cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodological Challenges of Environmental Justice Assessments for Transportation Projects

Executive Order 12898 requires federal agencies to conduct environmental justice (EJ) assessments to determine if negative effects from projects will fall disproportionately on minority or low-income populations. This paper uses a case study of a proposed road-widening project in Daytona Beach, Florida, to illustrate how the choices of the reference area, study area, affected groups, and method for determining the decision threshold for a finding of disproportionality have important implications for the outcome of an assessment. A further complication is the use of decision thresholds that are based on measures of centrality in the data, such as a mean value, when the data have a bimodal distribution pattern, as seen in data on the racial compositions of census geographic units. Simple statistical tests are applied to support the methodological choices and the findings of disproportionality for each population. This analysis demonstrates that rather than selecting the precise method a priori, the characte...
Property Rights, the First Amendment, and Judicial Anti-Urbanism: The Strange Case of Virginia V. Hicks

Through a close examination of the case of Virginia v. Hicks—from Kevin Hicks's arrests for trespassing on streets near a Richmond, Virginia, public housing project in 1998 and 1999 to the unanimous Supreme Court decision upholding these arrests on the grounds that no harm was done to the First Amendment—this paper explores how the rights of private property are made, through the judicial process, to "trump" other kinds of rights and interests. It examines the implications of both dominant property practices and discourses and a more general judicial anti-urbanism for city life. The paper shows that one of the things at risk given the judiciary's love affair with private property rights is the right of some people simply to be present in public space. By implication, the paper argues that legal geographies need to examine more than just final court decisions (as is often the case), but also uncover the full legal history—the strange twists and turns—of the cases examined.
Integration of threshold logic gates with RRAM devices for energy efficient and robust operation

Differential mode threshold-logic gates can be programmed to compute complex logic functions within a single cell, resulting in significant reduction in area and power. However the circuit yield reduces if they are operated at low voltages. This paper describes a novel integration of RRAM with such threshold-logic gates to achieve robust, low voltage (0.6V for 65nm technology) and energy efficient computation of threshold-logic functions. Below 0.6V, we observed that the performance(and thereby, energy delay product) of conventional CMOS circuits degrades substantially compared to the proposed threshold-logic circuits. The improvement in performance and energy of the new circuit architecture are demonstrated while considering process variations in both the MOSFET and RRAM devices. For each threshold function implementable by threshold-logic gate, comparison of energy, delay and energy delay product with equivalent CMOS implementation is given. The advantages in area, energy and delay of threshold logic implementations over conventional CMOS logic gates is demonstrated by two commonly used functional components.
How to build a baby: On the development of an accessible representational system☆

Abstract The notion of a sensorimotor stage in infancy is called into question. First, some of the recent experimental literature on cognitive development in infancy is examined to determine the kinds of representational capacity that these data require. It is concluded that most of the recent work on perceptual development and the object concept in infancy is compatible with the notion of a sensorimotor stage but that other work showing imitation, motor recognition, the acquisition of manual signs, and recall of absent objects is not, requiring, instead, a conceptual form of representation. Such a system is apparent early in development. It is suggested that there is a viable alternative to Piaget's theory that conceptual representation consists of a transformation of sensorimotor schemas into a new, more advanced code. It is proposed that an accessible conceptual system develops simultaneously and in parallel with the sensorimotor system, with neither system being derivative from the other. It is further proposed that the mechanism by which infants encode information into an accessible system consists of a process of perceptual analysis.
Slow component suppression and radiation damage in doped BaF/sub 2/ crystals

The scintillation and radiation damage properties of barium fluoride crystals doped with various rare earths have been studied in an attempt to develop a fast, radiation hard scintillating crystal with a suppressed slow component for use at high counting rates. The light output of doped BaF/sub 2/ samples was measured with a solar blind (CsTe) photomultiplier tube and compared with a standard bialkali phototube. For dopants showing strong slow component suppression, measurements were also made at elevated temperatures and indicate that additional suppression can be achieved by heating. Radiation damage was studied by measuring the light transmission before, during and after irradiation with /sup 60/Co gamma rays for doses greater than 10/sup 6/ rad. The results show that several dopants suppress the slow component, but only one, namely lanthanum, preserves the radiation hardness of undoped BaF/sub 2/. >
The F2-isoprostane, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α, a potent agonist of the vascular thromboxane/endoperoxide receptor, is a platelet thromboxane/endoperoxide receptor antagonist

