cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential of earthworm burrows to transmit injected animal wastes to tile drains.

Subsurface injection of animal manure is a best management practice (BMP) that reduces odors and promotes efficient nutrient usage. In tile-drained fields, however, injected wastes have been observed emerging from tile outlets shortly after application. This appears to be a particular concern in no-till fields where Lumbricus terrestris L. are often numerous. Our objective was to determine if burrows created by this earthworm species can contribute to rapid movement of injected wastes to tile drains. A turbine blower was used to force smoke into a 0.6 m-deep tile line in a no-till field and 20 burrows 0.02 to 0.5 m from the tile that emitted smoke, and 18 burrows 0.8 to 4.7 m from the tile that did not produce smoke were flagged. A Mariotte device filled with dyed water was then used to measure infiltration rate for each burrow. Afterwards, plastic replicas of the burrows were made so their proximity to the tile and geometrical properties could be determined. Average infiltration rate for smoke-emitting burrows (128 mL min -1 ) was twice that of the more distant burrows. Moreover, dyed water was observed in the tile when added to smoke-emitting burrows, but not when added to burrows that did not produce smoke. Thus, earthworm burrows in close proximity to tile lines may expedite transmission of injected wastes offsite. Movement of injected wastes to tiles via earthworm burrows and other preferential flow paths may be reduced by using precision farming to avoid waste application near tile lines or by modifying application procedures.
Dynamic modeling of EDG1 receptor structural changes induced by site-directed mutations

Abstract EDG1 is a member of the G protein coupled receptor family and serves as a cellular receptor responsive to phospholipids. EDG1 binds sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) with high affinity and lysophophatidic acid (LPA) with low affinity. A model has been developed, based on an experimentally based model of the structure of rhodopsin, to evaluate the features that contribute to the different binding affinities of phospholipids for EDG1. The residues predicted by the model to be important in binding have previously been reported. Twenty mutations expressed transiently in HEK293 cells were evaluated by radioligand binding assays and MAP-kinase assays of receptor activation. Seventeen of these mutations are well explained by the current model. The remaining three mutations and three additional control mutations have been modeled using molecular dynamics. Changes in the exposed surface areas of amino acids in the binding pocket reflect the changes in SPP binding observed for the modeled mutations.
Stereo-based registration of ladar and color imagery

A major problem in the creation of multi-sensor interfaces for tele-robotics is the development of method for combining various data sources into one coherent world model for examination by the operator. However, if the images acquired from different sensing modalities can be registered with LADAR range images, texture mapping can be employed for sensor integration. Presented in this paper is a novel stereo-based method for registering color and LIDAR images acquired from externally uncalibrated sensors for use in a visualization system as described above. In our approach, corresponding features are first extracted from LADAR intensity/color image pairs. Since the computation of Euclidean range using stereoscopic techniques depends on knowledge of the relative sensor orientation, a downhill simplex algorithm is iteratively applied to minimize the sum-squared-error between the stereo and LADAR range estimates of the matched points with respect to the system's relative rotation and translation parameters. Once the system's epipolar geometry has been estimated in this manner, the LADAR range data is employed to re-project the color image to the viewpoint of the scanner for use as a texture map.
Comprehensive Measures of GDP and the Unrecorded Economy

Comprehensive coverage of national accounts estimates is important; however, it is often thwarted by gaps in the recording of economic activity - the so-called unrecorded economy. This paper sets out pragmatic statistical approaches for incorporating the unrecorded economy in the national accounts. It describes sources and methods to capture the unrecorded economy and discusses specific issues that arise from the use of indirect sources and techniques. Furthermore, the paper elaborates approaches for collecting data on the unrecorded economy, particularly on economic activities of the household sector.
Consuming smoke: cigarettes in American culture. [Review of: Tate, Cassandra. Cigarette Wars: the triumph of "The Little White Slaver." Oxford University Press, 1999].

Groups that epitomize Daniel Boorstin's concept of consumption communities huddle around the entrances to public buildings throughout the United States. Boorstin described consumption communities as "affiliated less by what they believed than by what they consumed" and consisting of "people with a feeling of shared well-being, shared risks, common interests, and common concerns."1 As such, cigarette smokers form groupings as lobbyists, plaintiffs, patients, or denizens of separate dining areas solely because of consuming this product. In many ways, cigarette smoking profoundly illustrates the dynamics of consumer culture. Reeking of expense and danger, and signaling bravado, smoking survives only by capturing new loyalists as a fashion statement. Once captured, consumers may continue for the often addictive pleasures of the psychoactive fix. As quintessential consumer goods, cigarettes serve unmistakably to identify and rank their consumers. Which brands do they consume, how adroitly do they light and hold their cigarette, how carefully do they direct their smoke, how aptly do they dispose of the residues, and how determinedly do they attempt quitting? Each of these performances carries meanings linked inextricably to class, gender, age, personality types, and coolness ratings. The question arises, then, how have these meanings evolved? Cassandra Tate has explored the first half century of cigarettes' cultural evolution, beginning when the American mainstream associated cigarette smoking with rough-and-ready boys, dandies, and improper women. In this cultural climate, cigarettes became the object of a broad and impassioned Progressive Era reform movement seeking to ban them. Cigarette Wars examines the reformers and their efforts to banish cigarettes as a particularly immoral form of tobacco consumption. Tate's analysis of the transition to widespread acceptability, described in her subtitle as The Triumph of the "Little White Slaver," explores how and why, by 1930, cigarettes became a standard
SU‐FF‐T‐94: Benchmark Measurements in Heterogeneous Phantoms Under Conditions of Electronic Disequilibrium

