cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Nicotine Nazis strike again”: a brief analysis of the use of Nazi rhetoric in attacking tobacco control advocacy

Germany has a long record of pro-tobacco industry activities and weak tobacco control policies.1–3 In contrast, during the Nazi era in the 1930s and 1940s, Germany promoted smoke-free public places, advertising restrictions and epidemiology linking smoking to lung cancer, infertility and heart disease.4–7 Although the Nazi approach to tobacco control was ambivalent and complex, often building on pre-existing policies and with poor enforcement,8 9 the association with the Nazis has been widely suggested as one reason for Germany’s modern weakness on tobacco control.10–12 Although Proctor cautioned against the oversimplistic interpretation of his work in The Nazi War on Cancer 5 and emphasised that the introduction of tobacco control measures by the Nazis did not make tobacco control inherently fascist,4 the tobacco industry and its front groups abused and distorted history to condemn tobacco control measures as Nazi policies and its advocates as “health fascists.”8 Plans to introduce smoke-free environments in several German states by January 2008 fuelled an extensive public debate, including cover articles in the major national news magazines Der Spiegel 13 and Der Stern .14 Libertarian pro-tobacco activists started using “Nazi” rhetoric to discredit journalists and public health experts.10 15 16 Analogies with Nazi symbols, including the use of the yellow Star of David on a pro-smoking T-shirt (fig 1) and in a TV news broadcast, were used to liken the treatment of smokers to the stigmatisation and discrimination of Jews under the Nazis.17–19 Against the background of Germany’s history, these accusations are particularly charged. Figure 1 T-shirt offered by a German event-marketing company in December 2007 depicting the word “smoker” (“Raucher”) in the yellow Star of David, a symbol used to stigmatise Jews during the Third Reich.17 The T-shirt, which attempted to compare the “persecution” of smokers, under smoke-free legislation, to that of Jews under the Nazis, was removed from the company’s website after public outrage. Members of the German subsidiary of the US smokers’ rights organisation Fight Ordinances and Restrictions to Control and Eliminate Smoking (FORCES), Netzwerk Rauchen—Forces Germany eV, discussed suing a German tobacco control champion and head of the …
C/NOFS: a Mission to Forecast Scintillations

Abstract This article describes the science to be pursued during the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) Mission of the Air Force Research Laboratory. The primary purpose of C/NOFS is to forecast the presence of ionospheric irregularities that adversely impact communication and navigation systems. A satellite, scheduled for launch in May 2005 into a low inclination ( 13 ∘ ) , elliptical ( ∼ 375 × 710 km ) orbit, is the most significant component of the C/NOFS program. Complementary ground-based measurements are also critical to the success of the mission. C/NOFS science objectives may be organized into three categories: (1) to understand physical processes active in the background ionosphere and thermosphere in which plasma instabilities grow; (2) to identify mechanisms that trigger or quench the plasma irregularities responsible for signal degradation; and (3) to determine how the plasma irregularities affect the propagation of electro-magnetic waves. C/NOFS is the first satellite solely dedicated to forecasting ionospheric irregularities and radio wave scintillations. It will be equipped with sensors that measure the following parameters: ambient and fluctuating electron densities; ion and electron temperatures; AC and DC electric fields; magnetic fields; neutral winds; ionospheric scintillations; and electron content along the lines of sight between C/NOFS and the Global Positioning System (GPS). Thus, the sensor suite on C/NOFS is richer than on any previously flown equatorial satellite. A broad range of ground-based measurements will complement the space data. In addition, data from several other satellites and rocket experiments will augment the C/NOFS observations. Several campaigns are planned to validate operational forecasts, acquire data to achieve the science goals, and test the theoretical models. We anticipate that by the end of the C/NOFS mission, our understanding of the physics controlling the equatorial ionosphere will have advanced to the point that we will be able to nowcast and forecast the formation of ionospheric irregularities to a high degree of accuracy. However, this is not an easy task because a 2–6 h forecast is required, as well as an extended prediction—a three-day “outlook”.
Blocking Interleukin-1β Induces a Healing-Associated Wound Macrophage Phenotype and Improves Healing in Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes is associated with persistent inflammation and defective tissue repair responses. The hypothesis of this study was that interleukin (IL)-1β is part of a proinflammatory positive feedback loop that sustains a persistent proinflammatory wound macrophage phenotype that contributes to impaired healing in diabetes. Macrophages isolated from wounds in diabetic humans and mice exhibited a proinflammatory phenotype, including expression and secretion of IL-1β. The diabetic wound environment appears to be sufficient to induce these inflammatory phenomena because in vitro studies demonstrated that conditioned medium of both mouse and human wounds upregulates expression of proinflammatory genes and downregulates expression of prohealing factors in cultured macrophages. Furthermore, inhibiting the IL-1β pathway using a neutralizing antibody and macrophages from IL-1 receptor knockout mice blocked the conditioned medium–induced upregulation of proinflammatory genes and downregulation of prohealing factors. Importantly, inhibiting the IL-1β pathway in wounds of diabetic mice using a neutralizing antibody induced a switch from proinflammatory to healing-associated macrophage phenotypes, increased levels of wound growth factors, and improved healing of these wounds. Our findings indicate that targeting the IL-1β pathway represents a new therapeutic approach for improving the healing of diabetic wounds.
Factors Involved in the Initiation of Sperm Motility