F2-isoprostanes are a recently discovered series of prostaglandin (PG)F2-like compounds that are produced in vivo in humans by nonenzymatic free radical catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. One of the compounds that can be produced in abundance by this mechanism is 8-epi-PGF2 alpha. 8-epi-PGF2 alpha is a potent vasoconstrictor in the rat, an effect that has been shown to be mediated via interaction with vascular thromboxane (TxA2)/endoperoxide (PGH2) receptors. In an effort to further understand the biological properties of this prostanoid in relation to its ability to interact with TxA2/PGH2 receptors, we examined its effects on human and rat platelets. At concentrations of 10(-6) M and 10(-5) M, 8-epi-PGF2 alpha induced only a shape change in human platelets and at higher concentrations (10(-4) M) induced reversible but not irreversible aggregation. Both the shape change and reversible aggregation were unaffected by indomethacin but were inhibited by the TxA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist SQ29548. Conversely, 8-epi-PGF2 alpha inhibited platelet aggregation induced by the TxA2/PGH2 receptor agonists U46619 (10(-6) M) and IBOP (3.3 x 10(-7) M) with an IC50 of 1.6 x 10(-6) M and 1.8 x 10(-6) M, respectively. 8-epi-PGF2 alpha also inhibited platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid. Similarly, in rat platelets, 8-epi-PGF2 alpha alone induced only modest reversible aggregation but completely inhibited U46619-induced aggregation.
VprBP targets Merlin to the Roc1-Cul4A-DDB1 E3 ligase complex for degradation

Inactivation of the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor gene function has been observed not only in familial schwannomas and other central nervous system tumors, but also in malignant tumors unrelated to the NF2 syndrome, indicating a broader role of NF2 in human tumorigenesis. The NF2-encoded protein Merlin is closely related to the Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin family of membrane/cytoskeleton linker proteins, and has been demonstrated to suppress tumor growth by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Rac1 activation. Interestingly, serum deprivation has been shown to regulate Merlin at the protein level, however, exactly how such condition affects Merlin remains elusive. In this study, we provide evidence to show that Merlin is regulated in a Roc1-Cullin4A-DDB1-dependent manner. Following serum stimulation, Merlin is recruited to the E3 ligase complex through a direct interaction with the WD40-containing adaptor protein VprBP. Loading of Merlin to the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex resulted in its polyubiquitination, and consequently its proteasome-mediated degradation. Consistently, VprBP depletion abolished the in vivo interaction of Merlin and Roc1-Cullin4A-DDB1, which resulted in Merlin stabilization and inhibited ERK and Rac activation. Together, our data revealed a novel regulatory mechanism for the tumor suppressor function of Merlin.
Hemophilia in the negro

Summary The occurrence of hemophilia in the American Negro has been reviewed briefly and two cases of mixed racial origin have been reported. While hemophilia with characteristic genetic background occurs in American Negroes of mixed racial origin, the disease has been noted only once sporadically and once with characteristic genetic background in individuals of presumably pure Negro ancestry. Although hemophilia has not been noted in the West African Negro and racially pure American Negro by students of these populations, further studies of these groups would be indicated to establish this fact more definitely.
CT pulmonary angiography is the first-line imaging test for acute pulmonary embolism: A survey of US clinicians

Rationale and Objectives Our aim is to document current imaging practices for diagnosing acute pulmonary embolism (PE) among physicians practicing in the United States and explore factors associated with these practices. Materials and Methods Between September 2004 and February 2005, we surveyed by mail 855 physicians selected at random from membership lists of three professional organizations. Physicians reported their imaging practices and experiences in managing patients with suspected acute PE during the preceding 12 months. Results Completed questionnaires were received from 240 of 806 eligible participants (29.8%) practicing in 44 states: 86.7% of respondents believed that computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was the most useful imaging procedure for patients with acute PE compared with 8.3% for ventilation-perfusion (V-P) scintigraphy and 2.5% for conventional pulminary angiography (PA). After chest radiography, CTPA was the first imaging test requested 71.4% of the time compared with V-P scintigraphy (19.7%) and lower-limb venous ultrasound (5.8%). Participants received indeterminate or inconclusive results 46.4% of the time for V-P scintigraphy, 10.6% of the time for CTPA, and 2.2% of the time for PA. CTPA was available around the clock to 88.3% of participants compared with 53.8% for V-P scintigraphy and 42.5% for PA. A total of 68.6% of respondents received CTPA results in 2 hours or less (vs 37.5% for V-P scintigraphy and 22.9% for PA). CTPA also provided an alternative diagnosis to PE or showed other significant abnormalities 28.5% of the time, and these findings frequently altered management. Conclusion US clinicians unequivocally prefer CTPA in patients with suspected acute PE. Reasons for this preference include availability and timely reporting, a lower rate of inconclusive results, and the additional diagnostic capabilities that CTPA can provide.
Some theoretical aspects of critical phenomena in fluids

Abstract Some aspects of critical phenomena are reviewed. Emphasis is on the critical points and tricritical points of three-phase equilibrium in multicomponent liquid mixtures. Some unresolved issues in the interpretation of experiment by current theory are mentioned. The theoretical predictions of the behavior of the interfacial tensions in three-phase equilibrium are summarized and compared with experimental results in a variety of systems including microemulsions.
Observation of Two Inorganic Phosphate NMR Resonances in the Perfused Hypothermic Rat Heart

