cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preferential flow systems amended with biogeochemical components: imaging of a two-dimensional study

The vadose zone is a highly interactive heterogeneous system through which water enters into the subsurface system by infiltration. This paper details the effects of simulated plant exudate and soil component solutions upon unstable flow patterns in a porous media (ASTM silica sand; US Silica, Ottawa, IL, USA) through the use of two-dimensional (2D) tank light transmission method (LTM). The contact angle and surface tension of two simulated plant exudate solutions (i.e. oxalate, and citrate) and two soil component solutions (i.e. tannic acid, and Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter) were analyzed to determine the liquid-gas and liquid-solid interface characteristics of each. To determine if the unstable flow formations were dependent on the type and concentration of the simulated plant exudates and soil components, the analysis of the effects of the simulated plant exudate and soil component solutions were compared to a control rainwater solution. The differences in the fingering flow were quantified with the finger geometries, the velocity of finger propagation, the vertical and horizontal water saturation profiles, and the water saturation at the fingertips. Significant differences in the interface processes indicated a decrease between the control and the plant exudate and soil component solutions tested; specifically, the control at 64.5 θ and 75.75 Nm/m, to the low concentration of citrate at 52.6 θ and 70.8 Nm/m. The changes in finger geometries and velocity of propagation between the control solution and the simulated plant exudate and soil component solutions further demonstrate that the plant exudates increased the wettability and mobility of the solutions during the infiltration process in unsaturated porous media.
Comparison of the Hepatitis C Continua of Care Between Hepatitis C Virus/HIV Coinfected and Hepatitis C Virus Mono-Infected Patients in Two Treatment Eras During 2008-2015.

Abstract Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection included use of pegylated interferon-based regimens before 2014 and direct-acting agents (DAA) since 2014 at the VA Medical Center in Washington, DC. We compared the continua of care between our HCV/HIV coinfected and HCV mono-infected patients during 2008–2015. A review of summary data from our local HCV Clinical Case Registry was conducted for the interferon treatment era (2008–2013) and the DAA era (2014–2015). Data were analyzed on a modified HCV Continuum of Care based on these stages: HCV diagnosis, engagement in medical care, HCV treatment, and HCV sustained virologic response (SVR) for differences between HCV/HIV coinfected and HCV mono-infected patients. All patients had 88% engagement in primary care during 2008–2013. HCV mono-infected and HCV/HIV coinfected patients had similar treatment (6% vs. 5%, p = .6622) and HCV SVR (1% vs. 0.5%, p = .1737) rates in the interferon era. However, more HCV/HIV coinfected patients were engaged in...
Weaving social reality around the grandparent/great-grandparent with dementia to maintain relational presence: A verbal and non-verbal dementia interactions model:

We proposed a dementia interactions model based on analyses of five focus groups with grandchildren of grandparents with dementia. Interactions with their grandparent with dementia motivate grandchildren to maintain connection with a grandparent who is relationally present. To do so, they weave a social reality around the grandparent. To help the grandparent remain connected, grandchildren engage in scripts and routines and employ three intertwined psychological processes: perspective taking, vigilance, and knowledge about the grandparent's preferences, personality, state of mind, and context. Grandchildren use four relationship anchors to help the grandparent remain relationally present: family members, meaningful sensory objects and activities, physical space/context, and themselves. Implications for improving social interactions with close others with dementia are discussed.
The Impact of Interruptions on Chest Radiograph Interpretation: Effects on Reading Time and Accuracy.

Rationale and Objectives The objective of this study was to experimentally test the effect of interruptions on image interpretation by comparing reading time and response accuracy of interrupted case reads to uninterrupted case reads in resident and attending radiologists. Materials and Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained before participant recruitment from an urban academic health-care system during January 2016–March 2016. Eleven resident and 12 attending radiologists examined 30 chest radiographs, rating their confidence regarding the presence or the absence of a pneumothorax. Ten cases were normal (ie, no pneumothorax present), 10 cases had an unsubtle pneumothorax (ie, readily perceivable by a nonexpert), and 10 cases had a subtle pneumothorax. During three reads of each case type, the participants were interrupted with 30 seconds of a secondary task. The total reading time and the accuracy of interrupted and uninterrupted cases were compared. A mixed-factors analysis of variance was run on reading time and accuracy with experience (resident vs attending) as a between-subjects factor and case type (normal, unsubtle, or subtle) and interruption (interruption vs no interruption) as within-subjects factors. Results Interrupted tasks had significantly longer reading times than uninterrupted cases (P = .032). During subtle cases, interruptions reduced accuracy (P = .034), but during normal cases, interruptions increased accuracy (P = .038). Conclusions Interruptions increased reading times and increased the tendency for a radiologist to conclude that a case is normal for both resident and attending radiologists, demonstrating that interruptions reduce efficiency and introduce patient safety concerns during reads of abnormal cases.
The challenge of alternative facts and the rise of misinformation in the digital age: responsibilities and opportunities for health promotion and education

