cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interventionism and Causal Exclusion

A number of writers, myself included, have recently argued that an “interventionist” treatment of causation of the sort defended in Woodward, 2003 can be used to cast light on so-called “causal exclusion” arguments. This interventionist treatment of causal exclusion has in turn been criticized by other philosophers. This paper responds to these criticisms. It describes an interventionist framework for thinking about causal relationships when supervenience relations are present. I contend that this framework helps us to see that standard arguments for causal exclusion involve mistaken assumptions about what it is appropriate to control for or hold fixed in assessing causal claims. The framework also provides a natural way of capturing the idea that properties that supervene on but that are not identical with realizing properties can be causally efficacious.
Design of an accessible and portable system for soccer players with visual impairments

Many people with visual impairments actively play soccer, however the task of making the game accessible is met with significant challenges. These challenges include: the need to constantly talk to signify location and detecting the positions of silent objects on the field. Our work aims to discover methods to help persons with visual impairments play soccer more efficiently and safely. The proposed system uses headphone-rendered spatial audio, an on-person computer, and sensors to create 3D sound that represents the objects on the field in real-time. This depiction of the field will help players to more accurately detect the locations of objects and people on the field. The present work describes the design of such a system and discusses perceptual challenges. Broadly, our work aims to discover ways to enable people with visual impairments to detect the position of moving objects, which will allow them to feel empowered in their personal lives and give them the confidence to navigate more independently.
An intramembranous reductant which participates in the proline hydroxylation reaction with intracisternal prolyl hydroxylase and unhydroxylated procollagen in isolated microsomes from L-929 cells

Abstract We previously have described a substance present in crude sonicates of L-929 cells which replaced ascorbate in vitro as a reductant for prolyl hydroxylase ( B. Peterkofsky, D. Kalwinksy and R. Assad, 1980 , Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 199 , 362–373). In the present study we found that almost 90% of the substance was particulate after differential centrifugation of stationary phase L-929 cell homogenates. The substance was not localized in nuclei or mitochondria and was found in the same fractions as microsomes, but these fractions also contained lysosomes and cell membranes. The reductant could not be solubilized from particles by Brij-35, indicating that it is an intrinsic component of a membrane rather than intracisternally located. The intramembranous cofactor, in the absence of ascorbate, participated in the in vitro hydroxylation of [4- 3 H]proline in radio-actively labeled, intracisternal unhydroxylated procollagen in isolated microsomes which also contained prolyl hydroxylase. Hydroxylation was determined by measuring tritiated water formed from release of the 4- trans tritium atom. Since it is unlikely that such participation could occur if the cofactor were located within the membrane of another subcellular organelle, we have concluded that it is in the same particle as prolyl hydroxylase and unhydroxylated procollagen, that is, the microsome. With the endogenous reductant the reaction was slower than with saturating ascorbate and was increased by NADH. Maximum hydroxylation with the endogenous reductant was close to that which could be achieved with ascorbate. These results provide strong evidence that the endogenous reductant alone can account for the phenomenon of ascorbate-independent proline hydroxylation in L-929 cells. As in the case of ascorbate, the microsomal reductant functioned only in the presence of α-ketoglutarate and Fe 2+ and served as reductant for lysyl hydroxylase. It also was detected in the particulate fraction of virally transformed BALB 3T3 cells and in purified microsomes from bones of intact chick embryos. Since ascorbate could be taken up and concentrated in bone microsomes, it is unlikely that the endogenous reductant serves as an intermediary between ascorbate and intracisternal prolyl hydroxylase.
Bone marrow examinations as final clue to diagnosis of hypercalcemia: report of two cases.

Two young men with severe hypercalcemia in association with renal failure (one acute and one chronic) are reported in whom usual diagnostic tests failed to reveal an etiology, and the jnal diagnoses were given by bone marrow examinations. Early bone marrow examinations in specific patients with hypercalcemia of undetermined orign sometimes are vital as shown by our two patients.
Tissue factor contributes to microvascular defects after focal cerebral ischemia.

Microvascular perfusion defects occur after occlusion and reperfusion of the middle cerebral artery in examples of focal cerebral ischemia. In addition to cellular (eg, polymorphonuclear leukocyte) contributors to the focal "no-reflow" phenomenon, activation of coagulation may also play a role. We have tested a potential role of tissue factor-mediated coagulation in the microvascular perfusion defects seen after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in a baboon model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion with the murine anti-tissue factor monoclonal antibody TF9-6B4. Tissue factor is the principal resident procoagulant substance in cerebral tissues and has a distinct perivascular distribution. Microvascular patency in the basal ganglia after 3-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion and 1-hour reperfusion was quantified by computerized video imaging of carbon-tracer perfused tissues. Animals were randomized to receive intravenous TF9-6B4 (10 mg/kg) 10 minutes before middle cerebral artery occlusion (n = 6) or no treatment (n = 6) in an open study. In the control animals, a significant decrease in patency was confirmed in microvessels less than 30 microns in diameter. Infusion of TF9-6B4 before middle cerebral artery occlusion produced a stable maximal level of circulating antibody within 10 minutes, which lasted the duration of ischemia and reperfusion. An increase in reflow in microvessels of all size classes occurred after TF9-6B4 infusion, which was significant in those 7.5 to 30 microns (P = .038) and 30 to 50 microns (P = .013) in diameter. These results indicate that tissue factor-mediated events may also contribute to no-reflow in noncapillary microvessels after focal cerebral ischemia.
Computer Assessment of Atherosclerosis from Angiographic Images

