cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of steady supersonic flow over spinning bodies of revolution

A recently reported parabolized Navier-Stokes code has been employed to compute the supersonic flowfield about a spinning cone and spinning and nonspinning ogive cylinder and boattailed bodies of revolution at moderate incidence. The computations were performed for flow conditions where extensive measurements for wall pressure, boundary-layer velocity profiles, and Magnus force had been obtained. Comparisons between the computational results and experiment indicate excellent agreement for angles of attack up to 6 deg. At angles greater than 6 deg discrepancies are noted which are tentatively attributed to turbulence modeling errors. The comparisons for Magnus effects show that the code accurately predicts the effects of body shape for the selected models.
Clinical image evaluation methods for calibration and QC

Diagnostic medical imaging systems consist of multiple subsystems. Between the image acquisition and diagnostic image display there can be more than six subsystems. These systems can utilize both analog and digital processing, and can be from several different manufacturers. Procedures have been developed to monitor total imaging systems with multiple input devices and multiple vendors. These procedures utilize 'standard' test images and apply objective measurement methods with the aid of a desktop computer. The devices being monitored include film digitizers, video frame grabbers, clinical display stations, film laser printers, vinyl paper printers, CT scanners, MR scanners, and ultrasound scanners. Vendor calibration test patterns provided internally on different devices were evaluated and found to be necessary for image quality monitoring. Vendor provided image analysis software tools, transmission and reflective densitometers, and photometers are utilized to evaluate the image quality. A commercially available image program is used to measure the bit values of the resultant image files. A comprehensive yet simple test procedure has been developed. A 'standard' phantom scanned by a CT scanner and a vendor-provided SMPTE pattern is used to evaluate the total system. The accuracy of data acquisition, image display and printing are all verified with the test images. The SMPTE pattern is used to evaluate the frame grabber A/D conversion and laser printer/processor performance. A SMPTE film printed on a properly calibrated laser printer is used to monitor the performance of film digitizers and display stations. These evaluations are performed visually in the clinical setting and offline with a desktop computer.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coupled-channels analysis of silicon-nickel fusion reactions

Coupled-channels calculations are carried out for the series of $^{28}$30Si${+\mathit{}}^{58}$6264Ni fusion reactions. The low-lying excitations of the projectile and target nuclei are taken into account within the rotational and vibrational models, respectively. The effects of one- and two-nucleon transfer reactions are included in the calculations using approximate methods. A good overall agreement with the data is obtained. The fusion cross sections apparently reflect changes in the radii of the nickel isotopes suggested by Hartree-Fock calculations.
Measurement of pion-nucleus total cross sections as a test for the existence of a pion condensate

Abstract We suggest an experimental verification of the existence of a pion condensate in finite nuclei by measuring pion-nucleus total cross sections in the vicinity of T π ≈ 1.2 GeV. Scattering of the pion beam from the condensate pions leads to a measurable modification both in the energy dependence and magnitude of the pion-nucleus total cross section if the condensate is present with a sufficient strength.
Validation of WEPS for soil and PM10 loss from agricultural fields within the Columbia Plateau of the United States

Wind erosion from agricultural fields contributes to poor air quality within the Columbia Plateau of the United States. Erosion from fields managed in a conventional winter wheat–summer fallow rotation was monitored during the fallow period near Washtucna, WA, in 2003 and 2004. Loss of soil and PM10 (particulates ≤10 µm in diameter) was measured during six high wind events (sustained wind speed at 3 m height >6·4 m s−1). Soil loss associated with suspension, saltation and creep as well as PM10 emission was used to validate the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) erosion submodel. Input parameters for WEPS simulations were measured before each high wind event. The erosion submodel produced no erosion for half of the observed events and over-predicted total soil loss by 200–700 kg ha−1 for the remaining events. The model appears to over-predict total soil loss as a result of overestimating creep, saltation and suspension. The model both over-predicted and under-predicted PM10 loss. High values for the index of agreement (d > 0·5) suggest that the performance of the model is acceptable for the conditions of this study. While the performance of the model is acceptable, improvements can be made in modeling efficiency by better specifying the static threshold friction velocity or coefficients that govern emissions, abrasion and breakage of silt loams on the Columbia Plateau. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DYNAMICS OF SUPER-GAUSSIAN SOLITONS IN BIREFRINGENT OPTICAL FIBERS

The variational principle is employed to obtain the parameter dynamics of a super-Gaussian chirped soliton that propagates through birefringent optical fibers and is governed by the dispersion-managed vector nonlinear Schrodinger's equation. The waveform deviates from that of a classical soliton. The periodically changing strong chirp of such a soliton reduces the effective nonlinearity that is necessary for balancing the local dispersion. This study is extended to obtain the adiabatic evolution of the parameters of such a soliton in presence of perturbation terms.
Interpretation of image sequences by spatio-temporal analysis

