cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Splash bridge models of inclined, gas-rich, direct galaxy collisions

Splash bridges are formed from the direct inelastic collision of gas-rich galaxies. Recent multi-wavelength observations of the Taffy galaxies, UGC 12914/15, have revealed complicated gas structures in the bridge. We have upgraded the sticky particle simulation code of Yeager et al., 2019, by adding: the ability to adjust the relative inclination of the gas discs, the ability to track cloud-cloud collisions over time, and additional cooling processes. Inclination effects lead to various morphological features, including filamentary streams of gas stripped from the smaller galactic disc. The offset of disc centres at impact determines whether or not these streams flow in a single direction or multiple directions, even transverse to the motion of the two galaxies. We also find that, across many types of direct collision, independent of the inclination or offset, the distributions of weighted Mach numbers and shock velocities in colliding clouds relax to a very similar form. There is good evidence of prolonged turbulence in the gas of each splash bridge for all inclinations and offsets tested, as a result of continuing cloud collisions, which in turn are the result of shearing and differentially accelerated trajectories. The number distribution of high velocity shocks in cloud collisions, produced in our low inclination models, are in agreement with those observed in the Taffy Galaxies with ALMA, Appleton et al., 2019.
Ultrastructure of unicellular red algae

The phylum Rhodophyta is an enigmatic as semblage of organisms whose phylogenetic relationships with other eukaryotes are shrouded in uncertainty. The group was long held to be among the most primitive eukaryotes due to the lack of a centriole complex and the similarities between the red algal chloroplast and cyanobacteria (Garbary and Gabrielson 1990). This view was given further impetus when the analysis of red algal 5s ribosomal RNA indicated an early divergence from other eukaryotes (Lim et al. 1986; Hori and Osawa 1987). However, there is equally compelling evidence that red algae are not more primitive than other algal phyla. Acceptance of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts renders the resemblance of red algae and cyanobacteria to be superficial (Gabrielson et al. 1985) while ultrastructural studies show typical eukaryotic cell organization (Pueschel 1990). In addition, recent studies of the 18s ribosomal subunit (Bhattacharya et al. 1990) indicate divergence of red algae to be at the same time as that of ‘plants, fungi, animals and most protists’.
Investigating the Development of a Multi-objective Decision Model that Seeks to Generate Informed Alternatives for Maximizing IS Security within an Organization

Numerous IS researchers have argued that IS Security can be more effectively managed if the emphasis goes beyond the technical means of protecting information resources. In an effort to adopt a broader perspective that accounts for issues that transcend technical means alone, Dhillon and Torkzadeh (2006) present an array of 9 fundamental objectives that are essential for maximizing IS security in an organization. These objectives were derived using a value-focused thinking approach and are organized into a conceptual framework. This conceptual framework provides a rigorous theoretical base for considering IS security in a manner that accounts for both technical and organizational issues, however, no current methodology exists to provide a consistent means for using these objectives so that informed decisions can be made. As a result, the goal of this paper is to investigate a means for developing a decision model that seeks to provide informed alternatives to decision makers who desire to maximize IS security within an organization.
A Directed Preferential Attachment Model with Poisson Measurement

When modeling a directed social network, one choice is to use the traditional preferential attachment model, which generates power-law tail distributions. In a traditional directed preferential attachment, every new edge is added sequentially into the network. However, for real datasets, it is common to only have coarse timestamps available, which means several new edges are created at the same timestamp. Previous analyses on the evolution of social networks reveal that after reaching a stable phase, the growth of edge counts in a network follows a non-homogeneous Poisson process with a constant rate across the day but varying rates from day to day. Taking such empirical observations into account, we propose a modified preferential attachment model with Poisson measurement, and study its asymptotic behavior. This modified model is then fitted to real datasets, and we see it provides a better fit than the traditional one.
Etiology and Timing of Postoperative Rapid Response Team Activations.

In this retrospective cohort study we sought to evaluate the association between the etiology and timing of rapid response team (RRT) activations in postoperative patients at a tertiary care hospital in the southeastern United States. From 2010 to 2016, there were 2,390 adult surgical inpatients with RRT activations within seven days of surgery. Using multivariable linear regression, we modeled the correlation between etiology of RRT and timing of the RRT call, as measured from the conclusion of the surgical procedure. We found that respiratory triggers were associated with an increase in time after surgical procedure to RRT of 10.6 h compared to activations due to general concern (95% CI 3.9 – 17.3) (p = 0.002). These findings may have an impact on monitoring of postoperative patients, as well as focusing interventions to better respond to clinically deteriorating patients.
An Evaluation of the Operational Performance and Profitability of the U.S. Airlines

