cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Katherine Binhammer. The Seduction Narrative in Britain, 1747–1800

In her ambitious book, with chapters on Samuel Richardson's Clarissa, repentant prostitute narratives, married-heroine fictions, street literature, and the melodrama of the 1790s, Katherine Binhamm...
Evaluating R&D project proposals

The ability to evaluate R&D project proposals, assessing future success and organizational value, is critical to overall business performance for most enterprises. Yet, predicting project success is difficult and often unreliable. A two-year field study shows that the effectiveness of available methods for evaluating and selecting R&D project proposals depends on the specific project type, organizational culture and managerial skills. This paper examines the strength and limitations of various evaluation methods. It also shows that, especially in complex project situations, the decision-making process has to go beyond the application of just analytical methods, but has to incorporate both quantitative and qualitative measures into a combined rational-judgmental evaluation process. Equally important, the evaluation process must be effectively linked among functional support groups and with senior management in order to strategically aligning the project proposal and to unify the evaluation team and stakeholder community behind the mission objectives. All of this requires leadership and managerial skills in planning, organizing, and communicating. The paper suggests specific leadership actions, organizational conditions and managerial processes for evaluating R&D project proposals toward future value and success.
Reciprocity Research and Its Implications for the Negotiation Process

While social scientists have discussed the issue of reciprocation for many years, much of current behavioral research stems from Robert Axelrod's computer simulations of behavioral strategies in prisoner's dilemma games. Axelrod showed that a tit-for-tat strategy – cooperate on the first trial, and thereafter behave as your opponent did on the previous trial – earned a higher average payoff than any other tested strategy. We review both the computer simulation and empirical research that followed his studies. We suggest that it would be fruitful to extend this research to the negotiation paradigm, for two reasons: (1) many of the findings have direct bearing on elements of the negotiation process, and (2) there are unique aspects of the negotiation process that pose interesting questions for social dilemma research.
The Product of glnL Is Not Essential for Regulation of Bacterial Nitrogen Assimilation

The glnL product is not necessary for the control of expression of glnA and other nitrogen-regulated genes, but it presumably communicates reduntant information on the availability of ammonia from an ammonia-sensitive system consisting of the products of glnB and glnD to the regulatory products of glnF and glnG.
Impact of True Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Feeding on Wheat Yields in Arkansas

Wheat leaf consumption by the true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth, was determined in the laboratory in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Total mean wheat leaf area consumed per larva from eclosion to ...
A game theory model for situation awareness and management

We describe a model for determining strategies for making decisions. Decision making involves a model with several possible actions, state of the world with a probability, and a metric of how well the best decision was made. The ability to perform data mining and discover patterns to automatically predict likelihood of reaction to specific events and situational awareness is enhanced from multiple social media inputs. We discuss development of a method for determining actionable information to efficiently propitiate manpower, equipment assets, or propaganda responses. Our solution combines a variety of textual content information in different formats to help with a decision process to include sources, systems, and services that control and influence a situation. Different viewpoints need to be understood that are points involved in the event. Our FeatureSEARCHTM tool is helpful for rapidly parsing text that has been extracted with an intelligent algorithm in order to evaluate the population sentiment for the targeted area. Our tool allows for calculating optimal strategies provides greater knowledge about the state of the world and increases the likelihood of a decision maker making the best decision. We discuss game theory using linear programming methods to solve for multiple possible strategies that are known. The decision maker's success depends upon his ability to correctly and automatically judge the multiple psychological and rational factors. The goal of our system, called GlobalSite, is to deliver trustworthy threat analysis systems and services that understand situations, while being a vital tool for continuing mission operations information.
Abstract 1151: HER2- and EGFR-specific Affiprobes - Novel recombinant optical probes for cell imaging

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The human epidermal growth factor receptors EGFR (Her1, ErbB1) and HER2 (HER2/neu, ErbB2, or c-erb-b2) are members of EGFR (ErbB) family of cell-surface receptors/tyrosine kinases: EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4. There are several identified ligands for these receptors (except HER2), including EGF and TGF-alpha, that induce receptor dimerization followed by tyrosine autophosphorylation, which leads to cell proliferation. EGFR and HER2 are found overexpressed in a number of cancer types, such as breast, ovarian, salivary gland, stomach, kidney, colon, prostate, and non-small cell lung cancer. Research has shown that EGFR- or HER2-positive cancers represent a more aggressive disease with greater likelihood of recurrence, poorer prognosis, and decreased survival rate compared to EGFR- or HER2-negative cancers. The details of HER2 proto-oncogenic function, its internalization mechanism, and subcellular trafficking are not fully understood, partially because the availability of imaging reagents and tools for detection of EGFR and HER2 is still restricted to medium/low affinity antibody conjugated to small-molecule dyes. We have created photo-stable and relatively simple-to-prepare imaging probes for in vitro staining of EGFR and HER2. These new reagents, called Affiprobes, consist of the targeting moiety, a HER2- or EGFR-specific Affibody® molecule, and a fluorescent detection moiety mCherry (Red), or EGFP (Green). These fluorescent proteins were chosen due to their high stability and solubility and low toxicity for eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, HER2 and EGFR receptors can be detected simultaneously using corresponding optical filter sets. Our flow cytometry and confocal microscopy experiments demonstrated high specificity and signal/background ratio for the Affiprobes. This type of optical probe can be easily extended to targeting other cell-surface antigens/receptors using different Affibody® molecules and fluorescent proteins. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1151.
Model based surface design to incorporate the effect of soluble cues

