cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Predaceous Habits of the Gray Field Slug, Deroceras laeve

Small numbers of the gray field slug, Deroceras laeve (Mulier), appear in home gardens at Yakima, Wash., during the summer and feed there sparingly on many plants. Damage is done chiefly to seedling plants and to tomato fruits that ripen on or near the ground, but the slugs are of most concern because of their repulsive appearance and the faint trails of mucus that they leave behind them. The literature on the food habits of this and other species of slugs indicates that, with few exceptions, these animals are phytophagous. For example, Isaac (1922) reported that a common garden slug bores into the galls made by a turnip gall weevil, Ceutorhynchus pleurostigma (Marsham), and consumes the grubs as well as the surrounding plant tissue. In New Zealand, eggs and larvae of the sawfly Antholcus varinervis (Spinda), which are found on leaves of piripiri ( Acaena ), are reported to be fed upon by slugs (Anonymous 1946). Kuhnelt (1961) and Mc E. Kevan (1962) reported that several species of snails are predaceous, and Sweetman (1958) predicted that the use of mollusks in biological control was in its infancy.
A Positive Orientation Toward Early Motherhood Is Associated with Unintended Pregnancy Among New Orleans Youth

Objective: Characterizing young women's willingness to enter motherhood is critical to understanding the high rates of unintended pregnancy among women under 20 years. Our objectives were to discuss a measure called Positive Orientation towards Early Motherhood (POEM), and investigate its association with self-reported unintended pregnancy experience. Methods: We used data from 332 African-American women 13–19 years old recruited at public family planning and prenatal clinics in New Orleans. Using a series of ANOVAs and multinomial logistic regression, we assessed differences in POEM between four different outcome groups: women who were never pregnant and those who had only intended pregnancies, only unintended pregnancies and both unintended and intended pregnancies. Results: The data suggested that young women perceive pregnancy as an opportunity to assert responsibility, become closer with their families and achieve greater intimacy with their boyfriends. Multiple regression analysis indicated that this positive orientation toward early motherhood independently raised the likelihood that young women experienced unintended pregnancies. In particular, the perception that a pregnancy makes a young woman feel more responsible was associated with an increased likelihood that a young woman had only unintended pregnancies compared to no pregnancies at all. Interestingly, this perception did not differentiate young women who had only intended pregnancies from those who were never pregnant. Conclusion: When interpreting reports of unintended pregnancy, more attention should be given to young women's orientation toward early motherhood. Doing so will inform policies that address both personal and structural factors that contribute to persistently high rates of unintended pregnancy among adolescents.
Demo: chameleon: a color-adaptive web browser for mobile OLED displays

Displays based on organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology are appearing on many mobile devices. Unlike liquid crystal displays (LCD), OLED displays consume dramatically different power for showing different colors. In particular, OLED displays are inefficient for showing bright colors. This has made them undesirable for mobile devices because much of the web content is of bright colors.To tackle this problem, we present the motivational studies, design, and realization of Chameleon, a color adaptive web browser that renders web pages with power-optimized color schemes under user-supplied constraints. Driven by the findings from our motivational studies, Chameleon provides end users with important options, offloads tasks that are not absolutely needed in real-time, and accomplishes real-time tasks by carefully enhancing the codebase of a browser engine. According to measurements with OLED smartphones, Chameleon is able to re-duce average system power consumption for web browsing by 41% and is able to reduce display power consumption by 64% without introducing any noticeable delay.
The tensile deformation of copper single crystals containing BeO particles

Abstract Data from tensile tests at three temperatures on copper single crystals strengthened by fine dispersions of BeO particles, produced by internal oxidation, are discussed with reference to recent developments in the theories of dispersed particle strengthening. The yield stresses of the crystals, which are orientation dependent, correlate quite well with the yield mechanism suggested by Orowan (1) and recently discussed in detail by Ashby. (2,3) Marked anelastic and microplastic behavior at stresses below the general yield stress is shown to be qualitatively consistent with the details of the Orowan mechanism of yielding. Increments of shear stress at a shear strain of about 0.1 are only found to agree with the predictions of the strain hardening theory of Ashby (4) for crystals tested at 77°K. Crystals tested at higher temperatures show markedly reduced rates of strain hardening, due to the occurrence of recovery during the tests.
A simple method for administering vancomycin in the spinal cord injured population

