cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleic acids and mutability.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the nucleic acids and mutability analysis. This chapter is limited to the mutabilities of chromosomal, episomal, and viral nucleic acids. Many studies have made it clear that the presently known structures of nucleic acids and proteins give little or no information about mutability itself, for they are the end result of mutability and of complex phenomena of recombination and natural selection. Ingenious studies, at the molecular level, reveal that some mutations are not acceptable to the organism, because of the requirements of primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of proteins (especially those with enzymatic activities). Thus, most mutations are not registered at all, a few others are overemphasized and the mutability spectrum, as such, is not depicted correctly. Since mutations primarily affect nucleic acids, one can propose their detection, by direct detection of the changes in nucleic acids, regardless of whether these changes later result in detectable changes in phenotype in general and in proteins in particular. This approach appears sound, but, thus, far is experimentally feasible only in a very limited number of cases. The easiest way to detect mutations is still by the change in phenotype produced. This, however, often results in a great distortion of both qualitative and quantitative aspects of mutations that originally occurred. Mutability itself is subject to natural selection, and several mechanisms have been suggested for the maintenance of mutabilities at constant levels.
An introduction to "9/11: ten years later".

The American Psychologist special issue on "9/11: Ten Years Later" takes a retrospective look at the psychological impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The first half of the issue specifically considers the immediate and intermediate effects of both direct and indirect exposure to the 9/11 attacks across the United States. The second half of the issue addresses a closely related topic: What have we learned and what do we still need to know as a field and as a country regarding terrorism more generally? (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Effects of sweetened ethanol solutions on ethanol self-administration and blood ethanol levels

The enhancement of voluntary self-administration of ethanol by sucrose or saccharin was tested in conjunction with measurements of blood ethanol levels. Adult male rats were given access to both tap water and one of five solutions: 0.125% saccharin, 10% sucrose, ethanol, saccharin+ethanol, or sucrose+ethanol. The rats receiving the sucrose+ethanol solution drank consistently more ethanol (>5 g/kg/day) than did the rats receiving the saccharin+ethanol solution (<3 g/kg/day) or ethanol only (<2 g/kg/day). Both sweetened solutions produced higher ethanol consumption during these periods than ethanol alone. However, no significant differences in blood ethanol levels were found between the sucrose+ethanol and saccharin+ethanol conditions, when tested at different intervals on Day 44 or Day 45 of ethanol consumption. Following 45 days of consumption, no change in the bicuculline seizure threshold was observed in the ethanol-consuming rats compared to the controls. In a separate study using 90 naive rats, rats were gavaged with ethanol (1, 2, or 3 g/kg) containing either 10% sucrose (n=10 for each dose of ethanol), 0.125% saccharin (n=10 for each dose of ethanol), or ethanol alone (n=10 for each dose of ethanol), and blood was collected from the tip of the tail 30, 60, 180, 300, and 540 min later and analyzed for ethanol concentrations. Sucrose significantly decreased the resultant blood ethanol levels at several time points following gavage. These results indicate that sucrose can significantly alter blood ethanol levels and that chronic self-administration of a sweetened ethanol solution for 6 weeks does not produce ethanol dependence.
Fatigue fracture at copper bicrystal interfaces: fractography

Abstract The fracture surfaces of intergranular cracks in copper bicrystals with different misorientations, subjected to different mechanical pretreatments and cracking directions, were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dislocation structures present before the crack formed and propagated were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that they could be either loop patches and persistent slip bands (PSB’s) (single slip) or maze and cell structures (multiple slip) depending on the misorientation and the pretreatment. The results showed that these structures influenced the shape of the crack front, which could be aligned close to specific crystallographic directions or straight depending on the prior structure. The crack propagation direction also influenced the morphology of the crack front, macroscopically and microscopically, due to differences in the multiplicity of slip. These results suggest that, for a ductile metal, the fatigue cracking behavior depends mostly on hardening and overall dislocation structure, even when the crack is propagating intergranularly.
Patient and provider attitudes toward genomic testing for prostate cancer susceptibility: a mixed method study

