cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi Material 3D Scaffold Printing with Maskless Photolithography

In today’s technology, organ transplantation is found very challenging as it is not easy to find the right donor organ in a short period of time. In the last several decades, tissue engineering was rapidly developed to be used as an alternative approach to the organ transplantation. Tissue engineering aims to regenerate the tissues and also organs to help patients who waits for the organ transplantation. Recent research showed that in order to regenerate the tissues, cells must be seeded onto the 3D artificial laboratory fabricated matrices called scaffolds. If cells show healthy growth within the scaffolds, they can be implanted to the injured tissue to do the regeneration. One of the biggest limitation that reduces the success rate of tissue regeneration is the fabrication of accurate thick 3D scaffolds. In this research “maskless photolithography” was used to fabricate the scaffolds. Experiment setup consist of digital micro-mirror devices (DMD) (Texas Instruments, DLi4120), optical lens sets, UV light source (DYMAX, BlueWave 200) and PEGDA which is a liquid form photo-curable solution. In this method, scaffolds are fabricated in layer-by-layer fashion to control the interior architecture of the scaffolds. Working principles of the maskless photolithography is, first layer shape is designed with AutoCAD and the designed image is uploaded to the DMD as a bitmap file. DMD consists of hundreds of tiny micro-mirrors. When the UV light is turned on and irradiated the DMD, depending on the micro-mirrors’ angles, UV light is selectively reflected to the low percentage Polyethylene (glycol) Diacrylate (PEGDA) photo-curable solution. When UV light penetrates into the PEGDA, only the illuminated part is solidified and non-illuminated area still remains in the liquid phase. In this research, scaffolds were fabricated in three layers. First layer and the last layer are solid layers and y-shape open structure was sandwiched between these layers. After the first layer is fabricated with DMD, a “y-shape” structure was fabricated with the 3D printer by using the dissolvable filament. Then, it was placed onto the first solid layer and covered with fresh high percentage PEGDA solution. UV light was reflected to the PEGDA solution and solidified to make the second and third layers. After the scaffold was fabricated, it is dipped into the limonene solution to dissolve the y-shape away. Our results show that thick scaffolds can be fabricated in layer-by-layer fashion with “maskless photolithography”. Since the UV light is stable and does not move onto the PEGDA, entire scaffold can be fabricated in one single UV shot which makes the process faster than the current fabrication techniques.
Coherence-generating power of quantum unitary maps and beyond

Given a preferred orthonormal basis $B$ in the Hilbert space of a quantum system, we define a measure of the coherence-generating power of a unitary operation with respect to $B$. This measure is the average coherence generated by the operation acting on a uniform ensemble of incoherent states. We give its explicit analytical form in any dimension and provide an operational protocol to directly detect it. We characterize the set of unitaries with maximal coherence-generating power and study the properties of our measure when the unitary is drawn at random from the Haar distribution. For a large state-space dimension a random unitary has, with overwhelming probability, nearly maximal coherence-generating power with respect to any basis. Finally, extensions to general unital quantum operations and the relation to the concept of asymmetry are discussed.
The Mammalian Ribo-interactome Reveals Ribosome Functional Diversity and Heterogeneity

During eukaryotic evolution, ribosomes have considerably increased in size, forming a surface-exposed ribosomal RNA (rRNA) shell of unknown function, which may create an interface for yet uncharacterized interacting proteins. To investigate such protein interactions, we establish a ribosome affinity purification method that unexpectedly identifies hundreds of ribosome-associated proteins (RAPs) from categories including metabolism and cell cycle, as well as RNA- and protein-modifying enzymes that functionally diversify mammalian ribosomes. By further characterizing RAPs, we discover the presence of ufmylation, a metazoan-specific post-translational modification (PTM), on ribosomes and define its direct substrates. Moreover, we show that the metabolic enzyme, pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM), interacts with sub-pools of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated ribosomes, exerting a non-canonical function as an RNA-binding protein in the translation of ER-destined mRNAs. Therefore, RAPs interconnect one of life’s most ancient molecular machines with diverse cellular processes, providing an additional layer of regulatory potential to protein expression.
Animal Model of Chronic Migraine-Associated Pain

Migraine is a debilitating condition that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. A subset of these patients experience chronic migraine, resulting in long-term disability and a severely lowered quality of life. The development of novel migraine therapies has been slow, partially due to the small number of predictive animal models. We have recently developed a novel model of chronic migraine-associated pain, using the known human migraine trigger, nitroglycerin. Injection of nitroglycerin evokes an acute mechanical hyperalgesia, which is sensitive to the acute migraine therapy sumatriptan. In addition, chronic administration of nitroglycerin produces a progressive and sustained decrease in basal mechanical responses, and this hypersensitivity is blocked by migraine preventatives such as topiramate. This mouse model of chronic migraine can be used to study the mechanisms underlying progression of migraine from an episodic to a chronic disorder, and for identifying and screening novel acute and preventive migraine therapies. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fat Liberation in the First World: Lucille Clifton and the New Body

