cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capital Structure of New Energy Automobile Industry

This paper examines the capital structure of two firms in new energy automobile industry to get a clear understanding of the propriety of the two firms’ capital structure and the feature of the industry. It turns out that as a nascent industry, new energy automobile industry is not one that enables firms to grow fast at the beginning. A typical feature of the industry is the low profit margin at start-up or even expanding stages, which makes the firms’ external financing vital. However, for especially start-up firms, it is relatively hard to finance by equity or long-term debt, therefore, they relied much on short-term debts or more on other external funding like government subsidies. As the firms grow larger, they are able to finance by equity and long-term debts, but the limited profit margin inhibits them to get high ratings, which restraints their debt financing. Consequently, equity becomes the best choice. Yet as the high volatility in stocks, the firms still should pay more attention to their debt ratio to make sure their capital structure is stable enough to sustain their operation.
Pressure drop of water flow across a micro-pin–fin array part 2: Adiabatic liquid–vapor two-phase flow

This is part two of a two-part study that investigates water pressure drop across a staggered array of circular micro-pin–fins. This paper reports results of adiabatic liquid–vapor two-phase flow, and part one isothermal liquid single-phase flow. The micro-pin–fins are 180 μm in diameter, 683 μm in height, and 399 μm in both longitudinal and transverse pitches. Seven maximum mass velocities from 171 to 491 kg/m2 s, and sixteen vapor qualities for each maximum mass velocity were tested. Two-phase pressure drop across the micro-pin–fin array was measured, and two-phase friction multiplier and Martinelli parameter calculated. It was revealed that a unique functional relationship exists between the two-phase friction multiplier and Martinelli parameter, which proved that the generalized procedure developed by Lockhart and Martinelli could be applied to describe two-phase pressure drop across the micro-pin–fin array. The existing Martinelli–Chisholm type correlations for staggered micro-pin–fin arrays and tube banks were unable to predict the data, and a new correlation was developed.
Development of monetite-nanosilica bone cement: a preliminary study.

In this paper, we reported the results of our efforts in developing DCPA/nanosilica composite orthopedic cement. It is motivated by the significances of DCPA and silicon in bone physiological activities. More specifically, this paper examined the effects of various experimental parameters on the properties of such composite cements. In this work, DCPA cement powders were synthesized using a microwave synthesis technique. Mixing colloidal nanosilica directly with synthesized DCPA cement powders can significantly reduce the washout resistance of DCPA cement. In contrast, a DCPA–nanosilica cement powder prepared by reacting Ca(OH)2, H3PO4 and nanosilica together showed good washout resistance. The incorporation of nanosilica in DCPA can improve compressive strength, accelerate cement solidification, and intensify surface bioactivity. In addition, it was observed that by controlling the content of NaHCO3 during cement preparation, the resulting composite cement properties could be modified. Allowing for the development of different setting times, mechanical performance and crystal features. It is suggested that DCPA–nanosilica composite cement can be a potential candidate for bone healing applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B, 102B: 1620–1626, 2014.
The S-matrix of the kinks of the (gyψ)2 model

We consider the particle-kink and kink-kink S-matrix elements of the two-dimensional (ψψ)2 model, where the Majorana spinor ψ is an O(N) isovector. Our results confirm many qualitative ideas about the model, including the mass spectrum, the decoupling at N = 4, and the isospinor nature of the kinks.
Pharmacokinetics of the cytochrome P-450 substrates phenytoin, theophylline, and diazepam in healthy Greyhound dogs

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin, theophylline, and diazepam in six healthy Greyhound dogs. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics of the diazepam metabolites, oxazepam and nordiazepam, after diazepam administration was determined. Phenytoin sodium (12 mg/kg), aminophylline (10 mg/kg), and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) were administered IV on separate occasions, and blood was collected at predetermined time points for the quantification of plasma drug concentrations by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (phenytoin, theophylline) or mass spectrometry (diazepam, oxazepam, and nordiazepam). The terminal half-life was 4.9, 9.2, and 1.0 h, respectively, for phenytoin, theophylline, and diazepam, and 6.2 and 2.4 h for oxazepam and nordiazepam after IV diazepam. The clearance was of 2.37, 0.935, and 27.9 mL · min/kg, respectively, for phenytoin, theophylline, and diazepam. The C(MAX) was 44.7 and 305.2 ng/mL for oxazepam and nordiazepam, respectively, after diazepam administration. Temazepam was not detected above 5 ng/mL in any sample after IV diazepam.
ECG waveform analysis by significant point extraction. II. Pattern Matching

From a set of significant points which characterizes the ECG waveform, the pattern matching algorithm detects and classifies QRS complexes. R waves are detected from the analysis of global curvature. Next, the morphology of the QRS complex is determined. QRS complexes with different morphologies are classified by a correlation algorithm. This method is sensitive to changes in shape, such as that of abnormal QRS complexes. The algorithm should be useful in automated analysis of waveforms, such as ECG signals recorded in clinical environments.
Malignant Melanoma with Delayed Metastatic Growths

Excerpt Malignant melanoma, frequently termed melanosarcoma or melano-epithelioma, is one of the most malignant tumors encountered in man. In some instances, however, the body seems to possess unus...
Segmental versus extended resection for sporadic colorectal cancer in young patients.

