cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat effects in the amorphous-crystalline transformation of basic copper carbonate

Abstract The thermal effect in the transformation of basic copper carbonate from its initial colloidal state into crystalline malachite has been studied at three molar ratios of the reactants Na2CO3: CuSO4. The differential thermal analysis method of Borchardt and Daniels was adopted for the system, in which the solid phase undergoes a drastic volume reduction during its transmation. The apparent heat of transformation has been determined to be −2150 cal/gm mole of malachite formed. The thermal effect measurements verify that the transformation is autocatalytic.
Multigrid solution of the steady-state lattice Boltzmann equation

Efficient solution strategies for the steady-state lattice Boltzmann equation are investigated. Stable iterative methods for the linearized lattice Boltzmann equation are formulated based on the linearization of the lattice Boltzmann time-stepping procedure. These are applied as relaxation methods within a linear multigrid scheme, which itself is used to drive a Newton solver for the full non-linear problem. Although the linear multigrid strategy provides rapid convergence, the cost of a linear residual evaluation is found to be substantially higher than the cost of evaluating the non-linear residual directly. Therefore, a non-linear multigrid approach is adopted, which makes use of the non-linear LBE time-stepping scheme on each grid level. Rapid convergence to steady-state is achieved by the non-linear algorithm, resulting in one or more orders of magnitude increase in solution efficiency over the LBE time-integration approach. Grid-independent convergence rates are demonstrated, although degradation with increasing Reynolds number is observed, as in the case of the original LBE time-stepping scheme. The multigrid solver is implemented in a modular fashion by calling an existing LBE time-stepping routine, and delivers the identical steady-state solution as the original LBE time-stepping approach.
Proton Overhauser enhancements in human cardiac phosphorus NMR spectroscopy at 1.5 T.

Narrowband irradiation of water protons with a surface coil yields significant nuclear Overhauser enhancement (nOe) of phosphocreatine (PCr) and some adenosine triphosphate (ATP) moieties in localized and unlocalized phosphorus (31P) NMR spectra from chest and heart muscle. In seven normal subjects at 1.5 T the nOe values were 0.6 ± 0.3, 0.6 ± 0.3, 0 ± 0.3, and 0.3 ± 0.2 for myocardial PCr, γ-ATP, α-ATP, and β-ATP, respectively, not significantly different from those in chest muscle. Distortion of the measured PCr/ATP ratios due to differences in the nOe may require accurate correction to realize the full benefit of the effect in studies involving quantitative intergroup comparisons. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
An efficient branch-and-bound algorithm for optimal human pose estimation

Human pose estimation in a static image is a challenging problem in computer vision in that body part configurations are often subject to severe deformations and occlusions. Moreover, efficient pose estimation is often a desirable requirement in many applications. The trade-off between accuracy and efficiency has been explored in a large number of approaches. On the one hand, models with simple representations (like tree or star models) can be efficiently applied in pose estimation problems. However, these models are often prone to body part misclassification errors. On the other hand, models with rich representations (i.e., loopy graphical models) are theoretically more robust, but their inference complexity may increase dramatically. In this work, we propose an efficient and exact inference algorithm based on branch-and-bound to solve the human pose estimation problem on loopy graphical models. We show that our method is empirically much faster (about 74 times) than the state-of-the-art exact inference algorithm [21]. By extending a state-of-the-art tree model [16] to a loopy graphical model, we show that the estimation accuracy improves for most of the body parts (especially lower arms) on popular datasets such as Buffy [7] and Stickmen [5] datasets. Finally, our method can be used to exactly solve most of the inference problems on Stretchable Models [18] (which contains a few hundreds of variables) in just a few minutes.
Making a gay masculinity

(2000). “Making a gay masculinity”. Critical Studies in Media Communication: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 113-116.
Differences in risk factors for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) receiving needed specialty care by socioeconomic status

Background The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting CSHCN's receiving needed specialty care among different socioeconomic levels. Previous literature has shown that Socioeconomic Status (SES) is a significant factor in CHSHCN receiving access to healthcare. Other literature has shown that factors of insurance, family size, race/ethnicity and sex also have effects on these children's receipt of care. However, this literature does not address whether other factors such as maternal education, geographic location, age, insurance type, severity of condition, or race/ethnicity have different effects on receiving needed specialty care for children in each SES level.
Stress relaxation analysis in cold rolled sheet

Abstract The phenomenology, physical theory, test response, and engineering implications of stress relaxation and reviewed for the case of cold rolled metal sheet. Illustrative data and interpretations are cited for the case of a copper alloy commonly used in electrical connector applications, namely phosphor bronze. The influence of metallurgical structure and phase transformation is discussed.
IGF Binding Protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is Uniquely Associated with the Fetal-facing Basal Surface of the Syncytiotrophoblast in Human Placenta † 260

IGF Binding Protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is Uniquely Associated with the Fetal-facing Basal Surface of the Syncytiotrophoblast in Human Placenta † 260
Dietary Carbohydrates and Dental-Systemic Diseases

