cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RSK activation of translation factor eIF4B drives abnormal increases of laminin γ2 and MYC protein during neoplastic progression to squamous cell carcinoma.

Overexpression of the basement membrane protein Laminin γ2 (Lamγ2) is a feature of many epidermal and oral dysplasias and all invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). This abnormality has potential value as an immunohistochemical biomarker of premalignancy but its mechanism has remained unknown. We recently reported that Lamγ2 overexpression in culture is the result of deregulated translation controls and depends on the MAPK-RSK signaling cascade. Here we identify eIF4B as the RSK downstream effector responsible for elevated Lamγ2 as well as MYC protein in neoplastic epithelial cells. Premalignant dysplastic keratinocytes, SCC cells, and keratinocytes expressing the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 displayed MAPK-RSK and mTOR-S6K1 activation and overexpressed Lamγ2 and MYC in culture. Immunohistochemical staining of oral dysplasias and SCCs for distinct, RSK- and S6K1-specific S6 phosphorylation events revealed that their respective upstream pathways become hyperactive at the same time during neoplastic progression. However, pharmacologic kinase inhibitor studies in culture revealed that Lamγ2 and MYC overexpression depends on MAPK-RSK activity, independent of PI3K-mTOR-S6K1. eIF4B knockdown reduced Lamγ2 and MYC protein expression, consistent with the known requirement for eIF4B to translate mRNAs with long, complex 5′ untranslated regions (5′-UTRs). Accordingly, expression of a luciferase reporter construct preceded by the Lamγ2 5′-UTR proved to be RSK-dependent and mTOR-independent. These results demonstrate that RSK activation of eIF4B is causally linked to elevated Lamγ2 and MYC protein levels during neoplastic progression to invasive SCC. These findings have potential clinical significance for identifying premalignant lesions and for developing targeted drugs to treat SCC.
No Hablo Inglés: Bilingualism and multiculturalism in preschool settings

The projected 5.2 million non-English-speaking preschoolers that will enter early childhood programs in the year 2000 require developmentally appropriate bilingual programs. This article discusses the role and components of both bilingualism and multiculturalism in preschool settings. It further indicates implications for the preparation of teachers and suggests strategies that administrators of preschool settings could utilize in meeting needs of bilingual communities.
Medico-legal study of intracranial causes of death ☆

Abstract Background A lot of incidents related to the head region could lead to death, but for sim-plicity’s sake, these incidents are mainly of two broad categories: either non-traumatic (natural) or traumatic (violent). Objectives To classify all intra-cranial lesions and injuries according to the mode and manner of death, gender, age and admission to hospital, and to evaluate these lesions and their role in the cause of death. Materials and methods The study was performed on 119 cases referred to the Medico-Legal Insti-tute in Baghdad within the period of the study from 1 November 2012 to 1 May 2013. Complete routine autopsies were carried out for all cases with a thorough external and internal examination. Digital photography was used for some interesting cases. Tissue specimens were sent for histopathol-ogy and blood samples were drawn for alcohol and toxicology. Results Intracranial lesions accounted for 11.54% of the total deaths. The mean age was 32.48 ± 17.59. The commonest age group affected by intracranial lesions was > 20–30 years. Traumatic cases were the commonest. Males were more than females. In traumatic deaths, road traffic accidents were the commonest categories of death, while in the non-traumatic deaths cerebro-vascular accidents were the commonest category. Accidental manner of death was the commonest. Intracranial lesions alone were seen in only 27.73% of the cases. Subarachnoid hemorrhages were the commonest intracranial lesions. Pneumonia represents the commonest complication in delayed death. Conclusions Pure intracranial causes of death were recorded in a minority of cases studied. Mostly they were sharing injuries in other anatomical sites.
Cognitive science and the work of reform

If academic leaders are serious about enhancing student learning, then what we are learning about how people learn from research in cognitive science must guide the redesign of higher education.
Association of prenatal exposure to an environmental contaminant with intellectual function in childhood.

Polychlorinated biphenyls are a family of synthetic hydrocarbon compounds that were used historically for a broad range of industrial purposes. Although banned in the 1970s, they continue to be ubiquitous in landfills, sediments, and wildlife. Prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure was evaluated in a sample of children born to women who had eaten relatively large quantities of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated Lake Michigan fish. This exposure was found to be associated with poorer intellectual function after controlling statistically for a broad range of potential confounding variables. Deficits included poorer recognition memory in infancy, lower scores on a preschool IQ test, and poorer verbal IQ and reading comprehension at 11 years of age. Although breast-fed children were exposed postnatally to elevated levels of polychlorinated biphenyls from maternal milk, the adverse effects associated with prenatal exposure were markedly stronger in the children who were not breast-fed. It is not clear w...
Alcoholics Anonymous: New Directions in Research on Spirituality and Recovery

