cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The shaping of collective values through deliberative democracy: An empirical study from New York's North Country

Participatory planning and policy analysis has gained increasing attention in recent years because of its potential to improve the knowledge base for policy design (substantive benefits), increase the likelihood of stakeholder compliance and support (instrumental benefits), and strengthen the democratic legitimacy of public policies (normative benefits). Deliberation among stakeholders is considered essential for participatory policy analysis, representing a democratic process for clarifying the particular as well as the collective goals and values as well as the potential impacts of alternative policies. This study examines the effects of democratic deliberation on participants' viewpoints of the policy domain (the local food system), based on two-and-a-half day participatory planning events in each of six rural counties in northern New York. Participant viewpoints were assessed several weeks before and after these events, using Q methodology. The results reveal three major viewpoints, representing concerns for social justice, the viability of conventional agriculture, and the potential environmental and social externalities associated with conventional agriculture. The substance of these viewpoints remain unchanged before and after the deliberative events, but the salience of the conventional agriculture viewpoint increased and the salience of the social justice and alternative agriculture viewpoints decreased significantly, even among those participants who most clearly defined the latter two viewpoints. These findings, together with an analysis of the action agendas emerging from these planning events, suggest that local deliberative processes may produce outcomes that are neither fair nor efficient and that reflect the values and interests of certain stakeholders more than others, even in the absence of overt conflict. Moreover, it appears that such processes may cause some participants to alter their viewpoints in ways that appear contrary to their values and interests as expressed prior to the deliberative event. The implications for participatory policy analysis are explored.
TOPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF TRIANGULARLY CONNECTED NETWORKS

The importance of topology to glass formation was recognized by Zachariasen. While he never used the word explicitly, his famous rules for glass formation (1932) are all topological.(1) They relate solely to the manner in which the atoms are connected. His first three rules appear to be the necessary and sufficient condition to permit formation of a non-crystalline network from perfectly regular polyhedral coordination shells of oxygen atoms. (2) While the determination of chain length distribution of alkali phosphate glasses (3) was perhaps the first experimental measurement of topologic properties of a glass, interest with topological consideration of amorphous networks remains active, particularly in the area of metallic and chalcogenide glasses. (4)
The Maintenance and Treatment of Self-Handicapping

Arms akimbo and legs crossed, Mary sat on the floor staring blankly at the instructions spread before her. Just how the hell was she supposed to make sense of such gibberish, anyway! Barely attending to the directions for assembling her new bookcase, Mary was preoccupied with thoughts about her “damned mental block” for mechanical tasks. Finally, in mounting frustration, and without even unpacking the individual parts, she fled down the hall to the apartment of a male acquaintance for help.
Genome-wide analyses and functional profiling of human NK cell lines

Natural killer (NK) cell lines, including YTS, NK92, NK3.3, and NKL, represent excellent models for the study of human natural killer cells. While phenotypic and functional differences between these cell lines have been reported, a multi-parametric study, encompassing genomic, phenotypic, and functional assays, has not been performed. Here, using a combination of techniques including microarray and copy number analyses, flow cytometry, and functional assays, we provide in-depth genetic, functional, and phenotypic comparison of YTS, NK92, NK3.3, and NKL cell lines. Specifically, we found that while the cell lines shared similarities in enrichment of growth and survival pathways, they had differential expression of 557 genes, including genes related to NK cell development, survival, and function. In addition, we provide genetic and phenotypic analyses that demonstrate distinct developmental origins of NK92, YTS, and NKL cell lines. Specifically, NK92 has a phenotype associated with the CD56bright NK cell subset, while both YTS and NKL appear more CD56dim-like. Finally, by classifying cell lines based on their lytic potential, we identified genes differentially expressed between NK cell lines with high and low lytic function. Taken together, these data provide the first comprehensive genetic, phenotypic, and functional analyses of these commonly used NK cell lines and provides deeper understanding into their origins and function. This will ultimately improve their use as models for human NK cell biology.
Prediction Models for the Estimation of Soil Moisture Content

This paper provides a survey on different kinds of prediction models developed for the estimation of soil moisture content of an area, using empirical information including meteorological and remotely sensed data. The different models employed extend over a wide range of machine learning techniques starting from Basic Linear Regression models through models based on Bayesian framework, Decision tree learning and Recursive partitioning, to the modern non-linear statistical data modeling tools like Artificial Neural Networks. The fundamental mathematical backgrounds, pros and cons, prediction results and efficiencies of all the models are discussed.© 2011 ASME
Predicting Protein Complex Structure from Surface-Induced Dissociation Mass Spectrometry Data.

