cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Proline and Carbohydrates on the Metabolism of Exogenous Proline by Excised Bean Leaves in the Dark

Proline was metabolized when vacuum infiltrated into starved bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves from plants previously in the dark for 48 hours, but an equivalent increase in protein proline was not observed. When (14)C-proline was infiltrated into starved leaves, a large percentage of the (14)C was recovered in other amino acids, organic acids, and CO(2), in addition to that recovered as protein proline. However, extensive oxidation of proline was observed only if enough proline was added to increase substantially the endogenous concentration of proline. Increasing the endogenous concentration did not affect the amount of proline that was incorporated into protein.When added to leaves from plants previously in the light of near saturating intensity for more than 16 hr, very little (14)C-proline was oxidized, even when a sufficient amount of proline was added to increase the endogenous concentration. Adding sucrose to starved leaves along with the proline slowed down the oxidation of proline. Thus, it appears that some carbohydrate or intermediate of carbohydrate metabolism may inhibit the oxidation of proline in leaves.Based on kinetics of labeling, the pathway of proline oxidation was by conversion to glutamic acid and subsequent metabolism to intermediates in the Krebs cycle and to CO(2).
The effect of day-to-day correlation in solar radiation on the probability of loss-of-power in a stand-alone photovoltaic energy system

Abstract This paper extends a method previously developed by the author for evaluating the probability of loss-of-power of stand-alone photovoltaic solar energy systems. As before, the method treats the energy capture, storage and dispersement process as a random walk in the storage domain. Correlation in day-to-day levels of solar insolation is now taken into account in the derivation of an expression for the probability of depleting storage.
Attracting the older traveller

Abstract The growth in number, and relative affluence, of the upper age bracket of the US population implies a steadily expanding potential market for tourism products aimed at the elderly. Francis McGuire, Associate Professor, Muzaffer Uysal and Cary McDonald, Assistant Professors, at the Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, consider the ways in which the tourism industry seeks to attract this market sector, and which sources of information the elderly actually use when it comes to making decisions about their holidays.
Carbon Determination in Small Amounts of Ceramic Powder by Coulombic Titration

A new method for carbon determination in small samples was demonstrated. This method involves coulometric titration of an oxygen titrant through a solid-electrolyte (yttria-stabilized zirconia) tube. Oxygen is electrolytically introduced to a sealed sample chamber, and the partial pressure of oxygen is monitored as more oxygen is pumped. The point at which the oxygen partial pressure begins to rise is the end point. The method can accurately determine microgram quantities of carbon in 15-mg samples. This method can determine microgram quantities of carbon and is, therefore, more sensitive than conventional combustion analysis. This method is ideal for investigating the carbon content of individual small electrical ceramic parts, such as multilayer ceramic capacitors.
SU-GG-T-53: Integrating An Online Adaptive IMRT Process to the Prostate IGRT

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of a novel online IMRT re‐optimization process. This online process can be an integral part to the current prostate IGRT paradigm to augment the existing patient alignment techniques for cases with complex daily organ motion and deformation. Method and Materials: Initial IMRT planning is designed with simulation CT using commercial treatment planning system. The planning data is exported to the in‐house adaptive treatment planning platform (ART). Prior to daily treatment, a 3D imaging guidance is performed. If the position correction can not ensure the optimal dose coverage/sparing, ART is performed. Deformable registration of two sets of organs/structures is performed so the original planned dose distribution matches the CBCTanatomy. This matched dose is set as prescription dose distribution for re‐optimization. The IMRT plan is re‐optimized using a goal programming optimization model in less than 2 minutes and the adaptive plan is evaluated. Dynamic MLC sequencing of the fluence map is calculated by 2 independent algorithms for verification and QA. Results: Six prostate IMRT patients were tested. For each patient 5 daily CBCTs were selected. A total of 30 adaptive IMRT plans were performed; and the re‐optimization was less than 2 minutes for all cases. The soft‐tissue based IGRT technique works for 24 out of 30 cases. The failed cases were indeed due to complex geometrical change among the target volumes and the organs. The adaptive technique achieved optimal target coverage for all cases. To assess the quality of the re‐optimization algorithm, the OAR sparing in adaptive plans were compared with the new plans generated from the Eclipse system, and were found to be of comparable quality. Conclusion: The feasibility of integrating an online adaptive IMRT process to the prostate IGRT paradigm is presented, and its applicability is demonstrated with limited clinical cases.
The kinetics and oxygen pressure dependence of the high temperature oxidation of Pu-1wt.%Ga

