cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Temperature Bending Strength of Polycrystalline Graphite Prepared from Calcined Pitch Coke Powder with an Additive of Boron Trioxide or Boron Carbide

Bending strength from room temperature to 2500°C was measured for three kinds of boron-doped polycrystalline graphites which were prepared from calcined pitch coke by hotpressing at 2200°C under a pressure of19.6MPa (200kg/cm2) or39.2MPa (400kg/cm2) with a sintering aid, boron trioxide or boron carbide.Temperature dependence of their strength was compared with that for some conventional graphite samples.Strength of boron-doped samples increased with increasing temperature up to 2000°C and began to decrease at about 2000°C. However, some of them recovered their strength above about 2300°C.On the other hand, the conventional graphite samples showed monotonous increase in strength up to 2500°C.Though plastic deformation was observed in all samples above 2000°C, the plasticity seemed to be much more pronounced in the boron-doped hot-pressed samples.It was considered that the strength of boron-doped hot-pressed samples above 2000°C was closely related to the diffusion of boron into coke grains and the melt of residual boron carbide among the grains.
Composition and construction: Piloting an integrated curriculum

This paper reports the preliminary results of a pilot study in which a freshman composition course was combined with a light construction methods and materials course as an integrated learning community enrolling twenty-one incoming freshman. Composition assignments were designed to be relevant to the construction field with an emphasis on persuasive appeals, genre analysis, audience awareness, and process-based writing. This paper describes some of the particulars of the structure and design of the course, including the pedagogical and institutional considerations. Specific assignments and activities of the course are described. Results include an overwhelmingly positive student response to the integrated model and positive levels of engagement — by students and faculty. Students reported an increased awareness and appreciation of professional communication skills in the construction field. They also reported increased learning and more positive responses to writing instruction as compared to previous English courses. The faculty had a positive experience, developing deep cross-disciplinary competency and new pedagogical opportunities.
Detection of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular MRI

Objective To investigate the clinical value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging(cMRI)in identifying apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Methods Sixty-five patients with typical apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(T-AHCM),51 patients with pre-apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(P-AHCM)and 26 normal controls were confirmed by cMRI.All cases underwent electrocardiogram and echocardiography,of which 16 and 34 cases were studied by radionuclide ~(99)Tc~m-MIBI SPECT myocardial scanning and coronary angiography plus left ventriculography,respectively.Results cMRI confirmed all patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,but echocardiography missed 96 cases.Two chamber and four chamber views of cine-cMRI were considered as the best position to show detailed structure of cardiac apex.Forty-seven cases showed spade-like configuration of left ventricular cavity in T-AHCM group,but only 15 patients in P-AHCM group presented the same character.T-AHCM group showed higher apical thickness and ratio of the apical wall thickness to that at basal level than P-AHCM group(18.6±2.7)mm vs(13.6±1.0)mm,2.2±0.5 vs 1.6±0.3,P0.05),and the ratios of both T-AHCM group and P-AHCM group were significantly higher than that of control group(9.5±1.7)mm, 1.1±0.1,P0.05).Hypertrophic wall thickening was lesser in T-AHCM group than in P-AHCM group, while the values of both T-AHCM group and P-AHCM group were significantly lesser than that of control one.Conclusion MRI is the best diagnostic modality for AHCM,which is highly accurate and better than echocardiography,especially for the diagnosis of mild hypertrophy in the early stage.
New Prostheses and Orthoses Step Up their Game: Motorized Knees, Robotic Hands, and Exosuits Mark Advances in Rehabilitation Technology

Forty years ago, Les Baugh lost both of his arms in an electrical accident. With bilateral shoulder-level amputations, his options for prosthetic arms were limited. That changed two years ago, when Baugh underwent a surgical procedure at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore that allowed him to control state-of-the-art robotic arms using nerves that had been rerouted to his chest. Within ten days of training, he was able to control both arms simultaneously and move a cup from a lower shelf to a higher shelf-a task that previously had been impossible-just by thinking about how he wanted to move his arm.
The Rhodes Scholarship in the Current Era of Student Activism: What Do We Consider “Prestigious” and Who Benefits?

AbstractContemporary student activism has revealed deep feelings of alienation on college campuses, prompting strong reactions to current and historical racial injustice, including the history of Cecil Rhodes. Can advisors promote restorative justice by encouraging reflection upon privileges afforded to Rhodes scholars and their responsibility to address society’s global problem?
A Descriptive Study of Instructional Assistants in Rural and Remote Eastern Oregon: Implications for Professional Development.

