cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling metastable native point-defect populations in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 materials and solar cells through voltage-bias annealing

This contribution describes the influence of low-temperature annealing with and without applied voltage bias on thin-film Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe), Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS), and CdS material properties and solar cell performance. To quantify the effects of cation disorder on CZTSe device performance, completed devices were annealed under open-circuit conditions at various temperatures from 110 °C to 215 °C and subsequently quenched. Measurements on these devices document systematic, reversible changes in solar-cell performance consistent with a reduction in CZTSe band tails at lower annealing temperatures. CIGS and CZTSe solar cells were also annealed at various temperatures (200 °C for CIGS and 110 °C–215 °C for CZTSe) and subsequently quenched with continuously applied voltage bias to explore the effects of non-equilibrium annealing conditions. For both absorbers, large reversible changes in device characteristics correlated with the magnitude and sign of the applied voltage bias were observed. For CZTSe devices, ...
Partisan Selective Sharing: The Biased Diffusion of Fact-Checking Messages on Social Media

Using large Twitter datasets collected during the 2012 U.S. presidential election, we examined how partisanship shapes patterns of sharing and commenting on candidate fact-check rulings. Our results indicate that partisans selectively share fact-checking messages that cheerlead their own candidate and denigrate the opposing party's candidate, resulting in an ideologically narrow flow of fact checks to their followers. We also find evidence of hostile media perception in users' public accusations of bias on the part of fact-checking organizations. Additionally, Republicans showed stronger outgroup negativity and hostility toward fact checkers than Democrats. These findings help us understand “selective sharing” as a complementary process to selective exposure, as well as identifying asymmetries between partisans in their sharing practices.
Drought, Local Institutional Contexts, and Support for Violence in Kenya:

We address two questions on the effects of climate change for social instability. First, do droughts and their associated environmental impacts affect support for the use of violence? Second, do local-level formal and informal institutions moderate support for violence when and where droughts worsen? To answer these questions, we conducted a national survey of 1,400 Kenyans in 2014. Respondents were asked about patterns of rainfall and the presence of rules regulating natural resource use and access. Survey data are joined to spatially disaggregated observed rainfall trends. The survey uses endorsement experiments to elicit honest responses about support for using violence. There is some evidence of a direct, though limited, link between observed drought and violent attitudes. Certain local-level natural resource use rules have moderating effects on support for violence where drought is reported and precipitation is less frequent. This conditional and contextual effect is an important modification of over...
Islam and the tyranny of authenticity: an inquiry into disciplinary apologetics and self-deception, by Aaron W. Hughes, Sheffield, UK and Bristol, CT, Equinox, 2015, xviii + 143 pp., US$29.95 (paperback), ISBN 978 781 179217 9

Islam and the Tyranny of Authenticity is Aaron Hughes’s third book devoted to a critique of the study of Islam within departments of religious studies in North America. The first two books, Situati...
Intimate partner violence and contraception in Pakistan: Results from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012–13

Abstract This study examined the association between reports of IPV and the use of contraceptives among a sample of 658 women from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012–13. Sample characteristics, bivariate associations, and multivariate analyses were conducted. Three types of IPV were examined as predictors of different types of contraceptive use/intention. Results from multinomial logistic regressions indicated that if lifetime prevalence of physical violence, past-year physical violence, and emotional violence increased by one unit each, the relative risk for using modern methods of contraception increased significantly by a factor of 3.15, 2.75 and 3.44 respectively. If lifetime prevalence of physical violence and past-year physical violence increased by one unit each, the relative risk for using traditional methods of contraception increased significantly by a factor of 4.02 and 2.34. If lifetime prevalence of physical violence and emotional violence increased by one unit each, the relative risk for intending to use contraceptives increased significantly by a factor of 2.42 and 1.97 respectively. Policy and practice implications are discussed.
Obesity, Osteoarthritis and Aging: The Biomechanical Links

Obesity increases osteoarthritis (OA) risk in both knee and hand joints, although the greatest impact is on the knee. The accelerated onset of OA that occurs with obesity has major health and financial consequences for individuals and society. Thus, it is critical to understand how obesity increases the risk of OA to develop effective strategies to prevent disease onset and/or slow disease progression. Obesity alters knee joint loading by increasing the knee adduction moment; however, it is difficult to predict how obesity affects the local cartilage mechanical environment because obesity alters joint loading frequency, magnitude, and duration both positively and negatively depending on the anatomical location and time-scale of analysis. In particular, obesity is associated with significant reductions in overall physical activity levels. Recent advances in the use of MRI to quantify in vivo diurnal strains provide a new approach for identifying the net effect of obesity on articular cartilage deformation. A growing number of clinical and animal studies indicate a role for systemic factors, such as high dietary fat and excess adiposity, in increasing OA risk. Adipose tissue secretes immunoregulatory molecules called adipokines, which are increasingly recognized for their ability to perturb joint tissue homeostasis. However, identifying a specific role for systemic inflammatory factors in knee OA pathogenesis is not well understood due to the challenge of isolating the biomechanical aspects of aging and obesity from the inflammatory changes. Identifying the role of adipokines in modifying OA risk is expected to require a better understanding of the connection between (1) systemic and local joint inflammation, and (2) the interaction of inflammatory and biomechanical signaling pathways. In this chapter, we review how changes in biomechanical stimulation associated with obesity and aging may increase OA risk by modifying cartilage susceptibility to inflammation and oxidative stress-mediated catabolic pathways.
When Should We Use Unit Fixed Effects Regression Models for Causal Inference with Longitudinal Data

