cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly textured and twinned Cu films fabricated by pulsed electrodeposition

This paper reports the influence of substrates and peak current densities on: crystallographic textures; twin density, thickness, spacing and twin boundary orientations; and electrical transport and mechanical properties of Cu films fabricated by pulsed electrodeposition. Films of {3 1 1}, {1 0 0}, {1 1 0} and {1 1 1} out-of-plane textured Cu with a high density of {1 1 1} twins were synthesized. With increasing twin density and change of texture by selection of the peak current densities and substrates, the ultimate tensile strength, hardness and elongation monotonically increase. This paper also discusses the mechanisms for manipulation of texture and twin densities via changing both the peak current densities and substrates, and the correlation among the microstructure, electrical resistivity and mechanical properties.
Pseudomonas syringae HrpJ Is a Type III Secreted Protein That Is Required for Plant Pathogenesis, Injection of Effectors, and Secretion of the HrpZ1 Harpin

The bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae requires a type III protein secretion system (TTSS) to cause disease. The P. syringae TTSS is encoded by the hrp-hrc gene cluster. One of the genes within this cluster, hrpJ, encodes a protein with weak similarity to YopN, a type III secreted protein from the animal pathogenic Yersinia species. Here, we show that HrpJ is secreted in culture and translocated into plant cells by the P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 TTSS. A DC3000 hrpJ mutant, UNL140, was greatly reduced in its ability to cause disease symptoms and multiply in Arabidopsis thaliana. UNL140 exhibited a reduced ability to elicit a hypersensitive response (HR) in nonhost tobacco plants. UNL140 was unable to elicit an AvrRpt2- or AvrB1-dependent HR in A. thaliana but maintained its ability to secrete AvrB1 in culture via the TTSS. Additionally, UNL140 was defective in its ability to translocate the effectors AvrPto1, HopB1, and AvrPtoB. Type III secretion assays showed that UNL140 secreted HrpA1 and AvrPto1 but was unable to secrete HrpZ1, a protein that is normally secreted in culture in relatively large amounts, into culture supernatants. Taken together, our data indicate that HrpJ is a type III secreted protein that is important for pathogenicity and the translocation of effectors into plant cells. Based on the failure of UNL140 to secrete HrpZ1, HrpJ may play a role in controlling type III secretion, and in its absence, specific accessory proteins, like HrpZ1, may not be extracellularly localized, resulting in disabled translocation of effectors into plant cells.
Effects of Specimen Preparation on the Apparent Ultrastructure of Microorganisms

As microbiologists, we have available to us a variety of both established and newly developed electron microscopy (EM) techniques useful for detailed ultra-structural analysis of microorganisms. Although applications of the new methods will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of microbial ultrastructure and function, the traditional approach of investigations using fixed, embedded, and sectioned specimens will remain as a central EM method for the foreseeable future. Among the many useful protocols for traditional processing of specimens, the procedures recommended by Ito and Rikihisa (1981) are consistently effective for preserving the ultrastructure of both microorganisms and host cells. These procedures have evolved through the input of many investigators and are summarized here.
Students' Perceptions of the Laptop Program: What Factors Should be Considered Before Implementing the Program?

Due to a rapid increase in the usage of information technology, several companies are demanding that graduates have more than just the basic computer skills when they graduate. This has prompted many universities to initiate a campus laptop program in order to increase their studentsâ€™ computer experiences and skill sets. The success of a laptop program relies heavily on the extent to which the laptop environment is accepted and wholeheartedly implemented by students and faculty. Defining the conception factors necessary to successfully implement a laptop initiative becomes a critical issue to the success of the program. This study examines university studentsâ€™ perceptions of a required laptop program to determine what factors that they think are crucial for the success of such a program. By understanding what factors encourage students to support a laptop initiative, such a program can be made more useful to students as well as more beneficial to universities.
Evaluation of fire suppression ability of perfluoroalkylamines by cup burner method

Abstract The fire extinguishing abilities of perfluoro( N , N -dimethylethyl)amine, perfluorotrimethylamine, and N , N -bis(trifluoromethyl)difluoromethylamine were evaluated by a small-scaled cup burner method.
Structural and behavioral correlates of abnormal encoding of money value in the sensorimotor striatum in cocaine addiction

Abnormalities in frontostriatal systems are thought to be central to the pathophysiology of addiction, and may underlie the maladaptive processing of the highly generalizable reinforcer, money. Although abnormal frontostriatal structure and function have been observed in individuals addicted to cocaine, it is less clear how individual variability in brain structure is associated with brain function to influence behavior. Our objective was to examine frontostriatal structure and neural processing of money value in chronic cocaine users and closely matched healthy controls. A reward task that manipulated different levels of money was used to isolate neural activity associated with money value. Gray matter volume measures were used to assess frontostriatal structure. Our results indicated that cocaine users had an abnormal money value signal in the sensorimotor striatum (right putamen/globus pallidus) that was negatively associated with accuracy adjustments to money and was more pronounced in individuals with more severe use. In parallel, group differences were also observed in both the function and gray matter volume of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex; in the cocaine users, the former was directly associated with response to money in the striatum. These results provide strong evidence for abnormalities in the neural mechanisms of valuation in addiction and link these functional abnormalities with deficits in brain structure. In addition, as value signals represent acquired associations, their abnormal processing in the sensorimotor striatum, a region centrally implicated in habit formation, could signal disadvantageous associative learning in cocaine addiction.
Lenalidomide-associated hepatotoxicity--a case report and literature review.

