cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utility of Oncotype DX Risk Assessment in Patients With Invasive Lobular Carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction/Background Oncotype DX (Genomic Health, Redwood City, CA) uses reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis to measure tumor gene expression for determining recurrence risk (RR) and guiding chemotherapy decisions for breast cancer patients. Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is a histologic subtype that has not been the focus of prior studies validating Oncotype DX. The study purpose was to develop a model using histologic tumor characteristics to predict uniformly low Oncotype DX Recurrence Scores (RS) in ILC. Patients and Methods ILC cases in our pathology database with Oncotype DX testing were identified. Histologic tumor characteristics, immunohistochemical (IHC) of estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PgR) percent, HER2, E-cadherin expression, and Ki-67 levels were obtained for cases. Discriminant analysis was used to test the hypothesis that tumors classified as lower/higher risk based on Oncotype DX RS would differ significantly on a linear combination of variables. Results From 2006 – 2014, 158 cases of ILC having Oncotype DX testing were identified; 90 low risk (RS 30). Discriminant analysis showed that PgR% followed by Ki-67 provided the greatest contribution to discern low versus elevated RS. A subset of 57 cases (∼36%) with predicted probabilities > 86% for either low or high RS yielded 96.5% correct classification, 92.3% sensitivity, and 97.7% specificity. Conclusion Our analytical model may be useful in predicting lower RR in patients with ILC. If validated, this provides a faster and less expensive alternative to Oncotype DX testing in certain patients with ILC.
A Review of “Contesting the Renaissance”

Was the Renaissance in any meaningful sense the beginning of the modern world, or was it, rather, the direct descendant of medieval historical developments? These are the time-honored, if also some...
The Effects of Different Production Rate Measures and Cost Structures on Rate Adjustment Models

The effect of production rate on the cost of weapon systems has attracted much attention in the cost estimating community in recent years. A variety of adjustments to weapon systems cost models have been proposed to reflect the impact of different production rates. The most popular solution is to add a rate term to the traditional learning curve model. This paper examines the effects of different rate measures and cost structures on rate adjustment models. Numerical examples illustrate that the production rate term should be measured as a ratio and not as an absolute quantity of a production lot or a period. The paper also points out that a rate adjustment model is appropriate only with data collected from plants which have not undergone changes in cost structure.
Improved asbestos matrices for alkaline fuel cells

Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells have a good potential for use either alone or with other "batteries" to form a hybrid power supply for certain automotive uses. One of the drawbacks in the use of the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is the corrosive effect that the potassium hydroxide electrolyte has upon the interior of the cell, particularly the asbestos matrix separation. The purpose of this study was to determine how to increase the present operating temperature of this cell (less than 100 degrees C) by increasing the corrosion resistance of matrix material. Two methods of reducing the potassium hydroxide-asbestos reaction were found and are described in this paper.
Urbanization and warming of Phoenix (Arizona, USA): Impacts, feedbacks and mitigation

This paper examines the impacts, feedbacks, and mitigation of the urban heat island in Phoenix, Arizona (USA). At Sky Harbor Airport, urbanization has increased the nighttime minimum temperature by 5°C and the average daily temperatures by 3.1°C. Urban warming has increased the number of “misery hours per day” for humans, which may have important social consequences. Other impacts include (1) increased energy consumption for heating and cooling of buildings, (2) increased heat stress (but decreased cold stress) for plants, (3) reduced quality of cotton fiber and reduced dairy production on the urban fringe, and (4) a broadening of the seasonal thermal window for arthropods. Climate feedback loops associated with evapotranspiration, energy production and consumption associated with increased air conditioning demand, and land conversion are discussed. Urban planning and design policy could be redesigned to mitigate urban warming, and several cities in the region are incorporating concerns regarding urban warming into planning codes and practices. The issue is timely and important, because most of the world's human population growth over the next 30 years will occur in cities in warm climates.
Science Operations Interfaces for Mars Surface Exploration

The Science Activity Planner (SAP) is the science planning tool used for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission. This paper begins with an overview of the software developed for MER and how it was used for science downlink analysis and activity planning. The overview of SAP is then followed by a report on a number of new development efforts that aim to improve on the capabilities of SAP for future missions. The selected areas discussed herein include the application of geographical information systems in tactical downlink analysis, new strategies for distributed data access and planning support, a virtual field test capability to support "what if?" scenarios for new technologies and mission concepts, and the use of agile development methods to improve the development of Mars surface mission support software as a whole
Un caso de "Mal de montaña crónico" en los Estados Unidos

