cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Boot Camp” Simulator Training in Open Hilar Dissection in Early Cardiothoracic Surgical Residency

Background We evaluated focused training in lung hilar dissection with a reanimated porcine lung model in the boot camp setting. Methods A total of 64 first-year cardiothoracic surgical residents participated in four consecutive hours devoted to training in open hilar dissection as part of the Thoracic Surgical Directors Association boot camps. Each resident participated in two open hilar dissections. Component tasks were assessed on a 5-point rating scale for the first and second dissections. Results Immediate assessment performed after completion of the session showed improvements in all graded components. The mean total score on a 50-point scale improved significantly between the first and second repetition (36.03 ± 7.03 to 41.16 ± 6.95; p = 0.001). Conclusions Focused massed (single-session) practice in the boot camp setting improved the ability of residents to perform hilar dissection on simulators using reanimated porcine lung models. Given these early successes in massed simulation-based surgical education, there is good reason to expect that deliberate and distributed practice on similar simulators would improve resident education in cardiothoracic surgery.
Aristotle on Circular Proof

Abstract In Posterior Analytics 1.3, Aristotle advances three arguments against circular proof. The third argument relies on his discussion of circular proof in Prior Analytics 2.5. This is problematic because the two chapters seem to deal with two rather disparate conceptions of circular proof. In Posterior Analytics 1.3, Aristotle gives a purely propositional account of circular proof, whereas in Prior Analytics 2.5 he gives a more complex, syllogistic account. My aim is to show that these problems can be solved, and that Aristotle’s third argument in 1.3 is successful. I argue that both chapters are concerned with the same conception of circular proof, namely the propositional one. Contrary to what is often thought, the syllogistic conception provides an adequate analysis of the internal deductive structure of the propositional one. Aristotle achieves this by employing a kind of multiple-conclusion logic.
User participation and fishery management performance within the pacific fishery management council

Fish populations have the potential to contribute to the long-term economic and social benefit of humans, but to do so they must be managed in ways which maintain ecological health. There are many ways that management performance can be assessed, but four measures are particularly pertinent to sustainability: equity, stewardship, regulatory resilience, and efficiency. A key factor in management performance is the process by which management tools are developed and implemented. One approach that has been recommended to improve performance is to structure the management process around user participation. The paper analyzes three case studies of user participation in ad hoc processes of Pacific groundfish management: the development of a license limitation program; an inter-gear sablefish allocation; and the development of a sablefish individual quota (IQ) program. The case studies illustrate the role played by participation in contributing to the equity, stewardship, resilience, and efficiency of the management process. The effect of user participation was mixed in the three cases, depending on the history of participation, the structure and process of participation, on resource conditions and on the characteristics of the program under consideration. Participation can contribute positively to fishery management performance when there is a history of collective decision-making, the time line is slow enough to allow a full consideration of the issues, educational possibilities are pursued and the condition of the resource allows equitable compromises.
Studies on Sparking in Air

Sparking voltages and gradients in air between spheres of unequal diameters and between two cylinders placed with their axes perpendicular to each other in space (called cross-cylinders) have been determined. Complete tables giving the coefficients of gradient corresponding to any given spacing and radii, have been tabulated, the formulas used being those of Kirchhoff and Russell. For cross-cylinders, an approximate formula has been developed. In the theoretical discussions, the more definite form of the theory of ionization by collision as given by Bergen Davis has been extended to the sphere-gap and a relation has been deduced to account for the variation of the sparking gradient as investigated in the first part of this work, which is in substantial agreement with those found by F. W. Peek, A. Russell, and others.
Breast milk distribution of theobromine from chocolate

Six nursing mothers ingested 113 gm of Hershey's milk chocolate containing 240 mg of theobromine. Samples of plasma, saliva, and breast milk were assayed for theobromine by high pressure liquid chromatography. Peak theobromine concentrations of 3.7 to 8.2 mg/l were found in all fluids at 2 to 3 hours after ingestion of chocolate. The disposition half-life of theobromine averaged 7.1±2.1 hours, body clearance was 65±20 ml/hour/kilogram, and the apparent volume of distribution was 0.62±0.13 1/kg. Theobromine is only slightly bound to plasma and milk proteins and concentrations in milk and saliva matched plasma data closely. The mean concentration ratios were 0.82±0.17 for milk/plasma and 0.92±0.17 for saliva/plasma. If a mother ate a 4-ounce chocolate bar every 6 hours and the infant nursed when the theobromine concentration in milk was at its peak, the infant could ingest about 10 mg of theobromine per day.
The World Bank and agricultural development: Food production and rural poverty

Abstract Over the past decade, the World Bank has become the leading international institution for development financing and for elaborating new development strategies. This has involved a major shift in lending toward agriculture and rural development. Explanations for the change range from more progressive expertise within the Bank to the shock of the 1972-74 food crisis and renewed penetration of Third World agriculture by capitalist agribusiness. Discriminating among these perspectives requires attention to the core issue of the relationship between increasing food production and reducing rural poverty. The issue is irreducibly political, and the Bank's record is less encouraging than the reformist rhetoric.
Formation of secondary austenite during the α′-γ transformation in an FeNiMn alloy

