cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of stress sensing test chips to area array packaging

Thermal cycling accelerated life testing is often used to qualify area array packages (e.g. Ball Grid Arrays and Flip Chip) for various applications. Finite element life predictions for thermal cycling configurations are challenging due to the complicated temperature/time dependent constitutive relations and failure criteria needed for solders and encapsulants and their interfaces, aging/evolving material behavior (e.g. solders), difficulties in modeling plating finishes, the complicated geometries of typical electronic assemblies, etc. In addition, in-situ measurements of stresses and strains in assemblies subjected to temperature cycling is difficult because of the extreme environmental conditions and the fact that the primary materials/interfaces of interest (e.g. solder joints, die device surface, wire bonds, etc.) are embedded within the assembly (not at the surface). For these reasons, we really know quite little about the evolution of the stresses, strains, and deformations occurring within sophisticated electronic packaging geometries during thermal cycling. In our research, we are using test chips containing piezoresistive stress sensors to continuously characterize the in-situ die surface stress during long-term thermal cycling of several different area array packaging technologies including plastic ball grid array (PBGA) components, ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) components, and flip chip on laminate assemblies. The utilized (111) silicon test chips are able to measure the complete three-dimensional stress state (all 6 stress components) at each sensor site being monitored by the data acquisition hardware. The die stresses are initially measured at room temperature after packaging. The assemblies are then subjected to thermal cycling over various temperature ranges including 0 to 100 °C, −40 to 125 °C, and −55 to 125 °C, for up to 3000 thermal cycles. During the thermal cycling, sensor resistances at critical locations on the die device surface (e.g. the die center and die corners) are recorded. From the resistance data, the stresses at each site can be calculated and plotted versus time. The experimental observations show significant cycle-to-cycle evolution in the stress magnitudes due to material aging effects, stress relaxation and creep phenomena, and development of interfacial damage. The observed stress variations as a function of thermal cycling duration are also being correlated with the observed delaminations at the die surface (as measured using scanning acoustic microscopy (C-SAM)) and finite element simulations that include material constitutive models that incorporate thermal aging effects.
Modeling and Shock Tube Testing of Architectural Glazing Systems for Blast Resistance

AbstractBuilding envelope is a critical line of defense against external explosions, and laminated glass can greatly reduce the hazard of flying shards. Blast-resistant glazing research exists, but few areas remain unexplored related to resistance and blast response of the window system, the effect of the negative phase of the blast wave, and the dynamic reactions transmitted to the window frame and supporting structure. Therefore, dynamic numerical simulations and shock tube testing are presented in this paper. The dynamic response, in terms of center deflection and dynamic reactions, is measured and compared with the numerical results using the blast positive and negative phases. The measured dynamic material response of the interlayers was used for the model. The numerical model deflections and dynamic reactions correlated well within the first few peaks of the measured response of the glazing systems. The results of this study can be used to improve existing methods for predicting the response and dyn...
Synthesis and characterization of aryl substituted bis(2-pyridyl)amines and their copper olefin complexes: investigation of remote steric control over olefin binding.

The aryl-functionalized pyridylamine 2-iPrC6H4N(H)py (1) and bis(2-pyridyl)amines of the type ArN(py)2 for Ar = Mes (2), 2,6-Et2C6H3 (3), 2-iPrC6H4 (4), 2,6-iPr2C6H3 (5), and 1-naph (6), have been prepared by the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of substituted anilines with 2-bromopyridine, and have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR NMR, FTIR, MS, and TGA. Complexes of these new N-aryl bis(2-pyridyl)amines have been prepared for the acid salts [H{ArN(py)2}]BF4 where Ar = Mes (7) and 2-iPrC6H4 (8), and the dimeric bridged complexes [Cu{ArN(py)2}(μ-X)(Y)]2 where X/Y = Cl− and Ar = Ph (9), 2-iPrC6H4 (10), and 1-naph (11), in addition to X = OH−, Y = H2O and Ar = Mes (12). The olefin complexes [Cu(Ar-dpa)(styrene)]BF4 for Ar = Ph (13), Mes (14), 2-iPrC6H4 (15), and 1-naph (16), in addition to the norborylene complexes of Ar = Mes (17) and 2-iPrC6H4 (18) have been prepared and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, and TGA. The crystal structures have been determined for compounds 1–17. Secondary amine 1 crystallizes in hydrogen-bonded head-to-tail dimers, while the N-aryl bis(2-pyridyl)amines 2–6 crystallize in a three-bladed propellar conformation, having nearly planar geometries about the amine nitrogen. The geometry about copper centers in the dimeric complexes 9–12 is distorted trigonal bypyramidal, with the axial positions occupied by one of the two pyridyl nitrogens and one of the bridging ligands (i.e., Cl or OH). The copper atoms in each of the olefin complexes 13–17 are coordinated to the two pyridine nitrogen atoms and the appropriate olefin; consistent with a pseudo three-coordinate Cu(I) cation. Distortion of pyridyl ring geometries about the copper centers, and concomitant bending of the aryl groups away from the Cu⋯N(amine) vectors were found to correlate with the steric bulk of the aryl group present in both dimeric and olefin complexes. Such distortion is also observed to a lesser extent in the acid salts as well. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of [Cu(Ar-dpa)(olefin)]BF4 exhibit an upfield shift in the olefin signal as compared to free olefin. A good correlation exists between the 1H and 13C NMR Δδ values and olefin dissociation temperatures, confirming that the shift of the olefin NMR resonances upon coordination is associated with the binding strength of the complex.
Determination of the Hydrocarbon Core Structure of Fluid Dioleoylphosphocholine (DOPC) Bilayers by X-Ray Diffraction Using Specific Bromination of the Double-Bonds: Effect of Hydration

