cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experienced and Expected Similarity to Same-Gender Peers: Moving Toward a Comprehensive Model of Gender Segregation

Gender segregation is often explained by children being interested in interacting with other children who behave similarly to themselves. Children’s beliefs about girls and boys (i.e., their gender cognitions) may also play a role in gender segregation, but this idea has received little attention. In this study, we proposed a model of gender segregation that included similarity on gender-typed behavioral qualities (e.g., rough and tumble play) and gender cognitions concerning perceived similarity to same-gender others, and we assessed whether this more comprehensive heuristic model predicted observed peer interactions in young U.S. children (n = 74; M age = 51 m; middle-class families). A multi-method design was employed including observations of behavior and child reports of gender cognitions. Support was found for the linkages proposed in this comprehensive model for boys; partial support was found for girls. Specifically, the inclusion of gender cognitions was supported for both genders: gender cognitions about perceived similarity related to interactional partner choices for both girls and boys, and accounted for variance in observed partner choices even after behavioral similarity was included in the model. The traditional link concerning behavioral similarity on rough-and-tumble play predicted boys’ but not girls’ interactions. The findings extend knowledge about the role of social cognitions in social behavior, and are consistent with ideas proposed by gender schema theory and other constructivist theories.
The conversion of light and water to hydrogen and electric power

The effect of etching the electrode surface and of the deposition of submonolayer quantities of metal on the semiconductor electrode surface has been examined. The experimental observations show that the rate of reaction (H2 evolution) is determined by the charge transfer rate across the metal-solution interface. Recent experiments also show that the photocorrosion of small band gap non-oxide semiconductor photoanodes can be prevented by depositing suitable conducting transparent coatings on the electrode surface. By using the electrocatalysed photocathodes and protected photoanodes, high efficiencies for the photoelectrolysis of water can be achieved.
A cytogenetic analysis of X- ray induced male steriles on the Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster

A total of 1020 B s Yy +chromosomes was screened for the induction of male sterile mutations by X irradiation. The 29 recovered mutations were analyzed by genetic complementation and the metaphase chromosomes stained with Hoechst 33258 and observed with fluorescence microscopy. The cytological and genetic maps derived from this analysis were compared to similar maps of the Y chromosome mutations isolated in an earlier study (Brosseau, 1960). Unlike the previous work we have identified only 6 male fertility loci (2 on the short arm, 4 on the long arm) on the Y chromosome. These loci are distributed along the length of the long arm and are likely to reside at two separate sites on the short arm. There is no apparent clustering of these fertility factors in this heterochromatic chromosome. The deletions obtained in this study were observed to be unstable and the nature of this instability was investigated. The original Y chromosome was marked at both telomeres with normally X-linked genes. The loss of one or the other of these markers was accompanied in many cases by the concomitant loss of large segments of Y chromosome material. The possible mechanism of this loss is discussed.
Quantifying connected speech samples of adults with chronic aphasia

Abstract This study quantifies connected speech samples of post-acute adults with mild, moderate and severe levels of aphasia. Yorkston and Beukelman (1980) established utterance production values for 50 adults with mild and moderate aphasic impairments. The present study reports mean and standard deviation syllable and utterance content values for severe impairments as well, based on the performance profiles of 103 adults with aphasia.
The influence of crystal structure on the dynamic behavior of materials at high temperatures

The rate dependent thermomechanical behaviors of OFHC copper, vanadium, and α-titanium have been examined using a recently developed experimental technique for the performance of high temperature, high-strain-rate experiments in the compression Kolsky bar. These three materials represent the three most common lattice structures for metals: FCC, BCC and HCP (respectively). Stress–strain curves are obtained for each material at strain rates of 4×103 s−1 and at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1100 K. Quasistatic thermal softening behavior is extracted from the literature for these specific materials and is compared with the new high strain rate data. It is observed that the rate of thermal softening is a function of the strain rate, with the strongest effects in BCC vanadium and HCP α-titanium. In addition, the differences in the high rate thermal softening behavior of the three different crystal structures are studied. Finally, the experimental data for copper and vanadium are compared to the FCC and BCC formulations of the Zerilli–Armstrong model respectively.
Relating the Sodium Current and Conductance to the Shape of Transmembrane and Extracellular Potentials by Simulation: Effects of Propagation Boundaries

