cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blooms of Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen & Ø. Moestrup on the West Florida Shelf: Nutrient sources and potential management strategies based on a multi-year regional study

Abstract Identification and quantification of the nutrient sources supporting large, extended duration Karenia brevis blooms on the West Florida Shelf (WFS) in the eastern Gulf of Mexico are critical steps for effective bloom management and mitigation. Previous research had identified multiple (>12) potential nutrient sources available to K. brevis blooms on the WFS, which vary with bloom stage, location, biomass and bloom toxicity. This current study newly identified and quantified additional nitrogen (N) sources including water column nitrification, photochemical nutrient production, pelagic unicell N2 fixation by diazotrophs other than the colonial cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, and remineralization from seasonal Trichodesmium biomass decay and microzooplankton grazing (and estimated regeneration). Newly identified phosphorus (P) sources include remineralization from Trichodesmium biomass decay and microzooplankton grazing. In estuarine environments, benthic nutrient flux, mixotrophic consumption of picoplankton, nutrient release from zooplankton and microzooplankton grazing, photochemical nutrient production, and nitrification all can contribute up to 100% of the N and/or P requirements of small ( Given the complexity of K. brevis bloom dynamics, the multiple available nutrient sources on the WFS and the importance of regenerated N forms in supporting blooms, efforts to reduce potentially controllable nearshore nutrient inputs should be undertaken with the understanding that while they may lead to enhanced coastal water quality, they may not have an immediate impact on the frequency or magnitude of nearshore K. brevis blooms. Additionally, time lags in ecosystem responses or differences in the time scales on which various process operate may require multi-year assessments to determine how effective management practices are in relation to K. brevis blooms. Timely red tide related monitoring products that allow for effective focusing of monitoring needs for short-term prediction of impacts and targeted communication of scientific results to the public and stakeholders, remains the most effective means of K. brevis management.
PIOD: interactive solver for ordinary differential equations

PLOD is an acronym for PLotted solutions of Differential Equations. PLOD can solve up to 25 ordinary differential equations with 10 embedded parameters. It is entirely interactive, requiring little programming effort. PLOD uses current numerical methods, as implemented in the DDRIV package, to perform the integration. This includes the ability to solve ''stiff'' equations. The current version of PLOD has been implemented on the IBM Personal Computer family, such as the XT, AT and PS/2. PLOD is in the public domain.
Role of Informal Finance in China's Continuing Economic Development

Informal finance is a very pro-growth institution in China and will continue to be an integral part of the economy in both the short and long run. Two paths that China's economy may take are examined, producing for domestic consumption and producing for international consumption. Analysis of the possible growth of different industries based on types of ownership and potential changes in consumption patterns finds that the path most conducive to increasing the number of informal financial transactions is one in which production is attuned mainly to domestic consumption.
Mind matters: placebo enhances reward learning in Parkinson's disease

Expectations have a powerful influence on how we experience the world. Neurobiological and computational models of learning suggest that dopamine is crucial for shaping expectations of reward and that expectations alone may influence dopamine levels. However, because expectations and reinforcers are typically manipulated together, the role of expectations per se has remained unclear. We separated these two factors using a placebo dopaminergic manipulation in individuals with Parkinson's disease. We combined a reward learning task with functional magnetic resonance imaging to test how expectations of dopamine release modulate learning-related activity in the brain. We found that the mere expectation of dopamine release enhanced reward learning and modulated learning-related signals in the striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These effects were selective to learning from reward: neither medication nor placebo had an effect on learning to avoid monetary loss. These findings suggest a neurobiological mechanism by which expectations shape learning and affect.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EROTICISM, GENDER, AND INTERPERSONAL BONDING: A CLINICAL ILLUSTRATION OF SEXUAL HOLONIC MAPPING

Abstract In this article, we describe a systemic model of human sexuality as comprised of four holons or subsystems corresponding to eroticism, gender, interpersonal bonding, and reproduction. We further apply this model to an actual case of couples therapy, mapping conflicts and difficulties among the various holons for both members of the couple. Augmenting this mapping function with illustrative questions for prompting the client's own exploration of sexual meanings extends its use from assessment to intervention, in a way that is compatible with constructivist, narrative, and social constructionist understandings of human functioning.
Unraveling the Structural, Dynamic, Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Heterogeneity in DNA Site Recognition by Structurally Homologous ETS Transcription Factors

