cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Membraneless vanadium redox fuel cell using laminar flow

This paper describes the design and characterization of a small, membraneless redox fuel cell. The smallest channel dimensions of the cell were 2 mm × 50 μm or × 200 μm; the cell was fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) using soft lithography. This all-vanadium fuel cell took advantage of laminar flow to obviate the need for a membrane to separate the solutions of oxidizing and reducing components.
Switch Mode Power Supplies - A New Approach for Consumer Audio Systems

With the advent of four channel sound, higher power amplifiers and a trend toward component systems, there is a need for reduced size and weight in audio systems. The conventional transformer, rectifier and large filter capacitor power supply represents a large percentage of the total space and weight of an amplifier system; therefore, this is a logical starting point for a space and weight reduction program.
Purification of Heat Shock Protein–Peptide Complexes for Use in Vaccination against Cancers and Intracellular Pathogens

This article describes the methods used for the purification of heat shock proteins gp96, hsp90, and hsp70 from murine and human tissues and cell lines. The heat shock proteins purified by the methods described are associated noncovalently with an array of cellular peptides. The use of heat shock protein-peptide complexes for eliciting prophylactic and therapeutic immunity to cancers and infectious diseases is discussed.
First Sky Map of the Inner Heliosheath Temperature Using IBEX Spectra

Analysis of the IBEX-Hi Energetic Neutral Atom spectra reveals, for the first time, the sky map of the source ion temperatures. The solar wind exists in non-equilibrium stationary states and can be described by kappa distributions. The high-energy asymptotic behavior of kappa distributions leads to a power law of the flux versus energy spectrum, while its specific formulation derives the temperature and kappa index that govern these distributions. We find that the observed temperature in most directions is about a million degrees, in agreement with most heliospheric models for the inner heliosheath. Thus, the termination shock is stronger in most places than revealed by the Voyagers' observations at their two unique crossing points. The global sky maps indicate low-temperature regions in various directions, including toward Voyager 2 where the temperature is an order of magnitude lower, consistent with in situ Voyager observations. Interestingly, the vast majority of measured kappa indices are between {approx}1.5 and {approx}2.5, consistent with the far-equilibrium 'cavity' of minimum entropy discovered by Livadiotis and McComas. The sky maps suggest that the Ribbon is a string of localized regions, while its thermodynamical behavior differentiates it from the global distributed flux. A simple model is developed to derive themore » density, heliosheath thickness, and thermal pressure. We find that the Ribbon thermal pressure is {approx}3.5 pDyn cm{sup -2}, roughly equal to the mechanical pressure exerted by the Local Interstellar Medium.« less
Evolution of Absorption Spectra in the Process of Nucleation in Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass

Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass belongs to a class of photosensitive multicomponent silicate glasses which demonstrate photo-thermo-induced precipitation of a crystalline phase. Photo-induced crystallization of sodium fluoride results in refractive index variations in exposed areas of PTR glass which was successfully applied for phase hologram recording. However, even if this glass is widely used for advanced optical applications such as the stabilization of laser diodes or spectral beam combining, the detailed mechanism of its photosensitivity is not well known. We present in this paper an analysis of the evolution of the absorption spectra of UVexposed PTR glass at the early stages of the thermal treatment (nucleation). Absorption spectra were measured on samples nucleated at constant temperature for different periods. Analysis of the structure of these spectra shows that the optimum of the nucleation process is associated with the appearance of a new absorption band in visible range that disappears when the crystal growth process starts. Analogous study was performed during the nucleation process. High temperature spectroscopic measurements were performed during the thermal treatment. It was found that absorption spectra evolve with a change of temperature, i.e. the band structure of these spectra is different whether or not the temperature is decreased below a temperature of ~400°C. We associate this process with the change of phase of the silver bromide nuclei (liquid/solid) that appears during the cooling or heating processes.
Looking for root cause: a comparative analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that management decision making and corporate strategy must start by questioning all prior assumptions and arguments, while focusing on simple fundamental truths.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines fundamental principles practiced by foreign‐owned transplants (e.g., Honda, Toyota, and Nissan) that have entered the automotive marketplace in the latter half of the twentieth century. They use lean production methods, while traditional industry players utilize mass production methods. The authors refer to these two production methods as “The Toyota Way” and “The Traditional Way.” Comparative analysis is conducted to identify and contrast key differences, which are examined using root cause analysis.Findings – The paper finds that problems facing US industry could have been prevented, if companies had taken the time, and made the effort to fully understand the root causes.Practical implications – Managers learn that it is beneficial to take tim...
Direct shear testing of polished slickensided surfaces

A series of ring shear and direct shear tests were performed to measure the drained residual strength of three clay soils. For each of the soils, slickensided direct shear specimens were prepared by wire-cutting intact specimens, and polishing the resulting shear plane on a variety of surfaces to align the clay particles in the direction of shear. Drained direct shear tests were then conducted on each of the polished specimens. The resulting shear strengths were compared with the residual strengths measured in the ring shear device to evaluate the effectiveness of the different polishing techniques for creating slickensided surfaces. Test results indicated that the measurement of residual strengths along preformed slickensided surfaces is extremely sensitive to both the soil type and the slickenside preparation technique that is used. Consequently, this approach does not appear to be a viable alternative to conventional repeated direct shear or ring shear tests to measure residual shear strengths.
Measurement of delay of gratification.

