cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
R68-34 Hybrid Apollo Docking Simulation

This is a somewhat discursive but informative article on the hybrid Apollo docking simulation. The authors do not identify their objective in writing the paper until the very last sentence of the concluding section, where they state: "It is hoped that some part of the description of the problems, solutions, and experiences will be useful to others who are now involved, or who may become involved, in simulations similar to the one described." With that as an objective,much of the detailed material on problem characteristics and specifications of the docking test device could have been condensed into an introductory or parenthetical paragraph. The discussion of why a hybrid computer was selected in preference to an all-analog or all-digital system, and of the way the problem was distributed between the analog and digital portions of the hybrid system, also adds little to the paper or to previously published material on these subjects.
An Iterative Method for the Solution of Three-Dimensional Inverse Acoustic Scattering Problems

We present a computational methodology for retrieving the shape of an impenetrable obstacle from the knowledge of some acoustic far-field patterns. This methodology is based on the well-known regularized Newton algorithm, but distinguishes itself from similar optimization procedures by (a) a frequency-aware multi-stage solution strategy, (b) a computationally efficient usage of the exact sensitivities of the far-field pattern to the specified shape parameters, and (c) a numerically scalable domain decomposition method for the fast solution of three-dimensional direct acoustic scattering problems. We illustrate the salient features and highlight the performance characteristics of the proposed computational methodology with the solution on a parallel processor of various inverse mockup submarine problems.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A Note on Symbolic Matrix Inversion

The existing symbolic method for the partial inversion of coefficient matrices in a system of linear equations does not cover all possible cases. The method is extended here to include the missing cases, and some classroom simplifications of the original manipulation rules are introduced.
Solid-state coordination bonding to polyvalent iodine—The structure of 1-acetoxy-1,2-benziodoxolin-3-one

Abstract A crystal structure analysis of the mixed anhydride of acetic and o -iodosobenzoic acids has verified previous structural assignments as 1-acetoxy-1,2-benziodoxolin-3-one ( a = 16.191, b = 7.762, c = 7.705 A, β = 82.0°, Z = 4, space group P2 1 a ). The slightly distorted T-like geometry of the three covalent bonds to iodine is similar to that in o -iodosobenzoic acid. Intermolecular IO coordination bonds of markedly constant orientation relative to the covalent iodine bonds occur in this and several other crystal structures of related derivatives.
Hot Spots Generated in Conducting Spheres by Electromagnetic Waves and Biological Implications

The distribution of the heating potential generated by an incident electromagnetic plane wave on a conducting sphere simulating the human head was investigated. It was found that for a sphere of 10-cm radius having the same electrical characteristics as those of biological tissues, no hot spots are generated inside. While at lower frequencies the heating is relatively uniform with some polarization effects, for frequencies above 1000 MHz only skin heating takes place. For a sphere of the same size but of conductivity ?= 10 mmho/cm (which for f>1000 is lower than that of biological tissues) hot spots occur inside for f>1000 MHz. Intense hot spots also occur inside spheres of radius 5 cm having the same electrical characteristics as those of biological tissues in the frequency region of 250 MHz<f<2800 MHz.
Risks associated with homologous blood transfusion

A number of risks attend the transfusion of homologous blood products, chief among them the possibility of infection with viral or bacterial agents that may survive routine screening and processing of donor blood, Infectious agents include B, non-A, non-B, and delta hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. In many clinical settings, alternatives to the use of homologous blood are available. The author reviews the most serious infectious agents found in donor blood and summarizes the options to homologous blood use.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a process in which gastric contents move spontaneously into the esophagus. This process in itself is for the most part benign in that it occurs in everyone, many times a day and without producing symptoms or signs of tissue injury [1]. However, GER can also be associated with symptoms and signs of tissue damage, and, under these circumstances, the resulting pathology is encompassed under the umbrella term of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Contribution of triple junctions to the diffusion anomaly in nanocrystalline materials

Diffusion in nanocrystalline materials is often greatly enhanced even beyond what is expected from a high density of equilibrated grain boundaries. We propose that this ‘anomalous diffusion’ may in many cases be due to short-circuit diffusion along triple junctions. Quantitative analysis shows that triple junction diffusion can reasonably explain anomalies of several orders of magnitude. Therefore, previous suggestions of non-equilibrium grain boundary structures in nanocrystalline materials may not be required to rationalize the anomaly in every case.
Energy storage requirements of dc microgrids with high penetration renewables under droop control

Energy storage is a important design component in microgrids with high penetration renewable sources to maintain the system because of the highly variable and sometimes stochastic nature of the sources. Storage devices can be distributed close to the sources and/or at the microgrid bus. In addition, storage requirements can be minimized with a centralized control architecture, but this creates a single point of failure. Distributed droop control enables a completely decentralized architecture but, the energy storage optimization becomes more difficult. Our paper presents an approach to droop control that enables the local and bus storage requirements to be determined. Given a priori knowledge of the design structure of a microgrid and the basic cycles of the renewable sources, we found that the droop settings of the sources are such that they minimize both the bus voltage variations and overall energy storage capacity required in the system. This approach can be used in the design phase of a microgrid with a decentralized control structure to determine appropriate droop settings as well as the sizing of energy storage devices.
Existence of global attractors for the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation in unbounded domains