Abstract Objective: To examine the applicability in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) of a modified version of the commonly used Lake and Peterson dosing regimen for vancomycin. Design: Nonrandomized, prospective clinical trial with a historical control. Setting: Spinal cord injury unit at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients: Hospitalized patients with a history of SCI at least 6 months earlier and an estimated creatinine clearance of ≥15mL/min who required vancomycin therapy. The experimental group consisted of 15 evaluable patients, 8 with tetraplegia and 7 with paraplegia. Intervention: Vancomycin regimens were initiated using a modified version of the guidelines of Lake and Peterson. Main Outcome Measure: After 4 to 8 doses, peak vancomycin concentrations in serum were obtained 15 minutes after a 1-hour infusion, and trough concentrations were drawn within 30 minutes of the next scheduled dose. Results: Only 3 of 15 (20%) patients in the experimental group required a single adjustment in the dosing interval to achieve the targeted serum vancomycin concentrations. The proportion of patients who required dosing modification was significantly lower in the experimental group than in a group of 16 SCI control patients who received vancomycin according to the dosing recommendations in the drug insert (20% vs 75%, respectively; p = .002) Conclusion: These results support the need for tailored vancomycin dosing in the SCI population and the efficacy of this simple method of administering vancomycin in achieving desirable concentrations of vancomycin in the serum of SCI patients.
Stability and Diversity of Ecosystems

Understanding the relationship between diversity and stability requires a knowledge of how species interact with each other and how each is affected by the environment. The relationship is also complex, because the concept of stability is multifaceted; different types of stability describing different properties of ecosystems lead to multiple diversity-stability relationships. A growing number of empirical studies demonstrate positive diversity-stability relationships. These studies, however, have emphasized only a few types of stability, and they rarely uncover the mechanisms responsible for stability. Because anthropogenic changes often affect stability and diversity simultaneously, diversity-stability relationships cannot be understood outside the context of the environmental drivers affecting both. This shifts attention away from diversity-stability relationships toward the multiple factors, including diversity, that dictate the stability of ecosystems.
Special solutions of the Fokker-Planck transport equation for arbitrary band structures; Mobility and diffusivity in a uniform field of force

A Fokker-Planck equation can be derived from a transition-type transport equation if the transition rates are nearly local in momentum space compared with the inhomogeneity length of the distribution. It is a second-order differential equation, whose coefficients depend on the band structureE(k), the viscosity tensor η(k), and the temperatureT. Classical solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation deal with the parabolic band structure of free Brownian particles in a field of force. Mobility and diffusivity are then independent of the applied field. Here the explicit solution for the stationary state and the time-integrated conditional probability will be given in one dimension. This suffices to determine mobility and diffusivity. Assumingη = 1, these quantities become independent of the field and the band structure, if the latter is nonperiodic, though the distribution still depends on it. This property even holds in three dimensions fork-independent viscosity tensors. Field-dependent mobility and diffusivity are obtained for ak-dependent viscosity or ν = 1 and periodic band structures. The latter is demonstrated for the caseE-cosk, which is also related to the noise problem in Josephson junctions.
Competition, commercialization, and the evolution of nonprofit organizational structures

This article explores competition both in settings where nonprofits compete among themselves and where they compete with for-profits. Growing competition among nonprofits raises questions as to the impacts of this rivalry. How does competition affect nonprofit behavior and does it cause nonprofits to become more commercial in orientation? Does it alter organizational structures and does it cause nonprofits to become less focused on their charitable missions? The answers to these questions can influence public policy toward the nonprofit sector. A definition of competition is presented and Porter's five competitive forces are introduced and used to explore competition in nonprofit marketplaces. Conditions under which commercialization is likely to occur are discussed and the nature of competition is then examined in settings where nonprofits compete in mixed (for-profit/nonprofit) markets. Organizational structures from the health care industry are then used to highlight the evolving legal structures that nonprofits employ in competition with for-profits. Five policy implications of the analysis are examined and the need for additional information is highlighted.
Walkability: what is it?

In order to understand walkability, it is important to consider how pedestrians are defined and the discourses that shape the development of pedestrian space. This paper examines both these issues and identifies points of agreement and disagreement between metrics for walkability. Convergence points include the notion of sidewalk access, street connectivity, and land‐use density and diversity. On the other hand, contradictions are identified between prominent pedestrian level of service (LOS) measures which emphasize personal space and those which advocate safety – and comfort – in numbers. Recommendations are made to encourage more multidisciplinary and research‐based development of metrics for walkability.
L'informatique de gestion au service de la qualité et de la sûreté dans la réalisation des centrales nucléaires

La realisation d'une centrale nucleaire implique la convergence de plusieurs millions d'Informations qui doivent etre identifiees et rester retrouvables pendant toute la duree de vie de la centrale. La societe Framatome, dont le programme de realisation de centrales nucleaires est un des plus importants du monde, a ete amenee a mettre en place un systeme de traitement et de suivi des documents contenant ces informations. L'auteur decrit les fonctions et principes de ce systeme (intitule SHARAD) ainsi que ses caracteristiques techniques et son exploitation.
Modifications in protein binding to upstream sequences of the sea urchin cytoplasmic actin gene CyIIa in comparison to its linked neighbors, CyI and CyIIb