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) provides an experience of fulfillment and life-saving recovery for its committed members. For the research community, however, it serves as an example of how social and sp...
Structure of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Polyacrylic Acid Adsorption Layer Using Nitroxide Spin Labeled Alumina

Two nitroxide spin probes (7- and 12-doxyl stearic acid) were covalently bonded onto alumina surfaces, and the structures of sodium dodecyl sulfate and poly(acrylic acid) layers adsorbed on them were investigated by monitoring changes in the electron spin resonance spectral characteristics of the probes in comparison to those of electrostatically adsorbed doxyl stearic acid probes. Upon the adsorption of the surfactant and the polymer, the rotational correlation time of the bound probes was found to increase, but to different extent in different adsorption regions. In contrast, while sodium dodecyl sulfate adsorption caused restriction of motion on the adsorbed probes similar to that on bound ones, the poly(acrylic acid) adsorption produced different effects on spin−spin exchange of the bound and adsorbed probes. The spin−spin exchange peak is proposed to be caused by surface migration and aggregation of the probes resulting from the reduction in available surface sites because of competition by the stron...
Stress and Subsurface Damage in Polycrystalline SiC

Stress from material removal processes are compared by observation of the Twyman effect. Stress scales with the abrasive size used during mechanical removal processes, and is reduced by chemical removal processes. SSD was also measured.
Comment on Richard Schantz, “The Given Regained”

Richard Schantz gives a concise and effective rehearsal of the background against which I find it liberating to see our experience as structured by our conceptual capacities, at least insofar as experience figures in the transcendental framework within which alone we can make sense of our having the world in view. Given how attractive that background makes the idea, I cannot see that Schantz makes the opposed conception he undertakes to defend even comparably compelling, let alone more compelling. Schantz undertakes to do two things: first, to defend the claim that there is a nonconceptual element in the content of experience; and, second, to vindicate the capacity of experience, conceived as having nonconceptual content, to serve as evidence for beliefs about the world. Under the first head, Schantz says at one point that his aim is to "save appearances." He may mean to imply that the conception I recommend flies in the face of appearances, so that "saving appearances" encapsulates a motivation for attributing nonconceptual content to experience. Perhaps his approving citation of C. I. Lewis belongs with this implication. Lewis said: "There is in all experience that element which we are aware we do not create by thinking and cannot, in general, displace or alter." Of course Lewis thought this remark was both an expression of sheer common sense and an affirmation of a nonconceptual given. But the unquestionable character of what Lewis says is not threatened by taking experience to be conceptually structured. In seeing experience as actualization of conceptual capacities in sensory receptivity, I accommodate the palpable fact Lewis insists on, that the shape of our experience is not up to us (once we have decided such things as whether to open our eyes and what direction to look in). I myself exploit the fact which Schantz appeals to in a different context that the MullerLyer illusion persists, at the level of how things look, even in subjects who know it is an illusion. The question how many color concepts we have belongs in the context of the question I am raising, whether the aspiration to "save appearances" consti-
Participation and the Location of Decision Making in the Firm

Abstract Katzner, Donald W.—Participation and the Location of Decision Making in the Firm This paper is concerned with the identification, when there is more than one decision maker, of the optimal level in the authority structure of the firm at which a given decision is made. Its main point is that, for any particular decision, the optimal decision making level is biased away from the level at which the probability of correctness is highest and in a downward direction toward the shop floor. The analysis focuses, in part, on the process costs of making and implementing decisions; it is based on the Condorcet Jury Theorem and its proof. J. Comp. Econom., March 1999, 27(1), pp. 150–167. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
Disney’s modern heroine Pocahontas: revealing age-old gender stereotypes and role discontinuity under a façade of liberation

Disney’s animated heroine Pocahontas has been touted as a new type of protagonist differing from her predecessors whose lives revolve around men. Pocahontas’ romance eventually does become subordin...
Molecular Theories of Nematic Liquid Crystals

Abstract In this paper, the current state of the art of molecular theories of nematic mesophases is reviewed. For this purpose, the many theories of nematogens which have been proposed are grouped into two classes: (1) the Maier-Saupe theory and its extensions and variants, which assume that nematic long-range order is primarily due to anisotropic intermolecular attractions and (2) the hard-rod and van der Waals theories, which assume that nematic order results primarily from excluded volume effects. These two types of theories are discussed in turn, with particular emphasis on the basic assumptions and approximations, the relative strengths and weaknesses, and the most fruitful applications of each of them. Finally, prospects for improving and extending current molecular theories are examined briefly.
The Direct and Indirect Effects of Mothers' and Adolescents' Family Cohesion on Young Adolescents' Attitudes Toward Substance Use

