cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double Fellowships in Radiology: A Survey of 2014 Graduating Fellows

Abstract Purpose Radiology fellowship training has evolved from being an uncommon option to being a near requisite for post-training employment in the United States. A subset of fellows elect to pursue second fellowships with potentially substantial implications on both the private sector and academic radiology workforce. The purpose of this study was to assess the proportion of current radiology fellows pursuing multiple years of post-residency fellowship training. Materials and Methods After obtaining IRB approval, an anonymous web-based survey was emailed to 1,269 radiology fellows listed as “completing fellowship” in the American College of Radiology database in June 2014. Questions were asked regarding current fellowship training, post-fellowship employment plans, and individual experience pursuing employment. Results were analyzed using the survey analytical software. Results There were 219 responses received, representing a 17.3% response rate. Ten-percent of respondents were currently completing their second radiology fellowship. Of those completing their first year of fellowship training, 11% indicated plans to complete a second radiology fellowship. Conclusion This survey provides a snapshot of the percentage of radiology trainees who pursue a second year of fellowship training, currently in the range of 10%. Pursuing a second radiology fellowship may represent a safety net to a substantial subset of fellows who are not able to obtain satisfactory employment following training. Academic programs who rely heavily on fellows should be aware of the proportion of fellows pursuing two fellowships and should be prepared to adapt should this change over time.
What does PD-L1 positive or negative mean?

Expression of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1) is used to select patients and analyze responses to anti–PD-1/L1 antibodies. The expression of PD-L1 is regulated in different ways, which leads to a different significance of its presence or absence. PD-L1 positivity may be a result of genetic events leading to constitutive PD-L1 expression on cancer cells or inducible PD-L1 expression on cancer cells and noncancer cells in response to a T cell infiltrate. A tumor may be PD-L1 negative because it has no T cell infiltrate, which may be reversed with an immune response. Finally, a tumor that is unable to express PD-L1 because of a genetic event will always be negative for PD-L1 on cancer cells.
Pattern of Consultation Referrals for Cytopenia Evaluations to a Hematologist at An Academic Medical Center: The Expanding Role of a Consultant Hematologist

Purpose: It appears that many cytopenia consultation referrals to Hematology outpatient clinics turn out to have diseases related to primary care practice. The aim of this retrospective study is to see what proportion and what kind of cytopenia consultations in a Hematology clinic are due to disorders related to primary care practice. Methods: Retrospective chart review analysis of all outpatient referrals from July 2002 to June 2008 to a Hematologist at a tertiary university hospital was performed. Of those, only cytopenia consultations were analyzed. Cases were analyzed according to the presenting cytopenias and the final diagnoses. Results: There were a total of 942 outpatient consultation referrals during this period. 435 consultations were for cytopenia evaluations (46%). Of cytopenia evaluations, the demographics were as follows; male: female = 1: 1.5, age: 60 = 1:1, Caucasian: non-non-Caucasian = 3:1. Distributions of cytopenia consultations were as follows: anemia (60%), thrombocytopenia (15%), leucopenia (10%), pancytopenia (6%), anemia and thrombocytopenia (4%), anemia and leucopenia (2.5%), leucopenia and thrombocytopenia (2.5%). Fortysix cases of cytopenia (11%) resolved on its own without any intervention. Final diagnoses of the rest were iron deficiency anemia 28% (65 cases of gastrointestinal bleeding, 47 cases of menorrhagia, 5 cases due to malabsorption, 5 cases of vegetarianism), myelodysplasia 8%, anemia of multifactorial origin (> more than 1 cause) 7%, anemia due to chronic renal failure only 6%, anemia of chronic disease 2%, drug-induced myelosuppression 6%, ITP 5%, ethnic leucopenia 4%, vitamin B12 deficiency 3%, thalassemia 3%, acute leukemia 2%, myeloma 2%, cirrhosis/hypersplenism 2%, sickle cell/hemoglobinopathy 1.5%, gestational thrombocytopenia 1.5%, viral hepatitis 1%, hereditary spherocytosis 1%, hemolytic anemia 1%, low grade lymphomas 1%, myelofibrosis 1%, non-immune chronic idiopathic neutropenia of adult 1%, immune leucopenia 0.5%, human immunodeficiency virus infection 0.5%, alcoholism 0.5%, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 0.25%. Primary hematologic diseases accounted for 34.25% while the remaining cases were diseases related to primary care practice. Conclusion: Cytopenia consultations accounted for 46% of all referrals. Anemia made up the majority of cytopenia consultations. Iron deficiency anemia due to gastrointestinal bleeding turned out to be the commonest final diagnosis while iron deficiency anemia due to menorrhagia was the second commonest diagnosis. Two-thirds of cytopenia consultations turned out to have diseases related to primary care medicine while primary hematologic diseases accounted for only one-third of the consultations. It appears hematologists are seeing more and more cases of cytopenias due to primary medical diseases (hematologic manifestations of medical diseases) rather than true primary hematologic disorders. Thus, the hematologist’s role as a consultant to primary care practitioners continues to expand.
Using the Biology Card Sorting Task to Measure Changes in Conceptual Expertise during Postsecondary Biology Education.

