cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intercalated cell BK-α/β4 channels modulate sodium and potassium handling during potassium adaptation

The large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels help eliminate potassium in mammals consuming potassium-rich diets. In the distal nephron, principal cells contain BK-alpha/beta1 channels and intercalated cells contain BK-alpha/beta4 channels. We studied whether BK-beta4-deficient mice (Kcnmb4(-/-)) have altered renal sodium and potassium clearances compared with wild-type mice when fed a regular or potassium-rich diet for ten days. We did not detect differences in urinary flow or fractional excretions of potassium (FE(K)) or sodium (FE(Na)) between Kcnmb4-deficient and wild-type mice fed a regular diet. However, a potassium-rich diet led to >4-fold increases in urinary flows for both groups of mice, although Kcnmb4-deficient mice exhibited less urinary flow, higher plasma potassium concentration, more fluid retention, and significantly lower FE(K) and FE(Na) than wild-type mice despite similar plasma aldosterone levels. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased basolateral Na-K-ATPase in principal cells of all potassium-adapted mice, but expression of Na-K-ATPase in intercalated cells was >10-fold lower. The size of intercalated cells reduced and luminal volume increased among potassium-adapted wild-type but not Kcnmb4-deficient mice. Paradoxically, this led to increased urinary fluid velocity in potassium-adapted Kcnmb4-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Taken together, these data suggest that BK-alpha/beta4 channels in intercalated cells reduce cell size, increasing luminal volume to accommodate higher distal flow rates during potassium adaptation. These changes streamline flow across the principal cells, producing gradients more favorable for potassium secretion and less favorable for sodium reabsorption.
Electricity consumption and economic growth in Jamaica

Abstract This study examines the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Jamaica during 1970–86, a period of rapid increase in energy prices. The results show that the aggregate demand for electricity is slightly income elastic, electricity has a significant impact on economic growth, the electricity intensity has increased over time, residential demand is fairly income elastic, commercial demand is price inelastic, and the rate of adjustment is slow. These results suggest that conservation policies could be ineffective. Therefore, indigenous sources of electricity are important for Jamaica to be less dependent on imported energy.
Analysis of the Effect of Pt Loading on Mass and Specific Activity in PEM Fuel Cells

Combined experimental and simulation techniques were applied to evaluate the validity of the commonly applied Tafel-approximation for the calculation of the mass and specific activities. A one dimensional agglomerate-based macro-homogeneous model was developed and solved analytically and numerically to understand the effects of exchange current density, porosity, agglomerate size, Nafion-film thickness and Pt loading on the mass activity. Porosity higher than 60% or agglomerates bigger than 100 nm at higher loadings may cause the loss of the validity of the Tafel-approximation and consequently the mass and specific activities decrease. Since these effect do not fully interpret the measured data, a new structural parameter was introduced. The real pore structure was estimated by using fractal theory. The volumetric catalyst density was corrected by the fractal dimension measured by Hg-porosimetry, which finally gave a good agremment with the experimental values.
The GRR1 gene of Candida albicans is involved in the negative control of pseudohyphal morphogenesis.

Abstract The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans can grow as yeast, pseudohyphae or true hyphae. C. albicans can switch between these morphologies in response to various environmental stimuli and this ability to switch is thought to be an important virulence trait. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Grr1 protein is the substrate recognition component of an SCF ubiquitin ligase that regulates cell cycle progression, cell polarity and nutrient signaling. In this study, we have characterized the GRR1 gene of C. albicans. Deletion of GRR1 from the C. albicans genome results in a highly filamentous, pseudohyphal morphology under conditions that normally promote the yeast form of growth. Under hypha-inducing conditions, most cells lacking GRR1 retain a pseudohyphal morphology, but some cells appear to switch to hyphal-like growth and express the hypha-specific genes HWP1 and ECE1. The C. albicans GRR1 gene also complements the elongated cell morphology phenotype of an S. cerevisiae grr1Δ mutant, indicating that C. albicans GRR1 encodes a true orthologue of S. cerevisaie Grr1. These results support the hypothesis that the Grr1 protein of C. albicans, presumably as the F-box subunit of an SCF ubiquitin ligase, has an essential role in preventing the switch from the yeast cell morphology to a pseudohyphal morphology.
Friction and wear of fiber-reinforced metal—matrix composites

Abstract The friction and wear behavior of three uniaxial metal-matrix composites (graphite/Al, stainless steel/Al and Al 2 O 3 /Al-Li) were investigated. Unidirectional sliding tests were conducted in the three principal orientations (longitudinal, transverse, and normal). The experimental results suggest that graphite/Al is a low-friction, low-wear composite. In contrast, stainless steel/Al is a high-friction, high-wear and highly anisotropic composite. Scanning electron microscopic observations of the worn surfaces revealed that in all three composites fiber pull-out was the predominant mechanism of wear in transverse sliding, and is the principal reason for wear anisotropy.
Serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTT) polymorphisms and compulsive buying

