cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Acute Renal Failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) complicates the clinical course of many critically ill patients and significantly adds to their morbidity and mortality. Efforts to develop techniques to prevent ARF or to facilitate its resolution largely have been unsuccessful. Aggressive hydration, minimizing nephrotoxins, and maintenance of "adequate" mean arterial pressure remain the main nonpharmacologic strategies to prevent ARF in the ICU. Increasing insight into mechanisms that lead to ARF prompted investigators to evaluate the role of novel therapeutic agents in the prevention of ARF. Recent data suggest that N-acetylcysteine may reduce the incidence of ARF secondary to radio-contrast agents.
Scientific Basis of Hyponatremia and Its Clinical Presentations

PurposeTo describe causes, pathophysiologic mechanisms, and classifications of hyponatremia, and to describe clinical symptoms and underlying disease states associated with different levels of hypo...
Ties That Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics

The article presents a review of the book “Ties That Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics,” by Thomas Donaldson and Thomas W. Dunfee.
The usefulness of anthropometric measures

Based on EWGSOP guidelines, muscle mass should be evaluated using the DEXA or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) [1]. In our study, it was not possible to assess all participants using DEXA or BIA. Therefore, muscle mass was estimated using the measurement of the mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) [2]. Indeed, anthropometric measures are generally considered poor markers of muscle mass, and their role in the assessment of sarcopenia is debatable [3]. For example, Faisy et al. [4] suggested that BIA might be superior to MAMC in predicting malnutrition and negative outcomes among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure. However, as previously demonstrated, MAMC provides a simple measure of body composition. Moreover, muscle mass as assessed by MAMC was shown to be independently associated with mortality in elderly subjects [5, 6]. MAMC estimates performed by expert personnel have shown excellent reliability [7]. Mid-arm muscle circumference estimation could be a practical and useful tool for the assessment of nutritional status and sarcopenia in older adults. In fact, it is simple, quick, inexpensive, noninvasive, and easy to use, valuable especially in those settings where DEXA and BIA are not available (i.e., nursing homes and long-term care settings). It is essential to recognize the relevance of the clinical assessment of sarcopenia and to reach a large and consolidated consensus on the recommended tools to measure body composition when DEXA and BIA are not accessible. Anthropometric measures (MAMC and/or calf circumference) could represent a simple and reliable instrument for the clinical assessment of nutritional status and sarcopenia.
Shared Sacrifice? An Inquiry into the Willingness to Perform Compulsory Military Service

The recurring debate over mandatory military service has been revived as the U.S. all-voluntary military force is stretched to its limits in the war on terrorism. With the purpose of shedding light on preferences for compulsory military service, this article presents an inquiry into the characteristics of individuals that are more willing to perform compulsory military service. Using a national data set on high school students, one of the main insights derived from this study is that the characteristics of high school students willing to perform compulsory military service agree substantially with known characteristics of military recruits. In other words, high school students favour compulsory service in the military if they already have a predisposition to enter the military voluntarily. The research shows that the person who may be more willing to perform compulsory military service has the following characteristics: Parent in the military, low socio-economic status, conservative, male, and from the Mountain, Pacific, and Southern regions of the United States. Regional variations in willingness to perform compulsory service appear, in part, to capture regional variations in religiosity.
RankMass crawler: a crawler with high personalized pagerank coverage guarantee

Crawling algorithms have been the subject of extensive research and optimizations, but some important questions remain open. In particular, given the unbounded number of pages available on the Web, search-engine operators constantly struggle with the following vexing questions: When can I stop downloading the Web? How many pages should I download to cover "most" of the Web? How can I know I am not missing an important part when I stop? In this paper we provide an answer to these questions by developing, in the context of a system that is given a set of trusted pages, a family of crawling algorithms that (1) provide a theoretical guarantee on how much of the "important" part of the Web it will download after crawling a certain number of pages and (2) give a high priority to important pages during a crawl, so that the search engine can index the most important part of the Web first. We prove the correctness of our algorithms by theoretical analysis and evaluate their performance experimentally based on 141 million URLs obtained from the Web. Our experiments demonstrate that even our simple algorithm is effective in downloading important pages early on and provides high "coverage" of the Web with a relatively small number of pages.
Disposable device and a minimally invasive technique for rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids

A disposable syringe-like hemorrhoid ligator was invented to simplify the banding procedure for both patient and surgeon. This single-operator ligator, with its own suction mechanism and easy loading features, was designed for use without the need of an assistant or an anoscope. By pointing the ligator directly toward the appropriate site and by measuring the distance from the anal margin using reference markings on the ligator, the bands can be placed accurately in a blind manner inside the rectum for the treatment of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Before the band is discharged, rotating the ligator through 180 degrees while applying suction will cause pain and give warning if the application site is not appropriate. In 480 patients treated to date, this technique was found to be well accepted and accurate, and the final results seem to be comparable to other methods of banding.
Medievalism and Feminism