ABSTRACTThere is a growing concern among scientists and educators alike that we are failing in our mission to demonstrate the importance of science and of the scientific method and hypothesis testing. We discuss the alarming rise of misinformation, particularly on the Internet, and the inability of readers, particularly students, to decipher real, valid information from “fake” or alternative facts. We call for renewed educational efforts at all levels to address this new information age problem affecting science. Additionally, strategies for health promotion professionals and Certified Health Education Specialists are presented.
Isolation of Type II Pneumocytes and Their Application in the Study of Pulmonary Metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the isolation and application of pneumocytes in the study of pulmonary metabolism. The investigation of any metabolic function in the lung is complicated by the unique anatomy and physiology of this organ. These complications are further compounded by the extensive cellular heterogeneity found in the lung, making the assignment of a biochemical event to a particular cell type very tenuous. The isolation of the type II cell offered a new dimension to the study of lung biochemistry and pathology. Removal of free lung cells was accomplished by sequential vascular perfusion and alveolar washing followed by vigorous shaking of a suspension of finely chopped tissue. Trypsin appeared to be the enzyme of choice with the grade of this enzyme ranging from fairly pure preparations. With the use of any of proteolytic enzymes, there is a potential for cell damage, with subsequent metabolic changes and loss of hormone sensitivity. More recently, centrifugal elutriation had been used in an attempt to obtain relatively pure populations of type II cells with reduced time and handling.
Representations of Integers as Sums of Nonvanishing Squares

It is clear that, for k ≥ 4, every nonnegative integer is representable as a sum of k squares. Indeed, one can always write \( n = \sum\nolimits_{{i = 1}}^4 {x_i^2} + {0^2} + \cdot \cdot \cdot + {0^2} \), with an arbitrary number of zeros. On the other hand, the number of representations r k (n) increases very rapidly with n (see Chapter 12), and besides the representations with k — 4 zeros, one usually finds others with fewer zeros or none at all. For example, if k = 5, then 5 = 22 + 12 + 02 + 02 + 02 = 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12.
Allocating Income Taxes to Operating and Financing Activities: An Analysis of the IASB/FASB Discussion Paper on Financial Statement Presentation

This article analyzes the tax aspects of the IASB/FASB Discussion Paper on Financial Statement Presentation. In their Discussion Paper, the Boards contend that income taxes should not be allocated between the newly proposed business and financing sections of financial statements because tax allocation (1) is not always useful, (2) is somewhat arbitrary, and (3) can be complex. This article describes several benefits to extending intraperiod tax allocation and observes that the new format introduces a bias against companies that invest in strategies that generate implicit taxes. Defining arbitrary tax allocations as those that do not help users assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of future cash flows, the article suggests that combining current year and prior year tax effects in a single income tax expense distorts users’ ability to assess future cash flows. Separately reporting the tax effects of current year and prior year pretax income may remove the stigma of arbitrariness associated with tax allocations and reduce complexity. The article includes examples of alternative financial statement formats that include income tax allocations that might benefit users and proposes a solution to the Boards’ example of a complex allocation. The study concludes that additional research on arbitrary and complex tax allocations is needed so that the stakeholders in the accounting regulator process can make informed decisions on intraperiod income tax allocation issues.
The role of water resources in the evolution of the Israeli–Lebanese border

The current location of the border between Lebanon and Palestine, today's Israel, is a product of various competing forces. The Zionist Organization aspired to include the entire Galilee region up to the lower reaches of the Litani River (also known as the Kassimiyah River) within Palestine. The river itself was the desired northern border of the country. The Zionists supported their position by employing instrumental arguments that were largely related to the availability of water resources. On the other hand, residents of the upper Galilee, today's southern Lebanon, demanded that they be included with Lebanon. They used their trade links with Beirut, and cultural and familial ties with other parts of Lebanon to support their position. These instrumental and expressive arguments appear to have assisted in the demarcation of the border between Lebanon and Palestine. Currently, access to the water resources, not necessarily control over them, is likely to influence negotiations between Israel and Lebanon over the future of the Israeli-occupied ‘security zone’ in southern Lebanon.
Synergisms in Breast Cancer Etiology

Since breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths* in women of North \america and most of Europe and the incidence rate is three times the death rate and rising in all world populations, it would be helpful to recognize the most significant factors that place woman in a position of high risk. The manifestation of this disease does not usually result of cause, but instead frim a combination of causes which most probably exert their influences over a long period of time.
Do Corporate Taxes Affect Workplace Safety

We examine how workplace injury rates change when firms are subject to a corporate tax shock. We find that tax increases lead to a significance increase in reported injuries, but tax decreases have no similar effect. Our difference-in-differences empirical strategy relies on staggered state-level corporate tax changes that exploits spatial discontinuity in treatment and control establishments located in contiguous border counties within the same firm. The results are strongest in industries with low union bargaining power, for firms with high marginal tax rates, poor safety culture scores, firms that barely meet or beat analysts’ earnings forecasts and firms that hire seasonal workers. Our results suggest that tax increases lead to real effects at the expense of employees, with no similar benefit accruing for tax cuts.
Tenfold increase in the photostability of an azobenzene guest in vapor-deposited glass mixtures.

