cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 3D substrate and buried defect simulator for EUV mask blanks

A new ray-tracing method for assessing buried defect printability in EUVL is thoroughly tested for accuracy and speed. The new ray-tracing approach is shown to produce results in excellent agreement with rigorous electromagnetic simulator results using the FDTD method. The new simulator can be as much as 30,000X faster, and use 40-50X less memory than FDTD. While the ray-tracing approach is very accurate, the Single Surface Approximation (SSA) is shown to underestimate defect printability across various focal regions for many defect sizes. An analysis of the reflected spectra shows that the bottom layers of the multilayer do impact the final reflected spectrum, and shows that it is necessary to use information from all layers to accurately compute the final reflected fields. Defect tolerances are calculated with the new simulator for 2D and 3D buried defects coated with the smoothing process developed at LLNL, establishing guidelines for defect printability in the clear field. Buried 3D defects are shown to be sub-printable in the clear field when their size is smaller than about 70nms, but due to the phase nature of the defects, this size tolerance is dramatically reduced to about 40nms at -1RU defocus. Both size and shape of the buried defect are varied to understand their impact on defect printability. It is shown that Gaussian defects actually print worse than box defects due to an entrenchment effect that occurs during the smoothing process.
Communities Becoming a Nation: Spain and Spanish America in the Wake of Modernity (and Thereafter)

Herzog challenges a traditional narrative of the emergence of the nation state in her study of Spain and the New World, arguing that citizenship in Spain and in Spanish America was rooted in the early modern period, and remained rooted thereafter, in local practices of participation and community rites, which allowed municipalities to decide who the ‘national’ citizens were. Her study reveals that it was in fact the practice of colonial expansion in the new world which first produced a legal definition of Spaniards. Herzog also focuses on the subtleties of inclusion and exclusion that remain critical to citizenship today.
The Molecular Pathway for the Regulation of Phosphoribulokinase by Thioredoxin f

Phosphoribulokinase (PRK) is one of several plant enzymes that is regulated by thiol-disulfide exchange as mediated by thioredoxin, which contains spatially vicinal, redox-active cysteinyl residues. In an earlier study (Brandes, H. K., Larimer, F. W., Geck, M. K., Stringer, C. D., Schurmann, P., and Hartman, F. C.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 18411-18414), our laboratory identified Cys-46 of thioredoxin f (Trx), as opposed to the other candidate Cys-49, as the primary nucleophile that attacks the disulfide of target proteins. The goal of the present study was to identify which of the two redox-active cysteinyl residues of PRK (Cys-16 or Cys-55) is paired with Cys-46 of Trx in the interprotein disulfide intermediate of the overall oxidation-reduction pathway. Incubation of a mixture of the C16S mutant of PRK and the C49S mutant of Trx with Cu2+ results in covalent complex formation as detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Complexation is fully reversible by dithiothreitol and is retarded by ligands for PRK. Under the same conditions, Cu2+ induces very little complex formation between the following pairs of mutants: C16S PRK/C46S Trx, C55S PRK/C49S Trx, and C55S PRK/C46S Trx. When either 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate-derivatized C16S or C55S PRK, as mimics of the oxidized (disulfide) form of the enzyme, is mixed with C49S Trx, stable covalent complex formation occurs only with the C16S PRK. Thus, two independent approaches identify Cys-55 of PRK in the intermolecular disulfide pairing with Trx.
Interferon-γ regulation of human renal cortical epithelial cell-derived monocyte chemotactic peptide-1

Interferon-γ regulation of human renal cortical epithelial cell-derived monocyte chemotactic peptide-1. The chemoattractant signal(s) that results in the transmigration of monocytes/macrophage into the tubulointerstitium during acute inflammation is not known. Monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1), a recently described chemotactic cytokine, may function as both a potent monocyte chemotaxin and activator in renal inflammation. We have studied the proinflammatory conditions in which cultured human renal cortical epithelial cells (RCEC) of tubular origin may be stimulated to produce MCP-1. RCEC were stimulated in a dose-time dependent manner with: IL-1β (0.01 to 1.0 ng/ml), TNF (0.1 to 10 ng/ml), LPS (0.1 to 10 µg/ml) or INF-γ (10–1000 U/ml). Conditioned media from RCEC stimulated with either IL-1β3 or INF-γ produced a monocyte chemoattractant activity which was significantly suppressed with neutralizing antibody to MCP-1. Stimulation of RCEC with either IL-1β or INF-γ resulted in a significant (4- to 5-fold) increase in steady state levels of MCP-1 mRNA. MCP-1 antigenic peptide in RCEC conditioned media was significantly increased over control (2- to 2.5-fold) after stimulation with either IL-1β or INF-γ. In contrast, production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a neutrophil chemotactic cytokine, was not stimulated by INF-γ in RCEC. Thus, the chemokine signaling repertoire of renal tubule cells may be selectively controlled by INF-γ.
Empirical Groupings of Perceptions of Alcohol Use among Alcohol Dependent Persons: A Cluster Analysis of the Alcohol Use Inventory (AUT) Scales

