cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hithpael and Niphal in Biblical Hebrew: Semantic and Morphological Overlap

The well-established semantic overlap between the niphal and hithpael in Biblical Hebrew is explained by the morphological similarities between the two stems in the imperfect form in the consonantal text. This claim is supported by a statistical analysis indicating that the first root consonant of some verb classes has assimilated rather than undergone metathesis more commonly than has previously been thought.
An evaluation of the curd-forming properties of milk mixtures used in infant and child feeding.

Summary The curd-forming properties of milks and milk mixtures used in infant feeding have been studied, employing testing procedures which simulate intragastric conditions. The results confirm that heat treatment, dilution with water acidification and homogenization, if adequately employed, are effective methods of eliminating the tendency of unmodified cow's milk to form large firm coagula in the stomach of the infant and child. Fever temperatures aggravate the tendency to “hard formation”. Apple syrup reduces this tendency a little; banana, more so; whereas corn starch derivatives exert no influence. Goat's milk is not as often maintained, naturally soft curd but shows similar reaction as cow's milk toward treatment with heat, dilution, and homogenization.
Modulation of the intracellular cystine content of cystinotic fibroblasts by extracellular albumin.

Summary: Cystinotic fibroblasts contain highly elevated amounts of intraellular non-protein cystine within lysosomes compared to normal fibroblasts. Both the rate of cystine reaccumulation by cystin-delepleted cystinotic fibroblasts and the steady-state cystine content of nondepleted cystinotic fibroblasts can be modulated by the addition of bovine scrum albumin to the culture medium. This effect is not seen in cultures of normal and cystinotic heterozygote fibroblasts. The cystinotic homozygote cells accumulate cystine under these conditions from proteolysis of the albumin. An increased rate of pinocytosis or proteolysis of albumin does not account for the observed cystine accumulation by the cystinotic fibroblasts. Comparison of the amount of cystine accumulated to the amount of albumin degraded shows that less than one percent of the cystine moieties released by proteolysis is retained within these cells. Speculation: The metabolic defect leading to cystine storage in cystinosis remains to be identified. Study of the relationship between the rate of cystine accumulation and the cystine and cysteine content of proteins degraded by cystinotic fibroblasts may help to determine if the defect is related to an abnormality of lysosomal disulfide reduction.
Occult carbon monoxide poisoning: a cause of winter headache

Abstract Headache is an early symptom of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, occurring at carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels of greater than 10%. We investigated 37 patients presenting to an emergency department during the winter-heating season with a complaint of headache for evidence of CO exposure. Seven of the 37 patients (18.9%) had COHb levels in excess of 10%, with a mean of 14.0%. Three of these seven patients (42.9%) used gas space heaters or kitchen stoves to heat their homes, and three (42.9%) had cohabitants at home with headache. Of the 30 patients with COHb levels of less than 10% (mean level, 3.2%), only four (13.3%) used gas space heaters and kitchen stoves for heat ( P = NS), and none (0%) had cohabitants with headache ( P = .0045). In six of the seven patients with elevated COHb levels (85.7%), gas company Investigation or historical information obtained retrospectively revealed a definite or probable toxic CO exposure. In none of these patients had the diagnosis of CO poisoning been suspected by the emergency department physician or the patient prior to obtaining the result of the COHb level. Occult CO poisoning may be an important cause of winter headache.
A Numerical Simulation of the Effects of Volume Fraction, Creep and Thermal Cycling on the Behavior of Fibrous Metal-Matrix Composites

A previously derived cyclic neutral thermoviscoplasticity theory for fi brous metal-matrix composites (Yeh and Krempl [1]), which combines the vanishing fiber diameter (VFD) model with the thermoviscoplasticity theory based on overstress (TVBO) is specialized for transversely isotropic, thermoelastic fibers and an isotropic, thermovis coplastic matrix. Numerical experiments are used to illustrate the predictive capability of the theory. Simulations include the influence of volume fraction on the monotonic and cyclic loading behavior in the fiber and transverse directions with creep holds for B/A1 and B/Ti unidirectional composites and thermal cycling of B/A1. The three-dimensional theory permits the calculation of the actual Poisson's ratio in the tests. The results compare favor ably with sparsely available experimental results.
Anonychia and absence of distal phalanges in a patient with apparently balanced t(17;21)(q24.2;g11.2)