Background: The strong association between family history and prostate cancer (PCa) suggests a significant genetic contribution, yet specific highly penetrant PCa susceptibility genes have not been identified. Certain single-nucleotide-polymorphisms have been found to correlate with PCa risk; however uncertainty remains regarding their clinical utility and how to best incorporate this information into clinical decision-making. Genetic testing is available directly to consumers and both patients and healthcare providers are becoming more aware of this technology. Purchasing online allows patients to bypass their healthcare provider yet patients may have difficulty interpreting test results and providers may be called upon to interpret results. Determining optimal ways to educate both patients and providers, and strategies for appropriately incorporating this information into clinical decision-making are needed. Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted in Utah between October 2011 and December 2011. Eleven focus group discussions were held and surveys were administered to 23 first-degree relatives of PCa patients living in Utah and 24 primary-care physicians and urologists practicing in Utah to present specific information about these assessments and determine knowledge and attitudes regarding health implications of using these assessments. Results: Data was independently coded by two researchers (relative Kappa = .88; provider Kappa = .77) and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Results indicated differences in attitudes and behavioral intentions between patient and provider. Despite the test’s limitations relatives indicated interest in genetic testing (52%) while most providers indicated they would not recommend the test for their patients (79%). Relatives expected providers to interpret genetic test results and use results to provide personalized healthcare recommendations while the majority of providers did not think the information would be useful in patient care (92%) and indicated low-levels of genetic self-efficacy.
Particle-method solution of two-dimensional convection-diffusion equations

Abstract We present a new method for solving two-dimensional convection-dominated convection-diffusion equations containing spatially and temporally localized source terms. The method uses grid-free transport: particles which carry point values of the concentration gradient move by convection and undergo random-walk to simulate diffusion. No numerical diffusion is introduced. Equations for the evolution of the gradient values are solved. The concentration is recovered from the particle data by solving Poisson equations. The method is applied to problems in rotational and elongational flow fields. Numerical results demonstrating convergence of the method are presented.
Disparities in Health Care by Race, Ethnicity, and Language Among the Insured:Findings From a National Sample

BACKGROUND: Racial and ethnic disparities in health care have been well documented, but poorly explained. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of access barriers, including English fluency, on racial and ethnic disparities in health care. RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of the Community Tracking Survey (1996 –1997). SUBJECTS: Adults 18 to 64 years with private or Medicaid health insurance. MEASURES: Independent variables included race, ethnicity, and English fluency. Dependent variables included having had a physician or mental health visit, influenza vaccination, or mammogram during the past year. RESULTS: The health care use pattern for English-speaking Hispanic patients was not significantly different than for non-Hispanic white patients in the crude or multivariate models. In contrast, Spanish-speaking Hispanic patients were significantly less likely than non-Hispanic white patients to have had a physician visit (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.72– 0.83), mental health visit (RR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32–0.76), or influenza vaccination (RR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.15– 0.52). After adjustment for predisposing,need, and enabling factors, Spanish-speaking Hispanic patients showed significantly lower use than non-Hispanic white patients across all four measures. Black patients had a significantly lower crude relative risk of having received an influenza vaccination(RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58–0.87). Adjustment for additional factors had little impact on this effect, but resulted in black patients being significantly less likely than non-Hispanic white patients to have had a visit with a mental health professional (RR, 0.46; 95% CI,0.37– 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: Among insured nonelderly adults, there are appreciable disparities in health-care use by race and Hispanic ethnicity. Ethnic disparities in care are largely explained by differences in English fluency, but racial disparities in care are not explained by commonly used access factors.
Photochemical cross-linking of proteins with visible-light-absorbing 1,8-naphthalamides

We have newly synthesized a class of photochemical 1,8-naphthalimide dyes. Photochemical investigation strongly suggests that these dyes function as photoalkylation agents following activation to an intermediate state by visible light (circa 420 nm) excitation. The activated species reacts readily with nucleophilic amino acid residues, e.g., tryptophan, cysteine, and methionine. One dye, 1,14-bis-(N-hexyl-3'-bromo-1,8'-naphthalimid-4'-yl)-1,4,11,14- tetraazatetradecane-5,10-dione, which incorporates two reactive 1,8-naphthalimide groups at each end of an intervening structural bridge has been used to cross-link the protein monomers of F-actin, thus preventing its natural depolymerization at low salt concentrations, and to cross-link Apolipoprotein I of human high-density lipoprotein. These observations suggest continued study of these dyes as agents for protein cross-linking, tissue bonding, and inactivation of infectious agents.
Growth parameters in mid-trimester fetal Turner syndrome

Growth failure is a consistent finding at birth in infants with Turner syndrome. However, the time of onset and pattern of growth deficiency is unknown. To determine the presence of growth failure in the second trimester in fetuses with Turner syndrome, second trimester fetuses that had a complete autopsy at the Central Laboratory for Human Embryology at the University of Washington were studied. A control group of specimens with normal findings was selected and compared with a study group with Turner syndrome documented by karyotype. Footlength and crown-rump length were measured directly with a ruler and femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna and radius were measured from X-rays. Crown-rump length was used as the indicator of gestational age. Statistical comparisons between the normal and study groups were performed by multiple regression. Long bone measurements were made on 105 normal and 13 Turner fetuses. Footlength and the six long bones showed evidence of statistically significant growth failure. Fetuses with 45,X/46,XX mosaic Turner syndrome may demonstrate a lesser degree of growth retardation, at least for footlength, than those with a 45,X karyotype, but small numbers limited the analysis. We conclude that the growth failure consistently demonstrated in newborns with Turner syndrome begins early in gestation and is well-established by mid-pregnancy.
Immunogenicity of malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate, y230.CA14 following crosslinking in the presence of tetanus toxoid

