cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bultmann and the “New Quest”

ACCORDING to James M. Robinson, the "new quest of the historical Jesus," which continues to be one of the dominant themes of present theological discussion, is of a piece with a more basic and significant shift in post-war German theology. In his view, the most important movements in recent Continental thinking have ushered us into a new phase of theological development. Instead of witnessing a period of "Bultmannian scholasticism," which Bultmann's growing ascendancy during the early post-war years might well have led us to expect, we are now seeing a widespread critical reaction to Bultmann's work that can only be described as "postBultmannian." Led in many cases by the very theologians on whom Bultmann's influence has been most pronounced, the latest developments in German theology are directed toward "carrying through a critical revision of Bultmann's position, out of which . . the theological synthesis of the future will grow." The larger significance of the revival of interest in the problem of the historical Jesus is that it is "the first part of the new programme to get seriously under way." Here, if anywhere, at least up to the present, the "post-Bultmannian" direction of German theology can be clearly seen.' That a renewed concern with the question of the historical Jesus should signify a "postBultmannian" development will hardly be questioned by most English-speaking theologians. According to the prevailing conception of Bultmann among us, one of the most characteristic features of his work is
Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency: case report and review of recent therapeutic advances.

We report on a newly diagnosed family with hereditary antithrombin III deficiency, with thromboembolic complications in the propositus. Both the propositus and his asymptomatic sister had decreased plasma levels of antithrombin III antigen and activity (28-52% of normal with good agreement between functional and immunologic assays). The propositus developed deep venous thrombosis, followed by massive pulmonary emboli despite heparin therapy and was treated with streptokinase and heparin with excellent results. Shortly thereafter, small bowel obstruction required surgical intervention, and antithrombin III concentrate, recently available in the United States as an investigational new drug (I. N. D.), was administered with no postoperative thrombotic complications. He was subsequently asymptomatic while on warfarin prophylaxis but twice developed venous thrombosis when he failed to take warfarin. The addition of danazol therapy led to a sustained rise in the antithrombin III level. Each of these therapeutic approaches is discussed and the literature reviewed with emphasis on the newer agents-streptokinase, antithrombin III concentrate, and danazol.
Adhesion Upon Solidification and Detachment in the Melt Spinning of Metals

In planar-flow melt spinning, liquid metal is rapidly solidified, against a heat-sink wheel, into thin ribbons which adhere to the substrate wheel. In the absence of a blade to mechanically scrape the ribbon off the wheel, it may wrap fully around and re-enter the solidification region, called ‘catastrophic’ adhesion. Otherwise, detachment occurs part way around the wheel, called ‘natural’ detachment. Natural detachment occurs through a release of thermo-elastic stress after sufficient cooling of the ribbon, according to prior studies. This note extends prior work by invoking a crack propagation view of natural detachment which, when combined with a simple model of the thermo-elastic stress build-up and ribbon cooling, yields an adhesion/detachment criterion characterized by an interfacial adhesion/fracture energy $$\gamma $$ . For aluminum-silicon alloys frozen against a copper substrate, we report $$\gamma \approx\,$$ 60 N/m. The criterion can be used to predict detachment once a heat-transfer coefficient is known. We obtain this parameter from natural detachment experiments and then use it to predict catastrophic adhesion in a semi-empirical way. Our note puts a quantitative foundation underneath prior qualitative discussions in the literature. Alternatively, it demonstrates how the interfacial strength of adhesion, a property only of the pair of adhering materials, might be measured based on sticking distance experiments.
CD-SEM characterization of reticle-level pattern density effects

Three 4X test reticles for 0.15 - 0.18 micrometer lithography are characterized using a critical-dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM). The reticles, which contain metrology cells of isolated and nested lines, are manufactured with an i-line (365 nm) laser patterning tool and wet etch (reticle A), an e-beam patterning tool and dry etch (reticle B), and an e-beam patterning tool and wet etch (reticle C). We investigate the nature of pattern density-induced CD variations by studying groups of metrology cells with systematically varying linewidths and line spacings. The CD bias between nested and isolated lines is a smoothly increasing function of pattern density on reticles B and C. The CD signatures on reticle B exhibit strong microloading and loading signatures related to the plasma etch process. The bias characteristic on reticle A demonstrates a threshold effect, increasing sharply as the space between adjacent nested lines becomes less than approximately 600 nm. Matching images taken with secondary and backscattered electron spectra support the conclusion that the laser write process is resolution-limited at this pattern density. The SEM data is also compared to data from broad-band optical metrology tools to show that the optical response for dense features becomes unreliable when the feature spacing is less than approximately 600 nm.
Abstract 5007: WT1 promotes tumor growth and vascularization by regulating matrix metalloproteinase 9 in Ewing's sarcoma xenografts