The initiation of motility in epididymal spermatozoa was examined using samples obtained by in vivo micropuncture of the rat cauda epididymidis. Neither reduced osmolality to iso-osmotic conditions nor dilution of spermatozoa was essential to the initiation of sperm motility. The addition of ionic solutions to cauda epididymal samples was required for the activation of sperm cells. The ionic requirement was nonspecific.
Analysis of Ia-inhibitory synaptic input to cat spinal motoneurons evoked by vibration of antagonist muscles

1. Steady-state inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were evoked in tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus motoneurons of the cat by using tendon vibration to activate Ia-afferent fibers from the antagonist medial gastrocnemius muscle. 2. The effective synaptic currents (IN) underlying the steady-state IPSPs were measured by the use of a modified voltage-clamp technique. The amplitudes of the effective synaptic currents (1.62 +/- 0.66 nA, mean +/- SD; n = 20) extended over a fivefold range (0.5-2.7 nA) but were not correlated with the intrinsic properties of the motoneurons or with putative motor unit type. 3. We calculated the synaptic conductance (GS) underlying the steady-state Ia IPSPs from measurements of motoneuron input conductance during the activation of the Ia synaptic input. As was expected from Ohm's law, the Ia-inhibitory GS and IN were correlated (r = 0.49; P less than 0.05). Like IN, GS (175 +/- 202 nS, mean +/- SD; n = 20) was not correlated with the intrinsic properties of the motoneurons. 4. As has been reported previously for transient Ia IPSPs, the amplitudes of the steady-state IPSPs were correlated with motoneuron input resistance (r = 0.74; P less than 0.001) and homonymous Ia excitatory postsynaptic synaptic potential (EPSP) amplitude (r = 0.72; P less than 0.001). 5. The amplitudes of the steady-state Ia IPSPs and the homonymous Ia EPSPs were plotted on logarithmic axes. The slope (0.59) was significantly less than 1, which indicates that the gradient of Ia inhibition across the motoneuron pool is less steep than that of Ia excitation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol disrupts sodium butyrate-induced p21WAF1/CIP1 expression and maturation while reciprocally potentiating apoptosis in human leukemia cells.

Interactions between the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol (FP) and the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (SB) have been examined in human leukemia cells (U937) in relation to differentiation and apoptosis. Whereas 1 mM of SB or 100 nM of FP minimally induced apoptosis (4% and 10%, respectively) at 24 h, simultaneous exposure of U937 cells to these agents dramatically increased cell death (e.g., approximately 60%), reflected by both morphological and Annexin/propidium iodide-staining features, procaspase 3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Similar interactions were observed in human promyelocytic (HL-60), B-lymphoblastic (Raji), and T-lymphoblastic (Jurkat) leukemia cells. Coadministration of FP opposed SB-mediated accumulation of cells in G0G1 and differentiation, reflected by reduced CD11b expression, but instead dramatically increased procaspase-3, procaspase-8, Bid, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, as well as mitochondrial damage (e.g., loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release). FP also blocked SB-related p21WAF1-CIP1 induction through a caspase-independent mechanism and triggered the caspase-mediated cleavage of p27KIP1 and retinoblastoma protein. The latter event was accompanied by a marked reduction in retinoblastoma protein/E2F1 complex formation. However, FP did not modify the extent of SB-associated acetylation of histones H3 and H4. Treatment of cells with FP/SB also resulted in the caspase-mediated cleavage of Bcl-2 and caspase-independent down-regulation of Mcl-1. Levels of cyclins A, D1, and E, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis also declined in SB/FP-treated cells. Finally, FP/SB coexposure potently induced apoptosis in two primary acute myelogenous leukemia samples. Together, these findings demonstrate that FP, when combined with SB, induces multiple perturbations in cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins, which oppose leukemic cell differentiation but instead promote mitochondrial damage and apoptosis.
Tax and Cost Implications for Retailers: Comparing Electronic-Only Retailers with 'Bricks-and-Clicks' and 'Bricks-and-Mortar'

The authors co;mpare the advantages of electronic-only retailers with those of "bricks and mortar" and "clicks and morart" retailers. Policymakers would be wise to consider the implications of differing standards of nexus for sales and income tax purposes as well as differences in determining what constitutes a related entity for use tax collection and income tax purposes, the authors say.
Neuroanesthsia in Epilepsy Patients