Proteolytically processed 310 kDa form of Plasmodium falciparum gamete surface antigen, Pfs230, is the target of malaria transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies. To design a recombinant malaria transmission-blocking subunit vaccine, the amino terminus of the 310 kDa surface-exposed form of Pfs230 was mapped to amino acids (aa) 522 and 584 using a series of peptides and recombinant proteins encoding distinct regions of Pfs230. Antiserum generated against an Escherichia coli-produced recombinant protein, spanning the Pfs230 processing site and extending into the cysteine domains, r230/MBP.C (aa 443-1132), reduced parasite infectivity by 71.2-89.8%. To determine if the region spanning the cleavage site blocked malaria transmission when produced as a secreted protein by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, y230.CA14 (aa 467-584) was generated, purified, emulsified in adjuvant and used to vaccinate mice. In contrast to E. coli-produced r230/MBP.C, the immune response generated against y230. CA14 was very weak. To enhance the response, y230.CA14 was mixed with tetanus toxoid, chemically crosslinked, repurifed, and its immunogenicty compared with unconjugated y230.CA14. Conjugated-y230. CA14/TT required fewer booster injections to induce an immune response against Pfs230 and the antibodies generated reacted with the surface of intact gametes and immunoprecipitated radiolabelled Pfs230 extracted from 125I surface-labelled gametes to a greater extent. After seven injections, all y230.CA14 vaccinated mice developed anti-Pfs230 antibodies and the isotype profile was the same. In addition to enhancing the initial immune response generated against y230.CA14, conjugation focuses the immune response toward epitopes within the region of Pfs230 present on the surface of the gamete.
The right picture is worth a thousand numbers: data displays in anesthesia.

Objective: To review the literature on data displays in anesthesia identifying issues and developing design recommendations. Background: Unexpected incidents are common in critical care medicine. A...
Sequential metabolic events during encystment of Azobacter vinelandii.

Cells of Azotobacter vinelandii are specifically induced to encyst by β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). The process of differentiation, which occurs over a period of 36 h, was characterized by an ordered sequence of biochemical events. Upon initiation of encystment, nitrogen fixation and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities decreased immediately to very low levels. This was followed by an increase in the specific activities of BHB dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and malate synthase first at 3 h and then again at 21 h. The peak activity of fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase occurred at 6 h, and the enzyme activity then decreased gradually. Fructose 1,6-diphosphatase had peak activities at 9 and 27 h. Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis ceased just prior to the final cell division at 4 to 6 h, but ribonucleic acid synthesis continued until the 12th h. From labeling studies and the appearance of new enzyme activities, it appeared that protein synthesis continued throughout encystment.
Examining the Enactment of Web GIS on Students' Geospatial Thinking and Reasoning and Tectonics Understandings

Geospatially enabled learning technologies may enhance Earth science learning by placing emphasis on geographic space, visualization, scale, representation, and geospatial thinking and reasoning (GTR) skills. This study examined if and how a series of Web geographic information system investigations that the researchers developed improved urban middle-school learners’ GTR skills and their understanding of tectonics concepts. Paired-sample t tests for analyses of tectonics content knowledge and GTR achievement measures revealed statistically significant gains from pretest to posttest (p <.001) with large effect sizes. The findings provide support that GTR related to tectonics can be learned with appropriately designed learning activities using Web-based geographic information systems.
Monte Carlo Simulation

The sections in this article are 1 Probability Models for Lifetimes 2 Random Lifetime Generation 3 Order Statistic Generation 4 Accelerated Life and Proportional Hazards Models 5 Generating a Nonhomogeneous Poisson Process 6 List of Symbols
VICARIOUS TRAUMA The Effects on Female Counselors of Working with Sexual Violence Survivors

The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effects on counselors of working with sexual violence survivors. Members of a women psychologists' organization and a group of sexual violence co...
A direct imaging study to search for and to characterize planetary mass companions

We present preliminary results from two parallel programs to search for new substellar companions to nearby, young M-stars and to characterize the atmospheres of known planetary mass and temperature substellar companions. For the M-star survey, we are analyzing high angular resolution archival data on systems within 15pc, complementing a subset with well-determined young ages based on measurements of several age indicators. The results include stellar and substellar companion candidates, which we are currently pursuing with follow-up second epoch images. The characterization component of the project involves using LBT LMIRCam and MMT ARIES direct imaging and spectroscopy data to investigate the atmospheres of known young substellar companions with masses overlapping the planetary regime. These atmospheric studies will represent an analogous comparison to the atmospheres of young imaged planets, and provide a means to fundamentally test evolutionary models, enhancing our understanding of the overall substellar population.
Development of Autoimmune Diabetes in the Absence of Detectable IL-17A in a CD8-Driven Virally Induced Model

