cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of mainstem spawning habitats for two populations of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin.

Extensive hydroelectric development in the Columbia River system has eliminated most mainstem riverine habitat available for spawning by fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). The two remaining populations, Hanford Reach, Columbia River and Hells Canyon Reach, Snake River, are separated geographically and their status is markedly different. Annual escapements to Hanford Reach have averaged approximately 80 000 adults, while the Snake River run size has declined to <1500 adults over the past 10 years. We compared their spawning habitat characteristics over a range of measurement scales, as a means to identify strategies for rebuilding the weak Snake River population. Physical habitat characteristics of redds were similar for both study areas. Redd locations were correlated with channel characteristics, such as braiding and sinuosity. Several differences between the two spawning areas were identified at the watershed scale: the Hells Canyon Reach had a much steeper longitudinal gradient, was largely confined by bedrock, and had a more variable flow regime. These features are controlling variables that operate at the reach-scale to limit the availability and size of substrate and other conditions that influence egg deposition and incubation survival. Geomorphological characteristics of the two study sites are sufficiently different to indicate that the production potential of the Hells Canyon Reach population is markedly lower than that of the Hanford Reach population. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser sputtering. Part II. The mechanism of the sputtering of Al2O3

In an attempt to establish the mechanisms by which crystalline Al2O3is sputtered in vacuum by intense photon pulses, detailed scanning-electron-microscope studies have been made. Micrographs of specimens bombarded by pulses at 532 nm, produced by second harmonic generation from a Nd: YAG laser, suggest sputtering due to thermal-stress-induced exfoliation. Micrographs of specimens bombarded by pulses at the fourth harmonic, 266 nm, as well as excimer-laser pulses at 248 or 193 nm, are characterized by an anomalous absence of thermal or exfoliational features. Thus, at these wavelengths, in regions of uniform illumination there was no evidence of obvious melting, frozen-in capillary waves, thermal-stress-induced fracture, or exfoliation. Only in regions of extreme intensity variation were any of these found, namely melting and exfoliation. It is therefore suggested that there may be a competing electronic sputtering mechanism. The sputtering was in all cases accompanied by intense emission from excited neutral Al atoms which served as a sensitive criterion for the sputtering threshold.
Multilingual Scholars' Participation in Core/Global Academic Communities: A Literature Review.

Abstract This paper presents a review of 39 empirical studies that investigated multilingual scholars' participation in core/global academic communities through article and research publication. These studies were analyzed in terms of multilingual scholars' reasons for publishing in English, the obstacles that stand in their way of international publication, theoretical assumptions about their socialization and/or participation in core disciplinary communities, and suggested conditions for helping them contribute more to the global intellectual voice. The paper also sets out the conditions under which novice multilingual scholars (graduate students) may best be inducted into the mainstream disciplinary culture and suggests avenues for future research.
Practitioners as Decision-Makers: What and How They Teach

This issue of the Journal of Curriculum and Instruction presents four articles and a book review that focus on choices that educational practitioners make as they address various aspects of K-12 teaching in a range of classroom settings and locations in the United States and other countries. To begin, the research studies describe results of two large-scale teacher surveys that explore how practitioners allocate instructional time, what methods they use to teach content, and the effect of mandated testing on time and teaching methods. Next, the practitioners' articles provide international perspectives on the use of multimodal instruction and the determination of graphic quality in textbook selection. Finally, the reviewed book offers insights on skill-based practice that addresses a series of related questions: What makes an effective teacher? If an effective teacher applies specific skills at specific points in a lesson, can those skills be identified, studied, and taught to other teachers?
An approximate inviscid radiating flow-field analysis for sphere-cone Venusian entry vehicles

A computational method based on the earlier work of one of the authors has been improved and modified to provide an accurate and rapid prediction of the radiating flow about blunt conical probes entering the atmosphere of Venus. Special features include a more general approximate equation of state, a more rapidly converging iteration scheme, a 38-step absorption coefficient model for a Venus atmosphere gas mixture model, and a shock-shape formula which yields a computed body shape in excellent agreement with the desired body. The method was used to calculate distributions of radiative heating for a large spherically blunted conical probe vehicle (1.219 m base diameter) and for three small spherically blunted conical probe vehicles (0.724 m base diameter). Solutions obtained with the presently developed approximate method required short computing times of the order of 1 to 3 minutes for each complete solution and gave agreements of 10% to 15% with the more exact predictions.
An MRI-Driven Practice: a New Perspective on MRI for the Evaluation of Adenocarcinoma of the Head of the Pancreas

