cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geolocation privacy and application platforms

Security and privacy issues for Location-Based Services (LBS) and geolocation-capable applications often revolve around designing a User Interface (UI) such that users are informed about what an application is doing and have the ability to accept or decline. However, in a world where applications increasingly draw on a wide variety of LBS providers on the back-end, and where more and more applications are using small-screen or even screenless devices, UI-centered views of designing security and privacy are no longer sufficient. In this position paper, we describe the increasingly varied landscape of platforms that users face today and the privacy issues of each. We argue for a service-oriented approach, so that security and privacy issues are described and negotiated in a machine-readable way, and can thus be adapted to new platforms and UIs more easily. While User Experience (UX) is important, we believe it should be derived from a service-oriented view, instead of being designed for each platform individually.
New Reliable Structure for High Temperature Measurement of Silicon Wafers Using a Specially Attached Thermocouple

Accurate wafer temperature measurement is very important in the area of material processing. In Short Time Annealing, for example, it is necessary to monitor temperature peaks of up to 1200°C which are only a few seconds in duration. This paper describes a structure consisting of a silicon wafer with a specially attached thermocouple. This structure is capable of reliable high temperature measurements of up to 1200°C and is also capable of surviving repeated cycling at that temperature.
Knowing by likeness in empedocles

Contrary to the Aristotelian interpretation of Empedocles' views about cognition, according to which all cognition, like perception, is due to the compositional likeness between subject and object of cognition, this paper argues that when Empedocles says that we know one thing 'by' another (e.g. earth by earth or love by love), he is characterizing analogical reasoning, an intellectual activity quite different from perception (which is explained by the fit between effluences and pores). The paper also explores the idea that strife and love describe, in addition to physical separation and composition, the mental activities of analyzing and composing.
Blood glutathione and cysteine changes in cardiovascular disease.

The need to investigate aminothiols such as glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), and homocysteine (Hcy) in blood is stimulated by the current interest in hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Our current goal was to determine whether various cardiovascular (CV) diseases altered levels of GSH and Cys in blood and the relationships between these two thiols. Blood samples from 96 patients with atherosclerosis and other CV diseases were analyzed and compared with those from 33 control subjects. In CV patients, GSH levels were normal, but free plasma Cys was significantly higher (P <.0001). In patients with atherosclerosis, bound plasma Cys was 21% higher than that in control subjects (P <.0001), and in patients with other CV diseases it was 14% higher (P =.023). Also, in patients with CV diseases, correlations of free GSH with free Cys (P <.007) and total GSH and Cys with age (P <.04) differed from that in control subjects. There were no differences related to functional disability or duration of disease. A key finding was that these abnormal levels of plasma Cys occurred in both atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic CV diseases. These results indicate that high levels of oxidized and bound Cys in CV patients create an oxidative environment that may increase susceptibility to vascular damage. (J Lab Clin Med 2000;135:396-401)
Hematoporphyrin photoradiation therapy for intraocular and orbital malignant melanoma.

• Photoradiation therapy (PRT) is a new technique that is currently under investigation for the treatment of a variety of solid malignant tumors. The technique involves systemic administration of hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), a photosensitizing compound that is preferentially retained by malignant cells and photoactivation of the neoplasm with red light (630 nm) to achieve selective destruction of cancer cells. We used HpD PRT for seven patients with malignant melanoma of the uvea and conclude that initial results of HpD PRT for uveal malignant melanoma are encouraging and justify further investigation.
Hyperthermia: Systemic and coronary circulatory changes in the intact dog

Abstract Dogs which were rendered hyperthermic by physical means showed an increased ventilation, heart rate, cardiac output, and left ventricular work. These latter could be correlated with the observed increases in coronary blood flow and cardiac oxygen consumption. In the circumstances of this experiment, heat was a feeble coronary vasodilator, and cardiac efficiency was reduced.
Effects of acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine and their ionic mechanisms of action on the electrical and mechanical activity of molluscan heart smooth muscle

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the electrical and mechanical activity of the Modiolus heart were studied, as was the ionic basis of these effects. 2. 2. ACh excitation is characterized by depolarization resulting from an increase in sodium conductance. 3. 3. Three mechanisms appear to contribute to the inhibitory effect of 5-HT: suppression of the pacemaker, an increased chloride conductance and, possibly, interference with calcium movements associated with the action potential.
Biomimetic materials: Polymers with bio-inspired strength.

