cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the linear elastic properties of Portland cement paste

Abstract The linear elastic moduli of cement paste are key parameters, along with the cement paste compressive and tensile strengths, for characterizing the mechanical response of mortar and concrete. Predicting these moduli is difficult, as these materials are random, complex, multi-scale composites. This paper describes how finite element procedures combined with knowledge of individual phase moduli are used, in combination with a cement paste microstructure development model, to quantitatively predict elastic moduli as a function of degree of hydration, as measured by loss on ignition. Comparison between model predictions and experimental results are good for degrees of hydration of 50% or greater, for a range of water : cement ratios. At early ages, the resolution of the typical 1003 digital microstructure is inadequate to give accurate results for the tenuous cement paste microstructure that exists at low degrees of hydration. Elastic computations were made on higher resolution microstructures, up to 4003, and compared to early age elastic moduli data. Increasing agreement with experiment was seen as the resolution increased, even when ignoring possible viscoelastic effects.
What Powers for the Federal Reserve

In this essay, I explain my reasons for the following policy recommendations: (1) The Fed should continue to manage monetary policy as it has in the past, should act as the nation's lender of last resort, should fully supervise the large bank holding companies and their subsidiary banks, and should be given resolution authority over the institutions that it supervises. (2) While a council of supervisors and regulators can play a useful role in dealing with macro prudential risks, it should not replace the central role of the Federal Reserve. (3) The virtually unlimited lending powers that the Fed has recently exercised in creating credit and helping individual institutions should be restricted in duration and subjected to formal Treasury approval backed by Congressional preauthorization of funds. (4) The Fed's capital rules for commercial banks need to be strengthened by replacing the existing risk-based capital approach with a broader definition of risk and the introduction of contingent capital. (5) Subjecting mortgage lending to a broader range of Federal Reserve regulations and allowing the Fed to deal with nonbank creators of mortgage products would be better than the creation of a new consumer financial protection organization.
Theoretical and experimental three-body ionic recombination coefficients.

The formula of Bates and Flannery for the low-density limit to three-body ionic recombination is used to determine the rates of N${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ and N${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ recombining in various gases and of ${\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ recombining in oxygen. Satisfactory agreement with the experimental values of Mahan and Person and of McGowan is obtained.
Fatigue-like effects in the cooperative mechanism revealed with side-by-side reversible figures

Subjects viewed two rotating Necker cubes presented simultaneously on opposite sides of a fixation point. During successive viewing periods within the experimental session, the subjects indicated whether the two test figures rotated in unison or in different directions. Within each viewing period, there was a significant decrease in the duration for which the cubes were perceived as rotating together. The possibility of fatigue-like properties within the hypothesized global cooperative mechanism are discussed.
Advertising and Product Quality: Are Heavily Advertised Products Better?

It is often conceded that heavily advertised products cost more than those that are not advertised extensively. But there is considerable disagreement concerning what this difference means. Advertising's critics often claim it is evidence of monopolistic control over supply and prices, while advertising's defenders generally contend it reflects the higher quality of advertised brands. Surprisingly, there has been almost no research into whether or not heavily advertised goods are of better quality. As a preliminary inquiry into this interesting question, this paper attempts to examine the relationship between advertising expenditures and product quality.
Fault Detection of Networked Control Systems Based on Kalman Filter

The fault detection for networked control systems with network induced time delay is discussed in this paper. The Kalman filter is designed to compensate the time delay. The residue is only related to fault and random disturbance. By computing the residue between the output of the practical system and the output of the Kalman filter, the fault detection scheme of NCS is given. The simulation results illustrate effectiveness of the proposed delay compensation method and fault detection method.
Further investigations of the type II diels-alder route to the bicyclic core of esperamicin/calichemicin reveal a regiochemical misassignment: Meta vs. para selectivity

Abstract The chemistry of an IMDA reaction product has been investigated and reveals that the regiochemical outcome of the cycloaddition was incorrectly assigned in the original report. The product of this reaction is a skeletal isomer of the esperamicin/calichemicin bicyclic core structure.
Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-MATK-RBCL sequence data

Nuclear 26S rDNA sequences were used to corroborate and test previously published matK-rbcL-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Cornales. Sequences were generated for 53 taxa including Alangium, Camptotheca, Cornus, Curtisia, Davidia, Diplopanax, Mastixia, Nyssa, and four families: Grubbiaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Hydrostachyaceae, and Loasaceae. Fifteen taxa from asterids were used as outgroups. The 26S rDNA sequences were initially analyzed separately and then combined with matK-rbcL sequences, using both parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Eight strongly supported major clades were identified within Cornales by all analyses: Cornus, Alangium, nyssoids (Nyssa, Davidia, and Camptotheca), mastixioids (Mastixia and Diplopanax), Hydrangeaceae, Loasaceae, Grubbia-Curtisia, and Hydrostachys. However, relationships among the major lineages are not strongly supported in either 26S rDNA or combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL topologies, except for the sister relationships between Cornus and Alangium and between nyssoids and mastixioids in the tree from combined data. Discrepancies in relationships among major lineages, especially the placement of the long-branched Hydrostachys, were found between parsimony and maximum likelihood trees in all analyses. Incongruence between the 26S rDNA and matK-rbcL data sets was suggested, where Hydrangeaceae was found to be largely responsible for the incongruence. The long branch of Hydrostachys revealed in previous analyses was reduced significantly with more sampling. Maximum likelihood analysis of combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequences suggested that Hydrostachys might be sister to the remainder of Cornales, that Cornus-Alangium are sisters, that nyssoids-mastixioids are sisters, and that Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae are sisters, consistent with previous analyses of matK-rbcL sequence data.
The counselor project at the University of Massachusetts