The authors present a system designed to analyze any sequence of closely sampled image frames. They describe recent experiments conducted in a vision laboratory using spatial and temporal information. The importance of temporal information is illustrated by experiments on random dot images and a method to use this information by a best-first-search in the temporal domain is suggested. A more elegant algorithm for extracting motion information in more realistic images is then presented. Results on both synthetic and real image sequences are shown. The advantages and limitations of both approaches are highlighted. It is concluded that, in contrast to most previous approaches, the proposed system should be quite robust, as it is capable of handling occlusion and disocclusion, which are explicitly modeled. >
Using a Sequential SOM to Parse Long-term Dependencies

Simple Recurrent Networks (SRNs) have been widely used in natural language processing tasks. However, their ability to handle long-term dependencies between sentence constituents is somewhat limited. NARX networks have recently been shown to outperform SRN sb y preserving past information in explicit delays from the network’s prior output. However, it is unclear how the number of delays should be determined. In this study on a shift-reduce parsing task, we demonstrate that comparable performance can be derived more elegantly by using a SARDNET self-organizing map. The resulting architecture can represent arbitrarily long sequences and is cognitively more plausible.
The National Football League and chronic traumatic encephalopathy: legal implications

The growing awareness of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has the potential to change the public perception and on-field rules of the National Football League (NFL). More than 3,000 ex-NFL players or their relatives are engaged in litigation alleging that the NFL failed to acknowledge and address the neuropsychiatric risks associated with brain injuries that result from playing in the NFL. This article explores the intersection between the medical and legal aspects of CTE in the NFL from a forensic psychiatry perspective.
The acute scrotum: a complication of cardiac catheterization

Thrombosis is a recognized complication of cardiac catheterization and cyanotic congenital heart disease. Its onset is often insidious and may be totally unrecognized. Testicular vein thrombosis as a complication of cardiac catheterization has not previously been described. A case of right testicular vein, bilateral renal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis is reported which presented as an “acute scrotum” and which was initially thought to be due to an acute testicular torsion.
Final design of a compact sweeper magnet for nuclear physics

A superconducting dipole, designed for use as a sweeper magnet for nuclear physics experiments, is being constructed by the NHMFL for operation at the NSCL. The magnet operates at a peak mid-plane field of 3.8 T in a 140 mm gap. A multi-particle beam enters the magnet from the upstream side. The neutrons continue straight through to a neutron detector. The charged particles are swept 43 degrees on a one meter radius into a mass spectrometer. Extensive model-based computer analysis (MBA) have been applied for optimizing the coils and the stainless steel bobbin with regard to its shape while keeping the strain and the fraction of actual to critical current within reasonable limits. The structural FEM analysis had to address a variety of complex physical phenomena (composites with orthotropic material properties, cool down, surface-to-surface contacts, etc.) and the loads due to operation (Lorentz forces) had to be obtained from a parallel/coupled magnetic field analysis. One of the challenges magnet designers face in optimizing magnet systems is that the detail required to obtain reasonable accuracy is not well known. This paper presents results of the structural design optimization for the sweeper project and evaluates the adequacy of alternative modeling approaches. Also the final magnetic design of the system is summarized and progress toward fabrication is presented.
The next generation of insecticides: dsRNA is stable as a foliar-applied insecticide.

BACKGROUND RNAi is a powerful tool used to study gene function. It also has been hypothesized to be a promising new method for control of insect pests on crops, although the perceived instability of dsRNA in the environment has constrained thinking about the options for this new type of pest control. RESULTS We confirmed that foliar application of Colorado potato beetle dsRNA actin is highly effective for control, demonstrated that treatment with actin-dsRNA protects potato plants for at least 28 days under greenhouse conditions and found that the dsRNA is not readily removed by water once dried on the leaves. CONCLUSION These new results suggest that foliar application of dsRNA could be a valuable control strategy for some pests. Technological aspects of spraying dsRNA that need to be considered in the future are discussed. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The Three Autonomous Architectures of a Connected Sustainable Residential Unit

Abstract It is described a prototype residential unit ensuring comfortable interior conditions at minimum energy cost through the interaction of three autonomous architectures: a) a spatial arrangement of tectonic elements; b) an assembly of sustainable material components; and c) a cognitive architecture of control systems. The prototype is an experiment on sustainability and connectivity, integrated within the context of a city that is envisioned as an energy efficient grid. This paper offers insight into the dynamic interactions between the material elements of the physical architecture, and the attributes and events of the control architecture that are associated with them.
The Distribution and Clearance of L-Asparaginase

The role of L-asparaginase in the chemotherapy of cancer and the possible mechanism of action of this enzyme in the control of growth of lymphomatous cells has been the subject of numerous presentations at this symposium. The purpose of this report is to describe an automated method for the assay of L-asparaginase and to present data concerning the distribution and clearance of administered L-asparaginase.
Evaluation of the minority carrier diffusion length and surface-recombination velocity in GaAs p/n solar cells