The effect of hypothermia on isolated perfused rat hearts was studied with 31P NMR. Hearts were continuously perfused with phosphate-free Krebs-Henseleit buffer while the perfusate temperature was adjusted. Perfusate pH was kept at 7.40 +/- 0.02 throughout the experiments. Using the chemical shift difference between PCr and Pi the intracellular pH was estimated. At 36, 20, and 10 degreesC a cytosolic alkalinization at a pH of 7.05 +/- 0.04, 7.21 +/- 0.05, and 7.40 +/- 0.03 was observed, respectively. At 10 degreesC two Pi resonances were observed with a separation of 0.25 ppm. This resonance corresponded to a Pi resonance of a cellular compartment with a local pH of 7.78 +/- 0.06, likely mitochondrial. This additional resonance disappeared upon warming of the hearts back to 36 degreesC.
Identification of a small RNA that interacts with the 5′ splice site of the trypanosoma brucei spliced leader RNA in vivo

Abstract In vivo psoralen cross-linking of the trypanosome spliced leader (SL) RNA has led to the discovery of a small RNA that we provisionally call the spliced leader-associated (SLA) RNA. The 72 nt SLA RNA is unlike any known small RNA except for a small region that resembles U5 snRNA. The SLSLA RNA cross-links map to two regions, the predominant interactions occurring between the 5′ splice site region of the SL RNA and a CUUUUA sequence in the SLA RNA. The resemblance between these cross-links and interactions of U5 snRNA with cis-spliced pre-mRNAs suggests that the SLA RNA may be the trans-splicing analog of U5 snRNA in trypanosomes.
Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia associated with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUNDDuring a 2.9-year period, 11 patients developed polymorphous ventricular tachycardia 1-13 days after acute anterior (seven patients) or inferior (four patients) myocardial infarction. None of the 11 patients had sinus bradycardia (mean heart rate, 90 +/- 23 beats/min), but three had a sinus pause immediately before the onset of polymorphous ventricular tachycardia. In all 11 patients, the QT interval and corrected QT interval (QTc) were normal or minimally prolonged (QT, 385 +/- 34 msec; QTc, 442 +/- 40 msec). None had significant hypokalemia (mean serum potassium concentration, 4.3 +/- 0.5 meq/l) or a grossly abnormal serum magnesium or calcium concentration (2.1 +/- 0.4 and 8.9 +/- 0.7 mg/dl, respectively).METHODS AND RESULTSImmediately before the onset of polymorphous ventricular tachycardia, symptoms and/or electrocardiographic changes consistent with recurrent myocardial ischemia occurred in nine of 11 patients. One patient died before drug therapy could be initiated. Lidocaine was used in ...
Growth of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanobelt Arrays on GaN Substrate

Uniformly aligned ZnO nanobelt (NB) arrays have been grown on a (0001) GaN substrate without foreign catalyst such as Au. The NBs mainly grew along [0113] at beginning when the temperature was relatively low, then switched to [0110] at high temperature, and finally switched to [0113] when the temperature was lowed. The alignment of the NBs was due to not only the epitaxial orientation relationship with the substrate but more importantly the presence of metallic Zn nanoparticles at the tip of the ZnO NBs, which were produced by reduction of ZnO source material. The Zn nanoparticle has a fixed orientation relationship with the ZnO NB, indicating that the growth follows the self-catalyzed vapor−liquid−solid process.
The properties of g-modes in layered semiconvection

We study low-frequency waves that propagate in a region of layered semiconvection. Layered semiconvection is predicted to be present in stellar and planetary interiors and can significantly modify the rate of thermal and compositional mixing. We derive a series of analytical dispersion relations for plane-parallel layered semiconvection in the Boussinesq approximation using a matrix transfer formalism. We find that like a continuously stratified medium, a semiconvective staircase – in which small convective regions are separated by sharp density jumps – supports internal gravity waves (g-modes). When the wavelength is much longer than the distance between semiconvective steps, these behave nearly like g-modes in a continuously stratified medium. However, the g-mode period spacing in a semiconvective region is systematically smaller than in a continuously stratified medium, and it decreases with decreasing mode frequency. When the g-mode wavelength becomes comparable to the distance between semiconvective steps, the g-mode frequencies deviate significantly from those of a continuously stratified medium (the frequencies are higher). g-modes with vertical wavelengths smaller than the distance between semiconvective steps are evanescent and do not propagate in the staircase. Thus, there is a lower cut-off frequency for a given horizontal wavenumber. We generalize our results to gravitoinertial waves relevant for rapidly rotating stars and planets. Finally, we assess the prospects for detecting layered semiconvection using astero/planetary seismology.
Structural basis for ubiquitin recognition by SH3 domains

The SH3 domain is a protein-protein interaction module commonly found in intracellular signaling and adaptor proteins. The SH3 domains of multiple endocytic proteins have been recently implicated in binding ubiquitin, which serves as a signal for diverse cellular processes including gene regulation, endosomal sorting, and protein destruction. Here we describe the solution NMR structure of ubiquitin in complex with an SH3 domain belonging to the yeast endocytic protein Sla1. The ubiquitin binding surface of the Sla1 SH3 domain overlaps substantially with the canonical binding surface for proline-rich ligands. Like many other ubiquitin-binding motifs, the SH3 domain engages the Ile44 hydrophobic patch of ubiquitin. A phenylalanine residue located at the heart of the ubiquitin-binding surface of the SH3 domain serves as a key specificity determinant. The structure of the SH3-ubiquitin complex explains how a subset of SH3 domains has acquired this non-traditional function.
Doppler evaluation of surgically repaired congenital heart disease.

