cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antitumor Agents. 164.† Podophenazine, 2‘‘,3‘‘-Dichloropodophenazine, Benzopodophenazine, and Their 4β-p-Nitroaniline Derivatives as Novel DNA Topoisomerase II Inhibitors

We report here the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, podophenazine (8), 2'',3'' "-dichloropodophenazine (9), and benzopodophenazine (10), and their 4beta-p-nitroaniline derivatives 13-15. Among these, 4'-0-demethyl-4beta-(4'''- nitroanilino)-4-desoxypodophenazine (13) and 4'-O-demethyl-2'',3''-dichloro-4beta-(4-'''-nitroanilino)-4- desoxypodophenazine (14) were found to inhibit KB cells at sub-micromolar concentrations (IC50 = 0.11 +/- 0.03 and 0.48 +/- 0.17 microM, respectively. Against KB/7d cells (a pleiotrophic multiple drug-resistant subclone selected with etoposide which has reduced level of topoisomerase II), only compound 13 out of a target series maintained activity in the sub-micromolar concentration range with a IC 50 value of 0.56 +/- 0.13 mu M. The differential toxicity ratio for 13 [IC 50 (KB/7d)/IC 50 (KB)] was approximately 5. Unlike etoposide and its congeners, compounds 13 and 14 were found to be weak inhibitors of the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II (IC100 = > 100 and > 150 microM, respectively). In vitro protein-linked DNA complex formation assay revealed that 13 and 14, respectively, induced marginal response (13 at 1 microM, 320.3 +/- 124.5 cpm; 13 at 50 microM, 308.8 +/- 139.9 cpm; 13 at 100 mu M, 446.0 +/- 153.5 cpm) and no response (14 at 1 microM, 104.9 +/- 52.6 cpm; 14 at 50 microM, 103.3 +/- 42.6 cpm; 14 at 100 microM, 101.4 +/- 35.2 cpm) compared to the enzyme control. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the mechanism of enzyme inhibition of these compounds is distinct from that of etoposide and its congeners. We are currently investigating the mechanism(s) of action of compounds 13 and 14 as well as synthesizing other derivatives in order to better characterize structure-activity relationships of this series of compounds.
African affirmations: The religion of modernity and the modernity of religion:

This article contrasts three broad traditions that organize competing patterns of authority, community, and cooperation in contemporary Africa: the Axial religions (Christianity and Islam); indigenous chieftaincy systems based around chief, lineage, and clan; and globalized modernity, represented primarily by NGOs and the global human rights agenda. The article argues that in many respects it is the Axial religions that are the most modernizing, as they directly counter the power of traditional kin obligations (and the overwhelming dangers of witchcraft), while the purportedly modern and secular NGOs practice a ritualized version of modernity, even as they are penetrated by the norms and practices of the kin-based chieftaincy system and its related system of patron–client ties.
Acute Cocaine Administration Depresses Cortical Activity

Psychostimulants, when administered acutely, produce significant deficits in cognitive tasks. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that acute administration of cocaine alters cellular processes at the level of the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, there have been few studies that explore the acute effects of cocaine in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here we report that acute cocaine administration in vivo evokes a prolonged membrane depolarization, decreases cortical spontaneous firing, compromises spontaneous membrane bistability, and blunts the VTA-evoked responses in the PFC. Moreover, acute cocaine administration decreases the amplitude of the EPSP-IPSP sequence that precedes the initiation of the Up states in the PFC, therefore compromising the driving force of cortical bistability and thereby cortical excitability.
Calea dalyi (Compositae: Heliantheae), a new species from the Serranía de Santiago, Bolivia

A new species of Compositae, Calea dalyi (of section Meyeria), from eastern Bolivia is described and illustrated. Its closest congener is C. purpurea from westernmost Bahia, Brazil. A key to the members of the C. teucriifolia complex is provided.
PID-based estimation of the concentration of aromatic and chlorinated VOCs in soil

A rapid method for estimating the total concentration of aromatic and chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soil with a hand-held photoionization detector (PID) was developed to assist with recently adopted protocols for sample collection and handling. The results from sample screening can be used to rank the total concentration of VOCs or to answer a simple yes or no question with regard to a single value. Coupling a rapid method for estimating the total VOC concentration with sample collection and preparation procedures that limit substrate dissaggregation and exposure complements efforts to achieve site representative estimates for vadose zone contamination and efficient laboratory analyses. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 193–200, 1999
Comparison of a viscoelastic theory of solvation dynamics to time-resolved experiments in a nonpolar solution

Abstract A new model for solvation dynamics based on the mechanical response of a continuous, viscoelastic solvent to the difference in the sizes of the ground and excited states of a solute is presented. In agreement with experiment, responses are predicted on two timescales: a subpicosecond ‘inertial’ response and a slower ‘diffusive’ relaxation. Previous time-resolved Stokes shift data on dimethyl- s -tetrazine in n -butylbenzene [J. Chem. Phys. 99 (1993) 8552] are fit quantitatively. The subpicosecond response is predicted to have an ≈ 100 fs decay followed by a weak oscillation.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 208

Abstract Detailed level schemes, decay schemes, and the experimental data on which they are based are presented for all nuclei with mass number A = 208. The experimental data are evaluated; inconsistencies and discrepancies are noted; and adopted values for level and γ-ray energies, γ intensities, as well as for other nuclear properties are given. This evaluation replaces the A = 208 evaluation published by M.J. Martin in Nuclear Data Sheets 47, 797 (1986).
Yeast GGA proteins interact with GTP-bound Arf and facilitate transport through the Golgi.