In their 1999 study titled Women’s Bodies: Disciplines and Transgressions, Jane Arthurs and Jean Grimshaw discuss the centrality of body to nineteenth- and twentieth-century theory and discourse, f...
Neptunium(V) sorption to vadose zone sediments: Reversible, not readily reducible, and predictable based on Fe-oxide content

Abstract Neptunium (Np) is among the key risk-drivers at the Savannah River Site's (SRS) low-level waste disposal facility located in South Carolina. A series of studies were undertaken to identify and to model the key geochemical processes controlling Np sorption to SRS vadose zone sediments. The approach was to conduct Np(V) laboratory batch and flow studies using two sediments representing end-member depositional facies recovered beneath the disposal facility. Baseline distribution coefficients (Kd values; Np concentration ratio of sediment:porewater) were 9.05 ± 0.61 L kg−1 and 4.26 ± 0.24 L kg−1 for the clayey and sandy end-member sediments, respectively. The addition of natural organic matter (NOM) to the sediment resulted in only a two fold increase in the Kd values, most likely due to the formation of ternary sediment-NOM-Np complexes. None of the reduction treatments (ascorbic acid, dithionite, zero valent iron, hydrogen peroxide, and anaerobic atmosphere), including some long-term (71-day) equilibration experiments, resulted in significant increases in Kd values. This indicated that little to no reduction of Np(V) to the more strongly sorbing Np(IV) occurred. Among the key novel findings in this research was that batch desorption tests and stop-flow stir-cell kinetic experiments indicated that the Np(V) sorption was completely reversible. These observations were used to develop a simple conceptual model describing Np(V) sorption. The conceptual model described NpO2+ reversibly complexation to iron oxide coatings on the sediments. The model was successfully applied without any adjustable parameters to an independent set of experimental data, requiring only the dithionite-extractable Fe concentration from the independent dataset. There is no standard approach for quantifying reactive sorption site concentrations on composite materials (e.g., soils and sediments). In this study we proposed such a method based on an operationally defined fraction of the extractable iron. This parameterization approach was calibrated with two sediments then used to blindly and successfully predict sorption on another end-member soil. The successful modeling approach taken in this work 1) identified key reactions that are or are not influencing the system to develop a simple but appropriate conceptual model and 2) calibrated the fraction of extractable iron required for surface site density determination and used the calibrated model for blind predictions. This modeling approach could be used for other composite materials to allow for comparisons of the fraction of surface reactive extractable metals.
Phenotyping Diagnosis: Identification of Diagnostic Paths

We would like to ask the question, how much can we understand of a physician's diagnostic reasoning process from what is in the electronic record? However, it is well known that a good deal of important information about the diagnostic process is not recorded; it would be impractical to record every detail unless it somehow has a bearing on a treatment decision. What remains is the formal record of "chief complaint", vitals and physical examination, medications prescribed, referrals made, orders written—for tests, imaging, etc.—and any procedures performed. The sequencing of these events (which we have defined as the diagnostic path) and decisions made on that basis, vary considerably from patient to patient and from physician to physician. Equally, it is likely that some diagnostic paths are more efficacious than others. We therefore (a) seek to identify paths; (b) group them by "similarity"; (c) consider which archetypal paths, in different circumstances, prove more effective, or more cost-effective. We report on the extensive methodological effort undertaken at this stage of the project.
Size Stability Study of Catalytically Active Sub-2 nm Diameter Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Weak Stabilizers

Here we report on the very low size stability of electrocatalytically active 1.5 to 2.0 nm diameter tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride-stabilized Au nanoparticles (THPC Au2nm NPs) chemically attached to glass/indium tin oxide electrodes. The potential for oxidative dissolution of THPC Au2nm NPs in the presence of bromide is about 250 mV negative of 4 nm diameter citrate-stabilized Au NPs (Cit Au4nm NPs) and 450 mV negative of bulk Au, which provides us with an easy method to assess the size stability using anodic stripping voltammetry. The THPC Au2nm NPs show a strong CO2 reduction wave at about −0.40 V (vs RHE), which is nonexistent for the Cit Au4nm NPs or bulk Au. The THPC Au2nm NPs are also comparatively more electroactive for the hydrogen evolution reaction. In acid electrolyte, however, the potential for surface Au2O3 formation on THPC Au2nm NPs is significantly negative relative to bulk Au, and a single cycle through the surface oxide and reduction waves leads to an increase in the NP size...
Hot Pressed, Fiber-Reinforced (Li2S)70(P2S5)30 Solid-State Electrolyte Separators for Li Metal Batteries

