cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of various substrate technologies under steady state and transient conditions

Several substrate technologies for use in automotive electronics applications have been studied for their relative thermal performance. These technologies include aluminum oxide (A1/sub 2/O/sub 3/) insulated metal substrate (collectively known as AIMS); aluminum nitride (AlN) direct-bond copper (DBCu); aluminum oxide direct-bond copper; insulated metal substrate; FR4 substrate; field effect transistor (FET) on copper spreader on FR4. All substrate configurations were attached to die-cast aluminum (Al) rigidizers. Only the AIMS substrate was studied as a system utilizing both die-cast and stamped aluminum rigidizers. The FR4 substrates included thermal vias. The technologies were compared under both steady state and transient power conditions. Additionally, conduction-only (localized) and conduction/convection (system-level) models were studied. Localized results indicate all substrate configurations perform better than FR4, provided the in-plane dimensions of the substrate under study remain the same. System-level results indicate all substrate configurations perform better than FR4, provided the FET spacing is maintained approximately the same. The slight influence of thermal property variation is demonstrated. Performance vs. normalized cost is also presented.
Maintenance of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cell activity through successive in vitro divisions correlates with sustained long-term repopulating potential

Abstract Whether maintenance of primitive hematopoietic function through successive in vitro divisions of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) can be modulated by cytokine stimulation was investigated using both in vitro and in vivo assays. Single human marrow CD34+CD38−/lo cells isolated in G0 phase of cell cycle (G0CD34+CD38−/lo cells) were cultured in either SCF, FL and MGDF (SFM) or SFM plus IL3, IL6, and GM-CSF (SFM36G) and the number of progeny cells in each clone was recorded on days 3, 5 and 7. Cells of each clone were harvested on day 7 and examined individually for their HPC content in a 6 seek LTC-IC assay. Being a single cell assay, presence of hematopoietic colonies at week 7 indicated that the primary cell was an LTC-IC with a known proliferation history. While the number of progeny cells per LTC-IC maintained in SFM for 7 days was 5.4 ± 3.4 (mean ± SD, n=74), that for LTC-IC cultured in SFM36G was 27.1 ± 42.1 (n = 78; p=0.00002). Since the percentage of clones scored as LTC-IC was similar under both conditions, these data suggest that SFM36G may support additional in vitro cell divisions without loss of function compared to SFM. To test this hypothesis, BM CD34+ cells were expanded in SFM or SFM36G for 5 days then transplanted into conditioned NOD/SCID mice. Fresh CD34+ cells generated 39.0 ± 13.8% chimerism in recipient mice 8 weeks post-transplantation. Progeny of equivalent cell numbers expanded with SFM supported 13.3 ± 16.1% chimerism while progeny of cells maintained in SFM36G sustained 31.8 ± 14.7% chimerism. Analysis of adhesion molecules expression did not reveal a phenotype common to fresh and SFM36G-expanded cells, suggesting that maintenance of repopulating potential of SFM36G-expanded cells may not be a function of enhanced homing. These data demonstrate that maintenance of primitive HPC function through successive in vitro cell divisions of single HPC may predict BM repopulating potential of these cells and suggest that SFM36G is superior to SFM in maintaining, and possibly expanding, the repopulating capacity of HPC.
Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Cages: Heteroatom-Containing and Complementary Trigonal Prisms

The self-assembly of three nanoscopic prisms of approximate size 1 x 4 nm is reported. Tetrahedral carbon, silicon, and phosphorus were used as structure-defining elements in these coordination-based cages. A carbon-based assembly completes a pair of nanoscopic complementary 3-D structures. The formation of the structures is supported by multinuclear NMR, ESI FT-ICR mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis data.
Faber expansions of rational and entire functions

The Faber polynomials for a bounded, simply connected domain D can, under certain circumstances, be used to give series expansions of functions analytic on D [5] and to give good polynomial approximations to such functions [3]. We provide explicit, easily computable formulae for the coefficients of the Faber polynomials and formulae for the Faber coefficients of certain types of rational and analytic functions. Finally, since the study of the properties of an analytic function may require us to look at its derivative, we also provide formulae for the Faber expansions of the derivatives of Faber polynomials.
Ketamine reverses stress-induced depression-like behavior and increased GABA levels in the anterior cingulate: An 11.7 T 1H-MRS study in rats