A computer method for detection and quantification of atherosclerosis from angiograms has been developed and used to measure lesion change in human clinical trials. The technique involves tracking the vessel edges and measuring individual lesions as well as the overall irregularity of the arterial image. Application of the technique to conventional arterial-injection femoral and coronary angiograms is outlined and an experimental study to extend the technique to analysis of intravenous angiograms of the carotid and cornary arteries is described.
Regular use of analgesics is a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma

Phenacetin-based analgesics have been linked to the development of renal pelvis cancer and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The relationship between non-phenacetin types of analgesics and kidney cancer is less clear, although laboratory evidence suggests that these drugs possess carcinogenic potential. A population-based case-control study involving 1204 non-Asian RCC patients aged 25-74 and an equal number of sex-, age- and race-matched neighbourhood controls was conducted in Los Angeles, California, to investigate the relationship between sustained use of analgesics and risk of RCC according to major formulation categories. Detailed information on medical and medication histories, and other lifestyle factors was collected through in-person interviews. Regular use of analgesics was a significant risk factor for RCC in both men and women (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-1.9 for both sexes combined). Risks were elevated across all four major classes of analgesics (aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents other than aspirin, acetaminophen and phenacetin). Within each class of analgesics, there was statistically significant increasing risk with increasing level of exposure. Although there was some minor variability by major class of formulation, in general individuals in the highest exposure categories exhibited approximately 2.5-fold increase in risk relative to non- or irregular users of analgesics. Subjects who took one regular-strength (i.e. 325 mg) aspirin a day or less for cardiovascular disease prevention were not at an increased risk of RCC (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.6-1.4).
Scandate dispenser cathode for 220 GHz 50W sheet beam travelling wave tube amplifier

Nanocomposite Sc 2 O 3 -added tungsten dispenser cathodes were tested in Cathode Life Test Vehicles (CLTV) with a Pierce gun configuration under CW mode. The emission performance for both dc and pulsed current density remained consistent. In CLTV #1, owing to perveance issue (there is 100 micron gap between focus electrode and cathode emission surface), 10 A/cm2 dc current density can be acquired at practical temperature of 1120°C Br for more than 2000 hours. In CLTV #2 with reduced FE gap, 45 A/cm2 dc current density is obtained.
Is anorectal surgery on chronic dialysis patients risky

Patients on chronic hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may develop anorectal problems necessitating surgery. From January 1984 to December 1987, 18 ESRD patients underwent anorectal surgery. During this period, a mean of 215 patients underwent dialysis. Patients with ESRD present with characteristic problems: chronic constipation, need for dialysis pre- and postoperatively with heparin infusion, anemia, anticoagulation secondary to the consequences of uremia, and significant medical problems including coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Two patients had concomitant anal fissure, two had fistula-in-ano, and one had an acute perianal abscess. In two patients, the postoperative course was complicated by hemorrhage and, in one patient, by abscess formation. There was no delay in wound healing compared with a cohort group. The essentials of perioperative management are discussed with respect to timing of dialysis, methods of anesthesia and pain management, coagulation screening, and complications. Patients on well-managed chronic dialysis will tolerate anorectal surgery without undue jeopardy.
Asymmetry in nuclear fission

The two-center shell model for fission has been generalized to include asymmetric deformations. The calculation of the potential energy involves four independent shape variables, where only two were required in the symmetric calculations. Potential energy calculations have been carried out for $^{202}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$, $^{236}\mathrm{U}$, $^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$, $^{252}\mathrm{Fm}$, and $^{264}\mathrm{Fm}$. Asymmetric fission is found to be energetically preferred in $^{236}\mathrm{U}$, $^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$, and $^{252}\mathrm{Fm}$; and symmetric fission is preferred in $^{202}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$, $^{258}\mathrm{Fm}$, and $^{264}\mathrm{Fm}$. Two of these nuclei, namely $^{236}\mathrm{U}$ and $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$, have been studied in detail. It is seen that the asymmetry in $^{236}\mathrm{U}$ remains almost constant from the second saddle to scission, whereas in $^{210}\mathrm{Po}$ (and also in $^{202}\mathrm{Pb}$), the preferred shape changes from asymmetry in the region of the second saddle to symmetry in the region of scission. The results for Fm isotopes indicate that there is a transition from asymmetric fission in the lighter Fm isotopes to symmetric fission in the heavier Fm isotopes. The preference for symmetric mass division in $^{264}\mathrm{Fm}$ is very strong, since two double-magic $_{50}^{132}\mathrm{Sn}_{82}$ fragments are formed at symmetry. In general, the structures which appear in the potential energy surfaces are the results of an interplay between compound-nucleus shell structure, fragment shell structures, and liquid-drop-model energies. Comparisons of our results with experimental observations indicate that the observed mass distribution is correlated with the potential energy surface in the neighborhood of scission.
Thermal and mechanical properties of environment-friendly ‘green’ plastics from stearic acid modified-soy protein isolate