Abstract The sequences corresponding to regions upstream of the ATG and transcription start site of the CyIIa cytoplasmic actin gene of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were determined and compared to the genomically linked CyI and CyIIb actin genes. Sites of protein–DNA interaction in the CyIIa upstream sequences were identified by DNase I footprinting. The similarity between CyIIa and CyI (and CyIIb) upstream sequences was limited and included a consensus octamer sequence, serum response element (SRE) and some short sequences within the proximal promoter region. The octamer sequence was found to bind protein. A single DNase I hypersensitive site was detected within the SRE and to two flanking nucleotides, but otherwise, the SRE did not appear to be protected. This is in contrast to strong protein binding to the CyIIb SRE. A region in the CyIIa gene with limited identity to the functionally significant protein binding site D in CyI also did not bind protein. Four additional sites of protein–DNA interaction were identified in CyIIa upstream sequences. One of these is similar to a protein binding site previously located in the CyI upstream sequences, whereas the others appear to be unique. These data indicate that the CyIIa upstream sequences differ extensively from those of CyI. The pattern of CyIIa expression is likely a consequence of these alternations in DNA sequence and protein–DNA interactions.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in High-Risk Childhood Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

In this issue of Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Burke et al. present their findings on the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) in patients with high-risk childhood acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). This limited single-institution study demonstrates that patients with high-risk disease (as defined by cytogenetics/molecular markers) who received allogeneic HCT in first compete remission (CR) have a favorable outcome, similar to those with standard-risk disease. The role of HCT as consolidation therapy for childhood AML has evolved significantly since Woods et al. first demonstrated that children who received allogeneic HCT from related donors had an improved outcome compared with chemotherapy recipients [1]. This study further demonstrated that pretransplantation chemotherapy can affect posttransplantation survival; patients who received more intensive induction chemotherapy had a significantly lower rate of relapse and more favorable survival after HCT, suggesting that quality of remission (lower residual disease) was an important determinant of post-HCT survival. In this study, although HCT carried higher treatment-related mortality, lower relapse resulted in more favorable outcomes in HCT recipients. This seminal study led to the change in the standard of care in childhood AML in the United States, where patients with newly diagnosed AML with suitably matched related donors were allocated to receive HCT in first CR. Subsequent studies (Children’s Cancer Group 2961 and Children’s Oncology Group 03P1 pediatric AML trials) allocated all patients with a matched family donor to receive HCT in first CR [2,3]. With the improvements in HLA typing and supportive care, and with broader availability of suitable donors, unrelated HCT has been more broadly used in patients in first CR. Further, reevaluation of the role of stem cell transplantation in AML in the context of emerging prognostic factors has changed the utility of HCT from a biologic allocation based on donor availability to a more risk-appropriate therapeutic allocation aimed at improving outcome while minimizing risk and toxicity. In this risk-based allocation to HCT, patients with
Anomalies as curvature in complex geometry

Abstract We study two-dimensional bosonic and fermionic field theories in the language of infinite-dimensional complex geometry. We show that all local (“perturbative”) anomalies canbe interpreted as curvature of a Fock bundle over the space of complex structures. We discuss the example of the gauge anomaly of a chiral fermion in detail. A method to compute the curvature of a homogeneous hermitian holomorphic vector bundle is developed in the appendix.
Adrenergic modulation of extrarenal potassium disposal in men with end-stage renal disease

Adrenergic modulation of extrarenal potassium disposal in men with end-stage renal disease. In normal subjects, beta-adrenergic stimulation lowers the serum potassium, whereas alpha-stimulation raises it. Epinephrine, a mixed alpha and beta agonist, acutely lowers the blood potassium in normal subjects, but not in patients with end-stage renal disease. This study was designed to determine whether the resistance to the hypokalemic effect of epinephrine in dialysis patients is due to a blunted beta-adrenergic response, or to an augmented alpha-adrenergic response. The infusion of epinephrine at low doses (0.01 µg/kg/min) produced a significant increase in serum potassium in hemodialysis patients (+0.21 ± 0.07 mmol/liter, P
Computerized platform posturography for children: test-retest reliability of the sensory test of the VSR System

The purpose of this study was to examine the consistency of scores from typically developing children on the sensory test of the NeuroCom(r) International VSR(tm) System. Participants included 18 children between five and nine years of age. Postural sway was measured using the VSR(tm) System, a computerized platform posturography assessment tool. The sensory test protocol examines the relative contributions of the visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems to maintain postural stability by systematically manipulating the availability and accuracy of sensory inputs. Test-retest intraclass correlation coefficients for all four sensory conditions ranged from .76 to .83.
Do hemophilia carriers bleed? Yes.