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter in the brain and is primarily responsible for modulating excitatory tone. Clinical neuroimaging studies show decreased GABA levels in the anterior cingulate of patients with mood disorders, including major depressive disorder. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) is an animal model thought to mimic the stressful events that may precipitate clinical depression in humans. In this study male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a modified CUS paradigm that used a random pattern of unpredictable stressors twice daily for 10 days to explore the early developmental stages of depression-like endophenotypes. Control rats were handled daily for 10 days. Some rats from each treatment group received an injection of ketamine (40 mg/kg) after the final stressor. One day following the final stressor rats were tested for behavioral effects in the forced swim test and then euthanized to collect trunk blood and anterior cingulate brain samples. GABA levels were measured in anterior cingulate samples ex vivo using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) at 11.7 T. Animals subjected to CUS had lower body weights, higher levels of blood corticosterone, and increased immobility in the forced swim test; all of which suggest that the stress paradigm induced a depression-like phenotype. GABA levels in the anterior cingulate were significantly increased in the stressed animals compared to controls. Administration of ketamine on the last day of treatment blunted the depression-like behavior and increased GABA levels in the anterior cingulate following CUS. These data indicate that stress disrupts GABAergic signaling, which may over time lead to symptoms of depression and ultimately lower basal levels of cortical (1)H-MRS GABA that are seen in humans with depression. Furthermore, the data suggests that ketamine modulates cortical GABA levels as a mechanism of its antidepressant activity.
Modeling judgments of linear extent.

Subjects were asked to make judgments of linear extent, specifically, to assess and reproduce the span between dots, with distances that ranged from 0.5 to 8° of visual angle. The errors of judgment were modeled by regressing against linear and Fourier components, yielding a model for each of the 25 subjects who participated in the five experiments and for each session in which the subjects were tested. Most of the models manifested a complex profile of underestimates and overestimates of span as a function of the span being judged. Successive cycles of under- and over-estimation of spans appeared as quasiperiodic oscillations in some of the models. We hypothesize that spatial position is encoded by neuron receptive fields that are organized as a mosaic, and these judgment errors may reflect defects in or competitive interaction among these receptive fields.
Biphoton manipulation with a fiber-based pulse shaper

We demonstrate spectral shaping of entangled photons in the telecom band with a programmable, fiber-based optical filter. The fine-resolution spectral control permits implementation of length-40 Hadamard codes, through which we are able to verify frequency anticorrelation with a 20-fold increase in total counts over that permitted by the equivalent pair of monochromators at the same input flux. By programming the complex spectral transmission function corresponding to a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, we also construct variations on Franson interferometers that are free from mechanical instabilities, demonstrating spectral phase independence in the slow-detector limit, in which all temporal features are unobservable. Our configuration furnishes a single, compact arrangement for manipulating telecom biphotons and characterizing their quality.
Effect of motor unit recruitment on functional vasodilatation in hamster retractor muscle.

1 maintained the total active tension (tension × time integral, TTI) constant across recruitment levels. 2 With constant TTI and stimulation frequency (40 Hz), DTI in all vessels increased with motor unit recruitment. DTI increased from distal arterioles up through proximal feed arteries. 3 To determine whether the effect of recruitment on DTI was due to increased peak tension, the latter was controlled with stimulation frequency (15, 20 and 40 Hz) during maximum (high) recruitment. With constant TTI, DTI then decreased as peak tension increased. 4 To explore the interaction between recruitment and duty cycle on DTI, each recruitment level was applied at 2.5, 10 and 20 % duty cycle (at 40 Hz). For a given increase in TTI, recruitment had a greater effect on DTI than did duty cycle. 5 Functional vasodilatation in response to rhythmic contractions is facilitated by motor unit recruitment. Thus, vasodilatory responses are determined not only by the total tension produced, but also by the number of active motor units.
A tissue-selective prostaglandin E2 analog with potent antifertility effects.

N-methanesulfonyl 16-phenoxy-ω-tetranor PGE2 is a prostaglandin analog which is markedly more tissue selective than PGE2. This compound is 10–30 times more potent than PGE2 in animal models which are considered relevant to antifertility effects in humans. In pharmacological tests which are believed to be predictive for side effects in humans, the compound has potency either equal to or less than that of PGE2.
The critical period for control of early blight (Alternaria solani) of potato

The purpose of this study was to identify when the critical period for control of early blight occurs and thus the need to initiate a spray schedule of protectant fungicides. The initiation of weekly fungicide spray schedules was staggered to identify the critical period. The accumulation of 400 P-Days, environmental conditions favorable for sporulation, spore dissemination and plant infection and airborne spores ofA. solani were detected prior to the critical period each year. Since early blight is a disease of old plants, host susceptibility appeared to be involved in the timing of the critical period in addition to favorable weather and the presence of the pathogen. A measure of potato plant development, and therefore susceptibility toA. solani, is needed to adequately predict the critical period. The accumulation of 400 P-Days may aid in the prediction of the critical period by estimating the time of plant susceptibility and therefore the timing of the first necessary fungicide spray.
Post-transcriptional Modulation of Iron Homeostasis during p53-dependent Growth Arrest

