cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-order qubit representation for two coupled Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC)

A quantum lattice algorithm is developed for the solution of the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations, which are just the nonlinear Schrodinger equations with an external potential. In the language of solitons, a sufficiently strong external potential can localize the solitons and even the radiation in the case of Manikov solitons. For non-integrable potential cases the radiation is no longer localized and one can also lose the soliton structures themselves. One also finds locked mode structures if the systems is close to being integrable.
Generating an Atmosphere

The presence of water ice on most of the large satellites of the outer planets was established many years ago through near-infrared observations with ground-based telescopes. Frozen carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, nitrogen, and other molecular ices are also found in various combinations on inner planets such as Mars to bodies far beyond Pluto. Recent discoveries of ice varieties on some asteroids and sequestered in protected regions on Mercury and the Moon point to the near-universal distribution of frozen volatiles throughout the solar system.
Deep Orbital Dermoid with Draining Sinus

A dermoid cyst in a 6-year-old girl, deep within the orbit, extended from the apex, through the lateral wall, via a fistulous tract to the skin, forming a draining sinus. Both the deep location and the cutaneous drainage of the cyst are rare presentations of this tumor. We used a Kronlein orbitotomy to successfully remove the tumor without loss of vision.
Barriers to Dissemination: Exploring the Criticisms of Behavior Therapy for Tics

The review by Cook and Blacher (2007) suggests that behavior therapy for tic disorders is indeed efficacious. Given the empirical support for these treatments, researchers should begin to place effort on examining various strategies for treatment dissemination. The current article addresses possible barriers to dissemination, focusing specifically on various concerns that have been raised by many medical and psychological care providers. The validity of these concerns is examined in the context of existing data. In addition, limitations of the current literature and future directions for research are discussed.
Waist circumference is genetically correlated with incident Type 2 diabetes in Mexican-American families.

Aims We aimed to determine the genetic and environmental correlation between various anthropometric indexes and incident Type 2 diabetes with a focus on waist circumference. Methods We used the data on extended Mexican-American families (808 subjects, 7617.92 person-years follow-up) from the San Antonio Family Heart Study and estimated the genetic and environmental correlations of 16 anthropometric indexes with the genetic liability of incident Type 2 diabetes. We performed bivariate trait analyses using the solar software package. Results All 16 anthropometric indexes were significantly heritable (range of heritabilities 0.24–0.99). Thirteen indexes were found to have significant environmental correlation with the liability of incident Type 2 diabetes. In contrast, only anthropometric indexes consisting of waist circumference (waist circumference, waist–hip ratio and waist–height ratio) were significantly genetically correlated (genetic correlation coefficients: 0.45, 0.55 and 0.44, respectively) with the liability of incident Type 2 diabetes. We did not observe such a correlation for BMI. Conclusions Waist circumference as a predictor of future Type 2 diabetes is supported by the finding that they share common genetic influences.
Characterization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors and in vivo targeting of [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 in the sheep placenta.

