cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Focusing Heart Failure Research on Myocardial Fibrosis to Prioritize Translation

Heart failure (HF) has traditionally been defined by symptoms of fluid accumulation and poor perfusion, but it is now recognized that specific HF classifications hold prognostic and therapeutic relevance. Specifically, HF with reduced ejection fraction is characterized by reduced left ventricular systolic pump function and dilation and HF with preserved ejection fraction is characterized primarily by abnormal left ventricular filling (diastolic failure) with relatively preserved left ventricular systolic function. These forms of HF are distributed equally among patients with HF and likely require distinctly different strategies to mitigate the morbidity, mortality, and medical resource utilization of this disease. In particular, HF is a significant medical issue within the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital system and constitutes a major translational research priority for the VA. Because a common underpinning of both HF with reduced ejection fraction and HF with preserved ejection fraction seems to be changes in the structure and function of the myocardial extracellular matrix, a conference was convened sponsored by the VA, entitled, "Targeting Myocardial Fibrosis in Heart Failure" to explore the extracellular matrix as a potential therapeutic target and to propose specific research directions. The conference was conceptually framed around the hypothesis that although HF with reduced ejection fraction and HF with preserved ejection fraction clearly have distinct mechanisms, they may share modifiable pathways and biological mediators in common. Inflammation and extracellular matrix were identified as major converging themes. A summary of our discussion on unmet challenges and possible solutions to move the field forward, as well as recommendations for future research opportunities, are provided.
Online communication and dating relationships: Effects of decreasing online communication on feelings of closeness and relationship satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of online communication on feelings of closeness and relationship satisfaction using an experimental design and to test whether these effects va...
Dual Signals: The Effect of Firm Publications on Venture Capital Financing

This paper investigates how the firm publications affect their VC financing. With information asymmetry about the quality of entrepreneurial ventures, investors are influenced by the signal of firm...
Real-world evidence for U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved oncology products, 2015 to 2020.

280Background: Since the 21st Century Cures Act, there has been growing interest in using real-world evidence (RWE) to support regulatory filings for new drugs and indications. The goal of this stu...
Paramount: The Mixed Merits of Mush

The Article critiques the Delaware Supreme Court’s 1990 decision, Paramount Communications, Inc. v. Time Inc. It argues that Paramount left no clear standards in its wake. While the decision seemed to lean in favor of more managerial discretion in the takeover context, it was not clear how far it leaned, or how closely tied the court’s reasoning was to the peculiar facts of the case. While other commentators critiqued Paramount for its management bias, this article instead focuses on the decision’s murkiness. It considers the merits of moving takeover jurisprudence away from the clearer standards that had been evolving in the lower courts. It considers whether an undefined standard that gives courts broad discretion to evaluate management defensive actions is appropriate in light of the complexity of the takeover phenomenon.
Electrochemical Disinfection in Water and Wastewater Treatment: Identifying Impacts of Water Quality and Operating Conditions on Performance

Electrochemical disinfection—a method in which chemical oxidants are generated in situ via redox reactions on the surface of an electrode—has attracted increased attention in recent years as an alt...
Prospective Validation and Comparative Analysis of Coronary Risk Stratification Strategies Among Emergency Department Patients With Chest Pain.

Background Coronary risk stratification is recommended for emergency department patients with chest pain. Many protocols are designed as “rule‐out” binary classification strategies, while others us...
Dielectric properties of water relevant to microwave assisted thermal pasteurization and sterilization of packaged foods

Abstract Microwave assisted thermal sterilization and pasteurization systems, as emerging thermal processing technologies, use circulation water to reduce edge heating of the food packages in the microwave heating sections. Yet, the influence of the circulation water on microwave heating efficiency for food is unknown. This research studied the dielectric properties of purified water from a reverse osmosis unit and tap water over microwave frequencies of 150–2500 MHz at 23–120 °C and evaluated microwave loses in the circulation water. The values of the dielectric constant of purified and tap water decreased (P Industrial relevance The information from this research are highly relevant to industrial operations of microwave-assisted thermal sterilization and pasteurization systems of pre-packaged foods. The dielectric property data will contribute to the literature related to the physical properties of water in microwave heating.
A (Gentle) Introduction to Deductive Databases

This paper is intended as an introduction to deductive databases for the practitioner. After a brief historical overview it discusses the tradeoff between declarative and procedural programming and introduces the topic of deductive databases as an instance of this issue. The paper proceeds to expose some of the features of DD technology by means of the LDL system, shows some typical DD applications and concludes with a discussion of the state of the art and the relation of this technology to that of Object Oriented systems.
Long pulse tokamaks using high performance resistive magnets

Engineering aspects of tokamak designs which could address the physics of long-pulse hydrogen/deuterium operation and alpha-particle-dominated heating (Q>5) are presented. The main characteristics of these designs are their relatively small size, their resistive toroidal field coils, and their long pulse capability. In D-T operation this machine could satisfy the basic physics requirements for the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) physics mission at a much lower cost than the present superconducting ITER design. For these designs, demountable TF (toroidal field) coils similar to Alcator C-MOD are considered, and steady-state water cooling of the magnets is investigated. The demountable nature of the TF magnet simplifies the assembly and maintenance operations. Internal poloidal field coils minimize this system and increase its flexibility. >
Biosynthetic properties of a polyoma nucleoprotein complex: evidence for replication sites.