To determine if psychoanalytic and social learning theorists are referring to the same phenomenon when they speak of "delay of gratification", 26 college undergraduates were divided into high and low groups on the basis of their scores on a "money-spending" questionnaire (a social learning measure). The difference between these two groups with respect to Rorschach M responses (the psychoanalytic measure) was nonsignificant. It was suggested that psychoanalytic and social learning theorists are probably referring to different phenomena when they speak of "delay of gratification."
Molecular markers and mechanisms of stroke: RNA studies of blood in animals and humans

Whole genome expression microarrays can be used to study gene expression in blood, which comes in part from leukocytes, immature platelets, and red blood cells. Since these cells are important in the pathogenesis of stroke, RNA provides an index of these cellular responses to stroke. Our studies in rats have shown specific gene expression changes 24 hours after ischemic stroke, hemorrhage, status epilepticus, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, global ischemia, and following brief focal ischemia that simulated transient ischemic attacks in humans. Human studies show gene expression changes following ischemic stroke. These gene profiles predict a second cohort with >90% sensitivity and specificity. Gene profiles for ischemic stroke caused by large-vessel atherosclerosis and cardioembolism have been described that predict a second cohort with >85% sensitivity and specificity. Atherosclerotic genes were associated with clotting, platelets, and monocytes, and cardioembolic genes were associated with inflammation, infection, and neutrophils. These gene profiles predicted the cause of stroke in 58% of cryptogenic patients. These studies will provide diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic markers, and will advance our understanding of stroke in humans. New techniques to measure all coding and noncoding RNAs along with alternatively spliced transcripts will markedly advance molecular studies of human stroke.
Criteria for the reality of matrix eigenvalues

In this note we are, essentially, concerned with generalizations of the (known) fact tha t an n • matr ix with n linearly independent eigenvectors all corresponding to real eigenvalues is similar to a hermitian matrix, and can consequently be transformed into its conjugate transpose by a positive definite hermitian similarity. We first establish, fo r ' any positive integer m, an analogous necessary and sufficient condition tha t a given square complex matr ix A should have a set of real eigenvalues, not necessarily all distinct, to which therecorrespond at least m linearly,independent eigenvectors; this of course implies a corresponding result about pure imaginary eigenvalues. We also obtain an analogous result concerning eigenvalues of modulus unity: As a simple application of our more general results, we establish, in Theorem 4, the reality of the eigenvalues of a certain rather special type of matrix. Throughout, we shall use A = (aij) to denote an arbi t rary n • n complex matrix, and A* will denote the transposed conjugate matr ix; we denote the rank of A by r(A).
Political and Economic Markets: Changes in the Connections Between Attitudes Toward Political Democracy and a Market Economy Within the Mass Culture of Russia and Ukraine

The purpose of this research is to examine the attitudes of ordinary citizens toward democracy and the market economy. To what degree are attitudes toward democratization and "marketization" connected and how has the connection changed over the course of the initiation of democratization? Based on a survey conducted in spring 1992, in Russia and Ukraine, I begin with a detailed conceptual and operational consideration of support for values (1) conducive to democracy and (2) conducive to the development of a market economy. I then examine the causal interconnections of the two sets of values, exploring in particular the hypothesis that support for democracy is largely a function of the desire for a more productive economic system. Finally, I consider change in the interrelationship of these attitudes, focusing especially on the changing interconnections between the two sets of attitudes during the early stage of Soviet democratization (1990 to 1992). This research demonstrates that economic values are not ...
Frege and Kant on a priori knowledge

Is Fr?ge solely a mathematician or is he also a philosopher? Is he motivated by purely mathematical concerns or is he moved by the philosophical questions that the philosophical tradition handed down to him as well? What sort of answers does he give to the philosphical or mathematical questions with which he is concerned? Are these answers philosophical? If so, are they Kantian? Paul Benacerraf, in 'The Last Logicist',1 has claimed that Frege's motivations are those of a mathematician. Frege wishes to provide proofs of basic arithmetical propositions that are in need of rigorous proof. His philosophical preoccupations, if any, do not play any interesting role in Frege's project. In particular, according to Benacerraf, Frege does not have an epistemology at all since he is solely concerned with mathematical problems to which he gives exclusively logico-mathematical solutions. Philip Kitcher, in 'Frege's Epistemology',2 has argued that Frege assumes that there is one main philosophical tradition which has already answered all the episte mological questions that concern him, namely the Kantian tradition. According to Kitcher, this is the reason Frege does not discuss explicitly some philosophical (in particular epistemological) issues central to his enterprise. Some other discussions of Frege's work have also emphasized Frege's philosophical debt to the Kantian tradition Hans Sluga's3 most notably. I shall argue that there is a grain of truth in each of these two apparently opposite lines of interpretation. Frege is motivated by both philosophical and mathematical concerns. He is a mathematician who, like many of the mathematicians of the nineteenth century, asks philosophical questions about his discipline. Moreover, the philoso phical tone of his questions is Kantian. The answers he gives to his philosophical questions are not entirely Kantian, however. This is not merely because Frege attempts to show that arithmetic is analytic, contrary to Kant's view that it is synthetic a priori. More important, Frege's way of answering the philosophical questions he poses is radically different from Kant's way of answering philosophical ques
First grade teachers' knowledge of phonological awareness and code concepts: Examining gains from an intensive form of professional development and corresponding teacher attitudes