Anonychia involving all 20 digits is a rare malformation which can occur alone or as part of several syndromes (Type B brachydactyly, Laband syndrome, deafnessonchodystrophy, facio-audio-synphalangism, anonychia-ectrodactyly, etc.). The distal phalanges are often absent or hypoplastic. Both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive anonychia/onchodystrophy have been reported. None of the genes for syndromic or non-syndromic anonychia have been mapped. We report an infant with 20 digit anonychia, absence of terminal phalanges, and minor facial anomalies (mild micrognathia, small mouth, slightly beaked nose with broad nasal bridge). She was the product of a pregnancy complicated only by advanced maternal age and elevated maternal serum HCG. Amniocentesis showed her karyotype to be 46XX t(17;21)(q24.2;q11.2). This was an apparently balanced de novo translocation. Parental chromosomes were normal. Prenatal ultrasound and fetal echocardiography were interpreted as normal and the patient was born at term with a weight of 3496g, length of 47cm and OFC 35.5 cm. Examination in the newborn period showed absence of all nails and distal phalanges (confirmed on X-ray) with the above-mentioned minor facial anomalies. There were no features to suggest any of the known anonychia syndromes. Repeat karyotype confirmed the apparently balanced translocation. On follow-up at 3 months of age, her general health, growth and psychomotor development were normal. The occurrence of anonychia in a patient with an apparently balanced translocation could be due to a subtle microdeletion or duplication, altered function of a gene or genes near the breakpoints, or could be coincidental. The normal growth and development of the patient as well as the absence of previous reports of anonychia in patients with duplications or deletions involving 17q or 21q make subtle chromosomal imbalance less likely. Disruption of a gene near the breakpoint could have a dominant effect or perhaps unmask a recessive gene on the other allele. Chromosome studies in other patients with anonychia could lead to mapping of a gene for nail development.
Uses and Effects of Cultured Fishes in Aquatic Ecosystems

(1997). Uses and Effects of Cultured Fishes in Aquatic Ecosystems. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 126, No. 3, pp. 543-547.
Evidence for a Recent Henslow's Sparrow Population Increase in Illinois

Abstract The Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) is a species of high conservation concern due to long-term population declines and a small global population. Habitat loss is considered to be the most likely cause of Henslow's sparrow declines and the recent establishment of large acreages of undisturbed grasslands through the Conservation Reserve Program is considered to have the potential to benefit populations. I used data from Illinois' Spring Bird Count to estimate recent population trends and examine the association that changes in land-use, especially the establishment of Conservation Reserve Program lands, have had on local Henslow's sparrow population trends. My analysis shows that Henslow's sparrow populations have increased substantially within Illinois, USA over the last 10 years and that this population increase strongly coincides with the establishment of >400,000 ha of grasslands within the state by the Conservation Reserve Program. New rules allowing for managed haying and grazing on ...
Quantum noise and squeezing in an optical parametric oscillator with arbitrary output-mirror coupling. II. Extension to double-sided cavities.

We treat quantum fluctuations and squeezing of the field generated by a degenerate optical parametric oscillator operating below threshold. The analysis reported here extends our previous calculations for single-sided cavities to double-sided cavities with arbitrary transmission coefficients for the two bounding mirrors.
On robustness of L 1 adaptive control with time varying perturbations & filter design

In this paper, stability and performance robustness of L 1 adaptive control for a class of LTI systems with time varying perturbations is considered. We derive a lower bound on the time delay margin at the input independent of the adaptation gain. Then, we present a systematic way to design a filter for which the desired performance and time delay margin is guaranteed. We show how this filter design can be captured as a stability robustness problem in l 1 robust control theory framework.
Effects of silica additives on fracture properties of carbon nanotube and carbon fiber reinforced Portland cement mortar

Abstract Fiber reinforcements provide many benefits to cementitious composites, including reduction of crack widths and increases in ductility. However, the interfacial transition zone between fibers and hydrated cement can contain a high proportion of calcium hydroxide and porosity. With their high moduli of elasticity, carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers could provide substantial mechanical reinforcement at multiple length scales, but only if their bond to the matrix can be controlled. Surface treatments of fibers and addition of supplemental materials in the matrix can influence both the mechanical interaction at the interface and the dispersion of these relatively small reinforcements. We performed a broad study of Portland cement mortar mixtures containing silica fume, plain or silica-functionalized carbon nanotubes, and carbon fibers to characterize changes in fracture properties. The early age hydration kinetics of cement pastes containing carbon nanotubes were compared using isothermal calorimetry. Early age fracture surfaces of cement pastes containing carbon fibers were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The notched beam test method of the Two Parameter Fracture Model was used to determine the fracture properties of each mix. We observed that silica fume and silica functional groups improved the fracture performance of mixtures containing carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers. Further optimization of dosage, size, and interface strength is required to fully utilize carbon nanotubes in cementitious composites.
Have You Come a Long Way, Baby? Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Sexism in 2008 Campaign Coverage

The 2008 U.S. presidential election was historic on many levels. The country elected its first African American president who narrowly defeated a female candidate in the Democrat primary race. The Republicans nominated their first woman as a vice presidential candidate. Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin demonstrated that women politicians have come a long way; however, an analysis of media coverage reveals that lingering sexism toward women candidates is still alive and well. Using common stereotypes of women in corporations developed by Rosabeth Moss Kanter, language theories, and media framing, this essay uncovers the common gendered stereotypes that surfaced in the 2008 campaign. The analysis indicates that there was a considerable amount of negative coverage of both candidates and that such coverage has potential to cast doubt on a woman's suitability to be commander-in-chief or in the wings.
Self quenching of 1-naphthol. Connection between time-resolved and steady-state measurements