Scales of the Alcohol Use Inventory (AUI) for 217 consecutive admissions (174 men, 43 women; 178 white, 39 black) to a substance abuse treatment program were cluster analyzed to empirically identify patterns of subjective perceptions regarding benefits of use, deleterious consequences of use, and styles of use. Five groupings emerged which were cross-validated by randomly splitting the total sample in half and applying the K-Means procedure to each half. Differences among these groups were found on age, education, and the personality and symptom scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II). The implications of these clusters for understanding and treating alcohol abuse/dependence are discussed.
EDUCATIONAL GRAFFITI: BETTER USE OF THE LAVATORY WALL

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that passive exposure to posters containing essential information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) displayed on lavatory walls improves theoretical knowledge and the performance of CPR. There was a significant increase in both knowledge and performance of CPR after exposure to the posters. This technique is inexpensive and simple, and it warrants more widespread use as a means of maintaining knowledge and proficiency in CPR.
High Temperature Photochemical Hole Burning of Tetrasodium 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphin in Polyvinylalcohol

Persistent spectral holes were burned in a film composed of tetrasodium 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphin and polyvinylalcohol at 20 K–80 K. This is the first observation of a photochemical hole burned above liquid nitrogen temperature. The hole width increased with temperature according to power-law dependence from 20 K to 80 K.
Penetration theory solution for gas absorption and chemical reaction in cocurrent and countercurrent flow wetted‐wall columns

Penetration theory solutions are provided for gas absorption with or without a (pseudo) first-order irreversible chemical reaction in cocurrent and countercurrent flow wetted-wall columns, taking into account a constant gas-film resistance as well as the axial decrease in gas composition due to absorption, while assuming non-rippling laminar flow for the liquid phase and plug flow for the gas phase. Limiting solutions are also obtained for situations when either the gas phase resistance or the axial variation of gas composition is negligible. The results are suitable for ϕ ≥ 3 and can be used for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. On donne les solutions de la theorie de la penetration pour l'absorption d'un gaz, en presence et en l'absence d'une reaction chimique irreversible de (pseudo) premier ordre, dans les colonnes a parois mouillees avec ecoulement a co-courant et a contre-courant. On a considere une resistance du film gazeux constante et une diminution de la concentration dans la phase gazeuse dans le sens axial du fait de l'absorption; on a aussi suppose un ecoulement laminaire non-ondule de la phase liquide et un ecoulement piston de la phase gazeuse. On a egalement obtenu des solutions limites pour les situations ou la resistance en phase gazeuse ou la variation axiale de la composition du gaz etaient negligeables. Les resultats sont satisfaisants pour ϕ > 3 et on peut les utiliser pour les liquides newtoniens ou non-newtoniens.
ETS Gene Er81 Controls the Formation of Functional Connections between Group Ia Sensory Afferents and Motor Neurons

The connections formed between sensory and motor neurons (MNs) play a critical role in the control of motor behavior. During development, the axons of proprioceptive sensory neurons project into the spinal cord and form both direct and indirect connections with MNs. Two ETS transcription factors, ER81 and PEA3, are expressed by developing proprioceptive neurons and MNs, raising the possibility that these genes are involved in the formation of sensory-motor connections. Er81 mutant mice exhibit a severe motor discoordination, yet the specification of MNs and induction of muscle spindles occurs normally. The motor defect in Er81 mutants results from a failure of group Ia proprioceptive afferents to form a discrete termination zone in the ventral spinal cord. As a consequence there is a dramatic reduction in the formation of direct connections between proprioceptive afferents and MNs. ER81 therefore controls a late step in the establishment of functional sensory-motor circuitry in the developing spinal cord.
Prolongation of intestinal allograft survival without immunosuppressive drug therapy. Transplantation of small bowel allografts

Although survival of small-bowel allografts can be prolonged by immunosuppressive drug therapy, infectious complications have been frequent, and therefore alternate approaches have been sought. The rat model of accessory small-bowel transplantation (LBN-F1 → Lewis rat combination) was used to study the effects upon mean survival time (MST) of conveying the venous effluent from the graft through the liver (porto-portal anastomosis; PP-A) rather than into the central circulation (porto-caval anastomosis; PC-A). Also investigated was the effect of splenectomy of the host. With PC-A, the MST was 12.5 days; with PP-A, the MST was prolonged to 22.9 days (P < 0.005); and with PC-A or PP-A and simultaneous splenectomy, the MSTs were 22 days (P < 0.001) and 24.2 days (P < 0.05), respectively. In the last three groups, rejection was chronic (fibrosis, partial reabsorption of the graft), rather than acute as in rats with PC-A. A rise in antidonor hemagglutinin activity paralleled the rejection process and was delayed in rats with PP-A and those with splenectomy. These results suggest that intestinal transplantation should involve PP-A rather than PC-A. Hepatic filtration or alteration of antigen originating in the graft may be the cause for delayed, chronic graft rejection. Splenectomy, acting on the efferent arm of the rejection process by decreasing the host's immune reactivity, had the same effect on the mode of graft rejection, when combined with PC-A. An enhancing effect of splenectomy, when added to PP-A, could not be elicited.
Relationship between Intellectual Status and Reading Skills for Developmentally Disabled Children.