In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation in unbounded domains. We prove the existence of a global attractor when the equation is defined in a three-dimensional channel. The asymptotic compactness of the solution operator is obtained by the uniform estimates on the tails of solutions.
Test of microscopic optical model potentials for neutron elastic scattering at 14.6 MeV over a wide mass range

Differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of 14.6 MeV neutrons from $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$, C, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, Fe, $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$, $^{89}\mathrm{Y}$, $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$, In, $^{140}\mathrm{Ce}$, $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$, $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, and $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ have been measured using a time-of-flight facility. The measured cross sections cover the angular range from 9.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 159\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Calculations have been carried out using two local microscopic optical potentials, based on the work of Jeukenne, Lejeune, and Mahaux, and of Brieva and Rook. Reasonably good agreement with the measurements is found over the whole mass range, with the Jeukenne-Lejeune-Mahaux potential giving systematically better agreement with the data. The quality of the results with the Jeukenne-Lejeune-Mahaux potential compares well with that obtained from phenomenological optical model calculations using global parameters.
Multiple-element line segment precues: orientation and location effects on attention.

Three experiments were conducted to examine the hypothesis that a uniquely oriented line segment located at the end of the directional flow produced by the alignment of the long axes of identically oriented background segments will not be detected as rapidly as when the segment appears at locations within the flow. The hypothesis was supported with response time measured in Experiment 1. A location-cuing task was used in the last two experiments, with the unique segment becoming a precue to indicate the location of an upcoming target character; accuracy was the dependent measure. Poorer detection of the unique segment at end-of-flow locations was shown not to be due to a local configuration effect produced by the uniquely oriented segment in conjunction with the segment on either side. The time course of attentional development with multiple-segment precue displays was comparable to that with an arrow at fixation as the precue, and slower than that with a line segment appearing alone.
Generalized hybrid subcarrier/amplitude/phase/polarization LDPC-coded modulation based FSO networking

In this paper, we propose a generalized hybrid subcarrier/amplitude/phase/polarization (GH-SAPP) modulation based free-space optical (FSO) communication network. By using 32-GH-SAPP modulation and mature 10 Gb/s technology the aggregate rate of 110 Gb/s can be achieved, which represents an FSO scheme compatible with 100G Ethernet. The 32-GH-SAPP coded-modulation scheme can operate even under strong atmospheric turbulence regime while still carrying 100G traffic. The corresponding polarization-multiplexed 16-QAM scheme can only operate under weak turbulence regime with aggregate data rate of only 80 Gb/s. The proposed scheme represents a cost effective solution to current high-bandwidth demands.
Ovarian physiology: relationship between plasma LH and steroidogenesis by the follicle and corpus luteum; effect of HCG.

ABSTRACT The plasma concentrations of LH, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were measured throughout menstrual cycles of normal women. Prior to the LH surge, 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels averaged 30 ng/100 ml. Coincident with the LH surge, 17-hydroxyprogesterone rose to a peak of 200 ng/100 ml, decreased by 50% following the LH peak, and subsequently reached 200 ng/100 ml about the time of peak plasma progesterone levels. The temporal relationship between plasma LH, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone suggests that plasma 17-hydroxyprogesterone can serve as an index of follicular maturation and corpus luteum function. This is in contrast to progesterone, which reflects only corpus luteum function. When HCG was given during the luteal phase, plasma progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels increased. HCG was ineffective during the follicular phase. In 2 women an atypical cycle was characterized by a normal LH surge coinciding with a relatively normal increase in 17-hydroxyprogesterone and f...
Prenatal diagnosis of second-trimester congenital varicella syndrome by virus-specific immunoglobulin M

12. Holmes CW. Growth of pigs fed cool whey at two ambient temperatures. Anim Prod 1971;13:1. 13. Gibson JP. Reaction of 150 infants to cold formulas. J PEDIATR 1958;52:404. 14. Holt LE Jr, Davies EA, Hasselmeyer EG, Adams AO. A study of premature infants fed cold formulas. J PEDIATR 1962;61:556. 15. Blumenthal I, Lealman GT, Shoesmith DR. Effect of feed temperature and phototherapy on gastric emptying in the neonate. Arch Dis Child 1980;55:562. 16. Bell EF, Rios GR. A double-walled incubator alters the partition of body heat loss of premature infants. Pediatr Res 1983;17:135. 17. Ryser G, J6quier E. Study by direct calorimetry of thermal balance on the first day of life. Eur J Clin Invest 1972; 2:176. 18. Briick K, Parmelee AH Jr, Briick M. Neutral temperature range and range of "thermal comfort" in premature infants. Biol Neonate 1962;4:32. 19. Brown BW Jr. The crossover experiment for clinical trials. Biometrics 1980;36:69. 20. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical methods, 6th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University, 1967:111-4. 21. Wangensteen OH, Salmon PA, Griffen WO Jr, Patterson JRS, Fattah F. Studies of local gastric cooling as related to peptic ulcer. Ann Surg 1959;150:346. 22. Salmon PA, Griffen WO Jr, Wangensteen OH. Effect of intragastric temperature changes upon gastric blood flow. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1959;101:442. 23. Peter ET, Nicoloff DN, Bernstein EF, Walder AI, Wangensteen OH. The effect of gastric hypothermia on splanchnic hemodynamics in the dog. J Surg Res 1963;3:32. 24. Semb BKH. Gastric cooling and regional gastric mucosal flow in anesthetized animals. Scand J Gastroenterol 1980;15:1021.
Intracellular amyloidogenesis by human islet amyloid polypeptide induces apoptosis in COS-1 cells.

Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic islet β cells. This peptide spontaneously aggregates in the form of fibrils, and amyloid deposits are associated with dead or degenerating β cells, a hallmark of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We demonstrated that COS-1 cells transfected with vectors expressing hIAPP exhibited intracellular amyloid deposits that were associated with cell death (O'Brien, Butler, Kreutter, Kane, Eberhardt, Am J Pathol 1995, 147:609–616). To establish the mechanism of cell death, we transfected COS-1 cells with vectors expressing amyloidogenic hIAPP or nonamyloidogenic rat IAPP and mutant hIAPP constructs and assayed them for markers characteristic of apoptosis and necrosis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Amyloidogenic hIAPP-transfected COS cells contained up to threefold more apoptotic cells present at 96 hours after transfection compared with the nonamyloidogenic vector controls. The hIAPP-induced apoptosis was negligible at 24 and 48 hours after transfection and was maximal at 96 hours which parallels the time course of amyloidogenesis. Immunohistochemical staining and confocal microscopy showed that hIAPP is localized with distinct clustering in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus with no discernable extracellular staining. These experiments provide direct evidence that intracellular hIAPP amyloid causes cell death by triggering apoptotic pathways.
High- versus low-dose rate brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer

screened were VIA-positive, 62.7% were VIA-negative, and 27.8% were considered “uncertain” due to poor visualization of the cervix or concurrent cervicitis. After covariate adjustment in a multivariable logistic regressionmodel, HIV-positivewomen had 1.33 higher odds for screening VIA-positive than HIV-negative women (95% CI: 1.16-1.54, P b 0.001). Other factors associated with VIA-positive screens were rural screening location, gravidity, age at sexual debut, and number of lifetime sexual partners. Among 3115 women eligible for same-day cryotherapy, only 43% accepted treatment. Pathology specimens (n= 750) collected from women with VIA-positive lesions ineligible for cryotherapy identified 30% of cases as ICC and 70% as CIN. Conclusions: The CBCHS successfully implemented the “see-and-treat” screeningprogram in Cameroon, screeningmore than 34,000women in 7 years. However, fewer than half of the eligible patients opted for the same-day treatment. Further studies are required to better identify barriers to implementing same-day treatment protocols.
Cavity-enhanced optical feedback-assisted photo-acoustic spectroscopy with a 10.4 μm external cavity quantum cascade laser

An ultra-sensitive photo-acoustic spectrometer using a 10.4 μm broadly tunable mid-IR external cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) coupled with optical feedback to an optical power buildup cavity with high reflectivity mirrors was developed and tested. A laser optical power buildup factor of 181 was achieved, which corresponds to an intra-cavity power of 9.6 W at a wavelength of 10.4 μm. With a photo-acoustic resonance cell placed inside the cavity this resulted in the noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of 1.9 × 10−10 cm−1 Hz−1/2, and a normalized noise-equivalent absorption of 1.1 × 10−11 cm−1 W Hz−1/2. A novel photo-acoustic signal normalization technique makes the photo-acoustic spectrometer’s response immune to changes and drifts in the EC-QCL excitation power, EC-QCL to cavity coupling efficiency and cavity mirrors aging and contamination. An automatic lock of the EC-QCL to the cavity and optical feedback phase optimization permitted long wavelength scans within the entire EC-QCL spectral tuning range.
X-ray Crystal Structures of Manganese(II)-Reconstituted and Native Toluene/o-Xylene Monooxygenase Hydroxylase Reveal Rotamer Shifts in Conserved Residues and an Enhanced View of the Protein Interior

We report the X-ray crystal structures of native and manganese(II)-reconstituted toluene/o-xylene monooxygenase hydroxylase (ToMOH) from Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1 to 1.85 and 2.20 A resolution, respectively. The structures reveal that reduction of the dimetallic active site is accompanied by a carboxylate shift and alteration of the coordination environment for dioxygen binding and activation. A rotamer shift in a strategically placed asparagine 202 accompanies dimetallic center reduction and is proposed to influence protein component interactions. This rotamer shift is conserved between ToMOH and the corresponding residue in methane monooxygenase hydroxylase (MMOH). Previously unidentified hydrophobic pockets similar to those present in MMOH are assigned.
On the extent and nature of irregularity in the lexicon

