cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current injection for field decay compensation in NMR spectrometer magnets

Current injection is a method to compensate for field drift in persistent nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer magnets by the direct introduction of incremental current into the magnet through leads attached across a portion of the windings. An applied current ramp will distribute among the sections of the windings defined by the placement of the leads according to the inductance of the circuit. As a result, a current ramp trough leads placed across an inner coil will flow primarily in that coil. The field created by the injection current may be used to cancel a quasi-persistent field decay. The injection current required for the field decay compensation is determined as a function of magnet parameters and decay rate. The drift in field uniformity that results with current injection is found to be proportional to the field decay that is compensated, the drift and the decay being related by a quantity termed the dynamic uniformity; The field uniformity drift is quantified for an example magnet design; showing that the drift in field uniformity can be significant in the context of high resolution spectroscopy. Methods that facilitate shimming, such as gradient shimming, are identified as a natural compliment to current injection.
The impact of neglect on initial adaptation to school

This study examined the impact of child neglect during the first 4 years of life on adaptation to school during kindergarten and first grade in the context of neighborhood poverty (NP). Processes related to the development of school competencies were examined, including the mediational role of cognitive functioning and ego-resiliency (ER) in shaping children's school outcomes. A total of 170 low-income urban children were followed prospectively for 2 years (ages 4-6). Results indicated that neglected children had significantly lower scores on kindergarten classroom behavior and first-grade academic performance than nonneglected children. Children's cognitive performance at age 4, controlling for maternal intelligence quotient, mediated the relation between severity of neglect and children's behavior in kindergarten as well as their academic performance in first grade. Moreover, severity of neglect was related to children's ER at age 4. However, additional ecological adversity in the form of NP moderated the link between ER and classroom behavior, such that at lower levels of poverty, ER mediated the relation between severity of neglect and school adaptation. Conversely, when NP was extreme, the effects of ER were attenuated and ER ceased to predict behavioral performance in kindergarten. The implications of these findings for prevention and intervention are discussed.
Hook Needle-Guided Excision of Recurrent Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in Previously Operated Neck Compartments: A Safe Technique for Small, Nonpalpable Recurrent Disease

Context: As a result of more sensitive techniques to detect recurrent thyroid cancer, the number of patients presenting with small, nonpalpable recurrent thyroid cancer in cervical lymph nodes is increasing. Surgical excision of nonpalpable recurrent thyroid cancer can be difficult, particularly in a previously operated area. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether preoperative insertion of a hook needle under ultrasound guidance is useful in neck reoperations for recurrent thyroid cancer. Patients: Ten consecutive patients presenting over a 4-month period with nonpalpable, ultrasound-visible, fine needle biopsy-proven recurrent thyroid cancer in previously operated neck compartment(s) were studied. Main Outcome Measures: We measured whether it was technically possible to insert a hook needle preoperatively, rate of negative neck exploration, and complication rate. Results: The hook needle was inserted in seven patients. In three patients, the hook needle was not inserted; one pa...
Eggshell colour is more strongly affected by maternal identity than by dietary antioxidants in a captive poultry system

Summary 1.Biologists have long puzzled over the apparent conspicuousness of blue-green eggshell coloration in birds. One candidate explanation is the ‘sexual signalling hypothesis’ that the blue-green colour of eggshells can reveal an intrinsic aspect of females' physiological quality, with only high-quality females having sufficient antioxidant capacity to pigment their eggs with large amounts of biliverdin. Subsequent work has argued instead that eggshell colour might signal condition-dependent traits based on diet. 2.Using Araucana chickens that lay blue-green eggs, we explored (i) whether high levels of dietary antioxidants yield eggshells with greater blue-green reflectance, (ii) whether females differ from one another in eggshell coloration despite standardized environments, diets and rearing conditions, and (iii) the relative strength with which diet vs. female identity affects eggshell coloration. 3.We reared birds to maturity and then placed them on either a high- or low-antioxidant diet, differing fourfold in Vitamin E acetate and Vitamin A retinol. After 8 weeks, the treatments were reversed, such that females laid eggs on both diets in an order-balanced design. We measured the reflectance spectra of 545 eggs from 25 females. 4.Diet had a very limited effect on eggshell spectral reflectance, but individual females differed strongly and consistently from one another, despite having been reared under uniform conditions. However, predictions from avian visual modelling suggest that most of the egg colour differences between females, and nearly all of the differences between diets, are unlikely to be visually discriminable. 5.Our data suggest that eggshell reflectance spectra may carry information on intrinsic properties of the female that laid the eggs, but the utility of this coloration as a signal to conspecifics in this species may be limited by the sensitivity of a receiver to detect it.
Impact of clinical practice guidelines on the clinical microbiology laboratory.

