cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining Endothelial Progenitor Cells

Human cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) have been defined as circulating cells that express a panel of cell surface markers similar to those known to be expressed by vascular endothelial cells, that home to sites of hypoxia/ischemia upon infusion into experimental animal models, and participate in blood vessel formation (as analyzed by in vitro and in vivo methods). Although no specific marker for an EPC has been identified, a group of markers has been consistently utilized as a surrogate marker for cells purported to display vascular regenerative capacity. Since both hematopoietic and vascular endothelial subsets display many of the same cell surface antigens and both participate in new blood vessel formation, recent analyses have stressed the need to reconsider the use of the term EPC. This chapter reviews our current approaches to identifying human EPC and provides a brief summary statement for a new definition of an EPC.
Social Environment, Public Opinion, and Judicial Policymaking a Search for Judicial Representation

An important theme in research on judicial policymaking is a search for the role of courts as representative political institutions. The most general way that courts represent the public is through the relationship of patterns of judicial decisions to local public opinion and values. Most previous research provides only indirect evidence that courts represent public opinion. We examine the separate and combined effects of public opinion and social environments on criminal court sentencing as a way of isolating the effect of public opinion and progressing toward a general theory of judicial representation. The article examines patterns of sentencing in all 20 Florida judicial circuits. The findings are that courts do not respond to public opinion but they are sensitive to various social contexts surrounding the courts, particularly urban crime environments and the size of the nonwhite population. High crime rates and large nonwhite populations do stimulate public concern with crime, but public opinion does...
Dietary Supplementation with γ-Linolenic Acid Alters Fatty Acid Content and Eicosanoid Production in Healthy Humans

To understand the in vivo metabolism of dietary gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), we supplemented the diets of 29 volunteers with GLA in doses of 1.5-6.0 g/d. Twenty-four subjects ate controlled eucaloric diets consisting of 25% fat; the remaining subjects maintained their typical Western diets. GLA and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) increased in serum lipids of subjects supplemented with 3.0 and 6.0 g/d; serum arachidonic acid increased in all subjects. GLA supplementation with 3.0 and 6.0 g/d also resulted in an enrichment of DGLA in neutrophil phospholipids but no change in GLA or AA levels. Before supplementation, DGLA was associated primarily with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of neutrophil glycerolipids, and DGLA increased significantly in PE and neutral lipids after GLA supplementation. Extending the supplementation to 12 wk did not consistently change the magnitude of increase in either serum or neutrophil lipids in subjects receiving 3.0 g/d. After GLA supplementation, A23187-stimulated neutrophils released significantly more DGLA, but AA release did not change. Neutrophils obtained from subjects after 3 wk of supplementation with 3.0 g/d GLA synthesized less leukotriene B4 (P < 0.05) and platelet-activating factor. Together, these data reveal that DGLA, the elongase product of GLA, but not AA accumulates in neutrophil glycerolipids after GLA supplementation. The increase in DGLA relative to AA within inflammatory cells such as the neutrophil may attenuate the biosynthesis of AA metabolites and may represent a mechanism by which dietary GLA exerts an anti-inflammatory effect.
A good Hoare axiom system for an ALGOL-like language

Clarke has shown that it is impossible to obtain a relatively complete axiomatization of a block-structured programming language if it has features such as static scope, recursive procedure calls with procedure parameters, and global variables, provided that we take first-order logic as the underlying assertion language [Cl]. We show that if we take a more powerful assertion language, and hence a more powerful notion of expressiveness, such a complete axiomatization is possible. The crucial point is that we need to be able to express weakest preconditions of commands with free procedure parameters. The axioms presented here are natural and reflect the syntax of the programming language. Such an axiom system provides a tool for understanding how to reason about languages with powerful control features.
Intentional and spontaneous imagery in hypnosis: The phenomenology of hypnotic responding.

Abstract Students were given 1 of 2 versions of the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS): (a) the original version, which contains instructions to intentionally imagine goal-directed fantasies, and (b) a modified version, in which instructions for suggestion-related imagery were deleted. Participants were asked to report their goal-directed fantasies and to indicate whether these occurred spontaneously or were generated intentionally. They were also asked whether they had tried intentionally to generate the suggested experience and to indicate whether they had believed that the suggested states of affairs were real (e.g., whether they thought a hallucinated cat really existed). The deletion of instructions for goal-related imagery significantly increased responsiveness to CURSS suggestions. Spontaneous goal-directed imagery was significantly correlated with behavioral response, but intentional imagery was not. Most successful responders tried to generate suggested experiences int...
Close-coupling calculations for low-energy elastic electron scattering from thallium atoms