This study examined the influence of parental, school, and peer bonding for rural youth making the transition into middle school. Survey data were collected from 225 adolescents and their mothers answering parallel items on family cohesion, school attachment, and attitudes toward substance use by minors. Adolescents also reported on social support from friends, and mothers reported on the family's involvement in religious activities. Using structural equation modeling, greater family cohesion at the start of middle school / junior high was directly and indirectly related to negative attitudes toward substance use by the adolescent one year later. Factors that mediated family cohesion were school and peer attachment, the family's involvement in religious activities, and the mothers' attitudes toward substance use by minors. Implications for prevention and recommendations for parents are discussed.
Subramanyam revisited: Creating a new model for information literacy instruction

Krishna Subramanyam arranged scientific and technical literature in a circular model in the 1970s. As a pedagogical construct, the circle conceptualizes the processes of producing and consuming information. Although more than twenty years old, the model is still valid. Can it be adapted to help undergraduate students of today’s information literacy curriculum understand the structure of the information they need to be able to use to succeed as students and as professionals? This paper presents the model, the revision, and its application to the information literacy curriculum for engineering and technology students.
Chicken quantitative trait loci for growth and body composition associated with transforming growth factor-beta genes

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) belongs to a large family of multifunctional growth factors that regulate a broad spectrum of biological activities involved in morphogenesis, development, and differentiation. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of TGF-beta genes on chicken growth and body composition traits. The Iowa Growth and Composition Resource Population was established by crossing broiler sires with dams from two unrelated highly inbred lines (Leghorn and Fayoumi). The F1 birds were intercrossed, within dam line, to produce two related F2 populations. Body weight and body composition traits were measured in the F2 population. Primers for TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, and TGF-beta4 were designed from database chicken sequence. Polymorphisms between parental lines were detected by DNA sequencing, and PCR-RFLP methods were then developed to screen the F2 population. The TGF-beta2 polymorphisms between broiler and Leghorn and the TGF-beta4 polymorphism between broiler and Fayoumi were associated with traits of skeletal integrity, such as tibia length, bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and the percentage of each measure to BW. The TGF-beta3 polymorphism between broilers and Leghorns was associated with traits of growth and body composition, such as BW, average daily gain, weight of breast muscle, abdominal fat pad and spleen, as well as the percentage of these organ weights to BW, and the percentage of shank weight and length to BW. The current research supports the broad effects of TGF-beta genes on growth and development of chickens.
The effect of fluorine substitution on the zero-field splittings of naphthalene

Abstract Zero-field splitting parameters of 1-fluoro- and 2-fluoronaphthalene in single crystal hosts of durene and biphenyl have been measured in experiments near zero magnetic field. Disagreements with previous reports concerning the effect of fluorine on the ZFS parameters are discussed and are shown to arise due to crystal field effects.
Hypofrontality and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Dynamic single-photon tomography and neuropsychological assessment of schizophrenic brain function

Abstract Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was assessed in 40 chronic male schizophrenic patients (20 medicated, 20 unmedicated) and 31 matched normal controls with Dynamic Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography (D-SPECT). Blind analyses of normalized color-coded tomograms revealed significant bifrontal and bitemporal rCBF deficits in the patient group. Frontal flow deficits were most prominent in paranoid patients ( n =21) and right temporal deficits were most prominent in nonparanoid patients ( n =19). These relative regional declines were observed within the context of significantly elevated hemispheric blood flow in schizophrenics compared with controls. Reduced left frontal rCBF was associated with neuropsychological impairment on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Luria-Nebraska Battery. Increased hemispheric CBF was correlated with the presence of positive schizophrenic symptoms. Medication status was unrelated to rCBF. These findings demonstrate that hypofrontality has important implications for cognitive function in some schizophrenic individuals.
Thermal removal of oxide and carbide from 6H SiC surfaces before molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaN

Abstract We have demonstrated growth of good quality GaN onto C-terminated 6H–SiC substrates by using a substrate-heating holder in a nitrogen–plasma molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. This substrate holder system can heat samples to the temperature region of 500–1500°C. Near-band-edge emissions have been observed from some of these epilayers, depending primarily on the substrate surface conditions. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements show that the temperatures of 940–1245°C are necessary to thermally desorb the oxide and carbide from 6H–SiC substrates. Structural analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) indicates very good in-plane alignment of the GaN epilayers as the substrates are cleaned using H2/He (1:1) plasma at 940°C for 100 min. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of the XRD and PL peaks are about 90 arc-second and 1.4 meV at 4.3 K for C-terminated 6H–SiC substrates, respectively. The results show that the deep-level recombination at 2.17 eV (yellow band) depends on the surface situation of the SiC substrate.
Physical Changes in Milk Proteins at Elevated Temperatures as Determined by Light Scattering. I. Casein Fractions