Abstract Under normal growth conditions, all of the newly synthesized polyoma deoxyribonucleic acid (py DNA) that could be extracted from infected mouse cell cultures by the Triton procedure of Green, Miller, and Hendler was in the form of a 55S nucleoprotein complex. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide reduced the sedimentation rate of the polyoma complex synthesized during the first hour after addition of the drug to 25 to 35S. Since the 55S and the 25 to 35S complexes each contain closed circular 20S py DNA, it is suggested that the slower complex contains less protein per DNA molecule and that there is normally a small or unstable pool of protein available for binding to newly replicated py DNA. In the presence of cycloheximide, the newly formed 25 to 35S complex was not derived from preexisting 55S complex. Thus, some py DNA which was not solubilized by the Triton method served as a template for replication. Further evidence for the existence of polyoma replication sites is provided by the demonstration that, during the inhibition of protein synthesis, a class of newly replicated py DNA can be solubilized by the sodium dodecyl sulfate procedure of Hirt, but not by the Triton method. It is postulated that continuous protein synthesis is required to release py DNA from replication sites in the form of a Triton-extractable nucleoprotein complex.
Symbolic CTL Model Checking of Asynchronous Systems Using Constrained Saturation

The saturation state-space generation algorithm has demonstrated clear improvements over state-of-the-art symbolic methods for asynchronous systems. This work is motivated by efficiently applying saturation to CTL model checking. First, we introduce a new "constrained saturation" algorithm which constrains state exploration to a set of states satisfying given properties. This algorithm avoids the expensive after-the-fact intersection operations and retains the advantages of saturation, namely, exploiting event locality and benefiting from recursive local fixpoint computations. Then, we employ constrained saturation to build the set of states satisfying EU and EG properties for asynchronous systems. The new algorithm can achieve orders-of-magnitude reduction in runtime and memory consumption with respect to methods based on breath-first search, and even with a previously-proposed hybrid approach that alternates between "safe" saturation and "unsafe" breadth-first searches. Furthermore, the new approch is fully general, as it does not require the next-state function to be expressable in Kronecker form. We conclude this paper with a discussion of some possible future work, such as building the set of states belonging to strongly connected components.
A single-element CMOS-based electronic de-embedding technique with TRL level of accuracy

A single-element de-embedding algorithm with accuracy comparable to TRL is proposed. By performing impedance modulation using CMOS transistors, reflection measurements with ideal shorts are generated from the measured two-port S-parameters. Such measurements with known termination are further utilized for finding the solutions to the test fixtures. As a single structure is sufficient for the extraction of the device S-parameter, saving not only the silicon area but also improving the accuracy due to reduced number of probing. Experimental results up to 65 GHz have validated the proposed single-element approach.
History and Terrorism

I must admit to some trepidation when the Journal of American History editor Ed Linenthal first mentioned this project. In the last several years, I have served as a reader for a number of journals focused on terrorism to which historians submitted pieces—with John Brown a recurring theme—that showed little or no understanding of the processes of terrorism. Each manuscript was returned with heavy red marks, suggestions, and a basic bibliography of sources through which the historian might at least briefly acquaint himself or herself with what terrorism scholars have been writing for more than four decades. True, the attacks of September 11, 2001, inflated this corpus beyond all reasonable bounds, but a good rule of thumb is that a respected scholar of terrorism studies before 9/11 is a respected scholar after 9/11. Thus it was with considerable pleasure that I read Beverly Gage’s nuanced and multidisciplinary essay.1 John Brown does make an appearance, but he does so in a multifaceted way. There is an engagement, rare for a historian, that tries to make the discipline more than a passing spectator of events. Historians are, as Gage notes, observers, not doers. My own professors in the history of culture at the University of Chicago insisted the same. When I had the temerity to suggest that my dissertation on millenarian revolution might have in it the seeds of a possible predictive instrument, I was silenced by our department chair with the classic rejoinder: “I wouldn’t know, I AM A HISTORIAN.” In my heart of hearts, so am I, though I have strayed rather far from the reservation over the years. In short, Gage’s essay is as fine a piece of analytical work on terrorism as I have read in recent years stemming from any discipline. I do take issue with some relatively minor points and will focus on these later in the essay. In her deeply considered meditation on terrorism, Gage does a magnificent job of distinguishing terrorism from other forms of political or religious violence. Would that terrorism scholars were always so careful. In so doing, she runs into the same methodological brick wall with which we all come in contact when we write of terrorism: there is no single accepted definition of “terrorism.” Gage wisely goes to the sacred Ur text of political terrorism, Alex Peter Schmid, Albert J. Longman, and Michael Stohl’s Political
Children's strategies for controlling affective responses to aversive social experience