Purpose: To perform systematic measurements of photon beam characteristics under conditions of electronic disequilibrium for the purpose of benchmarking dose algorithms. Method and Materials: Slab phantoms consisted of styrofoam (ρ=0.03g/cm3), lung‐equivalent (ρ=0.21g/cm3), and bone‐equivalent (ρ=1.7g/cm3) materials, embedded within solid water. Ion chambers with active volumes of 0.125cm3 and 0.015cm3 and EDR2 film were used to measure depth dose and off‐axis photon beam characteristics within several phantom geometries. Experiments were conducted for field sizes from 2×2 to 25×25cm, for 6 and 23MV photon beams produced from a Siemens accelerator. Results: In the styrofoam phantom, the average agreement between the two ion chambers was within 2% for both energies with maximum differences of 9% observed in the sharp dose falloff region for small field sizes due to chamber volume effects. The 0.125cm3 chamber over‐estimated dose in the sharp falloff regions within the low density heterogeneities at the smallest field sizes, due to increased volume averaging. Relative dose film measurements demonstrated sharper penumbral gradients than ion chambers. Dose reduction in the lower density phantoms was enhanced with reduced material density and field size, and increased beam energy. Depth dose calculations differed by up to 20% and 10% versus measurements in the lung phantom for the 6 and 23MV beams, respectively. These discrepancies were partly attributed to a poorer fitting beam model for 23MV photons. Calculations were on average within 4% of measurements in the bone phantom for the 6MV beam, but larger differences (∼ 12%) were found for 23MV photons, likely due to increased pair production at this energy. Point dose calculations differed from measurements in a lung/tumor phantom by 6% for 3×3cm, 6MV photons.Conclusion: Measurements under conditions of electronic disequilibrium are confounded by many factors and must be performed with utmost care for algorithmic verification at the ±2% level. Acknowledgement: NIH/NCI‐R01CA106770.
Abstract: Taking Into Account Sampling Variability of Model Selection Indices: A Parametric Bootstrap Approach.

The rankings of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) or Bayesian information criterion (BIC) are often used for nonnested model comparison. When the competing models do not include the population...
Long-term outcomes of an integrative rehabilitation program on quality of life: a follow-up study.

Abstract Objective To assess the long-term effects of an integrative rehabilitation program on the overall quality of life of individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Methods This study utilized a within-subjects, repeated measures cohort design. Twenty-three subjects diagnosed with CFS attended eight sessions of an illness-management group followed by 7 months of goal-oriented, individualized counseling that occurred once weekly for 30 min per session. Quality of life was assessed at five time points (baseline, following the group phase, following the one-on-one phase, and 4 and 12 months following program completion). Results A within-subjects repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant increases in overall quality of life for up to 1 year following program completion [ F (4, 21)=23.5, P Conclusions Definitive conclusions about program efficacy are limited by design issues. However, findings suggest that the program may have led to improvement in quality of life for up to 1 year following program completion.
The maximum concurrent flow problem

The maximum concurrent flow problem (MCFP) is a multicommodity flow problem in which every pair of entities can send and receive flow concurrently. The ratio of the flow supplied between a pair of entities to the predefined demand for that pair is called throughput and must be the same for all pairs of entities for a concurrent flow. The MCFP objective is to maximize the throughput, subject to the capacity constraints. We develop a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme for the MCFP for the case of arbitrary demands and uniform capacity. Computational results are presented. It is shown that the problem of associating costs (distances) to the edges so as to maximize the minimum-cost of routing the concurrent flow is the dual of the MCFP. A path-cut type duality theorem to expose the combinatorial structure of the MCFP is also derived. Our duality theorems are proved constructively for arbitrary demands and uniform capacity using the algorithm. Applications include packet-switched networks [1, 4, 8], and cluster analysis [16].
‘Marginal Medicine’: Targeting Comparative Effectiveness Research To Reduce Waste

Many policymakers believe that comparative effectiveness research will reduce “waste” in the U.S. health care system by providing guidance on what health care options work best for different patients. How such research will produce findings that identify waste has not been clearly elucidated. This paper presents a conceptual framework for different evidentiary categories of what we call “marginal medicine.” This framework could help clinicians, researchers, and policymakers align the results of comparative effectiveness research with efforts to identify opportunities to improve the value of health care services.
Ending the Revolving Door of Teachers Entering and Leaving the Teaching Profession

