cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development Of A Multistep Detector For X-Ray Astronomy

The addition of a preamplification region is shown to dramatically improve the performance of a standard multiwire proportional counter (MWPC). This improvement is a direct consequence of effecting a large degree of preamplification in a perfectly uniform electric field and then transferring a well defined portion of this charge to a MWPC running at a modest gain. In this way, very large overall gas gains can be achieved without compromising energy resolution. The resulting device is known as a multistep detector.
Marching to the beat of a silent drum: Wasted consensus-building and failed neighborhood participatory planning

Abstract This paper evaluates a pilot study that examined the viability of monitoring neighborhood land-use changes at the scale of parcels and the feasibility of monitoring progress toward implementing housing goals adopted in a comprehensive neighborhood plan. This comprehensive plan was created in a participatory planning process and consistent monitoring of its implementation did not occur. Participatory planning is frequently employed in urban (re)development plans to incorporate stakeholders' knowledge, resources, and community commitment into the planning process. At its core, participatory planning seeks to achieve consensus among its participants, thereby, providing a vehicle to resolve conflict between potentially opposing interests, resolve power differences between various groups, and give groups that are commonly marginalized by institutional structures an opportunity to contribute to the planning process. Using Cincinnati's Over-the-Rhine neighborhood as the case study, we find that it is logistically feasible to obtain the necessary data, create a land-use GIS to analyze the data, update the data, and monitor the progress of the implementation of the Over-the-Rhine Comprehensive Plan. We argue that a participatory process that uses consensus-building and creates goals that are not implemented or monitored, fails to uphold the core characteristics that are vital to the participatory process. This failure mutes the process, the plan, and the participants, permitting (re)development to march forward regardless of the plan's goals and objectives.
Toward Optimum Configuration of Circumferential Groove Casing Treatment in Transonic Compressor Rotors

The current paper first reviews experimental and numerical investigations to understand flow physics and to develop optimum configurations of circumferential grooves in compressor rotors. Circumferential grooves are used mainly to increase stall margin in axial compressors with small decrease in aerodynamic efficiency. Although circumferential groove casing treatment has been used widely, flow mechanisms of the circumferential grooves at near stall conditions are not well understood yet. Detailed time-dependent flow measurement inside tip gap in a high speed compressor is still a big challenge even though significant advance has been made in non-intrusive flow measurement technique. Therefore numerical approaches have been used to study relevant flow physics. However, optimum design of circumferential grooves to a given compressor with the computational tools is not practical yet. In the present paper, various investigations to study flow physics of circumferential groove casing treatment in axial compressor are reviewed first. Possible missing flow physics are identified and future research efforts for the optimum design are discussed.
Pharmacologic management of urinary incontinence in women

This article summarizes current thought regarding the efficacy of various types of drug therapy for incontinence in women, borrowing liberally from similar previous presentations. Space limitations for this chapter necessitate some simplification and condensation of these subjects. References have generally been chosen because of their informational or review content and not because of originality or initial publication on a particular subject.
A Miniature, Low Energy Spark Discharge System for Emission Spectrochemical Analysis of Solutions

A miniature spark discharge system is described for solution analysis by emission spectroscopy. Samples are introduced as dry particles formed by nebulization into a heated desolvation chamber. The spark is formed by the discharge of a coaxial capacitor through a stream of argon which transports the desolvated aerosol. A photoelectric, time-resolved detection system for mechanistic studies and analytical applications is described. The detection system consists of a synchronous integrator controlled by a digital timing and sequencing system. The time-resolved spectral characteristics of the source are discussed, and time resolution is shown to provide enhanced sensitivity. Analytical results are reported for a variety of elements.
CULTIVATION OF RUMEN PROTOZOA. I. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CULTIVATION OF RUMEN OLIGOTRICH PROTOZOA "IN VITRO".

SYNOPSIS. Factors influencing the cultivation of entodinia in vitro have been studied. It was found that removal of particulate material, culture division, or a combination of both resulted in similar maximum protozoal concentrations. At the same time, untreated culture concentrations declined rapidly after reaching a maximum concentration at about the tenth day. At concentrations of streptomycin greater than 25 μg per ml of media, increasing the level of streptomycin extended the time required for a culture to attain a maximum protozoal concentration. A significant relationship (P>.01) was demonstrated between the starch concentration and the protozoal concentration, and it was found that various combinations of starch and streptomycin produced different relative protozoal concentrations in initial and established cultures. Implications arising from these results are discussed.
Cenozoic cooling, Antarctic nutrient pump, and the evolution of whales