Recently, mass spectrometry (MS) has become a viable method for elucidation of protein structure. Surface-induced dissociation (SID), colliding multiply charged protein complexes or other ions with a surface, has been paired with native MS to provide useful structural information such as connectivity and topology for many different protein complexes. We recently showed that SID gives information not only on connectivity and topology but also on relative interface strengths. However, SID has not yet been coupled with computational structure prediction methods that could use the sparse information from SID to improve the prediction of quaternary structures, i.e., how protein subunits interact with each other to form complexes. Protein-protein docking, a computational method to predict the quaternary structure of protein complexes, can be used in combination with subunit structures from X-ray crystallography and NMR in situations where it is difficult to obtain an experimental structure of an entire complex. While de novo structure prediction can be successful, many studies have shown that inclusion of experimental data can greatly increase prediction accuracy. In this study, we show that the appearance energy (AE, defined as 10% fragmentation) extracted from SID can be used in combination with Rosetta to successfully evaluate protein-protein docking poses. We developed an improved model to predict measured SID AEs and incorporated this model into a scoring function that combines the RosettaDock scoring function with a novel SID scoring term, which quantifies agreement between experiments and structures generated from RosettaDock. As a proof of principle, we tested the effectiveness of these restraints on 57 systems using ideal SID AE data (AE determined from crystal structures using the predictive model). When theoretical AEs were used, the RMSD of the selected structure improved or stayed the same in 95% of cases. When experimental SID data were incorporated on a different set of systems, the method predicted near-native structures (less than 2 A root-mean-square deviation, RMSD, from native) for 6/9 tested cases, while unrestrained RosettaDock (without SID data) only predicted 3/9 such cases. Score versus RMSD funnel profiles were also improved when SID data were included. Additionally, we developed a confidence measure to evaluate predicted model quality in the absence of a crystal structure.
Race Discrimination: An Economic Perspective

We review the empirical literature in economics on discrimination in the labor market and criminal justice system, focusing primarily on discrimination by race. We then discuss theoretical models of taste-based discrimination, particularly models of frictional labor markets and models of statistical discrimination, including recent work on invalid statistical discrimination. We explore and evaluate the evidence for and against these theories. Although there is substantial evidence of the existence of discrimination, little is known about the extent to which disparities are driven by discrimination. Finally, we argue that economists miss the important self-enforcing relationship between disparities and discrimination and the effect of disparities in one domain on discrimination in other domains.
Safety of Metformin in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

Background: It is unclear whether metformin should be continued or discontinued in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) admitted to the hospital. Objective: To review metformin safety, particularly its impact on mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods: Review of English literature by PUBMED search until September 11, 2020. Search terms included diabetes, COVID-19, metformin, Retrospective studies, meta-analyses, pertinent reviews, pre-print articles, and consensus guidelines are reviewed. Results: Retrospective studies suggest that metformin use prior to hospital admission may be associated with decreased mortality in patients with diabetes admitted to the hospital with COVID-19. Continuing metformin use after hospital admission did not have a significant impact on 28-day all-cause mortality. Metformin use after hospitalization of patients with COVID-19 was associated with approximately 4.6 times increase risk of lactic acidosis in patients with severe symptoms of COVID-19, patients taking 2 gm/d of metformin or higher, and patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73 kg/m2. Metformin use in the hospital was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of heart failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Conclusions: In patients with diabetes and COVID-19 admitted to the hospital, metformin should not be used in presence of severe symptoms of COVID-19, kidney dysfunction (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2), and with daily doses of 2 gm or more due to increased risk of lactic acidosis.
Measuring Primary Care Across 35 OECD Countries

PURPOSE To examine the psychometric properties and scores of the Person-Centered Primary Care Measure (PCPCM) in 28 languages and 35 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. METHODS Using a paid online sampling service, we requested age- and sex-representative samples of 360 adults in each country. We administered the Person-Centered Primary Care Measure—a previously validated 11-item, patient-reported measure that was developed using what patients and clinicians said is most important about primary care. We also assessed construct validity through associations with demographics, the Patient-Enablement Instrument, number of years the person had been with their primary care physician and practice, whether the patient thought the doctor knowing the results would improve their care, and whether it was hard to complete the survey. We assessed the psychometric properties of the PCPCM in each country and report the summative and item-specific PCPCM scores for each country. RESULTS The PCPCM exhibited solid psychometric properties across all languages and countries, with Cronbach’s alphas ranging from 0.88 to 0.95, and corrected item-total correlations ranging from 0.47 to 0.81, with the vast majority of countries ranging from the low 0.50s to the high 0.70s. Multiple analyses showed strong evidence of concurrent validity. With a potential range from a low of 1 to a high of 4, the overall mean score was 2.74, with a standard deviation of 0.19. Mean PCPCM scores ranged from the lowest in Sweden (2.28) to the highest in Turkey (3.08), with Germany ranking second (3.01), and the United States third (2.99). CONCLUSION The internal consistency and concurrent validity of the PCPCM across multiple countries provides strong evidence of the coherence of the breadth of primary care functions that patients and clinicians say are important. The diversity of total and item-specific scores across countries provokes interesting hypotheses about the influence of each different country’s policies, practices, demographics, and culture on primary care, and provides a strong impetus for further ecological and individual data analyses using the Person-Centered Primary Care Measure. Annals “Online First” article
The Impact of Carbohydrate Restriction and Nutritional Ketosis on Cardiovascular Health

