cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age of calf at weaning of spring-calving beef cows and the effect on cow and calf performance and production economics.

Over a 5-yr period, spring-calving cows were used in a carry-over design experiment to evaluate effects of calf age at weaning on cow and calf performance and production economics. Weaning management groups were early (n = 60, calf age 150 d, EW), traditional (n = 60, calf age 210 d, NW), and late (n = 60, calf age 270 d, LW). Cow body condition score (BCS) and weights at the last weaning date were different (P < .05) for EW (5.8, 583 kg), NW (5.5, 560 kg), and LW (5.2, 541 kg) management groups. Pregnancy rates among groups were similar. Days on feed for groups differed (P = .001) and was 247 for EW, 204 for NW, and 164 d for LW steers. Average daily gain in the feedlot differed (P = .01) among groups and averaged 1.5 kg for LW, 1.4 kg for NW, and 1.3 kg for EW steers. Dry matter intake while steers were in the feedlot was greater (P = .001) for LW than for NW and EW calves. Hot carcass weight was greater (P = .01) for EW (328 kg) and NW (332 kg) calves than for LW (321 kg) steers, and fat depth was greater (P = .05) for EW and NW steers than for LW steers. When carcass data for the NW and LW steers were adjusted to the fat depth of EW steers, carcass characteristics among groups were similar. Net income per steer at slaughter for the feedlot phase was greater (P < .001) for the EW ($75.36) and NW ($62.16) steers than for the LW ($10.09) steers. Again, when carcass data for the NW and LW steers were adjusted to the same fat depth of the EW steers, net income differences among groups were reduced. Replacement heifers were developed in a drylot and costs were higher (P < .001) for the EW than for NW and LW heifers. Annual cow costs were greater (P < .10) for the LW ($443.45) than for the EW ($410.09) and NW ($421.35) groups. Break-even for each system on a steer financial basis was not different between the NW and LW groups, and both the NW and LW groups had lower (P = .08) break-evens than the EW group. Age of the calf at weaning affects cow weight and BCS. Net income in each system is influenced by cow costs, month of the year that steer calves are purchased into the feedlot and finished steers are sold, month of the year cull cows are marketed, and replacement heifer development costs.
Tribochemical Mechanisms of Trimethyl and Triethyl Phosphite on Oxidized Iron in Ultrahigh Vacuum

The surface chemistry of model lubricant additives, trimethyl phosphite (TMPi) and triethyl phosphite (TEPi), is studied on oxidized iron in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and the results compared with the gas-phase lubrication of TEPi on oxidized iron in a UHV tribometer. Oxide films are grown on a polycrystalline iron substrate and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and assigned to the formation of an Fe3O4 film. Measurements of the friction coefficient and contact resistance of the oxide films show that the oxide film remains intact while rubbing in UHV at a normal load of 0.29 N. It is found that phosphite esters adsorb on the oxide by electron donation to the phosphorus atom, with a binding energy that increases in the order tributyl phosphite > TMPi > TEPi, and correlates well with the location of the vacant lowest-occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy. The phosphite esters decompose via sequential P‒O bond scission to form adsorbed alkoxy species, which then react on the surface either by hydrogen addition to form the corresponding alcohol, or by hydrogen abstraction to yield an aldehyde. XPS studies of the surface shows that essentially no carbon remains after the TMPi has reacted, while a small amount of carbon is present when TEPi has decomposed. On heating, the phosphite esters convert to phosphate species. Gas-phase lubrication experiments in the presence of 1 × 10−7 Torr of gas-phase TEPi reveal that the friction coefficient is significantly reduced, where the friction reduction is found to increase with increasing reaction temperature. The friction reduction correlates well with the proportion of phosphate product formed in the film and indicates that the formation of phosphate tribofilm is primarily responsible for reducing friction. However, friction is also reduced for a reaction at ~ 300 K, lower than the temperature at which the adsorbed phosphite ester reacts, suggesting that its rate of decomposition could be accelerated by interfacial shear.
Uncertainty and Social Influence

Much research documents that uncertainty is an important factor in the social influence process. We argue that there are two senses in which uncertainty plays a role. First, task uncertainty is a n...
Effects of message framing on food allergy communication: A cross-sectional study of restaurant customers with food allergies

Abstract The prevention of allergy reactions to food requires communication between individuals with food allergies and restaurant employees. This study investigated the effectiveness of framed messages (gain-framed versus loss-framed) in encouraging food allergy communication and explored factors that influenced customers’ intentions to communicate with restaurant staff about their food allergies. A total of 291 valid survey responses were collected. Approximately 70% of the participants had experienced food allergy reactions in restaurants, but less than 15% of them could always communicate with restaurant employees before placing food orders. Overall, participants perceived dining out as somehow risky. Gain-framed messages were more persuasive than loss-framed messages in encouraging food allergy communication. Fear, attitudes toward the messages, the perceived effectiveness of the messages, and the severity of one’s food allergies were significant predictors of customers’ intentions to communicate. Customers’ attitudes toward the messages mediated the relationship between message format and the behavioral intention to communicate.
Tree Canopy Coverage Predicts Lower Conduct Problem Severity in Children with ASD

