cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ICESat-2 and the Trees Around the GLOBE student research campaign: Looking at Earth's tree height, one tree at a time

Abstract The NASA Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 or ICESat-2 launched on September 15, 2018 from the Vandenberg Air Force Base aboard the last Delta II rocket. ICESat-2 is designed to map the height of our planet by counting the laser photons leaving and returning to the satellite. Although its primary science objective is to measure the height of Earth's ice, it is able to measure other 3-dimensional objects on Earth, like mountains, buildings, oceans, lakes, trees, etc. The GLOBE Program is an international program of students, educators, scientists, and citizen scientists that allows participants to take measurements in their local environments, in order to see the big picture of how our planet is changing over time. One of the GLOBE measurements is tree height. Students, as part of the Trees Around the GLOBE Student Research Campaign, have been collecting tree height data and comparing it to ICESat-2 tree height data. The Trees Around the GLOBE Student Research Campaign commenced on September 15, 2018 in conjunction with NASA's ICESat-2 satellite launch. This campaign is a student research campaign focusing on tree height. Tree height is not just a measurement, it is a gateway to understanding many things about the environment. The structure of tree canopies and the 3D arrangement of individual trees has a huge effect on how ecosystems function and cycle through carbon, water, and nutrients. As part of the NASA GLOBE Observer Citizen Science Program, a new Trees tool allows citizen scientists to measure tree height using their mobile device. From this, there is an increasingly robust dataset that will allow scientists to use as satellite data comparisons and in potential professional research. Scientists from the ICESat-2 Mission periodically review the tree height data collected by the GLOBE community throughout this campaign and beyond.
Does it matter how providers frame HPV vaccination recommendations to promote uptake

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how provider recommendations regarding HPV vaccination impact uptake among parents of children between the ages of 9 and 18 in a rural county. Methods: This was a population-based, quantitative interview study performed in a rural county in Alabama (Escambia County). Parents/guardians were interviewed between 9/2019 and 12/2019. A 16-page questionnaire was developed based on questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and other instruments. Questions were asked regarding type of recommendation and impression the parent/guardian had from this interaction. Participants were recruited proportionally from the nine census tract regions in the county. The questionnaire was anonymous and participation was voluntary. Inclusion criteria included: living in Escambia county and having a child between the ages of 9 and 18. Outcome variables included: child got vaccinated the day of the recommendation, HPV vaccination was scheduled, and HPV vaccination was not scheduled. Bivariate analysis and multinomial logistic regression were used. Results: A total of 147 of 368 individuals interviewed reported a provider recommended HPV vaccination for their child. Age of the parent, race, educational attainment, and health insurance coverage were similar between groups. Female parents were more likely to report HPV vaccination recommendation than male parents (44.1% vs. 23.3%; p=0.009) along with parents who had older children versus younger children (14.2 vs. 12.1 years-old; p=0.0001). The type of provider recommendation (i.e. “Provider said that the HPV vaccine is very safe” or “Provider stated he/she would vaccinate his/her own children”) was not found to significantly impact HPV vaccination uptake or scheduling (Table 1). However, the impression from the recommendation of HPV vaccination being “important” was significantly associated with the child getting vaccinated that day (OR=7.31, CI=2.20-24.3) as well as scheduling HPV vaccination as compared not vaccinating/scheduling (OR=3.17, CI= 1.01-9.92). Parents who thought their provider gave the impression “there was no hurry” were less likely to vaccinate their child as compared to the ones who vaccinated the child the day of the recommendation (OR=0.23, CI=.09-59). Conclusions: Provider recommendation for the HPV vaccine was reported by less than half of the parents interviewed in a rural county in Alabama. For those that did receive the recommendation, they were more likely to vaccinate their child that day or schedule vaccination if they got the impression from the provider that it was important. Parents were less likely to vaccinate their child if they got the impression there was no hurry. Specific recommendations were not found to influence parent's decision to vaccinate their child against HPV. Download : Download high-res image (240KB) Download : Download full-size image
The fatal conceit of foreign intervention

The fatal conceit is the assumption that the world can be shaped according to human desires. This chapter argues that the logic of the fatal conceit can be applied to foreign interventions which go beyond the limits of what can be rationally constructed by reason alone. In suffering from the fatal conceit, these interventions are characterized by: (1) the realization that intentions do not equal results, (2) a reliance on top-down planning, (3) the view of development as a technological issue, (4) a reliance on bureaucracy over markets, and (5) the primacy of collectivism over individualism. These characteristics explain why interventions extending beyond the limits of what can be rationally constructed tend to fail.
Chapter 25 Antipsychotic drugs

