cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Use of Deep Convective Clouds to Calibrate AVHRR Data

Remote sensing of cloud and radiation properties from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellites requires constant monitoring of the visible sensors. NOAA satellites do not have onboard visible calibration and need to be calibrated vicariously in order to determine the calibration and the degradation rate. Deep convective clouds are extremely bright and cold, are at the tropopause, have nearly a Lambertian reflectance, and provide predictable albedos. The use of deep convective clouds as calibration targets is developed into a calibration technique and applied to NOAA-16 and NOAA-17. The technique computes the relative gain drift over the life-span of the satellite. This technique is validated by comparing the gain drifts derived from inter-calibration of coincident AVHRR and Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiances. A ray-matched technique, which uses collocated, coincident, and co-angled pixel satellite radiance pairs is used to intercalibrate MODIS and AVHRR. The deep convective cloud calibration technique was found to be independent of solar zenith angle, by using well calibrated Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS) radiances onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, which precesses through all solar zenith angles in 23 days.
Finite Amplitude Vibrations of Square Cross Section Beams in Viscous Fluids

In this paper, we investigate the flexural vibrations of a cantilever beam of square cross section that is immersed in a quiescent viscous fluid. The cantilever beam is subject to base excitations with oscillation amplitudes comparable to the beam thickness. The structure is modeled using linear Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and the fluid-structure interaction is described via a nonlinear complex-valued hydrodynamic function which accounts for the added mass and damping contribution from the encompassing fluid. We formulate a hydrodynamic function that is appropriate for finite vibration amplitudes and a broad range of frequencies by conducting a 2D parametric computational fluid dynamics analysis. The proposed function is expressed in terms of the classical hydrodynamic function for unsteady Stokes flow plus a nonlinear correction that is a function of amplitude and frequency of vibration. Results from the 2D parametric analysis shows that moderately large amplitude oscillations promote nonlinear hydrodynamic damping. The proposed theoretical model is illustrated through the analysis of underwater vibrations and theoretical results are compared with experimental findings.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Media access control for Ethernet passive optical networks: an overview

Medium access control is one of the crucial issues in the design of Ethernet passive optical networks. To ensure efficient transmission, an EPON system must employ a MAC mechanism to arbitrate access to the shared medium in order to avoid data collisions in the upstream direction and at the same time efficiently share the upstream transmission bandwidth among all ONUs. The purpose of this article is to provide a good understanding of the MAC issue, discuss the major problems involved (e.g., multiple access, bandwidth allocation, transmission scheduling, and quality of service support), and present an overview of the state-of-the-art solutions proposed thus far to the problems. It is also our purpose to motivate further studies on the problems described in this article
Isospin-forbidden proton and neutron emission in 1s-0d shell nuclei

Abstract Spectroscopic amplitudes for the decay of T = 3 2 states in A = 4n + 1 nuclei (21 ⩽ A ⩽ 37) by proton and neutron emission to the T = 0 ground state of A = 4n daughter nuclei are calculated and compared with experiment. The calculations were performed in the framework of the shell model using the full or nearly full 1s-0d configuration space and an isospin-nonconserving interaction which reproduces experimental isotopic mass shifts. Contributions due to mixing with individual parent and daughter states are analyzed. The question of periodicity in A for these amplitudes is addressed.
Early growth response-1 (EGR-1) expression in the liver in hemorrhagic shock (HS) is localized to hepatocytes and upregulated by hypoxia or reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure in vitro

Abstract Introduction: HS is a major cause of morbidity/mortality in trauma patients. EGR-1, a transcription factor, is induced by a variety of cellular stresses including hypoxia, which generates reactive oxygen species. EGR-1 triggers the expression of numerous key inflammatory mediators. We identified an increase in EGR-1 expression in HS using gene arrays. We hypothesize that the early induction of EGR-1 expression in the shock phase of HS occurs in hepatocytes as a result of hypoxia and/or redox stress. Methods: In vivo EGR-1 expression was assessed by subjecting mice to HS (25mmHG). Liver isolated at varying times was assessed for EGR-1 expression by Northern and Western blotting. EGR-1 localization was determined by immunoflourescence. Rat hepatocytes were obtained by collagenase perfusion and subjected to hypoxia (1%) or hydrogen peroxide treatment (0.2mM) for varying times with Egr-1 expression evaluated by Western blotting. Results: Mice (n = 3) subjected to HS expressed EGR-1 mRNA by 1hr of HS, while protein and DNA-binding activity was evident by 2.5hrs. No EGR-1 expression was seen in sham-treated animals. Immunoflourescence identified EGR-1 nuclear localization in mouse hepatocytes. EGR-1 induction in vitro in cultured rat hepatocytes rendered hypoxic (1%) was seen within 1hr, with peak levels at 6hrs (n = 2). Exposing normoxic hepatocytes to hydrogen peroxide (0.2mM) also induced a rapid increase in EGR-1 protein (1hr). Conclusions: These data show that the transcription factor, EGR-1 is rapidly upregulated in hepatocytes during HS without resuscitation. The observation that either hypoxia or hydrogen peroxide alone are strong inducers of EGR-1 in hepatocytes in vitro suggests that redox stress is involved in the HS-induced upregulation of EGR-1.
Novel technique for management of esophageal strictures: double “J” stents and the use of urologic dilators