Since 2008, a series of mega-mergers has dramatically changed the U.S. airline industry. Despite the presence of fewer airlines in the market, the competition remains intense, which forces airlines to continually search for ways to increase their efficiency to maintain survival and financial sustainability. To evaluate airline performance and disentangle the causes of inefficiency, this paper applied a two-stage network data envelopment analysis approach and a truncated regression to investigate the performance of nine U.S.-based airlines from 2015 to 2019. Our empirical results reveal that during the sample period, airlines’ operating efficiency steadily improved, but the efficiency in the profitability stage stagnated. Therefore, strategic resource allocations are needed for airlines to see further advances in their overall efficiency. On average, airlines operating in the low-cost business model yielded higher efficiency scores than their peers operating in the full-service framework. While an airline’s size, measured in terms of total assets, has a positive influence on operating efficiency, a larger number of full-time employee equivalents hinders efficiency outcomes, which indicates the importance of enhancing labor efficiency among carriers.
Validation of a Commercially Available Markerless Motion-Capture System for Trunk and Lower Extremity Kinematics During a Jump-Landing Assessment

Context Field-based, portable motion-capture systems can be used to help identify individuals at greater risk of lower extremity injury. Microsoft Kinect-based markerless motion-capture systems meet these requirements; however, until recently, these systems were generally not automated, required substantial data postprocessing, and were not commercially available. Objective To validate the kinematic measures of a commercially available markerless motion-capture system. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or other participants A total of 20 healthy, physically active university students (10 males, 10 females; age = 20.50 ± 2.78 years, height = 170.36 ± 9.82 cm, mass = 68.38 ± 10.07 kg, body mass index = 23.50 ± 2.40 kg/m2). Intervention(s) Participants completed 5 jump-landing trials. Kinematic data were simultaneously recorded using Kinect-based markerless and stereophotogrammetric motion-capture systems. Main outcome measure(s) Sagittal- and frontal-plane trunk, hip-joint, and knee-joint angles were identified at initial ground contact of the jump landing (IC), for the maximum joint angle during the landing phase of the initial landing (MAX), and for the joint-angle displacement from IC to MAX (DSP). Outliers were removed, and data were averaged across trials. We used intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs [2,1]) to assess intersystem reliability and the paired-samples t test to examine mean differences (α ≤ .05). Results Agreement existed between the systems (ICC range = -1.52 to 0.96; ICC average = 0.58), with 75.00% (n = 24/32) of the measures being validated (P ≤ .05). Agreement was better for sagittal- (ICC average = 0.84) than frontal-plane (ICC average = 0.35) measures. Agreement was best for MAX (ICC average = 0.77) compared with IC (ICC average = 0.56) and DSP (ICC average = 0.41) measures. Pairwise comparisons identified differences for 18.75% (6/32) of the measures. Fewer differences were observed for sagittal- (0.00%; 0/15) than for frontal-plane (35.29%; 6/17) measures. Between-systems differences were equivalent for MAX (18.18%; 2/11), DSP (18.18%; 2/11), and IC measures (20.00%; 2/10). The markerless system underestimated sagittal-plane measures (86.67%; 13/15) and overestimated frontal-plane measures (76.47%; 13/17). No trends were observed for overestimating or underestimating IC, MAX, or DSP measures. Conclusions Moderate agreement existed between markerless and stereophotogrammetric motion-capture systems. Better agreement existed for larger (eg, sagittal plane, MAX) than for smaller (eg, frontal plane, IC) joint angles. The DSP angles had the worst agreement. Markerless motion-capture systems may help clinicians identify individuals at greater risk of lower extremity injury.
Contract Theory in Nineteenth-Century Indiana Courts: An Argument for Non-Bargain Based Promissory Liability

This Note grows out of my own attempts to understand the basic nature of contractual obligation. It seemed to me that what is still the basic lesson of many Contracts classes, that contractual liability grows out of what Oliver Wendell Holmes called "the relation of reciprocal conventional inducement, each for the other, between consideration and promise[,]"' is overly limited. This view not only fails to capture the richness and nuance possible in a more inclusive theory, but also ignores the reality that promissory liability has consistently been found without bargain. While it is true that contract theory has recognized the existence of these nonbargain cases, it has continually classified them as illegitimate or, at best, based upon a historical theory of detrimental reliance distinct and separate from the prevailing bargain theory. Again though, this solution is inadequate. Implying that detrimental reliance cases are either grounded in idiosyncratic notions of "justice," or that cases in which promissory liability has been found absent either bargain or demonstrated reliance are wrongly decided, ignores the principled connections between these cases and cases involving bargain. This Note examines Indiana contract cases of the nineteenth century in an attempt to discern a more coherent, broad-based theory of contractual liability. Indiana is normally considered a "bargain theory" state, and a cursory reading of the nineteenthcentury case law supports this conclusion. However, a closer analysis supports the argument that the Indiana courts were in fact deciding cases according to a more broadbased, inclusive theory of contractual liability that was respectful of common law forms of liability, contemporary moral understandings, and public policy arguments. If this is true, modern courts should feel comfortable doing the same. There is no need to articulate various, singular theories of liability, or to attempt to shoehorn factual situations into such theories, when contractual liability has in fact always been based upon a multifaceted analysis.
Abstract 11758: The Heart Team: Myth Vs. Reality