Many researchers use unit fixed effects regression models as their default methods for causal inference with longitudinal data. We show that the ability of these models to adjust for unobserved time‐invariant confounders comes at the expense of dynamic causal relationships, which are permitted under an alternative selection‐on‐observables approach. Using the nonparametric directed acyclic graph, we highlight two key causal identification assumptions of unit fixed effects models: Past treatments do not directly influence current outcome, and past outcomes do not affect current treatment. Furthermore, we introduce a new nonparametric matching framework that elucidates how various unit fixed effects models implicitly compare treated and control observations to draw causal inference. By establishing the equivalence between matching and weighted unit fixed effects estimators, this framework enables a diverse set of identification strategies to adjust for unobservables in the absence of dynamic causal relationships between treatment and outcome variables. We illustrate the proposed methodology through its application to the estimation of GATT membership effects on dyadic trade volume.
Controlling the Narrative: A Comparative Examination of Gendered Publishing Trends in the SCA and Beyond

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between gender and authorship in conference presentations and publications as a lens to examine current disciplinary sociopolitics and the relative co...
PROMOTING PEACE BY EDUCATING GLOBALLY COMPETENT ENGINEERS

Engineering education focuses on finding solutions to societal challenges. The phenomenon of globalization continues to relax the societal boundaries. Communication technologies have shrunk the distances through increased connectivity. Flow of information around the globe is almost instant. The world has essentially become a global village. The concept of society and societal challenges continue to evolve. Engineers frequently find themselves working in multinational projects and multinational teams. Understanding and respecting various cultures must of an integral part of training engineers to be effective in such environments. It is, therefore, essential to produce engineers with global competencies which include respect for diversity, difference of opinions, ethics, and multicultural social skills. When put in practice, these aspects bring tranquility, lead to social justice, and eventually to a peaceful world. This paper discusses a process to produce globally competent engineers with skills to promote peace. The paper includes curricular changes necessary to impart global competencies.
A base-modulated chemoselective synthesis of 3-cyanoindoles or 4-cyanoquinolines using a palladium-catalyzed N-heterocyclization

Abstract A selective methodology for the synthesis of either 3-cyanoindoles or 4-cyanoquinolines via a base-modulated palladium-catalyzed reductive N-heterocyclization from a common 1-cyano-1-(2-nitrophenyl)-1-alkene precursor is described. The required starting materials were prepared either by a Kosugi–Migita–Stille coupling of 2-halo-1-nitrobenzenes with a tributyl(1-alkenyl)stannane or by a vicarious nucleophilic substitution (VNS) of nitrobenzenes followed by a Knoevenagel condensation with an aldehyde.
Robert A. Millikan and the Undergraduate Physics Laboratory

Ask a physics person what the name of Robert A. Millikan brings to mind, and most would immediately think of the eponymous experiments that he did with the charge on the electron in the years 1908 to 1913. A few might remember his work, starting in 1914, with the experimental determination of Planck’s constant using the photoelectric effect. Few will remember his work with bringing experiment into the education of undergraduate physics students in the early years of the 20th century. In this paper I will show how he achieved this by examining the numerous textbooks that he wrote.
High-silica /greater than 60%/ lunar glasses in an Apollo 14 soil sample - Evidence for silicic lunar volcanism

The major-element compositions of 93 low-specific-gravity (less than 2.60) high-silica (greater than 60%) glass particles from a sample of lunar fines (14259,20) were determined by electron microprobe analyses. The size, shape, abundance, mineralogy, and major-element composition of more than 60% of the high-silica glasses is consistent with their being fragments of interstitial glass from mare basalts. However, one group of 30 glasses with between 72% and 78% SiO2 and an average of approximately 2.6% FeO can be distinguished from other high-silica glasses both chemically and petrographically. Glass particles with this composition do not contain crystalline inclusions and are fairly homogeneous not only within a single particle but also from particle to particle. The chemistry and petrology of these glasses suggest that they are not fragments of interstitial glass or shock-melted particles from a 'granitic' source rock. Rather, the homogeneity and lack of crystalline inclusions suggest that this group of high-silica glasses was the product of lunar acidic volcanism.
Developing Surgical Teams: Theory