This study focuses on the personal characteristics and background of instructional assistants, their job status, and their professional development in a rural and remote area of eastern Oregon. A model career ladder for instructional assistants is presented.
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: Effects on Cardiac Vagal Control and Craving Under Stress

Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) is a therapy for addictive behaviors that incorporates cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention (RP) skills with mindfulness training to increase awareness and skillful action in high-risk situations. Stress is a common reason reported for substance use relapse, and using physiological measures to measure stress engagement may help us identify mechanisms of clinical improvement. Specifically, salutatory changes in HF-HRV post-treatment may serve as a marker of treatment efficacy. We investigated tonic and phasic heart rate variability (HRV) to a cognitive stressor (i.e., arithmetic challenge) following 8 weeks of RP, MBRP, or post-detox treatment known as treatment as usual (TAU; n = 34). MBRP was related to higher levels of tonic and phasic HF-HRV, lower levels of anxiety, and lower heart rate reactivity (than TAU only) compared to RP and TAU. This suggests that those who completed MBRP are engaging with stress, but perhaps in a more adaptive, flexible manner. MBRP is associated with higher cardiac vagal control and lower stress/anxious reactivity. Given that negative emotions are an important component of relapse, these results lend further support to say that mindfulness may be helpful for those with substance use disorders.
Editorial Commentary: Is Vitamin D the New Wheaties? Preventing Muscle Fatigue Could Keep Athletes in the Game.

Abstract Vitamin D deficiency is an oft overlooked and underevaluated condition that is widespread in patient-athletes, including the elite and professional. Although the symptomatology of this deficiency is well known in the general population (osteoporosis and increased risk of fracture), the symptom of muscle fatigue is not. It is only recently that the association between vitamin D deficiency and muscle fatigue in professional athletes has been placed in the spotlight. However, vitamin D deficiency should be of increasing concern for orthopaedists in regard to all athletes. In the elite collegiate/professional ranks, this condition may lead to detrimental injuries with career-altering effects. Although this condition may not affect career and financial well-being for most patients, modifications in athletic performance and lifestyle are still of utmost value to any athlete. Although I do not condone ordering vitamin D levels as a screening tool, nor broadly prescribing supplements to all patient-athletes, I do believe that it is warranted if certain "high-risk" criteria are met.
Enemies or Friendlies? British Military Behavior Toward Civilians During the Malayan Emergency

After World War II, the British re-entered Malaya to find that anti-Japanese forces they previously supported had now begun an insurgency against colonial interests. While the British had extensive experience with jungle warfare, the first British units in Malaya struggled to deal with insurgent attacks. For some units, frustration with insurgent tactics boiled over into reprisals against civilians. The massacre of twenty-five civilians at Batang Kali is the most extreme example of this violence. However, many units took pity on the civilians caught in the crossfire and endured tremendous risks to protect them. Based on extensive archival research, the author finds that, while all units received relatively little training in the laws of war, some units had subcultures that valued tactical innovation and pride in service. Leaders of these units helped to steer uncertain soldiers toward the ideals of minimal force and civilian protection.
CME Onset and Initial Acceleration

In this chapter, we review the more popular models describing CME launch and early acceleration. The vast majority require the occurrence of some destabilising event, such as magnetic reconnection or herniation. We discuss the requirements of the model, the physics of their evolution and their comparison with observations.
Technologies for Knowledge Assimilation

Assimilation is a critical issue for knowledge management. Knowledge may be gathered, created or converted, but if it is not assimilated, the organization will not be able to take action on that knowledge or actualize all of its potential value. As a result, unless knowledge is assimilated it will have limited use and impact on an organization. Accordingly, organizations are concerned with how to facilitate assimilation. This chapter provides an analysis of some key technologies for assimilation, focusing on knowledge storage, massaging, structuring, integration, filtering, and navigation.
Facets of Mindfulness Predict Depressive and Anxiety Symptom Improvement Above CBT Skills

Mindfulness training is increasingly being incorporated into traditional cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches. Although the acquisition and use of both CBT and mindfulness skills have been independently linked with positive therapeutic outcomes, the additional therapeutic benefit provided by mindfulness skills above and beyond traditional CBT skills (e.g., behavioral activation, cognitive reappraisal) is unclear. The present study tested the incremental predictive validity of mindfulness skills above CBT skills in predicting depressive and anxiety symptom improvement within a psychiatric hospital unit incorporating training in both CBT and mindfulness skills. Adult patients (N = 134, mean age = 34.0, 47.8% females, 90.3% White) with depression and anxiety receiving combined psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment at a psychiatric hospital completed repeated assessments of CBT skills (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Skills Checklist), mindfulness skills (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), and both depressive (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7) symptoms. We tested whether mindfulness skills and/or CBT skills predicted depressive and anxiety symptom improvement. Higher levels of both mindfulness skills (rs = − .15 to − .51) and CBT skills (rs = − .12 to − .21) were cross-sectionally associated with lower depressive and anxiety symptoms. However, while controlling for CBT skills, two mindfulness facets (nonreactivity to inner experience and acting with awareness) predicted subsequent depressive (ts < − 2.49, ps < .014) and anxiety (ts < − 2.31, ps < .022) symptom improvement, thus demonstrating incremental predictive validity. Findings suggest the potential therapeutic benefits of mindfulness skills training for depressed and anxious patients within the context of short-term, intensive psychiatric treatment.
Pretrial Detention and Moral Agency

