cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(162) Errors, Reaction Times, and Psychological Activation are Related to Anxiety and Pain during Experimental Vigilance to Pain

Although hypervigilance may play an important role in clinical pain syndromes, experimental vigilance toward pain is infrequently studied. We studied experimental vigilance to pain by assessing performance during a Continuous Performance Task (CPT), presented in four blocks, in which subjects respond to moderately painful targets occurring in a train of mildly painful nontargets. We assessed detected targets (hits), non-detected targets (misses), reaction times (RTs), and psychological activation (tense arousal). We hypothesized our CPT would produce vigilance behaviors related to pain, anxiety, and limitation of attentional resources similar to the vigilance behaviors which are observed in other sensory modalities in human factors research. The results showed a vigilance decrement during task performance as misses increased (F3, 86=7.79; p=0.00012; comparisons of block 1 with blocks 2, 3, and 4 were significant, p
The Impact of Illegal Fishing on Maritime Piracy: Evidence from West Africa

The recent increase in maritime piracy is often associated with economic issues such as a decline in the fishing industry, but there is still no consensus on whether a decrease in local fishing cau...
Migrant Entrepreneurship and Urban Development in Global Cities

In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge on migrant entrepreneurship including various conceptual frameworks about entrepreneurial activities and urban development in the global cities in which migrant entrepreneurship occurs. We also provide a comparative analysis of migrant entrepreneurship in six global cities (Amsterdam, London, Berlin, Toronto, Johannesburg, and Athens), illustrating how this phenomenon varies across racial/ethnic groups and across urban economic, social, and political contexts. Lastly, we discuss the impact of migrant businesses and key challenges facing migrant entrepreneurs along with knowledge gaps in the field and suggestions for future research.
The Content and Nature of Reflective Teaching: A Case of an Expert Middle School Science Teacher

(1997). The Content and Nature of Reflective Teaching: A Case of an Expert Middle School Science Teacher. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 143-150.
Safety and feasibility of esophagectomy following combined immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer.

Abstract Objectives We sought to determine the safety and feasibility of esophagectomy after neoadjuvant immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy in clinical trial patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. Methods We retrospectively identified patients who were treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy (n = 25) or chemoradiotherapy alone (n = 143) at our institution between 2017 and 2020. The primary end point was risk of 30-day major complications (Clavien-Dindo classification system grade ≥ 3), which was assessed between groups using a multivariable log-binomial regression model to obtain adjusted relative risk ratios. Secondary end points were interval to surgery, 30-day readmission rate, and 30-day mortality. Results All included patients successfully completed neoadjuvant therapy and underwent esophagectomy with negative margins. Age, sex, performance status, clinical stage, histologic subtype, procedure type, and operative approach were similar between groups. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy was not associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of developing a major pulmonary (relative risk, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.53-3.84; P = .5), anastomotic (relative risk, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.45-3.94; P = .6), or other complication (relative risk, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-6.28; P = .8). Median (interquartile range) interval to surgery was 54 days (47-61 days) in the immune checkpoint inhibitor group versus 53 days (47-66 days) in the control group (P = .6). Minimally invasive approaches were successful in 72% of cases, with only 1 conversion. Thirty-day mortality and readmission rates were 0% and 17%, respectively, in the immune checkpoint inhibitor group and 1.4% and 13%, respectively, in the control group. Conclusions On the basis of our preliminary experience, esophagectomy appears to be safe and feasible following combined neoadjuvant immunotherapy and standard chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer.
Risk management recommendations and patient acceptance vary with high-risk breast lesions.

Abstract Introduction Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), atypical ductal and lobular hyperplasia (AH) increase breast cancer risk. We examined risk management recommendations (RMR) and acceptance in AH/LCIS. Methods All patients with AH/LCIS on core needle biopsy from 2013 to 2016 at our institution were identified; cancer patients were excluded. Univariate and multivariate analysis examined factors associated with management. Results 98 % of patients were evaluated by breast surgeons and 53 % underwent risk model calculation (RC). 77 % had new RMR. RMR of MRI screening (MRI), genetic counselling (GC) and medical oncology (MO) referral were 41 %, 18 %, 77 %, respectively. MRI screening was more likely recommended in those with strong family history (p = 0.01), and high RC (p Conclusions Diagnosis of atypia has the potential to change risk management for most, however only 16 % of patients accepted all RMR.
A novel small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (GUtinib) preferentially targets discoidin domain receptors and reduces toxic proteins in neurodegeneration (5398)

