cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tuning Aryl, Hydrazine Radical Cation Electronic Interactions Using Substitutent Effects

Absorption spectra for 2,3-diaryl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane radical cations (2(X) + ) and for their monoaryl analogues 2-tert-butyl-3-aryl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane radical cations (1(X) + ) having para chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, phenyl, and nitro substituents are reported and compared with those for the previously reported 1- and 2(H) + and 1- and 2(OMe) + . The calculated geometries and optical absorption spectra for 2(Cl) + demonstrate that p-C6H4Cl lies between p-C6H4OMe and C6H5 in its ability to stabilize the lowest energy optical transition of the radical cation, which involves electron donation from the aryl groups toward the π*(NN) + -centered singly occupied molecular orbital of 2(X) + . Resonance Raman spectral determination of the reorganization energy for their lowest energy transitions (λv sym ) increase in the same order, having values of 1420, 5300, and 6000 cm -1 for X ) H, Cl, and OMe, respectively. A neighboring orbital analysis using Koopmans-based calculations of relative orbital energies indicates that the diabatic aryl π-centered molecular orbital that interacts with the dinitrogen π system lies closest in energy to the bonding π(NN)-centered orbital and has an electronic coupling with it of about 9200 ( 600 cm -1 , which does not vary regularly with electron donating power of the X substituent.
Analysis of RF radiation interference on wireless communication systems

The effects of radiated RF interference on wireless communication systems are investigated. Noise source at the antenna input port induced by in-band external electromagnetic (EM) fields is determined based on full EM simulations of the communication systems. Signal bit error rate for a line-of-sight additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and for a nonline-of-sight Rayleigh channel as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio is used to determine the susceptibility of the systems subject to external power sources. Two specific examples are given, including a dongle for a wireless mouth and a PCMCIA card for a laptop computer.
Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme with low-density lipoprotein in aortic valvular lesions and in human plasma

Background— Recent studies have demonstrated that lesions of aortic sclerosis and stenosis share several similarities with lesions of atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is expressed by a subset of macrophages. This study was undertaken to determine whether ACE might be present in aortic sclerosis or stenosis lesions. Methods and Results— Immunohistochemistry was performed on 26 paraffin-embedded human aortic valves. Monospecific antibodies were used to identify ACE, macrophages, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT-1 receptor), angiotensin II, and apolipoprotein B. Human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were isolated from plasma of normal volunteers by sequential density-gradient ultracentrifugation. ACE was not present in normal valves but was present in all valves with aortic sclerosis or stenosis lesions. ACE was detected on a subset of lesion macrophages but was present primarily in an extracellular distribution, where it colocalized ...
Feature Transitions with Saccadic Search: Size, Color, and Orientation Are Not Alike

Size, color, and orientation have long been considered elementary features whose attributes are extracted in parallel and available to guide the deployment of attention. If each is processed in the same fashion with simply a different set of local detectors, one would expect similar search behaviours on localizing an equivalent flickering change among identically laid out disks. We analyze feature transitions associated with saccadic search and find out that size, color, and orientation are not alike in dynamic attribute processing over time. The Markovian feature transition is attractive for size, repulsive for color, and largely reversible for orientation.
Metaphor, Architectural Design, and Environmental Response

Value-laden articulations of the task of the architect guide manners of working - the concerns, inspirations and procedures given priority. Architectural practices in turn determine the nature of the physical constructs that result. If architects are contributing to environmental degradation by designing buildings that are inefficient and unhealthy, and a pressing need exists to advance more life enhancing, sustaining practices, then perhaps environmentally concerned architects ought not only work towards the creation of better performing, more resourceful building assemblies, but also to engage in basic reflection as to how design problems are expressed and the environmental receptivity such expressions reveal. By tracing the lineage binding utterance to practice to making, we might come to recognize that even subtle shifts in articulation can alter outcomes dramatically. Through such newfound awareness, we are open and encouraged to reexamine the architect's role, to new descriptions of architecture, and to the possibility of deeper attunement and constructive engagement with our world. In their recent edited anthology on sustainable architectures, Simon Guy and Steven Moore suggest "while we might support and even encourage critical engagement with abstract theory about environmentalism, we are not interested in simply playing language games.” Although word play should not be the sole focus of our efforts, in a profession so reliant on effective communication, we should not underestimate the facility of language as constitutive of meaning. This paper explores metaphors as one potentially transformative means by which designers come to understand and describe the works they undertake. It examines the role of metaphors as agents of innovation, capable of heightening awareness of attributes often overlooked or undervalued, yet perhaps of critical significance given the particularities of a design problem seeking explication. This paper summarizes research into the process by which architects "respatialize” metaphors, how novel metaphorical insights have affected thought and practice in the past, and in our era of environmental crises how new categories of metaphor are reshaping and expanding our visions. The paper concludes with a consideration of what makes "green” metaphors effective and how awareness of such characteristics provides the impetus for future research in identifying and utilizing new metaphorical schemas in architectural design.
Theory-driven design strategies for technologies that support behavior change in everyday life