Biopolymers, ingeniously designed by nature, can combine different mechanical properties and even adapt to changes in their environment. By imitating the structure of a protein, chemists have now made a strong, tough polymer that also exhibits elastic properties.
Inhibition by pentachlorophenol of the initiating and promoting activities of 1′-hydroxysafrole for the formation of enzyme-altered foci and tumors in rat liver

The hepatocarcinogen 1'-hydroxysafrole (HOS) exhibited weak initiating activity and strong promoting activity for the induction of enzyme-altered foci and tumors in rat liver. Thus, administration of a single dose of HOS to rats 18 h after a 70% hepatectomy, followed by administration of phenobarbital (PB) in the diet for 6 months, induced a low, but statistically significant, number of foci of enzyme-altered cells. This treatment did not result in gross liver tumors, even when the PB treatment was continued for 16 months. Large numbers of enzyme-altered foci developed when HOS was administered in the diet at levels of 0.05-0.25% to rats previously administered a single dose of N,N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) 24 h after a 70% hepatectomy. Similarly, rats given a single dose of DEN 24 h after a partial hepatectomy and then fed 0.10 or 0.25% of HOS in the diet for 10 months developed a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas. In the absence of pretreatment with DEN, dietary administration for at least 4 months of 0.10 or 0.25% of HOS induced significant numbers of enzyme-altered foci; these data and liver tumor induction by continuous feeding of HOS, in the absence of pretreatment with DEN, provide additional evidence for an initiating, as well as a promoting, activity of HOS in rat liver. Concurrent administration of the hepatic sulfotransferase inhibitor pentachlorophenol with HOS in each of the above assays almost completely inhibited the initiating and promoting activities of HOS for the formation of enzyme-altered foci and tumors; these data strongly suggest that both the initiating and promoting activities are mediated by the sulfuric acid ester, 1'-sulfooxysafrole. HOS also exhibited initiating activity in adult mouse liver. Thus, dietary administration of 0.25% of HOS for only 1 month, followed by administration of the hepatic tumor promoter 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene resulted in a high incidence and multiplicity of hepatomas by 10 months. In the absence of the promoter, administration of HOS for only 1 month induced no hepatomas; 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene alone induced only a low incidence. In mice not given the promoter, continuous administration of HOS for 3-6 months was required for hepatoma development by 16 months.
Inequalities for generalized hypergeometric functions of two variables

Abstract In a previous paper, we developed lower and upper bounds for the generalized hypergeometric functions p F q , p = q , p = q + 1, and certain confluent forms under appropriate restrictions on the variable and parameters. In the present paper, we extend these notions and obtain similar inequalities for certain generalized hypergeometric functions of two variables.
A meaningful place in the world: Hannah Arendt on the nature of human rights

(2004). A meaningful place in the world: Hannah Arendt on the nature of human rights. Journal of Human Rights: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 41-52.
Changes in gill Na+,K+-ATPase, thyroxine and triiodothyronine of coho salmon held in two different rearing densities during smoltification

Abstract 1. The effects of rearing density on the parr-smolt transformation in coho salmon were assessed by measurement of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and circulating levels of plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine in two experiments. 2. There was an inverse relationship between rearing density and gill Na+,K+ -ATPase activity between salmon reared at the different densities in both experiments. Gill Na+,K+ -ATPase activity peaked in April of fish held at low densities in both experiments. 3. There was no consistent trend of differences in thyroid hormone levels between juvenile salmon at different rearing densities in the two experiments. 4. Peak elevations of thyroxine occurred in May in fish in both experiments concurrent with increases in water temperature.
The knee-chest position does not improve the efficacy of ipecac-induced emesis☆

Abstract Previous studies have shown that ipecac-induced emesis, even if instituted very early, removes only a mean of 28% to 45% of an ingested tracer. Because vomiting is an ancient reflex that occurs in mammals, reptiles, and other animals, we speculated that, in humans, maintaining a sitting rather than a horizontal posture during induced emesis might decrease the efficacy of gastric emptying. To test this hypothesis, 20 normal fasting adult subjects underwent induced emesis in the knee-chest position on one day and in the sitting position on another. Twenty-five 100-μg tablets of cyanocobalamin were ingested as a tracer along with 250 mL tap water. Ten minutes after tracer ingestion, 30 mL ipecac syrup and 640 mL tap water were swallowed. All resulting vomitus was homogenized, frozen, and later assayed for cobalt using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. There was no difference in mean tracer recovery with the two positions: knee-chest, 47.2% v sitting, 46.9% (paired t test, P > .95). Analysis of cobalt recovery for all 40 episodes of emesis revealed a mean of 51.2 ± 23.7 (SD) μg out of 108.7 μg total cobalt ingested (95% Cl, 43.6 to 58.7 μg). This represented 47.1% of the administered tracer dose (95% Cl, 40.1% to 54.0%). Even if initiated only ten minutes after an ingestion, ipecac-induced emesis removes an average of less than half of an ingested tracer dose, with a high degree of intersubject variability. Horizontal patient positioning does not appear to improve the efficacy of this procedure.
Nagorno‐Karabagh — “apple of discord in the Azerbaijan SSR

(1988). Nagorno‐Karabagh — “apple of discord in the Azerbaijan SSR. Central Asian Survey: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 63-78.
Microscopic x-ray luminescence computed tomography