Many disease states such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes are polygenic and involve multiple organs with inter-related metabolic and vascular abnormalities, and furthermore are risk factors for other diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cardiovascular or Alzheimer’s diseases. Tissue engineering is attempting to address these diseases from the perspective of developing “spare” or “replacement” parts. Cell and tissue engineering integrates cellular and molecular biology with the principles and methods of chemical and mechanical engineering to develop biological substitutes that can restore, maintain, or control tissue function.© 2011 ASME
Epitaxial iron garnet films with submicron diameter magnetic bubbles

Abstract Mixed rare earth iron garnet compositions have been developed in the form of epitaxial films which support submicron diameter magnetic bubbles. Sm 0.75 Yb 2.25 Fe 5 O 12 , Eu 0.9 Yb 2.1 Fe 5 O 12 and Eu 1.2 Lu 1.8 Fe 5 O 12 films on (111) Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 as well as Sm 1.5 Yb 1.5 Fe 5 O 12 and Eu 1.7 Yb 1.3 Fe 5 O 12 films on (111) Sm 3 Ga 5 O 12 can be grown by an isothermal liquid phase epitaxy method. The effects of growth conditions on film composition and the lattice mismatch between a film and its substrate are discussed.
Four-Dimensional Analysis Experiment During the Gate Period Part II

Abstract The GATE analysis was repeated utilizing the full GATE data set in the delayed mode and a revised four-dimensional analysis procedure. The resulting maps wore compared with maps of other author. Based on the new analysis, macroscale circulation features for the tropical African continent and Atlantic Ocean region were calculated, and other characteristic phenomena of this area were investigated. The easterly waves, in particular, were studied with respect to their formation, propagation, associated condensation, and possible conversion to hurricanes. It was possible to trace nine distinct easterly waves throughout their entire life history, and the analyzed tracks of thew easterly waves agreed quite well with the subjective analyses of Sadler and Oda (1978). The time sequences of precipitation over the GATE A/B-array obtained by the present analysis and by satellite estimates were compared with some success.
Predictors and patterns of recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract Background The majority of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who undergo complete tumor resection subsequently develop tumor recurrence. The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors for recurrence of HCC after hepatectomy and to examine the outcomes once tumor recurrence occurs. Study design From February 1990 to May 2001 a total of 164 patients underwent liver resection for HCC at our institution and were prospectively followed. Time to recurrence and survival after recurrence were determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were tested for their prognostic significance by univariate and multivariate analysis using the logrank test and the Cox proportional hazards model, respectively. Results The median patient age was 64 years (range 21 to 87 years) and 106 patients (65%) were male. After a median followup of 26 months, 90 patients (55%) have developed recurrent cancer. Among them, 75 patients (83%) had tumor detectable in the liver, which was the only site of disease in 67 (74%). In all, 15 patients (20%) had extrahepatic disease (7 lung, 4 peritoneum, 2 pancreas, 1 bone, and 1 brain). The median time to recurrence was 24 months (range 1 to 274 months). Predictors of recurrence on univariate analysis were tumor size greater than 5 cm, more than one tumor, cirrhosis, vascular invasion (microscopic or macroscopic), and tumor satellites. On multivariate analysis only tumor size greater than 5 cm (p = 0.04) and vascular invasion (p = 0.01) predicted recurrence. The median survival after recurrence was 11 months (range 0 to 60 months). Of the 90 patients who developed tumor recurrence 49 (67%) were able to undergo additional ablative or surgical therapy (33 embolization, 9 ethanol injection, and 14 re-resection). On multivariate analysis vascular invasion in the original tumor predicted poor survival after recurrence (p = 0.009). Conclusions The liver is the predominant site of first recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma, and once recurrence occurs survival is limited. The current study underscores the need for effective adjuvant therapy for patients with HCC treated with partial hepatectomy.
The flaw of averages and the pitfalls of ignoring variablity in attribute interpretations