The purpose of this paper is to describe how the transmembrane and extracellular potential waveforms, and their derivatives, are related to each other and to the sodium current and conductance in propagating cardiac action potentials. The results show that the shape of the transmembrane potential and the kinetics of the sodium current and conductance are highly determined by boundary effects at sites where impulse conduction begins and where it ends at a collision or an anatomical end. These propagation nonuniformities produced a relationship between Vmax and the internal membrane variables gNa and INa that is just the opposite of the classical relation between Vmax and the magnitude of the sodium current. For example, in these cases, both peak INa and the area under the gNa curve decreased when Vmax increased. In addition, Vmax, was shown to coincide in time with the maximum rate of increase of gNa and INa. The maximum negative slope of the extracellular waveform coincided in time with Vmax of the transmembrane potential for all shapes of the waveforms. Therefore, either the maximum negative slope of the extracellular waveform or Vmax of the action potential provides a time marker for the same underlying depolarizing event, i.e., the maximum rate of increase of the depolarizing current and its conductance.
A Table of Logarithmic Corrections to the Wien Radiation Law

For many purposes the Wien radiation law is a sufficiently close approximation to the Planck equation. When it is not, the subtraction in the denominator of the Planck equation interferes with logarithmic calculation. It has been found possible to construct a table which can be entered with the negative of the exponent of the Wien equation, expressed in terms of common (Briggsian) logarithms: c2 lge/(λT), to get the logarithmic correction to four significant figures. Moreover, the same table can be used if successive approximations are necessary.
The deep structure of lunar basins: Implications for basin formation and modification

Models for the crustal structure in the vicinity of nine impact basins, from an inversion of gravity and topographic data from the lunar nearside are presented. The models display a low-density nonmare crustal layer and a mare basalt layer, both of variable thicknesses. Assuming that topography in mare areas is isostatically compensated before the emplacement of mare basalts and that compensation of mare basalt units may be neglected, a decomposition of the gravity anomaly into contributions from Moho relief and mare fill is permitted. Minimum values for mare basalt thicknesses are obtained but because mare basalts and mantle material are similar in density, the thicknesses of the nonmare crust are estimated. An important constraint is the crustal thickness inferred from the Apollo 12 and 14 landing sites from seismic observations. The crustal thickness model indicates that the crust is thinner beneath each of the major nearside basins than in surrounding areas. New bounds on the volume of material ejected from each basin are derived. The geological implications of structural differences among basins for the processes of basin formation and modification are evaluated as functions of time on the moon.
Copper-Induced Inhibition of Growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20: Assessment of Its Toxicity and Correlation with Those of Zinc and Lead

The toxicity of copper [Cu(II)] to sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was studied by using Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20 in a medium (MTM) developed specifically to test metal toxicity to SRB (R. K. Sani, G. Geesey, and B. M. Peyton, Adv. Environ. Res. 5:269-276, 2001). The effects of Cu(II) toxicity were observed in terms of inhibition in total cell protein, longer lag times, lower specific growth rates, and in some cases no measurable growth. At only 6 microM, Cu(II) reduced the maximum specific growth rate by 25% and the final cell protein concentration by 18% compared to the copper-free control. Inhibition by Cu(II) of cell yield and maximum specific growth rate increased with increasing concentrations. The Cu(II) concentration causing 50% inhibition in final cell protein was evaluated to be 16 microM. A Cu(II) concentration of 13.3 microM showed 50% inhibition in maximum specific growth rate. These results clearly show significant Cu(II) toxicity to SRB at concentrations that are 100 times lower than previously reported. No measurable growth was observed at 30 microM Cu(II) even after a prolonged incubation of 384 h. In contrast, Zn(II) and Pb(II), at 16 and 5 microM, increased lag times by 48 and 72 h, respectively, but yielded final cell protein concentrations equivalent to those of the zinc- and lead-free controls. Live/dead staining, based on membrane integrity, indicated that while Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) inhibited growth, these metals did not cause a loss of D. desulfuricans membrane integrity. The results show that D. desulfuricans in the presence of Cu(II) follows a growth pattern clearly different from the pattern followed in the presence of Zn(II) or Pb(II). It is therefore likely that Cu(II) toxicity proceeds by a mechanism different from that of Zn(II) or Pb(II) toxicity.
The life cycle of antibody-forming cells. I. The generation time of 19s hemolytic plaque-forming cells during the primary and secondary responses.

The generation, time of cells synthesizing 19S antibody was measured during the exponential phase of the primary and secondary immune responses. Using a plaque-forming cell assay together with a double label isotope method, the duration of the generation time was found to be about 13 hr, that of the S period was about 8 hr, and that of G-1 and G-2 were about 3 and 2 hr, respectively, in both immune responses. Previous work was confirmed showing that all plaque-forming cells observed during the exponential phase of the immune responses incorporate labeled thymidine, and therefore take part in proliferation. These results were obtained at points during both responses when the doubling time of the PFC was observed to be 6–7 hr. This finding makes untenable the hypothesis that the rate of appearance of PFC equals the rate of proliferation of these cells. A hypothesis is presented to account for these findings and to serve as a basis for further experiments.
The Racial Divide in Response to the Aftermath of Katrina: A Boundary Condition for Common Ingroup Identity Model