Abstract The evolution of large marine mammals and their invasion of the pelagic realm is tied to the availability of sufficient food, which in turn is linked to upwelling areas and other highly productive regions in the ocean, as has been recognized for some time. Here I propose that silicate-supported upwelling (which provides the shorter food chain and hence the higher yield for apex consumers) and deep mixing within the Southern Ocean are the crucial ingredients of the system providing the stage for the evolution of whales. The Circumpolar Current receives silicate from various sources but especially from the North Atlantic Deep Water introduced in the Atlantic sector. The silicate is largely trapped in the Ring, some in the water, and some in the sediment, and is made available to shallower waters by unusually deep mixing. From these shallower depths silica-rich waters can enter the thermocline all through the southern hemisphere, stimulating diatom growth in upwelling systems to the equator and beyond. From the link diatoms–krill–whales and diatoms–krill–small fishes, it is readily apparent that the link between the climate narrative and the narrative of whale evolution (both for mysticetes and odontocetes) is the silica cycle. Studying it will generate hypotheses about whale evolution that can be tested using fossils.
Sorption, diffusion, and pervaporation of organics in polymer membranes☆

Abstract Various polymer materials were chosen as candidate pervaporation membranes for selective removal of ethanol and chloroform from aqueous binary solutions. Flat sheet membranes were cast from polymer solutions and evaluated for their sorption, diffusion and pervaporation of organics from dilute aqueous solutions. Several apolar polymer materials exhibit higher separation coefficients than that expected from vapor—liquid equilibrium for chloroform and ethanol. Selective sorption of organics and water appears to dominate pervaporation selectivity of different polymers. Independent measurements of organic and water sorption and the preferential sorption theory both give good correlations with separation factors. The product of independently measured distribution and diffusion coefficients correlates with the measured permeability coefficients of pervaporation of organics from dilute aqueous solutions. This supports the solution—diffusion mechanism of transport in the membranes tested.
Analysis of mixtures of glucosamine and galactosamine with bakers' yeast.

STUDIES in this laboratory on the incorporation of carbon-14 precursors into corneal mucopolysac-charides necessitated the development of a method for the quantitative separation of labelled hexosamines in tissue hydrolysates. Other procedures1–3 employing column chromatography for quantitative resolution were not suitable for the analysis of large numbers of samples. The specific fermentation by bakers' yeast of D-glucose but not D-galactose4 and the reported phosphorylation of D-glucosamine by yeast hexokinase5 suggested the possibility of employing whole bakers' yeast for the separation of the naturally occurring amino-sugars, D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine. Experiments with bakers' yeast revealed a quantitative removal of D-glucosamine, as measured by colorimetric procedures, and no detectable utilization of D-galactosamine. In the present communication, we wish to describe a procedure for quantitative analysis of mixtures of these two sugars. Slein6 has reported the use of purified yeast hexokinase to distinguish between these hexosamines.
Phosphorus poisoning in waterfowl

Black and mallard ducks have been found to be highly susceptible to phosphorus poisoning. The results of an investigation of the effects of poisoning from the administration of white phosphorus are reported.
Cultural Concepts of Giftedness.

Different cultures have different conceptions of what it means to be gifted. But in identifying children as gifted, we often use only our own conception, ignoring the cultural context in which the children grew up. Such identification is inadequate and fails to do justice to the richness of the world's cultures. It also misses children who are gifted and may identify as gifted children those who are not.
Field Testing of Concrete Crossties and Fastening Systems for the Understanding of Mechanistic Behavior

To adequately satisfy the demands placed on North America’s railway infrastructure through ever increasing freight tonnages and development of its high speed rail program, the design and performance of concrete ties and elastic fastening systems must be improved. As a part of a study funded by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) aimed at improving concrete crossties and fastening systems, field experimentation was performed at the Transportation Technology Center (TTC) in Pueblo, CO by researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). This paper details the extensive instrumentation program which includes strain gages and linear potentiometers. Testing was conducted over seven adjacent concrete crossties in tangent and curve track utilizing TTC’s Track Loading Vehicle (TLV) as well as passenger and freight train consists. Measurements taken consisted of the wheel-rail input loads, component stresses (e.g. insulator post compression), concrete tie strains, and displacements of the rail and concrete tie. The data was collected synchronously to provide a means to capture the load path, target areas of uncertainty, and provide comprehensive data for the validation of a multi-tie, 3-D finite element model being developed by UIUC. Varying train speeds, track curvature, and loading types provided a means to assess the loading variability that can be expected within the fastening system and lead to more purposeful and efficient instrumentation strategies. Furthermore, this data can be used to guide future research in further quantifying the field loading demands on system components, ultimately leading to the mechanistic design of the concrete crosstie and fastening system.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Effect of Tranexamic Acid on Transfusion Rate in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) may produce blood loss requiring allogenic blood transfusion. Recently several authors have reported success decreasing their transfusion rate with tranexamic acid (TXA). We retrospectively reviewed our last 1595 primary THA in 1494 patients looking at whether the patients received TXA via IV infusion, topical application, or neither, and the need for a blood transfusion. Infusion of TXA acid produced a statistically significant difference in transfusion rate (p<0.001) while topical TXA failed to reach statistical significance (P=0.15). The transfusion rate without TXA was 19.86%, 4.39% with TXA infusion (odds ratio=5.36), and 12.86% (odds ratio=1.67) with topical TXA.
Analysis of regulator of G‐protein signaling‐2 (RGS‐2) expression and function in osteoblastic cells