ARF proteins regulate the formation of transport vesicles at many steps of the secretory and endocytic pathways. A recently identified family of ARF effectors, named GGAs, appears to regulate membrane traffic exiting the trans-Golgi network in mammalian cells (Boman et al., 2000). We have identified two GGA homologues in the yeast S. cerevisiae. These previously uncharacterized open reading frames, YDR358w and YHR108w, have been named GGA1 and GGA2, respectively. Using the two-hybrid assay and GST-affinity chromatography, we show that Gga1p and Gga2p interact with Arf1p and Arf2p in a GTP-dependent manner, suggesting that both are functional homologues of the human GGA proteins. The Arf-binding domain resides in the amino-terminal half of Gga1p (amino acids 170–330), and the carboxy-terminal 100 amino acids resemble the γ-adaptin ‘ear domain’. Gene deletion experiments indicate that GGA1 and GGA2 are not essential genes, as single and double knockouts are viable at both 30°C and 37°C. However, cells lacking GGA1 and GGA2 exhibit defects in invertase processing and CPY sorting, but not endocytosis. We conclude that yeast Gga proteins are effectors of Arf in yeast that facilitate traffic through the late Golgi. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construct drift in the MMPI‐2 restructured clinical scales: further evidence and a possible historic example

Construct drift (Nichols, 2006) describes the possibility that the MMPI-2 Reconstructed Clinical (RC) scales are less accurate measures of the primary traits than the original Clinical scales. The authors review the development of RC scales RC4, RC7, and RC9 and provide further evidence that these scales measure traits and behaviors that are not necessarily equivalent to those assessed by the original scales. Further, the development of the original Clinical Scale 7 is reviewed and evidence is provided that suggests that construct drift is not a new phenomenon, but may have been present in the development of the original scales. Suggestions for future research as well as cautions with regard to the clinical interpretation of the RC scales are provided. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–11, 2011.
English as a lingua franca and translation

AbstractThis article explores the impact that English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) may have on translator and interpreter training. The paper first defines ELF and highlights major findings in this new research paradigm. Secondly, the relationship between ELF, multilingualism and translation is discussed in some detail. Thirdly the paper examines claims that ELF and translations into ELF are inferior versions of native English, drawing on an overview of the role that ELF plays in translator training institutions and the translation industry. Claims that the ever-rising number of translations from ELF into other languages contaminate these languages are then discussed. Finally, the argument that the growing influx of English words and phrases into other languages via translation inhibits thinking and conceptualizing in other languages is critically investigated.
A Practical Approach to Labor Support

In the United States, intrapartum nurses are present at 99% of births. These nurses have a unique opportunity to positively affect a laboring woman's comfort and labor progress through the use of labor support behaviors. These nonpharmacologic nursing strategies fall into four categories: physical, emotional, instructional/informational, and advocacy. Implementation of these strategies requires special knowledge and a commitment to the enhanced physical and emotional comfort of laboring women.
Ultrastructure of ovarian epithelial sheath in Drosophila melanogaster meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Abstract The epithelial sheath in the region surrounding vitellogenic oocytes is composed of a thin acellular, inner epithelial membrane, a median cellular network of muscular and tracheal cells, and an outer epithelial membrane. The inner epithelial membrane rests against the tunica propria, an acellular layer, which serves as a basement lamina for the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte. Thus, hemolymph molecules seeking access to the oocyte surface must pass through several barriers. The lumen between the inner epithelial membrane and tunica propria contains a group of plasmatocytes, each 10–15 μ m in diameter, which apparently phagocytize sloughed off fragments of follicle cells and nurse cells.
The new birth phenomenon during imprisonment: Corrective emotional experience or flight into health?

In prisons the “born-again” experience is frequently encountered in the inmate population. The goal of this article is to examine the social and psychological parameters of this phenomenon, as well as those issues which indicate an enduring or transitory response.
Laparoscopic bladder neck suspension

Abstract Study Objective To determine the results of transperitoneal laparoscopic bladder neck suspension. Design Prospective observational study. Setting A university-affiliated hospital. Patients Thirty-two consecutive women with the diagnosis of genuine stress incontinence and hypermobile proximal urethra and bladder neck. Interventions Laparoscopic transperitoneal bladder neck suspension (Burch procedure) in combination with laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy or other procedures. Measurements and Main Results Success was defined as lack of leakage of urine, negative Q-Tip test, and good voiding control without need for drugs 6 weeks postoperatively. Over a minimum follow-up of 24 months, the procedure yielded satisfactory urethrovesical support in all patients and an overall success rate of 90.6%. Conclusions Laparoscopic transperitoneal bladder neck suspension (Burch procedure) is an excellent endoscopic technique for the surgical treatment of genuine stress incontinence, although it awaits the test of time.
Characteristics of Opiate Users Leaving Detoxification Treatment Against Medical Advice