Summary The antipsychotic drugs, also known as neuroleptics, have allowed functioning in the community of many mental patients who formerly would have been institutionalized.The antipsychotic drugs presumably produce their therapeutic effects by blockade of dopamine receptors in the limbic system of the brain. Unfortunately, dopamine receptor blockade within the extrapyramidal system of the brain gives rise to severe motor side-effects such as parkinsonism. Such side-effects occur with varying frequency in response to standard antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine, thioridazine, fluphenazine, thiothixene, haloperidol, loxapine, and molindone. Newer agents known as atypical antipsychotic drugs, of which clozapine and olanzapine are representative, appear to lack these motor side-effects. All antipsychotic drugs exert in varying degrees other common side-effects, including sedation, hypotension, and anticholinergic activity. In clinical practice, the side-effects of the neuroleptics must be considered carefully in conjunction with the medical condition of the patient before therapy with an individual agent is instituted.
Nanotube composites: A recipe for strength

Nanocomposite materials — such as polymers containing carbon nanotubes — should in theory be stronger than standard short-fibre composites. In practice, there are many problems to solve, such as raising the surface energy, which should lead to better material mixing and less slipping between surfaces.
Lightwave centralized WDM-PON system at symmetric rate of 10Gbit/s employing cost-effective directly modulated laser

We demonstrate the first lightwave-centralized WDM-PON operating at symmetric rate of 10Gbit/s using cost-effective directly modulated lasers to generate downstream and provide upstream OOK/OFDM-QPSK signals using a re-modulation scheme by an intensity modulator.
The sonar ring: Obstacle detection for a mobile robot

Ultrasonic pulse-echo devices have shown utility for obstacle detection in numerous mobile robot research efforts, as well as in commercial automatic guided vehicles (AGVs). A method for quickly obtaining multiple sonar range readings is presented. Thirty ultrasonic transducers are arranged in a ring and controlled by a computer. The system is predominantly composed of commercially available parts. Hardware specifications and operation details of this system are outlined.
Expression of the amplified domain in human neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract Screening of a partial cDNA library prepared from the human neuroblastoma cell line BE(2)-C with genomic DNA probes containing sequences representative of the amplified domain of that cell line allowed us to identify cloned transcripts from an active gene within the domain. The gene BE(2)-C-59 is amplified ca. 150-fold and encodes a 3.0- and a 1.5-kilobase RNA transcript, both of which are overproduced in BE(2)-C cells. A survey of a large variety of human tumor cell types indicated that this gene is amplified to varying degrees in all neuroblastoma cell lines and a retinoblastoma cell line that exhibit obvious cytological manifestations of DNA sequence amplification, i.e., homogeneously staining regions and double-minute chromosomes. The BE(2)-C-59 gene is not amplified, however, in other nonrelated tumor types, even those containing amplified DNA. Although the functional significance of this specific gene amplification in neuroblastoma cells remains unknown, an indication that it may relate to the malignant phenotype of these cells follows from the remainder of our data which show that the amplified BE(2)-C-59 gene shares partial homology with both the second and third exons, but not the first exon, of the human c-myc oncogene.
Cerebrospinal fluid lipoproteins are more vulnerable to oxidation in Alzheimer's disease and are neurotoxic when oxidized ex vivo.

Brain regional oxidative damage is thought to be a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have suggested that increased lipid peroxidation of CSF and CSF lipoproteins also may occur in AD patients. In the present study, we determined the susceptibility of human CSF to ex vivo lipid peroxidation and tested the hypothesis that oxidized CSF lipoproteins may be neurotoxic. Whole CSF or a CSF lipoprotein fraction (d<1.210 g/mL) was oxidized with 2,2′-azobis(2-amidino-propane)dihydrochloride (AAPH), a hydrophilic free-radical generator. Kinetics of CSF lipid peroxidation were followed by a standard fluorescence product accumulation assay. Oxidation of AD CSF yielded significantly shorter fluorescent lag times than controls, indicating reduced antioxidant capacity. Electrophoretic mobilities of CSF apolipoproteins were specifically reduced upon oxidation of CSF with AAPH, suggesting that lipoproteins are primary targets of CSF lipid peroxidation. Cultured neuronal cells were exposed to physiological concentrations of isolated CSF lipoproteins oxidized with increasing concentrations of AAPH; the resulting neurotoxicity showed a significant linear AAPH concentration-response relationship. These results suggest that oxidized CSF lipoproteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in AD.
Craniofacial variation in Homo habilis: an analysis of the evidence for multiple species.

