cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth-dependent factors in the regulation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities of Tetrahymena pyriformis

Abstract Changes in phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase ( l -phenylalanine : tRNA Phe ligase, EC 6.1.1.20) and leucyl-tRNA synthetase ( l -leucine : tRNA Leu ligase. EC 6.1.1.4) activities were studied during the growth cycle of Tetrahymena pyriformis . High levels of charged tRNA observed during exponential growth were associated with elevated aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities. Low levels of charged tRNA in the stationary phase culture were associated with decreased aminoacyl-tRNA synthethase activities together with a concomitant accumulation of factor(s) which inhibited the enzyme activities. The inhibitory factor(s) has been partially purified and evidence is presented to rule out RNA, RNAases, proteases and ATPases as the responsible inhibitory factor(s) of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
Plastic limit analysis of cylindrically orthotropic circular plates

The plastic limit analysis of cylindrically orthotropic circular plates is developed using a piecewise linear orthotropic yield criterion. The yield criterion is a modification of an isotropic formulation that consists of a series of weighted piecewise linear components. The piecewise linear yield criterion enables an analytical solution for the plastic limit load of cylindrically orthotropic circular plates. Plastic limit analysis for both simply supported and clamped circular plates under uniformly distributed load are carried out. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the sensitivity of the plastic limit loads to material orthotropy and influences of orthotropic ratio and chosen yield criteria on the plastic limit loads of the circular plates are discussed. It is found that the plastic limit loads of the orthotropic circular plates are affected significantly by the orthotropic ratio. Enhancement of the circumferential yield moment will increase dramatically the plastic limit load of the plates. Moment and velocity fields of the plates in plastic limit state are also derived and discussed. The results obtained from the present study are helpful in understanding the failure mechanism of orthotropic circular plates and is useful for design.
Internet Reference Sources in Education

Summary With so many Internet sites devoted to education for educators, administrators, and librarians, it can be a daunting experience trying to find needed resources. There are special sites devoted to teachers, children, and parents. The government provides free access to database searching, statistics, and full-text publications. State and local levels of government also host valuable data and reports. More and more journals are appearing online in full-text format escalating user expectation to assume all journals will be available via the Internet. Tapping into higher education and academic library sites connects to content rich links. While this is not an exhaustive listing of educational Web sites, it leads to a myriad of valuable resources.
Air permeability of multilayer woven fabric systems

A model to predict the air permeability of a multilayer woven fabric system from the air permeability and construction parameters of a single fabric has been developed. A new factor to account for the distortion of the threads in the fabric due to the flow of air through the layers of the fabric is proposed. This model incorporates the fabric cover factor (determined using an image‐processing method) and the proposed distortion factor (determined based on yarn linear density and fabric structure). The performance of the proposed model has been successfully validated by using it to predict the air permeability of other multilayer woven fabric systems and comparing it to experimentally determined values. The model can thus be used as a valuable tool in the engineering design of multilayer woven structures with desired air permeability performance requirements.
Environmental groups' communication strategies in multiple media

Studies in political science and communication note that interest groups simplify and dramatise issues in order to gain public support. Through a focus on US environmental organisations, this negative assessment is re-evaluated by examining the influence of two sets of factors on groups’ communication styles: communication forum and group characteristics. Using content analysis of group communications across several media, criticisms of groups are shown to be overstated; in particular these groups do not engage in wholesale simplification of complex issues. Further, groups’ communication styles reflect their responses to varying audience interest levels rather than some pathology of fundraising and organisational maintenance.
Variable Damping Design in Position Control of Flexible Single Arm

The design of variable damping in the position control of a flexible single link arm is considered. Variable damping is obtained from velocity feedback with variable gain or from actuator variation. The variable damping is related to the position of the arm. The design process begins with the development of a nondimensional mathematical model of a flexible beam with one flexural mode, an actuator, and feedback control. Optimal control/arm parameters are determined for a constant damping system. Dynamic design sensitivity analysis is used to construct a variable damping scheme. Optimal scheme parameters are determined. A variable damping scheme that applies little damping for most of the motion and a great deal of damping as the arm nears its final position emerges. Vibration suppression is controlled in an optimal fashion throughout the motion. The resulting system provides a minimum response time with negligible overshoot for the tip of the arm. Numerical simulations demonstrate the method.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Novel multiple resist patterning stacks for dual-damascene interconnection and resolution-enhanced patterns

