cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upland sediment supply and its relation to watershed sediment delivery in the contemporary mid-Atlantic Piedmont (U.S.A.)

Abstract We use sediment accumulation in ponds and reservoirs to examine upland sediment sources and sinks in the Piedmont physiographic region of Maryland, USA. In zero-order and first-order watersheds, sediment yield is greatest from suburban land cover, followed by agriculture and forest. The idea that sediment yield is small from mature suburban development appears to not be correct. First-order channel enlargement is an important sediment source, causing sediment yield to increase from zero-order to first-order watersheds. Nonchannel sources provide one-third to two-thirds of the upland sediment load. Long-term sediment accumulation in a reservoir at fifth-order indicates that cumulative sediment load from upland areas is reduced by one-quarter by net valley bottom sedimentation. If upland supply exceeds the load delivered from a watershed, sediment must accumulate along valley bottoms. In our study watershed, net sedimentation rate (sedimentation less erosion) averaged over valley bottom area is 2.6 mm/y, a value that is similar to independent direct measurements of sedimentation and erosion in a nearby watershed. Evaluation of the relative contributions to sediment mass balance of upland supply, valley bottom sedimentation and erosion, and watershed delivery indicates that, if valley-bottom rates of sedimentation exceed erosion as indicated by recent studies, then the proportion of watershed sediment delivery derived from stream banks is necessarily small. Although sediment yield estimated from stream gage records is similar in magnitude to that from ponds for watersheds smaller than 20 km 2 , sediment yield from reservoir sedimentation is a factor of five larger than that estimated from gage records for watersheds larger than 140 km 2 . This observation confirms that the different methods provide very different estimates of sediment yield. This possibility is reinforced by a sediment yield of 14 Mg/km 2 /y from a gage immediately above a reservoir with a yield of 142 Mg/km 2 /y based on reservoir accumulation.
Optimizing treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disease with combined α,β-blockade

ABSTRACTBackground: Cardiovascular risk factors of the diabetic patient should be treated as aggressively as those of the nondiabetic patient who has had a myocardial infarction. β‐Blockers are established to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. Despite this benefit of β‐blockers, physicians have been reluctant to use them in patients with diabetes, in whom they are even more effective, because of the negative effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.Objective: This paper reviews (based on a Medline literature search to December 2004) the relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors, describes the metabolic consequences of insulin resistance, and discusses the impact of different β‐blockers on the treatment of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes.Results: There is a large cardioprotective benefit with the use of β‐blockers in patients with diabetes; however, metabolic risks are associated with some β‐blockers....
Paranasal Sinus Development: A Radiographic Study†

Objective: To demonstrate the development of the paranasal sinuses in a pediatric population by computed tomography scans. Study Design: Radiology records at a tertiary care institution were reviewed for the computed tomography scans of the face, orbit, or paranasal sinuses in patients aged 0 to 12 years. Methods: Computed tomography scans were reviewed by a head and neck radiologist and otolaryngologist for the development of the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. The size of the pneumatized paranasal sinuses was measured in two planes and graded on a scale of 0 to 3. Ossification of the maxillary crest and vomer, obliteration of the foramen cecum, and development of agger nasi cells, Haller cells, and the superior turbinate were studied. Patients with syndromes, nasal stenosis, choanal atresia, or cystic fibrosis were excluded from the study. Results: In all, 91 computed tomography scans in 66 patients were studied. Serial development could be followed in 16 patients who underwent repeat scans. Patients were divided into six age cohorts based on their age at the time of the scan: 0 to 3 months (10%), 3 to 12 months (13%), 1 to 3 years (13%), 3 to 5 years (20%), 5 to 8 years (29%), and 8 to 12 years (16%). Ethmoid sinuses were the first to fully develop, followed sequentially by maxillary, sphenoid, and frontal sinuses. Each sinus has a rapid rate of development during specified age cohorts. Conclusion: The results will aid the physician when correlating the clinical and radiographic findings of pediatric patients aged 0 to 12 years who are being evaluated for sinus disease and potential surgical intervention.
Effects of Electrical Stimulation, Aging, and Blade Tenderization on Hot-Boned Beef Psoas major and Triceps brachii Muscles

Forty-six steer carcasses were used to evaluate shear force values (SFV) for triceps brachii (TB) and psoas major (PM) muscles from sides assigned to three treatments: (1) chilled at 2–4°C for 48 hr (C); (2) hot boned 2 hr postmortem (HB); and (3) electrically stimulated 1 hr postmortem and hot boned 2 hr postmortem (ESHB). Some steaks were cut and frozen immediately after muscle excision or after 6 days of aging, and some were blade tenderized. HB and ESHB steaks had equal or smaller SFV relative to C after aging the TB and PM muscles; however, this was not true when TB steaks were cut after muscle excision. Electrical stimulation or blade tenderization did not improve HB.
Cavin-3 dictates the balance between ERK and Akt signaling.