Abstract Most plastics, at present, are petroleum-based and do not degrade over many decades under normal environmental conditions. As a result, efforts towards developing environment-friendly and biodegradable ‘green’ plastics for various commercial applications have gained significant momentum in recent years. Soy protein isolate (SPI)-based ‘green’ plastics have been shown to suffer from high moisture sensitivity and low strength. These properties have limited their use in most commercial applications. They are also difficult to process into sheets without any plasticizer. The commonly used plasticizer, glycerol, tends to leach out over time producing time-dependent properties, which is highly undesirable for commercial applications. The objectives of the current research are to reduce the moisture sensitivity and simultaneously improve the tensile properties of SPI by incorporation of stearic acid without affecting its biodegradability. The effect of stearic acid and glycerol on the tensile and thermal properties of SPI has been characterized using various techniques to determine the interaction mechanisms between stearic acid and soy protein. Mechanical properties were characterized using Instron tensile tester. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques have been used to determine the effects of stearic acid and glycerol on the surface chemistry, thermal transitions and thermal degradation of the stearic acid modified SPI plastic (resin). The tensile test results show that Young’s modulus increased on increasing the stearic acid content, reaching the maximum value at about 25% (by weight of SPI powder) stearic acid. Further increase in stearic acid content from 25 to 30% led to a reduction in Young’s modulus. The moisture content, fracture stress, strain, and energy at break decreased steadily on increasing the stearic acid from 0 to 30% for SPI containing 30% glycerol. At 25% stearic acid content, the modulus and the fracture stress increased significantly, whereas the fracture strain, energy at break and the moisture content decreased on reducing glycerol content. Scanning electron microscopy photomicrographs of fractured surfaces showed a layered structure for stearic acid modified-SPI resin. TGA measurements showed that the thermal degradation of stearic acid modified-SPI resin initiated at higher temperature than the SPI resin. DSC scans indicated that stearic acid modified-SPI resin had a small degree of crystallinity, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns. Modifying SPI resin with stearic acid has been successful in obtaining better tensile and thermal properties as well as reduced moisture sensitivity without any processing problems.
A simplified chloral hydrate electrophoresis system for analysis of biological membranes

Abstract A chloral hydrate-containing tube-gel electrophoresis system previously described by Ballou, Sundharadas, and Bach [(1974) Science 185 , 531] permitted charge and size separation of membrane proteins, but was difficult to use and inapplicable to slab gels. A greatly simplified photopolymerized chloral hydrate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system is presented here for use with tube or slab containers. An aluminum lactate buffer system provides good solubilization and resolution. Its advantages over the previously described system are simplicity and multiple sample capacity.
Method and instrument for retrieving total columnar water vapor from solar transmittance

The design of a three-channel solar radiometer for obtaining total columnar water vapor using solar transmittance and differential absorption is presented. Water vapor transmittance is determined using a modified Langley approach and converted to columnar water vapor using a band model developed at the University of Arizona. Several cases are presented in which columnar water vapor amounts determined using the current instrument and method are compared to sounding balloon results. Tests using simulated data indicate that columnar water vapor may be retrieved with an uncertainty less than 10%.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermodynamic calculations of calcium carbonate scaling in geothermal wells, Dixie Valley geothermal field, U. S. A

Abstract Wells in the Dixie Valley geothermal field of central Nevada intercept a fracture-dominated hydrothermal system at depths of 2.5 to 3 km. The reservoir water is a dilute sodium-bicarbonate-chloride type solution thought to be in equilibrium with quartz, calcite, chlorite, and albite. Fluid sampling and chemical analysis of production during an early flow test gave remarkably low calcium concentrations. Thermodynamic calculations of mineral stability in the presence of the reservoir water indicate that five times the amount of calcium measured in fluid reaching the surface is actually in solution in the reservoir fluid. Approximately 80 percent of the calcium is lost as calcium carbonate scale on the well casing before the fluid reaches the surface. The results of thermodynamic calculations compare well with the scale-volume measurements of Benoit (1989).
Subcutaneous granuloma annulare of the finger