1.-A case of Chronic Mountain Sickness is described at a resident of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. There have been clinical, electrocardiographic and cardiopulmonary physiology studies. Symptoms, signs and electrocardiographic abnormalities disappeared when the patient down to sea level. However, it has been possible to bring out a intensely lightweight persistent lung disease after residence at sea level for more than two years. 2. can be assumed that some cases of chronic mountain sickness are the result of disturbances in the respiratory gas exchange abnormalities and ventilation perfusion indices based on a very slight intrinsic lung disease, to cause signs or symptoms at the level of sea.
Familial aggregation of female sexual orientation

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether female homosexuality is familial and whether it is cofamilial with male homosexuality. Method Subjects included 84 homosexual and 79 heterosexual female probands recruited through newspaper advertisements. Probands were asked about their siblings' sexual orientations and were asked for permission to contact siblings to confirm their reports. Results The authors were able to contact 60% of eligible siblings, and the information they provided about their sexual orientations confirmed that probands' reports were highly accurate. Homosexual probands had a significantly higher proportion of homosexual sisters according to four criteria for rating siblings' sexual orientations. Homosexual probands also had a higher proportion of homosexual brothers; however, this difference was not significant. Conclusions Female homosexuality appears to be familial. Further research is required to resolve the question of whether female and male homosexuality are cofamilial.
Auditory Cortical Neurons Respond to Somatosensory Stimulation

The prevailing hierarchical model of cortical sensory processing holds that early processing is specific to individual modalities and that combination of information from different modalities is deferred until higher-order stages of processing. In this paper, we present physiological evidence of multisensory convergence at an early stage of cortical auditory processing. We used multi-neuron cluster recordings, along with a limited sample of single-unit recordings, to determine whether neurons in the macaque auditory cortex respond to cutaneous stimulation. We found coextensive cutaneous and auditory responses in caudomedial auditory cortex, an area lying adjacent to A1, and at the second stage of the auditory cortical hierarchy. Somatosensory-auditory convergence in auditory cortex may underlie effects observed in human studies. Convergence of inputs from different sensory modalities at very early stages of cortical sensory processing has important implications for both our developing understanding of multisensory processing and established views of unisensory processing.
Identification and characterization of the genes encoding the type 3 and type 1 fimbrial adhesins of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae are known to express two morphologically and functionally distinct filaments, the type 3 and the type 1 fimbriae. The gene (mrkD) encoding the adhesion of K. pneumoniae type 3 fimbriae was identified by transcomplementation analysis with the pap fimbrial gene cluster of Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of the mrkD gene was determined. In addition, the determinant coding for the K. pneumoniae type 1 fimbrial adhesion was identified, and its nucleotide sequence was deduced. The predicted amino acid sequences of the K. pneumoniae adhesion proteins are compared, and similarities with the major fimbrial structural proteins (MrkA and FimA) are discussed. Images
Quad search and hybrid genetic algorithms

A bit climber using a Gray encoding is guaranteed to converge to a global optimum in fewer than 2(L2) evaluations on unimodal 1-D functions and on multi-dimensional sphere functions, where L bits are used to encode the function domain. Exploiting these ideas, we have constructed an algorithm we call Quad Search. Quad Search converges to a local optimum on unimodal 1-D functions in not more than 2L + 2 function evaluations. For unimodal 1-D and separable multi-dimensional functions, the result is the global optimum. We empirically assess the performance of steepest ascent local search, next ascent local search, and Quad Search. These algorithms are also compared with Evolutionary Strategies. Because of its rapid convergence time, we also use Quad Search to construct a hybrid genetic algorithm. The resulting algorithm is more effective than hybrid genetic algorithms using steepest ascent local search or the RBC next ascent local search algorithm.
Morphing molecular specificities between Arm‐peptide and NUT‐RNA in the antitermination complexes of bacteriophages λ and P22

Bacteriophage lambda's N-protein includes a 17-amino-acid segment, Arm, rich in arginine and having specific affinity for a 15-nucleotide RNA stem-loop called BOX-B. Parallel but different Arm/BOX-B sequences in lambda's cousin, phage P22, account for some of the type specificity that distinguishes lambda from P22: the N of each works only with its cognate BOX-B in vivo. We find that the specificity of N(lambda) can be shifted gradually to that of N(22) by substituting sets of particular amino acids from Arm(22) into Arm of N(lambda). The determinative amino acids are generally those shown by nuclear magnetic resonance to contact BOX-B RNA; gain or loss of these contact amino acids is reasonably expected to contribute to the affinity of each amino acid sequence. Intermediate sequences may show no function with either BOX-B, or weak function with both BOX-B(lambda) and BOX-B(22), the latter suggesting possible evolutionary paths for specificity shifts.
Elevated Glutathione Is Not Sufficient to Protect against Doxorubicin-Induced Nuclear Damage in Heart in Multidrug Resistance–Associated Protein 1 (Mrp1/Abcc1) Null Mice