Recent studies have shown that IL-17 can contribute beneficially to pathogen defense but also that excessive IL-17 levels are associated with chronic inflammation and autoimmune disorders. To date, the role of IL-17 in viral infections and type 1 diabetes is ambiguous. In this study, we used IL-17A enhanced green fluorescent protein bicistronic reporter mouse strains to analyze in situ production of IL-17A. Upon Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial infection, CD4(+) and γδ T cells produce IL-17A. In contrast, CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells do not produce IL-17A in response to acute or protracted viral infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or during autoimmune diabetes development in the CD8-driven lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced model of type 1 diabetes. We conclude that viral elimination and type 1 diabetes can occur in the absence of detectable IL-17A production, suggesting IL-17A is not essential in these settings.
TOGA, a prototype for an optimal orbiting GNSS-R instrument

Remotely sensing the Earth's surface using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signals as bi-static radar sources is one of the most challenging applications for radiometric instrument design. As part of NASA's Instrument Incubator Program, our group at JPL is building a prototype instrument, TOGA (Time-shifted, Orthometric, GNSS Array), to address a variety of GNSS science needs. Observing GNSS reflections is major focus of the design/development effort. The TOGA design features an electronically steered antenna (ESA) array which forms simultaneous high-gain beams in multiple directions. Multiple FPGAs provide flexible digital signal processing logic to process both GPS and Galileo reflections. A Linux operating system based science processor serves as experiment scheduler and data post-processor. This paper outlines the TOGA design approach as it applies specifically to observing science quality GNSS-R signals from low Earth orbit.
A4-2: Complex VDW Queries - So Easy, a PI Can Do It

Background/Aims GHRI has created a SAS program that takes all of its input from a configuration file. The configuration file is nothing more than a text file, formatted to easily convey the datasets, variables, and criteria necessary for data extraction.
Pantothenic Acid Content of Pollen.

SummaryPollen samples have been assayed for pantothenic acid and found to contain an average of 30.3 pg per μg on a dry basis. There is evidence that the pantothenic acid content of pollen varies with different plant species.
Biomimetic hydrogen generation catalyzed by triironnonacarbonyl disulfide cluster

Triironnonacarbonyl disulfide cluster, a stable and synthetic precursor for active site models of [Fe-Fe] hydrogenase enzyme, has been evaluated as catalyst for the electrochemical generation of hydrogen by cyclic voltammetry. In the presence of acetic acid, Fe3S2(CO)9 catalyzes the reduction of proton to hydrogen at -2.24 V (vs. Fc/Fc+) with an overpotential of -0.78 V (acetonitrile as solvent). The overpotential is comparable to those reported for diironcarbonyl models of [Fe-Fe] hydrogenase.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of phenotype: unwinding and rewinding the nucleosome.

Chromatin “remodeling” is widely accepted as the mechanism that permits access to DNA by the transcription machinery. To date, however, there has been no experimental measurement of the changes in the kinetics and thermodynamics of the DNA–histone octamer association that are required to remodel chromatin so that transcription may occur. Here, we present the results of optical tweezer measurements that compare the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of nucleosomes composed of unmodified histones with those of nucleosomes that contain a mutant histone H4 (H4-R45H), which has been shown to allow SWI/SNF remodeling factor-independent transcription from the yeast HO promoter in vivo. Our measurements, carried out in a force-clamp mode, determine the force-dependent unwinding and rewinding rates of the nucleosome inner turn. At each force studied, nucleosomes containing H4-R45H unwind more rapidly and rewind more slowly than nucleosomes containing unmodified H4, indicating that the latter are the more stable. Extrapolation to forces at which the winding and unwinding rates are equal determines the absolute free energy of the nucleosome inner turn to be − 32kBT for nucleosomes containing unmodified H4 and − 27kBT for nucleosomes containing H4-R45H. Thus, the “loosening” or “remodeling” caused by this point mutation, which is demonstrated to be sufficient to allow transcriptional machinery access to the HO promoter (in the absence of other remodeling factors), is 5kBT. The correlation between the free energy of the nucleosome inner turn and the sin (SWI/SNF-independent) transcription suggests that, beyond partial unwinding, complete histone unwinding may play a role in transcriptional activation.
Silk fibroin-based active optofluidics