The study examined the efficacy of an intensive form of professional development (PD) for building the knowledge of first-grade teachers in the areas of phonological awareness and phonics. The PD featured frequent in-class support from highly knowledgeable mentors for one school year, in addition to an introductory two-day summer institute and monthly workshops. Pre- and post-assessment of participants on a Teacher Knowledge Survey (TKS) indicated weak knowledge of phonological awareness and phonics concepts prior to PD and large, significant gains in each area by year-end. In addition, to investigate factors potentially associated with teachers’ responses to training, a Teacher Attitude Survey (TAS) was administered before and after the PD. The TAS measured teachers’ attitudes regarding PD, external and internal motivation to participate, intentions to actively engage in learning and implementing new instructional methods, sense of self-efficacy as reading instructors, and premises about reading instruction (e.g., about whole language). Attitudes on a subset of these factors, teachers’ initial knowledge scores on the TKS, and years of teaching experience (estimated by age) accounted for significant portions of the variance in performance on the TKS after training.
A tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase can function similarly to an RNA structure in the Tetrahymena ribozyme

GROUP I introns are highly structured RNAs which catalyse their own splicing by guanosine-initiated transesterification reactions1,2. Their catalytic core is generally stabilized by RNA-RNA interactions within the core and with peripheral RNA structures3,4. Additionally, some group I introns require proteins for efficient splicing in vivo5. The Neurospora CYT-18 protein, the mitochondria! tyrosyl-transfer RNA synthetase (mt TyrRS), promotes splicing of the Neurospora mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA (LSU) and other group I introns by stabilizing the catalytically active structure of the intron core6–8. We report here that CYT-18 functions similarly to a peripheral RNA structure, PSabc, that stabilizes the catalytic core of the Tetrahymena LSU intron. The CYT-18 protein and PSabc RNA bind to overlapping sites in the intron core, inducing similar conformational changes correlated with splicing activity. Our results show that a protein can play the role of an RNA structure in a catalytic RNA, a substitution postulated for the evolution of nuclear pre-messenger RNA introns from self-splicing introns9,10.
Generation of Superfluid Turbulence Deduced from Simple Dynamical Rules

It is postulated that a quantized-vortex tangle obeys classical vortex dynamics, and that internal line-line crossings can result in topology-changing reconnections. Implementation of these rules leads to a quantitatively successful description of homogeneous superfluid turbulence.
Fetal Predictors of Urgent Balloon Atrial Septostomy in Neonates with Complete Transposition

Background In complete transposition of the great vessels, a restrictive patent foramen ovale leads to inadequate circulatory mixing and severe cyanosis. Urgent balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) improves mixing and bridges neonates to surgery. Several studies have determined risk factors in utero for poor postnatal outcomes in complete transposition of the great vessels, particularly a restrictive patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. In addition to these risk factors, we studied two new features, a hypermobile septum and reverse diastolic patent ductus arteriosus shunt, to determine which patients will require an urgent BAS. Methods We reviewed all 26 fetuses from 2001 to 2010 with complete transposition of the great vessels and closely examined the patent foramen ovale and septum primum for hypermobility, restriction, flat appearance, or redundancy. We defined hypermobility as a septum primum flap that oscillates between both atria. We also examined the ductus size and shunting pattern to evaluate whether these features contributed to urgent BAS. Results In total, 14 of 26 fetuses required urgent BAS with improved cyanosis. Nine fetuses had an urgent BAS and a hypermobile septum, and 12 fetuses had no urgent BAS or hypermobile septum. Eight fetuses had an urgent BAS and a reverse diastolic patent ductus arteriosus, and 11 fetuses had no urgent BAS or reverse diastolic patent ductus arteriosus. A hypermobile septum and reverse diastolic patent ductus arteriosus had a significant association with urgent BAS ( P Conclusion A hypermobile septum and reverse diastolic patent ductus arteriosus are new prenatal findings to help predict the need for an urgent BAS postnatally in patients with complete transposition of the great vessels.
The 5-HT3 agent N-(3-chlorophenyl)guanidine (MD-354) serves as a discriminative stimulus in rats and displays partial agonist character in a shrew emesis assay.