Improvements to the photostability of organic glasses for use in electronic applications have generally relied on the modification of the chemical structure. We show here that the photostability of a guest molecule can also be significantly improved—without chemical modification—by using physical vapor deposition to pack molecules more densely. Photoisomerization of the substituted azobenzene, 4,4′-diphenyl azobenzene, was studied in a vapor-deposited glass matrix of celecoxib. We directly measure photoisomerization of trans- to cis-states via Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and show that the rate of photoisomerization depends upon the substrate temperature used during co-deposition of the glass. Photostability correlates reasonably with the density of the glass, where the optimum glass is about tenfold more photostable than the liquid-cooled glass. Molecular simulations, which mimic photoisomerization, also demonstrate that photoreaction of a guest molecule can be suppressed in vapor-deposited glasses. From the simulations, we estimate that the region that is disrupted by a single photoisomerization event encompasses approximately 5 molecules.
A reduction in spring mixing due to road salt runoff entering Mirror Lake (Lake Placid, NY)

Wiltse B, Yerger EC, Laxson CL. 2019. A reduction in spring mixing due to road salt runoff entering Mirror Lake (Lake Placid, NY). Lake Reserv Manage. 36:109–121. Road salt has resulted in the sali...
4D Cardiac Activation Wave Mapping in In Vivo Swine Model using Acoustoelectric Imaging

Though atrial fibrillation (AF) is a growing public health problem, electrical characterization of the disease with electrocardiography (ECG) is inadequate due to poor spatial resolution. The goal of this study was to investigate propagation of the cardiac activation wave in a healthy swine model using acoustoelectric cardiac imaging (ACI), a noninvasive mapping technology that combines ultrasound with electrical recording to overcome limitations with standard ECG. Real-time 4D ACI with a custom 2D 0.6 MHz matrix US array demonstrated conduction velocities of 2.21 m/s, validated with standard epicardial recording. ACI FWHM at a single timepoint, a measure related to the resolution of ACI in imaging the volume of activation at peak ECG signal, was 7.31 mm, 7.63 mm, and 6.23 mm in the depth, lateral, and elevational directions, respectively. SNR of ACI was 21dB at peak activation. ACI signals tracked through a 4D volume demonstrated appropriate propagation of the signal from base to apex and from endocardium to epicardium. This study demonstrated the potential for this technology to noninvasively map arrhythmias, such as AF, at high resolution.
The 19th Rocky Mountain Virology Association Meeting

This autumn, 95 scientists and students from the Rocky Mountain area, along with invited speakers from Colorado, California, Montana, Florida, Louisiana, New York, Maryland, and India, attended the 19th annual meeting of the Rocky Mountain Virology Association that was held at the Colorado State University Mountain Campus located in the Rocky Mountains. The two-day gathering featured 30 talks and 13 posters—all of which focused on specific areas of current virology and prion protein research. The keynote presentation reviewed new tools for microbial discovery and diagnostics. This timely discussion described the opportunities new investigators have to expand the field of microbiology into chronic and acute diseases, the pitfalls of sensitive molecular methods for pathogen discovery, and ways in which microbiology help us understand disruptions in the social fabric that pose pandemic threats at least as real as Ebola or influenza. Other areas of interest included host factors that influence virus replication, in-depth analysis of virus transcription and its effect on host gene expression, and multiple discussions of virus pathology, epidemiology as well as new avenues of diagnosis and treatment. The meeting was held at the peak of fall Aspen colors, surrounded by five mountains >11,000 ft (3.3 km), where the secluded campus provided the ideal setting for extended discussions, outdoor exercise and stargazing. On behalf of the Rocky Mountain Virology Association, this report summarizes 43 selected presentations.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOME HIGH YIELDING RICE LINES TOLERANT TO DROUGHT STRESS CONDITIONS

