cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Impacts of River Discharge on Forage Fish and Predators Using Ecopath With Ecosim

The ecology of estuaries is shaped significantly by the extent of freshwater discharge which regulates abiotic processes and influences overall biological productivity. The Suwannee River Estuary of Florida’s Big Bend Coastline has historically been a productive and diverse estuarine ecosystem supported by significant freshwater inputs from the Suwannee River. In recent years, significant changes in land use and climatic conditions have resulted in lower discharges from the Suwannee. Our objectives were to explore the impact of freshwater inputs from the Suwannee River on the estuarine forage fish and sportfish communities downstream. We built a trophic-dynamic food web model in Ecopath with Ecosim to simulate different levels of discharge and evaluate how changes in discharge (drought and floods) would influence trophic structure of the food web. Using the fitted model, we applied a series of different short-term and long-term flow projections under different climatic scenarios to evaluate impacts of fish functional groups and sportfish biomass. Simulations suggested that ecological production was more influenced by drought conditions than flood conditions. In our short-term scenarios, the drought simulations produced biomass changes that were approximately twice as substantial as the flood scenarios. When making comparisons to other published EwE models, we generally observed smaller changes in biomass production. Although this model focused on the influence of bottom-up effects, we observed strong top-down control of snook (Centropomus undecimalis) on the system. Several functional groups were particularly sensitive to changes in snook abundance which included spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), sand seatrout (C. arenarius), and other members of the family Sciaenidae. Because snook have recently colonized the estuary, likely as a result of warmer winter temperatures, this finding has implications for climate change and natural resource management.
NMR and Infrared Study of Thermal Oxidation of cis-1, 4-Polybutadiene

A study of the microstructural changes occuring in CB during thermal, uncatalyzed oxidation was carried out. Although the oxidation of CB is accompanied by extensive crosslinking with attendant insolubilization, it was found possible to follow the oxidation of solid CB directly with C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The predominant products appearing in the C-13 NMR spectra of oxidized CB are epoxides. The presence of lesser amounts of alcohols, peroxides, and carbonyl structures was adduced from complementary infrared and NMR spectra of soluble extracts obtained from the oxidized, crosslinked CB. This distribution of functional groups contrasts with that previously reported for the autooxidation of 1,4-polyisoprene. The difference was rationalized in terms of the relative stabilities of intermediate radical species involved in the autoxidation of CB and 1,4-polyisoprene.
Targeting Preclinical Diastolic Dysfunction to Prevent Heart Failure: Contemporary Insights

Diastolic dysfunction encompasses both those who are asymptomatic and those who have heart failure symptoms. Preclinical diastolic dysfunction (PDD), defined as diastolic dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction (EF) without the presence of heart failure symptoms, is prevalent and may progress to heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF). While the causative factors of HFpEF are multifactorial, targeting PDD and its associated comorbidities prior to development of symptoms can reduce development of heart failure. Diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and renal dysfunction are targets of treatment in those with diastolic dysfunction that may decrease the risk of heart failure development. This review will focus on PDD, its epidemiology, pathophysiology, comorbid conditions, and management that may prevent development of heart failure.
Supporting Children After Divorce: An Interpretation of Power and Control Dynamics in Obligor/Obligee Interactions

Abstract Written transcripts of public hearings conducted to gather information about how the child support guidelines in one state affected parents and children are used to interpret the power and control dynamics of supporting children following divorce. Implications are discussed for the development of parent education programs for divorcing parents.
Cybersecurity for product lifecycle management a research roadmap

This paper introduces a research agenda focusing on cybersecurity in the context of product lifecycle management. The paper discusses research directions on critical protection techniques, including protection techniques from insider threat, access control systems, secure supply chains and remote 3D printing, compliance techniques, and secure collaboration techniques. The paper then presents an overview of DBSAFE, a system for protecting data from insider threat.
The effect of interface reaction on vibration evolution and performance of aluminium to steel high power ultrasonic spot joints

Abstract High power ultrasonic spot welding is an energy efficient technique with great potentials for joining dissimilar metals in automotive applications. Efforts were carried out to find out the effect of interface reaction on ultrasonic vibration behaviour during the welding process. Rapid coarse scale drift was observed as the tips settled on the work-piece when the power was initially applied. A small periodic displacement (0.1 μm) took place at the earliest stage of welding which built up to 2.5 μm in a short time. It gradually approached a steady state of ~ 4–6.5 μm for the majority of the weld, adopting a bimodal amplitude when the peak height alternated every second cycle. Finally, the vibration rapidly decayed when the power was turned off. The vibration amplitude was measured as the highest point during joining bare steel to aluminium and decreased with zinc coated steels as a result of the coating hardness behaviour. This took place when zinc was melting at the interface due to Al–Zn eutectic reaction, thus causing the vibration to be in sliding condition with low power delivery. The sliding condition accompanied by less deformation was found to delay heat generation and therefore, dynamic recrystallization.
Bioavailability of dietary glutathione: effect on plasma concentration