The question of heterogeneity in the Homo habilis sample continues to be controversial. Various lines of evidence have been used to reject the null hypothesis of intraspecific variation. This evidence derives from analyses of endocranial volume variation, probability estimates of sexual dimorphism, facial variation, cranial angles, CV analysis of craniofacial variation, the multivariate pattern of sexual dimorphism, the pattern of variability (CV) profiles, distance data using exact randomization methods, and various kinds of quantitative ordinations of fossils. Although consensus is lacking as to how the H. habilis sample is to be split, there is a growing perception that the degree of variation among the fossils is too great and the pattern of variation is too different to be explained by intraspecific variation. This has resulted in the recognition of new species such as “Homo rudolfensis.” The present study critically examines the evidence commonly cited as the basis for recognizing multiple species in the extended H. habilis hypodigm. Reanalysis and reinterpretation of these data indicates that: (1) the degree of variation in the H. habilis sample is typical of modern hominoids, and (2) the pattern of variation among specimens of the H. habilis sample is consistent with intraspecific variation. Thus, at present, there is no sound basis to reject the null hypothesis of intraspecific variation as an adequate explanation of the morphological variation seen among specimens of the extended H. habilis sample. If multiple species are indeed represented, then their presence has not yet been satisfactorily demonstrated. Am J Phys Anthropol 112:103–128, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Large mismatch heteroepitaxy of InSb on Si(1 1 1) substrates using CaF2 buffer layers

The results of initial attempts to grow large lattice-mismatched InSb/Si structures using CaF 2 buffer layers are reported. Substrate temperatures in the range of 300-400°C were used and MBE growth was initiated by opening the In and Sb shutters simultaneously, producing In-terminated InSb(111)-A surfaces on Si(111) substrates. High structural quality was confirmed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, electron channeling and high-resolution X-ray diffraction. Electron mobility as high as 65 000 cm 2 /(V s) for a density of ∼ 2 x 10 16 cm -3 was measured at room temperature for an 8 μm-thick InSb layer grown on CaF 2 /Si(111).
A degenerate triangular shell element with constant cross-sectional warping

Abstract The development of a degenerate curved general triangular element, based on the assumed displacement potential energy approach, is presented for the analysis of moderately thick shells. The present element is a quadratic triangle of C°-type in the curvilinear coordinate plane and assumes transverse inextensibility and the Reissner-Mindlin hypothesis of constant transverse shear deformation (crosssectional warping). Numerical results presented include the study of convergence and effect of two Gauss quadrature schemes. These results demonstrate the accuracy of the shell constitutive relations consistently derived from the three-dimensional elasticity theory and also the efficiency of the present element.
A spectrophotometric study of the complex formed between the acid chloranilate and molybdate ions in aqueous solutions

Abstract Using the method of continuous variations of Job, a 1:1 complex between molybdate and acid chloranilate ions has been found in aqueous solutions at various values of pH and temperature. The pH has to be controlled to within 0.05 for obedience to Beer's law of the chloranilic acid. The dissociation constants of the complex at constant temperature decrease linearly with increasing pH up to pH 4, then increase linearly with pH. The changeover from the complex of one polymolybdate ion to another is suggested as the cause of this minimum in the K d versus pH curve. This assumption is supported by the absorbance versus pH curve of the complex. This curve shows a rather sharp downward trend from the expected value beginning at pH 4. Thermodynamic data for the dissociation of the complex are presented.
Diagnosing collinearity-influential observations

Abstract It is known that the eigenstructure of a given matrix can change substantially when a row is added to or deleted from the matrix. In this article we study the effects of row deletion on the eigenstructure of a given matrix in general and on its condition index in particular. Except for very special cases, it is found that no general closed-form equation can relate the eigenstructure of a given matrix to the eigenstructure of the same matrix with one row deleted. However, we give good closed-form approximations to the relationship between the two eigenstructures. We also propose two diagnostic measures for assessing the influence of a single row on the condition index of a given matrix. Two numerical examples from regression analysis are used to illustrate the methodology. However, these methods are also relevant in other multivariate analysis problems where eigenstructure is of interest, for example, canonical correlation and principal components analyses.
Structure of synthetic peptide analogues of an eggshell protein of Schistosoma mansoni

The peptide (Gly-L-Tyr-L-Asp-L-Lys-L-Tyr)6, referred to as F4-6, was synthesized as a model for a schistosome eggshell protein in which the Gly-Tyr-Asp-Lys-Tyr consensus sequence is repeated over 40 times. Analysis by CD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, potentiometric and spectrophotomertric titrations, NMR, and molecular modeling suggests that F4-6 forms some type of left-handed structure. A likely possibility appears to be a left-handed alpha-helix stabilized by Lysi-Aspi +4 salt bridges and possibly Aspi-Tyri +4 hydrogen bonding and Tyr-Tyr interactions. Spectroscopic studies of a number of F4-6 analogues support this conclusion. For example, substitution of D-Ala for Gly produces a peptide with enhanced left-handed helical spectral characteristics, whereas an L-Ala substitution results in a peptide with minimal structure. These studies suggest that the F4 protein from Schistosoma mansoni may be the first example of a naturally occurring protein devoid of proline and carbohydrate that forms a left-handed helix composed of L-amino acids, although alternative forms of other left-handed structures have yet to be rigorously excluded.
Integumental tyrosinase activity in amphibians

