cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Like it Hot: Cardioprotective Effect of Curcumin in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of kidney structure (i.e., proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment, abnormalities on imaging studies) and function (i.e., glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min per 1.73 m) over a period of 3 months or longer which leads to accumulation of water, waste, and toxic substances in the body that are normally excreted by the kidney [1]. The presence of CKD confers a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and in fact patients with CKD die primarily from cardiovascular complications rather than from end-stage renal failure [2, 3]. The kidney plays a central role in electrolyte balance, volume, and blood pressure regulation; all of these parameters have a significant impact on cardiovascular health [4]. If the kidneys fail to work properly, fluid builds up quickly in the lungs and heart leading to hypervolemia. This increases the workload of the heart and could lead to chronic heart failure due to volumeoverload with increased central venous pressure and low systematic arterial pressure [5]. This in turn reduces net renal perfusion pressure, further reducing renal function and stimulating many neurohumoral factors such as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), the sympathetic nervous system, including the adrenals, and the arginine–vasopressin system, to maintain renal blood supply [6]. In addition, the metabolic disturbances in CKD accelerate the atherosclerotic process causing vascular calcification and stiffness leading to pressure overload. Histopathological studies indicate that capillary density is reduced in the hypertrophied myocardium, and pronounced interstitial fibrosis is a dominant feature of CKD-associated structural myocardial remodeling [5]. Furthermore, higher rates of arrhythmias and sudden death are observed in CKD due to shifts in electrolyte balance and myocardial substrate. Therefore, the primary and secondary prevention of future cardiovascular events in CKD patients remains an important clinical goal. There are four types of traditional medicine used in CKD: 1) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs); 2) angiotensin II receptor blockers/antagonists (ARBs); 3) beta-blockers; and 4) statins. Unfortunately, the traditional drugs and therapies currently used for CKD treatment rarely have effects on prevention of cardiovascular complications associated with CKD and have numerous negative side effects emerging the search for alternative strategies to prevent cardiac remodeling in CKD. The study from Cecilia Zazueta’s group sought to determine the effect of curcumin in treating heart dysfunction in rats with established chronic kidney disease (CKD) [7]. In their previous study, they reported that curcumin pre-treatment to rats subjected to subtotal nephrectomy, prevented the increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), reduced renal dysfunction and preserved cardiac * Elena N. Dedkova elena_dedkova@rush.edu
On Disruption Onset for an Electrified Capillary Liquid Meniscus: Revisit of Zeleny's 1914 Experiments on the Phenomenon of Spraying

Publisher Summary This chapter explains Zeleny's 1914 experiments on the phenomenon of spraying to examine the tip behavior of a capillary liquid meniscus in a point-plane electrostatic field. That liquid profile, which can deform in response to the changes of electrical and mechanical forces, is noted. By focusing on the local state of balance amongst effects of field, interior excess pressure, and surface tension, simple conditions of equilibrium and disruption are arrived at. Indications are (1) that profile equilibrium is not unique at lower applied voltage and pressure and (2) that, in consequence, tip gated jetting instability is triggered at high enough, but definite, values of the same, quite separate from the familiar and often- encountered dripping mechanism. These conditions of bifurcation and instability onset are formally independent of bulk material properties as long as the liquid is sufficiently conducting. While three different stresses contribute to balance at tip as is required of any meniscus in equilibrium, only the tip-field has seen need for approximate treatment in the model theory. The chapter compares breakdown data from Zeleny's original experiments.
Determination of β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) in plant (Cycas circinalis L.) and animal tissue by precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for determining subpicomole concentrations of β-N- methylamino - l - alanine (BMAA) in plant and animal tissue. BMAA and other amino acids were reacted with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) for 10 min under alkaline conditions to form highly fluorescent and stable derivatives. All amino acids, including BMAA, eluted from the column within 22 min. BMAA (tr = 18.02 ± 0.07 min) was detected in Cycas circinalis L. seed and in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue from BMAA-treated monkeys and rats. The primary amino acids glutamine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could also be detected since they were well resolved from BMAA. These amino acids and BMAA were linear over the concentration range of 0.15–7.5 μM with a relative standard deviation ranging from 2.1–6.7%. This method should prove useful in studies to determine the role of BMAA in the Western Pacific amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism-dementia complex for which cycad seed is the principal etiological candidate.
DSM-III and DSM-III-R

The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third edition (DSM-III) (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) is considered the first of the modern DSMs. The DSM-III represented a paradigm shift from the etiologically based classification of previous editions of the manual to a descriptive approach that emphasized observable behaviors and reported symptoms, and provided specific operational definitions of diagnoses to improve reliability. The DSM-III also introduced a multiaxial diagnostic format, new diagnostic categories, new names for existing diagnoses, and significant reorganization of diagnostic groups. The revisions were substantial, and shortly after its publication it was recognized that modifications were necessary to address concerns with the new classification. A task force was formed, and a revised edition of the DSM-III (DSM-III-R) was published in 1987 (American Psychiatric Association, 1987). The revolutionary new approach introduced in the DSM-III provided the basis for the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-text-revision (DSM-IV-TR), as well as the current classification of mental disorders, the DSM-5. Keywords: psychopathology; abnormal; classification; diagnosis; mental disorders; psychiatry
Detecting Serious Mental Illness Among Substance Abusers