Introduction: Conduct problems are commonly reported among individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children with other special health care needs (CSHCN). Environmental research indicat...
Using the Eye of the Storm to Predict the Wave of COVID-19 UI Claims

We leverage an event-study research design focused on the seven costliest hurricanes to hit the US mainland since 2004 to identify the elasticity of unemployment insurance filings with respect to search intensity. Applying our elasticity estimate to the state-level Google Trends indexes for the topic “unemployment,” we show that out-of-sample forecasts made ahead of the official data releases for March 21 and 28 predicted to a large degree the extent of the COVID-19 related surge in the demand for unemployment insurance. In addition, we provide a robust assessment of the uncertainty surrounding these estimates and demonstrate their use within a broader forecasting framework for US economic activity.
Ustekinumab Does Not Increase Risk of Adverse Events: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Ustekinumab (UST) is a monoclonal antibody inhibitor of IL-12/IL-23 approved for the treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). We conducted a meta-analysis to compare rates of adverse events (AEs) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of UST for all indications. A systematic search was performed of MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed databases through November 2019. Study inclusion included RCTs comparing UST to placebo or other biologics in patients aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of an autoimmune condition. Thirty RCTs with 16,068 patients were included in our analysis. Nine thousand six hundred and twenty-six subjects were included in the UST vs placebo analysis. There was no significant difference in serious or mild/moderate AEs between UST and placebo with an OR of 0.83 (95% CI 0.66, 1.05) and 1.08 (95% CI 0.99, 1.18), respectively, over a median follow-up time of 16 weeks. In a sub-analysis of CD and UC trials, no difference in serious or mild/moderate AEs in UST versus placebo was seen. UST was not associated with an increase in short-term risk of AEs.
Copolymerization of propylene oxide and 13CO2 to afford completely alternating regioregular 13C-labeled Poly(propylene carbonate)

The synthesis of poly(propylene carbonate) with 100% 13C-labeled carbonate carbons is reported. The $$v_{{\mathrm{CO}}_{\mathrm{3}}}$$ vibration is shifted 45 cm−1 lower than that observed in its 12C analog. This lowering of the $$v_{{\mathrm{CO}}_{\mathrm{3}}}$$ vibrational mode of the copolymer provides a window for observing νNO stretching motions in incorporated dinitrosyl iron complexes. The synthesis of 100% 13C-labelled poly(propylene carbonate) from the completely alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide (rac-PO and R(+)PO) and 13CO2 is reported. The prepared copolymers were shown to be regioselective with predominately head-to-tail (HT) connectivity. The infrared absorption of the polycarbonate in the $$v_{{\mathrm{co}}_{\mathrm{3}}}$$ region is red-shifted by 45 cm−1 from the polymer prepared from 12CO2. This shift in frequency allows for the observation of vNO modes of incorporated dinitrosyl metal complexes.
Phenotypic screening techniques for Cryptosporidium drug discovery.

Introduction: Two landmark epidemiological studies identified Cryptosporidium spp. as a significant cause of diarrheal disease in pediatric populations in resource-limited countries. Notably, nitaz...
Positive Affect as Source of Resilience in Adulthood and Later Life

In this chapter, we describe a program of research on resilience and aging from a developmental psychological perspective. We begin with a selective review of the broad literature on resilience, giving emphasis to the major approaches, empirical findings, and guiding principles that characterize prior studies. We then examine the relevance of positive affect as a basic building block of resilience in adulthood and later life. We put forth a dynamic conception of resilience to elucidate, theoretically and empirically, how some individuals are able to maintain, recover, or improve their health and well-being in the face of life challenges. Selected parts of ongoing studies are integrated to illustrate how our formulation of resilience guides our program of empirical research on positive affect and aging. We conclude with a brief consideration of future research directions to advance understanding of adulthood resilience.
Scale-dependent spatial variabilities of hydrological exchange flows and transit time in a large regulated river

