cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successful Data Mining Methods for NLP

Historically Natural Language Processing (NLP) focuses on unstructured data (speech and text) understanding while Data Mining (DM) mainly focuses on massive, structured or semi-structured datasets. The general research directions of these two fields also have followed different philosophies and principles. For example, NLP aims at deep understanding of individual words, phrases and sentences (“micro-level”), whereas DM aims to conduct a high-level understanding, discovery and synthesis of the most salient information from a large set of documents when working on text data (“macro-level”). But they share the same goal of distilling knowledge from data. In the past five years, these two areas have had intensive interactions and thus mutually enhanced each other through many successful text mining tasks. This positive progress mainly benefits from some innovative intermediate representations such as “heterogeneous information networks” [Han et al., 2010, Sun et al., 2012b]. However, successful collaborations between any two fields require substantial mutual understanding, patience and passion among researchers. Similar to the applications of machine learning techniques in NLP, there is usually a gap of at least several years between the creation of a new DM approach and its first successful application in NLP. More importantly, many DM approaches such as gSpan [Yan and Han, 2002] and RankClus [Sun et al., 2009a] have demonstrated their power on structured data. But they remain relatively unknown in the NLP community, even though there are many obvious potential applications. On the other hand, compared to DM, the NLP community has paid more attention to developing large-scale data annotations, resources, shared tasks which cover a wide range of multiple genres and multiple domains. NLP can also provide the basic building blocks for many DM tasks such as text cube construction [Tao et al., 2014]. Therefore in many scenarios, for the same approach the NLP experiment setting is often much closer to real-world applications than its DM counterpart. We would like to share the experiences and lessons from our extensive inter-disciplinary collaborations in the past five years. The primary goal of this tutorial is to bridge the knowledge gap between these two fields and speed up the transition process. We will introduce two types of DM methods: (1). those state-of-the-art DM methods that have already been proven effective for NLP; and (2). some newly developed DM methods that we believe will fit into some specific NLP problems. In addition, we aim to suggest some new research directions in order to better marry these two areas and lead to more fruitful outcomes. The tutorial will thus be useful for researchers from both communities. We will try to provide a concise roadmap of recent perspectives and results, as well as point to the related DM software and resources, and NLP data sets that are available to both research communities.
Stimulation of intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV by lipid is independent of capsaicin-sensitive afferent signals

We tested the hypothesis that stimulation of synthesis and secretion of intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) by intestinally infused lipid is mediated by capsaicin-sensitive afferent signals. Vehicle or capsaicin (125 mg/kg) was systemically administered to rats; then the effects of intestinal infusion of lipid emulsions on lymph lipid and apo A-IV transport were determined in rats equipped with duodenal infusion cannulas and mesenteric lymph fistulas. Capsaicin treatment did not significantly affect lymph outputs of triglyceride, phospholipid, and apo A-IV during duodenal infusion of triglyceride emulsion. In separate studies the effect of capsaicin treatment on ileal lipid-elicited stimulation of intestinal mucosal apo A-IV synthesis was also examined. Ileal lipid infusion increased apo A-IV synthesis in distal ileum, proximal jejunum, and jejunal Thirty-Vella fistulas; this finding was unaffected by capsaicin pretreatment. However, capsaicin treatment significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of duodenal acid and fat on gastric emptying. These results do not support a role for capsaicin-sensitive, sensory afferent nerves in the stimulation of intestinal apo A-IV by dietary lipid.
Modeling and Optimization of Magnesiothermically formed Porous Silicon in Silicon on insulator Microresonator Sensors

We develop a model for silicon-on-insulator microresonators with magnesiothermically-formed porous silicon cladding possessing three-dimensional interconnected pores. Investigation of waveguide design and geometrical parameters indicates an optimized areal mass sensitivity of ~ 0.2 pm/(pg/mm2).
The hypnotic constituent of Stipa vaseyi, sleepy grass.

Der ausStipa vaseyi isolierte wirksame Bestandteil (depressive Wirkung auf das Zentralnervensystem von Tieren) wurde chemisch und pharmakologisch als Diacetonalkohol identifiziert.
The relation between type of renal disease and renal drug clearance in children.

