cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Airmass Types and Surface Energy Fluxes in Snow Cover Ablation in the Central Appalachians

A one-dimensional snowpack model, a unique airmass identification scheme, and surface weather observations are used to investigate large ablation events in the central Appalachian Mountains of North America. Data from cooperative observing stations are used to identify large ablation events within a 1 8 latitude 3 18 longitude grid box that covers the majority of the Lycoming Creek basin in northern Pennsylvania. All 1-day ablation events greater than or equal to 7.6 cm (3 in.) are identified for the period of 1950 through 2001. Seventy-one events are identified, and these days are matched with a daily airmass type derived using the Spatial Synoptic Classification technique. Average meteorological characteristics on ablation days of each airmass type are calculated in an effort to understand the diverse meteorological influences that led to the large ablation events. A onedimensional mass and energy balance snowpack model (‘‘SNTHERM’’) is used to calculate surface/atmosphere energy fluxes responsible for ablation under each airmass type. Results indicate that large ablation events take place under diverse airmass/synoptic conditions in the central Appalachians. Five airmass types account for the 71 large ablation events over the 52-yr period. Forty-three of the events occurred under ‘‘moist’’ airmass types and 28 under ‘‘dry’’ airmass conditions. Large ablation events under dry airmass types are driven primarily by daytime net radiation receipt, especially net solar radiation. These events tend to occur early and late in the snow cover season when solar radiation receipt is highest and are characterized by relatively clear skies, warm daytime temperatures, and low dewpoint temperatures. Moist airmass types are characterized by cloudy, windy conditions with higher dewpoint temperatures and often with liquid precipitation. During these events sensible heat flux is most often the dominant energy flux to the snowpack during ablation episodes. However, in many cases there is also a significant input of energy to the snowpack associated with condensation. Combinations of high sensible and latent heat fluxes often result in extreme ablation episodes, similar to those witnessed in this area in January 1996.
The Development and Psychometric Properties of the Selective Mutism Questionnaire.

Research on selective mutism (SM) has been limited by the absence of standardized, psychometrically sound assessment measures. The purpose of our investigation was to present two studies that examined the factor structure and initial reliability and validity of the Selective Mutism Questionnaire (SMQ), a 17-item parent report measure of failure to speak related to SM. Study 1 (N = 589) utilized an Internet sample of parents of children ages 3 to 11 to demonstrate that the SMQ has a theoretically and clinically meaningful factor structure accounting for a significant portion of variance in responses with good internal consistency. Study 2 (N = 66) supported the validity of the SMQ in that scores discriminated clinic-referred children with SM from children with other anxiety disorders. Scores on the SMQ were correlated with measures of several theoretically and clinically important dimensions.
Critical Personalism, Language and Development:

Taking off from William Stern's theorizing about the role of language in person development, the article attempts to open new possibil- ities for the developmental analysis of subjectivity and individuality. Stern's notion of 'Stellungnahme' (the taking of a position) is made relevant for current discussions of positioning in discursive approaches to subjectivity and identity research and applied to the analysis of emotion talk. The article concludes with a discussion of the centrality of discourse for human action and language for discourse.
Structural Plasticity of the Cardiac Nuclear Pore Complex in Response to Regulators of Nuclear Import

Communication between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of cardiac cells occurs by molecular transport through nuclear pores. In lower eukaryotes, nuclear transport requires the maintenance of cellular energetics and ion homeostasis. Although heart muscle is particularly sensitive to metabolic stress, the regulation of nuclear transport through nuclear pores in cardiomyocytes has not yet been characterized. With the use of laser confocal and atomic force microscopy, we observed nuclear transport in cardiomyocytes and the structure of individual nuclear pores under different cellular conditions. In response to the depletion of Ca2+ stores or ATP/GTP pools, the cardiac nuclear pore complex adopted 2 distinct conformations that led to different patterns of nuclear import regulation. Depletion of Ca2+ indiscriminately prevented the nuclear import of macromolecules through closure of the nuclear pore opening. Depletion of ATP/GTP only blocked facilitated transport through a simultaneous closure of the pore and relaxation of the entire complex, which allowed other molecules to pass into the nucleus through peripheral routes. The current study of the structural plasticity of the cardiac nuclear pore complex, which was observed in response to changes in cellular conditions, identifies a gating mechanism for molecular translocation across the nuclear envelope of cardiac cells. The cardiac nuclear pore complex serves as a conduit that differentially regulates nuclear transport of macromolecules and provides a mechanism for the control of nucleocytoplasmic communication in cardiac cells, in particular under stress conditions associated with disturbances in cellular bioenergetics and Ca2+ homeostasis.
Library funding in a budget‐cut world