Summary The effect of elevated temperatures upon milk proteins was studied with particular attention to aggregation of purified fractions at 30, 50, 70, and 90C. The protein fractions investigated included whole α -, β -, α s -, and κ -casein. Generally, disaggregation of the samples preceded aggregation, as indicated by variation in the turbidity of the solutions. Marked aggregation was observed with α s -casein at 70C and with β - and κ -casein at 90C. It was apparent from the magnitude of the molecular weights and radii of gyration that aggregates existed at all temperatures at pH 6.5 in 0.066 ionic strength sodium cacodylate buffer. All casein fractions except β -casein exhibited an interaction coefficient of zero whenever this quantity could be determined, and they appeared as random coils. β -Casein yielded a positive interaction coefficient and was best represented by a sphere.
CONSTRAINTS ON ESTIMATING THE VOLUME DENSITY OF INTERSTELLAR HYDROGEN NUCLEI PRODUCED BY PHOTODISSOCIATED THREE-LEVEL MOLECULES

A statistical equilibrium treatment of a simplified three-level hydrogen molecule has been used by several authors to predict the volume densities of hydrogen nuclei produced by photodissociation in cold low-density clouds. This procedure does not require knowledge of the excitation conditions in the molecular gas, but the derived densities depend linearly on an integral function, , which approaches a constant value as the molecular hydrogen column (N 2) becomes infinite. Previous studies presumed this function could be replaced by that constant without determining the function's actual value in locations of interest. Numerical integrations of have been performed to assess the impact of that assumption using four different published forms of the H2 self-shielding function embedded in its integrand. In each case, these calculations showed that N 2 must exceed 6 ? 1020 cm?2 for to be constant when solar neighborhood values are assumed for the dust-to-gas mass ratio (?0), but that constant's actual value, , depends on the function chosen to describe self-shielding. When the latter is represented by N 2 ?1/2 as often assumed in the literature for an isolated H2 absorption line, scales as ()0(?/?0)1/2. However, use of a more exact self-shielding function derived previously for an ensemble of overlapping lines shows this quantity actually scales as (?/?0)0.7. The volume density of photodissociated hydrogen nuclei found in this case, nE , is related to the value computed by assuming self-shielding arises solely from a single line, nS , by nE = nS (?/?0)0.2.
A Simple Decision Theory of Spatial Interaction: The Alonso Model Revisited

A simple decision theory of spatial interaction is proposed in which interaction decisions are postulated to involve a number of distinct factors, relating to properties both of actors and of opportunities, as well as to the spatial separation between them. In particular, it is postulated that favorable conditions for such factors arise as independent random events over space, and that interactions are taken when an appropriate conjunction of such events occurs. Given this theory, the central result of the paper is to show that the asymptotically most probable interaction frequencies predicted by the theory correspond precisely to the solutions of the general interaction model proposed by Alonso. This result thus provides a possible behavioral foundation for the Alonso model, and in particular it yields an explicit behavioral interpretation of its parameters.
Geographic Variation in HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor Use in Dialysis Patients

Background Despite uncertainty about their effectiveness in chronic dialysis patients, statin use has increased in recent years. Little is known about the demographic, clinical, and geographic factors associated with statin exposure in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients.
A Simple proof of the generalized Lieb-Thirring inequalities in one-space dimension

Abstract The Lieb-Thirring inequalities give a sharp upper bound for the Lp-norm of a function which is the pointwise sum of the squares of a finite orthonormal sequence of functions that are elements of a suitable Sobolev space [LT]. Originally proven for the functions defined on the whole n-dimensional Euclidean space, they were later extended to bounded domains and to suborthogonal sequences of functions [GMT]. Here, we present a simple proof of these inequalities for bounded intervals in one space dimension utilizing simple Sobolev inequalities and standard results from Hilbert space theory.
The plant, the pollen and the patient

Abstract The botanist have supplied physicians with a great deal of information concerning plants and pollen. This is of tremendous value. However, the role of the patient in relationship to the pollen is the thing that determines the clinical symptons. Some pollen are produced in great abundance and are of little antigenicity. A common example is pine pollen. Other pollen such as those of the ragweed family not only are produced in great abundance but have a high capacity to sensitize. This is true whether on the mucous membranes or on the skin. Then there is a third group of pollen such as the Salsola pestifer (Russian thistle) which while produced in small quantities is tremendously antigenic. A discussion of these relationships will be made. Reference will also be made to the collection and preparation of these pollen for extracts to be used in clinical medicine.
Rates of decay for the survival probability of a mutant gene II The multitype case

This paper extends the results of [1] to the multitype case. For a multitype branching process that is slightly supercritical, approximations for the survival probability in terms of the maximal eigenvalue ϱ of the mean matrix and a generalized variance σ2 are developed. Our results improve upon those of Hoppe [5] and Eshel [3] that seek to validate a conjecture of Ewens [4].
Bragg diffraction beam splitter for thin film optical guided waves