The COUNSELOR PROJECT began in the fall of 1984 with the goal of exploring basic problems in discourse structure and text processing within an integrated interface to a strong expert system. The program that we have developed, COUNSELOR, integrates separately developed components for natural language generation (MUMBLE see [7], [8], [9]), parsing (PLUM [5]), and case-based legal reasoning (HYPO [1], [2]). It adds a newly developed component, CICERO ([10]), positioned between the two text processors and the expert system; CICERO is responsible for managing textual inferences ("reading between the lines") by using common sense models of legal events. COUNSELOR can provide advise to an attorney about how to argue cases involving violations of trade secret law in the computer field. The attorney presents the facts of their case to the system, which may ask questions to elicit other facts that it knows to be relevant. The system then suggests lines of argument that the attorney might use, drawing on its library of litigated cases to find ones with analogous dimensions.
The growth and structure of titanium oxide films on Pt(111) investigated by LEED, XPS, ISS and STM

Titanium oxide films grown on Pt(111) have been investigated using LEED, XPS, ISS, and STM for coverages ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 ML. The oxide overlayers are prepared by vapor phase deposition of titanium metal followed by oxidation in 10−6 Torr O2. Partial dissolution of the overlayer into the Pt substrate occurs upon annealing to temperatures in excess of 500°C. Annealing in 1 × 10−6 Torr O2 at temperatures ranging from 500°C to 700°C leads to a three-fold symmetric structure with a unit cell of 18.2 A × 18.2 A. This structure is observed at coverages ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 ML. XPS measurements of this phase show the stoichiometry of TiO2. Heating in vacuum at 650°C to 850°C leads to a new structure with a unit cell of 18.2 A × 13.9 A which is observed at coverages of 1.0 to 1.5 ML. This oxide overlayer is shown by XPS to have the stoichiometry of Ti4O7. Similarities are observed between the ordered overlayers and reported structures of stoichiometric and reduced rutile TiO2 surfaces. Angle resolved XPS measurements of disordered titanium oxide films, formed by annealing at temperatures below 500°C, indicate that reduced Ti3+ is concentrated at the oxide /Pt(111) interface.
Control of in vitro cytotoxicity of positively charged liposomes.

The parameters which influence the in vitro cytotoxicity of positively charged liposomes for L 1210 cells were analyzed. The cytotoxicity was liposome/cell ratio-dependent. It also depended upon the mole fractions of stearyl-amine (SA) to phosphatidylcholine (PC). There was no difference between the cytotoxicity of unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles but the cytotoxic effect of free SA was about 4 times greater than that of liposome incorporated SA at a molar ratio of 1:4, SA:PC, respectively. The process which resulted in cell death was irreversible after 60 min of cell-liposome contact. The simultaneous presence of neutral liposomes or of positively charged liposomes with a lesser charge density decreased the cytotoxic effect of liposomes with a higher SA conten. The cytotoxicity could be decreased by trypsinization of cells following exposure to liposomes while treatment of cells with trypsin prior to the exposure to positively charged liposomes had no effect on the subsequent cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity was also decreased if cells were incubated in the presence of sodium azide. The usual concentration of serum (10%) present in the growth medium had no effect on the cytotoxicity while preincubation of cells with liposomes in 80% serum resulted in full protection. The protective effect of serum could be replaced by the albumin fraction.
The management of multiple myeloma.

Abstract The management of multiple myeloma has been discussed. Conservative measures which may be helpful in the care of the patient with this disease have been outlined. So-called specific drug therapy in this disease leaves a great deal to be desired and still provides wide opportunity for continued search for more effective agents.
Review of the Federal Child Labor Regulations: updating hazardous and prohibited occupations.

