cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge generation via social-knowledge network co-evolution: 30 years (1990–2019) of adaptation, mitigation and transformation related to climate change

Knowledge production is a co-evolutionary process where scientific topics and concepts are debated, discussed and assessed between scientists. We assess, we analyze, we “interpret” the world, and, at the same time, we communicate with one another, and we value certain knowledge more than other knowledge, based on some measure of prestige, conformism or past events. Here we analyze the evolution of research topics over the past 30 years (from 1990 to 2019) and assess how research topics have evolved by jointly analyzing topic evolution and the citation network related to climate change adaptation, mitigation or transformation. We found that (1) the research focus has evolved from emissions and modelling to social impacts (i.e. local policies), (2) research on climate change (and possibly research in general) is often confined within specific research areas, hinting that interdisciplinary and convergent work may open opportunities for integrative research able to foster innovative thinking in climate science, and (3) the climate change literature is increasing in overall complexity, requiring novel tools to make sense of the literature such as the implementation of more refined machine learning and natural language process algorithms to identify causal mechanisms and synthesize the body of work to generate new knowledge.
A Review of Mindfulness and Communication Sciences and Disorders Students

Purpose The purpose of this review article was to define mindfulness and discuss its use with college students, students majoring in clinical programs, and communication sciences and disorders (CSD...
Interaction of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) with Mammalian Cells: Cell Adhesion, Type III Secretion, and Actin Pedestal Formation

Infection by the food-borne pathogen enterohemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can lead to diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and, in the most serious cases, renal failure. A critical step in colonization is the unusual interaction between EHEC and the intestinal epithelium. EHEC is able to adhere to mammalian cells, and then, by injecting bacterial proteins, or “effectors,” into the host cell via a type III secretion system, induces the formation of attaching and effacing (AE) lesions characterized by the accumulation of filamentous actin directly beneath bound bacteria. This unit describes methods to evaluate the ability of EHEC to adhere to cultured mammalian cells, to secrete type III effectors, and to promote the formation of actin “pedestals.” These methods can not only be used to evaluate the contribution of specific EHEC gene products to adherence, type III secretion, and mammalian cell signaling, but also facilitate the analysis of the eukaryotic pathways controlling fundamental cellular processes such as actin assembly. Keywords: Escherichia coli; bacterial adherence; type III secretion; EHEC; actin assembly; attaching and effacing (AE) lesions; actin pedestals; Tir; EspFu
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Escherichia coli Mutants with Altered Glycyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetases

Abstract Isolates with mutations in glyS, the structural gene for glycyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase (GRS) in Escherichia coli, are frequently found among glycine auxotrophs. Extracts of glyS mutants have altered GRS activities. The mutants grow with normal growth rates in minimal media when high levels of glycine are provided. No other metabolite of a variety tested is capable of restoring normal growth. The glyS mutants fail to make ribonucleic acid (RNA) when depleted of exogenous glycine in strains which are RCstr but do so when the cells are RCrel. In contrast, biosynthetic mutants which are unable to synthesize glycine (glyA mutants) do not make RNA when deprived of glycine even if they are RCrel; in this case, RNA is synthesized upon glycine deprivation only when the nucleic acid precursors made from glycine are provided in the medium. The level of serine transhydroxymethylase is unaltered in extracts of any of the glyS mutants, even though the level of charged tRNAGly is at least 20-fold lower than that found in a prototrophic parent; this indicates that, if there is control over the synthesis of serine transhydroxymethylase, it is not modified by reduced levels of charging of the major species of tRNAGly.
Ribonuclease and Ribonuclease Inhibitor of the Rat Parotid Gland and Its Secretion

Abstract Ribonuclease activity was shown in rat parotid gland homogenates and in the rat parotid saliva. An inhibitor to ribonuclease was found to be present in the gland homogenates but not in the secretion. When the ribonuclease inhibitor was inactivated by sulfhydryl reactants or heat, the ribonuclease activity in the homogenates was increased significantly over a pH range of 5.6 to 8.0. The shape of the curve of ribonuclease activity plotted against pH in the gland homogenates, when the inhibitor was inactivated, was virtually identical with that of the parotid saliva, and showed peaks of activity at pH values of 6.6 and 7.8. The ribonuclease activity of parotid saliva was shown to be separable from salivary deoxyribonuclease by electrophoresis on acrylamide gels. Upon stimulation of the rats with a sialogogue, the ribonuclease activity of the parotid glands decreased as the enzyme appeared in the saliva. It was concluded that ribonuclease is a secretory enzyme of the rat parotid gland.
Facebook in Higher Education Courses: An Analysis of Students' Attitudes, Community of Practice, and Classroom Community

