cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Big data analytics: Machine learning and Bayesian learning perspectives—What is done? What is not?

Big data analytics provides an interdisciplinary framework that is essential to support the current trend for solving real-world problems collaboratively. The progression of big data analytics framework must be clearly understood so that novel approaches can be developed to advance this state-of-the-art discipline. An ignorance of observing the progression of this fast-growing discipline may lead to duplications in research and waste of efforts. Its main companion field, machine learning, helps solve many big data analytics problems; therefore, it is also important to understand the progression of machine learning in the big data analytics framework. One of the current research efforts in big data analytics is the integration of deep learning and Bayesian optimization, which can help the automatic initialization and optimization of hyperparameters of deep learning and enhance the implementation of iterative algorithms in software. The hyperparameters include the weights used in deep learning, and the number of clusters in Bayesian mixture models that characterize data heterogeneity. The big data analytics research also requires computer systems and software that are capable of storing, retrieving, processing, and analyzing big data that are generally large, complex, heterogeneous, unstructured, unpredictable, and exposed to scalability problems. Therefore, it is appropriate to introduce a new research topic—transformative knowledge discovery—that provides a research ground to study and develop smart machine learning models and algorithms that are automatic, adaptive, and cognitive to address big data analytics problems and challenges. The new research domain will also create research opportunities to work on this interdisciplinary research space and develop solutions to support research in other disciplines that may not have expertise in the research area of big data analytics. For example, the research, such as detection and characterization of retinal diseases in medical sciences and the classification of highly interacting species in environmental sciences can benefit from the knowledge and expertise in big data analytics.
Ageing changes in biventricular cardiac function in male and female baboons (Papio spp.).

KEY POINTS Life course changes in cardiovascular function in a non-human primate have been comprehensively characterized. Age-related declines in normalized left ventricular stroke volume and cardiac output were found with corresponding decreases in biventricular ejection fractions and filling rates. There were age-related decreases in male and female baboon normalized left ventricular myocardial mass index, which declined at similar rates. Systolic functional declines in right ventricular function were observed with age, similar to the left ventricle. Sex differences were found in the rates and directions of right ventricular volume changes along with decreased end-systolic right ventricular sphericity. The results validate the baboon as an appropriate model for translational studies of cardiovascular functional decline with ageing. ABSTRACT Previous studies reported cardiac function declines with ageing. This study determined changes in biventricular cardiac function in a well-characterized baboon model. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measured key biventricular parameters in 47 baboons (22 female, age 4-23 years). ANCOVA assessed sex and age changes with P < 0.05 deemed significant. Stroke volume, cardiac output and other cardiac functional parameters were normalized to body surface area. There were similar, age-related rates of decrease in male (M) and female (F) normalized left ventricular (LV) myocardial mass index (M: -1.2 g m-2 year-1 , F: -0.9 g m-2 year-1 ). LV ejection fraction declined at -0.96% year-1 (r = -0.43, P = 0.002) and right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction decreased at -1.2% year-1 (r = -0.58, P < 0.001). Normalized LV stroke volume fell at -1.1 ml m-2 year-1 (r = -0.47, P = 0.001), normalized LV ejection rate at -3.8 ml s-1 m-2 year-1 (r = -0.43, P < 0.005) and normalized LV filling rate at -4.1 ml s-1 m-2 year-1 (r = -0.44, P < 0.005). Also, RV wall thickening fraction decreased with age (slope = -1% year-1 , P = 0.008). RV ejection rate decreased at -3.6 ml s-1 m-2 year-1 (P = 0.002) and the normalized average RV filling rate dropped at -3.7 ml s-1 m-2 year-1 (P < 0.0001). End-systolic RV sphericity index also dropped with age (r = -0.33, P = 0.02). Many observed changes parallel previously reported data in human and animal studies. These measured biventricular functional declines in hearts with ageing from the closest experimental primate species to man underscore the utility of the baboon model for investigating mechanisms related to heart ageing.
Why Sub-State Groups Are Endowed with Rights

When should international law recognize sub-state groups and, consequently, their demands? Surprisingly, in the new and vast literature dealing with the questions of sub-state groups and their rights in international law, there is little discussion of this question. Usually it is assumed that certain cultural, racial, or religious groups qualify for international recognition, and others (implicitly) do not. Those scholars who have more deeply studied this question generally identify general abstract criteria for group-rights recognition, such as the permanency and involuntariness of group identity, the importance that members of the group ascribe to group identity, the numerical inferiority of group members, and so on. In this chapter, the author concludes that the identification of such abstract criteria for sub-state group qualification is of limited usefulness, and can exclude otherwise deserving groups. Rather, the recognition of a sub-state group as a rights-bearing entity is necessarily a function of deeper normative questions, and what international legal recognition in fact seeks to achieve.
Read cloud sequencing elucidates microbiome dynamics in a hematopoietic cell transplant patient

