cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RF detection of partial discharge in current transformer

The partial discharge test is an efficient technique for detecting early failure of high-voltage apparatuses. Depending on the application, acoustic, optical and electrical methods may be used. For electrical detection, UHF method is widely used for PD measurements. For the noise issue, it is the more sensitive than other methods. However, the UHF antenna often installs at the specific location near the device under test (DUT). It is difficult to detect the PD everywhere with the same sensitivity. Also, the lower frequency PD signal such as high frequency (HF: 0.3-30 MHz) is not easy to measure using the UHF antenna. In this study, we design wide bandwidth coils to detect the radiating frequency (RF) from partial discharge. The copper coils wind uniformly around the whole DUT from the top to the bottom. Using this structure, the localization issue for acoustic and UHF methods may be solved. Also, due to uniform distribution of coils, it can pick up the PD signal effectively. Therefore, the sensitivity can be significantly improved. Compared to the UHF antenna in which all coils wind closely, the coils loose distribute in this study. This greatly increases the bandwidth of the PD detection.
Hypoxia diminishes the protective function of white-matter astrocytes in the developing brain

Abstract Objectives White-matter injury after surgery is common in neonates with cerebral immaturity secondary to in utero hypoxia. Astrocytes play a central role in brain protection; however, the reaction of astrocytes to hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) remains unknown. We investigated the role of astrocytes in white-matter injury after HCA and determined the effects of preoperative hypoxia on this role, using a novel mouse model. Methods Mice were exposed to hypoxia from days 3 to 11, which is equivalent to the third trimester in humans (prehypoxia, n = 49). Brain slices were transferred to a chamber perfused by cerebrospinal fluid. Oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) was performed to simulate ischemia-reperfusion/reoxygenation resulting from circulatory arrest under hypothermia. Astrocyte reactions were compared with preoperative normoxia (prenormoxia; n = 45). Results We observed astrocyte activation after 25°C ischemia-reperfusion/reoxygenation in prenormoxia ( P + cells (rho = .77, P = .001), confirming that astrogliosis is an important response after HCA. At 3 hours after OGD, astrocytes in prenormoxia had already proliferated and become activated ( P + cells in prehypoxia increased after ischemia reperfusion/reoxygenation, compared with control ( P + cells were more common with prehypoxia than with prenormoxia ( P Conclusions Preoperative hypoxia alters the neuroprotective function of astrocytes. Restoring this function before surgery may be a therapeutic option to reduce postoperative white-matter injury in the immature brain.
Effects of salinity on the viscosity and birefringence of a microemulsion system

Oil/water/surfactant systems form complex equilibrium phases which are sensitive to a number of parameters, including amount and concentration of cosurfactant (often an alcohol), salinity, and temperature. If one of these variables is changed systematically as, for example, the salinity, an interesting transition may be observed in which at low salinities a microemulsion is in equilibrium with an excess oil phase, at moderate salinities a middle phase microemulsion is in equilibrium with both excess oil and excess water phases, and at higher salinities brine is in equilibrium with a microemulsion phase. To help elucidate the structure of the microemulsion, studies of viscoelasticity and streaming birefringence in oscillatory shear flow have been conducted of a middle phase-forming system as a function of salinity. It is found that the viscoelastic properties of the microemulsions are unchanged for shear rates varying from 0.1 to 100 sec−1. Both the birefringence and the viscosity maximize near the salinity marking the transition from lower phase to middle phase microemulsion. Further inflections in these properties occur at a salinity marking the midrange of the middle phase microemulsion. For all cases the dominent relaxation time is near 3 to 5 msec while the birefringence changes by two orders of magnitude. The birefringence is a sensitive indicator of the elastic structure of the microemulsion.
B‐mode sonography of blood clots

Systematic evaluation of blood clot echogenicity was performed with five different transducer frequencies in two experiments. In the first experiment, blood clots were insonified at five different time periods; from immediately after clotting up to 96 hours after clotting. In the second experiment, blood clots of four different hematocrits (48 to 20%) and clots of hemolysed blood were insonified. The clots, with normal hematocrits, were highly echogenic when imaged with 5, 7.5 and 10-MHz transducers immediately and 24 hours after clotting. The echo intensity decreased over the following days until it almost disappeared at 96 hours after clotting. Clot echogenicity was not observed with 2.25 and 3.5-MHz transducers, except at the interface between retracted clot and serum. Clot echogenicity decreased in proportion with the hematocrit. Hemolysed blood clots were not echogenic. It is concluded from this study that fresh blood clots are echogenic soon after thrombosis with high resolution imaging and this echogenicity diminishes with time. Ultimately with organization and lamination, echogenicity will recur.
Hybridization as a technique for studying interchain interactions in the catalytic trimers of aspartate transcarbamoylase.

