cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards bimagnetic nanoparticle thermometry

Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) thermometry is a promising approach for non-invasive and remote temperature sensing for applications in both fundamental and applied sciences. However, the small thermosensitivity (temperature-dependent magnetization) of conventional single magnetic material MNPs (e.g. magnetite or other ferrites) limit the requisite sensitivity needed for practical applications. Bimagnetic nanoparticles with tunable thermosensitivity and operating temperature ranges represent a potential route to overcome these limitations. Here we present results on the temperature-dependent AC magnetization of synthesized cobalt-doped ferrite MNPs and demonstrate the feasibility of engineered material composition and structure towards the realization of a highly sensitive MNP thermometer. Int. J. Mag. Part. Imag. 6(2), Suppl. 1, 2020, Article ID: 2009010, DOI: 10.18416/IJMPI.2020.2009010
What educational psychology means to me: The journey of a reading researcher

This article was adapted from the E. L. Thorndike Address that I delivered at the August, 2019 meeting of the American Psychological Association in Chicago. I trace my career as an educational psyc...
Benchmarking Project Manager’s Compensation

The US construction industry has faced fluctuating economical periods in the 21st century. In 2008, the industry decline was so extreme that it not only affected the construction industry but also the entire economy of the nation. Those fluctuations affected many aspects of the construction industry, compensation rates were one of the most impacted areas. With the construction industry’s fragile and highly connected nature to economic trends, it became harder to determine remunerations of the workers in the industry. This study focuses specifically on construction project managers’ (PM’s) compensation. The objective of this study was to benchmark project manager’s compensation in general contracting firms. The intended audience are GCs or human resource departments of general contracting firms. The data was collected from privately-held Georgia-based general contracting companies in a survey conducted in 2016. The study analyzed PM’s compensation rates alongside industry and market statistics to identify correlating trends. The results of the study add to the field of business and management practices in construction. The results provided patterns of compensation for PMs in the construction industry. The study concludes that PM compensation is not determined only by the size of an organization, but it depends on a set of organization specific factors including gross revenue earnings, and experience (age).
Therapeutic Non-Adherence

Therapeutic non-adherence is defined by the World Health Organization as “the degree to which the person’s behavior corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider” [1]. While having a tremendous impact on all of medicine, therapeutic non-adherence is particularly relevant in dermatology due to the chronicity of dermatological diseases, the complex nature of treatment plans, and the lack of patients’ understanding regarding their disease states. Dermatological diseases have a particularly profound impact on quality of life, yet the correct usage of medications, particularly topical medications, is overwhelmingly low. This juxtaposition leads to patient disillusionment and degrades the patient-physician relationship. In this chapter, we explore potential causes for therapeutic non-adherence, means of mitigating compliance, and specific cases illustrating the nuances of non-adherence in dermatology. We examine various moral arguments regarding patient responsibility for adherence to treatment, and evaluate options for physicians treating patients who are consistently non-adherent.
Design and Implementation of a Multipurpose Information System for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation on the Basis of the Biomedical Research Integrated Domain Group Model

PURPOSEAn important obstacle to cancer research is that nearly all academic cancer centers maintain substantial collections of highly duplicative, poorly quality-assured, nonintercommunicating, dif...
'Written of by novelists': scripting and managing emotions in 19th-century medical manuscripts.

Literary and medical historical scholars have long explored the work of physician–writers and the cross-pollination of literature and medicine. However, few scholars have considered how these interactions have shaped medical manuscripts and the echoes they contain of the emotional contours of the medical encounter. This essay uses the papers of Southern physician Andrew Bowles Holder (1860–1896) to explore how the emotions of the physician were managed at the bedside and in the aftermath of medical encounters through recourse to literary thinking. Holder, like many 19th-century physicians, was an avid reader with an interest in literary endeavours, and his manuscripts reveal the influences of literature on his work as a physician. This article frames the bedside as a theatre of emotions, in which Holder’s performance and management of his emotions was key to his professional identity. His literary interests thus provided him with two tools: first, literature provided him with models for how to respond to and record different kinds of medical encounters, particularly deaths, near-death experiences and childbirth; second, his mode of keeping these records, which included the production of poetry as well as medical prose, served as a technology of coping, further allowing him to manage his emotions by exorcising them on the page.
Chapter 5 Molecules of intercellular communication in vertebrates, invertebrates and microbes: do they share common origins?

