cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research In Native American Communities in the Genetics Age: Can the Federal Data Sharing Statute of General Applicability and Tribal Control of Research be Reconciled?

Since colonization, indigenous populations in the U.S. have been an enticing subject for researchers. Geographic continuity with traditional homelands and traceable blood quantum requirements for tribal membership provide a unique connection to the past for researchers studying an array of topics from epidemiology to religion. In recent years, the explosion of discoveries in the field of genomic research has led to even greater interest in the U.S. native communities by commercial and scientific interests. This research offers the potential for many promising advances in healthcare. Genetic testing can help to define disease risks as a guide to treatment and prevention. Pharmacogenetic testing — the development of tests that assess an individual’s potential to metabolize and respond to specific drugs — offers opportunities to increase the safety and efficacy of drug treatment. Genetics research is also unlocking new and promising treatments through examination of the molecular biology of specific disease conditions. Without research participation from Native American individuals, this population may be excluded from some of the health benefits of genetic research which could help reduce the health disparities between Native Americans and other U.S. populations.But researcher access to Native Americans is problematic. Unethical and undesirable research practices — alongside the history of wars, plagues and broken treaties inflicted on Native Americans and tribal governments — have led to distrust and conflict between Native populations and outside researchers. An additional variable must be factored into the usual ethical calculus for human research subjects: the sovereign authority of federally-recognized tribal governments over Native American research participants and researchers themselves. This article examines several case studies highlighting the history of research conflicts to provide a context for current Native American concerns. It looks at the federal law related to sharing data collected with federal funding and NIH’s implementation of that law, including specific data sharing policies related to genetic research. Finally it discusses potential strategies to preempt the data sharing laws through judicial exceptions that could create tribal frameworks for research conducted under tribal regulatory authority and for sharing of tribal data.
Differentiating between niche and neutral assembly in metacommunities using null models of β-diversity

The β-null deviation measure, developed as a null model for β-diversity, is increasingly used in empirical studies to detect the underlying structuring mechanisms in communities (e.g. niche versus neutral and stochastic versus deterministic). Despite growing use, the ecological interpretation of the presence/absence and abundance-based versions of the β-null diversity measure have not been tested against communities with known assembly mechanisms, and thus have not been validated as an appropriate tool for inferring assembly mechanisms. Using a mechanistic model with known assembly mechanisms, we simulated replicate metacommunities and examined β-null deviation values 1) across a gradient of niche (species-sorting) to neutrally structured metacommunities, 2) through time, and 3) we compared the effect of changes in assembly mechanism on the performance of the β-null deviation measures. The impact of stochasticity on assembly outcomes was also considered. β-null deviation measures proved to be interpretable as a measure of niche or neutral assembly. However, the presence/absence version of the β-null deviation measure could not differentiate between niche and neutral metacommunities if demographic stochasticity were present. The abundance-based β-null deviation measure was successful in distinguishing between niche and neutral metacommunities and was robust to the presence of stochasticity, changes through time, and changing assembly mechanisms. However, we suggest that it is not robust to changing abundance evenness distributions or sampling of communities, and so its interpretation still requires some care. We encourage the testing of the assumptions behind null models for ecology and care in their application.
Mount Wilson Synoptic Magnetic Fields: Improved Instrumentation, Calibration, and Analysis Applied to the 2000 July 14 Flare and to the Evolution of the Dipole Field

This paper describes the current status of the 150 foot solar tower telescope program of synoptic observations with an emphasis on the magnetic field data. A newly installed 24-channel system permits routine intercomparison of magnetic fields measured by the ?676.8 nm line used by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and the ?525.0 nm line used by the 150 foot tower. Two important calibration procedures for treatment of saturation and zero-point offset are described. It is demonstrated that solar rotation can be used to extract the east-west component of the slowly evolving, large-scale magnetic field in a stable fashion. This same analysis produces maps of the neutral line configurations that are well correlated with the positions of quiescent prominences. The analysis is applied to the 2000 July 14 flare and shown to demonstrate that the field was sheared due to the westward-moving intrusion of a region just north of the neutral line along which the flaring occurred. A new method for preparing synoptic charts by averaging without differential rotation smearing is presented. These synoptic charts are combined into a new format termed a supersynoptic chart, which makes possible the identification of systematic long-term trends in the magnetic field evolution. Based on these charts, distinct large-scale events of magnetic field bias opposing the old-cycle dipole field are seen. A statistical method using the skewness in the distribution of the polarity bias as a function of longitude is developed. The coincidence between pulses in this skewness and times of rapid change in the Sun's dipole moment is consistent with the idea that a tilt in the orientation of bipolar magnetic regions is responsible for the dipole field reversal. The pulses in skewness are large and limited in number, suggesting the operation of a large-scale instability such as the kink instability.
The development of social and practical concepts in learning to teach: A synthesis and extension of Vygotsky's conception