Current management of esophageal strictures using multiple dilations is the standard of care for symptomatic relief and cure. Diverse arrays of techniques have been developed with similar success rates. In this study we suggest the use of urologic dilator as a safe, alternative method for the management of esophageal strictures. We report a case of a patient with a history of severe, recurrent esophageal stricture secondary to tracheo-esophageal fistula repair, treated using Amplatz urologic dilators and double J stent as a mechanical temporizer for an esophageal stricture at risk for complete stenosis. Under general anesthesia, a flexible endoscope was passed into the proximal esophagus to visualize the stricture. A glide wire was passed through the stricture and its placement was confirmed by fluoroscopy. The endoscope was then removed and a series of urologic dilators sizing from 12Fr to 32Fr were passed through the stricture under fluoroscopic vision. Following this, a double “J” stent was left in place for further dilation sessions and to prevent complete stenosis. In conclusion, urologic dilators demonstrate a novel and simple technique for the treatment of esophageal strictures. This patient had no reported complications, and patient was able to tolerate the double “J” stent during dilation sessions.
Effect of calcium-sensing receptor activation in models of autosomal recessive or dominant polycystic kidney disease

Background. Antagonists of relevant Gs protein-coupled and agonists of relevant Gi protein-coupled receptors lower renal cAMP and inhibit growth of renal cysts in animal models of human ARPKD (PCK rat) and/or ADPKD (Pkd2−/WS25 mouse). A calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is expressed in various tubular segments and couples to Gq, thereby activating phospholipase Cγ, InsP3 generation and calcium mobilization from intracellular stores, and Gi proteins. By both mechanisms, CaR activation could lower intracellular cAMP and inhibit renal cyst growth. Methods. PCK rat and Pkd2−/WS25 mouse littermates were fed rodent chow without or with R-568, a type 2 calcimimetic, at a concentration of 0.05% or 0.1% between 3 and 10 or 16 weeks of age. Histomorphometric analysis was performed with Meta-Morph software. Western analysis and immunohistochemical staining were performed using antibodies for aquaporin-2, urea transporter UT-A1 and CaR. Northern blot hybridization was used to quantify the expression of vasopressin V2 receptor and aquaporin 2 mRNAs. Cyclic AMP was measured using an enzyme immunoassay kit. Results. R-568 had no effect on kidney weight, cyst volume, plasma BUN concentration or severity of the polycystic liver disease. A significant reduction in renal interstitial fibrosis was detected in PCK rats, but not in Pkd2−/WS25 mice. R-568 administration, as anticipated, resulted in hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, and significant increases in urine output, osmolar clearance, and urinary excretions of sodium, potassium and calcium. Conclusions. CaR activation had no detectable effect on cystogenesis in models of autosomal recessive or dominant polycystic kidney disease. The lack of protective effect could be due to the absence of CaR in the outer medullary and cortical collecting ducts, the reduction in extracellular calcium and the unaffected levels of renal cAMP and renal expression of cAMP-dependent genes. A possible beneficial effect on interstitial fibrosis deserves further study at more advanced stages of the disease.
Skill differences in medical laboratory diagnostics

Skill differences in visual diagnostics were examined by asking novice and expert medical technologists to identify bacteria in eight Gram-stain specimens that varied in terms of diagnostically-significant features and stain quality. Verbal protocols were analyzed for knowledge of specific cell morphology and of staining properties. There were skill-related differences in visual diagnostic performance, particularly in terms of the quality of detail and number of explicit comments made for each relevant dimension. The implications of the findings for further research on the role of experience and the effects of practice/training in an applied domain such as medical technology is discussed.
Role of Bronchial Brushing in the Evaluation of Peripheral Lung Lesions

Sixty-four patients with suspected lung tumor were evaluated by the bronchial brushing technique. Fifty-five manifested peripheral lung lesions. The technique described is simple, safe, and results in a high degree of diagnostic accuracy. It is, therefore, an important aspect of evaluation of peripheral lung lesions.
Direct and Indirect Impacts of Raptor Predation on Lemurs in Southeastern Madagascar