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews (1) materials in microbes that resemble vertebrate receptors for hormones and other intercellular messengers, (2) intercellular communication in microbes, and (3) materials that resemble vertebrate hormones in microbes, higher plants, amphibian skin, and very young avian embryos. The term “glandulocentric” is introduced to indicate a traditional approach whereby each hormone is thought to be a unique product of one endocrine gland. Because the typical vertebrate endocrine gland is limited to vertebrates, its hormonal product had been thought to be similarly restricted in distribution. The one-to-one relationship between hormone and gland is similarly applied conceptually to the endocrine system in insects and in mollusks. Intercellular communication is widespread in microbes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the common yeast, there are two sex types—α and A—which communicate one with the other via peptide messengers, designated α factor and A factor. Materials that resemble vertebrate-type messenger peptides are present in plants. The paleocentric approach, which suggests that these messengers originated early in evolution before the divergence of life forms into separate kingdoms, easily accommodates these observations. Many of the messenger peptides of vertebrate as well as their receptors and many of their post-receptor components have their evolutionary origins among the microbes and appear to be distributed among a very wide range of forms of life.
Investigation of subgrid-scale mixing of reactive scalar perturbations from flamelets in turbulent partially premixed flames

Abstract Recent studies of subgrid-scale (SGS) mixing and turbulence-chemistry interaction have shown that turbulent flames contain different structures. In flamelet structures diffusion of reactive scalars and chemical reaction are tightly coupled. Most mixing models used in probability density and filtered density methods, however, are based on non-reactive scalars. To investigate the effects of the coupling on the diffusion we decompose a reactive scalar into a steady flamelet part and perturbations from it. The diffusion of the former can be obtained from a suitably chosen flamelet solution while the latter is unclosed. The conditionally filtered diffusion and dissipation of the reactive scalar perturbations are analyzed using high-resolution line images obtained in turbulent partially premixed (Sandia) flames. For SGS scalar containing flamelets, the perturbation diffusion has characteristics similar to that of a non-reactive scalar, in contrast with the flamelet part. The functional form of the conditionally filtered diffusion is well described by the Interaction by Exchange with the Mean (IEM) model. Our perturbation analysis of the flamelet equation shows that for perturbations having length scales smaller than the reaction zone width, the reactive scalar diffusion is largely controlled by the mixture fraction field, thus having the characteristics of non-reactive scalar mixing. For perturbations with length scales larger than the reaction width, the conditionally filtered diffusion has the same form as non-reactive scalar mixing, with the mixing time scale determined by the flamelet. The IEM model predictions based on this mixing time scale are in good agreement with the experimental results for a range of SGS conditions, suggesting that the perturbations are consistent with unsteady flamelets for the conditions studied. Thus, mixing models based on non-reactive scalars can potentially model the SGS mixing accurately. The results in the present study can be useful for developing a unified mixing model that can predict all combustion regimes accurately.
Protein Structure: Unusual Covalent Bonds

Proteins are linear polypeptides made out of a small set of amino acids. The chemical diversity of the building blocks is limited, but a protein's covalent structure can be amended in vivo so that unusual linkages are introduced and new functionalities are conveyed. These covalent modifications may occur during translation or after the protein is fully synthesised; they may be spontaneous or enzymatic and transient or long lived. They are generally consequential to cellular function and integrity of the organism. The broad array of modification includes common and frequent substitutions such as phosphorylation and rarer alterations such as formylglycine formation. A survey of long-lived modifications is presented from a physicochemical perspective with attention to biological relevance. Key Concepts: Covalent bonds other than found in the standard set of amino acids expand the chemical properties of proteins. Unusual bonds are found in protein-derived prosthetic groups. Unusual covalent bonds play functional roles. Some unusual covalent bonds are irreversibly formed and are markers of aging. Many unusual bonds are reversibly formed and participate in regulatory mechanisms. Unusual bonds are often difficult to detect and identify, especially in vivo. Technological advances have improved the ability to detect modifications in entire proteomes. Keywords: protein chemistry; post-translational modification; cotranslational modification; prosthetic groups
Adults Who Play Violent Video Games and Their Normative Beliefs About Aggression

Evidence regarding the relationship between playing violent video games and subsequent aggression has been mixed. This study further examined the relationship between normative beliefs about the acceptability of both physical and verbal aggression and playing violent video games. A total of 87 participants (27 males and 60 females), ranging in age from 19 to 49, completed three online surveys regarding video game use, amount of exposure to violent video games, and normative beliefs about aggression. Unlike past research, the present study did not find a relationship between exposure to . violent video games and subsequent beliefs regarding the acceptability of aggression. It was found that males and females do not significantly differ in their beliefs about the acceptability of aggression. Some limitations of the present research are discussed such as limited generalizeability due to sample constraints.
The dynamic functional capacity theory: A neuropsychological model of intense emotions