Objective: Our laboratory demonstrated that multi-kinase inhibitors like nilotinib and bosutinib are optimal agents since they target both Abl and Discoidin Domain Receptors (DDR1/2) and Abl and SRC tyrosine kinases, respectively. These two agents are currently in phase II in DLB (nilotinib and bosutinib), PD and AD (nilotinib). Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibition (TKi) is a potential new strategy to target misfolded protein degradation in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Lewy Body Dementia (DLB). Design/Methods: We evaluated several animal models of neurodegeneration for human alpha-Synuclein, amyloid-beta and hyper-phosphorylated tau. Results: Profiling the tyrosine kinase targets of several FDA-approved drugs shows that agents with high potency to Abl alone are ineffective and cannot clear toxic proteins, but a multikinase inhibition like Abl/SRC and DDRs is optimal for misfolded protein clearance. Here we report a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor (GUtinib) that has the highest specificity to DDR1/2 and exhibits a high efficacy to clear human alpha-Synuclein, amyloid-beta and hyper-phosphorylated tau in several animal models of neurodegeneration. Conclusions: Our data indicate that GUtinib preferentially targets DDR1 and 2, but not Abl, and induces autophagy at very low concentrations and higher efficacy than other multikinase inhibitors. Further toxicology experiments will be conducted to obtain pre-investigational new drug (pre-IND) status, and if the safety of GUtinib is acceptable this agent will be tested in first-in-human early development clinical trials. Disclosure: Dr. Fowler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hebron has nothing to disclose. Dr. Torres-Yaghi has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with AbbVie.Dr. Pagan has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Sunovion, Teva, Acadia, Adamas, AbbVie, Medtronic, USWorldMeds, Merz.Dr. Ahn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moussa has nothing to disclose.
A Novel Method for Calculating the Volume of Hemangiomas

Accurately measuring the size of infantile hemangiomas is critical for objectively quantifying their growth, involution, and treatment response. Volumetric measurements are particularly appropriate because hemangiomas tend to mark out their territory early on and then grow and involute volumetrically. To our knowledge, only two publications have proposed bedside methods for measuring hemangioma volume. In these two publications, the authors modeled hemangiomas as perfect spheres or half-spheres, but many hemangiomas more closely approximate ellipsoids, with each of their axes in three dimensions having different, rather than equal, lengths. We present an alternative bedside method for calculating hemangioma volume, using a formula derived with calculus requiring only three bedside measurements using a disposable paper tape measure.
Tornado solutions for semilinear elliptic equations in ℝ²: regularity

We give conditions under which bounded solutions to semilinear elliptic equations Au = f(u) on domains of R 2 are continuous despite a possible infinite singularity of f(u). The conditions do not require a minimization or variational stability property for the solutions. The results are used in a second paper to show regularity for a familiar class of equations.
Phage Typing System for Salmonella enteritidis

A system is described for the phage typing of Salmonella enteritidis. The system was developed using a number of bacteriophages that were isolated from sewage.
Management of Asymptomatic Gallstones

In the United States, gallstones may be present in up to 20 % of the adult population. The majority of those with cholelithiasis do not experience associated symptoms or complications (asymptomatic cholelithiasis). As such, the presence of cholelithiasis is usually discovered incidentally at the time of other abdominal radiographic studies. In general, these patients can be managed expectantly without the need for follow-up imaging or surgery due to the low rate of subsequent development of symptoms or complications. This presentation contrasts with those patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis or gallstone-related complications (e.g., acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and pancreatitis), for which standard treatment includes laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, there are certain subsets of patients for which prophylactic cholecystectomy is indicated. These include patients at risk for gallbladder cancer (porcelain gallbladder, large gallbladder polyp, anomalous pancreatic duct drainage, or large gallstones), certain ethnic groups, and those with hemolytic disorders. Other more controversial indications include transplant candidates and/or immunosuppressed patients, pediatric patients, and those undergoing bariatric surgery with expected, rapid postoperative weight loss.
B.CAT CONFIRM, a rapid test for confirmation of Branhamella catarrhalis.

B.CAT CONFIRM (Scott Laboratories, Inc., Fiskeville, R.I.), a rapid test for detection of tributyrin hydrolysis, was evaluated for its ability to identify strains of Branhamella catarrhalis and to differentiate them from Neisseria species and related species. On initial testing, B.CAT CONFIRM was positive for 65 (96%) of 68 B. catarrhalis strains within 30 min after inoculation. Retesting of the remaining three strains resulted in their correct identification. B.CAT CONFIRM was negative for all Neisseria spp. (130 strains) and for Kingella spp. (3 strains). Two of the three Moraxella spp. were weakly positive in the B.CAT CONFIRM after 60 min, but these reactions were easily distinguishable from the strong reactions of B. catarrhalis strains. This test will be helpful in the clinical laboratory for the rapid identification of B. catarrhalis in clinical specimens.
A local area network for laboratory use

In a student project for a senior level electrical engineering lab course, a local area network was designed and constructed. This network allows connection of up to 12 microcomputers to a single printer. The device automatically resolves conflicts when two or more users try to print files. The project format as well as the final design of the network are described. >
Teaching with embedded XINU: an inexpensive hands-on laboratory that promotes student engagement with operating systems, architecture, and networking curricula: conference workshop

The Nexos Project is an NSF-funded effort to develop inexpensive, hands-on, embedded system laboratory experiences with a high "wow factor" at multiple levels of the college computer science curriculum. This workshop will share ready-made curriculum resources that have been used successfully to teach hardware systems, operating systems, real-time/embedded systems, networking, and compilers with the Embedded Xinu platform at several colleges/universities. Commodity wireless router hardware or equivalent virtual machines, combined with freely-available software and tools, make for a powerful and flexible learning platform without having to fake any components. Come see what Nexos has to offer for your program.
Transferring subnormality of adjoint composition operators

For φ an analytic map of the unit disk into itself, the subnormality ofC φ * on the Hardy space implies its subnormality on the Bergman space.
Aerobic biotransformation of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrodimethylamine in methane and benzene amended soil columns.