Background Child labor regulations are intended to protect our young and most vulnerable workers. While regulations are not the only strategy for providing a safe and healthy work environment for young workers, they are the first step in setting the community standard to protect them. The world of work has changed since the first child labor laws were issued in 1939. The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) enlisted assistance from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to evaluate the current list of hazardous and prohibited occupations and to make recommendations for changes to the regulations. Methods A group of national experts reviewed the recommendations made by NIOSH. The consensus review process identified areas of agreement, disagreement, and priorities for the DOL's Wage and Hour Division. Gaps in the hazardous orders not addressed in the recommendations were also identified. Results This commentary describes the background of the Hazardous Orders under the Fair Labor Standards Act, the evaluation by NIOSH, the process used to review it, and recommendations for further action. Conclusions The NIOSH report is a valuable resource for anyone working to prevent occupational injuries—among adult and young workers alike. It is crucial that the DOL use the guidance provided by NIOSH and the Young Workers Safety and Health Network to improve the protections for young workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:218–221, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Making General Education Matter: Structures and Strategies

When the University of North Dakota began working to improve general education, two concerns were recognized. The first issue, which faculty and administrators across campus found immediately engaging, was how to change general education so that it would be a better program, more likely to yield clear student learning benefits. A second concern, less obvious but ultimately more significant, was how to make general education really matter. This cross-campus faculty engagement in general education goals has been extremely energizing, essentially making the program matter to faculty across disciplines; and this heightened faculty interest is already translating to students as faculty engage more purposefully with the program.
Irregular and diurnal variability in asynoptic measurements of stratospheric trace species

Two classes of variability in stratospheric trace species: (i) dynamically introduced tracer irregularities and (ii) diurnal variations in photochemically active species, are investigated with regard to asynoptic satellite measurements. The fidelity with which the continuous behavior can be derived from the discrete asynoptic measurements is examined. Irregular tracer variability is described in terms of an advected random process, while diurnal fluctuations are constructed with a solar waveform. In each case, the continuous behavior retrieved is corrupted by aliasing from variability unresolved by the asynoptic measurements. In essence, the discrete observations are misinterpreted. Contamination by diurnal variations is particularly grave, because it leads to variance well removed from the Nyquist limits of asynoptic sampling and aliases to time-mean behavior. The availability of contemporaneous measurements from several instruments viewing different regions on the globe (e.g. UARS), may make it possible to alleviate these difficulties by capitalizing on the expanded information content of the collective data set.
Gordon, Agáta. 2011. Magdolna lányai: Az Úrnő könyve (The Womenfolk of the Magdolna Quarter: The Lady’s Book). Budapest: Centrifuga eKiadó. 89 pp.

Gordon, Agata. 2011. Magdolna lanyai: Az Urnő konyve (The Womenfolk of the Magdolna Quarter: The Lady’s Book). Budapest: Centrifuga eKiado. 89 pp. Reviewed by Angela Kocze, Visiting Assistant Professor, Wake Forest University, North Carolina
Nicotine vs. ethanol discrimination: Extinction and spontaneous recovery of responding

Studies regarding extinction and spontaneous recovery of the discriminative stimulus effects of drugs are limited. Eight rats were initially trained to discriminate nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) vs. ethanol (800 mg/kg). For four rats, itraperitaneal (IP) administrations of nicotine fifteen minutes prior to fifteen-minute training sessions served as a discriminative stimulus (SD) for predicting food-reinforced lever pressing (VI-1 min). On other sessions ethanol functioned in predicting nonreinforcement (SΔ). The stimulus roles of the drugs were counterbalanced for the remaining four rats. SΔ and SD sessions alternated quasi-randomly with two daily sessions at 1000 and 1400 hours. Discriminative control was not disrupted following ten extinction sessions under a non-drug/saline condition, but was disrupted following extinction sessions under the original training drugs. Instances of spontaneous recovery (SR) occurred throughout extinction under the drug condtions. There was no evidence for SR two weeks following extinction, but partial recovery four weeks following the final extinction phase. Contextual status (context renewal) had neither a restorative or disruptive impact on extiguished or discriminated responding, respectively. Theser results support and extend the limited number of other studies by demonstrating extinction and spontaneous recovery of responding discriminated bytwo distinct drugs. Some theoretical interpretations regarding history effects and training in the context of drug discrimination are entertained.
Cell-based assays using photonic crystal biosensors

Photonic crystal (PC) biosensors are used for quantifying cell attachment to surfaces for applications such as pharmaceutical screening and life science research. PC biosensors and imaging detection instruments measure the aggregate behavior of large cell populations, individual cells, variation within cells.
Astronomical Application Of An S-1 Response I-SIT (Intensified - Silicon Intensity Target) Television Detector

An I-SIT television system using a 40 mm S-1 image tube fiber-optically coupled to a 40 mm SIT vidicon tube has been used extensively for astronomical observations in the near-infrared. The camera and data acquisition system is briefly described and the digital picture reduction scheme is illustrated with both spectroscopic and direct imaging data. Observations of the red supergiant star Betelgeuse (α Orionis) are presented that reveal the remarkable extent of the gas shell that surrounds the star. A brief interpretation of these data in terms of mass loss is presented. Planetary observations of Jupiter in the methane band (λ 8900 A) are also discussed.
An experimental study: analyzing requirement type influence on novelty and variety of generated solutions