AbstractThe music-evoked emotion literature implicates many brain regions involved in emotional processing but is currently lacking a model that specifically explains how they temporally and dynamically interact to produce intensely pleasurable emotions. A conceptual model, the dynamic functional capacity theory (DFCT), is proposed and provides a foundation for the further understanding of how brain regions interact to produce intensely pleasurable emotions. The DFCT claims that brain regions mediating emotion and arousal regulation have a limited functional capacity that can be exceeded by intense stimuli. The prefrontal cortex is hypothesized to abruptly deactivate when this happens, resulting in the inhibitory release of sensory cortices, the limbic system, the reward-circuit, and the brainstem reticular activating system, causing “unbridled” activation of these areas. This process is hypothesized to produce extremely intense emotions. This theory may provide—music-evoked emotion researchers and music ...
Making sense of sexual orientation measures: findings from a cognitive processing study with adolescents on health survey questions

ABSTRACT Objective: To carry out a study using cognitive processing interview methods to explore ways in which adolescents understand sexual orientation questions currently used on epidemiologic surveys. Methods: In-depth, individual interviews were conducted to probe cognitive processes involved in answering four self-report survey questions assessing sexual identity, sexual attraction, and sex of sexual partners. A semi-structured interview guide was used to explore variation in question interpretation, information retrieval patterns and problems, item clarity, valence of reactions to items (positive, negative, neutral), respondent burden, and perceived threat associated with the measures. Thirty adolescents aged 15 to 21 of diverse sexual orientations and race/ethnicities participated in the study, including female, male, and transgender youth. Results: A question on sexual attraction was the most consistently understood and thus was easy for nearly all youth to answer. In contrast, a measure of sexual...
The Evolution of Large‐Horizontal‐Scale Disturbances in Marginally Stable, Inviscid, Shear Flows. I. Derivation of the Amplitude Evolution Equations

Two inviscid, stratified, shear flow models are studied. The amplitude evolution equations for large-horizontal-scale disturbances are derived. Particular attention is given to the case where the flows are marginally stable. In this case the amplitude evolution equations are second order in time. A typical example is the Boussinesq equation.
Sequence Kernel Association Analysis of Rare Variant Set Based on the Marginal Regression Model for Binary Traits

Recent sequencing efforts have focused on exploring the influence of rare variants on the complex diseases. Gene level based tests by aggregating information across rare variants within a gene have become attractive to enrich the rare variant association signal. Among them, the sequence kernel association test (SKAT) has proved to be a very powerful method for jointly testing multiple rare variants within a gene. In this article, we explore an alternative SKAT. We propose to use the univariate likelihood ratio statistics from the marginal model for individual variants as input into the kernel association test. We show how to compute its significance P-value efficiently based on the asymptotic chi-square mixture distribution. We demonstrate through extensive numerical studies that the proposed method has competitive performance. Its usefulness is further illustrated with application to associations between rare exonic variants and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. We identified an exome-wide significant rare variant set in the gene ZZZ3 worthy of further investigations.
Piezoelectricity: history and new thrusts

Piezoelectricity was discovered by the brothers Curie in 1880. What started out as a scientific curiosity has grown to have very significant commercial importance. We sketch here some of the milestones of its history, a hit of its phenomenology, and conclude with some present applications and prospects for the future.
SIRTF, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility

The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is the last of the NASA Great Observatories, and a cornerstone of the NASA Origins Missions. The Observatory will include an 85 cm telescope in a unique orbit around the Sun. The telescope wild be launched at ambient temperature and cooled to 5.5 K in space. The science instruments will use large detector arrays that will be background limited and capable of a broad range of astrophysical investigations. The SIRTF architecture will accommodate up to 5 years of cryogenic space operations. This talk will describe both the scientific and technical capabilities of SIRTF.
Connections among different phase transition problems in two dimensions

Abstract Some of the two dimensional statistical mechanical models likely to be discussed in this meeting are described and their properties outlined. The phase transitions of most of the models can be discussed as lying upon lines of continuously varying critical behavior. One particularly simple example of this type of model is the Gaussian model, which can be treated as having independent spin waves and vortex excitations. We describe how all the other models may be understood in terms of the Gaussian model.
The Conflict in Moral Education: Teaching Principles or Virtues?

(1991). The Conflict in Moral Education: Teaching Principles or Virtues? The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 293-296.
Antidepressant Drugs in Oral Fluid Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