The results of a previous Breit-Pauli R-matrix calculation are further analyzed by investigating the effects of various approximations to account for relativistic effects and by studying the convergence of the close-coupling expansion. At very low collision energies (below ≈2 eV), the complicated resonance structure causes significant differences between the results obtained from one-state, three-state and seven-state expansions. In addition, the competition between Mott scattering and the “fine-structure effect” in the elastic channel makes the results for the spin asymmetry functionSA extremely sensitive to the details of the theoretical approximation.
A biochemical approach toward the systematics of the Leptothorax “muscorum”Group in North America (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract Enzyme patterns have been used to distinguish among a number of morphologically very similar ant species belonging to the Leptothorax “muscoru” group in North America. Not counting the already described species L. retractus, L. sphagnicolus and L. crassipilis, the complex apparently consists of at least three or four more different taxa.
Data Mining for Efficient Collaborative Information Discovery

The cybersecurity community expends considerable effort on establishing protocols, data formats, and coordination centers for sharing operational security information. There is widespread agreement that sharing information should create value, but also that it is far from simple for one organization to use intelligence provided to it by another. Substantial work focuses on engineering ontologies and data formats to resolve syntactic, and to some extent semantic, differences. These solutions aim to create high quality low noise shared data resources, but require substantial commitments in technology, man hours, and inter-organizational relationship building. Such expenditures may be beyond the reach of many organizations, especially since a substantial portion of the resulting shared data will remain unused.We contend that applying data mining and statistical learning methods to more easily obtainable, inconsistently or entirely unstructured data can guide and prioritize effort. We demonstrate these ideas with a case study of the incident reports collected by US-CERT in the course of one year. We find that data mining techniques can identify subsets of the indicator and incident landscapes for which the exchange of complete incident information may be useful to analysts and decision makers. The techniques studied here may allow broader participation in information sharing efforts, and make better use of the valuable resources dedicated to collaborative cybersecurity information discovery.
The Impact of Oil-Related Income on the Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate in Syria

This paper examines the impact of oil-related income, among other fundamentals, on the equilibrium real effective exchange rate (ERER) in Syria. After reviewing the evolution of the Syrian multiple exchange rate regime since 1960 and assessing alternative measures for the exchange rate, the paper analyzes the impact of oil-related income on the ERER in the context of a behavioral equilibrium exchange rate model. The analysis concludes that ERER appreciates with higher oil-related income, productivity and net foreign assets, but, at odds with the conventional wisdom, depreciates with higher government expenditures given that an increase in expenditures usually translates into higher imports and weaker current account position. In light of the projected real shocks associated with the depletion of oil and the change in other fundamentals in the context of the ongoing transition to a market economy, a more flexible regime would serve Syria better in the future.
Isopiestic studies of aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures V. SrCl2 and BaCl2

Abstract Isopiestic measurements have been made on SrCl 2 (aq) and BaCl 2 (aq) over the temperature range 382.96 to 473.61 K with NaCl(aq) as the reference solution for the calculation of osmotic coefficients. The molalities corresponded to NaCl(aq) molalities ranging from 0.6 to 6.5 mol kg −1 . An ion-interaction model was fitted to the osmotic coefficients of SrCl 2 (aq) and BaCl 2 (aq) with a standard deviation of fit (in the osmotic coefficient) ranging from 0.0007 to 0.0048. Parameters derived from the fit were used to calculate the activity coefficients. The osmotic and activity coefficients decrease with increasing temperature and become less dependent on molality. Previous isopiestic results between 318 and 394 K agree with the present study. Activity coefficients from electrochemical measurements between 283.15 and 343.15 K are not consistent with the isopiestic results.
Thermal condensation of a mixture of six amino acids

Abstract Amino acids can be converted to peptides by the process of heating if the mixture is dry and if the appropriate proportion of glutamic acid as the dominant monomer is present. Three thermal peptide fractions of the diffusible fraction were isolated in this study. Trifluoracetic acid (TFA) hydrolysis was utilized to open the blocked N-terminal group before performing the dansylation reaction. When the molecular weight of the thermal peptide increased, the proportion of neutral amino acids increased slightly, with a decrease in the concentration of glutamic acid. Quantitative analysis of amino acid composition is also reported.
Broadening the statistical search for metal price super cycles to steel and related metals

Abstract During the past five years, industry analysts have proclaimed that metal prices are in the early phase of a ‘super cycle,’ driven primarily by Chinese industrial expansion. Academic economists have generally been very skeptical about the presence of long cycles. A time-series econometric analysis by Cuddington and Jerrett [2008. Super cycles in real metals prices? IMF Staff Pap. 55(4), in press], however, has used band-pass filtering techniques to isolate super cycles in the prices of six metals traded on the London Metal Exchange (the ‘LME6’). This paper extends the search for super-cycle behavior to three additional metal products that are critical in the early phases of industrial development and urbanization: steel, pig iron, and molybdenum (a key ingredient in many steel alloys). There is strong evidence of super cycles in these three metals, although their timing differs to some extent from the super cycles found for the LME6.
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis complicating myxedema coma treated with corticosteroids.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) may develop after high-dose corticosteroids, but has not been described after myxedema coma. We report a patient with myxedema coma who, after initial improvement, developed HSE likely due to activation of dormant herpes simplex virus (HSV) from a combination of myxedema, corticosteroid treatment, and acute illness. MRI of HSE and myxedema showed diffuse diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities. Neighbors found an 81-year-old man unresponsive in his unheated home. His respiratory rate was irregular at 32, and his pulse was 10 to 20. Paramedics intubated him in the field. His admission temperature was 23 °C; he was slowly warmed and hydrated. Third-degree heart block necessitated transcutaneous pacing. His paced blood pressure was 90 mm Hg systolic. He had nonpitting edema around his orbits and extremities, yellow-tinged sclerae, difficult to auscultate cardiac tones, and course lung sounds. Pressure ulcerations marked his skin. He did not respond to command or question, his eyes remained closed, and he failed to localize pain. He had reactive pupils, poor extraocular movements, minimal …
Note on the hamiltonian principle in biology and in physics