In this chapter we explore the ethical justifications for criminal detentions prior to adjudication. Because pretrial detentions cannot be justified on purely forward-looking grounds, any plausible justification must be partly backward-looking. Reflecting on the broader aims of the criminal law suggests that pretrial detentions, like post-conviction detentions, may be justified on “hybrid” grounds—but only if certain retributive and instrumental criteria are met. We conclude that while it is possible in principle to justify pretrial detention, there is reason to think that much of the pretrial detention in the United States is not, in fact, justified. We argue that current pretrial detention practices in the United States unjustifiably diminish a special sort of moral agency that is necessary for holding persons responsible in the first place.
Redefining the Reasonable Person in Police Encounters: The Impact of the Mainstream News Media's Portrayal of Modern Police Conduct

Who is the “reasonable person”? There is little doubt that every competent legal professional, both in law practice and in the academic setting, has spent a great deal of time attempting to define the reasonable person. “Reasonableness is largely a matter of common sense.” In police encounters, the definition is certainly important to the outcome of questionable police conduct. How the reasonable person is defined often determines whether a police officer has infringed on an individual’s Fourth Amendment guarantee to be secure in their person against unreasonable searches and seizures. As the narratives of the news media shape how some individuals view police conduct, undoubtedly, the changed attitudes will affect how those individuals respond should they be involved in a future police encounter. This article explores the need for the courts to apply a redefined reasonable person analysis to the Mendenhall test in light of the changing perceptions of modern police conduct due to, at least partly, the mainstream news media’s unprecedented coverage and depictions of police violence. To that end, news media outlets exert an enormous amount of influence over how consumers perceive stories related to police conduct through the power of “framing”. The way a story is framed determines how individuals think about a particular issue or event. In fact, the framing has led to the Pavlovian Conditioning of many of the news media’s consumers, resulting in the need for redefining the reasonable person in police encounters by the courts.
Towards a better understanding of the symmetry energy within neutron stars

The LIGO-Virgo collaboration ground-breaking detection of the binary neutron-star merger event, GW170817, has expanded efforts to understand the Equation of State (EoS) of nuclear matter. These measurements provide new constraints on the overall pressure, but do not, by itself, elucidate its microscopic origins, including the pressure arising from the symmetry energy, that governs much of the internal structure of a neutron star. To correlate microscopic constraints from nuclear measurements to the GW170817 constraints, we calculate neutron star properties with more than 200 Skyrme energy density functionals that describe properties of nuclei. Calculated neutron-star radii (R) and the tidal deformabilities which show a strong correlation with pressure at twice saturation density. By combining the neutron star EoS extracted from the GW170817 event and the EoS of symmetric matter from nucleus-nucleus collision experiments, we extract the density dependence of the symmetry pressure from 1.2 to 4.5 times saturation density. While the uncertainties in the symmetry pressure are large, they can be reduced with new experimental and astrophysical results.
A Case Study for Performance Portability Using OpenMP 4.5

In recent years, the HPC landscape has shifted away from traditional multi-core CPU systems to energy-efficient architectures, such as many-core CPUs and accelerators like GPUs, to achieve high performance. The goal of performance portability is to enable developers to rapidly produce applications which can run efficiently on a variety of these architectures, with little to no architecture specific code adoptions required. We implement a key kernel from a material science application using OpenMP 3.0, OpenMP 4.5, OpenACC, and CUDA on Intel architectures, Xeon and Xeon Phi, and NVIDIA GPUs, P100 and V100. We will compare the performance of the OpenMP 4.5 implementation with that of the more architecture-specific implementations, examine the performance of the OpenMP 4.5 implementation on CPUs after back-porting, and share our experience optimizing large reduction loops, as well as discuss the latest compiler status for OpenMP 4.5 and OpenACC.
Optimization of a novel liquid-phase plasma discharge process for continuous production of biodiesel