L'analyse radiometrique de tyrosinase integumentale a demontre que les amphibiens sont les vertebres les plus interessants dans les etudes de melanogenese.
Number, unit, and utility in a Mayan community: the relation between use‐value, labour‐power, and personhood

Rather than asking how two use-values can have the same exchange-value, this article asks how two distinct entities can have the same use-value. Among the Q'eqchi'-Maya, substitution (eeqaj) refers to activities as disparate as house-building, civil-religious elections, vengeance, loans, illness cures, adultery, and namesakes. Such practices involve the exchange of one entity for another entity, insofar as these entities have shared properties, and insofar as they hold a role in a necessary position. Substitution is interpreted as social processes whereby substances get utilized, unitized, and numericalized, and this local articulation of use-value is theorized in terms of labour-power and personhood.
Using state polls to forecast U.S. Presidential election outcomes

This paper uses pre-election polls to forecast U.S. Presidential election outcomes in the states and the Electoral College. The approach is notable in three ways. First, we employ state-level polls to predict voting outcomes in the states; second, we associate probabilities with alternative election outcomes, and third, we identify states most likely to be pivotal in the Electoral College. Using information available on the day before the election, we estimated that the probability of a Republican victory in the Electoral College in the 2004 election was 47.27%.
On ordinary planes

Given a set of n points which span an ordered projective space P"3, W. Bonnice and L.M. Kelly have shown that the number of ordinary planes determined by this set is at least 3n/11. In this paper, it is shown that this lower bound can be improved to n/3 in general and in some cases to 4n/9 or even to n/2.
Functional Expression of the Menkes Disease Protein Reveals Common Biochemical Mechanisms Among the Copper-transporting P-type ATPases

Menkes disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder of childhood caused by the absence or dysfunction of a putative P-type ATPase encoded on the X chromosome. To elucidate the function of the Menkes disease protein, a plasmid containing the open reading frame of the human Menkes disease gene was constructed and used to transform a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in CCC2, the yeast Menkes/Wilson disease gene homologue. ccc2Delta yeast are deficient in copper transport into the secretory pathway, and expression of a wild type human Menkes cDNA complemented this defect, as evidenced by the restoration of copper incorporation into the multicopper oxidase Fet3p. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated the essential role of four specific amino acids in this process, including a conserved histidine, which is the site of the most common disease mutation in the homologous Wilson disease protein. The expression of Menkes cDNAs with successive mutations of the conserved cysteine residues in the six amino-terminal MXCXXC metal binding domains confirmed the essential role of these cysteine residues in copper transport but revealed that each of these domains is not functionally equivalent. These data demonstrate that the Menkes disease protein functions to deliver copper into the secretory pathway of the cell and that this process involves biochemical mechanisms common to previously characterized members of this P-type ATPase family.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE ON THE BRIEF CONCEPTUAL STYLE TEST

Summary.-The brief (19-item) Conceptual Sryle Test was individually administered to 85 first, third, and sixth grade school children. Analytic and relational responses were tabulated. An analytic response is one in which visual stimuli are grouped on the basis of similarity of stimulus elements. A relational response is one in which the grouping of the stimuli is based on a functional relationship between the stimuli. The number of analytic responses produced increased with age. This is consistent with previous findings in which the 30item Conceptual Style Test was used. Although no sex differences were found in conceptual style, the developmental trend for boys appeared to differ from thac of the girls. One advantage of the 30-item test is that it appears to elicit a higher percentage of scorable analytic and relational responses in first graders than does the brief form. The Conceptual Style Test was devised by Kagan, Moss, and Sigel (1963) to evaluate the method of perceptual categorization thac children initially use in cognitive processing. Specifically the test was designed to measure analytic and relational responses. Analytic responses are those in which two stimuli are grouped together on the basis of similarity of stimulus elements. For example, a rake and a fork are paired because they both have prongs. The relational category refers to responses in which the pairing is based on a functional relationship between the stimuli, for example, a rake and a garden. Previous developmental studies using the 30-item version of the test (Kagan, et al., 1963; Kagan, Rosman, Day, Albert, & Phillips, 1964) have shown that the older the child, the more analytic and the fewer relational responses the child gives. Examination of sex differences in analytic performance indicates conflicting findings. Kagan, el al. ( 1964, Study 3) showed that second and third grade boys produced more analytic responses than did girls of the same age. However, no sex differences in frequency of analytic responding were found for second graders (Kagan, et al., 1964, Study 2) nor for third, fourth, or sixth graders (Kagan, et al., 1963). On the brief form only performances of first and second grade children have been measured. A comparison of the means in Stanes and Gordon's (1973) and Stanes's ( 1973) studies suggests a possible developmental trend. The second grade boys in the former study made significantly more analytic responses than The cooperation of the York County, Virginia public schools is gratefully acknowledged. Appreciation is also extended to Maw Anne Kreutzer and Vireil V. McKenna for assisrance in this study. The author is now at the ~niversity ofY Virginia, ~harl&tesville, Virginia 22903.
Academic genealogy as an indicator of interdisciplinarity: An examination of dissertation networks in Library and Information Science