Cardiotoxicity is a major dose-limiting adverse effect of doxorubicin (DOX), mediated in part by overproduction of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Abcc1 (Mrp1) mediates the efflux of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH, GSSG) and is also a major transporter that effluxes the GSH conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE; GS-HNE), a toxic product of lipid peroxidation formed during oxidative stress. To assess the role of Mrp1 in protecting the heart from DOX-induced cardiac injury, wild-type (WT) and Mrp1 null (Mrp1(-/-)) C57BL/6 littermate mice were administered DOX (15 mg/kg) or saline (7.5 ml/kg) i.v., and heart ventricles were examined at 72 hours. Morphometric analysis by electron microscopy revealed extensive injuries in cytosol, mitochondria, and nuclei of DOX-treated mice in both genotypes. Significantly more severely injured nuclei were observed in Mrp1(-/-) versus WT mice (P = 0.031). GSH and the GSH/GSSG ratio were significantly increased in treatment-naive Mrp1(-/-) versus WT mice; GSH remained significantly higher in Mrp1(-/-) versus WT mice after saline and DOX treatment, with no changes in GSSG or GSH/GSSG. GS-HNE, measured by mass spectrometry, was lower in the hearts of treatment-naive Mrp1(-/-) versus WT mice (P < 0.05). DOX treatment decreased GS-HNE in WT but not Mrp1(-/-) mice, so that GS-HNE was modestly but significantly higher in Mrp1(-/-) versus WT hearts after DOX. Expression of enzymes mediating GSH synthesis and antioxidant proteins did not differ between genotypes. Thus, despite elevated GSH levels in Mrp1(-/-) hearts, DOX induced significantly more injury in the nuclei of Mrp1(-/-) versus WT hearts.
Theology and Political Attitudes Among Clergymen

SOCIOLOGISTS disagree as to the actual relationship between a person's political attitudes and his religious identification. Lazarsfeld et al. (1948) have found Protestantism and Republican political preferences to be significantly correlated. The Allinsmiths (1948) claim that this relationship can be explained by socioeconomic factors. More recently, Johnson (1962) has suggested that among Protestants, the more theologically conservative show a tendency to prefer the Republican party and to vote Republican. Building upon Max Weber's writings, Johnson reasons that persons who hold to traditional Protestant theology will be more likely to support a political position that emphasizes individualism, limited government, and private enterprise. In a later paper, Johnson (1966:201) proposed and reported empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that "among ascetic Protestant clergymen, theological conservatism is positively associated with Republican party preference and that theological liberalism is positively associated with Democratic party preferences." 1 The purpose of this note is to present data testing the hypothesis that the more theologically liberal a Christian clergyman is, the more politically liberal he will be, and the more theologically conservative a Christian clergyman is, the more politically conservative he will be. In so doing, these findings will be related to the studies just cited, but this study is significantly different in several ways.
Antibiotic and anti-inflammatory use and the risk of prostate cancer

Prostate inflammation or infection may increase the risk of prostate cancer. Antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to treat prostatitis and urinary tract infections (UTIs). The objective of our study was to assess whether their use decreases the risk of prostate cancer. We conducted a case-control study among men with incident prostate cancer (N = 65 cases) and without prostate cancer (N = 195 controls) at the San Francisco Veteran Affairs medical center (VAMC) between June 1996 and June 2006. Cases were all patients who had prostate biopsies positive for cancer. We matched controls to cases on age group and race at a 3:1 ratio, and each matched pair was given an identical index date. Total antibiotic, aspirin, and NSAID use (number of prescriptions) was computed for each participant by drug type and was restricted to a fill date at least 1 year before the index date. Logistic regression was used for analysis. We adjusted for the matching variables (age group and race) and potential confounders (years of VAMC enrollment and number of clinic visits). Neither total antibiotic use nor total anti-inflammatory use reduces the risk of prostate cancer (P > 0.05). Our analysis did not reveal a relation between use of antibiotics, aspirin, or NSAIDs and the risk of prostate cancer.
On modified EMD: Selective extrema analysis

The Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) algorithm was introduced as the first step of the Hilbert-Huang Transform, proposed by Huang et al. (1998). EMD decomposes a signal into so-called Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) in a systematic way. Since then, various versions of EMD have been developed, addressing weaknesses of the original EMD procedure and aiming to optimize the original algorithm in a number of ways. This paper proposes to use selective extrema analysis while generating IMFs with two goals. One is to reduce/control the number of IMFs a signal is decomposed into with a small decomposition error, and second is to make EMD insensitive to small variations in the analyzed signal. The proposed algorithm is applied to a gait signal and shown to consistently yield two IMFs, even in the presence of small disturbances.
The relationship between total cholinesterase activity and mortality in four butterfly species