Nearly 50% of teachers leave the profession within their first five years of teaching, with many high-need districts and schools experiencing as much as a 40% turnover each year. This problem of te...
The effect of anisotropic wet etching on the surface roughness parameters and micro/nanoscale friction behavior of Si(1 0 0) surfaces

Abstract Etching processes can affect the surface roughness and hence the tribological properties of silicon surfaces. In this paper, we evaluate the surface roughness parameters and micro/nanoscale friction behavior of Si(1 0 0) surfaces etched using 8 M KOH and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution with and without isopropyl alcohol (IPA) additive. Amplitude and spatial parameters were evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and profilometry at scan sizes ranging from 1 to 500 μm. Results showed that TMAH and KOH produced comparable roughness up to 5 μm scan size and that at larger scan sizes, TMAH produced rougher surfaces than KOH. The use of IPA additive caused enhancement of sub-micron roughness features as well as a reduction in the long-range roughness of the surfaces resulting in smoother surfaces than the pure etchants. All etched surfaces exhibited pit like features with TMAH producing slightly larger pits than KOH. Surface roughness evolution spectroscopy (SRES) showed that using IPA resulted in an increase in the maximum pit size. Single asperity friction behavior correlated well with the adhesive forces for the various surfaces—KOH and TMAH showed comparable behavior and the use of IPA resulted in lower friction forces. However the use of IPA resulted in surfaces with higher real area of contact, which was responsible for higher friction forces in multiple asperity contacts on the microscale. This study demonstrates that the choice of etchants and additives affect the surface roughness and microscale friction behavior of the resulting surfaces.
Micromechanism of surface and sub-surface deformation behavior of high density polyethylene containing dispersion of nanoparticles: An electron microscopy study and indenter-substrate interaction

Abstract In recent years, the focus of our research has been to obtain insights on microscale deformation mechanisms in thermoplastic materials reinforced with micrometer-sized particles. A perspective of deformation processes occurring over different strain–strain rate regimes was obtained [Dasari, A., Misra, R.D.K., 2004. Acta Mater. 52, 1683; Nathani, H., Dasari, A., Misra, R.D.K., 2004. Acta Mater. 52, 3217; Surampudi, N.L., Pesacreta, T.C., Misra, R.D.K., 2007. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 456, 218]. The objective here is to advance our basic understanding to nanoscale deformation in polymeric systems containing dispersion of nanoparticles, considering the growing use of polymeric materials as functional materials. A Berkovich nanoindenter was used to induce surface damage using a load of 0.5–1 mN and scratch velocity of 1 μm/s. An accompanying objective is to investigate the commonality in surface deformation behavior between nano- and microscale deformation to reinforce the underlying fundamental principles governing surface deformation. An understanding of mechanics of surface deformation is accomplished via electron microscopy analysis of scratch damage at and beneath the surface in conjunction with physical and mechanical properties. The electron microscopy analysis suggests that the understanding of microscale surface deformation can be extended to nanoscale surface deformation. In the intercalated high density polyethylene–nanoclay system, the susceptibility to scratch deformation is significantly reduced because of the shift of von Mises stress from the surface to the sub-surface region, with consequent reduction in the maximum tensile stress induced by the scratch. This conclusion is derived from electron microscopy and supported by the theoretical analysis. To the best of our understanding this is the first electron microscopy study that combines micro- and nanoscale deformation response during scratching of polymer nanocomposites in terms of processes that occur at and beneath the surface.
Blockade of Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Proliferation in Baboon Aortic Explants by Interleukin-1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Is Nitric Oxide-Dependent and Nitric Oxide-Independent

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) are found in injured and atherosclerotic vessels and have been shown to influence smooth muscle cell (SMC) function in vitro. We have investig
Mechanisms of glycerol dehydration.

Dehydration of neutral and protonated glycerol was investigated using quantum mechanical calculations (CBS-QB3). Calculations on neutral glycerol show that there is a high barrier for simple 1,2-dehydration, Ea = 70.9 kcal mol-1, which is lowered to 65.2 kcal mol-1 for pericyclic 1,3-dehydration. In contrast, the barriers for dehydration of protonated glycerol are much lower. Dehydration mechanisms involving hydride transfer, pinacol rearrangement, or substitution reactions have barriers between 20 and 25 kcal mol-1. Loss of water from glycerol via substitution results in either oxirane or oxetane intermediates, which can interconvert over a low barrier. Subsequent decomposition of these intermediates proceeds via either a second dehydration step or loss of formaldehyde. The computed mechanisms for decomposition of protonated glycerol are supported by the gas-phase fragmentation of protonated glycerol observed using a triple−quadrupole mass spectrometer.
Novel star‐block polymers: Three polyisobutylene‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) arms radiating from an aromatic core

