cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precision Jumping Limits from Flight-phase Control in Salto-1P

We developed a deadbeat foot placement hopping controller for an untethered monopedal robot, Salto-1P. The controller uses a third order Taylor series approximation to an offline dynamic model and performs well on the physical platform. The robot demonstrated precise foot placement even on trajectories with aggressive changes in speed, direction, and height: in a random walk, its error standard deviation was 0.10 m. We establish how foot placement precision is tightly limited by attitude control accuracy, requiring attitude error less than 0.7 degrees for some tasks. We also show how foot placement precision degrades linearly as hopping height increases. These precision results apply to the large class of controllers that prescribe touchdown angle to control running velocity.
Surgical Outcomes of Prepectoral Versus Subpectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction in Young Women

Background Two-staged implant-based reconstruction (IBR) is the most common breast reconstructive modality. Recently, technological and surgical advances have encouraged surgeons to revisit prepectoral IBR. Data comparing prepectoral against subpectoral IBR in women under the age of 40 are lacking. Methods Retrospective chart review of patients under the age of 40 years old, who underwent immediate 2-staged IBR at our institution, was performed. Patient's demographics, clinical characteristics, operative details, and early surgical outcomes of prepectoral and subpectoral reconstruction were compared. Data with values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Between 2012 and 2016, 100 patients (187 breasts) who underwent prepectoral and 69 patients (124 breasts) who underwent subpectoral IBR were included. Median follow-up was 17.9 and 17.5 months in the prepectoral and subpectoral groups, respectively. Total number of complications including both stages of reconstruction was 20 (10.7%) and 19 (15.3%) in the prepectoral and subpectoral groups, respectively (P = 0.227). Specific complications, including hematoma, seroma, skin flap necrosis, wound dehiscence, and breast infections, were not significantly different among groups. Ten (5.4%) devices, including implants and tissue expander, required explantation in the prepectoral group and 8 (6.5%) in the subpectoral group (P = 0.683). Explantation was most commonly due to infection (n = 14), and all of them occurred during the first stage (P < 0.001). Conclusions Early complications and implant explantation rates are comparable among prepectoral and subpectoral breast reconstruction in women under 40 years old. Based on these results, we believe that prepectoral IBR is a safe, reliable, and promising reconstructive option.
The Historical Perspectives of Stereotypes on African-American Males

Stereotypes are ingrained in the fabric of the USA and coincide with the institution of slavery. The expected behaviors of African-Americans are fueled by stereotypes maintained by the status quo. Throughout US history, the stereotyping of African-Americans, particularly males, has had a negative impact on African-American families and communities. For instance, the belief that African-Americans are unintelligent, lazy, violent, and criminals has affected educational outcomes, employment opportunities, socioeconomic status, and the dismantling of African-American families and communities. Educators, businessmen, and law enforcement often believe these stereotypes, which influences their treatment of African-Americans. The oppression of African-Americans is a critical human rights issue that has to be addressed in social work practice. This article highlights a historical overview of how stereotypes have contributed to a denial of human rights, evidenced by inequalities in education, employment, and the justice system. Recommendations for culturally competent interventions and practice to improve social equity are discussed.
An empirical assessment of the Consumer Agency Model: Evidence from India and China

AbstractThis research empirically validates the Consumer Agency Model which illustrates consumer reactions to the introduction of new Western products to emerging markets. This study represents the...
The Write Stuff: The Development of a Medical Writing Pharmacy Residency Elective.

The Problem: Effective medical writing requires a mastery of many skills including those of data interpretation, literature evaluation, written communication, and leadership. A number of these skills are considered educational goals and objectives for residents by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, yet preceptors and residents oftentimes face challenges in gaining competency, confidence, and success in medical writing. Innovation: A structured yet individualized plan for medical writing, including idea creation, peer reviewing, manuscript preparation, and team management for post-graduate year two pharmacy residents was implemented as an elective learning experience. Results: Feedback from residents participating in the elective was positive. Each of the two residents who participated produced a manuscript that was subsequently published. Conclusion: Though data is limited by number of residents that have completed this learning experience, this longitudinally designed elective has potential benefits and barriers to execution that should be considered, but may be an excellent opportunity to develop critical skills in scholarly endeavors for residents and preceptors alike.
Two Arguments for Objectivism about Moral Permissibility

Is what we’re morally permitted to do grounded in our subjective situation? Subjectivists maintain that it is. Objectivists deny this. I shall offer two arguments for Objectivism about moral permis...
Nasolacrimal Lymphangioma Presenting With Hemolacria

A 22-year-old male presented with spontaneous unilateral hemolacria and was found to have complete opacification of the ipsilateral nasolacrimal sac and duct. Endoscopic biopsy with histopathologic analysis revealed the diagnosis of nasolacrimal lymphangioma. Additional management included nasolacrimal stenting, and there was no hemolacria recurrence or epiphora. This is the first report of a nasolacrimal lymphangioma and describes the vascular malformation as a potential cause of bloody tearing.
The Regulation of Developmental Diapause is Coordinated with Molting and Olfaction