I calculated rates of predation by 2 species of diurnal raptors, Polyboroides radiatus and Accipiter henstii, on the lemur community of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar from 2700 h of observation and 470 prey deliveries at 7 nests of each hawk species. The 2 hawks consumed 7 of 12 lemurs found in the park region, with a body mass of 63–3500 g and including diurnal and nocturnal species of all group sizes. Calculations of predation rates indicate that raptor predation is a significant cause of mortality for lemur populations relative to other causes. Minimum rates of predation by Polyboroides radiatus and Accipiter henstii on Microcebus rufus, Cheirogaleus major, Avahi laniger, Hapalemur griseus, Eulemur fulvus rufus, Eulemur rubriventer, and Varecia variegata resulted in the raptors removing of 1–21% of the population per yr, similar to other rates of predation on primates documented in the literature. Modeling of lemur populations under varying levels of raptor predation pressure that I calculated found that one may attribute 3–17% of adult, juvenile, and infant mortality for nocturnal lemurs and 2–66% of adult, juvenile, and infant mortality for diurnal lemurs to diurnal raptor predation. Raptor predation may significantly depress intrinsic growth rates and carrying capacity of Avahi laniger, Hapalemur griseus, Eulemur fulvus rufus, Eulemur rubriventer, and Varecia variegata owing to their low fecundities, long life spans, and long age to sexual maturation. Nocturnal lemurs may best avoid predation by diurnal raptors by exhibiting a solitary lifestyle and cryptic antipredator tactics, whereas, diurnal lemurs benefit less by increasing group size than by using specific antipredator tactics.
Immunotherapeutic approaches to prevent cytomegalovirus-mediated disease

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the major cause of congenital neurological defects in the United States and also causes significant morbidity and mortality for hematopoietic and solid organ transplant patients. Primary infection in immunocompetent individuals rarely causes disease but resolves as a life-long latent infection, characterized by sustained antibody and cellular responses. Despite considerable efforts over the last 40 years to develop live attenuated and subunit vaccines, none is close to receiving regulatory approval. However, there is evidence that antibodies can prevent primary infection and cytotoxic T cells can suppress secondary infection. Prior maternal infection decreases the risk a fetus will contract CMV, while adoptive transfer of virus-specific CD8+ T cells is highly protective against CMV disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. As a result, three polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations are approved for clinical use and one monoclonal antibody has reached phase III trials. Enhanced understanding of the viral life cycle from a biochemical perspective has revealed additional targets for neutralizing antibodies in the gH/gL/UL128-131 pentamer. Until an effective vaccine is licensed, passive immunotherapeutics may present an alternative to maintain viral loads and prevent CMV disease in susceptible populations. This review summarizes the progress and potential of immunotherapeutics to treat CMV infection.
The Binding of H2O2‐Generated Fe(III) to Bifidobacterium thermophilum Depends on the Method of its Production

Fe(OH) 3 was produced from Fe(II) and H 2 O 2 by methods associated with high and low free radical activity. More Fe(OH) 3 became bound to Bifidobacterium thermophilum when the former type of method was used, and protoplasting experiments indicated that binding to both the cells walls and membranes was enhanced. Binding to cell walls was instantaneous, whilst that by the membranes increased with time using both methods. Al(III), a lipid peroxidation enhancer, increased Fe(OH) 3 binding by membranes only. It was concluded that B. thermophilum is able to abate increased activity of free radicals not only by scavenging them, but also by removing iron from their environment.
The use of computer graphics animation in motion perception research

The advantages and limitations of using computer-animated stimuli in studying motion perception are discussed. Most current programs of motion perception research could not be pursued without the use of computer graphics animation. Computer-generated displays afford latitudes of freedom and control that are almost impossible to attain through conventional methods. There are, however, limitations to this presentational medium. At present, computer-generated displays present simplified approximations of the dynamics in natural events. We know very little about how the differences between natural events and computer simulations influence perceptual processing. In practice, we tend to assume that the differences are irrelevant to the questions under study and that findings with computer-generated stimuli will generalize to natural events.
Duration and severity of Medieval drought in the Lake Tahoe Basin

Droughts in the western U.S. in the past 200 years are small compared to several megadroughts that occurred during Medieval times. We reconstruct duration and magnitude of extreme droughts in the northern Sierra Nevada from hydroclimatic conditions in Fallen Leaf Lake, California. Stands of submerged trees rooted in situ below the lake surface were imaged with sidescan sonar and radiocarbon analysis yields an age estimate of w1250 AD. Tree-ring records and submerged paleoshoreline geomorphology suggest a Medieval low-stand of Fallen Leaf Lake lasted more than 220 years. Over eighty more trees were found lying on the lake floor at various elevations above the paleoshoreline. Water- balance calculations suggest annual precipitation was less than 60% normal from late 10th century to early 13th century AD. Hence, the lake's shoreline dropped 40e60 m below its modern elevation. Stands of pre-Medieval trees in this lake and in Lake Tahoe suggest the region experienced severe drought at least every 650e1150 years during the mid- and late-Holocene. These observations quantify paleo- precipitation and recurrence of prolonged drought in the northern Sierra Nevada. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Tonic control of arterial pressure and regional hemodynamics by supra-medullary sites.