A series of novel three-arm star blocks consisting of three polyisobutylene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PIB-b-PMMA) diblocks radiating from a tricumyl core were synthesized, characterized, and tested. The synthetic strategy involved three steps: the synthesis of Cl t -tritelechelic PIB by living cationic isobutylene (IB) polymerization, the conversion of the Cl' termini to isobutyryl bromide groups, and the initiation of living radical methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization by the latter groups. The PIB and PMMA segment lengths (M n 's) could be controlled by controlling the conditions of the living cationic and radical polymerizations of IB and MMA, respectively. Core destruction analysis directly proved the postulated three-arm microarchitecture. The structures of the products were analyzed by 1 H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, and their thermal properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The presence of a low- and a high-temperature glass transition (T g,PIB ∼ - 63°C, T g,PMMA ∼ 120°C) indicated a phase-separated micromorphology. Stress/strain analysis showed a tensile strength of up to ∼ 22.9 MPa and an elongation of ∼ 200%.
d-Tyrosyl RNA: Formation, hydrolysis and utilization for protein synthesis

Abstract Highly purified tyrosyl RNA synthetases from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis (Calendar & Berg, 1966a,b,) catalyze the esterification of d -tyrosine, as well as l -tyrosine, to tRNAtyr. Although the extent of tyrosyl RNA formation is the same with either enantiomer, the Vmax value with l -tyrosine is considerably greater than with d -tyrosine; the Km values for d - and l -tyrosine do not differ from one another by more than a factor of four with either enzyme. Extracts of E. coli, yeast, rabbit reticulocytes and rat liver but not B. subtilis, contain an enzyme which rapidly hydrolyzes the ester linkage of d -tyrosyl RNA but not of l -tyrosyl RNA. This deacylase has been partially purified from E. coli and in addition to the above specificity, we find that d -phenylalanyl RNA is split at about 20% the rate of d -tyrosyl RNA, while l -amino acyl RNA's are not detectably cleaved. d -Tyrosyl adenosine is not hydrolyzed, although a d -tyrosyl oligonucleotide produced by t1 RNase digestion is readily deacylated. With ribosomes from E. coli, soluble proteins from B. subtilis and UA polymer as messenger, we have shown that d -tyrosine from d -tyrosyl RNA can be incorporated into peptide linkage. The d -tyrosine occurs in internal positions as well as in NH2- and COOH- terminal positions. This means that the protein synthetic mechanism cannot exclude the incorporation of a d -amino acid if it remains esterified to its cognate tRNA.
Chemical durability of glass containing SRP waste: leachability characteristics, protective layer formation, and repository system interactions

The Repository Systems Program at Savannah River consists of the following elements: (a) static repository tests, (b) slow flow groundwater tests, (c) dynamic leaching experiments, (d) long term leaching tests, and (e) in situ experiments. The scouting tests performed in the static repository program are summarized and a new dynamic leaching concept is introduced in this paper. Abbreviated MCC-1 static leaching tests were used in this static repository program. The tests were conducted at 90/sup 0/C for 7 days with deionized water as well as repository groundwaters as leachants. The static repository program consisted of three phases. Phase 1 of the study evaluated the leachability of SRP waste glass leached in the presence of salt, basalt, shale, granite, and tuff at three different ratios of surface areas of sample to volume of leachant (SA/V). These data were then compared to tests on similar glasses leached in the absence of rock. The second phase of this program evaluated the effects of five simulated groundwaters on the leachability of waste glass both with and without host rock present and compared these results to glass leached by deionized water. The groundwaters included many minor as well as major constituents. The third and finalmore » phase of the program evaluated waste glass leachability as a function of tests conducted in the presence of candidate canister and overpack metals, backfill mixtures, and five complete package systems. The sample matrices are given in Table 2 and the data are summarized.« less
Feasibility of observing mechanical effects of cosmological neutrinos

We reexamine mechanical effects of cosmological neutrinos, and the possibility of their detection. Classical and quantum-mechanical results are derived for the mean force on a spherical target mass due to neutrinos that are either extremely relativisitic, nonrelativistic but unclustered, or nonrelativistic and clustered; results are presented for Dirac and Majorana massive neutrinos. We find that there is no O(${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{F}}$) mean force, in agreement with earlier calculations. In addition, we demonstrate that there are fluctuating forces O(${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{F}}^{2}$), which are more important than the mean force except on sufficiently long time scales that we evaluate case by case. Thus, fluctuations may act as a source of noise for any experiment seeking to detect the small, mean force due to background neutrinos even if all other sources of noise can be eliminated. In addition, we show that the fluctuating forces on a pair of nearby targets due to background neutrinos should be correlated, and that interference effects can lead to a short-range ``shadowing force'' between targets even in a perfectly isotropic background. Finally, the rates of phonon excitation both from the ground state and for a state with nonzero preexisting excitation are computed.
Surface ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the mature human lens.