Background: Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug frequently used for treatment of patients with multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndromes. This report presents a rare case of lenalidomide-associated hepatotoxicity and reviews the available literature. Case Report: A 67-year-old male with multiple myeloma was hospitalized with nausea, vomiting and jaundice, while treated with a second three-week course of lenalidomide. The patient was found to have acutely elevated bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, AST and ALT. He also had acute on chronic renal function impairment. Serology for viral hepatitis, abdominal ultrasound, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and hepatobiliary scan revealed no abnormalities. Lenalidomide was stopped, resulting in subsequent (8 days) clinical improvement and normalization of the liver abnormalities. The RUCAM causality assessment score was 8, consistent with probable lenalidomide-associated hepatotoxicity. Literature review revealed four other published cases of lenalidomide-associated hepatotoxicity with clinical presentation varying between cholestatic-, hepatocellular- or mixed-pattern of liver injury. All patients had clinical and laboratory improvement soon after lenalidomide discontinuation. Renal function impairment was present in 3 of the 5 reported cases. The exact mechanism of lenalidomide- associated liver injury remains unclear as only 2 patients had liver biopsies without specific findings. Conclusion: Physicians should be aware of the potential for lenalidomide-associated hepatotoxicity, particularly in patients with underlying renal insufficiency. Background
Understanding positional cues in salamander limb regeneration: implications for optimizing cell-based regenerative therapies

Regenerative medicine has reached the point where we are performing clinical trials with stem-cell-derived cell populations in an effort to treat numerous human pathologies. However, many of these efforts have been challenged by the inability of the engrafted populations to properly integrate into the host environment to make a functional biological unit. It is apparent that we must understand the basic biology of tissue integration in order to apply these principles to the development of regenerative therapies in humans. Studying tissue integration in model organisms, where the process of integration between the newly regenerated tissues and the ‘old’ existing structures can be observed and manipulated, can provide valuable insights. Embryonic and adult cells have a memory of their original position, and this positional information can modify surrounding tissues and drive the formation of new structures. In this Review, we discuss the positional interactions that control the ability of grafted cells to integrate into existing tissues during the process of salamander limb regeneration, and discuss how these insights could explain the integration defects observed in current cell-based regenerative therapies. Additionally, we describe potential molecular tools that can be used to manipulate the positional information in grafted cell populations, and to promote the communication of positional cues in the host environment to facilitate the integration of engrafted cells. Lastly, we explain how studying positional information in current cell-based therapies and in regenerating limbs could provide key insights to improve the integration of cell-based regenerative therapies in the future.
Open Visit Notes: A Patient's Perspective and Expanding National Experience

We congratulate Martin 1 on his thoughtful description of how he has opened clinical notes to his patients. We write in response from two perspectives. One of us (D.deB.) is a patient who has become active in the world of patient engagement, 2 a switch in careers triggered by widely metastatic renal carcinoma, now in remission for several years thanks to superb care by physicians and nurses in primary care and oncology. The second author (J.W.) is one of the leaders of the OpenNotes initiative 3 andahealthservicesresearcher,withabackgroundin
Psychiatrist effects in the psychopharmacological treatment of depression

Background: The National Institutes of Mental Health's (NIMH) 1985 Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP) reported that imipramine hydrochloride with clinical management (IMI-CM) was significantly more beneficial than placebo with clinical management (PLA-CM) for individuals undergoing treatment for depression. Unfortunately, in analyzing the NIMH TDCRP data, researchers ignored the potential effect that psychiatrists have on patient outcomes, thereby assuming that psychiatrists are equally effective. However, this assumption has yet to be supported empirically. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to examine psychiatrist effects in the NIMH TDCRP study and to compare the variation among psychiatrists to the variation between treatments. Method: Data from 112 patients [IMI-CM (n=57, 9 psychiatrists); PLA-CM (n=55, 9 psychiatrists)] from the NIMH TDCRP study were reanalyzed using a multi-level model. Results: The proportion of variance in the BDI scores due to medication was 3.4% (pb.05), while the proportion of variance in BDI scores due to psychiatrists was 9.1% (pb.05). The proportion of variance in the HAM-D scores due to medication was 5.9% (pb.05), while the proportion of variance in HAM-D scores due to psychiatrist was 6.7% (p=.053). Therefore, the psychiatrist effects were greater than the treatment effects. Conclusions: In this study, both psychiatrists and treatments contributed to outcomes in the treatment of depression. However, given that psychiatrists were responsible for more of the variance in outcomes it can be concluded that effective treatment psychiatrists can, in fact, augment the effects of the active ingredients of anti-depressant medication as well as placebo.
Tumour therapy using Salmonella