Monte Carlo simulations, by taking in to account distributions of attributes instead of single average values, help to avoid the flaw of averages in interpretations of seismic attributes. Calculations based on a single “best guess” input may not give the “best guess” output. Ignoring the variability of rock properties in quantitative computations can drastically distort attribute interpretations. Monte Carlo simulations also give us confidence intervals and other measures of uncertainty. Interpretations of attributes using averages and average trends alone do not give any indication of the uncertainty due to the variability in the properties. Estimating the variability in attributes can be difficult from just visual examination of clusters in cross plots. The density of points gets obscured in cross plots. What appears to be the best choice of attributes in terms of visual separability of clusters may not be the best quantitative discriminants.
Fractal characteristics of exoplanet transit time series data

Exoplanet transit time series photometric data usually contain noise levels that are comparable to the transit signal jumps. The analysis that assumes Gaussian noise and extensive data averaging calibrated to a reference star has been the traditionally used algorithm. This paper studied the fractal property of the time series and found that the fractal dimension changes for time series data that contain transits. The Higuchi fractal method, where the length of the increment in various time lags is plotted against the lags, was used in this study. (Higuchi, T., "Approach to an irregular time series on the basis of fractal theory", Physica D, vol 31, 277-283, 1988). The fractal algorithm was calibrated with the Weierstrass function. Simulations using Gaussian noise suggested that a transit jump signal at about 1-sigma noise level would produce changes in fractal dimension, while non-Gaussian noise simulations suggested a higher transit jump signal. The fractal algorithm was applied to data collected on HD 209458 as well as on published data. The transit caused a fractal dimension change of about 0.06. An over-exposed CCD dataset with much noise was also analyzed and a fractal dimension change of about 0.02 was obtained. The result suggests that fractal dimension analysis, without the assumption of error normality, is an alternative method for identifying transits in time series photometric data.
AutoCAR—a decision support tool for freeway traffic controllers

Abstract An important part of road traffic operations is the ability to locate and resolve congestion-causing traffic incidents as quickly as possible. The provision of appropriate decision support tools which help maintain this form of situation awareness is therefore mandated. This paper describes the overall architecture and design of one such tool. AutoCAR (Automated Congestion Analysis & Report) is an object-oriented, rule-based expert system which incorporates some concepts from catastrophe theory to help differentiate between demand-based and incident-based traffic congestion.
Bi-carrier Golay code based ranging with improved range resolution

In this paper, we present Golay code based bi-carrier detection and ranging algorithm that offers improved range resolution. We exploit the zero side lobe property of complementary Golay Code pair for detection and side lobe free ranging of targets. The complementary Golay code pair is transmitted on two orthogonal carriers of a bi-carrier signal We propose base band filtering of the complementary code pair for bandwidth reduction of the bi-carrier signal and to keep the two codes non-interacting. The detection and ranging algorithm for the Golay code based bi-carrier signal is based on a double quadrature demodulator and matched filtering. The performance of the filtered complementary code pair degrades in the presence of noise. Monte-carlo simulations were carried out to investigate the effect of noise on the correlation of filtered Golay code and some of conventional coding signals (PN and Gold sequence) in ranging applications. A comparison of the performance of these codes shows that Golay code is robust to noise among these codes. Improved range resolution and better noise rejection capability supports the unconventional use of Golay code in ranging applications.
High-pT pion production in ππ interactions

Abstract Charged pion production in high energy π - π - interactions is studied in the p T region of 1–2 GeV/ c . The characteristics of pion production in π - π - interactions are compared with those in π - p and pp interactions. The p T dependence of pion production in these reactions follows a systematic trend which indicates that high- p T pion production for ππ interactions as well as for πp and pp interactions proceeds via quark-quark scattering as predicted by QCD.
Rapid assessment of marine pollution using multiple biomarkers and chemical immunoassays.

To fully assess the impact of pollutant releases into the environment, it is necessary to determine both the concentration of chemicals accumulating in biota and the biological effects they give rise to. Owing to time, expertise, and cost constraints, this is, however, rarely achieved. Here, quick, simple to perform, and inexpensive biomarkers and chemical immunoassays were combined in a rapid assessment approach to measure exposure to and effects of organic and metal pollutants on the ribbed mussel (Geukensia demmissa) from New Bedford Harbor, MA. Significant differences in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) tissue residue concentrations were detected among sites using RaPID immunoassay. Selected analyses were verified using GC/MS. No significant differences were observed in metal concentrations (Cu, Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Ni) throughout the area. While causality cannot be attributed, multivariate canonical correlation analysis indicated that PCB and PAH concentrations were strong...
Characteristics of the inhibition of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase by α-methylamino acids

Abstract The characteristics of the inhibition of aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase from guinea-pig kidney by α-methyl-DOPA and α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan have been investigated. Noncompetitive inhibition is obtained when the inhibitor is preincubated with enzyme in the absence of pyridoxal phosphate before the addition of substrate. When the coenzyme is present during the preincubation or when the inhibitor is added at the same time as the substrate the kinetics of inhibition are those of a competitive inhibitor. The inhibition is specific for the l -isomer of the α-methylamino acids and other pyridoxal phosphate requiring enzymes are not affected. The data suggest that specific interaction of the inhibitor, enzyme, and enzyme-bound coenzyme takes place.
Populations of invertebrate animals and the management of chalk grassland in Britain