The minority carrier diffusion length (L/sub p/) and the surface recombination velocity (V/sub s/) were measured as a function of distance (x) from the p-n junction in GaAs p/n concentrator solar cells. The measured V/sub s/ values were used in a theoretical expression for the normalized electron-beam-induced current. A fitting procedure was then used to fit this expression with experimental values to obtain L/sub p/. The results show that both V/sub s/ and L/sub p/ vary with x. L/sub p/ measured in irradiated cells showed a marked reduction. These values were compared to those measured by previous authors whose work did not account for V/sub s/. >
GaAs Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuits for High Speed Optical Communications

Opto-Electronic-Integrated-Circuits (OEICs) fabricated using GaAs circuit technologies are particularly useful in computer applications. A number of such OEIC chip are described illustrating the versitility of this technology.
The Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease Protein Is Localized to Primary Cilia, with Concentration in the Basal Body Area

ABSTRACT. Recent evidence suggests that structural and functional abnormalities of primary cilia in kidney epithelia are associated with mouse and human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. To determine whether fibrocystin/polyductin/tigmin (FPC), the protein product encoded by the PKHD1 gene that is responsible for autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease among human subjects, is also a component of primary cilia in the kidney, antipeptide antibodies to the carboxyl-terminal intracellular domain and amino-terminal extracellular domain of FPC were generated and were characterized with immunoblotting and immuno-light and -electron microscopy. Immunolocalization in normal kidney tissue sections and cultured kidney cells demonstrated that FPC was localized to the primary cilia and concentrated on the basal bodies in both kidney tissue sections and cultured kidney cells. The FPC expression pattern was not altered in kidney cells with Pkd1 mutations. These findings suggest that FPC is a functional and/or structural component of primary cilia in kidney tubular cells. It is proposed that the pathogenesis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is linked to the dysfunction of primary cilia.
Multiple Threshold Neural Logic

We introduce a new Boolean computing element related to the Linear Threshold element, which is the Boolean version of the neuron. Instead of the sign function, it computes an arbitrary (with polynomialy many transitions) Boolean function of the weighted sum of its inputs. We call the new computing element an LTM element, which stands for Linear Threshold with Multiple transitions. The paper consists of the following main contributions related to our study of LTM circuits: (i) the creation of efficient designs of LTM circuits for the addition of a multiple number of integers and the product of two integers. In particular, we show how to compute the addition of m integers with a single layer of LTM elements. (ii) a proof that the area of the VLSI layout is reduced from O(n2) in LT circuits to O(n) in LTM circuits, for n inputs symmetric Boolean functions, and (iii) the characterization of the computing power of LTM relative to LT circuits.
Niloofar Haeri, The sociolinguistic market of Cairo: Gender, class and education. (Library of Arabic linguistics, 13.) London & New York: Kegan Paul, 1996. Pp. xviii, 271.

Language use and attitudes in Egypt and the larger Arab world pose a challenge to much of the received wisdom among sociolinguists about the role of gender in sociolinguistic variation. More generally, they cast doubt on widespread assumptions in sociolinguistics about the nature of linguistic markets and language change. Haeri's recent sociolinguistic investigations in Cairo show clearly the difficulties raised by viewing linguistic resources as based on a vernacular/standard continuum, with women leading men in use of established “standard” forms – and also (on this view, somewhat “paradoxically”) leading in use of “non-standard” incoming variants introduced in the speech of working-class and lower middle-class speakers. As Haeri points out, there is a paradox here only if one assumes that some unchanging social meaning is attached to the “standard/non-standard” dichotomy. But she points to many problems both with the dichotomy and with the way it is often understood in linguistic discussions. Haeri cogently argues against the common assumption that members of a speech community recognize a single “standard” that (a) is required for performance in high-level jobs, (b) is taught and promoted in educational institutions, (c) is the medium of highly valued literature and other culturally valued activities, and (d) is associated with upper-class speech. Although such a conception may not seem too distorting in many Western urban settings (some of my students spontaneously came up with “richspeak” to designate a so-called American English “standard”), it is woefully inadequate for understanding the sociolinguistic dynamics of a place like Cairo.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis state of the science: empirical analogies for research and implementation.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to become a powerful biomedical approach to HIV prevention; however, its success depends on behavioral and social factors that may determine its appropriate use. This article is designed to facilitate interdisciplinary empirical analogies relevant to PrEP implementation, reviewing behavioral and social science findings that may provide lessons critical to the success of PrEP as a biomedical–behavioral prevention strategy. As we prepare for the dissemination of new biomedical approaches to HIV prevention, integrating the state of the science across disciplines may result in innovative strategies for implementation that can enhance their success.
An Interactive Workload and Risk Balancing Model and Decision Support System for Probationer Assignment