Despite progress in drug development, cardiovascular disease remains the most prevalent cause of mortality worldwide. To complement pharmacological approaches, a number of fad diets have garnered popular and scientific consideration. In this chapter, we highlight low-carbohydrate diets and, in particular, low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets inducing nutritional ketosis. Initially developed to treat intractable epilepsy, these “ketogenic diets” have drawn contemporary interest as potential therapeutics against obesity, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and heart failure. Here, we present a historical perspective and clinical data on ketogenic diets, emphasizing reported effects on cardiovascular disease risk and outcomes. Further, we discuss physiological and molecular mechanisms along with questions and future challenges of low-carbohydrate diets and interventional trials.
How People Use Active Telepresence Cameras in Tele-manipulation

Robot teleoperation is a reliable way to perform a variety of tasks with complex robotic systems. However, the remote control of active telepresence cameras on the robot for improved telepresence adds an additional degree of complexity while teleoperating and can thus affect the operator’s performance during tele-manipulation. Our previous user study investigates the general human performance and preference when using various wearable cameras. In this paper, we further investigate how humans respond to the usage of telepresence cameras in terms of motion behavior. The findings from our human motion analysis inform several desired designs for robot teleoperation interfaces and assistive autonomy.
Case Histories: Biocorrosion

Biocorrosion is a well-established, highly destructive phenomenon. Published cases link bacteria and fungi to accelerated corrosion of steel and cast iron, copper alloys, stainless steels, aluminium and nickel alloys. In addition, microorganisms can cause the destruction of plastics, stone, concrete and, of course, wood. While the exact figures are not available, biological factors probably play a role in about half of all the corrosion and materials degradation that occurs in the world.
Confronting pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone-boson quintessence with data

We analyze the observational constraints on the model where a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) plays the role of dark energy. The constraints are derived by using the latest Gold set of 182 type Ia supernovae and the CMB shift parameter. We allow for both the initial value of the scalar field and the present value of the energy density in the pNGB to vary. We find that--compared to previous analyses--the allowed portion of parameter space has shrunk around the region where the pNGB does not evolve significantly.
A controlled study of chlorothiazide as a diuretic agent; with a note on untoward reactions in the presence of renal insufficiency.

Abstract Chlorothiazide has proved to be an excellent diuretic in congestive heart failure. In most patients it has maintained its effectiveness after long-continued administration. The present study suggests that the administration of the daily dosage in divided doses at 3- to 6-hour intervals is more efficacious than the same total daily dosage in larger divided doses given less frequently. In dosages of 1 or 2 Gm. daily it produced a significantly greater diuresis than weekly injections of a mercurial diuretic in a group of ambulatory out-patients with congestive heart failure. In a similar study in a group of patients with cirrhosis no difference could be shown between 0.75 and 1.5 Gm. daily doses of chlorothiazide and weekly injections of a mercurial diuretic, with neither form of treatment producing impressive weight loss. The use of chlorothiazide in the presence of renal insufficiency was observed to be associated in some instances with increasing deterioration of renal function and rapidly developing acidosis accompanied by hyperkalemia.
A Survey of Hands-on Assignments and Projects in Undergraduate Computer Architecture Courses

Computer Architecture and Organization is an important area of the computer science body of knowledge. How to teach and learn the subjects in this area effectively has been an active research topic. This paper presents results and analyses from a survey of hands-on assignments and projects from 35 undergraduate computer architecture and organization courses which are either required or elective for the BS degree in CS. These surveyed courses are selected from universities listed among the 50 top Engineering Ph.D. granting schools by the US News & World Report 2008 rankings, and their teaching materials are publicly accessible via their course websites.
On-line reactor surveillance algorithm based on multivariate analysis of noise

A minicomputer-based system for reactor surveillance was developed and demonstrated on-line. The state of the reactor is characterized by the system from an analysis of noise signals, and a surveil...
The double-stranded polyadenylic acid: poly-L-lysine complex. A conformational study and characterization.