In Egypt, rice is one of the major water consuming crops and continuous flooding is the most common methods for irrigation. The water requirement for the rice crop cause nowadays an acute problem because of the limited irrigation water available from the River Nile. The present study was carried out to develop new promising lines produce more rice with less water to be grown to the drought affected areas due to the shortage of irrigation water and at the end of the terminals which receives irrigation water irregularly. Some promising lines were derived from IET 1444/ Sakha 102, Sakha 101 / IR 65600 and Sakha 101 / Gaori populations. Attentions were paid to the traits more associated with drought tolerance among segregants, to identify genotypes that confer drought resistance through selection procedures. The progenies from each cross were advanced under drought conditions from F2 generation using the pedigree method technique until F6 generation. The best ten selected lines from Fn generation were promoted to the yield trial experiments during 2007 and 2008 seasons. Randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The amount of irrigation water applied was determined by using flow meter. In 2009 season, the lines were evaluated under different irrigation intervals (irrigation every four, eight and twelve days) to test their yield potential. These lines were found to be tolerant to drought conditions at different growth stages i.e. early and late vegetative stage, reproductive and ripening stage. These lines proved to possess useful traits associated with drought tolerance such as early maturity, medium tillering ability, intermediate plant height, deep and thick roots, high root volume, high root: shoot ratio, plasticity in leaf rolling and unrolling, in addition to high water use efficiency. Water saving ranged 50-55 % as compared to continuous submergence, with a rice yield of 7-9 tons/ ha. So, by using such lines, the total water requirements will be significantly reduced without significant reduction in the yield. Also these lines can be used as donor parents at reproductive stage to solve the problem of a lack of the donor parents in breeding rice for drought tolerance.
Queer and Trans Necropolitics in the Afterlife of U.S. Empire

Examining popular responses to highly visible examples of queer and trans death – the 2016 massacre of Latinx (largely Puerto Rican) victims at the Pulse LGBT nightclub in Orlando, Florida, and the...
Malware Analysis using Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques

In this era, where the volume and diversity of malware is rising exponentially, new techniques need to be employed for faster and accurate identification of the malwares. Manual heuristic inspection of malware analysis are neither effective in detecting new malware, nor efficient as they fail to keep up with the high spreading rate of malware. Machine learning approaches have therefore gained momentum. They have been used to automate static and dynamic analysis investigation where malware having similar behavior are clustered together, and based on the proximity unknown malwares get classified to their respective families. Although many such research efforts have been conducted where data-mining and machine-learning techniques have been applied, in this paper we show how the accuracy can further be improved using deep learning networks. As deep learning offers superior classification by constructing neural networks with a higher number of potentially diverse layers it leads to improvement in automatic detection and classification of the malware variants.In this research, we present a framework which extracts various feature-sets such as system calls, operational codes, sections, and byte codes from the malware files. In the experimental and result section, we compare the accuracy obtained from each of these features and demonstrate that feature vector for system calls yields the highest accuracy. The paper concludes by showing how deep learning approach performs better than the traditional shallow machine learning approaches.
Interorganizational Collaboration and Policy Reform: Moving Young Families on Welfare Out of Poverty

Environmental factors such as broader policy reforms can often affect inter-organizational collaboration. This learning case showcases how recent reforms within California’s Welfare-to-Work program...
TASM: A Tile-Based Storage Manager for Video Analytics

Modern video data management systems store videos as a single encoded file, which significantly limits possible storage level optimizations. We design, implement, and evaluate TASM, a new tile-based storage manager for video data. TASM uses a feature in modern video codecs called "tiles" that enables spatial random access into encoded videos. TASM physically tunes stored videos by optimizing their tile layouts given the video content and a query workload. Additionally, TASM dynamically tunes that layout in response to changes in the query workload or if the query workload and video contents are incrementally discovered. Finally, TASM also produces efficient initial tile layouts for newly ingested videos. We demonstrate that TASM can speed up subframe selection queries by an average of over 50% and up to 94%. TASM can also improve the throughput of the full scan phase of object detection queries by up to 2×.
Use, Impact, Weaknesses, and Advanced Features of Search Functions for Clinical Use in Electronic Health Records: A Scoping Review

Objective Although vast amounts of patient information are captured in electronic health records (EHRs), effective clinical use of this information is challenging due to inadequate and inefficient access to it at the point of care. The purpose of this study was to conduct a scoping review of the literature on the use of EHR search functions within a single patient's record in clinical settings to characterize the current state of research on the topic and identify areas for future study. Methods We conducted a literature search of four databases to identify articles on within-EHR search functions or the use of EHR search function in the context of clinical tasks. After reviewing titles and abstracts and performing a full-text review of selected articles, we included 17 articles in the analysis. We qualitatively identified themes in those articles and synthesized the literature for each theme. Results Based on the 17 articles analyzed, we delineated four themes: (1) how clinicians use search functions, (2) impact of search functions on clinical workflow, (3) weaknesses of current search functions, and (4) advanced search features. Our review found that search functions generally facilitate patient information retrieval by clinicians and are positively received by users. However, existing search functions have weaknesses, such as yielding false negatives and false positives, which can decrease trust in the results, and requiring a high cognitive load to perform an inclusive search of a patient's record. Conclusion Despite the widespread adoption of EHRs, only a limited number of articles describe the use of EHR search functions in a clinical setting, despite evidence that they benefit clinician workflow and productivity. Some of the weaknesses of current search functions may be addressed by enhancing EHR search functions with collaborative filtering.
How do spouses of cancer survivors engage with mental healthcare? An exploratory analysis of visit characteristics.