Iron plays an essential role in cell proliferation and is a required cofactor for a number of critical cellular enzymes. In this report we investigate changes in proteins of iron metabolism during p53-mediated replicative arrest. Following the induction of p53 in H1299 lung cancer cells containing a doxycycline-inducible p53, an increase in both H and L subunits of ferritin protein was observed. To determine the mechanism of this effect, we investigated the ability of p53 to regulate ferritin. Real time reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated no difference in levels of ferritin H mRNA in the presence and absence of p53. Because these results suggested that transcriptional mechanisms were not responsible for the p53-dependent increase in ferritin, we tested whether a post-transcriptional mechanism was involved. RNA bandshift assays revealed that induction of p53 decreased iron regulatory protein binding. Consistent with this observation, Western blot analysis revealed a decline in transferrin receptor 1 protein levels following induction of p53. Collectively, these results suggest that p53 may induce cell cycle arrest not only by well described mechanisms involving the induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors but also by the recruitment of pathways that reduce the availability of intracellular iron.
Relation of HCG-induced ovulation to the production of prolonged diestrus in the adult rat.

A series of experiments was undertaken to determine the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on ovulation in the mature cyclic rat. A single subcutaneous injection of 50 IU HCG was administered to rats during proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus-1 or diestrus-2. Although HCG did not affect ovulation when given during either proestrus or metestrus, an acceleration in the rate of ova transport through the oviduct was suggested in those animals treated during proestrus. Injection of HCG during estrus caused release of additional ova within 24 hr, and advanced the time of ovulation during the next cycle by 24 hr so that 3 ovulations occurred during a 4-day span. Injection of HCG during diestrus-1 prevented release of ova normally expected to occur 48 hr later (in 4-day cyclic animals) by trapping these ova within the follicles—a result of very rapid luteinization. However, the incidence of ovulation expected 72 hr later (in 5-day cyclic animals) was augmented. Injection of HCG during diestrus-2 (5-d...
Defining the major antibody epitopes on the human thyrotropin receptor in immunized mice: evidence for intramolecular epitope spreading.

To evaluate the B cell response to the extracellular domain of the human TSH receptor (hTSHR-ecd), we used recombinant hTSHR-ecd to immunize BALB/c mice (group A) and CBA/J mice (groups B and C). Mice from groups A and B were boosted once, and mice from group C received three antigen boosts. All individual mice developed highly specific hTSHR-ecd antibodies (hTSHR-ecd-Ab), confirmed by Western blot analyses. The B cell epitopes recognized by these murine hTSHR-ecd-Ab were mapped by enzyme-linked immunoassays using 26 synthetic overlapping peptides spanning the entire mature hTSHR-ecd [amino acids (aa) 22-415], i.e. without the signal sequence. Although all BALB/c and CBA/J mice antisera recognized peptide 1 (aa 22-41), the hyperimmunized CBA/J mice (group C) demonstrated recognition of additional peptides (numbers 21-26) clustered toward the carboxyl-terminus of the hTSHR-ecd (aa 322-415). Furthermore, group C serum blocked the binding of [125I]bTSH to native porcine TSHR, whereas sera from groups A and B...
PD-1 ligands expressed on myeloid-derived APC in the CNS regulate T cell responses in EAE

Disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is regulated by programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, B7-H1 (programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)) and B7-DC (PD-L2). B7-H1 and B7-DC have negative regulatory effects upon binding PD-1 on activated T cells and B7-H1 deficiency increases severity of both diabetes and EAE. However, the role of PD-L expression on different APC in the CNS in regulating local T-cell function during relapsing EAE has not been examined. Our data show that the majority of CNS CD4+ T cells isolated during acute EAE are PD-1+, and T cells specific for relapse-associated epitopes express PD-1 upon antigen stimulation in the CNS. B7-H1 and B7-DC are differentially expressed on discrete APC populations in the inflamed CNS. B7-H1 and PD-1 have mainly inhibitory functions on CNS T cells. B7-H1 negatively regulates the stimulation of activated PD-1+ T(H) cells, in co-cultures with microglia and different CNS-infiltrating APC presenting endogenously processed peptides. The preponderance of IFN-gamma+ versus IL-17+ T cells in the CNS of B7-H1(-/-) mice suggests that B7-H1 more selectively suppresses T(H)-1 than T(H)-17 responses in vivo. In contrast, blockade of B7-DC has less pronounced regulatory effects. Overall, the results demonstrate that B7-H1 expressed by CNS myeloid APC negatively regulates T-cell activation during acute relapsing EAE.
What you should know before embarking on telehome health: lessons learned from a pilot study.