The purpose of the study was to describe the MRI-driven management of masses at the head of the pancreas. The main outcome measure was tumor resectability. A retrospective review of prospective radiographic diagnoses was undertaken. Between 2004 and 2008, we have treated 124 patients for a radiographic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. This diagnosis was correct in 96.0% of the time. MRI was 100% sensitive in determining resectability, 73.2–78.9% specific, and had an overall accuracy of 86.3–87.5%. MRI could detect venous and arterial involvement with 95% and 95.9% accuracy, respectively, and missed only six metastases. MRI is a useful tool in the preoperative imaging of pancreatic head lesions that is highly sensitive and very specific for resectable disease. Prospective trials of MRI in this setting are indicated.
Fluid damping for circular cylindrical structures

Abstract Fluid damping plays an important role for structures submerged in fluid, subjected to flow, or conveying fluid. This paper presents a summary of fluid damping for circular cylinders vibrating in stationary fluid, cross flow, and parallel flow.
Hall-petch relationships in gamma titanium aluminides

Abstract An inverse square root dependence of yield strength, tensile strength, fracture toughness and ductility on the average grain/lamellar colony size, has been demonstrated in a wide range of gamma titanium aluminides at both room and elevated temperature. The average grain/lamellar packet size, therefore, appears to be a primary microstructural parameter that controls a range of mechanical properties of gamma-based alloys. Also, no inverse relationship is observed between ductility and fracture toughness in the wide range of gamma alloys examined in this study.
Extracellular matrix controls myosin light chain phosphorylation and cell contractility through modulation of cell shape and cytoskeletal prestress

The mechanism by which vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells modulate their contractility in response to structural cues from extracellular matrix remains poorly understood. When pulmonary VSM cells w...
Studies of a photosynthetic photoelectrochemical cell using various electrodes

We have developed a photochemical cell using a combination of photosynthetic electron transport (photosystem I particles) and the photoreduction of a dye such as flavin mononucleotide (FMN) (6). The overall power conversion efficiency depends on the rate of charge transfer across the electrode surfaces in addition to the efficiency of the photosynthetic and photochemical reactions. For this reason, we studied the effect of varying the nature of the electrodes on the power developed. We found that reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes showed higher power conversion efficiencies than did nickel mesh, platinum, or SnO2 glass. There are two reasons for this. First, the ratio of actual to apparent surface area is greater for RVC electrodes than for the others. Second, FMN and its photoproducts react better with carbon than platinum electrodes. Substituting RVC electrodes for platinum increased the power conversion efficiency from 1.0 to 3.9%. Platinizing platinum, nickel mesh, or brass electrodes also increased the power developed. However, the photopotential remained stable for several hours only for the platinized platinum electrodes.
An investigation of the use of global, virtual, and colocated new product development teams

This paper presents the results of an investigation of differences between global, virtual and colocated new product development (NPD) teams. Specifically, we examined whether and how these three types of teams differed in terms of usage, challenges, and performance. A survey of PDMA members was undertaken to collect the data. Out of 103 firms participating in the survey, 54 had used or were using global teams for some of their NPD efforts. Overall, we found that the use of global teams in our respondent firms is rapidly increasing. Our respondents indicated that by the year 2001, approximately one out of every five NPD teams in their companies are likely to be global. However, our respondents also expect that their companies will be using multiple types of teams that is, global, virtual, and colocated, to develop their new products. Our findings also suggest that global teams generally face greater behavioral and project management challenges than either colocated or virtual teams. Global team performance is also lower than the performance of virtual or colocated teams. Are these challenges associated with poorer performance? In examining this question, our results suggest that greater project management challenges are associated with lower performance, for all three types of teams. Surprisingly, behavioral challenges were not associated with performance for any team type. Our results suggest that firms face different problems associated with managing each type of NPD team—global, virtual and colocated. To effectively manage each type of team may, in turn, require that companies and their managers employ different solutions to these different problems. Additionally, companies may find that the preparation they provide to their managers and team members to work in these different team environments may also need to be different. Further research is clearly needed to address these managerial implications.
When authentic experiences are “enminded” into disciplinary genres: crossing biographic and situated knowledge ☆