Herein, we detail a hot pressing process that was used to fabricate dense, aramid-fiber-reinforced (Li2S)70(P2S5)30 glass–ceramic solid-state electrolyte (SSE) composites. Green SSE composites were hot pressed at 240 °C and 200 MPa so that the softened sulfide glass flowed around the rigid aramid fibers. The SSE composite with 10 wt % aramid fiber loading had a relative density of 99.8% and an ionic conductivity of 2.4 mS/cm. The composites were mechanically robust and flexible and showed no signs of macrocracking even after uniaxial compression to 3 MPa. Furthermore, the fabrication of freestanding films with 100 μm thickness was demonstrated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the improved strength of the SSE composites was attributable to aramid fibers impeding the propagation of microcracks in the sulfide glass phase. Critical current density tests were performed on green and hot pressed SSE composite separators. A green sample shorted at 200 μA/cm2, a green sample made with preannealed ...
Non-Overparametrized Adaptive Backstepping Control of PWM DC-DC Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Power Converter

Due to continuous need for efficient converters to interface low voltage dc sources to ac systems of different voltage levels, this paper presents a recursive non-overparametrized adaptive backstepping design methodology and Lyapunov theory to control dc-to-dc switched mode non-inverting buck-boost converter. Despite the great development in this field, in this paper we assume uncertainty of input voltage, inductance, capacitance and also resistance in converter circuit and avoid undesirable overparametrization when choosing update laws for those uncertainties. Moreover, we avoid transformation to parametric strict feedback form usually needed when using backstepping control as PWM converters are not transformable. MATLAB/Simulink was used to simulate designed controller and results indicate the fast response and stability under a possible variation in the load or input voltage source.
State of the psychometric methods: patient-reported outcome measure development and refinement using item response theory

This paper is part of a series comparing different psychometric approaches to evaluate patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures using the same items and dataset. We provide an overview and example application to demonstrate 1) using item response theory (IRT) to identify poor and well performing items; 2) testing if items perform differently based on demographic characteristics (differential item functioning, DIF); and 3) balancing IRT and content validity considerations to select items for short forms. Model fit, local dependence, and DIF were examined for 51 items initially considered for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®) Depression item bank. Samejima’s graded response model was used to examine how well each item measured severity levels of depression and how well it distinguished between individuals with high and low levels of depression. Two short forms were constructed based on psychometric properties and consensus discussions with instrument developers, including psychometricians and content experts. Calibrations presented here are for didactic purposes and are not intended to replace official PROMIS parameters or to be used for research. Of the 51 depression items, 14 exhibited local dependence, 3 exhibited DIF for gender, and 9 exhibited misfit, and these items were removed from consideration for short forms. Short form 1 prioritized content, and thus items were chosen to meet DSM-V criteria rather than being discarded for lower discrimination parameters. Short form 2 prioritized well performing items, and thus fewer DSM-V criteria were satisfied. Short forms 1–2 performed similarly for model fit statistics, but short form 2 provided greater item precision. IRT is a family of flexible models providing item- and scale-level information, making it a powerful tool for scale construction and refinement. Strengths of IRT models include placing respondents and items on the same metric, testing DIF across demographic or clinical subgroups, and facilitating creation of targeted short forms. Limitations include large sample sizes to obtain stable item parameters, and necessary familiarity with measurement methods to interpret results. Combining psychometric data with stakeholder input (including people with lived experiences of the health condition and clinicians) is highly recommended for scale development and evaluation.
BioCyc: Microbial Genomes and Cellular Networks: The BioCyc system helps scientists navigate the greatly expanding information space of genomes and metabolic information

Genome sequencing capabilities and capacity are so advanced that the genomes of virtually all microbial species of interest are likely to be deciphered during the next decade. Improved means for interpreting and applying this sequence information enhance its value. The BioCyc database collection and website include data for more than 1,000 microbial genomes as well as tools for analyzing that information. These resources help users to address key questions such as: What are the functions of the upstream and downstream neighbors of a gene? How far apart are the genes, and are they likely to form an operon? What is the sequence of the gene and DNA segments near it? What metabolic pathway does a gene play a role in?
Rapid and varied responses of songbirds to climate change in California coniferous forests

Abstract The global climate is changing faster than previously anticipated. Although scientists expect cumulatively deleterious impacts to birds and other wildlife, effects on individual species are likely more complex. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife has monitored >100 songbirds across 37,600 km2 of Northern California conifer forests for close to two decades to facilitate informed, science-based conservation planning. The study area represents 42% of all conifer forests in the state. Autonomous sound recorders were used to survey birds at 1065 randomly distributed sites from 2002 to 2016. The richness of Neotropical migrants declined below 1515 m (90% CI: 1150–1950 m) elevation whereas it increased above this threshold after controlling for changes in tree cover due to forestry and wildfire. This finding suggests an overall upward shift in Neotropical migrant distributions in response to an annual 0.037 °C (90% CI: 0.029–0.045 °C) increase in mean daily May temperature during the timespan. Residents and altitudinal migrants may be less vulnerable to increasing temperatures, conversely, as evidence of elevational shifting was much weaker or non-existent for them. Yet for individual species, there were both declines and increases in occupancy. Rapid and mixed population trends, in combination with elevational range shifts, suggest that songbirds vary widely in their capacity to adapt to climate change and other stressors. Conservation of structurally-complex and fire resilient forests above ~1500 m elevation is paramount in helping to buffer songbirds against rising temperatures. The expansion of biodiversity monitoring across large taxonomic, spatial, and temporal extents is vital to effective conservation planning.
A comparison of isolated and synthesized contingencies in functional analyses