Abstract Optical and electron microscopy have been employed to study structural changes in an FeNiMn martensite (α′) during heating. The reverse transformation (α′ → γs) occurs between 500 and 600°C and appears to be divided into three classes. The first is a long-range diffusional transformation which occurs by nucleation and growth. This type of reversion is observed on slow heating (5°C s−1). The formation of secondary austenite (γs) is observed at the lath interfaces. The second is a short-range diffusional transformation observed on heating at intermediate rates (approximately 50°C s−1) which results in a refined, equiaxed austenite and resembles a massive transformation. The third is a diffusionless transformation observed on fast heating (100°C s−1) and appears to be martensitic in nature.
A Survey of Modernization of Muslim Family Law

Some strides have been taken to improve the status of women in Islam, but the weight of conservatism is still very strong. How strong it is may be gauged from the following illustration. In the introduction to his book published in 1926 describing the rise of trade unionism, Shaikh Tāhir al-Haddād, a pioneer of the trade union movement in Tunisia, interprets history in a fashion that comes very close to Marxism, although he rejects Marxist atheism and materialism. No opposition came to this work from the pen of an 'alim. But three years later, when he published Our Woman in the Shari'a and in Society, arguing that the social status of woman in Muslim society was actually inferior to what Islamic teaching granted them and pleading for improvement in the social and legal positions of women, he was severely attacked by the conservatives, lost his job, and died a few years later, a forlorn man.
Negative emotion as predictor of relapse in persons with schizophrenia living in board and care homes.

Negative emotion exhibited by the board and care providers toward residents, resident behavior, medication dosage, medication noncompl ance, and gender were used to predict resident relapse over a 6-month period. Relapse was defined as movement to a higher, more intensive level of care. Eighty-four residents with a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia disorder, living in board and care homes in the Fresno, California, area participated in the study. Board and care providers were interviewed using Kreisman's Patient Rejection Scale and Gurel's Behavior Rating Scale. Neither patient rejection nor resident behavior was predictive of relapse; however, medication noncompliance did predict relapse with the male residents and lower medication dose predicted relapse with the female residents. Rejection of the patient by the board and care operator was found to correlate .73 and .64 with negative behavior of the male and female residents respectively. Implications of these results for expressed emotion research were discussed.
Video Capsule Endoscopy: What Is the Role in Surveillance of Hereditary Colon Cancer Syndromes?

Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a new technology which has proven to be effective for screening of the entire small bowel in those hereditary colon cancer-prone disorders that predispose to small bowel polyps and small bowel cancer (SBC). VCE appears to be superior to both barium studies and push enteroscopy for diagnosis of small bowel lesions in these disorders. However, in the interest of maximum benefit to our high-risk patients, the endoscopist must fully understand the natural history of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) disorders and their molecular genetics. It is in this realm that a comprehensive cancer family history will be of great benefit in allowing greater certainty in diagnosis and, in particular, in ability to focus on the specific germline mutation that may help to confirm the hereditary CRC syndrome of concern.
En bloc endoscopic submucosal dissection of a 14-cm laterally spreading adenoma of the rectum with involvement to the anal canal: expanding the frontiers of endoscopic surgery (with video)

Background Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was recently developed in Japan for en bloc removal of laterally spreading tumors (LSTs). Although initially used for gastric tumors, ESD has now been applied to lesions elsewhere in the gut. Recent reports from Japan included removal of colorectal lesions up to 10 cm. Objective To show the feasibility of ESD to remove en bloc, very large LSTs of the rectum, even when there is involvement to the dentate line. Design Case report. Setting The procedure was performed at an American GI unit. The patient was admitted to the hospital after the procedure for observation. Patients A 53-year-old patient, with a 14-cm tubulovillous adenoma of the rectum, which, at its maximal extent, involved two thirds of the circumference of the rectum. The tumor extended distally to the dentate line. Interventions En bloc submucosal dissection with a conventional needle-knife to remove the neoplasm. Main Outcome Measurements Completeness of en bloc removal of the tumor and subsequent follow-up endoscopy that showed no residual neoplasm. Results The tumor was able to be removed en bloc by ESD. The distal margin included squamous mucosa. At a 2.5-week endoscopic follow-up, a 3-mm focus of residual polyp was seen and removed. At the time of the last follow-up, there was complete healing of the wound and no residual neoplasm. Limitations Single case. Conclusions This case demonstrated the feasibility of using ESD to remove large laterally spreading rectal tumors, including when there was involvement to the dentate line (and the dissection line must include squamous mucosa of the anal canal). ESD is a promising alternative to conventional surgical techniques; however, additional published experience is needed.
Transposable Elements in TDP-43-Mediated Neurodegenerative Disorders