Assessment of conceptual biology expertise using the Biology Card Sorting Task among university students with various biology education experiences revealed that advanced biology majors do not deve...
Text mining applied to electronic cardiovascular procedure reports to identify patients with trileaflet aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease

Abstract Background Interrogation of the electronic health record (EHR) using billing codes as a surrogate for diagnoses of interest has been widely used for clinical research. However, the accuracy of this methodology is variable, as it reflects billing codes rather than severity of disease, and depends on the disease and the accuracy of the coding practitioner. Systematic application of text mining to the EHR has had variable success for the detection of cardiovascular phenotypes. We hypothesize that the application of text mining algorithms to cardiovascular procedure reports may be a superior method to identify patients with cardiovascular conditions of interest. Methods We adapted the Oracle product Endeca, which utilizes text mining to identify terms of interest from a NoSQL-like database, for purposes of searching cardiovascular procedure reports and termed the tool “PennSeek”. We imported 282,569 echocardiography reports representing 81,164 individuals and 27,205 cardiac catheterization reports representing 14,567 individuals from non-searchable databases into PennSeek. We then applied clinical criteria to these reports in PennSeek to identify patients with trileaflet aortic stenosis (TAS) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Accuracy of patient identification by text mining through PennSeek was compared with ICD-9 billing codes. Results Text mining identified 7115 patients with TAS and 9247 patients with CAD. ICD-9 codes identified 8272 patients with TAS and 6913 patients with CAD. 4346 patients with AS and 6024 patients with CAD were identified by both approaches. A randomly selected sample of 200–250 patients uniquely identified by text mining was compared with 200–250 patients uniquely identified by billing codes for both diseases. We demonstrate that text mining was superior, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.95 compared to 0.53 by ICD-9 for TAS, and a PPV of 0.97 compared to 0.86 for CAD. Conclusion These results highlight the superiority of text mining algorithms applied to electronic cardiovascular procedure reports in the identification of phenotypes of interest for cardiovascular research.
Operative Treatment of Recurrent or Metastatic Disease

Well-differentiated thyroid cancer may recur in approximately 30% of patients. Recurrences may involve vital structures, such as the recurrent laryngeal nerve, trachea, and esophagus, or they may present as distant metastatic disease. Careful multidisciplinary evaluation is necessary to determine appropriate treatment of recurrent disease. Surgical treatment is often necessary, but timing and extent of operation should be thoroughly discussed among members of a treatment team.
Toward a more ethical system of state and local government retirement funding

The deferred nature of retirement benefits provides public officials with a means of postponing to later years the retirement financing burden. This practice is aided by the fact that the Employee Retirement Income and Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) does not apply to the public sector. Failure to provide for full actuarial funding violates the concept of interperiod equity, which the Governmental Accounting Standards Board cites as a fundamental responsibility of public administrators. Underfunding also violates the just savings principle developed by the philosopher John Rawls. This paper examines the extent of retirement system underfunding in state and local government and considers the various ways in which underfunding imposes an unfair burden on future generations. The ethical significance of underfunding is tied to the works of Rawls, and remedial measures are proposed which are consistent with Rawls’ just savings principle.
Comb and hybrid laser-driven WDM silicon photonic interconnects for exascale and HPC applications (Conference Presentation)

Initially, we’ll discuss an SOI based, carrier injection micro-ring modulator. The static optical and electrical characteristics of this device will be reviewed and described. Thermal control and modulation mechanisms with pre-emphasis will be outlined. Automated wafer-lever optical/electrical results from volume foundries (Leti and STMicro) used for PDK/Verilog model development will be reviewed, along with experimental data on direct modulation to 25 Gb/s, crosstalk at various DWDM channel separations, and demonstrations with an external quantum-dot based comb laser with 80 and 50GHz channel spacing. Following this, our work on directly modulated hybrid quantum-well ring lasers will be reviewed in design, fabrication. Experimental results for modulation at 12.5 Gb/s/channel, integration with MOS capacitor for wavelength control and modulation and a thermal shunt for temperature management will highlight the advantages of this technology that may be exploited. Subsequently, our work on hybrid quantum-dot based comb lasers for on-chip DWDM sources will be discussed in their details of physical operation, demonstrating successful mode-locking and noise-free operation across the 20-80C thermal range. Our work on the integration of on-chip APDs from a CMOS-compatible processes will also be reviewed, demonstrating error-free operation at 12.5 Gb/s and 25 Gb/s with a sensitivity of -26dBm and -16dBm, respectively. The use of APDs will drastically decrease the overall power consumption of the interconnect, lowering total cost of ownership. Finally, our most recent progress on integration of the silicon photonics with CMOS by a flip-chip will be reviewed showing high-speed modulation and thermal control for a multi-channel DWDM transceiver.
Effects of Drought on Nutrient Uptake and the Levels of Nutrient-Uptake Proteins in Roots of Drought-Sensitive and -Tolerant Grasses.