Abstract This conceptual paper interrogates, considers, and expands on Vygotsky's notion of concept development. I first review Vygotsky's account of concept development, including his distinction between scientific and spontaneous concepts. I next summarize his pattern of concept development from complexes to pseudoconcepts to concepts, and in the process problematize his view by shifting his discussion from biological examples to social examples. The following section examines concepts as cultural constructions, with attention to the cultural nature of concepts, and concepts and societal telos. The third section outlines processes that complement and enrich concept development, including concept development's future orientation, the affective dimension of concept development, and creativity's role in concept development as a higher mental function. The fourth section takes Vygotsky's notion of concept development's “twisting path” and complicates it by questioning the extent to which social concepts have a clear meaning toward which any pathway may lead given their relativistic and ideological nature. This inquiry leads to the proposal of practical concepts that serve as fragmented understandings that generally cohere yet are inherently compromised by attention to contradictory means of mediation in social-cultural–historical contexts.
The use of a direct bonded microfilled composite resin veneer

This technique creates a direct bonded microfilled composite resin veneer that replicates the complex color distribution and surface texture of the natural tooth structure. Duplicating the complexity of natural tooth color can be repeated by recording the different layers of color used in their sequence of placement.
Hall density and de Haas-van Alphen effect near the van Hove singularity in the high-Tc superconductors

Abstract The new superconducting oxides have been proposed to be nearly unstable with respect to a charge density wave, associated with the van Hove singularity of the CuO2-planes. Here, the effect of short range order on magnetotransport and magnetooscillatory phenomena is discussed. It is shown that the model naturally explains the discrepancy between band structure calculations and Hall density, as well as the temperature dependence of the Hall effect.
Efficient Virtual Backbone Construction without a Common Control Channel in Cognitive Radio Networks

Virtual backbones have brought about many benefits for routing and data transmission in traditional wireless networks. In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), virtual backbones can also play a critical role, and would increase the efficiency of routing and data transport. However, the virtual backbone construction for CRNs is more challenging than for traditional wireless networks due to opportunistic spectrum access. Moreover, when no common control channel is available to exchange the control information, this problem is even more difficult. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for constructing virtual backbones in CRNs, without relying on a common control channel. Our approach first utilizes the geographical information to let the nodes of a CRN self-organize into cells. Next, the nodes in each cell form into clusters, and a virtual backbone is established over the cluster heads. The virtual backbone is then applied to carry out the end-to-end data transmission. The proposed virtual backbone construction approach requires only limited exchange of control messages. It is efficient and highly adaptable under the opportunistic spectrum access. We analyze the capacity between an active node and a passive node in a single area. Our approach is testified through evaluation of the cost, and also through comparison with other models.
A distributed architecture for phishing detection using Bayesian Additive Regression Trees

With the variety of applications in mobile devices, such devices are no longer deemed calling gadgets merely. Various applications are used to browse the Internet, thus access financial data, and store sensitive personal information. In consequence, mobile devices are exposed to several types of attacks. Specifically, phishing attacks can easily take advantage of the limited or lack of security and defense applications therein. Furthermore, the limited power, storage, and processing capabilities render machine learning techniques inapt to classify phishing and spam emails in such devices. The present study proposes a distributed architecture hinging on machine learning approaches to detect phishing emails in a mobile environment based on a modified version of Bayesian additive regression trees (BART). Apparently, BART suffers from high computational time and memory overhead, therefore, distributed algorithms are proposed to accommodate detection applications in resource constrained wireless environments.
Computable Analysis of a Boundary-Value Problem for the Korteweg-de Vries Equation

The initial-boundary-value problem for the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation: $u_{t}+u_x+uu_{x}+u_{xxx}=0, \quad t, x\geq 0,$ $u(x, 0)=\varphi (x),\quad u(0,t)=h(t), \qquad\varphi(0)=h(0),$ defines a nonlinear continous map from the space where the auxiliary data are drawn to the space of solutions. By making use of modern methods for the study of nonlinear dispersive equations, it is shown that the solution map $H^{3m-1}({\Bbb R}^+)\times H^{m}(0,T)\to C([0,T];H^{3m-1}({\Bbb R}^+))$ is Turing computable for any integer m ≥ 2 and computable real number T > 0. This result provides yet another affirmative answer to the open question raised by Pour-El and Richards [PER]: Is the solution operater of the KdV equation computable?
Portosystemic shunt without surgery