Substance-dependent patients leaving against medical advice (AMA) pose a unique challenge to detoxification programs. Most notably, AMA patients fail to access residential or outpatient treatment needed after detoxification and often return to detoxification treatment multiple times which has deleterious results for the patient and is taxing to the healthcare system. Using retrospective data from 89 daily opiate-using detoxification patients completing detoxification and 95 patients leaving AMA, we sought to identify patient characteristics useful in predicting AMA discharges from detoxification. Bivariate analyses indicated that AMA patients reported drug use did not impair their health, were injection drug users, younger and had fewer previous treatment admissions. Binomial logistic regression indicated that AMA patients were more likely to be unemployed and report that drug use did not impair their health. Patients completing detoxification were less likely to be injection drug users and less likely to be self-referred to treatment. Identifying patients at risk of leaving AMA provides an opportunity for clinicians to intervene in an effort to increase treatment engagement for these patients.
Sexual cycles in female dogs treated with androgen during development

This experiment was conducted to study hormonal and behavioral cycles in female dogs exposed to androgen during development. The four groups, each consisting of five subjects, were "Normal" females, "Prenatal" females exposed to testosterone propionate (TP) before birth, "Postnatal" females injected with TP for 3 months postpartum, and "Prepost" females exposed to TP in utero and again to testosterone for 4--6 weeks after birth. All Normal females had two estrous cycles during which they showed vaginal bleeding, ovulation, progesterone (P) secretion, sexual receptivity, and were attractive to males. All androgen-treated females showed at least 1 cycle with ovulation and P secretion. Three Postnatal females developed the delayed anovulatory syndrome. Genital bleeding through the vagina (Postnatal group), or through the "penis" (Prenatal and Prepost groups), occurred in 4 Postnatal, 3 Prenatal, and 1 Prepost female. Attractiveness for males was observed in all Prenatal and Postnatal females, but in no Prepost subject. Receptivity was present in four of five Prenatal females but not in any Postnatal or Prepost female. Occurrence of cycles in treated females indicated functional integrity and sensitivity to estrogen in brain mechanisms producing gonadotropin-releasing hormones. Absence of receptivity is referred to diminished responsiveness to ovarian hormones in brain mechanisms mediating receptive behavior. Absence of genital bleeding and lack of attractivity are due to lowered response to estrogen in uterine and vaginal epithelium which results in reduced extravasation of blood, and in failure to secrete the putative "pheromonal" agent normally responsible for attractiveness.
Studies on a cytochrome oxidase antibody. II. Inhibition kinetics

Abstract 1. The effects of a cytochrome oxidase antibody on the reactivity of a solubilized and particulate ( i.e. Keilin-Hartree heart muscle particles) preparation of cytochrome oxidase have been examined. 2. With both the soluble and particulate preparations of the oxidase, the antibody was shown to be an effective inhibitor of the oxidase reaction with cytochrome c . 3. The antibody was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to cytochrome c of the soluble oxidase whereas with the oxidase of the Keilin-Hartree particles, non-competitive kinetics were observed. 4. The influence of the antibody on the reactivity of the soluble and particulate oxidase towards N 3 − and cytochrome c has also been examined. 5. The results are considered in terms of the reactivity of the oxidase in situ .
An adult male specific gene in Drosophila containing the repetitive element opa.

A cDNA has been isolated for an adult male specific gene in Drosophila that contains the repetitive element opa . We have named this gene Dromsopa for Drosophila male specific opa containing gene. The 0.6 kb mRNA for this gene is only found in the abdominal region of adult male Drosophila and in no other tissue or at other developmental stages. The Dromsopa opa repeat codes for the usual stretch of poly(glutamine) interrupted by histidine residues. The opa repetitive element was originally found in the Drosophila Notch gene (Kidd, S. et al. (1983) Cell 34, 431–433 and Wharton, K.A. (1985) Cell 40, 55–62) and has, more recently, been found in genes under developmental or tissue specific control from yeast to humans. The gene was cloned using a genomic fragment during a chromosomal walk upstream of the AP3 gene located at chromosomal location 79CD on the left arm of the third chromosome (Kelley, M.R. et al. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 965–973). The Dromsopa gene has no other identity with genes currently in the databases, once the opa repeat is excluded. The possibility that the Dromsopa gene is a male specific regulatory factor is under investigation as is its precise location within the abdomen, such as in germ line tissue.
Supply chain capacity and outsourcing decisions: the dynamic interplay of demand and supply uncertainty

