cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of a Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate with a Row of Suction Holes

Direct numerical simulations based on the complete Navier-Stokes equations are employed to study the flow of a boundary layer over a flat plate with a row of suction holes. Towards this end a numerical code was developed that employs explicit fourth order Runge-Kutta time integration and compact fourth order accurate difference approximations for the spatial derivatives. A numerical simulation of an experiment with very strong suction was performed. The results showed a development of streamwise vortices downstream of the suction holes that is consistent with experimental observations.
Brief hypoxic stress downregulates E. coli-induced IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta gene expression in perfused liver

Hepatic cytokine gene expression is independently stimulated by circulating microbial products and reductions in the cellular O2 supply. Although these stimuli occur sequentially after gram-negative bacteremia, it is unknown whether their interplay augments production of interleukin (IL)-1 by the liver. We studied the effects of intraportal Escherichia coli (EC) bacteremia and secondary constant-flow hypoxia (Po2, approximately 46 Torr for 30 min) on IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta gene expression in ex situ buffer-perfused rat livers over 180 min (n = 67). At t = 0, normoxic EC and normal saline (NS) controls received 10(9) live EC serotype 055:B5 and 0.9% NaCl, respectively; in livers subjected to EC+hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) and NS+H/R, hypoxia began 0.5 h after EC or NS and was followed by 120 min of reoxygenation. Portal and hepatic venous perfusates were serially analyzed for bacterial colony-forming units, O2 uptake, and aspartate aminotransferase. At 60 min (peak hypoxia) and 180 min, cDNAs for IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were hybridized to whole liver RNA, and IL-1 beta protein levels in venous perfusates were assessed. Intrahepatic levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured as an index of oxidative stress. Compared with normoxic EC, IL-1 alpha transcripts decreased at 180 min in EC+H/R livers (P < 0.0001) as did IL-1 beta mRNA (P < 0.05), despite similar EC clearance, GSH levels, posthypoxic O2 uptake, and aspartate aminotransferase release. Hepatic secretion of IL-1 beta likewise fell in EC+H/R vs. EC controls (P < 0.005). Prostaglandin H synthase-2 (COX-2) message accumulation was not enhanced by H/R, and indomethacin did not reverse H/R-mediated suppression of IL-1 production. In contrast, H/R-related falls in EC-induced IL-1S expression were reversed by allopurinol or catalase. Thus brief hypoxic stress of the liver causing neither GSH depletion nor functional impairment downregulates postbacteremic IL-1 expression by a mechanism involving O2 radicals but not cyclooxygenase metabolites.
On Reading Job 22 – 28

The ‘third cycle of speeches’ in the book of Job does not follow the pattern of the first two cycles and it is commonly thought that the cycle has become disordered, but there is no agreement on ho...
Dibenzothiophene Catabolism Proceeds via a Flavin-N5-oxide Intermediate.

The dibenzothiophene catabolic pathway converts dibenzothiophene to 2-hydroxybiphenyl and sulfite. The third step of the pathway, involving the conversion of dibenzothiophene sulfone to 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzenesulfinic acid, is catalyzed by a unique flavoenzyme DszA. Mechanistic studies on this reaction suggest that the C2 hydroperoxide of dibenzothiophene sulfone reacts with flavin to form a flavin-N5-oxide. The intermediacy of the flavin-N5-oxide was confirmed by LC-MS analysis, a co-elution experiment with chemically synthesized FMN-N5-oxide and 18O2 labeling studies.
Computing Stackelberg equilibria in discounted stochastic games

Stackelberg games increasingly influence security policies deployed in real-world settings. Much of the work to date focuses on devising a fixed randomized strategy for the defender, accounting for an attacker who optimally responds to it. In practice, defense policies are often subject to constraints and vary over time, allowing an attacker to infer characteristics of future policies based on current observations. A defender must therefore account for an attacker's observation capabilities in devising a security policy. We show that this general modeling framework can be captured using stochastic Stackelberg games (SSGs), where a defender commits to a dynamic policy to which the attacker devises an optimal dynamic response. We then offer the following contributions. 1) We show that Markov stationary policies suffice in SSGs, 2) present a finite-time mixedinteger non-linear program for computing a Stackelberg equilibrium in SSGs, and 3) present a mixed-integer linear program to approximate it. 4)We illustrate our algorithms on a simple SSG representing an adversarial patrolling scenario, where we study the impact of attacker patience and risk aversion on optimal defense policies.
Collagen content does not alter the passive mechanical properties of fibrotic skeletal muscle in mdx mice.