An analytical procedure for the determination of widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders, including amitriptyline, cyclobenzaprine, imipramine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluoxetine, sertraline, trimipramine, protriptyline, chlorpromazine, clomipramine, and some of their metabolites (nortriptyline, desmethyldoxepin, desipramine, desmethyltrimipramine, norclomipramine) in oral fluid has been developed and validated using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectral detection. The oral fluid samples were collected using the Quantisal ™ device and screened with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Any drugs present were quantified using mixed-mode solid-phase extraction followed by mass spectrometric detection in positive electrospray ionization mode. For confirmation, two transitions were monitored, and the ratio between the two was required to be within 20% of the known calibration standard. Because of the worldwide shortage of acetonitrile, which was first reported in October 2008, the mobile phase was optimized to use methanol as the organic component. For all compounds, the lower limit of quantitation was 5 ng/mL; the intraday precision ranged from 2.9 to 8.2% (n = 6); interday precision from 1.5 to 6.2% (n = 30) at a concentration of 40 ng/mL. The percentage recovery of antidepressants from the oral fluid collection pad was calculated at a concentration of 40 ng/mL and ranged from 51.4 to 84.1 % (n = 6). The aim of the study was to develop a confirmatory procedure for drugs in oral fluid that had been identified as presumptively positive for antidepressants and related compounds. The methods were applied to research oral fluid specimens received into our facility for testing.
Disseminated sporotrichosis with Sporothrix schenckii fungemia

The laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic management of disseminated sporotrichosis can present many problems to the clinical laboratory and the clinician. Culturing of clinical specimens is necessary because the direct microscopic examination of specimens for Sporothrix schenckii often is not useful. Although this organism has been recovered from many specimen sites, recovery from blood has been rare. This report summarizes data concerning recovery of S. schenckii from clinical specimens and the use of serologic and fungal antimicrobial susceptibility data. It appears to be the first antemortem recovery of S. schenckii from blood reported since 1909.
Finite element modeling discretization requirements for the laser forming process

Due to high efficiency and accuracy, 3D finite element modeling has been an effective tool to analyze the laser forming process. The discretization of a given finite element model has a significant effect on the results of simulation. To reduce the lengthy computational time caused by excessive degrees of freedom while insuring an accurate solution, the minimum discretization requirements of finite element modeling of the laser forming process need to be determined. This paper investigates the effects of temporal and spatial discretization on the final angular deformation of the plate. Numerical results under different discretization conditions are examined. The minimum requirements for discretization of 3D finite element models for laser forming are established by examining the convergence of the numerical solutions with increased discretization. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental measurements.
Impact of Wind Power Plants on Voltage and Transient Stability of Power Systems

With the scenario of wind power constituting up to 20% of the electric grid capacity in the future, the need for systematic studies of the impact of wind power on both voltage and transient stability of the grid has increased. A large number of parameters will affect such studies. For this paper, studies were conducted on a standard three-machine, nine-bus system augmented by a radially connected wind power plant (WPP), which contains 22 wind turbine generators (WTG). The studies include examining the voltage stability (P-V) curves of the system at the point of interconnection (POI), as well as in the radial system with and without the WPP. These voltage stability studies are done for the base case as well as for contingencies. This is followed by transient stability studies for three-phase faults, again at the POI as well on the radial system. The transient stability studies illustrate the capability of the WPP. The conclusions drawn from this study will be supported by an analytical study in the future.
Unit in Use of Audio- Visual Aids

(EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the last of the series of discussions of Unit Lesson Plans which was conducted by Professor Winthrop H. Rice, our Assistant Managing Editor in charge of Methodology and Bibliography. I am sure that we are interpreting the most grateful sentiments of our many readers and colleagues when we thank Professor Rice and his many collaborators for this splendid feature and contribution to the Modern Language Journal as well as to the field of language-teaching. It is fitting that Professor Daniel Girard of Teachers College, Columbia University should close this series with his very fine article on the latest devices and techniques in the use of audio-visual aids, this latest, most important newcomer to our field. Professor Girard needs no introduction since he is one of the best known scholars and methodologists in this country.)
SU‐E‐T‐236: Evaluation of Electronic Portal Imaging Device in the Quality Assurance of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of engaging electronic portal imaging device(EPID) in the routine VMAT QA programs. Methods: A small radiation field of 1.6×1.6cm was used to irradiate an 8mm diameter ball bearing positioned precisely at machine isocenter and projected images at different gantry angles were recorded using EPID. A dynamic‐MLC based picket fence pattern was created both in (a) static mode and (b) VMAT mode. In either mode, a total of 40 control points were evenly divided into ten strips of 2cm in width. The ratio of radiation fluence between two neighboring strips was set at 2. Elekta linear accelerators operate with binned dose rates. The dose rate transition is instant and in strict synchronization with the gantry rotation speed and MLC movement. The entire delivery of the picket fence pattern was recorded in accumulation mode with Elekta iView. Image analysis was performed using an in‐house program written in MATLAB. Results: During a full gantry rotation, EPID panel was found to move up to 1.3 mm in the gantry‐target direction but less than 0.5mm in the lateral direction. The MLC speed and positioning were well controlled in both static mode and VMAT mode. At any time point during radiation delivery, the positions of individual leaves in each bank were within 0.5mm of the planned position in static mode. Comparing the picket fence pattern in VMAT mode with that in static mode, we noted minimal discrepancy (<0.5mm) between the corresponding leaf edges. In addition, we observed a negligible impact of gantry rotation speed and MLC travel speed on the accuracy of leaf positioning. Conclusions: Through this study, we demonstrate that EPID is indeed a feasible tool in routine VMAT QA program given that the motion of EPID panel per se is carefully considered.
Molecular response of Drosophila melanogaster tyramine receptor cascade to plant essential oils.

