cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
George Eliot: The Secular Sublime, Post-Secularism, and ‘Secularization’

Despite her personal skepticism and predominantly secular outlook,1 we may regard George Eliot as a post-secularist. She was decidedly not a secularist of the Bradlaughian type. (See Chapter 3.) That is, she demonstrated a particular regard for religion and religious believers and generally acknowledged religion’s ongoing viability, its potential to contribute to individual, cultural, and national identity and the general weal. Eliot often figured religion as a tissue that extended throughout and within the organic social body, a kind of living integument providing cohesion and shape, sustaining it in health and order. Religion could offer metanarratives that afforded meaning and coherence, ordering the experience of the subject, while enlarging the sympathies and recommending the dedication of individuals to broad social objectives. Eliot even acknowledged the Anglican Church as an important ecclesiastical body for its role in providing structural coherence and service to the community. And unlike other novelists of her time — such as Dickens and Trollope, who mercilessly caricatured clerical figures for hypocrisy, sectarianism, and factionalism — Eliot generally demonstrated respect for clerics and the clerical function, especially the pastoral duty of parish ministers. We have the ‘saintly Mr. Tryan in Scenes of Clerical Life, “a powerful preacher, who was stirring the hearts of the people”; the eloquent and compassionate Methodist Dinah Morris in Adam Bede; the “wonderful preacher” Dr. Kenn in Mill on the Floss; the charismatic and increasingly self-deluded Savonarola in Romola; the learned and loquacious Dissenter Rufus Lyon in Felix Holt; and the affable Farebrother in Middlemarch’.2
Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The priority of definition: from Laches to Meno

THE THRESHOLD DIALOGUES On basic issues of moral philosophy Plato remains faithful to the position presented in the Gorgias . In particular, it remains his view that the goal of rational politics is the same as the goal of moral education: to produce virtue in human souls. That will require a technikos , an expert on aretē . But the technikos of the Gorgias is not yet the philosopher-king. For that we will need the psychology, epistemology, and metaphysics of the Republic . So there is room for a large development of Plato's thought between the Gorgias and the middle dialogues: Symposium, Phaedo , and Republic . It is in this intervening space that I would locate the seven threshold dialogues: Laches, Charmides, Euthyphro, Protagoras, Meno, Lysis , and Euthydemus . These dialogues present and elaborate themes that come together in the central books of the Republic , where technē becomes dialektikē , the master art of the philosopherking. Now for Plato a technē is defined by reference to its object or subject matter. The object of dialektikē will be the forms or essences of things. So the most decisive step in Plato's gradual articulation of the technē of the philosopher-king will be his introduction of the notion of essence in the dialogues of definition. I suggest that the search for essence in the Laches, Euthyphro , and Meno is from the start future-oriented, that is to say, designed to prepare the way for the doctrine of Forms. But Plato's mode of exposition is so subtly ingressive that this design can only be perceived retrospectively, from the vantage point of the middle dialogues. The seven threshold dialogues form a diverse group.
Learning and Memory in Adolescent Moderate, Binge, and Extreme-Binge Drinkers.

BACKGROUND: Binge drinking has been linked to neurocognitive disadvantages in youth, but it is unclear whether drinking at particularly heavy levels uniquely affects neurocognitive performance. This study prospectively examined (1) whether initiating moderate, binge, or extreme-binge drinking in adolescence differentially influences subsequent learning and memory performances, and (2) whether dosage of alcohol consumption is linearly associated with changes in learning and memory over 6 years of adolescence. METHODS: Participants, who later transitioned into drinking, were administered verbal learning and memory (VLM) assessments at project intake prior to the onset of substance use (age 12 to 16 years), and at follow-up approximately 6 years later (N = 112). Participants were grouped based on alcohol involvement at follow-up as follows: moderate (≤4 drinks per occasion), binge (5+ drinks per occasion), or extreme-binge (10+ drinks per occasion) drinkers. RESULTS: Despite equivalent performances prior to onset of drinking, extreme-binge drinkers performed worse than moderate drinkers on verbal learning, and cued and free short delayed recall (ps CONCLUSIONS: Drinking quantity during adolescence appears to adversely affect VLM in a dose-dependent manner. The acquisition of new verbal information may be particularly affected, notably for those who initiated drinking 10+ drinks in an occasion. Although classification of drinkers into categories remains critical in the study of alcohol, it is important to consider that subtle differences may exist within drinking categories.Copyright © 2016 by the Research Society on Alcoholism. Language: en
Promoting Reflection and its Effect on Learning in a Programming Tutor