Background and Objectives Guidelines on the management of colon cancer state that extensive colectomy should be “considered” for patients of young age (<50). This study aimed to compare the risk of metachronous cancer, overall recurrence and mortality between segmental and extended colon resections in patients under the age of 50 with sporadic CRC. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients age <50 undergoing surgery for CRC from 1991 to 2009. Patients were divided into two groups based on extent of resection: segmental versus extended. The primary outcomes analyzed were metachronous tumors, disease recurrence, and overall survival. Results Two hundred seventy one patients underwent segmental resection and 30 underwent extended resection. 3.3% in the segmental resection group developed metachronous CRC versus 0% in the extended resection group (P = 0.61). There was no significant difference in the risk of recurrence or mortality for those who underwent a segmental resection compared to those with an extended resection. In a regression model, type of surgery was not an independent risk factor for recurrence or mortality. Conclusions Extended colectomy for sporadic CRC in patients younger than 50 does not improve disease-free or overall survival. Further study to determine if segmental resection is appropriate oncologic treatment is warranted. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:328–332. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient Boson Sampling schemes using dispersion and pulse shaping

We present Boson Sampling schemes in the time-frequency basis that allow for more modes, fewer sources and detectors and are more tolerant to temporal mismatch than Boson Sampling schemes using photons in many spatial modes.
Evolutionary data analysis for the class imbalance problem

Class imbalance, where the classes in a dataset are not represented equally, is a common occurrence in machine learning. Classification models built with such datasets are often not practical since most machine learning algorithms would tend to perform poorly on the minority class instances. We present a unique evolutionary computing-based data sampling approach as an effective solution for the class imbalance problem. The genetic algorithm-based approach, Evolutionary Sampling, works as a majority undersampling technique where instances from the majority class are selectively removed. This preserves the relative integrity of the majority class while maintaining the original minority class group. Our research prototype, eVann, also implements genetic-algorithm-based optimization of modeling parameters for the machine learning algorithms considered in our study. An extensive empirical investigation involving four real-world datasets is performed, comparing the proposed approach to other existing data sampling techniques that target the class imbalance problem. Our results demonstrate that Evolutionary Sampling, both with and without learner optimization, performs relatively better than other data sampling techniques. A detailed coverage of our case studies in this paper lends itself toward empirical replication.
The Long Term Use of Cholestyramine in the Treatment of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Summary Four patients with primary biliary cirrhosis treated with cholestyramine from 18 to 42 months are presented. The agent promptly controlled the pruritus, the most distressing symptom, presumably by lowering serum bile acid levels. This led to improved nutrition, a sense of well being, and the resumption of normal activity. No adverse side effects were noted although peculiar calcifications became extensive in the biliary tree of 1 patient. Hypercholesterolemia was only transiently reduced, and no consistent change in the results of other hepatic tests or in serial needle biopsies of the liver were noted. Therapy with cholestyramine thus appears to have no effect on the basic pathological process, although it remains the most useful drug to date for symptomatic therapy of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
Investigating the distribution of some (but not all ) implicatures using corpora and web-based methods

A prevalent, but to date untested, assumption about lexicalized scalar implicatures such as those from some to not all , is that they fall into the class of GCIs and as such, constitute a homogeneous class of highly regularized and context-independent implicatures. This paper reports a test of this assumption in which linguistically untrained participants’ implicature strength judgments were collected for naturally occurring utterances containing the word some in a large-scale corpus-based web study. The results indicate that implicature strength is highly variable and systematically dependent on features of the linguistic context such as the partitive, determiner strength, and discourse accessibility. These results call into question the GCI status of scalar implicatures from some to not all and demonstrate the usefulness of corpora and web-based methods for challenging received wisdom, enriching the empirical landscape, and informing theory in pragmatics. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.8.11 BibTeX info
A virtual environment for interactive visualization of power system economic and security information

Simulation and analysis of power systems often involves modeling extremely complex systems. This is particularly true when the model involves not just the electrical power system, but also other networks layered on top of the power system, such as the accompanying financial transactions. Such layered networks can often involve interactions that are not at all obvious. Interactive visualization can be a very effective means for determining otherwise hidden relationships between various elements in the network. This paper describes a 3D virtual environment developed to allow users to interactively visualize such information and relationships. The paper describes the architecture used to develop this environment, and then provides several examples of how the environment is used to provide an interactive visualization of power system economic and security information.
Field data collection for remote sensing analysis: SPOT data, Rondonia, Brazil

