cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modelling the concentration of exuded dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) in the boundary layer: reply

Our recent paper (Fredrickson and Strom, 2009) explored the signaling function of DMSP, a molecule that plays key physiological and ecological roles in marine microbial communities. Specifically, we tested the feeding deterrent properties of DMSP with both laboratory cultures and field communities of diverse heterotrophic protist grazers. As part of our exploration, we used a simple model to suggest that deterrent concentrations of DMSP could be produced in the phycosphere of a DMSP-producing algal cell upon release of a minute fraction (0.1%) of the cell’s DMSP content. Breckels et al. (Breckels et al., 2009) modified our model to include diffusive losses from the phycosphere, and found DMSP concentrations up to 10-fold lower than our estimates. The fundamental difference between our approach and that of Breckels et al. is that we posited release over short time scales, consistent with active transport, whereas the model of Breckels et al. assumed an equivalent amount of release over a full day. Because diffusion effects scale to time, the difference between the two model estimates is largely a function of the nearly 10 s in a day. To quantify the effect of diffusive losses on short-term release of DMSP, we used Breckels et al.’s equation 2 and data (their Table 2) on the DMSP content and size of the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa pygmaea. We assessed DMSP concentration at the outer edge of a 5-mm thick phycosphere assuming release of 0.1% of cellular DMSP contents over a 2-s period. This yielded concentrations of 6.2 10 pmol L, when compared with the 14.4 pmol L calculated by Breckels et al. assuming release over 24 h. Modeling release from the algal cell surface rather than from a point source at the cell’s center reduces the path length for diffusion by nearly a factor of 2 and will correspondingly further increase modeled phycosphere DMSP concentrations. Therefore, diffusive losses to a release lasting a few seconds are minor, and we argue that the much lower DMSP concentration estimates of Breckels et al. demonstrate not that our model was inadequate, but that that the mechanisms of cellular release of this biologically important molecule are poorly understood. This makes assessment of DMSP’s small-scale patch concentrations and its role in chemical signaling very difficult. Wolfe et al. (Wolfe et al., 2002) presented evidence that algal DMSP cleavage can occur in response to physical or mechanical cues, and microalgae use specific membrane transporters for active efflux of diverse molecules (Croot et al., 2003; Chin et al., 2004; Milligan et al., 2004), which can occur in response to environmental triggers. Does active efflux also occur for DMSP? What are the triggers? Do factors such as cell surface organic layers reduce the diffusion rates of small molecules? How do other organisms react to patches of
Type inference and the Algebra of qualified relations

The algebra of qualified relations proposed by Ceri and Pelagatti supports pruning of distributed database queries, minimizing the number of sites involved in evaluation. Domain interval typing in the framework of formal type inference subsumes this approach, pruning not only unsatisfiable subqueries involving fragmentation predicates, but also unsatisfiable subqueries mentioning any relation attribute. >
Pipestoneia douglassi, A New Genus and Species of Selenodont Artiodactyl from the Pipestone Springs Area, Jefferson County, Montana

Abstract Pipestoneia douglassi, a new genus and species of selenodont artiodactyl, is known from the middle Chadronian part of the Climbing Arrow Member of the Renova Formation exposed in the classic Pipestone Springs area along the extreme western margin of the Jefferson River Basin, Jefferson County, Montana. Specimens of P. douglassi are moderately common at the Pipestone Springs localities but have sometimes been mistaken for specimens of either “Leptotragulus” profectus or “Leptomeryx” mammifer, both of which are of about the same size and occur at the same localities. Although Pipestoneia is tentatively assigned to the Leptomerycidae, it exhibits some characters that make this assignment problematic, and the genus may well pertain to some other group of selenodont artiodactyls.
Can an Apheresis Therapy become an Effective Method for Anti-Aging Medicine?

100 During last 30 years, apheresis technologies had helped to treat many diseases by removing pathological macromolecules or pathological cells from patient’s blood. They included the cryofiltration to remove cryogel and the thermofiltration to remove LDL cholesterol. Unfortunately during these 30 years, developments of new apheresis technologies were not actively pursued by apheresis practitioners in the world including our group. Some diseases once treated by apheresis procedures were also shrank substantially. However, we believed that apheresis therapy had many possibilities to treat the major disease categories including heart diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Even aging process might be able to be prevented by apheresis therapy. In this paper, we should go over current membrane apheresis technologies and should introduce our concept of “Juzo” as an Anti-Aging artificial organ which was presented in 1995. Then we should introduce the new types of the 2nd generation apheresis technologies by referencing recent papers which supported our study directions. The new technologies included in this paper were the cryoaggregate filtration to remove pathological globulin molecules for the treatment of cardiomyopathic diseases, cryoreactive albumin removal apheresis (CRARA) for the treatment and for the prevention of diabetic complications of diabetic patients by removing pathological albumin and bioincompatible apheresis system for cancer treatment. In conclusion, apheresis therapies could remove pathological molecules accumulated excessively in the aging living body. The return to the normal levels of these molecules might be an effective interventional method as an Anti-Aging medical therapy.
The control of intermetallics in Pb-Cu-Te cable sheathing alloys