Abstract Double-stranded poly A associates with poly- l -lysine at pH 4.2 to form a complex with an altered circular dichroism (CD) spectra ([ θ ] 252nm poly A ∼- 100,000; [ θ ] 265 nm complex r = 1 ∼-57,000). Maximum complex formation, as measured by the change in ellipticity at λ max , is attained at a lysyl/adenyl residue ration of unity, r = 1, and is not dependent on ionic strength. The shape and position of the final CD spectrum is very similar whether poly A is added to poly- l -lysine or the order of addition is reserved. However, the magnitude of the spectral change is variable, depending on conditions of mixing. The CD spectrum of double-stranded poly A at pH 4.2 has also beea found to be variable. Complex formation is associated with extensive aggregation, even at lysyl/adenyl ratios well below equivalence, and it is probable that the extent of aggregation determines the extent of the CD spectral change. It is concluded that complex formation between double-stranded poly A and poly- l -lysine is accompanied by a change in conformation of the polynucleotide, as seen by circular dichroic changes. These spectral changes might reflect changes in the position of the adenine bases relative to the polyphosphate backbone induced by poly- l -lysine binding or due to formation of a large aggregate of poly A: poly- l -lysine.
Treatment costs of prostate cancer in the first year after diagnosis: a short-term cost of illness study for France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK

Study Type – Economic (prospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2a OBJECTIVE To calculate the total cost per patient of prostate cancer treatment and the economic cost burden by stage, in the first year after diagnosis, for five European countries. METHODS Data from the Information Management Systems, Inc. database, survival data, expert opinion, published data and unit costs from various published official sources were used to calculate total costs per patient by stage for each country, from a payer’s perspective. Diagnostic costs, first surgery, radio-, chemo- and hormonal therapy costs were included. Costs were aggregated for incident cases. RESULTS The mean direct costs per patient for initial treatment were €3698 in Germany, €3256 in Spain, €3682 in the UK, €5226 in Italy and €5851 in France. The total costs for all diagnosed patients in the first year from diagnosis were (million €) 116.7 (UK), 244 (Germany), 385 (France), 202 (Italy) and 114.6 (Spain). CONCLUSIONS The direct initial healthcare cost burden of the most common non-skin-related male cancer, prostate cancer, in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK is considerable. Given the high and increasing prevalence of prostate cancer due to ageing populations in Europe, and the significant cost burden of the disease, national health policy makers should be aware of prostate cancer as a priority disease area.
Electron density and electron temperature in pulsed atmospheric pressure air plasmas

Summary form only given, as follows. The use of atmospheric pressure air plasmas as reflectors for microwave radiation with frequencies up to 30 GHz requires electron densities of approximately 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/. It has been shown, that direct current microhollow cathode sustained (MCS) discharges meet this requirement. However, the power consumption of such air glow discharges of 5 kW/cm/sup 3/ does not permit scaling to large volumes. Pulsing the discharge on a time scale, which is less than the characteristic time for glow-to-arc transition allows us to reduce the power density while keeping the average electron density at the required high value. So far the electron density in these pulsed discharges has been estimated using information on the plasma conductivity; data on the electron energy which is sharply shifted towards higher energies during the pulse have only been obtained through modeling. We have measured the electron density in a pulsed atmospheric air plasma by means of heterodyne interferometry. A measure for the electron energy, the electron temperature, was obtained by means of emission spectroscopy. 20% argon was added to atmospheric air, and the relative intensities of two argon lines, at 810.37 nm and 811.52 nm, were measured. Assuming a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of the electron energies allowed us to determine a value for the electron temperature.
Operative and nonoperative therapy of intraabdominal infections

The basic principles for treating intraabdominal infections are fourfold: (1) to obliterate the infectious source; (2) to purge bacteria and toxins; (3) to maintain organ system function and (4) to tame the inflammatory process. Operative and nonoperative treatment options are available. Operative therapy includes different strategies: (1) the standard operation; (2) advanced procedures to decompress the abdominal compartment syndrome and (3) percutaneous drainage of abscesses. Nonoperative management includes: (1) antibiotic therapy; (2) hemodynamic and pulmonary support; (3) nutrition and metabolic support; (4) detoxification support (including support of renal and hepatic function) and (5) inflammation modulating therapy. Standard operative management addresses the first two principles and has been shown to reduce mortality by more than 50%. A recent extensive series of studies reports mortality rates around 20%. Patients with an abdominal compartment syndrome (intraabdominal pressure over 25 torr) and patients with advanced disease and compounding risk factors best documented by high APACHE-II scores are candidates for more advanced operations. The mortality rate following abdominostomy (leaving the abdomen open) in 869 patients participating in 37 studies was 42%, when the abdomen was simply left open for decompression (open abdominostomy). When a mesh was used to cover the abdominal wound (mesh abdominostomy) 39% of 439 patients enrolled in 12 studies died. Patients who underwent staged abdominal repair (STAR abdominostomy) faired better. Of 385 patients in 11 studies 28% died. Data from antibiotic studies as well as from immunomodulating therapy are nonconclusive at this point with respect to reducing mortality in intraabdominal infection.
Stability and motion in two degree of freedom hamiltonian systems for three-to-one commensurability