Developmental and behavioral plasticity allow animals to prioritize alternative genetic programs during fluctuating environments. Behavioral remodeling may be acute in animals that interact with host organisms, since reproductive adults and the developmentally arrested larvae often have different ethological needs for chemical stimuli. To understand the genes that coordinate development and behavior, we used the nematode model Pristionchus pacificus to characterize mutants that inappropriately enter developmental diapause to become dauer larvae (Daf-c). We found several key olfactory differences between P. pacificus and C. elegans Daf-c dauers. In addition, the two P. pacificus Daf-c alleles disrupt steroid synthesis required for proper regulation of the conserved canonical steroid hormone receptor DAF-12, whose dauer-constitutive and cuticle exsheathment phenotypes can be rescued by the feeding of ?7-dafachronic acid. One allele, csu60, has a deletion in the sole HydroxySteroid Dehydrogenase (HSD) in P. pacificus. Both hsd-2(csu60) adults and dauers show enhanced attraction to a beetle pheromone, possibly due to the heterochronic activation of dauer-specific neuronal development in the adults. Surprisingly, this enhanced odor attraction acts independently of daf-12, revealing unexpected targets of steroid hormones regulating ecdysis and olfaction in P. pacificus.
Masked FPGA Bitstream Encryption via Partial Reconfiguration

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), as one of the popular circuit implementation platforms, provide the flexible and powerful way for different applications. IC designs are configured to FPGA th...
Interactions and immobilization of lanthanides with dopants in uranium-based metallic fuels

Abstract In uranium-based fuels, production and migration of lanthanide fission products and subsequent chemical interactions with cladding constituents lead to fuel–cladding chemical interaction (FCCI), limiting fuel performance. In general, dopant addition to the fuel matrix to arrest lanthanides within the fuel by forming intermetallics is found to be effective in mitigating FCCI. Recently, we proposed ab-initio based alloy-design principles, which can be useful in identifying dopant(s) that can bind a lanthanide (Nd) inside the fuel matrix. Here, we demonstrate the robustness of such principles by performing a systematic study to choose dopants to form compounds with a range of experimentally-observed lanthanide fission products. Results reveal that for a given dopant, lanthanide Ce and La exhibit similar behavior in their compound-forming tendencies compared to Nd and Pr, which is linked to lanthanide intrinsic characteristics such as the electronic configurations. Our predicted lanthanide-dopant intermetallic formation is verified experimentally in selective cases. Finally, we showed alloy design principles that accurately identify previously known dopants like Pd, and also predict new dopants As and Se, that can be effective in binding all lanthanides within the uranium matrix. Overall, this research helps to develop generic alloy-design principles for complex multi-component systems based on lanthanide and dopant intrinsic characteristics.
Racial Disparity in Time to Surgery and Complications for Hip Fracture Patients

Backgroud Racial and ethnic disparities in orthopedic surgery may be associated with worse perioperative complications. For patients with hip fractures, studies have shown that early surgery, typically within 24 to 48 hours of admission, may decrease postoperative morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to determine whether race is associated with longer time to surgery from hospital presentation and increased postoperative complications. Methods We queried the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2011 to 2017 for patients (> 65 years) with hip fractures who underwent surgical fixation. Patients were identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes (27235, 27236, 27244, and 27245). Delayed surgery was defined as time to surgery from hospital admission that was greater than 48 hours. Time to surgery was compared between races using analysis of variance. A multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for comorbidities, age, sex, and surgery was performed to determine the likelihood of delayed surgery and rate of postoperative complications. Results A total of 58,456 patients who underwent surgery for a hip fracture were included in this study. Seventy-two percent were female patients and the median age was 87 years. The median time to surgery across all patients was 24 hours. African Americans had the longest time to surgery (30.4 ± 27.6 hours) compared to Asians (26.5 ± 24.6 hours), whites (25.8 ± 23.4 hours), and other races (22.7 ± 22.0 hours) (p < 0.001). After adjusting for comorbidities, age, sex, and surgery, there was a 43% increase in the odds of delayed surgery among American Africans compared to whites (odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-1.58; p < 0.001). Despite higher odds of reintubation, pulmonary embolism, renal insufficiency or failure, and cardiac arrest in African Americans, mortality was significantly lower compared to white patients (4.41% vs. 6.02%, p < 0.001). Asian Americans had the lowest mortality rate (3.84%). Conclusions A significant disparity in time to surgery and perioperative complications was seen amongst different races with only African Americans having a longer time to surgery than whites. Further study is needed to determine the etiology of this disparity and highlights the need for targeted strategies to help at-risk patient populations.
Can adjunctive perioperative radiation improve range of motion after total knee revision for arthrofibrosis