The plasma membrane separates cells from their environment, and surface receptors in this membrane allow cells to respond to changes in their environment by converting external cues into intracellular signals. This process, which is known as signal transduction, plays a central role in the biology of cells, and abnormal signaling is a common cause of human disease. In cancer for example, signals tend to be too strong or they are sent at the wrong time. Signal transduction frequently occurs at specialized regions of the plasma membrane. Caveolae are small indentations of the plasma membrane that comprise one type of signaling specialization. A protein that is concentrated in caveolae, cavin-3, suppresses tumor formation and is commonly absent from cancer cells. These observations suggest that cavin-3 participates in signal transduction and pathways that are associated with cancer, but the details of this involvement are not well understood. Hernandez et al. now show that cavin-3 controls the balance between two key intracellular signals, ERK and Akt. High levels of cavin-3 promote activation of the ERK signaling pathway but suppress activation of the Akt signaling pathway. Loss of cavin-3 has the opposite effect, activating Akt at the expense of ERK. The consequences of loss of cavin-3 include accelerated cell proliferation, the induction of Warburg metabolism (a metabolic state that supports rapid cell division), and the suppression of the apoptosis pathway. (Suppression of this pathway, which leads to cell death, allows cancer cells to proliferate in the body.) While deletion of the cavin-3 gene in mice is not sufficient to cause spontaneous cancer, animals that are deficient in cavin-3 die prematurely of cachexia, a tissue wasting sequela experienced by nearly half of all cancer patients. Hernandez et al. also show that cavin-3 influences cellular signaling by linking caveolae to the membrane skeleton—a network of proteins that underlies the plasma membrane. This linkage is necessary to ensure that cells have the correct abundance of caveolae, and it also facilitates signal transduction to the ERK signaling pathway. ERK activation in this context drives expression of two proteins, EGR1 and PTEN, which suppress Akt signaling. Hernandez et al. propose that the membrane skeleton functions as a scaffold that adaptors, such as cavin-3, use to assemble signaling modules with surface receptors for the purpose of controlling the signal transduction output from these receptors.
GC—MS Analysis of Ring and Side Chain Regioisomers of Ethoxyphenethylamines

Mass spectral differentiation of 3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine (3,4-MDMA), a controlled drug, and its 2,3-regioisomer from the ring substituted ethoxyphenethylamines is possible after formation of the perfluoroacyl derivatives, pentafluoropropionamides (PFPA), and heptafluorobutyrylamides (HFBA). The ring substituted ethoxyphenethylamines constitute a unique set of compounds having an isobaric relationship with 3,4-MDMA. These isomeric forms of the 2-, 3-, and 4-ethoxy phenethylamines have mass spectra essentially equivalent to 3,4-MDMA; all have molecular weight of 193 and major fragment ions in their electron ionization mass spectra at m/z 58 and 135/136. All the side chain regioisomers of 2-ethoxy phenethylamine having equivalent mass spectra to 3,4-MDMA are synthesized and compared via gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry to 2,3- and 3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine. The mass spectra for the perfluoroacyl derivatives of the primary and secondary amine regioisomers are significantly individualized, and the side chain regioisomers yield unique hydrocarbon fragment ions at m/z 148, 162, and 176. Additionally, the substituted ethoxymethamphetamines are distinguished from the methylenedioxymethamphet-amines via the presence of the m/z 107 ion. Gas chromatographic separation on relatively non-polar stationary phases successfully resolves these derivatives.
Progestin-only pill use and pill switching during breastfeeding

The opinions of 20 international experts in reproductive endocrinology and family planning service delivery were solicited concerning contraceptive pill use during breastfeeding and, in particular, to determine whether the experts felt that breastfeeding women who use progestin-only pills (POPs) should be advised to switch to combined estrogen-progestin pills (COCs) during lactation. The experts agreed that POPs can be used safely and effectively throughout the period of lactation and there is no need to switch to another contraceptive method or another type of pill. If, however, a woman wishes to switch to COCs while she is still breastfeeding, it is acceptable for her to do so after six months postpartum.
Viral DNA Polymerase Mutations Associated with Drug Resistance in Human Cytomegalovirus

Certain mutations in the viral DNA polymerase (pol) gene are known to confer drug resistance when transferred to susceptible human cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains, whereas other putative resistance mutations remain unproven. A new marker-transfer technique was used to produce recombinant CMV strains, to determine the drug susceptibility phenotypes conferred by 10 pol mutations (9 observed in clinical isolates). Various degrees of resistance to ganciclovir and cidofovir were conferred by mutations D301N, N410K, D413E, T503I, and L516R, which are located within exonuclease functional domains where D301N and D413E affect highly conserved residues. Mutations A692S, E756K, and E756D, which are not located within recognized functional domains, each conferred foscarnet resistance. This study significantly increases the number of confirmed CMV pol resistance mutations, at both conserved and nonconserved loci, with implications for molecular mechanisms and the genotypic diagnosis of antiviral resistance.
STUDIES ON THE DENATURATION OF ANTIBODY: IV. THE INFLUENCE OF pH AND CERTAIN OTHER FACTORS ON THE RATE OF INACTIVATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS ANTITOXIN IN UREA SOLUTIONS