Two contradictory hypotheses on the role of dietary carbohydrates in health and disease shape how dental-systemic associations are regarded. On one side, Cleave and Yudkin postulated that excessive dietary fermentable carbohydrate intake led-in the absence of dental interventions such as fluorides-first to dental diseases and then to systemic diseases. Under this hypothesis, dental and systemic diseases shared-as a common cause-a diet of excess fermentable carbohydrates. Dental diseases were regarded as an alarm bell for future systemic diseases, and restricting carbohydrate intake prevented both dental and systemic diseases. On the opposite side, Keys postulated the lipid hypothesis: that excessive dietary lipid intake caused systemic diseases. Keys advocated a diet high in fermentable carbohydrate for the benefit of general health, and dental diseases became regarded as local dietary side effects. Because general health takes precedence over dental health when it comes to dietary recommendations, dental diseases became viewed as local infections; interventions such as fluorides, sealants, oral hygiene, antimicrobials, and dental fillings became synonymous with maintaining dental health, and carbohydrates were no longer considered as a common cause for dental-systemic diseases. These opposing dietary hypotheses have increasingly been put to the test in clinical trials. The emerging trial results favor Cleave-Yudkin's hypothesis and may affect preventive approaches for dental and systemic diseases.
Transmitted Ultrasound Pressure Variation in Micro Blood Vessel Phantoms

Abstract Silica, cellulose and polymethylmethacrylate tubes with inner diameters of ten to a few hundred microns are commonly used as blood vessel phantoms in in vitro studies of microbubble or nanodroplet behavior during insonation. However, a detailed investigation of the ultrasonic fields within these micro-tubes has not yet been performed. This work provides a theoretical analysis of the ultrasonic fields within micro-tubes. Numerical results show that for the same tube material, the interaction between the micro-tube and megaHertz-frequency ultrasound may vary drastically with incident frequency, tube diameter and wall thickness. For 10 MHz ultrasonic insonation of a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tube with an inner diameter of 195 μm and an outer diameter of 260 μm, the peak pressure within the tube can be up to 300% of incident pressure amplitude. However, using 1 MHz ultrasound and a silica tube with an inner diameter of 12 μm and an outer diameter of 50 μm, the peak pressure within the tube is only 12% of the incident pressure amplitude and correspondingly, the spatial-average-time-average intensity within the tube is only 1% of the incident intensity. (E-mail: spqin@ucdavis.edu )
Maverick, Escort, or Style Setter — TV News Framing of Candidates' Spouses During the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Elections

NBC, Fox, and CNN networks aired during their first nightly newscasts 324 stories in 2004 and 2008 that featured a visual of the candidates' spouses fulfilling the “escort” role. The spouses during these campaigns were largely seen but not heard. Fox in 2004 aired less than 1% of the candidates' wives speaking when compared to how much video it aired. Likewise, CNN in 2008 aired 2% of the candidates' spouses speaking compared to the amount of video it aired. During the 2008 presidential campaign, viewers saw many more stories featuring the candidates' spouses, especially on the Fox News Channel. During the latter campaign, the networks, especially CNN, also featured much more video of the candidates' spouses. In both elections, the Republican candidates' spouses were clearly much more present on the campaign trail than were their Democratic counterparts.
Pilot Program for Teaching Earth Science in New York

During the 2009–2010 school year, 40% of New York City (NYC) Earth science teachers were not certified to teach Earth science [New York State Education Department (NYSED), 2011]. This highlights a longstanding shortage of certified teachers, which persists today and prevents many schools from offering courses on the subject, thus diminishing student opportunities to study or embark on careers in Earth science. More generally, the paucity of qualified, effective science teachers hinders student achievement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), and research has consistently shown that improving the quality of teaching substantially increases achievement in STEM-related fields [National Science Board, 2007]. With only 36% of NYC 8th graders scoring at or above the basic level of proficiency in science and with even lower scores for African-American and Hispanic students [Livingston and Wirt, 2005], the need for more qualified science teachers is clear.
Parturition control in sows with a prostaglandin analogue (alfaprostol).

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the dose of alfaprostol (18, 19, 20-trinor-17-cyclohexyl-13, 14 didehydro-PGF 2 α-methylester) and the day of administration most effective in inducing sows to farrow during normal working hours (0700 to 1700). One-hundred forty multiparous crossbred sows, taken from a herd whose mean gestation length was 114.3 days, were assigned to one of five treatment groups: 1) control vehicle-propylene glycol, 2) 0.5 mg alfaprostol (AP). 3) 1 mg AP, 4) 2 mg AP and 5) 3 mg AP. Sows received an intramuscular injection of AP between 0800 and 0830 on either day 111, 112 or 113 of gestation. Parameters studied included interval from injection to birth of first pig, farrowing interval, total number of pigs born, number born alive, average birth weight, percent stillborn, interval from weaning to next estrus and number born alive next litter. The mean intervals from injection to the birth of the first pig were 55.2 ± 7.1; 41.1 ± 5.1; 29.6 ± 4.0; 24.3 ± 1.1; 24.8 ± 0.9 h for groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively (P 0.05) among treatment groups. These results indicate that a single injection of 1, 2 or 3 mg of alfaprostol will successfully induce parturition the following day in a majority of the treated sows.
Telling Tales: What stories can teach us about racism

