cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa: US Foreign policy toward Ethiopia and Somalia

Our objective should be to exclude military bases or related facilities for foreign powers from the Horn of Africa. The military forces of both Somalia and Ethiopia are all out of proportion to their true national security requirements and should be scaled down. Raymond L. Thurston, US Ambassador to Somalia (1965–68). The Horn of Africa … has considerable strategic importance for the United States as it is relevant to both the security of the Middle East and to Africa …. We seek access to airfields and harbors for our military forces should they, in times of crisis, be required to defend against Soviet expansionism in the Persian Gulf or the Indian Ocean. Chester Crocker, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (1981–89), November 13, 1985. Either be a mountain, or have a mountain to lean on. Somali proverb Introduction The Horn of Africa is the site of a centuries-old competition between a multi-ethnic Ethiopian state and Somali nationalists who historically have sought to unify their traditionally divided peoples within one political system. As early as the sixteenth century, this competition erupted in conflict as the Christian-ruled Ethiopian empire of Emperor Lebna Dengel was beset militarily by Muslim sultanates led by Ahmed Gurey, a famed Islamic conquerer in Somali folklore and political history.
Reverse-Circulation Drilling

Reverse-circulation drilling is designed specifically for the construction of production water wells, but is readily adaptable to soil exploration uses, foundation projects, and underwater drilling. The method is an adaptation of the dredge to vertical holes, which permits construction of moderate to large diameter holes of any depth to several hundred feet. The water-filled holes are clean and of uniform diameter, and can be maintained uncased so long as the water level in the hole is higher than the piezometric head in the formation drilled. Drill cuttings are clean, virtually uncontaminated, and often in chunks representative of the materials being drilled. Travel time of cuttings from bit to discharge is only a few seconds, thus permitting close depth control. The method is also well suited to core sampling, which can often be done through the drill pipe without removing the drill tools from the hole. Considering this ease of sampling and the usually excellent sample quality, the cost for exploratory work may be less than with many other drilling methods. Most existing reverse-circulation drilling equipment is not readily adaptable to holes much less than 14 in. in diameter, which may be a disadvantage. However, the ability to construct and maintain clean, uncased holes up to at least 60 in. in diameter in unconsolidated materials and to great depth, could be a distinct advantage.
The retroverted incarcerated uterus in pregnancy: imagers beware.

Received April 13, 2009, from the Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California USA. Revision requested May 7, 2009. Revised manuscript accepted for publication June 1, 2009. Address correspondence to Eugenio O. Gerscovich, MD, Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, 4860 Y St, Suite 3100, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. E-mail: eugenio.gerscovich@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu e came across a patient in whom an intrauterine pregnancy in an incarcerated uterus was misdiagnosed as a possible abdominal ectopic pregnancy. We want to share the images that led to the misdiagnosis. An incarcerated uterus is also called “classic sacculation” because of the stretching and thinning of the uterine walls around the gestational sac with the appearance of a separate structure. It differs from “simple” or “true sacculation” because in the latter, the thinning of the wall is due to a defect of the same without uterine incarceration.1 As the pregnant uterus is lodged in the cul de sac, its progressive growth will push the rectum posteriorly, and the cervix, neck of the bladder, and urethra will displace anteriorly against the pubic bones. Diagnosis of an incarcerated uterus is difficult clinically and on imaging. One of the reasons for the diagnostic difficulty is the very low incidence of this finding. The differential diagnosis for a pelvic mass in a young woman includes a uterine fibroid, an ovarian mass, and an ectopic pregnancy as the most common possibilities. On imaging, the first examination to be performed is sonography. Our patient reached us with the clinical diagnosis of an early pregnancy and vaginal spotting. The examination was done transabdominally and then endovaginally in trying to clarify the findings (Figures 1–3). The endovaginal examination was not helpful. We could see a live pregnancy, but its location was uncertain. The usual appearance of a 12-week pregnancy with the gestational sac within the uterus was not there. We misinterpreted the anteriorly and superiorly displaced cervix and endocervical canal for the body of the uterus and an empty endometrial complex. The gestational sac seemed to be in the cul-de-sac displacing and separate from the uterus. We thought we were dealing with an ectopic pregnancy, probably intra-abdominal.
A novel method for autograft placement during tegmen repair: the suture "pull-through" technique.

Keywords: Meningoencephalocele; encephalocele; cerebrospinal fluid leak; transmastoid; middle cranial fossa; brain hernia
The period of untreated psychosis before treatment initiation: a qualitative study of family members' perspectives.