We examined the role of pontine sites in the tonic control of vasomotor tone under normal and reduced tidal volumes. Lidocaine was microinjected in pons at the level of the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus (KFN). Injections were made bilaterally 6, 7, 8, and 9 mm below dura, and 0.9 and 2.5 mm lateral to midline. Lidocaine in KFN produced a fall (-14 mmHg) in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at normal and reduced tidal volumes. These effects were mediated primarily by a reduction in hindquarter vascular resistance. Lidocaine into a ventromedial site (8.0 mm beneath dura, 0.9 mm lateral to midline) increased MAP by increasing renal, mesenteric, and hindquarter vascular resistance. After sino-aortic deafferentation (SAD), reduced tidal volume augmented the pressor and blunted the tachycardic responses to lidocaine injected into the ventromedial pons (9.0 mm beneath dura, 0.9 mm lateral to midline). SAD also enhanced the pressor response to lidocaine injected into ventromedial pons. This work demonstrates a role for supra-medullary sites in the tonic control of vasomotor tone.
Quantifying a daily light integral requirement of a 'TifEagle' bermudagrass golf green

'TifEagle' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. X C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] is a fine textured hybrid bermudagrass used for golf course putting greens in the subtropical and tropical regions of the world. The growth and performance of TifEagle and other bermudagrass often decline in reduced light environments (RLEs). This study quantified a daily light integral (DLI; mol m -2 d -1 ) required to maintain commercially acceptable TifEagle bermudagrass maintained under golf green conditions. Three levels of shade, none, low, and high (0,41, and 92%), were applied to mature TifEagle bermudagrass during morning (sunrise to 1100 h) and afternoon (1500 h to sunset) hours, allowing full irradiance from 1100 to 1500 h to mimic a golf green situation where trees or structures are adjacent to, but rarely directly overhead. The study was performed for 8 wk in June to August 2001 and 2002. An average minimal DLI of 32.6 mol m -2 d -1 was needed to maintain commercially acceptable TifEagle turf quality (TQ ≥ 7). Other plant responses measured included percentage lateral regrowth (RG), total shoot chlorophyll, and total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC). These responses declined significantly when the DLI ≤ 32.6 mol m -2 d -1 . Differences in diurnal shade exposure occurred. High afternoon shade reduced TifEagle bermudagrass TQ, percentage lateral RG, shoot chlorophyll, and TNC by 3.0 rating units and 17,39, and 27%, respectively, compared with no afternoon shade (NSA). High morning shade reduced TQ, percentage lateral RG, and shoot chlorophyll by 1.5 rating units and 11 and 16%, respectively, compared with no morning shade (NSM). Overall, afternoon shade applications were more detrimental to TifEagle bermudagrass growth and performance compared with morning shade.
Zinc-65 distribution and radiosensitivity of growth and Zn65 uptake in red oak seedlings

Abstract External fast neutron irradiation of red oak seedlings (Quercus rubra L.) inhibited primary and secondary stem growth, root growth, and new leaf development. An initial stimulation of Zn65 uptake was observed following irradiation, but ceased to be significant 22 days post irradiation. Retardation of Zn65 uptake was found several weeks following exposure of seedlings to 1000 rad. Physiological explanations for growth inhibition and both stimulation and inhibition of Zn65 uptake are discussed. At the end of a growing season, Zn65 was most highly concentrated in secondary roots, followed by primary roots, stems and leaves in decreasing order: 91, 7·7, 0·83 and 0·42 per cent of the total.
Perceived importance of fuel characteristics and its match with consumer beliefs about biofuels in Belgium

Consumer consciousness concerning the environment has increased and become a major factor in purchasing behaviour. Consumer research to understand and influence the adoption of green technologies and products is therefore important. This paper investigates the beliefs of Belgian consumers concerning the use of biofuels and identifies four consumer segments based on the perceived importance of different fuel characteristics. To convince the performance-oriented consumers to use biofuels, information about these fuels has to stress their quality and performance standards. The society-oriented cluster attaches great importance to environmental friendliness, odour, production origin, the opportunity to decrease energy dependency and job creation. To persuade the environment-oriented consumers low odour, beneficial environmental influence and quality assurance of biofuels have to be emphasized. The convenience-oriented consumers will be the most difficult to persuade to use biofuels. They need to be convinced that every vehicle can drive with biofuel blends without the need for engine modifications. Concerns relating to the price and perceived low availability of biofuels at fuel stations are major obstacles for all consumers involved in this study.
Volumetric photoacoustic endoscopy of upper gastrointestinal tract: ultrasonic transducer technology development

We have successfully implemented a focused ultrasonic transducer for photoacoustic endoscopy. The photoacoustic endoscopic probe's ultrasound transducer determines the lateral resolution of the system. By using a focused ultrasonic transducer, we significantly improved the endoscope's spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. This paper describes the technical details of the ultrasonic transducer incorporated into the photoacoustic endoscopic probe and the experimental results from which the transducer's resolution is quantified and the image improvement is validated.
An EWOD Droplet Microfluidic Chip with Integrated Local Temperature Control for Multiplex Proteomics