Rationale: There is some, albeit conflicting, evidence that 5-HT3 receptors might be involved in the actions of abused stimulants. Most studies have focussed on examinations of 5-HT3 antagonists; this might be due to a lack of high-affinity 5-HT3 agonists that readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Objectives: N-(3-Chlorophenyl)guanidine (MD-354) is a member of a novel class of 5-HT3 ligands developed in our laboratories. We have previously demonstrated that MD-354 can exert agonist effects and now further explore this action. Methods: Rats (n=9) were trained to discriminate 2 mg/kg MD-354 from saline vehicle in a two-lever drug discrimination task (VI-15 s schedule of reinforcement). The actions of agents with 5-HT3 character were evaluated. The emetic and antiemetic actions of MD-354 were also examined using the shrew as test subject. Results: Various agents with demonstrated 5-HT3 agonist properties substituted for the MD-354 stimulus (MD-354 ED50=0.5 mg/kg): quipazine (ED50=0.2 mg/kg), meta-chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG, ED50=1.4 mg/kg), 2-methyl 5-HT (ED50=4.5 mg/kg), 1-(2-naphthyl)biguanide (2-NBG, ED50=1.9 mg/kg), and N-(2-naphthyl)guanidine (2-NG, ED50=0.7 mg/kg). Administration of the training dose of MD-354 in combination with the 5-HT3 antagonists zacopride and tropisetron resulted in stimulus antagonism (AD50=0.02 mg/kg); administered alone, however, zacopride engendered 81% MD-354-appropriate responding (ED50=0.03 mg/kg). MD-354 was shown to produce an emetic effect in the shrew at very high doses (i.e., 40 mg/kg); however, when administered in combination with cisplatin, MD-354 behaved as an antiemetic agent at 10 mg/kg. Conclusion: Taken together, the results indicate that MD-354 is a 5-HT3 agonist and that it might be an agent with partial agonist activity.
Transplanted raphe and hippocampal fetal neurons do not displace afferent inputs to the dorsal hippocampus from serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus of the rat

To determine if fetal transplants can substitute for or suppress intrinsic serotonergic (5-HT) innervation, we studied the relationship between transplanted and the endogenous raphe neurons projecting to the hippocampus. Fetal raphe transplants produced a 5-HT hyperinnervation of dorsal hippocampus in adult rats. Yet, transplants of fetal raphe tissue did not affect the number of median raphe nucleus (MRN) neurons, approximately 300, which retrogradely transported HRP from the hippocampus. This provides evidence that transplanted 5-HT neurons can co-exist with intrinsic 5-HT nerve terminals in the target area for at least one month. In the second part of this study, fetal hippocampal tissue was transplanted into the host hippocampus. Intrinsic 5-HT immunoreactive fibers innervated the transplanted fetal tissue. Nevertheless, the number of MRN neurons innervating the host tissue as revealed by HRP retrograde transport remained unchanged. Changes in the innervation pattern and 5-HT level in the dorsal hippocampus occur following transplantation of fetal tissue. These changes are discussed and suggest that both the target tissue and afferent neurons readjust to accommodate extrinsic transplanted tissue.
Program DYNAFIT for the Analysis of Enzyme Kinetic Data: Application to HIV Proteinase

A computer program with the code name DYNAFIT was developed for fitting either the initial velocities or the time course of enzyme reactions to an arbitrary molecular mechanism represented symbolically by a set of chemical equations. Seven numerical tests and five graphical tests are applied to judge the goodness of fit. Experimental data on the inhibition of the dissociative dimeric proteinase from HIV were used in four test examples. A set of initial velocities was analyzed to see if a tight-binding inhibitor could bind to the HIV proteinase monomer. Three different sets of progress curves were analyzed (i) to determine the kinetic properties of an irreversible inhibitor, (ii) to investigate the dissociation and denaturation mechanism for the protease dimer, and (iii) to investigate the inhibition mechanism for a transient inhibitor. The program is available by anonymous ftp via uwmml.pharmacy.wisc.edu and on the World Wide Web via http://uwmml.pharmacy.wisc.edu.
Urban Systems, Industrial Restructuring, and the Spatial—Temporal Diffusion of Manufacturing Employment

This macroanalysis of manufacturing employment density distribution patterns in the United States from 1947 to 1982 supports the hypothesis that the nation's hierarchical system of cities has serve...
Exeter Book Riddle 74 and the play of the text

Riddle 74 is one of a handful of Old English riddles of the Exeter Book that have stubbornly resisted a solution. As Bruce Mitchell and Fred C. Robinson remark, ‘scholars have suggested answers…but none satisfies all the conditions set forth in the poem’. Peter Clemoes finds the attributes that are ascribed to this particular riddle-subject to be ‘so paradoxical that it seems impossible to name their possessor at all’. Riddles normally do have answers, however, and this one is no exception. My first aim in this article is to offer an answer to Riddle 74 that will put debate to rest as to its intended solution.
The Legionella pneumophila GTPase activating protein LepB accelerates Rab1 deactivation by a non-canonical hydrolytic mechanism.

GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) from pathogenic bacteria and eukaryotic host organisms deactivate Rab GTPases by supplying catalytic arginine and glutamine fingers in trans and utilizing the cis-glutamine in the DXXGQ motif of the GTPase for binding rather than catalysis. Here, we report the transition state mimetic structure of the Legionella pneumophila GAP LepB in complex with Rab1 and describe a comprehensive structure-based mutational analysis of potential catalytic and recognition determinants. The results demonstrate that LepB does not simply mimic other GAPs but instead deploys an expected arginine finger in conjunction with a novel glutamic acid finger, which forms a salt bridge with an indispensible switch II arginine that effectively locks the cis-glutamine in the DXXGQ motif of Rab1 in a catalytically competent though unprecedented transition state configuration. Surprisingly, a heretofore universal transition state interaction with the cis-glutamine is supplanted by an elaborate polar network involving critical P-loop and switch I serines. LepB further employs an unusual tandem domain architecture to clamp a switch I tyrosine in an open conformation that facilitates access of the arginine finger to the hydrolytic site. Intriguingly, the critical P-loop serine corresponds to an oncogenic substitution in Ras and replaces a conserved glycine essential for the canonical transition state stereochemistry. In addition to expanding GTP hydrolytic paradigms, these observations reveal the unconventional dual finger and non-canonical catalytic network mechanisms of Rab GAPs as necessary alternative solutions to a major impediment imposed by substitution of the conserved P-loop glycine. Background: Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic GAPs use dual finger mechanisms to deactivate Rab GTPases. Results: The Legionella pneumophila GAP LepB employs a novel catalytic network to accelerate GTP hydrolysis. Conclusion: A non-canonical hydrolytic mechanism underlies the catalytic prowess and specificity of LepB. Significance: The selective pressure driving evolution of unconventional Rab GAP mechanisms is related to oncogenic substitutions in Ras.
Business unit innovation and the structure of executive compensation

Abstract We examine whether the structure of compensation for the divisional CEO is related to subsequent innovative activity within the division, and whether the divisional CEO's compensation is structured as a function of the expected innovation opportunity set facing the division. Both the expected innovation opportunity set and the divisional executive's compensation contract are treated as endogenous variables by adopting a simultaneous equation approach. We find modest evidence that the proportion of total compensation tied to long-term components has a positive relation with future innovation, but no evidence that this proportion has a positive relation with the expected innovation opportunity set.
Interspecies Differences in Accumulation of Gamma Emitters by Marine Organisms Near the Columbia River MOUTH1

Trends of species differences in radionuclide accumulation by marine organisms from near the mouth of the Columbia River are reported and discussed. Marine plankton, sessile algae, mollusks, crustaceans, and fish were collected during April 1959 and 1960, near the river mouth. From 1 to 4 samples of each species were analyzed each year. The concentrations of gamma emitters, expressed in picocuries per gram dry weight, in the various species are tabulated. Plankton and the sessile algae, Fucus furcatus, generally had the highest concentrations of most radioisotopes under consideration. Zn65 was most abundant in plankton, sessile algae, and soft parts of mollusks.
Excited state proton transfer in the red fluorescent protein mKeima.

mKeima is an unusual monomeric red fluorescent protein (λemmax ∼620 nm) that is maximally excited in the blue (λexmax ∼440 nm). The large Stokes shift suggests that the chromophore is normally protonated. A 1.63 A resolution structure of mKeima reveals the chromophore to be imbedded in a novel hydrogen bond network, different than in GFP, which could support proton transfer from the chromophore hydroxyl, via Ser142, to Asp157. At low temperatures the emission contains a green component (λemmax ∼535 nm), enhanced by deuterium substitution, presumably resulting from reduced proton transfer efficiency. Ultrafast pump/probe studies reveal a rising component in the 610 nm emission with a lifetime of ∼4 ps, characterizing the rate of proton transfer. Mutation of Asp157 to neutral Asn changes the chromophore resting charge state to anionic (λexmax ∼565 nm, λemmax ∼620 nm). Thus, excited state proton transfer (ESPT) explains the large Stokes shift. This work unambiguously characterizes green emission from the pro...
Identification of decorin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in turkey skeletal muscle

Turkey pectoral muscles were examined at 15 through 25 d of embryonic age in order to delineate the developmental pattern of proteoglycan expression during skeletal muscle development. Glycosaminoglycan concentration, decorin, and muscle chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (M-CSPG) levels were measured at each developmental age. Glycosaminoglycan levels rose during the developmental period studied, whereas decorin and M-CSPG levels were initially high at Day 15 and then decreased. The results from this study demonstrate the presence of both decorin and M-CSPG during turkey skeletal muscle development.
Plasma leptin association with body composition and energy expenditure in sickle cell disease.

