cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer in a Solar Cavity Receiver: Design Considerations

The thermal performance of a cylindrical solar cavity with a convective boundary is modeled using Monte Carlo ray tracing to evaluate the impact of the geometry and the spectral characteristics of the surface on the absorption efficiency and the spatial distribution of temperature. Increasing cavity size for a fixed aperture size increases absorption efficiency and reduces wall temperature. Inconel, which serves effectively as a selective surface, provides the highest absorption efficiencies at over 90%. A surface coating of aluminum oxide produces a more uniform and lower average temperature distribution.
Self-Control in Adult Humans: Effects of Counting and Timing

Abstract The effects on choice behavior of attempting to interfere with adult females' counting and timing behaviors were examined using a self-control paradigm (choices between larger, more delayed and smaller, less delayed reinforcers). Reinforcers consisted of opportunities to earn points exchangeable for money. There were four groups of 10 subjects each: a control group and three groups that listened to a list of numbers during the entire experiment, with two of these groups being asked to perform a counting or a division task with the numbers. Subjects in the two task groups demonstrated more self-control and earned fewer reinforcers than did subjects in the two no task groups. The results suggest that subjects with diminished cognitive capacity tend to choose the alternative that gives them the greatest amount of reinforcement in a given trial (the self-control alternative) and that they may not respond so as to maximize overall reinforcement.
A Small Interstellar Probe to the Heliospheric Boundary and Interstellar Space

The Small Interstellar Probe m1ss1on would be designed to cross the solar wind termination shock and the heliopause, and make a significant penetration into nearby interstellar space. The principal scientific objectives of this mission would be to explore the structure of the heliosphere, to investigate its interaction with the interstellar medium, and to explore the nature of the interstellar medium itself. These studies would be carried out by a ~200 kg spacecraft carrying a scientific payload designed to make comprehensive, in situ measurements of both heliospheric and interstellar plasma, fields, energetic particles, gas, and dust. New trajectory calculations indicate significantly improved performance over earlier studies with larger spacecraft, including spacecraft velocities ranging from -6 to -14 AU/yr., depending on trajectory and launch vehicle.
Second-order spectra for quadratic nonlinear systems by Volterra functional series: Analytical description and numerical simulation

Abstract Higher-order spectral analysis techniques are often used to identify nonlinearities in complex dynamical systems. More specifically, the auto- and cross-bispectrum have proven to be useful tools in testing for the presence of quadratic nonlinearities based on knowledge of a system's input and output. In this paper, analytical expressions for the auto- and cross-bispectrum are developed using a Volterra functional approach under the assumption of a zero-mean, stationary Gaussian input; proper simplifications are presented when the whiteness of the input signal is also imposed. These formulae show the contributions of the bispectrum in terms of the system frequency response function and elementary physical properties of the system. Simulations based on a stochastic numerical integration technique accompany the analytical solutions for a mechanical mass–spring–damper system possessing quadratic damping and stiffness coefficients and subjected to Gaussian white noise excitation. Subsequent estimates of the bispectrum based on the simulated signals show excellent agreement with theory. These results show how modes may interact nonlinearly producing intermodulation components at the sum and/or difference frequency of the fundamental modes of oscillation. The presence and extent of nonlinear interactions between frequency components are identified. Advantages of using higher-order spectra techniques will be revealed and pertinent conclusions will be outlined.
Biocontrol of Lettuce Drop Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor in Desert Agroecosystems

Field experiments were conducted over 2 years in Yuma County, AZ, and Imperial County, CA, to determine the efficacy of several biocontrol agents for the management of lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia spp. Commercial formulations of Trichoderma harzianum (Plantshield, Supersivit), Gliocladium virens (Soilgard), Coniothyrium minitans (Contans), and Bacillus subtilis (Companion) were evaluated and compared with the chemical fungicide iprodione (Rovral) against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor. A single application of biocontrol products or of Rovral did not reduce lettuce drop caused by either Sclerotinia species. However, two applications of Contans, one at planting and one at post-thinning, significantly reduced the incidence of lettuce drop caused by S. sclerotiorum and increased yield but had no effect on S. minor at both locations in both years. Two applications of other biocontrol products did not significantly reduce disease incidence despite medium to high recovery following application. In contrast, Contans was only sporadically recovered following application. In vitro fungicide sensitivity evaluation revealed that both Trichoderma and Gliocladium species were tolerant to iprodione, dicloran (Botran), and vinclozolin (Ronilan) up to 1,000 ppm a.i., whereas both Sclerotinia spp. and C. minitans were sensitive to all three fungicides above 1 ppm. In summary, Contans was the most effective treatment for the control of lettuce drop caused by S. sclerotiorum, but no treatment was effective against S. minor in the desert lettuce production systems.
Synthesis and structure of {η3-MeSi(CH2SPh)3}Cr(CO)3: how long can a Cr(0)–S(thioether) bond length be?

