cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy in comparison to confocal microscopy

Lateral resolution and depth discrimination in turbid samples was measured with optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (ORPAM) and compared to confocal microscopy (CM). ORPAM signal strength and CM resolution were relatively less affected by scattering.
Objects recognition in aerial photographs with neural networks

The paper presents a part of a work concerning cadaster updating from aerial color photographs. The aim is to transmit to a database symbolic information about objects detected in the images. We use neural networks to give each object a label. We proceed in two major steps. In the first step, we send basic information about the three bands green, red and blue to specialized networks. Each of those networks is devoted to recognizing one kind of object. In the second step, we process a method to break ties, if any, in view to give each object one label. That procedure is tested on a sample including 335 objects. >
New toxin from Aspergillus flavus.

Two nonaflatoxin-producing isolates of Aspergillus flavus produced a new nonfluorescent nitrogen-containing metabolite that was highly toxic to 1-day-old cockerels. The oral mean lethal dose of toxin was 19 mg/kg. Chemical and physical data obtained on the purified toxin demonstrated that it was not one of the previously reported metabolites of A. flavus. The common name “flavutoxin” has been assigned to the toxin.
Late Noachian fluvial erosion on Mars: Cumulative water volumes required to carve the valley networks and grain size of bed-sediment

Abstract Our goal is to quantify the cumulative water volume that was required to carve the Late Noachian valley networks on Mars. We employ an improved methodology in which fluid/sediment flux ratios are based on empirical data, not assumed. We use a large quantity of data from terrestrial rivers to assess the variability of actual fluid/sediment flux sediment ratios. We find the flow depth by using an empirical relationship to estimate the fluid flux from the estimated channel width, and then using estimated grain sizes (theoretical sediment grain size predictions and comparison with observations by the Curiosity rover) to find the flow depth to which the resulting fluid flux corresponds. Assuming that the valley networks contained alluvial bed rivers, we find, from their current slopes and widths, that the onset of suspended transport occurs near the sand-gravel boundary. Thus, any bed sediment must have been fine gravel or coarser, whereas fine sediment would be carried downstream. Subsequent to the cessation of fluvial activity, aeolian processes have partially redistributed fine-grain particles in the valleys, often forming dunes. It seems likely that the dominant bed sediment size was near the threshold for suspension, and assuming that this was the case could make our final results underestimates, which is the same tendency that our other assumptions have. Making this assumption, we find a global equivalent layer (GEL) of 3–100 m of water to be the most probable cumulative volume that passed through the valley networks. This value is similar to the ∼34 m water GEL currently on the surface and in the near-surface in the form of ice. Note that the amount of water required to carve the valley networks could represent the same water recycled through a surface valley network hydrological system many times in separate or continuous precipitation/runoff/collection/evaporation/precipitation cycles.
Advocacy skills in resident doctors.

Summary Background The objective of this project was to study whether a standardised patient clinical encounter learning exercise improved an Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OBGYN) resident's ability to perform patient advocacy, a systems-based practice skill. Methods Case–control study: each of the 12 residents functioned as their own control. Additionally, aggregate data from the programme was reviewed. Results Twelve residents from a mid-sized OBGYN residency programme performed a standardised patient clinical encounter exercise in March of 2014. As demonstrated by the Assessment for Professional Behavior (APB) 360° evaluation, the overall total scores for the programme on patient advocacy improved, with statistical significance, when analysed by the signed ranked test. Additionally, the residents' self-identified capability to perform advocacy improved after the programme, with statistical significance, when analysed by the signed rank test. Conclusions A standardised patient clinical encounter, used as a learning exercise, can demonstrate meaningful improvement in the advocacy skills of a resident doctor. [Evaluating] a standardised patient clinical encounter as a learning exercise
Experience with Synthetic Secretin in the Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer

Hospitalized male patients with endoscopically verified duodenal ulcer were studied to determine the effect of secretin on the clinical course of their disease. Seven patients received synthetic porcine secretin, 333 μg subcutaneously every 4 hr for 10 days, and 6 patients received placebo injections on the same schedule. Repeat endoscopy was performed within 48 hr of completing the 10-day treatment period. The trial was discontinued because of transient, asymptomatic, hyperamylasemia in secretin-treated patients. Although significant gastric alkalinization could be reproducibly demonstrated in secretin-treated patients, secretin was not more effective than placebo in relieving pain or healing duodenal ulcer. However, because the number of patients was small, definitive conclusions regarding efficacy of secretin in ulcer treatment could not be drawn.
Reduced decoherence in Non-Markovian systems lacking decoherence free subspaces

By numerically simulating the exact master equation for the degenerate vee-type three-level system, we demonstrate the existence of states with drastically reduced decoherence in an open quantum system which does not admit decoherence free subspaces.
BER analysis of optical wireless signals through lognormal fading channels with perfect CSI