We sought to detect the presence of receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] in placental tissues of five late gestational pregnant sheep and to quantitiate their biochemical properties and abundance. Cytosol prepared from cotyledonary tissue was found to contain two [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 binding macromolecules that sedimented at 3.2 S and 4.1 S, respectively, on linear (4–20 per cent) hypertonic sucrose gradients. The 4.1 S component cosedimented with serum that had been prelabelled with [3H]-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) and was present in cytosols despite extensive washing of the tissue prior t0 homogenization. Concurrent incubation of the cytosol with [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 and a tenfold molar excess of radioinert 25-OHD3 resulted in complete resolution of the 3.2 S macromolecule and disappear ance of the 4.1 S binding component. The binding of [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 to the 3.2 S component was completely abolished by coincubation with a loo-fold molar excess of radioinert 1,25(OH)2D3 and was replaced by a well resolved peak in the 4.1 S region. Scatchard analysis of cytosol binding to [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 in the presence of a tenfold molar excess of radioinert 25OHD3 revealed a single class of non-interacting saturable binding site in the cotyledon and the endometrium of high affinity and low capacity. The mean ± s.e. of the dissociation constant of the cotyledonary receptor of 0.21 ± 0.06 nm was not different from that of 0.16 ± 0.03 nM for the endometrial receptor. However, the abundance of the cotyledonary receptor was fourfold higher than that in the endometrium (110 ± 20 versus 28 ± 7 fmol/mg protein). Since it is not possible to completely separate endometrial tissue from cotyledonary tissue, the low abundance of receptor in endometrial cytosols may merely represent contamination of endometrial tissue with cotyledonary tissue. Further analysis of the [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 occupied receptor in cotyledonary cytosols showed that it bound to DNA cellulose and was eluted with 0.16 M KCl. This in vitro binding of [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 to DNA was confirmed in vivo by the finding of preferential nuclear targetting of [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 (56 per cent of total cellular activity), 4 h after fetal intravenous administration of [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 to five chronically catheterized fetal sheep. Total placental uptake of [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 at this time amounted to 3.7 ± 0.9 per cent of the injected dose. Preliminary analysis of ovine placental cytosols revealed a calcium binding protein of similar molecular weight t0 that found in the ovine intestine and in the intestine and placenta of rodents. The biochemical characteristics of this sheep placental 1,25(OH)2D3 binding macromolecule are consistent with those of the classic 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor. Our findings of in vivo nuclear targetting of [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 and a calcium binding protein in the sheep placenta argue strongly in favour of the placenta as a target site for the action of 1,25(OH)2D3 in this species.
Expression of bcl-2 protein is associated with shorter survival in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the expression of the 27-kilodalton (kD) bcl-2 protein and survival among nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients. METHODS Paired tissue samples of histologically confirmed tumor and uninvolved lung of 91 randomly selected NSCLC patients were used in this study. The expression of 27-kD bcl-2 proteins in uninvolved lung and tumor tissue specimens was analyzed using Western blot analysis. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The relation between patient survival and expression of the 27-kD bcl-2 protein in uninvolved lung, tumor, and in uninvolved lung and/or tumor tissue specimens was assessed using log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards multiple regression. RESULTS The 27-kD bcl-2 protein was expressed in 54% of the uninvolved lung tissue specimens, in 53% of the tumor tissue specimens, and in 70% of the uninvolved lung and/or tumor tissue specimens. When NSCLC patient survival was considered with respect to the expression of the 27-kD bcl-2 protein, a statistically significant shorter survival was observed for patients whose tissue samples expressed the 27-kD bcl-2 protein in the uninvolved lung and in the uninvolved lung and/or tumor (log-rank test, P = 0.008 and P = 0.001, respectively). Cox proportional hazards multiple regression models also showed statistically significant associations between shorter survival and positive 27-kD protein expression in the uninvolved lung (hazard ratio of 2.27; P = 0.05) and in the uninvolved lung and/or tumor (hazard ratio of 5.58, P = 0.008) after controlling for tumor size, stage, the type of surgery received, smoking status, age, and cell type. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma with positive expression of the 27-kD protein bcl-2, either in the uninvolved lung or in uninvolved lung and/or tumor, were found to have significantly poorer postresection survival. Cancer 2003;98:135–43. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11461
Thermoelectric power and phase transition of polycrystalline As2Te3 under pressure

Abstract The pressure dependence of the thermoelectric power of monoclinic As2Te3 is measured up to 10 GPa using a Mao-Bell diamond anvil cell. The thermoelectric power never reaches an absolute value greater than the ambient pressure value of 242 μV/K. Evidence of a phase transition is present between 6 and 8 GPa where the thermoelectric power reaches an absolute value of 225 μV/K after passing through a minimum of S≈75 μV/K. X-ray diffraction experiments confirm that the resulting structure is β-As2Te3, which is isostructural with Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3.
The frontiers of sleep.

In early June, in the house of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, the Human Frontier Science Program celebrated its tenth anniversary with a note of pride for its many accomplishments and optimism for the future. One of two scientific meetings held to mark the occasion was on the regulation and functions of sleep*, an appropriate subject for a Human Frontier initiative. Given that the function of sleep is still unknown, the great accumulation of experimental results available is still in need of a rational synthesis.
Crystalline silicon photovoltaic recycling planning: macro and micro perspectives

The usage of valuable resources and the potential for waste generation at the end of the life cycle of photovoltaic (PV) technologies necessitate a proactive planning for a PV recycling infrastructure. To ensure the sustainability of PV in large scales of deployment, it is vital to develop and institute low-cost recycling technologies and infrastructure for the emerging PV industry in parallel with the rapid commercialization of these new technologies. There are various issues involved in the economics of PV recycling and we examine those at macro and micro levels, developing a holistic interpretation of the economic viability of the PV recycling systems. We developed mathematical models to analyze the profitability of recycling technologies and to guide tactical decisions for allocating optimal location of PV take-back centers (PVTBC), necessary for the collection of end of life products. The economic decision is usually based on the level of the marginal capital cost of each PVTBC, cost of reverse logistics, distance traveled, and the amount of PV waste collected from various locations. Our results illustrated that the reverse logistics costs comprise a major portion of the cost of PVTBC; PV recycling centers can be constructed in the optimally selected locations to minimize the total reverse logistics cost for transporting the PV wastes from various collection facilities to the recycling center. In the micro- process level, automated recycling processes should be developed to handle the large amount of growing PV wastes economically. The market price of the reclaimed materials are important factors for deciding the profitability of the recycling process and this illustrates the importance of the recovering the glass and expensive metals from PV modules.
An Eye-Tracking Approach to Inattentional Blindness:

Inattentional blindness, the act of failing to notice clearly visible, salient objects in one's environment when engaged in a task, is of great interest due to both its commonality and its overall ...
Carbachol as a conditioned taste aversion agent to control avian depredation

Abstract Captive ravens, Corvus corax , and free-ranging crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos , readily consumed foods containing illness-producing does of carbachol (carbamylcholine chloride). In both situations the birds formed conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to the food and so for a substantial time avoided the food whether it contained carbachol or not. Four captive ravens were subjected to 62 days of chronic food deprivation (72% of ad libitum diet) and periods of acute deprivation. All of the ravens readily consumed a single 10-mg dose of carbachol in a meal of preferred food, became ill and then recovered. During the first of at least five two-choice post-tests all ravens avoided similar food at a distance and consumption of this food during all such post-tests was reduced to 12.1% of the baseline. During an equal number of single-choice post-tests following acute food deprivation ravens ate the food with apparent trepidation consuming a mean of 45.1% of their baseline consumption. Free-ranging crows at five independent treatment sites in Illinois and Iowa initially consumed chicken egges with 18 mg of carbachol. They then avoided both similar eggs and alternative eggs that neither looked nor tasted like the treated eggs. Crows at five control sites freely consumed eggs of both types throughout the 45-day experiment. Because carbachol is water soluble and undetectable at its effective dose it may be a superior aversion agent, useful in reducing avian depredation upon fruits, grain and the eggs of endangered species.
The MOS Alienation Scale: An alternative to Srole's Anomia Scale

A growing number of sociologists believe that Srole's Anomia Scale, whether modified or not, is too inclusive to measure anomie in any meaningful way when using survey research techniques among subcultures. Evidence from the National Opinion Research Center's annual General Social Survey, which is a cross-sectional sample of adults in the United States, tends to give credence to this criticism — that is, although Srole's Anomia Scale displays a modest degree of internal reliability, it nevertheless lacks external validity in surveys on national subpopulations. This study illustrates the relative superiority of the Margins of Society (MOS) Alienation Scale, which comprises operations from theories on anomie and social isolation. A subculture of homeless Alaska Natives were personally interviewed to document the attributes of this new alienation scale and the results from this exploratory study suggest that further analysis should prove useful for studying alienation within other ethnic groups.
Geographic trends in prostate cancer mortality: An application of spatial smoothers and the need for adjustment

Prostate cancer mortality among whites and nonwhites in U.S. counties are analyzed for geographic effects. To better visualize geographical effects, the data are smoothed with a bivariate smoother using age-specific rates. Among nonwhites, an important explanatory variable is the proportion of African Americans. A relationship between the mortality rate and this variable is derived, and the data are adjusted for this variable using this relationship. When the rates are adjusted for age only, among whites there is a north-south gradient: rates are higher in the north, lower in the south. Among nonwhites, the gradient runs east to west: higher in the east, lower in the west. The latter gradient disappears when the rates are further adjusted for African Americans. The study reveals the importance of both smoothing the data to visualize patterns in geography and adjusting the data for an important variable to identify underlying patterns. The additional adjustment permits the identification of other areas of the country with elevated or depressed rates.
Simulating physics with cellular automata

Abstract Cellular automata are dynamical systems where space, time, and variables are discrete. They are shown on two-dimensional examples to be capable of non-numerical simulations of physics. They are useful for faithful parallel processing of lattice models. At another level, they exhibit behaviours and illustrate concepts that are unmistakably physical, such as non-ergodicity and order parameters, frustration, relaxation to chaos through period doublings, a conspicuous arrow of time in reversible microscopic dynamics, causality and light-cone, and non-separability. In general, they constitute exactly computable models for complex phenomena and large-scale correlations that result from very simple short-range interactions. We study their space, time, and intrinsic symmetries and the corresponding conservation laws, with an emphasis on the conservation of information obeyed by reversible cellular automata.
Binding of cortisol and its degradation products by human serum albumin

The rate of degradation of the 17-dihydroxyacetone function of cortisol has been measured in a phosphate buffer system, pH 7.4 and ionic strength 0.16, at 15.0°, 25.0°, and 35.0°. The results correspond favorably with data in the literature for degradation of prednisolone under similar conditions. The binding of cortisol and its degradation products to human serum albumin was measured at 25.0° by an equilibrium dialysis procedure. The degradation products were found to be bound more strongly than was cortisol, but did not appear to compete with cortisol for binding sites on the protein molecule. In systems having a constant concentration of total corticosteroid, the apparent binding constant of total steroid increases as the fraction of the material present as degradation products increases. The results of this research are important to the design of experiments which attempt to study the binding of steroids containing the 17-dihydroxyacetone function to serum proteins.
Congruence and differentiation among Black and White males in two non-college-degreed occupations