Abstract Serious mental illnesses (SMIs) commonly co-occur with substance-use disorders and, if undetected and untreated, adversely affect their clinical course. This paper describes the use and scoring of the K6 scale, a brief and valid screening tool for SMI, in a large general population sample derived from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Analyses examine the demographic characteristics and patterns of substance use disorders among persons with and without a co-occurring SMI.
African American Life in the Rural South, 1900–1950

(2004). African American Life in the Rural South, 1900–1950. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 50-50.
A simple, low-risk, approach to JIT

Abstract The movement to just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing philosophies and techniques will be critical to the survival of many manufacturing entities that compete in the world-wide marketplace. Unfortunately, the process of converting to JIT can be a survival-threatening experience in itself, but this need not be the case. This paper will describe several simple, low-risk, and low-cost approaches used at the Lake Stevens Instrument Division (LSID) of Hewlett-Packard to successfully achieve a work-orderless JIT manufacturing environment. In particular, the paper will describe how to gain most of the benefits of JIT in a low-volume, high-mix environment without incurring the complexities and risks associated with a complete post-deduct (backflush) JIT implementation. Three phases of implementation will be described: a pull process with work-orders, a work-orderless pull process with distinct stores and WIP inventories, and a partial implementation of a post-deduct process with online storage of combined sto...
Direct calculation of Slater-Koster parameters: Fourfold-coordinated silicon/boron phases

The need for tight-binding total-energy representations of interatomic forces has renewed interest in Slater-Koster parametrization of electron band structure. For larger numbers of parameters, as in multicomponent systems, and to truly test issues of transferability, it is advantageous to have means of directly calculating these parameters. Here we derive analytic expressions for the two-center Slater-Koster hopping parameters, effective site energies, and effective crystal-field parameters in terms of the one-electron Hamiltonian matrix elements in any localized minimal basis, and analogous quantities for the overlap. We apply these expressions to the cubic diamond phases of Si and B, and the zinc-blende phase of SiB at three volumes each, using $\mathrm{spd}$, nonorthogonal full potential linear muffin-tin orbital matrix elements calculated with a linked or contracted minimal basis.
Infants¿ enumeration of dynamic displays

Abstract This study examined infants’ enumeration of puppet jumping tasks. In Experiment 1, 5–7-month-old infants were familiarized to a puppet jumping two or three times, and tested with both numbers of jumps. Infants looked significantly longer at the new number, replicating Wynn [Psychol. Sci. 7 (1996) 164]. To probe further the stability of infants’ ability to enumerate, Experiment 2 varied the rate of the jumps during habituation and controlled for rate across test trials. At test, infants showed no preference for either event, suggesting that rate changes can overpower infants’ responses to number. Experiment 3 explored an alternative explanation to infants’ enumeration, namely discrimination based on the amount of time the puppet spent jumping. Infants were familiarized to two or three jumps, then tested with alternating displays of either a familiar number of jumps with a novel jump time, or a novel number of jumps with the familiar jump time. Infants dishabituated to the display that changed in jump time, but not to the display that changed in number. Results suggest that infants’ looking in event sequences is based on amount of motion, not enumeration. This finding is consistent with studies finding perceptual processes behind infants’ supposed precocious numerical abilities.
Controlling Bifurcation and Dynamic Behavior in Vibro-Impact System

Impact oscillators are found in many applications. Some of the applications inadvertently experience the undesirable effect of vibro-impact called grazing bifurcation. For example, fitting joints are commonly considered in mechanical design. However, the grazing behavior of a loose fitting joint in response to the thermal variation of the working environment may cause unpredictable damage. In this paper, the Newtonian model of a vibro-impact system is investigated. The model system exhibits complex grazing dynamics that is highly nonlinear. The generation of grazing phenomena along with the corresponding periodic solution of the particular type of bifurcation is elaborated. The system is characterized using phase portraits. Since grazing and route-to-chaos are difficult to control, a novel concept capable of simultaneous control of vibration amplitude in the time-domain and spectral response in the frequency-domain is applied to develop a viable control scheme. The concept has been demonstrated working well for the control of dynamic instability including bifurcation and chaos in many engineering systems. The developed controller explores wavelet adaptive filters and filtered-x least mean square algorithm to the successful mitigation of the various states of dynamic instability of the vibro-impact system including grazing bifurcation and chaotic response. In addition, detail description is also given as to the setting of the control parameters such as control time step, sampling rate, wavelet filter vector, and desired targets.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Workers' Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggles

Preface Introduction 1. Workers' control of machine production in the nineteenth century 2. Immigrant workers and managerial reform 3. Machinists, the Civic Federation, and the Socialist Party 4. The 'new unionism' and the transformation of workers' consciousness in America, 1909-22 5. Whose standards? Workers and the reorganization of production in the United States, 1900-20 6. Facing layoffs 7. American workers and the New Deal Formula Bibliographical essay.
Mitochondrial membrane potential-based genome-wide RNAi screen of Trypanosoma brucei

We have screened the Trypanosoma brucei genome-wide RNAi library by staining the procyclics with the dye JC-1 followed by sorting the differentially stained cells by flow cytometry. This allowed us to highly enrich for cells in which mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased. We have further validated a subset of selected clones by a reverse approach in which we showed that cloning the selected genomic regions into another RNAi vector also results in a drop in mitochondrial membrane potential.
A POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD FOR FOLLOWING THE RATES OF CHOLINESTERASE-CATALYZED HYDROLYSES OF ACETYLTHIOCHOLINE.

Abstract A rapid and simple polarographic method for following the rates of the cholinesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine and the rates of inhibition of this hydrolysis is described. This method has the advantage that it can follow quite rapid reactions, as meaningful data can be obtained after 10 sec of mixing of the solutions. The method follows the rate of increase of the anodic polarographic wave of thiocholine produced by the hydrolysis. The validity of the method was determined by comparing the rates of production of thiocholine spectrophotometrically and polarographically. Also the values of K m for the hydrolysis, and K m and K 1 for the inhibition reaction of neostigmine were determined and compared to values reported in the literature.
Balanced growth without constant returns to scale

Abstract The existence of a unique, relatively stable balanced growth path is established for the nonlinear input-output model x ( t +1)= H ( x ( t )) in R n under hypotheses which allow the growth rate on the balanced growth path to fluctuate. A class of examples in R 2 involving such fluctuations is constructed, and it is shown that the hypotheses of the theorems are satisfied in a situation which may be interpreted as eventually decreasing returns to scale.
Diffusion of methyl ethyl ketone in polysiobutylene: Comparison of spectroscopic and gravimetric techniques

In this study, vapor sorption FTIR–ATR (Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance) spectroscopy was combined with a conventional gravimetric sorption balance to examine diffusion in polymers. Mutual diffusion coefficients of methyl ethyl ketone in polyisobutylene were measured using both methods at various penetrant activities and temperatures in the range 40–60°C. Actual penetrant concentrations were determined from the sorption balance. The diffusion coefficients from the two techniques agree very well with each other. In addition, the diffusivity data from both techniques could be correlated successfully as a function of temperature and concentration with the Vrentas and Duda free-volume model. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1261–1267, 1997
Meta-gabbro weathering in the Georgia Piedmont, USA: implications for global silicate weathering rates

Abstract The mineral assemblages in a vertical weathering profile developed over a meta-gabbro terrain were studied for their stoichiometry and relative abundances. The site is located in the Piedmont Province in the southeast portion of the Appalachians orogenic belt in a forested residual landscape and a temperate climate. The soil is classified as a fine mixed thermic Ultic Hapludalf and defined by distinct A-, B- and C-horizons with thicknesses of 17, 62 and ∼ 250 cm, respectively. The primary mineral assemblage consists of 44% (wt.%) andesine, 40% hornblende, 6% quartz, 4% biotite, 3% ilmenite/titanomagntite/rutile/sphene grains and 3% epidote. Quantitative XRD, detailed XRD clay mineralogy and thin-section petrography revealed the incipient breakdown of the primary minerals to vermiculite (after biotite oxidation), randomly ordered mixed-layer mica/vermiculite/smectite (as grain coatings), kaolin group minerals (after mafic silicate dissolution), goethite and hematite. Vermiculite (after biotite), expandable clay coatings and all the primary minerals (with exception to quartz) are dissolved away from the A-horizon. Hydroxy-interlayered-vermiculite and minor amounts of gibbsite occur as tertiary phases in the A-horizon. Using mineral stoichiometries and average abundances for the parent rock and C-, B- and A-horizon, estimates of primary mineral mass loss were determined. The bicarbonate to silica ratio expected from the mineral loss reactions is 6 times higher than the ratio observed in average groundwater of the Georgia Piedmont. This suggests that, although weathering of mafic terrains is important to the long-term process of transferring CO2 to the oceans, the present day contribution of silicate weathering in temperate climates may be more largely influenced by the weathering of felsic terrain.
Recovery and culture of ova from Brucella abortus infected cows