Evidence-based medicine is the application of a rigorous scientific framework to the ancient art of caring for a patient that is so central to medicine. Clinical practice guidelines are an important outgrowth of the concept of evidence-based medicine. They have been defined by the Institute of
Oil Red O positive vacuolated blasts in a case of CD45 negative, CD19 negative B-lymphoblastic leukemia

Abstract B-lymphoblastic leukemia is a clonal hematopoietic disorder of precursors B-lymphoblasts being most frequently encountered in children. Expression of CD19, a pan B-cell marker is noted in the majority of the cases with lack of CD19 expression being extremely rarely reported in the medical literature. We report the very rare case of a B-lymphoblastic leukemia with a triple negative immunophenotype: CD19 negative, CD45 negative and CD10 negative with vacuolated lymphoblasts and an aleukemic presentation in a 20-year-old man.
Terphenyl Ligand Stabilized Lead(II) Derivatives of Simple Organic Groups: Characterization of Pb(R)C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (R = Me, t-Bu, or Ph; Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3), {Pb(μ-Br)C6H3-2,6-Trip2}2, py·Pb(Br)C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (py = Pyridine), and the Bridged Plumbylyne Complex [{W(CO)4}2(μ-Br)(μ-PbC6H3-2,6-Trip2)]

The reaction between 1 equiv of the sterically encumbered lithium terphenyl Et2O·LiC6H3-2,6-Trip2 and PbBr2 in diethyl ether afforded the organolead(II) halide compound {Pb(μ-Br)C6H3-2,6-Trip2}2 (1) as orange crystals. Treatment of 1 with a stoichiometric amount of pyridine (py) gave the complex py·Pb(Br)C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (2) as yellow needles. The addition of 1 equiv of methylmagnesium bromide, tert-butyllithium, or phenyllithium to 1 resulted in the diorganolead(II) compounds Pb(R)C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (R = Me, 3; t-Bu, 4; or Ph, 5) in good yield. The compounds 3 and 5 are the first stable, monomeric lead(II) derivatives involving the simplest alkyl and aryl groups Me and Ph. Reaction of 1 with W(CO)5THF did not yield the expected plumbylene complex (CO)5W{Pb(Br)C6H3-2,6-Trip2}. Instead, the bridged plumbylyne species [{W(CO)4}2(μ-Br)(μ-Pb-C6H3-2,6-Trip2)] (6) was obtained in low yield. All compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography, 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and UV−vis spectroscopy. 207Pb NMR spectra of 3−5...
Athlete safety is a shared responsibility: insights from the RACE Paris Registry.

This editorial refers to ‘Registry on acute cardiovascular events during endurance running races: the prospective RACE Paris registry’†, by B. Gerardin et al .on page 2531. Long-distance running (LDR) is among the oldest human pastimes. The ability to run at moderate intensity over long distances, primarily to hunt and to procure food, was at the core of our successful evolutionary history. In contemporary society, we no longer need to run, but many of us still do. Organized LDR races are held in every corner of the globe, and participation rates are steadily on the rise. The increasing popularity of LDR is multifactorial, with contributions including an increasing awareness of the health benefits of exercise, reliance on running as a means of socialization and recreation, and perhaps some subconscious countermeasures to combat our increasing tendency to be sedentary. Once an activity confined to elite male athletes, there is now more equal participation by men and women, with runners spanning the full spectra of age, medical complexity, and athletic prowess. However, as more people embrace LDR and participation in organized races soars, so too have concerns about risk. Safety concerns about LDR, based largely on case reports of sudden death during races, are genuine, valid, and an important topic of scientific inquiry that remain plagued by myths, anecdotes, and unanswered questions. In this issue of the journal, investigators representing the RACE Paris Registry present data characterizing life-threatening and fatal events among a small group of French distance races.1 Over a 7-year period, race participation and clinical data from five …
R-curves characterisation analysis for asphalt concrete

AbstractFracture tests, especially at lower testing temperatures, have become quite popular in quantifying low-temperature cracking. However, current fracture testing analysis methods often use a single number, such as fracture energy or fracture toughness, to quantify cracking resistance. These tests do not capture both the initiation and propagation of the crack. The Resistance Curve, or R-curve, is widely applied in many fields, such as metal, polymer and composites. The R-curve considers cracking resistance as a function of crack extension, which includes initiation and propagation. In this research, three asphalt concrete mixtures, including hot mix, hot mix with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and warm mix with RAP were tested at two temperatures, three levels of ageing and two levels of moisture condition by the Semi-Circular Bend fracture test. R-curves were constructed using the data from the fracture test, and digital images were utilised to capture the crack extension. In addition to capturing...
Influence of Blood Lead Level on Electrical Activity of Brain in 432 Children with Tic Disorder