Regulator of G-protein signaling-2 (RGS-2) belongs to a novel family of GTPase-activating proteins that rapidly turn-off G-protein coupled receptor signaling. RGS proteins contain a characteristic RGS domain by which they interact with the α-subunit of G-proteins and drive them into their inactive GDP-bound forms. Previously, we have reported that RGS-2 mRNA is rapidly and transiently increased by PTH in rat bone and in osteoblast cultures in vitro. In this study, we further explored the molecular basis for the regulation of RGS-2 by cloning and functionally characterizing the RGS-2 gene promoter. We cloned 2.3- and 2.8-kb fragments of the 5′-flanking regions of the rat and mouse RGS-2 genes, respectively, and generated a stable clone of UMR106 osteoblastic cells containing the rat RGS-2 promoter driving the β-gal reporter gene (p2.3RGS-2-β-gal). Treatment of the stable clone with PTH resulted in a maximal 2.2- to 3.6-fold increase in promoter activity at 8 h, reminiscent of the early response observed with endogenous RGS-2 mRNA regulation. Further, PTH (1–38), (1–31), PTHrP (1–34), and forskolin, which elevate cAMP levels, stimulated the promoter, while PTH (3–34) and (7–34), which do not readily stimulate cAMP accumulation, and PMA that directly activates protein kinase C, had no effect on promoter activity. Taken together, these results implicate the involvement of the Gαs-adenylate cyclase-protein kinase A pathway in stimulating RGS-2 expression. Maintenance of a hyperphosphorylated state via the inhibition of type 2A protein phosphatases by okadaic acid, resulted in a strong dose-dependent increase in transcriptional activity of the RGS-2 promoter as well as that of the endogenous RGS-2 gene. Furthermore, overexpression of the osteoblast-specific transcription factor Runx2 also led to a stimulation of RGS-2 promoter activity. Functional analysis using RGS-2 overexpression suggests the potential negative regulatory effects of RGS-2 on PTH- and forskolin-induced cAMP production in osteoblastic cells. In summary, our data suggest that PTH treatment results in a direct transcriptional stimulation of RGS-2 that in turn may play a role in modulating the duration/intensity of PTH receptor signaling. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 837–850, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Point Mutation in Escherichia coli DNA Helicase II Renders the Enzyme Nonfunctional in Two DNA Repair Pathways EVIDENCE FOR INITIATION OF UNWINDING FROM A NICK IN VIVO

Biosynthetic errors and DNA damage introduce mismatches and lesions in DNA that can lead to mutations. These abnormalities are susceptible to correction by a number of DNA repair mechanisms, each of which requires a distinct set of proteins. Escherichia coli DNA helicase II has been demonstrated to function in two DNA repair pathways, methyl-directed mismatch repair and UvrABC-mediated nucleotide excision repair. To define further the role of UvrD in DNA repair a site-specific mutant was characterized. The mutation, uvrDQ251E, resides within helicase motif III, a conserved segment of amino acid homology found in a superfamily of prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA helicases. The UvrD-Q251E protein failed to complement the mutator and ultraviolet light-sensitive phenotypes of a uvrD deletion strain indicating that the mutant protein is inactive in both mismatch repair and excision repair. Biochemical characterization revealed a significant defect in the ability of the mutant enzyme to initiate unwinding at a nick. The elongation phase of the unwinding reaction was nearly normal. Together, the biochemical and genetic data provide evidence that UvrD-Q251E is dysfunctional because the mutant protein fails to initiate unwinding at the nick(s) used to initiate excision and subsequent repair synthesis. These results provide direct evidence to support the notion that helicase II initiates unwinding from a nick in vivo in mismatch repair and excision repair.
Financial plans that are tempered to bend

This article discusses some concepts related to planning for financial flexibility used at Armco. The planning process and concepts are equally applicable in other industrial firms.
Physiological and psychophysical modeling of the precedence effect.

Many past studies of sound localization explored the precedence effect (PE), in which a pair of brief, temporally close sounds from different directions is perceived as coming from a location near that of the first-arriving sound. Here, a computational model of low-frequency inferior colliculus (IC) neurons accounts for both physiological and psychophysical responses to PE click stimuli. In the model, IC neurons have physiologically plausible inputs, receiving excitation from the ipsilateral medial superior olive (MSO) and long-lasting inhibition from both ipsilateral and contralateral MSOs, relayed through the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. In this model, physiological suppression of the lagging response depends on the inter-stimulus delay (ISD) between the lead and lag as well as their relative locations. Psychophysical predictions are generated from a population of model neurons. At all ISDs, predicted lead localization is good. At short ISDs, the estimated location of the lag is near that of the lead, consistent with subjects perceiving both lead and lag from the lead location. As ISD increases, the estimated lag location moves closer to the true lag location, consistent with listeners’ perception of two sounds from separate locations. Together, these simulations suggest that location-dependent suppression in IC neurons can explain the behavioral phenomenon known as the precedence effect.
Benefits of and Barriers to Elementary Student-Led Individualized Education Programs