Objective. – To determine the effectiveness of the Palmaz balloon expandable stent for the creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. The device is designed to achieve portal decompression in patients with variceal hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension. Design. – Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting was performed in eight patients during a 9-month period. Mean follow-up was 5 months. Patients. – All patients had cirrhosis with portal hypertension and varices. Bleeding occurred in seven patients from esophageal varices and in one patient from hemorrhoids. Main Outcome Measures. – Shunt patency and recurrent variceal hemorrhage. Results. – Shunts created from a transjugular approach between a hepatic and a portal vein (diameters of 8 to 12 mm) lowered the average portosystemic pressure gradient from 36 to 11 mm Hg. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.7 days. Complete variceal decompression after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement was identified endoscopically in all eight patients. The patient treated for hemorrhoids rebled and was treated successfully by transfemoral balloon expansion of the shunt diameter from 8 to 12 mm. All shunts were patent at 1 to 9 months (mean, 5 months) of follow-up. Conclusion. – Initial results suggest that transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is a safe and effective method of portal decompression for the treatment of variceal hemorrhage.
Examining Self-Control as a Multidimensional Predictor of Crime and Drug Use in Adolescents with Criminal Histories

The general theory of crime posits that variability in propensities to engage in crime and deviance is partly a function of individual differences in low self-control (LSC). LSC is hypothesized to comprise of six subdomains: impulsiveness, preference for physical activities, risk seeking, self-centeredness, preference for simple tasks, and volatile temper. Using structural equation modeling, LSC was examined to determine if a global self-control measure or a multidimensional measure of its subdomains was a more salient predictor of violent and property crimes and drug use among adolescent male offenders (n = 317). Only the multidimensional model adequately fit the data. Risk seeking predicted violent and property crimes, whereas volatile temper predicted violent crimes and drug use. The general theory of crime may obscure differences in the explanatory power of self-control subfactors for specific types of crime, especially within at-risk youth. Findings have implications for effective interventions among adolescent males with criminal histories.
Tulip, a Modified Munsell Color Space

ABSTRACT The "Tulip" is a modified Munsell Color Space in which equal hue spacing is converted to variable hue spacing, reflecting the differential sensitivity to hue as a function of value, for a fixed chroma. Number of discernible hues, when plotted on a hue value plane, results in the proposed tulip shape, with curved lines delineating theboundaries between hues. By means of a signal detection experiment, the tulip for yellow green and for blue isdetermined. It is shown that more distinct hues of yellow green are discernible at a high value than at low value.Conversely, for blue, more distinct hues are discernible at low value than at high value. 1. Purpose and Scope This article presents experimental evidence which validates the tulip configuration proposed by Jacobson andBender.1 A signal detection experiment is used to measure hue discrimination as a function of value for a given chroma. The results of this experiment, when mapped in a hue value chart, resemble a tulip
Study of the growth of Fe on Ru(0001) by low-energy electron diffraction

Abstract Qualitative and quantitative LEED (low-energy electron diffraction) and AES (Auger electron spectroscopy) studies of the growth of Fe films on Ru(0001) show that the growth mode is the Stranski-Krastanov mode: monolayer growth followed by island growth. The first monolayer of Fe is pseudomorphic with the hexagonal Ru(0001) net at an interlayer spacing of 2.05 A: the Fe atoms are in the sites dictated by continuation of the substrate's hexagonal close-packed (hcp) stacking. Thicker films consists of 3-dimensional bcc- Fe{ 100} domains in two equivalent Kurdjumov-Sachs orientations, rotationally related to one another by the 6-fold symmetry of the substrate net. These results do not support recent reports of the growth of hcp Fe on Ru(0001). Possible connections between the present structure results and the magnetic properties of Fe/Ru ultra-thin films reported by others are discussed.
DNA as an Adjuvant: Capacity of Insect DNA and Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotides to Augment T Cell Responses to Specific Antigen

How strong adjuvants such as complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) promote T cell priming to protein antigens in vivo is still unclear. Since the unmethylated CpG motifs in DNA of bacteria and other nonvertebrates are stimulatory for B cells and antigen-presenting cells, the strong adjuvanticity of CFA could be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of dead bacteria, i.e., a source of stimulatory DNA. In support of this possibility, evidence is presented that insect DNA in mineral oil has even stronger adjuvant activity than CFA by a number of parameters. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs mimic the effects of insect DNA and, even in soluble form, ODNs markedly potentiate clonal expansion of T cell receptor transgenic T cells responding to specific peptide.
CD133-targeted paclitaxel delivery inhibits local tumor recurrence in a mouse model of breast cancer