The two time variable method is used to investigate the stability of and the motion about the equilibrium point of an autonomous Hamiltonian system of two degrees of freedom when the HamiltonianH is indefinite and the relation between the frequencies ω1 and ω2 of the linearized system is ω1 ≈ 2ω2. Also, the conditions for periodic orbits and the stability of these orbits are obtained.
Flow of a fluid with pressure dependent viscosity due to a boundary that is being stretched

Classical boundary layer theory for the Navier-Stokes fluid is based on the assumption that the effect of viscosity is confined to a narrow region adjacent to solid boundaries in flows that are external to the body. This narrow region coincides with the region where the vorticity associated with the flow is concentrated. However, it is possible that in the case of more general fluids, such as fluids with pressure dependent viscosity, concentrations of vorticity can occur adjacent to solid boundaries, in the interior or even close to free surfaces. Also, the cause for these concentrations of vorticity are not necessarily due to inertial effects. Here, we show that in the case of fluids with pressure dependent viscosity, vorticity concentrations can occur due to the effect of gravity.
Anxiety disorders, depression, and attributional style: A further test of the specificity of depressive attributions

This study examined the specificity to depression of the attributional style hypothesized by the reformulated model of learned helplessness. Scores on a modified version of the Attributional Style Questionnaire of patients with dysthymic disorder were compared with those of anxiety disorder patients (social phobic, agoraphobic, and panic disorder) and normal subjects. While dysthymic patients demonstrated more internal, global, and stable attributions for negative events than normals, they did not systematically differ from social phobic or agoraphobic subjects. All groups differed from all the other groups on the Beck Depression Inventory. Analysis of covariance that controlled for depression scores suggested that depression contributed substantially to attributional style, but anxiety disorder diagnosis also exerted a significant effect on some attributional measures. These findings are discussed in terms of their meaning for the reformulated model of learned helplessness and the role of attributional processes in anxiety disorders.
ESEEM Investigations of the High pH and Low pH Forms of Chicken Liver Sulfite Oxidase

Two-pulse and four-pulse electron spin−echo envelope modulation spectroscopy (ESEEMS) at two operational frequencies and two-dimensional hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy (HYSCORES), have been used to probe the MoV coordination environment of sulfite oxidase in H2O and D2O solutions, buffered at pH 9.5 and 7.0 with ∼100 mM Tris-type buffers. At pH 9.5 the ESEEM and HYSCORE results definitively reveal the presence of one solvent-exchangeable D(H) near the MoV center, probably in the form of a Mo−OH(D) moiety. The orientation of this group is not fixed (although it is substantially restricted) and thus gives rise to a distribution of hyperfine interaction (hfi) parameters. The resulting loss of amplitude makes direct observation of a proton-related line using ESEEM impossible. However, such a line is observable in ESEEM spectra of the comparable deuterated enzyme because the narrower distribution of hfi parameters leads to less line broadening of the ESEEM spectra. ESEEM and HYSCORE spectra of sul...
Intense field stabilization in circular polarization: Three-dimensional time-dependent dynamics

We investigate the stabilization of hydrogen atoms in a circularly polarized laser field. We use a three-dimensional, time-dependent approach to study the quantum dynamics of hydrogen atoms subject to high-intensity, short-wavelength, laser pulses. We find an enhanced survival probability as the field is increased under fixed envelope conditions. We also confirm wave packet behaviors previously seen in two-dimensional time-dependent computations.
Comparing Local and Presidential Elections

Examinations of voter turnout in local and national elections have generally been flawed by comparisons of samples from unlike populations and failures to employ appropriate multivariate techniques. Utilizing data from a single national sample, presidential and local electorates are compared. The results point to the similarities between the two, with geographic region and interest in politics being the foremost distinguishing factors. In addition to these variables, strength of partisanship, length of residence in the community, age, and education best discriminate between voters and nonvoters in both presidential and local elections.
Tensile testing of polysilicon