Low intestinal microbial diversity, often leading to domination of the intestine by a single organism, is associated with poor outcomes following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Understanding how certain organisms achieve domination in the intestine is limited by current metagenomic sequencing technologies, which are typically unable to reconstruct complete genome drafts without bacterial isolation and culture. Recently, we developed a metagenomic read cloud sequencing approach that provides significantly improved genome drafts for individual organisms compared to conventional short-read sequencing methods. Here, we apply read cloud sequencing to four longitudinal stool samples collected from an HCT patient before and after heavy antibiotic exposure. During this time period, the patient experienced Escherichia coli gut domination and an E. coli bloodstream infection. We find that read clouds enable the placement of multiple copies of antibiotic resistance genes both within and across genomes, and the presence of resistance genes correlates with the timing of antibiotics administered to the patient. Comparative genomic analysis reveals that the E. coli bloodstream infection likely originated from the gut. The pre-transplant E. coli genome harbors 46 known resistance genes, whereas all other organisms from the pre-transplant time point contain 5 or fewer resistance genes, supporting a model in which the E. coli outgrowth was a result of selection by heavy antibiotic exposure. This case study highlights the application of metagenomic read cloud sequencing in a clinical context to elucidate the genomic underpinnings of microbiome dynamics under extreme selective pressures.
Collective Heavy Top Dynamics

We construct a Poisson map $\mathbf{M}\colon T^{*}\mathbb{C}^{2} \to \mathfrak{se}(3)^{*}$ with respect to the canonical Poisson bracket on $T^{*}\mathbb{C}^{2} \cong T^{*}\mathbb{R}^{4}$ and the $(-)$-Lie--Poisson bracket on the dual $\mathfrak{se}(3)^{*}$ of the Lie algebra of the special Euclidean group $\mathsf{SE}(3)$. The essential part of this map is the momentum map associated with the cotangent lift of the natural right action of the semidirect product Lie group $\mathsf{SU}(2) \ltimes \mathbb{C}^{2}$ on $\mathbb{C}^{2}$. This Poisson map gives rise to a canonical Hamiltonian system on $T^{*}\mathbb{C}^{2}$ whose solutions are mapped by $\mathbf{M}$ to solutions of the heavy top equations. We show that the Casimirs of the heavy top dynamics and the additional conserved quantity of the Lagrange top correspond to the Noether conserved quantities associated with certain symmetries of the canonical Hamiltonian system. We also construct a Lie--Poisson integrator for the heavy top dynamics by combining the Poisson map $\mathbf{M}$ with a simple symplectic integrator, and demonstrate that the integrator exhibits either exact or near conservation of the conserved quantities of the Kovalevskaya top.
Preliminary Validation of the Parental Help-Seeking Stage of Change Measure for Child Behavior Problems

Most families of children with behavior problems do access treatment. The purpose of this study was to test a parental measure of readiness to seek help for their child’s behavior problems. Data was collected annually from 148 parents at their child’s first contact with either mental health services or juvenile justice court or services. Psychopathology, service use, and factors related to service use were assessed. The majority of the sample was male (64%) and Black/African American (63%) with a mean age of 11.93 years (SD = 2.75). We administered a measure specifically developed for this study to assess stages of change in parents’ readiness to seek help for their child’s behavior problems. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the stages of change and regression modeling to assess construct and criterion validity of the resulting readiness score. CFA of the revised subscales showed acceptable fit. Readiness scores were associated with current and future use of specialty mental health services. Higher readiness scores were associated with parents perceiving their child’s behavior as worse compared to peers, more child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, and greater parental burden. Higher readiness scores were not associated with total family resources, symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder. Scores from this measure were associated with factors that predict service engagement, and predict current and future mental health service utilization. These results indicate construct and criterion validity of measuring parental help-seeking for child behavior problems within a stages of change framework.
Improved identification and differentiation from epileptiform activity of human hippocampal sharp wave ripples during NREM sleep

In rodents, pyramidal cell firing patterns from waking may be replayed in nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) sleep during hippocampal sharp wave ripples (HC-SWR). In humans, HC-SWR have only been recorded with electrodes implanted to localize epileptogenicity. Here, we characterize human HC-SWR with rigorous rejection of epileptiform activity, requiring multiple oscillations and coordinated sharp waves. We demonstrated typical SWR in those rare HC recordings which lack interictal epileptiform spikes (IIS) and with no or minimal seizure involvement. These HC-SWR have a similar rate (~12 min-1 on average, variable across NREM stages and anterior/posterior HC) and apparent intra-HC topography (ripple maximum in putative stratum pyramidale, slow wave in radiatum) as rodents, though with lower frequency (~85 Hz compared to ~140 Hz in rodents). Similar SWR are found in HC with IIS, but no significant seizure involvement. These SWR were modulated by behavior, being largely absent (<2 min-1 ) except during NREM sleep in both Stage 2 (~9 min-1 ) and Stage 3 (~15 min-1 ), distinguishing them from IIS. This study quantifies the basic characteristics of a strictly selected sample of SWR recorded in relatively healthy human hippocampi.
Learning from Transmasculine Experiences with Health Care: Tangible Inlets for Reducing Health Disparities through Patient-Provider Relationships