The development of novel therapies that are selective for cancer cells, with limited toxicity to normal tissues, has been a challenge for oncology researchers. Genetically modified Salmonella typhimurium, which is capable of multiplying selectively in tumours and inhibiting their growth, represents a new approach for cancer treatment. Because of its selectivity for tumour tissues, S. typhimurium would also be an ideal vector for delivering therapeutic proteins to tumours. VNP20009, an attenuated strain of S. typhimurium with deletions in msbB and purI genes, possesses desirable attributes, such as low toxicity, tumour-selective multiplication and an intrinsic tumouricidal activity, making it particularly promising. VNP20009 accumulates preferentially in tumours of mice bearing B16F10 melanoma and M019 lung carcinoma. This preferential accumulation also occurs in animals implanted sc. with human tumour xenografts Lox, C8186, DLD1, SW620, HCT116, HTB177, DU145, MDA-MB-231 and Caki. VNP20009 proliferates and...
Botulinum toxin A as a treatment for delayed gastric emptying in a dog.

A 5-year-old, 4.4 kg, spayed female toy Australian shepherd dog had a 4-day history of intermittent vomiting, culminating in anorexia and lethargy the day of presentation. The referring veterinarian performed an ultrasonographic examination and the findings were consistent with a biliary mucocele. The patient had a cholecystectomy the following day. There was a small volume of bile in the abdomen but no leakage. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of a biliary mucocele. Blood chemistry showed that alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were elevated [7943 U/L; reference interval (RI): 20 to 200 U/L and 11 323 U/L; RI: 10 to 70 U/L, respectively] and there was hyperbilirubinemia (73.5 μmol/L; RI: 0 to 6.8 μmol/L). Recovery from surgery was rapid but the dog’s condition deteriorated 3 d later and she was presented for abdominal effusion with respiratory difficulty that was presumed to be secondary to the effusion. Abdominocentesis and cytology identified a dark brown exudate with Gram-negative rods. Culture was positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The dog was taken to surgery and her abdomen was lavaged. No bile leakage was detected. The patient was transferred to our institution for further evaluation and treatment. At the time of referral, the referring veterinarian had been treating the dog with enrofloxacin, 2.3 mg/kg body weight (BW), IV, q12h, ampicillin, 45.5 mg/kg BW, IV, q12h, and buprenorphine, 0.02 mg/kg BW, SC, q8h.
Screening for fetal aneuploidy

Screening is currently recommended in pregnancy for a number of genetic disorders, chromosomal aneuploidy, and structural birth defects in the fetus regardless of maternal age or family history. There is an overwhelming array of sonographic and maternal serum-based options available for carrying out aneuploidy risk assessment in the first and/or second trimester. As with any screening test, the patient should be made aware that a "negative" test or "normal" ultrasound does not guarantee a healthy baby and a "positive" test does not mean the fetus has the condition. The woman should have both pre- and post-test counseling to discuss the benefits, limitations, and options for additional testing. Rapid advancements of genetic technologies have made it possible to screen for the common aneuploidies traditionally associated with advanced maternal age with improved levels of accuracy beyond serum and ultrasound based testing. Prenatal screening for fetal genetic disorders with cell-free DNA has transformed prenatal care with yet unanswered questions related to the financial, ethical, and appropriate application in the provision of prenatal risk assessment.
Hyperpnea with dry air causes time-dependent alterations in mucosal morphology and bronchovascular permeability

This study examines the morphological and physiological changes that occur in canine peripheral airways after hyperpnea with dry air. Peripheral airways were exposed to a 5-min 2,000 ml/min dry air...
Algal Cell Disruption and Lipid Extraction: A Review on Current Technologies and Limitations

Although numerous laboratory-based analytical techniques were developed and tested over the last five or six decades, industrial-scale algal oil extraction can be considered to be at its infancy.
Abstract C84: Body size across the lifecourse and risk of breast cancer in African American women, the Carolina Breast Cancer Study

Background: Body size is a modifiable risk factor associated with postmenopausal breast cancer in US White women. However, in African-Americans, there have been fewer studies and relationships are not well established. Aims and Methods: We investigated the association between breast cancer risk and body size in childhood, young adulthood, and near the time of breast cancer diagnosis using data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a 1993-2001 population-based case-control study of African-American (AA) cases (343 premenopausal, 445 postmenopausal) and controls frequency-matched by age and race. We investigated whether a) self-reported body size at age 10, age 18, age 35, and a year before interview and b) nurse-measured BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) at interview were associated with cancer risk. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, family history of breast cancer, education level, alcohol use, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and lactation. Results: For premenopausal AA women, larger body size tended to be positively associated with cancer risk. The strongest results were for WHR (0.84+ vs Conclusions: Associations between body size and breast cancer risk varied by menopausal status, measure of adiposity, and timing in the lifecourse. Strikingly, associations were not in the direction expected from the previous literature, which is based predominantly on Caucasian women. In fact, body size associations for premenopausal AA women may be inverse of that observed in Whites. Impact: African-American women have higher risk of breast cancer at young ages ( Citation Format: Whitney Robinson, Chiu Kit Tse, Andrew F. Olshan, Melissa Troester. Body size across the lifecourse and risk of breast cancer in African American women, the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C84. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-C84
The Clinical Relevance of Antibiotic Resistance: Thirteen Principles That Every Dermatologist Needs to Consider When Prescribing Antibiotic Therapy