Due to inconsistent atmospheric conditions, scattering and scintillation of free space optical (FSO) signal can occur, thus negatively influencing the received signal intensity. The channel is usually modeled as a normalized fading coefficient with additive Gaussian noise. Optimal detection of the received signal is designed based on a decision rule, e.g., Maximum Likelihood (ML), assuming the receiver knows the noise statistics and fading correlation of the channel. This paper briefly deals with analysis on bit error rate (BER) of a wireless optical signal passing through a lognormally distributed fading channel, when perfect knowledge of channel state information (CSI) at the receiver side is available. Two approaches will be presented to provide closed-form expressions for BER. One uses Gauss-Hermite quadrature approximation and the other one is based on power series. While numerical analysis shows a very small approximation error when the Gauss-Hermite approach is considered, the power series approach does not uses any approximation.
Effect of a magnetic field on stability and transitions in liquid breeder flows in a blanket

Abstract We review previous studies on instabilities and transitions in magnetohydrodynamic flows in a special context of liquid-metal blanket applications. In the past, possible transitions in blanket flows were mostly attributed to instabilities in the Hartmann layers. More recent studies show, however, that the side layers can experience instabilities at sufficiently lower Reynolds numbers. This suggests that in the blanket flows, the appearance of turbulence can most likely be related to the side rather than Hartmann layers. Various factors that may affect stability in blanket flows have been discussed. In particular, buoyancy forces can result in potentially unstable inflectional velocity profiles. First computational results, illustrating possibility of instabilities and quasi-two-dimensional turbulence in vertical mixed-convection flows heated volumetrically are presented.
Myo/Nog cell regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in the blastocyst is essential for normal morphogenesis and striated muscle lineage specification.

Cells that express MyoD mRNA, the G8 antigen and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor noggin (Nog) are present in the epiblast before gastrulation. Ablation of “Myo/Nog” cells in the blastocyst results in an expansion of canonical BMP signaling and prevents the expression of noggin and follistatin before and after the onset of gastrulation. Once eliminated in the epiblast, they are neither replaced nor compensated for as development progresses. Older embryos lacking Myo/Nog cells exhibit severe axial malformations. Although Wnts and Sonic hedgehog are expressed in ablated embryos, skeletal muscle progenitors expressing Pax3 are missing in the somites. Pax3+ cells do emerge adjacent to Wnt3a+ cells in vitro; however, few undergo skeletal myogenesis. Ablation of Myo/Nog cells also results in ectopically placed cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes in the somites. Reintroduction of Myo/Nog cells into the epiblast of ablated embryos restores normal patterns of BMP signaling, morphogenesis and skeletal myogenesis, and inhibits the expression of cardiac markers in the somites. This study demonstrates that Myo/Nog cells are essential regulators of BMP signaling in the early epiblast and are indispensable for normal morphogenesis and striated muscle lineage specification.
An Element Free Galerkin analysis of steady dynamic growth of a mode i crack in elastic–plastic materials

Abstract An Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method based formulation for steady dynamic crack growth in elastic–plastic materials is developed. A domain convecting parallel to the steadily moving crack tip is employed. The EFG methodology eliminates the stringent mesh requirements of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for such problems. Both rate-independent materials and rate-dependent materials are considered. The material is characterized by von Mises yielding condition and an associated flow rule. For rate-independent materials, both the influence of crack speeds and that of strain hardening on the mechanics of steady dynamic crack growth are investigated. For rate-dependent materials, only a non-hardening material is considered with emphasis on determining the influence of viscous properties of materials and crack speeds. The influence of strain hardening on steady dynamic crack growth shows the same trends as for steady quasi-static crack growth. The simplifications used in the literature in deriving analytical solutions for high strain-rate crack growth have been examined thoroughly using the numerical results.
Biological treatments for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Abstract The availability of evidence based treatments for OCD is a fairly recent development. While this emerging field is an exciting time for those seeking to help individuals with OCD, some aspects of treating OCD can be challenging for today׳s psychiatrist. Often SSRI׳s are used at higher dosages in OCD than in the treatment of other psychiatric illnesses. This often leads to pharmacists, medical review committees and insurance companies to question the therapy, requiring time to advocate for the best treatment. As with any field in which treatment options are evolving, understanding which patients may benefit from emerging medication options, communicating these choices to the patients and families may consume more and more time for the effective psychiatrist. The goal of this review is to guide the reader through the currently available literature for obsessive compulsive and related disorders in order to provide them with the tools to appropriately tailor their pharmacotherapy and, when necessary, advocate for their patients.
A General Framework of Precoding Design for Multiple Two-Way Relaying Communications

In this correspondence, a general precoding design scheme for multiple two-way relaying scenarios is proposed, for which several schemes can be viewed as its special cases. The diversity order achieved by such a transmission protocol is analyzed, and computer simulations are also provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed transmission scheme.
Global and Hormone-Induced Gene Expression Changes during Shoot Development in Arabidopsis