Changes in the structure of the hydrocarbon core (HC) of fluid lipid bilayers can reveal how bilayers respond to the partitioning of peptides and other solutes (Jacobs, R. E., and S. H. White. 1989. Biochemistry. 28:3421-3437). The structure of the HC of dioleoylphosphocholine (DOPC) bilayers can be determined from the transbilayer distribution of the double-bonds (Wiener, M. C., and S. H. White. 1992. Biophys. J. 61:434-447). This distribution, representing the time-averaged projection of the double-bond positions onto the bilayer normal (z), can be obtained by means of neutron diffraction and double-bond specific deuteration (Wiener, M. C., G. I. King, and S. H. White. 1991. Biophys. J. 60:568-576). For fully resolved bilayer profiles, a close approximation of the distribution could be obtained by x-ray diffraction and isomorphous bromine labeling at the double-bonds of the DOPC sn-2 acyl chain (Wiener, M. C., and S. H. White. 1991. Biochemistry. 30:6997-7008). We have modified the bromine-labeling approach in a manner that permits determination of the distribution in under-resolved bilayer profiles observed at high water contents. We used this new method to determine the transbilayer distribution of the double-bond bromine labels of DOPC over a hydration range of 5.4 to 16 waters per lipid, which reveals how the HC structure changes with hydration. We found that the transbilayer distributions of the bromines can be described by a pair of Gaussians of 1/e half-width A(Br) located at z = +Z(Br) relative to the bilayer center. For hydrations from 5.4 waters up to 9.4 waters per lipid, Z(Br) decreases from 7.97 +/- 0.27 A to 6.59 +/- 0.15 A, while A(Br) increased from 4.62 +/- 0.62 A to 5.92 +/- 0.37 A, consistent with the expected hydration-induced decrease in HC thickness and increase in area per lipid. After the phosphocholine hydration shell was filled at approximately 12 waters per lipid, we observed a shift in Z(Br) to approximately 7.3 A, indicative of a distinct structural change upon completion of the hydration shell. For hydrations of 12-16 waters per lipid, the bromine distribution remains constant at Z(Br) = 7.33 +/- 0.25 A and A(Br) = 5.35 +/- 0.5 A. The absolute-scale structure factors obtained in the experiments provided an opportunity to test the so-called fluid-minus method of structure-factor scaling. We found that the method is quite satisfactory for determining the phases of structure factors, but not their absolute values.
"For mark was Peter's Tanna?": Tradition and transmission in Papias and the early Rabbis

The fragments and testimonia of Papias’s Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord contain a number of terms whose precise meaning remains elusive, among them auditor , presbuteroi , hermēneutēs , and parakoloutheō . These terms, and the oral-traditional ideology in which they occur, are illuminated by comparison with the terminology associated with the Pharisees and preserved in early rabbinic writings. More broadly, the ideology of received tradition preserved in the latter sources offers a better analogue to Papias’s enterprise than does Hellenistic historiography, as Bauckham has influentially argued. In addition, Papias’s explanation that he set out to collect and order the sayings of the Lord from certified tradents, marks him as an important but heretofore largely unrecognized precursor to the rabbinic establishment of the Mishnah.
Concentrating creativity: The planning of formal and informal arts districts

In recent years, cities have increasingly invested resources in creating art districts, from formal districts with public investment in a catalytic development, to informal districts that recognize existing clusters of artists and art organizations. Yet, little is understood about the role of planning processes in the emergence of such districts. In this paper we use archival research and in-depth interviews to document the evolution of two districts in the San Francisco Bay Area. We conclude that in practice, formal and informal strategies may intermingle. The major factor leading to the planning and implementation of formal arts districts is strong vision and leadership, often related to an anchor development. But planning also plays a role in informal districts, where a variety of stakeholders hold their own visions for revitalization. Benefits rarely trickle down to artists from formal districts, while informal districts offer little hope of long-term stability for artists. Better formal tools are needed to protect artists as arts districts emerge.
An Unexpected Journey: How a Community Based Learning Experience Changed My Teaching Praxis