Purpose: We examined health care experiences of transmasculine young adults to clarify factors contributing to mistrust in the health care system and identify tangible and modifiable means to address health disparities through improved patient-provider interactions. Thematic analysis highlights patterns within historical relationships between medical models and transmasculine embodiment, and provides guidance for health care clinicians, researchers, and policy makers to deliver competent services for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals. Methods: The study team used qualitative methodology guided by interpretive phenomenological analysis. Semistructured interviews with 12 participants who self-identified as transmasculine were conducted, transcribed, and coded thematically. Results: Participants were a community sample of 12 young adults 18-35 years of age (M=23, standard deviation=3.74), who self-identified as transmasculine. Three participants identified as a racial/ethnic minority. Participants were highly educated, with most completing at least some college. The superordinate thematic domain Perspectives on Health Care emerged, under which three subthemes were nested: (1) an essentialist, binary medical model is inaccurate and oppressive, (2) consequences of medicalizing gender (i.e., gender as a diagnosis), and (3) recommendations to improve health care. Conclusions: Qualitative analysis revealed specific ways in which the relationship between transmasculine individuals and current health care systems are fraught with difficulties, including the impact of stigma, gatekeeping, and inaccuracies, in current diagnostic criteria. Participants shared lived experiences and offered innovative ideas to improve health care delivery, such as challenging socialized biases, increased education, and immersion in TGD communities to advocate for change in research, practice, and policy.
A Scaling Law Governing Branching Morphogenesis in Neuronal Dendrites

Branched networks are ubiquitous in nature, ranging in size from watercourses and trees to cellular organelles and the cytoskeleton. Often, the branch diameters change systematically throughout the network, with the proximal branches frequently thicker than the distal ones. This variation is usually interpreted as an adaptation to, or consequence of, the flow of materials and/or information through the network. To describe the changes in diameter over branch points, scaling or allometric relations of the form dpm=dpd1+dpd2, have been proposed where dm (dd1,dd2) is the mother (daughters) diameter and p is the exponent. Among the most well-known laws are da Vinci9s rule for trees (p = 2), Murray9s law for vascular and pulmonary systems (p = 3), and Rall9s law in the nervous system (p = 3/2). While scaling laws have a strong theoretical foundation, based on optimality arguments, and there is some experimental support, there is a dearth of critical tests and recent work in neurons, for example, finds sloppy morphology that defies optimization principles. To test quantitatively scaling laws in the nervous system, we have established a new image-analysis method that allows us to resolve dendrite diameters down to 200 nm allowing us to measure the diameters of all branches in Drosophila Class IV dendritic arborization neurons, a model cell to study branching morphogenesis. Unexpectedly, although the branch diameters vary systematically throughout the dendritic networks in these cells, they do not follow any of the known scaling laws. We propose a new scaling law governing dendritic morphology development. The law follows from two concepts: there is an incremental cross-sectional area needed to support each terminal branch, and there is a minimum branch diameter. The law is consistent with microtubule-based transport and tip extension in these cells. The new scaling law may also apply more generally to branching in other biological networks including the circulatory systems of animals and plants.
Is Economics a Science? Well, Not Yet.

Is economics a science? Answering this question is not only necessary for philosophical clarity, but also crucial for knowing how seriously to take economists’ claims and advice about public policy. Nevertheless, even among practitioners and academics, consensus is nonexistent. This paper resolves the conundrum in two steps. First I discuss some epistemology of science, defining clearly various concepts necessary to the debate. Several fallacies are clarified, such as "a theory may never be proved true, but only not falsified", "a model is useful because it simplifies reality" or "data mining is bad". In light of solid philosophical ground, I then discuss the practice and methodology of modern economics. The answer to the title question is a perhaps disappointing, but realistic, not yet. I conclude with prescriptions for a path towards a more scientific discipline.
Inhibition of JC polyomavirus infectivity by the retrograde transport inhibitor Retro‐2.1

JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a common human pathogen that results in a chronic asymptomatic infection in healthy adults. Under conditions of immunosuppression, JCPyV spreads to the central nervous system and can cause the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a disease for which there are no vaccines or antiviral therapies. Retro-2 is a previously identified small molecule inhibitor that was originally shown to block retrograde transport of toxins such as ricin toxin from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Retro-2.1 is a chemical analog of Retro-2 that has been shown to inhibit ricin intoxication of cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Retro-2 has previously been shown to prevent retrograde transport of JCPyV virions to the ER, but the effect of Retro-2.1 on JCPyV infectivity is unknown. Here it is shown that Retro-2.1 inhibits JCPyV with an EC50 of 3.9 μM. This molecule inhibits JCPyV infection at dosages that are not toxic to human tissue culture cells. Retro-2.1 was also tested against two other polyomaviruses, the human BK polyomavirus and simian virus 40, and was also shown to inhibit infection at similar concentrations. Viral uncoating studies demonstrate that Retro-2.1 inhibits BKPyV infectivity in a manner similar to Retro-2. These studies demonstrate that improved analogs of Retro-2 can inhibit infection at lower dosages than Retro-2 and further optimization of these compounds may lead to effective treatment options for those suffering from JCPyV infection and PML.
Gibt es Therapieverfahren