Abstract Although the practice of remote sensing depends upon the use of accurate field observations, collection of field data remains one of the least systematized aspects of the field. This paper presents a detailed description of the field data collection strategy employed for our study of agricultural land uses in Rondonia, Brazil. Key elements of our approach include: careful positioning of sample areas, multi-image analysis, imagery over several dates, use of video imagery, systematic collection of ground photographs, preparation of detailed maps and field sketches. Field data were carefully examined in the context of these several sources of information, and evaluated to assure that interpretations are consistent with the several sources of data.
Preoperative inventory of orthodontic appliances

Abstract A simple written preoperative inventory of intraoral orthodontic appliances, with intraoperative checks, can prevent problems associated with unrecognized displacement.
The density matrix formalism of nuclear relaxation: a review.

This is a review of the density matrix formalism of quantum statistical mechanics as it relates to nuclear relaxation. The single spin and coupled exchanging two spin systems are treated explicitly. We show the circumstances under which these models reduce to the more familiar expressions used to describe proton relaxation in tissue. The effect of radiofrequency (rf) pulses on the density matrix is presented as well as the density matrix description of the Carr–Purcell pulse technique and conditions under which even and odd echo trains will superpose or are independent of rf pulse rate.
Cell-type specific promoters of the chick α2(I) collagen gene in chondrocytes and fibroblasts

Two different promoter regions responsible for the cell-type specific transcripts of the collagen alpha 2(I) gene in chick embryonic fibroblasts and chondrocytes are described. A region including part of intron 1 of the fibroblast alpha 2(I) gene is able to promote transcription in chondrocytes. This promoter region is located 5' to the chondrocyte-specific transcript, from -2205 to +42, relative to the chondrocyte transcription start site. When it is placed upstream of a luciferase reporter gene in transiently transfected chondrocytes, luciferase activity is stimulated 78-fold. The region between -2205 and -1298 is most important for the activity of the chondrocyte promoter, since a truncated promoter from -1298 through +42 gives only 15% as much activity. A similar low level of activity is given by the sequence -96 through +42. In transfected fibroblasts, a region from -1600 through +46, relative to the fibroblast transcription start site, stimulates transcription of a luciferase reporter gene by more than 1,000-fold. Deletions from -1185 through -807 and from -707 through -90 reduce promoter activity to 22% and 32%, respectively, of that given by the intact promoter. The chondrocyte and fibroblast promoters are each cell-type specific and are relatively inactive in the other cell type. Subregions within the fibroblast promoter, from -1154 through -1055, from -712 through -85, and the sequence containing the inverted CCAAT motif from -93 through -67, differentially bind factors in fibroblast but not chondrocyte nuclear extracts.
The Empire’s Scorched Shore: Coastal China, 1633-1683

Abstract In the mid-seventeenth century, the Qing empire of China reacted to piracy and rebellion by forcibly depopulating the coast and burning its shoreline into wasteland for twenty years. As unique as the scale and brutality of this response may be in maritime history, the Qing state was not inherently isolationist or anti-maritime. Its underlying imperatives were shared by other early modern states: a desire to establish sovereignty, impose subjecthood, and constrain the mobility of peripheral populations. This article places the Qing Coastal Depopulation of 1661-1683 in the context of fifty years of maritime militarization, invasion, and civil war in the coastal province of Fujian. It portrays the Depopulation as not just a military act to combat pirates or the powerful sealord Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong), but also an act of social engineering to subjugate the coastal population by removing it behind an artificial land boundary. At the same time, the article shows that the Qing state’s practice of “outsourcing” coastal control to regional lords helps to account for the policy’s longevity and some of its severest abuses.
On Finding That Speech Is Special

This paper is about a subject that has, I think, been too much taken for granted. The subject is perception of phonetic segments, the consonants and vowels that lie near the surface of language. My aim is to promote the hypothesis that the perception of those segments rests on specialized processes. These support a phonetic mode of perception, they serve a distinctively linguistic function, and they are part of the larger specialization for language.
Sublethal Endotoxemia Promotes Pulmonary Neutrophil Recruitment and TNFα Expression But Not Overt Lung Injury in Neonatal Rats 1484

Sepsis associated with respiratory failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the newborn. In adult animal models, TNFα is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been associated with endotoxin-induced lung injury. We examined this association in a neonatal model of sepsis.
A Paradox of Success? Determinants of Political Support for President Fujimori