This article provides suggestions for agencies considering telehome health as an adjunct to in-home nursing visits. Issues of patient and equipment selection and service implementation are discussed. This information represents lessons learned from a pilot study of telehome health with chronically i
Theoretical investigation of polarization-compensated II-IV/I-V perovskite superlattices

Recent work suggested that head-to-head and tail-to-tail domain walls could be induced to form in ferroelectric superlattices by introducing compensating ``delta doping'' layers via chemical substitution in specified atomic planes [Phys. Rev. B 73, 020103(R) (2006)]. Here we investigate a variation in this approach in which superlattices are formed of alternately stacked groups of II-IV and I-V perovskite layers, and the ``polar discontinuity'' at the II-IV/I-V interface effectively provides the delta-doping layer. Using first-principles calculations on ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}/{\text{KNbO}}_{3}$ as a model system, we show that this strategy allows for the growth of a superlattice with stable polarized regions and large polarization discontinuities at the internal interfaces. We also generalize a Wannier-based definition of layer polarizations in perovskite superlattices [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 107602 (2006)] to the case in which some (e.g., KO or ${\text{NbO}}_{2}$) layers are non-neutral and apply this method to quantify the local variations in polarization in the proposed ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}/{\text{KNbO}}_{3}$ superlattice system.
Between- and within-lake responses of macrophyte richness metrics to shoreline development

Abstract Aquatic habitat in littoral environments can be affected by residential development of shoreline areas. We evaluated the relationship between macrophyte richness metrics and shoreline development to quantify indicator response at 2 spatial scales for Minnesota lakes. First, the response of total, submersed, and sensitive species to shoreline development was evaluated within lakes to quantify macrophyte response as a function of distance to the nearest dock. Within-lake analyses using generalized linear mixed models focused on 3 lakes of comparable size with a minimal influence of watershed land use. Survey points farther from docks had higher total species richness and presence of species sensitive to disturbance. Second, between-lake effects of shoreline development on total, submersed, emergent-floating, and sensitive species were evaluated for 1444 lakes. Generalized linear models were developed for all lakes and stratified subsets to control for lake depth and watershed land use. Between-lake...
PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND METAL CATALYSIS: STUDIES ON A FLAVIN SENSITIZED: OXIDATION OF ASCORBATE†

Summary This paper constitutes a study of the interaction between ascorbate, diketogulonate, manganous ion, oxygen and illuminated flavins (or other sensitizers). When ascorbate is chosen as the substrate, the resulting photoxidation assumes a peculiar two-step course. This happens because traces of ascorbate inhibit the photoxidation of diketogulonate and oxygen retards the photoxidation of small amounts of ascorbate. Sensitized photo-reactions which are inhibited by high concentrations of oxygen are affected by the addition of various organic compounds. Of these, the herbicides 3-(p-clilorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (CMU) and 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) interfere nearly exclusively with flavin sensitized photoreactions, while other inhibiting compounds tested, such as tryptophane and tyrosine, do not display a similar selectivity for only one dye. A second even more rigid specificity concerns the role of manganous ions. Diketogulonate is oxidized through the action of light excited flavin or of traces of alkali in the dark only when Mn++ is available. No other metal tested had this ability. The response of flavin sensitized photoreactions to the addition of CMU or DCMU varies with the substrate being oxidized. With ascorbate and 2, 3-diketogulonate as substrates in the presence of manganous ions, CMU reverses the inhibition by oxygen, but with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or triethylene tetramine (TETA) as substrates CMU acts as an inhibitor itself. With one exception all effects of CMU on flavin sensitized reactions, be they anaerobic bleaching or aerobic oxidations, were inhibitory. The one exception, the apparent promotion of manganese catalyzed photoxidations, may come about through the inhibition of competing reactions such as the quenching of light-excited dyes by oxygen. At the same time it IS noteworthy that the manganese dependent photoxidation is refractory against CMU as inhibitor. The conclusion is inescapable that herbicides like CMU form stable charge transfer complexes with excited flavin molecules. But simple complex formation is not sufficient to explain all of our findings on the basis of the two most frequently proposed reaction mechanisms for sensitized light reactions. We have had to modify them to make them fit the experiments here summarized.
A simple procedure for the determination of the trapped volume of liposomes

Abstract A new method is described for determining the volume of the aqueous compartment of liposomes. Liposomes are prepared in a solution of the fluorescent dye, calcein. The fraction of the total volume that is within the liposomes is obtained as the fraction of the fluorescence that remains after adding cobalt(II) ions which, when chelated by calcein, quench its fluorescence. The method is rapid, simple and accurate. Separation of the liposomes from the medium is not required. The procedure is equally well suited to the assay of permeability characteristics of liposomal membranes.
Solving treasury problems in an age of global trade

As corporations expand to accommodate increased international trade, treasurers face new, tough problems. They are more challenged than ever to unlock working capital dispersed in multiple currencies and regions. The growth in global trade also means that treasurers must become more involved in day-to-day business operations. The authors look at treasury challenges in three key areas: the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A survey to determine current practice patterns in the surgical treatment of advanced thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthrosis.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine current practice patterns and examine the influence of recent evidence in the surgical treatment of advanced thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthrosis.
Brand Aid: Better than Nothing, Far from Enough