Educators wanting to enhance their classroom learning environment are finding Facebook to be a beneficial supplement. This study aims to determine students’ attitudes and perceptions of courses into which Facebook has been incorporated. In a posttest only research design involving 106 students at two large public universities, it was found that students were favorably disposed toward the classroom use of Facebook. They perceived that it enhanced their senses of social learning and connectedness, with older students experiencing a stronger effect. Implications for how Facebook can enhance higher education courses and for the management of social media in the classroom are discussed. Key words: Facebook in higher education; Communities of practice; Classroom community; Social learning and effectiveness; Learner-centered activities
eScience through the Integration of Data and Models: A Biodiversity Scenario

The creation of biodiversity models requires the integration and manipulation of decoupled datasets across different domains of knowledge. This paper describes our experience in the development of the ELSEWeb framework, which aims to facilitate the integration of environmental data for the generation of species distribution models. We discuss the architecture of this framework, including the user interface and the lessons learned from this collaborative, multidisciplinary effort.
Pregnancy Hyperglycaemia and Risk of Prenatal and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms.

Background Glucose dysregulation in pregnancy may affect maternal depressive symptoms during the prenatal and postpartum periods via both physiologic and psychological pathways. Methods During mid-pregnancy, a combination of 50-g 1-h non-fasting glucose challenge test (GCT) and 100-g 3-h fasting oral glucose tolerance test was used to determine pregnancy glycaemic status among women participating in Project Viva: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), isolated hyperglycaemia (IHG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), we assessed depressive symptoms at mid-pregnancy and again at 6 months postpartum. We used logistic regression, adjusted for sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors, to estimate the odds of elevated prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms (EPDS ≥ 13 on 0-30 scale) in relation to GCT glucose levels and GDM status in separate models. Results A total of 9.6% of women showed prenatal and 8.4% postpartum depressive symptoms. Women with higher GCT glucose levels were at greater odds of elevated prenatal depressive symptoms [multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in glucose levels (27 mg/dL): 1.25; 95%: 1.07, 1.48]. Compared with NGT women, the association appeared stronger among women with IHG [OR: 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 3.00] than among those with GDM (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.72, 2.91) or IGT (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.59, 3.46). Neither glucose levels assessed from the GCT nor pregnancy glycaemic status were significantly associated with elevated postpartum depressive symptoms. Conclusion Pregnancy hyperglycaemia was cross-sectionally associated with higher risk of prenatal depressive symptoms, but not with postpartum depressive symptoms.
Efficient test vectors for ISCAS sequential benchmark circuits

The sequential automatic test pattern generation system FASTEST is implemented with new heuristics to produce efficient test vectors for sequential circuits. The efficiency of FASTEST in terms of the quality of test vectors is demonstrated. The test vectors provide excellent fault coverage by fairly short test sequences. The profile of the ISCAS benchmark circuits is also described. >
Multifragmentation of fullerenes: a molecular dynamics statistical trajectory ensemble study of a cross-beam experiment

Abstract The molecular dynamics statistical trajectory ensemble method has been employed to study the fragmentation of fullerenes in a cross-beam collision experiment. Differentiate fragmentation cross-sections and double differential cross-sections of the final time step of the large-scale molecular dynamics statistical trajectory ensemble simulation with improved statistics are presented. The envelope of the cross-sections of the small collision fragments ( N ≤ 28) follows a scaling law, σ (C N ) ≈ N − λ with λ = 1.54. An odd-even alternation with enhanced even-numbered fragment sizes ( N ≤ 12) is found with a change in the alternation sequence starting at N = 15.
Regulation of bronchoalveolar macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production by dexamethasone and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after stimulation by Aspergillus conidia or lipopolysaccharide

There is substantial evidence that local production of proinflammatory cytokines are very important in host resistance to aspergillosis. Dexamethasone (DEX) down-regulates production of these cytokines by stimulated bronchoalveolar macrophages (BAM) and constitutes a risk factor for aspergillosis. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antagonizes DEX suppression of antifungal activity by BAM. Here we investigated the possibility that GM-CSF could antagonize DEX down-regulation of interleukin (IL)-1alpha and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production by stimulated BAM. Control BAM responded to increasing numbers of conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus with increasing production of IL-1 and TNF. DEX (10(-7)M) significantly suppressed IL-1 and TNF production by BAM+conidia. Although GM-CSF did not enhance IL-1 or TNF production by BAM+conidia, GM-CSF significantly antagonized DEX suppression of IL-1 cytokine production. For comparative purposes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 microg/ml) was used to stimulate BAM in experiments similar to the above. In contrast to the findings with conidia, GM-CSF enhanced the production of IL-1 (5-fold) and TNF (1.5-fold) by LPS treated BAM. DEX suppression of cytokine production by BAM+LPS was modestly but significantly antagonized by GM-CSF. Moreover, differences between regulation of IL-1 and TNF production by BAM+conidia or LPS and peritoneal macrophages (PM)+conidia or LPS were documented. Finally, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was minimally produced by BAM + conidia or LPS, but IL-10 was produced by PM + conidia or LPS. In summary, these data indicate that the risk factor for aspergillosis associated with DEX could be lessened in the pulmonary compartment with GM-CSF. On the other hand, desired effects of DEX could be maintained in other compartments.
Weak magnetic field modulation of ion dynamics in a potential well: Mechanistic and thermal noise considerations