Interdisciplinarity has been studied using cognitive connections among individuals in corresponding domains, but rarely from the perspective of academic genealogy. This article utilizes academic genealogy network data from 3,038 PhD dissertations in Library and Information Science (LIS) over a span of 80 years (1930–2009) to describe interdisciplinary changes in the discipline. Aspects of academic pedigree of advisors and committee members are analyzed, such as country, school, and discipline of highest degree, to reveal the interdisciplinary features of LIS. The results demonstrate a strong history of mentors from fields such as education and psychology, a decreasing trend of mentors with LIS degrees, and an increasing trend in mentors receiving degrees in computer science, business, and communication, among other disciplines. This work proposes and explores the use of academic genealogy as an indicator of interdisciplinarity and calls for additional research on the role of doctoral committee composition in a student's subsequent academic career. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Models for roughening of graphite during its catalyzed gasification

Abstract Models were developed to calculate porosities and total areas, and catalyzed to uncatalyzed gasification rate ratios as a function of burn-off for graphite flakes initially contaminated with channelling or pitting catalysts. The models indicate that small loadings of catalysts can increase the overall gasification rate by surface roughening without having a measurable effect due to interfacial catalysis.
Dynamic Analysis of a Building Under Rocket Engine Plume Acoustic Load

Studies have been performed to develop finite-element modeling and simulation techniques to predict the dynamic structural response of Building 4010 to the acoustic load from the plume of high-thrust rocket motors. The building is the Test Control Center and general office space for the E-complex at Stennis Space Center. It is a large single span; light-structured building located approximately 1,000 feet from the E-1 test stand. A three-dimensional shell/beam combined model of the building was built using Pro/Engineer platform and imported into Pro/Mechanica for analysis. An Equivalent Shell technique was developed to simplify the highly complex building structure so that the calculation is more efficient and accurate. A deterministic approach was used for the dynamic analysis. A pre-stressed modal analysis was performed to simulate the weight stiffening of the structure, through which about 200 modes ranging from 0 to 35 Hz were identified. In an initial dynamic frequency analysis, the maximum response over the model was found. Then the complete 3-D distributions of the displacement, as well as the stresses, were calculated through a final frequency analysis. The results were compared to a strain gage and accelerometer recordings from rocket engine tests and showed reasonable agreement.
What do you do if no one knows what to do

The Emergency Preparedness Committee in the emergency department at a Level I Trauma Center identified a knowledge gap related to hazardous materials and items (Hazmat) incidents and their associated decontamination procedures. This led to the development of a "user-friendly" resource guide for key staff, specifically charge nurses, to utilize during Hazmat situations. Implementing this reference book has significantly increased the number of identified Hazmat incidents. The staff members involved have utilized the reference book to effectively guide them through the Hazmat incidents.
Models of protein interactions: How to choose one

Background : There have been many attempts to approximate realistic protein interaction energies by coarse graining (i.e. considering interactions between amino acids rather than those between atoms). In particular, many 20-letter models have been derived (corresponding to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids). Because such models remain computationally infeasible, many two-letter models have been proposed as further simplifications. The choice of which model to use remains arbitrary, however. In this work, we formulate the framework within which the quality of approximate interaction potentials with respect to folding can be defined explicitly. Results : Using a recently proposed criterion for comparing interaction matrices, we compare various 20 × 20 interaction matrices and obtain the two-letter model that most closely approximates each 20 × 20 matrix. We find that there are considerable differences among the 20 × 20 matrices. In particular, some matrices are much more similar to the hydrophobic model than others. Furthermore, we find that although the best two-letter approximation of a 20-letter model is a significantly better approximation than a random two-letter model, it is still a poor approximation of realistic protein interactions. Conclusions : The determination of the best two-letter approximations of various 20-letter models of protein interaction energies reveals the degree to which hydrophobic interactions dominate in each of the models and hence in proteins.
The spatial spectrum of short-wave temperature fluctuations in the near-surface thermocline