Abstract Hydrological exchange flows (HEFs) across the river-aquifer interface and the associated transit time of river water in the aquifer have important implications for contaminant plume migration and biogeochemical processes in the river corridor. HEFs and transit time are influenced by both subsurface physical features and hydrologic forcing related to the transport process, which can exhibit complex spatial and temporal variations. In this study, we used a massively parallel subsurface flow model and a particle-tracking model to study the influences of different control factors on spatial variability of HEFs and transit time distributions in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River in Washington State. 100 million particles were randomly injected in time and space and then tracked in a model domain that covers a 51-km2 area (15.1million model cells). We used hourly river stages and groundwater levels to drive the model to provide dynamic velocity fields for the particle tracking in the two + -year simulation period. The groundwater flow simulation and particle-tracking results provide a comprehensive assessment of the spatial distribution of HEFs and transit time in a large, complex river corridor. Our results show that the aquifer hydrogeological structure has strong correlations with the extent and magnitude of exchange flux. The transit time exhibits complex patterns that are affected by all the river geomorphologic, hydrodynamic, and hydrogeologic factors and are strongly correlated with the downwelling ratio of exchange flux. The new insights gained through this study can be used to support the development of reduced-order models of HEFs and transit time distributions for large complex river systems.
Longitudinal Assessment of Physical Activity and Cognitive Outcomes Among Women at Midlife

Importance The increasing prevalence of cognitive decline, impairment, and dementia spurs intense interest in cognitive preservation strategies. Objective To explore the longitudinal association between physical activity (PA) and cognitive performance among women at midlife. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study is an analysis from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Enrollment occurred from 1996 through 1997, and follow-up extended into 2017. Included individuals were those who had undergone cognitive measures during the first 3 cognitive test visits and had at least 1 additional cognitive measurement. Stroke prior to baseline was an exclusion, and observations were censored for subsequent stroke. Data were analyzed from June 2018 through August 2019. Exposures Engaging in sport or exercise PA (self-reported). Main Outcomes and Measures The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) was used to assess cognitive processing speed. The East Boston Memory Test-Delayed (EBMT-D) was used to measure verbal episodic memory. The digit span backwards (DSB) test was used to evaluate working memory. Results Among 1718 women with a median (range) observation time of 11.9 (0.6-13.5) years, the mean (SD) baseline age was 45.7 (2.5) years. From baseline through age 61 years, mean change in SDMT score was −0.20 annually (95% CI, −0.26 to −0.15;P Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found no association between greater PA levels and cognitive outcomes among women in midlife, unlike cohort studies that begin observations at later ages, which may be associated with confounding by reverse causation (ie, cognitive decline associated with an outcome of lower PA levels).
Global Pandemic and Plastic Surgery Residency Match: Can Social Media Fill the Void?

BACKGROUND: The type of content that influences plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS) residency program selection and attracts applicants is everchanging and not clearly understood. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on residency selection that is undetermined. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine to what degree and the type of PRS SM content that drives prospective applicants' interest of a residency program, especially in the context of COVID-19. METHODS: Prospective PRS residency applicants were surveyed anonymously. RESULTS: An average of 60% of respondents reported that PRS social media (SM) content influenced their perception of a program. Fifty-eight percent reported that resident lifestyle content made them gain interest in a program. Separately, 32% reported that resident lifestyle content influenced them to rank a program higher. Seventy-two percent of respondents claimed SM content did not make them lose interest in a program. Rarely posting, outdated content, and lack of engagement were cited as factors for loss of interest in a program. A majority of respondents (53%) reported wanting to see more resident life and culture content on SM. Of the existing PRS SM content, respondents were most interested in resident lifestyle, followed by clinical and program-specific content. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic amplified the importance of SM PRS residency selection. Resident lifestyle content was consistently indicated as more likely to make respondents gain interest in a program, rank a program higher, and as the most desired content. PRS programs will benefit from highlighting resident camaraderie, quality of life, hobbies, and lifestyle to attract applicants.
Establishing Early Literacy Habits in a Profit-Driven Digital World

Books are remarkable objects. They carry children into imaginary spaces and offer parents a familiar script to settle children down at night. Books challenge readers’ minds to stretch their attention span, pause and contemplate, and take others’ perspectives. Early book sharing is promoted by the American Academy of Pediatrics because of its clear impact on reading scores, which predict high school graduation rates.1 Since the introduction of television, early childhood experts have wondered whether time spent in pleasurable but “minds-off” screen experiences displaces reading. Studies using time use diaries and surveys offered conflicting evidence2,3 but suggested that educational television was linked with more reading in stressed families.4 However, the digital ecosystem has changed dramatically in the past two decades. Children can find their favorite programs on demand in any room of the … Address correspondence to Jenny S. Radesky, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls St, #1107, Ann Arbor, MI 48019. E-mail: jradesky{at}med.umich.edu
Unusual Orbital Complications of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