The disastrous aftermath of Katrina brought to light a great rift between Blacks and Whites in the United States. Polls taken shortly after the disaster gave clear indication that many Blacks felt that the response to Katrina was slowed by racism. At the same time, many Whites felt that the residents of New Orleans were to blame for their predicament. To understand the causal role ethnic identity plays in shaping individuals' perceptions, the present study experimentally manipulated Whites' social identification and measured their perceptions of the Katrina disaster's aftermath. Our results indicate that White Americans exhibited greater prejudice when thinking of themselves as "American" (an identity seemingly inclusive of Blacks) than when identifying as "White American" or "European American" (an identity that seemingly excludes Blacks). This finding demonstrates a boundary condition to the Common Ingroup Identity Model, such that a dual identity is more conducive to positive intergroup relations when strong racial assumptions exist about the overarching identity.
A randomized clinical trial of nebulized magnesium sulfate in addition to albuterol in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbations in adults

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to compare the efficacy and safety of nebulized magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) plus albuterol with that of albuterol alone in adult patients with mild-to-moderate acute asthma exacerbations. Methods: Patients were randomized to receive nebulized MgSO 4 (384 mg in 6 mL of sterile water) or an equal volume of placebo (normal saline solution) in a double-blind fashion after each dose of nebulized albuterol administered (2.5 mg/3 mL) every 20 minutes for the first hour of the study. Spirometry was performed at baseline and every 20 minutes for 2 hours. Monitoring for safety included vital signs, pulse oximetry, and serum magnesium levels. Improvement in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second was chosen as a primary efficacy end point. Results: Among 74 patients enrolled, 37 were randomized to each of 2 study groups. There were no statistically or clinically significant differences between the 2 study groups in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second at any point during the trial or overall. There were no significant differences in vital signs, pulse oximetry, or serum magnesium levels at any point during the study. Conclusion: The combination of nebulized MgSO 4 and albuterol provides no benefit in addition to that provided by therapy with albuterol in adult patients with mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbations. The efficacy of nebulized MgSO 4 in patients with severe asthma exacerbations remains unknown. [Bessmertny O, DiGregorio RV, Cohen H, Becker E, Looney D, Golden J, Kohl L, Johnson T. A randomized clinical trial of nebulized magnesium sulfate in addition to albuterol in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbations in adults. Ann Emerg Med. June 2002;39:585-591.]
A software repository for education and research in information visualization

This paper argues for the creation of a software repository for research and education in information visualization (IV). It starts with an introduction and overview of IV online resources and software repositories. Next, we introduce the code repository that we have created and demonstrate how it was used in the IV course which one of the authors teaches. Sample implementations by students are presented as well. We conclude with a discussion of ways to grow and maintain the software repository and invite contributions.
Angular memory signatures of electromagnetic waves scattered by two-dimensional, dielectric rough surfaces

Presents analytical expressions, based on the first- and second-order Kirchhoff approximations with shadowing corrections; and millimeter-wave experimental data for the angular correlation functions of electromagnetic waves scattered from two-dimensional, very rough, high-slope, metallic and dielectric surfaces. The angular correlation functions represent the correlation of the waves at different scattering angles for different incident angles at a given frequency. The angular correlations clearly show the "memory effects" and are used in the inverse problems of remote sensing of rough surface characteristics.
Detection of amantadine-resistant variants among avian influenza viruses isolated in North America and Asia.

Here, we report the diversity of amantadine-resistant mutants among avian influenza Aviruses with pandemic potential (H5, H6, H7, and H9 hemagglutinin subtypes). Drug-resistant variants were not detected among 1979–83 isolates, whereas 31.1% of H5 and 10.6% of H9 strains from Southeast Asia isolated in 2000–04 carried mutations in M2 protein. In North America, resistant variants occurred among H7 viruses only (16.4% of those tested). H6 viruses were amantadine-sensitive. These findings prompt concern regarding the control of pandemic influenza, the possibility that the next pandemic virus will be amantadine-resistant and the need to monitor the use of the drug in poultry.
Smoking and Skin Aging in Identical Twins

Background A twin pair can provide a rare opportunity to control for genetic susceptibility and exposure variables, which often serve as major confounders in population-based studies on the relationship between smoking and skin aging. Observations We describe a unique twin pair who spent not only their first 2 decades of life together but also in their later decades had the same type of job at the same latitude, resulting in well-matched levels of significant sun exposure. However, the twins differed markedly in regard to smoking history; the twin with an approximately 52.5–pack-year smoking history showed more severe skin aging than did the nonsmoking twin. Conclusion The difference in skin aging illustrated by this twin pair may serve as a motivator for smoking cessation.
A noise-based stability evaluation of threshold-based feature selection techniques