Abstract This paper reports the role of the tyramine (TA) receptor cascade in the insecticidal activity of plant essential oils. A TA receptor cDNA encoding a putative seven transmembrane domain G-protein coupled receptor was amplified from Drosophila melanogaster head cDNA phage library. The encoded protein contains 601 amino acids and has a sequence similar to other biogenic amine receptors. This protein was expressed in Drosophila S2 cells for radioligand binding studies with the ligand 3H-TA. Competitive binding studies comparing biogenic amines that could potentially function as endogenous ligands have demonstrated that this receptor had the highest affinity for TA ( K i = 1.27 μ M ) followed by DL-octopamine, dopamine, serotonin and histamine. TA decreased the forskolin-increased cAMP levels (IC50=5.802 μM) and increased [Ca2+]i through the receptor expressed in S2 cells. The toxicity rank order of the tested plant essential oils against wild type D. melanogaster fly demonstrated a pattern similar to their effect on receptor binding activity and changes in cAMP level and [Ca2+]i. The toxicity of two of these chemicals was eliminated when tested against the TA receptor mutant (TyrRneo30) Drosophila strain. Therefore, the data indicates a correlation between cellular changes and insecticidal activity of tested plant essential oils, and suggests that the toxicity of at least two of these chemicals is mediated through the TA receptor.
Molecular Correlations and Neutral Excitations of Conjugated Polymers

Abstract The Coulomb potential V(R) in the Pariser-Parr-Pople model for conjugated hydrocarbons is shown to account naturally for neutral excitations of conjugated polymers, including even-parity states important for nonlinear processes and fluorescence. We contrast V(R) and segment ideas to solid-state models based on one-dimensional semiconductors and short-range interactions.
Prediction of auditory brainstem reflex screening referrals in high-risk infants.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objectives of this study were to 1) quantify the relative importance of established risk factors for congenital hearing loss (HL), 2) identify other risk factors for congenital HL, and 3) create a prognostic system that can predict the chance of an infant having HL. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study with validation of a prognostic system. The authors used a medical record review on 1,863 infants admitted to level II and level III nurseries who underwent auditory brainstem reflex (ABR) hearing screening from 1998 to 1999 (derivation cohort). The primary outcome was hearing screening referral (i.e., hearing screening failure) classified as mild to moderate, moderate to severe, and severe to profound loss. To validate the prognostic system, a medical record review of a separate cohort of 437 infants admitted to a level III nursery who underwent ABR hearing screening in 2002 (validation cohort) was performed. Results: In the derivation cohort, 1,513 infants (81%) passed the ABR screen at 30 dB, 77 (4%) had a unilateral referral, 243 (13%) had a bilateral referral, and 30 (1.6%) did not have a complete screening. In multivariable analysis, the following risk factors were clinically and statistically significant: craniofacial abnormalities, cytomegalovirus infection, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), maternal ethanol use, syndromes, hydrocephalus, and hyperbilirubinemia. Conclusions: Our results reaffirm the importance of several established risk factors for congenital HL, but suggest that BPD is an important predictor in high-risk populations. Whether these risk factors are causal or merely associated in congenital HL remains to be determined.
Mass Equivalent of the Energy in Radioactive Transformations

WITH a spark between a lead electrode and an electrode of palladium or one made of a platinum rhodium alloy, it was found that doubly-charged lead ions were formed, which in the mass-spectrograph gave close doublets with the singly-charged rhodium and palladium ions at 102, 103 and 104. The mass differences were 0·0860 ± 0·003 at 104 (Pd), and 0·0861 ± 0·003 at 103 (Rh). Although the packing fractions of palladium and rhodium have not been determined directly, they occupy a position on Dr. Aston's curve1 where the divergence of the atomic mass from an even integer reaches its maximum value of approximately 0·085 ± 0·005. Assuming this value as applying to palladium and rhodium, we find a value for the atomic masses of the lead isotopes of 206·00 ± 0·01 and 208·00 ± 0·01.
INDUCTION OF FLORAL PRIMORDIA IN ISOLATED NODAL EXPLANTS OF CESTRUM DIURNUM IN VITRO