We present a microfluidic chip for multiplex thermal processing of discrete micro- and nano-liter sample droplets driven by electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD). The system features local temperature control integrated on chip in addition to the basic fluidic functionalities previously reported for EWOD devices [1]. Multifunctioning indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes serve as optically transparent resistive heaters, temperature sensors, and EWOD actuation pads. With a 1 ?L sample, heaters reach programmed set points in a few seconds and stabilize to ±1 °C. We demonstrate automated on-chip proteomics sample processing and direct characterization by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The results, showing increased insulin disulfide reduction efficiency with heater temperatures from 22 to 130 °C, highlight the efficacy of the chip.
Influence of Control Mode on Thermomechanical Fatigue Testing of Circumferentially-Notched Specimens

The aim of this study is to understand the influence of experimentally applied boundary conditions on circumferentially-notched specimens under thermomechanical fatigue loadings (TMF) in two Ni-base superalloys, one equiaxed polycrystalline, and one directionally-solidified. TMF experiments were performed under both force-controlled and displacement-controlled conditions. Notch severities ranged from kt = 1.3 to kt = 2. The notch response was evaluated by finite element analysis using temperature-dependent viscoplasticity. The experiments and analyses are used to assess the impact of the applied boundary conditions on calculated and observed fatigue crack initiation lives.
How Do Emotionally Disturbed Children Report Their Competencies and Self-Worth?

Abstract Responses of 68 children starting day psychiatric treatment (DPT) on the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale were compared with a similar group of 34 children on the Perceived Competence Scale for Children (PCSC), a measure designed to reduce a socially desirable response set. Comparisons also were made with the PCSC's normative sample. Surprisingly, both self-concept measures drew primarily positive answers from DPT children, who were impaired in many domains. They also saw themselves as significantly more skilled at athletics and as varying less across abilities than normal children. None of the demographic variables was related to self-concept ratings. Possible explanations for these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Naturally occurring mutations of the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor: implications for its structure and function

The extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family 3 in which agonists bind to a dimeric Venus-flytrap domain in the extracellular portion of the receptor. How agonist binding to this domain leads to activation of the seven-transmembrane domain is a major unresolved question. Information derived from the three-dimensional structure of the Venus-flytrap domain of the related metabotropic glutamate type 1 receptor, and from naturally occurring mutations of the Ca2+-sensing receptor identified in subjects with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia offers new insights into the mechanism of receptor activation, and into the mechanism of action of allosteric modulators of the receptor.
CTBT Verifiability and the SSA Position Statement

At some point, President Obama may ask the Senate to vote on ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Despite continuing advances in seismological monitoring methods, CTBT opponents continue to assert—in opinion columns in the Wall Street Journal and elsewhere— that there are significant doubts about “verifiability.” To contribute to good use of their science by policy makers, seismologists could write an opinion column for a newspaper in their own cities or states, or send letters to their senators, perhaps making some of the points in the letter that I have written to my senators. As a seismologist, I would like to volunteer an informed opinion on the United States' ability to verify worldwide compliance with a comprehensive test ban. In particular, I want to explain why I endorse the position statement of the Seismological Society of America on our capability to monitor the treaty, which states “no nation could rely upon successfully concealing a program of nuclear testing, even at low yields.” Dear Senator, President Obama has promised to reach out to the Senate to secure the ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. As a seismologist, I would like to volunteer an informed opinion on the United States' ability to verify worldwide compliance with a comprehensive test ban. In particular, I want to explain why I endorse the position statement of the Seismological Society of America on our capability to monitor the treaty, which states “no nation could rely upon successfully concealing a program of nuclear testing, even at low yields.” To begin with, any attempt at a covert nuclear test is virtually sure to be conducted underground. Nuclear explosions in the atmosphere emit characteristic electromagnetic signatures that can be …
Preoperative diagnosis of extrapancreatic neural invasion in pancreatic cancer.

Background & Aims: Pancreatic cancer recurs in most patients after resection with curative intent. Recurrence is particularly common in patients with extrapancreatic neural invasion (EPNI), the presence of which correlates with poor prognosis. Macroscopic EPNI may be detected with conventional noninvasive imaging and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) imaging, but microscopic EPNI has required postoperative pathologic examination of surgical specimens. We report the preoperative diagnosis of cancer infiltration into celiac ganglia. We hypothesized that microscopic pancreatic cancer metastasis to neural ganglia can be detected by EUS-guided biopsy examination. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing EUS in whom celiac ganglia were sampled to exclude malignant infiltration. Results: Six patients with pancreatic cancer underwent EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration or trucut biopsy examination of presumed celiac ganglia. Metastatic cancer was found in ganglia of 2 patients. Specimen review identified adenocarcinoma and neural tissue in the absence of lymphocytes. At laparoscopy, 1 of the 2 patients with positive celiac biopsy specimens also had several unexpected peritoneal metastatic deposits. The other patient was considered to have locally advanced unresectable disease. Both patients are receiving supportive care. Conclusions: EPNI may be shown preoperatively in patients with pancreatic cancer using EUS-guided sampling of celiac ganglia. A preoperative diagnosis of EPNI has the potential to improve staging accuracy and patient outcomes.
Olfactory signal modulation by molluscan cardioexcitatory tetrapeptide (FMRFamide) in axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum).