Abstract A “thin” grating fabricated holographically on the surface of a thin film optical waveguide serves as a Bragg diffractor for waves propagating in the film. Measurements of the intensity profiles of the beams on either side of such a Bragg diffraction beam splitter are described. The generation of multiple beams by cascaded beam splitters is also demonstrated.
Weak paramagnetism in compounds of the type Cp′2Yb(bipy)

Measuring the magnetic moments of solids that are air and moisture sensitive is difficult, particularly when the net magnetic moments are small, as is the case for the organometallic compounds described here. The use of quartz tubes to contain the compounds has been developed and applied to substituted ytterbocene bipyridine complexes, some of which were previously reported as diamagnetic. The SQUID measurements quantify the extent of paramagnetism and they correlate with the qualitative variable temperature 1H NMR spectra.
Theoretical evaluation of Young's moduli of polymers.

The elastic (Young's) moduli of trans-polyethylene (PE), trans-polyacetylene (PA), and two types (cis-transoid and trans-cisoid) of cis-PA were studied using three theoretical schemes. The analytical method derived in this work not only predicts fairly good values for the moduli when the spectroscopic force constants are used but also gives information on geometrical changes upon longitudinal deformation. With this method, the moduli of trans-PE and trans-PA were calculated from the spectroscopic force-constant matrices to be 286 and 372 GPa, respectively. The moduli of two types of cis-PA are similar in value and about half of the value for trans-PA. Although the semiempirical modified neglect of diatomic overlap solid-state theory predicted higher moduli of the polymers compared with experimentally determined values, it provides reasonable values when combined with force-constant scaling. The moduli of the polymers were analyzed and discussed in terms of geometrical changes of the carbon chain and branched hydrogens. The following qualitative conclusions emerged from this study: (a) the Young's modulus is strongly influenced by not only the force constants but also the conformation of polymers, (b) side groups may have large contributions, and (c) bond-angle deformations do not always dominate Young's modulus.
Work–family interface for married women: a Singapore and United States cross-cultural comparison

This study is a cross-cultural comparison of the work–family interface for married women using two nationally representative samples from Singapore (n = 467) and the United States of America (n = 923). This study demonstrates how the direction and strength of paths in a model of the work–family interface differs between a collectivist nation (Singapore) and an individualistic nation (the USA). Results revealed that schedule flexibility decreased family-to-work conflict in the United States but increased family-to-work conflict and increased depression in Singapore. Clear differences in the direction of effects in schedule flexibility and family-to-work conflict in the United States and Singapore suggest that national culture (e.g. collectivist vs individualistic) is an important factor in theorizing about the work–family interface for married women.
MyEmpowerNet.gov: a proposal to enhance policy e-participation

A national web-based system called My EmpowerNet.gov is proposed to empower citizens to become more involved in public decision making and to increase social capital. The system would be designed to allow citizens more voice in bureaucratic decision making on topics as diverse as the management of national forests to changes in local zoning ordinances. Each citizen would have a personal site on My EmpowerNet.gov. The system would inform users of current and impending public federal, state, or local participation processes of potential interest to them. The system would help citizens organize their participation-related information. It is proposed that a new federal organization, titled the U.S. EmpowerNet Administration (USEA), be established to develop and manage the system and facilitate public participation nationwide. Major social and information science research issues will challenge the developers of My EmpowerNet.gov.
Will I Divorce or Have a Happy Marriage?: Gender Differences in Comparative Optimism and Estimation of Personal Chances Among U.S. College Students

Previous research shows inconsistent evidence in regard to gender differences in optimism for experiencing a happy marriage or avoiding divorce depending on whether optimism is measured as comparative optimism (thinking you are better off than your peers) or as personal optimism (estimating your own chances). Results from four samples of unmarried college students (N = 814) indicated that men exhibited greater comparative optimism than women for having a happy marriage but not for getting divorced. For having a happy marriage and avoiding divorce, men exhibited greater personal optimism relative to women. Experience (with parental divorce) moderated the gender difference in personal optimism and perceived control partially mediated the gender difference in comparative optimism (but only for having a happy marriage) and in personal optimism (for both having a happy marriage and avoiding divorce). Results are discussed as they relate to the existing literatures on risk perception and gender differences in r...
Land Markets in the Harris-Todaro Model: A New Factor Equilibrating Rural-Urban Migration