We studied the effect of post-practice reflection on learning, using programming tutors, and multiple-choice format for reflection. We conducted in-vivo controlled studies with introductory programming students from multiple schools over 3 semesters, and used mixed-factor ANOVA to analyze the collected data. We found that reflecting on the concept underlying each problem neither promotes greater learning, measured as pre-post increase in the average score per problem, nor promotes faster learning, measured as the problems solved per concept learned. We conjecture that the benefits of reflecting on the concept underlying each problem may be limited if a tutor already promotes deep understanding of the domain.
Premonsoon Drought in India Observed from Space

AbstractSatellite observations between 2007 and 2015 are used to characterize the annual occurrence of the premonsoon drought (PMD), which causes human death and economic hardship in India, and to postulate its scientific causes. The PMD is identified as the driest and hottest weeks in central India just before the summer monsoon onset. The onset is marked by a sharp increase in precipitation and soil moisture and a decrease in air temperature. The difference between integrated moisture transported in from the Arabian Sea and out to the Bay of Bengal is largely deposited as rain over land during the summer monsoon. The PMD occurs during the short period when moisture is drawn out to the Bay of Bengal before it can be replenished from the Arabian Sea. The time gap is caused by the earlier start of summer monsoon (southwest) winds in the Bay of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea. Sea surface temperature rise precedes the start of summer monsoon wind in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, and it has the ...
Prevalence and Quality of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) Supported Employment in the United States.

The individual placement and support (IPS) model of supported employment for people with serious mental illness is an evidence-based practice. Factors including a national learning community promoting IPS and enforcement of the Supreme Court’s Olmstead decision have spurred the growth of IPS nationwide. In this study we first evaluated the national prevalence and quality of IPS programs. We then evaluated the impact of learning community membership and Olmstead settlements on IPS program penetration and quality across the United States. We interviewed representatives from 48 state behavioral health agencies and 51 state vocational rehabilitation agencies. Survey questions examined the number of IPS programs in each state, the presence of an Olmstead settlement mandating employment services for people with serious mental illness, and the presence of three indicators of quality in IPS programs: collaboration between state behavioral health and vocational rehabilitation agencies, regular, independent fidelity monitoring, and technical assistance and training for IPS programs. Respondents from 38 (75%) states, including 19 states in the IPS Learning Community and 19 outside the learning community, reported a total of 523 IPS programs nationwide (M = 14, SD = 16). The state IPS program penetration rate (number of IPS programs per 1,000,000 people) ranged from 0.05 to 16.62 (M = 3.61, SD = 3.62) among states with IPS. The penetration rate was similar for learning community and non-learning community states with IPS, but learning community states were much more likely than non-learning community states with IPS to report the presence of each of three quality indicators. Eleven states reported Olmstead or other settlements that positively impacted employment services for people with serious mental illness, but among the 38 states with IPS programs, Olmstead states did not differ from non-Olmstead states in IPS program penetration or on the quality indicators. Nationally, most states provide IPS programs, but the within-state penetration rate and quality of implementation vary widely. While learning community and non-learning community states with IPS do not differ in the prevalence of IPS programs, learning community states are much more likely to report key quality indicators, which may enhance these states’ potential for sustaining and expanding IPS. Olmstead settlements have not yet shown a direct impact on the penetration and quality of IPS, but as the Department of Justice continues to enforce the Supreme Court’s Olmstead decision, their significance may increase.
Primary Progressive Aphasia

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinical entity differentiated from other forms of neurodegenerative disease in that language difficulty is the most prominent clinical feature and the primary cause of functional impairment at onset and during the first years of the disease. It is caused by degeneration of the language network, and recent neuroimaging studies have established the association between particular patterns of neuroanatomical damage and clinical presentation. In the following text, we will first address the pathology and epidemiology of PPA. Afterward, we will describe the clinical features of the three most common PPA variants along with what is known about the underlying neuropsychological deficits and their neuroanatomical and pathological correlates. A section on the recently established international diagnostic criteria and how to apply them is included at the end.
The Writings of Ladies' Abolitionist Societies in Britain, 1825-1833

"In taking a view of the means which may be employed with advantage to effect the mitigation and ultimate extinction of NEGRO SLAVERY, it would be unpardonable to overlook THE LADIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, of all classes, and especially of the upper ranks, who have now an opportunity of exerting themselves beneficially in behalf of the most deeply injured of the human race." 1 On April 8, 1825, in the home of Lucy Townsend, the wife of an Anglican clergyman, forty four women gathered to establish the first women's anti-slavery society in Britain. Its initial name was the Ladies Society for the Relief of Negro Slaves, but later adopted the name Female Society for Birmingham. This society was committed to the "Amelioration of the Condition of the Unhappy Children of Africa, and especially of Female Negro Slaves." 2 This formation preceded that of the first abolition society in the United States, the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, by seven years. 3
Fluorescence-Based Reporters for Detection of Mutagenesis in E. coli