Abstract Aim This study used a qualitative research methodology to explore common themes pertaining to the period of untreated psychosis before treatment initiation in hospitalized, urban, African American, first-episode psychosis patients. Methods Twelve family members of 10 patients were interviewed at length to gather detailed narrative accounts of factors related to untreated psychosis and treatment delay. Using qualitative analysis, verbatim transcripts were reviewed by 2 researchers to identify prominent themes useful for generating future research hypotheses. Results Four themes emerged as informative of the period of untreated psychosis before treatment initiation: (1) misattribution of symptoms or problem behaviors (eg, depression, drug use, and adolescent rebellion), (2) positive symptoms causing unusual or dangerous behaviors that served as a catalyst for initiating treatment, (3) views about personal autonomy of an adult or nearly adult patient, and (4) system-level factors (eg, unaffordability of health care and inefficiency on the part of health care providers). Conclusions Family members encountered numerous barriers when seeking treatment, including their own misattributions, the nature of the patient's symptoms, financial issues, and system-level delays. The themes uncovered in this formative analysis merit further exploration with additional qualitative and quantitative research.
The Effect of High-Pressure Devitrification and Densification on Ballistic-Penetration Resistance of Fused Silica

Recent experimental and molecular-level computational analyses have indicated that fused silica, when subjected to pressures of several tens of GPa, can experience irreversible devitrification and densification. Such changes in the fused-silica molecular-level structure are associated with absorption and/or dissipation of the strain energy acquired by fused silica during high-pressure compression. This finding may have important practical consequences in applications for fused silica such as windshields and windows of military vehicles, portholes in ships, ground vehicles, spacecraft, etc. In the present work, our prior molecular-level computational results pertaining to the response of fused silica to high pressures (and shear stresses) are used to enrich a continuum-type constitutive model (that is, the so-called Johnson-Holmquist-2, JH2, model) for this material. Since the aforementioned devitrification and permanent densification processes modify the response of fused silica to the pressure as well as to the deviatoric part of the stress, changes had to be made in both the JH2 equation of state and the strength model. To assess the potential improvements in respect to the ballistic-penetration resistance of this material brought about by the fused-silica devitrification and permanent densification processes, a series of transient non-linear dynamics finite-element analyses of the transverse impact of a fused-silica test plate with a solid right-circular cylindrical steel projectile were conducted. The results obtained revealed that, provided the projectile incident velocity and, hence, the attendant pressure, is sufficiently high, fused silica can undergo impact-induced devitrification, which improves its ballistic-penetration resistance.
A toll-like receptor 9 (rs352140) variant is associated with placental inflammation in newborn infants

AbstractObjective: Chorioamnionitis contributes to premature birth and associated postnatal morbidity. The genetic basis of altered immune responses underlying placental inflammation (PI) remains understudied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship among TLR signaling pathway polymorphisms and different patterns of PI.Methods: Prospective cohort study in infants involving cord blood collection and placental examination for PI. One hundred and fifty-nine infants enrolled in study out of which 28 were term (eight with PI) and 131 preterm (47 with PI). DNA from blood was genotyped for SNPs in TLR2, 4, 5, 9, NFKBI, NFKBIA, TIRAP, and IRAK1 genes using multiplexed single base extension assay.Results: While there were no differences in BW, GA, gender, race, and SPL among infants with or without PI, there was a higher incidence of PPROM, maternal smoking, drug use, and clinical chorioamnionitis among infants with PI. Out of nine TLR variants, only CT and/or TT genotypes of the TLR9 variant (rs352...
Examining the Black–White Achievement Gap Among Low-Income Children Using the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development

The Black-White achievement gap in children's reading and mathematics school performance from 4½ years of age through fifth grade was examined in a sample of 314 lower income American youth followed from birth. Differences in family, child care, and schooling experiences largely explained Black-White differences in achievement, and instructional quality was a stronger predictor for Black than White children. In addition, the achievement gap was detected as young as 3 years of age. Taken together, the findings suggest that reducing the Black-White achievement gap may require early intervention to reduce race gaps in home and school experiences during the infant and toddler years as well as during the preschool and school years.
Substance abuse treatment patients with early onset cocaine use respond as well to contingency management interventions as those with later onset cocaine use

Early onset drug use is associated with increased risk of developing substance use disorders, but relatively little is known about the correlates of early drug use among adults receiving treatment. A retrospective analysis of a randomized study of contingency management treatment compared cocaine-dependent patients who reported initial cocaine use at age 14 or younger (n = 41) to those who began using after age 14 (n = 387). Patients with early onset cocaine use had more legal and psychiatric problems than those who initiated cocaine use later. Patients with early-onset cocaine use also dropped out of treatment sooner and achieved less sustained abstinence than those who began using at older ages, but the interaction between age of first use and treatment condition was not significant. Early-onset cocaine use is associated with persistent psychosocial problems and an overall poor response to treatment. However, contingency management is efficacious in improving outcomes in early onset cocaine users.
A heuristic approach for large scale discrete stochastic transportation-location problems

An effective heuristic for determining plant locations and shipments to customers is described. It is assumed that there are a discrete number of possible locations and that the demand at each destination is a random variable. Thus the problem is to minimize expected holding and shortage costs, in addition to linear shipping costs and fixed costs of construction. The algorithm uses dual variables to guide the determination of whether each plant should be opened or not.
Counterdiffusion of aluminum and arsenic in copper