Objective: To examine the association between fasting plasma leptin concentrations and the hypercatabolic state observed in sickle cell disease (SCD).Methods: Plasma leptin concentration and resting energy expenditure (REE) were measured in 37 SCD patients (10 men, 12 boys 14 to 18 years-old, seven women, and eight girls 14 to 18 year-old) and in 37 age, gender and fat mass (FM) matched controls. Body composition was measured hydrostatically, REE by whole room-indirect calorimeter, and plasma leptin using an RIA kit.Results: Plasma leptin concentration and leptin normalized for body fat (ng/dL*kg FM−1) were significantly lower in SCD patients than in non-SCD controls (4.00±3.23 vs. 9.94±14.69, p=0.021 and 0.406±0.260 vs. 0.643±0.561, p=0.024, respectively). A positive linear association between log plasma leptin and FM was observed in both males and females, adjusting for age and SCD status. The strength of this association was greater in females compared with males (slope=0.699 and 0.382 log ng/mL per 10...
Self‐determination as a challenge to United States foreign policy

Two fundamental human aspirations have stood out over the past 200 years. One is the quest of peoples for self‐determination; the other is the quest for physical survival and comfort. United States foreign policy has traditionally supported the notion of self‐determination, but has often, in the Cold War context, practiced policies which vitiated a people's quest for self‐determination. Particularly when that quest was perceived as pro‐Communist, U.S. support for self‐determination represented a commitment to the status quo: internally to the incumbant regime and externally to the system of sovereign states. Taken with the quest for physical security and comfort‐which today has led to greater economic interdependence‐the quest for self‐determination augers the arrival of a new world order. Thus, it is in the interest of the U.S. to abet the transition to a world order in which the political power of the state will be lessened and the distribution of economic resources made more equitable.
Retrieval and novelty detection at the sentence level

Previous research in novelty detection has focused on the task of finding novel material, given a set or stream of documents on a certain topic. This study investigates the more difficult two-part task defined by the TREC 2002 novelty track: given a topic and a group of documents relevant to that topic, 1) find the relevant sentences from the documents, and 2) find the novel sentences from the collection of relevant sentences. Our research shows that the former step appears to be the more difficult part of this task, and that the performance of novelty measures is very sensitive to the presence of non-relevant sentences.
Activity of neurons in monkey posterior temporal cortex during multidimensional visual discrimination tasks

Abstract Unit activity was recorded from the posterior temporal cortex (PTE) of awake, behaving rhesus monkeys while they performed a series of visual discrimination tasks involving colored checkerboard patterns. The activity of 130 (91%) of 143 PTE units was altered by the presentation of a visual discrminandum; 112 of these cells (86%) exhibited a significant increase in firing after presentation of the stimulus while the remainder gave an inhibitory response, Over half (64%) the PTE units exhibited differential activity between discriminanda, i.e. they were selective for color and/or form. Six of 10 neurons, recorded when the monkey was required to shift attention from one stimulus feature to another, exhibited a difference in poststimulus neural activity even though the discrimination remained the same. Three neurons were recorded from when the stimuli were altered by changing the check size although the relevant (i.e. rewarded) dimension (color) was left the same; two showed an invariant response to the altered stimuli and one gave the same response to one of the altered stimuli but a different response to the other. These data support the role of posterior temporal cortex in visual discrimination learning and visual attention.
A general approach toward the design of inhibitors of serine proteinases: inhibition of human leukocyte elastase by substituted dihydrouracils

Abstract A general approach toward the rational design of potential inhibitors of serine proteinases is described. The approach is exemplified and validated through the use of appropriate heterocyclic systems in inhibiting human leukocytes elastase (HLE).
A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SUITABILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS IN FAMILY COURT

Psychologists are frequently consulted by the courts to provide forensic evaluations in a variety of family court proceedings. As part of their evaluations, psychologists often use psychological tests to assess parents, guardians, and children. These tests can have profound effects on how psychologists arrive at their opinions and are often cited in their reports to the court. However, psychological tests vary substantially in their suitability for these purposes. Most projective tests in particular appear to possess little scientific merit for evaluations within family court proceedings. Despite these serious limitations, expert testimony derived from evaluations using both projective and objective tests is often admitted uncontested. This article reviews the psychometric properties of psychological tests that are widely used in family court proceedings, cautions against their unfettered use, and calls upon attorneys to inform themselves of the limitations of evaluations that incorporate these tests.
TOXICOKINETICS OF TREMOROGENIC NATURAL PRODUCTS, HARMANE AND HARMINE, IN MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS

Tremorogenic g -carboline alkaloids are present in foodstuffs and beverages. Acute exposure to g -carboline derivatives causes severe tremor; however, the disposition of these dietary contaminants remains unclear. This study was performed to evaluate toxicokinetics of harmane and harmine, two major g -carboline alkaloids, in rats. Blood concentrations of both toxicants were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Following an intravenous injection (0.5 mg/kg), the concentration-time profiles of harmane or harmine fit well with a two-compartment model. While both compounds had comparable elimination t 1/2 g (24 and 26 min for harmane and harmine, respectively), the systemic clearance (CL s )for harmine (103.2 ml/kg/ml) was two times greater than that for harmane (52.2 ml/kg/ml). Accordingly, the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) in harmane-treated rats was 2.7-fold greater than that in harmine-treated rats. Harmine appeared to distribute to tissues better than harmane...
Clear Cell Carcinoma and Clear Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma: a Comparative Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study