Elevated expression of specific transposable elements (TEs) has been observed in several neurodegenerative disorders. TEs also can be active during normal neurogenesis. By mining a series of deep sequencing datasets of protein-RNA interactions and of gene expression profiles, we uncovered extensive binding of TE transcripts to TDP-43, an RNA-binding protein central to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Second, we find that association between TDP-43 and many of its TE targets is reduced in FTLD patients. Third, we discovered that a large fraction of the TEs to which TDP-43 binds become de-repressed in mouse TDP-43 disease models. We propose the hypothesis that TE mis-regulation contributes to TDP-43 related neurodegenerative diseases.
Brain tumor uptake of thallium‐201 from the cerebrospinal fluid compartment: A preliminary study of uptake and diffusion dynamics

Thallium-201 (201Tl) has become a potent diagnostic tool for imaging brain tumors. Since intrathecal injections of 201T1 result in high resolution images of normal brain, experiments were designed to study tumor uptake and diffusion of 201T1 subsequent to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) injection. A1SA5 astrocytoma cells were injected into the rat caudoputamen. Two weeks post-implantation, rats received lateral ventricle injections of 201T1. Deeply anesthetized rats were perfused with 4.0% buffered formalin. Brains were removed, sectioned, and processed for autoradiography. Autoradiographs (ARGs) were developed and mounted sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ARGs reveal a high degree of tumor to background resolution. Small tumor processes and cellular metastasis parallel to fiber tracts are readily visualized. 201TI labeling in areas of no apparent histologic disease, immediately surrounding and caudal to tumors, is suggestive of uptake by cells undergoing transformation. These studies are the first to demonstrate tumor uptake subsequent to 201T1 CSF injection and provide insights into the movement of 201T1 through tumor and adjacent neuropil. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In memoriam: Allan Levente Lorincz, MD (1924-2010)

Fig 1. Allan Levente Lorincz, MD. D ermatology has lost an iconic figure in Dr Allan L. Lorincz, who died in Chicago on Sept 7, 2010 at the age of 85 after a long struggle with Parkinson disease (Fig 1). Born in Chicago, Dr. Lorincz received all his higher education and spent his entire career at the University of Chicago. The milestones include Phi Beta Kappa and baccalaureate degree in 1945; Alpha Omega Alpha and medical degree in 1947; medical internship in 1948; dermatology residency in 1951; and Damon Runyon clinical cancer research fellowship in 1952. He joined the full-time faculty as Assistant Professor of Medicine in 1952, was promoted to Associate Professor in 1957 and to Professor in 1967, and served as Chief of the Section of Dermatology from 1960 to 1991. He continued to work full time in education and patient care almost until his retirement in 2006. Looking back in 2007, Dr. Lorincz recalled:
Visual issues associated with the use of the integrated helmet and display sighting system (IHADSS) in the Apache helicopter: three decades in review

In the late 1970s the U.S. Army developed the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS), which is a helmet-mounted display (HMD) for use in the AH-64 Apache helicopter. The helicopter and the system were designed with the Cold War in mind such that the Apache would be able to stand off far from the frontlines and attack deep target-primarily tanks-before they could engage our ground forces. The design used a right-sided monocular display optical system that was intended to reduce head-supported weight. This novel monocular design introduced a number of issues that had the potential of causing visual perception problems for pilots. Since the initial fielding of the Apache in the early 1980s, numerous reports have appeared in the literature that evaluated realized visual complaints voiced by Apache aircrew. In this review, the authors provide a summary of seminal reports, surveys, and experiments conducted over the past three decades. The extant literature described investigated these visual issues as the Apache's mission has evolved from the stand-off engagement tactics of the Cold War to the new Apache missions of close air support, deep attack, and raids currently occurring in the Global War on Terrorism.
An empirical note on demand for speculation and futures risk premium: A Kalman Filter application

Abstract This study examines the behavior of demand for speculation, and the relationship between futures risk premium, open interest, daily futures trading, and the market index in the case of gold, silver, and copper markets. Following Bessembinder (1992), the paper focuses on the questions of: (a) whether there is a consistent systematic relationship between risk premium and futures trading activity and the market index, and, (b) whether speculative behavior exhibits systematic behavior around the market's expectation. The introduction of the Kalman Filter approach allows for a flexible trend model and obviates the need to specify the nature of trends of series. In order to test the hypotheses the frequency-domain regression coefficients are compared with their case- specific counterparts. The empirical findings show that the speculative behavior is not symmetric in backwardation and contango markets. Furthermore, a negative relationship between the market and risk premia is observed in gold and silver; whereas the same relationship is positive in the case of copper.
Attenuation of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)‐induced rhabdomyolysis with α1‐ plus β3‐adrenoreceptor antagonists