X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) was emerged as a new hybrid imaging modality, in which the x-rays are used to excite phosphors emitting optical photons to be measured for imaging. In this paper, we reported a microscopic x-ray luminescence computed tomography (microXLCT) with a spatial resolution up to hundreds of micrometers for deep targets. We use a superfine x-ray pencil beam to scan the phosphor targets. The superfine x-ray pencil beam is generated by a small collimator mounted in front of a powerful x-ray tube (93212, Oxford Instrument). A CT detector is used to image the x-ray beam. We have generated an x-ray beam with a diameter of 192 micrometers with a collimator of 100 micrometers in diameter. The emitted optical photons on the top surface of phantom are reflected by a mirror and acquired by an electron multiplier charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera (C9100-13, Hamamatsu Photonics). The microXLCT imaging system is built inside an x-ray shielding and light tight cabinet. The EMCCD camera is placed in a lead box. All the imaging components are controlled by a VC++ program. The optical photon propagation is modeled with the diffusion equation solved by the finite element method. We have applied different regularization methods including L 2 and L 1 in the microXLCT reconstruction algorithms. Numerical simulations and phantom experiments are used to validate the microXLCT imaging system.
Observations on the Relation Between Ventricular Activation Sequence and the Hemodynamic State

Hemodynamic parameters including records of left and right ventricular pressure, aortic pressure, the first derivative of the left ventricular pressure curve, and carotid flow were recorded with different patterns of ventricular activation. Special measures were used to achieve a comparable role of the atrium in ventricular filling with the different ventricular activation patterns. With an intact cardiac conduction system, definite but small differences in the hemodynamic parameters named were associated with different activation patterns. Normal ventricular activation produced slightly higher peak pressures in both ventricles and higher carotid flow than did abnormal activation. Each different activation pattern was associated with differences in the detailed shape of the ventricular pressure curves and with differences in the relative time of onset of pressure rise in right and left ventricles. When the specialized conduction system was blocked with large doses of ouabain, various patterns of ventricul...
Effects of male-female rations on mating and egg production in Octomyomermis muspratti (Mermithidae: Nematoda)

Abstract Octomyomermis muspratti , a mermithid parasite of mosquito larvae, molted to the adult stage in 4–16 days. When male-female ratios were relatively high (1:2), mating and oviposition began soon after maturation, and oviposition was completed in 21–40 days. The number of females developing eggs increased with a corresponding increase in the male-female ratio. About 60% of the females completed oviposition at male-female ratios of 1:20, and about 100% completed oviposition as the male-female ratios were increased to 1:2. No egg development was observed in the absence of males. Male O. muspratti were capable of mating with a number of females and remained reproductively active for at least 50 days after a maturation at 26–28°C.
Purification of rabbit skeletal muscle protein kinase regulatory subunit using cyclic adenosine-3':5'-monophosphate affinity chromatography.

Summary A method for the preparation of homogeneous protein kinase regulatory subunit has been developed using adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) affinity chromatography. N 6 -(2-Aminoethyl)-cAMP was synthesized and covalently linked to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. When a crude rabbit skeletal muscle protein kinase preparation was applied to the ge1, cAMP independent activity was recovered in the effluent. The bound regulatory subunit was not removed with 2 M NaC1 but could be eluted with 30 mM cAMP. This regulatory subunit was identical to regulatory subunit prepared by other methods as judged by electrophoretic migration in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate, cAMP binding, and inhibition of protein kinase catalytic subunit activity in the absence of cAMP.
Hospitality Managers’ Communication Practices

Abstract Recent research confirms that skill in oral and written communication is essential to effective management practice. Little is known, however, about the specific communication activities hospitality managers perform on the job. This study explores managers' perceptions of the frequency and difficulty of various organizational communication relationships and specific communication activities. Comparisons are made between the perceptions of middle and general managers in the hospitality industry with regard to individual and organizational communication practices. The results of this research have implications for practitioners, educators, and consultants as they work to improve the communication competence of hospitality managers.
Laser-target technique for determination of elastic constants of glass over a wide temperature range

Optical methods have been developed for high temperature application in the determination of the basic quantities, E, Young's modulus and ν, Poisson's ratio. The methods are simple and the techniques are inexpensive. The methods presented have been tried on commercially available soda-lime-silica glass and consistent results were obtained.
MILITARY STRATEGIC DOCTRINE

Douglas S. Blaufarb, The Counter-Insurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance 1950 to the Present Berry M. Blechman and Stephan S. Kaplan, Force without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument
The anticipated impact of the EPA's RMP regulation on the ammonia industry

Over three years ago the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) process safety management regulation became effective in the United States. Most of us have dealt with the initial shock of that regulation and what it entailed and, hopefully, we have things pretty much under control. Although one hates to be the bearer of bad news, it is not yet time to relax. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has another process safety regulation in store for the ammonia industry. In fact, in some areas, the EPA`s upcoming risk management programs regulation makes the OSHA regulation look like child`s play. It is much better to be proactive than reactive when responding to new regulations. A proactive approach allows one to make the correct long-term decisions without the pressure of a compliance deadline. 2 tabs.
Gestational diabetes mellitus: metabolic and blood glucose parameters in singleton versus twin pregnancies.