The relationship between total cholinesterase activity (TChE) and mortality in four butterfly species (great southern white [Ascia monuste], common buckeye [Junonia coenia], painted lady [Vanessa cardui], and julia butterflies [Dryas julia]) was investigated. Acute contact toxicity studies were conducted to evaluate the response (median lethal dose [LD50] and TChE) of the four species following exposure to the organophosphate insecticide naled. The LD50 for these butterflies ranged from 2.3 to 7.6 µg/g. The average level of TChE inhibition associated with significant mortality ranged from 26 to 67%, depending on the species. The lower bounds of normal TChE activity (2 standard deviations less than the average TChE for reference butterflies) ranged from 8.4 to 12.3 µM/min/g. As a percentage of the average reference TChE activity for the respective species, the lower bounds were similar to the inhibition levels associated with significant mortality, indicating there was little difference between the dose resulting in significant TChE inhibition and that resulting in mortality. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2124–2129. © 2012 SETAC
Fallout from the Women’s Health Study: A Short-lived Vindication for Feminists and the Resurrection of Hormone Therapies

The Women’s Health Initiative studies were begun in 1997, in large part the result of women’s health activists who for 40 years questioned the safety of hormone use at menopause and criticized the menopause as disease ideology. The studies were prematurely discontinued when investigators found that heretofore acclaimed benefits of hormone use were not supported. Risks to health such as stroke, breast cancer, and thrombophlebitis were found. A feeling of vindication was experienced by feminists but was quickly replaced by cautious optimism as strategies to continue hormone use were published and quality of life issues tied to symptom management emerged. The focus of this article is a review of the hormone story, a discussion of the implications of the Women’s Health Initiative results, and strategies for resolution of the continuing hormone dilemma.
Let “data” change

Neugebauer insists a robbery has occurred in that the word “data” has been stolen by numerical modelers. This allegation reminds one of the adage that stealing from one author is called plagiarism, while stealing from many authors is called scholarship. Neugebauer wishes to preserve the present and traditional meaning of the experimentalist's product. As editor of Reviews of Geophysics she has more power than most to enforce her point of view.
Squeezing millimeter waves through a single, nanometer-wide, centimeter-long slit

We demonstrate broadband non-resonant squeezing of terahertz (THz) waves through an isolated 2-nm-wide, 2-cm-long slit (aspect ratio of 107), representing a maximum intensity enhancement factor of one million. Unlike resonant nanogap structures, a single, effectively infinitely-long slit passes incident electromagnetic waves with no cutoff, enhances the electric field within the gap with a broad 1/f spectral response and eliminates interference effects due to finite sample boundaries and adjacent elements. To construct such a uniform, isolated slit that is much longer than the millimeter-scale spot of a THz beam, we use atomic layer lithography to pattern vertical nanogaps in a metal film over an entire 4-inch wafer. We observe an increasing field enhancement as the slit width decreases from 20 nm to 2 nm, in agreement with numerical calculations.
Vector reconstruction from firing rates

In a number of systems including wind detection in the cricket, visual motion perception and coding of arm movement direction in the monkey and place cell response to position in the rat hippocampus, firing rates in a population of tuned neurons are correlated with a vector quantity. We examine and compare several methods that allow the coded vector to be reconstructed from measured firing rates. In cases where the neuronal tuning curves resemble cosines, linear reconstruction methods work as well as more complex statistical methods requiring more detailed information about the responses of the coding neurons. We present a new linear method, the optimal linear estimator (OLE), that on average provides the best possible linear reconstruction. This method is compared with the more familiar vector method and shown to produce more accurate reconstructions using far fewer recorded neurons.
Median regression analysis from data with left and right censored observations

Abstract Median regression models provide a robust alternative to regression based on the mean. We propose a methodology for fitting a median regression model from data with both left and right censored observations, in which the left censoring variable is always observed. First we set up an adjusted least absolute deviation estimating function using the inverse censoring weighted approach, whose solution specifies the estimator. We derive the consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator and describe the inference procedure for the regression parameter. Finally, we check the finite sample performance of the proposed procedure through simulation.
Quantitative mouse brain phenotyping based on single and multispectral MR protocols.