We examined a panel of 21 patients diagnosed with compulsive buying for two DNA sequence polymorphisms found in the gene that encodes the serotonin transport (5-HTT). One polymorphism, found in the promoter region of the 5-HTT gene, involves a 44-base pair (bp) deletion, and the other, found in the second intron, is due to variable numbers of a repeat sequence. We also typed a panel of 38 psychiatrically normal controls for both 5-HH markers. When compared to this control panel, no significant differences were seen for either 5-HTT marker among the compulsive buyers.
Possible color instabilities in abnormal quark matter

Abstract When the spatial wave function of a multiquark system is completely antisymmetric, the color-magnetic interaction energy may become attractive or may vanish. Under certain circumstances, this may cause a color-magnetic or color-electric collapse in the abnormal quark matter of singly occupied single-particle orbital states.
F/actual Knowing: Putting Facts and Values in Place

Knowing needs to be actualized, an act of ours, yet also a discovery of what is actually, factually there. In place ourselves, we manage some awareness of other places. Agents in our knowing, we co-respond, and this emplaces us. But we humans have powers of dis-placement too, of taking up, whether empathetically or objectively, the situations of others, other humans, sometimes others than humans. How do our facts depend on our acts? Do we humans always put in place, or sometimes find put, placed there before us, what we variously value on Earth? To put this provocatively: We need to "green" our beliefs; but every educated person knows that nothing out there is really "green." "Seeing green" is an interaction experience. Perhaps this perceptual experience is a model for the whole: all of our human concepts and percepts color up the world. This is true alike of facts and of values, discoveries and evaluations. Such knowing might be well enough placed, but it is always and only "placed." Our geographical position controls our epistemic composition. Epistemology is inevitably anthropocentric; we are always located in the center of our knowing. But what if the "green" we see is mostly chlorophyll? Photosynthesis is not something we can see at all. In place on Earth, we humans breathe oxygen and would die in minutes without it; we depend on photosynthesis at the foundation of our food chains. We know our own respiratory
Activated monocytes induce human retinal pigment epithelial cell apoptosis through caspase-3 activation

Dysfunction and loss of human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells is a significant component of many ocular diseases, in which mononuclear phagocyte infiltration at the HRPE-related interface is also observed. In this study, we investigated whether HRPE cell apoptosis may be induced by overlay of IFN-gamma-activated monocytes. Human monocytes primed with IFN-gamma overlaid directly onto HRPE cells elicited significant increases in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive HRPE cells (p < 0.0001) and decreases of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive (p < 0.0001) HRPE cells. The activated monocytes also induced HRPE cell caspase-3 activation, which was inhibited by the caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD-fmk. However, co-incubations in which activated monocytes were prevented from direct contact with HRPE cells or in which the monocytes were separated from the HRPE cells after 30 minutes of direct contact, did not induce significant HRPE cell apoptosis. Function-blocking anti-CD18 and anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antibodies significantly reduced activated monocyte-induced TUNEL-positive HRPE cells by 48% (p = 0.0051) and 38% (p = 0.046), respectively. Anti-CD18 and anti-ICAM-1 antibodies significantly inhibited caspase-3 activity by 56% (p < 0.0001) and 45% (p < 0.0001), respectively. However, antibodies to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand did not inhibit apoptosis or caspase-3 activation. Direct overlay of monocytes also induced reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) within HRPE cells. The intracellular HRPE cell ROM production was inhibited by the anti-CD18 and anti-ICAM-1 antibodies, but not by superoxide dismutase, presumably due to its failure to penetrate into HRPE cells. Accordingly, neither superoxide dismutase nor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine had significant effects on HRPE cell apoptosis or caspase-3 activation. Our results suggest that activated monocytes may induce ROM in HRPE cells through cell-to-cell contact, in part via CD18 and ICAM-1, and promote HRPE cell apoptosis. These mechanisms may compromise HRPE cell function and survival in a variety of retinal diseases.
The effects of linguistic experience on cerebral lateralization for speech production in normal hearing and deaf adolescents

The cerebral lateralization patterns for speech production in 57 normal hearing and deaf adolescents were studied using the dual-task paradigm. Normal hearing subjects showed left hemispheric dominance for speech production, whereas both the congenitally deaf and those with early acquired deafness showed atypical cerebral representation for speech production. Deaf subjects whose hearing loss occurred after 2 years of age displayed a pattern of mixed cerebral dominance related to complexity of speech production or task difficulty. These results are interpreted as evidence for a relationship between linguistic/cognitive stage of development and the ontogenesis of cerebral lateralization. A parallel lateralization hypothesis of left cerebral dominance for speech production is offered.
Radioimmunoassay for detection of the Snow Mountain Agent of viral gastroenteritis.