In this paper, we propose design strategies for persuasive technologies that help people who want to change their everyday behaviors. Our strategies use theory and prior work to substantially extend a set of existing design goals. Our extensions specifically account for social characteristics and other tactics that should be supported by persuasive technologies that target long-term discretionary use throughout everyday life. We used these strategies to design and build a system that encourages people to lead a physically active lifestyle. Results from two field studies of the system - a three-week trial and a three-month experiment - have shown that the system was successful at helping people maintain a more physically active lifestyle and validate the usefulness of the strategies.
The role of the large-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channel, BK/Slowpoke, in shaping motor neuron firing during rhythmic activity

Rhythmic muscle contractions underlie a number of crucial motor behaviors, such as respiration and locomotion. The timing of contractions is determined by the intrinsic activity and synaptic interactions of neurons within what are called central pattern generating (CPG) networks [1,2]. In many systems, motor neurons (MNs) are not part of the classically-defined CPG. However, research suggests that ionic currents in MNs may shape the timing of the final motor output [3,4]. A lot of work has focused particularly on the role of potassium currents in shaping responsiveness and firing of MNs [3,5]. Large-conductance calcium-dependent potassium (BK) currents, encoded by members of the Slowpoke (Slo) gene family, can contribute to action potential repolarization, regulation of firing frequency and interspike interval, repetitive firing, and burst termination [6]. Mutations of Slo genes also lead to a variety of motor disturbances [6]. We developed a biophysical model of bursting activity in MNs to explore the circumstances under which a BK/Slo current expressed in MNs can shape the timing of motor output underlying locomotion. We identify mechanisms by which the BK/Slo current changes the bursting output of MNs, and describe the different behaviors that are observed for varying membrane densities of the underlying channel. We also present preliminary data consisting of electrophysiological recordings from larval Drosophila showing that the changes in motor output predicted by the model are indeed observed when genetic manipulations of Slo channel density (RNA interference constructs) are targeted to MNs [7]. Our results not only further understanding of the specific role of BK/Slo channels in MNs, but contribute more generally to the growing knowledge on the role intrinsic MN properties play in shaping rhythmic motor output.
Glial progenitor cell transplantation and the generation of chimeric animal models with human brain cells: implications for novel therapeutics.

Background: The potential of exogenous stem cell or progenitor cell transplantation as a novel therapeutic strategy to address unmet medical needs is a vast and important area of investigation. A recent US patent has been issued to Goldman from the University of Rochester based on pioneering studies with human fetal and adult-derived glial progenitor cells (GPCs), covering the generation of chimeric mouse/human animals. Objective/method: In this patent and associated manuscript, extensive chimerism due to grafting of human GPCs is associated with remyelination and functional rescue of mice congenitally deficient in oligodendrocyte survival and myelination, due to a deletion in the myelin basic protein gene (the shiverer mouse). This review highlights the implications of generating human/mouse chimeric animals for the study of human brain physiology, preclinical studies and the clinical application of progenitor cells towards the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of demyelinating disorder...
Using altered specificity Oct-1 and Oct-2 mutants to analyze the regulation of immunoglobulin gene transcription.

Oct‐1 and Oct‐2 represent the prototypical example of related transcription factors with identical DNA recognition properties. They bind functionally critical octamer elements found in diverse regulatory sequences. It has not been possible to determine directly if these factors are functionally redundant or selective when interacting with different regulatory sequences in the appropriate cell type. An equivalent pair of altered DNA‐binding specificity mutants of Oct‐1 and Oct‐2 are used to examine their function from varied regulatory contexts in B cells. These factors function as redundant activators of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene promoters (Vκ and V H ) and a histone H2B promoter. The structural basis of redundancy resides in the highly conserved DNA‐binding POU domain, because this domain of either protein can activate transcription from both Ig and H2B promoters. We find that the nature of a distal enhancer dictates the relative potency of Oct‐1 versus Oct‐2 bound to a promoter. Oct‐1 preferentially stimulates transcription from a V H or Vκ promoter in combination with enhancers from the IgH or Igκ locus, respectively. In this context, the more potent action of Oct‐1 is dependent on a region external to the POU domain. These results suggest that Oct‐1 may be the critical regulator of Ig gene transcription during B cell development and provide an explanation for selective Ig isotype expression defects in Oct‐2 and OCA‐B null mice.
Viruses and Kidney Disease: Beyond HIV