This article examines the stories people from various racial groups tell about race and racism. It draws upon data from 106 transcribed interviews about race/racism with college educated adults who work in education and human service fields. The interview questions did not directly ask for stories, but respondents frequently told stories to illustrate or emphasize a point. This article focuses on those stories. The article begins with a discussion of the function of stories in culture and the way that historical and social positionality shape the stories we tell. Concepts from discourse analysis and critical race theory inform the analysis of the story data. Scott's (1990) theory of hidden and public transcripts offers a framework for differentiating stories that support mainstream views of and assumptions about race and racism from those counter-narratives which challenge the mainstream discourse. The article then provides a thematic presentation of counter-narrative stories, told predominantly by respon...
The finite topology and variational calculus on nontopological vector spaces

Abstract Certain aspects of the calculus of variations are presented in the setting of nontopological vector spaces, and the results are shown to have certain advantages in the investigation of various optimization problems of economics that seem more directly accessible by these techniques than by the maximum principle of optimal control theory.
The Pseudo-Curly Top Disease in South Florida

Pseudo-curly top virus (PCTV) was transmitted by infective treehoppers ( Micrutalis malleifera Fowler) to the following species of plants: ragweed ( Ambrosia sp.), chickweed (Stellaria medea L.), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill), nightshade ( Solanum nigrum L.), tobacco ( Nicotiana glutinosa L.) , and jimsonweed ( Datura stramonium L.). Symptoms in these plants were similar to those caused by other curly top viruses. Vector-virus relationships were studied. The acquisition threshold and inoculation threshold periods were both less than 1 hour. A latent period of between 24 and 48 hours was demonstrable. Virus retention was correlated with length of access feeding. Treehoppers given 24-hour access feeding periods acquired a higher charge of virus and also remained infective longer than those given 1 hour access feedings. There was no indication of virus multiplication in the vector. The half life of the virus was calculated to be 33 days. The vector-virus relationships resembled those of the beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker), and western curly top virus. No differences in vector efficiency were found between sexes.
Quantized voltage jumps observed in the charge-density-wave conduction noise in TaS 3

The charge-density-wave conduction noise in ${\mathrm{TaS}}_{3}$ is studied just above threshold ${E}_{T}$. As the applied field $E$ approaches ${E}_{T}$ the periodic voltage oscillations observed at large $E$ decompose into stochastic voltage jumps of both signs. For a fixed field the jump magnitude is quantized. A consistent explanation for the jump pattern as well as the magnitude is obtained from the vortex model.
Basal ganglia contributions to adaptive navigation

The striatum has long been considered to be selectively important for nondeclarative, procedural types of memory. This stands in contrast with spatial context processing that is typically attributed to hippocampus. Neurophysiological evidence from studies of the neural mechanisms of adaptive navigation reveals that distinct neural systems such as the striatum and hippocampus continuously process task relevant information regardless of the current cognitive strategy. For example, both striatal and hippocampal neural representations reflect spatial location, directional heading, reward, and egocentric movement features of a test situation in an experience-dependent way, and independent of task demands. Thus, continual parallel processing across memory systems may be the norm rather than the exception. It is suggested that neuromodulators, such as dopamine, may serve to differentially regulate learning-induced neural plasticity mechanisms within these memory systems such that the most successful form of neural processing exerts the strongest control over response selection functions. In this way, dopamine may serve to optimize behavioral choices in the face of changing environmental demands during navigation.
Dipyrone into the nucleus raphe magnus inhibits the rat nociceptive tail-flick reflex.

Abstract Recent studies suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have central sites of action which contribute to their analgesic efficacy. In the present study microinjections of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, dipyrone, were made into the medullary nucleus raphe magnus of lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized rats; 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg of dipyrone dose-dependently inhibited the nociceptive tail-flick withdrawal reflex. These results suggest that dipyrone modulates bulbospinal neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus to inhibit spinal nociceptive reflexes; thus, new routes of administration and methods of application may be possible for these analgesic agents.
Geographic variation of blood proteins and the systematics of kingsnakes (Lampropeltis getulus).