The terminal nerve, which innervates the nasal epithelia of most jawed vertebrates, is believed to release neuropeptides that modulate activity of sensory receptor neurons. The terminal nerve usually contains gonadotropin-releasing hormone as well as at least one other peptide that has not been characterized, but which bears some structural similarity to molluscan cardioexcitatory tetrapeptide (FMRFamide) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY). We investigated the effects of FMRFamide on both voltage-gated currents and odorant responses in the olfactory epithelium of axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum), using whole-cell patch clamp and electro-olfactogram (EOG) recording techniques. In the presence of FMRFamide, the magnitude of a voltage-gated inward current was dramatically increased, reaching an average of 136% of the initial (pre-exposure) magnitude in neurons that showed a response to the peptide. This increase is detectable within ~1–2 min of exposure to FMRFamide and is sustained for at least 10 min. In EOG experiments, odorant responses are not affected during FMRFamide application, but are sometimes increased or decreased during the subsequent wash period. On average, the largest single EOG response in each trial was detected ~25 min after initial FMRFamide application, and ranged from 110 to 147% of baseline. These results suggest that a compound similar to FMRFamide, if released from the terminal nerve, may function in peripheral olfactory signal modulation.
Testing shared-memory parallel programs

The problem of testing shared-memory, synchronous parallel programs is addressed. A simple, Pascal-based general-purpose parallel language for single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) machine programming is used, and the testing problem is investigated in this context. A scheme for classifying parallel random access machine (PRAM) programming errors is proposed. Several approaches to designing testing coverage criteria for PRAM programs are presented. Various testing coverage metrics are defined, and their properties are discussed. Also presented is a complete parallel program testing methodology which incorporates test generation tools for serial programs. This methodology allows easy implementation of testing procedures for parallel programs. >
Relieving the Time Squeeze? Effects of a White-Collar Workplace Change on Parents

Employed parents perceive a time squeeze even as trends from the 1960s show they are spending more time with their children. Work conditions (e.g., hours and schedule control) would seem to affect both parents' time with children and perceived time squeeze, but most studies rely on cross-sectional data that do not establish causality. The authors examined the effects of the introduction of a workplace flexibility initiative (Results Only Work Environment [ROWE]) on changes in mothers' and fathers' perceptions of the adequacy of their time with children and actual time spent with children (N = 225). Baseline data show the importance of work conditions for parents' sense of perceived time adequacy. Panel data show that mothers (but not fathers) in ROWE report increased schedule control and improved time adequacy, but no change in actual time spent with children, except that ROWE increases evening meals with children for mothers sharing few meals at baseline.
Habituation in the KIII olfactory model with chemical sensor arrays

This paper presents a novel combination of chemical sensors and the KIII model for simulating mixture perception with a habituation process triggered by local activity. Stimuli are generated by partitioning feature space with labeled lines. Pattern completion is demonstrated through coherent oscillations across granule populations using experimental odor mixtures.
Molecular control of the implantation window

Human endometrium is the end organ of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Therefore, endometrium is susceptible to changes in the cases of infertility that originate from disturbances in the normal functioning of this axis. In addition, some cases of unexplained infertility may be due to altered endometrial function. This disturbed endometrial function may originate from lesions in the molecular repertoire that are crucial to implantation. Human endometrium becomes receptive to implantation by the blastocyst within a defined period during the menstrual cycle. The duration of this so-called 'endometrial receptivity' or 'implantation' period seems to span from few days after ovulation to several days prior to menstruation. Successful implantation results from a co-ordinated series of events that would allow establishment of a timely dialogue between a receptive endometrium and an intrusive blastocyst. The members of the molecular repertoire that make endometrium receptive to implantation are gradually being recognized. Among these are the cytokines, integrins, heat shock proteins, tastin and trophinin. In addition, the expression of a second set of genes including tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and ebaf, may be the appropriate signal for the closure of the 'implantation window', for making the endometrium refractory to implantation and for preparing it for the menstrual shedding.
Fiberoptic argon laser stapedotomy for the treatment of stapes fixation

Visible light lasers have been in clinical use for nearly 20 years. These lasers have proven to be safe and effective in the surgical management of stapes fixation. The lack of mechanical trauma and hemostasis are significant advantages when compared with earlier techniques, especially for the occasional stapes surgeon. The use of an optical fiber hand piece allows the surgeon to use the laser in a fashion similar to traditional otologic instruments and represents a notable step forward for otologic surgery.
A decentralized, adaptive replica location mechanism