Abstract The goal of this article is to show how experience transcends subject-matter planning, and the paradoxical nature of planning for authentic experiences. Subject matters are defined here as disciplinary genres. They are integrated into a new framework for semiotic research into disciplinary didactics (explained in the article) as a prototype discipline. The data that serve as the basis for what the article demonstrates relate to oral communication in elementary-level learning groups (groups of 9-year-olds). An analytic model is presented which indicates the reciprocal influence of the premises for action and situated links in learning. The paper uses the data to verify how authentic experiences diverge from what has been planned. The data suggest that academic experience can only be authentic if it is organised on the basis of premises that serve as springboards for conceptual relations that are innovative and thus difficult to set criteria for.
MYOCARDIAL INJURY AFTER HYPOXIA IN IMMATURE, ADULT AND AGED RATS

We evaluated the abilities of isolated perfused hearts from immature (IM) (2.5-3 months), ADULT (11-13 months) and OLD (24-26 months) Fischer 344 rats to tolerate and recover from oxygen deprivation. Hearts were perfused at 60 mmHg for a 30-minute prehypoxic period with oxygenated buffer supplemented with 10 mM glucose (+insulin) and 2 mM acetate, then 30 minutes with substrate-free, hypoxic buffer gassed with 95% N2:5% CO2, and finally reoxygenated for an additional 45 minutes with the same buffer used during the prehypoxic period. During prehypoxia, all groups were similar in ventricular mechanical function, glycogen content, high-energy phosphates (HEP), reduced glutathione (GSH), Ca+2 content, and mitochondrial state 3 rates. At the end of the hypoxic period, glycogen levels were similar and almost completely depleted in all groups, HEP were lower (p < 0.05) in ADULT vs other groups, mitochondrial state 3 rates were decreased (24%, p < 0.05) only in ADULT, and GSH was depleted by 34% in IM vs only 13% in OLD (p < 0.05). After 45 minutes of reoxygenation, IM and OLD had recovered 48% and 45% of their respective prehypoxic function which was two-fold greater than the 23% recovery by ADULT. Loss of cytosolic enzymes, an indicator of sarcolemmal damage, was estimated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. LDH release and Ca+2 content during reoxygenation in IM were only about half of that observed in ADULT or OLD. We conclude that immature and aged hearts tolerate and recover from hypoxia better than hearts from adults, and that the sarcolemmal membranes of immature rat hearts are less susceptible to damage from hypoxic stress than those of either older group.
Some recent developments in circular overmoded waveguide

Progress is described in the theoretical modelling, design and testing of overmoded circular TE01 mode waveguide applicable to high power, low loss transmission in the microwave and lower millimetre wave bands. Theoretical techniques, originally developed to model low loss millimetre band waveguide for commercial telecommunications, have been adapted to overmoded sheathed-helix waveguide (with continuous unwanted-mode suppression) subject to new constraints of tighter bend radius relative to the wavelength, high power and significantly less overmoding. Numerical design analysis using coupled mode theory has yielded helix waveguide designs which have been experimentally verified.
Safety assessment of steel-plate girder bridges subjected to military load classification

Abstract This paper presents a safety evaluation of steel-plate girder bridges subjected to Military Load Classification (MLC). Three-dimensional finite element models are developed to predict the bridge response, including three different span lengths ( L = 12 m, 24 m, and 36 m) that represent short- and medium-span bridges. A total of 36 load cases are considered to examine the flexural behavior of the bridges. Evaluation methodologies used here are a critical weight approach and load rating based on the allowable stress rating (ASR), load factor rating (LFR), and load and resistance factor rating (LRFR) methods. The gross weight of the MLC truck is a dominant parameter for the safety of the bridges, rather than longitudinal axle spacing. Load-sharing effects between the girders improve the behavior of the bridge superstructures. Existing empirical formulas developed for nonstandard civilian trucks (e.g., Formula B) exhibit noticeable errors for MLC applications with an average error ranging on the order of 6.7–17.9. The LFR (operating) and the LRFR methods show acceptable rating factors. A safety index of 2.5 is recommended for the evaluation of bridges subjected to MLC trucks. A simplified formula is proposed to promptly assess the critical weight of MLC trucks for short- and medium-span bridges.
Does setting limits save lives? The case of 0.08 BAC laws

Nineteen states have established laws that make it illegal per se to drive with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08. The controversy over extending this stricter definition throughout the nation has focused largely on whether the state laws have been effective at saving lives. Prior evidence on this question has been mixed as well as criticized on several methodological grounds. This study presents novel, panel-based evaluations of 0.08 BAC laws, which address the potential methodological limitations of previous studies. The results of this study indicate that 0.08 BAC laws have been effective in reducing the number of traffic fatalities, particularly among younger adults. These estimates suggest that the nationwide adoption of 0.08 BAC laws would generate substantial gains, reducing the annual count of traffic fatalities by at least 1200. © 2001 by the Association of Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Global stability of population models.