Recent research in the Harris-Todaro (HT) tradition has added an important new element to the model by incorporating an urban land market. Brueckner and Zenou (1999) (hereafter BZ) argue that a model where migration equalizes expected wages between city and countryside may overlook another important force that equilibrates the process of rural-urban migration. This force is the migration-induced rise in the urban cost of living, which occurs principally through escalation of urban land rents as the city population expands. Land-rent escalation, which tends to limit rural-urban migration, provides an important additional force that may help determine city sizes in developing countries. The present paper provides a simpler alternative to BZ's analysis by assuming that urban residents smooth their income as they cycle between formal and informal employment. This allows migration decisions to be based on the expected wage, as in the usual HT framework, in a model that includes a land market. The analysis shows that this modified framework generates results slightly different from those of BZ.
Modeling local variation of low-frequency noise in MOSFETs via sum of lognormal random variables

In this paper, we investigate the geometry dependence for the local variation of low-frequency noise in MOSFETs via the sum of lognormal random variables. A compact model has been developed and applied to the measured data with excellent match, and therefore enables the coverage of low-frequency noise statistics in circuit design.
The legal system's response to children exposed to domestic violence.

Historically, the legal system has not responded adequately, if at all, to cases involving domestic violence. In the past two decades, U.S. courts and law enforcement agencies have increasingly acknowledged the seriousness of domestic violence and have developed responses to it. Unfortunately, the legal system has been slower to recognize the impact of domestic violence on children. This article highlights four key areas of case law in which the courts have begun, in varying degrees, to examine the effects of domestic violence on children: child custody and visitation, restraining orders, failure to protect a child from harm, and termination of parental rights. A survey of appellate cases since 1990, though not representative of all cases, shows an ongoing need for mandatory judicial training on domestic violence and its effects on children, greater clarity about how to interpret relevant laws, changes in the laws to better serve children, and the renewal of national funding for legal aid programs. Courts and law enforcement agencies in some locales have implemented innovative programs to improve their interventions with children exposed to domestic violence. These programs include coordinated court responses, child development training for police officers, multidisciplinary team approaches, and supervised visitation centers. However, few of these programs have been evaluated for overall effectiveness in improving outcomes for children. Better evaluation is needed, as is ongoing funding for the replication of successful programs nationwide. A companion article by Matthews in this journal issue examines federal laws and policies with regard to domestic violence and children, and reviews many of the state statutes on which the court decisions discussed here are based.
Power for Aluminum — Where

I AM DEEPLY honored to have been chosen the recipient of this year's Lamme award. In receiving this medal, I cannot help but feel particularly proud, as well as extremely humble, as my name is added to the illustrious list of past recipients who have gained this honor. I gratefully accept this medal, not only for myself, but also as a symbol of the great contribution made by the electrical engineers of the aluminum industry.
Histone H2B ubiquitylation disrupts local and higher-order chromatin compaction

Regulation of chromatin structure involves histone posttranslational modifications that can modulate intrinsic properties of the chromatin fiber to change the chromatin state. We used chemically defined nucleosome arrays to demonstrate that H2B ubiquitylation (uH2B), a modification associated with transcription, interferes with chromatin compaction and leads to an open and biochemically accessible fiber conformation. Notably, these effects were specific for ubiquitin, as compaction of chromatin modified with a similar ubiquitin-sized protein, Hub1, was only weakly affected. Applying a fluorescence-based method, we found that uH2B acts through a mechanism distinct from H4 tail acetylation, a modification known to disrupt chromatin folding. Finally, incorporation of both uH2B and acetylated H4 resulted in synergistic inhibition of higher-order chromatin structure formation, possibly a result of their distinct modes of action.
The influence of symptoms on quality of life among HIV-infected women

Symptoms serve as intervention foci for patients and health care providers. Research has established a relationship between symptoms and quality of life for persons living with HIV/AIDS. This article reports symptom prevalence and intensity data that include gynecological and cognitive symptoms self-reported by HIV-infected women (N = 118). Using a cross-sectional, descriptive design, data were obtained using the Center for Epidemiological Studies– Depression Scale (CES-D), Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (MOS SF-36), and the revised Sign and Symptom Check-List for Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (SSC-HIV). Prevalent symptoms were depression (83%), muscle aches (84%), weakness (80%), and painful joints (71%). Symptoms with the highest mean intensity, however, were headaches, rash, insomnia, vaginal itching, and shortness of breath at rest. Symptoms also significantly predicted role functioning. This study contributes to our understanding the nature of symptoms and the influence of symptoms on role and p...
Health-related quality of life and patient satisfaction after global endometrial ablation for menorrhagia in women with bleeding disorders: a follow-up survey and systematic review