Granuloma annulare is a cutaneous disorder, which may be associated with subcutaneous fibrosis. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare lesions may occur without the cutaneous manifestations, and often biopsy is required for diagnosis. We report subcutaneous granuloma annulare of the index finger without cutaneous manifestations, in a 19-year-old woman. Diagnosis was confirmed by excision and histologic examination. In the natural history of granuloma annulare, a spontaneous, resolution can be expected. No other specific treatment is necessary.
Viscoelastic properties of paper

Abstract Paper specimens of the type commonly used in high-frequency loudspeaker cones have been subjected to dynamic viscoelastic characterisation using a Rheovibron Viscoelastometer. The paper exhibited a broad, relatively weak transition which was amenable to phenomenological modelling using a Wiechert spring-dashpot representation. The Wiechert model, once adjusted to fit the experimental data, provides an analytical tool the loudspeaker designer can use to predict the elastic and dissipative properties of paper at arbitrary temperatures and driving frequencies.
The processing of meaning in psychotherapy: some links with psycholinguistics and information theory.

Psychotherapy may be conceptualized as a problem of decoding the grammar and vocabulary of an unfamiliar language which uses English equivalents but gives them unfamiliar meanings. The language is further complicated by its dependence on both representational and instrumental messages; as a result, its redundancy often falls below the minimum necessary for unambiguous communication. The therapist must first determine the basic units on which the language depends; he seems to do this by a kind of simple contingency analysis. He next begins to increase redundancy be a special kind of listening in which he uses his own associations to augment the meanings supplied by the patient. Redundancy is also increased by a series of carefully timed interpretations (most easily seen in the so-called “good hour”). The patient's associations may also be used to increase redundancy (as in classical dream analysis). In general, the formal similarities in the material lead to the awareness of low level redundancies; these, in turn, can be recombined by the therapist into higher order codings that depend on theoretical assumptions not directly provided by the material. Suggestions are made for a test of some of these propositions by means of a computer-based language compiler.
Arsenic Sorption in Phosphate-Amended Soils during Flooding and Subsequent Aeration

Phosphate enhances the mobility of As in well-aerated soils by competing for adsorption sites. Phosphate and As may also coexist in large concentrations in hydric soils, and the influence of P on As in anaerobic systems is largely unknown. To determine the effects of P on As dynamics during a soil flooding and aeration cycle, samples of two soils were amended with Na{sub 2}HAsO{sub 4} and Na{sub 2}HPO, and incubated under a N{sub 2} atmosphere for 41 d, and then reaerated for 7 d. Subsamples were collected intermittently and dissolved As, Fe, Mn, Ca, S, P, and H{sub 3}AsO{sub 3} concentrations were determined. Arsenic speciation in the soil solids was determined after 14 and 41 d of flooding and then after 13 h of aeration by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Arsenic sorption was small under anaerobic conditions, and H{sub 2}PO{sub 4}{sup {minus}} additions enhanced As(V) reduction rate in both soils and slightly suppressed As sorption in one soil. Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) was identified in the soil solids. Rapid and simultaneous As sorption and Fe precipitation occurred during the first 0.25 d of aeration, suggesting that As was retained on freshly precipitated Fe (hydr)oxides. Manganese precipitation and concomitant Asmore » sorption occurred after 1d of aeration. Arsenopyrite was largely destroyed upon aeration but As(III) persisted. Thus, As is partitioned into the solid phase under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, although more appreciably under the aerobic conditions of this study, and P has little influence on dissolved As during soil flooding-aeration cycles.« less
Flexure of photomasks in manufacturing and application

The actual photomask surface formation during all relevant stages of manufacturing and application generally is determined by substrate flatness, stress introduced by the coating layers and, in particular, by gravity bending determined by substrate dimensions and actual clamping configuration. Dependant on the source of surface deformation, the actual pattern positions may vary in different ways compared to the design and lead to a registration error of up to 0.1 micrometers . Approaching these problems from the mask metrology point of view this paper presents a study based on modelling and experimental verification utilizing the Z- mapping feature of Nikon XY 3I mask metrology tool. The two error types, cosine error and pattern shift by lateral surface compression or stretching, will be calculated for two basic clamping configurations. Derived from the results and under consideration of current flexure compensation schemes the impact on the printed wafer image will be estimated leading to a discussion of possible correction schemes.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Essential Oils from the Leaves of Eugenia pitanga (O. Berg) Kiaersk. (Myrtaceae) of Paraguay Cultivated in Arizona

Abstract The essential oils isolated from the fresh leaves of Eugenia pitanga cultivated in Arizona, from seed originally collected in Paraguay, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components of the oil were (E)-β-ocimene (24.1±3.2%), germacrene D (20.8±2.4%), bicyclogermacrene (10.9±1.4%), and (Z)-β-ocimene (10.4±1.4%)
Formation of estradiol-17β fatty acyl 17-esters in mammary tumors