Local stability seems to imply global stability for population models. To investigate this claim, we formally define apopulation model. This definition seems to include the one-dimensional discrete models now in use. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the global stability of our defined class of models. We derive an easily testable sufficient condition for local stability to imply global stability. We also show that if a discrete model is majorized by one of these stable population models, then the discrete model is globally stable. We demonstrate the utility of these theorems by using them to prove that the regions of local and global stability coincide for six models from the literature. We close by arguing that these theorems give a method for demonstrating global stability that is simpler and easier to apply than the usual method of Liapunov functions.
Negative Poisson’s Ratios in Anisotropic Linear Elastic Media

Poisson 's ratio for an anisotropic linear elastic material depends on two orthogonal directions n and m. Materials with negative Poisson's ratios for all (n,m) pairs are called completely auxetic while those with positive Poisson's ratios for all (n,m) pairs are called nonauxetic. Simple necessary and sufficient conditions on elastic compliances are derived to identify if any given material of cubic or hexagonal symmetry is completely auxetic or nonauxetic. When these conditions are not satisfied, the medium is auxetic for some (n,m) pairs. Several simple necessary conditions for completely auxetic or nonauxetic media are derived for a general anisotropic elastic material.
GacA Regulates Symbiotic Colonization Traits of Vibrio fischeri and Facilitates a Beneficial Association with an Animal Host

The GacS/GacA two-component system regulates the expression of bacterial traits during host association. Although the importance of GacS/GacA as a regulator of virulence is well established, its role in benign associations is not clear, as mutations in either the gacS or gacA gene have little impact on the success of colonization in nonpathogenic associations studied thus far. Using as a model the symbiotic association of the bioluminescent marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri with its animal host, the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, we investigated the role of GacA in this beneficial animal-microbe interaction. When grown in culture, gacA mutants were defective in several traits important for symbiosis, including luminescence, growth in defined media, growth yield, siderophore activity, and motility. However, gacA mutants were not deficient in production of acylated homoserine lactone signals or catalase activity. The ability of the gacA mutants to initiate squid colonization was impaired but not abolished, and they reached lower-than-wild-type population densities within the host light organ. In contrast to their dark phenotype in culture, gacA mutants that reached population densities above the luminescence detection limit had normal levels of luminescence per bacterial cell in squid light organs, indicating that GacA is not required for light production within the host. The gacA mutants were impaired at competitive colonization and could only successfully cocolonize squid light organs when present in the seawater at higher inoculum densities than wild-type bacteria. Although severely impaired during colonization initiation, gacA mutants were not displaced by the wild-type strain in light organs that were colonized with both strains. This study establishes the role of GacA as a regulator of a beneficial animal-microbe association and indicates that GacA regulates utilization of growth substrates as well as other colonization traits.
NTO Decomposition Studies

To examine the thermal decomposition of 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO) in detail, isotopic labeling studies were undertaken. NTO samples labeled with {sup 15}N in three different locations [N(1) and N(2), N(4), and N(6)] were prepared. Upon thermolysis, the majority of the NTO condensed-phase product was a brown, insoluble residue, but small quantities of 2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (TO) and triazole were detected. Gases comprised the remainder of the NTO decomposition products. The analysis of these gases is reported along with mechanistic implications of these observations.
A Framework for 2.5D NoC Exploration Using Homogeneous Networks over Heterogeneous Floorplans

In this paper, we propose a new 2.5D NoC architecture that uses a homogeneous network on one layer on top of a heterogeneous floorplanning layer. The purpose of this approach is to exploit the benefits of compact heterogeneous floorplans and regular mesh networks through an automated design space exploration procedure. A design methodology consisting of floorplanning and router assignment in a specifically designed tool that integrates a cycle accurate NoC simulator is implemented and used to investigate the new architecture. We use this tool to compute the flit latency and compare it to a conventional 2D implementation. The separation of cores and network on two different layers offers additional area that we use to improve the network performance by searching for the optimal buffers size, number of virtual channels or mesh size. Experimental results are application specific with potential significant performance improvements for some testcases.
Scattering from cascaded gratings with variable orientation at each layer

The authors present a study of the spectral properties of cascaded gratings whose individual gratings are placed at different angles with respect to each other at each different layer. The reflection and transmission profiles that result from such an arrangement are discussed and compared with the parallel arrangement. The special case of the unbonded mesh is compared with published data. Moreover, the effects of inserting dielectric slabs between the gratings in this type of cascaded structure are presented. >
Pliocene forest dynamics as a primary driver of African bird speciation.