Expression of the membrane protein CD133 marks a subset of cancer cells with drug resistant phenotype and enhanced tumor initiating ability in xenotransplantation assays. Because drug resistance and tumor relapse are significant problems, approaches to eliminate these cells are urgently needed. As a step towards achieving this goal, we developed polymeric nanoparticles targeting CD133 by conjugating an anti-CD133 monoclonal antibody to nanoparticles formulated using poly(D,L lactide-co-glycolide) polymer. Nanoparticles were loaded with paclitaxel, a microtubule-stabilizing anticancer agent, as well as with 6-coumarin, a fluorescent probe. CD133-targeted nanoparticles (CD133NPs) were efficiently internalized by Caco-2 cells, which abundantly express CD133 (>9-fold higher uptake than non-targeted control nanoparticles). The effectiveness of CD133NPs in reducing tumor initiating cell (TIC) fraction was investigated using mammosphere formation and soft-agar colony formation assays. Free paclitaxel treatment was not effective in decreasing the TIC population relative to untreated control, whereas CD133NPs effectively decreased the number of mammospheres and colonies formed. In vivo studies in the MDA-MB-231 xenograft model showed that free paclitaxel was initially effective in inhibiting tumor growth but the tumors rebounded rapidly once the treatment was stopped. Tumor regrowth was significantly lower when paclitaxel was delivered through CD133NPs (tumor volume was 518.6±228 vs. 1370.9±295mm(3) for free paclitaxel at 63days; P<0.05). Our studies thus show that encapsulation of paclitaxel in CD133NPs results in a significant decrease in the TIC population and improved therapeutic efficacy compared to that with free paclitaxel treatment. These results indicate the potential of targeting anticancer therapeutics to CD133+ cells for reducing tumor recurrence.
The mediating role of acculturative stress in the relationship between acculturation level and depression among Korean immigrants in the U.S.

Abstract This study examined the effects of acculturation level and acculturative stress on depression among 500 Korean immigrants in the United States. Path analysis yielded a positive direct effect of acculturative stress and a negative indirect effect of acculturation level on depression. The path model supported a mediating role of acculturative stress in the relationship between acculturation level and depression. The results indicate that acculturative stress is the most significant proximal risk factor for depression and acculturation level is the second most important explaining factor for depression among Korean immigrants. Depression treatment for the Korean immigrant population, therefore, should be geared toward reducing acculturative stress and increasing level of acculturation.
Fast-time-resolution charge-exchange measurements during the 'fishbone' instability in the poloidal divertor experiment

Measurements of fast-ion losses due to the 'fishbone' instability during high-βTq neutral-beam-heated discharges in the Poloidal Divertor Experiment have been made using two new vertical-viewing charge-exchange analysers. The measurements show that the instability has an n = 1 toroidal mode number, and that it ejects beam ions in a toroidally rotating bacon directed outward along a major radius. Observations of ejected ions with energies up to twice the beam injection energy at R ≈ Ro + a indicate the presence of a non-μ-conserving acceleration mechanism.
Deconvolution and reconstruction techniques of closely spaced low-energy spectra from high-purity germanium spectrometry

Separation of measurement-introduced detector-response functions from the measured spectra has been achieved through various methods by a number of researchers in the literature. However, application of these methods to the low-energy range of high-purity germanium spectrometry yields unsatisfactory results. Therefore, an approach utilizing Monte Carlo simulated detector-response functions of the physical measurement system and the method of Gold deconvolution were used to arrive at a successful algorithm of deconvolving and thus purifying a collected low-energy spectrum. Utilizing the deconvolved data, spectra are reconstructed to within the detector system resolution limitations and are thus representative of the true energy spectrum prior to interaction with the spectrometer.
Environmentally enhanced instability of stressed solids

Environment-sensitive mechanical behaviour of solids is considered as a loss of surface stability, which is enhanced by simultaneous action of mechanical stresses, surface flaws and active media. A model is proposed based on mass transport during the surface roughness development, involving competition between two driving forces: chemical potential excess in the regions of stress concentration near the bottom of a concavity and surface tension. The excess of chemical potential may lead to the fracture crack formation, while the surface tension tends to heal it. A preliminary discussion shows the applicability of the model to the variety of effects (strength and durability reduction or treatment facilitation due to adsorption, contact with akin liquids, including embrittlement by liquid metals, heterogeneous catalysis, etc.)
Coping Strategies Used by Managers in the People's Republic of China: Relationship with Personal Characteristics and Job Outcomes

ABSTRACT A study was undertaken to determine coping strategies used by Chinese managers in dealing with job stress. A sample of managers from the People's Republic of China revealed these employees to cope with stress similar to that of employees in the United States. More specifically, the study found managers who were high achievement oriented with an “internal” locus of control employed action oriented coping strategies more often than others, while managers who were less optimistic used escape oriented coping strategies more often than others. In addition, the study also found individuals who experience less burnout and high performers employed action oriented coping strategies more often than others. In contrast, individuals who experience more burnout and low performers employed escape oriented coping strategies more often than others. Discussion includes study implications and directions for future research.
Concept for a Damage‐Tolerant Ceramic Composite with “Strong” Interfaces