As of 2008, epilepsy was one of the three most common treatment areas in functional neurosurgery. Functional neurosurgery is often reserved for cases of intractable epilepsy. The diagnosis of intractable epilepsy is frequently made after appropriate trials of anticonvulsant medications along with documentation of therapeutic levels of medications (NIH Consensus Development Conference 1990). Functional neurosurgery is defined as a surgical subspecialty that aims to alter the current function of the nervous system along with improving the functional status of the patient (Heit et al. 2009).
Cell-mediated suppression of megakaryocytopoiesis in acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenic purpura (AATP) is a disorder of hematopoiesis characterized by severe thrombocytopenia due to a selective reduction or total absence of megakaryocytes in an otherwise normal-appearing bone marrow. Although the development of autoantibodies directed against cells in the megakaryocyte progenitor cell pool has been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder, cell-mediated suppression of megakaryocytopoiesis has not been described. Accordingly, we report two cases of AATP in which in vitro suppression of megakaryocyte colony formation by autologous ancillary marrow cells was demonstrable. Light-density bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs) obtained from both patients were either plated directly into plasma clot cultures, or after first being depleted by adherent monocytes (M phi) or T lymphocytes using standard methodologies. In some experiments, the depleted ancillary marrow cells were recovered for autologous co-culture studies with the MNCs from which they had been depleted. Megakaryocyte colony formation was detected in the cultures using an indirect immunofluorescence assay with a rabbit anti- human platelet glycoprotein antiserum. Removal of M phi (n = 6), or T lymphocytes (n = 4) from normal marrow MNCs had no apparent effect on colony formation. In contrast, depleting T lymphocytes from the MNCs of patient 1 significantly augmented megakaryocyte colony formation; a similar effect was observed after depleting M phi from the MNCs of patient 2. This observed augmentation in colony formation could be abrogated by autologous co-culture with the putative suppressor cell at effector cell/target cell ratios of 1:10 in the case of T lymphocytes or 1:5 in the case of M phi. Neither suppression nor stimulation of megakaryocyte colony formation was observed after culturing normal MNCs with autologous T cells (n = 4) or M phi (n = 3) at similar or greater ratios. We also observed inhibition of megakaryocyte colony formation after culturing normal MNCs in the presence of tissue culture medium conditioned by the M phi of patient 2. This effect was shown to be specific for megakaryocytes since this same conditioned medium had no significant effect on BFU-E and CFU-E-derived colony formation by autologous marrow mononuclear cells. These results suggest that: both T cells and M phi are capable of exerting a regulatory effect on the proliferation of human megakaryocyte progenitor cells (CFU-Meg); in the case of M phi, a soluble factor elaborated by these cells may be responsible for suppressing CFU-Meg growth; and aberrant ancillary cell- megakaryocyte progenitor cell interactions may lead to clinically significant disease.
Repetition effects in short-term memory

Human short-term memory was studied using repeated presentations of the stimulus materials. A consonant trigram was presented, rehearsal was prevented for a 20-sec interval, and the procedure was then repeated without allowing an attempted recall. A single recall test was given after the interval that followed the last presentation. Number of presentations (one, two, three, and four) was the independent variable. Considerable increases in recall were obtained as number of presentations increased.
John Higham's Critique of His Own Work

In April 2002, the Immigration and Ethnic History Society (IEHS) made its first lifetime achievement award. It was my honor to be president of the IEHS at that time, and I can recall the pleasure and unanimity of board members in designating John Higham the first recipient of that honor. It was a special pleasure for me to notify John and to present the award to him because over the years John had become both a personal friend and a powerful intellectual influence. When I called him at his home in Baltimore, he accepted with delight but as always with the soft-spoken graciousness that was his way. We chatted about the fact that initially he had not defined himself as an immigration scholar, yet in 1967, more than a decade after the publication of Strangers in the Land had found himself one of the founding members of what was then called the Immigration History Society and later one of its presidents. As we often did, we also talked about our hometown, New York. John had grown up in Queens, while I had grown up in the South Bronx. On many occasions we discussed how our New York roots had lured us into thinking and writing about immigration and ethnicity.
Serological analysis of hepatitis E virus infection in jurisdiction of Tianjin Railway Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing Railway Bureau