A B S T R A C T Nodal explants of the LSD plant Cestrum diurnum, each consisting of a short piece of stem with leaf and axillary bud, produced flower primordia in culture on White's basal medium after removal from stems grown on 16-hr day and subjected to 8-hr daily photoperiods. No flower primordia formed in the absence of leaves or with leaves excised during the rapidly expanding phase of growth. The presence of 1/16 of a leaf blade was, however, enough to provide for floral initiation. Young mature leaves induced flower initiation equally well whether the leaf was erect, with only the stem portion in contact with the agar culture medium, or inverted, with the leaf blade making contact, whereas, when erect, fewer older leaves induced flower initiation and tended, in addition, to abscise. In a survey involving light intensity (1-1000 ft-c) and number of daily cycles (1-9) flower primordia were induced to form on 1 ft-c with 1 short day, increasing percentagewise to an optimum of about 81 ft-c in 7 days. The number of flowers per bud was little affected by light intensity but increased progressively with the number of daily cycles. THE USE of whole plants under controlled environmental conditions to study floral initiation has been utilized intensively since the initial discovery by Garner and Allard in 1920. With whole plants as the experimental unit, the presence of leaves of different physiological age, exposure of leaves to different light energy levels as -a result of shading, the presence of substantial masses of shoot system tissue-both meristematic and mature-and the presence, of complete 'root systems are complicating factors which beg control in the precise study of this phenomenon. 'The culture of isolated plant parts for the investigation of aspects of floral initiation has begun to make important contributions to understanding of this phenomenon. It has been shown that the leafless and rootless parasite, Cuscuta can produce flowers in culture free from the host (Loo, 1946) and as a typical short-day
Collision-Induced Absorption of H2–H2and H2–He in the Rotational and Fundamental Bands for Planetary Applications

In recent years there has been significant progress in theab initiocomputation and modeling of the collision-induced absorption in H2–H2and H2–He pairs in the rotovibrational and purely rototranslational bands covering 0–6000 cm−1at temperatures from 40 to 300 K. Extensive experimental and theoretical results have been obtained in a number of laboratories regarding this absorption as a function of frequency and temperature. This report summarizes the most advanced literature on this subject and presents a number of new results. Moreover, this report is designed to facilitate the utilization of this knowledge for the study of planetary atmospheres, and for future research of the H2–H2and H2–He infrared spectra. The theoretical absorption coefficients arising from free-free transitions in collisional pairs are available in the form of Fortranprograms which permit rapid and reliable evaluation of spectral intensities even for frequencies and temperatures at which laboratory measurements do not exist. The various approximations affecting the accuracy of the theory applied here are discussed in some detail. The theoretical spectra closely duplicate the existing laboratory measurements of collision-induced absorption, whose accuracy is discussed; only for the case of the fundamental band of H2–He are there small discrepancies from recent measurements which exceed somewhat the combined uncertainties of theory and measurement. The simple analytical functions on which these computer programs are based have also been compared with the quantum mechanical computations of the spectra and very close agreement has been observed. Notes regarding the use of the computer programs and sample outputs are given to serve as a test for their applications.
Studies on mitochondrial type I topoisomerase and on its function.

Abstract We have reported previously that rat liver mitochondria contain a topoisomerase and have shown it to be distinct from the nuclear enzyme by its sensitivity to Berenil and ethidium bromide. We report here some additional characterization. The enzyme differs further from its nuclear counterpart in its failure to bind to ssDNA cellulose and its chromatographic behavior on Sephadex; the latter procedure yields an Mr of 44 000 for the mitochondrial and 70 000 for the nuclear enzyme. The topoisomerase is strongly associated with mitochondrial membranes; only 10% of the activity could be extracted. The pH optimum of the enzyme falls between 6.0 and 8.5, with an NaCl optimum of 0.13 M in 0.1 M Tris (pH 8.3). Dithiothreitol is required, while N-ethylmaleimide is inhibitory. Tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, a serine proteinase inhibitor, abolishes activity; another, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, has no effect. Berenil, a non-intercalating drug, and four of its analogues all inhibit with up to 100-fold differences in potency. No dependence on ATP, Mg2+, or both together could be shown. Neither novobiocin nor oxolinic acid shows any inhibitory effect. Nicked circles are generated in the presence of DMSO. These three observations are consistent with the topoisomerase being of the Type I class. Positively supercoiled pBR322 DNA, whose 6–8 positive turns were generated by altering solution conditions, is relaxed by the enzyme, indicating a lack of requirement for a negatively supercoiled substrate. We have also examined a partially purified preparation of the corresponding mitochondrial enzyme from mouse L cells. This enzyme is largely similar in properties to the rat liver enzyme. In isolated mitochondria, Berenil causes biphasic alterations in [3H]dATP incorporation into DNA, 10−4 mM stimulating 2-fold, while higher concentrations inhibit. [3H]UTP incorporation into mitochondrial RNA also follows this pattern.
One loop back reaction on chaotic inflation