The Snow Mountain Agent (SMA) is a Norwalk-like viral agent of acute gastroenteritis that has been detected only by immune electron microscopy (IEM). We established a solid phase microtiter radioimmunoassay (RIA) for SMA antigen employing pre- and post-challenge sera from volunteer studies as capture antibodies. SMA was detected in 12 of 67 stool samples from volunteers who were ill after oral challenge with SMA. All samples in which virus particles were detected by IEM were positive by RIA, but the RIA was 10–80 times more sensitive than IEM. To detect serum antibody to SMA, a blocking test was developed, employing diarrheal stool containing SMA as a standard source of antigen. Serum antibody rises were detected in eight out of nine volunteers with experimentally induced illness following challenge with SMA, as well as in three out of three naturally occurring cases. A preliminary sero-epidemiologic survey suggested that infection with SMA was common in the population surveyed. This RIA should permit large scale seroepidemiologic studies of SMA to be carried out, and should also facilitate characterization of this agent.
Human Factors in Grain Harvesting Equipment Design

Agriculture is the third most hazardous industry in the United States, following mining and construction. Many agricultural hazards are related to the nature of agricultural machines and the conditions under which they are operated. Other hazards are the results of limitations of the human operator in relation to operational demands. Less than 5 percent of all U.S. workers were engaged in agriculture in 1974, but these accounted for 18.7 percent of all work related injuries. Farm machinery was involved in the greatest number of these accidents.Human factors engineering can be applied to agricultural safety through the analysis of man/machine/environment/task relationships. Defining topics for specific studies can be aided by analysis of agricultural accident surveys conducted by state and federal agencies. Some important differences exist between industrial and agricultural operations. These necessitate research techniques for agriculture differing from those used in industrial ergonomics.Isolation, self-...
Ballistic Electron Diffractive Switches: Design and Performance Analysis,

Due to advances in nanostructure fabrication techniques, many devices have been fabricated that exhibit ballistic electron transport and quantum interference effects [1]. In addition, recent experiments have demonstrated the “optical like” characteristics of these ballistic electrons through refraction and diffraction experiments [2-3]. Based on these results, a class of ballistic electron grating diffraction devices was recently proposed [4]. Using the methods developed in Ref. [4], a ballistic electron diffractive switch and multiplexer are designed and analyzed in this paper. The present work contains the first systematic design and analysis of grating diffraction devices in which it is shown that over 90% of the ballistic input current can be diffracted into one or multiple outputs.
Evolution of enzyme fold: Linking protein dynamics and catalysis

Enzymes are dynamic molecules. In the past, enzymes have been viewed as static entities and their high catalytic power has been explained on the basis of direct structural interactions between the enzyme and the substrate. Recent evidence has linked protein dynamics to catalytic efficiency of enzymes. Further, motions in hydration-shell/bulk solvent have been shown to impact protein motions, therefore, function.Theoretical and computational studies of protein dynamics linked to enzyme catalysis will be discussed. Investigations of cyclophilin A and dihydrofolate reductase have lead to the discovery of networks of protein vibrations promoting catalysis. Results indicate that the reaction promoting dynamics in these enzymes is conserved across several species. Moreover, we have characterized the protein dynamics of a diverse super-family of dinucleotide binding enzymes. These enzymes share very low sequence similarity and have different structural features. The results show that the reaction promoting dynamics is remarkably similar in this enzyme super-family.
The death of civilizations Huntington, Toynbee, and Voegelin – three variations on a theme

This article questions the popular assumption that the concept of civilization that entered public discourse in a grand way with Samuel P. Huntington’s sensational article on a ‘clash of civilizati...
Adhesion and fracture of tantalum nitride films

Indentation fracture and continuous nanoscratch testing were used in this study to determine the effects of compressive residual stresses on the fracture of thin sputter-deposited tantalum nitride films. Some films were tested in the as-deposited condition while others were vacuum annealed at 300 C. The only discernible change in structure was a surface rearrangement of atoms into parallel arrays of striations on the vacuum annealed samples revealing a high compressive residual stress state after deposition. Comparison of results and application of mechanics-based models showed that these stresses had a strong effect on the fracture of the as-deposited films. The models also provided a good measure of the residual stress levels and interfacial strain energy release rates.
Formation of Y 2 O 3 nanoclusters in nanostructured ferritic alloys during isothermal and anisothermal heat treatment: A kinetic Monte Carlo study

Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, based on parameters obtained with density-functional theory in the local-density approximation and experimental data, are used to study bulk precipitation of ${\text{Y}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$ in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ iron. The simulation involves realistic diffusion mechanisms, with a rapid diffusion of O atoms by interstitial jumps and a slower diffusion of Fe and Y atoms by vacancy jumps, and a point defect source which drives the vacancy concentration toward its equilibrium value, during isothermal and anisothermal heat treatments. Depending on alloy and thermal history conditions, the Monte Carlo simulations predict different kinetic behavior, including transient precipitation of metastable iron oxides followed by precipitation of ${\text{Y}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$ nanoclusters.
“It Was the Cadillac of Adoption Agencies” : Intersections of Social Class, Race, and Sexuality in Gay Men’s Adoption Narratives