Abstract Counterdiffusion of aluminum and arsenic in copper at 903°C was observed, using two physical configurations. In the first, solutions of the diffusing species in copper were bonded across a planar interface. In the second, the solutions were bonded to either side of a pure copper “interlayer”, again across planar interfaces. AlAs was found to exist as a metastable phase. It occurred in the form of “bands” normal to the direction of diffusion; these bands were found bo migrate as functions of time. The equilibrium state of the system was found to be a solution of aluminum and arsenic in copper, exhibiting a high degree of short range order and an effective reduction in the atomic radii of both aluminum and arsenic. The AlAs precipitate formed because of a very low rate of approach to equilibrium. A physical model is proposed, based on the idea of a perturbation maximum, the maximum rate of formation of AlAs. Since the stoichiometric ratio of AlAs is 1:1 at the perturbation maximum, the fluxes of each species are equal. On the basis of this physical model, a mathematical model is derived expressing the location of the perturbation maximum as a function of time for both cases investigated. Resulting from the derivation is a calculation of diffusivities from observed band migration.
An endogenous rhythm of spore discharge in Ganoderma applanatum.

studies were done in an ISCO Environmental Chamber under controlled conditions with Kramer-Collins Spore Samplers. The specimen remained in a sporulating condition for about 10 weeks. Under constant temp (21 C), relative humidity (90%) and either alternating 12 hr light12 hr dark, or continuous light, spore discharge was cyclic with maxima usually occurring at 9-10 hr intervals. Possibly the first attempt to detect hourly variation in spore discharge of Ganoderma applanatum (Pers. ex Wallr.) Pat. was by White in 1919, with adhesive-coated slides under a sporulating basidiocarp in the field. He changed slides at intervals but found no evidence of a daily periodicity. Sreeramulu, at Rothamsted, (1959) described a distinct circadian periodicity in G. applanatum with maxima occurring about midnight and minima during the daytime. Sreeramulu, at Silwood Park, Ascot., Berks., England, (1963) obtained confirming data from 3 large sporophores of G. applanatum located about 100 m from the Hirst Spore Trap that was being used. In a similar field study, De Groot (1968) reported nighttime maxima of G. applanatum spores in a cutover, mixed hardwood-conifer forest in the Adirondack mountains. The sporophores apparently were at various places in the forest. Haard and Kramer (1970), studying spore discharge in G. applanaturn under field conditions, detected a double maxima pattern on many days, usually in the early morning and early evening. Similar patterns
The promoter activity of the gene encoding Alzheimer β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is regulated by two blocks of upstream sequences

Transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding the amyloid precursor protein (APP) may play an important role in the formation of the amyloid depositions observed in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome patients. To determine the promoter sequence requirements for the expression of the APP gene, we constructed plasmids containing different parts of the APP gene promoter fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene. Transfection of these constructs into Hela and PC12 cells revealed the presence of two blocks of regulatory sequences in the APP promoter. One block extending from about -600 to -460 bp acts as a positive regulator as its removal results in a substantial decrease in promoter activity. A second block of sequences extending from -450 to -150 bp acts like a negative regulator. We have also observed that a 38 mer synthetic oligonucleotide encompassing the region -489 to -452 of the APP promoter stimulated the activity of the heterologous TK promoter, suggesting that this region may be part of an enhancer-like element. In addition, our results suggest that the effects of various APP promoter domains on its activity may be cell specific.
The accuracy and value of machine-generated image tags: design and user evaluation of an end-to-end image tagging system

Automated image tagging is a problem of great interest, due to the proliferation of photo sharing services. Researchers have achieved considerable advances in understanding motivations and usage of tags, recognizing relevant tags from image content, and leveraging community input to recommend more tags. In this work we address several important issues in building an end-to-end image tagging application, including tagging vocabulary design, taxonomy-based tag refinement, classifier score calibration for effective tag ranking, and selection of valuable tags, rather than just accurate ones. We surveyed users to quantify tag utility and error tolerance, and use this data in both calibrating scores from automatic classifiers and in taxonomy based tag expansion. We also compute the relative importance among tags based on user input and statistics from Flickr. We present an end-to-end system evaluated on thousands of user-contributed photos using 60 popular tags. We can issue four tags per image with over 80% accuracy, up from 50% baseline performance, and we confirm through a comparative user study that value-ranked tags are preferable to accuracy-ranked tags.
Lithium-7 NMR studies of aromatic ion pairs

Abstract The 7 Li chemical shifts of a variety of carbanion salts have been examined as a function of solvent and concentration. For some of the solvents, a range of ∼8.0 ppm in the 7 Li shifts of the various carbanions is observed. Similarly, for a given carbanion, the effect of solvent can be as large as ∼8.0 ppm. Concentration appears to have little effect on the 7 Li shifts. The results are discussed in terms of the type of ion pairs formed in solution and with regard to possible structures of the ion pairs. The data suggest that 7 Li chemical shifts may provide useful information concerning both the type of ion pairs formed and the structure of the ion pairs.
The testosterone metabolite and neurosteroid 3α-androstanediol may mediate the effects of testosterone on conditioned place preference