Recently, researchers have compared the utility of isolated versus synthesized contingencies in functional analysis (FA) methodology (e.g., Fisher et al., 2016; Slaton et al., 2017). A limitation of these studies is that there were other differences across FA methodologies (e.g., design, contingency) that did not allow for isolation of the influence of isolated versus synthesized contingencies. Therefore, the current study compared outcomes of FAs that involved isolated versus synthesized contingencies for problem behavior of 5 children while controlling for these other differences across FAs (Experiment 1). Next, the current study compared the effects of interventions based on the functions identified in the isolated and synthesized contingencies for each participant (Experiment 2). Results indicated isolated contingency FAs produced differentiated responding for 1 or both functions for all 5 participants, and there were little to no differences between treatments informed by isolated and synthesized contingency FAs.
Podcasting as a Dissemination Method for a Researcher-Practitioner Partnership.

Researcher-practitioner partnerships (RPPs) present opportunities to conduct studies that support evidence-based decision-making for participating school divisions (Coburn, Penuel, & Geil, 2013). Doing this work effectively requires ongoing input from key stakeholders, attention to the local impact of the research, and targeted dissemination to audiences who can benefit from the findings (Tseng, 2012). Research dissemination methods typically include written reports, but constantly evolving media platforms show promise for sharing findings in engaging and innovative ways (Voithofer, 2005). This paper discusses the development and apparent impact of a podcast for a metropolitan RPP to disseminate research findings and other information pertinent to the priorities of partnering school divisions, with implications for broader conversations about exploring issues in public, PK-12 education.
Turnover Intentions in the STEM Fields: The Role of Departmental Factors

The underrepresentation of women faculty in the STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) remains a persistent feature of academia, with turnover being a contributing factor. The departmental context is likely implicated in the decision to stay or leave, as it is one of the key defining features of faculty members’ work experiences. Using the job-demands resources theoretical approach, this study examines how four facets of university departments – department climate, department chair support, perceived injustice, and scholarly isolation – are related to turnover intentions among STEM tenure-system faculty, along with whether these relationships differ by gender. Data are from STEM tenure-system faculty at a mid-sized university located in the upper Midwest (N = 117 faculty members). The findings indicate each facet of the department is related to STEM faculty members’ turnover intentions, regardless of gender. Taken together, these findings suggest that improving the department atmosphere may enhance retention of men and women STEM faculty members alike.
Orientiholes

By T-dualizing space-filling D-branes in 4d IIB orientifold compactifications along the three non-internal spatial directions, we obtain black hole bound states living in a universe with a gauged spatial reflection symmetry. We call these objects orientiholes. The gravitational entropy of various IIA orientihole configurations provides an “experimental” estimate of the number of vacua in various sectors of the IIB landscape. Furthermore, basic physical properties of orientiholes map to (sometimes subtle) microscopic features, thus providing a useful alternative viewpoint on a number of issues arising in D-brane model building. More generally, we give orientihole generalizations of recently derived wall crossing formulae, and conjecture a relation to the topological string analogous to the OSV conjecture, but with a linear rather than a quadratic identification of partition functions.
Outcomes of Fertility Preservation Consults for Women at Risk for Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Due to History of Cancer Treatment or Mosaic Turner Syndrome.

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) at risk of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) often request fertility preservation consultation. We report consult/treatment outcomes for 21 cancer survivors an...
Chapter 2 – The Public Understanding of Biomedical Science

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the concept of biomedical literacy. It also focuses on the communication of health and medical information to consumers and potential patients. The very nature of communication assumes a language. To develop sound communication strategies, it is necessary to go beyond the categorization of individuals by level of biomedical literacy and understand the relative influence of major background, educational, and experiential factors on the level of biomedical literacy. The substantial differences in the level of biomedical understanding between the most and least educated Americans indicate that it is necessary for communicators to send multiple messages with differential levels of substantive sophistication to different segments of the public. Long-term change is driven primarily by formal schooling that includes the study of science and mathematics. Very often, schools are dismissed as being hard to work with and largely ineffective, with the primary reliance being placed on media campaigns. For the best educated segment of the population, later analyses may suggest that the time required to communicate new information may be shorter, and the growing use of the new electronic media by the best educated adults may expedite the process even more.
High Energy Dispersion in Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+δ