Aim Montane tropics are areas of high endemism, and mechanisms driving this endemism have been receiving increasing attention at a global scale. A general trend is that climatic factors do not explain the species richness of species with small to medium-sized geographic ranges, suggesting that geological and evolutionary processes must be considered. On the African continent, several hypotheses including both refugial and geographic uplift models have been advanced to explain avian speciation and diversity in the lowland forest and montane regions of central and eastern Africa; montane regions in particular are recognized as hotspots of vertebrate endemism. Here, we examine the possible role of these models in driving speciation in a clade of African forest robins. Location Africa. Methods We constructed the first robustly supported molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of forest robins. On this phylogeny, we reconstructed habitat-based distributions and geographic distributions relative to the Albertine Rift. We also estimated the timing of lineage divergences via a molecular clock. Results Robust estimates of phylogenetic relationships and clock-based divergences reject Miocene tectonic uplift and Pleistocene forest refugia as primary drivers of speciation in forest robins. Instead, our data suggest that most forest robin speciation took place in the Late Pliocene, from 3.2 to 2.2 Ma. Distributional patterns are complex, with the Albertine Rift region serving as a general east–west break across the group. Montane distributions are inferred to have evolved four times. Main conclusions Phylogenetic divergence dates coincide with a single period of lowland forest retraction in the late Pliocene, suggesting that most montane speciation resulted from the rapid isolation of populations in montane areas, rather than montane areas themselves being drivers of speciation. This conclusion provides additional evidence that Pliocene climate change was a major driver of speciation in broadly distributed African animal lineages. We further show that lowland forest robins are no older than their montane relatives, suggesting that lowland areas are not museums which house ‘ancient’ taxa; rather, for forest robins, montane areas should be viewed as living museums of a late Pliocene diversification event. A forest refugial pattern is operating in Africa, but it is not constrained to the Pleistocene.
Annotation: The use of psychotropic medications in children: an American view.

Background: Psychotropic medications have become an integral component in the treatment of children with mental illnesses. Methods: Selective reviews of the empirical evidence for the efficacy of psychotropic medications and studies of their use patterns were reviewed. Results: Very strong efficacy for at least the short-term benefits and safety of stimulant medications was found and some good efficacy and safety evidence for the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders with seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) was also found. Efficacy for tricyclic antidepressants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was found but the presence of significant side effects makes them less the drugs of choice. Other medications are presented but with less rigorous evidence. Studies of use found that stimulant medications are extensively prescribed in the US by both psychiatrists and primary care physicians. SSRI are also prescribed extensively but not to the extent of stimulants and are more frequently prescribed by psychiatrists. Conclusions: There is now good evidence for the efficacy of some psychotropic agents and their use is an integral component in the management of childhood mental illnesses.
DEMOGRAPHY OF A SHADE-TOLERANT TREE (FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA) IN A HURRICANE-DISTURBED FOREST

We examined the demographic responses of Fagus grandifolia to Hurricane Kate (1985) in an old-growth Southern mixed-hardwood forest in northern Florida. Matrix population models were used to contrast pre- and post-hurricane population trends (1978- 1992) with predictions of four hypotheses of the persistence of this shade-tolerant species in hurricane-frequented forests (resistance, recovery, release, and complementation). Al- though growth and mortality schedules changed as a result of the hurricane, the asymptotic population growth rate did not change significantly and did not depart significantly from l5 1 (stability) in either the pre- or the posthurricane periods. Long-term trends simulated for varying hurricane frequencies also projected stability in population size. These results supported the resistance hypothesis. Elasticity analysis showed that, while recruitment had a minor influence, survival of medium-sized trees was the most critical character influencing population growth. Similar patterns of life history sensitivity are common among other trees, suggesting that traits related to survival of large understory individuals would often be under high selection pressure. Among these traits, those associated with hurricane re- sistance could also be advantageous in forests subjected to light to moderate disturbance. Thus, resistance to canopy disruption could have remained linked to shade tolerance during expansions and contractions of the distribution of F. grandifolia.
Competition and Price Wars in the U.S. Brewing Industry

The behavior of the macro or mass-production segment of the U.S. brewing industry appears to be paradoxical. Since the end of Prohibition in 1934, the number of independent brewers has continuously declined while the major national brewers, such as Anheuser-Busch, Miller, and Coors, have gained market share. In spite of this decline in the number of competitors, profits and market power have remained low in brewing. Iwasaki et al. (2008) explain this result by providing evidence that changes in marketing and production technologies favored larger brewers and forced the industry into a war of attrition, in which only a handful of firms could survive. This led to fierce competition, especially from the 1960s through the mid 1980s. Since the late 1990s, the war appears to have subsided. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine whether price competition diminished after the mid-1990s. We find evidence that competition has diminished but not enough to substantially increase market power. (JEL Classification: D22, L11, L66)
Phenomenological immanence, normativity, and semantic externalism