Purpose – Given the common theme of budget cuts, one library presents its award‐winning story to provide information to a small community, extended from other common community and state resources.Design/methodology/approach – Explores how this library won the award of being the “Best small library in America”. For those not knowledgeable of the geography of the USA, this winner is found in the most unlikely of places, Alaska, one of only two states not connected to the other 48 states. Given the unique way of approaching library service, one can see how the award was won.Findings – Several methods for living in a world of reduced funds include, thinking out of the proverbial box and doing things different ways; partnerships with organizations and grant institutions; doing events and programs for specific groups and involving the entire community in the process.Originality/value – On being seen as an award‐winning institution, members of the library world often ask, “How did they win and we didn't?” or “Ho...
Health insurance coverage among women of reproductive age before and after implementation of the affordable care act

Objectives The Affordable Care Act's expansions to Medicaid and private coverage are of particular importance for women of childbearing age, who have numerous preventive care and reproductive health care needs.
From Motion to Photons in 80 Microseconds: Towards Minimal Latency for Virtual and Augmented Reality

We describe an augmented reality, optical see-through display based on a DMD chip with an extremely fast (16 kHz) binary update rate. We combine the techniques of post-rendering 2-D offsets and just-in-time tracking updates with a novel modulation technique for turning binary pixels into perceived gray scale. These processing elements, implemented in an FPGA, are physically mounted along with the optical display elements in a head tracked rig through which users view synthetic imagery superimposed on their real environment. The combination of mechanical tracking at near-zero latency with reconfigurable display processing has given us a measured average of 80 µs of end-to-end latency (from head motion to change in photons from the display) and also a versatile test platform for extremely-low-latency display systems. We have used it to examine the trade-offs between image quality and cost (i.e. power and logical complexity) and have found that quality can be maintained with a fairly simple display modulation scheme.
Impact of the 2014 Food and Drug Administration Warnings Against Power Morcellation.

Abstract Study Objective To determine whether members of the AAGL Advancing Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Worldwide (AAGL) and members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network (ACOG CARN) have changed their clinical practice based on the 2014 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warnings against power morcellation. Design A survey study. Setting Participants were invited to complete this online survey (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Patients AAGL and ACOG CARN members. Interventions An online anonymous survey with 24 questions regarding demographics and changes to clinical practice during minimally invasive myomectomies and hysterectomies based on the 2014 FDA warnings against power morcellation. Measurements and Main Results A total of 615 AAGL members and 54 ACOG CARN members responded (response rates of 8.2% and 60%, respectively). Before the FDA warnings, 85.8% and 86.9%, respectively, were using power morcellation during myomectomies and hysterectomies. After the FDA warnings, 71.1% and 75.8% of respondents reported stopping the use of power morcellation during myomectomies and hysterectomies. The most common reasons cited for discontinuing the use of power morcellation or using it less often were hospital mandate (45.6%), the concern for legal consequences (16.1%), and the April 2014 FDA warning (13.9%). Nearly half of the respondents (45.6%) reported an increase in their rate of laparotomy. Most (80.3%) believed that the 2014 FDA warnings have not led to an improvement in patient outcomes and have led to harming patients (55.1%). Conclusion AAGL and ACOG CARN respondents reported decreased use of power morcellation during minimally invasive gynecologic surgery after the 2014 FDA warnings, the most common reason cited being hospital mandate. Rates of laparotomy have increased. Most members surveyed believe that the FDA warnings have not improved patient outcomes.
Defect-induced loss mechanisms in polymer-inorganic planar heterojunction solar cells.

The effect of ZnO defects on photoexcited charge carrier recombination and forward induced charge transfer was studied in organic–inorganic bilayer organic heterojunction solar cells. Decreased bimolecular recombination via passivation of ZnO nanopariticle defects resulted in longer carrier lifetime as determined by transient photovoltage (TPV) measurements. It was also found by time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements that defect passivation decreased the fluorescence lifetime which indicated higher exciton dissociation efficiency. Through passivation of the ZnO nanoparticles defects, the two loss mechanisms were reduced and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is significantly enhanced.
MOVABLE-BED MODEL STUDIES OF PERCHED BEACH CONCEPT

Hydraulic model studies were conducted to aid in ascertaining the technical feasibility and optimum design factors of the perched beach concept. Among these were two-dimensional, movable-bed studies to determine an estimate of the amount of sand which would be lost seaward over the submerged toe structure by normal and storm wave action, the optimum elevation of the submerged toe structure, and the length of a stone blanket required to reduce seaward migration of sand to a minimum. The model beach was subjected to test waves until equilibrium was reached for a wide range of wave conditions for both the existing beach and the perched beach. Test results indicate that (a) little or no beachfill material will be lost seaward of the toe structure for normal wave conditions but the larger storm waves may cause erosion of the perched beach, (b) the installation of a stone blanket shoreward of the toe structure will reduce the amount of beach erosion, (c) if the beach fill is extended a sufficient distance seaward, the toe structure serves no useful purpose, and (d) a three-dimensional movable-bed model study is feasible and is necessary to determine the final design features of a perched beach.
The production of space and violence in cities of the global south: Evidence from Latin America