Comment on Plug et al, page [52][1] Historically, hemophilia carriers have not been considered to be at risk for bleeding. This paper challenges the convention that these patients will be hemostatically normal if their factor levels exceed 40%. In this issue of Blood, Plug and colleagues report
Caregiver Perspectives on Discussions About the Use of Intensive Treatments in Cystic Fibrosis

Context Intensive treatments intended to sustain life are often used for patients with advanced cystic fibrosis (CF). There are no guidelines for selecting patients whose survival and quality of life may be enhanced by such treatments or for communication with patients and caregivers about possible treatment outcomes.
Alexis de Tocqueville, Forgotten Founder

The eminent political theorist Sheldon Wolin has recently argued that Alexis de Tocqueville was "perhaps the last influential theorist who can be said to have truly cared about political life" (Wolin, 2001: 5). Tocqueville's indispensable account of Democracy in America has been praised as "at once the best book ever written on democracy and the best book ever written on America" (Democracy, p. xvii). One can read about Tocqueville's ideas concerning the peculiarities and peccadilloes of American life and politics on a weekly basis, if not daily, in mass-circulation newspapers and magazines, as well as in the scholarly literature. The extension of his comparative study of the roots and character of modern democracies from "America" to the Old World, The Old Regime and the Revolution, has been central to the rethinking of the French Revolution that took place in France around the time of its bicentennial in 1989. The Tocqueville-inspired historical revisionism of that episode was an intellectual development of major political import, dovetailing as it did with the collapse of communism
Demonstration of 10G Burst-Mode DML and EDC in Symmetric 40Gbit/s TWDM-PON over 40km Passive Reach

The burst-mode 10G DML and EDC are first time demonstrated in symmetric 40Gbit/s TWDM-PON system over 40km passive reach at final NG-PON2 wavelength plan. Demonstration results verify that all ODN classes can be supported via industry achievable optical parameters.
The Impact of Diversity Seeking and Volunteer Orientation on Desire for Alternative Spring Break Programs

ABSTRACT In this study of volunteer tourism, the values affecting participants' perceptions of and attitudes toward an alternative spring break program are compared to the values affecting their perceptions of and attitudes toward their previous and ideal spring breaks. Results show that the values of fun and rewarding are associated with different preferences that are affected by participants'levels of the individual difference factors Volunteer Orientation (Mowen & Sujan, 2005) and Diversity Seeking (Brumbaugh & Grier, 2009). Results suggest that these individual difference factors are fruitful variables for segmentation in the volunteer tourism industry. Implications for marketing programs are discussed.
Degradation of MCPA by ozone and light

Abstract The degradation of dilute aqueous solutions of the herbicide, MCPA (4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid), by ozone has been examined in the presence and absence of very low energy u.v. light (> 300 nm) to identify early benzenoid intermediates. In the dark, ozonolysis proceeded rapidly, and few aromatic products were detected; under irradiation, MCPA loss occurred even more rapidly, and a series of benzenoid intermediates could be isolated, including 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenol, its formate ester, 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde and 5-chlorosalicyclic acid. Isolation of 5-chloro-3-methylbenzene-1,2-diol from dark ozonolysis suggests the operation of two distinct ozonolysis pathways: ring-hydroxylation and cleavage by molecular ozone in the dark, and side-chain oxidation by hydroxyl radicals under irradiation.
Nonselective oxidation of GaAs-based III-V compound semiconductor heterostructures for in-plane semiconductor lasers

A nonselective wet thermal oxidation technique for AlGaAs-containing heterostructures has been shown to enable the fabrication of a variety of novel high-efficiency, high-power GaAs-based in-plane laser devices. Applied in conjunction with a deep anisotropic dry etch, nonselective oxidation yields a simple, self-aligned high-index-contrast (HIC) ridge waveguide (RWG) structure. The native oxide grown directly on the waveguide ridge simultaneously provides excellent electrical insulation, passivation of the etch-exposed bipolar active region, and a low refractive index cladding, leading to numerous laser performance benefits. The resulting strong lateral optical confinement at the semiconductor/oxide interface (with refractive index contrast Dn~1.7) enables half-racetrack ring resonator lasers with a record small 6 mm bend radius. A nearly circularly-symmetric output beam is demonstrated on narrow w=1.4 mm aperture width straight stripe-geometry lasers with single spatial and longitudinal mode total power output of ~180 mW at 228 mA (9x threshold). With the complete structural elimination of lateral current spreading, the excellent overlap of the optical field with the gain region provides high slope efficiency performance (ranging from >1.0 W/A at w=1.4 mm to 1.3 W/A for w=150 mm broad area stripes) for 300 K cw operation of unbonded, p-side up 808 nm InAlGaAs graded-index separate confinement heterostructure (GRINSCH) active region lasers. Using the direct thermal oxidation of a dilute nitride GaAsP/InGaAsN MQW active region, 1.3 mm emission GaAs-based HIC RWG lasers exhibit a >2X threshold reduction and kink-free operation relative to conventional low-confinement devices. Other recent progress on the application of nonselective oxidation to GaAs-based semiconductor lasers will be reported.
Factors Important in the Formation of Preschoolers' Friendships