The relationship between WISC-R Full Scale IQ and scores on the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests were explored for 80 developmentally disabled children. While the children's reading skills correlated moderately and significantly with intellectual status, abstract reading skills, e.g., word comprehension, correlated more highly with Full Scale IQ than did concrete ones, e.g., word identification. The development of concrete learning patterns by such children was discussed, with an emphasis on the emotional importance of these learning styles to the children and their families.
Dimensionally regularized two-loop on-shell quark form factor

Analytic results are presented for the dimensionally regularized two-loop Feynman diagrams which contribute to the electromagnetic form factor of an on-shell quark in massless quantum chromodynamics.
Biomedical applications of mesoscale magnetic particles

Mesoscale (nanometers to microns) magnetic particles are becoming increasingly important in biomedical applications both in vitro for cell and tissue-based research and in vivo for clinical imaging and therapy. These applications generally rely on the fact that, while the body is relatively transparent to magnetic fields, magnetic particles within the body, or in ex vivo biological samples, will couple strongly to applied external fields. By synthesizing bio-functionalized, biocompatible polymer/magnetic particle composites, this remote coupling provides a mechanism for the precisely targeted actuation of cell signaling pathways, delivery of genes, targeted transmission of thermal energy, generation of tissue matrix, and imaging (via magnetic resonance imaging), among others. This article explores a variety of biomedical applications of mesoscale magnetic particles, some of which are routinely used in the clinic and in biomedical laboratories, with others approaching the realm of science fiction.
Adaptation and vulnerability in high-risk adolescents: An examination of environmental mediators

The relationship of characteristics of the social environment to the adaptation of adolescents from high-risk predisposing environments was examined. Specifically, the degree to which adolescents' perceptions of various dimensions of their family and school environment as well as sources of social support related to differential levels of personal well-being and academic adjustment was explored. Multiple regression analyses revealed differences in the salience of the dimensions of the social environment as a function of the particular sphere of functioning under consideration. Implications of the findings for developing a model for understanding the relative vulnerability of individuals at risk as well as of the design of preventive interventions are discussed.
Information Measures in the M-Hypercube

Information measures in the M-hypercube by entropy is presented in this paper and illustrated by an example. This method is completely general and applicable to M-hypercubes of any dimension with any number of inputs, state nodes and outputs. The evaluation of entropy measures has been introduced for the N-hypercube representation of combinational circuits by an algorithm known as induction of decision trees (ID3). The purpose of this paper is to present a general method for measuring information of signals in the M-hypercube which can be used to calculate the quantity of the random input, state, or output signals of the state machine represented by the hypercube.
A Corrugated Graphene–Carbon Nanotube Composite as Electrode Material

A graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT) array composite was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and chemically treated after synthesis, yielding a novel corrugated structure, visually similar to a mushroom gill. This binder-free hybrid material was used to make an electrode that may find application in energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors. The electrode performance of the corrugated graphene/CNT array composite (CGCC) was compared to that of commercial glassy carbon. The results of the comparison are presented here, along with suggestions for further development of the CGCC electrode.
Activity and stability of low-content gold–cerium oxide catalysts for the water–gas shift reaction

We report here on the high activity and stability of low-content gold–cerium oxide catalysts for the water–gas shift reaction (WGS). These catalysts are reversible in cyclic reduction–oxidation treatment up to 400 8C, are non-pyrophoric, and are thus potential candidates for application to hydrogen generation for fuel cell power production. Low-content (0.2–0.9 at.%) gold–ceria samples were prepared by singlepot synthesis by the urea gelation/coprecipitation method; and by sodium cyanide leaching of high-content (2–8 at.%) gold–ceria materials prepared by various techniques. The low-content gold–ceria catalysts are free of metallic gold nanoparticles. Gold is present in oxidized form, as verified by a variety of analytical techniques. However, these materials display the same WGS activity as the high-content gold ones, and remain free of gold nanoparticles after use in a reaction gas stream composed of 11% CO–26% H2O–26% H2–7% CO2–balance He up to 300 8C. We show that the determining factor for the retention of active gold in ceria is the surface properties of the latter. Measurements of lattice constant expansion indicate gold ion substitution in the ceria lattice. The turnover frequency of WGS under the assumption of fully dispersed gold is the same for a variety of low-content gold–ceria preparations. The stability of gold–ceria in various gas compositions and temperatures was good. The most serious stability issue is formation of cerium hydroxycarbonate in shutdown operation. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
High-order non-reflecting boundary scheme for time-dependent waves