Drawing on primary and secondary research, this article assesses the spatial dynamics that underpin high rates of urban violence in Latin America. It argues that both the origins and responses to urban violence in Latin America have involved some sort of state ordering of territory, ranging from modernist urban planning practices on the one hand to police control over urban spaces on the other. To the extent that efforts to impose social and spatial order in Latin American cities have both derived from and reinforced a history of squatter occupation, ambiguous property rights, and uneven distribution of services, thus producing a stark distinction between the so-called formal and the informal city, they have laid the foundations for urban violence. In what follows, we see how and why government efforts to create spatial and social order have produced this unfortunate state of affairs. The claim is that the assumptions and ideas underlying the imposition of modernist planning priorities and spatial practices in urban Latin America have inadvertently contributed to a set of inter-related spatial, social, economic, and political problems that have driven the cycle of urban violence.
Feasibility Study of Area-wide Pheromone Trapping of Male Pink Bollworm Moths in a Cotton Insect Pest Management Program

An early season, area-wide gossyplure mass-trapping demonstration program for suppression of adult male pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in cotton was conducted for 3 yr (1975–77) on 90% of the cotton grown in the Safford area of southeastern Arizona. The grower-financed project included 3085 ha in 1975, 3238 ha in 1976, and 6287 ha in 1977. Seasonal PBW larval infestations per field averaged 1.90% for the 3-yr mass trapping project, compared to a 4.18% avg infestation for the 3 yr immediately preceding the project. The lower PBW infestations in cotton in the absence of any change in fall cultural practices or abnormal weather changes either before or after the program began indicate that the early season, mass trapping technique has potential as a tool in PBW pest management programs.
NMDA receptor-mediated modulation of ventilation in obese Zucker rats.

BACKGROUND Ventilation in response to hypoxia is reduced in some obese humans and is believed to represent part of the pathogenesis of obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). Ventilation in response to hypoxic exposure is closely related to the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, in particular glutamate, acting specifically on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate whether NMDA receptor-mediated mechanisms are responsible for the altered ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia observed in obese Zucker (Z) rats. SUBJECTS Seven lean and seven 15-week-old obese male Z rats were studied. MEASUREMENTS Ventilation ([V](E)) at rest and during 30 min sustained hypoxic (10% O(2)) exposure was measured by the barometric method. [V](E) was assessed following the blinded-random administration of equal volumes of either saline (vehicle) or dextromethorphan (DM, 10 mg/kg), a non-competitive glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist. RESULTS DM had no effects on resting [V(E) in both lean and obese rats during room air breathing. Lean rats treated with DM exhibited a significant (P<0.05) depression in [V](E), V(T), and V(T)/T(I) during either the early (5 min) or the late phase (30 min) of ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia. In contrast, DM administration in obese rats did not change [V(E), V(T), or V(T)/T(I) during the early phase of ventilatory response to hypoxia. During the late phase of ventilatory response to hypoxia. obese rats treated with DM exhibited a similar depression in [V](E) and V(T) as observed in lean rats, but had no significant change in V(T)/T(I) during the 30 min hypoxic exposure. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that altered glutamatergic mechanisms acting on NMDA receptors are partially responsible for a blunted early phase of ventilatory response to hypoxia noted in obese rats and also contribute to their reduced neural respiratory drive.
Mid-term evaluation on the comprehensive prevention and control of Clonorchis sinensis infection in a demonstration district in Yangshan county

Objective To examine the epidemilogical situation of Clonorchis sinensis infection in the Yangshan county and to evaluate the effect of comprehensive prevention and control in the last year.Methods According to the requirements of National Mid-term Examination and Evaluation Scheme,five survey points in the Eastern,Western,Southern,Northern and Central region of Yangshan county were randomly selected.The modified Kato method was employed to examine eggs of parasites in fecal materials.Results The infection rate of C.sinensis in the Eastern Qinglian,Western Libu,Southern Qigong,Northern Xiaojiang and Central Yang city was 7.62%,6.09%,14.80%,7.14% and 10.80%,respectively,and the mean infection rate was 9.28%.Conclusion Compare to the results of the baseline survey in 2006,the infection rate of C.sinensis in the residents of Yangshan county decreased dramatically from 14.01% to 9.28%,indicating that the effect of comprehensive prevention and control was very obvious.
Synaptic organizations and dynamical properties of weakly connected neural oscillators. I. Analysis of a canonical model.