An important task of special educators is helping students with disabilities develop their self-determination skills. Considerable evidence suggests, however, that the goal of providing these students with the motivation and sense of independence that leads to self-determined behavior has not often been achieved. A multiple-case design was used in this study to describe the experiences of four elementary students with disabilities who were taught how to communicate their goals and identify appropriate accommodations at their individualized education program (IEP) meeting. Observations of the IEP meetings and follow-up interviews with parents, teachers, and students revealed that elementary students were capable of contributing important information about their disabilities and suggestions for accommodating them. The potential for promoting greater self-reliance in young students with disabilities is discussed.
Successful Participant Recruitment Strategies for an Online Smokeless Tobacco Cessation Program

An estimated 22% of Americans currently use smokeless tobacco (ST). Most live in small towns and rural areas that offer few ST cessation resources. Approximately 94 million Americans use the Internet for health-related information, and on-line access is growing among lower-income and less-educated groups. As part of a randomized clinical trial to assess the reach and effectiveness of Web-based programs for delivering an ST cessation intervention, the authors developed and evaluated several methods for overcoming the recruitment challenges associated with Web-based research. This report describes and evaluates these methods. Participants were recruited through: (a) Thematic promotional "releases" to print and broadcast media, (b) Google ads, (c) placement of a link on other Web sites, (d) limited purchase of paid advertising, (e) direct mailings to ST users, and (f) targeted mailings to health care and tobacco control professionals. Combined recruitment activities resulted in more than 23,500 hits on our recruitment website from distinct IP addresses over 15 months, which yielded 2,523 eligible ST users who completed the registration process and enrolled in the study. Self-reports revealed that at least 1,276 (50.6%) of these participants were recruited via mailings, 874 (34.6%) from Google ads or via search engines or links on another Web site, and 373 (14.8%) from all other methods combined. The use of thematic mailings is novel in research settings. Recruitment of study participants went quickly and smoothly. Google ads and mailings to media outlets were the methods that recruited the highest number of participants.
Information Preserving Embeddings for Discrimination

Dimensionality reduction is required for "human in the loop" analysis of high dimensional data. We present a method for dimensionality reduction that is tailored to tasks of data set discrimination. As contrasted with Euclidean dimensionality reduction, which preserves Euclidean distance or Euler angles in the lower dimensional space, our method seeks to preserve information as measured by the Fisher information distance, or approximations thereof, on the data-associated probability density functions. We will illustrate the approach for multi-class object discrimination problems.
AN OBLIQUE-INCIDENCE REFLECTIVITY DIFFERENCE STUDY OF THE DEPENDENCE OF PROBE-TARGET REACTION CONSTANTS ON SURFACE TARGET DENSITY USING STREPTAVIDIN-BIOTIN REACTIONS AS A MODEL

A combination of the microarray platform and oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OI-RD) microscopy was used to study the dependence of kinetic constants of probe-target reactions on the surface density of immobilized targets. Streptavidin-biotin reactions with a very high binding affinity were employed as the study model. Oblique-incidence reflectivity difference microscopy, a label-free and surface-based detection technique, was developed for monitoring real-time binding curves between two interactive biomolecules, enabling the acquisition of kinetic constants such as on-rate, off-rate, and equilibrium dissociation constants. These kinetic constants are important in characterizing biomolecular interactions because in living cells all intercellular and intermolecular reactions are at dynamic rather than at stable equilibrium. The kinetic constant of streptavidin binding to surface-immobilized biotin-bovine serum albumin was demonstrated to be significantly affected by the density of surface bovine ...
A Lectin Isolated from Bananas Is a Potent Inhibitor of HIV Replication

BanLec is a jacalin-related lectin isolated from the fruit of bananas, Musa acuminata. This lectin binds to high mannose carbohydrate structures, including those found on viruses containing glycosylated envelope proteins such as human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Therefore, we hypothesized that BanLec might inhibit HIV-1 through binding of the glycosylated HIV-1 envelope protein, gp120. We determined that BanLec inhibits primary and laboratory-adapted HIV-1 isolates of different tropisms and subtypes. BanLec possesses potent anti-HIV activity, with IC50 values in the low nanomolar to picomolar range. The mechanism for BanLec-mediated antiviral activity was investigated by determining if this lectin can directly bind the HIV-1 envelope protein and block entry of the virus into the cell. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed direct binding of BanLec to gp120 and indicated that BanLec can recognize the high mannose structures that are recognized by the monoclonal antibody 2G12. Furthermore, BanLec is able to block HIV-1 cellular entry as indicated by temperature-sensitive viral entry studies and by the decreased levels of the strong-stop product of early reverse transcription seen in the presence of BanLec. Thus, our data indicate that BanLec inhibits HIV-1 infection by binding to the glycosylated viral envelope and blocking cellular entry. The relative anti-HIV activity of BanLec compared favorably to other anti-HIV lectins, such as snowdrop lectin and Griffithsin, and to T-20 and maraviroc, two anti-HIV drugs currently in clinical use. Based on these results, BanLec is a potential component for an anti-viral microbicide that could be used to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1.
Atheroarteritis: a combined immunological and lipid imbalance