WT1, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is expressed in tumors of varied origins including sarcomas. High level WT1 expression often correlates with poor patient survival. The role of WT1 in sarcoma biology and the mechanism by which high WT1 expression confers a poor prognosis are both unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of WT1 expression on sarcoma growth and angiogenesis. We transfected the WT1-null Ewing9s sarcoma cell line SK-ES-1 with one of two major WT1 isoforms, and used shRNA to silence WT1 expression in the WT1-positive Ewing9s sarcoma cell line MHH-ES. Cells were injected into the flanks of immune deficient mice and tumor growth was monitored. Tumors arising fromWT1-expressing SK-ES-1 cells grew faster than control, while tumors arising from WT1-silenced MHH-ES cells grew more slowly than control. Because our laboratory and others have shown that WT1 regulates VEGF expression, we evaluated tumor vascularity using the endothelial cell marker CD31 and the pericyte marker αSMA. In xenografted SK-ES-1 cells, quantification of CD31 positive area in WT1 expressing tumors showed 60 -70 % more compared to the controls. In contrast, CD31 expression is abolished in tumors arising from WT1-silenced MHH-ES cells. To investigate the mechanism by which WT1 affects tumor growth and vascularity, we performed a gene expression profiling in SK-ES-1 cells expressing different isoforms of WT1. We identified a number of genes up- or downregulated by WT1, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9). Luciferase reporter assays showed that WT1 can upregulate MMP9 promoter activity in transiently transfected NIH3T3 cells. Also, immunohistochemical analysis showed increased MMP9 expression in WT1-expressing tumors. Finally, imunohistochemical analysis of primary Ewing9s sarcoma samples showed correlated expression of WT1, VEGF, and MMP9. Taken together, our data suggest that WT1 promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis, perhaps via upregulation of MMP9. Increased tumor angiogenesis may lead to more aggressive tumors and a worse outcome for patients, explaining the effect of WT1 on prognosis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5007. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5007
Fluids in equilibrium with peridotite minerals: Implications for mantle metasomatism

Abstract Solubilities of oxides in H2O and H2O-CO2 fluids in equilibrium with peridotites and with several single minerals have been determined at 15–20 kbar pressure and 600–1100°C. Solutes from H2O fluids are rich in normative quartz and feldspars, rather than in alkalies alone, and are not enriched in Mg, Fe, or Ti. Fluids in equilibrium with phlogopite peridotite contain much more solute than fluids in equilibrium with amphibole peridotite. Typical reactions for solution of phlogopite peridotite and amphibole peridotite in H2O fluid are, respectively, in weight proportions: 1.05 phlogopite + 1.33 orthopyroxene + 8.62 H2O = 9.62 fluid + 1.38 olivine0.59 amphibole + 1.64 orthopyroxene + 0.05 spinel + 32.33 H2O = 33.33 fluid + 1.85 olivine + 0.43 diopside Experiments on amphibole peridotite and on Jadeite peridotite indicate that solutes in H2O-CO2 fluids have molar Na Al > 1 , unlike H2O solutes. By analogy, H2O-CO2 solute in equilibrium with phlogopite peridotite is less peraluminous than H2O solutes. These relations suggest alkali-CO3 complexing in fluids. Solute contents of H2O-CO2 fluids are far less than of H2O fluids, however, even for low CO 2 H 2 O ratios. Fluids that equilibrate with peridotitic wallrocks in subsolidus continental lithosphere, at depths in excess of about 70 km, are constrained by phase equilibria to be H2O-rich and to coexist with phlogopite and carbonate. Upward-moving solute-undersaturated hydrous fluids may leach that portion of the lithosphere; the greatest relative depletion, among major elements, will be in K. Fluids must remain saturated during precipitation reaction with wallrocks, however, and hence large fluid/rock ratios are required for mantle metasomatism at depths below 70 km. Melts are more efficient metasomatic agents, in the sense that only small ratios of crystallizing melt/rock are required. Hydrous fluids that flow upward through the phlogopite-carbonate region of the lithosphere will precipitate, at depths shallower than about 70 km, by amphibolitization-carbonatization of peridotite wallrocks. That process will add small amounts of major elements, notably K, relative to amphibole produced (on the order of 1 K2O to 3700 amphibole). Nevertheless, integrated over time, the process may produce a metasomatized zone that represents a possible source for alkaline magmatism.
A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method for Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration

An NMR technique was used to determine CMC values at 35°C for octanoic, decanoie, laurie, and myristic acids in 95.5% sulfuric acid and the laurylammonium salts of butyric, caprylic, and laurie acids in CC14. The results are consistent with reported data from other methods. Values for the CMC of some of the compounds could not be detected owing to very small values for the acids and to chemical shifts beyond the range of the Varian A-60 instrument produced by some of the salts. The slopes of the δ-concentration curves above the CMC of the acids show a chain-length dependence with decanoic acid having anomalous behavior. The results can be explained by the relative loss or gain of structure breaking and polarization factors involving NMR sensitive protons. A large upfield chemical shift for the butyrate salt on micelle formation indicates large loss of proton polarization and is interpreted as the result of inverted micelles. The small chemical shift of added water protons at the CMC of the butyrate salt indicates solubiliaation of the water in the outer region of the micelles.
Label-free integrative pharmacology on-target of drugs at the β 2 -adrenergic receptor