We study weakly connected networks of neural oscillators near multiple Andronov-Hopf bifurcation points. We analyze relationships between synaptic organizations (anatomy) of the networks and their dynamical properties (function). Our principal assumptions are: (1) Each neural oscillatorcomprises two populations of neurons: excitatory and inhibitory ones; (2) activity of each population of neurons is described by a scalar (one-dimensional) variable; (3) each neural oscillatoris near a nondegenerate supercritical Andronov-Hopf bifurcation point; (4) the synaptic connections between the neural oscillatorsare weak. All neural networks satisfying these hypotheses are governed by the same dynamical system, which we call the canonical model. Studying the canonical model shows that: (1) A neural oscillatorcan communicate only with those oscillators which have roughly the same natural frequency. That is, synaptic connections between a pair of oscillators having different natural frequencies are functionally insignificant. (2) Two neural oscillatorshaving the same natural frequencies might not communicate if the connections between them are from among a class of pathological synaptic configurations. In both cases the anatomical presence of synaptic connections between neural oscillators does not necessarily guarantee that the connections are functionally significant. (3) There can be substantial phase differences (time delays) between the neural oscillators, which result from the synaptic organization of the network, not from the transmission delays. Using the canonical model we can illustrate self-ignition and autonomous quiescence (oscillator death) phenomena. That is, a network of passive elements can exhibit active properties and vice versa. We also study how Dale's principle affects dynamics of the networks, in particular, the phase differences that the network can reproduce. We present a complete classification of all possible synaptic organizations from this point of view. The theory developed here casts some light on relations between synaptic organization and functional properties of oscillatory networks. The major advantage of our approach is that we obtain results about all networks of neural oscillators, including the real brain. The major drawback is that our findings are valid only when the brain operates near a critical regime, viz. for a multiple Andronov-Hopf bifurcation.
Probabilistic algorithms for verification of polynomial identities

The startling success of the Rabin-Strassen-Solovay primality algorithm, togehter with the intriguing foundational possibility that axioms of randomness may constitute a useful fundamental source of mathematical truth independent of the standard axiomatic structure of mathematics, suggests a vigorous search for probabilistic algorithms. In illustration of this observation, we present various fast probabilistic algorithms, with probability of correctness guaranteed a priori, for testing polynomial identities and properties of systems of polynomials. Ancillary fast algorithms for calculating resultants and Sturm sequences are given. Theorems of elementary geometry can be proved much more efficiently by the techniques presented than by any known artificial intelligence approach.
Conclusion: The Past and the Future

Although political parties possess a certain organic character, it is not easy to analyse their structure in precise biological terms, or to predict their processes of adaptation or decay. The Labour Party, although unique in many ways, is no exception in this respect. Many of the generalisations that may be attempted to describe its effective working and development soon come to need qualification; and forecasts of its future behaviour must be tentative in character.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in gastrointestinal mucosal biopsies: should a pathologist perform CMV immunohistochemistry if the clinician requests it?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes clinically significant gastrointestinal (GI) injury. CMV inclusions can be identified on routine hematoxylin and eosin (HE all were negative for CMV by IHC and H&E. Clinical suspicion for CMV has a high yield for CMV detection, but "upfront" testing is likely unnecessary. Careful histopathologic review by a pathologist remains critical in the efficient and cost-effective detection of CMV.
Sex, Parent Attachment, Emotional Adjustment, and Risk-Taking Behaviors

Background: Risk-taking behaviors are common and, unabated, can lead to serious consequences, such as unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, drug and alcohol abuse, injuries, and death. Despite their prevalence and consequences, the psychological determinants underlying these behaviors are not well understood. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluated the role of Sex, Parent Attachment, Emotional Adjustment on Risk-Taking Behaviors. Patients and Methods: To test the role of close relationships on risk-taking behaviors,we used a correctional field design and examined the influence of parent attachment on these behaviors while accounting for participants’ sex and emotional adjustment, measured in the form of self-esteem and level of depression. A total of 269 participants from Amazon’s MTurk website completed our survey. Results: Results revealed differences between men and women on all six scales that assessed for risk-taking behavior; however no differences were evident by sex on levels of attachment to mother or attachment to father or on levels of adjustment. Our results also indicate that attachment to mother is directly and inversely associated with risk taking behavior, and that adjustment is a mediator between attachment to father and risk-taking behavior. Conclusions: These results and others are presented and discussed in the context of the literature along with implications for counseling and for future research in this area.
Case Report: Cystinuria and Polycystic Kidney Disease

Cystinuria and polycystic kidney disease are 2 genetic disorders that affect the genitourinary tract but rarely together. This case report presents 2 pediatric patients diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease and cystinuria requiring surgical treatment. Both subjects presented acutely with stone disease. Imaging studies and stone analysis established the diagnoses. Although coexistence of these 2 conditions is rare, cystinuria should be considered in the differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with cystic disease who develop renal calculi.
Separation and In Situ Cocrystallization of C-Ethylresorcin[6]arenes with 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