Lead alloys are used extensively as sheathing materials for high voltage power cables, especially in long undersea installations. Excellent extrusion properties, high ductility, a low re-crystallization temperature, good fatigue properties, and creep resistance make these alloys ideal for this application. Other service requirements, such as grounding of the cable, conduction of the short circuit currents, and waterproofing of the plastic insulators, are also met by a lead sheath. However, the lead layer in the cable is often a limiting factor both during cable production and during its service phase. The production of several hundred miles of long, single-piece cables is limited by cracking that takes place in the lead sheath during cable extrusion. Cracking of the lead sheath due to repeated vibration, creep, and re-crystallization becomes a limiting factor during the service life of these cables. Large precipitates that appear in the cable sheath after several hours of extrusion seem to be responsible for the premature cracking. A detailed examination of the alloy composition and cable sheathing operation is required to understand the origin of these precipitates. >
Sequential ESC-Based Global MPPT Control for Photovoltaic Array With Variable Shading

The photovoltaic (PV) systems are often subject to shading in practical operation, which often results in multipeak power-voltage (P-V) characteristics. Most existing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control strategies are local-optimum oriented, based on the gradient search or its variations, e.g., perturb-and-observation (P&O) or extremum seeking control (ESC). In order to deal with the multimodal P-V characteristics for PV array with variable shading, this study proposes a sequential ESC-based global MPPT control strategy, based on approximate modeling and analysis for the P-V characteristics under variable-shading circumstances. For the multipeak P-V characteristic curve, the bound of variation for the turning-point voltage is found, and based on which the initial voltage for the segmental search can be set. The local minimum of power for the previous segment is used as the start of the next segment, and thus the initial voltage can be set with consistent bound. Such a sequential scheme can thus significantly reduce the searching interval, i.e., the searching efficiency. Another parallel analysis was conducted for the staircase current-voltage (I-V) characteristic for variable-shading situation. It reveals that the current step size is proportional to the change of shading levels. The current profiles obtained by the sequential ESC-based global MPPT search can thus be used to indicate the shading distribution. Simulation study of partially shaded PV panels validates the modeling analysis and the proposed global MPPT.
Spatial analysis facilitates invasive species risk assessment

Regional scale quantitative invasion risk analyses are needed to allow early detection and rapid response in order to effectively control the spread of exotic invasion. Most of the current invasion risk analyses are qualitative and ad hoc based. In this study, we used a spatial statistics based framework to assess the invasion risks of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) with the following major steps: (1) invasion probability was first predicted by two widely used spatial statistics tools, maximum entropy (Maxent) and Mahalanobis distance (MD), based on known adelgid infestation locations and a set of environmental and anthropogenic related factors; (2) an ensemble of the above two models and a multi-threshold approach were employed to reduce prediction uncertainties; and (3) a spatial hotspot analysis were applied to enhance invasion prevention and management decision making. Among the factors investigated, variables representing corridors (e.g., trails and railroads) that are inadvertently spreading adelgid were important for the prediction of adelgid invasion. Large portion of the hemlock forests in the study area had a high adelgid invasion probability. The hotspot analysis based on the ensemble model showed three major clustered areas with high adelgid infestation probability. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of regional-scale quantitative invasion risk assessment with the application of a spatial statistics based framework, which can be used for effective and proactive invasion prevention and management. 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Not Crazy, Just Talking On The Phone: Gestures And Mobile Phone Conversations

This paper discusses why mobile phone users engage in vivid nonverbal communication behaviors that do not benefit their communication partner, e.g., gesturing, smiling, and nodding their heads. It reviews generally the literature on nonverbal aspects of mobile phone use. It then specifically focuses on the communicative functions of nonverbal behavior, such as the use of gesture in speaking when the partner is not visually present and how it can influence conversations. This literature review can help inform the design of field studies that attribute meaning to nonverbal communication associated with mobile phone use, particularly in societies where nonverbal communication is very rich. Ultimately, such studies can lead to innovative design that takes advantage of the nonverbal communication patterns of mobile phone users, and some design ideas are presented.
On-chip recalcification of citrated whole blood using a microfluidic herringbone mixer