A suggestion is made to establish a general variational principle of which the recently discussed principle of maximum energy exchange in biology and the usual Hamiltonian principle in physics would be particular cases.
Progress Toward Making Gallium Nitride Seed Crystals Using Hydride Vapor-Phase Epitaxy

The essential steps required to create GaN seed crystals for bulk crystal growth from thick films are described. These steps include the growth of low-dislocation-density GaN films using a hydride vapor-phase epitaxy route, the separation of the films from the sapphire substrate on which they are grown, and the subsequent growth of GaN on both sides of the free-standing films. These steps are illustrated with examples that emphasize the growth of material with low threading dislocations.
Pulmonary granular cell tumor coexisting with bronchogenic carcinoma.

Pulmonary granular cell tumors (GCTs) are uncommon and predominantly benign. The coexistence of GCTs with bronchogenic carcinoma is rare. We report three cases of GCT occurring simultaneously with a primary bronchogenic carcinoma. In one case mucoepidermoid carcinoma was seen colliding with a bronchial submucosal GCT. In another case an endobronchial GCT was seen beneath squamous cell carcinoma in situ and adjacent to invasive squamous carcinoma. In the third case a central bronchial GCT was identified concurrently with a peripheral adenocarcinoma. We suggest that the presence of a GCT should prompt adequate sampling to rule out the coexistence of bronchogenic carcinoma. Clinical awareness and complete evaluation for a malignant primary lung tumor will lead to more appropriate therapy. Ann Diagn Pathol 5:74-79, 2001.
Effect of acid rain on the soil environment: A review

Abstract This paper reviews the literature on acid rain, with emphasis on soils and leaching of soil elements. Several questions still exist concerning the effects of atmospheric acid deposition on soils: 1) does acid rain enhance mobilization of harmful heavy metals in soils which could leach into the groundwater; 2) does acid rain accelerate the kinetics of weathering of primary minerals and of secondary clay minerals in soils which would release large quantities of Al, Fe, and Si into the groundwater making it unfit for human consumption; and 3) do the beneficial effects of acid deposition outweigh the negative effects or vice versa? Literature pertaining to these questions is addressed in this review.
A NEW MECHANISM FOR LATE DECELERATION OF THE FETAL HEART RATE

Late deceleration of the fetal heart rate (FHR) is a sign of severe fetal asphyxia, but is also seen occasionally when the fetus is neither acidotic nor hypoxic. In a search for other possible causes we postulated that with partial occlusion of the umbilical cord during uterine contractions, the low pressure venous flow would be reduced before changes in arterial flow. This would result in the accumulation of fetal blood in the placenta. Release of the partial occlusion after the contraction would be followed by an increase in venous return and brodycardia from parasympathetic stimulation. Catheters & electrodes were inserted into 12 fetal baboons, mean gestational age 153 days & an occluding device was placed round the intra-abdominol portion of the UV. After 2 hours recovery (fetal pHa 7.36 ± 0.004 and SaO2 62 ± 2.3%) water was gradually injected into the cuff in a volume previously shown to partially occlude the UV. With partial occlusion, FHR rose from 189 to 203 beats/min. These changes in heart rate were significantly different from control (p<.001). The brodycardia was accompanied by a significant elevation of BP. These observations provide an alternative explanation for the pattern of late deceleration of the FHR & stress the importance of monitoring the fetal acid-base state for correct interpretation of fetal heart rate patterns.
Counterconditioning and fear reduction in the rat

Three groups of rats were conditioned to escape shock in a two-compartment Miller box. One group was then confined in the shock compartment with food, the second confined without food, and the third not confined at all Confinement with food was significantly more effective in reducing fear than confinement without food or no confinement, as measured by latency of escape from the shock compartment during extinction trials. However, both confinement with food and confinement without food were equally effective in reducing fear as measured by avoidance of the shock compartment during postconditioning preference trials.
Terrorists, Insurgents, and Criminals—Growing Nexus?