Abstract Insofar as prejudice against Blacks creates employment barriers that do not exist for Whites, Blacks should more often settle for jobs that do not match their real vocational interests, making their interest profiles less congruent than those of White workers in the same setting. Insofar as Blacks adapt their interests to the occupations they actually enter, their interest profiles may become, perhaps temporarily, less consistent or less differentiated than those of comparable Whites. These hypotheses were tested by administering Holland's 1979 Self-Direct Search (SDS) to males in one Enterprising and one Social occupation, neither of which required college credentials. Twenty Black and twenty White restaurant proprietors and like numbers of hospital aides served as subjects. Iachan's (1984a 1948b) tests of congruence and differentiation found the Black proprietors to be less congruent than the White proprietors and the Black aides to be less differentiated than the White aides. The races did not differ on Holland's 1985 measure of consistency. Biographical data, which were collected concurrently with the SDS, suggested that the Black aides may have adapted more rapidly to their occupation than the Black restaurant owners had to theirs.
The progesterone antagonist RU486 acquires agonist activity upon stimulation of cAMP signaling pathways.

Abstract The protein kinase A stimulator cAMP can potentiate the ability of progestins to induce the transactivation function of the human progesterone receptor (hPR). We questioned in the present study whether cAMP could functionally cooperate with the progestin antagonist RU486. In T47D human breast cancer cells, RU486 behaves as a pure antagonist with respect to induction of the progesterone-responsive mouse mammary tumor virus chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (MMTV-CAT) reporter gene. It fails to stimulate MMTV-CAT expression and completely inhibits induction by the synthetic progestin R5020. However, when RU486 is combined with 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), MMTV-CAT is induced to levels approaching that stimulated by R5020 alone. Also, RU486 in the presence of 8-Br-cAMP is only partially effective in antagonizing R5020 action. The agonist activity exhibited under these conditions appears to be due to RU486 acting through hPR as evidenced by the fact that 8-Br-cAMP alone has no effect on MMTV-CAT, whereas induction by the combination of 8-Br-cAMP and RU486 is dose responsive to RU486 in a saturable manner and can be inhibited by the type I antiprogestin (prevents hPR-DNA binding) ZK98299, which does not exhibit positive functional cooperation with cAMP. Acquisition of agonist activity in the presence of 8-Br-cAMP also extends to the type II antiprogestin (permits hPR-DNA binding) ZK112993. Since RU486 is also a type II antagonist, these results suggest that detection of functional synergism between cAMP and antiprogestins may require binding of the hPR-antagonist complex to DNA. We propose that cross-talk between second messenger and steroid receptor signal transduction pathways may be one mechanism for resistance to steroid antagonists that frequently develops in breast cancer.
Formal relocations: the method of Southey's Thalaba the Destroyer (1801)

In this essay, I offer the Enlightenment Science of Man and its analogical framework as a context for reading Robert Southey's Oriental epic Thalaba the Destroyer. Southey's formal choices involve him in a standing debate over the role of analogy in empirical inquiry: the pleasures of analogy might deceive an inquirer into taking poetical expressions for philosophical truth. In Thalaba, this tension between rhetoric and fact becomes visible when the cultural analogy between ancient Britain and Muslim East straddles the typographical boundary between verse and note. The swath of empirical data Southey appended to the poem, I argue, continually disrupts his formal experiment, thereby illuminating the ruptures in empiricist method when adapted into the service of cultural comparison.
The apparent chemical kinetics of surface reactions in external flow systems: Diffusional falsification of activation energy and reaction order

If the temperature level or free stream reactant concentration is deliberately changed, the resulting change in the observed global reaction rate on a catalytic surface in a flow system will not necessarily reflect the true chemical kinetics at the fluid/solid interface. General expressions, reminiscent of those applicable to a static system, are derived for the relation between the diffusional falsification of activation energy and reaction order in terms of a logarithmic derivative of the isothermal diffusion correction (effectiveness factor). Approximate solutions are given for the case of the thin, nonturbulent diffusion layer which develops along an impermeable catalytic flat plate, for arbitrary values of the true reaction order and Prandtl number for diffusion (Schmidt number). Comparisons with exact solutions to the boundary-layer equations and alternate approximate methods are given for the special case of first-order surface reactions. Of the various quantities of interest in the diffusional theory of heterogeneous reactions in flow systems, it is shown that the accuracy of the Frank-Kamenetskii quasi-stationary method can become unacceptably poor for the calculation of these falsification parameters. The physicochemical conditions under which these errors are likely to be largest are discussed. Applications are given to the study of the chemical kinetics of fast surface reactions.
Rate coefficients for the reaction of C2H with O2 at 90 K and 120 K using a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus

Abstract Absolute rate coefficients for the reaction of C2H with O2 are measured at 90 K and 120 K by using a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus with laser ionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). The C2H radicals are generated by laser photolysis of C2H2 at 193 nm, and the products of the reaction with O2 and C2H2, HCCO and C4H2, respectively, are directly detected by laser ionization at 118 nm. Rate coefficients of (9.0±2.0)×10−11 and (5.0±1.5)×10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 are obtained at 90 K and 120 K for the C2H+O2 reaction, respectively, by detecting the rise of the product HCCO.
Studies on the maintenance of oral development in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL-C. II. The relationship of protein synthesis to cell division and oral organelle development.