Tensile specimens of polysilicon are deposited on a silicon wafer; one end remains affixed to the wafer and the other end has a relatively large paddle that can be gripped by an electrostatic probe. The overall length of the specimen is less than 2 mm, but the smooth tensile portion can be as small as 1.5×2μm in cross section and 50μm long. The specimen is pulled by a computer-controlled translation stage. Force is recorded with a 100-g load cell, whereas displacement is recorded with a capacitance-based transducer. Strain can be measured directly on wider specimens with laser-based interferometry from two small gold markers deposited on the smooth portion of the specimen. The strength of this linear and brittle material is measured with relative ease. Young's modulus measurement is more difficult; it can be determined from either the stress-strain curve, the record of force versus displacement or the comparison of the records of two specimens of different sizes. Specimens of different sizes—thicknesses of 1.5 or 3.5 μm, widths from 2 to 50 μm and lengths from 50 to 500 μm—were tested. The average tensile strength of this polysilicon is 1.45±0.19 GPa (210 ±28 ksi) for the 27 specimens that could be broken with electrostatic gripping. The average Young's modulus from force displacement records of 43 specimens is 162±14 GPa (23.5 ±2.0×103 ksi). This single value is misleading because the modulus values tend to increase with decreasing specimen width; that is not the case for the strength. The three methods for determining the modulus agree in general, although the scatter can be large.
Constrained optimum trajectories with specified range

The characteristics of optimum fixed-range trajectories whose structure is constrained to climb, steady cruise, and descent segments are derived by application of optimal control theory. The performance function consists of the sum of fuel and time costs, referred to as direct operating costs (DOC). The state variable is range-to-go and the independent variable is energy. In this formulation a cruise segment always occurs at the optimum cruise energy for sufficiently large range. At short ranges (500 n. mi. and less) a cruise segment may also occur below the optimum cruise energy. The existence of such a cruise segment depends primarily on the fuel flow vs thrust characteristics and on thrust constraints. If thrust is a free control variable along with airspeed, it is shown that such cruise segments will not generally occur. If thrust is constrained to some maximum value in climb and to some minimum in descent, such cruise segments generally will occur. The performance difference between free thrust and constrained thrust trajectories has been determined in computer calculations for an example transport aircraft.
A Coarse-Mesh Method for the Time-Dependent Transport Equation

A new solution technique is derived for the time-dependent transport equation. This approach extends the steady-state coarse-mesh transport method that is based on global-local decompositions of la...
Lactic streptococcal phage-associated lysin. I. Lysis of heterologous lactic streptococci by a phage-induced lysin.

Abstract This investigation concerns the study of a lactic phage-associated lysin released when Streptococcus lactis strain C10 cells were lysed by their homologous c10 phage. The lysin appeared in the medium when the cells lysed. A spreading halo surrounding the clear phage plaques was observed after prolonged incubation of double agar layer plates. Both living and sensitized C10 cells were lysed by the c10-lysin. All heterologous lactic streptococcal strains studied thus far were lysed by the c10-lysin. A lysozyme-sensitive strain of Sarcina lutea was very resistant to c10-lysin. Micrococcus lysodeikticus substrate cells (Difco) were lysed rapidly during the initial reaction period, but lysis diminished rapidly soon thereafter. The role of c10-lysin in the nascent phenomenon is discussed.
Examination of ovulation rate, uterine and fetal interactions, and reproductive age in Chinese Meishan, Yorkshire, and reciprocal cross gilts: effects of fetal and maternal genotypes

Two studies were designed to examine ovulation rate, uterine and fetal interactions, and reproductive age in Chinese Meishan (Ms) and Yorkshire (Y) gilts. In Experiment 1, ten Ms, ten Ms × Y, ten Y × Ms and ten Y females were mated at third estrus to Y, Ms × Y, Y × Ms and Ms sires, respectively, so that fetuses were 12 Ms and 12 Y. Gilts were slaughtered at 51 days of gestation (SD = 2) and reproductive tracts examined. Crossbred gilts had more corpora lutea (CL; 17.3 for both crosses) and fetuses (14.7 for Y × Ms and 12.9 for Ms × Y) than Y (12.5 CL and 10.9 fetuses) or Ms (14.2 CL and 9.2 fetuses; P 0.05). Fetal weight, crown-rump length and amniotic fluid volume per fetus were highest for fetuses from Y females, intermediate for fetuses from Ms and Y × Ms females, and lowest for fetuses from Ms × Y females (P 0.05). The highest fetal survival occurred in Y-X females and the shortest uterine lengths were present in Ms-P females (P < 0.05). Fetuses in Ms-X and Y-P females occupied the most uterine space, fetuses from Y-X females were intermediate and fetuses from Ms-P females occupied the least uterine space (P < 0.05). Mean allantoic fluid volumes per fetus from Ms-X, Y-X, Ms-P and Y-P were 177 ml, 122 ml, 99 ml and 69 ml, respectively (P < 0.05). Fetuses from Y-X females were the longest, heaviest and had the most amniotic fluid followed by fetuses from Ms-X, Y-P and Ms-P females, respectively. Fetuses from Ms-P gilts weighed less than fetuses from other groups (P < 0.05).
Food habits of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in bluegrass and prairie habitats