Abstract This study quantitatively determines the thermal threshold range for Larmor precession using the Lorentz equation with an ion binding model which characterizes the binding site as a low viscosity linear isotropic oscillator potential for small displacements about the origin. The solution depicts precession of the oscillator orientation at the Larmor frequency for static magnetic fields and complex oscillator behaviors for time-varying magnetic fields. The analyses show that, even in the presence of thermal noise, magnetic fields in the microtesla range can alter the rate at which an ion precesses while oscillating (bound) in a molecular cleft. The precessional motion is resistant to thermal noise effects for binding times of the order of the second, as has been reported for the Ca 2+ -calmodulin system. This allows a lower magnetic field limit, in the 0.1–1 μT range, to be quantitatively defined for effects on the dynamics of an ion bound in a potential well. Transfer of momentum from the processing ion to the host molecule is negligible for the weak fields considered in this study. Processional motion depends only on the value of static and/or alternating magnetic fields and, when these fields are coupled in parallel orientation, no resonance conditions for preferred processional motion were predicted for any particular frequency or amplitude combinations. The question of how modulation of Larmor precession can affect the reactivity of the host molecule remains open.
Mechanical stress relaxation in inorganic glasses studied by a step-strain technique

Abstract A computer-controlled transient viscoelastometer, which is an adaption of the Rheovibron, has been developed to study the mechanical stress relaxation of amorphous materials over a range of more than five decades in time. The instrument was used to investigate the degree of non-exponentiality of the tensile stress autocorrelation function of AgIAg 2 SO 4 Ag 2 WO 4 and GeAsSe glasses. Upon variation of the composition, both ternary systems show large variations of the smearing of the calorimetric glass-transition anomaly. For most cases low-noise decay functions could be observed which are well fitted by stretched exponentials. For 50AgI·25Ag 2 SO 4 ·25Ag 2 WO 4 an exceptionally broad distribution of relaxation times is found. This is consistent with the sub- T g specific heat peak previously observed in these mixed oxyanion glasses. For pure amorphous selenium two distinct relaxation processes are observed.
Satellite remote sensing of nonspherical tropospheric aerosols

In this paper we discuss the possible effect of nonsphericity of solid tropospheric aerosols on the accuracy of aerosol thickness retrievals from reflectance measurements over the ocean surface. To model light-scattering properties of nonspherical aerosols, we use a shape mixture of moderately aspherical, randomly oriented polydisperse spheroids. We assume that the size distribution and refractive index of aerosols are known and use the aerosol optical thickness 0.2 to computer the reflectivity for an atmosphere-ocean model similar to that used in the AVHRR aerosol retrieval algorithms. We then use analogous computations for volume- equivalent spherical aerosols with varying optical thickness to invert the simulated nonspherical reflectance. Our computations demonstrate that the use of the spherical model to retrieve the optical thickness of actually nonspherical aerosols can result in errors which, depending on the scattering geometry, can well exceed 100%.
Modification of disease phobia using a multifaceted exposure program

By the use of a multifaceted exposure program that lasted 16 weeks, a 27-year-old male was treated for debilitating and irrational fears of having a heart attack. The subject reported reductions in daily anxiety ratings and Valium intake at midtreatment and further reductions at the conclusion of treatment. These changes were maintained at 6- and 12-month followup assessments. The subject's reports were confirmed by his spouse. The results are discussed in terms of the behavioral characteristics and etiology of disease phobia.
Frequency of uterine contractions in asymptomatic pregnant women with or without a short cervix on transvaginal ultrasound scan.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of uterine contractions in asymptomatic pregnant women with and without a short cervix ( Study design The study involved secondary analysis of a blinded observational study of asymptomatic singleton pregnancies who were at high risk for preterm birth and who received both home uterine activity monitoring daily and transvaginal ultrasound of the cervix at 22 to 24 and 27 to 28 weeks of gestation. Thresholds for the maximum frequency of uterine contractions of 4 per hour and transvaginal ultrasound cervical length of 25 mm were used for analysis. Contraction frequency was compared in women with cervical length Results Of the 303 women whose pregnancy was evaluated at 22 to 24 weeks of gestation, the 39 women (13%) with a cervical length of Conclusion The frequency of uterine contractions in asymptomatic women was not related significantly to cervical length of
Anogenital distance as a measure of human male fertility

