cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addition in kindergarten: The role of mothers' and teachers' language

ABSTRACTData from a longitudinal investigation were used to examine the effects of mothers’ and teachers’ language on children’s developing mathematical competencies during the kindergarten year. Specifically, 1) mothers’ use of metamemory talk, or references to the process of remembering, and 2) teachers’ use of cognitive processing language (CPL), or instruction that encourages deep levels of processing and metacognition, were related to students’ addition skills in kindergarten. The findings indicated that while maternal metamemory talk was associated with children’s mathematical competencies at school entry, teachers’ use of CPL was associated with the amount of growth that students demonstrated across the year, especially regarding strategy use. The results highlight the need for additional research that examines students’ academic trajectories longitudinally as a function of the language to which they are exposed at home and school.
Effects of Drugs on Catecholamine Synthesis

Although the exact role of catecholamines in brain function is not clearly established, it is becoming increasingly evident that dopamine and norepinephrine do play important roles in control of movement, in determining affective state and alertness, and in neuroendocrine relationships. Utilization of catecholamines by neurons is associated with increased rates of synthesis, so that levels of the amines are altered only slightly compared to changes in their rates of utilization and replacement. Estimates of synthesis rates may, therefore, be more useful than determination of catecholamine levels in assessing changes in neuronal function.
Andean Landslide Hazards

Worldwide, millions of dollars in property damage and loss of life are attributed to landslides annually. Landslides are frequent hazards in tectonically active mountain belts such as the Himalayas, Southern Alps of New Zealand, New Guinea, Japan, and the Andes, where uplift generates high topographic relief Steep slopes associated with regions of high relief provide sufficient gravitational potential for landslides to occur. Hazards exist wherever roads, dwellings, or people lie in the path of potential landslides. In many cases, human land use practices such as the cutting of roads and clearing of forest can also serve to increase the potential for landslides, and/or influence where they may happen (e.g., Wright and Mella, 1963; Preciado and Llinas, 1990).
The Ethics of Computer Games

Despite the emergence of computer games as a dominant cultural industry (and the accompanying emergence of computer games as the subject of scholarly research), we know little or nothing about the ethics of computer games. Considerations of the morality of computer games seldom go beyond intermittent portrayals of them in the mass media as training devices for teenage serial killers. In this first scholarly exploration of the subject, Miguel Sicart addresses broader issues about the ethics of games, the ethics of playing the games, and the ethical responsibilities of game designers. He argues that computer games are ethical objects, that computer game players are ethical agents, and that the ethics of computer games should be seen as a complex network of responsibilities and moral duties. Players should not be considered passive amoral creatures; they reflect, relate, and create with ethical minds. The games they play are ethical systems, with rules that create gameworlds with values at play. Drawing on concepts from philosophy and game studies, Sicart proposes a framework for analyzing the ethics of computer games as both designed objects and player experiences. After presenting his core theoretical arguments and offering a general theory for understanding computer game ethics, Sicart offers case studies examining single-player games (using Bioshock as an example), multiplayer games (illustrated by Defcon), and online gameworlds (illustrated by World of Warcraft) from an ethical perspective. He explores issues raised by unethical content in computer games and its possible effect on players and offers a synthesis of design theory and ethics that could be used as both analytical tool and inspiration in the creation of ethical gameplay.
Natural History of Recurrent Hepatitis C: Impact of Immunosuppression

Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus is at epidemic proportions and is currently the leading indication for liver transplantation. Despite advances in antiviral therapies, many patients remain infected at the time of transplant. In this circumstance, the allograft universally becomes infected. The recurrent viral infection can follow a more aggressive and accelerated course in the posttransplant setting with an early, rapid increase in graft fibrosis followed by a more linear increase after 3 years. Multiple factors are known to affect the rate of progression of recurrent chronic hepatitis C, including genetic, operative, donor, and recipient factors. Immunosuppression appears to also play a profound role in the progression of disease, but is understudied and not well understood. Bolus corticosteroids are associated with increased progression of fibrosis, increased graft loss and worse overall survival, thus their use needs to be balanced based on the competing goals of virologic control and prevention or treatment of cellular rejection. Induction steroids, on the other hand, do not appear to be detrimental if tapered slowly to prevent damage from immune reconstitution. There is no significant difference in the choice of calcineurin inhibitor used for maintenance therapy. The antimetabolites such as mycophenolate mofetil appear to be neutral or beneficial while certain T-cell depletion therapies are associated with severe recurrence of disease and are not recommended. The effect of the mTOR inhibitors is controversial and unclear, therefore these agents should be used with caution until further studies are available.
Behavioral Science is Wonderful to Be Sure: But is it Scientific, Too?