Although excellence in the care of a surgical patient depends in part on the medical knowledge and technical skill of the surgeon, such attributes are not necessarily sufficient. In addition, the expert functioning of the teams working with the surgeon in the perioperative setting is critical to a successful outcome. Developing highly reliable surgical teams, therefore, is essential for safe, effective patient care. Unfortunately, more often than not, surgical teamwork falls short of this ideal. For the surgical educator, the challenge thus becomes overcoming ingrained patterns of detrimental behavior among practicing clinicians and inculcating students in team-based competencies that will improve the quality of care. (S)he can meet such a challenge by adopting human factors (HF) principles when teaching and training inter-professional teams. The next two chapters will discuss how to develop such an approach by first addressing the theoretical underpinnings of HF concepts in the present chapter, then by demonstrating applications of these concepts to promote highly reliable team function in general and using a specific example. In doing so, they will combine to address the following objectives: (1) discussing the role of HF in promoting safe surgical care, (2) applying HF concepts to develop highly reliable surgical teams, and (3) illustrating such an application through a discussion of the development of simulation-based team training in surgery at LSU Health New Orleans Health Sciences Center.
Characterizing the phenomenology of passive suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, correlates, and comparisons with active suicidal ideation.

BackgroundCompared to active ideation, passive ideation remains relatively understudied and its clinical importance poorly defined. The weight that should be accorded passive ideation in clinical risk assessment is therefore unclear.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of passive ideation, its psychiatric comorbidity, associated sociodemographic characteristics, as well as psychological and environmental correlates. For reference, pooled effects were also calculated for direct comparisons of passive and active ideation with respect to potential correlates. Relevant articles published since inception to 9 September 2019 were identified through a systematic search of MEDLINE and PsycINFO.ResultsA total of 86 studies were included in this review. The prevalence of passive ideation was high across sample types, ranging from 5.8% for 1-year prevalence to 10.6% for lifetime prevalence in the general population. Passive ideation was strongly associated with sexual minority status, psychiatric comorbidity, psychological characteristics implicated in risk, and suicide attempts. Preliminary evidence exists for a large association with suicide deaths. The effect sizes for individual correlates of passive and active ideation were largely equivalent and mostly non-significant in head-to-head comparisons.ConclusionsPassive ideation is a prevalent clinical phenomenon associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity. Current evidence also suggests notable similarities exist between passive and active ideation in terms of psychiatric comorbidity and psychological and other characteristics traditionally associated with risk.
The CMS State Innovation Models Initiative and Improved Health Information Technology and Care Management Capabilities of Physician Practices.

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ (CMS) State Innovation Models (SIMs) initiative funded 17 states to implement health care payment and delivery system reforms to improve health syste...
Reionization on Large Scales IV: Predictions for the 21 cm signal incorporating the light cone effect

We present predictions for the 21 cm brightness temperature power spectrum during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). We discuss the implications of the "light cone" effect, which incorporates evolution of the neutral hydrogen fraction and 21 cm brightness temperature along the line of sight. Using a novel method calibrated against radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, we model the neutral hydrogen density field and 21 cm signal in large volumes ($L = 2$ Gpc/$h$). The inclusion of the light cone effect leads to a relative decrease of about 50% in the 21 cm power spectrum on all scales. We also find that the effect is more prominent at the midpoint of reionization and later. The light cone effect also can introduce an anisotropy along the line of sight. By decomposing the 3D power spectrum into components perpendicular to and along the line of sight, we find that in our fiducial reionization model, there is no significant anisotropy. However, parallel modes can contribute up to 40% more power for shorter reionization scenarios. The scales on which the light cone effect is relevant are comparable to scales where one measures the baryon acoustic oscillation. We argue that due to its large comoving scale and introduction of anisotropy, the light cone effect is important when considering redshift space distortions and future application to the Alcock-Paczynski test for the determination of cosmological parameters.
Conformation of the von Willebrand factor/factor VIII complex in quasi-static flow.