In previous work on the denaturation of antibody, studies have been made of some of the factors influencing the inactivation of diphtheria antitoxin in urea solutions (1, 2). A quantitative formulation of a simple kinetic theory was found to fit satisfactorily the experimental data and to offer a reasonable explanation of the deviation of the inactivation from simple first order behavior (2). In the present work we have studied the inactivation of Staphylococcus antitoxin, investigating the influence of certain new factors on the rate and course of the over-all reaction, with a view toward gaining further insight into the mechanism of the reactions, and reinvestigating the influence of pH, a factor studied previously with diphtheria antitoxin, in order to test the applicability of the proposed kinetic mechanism to different antibodies.
Leveraging blanket wafer film inspection to efficiently characterize root cause for lithographic micro-masking patterning defects

This paper presents a methodology that uses unpatterned wafer inspection to detect material-related micro-masking defects in a tri-layer stack. We investigated two approaches to detect the source of the micro-masking defect, namely (i) defect source analysis (DSA) comparing patterned-wafer inspection results at post-develop and post-stack-etch, and (ii) unpatterned-wafer inspection of individual blanket film monitors. Blanket-film monitoring was able to successfully demonstrate the source of the defect and has reduced the Mean Time to Detect (MTTD) dramatically. This paper also discusses the advantage of unpatterned wafer inspection for baselining and controlling blanket film defectivity and validates an integrated wafer defectivity improvement strategy.
A strategy for distinguishing modified peptides based on post‐digestion 18O labeling and mass spectrometry

The simultaneous identification of multiple different protein modifications, with or without known mass changes, is a challenging application of mass spectrometry. In this contribution, a strategy for distinguishing modified peptides within a large background of unmodified peptides was demonstrated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) analysis of cytochrome c (Cyt-c) modified with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), based on post-digestion 1 8 O labeling. Labeling of control Cyt-c peptides obtained from in-solution or in-gel digestion with 1 8 O, prior to mixing in the ratio of 1:1 with peptides derived from a modified sample, identified more HNE modifications than a method based on a known mass increment search (Isom AL, Barnes S, Wilson L, Kirk M, Coward L, Darley-Usmar V. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 15: 1136), demonstrating the potential of this strategy to enhance the detection of modified peptides by mass spectrometry. A virtue of the strategy is that it obviates the need for isotopic labeling of the modifier, making the method applicable to the detection of modifications occurring in vivo. Additionally, this technique identified protease auto-cleavage peptides by their altered mass isotopomer distribution due to incomplete 1 8 O exchange, and modified peptides containing 'protein carbonyls' by partial 1 8 O exchange, allowing these peptides to be differentiated during data analysis.
Photofrin Uptake in the Tumor and Normal Tissues of Patients Receiving Intraperitoneal Photodynamic Therapy

Purpose: A phase II trial of Photofrin-mediated i.p. photodynamic therapy shown in a previous report limited efficacy and significant acute, but not chronic, toxicity. A secondary aim of this trial and the subject of this report is to determine Photofrin uptake in tumor and normal tissues. Experimental Design: Patients received Photofrin, 2.5 mg/kg, i.v., 48 hours before debulking surgery. Photofrin uptake was measured by spectroflurometric analysis of drug extracted from tumor and normal tissues removed at surgery. Differences in drug uptake among these tissues were statistically considered using mixed-effects models. Results: Photofrin concentration was measured in 301 samples collected from 58 of 100 patients enrolled on the trial. In normal tissues, drug uptake significantly (P Conclusions: Some selectivity is found in Photofrin uptake between tumor and normal tissues of the peritoneal cavity, but absolute differences in drug uptake relative to toxicity-limiting normal tissues (intestine) are small. This narrow differential in drug selectivity likely contributes to a narrow window in therapeutic application, which has been previously reported.
Unipolar ion emission enhances respiratory protection against fine and ultrafine particles

We developed a novel concept that allows to considerably improve the performance of conventionally used filtering-facepiece respirators against fine and ultrafine aerosols including airborne viral and bacterial agents. The concept is based on the continuous emission of unipolar ions. The effect was evaluated through the real-time monitoring of the concentration and size distribution of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles. The measurements were conducted inside and outside of a respiratory mask that was face sealed on a breathing manikin. A commonly used Type N95 respirator and surgical mask were utilized for the tests. The manikin was placed in a 24.3-m3 indoor test chamber and exposed to polydisperse surrogate aerosols simulating viral and bacterial particles with respect to the aerodynamic size. The particle penetration through the mask was found to decrease by one-to-two orders of magnitude as a result of continuous unipolar ion emission in the chamber. The flux of air ions migrated to the breathing zone and imparted electrical charges of the same polarity to the aerosol particles and the respirator filter surface. This created an electrostatic shield along the external surface of the filter, thus enhancing the protection characteristics provided by the respirator. The above performance enhancement effect is crucial for minimizing the infectious risk in the cases when the conventional filtering-facepiece respirators are not able to provide an adequate protection against airborne viruses and bacteria.
Biochemical relationships of the Galapagos Giant tortoises (Geochelone elephantopus)