Objective To better understand how cancer caregivers engage with mental healthcare, this exploratory study sought to assess the distribution and correlates of visit characteristics for mental health-related medical care among spouses of cancer survivors. Methods Using nationally representative data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, we assessed the proportion of caregivers who received a mental health-related prescription or psychotherapy visit across care settings (office based, outpatient hospital, emergency room, or inpatient visit), provider type (psychiatric, primary care, other specialty, or other), and visit purpose (regular checkup, diagnosis and treatment, follow-up, psychotherapy, other), and the health condition(s) associated with the visit. Logistic and multinomial regressions assessed the predisposing, enabling, need, and survivor characteristics associated with the visit characteristics. Results A plurality of spouses of cancer survivors accessed mental healthcare through an office-based visit (90%) with a primary care provider (47%). One third accessed treatment as part of a regular check-up (32%). Several factors were associated with visit characteristics, notably the cancer survivor's health status and healthcare utilization. Conclusions The findings provide an important reminder of the often-invisible mental health burden experienced by cancer caregivers and confirm the importance of routine primary care as a doorway to mental healthcare. Assessing how the care recipient's care needs and caregiving itself may act as barriers to specialty care will be a critical future research trajectory. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Building a CAT clinic - real-world systems approaches to prevention and treatment.

Abstract Cancer patients have an increased risk of developing venous thrombosis. The implementation of a cancer associated thrombosis clinic can be instrumental for the prevention, early recognition, and management of venous thromboembolism in this vulnerable population. Cancer thrombosis clinics rely on a multidisciplinary approach to care and require standardization along with a dedicated team of healthcare professionals. Cancer thrombosis clinics have the potential to improve patient outcomes and lower healthcare expenditure. Herein, we describe a successful model of a cancer thrombosis clinic and highlight the potential impact on clinical outcomes.
Turbine-engine development - Still pacemaking in aviation.

Turbine engine propulsion system development noting inlet temperatures, turbine-blade cooling methods, etc
Structure of 7Be: (II). The 6Li(p, p″)6Li∗∗ and 4He(3He, p″)6Li∗∗ reactions

Abstract The total and the differential cross sections for the 6Li(p, p″)6Li∗∗ (3.562 MeV) reaction were measured over a range of incident proton lab energies between 4.26 and 9.40 MeV. The total cross section for the 4He(3He, p″)6Li∗∗ reaction was measured over a range of incident 3He lab energies between 13.81 and 18.45 MeV. The analysis indicates the presence of two interfering states, both with Jπ = 3 2 − , located at about 10.0 and 11.0 MeV excitation energy in 7Be. The widths are 1.8 and 0.4 MeV, and isospins are T = 1 2 and T = 3 2 , respectively. Values for the reduced widths of the isospin allowed channels of the T = 3 2 state have been extracted, and the Thomas-Ehrman shift with respect to the corresponding 7Li state estimated. The existence of an extremely broad Jπ = 1 2 − state at roughly 10 MeV or greater 7Be excitation energy is suggested. Measurements were made to determine the correct normalization of several sets of data on eight 7Be-forming reactions.
p53 with a Human Touch

p53, arguably the most heavily scrutinized gene in biomedical research, is best known as a tumor suppressor protein that prevents animals and humans from developing a wide array of tumors. It does this largely by serving as a transcription factor that is activated by myriad stress signaling pathways (such as DNA damage) to mediate an equally broad range of cellular outcomes that may facilitate protection from cancer (such as programmed cell death). At the time of writing this Book Review, typing p53 into PubMed elicited an impressive 76,729 hits.
Formal Specification Techniques for Promoting Software Modularity, Enhancing Documentation, and Testing Specifications