Abstract The abuse of androgens may be related to their ability to produce positive, hedonic interoceptive effects. Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) has been used in many experiments to examine hedonic effects of drugs. This review is focused on studies from our laboratory that utilized CPP to examine potential positive hedonic effects of testosterone (T), and its androgenic metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and its metabolite 3α-androstanediol (3α-diol). We hypothesized that administration of a high concentration of 3α-diol would produce a CPP, pharmacological concentrations of plasma androgens, and alter androgen receptors (AR) and the function of GABA A /benzodiazepine receptor complexes (GBR). In our studies, we observed that systemic 3α-diol (1.0 mg/kg) prior to exposure to the non-preferred side of a CPP chamber significantly increased preference for the non-preferred side of the chamber compared to baseline preference and homecage controls. Furthermore, administration of T, DHT, or 3α-diol increased levels of these androgens, decreased ARs (decreased seminal vesicle weight and intrahypothalamic AR) and GBR function (decreased GABA-stimulated chloride influx in cortical synaptoneurosomes, and muscimol binding in the hippocampus compared to control groups). With systemic administration of 3α-diol that enhanced CPP, concentrations of 3α-diol were increased in the nucleus accumbens (NA). Central implants of T, DHT, or 3α-diol to the NA also produced a CPP compared to baseline preference and vehicle controls. These data indicate that systemic 3α-diol is more effective at enhancing CPP and increasing circulating 3α-diol levels than is T or DHT and that central administration of 3α-diol to the NA can condition a place preference. These findings indicate that 3α-diol produces positive hedonic effects and suggest that T’s variable effects on CPP may be due in part to T’s metabolism to 3α-diol.
Pathology-Proven Inguinal Node Metastasis from Papillary Thyroid Cancer in a Male without Disease below the Diaphragm

We present the case of a 55-year-old white male with biopsy-proven left inguinal lymph node metastasis from differentiated papillary thyroid cancer. Inguinal node metastasis from papillary thyroid cancer is an extremely rare finding. The case demonstrates that papillary thyroid cancer is capable of metastasis presumably through the lymphatic system to unexpected locations.
Alternative and complementary treatment needs and experiences of women with breast cancer.

Abstract Objectives: The study objectives were to explore the potential need for and use of complementary and alternative (CAM) services among women diagnosed with breast cancer and to investigate ...
The Spread of Buddhism to China: A Re-examination of the Buddhist Interactions between Ancient India and China:

Recent studies have significantly altered the ways in which the early history of Buddhism in China and the Buddhist interactions between ancient India and China were perceived. The accepted views about the route of the initial transmission of Buddhist doctrines, the early method of rendering Buddhist ideas into Chinese and the notion of a decline of Buddhism in China after the eighth century have all come under scrutiny. Using these analyses and arguments, this essay attempts to reassess some of the key issues concerning the spread and successful establishment of Buddhism in China. In particular, it re-examines the contribution of India–China interactions to these processes and argues that the diffusion of Buddhism in China was an outcome of multi-ethnic collaborations and the ingenuity of Chinese and foreign monks in making the doctrine adaptable to Chinese society.
Influence of stress and phase on corrosion of a superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wire

Introduction The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of stress and phase transformation on the corrosion properties of a superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wire. Methods The phase transformation profiles of superelastic nickel-titanium (Sentalloy, GAC International, Bohemia, NY) and beta-titanium (TMA, Ormco, Orange, Calif) archwires were analyzed by using differential scanning calorimetry. The force/deflection behavior of the wires at 37°C was measured in a 3-point bending test per modified American Dental Association specification no. 32. Electrochemical testing consisted of monitoring the open circuit potential (OCP) for 2 hours followed by polarization resistance and cyclic polarization tests on archwire segments engaged in a 5-bracket simulation apparatus with bend deflections of 0.75, 1.5, or 3 mm in artificial saliva at 37°C. Nondeflected segments were also tested. Sentalloy was additionally examined for bending and corrosion at 5°C, where it exists as martensite and is devoid of stress-induced phase transformation. OCP at 2 hours and corrosion current density (icorr) were analyzed by using ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = .05) (n = 10 per deflection). Results Significant differences (P Conclusions Stress increased the corrosion rate in nickel-titanium and beta-titanium orthodontic wires. Alterations in stress/strain associated with phase transformation in superelastic nickel-titanium might alter the corrosion rate in ways different from wires not undergoing phase transformation.
NATURE, HISTORY, AND GOD: TOWARD AN INTEGRATED CONCEPTUALIZATION