This paper presents a noise-based stability performance evaluation approach for feature selection techniques. For the stability assessment, a similarity-based measure is used to quantify the degree of agreement between a filter's output on a clean dataset and its outputs on the same dataset corrupted with different combinations of noise level and noise distribution. Experiments are conducted with 11 threshold-based feature selection techniques on six different real-world datasets. The experimental results show that some filters perform much better than others in terms of their insensitivity to noise. The results also show an interesting relationship between the size of the training data and the stability performance of a filter; the stability performance of a filter tends to improve when learning from large size datasets.
Differential Regulation of Angiotensin II-induced Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor by Protein Kinase C Isoforms in the Myocardium

Protein kinase C (PKC) and angiotensin II (AngII) can regulate cardiac function in pathological conditions such as in diabetes or ischemic heart disease. We have reported that expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is increased in the myocardium of diabetic mice. Now we showed that the increase in CTGF expression in cardiac tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was reversed by captopril and islet cell transplantation. Infusion of AngII in rats increased CTGF mRNA expression by 15-fold, which was completely inhibited by co-infusion with AT1 receptor antagonist, candesartan. Similarly, incubation of cultured cardiomyocytes with AngII increased CTGF mRNA expression by 2-fold, which was blocked by candesartan and a general PKC inhibitor, GF109203X. The role of PKC isoform-dependent action was further studied using adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer of dominant negative (dn) PKC or wild type PKC isoforms. Expression of dnPKCα, -ϵ, and -ζ isoforms suppressed AngII-induced CTGF expression in cardiomyocytes. In contrast, expression of dominant negative PKCδ significantly increased AngII-induced CTGF expression, whereas expression of wild type PKCδ inhibited this induction. This inhibitory effect was further confirmed in the myocardium of transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of PKCδ (δTg mice). Thus, AngII can regulate CTGF expression in cardiomyocytes through a PKC activation-mediated pathway in an isoform-selective manner both in physiological and diabetic states and may contribute to the development of cardiac fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Analytical model for the impact of multiple input switching noise on timing

The timing models used in current Static Timing Analysis tools use gate delays only for single input switching events. It is well known that the temporal proximity of signals arriving at different inputs causes significant variation in the gate delay. This variation in delay affects the accuracy of our timing estimates. In this paper, we derive simple analytical models for incorporating the effect of simultaneous multiple input switching events on gate delay. The model presented requires minimum additional characterization effort, and can be employed in a statistical timing engine. The dynamic delay variability of a path caused by MIS noise can be accurately estimated using the proposed model.
Alterations in DNA replication and histone levels promote histone gene amplification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Gene amplification, a process that increases the copy number of a gene or a genomic region to two or more, is utilized by many organisms in response to environmental stress or decreased levels of a gene product. Our previous studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified the amplification of a histone H2A-H2B gene pair, HTA2-HTB2, in response to the deletion of the other H2A-H2B gene pair, HTA1-HTB1. This amplification arises from a recombination event between two flanking Ty1 elements to form a new, stable circular chromosome and occurs at a frequency higher than has been observed for other Ty1-Ty1 recombination events. To understand the regulation of this amplification event, we screened the S. cerevisiae nonessential deletion set for mutations that alter the amplification frequency. Among the deletions that increase HTA2-HTB2 amplification frequency, we identified those that either decrease DNA replication fork progression (rrm3Δ, dpb3Δ, dpb4Δ, and clb5Δ) or that reduce histone H3-H4 levels (hht2-hhf2Δ). These two classes are related because reduced histone H3-H4 levels increase replication fork pauses, and impaired replication forks cause a reduction in histone levels. Consistent with our mutant screen, we found that the introduction of DNA replication stress by hydroxyurea induces the HTA2-HTB2 amplification event. Taken together, our results suggest that either reduced histone levels or slowed replication forks stimulate the HTA2-HTB2 amplification event, contributing to the restoration of normal chromatin structure.
Preventing Vascular Catheter-Related Infections: Current Controversies

Prevention of vascular catheter-related infection remains an important priority. This review focuses on salient controversies regarding optimal preventive methods. Intensity of surveillance for nosocomial infections was the single most important predictor of prevention in the Study of the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC). Used suboptimally by most hospitals in the SENIC study, surveillance is probably conducted even less today. There has been one randomized trial of the optimal method of aseptic insertion for central venous catheters and none comparing the 2 most frequently used sites. Scheduled replacement did not prevent infection in multiple randomized trials but, according to a recent survey, was still being used frequently. Chlorhexidine preparation of skin before and during catheterization has significantly reduced colonization of catheters in multiple randomized trials and should be used. Impregnation of catheter and/or hub surfaces with antiseptics raises less concern about fostering the development of antibiotic resistance than does the use of antibiotics for this purpose.
Neuroprotection by estrogen against MPP+-induced dopamine neuron death is mediated by ERα in primary cultures of mouse mesencephalon