Purpose In humans, recent studies have correlated anogenital distance (AGD) in adult men to testicular function. While studies of a group of men suggest an association, the utility of AGD in an infertility evaluation remains uncertain. We sought to determine the utility of AGD to predict male fertility.
Repeating of gamma-ray bursts in light of the BATSE 2B catalog

We examine the evidence for repeating of ϒ-ray bursts in light of the BATSE 2B catalog. The temporal coverage of the 2B-1B (non-MAXBC) data set is ≈ 1/3 smaller than that of the 1B catalog. We find evidence that the distributions of the burst statistical positional errors and of the burst fluences also differ. Assuming that the bursts in the 1B catalog form a “fair sample” and taking these observational selection effects into account, we simulate the 2B-1B (less MAXBC) data set. We find that a repeating signal like that seen in the nearest neighbor distribution of the bursts in the 1B catalog would not be detectable in the 2B-1B (non-MAXBC) and 2B (non-MAXBC) data sets, because of the differences in the temporal coverage and in the distribution of positional errors.
Association of need for cognition with judgments of height, weight, and body fat covariation.

559 college students, assessed for Need for Cognition, judged whether height, weight, and body fat were correlated using judgment probes that controlled for framing and conditional format. A principal components analysis of Need for Cognition scores identified two factors underlying the scale, which may be important in judgment outcome. In addition, judgments about correlations among height, weight, and body fat were similar to those of previous studies. Furthermore, the hypothesis that Need for Cognition would be related to the tendency to judge a negative correlation between height and body fat, i.e., a possible illusory correlation, was confirmed. Results are discussed relative to the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion.
Direct molecular dynamics using quantum chemical hamiltonians: C60 impact on a passive surface

Quantum chemical Hamiltonians of the semiempirical type potentially provide a more reliable description of a potential energy surface for large scale molecular dynamics than does the tight-binding (TB) Hamiltonian, a reparametrized extended Huckel Hamiltonian including a short range repulsion. Their performance is tested here and compared with results from TB simulations. The methods considered are from the zero differential overlap family of semiempirical Hamiltonians, these are the intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) method and three parametrizations of the neglect of differential diatomic overlap (NDDO) method, AM1, PM3, and MNDO. The collision of the C60 molecule with a passive surface at two collision energies is the test problem, where the higher energy leads to shattering of the molecule. The NDDO Hamiltonians are found to give a better qualitative description than the INDO Hamiltonian at both energies and further studies to reparametrize the NDDO form for direct MD are indicated.
Isolation of the insect paralyzing agent coniine fromSarracenia flava

As part of a study to clarify the relationship between insects and the insectivorous plantSarracenia flava, we have observed the presence of the paralyzing agent coniine in the volatile constituents. Fire ants have been used as the test organism in bioassay studies for paralyzing activity.
Comprehensive Periorbital Rejuvenation with Resorbable Endotine Implants for Trans-lid Brow and Midface Elevation

Periorbital rejuvenation can enhance a patient's appearance, with changes of only a few millimeters making a significant impact. Many patients undergoing blepharoplasty often have mild brow or midfacial changes for which they are unwilling to undergo additional concurrent forehead or midface procedures, however, because these procedures may be associated with an unacceptable postoperative recovery and may not provide adequate tissue fixation. This article describes limited incision procedures capable of providing excellent elevation and support to the brow and midface that can be incorporated easily into a comprehensive periorbital rejuvenation treatment plan using semi-permanent subperiosteal fixation devices.
Automated spectral recomposition with application in stratigraphic interpretation

AbstractAnalyzing seismic attributes in the frequency domain is helpful for reservoir characterization. To analyze the reservoir interval of interest in detail, it is important to capture the seismic response at each frequency subset. Spectral recomposition can be used to extract significant components from the seismic spectrum. We propose a separable nonlinear least-squares algorithm for spectral recomposition, which estimates linear and nonlinear parts automatically in separate steps. Our approach is applied to estimate fundamental signal parameters, peak frequencies, and amplitudes, with which the seismic spectrum can be reconstructed. Automated spectral recomposition helps us visualize frequency-dependent geologic features on cross sections and time slices by extracting significant frequency components. Spectral recomposition can also indicate how frequency contents attenuate with time.
Pediatric asthma: "Real world" measures of effectiveness.