This paper examines the influence of requirement types on the novelty and variety of generated design solutions as studied through a controlled user study experiment. A controlled group of students was given a burrito folder design problem with no requirements and asked to sketch solutions. Three experimental groups given different requirement treatments were also asked to sketch solutions for the same design problem. The experimental conditions were functional requirements, nonfunctional requirements, and randomly mixed requirements. Analysis of the experimental results reveals that there is a significant difference in novelty means between the nonfunctional requirement and the no-requirements group, with the nonfunctional groups achieving higher novelty scores. In addition, the novelty means between the mixed requirements and no requirements are also significantly different. Therefore having nonfunctional or mixed requirements can positively affect the novelty of the solutions. In terms of variety, ther...
Influence of the Banks' Money Mediation Behavior on the Monetary Policy: A Study of Korean Case

AbstractThis paper analyses how financial institutions' arbitrary intermediation behaviors, including adjustments in bank lending and deposit rates, influence monetary policy transmission channels. For the analysis, we develop a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (NK DSGE) model with parameters estimated to fit the Korean conditions. The role of banks is subsequently examined by classifying monetary policy transmission channels (real rate channel, nominal debt channel, financial accelerating channel, and banking attenuator channel). A notable part of this analysis is the inclusion of the banking sector in the model specifically with the intent to study transmissions from the financial sector to the real economy. This paper follows this line of inquiry with recent research in mind. Empirical analysis verifies the existence of the banking attenuator effect in Korea, which means banks act to reduce the effect of monetary policies. This indicates that if financial intermediaries strengthen a...
Artificial intelligence and formal models of international behavior

During the past five years, models and techniques developed in artificial intelligence (AI) have been applied to a wide variety of topics in international relations (IR). These applications build on a theoretical base established at MIT during the 1970s, and the expansion of the applications reflects both changes in AI research and limitations of alternative models such as statistical modeling and rational choice approaches. Current applications in IR/AI tend to fall into three categories. First, there have been extensive applications of if-then rules in expert systems and simulations. Second, many models emphasize the role of historical precedent in IR decision making. Third, a variety of approaches employing natural language are under development. These AI techniques have extended considerably the range and complexity of formal models of international behavior.
Cross Enterprise Improvements Delivered via a Cloud Platform: A Game Changer for the Consumer Product and Retail Industry

Gaining visibility into their retail supply chain has become a top priority for the Consumer Product (CP) industry. However, taking a “do-it-yourself” approach to the problem is proving to be both expensive and complex. Cloud Computing, with its on-demand provisioning capability on shared resources, has emerged as a new paradigm to address the challenges of the CP industry. In this paper, we describe a framework for deployment of business analytic solutions on a Cloud platform. We illustrate the benefits of the approach in context of the Demand Driven Business Analytic solution that provides demand signals to CP manufacturers.
Kitt Peak 60-cm vacuum telescope

A major new solar-research telescope conceived and built during a time of budget restraint is described. The observation of magnetic and velocity (circulation) field structure on a synoptic basis and with diffraction-limited resolution is the aim. New optical features include the use of oversize mirrors and windows to avoid thermal edge effects and the placement of the coelostat feed outside the vacuum, mainly for economy. The site selected has prevailing winds that clear thermals from these mirrors. Test data in the form of the system MTF and optical transmission, together with examples of full disk magnetograms and photoheliograms, show present performance capability. Measured MTF indicates a response of 0.2 at 1 sec of arc (whereas diffraction-limited response would be about 0.8). System transmission, including the accompanying spectrograph, is only 2-3% (wavelength 0.44-1.1 microns). Thus, both the optical quality and efficiency are subject to improvement.
[125I]CGP 42112 binding reveals differences between rat brain and adrenal AT2 receptor binding sites

Abstract The AT 2 angiotensin II receptor selective ligand CGP42112 was radioiodinated and used to study AT 2 receptor binding sites in the rat brain (combined olfactory bulb, septum, thalamus and midbrain) and whole adrenal. The [ 125 I]CGP 42112 binding was of high affinity, saturable and specific in both tissues. Competition studies with nonselective and angiotensin II receptor subtype selective ligands, and evaluation of the effects of the sulfhydryl reducing agent β-mercaptoethanol, confirmed that [ 125 I]CGP 42112 bound selectively to the AT 2 angiotensin II receptor subtype. [ 125 I]CGP 42112 bound with higher affinity in the brain than in the adrenal. β-Mercaptoethanol enhanced [ 125 I]CGP 42112 binding in the brain, but did not alter its binding in the adrenal. A similar difference in binding affinity for [ 125 I]sarcosine 1 ,isoleucine 8 angiotensin II and enhancement of binding affinity by β-mercaptoethanol was observed in the rat brain and adrenal. These observations suggest that the AT 2 angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the brain and adrenal may differ.
COOPERATION AND TRANSITION: MONDRAGON'S SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND MANAGERIAL LESSONS