It is generally assumed that the renal clearance of drugs in patients with renal impairment are affected to a similar extent regardless of the type of renal disease (intact nephron hypothesis). We have studied the effect of underlying renal disease on the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in two groups of children (ages 7 to 16 y) with varying degrees of renal dysfunction. Patients in group 1 (n=5) had intrinsic renal disease and those in group 2 (n=5) had extrinsic renal disease, as identified by the primary renal lesion. After a single intravenous dose of cefotaxime timed blood and urine samples were collected for 24 h; cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime were measured by HPLC. There were no significant differences between the groups in age, body surface area, urine output, creatinine clearance, total body clearance, nonrenal clearance, renal clearance, and volume of distribution at steady state of cefotaxime, and renal clearance of desacetylcefotaxime. However, the renal clearance: creatinine clearance (CLR:CLCR) ratios for both cefotaxime [1.34 in group 1 vs. 0.51 in group 2] and desacetylcefotaxime [1.58 in group 1 vs. 0.75 in group 2] were statistically significant between the two groups. Group 1 patients had an average CLR:CLCR ratio greater than 1 for both the parent compound and the metabolite, suggesting that net tubular secretion was still intact, despite a diminished glomerular filtration rate (CLCR=24 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2). In contrast, patients in group 2 (CLCR=49) ml·min−1·1.73 m−2) had an average CLR:CLCR ratio less than 1 for both cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime, suggesting that renal tubular transport mechanisms did not remain functional in these patients. Our findings suggest that the effect of renal insufficiency on the renal elimination of cefotaxime and its metabolite desacetylcefotaxime may depend on the cause of renal insufficiency.
Uric acid excretion predicts increased aggression in urban adolescents

Elevated levels of uric acid have been linked with impulsive and disinhibited behavior in clinical and community populations of adults, but no studies have examined uric acid in relation to adolescent aggression. This study examined the prospective role of uric acid in aggressive behavior among urban, low income adolescents, and whether this relationship varies by gender. A total of 84 adolescents (M age 13.36years; 50% male; 95% African American) self-reported on their physical aggression at baseline and 1.5years later. At baseline, the youth also completed a 12-h (overnight) urine collection at home which was used to measure uric acid excretion. After adjusting for baseline aggression and age, greater uric acid excretion predicted more frequent aggressive behavior at follow up, with no significant gender differences. The results suggest that lowering uric acid levels may help reduce youth aggression.
The effect of phosphine in syngas on Ni-YSZ anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract The Ni–YSZ cermet anode of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has excellent electrochemical performance in a clean blended synthetic coal syngas mixture. However, chloride, one of the major contaminants existing in coal-derived syngas, may poison the Ni–YSZ cermet and cause degradation in cell performance. Both hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine (Cl2) have been reported to attack the Ni in the anode when using electrolyte-supported SOFCs. In this paper, a commercial anode-supported SOFC was exposed to syngas with a concentration of 100 ppm HCl under a constant current load at 800 °C for 300 h and 850 °C for 100 h. The cell performance was evaluated periodically using electrochemical methods. A unique feature of this experiment is that the active central part of the anode was exposed directly to the fuel without an intervening current collector. Post-mortem analyses of the SOFC anode were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the 100 ppm concentration of HCl causes about 3% loss of performance for the Ni–YSZ anode-supported cell during the 400 h test. Permanent changes were noted in the surface microstructure of the nickel particles in the cell anode.
Fatal air embolism; a report of two cases, including a case of paradoxical air embolism.

Abstract Included is a report of 2 cases of fatal venous air embolism following the entrance of air into the venous system via uterine vessels. One case is further complicated by the manifestations of paradoxical air embolism with crepitation in areas of ecchymoses.
'Maximizing Shareholder Value': A Theory Run Amok

The doctrine of Maximizing Shareholder Value (MSV) has been largely viewed as a definitive tool for measuring the performance of the executives of public corporations. Countless business students have been taught that, the sole goal of the firm is MSV, despite the fact that, Jack Welch called this goal the “dumbest idea in the world”. This paper reviews the literature and examines the evolution of this corporate mantra and exposes its potentially disastrous effects on shareholders, employees, customers and the nation. It concludes that, the construct of MSV is a decoy for pursuing higher share price and contends that, corporate profit-making and corporate social responsibility are not incompatible goals. Thus, it proposes that corporations should stop promoting this doctrine as a sacred objective of management and that business schools should discontinue teaching it as the optimum measure of management performance.
Quantitative immunocytochemical analysis of Mn SOD in alveolar type II cells of the hyperoxic rat

We have analyzed the magnitude and uniformity of the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) protein in alveolar type II cells of rats exposed to hyperoxia using quantitative colloidal gold immunocytochemistry and morphometric techniques. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed continuously to normal air or to 85% oxygen for 7 and 14 days. The lungs were fixed by intratracheal instillation of a paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative. Lung samples were dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in LR-White. Thin sections for electron microscopy were labeled with anti-rat Mn SOD rabbit antiserum followed by protein-A gold. The labeling density (gold particles/micron 2) over subcellular compartments was determined, and relative organelle volumes were measured using a random point overlay. The results confirm that alveolar type II cells are a locus of Mn SOD response in the lungs of hyperoxic rats and contribute to this response through a combination of changes: an increase of Mn SOD concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, an increase of mitochondrial volume per cell, and type II cell hyperplasia.
Guided Vehicle Technology: From Automated to Autonomous