One hundred and ninety-two ova were collected from 12 mixed-breed beef and dairy cows that had been artificially infected with Brucella abortus Biotype 1 Strain 2308. Each donor cow was treated for superovulation, and nonsurgical collections were performed on one, two or three occasions. A total of 27 nonsurgical collections on Days 6 through 12 (estrus = Day 0) resulted in the recovery of an average of 7.1 ova (4.4 fertilized and 2.7 nonfertilized). Ova were washed ten times in groups of not more than 10 and cultured for the isolation of B. abortus. A portion of the recovery medium, including sedimented uterine debris from each collection, was also cultured for isolation of the organism. Brucella abortus was not detected in any sample of the recovery medium or in any group of ova.
Algebraic Representations of Beliefs and Attitudes: Partial Order Models for Item Responses

A partial order of discrete beliefs based on a generalization of item order in Guttman scaling generates a nonunidimensional collection of latent belief states that can be represented by a distributive lattice. By incorporating misclassification errors under local independence assumptions, the lattice structure is transformed into a latent class model for observed response states. We apply this model to survey responses dealing with government welfare programs and suggest that our approach can retrieve information where unidimensional and multidimensional models do not fit. The concluding section discusses directions for future work.
Form class and intralist similarity in paired-associate learning

Eight paired nouns were learned by 112 sixth-grade Ss under one or another of seven different experimental conditions in which the task was administered by a study-trial, test-trial method. On every study trial, each pair of nouns was presented in the context of a grammatical string of words and the experimental conditions were distinguished by differences in the composition of these strings. The form class of connectives was varied by comparing conjunctions, prepositions and verbs, and the intralist similarity of the strings was varied by manipulating the number of different words used as connectives within a list (two vs. four vs. eight). Preposition and verb connectives produced more rapid learning than conjunctions, regardless of the number of different connectives used. Thus, intralist similarity was rejected as an explanation of the inferiority of conjunction strings.
Estimation of exploration potential of a metallogenic unit by parametric modeling of the distribution of mineral occurrences when exploration is incomplete. Case study: Walker Lake quadrangle of Nevada and California

Analysis of the distribution of ore-bodies in space can be useful generally in the estimation of mineral resources or the management of exploration. This study is directed to analysis of the undiscovered potential of well known areas of mining district size, referred to as metallogenic units (MUs). The analysis employs an effort-adjusted and truncated probability model for number of occurrences within a subdivision (quadrat) of a MU and Monte Carlo sampling to generate an approximation to the probability distribution for number of occurrences and number of mines within an MU when it is totally explored. Exploration potential for Monitor, Bodie, Aurora, and Camp Douglas MUs (Walker Lake quadrangle of Nevada and California) are estimated to be 9, 4, 7, and 4 mines, respectively.
Defective RNA Synthesis in Lymphocytes from Patients with Primary Agammaglobulinemia.

Addition of tetanus toxoid to sensitized lymphocytes from normal subjects and patients with "secondary" acquired agammaglobulinemia resulted in an increased incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA and this increase was sustained for 48 to 72 hours in vitro. In contrast, the quantity of H3-uridine incorporated into the RNA of lymphocytes from patients with "primary" acquired agammaglobulinemia decreased after 48 hours of exposure to specific antigen. Lymphocytes from patients with primary agammaglobulinemia were also distinguished by their subnormal and poorly sustained response to phytohemagglutinin and to rabbit antiserum to Iymphocytes. These data suggest that the defect in primary agammaglobulinemia involves, either as a primary phenomenon or as a secondary event, an abnormality of quantitative RNA synthesis or of RNA stability in the circulating lymphocyte.
Effect of the shutdown of a large coal-fired power plant on ambient mercury species

In the spring of 2008, a 260MWe coal-fired power plant (CFPP) located in Rochester, New York was closed over a 4month period. Using a 2-years data record, the impacts of the shutdown of the CFPP on nearby ambient concentrations of three Hg species were quantified. The arithmetic average ambient concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and particulate mercury (PBM) during December 2007-November 2009 were 1.6ngm(-3), 5.1pgm(-3), and 8.9pgm(-3), respectively. The median concentrations of GEM, GOM, and PBM significantly decreased by 12%, 73%, and 50% after the CFPP closed (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.001). Positive Matrix Factorization (EPA PMF v4.1) identified six factors including O3-rich, traffic, gas phase oxidation, wood combustion, nucleation, and CFPP. When the CFPP was closed, median concentrations of GEM, GOM, and PBM apportioned to the CFPP factor significantly decreased by 25%, 74%, and 67%, respectively, compared to those measured when the CFPP was still in operation (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.001). Conditional probability function (CPF) analysis showed the greatest reduction in all three Hg species was associated with northwesterly winds pointing toward the CFPP. These changes were clearly attributable to the closure of the CFPP.
The emergence of IT degree programs: when did it happen?