In the treatment of pediatric asthma, measuring the effectiveness of an intervention in terms of cost or therapeutic value can be a challenging process. Parameters that should be considered in determining the cost effectiveness of an intervention vary considerably. In clinical therapeutic trials of pediatric asthma, subtle patient selection biases, difficulties in choosing and assessing treatment outcomes in young children, and the highly variable nature of asthma symptomatology can compromise valid measurements of the therapeutic effectiveness of an intervention. Ideally, outcome measurements in asthma should reflect real world conditions. They should be as broad-based as possible and include both objective measures of pulmonary function and subjective measures of quality-of-life evaluated over the long term. Patient adherence is thus a critical variable that influences the ultimate effectiveness of treatment. The rate of patient adherence is influenced not only by drug characteristics such as route of administration and dosing frequency, but also by the impact of treatment on a patient's quality of life. Because asthma is a chronic disease with variable symptomatology, clinical trials investigating the cost and therapeutic effectiveness of asthma interventions must evaluate real-world variables in long-term trials. This article will provide information regarding proper assessment of an intervention's cost and therapeutic value.
The continuous emission of low energy cosmic rays during solar flares

A new type of diffusion equation is presented in which the shape of the emission curve and the time during which the emission of energetic flare particles from the solar surface occurs can be prescribed. The diffusion equation utilizes a radially dependent diffusion coefficient in the form of D = Mrβand incorporates the convective and decelerative effects of the solar wind as well as external and internal boundary conditions to the interplanetary diffusion medium. The effect of the continuous emission of energetic solar particles on the intensity curves is shown. The logarithmic curve is utilized as a discriminant in testing for continuous emission and it predicts that in high energy events, the particles are released in an impulsive burst within a few minutes after flare onset. The analysis of solar flare data is shown to be independent of either the convective or decelerative effects of the solar wind. The apparent deviation from the radial diffusion coefficient mode of propagation at very low energies is ascribed to continuous emission. The corresponding solar flare data at slightly higher energies or at different tracking satellite stations all indicate adherence to this mode for electrons as well as for protons. It is postulated that even in the very low energy range, the radial mode prevails. On the basis of the accumulated data from twenty six solar flares studied todate, it is asserted that the radial diffusion coefficient model is the basic mode by which solar flare particles propagate through interplanetary space.
A proposed teaching and learning curriculum for COMPLEETE based on current national trends

We propose an introductory level teaching and learning curriculum for the ASEE COMPLEETE program (COMPetencies in Learning for Engineering and Engineering Technology Educators). COMPLEETE is an initiative for a national program to build and recognize educator excellence in engineering and engineering technology at three levels. The proposed curriculum for the introductory level is compared with curricula from nine well-established existing programs. The content is specifically targeted to benefit engineering and engineering technology instructors in higher education, integrate with the values and programs already offered within ASEE, serve as a foundation for further development at higher levels, and be flexible to suit the needs of a diverse instructional community. The nine existing programs were coded under the overarching COMPLEETE criteria and then analyzed for commonalities and alignment. The proposed core competency areas were found to comprehensively represent existing programs. They are: learning theory, student development, instructional design, instructional facilitation methods, assessing and providing feedback to learners, instructional technology, and reflective practice. The proposed curriculum lays a foundation for those offering faculty development services to compare against, and challenges the engineering and engineering technology community of educators to address key competency areas all faculty should develop within 3–5 years of beginning teaching.
Introduce: An Open Source Toolkit for Rapid Development of Strongly Typed Grid Services

Service-oriented architectures and applications have gained wide acceptance in the Grid computing community. A number of tools and middleware systems have been developed to support application development using Grid Services architectures. Most of these efforts, however, have focused on low-level support for management and execution of Grid services, management of Grid-enabled resources, and deployment and execution of applications that make use of Grid services. Simple-to-use service development tools, which would allow a Grid service developer to leverage Grid technologies without needing to know low-level details, are becoming increasingly important for wider application of the Grid. In this paper, we describe an open-source, extensible toolkit, called Introduce, that supports easy development and deployment of Web Services Resource Framework (WSRF) compliant services. Introduce is designed to reduce the service development and deployment effort by hiding low level details of the Globus Toolkit and to enable the implementation of strongly typed services. In strongly typed services, a service produces and consumes data types that are well-defined and published in the Grid. This enables data-level syntactic interoperability so that clients and services can access and consume data elements programmatically and correctly. We expect that enabling strongly typed Grid services while lowering the difficulty of entry to the Grid via toolkits like Introduce will have a major impact to the success of the Grid and its wider adoption as a viable technology of choice in the commercial sector as well as in academic, medical, and government research.
The concept of energy and its early historical development

The concept of energy, the premier concept of physics and indeed of all science, is here investigated from the standpoint of its early historical origin and the philosophical implications thereof. The fundamental assumption is made that the root of the concept is the notion of invariance or constancy in the midst of change. Salient points in the development of this idea are presented from ancient times up to the publication of Lagrange'sMecanique Analytique (1788).
Acetone Condensation Reaction on Acid Catalysts