1. 1. Electrophoretic analysis of blood proteins was carried out for six subspecies of Lampropeltis getulus. 2. 2. Patterns of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase were identical in all specimens. 3. 3. Five transferrin alleles and four 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase alleles were found, but the most common occurred throughout the species' range. 4. 4. Haptoglobin, hemoglobin polypeptides, leucine-naphthylamidase and albumin patterns were different in specimens from the eastern and western parts of the range. “Hybrid phenotypes” were found in west Texas. 5. 5. Molecular data indicate that L. getulus is a single species, but east-west differences are greater than had been realized from morphological characters. 6. 6. L. g. niger and L. g. holbrooki should be grouped with the eastern L. g. getulus and L. g. floridana. L. g. californiae and L. g. splendida are closely related.
Some low-temperature properties and applications of SrTiO3 crystallized from glass

Abstract Dielectric and structural measurements are presented on a glass containing crystals of SrTi03 ∼ 5 μm in size and ∼50% by volume. A sharp peak in the dielectric constant at 33 K is reported, and is interpreted as a stress-induced transition to an antiferroelectric phase of symmetry lower than tetragonal. Considerable dielectric activity is also reported between 0.005 and 0.1 K. Two applications of this material are briefly discussed: A magnetic-field insensitive, low-temperature capacitance thermometer; and a sensitive low-temperature infrared detector.
Density of States near the Mott-Hubbard Transition in the Limit of Large Dimensions

The zero temperature Mott-Hubbard transition as a function of the Coulomb repulsion $U$ is investigated in the limit of large dimensions. The behavior of the density of states near the transition at ${U\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}U}_{c}$ is analyzed in all orders of the skeleton expansion. It is shown that only two transition scenarios are consistent with the skeleton expansion for $Ul{U}_{c}$: (i) The Mott-Hubbard transition is ``discontinuous'' in the sense that in the density of states finite spectral weight is redistributed at ${U}_{c}$. (ii) The transition occurs via a point at ${U\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}U}_{c}$ where the system is neither a Fermi liquid nor an insulator.
Unstart Detection in a Simplified-Geometry Hypersonic Inlet-Isolator Flow

Unstart detection techniques based on high-frequency pressure measurements made in a hypersonic inlet―isolator model are investigated. In this study, data that were acquired in a previous study of backpressure-induced unstart were examined. The data were acquired in a simplified-geometry inlet―isolator model that consisted of a 6 deg compression ramp inlet followed by a constant-area duct that was 25.4 mm high by 50.8 mm wide by 227.1 mm long. Fluctuating wall pressures were measured along the length of the model. A downstream flap was used to induce unstart in the model. Beyond a certain flap angle, unstart was induced, and the shock system propagated upstream and out of the inlet. The wall-pressure data, acquired as the flap was raised, were postprocessed for spectral and statistical content to evaluate different unstart detection criteria. Three shock leading-edge detection criteria are examined based on the following observations as the shock system passes over a pressure transducer: 1) a rise in pressure, 2) an increase in standard-deviation of the pressure signal, and 3) an increase in power in the 300―400 Hz frequency band. After calibrating the algorithms based on runs with no active control, a comparison of the times detected for unstart onset and unstart arrest was made based on runs with active control. Results indicate that the power-spectrum-based algorithm implemented close to the isolator exit is more sensitive to the onset of unstart, whereas the pressure-magnitude-change criterion gives earlier detection in many cases. A combination of the two, a pressure-magnitude criterion close to the inlet entrance and a spectral-power criterion near the isolator exit, therefore seems to be the most robust scheme for unstart active control. The appropriate choice of sampling frequency significantly improved the computation speed of the spectral-power-based algorithm without delaying the unstart detection times.
Spin probe studies of the microviscosity gradient in the middle phase of three-phase micellar systems

Abstract Electron spin resonance studies, using spin probe correlation times, on the middle phase of three-phase micellar systems at optimal salinity show the development, upon standing, of a microviscosity gradient. This gradient does not appear when the system is not at optimal salinity. The existence of a middle phase is, therefore, not a sufficient condition for the gradient. The origin of the gradient is believed to be the facile interconversion of the water-continuous and the hydrocarbon-continuous middle phases at the critical point and is related to fluctuation phenomena. The observation of the microviscosity gradient is consistent with data from conductivity measurements.
Slow release versus water soluble fertilization affects nutrient leaching and growth of potted chrysanthemum

Abstract In two experiments, ‘Charm’ and ‘Delano’ chrysanthemum [Dendranthema x grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] were grown in a peat‐based root medium using standard greenhouse cultural practices. Fertilization treatments included (1) alternate liquid fertilization (ALF): water‐soluble formulation of 15N‐4.3P‐24.9K (15–10–30) at 536 mgL‐1 N alternated with tap water irrigation; (2) Constant Liquid Fertilization (CLF): 15N‐4.3P‐24.9K(15–10–30)at268 mgL‐1 Napplied at each irrigation; (3) slow release resin‐coated fertilizer (SRR): slow release formulation of 12N‐4.3P‐14.1K(12–10–17); and (4) slow release tablets (SRT): slow release formulation of 14N‐1.7P‐4.9K (14–4–6). Irrigation volume and timing of application were arbitrary for all plants in the first experiment, but they were determined gravimetrically for each treatment in the second experiment. Irrigation volumes exceeded container capacity by 20 to 30% (leaching fractions of 0.2 to 0.3). Leachate had lower electrical conductivity and higher pH with ...
Techniques for removing odd/even detector noise from pushbroom scanners with large linear arrays

