cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anhedonia and amotivation in psychiatric outpatients with fully remitted stimulant use disorder.

This study evaluated whether psychiatric outpatients with a past stimulant use disorder in full remission for ≥ 2 months (STIM+, n = 204) and those with no history of stimulant use disorder (STIM−, n = 2070) differed in the prevalence of current anhedonia and amotivation. Results showed that a significantly greater proportion of STIM+ participants reported anhedonia and amotivation than STIM− participants. The relation between stimulant use disorder history and anhedonia remained robust after controlling for other relevant clinical and demographic factors. These findings suggest that anhedonia may be a preexisting risk factor or protracted effect of stimulant misuse.
Hepatitis C Virus Quantitation: Optimization of Strategies for Detecting Low-Level Viremia

A long-term assessment of quantitative hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing was performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. The Quantiplex HCV RNA 2.0 branched-chain DNA (bDNA) assay (Bayer Diagnostics) for hepatitis C viral load determination was used to test 3,471 specimens. bDNA-negative samples were also tested by an in-house qualitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assay with a measured sensitivity of fewer than 100 HCV genome equivalents per milliliter. Of 1,239 bDNA-negative specimens, 74.1% were negative and 25.9% were positive by RT-PCR, indicating the presence of viremia in a significant proportion of bDNA-negative samples. We discuss the medical and economic implications of these results and propose two alternatives for clinical laboratories to consider in approaching quantitative HCV testing. For laboratories able to perform a sensitive RT-PCR assay for ≤40% of the bDNA test cost, prescreening bDNA requests by RT-PCR may be the most cost-effective approach.
Resorufin analogs preferentially bind cerebrovascular amyloid: potential use as imaging ligands for cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Background: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by deposition of fibrillar amyloid b (Ab) within cerebral vessels. It is commonly seen in the elderly and almost universally present in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In both patient populations, CAA is an independent risk factor for lobar hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and dementia. To date, definitive diagnosis of CAA requires obtaining pathological tissues via brain biopsy (which is rarely clinically indicated) or at autopsy. Though amyloid tracers labeled with positron-emitting radioligands such as [ 11 C]PIB have shown promise for non-invasive amyloid imaging in AD patients, to date they have been unable to clarify whether the observed amyloid load represents neuritic plaques versus CAA due in large part to the low resolution of PET imaging and the almost equal affinity of these tracers for both vascular and parenchymal amyloid. Therefore, the development of a precise and specific non-invasive technique for diagnosing CAA in live patients is desired. Results: We found that the phenoxazine derivative resorufin preferentially bound cerebrovascular amyloid deposits over neuritic plaques in the aged Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of AD/CAA, whereas the congophilic amyloid dye methoxy-X34 bound both cerebrovascular amyloid deposits and neuritic plaques. Similarly, resorufin-positive staining was predominantly noted in fibrillar Ab-laden vessels in postmortem AD brain tissues. Fluorescent labeling and multi-photon microscopy further revealed that both resorufin- and methoxy-X34-positive staining is colocalized to the vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) layer of vessel segments that have severe disruption of VSMC arrangement, a characteristic feature of CAA. Resorufin also selectively visualized vascular amyloid deposits in live Tg2576 mice when administered topically, though not systemically. Resorufin derivatives with chemical modification at the 7-OH position of resorufin also displayed a marked preferential binding affinity for CAA, but with enhanced lipid solubility that indicates their use as a non-invasive imaging tracer for CAA is feasible. Conclusions: To our knowledge, resorufin analogs are the fist class of amyloid dye that can discriminate between cerebrovascular and neuritic forms of amyloid. This unique binding selectivity suggests that this class of dye has great potential as a CAA-specific amyloid tracer that will permit non-invasive detection and quantification of CAA in live patients.
Precipitation Patterns Associated with the High Index Phase of the Southern Oscillation

Abstract The relationships are examined between precipitation and the high index phase of the Southern Oscillation (SO) for 19 regions of the globe which have documented low SO index-precipitation relationships (Ropelewski and Halpert 1986, 1987). The study reveals that 15 of these regions also show evidence of characteristic precipitation anomalies during the high index phase of the SO. In each of the regions, the high SO index-precipitation relationships show the opposite sign of those documented for the low index. These precipitation relationships were consistent, holding for over 70% of the high SO index years, and statistically significant. In particular, the high index phase of the SO is associated with enhanced precipitation for the monsoons of India and northern Australia as well as for the rainy seasons in northeastern South America and southeastern Africa. High SO index precipitation was found to be less than median in the central Pacific, Minicoy-Sri Lanka, eastern equatorial Africa, the Gulf o...
Can Institutional Economics Inform the Efficient Market Hypothesis