It was hypothesized that one mechanism of self-control that children develop is the strategic capacity to select the experiences they encounter. This hypothesis led to the prediction that children would deal with certain aversive social experiences by seeking out or taking advantage of opportunities for nurturant experiences. Young children were exposed to an aversive social experience in which they received less nurturance than a peer, a positive experience in which they received more nurturance, or a neutral experience in which nurturance was equal. Subsequently, an opportunity was provided for children to control the length of time they watched a highly nurturant television program. As predicted, boys experiencing an aversive social encounter increased the length of time they exposed themselves to the nurturant television show, and their level of reduced positive affect was related to how long they watched the nurturant content, further supporting the interpretation that they did so in response to their own affective state. Girls did not adopt the strategy of self-exposure to nurturant television but did appear to engage in self-distraction during the aversive social experience. Despite the apparent use of control strategies, there was no indication that these strategies were effective for the amelioration of reduced positive affect resulting from the aversive social experience. Discussion focuses on the sex differences observed in the adoption of strategic behavior and factors contributing to the ineffectiveness of the control strategies. A general model is proposed for personal and environmental factors requisite for the selection, employment, and effectiveness of strategies to control experiences and their affective consequences.
Role of nitrogen oxides in the stratosphere: A reevaluation based on laboratory studies

The changes in chemical partitioning and stratospheric O3 abundance due to the recently measured rate coefficients for the O + NO2, OH + HNO3, and OH + NO2 reactions are examined using a two-dimensional model. The rate constant changes increase NOx abundance (up to 40%) and NOx-catalyzed O3 destruction, and extend down by several kilometers the altitude region where NOx dominates catalytic O3 destruction. Reductions in the abundance of HOx (10–30%) and ClOx (20-40–) in the lower stratosphere partially buffer the effect on column O3 amount. Column O3 at middle and high latitudes is reduced by 2–10% depending on season for current halogen levels. The model derived long-term O3 trend at midlatitudes due to increases in anthropogenic halogens is reduced by approximately 30%.
A CCD imager search for possible material orbiting Saturn between 10 and 36 Saturnian radii

Optical imaging of the area west of Saturn from 10 to 36 Saturnian radii was used to search for possible orbiting material to a limit of I = +22/sq arcsec for material distributed over a region larger than the seeing disk of about 3 arcsec. For sources smaller than the seeing disk, a limit of I = +19.5 was reached.
Influence of estrogens upon serum calcium, phosphate and proteins concentrations of fresh-water turtles

Abstract 1. 1. Concentrations of total calcium, inorganic phosphate and total protein were measured in serum of normal fresh-water turtles, Chrysemys picta , caught in local Connecticut pondsd from April to July. Hypercalcemis, hyperphosphatemia and hyperproteinemia occurred in females during May and June, the time of egg-production and egg-laying, presumably in response to increased secretion of endogenous estrogens. 2. 2. Single doses of estradiol benzoate ranging from 20 μg to 750 μg induced significantly higher concentrations of these fractions of serum calcium, phosphate and protein in both sexes of non-breeing C. picta and Pseudemys scripta . 3. 3. The elevated values of calcium, phosphate and protein in sera of normal females during the breeding season exceeded those induced in non-breeding animals by a dose of 20 μg estradiol benzoate.
Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus: Value of a Benzodiazepine Trial for Predicting Outcomes (S06.006)

Objective: We assess the value of clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to an acute antiepileptic drug (AED) trial for predicting outcomes in nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). Background NCSE is an increasingly indentified form for of status epilepticus. However the only well established predictor for outcome is seizure etiology. Managing NCSE poses many challenges that would benefit from additional reliable, early measures to predict patient outcomes. Design/Methods: We analyzed all patients referred to our Neurology Service with suspected NCSE assessed by a standard acute intravenous (IV) benzodiazepine (BDZ) protocol. We correlated patients9 clinical and EEG responses to the BDZ trial with their subsequent outcomes, including survival, recovery of consciousness, and functional status at hospital discharge. Results: From 1990 to 2001, we identified 62 patients with NCSE who were initially evaluated with an acute IV BDZ protocol trial. A favorable clinical response with improvement in consciousness was observed in 22 patients (35%), while 40 (65%) were clinical non-responders. All of the positive clinical responders (100%) survived, recovered consciousness, and exhibited good functional outcomes. In contrast, outcomes were significantly poorer (p Conclusions: This study demonstrates that in addition to the know predictor of etiology, a clinical and, to a lesser degree, EEG response to an acute trial of IV BDZs are predictive of subsequent outcome in patients with NCSE, and warrant further consideration and investigation for assessing and managing such patients. Disclosure: Dr. Krumholz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hopp has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sanchez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Barry has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hart has nothing to disclose.
Metabolic syndrome: F stands for fructose and fat

Fructose and glucose have the same caloric value, but the two sugars are metabolized differently. It emerges that mice that cannot metabolize fructose are healthier when placed on carbohydrate-rich diets.
Capsule commentary on Schonberg et al., Older women's experience with a benign breast biopsy—a mixed methods study.