The ancient silk fiber finds resurgence in a new paradigm of highly functional optofluidic devices embodied by an active oxygenation sensor comprising a hemoglobin infused cast silk integrated diffraction grating for spectral analysis.
Image noise properties in circular sinusoid cone-beam CT

Recently, a reduced circular sinusoid scan was proposed in which data are collected only over an open portion of the full circular sinusoid trajectory. In general, for reconstructing the same ROI image, the reduced-scan approach uses less cone-beam data than what required for a full circular sinusoid scan. It is of practical significance to investigate and evaluate the numerical and noise properties of the image reconstruction for reduced circular sinusoid trajectories. In this work, we carry out studies on the noise properties in images for full and reduced circular sinusoid trajectories reconstructed by use of the recently developed full- scan and reduced-scan FBP algorithms. It can be observed that the spatially dependent weighting factors in the FBP algorithms can lead to non-uniform image variances.
Scene change detection using adaptive threshold and sub-macroblock images in compressed seqeunces

Content-based indexing and retrieval of video have a great role in many applications, and scene change detection plays an essential role in these tasks. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm for sudden and gradual scene change detection in MPEG video in faster than real-time. First, we use the number of bi-directional predicted macroblocks (bi-MBs) within a B frame and their mean to define an adaptive threshold to identify abrupt scene changes. Then, a selected frame consisting of MBs is divided into several sub-MB images to detect gradual scene changes, such as dissolves and fades. This algorithm can be applied to any type of MPEG sequence. Experimental results show that this algorithm is fast and robust to detect most abrupt and gradual scene changes in compressed sequences. This method can be used as pre-processing for indexing and retrieval.
Iron Absorption Prediction Equations Lack Agreement and Underestimate Iron Absorption

A number of algorithms have been developed to predict the bioavailability of iron from mixed meals and diets, but their direct validity in predicting change in iron status remains questionable. Throughout the course of conducting a large feeding trial in 10 convents in Manila, we collected weighed food intake data (n = 317) and directly compared the performance of these prediction equations to each other and to the change in serum ferritin (SF). Dietary weighed food intakes were measured on d 3 every 2 wk for each woman and iron status determined at baseline, 4.5 mo, and 9 mo. The Monsen and Balintfy equation predicted higher median absorption efficiency (7.3%) than did the equations of Hallberg and Hulthen (6.1%) and Reddy et al. (5.8%). In contrast, the predictions that used the equations of Bhargava et al. (3.8%), Tseng et al. (2.9%), and Du et al. (2.6%) were significantly lower. The iron absorption efficiencies calculated using the Monsen and Balintfy equation correlated with those using the Hallberg and Hulthen equation (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). This slope did not differ from unity, whereas all other equations underestimated iron absorption efficiency relative to Monsen and Balintfy's equation. The median efficiency of absorption, based on change in SF in 114 subjects, was 17.2%, suggesting that these equations underestimate iron absorption. The inhibitory and enhancing factors in the published prediction equations were quantitatively either too large or perhaps too small to correctly predict apparent iron bioavailability over a 9-mo period. The causes of the lack of agreement between change in iron status estimated by SF change and absorption predicted by algorithms are open to discussion and will need to be resolved.
Convergence of vortex methods for weak solutions to the 2-D euler equations with vortex sheet data

We prove the convergence of vortex blob methods to classical weak solutions for the twodimensional incompressible Euler equations with initial data satisfying the conditions that the vorticity is a finite Radon measure of distinguished sign and the kinetic energy is locally bounded. This includes the important example of vortex sheets. The result is valid as long as the computational grid
Physical Activity and Minority Women: A Qualitative Study

Few physical activity research studies have been conducted with minority women. The purpose of this study was to explore patterns of physical activity among minority women. Focus groups were conducted with volunteers older than age 40. Each group was led by a trained moderator familiar with the ethnic community targeted. The sessions were audiotaped and professionally transcribed. Constructs were researched and codes were developed. Data were analyzed using NUD*IST qualitative analysis program. While participants did not identify themselves as "exercisers," they indicated they got enough physical activity from caregiving, housekeeping, and workday activities. The most common environmental barriers to becoming more physically active included safety, availability, and cost. Personal barriers included lack of time, health concerns, and lack of motivation. Results indicate the importance of terminology and assessment when conducting physical activity research in these populations. Also, results suggest many barriers are changeable with policies and interventions.
Codespells: how to design quests to teach java concepts