We extend, for the case of a general scalar potential, the inflaton-graviton Feynman rules recently developed by Iliopoulos et al. [Nucl. Phys. B534, 419 (1998)]. As an application we compute the leading term, for late comoving times, of the one loop back reaction on the expansion rate for $V(\ensuremath{\varphi})=\frac{1}{2}{m}^{2}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}$. This is expressed as the logarithmic time derivative of the scale factor in the coordinate system for which the expectation value of the metric has the form $〈0|{g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}(\overline{t},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{x})|0〉{\mathrm{dx}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\mathrm{dx}}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}=\ensuremath{-}d{t}^{2}{+a}^{2}(\overline{t})d\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{x}\ensuremath{\cdot}d\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{x}$. This quantity should be a gauge-independent observable. Our result for it agrees exactly with that inferred from the effect previously computed by Mukhanov and co-workers [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1624 (1997); Phys. Rev. D 56, 3248 (1997)] using canonical quantization. It is significant that the two calculations were made with completely different schemes for fixing the gauge, and that our computation was done using the standard formalism of covariant quantization. This should settle some of the issues recently raised by Unruh (astro-ph/9802323).
Phase coherent signal creation with up to twelve channels with high-performance multi-channel Arbitrary Waveform Generator

Radar signal generation requires a signal source with excellent Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) and very large bandwidth. Highest performance Arbitrary Waveform Generators (AWG) are capable to generate radar signals with 12 or 14 bit resolutions. This high resolution is mandatory to achieve an SFDR of up to -80 dBc. Besides the high DAC resolution, sample rates in the range of up to 8 GSa/s or even 12 GSa/s must be used to achieve a bandwidth of up to 5 GHz. 2-dimensional and especially 3-dimensional radar systems often use phased array antenna in combination with techniques known as Direction of Arrival (DOA) or Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). DOA and SAR receiver testing requires not only very clean signal generation at highest bandwidths on one channel but also on multiple channels.
Equating for Long-Term Scale Maintenance of Mixed Format Tests Containing Multiple Choice and Constructed Response Items

An item response theory–based equating method is proposed for the long-term scale maintenance of a mixed format test consisting of constructed response items and multiple choice items. The proposed method is a modification of the traditional common-item nonequivalent groups design. Rather than collecting equated item parameters from previous tests, the methodwould require the collection of actual examinee responses from previous years and the rerating of those responses in a linking study conducted for the current equating. The resulting design controls for any year-to-year changes in the standards of the rating team, isolating the effect of any change in the examinee ability distribution in the computation of the equating transformation. Simulated data are used to illustrate the proposed method and demonstrate the possible consequences of an inappropriate use of traditional equating. The strengths and weaknesses of the proposed method relative to traditional common-item nonequivalent groups equating with...
Impact of horizontal resolution on climate model forecasts of tropical precipitation and diabatic heating for the TWP-ICE period

[1] In order to study the impact of horizontal resolution on climate model simulations of tropical moist processes, short-term forecasts using the Community Atmospheric Model (version 4) at several resolutions are performed for a time period encompassing the Tropical Warm Pool-International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE). TWP-ICE occurred in the environment of Darwin, Australia in January and February 2006. The experimental period encompasses a number of atmospheric phenomena, such as an MJO passage, mesoscale convective systems, monsoon trough, and active and dry conditions. The CAM is run with four horizontal resolutions: 2°, 1°, 0.5°, and 0.25° latitude-longitude. Simulated profiles of diabatic heating and moistening at the TWP-ICE site show that the model parameterizations respond reasonably well for all resolutions to the sequence of varying conditions imposed by the analyses used to initialize the model. The spatial patterns of global model biases in time mean precipitation are largely unchanged over resolutions, and in some regions the 0.25° model significantly overestimates the observed precipitation. However, there are substantive positive aspects of finer resolution. The diurnally forced circulations over the Maritime continent are more realistically captured by the 0.25° simulation, which is able to better resolve the land-sea breeze. The intensity distribution of rainfall events is also improved at higher resolution through an increased frequency of very intense events and an increased frequency of little or no precipitation. Finally, the ratio of stratiform to convective precipitation systematically increases toward better agreement with observational estimates with increases in resolution.
Glycosaminoglycan-Binding Hydrogels Enable Mechanical Control of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Self-Renewal