In vitro assays of platelet function and coagulation are typically performed in the presence of an anticoagulant. The divalent cation chelator sodium citrate is among the most common because its effect on coagulation is reversible upon reintroduction of divalent cations. Adding divalent cations into citrated blood by batch mixing leads to platelet activation and initiation of coagulation after several minutes, thus limiting the time blood can be used before spontaneously clotting. In this work, we describe a herringbone microfluidic mixer to continuously introduce divalent cations into citrated blood. The mixing ratio, defined as the ratio of the volumetric flow rates of citrated blood and recalcification buffer, can be adjusted by changing the relative inlet pressures of these two solutions. This feature is useful in whole blood assays in order to account for differences in hematocrit, and thus viscosity. The recalcification process in the herringbone mixer does not activate platelets. The advantage of this continuous mixing approach is demonstrated in microfluidic vascular injury model in which platelets and fibrin accumulate on a collagen-tissue factor surface under flow. Continuous recalcification with the herringbone mixer allowed for flow assay times of up to 30 min, more than three times longer than the time achieved by batch recalcification. This continuous mixer allows for measurements of thrombus formation, remodeling, and fibrinolysis in vitro over time scales that are relevant to these physiological processes.
Service-learning linking family child care providers, community partners, and preservice professionals

ABSTRACTThis article describes the implementation of a service-learning project, which was infused into a child development course. The project linked family child care providers, their licensing agency, and 39 preservice teachers in a joint effort to develop a parent handbook to be used by the providers in their child care businesses and to support participation in the state Quality Rating Improvement System (QRIS). Students and community partners reported benefitting from the project and experts rated the course as incorporating elements of a high-quality service-learning experience. Course instructors, family child care providers, and agency staff provided independent ratings of the quality of the parent manuals and the course. Findings suggested that service-learning projects may provide rich opportunities for socialising undergraduate early childhood students about the importance of school–family partnerships, encouraging university professors to bridge theory and practice, and supporting community p...
Mechanical rescue of the heart in shock.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a state of extreme hypoperfusion owing to pump failure manifested by altered mental status, cool extremities, and/or renal failure. This hypoperfusion leads to release of catecholamines and other inflammatory mediators, which further perpetuates myocardial ischemia and
Selecting Potentials Filter Banks to Enhance Evoked Recordings Using Evolutionary Algorithms

Evoked Potentials are electrical Signals produced by the body in response to a Stimulus. In general these Signals are noisy with a low Signal to noise ratio. In this Paper a method is proposed that uses sets of filters, whose tut-off frequencies are selected by an evolutionary algorithm. An evolutionary algorithm was investigated to limit the assumptions that were made about the Signals. The set of filters separately filter the evoked Potentials, and are combined as a weighted sum of the filter Outputs. The evolutionary algorithm also selects the weights. Inputs to the filters are sets of averaged Signal, 4 or 10 Signals per average. Even though there is likely to be variations between the Signals, this process tan improve the extraction of Potentials.
Abstract P5-12-04: De-escalating doses of letrozole in post menopausal women at high risk for breast cancer

Background: Although breast cancer (BC) may occur at any age, its prevalence is greater postmenopause. Greater than 75 % of postmenopausal BCs are hormone dependent. Aromatase inhibitors suppress postmenopausal estrogen biosynthesis. Letrozole has demonstrated efficacy against BC in the adjuvant and metastatic setting at the treatment dose of 2.5 mg daily. Its potential role in BC prevention has been inferred from reductions in contralateral BCs. Its side effect profile, similar to other AIs, includes exacerbation of menopausal symptoms that negatively impact quality of life (QOL) and may result in discontinuation of the drug. Both anastrazole and exemestane have been demonstrated to reduce BC in high-risk women. Hypothesis: Lower and intermittent doses of letrozole effectively suppress estrogen in the high-risk postmenopausal woman and provide a better side effect profile. Methods: A randomized, double-blind study comparing the impact of varying letrozole doses (2.5 mg daily, 2.5 mg MWF, 1.0 mg MWF, or 0.25 mg MWF) on estrogen suppression and side effects--lipids, bone resorption, menopause, and QOL-- was conducted. Participants randomized to intermittent dosing received placebo on nontreatment days. Results: 112 participants were enrolled at 2 clinical sites. Mean patient age was 62.8 years, and average BMI was 29.8. Analysis of available data after 24 weeks of therapy revealed statistically significant increase in triglycerides (N=94): 114.67±48.39 to 125.79±54.31 (p Conclusions: De-escalating doses of letrozole suppress postmenopausal estrogen effectively and result in statistically significant increases in triglycerides, C-telopeptide and vasomotor symptoms without impact on QOL. Presentation will include unblinded intervention arm outcomes. Citation Format: Ana Maria Lopez, Hsiao Hui Sherry Chow, Denise Frank, Sandhya Puthi, Judy Boughey, Paul Hsu, Jose Guillen, Marjorie Perloff, Michelle Ley, Julie E Lang. De-escalating doses of letrozole in post menopausal women at high risk for breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-12-04.
Spring Relapse of Leucocytozoon Smithi (Sporozoa: Leucocytozoidae) in Turkeys

The turkey industry in South Carolina has experienced severe losses attributed to outbreaks of the blood protozoan Leucocytozoon smithi Laveran & Lucet, 1905. The life cycle of the parasite inherently subjects it to a series of developmental environments involving the frequent transfer of the organism from one host to another. Although transmission in South Carolina is continuous (Noblet, Kissam & Adkins, 1975, J. Med. Entomol. 12 : 111–14), fluctuations of simuliid vector populations (Jones & Richey, 1956, J. Econ. Entomol. 49 : 121–23; Davies & Peterson, 1956, Can. J. Zool. 34 : 615–55; Fallis, 1964, Exp. Parasitol. 15 : 439–70; Baldwin & Gross, 1972, Can. Entomol. 104 : 1465–70) suggest that this may not always occur in all areas.
Dehydrogenase Polymorphism in Anopheles punctipennis (Diptera: Culicidae). Genetics of Xanthine and Octanol Dehydrogenases.