We study the interplay of demand and supply uncertainty in capacity and outsourcing decisions in multi-stage supply chains. We consider a firm's investment in two stages of a supply chain (Stage 1 models the “core” activities of the firm, while Stage 2 are the “non-core” activities). The firm invests in these two stages in order to maximize the multi-period, discounted profit. We consider how non-stationary stochastic demand affects the outsourcing decisions. We also consider how investment levels are affected by non-stationary stochastic supply when the market responds to the firm's investments. We characterize the optimal capacity investment decisions for the single- and multi-period versions of our model and focus on how changes in supply and demand uncertainty affect the extent of outsourcing. We find that as the responsiveness of the market to investments made by the firm increases, the reliance on outsourcing generally increases. While greater supply and greater demand have the expected effect on investments, decreases in variability are not as straightforward. Greater supply uncertainty increases the need for vertical integration while greater demand uncertainty increases the reliance on outsourcing. In the multi-period model, we find that the nature of adjustments in capacity based on changes in demand or supply follows from the comparative statics of the single-period model, although whether outsourcing increases or decreases depends on the costs of adjusting capacity.
Orthographic ambiguity: comments on Baxter and Warrington.

Abstract In this note, I comment on a recent study by Baxter and Warrington of an acquired dysgraphic patient, KT, that appeared in Cortex , 23, 1987. The focus of my discussion centers around Baxter and Warrington's findings that: (1) KT shows a striking orthographic “regularity” effect in his spelling performance and; (2) KT's use of soundto-spelling mapping options does not reflect the distribution of use of these options in the word corpus examined. If well-founded, the implications of these results call into question specific features of the dominant model of spelling. However, a close scrutiny of the procedures used by Baxter and Warrington in analyzing their data indicates that they collapsed across factors that have elsewhere been shown to influence spelling performance (i.e., within-syllable frequency of occurrence of phoneme-grapheme mapping options). Therefore, results obtained for patient KT cannot, in their current form, be used to speak to the specific issues of spelling that Baxter and Warrington originally set out to address.
Regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 by Glucose and Peptide Hormones in Pancreatic β Cells

We showed previously that ERK1/2 were activated by glucose and amino acids in pancreatic β cells. Here we examine and compare signaling events that are necessary for ERK1/2 activation by glucose and other stimuli in β cells. We find that agents that interrupt Ca2+ signaling by a variety of mechanisms interfere with glucose- and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)-stimulated ERK1/2 activity. In particular, calmodulin antagonists, FK506, and cyclosporin, immunosuppressants that inhibit the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin, suppress ERK1/2 activation by both glucose and GLP-1. Ca2+ signaling from intracellular stores is also essential for ERK1/2 activation, because thapsigargin blocks ERK1/2 activation by glucose or GLP-1. The glucose-sensitive mechanism is distinct from that used by phorbol ester or insulin to stimulate ERK1/2 but shares common features with that used by GLP-1.
Localization of source with unknown amplitude using IPMC sensor arrays

The lateral line system, consisting of arrays of neuromasts functioning as flow sensors, is an important sensory organ for fish that enables them to detect predators, locate preys, perform rheotaxis, and coordinate schooling. Creating artificial lateral line systems is of significant interest since it will provide a new sensing mechanism for control and coordination of underwater robots and vehicles. In this paper we propose recursive algorithms for localizing a vibrating sphere, also known as a dipole source, based on measurements from an array of flow sensors. A dipole source is frequently used in the study of biological lateral lines, as a surrogate for underwater motion sources such as a flapping fish fin. We first formulate a nonlinear estimation problem based on an analytical model for the dipole-generated flow field. Two algorithms are presented to estimate both the source location and the vibration amplitude, one based on the least squares method and the other based on the Newton-Raphson method. Simulation results show that both methods deliver comparable performance in source localization. A prototype of artificial lateral line system comprising four ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) sensors is built, and experimental results are further presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of IPMC lateral line systems and the proposed estimation algorithms.
Human neutrophils contain distinct cytosolic and particulate tyrosine kinase activities: possible role in neutrophil activation.

Tyrosine protein kinase activities were partially purified from circulatinghuman neutrophils. Purification steps involved sequential chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, gel filtration and affinity chromatography on a column composed of a glutamine: tyrosine copolymer linked to AH-Sepharose. The results indicate that human neutrophils contain a tyrosine kinase activity in the 150 000 × g cytosolic fraction which is distinct from the activity in a detergent extractable 150 000 × g particulate fraction. These enzyme activities are dependent on the divalent cations Mn 2+ and Mg 2+ . Kinetics for the phosphorylation of a glutamine: tyrosine copolymer substrate demonstrated an apparent K m for the cytosolic tyrosine kinase activity of 22.3±0.3 μM, and an apparrent K m for the particulate extract activity of 42.7±6.0 μM. By gel filtration chromatography, the cytosolic and particulate tyrose kinase activities have approximate molecular masses of 80–90 and 50–60 kDa, respectively. The particulate but not the cytosolic neutrophil tyrosine kinase activity was inhibited by a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor ST638 inhibited superoxide production in intact neutrophils stimulated with the chemotactic peptide F-Met-Leu-Phe, opsonized zymosan particles, and sodium fluoride. ST638 did not, however, inhibit superoxide production in neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or the calcium ionophore, A23187.
An iterative method for simultaneous determination of bulk and shear moduli and density variations

Abstract The Pulse-Spectrum Technique (PST), an iterative numerical method, is extended to solve the three-parameter inverse problems of two-dimensional and three-dimensional linear elastic wave equations, i.e., to determine simultaneously two-dimensional and three-dimensional bulk and shear moduli and density variations from surface data. Numerical simulations of simple but non-trivial examples are carried out on coarse computational grids to test the feasibility and to study the general characteristics of PST without the real measurement data. It is found that PST under these conditions does give reasonably good results. Moreover, a comprehensive discussion of the numerical results, their implication in actual implementing of PST, and the future improvement on PST to attend higher resolution with little additional computing costs is given.
Clindamycin-induced alteration of ganglionic function. II. Effect of nicotinic receptor-channel function.