Antibiotics are commonly used by dermatologists in clinical practice, primarily because of the overall track record of favorable efficacy and safety with the most commonly used agents. During the past decade, increased attention has been given to the problems associated with antibiotic resistance. This article summarizes important principles gleaned from the continued efforts of the Scientific Panel on Antibiotic Use in Dermatology; other groups working diligently in this area, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance; and from the published literature.
Efficient, Traceless Semi-Synthesis of α-Synuclein Labeled with a Fluorophore/Thioamide FRET Pair.

We have shown that thioamides can be incorporated into proteins through semi-synthesis and used as probes to monitor structural changes. To date, our methods have required the presence of a cysteine at the peptide ligation site, which may not be present in the native peptide sequence. Here, we present a strategy for the semi-synthesis of thioproteins using homocysteine as a ligation point with subsequent masking as methionine, making the ligation ‘traceless’.
The Indian Directorate: Forced Acculturation in Portuguese America (1757-1799)

One of the most important issues that confronted the colonial powers in the New World was the problem of European-Indian relations. Upon this pivotal point hinged such fundamental questions as political sovereignty, the moral responsibilities of Christian states towards aboriginal inhabitants and, on a less elevated level, the economic rights of the Europeans to the wealth and labor of the Indians. All colonial nations in the western hemisphere grappled with the problem introducing, modifying, and ultimately substituting a variety of institutions to regulate European-Indian contacts.
The Development of Kiwi and Cucumber Compound Juice

[Objective]To study the processing technology of kiwi and cucumber compound juice. [Method]Orthogonal design was applied to obtain the best combination of process parameters using sensory evaluation as indicators[Result]The optimal technique conditions area as following: ratio of kiwi and cucumber juice is 4∶ 3,the content of citric acid is 1. 2%,the content of sugar is 6%,and honey 2%,carrageenan0. 05%,a kind of compound fruit juice with balance nutrition and health function was developed. [Conclusion]Compound fruit juice have natural green color of fruits and vegetables,fresh fruit aroma,sweet taste,as well as nutrition function.
Canimlation of an Hepatic Vein, the Portal Vein and a Mesenteric Vein in the Cow, and its Use in the Measurement of Blood Flow Rates

Summary A method is described for implanting and maintaining cannulae in the central hepatic vein, the portal vein and a mesenteric vein in adult dairy cows. Blood flow rates in the hepatic and portal veins were measured using indicator dilution techniques. Hepatic venous blood flow rate was approximately 30 l/min (54 ml/min per kg body wt.) in a non-lactating cow. Starvation for 5 days caused this value to fall by about 40%.
Liquid chromatographic determination of 2-(2-quinolinyl)-1H-indene-1,3-[2H]-dione and other organic-soluble matter in D&C yellow No. 10

A sensitive, reproducible method that uses an Extrelut QE column and liquid chromatography (LC) in the reverse phase mode is described for the determination of 2-(2-quinolinyl)-1H-indene-1,3-[2H]-dione and other organic-soluble matter found in D&C Yellow No. 10. With this method the organic-soluble matter is extracted from D&C Yellow No. 10 on an Extrelut QE column, and the extract is concentrated and analyzed by LC. Recoveries averaged 104% for 2-(2-quinolinyl)-1H-indene-1,3-[2H]-dione added to purified D&C Yellow No. 10 at levels ranging from 0.50 to 5.96 ppm.
Rapid Protocols to Rule out Myocardial Infarction.

Cardiac troponin T and I are released into the bloodstream when cardiac muscle is damaged. Cardiac troponin tests have been available for decades and are the preferred biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, until recently, they lacked sensitivity in the first few hours following an acute myocardial injury.
Effekte regionaler Psychosomatiktherapiemodule

Psychosomatik – als Sichtweise in der Medizin – geht davon aus, dass bei einem Krankheitsgeschehen immer sowohl psychische als auch somatische und soziale Aspekte zu berucksichtigen sind. Die Zusammenfuhrung der psychosomatischen und psychiatrischen Versorgung in gemeindepsychiatrischen/-psychosomatischen Verbunden kann die vorhandenen Strukturen nutzen und durch Synergien kostendampfend wirken („best point of treatment“). Der 1‑Jahres-Pra-Post-Katamnesevergleich bei 106 Patienten ermoglicht es, die Kosten eines achtwochigen Psychosomatikturnus in Beziehung zu den medizinischen, soziotherapeutischen und psychotherapeutischen Effekten der Behandlung und deren nachhaltigen Auswirkung zu setzen.
Energetics of Growth and Maturation in Sympatric Passerines That Fledge at Different Ages