Many skeletal muscle diseases are associated with progressive fibrosis leading to impaired muscle function. Collagen within the extracellular matrix is the primary structural protein providing a me...
Estimating the Impact of Raising Prices and Eliminating Discounts on Cigarette Smoking Prevalence in the United States

The average retail price per pack of cigarettes is less than $6, which is substantially lower than the $10 per-pack target established in 2014 by the Surgeon General to reduce the smoking rate. We estimated the impact of three cigarette pricing scenarios on smoking prevalence among teens aged 12-17 years, young adults aged 18-25 years, and adults aged ≥26 years, by state: (1) $0.94 federal tax increase on cigarettes, as proposed in the fiscal year 2017 President's budget; (2) $10 per-pack retail price, allowing discounts; and (3) $10 per-pack retail price, eliminating discounts. We conducted Monte Carlo simulations to generate point estimates of reductions in cigarette smoking prevalence by state. We found that each price scenario would substantially reduce cigarette smoking prevalence. A $10 per-pack retail price eliminating discounts could result in 637,270 fewer smokers aged 12-17 years; 4,186,954 fewer smokers aged 18-25 years; and 7,722,460 fewer smokers aged ≥26 years. Raising cigarette prices and eliminating discounts could substantially reduce cigarette smoking prevalence as well as smoking-related death and disease.
Small GTPases Rab8a and Rab11a Are Dispensable for Rhodopsin Transport in Mouse Photoreceptors

Rab11a and Rab8a are ubiquitous small GTPases shown as required for rhodopsin transport in Xenopus laevis and zebrafish photoreceptors by dominant negative (dn) disruption of function. Here, we generated retina-specific Rab11a (retRab11a) and Rab8a (retRab8a) single and double knockout mice to explore the consequences in mouse photoreceptors. Rhodopsin and other outer segment (OS) membrane proteins targeted correctly to OS and electroretinogram (ERG) responses in all three mutant mouse lines were indistinguishable from wild-type (WT). Further, AAV (adeno-associated virus)-mediated expression of dnRab11b in retRab11a-/- retina, or expression of dnRab8b in retRab8a-/- retina did not cause OS protein mislocalization. Finally, a retRab8a-/- retina injected at one month of age with AAVs expressing dnRab11a, dnRab11b, dnRab8b, and dnRab10 (four dn viruses on Rab8a-/- background) and harvested three months later exhibited normal OS protein localization. In contrast to results obtained with dnRab GTPases in Xenopus and zebrafish, mouse Rab11a and Rab8a are dispensable for proper rhodopsin and outer segment membrane protein targeting. Absence of phenotype after expression of four dn Rab GTPases in a Rab8a-/- retina suggests that Rab8b and Rab11b paralogs maybe dispensable as well. Our data thus demonstrate significant interspecies variation in photoreceptor membrane protein and rhodopsin trafficking.
Lateral field excited LiTaO 3 acoustic wave sensing platform

AT-cut quartz is the standard material used in the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) due to the existence of a temperature compensated pure transverse shear mode (TSM). In the QCM the TSM is excited by electrodes on both the top and bottom surfaces of the quartz wafer resulting in what is called thickness field excitation. When used for sensor applications the QCM has several deficiencies. First, quartz is weakly piezoelectric and second the sensing surface has deposited metal electrodes which can interfere with the detection of a target analyte. Another common piezoelectric crystal, LiTaO 3 , offers an interesting alternative since it has significantly higher piezoelectric coupling than quartz and the possibility of realizing a temperature compensated TSM. Further the TSM can be excited by lateral field excitation (LFE) which leaves the top surface bare. It is the purpose of this paper to theoretically and experimentally investigate the potential of using LiTaO 3 as a new LFE BAW sensor platform.
‘When I am being rushed it slows down my brain’: constructing self-understandings as a mathematics learner

ABSTRACTUnderstanding learning disabilities (LDs) as constructed through multiple cultural practices including discourse, this paper focuses on a Latino middle school student with a LD named Elijah. This study documents both the discourses and practices used to position Elijah as a mathematics learner, as well as his use of similar discourses as he constructs a complex set of self-understandings as a mathematics learner. Elijah is positioned by discourses that prioritise speed as an indicator of mathematical ability, as well as discourses that construct students with LD as having both intelligence and differences such as processing speed. An analysis of interview and observational data suggests that Elijah constructed a unique set of self-understandings as a mathematics learner. Like his sixth-grade special education teacher, Elijah seems to differentiate between knowledge and the performance of knowledge in school. He created a unique identity as both ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ in mathematics, rejecting the binar...
Calculation of Compensation Incentives and Firm-related Wealth using Execucomp: Data, Program, and Explanation

In response to recent requests from academics and practitioners, this note addresses the data and program we use in our published articles on executive compensation and incentives. First, we detail our methodology for the calculation of delta (pay-performance sensitivity), vega (risktaking incentives), and firm-specific wealth (inside equity) for executives on the Execucomp database. Second, we provide the data on these measures for the period 1992-2010 as well as the accompanying SAS program as downloadable files on our websites.
Explicit focus on meaning: Mindful conceptual engagement in the second language classroom