Behavioral finance is touted as, among others, a scientific approach to investment which combines psychology and economics, and investigates the consequences in markets when some of its participants display not logically perfectly-informed risk-averse utility-maximizing behavior, but instead act like actual human beings. Two questions are considered: (1) “What does the science of behavioral finance imply about the behavior of stock prices?”; and also (2) “Are the predictions that behavioral makes about the behavior stock prices scientific ?” This is a thought piece organized around these two questions. Using Popper’s framework that scientific hypotheses require falsifiability, we conclude that behavioral finance is only falsifiable (and thus “scientific”) in a limited sense.
Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Adults With Asthma: A Pilot Study.

ABSTRACTBackground/Objective: Insomnia is common among adults with asthma and is associated with worse asthma control. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is an effective treatment fo...
9 Seal Technology

Seals are required to fulfill critical needs in meeting the ever-increasing system performance requirements of modern machinery. This chapter provides design insight and application for both static and dynamic seals. Static seals reviewed include gaskets, O-rings, and selected packings. The chapter provides useful insight to designers approaching an O-ring seal design, including the basic sealing mechanism, preload, temperature effects, common materials, and chemical compatibility with a range of working fluids. Dynamic seals reviewed include mechanical face, labyrinth, honeycomb, and brush seals. Honeycomb seals are used extensively in mating contact with labyrinth knife edges machined onto the rotor in applications where there are significant shaft movements. After brazing the honeycomb material to the case, the inner diameter is machined to seal tolerance requirements. For each of these seals, typical configurations, materials, and applications are covered. Where applicable, seal flow models are presented. Keywords: dynamic seals; seal flow models; seal technology; static seals
Nurse anesthetists' preferences for anesthesiologists' participation in patient care at a large teaching hospital.

Abstract Study objective Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) can evaluate anesthesiologists with whom they work clinically using a psychometrically reliable and valid scale. Use of such a scale to evaluate performance depends on knowing thresholds for minimum and ideal anesthesiologist performance. Design Cohort study. Setting One large teaching hospital. Measurements 379 CRNA evaluations of anesthesiologists' performance, and associated thresholds for minimum and ideal scores, performed over 15 weeks. Main results The anesthesiologists' performance score was less than the CRNA's minimum score for the evaluation (i.e., too little anesthesiologist participation in patient care) for 25% (95) of the CRNA evaluations. The score was greater than the CRNA's ideal score for the evaluation (i.e., excessive participation in patient care) for 28% (106) of evaluations. Anesthesiologists' performance was assessed as not meeting expectations 53% of the time. Even if every anesthesiologist performed consistently at the same level, ≥50% of CRNAs would have been dissatisfied (187), not significantly different from observed (P = 0.34). Consistent results were found when the unit of analysis was individual CRNA. Among the 22 CRNAs who provided ≥10 evaluations, the median level of anesthesiologist performance was either less than the individual CRNA's mean minimum acceptable performance (8/22) or greater than their mean ideal performance (9/22), with overall dissatisfaction, 77%. Among the CRNA-anesthesiologist pairs working together, most did so less than once per month (76%, 1242/1635). Conclusions In this single-center study at a large teaching hospital, broad heterogeneity among CRNAs in their expectations for anesthesiologist collaborative practice was found. Anesthesiologists adjusting their behavior based on individual CRNA preferences was impractical because specific CRNA-anesthesiologist pairs work together infrequently. Future studies should examine consistency among organizations and whether changes in expectations, and perhaps less dissatisfaction, can be achieved by communication of results for CRNA preferences for anesthesiologists' participation in patient care and discussing shared expectations among the CRNAs and anesthesiologists.
Socioemotional and Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening for Toddlers in Early Intervention: Agreement among Measures.

Identification of problems with socioemotional functioning is an important task in early childhood, particularly for children in early intervention (EI). However, socioemotional concerns raised by ...
Operator and entanglement growth in non-thermalizing systems: many-body localization and the random singlet phase

We characterize the growth and spreading of operators and entanglement in two paradigmatic non-thermalizing phases - the many-body localized phase and the random singlet phase - using out-of-time-ordered correlators, the entanglement contour, and operator entanglement. We contrast these phases with strongly thermalizing holographic conformal field theories and fully localized Anderson insulators. We obtain a phenomenological description of the operator and state dynamics of these phases and demonstrate the utility of the entanglement contour and operator entanglement measures as useful probes of slowly scrambling and non-thermalizing dynamics.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum of the Scalp: A Rare Clinical Variant