Abstract Oxidation of Pu-1wtAGa was measured between 150 and 500 °C in oxygen pressures of 0.004 – 500 Torr. Three stages of oxidation were identified beyond the initial oxide nucleation. The effect of temperature on oxidation rates was determined at an oxygen pressure of 500 Torr. A discontinuity was observed between 300 and 370 °C that resulted in a change in the activation energy for the Stage II and III processes. Oxygen pressure effects were measured at 200, 300 and 400 °C. Both the parabolic rates for Stage I and the linear rates for Stage II were independent of pressure below 60 Torr and directly proportional to pressure above 60 Torr. Stage III was an interface reaction created by cracking and spalling of the oxide. This reaction was controlled by oxygen adsorption and was directly proportional to P 1 4 or P 1 depending on the temperature at pressures above 37 Torr.
Validating the computer anxiety rating scale: Effects of cognitive style and computer courses on computer anxiety

Abstract In this paper, the validity of a newly developed computer anxiety questionnaire, the Computer Anxiety Rating Scale (CARS) of Heinssen, Glass, and Knight (1987), is tested. Expectations are developed about how a valid measure of computer anxiety would behave in response to several demographic traits and cognitive styles, and evidence is gathered about the expectations. Factor analysis is used to identify factors of computer anxiety underlying the CARS. In general, the CARS is found to be a valid instrument. Four items in the CARS, however, systematically behave differently from expectations and therefore may not properly measure computer anxiety. Cognitive style is shown to be an important determinant of computer anxiety, with intuitive and thinking individuals exhibiting lower anxiety than their sensing and feeling counterparts. Computer courses may be useful in reducing anxiety for some anxiety factors for some cognitive styles.
Thermal conductivity of germanium, silicon, and carbon nitrides

We present a model calculation of the thermal conductivity of germanium nitride, silicon nitride, and carbon nitride in a temperature range in which intrinsic phonon scattering is dominant. We show that, in spite of the rather complex crystal structure of these nitrides, thermal conductivities exceeding 100 W m−1 K−1 can be attained in some of these compounds due to the combination of high Debye temperature and small Gruneisen constant.
Absorption of polymers for optical waveguide applications measured by photothermal deflection spectroscopy

A technique based on photothermal deflection spectroscopy has been developed for measuring the absolute absorption of polymers. The technique utilizes the frequency dependence measurement of the deflection signals to retrieve polymers' thermal properties and experimental parameters that are necessary to convert the deflection signals to the absolute absorption coefficients. All the measurements are done on the same experimental setup and the same sample without the need of obtaining either the materials' thermal properties or the reference absorption coefficients from other sources. This technique has been applied to several polymers and the results are reported.
Home Screening Questionnaire: its validity in assessing home environment.

To develop a quick, practical tool to identify home environments likely to be suboptimal for the development of children, we adapted segments of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory, which assesses the environments of children from birth to 6 years, and devised the Home Screening Questionnaire (HSQ). Whereas the HOME inventory requires a home visit, the HSQ consists of two forms, one for children from birth to 3 years, another for 3 to 6 years, that are completed by parents without a home visit. The questions are formulated at the third to sixth grade reading level and can be completed in 15 to 20 minutes. Scoring and interpretation by a professional takes 5 minutes. HSQ puestions were answered by more than 1500 parents of low-income families. Between 81% and 86% of the environments determined to be of concern by the HOME inventory were identified by the briefer and less expensive HSQ. Thus the HSQ readily lends itself to use by health care providers who serve low-income families.
Quenching for a generalization of semilinear Euler–Poisson–Darboux equations

Abstract A generalization of semilinear Euler–Poisson–Darboux equations is studied; criteria for solutions of the generalization of semilinear Euler–Poisson–Darboux equations with initial and boundary conditions to quench in finite time are obtained. Furthermore, criteria for the derivatives of solutions to blow up are given.
Evaluation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay to confirm surface disinfection of biological indicators with vaporised hydrogen peroxide (VHP)

Abstract Background Decontamination of hospital isolation rooms can be conducted using vaporised hydrogen peroxide (VHP). A more rapid biological indicator, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence, could allow rooms to be reoccupied sooner and reduce down time. Aim This study examined the ATP bioluminescence assay as a way to evaluate biological indicators to confirm decontamination following the use of VHP. Methods Response to VHP exposure was evaluated using microbial inactivation by standard culture methods and by the ATP bioluminescence assay. Range finding determined the approximate exposure time necessary to achieve partial and complete inactivation of the organisms. Two-hundred-and-fifty parts per million of VHP was delivered to the chamber during the exposure cycle. Fifty cm 2 stainless steel coupons were inoculated with 50 mL of organism suspensions containing >10 9 colony forming units (CFU) of the following: Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae , and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . The standard manufactured biological indicator stainless steel discs containing concentrations of 10 4 , 10 5 and 10 6 CFU/surface of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores were also evaluated. Findings Multiple log-reductions were shown utilising standard culture methods for each organism, but the ATP bioluminescence assay did not show a corresponding log-reduction. Conclusion The ATP bioluminescence assay was not considered an effective alternate to standard culture-based methodologies for the confirmation of VHP decontamination.
Escaping Lenin's library: Library and Information Science education in independent Ukraine