"What is this journal Speculum?" the prospective graduate student asked me. "Is it some sort of radical feminist journal? I saw copies of it in Professor Soand-So's office, and I can't imagine that he would subscribe to a feminist publication.... So, what is Speculum?" To understand this question, I had to remember myself at twenty-two years of age, educated but not professionalized, more familiar with speculum as an instrument used in gynecological examinations than with Speculum, the premierjournal for medievalists. Vaguely recalling my own puzzlement at first encountering a journal for medievalists called Speculum, I explained to the student the Latin derivation of the title, the importance of the journal in medieval studies, and the absolute absence of a connection between the title of the journal and anything gynecological. We chuckled a bitin female solidarity-about the naivete of Speculum's founders (all male, we correctly assumed), who had chosen to title their journal with a name that resonated so strongly (and so misleadingly) for modern women. But were the founders of Speculum really naive, really unaware of the other meanings of their chosen title? In the months since that student and I so blithely assumed their ignorance of the gynecological speculum, I have begun to doubt it. The records of the formation of the journal in the 1920s tell us only that a few other titles were considered (e.g., The Middle Ages and Mediaeval Studies) and that E. K. Rand (who, as it turned out, became the first editor of the journal) especially advocated the choice of Speculum because it suggested to him "the multitudinous mirrors in which the people of the Middle Ages liked to gaze at themselves and other folk."' This sounds quite innocent of any gynecological reflection. Nevertheless, it now seems possible to me that Rand and his associates knew the gynecological meaning of "speculum." In a rare moment for a medievalist, I have been able to conduct oral history on this point. My maternal grandfather, who in the 1920s was practicing obstetrics and gynecology in New Jersey, has assured me that the speculum was in regular use at the time, that his patients almost certainly knew the name of this instrument, and that "although most men at that time might have never seen a speculum, they probably knew of its gynecological use."2 What he remembers so clearly can be confirmed in written sources. At the time that Speculum received its title, the most common meaning of "speculum" was its medical meaning; the gynecological speculum was regularly used by physicians; and it
A tool for semi-global stabilization of uncertain non-minimum-phase nonlinear systems via output feedback

This paper presents a simple design method by means of which it is possible to robustly stabilize, using output feedback, a significant class of uncertain nonlinear systems whose zero dynamics are unstable. The proposed procedure leads to the construction of a dynamic controller yielding robust, semi-global practical stability.
Emotion and instantaneous choice in interactional linguistic pragmatics: Cross-cultural perspectives

Abstract It is axiomatic in the study of pragmatics that speakers must make choices from a myriad of variants in phonology, morphology and syntax “on the fly” during the course of interaction. However, the specific psychological and neurophysiological mechanisms that both prompt these choices have largely been taken for granted. Theoretical approaches to this problem in the past have focused on linguistic mechanisms such as “metapragmatics” or cultural approaches such as the analysis of “habitus.” While acknowledging the importance of these approaches, in this paper I extend this view by suggesting that these instantaneous choices are largely governed by the same cognitive mechanisms that govern emotional response. Drawing on the work of contemporary neurophysiology, pragmatic philosophy and phenomenology, I draw on examples from Japanese, Persian and Javanese.
Strategic Competence and L2 Speaking Assessment

Assessing second language speaking has long been an important part of language testing in both large-scale assessment settings and in smaller scale classroom-based assessments. Accordingly, researchers in the second language (L2) assessment field have made efforts to establish a better understanding of the nature of speaking ability and its underlying competences. With speaking tests increasingly involving test takers' performances on certain tasks, test takers are required to utilize their language knowledge by means of their strategic competence (i.e., skills necessary to put language knowledge into use), which has been considered an integral component of communicative language ability (e.g., Bachman & Palmer, 1996) and L2 speaking ability (e.g., Bygate, 1987; Fulcher, 2003). However, what strategic competence in speaking entails remains unclear, as its definition has varied greatly across different theoretical models and empirical studies. This paper provides a brief overview of the varying approaches to defining strategic competence, and reports on major empirical findings related to the conceptualization of this important facet of speaking ability, surveying the extensive literature in the broader fields of applied linguistics and L2 assessment in particular. The paper starts with (1) a review of the applied linguistics literature on the major influential approaches to understanding oral strategic competence, followed by (2) an in-depth review of how the L2 assessment literature has conceptualized strategic competence in relation to different theoretical models, and lastly, (3) a discussion of empirical studies examining strategic competence in the context of speaking test performance. The paper concludes with directions for future research.
Feature evolution simulations of copper seed layer deposition using atomic-level particle scattering information