Abstract The problems of managing chalk grassland nature reserves in Britain are briefly reviewed and methods of management are described. The effects of management on populations of invertebrate animals characteristic of chalk grassland are considered with reference to the results of experimental studies and to other information on their ecology. An attempt is made to relate these effects to species that are dependent on (1) grazing vertebrate animals, (2) particular chalk grassland plants, and (3) the gross structure of the vegetation. Interim recommendations are made for the management of nature reserves in which diversity of the fauna is an important object of management.
TB perspectives among a sample of Mexicans in the United States: results from an ethnographic study.

Objective A study was conducted to describe the sociocultural aspects of tuberculosis (TB) among Mexicans in the U.S. and to provide TB programs with practical recommendations for serving this population.
Evaluation of exercise techniques in the burn patient

Abstract A programme for maintaining range of joint motion during the course of burn treatment is described, including the use of splinting, passive range of motion exercises and hydrotherapy, accompanied by a data collection form used in the prospective evaluation of the treatment.
An Extended SVD-based Terminal and Model Order Reduction Algorithm

The paper proposes a new combined terminal and model order reduction method for compact modeling of interconnect circuits. The new method extends the existing SVDMOR method [3] by using higher order moment information for terminal responses during the terminal reduction and by applying separate SVD low-rank approximations on input and output terminals respectively. This is in contrast to SVDMOR method where input and output terminal responses are SVD approximated at the same time, which can lead to large error when the numbers of inputs and outputs are quite different. We analyze the passivity requirement for combined terminal and model order reduction and show the passivity enforcement may significantly hamper the terminal reduction effects. We also improve the computation efficiency of SVDMOR. Our experimental results show that ESVDMOR outperforms the SVDMOR in terms of accuracy for the similar reduced model sizes in a number of interconnect circuits when the input and output terminals are different.
1. Workforce requirements: the basis for relevant occupational training

By supplying the skilled workers needed, occupational training plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of a healthy economy. Although planners are not accountable for ensuring a perfect fit between training offerings and employment opportunities, they should anticipate shortages and surpluses of skilled workers. Decision makers can then take corrective action to expand, improve, curtail, or discontinue existing training or add new offerings. In order to discern skilled worker shortages/surpluses, the labour market demand must be determined. Workforce projection and forecasting approaches and labour market signalling approaches are used to make these determinations. The strengths and weaknesses of each approach must be considered when selecting the ones to use. Discusses a number of viable approaches and lists their strengths and weaknesses in tables to facilitate comparisons. Also includes supplemental instruments as examples and to provide guidance in determining workforce requirements. An appendix defines the terminology used.
Theoretical Studies of Lithium Perchlorate in Ethylene Carbonate, Propylene Carbonate, and Their Mixtures

Ab initio calculations have been used to study pair interactions between lithium ion and perchlorate ion, lithium perchlorate, and polar aprotic solvents: ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and their mixtures. The resulting optimized structures and electrostatic potential-derived charges serve as input parameters in molecular dynamics simulations used to determine collective structural effects. Little molecular association is detected in pure EC solution. In EC/PC mixtures it is found, in agreement with previous experimental studies, that EC tends to substitute for PC in the first shell of the cation. Thus, the effective radius of the complex ion solvent is smaller for the EC/PC mixture than in the case of pure PC, leading to higher ionic conductivities. The potential energy surface for ion pair association of lithium and perchlorate ions is investigated with a self-consistent polarizable continuum model. In solution, the minimum corresponding to the ion pair association is shifted toward larger values of the ion-ion separation. The configuration of the lithium perchlorate ion pair in solution is found from molecular dynamics simulations to be intermediate between a monodentate and bidentate structure corresponding to one or two oxygens interacting with the lithium ion. Solvent-separated species are present in dilute ({approximately}0.15 M) solutions,more » whereas ion pairs and solvent-separated complexes are found in concentrated ({approximately}0.8 M) solutions.« less
Laparoscopic Diagnosis of Malignant Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

Retroperitoneal fibrosis may be caused by a number of disease processes, both benign and malignant. Traditionally, open exploration and biopsy has been performed to exclude a malignant etiology prior to ureterolysis. We report a patient in whom a diagnosis of malignant retroperitoneal fibrosis was confirmed using laparoscopy. In patients in whom a metastatic etiology for retroperitoneal fibrosis is suspected, laparoscopy should be performed and representative biopsies taken. Laparoscopic techniques offer the urologist the ability to obtain an adequate tissue biopsy with a reduction in postoperative morbidity and convalescence associated with traditional laparotomy.
Chemical stability of 2-arachidonylglycerol under biological conditions