Despite increasing awareness of their biological importance, mechanisms of DNA site discrimination by structurally homologous and functionally non-redundant transcription factors remain poorly defined concepts. Members of the ETS family of transcription factors, which regulate the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells to the gamut of blood cell lineages, exemplify this conundrum. While the ETS-family members PU.1 and Ets-1 share structurally superimposable DNA-binding domains, the two homologs direct distinct cohorts of genes and induce mutually exclusive outcomes in hematopoietic cell-fate decisions. Using an array of biochemical, spectroscopic, and calorimetric techniques, we have compared DNA site recognition by PU.1 and Ets-1. The data indicate a startling level of structural, dynamic, thermodynamic, and kinetic heterogeneity associated with DNA site recognition by these proteins, which may be traced to their differential coupling of molecular hydration and counter-ion release with site-specific binding. Whereas site recognition by Ets-1 appears homogeneous with respect to DNA sequence identity, high- and low-affinity sites unmask major heterogeneity in PU.1 binding by all experimental observations. These differences are intrinsic to the two homologous DNA-binding domains; additional intramolecular interactions in adjacent domains exert no effect on the apparent homogeneity in Ets-1/DNA binding. The emerging evidence suggests a strong coupling between molecular hydration, DNA curvature, conformational dynamics, electrostatics as a mechanism for PU.1 to enforce different sequence preferences and kinetic behavior relative to Ets-1, and offer new insight into the functional differences between the two homologs. [This investigation is supported by NIH R15GM112002-01 to GMKP, NIH R01AI083803 to JKB, and NSF MCB1411502 to GMKP and WDW.]
Actual Medication Pill Burden and Dosing Frequency in HIV-infected Patients with Undetectable Viral Loads:

Studies have shown equivalent or improved outcomes with once-daily antiretroviral (ARV) regimens, but have failed to quantify the true daily dosing frequency and pill burden of HIV-infected patients, by not considering concomitant medications. This study was conducted to describe the total daily number (pill burden) and dosing frequency for all oral medicines, and not just ARV medications in HIV-infected patients with undetectable viral loads.
What did popular women's magazines from 1929 to 1949 say about breast cancer?

Despite the increasing risk of breast cancer with age, older women are less likely to engage in breast cancer screening behaviors than arc younger women. In order to examine articles written on the topic of breast cancer and cancer, a historical survey was conducted of women's magazines popular between 1929 and 1949. This survey was an attempt to identify the messages of that period and compare them with the beliefs and knowledge prevalent among women who are today 75 to 84 years of age. There were striking similarities found between the messages in the. early magazines and in older women's beliefs today. This literature was also compared with the medical literature of the same time to identify the role of the nurse and common themes. This article outlines specific mass-media strategies that nurses can use to design appropriate messages for women of different ages as well as for policy makers and the public at large through popular media such as magazines.
Electicism and integration in psychotherapy

Several of the important developments in the field of psychotherapy and behavior change are discussed, including the relative decline in popularity of psychodynamic orientations and the increase in electic preferences. The variation in operational meanings of an electic approach is described, and possible commonalities among diverse forms of psychotherapy are suggested. In terms of patients' views of the important factors in psychotherapy, characteristics of therapists and some common aspects of therapy appear to be emphasized over differences in techniques. Finally, some of the recent emphases on convergence and integration in psychotherapy are discussed.
Why do software startups patent (or not)

Assessing the controversial results of a recent empirical study of the role of intellectual property in software startups.
Solar ultraviolet-B radiation in urban environments: Baltimore, Maryland

Ultraviolet radiation from the sun, especially the UVB (280 to 320 nm), has important roles in urban ecosystems, including effects on human health. Broadband UVB radiation is being continuously monitored in the city of Baltimore, MD as part of a long-term ecological research program, the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. This paper compares above-canopy broadband UVB irradiance at the Baltimore station to broadband UVB irradiance at a more-rural station 64 km SE (at Wye Research Center in Queenstown, MD) and a station characterized as suburban within the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area, 42 km SW (at Beltsville Agricultural Experiment Station). The Baltimore data are from the initial 14 months of measurements there. The solar radiation monitoring station in Baltimore is located on a 33-m-tall building on a high point with no significant obstructions to sky view. The broadband instruments, all of which were provided by the USDA UVB Monitoring and Research Program, were calibrated in the same facility, the NOAA Central UV Calibration Facility in Colorado. In general, UVB irradiances at the three sites were similar. Over all conditions, Baltimore and the suburban site measured 3.4% less irradiance than the rural site. This difference is within the anticipated ±3% calibration uncertainty of the broadband pyranometers. On the 59 days with cloud-free conditions at all three sites, the average differences between measured UVB at the three sites was even smaller; Baltimore measured 1.2% less irradiance than the rural site. On the clear days, differences between total daily irradiance and the trend of daily irradiance through the year were clearly related to total column ozone as indicated by the EPTOMS satellite. High aerosol optical thickness strongly reduced daily UVB dose; whereas [SO2] had no influence. Surface O3 increased with increasing UVB dose when [NO2] exceeded 10 ppb.
Comparison of the Bronchodilator Effects of Oral Therapy with Fenoterol Hydrobromide and Ephedrine