A new non-reflecting boundary scheme is proposed for time-dependent wave problems in unbounded domains. The linear time-dependent wave equation, with or without a dispersive term, is considered in a semi-infinite wave guide. The infinite domain is truncated via an artificial boundary B, and a high-order non-reflecting boundary condition (NRBC) is imposed on B. Then the problem is solved numerically in the finite domain bounded by B. The new boundary scheme is based on a reformulation of the sequence of NRBCs proposed by Higdon. In contrast to the original formulation of the Higdon conditions, the scheme constructed here does not involve any high derivatives beyond second order. This is made possible by introducing special auxiliary variables on B. As a result, the new NRBCs can easily be used up to any desired order. They can be incorporated in a finite element or a finite difference scheme; in the present paper the latter is used. The parameters appearing in the NRBC are chosen automatically via a special procedure. Numerical examples concerning a semi-infinite wave guide are used to demonstrate the performance of the new method.
Fuzzy logic control of robot manipulator

Position control of a two-link manipulator can be achieved by using a fuzzy logic controller. A fuzzy logic software, FIDE (Fuzzy Inference Development Environment) is used to design and model the controller. Investigation is described that attempts to demonstrate the benefits of using that software for the design and implementation of the controller. A comparative study about the different methods of controller design with different parameters is performed. Finally a scheme is given which could achieve simultaneous control of the two links of the manipulator by using two independent controllers for the two joints. >
The human connexin32 gene is transcribed from two tissue-specific promoters

The connexin32 (cx32) gene codes for the gap junction protein found in liver, pancreas and nervous tissue. Recently mutations in the coding region of this gene have been associated with the dominant X-linked form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMTX1) neuropathy. Since some CMTX1 patients show no mutations in their cx32 gene coding region, it was speculated that these patients carry mutations in the promoter region of the gene. This paper describes the organization of the human cx32 gene and its tissue-specific transcription. The gene consists of three exons that are alternatively spliced to produce mRNAs with different 5′-untranslated regions (UTRs). Transcription is initiated from two tissue-specific promoters. In liver and pancreas, promoter P1. located more than 8 kb upstream of the translation start codon, is used, and the transcript is processed to remove a large intron. In contrast, in nerve cells, transcription is initiated from promoter P2, located 497 bp upstream from the translation start codon, and the transcript is processed to remove a small 355-pb intron. The downstream exon. which includes the entire coding sequence, is shared by both mRNAs. CMTX1 patients with a normal cx32 coding region are expected to have mutations in this newly described promoter P2 rather than the known promoter P1.
Emerging Applications of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) in Geomorphology and Hydrology

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a powerful geodetic tool used to construct digital elevation models of the earth’s topography and to image centimeter–scale displacements associa...
Experimental point spread function of FM pulse imaging scheme

An imaging scheme to generate B-scan ultrasound images using frequency modulated (FM) pulses, is utilized. A prototype experimental setup is used to perform single imaging tasks in attenuating and nonattenuating medium. The post processing of the acquired data was carried out digitally. The objective is to study the two-dimensional point spread function as a function of the FM pulse parameters. >
Mobile device security

Because of their small size, memory capability, and the case with which information can be downloaded and removed from a facility, mobile devices pose a risk to organizations when used and transported outside physical boundaries. Mobile devices, including Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, and smart phones can expose organizational data if not properly protected. This paper will cover areas of concern, different device types, and proposed solutions to mitigate the risks when using a mobile device.
Development of fullerene-reinforced aluminum

Powder metallurgy and casting have been used to produce aluminum with 1.3, 4, and 8 vol. % fullerene additions. Fullerene extract was mixed with Al and heat-treated to obtain various levels of dispersion of the fullerenes. Intergranular dispersion of stable fullerenes was accomplished by both powder metallurgy and casting; however, x-ray diffraction indicated the formation of some Al4C3. Homogeneous dispersion did not occur because of limited diffusion in the solid state or limited solubility of fullerene in Al in the liquid state. Enhancements in hardness over that for Al were observed yet were not comparable to precipitation hardened Al alloys since a less homogeneous dispersion was achieved. Interest in Al having fullerene additions is for development of fullerene strengthened materials where fullerenes act as nanosize dispersoids for dispersion strengthening of metals or as a lightweight reinforcement in metal-matrix composites.
Greater leaf conductance of well-watered VA mycorrhizal rose plants is not related to phosphorus nutrition

SUMMARY Plants of Rosa hybrida L. cv. ‘Samantha’, grown with high or low phosphorus (P) fertilization, were inoculated with Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, G. deserticola Trappe, Bloss & Menge, or left non-mycorrhizal. All plants except the low-P non-mycorrhizal group had similar tissue dry weights, leaf and root surface areas, growth ratios, stomatal characteristics and P contents. The higher rate of P fertilization increased plant dry weight three-fold and leaf area four-fold in non-mycorrhizal plants, but had no effect on growth characteristics of mycorrhizal plants except for a depression of colonization levels. Under well-watered conditions (75–90% and 45–50% relative soil water content, θ), low-P mycorrhizal plants displayed greater leaf conductance (g) than both high-P mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Leaf water potential (Ψ) was similar in colonized and uncolonized roses. Fungal species did not differ significantly in their influence on Ψ or g.
The complex structure of receptive fields in the middle temporal area.