Objective To study the influence and pathogenesis of blood lead level on electrical activity of brain in children with tic disorder,and to research the characteristics of electroencephalogram(EEG) in children with different concentrations of blood lead. Methods The level of blood lead and EEG were assessed in 432 children with tic disorder from Jan.2005 to Apr.2011.The level of blood lead were examined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry method.Statistical analysis were performed by t-test.According to the blood lead level,the children were divided into 3 groups,group Ⅰ:blood lead50 μg·L-1,group Ⅱ:50-100 μg·L-1,group Ⅲ:100 μg·L-1. Results 1.The EEG abnormal statistics results showed abnormal rate in group Ⅰ,group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ were 7.14%(2/28 cases),14.23%(40/281 cases) and 46.34%(57/123 cases),respectively.There was no significant difference in blood lead level of children with abnormal EEG between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ(P0.05).There were significant differences between group Ⅰand group Ⅲ(P0.01),and between group Ⅱand group Ⅲ(P0.01).2.The children with tic disorder showed abnormal EEG had obviously higher level of blood lead than those with tic disorder showed normal EEG,two groups had significant differences(P0.01,0.05). Conclusions The brain damage of children with tic disorder become more serious as the level of blood lead increases.Timely chelating treatment had important clinical significance to brain damage recovering of children with tic disorder.
Diseases of Central Airways: An Overview

Central airways are involved in a variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders and cause non-specific symptoms such as cough, expectoration, dyspnea, wheezing, and hemoptysis. In the absence of distinctive clinical features, many of these patients are misdiagnosed as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for months to years before the underlying pathology is identified. Failure to diagnose the disease process in early stages can lead to progressive respiratory symptoms and respiratory failure in some patients. A high index of suspicion is essential for early diagnosis. A detailed clinical evaluation can provide useful clues, but advanced radiological imaging and bronchoscopy are often needed for diagnosis. Spirometry has a low sensitivity, but an abnormal flow volume loop is an important indicator of central airway pathology. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) of chest is the most useful radiological test. Multiplanar reconstruction of CT data provides additional useful information in selected cases. There should be low threshold to perform bronchoscopy in patients suspected to have central airway disorders. Apart from the direct endoscopic examination, biopsy and culture material obtained during bronchoscopy are very helpful in establishing the diagnosis. The treatment of central airway diseases depends on underlying diagnosis and may include close observation, medical treatments such as antimicrobial agents, systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications and biologic agents, interventional bronchoscopy procedures, and airway surgery. An early diagnosis is essential for optimal outcome. Due to the complex nature of the disease processes, need for multispecialty involvement, and high demand for equipment and expertise, an early referral to a center that specializes in advanced airway disorders is highly recommended.
Technology, Education, and the Fetishization of the ‘New’

In education there is a constant fascination with the “new.” Education, because it is an intrinsically challenging and imperfect practice, is always looking for ways to improve, and this has led to a constant cycle of reform, optimism, disappointment, and then new reform.
Injection of β-hydroxybutyrate in the lateral ventricle suppresses luteinizing hormone release in castrated male lambs

Elevated circulating β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations have been reported to cause a delayed conception date in beef cows during periods of negative energy balance. Therefore, the objective of...
Our land, our life, our future: black South African challenges to territorial segregation, 1913–1948

On the cover of this book are eight men, staring head-on into the camera. They are suited in coats and ties, their stance confident and strong. Yet their faces are faded. Stains and light damage ha...
A replicated five cluster MMPI typology of morbidly obese female candidates for gastric bypass

This study clusters empirically into subgroups the preoperative MMPI profiles of morbidly obese females seeking a gastric bypass, assesses the replicability of clusters across different subject populations and tests the hypotheses that cluster inclusion bears a significant relationship to weight loss and post-operative follow-up behavior. One hundred seventy women participated: 85 were patients at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas (UTHSCSA), and 85 were from the Cherryhill Medical Surgical Center (CMSC), Albion, Michigan. A hierarchical cluster analytic technique was applied using the cosine measure and average linkage within groups method. Purification of the two samples resulted in seven groups with 59 cases in the UTHSCSA sample and six groups with 62 cases in the CMSC sample. Five groups containing 94 subjects (55 percent) replicated across the two samples (UTHSCSA = 44; CMSC = 50). Discriminant analysis yielded four statistically significant functions. The chi 2 test was employed to discern significant differences based on group inclusion. Demographic differences between the two geographic samples are discussed. One year follow-up studies found that personality type bears a significant relationship to indexed weight loss, follow-up appointment frequency, and follow-up duration for the San Antonio sample.
Asteroid Origins Satellite (AOSAT) I: An On-orbit Centrifuge Science Laboratory