Abstract Estrogen involvement in neuroprotection is now widely accepted, although the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms of estrogen action in neuroprotection remain unclear. This study examines estrogenic effects in a mixed population of cells in attempts to identify the contributing cells that result in estrogen-mediated neuroprotection. Utilizing primary mesencephalic neurons, we found expression of both estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) with a predominance of ERα on both dopamine neurons and astrocytes. We also found that 17β-estradiol protects dopamine neurons from injury induced by the complex I inhibitor, 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP + ) in a time- and ER-dependent manner. At least 4 h of estrogen pre-treatment was required to elicit protection, an effect that was blocked by the ER antagonist, ICI 182,780. Moreover, ERα mediated the protection afforded by estrogen since only the ERα agonist, HPTE, but not the ERβ agonist, DPN, protected against dopamine cell loss. Since glial cells were shown to express significant levels of ERα, we investigated a possible indirect mechanism of estrogen-mediated neuroprotection through glial cell interaction. Removal of glial cells from the cultures by application of the mitotic inhibitor, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, significantly reduced the neuroprotective effects of estrogen. These data indicate that neuroprotection provided by estrogen against MPP + toxicity is mediated by ERα and involves an interplay among at least two cell types.
Nancy R. Mead: Making Requirements Prioritization a Priority

Nancy Mead has been expounding the virtues of requirements prioritization, especially in the area of information security, for over a decade. She advocates avoiding purely informal ad-hoc approaches and suggests a prioritization strategy based on both cost of implementing requirements and the expected value if implemented. Due to critical schedule and resource constraints, we have found that requirements prioritization is a key risk management practice for real project for real clients based courses. This work describes our experiences applying Nancy Meadpsilas requirement prioritization works within such courses and how we educate students on the importance of utilizing this for managing requirements implementation risk in student projects within three universities for both graduate and undergraduates.
The Surgical Management of Extensive Cases of Acne Keloidalis Nuchae

Objective To determine the efficacy of excision with primary closure in the treatment of extensive and refractory acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN). Design Intervention before-after trial. Duration of follow-up ranged from 1 to 5 years. Setting University-based ambulatory outpatient dermatologic surgery unit. Patients Referred sample of 25 patients with extensive AKN that was refractory to medical management. All patients were healthy, young black men who had no medical problems and were not taking any medications. No other eligible patients refused to be included in the study. All 25 patients completed the study. Interventions All 25 patients underwent surgical excision of AKN. Twenty of the 25 underwent excision with layered closure in 1 stage. Four patients underwent 2-stage excisions with layered closure. One patient underwent excision with second-intention healing. Main Outcome Measure A test of the following hypothesis: excision with primary closure is a successful treatment modality with little risk of recurrence for extensive cases of AKN. Results The author and all 25 patients rated the cosmetic result of surgery as good to excellent. No patients experienced complete recurrence of their acne keloids. Fifteen patients developed tiny pustules and papules within the surgical scar. Five patients developed hypertrophic scars. Papules, pustules, and hypertrophic scars were all successfully treated with high-potency topical and intralesional steroids. Conclusions Excision with primary closure is an excellent surgical treatment modality for the management of extensive cases of AKN. Extremely large lesions should be excised in multiple stages. The surgeon should carefully assess each patient to determine whether AKN should be excised in 1 or multiple stages.
FINE: Fisher Information Nonparametric Embedding

We consider the problems of clustering, classification, and visualization of high-dimensional data when no straightforward Euclidean representation exists. In this paper, we propose using the properties of information geometry and statistical manifolds in order to define similarities between data sets using the Fisher information distance. We will show that this metric can be approximated using entirely nonparametric methods, as the parameterization and geometry of the manifold is generally unknown. Furthermore, by using multidimensional scaling methods, we are able to reconstruct the statistical manifold in a low-dimensional Euclidean space; enabling effective learning on the data. As a whole, we refer to our framework as Fisher information nonparametric embedding (FINE) and illustrate its uses on practical problems, including a biomedical application and document classification.
On-Chip Stochastic Communication