The current financial crisis is a crisis of theory as well. The dominant theory of financial markets, the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), states that in an efficient market the price of a financial asset reflects publicly available information about that asset. Competing theories, such as behavioral finance, argue that other factors, including irrational investor behavior, impact the price of financial assets. We argue, however, that an analysis of market institutions can help explain when and why the EMH works. Although not widely examined, we argue it is significant that until very recently the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), whose listed companies’ price behavior inspired the EMH, was a nonprofit organization. Thus, we apply an economic theory of nonprofits to the NYSE to identify the incentives of Exchange members and the various governance mechanisms they created in response. Together, these mechanisms generated what we term “synthetic inertia”, which made prices on the NYSE relatively well-behaved. We hypothesize that NYSE demutualization—converting from nonprofit to for-profit— altered the incentives of the NYSE and undermined this synthetic inertia and thus informational efficiency. We test our hypothesis by comparing bid-ask spreads, a measure information quality, at the NYSE and NASDAQ and find that bid-ask spreads on the NYSE were consistently lower than the NASDAQ (suggesting better information quality at the NYSE) but that spreads converged after demutualization. We believe that our approach helps resolve an apparent tension between competing theories of market behavior and contributes an analytical framework from which to consider regulatory changes.
Low-Energy Ion Scattering Measurements from an Al-Pd-Mn Quasicrystal

Energy-angle distributions of low-energy inert-gas ions scattered from surfaces provide information about surface composition and structure. We have measured energy spectra of He + scattered from an Al 71 Pd 20 Mn 9 quasicrystal, which was oriented perpendicular to the 5-fold axis, along various azimuthal directions. Strong scattering signals are seen from Al and Pd, but only a weak Mn signal is observed. From measurements made of He + at an oblique angle of incidence scattered in the forward direction, we observe a 72° periodicity in the azimuthal dependence of the scattering signal intensity from Al surface atoms. The effect arises from shadowing effects involving neighboring surface atoms and provides direct evidence that Al surface atoms exist in a local environment with 5-fold symmetry. In addition, measuring the variation of the signal intensity with incidence angle provides information about neighboring atom distances, which compare favorably with a model of the quasicrystal surface derived from the bulk structure.
United Nations—The Written Record

Records administration is such an integral and vital part of international administration that the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations seems a suitable opportunity to discuss records management at the UN, why and how the written record is kept and its historical background, and to give an indication of the various types of records maintained. The United Nations records management system is international in its approach and incorporates multinational influences; it has proved to be flexible and adaptable for use in administrations of varying scopes and backgrounds, in developed and developing countries, for simple and complex organizations, and at headquarters and branch offices. The purpose of the record at the UN is threefold: ( 1 ) it serves as a tool of operation for communication between the various offices and as a basis for consultations and decisions; (2) it is an account of the work program of the organization; and (3) it is historical evidence for the future of the operations of the organization, its administration, and achievements. To serve these purposes, the UN system of records management aims to control the full life span of a record starting even before its birth, through its active life, to its retirement when no longer of active use, and ending with its permanent preservation or its destruction if not of permanent value. Before the system is described, a few words should be said about the records of the League of Nations, the predecessor of the UN. These are the most important body of records of a defunct international organization, and they reflect the League's complete life story from its creation in 1919 with the Versailles Treaty to its demise in 1946 after the organization of the UN. The League of Nations Archives is located in Geneva in the Palais des Nations and is controlled by the Library of the United Nations Office in Geneva. The League's records fall into three categories: (1) a complete collection of the printed and mimeographed official documents, most of which were originally made available to governments and the public; (2) the records of the commissions and those maintained by various offices in Geneva and in the field; and (3) the League Registry files, which contain the correspondence, memoranda, and reports, and which are the basic source of information about the League. The Registry was based on a system used in the British foreign office. It is quite complex, requiring various indexes and lists, but it can be used for research. The written record left by the League thus reflects the work and achievement of mankind's first effort at international peaceful cooperation. Since records are the historical testimony and inheritance of an organization, it is essential that their classification be serviceable not only during the life of the organization but also for future research and assessment of the institution's achievement. Because of the limited size of the League and the relatively restricted scope of its activities, its registry system, though cumbersome, was able both to provide cur-
Leveraging Context to Create Opportunistic Co-Located Learning Environments (Abstract Only)