Abstract This report traces the development of our knowledge about immune-complex arteritis from the early 20th Century to the present time. The emphasis is on the work which began with the seminal observations of serum sickness by Longcope, MacKenzie, and Rich, to the pathogenetic studies of serum sickness arteritis in rabbits by serveral groups including the outstanding contributions by Dixon and coworkers concerning the role of circulating immune complexes. This work was followed by investigations of the relationship to atherosclerosis revealed by the sustained studiesl by Minick et al. on serum sickness arteritis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. This pioneering research work has more recently been of pivotal value in understanding the arteritis observed in certain primate species such as the cynomolgus and the nemestrina, in human lupus erythematosus, and in organ transplantion arteritis. More recently it has become apparent that one of the microscopic hallmarks of this type of immune complex injury is the concentic microarchitecture of the inflammatory arterial lesions, for which, when they are also lipid containing, we have coined the term artheroarteritis. The contributions of the neoantigens from glycosylated LDL and oxidized LDL to the development of this type of atheroarteritis are considered. New frontiers in this area of research are being opened by the PDAY study which offers new opportunities to link circulating immune complexes and new antigens to arheroarteritis with its accelerated stenotic arterial lesion development.
Therapeutic equivalence in survival for hepatic arterial chemoembolization and yttrium 90 microsphere treatments in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a two-cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Intrahepatic arterial yttrium 90 (90Y) microspheres have been proposed as a less toxic, less invasive therapeutic option to transhepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for patients with surgically unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TACE has demonstrated the ability to prolong survival. However, long-term survival remains uncertain. METHODS: In a 2-cohort experience in the treatment of North American patients who had advanced, unresectable, biopsy-proven HCC, 691 patients received repetitive, cisplatin-based chemoembolization; and a separate cohort of 99 patients who had similar treatment criteria received a planned, single dose of 90Y. Over the study period, an additional 142 patients were followed without treatment (total, 932 patients). RESULTS: Overall survival was slightly better in the 90Y group compared with the TACE group (median survival, 11.5 months vs 8.5 months). However, the selection criteria indicated a small but significant bias toward milder disease in the 90Y group. By using stratification into a 3-tier model with patients dichotomized according to bilirubin levels <1.5 mg/dL, the absence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT), and low α-fetoprotein plasma levels (<25 U/dL), an analysis of survival in clinical subgroups indicated that the 2 treatments resulted in similar survival. In addition, patients who had PVT or high α-fetoprotein levels also had similar survival in both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Given the current evidence of therapeutic equivalence in survival, 90Y and TACE appeared to be equivalent regional therapies for patients with unresectable, nonmetastatic HCC. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Emission of sunscreen salicylic esters from desert vegetation and their contribution to aerosol formation

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) produced by plants are known to have an important role in atmospheric chemistry. However, our knowledge of the range of BVOCs produced by different plant processes is still expanding, and there remain poorly understood categories of BVOCs. In this study, emissions of a novel class of BVOC emissions were investigated in a desert region. Our study considered 8 species of common desert plants: blackbrush ( Coleogyne ramosissima ), desert willow ( Chilopsis linearis ), mesquite ( Prosopis glandulosa ), mondel pine ( Pinus eldarica ), pinyon pine ( Pinus monophylla ), cottonwood ( Populus deltoides ), saguaro cactus ( Carnegiea gigantea ) and yucca ( Yucca baccata ). The measurements focused on BVOCs with relatively high molecular weight (>C 15 ) and/or an oxygenated functional group. Significantly high emission rates of two salicylic esters were found for blackbrush, desert willow and mesquite with emission rates of 3.1, 1.0 and 4.8μgC dwg −1 h −1 , respectively (dwg; dry weight of the leaves in gram). The salicylic esters were identified as 2-ethylhexenyl salicylate (2-EHS) and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexenyl salicylate (homosalate) and are known as effective ultraviolet (UV) absorbers. We propose that the plants derive a protective benefit against UV radiation from the salicylic esters and that the emission process is driven by the physical evaporation of the salicylic esters due to the high ambient temperatures. In addition, the salicylic esters are predicted to be an effective precursor of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) because they probably produce oxidation products that can condense onto the aerosol phase. We estimated the contribution of the sunscreen esters themselves and their oxidation products on the SOA formation for the Las Vegas area using a BVOC emission model. The contribution was estimated to reach 50% of the biogenic terpenoid emission in the landscapes dominated by desert willow and mesquite and 13% in the Las Vegas area. The contributions to biogenic SOA are likely to be higher due to the potentially high SOA yields of these compounds.
Interspecific Effects of Artifically Propagated Fish: an Additional Conservation Risk for Salmon