Information technology (IT) educators are now facing the challenge of designing a program of study for IT that is not constrained by idiosyncrasies of a particular specialty, including those of computer science [5]. It may be useful for IT educators to understand how and why IT degree programs emerged from other earlier established computing programs such as computer science, software engineering, information systems etc. This study will begin the process of exploring historical reasons and forces that contributed to the birth of IT degree programs by establishing the timeframe for the emergence of IT degree programs in the United States (US). The focus of this paper is to report the process used to determine the timeframe and the results of that process.Two approaches were used to insure the accuracy of this study's conclusions. First, initiatives carried out by organizations that develop IT curricula or skill standards were mapped. Secondly, pioneer schools and departments that have offered, or are currently offering, IT programs were identified and information on when they began offering IT degree programs was gathered. Based on the results of these two approaches, an estimation of the timeframe was established. This study concluded that research designed to uncover the events and forces that triggered the birth of IT degree programs, as distinguished from those in computer science, should begin its examination in 1990.
EasyTicket: a ticket routing recommendation engine for enterprise problem resolution

Managing problem tickets is a key issue in IT service industry. A large service provider may handle thousands of problem tickets from its customers on a daily basis. The efficiency of processing these tickets highly depends on ticket routing---transferring problem tickets among expert groups in search of the right resolver to the ticket. Despite that many ticket management systems are available, ticket routing in these systems is still manually operated by support personnel. In this demo, we introduce EasyTicket, a ticket routing recommendation engine that helps automate this process. By mining ticket history data, we model an enterprise social network that represents the functional relationships among various expert groups in ticket routing. Based on this network, our system then provides routing recommendations to new tickets. Our experimental studies on 1.4 million real-world problem tickets show that on average, EasyTicket can improve the efficiency of ticket routing by 35%.
Theoretical modelling of residual and transformational stresses in SMA composites

SMA composites are a class of smart materials in which shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators are embedded in a polymer matrix composite. The difference in thermal expansion between the SMA and the host material leads to residual stresses during processing. Similarly, the SMA transformations from martensite to austenite, or the reverse, also generate stresses. These stresses acting in combination can lead to SMA/epoxy interfacial debonding or microcracking of the composite phase. In this study the residual and transformational stresses are investigated for a nitinol wire embedded in a graphite/epoxy composite. A three-phase micromechanical model is developed. The nitinol wire is assumed to behave as a thermoelastic material. Nitinol austenitic and martensitic transformations are modelled using linear piecewise interpolation of experimental data. The interphase is modelled as a thermoelastic polymer. A transversely isotropic thermoelastic composite is used for the outer phase. Stress-free conditions are assumed immediately before cool down from the cure temperature. The effect of nitinol, coating and composite properties on residual and transformational stresses are evaluated. Fiber architectures favoring the axial direction decrease the magnitude of all residual stresses. A decrease in stresses at the composite/coating interface is also predicted through the use of thick, compliant coatings. Reducing the recovery strain and moving the transformation to higher temperatures were found to be most effective in reducing residual stresses.
Defining ventral medullary respiratory compartments with a glutamate receptor agonist in the rat

The regional organization of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) was examined with respect to generation of respiratory rhythm (breathing frequency) versus control of the respiratory motor pattern on individual nerves. In urethane-anaesthetized, neuromuscularly blocked and vagotomized Sprague-Dawley rats, arterial blood pressure (ABP) and respiratory motor outputs (phrenic, pharyngeal branch of the vagus, or superior laryngeal nerves) were recorded. The VRG organization was mapped systematically using injections of the excitatory amino acid dl-homocysteic acid (DLH; 5–20 mm, 2–6 nl) from single- or double-barrel pipettes at 100–200 μm intervals between the facial nucleus and the calamus scriptorius. Recording of respiratory neurons through the injection pipette ensured that the pipette was located within the VRG. At the end of each experiment, the injection pipette was used to make an electrical lesion, thereby marking the electrode position for subsequent histological reconstruction of injection sites. Four rostrocaudal regions were identified: (1) a rostral bradypnoea area, at the level of the Botzinger complex, in which respiratory rhythm slowed and ABP increased, (2) a tachypnoea/dysrhythmia area, at the level of the preBotzinger complex, in which breathing rate either increased or became irregular, with little or no change in ABP, (3) a caudal bradypnoea area at the level of the anterior part of the rostral VRG in which ABP decreased and (4) a caudal ‘no effect’ region in the posterior part of the rostral VRG. The peak amplitude of phrenic nerve activity decreased with injections into all three rostral regions. Changes in respiratory rhythm were associated with opposite changes in inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations after injections into either the Botzinger complex or anterior rostral VRG, while both TI and TE decreased after injections into the preBotzinger complex. Effects on selected cranial nerves were similar to those on the phrenic nerve except that tonic activity was elicited on the superior larygneal nerve ipsilateral to injections in the Botzinger complex and on the pharyngeal branch of the vagus ipsilateral to injections in the preBotzinger complex. These data reinforce the subdivision of the VRG into functionally distinct compartments and suggest that a further subdivision of the rostral VRG is warranted. They also suggest that region-specific influences, especially on the pattern of cranial motor discharge, can be used to assist the identification of recording sites within the VRG. However, the postulated clear functional separation of rhythm- versus pattern-generating regions was not supported.
Derivation of many-body potentials for b.c.c. metals