INTRODUCTION: The management of patients with complex CAD has led to the development of a heart team strategy involving shared decision making by a multidisciplinary team. Both the 2010 ESC/EACTS Guidelines and the 2012 AHA/ACC Criteria consider a heart team evaluation to be a class 1 indication to determine the treatment of patients with LM and/or 3VD prior to PCI. This study assessed our single institution’s compliance with this strategy. METHODS: Since July, 2012 patients with LM and/or 3VD or multi-vessel restenosis following prior PCI were recommended to have a multidisciplinary heart team discussion prior to any treatment. From November 1, 2012 through April 30, 2014 the results and therapeutic outcomes of all diagnostic cardiac catheterizations were analyzed. The total number of patients meeting criteria for a heart team evaluation, those actually having such a discussion and the subsequent treatment pathways were assessed. RESULTS: During the 18 month study period, 5740 patients underwent diagnost...
Expert Testimony: Law and Practice

A major aspect of the contemporary practice of forensic psychology involves providing expert testimony in trials on a variety of issues such as child custody, personal injury, disability, substituted judgment, competency to waive rights, competency to stand trial, insanity, and diminished capacity. In order to be effective as an expert witness, today's forensic psychologist must not only be an expert in the area of his or her testimony but also be well versed in the law governing expert testimony and the most effective methods of presenting such testimony. This chapter begins with an examination of the history of expert testimony by psychologists from the early twentieth century to the present. Next the chapter explains the statutory and case law rules governing expert testimony, with particular emphasis on the Federal Rules of Evidence and the cases of Frye v. United States, Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, and Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael. Finally, the chapter details selected practical aspects of the current process of giving such testimony, including qualifying as an expert and dealing with efforts to discredit and impeach expert testimony. Keywords: Daubert; evidence; expert testimony; Frye; Kumho
Modeling the effect of computer-aided detection on the sensitivity of screening mammography

We have developed a Monte Carlo model to examine the cancer detection rate in screening mammography. We simulated the situation where screening was implemented for 9 years and then CADe was implemented for an additional 9 years. We investigated the effectiveness of two different methods for measuring changes in cancer detection rate. The first method was a sequential method in which the radiologist first reads without CADe and then immediately reads with CADe. The second method is temporal comparison where the cancer detection rates for two periods of time are compared: one without the use of CADe and one when CADe is in use. The model predictions have important implications for clinical studies of CADe. The temporal method is unlikely to measure a real affect, because the effect is small. A sequential method can measure an increase in the number of cancers detected because of CADe, but it cannot measure an overall increase in the cancer detection rate of the screening program.
Medical Care Costs of High-Risk Infants After Neonatal Intensive Care: A Controlled Study

Total medical care costs were studied prospectively from neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge to 3 years of age for 60 children, 35 of whom had neurologic and/or developmental deficits detected immediately following NICU discharge and 25 children did not. At the end of the study period the children were classified as unhandicapped (group A), mildly handicapped (group B), or moderately-severely handicapped (group C). Medical costs are reported per infant per month following NICU discharge (mean +/- SD). The outpatient costs in group A were $31 +/- 23 as compared with $86 +/- 93 in group B and $109 +/- 59 in group C (A less than B, A less than C; P less than .001). The greatest contributor to outpatient costs was occupational and physical therapy (with unproven efficiency to date). The inpatient costs were $31 +/- 56 in group A, $328 +/- 574 in group B, and $542 +/- 737 in group C (A less than C; P less than .01). The US Department of Agriculture estimates of medical costs of raising a child at home ranges from $22 to $26.80 per month. The cost of raising one of our NICU infants in an institution was $1,216 per month. Children with and without neurodevelopmental deficits after NICU discharge have significantly higher medical costs than children without.
A Review of “Why the West Rules—For Now: The Patterns of History and What They Reveal About the Future”

The title of Ian Morris's 750-page book, Why the West Rules—For Now, is intriguing. “The West” has been so dominant in world history that the words “for now” raise a pertinent consideration for our...
Tobin's q Does Not Measure Firm Performance: Theory, Empirics, and Alternatives

Tobin's q is often used to proxy for firm performance when studying the relation between corporate governance and firm performance. However, our theoretical and empirical analysis demonstrate that Tobin's q does not measure firm performance since underinvestment increases rather than decreases Tobin's q. As an alternative to Tobin's q, our theoretical framework provides two new operating efficiency measures: the first assesses scale efficiency and the second assesses cost discipline. These proxies are justified by the ideal of maximizing firm value net of invested capital, and can be computed for a wide cross-section of firms. In a canonical governance-performance regression specification, our operating efficiency measures lead to a different conclusion than Tobin's q.
Modeling CO 2 recovery for optimal dynamic operations

The development of amine scrubbing processes for coal and natural gas-fired power plants is essential to reduce CO 2 emissions. The design of tailor-made dynamic models to predict CO 2 capture in amine scrubbing processes is fundamental for optimal control operations. This paper presents the use of SIMPCA, a subspace system identification technique used to develop a dynamic empirical model for an LQG controller with integral action. Such a controller is made to attain optimal operating conditions for a CO 2 capture pilot plant. Reference signals are used in conjunction with the controller integral action to bring few process outputs towards their set-points. The results illustrate the importance of reliable model prediction in order to provide desirable closed loop response and appropriate CO 2 emission reduction.
Model of diffusion on deformable lattices. III. Adatom-interaction effects.