Abstract An experimental estimate of the spatial spectrum of the temperature fluctuations in the near-surface summer thermocline has been made for a region 200 km northwest of Bermuda during a three-day period in June 1963. In the experiment the temperature was sampled at a depth of about 100 m along eight tracks equally spaced in direction with a ship-towed sensor. A scheme is described for computing the spectrum from the samples along each track. The resulting spatial spectrum decreases rapidly tn level from a wave length of 7000 to 200 m and indicates a predominant direction of propagation towards the northwest. During the experiment the frequency spectrum of the fluctuations at 75 m was estimated from a temperature recorder attached to a drogue. The shape of this spectrum was similar to that of the spatial spectrum. It is suggested that the temperature fluctuations are driven by turbulent fluctuations in the mean flow.
DSR: the dynamic source routing protocol for multihop wireless ad hoc networks

The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes. DSR allows the network to be completely self-organizing and self-configuring, without the need for any existing network infrastructure or administration. The protocol is composed of the two mechanisms of Route Discovery and Route Maintenance, which work together to allow nodes to discover and maintain source routes to arbitrary destinations in the ad hoc network. The use of source routing allows packet routing to be trivially loop-free, avoids the need for up-to-date routing information in the intermediate nodes through which packets are forwarded, and allows nodes forwarding or overhearing packets to cache the routing information in them for their own future use. All aspects of the protocol operate entirely on-demand, allowing the routing packet overhead of DSR to scale automatically to only that needed to react to changes in the routes currently in use. We have evaluated the operation of DSR through detailed simulation on a variety of movement and communication patterns, and through implementation and significant experimentation in a physical outdoor ad hoc networking testbed we have constructed in Pittsburgh, and have demonstrated the excellent performance of the protocol. In this chapter, we describe the design of DSR and provide a summary of some of our simulation and testbed implementation results for the protocol.
MgS grain component in circumstellar shells

In this letter, far-infrared spectrophotometry (30-55 microns) and photometry (53-200 microns) are presented which define, for the first time, the long wavelength limit of the previously unidentified 30 micron emission feature found in certain extreme carbon star spectra. The spectral similarities are sufficiently similar to those of solid MgS that MgS is proposed to be the band carrier. This is interpreted as the first direct evidence that chemical surface reactions occur on dust grains in circumstellar environments. The presence of MgS indicates that either the oxygen abundance is relatively low and/or the sulfur abundance is high in extreme carbon stars.
Cell specific effects of glycosaminoglycans on the attachment and proliferation of vascular wall components

Abstract Capillary formation has been correlated with changes in basement membrane-associated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). 1 During capillary growth when endothelial cells (EC) undergo extensive proliferation and migration and pericytes are scarce, hyaluronic acid (HA) levels are elevated. Upon capillary maturation when EC migration and proliferation cease and pericytes appear, the dominant GAG is heparan sulfate (HS). To investigate the potential role of GAGs in the angiogenic process, we studied the effect of HA, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate on the attachment and proliferation of vascular wall cells in vitro . Cell attachment was studied by determining the number of cells attached to GAG-treated substrates. Whereas HA inhibited the attachment of both pericytes and smooth muscle cells (SMC) by nearly 80% after 8 hr, it enhanced capillary EC attachment by more than 30%. Retinal pigment epithelial cells and dermal fibroblasts were employed as controls and none of the GAGs examined significantly altered the attachment of these cells. The effect of GAGs on cell proliferation was determined by the addition of soluble GAGs to cells cultured for the time required for three population doublings. Heparin addition resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of both pericyte and SMC proliferation with maximal inhibition of 50% at 100 μg/ml, whereas this concentration of heparin moderately enhanced capillary EC proliferation. These effects were not observed for any other cell type or with any other GAG and indicate that GAGs have cell-specific effects on the attachment and proliferation of cells of the vascular wall.
An improved reproducing kernel particle method for nearly incompressible finite elasticity

The previously developed reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM) employs a high-order quadrature rule for desired domain integration accuracy. This leads to an over-constrained condition in the limit of incompressibility, and volumetric locking and pressure oscillation were encountered. The employment of a large support size in the reproducing kernel shape function increases the dependency in the discrete constraint equations at quadrature points and thereby relieves locking. However, this approach consumes high CPU and it cannot effectively resolve pressure oscillation difficulty. In this paper, a pressure projection method is introduced by locally projecting the pressure onto a lower-order space to reduce the number of independent discrete constraint equations. This approach relieves the over-constrained condition and thus eliminates volumetric locking and pressure oscillation without the expense of employing large support size in RKPM. The method is developed in a general framework of nearly incompressible finite elasticity and therefore linear problems are also applicable. To further reduce the computational cost, a stabilized reduced integration method based on an assumed strain approach on the gradient matrix associated with the deformation gradient is also introduced. The resulting stiffness matrix and force vector of RKPM are obtained explicitly without numerical integration.
An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution

The mathematical derivation of a test for determining the fiducial limits of, and significance of difference between, means when the samples are drawn from exponential populations is presented. The test for differences between means takes the particularly simple form of theF test (the ratio of the larger to the smaller mean) with each mean possessed of 2n degrees of freedom,n being the number of cases in the sample. Random sampling, a range of scores upwards from a lower limit of zero, and independence of means from each other are necessary assumptions for the use of the test. Examples of situations in which the test should be used are given, together with a description of the necessary computational procedures. Comparisons of the results of the application of this test with the erroneous application of the critical ratio on actual data show that rather large discrepancies exist between the two tests. Results obtained by applying tests which assume normality to exponential distributions are subject to much error.
What is Nitric Oxide and Why Are So Many People Studying It

From social outcast to citizen of the year in less than a decade is the stuff of fiction. That is precisely what has happened, however, to a remarkably simple molecule, nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is still an environmental pollutant, suspected carcinogen, and precursor of acid rain, but biologists are looking past its dark side. They now see a molecule that is uniting neuroscience, physiology, and immunology. Its ubiquitous distribution in the body and its multifaceted roles are revising our understanding of how cells communicate and protect themselves. This report examines nitric oxide's role in physiology and pathophysiology and reviews novel therapeutic approaches which involve inhibition or induction of the activity of endogenous nitric oxide.
Clinical genomics in the world of the electronic health record

The widespread adoption of electronic health records presents a number of benefits to the field of clinical genomics. They include the ability to return results to the practitioner, to use genetic findings in clinical decision support, and to have data collected in the electronic health record that serve as a source of phenotypic information for analysis purposes. Not all electronic health records are created equal, however. They differ in their features, capabilities, and ease of use. Therefore, to understand the potential of the electronic health record, it is first necessary to understand its capabilities and the impact that implementation strategy has on usability. Specifically, we focus on the following areas: (i) how the electronic health record is used to capture data in clinical practice settings; (ii) how the implementation and configuration of the electronic health record affect the quality and availability of data; (iii) the management of clinical genetic test results and the feasibility of electronic health record integration; and (iv) the challenges of implementing an electronic health record in a research-intensive environment. This is followed by a discussion of the minimum functional requirements that an electronic health record must meet to enable the satisfactory integration of genomic results as well as the open issues that remain. Genet Med 15 10, 786–791.
On the hard contact adaptive force control of a manipulator

A formulation of the force acting at the center-point of the end-effector of a manipulator based on a free-body diagram is described. With this formulation, the information about uncertainties at the contact point can be obtained by the force sensor. Therefore, the hard contact adaptive force control is formulated and solved by modifying the end-effector's trajectory and the acting proper force/torque in the joint space. A force control scheme to compensate for an external force and exert a desired force is presented. >
Severe community-acquired pneumonia, shock and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae.

Chlamydia pneumoniae has been increasingly recognized as an important aetiological agent in community-acquired pneumonia. A case of severe community-acquired pneumonia and multifunction dysfunction syndrome resulting from Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in a previously healthy adult is presented.
Explosively driven air blast in a conical shock tube

Explosively driven shock tubes present challenges in terms of safety concerns and expensive upkeep of test facilities but provide more realistic approximations to the air blast resulting from free-field detonations than those provided by gas-driven shock tubes. Likewise, the geometry of conical shock tubes can naturally approximate a sector cut from a spherically symmetric blast, leading to a better agreement with the blast profiles of free-field detonations when compared to those provided by shock tubes employing constant cross sections. The work presented in this article documents the design, fabrication, and testing of an explosively driven conical shock tube whose goal was to closely replicate the blast profile seen from a larger, free-field detonation. By constraining the blast through a finite area, large blasts (which can add significant damage and safety constraints) can be simulated using smaller explosive charges. The experimental data presented herein show that a close approximation to the free-field air blast profile due to a 1.5 lb charge of C4 at 76 in. can be achieved by using a 0.032 lb charge in a 76-in.-long conical shock tube (which translates to an amplification factor of nearly 50). Modeling and simulation tools were used extensively in designing this shock tube to minimize expensive fabrication costs.
The Sponsorship of Students in Pre-University and University Programmes: Suggestions for International Organizations

For decades, international organizations have sponsored (prospective) employees in pre-university and university programmes. This sponsorship through preparatory programmes and then universities abroad adds questionable value to the investment by these organizations when students do not finish their programmes. Unless changes are made to sponsorship programmes, high attrition trends are likely to continue. Based on a recent case study at the College Preparatory Programme of Saudi Aramco, this paper outlines three suggestions for organizations which sponsor employees in pre-university and university programmes. The first addresses specific areas in the sponsorship programme. The second suggests the use of a systems approach in the sponsorship programme, and, borrowing from the work of Billson and Terry (1987), offers a model of training for sponsoring organizations. The last recommendation mentions alternatives to sponsorship programmes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications to sponsoring organizations, and calls for further research.
Intake and Efficacy of Methoprene and Stirofos Mineral Blocks for Control of Horn Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Pastured Beef Cattle