One of the most important processing steps during copper metallization is the deposition of a thin yet conformal copper seed layer, often using ionized physical vapor deposition, prior to electroplating. A key need in designing this step is assuring that copper of sufficient thickness is deposited at all points within a high aspect ratio (AR) feature. In this work, we present feature evolution simulations of copper seed layer deposition, using ion reflection and neutral copper sputtering distributions calculated using molecular dynamics simulations. Independent variables in the model include neutral-ion and ion-ion flux ratios as well as substrate bias voltage. We show that trenches of AR=5 can be conformally lined with proper variation of these independent variables using a simple composition and ion energy cycling strategy. Furthermore, we show that the use of reflection and sputtering distributions obtained by molecular dynamics simulation results in qualitatively different feature shape predictions than when using isotropic (cosine) sputtering distributions with no possibility of ion reflection, with the degree of difference a function of the ion-neutral flux ratio and the ion energy.
Teaching design-oriented analysis at the first level

A second level active circuits course has been highly successful in implementing a design-oriented analysis approach in which detailed and specific techniques have been made available to working engineers. The present workshop addresses two questions: (1) Can or should methods of design-oriented analysis be incorporated in a first-level active circuits course? (2) If so, how can this best be done, and with what balance with conventional methods?. >
The Dodo Bird Is Extinct

It may be quite inaccurate and certainly it is premature to identify the dodo bird as the mascot for psychotherapy research. The dodo bird is not as alive and well as some may wish. The complexity of determining the presence of specific effects has been underestimated and, more importantly, the evidence of specific effects in treatments have been largely ignored by those who adopt a dodo bird's perspective. The article by Lubor-sky et al. in this issue illustrates these misperceptions and exclusions. Here I review some of the evidence for the premature ascendance of the dodo bird and raise questions about the nature of current research methodologies for assessing the presence of specific effects and especially for disclosing differential treatment contributors to treatment outcome.
Beach lamination: Nature and origin

Abstract A distinctive two-fold sedimentation unit characterizes lamination in the upper swash zone of beaches. Within the unit a fine and/or a heavy mineral rich layer at the base grades upward into a coarser and/or a heavy mineral poor layer at the top. This distinctive type of lamination results from grain segregation within bed flow during wave backwash.
Bistatic radar clutter simulations using scattering phenomenology

Most models used by the radar community for clutter simulations are empirical and intended for monostatic radars. For bistatic applications, the monostatic-bistatic equivalence theorem of Crispin, Goodrich, and Siegel (1959) is often used to estimate the bistatic clutter. We found that this theorem has serious limitations when applied to simulating scattering from clutter scenes. To address this issue we have developed a phenomenology-based model for efficient simulation of scattering from clutter scenes. The underlying algorithm is founded on a multiple scattering wave theory for a random medium layer over a two-scale rough surface. It works equally well for monostatic and bistatic applications and is computationally efficient and suitable for radar simulation studies.
Determining Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration of Projectiles Using Triaxial Acceleration Measurements

Estimation of body frame components of angular velocity and angular acceleration of a projectile undergoing general three-dimensional motion using linear acceleration measurements is considered. For the case where triaxial components of linear acceleration are known at three noncolinear points, the kinematic equations must in general be transformed to a computational plane before a useful solution is obtained. However, when more than three point measurements are utilized, a solution is obtained without the need to transform the kinematic equations to a computational plane. The sensitivity of angular rates to measurement errors is a nonlinear function of angular rates and sensor geometry. For a body that nutates and precesses as it rolls, large errors can be induced for some combinations of angular rates and sensor configurations. However, utilization of acceleration measurements at many points on the skin of an atmospheric rocket can effectively estimate the angular rates and accelerations with noisy, quantized acceleration measurements.
The Role of Renal Prostaglandins in the Renin Response to Isoproterenol in the Rat in Vitro

Renal prostaglandins (PGs) have been considered to be important mediators of renin release. However, the mechanism and the site of action have not been clarified. To investigate the role of PGs in the control of isoproterenol-induced renin release, we studied the effect of two inhibitors of PG synthesis, indomethacin and meclofenamate, on the renin release stimulated by isoproterenol and dibutyryl cAMP. We used an in vitro superfusion system of rat renal cortical slices. Neither indomethacin nor meclofenamate affected basal renin release. Isoproterenol (8 x 10(-7) M) increased renin and PGE2 release which was blocked by indomethacin (10(-4) M) and meclofenamate (10(-4) M). Dibutyryl cAMP stimulated renin release significantly, and this effect was not blocked by indomethacin (10(-4) M). Moreover, dibutyryl cAMP did not stimulate PGE2 release. In view of the fact that we have previously shown that PG-stimulated renin release is not blocked by propranolol and is enhanced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors, our present experiments suggest that the site of action of PGs on renin release is located between the beta-adrenergic receptor and the generation of cAMP.
Introduction: Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems

In this introductory chapter we review some basic topics in the theory of ordinary differential equations from the viewpoint of the global geometrical approach which we develop in this book. After recalling the basic existence and uniqueness theorems, we consider the linear, homogeneous, constant coefficient system and then introduce nonlinear and time-dependent systems and concepts such as the Poincare map and structural stability. We then review some of the better-known results on two-dimensional autonomous systems and end with a statement and sketch of the proof of Peixoto’s theorem, an important result which summarizes much of our knowledge of two-dimensional flows.
Racial Tokenism in the School Workplace: An Exploratory Study of Black Teachers in Overwhelmingly White Schools

This article examines how Black teachers in overwhelmingly White schools evaluate their work experiences as both numerical and racial minorities. I extend Kanter's (1977) theory of tokenism through a look at how ideology shapes the work experiences and evaluations of racial tokens. Kanter developed a framework that outlined 3 general processes associated with token representation: performance pressures, boundary heightening, and role entrapment. In this exploratory study, I show how token Black teachers positioned themselves as heroic individualists who managed numerical and racial processes in schools. More specifically, I show how participants used traditional civil rights ideology to justify and to evaluate positive aspects of racial tokenism, emphasizing performance enhancers, border crossing, and role integration. This article rethinks claims in educational research that token Black teachers face only negative work experiences due to Black and White differences in a White school culture. The conclusi...
Distributed Tracking in Multihop Sensor Networks With Communication Delays

We describe distributed tracking of a nonlinear dynamical system via networked sensors. The sensors communicate with each other by means of a multihop protocol over a communication network. We derive in-network processing algorithms to deal with arbitrary network topology and then extend these results to account for communication delays and packet losses. We show that these algorithms are optimal in the linear setting and achieve centralized performance. The proposed techniques differ from existing techniques in two important aspects: a) there is no designated leader/fusion node and each sensor attempts to optimally track the system trajectory based on its local observations and time-dependent information available from other sensors in the network; b) the message computation at each sensor is structurally identical. Consequently, the sensor network can be queried at any time and at any node to obtain optimal estimates for the state of the dynamical system. We then present two multihop protocols - one based on gossip and another token-based - for distributed implementation of the in-network processing techniques. We show several advantages of token-based schemes over gossip protocols: a) message complexity is significantly smaller for achieving the same performance; b) they are well-suited for situations where target and network data aggregation time-scales are comparable; and c) they are well-suited for random geometric graphs with nodes having small communication-connectivity radius - a scenario typical of ad-hoc wireless networks. This is because they can fuse data only from the set of nodes that can be visited in any time period.
Mechanics and energetics of load carriage during human walking

Although humans clearly expend more energy to walk with an extra load, it is unclear what biomechanical mechanisms contribute to that increase. One possible contribution is the mechanical work performed on the body center of mass (COM), which simple models predict should increase linearly with added mass. The work should be performed primarily by the lower extremity joints, although in unknown distribution, and cost a proportionate amount of metabolic energy. We therefore tested normal adults (N=8) walking at constant speed (1.25 m s−1) with varying backpack loads up to 40% of body weight. We measured mechanical work (both performed on the COM and joint work from inverse dynamics), as well as metabolic energy expenditure through respirometry. Both measures of work were found to increase approximately linearly with carried load, with COM work rate increasing by approximately 1.40 W for each 1 kg of additional load. The joints all contributed work, but the greatest increase in positive work was attributable to the ankle during push-off (45–60% of stride time) and the knee in the rebound after collision (12–30% stride). The hip performed increasing amounts of negative work, near the end of stance. Rate of metabolic energy expenditure also increased approximately linearly with load, by approximately 7.6 W for each 1 kg of additional load. The ratio of the increases in work and metabolic cost yielded a relatively constant efficiency of approximately 16%. The metabolic cost not explained by work appeared to be relatively constant with load and did not exhibit a particular trend. Most of the increasing cost for carrying a load appears to be explained by positive mechanical work, especially about the ankle and knee, with both work and metabolic cost increasing nearly linearly with added mass.
Predicting interconnect uncertainty with a new robust model order reduction method

As we scale toward nanometer technologies, the increase in interconnect parameter variations will bring significant performance variability. New design methodologies will emerge to facilitate construction of reliable systems from unreliable nanometer scale components. Such methodologies require new performance models which accurately capture the manufacturing realities. In this paper, we present a Linear Fractional Transform (LFT) based model for interconnect Parametric Uncertainty. This new model formulates the interconnect parameter uncertainty as a repeated scalar uncertainty structure. With the help of generalized Balanced Truncation Realization (BTR) based on Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), the new model reduces the order of the original interconnect network while preserves the stability. This paper also shows that the LFT based model even guarantees passivity if the BTR reduction is based on solutions to a pair of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) which generalizes Lur'e equations.
Design and optimization of an adaptive non-linear piezoelectric energy harvester