In Anopheles punctipennis (Say), morphological genetic markers are rare but electrophoretic variation provides clearly recognizable marker bands after acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Larvae showed either 2 or 4 sites of enzymatic activity, but adults, without exception, showed only 2 sites. The 4 bands in some larvae had Rf values (in relation to reference bands of Drosophila virilis Sturtevant) of 0.91, 1.02, 1.06, and 1.16. In other larvae the lowermost band had Rf values of 0.91, 0.942, and 0.97, while the 3 other bands remained the same. In adults, 6 electrophoretic variants exist: 0.91-1.02, 0.91-1.06, 0.94-1.06, 0.94-1.16, 0.97-1.02, and 0.97-1.16. The genetic data from single pair matings indicate that the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) active sites are controlled by 2 independent autosomal loci. The 1st locus, XDH-1 has 3 alleles (0.91, 0.94, 0.97) and the second, XDH-2 has 2 alleles (1.02, 1.16). The weak band at 1.06 is evidently a hybrid dimer consisting of one polypeptide from the 1.02 allele and one from the 1.16 allele. Similar genetic analyses of the octanol dehydrogenenase variants suggest that these bands are under the control of a single autosomal locus. The presence of tetrazolium oxidase activity in these preparations complicates the genetic analyses.
Analysis on Defects of MOA at Haidou 2# Transmission Line of Zhuhai Power Plant

Through inspecting de-asembled MOA taken from Haidou 2# transmission line of Zhuhai Power Plant and measuring of reference voltage U1mA of resistors at 1mA D.C and D.C leakage current at 75% U1mA. It is revealed that the MOA defects are caused by improper sealing and moisture leading to reduction of 1mA reference voltage of resistor and increase of leakage voltage, selection of lowered MOA rating(192kV) leading to high voltage stress of resistors, extremely non-uniform pollution deposition leading to non-uniform voltage distribution. All these can lead to accelerating of resistor degradation and internal surface wetting of porcelain housing.
Association of the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase with an essential erythropoietin receptor subdomain

Using an active, HAI epitope-tagged form of the murine erythropoietin (EPO) receptor and via direct coimmunoprecipitation, the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (p85/PI3-K) is shown to associate with the EPO receptor in transfected FDC-P1 cell lines. Coimmunoprecipitation of p85 with epitope-tagged EPO receptors was observed initially in FDC-HER cells labeled metabolically with [32P]orthophosphate, and association of these factors was confirmed by Western analyses of receptor immunoprecipitates using p85 antiserum. Interestingly, this association occurred in the absence of ligand, and exposure of FDC-HER cells to EPO did not detectably affect levels of receptor-associated p85 or overall levels of p85 phosphorylation. However, EPO was observed to stimulated the rapid formation of phosphatidylinositol 32P-phosphate in FDC-HER and FDC-ER cells. Through baculovirus-mediated expression of epitope-tagged EPO receptor forms in SF9 cells, domains for p85 association were mapped. Analyses of receptor forms with cytosolic truncations and deletions delineated a candidate subdomain for p85 binding to an essential extended box-2 region (P329-E374; including a putative motif for SH2 binding, Y343LVL). These findings extend a mechanistic alignment between the EPO receptor and protein tyrosine kinase-encoding receptors that likewise activate PI3-K, and expand the importance of further defining pathways to PI3-K activation.
Three essays on the interface of computer science, economics and information systems

This thesis looks at three aspects related to the design of E-commerce systems, online auctions and distributed grid computing systems. We show how formal verification techniques from computer science can be applied to ensure the correctness of system design and implementation at the code level. Through an e-ticket sales example, we demonstrate that model checking can locate subtle but critical flaws that traditional control and auditing methods (e.g., penetration testing, analytical procedure) most likely miss. Auditors should understand formal verification methods, enforce engineering to use them to create designs with less of a chance of failure, and even practice formal verification themselves in order to offer credible control and assurance for critical e-systems. Next, we study why many online auctions offer fixed buy prices to understand why sellers and auctioneers voluntarily limit the surplus they can get from an auction. We show when either the seller or the bidders are risk-averse, a properly chosen fixed permanent buy-price can increase the social surplus and does not decrease the expected utility of the sellers and bidders, and we characterize the unique equilibrium strategies of uniformly risk-averse buyers in a buy-price auction. In the final chapter we look at the design of a distributed grid-computing system. We show how code-instrumentation can be used to generate a witness of program execution, and show how this witness can be used to audit the work of self-interested grid agents. Using a trusted intermediary between grid providers and customers, the audit allows payment to be contingent on the successful audit results, and it creates a verified reputation history of grid providers. We show that enabling the free trade of reputations provides economic incentives to agents to perform the computations assigned, and it induces increasing effort levels as the agents' reputation increases. We show that in such a reputation market only high-type agents would have incentive to purchase a high reputation, and only low-type agents would use low reputations, thus a market works as a natural signaling mechanism about the agents' type.
Structure and nomenclature of inositol phosphates, phosphoinositides, and glycosylphosphatidylinositols.