Neurons in the middle temporal area (MT) are often viewed as motion detectors that prefer a single direction of motion in a single region of space. This assumption plays an important role in our understanding of visual processing, and models of motion processing in particular. We used extracellular recordings in area MT of awake, behaving monkeys (M. mulatta) to test this assumption with a novel reverse correlation approach. Nearly half of the MT neurons in our sample deviated significantly from the classical view. First, in many cells, direction preference changed with the location of the stimulus within the receptive field. Second, the spatial response profile often had multiple peaks with apparent gaps in between. This shows that visual motion analysis in MT has access to motion detectors that are more complex than commonly thought. This complexity could be a mere byproduct of imperfect development, but can also be understood as the natural consequence of the nonlinear, recurrent interactions among laterally connected MT neurons. An important direction for future research is to investigate whether these inhomogeneities are advantageous, how they can be incorporated into models of motion detection, and whether they can provide quantitative insight into the underlying effective connectivity.
Acute submassive hepatic necrosis due to methyldopa. A case demonstrating possible initiation of chronic liver disease.

Acute submassive hepatic necrosis in a patient who had received methyldopa for 10 weeks is described. The liver lesion was associated with a positive lupus erythematosus preparation, a positive direct Coombs test, and transient portal hypertension. Causal relation between methyldopa and the hepatic necrosis was established by an unequivocal response of transaminase activity to readministration of the drug. The most striking histological feature during the acute phase of the disease was extensive necrosis of liver cells in the periportal areas. The initial illness improved rapidly, and the patient has since remained asymptomatic. However, the following subsequent observations suggest that hepatic necrosis due to methyldopa may have initiated chronic liver disease: (1) the left lobe of the liver became persistently enlarged and firm after recovery from the acute liver injury; (2) liver scans 6 and 9 months after the acute episode revealed generalized mottling and a hypertrophied left lobe; (3) the liver tests did not return to normal for a period of 9 months; and (4) follow-up liver biopsies revealed broadened periportal fibrosis at 6 months and collapsed stroma at 10 months after the acute submassive necrosis, although there was insignificant inflammatory activity at the time of the biopsy.
Readability of Thirteen Different Radio Frequency Identification Ear Tags by Three Different Multi-Panel Reader Systems for Use in Beef Cattle

ABSTRACT The objectives of these experiments were to compare the readability of 13 different commercially available brands of radio frequency identification (RFID) ear tags scanned by 3 different multi-antenna RFID panel readers using Angus heifers. The readability of the tags and flow rates of the heifers were measured through either of the following: 1) an Allflex Single-Lane Multi-Panel Reader (SINGLE), 2) an Allflex Dual-Lane Multi-Panel Reader (DUAL), or 3) a Boontech Alley Master Multi-Panel Multi-Animal Alley Reader (MULTIPLE). Three of the RFID tag brands compared were half-duplex (HDX) technology manufactured by Allflex, Dalton, or Leader. The remaining 10 RFID brands were full-duplex (FDX) technology manufactured by Allflex, Animal Profiling Inc., Dalton, Digital Angel (Destron), Leader, Verilogic, Y-Tex, or Z-Tag. A total of 5,570 observations were collected through the SINGLE system, 3,280 through the DUAL system, and 3,280 through the MULTIPLE system. Because of the differing alley dimensions, cattle moved through the 3 systems at different ( P P = 0.175). Readability did not differ ( P > 0.10) for the SINGLE (99.4%), DUAL (99.5%) or MULTIPLE (99.7%) systems. All flow rates met the National Animal Identification System (NAIS) standards (1 m/s) and readers met USDA 95% readability standards. Results indicate that it was possible to achieve read rates that follow standards proposed by the NAIS.
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Early Developing Chick Embryos

CHANGE S in tension of environmental CO2 gas have been shown to affect cellular differentiation. In the presence of increased partial pressure of dissolved CO2(/?Co2) Loomis (1957) has demonstrated an increase in sexual differentiation of hydra and Flickinger (1958) has caused explanted frog ectoderm to differentiate into neural tissue. Loomis was able to show that the substance which stimulates sexual differentiation in crowded cultures of Hydra littoralis is dissolved CO2 gas. Flickinger could produce a definite increase of neural tissue induction by bubbling CO2 gas through the culture media for a 10-20-minute period. Trinkaus & Drake (1959) have reported an analysis of the stimulating effect of pCot on development of the embryo of Fundulus heteroclitus. For these reasons it seemed important to study an enzyme which utilizes CO2 as a substrate. The appearance of carbonic anhydrase activity in early developing embryos which are producing CO2 might lead to a reduced CO2 tension (H 2O+ CO2±^H2CO3). In turn this activity could control development by slowing cellular differentiation. Previous measurements of carbonic anhydrase activity in chick embryos have dealt mainly with embryonic organs after the 4th day. Van Goor (1940) and Clark (1951) have shown a rise in retinal activity between the 4th and 6th days and both have failed to find activity in blood before the 11th day. The absence of enzyme activity in blood greatly simplified the measurement in tissue by obviating corrections for erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. This report deals with values for whole chick embryo carbonic anhydrase from 1 \ days (stage 8) to 19 days (stage 45) and relates the activity to weight and content of protein and nitrogen. In addition, the intracellular particulate localization of protein, nitrogen, and carbonic anhydrase activity has been studied in embryos from 1£ days to 6£ days. Preliminary studies have also been made of the localization of activity in the organ systems of the early embryo.
Enzymatic and Microbial Transformation of Antibiotics and Steroids