The condensation reaction of acetone on alumina and acid zeolites has been followed by FTIR. Under identical conditions, the reaction rate is faster on alumina, and the condensation goes beyond the formation of mesityl oxide. Zeolites without nonframework aluminum are poor catalysts. On HZSM-5 the reaction is about two orders of magnitude slower than on USY at 105°C. From these data, it appears that Lewis sites, even if they bound acetone less energetically than Bronsted sites, are responsible for the activation of the molecule. On alumina, the reaction would take place between gas phase acetone and acetone adsorbed on Lewis sites. On zeolites with nonframework aluminum and, thus, with Lewis sites, the reaction would involve acetone molecules adsorbed on Bronsted and Lewis sites, the activation occurring on the Lewis site.
Cryptic loss of montane avian richness and high community turnover over 100 years

Although there are numerous examples of individual species moving up in elevation and poleward in latitude in response to 20th century climate change, how communities have responded is less well understood and requires fully accounting for changes in species-specific detectability over time, which has been neglected in past studies. We use a hierarchical Bayesian occupancy model to examine bird species richness change and turnover along three elevation gradients surveyed 80-100 years apart in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA. Richness declined over the 20th century across all elevations. Turnover was greatest at the highest and the lowest elevations. These findings were only apparent, however, after species' detectability was incorporated into measures of species richness. Further partitioning of species richness changes by elevational life zone showed that numbers of low- and high-elevation species declined, without a concurrent expansion by mid-elevation species. Our results provide empirical evidence for biodiversity loss in protected montane areas during the 20th century and highlight the importance of accounting for detectability in comparisons of species richness over time.
Association of Impaired Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction Myocardial Perfusion Grade With Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation Following Fibrinolytic Therapy for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Objectives The goal of this analysis was to evaluate the association of impaired Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) with sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). Background Impaired TMPG after successful restoration of epicardial flow among patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes, but its relationship to VT/VF has not been evaluated. Methods In the CLARITY-TIMI 28 (Clopidogrel as Adjunctive Reperfusion Therapy–Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 28) study, 3,491 patients underwent angiography a median of 3.5 days after fibrinolytic administration for STEMI; TMPG was assessed, and its association with VT/VF was evaluated. Results We observed VT/VF in 4.8% of patients. Impaired myocardial perfusion (TMPG 0/1/2) was associated with an increased incidence of VT/VF (7.1% vs. 2.6% with TMPG 3; log-rank p Conclusions Despite restoration of normal epicardial flow or a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥30%, impaired myocardial perfusion on angiography 3.5 days after fibrinolytic administration for STEMI is associated with an increased incidence of VT/VF.
Designing simple library hierarchies using linear programming

Abstract The problem of designing a best three level library hierachy is considered from two different points of view. While the form of the optimization problems obtained is a little more complicated, it is shown that at most the methods of linear programming suffice to solve them. Certain design parameters may be specified by the problem solver, and it is shown that the best objective function values are convex in these, thus making possible the extraction of considerable additional, useful information. Finally, the methodology is extended to longer hierarchies and found to be feasible if the length is moderate.
The importance of appraisals

The annual appraisal is, for many veterinary staff, quite a nerve-racking experience. They may spend days worrying about it beforehand and afterwards thinking about all the things they should have said, or the things they did say that they now wished they hadn't! It's not uncommon to hear comments such as, “It's just a waste of time, nothing ever happens after my appraisal,” or “The CPD they promised never materialised,” from staff who are disillusioned about the appraisal system in their practice.
The public need to know: emergencies, government organizations, and public information policies

Abstract Communications with the public in times of emergency is an important function of government agencies. Successful communications policies can assist the public to rapidly adjust behaviors and perceptions of risk, while unsuccessful policies can promote community outrage, and impede the progress of threat mitigation. Drawing on existing public health risk communications literature, a model of interactive emergency communications, integrating the roles of multiple government agencies, information intermediaries, and the public is presented, and tested using two case studies (the 1999 West Nile Virus outbreak in New York, and the release of anthrax in 2001). Results of the analysis provide insights into the process of emergency communications and the behavior and decision making of governments, intermediaries and the public. These insights, in turn, suggest policies government officials can take to improve emergency communication.
Modulation of a human memory circuit by subsyndromal depression in late life: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Objective: Functional deactivation of the posteromedial cortex (PMC) seems to be a physiologic process underlying normal memory. The authors examined whether older subjects with subsyndromal depressive symptoms show impaired PMC deactivation. Design: Subjects underwent 4T functional magnetic resonance imaging scan while performing a novel and familiar face-name associative encoding task. The Beck-II Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to self-rate depression symptoms. A novel-minus-familiar encoding contrast was built into a simple regression model showing brain activation magnitudes that covaried with BDI score. A region-of-interest mask was applied to isolate the PMC and other midline structures of the default-mode network. Setting: The study was conducted at a university-based medical center. Participants: Participants included 62 nondemented subjects aged 55–85, with and without mild memory deficits. BDI scores ranged from 0 to 17. Results: Analysis revealed a distinct PMC cluster confined to the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (BA 31) whose activity correlated significantly with BDI score. A multiple regression model further showed that BDI score, as well as a history of depression and current use of antidepressants, had a significant effect on cluster variance, while age, education, gender, and mini-mental state exam scores did not. Conclusions: Our findings raise the hypothesis that subsyndromal depressive symptoms in late life may impair physiological PMC deactivation in the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex. A prospective study of a full spectrum of depressed patients may be warranted.
Calcium hydration on montmorillonite clay surfaces studied by Monte Carlo simulation