Summary This article examines historical developments and current trends in Ukrainian library education. It gives a synthetic overview and comparison with US library education, based on a review of the Ukrainian literature, a survey of Library and Information Service (LIS) curricula and interviews with senior figures in Ukrainian LIS education. Ukraine became an independent state only in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Previous to independence, Ukraine's LIS education was integrated within the Soviet system. After independence the system evolved slowly, but with the recent Orange Revolution, reform efforts have increased pace. Ukrainian LIS education remains more vocational than in the US, with a two-year non-degree certificate as the most common training, and a four-year bachelor's degree offered by elite institutions. One emerging trend in LIS education stresses the new opportunities for librarians and information professionals opened by Internet technologies. Another is part of a more general shift, inspired by a new Ukrainian higher education law, stressing the country's independent culture and formalizing standards for different degrees. LIS education has now reached a turning point, as reformers grapple with the limited resources, power of inertia, and remnants of Soviet culture in their efforts to meet current challenges and prepare a new generation of information professionals.
Comparing calculated and measured grain boundary energies in nickel

Recent experimental and computational studies have produced two large grain boundary energy data sets for Ni. Using these results, we perform the first large-scale comparison between measured and computed grain boundary energies. While the overall correlation between experimental and computed energies is minimal, there is excellent agreement for the data in which we have the most confidence, particularly the experimentally prevalent Σ3 and Σ9 boundary types. Other CSL boundaries are infrequently observed in the experimental system and show little correlation with computed boundary energies. Because they do not depend on observation frequency, computed grain boundary energies are more reliable than the experimental energies for low population boundary types. Conversely, experiments can characterize high population boundaries that are not included in the computational study. Together the experimental and computational data provide a comprehensive catalog of grain boundary energies in Ni that can be used with confidence by microstructural scientists.
Genetic variations within the ERE motif modulate plasticity and energetics of binding of DNA to the ERα nuclear receptor

Upon binding to estrogens, the ERα nuclear receptor acts as a transcription factor and mediates a multitude of cellular functions central to health and disease. Herein, using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and circular dichroism (CD) in conjunction with molecular modeling (MM), we analyze the effect of symmetric introduction of single nucleotide variations within each half-site of the estrogen response element (ERE) on the binding of ERα nuclear receptor. Our data reveal that ERα exudes remarkable tolerance and binds to all genetic variants in the physiologically relevant nanomolar-micromolar range with the consensus ERE motif affording the highest affinity. We provide rationale for how genetic variations within the ERE motif may reduce its affinity for ERα by orders of magnitude at atomic level. Our data also suggest that the introduction of genetic variations within the ERE motif allows it to sample a much greater conformational space. Surprisingly, ERα displays no preference for binding to ERE variants with higher AT content, implying that any advantage due to DNA plasticity may be largely compensated by unfavorable entropic factors. Collectively, our study bears important consequences for how genetic variations within DNA promoter elements may fine-tune the physiological action of ERα and other nuclear receptors.
β-Catenin (CTNNB1) in the Mouse Uterus During Decidualization and the Potential Role of Two Pathways in Regulating Its Degradation

β-catenin plays a role in cell adhesion and as a transcriptional coactivator. Its levels are regulated in cells by controlling its degradation through ubiquitination by two different E3 ligase complexes. One complex contains β-transducing repeat containing (BTRC) protein, which binds to β-catenin when phosphorylated on specific (S33 and S37) residues, whereas the other involves calcyclin-binding protein (CACYBP). The aim of this study was to determine the localization and levels of total and active (S33/S37-dephosphorylated) β-catenin in the pregnant mouse uteri and those undergoing artificially stimulated decidualization. These two forms of β-catenin were localized almost exclusively to the endometrial epithelia just prior to the onset of implantation. Although this localization continued after the onset of implantation, there were less epithelial cells present in areas of the uterus undergoing decidualization. Rather, there was a progressive increase in β-catenin localization in endometrial stromal cell...
An enzymatic mechanism for generating the precursor of endogenous 13-cis retinoic acid in the brain