This paper presents my firsthand experience as a participant in a community based learning experience in the Dominican Republic and my reflections about developing an educational praxis that prepares students to meet Ignatius’ goal of overcoming all evils that beset humankind. In particular, five pedagogical lessons in service of this goal are presented: (1) educators should take the student perspective to facilitate more effective classrooms; (2) students engaging in action will develop a much broader understanding than students learning in a passive manner; (3) contrary to popular belief, confusion is one of our most valuable and underutilized teaching tools; (4) incorporating opportunities for students to develop genuine relationships within educational settings catalyzes a higher level of engagement and; and (5) if our classrooms are designed to allow students opportunities to make the world a better place, more often than not, they will succeed. My experience allowed me to better understand both the Jesuit educational mission and develop pedagogical tools that will meet this mission. I encourage all educators (teachers, staff, and administrators) to engage in their own unique community based learning experiences, as it will change their opinion of what is possible with education.
Seasonality in Stock and Bond ETFs (2001—2014): The Months Are Getting Mixed Up but Santa Delivers on Time

This article examines the current state of seasonality in returns using a set of ten highly liquid exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Our analysis extends beyond the traditional stock market framework to also include bond, real estate, and gold assets, in the same study. Additionally, this use of ETFs is a new approach compared with existing seasonality literature. Four well-known effects are researched – the January effect, the Halloween effect (“Sell in May and Go Away”), the Mark Twain effect, and the Santa Claus rally. The results are mixed. Some seasonality effects seem to have weakened while others have remained intact or even strengthened. This might be the result of improved market efficiency, arbitrage activity, or high frequency trading (HFT). The persistence of some of the effects is somewhat puzzling against the backdrop of the efficient market hypothesis (Fama [1970]) but could be rationalized via differential investor sentiment responses (Waggle and Agrrawal [2015]). The article also provides reference tables that include probabilities and averages for each month and for each effect. The Altman-Wald and Friedman tests are utilized for statistical significance, given the relatively short return histories for ETFs. These could be utilized by a trader as a tactical overlay on top of a longer term strategic allocation. Finally, we introduce the reader to the bond based “Safety in Summer” effect, as an additional calendar effect, to be further researched in the years to come.
The Use of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Gynecologic Endocrinology

The discovery and characterization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and the subsequent production of a synthetic decapeptide are described. The physiologic actions of LH-RH include an increase in circulating LH and FSH in males and females following intravenous or intramuscular administration. Estrogen and progesterone can reduce pitu itary responsiveness to LH-RH; when estrogen levels are high (early luteal phase) pituitary sensitivity to LH is also high. LH-RH has been used in an attempt to learn about the etiology of secondary amenorrhea. Patients with pituitary tumors usually show a diminished response to LH-RH and functional pituitary disease is always accompanied by a low response to LH-RH. Severe malnutrition may also result in a low response to LH-RH. Most patients with secondary amenorrhea respond easily to synthetic LH-RH; LH-RH then is useful in distinguishing underlying pituitary disease from a disturbed interrelationship among pituitary hypothalamus and ovaries as a cause of secondary amenorrhea. 48 women with secondary amenorrhea (with proven diagnoses by conventional methods) were tested with an LH-RH stimulation test. Results suggested the correct diagnosis by the pattern of LH and FSH response. Reports on using LH-RH appears to be promising.
Traveling planetary-scale waves in the lower thermosphere: Effects on neutral density and composition during solar minimum conditions

The effects of breaking of traveling, planetary scale Rossby waves (TPWs) in the lower thermosphere are investigated with respect to the mixing of neutral constituents. We use numerical simulations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, eXtended version, whose meteorology below 92 km is constrained by atmospheric specifications obtained from operational weather forecast/data assimilation system. The Fourier spectra show that the amplitude of TPWs with periods between 3 and 10 days are statistically significant in some years; the amplitude and phase of the band-pass filtered behavior is consistent with the behavior of the 5 day wave. A wavelet analysis using the S-transform shows that large variations with periods between 3 and 10 days can occur in relatively narrow temporal windows (20–30 days) during boreal winter. The momentum flux entering the lower thermosphere during the times of TPW amplification is shown to be large, and the amplifications of the TPWs in the thermosphere are not always associated with stratospheric sudden warming. The subtropical zonal accelerations are consistent with Rossby wave encountering a surf zone at low latitudes, resulting in wave breaking. The zonal acceleration is shown to be associated with a meridional diffusion, which is largest in the lower thermosphere where the wave activity and the wave breaking are also large. The ultimate effect on neutral density and composition is a meridional, down-gradient mixing; although this horizontal diffusion is largest below 110 km, the effects on the composition are amplified with increasing altitude, due to the diffusive separation of the thermosphere.
De-Ubit-Izing Crts: Recent Rulings