Guided Vehicles have gone through a period of immense popularity and have suffered the attendent mis-application. Currently this technology is maturing, with a higher percentage of installations being successful. The future promise seems to be in increasing the flexibility of the AGV system, possibly through greater autonomy
Affective Disorders in Infantile Spasms

Facial expression of affect in 28 children with intractable infantile spasms was studied longitudinally for 1.8 years after epilepsy surgery, at the Department of Psychiatry, Mental Retardation Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles.
CLIP Tool Kit (CTK): a flexible and robust pipeline to analyze CLIP sequencing data

Summary UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP), followed by high-throughput sequencing, is a powerful biochemical assay that maps in vivo protein-RNA interactions on a genome-wide scale. The CLIP Tool Kit (CTK) aims at providing a set of tools for flexible, streamlined and comprehensive CLIP data analysis. This software package extends the scope of our original CIMS package. Availability and implementation The software is implemented in Perl. The source code and detailed documentation are available at http://zhanglab.c2b2.columbia.edu/index.php/CTK . Contact cz2294@columbia.edu.
Perioperative Management of Older Women in Urogynecologic Surgery

Preoperative measurements of frailty and mobility predict surgical outcomes in older patients better than measurements of medical comorbidities or American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status alone. The purpose of this review is to summarize updated evidence for optimal preoperative assessment, perioperative management, and postoperative care for elective gynecologic surgery in older women. Two joint best-practice guideline statements from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) and the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) focus on preoperative (2012) and perioperative care (2016) of the geriatric patient. Preoperative identification of frailty, cognitive impairment, and functional disability in older women may be an important way to improve outcomes. Preoperative identification has the potential to allow surgeons to better counsel patients about unique postoperative risks, tailor the aggressiveness of the surgical approach, and facilitate shared decision-making. Finally, preoperative identification can help identify patients who need extra support at hospital discharge with transitions of care. Future research is necessary to assess the impact of preoperative geriatric screening for frailty, cognitive impairment, and mobility disorders with treatment success and postoperative outcomes in older women undergoing surgical correction of pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) and other elective gynecologic procedures.
Are rupture-repair episodes related to outcome in the treatment of trauma-exposed World Trade Center responders?

Objective This study aimed to examine rupture–repair (R–R) episodes in a sample of adult World Trade Center responders (N = 32) who engaged in integrative psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an outpatient clinic. Method Participants rated therapeutic alliance after each session, and presence of R–R episodes was calculated throughout the course of treatment. We predicted that patients who experienced R–R episodes would have significantly better treatment outcomes than those who did not. Results ANCOVA analyses indicated that the presence or absence of R–R episodes was not meaningfully related to treatment outcome, with the exception of the Goals & Task domain of alliance, which was meaningfully related to improved outcome. Conclusions Attending to disagreements regarding treatment Goals & Task may be uniquely important for individuals with PTSD.
Abstract 17366: Intraoperative Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation During Left Ventricular Assist Device Implant in Patients With Medically Refractory Ventricular Tachycardia

Introduction: Patients with advanced heart failure proceeding to LVAD implant require a multidisciplinary approach to their care. These patients often require multimodal therapies for control of th...
Schritt 5: Das richtige Team finden

Wir haben das Problem identifiziert. Wir haben unser professionelles Bauchgefuhl befragt und es sagt uns, dass das eine ganz schon komplexe Aufgabe ist. Wir haben schmerzlich, unter dem Einfluss des Immunapparats unseres sozialen Systems, in der Organisation reflektiert, dass wir andere Praktiken zur Losung des Problems brauchen.
World Crisis and Underdevelopment: A Critical Theory of Poverty, Agency, and Coercion

World Crisis and Underdevelopment examines the impact of poverty and other global crises in generating forms of structural coercion that cause agential and societal underdevelopment. It draws from discourse ethics and recognition theory in criticizing injustices and pathologies associated with underdevelopment. Its scope is comprehensive, encompassing discussions about development science, philosophical anthropology, global migration, global capitalism and economic markets, human rights, international legal institutions, democratic politics and legitimation, world religions and secularization, and moral philosophy in its many varieties.
Elastic wave manipulation by using a phase-controlling meta-layer