Abstract Objectives: This study compared the frequency, glucose tolerance test results, and parameters of blood glucose control in twin and singleton pregnancies associated with gestational diabetes mellitus and carbohydrate intolerance. Study Design: Twin and singleton pregnancies associated with gestational diabetes mellitus and carbohydrate intolerance were compared as follows: frequency, maternal age, weight, 1-hour screen, glucose tolerance test results, posttreatment blood glucose values, insulin requirement, and insulin dose. Statistical analysis included the χ 2 and Student t tests. Results: Gestational diabetes mellitus was increased in twins (7.7% vs 4.1%; P Conclusions: There is a significant increase in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus and disturbance of the 3-hour glucose tolerance test in twin pregnancies. However, insulin requirements were not different, suggesting a mild disturbance of carbohydrate tolerance that was effectively managed by the strategies used to achieve blood glucose control in singletons. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:912-4.)
The Cogenetic Organ Cauldron and Batholith, South Central New Mexico: Evolution of a Large‐Volume Ash Flow Cauldron and Its Source Magma Chamber

The Organ cauldron and its underlying plutonic roots are exposed through a vertical section 5–6 km thick in the Organ Mountains of south central New Mexico. Emplaced within a 1 m.y. time span at 33.7–32.8 Ma, both cauldron fill tuffs and lavas, as well as the underlying Organ batholith, document emplacement of a chemically and mineralogically zoned magma chamber at shallow depths. The tuffs, as much as 3.0 km thick near the center of the cauldron, show rather simple normal chemical and mineralogical gradients which indicate zoning in the magma chamber from aphyric rhyolite (77% SiO2) at the top to crystal-rich rhyolite (68% SiO2) at deeper levels. Lava flows, more than 0.3 km thick, overlie the tuffs and apparently represent still deeper, more mafic (68–61% SiO2), crystal-rich parts of the erupted magma volume. The oldest phase of the batholith may also be compositionally zoned from quartz syenite (68% SiO2) at the top to monzodiorite (55% SiO2) at the lowest exposed level. This phase of the batholith, which forms both a concordant floor beneath the volcanic roof and a thick dikelike body along part of the cauldron margin, may be the undrained residue of the magma chamber whose silicic cap was erupted as tuffs and lavas. Small bodies of fine-grained, porphyritic alkali feldspar granite at the top of the batholith may represent undrained remnants of the silicic cap. Diapirlike intrusions of the deeper, more mafic parts of the batholith into higher more silicic parts may be related to eruption mechanisms. Three younger plutonic phases of the batholith seemingly represent three stages of silicic core magma generation and intrusion during the progressive crystallization and differentiation of the batholith. Major normal faults which offset cauldron fill and are invaded by plutonic rocks suggest the cauldron evolved in a regional extensional stress field.
AN UNDERGRADUATE-STUDENT AUTONOMOUS VIDEO-SURVEILANCE UAV PROJECT

Abstract This paper reports on a one-year, multidisciplinary, undergraduate project, involving the design, development, testing, and evaluation of a low-cost, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system. The UAV system, including ground station and support software, was developed to autonomously perform video surveillance at low altitude. The ultimate focus of the team was to compete in an international undergraduate student competition. Presented are the competition requirements, systems design and testing, and the competition results. The UAV system was developed using on off-the-shelf components plus some custom-designed software. The vehicle selected was a radio-controlled (RC) hobby-class airframe. On-board sensors included gyros, accelerometers, GPS, and an airdata system. The video-surveillance payload consisted of a digital video camera. Telemetry included navigation-and-control uplink and downlink, plus video downlink. The system is operated from the ground by two students - one responsible for navigation and control, and the other for payload control. The ground station consists of two laptop computers and communication equipment.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor antagonizes pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) functions as a proinflammatory cytokine when secreted from the cell, but it also exhibits antioxidant properties by virtue of its intrinsic oxidoreducta...
Response: Is Regulation of a Chloride Channel in Lymphocytes Affected in Cystic Fibrosis?