Incubations of estradiol with human and MT/W9a-B rat mammary tumors showed the formation of a non-polar metabolite of estradiol linked with a fatty acid at the 17-position. Studies involving incubations of 3H-estradiol and 14C-stearic acid and 14C-oleic acid showed that these tumors formed both the oleoyl and stearyl esters of estradiol and that the percent of oleoyl ester present in the non-polar metabolite fraction ranged between 19% to 25% while that of stearyl ranged from 10% to 16%. The physiological significance of these results are discussed.
Multiple class I motifs revealed by sequencing naturally processed peptides eluted from rat T cell MHC molecules

Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules interact with a diverse array of self and foreign peptides. Displayed on the cell surface, the class I/peptide complex provides an extracellular indication of the intracellular milieu. We have characterized the Lewis rat Vbeta8.2+ T cell hybridoma C14/BW12-12A1 by FACS analysis and have used immunoaffinity chromatography to purify class I molecules from these cells. Peptides eluted from the class I molecules have been fractionated by HPLC and sequenced. Self-peptide mixtures indicate two distinct peptide motifs, suggesting the possibility of multiple class I loci. The majority of the naturally processed peptide ligands were nonamers. Naturally processed peptide ligands fitting the first motif contained a hydrophobic leucine anchor residue at position three and a carboxyl-terminal serine anchor residue. A second motif was characterized by a tyrosine or phenylalanine residue at position three and a phenylalanine or isoleucine carboxyl-terminal residue. Four peptides derived from the Vbeta8.2 T cell receptor have sequences that fit these motifs, providing a mechanistic explanation for their immunoregulatory role. Identification of these class I peptide binding motifs will be useful for predicting potential CTL epitopes in studies on autoimmunity, immunoregulation and transplantation in the Lewis rat.
Remarks on the paper exact bounds on average granular pressures in a general bin model

Abstract In the paper referred to in the title to this communication, Shahinpoor argued that increased density due to material consolidation of a bulk material in a vertical bin reduces the stresses the bulk material exerts on the bin wall below those that would be present if the material were unconsolidated. In this paper it is shown that increased density due to material consolidation actually increases rather than reduces these stresses. Shahinpoor's conclusions are incorrect because he misinterprets his analytical results.
Examining Heterogeneity in the Effect of Taking Algebra in Eighth Grade

ABSTRACT Increased access to algebra was a focal point of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel's 2008 report on improving mathematics learning in the United States. Past research found positive effects for early access to algebra, but the focus on average effects may mask important variation across student subgroups. The author addresses whether these positive effects hold up when the analysis is expanded to examine effect heterogeneity. Using a nationally representative sample of eighth-grade students in 1988, the author examined sensitivity of findings to methods for selection bias adjustment, heterogeneity across the propensity to take algebra in Grade 8, and across schools. The findings support past research regarding positive benefits to Grade 8 algebra and are consistent with policies that increase access to algebra in middle school.
Prehospital epinephrine overdose in a child resulting in ventricular dysrhythmias and myocardial ischemia.

INTRODUCTION: Epinephrine overdoses in children have been associated with supraventricular tachycardia. Myocardial ischemia subsequent to epinephrine overdose has not been reported in pediatric patients. CASE REPORT: We report a case of ventricular dysrhythmias and myocardial ischemia in a 5-year-old boy who received 10 times the recommended dose of subcutaneous epinephrine. Prehospital providers administered the epinephrine, believing it was part of a "high-dose" epinephrine protocol. DISCUSSION: There is no role for high-dose epinephrine in the treatment of allergic reactions or asthma. Careful epinephrine dosing, using mg/kg and verifying the volume, dilution, and route of administration is essential to prevent epinephrine toxicity. Language: en
Assessment of wave energy resources in Hawaii

Abstract Hawaii is subject to direct approach of swells from distant storms as well as seas generated by trade winds passing through the islands. The archipelago creates a localized weather system that modifies the wave energy resources from the far field. We implement a nested computational grid along the major Hawaiian Islands in the global WaveWatch3 (WW3) model and utilize the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to provide high-resolution mesoscale wind forcing over the Hawaii region. Two hindcast case studies representative of the year-round conditions provide a quantitative assessment of the regional wind and wave patterns as well as the wave energy resources along the Hawaiian Island chain. These events of approximately two weeks each have a range of wind speeds, ground swells, and wind waves for validation of the model system with satellite and buoy measurements. The results demonstrate the wave energy potential in Hawaii waters. While the episodic swell events have enormous power reaching 60 kW/m, the wind waves, augmented by the local weather, provide a consistent energy resource of 15–25 kW/m throughout the year.
The orbital vibrator, a new tool for characterizing interwell reservoir space

Beginning in the early 1980s, Conoco spent over 10 years developing new seismic methodologies based upon deliberate generation of circularly and elliptically polarized shear waves at the earth’s surface and in the wellbore. Those efforts were successful. Orbital vibrator technology is now available to assist understanding reservoir geology between wells and further promising research is underway at several locations.
Structure and transcriptional regulation of the GFAP gene