Zu der Zeit, da diese Zeilen geschrieben werden, gibt es fur SARS-CoV-2 keine Impfstoffe und keine gezielten virushemmenden Therapieverfahren, mit denen sich die Sterblichkeit deutlich vermindern liese. Die Lehren aus der SARS-Epidemie haben uns eindeutig geholfen, viele Aspekte dieses neuartigen Virus und des mit ihm zusammenhangenden Krankheitsverlaufs zu verstehen. Fur SARS wurden aber keine wirksamen Therapiemethoden entwickelt, die man auch in der COVID-19-Pandemie einsetzen konnte.
Interobserver Variation of PD-L1 SP142 Immunohistochemistry Interpretation in Breast Carcinoma: A Study of 79 Cases Using Whole Slide Imaging.

Context.— The Ventana programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) SP142 immunohistochemical assay (IHC) is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as the companion diagnostic assay to identify patients with locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer for immunotherapy with atezolizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1. Objective.— To determine interobserver variability in PD-L1 SP142 IHC interpretation in invasive breast carcinoma. Design.— The pathology database was interrogated for all patients diagnosed with primary invasive, locally recurrent, or metastatic breast carcinoma on which PD-L1 SP142 IHC was performed from November 2018 to June 2019 at our institution. A subset of cases was selected using a computerized random-number generator. PD-L1 IHC was evaluated in stromal tumor-infiltrating immune cells using the IMpassion130 trial criteria, with positive cases defined as immunoreactivity in immune cells 1% or more of the tumor area. IHC was interpreted on whole slide images by staff pathologists with breast pathology expertise. Interobserver variability was calculated using unweighted κ. Results.— A total of 79 cases were assessed by 8 pathologists. Interobserver agreement was substantial (κ = 0.727). There was complete agreement among all 8 pathologists in 62% (49 of 79) of cases, 7 pathologists or more in 84% (66 of 79) of cases and 6 pathologists or more in 92% (73 of 79) of cases. In 4% (3 of 79) of cases, all of which were small biopsies, pathologists' interpretations were evenly split between scores of positive and negative. Conclusions.— The findings show substantial agreement in PD-L1 SP142 IHC assessment of breast carcinoma cases among 8 pathologists at a single institution. Further study is warranted to define the basis for discrepant results.
“People are More than Just a Statistic”: Ethical, Care-based Engagement of Marginalized Publics on Social Media

The purpose of this qualitative study is to answer calls to examine social media, ethical engagement, and marginalized publics. Findings suggest that strategic communication and public relations pr...
Reverberation Clutter Suppression Using 2D Spatial Coherence Analysis.

Diffuse reverberation clutter often significantly degrades the visibility of abdominal structures. Reverberation clutter acts as a temporally stationary haze that originates from the multiple scattering within the subcutaneous layers and has a narrow spatial correlation length. We recently presented an adaptive beamforming technique, Lag-one Spatial Coherence Adaptive Normalization (LoSCAN), that can recover the contrast suppressed by incoherent noise. LoSCAN successfully suppressed reverberation clutter in numerous clinical examples. However, reverberation clutter is a three-dimensional phenomenon and can often exhibit a finite partial correlation between receive channels. Due to a strict noise-incoherence assumption, LoSCAN does not eliminate correlated reverberation clutter. This work presents a 2D matrix array-based LoSCAN method and evaluates matrix-LoSCAN based strategies to suppress partially correlated reverberation clutter. We validated the proposed matrix LoSCAN method using Field II simulations of a 64 × 64 symmetric 2D array. We show that a sub-aperture beamforming (SAB) method tuned to the direction of noise correlation is an effective method to enhance LoSCAN’s performance. We evaluated the efficacy of the proposed methods using fundamental and harmonic channel data acquired from the liver of two healthy volunteers using a 64 × 16 custom 2D array. Compared to azimuthal LoSCAN, the proposed approach increased the contrast by up to 5.5 dB and generalized contrast to noise ratio (gCNR) by up to 0.07. We also present analytic models to understand the impact of partially correlated reverberation clutter on LoSCAN images and explain the proposed methods’ mechanism of image quality improvement.
Twin Pillars of Resistance: Vodou and Haitian Kreyòl in Michel-Rolph Trouillot’s Ti difé boulé sou istoua Ayiti [Stirring the Pot of Haitian History]