Macrocyclic compounds are useful in a variety of application such as gas sorption/separation as a result of their unique molecular shape and ease of synthesis. In particular, one pot synthesis of conventional resorcin[n]arenes (n = 4) made resorcin[4]arenes popular for the development of novel framework materials. However, synthesis of higher resorcin[n]arenes (n = 5, 6) possesses difficulty in separation of a particular form from mixture of isomers and/or oligomers. This difficulty in the synthesis limits the use of higher resorcin[n]arene for post synthetic applications. Here, we report separation and in situ construction of novel cocrystals of C-ethylresorcin[6]arene separated from its tetrameric counterpart, C-ethylresorcin[4]arene. Structural features of three novel cocrystals of C-ethylresorcin[6]arene with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol in methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile are discussed herein as well.
A botanical nano ozonated composition with maximum bioavailability for burns

The present patent pending invention relates to a topical pharmaceutical nano composition with maximum bioavailability for burn was developed Random clinical study on volunteers showed very fast and effective relief of burns on all patients of both sexes For severe burns cases it was observed burns disappeared in less than a week Observed results showed excellent results for all ages with no adverse or side effects
On k -Mismatch Shortest Unique Substring Queries Using GPU

k-mismatch shortest unique substring (SUS) queries have been proposed and studied very recently due to its useful applications in the subfield of computational biology. The k-mismatch SUS query over one given position of a string asks for a shortest substring that covers the given position and does not have a duplicate (within a Hamming distance of k) elsewhere in the string. The challenge in SUS query is to collectively find the SUS for every position of a massively long string in a both time- and space-efficient manner. All known efforts and results have been focused on improving and optimizing the time and space efficiency of SUS computation in the sequential CPU model. In this work, we propose the first parallel approach for k-mismatch SUS queries, particularly leveraging on the massive multi-threading architecture of the graphic processing unit (GPU) technology. Experimental study performed on a mid-end GPU using real-world biological data shows that our proposal is consistently faster than the fastest CPU solution by a factor of at least 6 for exact SUS queries (\(k=0\)) and at least 23 for approximate SUS queries over DNA sequences (\(k>0\)), while maintaining nearly the same peak memory usage as the most memory-efficient sequential CPU proposal. Our work provides practitioners a faster tool for SUS finding on massively long strings, and indeed provides the first practical tool for approximate SUS computation, because the any-case quadratical time cost of the state-of-the-art sequential CPU method for approximate SUS queries does not scale well even to modestly long strings.
The Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections during Pregnancy

The antimicrobial therapy selected in the management of urinary tract infections during pregnancy is extremely important, not only for resolution of the infection but also for the continued well-being of mother and fetus. Therefore, the management is altered from that usually rendered for nonpregnant patients with urinary tract infections. As certain antimicrobial agents may be harmful to the fetus, drug safety is one of the most important considerations. Almost all pharmacological substances pass from the maternal to the fetal blood stream and the fetus’s response to drugs is generally different from that of the mother. Usually, this response is increased toxicity due to the increase in blood-brain permeability and immature function of fetal liver enzymes.
Foster Care Alumni and Higher Education: A Descriptive Study of Post-secondary Achievements of Foster Youth in Texas

In 1993, Texas became one of the first states to adopt a post-secondary tuition and fee waiver for foster youth. In the present study, we examine the post-secondary achievements of a cohort of foster youth in Texas. Youth formerly in care were followed from age 18 to 24. Academic data reveal that only 1.5% of the youth received a bachelor’s degree and 2% received an associate’s degree or certificate, despite the state tuition and fee waiver. While we cannot assess causality, our descriptive data indicate potential waiver benefits in terms of post-secondary enrollment, retention, and graduation rates. However, results reveal that a significant percentage of emancipated youth who enroll in college (all waiver eligible), do not utilize the waiver (46%). In addition, the graduation rate for waiver recipients, while higher than non-recipients, is low. Study findings suggest that waivers may be a viable strategy for promoting higher education among foster youth. However, to substantively improve post-secondary outcomes for foster youth, tuition legislation must be supplemented with initiatives specifically designed to promote waiver utilization as well as college retention and graduation.
Novel Application of the Falling Weight Deflectometer Test: Detection of Surface and Subsurface Distresses

Falling Weight Deflectometers (FWD) and Traffic Speed Deflectometers (TSD) have become increasingly popular for monitoring the structural performance of roadway pavements. However, many transportation agencies measure the functional performance of the pavement (given by surface distresses such as cracking, rutting and raveling) for maintenance purposes. This study explored the feasibility of estimating surface and subsurface distresses using FWD tests. It was found that the presence of pavement cracking can be detected through FWD tests but not pavement rutting. A random forest classifier was used to predict the presence of cracking between layer interfaces below the pavement surface. The classifier achieved an accuracy of 92.3%. With the methodology presented in this paper, FWD tests can be used to measure the structural as well as functional performance of pavements. The methodology also serves as a proof-of-concept for using TSDs to measure the functional performance of pavements at high speeds. This provides an alternative to unsafe and laborious on-foot survey practices.
Review of low-GWP refrigerant pool boiling heat transfer on enhanced surfaces