Abstract Sophisticated image analysis methods have been developed for the human brain, but such tools still need to be adapted and optimized for quantitative small animal imaging. We propose a framework for quantitative anatomical phenotyping in mouse models of neurological and psychiatric conditions. The framework encompasses an atlas space, image acquisition protocols, and software tools to register images into this space. We show that a suite of segmentation tools (Avants, Epstein et al., 2008) designed for human neuroimaging can be incorporated into a pipeline for segmenting mouse brain images acquired with multispectral magnetic resonance imaging (MR) protocols. We present a flexible approach for segmenting such hyperimages, optimizing registration, and identifying optimal combinations of image channels for particular structures. Brain imaging with T1, T2* and T2 contrasts yielded accuracy in the range of 83% for hippocampus and caudate putamen (Hc and CPu), but only 54% in white matter tracts, and 44% for the ventricles. The addition of diffusion tensor parameter images improved accuracy for large gray matter structures (by > 5%), white matter (10%), and ventricles (15%). The use of Markov random field segmentation further improved overall accuracy in the C57BL/6 strain by 6%; so Dice coefficients for Hc and CPu reached 93%, for white matter 79%, for ventricles 68%, and for substantia nigra 80%. We demonstrate the segmentation pipeline for the widely used C57BL/6 strain, and two test strains (BXD29, APP/TTA). This approach appears promising for characterizing temporal changes in mouse models of human neurological and psychiatric conditions, and may provide anatomical constraints for other preclinical imaging, e.g. fMRI and molecular imaging. This is the first demonstration that multiple MR imaging modalities combined with multivariate segmentation methods lead to significant improvements in anatomical segmentation in the mouse brain.
Microstructured polymers via photopolymerization of non-aqueous organized solutions

Abstract Structurally organized solutions containing monomers in an ethylene glycol (EG) medium were formed and polymerized to produce polymeric solids with various morphologies, and also unique thermal and mechanical properties. Previous research had demonstrated the formation of microemulsions in an aqueous medium containing methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylic acid (AA). However, the non-aqueous mixtures of MMA and AA with EG did not yield conventional microemulsions. Molecularly dispersed solutions were formed in the bulk of the phase diagram, while compositions closer to the demixing line exhibited critical behaviour. This paper presents the first account of the use of mixtures exhibiting critical behaviour to produce microstructured polymers. The non-aqueous mixtures did not form any well defined microstructures on polymerization for compositions away from the two-phase boundary. Compositions exhibiting critical behaviour yielded open cell structures and also beaded polymers at high EG contents. This suggests that the microstructure in these mixtures is preserved in the final polymer to a considerable extent. The virgin polymers containing EG had very low glass transition temperatures due to the plasticizing nature of EC. The plasticizing nature of EG was also evidenced in the tensile properties of the virgin polymers.
Receptors identified for hand, foot and mouth virus

Two receptors have now been identified for the virus behind severe hand, foot and mouth disease (pages 794–797 and 798–801).
COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS TO SUPPORT EARLY IMPLEMENTATION OF IVHS IN NORTH AMERICA

ABSTRACT The most critical element of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) will be the communication system that links the highway infrastructure and mobile vehicles. Not only must it be designed to allow users who purchase systems in one city to travel or permanently move to another, but also it must support robust, relatively high-capacity data communications, at least in the infrastructure-to-vehicle (ITV) direction, and have a cost that is in balance with the perceived benefits that the overall IVHS system provides to users. The availability of ITV communications, in particular, is essential to the implementation of nearly all other aspects of IVHS. As a result, a need exists to expedite the definition, development and implementation of this subsystem. It is in fact more important to provide an early ITV communications capability in order to support other IVHS developments than it is to ensure that the first ventures into this area are the “best” solutions to long-term IVHS needs. This paper dis...
Cubic-to-rhombohedral transformation in boron nitride induced by laser heating: In situ Raman-spectroscopy studies.

In situ Raman-spectroscopy studies were carried out on Ar-ion-laser-heated cubic boron nitride (cBN). Phase identification and temperature measurements were performed on micron-size particles and a pressure-compacted free-standing thin film of cBN. In both cases, cBN was shown to transform to the rhombohedral phase (rBN) above 1795\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}80 K with characteristic Raman peaks at 790 and 1366 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ at ambient conditions. The cBN-to-rBN transformation proceeds with a characteristic time of 1 s. The temperature variation of Raman modes of rBN were measured to 1800 K.
Finite-time convergent gradient flows with applications to network consensus

This paper introduces the normalized and signed gradient dynamical systems associated with a differentiable function. Extending recent results on nonsmooth stability analysis, we characterize their asymptotic convergence properties and identify conditions that guarantee finite-time convergence. We discuss the application of the results to consensus problems in multi-agent systems and show how the proposed nonsmooth gradient flows achieve consensus in finite time.
Effect of T4 modification of host valyl-tRNA synthetase on enzyme action in vivo.

Abstract It has previously been found that bacteriophage T4 modifies the valyl-tRNA synthetase of its host; in this work we have examined the effects of this modification on the action of the enzyme in vivo . For this purpose we compared the properties of T4-infected cells with those of uninfected cells or cells infected with the amber mutant vs2 , which by all available criteria seems to leave the host enzyme completely unmodified. We find that, although the overall rate of transfer of valine into protein is reduced after infection, modification is apparently not the cause of this reduction. Also, modification does not alter the level of aminoacylation of the total valine tRNA pool nor of the invidividual species of valine tRNA. Nor does modification appear to be necessary to maintain these levels after infection. We found no evidence that modification affects any unknown valyl-tRNA synthetase reaction that yields novel valine-containing products. Although the modified enzyme is more stable in vitro than the unmodified enzyme, modification does not seem to facilitate phage growth at temperatures above the optimum. To all appearances, therefore, T4-directed modification of the host valyl-tRNA synthetase does not detectably affect the in vivo catalytic action of the enzyme in any straightforward way, at least under prevailing laboratory conditions.
Wavelet-based signal recovery and denoising of underwater acoustic signals