To what extent does a government's success in resolving a deep political and economic crisis strengthen its popular support? The Fujimori administration in Peru, which tackled both profound economic problems and a powerful guerrilla threat, constitutes a useful test case for this important question. Most observers of Peru assume that both Fujimori's success in improving the economy and in combating insurrectionary forces contributed substantially to his high popularity and his reelection victory. Regression analyses of survey and electoral data suggest, however, that the successful counterinsurgency campaign had no significant medium or long-term impact on presidential approval and electoral support. These surprising findings seem to reflect a paradox of success: when a government effectively combats a severe threat, such as rampant guerrilla violence, the salience of the issue diminishes subsequently and people's high appreciation for the president's accomplishment has an ever lower impact on their political attitudes and behavior.
Hexavalent chromium removal using metal oxide photocatalysts

Abstract Photocatalysis is an attractive treatment method for removing hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from water. Thus far, photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) has been investigated mostly using TiO2 photocatalysts in acidic water solutions. Here we investigate Cr(VI) removal using zinc oxide (ZnO), tungsten trioxide (WO3), and sodium tantalate (NaTaO3), metal oxides that display good activity for other photocatalytic reactions such as water splitting, as well as titanium oxide (TiO2, Evonik P90). The efficiency for Cr(VI) removal using these photocatalysts was investigated in synthetic neutral and alkaline water, as well as in cooling tower blowdown water. The effect of several additives used in water treatment processes on the Cr(VI) removal rate was also studied. For NaTaO3, citric acid was found to have a detrimental effect to Cr(VI) removal, while sodium formate, ammonium chloride, and sodium sulfite were beneficial. While sulfite alone could chemically reduce Cr(VI), sulfite in combination with a photocatalyst resulted in faster and complete removal of Cr(VI) in 10 min using a SO32−/Cr(VI) ratio >35 in pH ∼ 8 solutions. NaTaO3 was found to display the highest Cr(VI) removal rates on a photon basis at pH 3 and in the presence of sodium sulfite, while ZnO and TiO2 showed the best performance in pH 7 and cooling tower blowdown water.
Efficient Dipyrrin-Centered Phosphorescence at Room Temperature from Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Dipyrrinato Complexes

A series of seven dipyrrin-based bis-cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes have been synthesized and characterized. All complexes display a single, irreversible oxidation wave and at least one reversible reduction wave. The electrochemical properties were found to be dominated by dipyrrin centered processes. The complexes were found to display room temperature luminescence with emission maxima ranging from 658 to 685 nm. Through systematic variation of the cyclometalating ligand and the meso substituent of the dipyrrin moiety, it was found that the observed room temperature emission was due to phosphorescence from a dipyrrin-centered triplet state with quantum efficiencies up to 11.5%. Bis-cyclometalated Ir(III) dipyrrin based organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) display emission at 682 nm with maximum external quantum efficiencies up to 1.0%.
A comparison of echocardiography to invasive measurement in the evaluation of pulmonary arterial hypertension in a rat model.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening condition characterized by progressive elevation in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and total pulmonary vascular resistance (TPVR). Recent advances in imaging techniques have allowed the development of new echocardiographic parameters to evaluate disease progression. However, there are no reports comparing the diagnostic performance of these non-invasive parameters to each other and to invasive measurements. Therefore, we investigated the diagnostic yield of echocardiographically derived TPVR and Doppler parameters of PAP in screening and measuring the severity of PAH in a rat model. Serial echocardiographic and invasive measurements were performed at baseline, 21 and 35 days after monocrotaline-induction of PAH. The most challenging echocardiographic derived TPVR measurement had good correlation with the invasive measurement (r = 0.92, P < 0.001) but also more simple and novel parameters of TPVR were found to be useful although the non-invasive TPVR measurement was feasible in only 29% of the studies due to lack of sufficient tricuspid valve regurgitation. However, echocardiographic measures of PAP, pulmonary artery flow acceleration time (PAAT) and deceleration (PAD), were measurable in all animals, and correlated with invasive PAP (r = −0.74 and r = 0.75, P < 0.001 for both). Right ventricular thickness and area correlated with invasive PAP (r = 0.59 and r = 0.64, P < 0.001 for both). Observer variability of the invasive and non-invasive parameters was low except in tissue-Doppler derived isovolumetric relaxation time. These non-invasive parameters may be used to replace invasive measurements in detecting successful disease induction and to complement invasive data in the evaluation of PAH severity in a rat model.
Microanalyses of interplanetary dust particles and micrometeorites: implications for sample return missions to undifferentiated protoplanets

Abstract A few grams of sample from an asteroid or a comet nucleus contain a cornucopia of information on accretion and evolution, including space weathering, of small, undifferentiated protoplanets. The information can be extracted by already available state-of-the-art microanalytical tools together with testable hypotheses of solar nebula dust accretion and parent body modification based on the laboratory analyses of undifferentiated meteoritic materials.
Consortships and conceptions in captive rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta )

A captive group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was observed during the breeding season to determine if consortship behavior, rather than promiscuous matings, resulted in higher reproductive success for either partner. The 38 adult females in this group were observed “in consort” with the 5 adult or 4 subadult males on 179 occasions. Most of these consortships were short-term, lasting less than one day. Six females engaged in consortships with one male that spanned more than three days, but the majority of these long-term associations did not result in a pregnancy with that male. The term “consortship” has been traditionally accepted as a specific nonhuman primate mating pattern, but the exact nature of this behavioral pattern and its evolutionary importance have been less clearly understood. Consort behavior could be considered a precursor to a monogamous mating system if long-term exclusive sexual associations resulted in higher reproductive success for the participants. But this study demonstrates that for rhesus macaques, who exhibit both consort behavior and more promiscuous matings, there is no clear reproductive advantage to long-term consortships. In light of the inconsistent use of the term consortship, the possible adaptive significance of an exclusive male-female sexual association for the evolution of human mating patterns needs to be reevaluated.
Hot metastable state of abnormal matter in relativistic nuclear field theory

Abstract Because of their non-linearity, the field equations of relativistic nuclear field theory admit of additional solutions besides the normal state of matter. One of these is a finite-temperature abnormal phase. Over a narrow range in temperature, matter can exist in the abnormal phase at zero pressure. This is a hot metastable state, for which there is a barrier against decay, because the field configuration is different than in the normal state, the baryon masses are far removed from their vacuum masses, there is an abundance of pairs also far removed from their vacuum masses, and a correspondingly high entropy. The abundance of baryon-antibaryon pairs is the glue that holds this matter together. The signals associated with this novel state are quite unusual. A fragment of such matter will cool by emitting a spectrum of black-body radiation, consisting principally of photons, lepton pairs and pions, rather than by baryon emission, because the latter are far removed from their vacuum masses. If produced at the upper end of its temperature range, a large fraction of the original energy, more than half in the examples studied here, is radiated in this way. The baryons and light elements produced in the eventual decay, after the abnormal matter has cooled to a domain where its pressure becomes positive, will account for only a fraction of the original energy. The energy domain of this state depends sensitively on the coupling constants, and within a reasonable range as determined by nuclear matter properties, can lie in the range of GeV to tens of GeV per nucleon.
Generalized Volkov wave functions : application to laser-assisted scattering

Wave equations---nonrelativistic and relativistic---describing the motion of a charged particle in a multimode laser field are considered and solutions are derived that may serve as asymptotic wave functions in the evaluation of amplitudes for laser-assisted scattering and multiphoton ionization. Unlike the well-known Volkov solutions that can be used only for fields of the plane-wave type, the wave functions obtained here are appropriate for the wider class of fields for which the different modes need not all have the same direction of propagation. This generalization allows in principle for the construction of wave packets, fields that are localized in space as well as time and hence capable of providing a more realistic description. The treatment of the nonrelativistic case is essentially exact, in the sense that errors introduced, of order (v/c${)}^{2}$, are comparable to those inherent in the nonrelativistic approximation. As an illustration, a low-frequency approximation for potential scattering in a multimode field is derived based on the use of the generalized Volkov solutions as asymptotic wave functions. Generalized Volkov solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are derived as well, though here in an approximation requiring a limitation on the strength of the external field.
Attitudes of Abused Women toward Male and Female Police Officers

A total of 103 women from three Detroit-area shelter homes were interviewed about their perceptions of the police response to family violence. Ninety women reported that they had had contact with p...
Degradation of connexins and gap junctions

Connexin proteins are short-lived within the cell, whether present in the secretory pathway or in gap junction plaques. Their levels can be modulated by their rate of degradation. Connexins, at different stages of assembly, are degraded through the proteasomal, endo-/lysosomal, and phago-/lysosomal pathways. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about connexin and gap junction degradation including the signals and protein-protein interactions that participate in their targeting for degradation.
A morphologic, immunologic, and cytometric approach to the classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in effusions.

The biologic and clinical heterogeneity of the various subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is related to differences in morphologic, immunologic, and kinetic properties. Comprehensive studies characterizing these features in lymphomatous effusion have yet to be reported. We recently studied 27 effusion specimens from 26 patients with clinically suspected or confirmed lymphoma. Wright-Giemsa- and Papanicolaou-stained cytologic preparations, acridine orange nucleic acid flow cytometry, and immunoperoxidase staining of cell suspensions using antibodies to a battery of T and B cell markers were evaluated and compared with prior histologic accessions. Specimens were classified by cytologic characteristics according to the International Working Formulation Scheme and by acridine orange nucleic acid flow cytometry using the parameters of DNA, RNA, and proliferative activity. Correlation of the cytometric and morphologic data demonstrated that with increasing cytologic grade of lymphoma, the proliferative activity increased progressively and distinguished between grades (P < 0.01). Immunologic studies identified B cell phenotype in 16 specimens, T cell in three, and true histiocytic lymphoma in one; one lymphoma had no cell markers (null cell). Six effusons proved to be inflammatory and reactive according to surface marker studies. Classification by cytologic characteristics showed good correlation with histologic classification performed previously. Immunologic study of cytologic specimens gave results identical to those achieved by frozen-section immunohistologic examination. Thus, immunologic and cytometric parameters can be readily performed on effusion specimens and aid in the diagnosis and classification of lymphomas. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:91-101.
FΠ Projectors of Π soluble groups