Charitable remainder trusts (CRTs) forfeit their tax-exempt status in any year in which they own interests in for-profit enterprises holding "debt-financed" assets, under Internal Revenue Code ("Code") Section 664(c). In three recent rulings, however, the Service has permitted CRTs to sidestep this "debt-financed income" bar, and invest indirectly in enterprises which use debt-financing to acquire their assets. The Service's current position appears to be that, so long as the CRT is not invested directly in the "debt-financing" enterprise, but instead is invested in another entity which in turn invests in the "debt-financing" enterprise, and so long as there are plausible business reasons for this arrangement, the "debt-financing" will not trigger unrelated business income tax (UBIT) at the CRT level. In PLR 200252096, the Service ruled on a CRT which intends to form and fund a wholly-owned for-profit corporation, which in turn will invest in a for-profit LLC in the equipment leasing business which expects to use "debt financing" to pay part of its equipment acquisition costs. Stated business reasons for the arrangement included the shielding of the CRT from UBTI as to the debt-financed property acquisitions of the LLC. The Service approved of this arrangement, ruling that the CRT will not recognize UBTI in connection with the business. A more complex format was approved in PLRs 2002516016 - 018, in which a CRT is a limited partner in M partnership, which plans to create a foreign corporation, N; N in turn will acquire interests in a number of foreign funds, and borrow from third parties to finance its commitment to the funds. The business purposes of this arrangement were said to include: more flexibility in disposing of interests in the funds; insulating the CRT from fund liabilities; and sheltering the CRT from UBTI. The IRS ruled that the CRT will not recognize UBTI under this arrangement, as the income derived from the funds will be received as UBTI-exempt dividends. An even more complicated structure was approved in PLRs 200315028, 200315032, 200315034, and 200315035, in which four CRTs intend to create a foreign corporation which will purchase interests in US partnerships that use debt financing to acquire investment assets. Among the business purposes cited for this arrangement were the advantages of pooling the investment assets of the CRTs to help reduce costs and provide access to more investment opportunities. The Service ruled that the CRTs would not receive UBTI as a result of these investments and payments, as dividend income does not constitute UBTI. Why didn't the Service simply reject these indirect investments by the CRTs in enterprises using "debt-financing," under the "step transaction" rules or similar doctrine? Perhaps the Service does not view UBTI in the CRT context as a very serious concern; in addition, the long-awaited "CARE" legislation would greatly soften the impact of UBTI on CRTs, which would not lose their exempt status altogether in years in which UBTI is recognized, but rather would simply pay tax on the UBTI component of their income.
Modulating Functions Waveform Analysis of Multi-Exponential Transients for Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy

An improved method for the analysis of multi-exponential transients with high resolution has been applied to DLTS. Full-waveform fittings, using the technique of Modulating Functions, are made to digitized transients captured by a computer. This technique is described and results for both simulated data (with noise) and real data are shown. The advantages over previously published techniques in resolution, calculation speed, insensitivity to truncation error and noise are discussed. Also, how this method allows for a determination of the number of components is presented.
Penthiopyrad applied in close proximity to Rhizoctonia solani provided effective disease control in sugar beet

Abstract Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is an important pathogen of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) that can cause damping-off and crown and root rot. Commercial cultivars which are highly resistant to the pathogen are not as high yielding as susceptible cultivars under low or absent disease pressure. These resistant cultivars often do not have resistance to other common pathogens such as Aphanomyces cochlioides , Cercospora beticola , and Fusarium oxysporum . Fungicides, such as azoxystrobin which belongs to the quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) class, are necessary for controlling Rhizoctonia solani , but there are concerns about the buildup of fungicide-resistant strains in the targeted pathogen population. There is a need to find effective fungicides from different chemical groups so they can be rotated with the current widely-used azoxystrobin to manage R. solani . The objective of this greenhouse study was to evaluate the efficacy of penthiopyrad, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI), in managing R. solani on sugar beet using three different application methodologies. Penthiopyrad effectively controlled R. solani on sugar beet when applied at 210, 280, 420, or 550 g a.i./ha in-furrow at planting and as a soil drench at the 4-leaf stage. However, foliar application of penthiopyrad failed to provide disease control. These trials indicated that penthiopyrad needs to be in close proximity or direct contact with R. solani in the soil to provide effective control. Penthiopyrad has the potential to be used as an effective alternate partner with azoxystrobin for controlling R. solani and to help in mitigating the development of fungicide resistant isolates of R. solani .
The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