A novel multiple resist patterning stacks (MURPAS) method has been applied on the copper, low-k dual damascene interconnection. Trench resist structures are directly patterned on the top of via resist layer without the resist interface intermixing using a cross-linked, high thermal resistance, negative-tone resist a the bottom via layer. A single etch step can transfer these integrated patterns into low-k substrate with a simplified resist stripping process and reduced risk of resist contamination to the low-k substrate. The gap-filling procedure for the positive-tone trench resist process, to avoid the via resist residue and the topography issue on the high aspect ratio via etched substrate, can be eliminated as the negative-tone trench resist in the via is not cross-linked and easy to be resolved. The interfield trench CD and trench profile uniformity can be consistently controlled since there is less process variation for the trench patterning. Overall, this integrated process requires a thinner resist thickness for the dual damascene pattern etch with an enlarged lithography process window for the resolution limit, mask error enhance factor, DOF, and line edge roughness for both via and trench lithography. Applications of MURPAS methods on double-exposure resolution enhanced technology (RET) such as the rectangular cell array and the aggressive assistant features for trench and hole patterns are also be studied.
Relating laboratory and outdoor exposures of acrylic melamine coatings: I. Cumulative damage model and laboratory exposure apparatus

A cumulative damage model and a laboratory apparatus are described for linking field and laboratory photodegradation results and for predicting the service life of polymeric materials exposed in the laboratory and field. The apparatus was designed to independently and precisely monitor and control in both space and time the three primary weathering factors causing polymeric materials to degrade when exposed in the field. These factors include temperature, relative humidity, and spectral ultraviolet radiation. A model acrylic melamine coating was exposed in the laboratory apparatus to each of 12 different spectral wavebands and four temperature and four relative humidity environments. The spectral dosage and material damage were measured for each exposure treatment and this data input into the cumulative damage model from which estimates of the spectral quantum yield were made. Variables affecting the accuracy of the measurements are discussed.
Respiratory health of Hispanic migrant farm workers in Indiana

The prevalence of respiratory disease in a Midwest Hispanic (mostly Mexican) migrant farm worker population was investigated. Chronic respiratory symptoms (cough, wheezing, sputum production) in adult workers (n = 354) were elevated (8.5%, 6.2%, 6.5%, respectively) and were accompanied by physiologic abnormalities as determined by pulmonary function testing. Over 15% of the adult cohort exhibited a FEV1/FVC or = 10 mm) in 55/195 men and 35/123 women for a total prevalence of 28.3%. No case of active tuberculosis (TB) was identified by either chest X-ray (CXR) or sputum cultures (in selected cases). In contrast to adult farm workers, who were predominantly born in Mexico (70%), only 36% of adolescent workers (age 11-18 years, n = 107) were born in Mexico with only 7.5% exhibiting TST positivity. Airflow obstruction of large airways (5.8%) and small airways (12.9%) were also less common in adolescents than adults. In summary, these studies document respiratory dysfunction in Hispanic migrant farm workers in Indiana and highlight the need to closely monitor the respiratory health of this high-risk population.
European Power by Design

Veto Power: Institutional Design in the European Union. By Jonathan B. Slapin. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011. 184 pp., $58.93 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-472-11793-2). Security Integration in Europe: How Knowledge-Based Networks Are Transforming the European Union. By Mai'a K. Davis Cross. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011. 281 pp., $52.02 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-472-11789-5). Jonathan B. Slapin's book Veto Power: Institutional Design in the European Union and Mai'a K. Davis Cross' book Security Integration in Europe: How Knowledge-Based Networks Are Transforming the European Union address fundamental questions about how, when and why integration happens in the European Union (EU). While Slapin focuses on the institutional foundation of incentives and regimes in the European Union, Cross focuses on the importance of shared ideas, persuasion, and perception for the creation of regimes and the actual work inside EU institutions. Slapin's book is, first and foremost, a book about European integration. As such, it contributes to the literature on the evolution of institutional development in that region. Slapin's study adds to the already rich field of historical institutional analysis of EU governance structures by looking specifically at the intergovernmental conferences, the forums where EU members negotiate their treaties. These conferences establish the rules that govern work that takes place within all of the other structures and institutions that govern the European Union on a daily basis. Slapin likens these understudied formative moments to constitutional conventions for EU members. Slapin examines the interactions between sovereign states in these conferences as they battle for the “EU's grand bargains” (p. 5)—the-rules-that-will-set-the-rules—in what seems to be a classic international bargaining and alliance-building situation. Slapin's work makes a contribution to the literature on international negotiations: particularly the development of norms and regimes, and the crafting of agreements among sovereign states in particular issue areas (see Krasner 1983; Young 1989; Ostrom 1990; and Gowa's 1995 work on regimes, governing the commons, and negotiations to establish international trade agreements). Because Slapin sees the veto power in intergovernmental conferences (IGCs) as key to explaining the relative success small states have had in negotiating the rules that govern EU countries (despite their clear …
Evidence for early Tertiary remagnetization of Devonian rocks from the Orcadian Basin, northern Scotland, and associated transcurrent fault motion