Serious games are a good approach to teaching computer science [7]. But there are still complications that arise, for example, no access to an instructor. This paper presents a study conducted using CodeSpells, a 3D immersive video game that aims to teach novice programmers basic Java concepts [3]. This paper specifically addresses the design of the quests in CodeSpells that provide scaffolding to support students in learning. The study analyzed how 16 students aged 8--12 understood and modified basic Java programs to complete quests. Based on game-play from an exploratory study, quests were added to engage students earlier and in more complex code edits. Both student understanding of programming and their comfort with modifying code was studied. This paper presents findings and lessons learned in quest design, and shows that quest design should set the expectation for students to engage with the code, not just use the code.
Individual differences in the use of CD ROM databases

Individual differences in the use of technology, and computer-based systems in particular, have been studied by many researchers. The literature has seen contributions from the fields of computer science, communication, psychology, management information science and library & information science. Most of the work in the Information Retrieval (IR) area has, however, been related to the online database systems. Some have studied the effect of different training methods on users with varying cognitive traits, varying experiences, etc. On the other hand, complexity of use of different systems and system interfaces has been the focus of some studies. The proposed research would explore the effect of individual differences on performance of novice users of a new technology, i.e., CD ROM database systems, which are gaining popularity in academic libraries and elsewhere. In addition to extending the outcomes of previous findings, the proposed research would attempt to isolate variables that contribute to individual differences, by studying them in greater detail. The need to introduce variables hitherto ignored in IR context would also be examined.
Erratum to: Obesity and Cancer: Concepts and Challenges

Erratum to Indian J Surg Oncol DOI 10.1007/s13193-015-0483-z The published online version contains mistake on the corresponding author’s family name. The correct family name should be Argolo, not Argol. The corrected family name is shown in the author group (above) and affiliation section (below).
A bim-based educational gaming prototype for undergraduate research and education in design for sustainable aging

This paper discusses an educational gaming prototype developed with building information modeling (BIM) inputs that aims to facilitate undergraduate education and research in the subject of design for sustainable aging. Motivated by the steadily growing market demands for senior housing in conjunction of academic goals in graphical communication and building codes education, experiments have been conducted in an undergraduate construction management curriculum seeking for innovative pedagogical approaches. The integration of BIM and game engine creates a meaningful learning environment and research framework that features with enriched visualization and interaction wherein students can explore design criteria and code compliance requirements of senior-friendly housing design via task-driven gaming simulation. This paper introduces the theoretic framework, the design approach, and the developed prototype with use case demonstrations. Initial assessment and user feedback are discussed for further improvement on the developed prototype.
Earth Computing

Following up on the seminal work of late 1990s/early 2000's Silicon Valley theory collective "C5 Corporation", Stalbaum will discuss a a number of legacy projects that speculated on the literal return of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data to the actual landscapes from which that data was derived, in order to produce new kinds of co-agency between big data and human experience as performance art "in the wild". Under the banner of "Earth Computing", the walkingtools.net laboratory (UNIFESP/UCSD) is exploring how today similar data may return to that landscape in an even more literal way: through distributed computing and the property of "data locality" inherent in contemporary compute platforms such as Hadoop. Indeed, not only through data locality, but through solar power and the literal placement of compute power in the landscape itself, all as a way to explore new options for land art and performance art. Brett Stalbaum is an Associate Teaching Professor in the Department of Visual Arts at the University of California, San Diego where he coordinates computing related courses of study (majors) and teaches computer programming and the histories of computing in media art. Stalbaum is a founding member of the Electronic Disturbance Theater (1997), which is known for its activist projects such as FloodNet and the Transborder Immigrant Tool. In 2013 he released the Gun Geo Marker Android app, a pro gun rights gesture that nevertheless confused and outraged radical right-wing gun locos in the United States. (Which is not hard to do.) Currently he is working on the concept of "Earth Computing" in the bi-national UNIFESP/UCSD Walkingtools.net laboratory (with co-PI Cicero Silva.).
Volar plate arthroplasty of the thumb interphalangeal joint.

Fracture-dislocations of the interphalangeal (IP) joint of the thumb are uncommon injuries. As with most intraarticular fractures, obtaining a stable and congruous reduction is important. Unless a congruous reduction is obtained and maintained, a stiff, painful joint may develop and may predispose to posttraumatic arthrosis. The treatment of digital fracture-dislocations is dependent on the size and degree of comminution of the intraarticular fragments. For small intraarticular fragments involving less than 25-40% of the articular surface, a stable closed reduction is usually possible2. With greater involvement of the articular surface, the treatment depends on the degree of comminution of the intraarticular fragment. For a single, large non-comminuted fragment, open reduction and internal fixation may be possible. If the large intraarticular fragment is comminuted, internal fixation may not be technically feasible. In this case, the treatment options are less clear. One option would be temporary pinning in a reduced position followed by early motion. Other options include mobile or immobile external fixation devices. Primary arthrodesis could be considered as a last resort. In 1971 Eaton3 described a soft tissue arthroplasty for unstable dorsal fracture-dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint. In his procedure, the joint was approached volarly, the comminuted intraarticular fragments at the volar base of the middle phalanx were debrided, the joint was reduced, and the fibrocartilaginous volar plate was advanced into the volar defect in the articular surface of the middle phalanx. In 1980 Eaton and Malerich2 reported a long term follow-up study of 24 patients with volar plate advancement arthroplasties of the proximal interphalangeal joint. Their results were impressive with greater average range of motion (ROM) obtained when the procedure was done primarily (95°) than when done as a late reconstruction (78°). Other authors4 have also obtained good results with this technique. In an attempt to provide a stable, congruous reduction and to maintain mobility in fracture-dislocations of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb, Eaton's technique of volar plate arthroplasty was utilized. This report describes two cases of this injury and treatment, one pimary and one chronic, both with favorable results.
Biological effect of oral administration of isonicotinic acid in mice.