. Surgical repair of a wide variety of congenital heart defects has become commonplace. Evaluation of the adequacy of the surgical repair, and the effects of growth and time upon these repairs has traditionally been through clinical evaluation or invasive study; each method has limitations. Doppler echocardiography provides an accurate and fully noninvasive means for initial evaluation at the time of surgery, and for serial follow-up, without the risk or cost of invasive study. Applications and experience with Doppler evaluation of a variety of surgically repaired defects are discussed. For most lesions, Doppler echocardiography is the procedure of choice for post-operative evaluation.
Repair of the airway epithelium: Potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention in airway disease

The epithelium of the airway has considerable capacity to undergo repair. These repair processes are responsible for maintaining and restoring function after injury of the airways, which likely occurs often as a result of infectious, toxic or other exposures. However, repair processes need not be fully effective. Inadequate repair can take a number of forms and may result in metaplasia, hyperplasia or fibrotic scarring. It is likely that repair processes that lead to tissue disruption play an important role in the chronic airways diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis. Through delineation of these processes, it may become feasible to target therapeutic interventions in order to achieve more effective maintenance of tissue structure.
Adaptive compressive sampling using partially observable markov decision processes

We present an approach to adaptive measurement selection in compressive sensing for estimating sparse signals. Given a fixed number of measurements, we consider the sequential selection of the rows of a compressive measurement matrix to maximize the mutual information between the measurements and the sparse signal's support. We formulate this problem as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), which enables the application of principled reasoning for sequential measurement selection based on Bellman's optimality condition.
Management of Acute Spinal Cord Injury in the Neurocritical Care Unit

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with widespread disturbances not only affecting neurologic function but also leading to hemodynamic instability and respiratory failure. Traumatic SCI rarely occurs in isolation, and frequently is accompanied by trauma to other organ systems. Management of individuals with SCI is complex, requiring aggressive monitoring and prompt treatment when complications arise. Typically this level of care is provided in the neurocritical care unit. This article reviews the pathophysiology of the neurologic, cardiovascular, and pulmonary derangements following traumatic SCI and their management in the critical care setting.
An Analytical Model of Micro-Endmill Dynamics in the Presence of Tool Setup Errors

This paper presents an analytical model of micro-endmill dynamics in the presence of the setup errors. To accurately capture the rotary inertia and shear deformations of non-slender micro-endmills, Timoshenko-beam equations are used to derive the boundary-value problem for transverse vibrations of rotating micro-endmills with setup errors. The numerical solution of the boundary-value problem is obtained through a spectral-Tchebychev method. The model and the spectral-Tchebychev method are validated by comparing the mode shapes and natural frequencies to those from a commercial finite-elements code. The effectiveness of the model is illustrated by applying it to investigate (1) rotational stability of micro-endmills, (2) the effect of tool geometry on mode shapes and natural frequencies, (3) the influence of setup errors, and (4) the dynamic response of the micro-endmills to harmonic forcing. The model can be used for designing micro tools with preferred dynamic characteristics, as well as for modeling and stability analysis of the micromilling process.© 2006 ASME
Learning how to use verbs: lexical coding and the influence of the input*

Samples of spontaneous speech from two young children and their mothers were analysed to examine how children learn some of the inflectional/syntactic possibilities for individual verbs. Multiple regression analyses were performed to establish predictors of the children's range of grammatical use of particular verbs. Maternal variety of use proved to be a highly significant predictor of the children's use of the same verbs, but maternal frequency was not a significant predictor of children's use. Step-wise regression analyses revealed that each child's own mother's use was a significantly better predictor of the child's use than that of the unacquainted mother. It is argued that the children were monitoring the grammatical patterns of use of individual verbs in the input they received. The extent of novel use of verbs by the child cannot be assessed from these data, and awaits further experimental investigation.
ATM regulates ionizing radiation-induced disruption of HDAC1:PP1:Rb complexes