The medical and economic importance of antibiotics and steroids can hardly be overstated. Since their introduction about fifty years ago, antibiotics have transformed the way medicine is practiced; they have affected life expectancy and life quality in a significant way and, in consequence, have had a profound effect on society. This is also true for steroids, their widespread use has been a major factor in the control of pain and their application in controlling the reproductive cycle has had far reaching effects on population growth in the economically developed countries.
199 Effect of fish meal source on nursery pig performance.

Citation: Jones, A. M., Woodworth, J. C., Goodband, R. D., Tokach, M. D., Dritz, S. S., & DeRouchey, J. M. (2016). Effect of fish meal source on nursery pig performance. Journal of Animal Science, 94, 94-94. doi:10.2527/msasas2016-199
The Influence of Lactose Consumption on the Association of Oral Contraceptive Use and Ovarian Cancer Risk

The authors investigated the joint effects of diet and oral contraceptive (OC) use on ovarian cancer risk in 194 white women ages 65 or less with epithelial ovarian cancer and 193 age- and residence- matched controls in Boston between 1984-87 by using in-person interviews and self-administered food frequency questionnaires. Use of OCs for 3 or more months was associated with a modest protective effect for ovarian cancer (odds ratio [OR]=0.7 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5- 1.1). In women who consumed 11 g or less/day of lactose use of OCs for 3 months or more was associated with a substantially decreased risk of ovarian cancer (OR=0.3 95% CI 0.1-0.7). Within this group the strongest association occurred with more than 4 years of total OC use (OR=0.2 95% CI 0.1-0.6) and in those who had more than 2 years of OC use after age 30 (OR-0.1 95% CI 0.03-0.4). These results suggest that with respect to ovarian cancer lactose users may be the most likely to benefit from OC use and that this benefit may be strongest when OC use occurs after age 30. (authors)
Effect of acute hepatic ischemia on splanchnic hemodynamics and on BSP removal by liver.

Summary1. Hepatic ischemia was produced by closure of the hepatic artery and portal vein of dogs for periods of 1 to 2 hours. This caused, in the majority of instances, a rapid and often profound decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, with concomitant sharp increase in portal venous pressure, following restoration of blood flow through the anoxic liver. The animals were usually able to compensate with partial to complete restoration of blood pressure, and simultaneously some degree of reduction of portal pressure during 1 I/2 hours of observation following ischemia. However one animal (1 I/2 hour ischemia) entered a declining phase of arterial pressure one hour after ischemia, and a second animal (2 hour ischemia) died 75 minutes after ischemia. Possible mechanisms for the hemodynamic alterations are discussed. 2. BSP extraction was reduced in only one of 5 experiments in which ischemia was of one hour's duration. However, extraction was usually markedly reduced following 1 I/2 to 2 hours of ischemia, ...
'Better that You Should Not Vow than that You Vow and Not Fulfill': Qoheleth's Use of Textual Allusion and the Transformation of Deuteronomy's Law of Vows

The historical-critical method that characterizes academic biblical studies remains often separate from approaches that stress the history of interpretation, which are employed most frequently in the area of Second Temple or Dead Sea Scrolls research. This paper examines a test-case where the two methods mutually reinforce one another. The law of vows in Deuteronomy 23:22-24 is difficult both in its syntax and in its legal content. The difficulty is resolved once it is recognized that the law contains a previously unrecognized interpolation that disrupts the original coherence of the law. However, once that interpolation was added and became accepted as part of the textual tradition, it created a “ripple effect” whereby Second Temple readers were forced to resolve the disruption in order to make sense of the text’s content and syntax. The divergent reformulations of the law by Qoheleth 5:4–7, on the one hand, and 11QTemple 53:11–14, on the other, suggest that each of these independent witnesses sensed the textual disruption and sought to compensate for it. The fact that each did so in a different way, while seeming to respond to the same textual “trigger,” appears to confirm the hypothesis of the interpolation. In that way, the history of interpretation offers a window into the composition history of Deuteronomy’s law of vows.
Upgrade of the NHMFL Cryogenic System and the Index Heating Test Results on the 45-T Hybrid

The 45-T Hybrid at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) has been the only facility in the world capable of providing a dc field of above 40 T. The 45-T hybrid magnet, consisting of a superconducting outsert and resistive insert, was commissioned in 2000 reaching a field of 45 tesla. The cryogenic system for the NHMFL has been in service since 1994 and has provided cryogenic service for the 45-T hybrid superconducting outsert since testing in 1998. It was recently upgraded, replacing a majority of the original system. The 45-T Hybrid was cooled down successfully with the new cryogenic system in February 2014. The new cryogenic system has been proved more efficient and reliable in the past years, providing increased availability to the users. After the upgrade of the cryogenic system, a standard index heating test was performed on the outsert of the hybrid. This test is mainly for evaluating the performance of the outsert, particularly the degradation of the innermost Nb3Sn coil of the outsert that suffered an unprotected quench in 2000 and degradation since then. The results of index heating tests in the past are compared and presented.
Abstract 275: Electrophysiological Consequences of AAV9 mediated SERCA2a Gene Transfer to Normal Rat Myocardium