The biological effect of isonicotinic acid (IA) was studied by oral administration as 0.1% and 0.5% solutions in Swiss mice and 0.5% solutions in AKR and C3H mice in the drinking water for their life span. The consumption of chemical was without any apparent carcinogenic action in the experimental animals. Nevertheless, in the IA-treated C3H female mice, life expansion, decreased incidence of breast adenocarcinomas, and prolongation of their latent periods were observed when compared with the corresponding controls. In view of the fact that IA is one of the in vivo metabolic products of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), which was found to be concomitantly a tumor inducer and inhibitor, the possible mode of action of these chemicals are discussed in the light of the present results.
Time-space distribution of vertical seal in Shurennouer Fault and its relation with oilgas accumulation

The vertical seal mechanism,influencing factors and active history of Shurennouer Fault were studied.The time-space distribution of vertical seal in Shurennouer Fault was analyzed,according to the fault plane pressure and mudstone content of fault zone.The results show that the vertical seal of Shurennouer Fault formed in the southwest section from 830 meter to 1800 meter in depth and in the northeast section from 640 meter to 1580 meter in depth.The vertical sealing property of the K_1d_2 formation in the northeast section of shurennouer Fault is bad,and that of the K_1d_1 formation and the K_1d_2 formation in the southwest section of Shurnnouer Fault are good. The K_1n_2 formation in the southern part of I 340-line is badly sealed,and the formations in the other parts are sealed well.The K_1n_1 formation of Shurennouer Fault from I 360-line to I 420-line and in the western part of X848-line are well sealed,and the formations in the other parts are badly sealed.The relationship between time-space distribution of vertical seal in Shurennouer Fault and oil-gas accumulation as well as the expulsion hydrocarbon history of source rock shows that Shurennouer Fault plays following two roles for oilgas accumulation.The vertical distribution difference of vertical seal in Shurennouer Fault determined the distribution difference of oil-gas accumulation in the horizon.The plane-time distribution difference of vertical seal in Shurennouer Fault determined the distribution difference of oil-gas accumulation along Shurennouer Fault.
Caring for older patients with high blood pressure.

Hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is common in older patients. Optimal selection of antihypertensive therapy in the elderly requires consideration of the unique risks, physiology and concomitant illnesses in this age group. Since the U.S. population is aging rapidly, appropriate management of hypertension in older patients is likely to remain an important concern.
Query-focused Supervised Sentence Ranking for Update Summaries.

We present a supervised sentence ranking approach for use in extractive update summarization. We use the same general machine learning approach described in earlier DUC papers, and adapt it to the update summarization task. The system proves adaptable enough to be effective at queryfocused update summaries.
Compensation for visually specified coarticulation in liquid–stop contexts

The question of whether speech perceivers use visual coarticulatory information in speech perception remains unanswered, despite numerous past studies. Across different coarticulatory contexts, studies have both detected (e.g., Mitterer in Perception & Psychophysics, 68, 1227–1240, 2006) and failed to detect (e.g., Vroomen & de Gelder in Language and Cognitive Processes, 16, 661–672. doi: 10.1080/01690960143000092 , 2001) visual effects. In this study, we focused on a liquid–stop coarticulatory context and attempted to resolve the contradictory findings of Fowler, Brown, and Mann (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 877–888. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.26.3.877 , 2000) and Holt, Stephens, and Lotto (Perception & Psychophysics, 67, 1102–1112. doi: 10.3758/BF03193635 , 2005). We used the original stimuli of Fowler et al. with modifications to the experimental paradigm to examine whether visual compensation can occur when acoustic coarticulatory information is absent (rather than merely ambiguous). We found that perceivers’ categorizations of the target changed when coarticulatory information was presented visually using a silent precursor, suggesting that visually presented coarticulatory information can induce compensation. However, we failed to detect this effect when the same visual information was accompanied by an ambiguous auditory precursor, suggesting that these effects are weaker and less robust than auditory compensation. We discussed why this might be the case and examined implications for accounts of coarticulatory compensation.
Representing the Spatial Extent of Places Based on Flickr Photos with a Representativeness-Weighted Kernel Density Estimation