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, neutrophil-predominant dermatosis that usually presents as a papule or pustule and progresses into a painful ulcer. Clinical and histopathological features are nonspecific, making PG a challenging condition to diagnose. Lesions may occur anywhere on the body; however, the lower extremity is the most common location. Solitary lesions in atypical locations such as the scalp are uncommon, making this clinical variant especially difficult to recognize and diagnose. Although the clinical features and subsequent management of scalp PG might be different from other anatomic sites, the typical presentation and treatment of scalp PG is still unclear. The authors present a recent case of a 34-year-old woman with scalp PG and summarize 16 other cases documented in the literature. This case report and literature review illustrate several similarities and differences between scalp PG and classic PG: (1) scalp PG occurs in a wider age demographic of patients; (2) as with classic PG, inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy are associated conditions, but head injury and preexisting inflammatory skin conditions of the scalp may be additional predisposing factors for scalp PG; and (3) as with classic PG, scalp PG generally responds well to corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy. Scarring occurs in all conditions, though disfigurement and psychosomatic effects may be disproportionately higher in scalp PG.
Aronia berry inhibits disruption of Caco-2 intestinal barrier function.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine how aronia berry polyphenols and its microbial catabolites improve intestinal barrier function. Caco-2 cells were cultured on transwell plates and allowed differentiate to form a model intestinal barrier, having baseline transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) ≥ 300 Ω cm2. Barrier function of differentiated Caco-2 cells was compromised by the addition of an inflammatory cocktail (IC: TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ to the basolateral media and lipopolysaccharide to the apical media). Polyphenol-rich aronia berry powder or individual polyphenols representative of parent compounds or catabolites were applied to the basolateral media concurrently with IC. TEER was determined subsequently by chopstick electrode or continuous analysis. Permeability was determined by application of 4 kDa FITC-dextran or Lucifer yellow. Expression of tight junction proteins was assessed by qRT-PCR analysis. Application of the IC to differentiated Caco-2 cells routinely reduced TEER by ~40% within 24 h. Individual polyphenols representative of parent compounds or phenolic microbial catabolites at 100 μM did not inhibit IC reduction of TEER in Caco-2 cells. Whole aronia berry powder inhibited loss of TEER by ~50% at 24 h after application of the IC. Furthermore 5 mg/mL of aronia berry powder prevented an IC-induced barrier permeability of FITC-dextran and Lucifer yellow. After 12 h of IC treatment, Caco-2 cells had increased claudin 1 (CLDN1) relative to the untreated control. Application of aronia berry powder inhibited CLDN1 and also increased expression of zonula ocludens-1 (ZO-1) after 12 h. In summary, aronia berry, but not its microbiota-derived catabolites improved intestinal barrier function in a cellular model of chronic colonic inflammation. In this case, improved barrier function was associated with modulation of tight junction expression.
Online Optimal Release Time for Non-homogeneous Poisson Process Software Reliability Growth Model

A large number of software reliability growth models have been proposed in the literature. Many of these models have also been the subject of optimization problems, including the optimal release problem in which a decision-maker seeks to minimize cost by balancing the cost of testing with field failures. However, the majority of these optimal release formulations are either unused or untested. In many cases, researchers derive expressions and apply them to the complete set of failure data in order to identify the time at which cost was minimized, but this is clearly unusable, since it is not possible to go back in time to make a release decision. The only other implicit strategy implied by these optimal release formulations is to refit a model every time a failure occurs and to assess if the optimal release time has past or if additional testing should be performed.
“Hyperacute” Stroke Rehabilitation Care: Common Issues and Considerations

We provide a comprehensive review of current issues and treatment guidelines for stroke rehabilitation in the acute care setting. Neuroplasticity and stroke recovery have been found to start at the onset of injury. As a result, neurorehabilitation beginning in the acute care setting has emerged as a promising management strategy to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Specific treatment and rehabilitation protocols in the acute recovery phase include those that target motor recovery, spasticity, cognitive processes, nutrition, communication, and family dynamics. Stroke is currently the leading cause of adult disability in the USA and a prominent cause of death. When considering the aging population, it is clear that this disease will continue to grow in its economic, social, and personal costs over the coming years. Given the increasing knowledge on the neurobiology of stroke recovery, there has been an emerging role for early neurorehabilitation in the acute inpatient stroke setting. Many multidisciplinary early rehabilitation interventions have shown to improve patient outcomes; however, additional research is required to optimize patient care for patients with different stroke subtypes and varying degrees of illness severity.
If you don’t believe in God, do you at least believe in Aristotle? Evaluations of religious outgroup members hinge upon moral perceptions

Religious people tend to believe atheists are immoral. Although some work suggests that atheists themselves agree, such findings could also reflect symmetric ingroup bias in the moral domain, where...
Antenna Model Using Ideal Passive RF Components

This paper proposes a structurally simple and intuitively satisfying model for an arbitrary radio-frequency (RF) antenna. The paper first shows a simple mathematical mapping of a monochromatic source voltage signal to the empirically observed far-field vector electric field. The paper next isolates the proposed transmit-antenna model, relating its key features to ideal passive RF components. The paper then proposes a companion receive-antenna model based on the theoretical behavior of the transmit-antenna model’s ideal RF components. Finally, the paper validates the receive-antenna model by predicting the same polarization-mismatch loss traditionally obtained using the Poincare sphere.
A Tribute to Harold McIver Leich on His Retirement and on Being Accorded the 2019 ASEEES CLIR Distinguished Service Award