SERCA2a gene transfer to the failing heart improves its mechanical function and inhibits arrhythmic triggers caused by aberrant calcium waves. The majority of arrhythmias occur before onset of end-stage heart failure when SR function is not compromised. Examination of the electrophysiological (EP) consequences of SERCA2a gene therapy in normal hearts is imperative in determining its potential toxicity as a preventive therapy during early stages of remodeling. We hypothesized that AAV9 mediated gene transfer of SERCA2a to normal rat hearts may promote the incidence of arrhythmic triggers under conditions of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) overload. Methods: Rats underwent tail vein injection of 5x10E11vg AAV9.SERCA2a (N=8) or AAV9.GFP (N=3). 6 naive uninjected rats served as controls (Ctl). Using high resolution optical action potential (AP) imaging, we characterized the EP substrate 6 weeks post gene transfer. Ex vivo hearts were examined during normoxic perfusion and challenge with low flow ischemia for 1h followed by reperfusion. Arrhythmia susceptibility was determined under conditions of Ca2+ overload. Results: Surprisingly, AAV9.GFP hearts exhibited markedly prolonged AP durations (APD) and slower conduction velocities (CV) compared to AAV9.SERCA2a and Ctl hearts. Challenge of AAV9.GFP but not AAV9.SERCA2a or Ctl hearts with burst pacing always resulted in VF. Remarkably, APD & CV rate relationships were identical in Ctl and AAV9.SERCA2a hearts (p=NS). Elevation of pacing rate resulted in a comparable level of AP alternans followed by loss of 1:1 capture in both groups. No evidence of triggered APs was found in AAV9.SERCA2a or Ctl hearts in response to burst stimulation. Ischemia for 1hr produced comparable changes in APD and CV. Challenge with burst stimuli during ischemia elicited arrhythmias in 2/6 Ctl and 6/8 AAV9.SERCA2a hearts (p=0.277, NS). Upon reperfusion, 1/4 & 0/2 remaining Ctl and AAV9.SERCA2a hearts exhibited VF. Conclusion: Surprisingly, AAV9.GFP but not AAV9.SERCA2a gene transfer to normal rat myocardium alters EP properties and promotes Ca2+ mediated arrhythmias. Lack of an EP phenotype of AAV9.SERCA2a suggests an upper limit of endogenous SERCA2a expression in normal rodent myocardium that is not exceeded by gene transfer.
Cyclic nucleotide signaling is required during synaptic refinement at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction

The removal of miswired synapses is a fundamental prerequisite for normal circuit development, leading to clinical problems when aberrant. However, the underlying activity-dependent molecular mechanisms involved in synaptic pruning remain incompletely resolved. Here the dynamic properties of intracellular calcium oscillations and a role for cAMP signaling during synaptic refinement in intact Drosophila embryos were examined using optogenetic tools. We provide In vivo evidence at the single gene level that the calcium-dependent adenylyl cyclase rutabaga, the phosphodiesterase dunce, the kinase PKA, and Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) all operate within a functional signaling pathway to modulate Sema2a-dependent chemorepulsion. It was found that presynaptic cAMP levels were required to be dynamically maintained at an optimal level to suppress connectivity defects. It was also proposed that PP1 may serve as a molecular link between cAMP signaling and CaMKII in the pathway underlying refinement. The results introduced an in vivo model where presynaptic cAMP levels, downstream of electrical activity and calcium influx, act via PKA and PP1 to modulate the neuron's response to chemorepulsion involved in the withdrawal of off-target synaptic contacts. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 39-60, 2017.
Information, the Economy, and the Primaries: An Overlooked Contributor to Candidate Preference

Within research on political preferences, specific knowledge about various issue areas is an under-researched predictor. In this article, the joint effects of specific knowledge about the current state of the US economy and standard demographic and ideological variables are investigated in a sample of 740 American internet users. Using a technique from signal detection theory, economic knowledge, along with demographic and ideological variables, is found to predict candidate preferences – but in different ways among Democrats and Republicans. Among Democrats, greater knowledge of negative aspects of the economy predicts support for Sanders over Clinton; among Republicans, greater knowledge of positive and negative aspects of the economy predicts support for Establishment candidates over Trump. Additionally, data from both survey respondents and county-level primary voting data are examined for effects of internet use on candidate preference, finding in both datasets a correlation between support for Sanders and internet use. The findings are discussed with regard to some of the surprising developments in the early 2016 US presidential race.
Uncertainty in Soil Moisture Retrievals Using the SMAP Combined Active–Passive Algorithm for Growing Sweet Corn