Plasma glutathione (GSH) concentration in rats increased from approximately 15 to 30 microM after administration of GSH either as a liquid bolus (30 mumol) or mixed (2.5-50 mg/g) in AIN-76 semisynthetic diet. GSH concentration was maximal at 90-120 min after GSH administration and remained high for over 3 h. Administration of the amino acid precursors of GSH had little or no effect on plasma GSH values, indicating that GSH catabolism and resynthesis do not account for the increased GSH concentration seen. Inhibition of GSH synthesis and degradation by L-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine and acivicin showed that the increased plasma GSH came mostly from absorption of intact GSH instead of from its metabolism. Plasma protein-bound GSH also increased after GSH administration, with a time course similar to that observed for free plasma GSH. Thus dietary GSH can be absorbed intact and results in a substantial increase in blood plasma GSH. This indicates that oral supplementation may be useful to enhance tissue availability of GSH.
The use of assumed displacement fields in finite-element analysis to calculate the gravity effect of crustal deformation

Abstract An expression is derived which relates a displacement field u defined on a continuum to the change in gravity (ΔgD) brought about by deformation: x[ (z − R 3 − U 3 α 3 (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 - (z − R 3 − U 3 α 3 [T D (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 ] ] dR 1 dR 2 dR 3 where GG is the gravitational constant; ρR is the pre-deformation density function; VR is the volume occupied by the continuum before deformation; TD is a transformation which represents the one-to-one mapping of VR onto the volume VA occupied by the continuum after deformation: A1 = R1 + U1(R1, R2, R3)TD: A2 = R2 + U2 (R1, R2, R3)A3 = R3 + U3 ( R1, R2, R3) where A1, a2, A3, are the Cartesian coordinates of a point in VA; R1, R2, R3 are the Cartesian coordinates of a point in VR; U1, U2, U3, are the components of u ; and α is the distance from the field point (x, y, z) to a general point in VA or VR. The derivation is based on the principle of conservation of mass as stated in continuum mechanics. The formulation of the finite-element procedure for problems in linear elasticity typically involves the selection of an assumed function for u within each element. Unknown constants which characterize the function are determined in terms of nodal displacements. The integral in the first equation above may therefore be evaluated for each element, and the results summed to obtain ΔgD. Convergence to the exact solution for ΔgD depends on the convergence of the finite-element solution for u . The procedure is demonstrated for axisymmetric, torsion-free deformation of a solid of revolution in which the elements are tori of triangular cross-section. These results may be useful in the analysis of gravity change associated with tectonic deformation of the earth's crust.
Abstract A46: Ablack raspberry extract inhibits the proliferation of cervical cancer cells partially through proapoptotic effects

Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008 A46 Cervical carcinoma, the second most common female cancer worldwide, is the seventh leading cause of cancer death in women. Although pap smears to screen abnormal cervical cytology have helped reduce mortality rates, it remains a challenge to manage preinvasive and invasive cervical lesions. The long latency of cervical cancer allows preventive and therapeutic interventions before progressing onto invasive disease. Thus, phytochemical-based cancer chemoprevention and the role of bioactive food components have attracted significant interest in current cancer-fighting interventions. We have previously shown that lyophilized black raspberries (LBR, Rubus occidentalis ) inhibit the cell proliferation of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro as well as oral tumorigenesis in vivo . Given the similar epidemiologic basis of oral and cervical cancers, we evaluated whether an LBR extract had anti-proliferative effects in cervical cancer cells in vitro and began to elucidate the possible regulatory molecular mechanisms. We found that LBR inhibited the proliferation of three human cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa (HPV16−/HPV18+) SiHa (HPV16+/HPV18−) and C-33A (HPV18−/HPV16−), in a dose-dependent manner (at 25, 50, 100 or 200µg/ml for 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively) to a maximum of 44%, 53% and 45% respectively (P<0.005). While exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 100µM), a common reactive oxygen species (ROS) intermediate and inhibitor of cell growth, inhibited C-33A proliferation, HeLa and SiHa cells were not significantly affected. The anti-proliferative effects of either LBR or LBR+catalase were similar in all cell lines as shown by WST1 (tetrazolium salt cleavage) and crystal violet assays, which supporting the hypothesis that decreased proliferation is specific to LBR bioactive components and independent in vitro peroxide generation. Flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodide and Annexin V staining showed that LBR induced apoptotic markers in all three cells lines, and did not change cell cycle progression. LBR treatment induced hypercondensation and volume contracted nuclei in Hela cells as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy analysis of Hoechst 33342 staining. In conclusion, an extract of lyophilized black raspberries demonstrated significant anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities in human cervical cancer cells in vitro . Therefore, black raspberries and their bioactive components may represent promising candidates for the phytochemical-based chemoprevention of cervical cancer and warrant further investigation. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A46.
Transient effects of histamine on microvascular fluid movement