Harold M. Leich’s outstanding service as a Slavic librarian from 1969 to 2019 earned him the Distinguished Service Award of the Committee on Libraries and Information Resources, delivered during th...
Adapting Bovine Behavior to Improve Performance

The relationship between a stockman and his cattle will affect productivity. Quiet, gentle handling will reduce stress on animals and improve production. Dairy cattle and other livestock readily adapt to many handling procedures. This paper will review how livestock adapt to handling procedures and ways to reduce handling stress. Reducing stress is important because stresses imposed during handling can have a detrimental effect on reproduction, milk production, immune function and rumen function. Restraint, electric prods and other handling stresses lowered conception rates.69,38,70 Transportation and restraint stress reduced the immune function in cattle and pigs.44,5,53 Rumen function was impaired by transit stress.19 In the studies conducted by Galyean,19 Kelley,44 and Blecha,5 the stress imposed by transit had a greater detrimental effect on the animal's physiology than the stress of feed and water derivation for the same length of time. Handling sheep with dogs and transport and sorting two to three weeks after mating caused early embryonic losses.11
Gobind Behari Lal: The Gentle Indian Firebrand of American Science Journalism

Abstract Gobind Behari Lal was science editor (and science editor emeritus) of the Hearst groups San Francisco Examiner, New York American Weekly and Universal Service from 1925 to 1982. Lal's career spans the period when popularization of science was one of the recurring themes in American mass media. Despite the extensive research on science journalism in the United States, few studies mention Lal. Yet Lal's contribution is evident from his 1937 Pulitzer Prize for reporting, 1946 Westinghouse Award of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and 1958 American Medical Association Distinguished Layman Award. Based largely on Lal's oral history interviews, this biographical study addresses a gap in the historical literature on science writers in America.
1α,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Receptors in Intestine I. ASSOCIATION OF 1α,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL WITH INTESTINAL MUCOSA CHROMATIN

Abstract Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is known to be metabolized to 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, and this sterol is thought to be the active form of the vitamin. The present report shows that administration of increasing amounts of radioactive vitamin D3 to vitamin D-deficient chicks results in a saturable binding of 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to the intestinal chromatin that parallels saturation of the calcium absorption response. The appearance of 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the chromatin precedes the calcium absorption response by 2 to 8 hours after a physiologic dose of 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. This sterol also specifically associates with the chromatin fraction after incubation with intestinal mucosa homogenates in vitro. The chromatin fraction contains a finite number of binding sites for 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, and closely related sterols such as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in equal concentration do not bind to this fraction; however, displacement of the hormone from the receptor can be achieved by concentrations of cholecalciferol = dihydrotachysterol2 >> 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol g 25-hydroxycholecalciferol >> 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Pretreatment of rachitic chicks with unlabeled vitamin D3 or 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol reduced the subsequent binding of radioactive 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to the intestinal chromatin in vitro. It is concluded that localization of the apparent hormonal form of vitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, in the nucleus of the target tissue is probably involved in the physiologic response of calcium transport.
Fetal and neonatal iron deficiency but not copper deficiency increases vascular complexity in the developing rat brain.

Objectives: Anemia caused by nutritional deficiencies, such as iron and copper deficiencies, is a global health problem. Iron and copper deficiencies have their most profound effect on the developing fetus/infant, leading to brain development deficits and poor cognitive outcomes. Tissue iron depletion or chronic anemia can induce cellular hypoxic signaling. In mice, chronic hypoxia induces a compensatory increase in brain blood vessel outgrowth. We hypothesized that developmental anemia, due to iron or copper deficiencies, induces angiogenesis/vasculogenesis in the neonatal brain.Methods: To test our hypothesis, three independent experiments were performed where pregnant rats were fed iron- or copper-deficient diets from gestational day 2 through mid-lactation. Effects on the neonatal brain vasculature were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess mRNA levels of angiogenesis/vasculogenesis-associated genes and GLUT1 immunohistochemistry to assess brain blood vessel densi...
Dynamics of an Inhomogeneously Coarse Grained Multiscale System

To study material phenomena simultaneously at various length scales, descriptions in which matter can be coarse grained to arbitrary levels are necessary. Attempts to do this in the static regime (i.e., zero temperature) have already been developed. We present an approach that leads to a dynamics for such coarse grained models. This allows us to obtain temperature-dependent and transport properties. Renormalization group theory is used to create new local potential models between nodes, within the approximation of local thermodynamical equilibrium. Assuming that these potentials give an average description of node dynamics, we calculate thermal and mechanical properties. If this method can be sufficiently generalized it may form the basis of a multiscale molecular dynamics method with time and spatial coarse graining.
Towards a Constitution for the European Union