Abstract Global warming mitigation efforts have stimulated investigations of a new generation of low-GWP refrigerants. Because some of the proposed low-GWP refrigerants have unfavorable characteristics (e.g., flammability and toxicity), a small refrigerant charge is desirable. Compact heat exchangers with enhanced surfaces facilitate small refrigerant charge by having a large heat exchanger surface area to heat exchanger volume ratio. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art for pool boiling heat transfer of low-GWP refrigerants on enhanced surfaces. An overview for the enhanced surface manufacturing technique is given along with detailed reviews of the heat transfer measurements and predictions for many of the low-GWP refrigerants, including the hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) class, the hydrocarbon (HC) class, carbon dioxide (CO2), and ammonia (NH3). The overview of the predictive methods includes mechanistic models and correlations for pool boiling on enhanced surfaces. Based on the surveyed literature, existing shortfalls are identified and suggestions for future studies are proposed.
Efficiency and composition of vertebrate scavengers at the land-water interface in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone

Abstract Scavenging increases the connectivity of food webs yet scavenging links between adjacent ecosystems are poorly characterized. Here we explored the movement of aquatic carrion into terrestrial food webs by vertebrate scavengers across two habitat types in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). We used motion activated cameras to monitor experimentally placed fish carcasses to quantify the composition and efficiency of vertebrate scavengers of canal and river communities in the CEZ. We conducted 83 trials that were scavenged by 10 mammalian and 5 avian species. Species diversity, percentage consumed, scavenging efficiency, and time until scavenged differed between canal and river trials. Mesocarnivores were the predominant scavengers in both habitats, and we observed greater scavenger efficiency and higher diversity (but lower richness) among river trials. Variation in scavenging among habitats was attributed to the interplay of higher detection rates in the river habitats and differences in scavenger community, as canals intersected a greater diversity of habitat types. Our data suggest the CEZ supports a highly diverse and efficient vertebrate scavenging community with important implications for the redistribution of scavenging-derived nutrients and the connectivity of adjacent ecosystems. Future studies should focus on species-specific patterns of nutrient redistribution and ultimate carcass deposition sites to further our understanding of the mechanisms connecting aquatic and terrestrial systems via scavenging of aquatic nutrients by terrestrial scavengers.
Linking Industrial Hazards and Social Inequalities: Environmental Injustice in Gujarat, India.

Industrial development in India has rarely been studied through the perspective of environmental justice (EJ) such that the association between industrial development and significant economic and social inequalities remains to be examined. Our article addresses this gap by focusing on Gujarat in western India, a leading industrial state that exemplifies the designation of India as an “emerging economy.” We link the geographic concentration of industrial facilities classified as major accident hazard (MAH) units, further subdivided by size (large or medium/small) and ownership (public or private), to the socio-demographic composition of the population at the subdistrict (taluka) level. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) are used to analyze statistical associations between MAH unit density and explanatory variables related to the economic and social status of the residential population at the subdistrict level. Our results indicate a significant relationship between presence of socially disadvantaged populations (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) and density of all types of MAH units, except those associated with the public sector. Higher urbanization and lower home ownership are also found to be strong predictors of MAH unit density. Overall, our article represents an important step towards understanding the complexities of environmental inequalities stemming from Gujarat’s industrial economy.
On the Assignment of Prior Expectation Values and a Geometric Means of Maximizing — Trρln ρ Constrained by Measured Expectation Values

An alternative method for applying the maximum entropy criterion to a simple two state system is presented. It evolves only a few rudiments of geometry and group theory. The advantages of this method are a vivid geometric depiction of the maximum entropy state as well as its analytic solution. The relationship between the maximum entropy state and the assignment of a prior expectation value made with it is also made apparent.
Identification of potential inter-domain disulfides in three higher plant mitochondrial citrate synthases: Paradoxical differences in redox-sensitivity as compared with the animal enzyme

The mitochondrial citrate synthases (EC 4.1.3.7) of pummelo, potato and Arabidopsis are activated in crude extracts by dithiothreitol treatment and/or inactivated by the strong oxidizing agent diamide. Surprisingly, homology modeling reveals a potential disulfide involving two cysteine residues which are also present in the redox-insensitive model enzyme, pig heart citrate synthase. Energy minimization calculations suggest that differences in the charge distribution enhance disulfide bond formation in the plant mitochondrial citrate synthase and inhibit disulfide bond formation in the mammalian enzyme.
The giant magnetocaloric effect in Gd5(SixGe1-x)4 materials for magnetic refrigeration