Abstract The postsynaptic effects of clindamycin have been analyzed in bullfrog sympathetic ganglion B cells using single electrode current and voltage clamp recording and two electrode voltage clamp measurements. Clindamycin added to the bathing solution in the concentration decreased range, 2.5 × 10−4 to 5 × 10−4M, inhibited fast ganglionic transmission. In addition, local application of clindamycin depolarizations produced by direct application of acetylcholine and decreased the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials (MEPSPs) evoked by tetanic stimulation of the preganglionic trunk. In contrast, clindamycin did not change the amplitude or time course of the slow EPSP elicited by preganglionic stimulation (30 Hz for 10s) or muscarinic depolarizations produced by local acetylcholine application to preparations pretreated with 25–50 μM (+)-tubocurarine. In voltage-clamped ganglion cells, excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) amplitude initially was increased and then decreased with increasing concentrations of clindamycin (0.5 × 10−5 to 2.5 × 10−4). The EPSC time course in control cells was exponential. After exposure to clindamycin, the EPSC decay was composed of two exponential components. The time constant of the fast component decreased and the time constant of the slow component increased with increasing concentrations of clindamycin. The two time constants of EPSCs obtained in clindamycin were independent of membrane voltage between −50 and −100 mV. We concluded that the block of fast ganglionic transmission is primarily due to a postsynaptic site of action, at least part of which is due to a concentration-dependent, but voltage-independent blockade of open nicotinic receptor channel complexes.
Directionality from anisotropic phonon production in solid state dark matter detection

We present results from computer simulations of the events immediately following the scattering of a dark matter particle off a nucleus in a crystal detector. Our simulations show that with NaF as the target, the recoil produces solitary waves that decay slowly, resulting in a narrow wake of phonons. The phonon wake allows a determination of direction of the nuclear recoil.
Children’s Responses to a Unidimensional and a Nonverbal Conservation-Type Task

AbstractTwo conservation-type tasks were developed, both based on the standard task of continuous quantity, and administered to 85 children in kindergarten, grade one, and grade two. The unidimensional task involved only a change in the level of water, not a concurrent change of shape. (The experimenter simply raised one of two identical glasses of water.) The nonverbal task involved the typical changes of both level and shape, but the child responded by drawing, rather than by making a verbal response. The results showed that: (a) Some children may give a nonconservation response even to a task involving a unidimensional change, (b) For some children conservation may be facilitated if a nonverbal task is used. The results are discussed in terms of perceptual centration and the performance factor of the subject’s having to make a verbal response to the task.
Fermentation of long‐chain compounds by Torulopsis magnoliae. II. Factors influencing production of hydroxy fatty acid glycosides

A strain of Torulopsis magnoliae, an osmophilic yeast isolated from flowers, produced an extracellular hydroxy fatty acid glycoside of sophorose which was easily recoverable as a heavier-than-water “oil”. The yield of this product was greatly increased and the nature of the hydroxy fatty acid portion of the molecule was modified, within limits, by the addition of fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons, or glycerides. Yields of hydroxy fatty acids of up to 90% of the substrate added were achieved. Commercially available substrates such as tall oil fatty acids, molasses, and corn steep liquor could be used. Good aeration was necessary, and control of the concentration of nitrogenous substrates and of temperature improved the yields.
Basic Biological Sciences Bacteriocin-like Activity Within the Genus Actinomyces

Actinomyces strains were tested for evidence of bacteriocin-like antagonism. Prevalence of inter-strain antagonism was low, and, when present, zones of inhibition were generally small and poorly defined. Strains of A. viscosus were very susceptible to bacteriocin-like inhibition by S. mutans. Prevalence of inhibition was high, and zones of inhibition tended to be large and well defined. Inhibitors produced by S. mutans were generally heat stable, nondialyzable, and sensitive to proteolytic enzymes. Individual strains of A. viscosus could be differentiated on the basis of sensitivity patterns to a battery of S. mutans strains.
Distributed learning with bagging-like performance