There have been many reports on the effect of local intraarterial (IA) histamine on the capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) and the isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pci). CFC has been reported to increase during infusion of this agent but the reported magnitude of increase is widely variable. Similarly, histamine has been reported to cause little change or a decrease in Pci. It was felt that histamine may have some time-dependent effect on CFC and Pci and that this might explain, at least in part, the variation. To test this hypothesis, CFC and Pci were measured in the isolated, denervated canine forelimb at timed intervals during infusion of local IA histamine (12 μg base/min). Also, lymph and plasma samples were collected and lymph flow and lymph and plasma protein concentration were determined. Permeability-surface area (PS) product ratios were estimated from steady-state lymph data. Propranolol (2–3 mg/kg iv priming dose and 123 μg/min locally) was administered throughout the experiment to inhibit possible catecholamine-mediated inhibition of histamine-induced increases in fluid and protein efflux. CFC averaged 0,013 ml/min/mm Hg/100 g at control and increased to 0.040 and 0.048 after 5 and 10 min of histamine, respectively. Subsequent CFC determinations were not different from control. Pci was not altered by histamine at this dose. The estimated PS ratio was 43. Control experiments were conducted in which propranolol and the saline vehicle were infused. No change in any variable in the control group occurred with time. These data indicate that the effect of histamine on the small-pore system, as reflected by changes in CFC, is highly transient.
Periodic solutions for perturbed differential equations

Abstract A variant of the Alekseev variation of constants integral equation is obtained relating the solutions of systems of the form x = f(t, x, λ) and y = f(t, y, ψ(t, y)) + g(t, y) . For the case when f, g, and ψ have period P in t several theorems are given for the existence of periodic solutions extending known results when f is linear in x and does not depend on the parameter m-vector λ. Comparison with an older technique gives hypotheses where the method above is advantageous for establishing periodic solutions. An example is given for constructing limit cycles of autonomous second-order systems.
Validation, In-Depth Analysis, and Modification of the Micropipette Aspiration Technique

The micropipette aspiration technique (MAT) has been successfully applied to many studies in cell adhesion such as leukocyte-endothelium interactions. However, this technique has never been validated experimentally and it has been only employed to impose constant forces. In this study, we validated the force measurement of the MAT with the optical trap and analyzed two technical issues of the MAT, force-transducer offset and cell-micropipette gap, with finite element simulation. We also modified the MAT so that increasing or decreasing forces can be applied. With the modified MAT, we studied tether extraction from endothelial cells by pulling single tethers at increasing velocities and constant force loading rates. Before the onset of tether extraction, an apparently-linear surface protrusion of a few hundred nanometers was observed, which is likely related to membrane receptors pulling on the underlying cytoskeleton. The strength of the modified MAT lies in its capability and consistency to apply a wide range of force loading rates from several piconewtons per second up to thousands of piconewtons per second. With this modification, the MAT becomes more versatile in the study of single molecule and single cell biophysics.
Statistical and neural network classifiers in model-based 3-D object recognition

For autonomous machines equipped with vision capabilities and in a controlled environment 3-D model-based object identification methodologies will in general solve rigid body recognition problems. In an uncontrolled environment however several factors pose difficulties for correct identification. We have addressed the problem of 3-D object recognition using a number of methods including neural network classifiers and a Bayesian-like classifier for matching image data with model projection-derived data [1 21. Neural network classifiers used began operation as simple feature vector classifiers. However unmodelled signal behavior was learned with additional samples yielding great improvement in classification rates. The model analysis drastically shortened training time of both classification systems. In an environment where signal behavior is not accurately modelled two separate forms of learning give the systems the ability to update estimates of this behavior. Required of course are sufficient samples to learn this new information. Given sufficient information and a well-controlled environment identification of 3-D objects from a limited number of classes is indeed possible. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Small Group Conflict: A Look at Equity, Satisfaction, and Styles of Conflict Management

A descriptive study of 71 task-oriented groups was undertaken to assess the relationships among the amount of perceived inequity, group satisfaction, amount of perceived conflict, quality of group outcome, types of conflict and styles of conflict management. Results indicated that inequity was negatively related to the amount of expressed satisfaction with the group and positively related to the amount ofperceived conflict within the group. Inequity was associated more strongly with conflict centered around people than conflict centered around the task. Inequity was least associated with groups not experiencing conflict. In terms of styles of conflict management, groups characterized by integrative management reported less perception of inequity than did groups using an avoidance style. Group satisfaction was found to be negatively related to the amount of conflict experienced. However, the results provided interpretive support for the proposition that group satisfaction is more strongly associated with i...
Comparative study of two variants of the mouth Streptococcus sanguis with different colonial morphologies and abilities to adhere.

Abstract A rough (R) variant of Streptococcus sanguis strain G26 showing increased in-vitro adherence and a slower growth rate compared with its smooth (S) wild-type strain. Serological comparison revealed no difference in antigenic composition. The R-form was less sensitive to NaCl, NaF and NaN 3 but more sensitive to chlorhexidine. The R-form was more readily transformed than the smooth wild-type. Cells of both phenotypes synthesized α -(1 → 6)-rich, dextran-like glucans and did not appear to produce α -(1 → 3)-rich water insoluble glucans. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the caries-producing potential in rats. Tests for cell-bound lipoteichoic acid (LTA) showed that hot phenol extracts of R-cells contained more LTA than did extracts of S-cells. The significance of these findings for increased in vitro adherence of the R-form is discussed.
Gender Development and Heterosexual Romantic Relationships During Adolescence.