We present results of theoretical studies of diffusion in a lattice-gas model of a deformable lattice, which has been proposed to explain the anomalous diffusion anisotropy of H adatoms on a W(110) surface. In this work, we consider the effects of finite adatom-adatom interactions to diffusion in the model. In particular, using Monte Carlo simulation methods we study the properties of both tracer and collective diffusion in the presence of various spatially ordered phases within a model phase diagram of H/W(110). To incorporate the role of the energy barriers associated with diffusion more realistically, we select carefully a choice for transition probabilities used within the Monte Carlo method. We demonstrate that while the tracer and collective diffusion tensors behave in a fundamentally different manner within the model, the corresponding diffusion anisotropies are similar and are mainly controlled by the symmetry of the adlayer phase.
Molecular characterization of a gene encoding a cystatin expressed in the stems of American chestnut (Castanea dentata).

A cDNA clone with similarity to genes encoding cystatin was recently isolated from a cDNA library created using mRNA extracted from stem tissues of Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (CASde:Pic1). All of the requisite motifs for inhibitory activity were found upon examination of the deduced amino acid sequence. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the cystatin transcript in healthy stem, leaf and seed tissues, as well as in diseased tissues. Gene fragments encoding this putative cystatin were cloned from American and Chinese (Castanea mollissima Blume) chestnuts and a comparison of these sequences revealed significant differences within the intron, including deletions and alterations in restriction-enzyme sites. The long-term goal of this study is to determine whether the cystatin allele in Chinese chestnut correlates to a resistance gene and, if so, if this allele could be used to enhance resistance in American chestnut.
URINARY INCONTINENCE IN THE OLDER MAN

This article provides an overview of urinary incontinence (UI) in the older man. The focus is on factors resulting in gender differences in UI and on the diagnostic approach and treatments for older men. The impact of the prostate gland on UI is highlighted; greater detail on the prostate in the aging man can be found elsewhere in this issue.
Assembly of Atlas Power Flow Channel

Assembly of the Atlas power flow channel (PFC) containing the target cassette was a difficult operation prior to moving the machine to the Nevada test site (NTS). The assembly operation consisted of the target cassette manufactured at the Target Fabrication Facility of Los Alamos National Laboratory (TFF), vacuum containment hardware, and the PFC. The combination was made up of approximately 317 separate components that were required to fit accurately and become vacuum tight. The assembly process also included wired diagnostic feed through and x-ray diagnostic components inside the vacuum containment. All this activity occurred for each experiment on the deck of the Atlas machine. Each experiment altered the position of the conductor plates due to the dynamic forces of the electrical and magnetic pulse causing each subsequent installation to be unique with its own unique problems. An evolutionary design for the Atlas vacuum envelope (VE) eliminates the fit problems on the machine and reduces components assembled on the Atlas deck to one vacuum envelope assembled in a laboratory consisting of approximately 223 parts, and one part for mating to the PFC. The original Atlas PFC had a pumped volume of approximately 37.7 liters. The VE has a pumped volume of approximately 0.8 liters.
Promoting Successful Youth Mentoring Relationships: A Preliminary Screening Questionnaire

Youth mentoring programs are an increasingly popular intervention, and although successful mentoring relationships can promote a range of positive developmental outcomes, relationships that fail can lead to decrements in a youth’s functioning and self-esteem. The present research develops and validates a youth mentoring relationship quality inventory, based on data from a national evaluation of Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) mentoring programs (N = 347 youth). This tool can be administered to adolescents who have been assigned mentors in order to assess the quality of the relationship as it is forming and to identify dyads that may need additional support before those relationships fail. Implications of such a tool for mentoring interventions and research are discussed.
A Case of Gastrointestinal Bleeding due to Duodenal Metastasis from a Testicular Choriocarcinoma

Testicular cancers are the most common malignant neoplasm in men aged 15–35, but only constitute 1 % of cancers in males overall with an incidence of 2.1 cases per 100,000 males and four times greater incidence in white males than in black males [1–3]. Testicular tumors usually present as a nodule or painless swelling of one testicle, which may be noted incidentally by the patient or by his sexual partner [4]. Typically, the patient's chief complaint includes acute testicular pain or heaviness in the lower abdomen. Signs or symptoms of metastatic disease are the initial implication of testicular cancer in approximately 10 % of patients. The most common sites of extragonadal disease are the retroperitoneum, lungs, and liver [5–8]. Only rarely (5 % of cases) are metastases found in the gastrointestinal tract [9]. We report a case of testicular mixed germ cell tumor with metastasis of pure choriocarcinoma involving the small intestine.
The Justice Motive: Where Social Psychologists Found It, How they Lost It, and Why They May Not Find It Again:

Beginning shortly after the 2nd World War, 3 lines of research associated with relative deprivation, equity theory, and just world contributed to the description of the influence of the justice motive in people's lives. By the late 1960s, these converging lines of research had documented the importance of people's desire for justice; nevertheless, contemporary social psychologists typically portray this justice-driven motivation as simply a manifestation of self-interest. The explanation for this failure to recognize a distinct and important justice motive points to the widespread reliance on research methods that elicit the participant's thoughtfully constructed narratives or role-playing responses. According to recent theoretical advances, these methods generate responses that reflect normative expectations of rational self-interest, and fail to capture the important effects of the emotionally generated imperatives of the justice motive.
Reactivity of Linear Alkyl Carbonates toward Metallic Lithium: Infrared Reflection−Absorption Spectroscopic Studies in Ultrahigh Vacuum

The reactivity of symmetric and asymmetric alkyl linear carbonates of the type ROCO2R‘, where R and R‘ represent methyl or ethyl groups, toward metallic Li was studied by infrared reflection−absorp...
Groups of inner automorphisms of von Neumann algebras

Abstract Let A be a C ∗ -algebra with identity on the separable Hilbert space H . Let R be the von Neumann algebra generated by A , and let s → ϑ ( s ) be a one-parameter group of ∗ -automorphisms of A such that s → ϑ ( s )( T ) x is continuous for each T in A and x in H . Suppose that each ϑ ( s ) extends to be an inner automorphism of R . Then there exists a strongly continuous one-parameter unitary group U ( s ) in R such that ϑ ( s )( T ) = U ( s ) TU (− s ), for all T in R .
On the temporal instability of a two-dimensional viscous liquid sheet

This paper reports a temporal instability analysis of a moving thin viscous liquid sheet in an inviscid gas medium. The results show that surface tension always opposes, while surrounding gas and relative velocity between the sheet and gas favour, the onset and development of instability. It is found that there exist two modes of instability for viscous liquid sheets – aerodynamic and viscosity-enhanced instability – in contrast to inviscid liquid sheets for which the only mode of instability is aerodynamic. It is also found that axisymmetrical disturbances control the instability process for small Weber numbers, while antisymmetrical disturbances dominate for large Weber numbers. For antisymmetrical disturbances, liquid viscosity, through the Ohnesorge number, enhances instability at small Weber numbers, while liquid viscosity reduces the growth rate and the dominant wavenumber at large Weber numbers. At the intermediate Weber-number range, Liquid viscosity has complicated effects due to the interaction of viscosity-enhanced and aerodynamic instabilities. In this range, the growth rate curve exhibits two local maxima, one corresponding to aerodynamic instability, for which liquid viscosity has a negligible effect, and the other due to viscosity-enhanced instability, which is influenced by the presence and variation of liquid viscosity. For axisymmetrical disturbances, liquid viscosity always reduces the growth rate and the dominant wavenumber, aerodynamic instability always prevails, and although the regime of viscosity-enhanced instability is always present, its growth rate curve does not possess a local maximum.
EVALUATING OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY AND PREVENTION PLANS USING MEASURES OF QUALITY, NOT QUANTITY1

ABSTRACT The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 has led to a dramatic increase in the number and volume of formal plans intended to mitigate the impacts of spilled oil. The U.S. Coast Guard and state regulatory offices have not developed evaluation methodologies that will ensure that contingency planners capture essential information rather than simply mass-producing documentation for bureaucratic review. This paper reports on a methodology for evaluating contingency and prevention plans based on a structured representation of the plan and assignment of relative importance weights by experts using a commercially available decision support aid. The methodology is tested using two examples: a comparison of the plans used during the Exxon Valdez response, and the development of a prevention plan evaluation tool for the State of Washington. The evaluations show that the elements of a plan are typically of very unequal importance. The elements evaluated as least important by the experts, however, are typically the easi...
Fluorometric Determination of in vivo p-Halohydroxybenzonitrile Detoxification Kinetics in Zea Mays

Abstract A fluorometric method to determine the kinetics of the uptake and metabolism of a p-halohydroxybenzonitrile herbicide has been developed using variable chlorophyll a fluorescence. Bromoxynil inhibits photosynthetic electron transport and results in large variable chlorophyll a fluorescence yields. Lethal and sub-lethal doses of bromoxynil were applied to two maize genotypes. Measurement of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence over several hours revealed the uptake and detoxification of bromoxynil by the appearance and disappearance of inhibited fluorescence transients. A difference in bromoxynil susceptibility was observed between inbreds B73 and OH43 in these preliminary studies. Also observed was a difference in susceptibility between the oldest and second oldest leaves of these maize seedlings. Variable chlorophyll a fluorescence has the potential to be a rapid, non-destructive analytical method for observing the biochemical metabolism of herbicides in plants.
Sedimentary losses of phosphorus in some natural and artificial Iowa lakes