Bagging forms a committee of classifiers by bootstrap aggregation of training sets from a pool of training data. A simple alternative to bagging is to partition the data into disjoint subsets. Experiments with decision tree and neural network classifiers on various datasets show that, given the same size partitions and bags, disjoint partitions result in performance equivalent to, or better than, bootstrap aggregates (bags). Many applications (e.g., protein structure prediction) involve use of datasets that are too large to handle in the memory of the typical computer. Hence, bagging with samples the size of the data is impractical. Our results indicate that, in such applications, the simple approach of creating a committee of n classifiers from disjoint partitions each of size 1/n (which will be memory resident during learning) in a distributed way results in a classifier which has a bagging-like performance gain. The use of distributed disjoint partitions in learning is significantly less complex and faster than bagging.
Formation of iron hydride and high-magnetite at high pressure and temperature

Abstract Iron hydride (FeHx) is considered as suitable storage for hydrogen in the earth’s interior and possibly in the core [J. Geophys. Res. 91 (B 9) (1986) 9222]. Most experimental data on its stability pertain to low pressures (
Physics of self-recovering single photon avalanche detectors

An InGaAs/InAlAs/InP single photon avalanche detector featuring an InAlAs Transient Carrier Buffer (TCB) layer to tentatively stop avalanche-generated electrons as a negative feedback mechanism demonstrates self-quenching and selfrecovering capabilities. The escape rate of those stopped avalanche electrons from the TCB barrier determines the recovery time and thus data rate of the detector. We show that thermionic emission and tunneling are key mechanisms in the self-recovery process. The recovery time increases with the decrease of temperature and the decrease of applied bias.
Comparison of methods of metallothionein quantification: Cadmium radioassay, mercury radioassay, and radioimmunoassay

A comparison of the Hg radioassay (i.e. "Piotrowski" assay), the Cd radioassay (i.e. "cadmium-hemolysate" assay), and the radioimmunoassay (RIA) for metallothionein (MT) was performed for livers from control, Cd-, and Zn-pretreated rats. Results indicate that the Cd and Hg radioassays gave similar results in all cases. The RIA values compared very favorably to those obtained by the metal saturation assays for livers from control rats. The values obtained for livers from Cd- or Zn-treated animals were generally lower in the RIA than in the Hg or Cd radioassay, ranging from 36 to 75% of the metal saturation assays. The source of this discrepancy cannot be discerned from the present data. However, the various assay systems employed did yield MT concentrations that followed similar intraassay patterns, being lowest in control, elevated to an intermediate level with Cd treatment, and highest following Zn treatment.
Application of microPET imaging approaches in the study of pediatric anesthetic‐induced neuronal toxicity

Advances in pediatric and obstetric surgery have resulted in an increase in the complexity, duration and number of anesthetic procedures. Currently, the general anesthetics that are used most often have either NMDA receptor blocking or GABA receptor activating properties. It has been reported that prolonged exposure of the developing brain to a clinically relevant concentration of anesthetics that have NMDA antagonist or GABA-mimetic properties, and/or their combinations, resulted in an extensive abnormal pattern of neuroapoptosis, and subsequent cognitive deficits in animals. Molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) is a leading modality for obtaining non- or minimally invasive in vivo measurements of multiple biological processes in various organs. The development of microPET imaging applications has provided the ability to collect sensitive and quantitative three-dimensional molecular information from the living brains of a variety of animals. The main aim of this review was to describe molecular imaging approaches that have been used in the study of pediatric anesthetic-induced neuronal toxicity.
Understanding the online consumer: A typology of online relational norms and behavior

Abstract Relational norms governing Web-based interaction provide the basis for a typology of relationship orientation manifested by consumers online. Clustering techniques are applied to survey data collected online to identify four groups: Transactional Community Members, Socializers, Personal Connectors, and Lurkers. Cluster assignment is validated by examination of segment means, under volitional versus constraint-based marketing contexts. Relational profiles are developed, differentiated by the strength of relational norms and exhibited interactive behavior. Results suggest investment in community-building infrastructure (i.e., chat rooms, bulletin boards, interactive events), has a positive effect on the future loyalty intentions of highly relational patrons. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Some Reflections on the Acquisition of Knowledge

People who hold views similar to mine about the nature of knowledge and its acquisition place great stock in how communications are organized. Thus, I am especially concerned on this important occasion that my talk have a clear and predictable organization. I first thought that my ideas would fit a Problem/Solution frame, but that wasn't quite right. Then I tried Thesis/Antithesis/Synthesis. That didn't work either. Finally, I had the insight that a Presidential Address is part of a ceremony marking a rite of passage. Accordingly, a traditional organizing principle seemed appropriate. I hope you agree, because I will now tell you that the true deep structure of my remarks is Something Old/Something New/Something Borrowed.
The 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines: From Hedgehog to Fox in Forty Years

This paper discusses some of the economic principles underlying the revised Horizontal Merger Guidelines that were issued by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission in August 2010.
Focal Location Quotients: Specification and Applications