Abstract: For more than 120 years, hatcheries have released enormous numbers of Pacific salmon to compensate for numerous human insults to their populations, yet the ecological effects of this massive effort are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that hatchery-reared steelhead salmon ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) released into the Snake River Basin negatively affect the survival of wild Snake River steelhead and chinook ( O. tshawytscha) salmon. Because climatic conditions can influence salmon survival, we included an index of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation ( ENSO) as a covariate in our analyses. Based on time series of hatchery releases and rates of smolt-to-adult survival, we demonstrate that the survival of wild chinook salmon is negatively associated with hatchery releases of steelhead. The state of the ( ENSO) did not affect the strength of this relationship. We observed no relationship between survival of wild steelhead and steelhead hatchery releases. Our results suggest that industrial-scale production of hatchery fish may hinder the recovery of some threatened salmonids and that the potential interspecific impact of hatcheries must be considered as agencies begin the process of hatchery reform.
Root finding via darts: dynamic adaptive random target shooting

Consider multi-dimensional root finding when the equations are available only implicitly via a Monte Carlo simulation oracle that for any solution returns a vector of point estimates. We develop DARTS, a stochastic-approximation algorithm that makes quasi-Newton moves to a new solution whenever the current sample size is large compared to the estimated quality of the current solution and estimated sampling error. We show that DARTS converges in a certain precise sense, and discuss reasons to expect substantial computational efficiencies over traditional stochastic approximation variations.
Problem solving and the development of abstract categories in programming languages

The question of how novice and expert computer programmers represent and use programming concepts is addressed here. Lines of programming code forming three complete programs were presented one at a time and in random order in a multitrial free recall procedure. Qualitative and quantitative measures revealed clear but different subjective organization in the two groups. The novices used a syntax-based organization, whereas the experts used a more abstract hierarchical organization based on principles of program function.
MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in human cancers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, small, regulatory RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. Extensive research in the last decade has implicated miRNAs as master regulators of cellular processes with essential role in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis, making them promising therapeutic tools for cancer management. In this article, we will briefly review the structure, biogenesis, functions, and mechanism of action of these miRNAs, followed by a detailed analysis of the therapeutic potential of these miRNAs. We will focus on the strategies presently used for miRNA therapy; discuss their use and drawbacks; and the challenges and future directions for the development of miRNA-based therapy for human cancers.
Population genetics and origin of the native North American agricultural weed waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus; Amaranthaceae).

The evolution of invasiveness, broadly deﬁ ned as the ability of an organism to establish, persist, and proliferate in a new habitat or range ( Mack et al., 2000 ), has been extensively stud-ied in natural ecosystems ( Lambrinos, 2004 ; Ward et al., 2008 ). However, far less is known about the evolution of invasiveness in heavily human-modiﬁ ed, anthropogenic habitats such as ag-ricultural ecosystems. Agricultural weeds, plants that invade crop ﬁ elds and range lands, are the single greatest threat to ag-ricultural productivity worldwide, costing an estimated $33 bil-lion per year in the United States alone ( Pimentel et al., 2005 ). Examining the population structure and genetic composition of these weeds can potentially provide insights into the evolution-ary avenues to invasion in agricultural habitats; this approach has been successful in natural ecosystem invasions ( Sakai et al., 2001 ). Despite the economic importance of agricultural weeds, population genetics has been used to study the origin of very few weed species, aside from weedy relatives of crops ( Vigueira et al., 2013 ). Agricultural weeds are often presumed to have evolved along with plant domestication and the beginnings of agriculture roughly 12 000 yr ago ( De Wet and Harlan, 1975 ). In such cases, the weed’s origin in the distant past and long association with highly mobile human populations can limit the ability to draw inferences about the population-level processes underly-ing the evolution of weediness. However, agricultural weeds may also evolve on a more contemporary timescale. The 20th century saw enormous changes in agricultural practices in the United States, including the introduction of herbicides and the widespread adoption of conservation tillage ( Owen, 2008 ), and these changes have allowed species that were formerly con-ﬁ ned to natural habitats to ﬁ nd a new ecological role in agricul-tural environments ( Buhler et al., 1997 ). Unlike weeds whose origins date to the beginnings of agriculture, recently arisen weeds may retain a clear genetic signature of the events that led to their agricultural invasion.
Brain SPECT imaging with acetazolamide challenge.