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe health-related quality of life and satisfaction after global endometrial ablation in women with bleeding disorders and a systematic review of the literature. Study Design A follow-up survey was mailed to 36 patients with bleeding disorders and 110 reference patients (no coagulopathies) who underwent global endometrial ablation for menorrhagia. The survey included a generic (SF-12) and menorrhagia multi-attribute utility scale questionnaires. Results Ninety-six women (66%) responded. The total menorrhagia multiattribute utility scale score increased from 35-100 in bleeding disorder cohort ( P = .03) and from 48-100 in the reference cohort ( P P = .67), physical domain scores were lower in the bleeding disorder cohort (50 vs 56; P P = .60). Conclusion Global endometrial ablation improved health-related quality of life for women with bleeding disorders and had high satisfaction rates.
Spectrophotometric determination of iron and reducing agents with PPTS, a new water-soluble ferroin-type chromogen of superior sensitivity

A sulphonated derivative of 3-(4-phenyl-2-pyridyl)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine has been prepared, its structure identified, and its chelation products with iron(II) and copper(I) identified and characterized. The water-soluble compound, referred to as PPTS, has been applied to the determination of iron in various types of samples and the spectrophotometric determination of trace quantities of certain reductants.
A knowledge processing oriented life cycle study from a Digital Museum system

Traditional Digital Museum systems focus on a single function of organizing exhibitions and their design patterns are based on respective exhibiting items. Their life cycles are straight for warding, lacking in feedback and nonreusable. Little attention is paid on manage knowledge processing within a life cycle. Modern Digital Museums must deal with exponentially increasing information and provide integrated functions for digital appreciation, e-learning and relevant research. These needs require the objects in a Digital Museum system to be highly abstract and its life cycle to be iterative and reusable. Systematically integrated knowledge processing procedures become absolutely necessary for handling the information system in the Digital Museum. This article throws light on a new life cycle of modern Digital Museum systems. Knowledge Flow is a highly abstracted object from all information streams throughout a Digital Museum life cycle. Encircling knowledge flow, this particular life cycle presents a multidimensional fountain-like model with defined milestones. Knowledge processing procedures in this life cycle are well divided into hierarchies, with different emphases on each dimension. This article also provides a knowledge-based software engineering approach to integrate the scattered knowledge processing procedures systematically and reusable.
Effect of land cover on atmospheric processes and air quality over the continental United States – a NASA Unified WRF (NU-WRF) model study

Abstract. The land surface plays a crucial role in regulating water and energy fluxes at the land–atmosphere (L–A) interface and controls many processes and feedbacks in the climate system. Land cover and vegetation type remains one key determinant of soil moisture content that impacts air temperature, planetary boundary layer (PBL) evolution, and precipitation through soil-moisture–evapotranspiration coupling. In turn, it will affect atmospheric chemistry and air quality. This paper presents the results of a modeling study of the effect of land cover on some key L–A processes with a focus on air quality. The newly developed NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecast (NU-WRF) modeling system couples NASA's Land Information System (LIS) with the community WRF model and allows users to explore the L–A processes and feedbacks. Three commonly used satellite-derived land cover datasets – i.e., from the US Geological Survey (USGS) and University of Maryland (UMD), which are based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) – bear large differences in agriculture, forest, grassland, and urban spatial distributions in the continental United States, and thus provide an excellent case to investigate how land cover change would impact atmospheric processes and air quality. The weeklong simulations demonstrate the noticeable differences in soil moisture/temperature, latent/sensible heat flux, PBL height, wind, NO 2 /ozone, and PM 2.5 air quality. These discrepancies can be traced to associate with the land cover properties, e.g., stomatal resistance, albedo and emissivity, and roughness characteristics. It also implies that the rapid urban growth may have complex air quality implications with reductions in peak ozone but more frequent high ozone events.
Carbonaceous chondrites and the origin of life

Organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites can be separated into three fractions. The first component, the fraction that is insoluble in chloroform and methanol, has a part which is of interstellar origin. The other two fractions (chloroform-soluble hydrocarbons and methanol-soluble polar organics) are hypothesized to have been synthesized on a planetoid body. We propose that the polar organics, i.e., amino acids, were synthesized close to its surface by the radiolysis of hydrocarbons and ammonium carbonate in a liquid water environment. Some hydrocarbons may have been synthesized by a Fischer-Tropsch mechanism in the interior of the body. Ferrous ion acted as a protection against back reactions. The simultaneous synthesis of iron-rich clays with the polar organics may be indicative of events related to the origin of life on Earth.
Overall controls on the biosynthesis of ribosomes in growing bacteria.