Mutagenesis in model organisms following exposure to chemicals is used as an indicator of genotoxicity. Mutagenesis assays are also used to study mechanisms of DNA homeostasis. This chapter focuses on detection of mutagenesis in prokaryotes, which boils down to two approaches: reporter inactivation (forward mutation assay) and reversion of an inactivating mutation (reversion mutation assay). Both methods are labor intensive, involving visual screening, quantification of colonies on solid media, or determining a Poisson distribution in liquid culture. Here, we present two reversion reporters for in vivo mutagenesis that produce a quantitative output, and thus have the potential to greatly reduce the amount of test chemical and labor involved in these assays. This output is obtained by coupling a TEM β lactamase-based reversion assay with GFP fluorescence, either by placing the two genes on the same plasmid or by fusing them translationally and interrupting the N-terminus of the chimeric ORF with a stop codon. We also describe a reporter aimed at facilitating the monitoring of continuous mutagenesis in mutator strains. This reporter couples two reversion markers, allowing the temporal separation of mutation events in time, thus providing information about the dynamics of mutagenesis in mutator strains. Here, we describe these reporter systems, provide protocols for use, and demonstrate their key functional features using error-prone Pol I mutagenesis as a source of mutations.
Executive Functions After Traumatic Brain Injury: From Deficit to Recovery

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability and therefore an important health and socioeconomic problem for our society. TBI frequently causes executive function (EF) deficits, resulting in impaired cognitive control, mental flexibility, and planning. Extensive functional neuroimaging and lesion mapping evidence indicates that the prefrontal cortex plays a central role in EFs. Given the importance of EF in daily activities, developing effective rehabilitation methods that enhance brain plasticity and EF recovery after TBI is needed. In this chapter, we summarize current knowledge and controversies, focusing on EF impairments after TBI. We conclude by considering future directions for TBI-related EF research.
Contradictions of Conservatism

This article identifies the difficulty in defining conservatism and then goes on to illustrate the contradiction inherent in conservative thought.* The central problem addressed by the article is t...
Power control and scheduling with minimum rate constraints in clustered multihop TD/CDMA wireless ad hoc networks: Research Articles

In order to achieve high end-to-end throughput in a multihop wireless ad hoc network, TD/CDMA has been chosen as the Medium Access Control (MAC) scheme due to its support for high network throughput in a multihop environment. The associated power control and scheduling problem needs to be addressed to optimize the operations of TD/CDMA. In this paper, cluster-based architecture is introduced to provide centralized control within clusters, and the corresponding power control and scheduling schemes are derived to maximize a network utility function and guarantee the minimum rate required by each traffic session, given routes for multiple end-to-end multihop traffic sessions. Because the resulted optimal power control reveals bang-bang characteristics, that is, scheduled nodes transmit with full power while other nodes remain silent, the joint power control and scheduling problem is reduced to a scheduling problem. The multi-link version of the throughput-optimal and the proportional fair scheduling algorithms for multihop wireless ad hoc networks are proposed. In addition, a generic token counter mechanism is employed to satisfy the minimum rate requirements. By ensuring different minimum rate for different traffic sessions, service differentiation is also achieved. Approximation algorithms are suggested to reduce the computational complexity. In networks that are lack of centralized control, distributed scheduling algorithms are also derived and fully distributed implementation is provided. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obesity and physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum: Evidence, guidelines, and recommendations

This chapter provides clinicians and researchers with an overview of the physical activity and pregnancy/postpartum literature to promote physical activity, understand the determinants and outcomes of physical activity participation among pregnant and postpartum women, recognize the scant literature pertaining to overweight and obese women, and inform next steps in practice, prevention, and research. We discuss (a) physical activity guidelines; (b) prevalence rates of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum; (c) determinants, health outcomes, and critical gaps in the literature of pre- and postnatal physical activity; and (d) recommendations for research and practice to facilitate physical activity initiation, motivation, and maintenance across the transition to motherhood.
Tracking dynamic team activity