Abstract The new tridentate thioether ligand MeSi(CH2SPh)3 has been prepared in good yield and its first transition metal derivative, the octahedral chromium tricarbonyl complex {η3-MeSi(CH2SPh)3}Cr(CO)3, has been synthesized and fully characterized. In agreement with the reduced basicity of arylthioethers and the expected lability of their metal complexes, the new complex exhibits the longest Cr(0)–S(thioether) bond distances observed to date.
On the Decompositions of Complete Graphs into Cycles and Stars on the Same Number of Edges

Let Cm and Sm denote a cycle and a star on m edges, respectively. We investigate the decomposition of the complete graphs, Kn, into cycles and stars on the same number of edges. We give an algorithm that determines values of n, for a given value of m, where Kn is {Cm,Sm}-decomposable. We show that the obvious necessary condition is sufficient forsuch decompositions to exist for different values of m.
Urease activity of microbial biomass in soils as affected by cropping systems.

The impacts of crop rotations and N fertilization on different pools of urease activity were studied in soils of two long-term field experiments in Iowa; at the Northeast Research Center (NERC) and the Clarion-Webster Research Center (CWRC). Surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were taken in 1996 and 1997 in corn, soybeans, oats, or meadow (alfalfa) plots that received 0 or 180 kg N ha–1, applied as urea before corn and an annual application of 20 kg P and 56 kg K ha–1. The urease activity in the soils was assayed at optimal pH (THAM buffer, pH 9.0), with and without toluene treatment, in a chloroform-fumigated sample and its nonfumigated counterpart. The microbial biomass C (Cmic) and N (Nmic) were determined by chloroform fumigation methods. The total, intracellular, extracellular and specific urease activities in the soils of the NERC site were significantly affected by crop rotation, but not by N fertilization. Generally, the highest total urease activities were obtained in soils under 4-year oats–meadow rotations and the lowest under continuous corn. The higher total activities under multicropping systems were caused by a higher activity of both the intracellular and extracellular urease fractions. In contrast, the highest values for the specific urease activity, i.e. of urease activity of the microbial biomass, were found in soils under continuous soybean and the least under the 4-year rotations. Total and extracellular urease activities were significantly correlated with Cmic (r>0.30* and >0.40**) and Nmic (r>0.39** and >0.44**) in soils of the NERC and CWRC sites, respectively. Total urease activity was significantly correlated with the intracellular activity (r>0.73***). About 46% of the total urease activity of the soils was associated with the microbial biomass, and 54% was extracellular in nature.
Using Trustworthy Simulation to Engineer Cloud Schedulers

In recent years, researchers have contributed promising new techniques for allocating cloud resources in more robust, efficient, and ecologically sustainable ways. Unfortunately, the wide-spread use of these techniques in production systems has, to date, remained elusive. One reason for this is that the state of the art for investigating these innovations at scale often relies solely on model-driven simulation. Production-grade cloud software, however, demands certainty and precision for development and business planning that only comes from validating simulation against empirical observation. In this work, we take an alternative approach to facilitating cloud research and engineering in order to transition innovations to production deployment faster. In particular, we present a new methodology that complements existing model-driven simulation with platform-specific and statistically trustworthy results. We simulate systems at scales and on time frames that are testable, and then, based on the statistical validation of these simulations, investigate scenarios beyond those feasibly observable in practice. We demonstrate the approach by developing an energy-aware cloud scheduler and evaluating it using production and synthetic traces in faster than real time. Our results show that we can accurately simulate a production IaaS system, ease capacity planning, and expedite the reliable development of its components and extensions.
Consequences of Fermi surface geometry

Abstract It is assumed that a Fermi surface exists in the high-Tc superconductors and that the interaction V( r ) between electrons may be regarded as static. In the tight-binding context, the matrix element of V(r) between band states contains a term equal to the onsite repulsion U, which seriously suppresses superconductivity, especially for low dimensions and short-range interaction. It is seen how this difficulty can be removed in the context of a BCS-like superconducting state, Π k (u k + v k b k +)/0> , for various Fermi-surface geometries: that for sheets of chains, that for the square geometry appropriate to CuO2 planes, for Fermi surface pockets at the corners of a square antiferromagnetic Brillouin Zone, and for the planar surfaces appropriate to the cubic bismuth-oxide superconductors.
The absorption spectrum of atmospheric water vapor in the vicinity of the He 10830 Å triplet

Wavelengths of clean atmospheric water lines, and some solar lines, in the wavelength interval 10750 A to 10900 A have been measured to an accuracy approaching ± 1 mA. Strengths and wavelengths have been measured for all atmospheric water lines with absorption coefficients > 5 × 10−4 cm−1 gm−1 cm−2 at ∼ 280K, that lie within 15 A of the He I 10830 A featur of the stronger He component is affected by a weak water line which reduces atmospheric transmission by nearly 1 % with 10 mm precipitable water in the line of sight.
A nonradiologic method for estimating bone volume for dental implant placement in the completely edentulous arch.