This paper presents a multiresolution approach to removing unwanted backscatter from high frequency underwater acoustic signals and compares it to high pass filtering of the same signals. Since the unwanted backscatter typically concentrates in the low frequencies, high pass filters are often applied but with limited effectiveness. It turns out that some of the backscattering actually appears across several frequencies, and so a more flexible filtering approach is needed. The filtering approach presented applies wavelet transforms for signal recovery and denoising of high frequency acoustic signals. Wavelet transforms are applied since they perform a multiresolution decomposition in time and frequency and therefore are well suited for removing specific unwanted signal components that may vary spectrally. It is shown that by computing a wavelet transform of the returned signals, applying a denoising technique, and then reconstructing the signals, additional unwanted backscatter can be removed.
Risk-sensitive methods in deception games

We introduce the application of semi-field analysis to stochastic dynamic games of information. Such problems typically have a high curse-of-dimensionality; hence a method of managing this issue is developed by formulating the payoff function as a min-log sum whose structure is preserved. This technique is applied to a problem of deception and search with a risk-sensitive payoff function where the information is represented using a log-plus probability space.
The extent of energy transfer among Photosystem II reaction centers in Chlorella

Abstract We have investigated the extent of energy transfer among Photosystem II reaction centers in Chlorella vulgaris . The cells show typical non-exponential fluorescence induction kinetics in the presence of the herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. We used single-turnover flashes to determine effective absorption cross-sections for Photosystem II reaction centers (RCII) in cells which were simultaneously illuminated with a continuous background light. We varied the background irradiance to control the fraction, γ, of the total RCII closed at the time of a flash. We found that the absorption cross-section per RCII was almost completely independent of γ. Relative oxygen flash yields measured at low laser flash energies were similarly unaffected when RCII were closed with the background light. We simultaneously measured laseer flash energy saturation curves for oxygen production and for the increase in fluorescence quantum yield measured 30 μs after the laser flash. The oxygen and fluorescence saturation curves were almost identical. We conclude from these results and appropriate theoretical calculations that the difference in the probabilities for escape of excitation energy at open and closed RCII is small (under 0.25). No matter how many RCII share a common antenna, closing RCII does not greatly change the absorption cross-section of the remaining open RCII. Either the probability for escape from closed traps is small, or the probabilities for escape from open and closed traps are nearly equal.
Detection of and leu-enkephalin in the brain of the hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus

Abstract Acid extracts of the brain of the pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and the marine lamprey, Petromyzon marinas, were each fractionated by gel filtration chromatography and aliquots of column fractions were screened with radioimmunoassays (RIAs) specific for pro-dynorphin-related end products and for pro-enkephalin-related end products. Only proenkephalin-related immunoreactive forms were detected. The enkephalin-sized immunoreactive material, isolated for each species, was separately fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Aliquots of column fractions were screened with RIAs specific for Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, and Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu. In the hagfish brain, immunoreactive forms with the same retention times as synthetic Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin were detected in a ratio of approximately 2:1. In addition, an immunoreactive form was detected with the Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe-specific RIA. This form had the same chromatographic properties as synthetic Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe. Analyses with the Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu RIA were negative. HPLC analysis of the lamprey enkephalin-related material revealed the presence of authentic Met-enkaphalin and Leu-enkephalin in a molar ratio of 3:1. C-terminally extended forms of Met-enkaphalin were not detected in the lamprey extracts. Collectively these observations indicate that pro-enkephalin-related opioid peptides are present in the brain of cyclostomes.
A Submaximal Treadmill Test for Developing Target Ratings of Perceived Exertion for Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation

For patient populations whose heart rates cannot be used to regulate exercise intensity, the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale is the preferred way to prescribe exercise intensity. Individual perceptual variations are best quantified by measuring perceptual intensity during maximal exercise testing; however, many situations require a submaximal protocol. Here, a submaximal treadmill procedure for establishing individualized target Ratings of Perceived Exertion is described. Target ratings of exertion were developed for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation patients using the new method and compared to target Ratings of Perceived Exertion obtained using standard techniques. A total of 144 target ratings at intensities ranging from 50% to 85% VO2max were compared. Over-all, the average difference between the two methods was 0.27 units and was not significant at any intensity. Therefore, the Treadmill Slope Method appears to be a valid submaximal test for generating target Ratings of Perceived Exerti...
Seasonal distributions of fine aerosol sulfate in the North American Arctic basin during TOPSE