AI researchers are striving to build complex multi-agent worlds with intended applications ranging from the RoboCup robotic soccer tournaments, to interactive virtual theatre, to large-scale real-world battlefield simulations. Agent tracking - monitoring other agent's actions and inferring their higher-level goals and intentions - is a central requirement in such worlds. While previous work has mostly focused on tracking individual agents, this paper goes beyond by focusing on agent teams. Team tracking poses the challenge of tracking a team's joint goals and plans. Dynamic, real-time environments add to the challenge, as ambiguities have to be resolved in real-time. The central hypothesis underlying the present work is that an explicit team-oriented perspective enables effective team tracking. This hypothesis is instantiated using the model tracing technology employed in tracking individual agents. Thus, to track team activities, team models are put to service. Team models are a concrete application of the joint intentions framework and enable an agent to track team activities, regardless of the agent's being a collaborative participant or a non-participant in the team. To facilitate real-time ambiguity resolution with team models: (i) aspects of tracking are cast as constraint satisfaction problems to exploit constraint propagation techniques; and (ii) a cost minimality criterion is applied to constrain tracking search. Empirical results from two separate tasks in real-world, dynamic environments - one collaborative and one competitive - are provided.
Mechanism of action of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 in colon epithelial cells

Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 (LR) is a well-known probiotic that has been shown to be beneficial to the gastrointestinal (GI) system. In addition, LR has been shown to secrete beneficial imm...
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders reviewer acknowledgement 2015

We thank all of the reviewers who have contributed to the journal in volume 7 (2015). High quality and timely reviews are critical to the overall quality of the journal. We are committed to providing a unique and important outlet for scholarship regarding neurodevelopmental disorders and are indebted to the outstanding reviewers who have contributed their time over the last year in helping us to reach this goal.
Visiting the Nisha Miskii

This chapter begins with ethnographic accounts of visits to women’s mosques in the Maldives. Here, Fewkes describes the locations and introduces some of the features of interest of women’s mosques through accounts of interviews with Maldivian mudahim, the women in charge of the nisha miskii. Three women’s stories bring forward a number of common themes associated with being a nisha miskii mudahim and convey a sense of the varied experiences grounded in these places. The women’s stories in this chapter reveal how mudahim conceptualize their role in highly individualized ways, although each organizes her notion of a mudahim around the physical space of the nisha miskii.
Achromatic Subwavelength Grating Lens at Visible bandwidths

The polarization intensitive achromatic micro lens covering the whole visible wavelength is demonstrated that can cover 250 nm of visible bandwidths (from 435 nm to 685 nm) with focal shift less than 5%. © 2019 The Author(s)
Do Political Connections Matter to Bondholders? Evidence from Corporate Bond Offerings

The author examines the relationship between corporate political connections and yields of newly issued corporate bonds. Using the data from the SDC Global New Issue on 6,265 corporate bond issues for the period 2000–2014, the author finds that bonds offered by politically connected firms average a 36-basis-point yield discount over bonds offered by non-connected firms, holding other things constant. The author also finds that the negative relationship between political connections and bond yield becomes more pronounced when the offering is rated non-investment grade, when the issuer is largely dependent on government spending, and when it faces a more opaque information environment. Overall, the results suggest that corporate ties to politicians add firm value and are viewed favorably in the bond market. TOPICS:Legal/regulatory/public policy, fixed income and structured finance Key Findings • Bond investors require significantly lower yields on bonds offered by politically connected firms than those offered by non-connected firms. • The negative relationship between political connections and bond yield is at least partly driven by the credit quality of the issue, the issuer’s dependence on government spending, and the information environment. • The findings in this article suggest that corporate ties to politicians add firm value and are viewed favorably in the bond market.
The Accuracy of Self-Reported Crop Yield Estimates and Their Ability to Train Remote Sensing Algorithms

Despite recent advances in remote sensing, one of the major constraints that still remains is collecting the ground data needed to calibrate and validate remote sensing algorithms at large spatial and temporal scales. This is particularly challenging when mapping continuous variables such as yield, where calibration data often do not exist at the field-scale and are difficult to obtain through visual interpretation of high-resolution imagery. While crop cut estimates of crop yield are widely used to calibrate satellite yield estimation models, these data are time and cost intensive to collect. In this study, we examine the ability of self-reported yield estimates, which are much faster and easier to collect at large scales, to train satellite yield estimation models. We assess the accuracy of self-reported yield data and identify whether it is possible to increase self-reported accuracy by providing more information to farmers about the study design and potential benefits. Our results showed that farmers’ self-reported crop yields were not accurate, and that self-reported crop yields led to inaccurate satellite yield estimation models when used for calibration. We also found that providing more information to farmers about the study design and benefits of satellite yield estimation did not improve self-reported accuracy. These results suggest that even though self-reported yield estimates may be a faster and lower cost way to collect field-level yield estimates, they likely are not an adequate data source to train satellite yield prediction models and should be used with caution.
Psychometric evaluation of a new internalization of learning motivation (ILM) scale