A ceramic-matrix composite (CMC) that exhibits damage-tolerant behavior without weak interactions has been demonstrated. The concept relies on the heterogeneous distribution of fiber bundles within a porous matrix having homogeneous, fine porosity. It also depends on the development of residual stress from thermal expansion mismatch. The present demonstration uses Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} fibers with either a silicon nitride or a mullite matrix. The latter is inherently oxidation resistant.
Structure-function analysis of MurJ reveals a solvent-exposed cavity containing residues essential for peptidoglycan biogenesis in Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli build a peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall in their periplasm using the precursor known as lipid II. Lipid II is a large amphipathic molecule composed of undecaprenyl diphosphate and a disaccharide-pentapeptide that PG-synthesizing enzymes use to build the PG sacculus. During PG biosynthesis, lipid II is synthesized at the cytoplasmic face of the inner membrane and then flipped across the membrane. This translocation of lipid II must be assisted by flippases thought to shield the disaccharide-pentapeptide as it crosses the hydrophobic core of the membrane. The inner membrane protein MurJ is essential for PG biogenesis and homologous to known and putative flippases of the MOP (multidrug/oligo-saccharidyl-lipid/polysaccharide) exporter superfamily, which includes flippases that translocate undecaprenyl diphosphate-linked oligosaccharides across the cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria. Consequently, MurJ has been proposed to function as the lipid II flippase in E. coli. Here, we present a three-dimensional structural model of MurJ generated by the I-TASSER server that suggests that MurJ contains a solvent-exposed cavity within the plane of the membrane. Using in vivo topological studies, we demonstrate that MurJ has 14 transmembrane domains and validate features of the MurJ structural model, including the presence of a solvent-exposed cavity within its transmembrane region. Furthermore, we present functional studies demonstrating that specific charged residues localized in the central cavity are essential for function. Together, our studies support the structural homology of MurJ to MOP exporter proteins, suggesting that MurJ might function as an essential transporter in PG biosynthesis.
Seismic energy analysis of structures with nonlinear fluid viscous dampers—algorithm and numerical verification

To protect structures from suffering significant damage during a major earthquake, fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) have been used in both newly constructed and seismically retrofitted structures to effectively reduce dynamic responses. The main benefit of installing FVDs into structures is to dissipate larger portions of earthquake induced energy through viscous damping, thereby decreasing energy dissipation demands on structural members, which, in turn, reduces structural damage. The objective of this paper is to propose a simple numerical algorithm for analysing the dynamic response and energy transfer of inelastic structures with nonlinear FVDs. This numerical algorithm uses the state space method of dynamic analysis, an explicit time-stepping method that has proven to be both numerically accurate and time efficient, as well as the force analogy method to determine the inelasticity of structures and to quantify the corresponding plastic energy when inelastic structural behaviour occurs. Numerical verification of the algorithm is performed by comparing nonlinear time history structural responses of using a linear FVD in a single degree of freedom system. Application of the algorithm on studying the effectiveness of installing FVDs with different nonlinear power law coefficients and damping coefficients are also investigated and presented. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of collagen substrates for cell attachment: effect of collagen concentration and phosphate buffer.

Abstract We have studied the attachment of cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells to collagen substrates prepared in several ways. The attachment of these cells to collagen required under most conditions either serum or fibronectin purified from serum. Reconstituted collagen substrates required greater amounts of fibronectin than dishes coated by drying a collagen solution, but in each case the amount of fibronectin required was proportional to the amount of collagen on the dish. High levels of phosphate, 0.01 m and above, used as a buffer in heat-reconstituted collagen substrates allowed cell attachment without fibronectin. However, since the cells did not spread under these conditions and were not released from the substrate when incubated with trypsin, binding of cells with such levels of phosphate probably represents nonphysiological adhesion.
Microprocessor-based auditory brainstem response (ABR) simulator

A low-cost, microprocessor-based instrument is designed to simulate the human auditory brainstem response (ABR) to acoustic clicks. the device normally delivers a continuous simulated EEG signal in the absence of click input. When an acoustic click is sensed, its onset and intensity are recognised promptly and an appropriate ABR waveform is superimposed on the ongoing EEG. Fast recognition of onset and intensity are achieved by using analogue detector circuits which issue microprocessor interrupts. The output waveform is synthesised by a 16-bit D/A convertor to preserve realistic signal (ABR) to noise (EEG) ratios. As multiplication operations cannot be performed at speeds appropriate for ABR waveform simulation, superposition is accomplished by position-weighted loading operations in a 16-bit register. The instrument is tested using a microcomputer-based signal averager. it satisfactorily simulates the randomness of single sweeps. Upon averaging enough sweeps, an ABR waveform is obtained. The device, believed to be the first available of its kind, is used to test and calibrate clinical EP systems and is expected to prove useful as a clinical engineering tool in hospitals and medical centres.
Regulation of microtubule, apoptosis, and cell cycle-related genes by taxotere in prostate cancer cells analyzed by microarray