Michel-Rolph Trouillot’s first book, Ti dife boule sou istoua Ayiti [Stirring the Pot of Haitian History] (1977), exposes the foundational role of Haitian Vodou and the Kreyol language in Haiti’s Revolution (1791-1804). The unprecedented victory achieved by the enslaved people in the former French colony of Saint Domingue was a useful paradigm for subsequent Latin American independence movements, starting with Simon Bolivar’s liberation of Venezuela (1811-19). This essay analyzes selected passages from Ti dife boule that explicitly incorporate Vodou songs, prayers, and terminology to show how Trouillot provocatively deploys oral sources of historical narrative and memory. The young activist, writing in Haitian Kreyol from New York City during the darkest days of the Duvalier regime, powerfully contests official versions of Haitian history by emphasizing the Haitian people’s agency. Vodou and Kreyol, born out of struggle within a repressive colonial framework, are the great coherencies underlying Haitian resistance. Ti dife boule examines neocolonial patterns of oppression emerging during the nineteenth century and critiques revolutionary icon Toussaint Louverture, revealing how Haiti’s predatory State harnessed Vodou to continue systematically subjugating the Haitian people. Trouillot’s innovative yet understudied masterpiece offers contemporary readers “new narratives” of Haiti. As twin pillars of Haitian resistance and cultural identity, Vodou and Kreyol remain a vital and vibrant part of the American heritage. They merit more nuanced understandings within a cultural and political context where they have increasingly come under siege, inside and outside of Haiti.
Hot-carrier and soft-breakdown effects on VCO performance

This paper systematically investigates the hot-carrier- and soft-breakdown-induced performance degradation in a CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) used in phase-locked-loop frequency synthesizers. After deriving the closed-form equations to predict phase noise and VCO gain, we relate VCO RF performance such as phase noise, tuning range, and gain of VCO subject to electrical stress. The circuit degradations predicted by analytical model equations are verified by SpectraRF simulation using parameters extracted from the experimental data of 0.16 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. BERT simulation results give VCO performance degradations versus operation time.
Recreation On the College Campus

(1956). Recreation On the College Campus. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 12-50.
Modifiability of large software systems

The problem of software modifiability is two-fold: that of modifying existing systems and of designing new systems which are easier to modify.
Derelict of Duty: The American News Media, Terrorism, and the War in Iraq

Normative conceptions of the role that news media organizations should play in democratic societies prescribe two related, yet at times contradictory, functions for the press: (1) The news media should provide a forum for competing ideas so that the public can make informed, intelligent decisions; and (2) the news media should play an active role in ferreting out the truth. The sad reality is that in the coverage of social conflicts, especially in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks, the media do an inadequate job of performing either of these functions. In fact, the media may incorrectly interpret and act on social conflicts in ways that are dysfunctional to conflict dynamics, leading to tragic consequences. To shed light on these processes, this Article begins by discussing normative ideals for news media in democratic systems. These ideals are most crucial during times of domestic and international conflict, which especially illuminate the shortcomings of media practice. These deficiencies are illustrated through the discussion of the role the media played during the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks and the build-up to the war in Iraq. The American media‘s wholesale acceptance of Bush Administration claims about al-Qaeda connections to the Iraqi government, as well as about Iraq‘s alleged weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) program, constitutes a dereliction of duty. The mainstream media‘s failure to thoroughly investigate these claims contributed to public misconceptions about Iraq, and paved the way for what, in retrospect, has been largely acknowledged as both a human tragedy and a foreign policy disaster for the United States. This Article provides a discussion of some of the systemic explanations for this failure, followed by an assessment of what became of these normative journalistic ideals. In turn, the discussion moves to a consideration of how current media practices impact the nature of social conflict, and concludes with a proposal for how media practice could be improved.
Fully depleted 0.25 /spl mu/m MOSFETs on SOS, SIMOX and BSOI substrates

We present the first comparison of 0.25 /spl mu/m nMOSFET devices fabricated on SOS, SIMOX and BSOI substrates with a fully depleted (FD) device design for low power analog and digital applications. All the substrates were processed nearly identically during device fabrication. SOI and SOS materials issues. Si thickness uniformity, device results, back-channel leakage and self heating are discussed.
There is No Such Thing as a Ceteris Paribus Law

In this paper I criticize the commonly accepted idea that the generalizations of the special sciences should be construed as ceteris paribus laws. This idea rests on mistaken assumptions about the role of laws in explanation and their relation to causal claims. Moreover, the major proposals in the literature for the analysis of ceteris paribus laws are, on their own terms, complete failures. I sketch a more adequate alternative account of the content of causal generalizations in the special sciences which I argue should replace the ceteris paribus conception.
A Novel Ty1-Mediated Fragmentation Method for Native and Artificial Yeast Chromosomes Reveals That the Mouse Steel Gene is a Hotspot for Ty1 Integration

We have developed a powerful new tool for the physical analysis of genomes called Ty1-mediated chromosomal fragmentation and have used the method to map 24 retrotransposon insertions into two different mouse-derived yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). Expression of a plasmid-encoded GAL1:Ty1 fusion element marked with the retrotransposition indicator gene, ade2AI, resulted in a high fraction of cells that sustained a single Ty1 insertion marked with ADE2. Strains in which Ty1ADE2 inserted into a YAC were identified by cosegregation of the ADE2 gene with the URA3-marked YAC. Ty1ADE2 elements also carried a site for the endonuclease I-DmoI, which we demonstrate is not present anywhere in the yeast genome. Consequently, I-DmoI cleaved a single chromosome or YAC at the unique site of Ty1ADE2 insertion, allowing rapid mapping of integration events. Our analyses showed that the frequency of Ty1ADE2 integration into YACs is equivalent to or higher than that expected based on random insertion. Remarkably, the 50-kb transcription unit of the mouse Steel locus was shown to be a highly significant hotspot for Ty1 integration. The accessibility of mammalian transcription units to Ty1 insertion stands in contrast to that of yeast transcription units.
"... To keep her in the station in which she was raised": spatial and social connections between class and companionate matrimony in the slave South.