The purpose of probation is to protect public safety by deploying personnel to supervise individuals assigned to probation by the court. This paper presents a model for allocating probation officer resources that combines a statistical model for probationer risk classification and an integer, nonlinear multi-criteria programming resource allocation model for workload balancing. Data were obtained from the Florida Department of Corrections, which is implementing the model. The classification model identifies the expected likelihood of failure during discrete periods of supervision. These likelihoods are used to assign individuals to supervision levels. The proportion of probationers in each risk category is an input to the allocation model where decision variables are number of visits to probationers by type of visit and risk classification. Model constraints include performance characteristics, service time, public safety measures, and reduction in probationer failures. Officer contacts are allocated to minimize probationer failures and time and budget overruns.
DNA Marking and Authentication: A unique, secure anti-counterfeiting program for the electronics industry

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a form of forensic evidence trusted by law enforcement and recognized by international courts around the world. This abstract provides an introduction to the utility of botanical DNA taggants to provide supply chain security for electronic components and to protect against counterfeiting and diversion. A detailed treatment of the science behind Applied DNA Sciences’ (APDN’s) botanical DNA technology, its applications to semiconductors and microchips and an overview of DNA analysis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Cell Electrophoresis (CE) analysis is provided. In addition, we draw an outline of a marking and authentication program as it might be implemented in a microchip supply chain environment, as an indicator of its efficacy against current known counterfeiting strategies.
Huntington's Disease Protein Huntingtin Associates with its own mRNA.

Background: The Huntington's disease (HD) protein huntingtin (Htt) plays a role in multiple cellular pathways. Deregulation of one or more of these pathways by the mutant Htt protein has been suggested to contribute to the disease pathogenesis. Our recent discovery-based proteomics studies have uncovered RNA binding proteins and translation factors associated with the endogenous Htt protein purified from mouse brains, suggesting a potential new role for Htt in RNA transport and translation. Objective: To investigate how Htt might affect RNA metabolism we set out to purify and analyze RNA associated with Htt. Methods: RNA was extracted from immunopurified Htt-containing protein complexes and analyzed by microarrays and RNA-Seq. Results: Surprisingly, the most enriched mRNA that co-purified with Htt was Htt mRNA itself. The association of Htt protein and Htt mRNA was detected independent of intact ribosomes suggesting that it is not an RNA undergoing translation. Furthermore, we identified the recently reported mis-spliced Htt mRNA encoding a truncated protein comprised of exon 1 and a portion of the downstream intron in the immunoprecipitates containing mutant Htt protein. We show that Htt protein co-localizes with Htt mRNA and that wild-type Htt reduces expression of a reporter construct harboring the Htt 3' UTR. Conclusions: HD protein is found in a complex with its own mRNA and RNA binding proteins and translation factors. Htt may be involved in modulating its expression through post-transcriptional pathways. It is possible that Htt shares mechanistic properties similar to RNA binding proteins such as TDP-43 and FUS implicated in other neurodegenerative diseases.
Effectiveness of Oral Cholera Vaccine in Haiti: 37-Month Follow-Up.

The first oral cholera vaccine (OCV) campaign, since its prequalification by the World Health Organization, in response to an ongoing cholera epidemic (reactive vaccination) was successfully conducted in a poor urban slum of approximately 70,000 inhabitants in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, in 2012. Vaccine coverage was 75% of the target population. This report documents the impact of OCV in reducing the number of culture-confirmed cases of cholera admitted to the Groupe Haitien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes (GHESKIO) cholera treatment center from that community in the 37 months postvaccination (April 2012-April 30, 2015). Of 1,788 patients with culture-confirmed cholera, 1,770 (99%) were either from outside the vaccine area (1,400 cases) or from the vaccinated community who had not received OCV (370 cases). Of the 388 people from the catchment area who developed culture-confirmed cholera, 370 occurred among the 17,643 people who had not been vaccinated (2.1%) and the remaining 18 occurred among the 52,357 people (0.034%) who had been vaccinated (P < 0.001), for an efficacy that approximates 97.5%. Despite not being designed as a randomized control trial, the very high efficacy is a strong evidence for the effectiveness of OCV as part of an integrated package for the control of cholera in outbreak settings.
Comparative models of American Indian economic development: Capitalist versus cooperative in the United States and Canada:

The purpose of this article is to use a comparative case study method to evaluate the different existing economic development practices of American Indian peoples in the United States and Canada. The basis of comparison is the organizational structure of businesses with the comparison being between capitalist and cooperative forms. The goal is to understand how organizational type (or mode of production) is connected to the production of contemporary culture and social relations. The main conclusion is that, while not equivalent to traditional indigenous economies, cooperative structures are closer than capitalist ones to facilitating and reproducing traditionalist forms of sociality and cultural production.
Longitudinal outcomes of Project SEARCH in upstate New York