Abstract Reciprocity of friendships and variables related to popularity were studied in 47 male and 25 female preschoolers, ages 3 to 5, 15% nonwhite. Data were gathered on friendship selection, self-concept, popularity, physical attractiveness, birth order, number of siblings, social class, and the nature of the family structure (intact vs. single parent). Reciprocal dyads were more similar in popularity scores and age than the nonreciprocal dyads; age, popularity and stability of friendship discriminated the reciprocal from the nonreciprocal groups. In addition, personal self-concept, peer attractiveness, social self-concept, stability of friendship, attractiveness, and verbal intelligence were predictors of preschool popularity.
Brain Areas Coactivating with Motor Cortex During Chronic Motor Tics and Intentional Movements

Background Chronic tic disorders are characterized by motor tics that are often preceded by premonitory urges to tic. Functional neuroimaging studies have documented brain activity patterns prior to and during tics, but these studies have not examined whether the activation patterns differ from those seen in normal control subjects performing similar acts. Methods A novel method was used to compare brain patterns during tics and intentional movements. First, the part of motor cortex specific to each patient's tic movement was identified. The brain areas activating prior to, during, and after that part of motor cortex during tics were then identified by temporally cross-correlating the time course of the localized motor region with activity in other brain areas. Given that motor cortex was active during tic execution, this yielded information regarding the brain areas active prior to, during, and after the movements. The spatiotemporal pattern of coactivation with motor cortex during tics was contrasted with that seen in healthy control subjects during intentional tic-like movements. Results Data from 16 adult subjects with tic disorders and 16 matched control subjects, who performed intentional movements similar to the patients' tics, revealed nearly identical patterns of cross-correlation to motor cortex throughout the brain in the two groups. However, the supplementary motor area showed a significantly broader profile of cross-correlation to motor cortex during tics than during intentional movements. Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of the supplementary motor area in tic generation and may point toward novel intervention strategies for individuals suffering with severe tics.
The Short Child with Subnormal Plasma Somatomedin C

ABSTRACT.: In 59 male and 59 female healthy children of average stature between 7 and 10 yr old, the normal range of plasma somatomedin C was investigated. The 95% tolerance limits narrowed progressively when the child's plasma somatomedin C status was described by the mean of one, two, three, or four determinations at 6-wk intervals. The 95% tolerance limits were therefore based on the mean of four determinations. In 97 children, age 7 to 10, below the 3.0 percentile in height, 44 had an average plasma somatomedin C below the 2.5 percentile. Among these hyposomatomedinemic short children, 19 were partially or totally deficient in growth hormone, 20 had normal immunoreactive growth hormone responses to dopa, glucagon, and sleep (nongrowth hormone deficient), and five had borderline provocative tests. Both growth hormone deficient and nongrowth hormone deficient children showed significant linear growth responses to 6-month courses of human growth hormone (0.16 to 0.70 unit/kg/wk). The responses of the latter group were 50 to 90% as great as those of the former.
Charge-dependent model for many-body polarization, exchange, and dispersion interactions in hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations.

This work explores a new charge-dependent energy model consisting of van der Waals and polarization interactions between the quantum mechanical (QM) and molecular mechanical (MM) regions in a combined QM∕MM calculation. van der Waals interactions are commonly treated using empirical Lennard-Jones potentials, whose parameters are often chosen based on the QM atom type (e.g., based on hybridization or specific covalent bonding environment). This strategy for determination of QM∕MM nonbonding interactions becomes tedious to parametrize and lacks robust transferability. Problems occur in the study of chemical reactions where the “atom type” is a complex function of the reaction coordinate. This is particularly problematic for reactions, where atoms or localized functional groups undergo changes in charge state and hybridization. In the present work we propose a new model for nonelectrostatic nonbonded interactions in QM∕MM calculations that overcomes many of these problems. The model is based on a scaled overlap model for repulsive exchange and attractive dispersion interactions that is a function of atomic charge. The model is chemically significant since it properly correlates atomic size, softness, polarizability, and dispersion terms with minimal one-body parameters that are functions of the atomic charge. Tests of the model are examined for rare-gas interactions with neutral and charged atoms in order to demonstrate improved transferability. The present work provides a new framework for modeling QM∕MM interactions with improved accuracy and transferability.
Characteristics of wear debris in impact sliding

Abstract The characteristics of debris arising from repetitive compound (sliding) impact are presented. The debris was collected from a variety of tests. Microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis establish (1) that debris may arise from specimen and counterface, (2) that metallic particles consist of very small and/or distorted primary crystals, (3) that oxide formation occurs and (4) that phase transformations of metallic constituents may occur. Further, particular debris characteristics are shown to be dependent on the nominal contact stress and the relative sliding velocity.
Sexual harassment and posttraumatic stress disorder: Damages beyond prior abuse.