Debates on the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe form a great legal, political and socially inspiring event at an international level. Questions arise how non-European entities relate to the Union or whether this Constitution functions as a model for supranational institutions and an emerging legal system of 25 nations, each with their own Constitution. Those nations are pooling sovereignty and harmonizing their legal systems within the Union's Civil Law family. The unpredictability of referendums or parliamentary ratifications in Member States is not the result of precise knowledge of a text named Constitution, but of social and political beliefs based on ideological judgments in Member States. Inside and outside the Union exists the need for an informed opinion and correct information on the institutional framework embedding the text, which establishes the Treaty on a Constitution of the EU. First, the peculiar structure of the text is studied: this text is subject of a Treaty and named "Constitution" by contract. A "democratic deficit" exists where Union citizens are supposed to be consumers of law and lawmakers - any contract about naming and treating a text as "Constitution" finds its legitimacy in the political competence of the Member State citizens. That throws, secondly, a new light on the "demos-discussion" - since 1995 a debate about the question whether a Constitution must have a people, a "Volk" as its basis. There is no correspondence with any direct expressiveness of a people, so can one speak of "democracy" or should the plural "demoicracy" be used as proposed by Nicolaides? Is the EU Constitution a first "plural and poly-centered" constitution? This challenges the sovereign nation state concept and the image of citizens participating in such a State. A third paragraph focuses education in the Union as a force to change attitude and mentality of EU citizens. To educate means to create a difference through a educated appreciation of others - a necessary condition for the multicultural life in supranational EU institutions, supported by citizens who themselves grew up with emphasis on national goals and values. It is important to observe how materials for virtual education program, for instance paralleling languages and Union data, remain out of use, so that an overwhelming education deficit must be mentioned. A final paragraph explains how many social and political problems in the Union result from a clash between nation-bound and supranational perspectives. Does the EU Constitution survive that clash?
DSM Criteria for Tobacco Use Disorder and Tobacco Withdrawal: A Critique and Proposed Revisions for DSM-5

Aims This paper aims to identify appropriate criteria for tobacco dependence assessment, evaluate relevant research, and suggest revisions that may be incorporated into DSM-5.
Critical temperature and the Ginzberg-Landau theory of layered high-temperature superconductors

Using the mean-field approximation, we study a model for quasi-two-dimensional superconductors. The interlayer coupling, assumed to be mediated by a small electron-hopping term, is found to leave T c practically unaffected. Thus, a three-dimensional pairing mechanism is required to explain the observed rise in T c with decreasing average layer spacing in the Bi and Tl compounds. Taking the inhomogeneities of intrinsic or extrinsic nature into account, we find, in the dirty limit, corrections to the conventional anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau behavior—an upward curvature of the upper critical fields which appears to be a universal feature of layered superconductors.
Vertically Aligned Large-Diameter Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays Having Ultralow Density

We have selectively synthesized ultralow density (0.015 ± 0.002 g/cm3) double-walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) arrays. The low mass density is due to the large diameter and low-site density of DWNTs i...
Renormalized turbulence theory for the ion acoustic problem

Abstract Renormalized kinetic theory for the long range collective oscillations of turbulent plasmas is developed through infinite order summations of the interactions in the Vlasov-Poisson self-consistent field equations. Three levels of renormalized turbulence theory are derived, and the simply renormalized equations are solved for the problem of ion acoustic instability. The physical predictions of renormalized turbulence theory are discussed and used to interpret several experiments on ion acoustic turbulence.
Performance evaluation of an integrated photo-Fenton – Electrocoagulation process applied to pollutant removal from tannery effluent in batch system

Abstract The treatment of tannery industrial effluent (TIE) by integrating the widely used photo-Fenton and electrocoagulation (EC) processes was investigated. The optimization of the photo-Fenton process by using solar irradiation was made performing a full 3 3 factorial experimental design. An irradiation time of 120 min for the photo-Fenton reaction was more favorable to pollutant removal in acidic medium using Fe 2+ concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 0.5 g L −1 and H 2 O 2 concentrations ranging from 15 to 30 g L −1 . Nonetheless, a reduction in sludge production and a minimum residual content of hydrogen peroxide were attained within 540 min of irradiation time, with 0.4 g L −1 Fe 2+ and 15 g L −1 H 2 O 2 initial concentrations, with almost the same efficiency of COD, color, and turbidity removal obtained under the optimal experimental conditions. When the pretreated TIE samples were submitted to an EC process, the results of inorganic pollutants removal were better than with the conventional method (use of a combination of filtration, chemical coagulation, and sedimentation processes). In addition, the application of the integrated photo-Fenton and EC process for TIE treatment is cheaper than the conventional one. All the results showed that the integrated photo-Fenton and EC process could be applied as an efficient low-cost alternative treatment for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from tannery industrial effluent with a low environmental impact.
IFC soft: visual comparison of flow cytometry data using self-organizing maps