Abstract Background Total knee arthroplasty revision (TKRev) can be performed to treat chronic arthrofibrosis. Low-dose irradiation may decrease fibro-osseous proliferation of soft tissue; therefore, it may be effective at increasing range of motion (ROM) after TKRev. Our hypothesis is that low-dose radiation administered in the immediate postoperative period leads to increased ROM after TKRev for arthrofibrosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted from 2008-2015 on 26 patients who underwent TKRev for treating chronic arthrofibrosis. Fifteen patients (XRT group) received 800 cGy radiation within 48 hours after TKRev and 11 patients (CTL group) did not. Measurements of extension, flexion, and total arc of ROM were performed preoperatively and at one, six, and 12 months postoperatively. Results ROM improved from 14.3° extension, 69.0° flexion, and 54.7° total ROM preoperatively, to 3.3° extension, 94.0° flexion, and 90.7° total ROM postoperatively in the XRT group. ROM improved from 18.6° extension, 85.9° flexion, and 67.3° total ROM preoperatively to 4.1° extension, 102.5° flexion, and 98.5° total ROM postoperatively in the CTL group. The 1-year overall improvement in extension (12.5°), flexion (21.4°), and total ROM (33.9°) vs preoperative ROM was significant for all measurements (p Conclusions TKRev for arthrofibrosis showed significant improvement in extension, flexion, and total ROM at one year. The use of low dose irradiation showed promise with improved flexion, but the result did not reach statistical significance in this small sample of patients.
Nostalgia hacia la tierra: estética, emoción e historia en María Zambrano

Maria Zambrano utiliza el arte de vanguardia para diagnosticar algunos de los problemas que acucian su tiempo. Una de las claves de su diagnostico es afectiva: la nostalgia. Antes que como reaccion individual, la nostalgia debe entenderse aqui como parte de una cadena metaemocional que moviliza otras emociones e incentiva practicas esteticas, sociales y afectivas mas alla de la soberania. Estas ideas destacan en un conocido ensayo puertorriqueno y nos ayudan a ver, a pesar de sus fallas, la productividad de su idea de nostalgia, que muestra como la historia determina la estetica, y la estetica, la historia.
On likelihood ratio ordering of parallel systems with heterogeneous exponential components

Abstract This paper provides a partial solution to a long-standing open problem posted by Balakrishnan and Zhao (2013) concerning the likelihood ratio ordering of the lifetimes of parallel systems with two heterogeneous exponential components. The proposed method can be applied to tackle other stochastic ordering problems in a parallel system.
Estimating Under-recognized COVID-19 Deaths, United States, March 2020-May 2021 using an Excess Mortality Modelling Approach.

Abstract Background In the United States, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths are captured through the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System and death certificates reported to the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). However, not all COVID-19 deaths are recognized and reported because of limitations in testing, exacerbation of chronic health conditions that are listed as the cause of death, or delays in reporting. Estimating deaths may provide a more comprehensive understanding of total COVID-19–attributable deaths. Methods We estimated COVID-19 unrecognized attributable deaths, from March 2020—April 2021, using all-cause deaths reported to NVSS by week and six age groups (0–17, 18–49, 50–64, 65–74, 75–84, and ≥85 years) for 50 states, New York City, and the District of Columbia using a linear time series regression model. Reported COVID-19 deaths were subtracted from all-cause deaths before applying the model. Weekly expected deaths, assuming no SARS-CoV-2 circulation and predicted all-cause deaths using SARS-CoV-2 weekly percent positive as a covariate were modelled by age group and including state as a random intercept. COVID-19–attributable unrecognized deaths were calculated for each state and age group by subtracting the expected all-cause deaths from the predicted deaths. Findings We estimated that 766,611 deaths attributable to COVID-19 occurred in the United States from March 8, 2020—May 29, 2021. Of these, 184,477 (24%) deaths were not documented on death certificates. Eighty-two percent of unrecognized deaths were among persons aged ≥65 years; the proportion of unrecognized deaths were 0•24–0•31 times lower among those 0–17 years relative to all other age groups. More COVID-19–attributable deaths were not captured during the early months of the pandemic (March–May 2020) and during increases in SARS-CoV-2 activity (July 2020, November 2020—February 2021). Interpretation Estimating COVID-19–attributable unrecognized deaths provides a better understanding of the COVID-19 mortality burden and may better quantify the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. Funding None
Bioprinting of dual ECM scaffolds encapsulating limbal stem/progenitor cells in active and quiescent statuses.

Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) and corneal disorders are among the top global threats for human vision. Emerging therapies that integrate stem cell transplantation with engineered hydrogel scaffolds for biological and mechanical support are becoming a rising trend in the field. However, methods for high-throughput fabrication of hydrogel scaffolds, as well as knowledge of the interaction between limbal stem/progenitor cells (LSCs) and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) are still much needed. Here, we employed digital light processing (DLP)-based bioprinting to fabricate hydrogel scaffolds encapsulating primary LSCs and studied the ECM-dependent LSC phenotypes. The DLP-based bioprinting with gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) or hyaluronic acid glycidyl methacrylate (HAGM) generated microscale hydrogel scaffolds that could support the viability of the encapsulated primary rabbit LSCs (rbLSCs) in culture. Immunocytochemistry and transcriptional analysis showed that the encapsulated rbLSCs remained active in GelMA-based scaffolds while exhibited quiescence in the HAGM-based scaffolds. The primary human LSCs (hLSCs) encapsulated within bioprinted scaffolds showed consistent ECM-dependent active/quiescent statuses. Based on these results, we have developed a novel bioprinted dual ECM 'Yin-Yang' model encapsulating LSCs to support both active and quiescent statues. Our findings provide valuable insights towards stem cell therapies and regenerative medicine for corneal reconstruction.
Update of Neuromodulation in Chronic Migraine.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuromodulation devices have become an attractive alternative to traditional pharmacotherapy for migraine, especially for patients intolerant to medication or who prefer non-pharmacological options. In the past decades, many studies demonstrated the efficacy of neuromodulation devices in patients with episodic migraine (EM). However, the benefit of these devices on chronic migraine (CM), which is typically more debilitating and refractory than EM, remains not well studied. RECENT FINDINGS We reviewed the literature within the last five years on using FDA-cleared and investigational devices for CM. There were eight randomized controlled trials and 15 open-label observational studies on ten neuromodulation devices. Neuromodulation is promising for use in CM, although efficacy varies among devices or individuals. Noninvasive devices are usually considered safe with minimal adverse events. However, stimulation protocol and methodology differ between studies. More well-designed studies adhering to the guideline may facilitate FDA clearance and better insurance coverage.
Mobility Impacts of Ramp Metering Operations on Freeways

AbstractTransportation agencies are implementing traffic management strategies to improve mobility and safety on freeways. Ramp metering is a traffic management strategy deployed to mitigate conges...
Papers in ethics and social philosophy

Introduction 1. Semantic analyses for dyadic deontic logic 2. A problem about permission 3. Reply to McMichael 4. Why ain'cha rich? 5. Desire as belief I 6. Desire as belief II 7. Dispositional theories of value 8. The Trap's dilemma 9. Evil for freedom's sake? 10. Do we believe in penal substitution? 11. Convention: reply to Jamieson 12. Meaning without use: reply to Hawthorne 13. Illusory innocence? 14. Mill and Milquetoast 15. Academic appointments: why ignore the advantage of being right? 16. Devil's bargains and the real world 17. Buy like a MADman, use like a NUT 18. The punishment that leaves something to chance 19. Scriven on human unpredictability (with Jane S. Richardson).
Role of Theory and Experimental Design in Multivariate Analysis and Mathematical Modeling

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of theory and experimental design in the analysis of multivariate data. A variety of topics is explored, from the importance of theory for the scientific method in general to multivariate data analysis in particular. Throughout this discourse, the practical, instrumental value of theory is overtly emphasized, while implicit recognition of the importance of the teleological value of theory development to sociobehavioral science research is assumed. The evolution of modern, postpositivistic scientific methodology is briefly examined to identify the more prominent, modern criticisms of scientific inquiry, and the research strategy of critical multiplism is presented as a comprehensive approach that specifically addresses such concerns. This chapter is based on the proposition that the role of theory in the scientific enterprise must be periodically entertained, thoroughly examined, and explicitly reaffirmed by scientific practitioners. Finally, the chapter intends to convince the reader of the undeniable necessity of explicit, substantive theory throughout the entire research enterprise and especially for multivariate data analysis.
Integrative Research Paper: Swiss Referendum Say on Pay

This paper examines the recent Swiss referendum on say-on-pay. The referendum was put to popular vote in March of 2013, and the Swiss citizens passed the referendum with a clear majority. This paper will explain each of the provisions of the referendum. It will then explain pros and cons of the referendum, and then further evaluate the provisions. Finally, a brief commentary will be made regarding its implication and potential application in the world’s financial centers.
Unmethylated and methylated CpG dinucleotides distinctively regulate the physical properties of DNA

In eukaryotic cells, DNA has to bend significantly to pack inside the nucleus. Physical properties of DNA such as bending flexibility and curvature are expected to affect DNA packaging and partially determine the nucleosome positioning patterns inside a cell. DNA CpG methylation, the most common epigenetic modification found in DNA, is known to affect the physical properties of DNA. However, its detailed role in nucleosome formation is less well-established. In this study, we evaluated the effect of defined CpG patterns (unmethylated and methylated) on DNA structure and their respective nucleosome-forming ability. Our results suggest that the addition of CpG dinucleotides, either as a (CG)n stretch or (CGX8 )n repeats at 10 bp intervals, lead to reduced hydrodynamic radius and decreased nucleosome-forming ability of DNA. This effect is more predominant for a DNA stretch ((CG)5) located in the middle of a DNA fragment. Methylation of CpG sites, surprisingly, seems to reduce the difference in DNA structure and nucleosome-forming ability among DNA constructs with different CpG patterns. Our results suggest that unmethylated and methylated CpG patterns can play very different roles in regulating the physical properties of DNA. CpG methylation seems to reduce the DNA conformational variations affiliated with defined CpG patterns. Our results can have significant bearings in understanding the nucleosome positioning pattern in living organisms modulated by DNA sequences and epigenetic features.
Abstract 16220: Negative Regulation of Mir-375 by Interleukin-10 Enhances Endothelial Progenitor Cell Mediated Myocardial Repair and Function After Myocardial Infarction