Against the backdrop of discussions in instructed SLA concerning form-focused versus meaning-focused L2 instruction, a framework we refer to as Mindful Conceptual Engagement (MCE) is proposed as a feature of Vygotskian concept-based instruction. In this paper, specific attention is given to the pragmatic relevance of ser/estar in Spanish discourse. The implementation of the MCE approach to teaching concepts starts with the development of pedagogical materials for the teaching of communicative issues, in this case, normativity. It also requires active engagement by learners in reflective activities, such as the creation of their own conceptual representations as a learning tool to understand ser/estar through the notion of normativity. Data from beginning L2 Spanish learners are presented to illustrate how engaging them in the production of different kinds of graphic representations and verbalizations promotes the internalization of complex grammatical concepts with practical functionality in L2 communication. It is argued that by promoting active reflection and engagement with communicative issues using the concept of normativity, MCE enabled learners to begin to appreciate the pragmatic significance of the concept as expressed in ser/estar.
Neurological Manifestations of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is one of the most commonly occurring and recognised neurocutaneous syndromes, with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 30 000 and a birth incidence of 1 in 10 000. It is a multi-system disorder affecting predominantly the CNS and skin. The underlying genetic defect and pathophysiology in TSC is unclear, but is thought to involve an impairment of normal cell migration resulting in dysplastic and dysfunctional organ systems.
Anatomy and Biomechanics

A detailed anatomic understanding of the sacroiliac joints (SIJ) and surrounding areas is important for all clinicians involved in treating SIJ dysfunction. Prior to any surgical or invasive intervention, it is imperative that the treating clinician has complete knowledge of that particular patient’s structural anatomy. Minimizing tissue disruption and sparing major structures in the area of the SIJ can potentially decrease complications, reduce recovery time, and optimize outcomes. Anatomical variants are common. Although several will be discussed as deemed necessary for this book, it is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss all possible variations. The locations and distances in relation to other structures noted in this chapter are based on averages.
Knee pain after a fall

A 69 year old man slipped in the snow and presented with swelling and pain in the left knee. On examination, he could not extend his knee and had a palpable, visible indentation on the surface of his distal anterior thigh, above the patella. It was not an open injury and he did not have substantial tension in the overlying skin. There was no neurovascular deficit. A radiograph was obtained (fig 1). What is the diagnosis? Fig 1 Lateral radiograph of the left knee Intra-articular patella dislocation with quadriceps tendon rupture. ### Discussion The lateral radiograph of the knee shows that the left patella has dislocated around its horizontal axis and its articular surface is facing inferiorly. The upper pole of the patella is engaged in the intercondylar groove of the femur. The …
Involving Students in Original Research with Primary Sources

We describe the structure and content of a graduate mathematics course, History and Theories of Mathematics Education, which focuses mostly on the history of mathematics education in colonial America and the US, including different authors’ opinions about the purpose/methods of mathematics education. Students study original antiquarian books and read articles by writers who have influenced the development of mathematics education, preparing a major final project that they present at a conference at the course’s end, open to faculty, students and guests. Our aim in designing and implementing this course is to use original sources in the history of mathematics education (rather than the history of mathematics) to allow each student to carry out his/her own individual research in the history of the issues described in these sources, and to report publicly on these results. We give details on the actual implementation of this course and its evaluation by the students enrolled in it.
The Policy-Driven HIV Epidemic Among Opioid Users in the Russian Federation

To explore the consequences of policies implemented in the Russian Federation in response to syndemic of HIV-1 and opioid use disorder and compare the responses to the concomitant syndemic in rural America. The syndemic spread has not been reduced by policies implemented by the Russian government, which continues to underfund harm reduction efforts to reduce HIV transmission, refuses to approve evidence-based opioid agonist treatments for opioid use disorder, and relies on criminal justice and abstinence approaches to control illicit opioids. When effective measures have been undertaken locally, the lessons learned have not been transferred to other parts of the country and local programs have been allowed to wither. As in many parts of rural America, Russia has experienced intertwined epidemics of opioid misuse and HIV-1 that continue to expand. The expansion has been facilitated by adoption of policies that run contrary to medical and public health evidence.
No Firm Is an Island: The Role of Population-Level Actors in Organizational Learning from Failure

When a serious failure occurs within a population of organizations, members of individual organizations in the population attempt to learn vicariously from the event so that future failures may be ...
Populist radical right parties in Europe

As Europe enters a significant phase of re-integration of East and West, it faces an increasing problem with the rise of far-right political parties. Cas Mudde offers the first comprehensive and truly pan-European study of populist radical right parties in Europe. He focuses on the parties themselves, discussing them both as dependent and independent variables. Based upon a wealth of primary and secondary literature, this book offers critical and original insights into three major aspects of European populist radical right parties: concepts and classifications; themes and issues; and explanations for electoral failures and successes. It concludes with a discussion of the impact of radical right parties on European democracies, and vice versa, and offers suggestions for future research.
Retroperitoneal Approach for Robotic Renal Surgery

We describe key points of the retroperitoneal approach for renal surgery: patient positioning, retroperitoneal space access, port placement, robot docking and surgical landmarks.
The Influence of Emotional Contagion on Student Perceptions of Instructor Rapport, Emotional Support, Emotion Work, Valence, and Cognitive Learning