Abstract Aerobic biotransformation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), an emerging contaminant of concern, and its structural analog N-nitrodimethylamine (DMN), was evaluated in benzene and methane amended groundwater passed through laboratory scale soil columns. Competitive inhibition models were used to model the kinetics for NDMA and DMN cometabolism accounting for the concurrent degradation of the growth and cometabolic substrates. Transformation capacities for NDMA and DMN with benzene (13 and 23 μg (mg cells) − 1 ) and methane (0.14 and 8.4 μg (mg cells) − 1 ) grown cultures, respectively are comparable to those presented in the literature, as were first order endogenous decay rates estimated to be 2.1 × 10 − 2 ± 1.7 × 10 − 3 d − 1 and 6.5 × 10 − 1 ± 7.1 × 10 − 1 d − 1 for the methane and benzene amended cultures, respectively. These studies highlight possible attenuation mechanisms and rates for NDMA and DMN biotransformation in aerobic aquifers undergoing active remediation, natural attenuation or managed aquifer recharge with treated wastewater (i.e., reclaimed water).
Infrared spectra of four p-n-alkoxybenzoic acids in the solid, liquid crystalline and isotropic phases*☆

Abstract Infrared spectra of four p - n -alkoxybenzoic acids (C 6 C 9 ) in solid, liquid crystalline and isotropic phases were measured. The intensities of some internal vibrational bands changed abruptly at the various phase transitions. The changes of intensity were found to be dependent on the symmetry of the normal vibrations, and on the mechanism of the phase transitions.
CT manifestations of adrenal trauma: experience with 73 cases

Adrenal injuries, although an uncommon consequence of abdominal trauma, are important to recognize. If bilateral, adrenal trauma could result in life-threatening adrenal insufficiency. Furthermore, in the setting of trauma, adrenal injury can point to other concomitant injuries and has been associated with overall increased morbidity and mortality. In the past, before the advent of computed tomography (CT), detection was difficult, and the diagnosis was often made only at surgery or postmortem. Today, the diagnosis of adrenal injuries can be quickly and accurately made with CT. This retrospective review was carried out to identify, describe, and analyze different CT appearances of adrenal injuries and correlated with associated injuries and observed clinical context and outcomes. A patient cohort of CT-detected adrenal injuries was identified through a radiology software research tool by searching for keywords in radiology reports. The identified CT scans were reviewed and correlated with the patients' available clinical chart data and follow-up. Between April 1995 and October 2004, 73 cases of CT-detected adrenal injuries were identified, including 48 men and 25 women, with an age range 6 to 90 years and a mean age of 42.7 years. Of the cases, 77% were right-sided, 15% were left-sided, and 8% were bilateral. The causes of injuries were motor vehicle collisions (75%), falls (14%), sports related (4%), and miscellaneous causes (7%). Associated trauma included injuries of the liver (43%), spleen (23%), lung (19%), and kidney (18%), as well as pneumothoraces/hemothoraces (22%). Skeletal injuries included fractures of the ribs, clavicles, and/or scapulae (39%), pelvis and hips (30%), and the spine (23%). Isolated adrenal trauma was seen in only 4% of the cases. The CT findings of adrenal trauma were focal hematoma (30%), indistinct (27%) or enlarged (18%) adrenal gland, gross (15%) or focal (7%) adrenal hemorrhage, and adrenal mass (11%). Associated CT findings included periadrenal fat stranding (93%), retroperitoneal hemorrhage (22%), and thickened diaphragmatic crura (10%). Active adrenal bleeding was seen in one case (1.4%). The incidence of adrenal trauma was estimated to be 0.86%. Surgical management was required only for the associated injuries. The most common CT manifestations of adrenal trauma include focal hematoma, indistinct or ill-defined adrenal gland, adrenal enlargement or mass, and gross or focal adrenal hemorrhage in a normal-sized gland. Periadrenal stranding is very common. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage and crural thickening are also important associated findings. Operative intervention is typically required only for the associated injuries, which commonly accompany adrenal trauma.
Ion transport properties of cyclic and acyclic neutral carrier-containing membranes.