This study examined the extent to which harassment experiences correlate with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and whether diagnosable PTSD on the basis of sexual harassment occurs after accounting for prior PTSD, prior sexual abuse, and prior psychological dysfunction. The sample consisted of a two-wave panel of 445 women who had received a domestic violence protective order from a Kentucky court. Hierarchical linear and logistic analyses confirmed that sexual harassment experiences were significantly correlated with PTSD symptoms after controlling for an extensive set of trauma variables measured in both the baseline and follow up interviews. Our findings lend further evidence that claims of PTSD from sexual harassment may be credible even if claimants have been victims of other forms of trauma.
Non-invasive characterization of manufacturing techniques and corrosion of ancient Chinese bronzes and a later replica using synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Three bronze vessels from the ancient Chinese art collection at the Art Institute of Chicago (AIC) were examined—with the advanced non-invasive characterization capabilities of high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction performed at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) of Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)—to create a comprehensive overview of each object’s manufacture as well as subsequent corrosion processes. Findings were also complemented with traditional non-invasive characterization techniques, including optical imaging, X-ray radiographic imaging, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. The results—obtained without sampling—allow a clear distinction between genuinely ancient Chinese bronzes from those with modern restorations and from “archaistic” objects made many centuries later, in emulation of ancient styles.
“My Regular Spot”: Race and Territory in Urban Public Space

Employing ethnographic data from a diverse Chicago neighborhood, this article examines how and why a group of Black men asserted exclusive claims to a street corner in explicitly racial terms. The analysis focuses on why racial-ethnic categories became the basis for social and spatial segregation in public spaces but not in a less conspicuous indoor setting. Consistent with prior research by urban ethnographers, the evidence indicates that the dynamics of interaction in public space encourage individuals to rely on categoric knowledge, which triggers stereotypes and provokes intergroup suspicions and hostilities. However, beliefs about how third parties evaluate whether or not specific interactions in visible public spaces are suspicious can also promote racially charged territorial behavior and thereby limit intergroup contact.
How much is a green card worth? Evidence from Mexican men who marry women born in the U.S.

Abstract Many countries impose restrictions on some immigrants' job mobility, likely reducing their wages. We quantify such effects for Mexican-born men in the U.S. by recognizing that immigrants who marry U.S. natives receive expedited “green cards” (Permanent Residency). Robust IV estimates indicate that intermarried Mexicans earn a 40 percent wage premium, and larger for the most mobile subgroups. Analogous premiums are statistically insignificant for men from Puerto Rico, who acquire no new rights because they are already U.S. citizens. Attributing the approximately 30 percent difference to green cards, we estimate that eliminating wait times would increase Mexicans' mean earnings $120,000–$150,000 in present value.
Temporal Analysis of the Honey Bee Microbiome Reveals Four Novel Viruses and Seasonal Prevalence of Known Viruses, Nosema, and Crithidia

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) play a critical role in global food production as pollinators of numerous crops. Recently, honey bee populations in the United States, Canada, and Europe have suffered an unexplained increase in annual losses due to a phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Epidemiological analysis of CCD is confounded by a relative dearth of bee pathogen field studies. To identify what constitutes an abnormal pathophysiological condition in a honey bee colony, it is critical to have characterized the spectrum of exogenous infectious agents in healthy hives over time. We conducted a prospective study of a large scale migratory bee keeping operation using high-frequency sampling paired with comprehensive molecular detection methods, including a custom microarray, qPCR, and ultra deep sequencing. We established seasonal incidence and abundance of known viruses, Nosema sp., Crithidia mellificae, and bacteria. Ultra deep sequence analysis further identified four novel RNA viruses, two of which were the most abundant observed components of the honey bee microbiome (∼1011 viruses per honey bee). Our results demonstrate episodic viral incidence and distinct pathogen patterns between summer and winter time-points. Peak infection of common honey bee viruses and Nosema occurred in the summer, whereas levels of the trypanosomatid Crithidia mellificae and Lake Sinai virus 2, a novel virus, peaked in January.
Giant-cell tumor of the sacrum

We have presented a case of a patient with sacral giant-cell tumor and reviewed the literature. This is a rare disease originating from the mesenchyme of bone marrow which grows out through the cortex. It is essentially benign but behaves like a malignant tumor in view of frequent recurrences and a high incidence of malignant transformation. Cure can be achieved only by complete extirpation of tumor along with surrounding soft tissue.
Valve-in-valve hemodynamics of 20-mm transcatheter aortic valves in small bioprostheses.