Recent evidence indicates that 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) is a potent and specific ligand for the central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors. Therefore, the chemical stability of this molecule under biological conditions is of interest. A method for the isolation and detection of 2-AG using HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection is described. The method provides an extraction recovery from aqueous media of 78%, and a limit of detection of 60 ng on column. Incubation of 2-AG in culture medium or biological buffers indicated that it is stable to oxidation and ester hydrolysis for up to 6 h at 37 degrees C. However, gradual disappearance of the compound was noted due to adherence to glass and plastic surfaces. During incubation in RPMI culture medium, 2-AG rearranged to 1(3)-arachidonylglycerol (1(3)-AG) in a first order process with a half-life of 10 min in the absence of serum and 2.3 min in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum. Further studies indicated that the acyl migration reaction is base catalyzed (k(cat)=78,000/min M), and that the reaction is affected slightly by changes in buffer (Tris) concentration and not at all by changes in ionic strength. The results indicate that 2-AG is readily converted to 1(3)-AG under conditions commonly used to study receptor-ligand interactions, findings that have significant implications for the interpretation of relative ligand potency between the two isomers.
Voids in amorphous semiconductors

Abstract Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been used to investigate density fluctuations occurring in amorphous semiconductors prepared by sputtering, evaporation and electrodeposition. Correlations of the total number of dangling bonds determined by SAXS, optical absorption, and ESR signals have been made. The density deficits from the density of the FC-2 crystal are in some cases accounted for by the voids. It is argued that models based on domains 10–15 A in size are not supported by the SAXS data.
Rooting for (and Then Abandoning) the Underdog

Although people prefer to associate with winners, there is also a strong desire to support the lovable loser or underdog. In 4 studies, we demonstrate the underdog effect and its delimiting conditions. In Studies 1 and 2, participants rooted for the underdog in judgments of athletic, business, and artistic competition. In Study 3, participants watched animated clips of struggling and nonstruggling geometric shapes. The results showed that participants showed more rooting, sympathy, and identification with struggling shapes than with nonstruggling ones. Study 4 identified conditions under which people abandon the underdog, showing that participants rooted for the underdog only when both self-relevance and consequences were high. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Disney's Most Notorious Film: Race, Convergence, and the Hidden Histories of Song of the South. By Jason Sperb. (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2012. Pp. xii, 278. $55.00.)

This excellent study of the controversy surrounding Disney's Song of the South is an insightful and thought‐provoking analysis of one of the studio's most controversial films. Peeling back the diff...
Replication of diabetogenic and nondiabetogenic variants of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus in ICR Swiss mice.

AbstractThe replication of the diabetogenic D (EMC-D) and nondiabetogenic B (EMC-B) variants of encephalomyocarditis virus in various tissues of the murine host was determined. Pancreatic insulin levels were also measured. EMC-D replicated in the spleen, pancreas, heart, lung, and intestines, while EMC-B was limited to the spleen and pancreas. EMC-B interfered with the replication of EMC-D in each of the tissues examined. Insulin levels were initially increased by both viruses. By 4 days postinfection, insulin levels were either normal or undetectable in (EMC-D)-infected animals, but were dramatically elevated in those infected with EMC-B.
Schottky‐barrier height of iridium silicide

Iridium silicides have been prepared by annealing Ir films on (100) ‐ and (111) ‐oriented Si from 300 to 500 °C. Phase identification was performed by both x‐ray and electron diffractions, and Schottky‐barrier height by current‐voltage measurements. The silicide IrSi has been found to have a barrier height of 0.93 eV, which is the highest among all the silicides measured. The high value leads us to conclude that the silicide does not follow the linear relation which exists between barrier height and heat of formation of most other silicides.
Sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transporter family SLC23.

l-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an effective antioxidant and an essential cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions. Two Na+-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCT1 and SVCT2) are members of the SLC23 human gene family, which also contains two orphan members. SVCT1 and SVCT2 display similar properties, including high affinity for l-ascorbic acid, but are discretely distributed. SVCT1 is confined to epithelial systems including intestine, kidney, and liver, whereas SVCT2 serves a host of metabolically active and specialized cells and tissues including neurons, the eye, lung, and placenta, and a range of neuroendocrine, exocrine, and endothelial tissues. An SVCT2-knockout mouse reveals an obligatory requirement for SVCT2, but many of the specific roles of this transporter remain unclear.
Use of an in situ disulfide cross-linking strategy to map proximities between amino acid residues in transmembrane domains I and VII of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.

