cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior-associated and post-consumption glucose entry into the nucleus accumbens extracellular space during glucose free-drinking in trained rats

Glucose is the primary energetic substrate for the metabolic activity of brain cells and its proper delivery from the arterial blood is essential for neural activity and normal brain functions. Glucose is also a unique natural reinforcer, supporting glucose-drinking behavior without food or water deprivation. While it is known that glucose enters brain tissue via gradient-dependent facilitated diffusion, it remains unclear how glucose levels are changed during natural behavior and whether the direct central action of ingested glucose can be involved in regulating glucose-drinking behavior. Here, we used glucose biosensors with high-speed amperometry to examine the pattern of phasic and tonic changes in extracellular glucose in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) during unrestricted glucose-drinking in well-trained rats. We found that the drinking behavior is highly cyclic and is associated with relatively large and prolonged increases in extracellular glucose levels. These increases had two distinct components: a highly phasic but relatively small behavior-related rise and a larger tonic elevation that results from the arrival of consumed glucose into the brain’s extracellular space. The large post-ingestion increases in NAc glucose began minutes after the cessation of drinking and were consistently associated with periods of non-drinking, suggesting that the central action of ingested glucose could inhibit drinking behavior by inducing a pause in activity between repeated drinking bouts. Finally, the difference in NAc glucose responses found between active, behavior-mediated and passive glucose delivery via an intra-gastric catheter confirms that motivated behavior is also associated with metabolic glucose use by brain cells.
Effect of Inhibitors on Phenoloxidase of Mycobacterium leprae

Previous results had shown that the human leprosy bacilli possess a phenoloxidase, which, when compared with the enzyme from mammalian and plant sources, seemed unique in the range of substrates utilized and in the nature of the products formed. The effect of several inhibitors on the enzyme in Mycobacterium leprae was tested. Compounds which bind copper were found to be more effective than substrate analogues. Diethyldithiocarbamate penetrated the bacillus and completely suppressed its phenolase activity. Diasone (a derivative of diaminodiphenylsulfone used in the treatment of leprosy) proved to be a potent inhibitor of phenoloxidase of mammalian and plant origin. However, it was less efficient in the case of M. leprae. A biochemical peculiarity of M. leprae was observed in its ability to metabolize mimosine and penicillamine. These compounds produced total inhibition of tyrosinase in melanoma extract and of mushroom tyrosinase. Nontoxic inhibitors of phenoloxidase in the leprosy bacilli may be of value in developing a rational approach to chemotherapy of the disease.
The Modelling and Experimental Study of the Piezofilm Transducer Waveforms in Cylindrical Geometry

Components with curved surfaces are very common in nondestructive evaluation. In order to detect flaws in curved components using the contact mode, transducers must be made to conform to the curvature of the component. The flexible polymer piezofilm transducers have a distinct advantage in such application. When applied on samples of a rod geometry, a film transducer assumes the shape of a part of a cylindrical shell. When a signal is generated by such a source, the received echo waveform will be significantly different from that of the initial excitation due to the effects of focusing and diffraction. This phenomenon was encountered when pulse-echo measurement was made on rod samples using PVDF polymer film transducers. A film transducers was wrapped around the rod surface covering approximately one sixth of the circumference. The first reflected echo was almost out of phase with the initial input signal and the second echo was out of phase with the first one. This phenomenon cannot be explained by ray approximation. An effort was therefore made to build a model to explain the pressure wave behavior in cylindrical field and to predict the received echo waveform. The efforts spent so far are concentrated on the longitudinal wave. A film transducer, conforming to the sample curvature and launching waves at normal incidence everywhere, can be considered as a longitudinal pressure wave source.
A GENERALIZATION OF A THEOREM OF DELAUNAY ON CONSTANT MEAN CURVATURE SURFACES

In 1841, Delaunay [2] classified all surfaces of revolution of constant mean curvature, with a beautifully simple description in terms of conics. The constancy of the mean curvature is expressed by an ordinary differential equation for the radius of rotation with respect to the meridian length. The resulting equation was, in those days, very familiar as the differential equation governing the roulette of a conic, that is, the locus of the focus of a conic as it rolls in a plane along a line.
Attracting Long-Term Investors Through Integrated Thinking and Reporting: A Clinical Study of a Biopharmaceutical Company