1. Studies were designed to examine the effects of alpha(1) (alpha(1)AR)- plus beta(3)-adrenoreceptor (beta(3)AR) antagonists on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)-induced hyperthermia and measures of rhabdomyolysis (creatine kinase (CK)) and renal function (blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr)) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. MDMA (40 mg x kg(-1), s.c.) induced a rapid and robust increase in rectal temperature, which was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with the alpha(1)AR antagonist prazosin (100 microg x kg(-1), i.p.) plus the beta(3)AR antagonist SR59230A (5 mg x kg(-1), i.p.). 3. CK levels significantly increased (peaking at 4 h) after MDMA treatment and were blocked by the combination of prazosin plus SR59230A. 4. At 4 h after MDMA treatment, BUN and sCr levels were also significantly increased and could be prevented by this combination of alpha(1)AR- plus beta(3)AR-antagonists. 5. The results from this study suggest that alpha(1)AR and beta(3)AR play a critical role in the etiology of MDMA-mediated hyperthermia and subsequent rhabdomyolysis.
Transport anomalies of the strange metal: Resolution by hidden Fermi liquid theory

The strange metal phase of optimally and overdoped cuprates exhibits a number of anomalous transport properties---unsaturating linear-$T$ resistivity, distinct relaxation times for Hall angle and resistivity, temperature-dependent anisotropic relaxation times, and a characteristic crossover from supposed Fermi liquid to linear-$T$ behavior. All receive natural explanations and quantitative fits in terms of the hidden Fermi liquid theory.
High hydrostatic pressure small-angle X-ray scattering cell for protein solution studies featuring diamond windows and disposable sample cells

A high-pressure cell for synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of protein solutions is described. The design was optimized for use at up to 400 MPa in liquid pressure and with 8−12 keV X-rays with particular emphasis on the ease of use. The high-pressure cell was fabricated from corrosion-resistant Inconel 725 (Special Metals Corporation, Huntington, WV, USA) and featured Poulter-type windows [Poulter (1932). Phys. Rev. 40, 861–871]. Flat natural diamonds, 500 µm thick, were recycled from diamond anvil cells and were shown to perform well as high-pressure SAXS windows. For a simple and effective method of sample isolation, disposable plastic sample cells with a defined path length and reproducible parasitic scattering were designed. These sample cells enable efficient use of synchrotron time. The cells facilitate rapid and easy sample changes, eliminate the need to clean the cell between sample changes, and reduce the sample volume to as low as 12 µl. The disposable cells can also be used separately from the high-pressure cell for SAXS measurements at ambient pressure and temporary storage of samples. The performance of the apparatus is demonstrated with T4 lysozyme.
Birth weight references for triplets

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to formulate growth references that reflect triplet fetal and neonatal populations at each gestational age by combining serial ultrasonographic estimates of fetal weights and measured birth weights. Study design This historical cohort study was based on 188 pregnancies of live-born triplets of ≥23 weeks' gestation. Ultrasonographic fetal weight measures were modeled as a function of gestational age for each infant. Linear regression models were used to fit the data, and weight percentiles were generated. Results Well-grown triplets fell substantially below singletons by 30 weeks and twins after 34 weeks. Trichorionic vs monochorionic or dichorionic placentation resulted in 27% higher growth at the 10th %ile, 5% higher growth at the 50th %ile, and 4% higher growth at the 90th %ile by 34 weeks. Conclusion The overall pattern of fetal growth for well-grown triplets does not differ from that of singletons and twins until late gestation, confirming that, in utero, well-grown children have similar growth potentials, regardless of plurality.
Marcel Proust as Successor and Precursor to Pierre Bourdieu: A Fragment

Commentators are in general agreement that Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of habitus and practice is too deterministic, but they have failed to provide a workable template for revisions. Here the French novelist Marcel Proust is proposed as a phenomenological corrective. There are strong family resemblances between his approach to social life and that of Bourdieu. In Remembrance of Things Past, however, Proust offers an understanding of action that is more sensitive to contingency, self-reflexivity, change, desire and the layering of the self. Attention to this will pay dividends for those seeking to creatively reconstruct Bourdieu’s project.
Collapse of culture

The University in Ruins. By Bill Readings. Harvard University Press: 1996. Pp. 238. $29.95, £18.95.
Lecithin, An Emulsifier, Replaces The Fat and Reduces Energy Content In Devil’s Food Cake

Abstract The effect of replacing fat with fruit puree containing lecithin (FPL) on nutritional value and sensory properties of Devil's Food Cake (DFC) was studied. A control and three test cakes with the replacement of shortening with FPL at 33% (DFC 33%), 66% (DFC 66%) and 100% (DFC 100%) levels were prepared. Nutrient contents of all cakes were computed. Cakes were evaluated by a 20-member semi-trained panel for cell size, color, flavor, tenderness, texture and overall acceptability using a 1-9 scale (l=dislike extremely; 9=like extremely). FPL substitution in test cakes reduced energy, total fat and saturated fat. Energies were lowered by 188, 374 and 568 Kcals in DFC 33%, DFC 66% and DFC 100%, respectively, compared to control cake. Total fat reductions in test cakes compared to control cake were 27%, 56% and 85% in DFC 33%, DFC 66% and DFC 100%, respectively. Mean acceptability scores of DFC 33% (6.4±2.15) and DFC 66% (6.8±1.40) were higher than control cake (5.65±2.57). DFC 100% received the least acceptability score (5.45±1.91) and this score was significantly lower than DFC 66% (6.8±1.40) (p
Analysis on Galloping Responses of Transmission Tower-Line System