The Gd5(SixGe1-x)4 alloys, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, exhibit a giant magnetocaloric effect. This extremely large magnetocaloric effect should elevate magnetic refrigeration technology to new heights allowing it to become even more competitive with other existing refrigeration technologies. The temperature of the giant magnetocaloric effect is easily tunable between ~30 and ~275 K by changing the Si:Ge ratio. Furthermore, by alloying with Ga, the giant magnetocaloric effect temperature increases to ~290 K. The reversible magnetic field induced magnetic entropy change, ΔSmag, and the adiabatic temperature rise, ΔTad, for a low to moderate magnetic field change (from 0 to 2–10 T) are the largest ever observed at the corresponding Curie temperatures. The ΔSmag is 100 to 400%, and the ΔTad is 25 to 200% larger than that for the best known prototypes.
Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology Volume II

This book covers all aspects of computer science, engineering, and technology. It includes computer scientists, computer engineers computing professionals, managers, software professionals, and other technology professionals.
Adaptation of robust Z’ factor for assay quality assessment in microelectrode array based screening using adult dorsal root ganglion neurons

Abstract Background Cell-based assays comprising primary sensory neurons cultured in vitro are an emerging tool for the screening and identification of potential analgesic compounds and chronic pain treatments. High-content screening (HCS) platforms for drug screening are characterized by a measure of assay quality indicator, such as the Z’-factor, which considers the signal dynamic range and data variation using control compounds only. Although widely accepted as a quality metric in high throughput screening (HTS), standard Z’-factor are not well-suited to indicate the quality of complex cell-based assays. New Method The present study describes a method to assess assay quality in the context of extracellular recordings from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons cultured on multi-well microelectrode arrays. Data transformations are applied to electrophysiological parameters, such as electrode and well spike rates, for valid normality assumptions and suitability for use as a sample signal. Importantly, using transformed well-wide metrics, a robust version of the Z’-factor was applied, based on the median and median absolute deviation, to indicate assay quality and assess hit identification of putative pharmacological compounds. Results Application of appropriately scaled data and robust statistics ensured insensitivity to data variation and approximation of normal distribution. The use median and median absolute deviation of log transformed well spike rates in computing the Z’-factor revealed a value of 0.61, which is accepted as an “excellent assay.” Known antagonists of nociceptor-specific voltage-gated sodium ion channels were identified as true hits in the present assay format under both spontaneous and thermally stimulated conditions. Comparison with Existing Methods The present approach demonstrated a large signal dynamic range and reduced sensitivity to data variation compared to standard Z’-factor used widely in HTS. Conclusion Overall, the present study provides a statistical basis for the implementation of a HCS platform utilizing adult DRG neurons on microelectrode arrays.
Bessel function descriptions of magneto-chiral interactions (DMI)-magnetic and spin flexoelectric skyrmions

Abstract In this work we present an exact Bessel function solution to the variation equations for a ground state of the chiral Hamiltonians in the continuum limit for cylindrical symmetry. The solution imposes no constraints on the magnetic spin moment magnitude. The formulation is consistent with the generalized view of U. K. Roessler et al. Nature 442, 797–801 (2006) that both the magnetic moment amplitude and magnetic stiffness ratio are micromagnetic properties and variations in amplitude may be allowed. With the exact solutions, we reveal that the added stabilization energy of the 2D skyrmion relative to the 1D solution is the result of the cylindrical symmetry rather than specifics of the chiral interactions. The methods can be employed to understand Bloch type magnetic spin textures observed in MnSi and FeGe and Neel type magnetization textures in antiferromagnetic dielectrics and ferrimagnetic thin sheets with the application of an electric field.
The effect of ibuprofen and caffeine prophylaxis on retinopathy of prematurity.

Purpose To determine whether prophylactic caffeine and ibuprofen, which have been shown to have vascular endothelial growth factor–modulating properties in other contexts, have a detectable effect on the incidence of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) when administered in extremely low birth weight infants during the first 48 hours of life. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, the incidence and severity of ROP with respect to total exposure to caffeine and ibuprofen were assessed. The effect of oxygen exposure at 28 days' postnatal age (PNA) and 36 weeks’ corrected gestational age (GA) was also studied. Results A total of 109 infants were included; of these, complete data were available for 93 infants (87%), of whom 18 (19%) had severe ROP (ETROP type 1, or stage 3), and 75 (81%) had mild-to-moderate ROP at final diagnosis. Infants with severe ROP had lower GA (P = 0.0006). Total caffeine and ibuprofen exposure did not vary with severity of ROP (P = 0.86 caffeine; P = 0.57 ibuprofen). Presence of oxygen at 28 days' PNA (P = 0.01) or 36 weeks’ corrected GA varied significantly with ROP severity (P = 0.0005). Conclusions A relationship between prophylactic caffeine and ibuprofen exposure and severity of ROP could not be detected in our study cohort. Presence of oxygen at 28 days' PNA or 36 weeks’ corrected GA was associated with ROP severity.
Rare t(X;14)(q28;q32) translocation reveals link between MTCP1 and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Rare, recurrent balanced translocations occur in a variety of cancers but are often not functionally interrogated. Balanced translocations with the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH; 14q32) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are infrequent but have led to the discovery of pathogenic genes including CCND1, BCL2, and BCL3. Following identification of a t(X;14)(q28;q32) translocation that placed the mature T cell proliferation 1 gene (MTCP1) adjacent to the immunoglobulin locus in a CLL patient, we hypothesized that this gene may have previously unrecognized importance. Indeed, here we report overexpression of human MTCP1 restricted to the B cell compartment in mice produces a clonal CD5+/CD19+ leukemia recapitulating the major characteristics of human CLL and demonstrates favorable response to therapeutic intervention with ibrutinib. We reinforce the importance of genetic interrogation of rare, recurrent balanced translocations to identify cancer driving genes via the story of MTCP1 as a contributor to CLL pathogenesis. Some genes that are part of balanced translocations are reported as drivers for tumourigenesis. Here, the authors report a translocation involving MTCP1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and show that MTCP1 overexpression leads to the disease in a murine model.
Mercury Hazards to Living Organisms