The Mondragon Cooperative Group has emerged as a major world market competitor while at the same time achieving freedom, justice, and equality. This paper examines the Mondragon Group's history and structure. It does so using the economy in society model as derived from social and institutional economics. Enhancing social communication within the group, the model leads us to understanding and better enables cooperatives to achieve their just, humane, and prosperous existence. The lessons of Mondragon challenge basic understandings of Euro‐American economic and management science about what can be. These lessons are examined not only for their import in managing change in transitional economies, but wherever economic liberalism has limited our ability to understand the full range of human experience and capabilities.
α2 Adrenergic receptors and the central control of breathing in the cane toad, Bufo marinus

The effect of adrenergic agents on the central control of breathing in the cane toad, Bufo marinus, was tested by applying adrenergic agents to the ventral medullary surface of decerebrate adult toads. Toads were unidirectionally ventilated while recording lung, buccal, and artery blood pressures (BPI), as well as heart rate (HR). Following a control period, filter paper pledgets soaked in the appropriate solution (epinephrine - 0.023, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.23 mM; norepinephrine - 0.002, 0.016, 0.032, and 0.16 mM; clonidine - 0.00375, 0.0375, and 0.375 mM; or yohimbine - 0.43) mM) were placed bilaterally on the ventral medullary surface. Epinephrine significantly increased the number of breaths (26%), lung amplitude (9%), and episode duration (21%), but had no effect on BP or HR. The alpha2-agonist. clonidine, significantly increased respiratory activity at moderate doses (0.0375 mM) and decreased activity at high doses (0.375 mM), however, it failed to elicit significant changes in BP or HR. Pretreatment with the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine (0.43 mM), blocked the clonidine induced changes in respiratory activity. Yohimbine had no effect on cardiorespiratory parameters. Norepinephrine had no effect on either cardiovascular or respiratory variables. Thus, it appears that an alpha2 adrenergic mechanism is involved in the central control of respiration in this lower vertebrate.
Optimizing turbulent heat transfer using orthogonal decomposition-based contouring

Large-scale simulations of cylindrical pin fins with a spanwise distance to fin diameter ratio of 2 and height over fin diameter ratio of 1 are performed and optimized based on orthogonal decomposition. The flow Reynolds number based on hydraulic channel diameter and bulk velocity () is chosen based on experimental results available in the open literature. The three-pin-wide domain was simulated using unsteady large eddy simulations. The resulting flow field consisting of velocity and temperature data is analyzed using an orthogonal decomposition technique based on temporal correlations of all flow variables, including temperature. The first seven temperature basis functions shows a near-zero amplitude, indicating their irrelevance for turbulent heat transfer augmentation. A mode combination ranking methodology based on enthalpy confirmed the potential for optimization. An isosurface of the most important mode’s temperature basis function is then used to contour the domain endwalls with a first-order appr...
On-Pump versus Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Alongside a Multisite Trial

Background Questions have been raised about the costs and outcomes for patients receiving on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. As part of the Department of Veterans Affairs Randomized On/Off Bypass (ROOBY) multisite trial, a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to compare on-pump versus off-pump patients' quality-adjusted life-years and costs at 1 year. Methods One-year outcomes and costs (standardized to 2010 dollars) were estimated in multivariate regression models, controlling for site and baseline patient factors. The 1-year incremental cost-effectiveness analysis ratio with 95% confidence intervals was calculated using bootstrapping. Results Eighteen centers randomly assigned 2,203 participants to on-pump (n = 1,099) versus off-pump (n = 1,104) coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Both groups' quality of life improved significantly after surgery ( p p = 0.16). At 1 year, on-pump adjusted cost was $56,023 versus $59,623 off-pump ( p = 0.046). Off-pump–to–on-pump conversions after first distal anastomosis (4.8%) had significantly higher 1-year costs. Excluding conversions, there were no significant differences between treatments for index hospitalization or 1-year total costs. Conclusions At 1 year, off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery was more expensive than on-pump when late off-pump–to–on-pump conversions were included. Excluding late conversions, there was no difference in quality-adjusted life-years or costs. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00032630; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00032630.
Epidemic of bovine tuberculosis cases originating from an infected beef herd in Oklahoma, USA

Abstract Although the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis has diminished in the USA, there have been surprising recent discoveries of the infection in Pennsylvania (1989), North Dakota (1988), New Mexico (1985) and Mississippi (1983). In August 1989, US Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspectors at a Missouri slaughter establishment found an aged beef-type cow of Oklahoma origin with tuberculosis during routine necropsy. The study reports procedures, results and the progress of investigations after finding the tuberculous slaughter-cow. The tuberculous cow came from a herd of beef cattle (Farm A) in northeastern Oklahoma. Farm A purchased the cow at a local auction market in October 1988; the cow ultimately originated from another local farm (Farm B). All cattle on Farm B had dispersed at the time Farm A acquired the tuberculous cow. Regulatory officials investigated all known sales of cattle from Farm B and discovered 12 additional cases of tuberculosis (one in Kansas and 11 in Oklahoma). The cases involved the exposure of over 4400 cattle on 87 premises (seven states) to the infection. The source of infection for Farm B was not determined. The epidemic of tuberculosis cases in the current study stressed the importance of surveillance by USDA inspectors at slaughter establishments, and also rapid and decisive action in bovine tuberculosis eradication efforts.
The antigenic relationship of the pollen, seed, and leaves of giant ragweed.