Inositol is a deceptively simple molecule. On closer study, a number of sophisticated stereochemical, prochiral, chiral, and conformational issues associated with inositols and their derivatives become evident. Inositols, in particular myo-inositol, play a central role in cellular metabolism. An array of complicated molecules that incorporate the inositol moiety are found in nature. Structural heterogeneity of inositol derivatives is compounded by the presence of stereo- and regioisomers of the inositol unit. Because of the large number of isomeric inositols and their derivatives present in nature, a detailed understanding of the structural, stereochemical, and nomenclature issues involving inositol and its derivatives is essential to investigate biological aspects. A discussion of the stereochemical, conformational, prochiral, chiral, and nomenclature issues associated with inositols and the structural variety of insoitol derivatives is presented in this chapter.
“Something Downright Detestable”: The Mystery of Edward Hyde

In Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), several characters express repugnance for Edward Hyde’s person without quite being able to explain their aversion. First,...
Transcranial, Red/Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diode Therapy to Improve Cognition in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Objective: We review the general topic of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and our research utilizing transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) to improve cognition in chronic TBI using red/near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to deliver light to the head. tPBM improves mitochondrial function increasing oxygen consumption, production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and improving cellular energy stores. Nitric oxide is released from the cells increasing regional blood flow in the brain. Review of published studies: In our previously published study, 11 chronic TBI patients with closed-head TBI caused by different accidents (motor vehicle accident, sports-related, improvised explosive device blast injury) and exhibiting long-lasting cognitive dysfunction received 18 outpatient treatments (Monday, Wednesday, Friday for 6 weeks) starting at 10 months to 8 years post-TBI. LED therapy is nonthermal, painless, and noninvasive. An LED-based device classified as nonsignificant risk (FDA cleared) was...
Exploring potential effects of cormorant predation on the fish community in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron

Abstract Stakeholders and fishery managers expressed concern that double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus predation may be a factor in the recent poor survival of yellow perch Perca flavescens in Saginaw Bay. We quantified cormorant diets from two nesting colonies in Saginaw Bay during April–September in 2013 and 2014, with special emphasis on impacts to yellow perch. Cormorants (n = 691) were collected when returning to colonies after foraging. Stomachs were removed and preserved in the field. Diet items were identified, enumerated, and measured (n = 23.373). Cormorant diets from Saginaw Bay indicate a heavy reliance on round goby and Notropis species as prey during the breeding season, consistent with other areas of the Great Lakes where round goby and cormorants coincide. Respectively, the three most common prey species observed by number (%) and biomass (%) pooled across years and sites were round goby Neogobius melanostomus (56.6%, 42.1%), emerald shiner Notropis antherinoides (25.2%, 12.5%), and yellow perch (8.0%, 14.1%). Diet composition was more variable at Spoils Island than at Little Charity Island. Overall cormorant consumption (estimated using cormorant consumption demand rates) of yellow perch was compared to walleye consumption. Cormorant consumption of age-1 yellow perch was 13–17% as much as mean walleye consumption of yellow perch in 2013 and 8–11% in 2014. The cumulative effects of walleye and spring cormorant predation likely represent a recruitment bottleneck for yellow perch in Saginaw Bay. Future studies determining age-specific abundance of yellow perch would facilitate better determination of cormorant predation significance.
Understanding low-temperature bulk transport in samarium hexaboride without relying on in-gap bulk states

We present a new model to explain the difference between the transport and spectroscopy gaps in samarium hexaboride (${\mathrm{SmB}}_{6}$), which has been a mystery for some time. We propose that ${\mathrm{SmB}}_{6}$ can be modeled as an intrinsic semiconductor with an accumulation length that diverges at cryogenic temperatures. In this model, we find a self-consistent solution to Poisson's equation in the bulk, with boundary conditions based on Fermi energy pinning due to surface charges. The solution yields band bending in the bulk; this explains the difference between the two gaps because spectroscopic methods measure the gap near the surface, while transport measures the average over the bulk. We also connect the model to transport parameters, including the Hall coefficient and thermopower, using semiclassical transport theory. The divergence of the accumulation length additionally explains the 10--12 K feature in data for these parameters, demonstrating a crossover from bulk dominated transport above this temperature to surface-dominated transport below this temperature. We find good agreement between our model and a collection of transport data from 4--40 K. This model can also be generalized to materials with similar band structure.
Advanced Social Communication Skills for Young Children with Autism: a Systematic Review of Single-Case Intervention Studies