Understanding how gay men construct and negotiate family bonds through adoptive fatherhood draws attention to how those marginalized from traditional family pathways navigate an institution embedded with heteronormative, racialized, and biolegal prescriptions. The current study predominantly draws on in-depth interviews with 12 adoptive gay fathers to detail how these men traverse the potential challenges in the transition to adoption. This article explores how a select group of privileged gay men navigate a system structured by race and class hierarchies, unpacking the social and symbolic meanings participants attribute to themselves and their prospective children during this transition. Although gay men's pathway to parenthood is impeded by their sexual identities, their social location as white economically privileged men has as much to do with their adoption experience as their gay identity. Using an integrated theoretical lens, I argue that the ways by which these men are able to imagine and navigate...
How Body Size and Food Availability Influence First-Winter Growth and Survival of a Stocked Piscivore

AbstractThe first winter of life can play an important role in the success of age-0 fishes. First-winter survival is often size dependent, with larger fish exhibiting higher survival than small fish. Cohorts of age-0 saugeye female Walleye Sander vitreus × male Sauger S. canadensis stocked into Ohio reservoirs exhibit overwinter shifts toward larger body sizes; however, it is unclear whether growth, size-dependent mortality, or size-dependent emigration underlie this phenomenon. Saugeye may experience low prey availability during the overwinter period, making them especially vulnerable to starvation. Furthermore, survivors emerging from winter in poor energetic condition may experience reduced spring foraging success and growth. We used a combination of overwinter PIT tag studies in the field and overwinter outdoor pool experiments to understand these direct and indirect effects of winter on survival and size distributions of cohorts of saugeye. Using PIT tags to allow us to track growth of individuals in...
How to use prostate-specific antigen in the early detection orscreening for prostatic carcinoma

At present, increased early detection of prostate cancer appears to be the most feasible way to reduce cancer-related mortality. As a result significant efforts have been made to identify more men with curable cancer. This article reviews the role of serum prostate-specific antigen in an early detection or screening strategy and describes efforts to enhance the specificity of prostate-specific antigen testing.
Correlation of the subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) with the Dst index during severe magnetic storms

[1] The subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) is the enhanced poleward electric field/westward plasma flow in the region equatorward of the auroral electron precipitation boundary in the dusk-midnight sector. An important characteristic of SAPS is its great intensification during magnetic storms. However, the relationship of SAPS characteristics to the strength of magnetic storms is not well known. Using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite measurements, we have examined the location (magnetic latitude) of the SAPS channel during four severe magnetic storms with minimum Dst values between −271 and −422 nT. We find that the latitude of the SAPS channel varies directly with the magnitude of Dst. For example, in one storm case, SAPS moved from ∼60° magnetic latitude at the storm sudden commencement with Dst of near zero to ∼38° at the end of the storm main phase with Dst of −422 nT. We have identified more than 300 locations of SAPS and corresponding Dst values during the four storms. The most important finding is that the SAPS latitude is linearly correlated with Dst, and an empirical formula is derived. If the SAPS channel is mapped along the magnetic field lines to the magnetospheric equatorial plane, the mapped SAPS location corresponds to the inner edge of the ion plasma sheet and is close to the peak of the ring current. The result of this paper suggests a promising method of using ionospheric satellite and radar measurements of SAPS to monitor the evolution of the plasma sheet inner boundary and ring current during magnetic storms.
Kin recognition in white-footed deermice (Peromyscus leucopus)

Abstract The degree of relatedness between individuals can influence subsequent social behaviour. Peromyscus leucopus populations may consist, in part, of related individuals. Kin recognition could benefit individuals in establishing sub-populations and inbreeding avoidance. White-footed deermice were tested in pairs according to one of the following categories: littermate sibling, cagemate (1s-c), littermate sibling, non-cagemate (1s-nc), non-littermate sibling, non-cagemate (nls-nc), non-sibling, cagemate (ns-c), and non-sibling, non-cagemate (ns-nc). Differences between n1s-nc and ns-nc encounters indicate kin recognition that cannot be due to prior contact. Both sexes Investigated related strangers (nls-nc) of the opposite sex more than unrelated strangers (ns-nc). Males Avoided related stranger males and Chased unrelated stranger males. Females Warded unrelated strangers longest. This is the first study to demonstrate kin recognition that is not based on prior contact in a small rodent.
Exploring the Relationship between Students' Understanding of Conventional Time and Deep (Geologic) Time

Many geologic processes occur in the context of geologic or deep time. Students of all ages demonstrate difficulty grasping this fundamental concept which impacts their ability to acquire other geoscience concepts. A concept of deep time requires the ability to sequence events on an immense temporal scale (succession) and to judge the durations of geologic processes based on the rates at which they occur. The twin concepts of succession and duration are the same ideas that underlie a concept of conventional time. If deep time is an extension of conventional time and not qualitatively different from it, students should display similar reasoning patterns when dealing with analogous tasks over disparate temporal periods. Thirty-five US students aged 13–24 years participated in individual task-based interviews to ascertain how they thought about succession and duration in conventional and deep time. This is the first attempt to explore this relationship in the same study in over 30 years. Most students succes...
Low-dimensional magnetism in the high-Tc superconductor LBa