Despite some encouraging data, the bone marrow progenitor cells (BMPC) mediated clinical trials have only shown a very modest improvement in heart functions. Poor survival and function of transplanted cell in the ischemic and inflamed myocardium likely compromises the full functional benefit of stem cell based therapies. We have earlier reported that co-administration of IL-10 and BMPC not only enhances cell survival but also improved left ventricular (LV) functions after AMI in mice. We identified that microRNA-375 expression is significantly up-regulated in EPCs upon exposure to either inflammatory or hypoxic stimulus. We hypothesized that IL-10 regulates miR-375 signaling in EPCs to enhance their survival and function in ischemic myocardium after MI. miR-375 knock down EPC were transplanted intramyocardially after induction of MI. Mice receiving EPC treated with miR-375 inhibitor showed increased number of EPC retention that was associated with reduced EPC apoptosis in the myocardium. The engraftment o...
Multiple-cladding-resonance all-solid photonic bandgap fibers with large mode area

We demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally robust single-mode operation in all-solid photonic bandgap fibers with record effective mode areas of ∼2650μm2 by introducing multiple strongly coupled smaller cores in the cladding.
Ionized Gas Associated with HVCs

The study of emission lines from HVCs is yielding new information on their basic properties as well as on the properties of their environment. Such studies are also providing new insights into the location, origin, and role in the Galaxy of the HVCs. Very sensitive velocity-resolved measurements of Hα now exist for many HVCs, including the Magellanic Stream, complexes A and C, and some compact HVCs. These data show that ionized hydrogen is strongly associated with the neutral hydrogen, but also that the H i brightness temperature and Hα intensity are not correlated. The detection of Hα emission from many compact HVCs provides an argument against the idea that they are massive clouds distributed through-out the Local Group of galaxies – intergalactic clouds would not be suciently ionized to produce the observed intensities. Combined with direct distance measurements for many HVCs, the Hα data can provide measurements of the intensity of the radiation field in the environs of the Milky Way, and of the escape fraction of ionizing photons.
Absorption saturation nonlinearity in InGaAs/InP p-i-n photodiodes

The agreement between the measured nonlinear response and the absorption saturation simulation for different absorber thickness provides strong evidence of an absorption-saturation photodiode nonlinearity. We have improved the linearity of a photonic ADC by developing large-area, thick photodiodes.
Examining the Distinct Antecedents of E-Mail Habits and its Influence on the Outcomes of a Phishing Attack

While research has linked social media phishing susceptibility to individual Facebook habits, the underlying process by which habits lead to victimization and the extent to which it explains e-mail-based phishing remains unclear. The study compared the antecedents and consequences of e-mail habits and cognitive processing on the outcome of a simulated phishing attack. E-mail habits were rooted in stable personality dimensions of conscientiousness and emotional stability, while cognitive processing was premised on contextual information adequacy considerations. Interestingly, habits and processing jointly influenced the outcome of the attack: Systematic processing attenuated phishing susceptibility by a small factor; the cumulative effects of heuristic processing and e-mail habits, however, caused a fourfold increase in likely victimization, overwhelming any advantage from detailed processing.
Development and characterization of an electrostatic quadrupole extraction lens for mass spectrometry

A new ion optical element for mass spectrometry has been developed to increase ion-beam transmission into the high-vacuum region of a mass spectrometer. The optic, termed the electrostatic quadrupole extraction lens (EQEL), incorporates quadrupole-like focusing fields into a conventional extraction element. These fields have been established by purposefully positioning openings in an extraction optic and surrounding the optic with a solid, cylindrical barrel unit. Modeling of the EQEL optic shows several regions of high ion beam transmission while, experimentally, the EQEL provides a 35-fold improvement over a conventional extraction optic when used with a glow discharge Mattauch–Herzog geometry mass spectrograph.
The folding of acetyl(Ala)28NH2 and acetyl(Ala)40NH2 extended strand peptides into antiparallel β-sheets. A density functional theory study of β-sheets with β-turns.