Abstract A method of deriving the shape of pair potentials describing both the long- and short-wavelength behaviour of b.c.c. metals within the Finnis-Sinclair many-body-potential model is described. The method guarantees a fit to both the elastic constants and zone-boundary vibrational frequencies of b.c.c. metals using the five nearest-neighbour shells in the b.c.c. structure. The application of the method to niobium is briefly discussed and compared with previous work.
Coping styles and competence as mediators of self-reported responses to stress.

This study, a peer counseling analog, was designed to investigate the interaction of cognitive coping style and interpersonal competence on the process of coping with the anticipated threat of conducting a live counseling interview. Level of arousal, self-reported first coping response, the choice of preparatory behaviors, and the final decision to confront or to avoid the threat were measured. Three levels of cognitive response style crossed on two levels of interpersonal competence were compared using 76 inexperienced but motivated college students. Results generally supported the hypothesis that cognitive response style and competence interact in a complex fashion to affect both the level of arousal and the sequence of coping behaviors with stress.
X. Note on the hall effect in liquid and solid mercury

(1914). X. Note on the hall effect in liquid and solid mercury. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 27, No. 157, pp. 109-112.
Characteristics of substance-abusing veterans attempting suicide: a national study.

Demographic, diagnostic, and service utilization characteristics of veterans diagnosed with suicide attempt, substance dependence, both, or neither at discharge from Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) hospitals in fiscal year 1994 (FY94) were compared using the DVA's discharge abstract database. Four groups of veterans were studied: (1) substance-abusing suicidal inpatients (n = 1,459), (2) substance-abusing nonsuicidal inpatients (n = 123,808), (3) nonsubstance-abusing suicidal inpatients (n = 632), and (4) nonsubstance-abusing nonsuicidal inpatients (n = 402,906). Substance-abusing suicidal veterans had higher rates of substance abuse than substance-abusing nonsuicidal veterans and were more psychiatrically disordered than nonsubstance-abusing suicidal veterans. Substance-abusing suicidal veterans had a higher mean number of inpatient treatment episodes and a larger proportion of discharges against medical advice than the other three inpatient groups. Psychiatric and substance use disorders are more p...
The requirement of CD80, CD86, and ICAM-1 on the ability of adjuvant formulations to potentiate antibody responses to a Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage vaccine.

Abstract Many adjuvants are known to enhance expression of co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules secondarily to the activation of immune cells. Whether interactions via these molecules are obligatory in adjuvants’ ability to potentiation vaccine immunogenicity is less clear. We investigated the ability of eight adjuvant formulations to potentiate the immunogenicity of a malaria vaccine in mice deficient in the prominent co-stimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD86; and the adhesion ligand, ICAM-1. While no adjuvants could bypass co-stimulatory requirements, more formulations exhibited dependency for CD86 than for CD80. In CD80 or CD86 KO mice, formulations with the saponin derivative, QS21 could efficiently default to the other B7 molecule. This effect was dominant over other adjuvant constituents. The requirement for ICAM-1 could be readily bypassed using adjuvant formulations containing immunomodulators; whereas this was not the case with emulsion-type adjuvants in which reduction in adjuvanticity was associated with decreases in antigen-specific IFN-γ responses. These studies may help to guide the formulation of vaccine adjuvants to maintain effectiveness in hosts with altered immunological environment that often result from infections.
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) modulates the ability of NSAIDs to induce apoptosis of prostate cancer cells

Purpose: Recent evidence indicates that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer. In the study reported here, we investigated the ability of the steroid hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to modulate NSAID-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Materials and methods: Using in vitro models of androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive human prostate cancer cells, we evaluated the ability of a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (NS-398) and a nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) to induce apoptosis in the presence of various concentrations of DHT. Apoptosis was quantified using the TUNEL method and verified by electron microscopy. Results: We found that increasing concentrations of DHT significantly enhanced the ability of NS-398 and indomethacin to induce apoptosis of androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells. The ability of NSAIDs to induce apoptosis of androgen-insensitive PC-3 cells, however, was not affected by the presence of DHT. Higher levels of DHT in the incubation medium both before as well as following exposure to NSAIDs enhanced apoptosis of LNCaP cells. Another steroid hormone that interacts with the androgen receptor in LNCaP cells (progesterone) also promoted apoptosis of these cells. Increasing concentrations of DHT caused LNCaP cells to shift from the S and G2/M to the G0/G1 stages of the cell cycle. Conclusions: These observations support the use of DHT in combination with NSAIDs in the treatment of prostate cancer, and indicate that DHT is an important issue to address in clinical trials of NSAIDs since androgen ablation is a common treatment for prostate cancer.
Theory and simulations of superluminal optical pulses in gain media.