This chapter describes the study on the nature of high energy dispersion and high energy kink in Bi2212. The high energy dispersions have been attributed to the recovery of intrinsic bared band and the high energy kink is possibly explained by electrons coupling with some high energy modes in previous studies. By detailed momentum dependence experiments, combined with MDC (momentum distribution curve) and EDC (energy distribution curve) analyses, it has been proposed that the high energy MDC dispersion (up to ∼1 eV) does not represent true bare band, the high energy “kink” (∼400 meV) does not represent electron coupling with some high energy modes and the high energy MDC dispersion may not represent intrinsic band structure. We found that the “kink” energy is strong momentum dependence varying from ∼400 meV for a nodal cut to ∼230 meV for an off-nodal cut and the off-nodal high energy dispersion is quite different from the bare band calculated by LDA.
Proving Programs and Programming Proofs

Publisher Summary Progress in applications to large-scale computer systems, depends on the design of new formal systems. This chapter raises some issues and makes a technical contribution by considering some theories of Feferman from the viewpoint of computer science, and comparing them with the theories of Martin-Lőf. The command language and assertion language of proving programs are discussed in the chapter. By “proving programs” is meant more explicitly: proving properties of programs or proving properties of the execution of programs. People speak of the “correctness” of a program with respect to its “specifications”—by this they mean that if the program gets an input of the kind it is designed for, it will produce an output having certain specified relations with the input. This notion is divided into the two notions of “total correctness” (an output is always produced and it is correct) and “partial correctness” (if an output is produced then it is correct).
Option Values and Bargaining Delays

Abstract We consider a version of Rubinstein bargaining in which both parties possess symmetric information about an asset′s value, but the value may change over time. When players can wait to learn new information before responding to a given offer, each offer carries an implicit option value. When the players are patient, it is optimal for them to make conservative offers to minimize the option value, but such offers are rejected when the value of the asset increases. Multiple equilibrium outcomes also support the construction of further equilibria in which the players wait many periods before making a serious offer. Unlike other complete information models, waiting in our model is built from stationary asymmetric equilibria. In a limiting case, waiting can become arbitrarily long and the payoffs arbitrarily small. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: 026.
Give growth and macroeconomic stability in Russia a chance - harden budgets by eliminating nonpayments

The authors analyze the links between Russia's disappointing growth performance in the second half of the 1990s, its costly and unsuccessful stabilization, the macroeconomic meltdown of 1998, and the spectacular rise of non-payments. Non-payments flourished in an environment of fundamental inconsistency between a macroeconomic policy geared at sharp disinflation, and a microeconomic policy of bailing enterprises out through soft budget constraints. Heavy untargeted implicit subsidies flowing through the non-payments system (amounting to 10 percent of GDP annually) have stifled growth, contributed to the August 1998 meltdown, through their impact on public debt, and have made at best a questionable contribution to equity. Dismantling this system must be a top priority, along with promoting enterprise restructuring and growth (by hardening budget constraints) and medium-term macroeconomic stability (by reducing the size of subsidies). Getting the government out of the non-payments system means settling all appropriately controlled budgetary expenditures on time, and in cash, and eschewing spending arrears, thereby setting an example for enterprises, and laying the groundwork for eliminating tax offsets at all levels of government, and insisting on cash tax payments. To stop energy-related subsidies, would require not only that the government pay its own energy bills on time, and in cash, but also that the energy monopolies be empowered to disconnect non-paying clients. This will enable the government to insist that the energy monopolies in turn pay their own taxes in full, and on time.
The complexity of inductive definability

We study the complexity of computable and Σ$_{\rm 1}^{\rm 0}$ inductive definitions of sets of natural numbers. For we example, we show how to assign natural indices to monotone Σ$_{\rm 1}^{\rm 0}$-definitions and we use these to calculate the complexity of the set of all indices of monotone Σ$_{\rm 1}^{\rm 0}$-definitions which are computable. We also examine the complexity of new type of inductive definition which we call weakly finitary monotone inductive definitions. Applications are given in proof theory and in logic programming.
The blood loss during normal menstruation

Abstract The menstrual blood loss in 100 apparently normal women ranged from 6.55 c.c. to 178.69 c.c. with an average of 50.55 c.c. Fifty per cent of these women lost between 23.21 c.c. and 68.43 c.c. The duration of the period and the number of napkins used give only a vague idea of the amount of menstrual flow. The effect of this loss of iron on the hematopoietic system is considered briefly.
Speech recognition with prediction-adaptation-correction recurrent neural networks