Summary Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients may acquire new viral co-infections; they also may experience the reactivation or worsening of existing viral infections, including active, smoldering, or latent infections. HIV-infected patients may be predisposed to these viral infections owing to immunodeficiency or risk factors common to HIV and other viruses. A number of these affect the kidney, either by direct infection or by deposition of immune complexes. In this review we discuss the renal manifestations and treatment of hepatitis C virus, BK virus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and parvovirus B19 in patients with HIV disease. We also discuss an approach to the identification of new viral renal pathogens, using a viral gene chip to identify viral DNA or RNA.
Reengineering the internal auditing organization

Internal auditing has during the 1990s become a dynamic discipline. Most of this change has been the result of the progressive approach taken by the leaders of the profession in applying the technological and behavioral innovations and advances in thinking to an operation that has tended in the past to be conservative and reactionary. The new approaches are substantial in number and individual in context. The trend is to group the following areas: philosophical, methodological and operational. The constantly evolving changes require that internal auditing itself be constantly evaluated to ensure that it is functioning efficiently and effectively.
Is Attention Shared Between the Ears

This study tests the locus of attention during selective listening for speech-like stimuli. Can processing be differentially allocated to the two ears? Two conditions were used. The simultaneous condition involved one of four randomly chosen stop-consonants being presented to one of the ears chosen at random. The sequential condition involved two intervals; in the first S listened to the right ear; in the second S listened to the left ear. One of the four consonants was presented to an attended ear during one of these intervals. Experiment I used no distracting stimuli. Experiment II utilized a distracting consonant not confusable with any of the four target consonants. This distractor was always presented to any ear not containing a target. In both experiments, simultaneous and sequential performance were essentially identical, despite the need for attention sharing between the two ears during the simultaneous condition. We conclude that selective attention does not occur during perceptual processing of speech sounds presented to the two ears. We suggest that attentive effects arise in short-term memory following processing.
LINE dancing in the human genome: transposable elements and disease

Transposable elements (TEs) have been consistently underestimated in their contribution to genetic instability and human disease. TEs can cause human disease by creating insertional mutations in genes, and also contributing to genetic instability through non-allelic homologous recombination and introduction of sequences that evolve into various cis-acting signals that alter gene expression. Other outcomes of TE activity, such as their potential to cause DNA double-strand breaks or to modulate the epigenetic state of chromosomes, are less fully characterized. The currently active human transposable elements are members of the non-LTR retroelement families, LINE-1, Alu (SINE), and SVA. The impact of germline insertional mutagenesis by TEs is well established, whereas the rate of post-insertional TE-mediated germline mutations and all forms of somatic mutations remain less well quantified. The number of human diseases discovered to be associated with non-allelic homologous recombination between TEs, and particularly between Alu elements, is growing at an unprecedented rate. Improvement in the technology for detection of such events, as well as the mounting interest in the research and medical communities in resolving the underlying causes of the human diseases with unknown etiology, explain this increase. Here, we focus on the most recent advances in understanding of the impact of the active human TEs on the stability of the human genome and its relevance to human disease.
Corporate Sexual Harassment Policies: Effective Strategic Human Resource Management

To avoid successful sexual harassment claims against them, companies must work to prevent harassment from occurring through an effective sexual harassment policy, work to train employees through well designed programs for all levels of the organization, and promptly respond to any employee complaint. This article provides guidance for employers in these activities.
Implant Failures in Orthopaedic Surgery

Common orthopaedic implant failures are reviewed in the areas of total joint replacement and fracture fixation. In particular total hip and total knee arthroplasty, intertrochanteric hip fractures and long bone fractures are discussed. Excessive motion of implant bone interfaces, stress concentrations within the implant and stress shielding of bone are implicated in implant failures.
Pliocene sinistral slip across the Adobe Hills, eastern California–western Nevada: Kinematics of fault slip transfer across the Mina deflection