Background Transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) implantation is a treatment for selected patients with failing bioprostheses. We previously showed that currently available SAPIEN (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) TAV sizes did not yield acceptable valve-in-valve (VIV) hemodynamics in small degenerated bioprostheses because optimal TAV function requires full stent expansion to its nominal size. The study objective was to determine (1) if 20-mm TAVs provide acceptable hemodynamics in small degenerated bioprostheses and (2) the effect of TAV spatial orientation on valvular hemodynamics and coronary flows. Methods Twelve 20-mm TAVs were created for implantation within 19-mm and 21-mm degenerated Carpentier-Edwards Perimount (Edwards Lifesciences) and porcine bioprostheses. Degenerated valves were sutured into human homograft roots and mounted in a pulse duplicator. TAVs were implanted within bioprostheses as VIV in standard orientation, in which TAV and bioprosthetic commissures were aligned, and later with 60-degree rotation. Results The 20-mm TAVs migrated retrograde into the left ventricle after VIV in the 21-mm Perimount bioprostheses. However, 20-mm TAVs in 19-mm Perimount (54.9 ± 5.4 to 23.5 ± 3.9 mm Hg, p = 0.006) and 21-mm porcine bioprostheses (35.2 ± 8.9 to 16.8 ± 4.1 mm Hg, p = 0.03) significantly reduced mean gradients. No significant reduction in pressure gradient occurred after VIV in 19-mm degenerated porcine bioprostheses. Mild regurgitation was observed after VIV. VIV with standard and 60-degree TAV orientation did not significantly alter hemodynamics or coronary flows. Conclusions Valve-in-valve hemodynamics with 20-mm TAV improved for 19-mm Perimount and 21-mm porcine but not 19-mm porcine bioprostheses. No significant differences in hemodynamics were noted by orientation with TAV and bioprosthesis commissural alignment or 60-degree rotation.
Pott's Disease Caused by Mycobacterium xenopi: Case Report and Review

We report a case of Mycobacterium xenopi infection of the spine in a 70-year-old woman. The findings of our case and of five other published reports of bone or joint infection with M. xenopi illustrate the problems with diagnosis and management of infection with this organism. Detection of M. xenopi in clinical specimens may require prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C or incubation at higher temperatures. Furthermore, M. xenopi may be misidentified as Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex. For these reasons, human infection due to M. xenopi may be underrecognized. The optimal therapy for human infection with M. xenopi is unknown.
Unbiased Coin Tossing With a Biased Coin

Procedures are exhibited and analyzed for converting a sequence of i.i.d. Bernoulli variables with unknown mean p into a Bernoulli variable with mean 1/2. The efficiency of several procedures is studied.
3: Epistemological Perspectives on Conceptions of Curriculum Organization and Learning

How should we organize subject matter to be learned? Does learning proceed from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular? In what ways should the organization of a curriculum depend on the conceptual properties of the subject matter to be taught? How can we best describe educational objectives? What sorts of learning outcomes should we expect from teaching students the structure of knowledge? What kinds of concepts do we need to describe cognitive structure? What kinds of concepts do we need to describe cognitive process? What is thinking? What is good thinking? What kinds of concepts do we need to describe thinking? How can we teach someone to think, and how can we tell when he can think?
A systematic design methodology for generating the optimal repairs of aging aircraft

A design methodology which generates optimal mechanical repairs for aging aircraft is presented. Finite element modeling and analysis is used to evaluate the repairs. The repair problem is formulated as an optimization problem using an energy criterion. Optimal locations for rivet placement are found for many different situations.
Biodegradation of phenanthrene by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: on the role of lignin peroxidase

Lignin peroxidase H8 from the wood rotting basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium is able to catalyse oxidation of 9-phenanthrol, forming phenanthrene-9, 10-quinone. This is of interest because 9-phenanthrol is an intermediate in the major pathway for phenanthrene degradation that occurs in this fungus under non-ligninolytic conditions whereas the product, phenanthrene-9, 10-quinone, is an intermediate in the pathway that occurs under ligninolytic conditions. It thus appears reasonable to suggest that, at the onset of idiophase (when cultures become ligninolytic), lignin peroxidases may function to link these two pathways.
Using the Kolbe A&#8482; Conative Index to Study the Retention of Computer Science Students

Recent studies at California State University, Northridge using the Kolbe Atrade index have shown differences in conative profiles between computer science students near graduation and those just entering the program. Since conation, or a person's inherent talent or natural way of doing things, relates to how a student approaches learning, it may provide clues as to why some students quit the program prior to graduation. The Kolbe instrument used in this study is a tool for measuring conative talents. It has been widely used in industry to aid in management activities and assist in the formation of effective teams. Its use in education has been limited, but it has potential for providing insight regarding differences in student learning and in understanding issues related to student retention. For example, one recent study showed a significantly higher implementor conative instinct among entering students than existed among graduating students. This suggests that some students with strong implementor talents may have dropped out of the program, possibly because they were not given sufficient opportunity to engage in "hands on" activities. It may be that some students are discouraged from continuing in the major because they find the learning environment incompatible with the natural ways they approach learning
Determining the optimum number of increments in composite sampling

Composite sampling can be more cost effective than simple random sampling. This paper considers how to determine the optimum number of increments to use in composite sampling. Composite sampling terminology and theory are outlined and a method is developed which accounts for different sources of variation in compositing and data analysis. This method is used to define and understand the process of determining the optimum number of increments that should be used in forming a composite. The blending variance is shown to have a smaller range of possible values than previously reported when estimating the number of increments in a composite sample. Accounting for differing levels of the blending variance significantly affects the estimated number of increments.
Pacific Ocean observation programs: Gaps in ecological time series