We analyzed stomach contents to determine food habits of the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus , in two habitats in central Illinois, a bluegrass oldfield and a tallgrass prairie. Vole diets showed strong seasonal changes in both habitats. Voles in the bluegrass area ate mostly green shoots with increasing amounts of dicotyledons and decreasing amounts of monocotyledons as seasons progressed from winter to autumn. Seeds became important only in autumn and winter. Ambrosia, Bromus, Poa, Taraxacum , and Trifolium were the major plants eaten during the growing season. Preference indices showed that Trifolium was preferred and Poa was avoided in relation to their availability. Voles in the prairie consumed more dicotyledons than monocotyledons year-round; seeds and roots became important in autumn and winter. These voles ate primarily Andropogon, Lespedeza, Penstemon , and Solidago during the growing season. Preference indices for these species indicated that none were significantly preferred, but Andropogon was avoided. Seasonal shifts in food habits may help to account for seasonal changes in reproductive performance of voles, and differences in the availability of moderate to high quality food may explain differences in population densities between the two habitats.
MÖSSBAUER-BORRMANN SUPERRADIANCE

The kinetic behavior of a gamma-ray laser is comprised of an array of isomeric nuclei located at regular lattice sites in a perfect single crystal of dimensions and structure so chosen as to favor anomalous emission into that Borrmann mode having the maximum possible number of component Bragg-reflected beams, which greatly reduces the excitation requirements. The analysis of several hypothetical systems shows that superradiance, rather than amplified spontaneous emission, will then be the preferred mode of deexcitation, provided the nuclei can be pumped rapidly to a short-lived Moessbauer level while preserving crystal integrity. This warrants a search for solutions to the major problems: candidate nuclides, preparation of a storage isomer, and interlevel transfer from storage to lasing state. 10 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.
The Effects and Effectiveness of Using Torture as an Interrogation Device: Using Research to Inform the Policy Debate

Governments sometimes characterize torture as an indispensable interrogation tool for gathering strategic intelligence. In this article, we review the relevant social scientific research on the effectiveness, impact, and causes of torture. First, we summarize research on false confessions and examine the relevance of that research for torture-based interrogations. Next, we review research on the mental health consequences of torture for survivors and perpetrators. Finally, we explore the social-psychological conditions that promote acts of cruelty (such as those seen at Abu Ghraib) and examine the arguments typically offered to justify the use of torture. We argue that any hypothesized benefits from the use of torture must be weighed against the substantial proven costs of torture. These costs include the unreliable information extracted through interrogations using torture, the mental and emotional toll on victims and torturers, loss of international stature and credibility, and the risk of retaliation against soldiers and civilians.
Dark silicon and the end of multicore scaling

Since 2005, processor designers have increased core counts to exploit Moore's Law scaling, rather than focusing on single-core performance. The failure of Dennard scaling, to which the shift to multicore parts is partially a response, may soon limit multicore scaling just as single-core scaling has been curtailed. This paper models multicore scaling limits by combining device scaling, single-core scaling, and multicore scaling to measure the speedup potential for a set of parallel workloads for the next five technology generations. For device scaling, we use both the ITRS projections and a set of more conservative device scaling parameters. To model single-core scaling, we combine measurements from over 150 processors to derive Pareto-optimal frontiers for area/performance and power/performance. Finally, to model multicore scaling, we build a detailed performance model of upper-bound performance and lower-bound core power. The multicore designs we study include single-threaded CPU-like and massively threaded GPU-like multicore chip organizations with symmetric, asymmetric, dynamic, and composed topologies. The study shows that regardless of chip organization and topology, multicore scaling is power limited to a degree not widely appreciated by the computing community. Even at 22 nm (just one year from now), 21% of a fixed-size chip must be powered off, and at 8 nm, this number grows to more than 50%. Through 2024, only 7.9x average speedup is possible across commonly used parallel workloads, leaving a nearly 24-fold gap from a target of doubled performance per generation.
The genetics of tolerance to high mineral concentrations in the tribe Triticeae — a review and update

Soil mineral stresses are increasingly becoming growth-limiting factors for crop plants in many parts of the world. Unfortunately, most of the stresses are often not easily correctable by conventional agricultural practices. Recently it has become apparent that some crop plants and their wild (‘alien’) relatives possess adequate genotypic variation in tolerance to some of these mineral stresses, which could be utilized to improve the level of tolerance of the cultivated species. The objective of this paper is to review, summarise and update the current published information on the genetics of mineral stress tolerance in the tribe Triticeae, and also assess the implications for wheat improvement. Sources of tolerance to aluminium, excess manganese, boron and copper are identified, and the chromosomal locations of factors conferring the tolerance are given.
Born model treatment of the polymorphic transitions of the alkali halides