We studied the energetics of growth and maturation of sympatric Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana) and Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens) nestlings in the San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County, California. Both species fledge at a body mass of 27-28 g, but the flycatcher leaves the nest 4-5 days earlier than the bluebird. The growth curves of these two species become asymptotic by 14 days of age. Energy budgets, derived from estimates of CO2 production and energy accumulation in tissues, demonstrate that the average daily total metabolizable energy requirement of the nestling flycatcher is approxi- mately 22% (range: 16-32%) higher than the nestling bluebird. Most of this difference is due to a significantly higher field metabolic rate throughout the nestling period of the flycatcher. We attribute this higher energy expenditure to a greater daily allocation of energy to the metabolic processes and activity associated with maturation, which allows the flycatcher to fledge at a younger age than the bluebird. Because of the nestling flycatcher's higher daily energy requirements, adult flycatchers must gather up to 20 g more food each day than bluebird parents with the same number of young. Nestling mortality indicates that Ash- throated Flycatchers may be more susceptible to nest failure than Western Bluebirds during periods of poor food availability. Received 7 October 1988, accepted 7 July 1990. THE ENERGY requirements of young in rela- tion to the parents' ability to provide sufficient food to meet those requirements is an intrinsic relationship that affects the reproductive strat- egies of birds. Many factors influence the en- ergy requirements of growing birds. Differ- ences in body size, growth pattern, and the thermal environment of the nest site can affect the peak energy demands of a brood (Fiala and Congdon 1983, Ricklefs and White 1981, Mer- tens 1969, O'Connor 1975, Bryant and Gardiner 1979, Drent and Daan 1980). Our purpose was to compare the energy ex- penditure of sympatric nestling Western Blue- birds (Sialia mexicana) and Ash-throated Fly- catchers (Myiarchus cinerascens). The adult mass of both species is similar (range: 25-30 g), and nestlings fledge at a body mass ca. 27-28 g. The age at fledging differs by 4-5 days (bluebird: 20-21 days; flycatcher: 16-17 days). These two species have very similar breeding ecologies. The species share the same habitat, both are cavity nesters, and both are insectivorous dur- ing the breeding season. Because the breeding
CFAR, An Active Frontline Regimen for High-Risk Patients with CLL, Including Those with Del 17p.

High-risk patients (pts) with CLL can be identified by prognostic factors. Traditional prognostic factors that identify high-risk pts include Rai stage, absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), rapid lymphocyte doubling time, and serum beta-2 microglobulin (β2M). Del 17p is associated with loss of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 . Patients with del 17p also tend to have mutations in TP53 , thereby providing a second mechanism for complete TP53 knockout. Pts with del 17p have poor response to purine analogue-based treatments. β2M greater than twice the upper limit of normal (2XULN) was an independent high-risk feature for pts treated with the frontline fludarabine (F), cyclophosphamide (C), rituximab (R) regimen (FCR). Pts younger than 70 years with β2M >2XULN treated with FCR had a complete remission (CR) rate of 60% and median time to progression (TTP) of 70 months, compared to 84% and 86 months for pts 2 d3–5; C 200mg/m 2 d3–5; R 375–500mg/ m 2 d2; and Alemtuzumab 30mg d1,3,5 of each 4-wk course) as frontline treatment in a high-risk group of pts with CLL. The trial completed planned enrollment of 60 pts; 48 are currently evaluable for response and follow-up. In this high-risk group, 28% of the 48 evaluable high-risk pts had del 17p prior to treatment by FISH analysis. Overall, the CR rate for the 48 pts was 69%, 54% CR for the 13 pts with del 17p. The overall response rates were 94% and 77% for the 48 pts and 13 pts with del 17p, respectively. CFAR was associated with more myelosuppression and fewer pts could receive all 6 intended courses compared with the historic high-risk group treated with FCR. However, a higher proportion of CFAR pts had no evidence of residual disease in the bone marrow by 2-color flow cytometry evaluation at response assessment. There is currently no difference in TTP or OS, comparing CFAR and FCR in this retrospective historical analysis with a short median follow-up time of 16 months for the CFAR group. There was no significant difference in incidence of infection during treatment with CFAR compared to FCR, with the exception of CMV reactivation. The CFAR regimen is active and tolerated in the highrisk group of pts with CLL, including those with del 17p. Follow-up continues for the pts treated on this trial in order to evaluate responses in all 60 enrolled pts and to evaluate time-to-event endpoints and compare with the historic FCR experience.
Forensic Toxicology: An Introduction

This article presents an overview of forensic toxicology. The authors describe the three components that make up forensic toxicology: workplace drug testing, postmortem toxicology, and human performance toxicology. Also discussed are the specimens that are tested, the methods used, and how the results are interpreted in this particular discipline.
Creating a Bidirectional Culture of Safety in Global Health Electives Through Development of Comprehensive Safety Protocols