Nonlinear finite element model of a transmission tower-line system was set up and galloping of iced bundle conductors in the system was numerically simulated by means of ANSYS software. Based on galloping trajectories, vibration frequency, galloping order, conductor tension; unbalanced tension characteristics of iced conductors, it was shown that values of the conductor amplitudes by the tower-line system model are increased by 20% compared to the conductor model. The values of the strain tower unbalanced tensions by the tower-line system model are decreased by 20% and the values of the suspension tower unbalanced tensions by the tower-line system model are decreased by 62.5% compared to the conductor model conductor-insulator mode1. The galloping order is different for different span, due to the impact of the order of galloping. The amplitude of the vertical galloping is increasing while the increasing span, but it is not linear increase.
Laser-Video Imaging System For Droplet Image Formation And Automatic Analysis

Analysis of spray pattern images has been utilized to characterize fuel sprays in various environments. One of the technical challenges in the analysis is to acquire low noise and consistent quality images of particles for accurate measurement. Especially, difficult is the fuel droplet image formation and acquisition in an engine chamber because of the harsh environment and asynchronous nature between an engine and a recording device. This paper describes a system which forms snapshot images of a fuel spray, captures them using a TV camera and records them on a video disk recorder for automatic analysis. The hardware and control software aspects of the imaging system are discussed in this paper.
The effect of blade sweep on propeller performance

The advanced propeller developed for high Mach number cruise incorporates swept blades to reduce compressibility losses. In order to evaluate the induced flow-field vortex lattice methods are applied to a swept propeller blade. The blade is modeled by a radial distribution of helical horseshoe vortices with a single swept bound vortex at the quarter chord and the control point at the three-quarter chord of each radial section. The results of numerical calculations show that the power coefficient decreases as the blade is swept and the power loading distribution shifts inboard.
Modeling of Strong Nonequilibrium in Nitrogen Shock Waves

One dimensional post-normal shock flow calculations are carried out using state-ofthe-art thermochemical nonequilibrium models. Two-temperature, four-temperature, and electronic master equation coupling models are adopted in the present work. In the fourtemperature model, the rotational nonequilibrium is described by Parker and modified Park models. In the electronic master equation coupling model, recently evaluated electron and heavy-particle impacts and radiative transition cross sections are employed in constructing the system of electronic master equations. In analyzing the shock-tube experiments, the results calculated by the state-of-the-art thermochemical nonequilibrium models are compared with existing shock-tube experimental data. The four-temperature and electronic master equation coupling models with rotational nonequilibrium described by the modified Park model approximately reproduce the measured rotational, vibrational, and electronic temperatures.
THE TRANSMISSION OF SYSTOLIC MURMURS FROM THE PULMONARY ARTERY INTO THE LEFT ATRIUM.

Abstract Systolic murmurs may be transmitted directly through adjacent walls from the pulmonary artery to the left atrial appendage. Thus, the recording of a systolic murmur in the left atrial appendage suggests its origin in the pulmonary artery. It is hoped that this observation will further the understanding of intracardiac sounds.
Feeding Regimen by Sire Family Interactions on Growth, Immunocompetence, and Disease Resistance in Chickens

Progeny from matings of 12 sires from a White Plymouth Rock line selected for high juvenile BW and 96 dams from a White Leghorn line selected for low antibody production to SRBC were reared under alternate-day (AD) or ad libitum (AL) feeding regimens. Within a feeding regimen males were heavier than females, and within a sex, chicks fed AL were heavier than those fed AD. Feeding regimen by sire family interactions were significant for BW at 21 d of age for both male and female progeny. The interaction was due to differences among sires in the magnitude of the AD: AL relationship. Product moment correlation coefficients between feeding regimens for male and female progeny of sire families for 21-d BW were essentially zero, which was consistent with the sire family by feeding regimen interactions observed at this age. At 41 d of age, relative to BW, weights of empty esophagus plus crop and of crop contents were greater for AD than AL chicks. There were differences among sire families for crop content and breast weights relative to BW. Lesion scores to Escherichia coli challenge were lower and antibody titers to SRBC antigen were higher in AD than in AL chicks. Sire families differed in antibody titers to SRBC antigen. Feeding regimen by sire family interactions were significant for percentage change in BW 144 h after E. coli challenge and lesion scores were greater for AL than AD chicks.
Talaris hopper testbed navigation analysis