Abstract Since subunit interactions in regulatory enzymes mediate the ligand-promoted conformational changes responsible for their allosteric properties, it is necessary to have techniques for determining the effects of ligands and mutational alteractions on the strength of the interchain interactions. In aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli , the multiple interchain interactions are so linked that it is difficult to study them separately. Therefore, we have focused on the nonallosteric catalytic trimers isolated from the holoenzyme and have used the rate of hybrid formation between native and succinylated protein as a measure of the dissociation of the trimers into single polypeptide chains. Although catalytic trimers exhibit no evident dissociation in sedimentation studies at 10 −8 m , incubation of mixtures of native and succinylated trimers for long periods of time (days) yielded hybrids which are readily detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This sensitive technique was used to demonstrate that the substrate, carbamoylphosphate, and the bisubstrate analog, N -(phosphonacetyl)- l -aspartate, cause a marked strengthening of the interchain interactions, whereas the inhibitor, sodium pyrophosphate, at concentrations as low as 10 m m , promotes dissociation of the trimers. This weakening of the interchain interactions by pyrophosphate facilitated the isolation and purification of functionally competent hybrid trimers by a technique which was much more convenient and provided higher yields than previous, more drastic methods which employed urea or guanidine hydrochloride to cause dissociation of the trimers. The hybridization technique was useful in studying the effects of mutational alterations on the strength of the interchain interactions and the ability of active and inactive mutants to bind pyrophosphate.
Normative Factor Structure of the AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scale-School, Second Edition

The Adaptive Behavior Scale-School, Second Edition (ABS-S:2; Lambert, Nihira, & Leland, 1993) is one of the most popular tests of adaptive behavior. Critical methodological flaws in the confirmatory factor analysis reported in the test manual and the results of independent exploratory factor analyses leave the structural validity of the ABS-S:2 underdefined. The present study conducted exploratory factor analysis of the combined ABS-S:2 normative sample of 3,328 students (2,074 with mental retardation and 1,254 without mental retardation). Following principal axis factor extraction and oblique rotation, a two-factor solution was deemed the best dimensional model. These results suggest that interpretation of the ABS-S:2 should focus on its two major conceptual components (personal independence and social behavior) rather than the five factors and 16 domains endorsed by its authors.
Prompt neutrino production in beam-dump experiments

Purely leptonic decays of the charm D and F mesons are investigated quantitatively as a source of asymmetry between prompt (..nu../sub e/+nu-bar/sub e/) and (..nu../sub ..mu../+nu-bar/sub ..mu../) neutrino rates from hadronic beam dumps. We define and compute the values of two different ratios R of the numbers of events produced in a neutrino detector exposed to prompt ..nu../sub e/'s and ..nu../sub ..mu../'s, applying selections identical to those used in analyses of data. The decay mode F..--> mu nu../sub ..mu../ is shown to depress the ratio R/sub 1/ to values perhaps as low as 0.9; R/sub 1/ is determined from data in which electrons and muons are identified on an event-by-event basis. A ratio R/sub 2/ may be determined if electrons are not identified. Owing to F..-->..tau..nu../sub tau/ , R/sub 2/ is increased above R/sub 1/, and values of R/sub 2/ may exceed unity. Interpreted in this context, values of R substantially below unity, as observed in some experiments, would require very large values for the weak-decay constant f/sub F/ and for the inclusive F-production cross section.
Narrative stories as mediators for serial learning

Subjects learned 12 serial lists of 10 nouns by one of two methods: a control method of normal study and rehearsal, or a narrative-chaining method, where S was instructed to construct a meaningful story woven around the words to be remembered. Each Narrative S was permitted as much time as he needed for constructing each story, typically taking 1–2 min. His yoked control mate was given the same amount of time to study each list. Recall of each list immediately after it was studied was perfect for all Ss. However, after the 12 lists had been studied, a probe test for longer-term recall of each list showed Narrative Ss recalling six-seven times as much as their yoked Controls. Average median recall was 93% vs 13% for the Narrative and Control Ss, respectively. The results appear to demonstrate the role of thematic organization in increasing learning, decreasing interlist interference, and guiding reconstructive recall.
Properties of soluble cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity of renal inner medulla.

Abstract Studies of the chromatographic distribution of soluble protein kinase in rat kidney demonstrated that the type I isoenzyme predominates in cortex, whereas activity in outer and inner medulla is almost exclusively the type II form. The type II isoenzyme also predominates (95% or greater) in human, canine, bovine, porcine and rabbit inner medulla. Compared to soluble type I activities from rat renal cortex or medulla, type II activity of inner medulla demonstrates a marked resistance to activation by NaCl and/or urea in subcellular preparations. However, with respect to solute activation, the resistance of the type II enzyme of inner medulla does not differ from that of type II activities from other tissues. In contrast to the effects on basal activity, NaCl and urea potentiated inner medullary type II activation by cyclic AMP and also delayed the rate of subunit reassociation after chromatographic removal of cyclic AMP. Incubation of inner medullary slices in high osmolality buffer (NaCl and urea) did not alone activate soluble protein kinase, an observation which implied that the enzyme was also resistant to solute activation in the intact cell system. Moreover, at 1650 mosM, vasopressin activation of soluble protein kinase was enhanced compared to responses at 750 mosM despite comparabel levels of cyclic AMP accumulation at the two osmolalities. However, a cyclic AMP-independent action of high osmolality to reduce the rate of inactivation of arginine vasopressin-stimulated protein kinase was not demonstrable in inner medullary slices. The present data suggest the possibility that the resistance of inner medullary protein kinase to solute activation could be related to the isomeric form of enzyme (type II) present in this tissue. The high concentrations of NaCl and urea routinely found in inner medulla during hydropenia also influenced protein kinase responses to arginine vasopressin, and may do so in part by directly potentiating the action of cyclic AMP on subunit dissociation.
The Argument for Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion Over Total Disk Replacement

Anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion is one of the most commonly performed cervical spine procedures with historically excellent results. In an effort to preserve segmental motion and prevent adjacent segment degeneration, cervical total disk replacement was developed. Although the short-term data show comparable results, its superiority to ACDF remains controversial. This manuscript will highlight the literature that has supported ACDF as a treatment option for single level cervical pathology. In addition, we will review adjacent segment disease, its natural history, and what to expect as we begin to see the long-term results from total disk replacement.
Development and Optimization of Nanosomal Formulations for siRNA Delivery to the Liver

The objective of this study is to develop an effective siRNA delivery system for successful delivery to the liver for the treatment of HCV. Nanosize liposomes (nanosomes) have been prepared using a mixture of cholesterol and DOTAP. A functional siRNA was encapsulated into nanosomes following condensation with protamine sulfate. The delivery of siRNA was optimized in an in vitro cell culture system. The efficacy of the formulations was evaluated by measuring functional gene silencing and cytotoxicity. Encapsulation of siRNA ≥ 7.4 nM resulted in successful delivery of siRNA to nearly 100% of cells. The formulations containing lipid-to-siRNA ratio ≥ 10.56:1 instantly cleared approximately 85% of HCV while maintaining cell viability at about 90%. The formulations were sonicated to further reduce the particle size. The size of these formulations was decreased up to 100 nm. However, there were no significant changes observed in zeta potential, or in siRNA encapsulation and integrity following sonication. The sonicated formulations also showed higher liver hepatocytes deposition and gene silencing properties. This study therefore provides a novel approach of siRNA delivery to liver hepatocytes, which can also be applied to treat HCV in chronic liver diseases.
Self-field effects in superconductor-normal metal-superconductor junctions

The temperature dependence of the dc Josephson critical supercurrent has been measured for square lead‐zinc‐lead (superconductor‐normal metal‐superconductor) junctions in order to make a quantitative study of self‐field effects. Correction for the critical current density, Jc, due to the self‐field effect is made by using the linearized two‐dimensional model proposed by Vaglio. We calculate the temperature dependence of the Josephson penetration depth, λJ and find Jc to be proportional to (1−T/Tc)2 in the range where λJ is comparable to the junction width, W.
Regulation of SK Channel Spatial Distribution by Tonic PKA

Introduction: Small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels mediate a ubiquitous expressed potassium conductance in the brain involved in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. SK channel spatial distribution shows a polarized topographic expression being highly enriched in neuronal dendrites with limited expression on somatic membranes. However, the mechanism that controls this spatial distribution is unknown. To investigate the mechanisms that control the spatial distribution of SK channels at the single molecule level we combine single molecule atomic force microscopy and toxin pharmacology.Methods and results: AFM tip functionalized with apamin, a SK channel blocker, is used to detect the distribution of SK channels in living neurons by measuring the binding forces between apamin and SK channels. Employing the above technique, we test the effect of PKA on the clustering and dendritic localization of SK channels. Here, we show that SK2 channel nanoclustering is under the control of cAMP and PKA activity and demonstrate that SK2 channel polarized distribution in neurons is dictated by basal PKA activity.Conclusion: Our work reveals a new level of regulation of SK2 channels by PKA and also demonstrates for the first time that SK2 spatial distribution is plastic.
Combating Hate Without Hate Crimes: The Hanging Effigies of the 2008 Presidential Campaign

In this Note, effigies hung during the 2008 Presidential campaign are examined in detail to determine the most effective way to prohibit this undesirable conduct. The analysis commences with a detailed description of the various effigies reported to the public media and whether or not the individuals who displayed their respective effigy were prosecuted. Next the Note characterizes the statutes of the states where effigies were hung and analyzes whether individuals could have been prosecuted under federal or the various state hate crime statutes. In the end a review of the reported effigies during the Presidential campaign of 2008 and the various hate crime reporting statutes suggests that the most effective way to deter such conduct is to provide for more expansive hate crime incident reporting statutes rather than more substantive hate crime statutes criminalizing the hanging of effigies.
Heralded single photon partial coherence