Faced with a large percentage of investors that chase short-term returns, companies could benefit by attracting investors with longer-term horizons and incentives that are more consistent with the long-term strategy of the company. The managers of most companies take their investor base as a �given� that cannot be changed through their actions or words. Using the case of Shire, a biopharmaceutical company with a strong commitment to the goals of improving the safety of its products and the reliability of its supply chain, the authors of this article suggest that companies have the ability and the means to change their investor base in ways that are consistent with their strategy. One of the most promising ways of attracting such investors is integrated reporting, which provides companies with a means of credibly communicating the commitment of its top leadership to diffusing integrated thinking across the organization and to building strong relationships with important external stakeholders. In the case of Shire, both a commitment to integrated thinking and the adoption of integrated reporting appear to have helped the company attract longer-term investors, which in turn has strengthened management's confidence to carry out its strategy of stakeholder engagement and investment.
Spatial structure and dynamics of breeding bird populations at a distribution margin, southern California

Aim Local-scale processes at species distribution margins can affect larger-scale distribution dynamics, but are rarely studied. The objective of this research was to elucidate the nature of distribution limits by studying the comparative structure, dynamics and environmental associations of breeding bird populations at their distribution margin. We hypothesized that climate is principally responsible for setting distribution limits, whereas biotic habitat features are more strongly associated with distribution patterns within the range. Location Southern California, USA. Methods During 2005–2007 we studied the distribution patterns of breeding birds in three study areas, each spanning a low-elevation (200–1800 m) desert scrub-to-chaparral gradient. We used logistic regression with hierarchical partitioning to assess the independent effects of environmental variables (e.g. climate versus habitat) on distributions. We tested for shifts in the relative importance of these environmental variables in determining distribution limits versus within-range patterns, and we also compared higher- and lower-elevation groups of species. Results Distribution patterns were highly variable among species, but were remarkably static over the three study areas and 3-year study period. Across species, habitat floristic variables performed relatively well at explaining distribution patterns. For higher-elevation species (chaparral birds), climate was relatively important in setting their lower distribution limits, and there was a shift to a greater importance of biotic habitat (mainly habitat structural variables) for determining within-range patterns. Relationships were more mixed for lower-elevation species (desert scrub birds), but with respect to distribution limits, biotic habitat variables tended to be more important relative to climate than we observed for chaparral birds. Main conclusions Along this warm, arid elevational gradient, higher-elevation chaparral birds are more limited by climate at their lower margin than are lower-elevation desert birds at their upper margin, suggesting that climate plays a strong role (relative to other values) in excluding non-desert birds from desert. However, given the strong differences among species, predictive distribution models will need to be individually tailored, and for most species biotic habitat variables were of greater importance than climate in determining limits. This research highlights the usefulness of studying environmental relationships at distribution margins and the importance of considering biotic relationships in forecasting distribution shifts under changing climates.
Diagnostic challenge: Myasthenia gravis in the emergency department.

Purpose: To describe an instructive case of neurological disease encountered by a nurse practitioner (NP) student in the emergency department (ED). Characteristics, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic considerations, and appropriate testing options for myasthenia gravis (MG) are included. Data sources: Findings from the history, physical examination, and diagnostic testing of a 41-year-old male with neck weakness and pain. Review of published literature about MG. Conclusions: MG is a pure motor syndrome characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue and is exacerbated by sustained muscle use. It is usually caused by an autoimmune process that is chronic and progressive. Multiple patient encounters with the healthcare system often occur prior to diagnosis. Many viable treatment options now exist that can enhance quality of life and improve function. Implications for practice: The NP must include MG in the differential diagnosis with any report of fluctuating muscle weakness or other neurological, upper gastrointestinal, respiratory, or ophthalmic complaint. The key diagnostic finding is a specific muscle weakness that can be reproduced and exacerbated with sustained muscle use. These considerations will lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment.
Some new solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation

Abstract We have found some new solutions of both rational and trigonometric types by rewriting the Yang-Baxter equation as a triple product equation in a vector space of matrices.
Petite and tall‐sized consumer segmentation: Comparison of fashion involvement, pre‐purchase clothing satisfaction and clothing needs

This study investigated fashion involvement, pre‐purchase clothing satisfaction and clothing needs of petite and tall‐sized consumers. The differences between petite and tall‐sized consumers were compared, and the relationship among the three variables was examined. Petite and tall‐sized women's shopping characteristics were identified. The data were obtained through mail survey method. The final sample consisted of 177 petite and 144 tall women. Data were statistically analysed to fulfil the purpose of the study. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency, mean and standard deviation, were utilised to define the characteristics of the sample. Analysis of variance was tested to compare beliefs about clothing attributes. T‐test and analysis of covariance were utilised to determine if there is any difference between petite and tall women in terms of fashion involvement, pre‐purchase clothing satisfaction and clothing needs. Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Pearson Partial Correlation Coefficient were utilised to test the hypotheses. The results indicated significant but relatively low relationships among fashion involvement, pre‐purchase clothing satisfaction and clothing needs. Fashion involvement and clothing needs were positively correlated, while pre‐purchase clothing satisfaction and clothing needs were negatively correlated for both petite and tall‐sized women.
Will you remember to read this article later when you have time? The relationship between prospective memory and time management