Abstract The conventional transesterification process employed in biodiesel production from vegetable oils is not only a time-consuming process but operated under raised temperatures. A novel liquid-phase plasma discharge process was developed and evaluated in this study. The process could continuously convert soybean oil to biodiesel under room temperature at a much faster rate than the conventional method. Two feeding flowrates (2.7 ml s−1 and 4.1 ml s−1) were used in the experiments. Methanol to oil molar ratio, Rmomr, and NaOH to oil weight ratio, RNaOWR, were each examined at five levels (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for Rmomr, and 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 wt% for RNaOWR). Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology to optimize the conversion rate and applied voltage was conducted. At the flowrate of 2.7 ml s−1, the optimal values of Rmomr, RNaOWR, conversion rate, and applied voltage were 5.08, 0.79 wt%, 97.2%, and 1.17 kV, respectively. While at 4.1 ml s−1, these values became 5.18, 0.70 wt%, 99.74%, and 1.27 kV. All regression models generated by the Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology fitted the experimental data well. The biodiesel produced by the novel liquid-phase plasma discharge process met the industrial quality standards (ASTM Standards).
Serum Inflammatory Markers and Synovial Fluid Analysis in Pediatric Patients with Lyme Arthritis vs Septic Arthritis of the Knee

Purpose: Lyme arthritis is a common cause of knee pain in children, especially in endemic areas such as the Northeastern United States. Although Lyme arthritis presents similarly to septic arthritis, it is important to differentiate the two because of the drastically different methods of treating them. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare inflammatory serum markers, as well as, the results of synovial fluid analysis in patients with both Lyme and septic arthritis of the knee. Methods: Retrospective review of records was performed in patients who presented to …
Sleep Duration as an Indirect Link Between Sleep Timing and Weight in Midlife Women.

Abstract Objective: Midlife women are at risk of obesity. Poor sleep outcomes including inadequate sleep duration and variable sleep timing are risk factors for obesity, but there is a lack of unde...
Mitochondrial genetics regulate nuclear gene expression through metabolites.

Mitochondria contain multiple copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which encode genes essential for cellular bioenergetics. When more than one type of mtDNA genome exists within the mitochondrion, or between mitochondria, a condition termed heteroplasmy occurs. In this respect, it has been long observed that differences in mtDNA heteroplasmy involving pathogenic mtDNA mutations generate a broad range of clinical phenotypes. For instance, it is known that increasing levels of the transfer RNA leucine [tRNALeu(UUR)] 3243A > G mutant “result successively in diabetes, neuromuscular degenerative disease, and perinatal lethality” (1); however, the specific molecular mechanisms driving these diverse clinical phenotypes have been not clearly understood. In PNAS, Kopinski et al. (1) advance our understanding of this mystery by manipulating the levels of mtDNA containing either a normal (3243A) or pathogenic (3243G) mtDNA tRNALeu(UUR) mutation in a human bone osteosarcoma cybrid model. For these studies, they generated cell lines that had either 100% normal (3243A) or 100% pathogenic (3243G) mtDNA homoplasmies, in addition to a series of cybrids harboring different percentages of normal and pathogenic 3243A > G mtDNA heteroplasmies. Using these cell lines, they performed various measures of metabolism, including metabolic tracing and NAD+/NADH ratios, and, importantly, examined transcriptional and epigenetic changes in the nuclear genome. Another key feature of this work is that all cell lines (homoplasmic and heteroplasmic) shared the same nuclear genome, meaning that any observed metabolic and epigenetic changes were solely attributed to differences in mitochondrial genetics. This report provides direct evidence that changing levels of tRNALeu(UUR) 3243A > G heteroplasmy on the same nuclear background changes aspects of mitochondrial function (as anticipated), but, perhaps more importantly, also causes changes in nuclear gene expression via histone modifications modulated by levels of mitochondrially generated acetyl-CoA and α-ketoglutarate (αKG) levels. For example, Kopinski et al. … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: scottballinger{at}uabmc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Passing a mandatory inclusionary housing ordinance: Lessons from San Francisco and San Diego

A mandatory inclusionary housing ordinance is a strong act on behalf of a city government in support of housing affordability. This paper examines the conditions and decision making processes that enabled San Francisco and San Diego to pass mandatory inclusionary housing measures, with the intent of developing recommendations for other large cities that wish to undertake similar programs. Three factors are identified as important in the successful passage of inclusionary housing ordinances: the involvement of a broad-based housing coalition, the existence of forums for negotiation between stakeholders, and the incremental enactment of tenets.
Diabetes Mellitus and Other Metabolic Disorders

Patients with spinal-cord injury (SCI) may have or develop the same diseases, including a variety of metabolic disorders, as their still-ambulatory counterparts. The complications or sequelae of these conditions may compound or aggravate those related to the SCI itself. Impotence is a common complication of many metabolic disturbances, especially diabetes mellitus, and since diabetes is quite a prevalent disease, sexual dysfunction related to it may be a serious problem for SCI patients. This article will address the impact of diabetes mellitus, liver disease, and several miscellaneous metabolic disorders on sexual function.
Pregnancy and Breast Cancer: Pathways to Understand Risk and Prevention.