Heat capacities have been measured for the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors $L{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}y}$ ($L=\mathrm{G}\mathrm{d},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{o},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{r},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{Y}$) between 0.15 and 100 K. While the superconducting phase-transition temperatures of these compounds are nearly the same at ${T}_{c}=92$ K, the heat-capacity data indicate magnetic ordering in the system of rare earths at ${T}_{m}=2.21$ K for $\mathrm{Gd}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}y}$ and at ${T}_{m}=0.60$ K for $\mathrm{Er}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}y}$. In both cases, the cooperative heat-capacity peak resmbles that of the two-dimensional (2D) Ising model. In addition, broad heat-capacity anomalies, which cannot be attributed to crystalline field splittings, are found. A semiquantitative fit can be obtained by assuming that two-thirds of the rare earths constitute a 2D Ising system and the rest of them form a 1D Ising-like system. The heat capacity of the $\mathrm{Ho}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}y}$ shows a very flat maximum at \ensuremath{\sim}5 K. The separation of the two lowest-lying singlet levels of ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}$ ions is estimated to be \ensuremath{\sim}7 K.
Word Prompt Programs: Current Uses and Future Possibilities

Word prompt programs are computer software programs or program features that are used in addition to basic word processing. These programs provide word lists from which a user selects a desired wor...
Electron Transfer Photochemistry of a Bridged Norcaradiene: A Mechanistic Probe for Radical Cation Nucleophilic Capture

The radical cation of tricyclo[4.3.1.01,6]deca-2,4-diene (3) can be generated by electron transfer to 1,4-dicyanobenzene (DCB) in acetonitrile/methanol; the species is captured by regiospecific nucleophilic attack of methanol in the 2- (and 5-) position. On the other hand, the reaction shows little stereochemical preference. The resulting allylic radical reacts by aromatic substitution on the radical anion of DCB, the 3-position serving as the principal site of coupling. Remarkably, the cyclopropane function of 3•+ is not a target of nucleophilic attack, even though the secondary cyclopropane carbon has spin and charge density. The observed reaction is compatible with a theoretical model proposed by Shaik and Pross, which correlates radical cation reactivity with the spin density of the corresponding triplet state. The capture of 3•+ occurs in the position where both SOMO and LUMO have significant orbital coefficients.
A valence state description of the ethylene V state by configuration interaction theory

Abstract A configuration interaction (Cl) treatment of the 1 (Π,Π*), V, state of ethylene was carried out in two stages. First, only Π and Π orbitals were considered in the Cl and the treatment was found to give acceptable results for the description of the 3 (Π,Π*) state but not for the 1 (Π,Π*) state, in the second stage, a molecular orbitals were obtained by trnsformation which optimized their interaction with individual ionic components of the 1 (Π,Π*) wavefunction. Inclusion of a → a excitations in the Cl expansion led to a description of the 1 (Π,Π*) state which involved essentially, valence shell molecular orbitals. The calculated Franck-Condon transition energy was 8.02 eV compared to the experimental estimate of 7.65 eV.
Aurophilic attractions: one cation, [Au{C(OMe)NMeH}2]+, but three different structural arrangements in the solid state salts

Three salts of the cation [Au{C(OMe)NMeH}2]+, formed by protonation of the solvoluminescent gold(I) trimer [Au3(MeNCOMe)3], have been prepared and spectroscopically and structurally characterized. Each crystallizes as a unique form with varying aurophilic interactions between the linear, two-coordinate cations. Thus, the chloroform solvate, [Au{C(OMe)NMeH}2][C7Cl2NO3]·CHCl3, (where [C7Cl2NO3]− is an anion obtained by hydrolysis of 2,3-dichloro-4,5-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, DDQ), contains the cation as an isolated monomer, while unsolvated [Au{C(OMe)NMeH}2][C7Cl2NO3] contains pairs of cations that are linked by a single Au⋯Au interaction with a 3.1955(3) A separation between the gold centers. In [Au{C(OMe)NMeH}2][O2CCF3] the cations associate to form infinite, nearly linear (Au⋯Au⋯Au angle, 172.209(7)°) chains that have the gold centers only 3.27797(15) A apart. The luminescent behavior of [Au{C(OMe)NMeH}2][O2CCF3] is reported.
Electroencephalographic features in posterior fossa tumors in children.