I derive a simple model for the propagation of a smooth pulse detuned outside a gain line. The pulse moves superluminally and with little distortion provided the medium is not longer than the saturation length. If the medium is longer than this, two effects occur: amplified spontaneous emission interferes with the pulse (although this interference averages to zero over many experiments) and the magnitude of the group delay increases only logarithmically with the length. I argue that both of these effects are inherent to any optical system with gain. Numerical simulations of the superluminal pulse agree with the model presented. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Application of a geometric model to the hydrides of FeTi

Criteria of hole size and hydrogen-hydrogen distance have been used to develop rationales for the observed stoichiometries and preferred hydrogen sites in theα-,β1-,β2- andγ-phases of the FeTi-H system. For these four phases of FeTiHn, the respective values ofn approximate 0, 1, 1.4 and 2. Structures and position vectors for the metal atoms were obtained from the literature for use in calculating the radii of the various interstices and the intersite distances in each phase. The model does not allow one to predict the nature of the structural transformations that occur in this system with increasing hydrogen concentrations, but knowing the metal atom positions in each phase does allow one to predict the preferred sites for hydrogen atoms. Most of the occupied interstices are octahedral sites coordinated by four titantium atoms and two iron atoms, but the reported occupation of a pseudo-octahedral site in FeTiD is explained within the framework of the model by allowing a deuterium atom to occupy a hexahedral interstice coordinated by three titanium atoms and two iron atoms. Forn −-2, i.e. for theγ phase, geometric considerations allow the correct prediction of some hydrogen atoms situated in octahedral interstices coordinated by four iron atoms and two titanium atoms. Occupation of such a site could not have been predicted by considering the relative affinities of the metals titanium and iron for hydrogen.
Steady-state trapping, detrapping, and recombination processes in semiconductors with continuous gap states

Abstract An analysis of the steady-state trapping, detrapping, and recombination processes in semiconductors with continuous gap states has provided a new formalism to view theses processes and resolved the discrepancy on steady-state recombination demarcation levels between the Rose model and the Simmons-Taylor model.
Diagnosis of Lafora disease by skin biopsy

The Lafora type of progressive myoclonus epilepsy is a rare and fatal familial disease characterized by seizures, myoclonus, and dementia. This diagnosis was confirmed in 2 patients by demonstrating the presence of intracytoplasmic polygkicosan bodies, or Lafora bodies, in the peripheral portion of the eccrinc sweat gland duct. Exclusive use of the periodic acid-Schifl stain is recommended for demonstrating these diagnostic inclusions. Electron microscopy reveals fine pale-staining filaments, line clark-slaining granules, and dark-rimmed vacuoles within these non-inembranc-bound inclusions. Skin biopsy is the preferred method of confirming the diagnosis of Lafora disease.
Neutron and X‐Ray Diffraction Study of Ca3Al2(O4D4)3, a Garnetoid

Deuterated hydrogrossular, Ca3Al2(O4D4)3, has been prepared in order to investigate, by neutron and x‐ray diffraction, the isomorphic substitution of (O4H4)4− for (SiO4)4 −. A polycrystalline specimen yielded the cubic‐cell edge, 12.5755 ± 0.0009 A (28°C) and oxygen parameters x = 0.0303(3); y = 0.0547(4); z = 0.6430(3). Diffraction experiments show no phase change from 301° to 77°K, although deuterium atoms shift to more symmetrically located general positions at the lower temperature. Deuterium parameters are x = 0.149(1); y = 0.086(1); z = 0.792(1) at 301°K and 0.148(2); 0.087(2); and 0.798(2) at 77°K. The shortest O–D distance is 0.95 A at 301°K and 0.94 A at 77°K, indicating hydroxyl bonding.
The interaction of comet 153P/Ikeya‐Zhang with interplanetary coronal mass ejections: Identification of fast ICME signatures

[1] The active comet 153P/Ikeya-Zhang possessed a highly-variable plasma tail. Favorable circumstances allowed the identification of the impact of fast ICMEs with the comet. The impact produces a specific morphology including a characteristic scalloped appearance which suggests that the ICME magnetic field drapes around preexisting tail density enhancements. This appears to be the first direct association between fast ICMEs and plasma tail structure and the specific structure should permit the identification of fast ICME locations in the heliosphere.
A Parameterization of Overwater Friction Velocity During Hurricanes

Abstract On the basis of recent advances in the formulations of atmospheric stability and sea-surface roughness, a parameterization of overwater friction velocity (u*) is derived. It is shown that during hurricane conditions, u* can be obtained from U10, the wind speed at 10 m height. Verifications of the proposed equation against the correspondent data sets based on boundary-layer theories from three hurricanes are successful for operational applications.
Increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as an indication for liver transplantation.