La densite des canaux ioniques pour le chlore et leur activation sont difficiles a etudier chez les lymphocytes et des resultats differents ont ete obtenus par differents laboratoires. Des donnees recentes suggerent que ces canaux ioniques dependent du cycle cellulaire ce qui rendrait compte en partie de l'apparente variabilite de leur densite
The partitioning of Na between melilite and liquid: Part I. The role of crystal chemistry and liquid composition

The partitioning behavior of Na between melilite and liquid has been determined from the compositions of coexisting phases produced in slowly cooled (1°C/h) dynamic crystallization experiments on a single bulk composition corresponding to an average type B inclusion from the Allende C3V carbonaceous chondrite. Distribution coefficients (D^(Mel/L)_(Na)) were determined over the entire range of melilite + spinel crystallization. For low Na concentrations (0.2–0.33 wt% Na_2O in the melts), sodium is incompatible in gehlenitic melilite (e.g., D^(Mel/L)_(Na) = 0.4 at X^(Mel)_(Ak) = 0.22) but compatible in melilite more magnesian than X^(Mel)_(Ak) ∼ 0.50 (e.g., D^(Mel/L)_(Na) = 1.5 at X^(Mel)_(Ak) = 0.65). Variations in D^(Mel/L)_(Na) with composition for our experiments can be understood in terms of a simple thermodynamic model for the partitioning of Na between melilite and melt. The compositions of both melt and solid are important in determining the value of D^(Mel/L)_(Na) and, with an empirical correction for Na_2O in the melt, D^(Mel/L)_(Na) for experimentally determined partition coefficients in this study and in the literature can be predicted with an average deviation of 15% for melts containing up to 8 wt% Na_2O. The partitioning of Na between melilite and plagioclase in low-Na, Fe-free systems can also be predicted using a semiempirical model for the exchange equilibrium.
Evolutionary convergence of bivalved shells - a comparative analysis of constructional constraints on their morphology

SYNOPSIS. Bivalved, exoskeletal shells have evolved independently in brachiopods, several groups of molluscs, ostracodes, conchostracans, phyllocarids, and the Paleozoic rugose coral Calceola . Composed of a variety of usually composite organic and mineral materials, they may be rigid or somewhat flexible. Shell growth can occur only by accretion at the margins and over the inner surfaces of the valves. Isometric growth produces logarithmic spiral cones, paradigms from which real shells depart slightly or very far, in allometric response to physiological or mechanical demands of function. Shells which do not grow are molted and replaced at regular intervals in ostracodes and phyllocarids. The bivalved shell is the simplest of lever skeletons, its two elements being articulated in most cases about a fixed axis. Its role in support of soft tissues is complemented in all groups either by hydrostatic organs, as in the molluscan foot and brachiopod lophophore, or by an inner, articulated chitinous exoskeleton, as in the bivalved arthropods. Common constraints imposed by growth processes and the mechanics of articulation prescribe the observed close convergence of the hinge, adductor muscles, and structures that maintain valve alignment. Divergent adaptations accomodate varied shell functions, as protectivecovers (one adductor adequate), as digging tools (two adductors and/or substantial hinge teeth required), in channeling feeding currents, and as hydrofoils. The bivalved shell facilitates a wide range of adaptations in aquatic environments, but it places stringent limits on size and mobility. Such extensive convergence reflects the shell's ease of construction,its multiple functions, and the limited variety of viable skeletal designs.
Routing in ad-hoc networks with MIMO links: Optimization considerations and protocols

Smart antennas include a broad variety of antenna technologies ranging from the simple switched beams to the sophisticated digital adaptive arrays. While beam-forming antennas are good candidates for operation in strong line of sight (LOS) environments, it is the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology that is best suited for multipath environments. In fact, the MIMO links exploit the multipath induced rich scattering to provide high spectral efficiencies. The focus of this work is to identify the various characteristics and tradeoffs of MIMO links that can be leveraged by routing layer protocols in rich multipath environments to improve their performance. To this end, we study the relative benefits of the different strategies of operation in MIMO links both analytically and through simulations. Using the insights gained from the study, we propose a routing protocol called MIR for ad-hoc networks with MIMO links, that optimally leverages the various characteristics of MIMO links in its mechanisms to improve the network performance. We show the effectiveness of the components of the proposed protocol by evaluating its performance through ns2 simulations for a variety of network conditions. Results indicate that MIR is able to provide significant performance gains of about 100% over baseline approaches.
Photodesorption from 304 stainless steel

Abstract A true photodesorption effect has been observed at the surface of 304 stainless steel irradiated with UV in the wavelength range 1850–3650 A. A photon-induced thermal desorption mechanism is ruled out on the basis of a simple heat flow calculation which sets an upper bound on the rise in surface temperature resulting from irradiation with any energetic flux. The results of this calculation are believed to have wide application. The photodesorption yield was found to increase sharply with decreasing photon wavelength, rising from less than 10−5 molecules/photon at wavelengths above 3000 A to approximately 5 × 10−3 molecules/photon at 1850 A. The sharp wavelength dependence and large quantum efficiency at 1850 A are explained in terms of a semiconductor surface provided by the protective oxide layer of stainless steel.
Molecular cloning of cDNA for guinea pig CYP1A2 comparison with guinea pig CYP1A1.