Transcriptional regulation of the GFAP gene is intimately connected with astrocyte function: its initial activation marks the differentiation of astrocytes, and its up-regulation accompanies the reactive response to CNS injury. Studies of GFAP transcription should thus provide insights into multiple regulatory pathways operating in these cells. In addition, they should identify DNA elements that could be used to direct synthesis of other proteins to astrocytes in transgenic animals, permitting creation of disease models, and the testing of cause and effect relationships. This review describes several GFAP cDNA and genomic clones that have been isolated, including homology comparisons of the encoded RNAs and proteins. Cell transfection studies by several laboratories are summarized that have identified a DNA segment immediately upstream of the RNA start site that is essential for transcriptional activity, but which have yielded conflicting results concerning the importance of other segments located both further upstream and downstream of the RNA start site. Two procedures are recounted that have led to the successful expression of GFAP-transgenes in astrocytes in mice. One of these incorporates the transgene into the first exon of a fragment spanning the entire GFAP gene, while the other links it to a 2 kb 5'-flanking segment. Results already produced by GFAP-transgenic studies include demonstration of a neurotoxic effect of the HIV-1 gp120 coat protein, and creation of a hydrocephalic mouse model.
Ultrahigh Densities and Volume Recombination inside the Separatrix of the Alcator C-Mod Tokamak

MARFEs are experimentally studied using spectroscopic techniques to determine their internal characteristics. We find the local density and temperature in the MARFE to be $(2--3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{21}\mathrm{m}{}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and 0.7--1.0 eV, respectively. The volume recombination rate is also large in the MARFE, $(5--10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{22}\mathrm{s}{}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, similar in magnitude to the plasma source rate in the core. Because this plasma sink is located in confined regions of the plasma, the MARFE acts like a limiter; ions ``recycle'' from the MARFE as neutrals. These characteristics have not been predicted by current models.
Feasibility of under-lagging corrosion detection in steel pipe using the magnetostrictive sensor technique

The feasibility of inspecting under-lagging steel pipes without lagging removal using the magnetostrictive sensor (MsS) technique is described. With the MsS technique, elastic waves are launched along the length of a pipe, and reflected echoes from defects such as cracks or corroded areas are detected using noncontacting sensors. Experimental results obtained from 6-m long, 3.8-cm diameter steel pipe samples before and after inducing simulated defects in the pipewall are presented, and the potential capabilities of the MsS technique are discussed.
How much spatial resolution is enough? A meta-analysis of observer performance studies comparing plain films and digital hard copy

A Meta-analysis was performed on the data reported for observer performance studies comparing plain film and digital hard copy on lung interstitial disease and abnormalities of the bones of the extremities. Spatial resolutions from 5122 to 40962 were included. It is concluded that spatial resolution alone is not the determinant of success in observer performance. It is quite possible that an optimum is approached between 10242 and 20482 and that further improvement in performance will depend upon improvements in gray scale rendition.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DELTA++: Reducing the Size of Android Application Updates

This method of creating and deploying update patches improves on Google Smart Application Update by first unpacking the Android Application Package and then compressing its elements individually. The smartphone user can then download a smaller patch. Experiments show that performance yields 49 percent more reduction relative to Google's solution, increasing the savings in cellular network bandwidth use and resulting in lighter application server loads. This reduction in Android application-update traffic could translate to a 1.7 percent decrease in annual US cellular traffic. Similar methods applied to iPhone application updates could yield even greater savings.
Non-consumptive effects of a natural enemy on a non-prey herbivore population

1. Predator–prey interactions have traditionally focused on the consumptive effects that predators have on prey. However, predators can also reduce the abundance of prey through behaviourally-mediated non-consumptive effects. For example, pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) drop from their host plants in response to the risk of attack, reducing population sizes as a consequence of lost feeding opportunities. 2. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the non-consumptive effects of predators could extend to non-prey herbivore populations as a result of non-lethal incidental interactions between herbivores and foraging natural enemies. 3. Polyculture habitats consisting of green peach aphids (Myzus persicae Sulzer) feeding on collards and pea aphids feeding on fava beans were established in greenhouse cages. Aphidius colemani Viereck, a generalist parasitoid that attacks green peach aphids but not pea aphids, was released into half of the cages and the abundance of the non-host pea aphid was assessed. 4. Parasitoids reduced the population growth of the non-host pea aphid by increasing the frequency of defensive drops; but this effect was dependent on the presence of green peach aphids. 5. Parasitoids probably elicited the pea aphid dropping behaviour through physical contact with pea aphids while foraging for green peach aphids. It is unlikely that pea aphids were responding to volatile alarm chemicals emitted by green peach aphids in the presence of the parasitoid. 6. In conclusion, the escape response of the pea aphid provided the opportunity for a parasitoid to have non-target effects on an herbivore with which it did not engage in a trophic interaction. The implication is that natural enemies with narrow diet breadths have the potential to influence the abundance of a broad range of prey and non-prey species via non-consumptive effects.
Distribution of rubrospinal synaptic input to cat triceps surae motoneurons.