Multispectral imaging instruments are often built in a pushbroom scanner configuration with focal planes consisting of large linear arrays containing up to several thousand detectors. Design considerations of such arrays often favor arrangements such that all even numbered detector elements are processed along a path that differs from all odd numbered detector elements. this can cause instrument-induced artifacts in the resulting imagery. Two techniques have been developed that attempt to attenuate this type of artifact. One is based on modeling the artifact as differences in detector bias. These differences are estimated in the spatial domain and corrections are applied. The second approach takes advantange of a convenient wavelet decomposition of the iamge that effectively isolates the artifact from image information. After appropriate filtering in wavelet space, artifacts in the reconstructed image are significantly reduces. These techniques have been applied to SPOT imagery with encouraging results.
Quasilinear parabolic systems

Abstract Parabolic systems of partial differential equations are developed and applications are discussed. The systems are quasilinear in divergence form with high-order coefficient matrices which are neither symmetric nor sparse. Weak existence, uniqueness, and stability are established for an appropriate initial-boundary value problem.
A new approach to controller design for microgravity isolation systems

A new method has been developed to design an active vibration isolation system for microgravity space experiments. This method yields the required controller transfer functions for a specified transmissibility. Hence, it is a straightforward task to guarantee that the desired vibration isolation performance is achieved at each frequency. The theory for such a controller design has been presented by considering a single degree of freedom system. The magnitude of the control force required by the new method has been found to be less than that used by a standard phase lead/lag compensator.
Pendulum: An energy efficient protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to recent advances in microelectronics, the development of low-cost, small, and energy efficient devices became possible. Those advances led to the birth of the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). WSNs consist of a large set of sensor nodes equipped with communication capabilities, scattered in the area to monitor. Researchers focus on several aspects of WSNs. Such aspects include the quality of service the WSNs provide, the robustness of the network, and making the energy consumption in the network as low as possible to prolong the network's lifetime. In this paper, we present an approach that can be applied to the sensing devices that are scattered in an area for Sensor Networks. This work will expand on the well-known approach of using an awaking scheduling to extend the network's lifespan. We designed a scheduling algorithm that will reduce the delay's upper bound the reported data will experience, while at the same time keeps the advantages that are offered by the use of an awaking scheduling. We apply the proposed method to a set of simulated nodes using the “ONE Simulator”. We compare the performance of this approach with three other approaches - Direct Routing technique, the well-known LEACH algorithm, and a multi-parent scheduling algorithm.
Does dystonia always include co-contraction? A study of unconstrained reaching in children with primary and secondary dystonia.

Dystonia is a movement disorder in which involuntary or intermittent muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both. Excessive co-contraction and abnormalities in the time course of reciprocal inhibition between antagonist groups of muscles are considered to be cardinal features of some types of dystonia and reduced speed of movement is often attributed to involuntary activation of antagonist muscles about a joint. In the present study we describe muscle activity during unconstrained multi-joint reaching movements. Children diagnosed with arm dystonia due to cerebral palsy (CP) or primary dystonia (n = 7, 4–16 years, 4 with CP, 3 primary) and similar age healthy subjects pointed alternately to two targets as fast as possible. The children with dystonia showed decreased speed, greater variability, and pauses at targets compared with controls. Decreased speed was mostly due to difficulty in reversing reaching direction, and increased variability was associated with large fluctuations in the duration of the pauses at targets, rather than with variations in the flexion/extension velocity profiles. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activities were examined to assess if the abnormalities observed in the children with dystonia could be explained in terms of increased levels of co-contraction. Unexpectedly, we found that the children with dystonia showed lower levels of co-contraction than the controls during movement, and the pauses at targets were associated with reduced levels of activation rather than with excessive activity in antagonist groups of muscles. Therefore reduced speed of movement during unconstrained reaching may not be due to involuntary activation of the antagonist muscle, and co-contraction of opposing muscles about a joint is not an obligatory feature of multi-joint movement in children with dystonia.
Targeting Nitric Oxide to Its Targets

Nitric oxide (NO) is now recognized as a major messenger molecule in the nervous system. In specific neuronal pathways, NO functions alternatively as a neurotransmitter and as a second messenger. Neuronal-type nitric oxide synthase is a widely distributed (nNOS or Type I) calmodulin-regulated enzyme and is coupled to a variety of neurotransmitter systems in brain and peripheral tissues. NO formation is linked in cerebellum to NMDA receptor activity, in myenteric neurons to neuronal nicotinic receptor activity, and in skeletal muscle to sarcolemmal depolarization. Coupling of nNOS activity to alternative calcium sources appears to be mediated, in part, by tethering nNOS to specific membrane proteins. In skeletal muscle, nNOS physically associates with the sarcolemmal dystrophin complex through a GLGF protein-association motif present near the N terminus of nNOS. This GLGF motif is likely also involved in anchoring nNOS to synaptic membrane complexes in brain. Subcellular targeting of nNOS represents a crucial mechanism for regulation of NO actions in the nervous system.
Dielectric properties of isomeric phenyl propanols