Taxotere showed antitumor activity against solid tumors including prostate cancer. However, the molecular mechanism(s) of action of Taxotere has not been fully elucidated. In order to establish such molecular mechanism(s) in both hormone-insensitive (PC3) and hormone-sensitive (LNCaP) prostate cancer cells, comprehensive gene expression profiles were obtained by Affymetrix Human Genome U133A Array. The RNA from the cells treated with 2 nM Taxotere was subjected to microarray analysis. We found that a total of 166, 365, and 1785 genes showed greater than two-fold change in PC3 cells after 6, 36, and 72 hours of treatment, respectively compared to 57, 823, and 964 genes in LNCaP cells. The expression of tubulin was decreased, whereas the expression of microtubule-associated proteins was increased in Taxotere-treated prostate cancer cells, confirming the microtubule-targeting effect of Taxotere. Clustering analysis showed downregulation of some genes for cell proliferation and cell cycle. In contrast, Taxotere upregulated some genes that are related to induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. From these results, we conclude that Taxotere caused alterations of a large number of genes, many of which may contribute to the molecular mechanism(s) by which Taxotere affects prostate cancer cells. Further molecular studies are needed in order to determine the cause and effect relationships between these genes altered by Taxotere. Nevertheless, our results could be further exploited for devising strategies to optimize therapeutic effects of Taxotere for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Large left segmental pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm after right heart catheterization: successful percutaneous closure combined with balloon mitral valvotomy.

A 76-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic mitral valve disease, with severe stenosis and mild regurgitation, was admitted to our hospital in New York Heart Association class IV congestive heart failure, 2 months after an uneventful right heart catheterization was performed at another medical center. Chest x-rays showed pulmonary congestion and a large, dense, round image of ≈5 cm in diameter on the left posteroinferior lobe (Figure 1A and 1B), which was not present in a previous chest x-ray (Figure 2). A contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan of …
Equations for Approximate Solutions Using Variational Calculus

performance” satisfaction, is characterized as a truncated uniform distribution.This result was applied to the performance analysis of engagementdurationand of several error sources.Linear theory enables the formulation of analytical solutions to the problem.When numericalMonteCarlo simulationsare used to search for theworstcase distribution,a limited number of simulation runs typically are neededfor the search.Moreover,when themiss distanceis a concave function of the con ict duration on a certain interval, the worstcase miss distance can be determined from a singe Monte Carlo trial.
Linking Ultracold Polar Molecules

We predict that pairs of polar molecules can be weakly bound together in an ultracold environment, provided that a dc electric field is present. The field that links the molecules together also strongly influences the basic properties of the resulting dimer, such as its binding energy and predissociation lifetime. Because of their long-range character, these dimers will be useful in disentangling cold collision dynamics of polar molecules. As an example, we estimate the microwave photoassociation yield for OH-OH cold collisions.
Good outcome in prune-belly syndrome despite associated severe anomalies.

A boy aged 4.5 years with prune-belly syndrome (PBS) and associated urethral stenosis, oligohydramnios, imperforate anus and vesicosigmoid fustula is described. In contrast to the anticipated poor prognosis, vesicostomy and divided transverse colostomy performed after birth followed by prophylaxis of infection and bicarbonate supplementation have resulted in a good outcome. The vesicosigmoid fistula might have served in utero as a “natural diversion” protecting from pressure-induced renal damage. It is suggested that the main determinant of prognosis in PBS is the presence and degree of kidney dysplasia at birth as reflected by the neonatal renal function after performance of an indicated urinary diversion procedure rather than the presence of severe associated anomalies.
Comment on Cole and Zou's Classical Computations of the Hydrogen Ground State

The interesting results of stochastic-electrodynamical computations of the hydrogen ground state suggest other numerical experiments that might sharpen our understanding of the differences between classical and quantum theory.
JUVENILE OFFENDERS AND ADULT FELONY RECIDIVISM: THE IMPACT OF TRANSFER

ABSTRACT We examined adult felony recidivism for 475 matched pairs in Florida. Each pair, matched on seven factors, contained one juvenile transferred to adult court and one retained in the juvenile justice system. We found that transfers were more likely to re-offend and were more likely to commit violence after they turned 18 years of age. This was true even after controlling for additional case details (e.g., victim injury, weapon use, gang involvement). Get tough policies that transfer juvenile offenders to criminal court may “backfire” and have a criminogenic rather than deterrent effect.
Multifrequency radio observations of Saturn at ring inclination angles between 5 and 26 degrees

In order to investigate hypothesized latitudinal variations in the thermal emission from Saturn, the planet has been imaged at different wavelengths by the VLA and BIMA arrays. A bright band is found at 6 and 20 cm at midnorthern latitudes. The latitudinal brightness variation is suggested to be due to variations in the location of the NH4SH cloud. The extant data base on ring brightness temperatures and optical depths has been expanded by the present efforts. The data obtained are congruent with ice particles of the order of millimeters-meters in size; the number of particles has a power-law distribution that is proportionate to the radius cubed.
FOLIAR PENETRATION OF NAPHTHALENEACETIC ACID: ENHANCEMENT BY LIGHT AND ROLE OF STOMATA