. In this paper I attempt to bring the ancient symbol God into a meaningful and illuminating conceptual relationship with modern understandings of the development of the cosmos, the evolution of life, and the movements of human history. The term “God” is taken to designate that reality (whatever it may be) which grounds and undergirds all that exists, including us humans; that reality which provides us humans with such fulfillment or salvation as we may find; that reality toward which we must turn, therefore, if we would flourish. I suggest that the cosmos can quite properly be interpreted today in terms of two fundamental ideas: (1) a notion of “cosmic serendipitous creativity,” (2) the expression of which is through “directional movements” or “trajectories” of various sorts that work themselves out in longer and shorter stretches of time. In a universe understood in these terms, the symbol “God” may be taken to designate the underlying creativity working in and through all things, and in particular working in and through the evolutionary-historical trajectory on which human existence has appeared and by which it is sustained. The symbol “God” can thus perform once again its important function of helping to focus human consciousness, devotion, and work in a way appropriate to the actual world and the enormous problems with which men and women today must come to terms; but the ancient dualistic pattern of religious piety and thinking in which God is regarded as a supernatural Creator and governor of the world—so hard to integrate with modern conceptions of nature and history—is thoroughly overcome.
Representational Crisis: Contradiction and Determination in Verbal Criticism

During the late nineteenth century, language authorities in the United States were distressed by what they saw as a pervasive misuse of words. A particular type of language authority, the verbal critic, attempted to mitigate misuse by establishing and insisting upon “correct” meanings of words, and the writing of these verbal critics were remarkably popular at the time. Verbal critics' goals are not always clear-cut: they often lament the ignorance of those who “abuse” words, and at other times, they express their purpose as offering instruction in how to speak properly. Indeed, verbal criticism is full of contradictions, which this article explains in terms of a widespread crisis in representation, a crisis that seemed to threaten speakers' ability to communicate, affected late-nineteenth-century social structure, and mirrored political and economic debates over monetary policy, as well.
Interim report of the Committee on Histologic Mounting Media; resinous media.

The Fisher “Permount” naphthalene polymer, the Hartman Leddon “H.S.R.” terpene polymer resin, a Monsanto polystyrene P-1, the Will Corporation “Diaphane” and “Green Diaphane”, and the du Pont “Lucite” methyl methacrylate polymer were examined, and the possibility of use of some other plastics was also explored. The first 5 mentioned were tested for color preservation of a variety of stains in comparison with Canada balsam and Clarite X. From this point of view polystyrene, the Hartman Leddon “H.S.R.” and the Fisher “Permount” resins were the most satisfactory, then the “Diaphanes”. Both “Permount” and “H.S.R.” show some yellowing. The H.S.R. with a melting point of 115°C, the Permount with 150°C. melting point, and the Polystyrene with a thermal denaturation point above 220°C. all excell Canada balsam in heat resistance. Trimethylbenzene, cymene and monoamylbenzene appear to be the best solvents for polystyrene. Mounts made in a solution of 20 g. polystyrene in 100 ml. trimethylbenzene can be packed flat ...
Cardiology textbooks on disk.

Three CD-ROM versions of textbooks are reviewed: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, Topol's Cardiovascular Medicine, and Hurst's The Heart.
Husserl’s Break from Brentano Reconsidered: Abstraction and the Structure of Consciousness

The paper contends that abstraction lies at the core of the philosophical and methodological rupture that occurred between Husserl and his mentor Franz Brentano. To accomplish this, it explores the notion of abstraction at work in these two thinkers’ methodological discussions through their respective claims regarding the structure of consciousness, and shows that how Husserl and Brentano analyze the structure of consciousness conditions and strictly delineates the nature and reach of their methods of inquiry. The paper pays close attention to intentionality, founding (Fundierung), and qualitative modification (qualitative Modifikation) understood as principles of consciousness. While intentionality has been the topic of numerous discussions surrounding these two thinkers’ work, founding and qualitative modification have slipped under the radar despite the fact that they hold—as I intend to show—the key to shedding new light on their respective methods of inquiry. More specifically, the paper explicates the ways in which Brentano’s notion of founding (understood as a relationship between whole acts) and his failure to identify radical-qualitative modification as a principle of consciousness preclude him from offering a successful model for philosophical universalizing thought. It is my hope to show that Husserl’s rethinking of founding as a relationship between certain structural moments of acts along with his novel notion of qualitative modification ground his attempt to carve a new method of philosophical inquiry—albeit jejune and ambiguous at the time of the Investigations, yet nevertheless able to successfully negotiate the problems faced by his predecessor.
Electron Spin Resonance and Molecular Oribtal Study of One-Electron-Reduced O,O‘-Diphenylenehalonium Cations: First Evidence for a Diaryliodine Radical, Ar2I• or Simply a New σ*-Radical?

One-electron reduction of o,o‘-diphenylenebromonium (DPB) and o,o‘-diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) cations in low-temperature glasses produces free radical intermediates whose halogen hyperfine couplings suggest significant spin densities on bromine (0.13) and iodine (0.30). An adequate theoretical description of these species has been obtained at both semiempirical (PM3) and density functional levels of theory. These calculations show these species are a planar conformation of the 2-halobiphenyl-2‘-yl radicals, stabilized through intramolecular three-electron (or σ*) carbon−halogen bonding. Theory also predicts a nonequivalence of the C−X bonds and unsymmetrical spin density distribution over the two C−X bonding carbons. As compared to DPB, the DPI radical gives evidence for more equivalent bonding of the iodine to both carbons, accompanied by lower potential barriers for intramolecular iodine atom migration (1−2 kcal mol-1) along the σ*-bond. In the case of 3-nitrosubstituted DPI (NDPI) the one-electron-reduc...
Respiratory variability in panic disorder.