A global analysis of gene expression events during shoot development in Arabidopsis was conducted using oligonucleotide array analysis. Shoots can be induced in tissue culture by preincubating root explants on an auxin-rich callus induction medium (CIM) and by transferring explants to a cytokinin-rich shoot induction medium (SIM), during which time explants become committed to shoot formation and ultimately form shoots. Oligonucleotide array data obtained during shoot development from ∼8000 Arabidopsis genes were subjected to principal component analysis, which demonstrated that the major components of variation in gene expression during shoot development can be represented by groups of genes, each group of which is upregulated at only one developmental stage. Two percent to three percent of the ∼8000 Arabidopsis genes monitored in this study were upregulated by fourfold or more at any one stage during shoot development. When upregulated and downregulated genes were categorized by function, it was observed that numerous hormone response genes were upregulated during preincubation on CIM. Groups of genes involved in signaling and/or transcription were induced at or before the time of shoot commitment, and genes that encode components of the photosynthetic apparatus were upregulated later in development before shoot emergence. Primary hormone response genes, such as Aux/IAA genes, were upregulated during preincubation on auxin-rich CIM, and cytokinin-responsive response regulator genes were upregulated during incubation on cytokinin-rich SIM. The expression of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR5, a type-A response regulator gene, was upregulated at the time of shoot commitment, and its expression was localized to sites of presumptive shoot formation. Two “hybrid” His kinases involved in cytokinin responses, CRE1, which encodes a cytokinin receptor, and CKI1, a gene that is capable of conferring cytokinin-independent shoot development, were upregulated during incubation on SIM.
Peristaltic transport of a heat-conducting fluid subject to Newton's cooling law at the boundary

Abstract In a cylindrical periodic domain we study the problem of the peristaltic transport of a heat-conducting fluid subject to a prescribed pressure drop, and Newton's cooling law at the boundary. The existence and uniqueness of a generalized solution to the Oberbeck-Boussinesq equations are proved. The Stokes and long wave asymptotic expansions are developed and justified. Some numerical results are presented to compare the approximate solutions with the exact solution.
Kreuzschmerzen in der Primärversorgung

Eine 71 Jahre alte Frau mit raucherbedingter Lungenerkrankung und haufiger Anwendung von Kortikosteroiden wird in der Ambulanz wegen starker akuter Kreuzschmerzen vorstellig. Die Schmerzen, die am Vortag eingesetzt haben, nachdem sie in ihrer Wohnung Mobel umgestellt hatte, sind in der oberen Lendenwirbelregion zentral lokalisiert, strahlen nicht in die Beine aus und verschlimmern sich bei Bewegung. Bei der korperlichen Untersuchung weist sie Druckschmerzhaftigkeit oberhalb der oberen Lendenwirbelsaule auf.
Psychiatric aspects of bone marrow transplantation: Part II: Life beyond transplant

As delineated in Part I of this series, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is being used as an innovative and often curative treatment for many hematological and solid tumor cancers, and non-malignant diseases such as aplastic anemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease and hereditary syndromes (thalassemia and the mucopolysaccharide dyscrasias). Currently there is a small but burgeoning field of literature that is investigating the medical sequelae, psychological, social and sexual adjustment (and quality of life) after having undergone a successful transplant. A knowledge of the long-term medical toxicity of BMT is mandatory in the light of its influences on psychological convalescence and recovery. Part II of this series (1) briefly describes the long-term medical sequelae of BMT, (2) addresses clinical papers and research in the area of quality of life after BMT, and (3) explores psychological and psychosocial predictors in BMT adjustment.
Melanoma in Non-Caucasian Populations

Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer and the sixth leading cause of malignancy in the United States. Non-Caucasians have a decreased overall incidence of melanoma, but African Americans and other ethnic groups often have more advanced disease at initial diagnosis and higher mortality rates than Caucasian populations. Patients with more darkly pigmented skin have a higher percentage of acral lentiginous melanoma, which presents on the palms, soles, and subungual sites and carries specific genetic alterations. Increased awareness of melanoma presentation in pigmented skin may help reduce disparities between ethnic groups.
An analysis of legislative inefficiency and ideological behavior

This paper explores the theory of legislative inefficiency and the role of ideological preferences of legislators. It is shown that inefficiency can be caused by many factors other than legislative ideological behavior. Three major sources are emphasized: cost of voting and policy position information asymmetries across groups of voters and barriers to entry in political competition. Ideological preferences of legislators is not a cause of inefficiency independently. Legislators who care about both policy and winning will give inefficient representation to their constituents only when groups of voters are prevented from participating equally in the legislative process.
Type-based bigram frequencies for five-letter words.