Abstract The dielectric constant and loss of 1-phenyl-1-, 1-phenyl-2-, 2-phenyl-2-, and 3-phenyl-l-propanol have been measured as a function of temperature for f < 0.5 MHz. The equilibrium polarization depends markedly on the proximity of the phenyl and hydroxyl groups, apparently as a steric factor and not because of any specific OH-phenyl interaction. Dielectric relaxation in these liquids can be described in terms of overlapping Debye regions but for the most sterically hindered species the regions overlap so closely that the Davidson-Cole skewed-arc function becomes a more useful description. Activation energies depend on the degree of steric hindrance; this suggests that H-bond breaking is not the rate determining step in the relaxation mechanism
The human sex-determining gene SRY is a direct target of WT1.

The product of the Wilms' tumor gene,WT1, is essential for male sex determination and differentiation in mammals. In addition to causing Wilms' tumor, mutations in WT1 often cause two distinct but overlapping urogenital defects in men, Denys-Drash syndrome and Frasier syndrome. In this study we investigated the regulation of the sex determination gene SRY by WT1. Our results showed that WT1 up-regulates the SRY gene through the proximal early growth response gene-1-like DNA-binding sequences in the core promoter. Mutant WT1 proteins in Denys-Drash syndrome patients were unable to activate this promoter. These mutants did not act in a dominant negative manner, as expected over the wild-type WT1 in this promoter. We also found that WT1 could transactivate the endogenous SRY gene. These observations, together with the overlapping expression patterns of WT1 and SRY in human gonads, led us to propose that WT1 regulates SRY in the initial sex determination process in humans and activates a cascade of genes ultimately leading to the complete organogenesis of the testis.
Incorporation and distribution of [Me-14cjmethionine methyl into liver phosphatidylcholine fractions from control and essential fatty acid deficient rats

Abstract 1. 1. Control and essential fatty acid deficient rats were injected with [ Me - 14 C]-methionine and killed at intervals up to 5 h afterwards. Incorporation of the methyl label was then compared in monoene, diene, triene, tetraene and higher polyun-saturated fatty acid fractions of their liver choline phosphatides. 2. 2. The essential fatty acid deficiency increased oleic and eicosatrienoic acids and decreased linoleic and arachidonic acid in both the ethanolamine and choline phosphatides. The rate and extent of methyl incorporation into the total phosphatidylchohne were similar for both groups. 3. 3. In control rats, the predominant phosphatidylcholine fractions were tetraene (54% of total) and diene (28% of total). About 10% of the phosphatidylcholines was a highly unsaturated fraction containing mainly 22:5 and 22:6 fatty acids. The predominant phosphatidylcholine fractions in essential fatty acid deficiency were monoene (41% of total) and triene (38% of total) with the diene and tetraene fractions representing about 10% each of the total phosphatidylcholines. Fatty acid compositions suggested similar changes probably occurred in the major fractions of the phosphatidylethanolamines. 4. 4. Control rats incorporated methyl mainly into their tetraene and diene fractions, whereas deficient animals had most of the label in their monoene and triene fractions. The type of unsaturated fatty acid on the phosphatidylethanolamine substrate seemed much less of an influence on its methylation to phosphatidylcholine than was the concentration of a particular phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. 5. 5. A phosphatidylcholine fraction containing penta- and hexaene fatty acids appeared to be more active metabolically than did the phosphatidylcholine fractions having fatty acids with less unsaturation.
Recovery of ovarian activity in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea who were treated with cognitive behavior therapy.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) targeted to problematic attitudes common among women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea would restore ovarian function. Design: Randomized, prospective, controlled intervention. Setting: Clinical research center in an academic medical institution. Patient(s): Sixteen women participated who had functional hypothalamic amenorrhea; were of normal body weight; and did not report psychiatric conditions, eating disorders, or excessive exercise. Intervention(s): Subjects were randomized to CBT or observation for 20 weeks. Main outcome measure(s): Serum levels of E 2 and P and vaginal bleeding were monitored. Result(s): Of eight women treated with CBT, six resumed ovulating, one had partial recovery of ovarian function without evidence of ovulation, and one did not display return of ovarian function. Of those randomized to observation, one resumed ovulating, one had partial return of ovarian function, and six did not recover. Thus, CBT resulted in a higher rate of ovarian activity (87.5%) than did observation (25.0%), χ 2 = 7.14. Conclusion(s): A cognitive behavioral intervention designed to minimize problematic attitudes linked to hypothalamic allostasis was more likely to result in resumption of ovarian activity than observation. The prompt ovarian response to CBT suggests that a tailored behavioral intervention offers an efficacious treatment option that also avoids the pitfalls of pharmacological modalities.
Statistics of Delta v magnitude for a trajectory correction maneuver containing deterministic and random components