Abstract Several hitherto unconnected lines of research on the nature of lexemic derivation are integrated and focused on the problem of lexical irregularities. A system of derivational typology is developed, which departs from Kurylowicz's distinction of syntactical and lexical derivations, but continues in distinguishing among the latter, those which display sound-meaning symmetry from those which are asymmetrical. Among these latter, two varieties of sematically predictable vs. unpredictable classes are distinguished: naming and descriptive derivations, then those with and those without verb nexus. Within this framework, the newly emerging theory of redundancy-rule lexicalism is examined and found to be particularly ineffectual in treating asymmetrical derivations. Asymmetric derivations are shown to have a higher rate of productivity when derivation is seen as a process separate from affixation. Thus a theory incorporating derivation rules in the lexicon and affixation rules in the morphological component will capture more information about lexical regularities than any thus far proposed, without resorting to zero morphemes. Moreover, derivation rules may be used to store the very kinds of unpredictable information for which redundancy rules were designed. Finally, arguments are presented against qualitative differences between sentential and lexemic rules: if lexical rules are properly formulated, the distinction between derivation and redundancy becomes moot.
Anticancer agent development. 4. X-ray crystal structure and intermolecular crystal lattice interactions of methyl trans -4,5-dihydro-4-acetoxymethyl-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-furancarboxylate

The title compound, C25H26O10,M r=486.48, crystallized from methanol in the acentric space group P21,2121, witha=7.617(3),b, 12.703(3),c=24.408(3) A,V=2362 A3,D calc=1.37 g cm−3 andμ=0.66 cm−1 forZ=4. Least-squares refinement of 1417 observed [F o≥5σ(F o)] reflections led to the final agreement index ofR=0.044. The observed structure reveals atrans relationship for the 4-acetoxymethyl and 5-aryl substituents. The 4,5-dihydrofuran ring system assumes a slight envelope conformation. Several intermolecular van der Waals interactions of note occur in this compound.
Assessing the impact of globalization on U.S. public relations

Abstract As U.S. public relations professionals observe the dramatic changes taking place in the world market, they must consider the impact of globalization on their practices. There is much speculation that the increasing participation of American companies in foreign markets will create an unprecedented demand for public relations advisors with international capabilities. Although the sophistication of American practitioners would seem to position them as leaders in the market, there are questions as to the general preparedness of U.S. professionals to negotiate the business, social, cultural, economic, and political complexities inherent in international public relations. If true, U.S. public relations professionals may be at risk of losing their leadership position in the industry, as well as opportunities for business and career development. This study attempts to provide an assessment of the impact of globalization on U.S. public relations professionals and examines their preparedness for practice in an international setting.
TYA as Cultural Production: Aesthetics, Meaning, and Material Conditions

This plenary paper focuses on the theoretical notion of TYA as cultural production as rooted in and part of the social, cultural, ideological, economic, and political conditions under which it is generated and perceived.
Difficult carbonaceous materials and their infra-red and Raman spectra. Reassignments for coal spectra

Abstract Infra-red and Raman spectra of intractable carbonaceous materials are difficult to obtain. For coals, carbon blacks, and some chars infra-red spectra have been obtained with relative ease. Only recently have good infra-red transmission spectra of activated carbons been obtained. More difficult materials have now been successfully studied by the transmission infra-red method, most notably ground graphite (non-crystalline), through the use of efficient and extensive grinding. Intense infra-red bands are observed at about 1590 and 1360 cm −1 for ground graphite, carbon blacks, and some activated carbons. Laser-Raman spectra of coals, carbons, and graphites have two lines at about the same frequencies as the infra-red bands. However, the similarity of these laser-Raman spectra indicates in the case of coal that we may be observing the spectrum of carbonized coal rather than of coal, due to degradation of the sample by the laser beam. These new spectral results necessitate reassignment of some bands in the infra-red spectra of coals. Graphitic structures (non-crystalline) are believed to be responsible for the 1600 cm −1 band in coals and the broader 1360 cm −1 band, which fit closely the broad band contour in the infra-red spectra of coals from 1800 to 900 cm −1 . The intensities of the 1600 and 1360 cm −1 bands in ground graphite are more than sufficient to account for the band intensities observed in the spectra of coals and chars. Diamond-like structures such as quaternary carbon atoms are weak absorbers and cannot be responsible for either of these bands.
Musical Forces, Melodic Expectation, and Jazz Melody

I review the theoretical and experimental literature on musical forces and melodic expectation, showing important connections between that work and the work of leading jazz theorists. I then show how ideas derived from that work may help us understand a few passages of recorded jazz. The examples include two compositions (the "heads" to Charlie Parker9s "Confirmation" and Toshiko Akiyoshi9s "I Ain9t Gonna Ask No More") and a few improvised passages (by Bill Evans and Charlie Parker). Viewing these examples in terms of what cognitive science tells us about melodic expectation clarifies their rhetorical and gestural "meanings." Furthermore, these same examples can help us test those same theories of melodic expectation——multiple regression analysis of the frequency with which certain patterns are completed within these same examples provides an empirical test of assertions derived from the literature reviewed.
High-resolution NMR structure of the chemically-synthesized melanocortin receptor binding domain AGRP(87-132) of the agouti-related protein.