Disordered breathing may play an important role in the pathophysiology of panic disorder. Several studies have now indicated that panic disorder patients have greater respiratory variability than normal controls. In this study, we examine baseline respiratory measures in four diagnostic groups to determine whether greater respiratory variability is specific to panic disorder and whether effective anti-panic treatment alters respiratory variability. Patients with panic disorder, major depression, or premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and normal control subjects underwent two respiratory exposures (5% and 7% CO(2) inhalation), while in a canopy system. Panic disorder patients returned after 12 weeks of either anti-panic medication or cognitive behavioral therapy, and were retested. Normal control subjects were also retested after a period of 12 weeks. Panic disorder patients had significantly greater respiratory variability at baseline than normal control subjects and patients with major depression. The premenstrual dysphoric patients also had greater variability than the normal control group. Panic disorder patients who panicked to 7% CO(2) inhalation had significantly greater baseline variability than panic disorder patients who did not panic. Anti-panic treatment did not significantly alter baseline respiratory variability. Our data suggest that increased respiratory variability may be an important trait feature for some panic disorder patients and may make them more vulnerable to CO(2)-induced panic.
Towards an Explanation of the Mechanism of Boiling Critical Heat Flux Enhancement in Nanofluids

Nanofluids exhibit a very significant enhancement of the boiling Critical Heat Flux (CHF) at low nanoparticle concentrations. This paper reviews the nanofluid boiling database in a quest for the CHF enhancement mechanism. Briefly, buildup of a nanoparticle layer on the heated surface occurs upon boiling of nanofluids. This layer changes the surface roughness and the nucleation site density and, remarkably, can improve the surface wettability, as shown by a reduction of the static contact angle on the nanofluid-boiled surfaces. Significant differences are also observed in the dynamic behavior of the hot spot at CHF.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Population dynamics of a dense assemblage of marine detritivores

Abstract Accumulations of macrophyte detritus provide food and refuge for a dense (up to 3.5·106 ind. m−2) assemblage of amphipod and leptostracan crustaceans in a Southern California submarine canyon. The objective of this work was to determine how the physical environment and biological interactions limit these populations, that rarely, if ever, appear to be food limited. Preliminary observations suggested that the detritus-crustaceans would incur significant losses during the Winter, resulting from wave disturbance. Predation by dense schools of fishes associated with this habitat also appeared to be important. Laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that the detritus provided an effective refuge for the crustaceans. Predation rate of fishes upon detritus-associated crustaceans increased as the density of prey populations increased and/or as the thickness of the detritus mat was reduced (increasing number per m3 but not per m2). Density (m−2) of the mat crustaceans fluctuated seasonally, being greatest in the Winter and Spring following storms that eliminated large portions of the habitat. Few animals appeared to be directly eliminated by the storm disturbance. The important effect of storms was to reduce the quantity and quality of the detritus refuge by concentrating the crustaceans into smaller patches with less detrital cover. During the calm summer months the bacterium Beggiatoa sp. spread out over large portions of the detritus mat. Beneath the bacteria oxygen concentration was reduced, and infaunal density was two orders of magnitude lower than in unaffected portions of the mat. The summer increase in bacterial cover constituted a biological disturbance that functionally reduced the habitat area available to the mat fauna and left them more vulnerable to predation. Secondary production in the detrital mats is among the highest reported from natural environments. This is possible because the mat crustaceans are unable to graze down their food supply (detritus and associated microbes). The refuge provided by the detritus for large populations of invertebrates also is crucial; larger refugia translated into increased carrying capacity which allowed both greater population sizes and production, much of which became available to fishes. Most marine ecosystems are supported by allochthonous material that enters food webs via detritivores. Seafloor features that collect detritus constitute an important source of patchiness over a wide range of scales because detrital delivery is governed by physical processes. The La Jolla/Scripps Canyon system, by accumulating organic debris, provides a large food source from shallow to continental slope depths. This resource supports large numbers of fishes and presumably increases local production in higher trophic levels.
Interval length imbedding for nonlinear two-point boundary-value problems

In problems of optimal sequential estimation, in the study of fluid and electrolyte systems, in nonlinear mechanics, and throughout applied mathematics we are confronted with solving nonlinear two-point boundary-value problems. A new approach is provided which seems especially useful when solutions are desired for a variety of interval lengths.
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and monochloramine at low temperature.