Clear cell carcinoma or hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (CCC) and clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (CCOC) are rare, low-grade and typically indolent malignancies that can be diagnostically challenging. In this study the clinicopathologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of 17 CCCs and 12 CCOCs are examined. The differential diagnosis of clear cell malignancies in the head and neck is discussed. The relationship of CCCs and CCOCs to other clear cell tumors on the basis of their immunohistochemical staining patterns is postulated.
Analysis of chloride in amine hydrochlorides and quaternary ammonium chlorides by atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract The atomic absorption analysis of chloride in amine salts has been studied. The method employed is based on measurement of excess silver following precipitation of chloride with silver nitrate. Eleven quaternary amine chlorides, possessing diverse structures, have been successfully analyzed. The accuracy and precision of the atomic absorption method compares favorably with results obtained with mercurimetric and Fajan's titrimetric procedures.
Bacterial amelioration of bauxite residue waste of industrial alumina plants

The high alkali content of bauxite residue deposits from alumina production plants in industrial nations poses a challenge to reestablish flora and fauna at the deposit sites. The present study demonstrated that low levels of injured bacterial cells in the bauxite residue actively grew using various added nutrients and/or hay. The organisms grew from less than 10 to more than 109 cells g−1 bauxite residue and formed organic acids that lowered the pH from 13 to about 7.0. A total of 150 cultures was isolated from treated bauxite residue and included species of Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium and Enterobacter. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that untreated particles (control) of the bauxite residue were clumped together, and in treated bauxite residue these particles were highly dispersed with microcolonial structures. Furthermore, the treated bauxite residue supported growth of several plants and earthworms that survived for over 300 days. In a test plot bioremediation on a residue deposit at Alcoa Point Comfort, TX, the Bermuda grass hay used was effective mulch material and encouraged water filtration, leading to establishment and growth of salt-tolerant vegetative species. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 228–233.
The Production of Nitric Oxide In Ammonia Oxidation Flames

Abstract Product compositions for ammonia/oxygen and ammonia/oxygen/nitrogen premixed, atmospheric pressure flames were experimentally determined. Nitric oxide concentrations in excess of equilibrium levels were observed over the entire experimental equivalence ratio range of 0.40 to 1.85.
Application of hypoiodite-mediated aminyl radical cyclization to synthesis of solasodine acetate

Solasodine acetate, an anticancer steroidal alkaloid, was synthesized from diosgenin in 8 steps with an overall yield of 23%. A key synthetic step involves the formation of 5/6-oxazaspiroketal moiety via hypoiodite-mediated aminyl radical cyclization of a steroidal primary amine.
Celecoxib or Naproxen Treatment Does Not Benefit Depressive Symptoms in Persons Age 70 and Older: Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Several lines of evidence suggest that inflammatory mechanisms may be involved in the severity and progression of depression. One pathway implicated is the production of prostaglandins via the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). Although late-life depression in particular has been associated with inflammation, we know of no published studies using COX inhibitors, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in the treatment of depressive syndromes in this population. Objective To evaluate the effect of the NSAIDs celecoxib and naproxen on depressive symptoms in older adults. Methods The Alzheimer's Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked clinical trial conducted at six U.S. memory clinics. Cognitively normal volunteers age 70 and older with a family history of Alzheimer-like dementia were randomly assigned to receive celecoxib 200 mg twice daily, naproxen sodium 220 mg twice daily, or placebo. The 30-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was administered to all participants at enrollment and at yearly follow-up visits. Participants with a GDS score greater than 5 at baseline were classified as depressed. Results Of 2,528 participants enrolled, 2,312 returned for at least one follow-up visit. Approximately one-fifth had significant depressive symptoms at baseline. Mean GDS score, and the percentage with significant depressive symptoms, remained similar over time across all three treatment groups. Furthermore, there was no treatment effect on GDS scores over time in the subgroup of participants with significant depressive symptoms at baseline. In longitudinal analysis using generalized estimating equations (GEE) regression, higher baseline GDS scores, a prior psychiatric history, older age, time in the study, and lower cognition interacting with time, but not treatment assignment, were associated with significantly higher GDS scores over time. Conclusion Treatment with celecoxib or naproxen did not improve depressive symptoms over time compared with placebo. While inflammation has been implicated in late-life depression, these results do not support the hypothesis that inhibition of the COX pathway with these NSAIDs at these doses alleviates depressive symptoms in older adults.
A 2.45-GHz 0.13- $\mu{\hbox {m}}$ CMOS PA With Parallel Amplification