A 56-year-old female presented to the Otolaryngology clinic with symptoms of chronic sinusitis. She was found to have nasal polyposis and purulent secretions draining from the middle meatus. After a course of medical therapy, she elected to proceed with surgical treatment of her disease. Computed tomography (CT) prior to surgery showed a thin lamina papyracea, but no obvious dehiscence on the left side. The patient underwent bilateral maxillary antrostomy, total ethmoidectomy, sphenoidotomy, and frontal sinusotomy. At the end of the procedure, all of the sinuses were irrigated. The frontal sinuses were irrigated with normal saline using a 60 cc syringe connected to a malleable, curved suction. Immediately following irrigation of the left frontal sinus, the patient was noted to have left-sided chemosis (Fig. 7.1). Manual massage of the orbit ensued and saline slowly emitted back into the superior ethmoid cavity through a small break in the lamina papyracea. Postoperatively, the patient denied vision changes or orbital pain. She was admitted for overnight observation. Her chemosis completely resolved 3 h postoperatively. She was discharged home the day after surgery and had no long-term sequelae of this complication.
The disposition of patients from a consultant general medical clinic: Results of a controlled evaluation of an administrative procedure☆

Abstract In a study of the degree to which patients, discharged from a consultant general medical clinic, returned to see their referring physicians, patients were divided randomly into two groups. One group was encouraged to return to their referring physicians by being told a specific time to return; the other was encouraged to return by means of appointment forms. One-half of the physicians in each group were sent an appointment form to test the effect of the physicians' receiving it upon the return rate of patients to them. Two weeks after the scheduled return visit, physicians and patients were sent questionnaires asking (a) if the patient had returned to the physician, and (b) if the physician was the family physician. Usable questionnaires were returned by 91 per cent of the patient-physician pairs. Results were: 1. 1. Patients returned in significantly greater numbers when they received appointment forms than when they were only told to return. 2. 2. When patients viewed their referring physicians as family physicians, their return rate was significantly greater. 3. 3. Receipt of appointment forms by referring physicians appeared not to influence the patients' return to them. 4. 4. In one-fourth of the instances, patients and physicians disagreed about their professional relationship.
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor can mediate tumorigenic transformation by the bovine papillomavirus E5 protein.

Abstract We showed previously that the beta receptor for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is constitutively activated in fibroblasts transformed by the 44-amino-acid bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV) E5 protein and that the E5 protein and the PDGF receptor exist in a stable complex in E5-transformed fibroblasts. On the basis of these results, we proposed that activation of the PDGF receptor by the BPV E5 protein generates a sustained proliferative signal, resulting in fibroblast transformation. In this study, we used a gene transfer approach to provide functional evidence that the PDGF receptor can mediate transformation by the E5 protein. We show that normal mouse mammary gland (NMuMG) cells, a murine mammary epithelial cell line that does not express PDGF receptors, are not susceptible to transformation by the E5 protein. Coexpression of the PDGF beta receptor and E5 genes in these cells results in markedly increased tyrosine phosphorylation of an immature PDGF receptor species and the formation of a stable complex between the E5 protein and this immature PDGF receptor form. Importantly, introduction of the PDGF receptor gene into NMuMG cells renders them highly susceptible to E5-mediated tumorigenic transformation. In contrast, the E5 protein does not induce transformation via the endogenous epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in these cells. These results demonstrate that the PDGF receptor, a cellular protein with a well-characterized role in the positive control of cell proliferation, can mediate transformation by a DNA virus transforming protein.
Disclosing too much? Situational factors affecting information disclosure in social commerce environment

Abstract The buying and selling of goods and services are no longer limited to a general website or a physical store as social networks, such as Facebook or Pinterest, are heavily focusing on social commerce. Prior studies have analyzed impact of trust and culture on social commerce, design and interface aspects of it, and intention to use social commerce by general people. Our study is informed by the literature on information disclosure intention, and Communication Privacy Management theory and is motivated by the fundamental premise that intention to self-disclose in social commerce is affected by perceived ownership of information, privacy apathy, the risks and benefits of disclosure and fairness of information exchange. We analyzed data collected from 252 samples using the scenario method. The results show that shoppers’ information disclosure intention is driven by the fairness of information exchange, privacy benefits and privacy apathy.
Persistent photo-excited conducting states in functionalized pentacene

Abstract We report a study of long-lived photo-excited states in single crystals of functionalized forms of pentacene: 6,13-bis (triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene, 6,13-bis (triethylsilylethynyl) pentacene, and 6,13-bis (triethylgermylethynyl) pentacene, organic semiconductors with band gaps ≈1 eV. The relaxation rates are thermally activated, as determined from time and temperature-dependent measurements of the photo-conductivity after illumination. These states can be produced in a stable population at temperatures below 150 K. Hence, after low temperature illumination, thermally stimulated current (TSC) is observed as temperature increases. Trap energies associated with these states can be estimated by analysis of the TSC signal.
Trait information: Person schemata or semantic tags?