Location quotients (LQs) are commonly used descriptive statistics in spatial analysis. They are not directly affected by neighbor relationships, and their calculation ignores spatial information. This article computes LQs as focal, rather than strictly local, functions by incorporating the spatial structure of the observations in the reference group in their computation. Focal LQs, tested for significance by event-based Monte Carlo simulations, are applied both to North Carolina sudden infant death syndrome data for comparison with the spatial statistic and to sectoral employment data in that state in a more typical context for LQ analysis. The significance tests show that the focal LQ is far more sensitive to the size of the denominator for spatially intensive data than is the statistic. Los autores usan momentos de una matriz de covarianza para datos panel espaciales para estimar los parametros del modelo de autoregresion espacial (spatial autoregressive model), incluyendo la matriz de conectividad (o de ponderacion) espacial W. En el modelo de autoregresion espacial sin restricciones, los parametros estan sub-identificados por un valor de uno en los casos que la matriz W es simetrica. Los autores demuestran que existe un caso especial en el cual la matriz W es asimetrica y sus parametros tienen calculo exacto. Si los datos panel son estacionarios y ergodicos, espacial y temporalmente, los estimados de W y el coeficiente de autoregresion espacial son consistentes. Para ilustrar la metodologia propuesta, los autores usan datos-panel espaciales de precios de vivienda en Israel. 区位熵（LQs）通常应用于空间分析的统计性描述。但分析时并没有考虑来自邻域相关性的直接影响，并且计算过程忽略空间信息。本文计算局部焦点的LQs，而并非严格意义上的局部空间，在计算过程的对照组中，对观察值的空间结构进行合并生成函数。对于局部焦点LQs的显著性检验采取基于事件的蒙特卡洛模拟方法，同时应用于北卡罗来纳州的婴儿猝死综合症（SIDS）数据与Gi*空间统计对照，和更典型状况下该州就业部门数据的LQ分析。显著性检验表明局部焦点LQ在数据密集的空间尺度上比Gi*统计量更为敏感。
The Coxsackievirus-Adenovirus Receptor Protein Can Function as a Cellular Attachment Protein for Adenovirus Serotypes from Subgroups A, C, D, E, and F

Attachment of an adenovirus (Ad) to a cell is mediated by the capsid fiber protein. To date, only the cellular fiber receptor for subgroup C serotypes 2 and 5, the so-called coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) protein, has been identified and cloned. Previous data suggested that the fiber of the subgroup D serotype Ad9 also recognizes CAR, since Ad9 and Ad2 fiber knobs cross-blocked each other’s cellular binding. Recombinant fiber knobs and 3H-labeled Ad virions from serotypes representing all six subgroups (A to F) were used to determine whether the knobs cross-blocked the binding of virions from different subgroups. With the exception of subgroup B, all subgroup representatives cross-competed, suggesting that they use CAR as a cellular fiber receptor as well. This result was confirmed by showing that CAR, produced in a soluble recombinant form (sCAR), bound to nitrocellulose-immobilized virions from the different subgroups except subgroup B. Similar results were found for blotted fiber knob proteins. The subgroup F virus Ad41 has both short and long fibers, but only the long fiber bound sCAR. The sCAR protein blocked the attachment of all virus serotypes that bound CAR. Moreover, CHO cells expressing human CAR, in contrast to untransformed CHO cells, all specifically bound the sCAR-binding serotypes. We conclude therefore that Ad serotypes from subgroups A, C, D, E, and F all use CAR as a cellular fiber receptor.
Molecular Simulation of the Water Uptake and Glass Transition of Sulfonated Copolyimides as Polyelectrolytes for Fuel Cell Applications

Molecular dynamics and Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations have been used to obtain the glass transition temperatures and the water uptake for polyimides synthesized from Naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracaboxylic dianhydride (NTDA), 2,2’-benzidinedisulfonic acid (BDSA), 4,4’-diaminodiphenylether-2,2’-disulfonic acid (ODADS), and non-sulfonated diamine monomers. The glass transition temperature Tgs of these polyimide copolymers have been determined from plots of specific volumes versus temperatures above and below Tgs. The simulation results suggest that the ODADS-based polyimide membranes have lower Tgs and better mechanical properties than the BDSA-based polyimides, which can be attributed to high mobility of the backbones of ODADS as supported by the vectorial autocorrelation function (VACF) results of this study. In addition, comparisons of the simulated Tgs for ODADS-based polyimides of various degrees of hydration show that water content in polyimides may enhance their mechanical properties by lowering the Tgs. In the case of water uptake of these polyimide copolymers, the GCMC simulation results indicate better water solubility for more sulfonated polymers.
Optimal Sampling And Reconstruction Of MRI Signals Resulting From Sinusoidal Gradients

Fundamental operations of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be formulated, for a large number of methods, as sampling the object distribution in the Fourier spatial-frequency domain, followed by processing the digitized data to produce a digital image. In these methods, controllable gradient fields determine the points in the spatial-frequency domain which are sampled at any given time during the acquisition of the Free Induction Decay (FID) signal. Unlike the constant gradient case in which equally spaced samples of the FID signal in time correspond to uniform samples in the Fourier domain, for time-varying gradients, linear sampling in time corresponds to nonlinear sampling in the Fourier domain, and therefore straightforward inverse Fourier transformation is not sufficient for obtaining samples of the object distribution. MRI methods using time-varying gradients, such as sinusoids, are particularly important from a practical point of view, since they require considerably shorter data acquisition times. In this paper, we derive the optimum continuous time filter and its various discrete time implementations for FID signals resulting from sinusoidal gradients. In doing so we find that the estimation error associated with implementation based on linear temporal sampling, or equivalently nonlinear spatial frequency sampling, is smaller than that of nonlinear temporal sampling. In addition, we will show that that the optimal maximum likelihood estimator for sinusoidal gradients has higher error variance than that of constant gradients.
Miocene to present vegetation changes: A possible piece of the Cenozoic cooling puzzle