Abstract The rate of Cryptosporidium parvum inactivation decreased with decreasing temperature (1–20°C) for ozone and for monochloramine applied alone as well as after pre-treatment with ozone. Synergy was observed at all temperatures studied for the ozone/monochloramine sequential disinfection scheme. The synergistic effect was found to increase with decreasing temperature. The inactivation rate with monochloramine after ozone pre-treatment was 5 times faster at 20°C and 22 times faster at 1°C than the corresponding post-lag phase rates of inactivation with monochloramine at these temperatures when no ozone pre-treatment was applied. The CT required for achieving 2-logs of inactivation ranged from 11 400 mg min l −1 at 20°C to 64 600 mg min l −1 at 1°C when monochloramine was applied alone. In contrast, the CT required for an overall sequential inactivation of 2-logs ranged from 721 mg min l −1 at 20°C to 1350 mg min l −1 at 1°C when applying monochloramine after ozone pre-treatment. The presence of excess ammonia in the monochloramine solutions was not responsible for the synergy observed in ozone/monochloramine sequential disinfection.
Emerging alternatives or traditional news gates: Which news sources were used to picture the 9/11 attack and the Afghan war?

This study examines news sources used to visually portray the 11 September 2001 attack and the war in Afghanistan in the English-language newspaper The International Herald Tribune and the Arabic-l...
Graft function and outcome of older (≥60 years) donor livers

Livers from donors > or = 60 years of age are often considered inadequate for transplantation by many centers. With waiting times exceeding 1 year in our region, we have aggressively used livers from this donor age group. Between 1990 and 1994, 209 patients received 223 liver grafts at our institution. Of these, 29 (13%) were from donors > or = 60 years of age (group A) and 194 (87%) were from donors < 60 years of age (group B). The two groups were matched for recipient diagnosis and severity of disease. Group A and B donors had similar liver, renal, and hematologic studies prior to donation. Weight, sex, race and vasopressor requirement were also similar. Postoperative alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase,and prothrombin time were not significantly different over the first 10 postoperative days. Group A grafts were significantly more cholestatic than group B grafts on postoperative days 6-10. The retransplantation rate for primary graft nonfunction was not significantly different from group A (6.7%) and group B (3.4%; P=0.04). Patient and graft survival rates at 1 year were 58.6 % and 44.8% for group A and 79.2% and 74.5% for group B (P<0.001 for both). Four of 12 deaths in the first year in group A were completely unrelated to graft function. If these are excluded, patient and graft survival rates were 68% and 52%, which are better but still significantly less than in group B. Initial graft function of older donor livers are similar to that of the matched younger group. However, patient and graft survival rates were significantly worse for the older donors, even when corrected for unrelated deaths. Livers should not be discarded based on age alone without inspection and/or biopsy to rule out significant steatosis. Prompt retransplantation for primary graft nonfunction of older donors are generally more cholestatic than those from the younger donor age group; however, many of them function quite well. At the present time, given the inability to identify donor variables associated with decreased recipient survival, we recommend cautious use of older liver grafts in healthier recipients.
Internally-consistent geothermometry and H 2 O barometry in metamorphic rocks: The example garnet-chlorite-quartz

Temperature and H2O activity can be determined with high precision using metamorphic mineral assemblages that define both a dehydration equilibrium and a temperature-sensitive cation-exchange equilibrium. Such determinations are obtained by applying the Gibbs method and then integrating two resulting differential equations, as illustrated here for the assemblage garnet-chlorite-quartz. The first equation, a geothermometer that monitors temperature based upon Fe−Mg exchange between garnet and chlorite, was calibrated using rocks at Pecos Baldy, New Mexico: 0=0.05 P(bars)−19.02 T(K)+4607 ln K D+24,156 with errors of ±8°C based upon analytical precision. The second equation monitors differences in the activity of water between specimens (1) and (2): 0=(0.1 X Mg−chl, 1 − 2.05)(P 2 − P 1) +[−33.02+5.96 ln(X Fe−chl, 1/X alm, 1)][T 2−T 1 −2.67 RT 1ln[a(H2O)2/a(H2O)1] +5.96 T 1ln(X Fe−chl, 2 X alm, 1/X Fe−chl, 1 X alm, 2). For samples equilibrated at the same pressure and temperature, microprobe analytical errors of 1% limit precision to ±0.01 a(H2O). For samples equilibrated at the same pressure but variable temperature, uncertainty of ±8°C limits precision to ±0.06 a(H2O). Extreme presure sensitivity requires that the H2O-barometer be applied only to rocks where pressure gradients are absent or well-constrained. The geothermometer gives temperatures in agreement with two other garnet-chlorite geothermometers (Dickenson and Hewitt 1986; Ghent et al. 1987) and with garnet-biotite geothermometry (ferry and Spear 1978) over the temperature range 350–520°C. Application of the relative H2O barometer shows variations in the activity of water approaching 0.30 in several study areas. Either pelitic schists commonly equilibrate with a fluid that is not pure H2O, or some pelitic rocks undergo metamorphism in the absence of a free fluid phase.
Endothelins 1 and 3: potent cholestatic agents secreted and excreted by the liver that interact with cyclosporine.