There is a lack of published site-specific safety protocols in global health elective programs. After conducting a literature review of safety issues in global health electives, we combined feedback from each of our elective site’s program leaders and data from student reflections to create safety protocols. Each protocol contains eight sections: accidents/injury, crime, discrimination, illness, mental health, natural disasters, political unrest, and violence, with subsections as follows: background facts, precautions, warnings/anticipated problems, and what to do in case of an incident. To uphold bidirectionality, we are broadening safety measures for our partners.
Irrigation with brackish water changes evapotranspiration, growth and ion uptake of halophytes

Abstract Water shortage due to low precipitation, less river flows and high evaporation, and salinity stress related to use of brackish groundwater for irrigation are prevalent in the arid and semi-arid southwestern United States. The brackish groundwater desalinated using a reverse osmosis (RO) system produces a highly concentrate waste and creates a disposal problem. The objectives of this greenhouse study in pots were to assess irrigation water salinity induced changes to the evapotranspiration (ET), volumetric leaching fractions (LF), soil salinity, and dry biomass yields of two halophyte species (Hordeum vulgare, and xTriticosecale). Plants were arranged in a completely randomized design and four irrigation treatments (EC = 0.8, 5, 8 and 10 dS/m) were applied for 90 days during the two seasons. No significant differences were observed in the saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention of sandy loam soil irrigated with different brackish waters. Total ET obtained from water balance was higher for plants irrigated with control than brackish waters only in season one. An increase in irrigation water salinity increased soil salinity and mean leaching fraction (LF) while mean ET decreased. There were no differences in dry biomass yield for both species in season 1, and very small differences in season 2. The sodium uptake primarily from irrigation water confirmed that both species were halophyte, can be grown with RO concentrate, and used as a salt substitute in animal fodder. However, in order to prevent soil salinization, RO irrigation should be done intermittently or until vegetation establishment in nonagricultural areas.
US-Besteuerung der Personengesellschaften (Partnerships) im rein nationalen Zusammenhang

Eine Personengesellschaft stellt zwar nach dem US-Steuerrecht grundsatzlich kein selbstandiges Steuersubjekt dar (transparente Besteuerung/ “aggregate approach”). Doch behandelt sie das Steuerrecht in bestimmten Fallen als eine Einheit, die von ihren Gesellschaftern zu trennen ist (“entity approach”) 2. Dies ist ein fundamentales Kennzeichen der Personengesellschaftsbesteuerung, das sich im Widerstreit der Aggregattheorie mit der Einheitstheorie ausdruckt3. Auch die folgende Untersuchung ist gekennzeichnet vom grundsatzlichen Vorherrschen der Aggregattheorie, die fur bestimmte Falle zugunsten der Einheitstheorie durchbrochen wird.
Urethral Recurrence Following Radical Cystectomy

AbstractWe reviewed the clinical courses of 86 men after radical cystoprostatectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder to determine who were at highest risk for urethral recurrence. We assessed patients for prostatic involvement as well as tumor extent in the bladder and distal ureters. Of the 30 patients with tumor in the prostate 11 (37%) suffered urethral recurrences. Of the 56 patients with all other types of tumor involvement patterns exclusive of disease in the prostate only 2 (4%) had recurrence. We recommend rigorous screening for transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate before cystectomy. Prophylactic urethrectomy is indicated for patients with prostatic involvement, while those without such involvement may be considered at low risk for urethral recurrence.
Leaf area density from airborne LiDAR: Comparing sensors and resolutions in a temperate broadleaf forest ecosystem

Abstract Forest processes that play an essential role in carbon sequestration, such as light use efficiency, photosynthetic capacity, and trace gas exchange, are closely tied to the three-dimensional structure of forest canopies. However, the vertical distribution of leaf traits is not uniform; leaves at varying vertical positions within the canopy are physiologically unique due to differing light and environmental conditions, which leads to higher carbon storage than if light conditions were constant throughout the canopy. Due to this within-canopy variation, three-dimensional structural traits are critical to improving our estimates of global carbon cycling and storage by Earth system models and to better understanding the effects of disturbances on carbon sequestration in forested ecosystems. In this study, we describe a reproducible and open-source methodology using the R programming language for estimating leaf area density (LAD; the total leaf area per unit of volume) from airborne LiDAR. Using this approach, we compare LAD estimates at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Maryland, USA, from two airborne LiDAR systems, NEON AOP and NASA G-LiHT, which differ in survey and instrument specifications, collections goals, and laser pulse densities. Furthermore, we address the impacts of the spatial scale of analysis as well as differences in canopy penetration and pulse density on LAD and leaf area index (LAI) estimates, while offering potential solutions to enhance the accuracy of these estimates. LAD estimates from airborne LiDAR can be used to describe the three-dimensional structure of forests across entire landscapes. This information can help inform forest management and conservation decisions related to the estimation of aboveground biomass and productivity, the response of forests to large-scale disturbances, the impacts of drought on forest health, the conservation of bird habitat, as well as a host of other important forest processes and responses.
2.16 – Mechanisms of Liver Fibrosis☆