1. We evoked steady-state synaptic potentials in triceps surae motoneurons of the cat by stimulating the hindlimb projection area of the contralateral magnocellular red nucleus at 200 Hz. We measur...
Neutrophil A2A Adenosine Receptor Inhibits Inflammation in a Rat Model of Meningitis: Synergy with the Type IV Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor, Rolipram

Bacterial meningitis is a disease worsened by neutrophil-induced damage in the subarachnoid space. In this study, the A2A adenosine receptors on human neutrophils were characterized, and the role of A2A receptors on the trafficking of leukocytes to the cerebrospinal fluid and on blood-brain barrier permeability (BBBP) was assessed in a rat meningitis model. Neutrophils bind the A2A selective antagonist, 125I-ZM241385 (Bmax=843 receptors/neutrophil; KD=0.125 nM). A selective A2A receptor agonist, WRC-0470 (2-cyclohexylmethylidene-hydrazinoadenosine; 0.03-1 microM), alone and synergistically with the type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor, rolipram, increased neutrophil [cAMP]i and reduced cytokine-enhanced neutrophil adherence, superoxide release, and degranulation. These effects of WRC-0470 were reversed by ZM241385 (100 nM). In a lipopolysaccharide-induced rat meningitis model, WRC-0470 (0-0.9 microgram/kg/h), with or without rolipram (0-0.01 microgram/kg/h), inhibited pleocytosis and reduced the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in BBBP, indicative of decreased neutrophil-induced damage.
USE OF THE D-D REACTION TO INVESTIGATE PENETRATION OF 20 kev DEUTERONS IN GOLD AND ALUMINUM

Abstract Neutrons produced in the D-D reaction have been used to measure the depth of penetration of 20-keV deuterons in gold and aluminum targets. Separate targets were bombarded with beams of D + , D 2 + and D 3 + having energies of 20, 40 and 60 keV, respectively. After amounts of D atoms ranging from 2 × 10 15− 10 17 had been accumulated, these targets were then bombarded for relatively short time periods with D + beams ranging in energy from 20–60 keV. The number of fusion events in the target was measured by the neutrons produced which were counted in calibrated geometry. The energy dependence of the cross section of the D-D reaction is well known and the energy loss of deuterons in the keV range in these materials can be calculated from electronic stopping power theory, so that the necessary information for unfolding the data of neutron counts per unit intensity of probe D beam at each bombarding energy was available. The distributions obtained indicated larger amounts of deuterons deposited near the surface of the targets than expected from energy loss estimates of range. A remarkable effect of chemical constitution of the incident D 3 + beam was observed which shows a significantly reduced range of deuterons from D 3 + compared with deuterons from D + and D 2 + . This is cited as an example of self-created radiation enhanced diffusion.
Suffering in silence: the tolerance of DNA damage

When cells that are actively replicating DNA encounter sites of base damage or strand breaks, replication might stall or arrest. In this situation, cells rely on DNA-damage-tolerance mechanisms to bypass the damage effectively. One of these mechanisms, known as translesion DNA synthesis, is supported by specialized DNA polymerases that are able to catalyse nucleotide incorporation opposite lesions that cannot be negotiated by high-fidelity replicative polymerases. A second category of tolerance mechanism involves alternative replication strategies that obviate the need to replicate directly across sites of template-strand damage.
Comparison of CAGE questionnaire and computer-assisted laboratory profiles in screening for covert alcoholism

To identify the most effective method of screening for covert alcoholism Ewing's CAGE questionnaire was compared with several computer-assisted laboratory data profiles in a prospectively gathered, random sample of 915 adults admitted to a general hospital. Whether a subject was alcohol dependent (n=244) or not (n=671), as defined by DSM-III-R, was determined on the basis of a structured interview. The CAGE questionnaire was highly sensitive (76%) and specific (94%) for recognition of alcohol dependence (positive predictive power 87%). None of the discriminant laboratory functions gave recognition rates greater than chance alone. Until the sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive powers of computer-assisted methods improve, brief interview alone remains the best screening method for general hospital populations.
Interactive Video Professor

The goal of this project is to introduce the importance of multimedia instructions in the classroom. By having multimedia instructions, students will be able to have a well rounded and enhanced learning experience. This is demonstrated by use on video accompaniment. The result of this project was to produce videos of each individual subject and highlight the main pints of each topic and detail from a student’s point of view. This is beneficial to the student with learning problems in the classroom setting. These videos are packaged on an easy user interface designed with Camtasia 4.0 menu maker application software and are very user friendly. The videos are designed so that one will see the instructor interact with the Microsoft PowerPoint slideshow presentation and verbalize to the viewing public the important facts of each topic. Digital Electronics with VHDL text book authored by William Kleitz has been the main focus of this technique.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
From kissing to coitus? Sex-of-partner differences in the sexual milestone achievement of young men