Abstract The K + —valinomycin permselective membrane provides a standard system for describing the normal current—voltage and current—time responses of the “closed circuit shuttle” carrier mechanism. The responses of a selection of cyclic and acyclic carrier-systems have been measured and compared with the standard system responses. Deviations from expected normal behavior suggest that failure of Donnan exclusion is caused by use of high-permittivity plasticizers and too few fixed sites in the membrane supports. The closed circuit shuttle model has been extended to allow for failure of Donnan exclusion, consumption of free carriers, and additional transport by extracted salts. The predicted limiting currents and current—time responses show many features of failure of Donnan exclusion.
Separation of fiber from distillers dried grains (DDG) using sieving and elutriation

In the dry-grind corn-to-ethanol process, distillers wet grains (DWG) and syrup are blended and dried to produce distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Some dry-grind plants produce distillers dried grains (DDG) as a coproduct instead of DDGS. In these plants, syrup is not mixed with DWG and is sold as a liquid food ingredient or used for energy generation by combustion. We showed recently that, the elusieve process, the combination of sieving and elutriation (upward air flow), was effective in separating fiber from DDGS. The elusieve process could be beneficial in separating fiber from DDG also. In this study, fiber separation from DDG using the elusieve process was evaluated. Elutriation of sieve categories increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in the lighter fractions and NDF separation factors were more than 1.0. When DDG is separated via the elusieve process, 11.9% would be obtained as elusieve fiber and 88.1% would be obtained as enhanced DDG. Original DDG had NDF of 36.7% (db), while enhanced DDG would have NDF of 35.3% (db) and elusieve fiber would have NDF of 57.3% (db). Thus, elusieve process produces value-added products from both DDG and DDGS. A detailed economic analysis is needed to ascertain the merits of implementing the elusieve process in a dry-grind plant producing DDG instead of DDGS.
Interleukin-7 signalling is sufficient to phenotypically and functionally prime human CD4+ naïve T cells

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is produced by bone marrow and lymphoid stromal cells and is involved in the synthesis, survival and homeostasis of T cells. These attributes are the basis for current strategies to utilize IL-7 as an immune modulator for several clinical conditions to replenish depleted T-cell numbers. Because we had previously determined that IL-7 can induce potent human immunodeficiency virus replication in the otherwise non-permissive CD4(+) naive T-cell compartment, we evaluated here the impact of IL-7 on the phenotype and functional potential of naive CD4(+) T cells in an attempt to understand the mechanism of this induction. We demonstrate that IL-7 mediated the up-regulation of CD25, CD95 and human leucocyte antigen-DR, while it did not alter the expression of CD45RO, CD69, CD40, or CD154. Examination of the cytokine profile of IL-7-treated naive T cells using a Type1/Type2 Proteome Array indicated a remarkable IL-7-mediated induction of interferon-gamma production, while the other cytokines evaluated (IL-2, IL-12, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13) were not affected. Intracellular staining of IL-7-treated naive T cells for interferon-gamma verified the Proteome data. IL-7 did not induce cell cycle proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells, as evaluated by 7-AAD/pyronin immunostaining and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester dye tracking. IL-7 treatment of naive CD4(+) T cells induced their ability to prime monocytes, as was indicated by induction of CD80 and CD86 expression on monocytes cocultured with IL-7-treated naive CD4(+) T cells. Collectively, these data indicate that IL-7 signalling is sufficient to phenotypically and functionally prime human CD4(+) naive T cells independent of antigen stimulation.
Influence of π-Conflict on Structure and Reactivity. Comparative Study of η2-Nitriles and η2-Alkynes as Four-Electron Donor Ligands in Tungsten(II) Fluoride Carbonyl Systems

This work describes the synthesis, structures, and reactivity studies of a series of novel η2-nitrile and η2-alkyne complexes in which the sidebound nitrile and alkyne ligands serve as four-electron donor ligands. In these tungsten(II) carbonyl fluoride complexes, both strong π-acceptor and π-donor ligands are extant and therefore π effects dominate the structure and reactivity manifested by these systems. The alkyne and nitrile ligands are oriented cis and parallel to the π-acid carbonyl ligand in these pseudooctahedral complexes. From the spectroscopic and crystallographic data it is evident that the η2-nitrile ligand functions as a better π-acid/poorer π-base than the η2-alkyne ligand. This results in greater electron density at the metal center for the alkyne complexes compared to the nitrile complexes and has a dramatic influence on the coordination geometry of the flexible η3-[C,N,N‘] chelate ligand system. For the nitrile complexes, the nitrile is trans to the fluoride and the tridentate ligand ado...
Numerical Study of the Tip Clearance Flow Development in a Propulsion Pump Stage

This paper summarizes a numerical investigation of the fundamental structure of the rotor tip-clearance vortex and its interaction with a passage trailing-edge vortex in a single-stage stator-rotor pump. The flow field of a highly-loaded rotor measured in a high Reynolds number pump facility (HIREP) is used for comparison. The numerical solution was obtained by solving the three-dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The calculated results are visualized in order to understand the details of the tip-vortex structure. The study shows that the tip geometry should be accurately represented to predict the tip-vortex structure correctly.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Germination of Phaseolus vulgaris II. Stimulation of Axis Growth by dl-Fluorophenylalanines.

p-, o- and m-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine have been found to stimulate the growth of excised axes of Phaseolus vulgaris. At 5 x 10/sup -4/ m p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine stimulated growth by 20 to 40% and the other 2 isomers by 10 to 20%. L-Phenylalanine (10/sup -3/ M) essentially reversed the stimulation by 5 x 10/sup -4/ M p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine.
Male Advantage and the Gender Composition of Jobs: Who Rides the Glass Escalator?