Background Although the protective efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine has been demonstrated in randomized trials in young African gold miners, there has been controversy about its efficacy in older Americans at risk for serious pneumococcal infections. To assess the vaccine's protective efficacy against invasive pneumococcal infections, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study of the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in adults with a condition recognized to be an indication for receiving the vaccine. Methods From 1984 to 1990, adults in whom Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from any normally sterile site were identified by prospective surveillance in the microbiology laboratories of 11 large hospitals; those with an indication for pneumococcal vaccine were enrolled as case patients. For each case patient, one control was matched according to age, underlying illness, and site of hospitalization. We contacted all providers of medical care to ascertain each subject's history of immunization with pneumococcal vaccine. Isolates of S. pneumoniae were serotyped by an investigator unaware of the subject's vaccination history. Results Thirteen percent of the 1,054 case patients and 20 percent of the 1,054 matched controls had received pneumococcal vaccine (P less than 0.001). When vaccine was given in either its 14-valent or its 23-valent form, its aggregate protective efficacy (calculated as a percentage: 1 minus the odds ratio of having been vaccinated times 100) against infections caused by the serotypes represented in the vaccine was 56 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 42 percent to 67 percent; P less than 0.00001) for all 983 patients infected with a serotype represented in the vaccine, 61 percent for a subgroup of 808 immunocompetent patients (95 percent confidence interval, 47 percent to 72 percent; P less than 0.00001), and 21 percent for a subgroup of 175 immunocompromised patients (95 percent confidence interval, -55 percent to 60 percent; P = 0.48). The vaccine was not efficacious against infections caused by serotypes not represented in the vaccine (protective efficacy, -73 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, -263 percent to 18 percent; P = 0.15). Conclusions Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine is efficacious in preventing invasive pneumococcal infections in immunocompetent patients with indications for its administration. This vaccine should be used more widely.
SUBMILLIMETER WAVE InP-BASED HEMTs with fmax over 600 GHz

In this paper we report on InP-based HEMTs with fmax of more than 600 GHz. The S-parameters of the 0.1 micron gate-length AlInAs/GalnAs/InP HEMTs were measured using on- wafer RF probes from 2 to 110 GHz. The devices have measured S21 of as high as 7 dB at 110 GHz. Using this transistor technology we have demonstrated MMICs with record gain of 30 dB for a three-stage amplifier at 140 GHz. In addition, HRL is developing next generation InP-based HEMT technology using novel AlGaPSb material system. We estimate HEMTs with fmax of more than 1 THz are possible using this material system.
A Brief history of submersibles

Man's quest to achieve mobility beneath the surface of the sea for both scientific and military purposes has led to design and construction of a number of systems capable of going to ever-increasing depths. During the past three decades a host of undersea systems has been developed for deep ocean exploration, e.g., petroleum, minerals, and food sources. This chapter documents many of these submersible systems. Engineering plans are currently being drawn up by several major nations to utilize newly-designed submersibles as material carriers under the polar ice-cap. The former Soviet Union is also planning to convert surplus military submarines for such utilization. Most existing deep submergence systems have pressure hulls of deceptively simple configuration, e.g., a ring-stiffened cylindrical shell, stiffened and unstiffened spherical shells, stiffened conical shells, and unstiffened and ring-stiffened prolate spheroids. Significant structural additions to these primary load-carrying members are to be found in transverse bulkheads, which not only provide additional strength but also serve to compartment the vehicle in the event of flooding; reinforcing rings around entry hatches and other penetrations of the pressure hull; and reinforcing rings in the junction between, say, a cylindrical hull and its conical and/or spherical end closures. Pressure hull configurations are usually selected to meet requirements pertinent to structural efficiency, suitability of internal space to carry payloads, and for hydrodynamic efficiency.
Environmental Regulation of Reproduction

Publisher Summary Reproductive and life-history strategies vary tremendously among bats, even within species. Understanding the nature of this variation and the evolution of these strategies requires an understanding of the mechanisms responsible. This chapter reviews what is known about environmental factors that affect reproduction in bats in the context of both ultimate causes and underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms. It focuses on the results of experimental laboratory studies; however, some field studies that offer insights into mechanisms are also discussed. In general, it addresses four vital questions. The first question examines the ultimate factors that favor or disfavor the environmental regulation of reproduction in bats. The second question explores how signals from the environment become translated into physiological signals that alter reproductive events. The third question pertains to the the additional insight that is offered by field studies. Finally, the fourth question reveals what else is needed to be known, and why it is important to know it. The chapter concludes by stating that the environment also affects reproduction in bats. Low body temperatures act directly on reproduction by slowing down the metabolic rate and slowing or delaying reproductive events. Other environmental factors, such as photoperiod, act indirectly on the reproductive axis through regulatory neuroendocrine circuits that process sensory input and modify reproductive status.
The Degradation of Acid Mucopolysaccharides and the Mucopolysaccharidoses