The effects of puromycin on synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis were investigated at two different concentrations, 43 µg per ml and 430 µg per ml. The rate of incorporation of histidine-14C into hot TCA-insoluble material was reduced by 30% at the low concentration and by 80–90% at the high concentration. The rate of oxygen uptake was lowered by only 10–20% at both concentrations. Cell division was prevented at both concentrations, if the drug was added prior to a "transition point" at about 45 min after the end of the synchronizing treatment. Development of "anarchic field" oral primordia was arrested, while primordia in early stages of membranelle differentiation were resorbed. Resorption began shortly after addition of the drug, and proceeded most rapidly at the lower concentration. If the drug was added after the "transition point," cell division and oral primordium formation were completed with only slight delay at the low concentration, and with considerable delay (in some cases complete arrest) at the high concentration. The results thus indicate that protein synthesis is involved in the later as well as the earlier stages of development; what specially characterizes the earlier stages, prior to the "transition point," is a dramatic response to partial inhibition of protein synthesis. It is suggested that this response involves the activation or release of a latent intracellular degradative system which is specific for developing structures.
Derepressing Nuclear Receptors for Metabolic Adaptation

NCoR is a corepressor of several transcription factors, including the PPAR family of nuclear receptors in fat and muscle. By specifically deleting NCoR in these tissues, Li et al. and Yamamoto et al. now uncover an important role for NCoR in regulating lipid homeostasis through the coordinated control of different nuclear receptors.
Effect of stereoimage decentration on apparent size.

Decentration of stereoimages crossed makes a figure appear nearer and smaller; uncrossed makes it look larger and more remote. Quantification of these effects is presented with an orthogonal equation describing the interactions of distance from the observer, magnitudes of the decentrations crossed and uncrossed, and phenomenal judgment of apparent size. A 30- × 30-cm white square was photographed in orthostereo at distances of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 m. Decentrations of 0 to 60 mm of the projected images in 10-mm steps were made and matched with an adjacent variable square. Some comment is made concerning the theoretical and practical bearings of the results.
On the orbital isochronism

Formulas for the time of orbital flight in terms of the kinematic parameters are developed, and a kinematic theorem of orbital isochronism is introduced. Through this new theorem, the connection between the celebrated Lambart's theorem and the rather obscure theorem of Hamilton's hodographic isochronism is demonstrated, and the significance and implications of the latter are explored. In the light of Hamilton's hodographic representation, the characteristic features of an isochronal and isoenergetic family of Keplerian trajectories are observed, and a simple geometric method for the construction of such a family is proposed. Finally, Hamilton's time integral is briefly treated, resulting in another set of useful formulas for the time of flight.
Witnessing the Birth of VLSI Design

I have had several lucky breaks in my career. One of them was the opportunity to be immersed in the emergence of VLSI technology and its associated design methodology. I got my Ph.D. in Experimental Physics from the University of Basel, Switzerland, in 1969. My first job was with Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Because of my thesis, in which I studied the behavior of Interface States in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors, I was placed into Lab 225, which was engaged in building solid state imaging devices based on the brand new CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) technology, which had been conceived there a few months earlier. When I arrived, the group with Mike Tompsett and Gil Amelio had just demonstrated a CCD sensor array with 8 by 8 pixels. Since I have been enamored with geometry ever since high-school, I jumped to the opportunity to design the layouts of much larger imaging arrays, first with 128 by 128 pixels, and eventually (in 1973) with two interlaced fields of 256 scan lines, which was compatible with the American broadcast TV format. The latter device was way larger than any other IC chips of that time: It had ¾ of a million MOS electrodes placed in a rectangle measuring ½ inch by 5/8 of an inch (Figure 1).
Survival of invasive aquatic plants after air exposure and implications for dispersal by recreational boats

Recreational boating is widely recognized as an important vector for overland transport of invasive aquatic plants. Since their dominant form of recruitment is vegetative reproduction, entangled fragments on boats and trailers can establish new populations. The effectiveness of recreational boats as transport vectors relies on the resistance of macrophytes to air exposure. During the summers of 2012 and 2013, we conducted five field experiments in northern Wisconsin to assess air tolerance of Eurasian water-milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and curly-leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus). We simulated conditions that these plants would experience when ensnared on boats and trailers by testing viability after drying of single stems, coiled stems, and vegetative buds (turions). Single stems of M. spicatum and P. crispus were viable for up to 18 and 12 h of air exposure, respectively. Coiling extended the viability of M. spicatum to 48 h of air exposure. Turions of P. crispus successfully sprouted after 28 days of drying. The fact that recreational boaters in the region typically visit multiple lakes within a few days suggests that most lakes are susceptible to introduction of viable plants, and so lake managers should continue to focus attention on boat cleaning.
Raman scattering study of liquid ethylene glycol confined to nanoporous silica glasses