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a plasma glycoprotein that circulates noncovalently bound to blood coagulation factor VIII (fVIII). VWF is a population of multimers composed of a variable number of ∼280 kDa monomers that is activated in shear flow to bind collagen and platelet glycoprotein Ibα. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, small-angle neutron scattering, and theoretical studies have produced a model in which the conformation of VWF under static conditions is a compact, globular “ball-of-yarn,” implying strong, attractive forces between monomers. We performed sedimentation velocity (SV) analytical ultracentrifugation measurements on unfractionated VWF/fVIII complexes. There was a 20% per mg/ml decrease in the weight-average sedimentation coefficient, sw, in contrast to the ∼1% per mg/ml decrease observed for compact globular proteins. SV and dynamic light scattering measurements were performed on VWF/fVIII complexes fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography to obtain sw values and z-average diffusion coefficients, Dz. Molecular weights estimated using these values in the Svedberg equation ranged from 1.7 to 4.1 MDa. Frictional ratios calculated from Dz and molecular weights ranged from 2.9 to 3.4, in contrast to values of 1.1–1.3 observed for globular proteins. The Mark–Houwink–Kuhn–Sakurada scaling relationships between sw, Dz and molecular weight, s = k ′ M a s and D = k ″ M a D , yielded estimates of 0.51 and –0.49 for as and aD, respectively, consistent with a random coil, in contrast to the as value of 0.65 observed for globular proteins. These results indicate that interactions between monomers are weak or nonexistent and that activation of VWF is intramonomeric.
Directly Probing the Local Coordination, Charge State, and Stability of Single Atom Catalysts by Advanced Electron Microscopy: A Review.

The drive for atom efficient catalysts with carefully controlled properties has motivated the development of single atom catalysts (SACs), aided by a variety of synthetic methods, characterization techniques, and computational modeling. The distinct capabilities of SACs for oxidation, hydrogenation, and electrocatalytic reactions have led to the optimization of activity and selectivity through composition variation. However, characterization methods such as infrared and X-ray spectroscopy are incapable of direct observations at atomic scale. Advances in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) including aberration correction, monochromators, environmental TEM, and micro-electro-mechanical system based in situ holders have improved catalysis study, allowing researchers to peer into regimes previously unavailable, observing critical structural and chemical information at atomic scale. This review presents recent development and applications of TEM techniques to garner information about the location, bonding characteristics, homogeneity, and stability of SACs. Aberration corrected TEM imaging routinely achieves sub-Angstrom resolution to reveal the atomic structure of materials. TEM spectroscopy provides complementary information about local composition, chemical bonding, electronic properties, and atomic/molecular vibration with superior spatial resolution. In situ/operando TEM directly observe the evolution of SACs under reaction conditions. This review concludes with remarks on the challenges and opportunities for further development of TEM to study SACs.
Insurance Coverage of Facial Gender Affirmation Surgery: A Review of Medicaid and Commercial Insurance.

ObjectiveTo provide a portrait of gender affirmation surgery (GAS) insurance coverage across the United States, with attention to procedures of the head and neck.Study DesignSystematic review.Setti...
Monumental geophysics: J. Clarence Karcher and the reflection method

Abstract You might miss the monument sitting in front of the Belle Isle Library on the outskirts of Oklahoma City if driving by or walking hurriedly past. In the grass between the library and a sid...
Accumulation and Its Discontents: Migration and Nativism in Marx’s Capital and Late Manuscripts

Migration by displaced workers and anti-migrant nativism have a long history. Marx was much more actively engaged in understanding that history, which was assuming global proportions when Capital appeared in 1867, than scholars have typically realized. That becomes particularly clear when we examine Marx’s late manuscripts, which he drafted for the volumes of Capital he was unable to finish in his lifetime. What we learn from these extraordinary manuscripts is that Marx was immersing himself in the study of trends which remain central to globalized capitalism. He was keenly attuned, in particular, to the growth of trade, money, and industry amid a planetary mosaic of cultures, some of which, he stressed, resisted the entry of capital, while others were too frail to resist. Marx had always been alive to the ‘solvent effects’ of the world market on the world’s cultures, but he became increasingly absorbed by that topic as capital radiated outward from Europe. His late manuscripts—including the famous ‘ethnological notebooks’, of which I am editing an English-language edition—give fresh life and specificity to his thinking on this subject. Drafted in 1877–1882, when Marx writing about capital accumulation for Capital Vol. 2, these manuscripts explore the many ways in which—in India, Algeria, Egypt, and elsewhere—peasants and artisans who were exposed to capital’s ‘dissolving,’ ‘destructive’ influence were suspended in a social vacuum, dispossessed and vulnerable, with neither land nor work. Many had no choice but to emigrate, which gave them a new kind of vulnerability—exposure to the ire of nativist workers. Marx’s manuscripts trace the early stages of this hard new reality.
Reversible Mitochondrial ATPase as a Model for the Resolution of a Membrane Complex

Quite early David Green coined the term “repeating unit” to express his concept of the self-contained nature of the ATPase enzyme and the electron transfer complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Like many of David’s concepts it underwent many contortions over the years, but in essence it stood the test of time. In the case of the ATPase it provided a basis for rationalization of the multiplicity of “factors” (“coupling,” “energy transfer,” etc.) as components of the overall ATPase complex.
The Anthropology of Welfare