Several studies have made strong efforts to understand how age and parity modulate the risk of breast cancer. A holistic understanding of the dynamic regulation of the morphological, cellular, and molecular milieu of the mammary gland offers insights into the drivers of breast cancer development as well as into potential prophylactic interventions, the latter being a longstanding ambition of the research and clinical community aspiring to eradicate the disease. In this review we discuss mechanisms that react to pregnancy signals, and we delineate the nuances of pregnancy-associated dynamism that contribute towards either breast cancer development or prevention. Further definition of the molecular basis of parity and breast cancer risk may allow the elaboration of tools to predict and survey those who are at risk of breast cancer development.
Return on investment of self-management education and home visits for children with asthma.

Priorities of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 6|18 Initiative include outpatient asthma self-management education (ASME) and home-based asthma visits (home visit) as interventions ...
Creating Responsible Youth through Physical Activity: The Don Hellison Story

My familiarity with Don Hellison’s work started when I was a doctoral student at Boston University. I remember being assigned by my advisor to read a Prentice Hall publication entitled Humanistic Physical Education. The book was Don’s first introduction in our field to the ways physical education can serve as an important vehicle for improving the human condition of young people. Its message resonated with me in such a profound way that it continues to guide my way of viewing and doing scholarly work to this very day. His approach toward “teaching and reaching” kids not only reinforced my belief that teaching sport is more than teaching skills but about enhancing their moral thinking. He unveiled the incredible opportunities that can emerge from values-based physical activity instruction. Since then, Don and I have been guided by a common understanding and a set of ideas on what is best for kids. He has been a true inspiration for me and many, many others who strive to help children and youth become positive contributors to their communities. Don’s work with kids spans over three decades. During that time he has always embraced the idea that if you work with kids in the real world, you have to be armed with a repertoire of ideas that helps them gain some control over their lives. While initially viewed as alternative and “foreign” to our field, his work has become the standard for values-based programming in physical education and sport. He has reminded all of us that when you set up programs for kids, especially those marginalized from the societal mainstream, you have to understand that they are kids and have lives and dreams, and struggles. The technical stuff, while important, becomes just a small part of the bigger picture where self-discovery and responsibility are realized in kids. (Leer + en PDF)
Longitudinal investigation of the bidirectional associations between initiation of e-cigarettes and other substances in adolescents

Background: Although research on adolescent e-cigarette use is growing, several questions remain unanswered, including the timing of initiation and the co-occurrence with initiation of other substa...
A New Model for Weaving Responsible Computing Into Courses Across the CS Curriculum

CS departments in the USA have used various models for teaching about ethics, including standalone ethics courses and expert-designed assignments. At Brown University, we are trying a different approach: a group of undergraduate teaching assistants dedicated to socially-responsible practices in computing work with faculty to integrate content into multiple assignments both across a course and across the curriculum. This "responsible computing" initiative has resulted in a variety of assignments added to 13 different courses in the past year. This paper describes the program's design, sample assignments, results of an internal evaluation, and refinements we are making to the model. We contrast our model to others from the literature in hopes of expanding the collection of curricular ideas for designing education in responsible computing.
The Yellowstone magmatic-hydrothermal system: using radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry to constrain the processes of water-rock interaction

The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park provide a broad range of isotopic data (e.g. 238U-, 235U-, and 232Th-series) that can be exploited to interpret the geochemical processes occurring at depth, including water-rock interaction, nuclide sourcing, and fluid residence times. Despite its worldwide notoriety, Yellowstone’s hydrothermal system remains largely unconstrained. While major advances in the past century have helped us to understand the highly varied geochemical characteristics of Yellowstone’s thermal features and their potential mechanisms of formation, many questions remain regarding where exactly the water resides before ascending to the surface, how long the water remains at depth, and what geochemical processes are occurring between these waters and the superheated aquifer rocks. One of the primary questions surrounding the Yellowstone hydrothermal system revolves around the concept of “phase separation”, whereby ascending, pressurized hydrothermal fluids undergo decompressional boiling and separate into an acidic vapor phase and a neutral fluid phase. These diverging phases result in the two dominant spring chemistries viewed on the surface, acid-sulfate springs and neutral-chloride springs. Still, little is known about the timescales such a process operates on, and what geochemical parameters can be constrained to support the existence of this model. Herein we examine a handful of hydrothermal features throughout Yellowstone National Park in an effort to investigate the likelihood of phase separation’s existence and whether or not the isotopic evidence supports the geochemical processes that we know to be occurring should this model persist within the plumbing of a continental hydrothermal system. Featured photo from figure 3 in report.
Hoarding disorder and co-occurring medical conditions: A systematic review