In this study, we employed an in situ disulfide cross-linking strategy to gain insight into the structure of the inactive and active state of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Specifically, this study was designed to identify residues in TM I that are located in close to Cys532 (position 7.42), an endogenous cysteine residue present in the central portion of TM VII. Cysteine residues were substituted, one at a time, into 10 consecutive positions of TM I (Ala71−Val80) of a modified version of the M3 muscarinic receptor that lacked most endogenous cysteine residues and contained a factor Xa cleavage site within the third intracellular loop. Following their expression in COS-7 cells, the 10 resulting cysteine mutant receptors were oxidized in their native membrane environment, either in the absence or in the presence of muscarinic ligands. Disulfide cross-link formation was monitored by examining changes in the electrophoretic mobility of oxidized and factor Xa-digested receptors on SDS gels. When mo...
Finding a Cure for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection

Remarkable advances have been made in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection, but in the entire history of the epidemic, only 1 patient has been cured. Herein we review the fundamental mechanisms that render HIV-1 infection difficult to cure and then discuss recent clinical and experimental situations in which some form of cure has been achieved. Finally, we consider approaches that are currently being taken to develop a general cure for HIV-1 infection.
A resonance fluorescence kinetic study of oxygen atom+hydrocarbon reactions, V:O(3P)+neopentane (415–922 K)*

Absolute values of the rate constants for the reaction of O( 3 P) with neo-C 5 H 12 were determined directly with the use of the complementary techniques: flash photolysis (FP) and discharge flow (DF). The O-atoms were monitored via resonance fluorescence (RF) in both systems, allowing experiments to be carried out at very low [O]. Secondary reactions were averted in this way, and the rate data thus obtained were stoichiometry-free. The DF-RF experiments were performed over the temperature range, 427–922 K while those with the FP-RF apparatus were performed from 415–528 K. Over the common range of temperature the absolute rate constants were in excellent agreement. The combined set of data from 415–922 K is well described by k 1 =(1.52±0.28)×10 −10 exp (−7143±196/RT) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 where R is expressed in cal mole −1 K −1 and the errors are taken at the two standard deviation level (95% confidence). The bond energy-bond order (BEBO) method along with activated complex theory was applied to the title reaction, and satisfactory agreement with experimental rate constants was obtained.
Space-Age Geodesy: The NASA Crustal Dynamics Project

The NASA Crustal Dynamics Project has deployed satellite laser ranging (SLR) systems and very-long-baseline-interferometer (VLBI) systems for measurements of global and regional crustal motions and Earth rotation parameters. In 1984, the several year buildup of the network approached full capability. During 1984, the SLR systems measured 142 unique baselines between stations for the purpose of determining plate motion between the North American, Pacific, South American, Nazca, Australian, and Eurasian plates; 31 baselines for internal deformation of the same plates; and 9 baselines for regional deformation in the area of the western North American plate boundary. During 1984, the VLBI systems measured 24 baselines for plate motion between the North American, Pacific, and Eurasian plates; 37 baselines for internal deformation of the same plates; and 101 baselines for regional deformation in the area of the western North American plate boundary. Both the SLR and VLBI stations operated throughout the September 1983 to October 1984 international MERIT campaign of measurements of the Earth's polar motion and changes in rotation rate. NASA's future plans are to continue these measurements through at least 1990 and to initiate a joint NASA/ European SLR measurement campaign for determining regional crustal deformation in the Mediterranean area.
Good-Bye, Machiavelli : Government and American Life

Traces the distinctly American tension between government growth in tandem with economic, demographic, and geographic expansion and our contradictory distrust of such activity as hostile to free enterprise and the Jeffersonian ideal of minimal government. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portlan
Association of Metals and Proteasome Activity in Erythrocytes of Prostate Cancer Patients and Controls

Information is lacking on the effects toxic environmental metals may have on the 26S proteasome. The proteasome is a primary vehicle for selective degradation of damaged proteins in a cell and due to its role in cell proliferation, inhibition of the proteasome has become a target for cancer therapy. Metals are essential to the proteasome's normal function and have been used within proteasome-inhibiting complexes for cancer therapy. This study evaluated the association of erythrocyte metal levels and proteasome chymotrypsin-like (CT-like) activity in age- and race-matched prostate cancer cases (n = 61) and controls (n = 61). Erythrocyte metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). CT-like activity was measured by proteasome activity assay using a fluorogenic peptide substrate. Among cases, significant correlations between individual toxic metals were observed (r(arsenic–cadmium) = 0.49, p < 0.001; r(arsenic–lead) = 0.26, p = 0.04, r(cadmium–lead) 0.53, p < 0.001), but there were no significant associations between metals and CT-like activity. In contrast, within controls there were no significant associations between metals, however, copper and lead levels were significantly associated with CT-like activity. The associations between copper and lead and proteasome activity (r(copper-CT-like) = −0.28, p = 0.002 ; r(lead-CT-like) = 0.23, p = 0.011) remained significant in multivariable models that included all of the metals. These findings suggest that biologically essential metals and toxic metals may affect proteasome activity in healthy controls and, further, show that prostate cancer cases and controls differ in associations between metals and proteasome activity in erythrocytes. More research on toxic metals and the proteasome in prostate cancer is warranted.
Government Policay and the Living Arrangements of the Elderly