We propose the prediction-adaptation-correction RNN (PAC-RNN), in which a correction DNN estimates the state posterior probability based on both the current frame and the prediction made on the past frames by a prediction DNN. The result from the main DNN is fed back to the prediction DNN to make better predictions for the future frames. In the PAC-RNN, we can consider that, given the new, current frame information, the main DNN makes a correction on the prediction made by the prediction DNN. Alternatively, it can be viewed as adapting the main DNN's behavior based on the prediction DNN's prediction. Experiments on the TIMIT phone recognition task indicate that the PAC-RNN outperforms DNN, RNN, and LSTM with 2.4%, 2.1%, and 1.9% absolute phone accuracy improvement, respectively. We found that incorporating the prediction objective and including the recurrent loop are both important to boost the performance of the PAC-RNN.
Foundations of information science

Publisher Summary Information may be something contained in a conveyer, which can be objects such as paper packages, film, electronic devices or even humans, who hold such facts and news in their heads. This chapter describes the nature and science of information, and theory of foundations. Determining the essence of information is secondary to more practical concerns, which involve the determination of the most efficient and effective way to access, store, use and disseminate the record of human experience. These concerns also represent the focus for the education of future scholars and professionals, and continue to be influenced by advances in technology, particularly computers, the use of which has permeated a wide range of public and private institutions. These advances have tended to emphasize the vital role that the access to information and knowledge has in institutional operations, particularly in decision making and problem solving. Tackling with the logistics of such commodities permeates the writings and interests of many scholars and professionals in the field. As it now stands, information science is a field whose basic principles, theories, and laws lie in many disciplines, both applied and theoretic. In its attempt to obtain a definition of form, namely, the principles governing information and knowledge that link human and technological potentials, a metascience could come out with the power to serve all disciplines.
The halo effect in store image measurement

This research investigates the use of alternative rating procedures, familiarity, attribute importance and respondent sex on the magnitude of the halo effect present in store image, measurement. The results indicate that while there was little difference in the impact of the two measurements on the halo effect, both subjects’ familiarity with the store and attribute importance had an impact on the degree of halo effect present. Further, respondent sex interacted with attribute importance such that females were less subject to halo effects than males when important attributes were involved.
Status of Immunity of Newborns Against Yersinia enterocolitica: A Preliminary Report

Abstract Out of 221 cord blood specimens assayed by whole cell agglutination for antibodies against Y . enterocolitica serogroup 0:3, 0:5,27, and 0:8, only four showed agglutinins despite the high percentage (33%) of agglutinating antibodies in 151 sera of pregnant women, ranging in titer from 4 to 32. Of 199 different cord sera tested, 25% to 28% showed low-level antibodies against erythrocytes treated with individual heat-extracts from Y . enterocolitica 0:3, 0:5,27, and 0:8. These sera equally agglutinated erythrocytes sensitized with the heat-extract of a randomly selected Escherichia coli strain. Conversely, when anti-yersinia hemagglutinins were absent in cord sera, concomitant cross-reactivity with E . coli was also absent. None of the 199 cord sera with a HA titer ≥ 4 were reactive by whole cell agglutination. Under the test conditions used, CEA (common enterobacterial antigen) could be the main antigenic component to which the Y . enterocolitica hemagglutinins were directed. Nine of the reactive sera from pregnant women were treated with staphylococcal protein A with resultant loss of reactivity. Transplacentally acquired antibody directed primarily against the CEA antigen of Y . enterocolitica may protect the newborn against Y . enterocolitica infection.
Zvi Griliches as a qualified humanitarian: his thoughts on quantifying technological change and productivity☆

Abstract Zvi Griliches (ZG), one of the greatest empirical economics researchers of the 20th century on technology, was displaced from his place of birth and placed in a German concentration camp during the second World War (WW). He later emigrated to Israel and then the United States. His expertise was the measurement of agricultural and industrial technology and the quantification of technical change. We question whether ZG would have followed this same path, had he not been part of such a horrific displacement. We conclude that this experience appears to have made ZG more of a humanitarian—a thesis untested before now; but at the same time, he was motivated to not draw overly optimistic conclusions about how fast growth could take place. Therefore, he was always extremely aware of hidden inconsistencies in the data or the challenges of economic measurements.
Intravascular Ultrasonic Analysis of Atherosclerotic Vessel Remodeling and Plaque Distribution of Stenotic Left Anterior Descending Coronary Arterial Bifurcation Lesions Upstream and Downstream of the Side Branch