Abstract Hoarding disorder (HD) is relatively common within the community but remains notoriously difficult to treat, a phenomenon that could be related, at least in part, to the number of medical diagnoses typically co-occurring with the condition. In an effort to examine the potential link between treatment ambivalence in hoarding and certain co-occurring medical diagnoses, what follows is a comprehensive review of the empirical literature addressing HD, physical health, and medical conditions. A systematic search of scholarly databases (i.e., PubMed, PsycInfo, Google Scholar) identified nine relevant articles for review. Broadly, the research suggests that individuals with hoarding behaviors suffer from poorer health than those without hoarding tendencies, although clinically significant hoarding and levels of physical health were defined differently across studies. The review also identifies clinical correlates that could account for the link between HD and co-occurring medical conditions, such as obesity, impulsivity, executive dysfunction, and emotion regulation. Preliminary bidirectional hypotheses of HD and co-occurring medical conditions are presented in an effort to guide future research and theory-building in this area. Finally, limitations, directions for future research, and clinical implications are also discussed.
Porcine Parvovirus 2 Is Predominantly Associated With Macrophages in Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex

Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality, manifested by pneumonia of multiple etiologies, where a variety of pathogens and environment and management practices play a role in the disease. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus (IAV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) are well-established pathogens in PRDC. Porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2) has been identified in both healthy and clinically diseased pigs at a high prevalence worldwide. Despite widespread circulation, the significance of PPV2 infection in PRDC and its association with other co-infections are unclear. Here, PPV2 was detected in the lung tissue in 39 of 100 (39%) PRDC-affected pigs by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Using in situ hybridization (ISH) in conjunction with tissue microarrays (TMA), PPV2 infection was localized in alveolar macrophages and other cells in the lungs with interstitial pneumonia in 28 of 99 (28.2%) samples. Viral load tended to correlate with the number of macrophages in the lungs. Assessment of the frequency, viral titers, and tissue distributions showed no association between infection of PPV2 and other major viral respiratory pathogens. In one-third of the PPV2-positive samples by qPCR, no other known viruses were identified by metagenomic sequencing. The genome sequences of PPV2 were 99.7% identical to the reference genomes. Although intensive intranuclear and intracytoplasmic signals of PPV2 were mainly detected in alveolar macrophages by ISH, no obvious virus replication was noted in in vitro cell culture. Together, these results suggest that PPV2 is associated, but may not be the sole causative agent, with PRDC, warranting the control and prevention of this underdiagnosed virus.
Advances in Aerodynamic Shape Optimization

The accumulated experience of the last decade suggests that most existing aircraft which cruise at transonic speeds are amenable to a drag reduction of the order of 3 to 5 percent, or an increase in the drag rise Mach number of at least .02. These improvements can be achieved by very small shape modifications, which are too subtle to allow their determination by trial and error methods. When larger scale modifications such as planform variations or new wing sections are allowed, larger gains in the range of 5-10 percent are attainable. The potential economic benefits are substantial, considering the fuel costs of the entire airline fleet. Moreover, if one were to take full advantage of the increase in the lift to drag ratio during the design process, a smaller aircraft could be designed to perform the same task, with consequent further cost reductions. Methods of this type will provide a basis for aerodynamic designs of the future.
Separated caches and buses for multiprocessor system

The proposed scheme exploits the concept of shared cache and private cache technique. The caches are separated as shared block caches and private block caches instead of using only private caches or shared cache in the multiprocessor system. Shared block caches are working in semi-critical section (a data item can be read by two or more processors but can be written only by one processor at a time). Both shared and private block caches have their own buses. The simulation results obtained are compared with the pure private cache schemes. >
An explanation of generalized profile likelihoods

Let X, T, Y be random vectors such that the distribution of Y conditional on covariates partitioned into the vectors X e x and T e t is given by f(ys x, p), where p e (t, η(t)). Here t is a parameter vector and η(t) is a smooth, real–valued function of t. The joint distribution of X and T is assumed to be independent of t and η. This semiparametric model is called conditionally parametric because the conditional distribution f(ys x, p) of Y given X e x, T e t is parameterized by a finite dimensional parameter p e (t, η(t)). Severini and Wong (1992. Annals of Statistics 20: 1768–1802) show how to estimate t and η(·) using generalized profile likelihoods, and they also provide a review of the literature on generalized profile likelihoods. Under specified regularity conditions, they derive an asymptotically efficient estimator of t and a uniformly consistent estimator of η(·). The purpose of this paper is to provide a short tutorial for this method of estimation under a likelihood–based model, reviewing results from Stein (1956. Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, vol. 1, University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 187–196), Severini (1987. Ph.D Thesis, The University of Chicago, Department of Statistics, Chicago, Illinois), and Severini and Wong (op. cit.).
Shareholder Interests, Human Capital Investment and Corporate Governance