This thesis presents three ideas. First, it presents a novel use of formal specification to promote a programming style based on specified interfaces and data abstraction in a programming language that lacks such supports. Second, it illustrates the uses of claims about specifications. Third, it describes a software reengineering process for making existing software easier to maintain and reuse. The process centers around specifying existing software modules and using the specifications to drive the code improvement process. The Larch/C Interface Language, or scLCL, is a formal specification language for documenting scANSI C software modules. Although scC does not support abstract types, scLCL is designed to support abstract types. A lint-like program, called scLCLint, enforces type discipline in clients of scLCL abstract types. scLCL is structured in a way that enables scLCLint to extract information from an scLCL specification for performing some consistency checks between the specification and its implementation. scLCL also provides facilities to state claims, or redundant, problem-specific assertions about a specification. Claims enhance the role of specifications as a software documentation tool. Claims can be used to highlight important or unusual specification properties, promote design coherence of software modules, and aid in program reasoning. In addition, claims about a specification can be used to test the specification by proving that they follow semantically from the specification. A semantics of scLCL suitable for reasoning about claims is given. A software reengineering process developed around scLCL and claims is effective for improving existing programs. The impact of the process applied to an existing scC program is described. The process improved the modularity and robustness of the program without changing its essential functionality or performance. A major product of the process is the specifications of the main modules of the reengineered program. A proof checker was used to verify some claims about the specifications; and in the process, several specification mistakes were found. The specifications are also used to illustrate specification writing techniques and heuristics. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Deltatalk: an empirically and aesthetically motivated simplification of the Smalltalk-80 language

The Smalltalk-80 system offers a language with a small and elegant conceptual core, and a highly interactive programming environment. We believe, however, that it could be made more learnable and usable by a relatively small set of changes. In this paper, we present the results of a series of empirical studies on learnability, and also some informal studies of large implementation projects. Based on these studies, we suggest a number of changes to the Smalltalk-80 language and system.
Heterogeneous computing on heterogeneous systems: Software and application issues

Most applications like image understanding, multidisciplinary analysis and design, and command and control require integrating algorithms from diverse areas such as image processing, numerical analysis, graph theory, artificial intelligence and databases. These problems are difficult to solve on one parallel machine because they consist of several parts, each of which requires differing types and amounts of parallelization. In this paper we study software and application issues related to using heterogeneous systems for high-performance computing. A typical environment would consist of a suite of high-performance SIMD and MIMD parallel machines and workstations connected by a high speed interconnection network.
Impaired microvascular function and increased vascular endothelial cell angiopoeitin-2 and tie-2 mRNA expression in human sepsis (LB527)

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory syndrome resulting in acute organ failure attributable to heterogeneous tissue perfusion and microvascular endothelial vasodilatory and barrier dysfunction. Angiop...
Formal methods for aerospace applications

Formal methods are being progressively incorporated in the aircraft and spacecraft software design and verification process and become commonplace elements of the aerospace industry. Five aerospace software system experts will present their views on this process and where it is headed. Focusing first on design issues, PETE MANOLIOS (Northeastern University, USA) will discuss design aspects and costs of commercial air transport vehicles, including integrated modular avionics, verification costs, and system integration. He will then discuss how new verification technology is used to algorithmically synthesize an optimal architecture subject to high level constraints. This work will be illustrated by a case study involving the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. MARC PANTEL (IRIT, France) will then discuss safety requirements as a key aspect of the development of embedded systems in avionics. He will discuss the current regulations linking safety requirements to software design guidelines. He will then discuss novel approaches to model driven software development, using formal models and verification activities at the various steps of the development cycle. Experiments conducted in relation with European avionics companies will be described. Moving then towards analysis methods, GUILLAUME BRAT (NASA, USA) will discuss sound, complete, precise, and scalable static analysis of flight control systems. He will introduce the IKOS static analysis framework, whose intellectual foundation is abstract interpretation. He will insist on compositional verification, a necessary tool for to make formal methods scale up to real, avionics systems. He will address the component-based development approach of these systems. ERIC FERON (Georgia Tech, USA), and PIERRE-LOIC GAROCHE will discuss the application of the methods introduced above to control software, a narrow, but essential component of any safety-critical software system. They will then describe a possible evolution of the current development process of aircraft control systems towards more formalism (through a combination of formal proof and proof replay). They will discuss the static analysis of the behavior of the controller (stability and other non linear properties), and the static analysis of the safety architecture of the controller.
A modified activated partial thromboplastin time with the use of amniotic fluid: Preliminary report of a new technique for detection of fetal lung maturity

The need for a simple, accurate, rapidly performed fetal lung maturity test remains unfilled despite the large number of methods available. In a preliminary prospective study, the amniotic fluid activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) appeared to be encouraging. The false mature rate in an at-risk patient population was 0.80%, and the false immature rate was 61%. The false mature rates for the lecitin/sphingomyelin ratio and absorbance 650 in the same patients were 0% and 0.63%, respectively, whereas the false immature rates were 81.8% and 91.3%. Since both the amniotic fluid activated PTT and absorbance 650 can be readily performed in the smallest hospital, the accuracy of the combination was explored. Combining the amniotic fluid activated PTT with a mature absorbance 650 reduced the false immature rate to 30.7%. Th amniotic fluid activated PTT is a rapid, accurate, economical test that is unaffected by gross blood or meconium contaminants.
Effeminate behavior present in boys from early childhood. II. Comparison with similar symptoms in non-effeminate boys.