We describe a label-free integrative pharmacology on-target (iPOT) method to assess the pharmacology of drugs at the β2-adrenergic receptor. This method combines dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) assays using an array of probe molecule-hijacked cells with similarity analysis. The whole cell DMR assays track cell system-based, ligand-directed and kinetics-dependent biased activities of the drugs and translates their on-target pharmacology into numerical descriptors which are subject to similarity analysis. We demonstrate that the approach establishes an effective link between the label-free pharmacology and in vivo therapeutic indications of drugs.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C: Improved combination therapy

There has been considerable progress in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C since the first report that interferon (IFN) monotherapy was effective in 1989. Early results were meager, with sustained loss of hepatitis C virus from blood in fewer than 10% of cases. The combination of IFN with the oral nucleoside analogue ribavirin was a major breakthrough in clinical hepatology; it led to dramatic increases in treatment responses, with 30% to 40% of patients clearing virus. Pegylated IFNs that have prolonged activity and can be dosed once a week have now replaced standard IFNs. The combination of pegylated IFN with ribavirin is the new standard of care; it causes sustained loss of virus in more than half of treated patients. Treatment responses continue to be highly dependent on viral genotype. Patients with genotype 1, the most common type in the United States, have a sustained clearance rate of 42% to 46%, whereas those with genotype 2 or 3 have a response rate approaching 80%.
Contribution of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to day:night variation in cocaine-seeking behavior

Recent work has shown that time-of-day influences drug-seeking behavior. The present experiments tested the hypothesis that the master circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) is required for generating day:night differences in drug-seeking behavior, specifically the acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Sham and SCN-lesioned (SCNx) rats were trained for cocaine-induced CPP behavior at either ZT4 (Zeitgeber time 4, 4 h after lights-on) or ZT12 (lights-off). After being tested for side preference, rats were allowed to extinguish CPP. This was followed by cocaine-induced reinstatement with 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of cocaine. SCNx animals exhibited no 24-h locomotor activity rhythm. Acquisition of CPP behavior did not vary with time-of-day, but was greater in SCNx animals. Sham rats tested at ZT12 took significantly longer to extinguish CPP behavior compared to ZT4, an effect completely abolished by SCN lesions. Cocaine-induced reinstatement of CPP did not vary with time of day in sham rats. However, SCNx animals tested at ZT4 trended towards greater reinstatement to the low dose of cocaine, and displayed significantly less reinstatement to the higher dose of cocaine than sham rats. Additionally, SCNx rats tested for reinstatement to the lower dose of cocaine displayed greater reinstatement at ZT4 than at ZT12. We conclude that: 1) acquisition of CPP behavior does not vary between the two times of day tested but is influenced tonically by the SCN, 2) extinction of cocaine CPP varies with time-of-day and this variation depends critically on the SCN, and 3) reinstatement of cocaine CPP does not vary between the two times of day tested. However, day:night differences in reinstatement are unmasked in animals lacking an SCN, suggesting the possibility that an extra-SCN oscillator is responsible for generating variation in this cocaine-seeking behavior.
Chinese Civil-Military Relations: The Divestiture of People’s Liberation Army Business Holdings

The promulgation of the Divestiture Act of 1998 that banned all the commercial activities of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) raises two questions: what does this development say about China’s civil-military relations, and what explains the Chinese military’s agreement to divest itself of its enterprises? This article contends that neither the symbiotic model nor Huntingtonian objective control explains the outcome. What has happened in China can be characterized as strategic subjective control, a mechanism that has two distinctive features. First, Chinese civil-military relations are unique in that the civilian leaders have promoted military professionalism by retaining the means of subjective civilian control. Second, the kind of subjective mechanism at work in China has evolved from charismatic to institutional subjective control. Both the initial development of the commercial activities of the PLA and the divestiture are best explained in terms of the grand-national strategy and economic reform.
Extractive Distillation Solvent Characterization and Shortcut Design Procedure for Methylcyclohexane−Toluene Mixtures

A preliminary solvent screening tool for two-column extractive distillation flowsheets is described whose results can be used to initialize process simulators. The tool uses shortcut approximations to extractive distillation that accurately predict the relative column performance of alternative solvents with rigorous simulations using the Aspen Plus process simulator. The activity coefficient ratio of each feed component in the presence of the solvent, the boiling point difference between the high boiler and the solvent, and an a priori heat integration criterion characterize potential solvents. It was found that staging requirements for the flowsheets could be approximated using 4 times the number of stages predicted using the Fenske equation when it was applied over each column section. Using these approximations resulted in a shortcut method for evaluating and comparing alternative solvents and solvent families, predicting the staging requirements and quickly determining the feasibility of completely h...
Calorimetric evidence of strong-coupling multiband superconductivity in Fe(Te 0 . 57 Se 0 . 43 ) single crystal