Abstract Guinea pig CYP1A2 cDNA was isolated by RT-PCR from liver tissue of 3,3′-methylcholanthrene-treated guinea pigs. It shares considerable sequence identity with guinea pig CYP1A1 (nt 77%, aa 65%), but differs in levels of constitutive expression, function, and inducibility. Western blot analysis of protein expressed by full-length cDNA in COS-1 cells identified CYP1A2 (56 kDa) and CYP1A1 (53 kDa) proteins in corun liver microsomes. CYP1A2 transfectants metabolized methoxyresorufin and ethoxyresorufin, while CYP1A1 transfectants metabolized only ethoxyresorufin. Constitutive expression of CYP1A2 mRNA (2.0 kb) and protein was much lower than that of CYP1A1 mRNA (2.6 kb) and protein, but the fold induction of CYP1A2 by 3,3′-methylcholanthrene was greater than that of CYP1A1. Changes in splicing of CYP1A2 pre-mRNA occur upon treatment with 3,3′-methylcholanthrene.
The High-Temperature Response of the TRACE 171 Å and 195 Å Channels

The CHIANTI spectral code is used to estimate line and continuum intensity contributions to the TRACE 171 and 195 A channels, widely used for imaging a variety of solar features and phenomena, including quiet-Sun and active region loops and solar flares. It is shown that the 171 A channel has a high-temperature response due to continuum and Fe XX line emission, so high-temperature (~10-20 MK) features in flares, prominent in TRACE 195 A images as well as in X-ray images from Yohkoh and RHESSI, are sometimes visible in images made in the 171 A channel. Such features consist of hot loop-top emission, either confined spots or "spine" structures in loop arcades. This is illustrated with TRACE and X-ray flare images.
Developing a philosophy of supervision: One step toward self-authorship

This chapter focuses on developing a philosophy of supervision as a step toward self-authorship. Articulating values and beliefs about supervision helps support our shift from relying on external voices to trusting our internal voice.
Interannual Variations in the Southern Hemisphere Circulation

Abstract An analysis has been made of variations in the atmospheric circulation with periods of more than 50 days occurring in the Southern Hemisphere between 1980 and 1986, using analyses produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), mainly at the 500 hPa level. A smoothed mean annual cycle was removed from the data to define anomalies which were then filtered to retain variations with periods greater than 50 days. The >50 day period variations account for 20%–30% of the variance of daily 500 hPa geopotential anomalies at midlatitudes, up to 50% over Antarctica and more than 70% in the tropics. The total variance was found to be more uniform at high latitudes over the southern oceans than reported in previous studies, possibly reflecting the more comprehensive dataset used in the ECMWF analyses. The first three empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the geopotential height anomalies amounted for 40% of the low-pass filtered fields. The first is a zonal field with the sign ...
Driven Interfaces in Disordered Media: Determination of Universality Classes from Experimental Data

Interface motion in a random medium presents us with an archetype problem, with direct impact on various phenomena in condensed matter physics, including fluid flow in porous media [1], domain growth in disordered magnets [2], and flux lines in disordered superconductors [3]. In particular, much attention has been focused on understanding the morphological evolution of an interface driven through a disordered medium. Twophase fluid flow experiments have provided evidence that the morphology of the interface can be either selfsimilar or self-affine [4]. The self-similar morphology has been successfully described by various percolation based models, such as invasion percolation [1]. The motion and roughening of self-affine interface morphologies can be quantified by the global interface width wsL, td, where L is the system size. The study of discrete models and continuum growth equations leads to the observation that the width follows [5,6]
On modal logic interpretation of Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence

This article further develops one branch of research initiated in an article by Resconi, Klir, and St. Clair (G. Resconi, G. J. Klir, and U. St. Clair, Int. J. Gen. Syst., 21(1), 23-50 (1992) and continued in another article by Resconi et al. (Int. J. Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, 1(1), 1993). It fully formulates an interpretation of the Dempster-Shafer theory in terms of the standard semantics of modal logic. It is shown how to represent the basic probability assignment function as well as the commonality function of the Dempster-Shafer theory by modal logic and that this representation is complete for rational-valued functions (basic assignment, belief, or plausibility functions). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predictors of personal care assistance for people with spinal cord injury

Abstract Weitzenkamp DA, Whiteneck GG, Lammertse DP. Predictors of personal care assistance for people with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:1399-405. Objective: To assess the predictors of personal care assistance (PCA) use in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Follow-up of individuals crossing their 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, or 25th anniversary of injury who underwent their initial rehabilitation at a Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems center. Participants: A total of 2154 participants (2547 records) who met the inclusion criteria for the National Spinal Cord Injury Database and had valid values for the main outcome measures. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Daily hours of paid, unpaid, and occasional PCA services. Results: Differences in an interval version of the motor portion of the FIM™ instrument accounted for 26.3% of the variance in total PCA hours, Model Systems differences accounted for 9.3%, and no other predictor accounted for more than 2.1% of the variance. Conclusion: Activities of daily living functioning, as measured by the motor portion of the FIM, was the strongest predictor of PCA use among people with SCI. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
On improving the robustness of Asian management theories: Theoretical anchors in the era of globalization