Reaping the promise of human embryonic stem (hES) cells hinges on effective defined culture conditions. Efforts to identify chemically defined environments for hES cell propagation would benefit from understanding the relevant functional properties of the substratum. Biological materials are often employed as substrata, but their complexity obscures a molecular level analysis of their relevant attributes. Because the properties of hydrogels can be tuned and altered systematically, these materials can reveal the impact of substratum features on cell fate decisions. By tailoring the peptide displayed to cells and the substrate mechanical properties, a hydrogel was generated that binds hES cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and functions robustly in a defined culture medium to support long-term hES cell self-renewal. A key attribute of the successful GAG-binding hydrogels is their stiffness. Only stiff substrates maintain hES cell proliferation and pluripotency. These findings indicate that cells can respond to mechanical information transmitted via GAG engagement. Additionally, we found that the stiff matrices afforded activation of the paralogous proteins YAP/TAZ, which are transcriptional coactivators implicated in mechanosensing and hES cell pluripotency. These results indicate that the substratum mechanics can be tuned to activate specific pathways linked to pluripotency. Because several different hES and induced pluripotent stem cell lines respond similarly, we conclude that stiff substrata are more effective for the long-term propagation of human pluripotent stem cells.
Graded nonintersecting transverse incisions for correction of idiopathic astigmatism

Abstract We present the results of a consecutive series of graded transverse (T) incisions for correcting idiopathic astigmatism evaluated by vector analysis, a method not previously used to report T-incision results. In fact, no clinical studies on the results of the T -incision method have been reported. For comparison with conventional reporting methods, the results of graded T incisions on a series of eyes were evaluated, using both vector analysis and simplified analytic procedures. Sixty eyes were evaluated following surgery based on the Thornton guide for astigmatism correction. The mean preoperative cylinder in the series was 1.5 diopters (D) (SD = 0.43, range 1.00 D to 2.25 D); mean postoperative cylinder was 0.4 D (SD = 0.61, range 0 to 3.75 D). The mean decrease of 1.1 D was statistically significant. The results show that it is possible to quantify astigmatism correction using vector analysis.
Rapid identification of the pharmacophore in a peptoid inhibitor of the proteasome regulatory particle

Here we report a simple and effective method to identify the minimal pharmacophore in the first peptoid inhibitor of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle, which has led to the development of a derivative that exhibits improved cellular activity, presumably due to a reduction in mass of about two-fold and the elimination of positively charged lysine-like residues.
Statics and dynamics of contact lines of nematic liquid crystals on mica

Mammalian pregnancy is characterized by a concerted and widespread series of changes in maternal physiology, many of which are direct responses to the binding of placental hormones to maternal targets. Among these placental hormones are proteins closely related to prolactin. In rodents, a large number of these placental prolactin-related hormones are expressed that have a broad spectrum of activities, including activities on endothelial cells and blood cells.
Characterization of titanium-containing mesoporous silica molecular sieve SBA-15 and generation of paramagnetic hole and electron centers

Titanium has been incorporated into mesoporous silica molecular sieve SBA-15 via incipient-wetness impregnation with titanium isopropoxide in ethanol followed by calcination. Characterization results suggest that at low titanium loading the titanium is monoatomically dispersed in the silica framework. This isolated titanium species reaches a maximum concentration around 6 at.% relative to silicon. At higher titanium loading titanium dioxide (anatase) is formed. The materials with significant titanium dioxide formation have reduced pore diameters which suggests that the titanium dioxide exists as a thin film anchored inside the mesopores of SBA-15. Dehydration of this TiO2/SBA-15 material forms paramagnetic oxygen hole centers and two types of Ti(III) centers.
Putting immunoinformatics to the test.

A consensus epitope prediction approach identifies the epitopes responsible for 95% of the murine T-cell response to vaccinia virus.
Habitat use and diet composition of juvenile Atlantic salmon in a tributary of Lake Ontario

Abstract The habitat use and diet of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar was examined in the South Sandy Creek drainage that discharges into eastern Lake Ontario. Subyearling salmon were stocked in early May during two consecutive years, and habitat and diet evaluations were made in mid-July and mid-October in 2005 and 2006. Both subyearling and yearling Atlantic salmon occupied deeper and faster areas that had more cover and larger sized substrate materials than was present, on average, within the study reach. Differences in habitat use between subyearling and yearling salmon only occurred in summer. Principal component analysis showed that of the habitat variables examined, the amount of cover and size of substrate were more important to juvenile salmon in summer, whereas depth and velocity were more important in the fall. Trichopteran larvae (mainly hydropsychids) dominated the diet of juvenile Atlantic salmon, and parr were feeding most heavily from the substrate as compared to the drift. The juvenile ecology of this re-introduced population of Atlantic salmon is consistent with that reported in other studies throughout the species native range.
Contemporary Youth Violence Prevention: Interpersonal-Cognitive Problem-Solving

ABSTRACT Considerable progress has been made in the past decade in identifying which factors contribute to youth violence. The purpose of this article is to illuminate the issues and group factors that underlie youth violence, assessment and profiling, and prevention programs. Guidelines for predicting youth violence are presented and critiqued. School violence prevention programs, the role of SAMHSA, and interpersonal-cognitive problem-solving are presented.