Climate change will increase drought in many regions of the world. Besides decreasing productivity, drought also decreases the concentration (%) of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in plants. We investigated if decreases in nutrient status during drought are correlated with decreases in levels of nutrient-uptake proteins in roots, which has not been quantified. Drought-sensitive (Hordeum vulgare, Zea mays) and -tolerant grasses (Andropogon gerardii) were harvested at mid and late drought, when we measured biomass, plant %N and P, root N- and P-uptake rates, and concentrations of major nutrient-uptake proteins in roots (NRT1 for NO3, AMT1 for NH4, and PHT1 for P). Drought reduced %N and P, indicating that it reduced nutrient acquisition more than growth. Decreases in P uptake with drought were correlated with decreases in both concentration and activity of P-uptake proteins, but decreases in N uptake were weakly correlated with levels of N-uptake proteins. Nutrient-uptake proteins per gram root decreased despite increases per gram total protein, because of the larger decreases in total protein per gram. Thus, drought-related decreases in nutrient concentration, especially %P, were likely caused, at least partly, by decreases in the concentration of root nutrient-uptake proteins in both drought-sensitive and -tolerant species.
Concepts and Methods of Quality Assurance for Mass-Reared Parasitoids and Predators

This chapter describes concepts and methods of quality assurance for mass-reared parasitoids and predators, emphasizing postproduction use and evaluation. Guidelines are provided for building a complete quality assurance system with functions for management, methods development, material, production, research, utilization, personnel, and quality control. Published quality assessments of mass-reared natural enemies are reviewed, along with minimum requirements for quality assurance and control data acquisition and analysis. A general structure is given for conducting a quality assurance system review. Finally, examples are included of the type of research needed to advance quality assessment for mass-reared parasitoids and predators.
Arsenic Metabolism in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microbes

This chapter will focus on recent progress on the mechanisms of metalloid uptake, metabolism, and detoxification in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microbes. One of the initial challenges of the earliest cells would have been the ability to detoxify heavy metal ions, transition metal ions, and metalloids, including arsenic and antimony. The presence of arsenic resistance (ars) genes in the genome of by far most living organisms sequenced to date illustrates firstly that ars genes must be ancient and secondly that arsenic is still ubiquitous in the environment, providing the selective pressure that maintains these genes in present-day organisms. Some early cells also probably could use arsenite as an electron acceptor, giving selective pressure for the evolution of respiratory arsenate reductase. As atmospheric O2 levels increased, arsenite was oxidized to arsenate abiotically. This provided an advantage for the evolution of arsenate reductases, some for arsenate respiration and energy production, and others for arsenate detoxification. Present-day selective pressure for metalloid resistance also comes from sources such as natural release of arsenic from volcanic activities, mining activities, the burning of coal, and other human activities. In addition is the use of arsenicals and antimonials as chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of parasitic diseases and cancer. Resistance to these drugs is becoming a major dilemma. Thus, an understanding of the molecular details of metalloid transport systems and detoxification enzymes is essential for the rational design of new drugs, and for treating drug-resistant microorganisms and tumor cells. Finally, this chapter will summarize recent identification of novel enzymes for arsenic reduction, oxidation, and methylation that expand the possibilities for metalloid metabolism and transformations.
Monotonicity and connectedness in learning systems

This thesis studies two properties—monotonicity and connectedness—in the context of machine learning. The first part of the thesis examines the role of monotonicity constraints in machine learning from both practical and theoretical perspectives. Two techniques for enforcing monotonicity in machine learning models are proposed. The first method adds to the objective function a penalty term measuring the degree to which the model violates monotonicity. The penalty term can be interpreted as a Bayesian prior favoring functions which obey monotonicity. This method has the potential to enforce monotonicity only approximately, making it appropriate for situations where strict monotonicity may not hold. The second approach consists of a model which is monotonic by virtue of functional form. This model is shown to have universal approximation capabilities with respect to the class M of monotonic functions. A variety of theoretical results are also presented regarding M. The generalization behavior of this class is shown to depend heavily on the probability distribution over the input space. Although the VC dimension of M is ∞, the VC entropy (i.e., the expected number of dichotomies) is modest for many distributions, allowing us to obtain bounds on the generalization error. Monte Carlo techniques for estimating the capacity and VC entropy of M are presented. The second part of the thesis considers broader issues in learning theory. Generalization error bounds based on the VC dimension describe a function class by counting the number of dichotomies it induces. In this thesis, a more detailed characterization is presented which takes into account the diversity of a set of dichotomies in addition to its cardinality. Many function classes in common usage are shown to possess a property called connectedness . Models with this property induce dichotomy sets which are highly clustered and have little diversity. We derive an improvement to the VC bound which applies to function classes with the connectedness property.
Concierge Option for a Service Offering: Design, Analysis, Impact, and Adoption