The global cooling during the past 60 m.y., leading to extensive ice-cap development in the Miocene, has been attributed to decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and continental shifts. The marked changes in vegetation during this period have been assumed to be a response to global cooling. The GENESIS global climate model is used to isolate the effect of these vegetation changes on climate. The Miocene to present vegetation changes resulted in a model globally averaged surface-temperature cooling of 1.9 °C suggesting that vegetation and vegetation-climate feedbacks could be a significant component of the cooling during the late Cenozoic.
Inhibition of retinoic acid-induced skin irritation in calorie-restricted mice

Mice on a calorie-restricted (CR) diet (total calories restricted to 70% of ad libitum; AL) for periods of time ranging from 3 to 18 months were examined for response to topical treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA). Daily application of a 0.1% solution of RA to the shaved skin of UM-HET3 mice on an AL diet produced a severe irritation that was evident by day 4, maximal at day 7–8 and still detectable at day 14. Skin irritation was characterized by redness, dryness, flaking and failure of the hair to grow at the treated site. In CR mice, the same treatment produced little detectable irritation. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the retinoid-treatment period (day 7 or day 14) and skin from these animals was examined histologically. In both AL and CR mice, a similar degree of epidermal hyperplasia was observed. Numerous inflammatory cells (mononuclear cells and granulocytes) were present in the skin of both groups. Occasional S100-positive cells (presumably Langerhans cells) were also observed in the epidermis of skin from both groups. S100-positive cells were also observed in the dermis. When skin from CR and AL mice was incubated in organ culture for 3 days (on day 7 after initiation of RA treatment), similar levels of four different pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in the conditioned medium. Soluble type I collagen levels were also similar. In contrast, the level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was lower in the conditioned medium of skin from CR mice than in conditioned medium from skin cultures of AL mice. Taken together, these studies suggest that CR may provide a way to mitigate the irritation that normally accompanies RA treatment without compromising the beneficial effects of retinoid use. CR appears to exert a protective effect at the target tissue level rather than by a reduction in pro-inflammatory events, per se.
Behavioral medicine translation in the Veterans Health Administration: editorial to the special section on the Department of Veterans Affairs.

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a national leader in the systematic translation of basic and clinical science to clinical practice, rapidly advancing the quality of health care for Veterans. The VHA is the nation’s largest fully integrated health care system and this organization makes the translation of evidence-based behavioral medicine possible on a national scale [1]. An early adopter of behavioral medicine almost from its inception in the 1970s, the VHA supported clinical practice and research targeting health risk factor reduction interventions for tobacco and obesity, psychological factors associated with cancer, and on integrated medical and behavioral treatment of pain [2]. In 1995, the VHA established a national office to support many of its behavioral medicine programs through the National Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (NCP), within the VHA Office of Patient Care Services [3]. More recently, responding to VA Secretary Erik K. Shinseki’s transformational initiatives for the twenty-first century in 2009, the VHA expanded its capacity to provide Veterans with behavioral medicine services establishing the position of Chief Consultant for Preventive Medicine and hiring two additional behavioral medicine professionals for each of its 153 medical centers—a behavioral health specialist and a health behavioral coordinator [3, 4].
Serum Lycopene, Other Serum Carotenoids, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in US Blacks and Whites

Epidemiologic studies investigating the relation between individual carotenoids and risk of prostate cancer have produced inconsistent results. To further explore these associations and to search for reasons prostate cancer incidence is over 50% higher in US Blacks than Whites, the authors analyzed the serum levels of individual carotenoids in 209 cases and 228 controls in a US multicenter, population-based case-control study (1986-1989) that included comparable numbers of Black men and White men aged 40-79 years. Lycopene was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (comparing highest with lowest quartiles, odds ratio (OR) = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36, 1.15; test for trend, p = 0.09), particularly for aggressive disease (comparing extreme quartiles, OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.94; test for trend, p = 0.04). Other carotenoids were positively associated with risk. For all carotenoids, patterns were similar for Blacks and Whites. However, in both the controls and the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, serum lycopene concentrations were significantly lower in Blacks than in Whites, raising the possibility that differences in lycopene exposure may contribute to the racial disparity in incidence. In conclusion, the results, though not statistically significant, suggest that serum lycopene is inversely related to prostate cancer risk in US Blacks and Whites.
The MobA-Linked Primase Is the Only Replication Protein of R1162 Required for Conjugal Mobilization

Cells newly transformed with plasmid R1162 DNA were used as donors in conjugal matings to determine if the plasmid replication genes are necessary for transfer. An intact system for vegetative replication is not required for transfer at normal frequency, but the plasmid primase, in the form linked to the nickase, must be present in donor cells.