We report ONIOM calculations using B3LYP/D95** and AM1 on β-sheet formation from acetyl(Ala)NNH2 (N = 28 or 40). The sheets contain from one to four β-turns for N = 28 and up to six for N = 40. We have obtained four types of geometrically optimized structures. All contain only β-turns. They differ from each other in the types of β-turns formed. The unsolvated sheets containing two turns are most stable. Aqueous solvation (using the SM5.2 and CPCM methods) reduces the stabilities of the folded structures compared to the extended strands.
Use of index selection in recurrent selection programs in maize

Phenotypic and genotypic correlations were examined for four traits in seven populations of maize (Zea mays L.) undergoing recurrent selection. Correlations among grain yield and percentage of grain moisture, root lodging, and stalk lodging were low (|r| 0.5). Two indices, one that used heritabilities as index weights and one that used relative economic weights (base index) as index weights, were compared with the Smith-Hazel index (optimim index). Relative efficiencies of the two indices, in terms of predicted gains for the individual traits and the composite trait, compared with the Smith-Hazel index, were high. The use of an index in which heritabilities were used as index weights was recommended because:1) the heritabilities were the same as the optimum weights when the traits were uncorrelated, and for the data examined the correlations were low; and 2) heritabilities were computed in routine data analyses and were available at no additional cost.
Superconductivity at 52.5 K in the Lanthanum-Barium-Copper-Oxide System

The electrical properties of the (La/0/9/Ba/0.1/)CuO/4-y/ system are examined under ambient and hydrostatic pressures. The resistance, ac magnetic susceptibility, and superconductivity onset, midpoint, and intercept temperatures are measured. It is observed that at ambient pressure the resistance decreases with temperature decreases, and the ac susceptibility shows diamagnetic shifts starting at about 32 K. Under hydrostatic pressure a superconducting transition with an onset temperature of 52.5 K is observed, and the resistance increases at lower temperatures. The data reveal that the electrical properties of the La-Ba-Cu-O system are dependent on samples and preparation conditions. Various causes for the high temperature superconductivity of the system are proposed.
Sperner's theorem with constraints

A set X of subsets of an n-element set S is called an anti-chain if no two elements of X are related by set-wise inclusion. Sperner showed [8] that max |X|=(^n"["n"2"]), where |X| denotes the number of elements in X and the maximum is taken over all anti-chains of subsets of S. Let non-negative integers i"o0, m"i"""o+1,...m"n be given. In this paper we give an algorithm for calculating max |X| where the maximum is taken only over anti-chains containing exactly m"ii-element subsets of S for i"o =< i =< n.
Analysis of production facilities- a network simulation approach:

The existing analytic and heuristic techniques for the assembly-line problem are generally limited in scope and applicability. The restricted and often unrealistic assumptions of these procedures handicap them as a practical tool for modern manufacturing problems. This article presents a comprehensive model for the design and analysis of production-line facilities. The Generalized Network Simulator (GNS), a network-based simulation model, integrates the handling of time, queue, resource, and cost character istics of realistic situations in a single package and offers a "total system" tool for systems analysis and research. A companion Assembly Line Information System (ALIS) facilitates both the construction of the data base through interactive data input entry and the specification of desired statistical outputs. An example illustrates the application of the model in a fictitious manufacturing environment involving the cost and resource features of the GNS/ALIS programs.
Olfaction: When Nostrils Compete

In vision, alternating percepts occur when two different visual stimuli are presented separately to the two eyes. By analogy, simultaneous presentation of two different odorants separately to the two nostrils has now been shown to cause alternating odor percepts, an effect termed 'binaral rivalry'.
Mandarin hen and Universal Markedness in gradable adjectives

Under some conditions, gradable adjectives in Mandarin must co-occur with overt degree morphology (most neutrally, hen ‘very’) for positive interpretation; otherwise, a comparative interpretation results. This paper argues that this phenomenon is the consequence of two interacting factors: (1) Universally, whereas comparative semantics is provided by a (possibly covert) morpheme in syntax, positive semantics is provided by a type-shifting rule that does not project in syntax, and (2) The T[+V] constraint: in Mandarin, the direct complement to T(ense) must either be (an extended projection of) a verb or a functional morpheme that can in principle combine with (an extended projection of) a verb. Consequently, a superficially bare adjectival complement to T may project a null comparative morpheme in order to satisfy T[+V], but positive semantics is ruled out because it does not affect the AP categorial status of the predicate and hence does not satisfy T[+V]. The semantically bleached degree adverb hen can be used instead to approximate positive semantics in a way that satisfies T[+V]. This proposal makes the right predictions about the conditions under which bare adjectives do receive a positive interpretation, namely, when other functional elements intervene between T and AP, and when T is not projected. An important consequence of the proposal is that despite surface appearances, Mandarin does not counterexemplify the universal generalization that comparatives are the marked member of the positive/comparative opposition; on the contrary, its proper analysis actually depends on the idea that comparative-form adjectives involve extra structure.
YouTube traffic dynamics and its interplay with a tier-1 ISP: an ISP perspective