The Anthropology of Welfare. Iain R. Edgar and Andrew Russell. eds. New York: Routledge, 1998. 268 pp.
DOING GOOD TO FEEL GOOD- A THEORY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTION BASED IN HEDONIC PSYCHOLOGY

What drives entrepreneurs despite lower financial returns and various setbacks? Researchers have mainly studied why entrepreneurs deviate from optimal decisions; risk propensity, optimism, and overconfidence represent such factors. We offer another perspective to capture the drivers of entrepreneurship, using a hedonic psychology framework. We analyzed entrepreneurs’ blog diaries and examined a series of decisions and their contexts. We suggest that entrepreneurs make rational decisions to maximize their happiness and well-being, and they engage in certain activities to manipulate their happiness level. This study contributes to entrepreneurship research by suggesting alternative drivers of entrepreneurship: contentment and happiness.
Determining the Effects of High Intensity Ultrasound on the Reduction of Microbes in Milk and Orange Juice Using Response Surface Methodology

This study investigated the effects of high intensity ultrasound (temperature, amplitude, and time) on the inactivation of indigenous bacteria in pasteurized milk, Bacillus atrophaeus spores inoculated into sterile milk, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculated into sterile orange juice using response surface methodology. The variables investigated were sonication temperature (range from 0 to 84°C), amplitude (range from 0 to 216 μm), and time (range from 0.17 to 5 min) on the response, log microbe reduction. Data were analyzed by statistical analysis system software and three models were developed, each for bacteria, spore, and yeast reduction. Regression analysis identified sonication temperature and amplitude to be significant variables on microbe reduction. Optimization of the inactivation of microbes was found to be at 84.8°C, 216 μm amplitude, and 5.8 min. In addition, the predicted log reductions of microbes at common processing conditions (72°C for 20 sec) using 216 μm amplitude were computed. The experimental responses for bacteria, spore, and yeast reductions fell within the predicted levels, confirming the accuracy of the models.
Mouse Hepatitis Viral Infection, Adrenal, Mouse

Mice that are ill or dying from mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection may have gross lesions in a number of organs, depending upon the infecting virus strain and a number of host factors. Livers may be diffusely pale, have random depressed white spots and petechiae, or be roughly nodular with depression of intervening parenchyma. Hepatitis may be accompanied by small amounts of peritoneal exudate. Mice infected with enterotropic strains may have dilated, fluid- and gasfilled intestines with thin, translucent walls. The spleen may be enlarged and the thymus reduced. The majority of infections in adult, immunocompetent mice are asymptomatic, with no gross lesions (Barthold 1987; Barthold et al. 1982, 1985; Biggers et al. 1964; Hierholzer et al. 1979; Piazza 1969). Depending upon infecting virus strain, athymic nude mice may develop wasting syndrome with neurological signs, hepatic lesions and splenomegaly (Hirano et al. 1975; Sebesteny and Hill 1974; Tamura et al. 1977). Nude mice infected with enterotropic strains of virus may have no overt disease or segmental thickening of the bowel wall, particularly the cecum and ascending colon, and mesenteric lymph node enlargement without hepatitis (Barthold et al. 1985).
Endorphins, Eating Disorders, and Other Addictive Behaviors

This book presents a new approach to anorexia nervosa and bulimia, providing a full explanatory understanding for these enigmatic conditions. The author demonstrates that eating disorders and many other obsessively pursued behaviours are addictions to endorphins, hormones produced by the brain. Treatment derived from this understanding involves learning about the addictive process, cognitive-behavioural strategies for withdrawal and psychotherapy for the underlying depression and anxiety.
Making change and finding repfigits: balancing a knapsack

We will discuss knapsack problems that arise in certain computational number theory settings. A common theme is that the search space for the standard real relaxation is large; in a sense this translates to a poor choice of variables. Lattice reduction methods have been developed in the past few years to improve handling of such problems. We show explicitly how they may be applied to computation of Frobenius instances, Keith numbers (also called “repfigits”), and as a first step in computation of Frobenius numbers.
Marginal donor use in patients undergoing heart transplantation with left ventricular assist device explantation