[1] We used the mist chamber/ion chromatography technique to quantify fine aerosol SO4= (<2.7 μm) in the Arctic during the Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox Experiment (TOPSE) with about 2.5 min time resolution. Our effective sample area ranged from 50° to 86°N and 53° to 100°W. The seasonal evolution of fine aerosol sulfate in the Arctic troposphere during TOPSE was consistent with the phenomenon of Arctic haze. Arctic haze has been attributed to pollution from sources in the Arctic and pollution transported meridionally along stable isentropes into the Arctic in geographically broad but vertically narrow bands. These layers became more prevalent at higher altitudes as the season progressed toward summer, and the relevant isentropes are not held so close to the surface. Mean fine particle SO4= mixing ratios during TOPSE in February below 1000 m were elevated (112 pptv) and highly variable (between 28 and 290 pptv) but were significantly lower at higher altitudes (about 40 pptv). As the season progressed, elevated mixing ratios and higher variability were observed at higher altitudes, up to 7 km. In May, mixing ratios at the lowest altitudes declined but still remained higher than in February at all altitudes. The high variability in our measurements likely reflects the vertical heterogeneity of the wintertime Arctic atmosphere as the airborne sampling platform passed in and out of these layers. It is presumed that mixing ratios and variability will continue to decline at all altitudes into the summer as wet deposition processes become important in removing aerosol SO4= from the troposphere.
Magnetic field dependence of ultracold inelastic collisions near a feshbach resonance

Inelastic collision rates for ultracold ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in the $F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2$, ${m}_{f}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}2$ state have been measured as a function of magnetic field. At 250 gauss (G), the two- and three-body loss rates were measured to be ${K}_{2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(1.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.19)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$ and ${K}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}({4.24}_{\ensuremath{-}0.29}^{+0.70}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.85)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}25}{\mathrm{cm}}^{6}/\mathrm{s}$, respectively. As the magnetic field is decreased from 250 G towards a Feshbach resonance at 155 G, the inelastic rates decrease to a minimum and then increase dramatically, peaking at the Feshbach resonance. Both two- and three-body losses are important, and individual contributions have been compared with theory.
Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Provides an Additional Benefit to a Low‐Dust Diet in the Management of Horses with Chronic Lower Airway Inflammatory Disease

Background Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) may benefit humans and animals with chronic inflammatory diseases. Hypothesis Omega-3 PUFA supplementation improves clinical signs, lung function, and airway inflammation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Animals Eight research horses and 35 client-owned horses. Methods A pilot study examined the dose of PUFA that can alter plasma PUFA composition. Then, a randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed in horses with RAO and IAD. Horses were fed a complete pelleted diet with no hay and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 daily treatments for 2 months: 30 or 60 g of the supplement or 30 g of placebo. Clinical signs, lung function, plasma PUFA composition, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology were evaluated. Data were expressed as median (25–75th percentiles). P < .05 was considered significant. Results Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation resulted in increased plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that peaked at 4 weeks. Clinical improvement was noted in all horses involved in the clinical trial, but the group that received PUFA had greater improvement in clinical signs (cough score improved 60%), lung function (respiratory effort decreased 48%), and BALF (neutrophils decreased from 23 to 9%) when compared to placebo (cough score improved 33%, respiratory effort decreased 27%, BALF neutrophils increased from 11 to 17%; P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Feeding horses with RAO and IAD a PUFA supplement containing 1.5–3 g DHA for 2 months provides an additional benefit to low-dust diet.
Analysis of charge separation dynamics in a semiconductor junction

Charge separation has been experimentally observed in a number of junction devices over the last decade, but there has been little theoretical analysis of the phenomena that describes the detailed dynamics of the effect. In this work, we use computer simulations to assess the ability of time-resolved photoluminescence, resonant-coupled photoconductive decay, and other experimental techniques to characterize free-carrier recombination and charge separation after an ultrafast laser pulse excites carriers in a homojunction or a heterojunction. The results indicate the experimental conditions where charge separation is likely to dominate these measurements and several experimental signatures that can be used to distinguish charge separation from free-carrier recombination. Time-resolved photoluminescence and resonant-coupled photoconductive decay measurements on Si, GaAs/ GaxIn1˛xP, and other junctions confirm and illustrate the results.
Technical Note Integral solutions of diffusion-controlled dendrite tip growth

Abstract Dendrites are one of the most important growth forms in solidification, and widely exist in nature and in engineering applications [1] . The dendrite tip can be satisfactorily modeled as a paraboloid of revolution, as originally proposed by Papapetrou in 1935 (see [1] ) . The first analytical solution for dendritic growth was obtained by Ivantsov [2] , by solving the thermal diffusion problem for an isothermal paraboloid growing steadily in a uniformly supercooled melt. The resulting ‘Ivantsov function’, Iv ( Pe ) , relates the dimensionless supercooling, St , to the tip growth Peclet number, Pe (see below for a definition of the dimensionless parameters) as
The ecology of the molluscs of Thalassia communities, Jamaica, West Indies. II. Molluscan population variability along an environmental stress gradient