We describe a decentralized, adaptive mechanism for replica location in wide-area distributed systems. Unlike traditional, hierarchical (e.g, DNS) and more recent (e.g., CAN, Chord, Gnutella) distributed search and indexing schemes, nodes in our location mechanism do not route queries, instead, they organize into an overlay network and distribute location information. We contend that this approach works well in environments where replica location queries are prevalent but the dynamic component of the system (e.g., node and network failures, replica add/delete operations) cannot be neglected. We argue that a replica location mechanism that combines probabilistic representations of replica location information with soft-state protocols and a flat overlay network of nodes brings important benefits: genuine decentralization, low query latency, and flexibility to introduce adaptive communication schedules. We support these claims in two ways. First, we provide a rough resource consumption evaluation: we show that, for environments similar to those encountered in large scientific data analysis projects, generated network traffic is limited and, more importantly, is comparable to the traffic generated by a request routing scheme. Second, we provide encouraging performance data from a prototype implementation.
The role of surgical intervention in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the colon and rectum

Abstract Background Gastrointestinal involvement of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), although rare, may require surgical intervention. The purpose of the current study was to determine the incidence, presentation, and management of patients with NHL of the colon or rectum. Methods Demographic data, signs, symptoms, disease stage, and treatment of patients with a primary gastrointestinal lymphoma treated between 1973 and 2005 were identified. Results Forty-three of 244 gastrointestinal lymphoma patients (18%) had colon or rectal involvement. Most common symptoms on presentation were pain (49%), hematochezia (49%), change in bowel habits (23%), and weight loss (19%). Most common site of involvement was the ileocecum. Twenty-six patients (60%) required surgery. The majority (56%) had urgent or emergent operations. Conclusions Colorectal involvement by NHL occurred in 18% of patients with gastrointestinal lymphoma. Surgery was required for pain, obstruction, and/or bleeding. Physicians caring for patients must be aware of the potential need for surgery in treating this patient population.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Hyaluronidase in the Selective Nerve Root Block of Radiculopathy: A Double Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial

Study Design: Prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Purpose: To determine the ability of hyaluronidase to provide longer lasting pain relief and functional improvement in patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Overview of Literature: Selective nerve root block (SNRB) is a good treatment option in lumbar radiculopathy. We studied the effectiveness of hyaluronidase when added to the traditional SNRB regimen. Methods: A sample size of 126 patients per group was necessary. A sample of 252 patients who underwent an injection procedure with or without hyaluronidase due to radiculopathy was included in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: the control (C) group and the hyaluronidase (H) group. After SNRB due to radiculopathy, the visual analog scale (VAS) was compared at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks between the two groups, and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) was compared at 12 weeks between the two groups. Results: Both groups seemed to have general improvement in VAS, but in C group, the VAS was higher than the H group 2 and 4 weeks after the surgery, and the difference in time-group change between 2 groups was statistically significant ( p 0.05). Conclusions: The rebound pain (the re-occurrence of pain within 2–4 weeks after injection) that occurs within 2–4 weeks after the injection of the routine regimen can be reduced when hyaluronidase is added to the routine SNRB regimen.
Spastic Facial Muscle Disorders

Facial muscles are a group of striated muscles that, among other things, control facial expression and are innervated by the facial nerve (CNVII). In contrast, the nearby eyelid retractor muscle and masticator muscles are innervated by the oculomotor (CNIII) and mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CNV), respectively.
Effect of Hemolysis on Nonesterified Fatty Acid and β-Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in Bovine Blood:

Nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and b-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) assays are used for evaluating dairy herds for negative energy balance and subclinical ketosis, respectively. Hemolysis is a common artifact in samples submitted to diagnostic laboratories. The effect of hemolysis on NEFA and BHB in bovine serum was determined. Hemolysis was introduced into 26 serum samples by adding serial dilutions of a red cell hemolysate, prepared by repeated freeze-thawing of EDTA-anticoagulated bovine blood. NEFA, BHB, and degree of hemolysis (hemolytic index) were measured by an automated chemistry analyzer. Two endpoint assays that differed by inclusion of a sample blank were used for NEFA measurement. A kinetic enzymatic assay with 2 reagent sources was used for BHB measurement. The assessed methods yielded similar NEFA or BHB results in baseline, nonhemolyzed samples (median NEFA: 0.25 mEq/L, median BHB: 3 mg/dL, median hemolytic index: 8 units). NEFA results were adversely affected by hemolysis, with values increasing ...
Reproductive biology of Awaous guamensis, an amphidromous Hawaiian goby