Researchers often require subjects to make judgments that call upon their knowledge of the orthographic structure of English words. Such knowledge is relevant in experiments on, for example, reading, lexical decision, and anagram solution. One common measure of orthographic structure is the sum of the frequencies of consecutive bigrams in the word. Traditionally, researchers have relied ontoken-based norms of bigram frequencies. These norms confound bigram frequency with word frequency because each instance (i.e., token) of a particular word in a corpus of running text increments the frequencies of the bigrams that it contains. In this article, the authors report a set oftype-based bigram frequencies in which each word (i.e., type) contributes only once, thereby unconfounding bigram frequency from word frequency. The authors show that type-based bigram frequency is a better predictor of the difficulty of anagram solution than is token-based frequency. These norms can be downloaded fromwww.psychonomic.org/archive/.
Quenching of Li (2P) by H2: potential energy surfaces, conical intersection seam, and diabatic bases

The quenching of Li (1s 22p; 2P) to Li (1s 22s; 2S) by H2 is considered using coupled-cluster and multireference configuration-interaction techniques. C 2 v (2A1, 2B2) and C ∞ v (2Π,2Σ+) sections of the 12A′ and 22A′ potential energy surfaces are determined. The C 2 v portion of the 12A′−22A′ seam of conical intersection is studied. Perhaps the most significant finding is a surprising trifurcation of this seam into a portion with only C s symmetry and the aforementioned C 2 v portion. The adiabatic-to-diabatic state transformation is considered in the vicinity of the seam of conical intersection using both perturbation theory and the dipole moment operator. The 2B2 section of the 22A′ potential energy surface exhibits an exciplex in the general vicinity of the seam of conical intersection. The 2Π section of the 22A′ potential energy surface possesses a global minimum lying 1.86kcal/mol below the Li (2P)+H2 asymptote. A van der Waals-like minimum with C ∞ v symmetry was found on the 12A′ potential energy surface.
H ∞ control of periodic model of networked control systems

A class of periodic time-varying delay of networked control systems are discussed. A periodic time-varying delay model of networked control system is given. The augmented state matrix method is introduced. The case of the presence of varying delay of networked control systems closed-loop asymptotic stability is discussed, and the H ∞ control of NCS is studied. Based on the Lyapunov function and the linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), the sufficient condition of the NCS which is subject to asymptotic stability is proposed. The controller parameter expression of asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system is given. Simulation analysis shows that the controller can guarantee the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable, and it satisfies performance index γ.
The Union Makes Us Strong: Radical Unionism on the San Francisco Waterfront

Preface Notes on unpublished sources Part I. Labour Radicalism Revisited: 1. Unsettling old scores: labour radicalism encounters conventional wisdom 2. Sealing the fate of radical labour theoretically 3. A framework for American unionism Part II. Local Community and 'Tumultuous' Democracy: the Socio-Cultural Foundations of Unionism on the San Francisco Waterfront: 4. Political community on the San Francisco waterfront 5. The structure of participationist politics 6. Being political in Local 10 Part III. Unionism, Work and Technological Change: 7. Work, knowledge and control: conventional longshoring 8. Work, knowledge and control: containerised longshoring 9. 'Doing the right thing': working principles and codes of conduct Part IV. Waging the Battle for Workplace Control on Contractual Terrain: 10. Who decides how to work? 11. Which side's language shall govern? 12. By whose principles will merit be rewarded? Part V. Agreeing to Disagree: Being Defensibly Disobedient: 13. Translating troubles into grievable issues 14. 'We essentially have no contract with you': keeping the agreement 15. Constructing and maintaining the appearance of co-operation Conclusion: Trade union exceptionalism or prefigurative politics? Appendix: doing field research - an ethnographic account References Name index Subject index.
Depth estimation from image structure

In the absence of cues for absolute depth measurements as binocular disparity, motion, or defocus, the absolute distance between the observer and a scene cannot be measured. The interpretation of shading, edges, and junctions may provide a 3D model of the scene but it will not provide information about the actual "scale" of the space. One possible source of information for absolute depth estimation is the image size of known objects. However, object recognition, under unconstrained conditions, remains difficult and unreliable for current computational approaches. We propose a source of information for absolute depth estimation based on the whole scene structure that does not rely on specific objects. We demonstrate that, by recognizing the properties of the structures present in the image, we can infer the scale of the scene and, therefore, its absolute mean depth. We illustrate the interest in computing the mean depth of the scene with application to scene recognition and object detection.
Decoupled Kalman filters for phased array radar tracking

Kalman filters have been used in numerous phased array radars to track satellites, reentry vehicles, and missiles. This paper considers the design of these filters to reduce computational requirements, ill-conditioning, and the effects of nonlinearities. Several special coordinate systems used to represent the Kalman filter error covariance matrix are described. These covariance coordinates facilitate the approximate decoupling required for practical filter design. A tutorial discussion and analysis of ill-conditioning in Kalman filters is used to motivate these design considerations. This analysis also explains several well-known phenomena reported in the literature. In addition, a discussion of nonlinearities and methods to mitigate their ill effects is included.
Congenital inferior turbinate hypertrophy: An unusual cause of neonatal nasal obstruction

Summary Inferior turbinate hypertrophy (ITH) in the pediatric population is generally an acquired problem whose etiology includes septal deviation, allergic rhinitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and enlarged adenoids. Congenital ITH is rarely seen, but requires full evaluation since these babies can exhibit respiratory and feeding difficulties. A review of the English language citations in the PubMed database (1965–2006) failed to reveal any references that specifically address congenital ITH. We report a case of a newborn boy with ITH and resulting respiratory distress, obstructive sleep apnea, and altered external nasal development who failed medical management but was successfully treated by performing an endoscopic inferior turbinoplasty utilizing a microdebrider.
The effects of hearing loss and age on the benefit of spatial separation between multiple talkers in reverberant rooms.