The extant literature on social communication interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been well reviewed. However, current reviews of the literature indicate more research is needed on advanced social skills for young children with ASD. These more complex social skills, such as sustaining a conversation, showing empathy, or telling a joke, are critical for peer acceptance in the elementary school years. In the current paper, we reviewed the existing single-case literature on social communication interventions for advanced social skills for young (4–12-year-old) children with ASD. We define advanced social skills using the task analysis of the Social Behavior and Social Play—Level 3 subsection of the Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program (VB-MAPP). Electronic database searches of Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Academic Search Premier, and PsycINFO were conducted. Results revealed a library of useful interventions for a specific set of social communication skills; however, some crucial skills for children with ASD were missing from the results. Directions for future research and practice are discussed.
A Quantitative Model for Analyzing Market Response During Supply Chain Disruptions

Supply chain disruptions can lead to firms losing customers and consequently losing profit. We consider a firm facing a supply chain disruption due to which it is unable to deliver products for a certain period of time. When the firm is restored, each customer may choose to return to the firm immediately, with or without backorders, or may purchase from other firms. This chapter develops a quantitative model of the different customer behaviors in such a scenario and analytically interprets the impact of these behaviors on the firm’s post-disruption performance. The model is applied to an illustrative example.
Global Health: Why Cultural Perceptions, Social Representations, and Biopolitics Matter

The author explores perceptions and representations of health topics from three perspectives—the local population, health care providers, and policy makers.The material is presented as a basic text...
Manipulation of Pickering emulsion rheology using hydrophilically modified silica nanoparticles in brine.

Abstract Hypothesis Previous work on Pickering emulsions has shown that bromohexadecane-in-water emulsions (50% oil) stabilized with fumed and spherical particles modified with hexadecyl groups develop a noticeable zero shear elastic storage modulus (G′0) of 200 Pa and 9 Pa, respectively, while in just 50 mM NaCl. This high G′0 can be problematic for subsurface applications where brine salinities are higher and on the order of 600 mM NaCl. High reservoir salinity coupled with low formation pressure drops could prevent an emulsion with a high G′0 from propagating deep into formation. It is hypothesized that G′0 of an emulsion can be minimized by using sterically stabilized silica nanoparticles modified with the hydrophilic silane (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (glymo). Experiments Bromohexadecane-in-water emulsions were stabilized with low and high coverage glymo nanoparticles. Oscillatory rheology was used to monitor G′0 as a function of nanoparticle concentration, oil volume fraction, salinity, and pH. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy was used to make observations on the emulsion microstructure. Findings G′0 of bromohexadecane-in-water emulsions were minimized by using particles with a high coverage of glymo on the particle surface, which reduced the Ca2+/silanol site interactions. Emulsions that were stabilized with low surface coverage particles had noticeably higher G′0, however, their G′0 could be reduced by a factor of 3.3 by simply lowering the solution pH to 3. Cryo-SEM images showed that nanoparticle bridging was more pronounced with nanoparticles that had low glymo coverage as opposed to high coverage.
In-package spiral inductor characterization for high efficiency buck converters

The applicability of package-embedded spiral inductors to switching buck converters is demonstrated. In the first step, the design and characterization process of package-embedded spiral inductors is investigated via comprehensive full wave electromagnetic simulations, while considering a realistic, multi-layer flip-chip package. An interleaved multi-phase buck converter with an array of package-embedded spiral inductors is developed in the second step. The converter produces an output voltage of 0.9 V from 1.2 V input voltage while supplying a load current of 1 A. The flexibility of the package is exploited to obtain a relatively high inductance, enabling a reduced switching frequency. Lower switching frequency minimizes the dynamic loss, thereby increasing the power efficiency. According to the extracted results of the overall layout, power efficiency of approximately 89% is achieved with 3% output ripple voltage.
Stability of Couette flow past a gel film

Abstract We study instability of a Newtonian Couette flow past a gel-like film in the limit of vanishing Reynolds number. Three models are explored including one hyperelastic (neo-Hookean) solid, and two viscoelastic (Kelvin–Voigt and Zener) solids. Instead of using the conventional Lagrangian description in the solid phase for solving the displacement field, we construct equivalent “differential” models in an Eulerian reference frame, and solve for the velocity, pressure, and stress in both fluid and solid phases simultaneously. We find the interfacial instability is driven by the first-normal stress difference in the base-state solution in both hyperelastic and viscoelastic models. For the neo-Hookean solid, when subjected to a shear flow, the interface exhibits a short-wave (finite-wavelength) instability when the film is thin (thick). In the Kelvin–Voigt and Zener solids where viscous effects are incorporated, instability growth is enhanced at small wavenumber but suppressed at large wavenumber, leading to a dominant finite-wavelength instability. In addition, adding surface tension effectively stabilizes the interface to sustain fluid shear.
Allosteric Modulation of the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Hepatitis Delta Virus-like Ribozyme by Glucosamine 6-Phosphate: The Substrate of the Adjacent Gene Product.