Abstract A method is described for estimating bone volume and contour for dental implant placement in the endentulous arch.
On the efficiency and reversibility of active ligand transport induced by alternating rectangular electric pulses

The stationary-state kinetic properties of a simplified two-state electro-conformational coupling model (ECC) in the presence of alternating rectangular electric potential pulses are derived analytically. Analytic expressions for the transport flux, the rate of electric energy dissipation, and the efficiency of the transducing system are obtained as a function of the amplitude and frequency of the oscillation. These formulas clarify some fundamental concept of the ECC model and are directly applicable to the interpretation and design of experiments. Based on these formulas, the reversibility and the degree of coupling of the system can be studied quantitatively. It is found that the oscillation-induced free energy transduction is reversible and tight-coupled only when the amplitude of the oscillating electric field is infinitely large. In general, the coupling is not tight when the amplitude of the electric field is finite. Furthermore, depending on the kinetic parameters of the model, there may exist a "critical" electric field amplitude, below which free energy transduction is not reversible. That is, energy may be transduced from the electric to the chemical, but not from the chemical to the electric.
An improved mass culture method for the large, free-living amebae.

Abstract 1. 1. An improved mass culture method has been developed for the large, free-living amebae and tested on 4 strains of Amoeba proteus , 1 strain each of A. dubia and A. discoides , and 2 strains of Chaos chaos . 2. 2. Tetrahymena are added to cultures at each feeding in numbers proportional to the number of amebae present. Feeding schedules and resulting growth rates are presented. 3. 3. The average volume and dry mass per cell are presented for each strain of ameba. These measurements were used to compare different strains and to check variation within strains from week to week during culturing. 4. 4. This culture method removes the element of judgement from feeding, greatly decreases any chance of feeding errors and allows sustained production of large populations of even fragile amebae, such as A. dubia .
Ion-beam-induced reactions in metal-semiconductor and metal-metal thin film structures

Abstract Ion-induced reactions in thin film systems have been used to form equilibrium and metastable compounds, amorphous layers, and solid solutions. Samples were prepared by depositing metal films on Si or Ge substrates or by depositing multiple-layer films on inert substrates. Ar, Kr, or Xe ions at energies between 100 and 300 keV and dose of a few times 1015 ions/cm2 were used. In compound-forming systems, such as silicides, where chemical driving forces are significant, the substrate temperature during ion bombardment plays an important role. At substrate temperatures above 25–50°C, equilibrium phases are generally formed at growth rates that depend strongly on substrate temperature. At lower temperatures, intermixed layers are formed; the thickness of the layers is relatively insensitive to temperature. In both temperature regimes, the thickness of the intermixed layer depends on ion dose and species. In AuSi and AuGe eutectic systems, metastable phases were formed. With AgSi and AlGe eutectic systems, only limited intermixing was found. In metal-metal systems, solids solutions of extended solubility have been formed. Single-phase fcc solid solutions were formed across the entire composition range of AgCu and AuCo multiple-layer structures. With heat treatment, the single-phase solutions transform to equilibrium two-phase mixture. In near-immiscible systems, such as AgNi, an extension of the solubities was found. In general, ion-beam mixing provides a wider range of composition of solid solutions that can be obtained by splat-cooling or high dose plantation.
General analysis of slab lasers using geometrical optics

A thorough and general geometrical optics analysis of a slab-shaped laser gain medium is presented. The length and thickness ratio is critical if one is to achieve the maximum utilization of absorbed pump power by the laser light in such a medium; e.g., the fill factor inside the slab is to be maximized. We point out that the conditions for a fill factor equal to 1, laser light entering and exiting parallel to the length of the slab, and Brewster angle incidence on the entrance and exit faces cannot all be satisfied at the same time. Deformed slabs are also studied. Deformation along the width direction of the largest surfaces is shown to significantly reduce the fill factor that is possible.
Environmental analysis of groundwater in Mecosta County, Michigan