Using Iraq and Afghanistan as case studies, this article explores several critical questions. First, what is the scope of the relationship among criminal organizations, terrorists, and insurgents? The analysis is drawn from theoretical approaches but also relies on government studies and open source reports. Second, how has the transitional period between post-conflict and reconstruction/nation-building created fertile ground for strengthening the criminal–terrorist–insurgent continuum? This is a particularly important issue as the Bush administration engages international organizations. Lastly, what can the United States and its Coalition allies do to mitigate the security challenges presented by the criminal–terrorist–insurgent problem in the these two countries?
An approach to incremental compilation

This paper describes an approach to incremental compilation that allows a complete incremental compiler to be generated from a simple language description. This description is in two parts. The first consists of an abstract syntax annotated with a powerful language for specifying the local semantics. The second consists of separate specifications detailing the uses of symbols, data types and expressions in the language. The approach operates in two stages. The first stage builds a local model of the semantics. The second propagates local changes into a global semantics. This approach has been used as part of the PECAN system for generating program development environments at Brown University.
α1D-Adrenoceptors play little role in the positive inotropic action of phenylephrine

Abstract This study was designed to determine if the positive inotropic action of α 1 -adrenergic stimulation in rat heart is mediated via α 1D -adrenoceptors. Isolated left atrial and papillary muscle were suspended in oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer (37°C) containing 1 μM nadolol and paced at 3.0 Hz. Isometric tension was continuously monitored. Cumulative concentration-response curves for phenylephrine were obtained in the presence and absence of BMY 7378 (8-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-8-azaspirol[4.5]decane-7,9-dione), a selective competitive α 1D -adrenoceptor antagonist. BMY 7378 at concentrations up to 30 nM did not significantly affect the positive inotropic response to phenylephrine. In contrast, as reported by other investigators, α 1D -adrenoceptor-selective concentrations of this antagonist (3 and 10 nM) did elicit a concentration-dependent right-ward shift in the vasoconstrictor response to phenylephrine in rat abdominal aorta. These data suggest that α 1D -adrenoceptors do not play a major role in the positive inotropic action of α-adrenoceptor stimulation in rat cardiac muscle.
Veils, mounds, and vesicle aggregates in neurons elongating in vitro.

Abstract “Veils” are thin membraneous expanses spread between growth cone microspikes of living and fixed cells. Some veils lack vesicular contents, while others contain membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles. Mounds are bulges from the cell surface that are filled with vesicles; they are present on somas, along axonal surfaces, and on growth cones of fixed cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of whole, unsectioned cultured cells shows that, in many cases, the “vesicles” seen in thin sections are, in fact, sacs or tubular structures, twisting in complex ways within the interior of a mound. Veils and mounds have certain distinctive characteristics when compared with adjacent neuronal regions: Cortical microfilamentous material is lacking beneath the plasma membrane of both mounds and veils, as well as between the vesicular or tubular contents of these structures; and, as reported elsewhere [37], cationic ferritin does not bind to the outer surface of mounds and veils. Experiments done to determine if fixation has effects on mound formation suggest that the final morphology of mounds may be induced by glutaraldehyde fixation.
Linear programming approaches to the convex hull problem in Rm

In this paper, two linear programming formulations of the convex hull problem are presented. Each formulation is the dual of the other. Linear programming problems that identify a face of the convex hull are also discussed. An efficient algorithm is developed. Computational results obtained on an IBM 3090 are presented.
Improving the Efficiency of Electricity Use in Manufacturing

Largely in response to the energy shocks of the 1970s, U.S. manufacturers reduced their real fossil fuel intensity (the weighted-average ratio of energy use to production in each subsector) by 50% and achieved zero growth in real electricity intensity. In the future, adoption of new technologies for increasing the efficiency of electricity use is likely to continue to be as important as new modes of electrification, implying that the real electricity intensity will be stable; but the outcome depends on electricity pricing and other policies, public and private.
Technician-free system for image-guided bronchoscopy

Previous studies have shown that guidance systems improve accuracy and reduce skill variation among physicians during bronchoscopy. However, most of these systems suffer from one or more of the following limitations: 1) an attending technician must carefully keep the system position synchronized with the bronchoscope position during the procedure; 2) extra bronchoscope tracking hardware may be required; 3) guidance cannot take place in real time; 4) the guidance system is unable to detect and correct faulty bronchoscope maneuvers; and 5) a resynchronization procedure must be followed after adverse events such as patient cough or dynamic airway collapse. Here, we propose an image-based system for technician-free bronchoscopy guidance that relies on two features. First, our system precomputes a guidance plan that suggests natural bronchoscope maneuvers at every bifurcation leading toward a region of interest (ROI). Second, our system enables bronchoscope position verification that relies on a global-registration algorithm to establish the global bronchoscope position and, thus, provide the physician with updated navigational information during bronchoscopy. The system can handle general navigation to an ROI, as well as adverse events, and is directly controlled by the physician by a foot pedal. Guided bronchoscopy results using airway-tree phantoms and human cases demonstrate the efficacy of the system.
Distributional migrations, expansions, and contractions of tropical plant species as revealed in dated herbarium records