[Objective]To study the levels and distribution of IgM antibody against hepatitis E virus(HEV),and the basic levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and total bilirubin(TBiL) in population within the jurisdiction area of Tianjin Railway Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing Railway Bureau,provide a scientific basis for the prevention in the future.[Methods]Using a sero-epidemiological method,9 297 objects who received the preventive health examination were collected,the level of IgM antibody against HEV in serum was tested by ELISA,the levels of ALT and TBiL were tested by biochemistry analyzer,and the results were analyzed statistically.[Results]Among 9 297 objects,the positive rate of IgM anti-HEV antibody was 0.25%.Among people with positive IgM anti-HEV antibody,the average levels of ALT and TBiL did not increase significantly.The follow-up detection was conducted in an object with positive IgM anti-HEV antibody,the level of IgM anti-HEV antibody did not descend during the past 8 months,and there was no significant increase in the levels of ALT and TBiL.[Conclusion]It showed a latent HEV infection in the jurisdiction of Tianjin Railway CDC,and there is a risk of HEV transmission in health population.
Motion of a hot particle in viscous fluids

A hot sphere creates a viscosity variation that couples to the sphere's motion. A method for finding the leading order force and torque acting on the sphere for any thermal distribution is presented, showing, in particular, that rotation and translation are coupled for a thermal dipole (Janus sphere).
The Multidisciplinary Management of Early Stage Cervical Esophageal Cancer

Cancer development in the cervical portion of the esophagus presents a unique challenge to management given the close proximity of critical structures in the head and neck. Cervical esophageal cancer (CEC) was historically approached with primary surgery, pharyngo-laryngo-esophagectomy (PLE), but a paradigm shift has occurred such that functional organ preservation with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation (CRT) is now preferred. This chapter will review anatomical considerations pertinent to the management of CEC as well as the risk factors and multidisciplinary treatment approach to this disease.
Testing a direct mapping versus competition account of response dynamics in number comparison

ABSTRACTTracking hand movements during number tasks has become a powerful method for disentangling competing models of numerical representation. In two experiments, participants used a computer mouse to choose whether presented numbers were greater than or less than 5. In Experiment 1, trajectories became more curved towards the incorrect response as targets approached the standard 5, indicating increasing response competition. However, trajectories showed a rightward bias modulated by numerical distance and target size, indicating a direct mapping between hand movement and an ordered, spatial number representation. In Experiment 2, I changed the direction of mouse movements bottom-to-top orientation to left-to-right. Trajectories again became more curved towards the incorrect response as targets approached 5, but this time, there was no modulation of trajectory bias by target size or distance. The results call into question a direct mapping account and instead lend support to a competition model of respo...
On the Direct Construction of the Steady Traveling Solution to High Explosive Sandwich, Cylinder and Aquarium Tests via a Streamline Finite Volume Approximation

Abstract The cylinder, sandwich and aquarium tests are common experiments used to investigate the performance of high explosives. This paper presents a solution technique which simulates these experiments as two dimensional problems in steady traveling coordinates. Using a coordinate system aligned with the streamlines of the flow, an efficient numerical scheme is developed which uses an approximate Riemann solver to model the change in state across streamlines. The technique can also accommodate arbitrary equations of state for the materials. Two verification exercises show that the algorithm converges at second order. Validation studies using the aquarium experiment agreed well with simulations, though the omission of a material strength model leads to some discrepancies between simulation and experiments for the cylinder test. This computational technique is able to predict the behavior of these common high explosive experiments on the order of minutes on a single processor with very fine spatial resolution, on the order of 10 μm.
Federal and State Laws Regarding Bottled Water - An Overview and Recommendations for Reform

Water bottling is big business and getting bigger, growing by about ten percent annually over the past five years. The most important environmental concerns from a legal and regulatory perspective relate to the impact of water extraction to fill the billions of bottles Americans purchase every year. While water bottling has almost no impact on the total national freshwater supply, the majority of bottled water comes from groundwater which has a direct hydrologic connection to springs and other vulnerable surface waters. Thus, even relatively small water withdrawals for bottled water can produce significant impacts at the local scale on other water users and the environment. Bottled water is regulated by the federal government as a food product by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA regulations provide for source identity labeling of bottled water. Consumer preferences seem to favor bottled water labeled as spring water over bottled water from other sources, including municipal supply. This has inadvertently led to increased pressures on vulnerable spring resources. The FDA should immediately begin a process to review and revise its source identity rule to consider the impact of bottled water withdrawals on springs and other vulnerable water resources.
Challenges for Empirical Research on RPM

This article discusses the empirical challenges that researchers face when demonstrating the existence and effects of resale price maintenance (RPM). We outline three approaches for finding price effects of RPM and the corresponding hurdles in data and methodology. We show that the quantity test that was suggested by Posner (Univ Chic Law Rev 45(1):1–20, 1977; Univ Chic Law Rev 48:6–26, 1981) does not identify the change to welfare when demand-enhancing effects are considered generally. Finally, we present some solutions to the challenge of identifying welfare effects, and we suggest guidelines for future research.
Spline warp model for registering pushbroom multispectral imagery