The Adobe Hills region (California and Nevada, USA) is a faulted volcanic field located within the western Mina deflection, a right-stepping zone of faults that connects the northern Eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) to the south with the Walker Lane belt (WLB) to the north. New detailed geologic mapping, structural studies, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology in the Adobe Hills allow us to calculate fault slip rates and test predictions for the kinematics of fault slip transfer into the Mina deflection. The Adobe Hills are dominated by Pliocene tuffaceous sandstone, basaltic lavas that yield 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages between 3.13 ± 0.02 and 3.43 ± 0.01 Ma, and basaltic cinder cones. These Pliocene units unconformably overlie Middle Miocene latite ignimbrite that yields an 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 11.17 ± 0.04 Ma, and Quaternary tuffaceous sands, alluvium, and lacustrine deposits cap the sequence. Northwest-striking normal faults, west-northwest–striking dextral faults, and northeast-striking sinistral faults cut all units; the northeast-striking sinistral faults are the youngest and most well developed fault set. We calculate ∼0.1 mm/yr of approximately east-west horizontal extension and northwest dextral shear since the Pliocene. The prominent northeast-striking sinistral faults offset basalt ridgelines, normal fault–hanging-wall intersections, a channelized basalt flow, a basalt flow edge, and a basalt flow contact a net minimum of 921 ± 184 to 1318 ± 264 m across the Adobe Hills. These measured sinistral offsets yield a minimum Pliocene sinistral fault slip rate of 0.2–0.5 mm/yr; our preferred minimum slip rate is 0.4–0.5 mm/yr. The geometry and orientation of the prominent sinistral faults are consistent with simple shear/couple clockwise block rotation within a broad dextral shear zone. Vertical axis block rotation data are needed to test this interpretation. We propose that a set of faults subparallel to Sierra Nevada–North America motion and associated releasing steps, located west of the White Mountains fault zone and east of the Long Valley Caldera, transfer a portion of dextral Owens Valley fault slip northwestward onto the sinistral faults in the Adobe Hills. Dextral slip distributed across faults between the White Mountains fault zone and the Sierra Nevada and east of the Fish Lake Valley fault zone may account for the apparent discrepancy between summed long-term geologic slip rates and present-day geodetic rates across the northern ECSZ. Fault slip in the Adobe Hills is part of a regional pattern of initiation and renewal of dextral, sinistral, and normal fault slip during the Pliocene that extends from lat ∼40°N to ∼36°N within the ECSZ-WLB and along the western margin of the Basin and Range Province. This regional deformation episode may be related to changes in gravitational potential energy.
Why in the World Are We All Keynesians Again? The Flimsy Case for Stimulus Spending

The U.S. federal government responded to the financial crisis and recession that began in 2007-08 with unprecedented fiscal stimulus. Passed in February of 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) came with a price tag of $831 billion. Yet the economy has not returned to a path of robust economic growth and unemployment has stubbornly remained high; only in September of 2012 did it dip (barely) below 8 percent. This has not stopped the Obama administration from pushing for further fiscal stimulus. Whether or not fiscal spending stimulus is effective hinges critically on the size of the spending multiplier, which is dependent on several factors. In particular, if individuals anticipate the future tax liabilities associated with deficit spending and/or are “crowded out” by the deficit spending, then the multiplier is likely to be less than one; that is, each dollar of stimulus increases total spending in the economy by less than one dollar. Ultimately, whether the government spending multiplier is less than or greater than one is an empirical question. While no one seriously debates the long-run costs associated with exploding public debt, the evidence suggesting significant short-run benefits of stimulus spending is weak. Studies suggesting that stimulus spending is effective assume that current economic activity does not affect fiscal policy. This assumption is questionable and, most important, the studies’ results are very sensitive to it. Alternatively, studies using a narrative approach based on historical and contemporary accounts of U.S. military buildups to identify government spending shocks find that the short-run effects of stimulus spending are small. These latter studies are grounded in historical reality and are thus more compelling.
The synthesis of PNP-supported low-spin nitro manganese(I) carbonyl complexes

Abstract The coordination chemistry of Mn(CO)5Br was investigated with a series of PNP-pincer ligands. The ligands iPrPONOP (iPrPONOP = 2,6-bis(diisopropylphosphinito)pyridine) and iPrPNHP (iPrPNHP = HN{CH2CH2(PiPr2)}2) gave the desired organometallic manganese complexes (iPrPONOP)Mn(CO)2Br and (iPrPNHP)Mn(CO)2Br, respectively, upon chelation to Mn(CO)5Br. The reactivity of iPrPNNNP (iPrPNNNP = N,N′-bis(diisopropylphosphino)-2,6-diaminopyridine) with Mn(CO)5Br yielded a pair of products, [(iPrPNNNP)Mn(CO)3][Br] and (iPrPNNNCO)Mn(CO)3. The formation of the asymmetric chelate arises from a formal loss of iPr2PBr and C–N bond formation from a carbonyl ligand and NH, yielding a Mn(I) amide core. The nitration reactions of (iPrPONOP)Mn(CO)2Br and (iPrPNHP)Mn(CO)2Br were carried out using silver nitrite, yielding the nitro compounds (iPrPONOP)Mn(CO)2(NO2) and (iPrPNHP)Mn(CO)2(NO2), respectively. The analogous iron complex (iPrPONOP)Fe(CO)Cl2 was nitrated under the same conditions to yield the salt pair [(iPrPONOP)Fe(CO)2][FeCl3NO]. This reactivity underlines the difference between iso-valent iron and manganese centers. The manganese complexes (iPrPONOP)Mn(CO)2(NO2) and (iPrPNHP)Mn(CO)2(NO2) were ineffective as oxygen atom transfer reagents for a variety of substrates.
Long-Range and Local Structure in the Layered Oxide Li1.2Co0.4Mn0.4O2