BACKGROUND: Project SEARCH is a successful job readiness program for high school students with disabilities, ages 18–21, and is recognized for its innovative approach and collaborative efforts between business, education and vocational rehabilitative services. Project SEARCH employment outcomes far exceed the national average rate of employment for people with disabilities, with a 68% success rate in transitioning students from high school into competitive employment. However, little is known about the long term employment outcomes for the young people who have completed the training program. OBJECTIVE: This study, that includes longitudinal data collected from three Project SEARCH sites in Upstate New York that have an impressive 83% success rate overall, provides the first longitudinal analysis of the impact of Project SEARCH. CONCLUSION: Data collected as part of this 5-year evaluation project indicate promising trends; and support the notion that the Project SEARCH model is successfully preparing young students with disabilities with the skills necessary to both obtain and retain employment in integrated work settings. While these findings are promising, further research is needed to substantiate the reported outcomes.
The Affect of the Harmonics to the Operational Controllable High Resistance of 750 kV Bus

The controllable high resistance of the bus of 750 kV transformer substation is the first controlled high resistance of the 750 kV voltage level; it is lack of actual operating experience. Controllable high resistance is in the airdrop and capacity adjustment will produce different levels, different frequency harmonic voltage or harmonic current, therefore it will lead to a greater threat to the stability of the system operation and equipment safety. This article study the controllable high resistance when it is in airdrop and run adjustment, according to record the electrical quantities and analysis the harmonic, study the affect the second harmonic to the HVDC system of the net when it is in the airdrop and the hazards the DC component to the reactor when the controllable high resistance is adjustment, obtain the harmonic characteristics of the controllable high resistance of the bus of 750 kV transformer substation of Dunhuang when it is in the airdrop and capacity adjustment. Based on above statements, this article makes recommendations accordingly to the operation and maintain of the controllable high resistance of the bus of 750 kV transformer substation of Dunhuang.
Experimental Research on Rheology of Foam Drilling Fluids at High Temperature and High Pressure

A new experimental apparatus for the rheology of foam fluids was developed according to actual state of foam drilling fluid bottom hole at high temperature and high pressure.And then a quantity of experiments were conducted.The experimental data obtained were processed and analyzed by employing a rational mathematical model developed in this study.
Neuropsychological Effects of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a condition of the cerebral arterioles and to a lesser extent capillaries and veins, wherein beta-amyloid is deposited. In arterioles, this preferentially targets vascular smooth muscle cells and in the later stages undermines the stability of the vessel. This condition is frequently comorbid with Alzheimer's disease and its role in cognitive impairment and dementia is a topic of considerable recent research. This article reviews recent literature which confirms that CAA independently contributes to cognitive impairment by potentiating the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease, by predisposing to microhemorrhagic and microischemic injury to the brain parenchyma, and by interfering with the autoregulation of CNS blood flow. In this review, we discuss the clinical presentation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, with a focus on the neuropsychological manifestations of this vasculopathy.
Marlow’s role in ‘Youth’ and ‘Heart of Darkness’

Let us consider why Conrad created Marlow. As Conrad’s 1894–1900 letters reveal, for him fiction writing is a self-conscious process in which he tests and explores his intellectual and moral identity. Except for brief moments of despair, Conrad believed in the essential value of self-knowledge and self-exploration. He created Marlow to explore himself. Conrad was also concerned with the dilemma of transforming the ‘freedom’ of living in a purposeless world from a condition into a value. And Marlow enabled him to examine this dilemma in “Youth” (1898), ‘Heart of Darkness’ (1899), and Lord Jim (1900).
Mice lacking β-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase exhibit reduced serum testosterone, prostatic androgen receptor signaling, and prostatic cellular proliferation.

β-Carotene-15,15’-dioxygenase (BCO1) cleaves dietary carotenoids at the central 15,15’ double bond, most notably acting on β-carotene to yield retinal. However, Bco1 disruption also impacts diverse...
Frontline autologous stem cell transplant for high-risk follicular lymphoma: forever elusive?

Among the 20% of the patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) that relapse within two years of initiation of frontline chemoimmunotherapy, only half survive beyond 5 years compared with a 90% 5-year ...
Indirect plant defense against insect herbivores: a review

Plants respond to herbivore attack by launching 2 types of defenses: direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defense includes all plant traits that increase the resistance of host plants to insect herbivores by affecting the physiology and/or behavior of the attackers. Indirect defense includes all traits that by themselves do not have significant direct impact on the attacking herbivores, but can attract natural enemies of the herbivores and thus reduce plant loss. When plants recognize herbivore-associated elicitors, they produce and release a blend of volatiles that can attract predators, parasites, and other natural enemies. Known herbivore-associated elicitors include fatty acid-amino acid conjugates, sulfur-containing fatty acids, fragments of cell walls, peptides, esters, and enzymes. Identified plant volatiles include terpenes, nitrogenous compounds, and indoles. In addition, constitive traits including extrafloral nectars, food bodies, and domatia can be further induced to higher levels and attract natural enemies as well as provide food and shelter to carnivores. A better understanding of indirect plant defense at global and componential levels via advanced high throughput technologies may lead to utilization of indirect defense in suppression of herbivore damage to plants.
Cooperators trade off ecological resilience and evolutionary stability in public goods games.