Fenoterol hydrobromide (Berotec; formerly Th 1165a) is a sympathomimetic bronchodilator drug. Twenty subjects with mild to moderate reversible bronchospasm completed a double-blind multiple crossover study of single doses of 5 mg, 7.5 mg, and 10 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide, 24 mg of ephedrine, and placebo. Spirometric and body-plethysmographic measurements were performed sequentially prior to administration of drug or placebo and each hour up to eight hours afterwards. No significant drug-response relationship was noted for pulse rate or blood pressures, and side effects (eg, shakiness, nervousness) were minimal. Administration of fenoterol resulted in bronchodilation; a peak effect was noted at two to three hours after administration, and the duration of action was up to eight hours. A statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed; therapy with 5 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide was superior to placebo and equal to ephedrine, and doses of 7.5 mg and 10 mg of fenoterol hydrobromide were significantly better than placebo or ephedrine.
In vivo assessment by intravascular ultrasound of enlargement in saphenous vein bypass grafts.

Abstract These data demonstrate that saphenous vein grafts enlarge at sites of focal atherosclerosis and preserve luminal area for narrowing of
Building the Peace by Mandating Reform: United Nations—Mediated Human Rights Agreements in E1 Salvador and Guatemala

One of the novelties of post-cold war conflict resolution is direct intervention in the settlement of civil conflict by the United Nations (UN) SecretaryGeneral. The peace processes in El Salvador and Guatemala are to date the most illuminating examples of this innovation. This article examines the role of UN mediation in these negotiations, focusing on the peace accords' mandates for postconflict institution-building and protection of human rights. Because of the strong orientation toward human rights advocacy on the part of members of the UN delegations to the talks and the volume of international human rights mobilization associated with both conflicts, the negotiations produced UN "peace-building" missions (the UN Observer Mission in El Salvador and the UN Verification Mission in Guatemala) that set an important precedent for international promotion of human rights principles and democratic institutions. In both cases, the UN mediator's activities extended beyond the role of "good offices" to initiating independent proposals, including recommendations for disarmament procedures, military restructuring, and judicial and constitutional reform measures. The UN was able to take a proactive role in these negotiations because of a combination of unusually conducive domestic and external conditions. I argue that an examination of these factors will contribute to a better understanding of the conditions under which the UN can diplomatically intervene to promote human rights in other cases of internal conflict. However, despite shared permissive conditions, differences in the composition of the domestic ruling coalitions, especially with regard to the position of the military, caused the peace processes to differ markedly. In the Salvadoran case, the military's
Walking Vibration Response of High-Frequency Floors Supporting Sensitive Equipment

AbstractHigh-frequency steel and concrete floors are often used to support sensitive equipment to minimize vibration response to walking. Equipment vibration tolerance limits are sometimes expressed as waveform peak acceleration, and are more often expressed as narrowband spectral acceleration, or one-third octave spectral velocity. Current methods predict the waveform peak response after a footstep. However, postprocessing beyond what is practical for typical design office usage is often required to predict responses directly comparable to spectral tolerance limits. Also, current methods are not calibrated to provide a specific level of conservatism. This paper presents new methods for predicting the waveform peak acceleration, narrowband spectral acceleration maximum magnitude, and one-third octave spectral velocity maximum magnitude. A total of 89 walking vibration tests were performed on five high-frequency floor bays. The measurements are used to assess the precision of the proposed methods and to ca...
Training dental students in dental amalgam condensation.

In studying the characteristics of dental amalgam condensation by 36 dental students, it is concluded that : (1) A minimum force of 800 1 b/inch2 is required per condensation stroke in order for the condensation stroke to have any effect on the slow compressive strength test values as a predictor of marginal fracture.(2) A 30, 000 1 b/inch2 slow compressive strength test value may be derived from force utilization of 2, 000 1 b/inch2 per condensation stroke.
Atmospheric Propagation and LIDAR Modeling of LITE Remote Sensing of Distant Compounds

Atmospheric propagation simulations of Stand-off Laser-Induced-Thermal-Emission spectroscopy (Stand-off LITE) have been carried out taking into account molecular and aerosol attenuation of the atmosphere and a modified lidar equation.
Construction of the ingenane core using an Fe(III) or Ti(IV) Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular [6+4] cycloaddition

A facile entry into the ingenane core using a Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular [6+4] cycloaddition has been developed. Ti(IV)- and Fe(III)-based Lewis acids were found to mediate the higher order cycloaddition in good to excellent yield at room temperature. Chiral Ti(IV) Lewis acids were found to induce modest asymmetry in the resultant [6+4] cycloadducts.
Confessions of a Shoveler: STS Subcultures and Engineering Ethics

Mainstream science, technology, and society scholars have shown little interest in engineering ethics, one going so far as to label engineering ethics activists as “shit shovelers.” Detachment from engineering ethics on the part of most STS scholars is related to a broader and long-standing split between the scholar-oriented and activist-oriented wings of STS. This article discusses the various STS “subcultures” and argues that the much-maligned activist STS subculture is far more likely than the mainstream scholar subculture to have a significant impact on engineering ethics education and practice.
Radiotelemetry to Estimate Stream Life of Adult Chum Salmon in the McNeil River, Alaska