The layered oxides being considered as intercalation compounds for lithium batteries display significant differences between the long-range crystal structure and local arrangements around individual atoms. These differences are important, because the local atomic environments affect Li-ion transport and, hence, the oxide’s rate capability, by determining activation barrier energies, by blocking or opening Li-diffusion pathways, etc. Traditional diffraction methods provide key information on the average crystal structure. However, no single experimental technique can unequivocally determine the average long-range crystal structure and the distribution of local environments over crystallographic distances while retaining atomic-scale resolution. Therefore, in this study, we have employed a combination of diffraction, microscopy, and spectroscopy techniques to investigate the long-range (∼1 μm) and local structure (≤1 nm) of Li1.2Co0.4Mn0.4O2, which is a model compound for layered oxides being considered for...
Physical Stress Reduction of Microscope Operators

This study investigated the difference in the musculoskeletal stress-of microscopists between working in an ergonomically designed work station and working in a non-ergonomic station with physical exercises during their breaks. Five subjects worked an eight hour day in both work stations. The subjects' stress was measured subjectively (questionnaires) and objectively with electromyograms (EMG). The subjective questionnaires showed greater back stress in the non-ergonomic station but little difference between the stations for the other body sites. Although there was little difference in the number and severity of the complaints during the experiment, 80 percent of the subjects preferred the ergonomic station. The EMG results showed greater back and right shoulder stresses when working in the non-ergonomic station (F test with p < .05).
Complexation of Michler’s Ketone by Trimeric Perfluoro- Ortho -Phenylenemercury: Synthesis, Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of a New Supramolecular Adduct

Trimeric perfluoro-ortho-phenylenemercury (o-(C6F4Hg)3) has been identified as one of the simplest Lewis acidic host molecules due to its proximity of Hg(II) atoms, electron-withdrawing properties and inherent accessibility to electrophilic sites on the molecule’s surface. Owing to these concerted effects, the molecule is capable of forming supramolecular complexes with a variety of neutral and anionic substrates, among them organic carbonyls such as aldehydes and ketones. In this communication, we highlight the structural and spectroscopic properties of the complex formed between (o-C6F4Hg)3 and Michler’s Ketone (4,4′-Bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone or MK). The complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$ P\bar{1} $$ with a = 11.690(2) A, b = 12.011(2) A, c = 13.617(5) A, α = 101.30(2)°, β = 98.44(2)°, and γ = 107.15(2)° and contains non-covalent Hg–Hg, Hg–C and Hg–O interactions. IR spectroscopy measurements were also completed and reveal a moderate shifting of the carbonyl stretching frequency between [(o-C6F4Hg)3·μ3-MK] and free Michler’s Ketone, due presumably to the Hg–O interactions. Herein we present the structure and infrared spectroscopic properties of the supramolecular complex [(o-C6F4Hg)3·μ3-MK] which combines the Lewis Acid trimeric perfluoro-ortho-phenylenemercury ((o-C6F4Hg)3) with Michler’s Ketone.
Averaged Anchoring of Decoupled Templates in a Tail-Energized Monoped

We refine and advance a notion of parallel composition to achieve for the first time a stability proof and empirical demonstration of a steady-state gait on a highly coupled 3DOF legged platform controlled by two simple (decoupled) feedback laws that provably stabilize in isolation two simple 1DOF mechanical subsystems. Specifically, we stabilize a limit cycle on a tailed monoped to excite sustained sagittal plane translational hopping energized by tail-pumping during stance. The constituent subsystems for which the controllers are nominally designed are: (i) a purely vertical bouncing mass (controlled by injecting energy into its springy shaft); and (ii) a purely tangential rimless wheel (controlled by adjusting the inter-spoke stepping angle). We introduce the use of averaging methods in legged locomotion to prove that this “parallel composition” of independent 1DOF controllers achieves an asymptotically stable closed-loop hybrid limit cycle for a dynamical system that approximates the 3DOF stance mechanics of our physical tailed monoped. We present experimental data demonstrating stability and close agreement between the motion of the physical hopping machine and numerical simulations of the (mathematically tractable) approximating model.
A confound-free test of the effects of thin-ideal media images on body satisfaction.