Genetic relatedness was estimated among seven of the extant races of Giant tortoises (Geochelone elephantopus), of the Galapagos Archipelago and between these forms and mainland South American taxa, by starch gel electrophoresis. Genetic similarity among the island races is unrelated to carapace shape, suggesting that the latter was independently derived several times on separate islands. The Galapagos species shares no greater similarity with any mainland species than the latter do among themselves. Thus, the most direct common ancestor of the Galapagos forms is undoubtedly extinct.
Photodissociation processes in the OH molecule

The potential energy curves of several excited states of OH of 2Sigma(+), 2Sigma(-), 2Pi, and 2Delta symmetries, and the transition moments connecting the excited states with the ground state and with each other, are calculated using two previously published theoretical models. The importance of the excited states in photodissociation is explored. Direct photodissociation by absorption into repulsive electronic states, as well as the contribution of absorption into bound electronic states, are discussed. Because they may participate in the photodissociation processes, several quartet states and one of the sextet spin multiplicity are investigated. The mechanism by which bound states can be dissociated are considered and estimates of the dissociation efficiencies of the mechanisms are made. Absorption into the bound 3 2Pi state may be an important dissociation channel. It is shown that OH is dissociated by the absorption of Lyman alpha radiation, a channel of particular significance in shocked interstellar gas and in cometary atmospheres.
Psychometric Evaluation of a Proposed Alzheimer's Aggression Scale

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a popular measure of Alzheimer's disease (AD) memory and behavior problems and to determine whether its aggressive behavior items coalesced empirically as a subscale to form a psychometrically viable AD aggression measure for clinicians. Data from self-report questionnaires were examined from 419 informal AD caregivers in the southern United States. Principal axis factoring revealed a unidimensional solution with robust item loadings on the single factor. Three forms of reliability analysis indicated moderately strong internal consistency on this proposed measure. Evidence of convergent validity analysis was suggested via the measure's significant correlations to theoretically linked constructs. The proposed measure emerged as a reliable and valid tool for health care practitioners for the appraisal of problematic AD aggression behaviors from the caregiver perspective. Language: en
Occupational-Criminal Differentiation: an Extension and Reexamination of Earlier Research

This study extends and reexamines research conducted by Gibbs and Short on the relation between criminal and occupational differentiation in the years 1950 and 1960. Contrary to Gibbs and Short's findings, that these two variables were positive ly and strongly related in both years, no support was found for this relationship for the year 1970. Although additional age categories were used in the present study, an analysis using Gibbs and Short's original age categories still yielded a low correla tion. This finding is attributed to historical changes in occupational differentiation as compared with criminal differentiation.
Firm Dynamics in a Competitive Industry

The paper demonstrates that basic empirical regularities concerning the dependence of firm dynamics on age and size can be naturally explained in a refined model of a competitive industry in Dixit and Pindyck (1996). In our model, all equity financed firms make entry, expansion, and exit decisions based on the level of idiosyncratic productivity shocks. Industry aggregates are non-random. We solve for the long-run equilibrium price of output and derive the stationary distribution of active firms.
The Relation of Leaf Color and Leaf Size to Boll Weevil Infestation

Field experiments in 1925 and 1926 indicate that the boll weevil has a marked preference for cotton plants with green foliage to those with red foliage. The boll weevil apparently has little choice between small leafed and large leafed varieties, provided the size and vigor of the plants is about the same.
A Cost-Benefit Analysis on the Research Infrastructure Project of ICT Device Industry Reliability

The research infrastructure project of ICT device industry reliability is aimed to secure and establish the reliability of ICT device industry, reinforce the competitiveness of domestic ICT device companies and expand their growth power. The purpose of this study is to implement a cost-benefit analysis of this project to build the research infrastructure for the ICT device industry reliability.
N-Naphthyl peptoid foldamers exhibiting atropisomerism.

We introduce peptoid oligomers incorporating N-(1)-naphthyl glycine monomers. Axial chirality was established due to restricted rotation about the C–N(aryl) bond. Atropisomerism of both linear and cyclic peptoids was investigated by computational analysis, dynamic HPLC, and X-ray crystallographic studies.
Abstract 351: Activation Of The Central Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) Causes Selective Cerebrovascular Dysfunction