Abstract Exploration of asteroids, comets and small moons (small bodies) can answer fundamental questions relating to the formation of the solar system, the availability of resources, and the nature of impact hazards. Near-earth asteroids and the small moons of Mars are potential targets of human exploration. But as illustrated by recent missions, small body surface exploration remains challenging, expensive, and fraught with risk. Despite their small size, they are among the most extreme planetary environments, with low and irregular gravity, loosely bound regolith, extreme temperature variation, and the presence of electrically charged dust. Here we describe the Asteroid Origins Satellite (AOSAT-I), an on-orbit, 3U CubeSat centrifuge using a sandwich-sized bed of crushed meteorite fragments to replicate asteroid surface conditions. Demonstration of this CubeSat will provide a low-cost pathway to physical asteroid model validation, shed light on the origin and geophysics of asteroids, and constrain the design of future landers, rovers, resource extractors, and human missions. AOSAT-I will conduct scientific experiments within its payload chamber while operating in two distinct modes: (1) as a nonrotating microgravity laboratory to investigate primary accretion, and (2) as a rotating centrifuge producing artificial milligravity to simulate surface conditions on asteroids, comets and small moons. AOSAT-I takes advantage of low-cost, off-the-shelf components, modular design, and the rapid assembly and instrumentation of the CubeSat standard, to answer fundamental questions in planetary science and reduce cost and risk of future exploration.
The effects of interface roughness on quantum cascade lasers (Conference Presentation)

Quantum cascade (QC) lasers achieve population inversion by selecting quantum wells (QW) thicknesses so that the inherent scattering mechanisms ensure a higher population of electrons in the upper laser state compared to the lower laser state. Previously, longitudinal optical (LO) phonons have been considered the fastest, most significant scattering process in QC lasers. Recently, it has been shown that interface roughness (IFR) can have substantial effects in determining the effective lifetimes within QW systems [1]. Simulations have shown that IFR scattering lifetimes can be the dominant scattering process for selected QW configurations [2]. Here we have designed and fabricated three QC structures, which differ in the positioning of a strategically placed monolayer barrier to selectively affect the IFR scattering lifetimes of the energy levels in the QC structures. Initial current-voltage characteristics suggest a shorter carrier transit time through the QC structure due to increased interface roughness interactions. We also observed an expected narrowing of the EL spectra based on these same interactions. Using these results, we have also designed a QC laser using IFR scattering as the determining process for maintaining population inversion. By using IFR scattering, we were able to design an energy separation between the lower laser level and subsequent injector levels much greater than the LO phonon energy without compromising fast carrier depopulation from the lower laser level. This in effect opens doors for completely new intersubband design techniques. This work is supported in part by MIRTHE (NSF-ERC).
Genetic variation in transforming growth factor beta 1, serum levels and risk of colorectal neoplasia

4118 In the normal intestinal epithelium, TGFβ1 acts as a growth inhibitor but in transformed cells it may act as a tumor promoter. Only limited information is available on genetic variation in the TGFβ1 gene and its relationship to circulating levels and risk of colorectal cancer. Preliminary evidence indicates that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TGFβ1 gene, including C-509T, L10P, and R25P, may be associated with altered circulating levels of TGFβ1. Other SNPs including G-800A and T263I are suspected to influence transcription or activation of TGFβ1 based on in vitro studies. To characterize associations of genetic variation (non-synonymous SNPs, tagSNPs and haplotypes with frequency >0.05) in TGFβ1 with risk of colorectal neoplasia, we conducted two case-controls studies (one screening-based study among 271 colorectal adenoma cases and 544 controls, and a population-based study of 535 colorectal adenocarcinoma cases and 656 controls) among Japanese Americans, Caucasians and Native Hawaiians in Hawaii. We genotyped 16 tagSNPs on the study participants based on a comprehensive examination of the linkage disequilibrium structure of the TGFβ1 gene that included a dense set of 29 SNPs and 2 haplotype blocks. Haplotypes within these blocks were estimated from the tagSNPs. Serum TGFβ-1 was measured by sandwich ELISA among the subjects of the adenoma study. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusting for covariates. The SNPs previously suggested to be functional, including G-800A, C-509T, L10P, R25P, and T263I, were not found to be associated with either adenoma or adenocarcinoma in our study. The number of variant G alleles for tagSNP rs6957 was associated with lower serum TGFβ1 (means, 95% CI, in ng/mL for AA=30.7, 29.6-31.7; AG=32.4, 31.0-33.8; GG=28.6, 25.1-32.0; p= 0.03) after adjusting for age and other factors. Carriers of the variant G allele for tagSNP rs11466345 had a significantly lower risk of adenocarcinoma (AG vs. AA, OR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.7, 1.2; GG vs. AA, OR= 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.7, p-trend =0.01). The haplotype carrying these two variants was also statistically significantly associated with a reduced risk of adenocarcinoma (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.8). Although not statistically significant, the direction and magnitude of the association for this haplotype was similar for adenoma (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-1.2). These results suggest that a specific haplotype in the 39 region of TGFβ1 is associated with genetic susceptibility to colorectal neoplasia. If this finding is reproduced, fine-mapping would be needed to identify the causal variant(s).
Rural wealth creation of intellectual capital from urban local food system initiatives: Developing indicators to assess change