In experimental investigations of how exposure to thin-ideal body types affects body dissatisfaction (a predictor of disordered eating), it is unclear what the nature of the control condition should be. The current investigation utilizes an un-confounded design and models a method for developing control images of women who differ from thin models in terms of body type and body type only (while using a cover story to reduce suspicion and providing participants with details other than body shape to focus on). The expected effect of image type on body satisfaction was found (after controlling for participants' self-perceived overall attractiveness), although consistent with Ferguson's (2013) meta-analysis, the effect was small. A scale type manipulation, however, designed to test an account of the findings in terms of how participants define scale endpoints, did not significantly affect the results, perhaps because participants spontaneously engaged in social comparison when first exposed to the models.
Reducing Cost of Distributing Milk in California

A great deal of popular misconception is current regarding the economies that can be made in fluid-milk distribution and regarding the ways such economies can be effected. Generalizations about overlapping routes and excessive advertising costs tend to confuse rather than clarify the issue, because such generalizations overlook the fact that certain types of operation are responsible usually for only a relatively small proportion of the total expenses of distributing milk. For example, the advertising expenditures of most distributors usually account for considerably less than one-quarter of a cent a quart of milk. Attention should be focused on rationalization of the milk-distribution industry as a whole rather than on one or two aspects or phases of distribution. All things considered, the fluid-milk-distributing industries of our various cities are probably no more inefficient-in many ways perhaps more efficient-than most other industries involving processing and distribution. Because of the vital importance of the product handled, however, it is logical for the general public to expect that every effort should be made to eliminate inefficiencies in fluid-milk distribution, even though they may be tolerated in other industries. With this most enlightened distributors would
Structural Studies of Hydrographenes

ConspectusAs a result of the unique physical and electrical properties, graphene continues to attract the interest of a large segment of the scientific community. Since graphene does not occur naturally, the ability to exfoliate and isolate individual layers of graphene from graphite is an important and challenging process. The interlayer cohesive energy of graphite that results from van der Waals attractions has been determined experimentally to be 61 meV per carbon atom (61 meV/C atom). This requires the development of a method to overcome the strong attractive forces associated with graphite. The exfoliation process that we, and others, have investigated involves electron transfer into bulk graphite from intercalated lithium to yield lithium graphenide. The resulting graphenide can be reacted with various reagents to yield functionalized graphene. As a part of our interest in the functionalization of graphene, we have explored the Birch reduction as a route to hydrographenes. The addition of hydrogen t...
Pilot report: non-operative treatment of Mayo Type II olecranon fractures in any-age adult patient:

BackgroundWe report on the non-operative treatment of Mayo Type II olecranon fractures.MethodsFourteen isolated Mayo Type II olecranon fractures were treated non-operatively, followed to discharge, and retrospectively reviewed. Treatment was splinting in extension followed by protected active motion beginning 3 weeks to 4 weeks post-injury. Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) and Shortened Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) scores were available in 86% and 64% of cases, respectively. Follow-up radiographs were obtained.ResultsAt discharge, the mean (SD) MEPI score was 95 (5). The mean (SD) elbow motion arc was 121° (21°). One patient re-fractured his elbow after discharge by falling on the ice. He recovered after open reduction and internal fixation. One patient (documented Marfan syndrome) developed an asymptomatic non-union. Excepting the patient who fell, no patient received additional care.ConclusionsIn this pilot report, Mayo Type II olecranon fractures were treated non-operativel...
Spin order and dynamics in the diamond-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnets CuRh 2 O 4 and CoRh 2 O 4

Quantum and frustrated magnets are a great platform to probe collective phenomena of fundamental and technological importance. Antiferromagnets on a diamond lattice have not been as extensively studied as other model magnetic materials due to the absence of obvious geometrical frustration. This is changing with the prediction --- and in some cases observation --- of several unique phenomena in magnetic A-site spinels like, e.g., degenerate spin spirals, spin-orbital entanglement and topological paramagnetism. In this work, the authors add two model materials to the growing family of diamond lattice antiferromagnets: CuRh${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$ and CoRh${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$. The authors deploy an arsenal of experimental and theoretical techniques to develop a detailed understanding of their results. Their work evidences that CoRh${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$ is a canonical diamond-lattice antiferromagnet while CuRh${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$ displays an unexpected spin-helix ground-state with a very strong influence from quantum fluctuations.
Safe Opioid Prescribing for Acute Noncancer Pain in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review of Existing Guidelines.

Background Pain is common among hospitalized patients. Inpatient prescribing of opioids is not without risk. Acute pain management guidelines could inform safe prescribing of opioids in the hospital and limit associated unintended consequences. Purpose To evaluate the quality and content of existing guidelines for acute, noncancer pain management. Data sources The National Guideline Clearinghouse, MEDLINE via PubMed, websites of relevant specialty societies and other organizations, and selected international search engines. Study selection Guidelines published between January 2010 and August 2017 addressing acute, noncancer pain management among adults were considered. Guidelines that focused on chronic pain, specific diseases, and the nonhospital setting were excluded. Data extraction Quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument. Data synthesis Four guidelines met the selection criteria. Most recommendations were based on expert consensus. The guidelines recommended restricting opioids to severe pain or pain that has not responded to nonopioid therapy, using the lowest effective dose of short-acting opioids for the shortest duration possible, and co-prescribing opioids with nonopioid analgesics. The guidelines generally recommended checking the prescription drug monitoring program when prescribing opioids, developing goals for patient recovery, and educating patients regarding the risks and side effects of opioid therapy. Additional recommendations included using an opioid dose conversion guide, avoidance of co-administration of parenteral and oral opioids, and using caution when co-prescribing opioids with other central nervous system depressants. Conclusions Guidelines, based largely on expert opinion, recommend judicious prescribing of opioids for severe, acute pain. Future work should assess the implications of these recommendations on hospital-based pain management.
Dynamic matching in school choice: efficient seat reassignment after late cancellations (invited talk)