The patient was a 69-y-old man who, 37 d earlier, had a 4-d-long evolving onset of headache, dizziness, acute personality changes, visual changes, and weakness. Unspecified imaging was obtained at an outside facility, and he was diagnosed with an intracerebral stenosis. Subsequently, he was given
The prenyltransferase UBIAD1 is the target of geranylgeraniol in degradation of HMG CoA reductase

Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is an autosomal dominant disorder in humans characterized by abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the cornea. SCD-associated mutations have been identified in the gene encoding UBIAD1, a prenyltransferase that synthesizes vitamin K2. Here, we show that sterols stimulate binding of UBIAD1 to the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme HMG CoA reductase, which is subject to sterol-accelerated, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation augmented by the nonsterol isoprenoid geranylgeraniol through an unknown mechanism. Geranylgeraniol inhibits binding of UBIAD1 to reductase, allowing its degradation and promoting transport of UBIAD1 from the ER to the Golgi. CRISPR-CAS9-mediated knockout of UBIAD1 relieves the geranylgeraniol requirement for reductase degradation. SCD-associated mutations in UBIAD1 block its displacement from reductase in the presence of geranylgeraniol, thereby preventing degradation of reductase. The current results identify UBIAD1 as the elusive target of geranylgeraniol in reductase degradation, the inhibition of which may contribute to accumulation of cholesterol in SCD.
Cardiovascular and renal responses to stress in borderline hypertensive rat

Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) were exposed to either a normal or high-sodium chloride (NaCl) diet for 8 wk. Cardiovascular and renal data were collected from arterial and bladder catheters, respectively, in conscious animals during control and stress (aversive classical conditioning) sessions. Results indicated that BHR on a high-NaCl diet exhibited no increase in blood pressure in response to stress compared with BHR on a normal diet. A high-NaCl diet diminished the recovery of blood pressure to base line during stress in WKY compared with normal NaCl controls. Also, a high-NaCl diet and stress interacted in the BHR to decrease sodium excretion and renal plasma flow during stress compared with the control session (3.8 vs. 4.8 mueq.min-1.100 g body wt-1; 3.6 vs. 4.0 ml.min-1. 100 g body wt-1, respectively). Finally, increased dietary NaCl blunted the norepinephrine response to stress in WKY but not in BHR (263 vs. 767 pg/ml). These data suggest that the interaction of genetic and environmental factors are important variables for the development of hypertension.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Measurement Invariance Testing with Ordinal Data: An Application in Revising the Flirting Styles Inventory

Factor analysis (FA) is becoming a common practice in communication research for measurement validation, yet issues associated with FA for ordinal items have not been adequately addressed. As many attitudinal and behavioral measures in communication research consist of ordered-categorical items, this article provides an accessible introduction for applied researchers on categorical confirmatory factor analysis (cat-CFA) and measurement invariance (MI) testing for ordinal data. First, this paper presents conceptual discussions on the classical and the categorical FA models and conditions under which applications of the classical FA can lead to estimation biases. Second, model identification and specification issues with MI for ordinal data are discussed. Third, to demonstrate the techniques, cat-CFA and MI with ordinal data are applied to the revision of an existing self-report Likert-type measure, the Flirting Styles Inventory.
Parathyroid Pathology: Its Relation to Choice of Operation for Hyperparathyroidism

Multichannel autoanalyzers have diagnosed many unsuspected, largely asymptomatic cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. The age of onset of the disease and its rate of progression are not well understood. Surgical restoration of the eucalcemic state is associated with the healing of bone pathology, but many patients are not relieved of hypertensive or renal disease, and sometimes these problems continue to develop in the postoperative period, resulting in continued morbidity and mortality despite “successful” surgery. Conflicting opinions regarding the differentiation between parathyroid adenomas, hyperplasia, and normal glands appear to be resolving as newer data, both retrospective and prospective, reemphasize the pathologic importance of the clinically enlarged or abnormal glands. Parathyroid surgery for renal osteodystrophy of secondary hyperparathyroidism and for persisting hypercalcemia of tertiary hyperparathyroidism may be modified by autotransplantation. Carcinoma of the parathyroid glands is rare, but operative findings merit review. A variety of surgical approaches have been proposed. The surest method for restoring normal calcium levels with minimal permanent hypocalcemia is identification of 4 parathyroid glands and removal of those which are grossly abnormal. For patients with multiple endocrine adenomatosis or familial hyperparathyroidism, subtotal parathyroidectomy is preferred. Additional surgical guidelines are reviewed and the development of a parathyroid registry to ensure closer follow-up is suggested.
Memorializing Paul a. Samuelson: A Review of His Major Works, 1915–2009

This essay reviews the contributions of Paul A. Samuelson, specifically the Neoclassical Synthesis in Macroeconomics, the Factor Price Equalization Theory in Trade, the Surrogate Function in Capita...
Methods for Efficient Elimination of Mitochondrial DNA from Cultured Cells