This paper presents an adaptive non-linear piezoelectric energy harvester that uses the synchronous electric charge extraction (SECE) technique with an optimized flyback converter power stage. The SECE flyback converter is designed after a thorough analysis of power stage and control power losses and then tested with both synchronous and asynchronous power stage switching. Experimental results with a piezoelectric cantilever show an output power increase of 50 % with an acceleration of 160 mg compared to the standard rectifier-capacitor technique. The results closely match the power losses predicted by the theoretical analysis.
Who is Eligible Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act

Determining who is eligible under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) has plagued decision-makers for over three decades, leading to both over- and under-identification of eligible children and the disproportionate identification of minority students as disabled. The statutory requirements for finding a child IDEA-eligible appear straightforward: a child must have an enumerated disability that adversely affects educational performance and by reason thereof the child must need special education. Application of these provisions has proven problematic, however, and the authorities are divided as to what constitutes "educational performance," when is it "adversely affected" by the disability, under what circumstances does a child "need" special education and what is "special education?" This Article explores the diverse interpretations of these terms by courts and hearing and suggests the proper application of each of the IDEA-eligibility requirements. Uniform eligibility determinations cannot be hoped for on a national level, as the definition of many of the key terms are left to the states, but this Article outlines the proper analytical framework for eligibility decisions.
Adenosine regulates radiation therapy-induced anti-tumor immunity

Radiation therapy (RT) induces immunogenic cell death and dose-dependent release of ATP in the tumor microenvironment (TME), triggering maturation and activation of tumor-resident dendritic cells (DCs). However, extracellular ATP is rapidly catabolized to adenosine by ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73, which are expressed by tumor cells and immune cells in the TME. Adenosine has pleiotropic immunosuppressive effects and inhibits activation of DC and effector T cells, while promoting regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, we tested the hypothesis that conversion of ATP to adenosine hinders generation of effective anti-tumor immunity by high dose RT, reducing its synergy with anti-CTLA-4 antibody. BALB/c mice were inoculated s.c. with 1 x 105 TSA carcinoma cells on day 0 and assigned to treatment with: (1) control mAb; (2) anti-CD73 (TY/23); (3) TY/23+anti-CTLA-4 (9H10); (4) RT; (5) RT+TY/23; (6) RT+9H10; (6) RT+TY/23+9H10. TY/23 (200 µg) was administered i.p. every 4 days starting on day 11. RT was given locally as single 20 Gy dose on day 12. 9H10 (200 µg) was given i.p. on days 11, 14 and 17. On day 18, some tumors were harvested for flow cytometry analysis of DC and T cells. Mice were monitored for tumor growth/regression. In irradiated tumors, CD73-blockade reduced the percentage of Tregs within the tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cell population (7.9±2.5% in RT+TY/23 vs 20±0.8% in RT, p < 0.01) while increasing CD8+T cells (38.3±0.1% in RT+TY/23 vs 17.3±4% in RT, p < 0.05). Among intratumoral DCs (CD11c+MHCII+), the CD8a+ DC subpopulation was increased after CD73-blockade (37.9±15.7% in TY/23+RT vs 11.3±4.9% in RT, p < 0.01). Importantly, in irradiated mice, TY/23-administration enhanced activation of DCs and effector T cells, shown by increased CD40 expression on CD8a+ DCs (MFI: 218±1 in RT+TY/23 vs 54±41 in RT, p < 0.05) and increased CD69 expression on CD8+ T cells (MFI: 513±126 in RT+TY/23 vs 148±59 in RT, p < 0.01). TY/23 and 9H10 given alone or in combination had no effect on tumor growth. However, each antibody potentiated tumor inhibition obtained with RT (p=0.08 for RT+TY/23 and p < 0.05 for RT+9H10 vs RT). Moreover, blockade of both CD73 and CTLA-4 in combination with RT further improved tumor control resulting in complete tumor regression in 2/5 mice (p < 0.01 for RT+TY/23+9H10 vs RT). Our findings indicate that adenosine regulates the ability of RT to induce anti-tumor immunity, affecting both DC maturation and T cell activation. Data suggest that CD73-blockade is a promising strategy to improve synergy of RT and immunotherapy.
LAVA web-based remote simulation: enhancements for education and technology innovation