Abstract The surface ultrastructure of epithelial cells of the mature lens and their contiguous layers, the capsule and developing cortical fibers were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The cells of the concentric zones of the epithelium (central, intermediate and equatorial) display significant differences in size, shape and fine surface morphology. The three-dimensional aspects of their association with the capsule and the underlying cortical fibers are shown and discussed. The basal lamina of the capsule appears to be attached to the underlying epithelial cells along the cell borders and, in the central-intermediate zones, at various points on the cell surfaces. The developing cortical fibers show button-shaped structures and depressions on their surfaces and complex patterns of elongate cellular projections.
Ambient levels of UV-B in Hawaii combined with nutrient deficiency decrease photosynthesis in near-isogenic maize lines varying in leaf flavonoids: Flavonoids decrease photoinhibition in plants exposed to UV-B

Near-isogenic lines of maize varying in their genes for flavonoid biosynthesis were utilized to examine the effects of foliar flavonoids and nutrient deficiency on maximum net photosynthetic rate (P N) and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in response to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Plants with deficient (30 to 70 % lower N, K, Mn, Fe, and Zn) and sufficient nutrients were exposed to four irradiation regimes: (1) no UV-B with solar photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), (2) two day shift to ambient artificial UV-B, 8.2–9.5 kJ m−2 d−1 (21–25 mmol m−2 d−1); (3) continuous ambient artificial UV-B; (4) continuous solar UV-B in Hawaii 12–18 kJ m−2 d−1 (32–47 mmol m−2 d−1). The natural ratio of UVB: PAR (0.25–0.40) was maintained in the UV-B treatments. In the adequately fertilized plants, lines b and lc had higher contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins than did lines hi27 and dta. UV-B induced the accumulation of foliar flavonoids in lines hi27 and b, but not in the low flavonoid line dta or in the high flavonoid line lc. In plants grown on deficient relative to adequate nutrients, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents decreased by 30–40 and 40–50 %, respectively, and Chl a and Chl b contents decreased by 30 and 70 %, respectively. The UV-B treatments did not significantly affect P N and Fv/Fm in plants grown on sufficient nutrients, except in the low flavonoid lines dta and hi27 in which P N and Fv/Fm decreased by ∼15 %. P N, Fv/Fm, and stomatal conductance decreased markedly (20–30 %) in all lines exposed to UV-B when grown on low nutrients. The decrease in Fv/Fm was 10 % less in higher flavonoid lines b and lc. The photosynthetic apparatus of maize readily tolerated ambient UV-B in the tropics when plants were adequately fertilized. In contrast, ambient UV-B combined with nutrient deficiency significantly reduced photosynthesis in this C4 plant. Nutrient deficiency increased the susceptibility of maize to UV-B-induced photoinhibition in part by decreasing the contents of photoprotective compounds.
Observability of nonlinear systems

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the problem of observability of nonlinear systems. Two sufficient conditions of global observability of nonlinear systems are presented: (1) the ratio condition which is the generalization of Fujisawa and Kuh's (1971) ratio condition of circuit theory, (2) the strongly positive semidefinite condition. The relationships between these two conditions as well as the condition of positive definiteness of Fitts (1970) are given.
Escherichia coli inactivation by water-soluble, ozonated C60 derivative: kinetics and mechanisms.

Antibacterial and bactericidal effects of a C60 derivative prepared via excess ozonation of C60 aggregates in water were investigated using Escherichia coli as a representative microorganism. Ozonated C60 up to 10 mg/L did not cause significant growth inhibition nor inactivation of E. coli in the absence of either oxygen or light. However, it readily inactivated E. coli in the presence of both oxygen and light at much faster rate than parent C60 aggregates, suggesting involvement of photochemical generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among ROS, hydroxyl radical was found as a primary agent for the cell inactivation. Little surface protein release and concurrent intercellular enzyme degradation during the course of E. coli inactivation, along with visual evidence obtained from transmission electron microscopic analysis, collectively indicated that the mechanism of E. coli inactivation by ozonated C60 involves efficient penetration of ozonated C60 into E. coli and subsequent photochemical production ...
Network market design part I: bandwidth markets

Markets for network resources have become increasingly important. Such resources include bandwidth in wireline networks to wireless spectrum. It is clear that if the markets are not properly designed, they can function rather poorly, even leading to market failure. This then leads to suboptimal use of network resources. In this article, we present the game theoretic framework behind the market design principles for network resources. We present some of the extant work on network market mechanisms in the context of wireline networks in part I. Part II [1] relates to network market design in the context of wireless systems. We also discuss some of the key challenges for the future.
Level of experience modulates individual foraging strategies of an invasive predatory wasp