Same-gender and cross-gender friendships are examined as potential contexts for the development of sodal preferences and skills that may influence the quality of adolescent dating relationships and adult marriages.
Determining Yield Stress via Measurement of Nanoindentation Plastic Zone Radii

Nanoindentation is a method of measuring the mechanical properties of materials that cannot be tested by conventional techniques. A method for determining yield stress from indentation has been developed by Huang and Gerberich based on Johnson’s spherical cavity model. The method requires only a knowledge of the peak load and corresponding plastic zone radius to determine yield stress. This has previously been demonstrated for large scale indentations, but not for nanoindentation where assumptions such as isotropy and homogeneity may no longer be valid. Nanoindentation experiments have been performed on a series of cold rolled and annealed OFHC copper samples. Different annealing temperatures resulted in a range of initial yield stresses which were measured by conventional tensile testing. Electropolished samples were then tested using the Hysitron Triboscope (an add-on device to an atomic force microscope) which allowed for collection of both indentation and image information from which load and plastic zone radius could be measured. Comparison of yield stress measurements taken from nanoindentation and tensile tests shows an agreement to within 10% for initial yield stresses as low as 190 MPa and as high as 360 Mpa.
Troponin I Ser-150 pseudo-phosphorylation alters cardiac contractile mechanics

The cardiac troponin I (cTnI) subunit of the troponin complex is central in the calcium regulation of cardiac muscle contraction. The functional effects of beta-adrenergic induced cTnI phosphorylation at Ser-23/24 are well established, yet other cTnI residues can also be phosphorylated with unknown effects. Cardiac troponin I is phosphorylated by p21-activated kinase and AMP-activated Protein kinase at Ser-150. To determine the effects of cTnI Ser-150 phosphorylation on calcium regulated steady state force development we exchanged skinned cardiac fiber bundles with either wild type or troponin containing cTnI pseudo-phosphorylated at Ser-150 (S150D). Force vs. calcium measurements demonstrate cTnI S150D significantly increases myofilament calcium sensitivity (pCa50 WT=5.90±0.01; S150D=6.12±0.01; p<0.001) in the absence of an effect on maximal force, Hill coefficient or length dependent activation. Troponin structure and biochemical data indicate the cTnI Ser-150 region is localized in close proximity to the cTnI N-terminal region containing the Ser-23/24 phosphorylation sites. To investigate if Ser-150 phosphorylation alters the effect of phosphorylation at Ser-23/24 we measured force development in fibers exchanged with troponin containing cTnI pseudo-phosphorylated at Ser-23/24 (S23/24D) or cTnI pseudo-phosphorylated at Ser-23/24/150 (S23/24/150D). Results demonstrate cTnI S150D similarly increased myofilament calcium sensitivity independent of the Ser-23/24 phosphorylation state (pCa50 S23/24D=5.67±0.03; S23/24/150D=5.85±0.03; p<0.001) resulting in a S23/24/150D calcium sensitivity similar to wild type. This occurs in the absence of an effect on maximal force, Hill coefficient or length dependent activation. Biochemical investigations into the mechanism of cTnI Ser-150 phosphorylation to effect force development are in progress. These data suggest that the increased calcium sensitivity resulting from cTnI phosphorylation at Ser-150 effectively eliminates the desensitizing effect of beta-adrenergic induced cTnI phosphorylation at Ser-23/24 such that in the presence of Ser-23/24/150 phosphorylation myofilament calcium sensitivity is similar to that of un-phosphorylated cTnI.
ECONOMIC EXPOSURE AND INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT

Most corporate risk management research focuses on particular risk exposures to the exclusion of other interrelated exposures. By contrast, this study models corporate risk exposures using a multivariate approach integrating the distinct exposures of interest to finance, international business, and strategy researchers. The paper addresses the implications of multivariate modeling for corporate risk management, some key methodological issues arising in empirical estimation of corporate economic exposures, and directions for research on integrated risk management. (?) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Benthic Nepheloid Layer (BNL) North of the Keweenaw Peninsula in Lake Superior: Composition, Dynamics, and Role in Sediment Transport

As part of the Keweenaw Interdisciplinary Transport Experiment in Superior (KITES) project, measurements were made of the extent and the composition of the BNL in Lake Superior off the northwest coast of the Keweenaw Peninsula. Between 1998 and 2000, transmissometer profiles were obtained frequently along three transects oriented perpendicularly to the coast. Large-volume water samples were filtered, and the BNL particles were analyzed for major elements (C, N, P) and 210Pb. In 1998 and 1999, an ROV was deployed to facilitate sampling of this layer. These measurements together with ancillary data from the KITES project show that the BNL develops each summer when the lake is stably stratified and disappears in early fall as the thermocline erodes. Particles within the BNL are enriched in biogenic elements and 210Pb relative to material in surface sediments and relative to material collected in sediment traps, but are enriched in phosphorus relative to epilimnetic seston. There is a large inventory of solids suspended within the BNL (approximately 100,000 metric tons in a 20-km band along the Keweenaw Peninsula); this inventory appears quickly (1–2 weeks) in summer and disappears equally quickly via settling in fall. The large inventory of organic carbon indicates that particles are concentrated from a large area of surface waters into a considerably smaller region where the BNL exists.
Do students think admissions tests are fair? Do tests affect their decisions?