Abstract Let F be any Schunk class and Π any set of primes. Define F Π as the class of all groups having a normal Π′ complement in G and a Hall Π-subgroup of G belonging to F . If G is any finite Π soluble group, then 1. (a) G has an F Π projector, 2. (b) all F Π projectors are conjugate. Some very interesting properties of F Π projectors are shown.
Separation of micrometer-size oxide particles by capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract High quality separations of three-component mixtures of suspended micrometer-size metal oxide particles have been achieved by capillary zone electrophoresis in two different high-pH aqueous buffer systems. Mixtures of Al2O3, Fe3O4 and TiO2 and of Al2O3, Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 were separated in 5–10 min in either carbonate buffer, pH 10.6 or pyrophosphate buffer, pH 10.2. The effects of electric field strength, buffer concentration and buffer type on separation quality were determined. Under optimized conditions, the separations were nearly baseline resolved. Complete separation of a mixture of Al2O3 and UO2 particles was also accomplished. Different sized particles/aggregates of a given oxide were found to co-migrate so that, for the systems studied, particle size effects were negligible and the separations were electrophoretic in nature. Reproducibilities of migration times and peak widths, heights and shapes were found to be excellent, with relative standard deviations of migration times consistently being
The ‘Passes-For’ Fallacy and the Future of Critical Thinking

In this paper, I characterize Susan Haack’s so called “passes-for” fallacy, analyze both what makes this inference compelling and why it is illegitimate, and finally explain why reflecting on the passes-for fallacy—and others like it—should become part of critical thinking pedagogy for humanities students. The analysis proceeds by examining a case of the passes-for fallacy identified by Haack in the work of Ruth Bleier. A charitable reconstruction of Bleier’s reasoning shows that it is enlightening to regard the passes-for fallacy as an abuse of the application conditions of the concept of bias, rather than as an egregious case of Hasty Generalization.
Nonaqueous Halide-Free Flux Reactions with Tin-Based Solders

New halide-free fluxes are becoming more prevalent in electronic packaging; however, their efficacy and reactive behavior with conventional solders has not been well characterized. In this work, we examine nonaqueous halide-free flux reactions of tin (Sn)-based solder surfaces using electrochemical methods. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study reactions of Sn(II) and Sn(IV) species, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study surface chemistry, and chronopotentiometry was used to quantify equilibrium constants of Sn–carboxylic complexes. Reactions were investigated using carboxylic acid solutions such as adipic acid or maleic acid in polyethylene glycol. Carboxylic acid-based fluxes are practically inactive toward SnO2 removal at room temperature (25°C); however, some species are capable of removing the oxides at temperatures as high as 180°C and at pH as low as 0.1. XPS results suggest the H+ activity of the carboxylic acid is the key to removing SnO2 on Sn-based solder surfaces. Equilibrium coefficients and potential-pH diagrams are given to elucidate the influence of pH on Sn surfaces.
Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic Polyamides Derived from New Phenylated Aromatic Diamines

Four new phenylated aromatic diamines, 1,4-bis(4-amino-3,5-diphenylphenyl)benzene (1a), 1,3-bis(4-amino-3,5-diphenylphenyl)benzene (1b), 1,4-bis(4-aminophenyl)-2,3,5-triphenylbenzene (2a), and 1,4-bis(4-aminophenyl)-2,3,5,6-tetraphenylbenzene (2b) were synthesized and polymerized with terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) and isophthaloyl chloride (IPC). All the polyamides showed high thermal stability with 5% weight-loss temperatures in the range of 466–524°C in air or nitrogen, and no melting peak below their decomposition temperatures. The polymers containing m-catenation had glass transition temperatures in the range of 275–349°C, and were soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The rigid rod-like polyamides consisting all para-oriented linkages showed no clear glass transition. In the rod-like polymers, polymer 2a/TPC showed good solubility in NMP, and preliminary optical microscope observation for the 20% solution showed an anisotropic property.
Motivational antecedents of preventive proactivity in late life : Linking future orientation and exercise