This paper describes navigation techniques for a propulsive planetary hopper. 1,2 The Talaris hopper testbed, developed by Draper and MIT, is used for investigating guidance, navigation, and control techniques for planetary hoppers. The Talaris hopper currently employs an IMU and altimeter for navigation. Analysis and test results will be presented showing the predicted and achieved navigation performance. We will also describe navigation techniques that have been demonstrated to provide surface relative attitude updates and future methods of navigating hoppers for missions uniquely enabled by this platform.
THE SUBORDINATE'S ROLE IN THE DELEGATION PROCESS

Summary The purpose of this experiment was to test the effect of two degrees of delegation on the foreman's behavior in a conference with his men. A simulated life situation, involving a foreman and three assembly workers, was used. Time-study data indicated a source of inefficiency and raised the problem of improving work methods. Groups of four persons interacted under two conditions: in 85 of the groups the foreman was instructed by his superior to introduce a specific solution to a problem; in the other 86 groups he was instructed to share the problem with his men. All subjects were middle-management personnel in government and industry, and all had been exposed to the concept of participation in gaining the acceptance of a decision. Equal samples from each population were tested under the two conditions. Measures included the following: (1) types of decisions reached; (2) foreman's method of posing the topic for discussion; (3) men's acceptance of the decision; (4) foreman's perception of men who disagreed with him; and (5) whether or not the foreman shared the time-study data with the men. The results revealed that the two experimental conditions produced no differential effect on any of the measures. Persons serving as foremen conducted their meetings as they saw fit and were uninfluenced by their lack of freedom under one condition and their high degree of freedom under the other.
Quantitative analyses of axonal endings in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus and distribution of 3H‐labeling after injections in the dorsal cochlear nucleus

Quantitative analyses of electron microscopic (EM) autoradiographs were used to identify the afferents from the dorsal cochlear nucleus in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) in the cat. In order to localize the sources of radioactivity, material from axonal transport experiments was analyzed by means of a hypothetical grain procedure which takes the cross-scatter of beta particles into account. Measurements of the synaptic vesicles in axonal endings and a cluster analysis were used to identify different groups of endings. In order to determine which types of endings arise in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, axonal endings labeled after axonal transport and unlabeled endings were characterized and compared to the groups defined by the cluster analysis. In most cases, only low levels of activity were found in glial and postsynaptic structures. Five groups of axonal endings in the medial part of the central nucleus were identified by an analysis which clustered similar types of endings. The variance of the longest axis, the mean diameter, the variance of area, and the mean area of the synaptic vesicles were the variables most useful in distinguishing these five groups. Axonal endings with round synaptic vesicles were classified as either small, or large, ormore » very large, while endings with pleomorphic vesicles were either large or small.« less
Experimental Investigations of a Stress Intensity Factor Based Description of the Adhesion of Viscoelastic Materials

The relationship between the rate at which cracks heal and the stress field surrounding the crack tip has previously been suggested as a way to characterize the adhesive properties of viscoelastic systems. Crucial to this description of adhesion is a predicted unique relationship between the crack healing velocity and a stress intensity factor which completely characterizes the stress field; it has been shown that this relationship should be independent of the applied loading history. We have experimentally investigated this characterization of adhesion using JKR-type contact mechanics methods. The experimental results indicate a dependence on the loading rate in the relationship between the crack healing velocity and the stress intensity factor, contrary to the predictions of the theory. It is suggested that this may be due to nonlinear material behavior near the crack tip, as the theory is based on linear viscoelasticity. More ideal systems may produce better agreement between theory and experiment.
Development and evaluation of the IRIS–OPTIscanner, a general-purpose optical tomographic imaging system

We have constructed a general purpose optical tomographic imaging device capable of evaluating a variety of body appendages. A novel functional feature of the instrument is its use of a geometrically adaptive scanning head, in the form of a mechanical iris, about which are attached optical fibers positioned in a circular array. By adjusting the pass-through diameter of the iris, optical fibers can be brought into gentle contact with a tissue target. This serves to improve optical coupling while simultaneously stabilizing the tissue against motion artifacts. In addition, in many instances it also permits gentle deformation of the tissue to a simple circular geometry which is favorable for data analysis. The instrument also employs a rotating filter array that serves to extend the dynamic range of measurement to >1012 while retaining excellent precision (CV = 0.2–0.3%). Reconstruction results of laboratory phantoms and physiological imaging studies of the human forearm are presented.
Stochastic approach to force field evaluations: conformational analysis of raloxifene, a potential new therapeutic agent for post-menopausal osteoporosis☆

Abstract Three widely used force fields are compared with regard to their ability to describe conformer populations. The test molecule is raloxifene, an exciting new potential medicine for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. The TRIPOS (Sybyl), MM3, and UFF force fields are used to sample the low energy conformations of the long piperidinium-containing side chain of this selective estrogen receptor modulator. In this test, the conformer populations are particularly affected by nonbonded interactions. MM3 gives reasonable results, as does the UFF force field, although the latter is sensitive to the setup of a conformational search calculation. The TRIPOS (Sybyl) force field overestimates nonbonded attractions, thus biasing the conformer population toward folded structures in which the cationic ring abuts the phenolic ring.
Book Review: Protein Kinase Signal Transduction Cascades in Mammalian Associative Conditioning