MERCURY SOURCES, USES, PROPERTIES, TRANSPORT, POISONING MECHANISMS, AND TREATMENT Introduction References Mercury Uses and Sources Uses Sources Summary References Properties Physical Chemical Biological Biochemical Mercury Transport and Speciation Mercury Measurement Summary References Mercury Poisoning and Treatment Poisoning Mercury Treatment Summary References MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS IN FIELD COLLECTIONS OF ABIOTIC MATERIALS, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS Mercury Concentrations in Abiotic Materials Air Coal Sediments Sewage Sludge Snow and Ice Soils Water Summary References Mercury Concentrations in Plants and Animals Algae and Macrophytes Invertebrates Elasmobranchs and Bony Fishes Amphibians and Reptiles Birds Humans Other Mammals Summary References Mercury Concentrations in Abiotic Materials and Multitaxonomic Field Collections Asia Brazil Caribbean Region Europe India North America Polar Region Summary References LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF MERCURY UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS Lethal Effects of Mercury Aquatic Organisms Terrestrial Invertebrates Reptiles Birds Mammals Summary References Sublethal Effects of Mercury Carcinogenicity, Genotoxicity, and Teratogenicity Bacteria and Other Microorganisms Terrestrial Plants Terrestrial Invertebrates Aquatic Plants Aquatic Animals Birds Mammals Summary References CASE HISTORIES Case Histories: Mercury Poisoning in Japan and Other Locations Minamata, Japan Niigata Prefecture, Japan Tokuyama Bay, Japan Guizhou, China Faroe Islands Republic of Seychelles New Zealand Ontario, Canada Summary References Case Histories: Mercury Hazards from Gold Mining History Ecotoxicological Aspects of Amalgamation Summary References PROPOSED MERCURY CRITERIA, CONCLUDING REMARKS Proposed Mercury Criteria for Protection of Natural Resources and Human Health Agricultural Crops Aquatic Life Birds Mammals Human Health Summary References Concluding Remarks Index
Organic synthesis by means of noble metal compound—LI

Abstract Butadiene reacts with nitroalkanes in the presence of triphenylphosphine complexes of palladium, α-Hydrogens of nitroalkanes are displaced with 2,7-octadienyl groups to give nitroolefins. The nitroolefins thus obtained are reduced to give novel long chain amines, which have a primary amino group at the middle of the carbon chain.
Genetic Programming Neural Networks as a Bioinformatics Tool for Human Genetics

The identification of genes that influence the risk of common, complex diseases primarily through interactions with other genes and environmental factors remains a statistical and computational challenge in genetic epidemiology. This challenge is partly due to the limitations of parametric statistical methods for detecting genetic effects that are dependent solely or partially on interactions. We have previously introduced a genetic programming neural network (GPNN) as a method for optimizing the architecture of a neural network to improve the identification of gene combinations associated with disease risk. Previous empirical studies suggest GPNN has excellent power for identifying gene-gene interactions. The goal of this study was to compare the power of GPNN and stepwise logistic regression (SLR) for identifying gene-gene interactions. Using simulated data, we show that GPNN has higher power to identify gene-gene interactions than SLR. These results indicate that GPNN may be a useful pattern recognition approach for detecting gene-gene interactions.
Offline Risk Assessment of Cloud Service Providers

The acceptance of the cloud as an infrastructure to host applications is a growing trend. Facilitating and hosting applications on the cloud reduces support and maintenance costs. However, concerns about the security of these applications is one of the primary reasons organizations avoid complete adoption of cloud services. Although cloud service providers (CSPs) offer standard security, they don't address security with respect to application's security requirements. This article proposes an offline risk-assessment framework to evaluate the security offered by a CSP from the perspective of an application to be migrated to it. Once the most secure CSP is identified for a given application, the proposed framework performs a cost-benefit tradeoff analysis in terms of the security dispensed and service costs to support the formation of an ideal cloud migration plan.