Data on the frequencies of certain feminine-type symptoms in two groups of boys, numbering 84 and 95 each, were obtained from their parents. These frequencies were much lower than those in a comparable group of 26 effeminate boys. The individuals of the non-effeminate group who did show possible symptoms generally had fewer of them than did the individual effeminate boys. A shorter duration and other characteristics of the symptoms usually clearly differentiated the non-effeminate from the effeminate boys.
Passive jejunal bile salt absorption alters the enterohepatic circulation in immature rats

Abstract Background: Developmental changes in passive bile salt absorption may alter the enterohepatic circulation. Methods: 14-, 21-, and 40-day-old anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Jejunum and ileum were isolated, cannulated, and injected or perfused with a taurocholate, [ 3 H]taurocholate, and nonabsorbable marker solution. Bile was collected. Results: Using bolus injection, jejunal taurocholate absorption rates and total taurocholate absorption were nonsaturable, linearly related to taurocholate dose, and decreased from 14 days (1.62 nmol · cm −1 · min −1 ) to 21 days (1.05 nmol · cm −1 · min −1 ) and 40 days (0.54 nmol · cm −1 · min −1 ). While total taurocholate absorption decreased (14 days, 52.4%; 21 days, 43.7%; 40 days, 30.5%), hepatic taurocholate clearance increased (14 days, 18.2%; 21 days, 23.7%; 40 days, 37.3%). Hepatic taurocholate clearance was saturated only at 14 days. Using jejunal perfusion, total taurocholate absorption (14 days, 62.0%; 21 days, 43.1%; 40 days, 45.3%) and taurocholate absorption rate decreased with age (14 days, 941.13 nmol · cm −2 · min −1 per micromole of taurocholate; 21 days, 411.28 nmol · cm −2 · min −1 per micromole of taurocholate; 40 days, 334.50 nmol · cm −2 · min −1 per micromole of taurocholate). Conclusions: Passive jejunal bile salt absorption and decreased hepatic bile salt clearance could account for the low intraluminal and high serum bile salt levels observed in immature animals and in human neonates.
Petroleum Jelly: A Novel Medium for Ocular Ultrasound.

Abstract Background Ocular ultrasound is a useful emergency department imaging modality for evaluation of many conditions, such as retinal detachment, vitreous detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and elevated intracranial pressure. Obtaining satisfactory ocular ultrasound images requires the use of a medium that eliminates the air interface between the patient's eye and the transducer. Ultrasound gel is most commonly used; however, the use of a transparent dressing applied to the closed eye prior to the application of gel has also been described as a suitable technique. Discussion Ocular ultrasound is performed with the high-frequency linear array transducer using a medium to eliminate the air interface between the eye and the transducer. Although ultrasound gel is most frequently used, it can cause minor eye irritation. Placing a transparent dressing over a closed eye prior to application of gel can eliminate the eye irritation. However, our experience in training >500 students in ocular ultrasound has shown that air is frequently introduced underneath the dressing, which leads to poor-quality images. This article introduces petroleum jelly as a medium for ocular ultrasound. By applying a layer of petroleum jelly over the closed eye and allowing it to warm via body heat for 30 to 45 s, this medium can both minimize patient discomfort and provide easily obtainable, high-quality ocular ultrasound images. Conclusions This article introduces petroleum jelly as a safe, comfortable, and effective medium for ocular ultrasound examination.
OII-A-3

BACKGROUND To predict the activity of various LZD dosage regimens for MRSA. The MIC90 of LZD against MRSA is ∼4 mg/L. METHODS For 2 clinical MRSA isolates (MIC2, MIC4), 24h kill curve experiments were fit by a PD model: capacity limited replication inhibited by LZD via a Hill function, & 1st order elimination. A mixture model described both strains as 2 populations: a predominant ‘sensitive’ population (EC50 = 0.4 & 0.6xMIC) & a ‘resistant’ subpopulation (EC50 of 3 & 5xMIC). LZD PK parameters derived from our previous population PK analysis were used to predict PD responses to 4 LZD regimens: 600mg PO q12h w/o (BID) or with (LBID) a loading dose (LD) of 900mg; 600mg PO q8h w/o (TID) or with (LTID) a LD of 1200mg. For verification, these regimens were studied against these MRSA isolates in an in vitro PK/PD infection model, over 96h. RESULTS All 4 regimens were effective against MIC2 (LBID≈ BID). In silico & in vitro, BID & LBID were ineffective, while TID & LTID were effective (with similar activity) against MIC4. For eg, in vitro at 48h, the log10(bacterial CFU) were decreased by 3.6 & 3.2, for MIC2, & by 1 & 2.6, for MIC4, with BID & TID regimens. CONCLUSIONS The BID regimen might not provide adequate activity at MIC ≥ 4 mg/L (though these studies did not include any effect due to the immune system). At MIC=4, a TID regimen may offer a substantial benefit over BID. With its ‘slow’ rate of kill & its shallow concentration-effect curve, LZD appears to show only modest benefit for the evaluated loading doses. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 79, P4–P4; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.12.012
HIV‐1 genotypes in peripheral blood monocytes