In this work, a high pass meta-layer for elastic waves is proposed. An elastic phase-controlling meta-layer is theoretically realized using parallel and periodically arranged metamaterial sections based on the generalized Snell's law. The elastic meta-layer is composed of periodically repeated supercells, in which the frequency dependent elastic properties of the metamaterial are used to control a phase gradient at the interface between the meta-layer and conventional medium. It is analytically and numerically demonstrated that with a normal incident longitudinal wave, the wave propagation characteristics can be directly manipulated by the periodic length of the meta-layer element at the sub-wavelength scale. It is found that propagation of the incident wave through the interface is dependent on whether the working wavelength is longer or shorter than the periodic length of the meta-layer element. Specifically, a mode conversion of the P-wave to an SV-wave is investigated as the incident wave passes throu...
Fire Impacts on Ant Assemblages in California Sage Scrub

Few studies have examined impacts of fire on invertebrates in southern California ecosystems despite the fact they harbor diverse invertebrate assemblages with many narrowly endemic species. California sage scrub, an endangered ecosystem type of low-elevation areas in southern California, is increasingly threatened by altered fire regimes and type conversion to non-native grasslands often resulting from fire disturbances. The effect of fire on ant assemblages in a patch of recovering sage scrub was examined by using adjacent intact sage scrub and non-native grassland habitats as checks. While short-term effects in ant activity potentially associated with temporary changes in habitat structure and abiotic conditions were observed, ant assemblages in the burned area did not differ between summer 2013 (pre-fire) and fall 2013 (post-fire), or between spring 2013 (pre-fire) and spring 2014 (post-fire). Results indicated that either the ant assemblages recover quickly, or more likely, pre-existing ant assemblage remained and were not directly impacted by fire. Our results, combined with the few other studies that examined impacts of fire on sage scrub invertebrates, are consistent with an emerging hypothesis that ground-dwelling ant/invertebrate assemblages are little affected by direct impacts of fire in semi-arid systems and areas where fires are common.
Knowledge management enablers within an IT department

In today's competitive global economy, characterized by shorter product lifecycles, increased employee turnover and ubiquitous information technologies, an organization's ability to manage knowledge may be the only remaining source of competitive advantage (Drucker, 1995, 1999; Kogut & Zander, 1992; Nonaka, 1994; Winter, 1987). Even though a number of researchers have outlined the importance of adopting knowledge management (KM) practices and many organizations have given lip service to the term, there is still some ambiguity concerning what KM actually is (Malhotra, 2000b), and little attention has been paid to factors that enable effective KM to occur (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995). This research uses technical and human-centric approaches combined with Holsapple and Joshi's (1998, 2001) Kentucky Initiative to investigate KM within an information technology (IT) department. Based on our case study, modifications to Holsapple and Joshi's architecture of a KM episode, a model of execution of knowledge manipulation activities and a model outlining factors enabling effective KM are proposed.
Ethanol production: energy, economic, and environmental losses.

The supply of “conventional” oil is projected to peak before 2010, and its decline thereafter cannot be compensated fully by other liquid fuels (Youngquist and Duncan 2003). The United States critically needs to develop liquid fuel replacements for oil in the near future. The search for alternative liquid fuels has focused on the use of biomass.
Solubilization of Biologically Active Cell Surface Antigens

The importance of the plasma membrane in the maintenance and regulation of a cell’s physiological state, its interaction with other cells, and its antigenic individuality has been well established. In addition to acting as a protective barrier against toxic substances and regulating the intracellular ion balance, it has several functions of critical importance to cellular metabolism. Among these are the regulation of nutrient transport (Oxender, 1972), the interactions with polypeptide hormones that regulate certain intracellular events (Cuatrecasas, 1974), and a number of unique enzymatic activities (Coleman, 1973). The external surface of the plasma membrane also contains proteins that are responsible for the recognition of cells of the same type (Moscona, 1965).
Public Education and the University1

This paper summarizes briefly the historical and tenuous relationship between the public schools and the university. It presents several assumptions concerning what teacher education is and what it might become. Its central conclusion is that teacher preparation should be, foremost, concerned with the development and reinforcement of one's humanistic concerns; secondly, because the process of teaching requires a kind of pedagogical artistry that may be stifled by the drudgery of thoughtless or boring experiences, teachers should be given opportunities to explore and evaluate the basic pedagogical premises, theories, methodologies, and techniques that the literature and clinical experiences make available. That is, for example, curriculum should be studied from an historical rather than a prescriptive perspective. Lastly, basic to this preparation should be deep and continuous clinical involvement which permits the teacher to develop skills as an observer and interpreter of human behavior.
Single Molecule FRET: A Powerful Tool to Study Intrinsically Disordered Proteins.