In this paper we conduct an extensive and in-depth study of traffic exchanged between YouTube data centers and its users, as seen from the perspective of a tier-1 ISP in Spring 2008 after YouTube was acquired by Google but before Google did any major restructuring of YouTube. Using flow-level data collected at multiple PoPs of the ISP, we first infer where the YouTube data centers are located and where they are connected to the ISP. We then deduce the load balancing strategy used by YouTube to service user requests, and investigate how load balancing strategies and routing policies affect the traffic dynamics across YouTube and the tier-1 ISP.The major contributions of the paper are four-fold: (1) we discover the surprising fact that YouTube does not consider the geographic locations of its users at all while serving video content. Instead, it employs a location-agnostic, proportional load balancing strategy among its data centers to service user requests from all geographies; (2) we perform in-depth analysis of the PoP-level YouTube traffic matrix as seen by the ISP, and investigate how it is shaped by the YouTube load balancing strategy and routing policies utilized by both YouTube and the ISP; (3) with such knowledge, we develop a novel method to estimate unseen traffic (i.e. traffic that is carried outside the ISP network) so as to "complete" the traffic matrix between YouTube data centers and users from the customer ASes of the ISP; and 4) we explore "what if" scenarios by assessing the pros and cons of alternative load balancing and routing policies. Our study sheds light on the interesting and important interplay between large content providers and ISPs in today's Internet.
Acoustic cavitation series: part five rectified diffusion

Abstract A general review is given of the mechanism of rectified diffusion. The equations that describe the threshold acoustic pressure amplitude as well as the growth rate are presented. Simplified versions of the complicated threshold equation are also obtained for two regions that are of particular interest. Graphical representations of the equations for a variety of physical parameters are given as well as a comparison between the available measurements and the theoretical predictions. Finally, some suggested areas of future research in this area are presented.
Word sense distribution in a web corpus

World Wide Web has become an important knowledge source for many research fields, and quality of Web-acquired knowledge has direct impact on their performance. While evaluation of the vast amount of Web resources is out of question, in this paper we examined thousands of sentences containing twelve preselected words and produced several quality measures including sentence coherence and sense distribution information. Our goal is to provide some insight to several Computational Linguistics areas that acquire knowledge from the Web.
Map-based cloning of a protein kinase gene conferring disease resistance in tomato

The Pto gene in tomato confers resistance to races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato that carry the avirulence gene avrPto. A yeast artificial chromosome clone that spans the Pto region was identified and used to probe a leaf complementary DNA (cDNA) library. A cDNA clone was isolated that represents a gene family, at least six members of which genetically cosegregate with Pto. When susceptible tomato plants were transformed with a cDNA from this family, they were resistant to the pathogen. Analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed similarity to serine-threonine protein kinases, suggesting a role for Pto in a signal transduction pathway.
Separation of aglucones glucosides and prenylated isoflavones by high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the separation of lupin isoflavones, which consist of genistein and 2′-hydroxygenistein, their 7-O-glucosides and their respective 6-, 8-, 3′-mono- and 6,3′-diprenylated derivatives, as well as two coumaronochromones, lupinalbin A and B. HPLC was carried out with a Merck reversed-phase C18 LiChrospher 100 column using 45% solvent A (0.5% methanolic acetic acid) in 55% solvent B (0.5% aqueous acetic acid) for 2 min, followed by a gradient increase to 100% solvent A in 78 min then maintaining isocratic conditions for a further 10 min. The order of elution of the isoflavonoid derivatives was inversely proportional to their degree of polarity, with the 2′-hydroxygenistein glucoside eluting first and the 6,3′diprenyl genistein eluting last.
More rapid associative change with retraining than with initial training.

Retraining was compared with initial acquisition in 4 magazine approach experiments with rats and 1 autoshaping experiment with pigeons. The levels of performance were matched prior to reinforcement and nonreinforcement for stimuli with a history of both training and extinction and stimuli with only a minimal history of training. Under these conditions, a previously extinguished stimulus was more vulnerable both to the incremental effects of reinforcement and to the decremental effects of nonreinforcement compared with a stimulus that had only been minimally trained.
On the identification of intra-seasonal changes in the Indian summer monsoon

Intra-seasonal changes in the Indian summer monsoon are generally characterized by its active and break (A&B) states. Existing methods for identifying the A&B states using rainfall data rely on subjective thresholds, ignore temporal dependence in the data, and disregard inherent uncertainty in their identification. This paper develops a method to identify intra-seasonal changes in the monsoon using a hidden Markov model (HMM) that allows objective classification of the monsoon states. The method facilitates probabilistic interpretation which is especially useful during the transition period between the two monsoon states. The developed method can also be used to - (i) identify monsoon states in real time, (ii) forecast rainfall values, and (iii) generate synthetic data. Comparisons of the results from the proposed model with those from existing methods suggest that the new method is a promising for detecting intra-seasonal changes in the Indian summer monsoon.
Tetrodotoxin and Manganese Ion: Effects on Action Potential of the Frog Heart