The agouti-related protein (AGRP) is an endogenous antagonist of the melanocortin receptors MC3R and MC4R found in the hypothalamus and exhibits potent orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) activity. The cysteine-rich C-terminal domain of this protein, corresponding to AGRP(87−132), contains five disulfide bonds and exhibits receptor binding affinity and antagonism equivalent to that of the full-length protein. The three-dimensional structure of this domain has been determined by 1H NMR at 800 MHz. The first 34 residues of AGRP(87−132) are well-ordered and contain a three-stranded antiparallel β sheet, where the last two strands form a β hairpin. The relative spatial positioning of the disulfide cross-links demonstrates that the ordered region of AGRP(87−132) adopts the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) fold previously identified for numerous invertebrate toxins. Interestingly, this may be the first example of a mammalian protein assigned to the ICK superfamily. The hairpin's turn region presents a triplet of resi...
Deodorization of a Colorant Prepared from Red Cabbage

A process for preparing odor-free colorant from red cabbage was developed. Anthocyanins in an acidified aqueous cabbage extract were adsorbed on Amberlite XAD-7, water-washed to remove residual cabbage odor, eluted with ethanol containing 0.1% HCl, and concentrated by evaporation. Optimal conditions for single stage batch contact and column deodorization were determined. Pigment recovery generally exceeded 90%. The stability, spectral, and colorant properties of the recovered pigments were not altered significantly by the process. Spent adsorbent could be regenerated by water washing without adversely affecting process efficiency or colorant performance.
Analysis of endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity by high-pressure liquid chromatography on a silica-based chemically bonded octadecyl column

Abstract We have devised a new method for assaying the endo -β- N -acetylglucosaminidase activity by using the dansyl asparaginyl oligosaccharide, (Man) 5 (GlcNAc) 2 -Asn-DNS, as the substrate and analyzing the product, GlcNAc-Asn-DNS, by a reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography using a silica-based chemically bonded octadecyl column (Waters μBondapack C 18 ). The column is eluted with 8% acetonitrile in 25 m m sodium borate buffer, pH 7.5, at 3 ml/min. The effluent is monitored by a Perkin-Elmer LC-75 uv monitor at 213 nm and a Perkin-Elmer LC-1000 fluorescence monitor (excitation, 313 nm; emission, 540 nm). Under these conditions, GlcNAc-Asn-DNS is well separated from (Man) 5 (GlcNAc) 2 -Asn-DNS and the analysis can be completed in 5 min. The peak height is used to quantify the dansyl derivatives. Under the conditions described above, the lower limit of detection is 0.1 nmol of dansyl glycopeptides.
Age-associated changes in T-B cell cooperation demonstrated by the allogeneic effect

Abstract The allogeneic effect results in an increase in the number of antibody-producing cells (PFC) when the allogeneically stimulated lymphoid cells and the antibody-producing cells are from young individuals. This increase depends on the interaction of allogeneically stimulated T-cells and precursor plasma cells (B-cells). Age-associated deficiencies in these two cell populations were studied in these experiments by use of allogeneically stimulated T-cells from old donors or responding B-cells from old recipients. These experiments showed that lymphocytes from 20-month-old mice were capable of inducing an increase in PFC in young recipients. However, the allogeneic effect was ineffectual in 12-month-old mice. These data suggest that the T-helper function is equally capable in mice 4 to 20 months old, but that the B-cell is not as effectively recruited. The possible causes for limited B-cell recruitment are discussed.
Avoiding iron fouling in reverse osmosis desalination plants

Description du pretraitement pour eviter la corrosion et l'encrassement de l'appareillage par la presence de Fer
New adaptive artificial viscosity method for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws

We propose a new finite volume method for solving general multidimensional hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. Our method is based on an appropriate numerical flux and a high-order piecewise polynomial reconstruction. The latter is utilized without any computationally expensive nonlinear limiters, which are typically needed to guarantee nonlinear stability of the scheme. Instead, we enforce stability of the proposed method by adding a new adaptive artificial viscosity, whose coefficients are proportional to the size of the weak local residual, which is sufficiently large (~@D, where @D is a discrete small scale) at the shock regions, much smaller (~@D^@a, where @a is close to 2) near the contact waves, and very small (~@D^4) in the smooth parts of the computed solution. We test the proposed scheme on a number of benchmarks for both scalar conservation laws and for one- and two-dimensional Euler equations of gas dynamics. The obtained numerical results clearly demonstrate the robustness and high accuracy of the new method.
Cystoid macular edema in pseudophakia

Cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery, with or without intraocular lens implantation, has been reported to develop in more than 50% of patients as detected by fluorescein angiography. It is associated with reduced visual acuity in up to 8% of cases. Analysis of ongoing clinical trials at the Wilmer Institute indicates that clinically significant cystoid macular edema develops in a lower percentage of cases (2% total incidence and 0.3% persistent cystoid macular edema) if the intraocular lens implantation was uncomplicated. The factors associated with cystoid macular edema and the importance of considering clinically significant rather than just fluorescein-proven cystoid macular edema are discussed. Results of intraocular lens studies reported to the Federal Drug Administration are updated, and results of an ongoing study of prostaglandin inhibitors at the Wilmer Institute are reported.
Taphofacies analysis of recent shelly cheniers (beach ridges), northeastern baja california, Mexico

This report presents the results of taphofacies analyses of shelly cheniers (mollusk-dominated lag-concentrations) from the tidal flats of northeastern Baja California, Mexico. The three generations of moderm (formed during last 70 years), submodem (younger than 1,500 BP), and subfossil (5,000–2,000 BP) cheniers can be distinguished by their position relative to the shoreline, their topography, and the radiocarbon-age of their shells. The generations differ in the duration and complexity of their taphonomic history. Sixty-one samples from nine localities were collected to test the utility of the taphofacies approach for studying chenier-type shell deposits. The three chenier generations, although all dominated by the bivalve molluskMulinia coloradoensis, differ significantly in their taxonomic composition due to taphonomic and/or biologic factors. The taphofacies analysis included 4,334 specimens ofM. coloradoensis described by nine taphonomic variables. Univariate analysis of those variables indicated that the shells that accumulated in the cheniers are little-affected by biological processes (bioerosion, encrustation), and moderately affected by physical processes (fragmetation, cracking, peeling, edge preservation). Only the luster features of shells (external luster, internal luster, and internal features) vary substantially and consistently with chenier age —a result of subaerial weathering. Multivariate taphofacies analysis discriminates the three generations of cheniers even when the poorly preservable luster variables are excluded from the analysis. This suggests that taphofacies discrimination is possible for fossil cheniers. The shells collected from the chenier surface have substantially poorer preservation than shells from the subsurface, indicating that taphonomic degradation in the chenier plain environment is a surface phenomenon. Chenier plain shelly assemblages are taphonomically distinct from assemblages formed in other marine environments: they have a very low frequency of macroscopically recognizable bioerosion and encrustation. The existence of preservable taphonomic differences between the cheniers that differ in their age (i.e., duration of preburial history), suggests that fossil lag concentrations may be useful in detecting incompleteness gradients along stratigraphic boundaries. A ‘taphonomic clock’—a correlation between a ‘time-sincedeath’ and shell preservation—was found only for luster features, taphonomic attributes that are unlikely to be preserved in the fossil record.
Anticipating reuse: documenting buildings for operations using web technology

Abstract This research explores the feasibility of web technology as a means for delivering building information to better support facility operations. Our research proposes just-in-time (JIT) facility documentation as a pragmatic solution to the limitations of current as-built documents, allowing more effective reuse of building information. Our investigation addresses four issues: (1) what building information is needed for facility operations; (2) how the design and construction team can improve the format for delivering the building information to facility operators; (3) how current web technology can store and deliver facility information in support of operations; and (4) what is the mechanism of documenting building information using the web technology. We surveyed literature, interviewed members of design and operations teams and reviewed current initiatives of industry and software vendors to identify problems with current practices. We also surveyed promising web technologies and conducted experiments to determine how these technologies could help to solve the problems. We constructed a conceptual framework of JIT facility documentation as a solution to current information fragmentation problems. We developed a prototype of the JIT document system to demonstrate a “proof of concept” by using current web technologies such as Autodesk's DWF, Microsoft's Active Server Pages, VB and Java script, and Access database to develop the prototype system. By dynamically composing HTML pages in response to task-specific requests, our prototype enables easy access and integration of a variety of building information to support facility operations.
Low ecological disparity in Early Cretaceous birds

Ecological divergence is thought to be coupled with evolutionary radiations, yet the strength of this coupling is unclear. When birds diversified ecologically has received much less attention than their hotly debated crown divergence time. Here, we quantify how accurately skeletal morphology can predict ecology in living and extinct birds, and show that the earliest known assemblage of birds (= pygostylians) from the Jehol Biota (≈ 125 Ma) was substantially impoverished ecologically. The Jehol avifauna has few representatives of highly preservable ecomorphs (e.g. aquatic forms) and a notable lack of ecomorphological overlap with the pterosaur assemblage (e.g. no large or aerially foraging pygostylians). Comparisons of the Jehol functional diversity with modern and subfossil avian assemblages show that taphonomic bias alone cannot explain the ecomorphological impoverishment. However, evolutionary simulations suggest that the constrained ecological diversity of the Early Cretaceous pygostylians is consistent with what is expected from a relatively young radiation. Regardless of the proximate biological explanation, the anomalously low functional diversity of the Jehol birds is evidence both for ecological vacancies in Cretaceous ecosystems, which were subsequently filled by the radiation of crown Aves, and for discordance between taxonomic richness and ecological diversity in the best-known Mesozoic ecosystem.
Granular electrostatics: Progress and outstanding questions