Abstract The EEGs of 154 children up to 14 years of age with tumors of the posterior fossa (PFT) are reported. In 77 cases, the tumor was located within the cerebellum, in 47 in the 4th ventricle and in 30 in the brain-stem. A normal EEG was obtained in 37 cases (24%). So-called “transmitted” rhythms were the most frequent abnormality encountered (59%) and are thought to correlate best with acute or subacute dilatation of the 3rd ventricle. Next in frequency were posterior arrhythmic slow waves (51%). These appeared to be more characteristic of PFT. Lateralizing signs in the EEG were found to be less reliable than the clinical but more reliable than the radiological signs. Tumors of the 4th ventricle have the greatest likelihood to cause EEG abnormalities. A long duration of symptoms did not increase the incidence of EEG abnormalities. Pressure increase with 3rd ventricle dilatation occupies a key position as a pathogenetic mechanism, certainly for “transmitted” abnormalities; direct or indirect effects of a rapidly expanding mass in the posterior fossa are suggested as a possible mechanism for the posterior arrhythmic, non-reactive, delta waves.
Validation and Optimization of Heat Transfer in the Electrical Submersible Pump Motor by CFD

In oilfield applications, an electrical submersible pumping (ESP) system is placed inside the wellbore to provide the necessary energy to lift the fluids to the surface when the reservoir pressure is not sufficient. The ESP system consists of an electric motor, seal section, rotary gas separator (optional), multistage centrifugal pump, electric power cable, motor controller and transformers. The electric motor is placed on the bottom of the unit, and the production fluids are allowed to pass around the motor in order to cool it. The motor generates heat while operating. Study on the temperature rise inside the motor is important to prevent components from failing due to overheating. The temperature rise inside a motor has not been studied extensively. In this work, the temperature of components inside an electric motor was measured under different loading conditions, fluid viscosity and temperature. After testing, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) was used to model the temperature heat rise in the same motor under the same conditions. The CFD models were validated by the test data within ± 5% error. Furthermore, the validated CFD model was used to calculate the heat rise for different insulation and bedding materials. These computational results from CFD are used to optimize the design of the electrical motor.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
THE WATERS OF LIFE

Abstract Water serves as a critical solvent for a remarkable array of molecules; in particular it profoundly influences the structure and activity of proteins, and their molecular interactions. Our ability to understand biological processes and to develop innovative applications for biotechnology depend in large part on understanding the biophysics of proteins in their solvated environment. The main difficulty in understanding solvation phenomena arises from the effects of electrostatics in complex biomolecular systems. In this paper we survey and critique the fundamental concepts and methodologies in evaluating electrostatic contributions to solvation.
Organizational practice, information resource deployment and systems success: a cross-cultural survey☆

Abstract This study analyses differences and similarities in information technology (IT) resource, practice and perceived success across firms in the USA, France and Korea. Results are framed within the context of cultural characteristics and their influence on business practice as developed in international business, cultural anthropology and social psychology literature. Our findings indicate similarities in resource use across these varying cultures. Specifically, IT budget and deployment policies seem fairly consistent among the countries examined. In contrast, very distinct differences in IT practice are observed. Specifically, the role of IT, integration of strategic and IT planning, and risk taking in information systems (IS) projects varied among the countries examined. Korean entities, unlike their US and French counterparts, seem to view IT in a more traditional, operational vein with little tolerance for risk taking. Interestingly, perceived benefits of IT use also varied among countries. Consistent with their cultural profile, US firms seem positively to associate market level impact with the measured dimensions of IT practice and use. The results of this study, along with the cultural context in which they are presented, should aid both corporate planners and researchers in recognizing and explaining cultural differences and their potential influence on IT policy and use.
Size Dependent χ(3) for Conduction Electrons in Ag Nanoparticles

Our theoretical study of the third-order susceptibility (χ(3)) for Ag dielectric composite reveals a critical role of saturation of optical transitions between discrete states of conduction electrons in metal quantum dots. The calculated size dependence of the χ(3) for Ag nanoparticles reproduces the published experimental results. Saturation effects lead to a decrease of the local field enhancement factor that is of particular importance for surface-enhanced phenomena, such as Raman scattering and nonlinear optical responses.
Pyridoxal phosphate: a possible cofactor in steroid hormone action.

Abstract Pyridoxal phosphate has been shown to interact with cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors and alter their molecular properties. We have now used pyridoxal phosphate to extract and characterize nuclear receptors from [3H]-dexamethasone treated isolated rat thymocytes. Pyridoxal phosphate effectively extracts glucocorticoid receptors from isolated thymocyte nuclei in a time dependent and dose dependent manner. Concentrations of the vitamin as low as 3 × 10−4M extract 50% of nuclear [3H]-dexamethasone receptor complexes within 30 min at 0°C. Furthermore, mM concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate were as effective as 0.4 M KCl in extracting nuclear receptors. In addition, pyridoxal phosphate extracted NaBH4 reduced receptors were more stable than KCl extracted receptors. The extractability of the steroid receptor complexes is related to the biological potency of the ligand used to interact with receptor. For example, cortisol-receptor complexes are extracted more efficiently than either dexamethasone or ti-iamcinolone acetonide receptor complexes. Dexamethasone receptors extracted from nuclei by pyridoxal phosphate and reduced with NaBH4 were found to be identical in size and shape (sedimentation coefficient 2.9 S, Stokes radius 42 A) to cytoplasmic receptors (unactivated or activated) treated with the vitamin and NaBH4. In addition, the glucocorticoid receptor extracted by pyridoxal phosphate but not 0.4 M KCl became insensitive to trypsin digestion. These studies show that vitamin B-6 can extract intact nuclear glucocorticoid receptors at near physiological concentrations and protect these receptors from proteolytic degradation. We speculate that pyridoxal phosphate may be involved in the cytoplasmic recycling and perhaps reutilization of glucocorticoid receptors.
The proteasome activator 11 S REG or PA28: chimeras implicate carboxyl-terminal sequences in oligomerization and proteasome binding but not in the activation of specific proteasome catalytic subunits.