Is the gender gap in pay constant across all jobs, or does the gender composition of the job affect male advantage? Using data from the NLSY and a finely detailed measure of the gender composition of jobs, I investigate gender differences in wages and in wage growth. I show how they differ between female-dominated, male-dominated, and balanced jobs. Predictions from Kanter's theory of tokenism and the Williams and Acker theory of gendered organizations are tested. Findings indicate that men are advantaged, net of controls, in both pay levels and wage growth in all jobs, regardless of gender composition. Contrary to predictions generated from Kanter's tokenism theory, men do not suffer when they are tokens, in terms of pay. Not only are predictions from Kanter's theory untrue for male tokens, they also do not hold for female tokens when it comes to wages. Rather, consistent with the Williams and Acker theory of gendered organizations, men are no more-and no less-advantaged when women are tokens; in terms of earnings, men are uniformly advantaged in male-dominated, female-dominated, and balanced jobs. Analyses of promotions data indicate that men are also not additionally advantaged whether they are the numerically dominant or minority gender; in fact, male advantage in promotions is the smallest when men are tokens.
Circumplex Model: Curvilinearity Using Clinical Rating Scale (CRS) and FACES III

The Clinical Rating Scale (CRS) and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES III) were used to test the hypothesis suggesting a curvilinear relationship between the Circumplex ...
Small scale variational scheme incorporating local orbitals with fully flexible hybridization: A local orbital reconstruction of Walsh's rules

Abstract The idea that chemical bonding is predominantly local, and can be captured at least qualitatively by mixing of orbitals at a single center (hybridization) and between two adjacent atoms (pair-bonding) has served chemistry very well. There are, to be sure, departures from the simplest expectations of bond angles, which we describe as arising from purely geometric constraints, local energy conditions, and long-range strain. To illustrate the flexibility of the one-center hybridization/pairwise interaction description of bonding, we have devised a small variational computation, based on a Lewis bonding scheme refined by constrained unitary transformation of the atomic orbital basis. In its simplest form the model permits full one-center hybridization but only two-center bonding. The model may be extended either by perturbation theoretic corrections for delocalization or by relaxing the constraints on the basis transforms. A simple parameterization of the model permits a demonstration that Walsh rules may be developed from the simplest realization of a local description of molecular electronic structure which can provide a quantitative description of the interplay between atomic energy states, hybridization, and molecular geometry.
Robotic rehabilitation exercise in hemiparetic limbs based on functional synchronization of voluntary and involuntary nerve impulses

This research aims to characterize the neuromechanical mechanisms associated with the facilitation techniques for functional recovery of hemiparetic limbs, referred to as repetitive facilitation exercise or RFE. The research investigates the facilitation exercise paradigm and re-implementation with the addition of a pneumatically driven robotic device. A fully automated, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) compatible rehabilitation device is to be built to help validate the hypothesized mechanism of the RFE. The research will establish methodologies for precise impact timing control of a pneumatic robotic hammer and multimodal instruction cues to realize the robotic RFE procedure that is capable of being used in MRI environment. This paper presents the authors' initial development that aims to understand the mechanisms of robotic RFE and addresses challenges that must be resolved.
Prematurity Affects Cortical Maturation in Early Childhood

Cortical development in the first years of age for children with very low birth weight is not well characterized. We obtained high-resolution structural magnetic resonance images from children aged 18-22 months (16 very low birth weight/7 term) and 3-4 years (12 very low birth weight/8 term). Cortical surface area and thickness of the brain were assessed using the FreeSurfer data analysis program, and manually inspected for accuracy. For children with very low birth weight, a negative correlation was evident between birth weight and cortical thickness at 18-22 months (P = 0.04), and a positive correlation with cortical surface area at 3-4 years (P = 0.02). Between groups, children with very low birth weight demonstrated a consistent trend for thicker cortices and reduced surface area, compared with control term children (18-22 month surface area, P = 0.08; thickness, P = 0.11; 3-4 year surface area, P = 0.73; thickness, P = 0.14). The normal processes of cortical thinning and surface area expansion in the first several years of age may be delayed by premature delivery, a potentially more prominent effect with greater degrees of prematurity.
The UniversalR-Matrix, Burau Representation, and the Melvin–Morton Expansion of the Colored Jones Polynomial