A B S T R A C T Light enhanced the penetration of naphthaleneacetic-1-'4C acid (NAA) into the stomatous lower surface of pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett) leaf discs. The light effect was rapidly lost on transfer to the dark and was diminished by pretreatment of leaf discs with a Hill reaction inhibitor (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropyl-amino-s-triazine). The effect of light on NAA penetration was isolated from its effect on stomatal opening. A similar stimulation of NAA penetration was obtained with stomata opened and closed, providing evidence that penetration did not take place by mass movement into the substomatal chamber. FOLIAR ABSORPTION of chemicals is generally greater in the light than in the dark, although
Lipid hydroperoxide-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, vascular endothelial growth factor and neovascularization in the rabbit cornea: effect of TNF inhibition

Lipid hydroperoxides (LHP) at high concentrations are cytotoxic, but at sublethal concentration, they induce synthesis of cytokine vascular growth factors. Intracorneal injections of 30 μg LHP placed 5 mm from the superior limbus stimulated early vasodilation of limbal vasculature and a rapidly developing, sustained neovascularization. Under these conditions, vessels grew at the rate of 0.3 mm/day to a total length of 7.5 mm, 25 days after injection. Cholesterol peroxides were less effective. Developing vessels were oriented towards the stimulus. Around the developing vessel there was dissolution of the stromal extracellular matrix. The most distal endothelial cells displayed prominent endoplasmic reticulum, a lack of basement membrane or tight junction complexes and leakage of fluorescein dye. Both the injection site and superior quadrant showed increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and vascular endothelial growth factor after exposure to LHP. The neovascular response was inhibited by simultaneous administration of TNF-α antibody or pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of TNF-α synthesis. This corneal model of peroxide-induced neovascularization should prove useful for temporal studies of events in the initiation and propagation of signals leading to neovascularization, and for evaluating effects of treatment on neovascular growth.
A prospective study of dietary fiber intake and risk of cardiovascular disease among women

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to examine the hypothesis that higher intake of dietary fiber is inversely related to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and myocardial infarction (MI) in a large prospective cohort of women. Background Although dietary fiber has been suggested to reduce the risk of coronary disease, few prospective studies have examined the association between the types and amounts of dietary fiber and CVD risk, particularly among women. Methods In 1993, we used a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary fiber intake among 39,876 female health professionals with no previous history of CVD or cancer. Women were subsequently followed for an average of six years for incidence of nonfatal MI, stroke, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft or death due to CVD confirmed by medical records or death certificates. Results During 230,006 person-years of follow-up, 570 incident cases of CVD were documented, including 177 MIs. After adjustment for age and randomized treatment status, a significant inverse association was observed between dietary fiber intake and CVD risk. Comparing the highest quintile of fiber intake (median: 26.3 g/day) with the lowest quintile (median: 12.5 g/day), the relative risks (RR) were 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51, 0.84) for total CVD and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.72) for MI. Additional adjustment for CVD risk factors reduced the RRs to 0.79 (95% CI: 0.58, 1.09) for total CVD and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.36, 1.22) for MI. The inverse trends across categories generally remained, although they were no longer statistically significant. Inverse relations were observed between both soluble and insoluble fiber and risk of CVD and MI, and among those who had never smoked and those with body mass index Conclusions A higher intake of dietary fiber was associated with a lower risk of CVD and MI, although the association was not statistically significant after further adjusting for multiple confounding factors. Nevertheless, these prospective data generally support current dietary recommendations to increase the consumption of fiber-rich whole grains and fruits and vegetables as a primary preventive measure against CVD.
A channel to neurodegeneration.

In people with Parkinson disease, neurons in certain brain regions are more likely to die than others. A potassium channel may be the key to understanding this differential neuronal death.
PILAC: A pion linac facility for 1-GeV pion physics at LAMPF

A design study for a Pion Linac (PILAC) at LAMPF is under way at Los Alamos. We present here a reference design for a system of pion source, linac, and high-resolution beam line and spectrometer that will provide 109 pions per second on target and 200-keV resolution for the (π +, K+) reaction at 0.92 GeV. A general-purpose beam line that delivers both positive and negative pions in the energy range 0.4–1.1 GeV is included, thus opening up the possibility of a broad experimental program as is discussed in this report. A kicker-based beam sharing system allows delivery of beam to both beam lines simultaneously with independent sign and energy control. Because the pion linac acts like an rf particle separator, all beams produced by PILAC will be free of electron (or positron) and proton contamination.
The biased transformer DC-to-DC converter