Under conditions of balanced growth, there is a relationship between λ, the growth rate constant and kr, the rate of synthesis of ribosomal RNA per unit amount of DNA. If k is the rate of protein synthesis per unit of ribosomal RNA and C is the ratio of DNA to protein; this relationship is kr = λ2/kC. It applies if proteins and ribosomes are stable and ribosomal precursors are present in small amounts. From direct estimates of kr from isotope incorporation rates, or indirectly from the relationship kr = (r)λ/(d), it could be shown that as the growth rate is changed by a given factor through alteration of the nutritional environment, kr is altered by an even larger factor. These findings imply strong physiological control at the level of RNA synthesis. However, the change is not sufficiently large to make kr directly proportional to λ2, which would be the case if C and k are constant, independent of the growth rate. Since C is, in experimental fact, essentially independent of growth rate, this is another way of saying that the rate of net protein synthesis per unit amount of ribosomal RNA is not constant. Although this would appear to cast doubt on the hypothesis of Maaloe and Kjeldgaard that protein synthesis by the ribosome has the same efficiency for balanced growth at any rate, there are several other alternative explanations for the “extra RNA” in slowly growing cells. Experimental studies from our laboratory to examine these possibilities are reviewed. Protein turnover, ribosome turnover, destruction of precursors to ribosomes can be excluded as the major raison d'etre of the “extra” RNA for slowly growing chemostat cultures limited by the carbon source. Also, the presence of cells temporarily quiescent in protein synthesis cannot account quantitatively for this RNA. The “extra” RNA cannot be accounted for by assuming that the addition of an amino acid to a growing peptide chain takes longer in cells in a poor environment and therefore the synthesis of protein by a functioning ribosome is slower. However, experiments based on the theory presented here show that the “extra” RNA in the carbon-limited slow-growing cells is available in the cells in a form that can quickly function when the environment is enriched. It must be in the form of ribosomes and tRNA ready, or almost ready, to function, but not functioning at full efficiency in the poor environment.
Acquisition in short-range free-space optical communication

We consider the acquisition process in short-range (1~10 km) free-space optical communication between moving parties when covertness is the overriding system performance requirement. In order to maximize covertness, it is critical to minimize the time required for the acquisition phase, during which the party initiating contact must conduct a broad-field scan, and risks revealing his position. Assuming an elliptical Gaussian beam profile, we show how to optimize the beam divergence angles, scan speed and design of the raster scan pattern so as to minimize acquisition time. In this optimization, several constraints are considered, including: SNR required for accurate bearing detection and reliable decoding, limited receiver bandwidth, limited scanner speed, and beam divergence as limited by the scanner mirror dimensions. Design examples are given to illustrate the design procedure and by these examples, we show that the optimum beam profile is often elliptical with high eccentricity, though the search field is circularly symmetric.
Optimization of the iron-ion/hydrogen redox flow cell with iron chloride catholyte salt

Abstract A redox flow cell utilizing the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ and H 2 /H + couples is investigated as an energy-storage device. A conventional polymer-electrolyte-fuel-cell anode and membrane design is employed, with a cathode containing a carbon porous electrode flooded with iron chloride in an aqueous acidic solution. Foam, paper, and fabric carbon electrodes are studied, and it is found that SGL Sigracet 10AA carbon paper provides the best performance. This carbon paper is then impregnated with a wide variety of carbon powders, and it is found that none improve performance significantly, with several reducing it. Membranes of varying thickness and composition are studied, and there is a trade-off between charge/discharge performance and self-discharge. It is found that the concentration of HCl supporting electrolyte has a dramatic impact on charging performance and OCV. Charge currents in excess of 1 A cm −2 are achieved for 4 and 6 M HCl. The maximum discharge power density, 257 mW cm −2 , is achieved for 0.9 M iron chloride with 0.9 M HCl.
Fabrication and assembly of ultrathin high-efficiency silicon solar microcells integrating electrical passivation and anti-reflection coatings

Intensive research into ultra-thin silicon solar cell applications has generated interesting approaches to reducing both critical materials usage and their associated device and module-level costs. Here we report an extension of previous work on micro-scale Si solar cells, devices fabricated using precise methods of micromachining Si(111) wafers in conjunction with wafer-scale processing. Here we describe a simple yet robust approach to fabricate the silicon microcells by re-designing the device structure, incorporating a thermally grown oxide layer to serve as a wet-etch and diffusion mask, and illustrate modes of light management and array assembly that can provide high-efficiency PV conversion of light to electrical energy. We report a best cell efficiency of 11.7% under an AM1.5D solar spectrum for an optically thin (30 µm thick) device, which is a substantial improvement over previously reported Si solar µ-cells. We show that the improvement attends to both the optimization made in the doping profiles of the device and the presence of the thermal oxide layer, which doubles as an effective electrical passivation and anti-reflection layer. External quantum efficiency measurements specifically show a marked improvement in the blue response that results from mitigating losses due to surface recombination in the high-surface-area, micro-scale devices. We highlight new strategies for integrating these devices into functional, interconnected arrays, using front and backside electrical bus contacts, with optimized spatial distributions on transparent glass substrates. This geometry, with optimized reflector and waveguiding planarization layers, creates a simple concentrator module by redirecting light via internal reflection to illuminate the sidewalls and bottom surfaces.