Self-cleaving ribozymes were discovered 30 years ago and have been found throughout nature, from bacteria to animals, but little is known about their biological functions and regulation, particularly how cofactors and metabolites alter their activity. A hepatitis delta virus-like self-cleaving ribozyme maps upstream of a phosphoglucosamine mutase (glmM) open reading frame in the genome of the human gut bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. The presence of a ribozyme in the untranslated region of glmM suggests a regulation mechanism of gene expression. In the bacterial hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, the enzyme glmM catalyzes the isomerization of glucosamine 6-phosphate into glucosamine 1-phosphate. In this study, we investigated the effect of these metabolites on the co-transcriptional self-cleavage rate of the ribozyme. Our results suggest that glucosamine 6-phosphate, but not glucosamine 1-phosphate, is an allosteric ligand that increases the self-cleavage rate of drz-Fpra-1, providing the first know...
Fluorescence branching ratios and magnetic tuning of the visible spectrum of SrOH

Abstract The magnetic tuning of the low rotational levels in the X 2 Σ + (0,0,0), A 2 Π r (0,0,0), and B 2 Σ + (0,0,0) electronic states of strontium hydroxide, SrOH, have been experimentally investigated using high resolution optical field-free and Zeeman spectroscopy of a cold molecular beam sample. The observed Zeeman shifts and splittings are successfully modeled using a traditional effective Hamiltonian approach to account for the interaction between the A 2 Π r and B 2 Σ + states. The determined magnetic g-factors for the X 2 Σ + , A 2 Π r , and B 2 Σ + states are compared to those predicted by perturbation theory. The dispersed fluorescence resulting from laser excitation of rotationally resolved branch features of the 0 0 0 B 2 Σ + ← X 2 Σ + , 0 0 0 A 2 Π 3 / 2 ← X 2 Σ + and 0 0 0 A 2 Π 1 / 2 ← X 2 Σ + transitions have been recorded and analyzed. The measured fluorescence branching ratios are compared with Franck-Condon calculations. The required bending motion wave functions are derived using a discrete variable representation (DVR) method. Implications for laser slowing and magneto-optical trapping experiments for SrOH are described.
Trophic ecology of nonanadromous rainbow trout in a post-glacial lake system: partial convergence of adfluvial and fluvial forms

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) is one of many salmonid species exhibiting a gradient of life histories including fluvial (stream-resident), anadromous (ocean-migrant), and ...
Evaluation, Criticisms, and Rebuttals

This chapter critically evaluates the proposed Bio↔Psychology Network Theory. It begins by considering criteria for evaluating theories in general and what constitutes supporting evidence. These criteria are used to compare the cognitive theory that underpins cognitive-behavioral therapy, a generalized version of psychodynamic theory, and the proposed Bio↔Psychology Network Theory. Twelve novel features and seven novel predictions associated with the proposed Bio↔Psychology Network Theory are presented. A paradigm shift from a conscious-centric to an unconscious-centric orientation that conceptualizes psychology and behavior in physical rather than mental terms is called for. Reasons for and against engaging the proposed paradigm shift are discussed from three philosophical perspectives: Kantian, Lockean, and mixed Kantian-Lockean. Reasons for rejecting the proposed Bio↔Psychology Network Theory are anticipated and rebutted. They include concerns over reductionism, emergence, falsifiability, simulations, catastrophic interference, highly distributed vs. sparse coding, and language acquisition. Special attention is given to language acquisition because most of the major criticisms of connection are centered there. Mathematical proof of the adequacy of connectionist models is provided. This is a special hallmark of a mature science.
Expression of multiple genes for pregnancy-associated glycoproteins in the sheep placenta.

Bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein l(boPAGl) (1), also known as pregnancy-specific protein B (2), was initially identified as a unique placental antigen in cattle by raising antisera against total placental proteins in rabbits. Serologically similar antigens have also been found in sheep and other ruminant ungulates (3). Subsequently, molecular cloning showed that bo- and ovine (ov) PAG1 belong to the superfamily of aspartic proteinases (4). Unlike other known aspartic proteinases, however, both bo- and ovPAGl appear to be enzymatically inactive due to key mutations around the catalytic site regions (4,5). For instance, the catalytic aspartic acid residue in the C-terminal lobe of ovPAGl is mutated to glycine. A similar mutation in the N-terminal lobe of porcine pepsin completely inactivates the molecule (6). By analogy, it seems unlikely that ovPAGl could function as a proteinase. BoPAGl, despite retaining both active site aspartic acid residues, has a mutation within the N-terminal D—T—G triad, in which the highly conserved glycine is replaced by an alanine. It is hypothesized that the methyl group of the alanine would displace the catalytic water molecule from its normal position between the two catalytic aspartic acid residues (4,7), thereby impairing the activity of the molecule. In addition, other critical alterations around the substrate binding pockets are likely to disfavor the potential of both PAG1 as active proteinases (7).
J/ψ and charm at RHIC