Corporations simultaneously claim that human capital is increasingly important to their success - "People are our most important asset" - and that their executives are the loyal agents of shareholders - "Our primary goal is the maximization of shareholder value." This paper studies the relationship between these two claims in a context of incomplete contracting. We show that the strict pursuit of shareholder interests may require ceding a role in corporate governance to employees in order to motivate their investing in firm-specific human capital. We consider three versions of such involvement: profit-sharing (applicable when profits are contractible), ex post bargaining effectuated by giving workers representation on the board, and comitting to respect the human capitalists' interests. Ceding a role to workers becomes more attractive as their investments increase in importance. This result bears on the on-going debate about reforming European and Japanese governance systems in the direction of the American system, reducing employees' influence. In this context, we present a model on the optimal choice of governance systems based on ideas suggested by Bengt Holmstrom. The model allows firms to respond to changes in the environment by changing strategy, which benefits shareholders but hurts workers. The workers can accept the change, quit, or use open conflict (strikes) to try to limit the change in strategy. The firm can reduce the likelihood of conflict by granting workers a say in strategy selection. The model predicts that there will be two regimes: one with shareholders in complete control and with strikes from dissatisfied workers, and the other with workers having a sufficient role in governance to ensure labor peace. Comparative statics analyses of the model suggest that differing historical conditions in the US and Europe made the selection of different regimes appropriate. The increasing pace of globalization and technological change, however, does favor shareholder dominance. On the other hand, increasing the importance of human capital favors granting a role in governance to workers, which is then associated with larger investment in specific capital and with inertia in firms' strategic choices.
Why are surjective lineations of the Archimedean hyperbolic plane motions

Positive Lω1ω definitions of point-inequality and noncollinearity in terms of collinearity, which are valid in plane hyperbolic geometry over arbitrary Archimedean ordered Euclidean fields, provide a synthetic proof of the theorem stated in the title and first noticed to be a corollary of a result from [2] by R. Hofer [3].
Facilitating shop floor documentation with product data management software

This paper focuses on product data management (PDM) software and its benefits in shop floor documentation. PDM software allows engineers to track and update product information much more easily by providing an integrated environment. It also greatly facilitates the creation and distribution of work instructions. Personnel on the shop floor benefit by having immediate access to the most recent information and more useful and informative instructions.
Inhibition of TCDD-induced lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity and toxicity by BHA and glutathione

Administration orale de TCDD a des rats apres un pretraitement oral par BHA ou glutathion et etude du role protecteur du BHA et du glutathion au niveau de la peroxydation lipidique. Action de ces protecteurs sur l'activite de la glutathion peroxydase et d'autres enzymes hepatiques, sur la mortalite, sur les modifications du poids du foie et du poids corporel apres traitement par TCDD
Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase by Insulin in Cultured Fetal Neurons

Insulin supports the survival and differentiation of many types of fetal neurons. To determine if mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases play a role in mediating the neurotrophic actions of insulin, we identified the MAP kinases present in fetal chick forebrain neurons and examined their regulation by insulin. Cell extracts were fractionated on Mono Q columns, and phosphotransferase activity was measured using myelin basic protein as the substrate. In control neurons, four peaks of MAP kinase activity were resolved. Peaks I, II, and IV were identified by immunoblotting as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), and p38 MAP kinase, respectively. Neurons treated with insulin showed a dramatic decrease, 80-90%, in p38 MAP kinase activity without significant changes in the other MAP kinase activities. Insulin decreased the phosphotyrosine content of p38 MAP kinase with maximal effects observed within 5 min. Pretreatment of neurons with sodium orthovanadate blocked the ability of insulin to inhibit the tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of p38 MAP kinase, suggesting that activation of a tyrosine or dual specific phosphatase is necessary for the inhibition of p38 MAP kinase by insulin. Since p38 MAP kinase has been recently implicated in neuronal cell apoptosis, negative regulation of this kinase by insulin may be critical for the neurotrophic actions of insulin.
LOCALIZATION OF CA2+‐STIMULATED ATPASE IN THE COCCOLITH‐PRODUCING COMPARTMENT OF CELLS OF PLEUROCHRYSIS SP. (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE)1

Cell homogenates of Pleurochrysis sp. (CCMP299) were fractionated by means of sucrose gradients. Ca2+-stimulated ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3., ATP phosphohydrolase) was associated primarily with the plasma membrane, Golgi, and high density (1.21 g·cm−3) membranous structures. Ca2+-stimulated ATPase was highly enriched in the latter. Based on treatments with Triton X-100 and NBD ceramide, we conclude that the high-density structures were membrane-delimited organelles. These vesicle-like organelles contained complex polysaccharides, a high concentration of calcium, and, upon microscopic examination, structures resembling coccoliths. These findings are consistent with observations on the known composition of coccoliths and the presumed mineralizing function of the sub-cellular coccolith-producing compartment. The high-density vesicles were linked to the Golgi by means of colchicine-sensitive materials, presumably microtubules. These data and prior ultrastructural observations by other investigators indicating vectorial assembly and secretion suggest that the subcellular movement of the newly formed coccoliths may be directed and/or powered by colchicine-sensitive cytoskeletal elements. We interpret the data to mean that the high-density vesicles represent the coccolith-producing compartment previously observed by others in electron micrographs.
Spurious Diapycnal Mixing Associated with Advection in a z-Coordinate Ocean Model