Active learning is becoming increasingly popular as a way to engage students and to provide social support. Providing social support is important because it has been shown to improve both student retention (Slavin 1990, Tinto 1987, Wenger 1999) and performance (Hsiung 2012, Kulkarni 2015, MacNeil 2015). Most forms of active learning use a flipped classroom model of teaching where students are expected to interact with materials, such as lecture videos, alone before class and then engage in active learning during class time (Lage 2000). In our previous work with team-based learning, students generally preferred learning in face-to-face teams (MacNeil 2016). To support co-located teams outside of class, we propose the design for a mobile app that is currently in development which uses students' location to form ad-hoc social learning opportunities for students that are located near each other. We take inspiration from flash teams, which create dynamic expert teams based on the availability of experts online (Retelny 2014). Our app will create teams based on the availability of students and their range of expertise, while leveraging additional context, such as student's location and intention. Students upload course topics that they are struggling with and a general geo-location. The app opportunistically pairs students and suggests that they arrange to meet based on either a geo-location match, a topic match, or preferably, both. In designing our prototype, we consider the possibility of suggesting exercises or assignments that students could work on together. Finally, we provide a brief discussion of the theoretical opportunities and challenges associated with using student's location for ad-hoc social learning.
Utilization of a Linear Solver for Multiscale Design and Optimization of Microstructures

Microstructures have a significant effect on the performance of critical components in numerous aerospace metallic material applications. Examples include panels in airframes that are exposed to high temperatures and sensors used for vibration tuning. This paper addresses the techniques to optimize the microstructure design for polycrystalline metals. The microstructure is quantified with the orientation distribution function that determines the volume densities of crystals that make up the polycrystal microstructure. The orientation distribution function of polycrystalline alloys (e.g., hexagonal close-packed titanium) is represented in a discrete form, and the volume-averaged properties are computed through the orientation distribution function. The optimization is performed using the space of all possible volume-averaged macroproperties (stiffness and thermal expansion). A direct linear solver is employed to find the optimal orientation distribution functions. The direct solver is capable of finding ex...
Fully actuated model-based control with six-degree-of-freedom coupled dynamical plant models for underwater vehicles

This paper reports a comparative experimental evaluation of one non-model-based proportional derivative PD six-degree-of-freedom 6-DOF controller and two model-based 6-DOF controllers designed to enable low-speed, neutrally buoyant, and fully actuated underwater vehicles to perform 6-DOF set-point regulation and trajectory tracking. We show analytically that the non-model-based PD controller provides locally asymptotically stable set-point regulation, and we show analytically that the model-based controllers provide locally asymptotically stable 6-DOF trajectory tracking. Numerical simulation studies are reported that corroborate the analytical stability results. We report the first comparative experimental evaluation of three different control algorithms for dynamic 6-DOF trajectory tracking of fully actuated underwater vehicles. Experimental results with the Johns Hopkins University remotely operated vehicle JHU ROV show that the model-based controllers' mean absolute position and velocity tracking error is significantly smaller than the non-model-based PD controller for coupled maneuvers. The model-based controllers are shown to outperform the non-model-based controllers over a wide range of variations in the magnitude of derivative feedback gain. The velocity tracking error of the model-based controllers is shown to be on the same order of magnitude as the measurement error of the velocity sensing instrumentation.
Performance Information Use: Making Progress But a Long Way to Go

ABSTRACTThe three articles in this symposium examine performance information use from different vantage points. Moynihan uses vignette experiment methodology to examine performance information use in the budgeting decision process. Kroll tests the influence of an organization’s strategic stance on performance information use, and Henderson and Bromberg study the use of performance information in emergency medical services (EMS). Taken together, these articles deepen our understanding of the fundamental and continuing shift to the use of performance measures in the public sector, especially for internal organizational use of performance information. For the full potential of performance information use to be realized, public management scholars studying this phenomenon need to collaborate with other social science disciplines and also with public managers.
Synergistic cytotoxicity of busulfan, melphalan, gemcitabine, panobinostat, and bortezomib in lymphoma cells

DNA alkylators busulfan (B) and melphalan (M) act synergistically with gemcitabine (G) against lymphoma cells. To further improve the cytotoxicity, we combined them with the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (P) and proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (V). Lymphoma cell lines U937 and J45.01, and patient-derived cell samples were exposed to these drugs and the effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis were quantified. The combination BMGPV was found to exert strong synergistic cytotoxicity. Drug exposure to these cells activated the ATM pathway and modified histones at the epigenetic level. Cell death was triggered by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), permeabilization of the mitochondrial membrane, upregulation of proapoptotic factors, and activation of caspases. Downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins c-MYC, MCL-1, and BCL-2 and inhibition of the prosurvival PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, culminated in apoptosis. The results of this study support a clinical trial using BMGPV as a possible pre-transplant conditioning regimen for relapsed/refractory lymphoma patients.
An Augmented Reality Tool for Conceptual Design