Groundwater withdrawal has major economic, social, and environmental implications. In Michigan, recent legislative activity has begun to address the issue of groundwater sustainability. However, more hydrologic data are needed to help inform policy and legislation. A study was conducted in Mecosta County, Michigan to: (1) determine if a relationship could be established between land use/land cover and groundwater quality; and (2) develop a conceptual model for the shallow groundwater system of the study region. In general, groundwater quality was good, with below detection levels of E. coli, low total bacterial counts, and relatively low nutrient concentrations. No statistically significant associations were found between the bacterial numbers and either land use or the physical/chemical attributes measured, which may be because the scale of our spatial analysis was too coarse to detect patterns. Finer-scale, localized processes may have a greater influence on microorganism growth and abundance than coarser-scale, regional processes in this area. Our groundwater analysis suggested that shallow groundwater flow paths are generally consistent with regional surface water flow networks, and that shallow groundwater levels in most of the region have fluctuated within 1’ m over the past 30 years, with no obvious increasing or decreasing trend.
Detection of Serotonin Receptor Transcripts in the Developing Nervous System

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, *Brain and Development Research Center, and tDepartment of Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA INTRODUCTION The receptors for serotonin (5-HT) are distributed widely throughout the brain and their expression appears to be regulated during development (Uzbekov
Pediatric Intracranial Infections

Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in children is an important entity and early recognition is paramount to avoid long-term brain injury, especially in very young patients. The causal factors are different in children compared with adults and so are the clinical presentations. However, imaging features of CNS infection show similar features to those of adults. This article reviews some of the common types of pediatric infections, starting with the congenital (or in utero) infections followed by bacterial infections of the meninges and brain parenchyma.
Outcome Feedback Effects on Risk Propensity in an MCPLP Task

In this experimental analysis, the effects of outcome feedback on risk propensity were assessed within the multiple-cue-probability-learning-paradigm (MCPLP). The individual decision maker in this task received outcome feedback on a decision-by-decision basis. It was hypothesized that information on his/her success or lack of success (outcome feedback) on each decision would influence the decision to risk (commit) resources. Hierarchical regression results revealed that after all other performance effects had been partialled out, current outcome feedback explained much of the commitment decision.
Modelling of Polymerization Phenomena

Structure de differents modeles: application a la polymerisation radicalaire en solution, polymerisation radicalaire en emulsion et polymerisation Ziegler Natta
Mie scattering techniques for air pollution measurement with lasers

Lidar (laser radar) techniques of remotely observing atmospheric particulates have obvious relevance to air pollution. After briefly noting the capability of lidar in a semiquantitative role for monitoring spatial and temporal variations of particulate concentration attention is directed to the problems of evaluating lidar observations quantitatively in terms of such physically meaningful parameters as the turbidity, opacity or particulate mass concentration of smoke plumes or the ambient atmosphere. Solutions based on Mie scattering theory are illustrated with examples from (1) hazy atmospheres (2) smoke plumes and (3) controlled aerosols in a test chamber. While noting that the role of lidar in research applications in air pollution is well established, its routine operational use is seen to be dependent upon further experimental and technological development. Its potential for monitoring ambient air quality and emission sources is stressed.
Factors Contributing to Individual Differences in Sucrose Preference

Demographics and anthropometry Black mothers were significantly younger (33.6 ± 0.8 versus 38.4 ± 0.7 years) and more likely to be single (71% versus 2%), with lower household incomes and fewer years of education (13.4 ± 0.2 versus 14.8 ± 0.3 years) when compared to White mothers (all Ps < 0.001). There were significant effects of race/ethnicity on children’s age (P < 0.025); Black children were older (8.1 ± 0.2 years) than White children (7.4 ± 0.1 years). No statistical differences were observed between the two groups in the children’s BMI categories, however. Despite the various demographic and age differences between the two racial/ethnic groups, further analyses revealed that none of these measured demographic factors were significantly related to the level of sucrose preferred by either children or adults. Sweet preferences and practice of feeding sugar water As a group, children preferred significantly higher concentrations of sucrose than mothers [t(237 df) = 4.07, P < 0.0001]. Black children (P < 0.001) and mothers (P < 0.001) preferred significantly higher concentrations of sucrose than White children and mothers, respectively (see Figure 1). Although 38% of the Black children were routinely fed sugar water as babies, this custom was experienced by only 6% of the White children [χ 2 (df = 1) = 16.50, P < 0.0001]. However, regardless of race/ethinicity, early exposure to sugar water was related to the level of sucrose preferred during childhood [t(106 df) = 2.20; P = 0.03]. Children who were routinely fed sugar water during infancy preferred significantly higher levels of sucrose (0.66 ± 0.07 M) when compared to those who were rarely or minimally exposed (0.48 ± 0.04 M).
A programmable implementation of neural signal processing on a smartdust for brain-computer interfaces

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer tremendous promise for improving the quality of life for disabled individuals. BCIs use spike sorting to identify the source of each neural firing. To date, spike sorting has been performed using off-chip analysis, which requires a wired connection penetrating the skull to a bulky external power/processing unit, or ASIC designs, which lack the programmability to perform different algorithms and upgrades. In this research, we propose and test the feasibility of performing on-chip, real-time spike sorting on a programmable smartdust, including feature extraction, classification, compression, and wireless transmission. A detailed power/performance trade-off analysis using DVFS is presented. Our experimental results show that the execution time and power density meet the requirements to perform real-time spike sorting and wireless transmission on a single neural channel.
An additional therapeutic effect of adequate hyperventilation in severe acute brain trauma: normalization of cerebral glucose uptake