Phosphorus sedimentation in four natural and four artificial Iowa lakes was measured by using sediment traps to determine if sedimentary phosphorus losses were greater in artificial lakes than in natural lakes and the limnological factors influencing phosphorus loss rates. Mean phosphorus sedimentation rates ranged from 13.3 to 218 mg · m−2 day−1. Although phosphorus sedimentation rates for the natural lakes as a group did not differ significantly from the rates for artificial lakes, there were significant differences among individual lakes. Phosphorus sedimentation rates also varied significantly during different seasons at different locations within a lake and at different depths within a location. Despite the variance, phosphorus sedimentation rates were strongly correlated with inorganic sediment concentrations and inorganic matter sedimentation rates, thus suggesting that inorganic sediments influence phosphorus sedimentation rates. When Iowa data were combined with data from published studies, mean sedimentation rates were directly correlated with mean chlorophyll a concentrations of the lakes. These data strongly suggest that sedimentation rates as measured by sediment traps are strongly influenced by the trophic status of a lake. Though sedimentation rates were higher in the more productive lakes, it is suggested that these rates represent only gross sedimentation rates rather than net sedimentation rates because of resuspension and resedimentation of bottom sediments.
Discriminative binary prediction with reinforced cue identification.

Two tones, T1 and T2, differing in loudness, were employed as stimuli in a discriminative binary prediction task. Two responses, A1 and A2, predicting events E1 and E2 respectively, were available to the subjects. An A1 response was correct with probability π1 and π2 on T1 and T2 trials, respectively. The present study assessed the effects of the covariation of π2 and the similarity of T1 and T2 on P(A1|T1), the probability of an A1 response given a T1 trial. Subjects were also required to identify the trial type (loud or soft) and were given partial feedback of identification responding. Partial feedback was sufficient to eliminate the effects of cue similarity on discriminative event prediction and also improved identification of trial types. The reinforcement effects indicated that subjects learn to behave appropriately to identified cues rather than learn to make specific motor responses.
Induced Dynamic Nonlinear Ground Response at Garner Valley, California

We present results from a prototype experiment in which we actively induce, observe, and quantify in situ nonlinear sediment response in the near surface. This experiment was part of a suite of experiments conducted during August 2004 in Garner Valley, California, using a large mobile shaker truck from the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) facility. We deployed a dense accel- erometer array within meters of the mobile shaker truck to replicate a controlled, laboratory-style soil dynamics experiment in order to observe wave-amplitude- dependent sediment properties. Ground motion exceeding 1g acceleration was pro- duced near the shaker truck. Thewave field was dominated by Rayleigh surface waves and ground motions were strong enough to produce observable nonlinear changes in wave velocity. We found that as the force load of the shaker increased, the Rayleigh- wave phase velocity decreased by as much as ∼30% at the highest frequencies used (up to 30 Hz). Phase velocity dispersion curves were inverted for S-wave velocity as a function of depth using a simple isotropic elastic model to estimate the depth depen- dence of changes to the velocity structure. The greatest change in velocity occurred nearest the surface, within the upper 4 m. These estimated S-wave velocity values were used with estimates of surface strain to compare with laboratory-based shear modulus reduction measurements from the same site. Our results suggest that it may be possible to characterize nonlinear soil properties in situ using a noninvasive field technique.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Activation in Mammary Tumor Cells Promotes Macrophage Recruitment in a CX3CL1-Dependent Manner

Tumor formation is an extensive process requiring complex interactions that involve both tumor cell-intrinsic pathways and soluble mediators within the microenvironment. Tumor cells exploit the intrinsic functions of many soluble molecules, including chemokines and their receptors, to regulate pro-tumorigenic phenotypes that are required for growth and progression of the primary tumor. Previous studies have shown that activation of inducible FGFR1 (iFGFR1) in mammary epithelial cells resulted in increased proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. These studies also demonstrated that iFGFR1 activation stimulated recruitment of macrophages to the epithelium where macrophages contributed to iFGFR1-mediated epithelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. The studies presented here further utilize this model to identify the mechanisms that regulate FGFR1-induced macrophage recruitment. Results from this study elucidate a novel role for the inflammatory chemokine CX3CL1 in FGFR1-induced macrophage migration. Specifically, we illustrate that activation of both the inducible FGFR1 construct in mouse mammary epithelial cells and endogenous FGFR in the triple negative breast cancer cell line, HS578T, leads to expression of the chemokine CX3CL1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FGFR-induced CX3CL1 is sufficient to recruit CX3CR1-expressing macrophages in vitro. Finally, blocking CX3CR1 in vivo leads to decreased iFGFR1-induced macrophage recruitment, which correlates with decreased angiogenesis. While CX3CL1 is a known target of FGF signaling in the wound healing environment, these studies demonstrate that FGFR activation also leads to induction of CX3CL1 in a tumor setting. Furthermore, these results define a novel role for CX3CL1 in promoting macrophage recruitment during mammary tumor formation, suggesting that the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis may represent a potential therapeutic approach for targeting breast cancers associated with high levels of tumor-associated macrophages.
The swizzle stick syndrome, acute and chronic