Approximately 30% of hypertensive patients have low plasma renin. The deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)/salt model of hypertension exhibits low peripheral RAS activity, but activation of the central RAS. The impact of central RAS activation on the cerebrovasculature is not defined. We tested the hypothesis that activation of the central RAS would impair endothelial function in brain. We produced mild hypertension in male C57BL/6 mice using subcutaneous DOCA and 0.9% salt in their drinking water for 3 weeks (no nephrectomy was performed) followed by studies of isolated arteries in vitro . Blood pressure was elevated modestly after DOCA/salt treatment (79±2 vs 95±3 mmHg). Endothelial function was severely impaired in cerebral arteries from mice treated with DOCA/salt (e.g. 10 μM acetylcholine: 33±3% vs 4±4%) but was unaffected in similar-sized mesenteric arteries. Because microvascular dysfunction is a key feature of small vessel disease in brain that increases the risk of stroke and cognitive impairment, we examined responses of small cerebral arterioles (baseline diameter ~30 μm) in vivo using a cranial window. Endothelium-dependent dilation to acetylcholine in cerebral arterioles was reduced by ~75% following DOCA/salt treatment (e.g. 10 μM acetylcholine: 26±5% vs 6±3%). In contrast, endothelium-independent vasodilation to nitroprusside (NO donor) or nifedipine (Ca 2+ channel blocker) was similar between groups. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction was not affected by a scavenger of superoxide but was restored to normal by local inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) with Y27632. Activation of AT1 receptors by angiotensin II can increase ROCK signaling. Local inhibition of AT1 receptors with losartan or inhibition of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) with eplerenone improved endothelium-dependent dilation in DOCA/salt treated mice to normal levels. RhoA and ROCK2 mRNA expression and total endothelial NO synthase protein expression was similar between groups. These findings suggest that activation of the central RAS profoundly but selectively impairs endothelial function in brain. Our findings identify AT1 receptors, MR and ROCK as key contributors to endothelial microvascular dysfunction in this model of mild DOCA/salt-induced hypertension.
Mechanism of Microstructure Evolution in Low Carbon Steels by Flash Processing

The mechanism of microstructure evolution of lowcarbon steels Q195 and CR340 during flash processing was studied by utilizing hot simulation device. The results indicated that complex microstructure consisting of martensite,bainite,ferrite and undissolved cementite was observed in the early stage of flash processing. The average concentration of carbon increases owing to the gradual dissolution of undissolved cementite,leading to the decrease of carbon concentration in austenite grain. Finally,the relative amount of martensite increases,and the microstructure is wholly comprised of lath martensite. Comparing with the traditional quenching process, flash processing can significantly refine grain size of experimental steels.Simultaneously,the role of grain refinement will become more obvious by increasing heating rate.
The measurement of the survival of human erythrocytes by in vivo tagging with Cr51.

1. The deviation from a rectilinear form of the complex curvilinear curves of erythrocyte decay produced by the in vitro tagging of the cells with Na2Cr51O4 is not a result of the in vitro tagging procedure per se. 2. Human erythrocytes can be tagged its vivo with Na2Cr51O4. One can determine the in vivo survival of such cells if the gamma detecting unit is sufficiently sensitive and the amount of radiochromium used is sufficient. Such decay curves are similar to those produced by the in vitro Cr51 tagging method. 3. The in vivo method permits a study of the life span of erythrocytes in patients who have a very active cold agglutinin or in whom the cells are easily hemolyzed by mechanical trauma.
Arvid Andrén (1902-1999) Scholar, teacher, humanist and poet

Arvid Andren (1902-1999) was a Swedish archaeologist whose magnum opus, Architectural Terracottas from Etrusco-Italic Temples, published in 1940, is still a main resource in the field of Classical archaeology. In addition to his important scholarship, he shared his love of Rome and ancient Italy with students and colleagues as Director of the Swedish Institute in Rome. His collection of Etruscan and Roman antiquities is now in the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, and is in the process of publication.
Cytokine response of human THP-1 macrophages to Trichomonas tenax

Trichomonas tenax is a protozoan that inhabits the oral cavity of humans, most often those with poor oral hygiene. Although T. tenax is widely considered a commensal, recent studies have suggested a pathogenic role for the protozoan in persons with periodontitis. Here we investigated the capacity of T. tenax to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in human macrophages, with the idea that elicitation of inflammation may be one mechanism by which T. tenax contributes to oral pathology. Human THP-1 cells differentiated to the macrophage phenotype (dTHP-1) were incubated with live or sonicated T. tenax at trophozoite:dTHP-1 ratios of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. Culture media removed from the wells after 4, 8, and 16 h of stimulation were assayed by ELISA for tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, and the immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin-10. Live T. tenax trophozoites failed to induce production of any of the cytokines tested, regardless of trophozoite:dTHP-1 cell ratio or length of co-incubation. T. tenax lysates stimulated interleukin-8 synthesis, but only after 16 h of incubation at the 1:5 trophozoite:dTHP-1 cell ratio. These results suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis by human macrophages in direct response to T. tenax contributes little to oral pathology.
Ritual Etiquette: From Controlling to Complementing Life

In 1964, ritual pollution and purity were the organizing principles of Totagadde life. Caste hierarchy defined the social order. Within the household, elder respect regulated behavior. Another facet to social behavior was ritual etiquette regarding body fluids. Life passages, such as childbirth, marriage, and finally death, traditionally brought together blood relatives (consanguines) and relatives by marriage (affines). In providing a guide for appropriate behavior in a highly stratified, rigid society, ritual etiquette codified the subordination of women.
Thyroid Cancer: Ultrasound Imaging and Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy

Ultrasound is critical in detection, diagnosis, and management of thyroid nodules. Ultrasound detection of regional nodal metastatic disease is based on abnormal nodal morphology rather than size and is critical to initial surgical and long-term management of thyroid cancer. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is the gold standard for malignancy diagnosis in thyroid cancer. Thyroglobulin assay of nodal aspirates improves accuracy in diagnosis of metastases. Reporting lexicons assign risk levels to thyroid nodules with the goal of improving and standardizing patient management. Surveillance ultrasound in papillary microcarcinomas is being evaluated and compared with surgical management.
Chapter 34 – Glaciations of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA

Nine glaciations are recorded by glacial drift in the Sierra Nevada, but lake cores show that the actual number was greater. Equilibrium-line altitude depressions of the maximum advances were similar, regardless of age. Except for late Quaternary advances, numerical dating may only provide minimum age limits, because of erosion.
Paarkonflikte aus psychoanalytischer Sicht

Es wird zunachst eine ideale Paarbeziehung dargestellt, die auf einer Ubereinstimmung in den Bereichen der sexuellen Beziehung, der zwischenmenschlichen Beziehung und der Wertvorstellungen basiert. Liebesfahigkeit wird definiert als (1) tiefgehendes Interesse am anderen, (2) fundamentales Vertrauen in den anderen, (3) Fahigkeit zu authentischem Verzeihen und Schuldgefuhlen, (4) tiefe Dankbarkeit fur die Existenz des anderen, (5) Fahigkeit, eine reife Abhangigkeit zuzulassen, (6) Fahigkeit zur Integration von Sexualitat und Erotik, (7) Fahigkeit, das Leben am anderen auszurichten, und (8) Fahigkeit, fur das Paar einzustehen. Neurobiologische und psychologische Entwicklungsprozesse, die zur Liebesfahigkeit fuhren, werden kursorisch erortert, bevor die Interaktion der komplexen individuellen Entwicklung beider Partner beleuchtet wird, die schlieslich zur Entstehung von Paarkonflikten fuhrt. Abschliesend wird anhand einiger Fallbeispiele die Differenzialindikation zu verschiedenen Therapieformen und -settings diskutiert, und es werden spezifische Aspekte der psychoanalytischen Paartherapie beleuchtet.
Developing QSPR for Predicting DNA Drug Binding Affinity of 9-Anilinoacridine Derivatives Using Correlation-Based Adaptive LASSO Algorithm

Abstract Major advancements in the field of machine learning and readily available inexpensive computational power, QSPRs (quantitative structure property relationships) are increasingly being viewed, by the scientific community, as reliable tools that can provide accurate property prediction. Additionally, QSPRs offer advantages of experimental cost reduction and reduction in chemical footprint associated with experiments. Treatment of cancerous tumors has become a global focus due to the heightened prevalence of such tumors in humans, both young and old. Apart from surgery, the most commonly used treatment is chemotherapy. As there are many long-term side effects of chemotherapy such as organ damage, fatigue, hair loss and tooth loss, researchers are devoting much attention to the search of treatments with fewer side effects. So far, no effective solution has emerged which can be reported as an alternative to chemotherapy. In a recent study, thirty one (31) 9-anilinoacridines were synthesized and evaluated for their antitumor activity. The association constant, K, was utilized as a key determining factor to evaluate the DNA drug binding affinity. 9-anilinoacridines show great promise as antitumor agents. In order to help reduce the experimental effort of K value determination and to assist in the design of 9-anilinoacridines, in this work, we developed a QSPR to predict K. In order to develop the QSPR, all the structures were drawn and optimized using the Avogadro software and converted to mol files. The Dragon 6 software was then used to calculate the values of descriptors using the generated mol files. The descriptors were then used to develop the model using GA (genetic algorithm) and CorrLASSO (correlation-based adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator). The CorrLASSO in combination with GA helped generate a model with superior prediction as compared with the combination of GA and LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) and GA-MLR (genetic algorithm-multiple linear regression). In our work, R2, Q2 and MSE (mean squared error) calculations have been performed to assess model performance and data fitness.
Gino Moretti: A Man for All Seasons