Women 65 years and older are commonly screened for breast cancer with mammography. Models estimate that screening 1,000 women biannually for 10 years after the age of 69 would result in two fewer cancer deaths, 200 false positive mammograms, and 13 cases of over-diagnosis (breast cancer that would not have been clinically evident otherwise).1 The study by Schonberg et al. evaluates the effects of benign breast biopsies upon older women, using validated scales of psychological and physical consequences measured at the time of biopsy and after 6 months, and uses qualitative data to develop a conceptual model of undergoing a benign breast biopsy.2 At the time of biopsy, 76 % of women reported negative psychological consequences, which persisted at 6 months for 39 %. After 6 months, one in five women felt that worry interfered with their daily activities, and there was a trend for women with ≤ 9 years life expectancy to have higher negative psychological consequences compared to healthier women. Women also noted competing health issues in the qualitative data, all of which support the need for personalized decision making to balance risks and benefits of breast cancer screening in this age group. Opportunities identified for optimizing the experience of breast biopsies for women include positive interactions with radiology staff and physicians and systematic processes that minimize the wait time for test results. Women want information that explains biopsy procedures and diagnosis-specific information post-biopsy. Patient education materials would need to reflect current recommendations,3 particularly for diagnoses that are associated with higher risk for breast cancer, such as atypia, and to acknowledge the paucity of evidence supporting mortality benefit from such follow-up. Delivering this information via the primary care provider, with whom women wanted to communicate, would improve on-going shared decision making about future breast cancer screening. Decision aids that personalize screening recommendations based upon women’s competing medical issues and life expectancy4,5 would ideally be easily accessible in the primary care setting within an electronic medical record. These supports are needed to decrease the harms of breast cancer screening among women 65 years and older.
Water diffusion, T2 and compartmentation in frog sciatic nerve

A potential relationship between structural compartments in neural tissue and NMR parameters may increase the specificity of MRI in diagnosing diseases. Nevertheless, our understanding of MR of nerves and white matter is limited, particularly the influence of various water compartments on the MR signal is not known. In this study, components of the (1)H transverse relaxation decay curve in frog peripheral nerve were correlated with the diffusion characteristics of the water in the nerve. Three T(2) values were identified with nerve. Water mobility was found to be unrestricted on the timescale of 100 msec in the component of the signal with the intermediate T(2) time, suggesting some contribution from the interstitial space to this T(2) component. Restricted diffusion was observed in the component with the longest T(2) time, supporting the assignment of at least part of the spins contributing to this component to an intracellular compartment. The observed nonexponential behavior of the diffusion attenuation curves was investigated and shown to be potentially caused by the wide range of axon sizes in the nerve. Magn Reson Med 42:911-918, 1999.
Trans-Rotary Magnetic Gear for Wave Energy applicaion

This paper proposes a new device named Trans-Rotary Magnetic Gear (TROMAG) for use in Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) systems. With very low speed and high force being the main characteristics of the linear motion delivered by several types of WEC systems, the required linear machines to resist such motion have so far turned out to be bulky and cumbersome. To enable deployment of tried-and-true low torque rotary machines, it is necessary to develop a magnetic device to convert such motion to high speed, low torque rotation in a reliable and efficient way. The TROMAG does the conversion through a magnetic field and with high force density. Structure of the device, as well as its main operating characteristics is presented here. Results are obtained by Three-Dimensional (3D) Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
Weight−length relationships of roundnose grenadier (Coryphaenoides rupestris Gunn.) in different areas of the North Atlantic

Abstract The weight-length relationships of roundnose grenadier ( Coryphaenoides rupestris Gunn.) caught in different parts of the northwest Atlantic were determined and compared with relationships reported previously for various areas of the North Atlantic. The results indicate that this species is lighter at length in NAFO Subareas 0 + 1 and the north Mid-Atlantic Ridge area than in either the northwest or northeast Atlantic. Roundnose grenadier in the northwest and northeast Atlantic have approximately the same weight-length relationships.
Organizational Determinants of Police Discretion - the Case of Drinking-Driving