As CMOS technology scales down into the deep-submicron (DSM) domain, the costs of design and verification for Systems-On-Chip (SoCs) are rapidly increasing due to the inefficiency of traditional CAD tools. Relaxing the requirement of 100% correctness for devices and interconnects drastically reduces the costs of design but, at the same time, requires that SoCs be designed with some system-level fault-tolerance. In this paper, we introduce a new communication paradigm for SoCs, namely stochastic communication. The newly proposed scheme not only separates communication from computation, but also provides the required built-in fault-tolerance to DSM failures, is scalable and cheap to implement. For a generic tile-based architecture, we show how a ubiquitous multimedia application (an MP3 encoder) can be implemented using stochastic communication in an efficient and robust manner. More precisely, up to 70% data upsets, 80% packet drops because of buffer overflow, and severe levels of synchronization failures can be tolerated while maintaining a low latency.
Uncertainty Analysis of a Spatially Explicit Annual Water-Balance Model: Case Study of the Cape Fear Basin, North Carolina

Abstract. There is an increasing demand for assessment of water provisioning ecosystem services. While simple models with low data and expertise requirements are attractive, their use as decision-aid tools should be supported by uncertainty characterization. We assessed the performance of the InVEST annual water yield model, a popular tool for ecosystem service assessment based on the Budyko hydrological framework. Our study involved the comparison of 10 subcatchments ranging in size and land-use configuration, in the Cape Fear basin, North Carolina. We analyzed the model sensitivity to climate variables and input parameters, and the structural error associated with the use of the Budyko framework, a lumped (catchment-scale) model theory, in a spatially explicit way. Comparison of model predictions with observations and with the lumped model predictions confirmed that the InVEST model is able to represent differences in land uses and therefore in the spatial distribution of water provisioning services. Our results emphasize the effect of climate input errors, especially annual precipitation, and errors in the ecohydrological parameter Z, which are both comparable to the model structure uncertainties. Our case study supports the use of the model for predicting land-use change effect on water provisioning, although its use for identifying areas of high water yield will be influenced by precipitation errors. While some results are context-specific, our study provides general insights and methods to help identify the regions and decision contexts where the model predictions may be used with confidence.
Innovations in Human Services Financing

Many funding innovations have developed in the human services field in the last decade. This paper describes some of those innovations, the trends in these innovations, and suggests other potential developments in the area. Funding innovations in four categories have developed - charges for specific services rendered, dedicated fees or charges, earmarked added-on charges, and earmarked portions of traditional, broad-based funding sources. Several trends may be seen in these developments. First, human service managers have developed considerable entrepreneurial skill, placing an emphasis upon a substantive connection between the funding source and the service funded. At the same time, they are exhibiting conservative implementation strategies by deliberately seeking out new funding sources that have been successfully tested elsewhere. Finally, the need for innovations in this area will increase as traditional funding sources continue to fail to keep pace with increased demand for services.
Digitally assisted equalization of third-order intermodulation products in wideband direct conversion receivers

An effective linearization technique capable of equalizing IM3 products resulting from an arbitrary out-of-band blocking scenario in a wideband direct conversion receiver is presented. IM3 products are regenerated in the RF analog domain of a low-power mixed-signal feedforward path and are used to cancel analogous signal terms in the original receiver at digital baseband via adaptive equalization. The composite SAW-less receiver achieves an improvement in effective IIP3 from −7.1 to +5.3 dBm under worst-case UMTS Region 1 blocking when the feedforward path is active.
Improved Formulations of the Superposition Method

Two formulations of an improved superposition method are proposed for studying droplet–droplet hydrodynamic interactions. The formulations make explicit use of the boundary conditions on the surface of the two interacting droplets. The improved formulations are described through a consistent and rigorous consideration of the relationship between the drag force and representation of disturbance flows. It is demonstrated that the improved formulations are much more accurate than the original implementation of the superposition method. Specifically, for the case of Stokes disturbance flows, the relative errors on the drag force can be reduced by one order of magnitude using the improved formulations, when compared with the original formulation, for situations when the lubrication effect is not dominant. Using the improved superposition method, collision efficiencies of small cloud droplets falling in calm air are also computed and compared with previously published results.
Waveform design in signal-dependent interference and application to target recognition with multiple transmissions

The authors present illumination waveforms matched to stochastic targets in the presence of signal-dependent interference. The waveforms are formed by SNR and mutual information (MI) optimisation. We also use these waveforms in cognitive radar (CR) target identification application. In this application, the radar system attempts to identify a deterministic or random target using multiple transmissions. These transmissions are adaptively modified in response to previously received echoes. In addition, the authors present a new multi-band application of the CR platform.
BCRgt: a Bayesian cluster regression-based genotyping algorithm for the samples with copy number alterations

Background Accurate genotype calling is a pre-requisite of a successful Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). Although most genotyping algorithms can achieve an accuracy rate greater than 99% for genotyping DNA samples without copy number alterations (CNAs), almost all of these algorithms are not designed for genotyping tumor samples that are known to have large regions of CNAs.
Parallel coordinates plotting as a method in process control hazard identification