The REG homologs, alpha, beta and gamma, activate mammalian proteasomes in distinct ways. REGalpha and REGbeta activate the trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and peptidylglutamyl-preferring active sites, whereas REGgamma only activates the proteasome's trypsin-like subunit. The three REG homologs differ in carboxyl-terminal sequences that are located next to activation loops on their proteasome binding surface. To assess the importance of these carboxyl-terminal sequences in the activation of specific proteasome beta catalytic subunits, we characterized chimeras in which 8 or 12 residues were exchanged among the three proteins. Like the wild-type molecule, REGalpha chimeras activated all three proteasome catalytic subunits regardless of the carboxyl-terminal sequence. However, REGalpha-beta chimeras activated the proteasome at lower concentrations than wild-type REGalpha and higher levels of REGalpha-gamma chimeras were needed for maximal activation because exchanged carboxyl-terminal sequences can stabilize (REGalpha-beta) or destabilize (REGalpha-gamma) the REGalpha heptamer. REGgamma chimeras were equivalent to REGgamma in their activation properties, but they bound the proteasome less tightly than the wild-type molecule. REGbeta chimeras also bound the proteasome more weakly than wild-type REGbeta and were virtually unable to activate it. Our findings demonstrate that the carboxyl-terminal sequences of REG subunits can affect heptamer stability and proteasome affinity, but they do not determine which proteasome beta subunits become activated.
Simulation and measurement of energy partition in a fluid-roof greenhouse

Abstract A 22-m 2 greenhouse was fitted with a hollow, channeled plastic roof through which a 3% solution of CuCl 2 was pumped. This roof was a spectrally discriminating filter that transmitted 50–60% of photosynthetically-active radiation and 0–13% of nonactive radiation. During 5 periods of 1–4 days from September, 1979, to July, 1980, data were collected on environmental conditions: solar irradiance, air temperature and humidity, and windspeed; and on greenhouse conditions: temperature and humidity of the air, temperature of the crop, the roof, the fluid storage tank and at four depths in the soil, and net radiation both above the greenhouse and above the crop in the greenhouse. The environmental conditions were used as boundary value inputs in a deterministic, mechanistic, and dynamic simulation model of the greenhouse system. To test the model, its outputs were compared to the corresponding measured values. The model simulated the various temperatures to within 2–3°C and the net radiation to within 20–30 W m −2 . For one of the five tests, the humidity was simulated almost exactly, but the reliability of the humidity data in the other tests was inadequate. The greenhouse tanks stored energy equivalent to 32% of the daily total of solar radiation. Among the 12 test days, this ratio ranged from 23 to 43%. This contrasts with a figure of 15% for energy storage by a conventional greenhouse, which we have found by simulation of the test structure with an empty roof.
Taxonomic Status of Myotis occultus

The taxonomic status of the Arizona myotis ( Myotis occultus ) is uncertain. Although the taxon was described as a distinct species and currently is regarded as such by some authors, others have noted what they interpreted as intergradation with the little brown bat ( M. lucifugus carissima ) near the Colorado-New Mexico state line. In this study, we used protein electrophoresis to compare bats of these nominal taxa. We examined 20 loci from 142 specimens referable to M. occultus and M. lucifugus from New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. Nine of the 20 loci were polymorphic. Results show that there were high similarities among samples, no fixed alleles, and minor divergence from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Our results suggest that the two nominal taxa represent only one species and that M. occultus should be regarded as a subspecies of M. lucifugus .
A second maternally expressed Drosophila gene encodes a putative RNA helicase of the "DEAD box" family.

Abstract Recently, a family of proteins containing the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp, the "DEAD box" proteins, has been identified. This family is typified by the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4A, and its members are believed to share the functional property of ATP-dependent RNA unwinding. One of the previously identified members of this family (vasa) is the product of a maternally expressed gene from Drosophila melanogaster that is known to play a role in the formation of the embryonic body plan. We report here the isolation of a Drosophila gene that has an mRNA expression pattern somewhat similar to that of vasa and also encodes a DEAD box protein. We have termed this gene ME31B to reflect its maternal (ovarian germ-line) expression and its location within the 31B chromosome region. Comparisons with the other members of this family reveal that although ME31B is most like the protein Tif1/Tif2, which probably represents the Saccharomyces cerevisiae version of eIF4A, it is unlikely that ME31B represents the Drosophila eIF4A protein per se. A search for mutations in the ME31B gene has established that the P element which causes the female-sterile mutation flipper lies in the 3' flank of the ME31B gene.
Transient Starting Flow in a Cylinder With Counter-Rotating Endwall Disks