Pastured herds of Shorthorn beef cattle, Bos taurus L., in western Minnesota were treated with different insecticidal mineral blocks during the summers of 1990 and 1991. Treatments were noninsecticidal blocks (MoorMan’s 646-B Special Range Mineral Block A), 0.02% methoprene blocks (MoorMan’s 650-B), and 0.5% stirofos blocks (Sweetlix). Mineral intake was monitored once or twice per wk. To evaluate efficacy, identified animals from the three herds were commingled for 18 h in one pasture to allow naturally occurring horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), to oviposit in the animals’ dung pats. Just before adults emerged, horn fly puparia were extracted to assess the effects of the insecticidal minerals on the developing flies. Intake of all three blocks varied substantially among weeks but most often exceeded prescribed rates. Methoprene blocks consistently increased pupal mortality, but offsetting increases in pupal densities negated effectiveness. Stirofos blocks did not increase larval mortality. Neither insecticidal block effectively prevented within-pasture production of horn flies under field conditions.
Binding and Transport in Norepinephrine Transporters REAL-TIME, SPATIALLY RESOLVED ANALYSIS IN SINGLE CELLS USING A FLUORESCENT SUBSTRATE

Monoamine transporters, the molecular targets for drugs of abuse and antidepressants, clear norepinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin from the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters, amphetamines, and neurotoxins bind before being transported, whereas cocaine and antidepressants bind to block transport. Although binding is crucial to transport, few assays separate binding from transport, nor do they provide adequate temporal or spatial resolution to describe real-time kinetics or localize sites of active uptake. Here, we report a new method that distinguishes substrate binding from substrate transport using single-cell, space-resolved, real-time fluorescence microscopy. For these studies we use a fluorescent analogue of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, a neurotoxic metabolite and known substrate of monoamine transporters, to assess binding and transport with 50-ms, sub-micron resolution. We show that ASP+(4-(4-(dimethylamino)styrl)-N-methylpyridinium) has micromolar potency for the human norepinephrine transporter, that ASP+ accumulation is Na+-, Cl−-, cocaine-, and desipramine-sensitive and temperature-dependent, and that ASP+ competes with norepinephrine uptake. Using this method we demonstrate that norepinephrine transporters are efficient buffers for substrate, with binding rates exceeding transport rates by 100-fold. Furthermore, substrates bind deep within the transporter, isolated from both the bath and the lipid bilayer. Although transport per sedepends on Na+ and Cl−, binding is independent of Na+ and actually increases in low Cl−. We further demonstrate that ASP+ interacts with transporters not only in transfected cells but in cultured neurons. ASP+is also a substrate for dopamine and serotonin transporters and therefore represents a powerful new technique for studying the biophysical properties of monoamine transporters, an approach also amenable to high throughput assays for drug discovery.
Can the gel point of a cross-linking polymer be detected by the G′ – G″ crossover?

Dynamic mechanical measurements allow direct determination of the instant at which a network polymer gels. In such an experiment, the evolution of G′(t,ω0) and G″ (t,ω0) is measured in small amplitude oscillatory shear as a function of cross-linking time t. The frequency ω0 is kept constant throughout. At the beginning of the experiment, G″ is orders of magnitude larger than G′, and at completion of reaction, this order is reversed. It recently has been suggested by Tung and Dynes that the gel point (GP) might occur at the time at which G′ and G″ cross each other. However, there is much dispute whether GP occurs exactly at the crossover or just somewhere in its vicinity. This study resolves the dispute by modeling the rheological behavior at GP: There is only one class of network polymers for which GP coincides with the crossover. This class of polymers exhibits, when reaching GP, power law relaxation G(t) ∼ t−n with a specific exponent value n = 1/2. Examples are stoichiometrically balanced network polymers and networks with excess cross-linker, however, only at temperatures much above the glass transition. Otherwise, the power law behavior would be masked by vitrification. Power law relaxation seems to be property of polymers at GP in general. However, some polymers have a different exponent value, n ≠ 1/2, in which case the crossover occurs before GP (for n 1/2); i.e. the crossover cannot be used for detecting GP. While there are no networks known to us with n 1/2. A new method is suggested for measuring GP of these imbalanced networks.
Methotrexate for Asthma

To the Editors: We are concerned that Erzurum and colleagues (1) drew the conclusion that methotrexate is not beneficial in severe asthma without recognizing the implications of their small sample ...