Time management and memory processes include a variety of common concepts and goals, namely to monitor the time it takes to complete current tasks and remember later to complete intended activities. In the present study, we correlated scales that measure components of time management with those that measure prospective and retrospective memory. As expected, significant correlations indicate that people who report that they manage their time well report successful prospective and retrospective memory. Most importantly, those who engage in setting goals and priorities and have a preference for organization reported better memory than those who do not. Implications for research in time management and prospective memory are discussed.
Topical hindpaw application of L-menthol decreases responsiveness to heat with biphasic effects on cold sensitivity of rat lumbar dorsal horn neurons

Menthol is used in pharmaceutical applications because of its desired cooling and analgesic properties. The neural mechanism by which topical application of menthol decreases heat pain is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of topical menthol application on lumbar dorsal horn wide dynamic range and nociceptive-specific neuronal responses to noxious heat and cooling of glabrous hindpaw cutaneous receptive fields. Menthol increased thresholds for responses to noxious heat in a concentration-dependent manner. Menthol had a biphasic effect on cold-evoked responses, reducing the threshold (to warmer temperatures) at a low (1%) concentration and increasing threshold and reducing response magnitude at high (10%, 40%) concentrations. Menthol had little effect on responses to innocuous or noxious mechanical stimuli, ruling out a local anesthetic action. Application of 40% menthol to the contralateral hindpaw tended to reduce responses to cooling and noxious heat, suggesting a weak heterosegmental inhibitory effect. These results indicate that menthol has an analgesic effect on heat sensitivity of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons, as well as biphasic effects on cold sensitivity, consistent with previous behavioral observations.
Death Valley research revises age of last deep lake

The last deep lake in Death Valley probably existed during marine isotope stage VI, more than 100,000 years earlier than previously thought, according to a paper presented this past spring at a conference on geologic research in Death Valley. The long accepted paradigm of a deep lake, known as Lake Manley in the very late Pleistocene appears to have fallen in light of recent U-series dating of high shorelines. This and other new research were the topics of an interdisciplinary meeting on the “Status of Geologic Research and Mapping in Death Valley National Park.” As its title indicates, the conference was organized to compile up-to-date information on the status of geologic research and mapping in Death Valley National Park and surrounding areas. It also was intended to establish a network of active researchers to create synergy for cooperative, interdisciplinary research endeavors and to present recent and current research results in an informal setting, thus encouraging dialogue.
Antipredator responses to invasive lionfish, Pterois volitans : interspecific differences in cue utilization by two coral reef gobies

Understanding prey response to predators and their utilization of sensory cues to assess local predation risk is crucial in determining how predator avoidance strategies affect population demographics. This study examined the antipredator behaviors of two ecologically similar species of Caribbean coral reef fish, Coryphopterus glaucofraenum and Gnatholepis thompsoni, and characterized their responses to different reef predators. In laboratory assays, the two species of gobies were exposed to predator visual cues (native Nassau grouper predator vs. invasive lionfish predator), damage-released chemical cues from gobies, and combinations of these, along with appropriate controls. Behavioral responses indicate that the two prey species differ in their utilization of visual and chemical cues. Visual cues from predators were decisive for both species’ responses, demonstrating their relative importance in the sensory hierarchy, whereas damage-released cues were a source of information only for C. glaucofraenum. Both prey species could distinguish between native and invasive predators and subsequently altered their antipredator responses.
An inexpensive method for testing position sensitive particle detectors

Abstract A low cost method using a simple microprocessor has been demonstrated for the testing of the linearity and sensitivity of one-dimensional position-sensitive gas proportional neutron detectors. Results are given for a counter of nominal active length of 22″.
HBr and HI line parameters update for atmospheric spectroscopy databases

Abstract Recent work on new line parameters for the X 1 Σ + (0–0),(0–1) H 79 Br, H 81 Br bands and the X 1 Σ + (0–0), (0–1) HI bands, which include hyperfine structure components, has been extended for an update of spectroscopic databases in use for atmospheric spectroscopy. The updated line parameters, now incorporated in HITRAN 2001, are discussed in comparison to HITRAN 1996.
Accurate-gray-level and quick-response driving methods for high-performance electrowetting displays