We have investigated the specific heat of optimally doped iron chalcogenide superconductor Fe(Te${}_{0.57}$Se${}_{0.43}$) with a high-quality single crystal sample. The electronic specific heat ${C}_{\mathrm{e}}$ of this sample has been successfully separated from the phonon contribution using the specific heat of a nonsuperconducting sample (Fe${}_{0.90}$Cu${}_{0.10}$)(Te${}_{0.57}$Se${}_{0.43}$) as a reference. The normal-state Sommerfeld coefficient ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ of the superconducting sample is found to be $~$26.6 mJ/mol ${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$, indicating intermediate electronic correlation. The temperature dependence of ${C}_{\mathrm{e}}$ in the superconducting state can be best fitted using a double-gap model with $2{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{s}(0)/{k}_{B}{T}_{\mathrm{c}}=3.92$ and $2{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{l}(0)/{k}_{B}{T}_{\mathrm{c}}=5.84$. The large gap magnitudes derived from fitting, as well as the large specific heat jump of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{C}_{\mathrm{e}}({T}_{\mathrm{c}})/{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{n}}{T}_{\mathrm{c}}~2.11$, indicate strong-coupling superconductivity. Furthermore, the magnetic field dependence of specific heat shows strong evidence for multiband superconductivity.
Multipole-Storage-Assisted Dissociation for the Characterization of Large Proteins and Simple Protein Mixtures by ESI-FTICR-MS

In Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) typically is accomplished within the analyzer ion cell. An alternative approach of multipole-storage-assisted dissociation (MSAD) has previously been demonstrated by inducing collisional fragmentation in the external multipole that is usually employed for ion accumulation. To explore the utility of MSAD for interrogating intact proteins and simple protein mixtures in a multiplexed manner, we have investigated the means of controlling the collisional energy and the fragmentation pattern for this experimental approach. With protein samples in the low micromolar concentration range, the two major experimental parameters affecting MSAD in the hexapole region were found to be the dc offset voltage and accumulation time. While low-energy MSAD of intact proteins yields fragment ions similar to sustained off resonance irradiation collision-activated dissociation (SORI-CAD), high-energy MSAD induces sequentia...
Die Benetzung der Oberfläche von Werkstoffen

Nach dem Entleeren von Flussigkeiten aus Gefasen oder Leitungen verbleibt stets ein Rest an den Wandungen. Fur die Ausbildung eines solchen Flussigkeitsfilmes an der Oberflache eines Werkstoffes sind die chemische Natur des Materials selbst, die physikalische Beschaffenheit der Oberflache, die Anwesenheit von Fremdstoffen und die Moglichkeit der Aufnahme von Bestandteilen aus dem Werkstoff durch den Flussigkeitsfilm masgeblich, Solche anhaftenden Filme konnen manchmal zu Korrosionsschaden fuhren und sie konnen wirtschaftliche Verluste bedeuten. Mit Hilfe einer einfachen Apparatur wurde die Benetzung der Oberflache verschiedener Werkstoffe durch reines Wasser beim Eintauchen gemessen. Dabei wurde die Bedeutung der Sauberkeit der gepruften Oberflachen quantitativ ermittelt. Bei der Prufung des Einflusses der Oberflachenrauhigkeit wurde fur jedes Material eine bestimmte Kurve erhalten. Dabei ist aber zwischen der einfachen und der komplexen Rauhigkeit, der Porositat, zu unterscheiden. Losevorgange in der Grenzschicht konnen auftreten. Ermittelte Zusammenhange zwischen Korrosion und Benetzung durften von technischem Interesse sein. Surface Wetting of Materials Discharging a liquid from vessels or pipes part of it will remain at the walls. The formation of liquid films on materials surfaces is conditioned by the physical properties of the surface, the presence of impurities and the capability of the film to absorb certain constituents of the material. Sometimes these films might cause corrosion damages and therefore economic losses. The values of wetability of surfaces of different materials with pure water were determined by dipping in a simple apparatus. In these experiments the cleanness of the surfaces was found to be of high importance. Testing the influences of the roughness of surface we obtained a specific curve for each materials. Here it is necessary to make a difference between simple and complex roughness as well as porosity. In the boundary layer dissolution processes might take place. The relationship between corrosion and wettability we obtained is we obtained is presumed to be of technical interest.
Mathematical modelling of inverse problems for oceans

This paper presents mathematical modelling of a theoretical “ocean” in which the fields of water velocity and turbulence and tracer concentrations are all known and together “perfectly” satisfy a steady-state advective-diffusive equation. The sensitivity to data errors is studied for box models representing portions of the ocean that are mathematically formulated as overdetermined systems. It is shown that very good results may be obtained from noisy data using naive inverse modelling techniques, provided that enough independent tracer data are available and the data are sufficiently noise-insensitive for the scales at which the model utilizes them. A formal statistical error estimate based on the Jacobian of the inverse transformation is introduced, which is useful if one has an a priori estimate of the noise level.
Problem-solving deficits and depressive symptoms among children.