Currently, there are many engineering software packages targeted toward high fidelity modeling. Computer aided design (CAD) tools are one example of this. The need for increasingly accurate models has caused this class of software to become even more detailed and comprehensive. Modeling a single design can be a time intensive process; so much so, that most modeling is done by specifically trained CAD professionals, not designers. These advancements in CAD software are at odds with the goal of conceptual design, which is to generate and evaluate as many concepts as possible in a limited amount of time. Within the engineering design process, changes made in preliminary stages have much greater impact for significantly less cost. Unfortunately, few software packages exist that are tailored for use so early in a product’s design cycle. This paper presents an application developed specifically for conceptual design. Through the use of an augmented reality environment, designers are able to quickly and intuitively assemble concepts. Potential designs can be easily manipulated in three dimensions, enhancing the ability to communicate the idea to others.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Memorial of Ray E. Wilcox, 1912–2012

Ray Everett Wilcox, born on March 31, 1912, in Janesville, Wisconsin, passed away peacefully in Lakewood, Colorado, at age 99 on March 12, 2012, only a few weeks away from his 100th birthday. He was a distinguished Research Geologist at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Denver for nearly 40 years. His record of publications spanned 64 years, from 1935–1999, with more than 86 reports and articles. Few scientists establish prominence in a single field, but Ray was exceptional in that he made groundbreaking contributions to two distinctly different disciplines, volcanology–igneous petrology and optical mineralogy. Ray used his extensive knowledge in mineral optics to identify sources of volcanic ash beds and utilize the beds as stratigraphic markers; this work helped solve problems not only in geology, but also in the fields of archeology, botany, and forestry. Ray attended the University of Wisconsin, Madison (where he was a member of Sigma Xi), receiving degrees in geology for his Ph.B. in 1933; his Ph.M. in 1936 (with a thesis on “The solubility of certain silicate materials in body fluids as a factor in silicosis”), and his Ph.D. in 1941 (with a dissertation on “Contact relations between rhyolite and basalt on Gardiner River, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming”). His graduate experience exposed him to some of the outstanding scientists of that era. He held a Geology Fellowship from 1934–1936 with R.C. Emmons (an icon in optical mineralogy and universal stage work) where he worked on developing a rotation apparatus for a modified universal stage and coauthored a paper on mineralogy on silicosis in 1937 (Emmons and Wilcox 1937). Following his tenure with Emmons, he became a teaching assistant for A.N. Winchell from 1936–1939. Ray’s tutelage under Emmons and Winchell gave him a solid foundation of the principles and utility of optical mineralogy, which served …
Study on the Therapeutic Effect of Dan Sen on Hypoxic ischemic Encephalopathy of the Newborn Infant

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of Dan Sen on hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy of neonates. Methods 62 cases of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy newborn infants with supportive and symptomatic therapy were divided into two groups:32 cases(Group A)were treated with Dan Sen (2 ml/kg·d) and 30 cases (Group B) as the control without administration of Dan Sen. All babies were studied about Neonatal Behavioral. Neurological. Assessment (NBNA) and some cerebral hemolynamic items at early age, and all were followed up. Results (1)The percentage of score≥35' at 7 and 14 day in A and B group were 53.1%, 87.5% and 26.7%, 63,3% . χ 2=4.504 P 0.05.(2)The exami nation of TCD showed that the Vm and the RI of MCA in group A and B in the first day were (21.2±4.5)cm/s,(16 61±5 1)cm/s,0 71±0 11,0.82±0 21 P 0.02. The AI of group A and B were 3.07±0.58, 3.47±0.61 (3rd day), 5.11± 0.66, 5.50± 0.74 (5th day), P 0.05. (3)The sequelae rates in group A and group B fellowed up for 6 to 14 months. were 6.3% and 36.6%. χ 2=4.771 P 0.05 Conclusion Dan Sen had more therapeutic on hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy of newborn infant.
Origin of leukemic relapse after bone marrow transplantation: comparison of cytogenetic and molecular analyses

Leukemic relapse following bone marrow transplant (BMT) is generally due to the recurrence in recipient cells, but may rarely occur as a result of donor cell transformation. Donor cell relapse is generally identified using cytogenetic markers such as the sex chromosomes. Recently, molecular techniques have been used to identify the origin of bone marrow cells by their DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms. We describe the case of a male pediatric patient who had a leukemic relapse 30 months following BMT from his sister. Both cytogenetic and molecular techniques were used to identify the origin of the leukemic relapse. Cytogenetic analyses indicated the absence of the Y chromosome and the presence of a donor cell type 9qh polymorphism, suggesting a donor cell relapse. Molecular analyses also indicated the absence of the Y chromosome but demonstrated the recurrence of recipient DNA markers from three other chromosomes, suggesting a recipient cell relapse. While the leukemic cell lineage cannot be definitively assigned in this case, our results suggest that caution must be exercised when assigning leukemic cell lineage following post-BMT relapse.
Expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes and M2-muscarinic inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in lung