Abstract— To achieve quick-response electrowetting displays (EWDs) with accurate multiple-gray-level performance for video applications, several phenomena, such as hysteresis, charge trapping, and oil splitting, need to be addressed. This paper proposes a driving scheme that includes the decoupling driving concept, the asymmetric driving concept, the charge-trapping-suppression method, and the oil-splitting method. The proposed driving scheme was extensively investigated on a developed evaluation platform, and satisfactory results for multiple-gray levels and quick response were obtained for a 6-in. SVGA EWD.
Modelling a poisson process: Strike frequency in Great Britain

There are several noteworthy aspects of the work presented here. It is noted that previous parametric models of the bargaining process may be solved for the time-to-settlement of a wage dispute. It is then argued that such a specification is a model of time-to-failure of the bargaining process, or, considering frequencies of strikes in a fixed interval, a Poisson process. This is a very intuitive conclusion that reinforces the inappropriateness of OLS models of strike frequency.10 An estimation method based on regression planes is used to estimate the model parameters of bivariate Poisson models of strike frequency in coal mining, construction, and manufacturing. The empirical results confirm the author's prior expectations about the determinants of strike frequency. [See for example Buck, 1982; Pencavel, 1970; and Sapsford, 1975.]
Back Views of the Ancient Greek Kithara

In an appendix to their article ‘Lute-Players in Greek Art’ (JHS lxxxv [1965], 62–71) R. A. Higgins and R. P. Winnington-Ingram included useful material on the shape of the kithara, with a list of representations that attempt to show the depth and shape of the back of the kithara sound-box. The list includes a mid-sixth-century metope from Delphi, back views from late fifth-century to late fourth-century coins, Hellenistic terra-cottas, and a back view on a late second- or early first-century relief, Athens National Museum 1966. These more-or-less three-dimensional objects show us a characteristic of the kithara that may affect the possibilities of playing technique, one that cannot be guessed by looking at the many front-view paintings: the back of the kithara soundbox bulges out at the top, tapering toward the base; and in examples from the fifth century and later, it rises to a vertical ridge running down the centre of the back.To this group of objects should be added one more important item from the fifth century: the back view of a kithara which is part of the Parthenon frieze of the Panathenaic procession (447–432 B.C.).
Maskless pendeo-epitaxial growth of GaN films

High-resolution x-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of pendeo-epitaxial (PE) GaN films confirmed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results regarding the reduction in dislocations in the wings. Wing tilt ≤0.15° was due to tensile stresses in the stripes induced by thermal expansion mismatch between the GaN and the SiC substrate. A strong D°X peak at ≈3.466 eV (full-width half-maximum (FWHM) ≤ 300 µeV) was measured in the wing material. Films grown at 1020°C exhibited similar vertical [0001] and lateral [1120] growth rates. Increasing the temperature increased the latter due to the higher thermal stability of the GaN(1120). The (1130) surface was atomically smooth under all growth conditions with a root mean square (RMS) = 0.17 nm.
Radiative Capture to Unbound States via a Bremsstrahlung Mechanism

Observations of intermediate-energy proton capture populating unbound states are analyzed in terms of the bremsstrahlung emitted during single-particle transitions. The model accounts for the major features of the data. The present results suggest that these experiments can yield information on the structure of highly excited states.
The value of early memories in psychotherapy

In recent years, it has been a routine practice in the psychiatric and psychosomatic clinics and wards of the Cincinnati General Hospital to ask patients directly for their earliest childhood memories. It has been the writers' experience that—when the memories are analyzed within a psychoanalytic conceptual framework —they may provide meaningful information about unconscious conflicts, significant traumatic experiences in childhood, defenses against anxiety and transference reactions. Although such data can be obtained in other ways, it is often promptly available in the earliest memories and thus helpful in the early formulation of a case. Case material illustrating the utility of the earliest memory is presented.
Meat alternatives - market developments and health benefits

A growing range of food ingredients is used in the manufacture of meat alternative products reflecting technological and innovative developments and consumer demand for high quality meat alternative products. This article reviews the market size and market drivers for such products, the key technological developments to date, the nutritional value, health benefits and potential contribution to public health of such foods, and relevant safety issues.
‘Perforated patch recording’ allows long‐term monitoring of metabolite‐induced electrical activity and voltage‐dependent Ca2+ currents in pancreatic islet B cells

We describe the application of ‘perforated patch recording’ using the pore-forming antibiotic nystatin, to monitor the electrical activity and underlying ionic currents of rat and human pancreatic islet B cells. We demonstrate that glucose-induced electrical activity is seen even in single B cells during current-clamp recordings lasting hours ‘L-type’ Ca2+-channel currents can also be monitored over this period of time. This technique may prove useful in examining hormone and neurotransmitter modulation of electrical activity in B cells, while minimizing the effects of cytoplasmic ‘wash-out’.
Gastric stapling for morbid obesity

Summary Medical therapies for morbid obesity offer very little hope for controlling excess body fat and its sequelae. Of the surgical therapies available, gastric stapling has emerged as a safe, effective adjunctive measure in a broad-based program to rehabilitate obese patients. Seventy-seven patients lost an average 20 percent of their preoperative weight.
A workstation for multi-dimensional display and analysis of biomedical images.