Depressive symptoms among 40 fourth- and fifth-grade students as measured by the Children's Depression Inventory, correlated highly with impaired problem solving at block designs (r=.64) and anagrams (r=.67). Similar impairments have been found among depressed adults, suggesting that depression among children may be continuous with depression among adults.
Cleavage of thyroxine-binding globulin during cardiopulmonary bypass☆

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a noninhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily. A characteristic serpin cleavage product of TBG has been demonstrated in sera of septic patients. We find that a similar cleavage product appears in serum during the rapid decline of immunoassayable TBG and thyroxine (T(4)) that is associated with the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In vitro cleavage of TBG by the serine protease, neutrophil elastase induces a conformational change that has previously been shown to weaken affinity for T(4.) In vitro protease cleavage also decreases immunoassayable TBG, probably because the conformational change decreases the availability of the TBG epitopes to the measuring antibody. Thus, the rapid decrease in immunoassayable TBG concentration previously attributed to accelerated clearance is caused in part by the proteolytic cleavage per se. The evidence for proteolysis of TBG concurrent with the decrease in serum T(4) during CPB is consistent with the proposed release of T(4) from TBG to cells showing serine protease activity.
SENTINEL-LYMPHADENEKTOMIE BEIM MALIGNEN MELANOM

Die Sentinel-Lymphadenektomie/selektive Lymphknotendissektion (SLND) stellt eine der bedeutendsten Entwicklungen in der Melanomtherapie dar. Seit der ersten Publikation durch Morton et al. im Jahre 1992 konnte die Methode wesentlich verbessert und ihre Anwendung deutlich gesteigert werden. Als Alternative zur elektiven Lymphknotendissektion (ELND) beim Melanom eingefuhrt, hat sie rasch den Weg in die klinische Praxis gefunden. Das intraoperative „lymphatic mapping“ und die SLND erlauben ein prazises pathologisches Staging durch Entnahme und Analyse einer limitierten Lymphknotenanzahl (Falsch-negativ-Rate < 2 %). Sie selektionieren Patienten mit klinisch okkultem Lymphknotenbefall von jenen, die eine tumorfreie regionare Lymphknotenregion aufweisen und erspart letzteren somit eine radikale Dissektion. Dennoch stellt die SLND eine Behandlungsstrategie dar, deren Nutzen bislang nicht bewiesen ist. Ihre klinische Bedeutung bleibt somit zunachst noch fraglich.
Response of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense to a range of nitrogen sources and concentrations: growth rate, chemical carbon and nitrogen, and pigments

The responses of cellular C and N, pigments and growth rates of Alexandrium tamarense to different sources of N at high concentrations (6, 12, 25, 50 and 100 μM-N) were examined. Nitrate induced the highest concentration of cellular C (an indicator of biovolume) and cellular N, followed by ammonium and then urea. Cellular C to N ratio (an indicator of physiological status) also varied between N sources. Nitrate grown cells had lower range of C:N ratios and ammonium grown cells had highly variable range. Urea cultures had the highest range of cellular C:N ratio. Pigment composition remained unchanged with all N substrates. The pigments decreased with increasing nitrate concentrations, but with ammonium pigments increased. On the other hand, urea concentrations had no clear relationship with cellular pigments. Variability in the growth of cells was due to both the physiological condition and pigments. When the cells are exposed to different N environments and concentration, they exhibit a physiological acclimation by regulating their cellular materials which is associated with growth.
Balancing the Macroeconomic Books on the Backs of Workers: A Simple Analytical Political Economy Model of Contemporary U.S. Capitalism

(2006). Balancing the Macroeconomic Books on the Backs of Workers: A Simple Analytical Political Economy Model of Contemporary U.S. Capitalism. International Journal of Political Economy: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 46-63.
Solar energy with chemical storage for cogeneration of electric power and heat

Abstract U.S.A. energy use by the year 2000 is estimated to be 116–130 quads, compared to 82 quads for 1978. Solar energy, utilized both at the individual residence-building level plus power plant level, along with all other conventional and new energy sources, will be needed to meet future energy demand. In order to make maximum utilization of energy sources to meet national energy-conservation and energy-economic policy, a power plant of the future must cogenerate electrical energy and heat medium, whether it burns fossil fuel or uses solar energy. A solar energy Central Receiver-AHS Chemical Storage cogeneration power plant can be configured to give complete flexibility for day-night and seasonal load combinations, with work efficiencies up to 46 per cent. Such a plant, as a stand-alone or network station, is a real possibility in the not too distant future. Electrical energy and heat medium produced therefrom will be competitive with fossil fuel powered generating plants. A 100 MWe Central Receiver-AHS Cycle cogeneration power plant is discussed in detail; cycle analysis, preliminary cost estimates, and unit energy costs are discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of cyano-substituted carborane-based compounds. Molecular structure of [1-(4-C7H7)-12-(C5H3-3-(CN)-3,4-(CH3)2)-C2B10H10]