Spatiotemporal variation in access to resources modulates foraging behavior. Because flexible foraging and subsequent shifting niches can have cascading effects on food webs, it becomes critical to understand what and how information is used during foraging. Yellowjackets are efficient foragers, quickly relocating rewarding resources. Foraging context and the degree of experience were found to affect subsequent behavior and foraging success. An individual forager’s likelihood of relocation was highest for carbohydrates compared to protein and for higher-quality baits. While there was no evidence that odor marking is involved in relocation of sucrose baits, foragers did utilize visual landmarks in the context of protein scavenging. Wasps with limited experience (<4 visits) with a bait responded the most to landmark displacement. However, more experienced wasps avoided misdirection and correctly cued in on the bait. Commensurate with training, a wasp forager visited more often and improved search times at the exact resource location despite displaced landmarks. Successful wasps may detect and associate multiple cues with the training micro-site; such integration of cues could allow the wasps to return to a specific location, even when obvious cues are displaced. Thus, reinforced associative learning likely contributes substantially to foraging patterns and ultimately invasion success, with resource reliability playing a large role. This emphasizes the importance of controlling for experience when comparing foraging across treatments or studies for social wasps.
Development of Dendritic Structure in the Liquid-Metal-Cooled, Directional-Solidification Process

A single-crystal nickel-base superalloy was directionally solidified over a range of withdrawal rates to assess the benefits of using liquid-metal cooling (LMC) for small-scale castings. Cylindrical bars of 1.6-cm diameter were solidified at a rate of 3.4 mm/min using conventional (Bridgman) radiation cooling and at rates of 8.5, 12.7, and 21.2 mm/min using LMC. PROCAST modeling was used to predict dendrite arm spacings based on local thermal conditions. The LMC process exhibited higher thermal gradients and finer primary and secondary spacings of up to 50 and 70 pct, respectively, in comparison to the Bridgman process. The maximum refinement in dendritic spacings using the LMC process occurred at a withdrawal rate of 12.7 mm/min. Variability in axial and lateral dendrite spacings decreased with increasing withdrawal rate, up to the point of maximum refinement. Withdrawal rates exceeding 12.7 mm/min increased the variability in spacings and produced lateral overgrowth of the primary dendrites by secondaries and promoted formation of high-angle grain boundaries.
The Phenomenon Of The Public Wife: An Exercise In Goffman's Impression Management*

Approaching the topic of American leader-image from the perspective of politics-as-theater (political communication as exchange of symbols), this paper examines a taken-for-granted visual symbol which a national political leader is invariably expected to present: a wife. Her contributions to her husband's “impression management” techniques (Goffman, 1959) are studied in Goffman's “defensive” categories of dramaturgical loyalty, dramaturgical discipline, and dramaturgical circumspection. This analysis suggests that the visible presence of a wife in public leadership rituals offers the public voter or viewer important reassurances or symbolic guarantees about her husband's “morality”—and, therefore, his appropriateness for public trust. She has become a necessary partof his public performance because of our everyday need for “cultural absolutes” (Furay, 1977) in the image of our leadership figures.
A multidimensional assessment of the validity and utility of alcohol use disorder severity as determined by item response theory models.

Background The relative severity of the 11 DSM-IV alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria are represented by their severity threshold scores, an item response theory (IRT) model parameter inversely proportional to their prevalence. These scores can be used to create a continuous severity measure comprising the total number of criteria endorsed, each weighted by its relative severity.
Research on vaccines during pregnancy: Protocol design and assessment of safety

The Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health organized a series of conferences, entitled "Enrolling Pregnant Women in Clinical Trials of Vaccines and Therapeutics", to discuss study design and the assessment of safety in clinical trials conducted in pregnant women. A panel of experts was charged with developing guiding principles for the design of clinical trials and the assessment of safety of vaccines during pregnancy. Definitions and a grading system to evaluate local and systemic reactogenicity, adverse events, and other events associated with pregnancy and delivery were developed. The purpose of this report is to provide investigators interested in vaccine research in pregnancy with a basic set of tools to design and implement maternal immunization studies which may be conducted more efficiently using consistent definitions and grading of adverse events to allow the comparison of safety reports from different trials. These guidelines and safety assessment tools may be modified to meet the needs of each particular protocol based on evidence collected as investigators use them in clinical trials in different settings and share their findings and expertise.
An Experimental Study of Baroclinic Flows with and without Two-Wave Bottom Topography

Abstract A series of laboratory experiments was performed in a thermally-driven rotating annulus of fluid with and without two-wave bottom topography. Velocity measurements were made by illuminating a thin layer of fluid at mid-depth and photographing successive positions of tracer particles suspended in the fluid. Streamfunctions were determined from the calculated vorticity. Comparison of the rotational velocity field with the measured velocity field revealed negligible differences, indicating that the flow was horizontally quasi-nondivergent. A detailed analysis was made of one experiment with and one without topography at the same point in dimensionless parameter space. The results indicate that the effect of topography is 1) to modulate the synoptic-scale waves in both space and time, 2) to suppress the odd modes and 3) to force a “planetary” scale mode which oscillates about a climatological mean position (with high pressure centers located in this experiment approximately 22° upstream of the mounta...
Kinematic properties of the three-gear drive