Abstract This paper discusses spurious diapycnal mixing associated with the transport of density in a z-coordinate ocean model. A general method, based on the work of Winters and collaborators, is employed for empirically diagnosing an effective diapycnal diffusivity corresponding to any numerical transport process. This method is then used to quantify the spurious mixing engendered by various numerical representations of advection. Both coarse and fine resolution examples are provided that illustrate the importance of adequately resolving the admitted scales of motion in order to maintain a small amount of mixing consistent with that measured within the ocean’s pycnocline. Such resolution depends on details of the advection scheme, momentum and tracer dissipation, and grid resolution. Vertical transport processes, such as convective adjustment, act as yet another means to increase the spurious mixing introduced by dispersive errors from numerical advective fluxes.
Underwater electromagnetic communications using conduction - Channel characterization

Wireless underwater transmission is considered using electric field generated by a pair of electrodes with opposite current and detected by two receiving electrodes. Experiments were conducted at frequencies between 100kHz and 6.35MHz, using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Our lab tests were performed in a plastic tank filled with salt water, and our sea test at the ocean surface and at 5m depth (boundary free). Magnitude and phase-delay of the channel transfer function were modeled based on inference from dipole radiation theory in conducting medium. An exponential attenuation model fitted to the lab measurements indicated inverse cubic range dependence (near-field compliant). A rational-polynomial model provided the best match for the recorded magnitude, especially at low frequencies. Based on the exponential attenuation model, we estimated that the capacity of this channel is on the order of 10Mbps in the 100kHz-6.35MHz band when inside half a meter radius with 1W of transmit power, suitable for contactless data collection by remotely operated vehicles from single or multiple nodes via spectrum sharing. Finally, estimation of the effect range uncertainty of ?0.5m can have on the achievable data rates showed up to 30% performance downtrend for 1m range.
Superhydrophobic Surface Fabricated from Fatty Acid-Modified Precipitated Calcium Carbonate

A very low-cost and simple method for fabricating a superhydrophobic surface with commercially available precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and fatty acid is reported in this research article. PCC particles were chemically modified from hydrophilic to hydrophobic in water with fatty acid. The thin film formed by these hydrophobic PCCs shows superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties. The contact angle hysteresis of modified PCC film was investigated. A sliding angle of 1.75° could be obtained with oleic acid-modified PCC film at an oleic acid concentration of 2.52 wt %. Comparing with oleic acid, the PCC film modified by stearic acid has a higher sliding angle (∼10°).
Goethe's Analysis of Exodus 34 and its Influence on Julius Wellhausen: The Pfropfung of the Documentary Hypothesis

This article investigates the intellectual history of the argument for the antiquity of Ex 34,11–26. In the contemporary debate about pentateuchal theory, a question that remains insufficiently addressed is how and why the idea originally developed that the unit represents an ancient, independent, pre-Deuteronomic legal source. Wellhausen credited the idea to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Zwo bisher unerorterte biblische Fragen … (1773). Like Goethe, Wellhausen regarded the unit as a ritual Decalogue, in contrast to the ethical Decalogue of Exodus 20. The distinction helped Wellhausen consolidate the classical model of the documentary hypothesis: he attributed the cultic Decalogue to the Yahwist and the ethical one to the Elohist. Despite the importance of Goethe's essay to the history of pentateuchal criticism, it is not clear that its arguments have previously been investigated. The article addresses equally Goethe's construction of the Jew as "other" and as particularistic, in contrast to the German Protestant as "self" and universal. The article demonstrates that Goethe could not have read read Spinoza's Tractatus, despite the common belief otherwise.
Mechanisms of urethral continence and their clinical application

Controversy about the basic nature of urethral function does not preclude accurate clinical assessment of disorders of function. While the precise method of treatment of urethral continence dysfunction varies from institution to institution, the basic techniques are quite similar. It is the application of a treatment method to a particular case which causes difficulty. It is important, therefore, to have some understanding of the functional elements in the urethral continence mechanism to be able to determine which element does not function. Most cases of intractable incontinence are associated with poor function of the involuntary part of the sphincter. In general, peak urethral closing pressures are unrelated to continence function unless there is no pressure at all.