The reaction of cyanogen chloride with [1-(4-C7H7)-12-(C5H3-3,4-(CH3)2)-C2B10H10] (7) was found to yield two new C5-substituted carborane cluster-based compounds, [1-(4-C7H7)-12-(C5H2-3-(CN)-3,4-(CH3)2)-C2B10H10] (8) and [1-(4-C7H7)-12-(C5H-2,4-(CN)2-3,4-(CH3)2)-C2B10H10] (9). This cyano-substitution pattern is in contrast to the known substitution for the analogous organic quinarene[5.6.7] system. The observed unique cluster-based products may be understood by a combination of steric and electronic effects. Compounds 8 and 9 were characterized by complete multinuclear NMR, 1H-1H COSY NMR, 1H-13C HMQC NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis, IR, MS data and a single crystal analysis for 8 [X-ray data for 8: C17H25B10N, monoclinic, space groupP21/n with cell constants a = 8.6794(17) A, b = 11.021(2) A, c = 43.175(9) A, β = 91.00(3)°, V = 4129.2(14) A3, Z = 8, R1 = 0.0729, wR2 = 0.1464].
Does Neighborhood Environment Differentiate Intimate Partner Femicides From Other Femicides

We examined the association between neighborhood-level factors and intimate partner femicide (IPF) using Wisconsin Violent Death Reporting System (WVDRS) data and Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence (WCADV) reports, in concert with neighborhood-level information. After controlling for individual characteristics, neighborhood-level disadvantage was associated with a decreased likelihood of IPF status, as compared with other femicides, whereas neighborhood-level residential instability was associated with an increased likelihood of IPF status. Neighborhood plays a role in differentiating IPFs from other femicides in our study area. Our findings demonstrate the importance of multilevel strategies for understanding and reducing the burden of intimate partner violence.
Economic Management in a Free-Trade Empire: The Work of the Crown Agents for the Colonies in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries British overseas territories under control of the Colonial Office were required to place all business affairs which could not be handled within their own boundaries or those of an adjacent British area in the hands of an office in London known as the Crown Agents for the Colonies.
From Edutainment to Serious Games: A Change in the Use of Game Characteristics

Serious games use instructional and video game elements for nonentertainment purposes. Serious games attempt to create instructionally sound and relevant learning experiences for a wide variety of audiences and industries. The author contends that for serious games to be effective, instructional designers and video game designers need to understand how the game characteristics, competition and goals, rules, challenges, choices, and fantasy, used in both edutainment and serious games, can influence motivation and facilitate learning.
Reinforcement learning for closed-loop propofol anesthesia: a study in human volunteers

Clinical research has demonstrated the efficacy of closed-loop control of anesthesia using the bispectral index of the electroencephalogram as the controlled variable. These controllers have evolved to yield patient-specific anesthesia, which is associated with improved patient outcomes. Despite progress, the problem of patient-specific anesthesia remains unsolved. A variety of factors confound good control, including variations in human physiology, imperfect measures of drug effect, and delayed, hysteretic response to drug delivery. Reinforcement learning (RL) appears to be uniquely equipped to overcome these challenges; however, the literature offers no precedent for RL in anesthesia. To begin exploring the role RL might play in improving anesthetic care, we investigated the method's application in the delivery of patient-specific, propofol-induced hypnosis in human volunteers. When compared to performance metrics reported in the anesthesia literature, RL demonstrated patient-specific control marked by improved accuracy and stability. Furthermore, these results suggest that RL may be considered a viable alternative for solving other difficult closed-loop control problems in medicine. More rigorous clinical study, beyond the confines of controlled human volunteer studies, is needed to substantiate these findings.
Matching curved 3D object models to 2D images

Presents a method of locating known rigid 3D objects with arbitrary curved surfaces using a single image. A 3D object is modeled by a covering set of 2D silhouettes together with important internal edges. The model silhouette is derived by the curvature method of Basri and Ullman. Internal edges are computed using a stereo matching strategy. The pose of the observed object is determined by fitting the edgemap derived from the model images to the edgemap of the object. No salient matching primitives are used: correspondence is guided by the minimization of the over-all Euclidean distance between the model edgemap and the observed edgemap. Bench tests and simulations show that the matching technique converges for a broad range (entire aspect) of starting poses. >
Solid-Phase Capture of Proteins, Spores, and Bacteria