We describe an algorithm for registering spectral images acquired by a pushbroom multispectral scanner operating on an airborne or spaceborne platform subject to uncontrolled motion, i.e., variable time-dependent attitude (pitch, roll, and yaw) and platform position. In contrast to imagery collected during straight and level flight, uncontrolled platform motion causes each band to be warped with respect to the others. The warped bands cannot be simply registered using a rigid transformation but instead require a space-varying de-warping transformation. However, determination of this de-warping transformation from image data remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we formulate a powerful yet efficient model for the warp that takes into account both the detector array geometry and the imaging geometry. The physically-based geometric constraints incorporated into the model enable it to distinguish effectively between image-to-image warp due to uncontrolled variations in the sensor line-of-sight and band-to-band variations in image content and measurement noise. Results show that the model is capable of recovering the true warp in areas where there is little or no correlation in spatial content between the bands. For the test cases studied, the spline-warp model is able to reduce the registration error in the local warp determined from data using image correlation techniques by more than an order of magnitude.
A TIM-3 Oligonucleotide Aptamer Enhances T Cell Functions and Potentiates Tumor Immunity in Mice

T cell immunoglobulin-3 (TIM-3) is a negative regulator of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secreting CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cytotoxic cells. Recent studies have highlighted the role of TIM-3 as an important mediator of CD8+ T cell exhaustion in the setting of chronic viral infections and cancer. In murine tumor models, antibody blockade of TIM-3 with anti-TIM-3 antibodies as monotherapy has no or minimal antitumor activity, suggesting that TIM-3 signaling exerts an accessory or amplifying effect in keeping immune responses in check. Using a combined bead and cell-based systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) protocol, we have isolated nuclease-resistant oligonucleotide aptamer ligands that bind to cell-associated TIM-3 with high affinity and specificity. A trimeric form of the TIM-3 aptamer blocked the interaction of TIM-3 with Galectin-9, reduced cell death, and enhanced survival, proliferation, and cytokine secretion in vitro. In tumor-bearing mice, the aptamer delayed tumor growth as monotherapy and synergized with PD-1 antibody in prolonging the survival of the tumor-bearing mice. Both in vitro and in vivo, the trimeric aptamer displayed superior activity compared to the currently used RMT3-23 monoclonal antibody. This study suggests that multi-valent aptamers could represent an alternative platform to generate potent ligands to manipulate the function of TIM-3 and other immune modulatory receptors.
Robotic pancreatoduodenectomy at an experienced institution is not associated with an increased risk of post-pancreatic hemorrhage.

Abstract Background Postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH) is a serious and life threatening complication following pancreaticoduodenectomy. The objective was to determine whether PPH incidence is elevated in a series of robotic pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD) from a high-volume institution and if video review can identify technical factors associated with PPH. Methods A retrospective review of RPDs from October 2008 to March 2016 was performed. PPH was classified by established international criteria. Technical factors from RPD resection were ascertained using video analysis. Clinical and technical variables were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Results Of 400 patients who underwent RPD PPH occurred in 19 (4.8%) and 168 (42%) had videos available to review. The technique of RPD was consistent but a falciform flap was performed routinely after RPD#181 and flaps were performed less (37.5% vs 75%) in the pseudoaneurysm group (p = 0.033). On univariate analysis of technical variables, gastroduodenal artery (GDA) mishandling and suture ligation were positive predictors of pseudoaneurysm formation while falciform flap placement was a negative predictor (all p Conclusions PPH in a large series of RPD is similar to reported rates in historical open control series; however, pseudoaneurysm is less common with increasing experience. Video review is a useful tool in identifying technical variables during in RPD.
Unidirectional Plastic Strain and Static Strength at Normal Temperature

This chapter discusses unidirectional plastic strain and static strength at normal temperature. Usually a metal is described as ductile when its length greatly increases and its section greatly decreases in a tensile test; one exhibiting 50% reduction would be distinctly ductile. The standard processes of extrusion, drawing, and rolling lend themselves to prolonged deformation. The stresses they impose are largely compressive and any dislocation cracks they may form, largely longitudinal, as that is the direction of main flow. Oriented longitudinally, the cracks would be less harmful than in the transverse direction. Indeed the processes in theory should permit sections to be reduced as far as the size of dislocation cracks themselves, say about 10 -5 cm. A well-known consequence of such prolonged unidirectional strain is preferred orientation. A crystal or grain that is constrained to deform by slip in a particular direction rotates its orientation. Therefore, grains of a polycrystalline metal end up with much the same orientation. Thus, preferred orientation enters into such technical products as (1) drawn or extruded wires and (2) rolled sheets.
Mathematical modeling of polish-rate decay in chemical-mechanical polishing

A model is presented for polish-rate decay in chemical-mechanical polishing based on the Greenwood-Williamson theory of contact between a smooth surface (a wafer) and a rough surface (the polishing pad). The model assumes that polishing causes pad asperities to wear, with high asperities wearing faster than low asperities. Model predictions of the time dependence of polish-rate decay compare favorably with experiments.
Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Effects on Organisms in Aquatic Environments