Internalization is an important component of motivation and self-determination. In most of the previous studies of internalization, researchers have focused on the theoretical framework of internalization continuum, but they have not yet empirically evaluated the stages of internalization as a continuum. This article presents a new Internalization of Learning Motivation (ILM) Scale based on multiple motivational forces. The scale was administered to 1337 Chinese college students. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to test the reliability and dimensionality of the scale. Instead of four dimensions according to the self-determination theory, five dimensions were identified: lack of internalization (INL), partial ego internalization (INPE), partial guilt internalization (INPG), identified internalization (INID), and integrated internalization (ININ). The reliability omega was .841 for INL, .895 for INPE, .864 for INPG .874 for INID, and .913 for ININ. Modern measurement theory analysis was applied to empirically examine the degree to which the five dimensions could be represented on a single linear continuum. The results indicated that ILM items worked together to form a continuum that represents internalization. The ILM Scale can distinguish between participants with different levels of internalization and provide a deeper understanding of how specific motivation forces facilitate internalization of learning motivation. Educators and researchers can use this scale to identify students’ level of internalization in order to inform appropriate interventions.
E-080 Risk factors of post thrombectomy mortality in acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke: single comprehensive stroke center experience

Background and Purpose Mechanical thrombectomy has significantly improved post-ischemic stroke clinical outcomes. However, the post-ischemic stroke mortality rate appears to be unchanged. We reviewed potential risk factors that can be related to mortality in patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy. Materials and Methods A retrospective review was conducted in acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy but expired within 90 days in a high volume comprehensive stroke center between January 2017 and January 2020. Pre thrombectomy risk factors evaluated include age, NIHSS, ASPECT score, baseline mRS, occlusion site, and IV tPA administration. Post-thrombectomy risk factors include ASPECT score at 24 hours, TICI score, post-procedural subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), hemorrhagic transformation, and decompressive craniectomy. Procedural risk factors included the mode of anesthesia, intraprocedural systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were reviewed as well as procedural blood pressure variability. The difference between the highest and lowest recorded blood pressure was defined as procedural variability. Results Mechanical thrombectomy was performed in 290 patients, and 54 patients (54/290, 18.6%) were expired at 90 days, which include 42 anterior (77.8%) and 22 posterior circulation patients (22.2%). In 42 anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke patients who expired (M:F=25:17), the mean age was 77.5 ± 13, and 42.86% was at or more than 80 years old. Baseline estimated mRS three or above were seen in 92.7%. The number of days from admission to decease was 7 (median). Pre-procedural ASPECT score >6 was noted in 32 patients (32/42, 76.19%) but in 11 patients (11/42, 26.19%) on post-procedure ASPECT at 24 hours. MCA, ICA and CCA occlusion was found in 69.05%, 19.5%, and 9.52%, respectively. Pre thrombectomy IV tPA was administered in 17 patients (17/42, 40.48%). TICI 2b or three were achieved in 54.7%, with the median number of passes were 2. Ten patients (23.81%) developed post thrombectomy symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages (sICH), and the hemorrhagic transformation was seen in 14.29% (n=6). Three patients (7.14%) received decompressive craniectomy. Mean ‘arrival to groin puncture time’ and ‘groin to reperfusion time’ were 1.13 ± 0.19 hours and 1 hour ± 0.042, respectively. Monitored Anesthesia Care (n=29, 69.04%) was used for most of the procedure. Mean procedural variability of MAP, DBP and SBP were 24.32 + 23.79 mmHg, 16.38 ± 24.83 mmHg, and 40.19 ± 26.83 mmHg, respectively. Conclusion Older age, low baseline estimated mRS, the relatively lower rate of successful reperfusion, the higher rate of sICH, delayed groin to reperfusion time, and higher intraprocedural variability in MAP and DBP were observed in patients with mortality in our study. Disclosures A. Toma: None. A. Vijayashankar: None. N. Haranhalli: None. R. Zampolin: None. D. Altschul: None. A. Brook: None. S. Lee: None.
A Customizable Analysis Flow in Integrative Multi-Omics.

The number of researchers using multi-omics is growing. Though still expensive, every year it is cheaper to perform multi-omic studies, often exponentially so. In addition to its increasing accessibility, multi-omics reveals a view of systems biology to an unprecedented depth. Thus, multi-omics can be used to answer a broad range of biological questions in finer resolution than previous methods. We used six omic measurements—four nucleic acid (i.e., genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomics, and metagenomic) and two mass spectrometry (proteomics and metabolomics) based—to highlight an analysis workflow on this type of data, which is often vast. This workflow is not exhaustive of all the omic measurements or analysis methods, but it will provide an experienced or even a novice multi-omic researcher with the tools necessary to analyze their data. This review begins with analyzing a single ome and study design, and then synthesizes best practices in data integration techniques that include machine learning. Furthermore, we delineate methods to validate findings from multi-omic integration. Ultimately, multi-omic integration offers a window into the complexity of molecular interactions and a comprehensive view of systems biology.
Massively parallel gene expression variation measurement of a synonymous codon library.