The majority of two national samples of SAT and GRE test takers reported that they thought the test they had taken was fair, that it did not influence their application decisions, and that its importance in the decisions of the institutions they applied to was secondary to their previous grades.
Computation of conversion factors to determine the phospholipid content in peanut oils

Peanut oil was separated into the various lipid classes by column chromatography. The polar lipid fraction which contained phospho-lipids was separated into individual major components by 2-dimen-sional thin layer chromatography. Conversion factors for calculating the concentration of total phospholipid in peanut oil from percent elemental phosphorus were determined by estimation of molecular weights for the respective components. A conversion factor of 23.6, 24.8, 26.6, 22.2, and 24.4 was found for phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, and total phospholipid, respectively. These factors also were used to convert µg of phosphorus into µg of phospholipid.
A system model for predicting the effect of energy resources on urban modal split

Abstract Using regional and state level data, including observations during the recent energy crisis, the methodology and first generation of a system model for predicting impact levels of fuel shortages upon modal split are reported. The data to such a system model has the characteristics of an input disturbance in a steady-state trend. Of importance is the long term effect if the disturbance becomes a regular input. The specific case reported is an analysis in the Tucson (Arizona) region of the fluctuations in travel demand in relation to population, economic condition and fuel availability indicators. Of major significance is the modeling techniques' ability to detect differential shifts to public transit during the recent reduction in gasoline availability.
Seismic modeling of low-frequency “shadows” beneath gas reservoirs

ABSTRACTP-wave amplitude anomalies below reservoir zones can be used as hydrocarbon markers. Some of those anomalies are considerably delayed relatively to the reflections from the reservoir zone. High P-wave attenuation and velocity dispersion of the observed P-waves cannot justify such delays. The hypothesis that these amplitude anomalies are caused by wave propagation through a layered permeable gaseous reservoir is evaluated. The wave propagation through highly interbedded reservoirs suggest an anomalous amount of mode conversions between fast and slow P-waves. The converted P-waves, which propagated even a short distance as slow P-waves, should be significantly delayed and attenuated comparatively, with the fast P-wave reflections. The amplitudes and arrival time variations of conventional and converted P-wave reflections at low seismic frequencies were evaluated by means of an asymptotic analysis. The calculations confirmed that the amplitude anomalies due to converted P-waves are noticeably delayed...
Morphine-stimulated feeding: Analysis of macronutrient selection and paraventricular nucleus lesions

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has been found to be sensitive to the feeding stimulatory effects of opiates. The present experiments investigated the effect of systemic morphine (2 mg/kg) on macronutrient selection in freely-feeding and food-restricted rats and assessed the impact of PVN electrolytic and 6-hydroxydopamine lesions on the rats' ability to respond to peripheral morphine injection. In satiated rats, maintained ad lib on pure macronutrient diets, morphine increased food intake. This effect was associated with a preferential increase in protein ingestion; carbohydrate consumption, compared with fat and protein intake, was least affected. In food-restricted rats, permitted to eat for 6 hr, morphine instead produced a particular preference for fat, with no significant enhancement of total calorie intake. While PVN 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, which depleted PVN catecholamine levels by 70%, failed to alter morphine-stimulated feeding, electrolytic lesions of the PVN significantly attenuated this response, particularly protein and fat ingestion. This suggests that opiate-induced feeding may, in part, be mediated through the PVN, which is known to have an important function in the control of food ingestion.
Unbalanced development, public services and government responsibility: an analysis based on government preference and government efficiency

发展失衡是当前中国经济社会运行中的突出问题，一般认为其直接原因是公共服务的提供不足，症结在于政府责任的缺失。通过区分“发展阶段型”和“政府责任型”两种失衡形态，可以发现，公共服务供求双方的因素共同导致了中国经济发展失衡问题的集中爆发，发展阶段型失衡和政府责任型失衡的混合形态是中国当前发展失衡的本质属性。中国经济转轨时期的体制制约了政府的效率，并导致了政府行为的偏差，是当前发展失衡的根本症结所在。因此，改变中国发展失衡现状的途径，不应仅仅要求政府在公共服务领域承担更多责任，更应立足体制转轨背景，加快解决引致政府行为偏差的体制性问题。 Unbalanced development is a prominent issue in China's present social and economic operation. It is generally believed that the lack of public services is the direct cause of this problem and that the crux of the issue is the absence of government responsibility. If one distinguishes between two types of unbalanced development, the “development stage” type and the “government responsibility” type, it becomes clear that factors related to both supply and demand for public services have together produced the present surge in unbalanced economic development in China, a situation characterized by the combination of the two types of unbalanced development. The economic system of the transition period has limited government efficiency and biased g...
Case reports of ossifying fibromata in the striped mullet.