Optical spatial coherence, characterizing correlations between optical fields at distinct points, plays a key role in the understanding of classical and quantum phenomena. Recent decades' technological advances, such as powerful lasers and fast, efficient photon counters enabled the study of nonclassical optical fields. Here, we describe single photon partial coherence, providing a theoretical model from quantum coherence theory and experimental observation. In particular, we make clear the role of quantum birth-zones for SPDC sources. These birth-zones are the quantum analog of classical emitters; they characterize the heralded single photon's coherence properties. We make the first observation of the predicted inversion of the single photon degree of coherence.
Corporate governance: communications from internal and external auditors

International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) require external auditors to communicate with the client’s governance body regarding significant matters which came to the auditors’ attention during the engagement. Similarly, the authoritative Practice Advisories (PAs), issued by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), mandate that internal auditors discuss certain items with the board. Thus, the governance body/board should be receiving information from two groups of auditors. Compares and contrasts the requirements of the ISAs and PAs with regard to communications with the governance body/board. The differences in the communications to the governance body/board by the external and internal auditors derive mainly from the focus of each group. The external auditors serve those users external to the organization; in contrast, internal auditors serve the board, which is responsible for the internal aspects of the entity. Besides communication on financial issues, the board also desires information on operational and compliance matters. The comparison of the international external auditing and the internal auditing standards shows that some information received by the governance body/board is similar. However, much is unique. Both groups of auditors aid the governance body/board in achieving its objective of guiding the entity to carry out its mission effectively and efficiently
Chemical species associated with the early stage of soot growth in a laminar premixed ethylene–oxygen–argon flame

Abstract The roles of aliphatic and aromatic chemical species in soot mass growth were studied in a burner-stabilized premixed ethylene–oxygen–argon flame at equivalence ratio ϕ = 2.5 . Temperature, soot size distribution, and volume fraction were measured as a function of distance from the burner surface. The chemical composition of the soot was determined using a novel aerosol mass spectrometric technique, photoionization aerosol mass spectrometry (PIAMS), spatially resolved as a function of height above the burner surface (HAB). At lower HABs, the soot chemical composition was dominated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing 16 to 30 carbon atoms. These measurements confirm that during particle inception and initial growth, the increase in particle mass results predominantly from an increase in the amount of PAH mass. Somewhat unexpected, ions corresponding to saturated and/or unsaturated hydrocarbons in the soot increased substantially as HAB increased. At the late stage of soot mass growth, the masses of aliphatic and aromatic components are similar. These observations indicate that for the flame tested, aliphatic compounds make a notable contribution to soot mass growth. The large aliphatic contribution coincides with a liquidlike particle morphology observed by TEM.
Characterization of lactococci other than Lactococcus lactis for possible use as starter cultures

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine lactococcal species other than Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris for their ability to serve as starter cultures. To identify the most promising cultures, resistance to L. lactis -derived bacteriophage, lack of inhibitor production, ability to metabolize lactose, and acid production in milk supplemented with glucose and casein hydrolysate were examined. The results of these analyses lead to three L. raffinolactis strains being chosen for further characterization. The L. raffinolactis strains were determined to: produce acceptable levels of acetaldehyde and diacetyl; be incapable of growth at 40 ° C; survive eight growth cycles against laboratory and industrial phage cocktails; contain one or no plasmids; and lack a caseinolytic proteinase. A plasmid expressing the Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris Wg2 caseinolytic proteinase was introduced into L. raffinolactis 617; however, no detectable caseinolytic proteinase activity was observed in the resulting transformants.
609 INTERNAL STANDARD (PEG) FOR BALANCE STUDIES IN PRE-MATURES

Studies of absorptive capabilities of prematures have been limited by incomplete stool collections where loss of even small portions of the usual 5-10 gm stool output/day introduces a large percent error. We evaluated the usefulness of a continuous oral internal marker (PEG) to correct for stool losses and variations in fecal flow in 4 prematures(Av. wt 1.7 kg). Total formula and PEG intake were monitored and 24-hour stool collections done using plastic-lined diapers. Formula and stools were analyzed for PEG and carbohydrate(CHO) content utilizing methods that yielded 95% recovery of PEG and CHO. Conclusions: 1) PEG output/gm stool became constantf (Av. variability 15%) by 3-5 days(vs 2 wks in adults). 2) There was wide variability in daily stool wt (0-32.6 gm) and %PEG recov(0-217%) but these correlated strongly(r=. 92, p<.001). %PEG recov did not vary with the dose adm. 3) Therefore stool wt and CHO excretion per day could be corrected by %PEG recov, decreasing their coefficient of variation(V). Our results confirm previous concerns about the adequacy of stool collections and suggest an internal marker may be feasible for correction in premature balance studies.
Postpolypectomy bleeding in patients undergoing colonoscopy on uninterrupted clopidogrel therapy