Spawning season, size at first reproduction, oocyte maturation, and fecundity ofAwaous guamensis, an amphidromous Hawaiian goby, were studied from June 1989 through May 1991 in the Wainiha River, Kau'ai, Hawai'i. Female fish larger than 73 mm standard length (SL) had mature gonads from August through December in 1989 and 1990. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) values for mature females ranged from 0.2 to 14.5 during the spawning season. Male fish larger than 64 mm SL had elevated GSI values from June 1989 through December 1989 and from August 1990 through December 1990. Mature sperm were found in two male fish collected in January and February. GSI values for mature males ranged from less than 0.01 to 4.0 in the spawning season. Size-frequency distributions of measurements of vitellogenic oocyte diameters and microscopic observations of oocytes indicated this species has group-synchronous oocyte development. Ovarian maturation stages examined over a 29-month period suggest that members of the stock spawned at different times within the spawning season, although mass spawning events have been documented for this species. Estimates of clutch sizes from nests measured in situ were comparable to estimates of potential fecundity from in vitro examination of ovaries, and indicated that female fish deposited an entire clutch during a spawning event. No evidence for multiple spawning by an individual fish in a single season was found. However, microscopic observations of brown bodies in some ovaries suggested that individual fish probably spawn more than once in a lifetime.
Signaling Mechanisms in Ischemic Preconditioning: Interaction of PKCε and MitoKATP in the Inner Membrane of Mitochondria

See related article, pages 878–883 The cardiac “warm up” phenomenon, described more than 50 years ago in patients with coronary artery disease, refers to improvement in cardiac symptoms and physical performance following exposure to short periods of ischemia.1 Several mechanisms, such as adaptive reduction in oxygen consumption by the ischemic myocardial region, improved oxygen supply via collateral recruitment or dilation of the stenotic vessel, and activation of an intrinsic phenomenon called ischemic preconditioning (IPC) have been proposed to account for this phenomenon. IPC refers to a process in which brief periods of ischemia improves the ability of the heart to tolerate subsequent prolonged ischemic periods.3 It was first identified in the heart in 1986 by Murry et al,2 and has since been demonstrated in various experimental and animal models.3 Several triggers have been proposed for IPC, including adenosine, bradykinin, protaglandins, opiod receptors, nitric oxide, and Ca2+.4 These triggers lead to the activation of several intracellular pathways that ultimately protect myocardial cells against injury. Although the details of these pathways have not been totally characterized, mitochondria have been shown to be key mediators of IPC. Specifically, the opening of a mitochondrial channel, called the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel or mitoKATP is believed to be critical for the induction of IPC; drugs that activate this channel protect against ischemia and inhibitors of mitoKATP reverse these protective effects.5 The signaling pathways that lead to the activation of mitoKATP are still under investigation.5 In a recent article, Oldenburg et al demonstrated that in isolated rabbit adult cardiomyocytes, bradykinin increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and this effect was reversed by inhibitors of both mitoK …
The Accretion of Ice Particles by Rime during Dry Growth

Abstract Freezing nuclei were used as tracers in experiments to determine whether ice particles are accreted by rime during dry growth. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel and in natural clouds at a mountaintop observatory. The results in both cases indicated that a few percent of the ice particles in the cloud were accreted by the rime.
Designing the System

In this chapter a discussion of how to get down to the business of putting together a data communications system is presented. It is assumed that the particular application has been completely described. This must be done because the data communications system is highly applications dependent. One can only design the general type of system at considerable and unnecessary expense. This is not to say that one should not design systems in a modular way. The design should be general enough to allow for future expansion in equipment or services required. It is imperative that the system designer keep costs in mind at all times.
The Great Depression (1873-1896) and the Rise of Syrian Arab Nationalism

Can we see any evidence that the so-called “Great Depression” (c. 1873-1896) had an impact on Syria? This paper investigates the problem by focusing on the Hawran, an important grain-producing area south of the Ottoman provincial capital, Damascus. The Hawran is an open plain, sloping upwards towards the east and nearly enclosed by protecting ravines, valleys and highlands. To the north lies the valley of Wadi ‘Ajam and the well-settled and ostensibly well-controlled Damascene oasis (al-Ghuta). To the west stands Mount Hermon (Jabal al-Shaikh), while the slopes and valleys of the Anti-Lebanese mountains (Jawlan, ‘Ajlun), the Lake of Tiberias (Bahr al-Tabariyya) and the tributaries of the Jordan River and its gorge (Baisan, al-Ghur) present further barriers. To the northeast and east lies a volcanic badlands region of heavily eroded gullies and redoubts (al-Safa, al-Laja') and the hills, known then as Jabal Hawran, now as Jabal al-Druz or Jabal al-'Arab, together with a lava rock field to their east (al-Harra) form a buffer between the plain and the Syrian steppe. To the south the Hawran opens out into the Trans-Jordanian plateau and the Syrian steppe, though gullies and ravines also provide some protection here.
Taking services seriously: New directions in services management theory and research

Abstract Contemporary theoretical developments and global economic trends highlight the importance of services, and provide the impetus for developing new theory and research related to the role of organizations and employees in service design and delivery. We briefly summarize extant services management research and contextualize the four papers appearing in this special issue. These papers deal with theory development within the areas of human capital resources, emotions management HRM systems, employee-driven service delivery, and healthcare HRM, and provide detailed suggestions for future empirical inquiry. The conceptual rigor and innovativeness of perspectives characterizing these papers helps highlight the potential contribution of management scholars to the interdisciplinary study of services.