In the school choice market, where scarce public school seats are assigned to students, a key issue is how to reassign seats that are vacated after an initial round of centralized assignment. Every year around 10% of students assigned a seat in the NYC public high school system eventually do not use it, and their vacated seats can be reassigned. Practical solutions to the reassignment problem must be simple to implement, truthful and efficient. I propose and axiomatically justify a class of reassignment mechanisms, the Per- muted Lottery Deferred Acceptance (PLDA) mechanisms, which generalize the commonly used Deferred Acceptance (DA) school choice mechanism to a two-round setting and retain its desirable in- centive and efficiency properties. I also provide guidance to school districts as to how to choose the appropriate mechanism in this class for their setting. Centralized admissions are typically conducted in a single round using Deferred Acceptance, with a lottery used to break ties in each school’s prioritization of students. Our proposed PLDA mechanisms reassign vacated seats using a second round of DA with a lottery based on a suitable permutation of the first-round lottery numbers. I demonstrate that under a natural order condition on aggregate student demand for schools, the second-round tie-breaking lottery can be correlated arbitrarily with that of the first round without affecting allocative welfare. I also show how the identifying char- acteristic of PLDA mechanisms, their permutation, can be chosen to control reallocation. vacated after the initial round are reassigned using decentralized waitlists that create significant student movement after the start of the school year, which is costly for both students and schools. I show that reversing the lottery order between rounds minimizes reassignment among all PLDA mechanisms, allowing us to alleviate costly student movement between schools without affecting the ef- ficiency of the final allocation. In a setting without school priorities, I also characterize PLDA mechanisms as the class of mechanisms that provide students with a guarantee at their first-round assign- ment, respect school priorities, and are strategy-proof, constrained Pareto efficient, and satisfy some mild symmetry properties. Finally, I provide simulations of the performance of different PLDA mecha- nisms in the presence of school priorities. All simulated PLDAs have similar allocative efficiency, while the PLDA based on reversing the tie-breaking lottery between rounds minimizes the number of reassigned students. These results support our theoretical findings. This is based on joint work with Itai Feigenbaum, Yash Kanoria, and Jay Sethuraman.
Appeasement and compromise under a referendum threat

Standard legislative bargaining models assume that an agreed-upon allocation is final, whereas in practice there exist mechanisms for challenging passed legislation when there is lack of sufficient consensus. Such mechanisms include popular vote requirements following insufficient majorities in the legislature. This paper analyzes a one-period legislative bargaining game whose outcome can be challenged through a referendum. I study the effects of this institution on the bills passed in the legislature and analyze the incentives it provides for reaching legislative deals. The proposer party’s trade-off between a larger winning prize and a more threatening opponent in the referendum summarizes the bargaining problem. The results indicate that measures of post-bargaining power do not necessarily translate into higher equilibrium payoffs and that the equilibrium bill may include no concessions from the majority to the minority party. Moreover, caps on campaign spending may incentivize a costly referendum over unanimity in the legislature. These results carry policy implications for regulating various forms of post-bargaining power, such as campaign finance laws for referenda.
Endoscopic Considerations in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease affects approximately 50 million Americans and some studies estimate the prevalence approaches 20 % of the population in many Western countries. Approximately 50 % of the U.S. population experiences gastroesophageal reflux disease astroesophageal reflux disease-related symptoms once a month, and one in ten Americans experience symptoms of heartburn and bloating every day. This tremendously prevalent condition has had and will continue to have a significant economic impact on the Unites States and other developed Western countries. In view of that, numerous countries expend a considerable amount of resources on direct and indirect costs attributable to the prevention and treatment of reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux disease has a substantial impact on clinical and financial welfare since patients suffering from this disorder generally report a diminished health-related quality of life (HRQL), reduced work productivity, and depressed psychological health.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATIONS OF MUCOUS SECRETING CELLS IN BOVINE SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ultrastructural observations of mucous secreting cells in bovine submandibular glands. In the synthetic phase, while mucous droplets accumulate within the cytoplasm, granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) is a prominent morphological feature of mucous secreting cells. During this phase, GER is distributed throughout the cytoplasm; however, the largest accumulations are located adjacent to the nucleus at the cell base. Golgi membranes are also present and conspicuous, particularly in relation to immature droplets of secretory product. The GER is seen in small angular areas between secretion droplets or, elsewhere, in parallel array configurations. Cisternae of the GER are dilated and filled with electron dense material. The cisternae, along with their ribosome studded boundaries, converge toward areas of Golgi membranes and terminate in relation to electron lucent material of the Golgi saccules. Golgi membranes characteristically line flattened saccules, which progressively enlarge as secretory product accumulates within the saccules. The material within the saccules, in early stages of its formation, contains little or no electron dense material.
Protein-Thiol Mixed Disulfides and Thioltransferase in the Lens