Background The risk of postpolypectomy bleeding (PPB) in patients undergoing colonoscopy on uninterrupted clopidogrel therapy has not been established. Objective To assess the PPB rate and outcome and identify risk factors associated with PPB in patients taking clopidogrel. Design Single-center, retrospective study. Demographics, clinical parameters, polyp characteristics, polypectomy techniques, and postpolypectomy events in the groups were compared by univariate analysis. Stepwise logistic regression analyses identified independent risk factors associated with PPB. Setting Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients A total of 142 patients (375 polypectomies) taking clopidogrel (cases) and 1243 patients (3226 polypectomies) not taking clopidogrel (controls). Interventions None. Main Outcome Measurements Postpolypectomy bleeding, hospitalization, and mortality. Results The immediate (intraprocedural) bleeding rate was similar in the 2 groups (2.1% vs 2.1%). Delayed (postprocedural) PPB rate was higher in the group taking clopidogrel (3.5% vs 1.0%, P = .02). Delayed bleeding of significance requiring hospitalization and transfusion/intervention was also higher in patients taking clopidogrel (2.1% vs 0.4%, P = .04). The length of hospital stay and interventions for PPB were comparable between the 2 groups. There was no mortality. Concomitant use of clopidogrel and aspirin/other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (odds ratio 3.7; 95% CI, 1.6-8.5) and the number of polyps removed (OR 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.4) were the only significant risk factors associated with PPB. Clopidogrel alone was not an independent risk factor for PPB. Limitations Retrospective study and small number of patients with PPB. Conclusions The PPB rate is significantly higher in patients undergoing polypectomy while taking clopidogrel and concomitant aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; however, the risk is small and the outcome is favorable. Routine cessation of clopidogrel in patients before colonoscopy/polypectomy is not necessary.
Distinctive properties of thymidine kinase isozymes induced by human and avian herpesviruses

Biochemical and immunological experiments have been performed to learn whether human and avion herpesvirus-induced dT kinases could be distinguished from the cytosol and mitochondrial dT kinase isozymes of uninfected cells. The dT kinases induced by human herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and by avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) were used. The present experiments extend previous investigations and demonstrate that: (1) human and avian herpesvirus-induced dT kinases differ from cytosol dT kinases of uninfected cells with respect to electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point and phosphate donor specificity; (2) human and avian herpesvirus-induced dT kinases differ from mitochondrial dT kinases of uninfected cells with respect to sedimentation coefficients and sensitivity to dCTP inhibition; and (3) HSV-1- and HSV-2-induced dT kinases differ from human cytosol and mitochondrial dT kinases in thermal lability and antigenic determinants. The cellular and the viral-induced dT kinase isozymes were all inhibited by the end product inhibitor, dTTP. Immunoglobulin (Ig) from sera of rabbits immunized with the HSV-1-induced dT kinase inhibited the homologous enzyme and some anti-type 1 Ig preparations partially inhibited the HSV-2 dT kinase, but the anti-type 1 Ig inhibited neither cytosol and mitochondrial dT kinases from human, mouse, and monkey cells, nor the dT kinases induced by ILTV, HVT, or vaccinia virus. Anti-type 2 Ig inhibited the homologous HSV-2 dT kinase, but not HSV-1 or human mitochondrial dT kinase.
Tissue specific expression of alternatively spliced Murine PECAM-1 isoforms

PECAM-1 (CD31) is a cell adhesion molecule that is highly expressed at the sites of endothelial cell-cell contact and at lower levels on the surface of platelets and leukocytes. It is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and undergoes alternative splicing to generate several isoforms that differ only in their cytoplasmic domains. The tissue distribution of the expression of different PECAM-1 isoforms has not been previously defined. We have examined PECAM-1 expression in various mouse tissues and endothelial cells. PECAM-1 mRNA was highly expressed in lung, heart, and kidney, and to a lower extent in brain and liver. Most endothelial cells in culture expressed high levels of PECAM-1 mRNA; however, normal mouse brain endothelial cells rapidly lost PECAM-1 expression in culture. To examine the tissue distribution of PECAM-1 isoform expression, RT/PCR was performed on the RNA isolated from various mouse tissues and mouse endothelial cells. Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA products indicated that most tissues and endothelial cells expressed several PECAM-1 isoforms at different frequencies. The PECAM-1 isoform that lacks exons 14 and 15 was most frequently detected in all cases. A novel PECAM-1 isoform that lacks exons 12 and 14 was detected in brain. An antibody to the extracellular domain of PECAM-1 reacted with two major bands, at 130 kDa and 110-120 kDa, in lysates prepared from endothelial cells or kidneys at different stages of development. An antibody prepared against PECAM-1 exon 14, which reacts only with cytoplasmic domain of PECAM-1 isoforms that contain exon 14, failed to react with the major lower molecular weight form of PECAM-1 in these lysates. Therefore, PECAM-1 isoforms that lack exon 14 are expressed in endothelial cells and tissues in developmentally regulated fashion. These results illustrate that multiple PECAM-1 isoforms are expressed in various mouse tissues and endothelial cells. Understanding the distribution of PECAM-1 isoforms, and the identity of intracellular proteins with which they may interact, will help to elucidate the role of PECAM-1 in endothelial cell-cell interactions and morphogenesis.
The Future of Anthropology

The future of anthropology depends on what it contributes, both to thought and to society. Whether it survives, flourishes, or becomes extinct depends on anthropology's ability to become an intregal and significant, yet not subservient, part of our culture and society. To flourish, we must press outward; we must mobilize our work and ourselves to make a difference beyond the discipline and the academy. This objective implies change in our priorities and hence in our work.
Cocaine Rapid Efficacy Screening Trials (CREST): lessons learned.