Abstract Fractions of the giant ragweed pollen, seed, and leaves were prepared in a purified form. The antigenic relationships of these preparations were compared by direct skin tests in ragweed-sensitive patients, by cross testing of reagin sites exhausted with a related antigen, by anaphylaxis and by precipitin tests. The results showed that: 1.1. There exists an antigenic relationship of the three investigated giant ragweed tissues. 2.2. Comparative titrations suggest a difference in potency decreasing from pollen through leaves to seed. 3.3. There seems to be a very close relationship between the leaf and pollen antigen. The seed does not contain an antigen present in the pollen in that it is not capable of exhausting sites inoculated with human reagin. The restricted number of tested subjects, however, does not allow final conclusions to be drawn on this point. 4.4. Quantitative titrations and other investigations showed that ammonium sulfate fractionation results in the most potent preparations for leaves and pollen, but acetone fractionation is apparently required to produce potent seed preparations, especially as observed by its anaphylactic properties in sensitized guinea pigs. 5.5. The relatively small amount of pollen antigen in the leaves and seed would speak against the use of these plant tissues as a practical source of the antigen for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. 6.6. The results suggest that the plant debris may serve as a natural source of allergy to the pollen-sensitive patient. Further work would have to be done before this can be accepted as a final opinion.
Measurement of force to excavate extraterrestrial regolith with a small bucket-wheel device

The plans for NASA missions to the moon and mars require excavation of regolith (soil) especially to realize the benefits of in situ resource utilization. Micro-scale excavators might be good candidates for these missions since they will significantly reduce launch mass. Even though the excavator might be small, it still has to be capable, reliable, and power efficient. This paper reports on research to measure the amount of force such a small excavator must generate to be effective. Previous research indicates a bucket-wheel excavator is a good candidate excavator tool; so, we developed a laboratory-scale apparatus to measure the horizontal and vertical forces and power required to excavate simulated regolith with a micro-scale bucket wheel. This paper describes the apparatus and presents the results of measurements along with a comparison with modeled forces, concluding that micro-excavators are feasible candidates for ISRU work.
Identifying faculty types using peer ratings of teaching, research, and service

To further explain the relationship between teaching, research, and service, ninety full-time, tenure-track faculty were classified into types based on peer ratings in each of these three areas. The classification was determined using one method of cluster analysis and was validated in two ways: (1) by comparing initial results to those from a second method of cluster analysis and (2) through comparisons of faculty types on additional measures, for example, number of research publications, research grant dollars, and teaching awards. Results supported five discrete, faculty types: All Stars, Teachers and Good Citizens, Researchers, Teachers, and Uninvolved. This current mixture of faculty types is a result of past administrative decisions and will likely shape future decisions in the school.
NMR Studies of Hindered Rotation and Magnetic Anisotropy: The Diels–Alder Adducts of Phencyclone with N‐Phenylmaleimide and N‐(2‐Trifluoromethylphenyl)maleimide. Ab Initio Calculations for Optimized Structures

Abstract N‐Phenylmaleimide, 2, and N‐(2‐trifluoromethylphenyl)maleimide, 3, were separately added to phencyclone, 1, to yield the corresponding phencyclone Diels–Alder adducts, 4 and 5. The resulting adducts (and some precursors) have been characterized by one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H and 13C NMR at 300 and 75 MHz, and by 19F NMR at 282 MHz, at ambient temperatures. The NMR data are consistent, for both adducts, with: (a) hindered rotation of the bridgehead unsubstituted phenyl groups about the C(sp2)–C(sp3) bonds, based on slow exchange limit (SEL) spectra and (b) endo adduct configuration based on magnetic anisotropic effects in the 1H NMR. The NMR spectra of the phencyclone adduct, 4, of N‐phenylmaleimide, indicate free rotation on the NMR timescales (fast exchange limit, FEL spectra) about the N‐phenyl bond. The spectra for the adduct, 5, of N‐(2‐trifluoromethylphenyl)maleimide are interpreted as consistent with SEL regimes, for the N‐aryl rotations, with a single rotamer present in which the trifluoro...
Factor Structure of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) for Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics:

Factor-analyzed data for three race/ethnic groups on the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) for people ages 11 to 93 are reported. Factor structures for Whites (N= 1,535), African Americans (N = 226), and Hispanics (N = 140) yielded Fluid and Crystallized dimensions that were congruent across race/ethnic groups and provided construct validity evidence for each subsample. The "g" factors for the three samples yielded congruence coefficients above .99. The KAIT results were interpreted in the context of previous investigations, especially with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised.
Influence of Solution Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Deformed Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg Alloy