This paper reviews a comprehensive, proactivity-based model of successful aging (E. Kahana & B. Kahana, 2003). Future orientation is considered as a motivational antecedent of late-life proactivity. In a panel study of 453 old-old adults, we linked future orientation to exercise, a key component of late-life proactivity. Findings based on hierarchical linear modeling reveal that future orientation at baseline predicts changes in exercise during the subsequent four years. Whereas exercise behavior generally declined over time, future orientation and female gender were associated with smaller decline. These results suggest that future-oriented thinking has a lasting impact on health promotion behavior. Future orientation thus represents a dispositional antecedent of preventive proactivity as proposed in our successful aging model.
Duodenal gastrinomas, duodenotomy, and duodenal exploration in the surgical management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Studies have shown that the duodenum is a more common site (30–40%) of primary gastrinomas than previously reported. These tumors are often occult to conventional exploration, and their detection requires duodenotomy and meticulous evaluation of the mucosa by eversion and direct palpation. Furthermore, tumors as small as 1 to 2 mm may be associated with lymph node metastases. Seven patients with duodenal gastrinomas treated during a 2-year period are reported. Four had sporadic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), and three had multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN-I) syndrome. All seven patients had malignant duodenal gastrinomas as proved by metastatic lymph nodes and in one case a large liver metastasis as well. Local excision of the tumor, lymph node excisions, and in one case liver lobectomy resulted in eugastrinemia in the 4 with sporadic ZES. Two of the three with MEN-I were also eugastrinemic after similar procedures, with the addition of distal pancreatectomy. Duodenotomy is considered an essential procedure in sporadic ZES patients when no pancreatic tumor is found and in all MEN-I/ZES patients, regardless of the pancreatic findings. Regional lymph node excisions are essential when a duodenal tumor has been found.
Effect of emergency department information on patient satisfaction.

Study hypothesis: Patient satisfaction with emergency department care is enhanced by information distributed to patients on ED arrival. Participants and setting: A convenience sample of 200 alert, English-speaking, adult ED patients. Design and intervention: ED information was distributed on alternate days to all ED patients. The ED information described ED function and patient evaluation time. Patients not receiving ED information served as controls. A research assistant administered a satisfaction questionnaire to all patients immediately after discharge. Measurements and main results: Patients who received ED information rated their overall satisfaction higher than did the control group ( P P = .0112), physician concern and caring ( P = .0062), whether the patient would use the same ED again ( P P = .01), information received ( P P P = .0366), and ease and convenience of care ( P = .0014). Conclusion: ED information has a significant effect on patients' perceptions of the quality of care and overall satisfaction.
Fission-induced vaporization of UO2 from a source and subsequent condensation on collectors exposed to fission fragment bombardment☆

Experiments were carried out to establish that UO/sub 2/ in the immediate vicinity of a moving fission fragment does vaporize from the fission source film. The deposit which condenses on collectors during vacuunm irrailiations was identified as UO2. Moreover, long fission fragment tracks the immediate vicinity of a moving fission fragment does vaporize from the fission source film. The deposit which condenses on collectors during vacuum irradiations was identified as UO/sub 2/. Moreover, long fission fragment tracks in the collector were attributed to fission fragments originating from the deposit on the collector. A 200-Athick amorphous coating of carbon on the surface of UO/sub 2/ fission source films greatly reduced the vaporization. Three types of collectors-amorphous carbon, amorphous carbon with a thin coating of platinum, and large grained aluminum - displayed holes and tracks after bombardment with fission fragnments from carbon-coated UO/sub 2/ sources. Fission fragment damage in these targets differs in track geometry and in the amount and uniformity of material ejected. (auth)
Investigation of monomer—dimer equilibria of perfluorocarboxylic acids by second derivative infrared spectroscopy

Abstract The equilibrium between monomeric and associated forms of perfluorocarboxylic acids in carbon tetrachloride solution has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. It was found that the overlap of the carbonyl stretching bands of the monomer and associated forms was too great to permit the nature of the associated form to be determined accurately. After conversion of the solvent-compensated absorbance spectra to their second derivative and measurement of the height of the secondary maxima of the overlapping bands, the associated species was confirmed to be the dimer.
Lower Cretaceous Rocks (Neocomian-Albian) Dredged from Blake Escarpment

Algal calcarenites, Neocomian to Aptian in age, dredged from 3000 to 5000-meter depth on Blake Escarpment, are the oldest rocks yet obtained from deep-sea outcrops. Five thousand meters of post-Aptian subsidence of the Blake Plateau is thus established. Aptian-Albian calcilutites obtained from depths of less than 3000 meters mark the establishment of an offshore environment.
Towards an operational sustainability criterion