A careful review of the history of research on global strategy and cross-cultural management reveals that considerable attention has been paid to the functioning of organizations located in the Asian context in comparison with their Western counterparts. While research in this tradition has generated some useful insights, there is a need for improving robustness of management theories that are applicable in the Asian context. In this paper, we advance a taxonomy of cross-cultural management theories and suggest methods of deriving research propositions well-grounded in the latest findings in cross-cultural research. It is suggested that robustness of management theories that are uniquely applicable to the Asia Pacific countries is best achieved by addressing the complex interplay of cultural variations found in these countries with globalization-related influences.
Working the Planning Table: the political practice of adult education

Abstract The purposes of this study were to investigate how adult educators exercise power through negotiation and to characterise the types of negotiation they use to construct adult education. Our theoretical framework is that adult education is constructed through a social process whereby people negotiate interests in contexts of socially structured power relations. The findings indicate that negotiations always occur at two levels: substantive negotiations in which people act in the web of power relations to construct programs and meta‐negotiations in which people act on the power relations themselves to either change or maintain them. In the case study presented, we show that both types of negotiations produced significant outcomes and that the meta‐negotiations directly affected the outcomes of the substantive negotiations.
Relational responses in tests of transposition with Rhesus monkeys

Abstract Three adult Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), one with nonrelated discrimination learning experience and two experimentally naive, were trained to discriminate between two simultaneously presented stimuli differing only in height. After exceeding the learning criteria on a VR 4 reinforcement schedule and considerable overtraining, subjects were tested for transposition. Both upward and downward and near and far tests were administered to determine the effects of distance from the original training pair on the amount of transposition. In these tests, each of the 24 stimulus pairs contained one or more novel stimuli. Training trials were interpolated to avoid extinction effects and measures were taken to avoid motivational deficits or differential rewards during testing. All three subjects responded relationally at far as well as near distances from the original training pair. Stimulus generalization, on the basis of increments of association, was found to be an inferior explanation for these data. Slight decrements on far tests can be better explained in terms of the learning-performance distinction.
The battle of the sexes in Korean entertainment media: Husband vs. wife in TV drama

This study analyzes marital verbal confrontations featured in four South Korean TV shows: (1) Kkolika kilmyen caphinta (‘You are bound to get caught’) (2) Komkwa yewu (‘The bear and the fox’) (3) Scandal and (4) Dolaon Miran-ssi (‘Ms Miran coming back’). These dramas, part of two popular “couples therapy” series based roughly on actual court cases, provide insights into common marital problems (e.g., extra marital affair and in-law issues) and present “realistic” argumentative discourses, albeit scripted, developing into a serious discussion about divorce. Following Lakoff and Tannen's (1984) and Dersley and Wootton's (2000) frameworks, this study examines strategies for advancing accusations and responding to accusations in domestic conflict. Korean couples in these shows use both vocal and non-vocal devices during conflict management. In advancing accusations, aggressive silence (a long pause with intense or violent visual signals), emotional response cries, vocatives, and self-blaming remarks are utilized. In responding to accusations, the TV characters make use of various strategies including passive silence (a long pause with acquiescent visual signals), vocatives, victim discourse, self-serving remarks, counterattacks, avoidance, and apologies.
Rheo-Optical Investigation of Wormlike Polymers in Solution

The rheo-optical response of semidilute solutions of monodisperse, wormlike poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) (PHIC) in simple shear flow was investigated using a flow birefringence technique. The optical equivalent of viscosity ηb as measured by birefringence was found to depend on the contour length L, concentration c, and the ratio of contour length to persistence length L/α. The power exponent of the concentration dependence of viscosity increased with increasing L/α with ηb ∼ c3.2 for L/α ≅ 0.8, ηb ∼ c4.0 for L/α ≅ 1.8, and ηb ∼ c4.2 for L/α ≅ 3.3. A simple scaling relation for viscosity, η ∼ c4 L-3Le8, where Le is the effective rigid rod length of the wormlike chain and is a function of L/α, is derived for the regime L ≅ α and substantiated experimentally. Further, PHIC solutions at concentrations below 6% exhibited two well separated relaxation modes after flow cessation. While the fast mode is attributed to molecular reorientation, dynamic light scattering confirms that the slow mode may be attributed to t...
Polypyrrolones for membrane gas separations. II. Activation energies and heats of sorption

The temperature dependence of the gas permeability and sorption coefficients of a series of ladder-type polypyrrolones, 6FDA–TAB and 6FDA/PMDA–TAB copolymers, is reported at temperatures up to 80°C. Knowledge of gas transport and sorption behavior at higher temperatures provides insights into these unusual systematically varied high-performance polymers. Activation energies for permeation and diffusion as well as heats of sorption for He, CO2, O2, N2, and CH4 are reported for the four polypyrrolones. These gas transport properties are interpreted in terms of the polypyrrolone structures, which possess different average interchain spacings. In addition, the activation energy for diffusion is shown to be dominant in influencing the activation energy for permeation. The so-called “dual mode” sorption behavior, especially of highly sorbing gases like CO2, is shown to affect the calculation of the apparent heat of sorption. The individual heats of sorption associated with the Henry's law and Langmuir environments provide a more complete description of the temperature dependence of sorption in these glassy materials. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1251–1265, 1999
Fokker-Planck and linear transport solutions to collective flow in heavy ion collisions.