Courtship choices and matrimonial partners remained highly limited and well defined in the late antebellum South but two categories encompassed the bulk of objectionable variables: community (“spatial”) and class (“social”). As a general rule, white antebellum southerners seldom married anyone residing outside their own space and rarely married anyone identified outside their own social place. This article examines these socio-spatial boundaries in the rural plantation regions of western Tennessee. Based on a detailed database of 122 new marriages in Madison County (1851–1855), the conclusions of this article reinforce the strength of these geocultural borders. Nine of ten white southerners married within their own class. However, a few notable exceptions complicate efforts to craft a monolithic interpretation, and exceptions are always illuminating. This article encourages reexamination of the subtle interplay between space and place in the slave South—as evidenced in the universal pursuit of matrimony.
Microphase-separated mixed (ionic and electronic) conductive or MIEC block copolymers: new concept in electroactive polymers

The preparation, characterization and electronic properties of three series of microphase separated mixed (ionic and electronic) conducting or MIEC block copolymers are reported. In these polymer systems the electronic and ionic conductivities are limited to separate microdomains. This work represents a new concept in the area of electroactive polymers and should impact the microelectrochemical device industry.
Reply to “Comments on multiple aperture cameras”

In response to “Comments on ‘Design and characterization of thin multiple aperture infrared cameras,’” Appl. Opt.50, 1584 (2011), I explain how aliasing and regularization impact noise scaling in multiple aperture imagers.
Thin-film light-intensity measurement strain-analysis technique.

The optical response to loading of a thin metallic film deposited on a low-modulus structural substrate is studied theoretically and experimentally. Two types of optical properties called total and central-image transmittance (or reflectance) are shown to be related to the mechanical state of the substrate. Empirical optical-mechanical relationships are proposed between these optical properties and the substrate strain field of a general plane-stress problem. A technique based on wrinkle and microfracture patterns is described for determining principal directions of strain. Experimental results for uniaxially loaded specimens show that it is possible to obtain a nearly linear relationship between transmittance and strain for certain materials combinations.
Hyperbolic Kac-Moody Weyl groups, billiard tables and actions of lattices on buildings

Let G be a locally compact Kac–Moody group associated to a symmetrizable rank 3 Kac–Moody algebra of noncompact hyperbolic type. It is known that the fundamental chambers of Weyl groups of certain algebras in this class serve as billiard tables for a physical phenomenon known as cosmological billiards. We discuss the classification of Weyl groups in this class; we determine their group presentations and exhibit their tessellations on the Poincare disk. We show that each Weyl group W is an amalgam of finite Coxeter groups by constructing an action of W on a tree Y. It follows that among all Kac–Moody Weyl groups of affine or hyperbolic type, those of rank 2 and of rank 3 noncompact hyperbolic type are the only ones that have nontrivial amalgam decompositions. We show that the degrees of Y can be determined from the Dynkin diagram of G. We construct a bihomogeneous bipartite tree X embedded in the Tits building of G, a rank 3 locally finite hyperbolic building, on which the full Kac–Moody group G acts and we determine the degrees of X. We show that there is a nonuniform lattice subgroup of G which acts properly on this tree, that is, with finite vertex stabilizers.
A comparison of BASIC language timing loops for the TRS-80 microcomputer

For users who wish to program the TRS-80 microcomputer exclusively in BASIC, the FOR-NEXT timing loop provides almost twice as fine temporal resolution as the incrementing loop. A temporal resolution of 6.62 msec is possible with the FOR-NEXT loop.
Interactive voice response technology can deliver alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care.

BACKGROUND Alcohol screening and brief intervention (BI) is an effective primary care preventive service, but implementation rates are low. Automating BI using interactive voice response (IVR) may be an efficient way to expand patient access to needed information and advice.
Effect of Sodium Concentration on Aldosterone Secretion by Isolated Perfused Canine Adrenal Glands

Small changes in sodium concentration [( Na]) are not generally considered to have a major direct effect on aldosterone secretion. However, a marked disruption in the renin-aldosterone relationship has been observed in a variety of hypernatremic and hyponatremic states. Therefore, we evaluated the hypothesis that small changes in [Na] have a potent direct effect on angiotensin II- and potassium-stimulated aldosterone secretion. The left adrenal gland, abdominal aorta, and surrounding periadrenal tissue were surgically isolated from mongrel dogs and perfused with Ringers bicarbonate solution at a pressure of approximately 57 mm Hg. Infusion of a KCl test solution at the beginning and end of most experiments produced similar increases in aldosterone secretion, thus documenting the stability of these preparations. After a stable response was established to either a low dose of angiotensin II or a small increase in perfusate [K], the [Na] was changed by adding or removing NaCl. Changing perfusate [Na] from 152 to 139 mM during the infusion of either angiotensin II or potassium caused 20- to 25-fold increases in aldosterone secretion. Increasing perfusate [Na] from 145 to 152 mM inhibited aldosterone secretion to a greater extent during stimulation by lower doses (40-50 pg/ml) than by higher doses (80-100 pg/ml) of angiotensin II. These data demonstrate that during moderate stimulation by angiotensin II or potassium, small changes in [Na] have a powerful inverse effect on aldosterone secretion by a direct action on the canine adrenal gland.
Two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling of the atmospheric effects of Arctic leads based upon midwinter conditions at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean ice camp