✓ In a total of 309 frequent serial studies, arteriojugular differences in glucose and oxygen levels were concurrently evaluated in 33 adult patients who were experiencing the most acute phase of severe brain trauma. Hyperventilation therapy was optimized to maintain both normalized intracranial pressure and cerebral extraction of oxygen. Under these circumstances, global cerebral glucose extraction was found to be closest to normal during profound optimized hyperventilation, with PaCO2 levels below 25 mm Hg. In contrast, during normocapnia global cerebral glucose extraction dropped below normal range, indicating impairment of cerebral glucose uptake. Findings from this study show that in severe acute brain injury, optimized hyperventilation exerts an additional metabolic effect with respect to cerebral glucose uptake.
Expedições coloniais de coleta e a busca por oportunidades no sertão amazônico, c. 1750-1800

This paper is about the indigenous participation in the collection activities of the hinterland drugs, during the term of the Diretorio dos Indios. It suggests an explanation for cases of voluntary participation in those activities: in them indigenous found space for independent action, they fostered the expansion of social networks and they configured new economic outlook.
A DIALECTICAL APPROACH TO RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

This paper reports on the methodology and an application of a dialectical approach to research and development planning. The methodology features a structured debate followed by augmentation analysis. The argumentation analysis in turn is followed by an assessment of the plausibility of the arguments. The application involved using the methodology to assess the level of funding for research and development for a transportation system that would employ advanced technology. The Dialectic Inquiry process, and specifically, the plausibility rating activity, were seen as valuable aids for policy analysis. 12 references, 6 figures.
Marital Conflict and Children's Adjustment: Parental Hostility and Children's Interpretations as Mediators

The associations between marital conflict, maternal and paternal hostility, children's interpretations of marital conflict, and children's adjustment were examined in a sample of 136 school-aged children and their parents. Observational measures were collected from videotapes of marital interaction and family interaction. Self-report data were collected from parents and children. Results showed that mothers’ and fathers’ hostility mediated the association between martial conflict and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Children's feelings of being to blame for marital conflict and being threatened by it mediated between marital conflict and children's internalizing problems but not their externalizing problems.
To bind or not to bind - FoxA1 determines estrogen receptor action in breast cancer progression

Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) is rapidly enabling the comprehensive characterization of genome-wide transcription factor-binding sites, thus defining the cistrome (cis-acting DNA targets of a trans-acting factor). Estrogen receptor (ER) ChIP-seq studies have been performed mainly in cell lines, but Ross-Innes and colleagues have now completed the first such study in clinical breast cancer samples. The study aimed at determining the dynamics of ER binding and differences between more and less aggressive primary breast tumors and metastases. The authors found that ER bound to DNA in both aggressive and drug-resistant tumors but to different sites and with different affinities. Given previous findings from cell lines, FoxA1 appears to play a critical role in this reprogramming of ER binding.
The effect of the Müller-Lyer illusion on map reading.

One important reason for studying visual illusions is that they can influence real-world perception as people interact with human-made displays. Three experiments examined how the Muller-Lyer illusion affects distance judgments and decision-making in the complex graphical context of a map by having subjects estimate the lengths of road segment lines framed by inward-going or outward-going wings in actual maps, in control displays that had the map context removed, and in simulated maps. The experiments showed that (1) outward-going wings led to higher distance estimates than did inward-going wings to the same extent both with and without the map context, (2) decisions based on distances determined from maps were affected by Muller-Lyer elements in the maps, and (3) map readers’ measurement behavior influenced the effect of the Muller-Lyer elements in maps. The discussion focuses on how certain display manipulations and task manipulations affect the Muller-Lyer illusion. In addition, the discussion addresses the instances in which using a map might be affected by misestimation due to Muller-Lyer elements.
Coordinating heterogeneous work: information and representation in medical care

Medical care involves intense collaboration amongst a number of practitioners including physicians, nurses, and pharmacists Their work is concentrated on a single patient, and yet their activities, motivations, and concerns are very different. We explore the use of a shared information system in helping these individuals coordinate their work. In particular, we use the idea of a common information space to explore how the shared information is incorporated into the diverse work practices of an intensive care unit. In addition to physical co-location, we found that providing information in many specialised representations is critical to managing their coordination. Unlike paper records, computer systems offer the ability to decouple information from its representations. This decoupling opens up a rich design space for systems that allow people with different interests, concerns and work practices to work together effectively.
Familial transmission of alcohol use, III. Impact of imitation/non-imitation of parent alcohol use (1960) on the sensible/problem drinking of their offspring (1977).