13-cis Retinoic acid (13cRA), a stereoisomeric form of retinoic acid, is naturally generated in the body and is also used clinically to treat acute promyelocytic leukaemia, some skin diseases, and cancer. Furthermore, it has been suggested that 13cRA modulates brain neurochemical systems, as increased 13cRA levels are correlated with depression and increased suicidal tendencies. However, the mechanism for the generation of endogenous 13cRA is not well understood. This study identified and characterized a novel enzyme in zebrafish brain, 13-cis isomerohydrolase (13cIMH), that exclusively generated 13-cis retinol, which can be oxidized to 13cRA. 13cIMH shares 74% amino acid sequence identity with human RPE65, an 11-cis isomerohydrolase in the visual cycle, and retains the key residues essential for RPE65’s isomerohydrolase activity. Similar to RPE65, 13cIMH is a membrane-associated protein, requires all-trans retinyl ester as its intrinsic substrate, and its enzymatic activity is dependent on iron. The purified 13cIMH converted atRE exclusively to 13-cis retinol with Km = 2.6 μM and kcat = 4.4 × 10−4s−1. RT-PCR, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry detected 13cIMH expression in the brain. These results suggest that 13cIMH may play a key role in the generation of 13cRA and in the modulation of neuronal functions in the brain.
Proteomic analysis of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease identifies GAPDH as a detergent-insoluble paired helical filament tau binding protein

We performed proteomic analysis of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) obtained by laser capture microdissection from pyramidal neurons in hippocampal sector CA1 in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) using liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. We discovered a total of 155 proteins in laser captured NFT's, 72 of which were identified by multiple unique peptides. Of these 72 proteins, 63 had previously unknown association with NFTs; one of these was glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). We validated by immunohistochemistry that GAPDH co-localized with the majority of NFTs as well as plaque-like structures in AD brain and was co-immunoprecipitated by antibodies to abnormal forms of tau in AD, but not tau from AD temporal cortex. Characterization of GAPDH showed that it, along with phosphorylated tau and Abeta peptides, was present in detergent-insoluble fractions from AD temporal cortex but not from age-matched controls. These data are the first proteomic investigation of NFTs. Moreover, our results validate this approach by demonstrating that GAPDH, a glycolytic and microtubule binding protein, not only co-localized to NFTs and immunoprecipitated with PHF-tau, but also is one of the few proteins known to undergo conversion to a detergent-insoluble form in AD.
T-rains Derailed in Fat Depots Cause Insulin Resistance

Increasing rates of obesity are putting an enormous number of individuals at a greater risk of diabetes, but how obesity leads to diabetes remains elusive. In mice, obesity promotes residence of proinflammatory T lymphocytes in adipose tissues, which in turn contributes to insulin resistance. To see if this scenario applies in obese humans, McLaughlin et al. tested whether the T cells in adipose tissue were related to local and systemic inflammation and to glucose metabolism. Their results established a robust connection of proinflammatory T cell balance in human adipose tissues to inflammation and insulin resistance. McLaughlin et al. recruited nondiabetic overweight and obese volunteers and individuals undergoing gastric bypass surgery. They characterized the T cells in their visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue by flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and tested local and systemic inflammation as well as glucose concentrations. CD4 and CD8 T cells were found in both fat depots, but proinflammatory T helper 1(Th1), Th17 and CD8 T cells were more frequent in visceral fat, and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17 were expressed more highly in visceral than in subcutaneous fat. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was decreased in visceral compared with subcutaneous fat. Last, Th2 cell frequency at both sites of fat deposition was negatively correlated with plasma glucose concentrations. The investigators concluded that there is compelling evidence for an association of the adaptive immune system with systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in overweight and obese humans. The study has limitations, including a small sample size and correlational design, but is strengthened by the parallel analysis of visceral and subcutaneous fat in people at increased risk of diabetes. These results suggest that T cells may hold the key for the prevention of diabetes due to obesity. T. McLaughlin et al., T-cell profile in adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in humans. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 34 , 2637–2643 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/early/2014/10/23/ATVBAHA.114.304636.abstract
Silica and nitrogen modulate physical defense against chewing insect herbivores in bioenergy crops miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum (Poaceae)

Feedstock crops selected for bioenergy production to date are almost exclusively perennial grasses because of favorable physiological traits that enhance growth, water use, and nutrient assimilation efficiency. Grasses, however, tend to rely primarily on physical defenses, such as silica, to deter herbivores. Silica impedes processing of feedstocks and introduces a trade-off between managing for cost efficiency (i.e., yield) and plant defenses. To test how silica modulates herbivory in two of the most preferred feedstock crops for production across the central United States, miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus Greef and Deuter ex Hodkinson and Renvoize) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), we examined the performance of two immature generalist insect herbivores, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) and the American grasshopper [Schistocerca americana (Drury)], on grasses grown under silica and nitrogen amendment. Both miscanthus and switchgrass assimilated nitrogen and silica when grown in amended soil that altered the consumption and conversion efficiency of herbivores consuming leaf tissue. The magnitude of nutrient assimilation, however, depended on intrinsic plant traits. Nitrogen increased conversion efficiency for both fall armyworm and American grasshopper but increased consumption rate only for fall armyworm. Silica reduced conversion efficiency and increased consumption rate only for the American grasshopper. Because of this variability, management strategies that reduce silica or increase nitrogen content in feedstock crops to enhance yields may directly influence the ability of bioenergy grasses to deter certain generalist herbivores.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for elderly patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer ≥4 cm in size: an SEER–Medicare analysis