With growing interest in wealth creation in rural areas from farmer participation in urban local food markets, defining empirical measures is crucial. However, data limitations and a lack of agreem...
Change in End-Expiratory Lung Volume During Sleep in Patients at Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Study Objectives:As lung volume decreases radial traction on the upper airway is reduced, making it more collapsible. The purpose of this study was to measure change in end-expiratory lung volume (...
Transnational Power, Coercion, and Democracy

In this paper, I want to consider some directions for transforming transnational power from a power over people’s lives to something more democratic. This issue is posed concretely by the development of economic and technological globalization led by large transnational corporations that move freely around the world, new multilateral institutions like the WTO and the IMF, emerging forms of cross-border political linkages and also new global threats of violence and environmental degradation. We can observe that these contemporary developments have not been accompanied by democratic control or even accountability of new political, social, and economic institutions to the people operating within them, despite the modes of transnational communication that this globalization may introduce. The question before us, then, is whether transnational forms of social, political, and economic power can become more responsive to people’s individual and collective decisions, such that the institutions can facilitate people’s power to act together rather than exercising power over them. But in order to deal with the question of how this transformation might occur, we need a clearer understanding of the nature of transnational power, and even more basically of power itself. This will also entail distinguishing power from coercion, with important implications for understanding the forms that transnational democratic governance might take. These implications concern the degree to which democratic transnational power has to be exercised through coercive means or instead whether it can operate in a way more congruent with people’s equal freedom and their social cooperation, rather than depending so heavily as at present on either state power or juridical supremacy.
Tandem dual-electrode Mach Zehnder modulators generating W-band signals for an OCDMA radio-over-fiber system

We propose a W-band optical code division multiple access radio-over-fiber system generated by tandem dual-electrode Mach Zehnder modulators. The simulation results are presented. 7-segment M-sequence codes are used for optical encoding. The capacity is increased while the cost and complexity are reduced.
SaVanT: a web-based tool for the sample-level visualization of molecular signatures in gene expression profiles

Molecular signatures are collections of genes characteristic of a particular cell type, tissue, disease, or perturbation. Signatures can also be used to interpret expression profiles generated from heterogeneous samples. Large collections of gene signatures have been previously developed and catalogued in the MSigDB database. In addition, several consortia and large-scale projects have systematically profiled broad collections of purified primary cells, molecular perturbations of cell types, and tissues from specific diseases, and the specificity and breadth of these datasets can be leveraged to create additional molecular signatures. However, to date there are few tools that allow the visualization of individual signatures across large numbers of expression profiles. Signature visualization of individual samples allows, for example, the identification of patient subcategories a priori on the basis of well-defined molecular signatures. Here, we generate and compile 10,985 signatures (636 newly-generated and 10,349 previously available from MSigDB) and provide a web-based Signature Visualization Tool (SaVanT; http://newpathways.mcdb.ucla.edu/savant ), to visualize these signatures in user-generated expression data. We show that using SaVanT, immune activation signatures can distinguish patients with different types of acute infections (influenza A and bacterial pneumonia). Furthermore, SaVanT is able to identify the prominent signatures within each patient group, and identify the primary cell types underlying different leukemias (acute myeloid and acute lymphoblastic) and skin disorders. The development of SaVanT facilitates large-scale analysis of gene expression profiles on a patient-level basis to identify patient subphenotypes, or potential therapeutic target pathways.
Fish presence and inter-patch connectivity interactively alter the size of emergent insects in experimental enclosures

Structural habitat complexity (SHC) and functional habitat connectivity (FHC) are the basic components that make up the physical architecture of an ecosystem, and can have substantial impacts on predator–prey interactions. These structural components influence animal behaviors such as inter-patch movement, foraging, and competition, and can impact community structure/dynamics in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The effects of SHC and FHC on predator–prey dynamics within an ecosystem may also have important cascading effects on neighboring ecosystems by altering the movement of individuals across ecosystem boundaries. For example, when aquatic insects emerge as adults, they enter terrestrial ecosystems where they become an important food resource for terrestrial predators. Using a multiple patch, predator enclosure design in ponds, we tested whether altering intra-patch plant stem densities (SHC) and inter-patch distances (FHC) would influence the impact a predatory fish has on the biomass, quality, and trophic composition of emergent insects. As expected, fish significantly reduced emergent insect biomass (33% ± 7.6, mean ± SE). Intra-patch stem densities (SHC) did not significantly alter fish effects; however, inter-patch distance (FHC) did significantly alter the impact of fish on the size of some emergent insects. Damselflies that emerged in treatments with fish present and shorter inter-patch distances were significantly larger, 4.1 ± 0.1 mg/m2 compared to 3.3 mg/m2 ± 0.1 in the long/fish treatments. In fish treatments, this effect on damselfly size resulted in greater reductions in total emergent insect biomass in long inter-patch distance treatments (47.3% ± 6.9) compared to short inter-patch distance treatments (20.5% ± 12.4). Our results suggest that physical components of a habitat, such as inter-patch distances, have important impacts on predator–prey dynamics within habitats. These altered predator–prey dynamics can then have cascading effects on adjacent habitats by influencing the abundance, trophic composition, and quality of exported trophic subsidies.
Immunodeficiencies and Metabolic Diseases