The Lithography Analysis using Virtual Access (LAVA) web site at http://cuervo.eecs.berkeley.edu/Volcano/ has been enhanced with new optical and deposition applets, graphical infrastructure and linkage to parallel execution on networks of workstations. More than ten new graphical user interface applets have been designed to support education, illustrate novel concepts from research, and explore usage of parallel machines. These applets have been improved through feedback and classroom use. Over the last year LAVA provided industry and other academic communities 1,300 session and 700 rigorous simulations per month among the SPLAT, SAMPLE2D, SAMPLE3D, TEMPEST, STORM, and BEBS simulators.
Retrospective examination of habitat use by blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) using otolith microchemical methods

Understanding the location and duration of habitat use by young fish is important for management and restoration efforts, but is largely unknown in anadromous species. We used otolith microchemistry and ambient water concentrations of Ca, Ba, Mn, and Sr to identify habitat use in the first year of growth for 131 returning adult blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) collected in seven spawning runs along the coast of Maine, USA. Ambient Sr:Ca ratios were correlated with salinity and were used as primary indicators of habitat use. Results revealed variable individual migration histories with several discrete migratory patterns; some fish migrated into seawater well before the end of the first year, while the majority exhibited longer residency in freshwater or low salinity habitat. Total area of available habitats ranged from approximately 213 to 6053 ha fresh water and 204 to 3395 ha estuary. Residency in freshwater or low salinity habitats was positively correlated with extent of freshwater habitat (r = 0.3...
Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging in neurosurgery: the Brigham concept

The resection of brain tumors is limited by the surgeon’ s ability to precisely define margins. To overcome this problem, various neuronavigational tools have been used. The development of imageguided navigation systems represents a substantial improvement in the microsurgical treatment of various intracranial lesions. However, a major drawback of this technology is that they use images acquired preoperatively, on which the surgical planning and intraoperative performance is based. As the intracranial anatomy dynamically changes during a neurosurgical procedure, only intraoperatively acquired images can provide the neurosurgeon with the information needed to perform real-time, image-guided surgery. Because magnetic resonance imaging best delineates the soft-tissue extent of most tumors, it currently remains the superior method for intraoperative image guidance. In this review, we outline the development as well as current and possible future applications of the intraoperative MRI (iMRI) unit at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA.
The Teaching of American Urban History

A MERICAN urban history has recently become a subject of prime concern in college curricula. Courses in the history of the American city are proliferating nowadays in a way that once was true of courses dealing with the history of the American frontier. Interest in the history of the city has been prompted not, as in the case of the frontier, by its supposed disappearance but by its ever increasing domination of the American scene. In terms of research, American historians began giving attention to the city as early as the 1920s, after the Census of 1920 had shown that, for the first time, the nation was predominantly urban." It was not until the late 1940s, however, that courses in the history of the American city began to be listed in college catalogues; and only in the last five years or so has the multiplication of courses in urban history been reminiscent of the rapid rise to popularity in the early twentieth century of courses in the history of the American West. Proof of this interest is revealed in the responses to two recently circulated questionnaires concerning the teaching of American urban history: one to more than 400 colleges and universities, and the other to sixty urban studies centers, institutes, and programs.2 The first, to which 350 replies
OBSERVATION OF TUMOR GROWTH IN A CASE OF PRIMARY MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA OF THE ILEUM BY BARIUM ENEMA

The time-course of tumor growth was observed by barium enema in a comparatively rare case of malignant lymphoma originating from the ileum. A protruded lesion 2.5 cm in longitudinal diameter was detected in the ileum of a patient who underwent barium enema following melena in October 1986. The patient was admitted to our hospital for surgery in January 1987, when barium enema was performed again, revealing a circumscribed stenotic lesion 4.5 cm in longitudinal diameter. According to surgical and pathological findings, the tumor was diagnosed to be a circumscribed stenotic lesion located 50 cm oral from the ileocecal valve in the ileum, and was histologically confirmed to be non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma (diffuse, large cell type) of SSγn0P0H0. The tumor volume doubling time assessed by barium enema was 32 days.
Development status and prospect of salt chemical industry in Geermu area

On the basis of introducing systematically development status of Geermu salt chemical industry,main problems presented in its development and its development prospect were analyzed and planned.Some rationalization proposals on its sustainable development were suggested.
Survey of fresh vegetables for nematodes, amoebae, and Salmonella

Contamination by nematodes, amoebae, and bacteria of the genus Salmonella was estimated in a 2-year survey of salad vegetables obtained from wholesale and retail sources. The vegetables examined were cucumbers, cabbage, lettuce, celery, carrots, radishes, tomatoes, mushrooms, cauliflower, and spinach. Nematode eggs and larvae were recovered by the Nacconol-ether centrifugation method. Some nematode eggs were identified as parasitic Ascaris sp.; the majority of larval nematodes were thought to be soil-dwelling species. Amoebae were recovered by rinsing the vegetables with distilled water, centrifuging the rinse water, and transferring the sediment to agar plates on which a bacterial lawn had previously been grown; trophozoites identified as the potentially pathogenic species--Acanthamoeba polyphaga, A. rhysodes, and A. castellanii--were the most common amoebae recovered on the plates. Salmonella spp. were grown from 4 of 50 samples.
A Framework for a Religious Life