Concierge Medicine is the most visible implementation of a new trend of introducing a fee-based premier option in a service offering. This is usually done for the purposes of segmenting customers based on their willingness or ability to wait for the service. Using a realistic yet representative model setup, we perform a detailed analysis to (i) determine the conditions (fees, cost structure, etc.) under which the concierge option is profitable for the service provider, (ii) quantify benefits accrued by the premier customers; and (iii) evaluate the resulting impact on the other customers. We show that, under a wide range of system parameters, introducing a concierge option benefits every one and also compute the magnitude of these benefits. These benefits are larger when the variance in the customer waiting costs is high and the system utilization is high. We complement these results with data on the adoption of MDVIP (the most popular concierge medical service in the US) service and show that the service has been adopted in areas where the median income is significantly larger and the population is older. Both income and age are good proxies for the waiting cost that a customer attributes to waiting for receiving medical service.
Simulation of Percutaneous Structural Interventions

Abstract Cardiovascular application of three-dimensional printing has recently expanded to cover percutaneous structural interventions. Such an approach provides significant advantages, which encompass improved safety and efficacy in device delivery and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the availability of physical models and the improved visualization of the underlying anatomy can be a major determinant of success in complex structural interventions. In this chapter, we review the recent application of three-dimensional printing for simulation of intervention in valvular, congenital, vascular, and miscellaneous cardiovascular conditions.
Rational Higher‐Order Belief Revision in Young Children

Belief revision can occur at multiple levels of abstraction, including lower-level and higher-order beliefs. It remains unclear, however, how conflicting evidence interacts with prior beliefs to encourage higher-order belief revision. This study explores how 4- and 5-year-olds (N = 96) respond to evidence that directly conflicts with their causal higher-order beliefs. When shown a single event that directly violated a strongly supported prior belief, preschoolers largely maintained their initial higher-order belief. However, when the prior belief was more weakly supported and the counterevidence was stronger, children changed their minds. These findings indicate that young children can revise their higher-order beliefs and, furthermore, do so depending on the strength of both the evidence and their prior beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Longitudinal literacy professional development in an urban elementary charter school

The authors describe a school-university professional development partnership in a high-needs urban elementary charter school. University and school partners collaborated to build instructional cap...
Neural correlates of emotion processing predict resilience in youth at familial risk for mood disorders

Aberrant face emotion processing has been demonstrated in youth with and at a familial risk for bipolar and major depressive disorders. However, the neurobiological factors related to emotion processing that underlie resilience from youth-onset mood disorders are not well understood. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data during an implicit emotion processing task were collected at baseline from a sample of 50 youth, ages 8-17, who were healthy but also familially at high risk for either bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder, and 24 healthy controls with no family history of psychopathology (HCL). Participants were reevaluated 3 years later and classified into three groups for analysis: high-risk youth who converted to a psychiatric diagnosis (CVT; N = 23), high-risk youth who were resilient from developing any psychopathology (RES; N = 27), and HCL youth (N = 24) who remained healthy at follow-up. For happy > calm faces, the CVT and RES groups had significantly lower activation in the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL), while the RES group had lower activation in the right supramarginal gyrus. For fear > calm faces, the RES group had lower activation in the right precuneus and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) compared to the CVT group. Connectivity analyses revealed the RES group exhibited higher left IPL connectivity with visual cortical regions for happy > calm faces, and higher IFG connectivity with frontal, temporal, and limbic regions for fear > calm faces. These connectivities were correlated with improvements in prosocial behaviors and global functioning. Our findings suggest that differential activation and connectivity in the IPL, IFG, and precuneus in response to emotional stimuli may represent distinct resilience and risk markers for youth-onset mood disorders.
Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Abstract Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes, but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and (2) to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices. An inbred rice cultivar, Yinjingruanzhan, was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates (0, 75, and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0, 90, and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season) as main plots, three seedling densities (16.7, 75.0, and 187.5 seedlings m−2) as subplots, and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou, China. Light intensity at base of canopy (Lb), light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio (R/FR), light transmission ratio (LTR), leaf area index (LAI), leaf N concentration (NLV) and final length of second internode (counted from soil surface upward) (FIL) were recorded. Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL. FIL was negatively correlated with Lb, LTR, and R/FR (P 0.05). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI (R2 = 0.82). Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL. We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage. NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes. N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy. Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.
Tufa Deposition Dynamics in a Freshwater Karstic Stream Influenced by Warm Springs