Cell-to-cell variation in gene expression strongly affects population behavior and is key to multiple biological processes. While codon usage is known to affect ensemble gene expression, how codon usage influences variation in gene expression between single cells is not well understood. Here, we used a Sort-seq based massively parallel strategy to quantify gene expression variation from a green fluorescent protein (GFP) library containing synonymous codons in Escherichia coli. We found that sequences containing codons with higher tRNA Adaptation Index (TAI) scores, and higher codon adaptation index (CAI) scores, have higher GFP variance. This trend is not observed for codons with high Normalized Translation Efficiency Index (nTE) scores nor from the free energy of folding of the mRNA secondary structure. GFP noise, or squared coefficient of variance (CV2), scales with mean protein abundance for low-abundant proteins but does not change at high mean protein abundance. Our results suggest that the main source of noise for high-abundance proteins is likely not originating at translation elongation. Additionally, the drastic change in mean protein abundance with small changes in protein noise seen from our library implies that codon optimization can be performed without concerning gene expression noise for biotechnology applications.
Clinical features and risk factors for severe influenza in children: A study from multiple hospitals in Shanghai.

Background The incidence and mortality of influenza in children had risen, but data are limited on children with severe influenza virus infection in China. Methods We conducted a retrospective case–control study and collected the patients' clinical data. Clinical data including demography, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, radiologic findings, treatment and outcomes were collected. Children were clinically confirmed to have virus infection in Shanghai in three hospitals from June 2014 to June 2019. Results During the study, 36,047 children were enrolled. Among them, 118 met the criteria for severe flu. Clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, gastrointestinal symptoms, coma and epilepsy were higher in the severe group. Complications such as pneumorrhagia, heart failure, septic shock, acute renal failure and influenza-associated encephalitis were higher in the severe influenza group than the death group. The laboratory findings including decreased hemoglobin, high alanine aminotransferase, high urea nitrogen and high lactate levels were risk factors for death in children with influenza. Conclusion Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were the common clinical manifestations and complications for the severe influenza, and delayed use of oseltamivir was found to be associated with fatality.
The accuracy and completeness of drug information in Google snippet blocks

Introduction: Consumers commonly use the Internet for immediate drug information. In 2014, Google introduced the snippet block to programmatically search available websites to answer a question entered into the search engine without the need for the user to enter any websites. This study compared the accuracy and completeness of drug information found in Google snippet blocks to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) medication guides. Methods: Ten outpatient drugs were selected from the 2018 Clinical Drugstats Database Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Six questions in the medication guide for each drug were entered into the Google search engine to find the snippet block. The accuracy and completeness of drug information in the Google snippet block were quantified by two different pharmacists using a scoring system of 1 (less than 25% accurate/complete information) to 5 (100% accurate/complete information). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the scores. Results: For five out of the six questions, the information in the Google snippets had less than 50% accuracy and completeness compared to the medication guides. The average accuracy and completeness scores of the Google snippets were highest for “What are the ingredients of [the drug]?” with scores of 3.38 (51–75%) and 3.00 (51–75%), respectively. The question on “How to take [drug]?” had the lowest score with averages of 1.00 (<25%) for both accuracy and completeness. Conclusion: Google snippets provide inaccurate and incomplete drug information when compared to FDA-approved drug medication guides. This aspect may cause patient harm; therefore, it is imperative for health care and health information professionals to provide reliable drug resources to patients and consumers if written information may be needed.
Rural Resettlement in an Arid Frontier: Agricultural Development in Northwest India

Agricultural development in under—utilized and marginal lands is often touted as one means of cornbatting problems of population growth where land is limited. Northwest India, and the Punjab in particular, is one notable example. Here, the last 100 years have witnessed a dramatic transformation from what was once considered waste land into some of India's most fertile and productive agricultural land. This development has occurred primarily through the construction of massive irrigation systems and associated rural resettlement. Resettlement has been in part spontaneous and in part planned through government established colonies.
Aerobic Dance and Cheerleading

For over 30 years, aerobic dance has been one of the most popular forms of cardiovascular exercise in America. Step/bench aerobics has evolved from a high-impact aerobic “exercise dance” form with a high degree of lower extremity injuries to a safer form of low-impact dance. The reduction of impact shock to the lower extremities has aided in the reduction of the number of lower leg and foot injuries seen by the sports medicine specialist. Initially, aerobic dancers would participate in their workouts on a floor consisting of a thin carpet and padding overlying an unrelenting concrete floor. Both exercise physiologists and sports medicine specialists saw the need for change in the surface and promoted the high-tech air-suspended wooden floor surfaces. The reduction in these injuries has been multi-factorial. For instance, the aerobic dance instructors and the participants are better trained and much more informed than they were years ago. Cross-training and new facets to the exercise routine with the addition of “kickboxing” and “urban rebounding” have helped to break up the routine and help to reduce injuries. Health magazines, instructor certification, improved aerobic and cross-training shoe design, better supervised instructors, and a better educated medical community have all led to the improvement and prevention of injuries [1].
Nihilistic Femininity in the Early Twentieth Century: Allison Pease's Modernism, Feminism, and the Culture of Boredom