Abstract P. Melvin and H. Morton [9] studied the expansion of the colored Jones polynomial of a knot in powers of q −1 and color. They conjectured an upper bound on the power of color versus the power of −1. They also conjectured that the bounding line in their expansion generated the inverse Alexander–Conway polynomial. These conjectures were proved by D. Bar-Natan and S. Garoufalidis [1]. We have conjectured [12] that other ‘lines' in the Melvin–Morton expansion are generated by rational functions with integer coefficients whose denominators are powers of the Alexander–Conway polynomial. Here we prove this conjecture by using the R -matrix formula for the colored Jones polynomial and presenting the universal R -matrix as a ‘perturbed' Burau matrix.
Schedule-induced behavior in children as a function of interreinforcement interval length ☆

Two four year old twin female children were tested on fixed interval (FI) 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-sec food schedules with M&M candy reinforcers. Both subjects displayed increased drinking, gross and fine body movement, and grooming on the FI schedules as compared to Baseline conditions. Bitonic functions were noted for drinking, fine body movements and grooming for Subject J and for drinking and fine movement for Subject K, similar to those which have previously been reported in animal studies. These preliminary results demonstrated that certain behaviors may be induced by intermittent food reinforcement schedules in humans and are excessive when appropriate baselines are used for comparison. Also, these data further strengthen the species generality of schedule-induced behaviors to human subjects.
Factors associated with the psychological well-being and distress of university students.

Objective: Because of the serious nature of psychiatric illness and related problems, the authors attempted to identify demographic, individual, and behavioral factors linked to university students' psychological health. Participants: They surveyed 353 (60.9% female) predominately Caucasian (88.7%) university students attending a large public university. Methods: The authors used a self-report questionnaire including valid and reliable psychometric instruments for all study variables. They conducted multiple regression analyses to examine associations among study variables using a cross-sectional design. Results: More favorable health states (ie, greater psychological well-being and less distress) were positively associated with optimism, health values, and religiousness and were negatively associated with spirituality and number of sexual partners. Conclusions: Results demonstrated that multiple protective and risk factors contribute to the psychological well-being and distress of university students. He...
Entanglement in 2DEG systems: towards a detection loophole-free test of Bell's inequality

Abstract We make use of the intrinsic noiseless and lossless aspect of an electron source in a 2DEG system to implement a new test of Bell's inequality. The generated entanglement can be tested by two-particle interferometry. Preparation and detection schemes of two complete sets of Bell states are given. A novel type of Bell's inequality is then derived in terms of noise correlation measurements. The characteristics of the electron source are essential to exhibit a violation. This electron system could close the detection efficiency loophole.
A Simple Cannula for Implantation into the Chicken Brain

Abstract A small, inexpensive cannula, easily made from a straight piece of 27 gauge stainless steel or platinum-irridium tubing 2 and the receptacle from a no. 1/0 rustproof fabric snap fastener, 3 had proven to be satisfactory for chronic implantation into the hen’s brain. To make the cannula, the receptacle is aligned in a small vise with the well formed by the underside of the mating cap up and the base of the 4-holed rim horizontal. A 1/32″ (0.7 mm.) hole is drilled through the bottom of the well. A piece of tubing of the desired length, held in the electrode carrier of a stereotaxic instrument, is lowered into the well, in a plane vertical to the receptacle base, until 3 mm. of the tip extends through the bottom of the drill hole. To form a rigid band between tubing and receptacle, a drop of All-State no. 430 soldering flux 4 is placed in …
Emulation of two-dimensional photonic crystal defect modes in a photonic crystal with a three-dimensional photonic band gap

Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate the construction of two-dimensional- (2D-) like defect modes in a recently proposed 3D photonic crystal structure. These modes, which are confined in all three dimensions by a complete photonic band gap, bear a striking similarity to those in 2D photonic crystals in terms of polarization, field profile, and projected band structures. It is expected that these results will greatly facilitate the observation of widely studied 2D photonic-crystal phenomena in a realistic, 3D physical system.
The Comparative Lawyer and the Middle East