The act of buying is necessary to maintain a complex network of production which affects others’ bodies, societies, and environments (Hartwick ⇓). As the book Brand Aid (Richey and Ponte ⇓) so clearly shows, the links between a consumer and a commodity are complex and full of significance. The mundane act of applying certain labels to a commodity brings into play complicated questions about the implications of its production and consumption. Potentially, labels such as RED allow people to understand something important about their participation in a network linking far-flung groups of people, trans-national corporations, nation-states, and nature. Like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) scheme for certifying forest products, RED also involves outside legitimators such as celebrities and NGOs. A little bit like Fair Trade, it promises a transfer of value by guaranteeing a charity-like contribution linked to a purchase. But unlike these exemplary labels, it makes no attempt to tell a story about the way a RED product is produced, much less affect that process of production. Richey and Ponte's book reveals how RED deflects the critical consumer's gaze. Brand Aid clarifies how RED obscures the social and environmental relations of production behind the goods sold under its umbrella. Nor does it question the distribution of power along a commodity chain. According to RED, markets are innocuous connectors between all-powerful ethical consumers …
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF CUTANEOUS PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS—I. SPIN TRAPPING OF PHOTOLYSIS PRODUCTS FROM SULFANILAMIDE, 4‐AMINOBENZOIC ACID AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

— The photodecomposition of sulfanilamide, 4-aminobenzoic acid and other related analogs has been studied with the aid of the spin trap 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane. UV photolysis of an aqueous solution of sulfanilamide yielded the following radicals C˙6H4SO2NH2, C6H5SO2˙, S˙O2NH2 and SO-#˙ (or SO-2dot;). Under the same conditions 4-aminobenzoic acid gave C˙6H4COOH. In addition both sulfanilamide and 4-aminobenzoic acid, but not 4-dimethylaminobenzoic acid, generated e-aq or hydrogen atoms during UV irradiation. The C6H4SO2NH2 radical was also produced by photolysis of 4-iodobenzenesul-fonamide and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide. The C6H4COOH radical was generated by photolysis of 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 4-iodobenzoic acid. Finally the C6H4NO2 radical was formed during the irradiation of 4-nitroaniline, 1,4-dinitrobenzene and 4-iodonitrobenzene. The free radicals generated by sulfanilamide and 4-aminobenzoic acid may play an important role in the phototoxic and photoallergic responses elicited by these drugs in certain individuals.
Ore Metals Through Geologic History

The ores of chromite, nickel, copper, and zinc show a wide distribution over geologic time, but those of iron, titanium, lead, uranium, gold, silver, molybdenum, tungsten, and tin are more restricted. Many of the limitations to specific time intervals are probably imposed by the evolving tectonic history of Earth interacting with the effects of the biomass on the evolution of the earth's s surface chemistry. Photosynthetic generation of free oxygen and "carbon" contributes significantlly to the diversity of redox potentials in both sedimentary and igneous-related processes of ore formation, influencing the selection of metals at the source, during transport, and at the site of ore deposition.
Assessing Uncertainty in Simulation‐Based Maritime Risk Assessment

Recent work in the assessment of risk in maritime transportation systems has used simulation-based probabilistic risk assessment techniques. In the Prince William Sound and Washington State Ferries risk assessments, the studies' recommendations were backed up by estimates of their impact made using such techniques and all recommendations were implemented. However, the level of uncertainty about these estimates was not available, leaving the decisionmakers unsure whether the evidence was sufficient to assess specific risks and benefits. The first step toward assessing the impact of uncertainty in maritime risk assessments is to model the uncertainty in the simulation models used. In this article, a study of the impact of proposed ferry service expansions in San Francisco Bay is used as a case study to demonstrate the use of Bayesian simulation techniques to propagate uncertainty throughout the analysis. The conclusions drawn in the original study are shown, in this case, to be robust to the inherent uncertainties. The main intellectual merit of this work is the development of Bayesian simulation technique to model uncertainty in the assessment of maritime risk. However, Bayesian simulations have been implemented only as theoretical demonstrations. Their use in a large, complex system may be considered state of the art in the field of computational sciences.
Purdue's system-wide deployment of a classroom response system

Purdue University's system-wide deployment of a classroom response system has grown to include use by over forty courses and one-third of all students. It has quickly become a staple, much like computers and projectors. It is used most heavily by faculty teaching large-lecture survey courses to conduct real-time quizzing, take attendance, and record extra credit. Information is later uploaded to WebCT Vista.Many faculty members have expressed their appreciation at having a single, standardized, and supported classroom response system. Many students have communicated that using a response pad in class enables them to participate to a greater degree, making it possible to concentrate on specific topics.Since piloting this technology and then implementing it campus-wide, we have worked extensively with eInstruction to develop an integration tool within WebCT Vista that allows secure, quick, and easy response pad registration, as well as aiding in the testing of new technology. We are currently awaiting our first batch of next generation receivers to upgrade our response system. Students using the response system for the first time in Fall 2007 will have new RF response pads containing LCDs and more advanced bidirectional communication.As with many other instructional technologies, implementing and managing a campus-wide classroom response system has been both a challenging and rewarding experience. Purdue's model has worked well, and growth has been dramatic.
Performance of elderly White and African American community residents on the abbreviated CERAD Boston Naming Test