ABSTRACT We have used population-based data from the SEER–Medicare registry to show that adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with improved survival among elderly patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer ≥4 cm. These findings extend the results of a prior RCT to the growing population of older patients with cancer. Background The role of adjuvant chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) stage I patients with tumors size ≥4 cm is not well established in the elderly. Patients and methods We identified 3289 patients with stage I NSCLC (T2N0M0 and tumor size ≥4 cm) who underwent lobectomy from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)–Medicare linked database diagnosed from 1992 to 2009. Overall survival and rates of serious adverse events (defined as those requiring admission to hospital) were compared between patients treated with resection alone, platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy, or postoperative radiation (PORT) with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. Propensity scores for receiving each treatment were calculated and survival analyses were conducted using inverse probability weights based on the propensity score. Results Overall, 84% patients were treated with resection alone, 9% received platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy, and 7% underwent PORT with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjusted analysis showed that adjuvant chemotherapy [hazard ratio (HR), 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68–0.98] was associated with improved survival compared with resection alone. Conversely, the use of PORT with or without adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 1.91; 95% CI 1.64–2.23) was associated with worse outcomes. Patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy had more serious adverse events compared with those treated with resection alone, with neutropenia (odds ratio, 21.2; 95% CI 5.8–76.6) being most significant. No significant difference was observed in rates of fever, cytopenias, nausea, and renal dysfunction. Conclusions Platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with reduced mortality and increased serious adverse events in elderly patients with stage I NSCLC and tumor size ≥4 cm.
A Case of Varicella Combined with Hand-foot-mouth Disease in a Healthy Child

We report here on an 11-year-old child with a pustulovesicular eruption on her whole body, including her palms, soles and oral mucosa, and this was accompanied with fever. A serologic test was positive for IgM varicella zoster antibody and coxsackievirus A16 antibody. The histopathologic examination from the palm revealed intraepidermal pustules that showed neither inclusion bodies nor multinucleated giant cells. We made the final diagnosis, according to the serologic tests and histopathologic findings, as varicella combined with hand-foot-mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A16 in a previously healthy child.
Stress-Strain Relationships in Yarns Subjected to Rapid Impact Loading: Part V: Wave Propagation in Long Textile Yarns Impacted Transversely

The behavior of an infinitely long flexible filament after transverse impact is treated theoretically. The filament is assumed to have a tension-strain curve which is always concave downwards and t...
Student Paper Award Winner; "Broadcast Search in Problem Solving: Attracting Solutions From the Periphery"

The purpose of this study is to explore an alternative mechanism of problem solving that focuses on broadcasting problems to diverse and peripheral problem solvers, what I call broadcast search. Broadcasting problems is a radical departure from traditional problem solving as it involves problem holders engaging in as little problem-solving as possible - instead they attempt to interest a heterogeneous set of external actors in creating solutions to internal problems. Analysis of 166 previously unsolved science problems, originating from the R &D labs of 26 firms, revealed a 29.5% resolution rate via broadcast search. The probability of a problem being solved was significantly correlated with the heterogeneity in the scientific interests of the solvers submitting solutions and their relative specialization. Broadcast search also appears to be an economically efficient problem solving mechanism. It involves low costs for solution seekers relative to the costs of internal R&D. Most of the solvers based their submissions, partially or fully, on previously developed solutions from their own and/or someone else's work, implying an efficient re-use and transformation of existing knowledge and solutions.
Progression to the G1b Phase of the Cell Cycle Is Required for Completion of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcription in T Cells

Successful infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires the activation of target cells. Infection of quiescent peripheral CD4 lymphocytes by HIV-1 results in incomplete, labile, reverse transcripts. In the present study, we isolated highly purified quiescent T cells and utilized the CD3/CD28 activation pathways as well as cell cycle inhibitors to further define the role of costimulation and cell cycle progression in HIV-1 reverse transcription. Activation with αCD3 alone resulted in cell cycle progression into only G1a and incomplete HIV-1 reverse transcription. Costimulation through the CD28 receptor and transition into G1b was required to efficiently complete the reverse transcription process. These findings have relevance to immune activation in vivo, since lymphocytes rendered anergic by a single activation signal would be nonpermissive for productive infection with HIV-1. Importantly, these data also suggest that HIV vector-based genetic transduction strategies might be successful only in target cells that transition into the G1b phase of the cell cycle.
Quantifying the effect of posture on intracranial physiology in humans by MRI flow studies.