Every physicist studies electrostatics in the first year of graduate study, and learns that the electric field is a linear superposition of contributions from charges, each of which obeys a 1/r 2 law. Every physicist also studies classical mechanics, and learns that the problem of three or more bodies in a 1/r 2 field is intrinsically nonlinear. The contradiction between these two teachings is seldom commented upon. In this paper, I overview what is known, what is believed, and what remains entirely unknown about the behaviors of multiple electrically polarized or charged particles. I show that the nonlinearity recognized in classical mechanics leads to highly complex dynamics when particles are permitted to act in the presence of electric fields. I describe several simple problems that lead to effects that are not understood in any way, and I conclude with the proposition that what we know and believe are insignificant compared with the effects that we know to exist but cannot explain.
Two-dimensional modelling of subduction zone anisotropy with application to southwestern Japan

SUMMARY We present a series of 2-D numerical models of viscous flow in the mantle wedge induced by a subducting lithospheric plate. We use a kinematically defined slab geometry approximating the subduction of the Philippine Sea plate beneath Eurasia. Through finite element modelling we explore the effects of different rheological and thermal constraints (e.g. a low-viscosity region in the wedge corner, power law versus Newtonian rheology, the inclusion of thermal buoyancy forces and a temperature-dependent viscosity law) on the velocity and finite strain field in the mantle wedge. From the numerical flow models we construct models of anisotropy in the wedge by calculating the evolution of the finite strain ellipse and combining its geometry with appropriate elastic constants for effective transversely isotropic mantle material. We then predict shear wave splitting for stations located above the model domain using expressions derived from anisotropic perturbation theory, and compare the predictions to ∼500 previously published shear wave splitting measurements from seventeen stations of the broad-band F-net array located in southwestern Japan. Although the use of different model parameters can have a substantial effect on the character of the finite strain field, the effect on the average predicted splitting parameters is small. However, the variations with backazimuth and ray parameter of individual splitting intensity measurements at a given station for different models are often different, and rigorous analysis of details in the splitting patterns allows us to discriminate among different rheological models for flow in the mantle wedge. The splitting observed in southwestern Japan agrees well with the predictions of trench-perpendicular flow in the mantle wedge along with B-type olivine fabric dominating in a region from the wedge corner to about 125 km from the trench.
ION EXCHANGE SYSTEMS FOR WATER RECIRCULATION

Since the Bozeman Study in 1972, several pilot plants have been investigated to evaluate the application of the ion exchange systems for water recirculation in fish hatcheries. Pioneering work was made at the biological research laboratory of Kramer, Chin and Mayo, Inc., followed by a pilot plant testing at the Oregon Aqua Fish Hatchery in Newport, Oregon. In 1976, two 50-gallon per minute capacity ion exchange bed systems were installed and tested at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery in Orofino, Idaho. Recently, water reuse is accomplished by pumping approximately 120 gallons per minute from the raceway and filtering it through the pressure sand filter and the clinoptilolite filters for the removal of ammonia in the Seattle Aquarium. The paper will discuss the physical and chemical properties of ion exchange materials, pilot plant test results, engineering design criteria and application, and economics as compared to conventional biological ammonia removal systems. In addition, discussion will also be made in the area of pretreatment prior to ion exchange bed and regeneration as well as operational procedure adjustment. Further works needed to be conducted to provide optimum operating conditions will be discussed.
Auditing Cases That Made A Difference: Mckesson & Robbins

Many cases have impacted how today’s independent auditor does the job of expressing an opinion on financial statements. Students taking auditing classes memorize the names and dates of the some of these cases, but rarely learn the facts of the cases or appreciate why the cases were so critical to advancing modern auditing standards. McKesson & Robbins is one of the earliest of these cases. Spanning more than a decade, two continents, two generations and at least four surnames, this case clearly shows students that fraud is not limited to today’s corporations and that there is, indeed, little that is new under the sun.
Synthesis and characterization of a rare arsenic trithiolate with an organic disulfide linkage and 2-chloro-benzo-1,3,2-dithiastibole

Abstract The synthesis and structural characterization of bis(2-(1,3,2-benzodithiarsol-2ylsulfanyl)-benzenesulfide) (1) and 2-chloro-benzo-1,3,2-dithiastibole (2) are reported. Both compounds contain a five-membered ring with sulfur bound to the central group 15 atom. In compound 1, the centroidal distance between each opposing arene is 3.819 A. An alternating arene sandwich structure is created in the solid state with an intramolecular centroid distance between each set of stacked rings of 5.467 A. Compound 2 is an example of a three coordinate antimony dithiolate. It does not possess any of the secondary interactions seen in 1. Compound 2 demonstrates trigonal bypyramidal geometry around the antimony if secondary interactions are considered.
Meniscus formation during tracheal instillation of surfactant