The problem of trying to determine the effect of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on aquatic organisms is much more difficult than that of assessing the impact of UVR on terrestrial plants. The major reasons for this are that spectral irradiance changes dramatically with depth in the water column and that most aquatic organisms will be moving up and down in the upper water column, either through active motility processes or by physical mixing processes. It is thus not possible to determine the effect of UVR on planktonic organisms with any degree of certainty; the best one can do is to determine the effects under a wide variety of experimental techniques, and to estimate the potential damage to organisms when they are under completely natural conditions.
A Study of the Volatile Oxygenated Constituents in Different Hop Varieties

(1965). A Study of the Volatile Oxygenated Constituents in Different Hop Varieties. Proceedings. Annual meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists: Vol. 23, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 1965, pp. 103-111.
Fecundity of the parental and fitness of the F1 populations of corn earworm from refuge ears of seed blend plantings with Genuity® SmartStax™ maize

Abstract Seed blend, also called ‘refuge-in-the-bag (RIB)’, has been used as a refuge strategy to generate susceptible insect populations for Bt maize resistance management in the U.S. Corn Belt. A major concern related to the use of RIB is the cross-pollination of maize plants that cause Bt protein expression in the kernels of refuge ears. Bt protein expression in the refuge ears can negatively affect the insect populations on refuge plants, especially for ear feeders such as the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). The current study investigated the reproduction of three populations of H. zea collected from a pure stand of non-Bt maize and the refuge ears of 90:10% (Bt:non-Bt seeds) and 80:20% RIBs, as well as the growth, development and reproduction of the F1 offspring of the three populations. The biological parameters measured for the F1 offspring included neonate-to-pupa developmental time, pupal weight, neonate-to-adult survival rate, egg production, and net reproductive rate of the adults on meridic diet. Reproduction of the parents and the fitness of the F1 offspring were similar among the three populations and were not significantly affected by the seed blending patterns. Information generated from this study will be useful in assessing if RIB is a suitable method for Bt maize resistance management in the southern U.S.
The Effectiveness of the ABA’s Efforts to Increase Defendant Notice of Collateral Consequences: A Survey of South Carolina Defense Attorneys

AbstractRecognizing the negative impacts of collateral consequences of conviction, the American Bar Association published advisory standards and other online compendium resources aimed at increasin...
IFAD RESEARCH SERIES 40 - Local-economy impacts of cash crop promotion

A number of studies have examined the direct impacts of cash crop production on producer households. This is the first to quantify the general equilibrium impacts of introducing a new cash crop into a poor isolated economy, including impacts on environmentally sensitive fishing activities. We find that the introduction of oil palm production explains the striking growth in income in Ugandaâs Ssese Islands, including large-scale production spillovers to non-palm sectors, as well as a significant reduction in pressure on the Lake Victoria fishery. It appears that oil palm development, via a project that connected a commercial aggregator with small-scale farmers, enabled an economy at a low-level equilibrium to transition to a higher equilibrium state, with positive spillovers across households as well as across production sectors. Econometric evidence confirms results from simulations using an island-wide general equilibrium model parameterized from new micro survey data.
Intratracheal injection of nitric oxide, generated from air by pulsed electrical discharge, for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in awake ambulatory lambs

Abstract Objectives To test the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of intratracheal delivery of nitric oxide (NO) generated from air by pulsed electrical discharge via a Scoop catheter. Study design We studied healthy 3- to 4-month-old lambs weighing 34 ± 4 kg (mean ± SD, n = 6). A transtracheal Scoop catheter was inserted through a cuffed tracheostomy tube. U46619 was infused to increase mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) from 16 ± 1 to 32 ± 3 mmHg (mean ± SD). Electrically generated NO was delivered via the Scoop catheter to awake lambs. A sampling line, to monitor NO and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels, was placed in the distal trachea of the lambs. The effect of varying doses of electrically generated NO, produced continuously, on pulmonary hypertension was assessed. Results In awake lambs with acute pulmonary hypertension, NO was continuously delivered via the Scoop catheter at 400 ml/min. NO induced pulmonary vasodilation. NO2 levels, measured in the trachea, were below 0.5 ppm at intratracheal NO doses of 10–80 ppm. No changes were detected in the levels of methemoglobin in blood samples before and after 5 min of NO breathing. Conclusions Continuously delivering electrically generated NO through a Scoop catheter produces vasodilation of the pulmonary vasculature of awake lambs with pulmonary hypertension. Transtracheal NO delivery may provide a long-term treatment for patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension as an outpatient without requiring a mask or tracheal intubation.
Sentinel Event Surveillance to Estimate Total Sars-CoV-2 Infections, United States