This study examined how emotional contagion may influence student perceptions of rapport with the instructor, emotional support received in the classroom, emotional work performed, and perceived co...
Effects of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment on cellulose accessibility of switchgrass pretreated by acidic deep eutectic solvent

Choline chloride: lactic acid (ChCl:LA) is a promising green acidic deep eutectic solvent for biomass fractionation and lignin extraction. This study reported an efficient ChCl:LA pretreatment for delignification and xylan solubilization from biomass. Under a mild condition (30 min, 130 °C), 83.4% lignin and 80.4% xylan were selectively removed from switchgrass. The pretreated switchgrass was highly enriched with cellulose (71.4%), but showed slow release of sugar. Its enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency was much improved by alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) post-treatment. Synergistic effects of AHP suggested that additional physical barrier to cellulose accessibility could be created through side reactions between LA and cellulose. After AHP post-treatment, cellulose became highly accessible and digestible, with 94.1% glucose yield even at a high solid loading (20%). ChCl:LA can be recycled and reused without conditioning although pretreatment effectiveness diminished gradually. Overall, an efficient ChCl:LA pretreatment was developed for biomass pretreatment, and possible interaction between LA and cellulose during the pretreatment can be decoupled by AHP post-treatment.
Racial disparities in treatment and outcomes of children with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess racial disparities in treatments and outcomes between Non-Hispanic black (NHB), Hispanic and Non-Hispanic white (NHW) children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS We reviewed electronic health records of children (<18 years) attending a large, pediatric tertiary care diabetes center in the United States between October 1, 2018, and December 31, 2019. Health care utilization (appointment attendance, ED visits, hospitalizations), technology use (insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitors [CGM]) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were examined for each race/ethnicity and stratified by insurance type (private/government) as a proxy for socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS Of 1331 children (47% female) with a median (IQR) age of 14.2 (11.5, 16.3) years and T1D duration of 5.8 (3.8, 9) years; 1026 (77%) were NHW, 198 (15%) NHB, and 107 (8%) Hispanic. Government insurance was used by 358 (27%) children, representing 60% of NHB and 53% of Hispanic, but only 18% of NHW children. NHB children had higher HbA1c, more ED visits and hospitalizations, and were less likely to be treated with insulin pumps or CGM than NHW children (P < .001 for all). There were no racial disparities with regard to the number of appointments attended. CONCLUSIONS Racial disparities in technology use and diabetes outcomes persist in children with T1D, regardless of insurance status. To ensure equitable care, pediatric healthcare providers should remain cognizant of racial disparities in diabetes treatment. The impact of provider and patient factors should be explored when studying the etiology of these health disparities.
Exploring benefits of composition grading for forward-IV characteristics of In1−xGaxAs LEDs for cryogenic applications

The rise of cryogenic technologies such as quantum computing [P. Platzman and M. Dykman, Science 284, 1967 (1999)] calls for semiconductor devices that can operate efficiently and with low thermal leak at low temperatures. To better understand the behavior of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at these extreme temperatures, we derive the LED forward characteristics in the case of an InGaAs single-quantum well. We demonstrate the benefits of composition grading for increasing LED current, especially at low temperatures. This is done by deriving the optimum indium composition as a function of position. The results of the derivation are compared with COMSOL Multiphysics simulations and are found to match well.
Preoperative MRI and LDH in women undergoing intra-abdominal surgery for fibroids: Effect on surgical route.

Introduction Our institution implemented a preoperative protocol to identify high-risk cases for which power morcellation should be avoided. Material and methods In this retrospective cohort study, an institutional protocol requiring preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging and serum Lactate Dehydrogenase levels was implemented. Chart review was performed including all women who underwent intra-abdominal surgery for symptomatic fibroids from 4/23/2013 to 4/23/2015. Results A total of 1,085 women were included, 479 before and 606 after implementation of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Lactate Dehydrogenase protocol. The pre-protocol group had more post-menopausal women (4% vs. 2%, p = 0.022) and women using tamoxifen (2% vs. 0%, p = 0.022) than those in the post-protocol group, but baseline patient characteristics were otherwise similar between groups. Incidence of malignant pathological diagnoses did not change significantly over the time period in relation to protocol implementation. The rate of open surgery for both hysterectomy and myomectomy remained the same in the year preceding and the year following initiation of the protocol (open hysterectomy rate was 19% vs. 16% in pre- and post-protocol groups, respectively, P = 0.463, and open myomectomy rate was 10% vs. 9% rates in pre- and post-protocol groups, respectively, P = 0.776). There was a significant decrease in the use of power morcellation (66% in pre- and 50% in post-protocol cohorts, p<0.001) and an increased use of containment bags (1% in pre- and 19% in post-protocol cohort). When analyzing the subset of women who had abnormal Magnetic Resonance Imaging / and Lactate Dehydrogenase results, abnormal Magnetic Resonance Imaging results alone resulted in higher rates of open approach (65% for abnormal vs. 35% for normal). Similarly, a combination of abnormal Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Lactate Dehydrogenase tests resulted in higher rates of open approach (70% for abnormal and 17% for normal). Abnormal Lactate Dehydrogenase results alone did not influence route. Conclusions Rates of MIS procedures were decreased for women with abnormal preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging results. False positive results appear to be one of the main drivers for the use of an open surgical route.
Hybrid material design issues and challenges for materials functionality for microdevices