A number of interplanetary missions now being planned involve placing deterministic maneuvers along the flight path to alter the trajectory. Lee and Boain (1973) examined the statistics of trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) magnitude with no deterministic ('bias') component. The Delta v vector magnitude statistics were generated for several values of random Delta v standard deviations using expansions in terms of infinite hypergeometric series. The present investigation uses a different technique (Monte Carlo simulation) to generate Delta v magnitude statistics for a wider selection of random Delta v standard deviations and also extends the analysis to the case of nonzero deterministic Delta v's. These Delta v magnitude statistics are plotted parametrically. The plots are useful in assisting the analyst in quickly answering questions about the statistics of Delta v magnitude for single TCM's consisting of both a deterministic and a random component. The plots provide quick insight into the nature of the Delta v magnitude distribution for the TCM.
Endoscopic jejunal access for enteral feeding

Enteral (gat) alimentation appears to offer greater benefit for patients than calories delivered via a parenteral (intravenous) route. Enteral alimentation prevents mucosal atrophy, maintains normal gut flora, decreases bacterial translocation, and enhances enteral immunological competence. Reliable delivery into the jejunum without the placement of an operative feeding tube is difficult, however. We have been interested for some time in endoscopically placing a jejunal tube for enteral nutrition early (within 24 hours) after trauma resuscitation or operation. A simplified technique is described for the endoscopic placement of a jejunal feeding tube, with or without a concomitant percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.
Immunohistochemical detection of neural cell adhesion molecule and laminin in x-linked dystrophic dogs and mdx mice

Summary Although dystrophin deficiency is known to be the genetic and biochemical defect causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), much remains unknown about the underlying factors affecting clinical and pathological expression of the disease. Two animal forms of muscular dystrophy resembling DMD have been described. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and laminin expression were examined in the proliferation-competent mdx mouse and non-regenerative "golden retriever muscular dystrophy dog" (GRMD). The results showed that (1) NCAM expression was greater in dystrophic dogs and mice than in age-matched normal animals, (2) myoblast-specific NCAM was greater in mdx mice than in dystrophic dogs, and (3) laminin strongly labelled mdx and GRMD myofibre membranes but was also sometimes found in individual interstitial cells of mdx muscle. Expression of these proteins may partly determine the clinicopathological expression of dystrophin deficiency.
Maynard Smith, optimization, and evolution

Maynard Smith’s defenses of adaptationism and of the value of optimization theory in evolutionary biology are both criticized. His defense does not adequately respond to the criticism of adaptationism by Gould and Lewontin. It is also argued here that natural selection cannot be interpreted as an optimization process if the objective function to be optimized is either (i) interpretable as a fitness, or (ii) correlated with the mean population fitness. This result holds even if fitnesses are frequency-independent; the problem is further exacerbated in the frequency-dependent context modeled by evolutionary game theory. However, Eshel and Feldman’s new results on “long-term” evolution may provide some hope for the continuing relevance of the game-theoretic framework. These arguments also demonstrate the irrelevance of attempts by Intelligent Design creationists to use computational limits on optimization algorithms as evidence against evolutionary theory. It is pointed out that adaptation, natural selection, and optimization are not equivalent processes in the context of biological evolution.
Secure distributed control in unreliable D-NCS

Distributed Networked Control Systems (D-NCS), such as the electric power system, the transportation system, or almost any large-scale network, are vulnerable to cyber attacks. The compromised nodes in the D-NCS can affect it and cause the distributed control algorithms (e.g., consensus algorithm) to fail. This paper is concerned with the problem of designing a secure distributed control methodology that is capable of performing a secure consensus computation in a D-NCS in the presence of misbehaving nodes. We consider the case of formation control in a multi-robot system using the linear consensus algorithm, and we model the malicious attack as an exogenous input that compromises the behavior of a single robot in this multi-robot system. The proposed secure distributed control methodology includes four phases: (1) Detect the neighbors' misbehaviors relying only on each robot's local observations; (2) Adjust the consensus computation weights according to the neighbors' reputation values; (3) Identify and isolate the compromised robot; and (4) Update the reference state using the adjusted consensus computation weights to ensure the convergence of well-behaving robots. A Simulink-based testbed for multi-robot formation control is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Active electric properties of cardiac muscle

A model of electrical activity in the heart has been developed that treats the intracellular domain and the extracellular domain as electrical syncytia with anisotropic resistivities (bi-syncytial model). At the microscopic level, propagation is assumed to proceed primarily along the axes of individual cells. Considerations at the macroscopic level relate the transmembrane current to the intracellular and extracellular resistivity and the transmembrane potential. The result is a relationship between instantaneous extracellular potentials and cardiac action potentials.
Vaccination against hepatitis a and b in patients with hiv