In Modernism, Feminism, and the Culture of Boredom , Allison Pease examines three novels by May Sinclair, the Pilgrimage sequence by Dorothy Richardson, and The Voyage Out by Virginia Woolf as notable examples of women’s boredom in modernism. She shows that in these works, boredom is a marker for a feminist critique of women’s enforced social passivity. It can also be read a literary device that asserts feminine will. In Woolf’s bleak vision, boredom leads to a philosophical voyage into the inhuman.
The potassium channel subunit KV3.1b is localized to somatic and axonal membranes of specific populations of CNS neurons

Potassium channels play major roles in the regulation of many aspects of neuronal excitability. These channels are particularly well suited for such multiplicity of roles since there is a large diversity of channel types. This diversity contributes to the ability of specific neurons (and possibly different regions of the same neuron) to respond uniquely to a given input. Neuronal integration depends on the local response of spatially segregated inputs to the cell and the communication of these integration centers with the axon. Therefore, the functional implications of a given set of K+ channels varies depending on their precise location on the neuronal surface. Site-specific antibodies were utilized to characterize the distribution of KV3.1b, a subunit of voltage-gated K+ channels in CNS neurons. KV3.1b subunits are expressed in specific neuronal populations of the rat brain, such as cerebellar granule cells, projecting neurons of deep cerebellar nuclei, the substantia nigra pars-reticulata, the globus pallidus, and the ventral thalamus (reticular thalamic nucleus, ventral lateral geniculate and zona incerta). The KV3.1b protein is also present in various neuronal populations involved in the processing of auditory signals, including the inferior colliculus, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, the superior olive, and some parts of the cochlear nuclei; as well as in several other neuronal groups in the brainstem (e.g., in the oculomotor nucleus, the pontine nuclei, the reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons, trigeminal and vestibular nuclei, and the reticular formation) and subsets of neurons in the neocortex, the hippocampus and the caudate-putamen shown by double staining to correspond to neurons containing parvalbumin. KV3.1b subunits are localized predominantly in somatic and axonal membranes (particularly in axonal terminal fields) but are much less prominent in dendritic arborizations. This distribution is different than that of other subunits of voltage gated K+ channels and is consistent with a role in the modulation of action potentials. KV3.1b proteins have a cellular and subcellular distribution different than the related KV3.2 subunits which express in Xenopus oocytes currents similar to those expressed by KV3.1b.
Integrating software engineering into an undergraduate computer science curriculum

Software engineering is an area that must receive prominent treatment within a computer science curriculum. A large percentage of the graduates of undergraduate computer science programs take jobs that involve software development and/or maintenance. These jobs require that the individual practice good software engineering. While the precise methods and procedures used to achieve good software products will vary from one organization to the next, there will be basic principles of software engineering on which these methods and procedures are based. An undergraduate computer science curriculum must be sure to teach these principles and, as much as is practical in the host environment, some reasonable set of methods and procedures.
Immunosuppressive alpha globulin from bovine thymus: II. Mode of action

Abstract The immunosuppressive alpha globulin (Fraction C) extracted from bovine thymus has been compared to bovine serum Fraction C and found to be similar with regard to effects on phytohemagglutinin-induced blast cell transformation, on synthetic events in stimulated cells, and on the generation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Fraction C does not prevent blast cell transformation, and is still capable of profound anti-proliferative effects as measured by DNA synthetic rates when added to lymphocytes already stimulated for 24 hr with PHA. RNA synthesis, on the other hand, is quantitatively normal, while protein and membrane phospholipid synthetic rates can be normal or depressed. Furthermore, the generation of MIF by peritoneal exudate cells of tuberculin-sensitized guinea pigs in the presence of antigen is not blocked by large doses of Fraction C. It is concluded that this partially purified natural globulin exerts its modulating effect on immune responses by preventing new DNA synthesis in the stimulated cell and not by blocking the early recognition or response to antigen.
Alternative translation initiation site in the DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus.