Swizzle sticks may be hazardous to one's health. Two extraordinary cases of swizzle sticks impaled in stomachs rather than in olives are described. In the first, the reaction was acute and promptly remedied by gastrotomy. In the second, the presentation was after protracted symptoms, and subtotal gastrectomy revealed chronic foreign body reaction previously thought to be neoplasm. This newly described source of gastric injury, although rare, must be considered in any patient who freely imbibes and presents with gastrointestinal symptoms, acute or chronic.
Reflexiones en torno al teatro en la producción crítica de Alberdi y Sarmiento

This article examines the important role played by Juan B. Alberdi's and Domingo F. Sarmiento's literary articles in advancing the modern nationalist discourse in Argentina. I argue that in their performance reviews, these two men of letters advocated for the formation of a national theater in an effort to promote a national cultural expression.
The effect of the postdivorce relationship on paternal involvement: A longitudinal analysis.

Longitudinal analyses of data from 64 pairs of former spouses indicate that the quality of their postdivorce relationship had a significant impact on fathers' involvement with their children. The strength of the influence declined over time, however, as the patterns of interaction in the reorganized binuclear family became more stable.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Myelin Basic Protein is a Sensitive Marker of Myelination in Second Trimester Human Fetal Spinal Cord

The Luxol fast blue (LFB) technique is widely used for the assessment of myelination. Lectin histochemistry using peanut agglutinin (PNA) has also been employed for this purpose. Recently, immunohistochemical methods using antibodies to several myelin-related proteins have been adopted to study myelination in humans. However, the relative sensitivities of these different methods for the detection of early myelination in the human fetal central nervous system have not been determined. Vibratome sections of cervical spinal cord from 15 human abortuses ranging in age from 15 to 24 gestational weeks (GW) were probed with immunohistochemical methods using antibodies to myelin basic protein (MBP), 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). In addition, LFB and PNA histochemistry was employed. The degree of myelination observed in immunohistochemically stained sections was compared to that found in corresponding LFB- and PNA-stained paraffin-embedded tissues. The intensity of myelination was graded by two observers on a scale of 0 (none), +1 (mild), +2 (moderate), and +3 (marked). At all ages examined, the MBP immunohistochemical method revealed more myelin than LFB or MAG staining. CNPase could not be reliably detected until after 18 GW. Peanut agglutinin stained myelin, but subpial astrocytes and the intervening neuropil were also stained. These results suggest that MBP is a more sensitive marker for early human fetal myelination than CNPase, MAG, PNA or LFB.
Silica-coated CdTe quantum dots functionalized with thiols for bioconjugation to IgG proteins.

Quantum dots (QDs) have been increasingly used in biolabeling recently as their advantages over molecular fluorophores have become clear. For bioapplications QDs must be water-soluble and buffer stable, making their synthesis challenging and time-consuming. A simple aqueous synthesis of silica-capped, highly fluorescent CdTe quantum dots has been developed. CdTe QDs are advantageous as the emission can be tuned to the near-infrared where tissue absorption is at a minimum, while the silica shell can prevent the leakage of toxic Cd2+ and provide a surface for easy conjugation to biomolecules such as proteins. The presence of a silica shell of 2−5 nm in thickness has been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements. Photoluminescence studies show that the silica shell results in greatly increased photostability in Tris−borate−ethylenediaminetetraacetate and phosphate-buffered saline buffers. To further improve their biocompatibility, the silica-capped QDs have been ...
Immunocytochemistry of ambiguous cells in adult and embryonic dwarf (dw) mouse pituitaries

In the pars distalis of the pituitary gland in adult and embryonic dwarf (dw/dw) mutant mice, ambiguous cells exhibiting ultrastructural features common to growth hormone (GH) cells and prolactin (Prl) cells were analyzed by means of colloidal gold ultrastructural immunocytochemistry in order to define the functional nature of these peculiar cells. Adult and 18-day embryonic pituitaries from normal (+/+; dw/+) and dwarf (dw/dw) mice were processed with antibodies to GH, Prl, TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and HCG (chorionic gonadotropic hormone). In the adult and embryonic dwarf pituitaries, the ambiguous cells reacted negatively to all of the antibodies except for anti-ACTH, which labeled them well. In addition, the ACTH-positive cells showed a much wider variety of shapes and granule size and distribution, as compared with normal adults. In the embryos, this variability in ACTH cell morphology occurred not only in dwarf embryos, but in their normal counterparts as well. The results thus suggest that adult dwarf pituitaries may retain an embryonic or incompletely differentiated form of ACTH cells. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparative evaluation of two substrates for urinary determination of p-aminobenzoic acid by room-temperature phosphorimetry