Ossifying fibromata are described from three striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) from the Gulf of Mexico near Galveston, Texas. The tumors were classified as ossifying fibromata based on their predominately fibrous composition, the presence of bone spicules in the larger tumors, and the absence of mitotic figures.
Highlights of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the European Pediatric Ophthalmological Society

lmology a The 32nd meeting of the European Ped thalmologic Society was held October amoura, Portugal. One hundred sixty from 31 countries, including many non-Europ tries, such as India, Iran, Oman, and Pakistan The emphasis of this year’s meeting was o neuro-ophthalmology, with excellent semin netic disorders, pediatric cataract, ophthalm mors, and retinopathy of prematurity. The tions were eclectic, innovative, and clinically i The highlights of the meeting included the outstanding presentations. One of the keynote lectures was given by P (Bethesda, MD), who discussed the emerging r ary neurotrophic factor (CTNF) in the treatm vanced retinitis pigmentosa. This molecular tre been shown to dramatically reduce foveal cone tion in animal models of retinitis pigmentosa cause the blood–retina barrier prevents the pen large molecules, including CTNF, into the r delivery remains the core clinical implementa lem. Dr. Sieving described ongoing Phase 1 h to evaluate the safety of CNTF for human pa RP. Encapsulated cell technology implants fille man RPE cells were transfected with the CNT produce the CNTF protein on site through a s able membrane that allows large molecules to b into the vitreous. This trial indicated the safe tential efficacy of encapsulated cell delivery fo tration of protein therapeutics to the eye. In the symposium on causes and developmen ophthalmologic disorders in children, A. T (Izmir, Turkey) presented 7 patients with th recognized disorder of horizontal gaze palsy an that is associated with a ROBO mutation. Con was common in all families. Affected patient progressive scoliosis of varying degrees, with horizontal conjugate gaze and horizontal vestib responses and, in some cases, a horizontal pen
Images of Imaging: Notes on Doing Longitudinal Field Work

This paper discusses the problems and processes involved in conducting longitudinal ethnographic research. The author's field study of technological change in radiology provides the context for the discussion. Specific attention is paid to how researchers can design a qualitative study and then collect data in a systematic and explicit manner. Consequently, the paper seeks to dispel the notion that participant observation and quantitative data analysis are inimical. Finally, the social and human problems of gaining entry into a research site, constructing a research role, and managing relationships with informants are illustrated.
Stiffness-Activated GEF-H1 Expression Exacerbates LPS-Induced Lung Inflammation

Acute lung injury (ALI) is accompanied by decreased lung compliance. However, a role of tissue mechanics in modulation of inflammation remains unclear. We hypothesized that bacterial lipopolysacharide (LPS) stimulates extracellular matrix (ECM) production and vascular stiffening leading to stiffness-dependent exacerbation of endothelial cell (EC) inflammatory activation and lung barrier dysfunction. Expression of GEF-H1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, ECM proteins fibronectin and collagen, lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity, interleukin-8 and activation of Rho signaling were analyzed in lung samples and pulmonary EC grown on soft (1.5 or 2.8 kPa) and stiff (40 kPa) substrates. LPS induced EC inflammatory activation accompanied by expression of ECM proteins, increase in LOX activity, and activation of Rho signaling. These effects were augmented in EC grown on stiff substrate. Stiffness-dependent enhancement of inflammation was associated with increased expression of Rho activator, GEF-H1. Inhibition of ECM crosslinking and stiffening by LOX suppression reduced EC inflammatory activation and GEF-H1 expression in response to LPS. In vivo, LOX inhibition attenuated LPS-induced expression of GEF-H1 and lung dysfunction. These findings present a novel mechanism of stiffness-dependent exacerbation of vascular inflammation and escalation of ALI via stimulation of GEF-H1 - Rho pathway. This pathway represents a fundamental mechanism of positive feedback regulation of inflammation.
Effects of polonium-210 on mouse ovaries.

SummaryFemale mice were injected intraperitoneally with polonium-210 and the localization in ovary and uterus and effects on oocyte survival were studied. Radioautographic studies showed that polonium-210 was localized primarily in the follicle cells of the ovary, whereas it was distributed diffusely through the myometrium of the uterus. Significant killing of primary oocytes occurred after exposure to as little as one picocurie of 210Po per gram body-weight, and larger amounts of polonium killed almost all the oocytes and grossly distorted the architecture of the ovary. The pathological changes seen were typical of those visible after exposure to radiation, but dose estimates suggest that in some cases the RBE for 210Po alpha-particles may be as high as 50 or more compared with 60Co gamma-rays. The kinetics of killing were those ascribed to ‘single-hit’ killing. The data fit a dose-effect plot without a threshold.
Genetic Parameters and Responses of Linear Type, Yield Traits, and Somatic Cell Scores to Divergent Selection for Predicted Transmitting Ability for Type in Holsteins