The relative distribution and absolute quantities of muscarinic receptor subtypes m1, m2, m3, and m4 were determined in membranes of canine trachealis muscle, bronchi, and lung parenchyma by immuno-precipitation with receptor subtype-specific rabbit polyclonal antisera. Additionally, the functional coupling of muscarinic receptors to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase was related to the presence of m2-muscarinic receptors in each region. Immunoprecipitation identified more total muscarinic receptors in trachealis muscle than in bronchi or lung. m2-Muscarinic receptor predominated in tracheal muscle (372 +/- 85 fmol/mg protein) with fewer m3 receptors (48 +/- 5 fmol/mg protein). Bronchi contained 6.6 +/- 2.0 and 9.2 +/- 1.8 fmol/mg protein of m2 and m3 receptors, respectively. Lung parenchyma contained 13.9 +/- 3.9 fmol/mg protein of m3 receptors. Adenylyl cyclase activity increased in response to guanosine triphosphate and isoproterenol in membranes from all three lung regions, but muscarinic-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase occurred only in trachealis membranes. These studies provide the first quantitative assessment of muscarinic receptor subtypes in different regions of the lung and relate the ability to measure muscarinic inhibition of adenylyl cyclase to the presence of m2 receptors.
Renal vascular response to vasodilators following warm ischemia and cold storage preservation in dog kidneys

The purpose of this study was to determine whether warm ischemia (WIT) and cold storage preservation (CSP) impair endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in the kidney. Twenty-four canine kidneys were harvested, preserved with CSP for 24 or 48 hours, and then perfused with canine blood at 37 C for the determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), perfusion flow rate, and renal vascular resistance (RVR). There were four experimental groups: Group I--no WIT followed by 24 hours CSP, Group II--30 minutes WIT followed by 24 hours CSP, Group III--no WIT followed by 48 hours CSP, Group IV--30 minutes WIT followed by 48 hours CSP. Endothelial function in each group was evaluated using acetylcholine (ACh, 1 mg. bolus) as an endothelial dependent vasodilator, and sodium nitroprusside (NP, 10 mg. bolus) as an endothelial independent vasodilator. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly less (P < .05) and RVR was significantly greater (P < .05) for kidneys from Groups II, III and IV compared to group I. The highest RVR was observed in kidneys from Groups II and IV. Nitroprusside administration caused an equivalent reduction in RVR among all four study groups. ACh administration caused a similar reduction in RVR in Groups I and III; however, the change in RVR was significantly less in Groups II and IV (P < .05). We hypothesize that the more severe ischemic insult in the latter groups led to vascular endothelial damage with a consequent loss of ability to secrete endothelium-derived relaxing factor in response to ACh administration.
The Impact of Hyperselection on Lexicase Selection

Lexicase selection is a parent selection method that has been shown to improve the problem solving power of genetic programming over a range of problems. Previous work has shown that it can also produce hyperselection events, in which a single individual is selected many more times than other individuals. Here we investigate the role that hyperselection plays in the problem-solving performance of lexicase selection. We run genetic programming on a set of program synthesis benchmark problems using lexicase and tournament selection, confirming that hyperselection occurs significantly more often and more drastically with lexicase selection, which also performs significantly better. We then show results from an experiment indicating that hyperselection is not integral to the problem-solving performance or diversity maintenance observed when using lexicase selection. We conclude that the power of lexicase selection stems from the collection of individuals that it selects, not from the unusual frequencies with which it sometimes selects them.
The Receiving Antenna and Micrewave Power Rectification

In a space power system the energy captured from the sun by means of a gigantic solar cell array is relayed to the Earth by means of a microwave beam where the microwave energy is captured and conv...
Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Alters Prefrontal Correlates of Emotion Induction.

Objectives Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) improves motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease. STN DBS may also affect emotion, possibly by impacting a parallel limbic cortico-striatal circuit. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in prefrontal cortical activity related to DBS during an emotion induction task. Materials and Methods We used near infrared spectroscopy to monitor prefrontal cortex hemodynamic changes during an emotion induction task. Seven DBS patients were tested sequentially in the stimulation-on and stimulation-off states while on dopaminergic medication. Patients watched a series of positive, negative, and neutral videos. The general linear model was used to compare prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin concentration between DBS states. Results Deep brain stimulation was correlated with prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin changes relative to the stimulation off state in response to both positive and negative videos. These changes were specific to emotional stimuli and were not seen during neutral stimuli. Conclusions These results suggest that STN stimulation influences the prefrontal cortical representation of positive and negative emotion induction.
Experimental study of interfacial characteristics of vertical upward air-water two-phase flow in 25.4 mm ID round pipe