The moderately inclined, reversed field vectors exhibited by many of the Devonian rocks of the Orcadian Basin are reinterpreted as resulting from a regional, early Tertiary remagnetization event in northern Scotland, relating to the emplacement of the British Tertiary Igneous Province. The nature of the remagnetization appears to be primarily chemical and may relate to the circulation of magma-derived hydrothermal fluids in the porous Old Red Sandstone formations. Fine-grained matrix hematite appears to be an important carrier of this remagnetization component, but other secondary opaque minerals also contribute to the magnetizations of certain sites. Although Orcadian Basin rocks are currently at some distance from the nearest Tertiary igneous center (Skye), geologic and tectonic evidence may allow for southward translation of the Skye igneous center in earliest Tertiary time.
Neurofilament expression in vagal neural crest-derived precursors of enteric neurons☆

In order to gain insight into the potential role of the enteric microenvironment in the neuronal determination of the neural crest-derived precursor cells of enteric neurons, an attempt was made to ascertain when and where along the migratory route of these cells that they first express neuronal properties. The immunocytochemical detection of the 160-kDa component of the triplet of the chick neurofilament peptides served as a neuronal marker. In addition, neurogenic potential was assessed by growing explants of tissue suspected of containing presumptive neuroblasts in culture or as grafts on the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryonic hosts. Neurofilament immunoreactivity was first detected in the foregut by Day 4 of development and spread to the hindgut by Day 7. Within the hindgut, development was more advanced within the colorectum than within the more proximal terminal ileum and caecal appendages. This probably reflects the distal-proximal migration of sacral neural crest cells in the postumbilical bowel. The ability of enteric explants to show neuronal development in vitro correlated with whether or not cells containing neurofilament immunoreactivity had reached that segment of gut at the age of explantation. These data suggest that enteric neuronal precursors have already begun to differentiate as neurons by the time they colonize the gut. Prior to the appearance of fibrillar neurofilament immunoreactivity in the foregut, cells that express this marker were found transiently within the mesenchyme of branchial arches 3, 4, and 5. These cells had disappeared from this region by developmental Day 6. The neurogenic potential of branchial arches 3 and 4 was demonstrated by the correlation that was found between the ability of explants of these arches to show neuronal development in vitro and the presence within them of cells that display neurofilament immunoreactivity. No similar neurogenic potential was found in the more rostral branchial arches which lacked the masses of neurofilament-immunoreactive cells. The location of the caudal branchial arches below the migrating vagal neural crest, the transience of the neurofilament immunoreactivity in them, and the coincident transience of their neurogenic potential in vitro, suggested that the masses of neurofilament immunoreactive cells in the caudal branchial arches might be vagal neural crest-derived neuronal precursor cells en route to the pharynx and the rest of the gut.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A performance analysis of subspace-based methods in the presence of model error. II. Multidimensional algorithms

For pt.I, see ibid., vol.40, no.7, p.1758-74 (1992). In pt.I the performance of the MUSIC algorithms for narrowband direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation when the array manifold and noise covariance are not correctly modeled was investigated. This analysis is extended to multidimensional subspace-based algorithms including deterministic (or conditional) maximum likelihood, MD-MUSIC, weighted subspace fitting (WSF), MODE, and ESPRIT. A general expression for the variance of the DOA estimates that can be applied to any of the above algorithms and to any of a wide variety of scenarios is presented. Optimally weighted subspace fitting algorithms are presented for special cases involving random unstructured errors of the array manifold and noise covariance. It is shown that one-dimensional MUSIC outperforms all of the above multidimensional algorithms for random angle-independent array perturbations. >
A critical evaluation of PEX

PEX, the PHIGS extension to the X Window System, is evaluated in the context of assumptions inherent in the PHIGS output, modeling, input, user interface, and system environment models. Problems not previously discussed arise when examining PEX this way. The problems not only pertain to the implementation of PEX, but also to implementing a 3-D library in a distributed windowing system in general. The University of Illinois PEX implementation serves as a reference to discuss the solutions proposed. >
The role of catecholamines in seizure susceptibility: new results using genetically engineered mice.

The catecholamines norepinephrine and dopamine are abundant in the CNS, and modulate neuronal excitability via G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. This review covers the history of research concerning the role of catecholamines in modulating seizure susceptibility in animal models of epilepsy. Traditionally, most work on this topic has been anatomical, pharmacological, or physiological in nature. However, the recent advances in transgenic and knockout mouse technology provide new tools to study catecholamines and their roles in seizure susceptibility. New results from genetically engineered mice with altered catecholamine signaling, as well as possibilities for future experiments, are discussed.
A study of rich ammonia/oxygen/nitrogen flames☆