Here, we document that persistent mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) damage due to mitochondrial overexpression of the Y147A mutant uracil-N-glycosylase as well as mitochondrial overexpression of bacterial Exonuclease III or Herpes Simplex Virus protein UL12.5M185 can induce a complete loss of mtDNA (ρ0 phenotype) without compromising the viability of cells cultured in media supplemented with uridine and pyruvate. Furthermore, we use these observations to develop rapid, sequence-independent methods for the elimination of mtDNA, and demonstrate utility of these methods for generating ρ0 cells of human, mouse and rat origin. We also demonstrate that ρ0 cells generated by each of these three methods can serve as recipients of mtDNA in fusions with enucleated cells.
Uncrossed Complete Ureteral Duplication with Caudal Orthotopic Orifice and Ureterocele

AbstractA case is reported of uncrossed complete left ureteral duplication with the orthotopic ureteral orifice opening caudal to the ectopic orifice. Whereas the caudal orthotopic orifice was associated with a ureterocele and megaloureter, the cranial ectopic orifice was associated with a small undilated ureter. The orthotopic kidney was hydronephrotic, and the ectopic kidney was small and nonfunctioning. The ureterocele was excised together with the megaloureter and the small ectopic kidney also was removed. The undilated ectopic ureter was transplanted to the orthotopic kidney by performing a ureteroneocystostomy distally and ureteropelvic anastomosis proximally.
Are Clinicians Better Than Lay Judges at Recalling Case Details? An Evaluation of Expert Memory

Objective This study examined the role of expertise in clinicians’ memory for case details. Clinicians’ diagnostic formulations may afford mechanisms for retaining and retrieving information. Method Experts (N = 41; 47.6% males, 23.8% females; 28.6% did not report gender; age: mean [M] = 54.69) were members of the American Board of Professional Psychologists. Lay judges (N = 156; 25.4% males, 74.1% females; age: M = 18.85) were undergraduates enrolled in general psychology. Three vignettes were presented to each group, creating a 2 (group: expert, lay judge) x 3 (vignettes: simple, complex–coherent, complex–incoherent) mixed factorial design. Recall accuracy for vignette details was the dependent variable. Results Data analyses used multivariate analyses of variance to detect group differences among multiple continuous variables. Experts recalled more information than lay judges, overall. However, experts also exhibited more false memories for the complex–incoherent case because of their schema-based knowledge. Conclusions This study supported clinical expertise as beneficial. Nonetheless, negative influences from experts’ schema-based knowledge, as exhibited, could adversely affect clinical practices.
The Quantification of Consistency

The central concern of this chapter is the identification and measurement of various forms of consistency implicit in the already described structural representation of basic concepts and their specification equation. Before this main topic can be addressed, there must be some preliminary discussion of how observations may be transformed to data amenable to this structural representation. Subsequently, applications of the variance components approach, as described by Endler (1966), will be discussed. Finally, the utility of employing generalizability theory to estimate consistency will be examined. A version of generalizability theory will be introduced and defended as the most appropriate currently available method for assessing consistency in behavior.
What Conditions Affect Police Response Time? Examining Situational and Neighborhood Factors:

Police response time to calls for service is a crucial factor in evaluation of police performance. While domestic violence is now considered serious interpersonal violence, factors associated with ...
The Alimentary Canal

In progressing from a simple tube to mature digestive organs, the alimentary tract is patterned along distinct axes. Transcription factors pattern the gut tube along the rostrocaudal axis, delineating a foregut, a midgut, and a hindgut. Reciprocal signals along the radial axis then enable differentiation of the mesoderm-derived mesenchyme and muscle cells from diverse endoderm-derived epithelia. Inductive interactions further specify discrete organs such as the stomach, liver, and pancreas, which show dorsoventral and left–right asymmetries. Finally, patterning of the radially symmetric small bowel along a luminal–mural axis separates progenitors in submucosal crypts from differentiated cells restricted to the villi. Diverse forces drive morphogenesis: radial cell intercalation, cell shape changes, asymmetric tissue growth, and tension from surrounding structures. Much remains unclear about how positional and inductive cues activate particular genes to implement this developmental program.
Ciliary Trafficking of Transduction Molecules

Abstract The detection of environmental odors largely relies on a signaling pathway that is localized to the cilia, which project from the dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Mutations that affect cilia structure or function can have a profound impact on the sense of smell. These mutations underlie a class of disorders termed ciliopathies that are often associated with anosmia. Therefore knowledge of the basic mechanisms that regulate the development of OSN cilia is important for understanding the sense of smell. In this chapter, we will discuss the most current data relating to olfactory cilia structure and function. Importantly, new data are emerging that provides insight into how olfactory signaling proteins are trafficked into and enriched in cilia. This work is providing a basis for developing therapies that may be able to restore the sense of smell in ciliopathy patients.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of a Secondary Alcohol Dehydrogenase From Nocardia Cholesterolicum NRRL 5767

Norcardia cholesterolicum NRRL 5767 (N. cholesterolicum NRRL 5767) is a well-known bacterium capable of transforming 95% of added oleic acid to a more valuable product, 10-hydroxystearic acid (10-H...