Imitation/non-imitation by adult offspring of alcohol-related parent behavior was examined in the context of the fall-off effect' and of sensible/problem alcohol use, two processes which tend to constrain drinking. Evidence indicates there is more imitation by adult offspring of abstemious parents (both abstainer and low volume) than of high volume parents. Adult offspring drink significantly less, on the average, than their high volume parents, a phenomenon here termed 'fall-off effect'for both men and women with respect to either their fathers or mothers. This fall-off among social drinkers appears when the mother approaches or the father consumes at or more than a typical daily drinking level (> 1 drink per day). More sensible drinking occurs among adult offspring when (!) the parent has no drinking problem-signs than when the parent has drinking problems (this pattern appears at all levels of offspring consumption), and (2) when parents drink at high volume and have no problems for those offspring who do not imitate parent volume. Drinking 'sensibly' appears to be associated directly with the level of parent alcohol use and offsprings' own drinking levels (considered as imitation or nonimitation of parents), and indirectly with offspring recall of problematic intake by parents. Drinking sensibly is a medical, education and public health issue.
Psychopharmacological Intervention. II: Teacher Perceptions of Psychotropic Medication for Students with Learning Disabilities

The perceptions, knowledge, and opinions of 104 teachers of students with learning disabilities regarding medication used with their students were investigated. The students' doctors were perceived as the professionals primarily responsible for making the decision to have the student either placed on or taken off medication. The teachers indicated that global impressions and direct behavioral observations were used to assess the effects of medication but that they would prefer to use behavioral observations and rating scales. Hyperactivity and delusions/hallucinations were perceived as the problems most likely to lead to medication. Less than 15% of the teachers indicated that their professional preservice training had provided them with sufficient information on the use of medication for children with behavior problems, and less than 20% had a similar opinion regarding their inservice training on the same topic.
Spectra, spectra, spectra – Tensor triangular spectra versus Zariski spectra of endomorphism rings

We construct a natural continuous map from the triangular spectrum of a tensor triangulated category to the algebraic Zariski spectrum of the endomorphism ring of its unit object. We also consider graded and twisted versions of this construction. We prove that these maps are quite often surjective but far from injective in general. For instance, the stable homotopy category of finite spectra has a triangular spectrum much bigger than the Zariski spectrum of Z. We also give a first discussion of the spectrum in two new examples, namely equivariant KK ‐theory and stable A 1 ‐ homotopy theory. 18E30; 14F05, 19K35, 20C20, 55P42, 55U35
Effect of DMSO and exchange volume on outflow resistance washout and response to pilocarpine during anterior chamber perfusion in monkeys

PURPOSE. To determine the dependence of outflow resistance washout on anterior chamber (AC) fluid exchange volume (EV); the minimum EV required for complete AC mixing, and the effect of 0.01–5% DMSO in the exchange solution on out-flow resistance. METHODS. Total outflow facility was determined in 63 pento-barbital-anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys, before and after AC exchange, for 10 min, with 1, 2, and 4 ml of Barany's perfusand, containing 0.01–5% DMSO or containing 1 µg/ml or 5 µg/ml pilocarpine HCL (pilo), each volume. RESULTS. Post-exchange facility increased by 21% (p < 0.05) vs. baseline for both the 1 and 2 ml Barany's volumes and by 50% (p < 0.001) for the 4-ml volume. Washout-corrected post-exchange facility was unchanged from baseline, following 1 or 2 ml exchange with 1 µg/ml pilo; 5 µg/ml pilo increased facility by 130 ± 41% and 174 ± 40% respectively, relative to baseline. Exchange with 4 ml of 1 µg/ml pilo increased facility 72% more than the 2 ml (p < 0.029) and 100% more than the ...
Gravity Delineation of a Buried Valley in Quartzite

A gravity survey was conducted in a 94-square-mile area of northeastern Hanson County, South Dakota. The 340 measured gravity values, together with test-hole data, were used to approximately delineate a buried valley eroded into the Sioux Quartzite of Precambrian age. This valley contains, in places, an aquifer composed of quartzose sand of pre-Cretaceous age derived from the Sioux Quartzite. The bottom of the valley is approximately 450–600 ft below land surface. Simple Bouguer values were determined from measured gravity data, referenced to a local base station, and interpolated to a 0.5- by 0.5-mile grid. The interpolated simple Bouguer values of residual gravity were determined using a five-ring, inverse-weighted filtering method. The second derivative of the interpolated gravity values, as well as their downward continuation, did not delineate the buried valley as well. Subsequent drilling of nine test holes showed that the gravity method can be used for approximately delineating subsurface features
OPERATIONAL RISK IN FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS AND THE PROPOSED BASEL CAPITAL ACCORD: AN OVERVIEW