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are often modeled using ideas from polymer physics that suggest they smoothly explore all corners of configuration space. Experimental verification of this random, dynamic behavior is difficult as random fluctuations of IDPs cannot be synchronized across an ensemble. Single molecule fluorescence (or Forster) resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is one of the few approaches that are sensitive to transient populations of sub-states within molecular ensembles. In some implementations, smFRET has sufficient time resolution to resolve transitions in IDP behaviors. Here we present experimental issues to consider when applying smFRET to study IDP configuration. We illustrate the power of applying smFRET to IDPs by discussing two cases in the literature of protein systems for which smFRET has successfully reported phosphorylation-induced modification (but not elimination) of the disordered properties that have been connected to impacts on the related biological function. The examples we discuss, PAGE4 and a disordered segment of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor, illustrate the great potential of smFRET to inform how IDP function can be regulated by controlling the detailed ensemble of disordered states within biological networks.
Laser Amplification in Strongly Magnetized Plasma

We consider backscattering of laser pulses in strongly magnetized plasma mediated by kinetic magnetohydrodynamic waves. Magnetized low-frequency (MLF) scattering, which can occur when the external magnetic field is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the laser propagation direction, provides an instability growth rate higher than Raman scattering and a frequency downshift comparable to Brillouin scattering. In addition to the high growth rate, which allows smaller plasmas, and the 0.1%--2% frequency downshift, which permits a wide range of pump sources, MLF scattering is an ideal candidate for amplification because the process supports an exceptionally large bandwidth, which particle-in-cell simulations show produces ultrashort durations. Under some conditions, MLF scattering also becomes the dominant spontaneous backscatter instability, with implications for magnetized laser-confinement experiments.
Development of an Improved Test Setup for Measuring the Resilient Modulus of Stabilized Pavement Materials

In a recent study to develop mechanistic empirical relationships for full depth reclamation (FDR) in California, it was determined that the commonly used triaxial testing setup detailed in American...
Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx

Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90% of oropharyngeal malignancies. The increase in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been attributed to the increase in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive tumors which portend more favorable outcomes when compared with carcinomas associated with chemical carcinogens. Diagnostic evaluation includes appropriate history, physical examination, imaging, and both diagnostic and interventional procedures. Therapeutic management is highly dependent on tumor stating, location, prognosis, and patient preference.
MFM and first order reversal curve (FORC) study of switching mechanism in Co25Pd75 films

Recent research on CoPd alloys with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy has suggested that they might be useful as the pinning layer in CoFeB/MgO-based perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions for various spintronic applications such as spin-torque transfer random access memory. We have previously studied the effect of seed layer and composition on the structure (by XRD, SEM, AFM, and TEM) and the performance (coercivity) of these CoPd films. These films do not switch coherently, so the coercivity is determined by the details of the switching mechanism, which was not studied in our previous paper. In the present paper, we show that information can be obtained about the switching mechanism from magnetic force microscopy (MFM) together with first order reversal curves, despite the fact that MFM can only be used at the zero field. We find that these films switch by a mechanism of domain nucleation and dendritic growth into a labyrinthine structure, after which the unreversed domains gradually shrink to small dots and then disappear.
Discovering Dyula: the reach of a lingua franca in Burkina Faso

National identities must interact with the linguistic identities of groups within state borders. Individuals are typically categorized by their first-language capabilities, and theories about ethni...
A Comparison of the Efficacy of Enema Solutions in Pediatric Emergency Department Patients.

Abstract Background Children presenting to pediatric emergency departments (EDs) are frequently given enemas for relief of constipation symptoms; there is very little literature guiding solution selection. Objective Our aim was to assess and compare the efficacy of the various enema solutions used in a pediatric ED, including the “pink lady,” a previously unreported compounded combination of docusate, magnesium citrate, mineral oil, and sodium phosphate. Methods We identified all children who received any enema over a 5-year period in an urban, quaternary care pediatric ED for inclusion in the study via electronic record review. Physician investigators retrospectively reviewed routine visit documentation to confirm the type and dosage of enema and assess comorbidities, indications, efficacy, and side effects. Subjective descriptions of output were classified as none, small, medium, or large by reviewer consensus. Results There were 768 records included. Median age was 6.2 years (interquartile range 3.3–10.3 years). Solutions used were sodium phosphate (n = 396), pink lady (n = 198), soap suds (n = 160), and other (n = 14). There was no significant difference in output by solution type (p = 0.88). Volume delivered was highest for pink lady, with no significant association between volume delivered and output (p = 0.48). Four percent of patients had side effects. Soap suds had a significantly higher rate of side effects (10.6%; p = 0.0003), primarily abdominal pain. Conclusions There was no significant difference in reported stool output produced by sodium phosphate, soap suds, and pink lady enemas in children treated in an ED. Further study via randomized controlled trials would be beneficial in guiding selection of enema solution.
Another Progressive's Dilemma: Immigration, the Radical Right & Threats to Gender Equality