The capability to extract objective and quantitatively accurate information from 3-D radiographic biomedical images has not kept pace with the capabilities to produce the images themselves. This is rather an ironic paradox, since on the one hand the new 3-D and 4-D imaging capabilities promise significant potential for providing greater specificity and sensitivity (i.e. precise objective discrimination and accurate quantitative measurement of body tissue characteristics and function) in clinical diagnostic and basic investigative imaging procedures than ever possible before, but on the other hand, the momentous advances in computer and associated electronic imaging technology which have made these 3-D imaging capabilities possible have not been concomitantly developed for full exploitation of these capabilities. Therefore, we have developed a powerful new microcomputer-based system which permits detailed investigations and evaluation of 3-D and 4-D (dynamic 3-D) biomedical images. The system comprises a special workstation to which all the information in a large 3-D image data base is accessible for rapid display, manipulation, and measurement. The system provides important capabilities for simultaneously representing and analyzing both structural and functional data and their relationships in various organs of the body. This paper provides a detailed description of this system, as well as some of the rationale, background, theoretical concepts, and practical considerations related to system implementation.
Caveolin-1 Expression Is Down-Regulated in Cells Transformed by the Human Papilloma Virus in a p53-Dependent Manner. Replacement of Caveolin-1 Expression Suppresses HPV-Mediated Cell Transformation†

Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and cervix arise by neoplastic transformation of their respective tissue epithelia. In the case of cervical carcinomas, an increasing body of evidence implicates the human papillomavirus, HPV (types 16 and 18), as playing a pivotal role in this malignant transformation process. The HPV early genes E6 and E7 are known to inactivate the tumor suppressors p53 and Rb, respectively; this leads to disruption of cell cycle regulation, predisposing cells to a cancerous phenotype. However, the role of caveolin-1 (a putative tumor suppressor) in this process remains unknown. Here, we show that caveolin-1 protein expression is consistently reduced in a panel of lung and cervical cancer derived cell lines and that this reduction is not due to hyperactivation of p42/44 MAP kinase (a known negative regulator of caveolin-1 transcription). Instead, we provide evidence that this down-regulation event is due to expression of the HPV E6 viral oncoprotein, as stable expression of E6 in NIH 3T3 cells is sufficient to dramatically reduce caveolin-1 protein levels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that p53-a tumor suppressor inactivated by E6-is a positive regulator of caveolin-1 gene transcription and protein expression. SiHa cells are derived from a human cervical squamous carcinoma, harbor a fully integrated copy of the HPV 16 genome (including E6), and show dramatically reduced levels of caveolin-1 expression. We show here that adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of the caveolin-1 cDNA to SiHa cells restores caveolin-1 protein expression and abrogates their anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Taken together, our results suggest that the HPV oncoprotein E6 down-regulates caveolin-1 via inactivation of p53 and that replacement of caveolin-1 expression can partially revert HPV-mediated cell transformation.
Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis

Using a life course perspective, we explored the development and maintenance of involuntary celibacy for 82 respondents recruited over the I'nternet. Data were collected using an open‐ended electronic questionnaire. Modified grounded theory analysis yielded three groups of involuntary celibates, persons desiring to have sex but unable to find partners. Virgins were those who had never had sex, singles had sex in the past but were unable to establish current sexual relationships, and part‐nereds were currently in sexless relationships. These groups differed on dating experiences, the circumstances surrounding their celibacy, barriers to sexual activity, and the perceived likelihood of becoming sexually active. They were similar, however, in their negative reactions to celibacy. Pervasive in our respondents’ accounts was the theme of becoming and remaining off time in making normative sexual transitions, which in turn perpetuated a celibate life course or trajectory.
Comprehension and memory for nonliteral utterances: The problem of sarcastic indirect requests ☆

Abstract Three experiments examined understanding and memory for sarcastic indirect requests. Experiment 1 showed that people process sarcastic indirect requests, like I sure love a messy room (meaning ‘Clean up this room’), faster than they comprehend either literal uses of the same sentences, or nonsarcastic indirect requests, like Would you clean up your room? This suggests that people can understand sarcastic utterances without having to analyze the literal meanings of these expressions before figuring out their sarcastic interpretations. The results of experiment 2 showed that people better recognize sarcastic indirect requests than they do nonsarcastic ones. Experiment 3 ruled out the possibility that subjects remembered sarcastic expressions best because of any special intonation properties associated with these utterances. Overall, the results of these studies support the idea that sarcastic utterances are not necessarily more difficult to understand in conversation and that their special pragmatic properties makes them particularly memorable.
Epidermal growth factor up-regulates sodium-glucose cotransport in enterocyte models in the presence of cholera toxin.