Abstract It is well-known fact that materials are the enabler to advancing quality of life and associated machines, devices and its technology—touching essentially every aspect of technology spectrum—bio and healthcare, wearable sensors, transportation, consumer products, and defense industry. The technology advancement in the devices (bio, healthcare, energy managements, sensors, etc.) that we use in our way of life is essentially measured by its performance efficiency. There is a logical expectation as well as demand for enhanced performance efficiency of the devices, as we move forward with technology advancement with time. Here, materials are an integral component and without any argument is the kernel enabler toward advancing the performance efficiency of devices, machinery, etc. Increase in device performance efficiency is invariably tied with its materials that is to work (perform) more per its unit mass usage. In pursuit of increasing performance efficiency, materials in future are expected to perform in complex and dynamic environments, and efficient materials often exhibit simultaneous multifunctionality (structural, electrical, thermal, optical, etc.), even in very dynamic environment.
Federation learning optimization using distillation

Federated learning is a special type of distributed machine learning that enables a large number of edge computing devices to train models collaboratively without sharing any private data. This method of decentralized training model data is always not local, which is private and safe. Provided a guarantee. However, because federated learning faces the challenges of heterogeneous problems: 1) heterogeneous models among devices; 2) differences in real data, which do not obey independent and identical distribution, resulting in poor performance of traditional federated learning algorithms. To solve the above problems, a distributed training method based on knowledge distillation is proposed. By introducing a personalized model on each device side, the personalized model is used to improve the performance of the global model on the device side, thereby improving the ability of the global model. The improvement of the performance of the local model benefits from the effect of knowledge distillation, which can guide the improvement of the global model by transferring “dark knowledge” between heterogeneous networks. Experimental results show that this method can significantly improve the accuracy of classification tasks, and at the same time meet the needs of heterogeneous users.
The promise of automated machine learning for the genetic analysis of complex traits

The genetic analysis of complex traits has been dominated by parametric statistical methods due to their theoretical properties, ease of use, computational efficiency, and intuitive interpretation. However, there are likely to be patterns arising from complex genetic architectures which are more easily detected and modeled using machine learning methods. Unfortunately, selecting the right machine learning algorithm and tuning its hyperparameters can be daunting for experts and non-experts alike. The goal of automated machine learning (AutoML) is to let a computer algorithm identify the right algorithms and hyperparameters thus taking the guesswork out of the optimization process. We review the promises and challenges of AutoML for the genetic analysis of complex traits and give an overview of several approaches and some example applications to omics data. It is our hope that this review will motivate studies to develop and evaluate novel AutoML methods and software in the genetics and genomics space. The promise of AutoML is to enable anyone, regardless of training or expertise, to apply machine learning as part of their genetic analysis strategy.
Control of exciton transport using quantum interference

It is shown that quantum interference can be employed to create an exciton transistor. An applied potential gates the quasiparticle motion and also discriminates between quasiparticles of differing binding energy. When implemented within nanoscale assemblies, such control elements could mediate the flow of energy and information. Quantum interference can also be used to dissociate excitons as an alternative to using heterojunctions. A finite molecular setting is employed to exhibit the underlying discrete, two-particle, mesoscopic analog to Fano antiresonance. Selected entanglement measures are shown to distinguish regimes of behavior which cannot be resolved from population dynamics alone.
Teleology in Nature and Life-Transforming Art

The main goal of the paper is to argue, against the hypercritical treatment of teleology in poststructuralist writings, that the concepts of purpose and purposiveness are necessary elements in thinking about both nature and art. I begin with the examination of two contrasting views on teleology in nature and art: Immanuel Kant’s treatment of the matter in the Critique of the Power of Judgment and G. W. F. Hegel’s in his Aesthetics. The parallels and contrasts between them help delineate the problem and lead to a consideration of the role of art in modern thinking about nature, as well as in nature-transforming human activity. I end by arguing for a reexamination of teleology in the family of concepts dealing with the relation between praxis and poiesis, and for a substantive fleshing-out of its content in philosophical dialogue.
Matrix Longest Common Subsequence Problem, Duality and Hibert Bases