Abstract When an indexing or intermittent motion mechanism is required, the three-gear drive has a number of advantages such as smooth motion, simplicity, and low cost. However, in the past, difficulties of making precise calculations have undoubtedly restricted a wider application for this device. The equations derived in this article will permit an accurate determination to be made of the rotation, angular velocity, and acceleration of the output shaft. Two worked-out numerical examples are included.
Automated sample processing at the National Ocean Sciences AMS facility

Abstract The high throughput and high precision requirements for the NOSAMS facility have made it essential to automate many of the stages in sample processing. These automated procedures increase the sample capacity for the lab while reducing errors in sample preparation. Automation has also allowed sample histories to be recorded and saved in Sybase, a relational data base.
A Cell Motility Screen Reveals Role for MARCKS-Related Protein in Adherens Junction Formation and Tumorigenesis

Invasion through the extracellular matrix (ECM) is important for wound healing, immunological responses and metastasis. We established an invasion-based cell motility screen using Boyden chambers overlaid with Matrigel to select for pro-invasive genes. By this method we identified antisense to MARCKS related protein (MRP), whose family member MARCKS is a target of miR-21, a microRNA involved in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis in multiple human cancers. We confirmed that targeted knockdown of MRP, in both EpRas mammary epithelial cells and PC3 prostate cancer cells, promoted in vitro cell migration that was blocked by trifluoperazine. Additionally, we observed increased immunofluoresence of E-cadherin, β-catenin and APC at sites of cell-cell contact in EpRas cells with MRP knockdown suggesting formation of adherens junctions. By wound healing assay we observed that reduced MRP supported collective cell migration, a type of cell movement where adherens junctions are maintained. However, destabilized adherens junctions, like those seen in EpRas cells, are frequently important for oncogenic signaling. Consequently, knockdown of MRP in EpRas caused loss of tumorigenesis in vivo, and reduced Wnt3a induced TCF reporter signaling in vitro. Together our data suggest that reducing MRP expression promotes formation of adherens junctions in EpRas cells, allowing collective cell migration, but interferes with oncogenic β-catenin signaling and tumorigenesis.
A simple thermopiezoelastic model for smart composite plates with accurate stress recovery

A Reissner–Mindlin model for analyzing laminated composite plates including piezoelectric layers under mechanical, thermal and electric loads has been constructed using the variational-asymptotic method. The present work formulates the original nonlinear, three-dimensional, one-way coupled, thermopiezoelasticity problem allowing for arbitrary deformation of the normal line and using a set of intrinsic variables defined on the reference plane. The variational-asymptotic method is used to rigorously split the three-dimensional problem into two problems: a nonlinear, two-dimensional, plate analysis over the reference plane to obtain the global deformation, and a linear analysis through the thickness to provide both the two-dimensional generalized constitutive model and recovery relations to approximate the original three-dimensional results. The obtained asymptotically correct second-order electric enthalpy is cast into the form of the commonly used Reissner–Mindlin model to account for transverse shear deformation. The present theory is implemented into the computer program VAPAS (variational-asymptotic plate and shell analysis). Results for several cases obtained from VAPAS are compared with the exact thermopiezoelasticity solutions, classical lamination theory and first-order shear–deformation theory for the purpose of demonstrating the advantages of the present theory and the use of VAPAS. The proposed theory can achieve an accuracy comparable to higher-order layerwise theories at the cost of a first-order shear–deformation theory.
Reliability test of an established pedestrian environment audit in rural settings.

Abstract Purpose. To test inter-rater reliability and internal consistency of a reduced-item version of an environmental audit tool for physical-activity resources in a rural setting. Design. A cross-sectional design. Setting. Five rural school districts in western New York. Participants. A random sample of 391 street segments (i.e., the length of a street contained within a census block.) Fifty street segments were observed a second time for a reliability analysis. Measure. The Pedestrian Environmental Data Scan (PEDS), a previously tested instrument for conducting audits of the built environment for physical-activity supports, was used. Modifications were made for use in rural settings. Analysis. Four tests of reliability (Kappa [κ]; prevalence-adjusted, bias-adjusted κ [PABAK]; percent agreement; and Spearman rho [ρ]) and one test of internal consistency (Cronbach α) were used. Results. Nineteen measures were identified for their utility in the rural setting. These measures had an average κ of .43, an ...
Pharmacy resident project publication rates and study designs from 1981, 1991, and 2001.