Abstract Human infections with a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were first identified via syndromic surveillance in December of 2019 in Wuhan China. Since identification, infections (coronavirus disease-2019; COVID-19) caused by this novel pathogen have spread globally, with more than 180,000 confirmed cases as of March 16, 2020. Effective public health interventions, including social distancing, contact tracing, and isolation/quarantine rely on the rapid and accurate identification of confirmed cases. However, testing capacity (having sufficient tests and laboratory throughput) to support these non-pharmaceutical interventions remains a challenge for containment and mitigation of COVID-19 infections. We undertook a sentinel event strategy (where single health events signal emerging trends) to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 in the US. Data from a recent national conference, the Conservative Political Action Conference, (CPAC) near Washington, DC and from the outbreak in Wuhan, China were used to fit a simple exponential growth model to estimate the total number of incident SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United States on March 1, 2020, and to forecast subsequent infections potentially undetected by current testing strategies. Our analysis and forecasting estimates a total of 54,100 SARS-CoV-2 infections (80 % CI 5,600 to 125,300) have occurred in the United States to March 12, 2020. Our forecast predicts that a very substantial number of infections are undetected, and without extensive and far-reaching non-pharmaceutical interventions, the number of infections should be expected to grow at an exponential rate.
A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effects of cannabis and its derivatives in adults with malignant CNS tumors

Author(s): Rodriguez-Almaraz, Jesus-Eduardo; Chang, Susan; Clarke, Jennifer; Oberheim-Bush, Nancy Ann; Taylor, Jennie; Buerki, Robin; Berger, Mitchel; Zablotska, Lydia; Lobach, Iryna; Butowski, Nicholas | Abstract: BackgroundPrimary CNS tumors constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that share a considerable morbidity and mortality rate. To help control tumor growth and clinical outcomes (overall survival, progression-free survival, quality of life) symptoms, patients often resort to alternative therapies, including the use of cannabis. Despite rapidly growing popularity, cannabis and its impact on patients with primary malignant CNS tumors is understudied.MethodsTo shed light on the lack of scientific evidence in this field, in November 2018 we conducted a search and examination of cannabis in neuro-oncology in major journal databases and bibliographies of selected articles, and through abstracts of annual meetings using prespecified criteria in line with the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines.ResultsWe identified 45 publications, of which 9 were selected. Five studies were included. Publication dates ranged from 2004 to 2018 and included varying histologies of primary brain tumors. The average survival at 1 year was 56.09% (95% CI: 48.28-63.9). There was no difference in risk ratio (RR) for death at 1 year between groups (RR: 1.069 [95% CI: 0.139-8.25]). We found strong evidence of heterogeneity (Q = 74.0%; P = .021). We found no statistical evidence of publication bias (P = .117; SD = 1.91).ConclusionsThere was limited moderate-quality evidence that supports the use of cannabinoids as adjuvant to the standard of care in the treatment of brain and CNS tumors. There was very low-quality evidence suggesting that cannabinoids were associated with adult-onset gliomas. Further prospective clinical trials are necessary to adequately evaluate the impact of cannabinoids on CNS tumors, specifically on survival and quality of life.
Relationships Between Initial COVID-19 Risk Perceptions and Protective Health Behaviors: A National Survey.

Introduction Perceptions of health risks inform decisions about protective behaviors, but COVID-19 was an unfamiliar risk as it began to spread across the U.S. In the initial stage of the epidemic, authors examined perceived risks for COVID-19 infection and infection fatality and whether these risk perceptions were associated with protective behaviors. They also examined whether findings differed between later versus earlier responders. Methods Between March 10 and March 31, 2020, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted with a nationally representative U.S. sample (n=6,684). Half responded before March 13, 2020 (versus later). Participants assessed their risks of COVID-19 infection and infection fatality (0%–100%) which were transformed into quartiles (1–4). They reported their implementation of protective behaviors like handwashing and social distancing (yes/no). Analyses were conducted in April‒May 2020. Results Median perceived risk was 10.00% for COVID-19 infection and 5.00% for infection fatality, but respondents showed large disagreement. An increase of 1 quartile in perceived infection risk was associated with being 1.45 times (95% CI=1.33, 1.58) more likely to report handwashing, with perceived infection fatality risk showing no significant association. When predicting social distancing behaviors such as avoiding crowds, both quartile-based risk perceptions were significant (OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.17, 1.30 for infection and OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.13, 1.26 for infection fatality). Perceived COVID-19 infection risk, protective behaviors, and their relationship increased among later (versus earlier) responders. Conclusions Despite disagreements about the risks, people perceiving greater risks were more likely to implement protective behaviors—especially later (versus earlier) in March 2020. These findings have implications for risk communication.
Engagement in College and University Applied Learning Experiences and Students’ Academic Motivation:

Background: Applied learning approaches that require students to enact learning continue to be expanded to various contexts within higher education. Researchers have demonstrated an association bet...
Smart Infant-Monitoring System with Machine Learning Model to Detect Physiological Activities and Ambient Conditions