Tetrodotoxin, which effectively suppresses the permeability of various tissues to sodium ions, has no effect on the calcium action potential of the fiber of barnacle muscle, which potential is produced by increase in permeability to calcium ions. Manganese ions, however, suppress the action potential. When applied to fiber of frog cardiac ventricle, tetrodotoxin suppresses the rate of rise of the action potential without affecting the overshoot; the suppressive effect of manganese ion is mainly on the overshoot of the action potential. This suggests that, in the action potential of the car-diac ventricle of the frog, the platealu phase is related primarily to the increase in permeability of the membrane to calcium ions.
Historical perspective on Chlamydomonas as a model for basic research: 1950–1970

Summary During the period 1950–1970, groundbreaking research on the genetic mapping of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the use of mutant strains to analyze photosynthesis was conducted in the laboratory of R. Paul Levine at Harvard University. An account of this era, based in part on interviews with Levine, is presented.
Elastic Scattering of 6.5-Mev Protons from Copper

The 6.5-Mev protons from the 27-inch Rochester cyclotron have been used to determine the angular distribution of protons elastically scattered from copper. Significant differences from pure Coulomb scattering were observed. The results have been compared with the predictions of the Feshback-Weisskopf schematic theory and appear to disagree with these.
Regulation of DNA synthesis in Leydig cells obtained from neonatal pig testes.

Abstract Three distinct waves of Leydig cell development are found in the pig testes, which occur during fetal, perinatal, and prepubertal periods. Proliferation of Leydig cells is primarily regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH); however, effects of LH on proliferation of immature rat Leydig cells are mediated by specific growth factors and cytokines such as transforming growth factor-α (TGFα), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), steroidogenesis-inducing protein (SIP), and TGFβ. The objective of the present study was to identify growth factors that could possibly be involved in the proliferation of Leydig cells in the neonatal pig testis. Leydig cells were isolated from 3- to 5-d-old pig testes, cultured for 48 hr in serum-free media, washed, and treated with hCG and/or IGF-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), IL-1β, SIP, and TGFβ for 18 hr. Tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA was assessed over a subsequent 4-hr period. Incorporation of [ 3 H]-thymidine was stimulated by hCG treatment with a 2.3-fold increase over control cultures. SIP also induced a significant increase (P 3 H]thymidine into Leydig cell DNA. Similarly, EGF and IGF-1 also increased DNA synthesis in neonatal porcine Leydig cells, whereas IL-1β had no effect. TGFβ had very little, if any, effect on DNA synthesis when added alone, but inhibited the stimulatory effects of other mitogens (SIP, hCG, EGF/TGFα, and IGF-1). Our results indicate that these growth factors may play a role in the LH/hCG-dependent proliferation of Leydig cells during the perinatal period of development.
Accurate Knowledge about Suicide and Personality

Accuracy of knowledge about suicide was not related to scores on a brief test of extraversion and neuroticism for a sample of 56 male and 101 female college students.
Stochastic input supply: theory and evidence

A formal model of a firm facing uncertain input supplies is presented, wherein it is demonstrated that: (1) all firms, regardless of attitude towards risk, will increase the amount of the uncertain input ordered and (2)risk averse and risk, neutral firms will lower new orders if deliveries in the prior period exceed expected deliveries. The theory is empirically tested in twenty-two manufacturing sectors and is found to be highly consistent with the data.
Perfectionism and Depression Among Low-Income Chronically Ill African American and White Adolescents and Their Maternal Parent

Most research on perfectionism is based on convenience samples of university students or clinically distressed samples, and therefore relatively less is known about the development and implications of perfectionism for other groups. In this study, we examined perfectionism and depression in low-income African American (n = 39) and White (n = 55) adolescents with chronic illnesses (most with diabetes, asthma, and/or hypertension) and their primary parents. We specifically examined the association between parent and child perfectionism, and the link between perfectionism and depression in both groups. The African American adolescents reported significantly more maladaptive perfectionism than did the White adolescents, and the African American parents reported significantly higher scores on depression than did the White parents. Correlations and regression analyses revealed similarities and differences in perfectionism-depression associations that might be explained in light of cultural differences and the unique physical and emotional challenges faced by youth with chronic illnesses.
The measurement of handedness.

A handedness scale consisting of 13 questionnaire items selected from those of D. Raczkowski, J. W. Kalat, and R. Nebes (1974, Neuropsychologia, 12, 43-47) was found to have high internal consistency for both males and females (coefficient alpha = .96 for both sexes), high test-retest reliability (r = .97 for males and .96 for females), and a correlation of .83 with a behavioral measure of handedness. Males exhibited more nonfamilial, but not familial, left-handedness than did females. Self-description as strongly right-handed or as strongly left-handed predicted questionnaire handedness categorization better than did hand used for writing.