Purpose: To quantify the effect of posture on intracranial physiology in humans by MRI, and demonstrate the relationship between intracranial compliance (ICC) and pressure (ICP), and the pulsatility of blood and CSF flows. Materials and Methods: Ten healthy volunteers (29 7 years old) were scanned in the supine and sitting positions using a vertical gap MRI scanner. Pulsatile blood and CSF flows into and out from the brain were visualized and quantified using time-of-flight (TOF) and cine phase-contrast techniques, respectively. The total cerebral blood flow (tCBF), venous outflow, ICC, and ICP for the two postures were then calculated from the arterial, venous, and CSF volumetric flow rate waveforms using a previously described method. Results: In the upright posture, venous outflow is considerably less pulsatile (57%) and occurs predominantly through the vertebral plexus, while in the supine posture venous outflow occurs predominantly through the internal jugular veins. A slightly lower tCBF (12%), a considerably smaller CSF volume oscillating between the cranium and the spinal canal (48%), and a much larger ICC (2.8-fold) with a corresponding decrease in the MRI-derived ICP values were measured in the sitting position. Conclusion: The effect of posture on intracranial physiology can be quantified by MRI because posture-related changes in ICC and ICP strongly affect the dynamics of cerebral blood and CSF flows. This study provides important insight into the coupling that exists between arterial, venous, and CSF flow dynamics, and how it is affected by posture.
Tumor cell interactions with the vascular endothelium and their role in cancer metastasis.

The prevention of cancer deaths is dependent upon understanding the mechanism of malignant tumor cell spread from primary tumor sites to distant organ sites. Cancer metastases form by way of a complex series of sequential steps involving a variety of tumor cell and host properties. These steps typically involve growth and invasion of malignant cells at primary sites, followed by their penetration into lymphatics and blood circulation and body cavities. Once in these compartments, the malignant cells can detach and be transported to distant sites. There they can implant and invade surrounding tissues, and establish suitable microenvironments for survival and growth. This chapter will deal with the importance of tumor cell-endothelial interactions in the metastatic process.
Being in the Classroom

This article distinguishes among classroom experiences based on doing something to students (emphasis on teaching), doing something with students (emphasis on teaching and learning), and being with students (emphasis on learning). Being moments and being classes result from states of mind rather than pedagogical techniques. Thus, redefinitions are offered for how learning occurs, the role of the teacher and students, and the nature of classroom interactions in being classes. The authors’ hopes for the readers are that they will increase the being moments in their classrooms and that when they are in a doing mode, it will be from a perspective of awareness and informed choice rather than default.
Physical Interpretation of the Interactions of CW’s:“Ionic” Versus “Covalent” Delocalization

In perturbation theory the interaction of two nondegenerate CW’s, Φi and Φj is expressed by the following equations:89 $$\delta {E_i} = {({H_{ij}} - {E_i}{S_{ij}})^2}/{E_i} - {E_j}$$ (100) $$\delta {E_j} = {({H_{ij}} - {E_j}{S_{ij}})^2}/{E_j} - {E_i}$$ (101) Clearly, the interaction depends on three key factors: 1. The energy gap separating Φi and Φj,|Ei − Ej|, denoted by ΔE. 2. The interaction matrix element Hij. 3. The overlap integral Sij.
National Kidney Foundation/Council on Renal Nutrition Message From the Chairperson.

AS I MOVE forward through my term as Chairperson for Council on Renal Nutrition (CRN), I am committed to my goal of enhancement in communication from the CRN Executive Committee to all regional and local council members. Projects have begun to update fundamental resources. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative Evidence Analysis Project is underway to review and update the KidneyDiseaseOutcomesQuality Initiative guidelines. As you would expect, this is a comprehensive project and may take a few years to complete. As guideline revisions become available, future communications will be provided to keep you informed. The National Renal Diet Project team has had several meetings and is well underway to update this important resource. There is a professional and patient guide reference as part of this project. The professional guide provides nutrient recommendations for patients with kidney disease and offers guidelines for patients with diabetes and patients on peritoneal dialysis. The patient guide is a useful tool for patient education on meal planning. If you are working with chronic kidney disease patients and would like to provide commentary or ideas to be considered, your input is welcomed. Please send your information to me, and I will forward to the project committee. Other projects in the planning process include emergency diet with emphasis on food safety, low-income renal meal preparation, low literacy and large print educational material, and cooking for 1 or 2. If you have an interest in these topics and would like to participate on a committee, please contact me or your regional CRNExecutive Committee representative. A listing of regions can be found on the National Kidney Foundation (NKF)Web site professional/dietitian. Coming up, this summer will be nominations for regional representatives and alternate representatives for the CRN Executive Committee. Regions 1, 3, and 5 will be accepting nominations. Have you ever considered serving on the board? Do you know what the responsibil-
Age-related differences in recall for words using semantics and prosody

The positivity effect is a developmental shift seen in older adults to be increasingly influenced by positive information in areas such as memory, attention, and decision-making. This study is the first to examine the age-related differences of the positivity effect for emotional prosody. Participants heard a factorial combination of words that were semantically positive or negative said with either positive or negative intonation. Results showed a semantic positivity effect for older adults, and a prosody positivity effect for younger adults. Additionally, older adults showed a significant decrease in recall for semantically negative words said in an incongruent prosodically positive tone.
Leaving Home: Homesickness, Place Attachment, and Transition Among Residential College Students.