Microbial populations often rely on the cooperative production of extracellular ‘public goods’ molecules. The cooperative nature of public good production may lead to minimum viable population size...
Erratum: History of U.S. Iodine Fortification and Supplementation; Nutrients 2012, 4, 1740–1746

The authors requested the following corrections to their paper [1].In the text of Section 3, “126.9 g/atom” was changed to “126.9 atomic mass unit (amu)”.The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by the change, stating it doesnot affect the scientiﬁc results. The original manuscript will be modiﬁed accordingly.
Enzyme replacement therapy with macrophage-targeted human placental glucocerebrosidase in Gaucher disease

As part of the requirement for completion of his medical education, the French medical student Philippe C. E. Gaucher wrote a thesis in 1882, in which he described a patient with an enlarged spleen that he believed was a primary epithelioma of that organ (Gaucher, 1882). Descriptions of patients with similar presentations began to appear sporadically, and eventually the eponym “Gaucher disease” was applied to designate these individuals. The manifestations of Gaucher disease vary greatly, and three major clinical phenotypes are currently distinguished. The most prevalent is Type 1 Gaucher disease that comprises patients with involvement of systemic organs and the skeleton but the central nervous is spared The most frequent manifestations are splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. The abdomen is protuberant because of gross enlargement of the spleen and liver. The lungs may also be involved. Lymph nodes, pericardium, and the kidneys are less frequently affected. However, the skeleton is virtually always damaged. Acute episodes of bone pain and deformities of the femur are characteristic of the disorder. Other bones may also be involved, and fractures of the hip and vertebrae are not uncommon. Type 1 Gaucher disease is the most common hereditary lipid storage disorder, and it is the most prevalent genetic disease in persons of Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry where the carrier frequency may be as high as 1 in 10 persons.
Public Engagement in Social-Ecological Systems Management: An Application of Social Justice Theory

Public engagement is important for improving outcomes of social-ecological systems management. We used a social justice theoretical framework to measure residents’ attitudes toward public engagemen...
Reducing sarcolipin expression mitigates Duchenne muscular dystrophy and associated cardiomyopathy in mice

Sarcolipin (SLN) is an inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and is abnormally elevated in the muscle of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and animal models. Here we show that reducing SLN levels ameliorates dystrophic pathology in the severe dystrophin/utrophin double mutant (mdx:utr −/−) mouse model of DMD. Germline inactivation of one allele of the SLN gene normalizes SLN expression, restores SERCA function, mitigates skeletal muscle and cardiac pathology, improves muscle regeneration, and extends the lifespan. To translate our findings into a therapeutic strategy, we knock down SLN expression in 1-month old mdx:utr −/− mice via adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9-mediated RNA interference. The AAV treatment markedly reduces SLN expression, attenuates muscle pathology and improves diaphragm, skeletal muscle and cardiac function. Taken together, our findings suggest that SLN reduction is a promising therapeutic approach for DMD. Sarcolipin is an inhibitor of the ATP dependent calcium pump SERCA, and is abnormally elevated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The authors show that reducing sarcolipin expression ameliorates skeletal muscle pathology and cardiomyopathy and extends life span in mouse models of DMD.
Early integration of supportive oncology consultation for hospitalized cancer patients.

136Background: Integration of Palliative Care (PC) for patients with cancer is associated with improved symptom control, clearer understanding of prognosis, lower utilization of health care resources, and increased hospice use. Yet few studies identify which elements of a PC consultation are most associated with improved outcomes, particularly in the inpatient setting. This study describes the processes of a specialized, interdisciplinary, inpatient PC consultation service that utilized standardized referral criteria and demonstrated improved 30-day readmission, oncology service mortality, and hospice utilization. Methods: We implemented a 3-month intervention on the solid tumor oncology service requiring an automatic PC consultation for patients with one or more of the following criteria: stage IV disease, Stage III lung or pancreatic cancer, hospitalization within 30 days, > 7 day hospitalization, or uncontrolled symptoms. Descriptive statistics were used to identify specific processes associated with t...
Deficits in Regional Cerebral Blood Flow on Brain SPECT Predict Treatment Resistant Depression