Abstract Filter paper (S & S 903) impregnated with diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid, and Whatman DE-81 anion-exchange paper are evaluated for quantitation of urinary p -aminobenzoic acid. The two substrates are compared with respect to drying characteristics, pH variations, heavy atom effect, and some other variables. Impregnated S & S 903 paper is superior in terms of drying characteristics and background interferences but DE-81 has several advantages including lower detection limit, wider pH range, and ready availability. Although both substrates seem applicable to clinical application, DE-81 is probably more useful.
Growth study of chemical beam epitaxy of GaNxP1−x using NH3 and tertiarybutylphosphine

Abstract A study in the growth of GaN x P 1 − x epilayers by chemical beam epitaxy using tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP), ammonia (NH 3 ), and elemental Ga or triethylgallium is reported. Monitoring reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) intensity oscillations, we observe that both group-III- and group-V-induced incorporation rates are increased when NH 3 is introduced into a single cracker with TBP. From the difference in the periods of group-V-induced RHEED intensity oscillations, a 16% N incorporation is expected, but X-ray rocking curve measurement shows only 0.08% N. Using separate TBP and NH 3 crackers results in no enhancement in incorporation rates. We conclude that the cracking efficiency of TBP is increased with NH 3 co-injection.
Prospects for logical (versus data) processing facilities as strategic decision aids

The prospects for the development of facilities that can assist decision authorities in making disciplined logical inferences in case where mathematical or statistical methods cannot be relied upon are considered. Such facilities would provide a technical basis for the most important management decisions, namely those of strategic importance, which are currently the least likely to benefit from any formal discipline. >
Selective in vivo stimulation of stress-activated protein kinase in different rat tissues by immobilization stress.

Stress activated protein kinases (SAPK) are key enzymes mediating the cellular response to stressful stimuli. While they are intensively studied in cultured cells, little is known about their physiological role in vivo, or relevance to pathological conditions. Therefore we examined the effect of various times of immobilization on c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) activity in several rat stress responsive tissues and in a number of other locations. The abundance and relative distribution of JNK isoforms, the basal levels, time course and relative magnitude of stress induced JNK activity differed among tissues and regions of the brain of the same animal. JNK immunoreactive proteins were most abundant in the brain, especially in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and frontal cortex. Marked activation in response to immobilization stress was observed in adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, aorta and hippocampus, less pronounced in locus coeruleus. JNK was not affected in superior cervical ganglia, pituitary, hypot...
An osteogenic cell culture system to evaluate the cytocompatibility of Osteoset, a calcium sulfate bone void filler.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to describe a convenient, reliable and quantitative in vitro assay system to assess the cytocompatibility of a calcium sulfate bone filler on two osteogenic cell lines and primary osteoblasts. The hypothesis was that the bone void filler, OsteoSet® pellets, would not impact adversely on cell proliferation kinetics or osteogenic potential of selected cells. The hypothesis was tested by standard in vitro methodology of placing OsteoSet® pellets either directly in contact with osteogenic cells, or by compartmentalizing within transwell® – clear microporous membrane inserts. Data analyses were accomplished with appropriate post hoc statistics (p⩽0.05). In the presence of the OsteoSet® pellets, the cell lines exhibited a decrease in cell proliferation at days 4 and 7, independent of either cell type or tissue culture medium. A decrease in the alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity occurred in the osteogenic cell lines maintained for 9 and 16 days in the presence of the OsteoSet® pellets. However, with the exception of the MC3T3E-1 line, no differences were observed with respect to calcium deposition (mineralization) by day 16. Intact human osteocalcin release data for the human-derived OPC1 line and the primary osteoblasts was inconclusive as the OsteoSet® pellets may interact with the osteocalcin secreted into the tissue culture medium. The present studies describe a cell culture system to assess the cytocompatibility of bone-graft substitutes with osteogenic cells by compartmentalizing material from direct cell contact (in transwells®), and additionally, by evaluating direct cell/biomaterial interactions.
Silicide formation and stability of Ti SiGe and Co SiGe

Abstract The formation and stability of the products of Ti and Co reacting with Si1 − x Gex substrates were investigated. For the Ti SiGe system, when a C54 Ti(Si1 − yGey)2 layer forms, the Ge index y is initially the same as the Ge index of the Si1−xGex substrate (i.e. y = x). Thereafter Si1 − xGex from the substrate continues to diffuse into the C54 layer via lattice and grain-boundary diffusion. Some of the Si which diffuses into the C54 lattice replaces Ge in the lattice, and the C54 Ti(Si1 − yGey)2 becomes silicon enriched (i.e. y Co SiGe system, it was determined that a silicon-enriched Co(Si1 − yGey) layer was formed at ~ 400 °C. As the annealing temperature was increased, the reacted layer became even more Si enriched. For both materials systems, Ge-enriched Si1 − zGe(z > x) islands were observed. It was found that for Co Si 1 − xe x the reacted layer consisted of CoSi2 and Si1 − zGez, after high-temperature annealing (≈700 °C). We propose that these processes are driven by a reduction in the crystal energy of the C54 Ti(Si1 − yGey)2 phase in the Ti SiGe system and the Co(Si1 − yGey) phase in the Co SiGe system which accompanies the replacement of Ge with Si.