Monte Carlo computer simulations were used to investigate the interlayer structure of Ca-montmorillonite for hydration levels ranging from the dry clay to a three-layer system. Our model of montmorillonite consists of negative charge sites in both the octahedral and tetrahedral layers. Our results are compared with X-ray diffraction data from Ca-clays, which have suggested an interlayer structure similar to Mg-clays. However, the Ca 2+ co-ordination number in these systems and in bulk liquid is a subject of ongoing debate. Our results support an eightfold water solvation shell for calcium, even within the confines of a clay pore. The Ca 2+ co-ordination number decreased at lower water content, as the water layer became constrained and less like bulk liquid. Additionally, Ca 2+ solvation shells included surface oxygen atoms at low water content, although this may be a result of the Ca-O interaction potentials.
Effects of neonatal spinal cord serotonin depletion on opiate-induced analgesia in tests of thermal and mechanical pain.

Abstract There is considerable evidence that serotonin (5-HT) is involved in the analgesic actions of various opiates. However, it is less clear which opioid receptor types interact with these descending systems and whether the various monoaminergic pathways are specific for different types of nociceptive signals. In the present study we lesioned the spinal cord serotonin pathways by neonatal spinal injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) and tested the analgesic effects of morphine and ketocyclazocine one and two weeks later using both mechanical and thermal noxious stimuli. The treatment depleted spinal cord serotonin by more than 90% while not affecting norepinephrine levels. The effects of morphine were greatly attenuated in the depleted animals when the thermal noxious stimulus was applied. The analgesic actions of morphine were only slightly affected when the mechanical stimulus was applied. The effects of ketocyclazocine were not reduced by the treatment. The results further buttress the conclusion that at least part of morphine's analgesic effects are mediated by descending serotonin systems and that these systems are primarily effective against a thermal stimulus. The data suggest that non-5HT brainstem system(s) are involved in morphine-induced analgesia to a mechanical noxious stimulus.
Benchmark Energetic Data in a Model System for Grubbs II Metathesis Catalysis and Their Use for the Development, Assessment, and Validation of Electronic Structure Methods.

We present benchmark relative energetics in the catalytic cycle of a model system for Grubbs second-generation olefin metathesis catalysts. The benchmark data were determined by a composite approach based on CCSD(T) calculations, and they were used as a training set to develop a new spin-component-scaled MP2 method optimized for catalysis, which is called SCSC-MP2. The SCSC-MP2 method has improved performance for modeling Grubbs II olefin metathesis catalysts as compared to canonical MP2 or SCS-MP2. We also employed the benchmark data to test 17 WFT methods and 39 density functionals. Among the tested density functionals, M06 is the best performing functional. M06/TZQS gives an MUE of only 1.06 kcal/mol, and it is a much more affordable method than the SCSC-MP2 method or any other correlated WFT methods. The best performing meta-GGA is M06-L, and M06-L/DZQ gives an MUE of 1.77 kcal/mol. PBEh is the best performing hybrid GGA, with an MUE of 3.01 kcal/mol; however, it does not perform well for the larger, ...
Development and preliminary psychometric properties of a well-being index for medical students

Psychological distress is common among medical students but manifests in a variety of forms. Currently, no brief, practical tool exists to simultaneously evaluate these domains of distress among medical students. The authors describe the development of a subject-reported assessment (Medical Student Well-Being Index, MSWBI) intended to screen for medical student distress across a variety of domains and examine its preliminary psychometric properties. Relevant domains of distress were identified, items generated, and a screening instrument formed using a process of literature review, nominal group technique, input from deans and medical students, and correlation analysis from previously administered assessments. Eleven experts judged the clarity, relevance, and representativeness of the items. A Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated. Interrater agreement was assessed using pair-wise percent agreement adjusted for chance agreement. Data from 2248 medical students who completed the MSWBI along with validated full-length instruments assessing domains of interest was used to calculate reliability and explore internal structure validity. Burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization), depression, mental quality of life (QOL), physical QOL, stress, and fatigue were domains identified for inclusion in the MSWBI. Six of 7 items received item CVI-relevance and CVI-representativeness of ≥0.82. Overall scale CVI-relevance and CVI-representativeness was 0.94 and 0.91. Overall pair-wise percent agreement between raters was ≥85% for clarity, relevance, and representativeness. Cronbach's alpha was 0.68. Item by item percent pair-wise agreements and Phi were low, suggesting little overlap between items. The majority of MSWBI items had a ≥74% sensitivity and specificity for detecting distress within the intended domain. The results of this study provide evidence of reliability and content-related validity of the MSWBI. Further research is needed to assess remaining psychometric properties and establish scores for which intervention is warranted.
Empirical Assessment of Eco-Certification The Case of Ecuadorian Bananas