This paper argues that transcendental phenomenology (here represented by Edmund Husserl) can accommodate the main thesis of semantic externalism, namely, that intentional content is not simply a matter of what is ‘in the head,’ but depends on how the world is. I first introduce the semantic problem as an issue of how linguistic tokens or mental states can have ‘content’—that is, how they can set up conditions of satisfaction or be responsive to norms such that they can succeed or fail at referring. The standard representationalist view—which thinks of the problem in first-person terms—is contrasted with Brandom’s pragmatic inferentialist approach, which adopts a third-person stance. The rest of the paper defends a phenomenological version of the representationalist position (seeking to preserve its first-person stance) but offers a conception of representation that does not identify it with an entity ‘in the head.’ The standard view of Husserl as a Cartesian internalist is undermined by rejecting its fundamental assumption—that Husserl’s concept of the ‘noema’ is a mental entity—and by defending a concept of ‘phenomenological immanence’ that has a normative, rather than a psychological, structure. Finally, it is argued that phenomenological immanence cannot be identified with ‘consciousness’ in Husserl’s sense, though consciousness is a necessary condition for it.
the influence of extensive agriculture on the study of sociopolitical organization and the interpretation of history

In low–density societies on the African savannas, subsistence agriculture is centered on women in the domestic domain, is not directly linked to the political economy, and has been an essentially passive force in sociopolitical history. This is relevant for understanding sex roles and the development of social and political anthropology, and for evaluating popular materialist and political biases in the interpretation of history and evolution.
Modifying flow in the ACA-ACoA complex: endovascular treatment option for wide-neck internal carotid artery bifurcation aneurysms.

Background Treatment of selected wide-neck internal carotid artery (ICA) bifurcation aneurysms remains challenging for clip reconstruction and for endovascular options. Objective To describe a new endovascular treatment technique for wide-neck ICA bifurcation (ICAb) aneurysms. Methods We have employed a treatment approach that uses both complete proximal occlusion and reversal of flow in the ipsilateral A1 segment, using different endovascular modalities such as coils, stent-assisted coiling, or flow diverters (FDs) plus coiling concomitantly. This endovascular technique may overcome the challenges of current treatments and high recanalization rates for coiled ICAb aneurysms. Results We treated four patients in whom we redirected the pre-existing flow in the supraclinoid ICA into the ipsilateral A1 and M1 segments, to a new unilateral, linear flow from the supraclinoid ICA solely into the ipsilateral M1 segment. This resulted in the establishment of flow from the contralateral A1 segment into the ipsilateral A1 segment, allowing supply of only demanding perforating arteries on this specific (ipsilateral) segment. This technique was not associated with any new neurological deficits or radiographic ischemia. The four patients reviewed were all treated using coils. One was treated with a standard stent. The other two were treated with a FD. Conclusions We found that the proposed technique of flow modification can allow for hemodynamic conversion of ICAb to ‘side-wall’ aneurysm. In patients with good collateral flow through the anterior communicating complex, this treatment paradigm is safe and effective.
Different ENSO teleconnections and their effects on the stratospheric polar vortex

[1] Reanalysis data are used to study the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal in the troposphere and stratosphere during the late fall to midwinter period. Warm ENSO events have extratropical tropospheric teleconnections that increase the wave 1 eddies and reduce the wave 2 eddies, as compared to cold ENSO. The increase in wave 1 overwhelms the decrease in wave 2, so the net effect is a weakened vortex. This modification in tropospheric wave forcing is induced by a deepening of the wintertime Aleutian low via the Pacific–North America pattern (PNA). Model results are also used to verify that the PNA is the primary mechanism through which ENSO modulates the vortex. During easterly Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (EQBO), warm ENSO does not show a PNA response in the observational record. Consequently, the polar vortex does not show a strong response to the different phases of ENSO under EQBO, nor to the different phases of QBO under WENSO. It is not clear whether the lack of a PNA response to warm ENSO during EQBO is a real physical phenomenon or a feature of the limited data record we have.
Effects of task properties, partner actions, and message content on eye gaze patterns in a collaborative task