Scientific information regarding normative patterns of young men's sexual behavior is insufficient, especially regarding the impact of sex of partner. We explored the age at which 255 young adult men achieved several milestones (e.g., first kiss, manual-genital contact, intercourse) as well as the sequence of milestone achievement and stability in sex-of-partner preferences as a function of sex-of-partner experiences. Mean ages of milestone achievement were consistent with the extant empirical literature. Men with only female partners were younger at first kiss and first relationship, and older at first intercourse than men with only male partners; they also reported an almost universal sequence of milestone achievement and little change in sex-of-partner preferences. Most men with male partners reported increased preference for male partners over time. Men with partners of both sexes tended to demonstrate patterns consistent with the relevant sex-of-partner group. Findings suggested a common male sexual trajectory and sex-of-partner dependent trajectories.
Continuous renal replacement therapy in multiple organ failure

Abstract Intermittent hemodialysis is excellent renal replacement therapy for isolated acute renal failure. Continuous hemodiafiltration is preferred in multiple organ failure because of stable hemodynamics, full feeding and fluid infusion, and ease of use in the septic or hypotensive patient. Recovery from multiple organ failure is improving in the University of Michigan Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) over the last 10 years. One factor is the use of continuous renal replacement therapy facilitating full nutrition.
Islet allografts in the cryptorchid testes of spontaneously diabetic BB/Wor dp rats: response to glucose, glipizide, and arginine.

The aim of this study was to examine insulin and glucagon secretory patterns in successfully transplanted spontaneously diabetic BB/Wor dp rats. Diabetic, BB/Wor dp rats received abdominal, intratesticular islet grafts of MHCcompatible BB/Wor dr donor rats without immunosuppression. After a period of 74 ± 15 days of normoglycemia, they were given the following challenges: 1) glucose, by mouth, 2) a single oral dose of glipizide, with glucose, and 3) arginine, by iv infusion. The pertinent results included the mean fasting plasma glucose levels of control, Sprague-Dawley (C), of transplanted BB/Wor dp (T), and nontransplanted, insulin treated, diabetic BB/Wor dp (D), and they were, respectively, 97 ± 4 mg/dl, 110 ± 3 mg/ dl, and 350 ± 40 mg/dl. Fasting plasma insulin levels in C and T rats were 21.9 ± 3 μU/ml, and 20.4 ± 2 μU/ml, respectively. Fasting plasma glucagon levels in C, T, and D, were 37.8 ± 5.7 pg/ml, 43.4 ± 4.6 pg/ml, and 47.4 ± 4.9 pg/ml, respectively. During oral glucose tolerance test, the p...
Labelling and Juvenile Court Dispositions: Official Responses to a Cohort of Violent Juveniles

This research tests three hypotheses implicit in the societal reaction perspective, with data on approximately 3,300 juvenile court dispositions involving the members of a birth cohort of 1,100 violent juveniles. The results indicate, contrary to the implications of the labelling perspective, that defendants' social attributes play little role in this court's decisions. Two findings, however, provide some support for labellers' contentions. First, offense information predicts outcomes only moderately well. The discriminant analysis performed on the data indicates that the variables used in this and other models predict the imposition of extremely severe outcomes much better than they predict outcomes of lesser severity. Second, this court's previous responses to a youth play an important role in any subsequent disposition decisions. The importance of prior court responses in later decisions supports labellers' characterizations of courts as vortices.
A transitional prosthetic appliance

Abstract This report describes a simple and effective method for fabricating a transitional prosthesis which permits a patient to enjoy satisfactory mastication in comfort and with satisfactory esthetics during the period when teeth are being lost.
Satellite images offer aircraft protection from volcanic ash clouds

When airplanes meet clouds of volcanic ash thousands of feet above Earth's surface, the combination can be potentially deadly. Of the more than 80 jet aircraft that encountered volcanic ash clouds during the past 15 years, seven lost engine power as a result. The problem is also expensive. Repair costs from encounters with volcanic clouds through mid-1994 are estimated at more than $200 million [Casadevall, 1994]. Many pilots never know they are flying through volcanic ash because the radar onboard their planes cannot detect the small (1–15 μm in radius) particles that cause the hazard. With onboard radar systems unable to detect volcanic clouds, mitigating the hazard is a challenge.
New perspectives on spinal motor systems.

The production and control of complex motor functions are usually attributed to central brain structures such as cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum. In traditional schemes the spinal cord is assigned a subservient function during the production of movement, playing a predominantly passive role by relaying the commands dictated to it by supraspinal systems. This review challenges this idea by presenting evidence that the spinal motor system is an active participant in several aspects of the production of movement, contributing to functions normally ascribed to ‘higher’ brain regions.