Immigration and the diversity it brings have led to the emergence of the “progressive's dilemma” whereby open societies that take in immigrant outsiders may find it difficult to maintain the solida...
Vasily Grossman and Anatoly Rybakov: Soviet Sources of Historical Memory of the Holocaust

The Holocaust began in the Soviet Union, almost immediately after Operation Barbarossa commenced. Awareness of the Holocaust emerged as the Red Army pushed West after the victory at Stalingrad. Vasilii Grossman, a reporter for Krasnaia zvezda, the Red Army newspaper, made some of the first and most important contributions to that awareness abroad. This chapter pairs Grossman with another Soviet novelist of the war, Anatolii Rybakov, also Jewish, who lost family members under German occupation. Best known for his Arbat trilogy, Rybakov wrote Heavy Sand, a novel devoted to the fate of Russian Jews in German-occupied territory. This chapter addresses issues of textual representation in the country where the mass slaughter of the Holocaust first occurred, explaining why publication of these works was so long delayed and why they appeared when they did.
Sleep and Women's Health: Sex- and Age-Specific Contributors to Alcohol Use Disorders.

Prior research on alcohol use disorder (AUD) has focused primarily on men, but psycho-social-cultural changes have led to more women drinking or binge drinking, thus highlighting sex differences ob...
Prostate specific antigen testing as disease surveillance and monitoring five years after definitive therapy for localized prostate cancer.

e17602Background: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network, in 2007, recommends prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing every 6-12 months for the first 5 years following definitive treatment for l...
Origins Space Telescope integration and testing

I describe the plans, flows, key facilities, test beds, pathfinders, simulators, and ground support equipment that could be used to fully integrate, functionally test, and qualify the Origins Space Telescope (Origins). The Origins observatory consists of the spacecraft bus module and the cryogenic payload module, which comprises the telescope and three science instruments. The telescope is a three-mirror anastigmat and is composed of four mirrors: three with optical power (the elliptical primary, hyperbolic secondary, and elliptical tertiary mirrors) and a flat field-steering mirror. The three science instruments spanning the wavelength range 2.8 to 588 μm provide the powerful new spectroscopic and imaging capabilities required to achieve the scientific objectives. The Origins Survey Spectrometer uses six gratings in parallel to take multibeam spectra simultaneously across the 25- to 588-μm window through long slits enabling deep three-dimensional extragalactic surveys. The far-IR imager/polarimeter provides imaging and polarimetric measurement capabilities at 50 and 250 μm. Its fast mapping enables rapid follow-up of transient or variable sources and efficient monitoring campaigns. The mid-infrared spectrometer simultaneously provides spectroscopy over 2.8 to 20 μm with exquisite stability and precision (<5 ppm between 2.8 and 10 μm, <20 ppm between 11 to 20 μm). All the instruments are delivered for integration and test fully qualified and calibrated. The integration and test program implemented at each level of assembly is discussed as well as the separation of thermal vacuum testing between the hot and cold zones of the observatory.
Hearing Outcomes for an Underwater Endoscopic Technique for Transmastoid Repair of Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence.

Objectives To compare hearing outcomes between traditional microsurgical transmastoid repairs and underwater, endoscopic transmastoid repairs of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS). Methods A retrospective review of 14 patients undergoing transmastoid repair of SCDS between 2013 and 2017. Preoperative, immediate (7-10 d) postoperative, and long-term (>6 wk) postoperative speech discrimination scores, pure-tone averages, as well as pure-tone air conduction and bone conduction thresholds were obtained at 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz, and 8000 Hz. Hearing threshold changes were all calculated as preoperative thresholds subtracted from postoperative threshold at each frequency. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were conducted to assess changes in postoperative hearing thresholds at both the immediate and long-term postoperative period between those undergoing the traditional transmastoid technique and the underwater, endoscopic transmastoid technique. Results Our results demonstrate patients who underwent underwater transmastoid repairs had significantly less increase in their high-frequency bone conduction thresholds at both time periods, indicating less sensorineural hearing loss, compared to the traditional microscopic repair (p = 0.02 [effect size, r = 0.4], p = 0.006 [r = 0.6]). At long-term follow-up, there was also significantly improved pure-tone averages in the patients in the underwater repair cohort compared to the traditional group (p = 0.004 [r = 0.6]). There were no differences in air-bone gaps at any frequency or any time period between the two cohorts. Conclusions Preliminary findings show that the underwater endoscopic technique may prevent sensorineural hearing loss during transmastoid repair of SCDS.
Noseband sensor validation and behavioural indicators for assessing beef cattle grazing on extensive pastures

