Behavior Change

Objective The primary aim of this study was to determine whether different schedules of contingency management (CM), in conjunction with psychosocial treatment, produced different rates of abstinence and treatment attendance among individuals dependent on methamphetamine. Methods Individuals were randomized into 1 of 3 conditions that sought to equate total potential reinforcer magnitude while varying the frequency with which reinforcement was delivered, and comparing these results to those obtained when psychosocial support alone was used. Results Results indicate that all 3 CM schedules occasioned more abstinent attendance than the group only receiving psychosocial treatment. However, the 3 CM conditions did not differ in any appreciable way. Conclusions These results suggest that treatment providers may be able to decrease the frequency of reinforcer delivery in CM paradigms while retaining efficacy to treat psychostimulant use disorders.
The Duration of Sheltered Homelessness in a Small City

Abstract We analyze the factors that influence the length of a completed spell of sheltered homelessness, using administrative data on individuals who stayed in a large regional homeless shelter. We develop a model of homelessness which provides the basis for inferences made from our estimated model. Our estimates provide some support for the predictions of the model and reveal a variety of individual-specific characteristics that increase the length of stay in the shelter. These include the presence of a medical condition, recent release from an institution, a family crisis, age, and gender. We find no evidence that either a history of drug abuse or mental illness has a statistically significant effect on the rate of exit from the shelter. Our results are then used to draw some tentative policy recommendations.
Conceptualizing Unfamiliar Content.

In order to participate effectively in the instructional development process, an instructional designer must quickly develop a conceptualization of the content to be included in the instruction. The conceptualization is based on content-related information acquired from a variety of sources, such as the designer’s prior knowledge, a subject-matter expert, or printed subject-matter materials. This article provides an overview of techniques an instructional designer can use to examine printed subject-matter materials when conceptualizing unfamiliar content.
The “Ferret Out the Lesbians” Legend: Johnnie Phelps, General Eisenhower, and the Power and Politics of Myth

The most famous lesbian story to come out of World War II was told by Women's Army Corps (WAC) soldier Nell "Johnnie" Phelps, who claimed to have been given an order by General Dwight D. Eisenhower to "ferret out the lesbians" in her WAC detachment. This article backgrounds her story with history of women in the WAC in World War II and recounts the narrative as it appears in transcripts of Phelps' oral history and in other publications featuring it. It analyzes the public discourse around Phelps' account and its disproval and examines the ways the story has been used for political, historical, community, and personal aims since the oral history was taken in 1982.
Adsorption and thermal decomposition of phenol on Ni(110)

Abstract The thermal decomposition of phenol on Ni(110) between 150 and 800 K was investigated with temperature programmed desorption (TPD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). After adsorption at 150 K, the phenol monolayer completely decomposed into H2, CO, and adsorbed carbon upon heating to 800 K. Molecular phenol desorbed from an unreactive state at 225 K and from the multilayer at 200 K. The saturated reactive monolayer resulted in four H2 desorption states, β1–β4. The β1-H2 state observed between 250 and 350 K, resulted from OH bond scission and demonstrated the formation of a phenoxy species. A deuterium kinetic isotope effect (DKIE) for β1-hydrogen desorption indicated that OH bond scission occurs between 250 and 350 K. However, the absence of a DKIE in the reactive adsorption at 290 K of OH/OD and CH/CD labeled phenol showed that phenol chemisorbed on Ni(110) via the π bonds of the ring. The β2–β4-H2 desorption states occurred in a continuum between 370 and 650 K and resulted from decomposition of the phenyl ring. The observation of a deuterium kinetic isotope effect for β2-H2 desorption from 2,4,6-d3-phenol, compared to h6-phenol, and 3,5-d2-phenol indicated that scission of the CH bond in either the (2,6) or the 4 position on the ring was the rate limiting step. CO desorption began near 400 K, and continued to about 650 K, exhibiting the same general thermal desorption distribution as the β2–β4-H2 desorption spectrum. In CO desorption, a DKIE indicated CH bond scission influenced the decomposition of the CC bonds in the ring which resulted in CO production. 13C labeling revealed that 60% of the CO bond units remained intact. At 650 K, the carbon residue had a graphitic Auger lineshape, and exhibited a LEED pattern that is consistent with graphite microcrystallites. The surface C dissolved into the bulk above 700 K.