Abstract NH3, NH2, NH, OH and temperature measurements in the flame gases of three rich NH3/O2/N2 flames are reported. The equilibration of NH2 and NH with NH3 via reactions with OH and H is confirmed and a value for the f number of the NH2 rotational line at 5166 A is determined. The decay of the greater than equilibrim concentrations of the NHi species (NHi = NH3, NH2 and NH) and the net dissociation rates observed are discussed.
Inflammation and Glucose Intolerance A prospective study of gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE —Increased leukocyte count is a marker of inflammation that has been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in prospective studies. Although gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes share certain pathophysiological mechanisms, few studies have examined inflammation and risk of GDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —We prospectively examined routine leukocyte counts collected at the first prenatal visit in a cohort of 2,753 nulliparous euglycemic women, 98 (3.6%) of whom were later diagnosed with GDM. Subjects were divided into quartiles of leukocyte count, and the results of third-trimester glucose screening tests and the incidence of GDM among these quartiles were compared. Logistic regression was used to calculate univariate and multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) of GDM according to leukocyte quartiles. RESULTS —Leukocyte counts were increased among women who subsequently developed GDM compared with those who remained free of GDM (10.5 ± 2.2 vs. 9.2 ± 2.2 × 10 3 cells/ml; P P for trend P for trend P for trend P for trend CONCLUSIONS —Increased leukocyte count early in pregnancy is independently and linearly associated with the results of GDM screening tests and the risk of GDM. Although overlap in the leukocyte count distributions precludes it from being a clinically useful biomarker, these data suggest that inflammation is associated with the development of GDM and may be another pathophysiological link between GDM and future type 2 diabetes.
Growing up in the Divorced Family

Stressful parent–child relationships in the post-divorce family together with the enduring effects of the troubled marriage and breakup lead to the acute anxieties about love and commitment that many children of divorce bring to relationships in their adult years. Findings from a 25-year study of 131 children call for a paradigmatic change in our theoretical understanding and in our interventions with these youngsters as children and as adults. Revised clinical and educational strategies with parents and children are proposed.
Chemical composition of atherosclerotic lesions of aortas from pigeons with naturally occurring or cholesterol-aggravated atherosclerosis.

SummaryThe content of free and esterified cholesterol, phospholipid, free fatty acid, triglyceride, and calcium of normal, fatty streak, and atherosclerotic plaque was determined in aortas from pigeons with cholesterol-aggravated or naturally occurring atherosclerosis. The concentration of all lipid classes was greater in fatty streak and plaque than in normal tissue. Normal tissue from pigeons with atherosclerosis, although having no grossly visible lesions, had a higher concentration of cholesteryl esters than aortic tissue from pigeons without atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques from pigeons with cholesterol-aggravated atherosclerosis contained about twice the concentration of cholesteryl esters as plaques from birds with naturally occurring atherosclerosis, even though there was no difference in the content of free cholesterol. Calcium content was greatest in plaques, particularly in the naturally-occurring disease, but never accounted for more than 1% of the lipid free dry weight of the aorta.
Dynamics of a mesoscale eddy off Cape Ann, Massachusetts in May 2005

Abstract Observations and numerical modeling indicate that a mesoscale anti-cyclonic eddy formed south of Cape Ann at the northern entrance of Massachusetts Bay (MB) during May 2005, when large river discharges in the western Gulf of Maine and two strong Nor'easters passing through the regions led to an unprecedented toxic Alexandrium fundyense bloom (red tide). Both model results and field measurements suggest that the western Maine Coastal Current separated from Cape Ann around May 7–8, and the eddy formed on around May 10. The eddy was trapped at the formation location for about a week before detaching from the coastline and moving slowly southward on May 17. Both model results and theoretical analysis suggest that the separation of the coastal current from the coast and subsequent eddy formation were initiated at the subsurface by an adverse pressure gradient between Cape Ann and MB due to the higher sea level set up by onshore Ekman transport and higher density in downstream MB. After the formation, the eddy was maintained by the input of vorticity transported by the coastal current from the north, and local vorticity generation around the cape by the horizontal gradients of wind-driven currents, bottom stress, and water density induced by the Merrimack River plume. Observations and model results indicate that the anti-cyclonic eddy significantly changed the pathway of nutrient and biota transport into the coastal areas and enhanced phytoplankton including Alexandrium abundances around the perimeter of the eddy and in the western coast of MB.
Risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children.

Purpose of review This article defines the risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in hospitalized children in light of recent studies demonstrating a change in the epidemiology of these infections in both adults and children. Recent findings Antibiotic exposure within the past 4-12 weeks was noted in a majority of published cases of pediatric CDI, and that remains a key risk factor for infection. Past and/or prolonged hospitalization increase a child's risk for CDI as they increase potential contact with C. difficile spores. Of all CDI, hospital-acquired infection remains more common. Many comorbid conditions have been linked with CDI, with the strongest association existing in children with cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Severe infections occur infrequently in pediatric patients. Markers established in adults for severe CDI resulting in colectomy or transfer to ICU have not been shown to correlate in pediatric patients. Summary Recent antibiotic exposure and hospitalization remain key risk factors for CDI in the hospitalized pediatric patient. Patients with comorbid conditions such as malignancy and inflammatory bowel disease are at higher risk for CDI. Resistant infections and severe outcomes are not common in the pediatric population.
Some Mathematical Considerations of Time-Sharing Scheduling Algorithms