Abstract Primary immune deficiencies (PID) are rare diseases, but cause significant morbidity and typically lead to early mortality. The first patient successfully treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was an infant with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) who received bone marrow from his human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sister in 1968 (Gatti, 1968(. Since then, HSCT has become the standard of care for treatment of children with severe PID. Transplantation has the capacity to cure the majority of patients with PID, and although a stem cell graft from an unaffected matched related donor (MRD) is preferred, that option exists for only a minority of patients, leaving alternative donor stem cell sources as the choice for the majority of patients. Mismatched related donor, matched unrelated donor, and umbilical cord blood (UCB) have all been used, and outcomes vary by disease and stem cell source. The optimal stem cell source for PID patients with no available MRD is not clear (Dvorak, 2008). UCB is an attractive source for many reasons including rapid access to the donor unit allowing for (1) expedient transplant in patients at very high risk for life-threatening infection, (2) a lower risk of latent viral transmission in immunologically naive recipients, (3) a lower risk of Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD) despite HLA mismatch, (4) a higher likelihood of finding an acceptable HLA-matched unit in patients who are often of ethnic minorities and/or the product of consanguinity, and (5) at least hypothetically the potential that UCB stem cells may have greater self-renewing capacity than those obtained from an adult donor (Gennery, 2007). Published studies examining the use of UCB in PID are scarce, but its use is becoming more common. PID encompasses a variety of diseases all of which are extremely rare. In this chapter, we focus on the more common disorders in this group treated with HSCT, specifically SCID and Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome.
tert-Butyl N-(thio-phen-2-yl)carbamate.

In the title compound, C9H13NO2S, the dihedral angle between the thiophene ring and the carbamate group is 15.79 (14)°. In the crystal structure, intra­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions in tandem with the tert-butyl groups render the packing of adjacent mol­ecules in the [001] direction nearly perpendicular [the angle between adjacent thio­phene rings is 74.83 (7)°]. An inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond gives rise to a chain extending along [001]. The crystal studied was found to be a racemic twin.
TRANSIENT BREAKDOWN IN SF6 GAS-IMPREGNATED POLYMER FILM STRUCTURES

ABSTRACT New concepts for a gas-insulated power transformer include a very compact winding construction, comprised of sheet conductor insulated with polymer film and impregnated with SF6 gas. Transient analysis studies on an instrumented coil indicate that this construction will have an inherently uniform internal electric stress distribution when subjected to transient voltages. Measurements of breakdown on model windings using transient voltages with rise times from 1.5 to 250 μs demonstrate very favorable performance, particularly at the longer rise times; this is attributed to the excellent dielectric strength of the polymer film.
From Plant Ontology to Gene Ontology and back

Abstract Our recent goal for the Plant Ontology (PO) is to have it integrated with the Gene Ontology (GO). The simplest aspect of this is to link morphological and anatomical images of structures for PO terms with genes involved in the development of those structures (GO terms). This, also, would include images of expression analyses by in situ hybridization. By using a process of reciprocal illumination, we will be able to clarify and/or redefine PO terms. In particular, an example of this is the integument development during ovule maturation in seed plants. Gymnosperms have one integument; whereas, Angiosperms (flowering plants) have two integuments, i.e., an inner integument surrounded by an outer integument. The question that arises is which of the two integuments in the Angiosperms is the equivalent of the single integument in the gymnosperms? In Angiosperms, the gene INNER NO OUTER (INO) is involved in the proper development of the outer integument but not in the inner integument and in ino mutants there is no outer integument. INO genes are angiosperm specific as no orthologs have been found in gymnosperms. Thus, it appears that the inner integument of the Angiosperms is equivalent –homologous- to the single integument of the gymnosperms and the PO terms can be revised accordingly.
Dynamical Aspects of Sandpile Cellular Automata

The Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld cellular automaton [(1987)] is analysed with respect to the dynamical behavior. The scaling of the power spectrum derives from the assumption that the instantaneous dissipation rate of the individual avalanches obeys a simple scaling relation. Primarily, the results of our work show that the flow of sand down the slope does not have a 1/f power spectrum in any dimension. The power spectrum behaves as 1/f 2 in all the dimensions considered.
A Case of Multiple Identities in La Florida: A Statistical Approach to Nascent Cosmopolitanism

Within the study of modern cosmopolitanism is the concept that people can have multiple citizenships created through overlapping identities. While this idea of cosmopolitanism differs from Kant’s one-world law, it creates situations where cosmopolitan ideas or nascent cosmopolitanism exist as a result of these multiple identities. Through connections developed from the importation of various goods, such as ceramics, ideas of taste are expanded, which provides opportunities and intensification of access to the global economy for a contested periphery. This article will combine historical and archaeological data to demonstrate the possibility of nascent cosmopolitanism within La Florida at the end of the of the first Spanish period in the 18th century.
Risks of preterm birth among non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white women: Effect modification by maternal age