Differences in the responses of an elderly biracial group of cognitively normal subjects to a 15-item short version of the Boston Naming Test developed for the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) were examined. The subjects consisted of 103 Whites and 136 African Americans who were 70 years of age and older and living in a five-county urban and rural area of North Carolina. They were drawn from the Duke University site of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). All were cognitively normal. With gender, years of education, and age controlled, White subjects performed significantly better than did African American subjects. The items in this test were selected to represent words with a high, medium, and low frequency of occurrence in English. They did not, however, show the expected gradation for either racial group. Medium and low frequency items were of comparable difficulty for the two races. Hierarchical ordering of difficulty would be improved with minor rearrangement of items.
Microglial P2Y12 Deficiency/Inhibition Protects against Brain Ischemia

Objective: Microglia are among the first immune cells to respond to ischemic insults. Triggering of this inflammatory response may involve the microglial purinergic GPCR, P2Y12, activation via extracellular release of nucleotides from injured cells. It is also the inhibitory target of the widely used antiplatelet drug, clopidogrel. Thus, inhibiting this GPCR in microglia should inhibit microglial mediated neurotoxicity following ischemic brain injury. Methods: Experimental cerebral ischemia was induced, in vitro with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), or in vivo via bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). Genetic knock-down in vitro via siRNA, or in vivo P2Y12 transgenic mice (P2Y122/2 or P2Y12+/2), or in vivo treatment with clopidogrel, were used to manipulate the receptor. Neuron death, microglial activation, and microglial migration were assessed. Results: The addition of microglia to neuron-astrocyte cultures increases neurotoxicity following OGD, which is mitigated by microglial P2Y12 deficiency (P,0.05). Wildtype microglia form clusters around these neurons following injury, which is also prevented in P2Y12 deficient microglia (P,0.01). P2Y12 knock-out microglia migrated less than WT controls in response to OGD-conditioned neuronal supernatant. P2Y12 (+/2) or clopidogrel treated mice subjected to global cerebral ischemia suffered less neuronal injury (P,0.01, P,0.001) compared to wild-type littermates or placebo treated controls. There were also fewer microglia surrounding areas of injury, and less activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor, nuclear factor Kappa B (NFkB). Interpretation: P2Y12 participates in ischemia related inflammation by mediating microglial migration and potentiation of neurotoxicity. These data also suggest an additional anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective benefit of clopidogrel.
Feedback Influenced EMG Changes in Stroke Patients

Two single case studies are presented to analyze the relationship between feedback and upper extremity muscle change in poststroke paretic patients. In Study I a patient was provided feedback for increasing extensor digitorium (hand) activity in an ABABAB design. Results indicated reliable increases in muscle activity when feedback was available, and decreases when feedback was removed. The effects of instructions to tense the bicep muscle and feedback for biceps activity were compared each session for a second patient in Study II. In addition, two sessions were used to analyze the effects of cross conduction, or the opposite bicep contracting, and volume conduction, the adjacent tricep contracting, as factors in increasing biceps activity in the paretic arm. Results showed reliably better performance during feedback than during instructions, and performance during the control conditions was sufficient to rule out cross or volume conduction as contributing factors in paretic bicep activity.
The Use of Video Games by Kindergartners in a Family Child Care Setting

In this interpretive study of children’s social interactions in a family child care setting, children were seen to spend a significant portion of their time playing, watching others play, and distracted by video games. When children were focused on video games, their interactions with one another were disjointed, rushed, and ineffective. Because children’s interactions are considered to be important learning opportunities, the prevalence of video games in child care settings and the implications of their use should be studied more closely.
Building an effective computer science student organization: the Carnegie Mellon women@SCS action plan

This paper aims to provide a practical guide for building a student organization and designing activities and events that can encourage and support a community of women in computer science. This guide is based on our experience in building Women@SCS, a community of women in the School of Computer Science (SCS)(2) at Carnegie Mellon University. Rather than provide an abstract "to-do" or "must-do" list, we present a sampling of concrete activities and events in the hope that these might suggest possibilities for a likeminded student organization. However, since we have found it essential to have a core group of activist students at the helm, we provide a "to-do" list of features that we feel are essential for forming, supporting and sustaining creative and effective student leadership.
Cytological observations of "nonproducer" Rous sarcoma cells.