Abstract Estimating salmon escapement is one of the fundamental steps in managing salmon populations. The area-under-the-curve (AUC) method is commonly used to convert periodic aerial survey counts into annual salmon escapement indices. The AUC requires obtaining accurate estimates of stream life (SL) for target species. Traditional methods for estimating SL (e.g., mark–recapture) are not feasible for many populations. Our objective in this study was to determine the average SL of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in the McNeil River, Alaska, through radiotelemetry. During the 2005 and 2006 runs, 155 chum salmon were fitted with mortality-indicating radio tags as they entered the McNeil River and tracked until they died. A combination of remote data loggers, aerial surveys, and foot surveys were used to determine the location of fish and provide an estimate of time of death. Higher predation resulted in tagged fish below McNeil Falls having a significantly shorter SL (12.6 d) than those above (21.9 d). The st...
Planning and Organizing Skills of Poor School Achievers

The study attempted to determine whether some poor school achievers are deficient in planning and organizing skills. The tasks used were designed to yield equivalent and high success rates by 20 failing and 20 adequate or better (control) second—grade children so that the children's method of approach to the tasks could be examined independently of available skills and effects of failure on performance. The results suggested that: 1) many children who are seriously failing in the early years are inefficient or poor task planners and organizers, often remaining fixed on a given approach; 2) this characteristic may be related to lagging or deficient language skills but not to spatial organizing skills; 3) school failure may result from specific cognitive deficiencies and/or failure to effectively organize available cognitive skills. The discussion considered planning and organizing in relation to set, spatial organization, language, memory and attention.
Implementation and Evaluation of Cultural Competency Training for Pharmacy Students

BACKGROUNDThe demographic composition of the US population is rapidly changing. As a result, pharmacists increasingly face the need to interact effectively with and provide care for patients whose ethnic or cultural background may differ from their own. While schools implement curricula to provide pharmacy students with cultural awareness, knowledge, and communication skills they will need in practice, few assessment tools exist to evaluate the impact or effectiveness of such training.OBJECTIVETo implement and assess the impact of a cultural competency training course designed specifically for pharmacy students.METHODSAn 8-hour elective course offering basic cultural competency training was provided to 60 first- through fourth-year pharmacy students in 2003. A 12-item survey assessing students' perceived awareness, knowledge, and communication skills in the areas of cultural competence and cross-cultural communication skills was administered immediately prior to and upon completion of the course. Surveys ...
Treatment of refractory microscopic colitis with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine

Many patients with microscopic colitis will respond to antidiarrheal medications or to anti-inflammatory therapy with 5-aminosalicylates, although a few require corticosteroids. Some patients do not tolerate corticosteroid side effects, and a small subset are dependent on or refractory to corticosteroids. We report our experience with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in patients with microscopic colitis.
Rethinking Teacher Authority to Counteract Homophobic Prejudice in the Networked Classroom: A Model of Teacher Response and Overview of Classroom Methods

Abstract The author argues for a reworked pedagogy in the networked computer classroom to counteract the emergence of prejudicial attitudes which marginalize people in online discussions. She delineates one model of teacher pedagogy in realtime discussion programs, and sets this model against a backdrop of democratic and totalitarian extremes in pedagogical approaches. The author encourages interventionist strategies within the context of “outside response,” such as centralizing discussion and giving preparatory lectures, to strengthen instructor influence in online discussion. Class interaction is examined in a writing-intensive English course the author has taught on rhetoric and theatre, and the experience of instructors teaching composition and literature at the University of Texas at Austin is cited. The article proposes that responsible instructor pedagogy in the networked classroom would hold instructors more accountable for confronting and limiting the dynamics which alienate class members in online discussion.
Efficacy, safety, hemodynamic effects, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose moricizine during short- and long-term therapy.

Moricizine, 15 mg/kg, was given to 10 patients with frequent ventricular ectopic depolarizations, eight of whom had previously been treated unsuccessfully with antiarrhythmic drugs. A single-blind inpatient study was followed by therapy for up to 6 months. Two patients developed aggravation of arrhythmia during inpatient therapy. Of the eight patients who completed the inpatient study, seven achieved ⩾80% suppression of total ventricular ectopic depolarizations (P < 0.001). During inpatient therapy the mean of the individual patients' suppression of total ventricular ectopic depolarizations was 87.9%, paired ventricular beats 99.3%, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia 99.6%, and premature atrial contractions 89.0%. Suppression was maintained during long-term therapy. The PR interval increased 27% (P < 0.001), QRS interval increased 10% (P < 0.0001), QTc increased 1% (P not significant), and JTc decreased 2% (P not significant). Heart rate, blood pressure, and left ventricular performance at rest and exercise were unchanged by moricizine. Moricizine half-life was 9.2 ± 3.4 hours. Plasma levels of moricizine decreased after 10 days of therapy, suggesting induction of metabolic enzyme systems. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 42, 201–209; doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.133
Characterization of PfTrxR inhibitors using antimalarial assays and in silico techniques