The Raman spectra of liquid ethylene glycol (EG) and EG confined to series of nanoporous silica glasses with pores ranging from 30.7 to 68.5 A were recorded at 303 K. Using vibrational assignments of specific Raman bands to the trans and gauche conformers of EG allowed us to follow the effect of confinement on the equilibrium of these conformers. With decreasing pore size an increase in the trans conformer fraction was observed. This increase in the trans conformer fraction can be related to the hydrogen bonding of EG molecules to pore surface silanol groups of the silica glasses. In surface modified glasses where the silanol groups were replaced by more hydrophobic—O—Si—(CH3)3 groups the trans/gauche ratio does not change with increasing confinement, thus providing evidence for the dominant role of the hydrogen bonding ability of silanols in non-modified glasses to change the conformer equilibrium. The plot of the fraction of the trans conformer Ft as a function of the reciprocal of the pore radius 1/R showed good linearity. This indicates that the two-state exchange model can be applied to the analysis of the Raman data allowing the determination of the fraction of the trans conformer in the surface layer liquid. Assuming a surface layer thickness of one molecular diameter of EG one determines Ft≈0.97 in the surface layer liquid. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Evaluation of a Multifaceted Prenatal Program Serving a Diverse Inner-City Population

ABSTRACT A multifaceted prenatal program incorporating social service and educational components as well as medical care has been operating in Cleveland, Ohio since 1966. We evaluate this program's effect on reducing infant mortality with data from linked birth, infant death and program files for 1985–87 resident birth cohorts. Adjusted for level of risk, participation in the prenatal program was associated with improved survival of newborns among African-Americans and possibly also Hispanics. However, Non-Hispanic White clients, some of whom may have been of Appalachian background, had an excessively high rate of postneonatal mortality. We discuss several hypotheses which might account for these findings.
AROMA INTENSITIES OF VARIOUS WOOD SMOKE FRACTIONS

Subjective aroma intensities were performed on smokes generated from cherry, chestnut, hard maple, white and red oak, apple, hickory and mes-quite woods. The smokes were separated into total, carbonyl, neutral, basic and phenolic fractions. A sensory panel rated the carbonyl fraction of all smokes, except mesquite, as having the strongest smoke intensity. The aroma of the basic fraction was next in intensity. In the case of mesquite, the phenolic fraction was the most intense. Contrary to the common belief that the phenolic fraction is the primary contributor to smoke aroma in wood smoke, this study showed the carbonyl fraction to be the primary contributor for most woods. Because of the potential health danger associated with smoke-associated phenolic compounds, this study demonstrated that it would be possible to reduce or eliminate the phenolic fraction in many smoke sources without losing smoke aroma intensity.
Exploiting the attributes of regional ecosystems for landscape design: The role of ecological restoration in ecological engineering☆

Abstract The application of the principles of ecological restoration has been underutilized by landscape designers. The reliance on a small palette of often non-native plant species combined with limited application of sound ecological principles both limits design potential and poses significant environmental risk. The principles of ecological restoration, which examine regional native ecology to guide landscape design, need not be limited to reparation or restoration projects, but may equally apply to parks, parking lots, detention ponds, green roofs, and roadsides, just as they do to re-establishing a prairie or wetland. We propose that environmental designers, whether landscape architects, civil engineers or restoration practitioners, investigate and exploit the ecological attributes of their native landscapes to provide smarter tools for solving design problems. This will improve ecological value of the project and reduce any collateral ecological damage caused by poor plant selection. We suggest that this calls on the landscape design industry to focus on three core areas: 1. Exploration of the relevant science and principles of ecological restoration as applied to landscape design issues. 2. Examination of regional native plants and their biology for specific landscape design problems. 3. Education about the threat that invasive plants pose both in short and long terms.
Treatment of Uncertainties in Risk-Based Optimal Design of Marine Structures (Invited Lecture)

A systematic procedure for properly treating each of the two broad types of uncertainty, aleatory and epistemic, is proposed for the risk-based design of marine structures, and illustrated with the formulation of optimal design of a typical offshore platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Randomness in the ocean wave height at the offshore site of a platform, and the variabilities of material properties, contribute to the aleatory uncertainty; whereas the epistemic uncertainty includes the imperfections in the modeling and calculations of the structural response and damage estimation. Optimal design is then formulated on the basis of minimum life-cycle cost (LCC), in which additional epistemic uncertainties in the life-cycle cost components are also included. High percentile (90% or 75%) values of the safety index obtained for the optimal design may be appropriate for risk-aversive designs; these values are consistent with current industry standards for the design of important platforms.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
An automated rotisserie system for processing Western blots