Background In Ohio, the obesity rate has increased from 21.5% in 2000 to 30.1% in 2012. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is believed to be increasing as an indication for orthotopic liver transplantation. Methods We evaluated the diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as an indication for orthotopic liver transplantation and ensuing outcomes relative to other common hepatic diseases requiring orthotopic liver transplantation in Ohio. We queried 2,356 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis (ETOH), and hepatitis C cirrhosis from the Ohio Solid Organ Transplantation Consortium who were listed for and/or received an orthotopic liver transplant from 2000 to 2012. Results The proportion of listed patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis increased from 0% to 26% and the proportion of transplanted patients increased from 0% to 23.4%. Compared with patients with hepatitis C and ETOH, patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis were older, and more likely to be white, and have private insurance ( P P = .18) and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores at orthotopic liver transplantation among patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatitis C ( P = .48), and ETOH ( P = .27). Patient and graft survival after orthotopic liver transplantation was comparable between patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and ETOH ( P = .79 and P = .86, respectively); however, patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis had better patient and graft survival compared with patients with hepatitis C after orthotopic liver transplantation ( P P = .02, respectively). Additionally, body mass index had no influence on overall or graft survival for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Conclusion This study reflects the growing potential for transplantation in patients with fatty liver disease and suggests the outcomes are equivalent or superior to other common indications for orthotopic liver transplantation.
Toward a framework for preparing leaders for social justice

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to propose one possible framework for conceptualizing the preparation of leaders for social justice. To this end, three central questions guided this conceptualization: “What are the common themes in the literature and research on preparing leaders for social justice?”; “How can this framework serve as a guide for developing a course, set of courses, or an entire program toward preparing leaders to lead socially just schools?”; and “How can this literature and conceptualization inform future scholarship in administrator preparation?”.Design/methodology/approach – This work included a review of 72 pieces of literature. To address the research questions, the growing body of leadership for social justice literature was reviewed. Each of these articles was analyzed and explicit recommendations for preparing school leaders noted. These recommendations were then catagorized into the proposed framework.Findings – Three domains: critical consciousness; knowledge; and pract...
OpenMP Task Scheduling Analysis via OpenMP Runtime API and Tool Visualization

OpenMP tasks propose a new dimension of concurrency to cap irregular parallelism within applications. The addition of OpenMP tasks allows programmers to express concurrency at a high level of abstraction and makes the OpenMP runtime responsible about the burden of scheduling parallel execution. The ability to observe the performance of OpenMP task scheduling strategies portably across shared memory platforms has been a challenge due to the lack of performance interface standards in the runtime layer. In this paper, we exploit our proposed tasking extensions to the OpenMP Runtime API (ORA), Known as Collector APIs, for profiling task level parallelism. We describe the integration of these Collector APIs, implemented in the OpenUH compiler, into the TAU performance system. Our proposed task extensions are in line with the new interface specification called OMPT, which is currently under evaluation by the OpenMP community. We use this integration to analyze various OpenMP task scheduling strategies implemented in OpenUH. The capabilities of these scheduling strategies are evaluated with respect to exploiting data locality, maintaining load balance, and minimizing overhead costs. We present a comprehensive performance study of diverse OpenMP benchmarks, from the Barcelona OpenMP Test Suite, comparing different task pools (DEFAULT, SIMPLE, SIMPLE_2LEVEL, PUBLIC PRIVATE), task queues (DEQUE, FIFO, CFIFO, LIFO, INV_DEQUE), and task queue storages (ARRAY, DYN_ARRAY, LIST, LOCKLESS) on an AMD Opteron multicore system (48 cores total). Our results show that the benchmarks with similar characteristics exhibit the same behavior in terms of the performance of the applied scheduling strategies. Moreover, the task pool configuration, which controls the organization of task queues, was found to have the highest impact on performance.
Dislocation sources in silicon

Oxidation induced stacking faults have been observed to function as dislocation generating sources in silicon single crystals when the crystals are annealed at high temperatures. The presence of diffused boron in the silicon results in a large increase in the size of the dislocation colonies generated from the faults. The dislocations generated form three dimensional star shaped colonies with the colonies being decorated by a second phase in the form of fine precipitates or dislocation loops. Depending upon the initial oxidation temperature and the postoxidation annealing treatments both partial and whole dislocations are generated in the samples containing diffused boron. The partial dislocations are 1/3 «111» Frank dislocations and the whole dislocations have Burgers vectors 1/2 «110» and «100». The dislocation loops generated are interstitial and the stacking faults extrinsic in nature. A model is proposed to account for the growth of the colonies. The initial nucleation of the stacking fault is suggested to occur by the formation of an oxide of silicon. Diffusion of boron is postulated to result in a preferential accumulation of boron in the fault with the subsequent growth of the fault occurring when annealing forces in-diffusion of the boron concentrated in the faults.