[He] left [his] signature on us, the literature of the teacher who writes on minds. I have had many teachers who told me soon-forgotten facts but only [two] who created in me a new thing, a new attitude and a new hunger. I suppose that to a large extant I am the unsigned manuscript of that …teacher. What deathless power lies in the hand of such a person. – John Steinbeck, Like Captured Fireflies, 1955
METHODS OF EVALUATING AND COMPARING ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES FOR AUTOMOBILES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a study to project the performance, mass, and cost of a wide range of devices and systems, using standardized guidelines and procedures to facilitate cross comparisons. The main objective of the study has been to survey the entire field and determine as to which energy storage devices and power systems will lend themselves best to automotive applications. The study has also attempted to identify the technical barriers that must be overcome before successful development and marketing can take place. It is recognized that the projections of the characteristics of future storage devices are uncertain and that the degree of uncertainty is an important parameter. So using decision analysis techniques, these characteristics are established, not only as a function of time but as a function of the probability of attainment. Most encoding methods are based on questions for which the answers can be represented as points on a cumulative distribution function. The subject must respond to these questions, either directly or indirectly through choices between simple alternatives. The answers can be given in the form of probabilities or in the form of values for specific parameters. In the indirect response mode, the subject is asked to choose between two or more alternatives. The choices are adjusted until the subject is indifferent as to which is picked. This indifference can then be translated into a probability of value assignment.
High incidence of chromosome 13 deletion in multiple myeloma detected by multiprobe interphase FISH

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hypoproliferative malignancy yielding informative karyotypes in no more than 30% of newly diagnosed cases. Although cytogenetic and molecular deletion of chromosome 13 is associated with poor prognosis, a MM tumor suppressor gene (TSG) has not been identified. To localize a minimal deleted region of chromosome 13, clonotypic plasma cells from 50 consecutive patients with MM were subjected to interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using a panel of 11 probes spanning the entire long arm of chromosome 13. Whereas chromosome 13 abnormalities were absent in plasma cells from 25 normal donors, 86% of patients with MM demonstrated such aberrations. Heterogeneity, both in deletion frequency and extent, was confirmed by simultaneous FISH with 2 chromosome 13 probes. Deletion hot spots were noted at D13S272 (70%) and D13S31 (64%), 2 unlinked loci at 13q14. Homozygous deletions at these loci occurred in 12% (simultaneously in 8%) of the cases. Molecular deletions were found in all 14 patients with morphologic deletions, in 21 of 24 with uninformative karyotypes, and 8 of 12 patients with karyotype abnormalities lacking chromosome 13 deletion. Homozygous deletion of any marker was noted in 4% with low and in 36% with higher plasma cell labeling index greater than 0. 4% (P =.01). The absence of increasing deletion incidence and extent with therapy duration suggests that the observed lesions are not induced by treatment. The high incidence and extent of chromosome 13 deletions require the correlation of specific deletion(s) with poor prognosis. These analyses will provide valuable guidance toward cloning of an MM-TSG. (Blood. 2000;96:1505-1511)
Patient Care and Treatment

Care and treatment of patients with an inherited metabolic disease require both a detailed knowledge of the natural history of the diseases and a comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis and the pathophysiological consequences of gene defects. Continuous sympathetic company and guidance of patients and their families are essential for optimal outcome. Inherited metabolic diseases are chronic conditions that involve various different organ systems and often show progressive pathology. In addition, several genetic aspects such as passing on a disease to one’s children, implications of consanguinity, the possibility of carrier detection, and prenatal or preimplantation diagnosis can create a severe psychosocial burden for individuals and families as a whole. This implies the need for an equally diverse multidisciplinary approach to care and treatment.
Complications and Advantages

The continuous recording of the various pathophysiologic phenomena evolving during labor and delivery implies a number of manipulations and the use of equipment (see Chapter 4) that may predispose to complications (physical or psychological) while contributing to the benefit of the patients being monitored.
A Framework for Improving the Teaching of Mathematics to Bi/Multilingual Learners

To teach mathematics well to bi/multilingual learners, we propose that mathematics teachers should consider the following five elements: know the content, know the language, know the learner, engage the community and assess meaningfully. This chapter defines each of these elements, explores how they are put into practice, and shares the responses of teachers who have participated in online professional development organized around each element. By approaching mathematics teaching with these elements in mind, teachers can more effectively support high levels of learning and achievement for bi/multilingual learners across levels of English proficiency and grade levels.
Expression of miR-145-5p During Chondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Assessing the quality of tissue engineered (TE) cartilage has historically been performed by endpoint measurements including marker gene expression. Until the adoption of promoter-driven reporter constructs capable of quantitative and real time non-destructive expression analysis, temporal gene expression assessments along a timeline could not be performed on TE constructs. We further exploit this technique to utilize microRNA (miRNA or miR) through the use of firefly luciferase reporter (Luc) containing a 3' UTR perfect complementary target sequence to the mature miR-145-5p. We report the development and testing of a firefly luciferase (Luc) reporter responsive to miR-145-5p for longitudinal tracking of miR-145-5p expression throughout MSC chondrogenic differentiation. Plasmid reporter vectors containing a miR-145-5p responsive reporter (Luc reporter with a perfect complementary target sequence to the mature miR-145-5p sequence in the 3'UTR), a Luc reporter driven by a truncated Sox9 (one of the targets of miR-145-5p) promoter, or the Luc backbone (control) vector without a specific miRNA target were transfected into MSCs by electroporation. Transfected MSCs were mixed with untransfected MSC to generate chondrogenic pellets. Pellets were imaged by bioluminescent imaging (BLI) and harvested along a preset time line. The imaging signals from miR-145-5p responsive reporter and Sox9 promoter-driven reporter showed correlated time-courses (measured by BLI and normalized to Luc-control reporter; Spearman r=0.93, p=0.0002) during MSC chondrogenic differentiation. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR suggests an inverse relationship between miR-145-5p and Sox9 gene expression during MSC chondrogenic differentiation. Non-destructive cell-pellet imaging is capable of supplementing histological analyses to characterize TE cartilage. The miR-145-5p responsive reporter is relatively simple to construct and generates a consistent imaging signal responsive to miR-145-5p during MSC chondrogenesis in parallel to certain molecular and cellular events.
Characterizing two-timescale nonlinear dynamics using finite-time Lyapunov exponents and subspaces