Current methods for the detection of pathogens in food and water samples generally require a preenrichment step that allows selective enrichment of the test organism. The objective of this research was to eliminate an enrichment step to allow detection of bacteria directly in food and water samples in 30 min. A high-flow-rate, fluidized bed to capture and concentrate large (bacteria and spores) and small (protein) molecules was developed. This format, ImmunoFlow, is volume independent and uses large beads (greater than 3 mm in diameter) when capturing bacteria to prevent sample clogging when testing food samples. Detection of bound targets was done using existing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocols. Four antibodies (anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7, -Bacillus globigii, -bovine serum albumin [BSA], and -ovalbumin [OVA]) were covalently coupled to various glass and ceramic beads. Very small amounts of BSA (<1 ng) and OVA (0.2 to 4.0 μg) were detected. Various industrial and environmental samples were used to observe the effect of the sample composition on the capture of anti-B. globigii and anti-E. coli O157:H7 modified beads. The lower limit of detection for both E. coli O157:H7 and B. globigii was 1 spore/cell independent of the sample size. The activity of anti-B. globigii modified beads declined after 3 days. Anti-E. coli O157:H7 modified beads declined in their capture ability after 2 days in various storage buffers. Storage temperature (4 and 25°C) did not influence the stability. The ImmunoFlow technology is capable of capturing bacteria and spores directly from samples, with subsequent detection in an ELISA format in 30 min.
Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur dioxide. I. Mineral oils and light lubricating oil

The increase in pulmonary flow resistance in unanesthetized guinea pigs was used to assess the effect of sub-micrometer oil aerosols on the response to sulfur dioxide. At a concentration of about 10 mg/m3 neither a medicinal grade mineral oil nor a light lubricating oil altered the response when given simultaneously with 1 or 10 ppm sulfur dioxide. The naphthenic medicinal oil at 100 mg/m3 failed to protect against 50 ppm sulfur dioxide when administered simultaneously. A 30-minute pre-exposure, however, conferred complete protection. A paraffinic laboratory grade mineral oil conferred protection when given simultaneously but was less effective when the pre-exposure protocol was used.
Super Low Loss Guided Wave Bands Using Split Ring Resonator-Rod Assemblies as Left-Handed Materials

SRR metamaterial is used as a substrate material in a microstrip guided wave structure to determine what the effect is of a material with potentially excessive dispersion or loss or both. A Green’s function method readily incorporates the metamaterial permittivity and permeability tensor characteristics. Ab initio calculations are performed to obtain the dispersion diagrams of several complex propagation constant modes of the structure. Analytical analysis is done for the design and interpretation of the results, which demonstrate remarkable potential for realistic use in high frequency electronics while using the LHM for possible field reconfigurations. Bands of extremely low loss appear for several of the lowest order modes operating in the millimeter wavelength regime.
Regulatory Affairs Issues in Biotechnology

The integration of biotechnology into the traditional regulatory framework of drugs and biologics has produced the need to reexamine traditional definitions and the way in which products of biotechnology are handled by regulatory agencies. The concept that biological products can only be adequately addressed by rigid process control, coupled with reliance on biological assays, has to be readdressed in the light of scientific advances in physicochemical characterization. At the same time, it is necessary to prevent the introduction of new quality control procedures without adequate discussion. Preclinical safety testing of biotechnology products is continually evolving and should not be obstructed by premature guidelines. Finally, the emergence of the biotechnology industry has catalyzed changes in drug regulation worldwide, with major impact on the regulation of synthetic products.
Electrophysiology of Bacteria

Bacteria secrete and harbor in their membranes a number of pore-forming proteins. Some of these are bona fide ion channels that may respond to changes in membrane tension, voltage, or pH. Others may be large translocons used for the secretion of folded or unfolded polypeptide substrates. Additionally, many secreted toxins insert into target cell membranes and form pores that either collapse membrane electrochemical gradients or provide conduits for the delivery of virulence factors. In all cases, electrophysiological approaches have yielded much progress in past decades in understanding the functional mechanisms of these pores. By monitoring the changes in current due to ion flow through the pores, these techniques are used as high-resolution tools to gather detailed information on the kinetic and permeation properties of these proteins, including those whose physiological role is not ion flux. This review highlights some of the electrophysiological studies that have advanced the field of transport by pore-forming proteins of bacterial origin.
Activity of Oritavancin (LY333328), an Investigational Glycopeptide, Compared to That of Vancomycin against Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model

In the past 2 decades, multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae has been encountered with increasing frequency around the world. This has led to the need for newer agents in the treatment of S. pneumoniae infections. Oritavancin (LY333328) is a new glycopeptide antibiotic with activity against gram-positive organisms; however, there is limited information on the pharmacodynamics of oritavancin with respect to the treatment of S. pneumoniae. We utilized an in vitro pharmacodynamic model to compare the activity of oritavancin to that of vancomycin against two penicillin-, macrolide-, and ciprofloxacin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates (R919 and R921) over a 48-h period. Both oritavancin and vancomycin achieved 99.9% (3-log) kill, with oritavancin achieving the limit of detection (102 CFU/ml) within 1 h and vancomycin achieving this limit at 24 h for both isolates. Detection of resistance was not observed for oritavancin or vancomycin during the 48-h experiments. The key pharmacodynamic parameter for oritavancin has not been well defined. In our experiment, the ratios of the area under the curve from 0 to 24 h to the MIC of oritavancin, oritavancin plus albumin, and vancomycin for both isolates were greater than 944.5, and the ratios of the maximum concentration of drug in serum to the MIC ranged from 73.7 to 7188.5. T>MIC was 100% for oritavancin and vancomycin for both isolates. Oritavancin is a unique and potent antimicrobial that warrants further investigation against multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae.
Breaking down the blood–brain barrier