In three experiments, subjects made judgments about the descriptiveness of likable or unlikable trait adjectives for themselves or some other person. The manipulation of interest was whether the target person was identified before or after the trait, which determined whether the person schema was accessed before or after the semantic content of the adjective. In general, decisions about other-descriptiveness were made faster when the target person was presented before the trait, rather than when the trait was presented before the person, consistent with the idea that trait information is organized into person concepts. The target-order effect was not consistent for self-reference decisions.
Association between novel MRI-estimated pancreatic fat and liver histology-determined steatosis and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Summary Background Ectopic fat deposition in the pancreas and its association with hepatic steatosis have not previously been examined in patients with biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Aim To quantify pancreatic fat using a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique and determine whether it is associated with hepatic steatosis and/or fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Methods This is a cross-sectional study including 43 adult patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD who underwent clinical evaluation, biochemical testing and MRI. The liver biopsy assessment was performed using the NASH-CRN histological scoring system, and liver and pancreas fat quantification was performed using a novel, validated MRI biomarker; the proton density fat fraction. Results The average MRI-determined pancreatic fat in patients with NAFLD was 8.5% and did not vary significantly between head, body, and tail of the pancreas. MRI-determined pancreatic fat content increased significantly with increasing histology-determined hepatic steatosis grade; 4.6% in grade 1; 7.7% in grade 2; 13.0% in grade 3 (P = 0.004) respectively. Pancreatic fat content was lower in patients with histology-determined liver fibrosis than in those without fibrosis (11.2% in stage 0 fibrosis vs. 5.8% in stage 1–2 fibrosis, and 6.9% in stage 3-4 fibrosis, P = 0.013). Pancreatic fat did not correlate with age, body mass index or diabetes status. Conclusions In patients with NAFLD, increased pancreatic fat is associated with hepatic steatosis. However, liver fibrosis is inversely associated with pancreatic fat content. Further studies are needed to determine underlying mechanisms to understand if pancreatic steatosis affects progression of NAFLD.
Contesting and Maintaining Hegemonic Masculinities: Gay Asian American Men in Mate Selection

Masculinity is a prized commodity in mate selection among gay men. However, few studies systematically examine how gay Asian American men interpret their form of masculinity in the context of mate selection. Using data from in-depth interviews with 37 Asian Americans, I study how they interpret and negotiate their form of masculinity within a racialized gender hierarchy. The results show gay Asian American men maintain the hegemonic masculinity frame in the negotiation of their desirability and desires. Concurrently, they also attempt to reframe their masculinity to contest the subordination of their form of masculinity. Ironically, their alternate frame still maintains a gendered hierarchy whereby masculinity is still preferred over femininity, even as it contests the racialized hegemonic masculinity frame.
Using a Class-Wide, Semester-Long Project to Teach Software Engineering Principles

A senior-level, project-based Software Engineering course taught at the University of Central Arkansas serves as the capstone course for the Computer Science Program and introduces students to the theory, tools, and techniques used to build large-scale software systems in a project-driven setting. Foundational to the course is the use of a class-wide, semesterlong course project to emphasize the theoretical aspects of the software process and the system used for scoring student performance on the project. One project is selected for the entire class with students divided into teams of four to six students to support different functional requirement areas. A milestone-driven approach is used following a modified version of the Unified Process for project development. Student scores on the project are divided into a group score, assignable via a rubric-like grade sheet, and an individual score which is determined by the individual’s effort as assigned using the task-management tool, Issue-Tracker. Experiences gained and lessons learned in teaching the course are provided as a guide for those wishing to follow a similar approach to teaching Software Engineering in the future.
The Splintering of the G-20

The solidarity of the G-20 nations in staving off global financial crisis two years ago has deteriorated into a brawl over currency valuations, trade imbalances and sovereign debt, reflecting the great powershift from the West to the East and the emerging economies. In this section, we invited comments from historians, a former head of state who successfully navigated the Asian financial crisis and a prominent Chinese dissident.
Wing–vortex interaction: unraveling the flowfield of a hovering rotor

This paper focuses on one of the most prominent flow features of the hovering rotor wake, the close interaction of the tip vortex with a following blade. Such vortex interactions are fundamental determinants of rotor performance, loads, and noise. Yet, they are not completely understood, largely due to the lack of sufficiently comprehensive experimental data. The present study aims to perform such comprehensive measurements, not on hovering helicopter rotors (which hugely magnifies test complexity) but using fixed-wing models in controlled wind tunnel tests. The experiments were designed to measure, in considerable detail, the aerodynamic loading resulting from a vortex interacting with a semi-span wing, as well as the wake resulting from that interaction. The goal of the present study is to answer fundamental questions such as (a) the influence of a vortex passing below a wing on the lift, drag, tip vortex, and the wake of that wing and (b) the strength of the forming tip vortex and its relation to the wing loading and/or the tip loading. This paper presents detailed wing surface pressure measurements that result from the interaction of the wing with an interacting vortex trailing from an upstream wing. The data show large lift distribution changes for a range of wing–vortex interactions including the effects of close encounter with the vortex core. Significant asymmetry in the vortex-induced lift loading was observed, with the increase in wing sectional lift outboard of the interacting vortex (closer to the tip) being much smaller than the corresponding decrease inboard of the vortex.
Bat community structure in an urban park