Purpose The publication rates and characteristics of residency projects presented at the Southeastern Residency Conference (SERC) in 1981, 1991, and 2001 are described. Methods SERC abstracts from 1981, 1991, and 2001 were searched in MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts with a time limit of six years after the conference. All potential positive publications were reviewed and validated by a second investigator. Publication rates and other secondary variables, including study design, authors’ degrees, reporting of results, time to publication, and journal of publication, were compared, with differences noted. Results A total of 272 abstracts were evaluated. Publication in a journal was achieved for 18 (20%) of 90 projects presented in 1981, 11 (16%) of 70 projects presented in 1991, and 14 (13%) of 112 projects presented in 2001. The median time to publication for all abstracts was 22.8 months. Publications rates decreased at each subsequent time period. Projects published in journals with high impact factors had a longer median time to publication compared with other projects. Abstracts that reported results were published more often than those that did not (43% versus 23%), as were those that included a physician coauthor compared with those that did not (32% versus 19%). Observational studies were the most common study designs and were most published. Conclusion Approximately 16% of pharmacy residents’ research projects presented at SERC in 1981, 1991, and 2001 were published. Projects with observational study designs were the most common study type and were the most commonly published.
SNA Networks of Small Systems

This paper discusses SNA/LEN, a possible extension of Systems Network Architecture intended to allow peer, dynamic, and easy to use networking functions for a variety of node sizes down to and including the new generation of personal computers. After reviewing the special requirements posed by small systems and the need for including them as equal partners in networks, the LEN architecture is described. This is done by following a sequence of steps that begin when a logical resource at some node that may not yet be part of the connectivity of an existing network requests a session with a remote logical resource of unknown location. After connectivity with the preexisiting network is established, directory services locates the remote object, route selection services determines the preferred path, a session is activated, and deadlock-free flow control assures a useful flow of data. Preliminary quantitative results from an LEN prototype are presented.
Uncertainty in prognostics: Computational methods and practical challenges

This paper discusses the topic of uncertainty quantification in prognostics and explains the importance of accurately estimating such uncertainty in order to aid risk-informed operational decision-making. Since prognostics deals with predicting the future behavior of engineering systems, it is impossible to accurately predict the future response, and therefore, it is necessary to compute the uncertainty associated with such prediction. This paper discusses the various sources of uncertainty that influence prognostics and explains that the problem of quantifying their combined effect on prognostics can be posed as an uncertainty propagation problem. Different types of uncertainty quantification methods - sampling methods and analytical methods - are reviewed and their applicability to prognostics is investigated. The practical challenges involved in applying these methods for online health monitoring purposes are discussed. Finally, the various concepts presented in this paper are illustrated using a numerical example.
Myths About Changing Schools and the Case of Special Education

THERE IS A POPULAR AND PERSISTENT MYTH THAT SCHOOLS SELDOM CHANGE. YET THEY DO. THE MYTH IS DUE IN PART TO HISTORICAL AMNESIA AND IN PART TO HOW CHANGE IS DEFINED. TWO TYPES OF CHANGE---INCREMENTAL AND FUNDAMENTAL---OFFER A TOOL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE KINDS OF CHANGES THAT HAVE MARKED THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND THE CHANGES THAT HAVE OCCURRED. THE MYTH ABOUT CHANGE HAS ALSO AFFECTED THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, PARTICULARLY OVER JUDGING THE SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF INNOVATIONS AND THE STANDARDS USED TO MAKE SUCH JUDGMENTS. AFTER DISCUSSING THE MYTH AND HOW TO DETERMINE SUCCESS AND FAILURE, I END BY OFFERING SUGGESTIONS TO RESEARCHERS, ADMINISTRATIONS, AND PRACTITIONERS.
Astrocytoma risk related to job exposure to electric and magnetic fields.

To investigate the association between occupational exposure to low-frequency electric and magnetic (EM) fields and risk of brain tumors, a study was performed in Los Angeles County on 272 male adults with primary intracranial gliomas or meningiomas and 272 neighborhood controls. Complete occupational histories were collected. Risk associated with employment for more than 10 years in jobs that are presumed to entail exposure to EM fields was computed for various histological groupings. A nonsignificantly elevated risk of 1.7 was found for gliomas (all types pooled: 95% confidence interval 0.7-4.4), and a nonsignificantly reduced risk of 0.3 (95% confidence interval 0.03-3.2) was found for meningiomas. For astrocytomas, which form a subtype of the gliomas, a significantly elevated risk of 10.3 (95% confidence interval 1.3-80.8) was found; a significant upward trend (P = .01) of tumor incidence with increasing length of employment was observed. Most astrocytoma patients who worked in occupations involving exposure to EM fields were electricians or electrical engineers.
A Communications System Which Prioritizes the Queues, Service Channels, and Traffic

A new priority communications protocol has been defined and analyzed. This M/M/C/K system is unique because priorities are assigned not only to the incoming traffic, but also to the queues and the service channels (which may process calls only of an equal or higher priority). This nonpreemptive priority assignment technique significantly improves the grade of service and reduces the average waiting time for high priority calls while reducing only slightly the system's utilization factor.
Packet routing on square meshes with row and column buses

General point-to-point communication among processors in the classical two-dimensional n*n square mesh architecture necessarily takes at least 2n-2 time steps. The authors investigate the problem of routing arbitrary permutations on an enhanced square mesh with separate broadcast buses along each of its rows and columns. They prove that any packet routing algorithm on this mesh takes Theta (2n/3) time steps. Further, they demonstrate a simple algorithm which, for any chosen 2/n >