Aims The Cocaine Rapid Efficacy Screening Trials (CREST) were designed by the National Institute on Drug Abuse Division of Treatment Research and Development (NIDA, DT R&D) to rapidly screen a number of medications potentially useful for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Design Each CREST trial was designed to compare several medications in a single trial against an unmatched placebo. The placebo group was included in each trial to avoid the nearly universal positive response to medications seen in open-label trials. In addition, a common set of procedures and outcome measures were employed throughout to increase comparability of results obtained from different trials and from different times. Participants In all, 18 medications were screened in seven different trials, conducted in four different sites throughout the United States involving 398 cocaine-dependent patients. Findings Three medications were found to be promising enough to include in subsequent larger trials. Common statistical procedures for evaluating medications were developed to facilitate comparisons across sites and across time. A portion of the data were pooled and analyzed, which yielded some useful insights into cocaine dependence and its treatment. Finally, a review of individual trials together with the pooled analysis revealed several potential improvements for future screening trials. Conclusions Overall, the CREST trials proved to be useful for rapidly screening medications for treatment of cocaine dependence, but several modifications in design should be made before this framework is applied further.
Reexamining shift work pharmacists in Illinois.

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that pharmacists engaged in shift work might present unique characteristics, which has implications for labor supply and pharmacy services delivery. Objectives To characterize shift-work pharmacists by comparing them: (1) with nonshift work pharmacists and (2) by type of shift schedule. Methods A 4-page self-administered Biennial Pharmacist Compensation Survey was mailed in late 2007 to a random sample of pharmacists licensed and residing in Illinois, United States. Pharmacists were classified as shift work pharmacists if they answered the question asking if their gross base earnings included a shift differential. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and t tests were used to compare shift work pharmacists with nonshift work pharmacists. Results In Illinois, pharmacists receiving shift work differential pay were more likely to be staff hospital pharmacists who have children. Compared with nonshift pharmacists, they spent significantly more time dispensing and less time on business management activities and "other" functions. The most common types of alternative shifts reported were evening and night shifts. Conclusions Repeated analysis of pharmacists engaged in shift work in Illinois evidences unique characteristics from pharmacists not involved in such work schedules.
On a notion of simplicial depth

Abstract For a distribution F on Rp and a point x in Rp the simplicial depth D(x), which is the probability that x be inside a random simplex whose vertices are p + 1 independent observations from F, is introduced. D(x) can be viewed as a measure of depth of the point x relative to F, and its empirical version gives rise to a natural ordering of the data points from the center outward. This ordering provides an approach for detecting outliers in a multivariate data cloud and leads to the introduction of affine equivariant multivariate generalizations of the univariate sample median and L-statistics. This sample median is shown to be consistent for the center of any angularly symmetric distribution.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OUTPUT VARIABILITY AND GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM POST WAR UK DATA

The paper investigates the relationship between output variability and economic growth using a GARCH-M model with industrial production in post-war Great Britain. The data reveals a positive relationship between variability and growth rates.
Cistitis incrustante tras Mitomicina C

Resumen La cistitis incrustante o incrustada es un proceso frecuente que se caracteriza por la precipitacion de sales en la mucosa vesical. La presencia de orinas alcalinas parece ser un factor fundamental para dicho deposito. Las infecciones urinarias por germenes urealiticos tambien parece ser un factor importante. Presentamos un caso de cistitis incrustante tras el uso de Mitomicina C como quimioterapico intravesical
Experimental comparison of using continuous-wave and frequency-domain diffuse optical imaging systems to detect heterogeneities

Continuous-Wave (CW) and Frequency-Domain (RF) methods of diffuse optical imaging are compared to identify the optimal approach for a clinical system. The CW Imager features fast imaging with 9 frequency-encoded sources and 16 detectors. The homodyne RF imager has 40 sources modulated at a frequency of 70 MHz and 9 detectors. Both systems incorporate two wavelengths. The features and characterization of both system are discussed and compared. A versatile phantom box design is presented that offered flexibility in experimental design and facilitated optimization of probe geometry. A 3D absorption image reconstruction phantom experiment is carried out to test the performance of the RF system. Noise models are set up and experimentally verified, and a signal-to-noise ratio analysis is presented. The heterogeneity detection sensitivity of the CW method and the RF method are compared, using both simulation and phantom experiments. The comparison results are discussed in the context of the most suitable approach to the design of a clinical breast cancer detection system.
Dissociation of renal cyclic AMP and phosphate responses to parathyroid hormone in uremia.