The compounds 1,4-napthoquinone (1,4-NQ), bis-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)sulfide (2,4-DNPS), 4-nitrobenzothiadiazole (4-NBT), 3-dimethylaminopropiophenone (3-DAP) and menadione (MD) were tested for antimalarial activity against both chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum through an in vitro assay and also for analysis of non-covalent interactions with P. falciparum thioredoxin reductase (PfTrxR) through in silico docking studies. The inhibitors of PfTrxR namely, 1,4-NQ, 4-NBT and MD displayed significant antimalarial activity with IC50 values of < 20 μM and toxicity against 3T3 cell line. 2,4-DNPS was only moderately active. In silico docking analysis of these compounds with PfTrxR revealed that 2,4-DNPS, 4-NBT and MD interact non-covalently with the intersubunit region of the enzyme. In this study, tools for the identification of PfTrxR inhibitors using phenotyphic screening and docking studies have been validated for their potential use for antimalarial drug discovery project.
Hidden dependence in human errors

Two methodological refinements to the technique for human error rate prediction (THERP) for adjusting predictions to accommodate unconsidered sources of dependency are presented. (1) Synchrony adjustment estimates dependencies among errors due to cyclical patterns in performing otherwise unrelated activities. Synchrony adjustments would also be appropriate for modeling repairs and component burn-in in systems which are operated in a cyclical fashion. (2) Common rate adjustment adjusts estimates for multiple errors within an activity to make them consistent with the THERP assumptions about the distribution of error rates. Synchrony adjustment can result in substantial increases in the estimate of joint unavailability. While the effects of rate adjustment are less dramatic they suggest that the probability of events involving very many errors is higher than anticipated. Solutions to these two problems are presented along with numerical examples. >
Improved Discriminative Bilingual Word Alignment

For many years, statistical machine translation relied on generative models to provide bilingual word alignments. In 2005, several independent efforts showed that discriminative models could be used to enhance or replace the standard generative approach. Building on this work, we demonstrate substantial improvement in word-alignment accuracy, partly though improved training methods, but predominantly through selection of more and better features. Our best model produces the lowest alignment error rate yet reported on Canadian Hansards bilingual data.
Learning Languages, Learning Life Skills: Autobiographical Reflexive Approach to Teaching and Learning a Foreign Language by JAATINEN, RIITTA.

The article reviews the book "Learning Languages, Learning Life Skills: Autobiographical Reflexive Approach to Teaching and Learning a Foreign Language," by Riitta Jaatinen.
Cross-cultural editing

Cross-cultural editing is described as editing material written in English either by or for people who have learned English as a second language. Editing material written by non-native speakers of English or material written for them has special difficulties. The 'plain English' that is most understandable to the native reader may be confusing or even offensive to the person who has learned English as a second language. The author discusses some of the difficulties, with examples emphasizing communication between American and Japanese speakers, writers, and readers of English. It is concluded that the Japanese do characteristically have difficulty with certain aspects of English, notably the use of articles, verb form distinctions, and punctuation. These are problems in both writing and reading, despite the fact that reading is generally easier than writing. It was found that the way the two cultures organize their thoughts was not a cause for misunderstanding, because the differences are relatively minor. >
Operating an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler aboard a Container Vessel

Abstract Since October 1992 an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) has been in near-continuous operation on board a 118-m-long container vessel, the container motor vessel Oleander, which operates on a weekly schedule between Port Elizabeth, New Jersey, and Hamilton, Bermuda. The ADCP collects information on currents from the surface to depths as great as 404 m depending on zooplankton concentrations, ship’s speed, sea state conditions, and the ship’s load factor. The southbound transits provide more and better data because the ship is loaded and rides deeper resulting in less bubble formation and entrainment underneath the vessel. Installation and operation of an ADCP on a cargo ship has involved a number of factors not typical of research vessels. Providing a data acquisition system that could operate on its own without assistance from the ship’s officers and that could recover from problems was the first issue. Isolating and removing electrical transients from the ship’s electrical system was extr...
A Broadband Microwave Material Characterization Technique Using Grounded Coplanar Waveguide Configuration

Simultaneous broadband extraction of the important material characteristics such as complex permittivity, complex permeability, saturation magnetization and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) line-width is presented using a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPWG) configuration. The test structure was chosen as a GCPWG, which supports TEM mode of propagation with low dispersion and is ideal for broadband applications. The method presented is validated using full-wave EM simulation software (Ansoft HFSS 9.2).
Peripheral skin temperature responses to hot and cold suggestions.