Helpers providing guidance for collaborative physical tasks shift their gaze between the workspace, supply area, and instructions. Understanding when and why helpers gaze at each area is important both for a theoretical understanding of collaboration on physical tasks and for the design of automated video systems for remote collaboration. In a laboratory experiment using a collaborative puzzle task, we recorded helpers' gaze while manipulating task complexity and piece differentiability. Helpers gazed toward the pieces bay more frequently when pieces were difficult to differentiate and less frequently over repeated trials. Preliminary analyses of message content show that helpers tend to look at the pieces bay when describing the next piece and at the workspace when describing where it goes. The results are consistent with a grounding model of communication, in which helpers seek visual evidence of understanding unless they are confident that they have been understood. The results also suggest the feasibility of building automated video systems based on remote helpers' shifting visual requirements.
Cardiac spinal deafferentation reduces the susceptibility to sustained ventricular tachycardia in conscious rats.

The response to myocardial ischemia is complex and involves the cardio-cardiac sympathetic reflex. Specifically, cardiac spinal (sympathetic) afferents are excited by ischemic metabolites and elici...
A new approach to modeling the performance of a class of fault tolerant VLSI/WSI systems based on multiple-level redundancy

The on-chip redundancy left unused in a fault tolerant system after successfully reconfiguring and eliminating the manufacturing defects is called residual redundancy. This redundancy can be used to improve the operational reliability of the system. The authors present a new hierarchical model to analyze the effect of residual redundancy on performance improvement of a class of fault tolerant VLSI/WSI systems based on multiple-level redundancy. Their model emphasizes the effect of support circuit (interconnection) failures on system reliability, a practical issue of great concern in WSI technology. Results of a simulation conducted to validate their model are discussed. >
A complementary marriage of perspectives: understanding organizational social context using mixed methods

Organizational factors impact the delivery of mental health services in community settings. Mixed-methods analytic approaches have been recommended, though little research within implementation science has explicitly compared inductive and deductive perspectives to understand their relative value in understanding the same constructs. The purpose of our study is to use two different paradigmatic approaches to deepen our understanding of organizational social context. We accomplish this by using a mixed-methods approach in an investigation of organizational social context in community mental health clinics. Nineteen agencies, representing 23 sites, participated. Enrolled participants included 130 therapists, 36 supervisors, and 22 executive administrators. Quantitative data was obtained via the Organizational Social Context (OSC) measure. Qualitative data, comprised of direct observation with spot sampling generated from agency visits, was coded using content analysis and grounded theory. The present study examined elements of organizational social context that would have been missed if only quantitative data had been obtained and utilized mixed methods to investigate if stratifying observations based on quantitative ratings from the OSC resulted in the emergence of differential themes. Four of the six OSC constructs were commonly observed in field observations (i.e., proficiency, rigidity, functionality, stress), while the remaining two constructs were not frequently observed (i.e., resistance, engagement). Constructs emerged related to organizational social context that may have been missed if only quantitative measurement was employed, including those around the physical environment, commentary about evidence-based practice initiatives, leadership, cultural diversity, distrust, and affect. Stratifying agencies by “best,” “average,” and “worst” organizational social context impacted interpretation for three constructs (affect, stress, and leadership). Results support the additive value of integrating inductive and deductive perspectives in implementation science research. This synthesis of approaches facilitated a more comprehensive understanding and interpretation of the findings than would have been possible if either methodology had been employed in isolation.
The Economics of Endangered Species

Because habitat conversion is the greatest threat to species, this article focuses on economic incentives for private land users to protect habitat. Habitat protection policies that fail to account for private incentives often have unintended negative consequences. Private incentives for habitat protection depend on many factors: whether landowners are compensated for the costs of habitat protection, the design of compensation mechanisms, underlying property rights and security of tenure, the structure of conservation contracts, and whether markets can be created that internalize external benefits of habitat protection. In developing countries, agricultural price, credit, tax, and land tenure policies have important effects on the demand for habitat conversion. Private landowners often can provide crucial information about costs of habitat protection and species or habitat values on their property. Policies that encourage self-reporting of this information can greatly improve the cost effectiveness of pol...
Computing the Receive Spatial Correlation for a Multi-Cluster MIMO Channel Using Different Array Configurations

Spatial correlation among received signals has a significant impact on the performance of a multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) system. In prior research, expressions were derived for the spatial correlation between the signals received at a uniform linear array (ULA) by assuming that the propagation environment has a single cluster, low angular spread or that the received rays arrive only along the broadside of the array. In this paper, analytical expressions are derived for the spatial correlation between the received signals of a ULA and uniform circular array without making any of the above mentioned assumptions. The derivation can be extended to suit most planar antenna array configurations. This makes the derived expressions valid for most practical propagation channels. Finally, we show using simulations that the derived expression evaluates spatial correlation more accurately than the existing models.
Effective package-on-package warpage DOE design with analytical method