The method of surfactant instillation into the lungs for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is an important attribute of delivery, and it may determine the overall efficacy of trea...
Decreased bladder compliance in patients with myelomeningocele treated with radiological observation

AbstractPurpose: Recently others advocated frequent radiological surveillance to detect upper urinary tract deterioration in children with neurogenic bladder secondary to spina bifida. We reviewed the consequences of such expectant management on bladder compliance and urinary continence.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 214 children presenting to our spina bifida clinic in a 13-year period. Followup is available for 95 girls and 86 boys. Imaging studies of the kidneys were repeated at 6 to 12-month intervals. Urodynamics were performed when upper urinary tracts deteriorated or in incontinent school age children.Results: On radiographic study there was evidence of upper urinary tract deterioration in 79 children, including hydronephrosis in 34, hydronephrosis and vesicoureteral reflux in 19, and reflux only in 26. Followup studies performed after clean intermittent catheterization and pharmacological therapy were instituted revealed resolution or improvement of upper tract d...
CMOS in the new millennium

The VLSI industry is accelerating towards the end of scaling (bulk) CMOS. Near its scaling limit, a CMOS transistor could have a channel length of about 25 nm, a switching speed about three times as fast as a device of 100-nm channel length, and an f/sub T/ of about 250 GHz. However realization of this CMOS technology is far from certain due to the many technical difficulties that must be overcome. In the next few years, while the application of CMOS to RF will grow rapidly, performance of digital CMOS will saturate. While development towards 25-nm channel length will continue, CMOS development will also be focused on opportunities beyond scaling the bulk device.
Adaptation and Sensitization to Proteotoxic Stress

Although severe stress can elicit toxicity, mild stress often elicits adaptations. Here we review the literature on stress-induced adaptations versus stress sensitization in models of neurodegenerative diseases. We also describe our recent findings that chronic proteotoxic stress can elicit adaptations if the dose is low but that high-dose proteotoxic stress sensitizes cells to subsequent challenges. In these experiments, long-term, low-dose proteasome inhibition elicited protection in a superoxide dismutase-dependent manner. In contrast, acute, high-dose proteotoxic stress sensitized cells to subsequent proteotoxic challenges by eliciting catastrophic loss of glutathione. However, even in the latter model of synergistic toxicity, several defensive proteins were upregulated by severe proteotoxicity. This led us to wonder whether high-dose proteotoxic stress can elicit protection against subsequent challenges in astrocytes, a cell type well known for their resilience. In support of this new hypothesis, we found that the astrocytes that survived severe proteotoxicity became harder to kill. The adaptive mechanism was glutathione dependent. If these findings can be generalized to the human brain, similar endogenous adaptations may help explain why neurodegenerative diseases are so delayed in appearance and so slow to progress. In contrast, sensitization to severe stress may explain why defenses eventually collapse in vulnerable neurons.
Solvothermal Routes for Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanorods

Control of the synthesis of nanomaterials to produce morphologies exhibiting quantized properties will enable device integration of several novel applications including biosensors, catalysis, and optical devices. In this work, solvothermal routes to produce zinc oxide nanorods are explored. Much previous work has relied on the addition of growth directing/inhibiting agents to control morphology. It was found in coarsening studies that zinc oxide nanodots will ripen to nanorod morphologies at temperatures of 90 to 120 °C. The resulting nanorods have widths of 9-12 nm average dimension, which is smaller than current methods for nanorod synthesis. Use of nanodots as nuclei may be an approach that will allow for controlled growth of higher aspect ratio nanorods.
How Emotions Work

How can it be that rational adults suddenly find themselves making obscene gestures at drivers who just cut them off? Why do people react with tears to events as disparate as winning a sports championship and the death of a parent? How can a child cry continuously in a cunningly strategic manner for five minutes, and then speak with no trace of the tears that were just shed? Jack Katz develops methods for unravelling these mysteries. His book undertakes to answer the fundamental questions at the heart of our emotional life. Katz fills the book with real-life emotions - crying under the pressure of police interrogation, road rage on California freeways, laughter in a funhouse, 8-year-olds shamefacedly striking out at baseball games - where their rise and fall can be observed without the artificial influence of the research process. By using videotapes, interviews, ethnographic description, participant observation and the insights of novelists, Katz studies emotions as physical and embodied - vibrantly, "under the radar" of a person's perceptual reach - rather than as remembered and recounted. Katz illustrates his methods with photographs and video stills that demonstrate the embodiment of emotion. The portrait that emerges is one in which people are much more sensually, intimately and aesthetically bound up in the landscapes of their lives than previous scientific studies would suggest. The text seeks to reveal the poetic and coherent logic of emotional experience and revolutionize the study of this enigmatic and essential aspect of human life.