Abstract 10 male Ss, screened for hypnotic susceptibility, were hypnotized in 1 experimental session and given “method acting” instructions in another experimental session. Suggestions designed to increase and to decrease peripheral skin temperature, which was continuously monitored throughout each session, were administered under both conditions. The resulting data were analyzed to determine the effects of hypnosis, suggestions, and time. A significant time effect and a significant hypnotic-time interaction were found, but there was no difference due to the specific suggestions. When hypnotized, Ss tended to maintain a constant temperature throughout the suggestion period, while, when given “method acting” instructions, peripheral temperature tended to increase.
Intraoral cheek fistulae: a refined technique:

Taste reactivity testing (TRT), which entails infusing a solution into the oral cavity of subjects, is used across a wide range of studies. For laboratories inexperienced in the conventional technique of implanting cheek fistulae, the surgery can be problematic for both the subjects and the experimenter. We have proposed a refined method for fistulae implantation that is less invasive, thereby reducing the pain and distress of the animals. Using this refined technique, we were able to replicate the findings of previous TRT studies, namely that a high dose of lithium chloride produces an increase in aversive and a decrease in ingestive orofacial and somatic responses. Using indices of health, we demonstrate that unlike animals with the conventional method of fistulae implantation, subjects that receive the refined technique regain their pre-surgery body weights rapidly and show no physical signs of discomfort. Additional advantages of the refined technique are discussed.
EasyMIFs and SiteHound

Summary: SiteHound uses Molecular Interaction Fields (MIFs) produced by EasyMIFs to identify protein structure regions that show a high propensity for interaction with ligands. The type of binding site identified depends on the probe atom used in the MIF calculation. The input to EasyMIFs is a PDB file of a protein structure; the output MIF serves as input to SiteHound, which in turn produces a list of putative binding sites. Extensive testing of SiteHound for the detection of binding sites for drug-like molecules and phosphorylated ligands has been carried out. Availability: EasyMIFs and SiteHound executables for Linux, Mac OS X, and MS Windows operating systems are freely available for download from http://sitehound.sanchezlab.org/download.html. Contact:roberto@sanchezlab.org or roberto.sanchez@mssm.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Tomato bushy stunt virus Co-Opts the RNA-Binding Function of a Host Metabolic Enzyme for Viral Genomic RNA Synthesis

Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a plus-stranded [(+)] RNA plant virus, incorporates the host metabolic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) into the viral replicase complex. Here, we show that, during TBSV replication in yeast, the yeast GAPDH Tdh2p moves from the cytosol to the peroxisomal membrane surface, the site of viral RNA synthesis. In yeast cells lacking Tdh2p, decreasing the levels of its functionally redundant homolog Tdh3p inhibited TBSV replication and resulted in equivalent levels of (+) and minus-stranded [(-)] viral RNA, in contrast to the hallmark excess of (+)RNA. Tdh2p specifically bound an AU pentamer sequence in the (-)RNA, suggesting that GAPDH promotes asymmetric RNA synthesis by selectively retaining the (-)RNA template in the replicase complex. Downregulation of GAPDH in a natural plant host decreased TBSV genomic RNA accumulation. Thus, TBSV co-opts the RNA-binding function of a metabolic protein, helping convert the host cell into a viral factory.
Living with chronic heartburn: insights into its debilitating effects

Heartburn is a common, often disabling condition. Twenty percent of adults exhibit symptoms at least once weekly. Few obtain complete satisfactory relief of their symptoms without the simultaneous implementation of significant lifestyle modifications and appropriate pharmacologic intervention. Poor sleep and chronic symptoms impair the QoL in 25% to 30% of such cases. Nocturnal symptoms are more troublesome, more difficult to treat, and are often manifested by extraesophageal symptoms. Several patients, however, unknown to their physicians continue to experience heartburn, despite lifestyle changes and taking prescription drugs. Adequate acid suppression is currently essential to effective management of the condition.
On the locus of program flow within and among secondary functions

Several authors have considered the problem of control of program flow in secondary (user-written) functions in APL and forms which would give APL equivalents of the control structures of more traditional languages have been proposed. Rather than expanding or altering the means of controlling program flow in APL, this paper suggests restricting the forms, but not the power, of branching. The motivation and implications are presented and the advantages and disadvantages are weighed. Problems of migration of functions and questions regarding the resumption of suspended functions are considered. Consideration of function call and the system variable,
A Fuzzy-Logic Mapper for Audiovisual Media