Package-on-package (PoP) technology is widely adopted in today's processor construction in mobile applications, such as those used in smart phones and tablets. One of the crucial steps in a successful PoP structure implementation is to control the PoP bottom package's warpage. Due to the short life cycle of such a package, usually one or two years, PoP packaging development cannot afford large scale, time consuming and complex design of experiments (DOE's) to identify an optimized package bill of materials (BOM) to meet the package's warpage requirement. It is, therefore, in need of a simple but predicative analytical model that could make use of available warpage data to provide guidance to design an effective and efficient DOE plan for a new package's development or for an existing package's warpage improvement. Based on current mobile applications, a typical PoP package will have a ratio of its total thickness to body size in the range of 1:20, or 0.05. Such geometry can fit the PoP package into the category of a multilayered plate structure when dealing with its mechanical behaviors. This paper uses the classic theory of asymmetric layered composites to analyze how a PoP package warpage changes under the SMT process. It is discovered that, instead of the absolute values, the difference in linear coefficient of thermal expansions (CTE's), the relative temperature change, the mechanical properties ratio as well as the thickness ratio between various layers are the keys to control the PoP package's final warpage. The theory can explain why a bare substrate without any die attached shows substantial warpage under SMT reflow conditions, and why substrates with exactly the same BOM but procured from different vendors show different warpage performance. With this method, PoP package development engineers can understand the physics and mechanics of the thermal warping process of PoP package under the SMT environment. An example was given to demonstrate how this method can be applied to actual product development to reduce material cost and cycle time.
Effect of soil placement on the activity of herbicides on Cyperus rotundus L.

Summary: The effect of herbicide placemem in the soil on control of Cyperus rotundus L. was studied in the greenhouse with EPTC, alaehlor, norfiurazon, perlluidone, napropamide, trifluralin, and naptalam, EPTC was the mosl active herbicide, increasing the number of sprouts per tuber but inhibitmg bud development at an early stage of growth. The effect was greatest when EPTC was incorporated with the soil around the tubers. The effects of alaehlor were similar, but higher doses were required. Another active herbicide, norfiurazon, was taken up by the roots but its effect was to produce small, chlorotic leaves, Perfluidone was mosl effective when incorporated into the soil around the tubers or when placed in a layer 1 cm above them. Very little effect of napropamide trifluralin and naptalam was observed. In studies of growth and deveiopmenl with different planting depths, C. rotumtus produced basal bulbs, roots and most of its early reproductive parts in a layer of soil 1–3 cm from the surface, irrespective of the depth at which the tubers were planted. Shoots etncrged from 35 im deep but not from 50 cm.
Aerobic Fitness and Response Variability in Preadolescent Children Performing a Cognitive Control Task

Objective: To investigate the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive variability in preadolescent children. Method: Forty-eight preadolescent children (25 males, 23 females, mean age 10.1 years) were grouped into higher- and lower-fit groups according to their performance on a test of aerobic capacity (VO2max). Cognitive function was measured via behavioral responses to a modified flanker task. The distribution in reaction time was calculated within each participant to assess intraindividual variability of performance. Specifically, the standard deviation and coefficient variation of reaction time were used to represent cognitive variability. Results: Preadolescent children, regardless of fitness, exhibited longer reaction time, increased response variability, and decreased response accuracy to incongruent compared to congruent trials. Further, higher-fit children were less variable in their response time and more accurate in their responses across conditions of the flanker task, while no group differences were observed for response speed. Conclusion: These findings suggest that fitness is associated with better cognitive performance during a task that varies cognitive control demands, and extends this area of research to suggest that intraindividual variability may be a useful measure to examine the relationship between fitness and cognition during preadolescence.
Human Rights Litigation Under the ATCA as a Proxy For Environmental Claims

Suing corporations in U.S. courts for environmental harms abroad may soon be possible under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA). While several cases have been brought alleging environmental torts under the ATCA, no case has yet yielded corporate liability. Until courts accept environmental principles as part of the “law of nations,” and therefore actionable under the ATCA, plaintiffs should use remedies available for human rights claims as proxies for their environmental claims. Because corporate international environmental law violations are frequently linked to human rights abuses, well-established human rights causes of action should be used to usher in the emerging justiciability of environmental claims.