BACKGROUND Preterm birth (PTB) disproportionately affects African American compared with Caucasian women, although reasons for this disparity remain unclear. Some suggest that a differential effect of maternal age by race/ethnicity, especially at older maternal ages, may explain disparities. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the relationship between maternal age and preterm birth varies by race/ethnicity among primiparae non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) and non-Hispanic whites (NHW). METHODS A cross-sectional study of 367 081 singleton liveborn first births to NHB and NHW women in California from 2008 to 2012 was conducted. Rate ratios (RR) were estimated for PTB and its subtypes-spontaneous and clinician-initiated-after adjusting for confounders through Poisson regression. Universal age/race reference groups (NHW, 25-29 years) and race-specific reference groups (NHW or NHB, 25-29 years) were used for comparisons. RESULTS Among all women, RR of PTB was highest at the extremes of age (<15 and ≥40 years). Among NHBs, the risk of PTB was higher than among NHWs at all maternal ages (adjusted RR of PTB 1.38-2.93 vs 0.98-2.38). However, using race-specific reference groups, the risk of PTB for NHB women (RR 0.91-1.88) vs NHW women (RR 0.98-2.39) was nearly identical at all maternal ages, with overlapping confidence intervals. Analyses did not demonstrate substantial divergence of risk with advancing maternal age. PTB, spontaneous PTB, and clinician-initiated PTB demonstrated similar risk patterns at younger but not older maternal ages, where risk of clinician-initiated PTB increased sharply for all women. CONCLUSIONS Primiparae NHBs demonstrated increased risk of PTB, spontaneous PTB, and clinician-initiated PTB compared with NHWs at all maternal ages. However, RRs using race-specific reference groups converged across maternal ages, indicating a similar independent effect of maternal age on PTB by race/ethnicity. A differential effect of maternal age does not appear to explain disparities in preterm birth by race/ethnicity.
Phage-mimicking antibacterial core–shell nanoparticles

The increasing frequency of nosocomial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms concurrent with the stagnant discovery of new classes of antibiotics has made the development of new antibacterial agents a critical priority. Our approach is an antibiotic-free strategy drawing inspiration from bacteriophages to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We developed a nanoparticle-based antibacterial system that structurally mimics the protein-turret distribution on the head structure of certain bacteriophages and explored a combination of different materials arranged hierarchically to inhibit bacterial growth and ultimately kill pathogenic bacteria. Here, we describe the synthesis of phage-mimicking antibacterial nanoparticles (ANPs) consisting of silver-coated gold nanospheres distributed randomly on a silica core. The silver-coating was deposited in an anisotropic fashion on the gold nanospheres. Structurally, our nanoparticles mimicked the bacteriophages of the family Microviridae by up to 88%. These phage-mimicking ANPs were tested for bactericidal efficacy against four clinically relevant nosocomial pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus USA300, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FRD1, Enterococcus faecalis, and Corynebacterium striatum) and for biocompatibility with skin cells. Bacterial growth of all four bacteria was inhibited (21% to 90%) as well as delayed (by up to 5 h). The Gram-positive organisms were shown to be more sensitive to the nanoparticle treatment. Importantly, the phage-mimicking ANPs did not show any significant cytotoxic effects against human skin keratinocytes. Our results indicate the potential for phage-mimicking antimicrobial nanoparticles as a highly effective, alternative antibacterial agent, which may be suitable for co-administration with existing available formulations.
Geometry-based circulation of local photonic transport in a triangular metastructure

A geometry-based mechanism for inducing circulation of photons is illustrated by a metastructure consisting of three quantum dots embedded in photonic structures and forming a triangle. The coupling between the photons and the excitons in the quantum dots leads to a photon blockade and limits the number of photons participating in the transport. In the steady state described by the quantum master equation of photons, the local photonic currents exhibit distinct circulation patterns, which originate from the wave nature in a multipath geometry. The geometry-based mechanism does not require an artificial gauge field from light-matter interactions. The phase diagrams showing the regions of different patterns of circulation with and without the effective photon interactions are presented. As the number of photons allowed per site increases, the regions saturate. By using the third-quantization formalism, we show the circulation survives without any photon blockade in the noninteracting case. Moreover, we demonstrate the decoupling of the direction of the local current from the density difference and propose possible applications of the local photonic transport.
Decreased copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity in African American colorectal cancers.