Abstract “Nonproducer” cells, obtained by infection of cultivated chick embryo fibroblasts with Rous sarcoma virus (Bryan strain), were compared and contrasted with similarly infected cells that were producing virus in large quantities and with uninfected control cells. Both types of infected cells differed markedly from uninfected cells but, despite quantitative differences between them, the morphology of the two types of infected cells was essentially the same. Inasmuch as the “nonproducer” cells did not involve infection with the “helper” Rous-associated virus, the alterations observed reflected only infection with Rous sarcoma virus.
Glutamatergic synapses serve as potential targets for controlling persistent pain

Abstract Glutamate is the fast excitatory transmitter of mammalian brains. N -Methyl D -Aspartate (NMDA) receptors in forebrain structures are well known to contribute to the formation and storage of information. Here we propose the hypothesis that forebrain NMDA receptors play an important role in persistent inflammatory pain by re-enforcing glutamate sensory transmission in the brain. Mice with enhanced function of forebrain NMDA receptors demonstrate selective enhancement of persistent pain and allodynia. Drugs targeting forebrain NMDA NR2B receptors may serve as a new class of medicine to control persistent pain in humans.
Pattern recognition with moment invariants on a machine vision system

Abstract Moment invariants based on image boundaries and silhouettes of objects are computed to form 14-dimensional feature vectors by using special functions provided by a new vision system. A quite general prototype training software package was developed on this system. Two different pattern classification approaches. Bayes decision approach and the distance-weighted- K -Nearest-Neighbor rule are implemented and compared. Experimental results and analysis of these results are given.
Architecture of the nuclear pore complex and its involvement in nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Abstract Recent structural analyses of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) have described in some detail the numerous sub-domains which make up this supramolecular assembly. Three dimensional image analysis of detergent-extracted NPCs reveals that the NPC framework is made up of spoke units, each containing four major domains, arranged with 822 symmetry. As shown by freeze-drying/metal shadowing techniques, attached to this framework are several peripheral components including particles and fibers on the cytoplasmic face and a cage-like structure on the nucleoplasmic face. While it is known that traffic between cytoplasm and nucleuc occurs exclusively through the nuclear pore, the specifics of NPC involvement in such traffic remain unknown at present. Proteins destined for the nucleus contain nuclear localization sequences (NLSs). Several proteins have been identified which bind to these NLSs and may act to direct these proteins to the NPC, either releasing them prior to or remaining attached during translocation through the NPC. These NLS-binding proteins have been localized to the cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear envelope and nucleolus, suggesting some of these proteins transverse the NPC bound or unbound to NLS-containing proteins.
Gas distribution equipment in hydrogen service

Abstract The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) has completed an experimental study on contemporary gas distribution equipment in hydrogen service. The observations and results of two test loops initially operated on gas (baseline) and then on hydrogen for 6 months indicate no major incompatibilities in performance. Existing in-place components and piping (with the possible exception of meters) should be adequate for hydrogen delivery. The observed overall hydrogen-to-natural gas volumetric leak ratio ranged between 3.00 and 3.35, and the overall energy loss ratio ranged between 1.0 and 1.04. In isolated situations, the difference in pipe flow characteristics of hydrogen may necessitate a small increase either in delivery pressure or pipeline volume to provide equivalent energy delivery. The Joule-Thomson hydrogen effect to heating upon expansion is minute, not affecting distribution operations. Hydrogen leaks to the atmosphere will not ignite spontaneously without an ignition source; hydrogen escaping from a leak expands somewhat adiabatically and cools. Short-term (6 months) exposure to hydrogen in distribution service did not affect the properties of metallic materials of system components. There are indications that some plastic products, lubricants, and adhesives were affected by the exposure.
Histone messenger RNAs of the mouse testis.

Abstract A 6-12S RNA fraction has been isolated following sucrose gradient fractionation of mouse testis RNA, and further resolved into poly A+ and poly A- RNA fractions by oligo-(dt)-cellulose chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of products formed in a reticulocyte lysate-dependent cell-free translation system has enabled identification of histone variants, Hlt, H2S, H2A-X, an H4-like protein and a low Mr protein (presumably TP and/or protamine). Cell-free synthesis of a number of these histone variants appears to be directed by poly A+ mRNAs.
Echoic memory and voice quality: recency recall is not enhanced by varying presentation voice.

Three experiments explored the effects on immediate recall of varying voice of presentation. Experiment 1 showed that the free-recall recency effect was not enhanced by presenting list words alternately in a male and a female voice. Experiment 2 replicated this result and also showed that recall of a given recency item from such a list was no more probable when the subjects were informed immediately following presentation that they need not recall the words presented in the other voice. Experiment 3 replicated previous findings of a reduction in the “suffix effect” when presentation voice is changed for the suffix item. The relation of this result to those of Experiments 1 and 2 is discussed.
Molecular screening and spectroscopic constants.