Oxidative stress is considered an important factor in human senile cataract formation, in fact many consider it as the primary mechanism that is responsible for cataracts. Oxidative damage can affect intracellular proteins as well as lens membranes. We have studied oxidative damage to lens proteins that involve the sulfhydryl groups that are most sensitive to oxidative stress. In fact most cataracts are characterized by an increase in protein disulfides (PS SP). Our studies suggest that the synthesis of PSSP is preceded by formation of protein-thiol mixed disulfide between protein and oxidized glutathione (PSSG) or protein and oxidized cysteine (PSSC). A normal lens contains nanomole quantities of PSSG and PSSC, at the level of 2-5% of free glutathione (GSH). However, these compounds can be elevated extensively in human cataractous lenses as well as in oxidative stress-induced cataracts in human and animal lenses. The latter include cataracts induced by hyperbaric oxygen, naphthalene, ultraviolet light, diquat and hydrogen peroxide. Even the Emory mouse cataract, a genetic cataract occurring in aging mice, contains a significant amount of the protein-thiol mixed disulfides. If the oxidant is removed from the environment, the elevated protein-thiol mixed disulfides, in particular PSSG, can spontaneously return to the normal level. This recovery process is age-dependent in the human lens but not in the rat lens. We speculate that this recovery process may be mediated by thioltransferase, a redox regulating enzyme that is known in other tissues to dethiolate protein-thiol mixed disulfides. We have recently found this enzyme in the lens as well as in other ocular tissues. Therefore, we propose that protein-thiol mixed disulfides may play an important role in cataract formation while thioltransferase may be a repair system for the lens.
A stable tetramer is not the only oligomeric state that mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding proteins can adopt.

Mitochondrial single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)–binding proteins (mtSSBs) are required for mitochondrial DNA replication and stability and are generally assumed to form homotetramers, and this species is proposed to be the one active for ssDNA binding. However, we recently reported that the mtSSB from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScRim1) forms homotetramers at high protein concentrations, whereas at low protein concentrations, it dissociates into dimers that bind ssDNA with high affinity. In this work, using a combination of analytical ultracentrifugation techniques and DNA binding experiments with fluorescently labeled DNA oligonucleotides, we tested whether the ability of ScRim1 to form dimers is unique among mtSSBs. Although human mtSSBs and those from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Xenopus laevis, and Xenopus tropicalis formed stable homotetramers, the mtSSBs from Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis formed stable homodimers. Moreover, the mtSSBs from Candida nivariensis and Candida castellii formed tetramers at high protein concentrations, whereas at low protein concentrations, they formed dimers, as did ScRim1. Mutational studies revealed that the ability to form either stable tetramers or dimers depended on a complex interplay of more than one amino acid at the dimer–dimer interface and the C-terminal unstructured tail. In conclusion, our findings indicate that mtSSBs can adopt different oligomeric states, ranging from stable tetramers to stable dimers, and suggest that a dimer of mtSSB may be a physiologically relevant species that binds to ssDNA in some yeast species.
Aggressive video games research emerges from its replication crisis (Sort of)

The impact of aggressive video games (AVGs) on aggression and violent behavior among players, particularly youth, has been debated for decades. In recent years, evidence for publication bias, questionable researcher practices, citation bias and poor standardization of many measures and research designs has indicated that the false positive rate among studies of AVGs has been high. Several studies have undergone retraction. A small recent wave of preregistered studies have largely returned null results for outcomes related to youth violence as well as outcomes related to milder aggression. Increasingly, evidence suggests AVGs have little impact on player behavior in the realm of aggression and violence. Nonetheless, most professional guild policy statements (e.g. American Psychological Association) have failed to reflect these changes in the literature. Such policy statements should be retired or revised lest they misinform the public or do damage to the reputation of these organizations.
Organizational and Management Theorizing Using Experiment-Based Entrepreneurship Research: Covered Terrain and New Frontiers

The entrepreneurship setting—an extreme organizational context—provides fertile ground for organizationally relevant theory testing and development. In this article, we propose that randomized expe...