Ionizing radiation elicits signaling events that coordinate DNA repair and interruption of cell cycle progression. We previously demonstrated that ionizing radiation (IR) of cells activates nuclear protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) by promoting dephosphorylation of Thr320, an inhibitory site in the enzyme and that the ATM kinase is required for this response. We sought to identify potential targets of IR-activated PP1. Untreated and IR-treated Jurkat cells were labeled with (32)P orthophosphate, and nuclear extracts were subjected to microcystin affinity chromatography to recover phosphatase complexes that were analyzed by 2D-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Several proteins associated with protein phosphatases demonstrated a significant decrease in (32)P intensity following IR, and one of these was identified as HDAC1. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed complexes containing PP1 with HDAC1 and Rb in cell extracts. In response to IR, there was an ATM-dependent activation of PP1, dephosphorylation of HDAC1, dissociation of HDAC1-PP1-Rb complexes and increased HDAC1 activity. These results suggest that IR regulates HDAC1 phosphorylation and activity through ATM-dependent activation of PP1.
The anterior cerebellar vermis: essential involvement in classically conditioned bradycardia in the rabbit

The effects of lesions of the cerebellum on the acquisition and retention of aversive Pavlovian conditioned bradycardia were examined in rabbits. Lesions of the anterior cerebellar vermis severely attenuated the acquisition of simple conditioned bradycardia without disrupting baseline heart rate (HR), or unconditioned HR responses. Also, lesions of the vermis performed after the acquisition of conditioned bradycardia eliminated evidence of prior conditioning. Bilateral lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres did not affect conditioned or unconditioned HR responses. These results were interpreted to indicate that anterior vermis lesions specifically disrupted part of an essential conditioned response pathway without interfering with the neural circuits that mediate unconditioned HR responding. These lesion data, coupled with recent electrophysiological evidence of learning-related changes in neuronal activity within the anterior vermis of the fear-conditioned rabbit, suggest that the anterior cerebellar vermis is critically involved in the acquisition and retention of this rapidly learned autonomic conditioned response.
Linearization of Phase-Modulated Analog Optical Links Employing Interferometric Demodulation

We present a linearized phase-modulated analog photonic link that utilizes parallel interferometric demodulation to suppress the third-order intermodulation distortion present in the link. By utilizing two parallel interferometers with different differential delays, we are able to balance the third-order distortion in the output photocurrent and achieve a fifth-order limited link response. We demonstrate shot noise-limited spurious-free dynamic ranges of ~ 130 dB (1-Hz bandwidth) at ~ 1 GHz for a total DC photocurrent Idc~ 8 mA and ~ 131 dB (1-Hz bandwidth) at ~ 5 GHz for a total DC photocurrent Idc ~ 7 mA . These results represent a nearly two order-of-magnitude improvement in dynamic range over conventional intensity- or phase-modulated analog photonic links for a fixed received photocurrent.
An FPGA-based array processor for an ionospheric-imaging radar

Atmospheric scientists need to observe fluctuations in the ionosphere, both to probe the underlying atmospheric physics and to remove the effects of these fluctuations from other measurements. We have built an FPGA-based, pipelined array processor that allows us to make these observations in real-time, using passive radar techniques. Our array processor time-multiplexes 16 multiply-accumulators across 1536 radar ranges, performing a pipelined correlation and integration of the radar signal for each range. A DSP-based postprocessor generates real-time range-Doppler profiles of the ionospheric targets.
Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Elbow in Throwing Athletes

BackgroundMedial ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency of the elbow can be a devastating injury in the throwing athlete. Reconstruction of the medial ulnar collateral ligament was initially described by Jobe and associates; good clinical results have been described after this procedure. The authors' experience with this technique raised several concerns, and thus the “docking” procedure was developed as an alternative method for medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow. The early results of the docking technique were good. The authors wish to investigate the intermediate-term clinical results of this method in a large group of athletes.HypothesisThe docking technique can return overhead-throwing athletes to sport with minimal perioperative morbidity.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsDuring a 3-year period, 100 consecutive overhead-throwing athletes were treated with surgical reconstruction using the docking technique. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) a h...
Effects of selectin–sialyl Lewisx blockade on mesenteric microvascular permeability associated with cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract Objectives: Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with an inflammatory response that is associated with a neutrophil-mediated microvascular barrier injury. We studied the effects of blocking neutrophil-endothelial tethering on microvascular permeability and edema formation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Using a selectin antagonist that prevents interactions with their ligands, we hypothesized that there would be less neutrophil infiltration into the tissue and a reduction in microvascular permeability and edema formation. Methods: A canine mesenteric lymphatic fistula was created to measure Starling forces and to determine microvascular permeability. Normothermic, atrial-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated (70-90 mL · kg –1 · min –1 ). Intestinal tissue water was determined with microgravimetry. Ileal tissue myeloperoxidase was measured as an index of neutrophil tissue infiltration. One experimental group received the selectin antagonist TBC 1269 before the initiation of bypass, and the control group received saline solution. Results: There was a modest increase in microvascular permeability in both groups, as evidenced by significantly increased transvascular protein clearance and a trend toward a decrease in reflection coefficient. There were no differences in the experimental group compared with the control group. Ileal tissue myeloperoxidase levels were lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusions: The selectin antagonist TBC 1269 reduces neutrophil infiltration into the ileum without altering ileal microvascular permeability or edema associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:1255-61)
Minimizing packet loss by optimizing OSPF weights using online simulation