Abstract A comprehensive overview of charm-related measurements by the PHENIX Collaboration at RHIC is presented. It is shown that Cold Nuclear Matter (CNM) effects cannot be understood in terms of just shadowing and constant breakup cross-section. There are indications of J / ψ suppression in most central Au + Au collisions beyond CNM effects. Open charm suppression and flow in Au + Au collisions is similar to that of light quarks.
Organs from Hepatitis C Virus-Positive Donors

Organs that are suitable for donation to the more than 113,000 persons who are waiting for transplants in the United States are in short supply; in 2018, only 36,500 persons received transplants.1 ...
An intuitive and most efficient Ll-norm principal component analysis algorithm for big data

Grassmann average (GA) can coincide with Ll- norm principal component (PC) and is scalable for millions of samples. However, it is unclear whether there exists and how much further speed improvement can be gained by revising the fixed-point optimization-based GA. In this paper, I analyze such optimization process in an intuitive way and propose its improvement, i.e., an online algorithm without any iterations. I show that it can be most efficient in the sense that it only visits each sample once per PC, with minimal memory requirement, unlike GA or MATLAB svds. It is proved to be convergent for big data.
Nonlinear Spectroscopy in Transparent Crystals

A review will be given of recent nonlinear optical experiments, which utilize only light beams at frequencies in the transparent region of the sample, and yet yield information about the dispersive properties of crystalline excitations in strongly absorbing regions of the spectrum. Such experiments are based on the dispersive characteristics of nonlinear susceptibilities, which can be measured over a wide, and continually variable, range of frequencies, due to the development of dye lasers. In a typical experiment two tunable laser beams, at frequencies ωl and ω2 respectively, and with wave vectors, \({\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{k} _1}\) and \({\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{k} _2}\) respectively, are made to overlap inside the specimen. Among several other nonlinear responses, a nonlinear polarization is created at the combination frequency ω3 =2ω1 − ω2.
Examining Stressors and Available Parenting Resources for Opioid-Using Mothers: Qualitative Findings from an Inpatient Substance Use Treatment Program

Given the alarming opioid epidemic, high prevalence of parents involved in substance use treatment programs for opioid use disorder, and critical role that parenting stress plays on opioid use and relapse, the current study examines stressors experienced by mothers enrolled in substance use treatment. Specifically, interviews were conducted with mothers with opioid use disorder (OUD) enrolled in an inpatient substance use treatment program, to identify common themes and develop recommendations related to interventions targeting common stressors among this population. A significant number of parent-related, substance use-related, and other stressors were present prior to and during substance use treatment; with more stressors reported during treatment than prior to treatment. Mothers with OUD reported that they would be interested in receiving parenting services, but that relevant parenting resources were not offered during substance use treatment.
Introduction to the Opioid Crisis

In light of opioid-associated harms in the past few decades, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has declared a public health emergency that includes a focus on curbing opioid prescribing trends and their negative effects. Higher opioid analgesic (i.e., opioid drugs used for pain management) prescribing rates are associated with various adverse public health-related outcomes. In general, prescribers in the state of California, the most populous in the United States, prescribe opioids at a lower rate than the national prescribing rate average, and certain key opioid-related health outcomes have occurred less frequently in California than the national average. Still, local (i.e., county-level) opioid prescribing trends can vary in their intensity and have not yet been sufficiently researched. This criminoepidemiologic book will use California’s CURES 2.0 data, which was submitted to the national Prescription Behavior Surveillance System (PBSS) database, to analyze county-level opioid prescribing rates in California from 2012 to 2017 from multiple perspectives. The current project will present California’s county-level opioid prescribing trends, examine potential correlates of opioid prescribing rates, assess the association of opioid prescribing on both criminal justice and public health outcomes, and consider this project’s overall principal findings and the implications for policy and practice.
Chapter 12 – Liability and Wrongful Custodial Death

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the civil liability issues commonly associated with wrongful custodial deaths, including deaths following restraint incidents and deaths due to prisoner suicides. The chapter examines liability issues involving standards of care in state courts as well as the standards for use of force, restraints, medical care in accordance with actions based on claims of negligence, and Section 1983. Sudden deaths in police custody after a use-of-force confrontation are emerging as a critical area in police civil litigation. While many of these lawsuits are settled out of court, cases that are decided by trial yield a number of important legal issues that are of concern to police officers and administrators. A custodial death normally results in a civil lawsuit by the estate. The plaintiffs attempt to demonstrate that the officers and the government entity should be held responsible for the wrongful death.