Geotagged photos have been applied by many researchers to explore the spatial extent of places. This paper addresses an important challenge of using geotagged Flickr photos to delineate the spatial extent of a vague place, which is defined as a place without a clearly defined boundary. We argue that the variation of location popularity has a great impact on the estimation of such vague spatial extent of a place. We propose an approach to model the representativeness of each geotagged photo point based on its location popularity. A modified kernel density estimation method incorporating the photo representativeness is developed and tested with eight places, which cover urban vs. non-urban areas, with vs. without an official boundary cases, and at various spatial scales of state, city and district levels. Our results indicate major improvements of the proposed representativeness-weighted kernel density estimation method over the traditional kernel density estimation method in estimating the spatial extent of vague places.
Quantitative phase imaging method based on an analytical nonparaxial partially coherent phase optical transfer function: erratum.

Multifilter phase imaging with partially coherent light (MFPI-PC) is a promising new quantitative phase imaging method. However, the existing MFPI-PC method is based on the paraxial approximation. In the present work, an analytical nonparaxial partially coherent phase optical transfer function is derived. This enables the MFPI-PC to be extended to the realistic nonparaxial case. Simulations over a wide range of test phase objects as well as experimental measurements on a microlens array verify higher levels of imaging accuracy compared to the paraxial method. Unlike the paraxial version, the nonparaxial MFPI-PC with obliquity factor correction exhibits no systematic error. In addition, due to its analytical expression, the increase in computation time compared to the paraxial version is negligible.
Stress-specific differences in assembly and composition of stress granules and related foci

Cells have developed different mechanisms to respond to stress, including the formation of cytoplasmic foci known as stress granules (SGs). SGs are dynamic and formed as a result of stress-induced inhibition of translation. Despite enormous interest in SGs due to their contribution to the pathogenesis of several human diseases, many aspects of SG formation are poorly understood. SGs induced by different stresses are generally assumed to be uniform, although some studies suggest that different SG subtypes and SG-like cytoplasmic foci exist. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of SG assembly and characterized their composition when induced by various stresses. Our data revealed stress-specific differences in composition, assembly and dynamics of SGs and SG-like cytoplasmic foci. Using a set of genetically modified haploid human cells, we determined the molecular circuitry of stress-specific translation inhibition upstream of SG formation and its relation to cell survival. Finally, our studies characterize cytoplasmic stress-induced foci related to, but distinct from, canonical SGs, and also introduce haploid cells as a valuable resource to study RNA granules and translation control mechanisms.
MOS Transistor Characteristics

The literature on MOS transistor characteristics is extensive. The purpose of this chapter is to review the fundamentals of MOS technology through the use of simplified models. A more accurate model to compute the voltage transfer function of an inverter will be introduced in Section 2.6. Most of the equations presented in this chapter will not be justified. The reader interested in a more comprehensive treatment of MOS physics should refer to references at the end of the chapter [34,22,35,25,21].
The impact of selection bias on vaccine effectiveness estimates from test-negative studies.

Abstract Introduction Estimates of vaccine effectiveness (VE) from test-negative studies may be subject to selection bias. In the context of influenza VE, we used simulations to identify situations in which meaningful selection bias can occur. We also analyzed observational study data for evidence of selection bias. Methods For the simulation study, we defined a hypothetical population whose members are at risk for acute respiratory illness (ARI) due to influenza and other pathogens. An unmeasured “healthcare seeking proclivity” affects both probability of vaccination and probability of seeking care for an ARI. We varied the direction and magnitude of these effects and identified situations where meaningful bias occurred. For the observational study, we reanalyzed data from the United States Influenza VE Network, an ongoing test-negative study. We compared “bias-naive” VE estimates to bias-adjusted estimates, which used data from the source populations to correct for sampling bias. Results In the simulation study, an unmeasured care-seeking proclivity could create selection bias if persons with influenza ARI were more (or less) likely to seek care than persons with non-influenza ARI. However, selection bias was only meaningful when rates of care seeking between influenza ARI and non-influenza ARI were very different. In the observational study, the bias-naive VE estimate of 55% (95% CI, 47-–62%) was trivially different from the bias-adjusted VE estimate of 57% (95% CI, 49-–63%). Conclusions In combination, these studies suggest that while selection bias is possible in test-negative VE studies, this bias in unlikely to be meaningful under conditions likely to be encountered in practice. Researchers and public health officials can continue to rely on VE estimates from test-negative studies.