Abstract The photochemistry of 1-naphthol following its electronic excitation in aqueous solution was investigated by a single-photon counting apparatus. It was found that following the proton dissociation the excited naphtholate anion decays non-exponentially with a t− sol1 2 dependence over time. This we attribute to a self-quenching reaction of the naphtholate anion by its geminate proton. The quenching rate on contact is 3.5 × 1010 s−1. We also found that some of the protons interact adiabatically with a geminate recombination rate in D2O fo 8 × 109 s−1. The time-dependent escape probability of the naphtholate iopn-par was sam;ed by carrying out the experiment in presence of a proton scavenger. We show that the leading term in the ultimate scavenging probability is given by the time integral of the homogeneous scavenging rate of the isolated pair at relative long times following its creation.
Hypothermia Induced during Asphyxiation Its Effects on Survival Rate, Learning and Maintenance of the Conditioned Response in Rats1

Summary The effects of hypothermia, induced during asphyxia, on survival and on learning and maintenance of a conditioned avoidance response was studied in 4-week-old male rats of the Holtzman albino strain. All animals were asphyxiated in the same gas mixture, consisting of 4% 02, 5 % CO2 and 91 % N2. The mean time of last gasp in this gas mixture, determined in 50 normothermic controls, was 7.40 minutes. No normothermic animal recovered when left at room temperature to recover unaided after the final gasp. One hundred rats were asphyxiated for 8.02 minutes. During the last 5 minutes of the exposure to the gas mixture the animals were cooled in ice water. After this treatment 100 % of 100 hypothermic rats recovered spontaneously. Fifty of the hypothermic rats learned a conditioned avoidance response 24 hours before asphyxiation and were tested again for performance and latency 24 hours after asphyxia. In these, accuracy in performance and latency of the conditioned response were maintained. The remaining 50 hypothermic rats were subjected to the same learning test 24 hours after asphyxiation of the hypothermic rats learned a conditioned avoidance response 24 hours before asphyxiation and were tested again for performance and latency 24 hours after asphyxia. In these, accuracy in performance and latency of the conditioned response. In these the average time to learn and the latency of the conditioned response were slightly prolonged, although the behavior pattern during the learning and the accuracy of performance did not differ from normal controls. However, these effects were seen only in the animals who cooled minimally during the experiment (lowest temperatures 36° to 32°C); the latency and response times of those which cooled more effectively (lowest temperatures 31°to 25°C) were indistinguishable from controls. Six days after asphyxiation all hypothermic animals maintained a normal performance of the conditioned response, suggesting that the observed impairment in the learning animals was of a transient nature. The present results were discussed in relation to the problem of neonatal asphyxia.
Thyroid Hormone Therapy for Postoperative Nonthyroidal Illnesses: A Systematic Review and Synthesis

Context: Effects of thyroid hormone therapy on postoperative morbidity and mortality in adults remain controversial. Objective: The aim was to conduct a systematic review evaluating effects and risks of postoperative T3 therapy in adults. Data Sources: Electronic databases and reference lists through March 2010 were searched. Study Selection: Studies with comparable control groups comparing T3 to placebo therapy in randomized controlled trials were selected. Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently screened and reviewed titles, abstracts, and articles. Data were abstracted from 14 randomized controlled trials (13 cardiac surgery and one renal transplantation). In seven studies, iv T3 was given in high doses (0.175–0.333 μg/kg · h) for 6 to 9 h, in four studies iv T3 was given in low doses (0.0275–0.0333 μg/kg · h for 14 to 24 h), and in three studies T3 was given orally in variable doses and durations. Data Synthesis: Both high- and low-dose iv T3 therapy increased cardiac index after coronary artery ...
Fuzzy Control Model Optimization for Behavior-Consistent Traffic Routing Under Information Provision

This paper presents an H-infinity filtering approach to optimize a fuzzy control model used to determine behavior-consistent (BC) information-based control strategies to improve the performance of congested dynamic traffic networks. By adjusting the associated membership function parameters to better respond to nonlinearities and modeling errors, the approach is able to enhance the computational performance of the fuzzy control model. Computational efficiency is an important aspect in this problem context, because the information strategies are required in subreal time to be real-time deployable. Experiments are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach. The results indicate that the optimized fuzzy control model contributes in determining the BC information-based control strategies in significantly less computational time than when the default controller is used. Hence, the proposed H-infinity approach contributes to the development of an efficient and robust information-based control approach.
Amikacin Resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolated from Dogs