Abnormal events in process plants waste billions of dollars annually. Taking advantage of plant operators' perceptual capabilities in the hazard identification process could enhance the aiding provided by other decision support systems. Parallel coordinate plotting allows the visualization of multidimensional data by making apparent geometric patterns that exist in the data sets. This work investigates the use of parallel coordinate plotting in anomalous process control applications. Approaches utilizing the software packages CVE and CPM as decision support tools are explored. These approaches with CVE and CPM are carried out in a case study on historical plant processing data. CVE is used to identify normal plant operating conditions and construct a “best operating zone” that can be loaded into CPM. CPM can then read in real-time or historical data and indicate (i.e, generate alarms) if the plant is leaving normal operating conditions and also recommend mitigation strategies to return the plant to normal operating conditions. CPM's alarms are evaluated as an effective method for determining the onset of a hazard event. Advantages and limitations of CVE and CPM as a decision support are identified through the case study. The results are discussed in the context of the static case study and the need for simulations is highlighted.
Repression of Drosophila pair-rule segmentation genes by ectopic expression of tramtrack

The tramtrack (ttk) protein has been proposed as a maternally provided repressor of the fushi tarazu (ftz) gene in Drosophila embryos at the preblastoderm stage. Consistent with this hypothesis, we have detected by immunohistochemistry the presence of ttk protein in preblastoderm embryos. This is followed by a complete decay upon formation of the cellular blastoderm when ftz striped expression is at its peak. In addition, the highly complex pattern of zygotic ttk expression suggests specific functions for ttk late in development that are separate from the regulation of ftz. We have produced ttk protein ectopically in blastoderm-stage embryos transformed with a heat shock-ttk construct. Ectopic ttk caused complete or near-complete repression of the endogenous ftz gene, as well as significant repression of the pair-rule genes even skipped, odd skipped, hairy and runt. These findings suggest that specific repression by ttk (or by undiscovered repressors) may be more than an isolated phenomenon during the rapid cleavage divisions, a period when the need for genetic repression has not been generally anticipated.
Ybco Films and Buffer‐Layers Grown In‐Situ by Pulsed Laser Deposition

YSZ [ (Y2O3)x (ZrO2)1-x ] buffer-layers for various compositions, x, and YBCO (Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ) films were grown on hydrogen-terminated Si(100) substrates by laser ablation. The structural and electrical properties of the YBCO are found to depend strongly on x, and to be optimized near x=0.1.
Effects of Sex and Gonadotropic Hormones on Red Cell Counts of Rats

Summary1. Pregnant mare serum hormone, when injected into normal and hypophysectomized males, causes an elevation in red cell count. Injections of testosterone into castrated females or hypophysectomized males and females likewise increase red cell count. 2. The red cell counts of normal females treated with pregnant mare serum hormone are lowered, those of castrate or hypophysectomized females, similarly treated, remain unchanged. Estradiol lowers the counts of normal females. 3. It seems possible that the gonadal secretions are responsible, to some extent, for the sex difference in normal red cell count encountered in many species of animals.
A Study in the Origin of Parasitism

It is a well established fact that the parasitic way of life has developed independently many times among the Insecta. Quite obviously, this development has taken place in different ways and has progressed in different directions. Consequently, parasitism of one type or another occurs throughout a wide range of insect orders, particularly, but by no means exclusively, the holometabolous ones. It sometimes involves adaptations to this way of life on the part of the adult, sometimes on that of the immature stages; it may lead to utilization of the host in any stage of development, including its food supply. Consequently, parasitism assumes a variety of forms: ecto- or endo-, obligatory or facultative, social or non-social; it may take a form that is difficult to classify, so that in many cases it is a matter of opinion as to whether we should use the term “parasite” rather than “predator”, or give some other designation to the dependent species or individuals.
USE OF CAUTIONARY INSTRUCTIONS FOR ELIMINATING POSITION ERROR IN RANKING