Abstract How well do existing ocean observation programs monitor the oceans through space and time? A meta-analysis of ocean observation programs in the Pacific Ocean was carried out to determine where and how key parameters defining the physics, chemistry, and biology of the oceans were measured. The analysis indicates that although the chemistry and physics of the Pacific Ocean are reasonably well monitored, ecological monitoring remains largely ad hoc, patchy, unsystematic, and inconsistent. The California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI), for example, is the only Pacific Ocean program in which the zooplankton and micronekton are resolved to species with consistent time series of greater than 20 years duration. Several studies now indicate massive changes to nearshore, mesopelagic and other fish communities of the southern California Current but available time series do not allow these potential changes to be examined more widely. Firm commitment from the global community to sustained, representative, quantitative marine observations at the species level is required to adequately assess the ecological status of the oceans.
Public Opinion Regarding Juvenile Life Without Parole in Consecutive Statewide Surveys

Abolition of the death penalty results in life without parole (LWOP) as the most severe sanction for convicted juveniles. Although internationally the use of LWOP for juveniles is rare, 2,225 youth have been sentenced to LWOP within the United States. To address the dearth of public opinion on the issue, the authors proposed questions to the survey administrators who then selected them for inclusion in two annual statewide surveys. They found that support for LWOP diminishes considerably when respondents are given a more complex array of sentencing options rather than a dichotomous choice to agree or disagree with the current policy. Those supporting LWOP are more likely to be younger, male, and White. These findings support the need for more nuanced and complex discussions and polling language, as well as policy alternatives.
Regulation of ERK1 gene expression by coactivator proteins.

RARs (retinoic acid receptors) mediate the effect of their ligand RA (retinoic acid) on gene expression. We previously showed that RA inhibited cellular proliferation in part by decreasing expression of the mitogen activated protein kinase ERK1 (extracellular signal regulated kinase 1). However, the mechanism by which RA regulates ERK1 expression is largely uncharacterized. The present study characterizes coactivator-mediated regulation of RA target gene expression by analysing ERK1 promoter activation. CBP (CREB-binding protein) and PCAF (p300/CBP associated factor) are transcriptional coactivators that interact with nuclear hormone receptors such as RARs. CBP and PCAF differentially regulated ERK1 expression in stable clones. CBP clones expressed higher ERK1 protein levels, proliferated faster in culture and were resistant to RA-mediated growth inhibition. PCAF clones expressed lower levels of ERK1 protein and cells grew more slowly than controls. CBP and PCAF regulation of the ERK1 promoter was dependent on two Sp1 (specificity protein 1) sites located between −86 and −115 bp. Immunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that PCAF interacted with Sp1 via CBP. A putative p53 binding site at −360 bp functioned as a major repressor of ERK1 promoter activity even in the absence of exogenous p53 expression. CBP and PCAF occupancy of the proximal ERK1 promoter was dramatically decreased by RA treatment. PCAF mediated inhibition of ERK1 expression was due to decreased stability of the kinase mRNA. We conclude that CBP and PCAF coactivators mediate ERK1 gene expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level.
Efficacy of Aztreonam in the Treatment of Skeletal Infections Due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Twenty-eight patients with skeletal infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated with aztreonam during two open, noncomparative, multicenter clinical trials. Ten patients with septic arthritis received 2 g of aztreonam three times a day (modal) for 30 days (mean). The mean follow-up period was 4 weeks. Microbiologic cure was achieved in all 10 patients; complete clinical cure, in eight; and partial clinical cure, in two. Eighteen cases of osteomyelitis were treated with 2 g of aztreonam three times a day (modal) for 40 days (mean), with a mean follow-up period of 6 months. Microbiologic cure was achieved in 17 patients. Relapse occurred 1 month after therapy in one patient. Complete clinical cure was achieved in 13 and partial clinical cure was achieved in five patients. The most common adverse reactions to aztreonam were a transient elevation in levels of hepatic enzymes and transient eosinophilia. Three superinfections and one subsequent infection occurred. These results support use of aztreonam for the treatment of skeletal infections due to P. aeruginosa.
Inquiring into an Inclusio—On Judgement and Love in Matthew

There is a consensus amongst commentators that Matt. 1:23 and 28:20 form an inclusio around the gospel which highlights the theme 'God with us'. Ulrich Luz uses this inclusio to argue that Matthew intends the reader to understand that love predominates over judgement—another key theme of the gospel. However, this reading misses the clear evocation of the eschatological judgement in Matt. 28:20. Reading Matt. 28:20 alongside Matt. 13:40, 49 demonstrates that Jesus is present with the disciples as Emmanuel until Jesus judges them as Son of Man. The inclusio evokes the presence of Christ with the disciples until the judgement, and so combines the themes of presence and judgement. If either theme predominates, it is that of eschatological judgement.