This study investigated the interaction between hearing loss, reverberation, and age on the benefit of spatially separating multiple masking talkers from a target talker. Four listener groups were tested based on hearing status and age. On every trial listeners heard three different sentences spoken simultaneously by different female talkers. Listeners reported keywords from the target sentence, which was presented at a fixed and known location. Maskers were colocated with the target or presented from spatially separated and symmetrically placed loudspeakers, creating a situation with no simple “better-ear.” Reverberation was also varied. The target-to-masker ratio at threshold for identification of the fixed-level target was measured by adapting the level of the maskers. On average, listeners with hearing loss showed less spatial release from masking than normal-hearing listeners. Age was a significant factor although small differences in hearing sensitivity across age groups may have contributed to this effect. Spatial release was reduced in the more reverberant room condition but in most cases a significant advantage remained. These results provide evidence for a large benefit of spatial separation in a multitalker situation that is likely due to perceptual factors. However, this benefit is significantly reduced by both hearing loss and reverberation.
And Now, Transcriptomics

In this issue of Neuron, Gurevich et al. (2002) report different patterns of 5-HT2C pre-mRNA editing in suicide victims, as compared to controls. Treatment of mice with fluoxetine alters the pattern of 5-HT2C transcript editing in the direction opposite that observed for suicide victims. The authors speculate on a possible serotonergic mechanism controlling 5-HT2C pre-mRNA editing.
Discrimination of brief speech sounds is impaired in rats with auditory cortex lesions

Auditory cortex (AC) lesions impair complex sound discrimination. However, a recent study demonstrated spared performance on an acoustic startle response test of speech discrimination following AC lesions (Floody et al., 2010). The current study reports the effects of AC lesions on two operant speech discrimination tasks. AC lesions caused a modest and quickly recovered impairment in the ability of rats to discriminate consonant-vowel-consonant speech sounds. This result seems to suggest that AC does not play a role in speech discrimination. However, the speech sounds used in both studies differed in many acoustic dimensions and an adaptive change in discrimination strategy could allow the rats to use an acoustic difference that does not require an intact AC to discriminate. Based on our earlier observation that the first 40 ms of the spatiotemporal activity patterns elicited by speech sounds best correlate with behavioral discriminations of these sounds (Engineer et al., 2008), we predicted that eliminating additional cues by truncating speech sounds to the first 40 ms would render the stimuli indistinguishable to a rat with AC lesions. Although the initial discrimination of truncated sounds took longer to learn, the final performance paralleled rats using full-length consonant-vowel-consonant sounds. After 20 days of testing, half of the rats using speech onsets received bilateral AC lesions. Lesions severely impaired speech onset discrimination for at least one-month post lesion. These results support the hypothesis that auditory cortex is required to accurately discriminate the subtle differences between similar consonant and vowel sounds.
Parathormone and cyclic AMP production in human cryopreserved parathyroids

To compare the in vitro response of cryopreserved parathyroid cells from patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), immunoreactive parathormone (i-PTH) and cyclic AMP (i-cAMP) were measured at low (0.5 mM) and high (3.0 mM) calcium concentrations in a cell dispersion preparation. The in vitro suppressibility of i-PTH was 23 ± 4% in the primary HPT group and 50 ± 5% in the secondary HPT group (P < 0.01). The suppressibility of i-cAMP production in patients with primary and secondary HPT was 50 ± 2 and 19 ± 6%, respectively (P < 0.01). Evaluation of i-cAMP production by β-adrenergic (isoproterenol) stimulation in both primary and secondary HPT revealed a suppressibility similar to the isoproterenol-free group. This study demonstrated, in vitro, that cryopreserved parathyroid cells from primary HPT are less suppressible by calcium than those from secondary HPT, and that an abnormal calcium-regulated adenylate cyclase-c-AMP system may be an important factor in altered PTH secretion of neoplastic parathyroid tissue.
Structure of Thermotropic Polyesters

Abstract Thermotropic aromatic polyesters were aligned by drawing from nematic melts and by quenching in a magnetic field of 15 tesla and subsequently examined by x-ray diffraction. The degree of alignment obtained depended slightly on the substituent (H, F, C1, Br, CH3, NO2) present with the highest degree of alignment observed when the arylsulfonyl substituted group contained in the para-position H or F and the lowest when it contained Br or CH3.
Predictors of Discharge to an Inpatient Extended Care Facility After Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty

Increased emphasis has been placed on hospital length of stay and discharge planning after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The purpose of this study was to identify baseline patient characteristics that are predictive of discharge to an inpatient extended care facility (ECF) after TJA. Clinical, demographic, and resource utilization data were analyzed for 7818 consecutive patients who underwent primary or revision TJA at 1 of 3 high-volume TJA centers. A stepwise linear regression model was used to identify predictors of discharge to an ECF. Overall, 29% of patients were discharged to an ECF after TJA. Older age, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class, Medicare insurance, and female sex were all associated with a higher likelihood of discharge to an ECF. Significant differences in practice patterns were found across hospitals with respect to discharge disposition after TJA. Further study is necessary to determine the appropriate criteria for discharge to an ECF after TJA.
Infrared Visualization of Automotive Paint Spray Transfer Process

An Infrared thermography based visualization technique for automotive paint spray is presented. Two common automotive paint applicators were studied using this technique and the results presented. The paint applicators studied were high-speed rotary bell atomizer and low pressure air atomizer. The technique uses a uniformly heated blackbody emitter as a background. The emitted infrared energy from the background passing through the spray is attenuated by the droplets in the spray. The attenuated intensity is captured by an infrared camera, to form a two-Dimensional image of the spray flow field. From the acquired intensity image, the entire spray flow field structure is visualized and the result discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
SOME BIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF 5-IODOCYTOSINE.

Abstract 5-Iodocytosine exerted a lethal effect in mice in dosages at which the corresponding ribonucleoside, deoxyribonucleoside, or the analogous derivatives of uracil were innocuous. This toxicity was best prevented by the co-administration of 5-methylcytosine, whereas cytosine, cytidine, and deoxycytidine exerted a lesser antidotal activity; in addition, certain halogenated derivatives of uracil exerted some protective activity, whereas uracil and thymine were relatively inert. A marked difference has been observed between the metabolic fates of 5-iodouracil and 5-iodocytosine; catabolism of 5-iodocytosine resulted in higher levels of iodinated acyclic derivatives. Possible schemes for the catabolism of 5-iodocytosine, compatible with the experimental observations, have been discussed.
Managing Racial Anger: A Critical Skill in Cultural Competence

Anger management has been overlooked as a vital component of cultural competency training. Clinical and teaching examples demonstrate the effective use of anger in facilitating therapy and training.
Biologically-Based Estuarine Salinity Zones Derived From a Multivariate Analysis

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to derive estuarine salinity zones based on field data on the salinity ranges of 316 species/life stages in the mid-Atlantic region (chiefly Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay species). Application of PCA to the data matrix showed that the structure underlying a diversity of salinity distributions could be represented by only five Principal Components corresponding to five overlapping salinity zones: freshwater to 4‰, 2–14‰, 11–18‰, 16–27‰ to marine. The derived salinity zonation showed both differences and similarities to the Venice System of estuarine zonation. However, unlike the static and essentially descriptive Venice System, the new method will allow researchers to establish biologically-relevant local salinity zones, and then develop hypotheses about the processes that give rise to the resulting patterns. Examples of this procedure are given for the mid-Atlantic region. The method used here may also be useful for studying distributions across other environmental gradients, such as temperature, pH, substrate, turbidity, vegetation, or latitude.
The tumor promoting phorbol diester, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) increases glyoxalase I and decreases glyoxalase II activity in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Abstract Glyoxalase I and II catalyze the formation and breakdown of S-lactoylglutathione respectively. Recent studies have implicated this com-pound as a possible mediator of immune and inflammatory responses. Incubation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with the tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate has been found to affect the activities of both glyoxalase enzymes in an interrelated manner. The diester either increases the activity of glyoxalase I or decreases the activity of glyoxalase II or has both effects. It is suggested that a subsequent increase in S-lactoylglutathione might mediate some or all of the effects of the phorbol diesters.
Anesthetics Change the Excitation/Inhibition Balance That Governs Sensory Processing in the Cat Superior Colliculus

The superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure that plays a central role in the integration of information from different sensory modalities and the generation of orienting responses. Its normal function is thought to be governed by a strictly held balance between excitation and inhibition. This hypothesis was tested by recording from the same single units in the SC of cats before the injection of anesthetics, while anesthetics took effect, and after the injections during recovery. Sodium pentobarbital and ketamine, two agents commonly used in sensory physiology, were used. The results show a plethora of dose-dependent and nonlinear effects: the magnitude of evoked responses, receptive field properties, first spike latency, and bimodal integration were affected by both anesthetics in all units tested. Notably, prominent facilitation was observed at low levels of anesthesia, and inhibitory responses were changed into excitatory. Overall, the results challenge a fundamental tenet of sensory physiology: anesthesia, while decreasing single-unit responsiveness, leaves unaltered basic physiological properties.
Gastroesophageal reflux in infants with wheezing.