Collective flow effects associated with bounceoff and side splash recently seen in Nb+Nb collisions are investigated. The nuclear bounceoff effect is studied using a folded optical potential. The velocity dependence of the two-body interaction is found to be important for bounceoff. The side-splash effect is studied using linear transport theory. Based on a relaxation time approximation to the Boltzmann equation, we are able to explicitly isolate two separate contributions to the kinetic flow tensor. Specifically, the kinetic flow tensor is related to the collective velocity field and the pressure tensor. In turn, the pressure tensor is related to the nuclear viscosity. The two contributions to kinetic flow interfere destructively. Assuming laminar flow, the viscous term is found to be important in the nuclear side-splash effect.
Neuropeptide Y overexpression in the preweanling Zucker (fa/fa) rat.

Hypothalamic preproNPY overexpression in the Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rat was examined. In situ hybridization was used to determine the relative level of preproNPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of +/+, +/fa, and fa/fa pups aged postnatal day 2 (P2), 5, 9, 12, or 25. The relative optical density (ROD) of probe hybridization in the arcuate, the area of hybridization (A), and the product of ROD × A (a measure of total arcuate preproNPY mRNA hybridization) were measured. Values were normalized to the mean +/fa value within each litter. Initial analysis showed that preproNPY mRNA hybridization (ROD × A) in fa/fa pups was significantly higher than +/fa and +/+ pups on P9, 12, and 25, and significantly higher than +/fa on P5. No significant difference between lean (+/+ and +/fa) genotypes, however, were observed at any age tested. Values from the lean genotypes were, therefore, pooled, and data were normalized to the mean value of lean animals for analysis. This analysis revealed that preproNPY mRNA hybridization in fa/fa pups was higher than lean littermates as early as P2.
Molecular dynamics and brownian dynamics investigation of ion permeation and anesthetic halothane effects on a proton-gated ion channel.

Bacterial Gloeobacter violaceus pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC) is activated to cation permeation upon lowering the solution pH. Its function can be modulated by anesthetic halothane. In the present work we integrate molecular dynamics (MD) and Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations to elucidate the ion conduction, charge selectivity and halothane modulation mechanisms in GLIC, based on recently resolved x-ray crystal structures of the open-channel GLIC. MD calculations of the potential mean force (PMF) for a Na+ revealed two energy barriers in the extracellular domain (R109 and K38) and at the hydrophobic gate of transmembrane domain (I233), respectively. An energy well for Na+ was near the intracellular entrance: the depth of this energy well was modulated strongly by the protonation state of E222. The energy barrier for Cl− was found to be 3–4 times higher than that for Na+. Ion permeation characteristics were determined through BD simulations using a hybrid MD/continuum electrostatics approach to evaluate the energy profiles governing the ion movement. The resultant channel conductance and a near-zero permeability ratio (PCl/PNa) were comparable to experimental data. Based on these calculations we suggest that a ring of five E222 residues may act as an electrostatic gate. In addition, the hydrophobic gate region may play a role in charge selectivity due to a higher dehydration energy barrier for Cl− ions. The effect of halothane on the Na+ PMF was also evaluated. Halothane was found to perturb salt bridges in GLIC that may be crucial for channel gating and open-channel stability, but had no significant impact on the single ion PMF profiles.
ULF magnetic signatures at the earth surface due to ground water flow - A possible precursor to earthquakes

Magnetic field fluctuations at the earth's surface at less than 1 Hz are shown to result from motion with a peak velocity of about 4 cm/s of ground water (about 4 S/m) at about 5 km depth. Surface field changes can occur due to either divergence free fluid motion with transverse spatial wavelengths of a few tens of km, and/or homogeneous flow which displaces local inhomogeneities in the earth magnetic field.
Microtextural Characterization of a Beryllium Weldment

Local grain orientations in a beryllium weldment have been characterized using an automatic technique based on computer indexing of electron backscatter diffraction patterns. The results indicate that many weld grains are epitaxially nucleated from the base metal. The number of grains allowed further growth is quickly reduced based on their orientations relative to the macroscopic growth direction. Grains with crystallographic directions parallel to the macroscopic growth direction tend to dominate. Examination of the spatial distribution of orientation within individual grains shows that, while the macroscopic growth direction changes during solidification, the crystallographic orientation does not. That is, substantial deformation of the weld grains does not occur during grain growth. Analyses adjacent to the centerline fracture indicate that the fracture plane correlates best with {112¯0} crystallographic planes.