In this paper, a fully integrated 0.13-mum CMOS RF power amplifier for Bluetooth is presented. Four differential amplifiers are placed on a single chip and their outputs are combined with an on-chip LC balun structure. This technique allows to have a low impedance transformation ratio for each individual amplifier, and thus a lower power loss. The amplifier achieves a measured output power of 23 dBm at a supply voltage of 1.5 V and a drain efficiency of 35% and a global efficiency of 29%. The parallel amplification topology allows to efficiently control the output power which results in an efficiency improvement when the output power is reduced.
Atlantic Dominance of the Meridional Overturning Circulation

North Atlantic (NA) deep-water formation and the resulting Atlantic meridional overturning cell is generally regarded as the primary feature of the global overturning circulation and is believed to be a result of the geometry of the continents. Here, instead, the overturning is viewed as a global energy–driven system and the robustness of NA dominance is investigated within this framework. Using an idealized geometry ocean general circulation model coupled to an energy moisture balance model, various climatic forcings are tested for their effect on the strength and structure of the overturning circulation. Without winds or a high vertical diffusivity, the ocean does not support deep convection. A supply of mechanical energy through winds or mixing (purposefully included or due to numerical diffusion) starts the deep-water formation. Once deep convection and overturning set in, the distribution of convection centers is determined by the relative strength of the thermal and haline buoyancy forcing. In the most thermally dominant state (i.e., negligible salinity gradients), strong convection is shared among the NA, North Pacific (NP), and Southern Ocean (SO), while near the haline limit, convection is restricted to the NA. The effect of a more vigorous hydrological cycle is to produce stronger salinity gradients, favoring the haline state of NA dominance. In contrast, a higher mean ocean temperature will increase the importance of temperature gradients because the thermal expansion coefficient is higher in a warm ocean, leading to the thermally dominated state. An increase in SO winds or global winds tends to weaken the salinity gradients, also pushing the ocean to the thermal state. Paleoobservations of more distributed sinking in warmer climates in the past suggest that mean ocean temperature and winds play a more important role than the hydrological cycle in the overturning circulation over long time scales.
Standby power management for a 0.18μm microprocessor

Static power dissipation is a concern for battery powered hand-held devices since it can substantially impact the battery life. Here, the use of reverse body bias to limit Ioff on the high performance, low power XScale™ microprocessor core is described. The scheme utilized is amenable to implementation on a low-cost (non-triple well) process and has limited regulation requirements. The regulation requirements and circuits are described, as is the performance of the method. A measured current reduction factor of over 25 is achieved with this method of reverse body bias. Implications of the use of body bias leakage control for active power and performance, as well as system level implications are also discussed.
Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Materials Used in Road Construction:

This paper provides a comprehensive summary of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions factors for producing asphalt concrete (referred to as "asphalt") and portland cement concrete (referred to as "concrete") pavements. Life-cycle emissions factors are provided for the key components of upstream emissions. GHG components included carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide, as well as the oxidation of nonmethane, nonethane volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide to CO2. The approach described in this paper enabled the evaluation of emissions from hot-mix, warm-mix, and cold-mix asphalts with assumptions on heating requirements for each. The sources used for the emissions factors were derived from existing sources and models, and a key contribution was the synthesis of these factors for ready use by transportation agencies. Results of the comparison of hot-mix asphalt, warm-mix asphalt, and concrete revealed that warm-mix asphalt might have had as little as 34% of the life-cycle GHG emissions of concre...
Rock physics of the unconventional

The resource industry faces old and new problems that stem from the vagaries of rock and fluid properties. As exploration and monitoring techniques improve, the results must become more directly related to the material properties in situ. At the same time, the materials and their characteristics become more complex or “unconventional.” Today's challenges include viscous heavy oils, clays and shales, gas hydrates, tight gas sands, organic-rich shales, coals and coal-bed methane, salt, and many nonsedimentary rocks. Note that not all of the materials we must examine directly involve extractable resources: shale deformation due to stress changes is important around boreholes or compacting reservoirs; and carbon dioxide injection not only produces fluid displacements and phase changes, but also involves chemical interaction with the host matrix. In addition, to understand the important characteristics of rocks, we must employ “unconventional” measurement techniques such as polymer and surface chemistry, nucle...
Inverse consistent registration with object boundary constraints

This paper describes our preliminary work on developing a new inverse consistent image registration algorithm that registers objects of interest in the images rather than the entire image. It is assumed that the boundary of an object or region-of-interest (ROI) in the template and target images are given as input to the image registration algorithm. The object/ROI boundaries and the intensity inside the boundaries are jointly registered while minimizing the inverse consistency error. The inverse consistency error is minimized when the forward and reverse transformations between two images are inverses of each other. This new registration algorithm is formulated in a Eulerian coordinate system giving a common coordinate system representation for both the boundary and regional parameterizations of the transformation. This new algorithm provides computational advantages compared to matching entire images and provides an efficient means to incorporate boundary conditions into intensity driven image registration.