A phenomenological analysis of interviews with first year college students found that participants whose parents lived farthest away reported greater homesickness and made more visits home than did those whose parents lived closer. Homesick students showed lower scores on measures of self-esteem, ego identity and internal locus of control, and indicated an emphasis on denial, a longing for family and friends, and missing one's house and hometown. Adjustment included an appreciation for newly made friends at college, making the dormitory room feel more homelike, maintaining email and telephone contact with parents and old friends, and generally viewing the experience as process.
Development and Initial Flight Tests of a Single-Jointed Articulated-Wing Micro Air Vehicle

*† ‡ § ** A prototype of an articulated-wing micro air vehicle (MAV) has been developed at the Air Force Research Laboratory Munitions Directorate (AFRL/RW) with the purpose of studying passive wing deformation in response to wind gusts. The prototype is a first iteration towards a final design meant to provide insight into the flight and control of MAVs in gusty environments. This paper details the design of two MAVs, one of which is a fixedwing baseline configuration, and one of which is the articulated-wing prototype. The baseline configuration will act as the reference point to which the flight characteristics of the articulated-wing prototype can be compared. Coinciding with the prototype is a digital simulation that will model the flight characteristics of the MAV and act as a stepping stone for more complex simulations involving multi-jointed wing MAVs.
Rejecting Pereboom’s empirical objection to agent-causation

In this paper I argue that Pereboom’s (Living without free will, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2001; in: Fischer, Kane, Pereboom and Vargas, Four views on free will, Blackwell, Malden, 2007; Free will, agency, and meaning in life, Oxford University Press, New York, 2014) empirical objection to agent causation fails to undermine the most plausible version of agent-causal libertarianism. This is significant because Pereboom concedes that such libertarianism is conceptually coherent and only falls to empirical considerations. To substantiate these claims I (i) outline Pereboom’s taxonomy of agent-causal views, (ii) develop the strongest version of his empirical objections (which I call the “Wild Coincidence” objection), and then (iii) show that this objection fails to undermine what I consider the most plausible view of agent-causal libertarianism, namely, reconciliatory integrationist agent-causalism. I then strengthen my criticism of Pereboom by responding to three objections to my view. I show that these objections, though initially challenging, fail to undermine my argument. I therefore conclude that, to this extent, agent-causal views remain a viable option in the contemporary free will debate.
Pearls and Pitfalls of Botulinum Toxin and Filler Substances in the Upper Third of the Face

Botulinum toxin is currently the most popular aesthetic procedure for men and women. The upper third of the face is frequently treated. The risks and complications of treating three areas above the zygomatic arch are discussed. Combining fillers with toxin in these areas often provides the most successful results. Precautions about treatment and methods to avoid complications are addressed.
Railway track irregularity and curvature estimation using doppler LIDAR fiber optics

The application of Doppler-based LIght Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technology for determining track curvature and lateral irregularities, including alignment and gage variation, are investigated....
Islamophobia and the West

There are widespread misperceptions about Islam in the West in a sharp contrast with its message of peace, moderation, enlightenment, and progress as shown by the teachings contained in the Holy Quran and reflected by the life of Prophet Muhammad. Islamic civilization at its zenith made valuable contributions to mankind’s march toward progress and enlightenment. There is no justification, therefore, for Islamophobia from which many in the West suffer. The need of the hour is for moderation, dialogue, and mutual understanding between the two great civilizations in the interest of international peace and prosperity. The international community’s failure to do so may consign it to prolonged periods of strife and conflict to the detriment of the whole world.
Emerging therapies for progressive metastatic medullary thyroid cancer

Targeted therapy in progressive metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) with current FDA-approved agents, vandetanib and cabozantinib, is associated with improved progression-free survival.
Aerodynamics of the human body

The purpose of this study was to present a model for the determination of aerodynamic forces on the human body during sport activities.
Outcome of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

The long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in 41 children with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was studied by investigators at Baylor College of Medicine and the Houston CMV Study Group.
Clinical Laboratory Testing in the Era of Directly Acting Antiviral Therapies for Hepatitis C

Directly acting antiviral (DAA) combination therapies for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are highly effective, but treatment decisions remain complex. Laboratory testing is important to evaluate a range of viral, host, and pharmacological factors when considering HCV treatment, and patients must be monitored during and after therapy for safety and to assess the viral response. In this review, we discuss the laboratory tests relevant for the treatment of HCV infection in the era of DAA therapy, grouped according to viral and host factors.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Human Milk Feeding: A Systematic Review