Autoradiographic studies have shown that the liver accumulates endothelin. High-affinity binding sites for endothelin have been identified on rat liver plasma membranes. We investigated the role of endothelin isopeptides as mediators of cholestasis with isolated rat liver perfused by a recirculating solution of buffer and blood. These studies demonstrated that endothelin-1, as measured by means of radioimmunoassay, was cleared from the perfusate by the liver and that the liver concentrated both endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in bile. Addition of endothelin-1 to the liver perfusate solution increased the concentration of endothelin-3 measured in the perfusate, suggesting that endothelin-1 caused release or secretion of endothelin-3. Both endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 at 5 nmol/L caused almost complete cessation of bile flow, but this effect was more prolonged after endothelin-1 than after endothelin-3 administration. Because it has been reported that cyclosporine increases endothelin levels, we studied the interaction of these two compounds. Cyclosporine (100 μmol/L) also produced cholestasis. Endothelin-3 secretion in bile, however, was decreased in livers perfused with cyclosporine compared with secretion in controls. Simultaneous addition of endothelin-1 and cyclosporine that on their own were not significantly cholestatic produced cholestasis. In conclusion, endothelin is a potent cholestatic agent secreted and excreted by the liver. It may potentiate the cholestatic action of cyclosporine. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:961-968.)
729 IMMUNOREGULATION BY BREAST MILK CELLS

Although B cells capable of synthesizing IgG and IgM have been identified in human milk, only IgA synthesis is measured in vitro These data suggest that milk lymphocyte differentiation is a regulated process and that there may be a specific milk cell factor capable of stimulating differentiation of IgA bearing B cells.To determine if such a factor existed we cultured lymphocyte/macrophages from early( 8 days)milk and subsequently added small aliquots of their cell free culture media to peripheral blood lymphocyte(PBL)cultures. Milk cell cultures contained 2,4 and 6×106 macrophages(Φ)/ml of media and a variable number of lymphocytes while the PBL cultures contained 2×106 lymph/ml of media. The release of IgA by PBL was quantitated using double antibody radioimmunoassays. Cell free media from both early and late milk cell cultures significantly stimulated IgA synthesis.The stimulatory factor concentration was greatest in early milk cell cultures and the effect altered with increasing amounts of the regulatory factor. These data indicate that human milk cells release a regulatory factor capable of stimulating IgA synthesis by PBL and suggest a major role for colostrum in effecting active local immunity in the recipient newborn.
Attempts to Relate Bovine Papilloma Virus to the Cause of Equine Sarcoid: Horses, Donkeys and Calves Inoculated with Equine Sarcoid Extracts

Summary Attempts to produce equine sarcoids in horses and warts in calves with extracts of equine sarcoids were unsuccessful. The horses and calves were later demonstrated to be susceptible to bovine papilloma virus (BPV). Tumours were produced in 2 of 5 donkeys 5 to 10 months after inoculation with extracts of equine sarcoids. This was a longer interval than has been observed for tumour formation by BPV. The tumours did not histologically resemble equine sarcoids or BPV-produced tumours of equine skin. Resume Des tentatives pour produire a l'aide d'extraits de tumeurs sarcoides equines soit des tumeurs sarcoides chez le cheval soit des verrues chez le veau ont echoue. Ulterieurement on montra que les chevaux et les veaux etaient receptifs au virus de la papillomatose bovine. Des tumeurs furent induites sur deux anes parmi cinq sujets inocules avec des extraits de tumeurs sarcoides equines (tumeurs apparues cinq a dix mois plus tard). L'apparition des tumeurs fut moins rapide que celles obtenues avec le virus de la papillomatose bovine. Les tumeurs ne ressemblaient point aux sarcoides du cheval ni aux tumeurs induites chez le cheval par le virus de la papillomatose bovine. Zusammenfassung Versuche beim Pferd das Sarcoid oder beim Kalb Warzen mit Extrakten von equinem Sarcoid zu reproduzieren sind misslungen. Die Tiere erwiesen sich aber spater als empfanglich fur das Virus der bovinen Papillomatose. Tumoren konnten erzeugt werden bei 2 von 5 Eseln mit Sarcoidextrakten 5 bis 10 Monate nach der Inokulation. Das Intervall ist langer als dasjenige, das fur die Tumorbildung durch das Virus der bovinen Papillomatose bekannt geworden ist. Die Tumoren glichen aber histologisch weder dem equinen Sarcoid noch dem Tumor, der durch das Virus der bovinen Papillomatose in der Haut des Pferdes hervorgerufen werden kann. Sumario Los intentos de producir sarcoides equinos do caballos y mesquinos transfer ridos a bovinos fue con exito. Los caballos y vacas fueron suceptibles al papiloma virico del bovino (EPV). Se producieron tumores en burros 2 de 5 con estractos de sarcoides equinos de 5 a 10 meses despues de inoculados con extracto de sarcoides equinos. Este fue el intervalo mas largo que se ha observado en la formacion de tumores por BPV. Los tumores histologicamente no son parecidos de los sarcoides equinos o BPV producidos como tumores de la piel.