Although a number of efficient algorithms for the longest common subsequence (LCS) problem have been suggested since the 1970's, there is no duality theorem for the LCS problem. In the present paper a simple duality theorem is proved for the LCS problem and for a wide class of partial orders generalizing the notion of common subsequence. An algorithm for finding generalized LCS is suggested which has the classical dynamic programming algorithm as a special case. It is shown that the generalized LCS problem is closely associated with the minimal Hilbert basis problem. The Jeroslav-Schrijver characterization of minimal Hilbert bases gives an O(n) estimation for the number of elementary edit operations for generalized LCS.
Production of Viral mRNA in Adenovirus-Transformed Cells by the Post-Transcriptional Processing of Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA Containing Viral and Cell Sequences

Abstract Adenovirus 2-transformed cells contain virus-specific sequences which are covalently linked to cell-specific RNA sequences in heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) molecules larger than 45S. Virus sequences are identified by hybridization to viral DNA, and the cell sequences are detected by hybridization to cellular DNA under conditions where hybridization only occurs to reiterated sites in cell DNA. Such large composite viral-cell HnRNA molecules presumably arise through the uninterrupted transcription of host sequences and integrated viral DNA. Adenovirus-specific polysomal RNA from these cells sediments as three discrete species at 16, 20, and 26S. These specific classes of viral mRNA do not contain rapidly hybridizing host-specific RNA sequences. Both virus-specific HnRNA and mRNA contain polyadenylic acid sequences since they bind to polyU columns at levels characteristics of other polyA-terminated HnRNA and mRNA. Thus, the discrete species of virus-specific mRNA in adenovirus 2 transformed cells appear to be derived from high-molecular-weight virus-specific HnRNA through a series of post-transcriptional modifications involving polyA addition. Subsequently the HnRNA is cleaved so that the cell-specific RNA sequences that originate from the reiterated sites in cell DNA do not accompany the adenovirus mRNA to the cytoplasm. These events for the adenovirus-specific mRNA appear, therefore, to be similar to the stages in the biogenesis of the majority of mRNA in eukaryotic cells.
An analysis of the use of the “in doubt” response by university students on the musical aptitude profile and the iowa tests of music literacy

The Musical Aptitude Profile (MAP) and four levels of the Iowa Tests of Music Literacy (ITML) were administered to university non-music majors to investigate the use of the “in doubt” test item response. The “in doubt” response was not used indiscriminately by the university students on either test battery, and it appeared to function in a similar manner to use by public school students. The incidence of use of the “in doubt” response on ITML levels suggests that the students in this investigation felt quite confident of their answers on the achievement test levels and that this confidence remained stable throughout a semester of training. No reason to suspect the process validity of MAP or of ITML when used with university students was ascertained.
A Study of Troponin, a Myofibrillar Protein from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle

Abstract Precipitation at pH 5.6 is found to improve the rabbit muscle troponin preparation. Further purification of troponin is achieved by treating troponin preparations with 0.1 m dithiothreitol, followed by the removal of contaminating tropomyosin by gel filtration. This is possible because through these purification procedures the molecular weight of tropomyosin as estimated by gel filtration remains fairly constant (approximately 130,000), while that of troponin preparations is gradually reduced from approximately 150,000 via 90,000 to 44,000. The sulfhydryl and tryptophan contents of troponin thus purified are 5.4 and 4.0 moles/105 g protein, respectively. Evidence is presented which indicates that tropomyosin and troponin form a complex which behaves exactly like the relaxing protein, and that the relaxing protein preparation is actually dissociated by 5 m urea into troponin and tropomyosin. The weight ratio of troponin to tropomyosin in the relaxing protein as estimated from the density of Amido black staining on gel electrophoresis is approximately 1:2.5. Precipitation of troponin by calcium and disaggregation of troponin by dithiothreitol support the view that, subsequent to calcium binding, troponin undergoes conformational change which is in turn transmitted through tropomyosin to the actin-myosin interaction.
Diurnal changes in compound eye fine structure in the blue crab Callinectes. 1. Differences between noon and midnight retinas on an LD 11:13 cycle.

To begin an in-depth comparative study of its photoreceptor membrane turnover compound eye fine structure in the crab Callinectes sapidus has been compared when light adapted at noon and dark adapted at midnight. Between these two states photoreceptive membrane area increases by factors of 3.71 distally, 1.77 proximally, and 2.18 overall. In most retinulas rhabdomeric microvilli become longer, thicker, and more numerous at midnight. Correlated changes in receptor cell cytoplasmic organelles are extensive and in some cases localized at different retinular levels. Multivesicular and lamellar bodies, numerous in light adaptation, are few at midnight; perirhabdomal vacuoles are reduced by day but cytoplasmic vacuoles increase; the well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, cisternal at noon, becomes saccular at night. A minority of midnight retinulas appear in an intermediate state perhaps of incomplete dark adaptation. They have wavy microvilli instead of the usually straight ones, many multivesicular bodies, extensive cisternal endoplasmic reticulum, and reduced perirhabdomal vacuoles. Ancillary elements are implicated in the basic renewal and turnover process by many correlated changes in shape, contents, and relations of the crystalline cone, in distal pigment cells, as well as free macrophages in or near the retina. Clearly interaction between membrane cycling and adaptation is profound and complex.
The Effects of Deregulation on Competition: The Experience of the United States