Deformed Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg alloy was heat treated for different solution treatment. The effect of solution treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg alloy were investigated. The long Si particle is first fragmented, subsequently individual particles coarsen whilst becoming rounder with solution treatment in the present study. It was found that the size and aspect ratio of Si particles, have an effect on mechanical property of deformed Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg alloy. The mechanical properties of deformed Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg alloy in T4 condition are much higher than that of 6063 alloy in T4.
Mg-rich coatings: A new paradigm for Cr-free corrosion protection of Al aerospace alloys

Environmentally acceptable alternative coatings to chromate pigments and pretreatments for the corrosion control of Al alloy 2024 T-3, commonly used in aircraft, were designed, formulated, and tested as primer coatings to provide protection using particulate Mg-rich pigmentation. The system was designed by analogy to pigmented Zn-rich primer coatings used for the protection of steel. In the current study, four coating polymer systems were examined as possible candidates as polymer matrices for Mg-rich cathodic protect coatings. Mg-rich primers were formulated with ∼50-micron average particle size magnesium powder, near to the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) for this system. Top-coated scribed coatings systems have been subjected to Prohesion™ exposure in dilute Harrison’s solution for up to 5000 hr. These coatings are the first nonchromated coatings to satisfy 3000 hr of such exposure and remain shiny and undamaged in the scribe area, only showing damage at about 4800 hr. The corrosion byproducts generated in the scribe areas during Prohesion exposure were examined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), and the local pH of the coating determined by the nature of the salt formed as a function of exposure conditions and time, did not cause Al corrosion.
New Autopsy Techniques for Transistors and Relays

A new method for opening hermetically-sealed metal cases is described. Instead of mechanically sawing or cutting the metal, an electrochemical process is used. Two methods are described, static electrolysis (anodic dissolution) and jet electrolysis. Examples of the application of these methods to the ``autopsy'' of failed transistors with 6-mil Kovar shells and relays with 15-mil brass shells is shown.
A Consistent but Non-Coincident Visual Pattern Facilitates the Learning of Spatial Relations among Locations

Human participants searched in a dynamic three-dimensional computer-generated virtual-environment open-field search task for four hidden goal locations arranged in a diamond configuration located in a 5 × 5 matrix of raised bins. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: visual pattern or visual random. All participants experienced 30 trials in which four goal locations maintained the same spatial relations to each other (i.e., a diamond pattern), but this diamond pattern moved to random locations within the 5 × 5 matrix from trial to trial. For participants in the visual pattern group, four locations were marked in a distinct color and arranged in a diamond pattern that moved to a random location independent of the hidden spatial pattern from trial to trial throughout the experimental session. For participants in the visual random group, four random locations were marked with a distinct color and moved to random locations independent from the hidden spatial pattern from trial to trial throughout the experimental session. As a result, the visual cues for the visual pattern group were consistent but not coincident with the hidden spatial pattern, whereas the visual cues for the visual random group were neither consistent nor coincident with the hidden spatial pattern. Results indicated that participants in both groups learned the spatial configuration of goal locations and that the presence of consistent but noncoincident visual cues facilitated the learning of spatial relations among locations.
Isolation of cDNAs encoding T-BAM, a surface glycoprotein on CD4+ T cells mediating contact-dependent helper function for B cells: identity with the CD40-ligand.

Abstract “T-cell B-cell Activating Molecule” (T-BAM) is an activation-induced surface protein on CD4 + T cells that mediates a contact-dependent signal for B cell differentiation and immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion. The T-BAM protein on a helper clone of Jurkat (D1.1) was affinity purified using the anti-T-BAM mAb, 5c8. The NH 2 -terminal amino acid sequence of purified T-BAM was determined and found to be highly homologous to the predicted NH 2 -terminal sequence of a T cell ligand to the B cell CD40 molecule (CD40-L). From a D1.1 cDNA library, a clone was isolated that encodes CD40-L by sequence and drives expression of T-BAM protein on transfected cells, demonstrating that the T-BAM and CD40-L genes and proteins are identical. Moreover, transfection of T-BAM was shown to confer to non-lymphoid cells, the ability to induce B cells to upregulate the expression of surface CD23 molecules. In previous studies we showed that T-BAM was expressed predominantly on activated CD4 + and on few if any CD8 + cells. Although the current work confirms that T-BAM is largely restricted to activated CD4 + T cells, we now provide definitive evidence that T-BAM can be expressed by a small population of CD8 + T cells after activation. Importantly, a subset of CD8 + T cells do not express T-BAM after activation and this T-BAM − phenotype is maintained on certain CD8 + T cell clones. Taken together, these data unify the biology and structure of T-BAM and CD40-L and this synthesis has implications for understanding the T cell regulation of the humoral immune response.
Soluble RNA polymerase from rat liver nuclei.

RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) was extracted from rat liver nuclei in a soluble form. When the preparation was carried out on a sufficiently large scale to minimize adsorption losses, up to 80% of the activity and about 10% of the DNA of the intact nuclei were extracted. Elution of this soluble RNA polymerase from columns of DEAE-cellulose with ammonium sulfate yielded a single peak of activity which amounted to approx. 50% of the initial activity and which contained no more than 7% of the DNA of the soluble extract. The activity in this peak was completely dependent on added DNA and required the presence of Mn2+. Its pH optimum was close to 8.5. Centrifugation of the RNA polymerase in a sucrose gradient yielded a single peak of activity having a sedimentation coefficient of approx. 16 S. The ratios of incorporation of the four labeled nucleoside triphosphates catalyzed by this enzyme resembled those of the labeled nucleoside triphosphates catalyzed by this enzyme resembled those of the calf thymus DNA used as a primer and were essentially identical to those obtained with purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase under similar conditions.
Rat liver epithelial cells: when it comes to differentiation, there's no place like home.

Following intrahepatic transplantation in adult syngeneic Fischer 344 rats, diploid cultured rat liver epithelial cells (WB-F344), modified to carry the Eschericia coli β-galactosidase reporter gene and/or the fluorescent membrane dye PKH26-GL, integrate into hepatic plates and acquire the size and nuclear structure of mature hepatocytes. Additionally, of two aneuploid, neoplastically transformed derivatives of WB-F344 cells, both of which produce aggressively growing tumors when transplanted subcutaneously, cells of one line (GN6TF) do not produce tumors in the liver but integrate into hepatic plates and morphologically differentiate. The other transformed line (GP7TB) retains tumorigenicity in the liver, but cells in the intrahepatic tumors are more differentiated morphologically than are tumors at subcutaneous sites. These results suggest that WB-F344 cells are stemlike cells for hepatocytes and that the hepatic microenvironment induces them to incorporate into hepatic plates and differentiate. Our results also suggest that the hepatic microenvironment regulates the differentiation of some neoplastically transformed hepatic stemlike cells, thereby eliminating or reducing their tumorigenic potential.
Mechanisms of Contact Sensitization Offer Insights into the Role of Barrier Defects vs. Intrinsic Immune Abnormalities as Drivers of Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by wet, oozing, erythematous, pruritic lesions in the acute stage and xerotic, lichenified plaques in the chronic stage. It frequently coexists with asthma and allergic rhinitis, sharing some mechanistic features with these diseases as part of the "atopic march." Controversy exists as to whether immune abnormalities, epidermal barrier defects, or both are the primary factors responsible for disease pathogenesis. In AD patients, there is often a coexisting irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) or allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) that is sometimes clinically difficult to distinguish from AD. ACD shares molecular mechanisms with AD, including increased cellular infiltrates and cytokine activation (Gittler et al., 2013). In this issue, Newell et al. (2013) used an experimental contact sensitization model with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to gain insight into the unique immune phenotype of AD patients.
Tone Shapes: A Novel Type of Synaesthesia

Cet article est une enquěte de deux cas de synesthesie ou les tons de divers instruments musicaux sont accompagnes de formes de trois dimensions. Bien que ces formes ne sont pas les měme chez les d...
Evaluating the Effect of Single Frequency Vibrations on Pitch Polishing Outcomes

To isolate the roles vibration frequency content and amplitude on polishing metrics (material removal, surface finish), polishing tests were undertaken on a specifically designed platform with pitch tooling. Higher frequency vibrations appear more pivotal.
Divergence in Noncognate Amino Acid Recognition between Class I and Class II Lysyl-tRNA Synthetases

Abstract Lysine insertion during coded protein synthesis requires lysyl-tRNALys, which is synthesized by lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS). Two unrelated forms of LysRS are known: LysRS2, which is found in eukaryotes, most bacteria, and a few archaea, and LysRS1, which is found in most archaea and a few bacteria. To compare amino acid recognition between the two forms of LysRS, the effects of l-lysine analogues on aminoacylation were investigated. Both enzymes showed stereospecificity toward the l-enantiomer of lysine and discriminated against noncognate amino acids with different R-groups (arginine, ornithine). Lysine analogues containing substitutions at other positions were generally most effective as inhibitors of LysRS2. For example, the Ki values for aminoacylation of S-(2-aminoethyl)-l-cysteine and l-lysinamide were over 180-fold lower with LysRS2 than with LysRS1. Of the other analogues tested, only γ-aminobutyric acid showed a significantly higher Ki for LysRS2 than LysRS1. These data indicate that the lysine-binding site is more open in LysRS2 than in LysRS1, in agreement with previous structural studies. The physiological significance of divergent amino acid recognition was reflected by the in vivo resistance to growth inhibition imparted by LysRS1 against S-(2-aminoethyl)-l-cysteine and LysRS2 against γ-aminobutyric acid. These differences in resistance to naturally occurring noncognate amino acids suggest the distribution of LysRS1 and LysRS2 contributes to quality control during protein synthesis. In addition, the specific inhibition of LysRS1 indicates it is a potential drug target.