Since the original clinical descriptions by Hunter (18) and Hurler (19), a vast literature has appeared which is concerned with a group of genetic diseases characterized by the accumulation in tissues and excretion in urine of acid mucopolysaccharides. These studies have been reviewed by McKusick (28) and Dorfman and Matalon (11,12). The term mucopolysaccharidoses was originally suggested by Brante (1) who discovered that the storage material present in livers of Hurler patients contained the characteristic components of acid mucopolysaccharides. Subsequently, Dorfman and Lorincz (10) showed that heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate were excreted in large quantities in the urine of patients with Hurler’s syndrome. The basis of accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides in these diseases has been subject to much speculation. The discovery by Van Hoof and Hers (31) of distended lysosomes in livers of patients with Hurler’s disease and the demonstration by Neufeld and coworkers (4,15,16,17,22,29,32) of the existence of “corrective factors” has strongly indicated the probability that these diseases result from deficiency of lysosomal acid hydrolases. However, in contrast to the lipid storage diseases, limited knowledge is available concerning the specific enzymic defects of the mucopolysaccharidoses. To some extent this is due to inadequate information regarding the normal catabolic pathways of these compounds and lack of knowledge concerning the detailed structure of the accumulated polysaccharides.
UWZGLĘDNIENIE “PRAWA DO ŻYCIA W POKOJU I KORZYSTANIA Z POKOJU, DO PRAW CZŁOWIEKA I DO ROZWOJU” W PRACACH RADY PRAW CZŁOWIEKA ONZ

War and peace have perpetually alternated in history. Consequently, peace has always been seen as an endless project, even a dream, to be in brotherhood realized by all members of international community. Since the XVII century the elimination of war and armed conflict has been a political and humanitarian objective of all nations in the world. Both the League of Nations and the United Nations were conceived with the spirit of eliminating the risk of war through the promotion of peace, cooperation and solidarity among Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the subsequent human rights instruments were drafted with a sincere aspiration of promoting the value of peace and human rights worldwide. International practice shows the close linkage between the disregard of human rights and the existence of war and armed conflict. It follows that the role of human rights in the prevention of war and armed conflict is very important. Since 2008 the Human Rights Council has been working on the “Promotion of the right of peoples to peace.” Pursuant resolutions 20/15 and 23/16 and 27/17 the Council decided firstly to establish, and secondly and thirdly to extend the mandate of the open-ended working group (OEWG) aimed at progressively negotiating a draft United Nations declaration on the right to peace. The OEGW welcomed in its second session (July 2014) the approach of the Chairperson- Rapporteur, which is basically based on the relationship between the right to life and human rights, peace and development. Consequently, this approach could be developed during the third session of the Working Group (April 2015). At its 8th meeting, on 24 April 2015, the Group adopted the draft report on its third session ad referendum and decided to entrust the Chairperson- Rapporteur with its finalization.
Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Hemochromatosis

Hereditary hemochromatosis is considered the most common genetic disorder identified in Caucasians. Inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, patients homozygous for C282Y and occasionally those who are compound heterozygotes (C282Y/H63D) are at risk for developing iron overload. Patients with progressive iron overload may develop nonspecific symptoms including fatigue, and can eventually develop arthropathy, hypogonadism, and complications of chronic liver disease, diabetes, and heart failure.
Anisotropic absorption measurements reveal protein dynamical transition in intramolecular vibrations

Modeling has predicted that intramolecular structural vibrations enables proteins to access functionally important structural change. We show that the vibrational density of states and the isotropic absorption in the terahertz range are only weakly dependent on the protein functional state for several bench marking proteins. At the same time the direction of motions changes dramatically with functional state and with a resulting impact on the anisotropic absorption. Our anisotropic THz microscopy (ATM) measurements confirm this sensitivity. Here we apply the technique to the question of whether the protein dynamical transition (DT) is important to protein function. We find a strong anisotropic resonance at 70 cm−1 rapidly increases in strength at temperatures above the DT. As these intramolecular vibrations enable protein structure to change conformation, the results suggest function will cease below DT for those proteins that require large scale conformational change.
Theories of Business Fluctuations

Starting already in the nineteenth century, many economists observed that business fluctuations took place with regularity, though they differed on their periodicity. This chapter discusses briefly the more important theories that have been posited to explain these fluctuations, and pays particular attention to those focusing on the role played by the financial sector, including Keynes and Minsky.
ASA physical status assignment by non-anesthesia providers: Do surgeons consistently downgrade the ASA score preoperatively?