If there be any criticism of Professor Hill's study, it is that it attempts an encyclopedic treatment within the confines of an article. The effort is prodigious, and its very breadth leaves gaps and questions still to be treated. An unfortunate result is that much of the force of the argument is thereby lost. A thorough review of Professor Hill's article would take as many pages as the original piece. Consequently, I shall make but a few brief comments on the major theme of her essay, namely, how the comparativist should approach the study of Middle Eastern law. Professor Hill urges a comprehensive and dynamic view of the state of law in the Middle East. She suggests that the law cannot be understood merely as the sum total of its foreign or domestic components, but that it must be seen as a living law, or, in her felicitous phrase, a "law in a condition of becoming." She suggests that only by understanding the interplay between Islamic law, European civil codes, and modern statutes can the mosaic of Middle Eastern law be perceived as an intelligible pattern. Professor Hill particularly emphasizes the manner in which external law is filtered through linguistic patterns, the jurisprudence of local scholars, and the customs of the people. Codified law may not be a restatement of actual law. She demonstrates how taking a composite view of the law can yield more meaningful conclusions regarding its nature than taking a narrow view can. Yet, at the same time, she discounts the application of this approach to Middle Eastern law. Professor Hill notes that many of the fundamental jurisprudential principles of Western and Near Eastern cultures are so different that there can be no synthesis of their laws. This was particularly true of the period in which parallel jurisdictions were maintained. Contradictory legal values continue to coexist in many Middle Eastern states today. The overlaying of legal systems in the Middle East has created tension between the old and the new, and full acceptance of modern law has yet to be realized. Eclecticism is a stronger legal tradition in the Middle East than in any other area of the world, including sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, there seems to be no Islamic "common law" to fill in the gaps found in the modern codes. Taken as a whole, Professor Hill's essay leaves one with the impression that Middle Eastern law is in a state of contradiction and flux.
Merging task‐technology fit and technology acceptance models to assess guest empowerment technology usage in hotels

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that affect the usage of guest empowerment technologies (GET) with a specific focus on in‐room entertainment technologies.Design/methodology/approach – This study used structural equation modeling to evaluate the application of task‐technology fit (TTF) and technology acceptance models (TAMs) in reference to entertainment GETs.Findings – This paper confirmed that the most popular forms of entertainment GET were in‐room movies and on‐demand services. Most importantly, the analysis of the data revealed that a user's individual experiential characteristics have a significant negative relationship with fit of GET while the technology and task characteristics have a significant positive relationship with fit of GET.Research limitations/implications – This paper makes a contribution to the current body of literature as it is among the first to utilize a hybrid TTF/TAM in the hotel self‐service environment. As such, it can be utilized by future resear...
Hepatic extraction of organic anions in the rat depends on ligand hydrophobicity.

Non-bile-salt cholephilic organic anions are efficiently taken up by the liver. Recent work from our group has suggested the possible importance of relative hydrophobicity among various organic anions in hepatic uptake. To further validate and clarify this, we studied hepatic extraction of five different cholephilic dyes using the isolated perfused rat liver in single-pass mode. Albumin binding affinities and capacities for each of the ligands were measured in vitro to permit evaluation of in vivo interactions for each of them over a spectrum of unbound ligand concentrations. As expected, a strong positive correlation was found between ligand hydrophobicity and the relative degree of albumin binding affinity and capacity. Using appropriate experimental conditions, we also found a strong positive correlation between hepatic extraction efficiency for a given ligand and both its hydrophobicity and its unbound concentration. These data indicate that where the unbound ligand concentration is significant, the greater the ligand hydrophobicity, the greater is its efficiency of hepatic extraction. We conclude that hepatic extraction efficiency for non-bile-salt cholephilic organic anions depends on a combination of ligand hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance and the availability of the unbound ligand for uptake. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;13:62–67).
National and international aspects of financial policies in LDCs: A prologue

After a period of animated controversy between Keynesians advocating policies of low interest rates and monetary expansion and monetarists who insisted on the importance of the distinction between nominal and real interest rates, economists have now almost reached a consensus on the role of money in the development process. This consensus has arisen because ‘it was increasingly felt that what was called for was not new concepts so much as new ways of looking at them. In LDCs, money’s role need be neither denigrated nor exaggerated. Money’s traditional functions as a medium of exchange and a store of value remain important in LDCs, but its function as a conduit of resources from savers to investors is more central to an inderstanding of its contributions to development’. (Coats and Khatkhate, 1980, p.3.) The body of the consensus derives from the framework set up by McKinnon and Shaw, fleshed out by the earlier work of Goldsmith and Patrick (Goldsmith, 1969; Patrick, 1966): and extended by the theoretical and empirical output of a large number of younger economists (Fry, 1981). This analysis attached central importance to financial policies of higher real interest rates, which were supposed to encourage the build up of real money balances, increased financial intermediation and unification of financial markets. Eventually such a policy would lead to the efficient utilization of resources and particularly of scarce capital. This new paradigm has contributed to an improved understanding and perception of the economies of LDCs, their problems, and how these problems are accentuated by distortions arising from interventionist policies. For a while it was believed that the programme contained the secret of how to reconcile stabilization objectives with those of development (Roe, 1982). However, the accumulation of empirical evidence on several developing countries where the prescribed set of policies was adopted has raised doubts about the validity of this conclusion. In the presence of distortions in the financial markets, it is no doubt a sensible policy to raise real interest rates. The problematic issue is how far to go. Raising real interest rates without any regard for the rates of return on investment may run counter to the requirements of development. To argue that once funds are generated through the accumulation of real balances, investment can take care of itself ignores the very dynamics of development. Thus the hiatus between stabilization and development has not really been bridged. This is evident from the recent concern with supply-side policies rather than demand management policies, a dichotomy which parallels the distinction between the stabilization and development problems. It is this dual distinction which provides the theme of this special issue of World Development.
Binding of cyclic carboxylates to octa-acid deep-cavity cavitand.