The use of a semi-empirically determined orbital exponent is investigated in a 4-electron energy calculation of LiH. The results are compared to those of a 2-electron calculation by the same semi-empirical method. Selected spectroscopic constants are also calculated from the energy dependence upon internuclear distance. The semi-empirical method is found to essentially reproduce the total energy within the limitations of the approximation framework which is used. The method is not as successful in predicting the spectroscopic constants.
Effect of variable transmission rate on the dynamics of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa

The cause of the high HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa is incompletely understood, with heterosexual penile-vaginal transmission proposed as the main mechanism. Heterosexual HIV transmission has been estimated to have a very low probability; but effects of cofactors that vary in space and time may substantially alter this pattern. To test the effect of individual variation in the HIV infectiousness generated by co-infection, we developed and analyzed a mathematical sexual network model that simulates the behavioral components of a population from Malawi, as well as the dynamics of HIV and the co-infection effect caused by other infectious diseases, including herpes simplex virus type-2, gonorrhea, syphilis and malaria. The analysis shows that without the amplification effect caused by co-infection, no epidemic is generated, and HIV prevalence decreases to extinction. But the model indicates that an epidemic can be generated by the amplification effect on HIV transmission caused by co-infection. The simulated sexual network demonstrated that a single value for HIV infectivity fails to describe the dynamics of the epidemic. Regardless of the low probability of heterosexual transmission per sexual contact, the inclusion of individual variation generated by transient but repeated increases in HIV viral load associated with co-infections may provide a biological basis for the accelerated spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, our work raises the possibility that the natural history of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be fully understood if individual variation in infectiousness is neglected.
Generation of transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells with an excisable single polycistronic vector

The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) devoid of permanently integrated reprogramming factor genes is essential to reduce differentiation biases and artifactual phenotypes. We describe a protocol for the generation of human iPSCs using a single polycistronic lentiviral vector (pLM-fSV2A) coexpressing OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC; this is flanked by two loxP sites in its long terminal repeats (LTRs). Human iPSC lines are established with an efficiency of up to 1% and screened to select single or low vector copy lines. To deal with potential insertional mutagenesis, the vector integrations are then mapped to the human genome. Finally, the vector is excised by transient expression of Cre recombinase (coexpressed with mCherry) through an integrase-deficient lentiviral vector. Vector-excised iPSC lines maintain all characteristics of pluripotency. This protocol can be used to efficiently derive transgene-free iPSCs from many different starting cell types in approximately 12–14 weeks.
The demise of the Soviet economic system

The collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991 was multiple, but the demise of the very economic system was one important component that in itself rendered its implosion inevitable, and with the Soviet collapse the Cold War came to a definite end. The purpose of this article is twofold, to depict this amazingly fast demise of a petrified economic system and to show how it was connected with the end of the Cold War. Today, the case for socialism is no longer persuasive, but it was not always so. Once, many intelligent people considered socialism not only morally but also economically superior to capitalism and democracy. They thought a benign state would pursue higher ideals than a petty democracy and execute them more effectively. In order to understand the demise of the socialist economic system, we need to comprehend its advantages as well as its drawbacks.
Analysis of hypoxia and hypoxia-like states through metabolite profiling.

Background In diverse organisms, adaptation to low oxygen (hypoxia) is mediated through complex gene expression changes that can, in part, be mimicked by exposure to metals such as cobalt. Although much is known about the transcriptional response to hypoxia and cobalt, little is known about the all-important cell metabolism effects that trigger these responses. Methods and Findings Herein we use a low molecular weight metabolome profiling approach to identify classes of metabolites in yeast cells that are altered as a consequence of hypoxia or cobalt exposures. Key findings on metabolites were followed-up by measuring expression of relevant proteins and enzyme activities. We find that both hypoxia and cobalt result in a loss of essential sterols and unsaturated fatty acids, but the basis for these changes are disparate. While hypoxia can affect a variety of enzymatic steps requiring oxygen and heme, cobalt specifically interferes with diiron-oxo enzymatic steps for sterol synthesis and fatty acid desaturation. In addition to diiron-oxo enzymes, cobalt but not hypoxia results in loss of labile 4Fe-4S dehydratases in the mitochondria, but has no effect on homologous 4Fe-4S dehydratases in the cytosol. Most striking, hypoxia but not cobalt affected cellular pools of amino acids. Amino acids such as aromatics were elevated whereas leucine and methionine, essential to the strain used here, dramatically decreased due to hypoxia induced down-regulation of amino acid permeases. Conclusions These studies underscore the notion that cobalt targets a specific class of iron proteins and provide the first evidence for hypoxia effects on amino acid regulation. This research illustrates the power of metabolite profiling for uncovering new adaptations to environmental stress.
Countably many simultaneous random changes of time scales

Abstract Simultaneous changes of time scales of the components of a vector Markov process are defined and developed. Measurability properties, Dynkin's lemma, and the strong Markov property are established for the transformed process.