Species are predicted to respond to global warming through ‘cold-ward’ shifts in their geographic distributions due to encroachment into newly suitable habitats and/or dieback in areas that become climatically unsuitable. I conduct one of the first-ever tests of this hypothesis for tropical plant species. I test for changes in the thermal distributions of 239 South American tropical plant species using dated herbarium records for specimens collected between 1970 and 2009. Supporting a priori predictions, many species (59%) exhibit some evidence of significant cold-ward range shifts even after correcting for collection biases. Over 1/3 of species (35%) show significant cold-ward movement in their hot thermal limits (mean rate of change = 0.022 °C yr−1). Most of these species (85%; 30% of all study species) show no corresponding shift in their cold thermal limits. These unbalanced changes in the species’ thermal range limits may indicate species that are experiencing dieback due to their intolerance of rising temperatures coupled with an inability to expand into newly climatically suitable habitats. On the other hand, 25% of species show significant cold-ward shifts in their cold thermal range limits (mean rate of change = 0.003 °C yr−1), but 80% of these species (20% of all study species) show no corresponding shift in their hot thermal range limits. In these cases, the unbalanced shifts may indicate species that are able to ‘benefit’ under global warming, at least temporally, by both tolerating rising temperatures and expanding into new suitable habitat. An important ancillary result of this study is that the number of species exhibiting significant range shifts was greatly influenced by shifting collector biases. This highlights the need to account for biases when analyzing natural history records or other long-term records.
Using Numerical Simulation Tools to Assist the Development of a High Stability Low NOx Industrial Burner

To achieve ultra low NOx emission as well as high efficiency for industrial burners, premixed or partial premixed combustion technology is becoming more attractive than flue gas recirculation approaches, which tend to cause low combustion stability and low energy use efficiency. A well designed premixed combustion system can achieve lower and more uniform combustion zone temperatures thus resulting in reduced thermal NOx generation. A multi-stage premixed industrial scale gas burner with oil backup capability has been developed by the authors, with the assistance from CFD simulation. By using staged combustion, combustion heat release is better distributed into a larger volume to avoid high peak flame temperature zone to occur. By using a primary stage combustion with a fuel rich flame and a hot high emissive metallic chamber wall, the burner combustion stability is ensured. The CFD tool was used to simulate and optimize the whole burner combustion and heat transfer process, with proper fluid dynamics and reaction models for this full size burner development. With the CFD efforts, the final burner design can achieve a very uniform temperature field, with peak flame temperatures below 1650°C, therefore thermal NOx generation is minimized. The numerical results show that this new gas-fired burner can achieve high efficiency with low NOx emission. Using the CFD simulation tool, the burner global parameters, such as its peak flame temperatures, its exhaust flue gas temperatures, and its NOx concentration distributions, have been studied under different burner operation conditions, e.g., different excess air levels, different burner firing rates, and different mixture inlet temperatures. The CFD simulation tool has been proved a good assistance for the burner design, as well as the burner performance optimization.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The decay of Ge77

Abstract Directional correlation and polarization-direction correlation measurements have been done on gamma rays following the decay of Ge77. The results are found to be consistent with previous spin assignments and a spin of 7 2 can be assigned to the 1.19 MeV level. The quadrupole content of several gamma transitions is given.
Nitrogen and sulfur species in Antarctic aerosols at Mawson, Palmer Station, and Marsh (King George Island)

High volume bulk aerosol samples were collected continuously at three Antarctic sites: Mawson (67.60° S, 62.50° E) from 20 February 1987 to 6 January 1992; Palmer Station (64.77° S, 64.06° W) from 3 April 1990 to 15 June 1991; and Marsh (62.18° S, 58.30° W) from 28 March 1990, to 1 May 1991. All samples were analyzed for Na+, SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , methanesulfonate (MSA), NH 4 + ,210Pb, and7Be. At Mawson for which we have a multiple year data set, the annual mean concentration of each species sometimes vary significantly from one year to the next: Na+, 68–151 ng m−3; NO 3 − , 25–30 ng m−3; nss SO 4 2− , 81–97 ng m−3; MSA, 19–28 ng m−3; NH 4 + , 16–21 ng m−3;210Pb, 0.75–0.86 fCi m−3. Results from multiple variable regression of non-sea-salt (nss) SO 4 2− with MSA and NO 3 − as the independent variables indicates that, at Mawson, the nss SO 4 2− /MSA ratio resulting from the oxidation of dimethylsulfide (DMS) is 2.80±0.13, about 13% lower than our earlier estimate (3.22) that was based on 2.5 years of data. A similar analysis indicates that the ratio at Palmer is about 40% lower, 1.71±0.10, and more comparable to previous results over the southern oceans. These results when combined with previously published data suggest that the differences in the ratio may reflect a more rapid loss of MSA relative to nss SO 4 2− during transport over Antarctica from the oceanic source region. The mean210Pb concentrations at Palmer and Marsh and the mean NO 3 − concentration at Palmer are about a factor of two lower than those at Mawson. The210Pb distributions are consistent with a210Pb minimum in the marine boundary layer in the region of 40°–60° S. These features and the similar seasonalities of NO 3 − and210Pb at Mawson support the conclusion that the primary source regions for NO 3 − are continental. In contrast, the mean concentrations of MSA, nss SO 4 2− , and NH 4 + at Palmer are all higher than those at Mawson: MSA by a factor of 2; nss SO 4 2− by 10%; and NH 4 + by more than 50%. However, the factor differences exhibit substantial seasonal variability; the largest differences generally occur during the austral summer when the concentrations of most of the species are highest. NH 4 + /(nss SO 4 2− +MSA) equivalent ratios indicate that NH3 neutralizes about 60% of the sulfur acids during December at both Mawson and Palmer, but only about 30% at Mawson during February and March.
Effect of annual signals on geodetic velocity