Using flow cytometry (FCM) technology, multi-faceted measurements can be taken of many individual particles, and thus is often used in tissue sample analysis. As the resulting data set can have over ten dimensions and millions of points, analysis can be complicated. Visualizing the data requires significantly reducing the number of dimensions or condensing the volume of the data. In studies using FCM data from multiple patients at multiple times, difficulties are compounded. We demonstrate IFC Soft, a program that uses Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) to visually analyze and compare FCM data. Taking pre-processed FCM data from a transplant study, we show how to use SOMs to select clusters of cells and then to find trends among different classes of patients.
On the conservatism of the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison procedure

Abstract Asymptotically correct confidence intervals for the Tukey-Kramer procedure are given for a limiting sample size configuration. It is conjectured that the procedure is the ‘most conservative’ for this configuration.
Properties of Current Algebra at Infinite Momentum

The sum rules of current algebra at infinite momentum can be considered as a system of coupled matrix equations, which we call the algebra of form factors. In addition to the equations following from sum rules, the form factors must also satisfy a complicated kinematic relation known as the angular condition. Presumably, the set of all hadron states (including the continuum) provides the basis for a representation of the algebra of form factors in which the angular condition is satisfied. It was conjectured by Dashen and Gell-Mann that a much smaller set of states containing only stable and resonant hadrons might also provide a representation. If this is true, the algebra of form factors could be used to predict many properties of hadrons. In the following paper, we attack the problem of finding a representation in which the angular condition is satisfied and in which all states have the same isospin. We obtain a large class of solutions which we suspect, but have not been able to prove, actually includes all solutions. None of our solutions has a physically acceptable mass spectrum. One purpose of the present paper is to discuss, in the proper physical context, the implications of the above-mentioned result. We discuss the algebra of form factors and the angular condition in detail, stressing those features which are general and not restricted to particular solutions. It is shown, for example, how one can incorporate additional equations following from the commutators of time components of currents with space components. We then consider the special problem of finding representations where all states have the same isospin. The relevance of this problem in the program of Dashen and Gell-Mann is discussed in detail.
Paediatric sudden death

Abstract Sudden death in children and adults differs in many ways. Some of these differences are: anatomical and physiological differences in the premorbid state, aetiology of the sudden death and the associated cardiac rhythm, chest compression technique, problems with vascular access, and the scientific data on which recommendations are based. Most paediatric cardiac arrests are secondary to profound hypoxia or asphyxia due to respiratory failure or circulatory shock. Prompt rescue breathing and chest compressions are the treatments of choice for asphyxial cardiac arrest. However, early in the asphyxial process, either rescue breathing alone or chest compressions alone is better than nothing. The frequency of ventricular fibrillation (VF) in children has been underestimated. Early electrocardiographical diagnosis and early defibrillation is the optimal approach. Adjunctive therapies for shock-resistant VF include maximizing coronary perfusion with intravenous epinephrine and anti-arrhythmic therapy with intravenous amiodarone. Many avenues of investigation deserve exploration to improve the dismal outcome from paediatric sudden death.
CYTOKINETIC ANALYSIS OF TUMOR GROWTH

The growth of cell populations rarely follows a constant and inexorable course. Rather, the over-all growth rate usually shifts in a characteristic fashion with times appropriate to the particular population: from rapid growth to slow growth and even on occasion to no growth or negative growth. The reasons for this are far from clear. Population growth represents the summation of birth and death or loss functions. Knowledge of the fine structure of the growth pattern of a cell population may therefore provide important insight about the nature of rate-controlling factors. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the cytokinetic basis for the change in growth rate as a tumor increases in size. It was found in earlier work with ascites tumors of mice' -3 that the growth pattern appeared to be a function mainly of the total number of free tumor cells. The initial, comparatively brief phase of rapid cell proliferation was followed by a progressive deceleration toward an asymptote. Several factors may contribute to growth deceleration: (1) a progressive increase in duration of the mitotic cell cycle; (2) a gradual decline in the growth fraction; and (3) an increase in the rate of cell loss by either cell death or migration. Although some attention has been given to the mitotic cycle4-8 and the growth fraction9-'2 during tumor development, the precise connection of the cytokinetic variables noted above to the over-all growth curve has not been established.
Probability of unique integer solution to a system of linear equations

Abstract We consider a system of m linear equations in n variables Ax = d and give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique solution to the system that is integer: x ∈ {−1, 1}n. We achieve this by reformulating the problem as a linear program and deriving necessary and sufficient conditions for the integer solution to be the unique primal optimal solution. We show that as long as m is larger than n/2, then the linear programming reformulation succeeds for most instances, but if m is less than n/2, the reformulation fails on most instances. We also demonstrate that these predictions match the empirical performance of the linear programming formulation to very high accuracy.
Gauging popular support for traffic safety in the United States