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransport by enterocytes is key to the successful implementation of oral rehydration in diarrhea Confluent, differentiated Caco-2 cells have enterocyte-like characteristics. We have previously shown that short-term incubation of isolated rat jejunal enterocytes with epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in the up-regulation of sodium-glucose cotransport. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of EGF on Caco-2 cells in the presence of cholera toxin. Methods: Caco-2 cells grown on tissue culture dishes were used for glucose and sodium uptake studies and cells were grown on polycarbonate membranes for transport examinations. Effects of EGF on the kinetic parameters of sodium-glucose cotransporter, thymidine transport, and on the activity of Na + /K + -ATPaSe were examined. The efficacy of basolateral vs apical EGF on sodium and glucose transport was compared after incubation of the monolayers with 10 nmol/L of cholera toxin. Results: EGF increased both glucose and sodium uptake and transport, and we observed a simultaneous increase in the activity of Na+/K -adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). Kinetic studies performed on brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from EGF-incubated confluent monolayers and on intact cells showed an increase in the maximum velocity but not the Michaelis constant, suggesting increased availability of transporters rather than conformational change. This effect was seen within minutes in both of the two putative transporters, high-affinity, low-capacity and low-affinity, high-capacity. There was no acute effect on thymidine uptake. Studies in the presence of cholera toxin demonstrated a significant up-regulation in sodium-glucose cotransport when EGF was applied from the basolateral side; the increase was smaller but significant with apical application. Conclusions: Differentiated Caco-2 cells have two kinetically distinct sodium-glucose cotransporters. Short-term incubation of Caco-2 cells with EGF resulted in an up-regulation of sodium-glucose cotransport and subsequent increase in Na + /K + -ATPase activity. The effect of basolaterally applied EGF was more significant with or without incubation with cholera toxin. The early effect of EGF on glucose and sodium cotransport may have important therapeutic implications in diarrhea and dehydration states. The in vitro model described here uses a homogeneous cell population and provides a versatile system for uptake and transport studies.
Statistical Challenges with Massive Datasets in Particle Physics

The massive datasets from today's particle physics experiments present a variety of challenges amenable to the tools developed by the statistics community. From the realtime decision of what subset of data to record on permanent storage, to the reduction of millions of channels of electronics to a few dozen high-level variables of primary interest, to the interpretation of these high-level observables in the context of an underlying physical theory, there are many problems that could benefit from a higher bandwidth exchange of ideas between our fields. Examples of interesting problems from various stages in the collection and interpretation of particle physics data are provided in an attempt to whet the appetite of future collaborators with knowledge of potentially helpful techniques, and to encourage fruitful discussion between the particle physics and statistics communities.
Evolution of ideas in solar-terrestrial physics

Summary. This essay is an attempt to follow, from the beginning of this century, the evolution of various concepts developed in the field of the solar activity-magnetospheric disturbance relationship, but is not merely a chronological description. In most scientific fields, as observed by Thomas S. Kuhn, there is a strong tendency for scientists to have a high degree of agreement on theoretical assumptions establishing a coherent tradition of research, defined as a ‘paradigm'. Some paradigms are often initiated by a simple, qualitative intuition. However, once established, they are articulated and elaborated to the point that observational or theoretical anomalies are treated not as refuting the underlying theory, but as solvable puzzles by ad hoc modification to the original theory. Solar-terrestrial physics is no exception in this regard. We examine the evolution of various disciplines in solar-terrestrial physics from this particular point of view in the following disciplines: (1) the solar wind generation, (2) the source regions of the high speed streams, (3) solar flares, (4) the magnetosphere formation, (5) the morphology of magnetospheric disturbances, (6) the solar wind-magnetosphere energy coupling, and (7)auroral particle acceleration. It is also pointed out that the tendency toward increasing specialization in various disciplines tends to create a gap among interrelated disciplines. This is particularly serious in solar-terrestrial physics, since a study of the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field has fallen into the gap between solar physics and magnetospheric physics.
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a genetic determinant of susceptibility to organophosphate toxicity