A mathematical derivation of expected response time is presented for selected cyclic and priority scheduling disciplines, thereby demonstrating analytic techniques which may be utilized to evaluate such servicing doctrines. To illustrate the constant time quantum (round-robin) results, a hypothetical is defined and resolved.
Implementing the Ford-Fulkerson labeling algorithm with fixed-order scanning

Abstract In the maximum flow problem, scanning node and arc data in fixed order has the same effect as choosing shortest flow augmenting paths, which leads to the solution with a minimum number of iterations. A judicious fixed-order scanning procedure greatly accelerates the Ford-Fulkerson labeling algorithm by minimizing the amount of data traversal.
Epidermal growth factor inhibits amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption in renal collecting duct cells.

The effects of the ERK pathway on electrogenic transepithelial Na+ absorption by renal collecting duct cells were determined. Approximately 90% of the unstimulated short-circuit current (15 ± 1 μA/...
Influence of clofibrate, bile-sequestering agents and probucol on high-density lipoprotein levels.

Abstract The management of lipid disorders has been greatly improved by advances in our understanding of lipoprotein metabolism. New developments in the isolation and quantitation of the lipoprotein apoproteins have shed light on their essential role in normal and abnormal lipid transport and have helped clarify the mode of action of lipid-lowering drugs. Excess lipid levels can occur because of overproduction, faulty degradation or defective removal of 1 or more lipoproteins. Clofibrate appears to decrease levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) by enhancing their intravascular degradation. Although it often slightly decreases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, it may markedly increase LDL levels in patients with initially high VLDL levels. Its effects on high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are small, often increasing HDL slightly. Bile acid sequestrants act by enhancing the rate of removal of LDL. Their effects on VLDL and IDL are slight. In some subjects there is a moderate increase in both VLDL and IDL levels. HDL concentrations are increased minimally. Probucol's mechanism of action is still unclear, but it appears to enhance LDL removal. Its effects on VLDL and IDL are minimal. Of concern is the repeated observation that probucol reduces HDL concentrations by decreasing HDL synthesis. The resultant reduction in HDL concentrations often rivals its effect in decreasing LDL levels. Knowledge of the selective effect of lipid-lowering drugs on specific lipoprotein fractions is essential for their proper therapeutic selection.
ASPECT: an advanced specified-profile evaluation code for tokamaks

Abstract A specified-profile, global analysis code has been developed to evaluate the performance of fusion reactor designs. Both steady-state and time-dependent calculations are carried out; the results of the former can be used in defining the parameters of the latter, if desired. In the steady-state analysis, the performance is computed at a density and temperature chosen to be consistent with input limits (e.g. density and beta) of several varieties. The calculation can be made at either the intersection of the two limits or at the point of optimum performance as the density and temperature are varied along the limiting boundaries. Two measures of performance are available for this purpose: the ignition margin or the confinement level required to achieve a prescribed ignition margin. The time-dependent calculation can be configured to yeild either the evolution of plasma energy as a function of time or, via an iteration scheme, the amount of auxiliary power required to achieve a desired final plasma energy.
Prereduction and melting of domestic titaniferous materials

Two domestic ilmenites and one titaniferous magnetite were prereduced by the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, in a batch rotary kiln with coal char to assess the feasibility of this technique in improving melting operations and subsequent electric furnace processing. All three prereduced titaniferous materials were melted satisfactorily in an electric arc furnace to produce iron as a metal suitable for further refining to steel; metallizations ranging from 63 to 83 pct of the iron oxides were achieved. The ilmenites yielded titanium enriched slags that were amenable to further processing by conventional methods. Prereduction decreased electrode consumption during furnace operation and also conserved expensive electrical energy that otherwise must be used to reduce and melt totally the entire titaniferous materials charge.
A priori light-matter entanglement using Rydberg atoms: towards truly functional quantum networks

Truly functional quantum networks can be based on entanglement between light fields and optical collective excitations of an ultra-cold atomic gas created by deterministic Rydberg-level atomic interactions. Ultra-cold atoms are confined in an optical lattice with the same trapping potential for both the ground and the Rydberg atomic levels. The achieved separation of the external and internal atomic degrees of freedom is employed to entangle an optical atomic coherence and a light wavepacket, unconditionally, a priori, paving the way for the truly functional quantum networks.
Where The Action Really Is: Medicaid And The Disabled

Discussions of Medicaid tend to focus on low-income children and their mothers and the institutionalized elderly as the principal beneficiaries, but Medicaid spends more on the nonelderly disabled than on any other group. In the past two decades Medicaid has helped finance the deinstitutionalization of the mentally retarded and a growing proportion of the mentally ill, but implementation of the Olmstead decision has deflected advocates’ attention from the more important issue of how managed care plans treat disabled Medicaid beneficiaries.
The carbon auger lineshape of t-stilbene and 2,4,6,2′,4′,6′-hexanitrostilbene☆