Abstract Background Recent concerns have been raised about the United States’ “Traffic Safety Culture.” While the “safety culture” construct has been studied in occupational settings, it appears that no assessments of national traffic safety culture have been published in the scientific literature. Purpose To assess whether current public attitudes and behaviors support traffic safety advancement in the United States. Methods A mail survey containing items that had been endorsed by traffic safety experts was fielded to a nationally representative sample of U.S. households in 2009. Completed surveys were returned by 46% of recipients. Results Mean ratings indicated that respondents support a majority of the items that were developed to reflect positive Traffic Safety Culture. They “neither agreed nor disagreed,” however, with 43% of pro-safety statements. The item that was mostly highly rated by subjects suggested that “the whole key to road safety” lies in educating drivers. When items were grouped by topic, those which focused on the control of alcohol-impaired driving were most popular. Female respondents and older respondents demonstrated more support for traffic safety advancement. Conclusions The U.S. public appears to be favorably disposed to traffic safety but their support is not uniform across topics or population subgroups. Their responses also suggest they may not know or like some of the evidence-based recommendations being promoted by traffic safety experts. Future research should explore the bases for public resistance to policies and practices that have been shown to save lives.
Effects of morphine on myenteric plexus neurones.

Abstract Intracellular recordings were made from neurones in the isolated myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum. Approximately 50% of neurones responded to bath application of normorphine (10 nM−1 μM) with an immediate hyperpolarization. The hyperpolarization was usually associated with a fall in membrane resistance. The effect reversed on washing out the normorphine and was prevented by the addition of the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (50–100 nM). It is suggested that the membrane hyperpolarization may be the basis for the inhibitory effects of morphine on neurone firing rates which have been reported both in the myenteric plexus and the central nervous system.
ORIGIN OF QUANTUM INDETERMINISM AND IRREVERSIBILITY OF MEASUREMENTS

Analysis of directly measurable subsystems of quantum systems (i.e., prepared and measured observable, parameters of symmetry transformations), based on the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen definition of physical reality, shows that such subsystems cannot be deterministic. This effect is not specifically quantum: a physically different but mathematically similar situation arises in classical decision-making systems obeying classical logic. Direct consequences of this phenomenon are nonclassical behavior of probabilities and irreversibility of measurements (or decisions).
Organizing Parent-Teacher Relations Around the Work of Teaching.

For as long as most educators can remember, public education in the United States has been undergoing reform. In just the 14 years that have passed since the publication of the highly critical report, A Nation at Risk (U.S. Department of Education, 1983), three "waves" of reform are reported to have washed over public schools. The use of waves as a metaphor for recent educational reform efforts is fitting. After all, from the perspective of most people, waves rise at sea, toss ships and wash ashore, but generally do not significantly disrupt the lives of sailors and seaside dwellers. Like waves, educational reform has originated largely in the external environment of schools, drawn attention and resources, but, in the end, hardly affected the core of the educational enterprise, namely teaching and learning. The impetus for reform in public education has come largely from the nation's institutional environment, an environment shaped by government
Covenants and Criticism: Deuteronomy and the American Founding:

In its application of biblical historical criticism to the American founding, this analysis departs from traditional scholarship and the textual measure of biblical influence. Moving beyond the tex...
Computing Vassiliev's invariants

Abstract We give an explicit algorithm for computing all of Vassiliev's knot invariants of order ⩽ n, which has been implemented on a computer. In giving a justification of the algorithm, we obtain a simple proof of the sufficiency of the topological 1-term and 4-term relations. We use an example of Taniyama to show that two singular knot diagrams with the same configuration cannot always be made isotopic by crossing changes alone.
Effect of smoking cessation and relapse on cardiovascular levels and reactivity.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of smoking cessation on heart rate, blood pressure, and finger temperature absolute levels and reactivity to a range of laboratory challenges. The 148 quitters (mean age=43.3 years, mean amount smoked=24.9 cigarettes per day, mean years smoked=25.2) completed three assessments: an average of 4±2.8 days before cessation (Exam 1), an average of 2±1.0 days after cessation (Exam 2), and an average of 20±5.5 days after cessation (Exam 3). A nonsmoking group (n=39) was similarly assessed three times to control for effects related to repeated testing. Comparison of group changes from Exam 1 to Exam 2 indicated that smoking cessation produced a significant decrease in heart rate during rest and during all stressors (mean=−8.9 bpm). Those quitters who remained abstinent or smoked occasionally showed minimal changes in heart rate from Exam 2 to Exam 3, but those quitters who returned to their previous smoking level showed a significant increase in heart rate from Exam 2 to Exam 3. None of the indices of cardiovascular reactivity changed across exams, and neither did absolute levels of blood pressure or finger temperature at rest or during stressors. The possible mechanisms producing a selective heart rate decline after smoking cessation in the absence of pressor or vasodilation effects are discussed.
It's Long-Term Stressors That Take a Toll: Comment on Cohen et al. (1998)