Abstract Objective The American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (ASA-PS) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period. When surgeries are scheduled by surgeons and their staff at our large institution a presumed ASA-PS is chosen. This is because our institution (and, anecdotally, others in our hospital system and elsewhere), recognizing the relationship between higher ASA-PS and poorer postoperative outcomes, requires all patients with higher ASA-PS levels (≥3) to undergo enhanced preoperative workup. The patients may not, however, necessarily be seen in the anesthesia clinic prior to surgery. As a result, patients are assigned a presumed ASA-PS by a non-anesthesia provider (e.g., surgeons and physician extenders) that may not reflect the ASA-PS chosen by the anesthesiologist on the day of surgery. Errors in the accuracy of the ASA-PS prior to surgery lead to unnecessary and costly preoperative testing, delays in operative procedures, and potential case cancellations. Our study aimed to determine whether there are significant differences in the assignment of ASA-PS by non-anesthesia providers when compared to anesthesia providers. Design We administered an IRB-approved survey asking the ASA-PS of 20 hypothetical case vignettes to 229 clinicians in various departments. Responses by non-anesthesia providers were compared to the consensus of the department of anesthesiology. Setting Faculty office spaces and conferences. Patients No patients, physicians only. Interventions Survey administration. Measurements ASA-PS scores acquired from surveys. Main results Residents and faculty in the department of anesthesiology demonstrated no statistical difference in the median ASA score in 19/20 case scenarios. All other departments were statistically different when compared to the department of anesthesiology (p Conclusions Non-anesthesia providers assign ASA-PS with significantly less accuracy than do anesthesia providers, even when adjusted for multiple comparisons. Surgical and procedural departments were found to consistently under-rate the ASA-PS of patients in our clinical vignettes.
Comparing the Performance of Fiberglass Grid with Composite Interlayer Systems in Asphalt Concrete

Geosynthetics, such as fabrics, grids, and composites, were introduced to asphalt pavements to mitigate reflective cracking or the creation of moisture barriers or both. Reinforcing interlayer systems, such as grids, have been shown to be effective in retarding the reflection of cracks in the underlying pavement into the upper layers. However, the effect of different interlayer systems on the performance of the pavement varies. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of fiberglass grids, paving fabric, and paving mat systems on the fatigue and fracture performance of double-layer beam specimens under four-point notched bending beam fatigue loading. Double-layer asphalt concrete beam specimens were loaded in a displacement control mode until full-depth cracking was observed. Haversine displacements with zero and maximum deflection peaks were applied to the specimens at frequencies of 5 and 10 Hz. The digital image correlation technique was used to determine and compare the damage mechanisms wit...
A rare case of chronic otitis externa due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Chronic otitis externa due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is extremely rare and very few cases have been presented in the medical literature. We report here the case of an immunocompetent 68-year-old male with chronic auricular drainage, otalgia, hearing loss, external ear canal and tympanic membrane thickening for 3 years who was ultimately diagnosed with tuberculous chronic otitis externa on biopsy of external auditory canal granulation tissue using molecular diagnostic techniques. Later, sputum cultures were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicating disseminated tuberculosis. However, two plausible explanations could be pulmonary TB that disseminated to the ear canal with evidence of middle and outer otitis, or upper airway/nasopharyngeal involvement with direct extension into the middle and outer ear canals. Although extremely rare, extrapulmonary laryngeal head and neck tuberculosis should be considered in immunocompetent patients who present with chronic otitis without prior known exposure to tuberculosis when they fail standard therapy and in whom no other microbiologic cause can be identified.
Altered stress system reactivity after pediatric injury: Relation with post-traumatic stress symptoms

Abstract Injury is the leading cause of death and disability in childhood. Injured children are at high risk for developing alterations in stress response systems and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) that may compromise long-term physical and psychological health. In a prospective, observational cohort study, we examined individual differences in, and correlates of, stress-reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA; salivary cortisol) and autonomic nervous system (ANS; salivary alpha amylase, sAA) following pediatric injury. Participants were 8–15 years of age and hospitalized for traumatic brain injury (TBI; n = 55; M age = 13.9 yrs; 40 males) or extracranial injury (EI; n = 29; M age 12.3 yrs, 20 males) following vehicular accidents. Six months post-injury, saliva was collected before and after the Trier Social Stress Test and later assayed for cortisol and sAA. Relative to a healthy non-injured comparison group (n = 33; M age = 12.5 yrs, 16 males), injured children (ages 8–12 years), but not adolescents (ages 13–15 yrs), had higher cortisol levels; regardless of age, injured participants showed dampened cortisol reactivity to social evaluative threat. Compared to participants with EI, children with TBI had elevated cortisol and adolescents had elevated sAA. With respect to PTSS, individual differences in sAA were negatively correlated with avoidance in the TBI group and positively correlated with emotional numbing within the EI group. Importantly, psychological and neurobiological sequelae were weakly related to injury severity. Given the high prevalence of pediatric injury, these sequelae affect many children and represent a significant public health concern. Consequently, surveillance of post-traumatic sequelae should include the full spectrum of injury severity. Monitoring the activity, reactivity, and regulation of biological systems sensitive to environmental insults may advance our understanding of individual differences in sequelae and adaptation following traumatic pediatric injury.
Measuring the Delivery of Complex Interventions through Electronic Medical Records: Challenges and Lessons Learned.