Background The use of continuous flow (CF) left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) as a bridge to orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) has increased. This study examined survival outcomes after CF-LVAD explantation and OHT using marginal donors. Methods Adults undergoing OHT with or without LVAD explant using marginal donors between 2007 and 2014 were identified in the Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients database. A previously validated donor risk score was used to define marginal donors. Patients were stratified into four groups based on utilization of a marginal donor with or without LVAD explantation at OHT. Graft survival was analyzed at 1 and 5 years. Results Overall, 7,798 patients with OHT were analyzed. Whereas 1,862 patients (24%) underwent direct OHT utilizing marginal donors, only 626 patients (30% [group A]) underwent OHT with LVAD explant (HeartMate II [Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA], n =581, 93%; HVAD [HeartWare, Framingham, MA], n = 45, 7%) and 1,236 (70%) underwent direct OHT (group B). Standard donors were utilized for 2,334 patients with CF-LVAD explant (group C), and 3,602 patients underwent direct OHT (group D). Utilization of marginal donors in patients undergoing LVAD explantation was associated with decreased posttransplant graft survival ( p p Conclusions Utilization of marginal donors in patients undergoing CF-LVAD explantation and OHT is associated with reduced early and late graft survival. These findings support cautionary use of marginal donors in patients bridged with CF-LVAD.
The debate over eponyms.

Traditionally, important clinical or anatomic discoveries were labeled with the discoverer's name, to serve as both a means to recognize and reward the discoverer's contribution to the field but also because scientific names were often harder to remember and more difficult to communicate. Eponyms have been pervasive throughout anatomy and medicine over the last few centuries. Recently, some experts have argued that eponyms harbor significant limitations and have become antiquated. For instance, some eponyms fail to convey the characteristic findings associated with the disease or structure for which they are associated and eponyms are often times variable based on country and journal and in the grammatical form that is used. In fact, some individuals are going so far as to call for the removal of eponyms from published medical literature and medical textbooks going forward. In this article, we explore the arguments for and against the continued use of eponyms within medical education and practice, so that readers may understand both sides of the debate. Clin. Anat. 27:1137-1140, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear Level Densities in Astrophysics

The use of statistical nuclear level densities in astrophysics is briefly reviewed. Particular attention is given to the role of nuclear level density formulae in cross-section calculations for nucleosynthesis studies and to the effects of an assumed Fermi-gas model upon the properties of matter at very high temperature. The use of β-strength functions in astrophysics is also briefly summarized.
Supermarket access and consumer well‐being: The case of Pathmark in Harlem

Purpose – To extend the research stream that, in the UK and USA has linked supermarket access to consumer diet by focusing on Pathmark, a supermarket chain that operates in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the square footage allocated to fresh produce, fish, meats, snack foods, soft drinks and similar items in Pathmark's Harlem store, and the pricing and promotion of those various foods. It also reviews news accounts of the controversy leading to the selection of Pathmark as the operator of a second store in Harlem.Findings – The allocation of space to nutritious foods and to those with minimal nutritional value as well as the pricing and promotion of those goods at the Pathmark Harlem store is similar to that of suburban supermarkets. The debate over the second supermarket in Harlem further shows that community leaders, food activists, and neighborhood residents recognize that large chain supermarkets may be uniquely positioned to improve access to...
Deterrence Now: Deterrence and rationality

While much has been written about deterrence theory, satisfaction with it is very uneven, which suggests we might better leave it alone. However, deterrence remains important and many issues turn on whether it can be a reliable instrument of statecraft today. It helps to consider how useful the theory can be, and the place to start is with rationality because much recent discussion about deterrence, weapons of mass destruction (WMD) proliferation, and other aspects of security has been stimulated by concern about actor rationality. Thus the subject of this chapter (and the next) must be bearded with energy, though enthusiasm comes hard. Deterrence theory has been called one of the most influential products of the social sciences (Achen and Snidal 1989). This is true but misleading. In various ways it is also a case study in how not to design a theory, test it, or apply it. It is fairly clear how the theory came to be closely associated with rationality. The Cold War put the emphasis in thinking about deterrence on competition and strategy, on making the best moves. The very high stakes reinforced this. We needed instruction on how to do our best, to be rational, to avoid disaster but not lose. Finally, nuclear weapons and the Cold War seemed to simplify matters greatly, to force on actors a set of overriding preferences which could serve as the starting point for a rational decision approach. With this in mind, the theory has been expected to perform three services.
Raising the level of many-core programming with compiler technology: meeting a grand challenge

Modern GPUs and CPUs are massively parallel, many-core processors. While application developers for these many-core chips are reporting 10X-100X speedup over sequential code on traditional microprocessors, the current practice of many-core programming based on OpenCL, CUDA, and OpenMP puts strain on software development, testing and support teams. According to the semiconductor industry roadmap, these processors could scale up to over 1,000X speedup over single cores by the end of the year 2016. Such a dramatic performance difference between parallel and sequential execution will motivate an increasing number of developers to parallelize their applications. Today, an application programmer has to understand the desirable parallel programming idioms, manually work around potential hardware performance pitfalls, and restructure their application design in order to achieve their performance objectives on many-core processors. In this presentation, I will discuss why advanced compiler functionalities have not found traction with the developer communities, what the industry is doing today to try to address the challenges, and how the academic community can contribute to this exciting revolution.
A practical approach to evidence-based medicine. Lessons learned from developing ventilator management protocols