The main question posed by this book is “How can the education of religion help young people cultivate a spiritual life that is meaningful in terms of their own flourishing?” This is a bit of a mouthful. We need to address the query as a whole, as well as the different parts of it. The main assumptions inherent in the question are as follows: 1. Spirituality is an indispensable aspect of human flourishing. 2. Religious traditions, at their core, advocate a religious life, which centrally includes the spiritual. 3. Religious education can help young people cultivate such a religious life.
Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Characteristics Associated with Glaucoma in Community Living Older Adults: Prelude to a Screening Trial?

ABSTRACTPurpose: To examine the associations of nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness with other ocular characteristics in older adults.Methods: Participants in the Beaver Dam Eye Study (2008–2010) underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans of the optic nerve head, imaging of optic discs, frequency doubling technology (FDT) perimetry, measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP), and an interview concerning their history of glaucoma and use of drops to lower eye pressure. Self-reported histories of glaucoma and the use of drops to lower eye pressure were obtained at follow-up examinations (2014–2016).Results: NFL thickness measured on OCTs varied by location around the optic nerve. Age was associated with mean NFL thickness. Mean NFL was thinnest in eyes with larger cup/disc (C/D) ratios. Horizontal hemifield defects or other optic nerve-field defects were associated with thinner NFL. NFL in persons who reported taking eye drops for high intraocular pressure was thinner compared to tho...
Surface Data Assimilation and Near-Surface Weather Prediction over Complex Terrain

Owing to sparse observations, terrain misrepresentations, and complicated interactions between the atmosphere and complex terrain , numerical prediction of near-surface atmospheric conditions and surface data assimilation over mountainous regions present particularly challenging problems. With studies and results obtained from a recent field program, Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Modeling and Observations (MATERHORN) , for both model evaluation and data assimilation, this chapter provides an overview and sample of these problems and challenges. Forecast evaluation for the mesoscale community Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF ) model and results from an ensemble Kalman filter method for assimilating surface observations are presented.
ANTECEDENTS OF THE INCOME TAX IN COLONIAL AMERICA

One of the goals of the present federal income tax system is to tax individuals to the extent of their ability to pay. This concept of vertical equity did not originate in the current century. Analysis of the tax laws of the American colonies results in the conclusion that our colonial forefathers attempted to measure the faculty or ability of individuals when enacting tax legislation. This paper analyzes the varied historic forms of the test to measure the capacity to bear the burden of taxation.*
The Process of Visual Psychological Anthropology

Moving through the filmmaking phases of preproduction, production, and postproduction, this chapter answers “how to” questions from theoretical, practical, and personal perspectives, using the Afflictions films as examples. It covers risks and benefits of different filmmaking methodologies, proposes techniques that espouse psychological anthropology’s theories of culture, and details effective visual storytelling strategies. Topics covered include conceptualizing an “emergent” ethnographic film; practicalities in prepping and shooting; data management; adapting person-centered ethnography to get intimate material; evoking emotion across cultural differences in self-presentation; shooting B-roll and re-enactments; using diverse stylistic devices to evoke internal and cultural worlds; transcription and translation; the use of voice-over; sound design and soundtracks; seeking feedback and participation from film participants; and understanding film and writing as complementary modes of inquiry and analysis.
Cubic Dresselhaus interaction parameter from quantum corrections to the conductivity in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field

We evaluate the quantum corrections to the conductivity of a two-dimensional electron system with competing Rashba (R) and linear and cubic Dresselhaus (D) spin-orbit interactions in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field $\mathbf{B}$. Within a perturbative approximation, we investigate the interplay between the spin-orbit coupling and the magnetic field in determining the transport regime in two different limiting scenarios: when only one of the linear terms, either Rashba or Dresselhaus, dominates, and at equal linear couplings, when the cubic Dresselhaus breaks the spin symmetry. In each instance, we find that for $\mathbf{B}$ higher than a critical value, the antilocalization correction is suppressed and the effective dephasing time saturates to a constant value determined only by the spin-orbit interaction. At equal R-D linear couplings, this value is directly proportional with the cubic Dresselhaus contribution. In the same regime, the magnetoconductivity is expressed as a simple logarithmic function dependent only on the cubic Dresselhaus constant.
Bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in the Diaspora: 2003 Update

This listing is a continuation of the first bibliography in this series which covered the literature through 2002. The present listing covers the 2003 literature and papers from 2002 which could not be included in the earlier edition. Efforts were again made to cover all published and unpublished materials using online databases and obtaining materials from various organizations and individuals in Ethiopia. This bibliographic update when compared with the first edition demonstrates the accelerated increase in research output overall since 2000 and especially during 2003 a shift towards epidemiological/KAP and intervention studies and programs and relative neglect of some other areas. A total of 1088 references listed in both bibliographies cover the period from 1972 to 2003. Nearly all studies date to the 20 year period starting in 1984 (when HIV infections were first reported from Ethiopia). (excerpt)
Management of a patient's gait abnormality using smartphone technology in-clinic for improved qualitative analysis: A case report.