An apparatus to automate completely the processing of Western blots is described. The prototype is based on a popular rotisserie system design. The incubation chamber consists of an inner cylinder that rotates inside an outer cylinder (incubation chamber). The blot is contained in the inner cylinder. Two magnets are mounted at one end of the inner cylinder, and rotation of the inner cylinder is effected by two magnets mounted on a motor drive outside the incubation chamber. Movement of chemicals into and out of the incubation chamber is driven pneumatically, and the entire process is controlled by a computer. Processing a blot for chemiluminescent detection takes 7 h to complete without human intervention. The quality of the resulting image is comparable to or better than a blot using manual processing. In addition, the prototype is capable of re-collecting all three antisera for future use.
Initial Decision Analysis (IDA): a Participatory Approach for Developing Resource Policies

Initial decision analysis (IDA) is a microcomputer based decision-making technique that is organized so that a rational, step-by-step, procedure can be followed to use existing knowledge to develop resource policies. The IDA process provides a systematic way for participants to define their own problem and to explore jointly alternative solutions. IDA is particularly suited to resolving complex problems involving many groups with conflicting interests. IDA is illustrated with data from the US Forest Service's Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the 1985 to 2030 Resource Planning Act Program for the United States. Four policy options are evaluated: maximization of timber production, of grazing, and of wilderness, and a dominant use policy that concentrates timber management on productive sites. Policies were evaluated using a new mathematical satisficing procedure. Mathematical satisficing of simulated policy consequences showed that, for selected performance standards, current RPA policies are superior to the four alternative policies examined.
An improved quasi-steady approach for transient conjugated forced convection problems

Abstract A method is presented, namely the improved quasi-steady approach, which takes into approximate account both the effect of thermal history and of thermal energy storage capacity of a flowing fluid in transient, conjugated, forced convection problems and thus dispenses with two of the assumptions ordinarily implicit in the usual, simple quasi-steady approach to such problems. The development of the improved approach is suggested by a transformation of variable which leads to an exact solution for slug flows which is then generalized and asserted to be approximately valid for non-slug flows. Two analytical solutions using the proposed approach are presented and compared to finite difference solutions which were generated as benchmarks for the comparison. Additional comparisons are made to the usual, standard quasi-steady results.
Side-chain flexibility in protein-ligand binding: the minimal rotation hypothesis.

The goal of this work is to learn from nature about the magnitudes of side-chain motions that occur when proteins bind small organic molecules, and model these motions to improve the prediction of protein–ligand complexes. Following analysis of protein side-chain motions upon ligand binding in 63 complexes, we tested the ability of the docking tool SLIDE to model these motions without being restricted to rotameric transitions or deciding which side chains should be considered as flexible. The model tested is that side-chain conformational changes involving more atoms or larger rotations are likely to be more costly and less prevalent than small motions due to energy barriers between rotamers and the potential of large motions to cause new steric clashes. Accordingly, SLIDE adjusts the protein and ligand side groups as little as necessary to achieve steric complementarity. We tested the hypothesis that small motions are sufficient to achieve good dockings using 63 ligands and the apo structures of 20 different proteins and compared SLIDE side-chain rotations to those experimentally observed. None of these proteins undergoes major main-chain conformational change upon ligand binding, ensuring that side-chain flexibility modeling is not required to compensate for main-chain motions. Although more frugal in the number of side-chain rotations performed, this model substantially mimics the experimentally observed motions. Most side chains do not shift to a new rotamer, and small motions are both necessary and sufficient to predict the correct binding orientation and most protein–ligand interactions for the 20 proteins analyzed.
Empowerment of Aging Mothers and Daughters in Transition During a Health Crisis

The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical model illustrating aging mothers' and daughters' transitions through a health crisis. The investigator, using grounded theory, conducted 27 interviews over a 15-month period with 6 older women who had experienced a hip fracture and their adult daughters. The use of the constant comparative method guided data collection and generation of theory. The theoretical model that emerged from data illustrates five major concepts: Internalizing female lineage, Mastering maturity, Evolving matriarchs, Emerging transformation, and Becoming empowered. The basic social process integrating these five concepts is the Evolution of Female Strength. The model could be used to explicate strengths of aging mothers and their daughters while identifying health care problems that require interventions.
Cervical pessary reduces spontaneous delivery before 34 weeks and adverse outcomes in pregnant women with a short cervix