In summer 1990, we mist-netted bats on 35 net-nights, for 4 h each night, along tributaries of the River Rouge in surburban Detroit, Michigan, USA. The floodplains of these rivers are preserved as parkland. We compared elements of bat community structure in these urbanized park areas to that of rural areas. For the rural data set, we used mist-netting data obtained previously on 53 net-nights in southern Michigan using a similar protocol. Mean number of bats captured per night was lower in urban compared to rural areas (1.3 vs 4.6). Species diversity (Simpson Index) was lower in the city (0.53 vs 0.28) as was species evenness (0.66 vs 0.36). The big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus made up 65% of the catch in rural areas but 83% in the city. The red bat Lasirus borealis represented 18% of all bats in rural areas and 13% in the city. The proportion of sites where the big brown bat was captured was significantly lower in the city (51% vs 74%). The proportion of sites that yielded red bats also declined, from 52% along rural rivers to only 14% in the city. Sex ratio of adult big brown bats did not differ between urban (43% male) and rural (32% male) sites. The ratio of juvenile big brown bats to adult females was significantly lower in the city (1:21 vs 30:77). Our data suggest that urbanization is a threat to insectivorous bat communities and leads to decreased overall abundance, decreased species diversity, and possibly lower reproductive success of those that are present.
The Effect of Several Variables on Cryoprecipitated Factor VIII (AHG) Concentrates

Because of current interest in the new CPD anticoagulant and in acidified platelet-rich plasma for the production of platelet concentrates, the effect of these changes on cryoprecipitation of Factor VIII was investigated. It was found that use of CPD anticoagulant results in Factor VIII concentrates at least as good as those prepared from corresponding ACD plasma. It was also found that cryoprecipitation of Factor VIII is strikingly affected by pH, with the yield being very low at pH 6.0 and rising steadily to a plateau at about pH 6.8, with no further change up to pH 8.0. Acidified plasma can be restored to normal for production of cryoprecipitates by neutralization of the added acid with NaOH. A survey of five possible diluents for the cryoprecipitates showed that normal saline and retained supernatant plasma both function as well as citrated saline; good stability at room temperature was demonstrated for the AHG in all diluents examined.
Moderator Effects of Cognitive and Somatic Trait Anxiety on the Relation Between Life Stress and Physical Injuries

Among the processes thought to mediate relations between life stress and injuries in physical performance settings are physiological arousal and cognitive interference. Such processes are known to occur with greater frequency and intensity in people who are high in dispositional performance anxiety, suggesting that trait anxiety may constitute a vulnerability factor. In an 8-month prospective study of ballet injuries, an adaptation of the multidimensional Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS) was used to measure somatic and cognitive ballet performance anxiety. Relations between recent stressful events, trait anxiety, and subsequent injuries were studied in a professional ballet company. In moderated multiple regression analyses, the Somatic Anxiety, Worry, and Concentration Disruption scales of the SAS all exhibited significant moderator effects, enhancing a positive relation between minor stressors and subsequent injury time loss. Results are consistent with current cognitive-affective models of stress and with the hypothesis that cognitive and somatic trait anxiety both constitute injury vulnerability factors.
Solutions of nuclear pairing

We give the exact solution of orbit dependent nuclear pairing problem between two nondegenerate energy levels using the Bethe ansatz technique. Our solution reduces to previously solved cases in the appropriate limits including Richardson's treatment of reduced pairing in terms of rational Gaudin algebra operators.
Domenico Troili (1766): "The true cause of the fall of a stone in Albereto is a subterranean explosion that hurled the stone skyward"

In mid-July, 1766, a stone fell at Villa Albareto near Modena in northern Italy. A sudden explosion like a cannon shot followed by fierce whistling sounds frightened people over a wide area. Some saw a fiery body falling from the sky; others said it was dark and smoky. The ground shook when the stone plunged into the soil making a hole nearly a meter deep. The Abb Domenico Troili collected eyewitness reports, examined the stone, and reported the presence of marchesita, an old name for pyrite. A century later, this mineral, which proved to be iron sulfide (FeS), was named "troilite" in his honor. Troili's description is unquestionably that of a meteorite fall, and therefore some scientists have argued that it is Troili, rather than Ernst F. F. Chladni, to whom we should give credit as the first person to record the fall of a stone from space. However, Troili, himself, had no such an idea; he wrote that a subterranean explosion had hurled the stone high into the sky from a vent in the Earth. He stoutly defended this explanation against his opponents, including the Bishop of Modena, who believed that the stone had been hurled aloft by a bolt of lightning. Both hypotheses reflect a conviction, held well into the nineteenth century, that any rocky objects that fall from the sky must originate on the Earth or in the atmosphere. In 1794, Chladni calculated that meteors and meteoritic fireballs course down the sky at such extremely high velocities that the bodies forming them must originate in space. He listed all the falls that he found credible in historic records. Partly through his efforts, meteorites had gained widespread acceptance by 1803, but the idea of their origin in space had not. For the next half century many scientists continued to argue that meteorites either consolidate in the upper atmosphere or are ejected by volcanoes on the Moon. Recent efforts to transfer honors from Chladni to Troili for being the first to describe meteorites as bodies falling from space are unwarranted.
Elevated AKR1C3 expression promotes prostate cancer cell survival and prostate cell-mediated endothelial cell tube formation: implications for prostate cancer progressioan

Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C family member 3 (AKR1C3), one of four identified human AKR1C enzymes, catalyzes steroid, prostaglandin, and xenobiotic metabolism. In the prostate, AKR1C3 is up-regulated in localized and advanced prostate adenocarcinoma, and is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) aggressiveness. Here we propose a novel pathological function of AKR1C3 in tumor angiogenesis and its potential role in promoting PCa progression. To recapitulate elevated AKR1C3 expression in cancerous prostate, the human PCa PC-3 cell line was stably transfected with an AKR1C3 expression construct to establish PC3-AKR1C3 transfectants. Microarray and bioinformatics analysis were performed to identify AKR1C3-mediated pathways of activation and their potential biological consequences in PC-3 cells. Western blot analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and an in vitro Matrigel angiogenesis assays were applied to validate the pro-angiogenic activity of PC3-AKR1C3 transfectants identified by bioinformatics analysis. Microarray and bioinformatics analysis suggested that overexpression of AKR1C3 in PC-3 cells modulates estrogen and androgen metabolism, activates insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and Akt signaling pathways, as well as promotes tumor angiogenesis and aggressiveness. Levels of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and Akt activation as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and secretion were significantly elevated in PC3-AKR1C3 transfectants in comparison to PC3-mock transfectants. PC3-AKR1C3 transfectants also promoted endothelial cell (EC) tube formation on Matrigel as compared to the AKR1C3-negative parental PC-3 cells and PC3-mock transfectants. Pre-treatment of PC3-AKR1C3 transfectants with a selective IGF-1R kinase inhibitor (AG1024) or a non-selective phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) abolished ability of the cells to promote EC tube formation. Bioinformatics analysis followed by functional genomics demonstrated that AKR1C3 overexpression promotes angiogenesis and aggressiveness of PC-3 cells. These results also suggest that AKR1C3-mediated tumor angiogenesis is regulated by estrogen and androgen metabolism with subsequent IGF-1R and Akt activation followed by VEGF expression in PCa cells.
Determination of three-dimensional imaging properties of a light microscope system. Partial confocal behavior in epifluorescence microscopy

We have determined the three-dimensional image-forming properties of an epifluorescence microscope for use in obtaining very high resolution three-dimensional images of biological structures by image processing methods. Three-dimensional microscopic data is collected as a series of two-dimensional images recorded at different focal planes. Each of these images contains not only in-focus information from the region around the focal plane, but also out-of-focus contributions from the remainder of the specimen. Once the imaging properties of the microscope system are characterized, powerful image processing methods can be utilized to remove the out-of-focus information and to correct for image distortions. Although theoretical calculations for the behavior of an aberration-free microscope system are available, the properties of real lenses under the conditions used for biological observation are often far from an ideal. For this reason, we have directly determined the image-forming properties of an epifluorescence microscope under conditions relevant to biological observations. Through-focus series of a point object (fluorescently-coated microspheres) were recorded on a charge-coupled device image detector. From these images, the three-dimensional point spread function and its Fourier transform, the optical transfer function, were derived. There were significant differences between the experimental results and the theoretical models which have important implications for image processing. The discrepancies can be explained by imperfections of the microscope system, nonideal observation conditions, and partial confocal effects found to occur with epifluorescence illumination. Understanding the optical behavior of the microscope system has indicated how to optimize specimen preparation, data collection, and processing protocols to obtain significantly improved images.
Approach to enhance deuterium incorporation for improved hot carrier reliability in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices

The deuterium isotope effect has been widely demonstrated to improve hot-carrier reliability in metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors. Most of the interface traps, however, may have been passivated by hydrogen before the final deuterium anneal due to the ubiquitous presence of hydrogen in modern complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processing technology. Therefore, effective deuteration requires both deuterium diffusion to the SiO2–Si interface and displacement of the previously bonded hydrogen. We have introduced a “prestress” process in which hydrogen is depassivated before deuterium annealing. We found that the prestressed transistors are more robust to hot-carrier stress than control transistors without the prestress. We have also found that the replacement of hydrogen with deuterium is the rate-limiting step for deuterium incorporation at the SiO2–Si interface. With the prestress, a lower deuterium annealing temperature can be applied without compromising the reliability improvement.
It's Always Something...