Patients coinfected with HIV and viral hepatitis A or B are at increased risk for liver-related morbidity and mortality. Although vaccination is safe and effective in the general population, hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus transmission may continue in high-risk populations because vaccine response rates lag behind those seen in healthy populations. Poor immune response to vaccine, atypical markers of prior exposure, and difficulty reaching those at risk underlie the challenges facing clinicians and their HIV-infected patients.
Enhancing Mathematical Problem Solving for Students with Disabilities

This article focuses on the research program on mathematical problem solving conducted by the Center on Accelerating Student Learning (CASL). First, a subset of CASL themes, illustrated in the mathematical problem-solving studies, is highlighted. Then, the theoretical underpinnings of the mathematical problem-solving intervention methods are described, along with a brief overview of prior research. Next, the problem-solving dependent measures are presented, with explanation of how these measures explore a range of transfer distances that extend to real-life problem-solving situations. Then, to illustrate the research program, 3 intervention studies are described. The article concludes with recommendations for practice and future study.
Synthesis of real-time recursive DSP algorithms using multiple chips

In this paper, the problem of synthesizing real-time recursive DSP algorithms with fixed interprocessor communication delay is addressed. The effects of the communication delay to the initiation interval and number of chips are studied. We differentiate our problem from previous work in two parts. First, the DSP algorithms we consider are recurrence. Second, communication delay is considered. By modifying previously proposed scheduling and allocation algorithm, we are able to derive an implementation if it exists under the given real-time and area constraints. Some experiments have been made and results are very promising.
Periocular triamcinolone acetonide injections for control of intraocular inflammation associated with uveitis.

Purpose: To describe the effectiveness of periocular corticosteroid injections for the control of intraocular inflammation associated with noninfectious uveitis. Methods: A total of 81 patients (109 eyes) who received a periocular injection were evaluated for active inflammation, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, degree of intraocular inflammation, and the presence of ocular complications, including macular edema. Results: Of all eyes, 36% (95%CI: 25%, 45%) demonstrated clinical resolution of inflammation at the 1-month visit after first injection, and 48% (95%CI: 37%, 59%) at 3 months. For multiple injections, 50% (95%CI: 28%, 72%) demonstrated resolution of inflammation at 1 month after the last injection, and 41% (95%CI: 20%, 63%) resolution of inflammation at 3 months after the last injection. Of the 49 eyes that initially responded, the estimated median time to recurrence was 7.6 months. Conclusions: Approximately half of the treated eyes had resolution of intraocular inflammation at 3 months after corticosteroid injection.
An 8*8 discrete cosine transform model using VHDL

VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) models are used to simulate a two-dimensional 8*8 discrete cosine transform (DCT) chip. Models are created and simulated in two levels: a behavioral model and a structural model. The whole system is verified by Mentor Graphics VHDL and constructed in true single phase clock (TSPC) logic. >
Efficient String Matching with Don’t-Care Patterns

The occurrences of a constant pattern in a given text string can be found in linear time using the famous algorithm of Knuth, Morris, and Pratt [KMP]. Aho and Corasick [AC] independently solved the problem for patterns consisting of a set of strings, where the occurrence of one member is considered a match. Both algorithms preprocess the pattern so that the text can be searched efficiently. This paper considers the extension of their methods to, deal with patterns involving more expressive descriptions, such as don’t-care (wild-card) symbols, complements, etc. Such extensions are useful in the context of clever text-editors and the analysis of chemical compounds.
A laser direct write double-level-metal technology for rapid fabrication

An all-dry, double-level-metal technology for personalization of VLSI gate arrays is described. The goal is to provide rapid prototyping of new electronic systems, and to serve as the nucleus for a potential job-shop, low-volume manufacturing environment. The process development is examined for the demonstration of double-level-metal interconnect, with emphasis on novel technologies such as the laser direct write and single-wafer metal etching using the magnetron-enhanced reactive-ion-etching technique. A double-level-metal interconnect based on 100000 laser patterned 2- mu m vias has been successfully demonstrated using this technology. >
Accuracy of Deception Judgments

We analyze the accuracy of deception judgments, synthesizing research results from 206 documents and 24,483 judges. In relevant studies, people attempt to discriminate lies from truths in real time with no special aids or training. In these circumstances, people achieve an average of 54% correct lie-truth judgments, correctly classifying 47% of lies as deceptive and 61% of truths as nondeceptive. Relative to cross-judge differences in accuracy, mean lie-truth discrimination abilities are nontrivial, with a mean accuracy d of roughly .40. This produces an effect that is at roughly the 60th percentile in size, relative to others that have been meta-analyzed by social psychologists. Alternative indexes of lie-truth discrimination accuracy correlate highly with percentage correct, and rates of lie detection vary little from study to study. Our meta-analyses reveal that people are more accurate in judging audible than visible lies, that people appear deceptive when motivated to be believed, and that individuals regard their interaction partners as honest. We propose that people judge others' deceptions more harshly than their own and that this double standard in evaluating deceit can explain much of the accumulated literature.