Development of robust clinical protocols is a time-consuming process that requires allocation of sufficient time and resources. As outlined for the mechanical-ventilation protocol, the goals of the protocol must be clear before embarking on this journey. Critical appraisal of existing evidence is an essential first step to developing a draft protocol. The inclusion of a multidisciplinary team of clinicians, including nurses and respiratory therapists, is required to refine the logic and to ensure protocol acceptance. Extensive bedside testing of the protocol across the spectrum of patients in which it will be applied is essential for ensuring that the protocol works as intended. An effective, ongoing training program must be implemented to ensure protocol success. The final protocol should be carefully monitored in 50 to 100 patients to ensure that clinicians are complying with the protocol rules and that adverse events related to the protocol are not occurring. Finally, protocols must be tended to and updated when new evidence becomes available.
Enterovirus infection in a semi-closed community

Infection with enteroviruses was studied over a 61-week period (during 1960-61) in a semi-closed child community in the Detention Home of the Allegheny County Juvenile Court in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While most of the viruses isolated were known adeno- and enterovirus types, three apparently represent new enterovirus types or 'prime strains'. Viruses were isolated in all but 6 weeks of the 61-week study period from the gastro-intestinal tracts of 110 children out of a total population of 514 (21%); of these 110, 24 children (22%) excreted virus at the time of admission. The population averaged 37 children (more than half of whom were under 5 years of age), with a turnover of about nine per week. Spread of infection in this community on introduction of a new virus was demonstrated, with virus shedding of variable duration after infection. Thirteen of the 110 positive children (12%) showed mixed virus infections. During the entire study period, no clinical diarrheal illness was found associated with the viral infections detected.
PW01-137 - A model of accreditation developed to support NHS boards in Scotland acheive standards for integrated care pathways for mental health

Objective Having been tasked with developing Standards for integrated care pathways for mental health (ICP), successfully publishing in 2007, NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (NHS QIS) now supports NHS Boards in developing and implementing these standards. Support is available via three National ICP Coordinators and local ICP facilitators. The main objective is for Boards to achieve ICP accreditation, resulting in demonstration of a robust and responsive mental health system through implementation of their local ICPs supporting continuous cycles of quality improvement embedded in a culture that ensures delivery of person-centred care and reflective practice. Methods A model of and process for accreditation was developed considering: § Developing the project plan§ Reaching consensus on the goal of the accreditation initiative.§ Defining incentives for stakeholders in having ICPs accredited § Reviewing literature on existing accreditation systems in UK and internationally § Developing a range of options§ Carrying out an option appraisal§ Agreeing one preferred option § Obtaining NHS QIS and Scottish Government approval for preferred option§ Further development of support mechanisms and implementation of a longer term accreditation framework Results A phased and incremental accreditation system was developed. The first phase - “foundation level” - focuses on ensuring that appropriate infrastructures are in place to support full ICP development and implementation in NHS Board. Conclusions All 14 NHS Boards in Scotland achieved foundation level accreditation. Reflection on this first phase are helping to inform NHS QIS on how best to structure future levels of accreditation and ongoing support over the next few years.
A nonlinear circuit model for IMPATT diodes

An improved nonlinear circuit model for IMPATT diodes is presented for which each element bears a simple relationship with the physical operating mechanisms inside the device. The model contains lumped nonlinear elements as well as lumped and distributed linear elements. In its most general form it incorporates various second-order effects heretofore neglected in other circuit models. These include the effects due to unequal hole and electron ionization rates, unequal hole and electron drift velocities, and carrier diffusion.
An extension of the Horvitz—Thompson theorem to point sampling from a continuous universe

Abstract A theory of estimation for sampling from a continuous universe is developed. The results are similar in form to the Horvitz—Thompson theorem from finite population sampling.
Silicon Microphotonics: Hardware for the Information Age

Summary form only given. The optical components industry stands at the threshold of a major expansion that will restructure its business processes and sustain its profitability for the next three decades. This growth will establish a cost effective platform for the partitioning of electronic and photonic functionality to extend the processing power of integrated circuits and the performance of optical communications networks. The traditional dimensional shrink approach to the scaling of microprocessor technology is encountering barriers in materials and power dissipation that dictate more distributed, parallel architectures. As short link interconnection capacity crosses the 10 Mb/s km thresholds that dictate optical carrier utilization, a high volume silicon-based platform is required. The platform enables smart partitioning of electronic and photonic signal processing to give extended functionality to silicon CMOS technology. The talk gives an overview of the evolving silicon microphotonics technology platform: materials, components and monolithic integration; and assess its ability to meet the processing, interconnection and high volume production challenges in the next phase of the information age
Properties of deoxythymidine kinase partially purified from noninfected and virus-infected mouse fibroblast cells