Spin-up from rest in a cylinder with top and bottom endwall disks rotating in opposite directions (ΩT and ΩB are the respective rotation rate, but S[≡ ΩT /ΩB ] < 0) is investigated. The sidewall is fixed to the faster-rotating disk. A finite-difference numerical model is adopted to integrate the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. We consider a cylinder of aspect ratio 0(1) and minute Ekman numbers. Numerical solutions are presented to show the transient azimuthal flow structures, axial vorticity profiles, and meridional flow patterns. An azimuthal velocity front, which separates the rotating from the nonrotating fluid, propagates radially inward from the sidewall. The appearance of the front is similar to the front propagation in spin-up in a rigid cylinder. As S decreases from zero, the direction of rotation in the bulk of the interior fluid becomes the same as that of the faster-rotating disk. The azimuthal velocities are still vertically uniform in the bulk of the interior. The scaled time to reach the steady state decreases. The angular velocities of the interior fluid near the central axis become very small. Under counter-rotation, the meridional circulation forms a two-cell structure. A stagnation point appears on the slower-rotating disk. During spin-up, the stagnation point moves from the sidewall to its steady-state position. As counter-rotation increases, the radial distance traveled by the stagnation point decreases.
Interorganizational relations of nonprofit organizations: An exploratory study

In their several roles as appropriators, redistributors, and providers, nonprofit organizations are involved in complex transactions with organizations in the nonprofit, for-profit, and public sectors. The purpose of this exploratory investigation, based on a sample of New York State nonprofits, is to explain variation in the extent of intrasector and intersector transactions. Various kinds of prevailing environmental complexities, coupled with the ways in which organizations are structured to deal with these complexities, help explain variation in the extent of organizational transactions. Another important predictor is directors' perceptions of main problems affecting the activities of their agencies. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that environmental uncertainties and perceptions about them affect the nature and extent of interorganizational contact.
Group index oscillations in photonic crystal waveguides

This work studies the phase contributions of a photonic crystal waveguide resonator. When studying the transmission spectrum of such resonators oscillations of group index are observed that can not be described by typical models conventionally used for analysis. We develop a simple mathematical tool capable of describing these oscillations. Furthermore, we carry out experiments on a Si photonic crystal waveguide resonator and apply that tool extracting phase contributions of the photonic crystal waveguide terminations.
The evolution of an Iranian historian: The life story of Hafez Farmayan

(1995). The evolution of an Iranian historian: The life story of Hafez Farmayan. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies: Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 81-99.
Hydrodynamics of Multiple Jet Systems in a 2D Gas Solid Fluidized Bed

An experimental 2-D fluidized bed was developed to study gas-solid hydrodynamics. The effects of multiple jet systems were examined using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) combined with Digital Image Analysis (DIA). Flow regimes were classified through pressure drop spectral analysis. The combination of these non-intrusive techniques allowed for the development of a solid volume fraction correlation. The experimental results show new void fraction regimes of multiple interacting jets. Jet systems combined to promote gas solid mixing and decrease particle dead zones within the bed. It was determined that the validation of multiple jet Discrete Particle Model simulations cannot be exclusively confirmed from single jet studies.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
CARIBU: a new facility for the study of neutron-rich isotopes

The Californium Rare Ion Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) to the ATLAS superconducting linac facility is currently being commissioned. It provides low-energy and re-accelerated beams of neutron-rich isotopes obtained from 252Cf fission. The fission products from a 252Cf source are stopped in a large high-intensity gas catcher, thermalized and extracted through an RFQ cooler, accelerated to 50 kV and mass separated in a high-resolution separator before being sent to either an ECR charge breeder for post-acceleration through the ATLAS linac or to a low-energy experimental area. This approach gives access to beams of very neutron-rich isotopes, many of which have not been available at low or Coulomb barrier energies previously. These beams provide unique opportunities for measurements along the r-process path. To take advantage of these unique possibility, the reaccelerated beams from CARIBU will be made available at the experimental stations of ATLAS to serve equipment such as Gammasphere, HELIOS and the reaction spectrometers. In addition, the Canadian Penning Trap (CPT) mass spectrometer has been moved to the CARIBU low-energy experimental area and a new injection line has been built. The new injection line consists of a RFQ buncher sitting on a 50 kV high-voltage platform that will accumulate the mass separated 50 kV radioactive beams, cool and extract them as a pulsed beam of 3 keV. This beam can be sent either to a tape station for diagnostics and tuning, or a cryogenic linear trap for preparation before transfer to the high-precision Penning trap where the mass measurements will take place. Initial CARIBU commissioning is proceeding with a 2 mCi source that will be replaced by a 100 mCi source as the commissioning proceeds. Final operation will use a 1 Ci source and attain yield in excess of 107 ions/sec for the most intense beams at low energy, an order of magnitude less for reaccelerated beams.
Premature twins of a mother with Graves' disease with discordant thyroid function: a case report

Thyroid dysfunction is recognized in the newborns of mothers affected by Graves' disease during pregnancy. We describe the development of concurrent hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in the twin infants of a mother with Graves' disease diagnosed during pregnancy.