[1] Our analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) site coordinates in a global reference frame shows annual variation with typical amplitudes of 2 mm for horizontal and 4 mm for vertical, with some sites at twice these amplitudes. Power spectrum analysis confirms that GPS time series also contain significant power at annual harmonic frequencies (with spectral indices 1 < α < 2), which indicates the presence of repeating signals. Van Dam et al. [2001] showed that a major annual component is induced by hydrological and atmospheric loading. Unless accounted for, we show that annual signals can significantly bias estimation of site velocities intended for high accuracy purposes such as plate tectonics and reference frames. For such applications, annual and semiannual sinusoidal signals should be estimated simultaneously with site velocity and initial position. We have developed a model to calculate the level of bias in published velocities that do not account for annual signals. Simultaneous estimation might not be necessary beyond 4.5 years, as the velocity bias rapidly becomes negligible. Minimum velocity bias is theoretically predicted at integer-plus-half years, as confirmed by tests with real data. Below 2.5 years, the velocity bias can become unacceptably large, and simultaneous estimation does not necessarily improve velocity estimates, which rapidly become unstable due to correlated parameters. We recommend that 2.5 years be adopted as a standard minimum data span for velocity solutions intended for tectonic interpretation or reference frame production and that we be skeptical of geophysical interpretations of velocities derived using shorter data spans.
Different domains of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK3 and ERK2 direct subcellular localization and upstream specificity in vivo.

Abstract Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family. ERK3 is most similar in its kinase catalytic domain to ERK2, yet it displays many unique properties. Among these, unlike ERK2, which translocates to the nucleus following activation, ERK3 is constitutively localized to the nucleus, despite the lack of a defined nuclear localization sequence. We created two chimeras between ERK2 and the catalytic domain of ERK3 (ERK3ΔC), and some mutants of these chimeras, to examine the basis for the different behaviors of these two MAP kinase family members. We find the following: 1) the N-terminal folding domain of ERK3 functions in phosphoryl transfer reactions with the C-terminal folding domain of ERK2; 2) the C-terminal halves of ERK2 and ERK3ΔC are primarily responsible for their subcellular localization in resting cells; and 3) the N-terminal folding domain of ERK2 is required for its activation in cells, its interaction with MEK1, and its accumulation in the nucleus.
Thromboprophylaxis and Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Hemophilia A or B Who Underwent High-Risk Orthopedic Surgeries:

Total hip replacement (THR) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) carry a high risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE); therefore, anticoagulation prophylaxis is recommended in these patient...
Mechanism of pulmonary vein stenosis in infants with normally connected veins

We used microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and cell culture to identify the mechanism of restenosis in 4 infants with isolated pulmonary vein stenosis. Recurrent obstruction appears to be due to myofibroblastic proliferation in this fatal disease.
Isolation and characterization of the hisG and hisD genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Abstract The hisG and hisD genes of the histidine biosynthesis operon of Klebsiella pneumoniae have been cloned in pBR322 and identified by complementation analysis in K. pneumoniae and E. coli. DNA sequence analysis suggests that the genes are functionally expressed in the absence of their complete regulatory sequences.
A methodology for calculating sample size to assess localized corrosion of process components

Abstract This paper proposes a methodology to estimate the required sample size to assess, with a specified precision, the localized corrosion of process components. The proposed methodology uses the extreme value and bootstrap methods. The results of estimated sample size ensure that the predicted maximum localized corrosion with the extreme value method is within an acceptable margin of error at a specified confidence level. Using the results of the proposed methodology, an equation is introduced to calculate sample size as a function of the acceptable margin of error, the population size, the standard deviation of corrosion data and the required confidence level. The probability of exceedance of critical limit of localized corrosion is also estimated. The methodology is explained through a case study of localized corrosion in process piping.
Electron microscopic studies of chicken gizzard caldesmon and its complex with calmodulin.