Abstract Advances in on-animal sensor technologies to monitor location and activity have enhanced the ability to study foraging decisions of free-ranging herbivores. Sensors monitoring jaw movements that quantify ingestive behaviours, such as the RumiWatch (RW) noseband sensor system, have primarily been used in indoor animal housing systems or structurally homogeneous, small pasture (paddock) environments. Continuously monitoring these ingestive behaviours in extensive and heterogeneous rangelands has not been previously conducted. We evaluated the accuracy of the RW noseband sensor system for two grazing seasons in 130-ha pastures (paddocks) composed of native, mixed-species plant communities in a semiarid environment. The noseband sensor was used to compare ingestive behavior at different sites and seasons characterized by varying sward complexity, stocking rate, and levels of forage limitation. We evaluated the noseband sensor against direct visual observations of yearling steers grazing with two different validation studies. First, the time duration of grazing recorded by the sensor was compared to direct visual observation data (Validation Study 1). A high correlation (rs = 0.95) for hourly grazing time resulted between the RW system and visual observations. Second, we examined the ability of the RW system to measure prehension bite rates in distinct plant communities varying in height and leaf angle (Validation Study 2). The accordance between direct observation and measurement by the RW system for bite rate improved from 2019 (Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) = 0.71) to 2020 (CCC = 0.80) after modifications to improve the fit of the halter supporting the noseband sensor. Correlations between the sensor and visual observations increased by ∼17 % with this modification for grazing bouts in mixed-species and midgrass-dominated swards; correlations remained ∼10 % lower in shortgrass-dominated swards. Our results show that the RW system is an effective tool for monitoring free-ranging cattle grazing activity and quantifying bite rates in a heterogeneous rangeland ecosystem. Bite rate measurements are more accurate in swards with vertically oriented stems and leaves compared to lawn-like prostrate swards. Grazing bout length and rumination chew rate may represent behavioral indicators employed in managing animal performance in semiarid rangelands. Our validation study and experimental investigation indicate that the RW noseband sensor is a useful animal-borne sensor technology for research demanding sustained ingestion measurements across mixed-species forage communities.
Enterprise Modeling Using Metagraphs

Abstract We present a new mathematical structure, called a metagraph, which extends the notion of graphs and hypergraphs in ways that appear useful in enterprise modeling for decision support systems. We begin by examining the use of graphs and hypergraphs in this area. We then introduce metagraphs, and describe enterprise modeling in terms of the construction and manipulation of metagraphs. We demonstrate that metagraphs provide certain capabilities not found in graphs and hypergraphs, and that graphs and hypergraphs are special cases of metagraphs. Finally, we demonstrate that metagraphs provide a comprehensive framework for viewing problems in information management.
Setting the New Standard with Mobile Computing in Online Learning

Mobile learning represents exciting new frontiers in education and pedagogy. With the features of 'wearable' computing and multimedia content delivery via mobile technologies, mobile learning becomes feasible and offers new benefits to instructors and learners. How do mobile technologies influence our teaching and learning in traditional education? What are the possibilities for mLearning in the various disciplines, such as history or English studies? To illustrate these possibilities, this paper presents an application that combines an innovative learning model for mobile learning with an established literature class. This ongoing study focuses on student learning outcomes relative to the benefits and challenges of using mobile technologies in a traditional classroom and online learning settings.
DOMINANT GROUP ETHNIC IDENTITY IN THE UNITED STATES: The Role of "Hidden" Ethnicity in Intergroup Relations

This article explores several issues pertaining to the nature of dominant group ethnicity in the United States. Dominant group ethnic identity tends to be less visible and less salient as a result ...
Sunlight-induced bark formation in long-lived South American columnar cacti

Abstract Previous research has shown that sunlight-induced bark formation (epidermal browning) on vertical surfaces of tall, long-lived columnar cactus species leads to premature death of entire plants. The bark cambium that produces bark for cactus species has been shown to involve proliferation of epidermal cells only. The purpose of this research was to understand (1) the characteristics of cuticles, epidermal and hypodermal cells, (2) the process of sunlight-induced bark formation, and (3) changes in hypodermal cells during the bark formation process for many species of long-lived, columnar cacti from South America. A wide diversity of epidermal and hypodermal cells occurred among the species studied. Epidermal depths ranged from 8.7 to 49.7 μm and involved one to several epidermal cells while the thickness of hypodermal cell layers ranged from 42.7 to 661 μm among the species studied. During bark cambium formation, each epidermal cell underwent at least one anticlinal cell division prior to numerous periclinal cell divisions since lengths of initially produced bark cambium cells were half the lengths of uninjured epidermal cells. Some cactus species exhibited hypodermal cell injuries during bark formation. This study reports: (1) quantitative measurements of cuticles, epidermal and hypodermal layers, (2) the presence of anticlinal cell divisions of epidermal cells to produce the bark cambium, and (3) the destruction of hypodermal cells during bark formation for columnar cactus species of South America. Possibly these results are specific for sunlight-induced bark formation for cactus species while other types of injuries may result in bark production by other means.
Some unchanging values of pediatric education during a time of changing technology and practice.