Eco-certification is widely perceived to be an increasingly important strategy to improve the environmental performance of agriculture in an era of global trade integration and apparent weakening of regulatory capacity of nation-states. Few analyses have sought to determine whether ecolabeled products are produced in a manner that conserves natural resources and mitigates risks to ecological integrity. The authors report on a 2003 audit of farming practices in banana production in Ecuador. They find that certified farms significantly outperform noncertified farms on all environmental assessment criteria. In many cases, noncertified farms are out of compliance with Ecuadorian environmental law. Thus, there is evidence to support claims that ecocertified products pose relatively lower ecological risks. In evaluating limitations of their study, the authors note a need to develop longitudinal data sets to assessif and how certification motivates behavioral change at the level of production.
Speciation in atomic spectrometry—an oxymoron?☆

Abstract Because atomic spectrometry inherently involves the decomposition of a sample into its constituent atoms, it inevitably destroys speciation information. Only by combining an atomic spectrometric method withan auxiliary, species-specific technique, or by modifying the ‘atomic’ spectrometer substantially, can speciation by ascertained. In this brief paper, three alternative approaches to speciation are outlined. Among them, the use of a switched or modulated source seems particularly appealing.
Self-consistent molecular orbital calculations of nuclear spin coupling constants in organosilicon compounds; trimethylsilyl systems

Abstract Finite perturbation calculations of carbon-silicon nuclear spin coupling constants in trimethylsilyl compounds have been carried out using an INDO scheme extended to the second row. Generally good agreement with experimental values is noted. Correlations between coupling constants and certain parameters related to hybridization and electron distribution are discussed.
SENSORY DEPRIVATION HALLUCINATIONS AND OTHER SLEEP BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF POSITION, METHOD OF REPORT, AND ANXIETY

Thirty-six college students individually experienced an hour of sensory deprivation while immobile and wearing translucent goggles. Half the sample spent the hour lying down in a horizontal positio...
Cyanoacrylate Adhesive Used to Stop CSF Leaks During Orbital Surgery

• Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl Blue) tissue adhesive successfully sealed three cases of CSF leaks encountered during orbital surgery. The application of tissue adhesive was followed by prompt cessation of leak. We have found this tissue adhesive to be a valuable technical adjunct in the intraoperative management of this difficult problem and have not seen any general or local toxic reaction to the material.
Self-Portraiture: The Uses of Academic Autobiography.

This review article examines Leonard Waks's innovative collection of essays entitled Self-Portraiture: The Uses of Academic Autobiography: Review of Leaders in Philosophy of Education: Intellectual Self-Portraits. The book is based on invitations to leading philosophers of education to write about their own careers in the field and to offer an intellectual autobiography. The purpose of the book is not primarily to provide a history of particular arguments and their rebuttal, and in this sense it is not directly philosophical, but the chapters do chronicle broader intellectual shifts, and this is invaluable. The article examines the essays in terms of the relation between the professional and the personal, and between political and social contexts. Academic virtues and vices are found to be on display in several of the accounts. Together the essays constitute, albeit to an incomplete degree, the history of a movement, with philosophy of education framed mainly as an Anglo-American pursuit. Finally, in the light of this series of reflections, the article ponders the future of the subject both in relation to the changing context of educational policy and practice, and in terms of its positioning with regard to mainstream philosophy.
Longitudinal Analysis of Transit's Land Use Multiplier in Portland (OR)

Problem, research strategy, and findings: We assess the direct and indirect effects on car use (as measured by household vehicle miles traveled [VMT]) of the Portland Westside Max light rail transit (LRT) extension. We use longitudinal data to estimate the effects of discrete changes in the built environment by comparing a treated transit corridor with a highway corridor that serves as a control. Before the LRT line, the transit and highway corridors were comparable in almost all respects, including household VMT. After the LRT line was completed, the transit corridor had higher density, generated significantly more household walk and transit trips, and experienced a slower rise in VMT per household. We estimate a transit multiplier of 3.04, meaning that transit reduces VMT by three vehicle miles in total for every vehicle mile reduced due to transit ridership. The direct effect occurs through increases in transit ridership and associated reductions in household VMT. The indirect effect is achieved primar...