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the most common microorganism isolated from canine pyoderma and postoperative wound infections. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) has increased, and recently, isolates that are resistant not only to methicillin but also to other classes of antibiotic drugs, including aminoglycosides, have become common. A total of 422 S. pseudintermedius isolates collected from 413 dogs were analyzed for amikacin and methicillin resistance using broth microdilution and disk diffusion testing. Methicillin-resistant isolates were significantly ( P aph(3 ′ )-IIIa found in 75% (24/32) of isolates followed by aac(6 ′ )/aph(2 ″ ) and ant(4 ′ )-Ia in 12% (4/32) and 3% (1/32), respectively. Understanding the differences in antimicrobial resistance gene carriage between different species of Staphylococcus may improve antimicrobial drug selection for clinical therapy and provide insights into how resistance develops in S. pseudintermedius.
A pharmacologically pertinent animal model of mania

Intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (HDA) produces rats which are irritable and hyperresponsive to environmental stimuli. Chronic administration of lithium was found to prevent the development of hyperreactivity to mild footshock, while chronic electroconvulsive shock effected a return toward normal behavior. HDA-induced hyperreactivity is proposed as a pharmacological model of mania.
Natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber blends prepared by ultrasonically aided extrusion:

Ultrasonically aided extrusion of natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and NR/SBR blends with ratio of 70/30, 50/50, and 30/70 were carried out at various ultrasonic amplitudes up to 10 μm. A die pressure of NR and NR/SBR blends continuously decreased with increase of ultrasonic amplitude, while that of SBR showed a slight increase with increase in amplitude from 5.0 to 7.5 μm due to a dominant effect of SBR gel formation. Complex dynamic viscosity, minimum and maximum torque of curing curves of NR, SBR, and NR/SBR blends, and cross-link density and gel fraction of their vulcanizates were decreased by the ultrasonic treatment at an amplitude of 10 μm, due to the molecular chain scission. The latter also led to a decrease in the hardness, modulus at a strain of 100%, and abrasion resistance of NR and NR/SBR blends. However, the modulus and abrasion resistance of SBR showed an improvement at amplitude of 7.5 μm, dueto a dominant effect of gel formation. Both the tensile strength and elongati...
Long‐term changes in sediment barium inventories associated with drilling‐related discharges in the Santa Maria Basin, California, USA

Nine-year (1986–1995) records of barium (Ba) concentrations in surficial, subsurface, and suspended sediments near offshore oil and gas platforms in the Santa Maria Basin, California, USA, were analyzed to evaluate temporal trends related to drilling activities. These trends provide important information on the long-term effects of drilling discharges on geochemical conditions. Drilling during the 1986 through 1989 (phase II) monitoring period resulted in significant changes in Ba concentrations in suspended particles and surficial sediments, whereas the relatively shorter 1993 through 1994 (phase III) drilling operations resulted in only minor increases in Ba concentrations in suspended sediments. Residual excess Ba was present in some sediments within 500 m of the platforms at concentrations up to an order of magnitude above background. These elevated levels probably were associated with cuttings particles deposited near the base of the platforms. Calculated excess Ba in sediments within 500 m of the platforms represented 6 to 11% of the total Ba discharged during the two drilling periods.
Entwicklung und Ausnutzung neuerer mathematischer Maschinen

Ich werde uber mathematische Maschinen, uber schnelle Rechenmaschinen sprechen. Bevor ich mit dem eigentlichen Vortrag beginne, mus ich mich entschuldigen, denn die Objektivitat meiner Darstellung wird etwas daran leiden, das ich in dieser Kategorie in erster Linie durch diejenigen Objekte beeinflust bin, die ich selber aus direkter Erfahrung kenne. Ich werde daher uber die existierenden Typen von Maschinen, und dabei besonders uber die sogenannten Ziffernmaschinen sprechen, weil ich mich hauptsachlich mit diesen beschaftigt habe. Auserdem werde ich fast ausschlieslich uber die Entwicklung in den Vereinigten Staaten sprechen, weil das die Entwicklung ist, die ich aus erster Hand kenne. Ich bitte Sie daher, die Korrekturen, die man an meiner Darstellung infolge dieser Umstande anbringen mus, selber hinzuzufugen. An einigen Stellen werde ich mich kurzer fassen als es der Gegenstand verdient, ich werde mich bemuhen, dies jedesmal klar zu machen. Ich wiederhole: Was ich sagen werde, wird dadurch beeinflust sein, das die Ziffernmaschine und die Entwicklung in den Vereinigten Staaten in den letzten zehn Jahren die Dinge sind, die ich aus erster Hand, aus personlicher Erfahrung kenne.
Agent-based scheduling mechanism for semiconductor manufacturing systems with temporal constraints

This paper addresses a multi-agent based scheduling mechanism for semiconductor manufacturing systems with hard inter-operation temporal constraints. The multi-agent architecture consists of scheduling agents, workcell agents, machine agents, and product agents. A dynamic planning-based approach is adopted for the scheduling mechanism so that dynamic behaviors of the system can be considered. The scheduling agents compute optimal schedules through a bidding mechanism with the workcell agents. The proposed scheduling mechanism uses a temporal constraint set formalism to obtain a feasible schedule in polynomial steps.
Adhesion of a Fibrillar Interface on Wet and Rough Surfaces