Summasy.-A control group (n = 120) overranked position number one in ranking a set of five homogeneous entities. This error did not appear when two experimental groups (ns = 120) performed the same task after reading a short paragraph and long paragraph, respectively, explicating the nature of "position error" in ranking. In fact, greater randomness was obtained with the short paragraph group, suggesting that a brief set of precautionary instructions is sufficient for eliminating such an error. There is a growing body of evidence attesting to the existence of a "position error" in ranking, i.e., the tendency for subjects to overevaluate certain positions (usually the first) in a series of entities to be ranked. This error has been noted not only in laboratory studies (Wagner & Hoover, 1974a, 1974b; Hoover & Wagner, 1973) but also in more applied settings where subjects were meaningfully involved in the ranking task (Wagner & Hoover, 1974~; Rand & Wagner, 1975). The protean manifestations of ranking as an evaluative procedure in indusuy, education and government require a method which would eliminate such error. The present research involves a simple, straightforward approach to the problem, requiring the rankers to read a cautionary description of the phenomenon before attempting the actual ranking. METHOD
Developmental Polymorphism in Acleris minuta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The yellowheaded fireworm, Acleris minuta (Robinson), is a multivoltine pest of rosaceous and ericaceous plants. Larval development of both sexes may proceed through five, six, or seven stadia. In field populations, the five-instar mode is more prevalent during first, second, and third generations; frequency of the six- and seven-instar modes increases during the fourth generation. Reduced growth rates increase frequencies of supernumerary molts. A discriminant function based on head-capsule size and sex classified 70% of the laboratory population under the proper mode of development. This discriminant function was used to classify field populations into the proper mode of development.
Disagreement in Parental Reports of Father Involvement

Despite agreement on the value of father involvement in children's lives, research has been limited due to the exclusion of fathers in studies, questionable validity of mothers' reports on father involvement, and simple measures of fathering behavior. Our study extends previous research by comparing reports of father involvement using robust, multidimensional father involvement measures. Data from 113 fathers and 126 mothers reporting on 221 children were used to assess father involvement. Results indicate that fathers reported significantly higher levels of involvement than mothers reported. Findings from hierarchical linear models suggest that race/ethnicity and mothers' reports of positive relationship quality were associated with smaller discrepancies in reports of father involvement, whereas nonmarried partnerships, older children, father residence, and biological status predicted larger discrepancies. Our study demonstrates the importance of obtaining father involvement reports directly from fathers and why father involvement should be assessed as a multidimensional construct to examine fathering behavior.
Design and implement of infrared image data communication based on tigersharc's linkport

"DSP + FPGA" is one kind of high-end digital signal processing frame.Tigersharc's linkport was controlled by DMA mode,which did not spend the calculation time of DSP core and could lighten the burden of data bus.Furthermore,Linkport had high speed for number transmission and satisfied with the requirements of real time image processing successfully.Image data communication in this design was based on FPGA,EP2S60 type belonged to stratixii series of Altera Company and linkport,DSP type belonged to Tigersharc series(TS201) of ADI company.And this design has been applied to certain image processor successfully.
Gene Copy‐Number Changes in Evolution

High-throughput genomics have revealed widespread copy-number differences within and among populations of species belonging to diverse taxonomic groups. Experimental evolution in model organisms with minimal natural selection demonstrates that genome-wide empirical estimates of the spontaneous rates of gene duplication and deletion are extremely high and contribute to the abundance of copy-number variation (CNV). CNVs are, on average, deleterious with respect to fitness, but their high spontaneous rates of origin can also facilitate rapid adaptation to novel environmental challenges. Duplications and deletions constitute opposing forces that shape genome complexity and size. Gene duplications are the ultimate source of new genes that confer novel phenotypes, whereas deletions remove superfluous genetic material. Furthermore, CNVs can contribute to the evolution of genetic incompatibility and speciation. Future challenges for understanding the evolutionary potential of CNVs include elucidating the relative roles of genetic drift and natural selection for the maintenance of CNVs in populations. Key Concepts Gene duplications are naturally occurring mutations within genomes wherein genic material is duplicated, resulting in additional copies of the duplicated gene. Gene deletions are mutations where genic material has been deleted, thereby reducing the number of copies of the deleted gene. Gene duplications and deletions have resulted in extensive gene copy-number variation (CNV) in populations across all domains of life. The evolution of gene content and genome size is the net result of duplications adding new genetic material and contributing to the evolution of new genes, and deletions, which are continuously removing genetic information. The study of copy-number variants at single loci has a long history in population genetics, but a systematic analysis of CNVs across whole genomes became possible only after technical breakthroughs in DNA microarray technology and whole-genome sequencing. The rates of spontaneous gene duplication and deletion per gene are extraordinarily high and usually much higher than the nucleotide substitution rates. Most CNVs in natural populations are deleterious. Both duplications and deletions can contribute to adaptive genetic variation in natural and experimental populations. The long-term maintenance of duplicated genes, which contribute to the evolution of novel genes, can be achieved by both positive selection on gene copy-number and subfunctionalisation resulting from the loss of partial functions of complementary gene copies. Gene duplication and subfunctionalisation can contribute to reproductive isolation and speciation. A comprehensive understanding of how CNVs contribute to the evolution of genomes will require a combination of high-throughput genomics with analysis of the functional and fitness consequences of CNVs in experimental and natural populations. Keywords: gene deletion; gene duplication; copy-number variation; fitness; speciation; subfunctionalisation; neofunctionalisation; genome; evolution; mutation