Abstract Organizational explanations of police behavior differ in terms of the influence on street-level discretion attributed to the formal administrative apparatus. Rational and constrained rational models emphasize the influence of formal policies and structures, whereas the loosely coupled model emphasizes the informal structure and environment. This study examined the relevance of these models for explaining patrol officers' decisions to arrest in the drinking-driving situation in four police agencies. Analysis of officer questionnaire responses (N=71) to a drunk driver scenario showed that officers in the two larger, bureaucratized departments were much less likely to arrest than those in the smaller departments. Loose coupling of the administrative apparatus and officer discretion were pronounced in the large departments, but administrative priorities were closely coupled to officer discretion in the small agencies. Unable to employ elaborate bureaucratic forms due to size constraints, the small departments pursued DUI arrests to demonstrate their professional worth. The larger departments, operating with fewer resources relative to demand, were preoccupied with other issues and did not find a high DUI arrest rate particularly useful for sustaining community support. They were able to rely on institutional forms that signified commitment to DUI arrests without actually constraining officers to make them.
ONLINE FREE MARKETS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE MUSLIM WORLD

For centuries, networks of free exchange enabled populations of the Islamic world to thrive. Today, by contrast, the largest Muslim countries lag in international measures of economic freedom. At this critical time, hundreds of online markets for ‘telework’ are bringing global business opportunities within reach of many in the Muslim and non-Muslim worlds alike. Individuals with internet access can directly engage in the global online economy without having to wait for the results of domestic policy liberalisation or needing to relocate in search of higher wages.
The electronic structure of ZnO and ZnF determined by anion photoelectron spectroscopy

The 3.49 and 4.66 eV photoelectron spectra of ZnO− and ZnF− are reported. The PES of ZnO− shows five electronic transitions between two states of the anion and four states of the neutral. The EA of ZnO is 2.087(8) eV. The vibrational frequencies of all but the excited anion state are determined, in addition to relative bond lengths. The photoelectron spectrum of ZnF− exhibits one electronic transition between the ground states of the anion and the neutral. The electron affinity of ZnF is 1.974(8) eV. Vibrational frequencies and relative bond lengths are determined for these two states.
Photochemistry of titanocene(IV) derivatives

Abstract Irradiation of cyclopentadienyl (Cp) derivatives of titanium(IV) in solvents containing halogen atoms leads to photolysis and abstraction of halogen. The dihalides Cp2TiCl2, Cp2TiBr2, and (CpMe5)2TiCl2 all undergo photolysis to give the corresponding cyclopentadienyltrihalotitanium(IV) compounds in chloroform or carbon tetrachloride. Cp2TiCl2 gives CpTiCl2 when irradiated in pure benzene and CpTiCl3 in benzene saturated with hydrogen chloride.
Characterization of porcine uterine estrogen sulfotransferase

Abstract A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for uterine capacity is located on chromosome 8. Comparison of porcine and human genetic maps suggested that the estrogen sulfotransferase (STE) gene may be located near this region. The objectives of this study were to clone the full coding region for STE, compare endometrial STE gene expression between Meishan and White composite pigs during early pregnancy, and map the STE gene. We obtained a clone (1886 bp) containing the full coding region of STE by iterative screening of an expressed sequence tag library. Endometrial STE mRNA expression in White composite gilts was determined by Northern blotting on days 10, 13, and 15 of the estrous cycle; and on days 10, 13, 15, 20, 30, and 40 of pregnancy. STE mRNA expression was elevated (P
Value Sets of Some Polynomials Over Finite Fields

This paper shows that there is a connection between the crosscorrelation functions of certain binary m-sequences and the value sets of the polynomials xk(1 + x)2m - 1 for k in pm 1, pm 2, 4, where x is in the finite field GF(22m). In particular, the size of such value sets is determined by using finite field theory and known results about crosscorrelation functions.
Overproduction of protein kinase C causesdisordered growth control in rat fibroblasts

Summary We have generated a series of rat fibroblast cell linesthat stably overexpress a full-length cDNA encoding the β1 form of protein kinase C (PKC). These cell lines contain a 20-to 53-fold increase in PKC activity and exhibit dramatically enhanced morphologic changes following exposure to the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). They grow to a high saturation density in monolayer cultures and, when maintained at postconfluence, develop small, dense foci. In contrast to control cells, which display complete anchorage dependence, PKC-overproducing cells form small colonies in soft agar in the absence of TPA and large colonies in the presence of TPA. Thus, the mere overproduction of a single form of PKC is sufficient to confer multiple growth abnormalities in rat fibroblasts. These results provide direct evidence that PKC plays a critical role in growth control and that it mediates several of the cellular effects of the phorbol ester tumor promoters. They also suggest that the activation of PKC may be of central importance in the process of multistage carcinogenesis.
A Detector System for In-Situ Spectrometric Analysis of 241Am and Pu in Soil

This system for quantitative analysis of Pu in soil via 241Am has four 2.5-mm high-purity Ge detectors of 33 cm2 total detecting surface area. These detectors are paralleled by gating circuitry to avoid the degradation of energy resolution associated with electronic output summing. In field tests the system was approximately three times as sensitive as a 70-cm3 Ge(Li) detector and approximately an order of magnitude more sensitive than the FIDLER system.
Transient in situ infrared methods for investigation of adsorbates in catalysis