Abstract This paper examines the concept of sustainability and its implications for environmental policy analysis. It builds on the premise that present society holds a moral obligation to pass on a world of undiminished life opportunities to members of future generations. Maintaining life opportunities, in turn, can be achieved by maintaining or improving a diverse set of resources and capabilities that support a person's freedom to define and pursue her own conception of the good life. On an operational level, this framework points to the following guideline for environmental policy: Protecting the rights of future generations requires either the conservation of environmental resources or compensatory measures (including the provision of substitute technologies) that ensure the fair and proportionate sharing of net benefits over intergenerational time scales. In this framework, resource depletion is permissible only if (with reasonable certainty) it would generate a Pareto improvement relative to a baseline scenario involving strict resource conservation.
Comparison of Bayesian and Dempster-Shafer theory for sensing: a practitioner's approach

This paper presents an applied practical comparison of Bayesian and Dempster-Shafer techniques useful for managing uncertainty in sensing. Three formulations of the same example are presented: a Bayesian, a naive Dempster-Shafer, and a Dempster-Shafer approach using a refined frame of discernment. Both the Bayesian and Dempster-Shafer (with a refined frame of discernment) yield similar results; however, information content and representations are different between the two methods. Bayesian theory requires a more explicit formulation of conditioning and the prior probabilities of events. Dempster-Shafer theory embeds conditioning information into its belief function and does not rely on prior knowledge, making it appropriate for situations where it is difficult to either collect or posit such probabilities, or isolate their contribution.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Note on utilisation of peanut seed testa

Peanut testae (skins, seed coats) are an extremely low value by-product of peanut-blanching operations. Their commercial value is $12-20 per ton and their limited use is only as a minor component of cattle feed. Based on world in-shell peanut production of 29.1 million tons in 1999/2000 and an average skin content of 2.6%, world production of peanut skins can be estimated at over 750 000 tons annually. Research performed to find new uses for peanut skins demonstrated that up to 35% of the oil in the skins can be recovered. In some cases the oil can be a new potential source of behenic and lignoceric acids, which are used in body-building formulations and as ingredients in shampoos. After removal of the oil the skins were useful for making brandy, liqueur and tea. Peanut skin oil extraction followed by tannin extraction also produces a protein-enriched product that could find application in mixed feeds for cattle consumption at higher concentrations relative to existing practice. A simple technique was also offered to use the skins in finishing decorative panels. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximate phase conjugation with a retroreflecting array in microscopy

Some experiments on image recovery in microscopy are described. The aperture stop of a microscope objective is partially obscured, and a retroreflecting array is used as an approximate phase conjugator to return the beam through the unobstructed part of the aperture. An application is made to the measurement of the absolute reflectance of small samples by use of a variant of Strong’s method.
Determination of the Three-Dimensional Stress-Strain State of a Thick-Walled Two-Layer Cylinder

As a result of the separation of the angular variable, the investigation of the three-dimensional stress-strain state of a finite two-layer thick-walled cylinder is reduced to the solution of one-dimensional boundary-value problems. The components of the vector of displacements and the stress tensor are represented in the form of series specified by the constructed eigenfunctions. A method for the analytic-numerical solution of the boundary-value problems for two-layer cylinders is developed. The numerical criteria for the convergence of the method are theoretically established for the first time. It is shown that the accuracy with which the boundary conditions are satisfied is determined by a single number, namely, by the minimum of the quadratic form.
Trademarks as a System of Signs: A Semiotic Look at Trademark Law

This essay attempts to explore trademark law and the marks themselves from a semiotic viewpoint to provide a deeper understanding to (trademark) law as a system of signs. Although the language of trademark law may suggest slightly different meanings, for the purpose of this essay “trademark” will refer to an area of law (unless otherwise indicated) and “mark” will refer to the individual sign. The first part of this essay will provide a brief overview of semiotics. Second, it will outline a general look at trademark law as set forth in the Lanham Act. The third section is a semiotic approach to provide a deeper understanding of trademark law. Finally, the essay will analyze a seminal trademark case whilst using semiotics to address legal meaning within the case. Semiotics teaches that no absolute meaning can be found. This essay, then, attempts to secure at least one particular meaning of the Qualitex case and what it means in trademark law today.
An Extension of the Veneziano Representation

This paper extends Veneziano's representation from $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\omega}$ to $\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Pi}V$, where $\ensuremath{\Pi} (V)$ is a pseudoscalar (vector) SU (3) octuplet or singlet.
College Students’ Perceptions of and Responses to Cheating at Traditional, Modified, and Non-Honor System Institutions

To address growing concerns about academic integrity, college students (n = 758) at honor system and non-honor system institutions were presented with eight scenarios to determine the influence of an honor system on their perceptions of and responses to academic dishonesty. Main effects for honor code status emerged. Students from traditional honor system schools considered the behaviors to be more dishonest, and were more likely to respond that they would report the incident when compared to students attending modified and non-honor system institutions. Findings suggest traditional honor systems, with specific rules and regulations in place, are more effective at cultivating academic integrity among students; modified honor systems may not be as effective as previous research suggests.