Most economists agree that the net effect of the deregulation movement in the United States has been to increase efficiency, with resulting increases in consumer welfare. Because deregulation contemplates the substitution of competition for regulation as the “regulator” of the deregulated markets, deregulation increases the importance of antitrust law as a means of preventing unregulated firms from eliminating competition among themselves by mergers or price-fixing agreements. This is a particularly important point to remind Europeans, in view of the fact that historically antitrust has played a smaller role in European than U.S. law. It is important that ‘competition‘ be understood in its correct economic sense, lest antitrust become another form of regulation. Competition is not a matter of many sellers or low prices or frequent changes in prices or market shares. It is properly regarded as the state in which resources are deployed with maximum efficiency, and it is not so much the existence of actual rivalry, let alone any specific market structure or behavior, as the potential for rivalry, that assures competition. The proper role of antitrust law is to protect that potential by limiting mergers, preventing the formation and operation of cartels and other horizontal price-fixing or market-dividing agreements or modalities, and, to a limited extent, preventing abusive tactics by individually powerful firms. If that role is played effectively, then most and perhaps all programs of public utility and common carrier regulation can be dismantled without economic loss — indeed with considerable economic gains. That at least appears to be the lesson of the U.S. deregulation movement. I. THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE LAW APPROACH THE EFFECTS OF DEREGULATION ON COMPETITION: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES
Transportable dual-modulation Faraday rotation spectrometer for time-multiplexed nitric oxide isotope ratiometry

We present a transportable dual-modulation Faraday rotation spectrometer with minor isotope (15NO) detection sensitivity of 0.35 ppbv-Hz−12, corresponding to 1.4x the shot-noise limit. NO isotope line-switching is implemented for quasi-simultaneous time-multiplexed isotope measurements.
Absolute photoionization cross sections of furanic fuels: 2-ethylfuran, 2-acetylfuran and furfural

Absolute photoionization cross sections of the molecules 2-ethylfuran, 2-acetylfuran and furfural, including partial ionization cross sections for the dissociative ionized fragments, are measured for the first time. These measurements are important because they allow fuel quantification via photoionization mass spectrometry and the development of quantitative kinetic modeling for the complex combustion of potential fuels. The experiments are carried out using synchrotron photoionization mass spectrometry with an orthogonal time-of-flight spectrometer used for mass analysis at the Advanced Light Source of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The CBS-QB3 calculations of adiabatic ionization energies and appearance energies agree well with the experimental results. Several bond dissociation energies are also derived and presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Optical Topometry to Analysis of the Plant Epidermis.

The plant epidermis regulates key physiological functions contributing to photosynthetic rate, plant productivity, and ecosystem stability. Yet, quantitative characterization of this interface between a plant and its aerial environment is laborious and destructive with current techniques, making large-scale characterization of epidermal cell parameters impractical. Here, we present our exploration of optical topometry (OT) for the analysis of plant organ surfaces. OT is a mature, confocal microscopy-based implementation of surface metrology that generates nanometer-scale digital characterizations of any surface. We report epidermal analyses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other species as well as dried herbarium specimens and fossilized plants. We evaluate the technology’s analytical potential for identifying an array of epidermal characters, including cell type distributions, variation in cell morphology and stomatal depth, differentiation of herbarium specimens, and real-time deformations in living tissue following detachment. As applied to plant material, OT is very fast and nondestructive, yielding richly mineable data sets describing living tissues and rendering a variety of their characteristics accessible for statistical, quantitative genetic, and structural analysis.
Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional products of the csg locus of Myxococcus xanthus.

Abstract The csg locus of Myxococcus xanthus appears to control the production of an intercellular signal that is essential for development. The complete nucleotide sequence of a clone containing the csg locus was determined by the dideoxy-chain termination method. Pattern recognition analyses of the DNA sequence revealed the presence of two protein-coding regions that are convergently oriented and separated by only 8 nucleotides. Tn5 lac insertions into this clone detected two transcriptional units that are transcribed in a convergent fashion and whose expression increases during development. The two genes represented by these protein-coding regions and transcriptional units have been designated csgA and fprA. Northern (RNA) blot analyses detected an 800-nucleotide RNA specific to the csgA gene and a 900-nucleotide RNA specific to the fprA gene. Our results, along with mutational studies, identify csgA as the gene involved in cell communication. The function of the fprA gene is described in an accompanying paper (L. J. Shimkets, J. Bacteriol. 172:24-30, 1990).
Tricks an IRES uses to enslave ribosomes