Liver fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, such as collagen. This condition has many causes including those of known etiology, such as chronic alcohol consumption, hepatitis virus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and genetic disorders, and those of unknown etiology, such as primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, and others. Currently, treatment of fibrosis is limited to removal of the causative agent, such as cessation of alcohol consumption, or liver transplantation. Liver fibrosis is initiated when chronic liver injury stimulates production of mediators by numerous cells types, including hepatocytes, bile duct epithelial cells, platelets, Kupffer cells, and other inflammatory cells that cause cells in the liver to differentiate into myofibroblasts. The cellular sources of these myofibroblasts include hepatic stellate cells, peribiliary fibroblasts, hepatocytes, bile duct epithelial cells, and bone marrow-derived cells. Growth factors are produced during the genesis of this disease that stimulate myofibroblast proliferation, and chemokines are produced that stimulate these cells to migrate to injured regions of the liver. Once the myofibroblasts accumulate in these regions, they are stimulated to produce collagen and other components of extracellular matrix causing fibrosis. Although our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this disease has increased substantially, there are no therapies currently available that directly prevent or reverse fibrosis. Therefore, further studies are needed to identify new and effective therapeutic targets to treat this disease.
Abstract WP404: Cost-Effectiveness of Plaque Echolucency on Ultrasound as a Stroke Risk Stratification Tool in Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis

Imaging may play an important role in identifying high-risk plaques in patient with carotid disease who could benefit from surgical revascularization. We sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness o...
Feeding on glandular and non-glandular leaf trichomes negatively affect growth and development in tobacco hornworm ( Manduca sexta ) caterpillars

Trichomes, the hair-like projections on plant leaves, have been well studied as an herbivore defense. However, whether variation in trichome type can have negative effects through the different stages of caterpillar life cycle is poorly understood. Using Solanum elaeagnifolium that produce non-glandular stellate trichomes, and Solanum lycopersicum that predominantly produce glandular, non-branched trichomes, we examined how trichomes affect choice and growth of Manduca sexta, a specialist herbivore of plant species belonging to the Solanaceae. To accomplish this, we removed leaf trichomes and added them into artificial diet for caterpillars, and allowed the caterpillars to grow and develop. Our results show that trichomes negatively affected caterpillar body mass and mass gain, although there was no preference or aversion for them in choice assays. Non-glandular trichomes were particularly damaging, as the consumption of non-glandular trichomes resulted in suppressed mass gain and increased time to pupation. While the consumption of glandular trichomes also affected growth, the effects were significantly lower compared to the consumption of non-glandular ones. Taken together, our results show that feeding on solanaceous trichomes can have negative effects on herbivore larval growth and development, and should be examined further.
Monopoly Dominance or Level Playing Field? The New Antitrust Paradox

The central theme of antitrust law is its decided preference for competition over monopoly in a wide range of product and service markets. The argument for this position does not rest on any simple or mechanical application of the general libertarian prohibition against force and fraud. Instead, ultimately it depends strongly on an explicitly utilitarian framework whose central tenet is that in the general case, social welfare is greater in competitive than monopoly industries. Yet beneath this general agreement lies much disagreement about just what sort of conduct should be caught by antitrust law. In Part I, I argue that the wisest course of action is to confine the operation of antitrust law to cartels and mergers that have the consequence of raising prices and restricting output. Even in this context, treble damages create serious risks of overdeterrence, but at least it is possible to tell a consistent story as to why antitrust law moves beyond the libertarian prohibitions against force and fraud. In contrast, the treatment of unilateral practices predation, exclusive dealing, and tie-ins-are not grounded on a similar theory, and are thus subject to three key objections: their excessive reliance on "intent" evidence that is easily misconstrued; their inability to come up with a powerful explanation as to why practices that are regarded as efficient for ordinary firms are treated as illegal for dominant ones; and their inability to separate reliably profrom anticompetitive practices. In Part II of this Essay, I examine in some greater detail the controversial decision in LePage's Inc v 3M (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co)' in order to show the deleterious consequences that flow from the aggressive condemnation of unilateral practices. The general conclusion is that antitrust law should abandon its attack on these unilateral practices altogether, or at least sharply circumscribe their use.
Nature of the Selenium Submonolayer Effect on the Oxygen Electroreduction Reaction Activity of Ru(0001)

I present here results of first principles studies of the adsorption energetics of the intermediates of the oxygen electroreduction reaction (ORR) on a Se-modified Ru(0001) surface. The calculation...
Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in Romaine Lettuce Using a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor

Leafy vegetables have been associated with high-profile outbreaks causing severe illnesses. Timely and accurate identification of potential contamination is essential to ensure food safety. A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay has been developed for the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in leafy vegetables. The assay utilizes a pair of well characterized monoclonal antibodies specific to the flagellin of S. Typhimurium. Samples of romaine lettuce contaminated with S. Typhimurium at different levels (between 0.9 and 5.9 log cfu/g) were pre-enriched in buffered peptone water. Three SPR assay formats, direct assay, sequential two-step sandwich assay, and pre-incubation one-step sandwich assay were evaluated. All three assay formats detect well even at a low level of contamination (0.9 log cfu/g). The SPR assay showed a high specificity for the detection of S. Typhimurium in the presence of other commensal bacteria in the romaine lettuce samples. The results also suggested that further purification of flagellin from the sample preparation using immunomagnetic separation did not improve the detection sensitivity of the SPR assay. The functional protocol developed in this study can be readily used for the detection of S. Typhimurium in leafy vegetables with high sensitivity and specificity.
Effect of Garlic and Licorice Extracts on Vegetative, Root and Floral Trait of Gazania splendes L.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of AL-Anbar during 2017 season to investigate effect of spraying extracts of garlic and licorice root on vegetative, root and floral trait of Gazania splendes L. Treatments were randomly distributed under RCBD design with three replicates. Each treatment involved six plants. The design included two factors; one represented three concentrations of garlic extract viz. 0, 2 and 4 mlGex.l-1DH2O, the second one was four concentrations of licorice root extract viz. 0, 1, 3 and 5 gmLex DH2O. Results revealed that spraying of 2 ml garlic extract per liter causes the highest increase of leaves No., fresh weight, dry weight, root length, the time to flower opening, flowers No. and flower diameter of 59.83 leaf.plant-1, 51.67gm, 10.18gm, 46.70cm, 99.33d, 6.75 flower.plant-1 and 5.458 cm, respectively. Furthermore, licorice extract spraying at 1gm per liter gave significant increase on leaves No., fresh weight, dry weight, time to flower opening, flowers No. and flower diameter at 71.11 leaves.plant-1, 58.86gm, 12.39gm, 98.89d, 7.00 flower.plant-1 and 5.589 cm, respectively. The combinations of 2ml garlic.L-1 + 1gm licorice.l-1 achieved highest average fresh weight, dry weight, and time of flower opening of 74.21gm, 15.47gm and 93.67d, respectively. Thus, it could be concluded that spraying of garlic and licorice extracts were effective and efficient in improvement of vegetative, root and floral trait of Gazania.
“When the Fall Is All There Is…”: Refocusing on the Critical (Unique?) Characteristic of “Dying” in Physician Aid-in-Dying

Geoffrey: My! You chivalric fool! As if the way one fell down mattered.Richard the Lionhearted: When the fall is all there is, it matters.(Goldman 1966)We are deeply appreciative of Kious and Batti...
Honey does not adversely impact blood lipids of adult men and women: a randomized cross-over trial.

Abstract Consumption of added sugars in the US is estimated to be approximately 1.5 times recommended levels and has been linked to increased risk for developing chronic diseases. We hypothesized that relative to sugar, honey would reduce energy intake and improve serum lipid profiles. To test this, we assessed the short-term (1-week) and relatively long-term (1-month) effects of honey versus sucrose on changes in dietary intake and serum lipid concentrations. Thirty-seven apparently healthy subjects (21 males; 16 females) aged 24–57 years (BMI = 17.6–37.2 kg/m2) completed two 4-week trials in a randomized, cross-over design separated by ≥4-week washout. During each trial, subjects consumed either clover honey or sucrose providing 1.2 g/kg/day of carbohydrate under free-living conditions with instructions to avoid changing their habitual food intake. Serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations were elevated (P
Baloxavir for the treatment of Influenza in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients previously treated with oseltamivir.

Background Seasonal influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients. In this population, influenza virus can replicate for prolonged periods, despite neuraminidase inhibitor treatment, leading to resistance and treatment failure. Baloxavir targets the influenza polymerase and may be an effective treatment option in these patients. Methods We used baloxavir to treat five allogeneic SCT recipients that were still symptomatic and shedding influenza virus after completing one or more treatment courses of oseltamivir and characterized the viral isolates before and during treatment. Results Two patients were infected with influenza A/H1pdm09 carrying a neuraminidase variant (H275Y) linked to oseltamivir resistance. Both these two patients were successfully treated with baloxavir. Of the three patients infected with wild-type influenza virus, two cleared the virus after baloxavir treatment, while the third patient developed the polymerase I38T variant linked to baloxavir resistance. Conclusions Our data suggest that baloxavir treatment can be effective in treating neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant influenza in profoundly immunocompromised patients. Randomized clinical trials are needed to define the role of baloxavir alone and combined with oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza in SCT recipients and other immunocompromised populations.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHORYLATION ON eIF-2

ABSTRACT The molecular structure of eIF-2 has been determined to be an αβγ trimer of molecular weight 122,000. The GTP initially bound by eIF-2 to form a soluble ternary complex appears to be the same GTP that is hydrolyzed as a prerequisite for subunit joining. Using the above information, experiments were performed to test the effect of HCR mediated phosphorylation of eIF-2 on the biologic function of eIF-2. In every assay tested, whether rate or extent of reaction was measured, there appeared to be no difference in biologic activity between phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated eIF-2.