Caldesmon samples mounted on a stage rotating about a horizontal axis were shadowed keeping the shadow angle at about 3°. This technique minimizes background metal deposits compared with the conventional method. The identity of caldesmon was confirmed by comparing the images of caldesmon alone with those of the caldesmon-calmodulin complex. In these samples the caldesmon molecules appeared to be elongated; most were between 30 and 80 nm in length. The maximum length was in good agreement with the earlier estimate of 74 nm based on hydrodynamic studies. Our observations also suggested the presence of a rather rigid 30–40 nm stretch in the middle of the caldesmon molecule, which was always visible under rotary shadowing, and a flexible structure of about 20 nm in length at each end of the molecule, which may or may not be visible depending on their orientation on the mica surface. In the samples of caldesmon crosslinked with calmodulin, we noticed the existence of complexes containing two calmodulin molecules per caldesmon molecule, separated by a distance of 60 nm, consistent with the suggestion that each end of caldesmon can interact with calmodulin.
Radioimmunoassay of CRF-like material in rat hypothalamus

Abstract Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) was recently isolated from ovine hypothalami by its ability to stimulate adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and β-endorphin release from dispersed rat pituitary cells. In order to study the physiology of this peptide, we have developed a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for CRF. Synthetic CRF was conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin and emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. A suitable antiserum was obtained which showed no crossreactivity with eight naturally occurring peptides. N-Tyr-CRF was iodinated and used as tracer. With this assay, CRF-like immunoreactivity which coeluted with ovine CRF on Sephadex G50 was detected in rat hypothalami.
Instrumentation for Performance Measurements of Heat Pumps With Commercial Desuperheaters

The current project is an extension of the original “ETME 475-Mechanical Systems Design” course project with a new National Instruments data acquisition board, a newly developed LabVIEW data acquisition program, and with a more realistic heat transfer loop. The study covers performance of our heat pump operating in A/C mode as well as in heating mode with a commercial desuperheater (a cross-flow heat exchanger). For this project, the experimental set up consisted of a desuperheater spliced into Trane XL1000, 2-ton, 10-SEER heat pump and a heat transfer loop with a 72-liter hot water storage tank. The instrumentation consisted of seven copper-constantan thermocouples and a LabVIEW-based computer data acquisition system. The thermocouples were used to measure refrigerant, water, indoor air and ambient air temperatures. The LabVIEW based computer data acquisition system was used to record temperatures. Indoor airflow rate was previously measured using Alnor LoFlo balometer. Results indicate that, depending on the water temperature in the desuperheater, heat pump Coefficient of Performance (COP) dropped 6–18% in A/C mode and 8–38% in heating mode. Again depending on the average water temperature in the desuperheater, the desuperheater efficiencies ranged from 12% to 27% for cooling and 11% to 39% for heating. Although even modifying an existing LabVIEW program was a challenge, the student who worked on it and the author has gained very valuable experience and enjoyed the work.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
High-Throughput Profiling of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Using Parallel Electrophoresis and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) is increasingly recognized as a strategy for the discovery and validation of clinically useful biomarker candidates. Large tissue collections including tissue microarrays (TMAs) are available, but current analytical strategies for their characterization have limited throughput. In this report, we describe a workflow for rapid analysis of hundreds of FFPE tissue specimens. The strategy combines parallel sample processing and on-chip electrophoresis with automated matrix-assisted laser desorption ionzation mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) analysis. The method is optimized for small quantities of clinically valuable tissues allowing detection of hundreds of peptides from a single core in a TMA section. We describe results from the optimization of the method and apply it for the analysis of tissue microarrays containing formalin fixed tissue specimens from human kidney.
Calibration of collection procedures for the determination of precipitation chemistry

Precipitation is currently collected by several methods, including several different designs of collection apparatus. We are investigating these differing methods and designs to determine which gives the most representative sample of precipitation for the analysis of some 25 chemical parameters. The experimental site, located in Ithaca, New York, has 22 collectors of 10 different designs. The designs include bulk (wet and dry deposition collected together), wet only (only rain and snow) and wet/dry (collects wet and dry deposition separately). In every sampling period, which varies from 1 day to 1 mo, depending on the time variable being tested, the following chemical parameters are determined: conductivity, pH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4, N03, Ntotal Si04, PO4, Ptotal, Cl, SO4, DOC, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Al, Ni, Cd, Pb, Ag, DDT, DDE, Dieldrin and PCB's.
Quantum Dot Based Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