Commentary on: Goya M , Pratcorona L, Merced C, et al . Pesario Cervical para Evitar Prematuridad (PECEP) Trial Group. Cervical pessary in pregnant women with a short cervix (PECEP): an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 379 :1800–6. Prematurity prevention continues to be one of the biggest challenges in perinatal medicine. Most pregnancies complicated by preterm birth occur in gestations without any historical risk factors. The most effective therapeutic approach for the asymptomatic patient with a short cervix continues to evolve. For over 50 years, the cervical pessary has been used to treat women at risk of cervical insufficiency and preterm delivery. However, the value of the pessary in preventing prematurity in patients without historical risk factors has not been properly studied. The cervical pessary in pregnant women with a short cervix (PECEP) trial by Goya and colleagues, represents the …
Verbs of motion in L1 Russian of Russian–English bilinguals

This study examines the motion lexicon in narratives elicited from Russian–English bilinguals. Lexical choices made by the participants are compared to those made by native speakers of Russian and English in narratives elicited by the same stimuli. The analysis of bilinguals’ narratives shows that lexicalization of motion is not subject to L2 influence in these bilinguals. A few instances of L2 influence on L1 uncovered in the data are used to discuss the forms L1 attrition might take in the Russian motion lexicon.
Pediatric access to dermatologists: Medicaid versus private insurance.

Background There is disparity in access to outpatient care for Medicaid beneficiaries. This inequity disproportionately impacts children. Access for children with skin disease may be especially limited. Objective We sought to compare access to dermatologists for new pediatric patients insured by Medicaid versus a private plan. Methods We surveyed 13 metropolitan markets by conducting secret-shopper scripted telephone calls to dermatology providers listed by Medicaid health plans. Paired calls, differing by insurance type, were made to each office on the same day, portraying a parent requesting a new appointment for a child with eczema. Results We called the offices of 723 Medicaid-listed providers. Final analysis included 471 dermatologists practicing general dermatology. Of these, an average of 44% refused a new Medicaid-insured pediatric patient. The average wait time for an appointment did not significantly vary between insurance types. Assuming that dermatologists not listed as Medicaid providers do not see Medicaid-insured children, our data indicate that pediatric Medicaid acceptance rates ranged from 6% to 64% by market, with an overall market size-weighted average acceptance rate of 19%. Relative reimbursement levels for Medicaid-insured patients did not correlate with acceptance rates. Limitations Although the most current health plan directories were used to create calling lists, these are dynamic. The sample sizes of confirmed appointments were in part limited by a lack of referral letters and/or health plan identification numbers. Only confirmed appointments were used to calculate average wait times. Conclusions Access to dermatologists is limited for Medicaid-insured children with eczema.
Examining the performance of the brief addiction monitor

The Center for Excellence in Drug Abuse Treatment and Education (Center for Excellence in Substance Abuse Treatment and Education (CESATE; 2010). Brief Addiction Monitor: Manual of Operations. Philadelphia, PA) recently suggested that Veterans Affairs' (VA) addictions treatment programs, in order to encourage measurement based care, begin using a new measure of substance abuse, the Brief Addictions Monitor (BAM). To date, only one study Caccolia et al, 2013. Development and initial evaluation of the Brief Addiction Monitor (BAM). Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44, 256-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2012.07.013) has examined the psychometric properties of a version of this instrument. However, this study did not use the version of the BAM currently available to most VA providers via the mental health assistant software; rather, the authors reported the properties of a BAM where most of the items had continuous (or near continuous) response options. The current study seeks to provide data on the version of the BAM which uses 5 point Likert scale response options for its questions, the version available on the mental health assistant software. Based on data from more than 700 veterans enrolled in out-patient (OP) and in-patient (IP) addictions treatment programs, this study examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of this version of the BAM. Across both groups, results suggested that the BAM lacked a reliable factor structure, in contrast to the findings from the earlier study. However, a single scale, composed of a minority of items on the BAM, showed promise. A minority of the items (five) provided valid information across both OP and IP samples when applied individually, as indicated by convergent and divergent validity comparisons with other measures of functioning; tracking changes in functioning over the course of treatment; and correlating with changes in convergent and divergent validity measures. This partially supported the CESATE (CESATE; 2010). Brief Addiction Monitor: Manual of Operations. Philadelphia, PA) call to use the individual BAM items. Overall, results suggested that changing the structure of the response options may have had a negative impact on the psychometric properties of the BAM.
W-band finite ground coplanar (FGC) line circuit elements

This paper describes the modeling and experimental evaluation of Finite Ground Coplanar (FGC) lines, stubs, and filters between 2 and 110 GHz. These lines provide a very low loss alternative to microstrip or coplanar waveguide for millimeter- and submillimeter-wave applications without the use of vias. Their mode free operation allows excellent agreement between measured data and LIBRA modeling to 110 GHz. The lines have very low loss at W-band and filters have a loss comparable with the best membrane filters reported recently. The paper includes details of analytic and FDTD investigations of the lines, a description of the fabrication and measurement calibration and measured data on lines, tuning stubs, and a variety of low-pass filters.