Sweet Springs Creek, located in the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains in southeastern West Virginia and southwestern Virginia, USA, contains major fluvial tufa formations at the sites of localized fractures and faults. Sweet Springs Creek receives input from higher-temperature thermal springs of lower pH and higher sulfate concentration that differ significantly in chemical composition due to differences in the underlying geology. In this study, theoretical rates of tufa accumulation were compared with those measured on travertine tiles left in situ for 30 days during periods of high and low stream flow above and below the sites of major fluvial tufa formations. Consistent with the chemistry of the spring waters, observed and predicted tufa accumulation rates in the stream were low compared to others reported worldwide. Tufa formation rate estimates were consistently higher during seasonal conditions of low flow, warm temperatures, and higher pH that occurred in late summer, but net annual accumulation may still be zero or less due to formation erosion during periodic flooding events. Computer tomography analysis determined that the natural porosity of travertine tiles results in a total surface area 32% greater than that calculated based solely on tile dimensions, which may overestimate initial tufa accumulation rates in situ. Measured rates of carbonate deposition on travertine tiles were 1.6–82 × lower than rates predicted based on theoretical models, consistent with the hypothesis of rate reduction due to variable diffusional boundary layer limitations and variability in stream hydrology. The generation of loose, platy, and unconsolidated precipitate on tiles under geochemical conditions predicted to be the greatest for optimal tufa formation suggested that the precipitation of particulate calcite in the stream system may predominantly result in the formation of unconsolidated marl deposits.
Thickness and defocus dependence of inter-atomic electric fields measured by scanning diffraction.

Abstract Scanning diffraction uses the diffraction pattern from the sub-angstrom electron probe in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to record the probe's interaction with the sample structure. The diffraction intensity distribution carries information about the Coulomb interaction between the probe and the sample, from which the local electric field can be calculated. Although measurement of the electric field from scanning diffraction data is relatively simple under ideal conditions, theoretical and simulation studies indicate that interpretation of momentum transfer measurements is still complicated by the effects of sample thickness, dynamic scattering, and the depth of focus from the electron probe. Especially for thick samples of more than a few nanometers, simulations predicted that the measured momentum transfer in scanning diffraction is not directly correlated with the electric field. However, in our experiments, we have found that the technique is more robust than previously predicted when using specific imaging conditions. Here we systematically studied the effect of sample thickness and probe defocus on the momentum transfer of the electron probe in STEM, showing that the strong electric field close to atoms can be measured quantitatively for samples up to 5 nm and that the weak electric field in inter-atomic regions can be measured for samples up to 15 nm while maintaining qualitative accuracy in the full electric field image.
Similarity Measurement on Human Mobility Data with Spatially Weighted Structural Similarity Index (SpSSIM)

Understanding diverse characteristics of human mobility provides profound knowledge of urban dynamics and complexity. Human movements are recorded in a variety of data sources, and each describes unique mobility characteristics. Revealing similarity and difference in various data sources facilitates grasping comprehensive human mobility patterns. This study introduces a new method to measure similarities on two origin–destination (OD) matrices by spatially extending an image‐assessment tool, the structural similarity index (SSIM). The new measurement, spatially weighted SSIM (SpSSIM), utilizes weight matrices to overcome the SSIM sensitivity issue by explicitly defining spatial adjacency. To evaluate SpSSIM, we compared performances between SSIM and SpSSIM with resampling the orders of OD pairs and conducted bootstrapping to test the statistical significance of SpSSIM. As a case study, we compared OD matrices generated from three data sources in San Diego County, CA: U.S. Census‐based Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics Origin–Destination employment statistics, Twitter, and Instagram. The case study demonstrated that SpSSIM was able to capture similarities of mobility patterns between datasets that varied by distance. Some regions showed local dissimilarity while the global index indicated they were similar. The results enhance the understanding of complex mobility patterns from various datasets, including social media.
Approaches to Mormon Identity and Practice in the #ldsconf Twitter Hashtag

In this paper, we document different expressions of Mormon identity and different approaches to Mormon practice within the #ldsconf Twitter hashtag. In particular, we examine #ldsconf during two im...
Blue-green emission from epitaxial yet cation-disordered ZnGeN 2 -x O x