Despite improvements over the past 20 years, African Americans continue to have the highest incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the United States. While previous studies have found that copy number variations (CNVs) occur at similar frequency in African American and White CRCs, copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (cnLOH) has not been investigated. In the present study, we used publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as well as data from an African American CRC cohort, the Chicago Colorectal Cancer Consortium (CCCC), to compare frequencies of CNVs and cnLOH events in CRCs in the two racial groups. Using genotype microarray data, we analyzed large-scale CNV and cnLOH events from 166 microsatellite stable CRCs-31 and 39 African American CRCs from TCGA and the CCCC, respectively, and 96 White CRCs from TCGA. As reported previously, the frequencies of CNVs were similar between African American and White CRCs; however, there was a significantly lower frequency of cnLOH events in African American CRCs compared to White CRCs, even after adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. Although larger differences for chromosome 18 were observed, a lower frequency of cnLOH events in African American CRCs was observed for nearly all chromosomes. These results suggest that mechanistic differences, including differences in the frequency of cnLOH, could contribute to clinicopathological disparities between African Americans and Whites. Additionally, we observed a previously uncharacterized phenomenon we refer to as small interstitial cnLOH, in which segments of chromosomes from 1 to 5 Mb long were affected by cnLOH.
Inclusion and Exclusion in Establishing the Delmar Loop Transit-Oriented Development Site:

This research uses St. Louis, Missouri’s proposed Delmar Loop Transit-oriented development (TOD) site as a case study to identify how private interests overshadow overall inclusivity within a TOD s...
DSC and TGA characterization of free and surface water of colloidal unimolecular polymer (CUP) particles for coatings applications

Colloidal unimolecular polymer (CUP) particles are spheroidal nano-scale and 3–9 nm that can be easily designed and controlled. The formation of CUP involves simple synthesis and water reduction. These nanoparticles have charged hydrophilic groups on the surface and are surrounded by a layer of surface water that does not freeze until very low temperature. CUPs have very high surface area per gram, which gives them a high nonfreezing water content. The CUP system is free of surfactant and has zero VOC, exhibiting great potential for coatings applications. The amount and thickness of the surface water were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the heat of fusion. The solution density and knowledge of the resin density and the composition of the CUP solution were used to determine the density of surface water. The evaporation rate of free water and surface water in CUP solutions were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and showed the effect of CUP on the evaporation rate. CUP as an additive to give freeze thaw stability, wet edge retention and open time improvements were explored. Excellent performance in freeze thaw, wet edge time improvement and more open time was found. The CUP system offers an excellent alternative to form zero VOC waterborne coatings.
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Wahrscheinlich hat nichts unseren Alltag in den letzten 30 Jahren mehr verandert als unsere Art zu arbeiten. Internet und Email als allgegenwartige Zeichen von Technologisierung und Globalisierung haben unser Arbeitsleben in einer Weise beschleunigt, wie es nur noch die uber 50-Jahrigen ermessen konnen. Die Auswirkungen dieser Beschleunigung auf unsere psychische Gesundheit lassen sich kaum uberschatzen. Es sind vor allem jene Menschen, die gut vernetzt sind und von und mit der Digitalisierung leben, die besonders unter dem damit verbundenen Stress leiden. Technologisierung und Globalisierung fuhren auch zu zunehmender Isolation. Vernetzung und die weltweite Mobilitat von Millionen von gut ausgebildeten jungen Menschen aus wirtschaftlich aufstrebenden Staaten bedrohen den Wohlstand und sozialen Frieden in den Landern der industrialisierten Welt. Zusammen stellen diese sich beschleunigenden globalen Trends bedeutende Herausforderungen fur unsere psychische Gesundheit dar, denen wir uns proaktiv stellen werden mussen.
Early-life effects of juvenile Western diet and exercise on adult gut microbiome composition in mice.

ABSTRACT Alterations to the gut microbiome caused by changes in diet, consumption of antibiotics, etc., can affect host function. Moreover, perturbation of the microbiome during critical developmental periods potentially has long-lasting impacts on hosts. Using four selectively bred high runner and four non-selected control lines of mice, we examined the effects of early-life diet and exercise manipulations on the adult microbiome by sequencing the hypervariable internal transcribed spacer region of the bacterial gut community. Mice from high runner lines run ∼3-fold more on wheels than do controls, and have several other phenotypic differences (e.g. higher food consumption and body temperature) that could alter the microbiome, either acutely or in terms of coevolution. Males from generation 76 were given wheels and/or a Western diet from weaning until sexual maturity at 6 weeks of age, then housed individually without wheels on standard diet until 14 weeks of age, when fecal samples were taken. Juvenile Western diet reduced bacterial richness and diversity after the 8-week washout period (equivalent to ∼6 human years). We also found interactive effects of genetic line type, juvenile diet and/or juvenile exercise on microbiome composition and diversity. Microbial community structure clustered significantly in relation to both line type and diet. Western diet also reduced the relative abundance of Muribaculum intestinale. These results constitute one of the first reports of juvenile diet having long-lasting effects on the adult microbiome after a substantial washout period. Moreover, we found interactive effects of diet with early-life exercise exposure, and a dependence of these effects on genetic background.