This paper reports the details of a high-pressure and -temperature in situ transmission infrared reactor cell and experimental approaches for investigation of the nature of adsorbates in CO hydrogenation and NOCO reaction on Rh/SiO2 catalyst. The infrared cell used in this study allows easy assembling and reliable operation up to 773 K and 6.0 MPa. The structure and coverage of adsorbates during reaction are determined by an infrared spectrometer, and the composition of gaseous effluent from the infrared cell is monitored by a mass spectrometer. The steady-state 13CO step transient shows that gaseous CO rapidly exchanges with adsorbed CO, which is slowly converted to CH4 during CO hydrogenation at 513 K and 0.1 MPa. The pulsing CO study reveals that linear CO is more reactive than bridged CO during methane and CO2 formation, and bridged CO sites are blocked from CO disproportionation. Steady-state 13CO pulse transients show that the CO2 response leads the CO response, and Rh-NCO and Si-NCO are not involved in the formation of CO2 from CO during NO-CO reaction. The advantages and limitations of the in situ infrared and transient approaches for catalysis research will be discussed.
The antibacterial effects for Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 of different chemical disinfectants and cleaning agents tested under different conditions.

Summary A selection of commercially available disinfectants, sanitizers and water sanitizers based on iodophor, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and phenolic compounds were tested for their activity against a phage type 4 strain of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis in the presence of a variety of organic materials. In general the phenolic preparations were the most effective followed by the QACs and the iodophors. They were all inactivated to different degrees by chick fluff, chicken faeces, feed and wood shavings. The inactivation was greatest when Salmonella organisms were pre‐dried in feed. Under these conditions formaldehyde and glu‐taraldehyde were still active. There was some evidence that induced resistance to stress conditions including culture at 42°C and anaerobic culture increased resistance to one of the water sanitizers.
Co-transplantation of fetal lateral ganglionic eminence and ventral mesencephalon can augment function and development of intrastriatal transplants.

Abstract Methods to increase the development and sustained function of embryonic mesencephalic dopamine cells after transplantation into dopamine (DA)-depleted striatum are currently under investigation. Elements that are crucial for the maturation and connectivity of neurons during normal development of the brain may also play a role in the development and integration of grafted embryonic tissue. Based on in vitro and in vivo observations of the enhancing effects of striatal tissue on nigral dopaminergic cell development and survival, we demonstrate that inclusion of embryonic striatal cells, specifically from the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE), produces dopaminergic transplants with augmented functional effects. Rats neonatally DA-depleted and co-transplanted with embryonic nigral and LGE cells developed improved functional outcome when compared with animals receiving only nigral cells, and they required the transplantation of fewer nigral cells to produce a strong behavioral effect. Anatomically, the inclusion of LGE cells produced increased DA cell survival, a higher density of reinnervation into the DA-depleted host striatum, and patches of DA fibers within the co-transplants. There were also an increased number of host striatal cells which induced the immediate-early gene c-fos in co-transplanted animals compared to animals receiving nigral cells alone, indicating a higher degree of host-cell activation. The ability to enhance function, cell survival, reinnervation, and host activation with nigral-striatal co-transplants in the presence of fewer nigral cells supports the hypothesis of a trophic influence of striatal cells on nigral DA cells.
Inhibition and recovery of maternal and fetal cholinesterase enzymes following a single oral dose of chlorpyrifos in rats.

Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (14–18 days of gestation) were treated with a single dose of 50 mg/kg (61% of oral LD50 in female rats) of chlorpyrifos (0,0-diethyl-0-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) by oral gavage. Animals treated on day 18 of gestation were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 12 h after dosing. Animals treated on days 17, 16, 15, and 14 of gestation were sacrificed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after dosing, respectively. Maternal and fetal brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities were significantly inhibited 1 h after treatment. Activity of fetal brain AChE and plasma BuChE recovered faster than that of the maternal enzymes. Peak inhibition of maternal spinal cord AChE and BuChE activities occurred 2 h and 1 h after dosing, respectively. Maternal spinal cord BuChE activity was totally recovered by 96 h compared to the partial recovery of spinal cord AChE activity. Maternal liver BuChE activity was significantly decreased within 1 h of dosing. The individual molecular forms (10S and 4S) of maternal and fetal brain AChE and BuChE activities were significantly decreased 1 h after treatment. Recovery of both forms of fetal brain AChE activity was much faster than the maternal forms. Activity of the 10S form of maternal control brain AChE was significantly higher than in the fetus control. The rapid recovery of cholinesterase enzymes in the fetus is attributed to the de novo synthesis of AChE enzymes in the fetus compared to the mother.
Information Literacy and Library Attitudes of Occupational Therapy Students