Recent technological developments have enabled us to synthesize images and sounds concurrently within single computers, even in real time, giving birth to novel and genuinely integrated audiovisual art forms (Hunt et al. 1998). But how should we organize and compose such works? Given a certain soundscape, what would form an appropriate sequence of images to that soundscape? Given a certain sequence of images, what soundscape is appropriate to it? If the image sequence and the soundscape are being created concurrently, how should we compose them? Authors have proposed different approaches to these questions (Whitney 1980; Hunt et al. 1998; Lokki et al. 1998; Rudi 1998; Kim and Lipscomb 2003; Gerhard and Hepting 2004; Yeo et al. 2004). These approaches differ significantly, and they are based on diverse principles, such as correspondence of aural to visual harmony, audiovisual modeling of mathematical principles, audiovisual rendering, data sonification, algorithmic control, and parameter space exploration. It is important to notice that there is no easy or correct solution, because the problem we must deal with lies in combining two entirely different media in time (Hunt et al. 1998). A fuzzy-logic approach to the challenge of composing both sound and moving image within a coherent framework is proposed here as an alternative solution. This approach is based on a fuzzy-logic model that enables a flexible mapping of either aural or visual information onto the other, and it is able to generate complex audiovisual relationships by very simple means. This mapping strategy is inspired by two fundamental ideas: isomorphism and synaesthesia. Isomorphism applies when two complex structures can be mapped onto each other based on the fact that changes in one modality consistently cause changes in another modality (Hofstadter 1999). The word "synaesthesia" comes directly from the Greek syn ("together") and aisthesis ("perceive"; Van Campen 1999), thus meaning "a union of the senses." Synaesthesia occurs when stimulation in one sensory modality automatically triggers a perception in a second modality in the absence of any direct stimulation to this second modality (Harrison and Baron-Cohen 1997). This article is structured as follows. First, the motivations for this work are presented and discussed, including discussions of audiovisual domains, synaesthesia, and isomorphisms. Second, fuzzy logic is introduced, including its main features. Third, details of the proposed fuzzy-logic mapper are presented. Fourth, ID-FUSIONES (2001) and TIME EXPOSURE (2005), computer music-video works that use the proposed model, are discussed as actual implementations of the approach described in this article. Finally, conclusions and directions for future work are addressed.
An Improved Total Synthesis of Triciribine: A Tricyclic Nucleoside with Antineoplastic and Antiviral Properties

We describe an efficient total synthesis of triciribine, a tricyclic nucleoside with antineoplastic and antiviral properties, starting from 4‐amino‐6‐bromo‐5‐cyanopyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine. †In honor and celebration of the 70th birthday of Professor Leroy B. Townsend.
Mesodermal expansion after arrest of the edge in the area vasculosa of the chick.

To investigate whether mesodermal expansion in the area vasculosa is caused by tension produced by outward migration of cells either in the somatic mesoderm or at the mesodermal edge on an ectodermal substratum, stage 18–20 embryos were transferred to a culture dish. There mesodermal expansion proximal to an arrested edge could be compared with that proximal to a moving edge by measuring the amount of vascular elongation occurring in each. A proximo-distal gradient in vascular elongation rate was detected both in normal embryos in ovo and in explants. This gradient was reversed following arrest of the edge, and the rate of vascular elongation proximal to the arrested edge decreased to 60–70 % of that proximal to a moving edge. Nearly all of the mesoderm producing this expansion was located in the proximal two-thirds of the area vasculosa, where vascular elongation rate on the stopped side of the explant was not significantly different from that on the moving side. Similar results were obtained in the absence of the ectoderm, and when liquid culture medium was used instead of semisolid medium. It is concluded that tensile force derived from mesodermal migration plays no role in expansion of the proximal two-thirds of the area vasculosa mesoderm.
Soliton Equations and Higher Order Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

Some nonlinear PDEs partial differential equations are exactly solvable. As an example, nonlinear PDEs such as the Soliton equation were shown to be exactly solvable by quantum operator methods. More recently the Boltzmann equation was solved exactly as well. A question is are other equations such as general arbitrary order nonlinear PDEs solvable. Also recent generalizations of nonextensive statistics has introduced a nonlinear in power of the distribution PDE equation, which are solved for linear drift coefficients by the power-law distribution derived from the Tsallis nonextensive statistics and for which we have recently presented an exact solution for arbitrary nonlinear drift coefficients [3]. Are there possible general solution methods for nonlinear partial differential equations. One possible approach that we present in this letter depends on the ability to transform generally nonlinear PDEs of arbitrary order to 2nd order standard form Fokker-Planck PDEs which have been shown to have exact short time transition probability solutions irregardless of the nonlinear form of the drift and diffusion coefficients. We discuss these questions briefly in the following derivation of a solution to the KdV type of third order nonlinear PDE.
Trumpetcreeper Control with Various Indole-3-Acetic Acid Mimics and Diflufenzopyr