In this paper, we present a scheme for minimizing packet loss in OSPF networks by optimizing link weights using online simulation. We have chosen packet loss rate in the network as the optimization metric as it is a good indicator of congestion and impacts the performance of the underlying applications. We have formulated packet loss rate in the network in terms of the link parameters, such as bandwidth and buffer space, and the parameters of the traffic demands. A GI/M/1/K queuing model has been used to compute the packet drop probability on a given link. The problem of optimizing OSPF weights is known to be NP-hard even for the case of a linear objective function Bernard Fortz and Mikkel Thorup (2000), We use online simulation (OLS) framework T. Ye et al. (2001) to search for a good link weight setting and as a tool for automatic network management. OLS uses fast, scalable recursive random search (RRS) algorithm to search the parameter space. Our results demonstrate that the RRS takes 50-90% fewer function evaluations as compared to the local search heuristic Bernard Fortz and Mikkel Thorup (2000) of to find a "good" link weight setting. The amount of improvement depends on the network topology, traffic conditions and optimization metric. We have simulated the proposed OSPF optimization scheme using ns and our results demonstrate improvements of the order of 30-60% in the total packet drop rate for the traffic and topologies considered.
Validity of 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted among volunteers in an adult working community

There is considerable uncertainty regarding the validity of dietary data collected from free-living populations. Nevertheless, few attempts have been made to validate dietary assessment instruments. To address this issue, we compared average daily protein intake estimated from 24-hour dietary recall interviews to protein intake estimated from urinary nitrogen excretion in 24-hour samples. Among 244 community-dwelling adults who volunteered for a hypertension study, men (n = 139) overreported dietary protein intake by 12 to 19%. In contrast, women (n = 105) reported a dietary protein intake almost exactly in agreement with estimates based on urinary nitrogen levels. Thin men reported about one-third more protein intake than was reflected in their urinary nitrogen measurements. Our results suggest that the accuracy of dietary recall estimates may vary across subgroups of the population. Additional information from sufficiently large validation studies would be helpful in determining the role of dietary assessment instruments which are already in wide use in epidemiologic research. Until such information is obtained, doubts will remain regarding the validity of inferences drawn from nutritional epidemiologic studies.
Highly accurate segmentation of brain tissue and subcortical gray matter from newborn MRI

The segmentation of newborn brain MRI is important for assessing and directing treatment options for premature infants at risk for developmental disorders, abnormalities, or even death. Segmentation of infant brain MRI is particularly challenging when compared with the segmentation of images acquired from older children and adults. We sought to develop a fully automated segmentation strategy and present here a Bayesian approach utilizing an atlas of priors derived from previous segmentations and a new scheme for automatically selecting and iteratively refining classifier training data using the STAPLE algorithm. Results have been validated by comparison to hand-drawn segmentations.
Volatility Transmission in U.K. Housing: A Multivariate GARCH Approach

Executive Summary. Despite its importance for gauging the probability of large losses and portfolio management, there has not been an investigation of how GARCH conditional volatility is transmitte...
Twentieth-Century Renaissance?

Similar to the earlier Renaissance the sources of the new modes of sensibility are philosophical and sociological rather than directly scientific. True, the view is in accord with scientific attitudes and is reinforced by science, but such effect is secondary. This will be discussed further in a second part of this report which will concern itself primarily with philosophy and with the arts and their relationship to the changes taking place. Under consideration will be such sub-topics as: (1) the new maturity of man; (2) the need for a new universalism; (3) communality; finding the true organic community; (4) ecology as the great, new social catalyst; (5) from Freud and Skinner to the new humanistic psychologists; (6) beware of the technocratic elite; and (7) the new Renaissance man: the multidisciplinary task force (with computer).
Some Idealized Solutions for Choking, Two-Phase Flow of Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

Equations and their numerical solutions for choking flow of liquid-vapor mixtures of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen are presented. Three models of saturated, two-phase fluid flow, the homogeneous, thermal equilibrium model, the separated-phase, vapor-choking model, and the homogeneous, metastable model are analyzed. Several assumptions were made regarding the flow patterns and liquid- vapor equilibrium. Curves from the idealized solutions are shown for comparison with experimental values. The flow models were selected so that the analytical results would bracket actual flow cases. (C.E.S.)
Coexistence between radar and LTE-U systems: Survey on the 5 GHz band

LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology is unarguably becoming the primary standard for 4G cellular networks. But due to the tremendous growth in data traffic, LTE for Unlicensed Spectrum (LTE-U) has been proposed to allow cellular network operators to meet such high demands in data traffic. The initial studies for the choice of the unlicensed frequency bands for LTE-U suggested using the 5 GHz frequency band. The 5 GHz band is mainly occupied by different radar systems and by the 802.11 technology (Wi-Fi). There are different regulations imposed by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) for each sub-band of the 5 GHz band to allow fair spectrum sharing. In this paper, we present a survey about the RF regulations and the different radar types within the different sub-bands of the 5 GHz band and we introduce the major approaches for spectrum sharing techniques.
Ectoparasites in Two Diverse Habitats in Western Oregon III. Interrelationship of fleas (Siphonaptera) and their hosts