Background: Health services and implementation researchers often seek to capture the implementation process of complex interventions yet explicit guidance on how to capture this process is limited. Medical record review is a commonly used methodology, especially when used as a proxy for provider behavior, with recognized benefits and limitations. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of chart review to measure implementation and offer recommendations for future researchers using this method to capture the implementation process. Methods: Grounded in qualitative research methods, we measured the implementation of a transitional care intervention for older adults with dementia being discharged from the hospital. We adapted the operationalization of the intervention’s components to suit chart review methods, sought input from hospital providers before and after data collection, and assessed the agreement between the results of our chart review and provider-report. Findings: We believe chart review can be used effectively as a method for capturing the implementation process and provide future researchers with a list of recommendations based on our experience including understanding the nuance between data extraction versus data abstraction, allowing for large amounts of data not pre-specified in the data collection instrument to be collected, and purposefully and iteratively engaging the providers who are entering data into the chart. Major Themes: Measuring the implementation of complex interventions is a cornerstone in health services research and with the relative convenience and low costs of using chart data, we believe with more use and refinement this methodology could emerge as a valuable and widely used method in the field.
Oral Retinoid Therapy for Nodulocystic Acne

The advent of oral retinoid therapy with isotretinoin has opened a new era in the management of patients with acne. Many more studies will have to be conducted not only in order to understand fully the mechanism of action of the drug but also to answer questions related to the duration of therapy, the actual dosage of the drug that should be used, and the pattern and severity of side effects.
Marching Algorithms and Block Gaussian Elimination

Abstract Fast direct methods incorporating marching techniques are considered from the viewpoint of sparse Gaussian elimination. It is shown that the algorithms correspond to the nonstandard block backsolution of particular LU decompositions.
Helping Students Make Their Way to Adulthood: Good Company for the Journey.

By the time they graduate from college, most students still have not achieved the kind of self-authorship that would allow them to think independently, make choices, and pursue their dreams. What c...
Graphical Analysis of Process Variation Studies

Graphical procedures for analyzing the results of nested sampling studies are presented and illustrated with examples. It is shown that a standard deviation control chart analysis will detect atypical results and nonhomogeneous variances that can greatl..
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Dr. Seuss’s eloquent One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish (Beginner Books/Random House, New York, 1960) may have been describing one of the most significant advancements in clinical cytogenetics, fluorescence i n s itu hybridization or “FISH.” While the basic in situ technology was developed more than 30 years ago (Levsky JM, Singer RH, J Cell Sci, 116(Pt 14): 2833–2838, 2010), the application involving fluorescent detection of probe DNA hybridized to chromosomal target sequences was introduced to the clinical cytogenetics laboratories in the late 1980s (Pinkel D, Gray JW, Trask B, van den Engh G, Fuscoe J, van Dekken H, Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, 51(Pt 1): 151–157, 1986). The overall hybridization process was essentially the same as that used for radioactive probes, but the major advantage was the incorporation of fluorescent detection of the probe sequences that allowed for high sensitivity in a simple and quick assay.
Sensory experiences in near death experiences and the Thomistic view of the soul

L'A. traite de la vue thomiste de l'âme, qu'il resume, et des experiences a l'approche de la mort (NDE). Il cherche dans quelle mesure la vue de Thomas peut servir a l'interpretation des experiences des sens d'âmes decorporees affirmees dans les NDE.
High-Efficiency Transformation Techniques

Abstract Wheat, barley, oat, rye, and triticale generally exhibit superior tolerance to environmental stresses and poor soil conditions. These species were first transformed by direct DNA transfer in the 1990s, and then by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Efforts were especially made in wheat and barley to optimize factors related to plant tissues, various treatments, culture media, selection markers, strains of A. tumefaciens, and transformation vectors so that highly efficient protocols were developed. In all of these species, A. tumefaciens strains derived from strain A281 and vectors carrying virulence genes from A281 gave higher efficiency of transformation, and the hygromycin resistance gene and the bar gene were chosen as selection markers. Immature embryos were the best starting tissues, but considerable investment is required to supply fresh tissues. Naturally, collaboration is recommended between users of the technology and elite teams focusing on the transformation of immature embryos. Deregulation cost and limited public acceptance are delaying commercialization of transgenic varieties, and gene editing, which requires techniques mostly shared by transformation, is an attractive option. A major hurdle is the fact that limited genotypes are amenable to tissue culture. Both protocol improvement and exploitation of genes related to good tissue culture response must be further pursued.
Abstract TP145: Admission Hyperglycemia Predicts Poor Cerebral Collateral Flow in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Poor leptomeningeal collateral flow is related to worse neurological outcome in acute ischemic stroke. The increased release of stress hormones during the first hours of acute stroke ...