Although the courts and lawmakers have been reluctant to intervene in relationships between adult children and their aging parents, many examples of such intrusions can be found. Changes in the country's demographics, women's work roles, and the nature of the family have increased the importance of identifying the effects of government policy on family cohesion and living arrangement decisions. This paper represents one component of a larger empirical study on the contemporary extended family in America. The paper reviews the perliminary results of legislative history of the effects on living arrangement decisions of the elderly by Medicare, Medicaid, and filial support legislation.
Intestinal Absorption of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Rats

Chlorinated biphenyls having from one to six chlorine atoms per molecule were fed to rats at doses between 5 and 100 mg/kg body weight. Less than 10% of the amounts fed were excreted in the feces, indicating a high degree of absorption and/or metabolism of these compounds.
Effect of caloric restriction on aflatoxin B1-induced DNA synthesis, AFB1-DNA binding and cell proliferation in Fischer 344 rats

Abstract Young adult male Fischer rats maintained on a reduced calorie diet (60% of ad libitum food consumption) for 6 weeks showed a decrease in the binding of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) to hepatic or renal nuclear DNA and a reduction of AFB 1 -induced hepatocellular damage. Repeated dosing of rats with AFB 1 resulted in the inhibition of hepatic and renal DNA synthesis measured by [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation. However, the rate of DNA synthesis was greater in ad libitum (AL) rats than in calorically restricted (CR) animals. Three days after AFB 1 dosing, the rate of DNA synthesis had recovered to the control level. Cell cycle analyses measured by a flow cytometric method on kidney cells of both AL and CR rats showed that there were no significant changes in cell populations in the S phase between these two groups of rats. AFB 1 inhibited the cell proliferation on an average of 33%. The restoration of the cell proliferation in kidney cells was found on the third day after AFB 1 dosing. The rate of the regenerative cell proliferation was found to be slightly greater in AL rats than in CR animals. The AFB 1 -induced regenerative DNA synthesis in both liver and kidney was retarded by CR.
The Maximum Possible EVPI

In this note we calculate the maximum EVPI for any probability distribution for the states of the world. This maximum EVPI is an upper bound for the EVPI with given probabilities and thus an upper bound for any partial information about the states of the world.
APPARENT RATE OF FLICKER AT VARIOUS RETINAL LOCI AND NUMBER OF PERCEIVED FLASHES PER UNIT TIME: A PARADOX.

Short trains of 25 flashes per second were presented at various retinal eccentricities. Although the count rate, or number of flashes perceived and counted per unit of real time remains relatively constant regardless of retinal locus upon which the flashes fall, the rate at which the perceived flashes appear to occur does not remain constant but, paradoxically, decreases markedly with retinal displacement. To resolve the paradox, it was postulated that subjective flash rate is a resultant of the perceived flashes divided by perceived time between them where perceived time under conditions of this experiment is not constant, but increases with stimulus eccentricity. The implications of this postulate in terms of visual “scanning” mechanisms was discussed. The idea was introduced that several function-specific “scan” rates, rather than a single generalized one, are operant in the visual system. In a secondary phase of the study, it was shown that, although slope decreased with retinal displacement, the psyc...
All-polymer electromechanical systems consisting of electrostrictive poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) and conductive polyaniline

The low elastic modulus and the ability to withstand high strain without failure make the conducting polymer attractive for a wide range of acoustic applications based on high-strain electroactive polymers. In this article, we examine the electric and electromechanical performance of all-polymer electromechanical systems, fabricated by painting conductive polyaniline (PANI) doped with camphor sulfonic acid (HCSA) on both sides of electrostrictive Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) copolymer films, and compare them with those from the same copolymers with gold electrodes. The all-polymer composite films are flexible, with strong coherent interfaces between the electrostrictive polymer layer and the conductive polymer layer. The electric performance such as dielectric properties and polarization hysteresis loops from P(VDF-TrFE)/PANI film is nearly identical to those of P(VDF-TrFE)/gold films in a wide temperature (from -50 to 120°C), and frequency range (from 1 Hz to 1 MHz). The all-polymer systems also show a similar or even larger electric field induced strain response than that of films with electrodes under identical measurement conditions. The results demonstrate that the polyaniline/HCSA is good candidate material as the electrodes for electroactive polymers.
Radio-echo layers and the recent stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet

A new method for studying polar ice sheets confirms the generally accepted concepts of ice sheet flow and finds that a region near the ice crest of the West Antarctic ice sheet has been stable for ∼ 30,000 yr.
Endogenous technical change and environmental regulation