Trumpetcreeper (Campsis radicans) is a native, perennial, weedy vine of pastures, row crops, fence rows, and right-of-ways throughout most of the eastern United States. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in 2008 and 2009 near Newport, TN, and in Knoxville, TN, to evaluate aminocyclopyrachlormethyl and aminopyralid alone and in mixtures with 2,4-D and diflufenzopyr for selective trumpetcreeper control when applied postemergence in an abandoned nursery. These treatments were compared with commercial standards of dicamba and a prepackaged mixture of triclopyr plus 2,4-D. In the field, aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl alone controlled trumpetcreeper 77% to 93%, while aminopyralid alone only controlled trumpetcreeper 0% to 20% by 12 months after treatment (MAT). The addition of diflufenzopyr or 2,4-D to aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl did not improve trumpetcreeper control in the field; however, the addition of 2,4-D to aminopyralid improved control of trumpetcreeper from 50% to 58%. All aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl treatments controlled trumpetcreeper greater than or equal to dicamba and the prepackaged mixture of triclopyr plus 2,4-D. In the greenhouse, aminocyclopyrachlor and aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl applied at 8.75 to 35 g ha controlled trumpetcreeper 58% to 72% by 1 MAT. When both herbicides were applied at 70 g ha, aminocyclopyrachlor controlled trumpetcreeper 64%, while aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl controlled trumpetcreeper 99%, similar to dicamba.
Antileishmanial and Cytotoxic Activity of Some Highly Oxidized Abietane Diterpenoids from the Bald Cypress, Taxodium distichum

Two new compounds, namely, a para-benzoquinone ring-containing abietane (1) and a para-benzoquinone ring-containing 7,8-seco-abietane (2), and 14 other known highly oxidized abietane diterpenoids (3–16) were isolated from an extract prepared from the cones of Taxodium distichum, collected in central Ohio. The active subfraction from which all compounds isolated in this study were purified was tested in vivo using Leishmania donovani-infected mice and was found to dose-dependently reduce the parasite burden in the murine livers after iv administration of this crude mixture at 5.6 and 11.1 mg/kg. The structures of 1 and 2 were established by detailed 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, HRESIMS data, and electronic circular dichroism studies. Compounds 3 and 4 were each fully characterized spectroscopically and also isolated from a natural source for the first time. Compounds 2–16 were tested in vitro against L. donovani promastigotes and L. amazonensis intracellular amastigotes. Compound 2 was the most active again...
THE ORIGIN OF LAND PLANTS: SOME ANSWERS, MORE QUESTIONS'

Summary The discovery of new fossil plant remains, together with new interpretations of previously described forms, suggests that some ideas regarding the origin of land plants need to be modified. Some evidence suggests that perhaps plants with a bryophytic level of organization were on the land as early as the Ordovician. This suggestion is strengthened by a number of Devonian plants that lack tracheids despite possessing a suite of morphological features generally attributed to vascular plants. Such information necessitates that the current classification of early land plants be re-examined, together with ideas about the origin and subsequent evolution of vascular plants and bryophytes.
Counseling Self-Efficacy: On-Campus and Distance Education Students

The purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to examine the relationship between counseling skills techniques training and self-perception of counseling skills for graduate level rehabilitation counselors, over a semester course; and (b) to examine whether class platform (on-campus vs. distance) has a significant relationship with students’ self-perception of skills acquisition. The Counseling Self-Estimate Inventory (COSE), developed through Bandura’s theory on self-efficacy, was used to evaluate students’ perception of counseling skills. The participants were 39 master’s level students in an accredited rehabilitation counseling program. All participants received counseling skills training and completed the COSE pretest during the first class of the semester and the posttest during the last week of the semester. The results demonstrated significant change during the semester, showing an increase in reported counseling skills over the 16-week time period. There were no differences detected between on-campus ...
Too Many Immigrants? Examining Alternative Forms of Immigrant Population Innumeracy

The tendency to overestimate immigrant population sizes has garnered considerable scholarly attention for its potential link to anti-immigrant policy support. However, this existing innumeracy rese...
Standard Dilution Analysis

Standard dilution analysis (SDA) is a novel calibration method that may be applied to most instrumental techniques that will accept liquid samples and are capable of monitoring two wavelengths simultaneously. It combines the traditional methods of standard additions and internal standards. Therefore, it simultaneously corrects for matrix effects and for fluctuations due to changes in sample size, orientation, or instrumental parameters. SDA requires only 200 s per sample with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Neither the preparation of a series of standard solutions nor the construction of a universal calibration graph is required. The analysis is performed by combining two solutions in a single container: the first containing 50% sample and 50% standard mixture; the second containing 50% sample and 50% solvent. Data are collected in real time as the first solution is diluted by the second one. The results are used to prepare a plot of the analyte-to-internal standard sig...
A Transcendental Sequence and a Problem on Commutativity of Exponentiation of Real Numbers

where the three dots indicate that there is an infinite number of 2's extending to the inside in the same manner. My next step was to explore experimentally the subsequences u2n-1 and u12n of the sequence u1 =2, un+1=2 1/ut. I found that these converge to the same limit which is the unique root of the equation xx = 2 (x = 1.5596104695). So it turned out that my "number" was really a number! (I was lucky that I chose 2 for the doodle. Had I chosen a different number, it could have been a different matter, as we shall see later). At this stage, the general sequence an was ready for attack. In what follows we study its behavior as m > 0 varies and we find its limit when it converges. During the course of this study, a solution is found spontaneously to the following curious problem: Given a positive real number m, how many ordered pairs (x, y) of positive real numbers exist such that