Abstract An adiabatic upward air-water flow experiment was performed on a vertical pipe with 25.4 mm inner diameter to investigate the interface structure and characteristics. Local experiment parameters, including time-averaged void fraction, interfacial area concentration, bubble interfacial velocity and Sauter mean diameter were measured using a four-sensor conductivity probe with a data acquisition frequency of 100 kHz. Experiment data for 19 flow conditions was collected at 3 axial locations (z/D = 15, 78, and 141) and 13 radial positions from r/R = −0.84 to 0.7. In the experimental study, the measuring range of superficial liquid and gas velocity were from 0.3 to 1.0 m/s and 0.03 to 11.0 m/s, respectively. The flow regimes ranged from bubbly flow to the transition of churn-turbulent to annular flow. The local measurement result agreed well with the drift flux model by Ishii (1977) and Kataoka (1987). The different interfacial structures in different flow regimes and two group bubble interfacial transfer were observed from the experiment result. This data will be used for the evaluation and extension of the current interfacial area transport equation.
Vapor specific extents of uptake by nanometer scale charged particles

ABSTRACTThe uptake of vapor molecules by nanometer scale aerosol particles (clusters) is of fundamental importance in aerosol science; uptake is the first step of condensational growth in both the ambient as well as in condensation based particle detectors. However, uptake is not well understood at the nanometer scale. We examined the uptake of organic vapor molecules by nanometer scale sodium chloride cluster ions ((NaCl)x(Na+)z and (NaCl)x(Cl−)z) using a differential mobility analyzer coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Through monitoring cluster ion inverse mobilities as functions of solvent vapor pressure in the mobility analyzer, the extent of uptake was monitored for 1-butanol, ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and toluene. With butanol vapor pressures in the <300 Pa range, shifts in inverse mobility in excess of a factor of 2 were observed for nearly all examined clusters. Ethanol and MEK uptake led to shifts for positively charged cluster ions upwards of a factor of 1.5. Ethanol exp...
Brain neurochemical and hemodynamic findings in the NY1DD mouse model of mild sickle cell disease.

To characterize the cerebral profile associated with sickle cell disease (SCD), we used in vivo proton MRI and MRS to quantify hemodynamics and neurochemicals in the thalamus of NY1DD mice, a mild model of SCD, and compared them with wild-type (WT) control mice. Compared with WT mice, NY1DD mice at steady state had elevated cerebral blood flow (CBF) and concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate (Glu), alanine, total creatine and N-acetylaspartylglutamate. Concentrations of glutathione (GSH) at steady state showed a negative correlation with BOLD signal change in response to 100% oxygen, a marker for oxidative stress, and mean diffusivity assessed using diffusion-tensor imaging, a marker for edematous inflammation. In NY1DD mice, elevated basal CBF was correlated negatively with [NAA], but positively with concentration of glutamine ([Gln]). Immediately after experimental hypoxia (at reoxygenation after 18 hours of 8% O2), concentrations of NAA, Glu, GSH, Gln and taurine (Tau) increased only in NY1DD mice. [NAA], [Glu], [GSH] and [Tau] all returned to baseline levels two weeks after the hypoxic episode. The altered neurochemical profile in the NY1DD mouse model of SCD at steady state and following experimental hypoxia/reoxygenation suggests a state of chronic oxidative stress leading to compensatory cerebral metabolic adjustments.
Computing Equilibrium in Matching Markets

Market equilibria of matching markets offer an intuitive and fair solution for matching problems without money with agents who have preferences over the items. Such a matching market can be viewed as a variation of Fisher market, albeit with rather peculiar preferences of agents. These preferences can be described by piece-wise linear concave (PLC) functions, which however, are not separable (due to each agent only asking for one item), are not monotone, and do not satisfy the gross substitute property-- increase in price of an item can result in increased demand for the item. Devanur and Kannan in FOCS 08 showed that market clearing prices can be found in polynomial time in markets with fixed number of items and general PLC preferences. They also consider Fischer markets with fixed number of agents (instead of fixed number of items), and give a polynomial time algorithm for this case if preferences are separable functions of the items, in addition to being PLC functions. Our main result is a polynomial time algorithm for finding market clearing prices in matching markets with fixed number of different agent preferences, despite that the utility corresponding to matching markets is not separable. We also give a simpler algorithm for the case of matching markets with fixed number of different items.
Na intercalation in Fe-MIL-100 for aqueous Na-ion batteries