Unexpected neurologic dysfunction, be it a stroke, seizures, or even insidious neurobehavioral dysfunction, when associated with a successful cardiac operation is devastating. Very little progress has been made toward reducing neurologic injury from cardiopulmonary bypass despite arterial filters, advances in monitoring, acid–base management, and methods to decrease the embolic load. Recent findings during a multicenter study by Roach and colleagues [1] showed that the present practice is still associated with a 50% incidence of neurologic injury. Neurologic and developmental abnormalities occur in 30% of infants and children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass [2]. The search for an accurate, rapid, bedside biochemical marker of brain injury is justified not only for diagnosis, but also for the evaluation of strategies for prevention and treatment.
Blurring the lines: Transforming terminal education to transfer education

The distinction between transfer and terminal education increasingly blurs as community college students once viewed as terminal begin to dominate the traditional transfer mission of the community college.
Speech Acts, the Handicap Principle and the Expression of Psychological States

: One oft-cited feature of speech acts is their expressive character: Assertion expresses belief, apology regret, promise intention. Yet expression, or at least sincere expression, is as I argue a form of showing: A sincere expression shows whatever is the state that is the sincerity condition of the expressive act. How, then, can a speech act show a speaker’s state of thought or feeling? To answer this question I consider three varieties of showing, and argue that only one of them is suited to help us answer our question. I also argue that concepts from the evolutionary biology of communication provide one source of insight into how speech acts enable one to show, and thereby express, a psychological state.
Enhancing web search by promoting multiple search engine use

Any given Web search engine may provide higher quality results than others for certain queries. Therefore, it is in users' best interest to utilize multiple search engines. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a framework that maximizes users' search effective-ness by directing them to the engine that yields the best results for the current query. In contrast to prior work on meta-search, we do not advocate for replacement of multiple engines with an aggregate one, but rather facilitate simultaneous use of individual engines. We describe a machine learning approach to supporting switching between search engines and demonstrate its viability at tolerable interruption levels. Our findings have implications for fluid competition between search engines.
Pertussis Toxin Utilizes Proximal Components of the T-Cell Receptor Complex To Initiate Signal Transduction Events in T Cells

Pertussis toxin (PTx) is an AB(5) toxin produced by the human pathogen Bordetella pertussis. Previous work demonstrates that the five binding (B) subunits of PTx can have profound effects on T lymphocytes independent of the enzymatic activity of the A subunit. Stimulation of T cells with holotoxin (PTx) or the B subunit alone (PTxB) rapidly induces signaling events resulting in inositol phosphate accumulation, Ca(2+) mobilization, interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, and mitogenic cell growth. Although previous reports suggest the presence of PTx signaling receptors expressed on T cells, to date, the receptor(s) and membrane proximal signaling events utilized by PTx remain unknown. Here we genetically and biochemically define the membrane proximal components utilized by PTx to initiate signal transduction in T cells. Using mutants of the Jurkat T-cell line deficient for key components of the T-cell receptor (TCR) pathway, we have compared stimulation with PTx to that of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MAb), which directly interacts with and activates the TCR complex. Our genetic data in combination with biochemical analysis show that PTx (via the B subunit) activates TCR signaling similar to that of anti-CD3 MAb, including activation of key signaling intermediates such as Lck, ZAP-70, and phospholipase C-gamma1. Moreover, the data indicate that costimulatory activity, as provided by CD28 ligation, is required for PTx to fully stimulate downstream indicators of T-cell activation such as IL-2 gene expression. By illuminating the signaling pathways that PTx activates in T cells, we provide a mechanistic understanding for how these signals deregulate immune system functions during B. pertussis infection.
CD5+ follicular lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of three cases.

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a low-grade lymphoma that typically lacks CD5 antigen expression. We report 3 cases of FL with unusual expression of CD5. All cases showed histologic features of FL, including effaced nodal architecture, follicular growth pattern, and a spectrum of grades from 1 to 3 using World Health Organization criteria. In flow cytometric studies, all 3 cases showed a light chain–restricted, CD19+, CD20+ B-cell population coexpressing CD10 and low-level CD5. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated an identical B-cell immunophenotype with weak expression of CD5 and coexpression of bcl-2 protein and the germinal center–associated markers, CD10 and bcl-6 protein. None of the cases showed expression of CD43, cyclin D1, or IgD. By molecular analysis, immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements were demonstrated in all 3 cases, and 2 of 3 cases had a t(14;18). These cases highlight the difficulty classifying these lymphomas by flow cytometric studies alone and emphasize the importance of recognizing FL in the differential diagnosis of CD5+ B-cell lymphomas.