The relation between silent gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and respiratory problems such as persistent wheezing in infants is not well-established. Between January 1994 and June 1997, we evaluated the incidence of GER in 84 otherwise healthy infants referred to the Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine Division at Kosair Children's Hospital for evaluation of daily wheezing, and we followed their clinical course for 18 months. All underwent 24-hr esophageal pH studies to evaluate GER. The pH probe study was performed at a mean age of 8.74 +/- 4.6 months. Infants with a positive GER study were treated with an H2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) and a prokinetic agent for a mean of 5.6 +/- 2.4 months. At first follow-up visit 3 weeks after esophageal pH studies infants treated with an H2RA and those who did not have GER but continued with daily wheezing were started on flunisolide nasal solution (0.025%) delivered by nebulizer (125 mcg t.i.d.). Infants in both groups were followed every 1-2 months for a mean of 18 months and if clinically improved, attempts to decrease their daily asthma medications were made. Fifty-four of 84 (64%) had positive esophageal pH studies (GER-positive group), and 24 of them (44%) had no gastrointestinal symptoms suggestive of GER. Thirty patients had normal esophageal pH studies (GER-negative group). Twenty-two of these 30 (73%) infants without GER required nebulized flunisolide, compared to 13 of 54 (24%) infants with GER (P < 0.0005). Thirty-five of 54 (64.8%) infants with GER were able to discontinue all daily asthma medications within 3 months of starting antireflux therapy, while none of the infants without GER were able to discontinue daily asthma medications during the follow-up period (P < 0.0005). We conclude that silent GER is common in infants with daily wheezing, and controlling GER improves morbidity and decreases the need for daily asthma medications.
The major Martian yellow storm of 1971

Extensive earth-based photography produced by the International Planetary Patrol has been used to map the positions of brightened areas (clouds) during the 1971 storm on Mars. The mapping was done on an hourly basis from two days prior to the onset of the storm through its twenty-second day. Summaries of these maps are presented to illustrate the changes that take place during the course of a Martian day, as well as the changes from one day to the next. It is shown that the storm goes through a daily cycle of regeneration, although each day it advances farther than it did the day before. The possible influence of Martian topography on the progress of the storm is examined. Comparisons between red- and blue-filter photographs of the storm are presented cartographically and are discussed.
Dust mites' dirty dealings with dendritic cells

Allergens stimulate lymphocytes to become factories for secreted proteins that cause organ dysfunction in allergic diseases. Allergens are now shown to target dendritic cells, the cells responsible for processing and presenting antigens to T cells (pages 565–573).
Middle Pliocene sea surface temperatures: a global reconstruction

Identification and analyses of Pliocene marine microfossils from 64 globally distributed stratigraphic sequences have been used to produce a middle Pliocene sea surface temperature reconstruction of the Earth. This reconstruction shows little or no change from current conditions in low latitude regions and significant warming of the ocean surface at mid and higher latitudes of both hemispheres. This pattern of warming is consistent with terrestrial records and suggests a combination of enhanced meridional ocean heat transport and enhanced greenhouse effect were responsible for the middle Pliocene warmth.
Evolving concepts in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of chronic hepatic allograft rejection

Chronic hepatic allograft rejection is characterized by the histological findings of ductopenia and a decreased number of hepatic arteries in portal tracts in the presence of foam cell (obliterative) arteriopathy. Recent studies have extended the histological spectrum of chronic rejection to include the presence of biliary epithelial atrophy or pyknosis involving the majority of small ducts present in the liver biopsy specimen. Overall, the incidence of chronic rejection in adults appears to be decreasing and is currently approximately 4%. However, the incidence of chronic rejection in pediatric liver transplant recipients has been more stable and ranges from 8% to 12% in most studies. Clinical risk factors associated with chronic rejection include: underlying liver disease, HLA donor-recipient matching, positive lymphocytotoxic cross-match, cytomegalovirus infection, recipient age, donor-recipient ethnic origin, male donor into female recipient, number of acute rejection episodes, histological severity of acute rejection episodes, low cyclosporine trough levels, and retransplantation for chronic rejection. Chronic rejection, once diagnosed, frequently leads to graft failure; however, a number of reports indicated 20% to 30% of the patients with this diagnosis may respond to additional immunosuppressive therapy or even resolve spontaneously receiving baseline immunosuppression. Newer immunosuppressive agents, such as tacrolimus and mycophenolate, may successfully reverse chronic rejection, particularly when it is diagnosed in its early histological stages.
A rapid method for the estimation of testosterone in male plasma