Abstract Polyprotein processing studies of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a group of mouse picornaviruses, demonstrated synthesis of a protein we have called l during in vitro translations from the RNA of DA, a demyelinating strain of TMEV, but not GDVII, an acute neurovirulent strain. We have proposed that l is synthesized from an alternative initiation site in the DA leader (L) coding area out of phase with the polyprotein reading frame (R. P. Roos, W.-P. Kong, B. L. Semler, J. Virol. 63:5344-5353, 1989). We now provide support for this proposal from experiments involving in vitro translation of three separate mutations of an infectious DA cDNA clone: DA"l"-1, which contains a base mismatch at the putative initiation codon of l, DAL-1, which contains a base mismatch at the presumed authentic initiation site of L at the beginning of the polyprotein; and DAL:NheI, which contains nucleotides coding for a four-amino-acid insertion in the L coding area with a termination codon in the l reading frame. Our results demonstrate that the DA strain uses an alternative initiation site and reading frame to in vitro synthesize l. l may have a role in the biological activity of the virus.
Individualizing Self-Instruction for Adults with Developmental Disabilities: Intensifying Its Occurrence Produces Generalized Compliance with SI

Two adults with developmental disabilities were taught task-analytic self-instructive skills for a sorting task requiring the discrimination of what two pictures had in common. They were taught the prerequisites: (1) naming all the two elements of all the pictures they would sort; (2) sorting pictures according to experimenter instructions; and (3) saying what pairs of pictures had in common. This training was quickly mastered, but proved insufficient for correct performance of the subsequent criterion sorting task requiring an in-common discrimination. The in-common discrimination required to look at pairs of pictures with one element in common, be told for each pair, “Put the in-commons here and the others there,” and then be handed a series of relevant pictures to sort. Failure at that task was remediated by evoking a task-analytic self-instruction (SI), “What do they have in common?” The first time the experimenter stopped asking that question, the participants did not say anything relevant and did not sort correctly; when the experimenter resumed the questioning, self-instructive answers and correct sorting were recovered immediately. That remained true just long enough to show that the participants' correct sorting depended on having a relevant SI evoked by the experimenter. Thereafter, the participants sorted most problems correctly whether the experimenter asked the question or not; the participants typically said before sorting, and without experimenter prompts or questions, what the particular pair presented to them had in common. That typically correct performance was then tested with new problems. Generalization was perfect in one participant. The other participant stated a correct SI before sorting but did not comply with it consistently and sorted imperfectly. This noncompliance with SI was remediated by telling the participant to say for each picture why it was placed where it was, which produced correct sorts in compliance with SI. Correct performance deteriorated when told to stop this intensive SI, and recovered when told to reintensify SI for each picture.
Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers for Inertial Fusion Energy

We have begun building the “Mercury” laser system as the first in a series of new generation diode-pumped solid-state lasers for inertial fusion research. Mercury will integrate three key technologies: diodes, crystals, and gas cooling, within a unique laser architecture that is scalable to kilojoule and megajoule energy levels for fusion energy applications. The primary near-term performance goals include 10% electrical efficiencies at 10 Hz and 100J with a 2–10 ns pulse length at 1.047 μm wavelength. When completed, Mercury will allow rep-rated target experiments with multiple chambers for high energy density physics research.
Welfare Programs and Donor-Recipient Adjustments

Recent discussions of in-kind contributions versus money transfers in welfare programs provide the point of departure for this article. Using a two-person model where utility interdependencies exist, a donor-recipient interaction process is described. The conditions under which donor-desired consumption might be elicited from the recipient are also presented. Through the use of the model, potential donor-recipient adjustments are identified which might frustrate the intent of in-kind welfare programs.
A method for thermo-mechanical analysis of steady state dynamic crack growth

Cracks propagating at high speeds in metals generate heat at their tips which cannot be conducted away in the very short time span of crack growth. The effect of heating on the crack tip stress fields and on dynamic fracture toughness is analyzed using a method based on the theory of generalized analytic functions. In this method all deviations from a linear elastic, homogeneous strain field are represented as fictitious body forces, allowing one to model inelastic and thermal effects. Numerical computations of the crack tip stress and strain fields are performed assuming steady-state, plane stress, mode-I dynamic crack growth with a fixed crack tip temperature field, but with temperature and strain rate sensitive mechanical properties. The relationship between dynamic stress intensity factor and crack velocity has been determined using competing ductile and brittle fracture criteria. A careful analysis of the trailing wake has been performed to study its effect on the crack tip stress field.
Describing the severity of mottling in a community: a different approach

Dean's community mottling index, though a useful summary measure, suffers from the use of arbitrary scores and the inability to describe the frequency in each of the levels of mottling. An alternative statistical approach, based on the proportional odds model, is used here to describe the severity of mottling in a community. The use of this model is demonstrated on prevalence data collected on 16 Texas communities.