Along a composite onshore-offshore gradient, 4 homogeneous areas within beds of the marine angiosperm Thalassia were studied in detail. Eleven environmental variables, and molluscan and echinoderm abundance were sampled at monthly intervals for 1 year. Environmental conditions were generally more extreme, and their variance greatest, nearshore; they decreased significantly with distance from shore. Environmental predictability and cumulative diversity (H) increased with distance from shore, whereas abundance was greatest in the higher-stress environments. Over the year, the population variance (number of species, density, and diversity) was no greater in the unpredictable, low diversity environments than in the more predictable, high-diversity environments. Bivalves collected from the low-diversity environments were markedly eurytopic forms. whereas the highest-diversity area contained predominantly stenotopic taxa. Typical suspension feeders were dominant only in the most diverse area, whereas more generalized feeders dominated the higher-stress environments. There was no correlation between bivalve diversity increased with the variety of available food. Evidence suggests that catastrophes and other long-term phenomena, and biological factors such as predation, are of great importance in determining the differences in fauna between these areas.
Uncovering the Shroud on Antiplatelet Therapy for Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention*

The contemporary management of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the United States has focused upon increasing the timely access to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) through nationwide quality improvement efforts and the establishment of
Thermal stresses at the oceanic-continental margin

Abstract Dissimilar temperature profiles beneath oceans and continents give rise to thermoelastic stresses at and adjacent to the oceanic-continental margin. Computations of the magnitude and orientation of the maximum shear stress field reveal a zone of shear dipping beneath the continent from the margin.
Folk lullabies: Songs of anger, love, and fear

(1977). Folk lullabies: Songs of anger, love, and fear. Women's Studies: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 205-218.
Crystal structure of inositol phosphate multikinase 2 and implications for substrate specificity.

Inositol polyphosphates perform essential functions as second messengers in eukaryotic cells, and their cellular levels are regulated by inositol phosphate kinases. Most of these enzymes belong to the inositol phosphate kinase superfamily, which consists of three subgroups, inositol 3-kinases, inositol phosphate multikinases, and inositol hexakisphosphate kinases. Family members share several strictly conserved signature motifs and are expected to have the same backbone fold, despite very limited overall amino acid sequence identity. Sequence differences are expected to play important roles in defining the different substrate selectivity of these enzymes. To investigate the structural basis for substrate specificity, we have determined the crystal structure of the yeast inositol phosphate multikinase Ipk2 in the apoform and in a complex with ADP and Mn2+ at up to 2.0A resolution. The overall structure of Ipk2 is related to inositol trisphosphate 3-kinase. The ATP binding site is similar in both enzymes; however, the inositol binding domain is significantly smaller in Ipk2. Replacement of critical side chains in the inositolbinding site suggests how modification of substrate recognition motifs determines enzymatic substrate preference and catalysis.
Stability of antibody-bearing liposomes containing dideoxyinosine triphosphate

Abstract Liposomes bearing surface-attached antibody were prepared to study the retention of dideoxyinosine triphosphate (ddITP). Liposomes of various lipid composition were prepared and conjugated with modified mouse monoclonal antibodies. The antibody (H-2-K k ) used in this study is for Fc-mediated targeting. Antibody specificity was measured by studying the binding of antibody-liposome conjugates to antimouse IgG-Sepharose. The binding of antibody-liposome conjugates (L-Ab) was maximum when negatively charged liposomes (DMPC: CHOL: DCP) were employed. Inclusion of cholesterol to DMPC liposomes increased the binding by 4%. The binding was least when the neutral phospholipid compositions were employed (DMPC, DPPC and DMPC: CHOL) to prepare liposomes. The retention of ddITP was measured in plain liposomes and antibody-bearing liposomes stored at 4, 25 and 37°C. The leakage was maximal in DMPC liposomes. Only 20% of ddITP was retained in DMPC liposomes stored at 4°C after a month. However, when samples were stored at 25 and 37°C the retention was 12% and 4% respectively. There was no leakage of ddITP at 4 and 25°C in liposomes prepared using DMPC: CHOL (1:1 mole ratio) and DMPC: CHOL: DCP (7:2:1 mole ratio). The retention of ddITP was significantly increased in DMPC and DPPC liposomes after conjugation with antibodies. The retention of ddITP in DMPC: CHOL and DMPC: CHOL: DCP liposomes conjugated with antibodies was comparable to plain liposomes. These results suggest that the lipid composition used in the preparation of liposomes affect the conjugation of antibodies to liposomes and also the retention of an encapsulated drug.