a b s t r a c t Paraoxonase (PON1) is an A-esterase capable of hydrolyzing the active metabolites (oxons) of a number of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides such as parathion, diazinon and chlorpyrifos. PON1 activity is highest in liver and in plasma. Human PON1 displays two polymorphisms in the coding region (Q192R and L55M) and several polymorphisms in the promoter and the 3 � -UTR regions. The Q192R polymorphism imparts differential catalytic activity toward some OP substrates, while the polymorphism at position −108 (C/T) is the major contributor of differences in the levels of PON1 expression. Both contribute to determining an individual's PON1 "status". Animal studies have shown that PON1 is an important determinant of OP toxicity. Administration of exogenous PON1 to rats or mice protects them from the toxicity of specific OPs. PON1 knockout mice display a high sensitivity to the toxicity of diazoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon, but not of paraoxon. In vitro catalytic efficiencies of purified PON192 alloforms for hydrolysis of specific oxon substrates accurately predict the degree of in vivo protection afforded by each isoform. Evidence is slowly emerging that a low PON1 status may increase susceptibility to OP toxicity in humans. Low PON1 activity may also contribute to the developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of OPs, as shown by animal and human studies. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Feminist Biologies: Revising Feminist Strategies and Biological Science

Rebecca Hannagan’s analysis of gender and leadership based in evolutionary biology challenges scholars to integrate research in biology with feminist insights. This commentary argues that this is a timely challenge and that that the project of integrating feminism and evolutionary biology in accounts of gender is necessary for bringing about more equitable futures. However, the commentary also suggests that biological inputs should be understood as operating within categories that feature substantial variation, that change through time, that are not independent and complete sources of human outcomes, and that biological factors interact with language and culture.
Frequency-domain fluorescence microscopy with the LED as a light source

We describe a frequency-domain lifetime fluorometer based on a microscope and a modulated light-emitting diode (LED) excitation source (370/460 nm), which operates in the frequency range 120 Hz–250 MHz. We collected multifrequency phase and modulation fluorescence responses from cellular areas as small as 10–15 µm in diameter. We also collected fluorescence lifetime data from cells stained by a lipophilic coumarin sensitized europium fluorophore, Coum-Eu, with a millisecond lifetime, and Ru(bpy)2phe-C12, with microsecond lifetime. Nanosecond lifetimes from native nuclei stained with SYTO 14 and SYTO 16 probes were measured as well. We demonstrate that a simple LED excitation source can, for many applications, successfully replace complex and expensive laser systems, which have been used for cellular frequency-domain lifetime measurements. As the LEDs are very stable with low noise, it will be possible to image even smaller sample areas using brighter LEDs. With availability of modulated LEDs emitting at several wavelengths covering almost the entire visible spectrum it is easy to assemble a system for the fluorophore of choice. The ability to select an excitation source for a given fluorophore and low price make such an excitation source even more practical.
The asymptotic form of three-particle wavefunctions and the cross sections

Abstract The asymptotic behavior of three-particle wavefunctions in the coordinate representation is examined as all three particles move towards infinity. We investigate both the wave-function for a particle incident on a bound state, and that for three free incident particles. The results are expressed in terms of cross sections, and they lead to a clean separation of the double-scattering terms from the “true” three-particle scattering amplitude. We also derive the relevant reciprocity theorems from time-reversal invariance.
TEST OF THE EYE-MOVEMENT HYPOTHESIS OF NEUROLINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING

Neurolinguistic Programming, a new model of communication developed by andler and Grinder (1975, 1979), is based on the systematic observation and analysis of communication patterns. Proponents say that most people who have normal cerebral organization process visual information using images, auditory information using sounds, and kinesthetic information using feelings and bodily .sensations. According to the model people make eye movements which indicate the sensory system in use. To test the hypothesis that most people make characteristic eye movements based on whether they are processing visual, auditory, or kinesthetic information, 40 subjects were recruited from an introductory psychology class at a state university. The majority were female, Caucasian, single, and between 18 and 25 yr.; all were right-handed by selfreport. The experiment was conducted in a small room with a one-way mirror. Each subject, facing the mirror, was asked a series of 30 questions by an examiner. There were 10 questions for each of the three major sensory modalities, arranged in random order. Each question required the subject to see mentally an image, hear a sound, or feel a tactile sensation.
The effect of shielding the hepatic area on the clinical response to phototherapy

The changes in serum bilirubin concentration in response to phototherapy were studied in 26 infants with and without an opaque patch on the liver area. Fifteen infants in the patched group were treated at a mean age of 50.7 h, and 11 control infants at 49.1 h. No significant differences were demonstrated between the two groups in duration of phototherapy, peak bilirubin concentration and rates of bilirubin decrement. Shielding the hepatic area during illumination does not alter the clinical response to phototherapy which suggests that the main site of action of phototherapy is in the skin.
Retention of Surgically Implanted Ultrasonic Transmitters in the Brown Bullhead Catfish