Abstract The Born model of ionic solids is shown to account for the observed values of the work involved in the pressure transition of the potassium and rubidium halides from the NaCl to the CsCl structure, and for the heat absorbed in the thermal transition of cesium chloride from the CsCl to the NaCl structure, when the repulsive parameters are allowed to depend on the crystal structure. This is achieved by adopting a repulsive energy form with two parameters and by determining these parameters separately for the NaCl phase and for the CsCl phase of each compound form the observed values of the lattice parameter and of the compressibility of the two phases at the transition point. The motivation and physical significance of this procedure are discussed.
The effects of acid perturbation on a controlled ecosystem

Duplicate, 8-compartment, continuous-flow microcosms were used to study the effects of acid addition on community function, algal community structure, and degradation of a plasticizer, diethyl phthalate. Inputs of HCl decreased the alkalinity (measured as CaC03) from 25 to 8 mg 1−1, creating diurnal H+ activity curves that indicated that the ecosystem was being severely stressed. Removal of excess acid was accompanied by a return to a normal diurnal pH cycle. Nutrient concentrations and O2 production did not give a definite indication of stress resulting from the addition of acid. Algal community structure and total biomass were not affected by acid inputs. Also, degradation rates of diethyl phtalate by the aquatic bacteria were similar for the control and the acid-stressed systems. These studies indicate that acid inputs can significantly disrupt normal ecosystem function, such as diurnal pH cycling, without having a measurable impact on other parameters usually monitored in aquatic ecosystems.
A study of carbohydrate and lipid nutrition in the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), using partially synthetic diets

Abstract Newly hatched larvae of Galleria mellonella (L.) were reared to adults on synthetic diets consisting of cellulose, casein, glucose, glycerol, cholesterol, linoleic acid, a salt mixture, and ten water-soluble vitamins. The omission of cholesterol prevented growth. In the absence of oil or fatty acid larval growth was little affected, but linoleic or linolenic acid was required for the successful emergence of adults from the pupa. A mixture of amino acids based on the composition of casein was an unsatisfactory substitute for casein although it allowed some growth. Growth was best when casein, the only source of amino nitrogen, constituted 15–20 per cent of the diet. With 5 per cent or less of glucose and no other digestible carbohydrate in the diet, little growth occurred; amounts up to 40 per cent progressively improved growth, but above this level diets became too sticky for the larvae. As diets with high levels of sugar were markedly hygroscopic, the superior growth on them was perhaps partly a result of the greater amounts of water that they absorbed.
Secular changes in craniofacial morphology of the portuguese using geometric morphometrics

This study examines patterns of secular change in cranial morphology in the New Lisbon collection, a documented skeletal collection from Lisbon, Portugal with birth years from 1806 to 1954. This period represents a time when Lisbon was undergoing increased urbanization and population growth, as well as changes in mortality and fertility patterns. Previous studies from the U.S., Europe, and Japan have reported significant secular changes in cranial morphology over the past 200 years. In the current study, secular changes were analyzed using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics methods. The results from this study demonstrate a significant change in cranial morphology over the roughly 150-year period. Allometry was rejected as a causal factor of this change because there was no association found between temporal change and size. The pattern of temporal change is similar to that observed in other populations in the U.S., Europe, and Japan, including decreased facial breadth and a more inferiorly placed cranial base. This study, along with previous research, suggests a similar pattern of change occurs in genetically and geographically diverse populations experiencing modern environmental conditions. We argue that because the secular changes are focused in the cranial base, a region of the skull that experiences a relatively early growth curve, changes related to declines in childhood morbidity and mortality are likely important factors related to the observed changes.
A knowledge-based manager for software engineering projects

Management aspects of software development have received little research interest. The SOFTMAN system addresses the automation of this feature of the SDLC. It is a knowledge-based system which tracks the health of a software development effort. By comparing user metrics to past environment standards, anomalies in the coding stage are detected and suggestions for solving them are offered. In addition, SOFTMAN can be used to tutor new personnel, perform what-if analysis, and build a corporate memory regarding management decisions.
Source of the solar flare energy

Recent Skylab and magnetograph observations indicate that strong photospheric electric currents underlie small flare events such as X-ray loops and surges. What is not yet certain, because of the non-local dynamics of a fluid with embedded magnetic field, is whether flare emission derives from the energy of on-site electric currents or from energy which is propagated to the flare site through an intermediary, such as a stream of fast electrons or a group of waves. Nevertheless, occurrences of: (1) strong photospheric electric currents beneath small flares; (2) similar magnetic fine structure inside and outside active regions; (3) eruptive prominences and coronal white light transients in association with big flares; and, (4) active boundaries of large unipolar regions suggest the possibility that all phenomena of solar activity are manifestations of the rapid ejection and/or gradual removal of electric currents of various sizes from the photosphere. The challenge is to trace the precise magnetofluid dynamics of each active phenomenon, particularly the role of electric current build-up and dissipation in the low corona.