Bifurcation lesions remain a challenging lesion subset, even in the era of drug-eluting stents. The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal remodeling pattern and cross-sectional plaque location of bifurcation lesions. Seventy-four preintervention intravascular ultrasound studies of left anterior descending bifurcation lesions were analyzed, in which the lesion was located proximal (type A, n=32) or distal (type B, n=42) to the side branch. Vessel area and plaque area at the lesion (VAlesion and PAlesion) and at the reference site (VAreference and PAreference) were measured. The remodeling ratio was defined as VAlesion/VAreference, and the vessel compensation ratio was defined as (VAlesion-VAreference)/(PAlesion-PAreference). The geometric center of the lumen at the lesion site was identified, and the lesion site was divided into circumferential equal arcs to compare the cross-sectional distribution of percentage plaque area (100x[PAlesion/VAlesion]) between the 2 groups. The remodeling ratio (1.03+/-0.15 vs 0.94+/-0.14, p=0.01) and the vessel compensation ratio (0.0+/-0.36 vs -0.37+/-0.61, p<0.01) were significantly greater in type A than in type B lesions. The circumferential distribution pattern of percentage plaque area was significantly different between the groups (analysis of variance p<0.005), with greater percentage plaque area for the vessel wall opposite from the side branch in type B lesions (46.3+/-18.0% vs 54.6+/-15.4%, type A vs type B lesions, p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that a major side branch may affect longitudinal lesion remodeling as well as the circumferential location of atherosclerotic plaque.
Patterned Thin Films of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers Formed Using Microcontact Printing

Microcontact printing (μCP) is a soft lithographic technique used to transfer patterned thin organic films to surfaces with submicrometer resolution. Here, various concentrations of fourth-generation NH2-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimers are used as the “ink” in μCP. A patterned monolayer is formed from dilute solution (1 μmol); however, this structure is not stable under ambient conditions. Increasing the dendrimer concentration (up to 1 mmol) results in stable multilayer structures up to roughly 60 nm in height, as characterized by atomic force microscopy. The relationship between dendrimer concentration and layer thickness is explored.
Delayed puberty in obese boys: Comparison with constitutional delayed puberty and response to testosterone therapy

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the results of a brief course of testosterone therapy in boys with delayed puberty and to compare the responses seen in boys with constitutional delayed puberty (CDP), boys with obesity, and boys with possible gonadotropin deficiency. Design and setting: A retrospective chart review was done for 36 boys aged 14 years or older, seen between 1983 and 1996 because of delayed puberty, who were given 4 monthly injections of testosterone, 100 mg/mo, and had adequate follow-up. Results: There were 23 boys whose findings before and after treatment were consistent with a diagnosis of CDP. Testosterone treatment increased the growth rate from 4.3 cm/y to 11.2 cm/y ( P P P = .00003). Of 5 boys with growth hormone deficiency but unknown gonadotropin status, 2 had lack of progression after testosterone therapy and were believed to have permanent gonadotropin deficiency. Seven of the 36 boys were obese (body mass index, >25), and 6 had a response to testosterone similar to boys with CDP with clear pubertal progression. One obese boy and one nonobese boy were diagnosed as having isolated gonadotropin deficiency. Conclusions: Monitoring the growth and genital responses to a 4-month course of testosterone injections helps to differentiate CDP from gonadotropin deficiency in boys with delayed puberty. Obese boys constitute a distinct category of boys with pubertal delay in terms of their growth, but their response to testosterone is similar to that observed in boys with classic CDP. (J Pediatr 1998;133:745-9)
Behind Clio's Mask: Philosophic History and Its Uses Today

Buultjens examines the utility of history as a paradigm on which to build a prognosis of the future. With examples from the past, the discussion centers around two fundamentals. First, historical patterns may prove to be faulty models as they tend to focus on clusters of events and, usually, on the leaders/victors of that era, hence not representing the entire picture. These leaders, says Buultjens, are typically MCGA-egoists who influence international politics through their personal motives. Second, these historic clusters seldom contain elements yielding enduring or transferable conclusions upon which to build valid prognoses for the future. From historical patterns, several trends emerge: (1) the phaseout of conflict after the Cold War; (2) modern government and media culture prevent the emergence of “political supermen” and minimize disruption; (3) democracy, in its familiar form, curtails its rate of expansion; and (4) the spirit of separatism permeates as a result of collapse of yet another empire. The author is not in favor of disregarding historical analyses, but rather in questioning messages it provides so as not to extract erroneous lessons.
Deep sea thrills

Explorations: My Quest for Adventure and Discovery Under the Sea. Robert D. Ballard with Malcolm McConnell Hyperion: 1995. Pp. 407. $24.95.
Studies on the role of phospholipids in the triglyceride cycle: III. Liver and plasma phospholipid exchange in depancreatized dogs