One of the most intriguing and intensely studied questions facing contemporary neuroscientists involves the elucidation of the physiological mechanisms that underlie learning and memory. Recent advances have given us a much more detailed understanding of the signal transduction mechanisms subserving learning in the intact animal. One fact that has become clear is that activation of protein kinases and phosphorylation of their downstream effectors play a critical role. Four protein kinase cascades have garnered considerable attention in the study of information storage at both the synaptic and behavioral levels: Ca++/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (PKC), Ca++/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). This review will concentrate on studies of two behavioral tasks, conditioned fear and conditioned taste aversion, that provide evidence for the involvement of these kinase systems in associative learning. The authors will also examine a number of potential kinase substrates and how each could participate in the formation of long-term memories.
Synaptic Alterations in Developing Cortical Infarction: An Experimental Investigation in Monkeys

The sequential synaptic alterations which occur during the early phase of developing cortical infarction in the squirrel monkey were studied with the electron microscope. Mild swelling of a few dendritic terminals and clumping of synaptic vesicles were the earliest detectable changes, being present at 45 minutes. The two basic patterns of degeneration of the terminal boutons were shrinkage and swelling, with shrinkage being the predominant response. Many of the shrunken boutons became electron-dense, resembling the changes present in anterograde axonal degeneration. The alterations which developed in the dendritic terminals were relatively unimpressive. Disruption of axosomatic synapses occurred at an earlier stage and was more severe than that of axodendritic synapses. Reduction in the number of synaptic vesicles was first observed at six hours and appeared to be progressive. The edema which developed was morphologically distinct from both "vasogenic" and "cytotoxic" edema in that there was early and progressive enlargement of the extracellular space.
Adaptiveness of aggressive, assertive, and submissive behavior for children

Abstract The present study explored the relationships between aggressive, assertive, and submissive response styles and three measures of adjustment in 223 children aged 8 to 10 years. Significant positive associations between assertiveness levels and self‐esteem, popularity, and peer‐ratings of behavioral adjustment were found for boys, but not for girls. Significant negative correlations were obtained between levels of aggressiveness and peer‐ratings of popularity for both boys and girls; in addition, highly aggressive children were found to be significantly less popular than both highly assertive and highly submissive youngsters. No significant relationships between submissiveness levels and the three adjustment measures were obtained.
A generalized analysis of dual‐polarization radar measurements of rain

In the study of meteorological phenomena by radar, it has been shown that dual-polarization radar measurements can yield useful data about precipitation structures within the radar beam. The techniques available for dual-polarized radar measurement are differential reflectivity, or Z(DR), linear depolarization ratio (LDR), and circular depolarization ratio (CDR). This paper presents a theoretical analysis of backscattering from a volume filled with raindrops using Rayleigh scattering theory. A generalized radar equation is given in matrix form, and the dependence of backscatter measurements in terms of a rainstorm model including raindrop shape, size, and canting angle is examined. Calculated results which show the dependence of Z(DR) on beam elevation angle and polarization angle are presented. Some results for LDR and CDR are presented, showing how these quantities depend on raindrop parameters.
The biological effect of contralateral forepaw stimulation in rat focal cerebral ischemia: a multispectral optical imaging study.

Our group has already published the possible neuroprotective effect of contralateral forepaw stimulation in temporary focal ischemia in a study. However, the background is still unclear. In the present study we investigated the possible mechanism by monitoring focal ischemia with multispectral (laser speckle, imaging of intrinsic signals (OIS)) imaging. Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared using 1.2% isoflurane anesthesia. The middle cerebral artery was occluded by photothrombosis (4mW) and the common carotid artery was ligated permanently. Physiological variables were constantly monitored during the experiment. A 6x6 mm area centered 3 mm posterior and 4 mm lateral to Bregma was thinned for laser speckle and OIS imaging. Nine circular regions-of-interests (0.3 mm in diameter) were evenly spaced on the speckle contrast image for the analysis of peri-infarct flow transients, blood flow and metabolic changes. Both the sham (n=7) and forepaw stimulated animals (n=7) underwent neurological examinations 24 h after ischemia at which point all animals were sacrificed and the infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The physiological variables were in normal range and the experimental protocol did not cause significant differences between groups. Both the neurological scores (sham:3.6±1.7, stimulated:4.3±1.4,) and the infarct volume (sham:124±39 mm3, stimulated: 147±47 mm3,) did not show significant differences between groups. The forepaw stimulation did not increase the intraischemic flow neither over the penumbral or the peri-ischemic area. However, the hemoglobin transients related metabolic load (CMRO2) was significantly lower (p<0.001) while the averaged number of hyperemic flow transients were significantly (p=0.013) higher in the forepaw (sham:3.5±2.2, stimulated: 7.0±2.3,) stimulated animals.
Large heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleic acid has three times as many 5' caps as polyadenylic acid segments, and most caps do not enter polyribosomes.