[1] A two-dimensional cloud-resolving model (CRM) is employed to examine the development of the convective plumes that may form in the vicinity of arctic leads and the impacts such plumes have upon the large-scale surface heat budget. Numerous observations of varying types from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) project were used to construct an idealized clear-sky midwinter case. In a simulation containing a 3.2 km lead under the idealized conditions, a convective plume penetrated the extremely stable boundary layer to a depth of approximately 200 m, and a near-surface ice cloud propagated at least 50 km downwind. It is notable that similar cloud features were also observed at the SHEBA site near the times when active leads were in the vicinity, though it has not been established that they are, in fact, related. Vertical mixing and lead-induced circulations approximately doubled the simulated near-surface wind speed over the lead, greatly increasing the turbulent heat fluxes compared with the initial conditions. The lead-generated plume increased downwelling longwave radiation significantly, substantially modifying the heat budget over the snow/ice surface. Results were compared with the commonly utilized large-scale “mosaic” parameterization. Owing to the lack of resolved leads and separate over-lead and over-snow profiles the mosaic simulation generated a shallower surface-based plume with fundamental differences in the surface heat budget. Finally, a small number of sensitivity experiments were run to investigate the relative importance of lead width, ice cover on freezing leads, and humidity of the ambient environment. Variations in these parameters had substantial impacts upon the turbulent heat fluxes above the lead and the cloud radiative forcing upon the downwind snow/ice surface. Typically, it was the balance between these two components that determined whether the large-scale net upward surface heat flux was impacted in a positive or negative sense.
A system for testing the development and reversal of anticonvulsant tolerance to benzodiazepines in mice.

Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of benzodiazepines limits their use in epilepsy treatment. Animal models producing tolerance have been developed, but they require repetitive injections over several days or use silastic capsules which must be made for each drug and do not provide a constant infusion rate. Alzet 2001 osmotic pumps deliver at a constant rate (1 microliter/h) and dosage can be easily adjusted. Various solvents, PEG 400, propylene glycol, 2% Tween, 50% DMSO, saline, Molecusol, and 0.5% methyl cellulose, were tried and found unsuitable because benzodiazepines were not maintained in solution or proconvulsant activity was seen. Tetraglycol was chosen as it did not demonstrate these shortcomings. Anticonvulsant activity was evaluated by PTZ i.v. tail infusion using forelimb clonus as the endpoint. This study describes a simple method for testing the development of tolerance and its reversal with flumazenil or ZK 93426. At 72 h of pump infusion with diazepam or flunitrazepam, tolerance to anticonvulsant activity was evident. Acute treatment with flumazenil or ZK 93426 reversed this tolerance. When flumazenil or ZK 93426 was given to diazepam tolerant mice, this reversal was complete. In flunitrazepam tolerant mice reversal with flumazenil was partial, but significant. When flumazenil was chronically coinfused with diazepam or flunitrazepam, anticonvulsant activity was antagonized. Similarly, when ZK 93426 was coinfused with diazepam, anticonvulsant activity was antagonized. The method described is suitable for screening putative anticonvulsant drugs for development of tolerance and the reversal of tolerance by other compounds.
Carbon and hydrogen isotopic evidence for the origin of combustible gases in water-supply wells in north-central Pennsylvania

Abstract The origin of the combustible gases in groundwater from glacial-outwash and fractured-bedrock aquifers was investigated in northern Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Thermogenic methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) and microbial CH4 were found. Microbial CH4 is from natural in situ processes in the shale bedrock and occurs chiefly in the bedrock aquifer. The δ13C values of CH4 and C2H6 for the majority of thermogenic gases from water wells either matched or were between values for the samples of non-native storage-field gas from injection wells and the samples of gas from storage-field observation wells. Traces of C2H6 with microbial CH4 and a range of C and H isotopic compositions of CH4 indicate gases of different origins are mixing in sub-surface pathways; gas mixtures are present in groundwater. Pathways for gas migration and a specific source of the gases were not identified. Processes responsible for the presence of microbial gases in groundwater could be elucidated with further geochemical study.
Seasonal variations in spermatogenesis, testicular weights, vasa deferentia, and androgen levels in neotenic male tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum

Significant seasonal changes were observed in spermatogenesis, testicular weights, vasa deferentia, and cloacal development as well as in plasma androgen levels (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone). Androgen levels were highest in the fall and lowest during the period of spermatogenesis. Low levels of androgens were also observed during the breeding season. Diameter of the vasa deferentia corresponded to presence of stored spermatozoa and not to plasma androgen levels. Testicular weights were independent of androgen levels and stage of spermatogenesis. Maximal testicular weight occurred at the onset of spermiation. Hypertrophy of the epithelial lining of the vasa deferentia and the condition of the cloacal gland complex were correlated closely to plasma androgen levels. Comparison of spermatogenetic events, androgen-dependent sex accessory structures, and plasma androgen levels suggests either differential release of pituitary gonadotropins on a seasonal basis or variable testicular responsiveness to gonadotropins.
Artificial Chaperone-assisted Refolding of Citrate Synthase

The power of genetic engineering methods, along with increasing genomic information, makes heterologous expression of proteins an extremely important biochemical tool. Unfortunately, proteins obtained in this way often are not in their native form, and folding becomes a crucial step in protein production. We have recently developed a strategy that promotes the folding of chemically denatured proteins via the sequential addition of low molecular weight "artificial chaperones." Here we describe in detail the application of this method to porcine heart citrate synthase. Refolding yields of as high as 65% have been achieved. Mechanistic studies indicate that there are significant differences between artificial chaperone-assisted refolding of citrate synthase and artificial chaperone-assisted refolding of two other proteins that have been examined, carbonic anhydrase B (Rozema, D., and Gellman, S. H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 3478-3487) and lysozyme (Rozema, D., and Gellman, S. H. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 15760-15771). The differences among these three test proteins reveal the range of procedural variation that must be considered in the application of the artificial chaperone method to new proteins.
The Relationship between Self-Discrepancies and Affective States: The Moderating Roles of Self-Monitoring and Standpoints on the Self

Using self-discrepancy theory as a theoretical framework, this study examines the interactive effects of self-monitoring and type of self-guide (i.e., own vs. other standpoint) on the relationship between self-discrepancies and affective states. Over two sessions, 294 undergraduates completed the Self-Monitoring Scale, the Selves Questionnaire (either from the own or other standpoint), the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, and the Social Anxiety subscale of the Self-Consciousness Scale. For low self-monitors, depression and anxiety were predicted only by self-discrepancies from the own standpoint on the self. For high self-monitors, depression and anxiety were more strongly predicted by self-discrepancies from the other than the own standpoint on the self. The authors discuss the role of individual differences in understanding when self-discrepancies have implications for individuals’ affective states.
STUDIES ON ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS PRODUCED EXPERIMENTALLY IN RHESUS MONKEYS : IV. DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS PRODUCED IN MONKEYS WITH THEIR OWN BRAIN TISSUE

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis has been produced in rhesus monkeys by injection of their own brain tissue, removed surgically and incorporated with adjuvants.
Exploiting Global Input Output Access Pattern Classification

Parallel input/output systems attempt to alleviate the performance bottleneck that affects many input/output intensive applications. In such systems, an understanding of the application access pattern, especially how requests from multiple processors for different file regions are logically related, is important for optimizing file system performance. We propose a method for automatically classifying these global access patterns and using these global classifications to select and tune file system policies to improve input/output performance. We demonstrate this approach on benchmarks and scientific applications using global classification to automatically select appropriate underlying Intel PFS input/output modes and server buffering strategies.
Corrigendum to “Bases of translates and multiresolution analyses” [Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 24 (2008) 41–57]

Page Line Where it says Should say 42 8 f (x) := ∫ Rd e−i2π t·x f (t)dt f (x) := ∫ Rd e−i2πx·t f (t)dt 43 2 ψ(2x)= ei2πxμ(2x)p(2πx+ 1/2)φ(x) ψ(2x)= ei2πxμ(2x)p(x+ 1/2)φ(x) 43 17, 18 called Riesz sequence called a Riesz sequence 44 −9 L2(Rd L2(Rd) 45 −17 It follows that It follows from [25, Theorem 2.3.6] that 46 4 D1 = D1 (t)= 47 14 [1,n] × J I(n)× J 47 −21, −20 k is uniquely determined by j and r k uniquely determines j and r 47 −13 Theorem 3 yields Theorem 1(c) and Theorem 3 yield 49 19 T (u) S(u) 50 12 Note that Note that, except for a special case 51 −11 V j = r< j S(Ar;ψ) V j = ∑ r< j S(A r;ψ) 53 15 orthonormal basis orthonormal basis generator 53 −6 V(x) v(x) 54 4 V (x) := (v ,1(x), . . . , v ,|a|(x)) v (x) := (v ,1(x), . . . , v ,|a|(x)) 54 6 V (x) v (x) 54 −21 {μ1, . . . ,μn} {μ1, . . . ,μm} 54 −13 {μ1, . . . ,μn} {μ1, . . . ,μm} On page 49 line 1 and line −20, the expression “ψ = {ψ1, . . . ,ψr}” is redundant and should be deleted. On page 53 line −14, where it says V(x) := v1,1(x), . . . , v1,|a|(x), . . . , vn,1(x), . . . , vn,|a|(x) )T