Abstract The objective was to examine the direct and correlated responses of linear type, yield traits, and somatic cell scores (SCS) to divergent selection for predicted transmitting ability for type (PTAT) in Holsteins, while maintaining selection for yield traits across lines. For four generations, one-half of the University of Nebraska research Holstein herd was bred to Holstein sires with PTAT > 1.50 and the other half to sires with PTAT
Modulation of two cloned potassium channels by 1-alkanols demonstrates different cutoffs

It is not known whether alcohols modulate ion channels by directly binding to the channel protein or by perturbing the surrounding membrane lipid. Cutoff describes the phenomenon where the potency of 1-alkanols monotonically increases with alkyl chain length until a loss of efficacy occurs. Determination of the cutoff for a variety of channels can be important, because similar and/or dissimilar cutoffs might yield information regarding the nature of ethanol's site of action. In this study, the two-electrode voltage clamp technique was used to determine the cutoffs for the 1-alkanol potentiation of cloned Ca(2+)-activated-K+ (BK) channels and for the inhibition of cloned Shaw2 K+ channels, expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Ethanol, butanol, hexanol, and heptanol reversibly enhanced BK currents, whereas octanol and nonanol had no effect. In contrast, Shaw2 currents were potently inhibited by both octanol and decanol, but not by undecanol. Taken together, data demonstrate that the modulation of K+ channels by long chain alcohols is channel-specific. Interestingly, ethanol was a less potent activator of BK currents in the intact oocyte in comparison with its effect on this channel in excised membrane patches. The decrease in potency could not be attributed to an ethanol-dependent change in Ca2+ influx through endogenous voltage-gated channels, an effect that would alter the concentration of Ca2+ available to activate BK channels.
Influence Of Higher Order Noise In Wavefront Reconstruction

We addressed the question of whether half aperture data could be used for testing a large active segmented primary mirror. Our study indicates that modal control with Zernike coefficients will be difficult, whereas modal control with Gram-Schmidt coefficients may be practicable.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy.

Abstract A laparoscopic technique to assist in the performance of right hemicolectomy is described.
The effects of surgery and acute rejection on glomerular hemodynamics in the transplanted rat kidney.

The effects of surgery and acute rejection on glomerular hemodynamics in the transplanted rat kidney are examined. Kidneys were transplanted from Munich-Wistar (MW) rats to syngeneic controls and MHC-incompatible PVG strain recipients. We report on 4 groups of animals: (1) two-kidney control MW rats; (2) unilaterally nephrectomized MW rats (UNX); (3) renal transplantation from MHC-identical MW littermates and removal of native kidneys (SYN); and (4) transplantation from MW donors to MHC-incompatible PVG rats and removal of native kidneys (ALLO). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), single-nephron (SN)GFR, and glomerular capillary pressure (PGC) in SYN kidneys were depressed as compared to those in UNX (GFR, 1.41 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.80 +/- 0.08 ml/min; SNGFR, 67.2 +/- 4.8 vs. 44.7 +/- 6.6 nl/min; and PGC, 67 +/- 2 vs. 48 +/- 4 mmHg, UNX vs. SYN, respectively, P < 0.05). GFR and SNGFR in ALLO kidneys, however, were depressed even further (GFR, 0.40 +/- 0.05 ml/min; SNGFR, 13.8 +/- 1.8 nl/min; P < 0.05 for UNX vs. ALLO and SYN vs. ALLO). Afferent arteriolar resistance (RA) was increased greater than 4-fold (UNX, 1.01 +/- 0.15 10(10) dyn.sec.cm-5; SYN, 1.37 +/- 0.36 10(10) dyn.sec.cm-5; ALLO, 4.76 +/- 0.74 10(10) dyn.sec.cm-5 [P < 0.05, UNX vs. ALLO and SYN vs. ALLO]). This led to a precipitous fall in initial capillary flow rate in ALLO rats. These studies reveal the presence of moderate reductions in SNGFR and PGC in the nonrejecting transplanted kidney, which may relate to as yet unidentified consequences of the transplant surgery. More significantly, the principal mechanism leading to the reduced GFR characteristic of acute allograft rejection is identified as severe preglomerular vasoconstriction.
Rapid photochemical triggering of protein unfolding in a nondenaturing environment

Abstract A general, rapid method for triggering protein unfolding is demonstrated using the photolabile protecting group 3′,5′-dimethoxybenzoin (DMB). This protecting group is introduced in a site-specific manner to block a mutation known to destabilize the GCN4-p1 coiled-coil. Upon photolysis, the unfavorable interaction is unmasked and the peptide unfolds, as seen in the decrease in α-helical ellipticity. Photothermal beam deflection and photoacoustic calorimetry reveal kinetic processes and associated volume changes with rates of 2 × 10 5 –3 × 10 6 s −1 , demonstrating that this photochemical technique is capable of triggering rapid protein conformational changes. Furthermore, this system allows conformational triggering under native solvent conditions, in the absence of chemical denaturants. The application of this strategy to following the early kinetics events in protein folding is discussed.
The adsorption of calcium ions to surfactant films on Graphon