${\mathrm{ZnGeN}}_{2}$ offers a low-cost alternative to InGaN with the potential for band-gap tuning to span the green gap using cation site ordering. The addition of oxygen on the anion site creates an additional degree of electronic tunability. Here, we investigate the structure and optoelectronic properties of an epitaxial ${\mathrm{ZnGeN}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ thin film library grown by combinatorial co-sputtering on c-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Samples exhibit x-ray diffraction patterns and x-ray pole figures characteristic of a wurtzite (cation-disordered) structure with the expected sixfold in-plane symmetry. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a semicoherent interface with periodic dislocations that relieve strain from the large lattice mismatch and also confirms the in-plane and out-of-plane crystallographic orientation. Room-temperature photoluminescence exhibits peaks between 2.4 and 2.8 eV which are consistent with a sharp absorption onset observed by UV-vis spectroscopy. These results demonstrate low-cost synthesis of optically active yet cation disordered ${\mathrm{ZnGeN}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$, indicating a path toward application as a blue-green emitter.
Research Challenges in Compiler Technology for Sparse Tensors

Scalable computations where the data is sparse — that is, a tiny subset of the data is populated — are widely represented in scientific computing, data analytics and machine learning. Sparse data are typically represented by sparse matrices and graphs, which reduce data storage and computation requirements (e.g., by storing only nonzero data elements) through the use of indirection matrices such as B in A[B[i]]. This indirection impacts performance on modern architectures. Whether the code is optimized by human programmer, compiler or hardware, any optimizations that must understand the memory access patterns for A require the values of B, which are not known until runtime. Generating highperformance code for sparse computations is made more challenging by modern architectures, where data movement cost is dominant. Significant interest in compiler technology for sparse tensors has arisen with the intense interest in machine learning systems. In this talk, we will approach this challenge from a compiler perspective, and describe active areas of research and future requirements.
The Fiction of Economic ‘Science’

Economics fails to be a science for three fundamental reasons: Indeterminacy, Multiplicity and Non-verifiabilty. The first weakness, Indeterminacy, refers to the well-established fact that practically all economic models fail to provide unambiguous theoretical predictions, hence theory does not serve one of its primary functions, that of guiding us in sifting the evidence. The second weakness, Multiplicity, is just a recognition of the fact that any collection of facts significant for economic policy can be shown to be predictions from rival theories.The third factor of my argument is the least appreciated in the literature. Economic predictions are based on comparisons of two equilibrium positions, hence the common name, comparative statics. However, in comparing real world data to the theoretical predictions, the essential condition is that our observations are assumed to be equilibrium observations. An elementary point, but a vital one, since we have no independent test that our data points are actually equilibrium points.
Towards an Understanding of Occupational Stress Among Asian Americans

Owing to the dearth of literature, this chapter has been more about how the stress literature on Asian Americans can help us understand and conduct future research on occupational stress than about occupational stress directly. Nevertheless we felt that this is an important and neglected topic that needs attention. In an attempt to stimulate more direct research on this topic we have used the theoretical framework of occupational stress developed by Osipow and Spokane (1987) to guide us in this review. Using the framework, we have examined some of the relevant Asian Americans literature related to stress, strains and coping resources.
Effect of flip angle on the accuracy and repeatability of hepatic proton density fat fraction estimation by complex data‐based, T1‐independent, T2*‐corrected, spectrum‐modeled MRI

Purpose To evaluate the effect of flip angle (FA) on accuracy and within-examination repeatability of hepatic proton-density fat fraction (PDFF) estimation with complex data-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Cell cycle parameters and patterns of nuclear movement in the neocortical proliferative zone of the fetal mouse

Cytogenesis is the critical determinant of the total number of neurons that contribute to the formation of the cerebral cortex and the rate at which the cells are produced. Two distinct cell populations constitute the proliferative population, a pseudostratified ventricular epithelium (PVE) lying within the ventricular zone (VZ) at the margin of the ventricle, and a secondary proliferative population that is intermixed with the PVE within the VZ but also is distributed through the overlying subventricular and intermediate zones of the cerebral wall. The present analysis, based upon cumulative S-phase labeling of the proliferative cells with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, is principally concerned with the PVE of the gestational-day-14 (E14) murine cerebral wall. It has immediate but also more far reaching general objectives. The most immediate objective, essential to the design and interpretation of later experiments, is to provide estimates of critical parameters of cytogenesis for the PVE. The growth fraction is virtually 100%. The lengths of the overall cell cycle, S-, G2+M-m, and G1-phases are 15.1 hr, 3.8 hr, 2 hr, and 9.3 hr, respectively. The PVE is homogeneous with respect to cell cycle length. For methodological considerations, these estimates are more accurate than estimates of the same parameters obtained in earlier analyses based upon S-phase labeling with tritiated thymidine. It is particularly with respect to a shorter length of S-phase determined here that the present values are different from those obtained with thymidine. At a more innovative level, the temporal and spatial resolution of nuclear movement made possible by the methods developed here will allow, in a way not previously attempted, a fine-grained tracking of nuclear movement as cells execute the successive stages of the cell cycle or exit the cycle subsequent to mitosis. Such observations are pertinent to our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of neocortical histogenesis and the cell biological mechanisms that govern the proliferative cycle of the ventricular epithelium itself. It is known that the velocity of nuclear movement in the PVE is maximum in G2 (fourfold increase from S- phase) and minimum in M and early G1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
ENERGY AND THE US HARDWOOD INDUSTRY – PART II: RESPONSES TO INCREASING PRICES