Background and Purpose: Qualitative analysis has its limitations as the speed of human movement often occurs more quickly than can be comprehended. Digital video allows for frame-by-frame analysis,...
General principles of spinal motor circuit development: early contributions from research on avian embryos

Birds and mammals, both being amniotes, share many common aspects of development. Thus our understanding of how limb-innervating mammalian spinal motor circuits develop was greatly influenced by the use of the avian embryo (chick/quail) to bring about experimental perturbations to identify basic underlying mechanisms. These included embryonic surgery, the application of drugs to influence activity or molecular interactions, and the ability to observe motor behavior and make physiological recordings in intact developing embryos. This article will review some of these contributions, highlighting several areas including the acquisition of motoneuron subtype identity and target selection, as well as the role of spontaneous rhythmic activity in circuit development.
How Does the Current Generation of Medical Students View the Radiology Match?: An Analysis of the AuntMinnie and Student Doctor Network Online Forums.

Rationale and Objectives The AuntMinnie (AM) and the Student Doctor Network (SDN) online forums are popular resources for medical students applying for residency. The purpose of this study was to describe medical student radiology-related posts on AM and SDN to better understand the medical student perspective on the application and Match process. Materials and Methods We reviewed all posts made on the AM and SDN online forums over 5 consecutive academic years from July 2012 to July 2017. Each thread was organized into one of six major categories. We quantified forum utilization over the past 5 years by the total number of and the most frequently posted and viewed thread topics. Results We reviewed 2683 total threads with 5,723,909 views. Total number of threads posted and viewed fell by 46% and 63%, respectively, from 2013–2014 to 2014–2015, after which they returned near baseline by 2016–2017, along with an increase in interventional radiology-related posts between 2012–2013 (13%) and 2016–2017 (32%) (P Conclusions After a drop in 2013–2014, utilization of AM and SDN increased in 2016–2017, along with increased interest in interventional radiology. Addressing the student concerns identified in our study, especially in preparing residency applications, ranking programs, and navigating difficult situations, such as postinterview program communication, may improve the radiology application process for future medical students and their advisors.
Teaching and Learning in the Age of Questions.

Engaged questioning and focused listening are requisite tools in developing and enhancing students’ thinking skills. For educators, the ability to ask the right question at the right time is an ess...
Notch: a membrane-bound transcription factor.

Notch signaling is both simple and complex. It is simple because no secondary messengers are required as Notch can directly report to the nucleus after contact with ligand at the plasma membrane. Notch acts as a membranebound transcription factor that is released in response to ligand binding by two
Building emotional characters for interactive drama

The Oz project is developing tools to create interactive, dramatic stories (Bates 1992).l An important aspect of this work is to develop technology for creating the characters for these stories. We feel it’s critical that these characters appear emotional; just as characters in novels and movies that are unemotional are called “flat” and aren’t very believable, we expect the same applies to computer controlled drama as well. We’re developing an agent architecture, Tok (Bates, Loyall, & Reilly 1992), and an emotion subsystem, Em (Reilly & Bates 1992), that will allow artists to build emotional characters for their particular interactive stories. This goal places a number of constraints on the architecture. First, the architecture must be usable. That is, it must not be overly complicated to develop emotional characters, especially simple ones. Second, the architecture must be fZezible enough to create idiosyncratic characters. We’re willing to pass up psychological reality for the usablility and flexibility needed to create believable, artistic characters. Emotions in Em are generated by a flexible set of generation rules. We make emotion generation usable by providing a default set of rules based on the cognitive emotion system of (Ortony, Clore, & Collins 1988). For example, Em will generate joy whenever an important goal of the character succeeds. Using similar rules, Em generates: distress, fear, hope, like, dislike, pride, shame, admiration, reproach, anger, gratitude, gratification, remorse, satisfaction, disappointment, relief, and fears-confirmed. Also planned are: happy-for, pity, gloating, resentment, and frustration. The emotions, once generated, are mapped into Behavioral Features (BFs) which, in turn, affect other Tok processes. For example, anger will often result in an aggressive BF being generated. This BF then affects other Tok subsystems. The BFs allow for a bit of individualism in the characters. So, not all characters must act aggressively when angry. It is just as simple to create a character who acts withdrawn when angry