Abstract Deoxythymidine kinase, partially purified from noninfected LM mouse fibroblast cells, was rapidly inactivated when incubated in the absence of substrates at 38°C. The half-life of the enzyme was 29–43 minutes whether prepared from LM cells in the logarithmic phase of growth, the phase of negative growth acceleration, the stationary phase, or from LM cells which had been incubated for 24 hours with 50 μg deoxythymidine per milliliter prior to harvest. The deoxythymidine kinase induced in LM (TK−) cells by herpes simplex virus was also very unstable. In contrast, deoxythymidine kinase prepared from vaccinia-infected LM or LM (TK−) cells was considerably more stable with a half-life greater than 300 minutes. The addition of ATP (15 mM), dTTP (0.025 mM), or deoxythymidine (0.05 to 0.1 mM) significantly protected the LM cell enzyme against thermal inactivation. However, charcoal treatment of the vaccinia-induced enzyme did not decrease the stability of that enzyme. Immunological differences and differences in apparent Michaelis constants for deoxyuridine were also observed between the vaccinia-induced deoxythymidine kinase and the enzyme from noninfected LM cells. However, the temperature characteristics of the reactions, calculated from the Vm values at 38° and 30°, were similar, and these enzymes were nearly equal in susceptibility to inhibition by dTTP. With either enzyme, the phosphorylation of deoxyuridine was competitively inhibited by fluorodeoxyuridine, bromodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, or deoxythymidine. The phosphorylation of deoxythymidine was inhibited by low concentrations of bromodeoxyuridine or iododeoxyuridine, and by high concentrations of deoxyuridine or fluorodeoxyuridine.
Multichannel Vestibular Prosthesis Employing Modulation of Pulse Rate and Current with Alignment Precompensation Elicits Improved VOR Performance in Monkeys

An implantable prosthesis that stimulates vestibular nerve branches to restore the sensation of head rotation and the three-dimensional (3D) vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) could benefit individuals disabled by bilateral loss of vestibular sensation. Our group has developed a vestibular prosthesis that partly restores normal function in animals by delivering biphasic current pulses via electrodes implanted in semicircular canals. Despite otherwise promising results, this approach has been limited by insufficient velocity of VOR response to head movements that should inhibit the implanted labyrinth and by misalignment between direction of head motion and prosthetically elicited VOR. We report that significantly larger VOR eye velocities in the inhibitory direction can be elicited by adapting a monkey to elevated baseline stimulation rate and current prior to stimulus modulation and then concurrently modulating (“co-modulating”) both rate and current below baseline levels to encode inhibitory angular head velocity. Co-modulation of pulse rate and current amplitude above baseline can also elicit larger VOR eye responses in the excitatory direction than do either pulse rate modulation or current modulation alone. Combining these stimulation strategies with a precompensatory 3D coordinate transformation improves alignment and magnitude of evoked VOR eye responses. By demonstrating that a combination of co-modulation and precompensatory transformation strategies achieves a robust VOR response in all directions with significantly improved alignment in an animal model that closely resembles humans with vestibular loss, these findings provide a solid preclinical foundation for application of vestibular stimulation in humans.
The role of MMP-I up-regulation in the increased compliance in muscle-derived stem cell-seeded small intestinal submucosa.

Abstract We have previously observed that muscle-derived stem cells (MDSC) seeded onto porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) increase the mechanical compliance of the engineered tissue construct [Lu SH, Sacks MS, Chung SY, Gloeckner DC, Pruchnic R, Huard J, et al. Biaxial mechanical properties of muscle-derived cell seeded small intestinal submucosa for bladder wall reconstitution. Biomaterials 2005;26(4):443–9]. To date, however, the initial remodeling events which occur when MDSC are seeded onto SIS have yet to be elucidated. One potential mechanism responsible for the observed increase in mechanical compliance is the release of matrix metalloproteinase-I (MMP-I). To investigate this finding, MDSC (∼1×10 6 ) were cultured on single-layer SIS cell culture inserts (4.7 cm 2 ) for 1–10 days. MDSC MMP-I activity on SIS in the supernatant at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days was determined using a collagenase assay kit. MMP-I activity of the MDSC/SIS was significantly higher ( p
Binding of serotonin and other amines by blood platelets.

Abstract 1. 1. Platelets have been found to be able to bind a variety of amines both in vitro and in vivo . 2. 2. Factors influencing the in vitro binding of serotonin by dog platelets have been studied. 3. 3. It is suggested that platelets may have the function of rapidly binding circulating amines, so as to render them physiologically inactive.