Lipid mobilization from the liver to extrahepatic sites of utilization and to adipose tissue for storage and recycling via the triglyceride cycle requires de novo synthesis of liver lecithins. The role of liver phospholipid (PL) synthesis and plasma phospholipid turnover has been studied under a number of conditions which appear to relate liver lipoprotein formation and release to liver PL synthesis and transport. Conditions which enhance nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) release from adipose tissue or which inhibit liver PL synthesis prompt liver lipid accumulation. Lipid accumulates in the liver principally as triglyceride when any one of a number of factors required for liver lipoprotein comple formation is blocked, such as by ethionine, or when NEFA release to plasma is increased, such as in cold acclimatization. The relationship of liver PL to liver lipid transport is shown also following recovery from these conditions. Recovery from liver triglyceride (TG) accumulation is accompanied by increased PL synthesis, remobilization of liver PL, and increased turnover of plasma phospholipids. The relative specific activity (RSA) of phospholipid phosphorus (SA of plasma to liver PLP) is increased in depancreatized dogs during liver lipid accumulation. Following the initial depression in liver PL synthesis and transport caused by ethionine administration the RSA increased in all animals studied, indicating a remobilization of the accumulated TG. This remobilization of liver lipid occurs to a greater extent in depancreatized dogs than in normal dogs under the same conditions.
Effect of dietary concentrate on rumen fermentation, digestibility, and nitrogen losses in dairy cows.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of level of dietary concentrate on rumen fermentation, digestibility, and N losses in lactating dairy cows. The experiment was a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 6 cows and 16-d adaptation periods. Ruminal contents were exchanged between cows at the beginning of each adaptation period. Data for 2 of the diets tested in this experiment are presented here. The diets contained (dry matter basis): 52% (LowC; control) and 72% (HighC) concentrate feeds. Crude protein contents of the diets were 16.5 and 16.4%, respectively. The HighC diet decreased ruminal pH and ammonia concentration and increased propionate concentration compared with LowC. Acetate:propionate ratio was greater for LowC than for HighC. Rumen methane production and microbial protein synthesis were unaffected by diet. Dry matter intake was similar among diets, but milk yield was increased by HighC compared with LowC (36.0 and 33.2 kg/d, respectively). Milk fat percentage and yield and total-tract apparent NDF digestibility were decreased by HighC compared with LowC. More ruminal ammonia N was transferred into milk protein with HighC than with LowC. Urinary N excretion, plasma urea N, and milk urea N concentration were not affected by diet. The ammonia emitting potential of manure was similar between LowC and HighC diets. Increased concentrate proportion in the diet of dairy cows resulted in reduced ruminal ammonia concentration and enhanced ammonia utilization for milk protein synthesis. These effects, however, did not result in reduced urinary N losses and only marginally improved milk N efficiency. Increasing dietary concentrate was not a successful strategy to mitigate enteric methane production and ammonia emissions from manure.
Multiarrival Kirchhoff beam migration

Kirchhoff-type prestack depth migration is the method most popular for outputting offset gathers for velocity-model updating because of its flexibility and efficiency. However, conventional implementations of Kirchhoff migration use only single arrivals. This limits its ability to image complex structures such as subsalt areas. We use the beam methodology to develop a multiarrival Kirchhoff beam migration. The theory and algorithm of our beam migration are analogs to Gaussian beam migration, but we focus on attaining kinematic accuracy and implementation efficiency. The input wavefield of every common offset panel is decomposed into local plane waves at beam centers on the acquisition surface by local slant stacking. Each plane wave contributes a potential single-arrival in Kirchhoff migration. In this way, our method is able to handle multiarrivals caused by model complexity and, therefore, to overcome the limitation of conventional single-arrival Kirchhoff migration. The choice of the width of the beam ...
Siting a facility in continuous space to maximize coverage of a region

Abstract Siting facilities in continuous space such that continuously distributed demand within a region is optimally served is a challenging location problem. This problem is further complicated by the non-convexity of regions typically encountered in practice. In this paper a model for maximizing the service coverage of continuously distributed demand through the location of a single service facility in continuous space is proposed. To address this problem, theoretical conditions are established and associated methods are proposed for optimally siting a service facility in a region (convex or non-convex) with uniformly distributed demand. Through the use of geographic information systems (GIS), the developed approach is applied to identify facility sites that maximize regional coverage provided limitations on facility service ability.
Simultaneous separation of metal ions and neutral organics by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography

Abstract Mixtures of divalent metal ions and neutral organics (phenols, anilines, polynuclear aromatics) were separated and detected by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography in one run using standard cation-exchange ion-pairing or ion-interaction reagents (IIRs) and water–methanol–tartrate mobile phases on a C 18 reversed-phase column. The column could be coated with the more hydrophobic (C 18 , C 20 ) IIRs but severe bleeding occurred in mobile phases containing more than 30% methanol. Most work was done with the IIR incorporated in the mobile phase. In eluents containing about 30% methanol the C 8 (octanesulfonate) IIR was most useful; the C 12 (dodecyl sulfate) IIR proved best around 50% methanol; and the C 18 (octadecyl sulfate) IIR was most effective above 70% methanol. IIR concentrations in the 1–10 m M range were used. Detection of organics was carried out at 254 nm. Metal ions were post-column derivatized with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol downstream from the UV detector and monitored at 510 nm at a second detector. Metal ion retention increased with decreasing pH and methanol concentration and increasing IIR concentration. The presence of the IIR had only a slight effect on organic analyte retention as compared to the same water–methanol mobile phase with no IIR. Both peak area and height were linear with analyte concentration from about 10 −2 to 10 −5 M for both metal ions and organics.