A few of the opportunities and difficulties of educating pediatric residents in a particular community-based setting, the managed care organization, are discussed in this article. Some of these organizations have deliberately recruited corporate employees with young families, offering relatively complete coverage. Quality problems remain, however. Children may benefit, because managed care arrangements may reduce overdiagnosis and overtreatment, but children may also be deprived, particularly in Medicaid managed care programs, of needed, appropriate care. Pediatric faculties must be confident about the quality of care, the quality of teaching, and the opportunity for residents to develop interpersonal skills before residents are placed in managed care settings. First, however, important, broader aspects of contemporary pediatric education are discussed. These essentials of contemporary pediatric education apply in any setting, community based or not, and not only to physicians in training, but to those who are delivering ongoing care as well. A case study illustrates the impact of technologic advances on medical diagnosis and management. Such advances may lead to the chance for better outcomes but also to confusion, including misperceptions about disease prevalence, the natural history of disease, and therapeutic effectiveness. To meet patient needs and to provide a medically educated physician, the understanding of biology and disease that grows out of scientific advances must be balanced with the illness-related functions of the physician. Two approaches to this goal are suggested : (1) the epidemiologic and demographic anatomy of the health of populations and the socioeconomic kinetics of our society and its diverse value systems relevant to health care should be deliberately structured into all phases of medical education ; and (2) the sites of the educational process should be diversified so that residents are placed, perhaps as much as half the time, in those settings in which most patients interact with physicians.
γ‐interferon treatment inhibits collagen deposition in murine schistosomiasis

Since interferons have been shown to affect the synthesis of matrix proteins such as collagen in several in vitro systems, the potential role of gamma-interferon in inhibiting hepatic fibrosis was investigated. Hepatic cells, consisting primarily of hepatocytes, were treated with recombinant gamma-interferon for 24 hr. Northern blot hybridization showed that gamma-interferon treatment caused a profound decrease in pro-alpha 2(I)collagen mRNA levels but an increase in beta-actin mRNA content. The effects of gamma-interferon were then studied in an in vivo model of hepatic fibrogenesis, murine schistosomiasis. Schistosoma-infected mice were treated with daily i.m. injections of gamma-interferon for a 4-week period starting 4 weeks after the initial infection. gamma-Interferon treatment decreased collagen deposition as determined by histologic evaluation and measurement of total liver collagen content. Northern blots showed Types I and III procollagen mRNA levels for treated, infected animals to be only 32 and 29% that of infected controls, but beta-actin mRNA levels were significantly elevated. These results indicate a potential role for gamma-interferon as an antifibrogenic agent in vivo.
The power of numbers: transforming birth through collaborations.

Collaborative efforts and coalitions have replaced exclusivity as birth organizations and individuals unite to humanize birth and provide women with transparency of information about maternity care providers and facilities and about access to the midwifery model of care. The Coalition for Improving Maternity Services and the upcoming 2010 “Mega Conference” to jointly celebrate the 50th anniversaries of Lamaze International and the International Childbirth Education Association serve as excellent examples of collaborative efforts to support natural, safe, and healthy birth practices as well as women's choices in childbirth. Childbirth educators are encouraged to learn from and support national coalitions devoted to improving maternity care and to use local resources to develop their own collaborative efforts on behalf of childbearing families.
Simple SBS-Mitigating Waveforms for High-Power PPM Transmitters for Space Laser Communications

Simple waveforms with sub-pulse structure for mitigating stimulated Brillouin scattering in high-power fiber amplifiers using pulse-position-modulated data formats are presented. Experimental measurements show good agreement with theory. The impact on lasercom transmitter design is discussed.
Ionic currents of human trabecular meshwork cells from control and glaucoma subjects

Increasing evidence suggests that trabecular meshwork (TM) cells participate in the regulation of intraocular pressure by controlling the rate of filtration of the aqueous humor. Ionic conductances that regulate cell volume and shape have been suggested to play an important role in TM cell volume regulation. Here, we compared ionic currents from TM cells derived from a normal subject (CTM) and from an individual affected by glaucoma (GTM). We found that while the ionic current types were similar, the current amplitudes and percentage of cells endowed with specific current at baseline were different in the two cell lines. Thus, we found that the majority of CTM cells were endowed with a swelling-activated Cl− current at baseline, whereas in the majority of GTM cells this current was not active at baseline and became activated only after perfusion with a hypotonic solution. An inward rectifier K+ current was also more prevalent in CTM than in GTM cells. Our work suggests that disregulation of one or more of these ionic currents may be at the basis of TM cell participation in the development of glaucoma.