This article summarizes evidence regarding whether a donor human milk (DHM) and/or an exclusively human milk (EHM) diet decreases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and the dose of human milk (HM) necessary to reduce the risk of NEC in premature infants. Additional research regarding protection afforded by DHM and EHM is necessary as well as research elucidating the exact dose of HM necessary for NEC risk reduction. Research is also needed to determine whether there is a dose-dependent effect of DHM, a combination of mother's own milk and DHM, and an EHM diet on NEC incidence.
In Situ Atomic-Scale Observation of the Two-Dimensional Co(OH)2 Transition at Atmospheric Pressure

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been recognized as one of the promising materials for various applications due to their unique characteristics. However, the formation and transformation mechanisms behind the 2D structure still largely remain unknown, which is significant for synthesis controlling and property tuning. In this scope, in situ microscopy characterization of two-dimensional (2D) materials under atmospheric reaction conditions offers a powerful tool for understanding their structural evolution at the atomic scale, which, however, has been seldom reported. Here, taking the 2D CoO as the model material which is the promising electro-/photoelectro-catalyst, we report real-time visualization of the structural transition of 2D Co(OH)2 nanosheets to CoO using in situ electron microscopy. Three intermediate phases, including one pseudo-Co(OH)2 phase, one transition phase, and one pseudo-CoO phase, are identified and characterized during the transition process. The detailed transition pathways and ...
Minimum-volume-regularized weighted symmetric nonnegative matrix factorization for clustering

In recent years, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) attracts much attention in machine learning and signal processing fields due to its interpretability of data in a low dimensional subspace. For clustering problems, symmetric nonnegative matrix factorization (SNMF) as an extension of NMF factorizes the similarity matrix of data points directly and outperforms NMF when dealing with nonlinear data structure. However, the clustering results of SNMF is very sensitive to noisy data. In this paper, we propose a minimum-volume-regularized weighted SNMF (MV-WSNMF) based on the relationship between robust NMF and SNMF. The proposed MV-WSNMF can approximate the similarity matrices flexibly such that the resulting performance is more robust against noise. A computationally efficient algorithm is also proposed with convergence guarantee. The numerical simulation results show the improvement of the proposed algorithm with respective to clustering accuracy in comparison with the state-of-the-art algorithms.
New Orleans asthma: II. Relationship of climatologic and seasonal factors to outbreaks☆

Abstract Outbreaks of obstructive pulmonary disease in the city of New Orleans, which occur in epidemic proportions, are generally seasonal, occurring with greater frequency and magnitude during the months of September, October, and November. These fall outbreaks are associated with minimum temperatures and minimum humidities. Involved individuals are not symptomatic exclusively during outbreaks, and previously observed similarities between involved and noninvolved asthmatic subjects are due to the overlap of these groups. In light of previous observations that New Orleans asthma affects a homogeneous group of allergic individuals and is not related to measurable increases in specific chemical pollutants, the observed climatological and seasonal variations suggest that it does not differ from conventional "extrinsic" bronchial asthma.
Ligand, cation and speciation effects on n-CdSe([KFe(CN)6]3−2−) photoelectrochemistry

Abstract Electrolyte modification is shown to have a substantial effect on the understanding and optimization of nCdSe ferricyanide photoelectrochemical solar cells. A series of pentacyanoferrate(II) complexes, [Fe(CN)5L]3− aqueous are prepared (L = CN−, NH3, (CH3)2SO, H2O, NO+, NO2− and Fe(CN53−), and their substantial variation in photoelectrochemical activities at n-CdSe are correlated to their spectral and electrochemical properties. Investigation into ferro ferricyanide speciation showed that in the alkaline pH region where ferrocyanides are most photoelectroactive, monocation ferrocyanide and ferricyanide species dominate, MFe(CN)63−/2−. These cation derivatives (M = Mg2+, Ca2+, Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, NH4+) are varied, and the potassium derivative was shown to result in both high photopotentials and facile kinetics.
Mathematics and the Image of Reason. By Mary Tiles

(1992). Mathematics and the Image of Reason. By Mary Tiles. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 99, No. 7, pp. 688-691.
Lives in Story: Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried

Beginning with an exploration of the theoretical definition of autofiction and what distinguishes it from autobiography, Foust Vinson’s essay first examines what is at stake in making such a distinction, before moving to an analysis of how Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried employs autofictive elements to explore the history of the Vietnam War. The chapter considers how O’Brien consciously complicates the lines between fact and fiction to draw the readers’ attention to the notion that history and memory are always tied up in narrative and story, and even while such understandings of the past may be constructed or inauthentic, they can still help us to better engage with and understand our histories and ourselves.
Paramilitary politics and corruption talk in Colombia

The complex entanglements of organised crime, drug trafficking, paramilitary groups and clientelism continue to shape the political terrain of Colombia’s Atlantic Coast. This article examines how l...