We have studied the adhesion of a biomimetic fibrillar interface terminated by a thin film in aqueous medium and against dry rough surfaces to simulate more realistic environmental conditions. We consistently observed enhancement of adhesion under water (compared with measurements in air) against hydrophobic surfaces for all samples. In most cases, adhesion could be represented by a multiplicative coupling between crack-trapping due to the architecture and the intrinsic work of adhesion. With increasing inter-fibrillar separation, adhesion first increases and then usually decreases. The decrease in adhesion for large inter-fibrillar separations can be explained by a transition in the controlling mechanism for interfacial separation from crack-trapping to stress-controlled nucleation of interfacial voids. Against rough surfaces, as roughness was increased, all samples showed a reduction in adhesion but fibrillar surfaces retained significant adhesion even when flat surfaces had almost none.
The biology of linguistic expression impacts neural correlates for spatial language

Biological differences between signed and spoken languages may be most evident in the expression of spatial information. PET was used to investigate the neural substrates supporting the production of spatial language in American Sign Language as expressed by classifier constructions, in which handshape indicates object type and the location/motion of the hand iconically depicts the location/motion of a referent object. Deaf native signers performed a picture description task in which they overtly named objects or produced classifier constructions that varied in location, motion, or object type. In contrast to the expression of location and motion, the production of both lexical signs and object type classifier morphemes engaged left inferior frontal cortex and left inferior temporal cortex, supporting the hypothesis that unlike the location and motion components of a classifier construction, classifier handshapes are categorical morphemes that are retrieved via left hemisphere language regions. In addition, lexical signs engaged the anterior temporal lobes to a greater extent than classifier constructions, which we suggest reflects increased semantic processing required to name individual objects compared with simply indicating the type of object. Both location and motion classifier constructions engaged bilateral superior parietal cortex, with some evidence that the expression of static locations differentially engaged the left intraparietal sulcus. We argue that bilateral parietal activation reflects the biological underpinnings of sign language. To express spatial information, signers must transform visual-spatial representations into a body-centered reference frame and reach toward target locations within signing space.
RACE AND ETHNICITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH: Models to Explain Health Disparities

The description and explanation of racial and ethnic health disparities are major initiatives of the public health research establishment. Black Americans suffer on nearly every measure of health in relation to white Americans. Five theoretical models have been proposed to explain these disparities: a racial-genetic model, a health-behavior model, a socioeconomic status model, a psychosocial stress model, and a structural-constructivist model. We selectively review literature on health disparities, emphasizing research on low birth weight and high blood pressure. The psychosocial stress model and the structural-constructivist model offer greatest promise to explain disparities. In future research, theoretical elaboration and operational specificity are needed to distinguish among three distinct factors: (a) genetic variants contributing to disease risk; (b) ethnoracial or folk racial categories masquerading as biology; and (c) ethnic group membership. Such elaboration is necessary to move beyond the conflation of these three distinct constructs that characterizes much of current research.
Exploring Energy Scalability in Coprocessor-Dominated Architectures for Dark Silicon

As chip designers face the prospect of increasingly dark silicon, there is increased interest in incorporating energy-efficient specialized coprocessors into general-purpose designs. For specialization to be a viable means of leveraging dark silicon, it must provide energy savings over the majority of execution for large, diverse workloads, and this will require deploying coprocessors in large numbers. Recent work has shown that automatically generated application-specific coprocessors can greatly improve energy efficiency, but it is not clear that current techniques will scale to Coprocessor-Dominated Architectures (CoDAs) with hundreds or thousands of coprocessors.We show that scaling CoDAs to include very large numbers of coprocessors is challenging because of the energy cost of interconnects, the memory system, and leakage. These overheads grow with the number of coprocessors and, left unchecked, will squander the energy gains that coprocessors can provide. The article presents a detailed study of energy costs across a wide range of tiled CoDA designs and shows that careful choice of cache configuration, tile size, coarse-grain power management and transistor implementation can limit the growth of these overheads. For multithreaded workloads, designer must also take care to avoid excessive contention for coprocessors, which can significantly increase energy consumption. The results suggest that, for CoDAs that target larger workloads, amortizing shared overheads via multithreading can provide up to 3.8× reductions in energy per instruction, retaining much of the 5.3× potential of smaller designs.
Decay of correlations and the collisionless conductivity in the geomagnetic tail

The collisionless electrical conductivity is calculated for the geomagnetic tail from the stochastic orbits in the plasma sheet. The new conductivity formula is important for the stochastic heating of the plasma sheet and modifies the Galeev-Zelenyi formulas for the collisionless reconnection growth rate for geomagnetic substorms.
Part I: Expanding the Definition of the Normative Order to Include Dress Norms:

The purpose of this study was to present a current sociological definition of the normative order and then use reported deficiencies in the definition as a basis for proposing an expanded definitio...
Internalization-Dependent and -Independent Requirements for Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor Signaling via the Smad Pathway

Members of the transforming growth factor (TGF-) family of proteins signal through cell surface transmembrane serine/threonine protein kinases known as type I and type II receptors. The TGF- signal is extended through phosphorylation of receptor-associated Smad proteins by the type I receptor. Although numerous investigations have established the sequence of events in TGF- receptor (TGF-R) activation, none have examined the role of the endocytic pathway in initiation and/or maintenance of the signaling response. In this study we investigated whether TGF-R internalization modulates type I receptor activation, the formation of a functional receptor/Smad/SARA complex, Smad2/3 phosphorylation or nuclear translocation, and TGF-dependent reporter gene activity. Our data provide evidence that, whereas type I receptor phosphorylation and association of SARA and Smad2 with the TGF-R complex take place independently of clathrin lattice formation, Smad2 or Smad3 activation and downstream signaling only occur after endocytic vesicle formation. Thus, TGF-R endocytosis is not simply a way to dampen the signaling response but instead is required to propagate signaling via the Smad pathway. The transforming growth factor (TGF-) superfamily is composed of many multifunctional cytokines including TGFs, activins, inhibins, and bone morphogenic proteins. These proteins regulate a variety of biological responses such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and development (20). Members of this family signal through cell surface transmembrane serine/threonine protein kinases known as type I and type II receptors. Progress over the past few years has led to
Logspace complexity of functions and structures

Logspace complexity of functions and structures is based on the notion of a Turing machine with input and output as in Papadmitriou [16]. For any k > 1, we construct a logspace isomorphism between {0,1}* and {0,1,..., k}*. We improve results of Cenzer and Remmel [5] by characterizing the sets which are logspace isomorphic to {1}*. We generalize Proposition 8.2 of [16] by giving upper bounds on the space complexity of compositions and use this to obtain the complexity of isomorphic copies of structures with different universes. Finally, we construct logspace models with standard universe {0,1}* of various additive groups, including Z(p∞) and the rationals.
A novel parking service using wireless networks

Parking is costly and limited in almost every major city in the world. The misparking aggravates the competition of parking slots. Innovative parking systems for meeting near-term parking demand are needed. A probabilistic approach is addressed to model the misparking of the current parking system. To provide an intelligent parking services and to eliminate the misparking, a wireless-based parking service is proposed. The proposed system adopts the wireless network and sensor technologies to provide an intelligent and automatic parking service. The implementation and a probabilistic analysis of the new parking service are presented as well.
Use of competition dialysis in the discovery of G-quadruplex selective ligands

G-quadrplex DNA can exist in a rich variety of structural forms, ranging from unimolecular folded structures containing diverse types of loops and strand oreintations, to bimolecular dimeric structures, and finally to tetramolecular parallel-stranded structures. These diverse structures present numerous potential small molecule binding sites with distinctive properties. There is mounting evidence for important functional roles for G-quadruplex structures in biology. G-quadruplexes may participate in the maintenance of telomeres, in transcriptional regulation and, in mRNA, may act to modulate translation. G-quadruplexes thus represent an attractive target for new small-molecule therapeutic agents. Competition dialysis provides a useful tool for the discovery of small molecules that selectively recognize the unique structural features of G-quadruplexes. The principles and practice of the competition dialysis experiment are described here.
Evaluation of food emergency response laboratories’ capability for 210Po analysis using proficiency test material with verifiable traceability

Measurement capability and data comparability are essential for emergency response when analytical data from cooperative laboratories are used for risk assessment and post incident decision making. In this study, the current capability of food emergency response laboratories for the analysis of 210Po in water was evaluated using a proficiency test scheme in compliance with ISO-43 and ILAC G13 guidelines, which comprises a test sample preparation and verification protocol and an insightful statistical data evaluation. The results of performance evaluations on relative bias, value trueness, precision, false positive detection, minimum detection limit, and limit of quantification, are presented.
A Coreceptor-Independent Transgenic Human TCR Mediates Anti-Tumor and Anti-Self Immunity in Mice

Recent advancements in T cell immunotherapy suggest that T cells engineered with high-affinity TCR can offer better tumor regression. However, whether a high-affinity TCR alone is sufficient to control tumor growth, or the T cell subset bearing the TCR is also important remains unclear. Using the human tyrosinase epitope-reactive, CD8-independent, high-affinity TCR isolated from MHC class I-restricted CD4(+) T cells obtained from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) of a metastatic melanoma patient, we developed a novel TCR transgenic mouse with a C57BL/6 background. This HLA-A2-restricted TCR was positively selected on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) single-positive cells. However, when the TCR transgenic mouse was developed with a HLA-A2 background, the transgenic TCR was primarily expressed by CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative T cells. TIL 1383I TCR transgenic CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells were functional and retained the ability to control tumor growth without the need for vaccination or cytokine support in vivo. Furthermore, the HLA-A2(+)/human tyrosinase TCR double-transgenic mice developed spontaneous hair depigmentation and had visual defects that progressed with age. Our data show that the expression of the high-affinity TIL 1383I TCR alone in CD3(+) T cells is sufficient to control the growth of murine and human melanoma, and the presence or absence of CD4 and CD8 coreceptors had little effect on its functional capacity.
A New Initiative With Multiple Sponsors to Help Prepare Medical Students to Be Safe and Effective Prescribers