Information literacy, often described as a person's ability to effectively find and evaluate answers to questions using a variety of information resources, is of particular importance to health care work- ers. This paper presents the results of an information literacy survey presented to occupational therapy (OT) students at Thomas Jefferson University during a series of required class activities. Also described are the authors' activities with the faculty and courses at Jefferson. The survey was made available to first-, second-, third-, and fourth- year occupational therapy students along with nursing students and pharmacy students. The survey is designed to identify research habits, skills, and preferences. Results confirm some commonly held percep- tions about searching skills of young adults and an interesting dichot- omy in students' learning habits. The paper concludes with a discussion of recommendations to OT faculty and librarians on how to improve in- formation literacy education. The survey can be obtained by contacting
Ultraviolet stability of liquid crystal alignment layers and mixtures

The UV stability of empty liquid crystal (LC) cells incorporating commercial polyimide (PI) and silicon-dioxide (SiO2) alignment layers under nitrogen environment and the vacuum-filled LC cells were studied. Experimental results show that the molecular alignment of PI cells is degraded after 10 hours of UV (l~365 nm) illumination at intensity I~350 mW/cm2. Two commercial TFT-grade LC mixtures (low birefringence MLC-9200-000 and high birefringence TL-216) exhibit a longer lifetime in SiO2 cells than in PI cells. Moreover, MLC-9200-000 has a much longer lifetime than TL-216. To lengthen the lifetime of a LCD projector, UV transparent PI layers or inorganic SiO2 layers, high optical density UV filter, longer cutoff-wavelength blue filter, and low birefringence LC materials should be considered.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interdiffused InGaAsP Quantum Dots Lasers on GaAs by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

Self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots (QD) grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) have a natural peak emission wavelength around 1150-1200-nm due to its specific composition, shapes, and sizes. In this work, a new method to engineer the emission wavelength capability of MOCVD-grown InGaAs QD on GaAs to ∼1000-nm by utilizing interdiffused InGaAsP QD has been demonstrated. Incorporation of phosphorus species from the GaAsP barriers into the MOCVD-grown self-assembled InGaAs QD is achieved by interdiffusion process. Reasonably low threshold characteristics of ∼ 200-280 A/cm2 have been obtained for interdiffused InGaAsP QD lasers emitting at 1040-nm, which corresponds to blue-shift of ∼ 85-90-nm in comparison to that of unannealed InGaAs QD laser.
High plasma folate is negatively associated with leukocyte telomere length in Framingham Offspring cohort

Purpose Shortening of telomeres, the protective structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, is associated with age-related pathologies. Telomere length is influenced by DNA integrity and DNA and histone methylation. Folate plays a role in providing precursors for nucleotides and methyl groups for methylation reactions and has the potential to influence telomere length.
Developmental exposure to cadmium alters responsiveness to cocaine in the rat

The purpose of the present report was to investigate the potential interactive relation between perinatal (gestation/lactation) cadmium exposure and changes in responsiveness to cocaine. In Experiment 1, adult female rats were exposed to a diet containing 50 ppm cadmium (as cadmium chloride) or a diet containing no added cadmium for 30 days prior to breeding with nonexposed males. The metal-exposure regimen continued throughout gestation, and for 15 days of lactation, at which time all animals were placed on standard rat chow diets containing no added cadmium for the remainder of the investigation. Atomic absorption assays confirmed that cadmium concentrations were significantly elevated in metal-exposed dams, littermates, and test animals. Offspring were weaned on postnatal day (PND) 21 and commenced cocaine sensitization testing on PND 70. Testing operations for controls and animals perinatally exposed to cadmium consisted of 21 daily i.p. injections of vehicle (saline) or 10 mg/kg cocaine HCl, and subsequent recording of locomotor activity. Subsequently, across successive days, all animals received 0, 10, and 20 mg/kg cocaine challenges. The results showed that cocaine sensitization was attenuated in animals perinatally exposed to cadmium. A similar pattern of antagonism was observed in Experiment 2 where a higher dose of cocaine was required to produce conditioned place preference (CPP) in cadmium-exposed animals. The implications of these findings with respect to the interactive role of cadmium in the dynamics of cocaine use/abuse remain unclear.
Dynamics of particulate trace metals in the lakes of Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, Canada

Abstract A study of the settling characteristics and the accumulation rates in sediments suggests that a large fraction of the organic carbon and trace metals in the suspended particulates in Kejimkujik Lake has been imported from the lake's watershed. The mean seston settling velocity has been estimated to be about 0.1 m day −1 in Kijimkujik Lake and 1–2 m day −1 in Mountain Lake. For the particulate organic carbon, it has been estimated that the mean flux through the water column is 167 mg m −2 day −1 , the mineralization rate is 16 mg m −2 day −1 , and the accumulation rate in sediments is 9 mg m −2 day −1 . It is shown that the movement of the recalcitrant organic material is the key feature controlling the fate and behavior of trace metals in these lakes.
Core polarization in semiconductors: Effects on quasiparticle energies.