In an extremely well-controlled study, Cohen et al. (1998) add to prior knowledge of stress-illness relationships by showing that self-reports of stress occurrence and duration of 1 month or more, rather than estimates of stressor severity, predict susceptibility to experimentally induced colds (i.e., viral replication and cold symptoms). Although ruling out obvious behavioral and personality factors as causes of the association of stressors to colds, they were unable to identify mediational immune factors, a deficit attributable to the difficulty of assessing the multi-layered, dynamic physiological processes within the bidirectional connections of the nervous (stress) and immune systems. The findings provide an interesting complement to data, showing that people use stressor duration in evaluating the illness implications of somatic symptoms (Cameron et al., 1995), and suggest caution with regard to overestimating the prevalence of stress-induced colds in natural settings.
US developments in the ultrasonic examination of pressure vessels

Abstract This paper summarizes the status of advanced concepts considered appropriate for reactor pressure vessel inspection. Advanced systems discussed include high speed ultrasonic data recording and processing system (UDRPS), a computer-based flaw discrimination system (ALN 4060) and two ultrasonic holography systems. Progress made in ultrasonic propagation modeling, including crack-tip diffraction, is covered. Comments are also given on system performance evaluations and regulatory and code issues.
Bacteriochlorophyll a in the ocean: Is anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis important?

Some groups of marine bacteria within the Α-proteobacteria are capable of anoxygenic photosynthesis in oxic environments. Their primary photosynthetic pigment is bacteriochlorophyll a (BacChl a). The impact of these bacteria on flows of energy and carbon in the ocean has been difficult to ascertain in the past. Recently, however, Kolber et al. (2001) reported that such bacteria are abundant in the upper ocean and that these might contribute significantly to photosynthetically driven electron transport since measured and inferred ratios of BacChl a and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were about 0.8% in coastal environments and as high as 10% in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific. The authors suggested that the globally averaged BacChl a/Chl a ratio could be as high as 5 to 10%. To determine whether such high values are representative of other marine environments, concentrations of BacChl a were measured in samples collected in eutrophic nearshore and mesotrophic and oligotrophic offshore environments off Southern California. The average BacChl a/Chl a ratio was 1.1% in nearshore and 0.5% in mesotrophic shelf and oligotrophic offshore environments. Assuming that rates of photosynthesis scale with concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, these data suggest that the contribution of BacChl a driven anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis to energy production in coastal eutrophic and offshore oligotrophic areas of the California current system is small, substantially smaller than the suggested global average of 5 to 10%.
Detrital Magnetite as a Provenance Indicator

ABSTRACT Detrital magnetite grains carry unique petrographic and chemical fingerprints that can be used in provenance research. Petrographic analysis of 2,941 detrital magnetite grains in Holocene sands from felsic plutonic and volcanic, intermediate volcanic, mafic plutonic and volcanic and metamorphosed mafic/ultramafic parent rocks has found that 58% are polymineralic. Polymineralic detrital magnetite grains are most common in sands derived from felsic volcanic, mafic plutonic, and metamorphosed mafic/ ultramafic parent rocks. Sands from felsic volcanic parent rocks are characterized by grains with composite- or trellis-type magnetite-ilmenite intergrowths (c/(c + t) > 0.5), whereas sands from marie plutonic and metamorphosed mafic/ultramafic parent rocks are characterized by grains with exsolved pleonaste or ulvospinel. Monomineralic (homogeneous) grains are characteristic of sands derived from felsic plutonic and intermediate volcanic sources. Sands from mafic volcanic sources are characterized by a 1:1 relationship between polymineralic (grains with trellis- or composite-type magnetite-ilmenite intergrowths, (c/(c + t) < 0.5) and monomineralic grains. A ternary plot, with homogeneous grains, grains with trellis- or composite-type magnetite-ilmenite intergrowths, and grains with exsolved pleonaste or ulvOspinel as corners, successfully grouped grains from these parent rocks into fields with minimum overlap. Electron probe microanalysis of 433 homogeneous grains identified the presence of a chemical fingerprint. Step-wise discriminant function analysis found that TiO2, MgO, V2O3, and Al2O3 could best discriminate between detrital magnetite grains from felsic plutonic and volcanic, intermediate volcanic, and mafic plutonic parent rocks. Within this control set, detrital magnetite grains were correctly classified 98% of the time. However, grains from mafic volcanic and metamorphosed mafic/ultramafic sources were not chemically distinct, emphasizing the importance of integrating petrographic and chemical analyses in provenance research.