Abstract A model of environmental regulation under uncertainty is developed to compare the effect of price versus quantity rules upon technical change. Quantity rules tend to encourage more efficient levels of technical change.
Coliforms Everywhere! Using Microbiology to Teach the Scientific Method †

The scientific method is a fundamental concept in science. In this exercise the scientific method is taught as a hands-on investigative laboratory experience. Students generate a hypothesis concerning the environmental distribution of coliforms, design and execute an experimental test of that hypothesis, and analyze the resulting data. The exercise is safe and straightforward. It is appropriate for use in undergraduate laboratory courses for science majors and secondary school students and undergraduate non-majors with the appropriate mathematical backgrounds. Students learn both the process by which science progresses, as well as more advanced concepts in microbiology and statistics.
Interaction of radiation-generated free radicals with collagen and metalloproteins using cesium-137 gamma source

Abstract The interaction of collagen and metalloproteins with radiation-generated radicals has been studied using spectrophotometric, chromatographic, and ESR techniques. The hydroxyl radical (·OH) reacted with and caused polymerization of acid soluble collagen. Similar reactions were also observed in a ferrimyoglobin and cytochrome C system. Insoluble collagen from bovine muscle subjected to radiation is followed by a first-order process for the decay of free radicals, depending on relative humidity of the system. When the samples were irradiated with 3 kGy at 25°C by a Cesium-137 Irradiator, the observed half life (hr) of free radicals in the samples decreased with increase of relative humidity RH: 31% > 69% > 100%. When collagen, previously kept dry or under 31% RH, was irradiated with 3 kGy at 77°K (-196°C), the decay of free radicals reached a plateau with annealing at -120°C or higher. The decay kept decreasing with annealing at -100°C or higher temperature when collagen maintained at 69 and 100% RH was used. It is concluded that the free radicals in moistened collagen from bovine muscle decreased at a higher rate than in dried collagen. This suggests that free radicals may persist for a longer period of time in irradiated dry proteins of food or animal feed than in foods of higher moisture extent.
IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE FLAVOR COMPOUNDS FROM ROASTED FILBERTS

Separation et identification de composes volatils de noisettes (Corylus avellana) par distillation et entrainement de l'espace de tete des amandes grillees, puis chromatographie gazeuse et spectrometrie de masse. 38 composants identifies d'une maniere certaine, 12 composants en cours d'identification. L'arome est du principalement a des aldehydes furanes et pyrazines. USA
Facilitation at crayfish neuromuscular junctions

Electrophysical recordings from opener muscle fibers in the crayfishProcambarus clarkii (Fig. 1) show that pre-synaptic facilitation at terminals of the single excitatory axon usually decays in a dual-exponential fashion after a single pulse or after a train of pulses (Figs. 2, 3, 7, 9), as has been reported for frog neuromuscular junctions (Mallart and Martin, 1967) and squid giant synapses (Charlton and Bittner, 1974, 1976). Furthermore, the second component of decay at crayfish synapses is associated with a break in the monotonic decay of the first component, a result which suggests that the decay of facilitation is not due to the simple diffusion of some substance (such as calcium) from specialized release sites. The growth of facilitation at all opener synapses during trains of equalinterval stimuli could not be predicted by assuming that each pulse contributed an equal amount of facilitation which summed linearly with that remaining from all previous stimuli (Figs. 4, 6; Table 2), as reported for synapses in frog and squid. During high frequency stimulation (>40 Hz), those terminals which facilitate dramatically (highF e synapses) show much greater amounts of facilitation than that predicted by the “linear summation” model (Figs. 4, 8), whereas other terminals (lowF e synapses) show much less facilitation than predicted (Fig. 6). The rate of growth of facilitation was often very constant at various stimulus rates in highF e or mixed type synapses (Figs. 4, 8, 10)-a result not predicted by the linear summation model. Finally, when highF e synapses were stimulated at different frequencies, the rate of growth of facilitation changed dramatically in a fashion not predictable using linear summation (Mallert and Martin, 1967) or power law (Linder, 1974) models. Various measures of facilitation were related such that synapses having a rapid initial time constant of decay (γ1) usually had a large first component of facilitation (F 1.F 1 was positively correlated withF 2 (second component of facilitation) and inversely with γ2 (decay of second component). Furthermore, we noted that these opener synapses formed a continuum with regard to their facilitation properties, although all synapses released a maximum of 70–300 quanta when maximally facilitated. One possible explanation for this latter observation is that the different synapse types in the opener muscle all have a limited number of release sites. After considering all these data, we suggest that there may be a fundamental difference between facilitation mechanisms at synapses which release many quanta per impulse when bathed in normal physiological salines (e.g., many vertebrate neuromuscular junctions, giant fiber synapses in squid) compared to synapses which release transmitter in a more graded fashion (e.g., most crustacean neuromuscular junctions, most CNS synapses).