We study core-valence interactions in several technologically important semiconductors. We compute band structures treating many-body effects in Hedin's {ital GW} approximation. The core-valence correlation and core polarization are treated using a core-polarization potential formulation instead of standard, less reliable, mean-field approaches. This is critical for materials with shallow cores (Ge, GaAs), where mean-field treatments of core-valence interactions bias certain band gaps by up to 0.4 eV. The core-polarization potential formulation may be used in either frozen-core all-electron or pseudopotential calculations, since it deals only with core-valence many-body effects.
Functions on Distributive Lattices with the Congruence Substitution Property: Some Problems of Grätzer from 1964

Abstract Let L be a bounded distributive lattice. For k ⩾1, let S k ( L ) be the lattice of k -ary functions on L with the congruence substitution property (Boolean functions); let S ( L ) be the lattice of all Boolean functions. The lattices that can arise as S k ( L ) or S ( L ) for some bounded distributive lattice L are characterized in terms of their Priestley spaces of prime ideals. For bounded distributive lattices L and M , it is shown that S 1 ( L )≅ S 1 ( M ) implies S k ( L )≅ S k ( M ). If L and M are finite, then S k ( L )≅ S k ( M ) implies L ≅ M . Some problems of Gratzer dating to 1964 are thus solved.
Purification and partial characterization of a human plasma alpha1-heteroglycan.

A heteroglycan was purified from human plasma and partially characterized in terms of its major properties. It is noteworthy that the carbohydrate content of this blood constituent is unusually high (75%).
Geology in War and Peace: ABSTRACT

This paper critically examines the general standing of geology among its sister sciences, and evaluates the subject's present usefulness versus its potential utility in the total economy of a nation either at war or at peace. An attempt also is made to appraise the present position of the earth scientist as compared with that of non-geological scientists in the war effort; and ways are suggested for improving the situation not only for the good of the individual geologist, but for the welfare of the country as a whole. The present rather unsatisfactory position of geology and geologists has had, and will continue to have, unfavorable repercussions for the petroleum industry, and indirectly for the nation at large. This fact is well indicated by a number of situations herein described, but in no fashion is it more strikingly demonstrated than by the results of the graduate record examinations. These results show that the quality of the students entering graduate schools of geology, and not long thereafter the fields of geological endeavor, urgently needs improving. Suggestions are made for securing this improvement, and for elevating the standing of the science itself without which elevation the difficulties of attracting outstanding young men to the profession will increase rather than diminish. In the belief that an elevation of the standing of geology will eventuate and that, therefore, the subject will attract future national leaders, some consideration is given to the curricular modifications which may be needed adequately to train the new recruits for leadership. End_of_Article - Last_Page 899------------
Chronobiological Effects on Obesity

The development of obesity is the consequence of a multitude of complex interactions between both genetic and environmental factors. It has been suggested that the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity over the past 30 years has been the result of environmental changes that have enabled the full realization of genetic susceptibility present in the population. Among the many environmental alterations that have occurred in our recent history is the ever-increasing dyssynchrony between natural cycles of light/dark and altered patterns of sleep/wake and eating behavior associated with our “24-hour” lifestyle. An extensive research literature has established clear links between increased risk for obesity and both sleep deprivation and shift work, and our understanding of the consequences of such dyssynchrony at the molecular level is beginning to emerge. Studies linking alterations in cellular circadian clocks to metabolic dysfunction point to the increasing importance of chronobiology in obesity etiology.
ITS1 sequences of type specimens of Gigartina and Sarcothalia and their significance for the classification of South African Gigartinaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)

Uncertainties about the identity of type specimens of red algae have frequently led to taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion. A procedure for extracting PCR-amplifiable DNA from formalin-fixed material and herbarium specimens was used to investigate the taxonomic status of several South African Gigartinaceae. We compared nucleotide sequences in the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region in type specimens and other historically important collections presently referred to Gigartina bracteata, G. radula and G. stiriata. The following opinions are supported: (1) Fucus bracteatus S.G. Gmelin, Chondrodictyon capense Kutzing and Iridaea clathrata Decaisne represent a single species of South African Gigartina (G. bracteata (S.G. Gmelin) Setchell & Gardner) in which the disintegration of tetrasporangial sori results in a reticulate thallus. (2) Mastocarpus polycarpus Kutzing, M. incrassatus Kutzing and Iridaea lapathifolia Kutzing represent a single species of South African Gigartina (G. polycarpa (Kutzing) Setchell & Gardner) that has often, but erroneously, been called G. radula (Esper) J. Agardh. (3) Mastocarpus verrucosus Kutzing is a later heterotypic synonym of Iridaea papillosa Bory (Sarcothalia papillosa (Bory) Leister) and was based on material that probably came from southern South America rather than from South Africa, the provenance given by Kutzing. (4) Fucus stiriatus Turner and Sphaerococcus burmannii C. Agardh represent a single species of South African Sarcothalia (S. stiriata (Turner) Leister).
Lifetime risk for cancer death by sex and smoking status: the lifetime risk pooling project

Background Understanding how sex and tobacco exposure may modify lifetime risks for cancer mortality is important for effective communication of risk in targeted public health messages.