Here we report for the first time the feasibility of using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as electrodes for aqueous Na-ion batteries. We show that Fe-MIL-100, a known redox-active MOF, is electrochemically active in a Na aqueous electrolyte, under various compositions. Emphasis was placed on investigating the electrode–electrolyte interface, with a focus on identifying the relationship between additives in the composition of the working electrode, particle size and overall performance. We found that the energy storage capacity is primarily dependent on the binder additive in the composite; the best activity for this MOF is obtained with Nafion as a binder, owing to its hydrophilic and ion conducting nature. Kynar-bound electrodes are clearly less effective, due to their hydrophobic character, which impedes wetting of the electrode. The binder-free systems show the poorest electrochemical activity. There is little difference in the overall performance as function of particle size (micro vs. nano), implying the storage capacities in this study are not limited by ionic and/or electronic conductivity. Excellent reversibility and high coulombic efficiency are achieved at higher potential ranges, observed after cycle 20. That is despite progressive capacity decay observed in the initial cycles. Importantly, structural analyses of cycled working electrodes confirm that the long range crystallinity remains mainly unaltered with cycling. These findings suggest that limited reversibility of the intercalated Na ions in the lower potential range, together with the gradual lack of available active sites in subsequent cycles is responsible for the rapid decay in capacity retention.
Hypertension in African Americans

African Americans are over-burdened with hypertension resulting in excess morbidity and mortality. We highlight the health impact of hypertension in this population, review important observations regarding disease pathogenesis, and outline evidence-based treatment, current treatment guidelines, and management approaches. Hypertension accounts for 50% of the racial differences in mortality between Blacks and Whites in the USA. Genome-wide association studies have not clearly identified distinct genetic causes for the excess burden in this population as yet. Pathophysiology is complex likely involving interaction of genetic, biological, and social factors prevalent among African Americans. Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy is required and specific treatment guidelines for this population are varied. Combination therapy is most often necessary and single-pill formulations are most successful in achieving BP targets. Racial health disparities related to hypertension in African Americans are a serious public health concern that warrants greater attention. Multi-disciplinary research to understand the inter-relationship between biological and social factors is needed to guide successful treatments. Comprehensive care strategies are required to successfully address and eliminate the hypertension burden.
The Method of Strained Coordinates/Parameters

This technique is devised to prevent the appearance of secular terms in perturbative solutions of equations such as $$ \ddot{u} + w\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 2 \\ 0 \\ \end{array} u = \varepsilon f\left( {u,\dot{u}} \right),\varepsilon < < 1. $$ (3.1.2)
Compressibility and Thermoelectric Behavior of TiCoSb Half-Heusler Compound at High Pressures

Abstract We have performed high-pressure structural, electrical, and thermal property measurements on half-Heusler thermoelectric compound, TiCoSb. High-pressure powder diffraction measurements have been performed in an angle-dispersive geometry using synchrotron x-rays up to 115 GPa using a diamond anvil cell. The results show the cubic crystal structure (F-43m) stable and no pressure induced structural phase transitions were observed over the entire pressure range. The electrical and thermal properties were studied up to 5 GPa using a Paris-Edinburgh press equipped with a specialized sample cell assembly. The compressibility, variation of thermal conductivity, Seebeck co-efficient and thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) for the material are discussed in detail.
Sleep and Sleep States: Gene Expression

Studies using microarrays have shown that changes in behavioral states are associated with rapid and extensive changes in brain gene expression. Sleep, spontaneous wakefulness, and short-term (3–8 h) and long-term (1 week) sleep deprivation are each associated with the upregulation of hundreds of genes in the cerebral cortex and other brain areas. In flies, mice, and rats, three categories of genes are consistently upregulated during spontaneous waking or short-term sleep deprivation and downregulated during sleep. They include genes involved in energy metabolism, the cellular stress response, and memory formation and long-term potentiation. The sleep-related transcripts identified in the rat cerebral cortex suggest that sleep may favor protein synthesis, memory consolidation, and synaptic depression, as well as membrane trafficking and glial function. Long-term sleep deprivation in rats is associated with unique changes in brain gene expression, which differ to some extent from those seen after acute sleep loss. Gene expression profiling is a work in progress, and more studies using DNA and protein arrays are needed to characterize the molecular correlates of sleep and wakefulness in different species and in different brain regions.
Estimating the Demand for Voice over IP Services: A Contingent Valuation Approach

The demand for Voice-over-IP (VoIP) services is receiving increasing attention as an alternative to traditional switched access based telephone services. This paper focuses on the underlying determinants of demand to assess the potential for VoIP. The authors utilise a model of demand based on a consumer’s willingness to pay and provide estimates of the elasticity of demand for VoIP. The intent of the paper is to add to the discussion of VoIP and to stimulate analysis.
Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Aircraft Flight Control