A dc-to-dc converter design based on the constant-current flux-reset principle is presented. Such converters use a mulitude of separate individual half-wave switching sections. Each section consists of a power transistor and a transformer which is reset through an external bias current source. The transformer typically contains a square-loop core without an airgap. Center tap, SCR, and bridge-type configurations are presented attendant to single-phase full-wave, and polyphase operation. Transformer-core saturation dc ratcheting and cross conduction problems, which frequently plague dc/dc converters, are eliminated. As a result, considerable differences in conduction times between power transistors can be tolerated, as well as some overlap resulting from storage and recovery lags. Typical approaches, circuit variations, and tradeoffs are being presented. Detailed schematic diagrams of actual units for aerospace applications and for industrial uses are discussed in the Appendix.
Evidence-Based Treatment for Laminitis—What Works?

Abstract Acute or recurrent laminitis often results in marked structural or mechanical disruption of the hoof with rotation or sinkage of the coffin bone within the hoof capsule in affected horses or those predisposed to developing this complex and devastating disease. A complete knowledge and understanding of laminitis and its complex pathophysiologic cascade remains elusive despite the substantial time and effort that many scientists and clinicians have dedicated over the last few decades. As a result, preventive and therapeutic management strategies remain empirical and anecdotal, with little emphasis on evidence-based medicine. Evidence-based medicine involves integrating individual clinical expertise with external clinical evidence from systematic research to make the best possible decisions regarding patient management. Numerous and overlapping theories have been postulated for the pathophysiology of laminitis. Although beyond the scope of this discussion, the current most commonly discussed theories include vascular or ischemic, inflammatory, metabolic, enzymatic, and biomechanical. In reality, many of these pathways or others yet to be identified are likely involved in the complex cascade of acute laminitis. Substantial focused and relevant research is needed to advance our knowledge and understanding of this complex disease and to develop more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies based on sound scientific and clinical evidence.
An ARIMA Methodology for Examining the Competitive Hypothesis in Fresh Vegetable Markets

In recent years, applied time series analyses have increasingly relied on univariate time series models of the Box-Jenkins type. When economists and forecasters apply ARIMA models to their data, they frequently fail to take advantage of the qualitative information embodied in the results. This paper provides an example of how such information acquisition may be accomplished. The models were originally proposed as a means to develop forecasting mechanisms for the generation of expected prices in an analysis of fresh vegetable market supply functions. In this paper, a technique is presented showing how these same models provide information about market structure. First, a formal statistical test is proposed. Second, when this test cannot be applied, intuitive observations on general model characteristics are proposed.
An effective criterion for congruence of real symmetric matrix pairs

Abstract This paper gives a rational method of determining the congruence of m × m real symmetric pairs over the reals R. If (S1,T1) and (S2,T2) are nonsingular pairs, then (S1,T1) is congruent to (S2,T2) over R if and only if S1−1T1 is similar to S2−1T2 and the signatures of S1ƒ(S1−1T1)k g(S1−1T1) and S2ƒ(S2−1T2)kg (S2−1T2) are equal for k =0,1,2,…,m−1 and for all g(x) in P, where P is a relatively small set of real polynomials and ƒ(x) is a fixed polynomial. This result is then extended to singular pairs using theorems on minimal indices.
Thermal oxidation of GaP

The surface topography and interface structure after thermal oxidation of GaP is reported for the temperature range 600 to 1220 °C. An extensive network of interfacial voids was observed in the substrate under the oxide film. The size of the voids was enlarged by a bulging of the oxide, probably as a result of pressure within the voids but also from a difference in the coefficients of expansion which also caused cracks in the oxide film. The voids begin as isolated cavities but coalesce into winding caverns after further oxidation or with increased temperature. The oxide begins to grow a significant thickness of oxide at approximately 650 °C in dry oxygen. In steam the oxidation rate is approximately ten times faster and there are no interfacial voids even after 2 μ of oxide growth.
Maintenance of respiratory function with isolated lung lobes during cardiac inflow occlusion.

Summary1. Dogs withstood and recovered from 30 minutes of total inflow occlusion to the right heart with extracorporeal cardiorespiratory maintenance at an average flow of 35 cc/kg/minute. 2. Biologic oxygenators (autologous and homologous lung lobes) and a pump (Sigma-motor) were used and the following precautions seemed essential (a) patency of the pulmonary veins—i.e. no cannulization whatever, (b) depulsator in pulmonary artery perfusion limb of the circuit, (c) care as to ventilatory mechanics of the isolated lobes. 3. The “open” system employed herein permitted rather exact balance between venous aspiration from bypassed dogs and arterial return to the dogs, and enabled flow measurements to be made.Note added in proof. Since submission of this manuscript, human blood has been perfused through the isolated dog lung with flows up to 1400 cc/minute, and the clinical applicability of this system (pump-biological oxygenator) as a means of cardiorespiratory maintenance during cardiac by-pass has been test...