Various investigators have shown that chronic uremia is associated with a normal or exaggerated phosphaturic response to parathyroid hormone (PTH). To explore the relationship between progressive uremia, renal tubular cyclic AMP (cAMP), and inorganic phosphate (Pi) response to PTH and acidosis, in vivo and in vitro experiments were designed in rats with experimental uremia of 4–6 weeks’ duration. Both uremic and pair-fed control rats were treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) and/or chronic NH4Cl feeding. Urinary Pi and cAMP and plasma immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) were measured as well as PTH- and NaF-stimulated cAMP from isolated renal tubules. Excretion of cAMP decreased by 30% in uremic as compared to control rats despite a 3-fold rise in Pi excretion. Acidosis superimposed on uremia did not further decrease cAMP excretion, nor did it significantly alter the elevated Pi excretion. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment of uremic rats further lowered cAMP excretion although Pi excretion rose, hypercalcemia occurred, and plasma iPTH fell. In nonuremic control rats, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment led to hypercalcemia, a progressive decrease in cAMP, and increase in Pi excretion. Isolated renal tubules from uremic or acidotic uremic rats revealed a 50% reduction in both PTH- and NaF-stimulated cAMP generation compared to control rat renal tubules. This observation was unchanged by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Renal tubules of 1,25(OH)2D3-treated control rats demonstrated a decreased cAMP production in response to both PTH and NaF which was inversely related to the calcium content of the renal tubules. Renal tubular calcium levels of uremic rats, initially 3-fold elevated, also increased during 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that progressive uremia results in a dissociation between PTH, urinary cAMP, and Pi excretion which cannot be explained by either metabolic acidosis or 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency.
Adrenocorticotropin XXVII. On the presence of pig-tyre adrenocorticotropin in sheep pituitaries, and a simple method for the isolation of αs-adrenocorticotropin☆

Abstract A simple, rapid method for the preparation of highly purified ACTH by means of chromatography on CM-cellulose is described. Pig-type ACTH has been isolated from sheep pituitaries and appears to represent about 10% of the ACTH present. Evidence is adduced for the presence in sheep-pituitary extracts of a peptide having the sequence of ACTH but lacking the NH2-terminal hexapeptide and the COOH-terminal amino acid.
Contributions of Psychodynamic Approaches to Treatment of PTSD and Trauma: A Review of the Empirical Treatment and Psychopathology Literature

Reviews of currently empirically supported treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show that despite their efficacy for many patients, these treatments have high nonresponse and dropout rates. This article develops arguments for the value of psychodynamic approaches for PTSD, based on a review of the empirical psychopathology and treatment literature. Psychodynamic approaches may help address crucial areas in the clinical presentation of PTSD and the sequelae of trauma that are not targeted by currently empirically supported treatments. They may be particularly helpful when treating complex PTSD. Empirical and clinical evidence suggests that psychodynamic approaches may result in improved self-esteem, increased ability to resolve reactions to trauma through improved reflective functioning, increased reliance on mature defenses with concomitant decreased reliance on immature defenses, the internalization of more secure working models of relationships, and improved social functioning. Additionally, psychodynamic psychotherapy tends to result in continued improvement after treatment ends. Additional empirical studies of psychodynamic psychotherapy for PTSD are needed, including randomized controlled outcome studies.
Tripeptide probes for tripeptidyl protease I production via gene transfer.

Tripeptides derived from 5-chloroanthraquinone hydrazide and anthraquinone hydrazide have been prepared as potential reagents to probe cellular expression of tripeptidyl protease I (TPP-I). Attempt...
Dynamic Response of a Six-axle Locomotive to Random Track Inputs

SUMMARY Spectral analysis techniques are employed to analyze the dynamic response of a six-axle locomotive on tangent track to vertical and lateral random track irregularities. The locomotive is represented by a thirty-nine (39) degrees of freedom model. A linear model is employed by considering small displacements, linear suspension elements and a linear theory for the wheel-rail interaction. Power spectral densities of displacements, velocities and accelerations and the statistical average frequencies of the system are obtained for each degree of freedom. Comparison of the calculated dominating frequencies with existing experimental values shows good agreement. The technique of spectral analysis is an effective tool for model validation, and for the determination of rail vehicle response to track irregularities. The probability functions for the response can be used as a measure for the ride quality of rail vehicles and for the study of fatigue damage of components. § Numbers in brackets designate refer...
Potassium bromide for infrared laser windows: Crystal growth, chemical polishing, and optical absorption☆

Potassium bromide single crystals have been prepared with 10.6-..mu..m bulk absorption coefficients smaller than the intrinsic value for potassium chloride. Of several halogen-producing vapors studied, that of carbon tetrachloride is most effective in decreasing infrared absorption. Water-grinding, followed by polishing with HBr solutions, produces nonabsorbing and etch-pit-free surfaces on planes remote from (100). Hydroxyl lines are absent from infrared absorption spectra of all crystals. Vacuum-ultraviolet absorption at 215 nm shows presence of between 0.01 and 4.0 OH/sup -/ ions per million anions. Incomplete removal of metaborate (BO/sub 2//sup -/) by iodine monobromide or by hexabromobenzene is evident in infrared absorption spectra.
The influence of disulfide bond reduction and lanthanum on end-plate receptors