The 1988 Basel Accord and the proposed revisions to the Accord represent some of the most significant international regulations impacting the financial decisions of firms, in this case, financial services firms, in recent years. The revisions to the Accord incorporate operational risk into the capital, supervisory and market requirements. In our review of the issues in this area, we provide insight into the workings of an important international regulation. We also present suggestions for further research in this area that will become feasible when data on the impact of the new regulations become available after the proposed implementation in 2006.
Clots Kill: Hematologic Pharmacology for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Drugs that work on the hematologic system play an important role in helping to limit the morbidity and mortality that can be associated with an acute coronary syndrome. The pharmacology of the fibrinolytic agents, thrombin inhibitors, and antiplatelet agents is described. A case study of a woman having an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is reviewed to highlight the importance of drugs that work on the hematologic system.
Review of the Experience with Re-Operation After Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication

Abstract Introduction: The risk of redo fundoplication has been demonstrated to be significantly higher in patients of younger age, those with ongoing retching, and those who underwent more extensive dissection of the esophageal hiatus at the initial operation. The purpose of this study was to review the management and outcomes of patients who required one or more re-operations for recurrence after laparoscopic fundoplication. Materials and Methods: After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval, we performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication from 2000 to 2013 and subsequently required a redo operation for recurrence. Patient demographics, neurologic impairment, interval time between re-operations, operative approach, use of mesh, and length of follow-up were analyzed. Two-tailed independent Student's t test was used to compare continuous variables, and two-tailed chi-squared test with Yates's correction (Fisher's exact test where appropriate) was...
Keeping Children Safe is Good Business: The Enterprise of Child Safety in the Age of Reagan

This essay investigates the ways in which child safety became an enterprise during the child protection crusade of the 1980s. Americans clamored for an increased federal presence in “the battle for child safety,” but they made such calls in a climate of intense governmental distrust. The federal government did assume a larger role on the issue of missing and exploited children with the passage of the Missing Children and Missing Children’s Assistance Acts of 1982 and 1984, respectively. But, as this essay demonstrates, the state also stressed the primacy of the private sector—and specifically for-profit companies—in protecting American children. The celebration by President Ronald Reagan and others of private sector efforts to raise awareness about and “save” American youngsters laid the groundwork for a broader child safety apparatus that took hold in the final decades of the twentieth century.
Toward a Structural Perspective of Modern Religious Movements

(1973). Toward a Structural Perspective of Modern Religious Movements. Sociological Focus: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 83-99.
(U-Th)/He Dating: Principles and Applications

The (U-Th)/He dating utilizes the production of alpha particles (He atoms) during natural radioactive decays of U, U and Th. (U-Th)/He age can be determined from the abundances of the parent nuclides U, U and Th and the radiogenic He. Because helium is one of the noble gases (non-reactive) with a relatively small radius, it diffuses rapidly in many geological materials, even at low temperatures. Therefore, ingrowth of He during radioactive decay competes with diffusive loss at elevated temperatures during the geologic time scale, determining the amount of He existing today in natural samples. For example, He diffusion in apatite is known to be very rapid compared to that in most other minerals, causing a significant diffusive loss at ~80C or higher. At ~40C, He diffusion in apatite becomes slow enough to preserve most He in the sample. Thus, an apatite’s (U-Th)/He age represents the timing when the sample passed through the temperature range of 80-40C. The crustal depth corresponding to this temperature range is called a “partial retention zone.” Normal closure temperatures for a typical grain size and cooling rate are ~60-70C for apatite and ~200C for zircon and titanite. Because the apatite He closure temperature is lower than that of most other thermochronometers, it can provide critical constraints on relatively recent or shallow-crustal exhumation histories.
Attorneys' Political Ideological Belief Systems and Attitudes Toward the Ohio Child Support Guidelines: An Alternative Assessment of Guidelines

The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) whether or not a relationship exists between attorneys' political ideological belief systems and attitudes toward the 1987 Ohio Child Support Guidelines, and (2) whether or not attitudes toward guidelines and child support award decisions are consistent. A bivariate analysis (Pearson r's) found liberals to hold favorable attitudes toward the guidelines while conservatives hold unfavorable attitudes. A step-wise multiple regression analysis found conservatives to hold consistent attitudes toward guidelines and child support award decisions. It was concluded that the extent to which the objectives of the guidelines are adhered to is dependent in part upon the attorneys' political ideological belief systems.
An Anatomical Atlas-Based Method for fNIRS Imaging of the Rhesus Macaque

An anatomical atlas-based method for rhesus monkey brain imaging is presented. Numerical simulation, phantom experiment, and animal studies show that the method is computation-efficient in the generation and registration of 3D image findings.
Meat quality of broiler breast fillets with white striping and woody breast muscle myopathies