The host range and distribution of fleas of small mammals were studied in 2 forested habitats of western Oregon, USA: a climax spruce-hemlock forest in Neptune State Park (NSA) and a mixed 2nd growth of small mammals were infested by 14 species of fleas in the NSA, while 14 species of fleas infested 13 mammal species in the FSA. Opisodasys k. keeni was the most common flea collected in the NSA, followed in decreasing order of abundance by Opisodasys vesperalis, monopsyllus ciliatus protinus, Diamanus montanus , and Malaraeus telchinum . Other species regularly found were Atyphloceras m. multidentatus, Catallagia sculleni, Corypsylla ornata, Epitedia scapani, Hystrichopsylla occidentalis , and Megabothris abantis . In the FSA, Orchopeas sexdentatus cascadensis was the most common species collected, while O. Kenni, Pulex irritans, Monopsyllus wagneri , and M. telchinum also occurred (listed in decreasing order of abundance). Atyphloceras m. multidentatus, Catallagia sculleni, Corrodopsylla curvata, Corypsylla jordani, C. ornata and Rhadinopsylla sectilis goodi were uncommon.
Radioimmunoassay determinations of gonadotropic hormone content in different regions of male and female rat adenohypophyses.

SummaryRadioimmunoassay of regions of pituitary tissue suggested a tendency for the gonadotropic hormones to be more localized in the dorsomedial and cephalic regions of the gland. However, these hormones were present throughout the gland and whether the localization in particular regions was of biological significance could not be determined due to variability factors. The 2 hormones were generally located in the same regions of the gland, but evidence was not obtained to clarify whether both FSH and LH activities were present in one cell type.
Optimized Structures and Ring Strain Energies of Isoelectronic Homo- and Heterosiliranes c-AX2SiR2SiR2q (A/q = Al/1–, Si/0, P/1+): Unexpected Effects of Charge and Size

Ring strain energies (RSEs) estimated for a series of isoelectronic three-membered ring homo- and heterosiliranes c-AX2SiR2SiR2q (A/q = Al/1–, Si/0, P/1+; X = H, Me, F, CF3; R = H, Me) fall into tw...
NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF LONG ANISOTROPIC TUBES IN BENDING, EXTENSION AND TORSION

A long thin-walled circular tube made of a generally laminated composite material is modeled as a beam, including those non-linear effects that need to be considered by virtue of its special geometry, to obtain an asymptotic theory. This is achieved by deriving its strain energy function in terms of generalized 1-D strains under combined bending, extension and torsion. Large displacements and rotations are allowed but strains are assumed to be small. Closed form expressions are provided for the 3-D non-linear warping and stress fields, the 1-D non-linear stiffness matrix and the bending moment-curvature relationship. In bending, failure could be caused by limit moment instability or initiated by local buckling or a material failure of a ply. A procedure to determine the failure load is provided based on the non-linear response. The analysis, however, does not endeavor to model interlaminar stresses, micro-mechanical failure modes and post-failure behavior. Also ignored are transverse shear stresses which are negligible for the thin walls under consideration and hygrothermal effects which are not important for the bending of circumferentially uniform stiffness (CUS) tubes. Results of the theory are illustrated for a few symmetric, antisymmetric angle-ply and unsymmetric layups.
Factors affecting the persistence of drug-induced reprogramming of the cancer methylome

Aberrant DNA methylation is a critical feature of cancer. Epigenetic therapy seeks to reverse these changes to restore normal gene expression. DNA demethylating agents, including 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC), are currently used to treat certain leukemias, and can sensitize solid tumors to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. However, it has been difficult to pin the clinical efficacy of these agents to specific demethylation events, and the factors that contribute to the durability of response remain largely unknown. Here we examined the genome-wide kinetics of DAC-induced DNA demethylation and subsequent remethylation after drug withdrawal in breast cancer cells. We find that CpGs differ in both their susceptibility to demethylation and propensity for remethylation after drug removal. DAC-induced demethylation was most apparent at CpGs with higher initial methylation levels and further from CpG islands. Once demethylated, such sites exhibited varied remethylation potentials. The most rapidly remethylating CpGs regained >75% of their starting methylation within a month of drug withdrawal. These sites had higher pretreatment methylation levels, were enriched in gene bodies, marked by H3K36me3, and tended to be methylated in normal breast cells. In contrast, a more resistant class of CpG sites failed to regain even 20% of their initial methylation after 3 months. These sites had lower pretreatment methylation levels, were within or near CpG islands, marked by H3K79me2 or H3K4me2/3, and were overrepresented in sites that become aberrantly hypermethylated in breast cancers. Thus, whereas DAC-induced demethylation affects both endogenous and aberrantly methylated sites, tumor-specific hypermethylation is more slowly regained, even as normal methylation promptly recovers. Taken together, these data suggest that the durability of DAC response is linked to its selective ability to stably reset at least a portion of the cancer methylome.
David Oliver: Collectivism and selfishness in NHS users.