In the past decade, there has been active research on infrared detectors based on intersubband transitions in self-assembled quantum dots (QDs). In the past two years, at least four research groups have independently demonstrated focal plane arrays based on this technology. In this paper, the progress from the first raster scanned image obtained with a QD detector to the demonstration of a 640 512 imager based on self-assembled QDs is reviewed. In particular, emphasis will be placed on a novel quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) design, which represents a hybrid between a conventional quantum-well infrared photodetector (QWIP) and a quantum-dot infrared photodetector (QDIP). In the DWELL detectors, the active region consists of InAs quantum dots embedded in an InGaAs quantum well. Like QDIPs, the DWELL detectors have 3-D confinement and display normal incidence operation while demonstrating reproducible ldquodial-in recipesrdquo for control over the operating wavelength, like QWIPs. Moreover, the DWELL detectors also have demonstrated bias-tunability and multicolor operation in the midwave infrared (MWIR, 3-5 ), long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8-12 ), and very long wave infrared (VLWIR, ) regimes. Recently midformat 320 256 and 640 512 focal plane arrays (FPAs) with an NETD of 40 mK at have been reported. The paper will conclude with a perspective on the future directions on the research on QDIP FPA including enhanced functionality and higher operating temperatures.
El papel del apoyo comunitario y el bienestar psicológico en el envejecimiento en el hogar

ResumenEste trabajo estudia el efecto del apoyo comunitario y el bienestar psicologico en el envejecimiento en el hogar de las personas mayores de Iowa (EE.UU.). Se analizaron datos procedentes de 1134 participantes de 65 anos o mas para el estudio, y se llevaron a cabo analisis de varianza (ANOVA) y analisis multimuestra de Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales (Structural Equation Modeling, SEM), empleando Mplus 6.1, con el fin de evaluar en que medida el apoyo comunitario predice el envejecimiento en el hogar a traves del bienestar psicologico (soledad, depresion, autoevaluacion del estado de salud) y para comparar el resultado de esta evaluacion entre los residentes de zonas metropolitanas (metro) y a los residentes de zonas no metropolitanas (no-metro). Se observaron diferencias entre los residentes metro y no-metro en apoyo comunitario, depresion y autoevaluacion del estado de salud. El analisis multimuestra apunto a una diferencia entre las relaciones entre apoyo comunitario, bienestar psicologico y...
Cultural similarities and differences in display rules

Two decades of cross-cultural research on the emotions have produced a wealth of information concerning cultural similarities and differences in the communication of emotion. Still, gaps in our knowledge remain. This article presents a theoretical framework that predicts cultural differences in display rules according to cultural differences in individualism-collectivism (I-C) and power distance (PD; Hofstede, 1980, 1983), and the social distinctions ingroups-outgroups and status. The model was tested using an American-Japanese comparison, where subjects in both cultures rated the appropriateness of the six universal facial expressions of emotion in eight different social situations. The findings were generally supportive of the theoretical model, and argue for the joint consideration of display rules and actual emotional behaviors in cross-cultural research.
New computational method for prediction of interacting protein loop regions.

Flexible loop regions of proteins play a crucial role in many biological functions such as protein–ligand recognition, enzymatic catalysis, and protein–protein association. To date, most computational methods that predict the conformational states of loops only focus on individual loop regions. However, loop regions are often spatially in close proximity to one another and their mutual interactions stabilize their conformations. We have developed a new method, titled CorLps, capable of simultaneously predicting such interacting loop regions. First, an ensemble of individual loop conformations is generated for each loop region. The members of the individual ensembles are combined and are accepted or rejected based on a steric clash filter. After a subsequent side-chain optimization step, the resulting conformations of the interacting loops are ranked by the statistical scoring function DFIRE that originated from protein structure prediction. Our results show that predicting interacting loops with CorLps is superior to sequential prediction of the two interacting loop regions, and our method is comparable in accuracy to single loop predictions. Furthermore, improved predictive accuracy of the top-ranked solution is achieved for 12-residue length loop regions by diversifying the initial pool of individual loop conformations using a quality threshold clustering algorithm. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Computational Prediction and Experimental Verification of Differential Calcium Affinity in Thin Filament Mutants Known to Cause Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Alterations in the calcium affinity of cardiac troponin C (cTnC) with eventual effects on cardiac physiology have been known to result from thin filament mutations in cardiac Troponin T (cTnT) that cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In this work we report on first principles computational predictions of calcium binding affinity as predicted by coordinating oxygen distance. These calculations are in both a phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated state at serines in positions 23 and 24 in the inhibitory protein of the troponin complex (cTnI,) and so represent the lowest level myofilament effects of adrenergic signaling. The predictions are made using an all atom molecular model of the troponin complex and tropomyosin developed in our two research groups. In order to test the validity of these predictions, IAANS measurements of calcium affinity in fully recombinant thin filaments were performed using a phosphomemetic cTnI (cTnI-DD). Preliminary steady-state results with the wild-type (phosphomimetic) cTnI replicated the predicted decrease in Ca2+ sensitivity. In the same fashion, atomistic calculations showed longer distances between the coordinating oxygens in the phosphorylated state as compared to the unphosphorylated state. These longer distances correspond to weaker Ca2+ binding and decreased sensitivity. The effects of substitutions in cTnT are in progress and will be presented along with the computational work. This work represents the beginning of ab initio prediction of disease effects at the molecular level via the use of validated computer simulation.