Background Depression remains an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, yet few neuroimaging biomarkers are available to identify treatment response in depression. Objective To analyze and compare functional perfusion neuroimaging in persons with treatment resistant depression (TRD) compared to those experiencing full remission. Methods A total of 951 subjects from a community psychiatry cohort were scanned with perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain in both resting and task related settings. Of these, 78% experienced either full remission (n = 506) or partial remission (n = 237) and 11% were minimally responsive (n = 103) or non-responsive (11%. n = 106). Severity of depression symptoms were used to define these groups with changes in the Beck Depression Inventory prior to and following treatment. Voxel-based analyses of brain SPECT images from full remission compared to the worsening group was conducted with the statistical parametric mapping software, version 8 (SPM 8). Multiple comparisons were accounted for with a false discovery rate (p Results Persons with depression that worsened following treatment had reduced cerebral perfusion compared to full remission in the multiple regions including the bilateral frontal lobes, right hippocampus, left precuneus, and cerebellar vermis. Such differences were observed on both resting and concentration SPECT scans. Conclusion Our findings identify imaging-based biomarkers in persons with depression related to treatment response. These findings have implications in understanding both depression to prognosis and its role as a risk factor for dementia.
Meniscectomy: The Basics

Often, tears of the meniscus tissue occur in the zone of poor vascularity and are not amenable to repair. In these scenarios, the torn meniscus tissue must be excised. The goals of meniscectomy surgery are to essentially remove the damaged fragment and leave behind a smooth contour in the remaining meniscus tissue. The careful positioning of the patient and portal placement are essential for navigation through the joint without damage of the native tissue. A thorough diagnostic arthroscopy should always be performed first prior to intervention to ensure that no pathology is missed and to decrease the need for reoperation. Once a nonviable piece of torn meniscus is located, it may be removed using various arthroscopic tools such as biters and shavers to reach the goals of the surgery.
Risk of Coronary Events 55 Years after Thymic Irradiation in the Hempelmann Cohort.

Studies of cancer survivors treated with older radiotherapy (RT) techniques (pre-1990s) strongly suggest that ionizing radiation to the chest increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Our goal was to evaluate the impact of more modern cardiac shielding techniques of RT on the magnitude and timing of CHD risk by studying a cohort exposed to similar levels of cardiac irradiation years ago. Between 2004 and 2008, we re-established a population-based, longitudinal cohort of 2657 subjects exposed to irradiation for an enlarged thymus during infancy between 1926 and 1957 and 4388 of their non-irradiated siblings. CHD events were assessed using a mailed survey and from causes of death listed in the National Death Index. We used Poisson regression methods to compare incidence rates by irradiation status and cardiac radiation dose. Results were adjusted for the CHD risk factors of attained-age, sex, diabetes, dyslipidemia hypertension and smoking. Median age at time of follow-up was 57.5 years (range 41.2–88.8 yrs) for irradiated and non-irradiated siblings. The mean estimated cardiac dose amongst the irradiated was 1.45 Gray (range 0.17–20.20 Gy), with 91% receiving < 3.00 Gy. During a combined 339,924 person-years of follow-up, 213 myocardial infarctions (MI) and 350 CHD events (MI, bypass surgery and angioplasty) occurred. After adjustment for attained age, gender, and other CHD risk factors, the rate ratio for MI incidence in the irradiated group was 0.98 (95%CI, 0.74–1.30), and for any CHD event was 1.07 (95%CI, 0.86–1.32). Higher radiation doses were not associated with more MIs or CHD events in this dose range, in either the crude or the adjusted analyses. Radiation to the heart during childhood of < 3 Gy, the exposure in most of our cohort, does not increase the lifelong risk of CHD. Reducing cardiac radiation to this amount without increasing other cardiotoxic therapies may eliminate the increased CHD risk associated with radiotherapy for childhood cancer. By extension there is unlikely to be increased CHD risk from relatively higher dose imaging techniques, such as CT, because such techniques use much smaller radiation doses than received by our cohort.
Effects of Extremely Low Frequency EMF on Signal Transduction Pathways in Vitro

Signals from the environment, whether they are physical, chemical, or hormonal, regulate intracellular metabolic processes such as enzyme activities, gene expression, differentiation, and cell proliferation. The metabolic mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to these signals are known as signal transduction mechanisms. Membrane signal transduction processes in particular have been an area of interest in research designed to elucidat effects of EMFs on cells. One reason for this is that the cell membrane presents a substantial barrier to electric fields, especially in the range of field strengths and frequencies present in the ambient environment. Attenuation of electric fields by the plasma membrane of mammalian cells has been estimated at 10-3 to 10-5 between the external plasma membrane surface and the interior of the cell1. Since membrane-mediated signal transduction by hormones and other signaling agents involves the transmission of signals across the plasma membrane without requiring that the signal itself penetrate the membrane, it has been postulated that low-energy electric or magnetic fields could act on intracellular processes by influencing only the initial extracellular steps of signal transduction2. A number of experimental studies have been interpreted by the investigators to indicate that low energy EMFs could produce changes in membrane signal transduction pathways. Numerous reviews have appeared of low-frequency, low-energy field interactions with biological systems, including cellular systems, animals, and humans2–5.
Cellular and Synaptic Mechanisms of Thermosensitivity in Hypothalamic Neurons

The preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH) and nearby circumventricular and septal regions are known to have important roles in thermoregulation (reviewed in 1–3). Thermode studies show that PO/AH warming evokes heat loss responses, while PO/AH cooling evokes heat retention and heat production responses. Thermoregulatory responses are elicited also after various neuroactive substances are microinjected into these areas. When pyrogens or drugs alter body temperature, it is often presumed that these substances are acting on the neurons in and near the rostral hypothalamus. The purpose of this paper is to review basic characteristics of the cells that form this hypothalamic network. These cellular properties and synaptic connections should provide clues to understanding mechanisms by which drugs and pyrogens affect neuronal activity to alter thermoregulatory responses.
Colonel Blotto Game with Coalition Formation for Sharing Resources

In this paper, we consider a 4-player, two stage Colonel Blotto game in which one player, the attacker, simultaneously participates in three disjoint Colonel Blotto games against three defenders. During the first stage of the game, the defenders can choose to form independent coalitions by transferring resources (troops, funds, computing resources, etc.) among each other if the transfer benefits the defenders involved. In the second stage, the attacker observes these transfers among defenders and then allocates a portion of his overall resources to fight against each defender. We find that the formation of coalitions depends on both the ratios of resources between the attacker and the defenders and on each defender’s total battlefield value to resource ratio. For one parameter region, we completely characterize the subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium. For another parameter region, we show that there are parameters of the game for which transfers occur and provide a computational method to calculate those transfers.
Rapid kVp switching dual-energy CT in the assessment of urolithiasis in patients with large body habitus: preliminary observations on image quality and stone characterization.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the image quality (IQ) considerations of rapid kVp switching dual-energy CT (rsDECT) in the assessment of urolithiasis in patients with large body habitus and to evaluate whether it allows stone characterization. In this IRB-approved, HIPAA compliant retrospective study, 93 consecutive patients (M/F = 72/21, mean age 56.9 years, range 23–83 years) with large body habitus (> 90 kg/198 lbs) who underwent dual-energy (DE) stone protocol CT on a rapid kVp switching DECT scanner between January 2013 and December 2016 were included. Scan acquisition protocol included an initial unenhanced single-energy CT (SECT) scan of KUB followed by targeted DECT in the region of stones. Two readers evaluated both CT data sets (axial 5 mm 120 kVp/140 kVp QC/70 keV monoenergetic, material density water/iodine images and coronal/sagittal 3 mm images) for the assessment of image quality (Scores: 1–4) and characterization of stone composition (reference standard: crystallography). One hundred and five CT examinations were performed in 93 patients (mean body weight 105.12 ± 13.53 kg, range 91–154 kg), and a total of 321 urinary tract calculi (mean size-4.8 ± 3.2 mm, range 1.2–22 mm) were detected. Both SECT and targeted monoenergetic images were of acceptable image quality (mean IQ: 3.77 and 3.83, kappa 0.79 and 0.87 respectively). Material density water and iodine images had lower IQ scores (mean IQ: 2.97 and 3.09 respectively) with image quality deterioration due to severe photon starvation/streak artifacts in 20% (21/105) and 17% (18/105) scans, respectively. Characterization of stone composition into uric acid/non-uric acid stones was achieved in 93.14% (299/321) of calculi (mean size: 4.99 ± 3.3 mm, range 1.2–22 mm), while 7% (22/321) stones could not be characterized (mean size 3.03 ± 1.16 mm, range 1.6–6.4 mm) (p < 0.001). Most common reason for non-characterization was image quality deterioration of the material density iodine images due to severe photon starvation artifacts. On multivariate regression, stone size and patient weight were predictors of stone composition determination on DECT (p < 0.05). The transverse diameter had a weak negative correlation with stone composition determination, but it was not statistically significant. Stone characterization into uric acid vs. non-uric acid stones was accurate in 95% (n = 38/40) of stones in comparison with crystallography. In patients with large body habitus, rsDECT allowed characterization of most calculi (93%) despite image quality deterioration due to photon starvation/streak artifacts in up to 20% of material density images. Stone size and patient weight were predictors of stone composition determination on DECT, and small calculi in very large patients may not be characterized.
The Continuing Debate on Political Advertising: Toward a Jeopardy Theory of Political Advertising as Regulated Speech:

The authors propose that political candidate advertising as a unique form of political speech is in jeopardy of losing its constitutional protection under the First Amendment. Despite the growth of...
Abstract 649: Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells Play a Role in Regulating Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis

Satellite cells are myogenic stem cells that play a critical role in skeletal muscle repair by proliferating and differentiating into myoblasts to repair muscle fibers. However, their role in reest...