As part of the fourth statistical assessment of modeling of proteins and ligands (sampl.eyesopen.com) prediction challenge, the strength of association of nine guests (1–9) binding to octa-acid host was determined by a combination of 1H NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry. Association constants in sodium tetraborate buffered (pH 9.2) aqueous solution ranged from 5.39 × 102 M−1 in the case of benzoate 1, up to 3.82 × 105 M−1 for trans-4-methylcyclohexanoate 7. Overall, the free energy difference between the free energies of complexation of these weakest and strongest binding guests was ΔΔG° = 3.88 kcal mol−1. Based on a multitude of previous studies, the anticipated order of strength of binding was close to that which was actually obtained. However, the binding of guest 3 (4-ethylbenzoate) was considerably stronger than initially estimated.
EPR imaging of diffusional processes in biologically relevant polymers

Abstract Diffusion processes in biological tissue are important problems for noninvasive investigation. As a model study, this work addresses the diffusion of an electrolyte buffer (Krebs) solution containing a nitroxide spin probe into a cylindrical polyacrylamide gel rod. The nitroxide spin density distribution was imaged at 1.6 GHz in gel cross sections at various time intervals for both homogeneous radial diffusion and inhomogeneous diffusion. A one-dimensional radial diffusion constant was calculated for the nitroxide spin probe, TEMPOL, of 3.7 ± 0.7 × 10−6 cm2/s at ambient temperature. The EPR spectrometer, using low-field flat-loop surface coils (H. Nishikawa, H. Fujii, and L. J. Berliner, J. Magn. Reson. 62, 79 (1985)), showed minimal dielectric or magnetic losses in sensitity for electrolyte vs nondielectric samples.
Satellite-Observed Sensitivity of World Land Ecosystems to El Niño/La Niña

Abstract The recent strong 1997–1998 El Nino and the following 1998–1999 La Nina disturbed weather, environment, economy, and human lives worldwide. The total impact of these events (ENSO) on societies is estimated in billions of dollars and consequences include famine, human health problems, loss of life, property damage, and destruction of the environment. Areas sensitive to ENSO have been identified in some world areas from climatic historical records and recently from the normalized difference vegetation index. This paper examines the last 15-year association between monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific and vegetation health (condition) index for the entire world. The vegetation health (condition) index, derived from a combination of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-based normalized difference vegetation index and 10-μm to 11-μm thermal radiances, was designed for monitoring moisture and thermal impacts on vegetation health (greenness and vigor). Two types of responses were identified. In boreal winter, ecosystems of northern South America, southern Africa, and Southeast Asia experienced severe moisture and thermal stress during El Nino and favorable conditions during La Nina years. In Argentina and southwestern United States/Mexico regions, the response was the opposite. World ecosystems are less sensitive to SSTs during boreal summer, except for the areas in northern Brazil and Southeast Asia, where vegetation conditions deteriorate/improve during the warm/cold water cycle in the tropical Pacific. In some areas, ENSO impacts on ecosystems are clearly identified from satellites and not from in situ data (or vice versa). During the boreal winter, these discrepancies occurred in Central America, northern Brazil, and southeastern United States; during the boreal summer, the discrepancies occurred in the sub-Sahara Africa and in the northern part of South America. In the course of the 1997-1999 ENSOs, world vegetation generally responded in accordance with the vegetation health/SST teleconnection patterns. However, in southern Africa, January-March 1998 vegetation stress was not as severe and widespread as in other El Nino years. Similarly, no stress was recorded in Argentina during the 1998–1999 La Nina.
Carbohydrate-mediated formation of the oviductal sperm reservoir in mammals.

Mammalian sperm are trapped in a reservoir in the oviduct until ovulation is imminent. Then, they are gradually released, such that a few meet the oocytes as they enter the ampulla of the oviduct. In
Testing an intervention for preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.

Purpose: To test a 12-month multicomponent intervention for preventing or treating osteoporosis in 21 postmenopausal women who had completed treatment (except Tamoxifen) for breast cancer, and for whom hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was contraindicated. Design: Pilot intervention study. Methods: The intervention consisted of home-based strength and weight training exercises, 5 or 10 mg alendronate per day, 1500 mg calcium per day, 400 IU vitamin D per day, education on osteoporosis, and facilitative strategies to promote adherence to the intervention. Outcome measures were: adherence to the intervention, dynamic balance, muscle strength, and bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip, spine, and forearm. Findings and Conclusions: Adherence to calcium, vitamin D, and alendronate therapy was above 95%, and adherence to strength training exercises was above 85%. Over the 12 months, the 21 participants had significant improvements in dynamic balance, muscle strength for hip flexion, hip extension, and knee flexion, and BMD of the spine and hip. Participants had a significant decrease in BMD of the forearm. Three of the 21 women who had measurable bone loss at baseline had normal BMD after 12 months of the intervention.