Abstract Finite-time Lyapunov exponents and subspaces are used to define and diagnose boundary-layer type, two-timescale behavior in the tangent linear dynamics and to determine the associated manifold structure in the flow of a finite-dimensional nonlinear autonomous dynamical system. Two-timescale behavior is characterized by a slow-fast splitting of the tangent bundle for a state space region. The slow-fast splitting is defined using finite-time Lyapunov exponents and vectors, guided by the asymptotic theory of partially hyperbolic sets, with important modifications for the finite-time case; for example, finite-time Lyapunov analysis relies more heavily on the Lyapunov vectors due to their relatively fast convergence compared to that of the corresponding exponents. The splitting is used to characterize and locate points approximately on normally hyperbolic center manifolds via tangency conditions for the vector field. Determining manifolds from tangent bundle structure is more generally applicable than approaches, such as the singular perturbation method, that require special normal forms or other a priori knowledge. The use, features, and accuracy of the approach are illustrated via several detailed examples.
Social Class, Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Child Well-Being

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorder among U.S. children. Diagnosis can bring positives, like proper treatment, extra testing time, and social support, but may also trigger negatives, like stigmatization. Although rates of diagnosis are high across socioeconomic status (SES) groups, the balance of positive and negative consequences of diagnosis may differ by SES. In high-SES communities, mental health diagnoses are less stigmatized and parents have greater ability to connect children to support resources, suggesting greater positive effects of diagnosis for high-SES children. Alternatively, the greater academic pressure present in high-SES communities may amplify the negative effects of mental health stigma, suggesting larger negative diagnostic effects. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort of 1998-1999, I found that diagnosed and medicated high-SES but not low-SES children exhibit significantly poorer future self-competence and teacher-rated school behaviors than undiagnosed matches. Findings suggest that diagnosis may not always be a net positive.
Domestic Responsibilities and Career Advancement

Women account for approximately half of the medwical school matriculants in the United States. Women are more likely to choose fields that are perceived to offer a better work-life balance after medical school. Professional women are more likely to have a partner who is another full time professional. Women who want to have children take into consideration how this will affect their careers more than men. Women are more likely to have increased domestic responsibilities, and is the equivalent of one additional work day per week (8 hr./wk). Even though women make up one half of the medical school matriculation, they are underrepresented in academic medicine. While institutional programs for work-life flexibility exist, many women and men are reluctant to utilize these programs for fear of being perceived as “not as dedicated.” Cultural and systems-based changes need to occur to support the growing cohort of female physicians who chose to have a family while pursuing a career in medicine.
Utilizing Simulation to Train Decision Making with Conflicting Information

The modern operational environment often involves performance utilizing a range of different information systems. Performers are often required to assimilate information, identify any discrepancies between information sources and determine ground truth. As a result, it is critical to prepare individual performers to make effective decisions when faced with information conflicts. This paper presents a discussion of training techniques which can utilize simulation platforms to train skills necessary to prepare performers to make effective decision under these circumstances. Also presented are use case examples of how these strategies could be implemented within simulation platforms across multiple domains. Finally, a training-needs-based approach is presented to guide development of valid and operationally relevant, simulation-based training exercises that target decision making with conflicting information.
Use of Design of Experiments in Determining Neural Network Architectures for Loss of Control Detection

We describe empirical methods for selecting a neural network architecture to implement belief state inference on generic commercial transport aircraft. We highlight a case study on the planning, execution, and analysis of a set of experiments to determine the configurations of a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE). Our main contribution is the application of a structured method that can be used for machine learning in many aerospace applications. This method optimizes the structure and training parameters of a neural network for belief state inference, using Design of Experiments (DOE) statistical methodologies. The motivation for this specific DOE analysis was to identify the appropriate hyperparameters for measuring the CVAE reconstruction probability and latent space, such that the measurements can be used to infer qualitative state changes for the aircraft. We demonstrate that this process yields information about a trained neural network's utility for this specific application, along with a quantifiable range of certainty. We execute 84 experiments using loss-of-control flight maneuver data from the NASA T-2 aircraft, demonstrating that this empirical process allows us to construct cheap and simple models with specific attributes amenable to belief state inference in aerospace applications.