The paper presents development of a smart infant monitoring system using multiple non-invasive sensors to detect various physiological functions. The system can evaluate different physiological activities such as respiration, movement, noise, position, as well as ambient temperature, and humidity. By processing the acquired data from different sensor modules, the system can generate alarm signals for adverse situations such as the occurrence of apnea, seizure, or noisy and uncomfortable environmental conditions. The system will also be able to detect critical respiratory conditions by analyzing breathing data and saturated blood oxygen level (SpO2) using machine learning (ML) models such as neural networks. The proposed system allows the caregiver to monitor the condition of the patient from a remote location by implementing wireless communication with a remote computer or a cell phone.
The Lost Soul of the American Presidency: The Decline into Demagoguery and the Prospects for Renewal

Stephen F. Knott’s latest book describes the deterioration of the American presidency into that of a pandering party leader that demonstrates disregard for the U.S. Constitution. This book provides...
"You know, I used to be a Jew": Groucho Marx, Max Reinhardt, and the Transformation of American Studies

Beginning with the unlikely pairing of Max Reinhardt and Groucho Marx, this article unpacks an old, politically troubling Jewish joke as a way of tracing two trajectories that unfolded between Austria and the United States. The first follows the author's family, the second the interdisciplinary field of American studies. The joke's commentary on the dilemmas of assimilation, as played out in the family history, frames a more sustained examination of how national identity was understood by the American studies project consolidated in Salzburg and the US just after World War II. Focusing on how the new field's ways of engaging and occluding problems of race, subordination, exploitation, and land-theft shaped an interpretation of American democracy's history and prospects, the article puts these issues in the context of Donald Trump's election as president and the urgency of understanding not only the ruptures but also the historical continuities his presidency represents. Against the backdrop of those reflections, the article considers how contemporary American studies does and might engage the continuities. The field must help shape a national narrative both accessible in idiom and able to reckon with the ongoing history of white supremacy and settler colonialism. Doing that entails not only moving beyond but also borrowing anew from that early, Salzburg-style formation of American studies. It may also benefit from the Jewish joke: the conclusion and two postscripts read the joke's limitations in the light of recent social struggles yet also note its unnerving relevance to the Trump-era resurgence of antisemitism.
Friends, family, and romantic partners: Three critical relationships in older women’s lives

How are different social relationships jointly and uniquely associated with older women’s health and well-being, and what is the directionality of these associations? We address these questions usi...
Frequency–amplitude response of superharmonic resonance of second order of electrostatically actuated MEMS cantilever resonators

Abstract This paper deals with the frequency–amplitude response of superharmonic resonance of second order (order two) of electrostatically actuated Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) cantilever resonators. The structure of MEMS resonators consists of a cantilever resonator over a parallel ground plate, with a given gap in between, and under AC voltage. This resonance results from hard excitations and AC voltage frequency near one-fourth of the natural frequency of the resonator. The forces acting on the resonator are the nonlinear electrostatic force to include fringe effect, and a linear damping force. In order to solve the dimensionless partial differential equation of motion along with boundary and initial conditions, two types of models are developed, namely Reduced Order Models (ROMs), and Boundary Value Problem (BVP) model. The BVP model is essentially a finite difference model with a discretization in time only. ROMs are developed using one through five modes of vibration. The Method of Multiple Scales (MMS), numerical integrations using MATLAB, as well as a continuation and bifurcation analysis are used to solve the ROMs. The BVP model, resulting from using finite differences for time derivatives, is also numerically integrated. Five modes of vibration ROM is found to make accurate predictions in all amplitudes. A softening effect of the response is predicted. The response consists of a bifurcation with a bifurcation point of amplitude one fourth of the gap, and a stable branch in larger frequencies with a pull-in instability end point at three fourths of the gap. The bifurcation point shifts to lower frequencies as the voltage and/or fringe effect increase, and/or damping decreases. If damping increases, the branches coalesce, peak amplitude decreases, and a linear behavior is experienced.
Conformal Symmetry in D Dimensions

Starting with this chapter, we discuss general properties of conformal field theories (CFT). The goal is not to be exhaustive, but to provide a short introduction and to gather the concepts and formulas that are needed for string theory. However, the subject is presented as a standalone topic such that it can be of interest for a more general public.
It Can Wait.

Prioritizing self‐care over the ever‐present to‐do list is important, especially during the COVID‐19 pandemic, as this narrative describes.
Steroid-Resistant Acute Cellular Rejection of the Liver After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 mRNA Vaccination.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has induced a tremendous toll on our healthcare system and society, but the rapid development of effective vaccines using novel mRNA technology in less than one year represents an unprecedented scientific achievement. In December 2020, the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273) vaccines were approved by the U.S.