Abstract The C(KVV) Auger spectrum of t -stilbene reflects a planar molecular geometry and extensive delocalization of the π electrons. For 2,4,6,2′,4′,6′-hexanitrostilbene, the C(KVV) spectrum suggests a molecular geometry with parallel but non-coplanar aromatic rings and nitro groups which are not in the plane of the aromatic ring. This steric effect leads to a loss of π resonance electron-withdrawing capability of these nitro groups, which, in turn, is reflected in the explosive shock initiation sensitivity. All conclusions drawn from the Auger data are fully consistent with the reported molecular structures of these molecules.
Protection against cisplatin-induced ovarian damage by the antioxidant sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (mesna) in female rats.

Objective The hypothesis was that the administration of the antioxidant mesna (sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate) during chemotherapy would protect ovaries against follicular damage. Study Design Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with saline solution, mesna-plus-cisplatin, or cisplatin. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) positive follicles. Serum and ovarian MIS were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. Apoptosis in ovaries was studied by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfere biotin-d UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Result Immunofluorescence staining for MIS was higher in preantral follicles in the mesna-plus-cisplatin group. The ovarian and serum MIS levels were higher in the mesna-plus-cisplatin than in the cisplatin alone group. There were no differences statistically in the TUNEL and the ovarian cyst analyses. Conclusion Mesna, which was used at the time of cisplatin administration, protected ovaries against damage. The data that are presented challenge the existing clinical paradigm that gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists represent the only medical method for the protection of ovaries during chemotherapy. Alternative medical means to protect ovaries during chemotherapy may be achievable.
Evidence for visual memory in the averaged and single evoked potentials of human infants

When an infrequent or unexpected stimulus is presented to the adult, a characteristic enhancement of the late positive component (LPC) of the averaged evoked cortical potential is observed. To test whether this effect obtains near birth, we presented low and high probability visual stimuli to 29 3-month-old infants in two studies. In Study 1, electrical potentials were recorded from occipital and parietal scalp sites (Oz and Opz), and in Study 2 also from a frontal lead (Fz). A clear LPC effect was observed over the posterior regions between 300-600 msec following the onset of the infrequent stimulus. This is the first demonstration of an LPC effect in infants, reflecting cognitive processing involving memory. A linear discriminant analysis was used to analyze the nature of the LPC effect on single trials. A local probability index (LPI) was calculated to examine the effects of prior presentations of familiar events on the infants' responses to specific occurrences of unfamiliar events. The LPC occurred more frequently for those unfamiliar trials preceded by a sequence of three or more familiar stimuli than by only one or two. Thus, single trial analysis of infant evoked potentials provides an opportunity to assess trial-to-trial variation in the brain's responses to rapidly changing events.
Function and modulation of δ-containing GABAA receptors

Summary αβδ-Containing GABA A receptors are (1) localized to extra- and perisynaptic membranes, (2) exhibit a high sensitivity to GABA, (3) show little desensitization, and (4) are believed to be one of the primary mediators of tonic inhibition in the central nervous system. This type of signaling appears to play a key role in controlling cell excitability. This review article briefly summarizes recent knowledge on tonic GABA-mediated inhibition. We will also consider the mechanism of action of many clinically important drugs such as anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and sedative/hypnotics and their effects on δ-containing GABA receptor activation. We will conclude that αβδ-containing GABA A receptors exhibit a relatively low efficacy that can be potentiated by endogenous modulators and anxiolytic agents. This scenario enables these particular GABA receptor combinations, upon neurosteroid exposure for example, to impart a profound effect on excitability in the central nervous system.
FEEDING PATTERN OF VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT NEONATES |[le]|Ml1500 GMS|[period]| |[lpar]|VLBW|[rpar]|

Previous studies of parenterally alimented neonates had established a minimum of 60 calories/kg./day and 80 calories/kg./day to achieve positive nitrogen balance and growth respectively. In order to determine how long it takes for a population of VLBW neonates to reach those parameters, 71 VLBW consecutively admitted from September 1981 to May 1982 were prospectively studied. Excluded were congenital gastrointestinal anomalies and infants reverse transported prior to completion of study. Their mean gestational age and birthweight were 30.2±2.3 wks. (range 24-37 wks.) and 1133±230 gms. (range 600-1500 gms.) respectively. 61 VLBW began enteral feeding at 11±11 days from birth (D); 60 VLBW regained BW at 18±5 days; 51 VLBW reached 1800 gm. at 48±18 days, and 43 VLBW reached 2000 gm. at 57±19 days. Days to reach different calories, protein, fat intake levels from birth were:
Dynamic Stress-Strain Response and Failure Behavior of PMMA