Most medical schools in the US, and in other countries as well, continue to struggle to teach their medical students to be safe and effective prescribers before they graduate and set off for their residency programs. We describe a new initiative supported by several national organizations to help medical schools address this need by producing and making available online learning modules that can be used by medical students at any US medical school.
Simulations with Irregular Neighborhoods

Up to this point, all of the simulations have relied on a cellular automaton in which each cell interacts with the “neighbors” comprising all those cells with common edges or corners, i.e, the Moore neighborhood. But this regularity may affect the results. This chapter addresses the point by placing the agents instead at the cells of a Boolean net. In the Boolean net, as in a cellular automaton, each cell has a specific set of neighbors. In that sense the neighbor-relation is Boolean: two cells either are, or are not, neighbors. However, instead of having neighborhood determined by a geometric criterion, neighbor-relations are arbitrary and may be random. If random and irregular neighborhoods can be associated with the emergence of leading and lagging regions, then we may discount any special role of the rectilinear neighborhoods in generating the results reported in the previous chapters. Since actual-world neighbor-relationships are not likely to be geometrically simple, such a finding would reinforce the overall conclusion that actual-world leading and lagging regions arise because of learning by the imitation of neighbors.
Effects of widely spaced trees and livestock grazing on understory environments in tropical savannas

The effects of widely spaced trees ofAcacia tortilis andAdansonia digitata on their understory environments were investigated in four savannas located along a gradient of increasing livestock utilization in Tsavo National Park (West), Kenya. Plant species composition and biomass and the physical and chemical properties of soils that occur below tree crowns were compared to open grasslands. The tree-crown zones at lightly and moderately grazed sites had a unique understory flora and higher plant biomass, lower temperatures and bulk densities, and higher levels of P, K, Ca and mineralizable N than their associated opengrassland zones. In the heavily grazed savanna, few differences between tree-crown and grassland zones were found. The beneficial effects of savanna trees on their understory environments appear to diminish with increasing livestock utilization.
Training Design Coursework for Hospitality Management Programs

(1996). Training Design Coursework for Hospitality Management Programs. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 49-52.
Iconography at the Crossroads Revisited

Despite criticism, iconography continues to play a pivotal role in art historical studies. New iconographical fields are being studied and these include sound, light, color, gender, taste, smell, and the non-representational. The approach is far more expansive than in the past and the canonical has been extended. The impact of computers on the field of iconography has been significant. New material has been made available, and methodologies developed which give better access to subject matter. The barriers between iconography and iconology have become even less well defined. The field of iconology has been underpinned by new approaches, the most significant being anthropology. Caution has to be exercised in this area. Despite it being viewed as an antiquated approach to understanding a work of art iconography is destined to continue.
Hazard rate determinants of efficient and successful crisis management: An event history analysis of foreign policy crises, 1918-2007

How and why do some foreign policy crises end successfully and efficiently, but others do not? Do democracies deal better than non-democracies with foreign policy crises? Focusing on both the outco...
PRELIMINARY ANALYSES OF HUMAN-FIGURE DRAWINGS AS A KINDERGARTEN SCREENING MEASURE