This second manuscript in the series about energy and the US hardwood industry reports results from research investigating the impact of energy prices on the US hardwood industry. The manuscript focuses on actions by the industry to improve energy performance. Most companies (63 percent) indicated that they are focusing on improving energy efficiency and/or improving productivity (41.3 and 41.9%, respectively) to cope with rising energy prices; however, only 8.6% of the survey respondents indicated that they have established energy usage baselines and energy performance indicators. Sixty-seven percent of companies indicated that they are training employees on energy saving issues. Other common initiatives for energy costs reductions were installing more efficient lighting, acquiring new high energy-efficient equipment, and measures to reduce the wastage of energy, like switching off high energy consuming equipment or close off or lit off sections with no traffic.
Stealth trading and volatility. Which trades move prices

We examine the proportion of a stock's cumulative price change that occurs in each trade-size category, using transactions data for a sample of NYSE firms. Although the majority of trades are small, most of the cumulative stock-price change is due to medium-size trades. This evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that informed trades are concentrated in the medium-size category, and that price movements are due mainly to informed traders' private information.
Role of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate in the Induction of Hepatic Enzymes I. KINETICS OF THE INDUCTION OF RAT LIVER SERINE DEHYDRATASE BY CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3',5'-MONOPHOSPHATE

Serine dehydratase formation was induced by cyclic 3',5'-AMP and not by other cyclic nucleotides or adenosine monophosphates. A single injection of cyclic 3',5'-AMP (or its dibutyryl derivative) increased the rate of incorporation of 3H-leucine into serine dehydratase. Under the same experimental conditions the rate of synthesis of serum albumin did not change. A single administration of either glucagon or a mixture of amino acids (also an inducer of serine dehydratase) led, within 20 min, to a 40-fold and a 19-fold increase, respectively, in the concentration of cyclic 3',5'-AMP. The concentration of this nucleotide dropped to the original level within 1 hour after the beginning of the inducer administration. The induction of serine dehydratase by N6,O2'-dibutyryl cyclic 3',5'-AMP was fully inhibited by actinomycin D only if the drug was injected 30 to 15 min prior to the injection of the cyclic nucleotide. The uptake of 3H-dibutyryl cyclic 3',5'-AMP by the liver was not inhibited by actinomycin D.
COMPUTER CODES FOR STELLAR ATMOSPHERIC MODELING

The principal computer codes used for spectroscopic diagnostics of stellar atmospheres are summarized and briefly described.
Antibody-direct epifluorescent filter technique for rapid, direct enumeration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef.

Abstract Artificially inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7 was directly enumerated in ground beef and beef exudate, without enrichment or selection, by the antibody-direct epifluorescent filter technique (Ab-DEFT). The total assay time of the Ab-DEFT was less than 1 h. The beef was homogenized, treated for 15 min with trypsin and Triton X-100, and passed through a 5-microns-pore-size prefilter and then through a 0.2-microns-pore-size black polycarbonate filter. The final filter was stained directly with fluorescein-labeled anti-O157 polyclonal antibody, rinsed, and examined by epifluorescence microscopy. The sensitivity of the Ab-DEFT was compared with that of a standard enrichment culture technique. Both methods reliably determined the presence of the pathogen in beef at 16 CFU/g. The Ab-DEFT was also useful for quantifying the pathogen and monitoring its growth in beef.
Respiratory Tract Deposition of HFA-Beclomethasone and HFA-Fluticasone in Asthmatic Patients

Abstract Background: The asthmatic patient's respiratory tract deposition of HFA fluticasone (Flovent HFA™) has not been established. There is a known large particle size difference with another commercial inhaled HFA steroid (QVAR™). This study compared the 2D and 3D respiratory tract deposition of each inhaled steroid. Methods: This study was an open label, crossover study in eight patients diagnosed with asthma. The regional respiratory and oropharyngeal deposition of the two steroids were compared and contrasted using planar and SPECT imaging following delivery of the 99mTc-radiolabeled drug in each product. The SPECT images were merged with computed tomography images to quantify regional deposition within the patients. Results: Two-dimensional (2D) planar images indicated that 24% of the Flovent HFA dose and 55% of the QVAR dose deposited in the lungs. 2D oropharyngeal deposition indicated that 75% of the Flovent HFA dose was deposited in the oropharynx, while 42% of the QVAR dose deposited in the or...
Investigation of pulse power thyristor thermal variations