Strain rate response of PMMA was investigated under uniaxial compression at different rates of strain ranging from 0.0001/sec to about 4300/sec. High rate experiments (greater than 1/sec rates) were conducted using a split-Hopkinson Pressure bar (SHPB) with pulse-shaping to impose the compressive loading of the specimen at constant strain rate under dynamic stress equilibrium. At strain rates 1/s and below, intrinsic softening occurred after the initial yield and then followed by the strain hardening. However, at 1/s strain rate, material started to soften further due to thermal softening dominating over strain hardening. For higher strain rates (greater than 1/s), PMMA failed before, during or immediately after the yield depending on the rate of loading. For these high rates, strain to failure decreases with the increase in the strain rates whereas failure stress (except at very high rates where failure occurred before yielding) and modulus increase with increasing strain rate.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
9/11 and the New York City office of chief medical examiner

On September 11, 2001 two hijacked airplanes struck the Twin Towers at the World Trade Center in New York City. All of the remains (19,915) were examined by the Office of Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) of New York City. The major goals of the OCME were to accurately identify the decedents and to promptly issue death certificates. As of September 2005, there were 1594 identifications of a total of 2749 people reported missing. Of these, 976 were identified by a single means, which included DNA analysis in 852 of the victims. Use of legal statues can assist in the timely issuance of death certificates in mass fatalities, which benefit surviving family members. DNA analysis markedly improves the ability to identify remains and has become the standard method for identification in these types of disasters. Certain postmortem tissue samples are better suited for DNA analysis and yield better results than others.
DETECTION AND IMPACT OF SUBCLINICAL CORONARY AND CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK PREDICTION AND RECLASSIFICATION IN ASYMPTOMATIC US ADULTS: INSIGHTS FROM THE HIGH RISK PLAQUE BIOIMAGE STUDY

Although a systemic disease, studies evaluating the role of subclinical atherosclerosis in cardiac risk prediction have primarily involved the coronary arteries (CACS). Whether detection of non-coronary (carotid) atherosclerosis also enhances risk prediction and reclassification over traditional (
Determination of formaldehyde by the Hantzsch reaction: Interference by naturally occurring compounds

Abstract The quantitation of formaldehyde, a product of many drug oxidations, can be determined by a simple and sensitive assay which employs the Hantzsch reaction. The present study demonstrates that both oxaloacetate and acetoacetate in the presence of Mg2+ interfere with the Hantzsch reaction by interacting with formaldehyde, making the aldehyde unavailable for the condensation reaction with acetylacetone. This can lead to errors when trying to quantitate either the disappearance or the formation of formaldehyde in metabolic studies utilizing tissue slices, homogenates, or subcellular fractions containing mitochondria.
Mode of action of the fungicide flusilazole in ustilago maydis

Flusilazole is a potent inhibitor of Ustilago maydis sporidial growth (I50= 20 μg liter−1). Incorporation of [14C]acetate into ergosterol of growing sporidia is inhibited 50% by 0.5 μg liter−1of the fungicide. Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis is concomitant with the accumulation of the precursors eburicol, obtusifoliol and 14α-methylfecosterol. A novel cell-free assay has been developed to measure the 14α-demethylation of [3H]dihydrolanosterol. Flusilazole inhibits the cell-free demethylation with an I50of 15 μg liter−1. These data provide strong evidence that the mode of action of flusilazole is by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis through direct inhibition of the 14α-demethylation of ergosterol precursors.
The Use of NSAIDs and Nutritional Supplements in Athletes With Osteoarthritis: Prevalence, Benefits, and Consequences

The use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications (NSAIDs) and nutraceuticals, such as glucosamine and chondroitin, is common among athletes at all ages and levels of participation. The use of these drugs has significant effects on pain and swelling associated with injury; however, this use does have significant risks to the gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal organ systems. In the athlete with degenerative changes in the joints, the use of these medications can become chronic and lead to an increased risk of adverse effects. The purpose of this article is to examine the incidence of injury in sports, the prevalence of osteoarthritis in athletes, and the use of common over-the-counter medications and supplements. In addition, the mechanism of action, adverse side effects, and behavioral patterns for use of these medications will be analyzed.
Palliative Care Training during Fellowship: A National Survey of U.S. Hematology and Oncology Fellows

Abstract Background: Despite requirements for palliative care training during fellowship, there is a paucity of recent data regarding the attitudes, knowledge, and skills of hematology/ oncology fellows in palliative care. Objective: Our aim was to assess fellows' attitudes toward and quality of training in palliative care during fellowship and perceived preparedness to care for patients at the end of life (EOL). Methods: In May 2013 a cross-sectional survey of hematology/oncology fellows was conducted. Results: Fellows from 93 of 138 fellowship programs responded (67.4%). Of the 347 fellows e-mailed, 176 participated. Nearly all fellows (99%) indicated that physicians have a responsibility to help patients at EOL. Fellows felt their overall training in fellowship was superior to training in EOL care (4.24±0.78 versus 3.53±0.99 on a 5-5 scale where 1=poor and 5=excellent, p<0.0001). Fellows who had a rotation in palliative care during fellowship (44.9%) reported better teaching on managing a patient at EO...
COX-2 Inhibition: A Cautionary Note in Congestive Heart Failure