Fuzzy logic proportional-integral-differential (PID) controllers are developed to perform both stability augmentation and automatic flight control functions. It operates for controlling both longitudinal and lateral-directional motions for an example aircraft, the X-29. The controllers for pitch, roll and yaw control are generated by analyzing a mathematical model describing aircraft static and dynamic characteristics. Each set of fuzzy rules consists of coarse and fine rules. The coarse rules are designed to supply fast response with large control input; while the fine rules are designed to make fine adjustments to improve dynamic stability. Nonlinear numerical simulations are performed to verify the controller performance at the design and off-design conditions for angle of attack hold, bank angle hold and sideslip angle hold. The results indicate that fuzzy PID controllers can provide fast, well damped response to pilot commands and thus improve flight performance, and increase agility, and also are robust.
16 – PROCESSING AND STORING HAY

Storage facilities are an important part of a successful hay-handling system, especially in humid areas. At first, the hay was stored in a loose form, but with the invention of balers, baled hay replaced almost all other types. Barns and sheds are still an important component of the humid-area farmstead. Hay must be dried to less than 30% moisture before it can be placed in a barn. The time required for hay to reach that moisture content in the field ranges from 48 hours to as much as 2 weeks. In the semiarid and arid regions, building such elaborate storage facilities never caught on, mostly because the need was not so apparent. In these areas, stacks of loose hay were shaped so that water would run off. The advent of baled hay brought the recognition that considerable spoilage occurred as moisture seeped down through the stack along the lines between bales. Two solutions were implemented: building of storage sheds, or use of a tarpaulin to cover the upper surface of the stack. In semiarid and arid areas, however, it is common to see uncovered stacks of hay. The questions remain those of economics, failure to recognize the extent of storage losses, and a lingering attitude that hay is not a crop of economic consequence. This chapter discusses storage losses to appreciate the utility and economics of hay storage structures. It further discusses three hay storage facilities: outside storage, covered storage, and other means of preservation.
Time Use and Labor Productivity: The Returns to Sleep

Abstract We investigate how the largest use of time—sleep—affects productivity. Time use data from the United States allow us to test a model in which sleep improves productivity. Consistent with t...
Right at Home: Modeling Sub-Federal Resistance as Criminal Justice Reform

Over the past two decades, state and local governments have crippled the federal war on marijuana as well as a series of federal initiatives designed to enforce federal immigration law through city and county police departments. This Article characterizes these and similar events as sub-federal government resistance in service of criminal justice reform. In keeping with recent sub-federal criminal reform movements, it prescribes a process model of reform consisting of four stages: enforcement abstinence, enforcement nullification, mimicry, and enforcement abolition. The state and local governments that pass through each of these stages can frustrate the enforcement of federal criminal law while also challenging widely-held assumptions regarding the value of criminal surveillance and criminal sanction. In promoting sub-federal government empowerment within the framework of criminal federalism, this Article breaks from conventional theories in the criminal law literature regarding the legal and policy strategies most likely to deliver fundamental change in American criminal justice.
Monolayer MoS 2 Strained to 1.3% With a Microelectromechanical System

We report on a modified transfer technique for atomically thin materials integrated into microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for studying strain physics and creating strain-based devices. Our method tolerates the non-planar structures and fragility of MEMS while still providing precise positioning and crack-free transfer of flakes. Furthermore, our method used the transfer polymer to anchor the 2D crystal to the MEMS, which reduces the fabrication time and increases the yield, and allowed us to exploit the strong mechanical coupling between the 2D crystal and polymer to strain the atomically thin system. We successfully strained single atomic layers of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with MEMS devices for the first time and achieved greater than 1.3% strain, marking a major milestone for incorporating 2D materials with MEMS. We used the established strain response of MoS2 Raman and photoluminescence spectra to deduce the strain in our crystals and provide a consistency check. We found good comparison between our experiment and the literature. [2018-0144]
Recycling on vacation: Does pro-environmental behavior change when consumers travel?

The existing literature on recycling behavior suggests social and convenience factors are positively associated with recycling behavior. Less is known about how environmental values, environmental ...
Macroalgae and nutrients promote algal turf growth in the absence of herbivores

Closely cropped algal turfs are characteristic of healthy coral reefs, but unchecked growth can cause transitions into long sediment-laden turfs, which may be an alternative degraded state. While control by herbivores is well established, potential interactions between nutrients and macroalgae have not been evaluated. We varied macroalgal presence and nutrient addition and measured turf height and sediment accumulation over 18 d on an algal-dominated fringing reef. We found a novel facilitative effect of macroalgal presence on turf height as macroalgal presence increased growth by 34% over its absence. Nutrient addition also significantly, but independently, increased turf height by 127% compared to no nutrient addition. Macroalgal presence reduced sediment accumulation, possibly by trapping the sediment and/or by a whiplash effect. Thus, overfished coral reefs experiencing macroalgal blooms and/or nutrient additions may be at risk of developing long algal turfs, which could maintain a persistent shift to a degraded state.