Holborn underground station in London recently announced a six month trial of standing on both sides of escalators, rather than standing on the right and leaving the left for overtaking.1 An earlier pilot had shown that this moved people through the station 30% more quickly overall, even at the expense of a minority who wanted to charge up the left hand side. Complaints ensued from some passengers that their personal right to speedier ascent was infringed,2 like self justifying individuals complaining about motorway speed limits: safety and traffic flow for the many be …
Concentration influence to excess sludge disintegration by tissue triturator

This study considers that tissue triturator can efficiently disintegrate excess sludge,and sludge concentration has a great influence on effect of the disintegration.This results show that as follows:the amount of stripping COD,peptidoglycan and nucleic acid are significant increase with the increase of sludge concentration and the extension of disintegrating time.When the concentration is 8086 mg /L,the disintegrating rate which is more than 70 percent is larger.When the concentration is 18352 mg /L,the change of the grain size is the largest,and when disintegrating time is more than ten minters,sludge disintegrating rate increase lowly because the disintegrated organic molecules have the phenomenon of chemical combination again.As a result,the right disintegrating time and proper sludge concentration can reduce the disintegrating energy consumption of tissue triturator and improve the disintegrating efficiency.
THE EFFECT OF STEP RATE MANIPULATION ON FOOT STRIKE PATTERN OF LONG DISTANCE RUNNERS.

Purpose/Background Running gait retraining to change foot strike pattern in runners from a heel strike pattern to a non heel- strike pattern has been shown to reduce impact forces and may help to reduce running related injuries. Step rate manipulation above preferred is known to help decrease step length, foot inclination angle, and vertical mass excursion, but has not yet been evaluated as a method to change foot strike pattern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of step rate manipulation on foot strike pattern in shod recreational runners who run with a heel strike pattern. A secondary purpose was to describe the effect of step rate manipulation at specific percentages above preferred on foot inclination angle at initial contact.
Incidence of intracranial radiation necrosis following postoperative radiation therapy for sinonasal malignancies.

Objectives/Hypothesis Surgery and postoperative radiation therapy are commonly used in the treatment of advanced sinonasal cancer. However, post-treatment radiation changes to the brain often mimic radiologic findings suggestive of tumor recurrence, leading to potential unnecessary intracranial biopsies. The objective of this study was to determine clinical factors that predict signs of tumor recurrence versus radiation necrosis in post-therapy sinonasal malignancies with intracranial extension. Study Design Retrospective study. Methods Twenty-six patients with sinonasal malignancy with intracranial extension underwent surgery and radiation ± chemotherapy between 2010 and 2014 at the University of Arizona. We analyzed sinonasal cancer type, stage, total radiation dosimetry, time until imaging changes, surgical pathology, associated imaging, and patient demographics. Results Thirteen of 26 patients had postoperative imaging changes seen on surveillance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Five were deemed to have tumor recurrence due to new metastasis seen on positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan. Four patients were observed with serial imaging that confirmed pseudoprogression. In four patients, there was sufficient concern due to persistent MRI changes, which prompted surgical biopsy, and only one of them was positive for tumor recurrence. Factors that favored tumor recurrence included faster onset of imaging changes on MRI (55 vs. 186 days, P < .05). Conclusions Intracranial tumor recurrence can be difficult to distinguish between radiation necrosis in sinonasal cancers treated with surgery and postoperative radiation ± chemotherapy. Patients with sub–total resection and rapid onset of MRI changes in postsurveillance scans are more likely to have tumor recurrence versus radiation necrosis. Future imaging techniques or tests that investigate tumor biomarkers are necessary to prevent unnecessary biopsies. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2016
A study of the plasma travelling-wave amplifier

Slow space charge waves can propagate in a magneto-plasma contained within a waveguide envelope. Preliminary results have already been reported showing that microwave amplification is possible when an electron beam interacts with such a system [1]. In these experiments the plasma was produced by the electron beam itself ionizing a low pressure filling of hydrogen in a waveguide of circular cross section which, when empty, was cut off to the applied signals. The present paper is a brief report of quantitative measurements made on the amplifier and their relation with some new expressions for the performance of the device. A fuller account will be published elsewhere.
Modeling of dopant diffusion networks

Most of the materials used in semiconductor manufacturing have granular structure. The granularity can occur on various length scales ranging from amorphous (few nanometers) to columnar grain structures (tens or hundreds of micrometers). These scales are larger than the microscopic (atomic or molecular) scale but smaller than the macroscopic scale; one refers to these regimes as the mesoscopic regimes. Pantelides [1] points out that most industrial materials are polycrystalline, amorphous, or composite, and their properties are determined by the collective microstructure at the mesoscopic level. Yet the modeling of such materials have not been seriously investigated.