Abstract A rapid method requiring only three to four hours for completion, is described for the estimation of testosterone in male plasma. This technique uses the principle of displacement of labeled testosterone from a specific binding protein by testosterone in the sample. Separation of bound and free testosterone is effected by subsequent adsorbtion to dextran-coated charcoal particles which can be separated from plasma by centrifugation. Studies with this system indicate that with physiological amounts of known C 21 , C 19 and C 18 steroids present in plasma, binding of testosterone is very specific. The excellent agreement between the binding method and a much more complex and costly, established, double isotope derivative assay, indicates a high degree of precision and accuracy. This technique appears to be a practical approach to the routine estimation of testosterone in male plasma.
Ten Years Ahead: Dobson's Automated Geography in 1993

(1993). Ten Years Ahead: Dobson's Automated Geography in 1993. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 444-446.
On a nonlinear theory of elastic shells

Abstract This paper is concerned with a nonlinear theory of elastic shells with small deformations whose material response is nonlinear. The developments are carried out under the Love-Kirchhoff hypothesis. General constitutive equations are derived in which the geometrical properties (due to deformation) and the material characteristics are separable. Through this separability, it is shown how to extract constitutive equations of predetermined types. Particular examples are followed by a discussion of the membrane theory.
Polyethylene devices: passive samplers for measuring dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic environments.

We demonstrate the use of polyethylene devices (PEDs) for assessing hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in aquatic environments. Like semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), PEDs passively accumulate HOCs in proportion to their freely dissolved concentrations. Polyethylene-water partition constants (KPEWs) were measured in the laboratory for eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), five polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and one polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), and these were found to correlate with octanol−water partition constants (KOWs; log KPEW = 1.13 log KOW − 0.86, R2 = 0.89). Temperature and salinity dependencies of KPEW values for the HOCs tested were well predicted with excess enthalpies of solution in water and Setschenow constants, respectively. We also showed that standards, impregnated in the PED before deployment, can be used to correct for incomplete equilibrations. Using PEDs, we measured phenanthrene and pyrene at ng/L concentrations an...
Phylogenetic position of the crustose Stereocaulon species

Phylogenetic relationships of Stereocaulon with emphasis on the crustose taxa were studied based on nuclear ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and partial beta-tubulin sequences. The placement of four of the six crustose species currently included in the genus has previously been confirmed based on molecular data. It has, however, remained unresolved whether the crustose growth form is a plesiomorphic or apomorphic feature within Stereocaulon, due to contradictory placements of the crustose species in earlier studies. The aim of this study was to clarify the position of the crustose species by including additional data, especially of S. nivale and S. plicatile, which have not been included in previous analyses. The inclusion of S. plicatile in the genus is of particular interest as it is the only species in the genus with submurifrom to muriform ascospores. Altogether 37 specimens representing 31 species of the ingroup, including all the crustose Stereocaulon species, were incorpo- rated in the analyses. Conventional, as well as direct optimization parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were performed. The results show that the crustose species do not form a monophyletic entity and that the crustose growth form is a plesiomorphic feature within Stereocaulon. The crustose S. nivale and S. plicatile are nested within the genus and their inclusion in Stereocaulon is thereby confirmed. The nested position of S. plicatile indicates that the submuriform to muriform spore type has been gained independently within the genus. Here, S. plicatile is also reported for the first time from Scandinavia.
Spin-Polarized Electronic Energy-Band Structure in EuS

The spin-polarized electronic energy bands for ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{++}$${\mathrm{S}}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ have been calculated by using the augmented-plane-wave (APW) method. The results show that this material is a ferromagnetic as well as a semiconducting material. The muffin-tin crystal potential energy for the ionic form of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{++}$${\mathrm{S}}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$, used to calculate the energy bands, is about 0.25 Ry higher than that for the case of neutral EuS. This influences the energy bands. The $f$ bands for up spin are well localized with width 0.002 Ry, and are located 0.515 Ry below the top of the valence band ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}$. On the other hand, the $f$ bands for the down spin are conduction bands and are also localized, with a width of 0.031 Ry. These bands are located 0.115 Ry above the top of the valence band ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}$. This quantity is also the direct band gap. At the zone center, the energy difference between these two $f$ bands is 0.630 Ry. The bottom of the conduction band is located at the zone edge $X$, and the indirect transition occurs from the valence $p$ band ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}$ to the conduction $d$ band ${X}_{3}$ for up-spin electrons. The indirect energy gap obtained in this calculation is 0.111 Ry or 1.51 eV, compared with the experimental value 1.645 eV. This transition corresponds to the transition from the ground $3p$ shell in the ${\mathrm{S}}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ ion to the excited $5d$ shell in the ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{++}$ ion. The charge densities inside of the APW spheres have been analyzed, and are consistent with the energy-band picture. The constant-energy contours near the top of the valence band and near the bottom of the conduction band are shown.
ηη′ mixing angle

Abstract The mixing angle of ηη′ is calculated based on the symmetry breaking model. We find the mixing angle θ = 10.4 with m κ = 1200 MeV, while quadratic SU(3) mass formula gives θ = 10.3.