NSAIDs have been a mainstay of therapy for rheumatologic diseases for a number of years. Unfortunately, their use was accompanied by sometimes unacceptable gastrointestinal and/or renal side effects. Therefore, safer treatment options were sought. In the process of such a search, selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors were identified. Drugs in this class have anti-inflammatory properties similar to NSAIDs and did not produce anywhere near the same pattern of NSAID-related gastrotoxicity. The enthusiasm for this class of drugs would appear, at least on the surface, to be well grounded. However, establishing the renal side effect profile of the selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors would appear to be a work in progress. Formal studies with selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors have not been conducted in the congestive heart failure population. Information does though exist for other patient cohorts—similarly “prostaglandin-dependent” for their integrity of renal function, such as the elderly and sodium-deplete individual. These data would strongly suggest that the selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors could decrease glomerular filtration rate and stimulate salt and water retention, comparable to what occurs with nonselective NSAIDs. To date, no compelling information exists, which supports the notion that differences exist among the currently available selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors—celecoxib and rofecoxib—in the potential to negatively impact renal function in this and similarly compromised patient populations.
The Effect of Hydrogen Carrier Gas on the Morphological Evolution and Material Properties of GaN on Sapphire

In-situ optical reflectance is used to monitor the morphological evolution of the two-step GaN growth on sapphire. The amount of H{sub 2} carrier gas used in the growth is observed to strongly influence the morphological evolution of the low temperature buffer layer and the subsequent high temperature nucleation behavior, which in turn affects the structural and electrical properties of the GaN epitaxial films. The optical reflectance transients correlate with the sizes and distributions of nuclei as observed by AFM.
Micromachined precision cutting tools

A family of precision rotary micro-cutting tools fabricated using a combination of established micromachining technologies is described. The micro-cutting tools utilize molding/electroplating technologies to realize the cutting wheel, silicon etching to form the housing for the tool, and low temperature bonding to package the device. The device is driven using a variety of low viscosity fluids, which are directed through formed micro-channels. Potential applications of these devices are endoscopic tools for precision incisions and transections of body tissues as well as for performing other vital surgical functions. In addition, these micro-cutting tools can be used in applications where the cutting surface is not directly exposed for laser ablation (e.g. the interior of obstructed vessels and tubes).
APPEARANCE AND FUNCTION OF ENDOGENOUS PEROXIDASE IN FETAL RAT THYROID

Iodination within the thyroid follicle is intimately associated with a thyroid peroxidase. In order to locate the in vivo site of iodination, the initial cytochemical appearance of this enzyme has been determined in fetal rat thyroid and its presence correlated with the onset of iodinated thyroglobulin synthesis. Peroxidase first appears in follicular cells during the 18th day of gestation. It is seen first in the perinuclear cisternae, the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, and within the inner few Golgi lamellae. These organelles presumably represent sites of peroxidase synthesis. During the 19th and 20th days of gestation, there is a tremendous increase in peroxidase activity. In addition to the stained sites described, there are now many peroxidase-positive apical vesicles in the follicular cells. Newly forming follicles stain most conspicuously for peroxidase, the reaction product being heavily concentrated at the external surfaces of apical microvilli and in the adjacent colloid. Iodinated thyroglobulin becomes biochemically detectable in thyroids during the 19th day of gestation and increases greatly during the 20th day. The parallel rise in peroxidase staining that just precedes, and overlaps, the rise in iodinated thyroglobulin, suggests that apical vesicles and the apical cell membrane are the major sites of iodination within the thyroid follicle.
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Pathogenicity Island 1-Encoded Type III Secretion System Translocases Mediate Intimate Attachment to Nonphagocytic Cells

Delivery of bacterial proteins into mammalian cells by type III secretion systems (TTSS) is thought to require the intimate association of bacteria with target cells. The molecular bases of this intimate association appear to be different in different bacteria involving TTSS components, as well as surface determinants not associated with TTSS. We show here that the protein translocases SipB, SipC, and SipD of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1)-encoded TTSS are required for the intimate association of these bacteria with mammalian cells. S. Typhimurium mutant strains lacking any of the translocases were defective for intimate attachment. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that SipD is present on the bacterial surface prior to bacterial contact with host cells. In contrast, SipB and SipC were detected on the bacterial surface only subsequent to bacterial contact with the target cell. We conclude that the coordinated deployment and interaction between the protein translocases mediate the SPI-1 TTSS-dependent intimate association of S. Typhimurium with host cells.