CD4+ T cells and tissue macrophages are well defined as the major targets for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and replication, and their infection accounts for many aspects of HIV-1 pathogenesis in vivo. HIV-1 genotype and phenotype in monocytes and their potential roles in pathogenicity in vivo remain unknown. Herein is an overview of our initial work on HIV-1 genotype in purified CD14+ monocytes isolated longitudinally during the course of infection starting from the time of infection. Our data provide evidence for HIV-1 evolution in monocytes and their role as a reservoir of HIV-1 in vivo. A better understanding of HIV-1 in monocytes may greatly help the development of new therapeutic strategies for HIV-1 infection.
Weed Control and Corn (Zea mays) Response to Planting Pattern and Herbicide Program with High Seeding Rates in North Carolina

Effective weed control in corn (Zea mays L.) is important to optimize yield. Concern over environmental impact of atrazine and selection for glyphosate resistance has increased the need to develop alternative strategies that use herbicides other than atrazine and glyphosate and appropriate cultural practices to control weeds. Research was conducted during 2011 and 2012 to determine weed and corn response to herbicide programs containing dicamba, glufosinate, and glyphosate applied postemergence alone or with atrazine in single- and twin-row planting patterns. Planting pattern had no effect on common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and Texas panicum (Panicum texanum L.) population and did not interact with herbicide program. Effective weed control hastened maturity in some but not all instances. Under weed-free conditions, corn grain yield was higher in 5 of 7 trials when planted in twin rows versus single rows at equivalent corn populations (141,000 plants ha−1). These results suggest that while planting pattern may not impact weed control dramatically, planting corn in twin rows may be an effective alternative to single-row planting patterns because of increased yield under high corn populations.
The use of performance improvement methods to enhance emergency department patient satisfaction in the United States: a critical review of the literature and suggestions for future research

Objectives: The authors reviewed the evidence on performance improvement methods for increasing emergency department (ED) patient satisfaction to provide evidence-based suggestions for clinical practice. Methods: Data sources consisted of searches through MEDLINE, CINAHL, PSYCHINFO, Cochrane Library, and Emergency Medicine Abstracts and a manual search of references. Articles were included if they reported a performance improvement intervention targeting patient satisfaction in the ED setting. Articles on studies not conducted in the United States or that failed to provide enough details to allow critical evaluation of the study were excluded. Two authors used structured evaluation criteria to independently review each retained study. Results: Nineteen articles met all selection criteria. Three studies found varying levels of support for multicomponent interventions, predominantly focused on implementation of clinical practice guidelines for specific presenting complaints and process redesign. Sixteen studies evaluated single-component interventions, with the following having at least one supportive study: using alternating patient assignment to provider teams rather than “zone”-based assignment, enhancing provider communication and customer service skills, incorporating information delivery interventions (e.g., pamphlets, video) that target patient expectations, using preformatted charts, and establishing ED-based observation units for specific conditions such as asthma and chest pain. Conclusions: There is modest evidence supporting a range of performance improvement interventions for improving ED patient satisfaction. Further work is needed before specific, evidence-based recommendations can be made regarding which process changes are most effective. Recommendations are made for improving the quality of performance improvement efforts in the ED setting.
Non-normality and bifurcation in plane strain tension and compression

Abstract T he bifurcations of a rectangular block subject to plane strain tension or compression are investigated. The block material is taken to be incompressible and is characterized by an incrementally linear constitutive law for which “normality” does not necessarily hold. The consequences of non-normality regarding bifurcation are given primary emphasis here. The characteristic regimes of the governing equations (elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic) are detennined. In each of these regimes both symmetric and antisymmetric diffuse bifurcation modes are available. Additionally, in the hyperbolic and parabolic regimes, bifurcation into a localized shear band mode is also possible. Particular attention is given to the limiting cases of long wavelength and soon wavelength diffuse bifurcation modes. The range of parameter values is identified for which bifurcation into some localized mode may precede bifurcation into a long wavelength diffuse mode. Some difficulties associated with employing a linear incremental solid in a bifurcation analysis, when primary interest is in the bifurcation of an underlying elastic-plastic solid, are also discussed.
Crossover to strong intensity correlation for microwave radiation in random media.

We report measurements of microwave intensity statistics in random configurations of polystyrene spheres contained in a cylinder with reflecting walls. As the sample thickness increases measurements of the intensity distribution and the intensity correlation function with frequency shift reveal a crossover from uncorrelated to correlated photon diffusion.