The baseline active and passive (AP) algorithm of the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission disaggregates the brightness temperature ( ${T}_\text{B}$ ) from a spatial resolution of 36 km to 9 km for the soil moisture (SM) using the radar backscattering coefficient ( $\sigma ^0$ ) at 3 km. This algorithm was derived based upon an assumption of a linear relationship between ${T}_\text{B}$ and $\sigma ^0$ . In this study, we investigated the robustness of this assumption with plot-scale AP measurements obtained under different conditions of surface roughness and stages of growing sweet corn. The uncertainties in the estimated ${T}_\text{B}$ at 9 km and, hence, the retrieved SM, due to uncertainties in the algorithm parameters, $\beta$ and $\Gamma$ , were assessed under different landcover heterogeneities. Overall, the linear regression was robust, with $r^2$ $>$ 0.75 under bare soil conditions when surface scattering is dominant and $>$ 0.52 during the growing season. The uncertainties in $\beta$ and $\Gamma$ due to AP observations result in uncertainties in retrieved SM $ 0.04 $\text{m}^3/\text{m}^3$ for most conditions of heterogeneity. The differences in ${T}_\text{B}$ at 9 km, obtained when using $\beta$ derived from vegetation water content (VWC) and using those from radar vegetation index, were also assessed. The errors in retrieved SM could reach as high as 0.5 $\text{m}^3/\text{m}^3$ for the worst-case scenario, when an intermediate scale contains high VWC, but the coarse scale region has low averaged VWC. These results suggest that determination of growth stages using a biophysical parameter is essential for $\beta$ estimations, particularly for highly heterogeneous landcovers.
[The relationship between body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio and hyperglycemia: a three-year follow-up study in Nanjing].

Objective To explore whether the increase of body mass index (BMI) , waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) can predict a higher risk of developing hyperglycemia. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on local residents above 35 years of age in three urban districts and one rural county in July 2004. The subjects who were non-hyperglycemia in the baseline survey were selected to follow the survey in July 2007. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and area under curve (AUC) of receivcr-operating characteristics (ROC) were used to evaluate the predictive value of BMI, WC, WHR and WHtR. Results Of 3727 subjects without hyperglycemia who had completed in the baseline survey, 3031 of them participated in the follow-up survey, with a follow-up rate of 81.3%. The Three-year cumulative incidence of hyperglycemia was 6.7%,with male 6.3% and female 7.0%. By multiple linear regression, on average, an increase in BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR of 1 unit was associated with a 0.015 mmol/L, 0.023 mmol/L, 1.923 mmol/L, 2.382 mmol/L increase in fasting plasma glucose, respectively. The risk of developing hyperglycemia increased along with the increase of all the four indexes. When compared with other three indexes, the group which WHtR was more than 0.5, had the highest risk (male OR= 1.998, 95%CI:1.231-3.212, female OR= 1.832,95%CI: 1.157-2.902) of developing hyperglycemia. Data from ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of WHtR was the highest in both males and females. Conclusion The increase of BMI, WC, WHR and WHtR could predict the higher risk causing the development of hyperglycemia. WHtR might serve as a simple but most effective index of hyperglycemia. Key words: Hyperglycemia; Body mass index; Waist circumference; Waist-to-hip ratio; Waist-to-height ratio
Negative Halo Effects in Parent Ratings of ADHD and ODD

Parent ratings of ADHD and ODD symptoms depicted in written vignettes were examined for negative halo effects. Participants were 82 parents of children ages 6–12. Both unidirectional and bidirectional halo effects were found but to a lesser extent than in similar studies with teacher and college student raters. Specifically, parents were more likely to: (a) rate a child as inattentive in the presence of hyperactivity symptoms; (b) more likely to rate a child as oppositional in the presence of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms; and (c) more likely to rate a child as inattentive and hyperactive in the presence of oppositionality symptoms. Several specific symptoms were also found to be particularly susceptible to halo effects. Results suggest that parents may be more discerning raters of disruptive behavior disorders than teachers or college students and less prone to negative halo effects. Implications for clinical practice and future research directions are discussed.
Restless Poachers: Handling Exploration-Exploitation Tradeoffs in Security Domains

The success of Stackelberg Security Games (SSGs) in counter-terrorism domains has inspired researchers' interest in applying game-theoretic models to other security domains with frequent interactions between defenders and attackers, e.g., wildlife protection. Previous research optimizes defenders' strategies by modeling this problem as a repeated Stackelberg game, capturing the special property in this domain --- frequent interactions between defenders and attackers. However, this research fails to handle exploration-exploitation tradeoff in this domain caused by the fact that defenders only have knowledge of attack activities at targets they protect. This paper addresses this shortcoming and provides the following contributions: (i) We formulate the problem as a restless multi-armed bandit (RMAB) model to address this challenge. (ii) To use Whittle index policy to plan for patrol strategies in the RMAB, we provide two sufficient conditions for indexability and an algorithm to numerically evaluate indexability. (iii) Given indexability, we propose a binary search based algorithm to find Whittle index policy efficiently.