Abstract Our objective was to compare the ability of brown bullheads Ameiurus nebulosus to tolerate the implantation of ultrasonic transmitters with different coatings. A total of 14 brown bullheads were surgically implanted with ultrasonic transmitters; 7 transmitters were coated with paraffin wax and 7 with Scotchcast, an inert epoxy resin. Six brown bullheads were held as controls with no surgical procedures. Fish were held for 75 d in a flow-through, gravity-filtered series of tanks and monitored for transmitter expulsion, growth (i.e., percent relative weight change), condition (i.e., relative weight), and mortality. All fish with paraffin-coated implants retained their transmitters for the duration of the experiment, whereas two fish with Scotchcast implants expelled their transmitters within 50 d. All fish in the experiment survived, and the implanted fish exhibited growth and condition similar to those of the controls. On the basis of these results, we conclude that brown bullheads tolerate implan...
The Forgetting Algorithm: How Fragmentary Knowledge of Exemplars Can Abstract Knowledge

The position of Perruchet and Pacteau (1990, 1991) concerning what is retained about past exemplars when subjects implicitly learn an artificial grammar oscillates between two extremes (bigram information versus intact exemplars). On the other hand, THIYOS, the model proposed by Mathews, Druhan, and Roussel (1989), on the basis of classifier systems, is capable of finding optimal sets of features to retain through rule competition. It is argued that people implicitly generate abstract rules that cannot be explained in terms of retention of bigrams or larger chunks without retention of spatial information and that THIYOS integrates findings associated with prototype and exemplar models of induction
Performance Measurement Redux

Abstract Recent developments in the United States in the use of performance measurement in science policy and higher education are used to comment further on the Perrin–Bernstein–Winston debate about the effective use and misuse of performance measurement. Particular attention is given to the influence of political/organizational factors and the production processes of agencies on how performance measures are constructed and used. The analysis points to further limitations in the use of performance measurement. In both cases, long-gestating, probabilistic linkages between outputs and outcomes limit the usefulness of mainstream indicators as a measure of current agency performance and as a guide to major, discontinuous resource allocation decisions. Conspicuously absent from many performance measurement undertakings are provisions for evaluating the impact of the undertakings themselves. An updated account of the status of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) indicates that the Act has not had the impacts predicted for it.
Tuning of EAG K+ channel inactivation: Molecular determinants of amplification by mutations and a small molecule

Ether-a-go-go (EAG) and EAG-related gene (ERG) K+ channels are close homologues but differ markedly in their gating properties. ERG1 channels are characterized by rapid and extensive C-type inactivation, whereas mammalian EAG1 channels were previously considered noninactivating. Here, we show that human EAG1 channels exhibit an intrinsic voltage-dependent slow inactivation that is markedly enhanced in rate and extent by 1–10 µM 3-nitro-N-(4-phenoxyphenyl) benzamide, or ICA105574 (ICA). This compound was previously reported to have the opposite effect on ERG1 channels, causing an increase in current magnitude by inhibition of C-type inactivation. The voltage dependence of 2 µM ICA-induced inhibition of EAG1 current was half-maximal at −73 mV, 62 mV negative to the half-point for channel activation. This finding suggests that current inhibition by the drug is mediated by enhanced inactivation and not open-channel block, where the voltage half-points for current inhibition and channel activation are predicted to overlap, as we demonstrate for clofilium and astemizole. The mutation Y464A in the S6 segment also induced inactivation of EAG1, with a time course and voltage dependence similar to that caused by 2 µM ICA. Several Markov models were investigated to describe gating effects induced by multiple concentrations of the drug and the Y464A mutation. Models with the smallest fit error required both closed- and open-state inactivation. Unlike typical C-type inactivation, the rate of Y464A- and ICA-induced inactivation was not decreased by external tetraethylammonium or elevated [K+]e. EAG1 channel inactivation introduced by Y464A was prevented by additional mutation of a nearby residue located in the S5 segment (F359A) or pore helix (L434A), suggesting a tripartite molecular model where interactions between single residues in S5, S6, and the pore helix modulate inactivation of EAG1 channels.
On the Importance of Distinguishing Hedonia and Eudaimonia when Contemplating the Hedonic Treadmill.

Comments on the article by E. Diener, R. E. Lucas, and C. N. Scollon which provided a revision of the adaptation theory of well-being. The current author suggests that consideration of the emerging distinction between hedonic and eudaimonic well-being was missing from the original article and is worthy of scholarly attention.
Elimination of Secondary and Tertiary Interferograms in Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Wafers

In a recent paper in this journal, Baghdadi and Forman showed that multiple reflections, occurring both within a semiconductor specimen and between the specimen and the interferometer, give rise to a series of