In eukaryotes, mRNAs are primarily translated through a cap-dependent mechanism whereby initiation factors recruit the 40S ribosomal subunit to a cap structure at the 5′ end of the mRNA. However, some viral and cellular messages initiate protein synthesis without a cap. They use a structured RNA element termed an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to recruit the 40S ribosomal subunit. IRESs were discovered over 20 years ago, but only recently have studies using a model IRES from dicistroviruses expanded our understanding of how a 3D RNA structure can capture and manipulate the ribosome to initiate translation.
Influence of orotic acid on performance, liver lipid content, and egg cholesterol level of laying hens.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary orotic acid (OA) on laying hen performance, liver lipid content, and plasma and egg cholesterol levels. Laying hens were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, .5, 1.0, and 2.0% OA for 8 wk. Performance of the hens and cholesterol levels were measured at biweekly intervals. In all three experiments, OA decreased (P less than .05) BW in a linear manner. In two experiments, OA caused a linear decrease in total liver lipid (P less than .05), and in a third experiment OA resulted in a quadratic effect (P less than .01) on liver lipid content. There were no effects observed by OA supplementation on egg weight, yolk weight, percentage yolk, or egg production. Orotic acid failed to influence egg cholesterol content in any of the biweekly measurements of the three experiments. In two experiments, total plasma cholesterol content was not influenced by OA supplementation. Orotic acid significantly reduced (P less than .05) free and total plasma cholesterol in a third experiment when measured at Weeks 4, 6, and 8 of the experiment. The data indicate that OA is an ineffective dietary supplement for reducing egg cholesterol levels in laying hens.
Effects of hydrogen on some mechanical properties of vanadium-titanium alloys

The effect of hydrogen on the strength and ductility of V-Ti alloys was investigated from 78 to 300 K. Alloy softening which was observed at low temperatures for V-Ti alloys containing 5 at. pct of titanium or less was mitigated by the addition of hydrogen, and low temperature hardening took place. Hydrogen embrittlement, as measured by reduction of area, was observed in both the hydride forming V-1Ti alloy and some nonhydride forming V-Ti alloys. In alloys containing 10 at. pct of titanium the addition of hydrogen caused low temperature embrittlement, the range of which increased as the hydrogen concentration was increased. Failure of the severely embrittled alloys was found to be initiated transgranularly for the hydride forming V-1Ti alloy and intergranularly for alloys which did not form hydrides. A possible reason for this difference in crack initiation is discussed.
Exploring the intermediates of photochemical CO2 reduction: reaction of Re(dmb)(CO)3 COOH with CO2.

We have investigated the reaction of Re(dmb)(CO)3COOH with CO2 using density functional theory, and propose a mechanism for the production of CO. This mechanism supports the role of Re(dmb)(CO)3COOH as a key intermediate in the formation of CO. Our new experimental work supports the proposed scheme.
Space for the physics of plasmas

Magnetospheric Plasma Physics. Edited by Atsuhiro Nishida. Reidel: 1982. Pp.344. DG130, $49.50.
Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers for Prevention and Treatment of Nephropathy Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Renal complications resulting from type 2 diabetes mellitus are costly and common. Finding optimal therapy is important for the prevention and management of diabetic nephropathy. Research has focused on antihypertensive agents that modify the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Because of their effects on the glomerulus, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have been studied as interventions at various stages of diabetic nephropathy. The ACE inhibitors may delay the progression to microalbuminuria and then clinical albuminuria. The ARBs decrease albuminuria in patients with microalbuminuria and decrease adverse renal events, specifically the progression to end-stage renal disease in patients with clinical albuminuria and hypertension. Limited data suggest that combination therapy with ACE inhibitors and ARBs may slow the progression of microalbuminuria to clinical albuminuria. Because of the variability in degree of albuminuria evaluated and in study designs (numbers of patients, study duration, drug dosages, and outcomes measured), a detailed review of the available literature about ACE inhibitors and ARBs in the prevention or treatment of diabetic nephropathy may provide insight to clinicians.
The molecular structure of 2,4,6-tri(p-chlorophenyl)-s-triazine

Abstract The coplanar structure of the 2,4,6,-tri( p -chlorophenyl)- s -triazine molecule, deduced from the infra-red spectrum as described in the preceding paper, has been confirmed by means of an X-ray single crystal structure determination.
A phased increase in the U.S. investment rate: Sacrifice times, T-year gains, and investment rate returns

Abstract We simulate a phased increase in the U.S. investment rate using a translog production function with technical progress (disembodied and/or embodied). We assume there will be an absorption lag implying that factors are underutilized during the transition to a higher investment rate. We find that the “sacrifice time” (the time that elapses until consumption surpasses the value it would have had under the initial investment rate) is roughly nine years. Across alternative specifications, phase-in periods, and absorption lags, the sacrifice time varies from seven to 13 years, and is insensitive to the percentage increase in the investment rate. With a three-year phase-in of a 20 percent increase in the investment rate with a one-year absorption lag, the average “ecade gain” in output (the percentage gain at the end of a decade) is roughly 4 percent; the decade gain in consumption, 0 percent; the five-decade gain, 10 percent in output and 6 percent in consumption; and the “investment rate return” (the internal rate of return on a permanent increase in the investment rate), 13 percent.