Abstract The rate of synthesis in Chinese hamster cells of 5' cap structures, m7 GpppNmp, in large (greater than 700 bases) heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules is two to three times faster than the synthesis of 3'-terminal polyadenylic acid segments. As judged by presence of caps, newly synthesized polysomal messenger RNA, exclusive of messenger RNA the size of histone messenger RNA, is more than 90% in the polyadenylated category. It appears, therefore, that between half and two-thirds of the long capped heterogeneous nuclear RNA molecules do not contribute a capped polysomal derivative to the cytoplasm. There are capped, nonpolysomal, non-polyadenylated molecules with a rapid turnover rate that fractionate with the cytoplasm. These metabolically unstable molecules either could represent leakage into the cytoplasm during fractionation or could truly spend a brief time in the cytoplasm before decay.
High-Performance InGaAs/InP Single-Photon Avalanche Photodiode

In0.53Ga0.47As/InP avalanche photodiodes with very low dark current have been characterized in gated mode for single-photon detection. A 40-mum-diameter single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) exhibited high single-photon detection efficiency (SPDE = 45% at 1.31 mum), low dark count rate (DCR = 12 kHz), and low noise-equivalent power (NEP=4.5X 10-17W/Hz1/2 W/Hz) at 200 K and 1.31 mum. A timing resolution of 140 ps was achieved with an SPDE of 45%. In addition, the dark current and DCR of a 4X4 SPAD array are reported.
Immigration, places of worship and the politics of citizenship in the US South

This article considers the ways in which places of worship serve as sites of citizenship politics in immigrant-receiving liberal democracies. We approach citizenship in terms of the social practices and everyday spaces through which individuals and groups negotiate the terms of societal membership. Places of worship are both the objects of political debates about immigrant assimilability and citizenship, and sites of political agency in which immigrants (and non-immigrants) formulate and implement narratives of societal membership that mesh with their moral outlooks. Our arguments are based on research in the US South – a region where recent immigration has destabilised a deeply entrenched racial and religious order. We discuss Hindu temples and the notions of multicultural citizenship expressed by Indian immigrants before turning to two diversifying Christian churches to analyse the politics of citizenship between immigrants and non-immigrants. Overall, our analysis suggests that while religious beliefs and spaces exist in tension with secularism, places of worship and faith communities remain intertwined with political life, albeit in complex and contradictory ways.
The role of affect in creative projects and exploratory search

The theory of creativity and exploratory search developed by Simon, March, and their followers in the Carnegie school relies on a coolly cognitive account of motivation. We argue that a more robust theory would give affect greater prominence. Our approach is inspired by Dewey’s (2002 Human Nature and Conduct. Prometheus: Amherst, MA) analysis of the three components of human conduct—habit, intelligence, and impulse, where impulse is Dewey’s term for affect. The Carnegie approach incorporates the first two, but has little to say about the third. We review literature on affect in psychology, psychodynamics, and neurobiology, showing how it allows us to characterize more effectively the motivational underpinnings of individual creativity and collective creative projects. This in turn enables us to sketch the key role of affect in exploratory search as compared to other domains of organizational activity. Creativity is an important determinant of firm performance, and exploratory search (as distinct from exploitation) is thus a critical activity for many organizations. One of the more influential approaches to creativity and exploratory search is that developed by Herbert Simon and James March, and it has grown into a recognizable Carnegie school. This essay identifies some weaknesses in the Carnegie account, and goes back to the work of John Dewey to build a stronger foundation for a more complete understanding of these phenomena.
Effects of sensor placement on acoustic vector-sensor array performance

We consider the role played by the sensor locations in the optimal performance of an array of acoustic vector sensors, First we derive an expression for the Cramer-Rao bound on the azimuth and elevation of a single far-field source for an arbitrary acoustic vector-sensor array in a homogeneous wholespace and show that it has a block diagonal structure, i.e., the source location parameters are uncoupled from the signal and noise strength parameters. We then derive a set of necessary and sufficient geometrical constraints for the two direction parameters, azimuth and elevation, to be uncoupled from each other. Ensuring that these parameters are uncoupled minimizes the bound and means they are the natural or "canonical" location parameters for the model. We argue that it provides a compelling array design criterion. We also consider a bound on the mean-square angular error and its asymptotic normalization, which are useful measures in three-dimensional bearing estimation problems. We derive an expression for this bound and discuss it in terms of the sensors' locations. We then show that our previously derived geometrical conditions are also sufficient to ensure that this bound is independent of azimuth. Finally, we extend those conditions to obtain a set of geometrical constraints that ensure the optimal performance is isotropic.