Der Einfluss von Dithioerythritol als Reduktionsmittel und von Lanthan auf die durch Carbamylcholin induzierten Phanomene am Endplatten-rezeptor in mit Kalium depolarisierten Muskelfasern wurde unteruscht. Dithioreythritol hemmte die Endplattenrezeptoraktivierung und beschleunigte die Desensibilisierungsgeschwindigkeit wahrend 0.01 mM Lanthan die Endplattenaktivierung verstarkte, ohne aber einen Einfluss auf die Geschwindigkeit der Desensibilisierung mit oder ohne Dithioerythritol zu haben. 1.0 mM Lanthan hingegen erhohte sowohl die Geschwindgkeit der Desensibilisierung als auch diejenige der Aktivierung bei Abwesenheit von Dithioerythritol, was den Schluss auf zwei verschiedene Wirkungsorte von Lanthan zulasst.
A rapid colorimetric assay for γ-glutamyl hydrolase (conjugase)

A simple procedure for the measurement of gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (conjugase) activity is described. Glutamic acid released from pteroylpenta-gamma-glutamate by hog kidney and chicken pancreas conjugases was quantitated using the dye 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone hydrazone. The procedure involves hydrolysis of the folylpoly-gamma-glutamate substrate by conjugase, conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate by L-glutamate dehydrogenase and colorimetric measurement of the BDBH derivative of alpha-ketoglutarate. The release of as little as one nmol of glutamic acid from the substrate can be measured by this procedure, which is well suited for the assay of a variety of conjugase preparations. In addition, the method should provide a general assay for the enzymatic hydrolysis of various folate and antifolate polyglutamates.
Blood pressure effects of long-term stimulant use in disorders of hypersomnolence

Untoward cardiovascular effects have been implicated as a deterrent to long-term central nervous system (CNS) stimulant use in disorders of hypersomnolence. In this study, we reviewed the relationship between blood pressure and long-term stimulant use. Medical records of 54 patients with narcolepsy and idiopathic CNS hypersomnolence (ICH) were reviewed. The overall mean number of months of follow-up for the entire group was 45.6 (95% CI: 42-49). Both simple linear regression and multiple regression utilizing generalized estimating equations were used to show relationships between blood pressure (BP), time and other covariates. In the simple linear regression model, the average slope of the line of systolic BP (SBP) on time for the entire group was 0.06 (95% CI: -0.09, 0.13) and the line of diastolic BP (DBP) on time was 0.01 (95% CI: -0.05, 0.07). Two multiple regression equations were fitted for the continuous response variables SBP and DBP. Covariates in the model included: time, hypertension, weight at baseline, weight, SBP baseline (SBPBL), DBP baseline (DBPBL), high vs. low dose stimulant therapy and age at starting treatment. For SBP, the covariates weight at baseline, weight and SBPBL were significant (P < 0.05) predictors. For DBP, covariates reaching statistical significance (P < 0.05) included weight and DBPBL. There was no significant change in SBP or DBP over time in either model. Two different statistical models support the conclusion that there was no significant change in SBP or DBP over time in this population.
Relationship between genetic distance and heterosis for yield and morphological traits in winter canola (Brassica napus L.).

Genetic distance among canola cultivars was estimated through multivariate analysis. Thirty cultivars from various sources were analyzed and clustered based upon five morphological characteristics and yield components-crown diameter, number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1 and yield plant-1 -and placed in three distinct clusters. Two cultivars from each cluster were selected as parents and 15 partial-diallel inter- and intra-cluster crosses were made between the six selected parents and evaluated at two locations in Michigan in 1990/1991. The association between genetic distance and mid-parent heterosis was investigated. The correlation between genetic distance and heterosis was positive and highly significant for seed yield, number of pods plant-1, and number of seeds pod-1. Clustering, based on yield and yield-component traits, demonstrated that inter-cluster heterosis was greater than intra-cluster heterosis in the majority of cases.
Effects of tricyclic antidepressant treatment on tyramine-O-sulfate excretion in depressed patients

The urinary excretion of tyramine-O-sulfate following an oral load of tyramine (Tyramine Challenge Test, 'TCT') was measured in a group of fourteen inpatients with unipolar and bipolar major depressive episode. TCT was done both during a pretreatment baseline period and following four weeks of treatment with tricyclic antidepressants. The change in TCT values after treatment correlated with improvement in depression. The previously described ability of TCT to discriminate between endogenous and nonendogenous depressed patients was confirmed at baseline. However, following tricyclic antidepressant treatment, TCT values were not significantly different between endogenous and nonendogenous patients.