Previously, the adsorption mechanisms of sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDS) and of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (NaDBS) onto Graphon (a high area, graphitized carbon black) had been determined. Calorimetric heats of adsorption of the surfactants were also measured using a plastic calorimeter designed to avoid contamination by calcium ions. This work has now been extended to learn the effects of calcium on the Graphon/solution interface.
Crop response to management of a degraded oxisol site in west Sumatra

Summary Improper mechanical land clearing has damaged large ares in humid, tropical regions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of several land reclamation treatments on crop production on an Oxisol in Sumatra, Indonesia. All combinations of four levels of lime and fertilizers (none, low, medium, and high) with six tillage practices (hoeing, hoeing + mulching with Calopogonium muconoides , hoeing + green manuring with Calopogonium muconoides , deep forking, deep forking in strips, and rototilling) were evaluated. The chronological cropping sequence was rice ( Oryza sativa L.), soybean ( Glycine max L. (Merr.)), mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.), rice, and soybean. Plant growth, yield components, and crop yields increased with increasing levels of lime and fertilizers. Without chemical inputs no crop yield was obtained. Rice responded to chemical inputs except at the highest fertility level, whereas soybean continued to respond throughout the entire range of chemical inputs. Incorporation of green manure at the rate of 12.5 Mg fresh weight (2.50 Mg dry weight) per ha increased plant growth, yield components except percent grainless hulls, and yields of all crops. Mulching increased crop yields during the second year when periods of drought occurred, a response that may be related to incorporation of the mulch applied to the soil surface the first year. Deep tillage by forking did not affect rice production, but it slightly increased soybean production. Strip forking tended to decrease and rototilling tended to increase rice yield.
Cardiac and Eye Activity Correlates of Sleep Loss in Helicopter Pilots

The effects of one night's sleep loss on helicopter pilot's psychophysiology were investigated. This was done to determine if cardiac and eye measures were sensitive to sleep loss during actual flights. Because of the potentially catastrophic errors that can occur when sleep deprived reliable measures to detect this state are needed. If the deleterious effects of sleep loss can be determined prior to performance break down then it should be possible to devise systems to avoid accidents. Ten pilots flew a standard 1.5 hour scenario three times with increasing hours of sleep loss. Heart rate, heart rate variability and eye blink rate were recorded during the three flights. Heart rate and heart rate variability demonstrated statistically significant effects as the sleep loss increased. Heart rate variability declined, especially during the most difficult fight maneuvers at the highest levels of sleep deprivation.
Advances in positron emission tomography technology have increased the need for surgical staging in non-small cell lung cancer.

Objectives Pretreatment staging of patients with non–small cell lung cancer is critically important in determining an appropriate treatment plan. As positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) are proven complementary modalities in clinical staging, recent advances in PET technology have brought forth integrated PET/CT as the new standard. We tested the hypothesis that improvements in PET technology have not increased the sensitivity or specificity of PET in the staging of non–small cell lung cancer to an extent that surgical staging is no longer required. Methods This is a retrospective, single-institution review of 336 patients from 1995 to 2005 with biopsy-proven non–small cell lung cancer who underwent [ 18 F] fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose–PET before mediastinal lymph node sampling by cervical mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy. Clinical records, histopathologic reports, and PET findings were reviewed. Data were analyzed by the Pearson χ 2 test. Results Within the study population, 210 patients had routine PET and 126 had integrated PET/CT. For detecting mediastinal metastases the sensitivities of PET versus integrated PET/CT were 61.1% versus 85.7% ( P P Conclusions Improvements in PET technology have increased integrated PET/CT sensitivity at the cost of significantly decreased specificity. Although it may appear that integrated PET/CT incurs fewer false negative results, the dramatic increase in false positive results reinforces the notion that integrated PET/CT should be used only as an adjunct to clinical staging and that surgical staging remains the gold standard in non–small cell lung cancer.
Influence of harsh environmental conditions on CFRP‐aluminum single lap joints

Purpose – The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of harsh environmental conditions on the fundamental failure mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)‐aluminum single lap single‐bolted joints under tensile loading.Design/methodology/approach – CFRP‐aluminum single lap joints were aged under extremely hot (60°C), hot and humid (60°C, 95%RH), and freezing cold (−51°C) environments and tensile‐tested to measure the joint stiffness and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Finite element studies were performed to design the experiments.Findings – For all composite stacking sequences studied, it was found that hot and humid conditions reduced UTS of the joint by as much as 29 percent. Hot‐humid and freezing conditions also decreased UTS with the exception of the twill 2 × 2 laminate, which slightly increased UTS by 3.7 percent under freezing conditions. The opposite effect was observed for stiffness, where hot‐humid conditions increased the modulus of elasticity in the axial directi...
The Technological Interpretation of History

I. Marx's view of history is technological not economic. — II. The social process according to Marx, 75. — III. Technological changes, the class struggle and human adjustments to environment, 75. — IV. Forces lying back of technological evolution, according to Marx and Engels: extension of markets, development of science, cosmic evolution, 78. — V. The Marxian view against the background of fundamental factors and forces, 80. — VI. Criticism of the Marxian theory, 82. — VII. Conclusion, 83.