This paper presents a study of temperature variations in a Pulse Power Thyristor (PPT) during and after discharge. The PPT studied was the SPT411BHT. The SPT411BHT is a 5000 V, 4600 A, 125 mm thyristor made by Silicon Power Corporation. In order to determine the temperature of the PPT silicon, a 125 mm diode with identical thermal properties is placed in series with the PPT. There is a strict relationship between the forward voltage and the silicon temperature of the diode. Measurement of the forward voltage of the diode before and after discharge will accurately predict the temperature increase of the silicon. Peak discharge currents will be varied from 30 kA to 90 kA. The forward voltage measurement circuit must be able to resolve millivolts in the presence of common mode voltages in excess of 2 kV. Also, the circuit must isolate the measurement equipment from the circuit. This paper will discuss the temperature measurement concept as well as the design details of the circuit used to measure the diode forward voltage.
Nosocomial Pneumococcal Pneumonia in the Elderly

Among 35 elderly patients with transtracheal aspirate (TTA)-documented nosocomial pneumonia, 7 (20 percent) had Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Clinical and epidemiologic data are reported on these 7 patients and on 2 others with nosocomial pneumococcal pneumonia documented by bacteremia. Malignancy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the most common predisposing illnesses. Four of the 9 patients had previously received antibiotic therapy. Gram-negative aerobic pneumonia was found before (2 cases), concomitant with (3 cases), and after (2 cases) the pneumococcal infection in these patients.
Late Holocene Subsistence Change and Marine Productivity on Western Santa Rosa Island, Alta California

AbstractInstitutionalized differences in social status developed on California's northern Channel Islands from the Late Middle (A.D. 650-1150) to Late (A.D. 1300-1782) periods. This is associated with the proliferation of sedentary communities along the coasts of these islands and a number of important socioeconomic changes, including a greater emphasis on fishing and the production of non-food craft items. These changes were particularly rapid during the Middle to Late Period Transition (MLT; A.D. 1150-1300) and partly attributed to significant environmental change during this interval. Population-resource imbalances caused by decreased marine productivity, drought, or some combination of the two have been suggested as possible environmental triggers for the sociopolitical changes evident in the archaeological record at this time. Shell midden deposits at CA-SRI-15 provide a unique opportunity to test whether elevated sea surface temperature (SST) reduced marine productivity during the MLT and contribute...
Adult Airway Evaluation in Oral Surgery

Patients with a history of difficult intubation or with conditions associated with difficult airway should be approached with organized primary and secondary plans for airway management. When these potential problems are detected, patient safety may be improved with use of advanced airway management techniques and equipment. Additionally, patient referral for consultation and/or management at facilities where advanced airway management practitioners and equipment are available may be beneficial in some cases.
Reflection-absorption infrared and thermal desorption studies of carbon monoxide and hydrogen adsorbed on rhodium☆

Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopic and thermal desorption techniques have been used to study the interaction of mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with evaporated rhodium films. For equimolar mixtures near 10−9 Torr, hydrogen adsorbed much more rapidly, but long exposure times or increases in CO pressures to 10−6 Torr led to its partial, but never complete, displacement by adsorbed carbon monoxide. Hydrogen desorption spectra taken during the displacement process showed two peaks which was consistent with a cooperative interaction between adsorbed CO and H species. In contrast to previous transmission studies of CO adsorption on small rhodium particles, the present reflection—absorption infrared study of the film system showed a single absorption band at 2075 ±10 cm−1. While explanations for the discrepancy in terms of particle size effects are possible it is considered more likely that all CO molecules are linearly bound to individual Rh atoms in the present situation. In our work, increases in CO pressure (especially above 10−6 Torr) were accompanied by an upward frequency shift (from 2065 cm−1 to 2085 cm−1) and a narrowing in half width (from 25 to 17 cm−1). Several possible explanations for the latter unusual effect are discussed.
Immunopathogenesis of the extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis B virus infection

Our understanding of the pathogenesis of liver disease associated with acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains limited; hypotheses which implicate host immune responses to the virus or virus-altered hepatocyte membranes are speculative and insufficiently supported by experimental observations. In contrast, participation of the host’s immune response in the pathogenesis of several extrahepatic features of HBV infection appears to be established more firmly; these syndromes are reminiscent of experimental and naturally occurring “immune complex” diseases. From the study of these syndromes and their comparison with animal models of immune complex injury, we have made progress in understanding the pathogenesis of these extrahepatic features; however, many important questions about the association among HBV, immune complexes, and extrahepatic tissue injury remain unanswered.