As Roseanne Rosannadanna used to say on Saturday Night Live to questions from Mr. Richard Feder of Fort Lee, New Jersey, “Well, Jane, it just goes to show you, it's always something—if it ain't one thing, it's another.” Magnets have been associated with pacemaker and implantable cardioverter/
Spin coating behavior of polyimide precursor solutions

Experimmental data confirm the utility of the following simple equation in predicting the spin coating behavior of polyimide precursor solutions: h=cβ 0 k β1 w β2 t β3 (1) in which c=polymer solution solids weight fraction; β i =fitted coefficient (Greek letter beta); h=film thickness after cure or solvent removal; k=polymer solution kinematic viscosity, centistokes; t=time, and: ω=wafer spin speed, rpm (Greek letter omega)
Survival in the Concentration Camp

That factors are significant for the physical and psychological survival of the individual in extreme situations?
Modeling of HgCdTe photodetectors in the LWIR region

We have developed a computer program that simulates the electrical characteristics of a p+ − n HgCdTe photodetector. Using solutions to the Poisson and Continuity equations we investigate low temperature behavior to determine optimum working conditions to enhance detectivity. Our model considers complete Fermi — Dirac statistics, major recombination mechanisms, band to band tunneling, trap assisted tunneling and impact ionization. Device performance was analyzed as a function of doping and temperature. Simulations show detectivity > 1011 Jones at 77 K for Hg 0.78 Cd 0.22 Te.
An Augmented Reality System For Expanding Abnormalities of Standardized Patients

Standardized patients (SPs), individuals who realistically portray patients, are widely used in medical education to teach and assess students' skill in communicating with patient, eliciting a history, performing a physical exam, and others. They are typically healthy individuals with few or no abnormal physical findings. One limitation is that each SP can only portray a limited set of physical symptoms. We have developed a functioning prototype that uses sound -based augmented reality (AR) to expand the capabilities of an SP to exhibit physically -manifested abnormalities. Our current research using augmented reality technology allows the learner to view an abnormal virtual 3D heart on a normal SP's body in our simulated echocardiogram. I. Int roduction To become clinically competent physicians, medical students must develop knowledge and skills in many areas of both the art and science of medicine. Three areas are emphasized in medical students' early clinical training: communicating with a pa tient, eliciting the history, and performing the physical exam. Standardized patients (SPs), individuals trained to realistically portray patients, are commonly used to teach and assess medical students in those three areas. Working with SPs provides stud ents the opportunity to learn these and other clinical skills in a safe setting. SPs also provide a way to reliably test students' clinical skills in a realistic setting, interacting with a person. The range of clinical problems that an SP can portray, how ever, is limited. They are typically healthy individuals with few or no abnormal physical findings. While some can be trained to simulate physical abnormalities (e.g., breathing through one lung, voluntarily increasing blood pressure, etc.), there are many abnormalities that they cannot simulate. The previous phase of this research involves simulating abnormal sounds in an SP, thus expanding the breadth of sounds that can be heard in an SP. A learner will listen to an SP's heart and lungs through a modified electric stethoscope and hear pre -recorded sounds rather than the SP's. This work has been documented in paper (1) and (2). Current research for expanding abnormal SP symptoms focus on simulating unhealthy medical images. So far, we have created an augmen ted reality system for registering a simulated medical image on the human body (SP). This system allows the learner to view various virtual 3D organs based on their corresponding locations. Different views of a 3D organ are generated by the movement of lea rner's head and position of learner with regard to the SP.
Use of the Stanford Binet fourth edition in identifying young gifted children

Due to its recent availability, little has been published regarding use of the Stanford Binet Fourth Edition. This fourth edition contains significant changes from the Stanford Binet L‐M. This article describes the comparaitive impact of the two editions on the Identification of children for a university affiliated preschool for the gifted. Results suggested that the fourth edition test composite identifies fewer preschool age children as scoring in the gifted range than does the L‐M when the criterion is set at 1.5 standard deviations above the mean. However, use of a partial composite derived from Verbal Reasoning and Short Term Memory subtests, combined with a screening procedure, offers a viable alternative to the test composite of the fourth edition and can contribute to a total assessment battery. Informal observations are also provided concerning administration of the fourth edition to young children.
Using self‐directed learning communities to bridge the digital divide

The “digital divide” is the gap between those who have access to new information tech-nologies, the information “haves”, and those who do not have access, the information“have-nots.” The digital divide and digital equity are sometimes used interchangeably,but a clear deﬁnition ofdigital equity describes its rel ationship to education. “Digi-tal equity in education means ensuring that every student has equitable access toadvanced technologies, communication and information resources, and the learningexperiences they provide. Digital equity also means that all learners have opportunitiesto develop the means and capacity to be full participants in the digital age, includingbeing designers and producers of current and future technologies and communicationand information resources (Solomon