The global poultry industry has been faced with emerging broiler breast meat quality issues including conditions known as white striping (WS, white striations parallel to muscle fibers) and woody breast (WB, hardness of raw fillet). Experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of WS and WB hardness on meat quality traits in broiler breast fillets. In Exp. 1, birds were processed at approximately 9 wk of age and deboned at 4 h postmortem (PM); in Exp. 2, birds were processed at approximately 6 and 9 wk of age and deboned at 2 h PM. Fillets were categorized as: normal for both white striping and woody breast (NORM); moderate for white striping and mild for woody breast (MILD); severe for white striping and mild for woody breast (WS); severe for woody breast and moderate for white striping (WB); or severe for both white striping and woody breast (BOTH). Sarcomere length, gravimetric fragmentation index, marination uptake, cook loss, and Meullenet-Owens razor shear energy (MORSE) values on non-marinated and marinated fillets were assessed. Sarcomeres tended to be longer (P = 0.07) with increasing severity of WS and WB in both experiments and gravimetric fragmentation index did not differ (P > 0.05) among categories. Marinade uptake decreased (P 0.05) in non-marinated fillets, the marinated BOTH fillets had greater MORSE values (P 0.05) among categories of marinated breasts. At 9 wk, WS and BOTH were higher (P < 0.05) in MORSE compared to NORM for non-marinated fillets, but similar to NORM marinated fillets. Results suggest that severe degrees of white striping and woody breast, individually or in combination, negatively impact meat quality, especially water holding capacity attributes such as marinade uptake and cook loss.
Effectiveness analysis on measles supplementary immunization for students of primary and middle schools in Hongkou District of Shanghai

[Objective] To analyze the effect of enhanced immunization for school-age children in Hongkou District of Shanghai in immunology and epidemiology. [Methods] One month after completing immunization,the blood antibody titers were measured by ELISA method,and compared with the those of non-enhanced immunization,for epidemiological survey were collected history of measles immunization and close contact with the measles. [Results] It could not be thought that strengthening immunization improved antibody positivity rate,the protection rate,and geometric antibody average concentrations. There was not statistical difference in antibody levels between measles vaccination 2 times and 3-4 times. [Conclusion] In the regions where routine immunization rates reach a high level,strengthening immunization done on large scale is a waste of vaccine resources,human resources and financial resources,and leak re-vaccination should be done as a cost-effective preventive measure.
The ACA and Risk Pools--Insurer Losses in the Setting of Noncompliant Plans.

The viability of health insurance exchanges established under the Affordable Care Act is in doubt. One important factor is the government's decision to allow noncompliant insurance plans to continue operating, which shrank the ACA's intended insurance risk pools.
Acute hepatic failure

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is defined as hepatic encephalopathy developing within 8 weeks of the onset of symptoms in a patient with a previously healthy liver, whereas when hepatic encephalopathy develops between 8 and 24 weeks after the onset of the syndrome it is called submassive hepatic necrosis (SHN). Hepatic encephalopathy is divided into clinical grades, Grade I-IV, in order of severity. Progression to more severe grades of encephalopathy (Grade III or IV) is a serious prognostic development and indicates that the patient has a high risk of dying. FHF and SHN are always associated with a severe coagulopathy. FHF or SHN may be caused by viral hepatitis (HAV, HBV, HDV, and HEV) ; metabolic disease (Wilson's) ; toxins and rare causes such as acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Reye's syndrome or lymphoma. Acetaminophen (either taken alone in large doses or in combination with ethanol), phenytoin and volatile anaesthetics are important causes of drug-induced FHF. SHN is less commonly drug-related. Extremes of age ( 40 years), drugs other than acetaminophen, delayed development of encephalopathy after the onset of jaundice and the absence of an identifiable cause of hepatic injury are poor prognostic factors for spontaneous recovery to FHF. SHN invariably carries a poor prognosis. Cerebral oedema leading to raised intracranial pressure is a common mode of death in both conditions. Clinical management is directed to : (1) correcting metabolic disturbances, e.g. hypoglycaemia, (2) avoiding renal failure, (3) monitoring and treating elevations in intracranial pressure, (4) treating infection, (5) giving an antidote (e.g. N-acetylcysteine) to the offending toxin (e.g. acetaminophen). Up to recently, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) offered the only hope to patients with FHF or SHN who were deteriorating despite maximal medical treatment. Results indicate approximately 65% 1-year survival after OLT for FHF. Recently, alternatives to OLT have been developed including temporary heterotopic partial liver grafting or extracorporeal perfusion through columns containing hepatocytes. How these new modalities will impact on management of FHF and SHN remains to be determined.