Human-figure drawings have been used to identify children with emotional problems successfully (Koppitz, 1968; Landsman & Dillard, 1967). T o date, the best scales include items selected individually by means of empirical findings. Through combining two widely used measures (Koppitz Emotional Indicators and Evanston Early Identification Scale) we hoped to provide a basis for rhe construction of a rational scale. Our spccific aims were ( a ) to determine which items correlated significantly with the combined total scale scores. ( b) to determine which items correlated significantly with independent judgments of clinical high risk, and ( c ) to factor analyze the total item pool in order to determine whether [here were any underlying cohesive factors predictive of clinical high risk. One hundred and ten kindergartners, from diverse socio-economic backgrounds and schools and ranging in age from 4.11 to 6.10 yr., were given the Draw-A-Person test. O f 56 males and 54 females, 62 were Caucasian, 38 were black, 3 were Asian, and 7 were Spanish-surnamed. Following extensive classroom observation plus individual testing when necessary, all were judged to possess normal intelligence by us. Inter-rater agreement on scored drawings war 96.88% for the Evanston and 93.66% for the Koppitz. The Koppitz contains 23 items of equal weight; the Evanston contains 10 weighted items, 6 of which appear in unweighted form on the Koppitz. An independent ranking of clinical risk was provided by graduate students in psychology, following extensive classroom observation. An item analysis of the combined 27 unweighted items yielded five which correlated at .50 or beyond ( p < .01) with the combined totals of both scales: no body. .60; no mouth. .61; no eyes, .58; no nose, .56; poor integration, .50. An interitem correlational matrix yielded the following significant Pearson productmoment correlations between individual items and independent criterion of clinical high risk: ( a ) .36 no body, .27 correct position ( p < , 0 0 1 ) ; ( b ) .25 no mouth ( f i < . 0 1 ) ; and (c ) .23 poor integration, .22 tiny figure, .21 no nose ( p < .05). An exploratory factor analysis was undertaken based on this small sample of 110. All principal components were obtained; 1 1 had roots greater than one and were rotated, using Ka~ser's Varimax Criterion. Only rwo of the rotated factors accounted for more than 28 9; oof the total variance and seemed important conceptually. Clin1c31 judgment of high risk plus omissions of central body parts (mouth, nose, eyes) had high factor loadings on our first factor; peripheral body-part omissions (legs. arms) had high loadings on our second factor. Together, a relationship is suggested between body integrity and severity of problem worth further exploration. REFERENCES KOPPIIZ, E M. Psychological evaluation of children's human figure drawings. New York: Grune & Stranon, 1968. LANDSMAN, M., & DILLARD, H. Euanston Early ldenrification Scale, manual. Chicago: Follett Educational Corp., 1967.
A new Septobasidium on Pinus strobus

The writer is indebted for the opportunity to present this article to the kindness of Dr. E. A. Burt. Two years ago specimens of a species which appeared to be a Septobasidium, commonly found upon the bark of the eastern white pine, were sent to Dr. Burt for identification. In reply he stated that this fungus had never been found sporulating and suggested that an effort be made to find it in a fertile condition. The writer immediately began collecting the fructifications from different localities in New England, and later extended the field of observations to Wisconsin. Collec-
Effect of pharmacological agents on human keratinocyte mitosis in vitro. I. Inhibition by adenine nucleotides.

In the last few years many studies have suggested that cyclic adenosine 3': 5' monophosphate (cyclic AMP) may be specifically involved in regulation of proliferation and differentiation of many types of mammalian cells in vitro (1-4). In organ cultures of mouse skin, the reduction of epidermal mitosis by epinephrine is associated with an increase in adenyl cyclase activity (5, 6). This finding supports results in other in vitro systems showing that increased cyclic AMP levels are inhibitory to cellular proliferation (1, 4). Recently, Voorhees et al. (7), showed that dibutyryl cyclic AMP, but not 5'-AMP, inhibited epidermal cell division in mouse skin in organ culture. Using HeLa and L cells, Ryan and Heidrick (1) reported inhibition of cell growth by cyclic AMP but not by 5'-AMP or adenosine. Others who have investigated the role of cyclic AMP in cellular function either found no effect of 5'-AMP, ADP and ATP, or found that these nucleotides are toxic to cells (1, 2, 8). Thus, specificity of cyclic AMP ha...
Analysis on volatile components of organic solvents used by Jewelry Industry in Luohu district of Shenzhen City

Objective This study was to investigate the major volatile organic components(VOCs) of the workplace of jewelry industry in Luohu District, the key hazards and the use of new organic solvents so as to determine the target for future investigation. Methods 21 organic solvent samples from workplaces in 15 jewelry enterprises were collected, and analyzed with GC-MS for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of VOCs. Results 32 kinds of VOCs were detected, which could be classified into 7 categories: alkanes, ethers, chloroalkanes, esters, alcohols, ketones and benzene homologues. The top three of VOCs, defined by detectable rate, weredimethoxymethane(52.4%),dichloromethane(42.9%)andacetone(28.6%),indicatingthatneworganicsolventdimethoxymethane has been widely applied. Conclusion Occupational hazards were found in the inlaid-stone cleaning workplaces in this study, and the two major hazardous solvents were dichloromethane and acetone, which should be included in the target list for surveilence in future.
A Review of 20 Years Development of the World Aerobics Championship

As a member of the gymnastics event-group,aerobics has enjoyed worldwide popularity since its inception three decades ago.It exists not only in daily sport activities,but also in world athletic competitions as an independent event.Centering around World Aerobics Championships founded by International Gymnastics Federation,this paper traces back the development of this event over the past twenty years,in order to provide references for the historical research on international aerobics and the relevant top-level events.
Analysis of G Protein-Mediated Activation of Phospholipase C in Cultured Cells

Inositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) beta can be activated by the Gq family of G alpha subunits and by the G beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. PLC catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphotidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphates (PIP2) to inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). This chapter describes a cell-based assay system to determine the activity of PLC by monitoring the levels of IPs in cultured cells. This assay system can be used to examine the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), coupling of GPCRs to G proteins, and the interactions of G proteins to PLC beta.