cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On modular translations and strong equivalence

Given two classes of logic programs, we may be interested in modular translations from one class into the other that are sound with respect to the answer set semantics. The main theorem of this paper characterizes the existence of such a translation in terms of strong equivalence. The theorem is used to study the expressiveness of several classes of programs, including the comparison of cardinality constraints with monotone cardinality atoms.
The Political Economy of External Discipline: Constraint Versus Incentive Effects of Capital Mobility and Exchange Rate Pegs

This paper argues that while sources of potential discipline over domestic macro economic policies such as pegged exchange rates, high capital mobility, and IMF policy conditionality are commonly viewed as constraints, it is usually more productive to view them as influencing incentive structures in a world of multiple relevant actors. From this perspective, pegged, as opposed to genuinely fixed exchange rates, are typically not an adequate substitute for domestic discipline enhancing measures. The micro level political economy analysis presented suggests serious limits to the effectiveness of external strategies as sources of discipline. Indeed, their effects can sometimes be perverse. For example, high capital mobility under fixed exchange rates can reduce short run discipline over fiscal policy and impede the ability of an independent central bank to counteract political business cycles in fiscal policy. The analysis highlights the problems of attempting to use commitment devices with asymmetric time profiles to overcome problems generated by the asymmetric short run effects of discretionary monetary and fiscal policies. In particular exchange rate pegging gives front loaded benefits and delayed costs. This makes for a particularly inefficient strategy for trying to avoid domestic macro economic time inconsistency problems. Where short time horizons greatly discount the prospective future costs of a currency crisis, the political incentives generated by pegged rates often fail to provide sufficient monetary and fiscal restraint to avoid such crises. They also tend to discourage the prompt adjustment of disequilibrium exchange rates. As a consequence, exit from a pegged regime is often delayed too long and currency crises result. Thus the political incentive structures generated by exchange rate pegging can be as great a source of difficulty for the smooth operation of intermediate exchange rate regimes as are the economic forces of high capital mobility stressed by many economists. The overall thrust of this paper is to suggest that external sources of discipline over macroeconomic policies are often weak and sometimes perverse. For many, and perhaps most countries, the primary focus for discipline should be internal.
To Have and to Have Not: The Socioeconomics of Charter Schools.

This year-long ethnographic study analyzed three California charter middle schools: one served mostly low-income, urban African American students; the second served students from working class Latino families; and the third served a middle class, predominantly White suburb. The study illustrates how socioeconomic context of a charter school's community, combined with charter reforms, affect school operations. Significantly, charters serving poor students lacked resources to fulfill their needs, and teachers lacked necessary professional development. As a result of financial and pedagogical difficulties, some charters took a more selective approach to finding students who would help the school, and its teachers, succeed.
STAYING CURRENT IN A CHANGING PROFESSION: EVALUATING PERCEIVED CHANGE RESULTING FROM CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

In this study, 230 licensed social workers participated in a cross-sectional survey to examine participants' self-perceived change in knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) following formal and informal continuing professional education (CPE). Self-perceived change scores were significantly higher for informal than formal CPE. Higher motivational orientation toward professional knowledge was found to be a stronger predictor of self-perceived change in KAB following participation in formal and informal CPE. In addition, following formal CPE, greater age and increased expectation to apply learning predicted greater perceived change in KAB. Implications for social work education are discussed.
Export base theory and multiplier estimation: A critique

In recent years export-base related models have come under increasing criticism by regional economists. At the same time, the framework is being used implicitly in the great many studies including most socioeconomic environmental impact studies. The paper shows that the various alternatives commonly used at each step in the process of an export-base analysis (i.e., that is to specify one or more equations and estimate an indirect-direct employment multiplier) generates widely varying estimates of that multiplier, A recommendation is made that regional scientists turn their attention to other types of models including input-output frameworks and case studies for determining appropriate multiplier values.
A Contemporary View of Salivary Research

The past 50 years of salivary research has been marked by a series of changing perceptions as new techniques and technologies have illuminated the complexities of the secretory mechanism, salivary composition, and function. The modern era began with the innovations of electrophoresis, chromatography, histochemistry, immunochemistry, electron microscopy, and microphysiology. The idea of saliva as primarily a digestive fluid composed of salts, amylase, and mucin was rapidly broadened to encompass a wide spectrum of protective proteins with the dual responsibility of protecting both hard and soft tissues. Characterization of the secretory IgA and nonimmunological antibacterial systems and the proteins responsible for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels dominated the research in the 1960s and 1970s. An appreciation of the nature, formation, and role of the salivary pellicle and the interplay between bacterial adherence and agglutination provided a clinical thrust. Morphologists and physiologists redefined the secretory process on a molecular level. The 1980s saw the union of structure and function, both in terms of synthesis and release of the secretory products and their specific roles in the oral cavity in health and disease. The excitement of the 1990s is in the genetic control of processes and products, elucidating the mechanisms, and using the information to improve on nature: an era of great expectations and hubris. This article is essentially a personal guided tour through the past 50 years of salivary research.
A Lumped-Model Based Building-Block Concatenation for a Conceptual Compliant Mechanism Synthesis

Present building-block synthesis techniques for compliant mechanisms [4–7] account for the kinematic behavior of the mechanism alone, leaving the stiffness, manufacturability and mechanical efficiency to be determined by the shape-size optimization process. In this effort, we aim to generate practical and feasible conceptual designs by designing for kinematics and stiffness simultaneously. To enable this, we use a lumped spring-lever model, which intuitively characterizes the stiffness and the kinematics of a deformable-complaint building block with distinct input and output points. This model aids in the understanding of how the stiffness and the kinematics of building blocks combine when concatenated to form a mechanism. We use this understanding to synthesize compliant mechanisms by combining building blocks of known motion characteristics. A simple compliant-dyad building block is characterized for its lumped values of stiffness and kinematics. The concatenation of these dyad-building blocks is solved in detail, and guidelines for conceptual synthesis are proposed. Two practical examples are solved; a motion amplifier for a piezo-stack and a compliant energy storage mechanism for a staple-gun. The conceptual designs obtained from this approach are very close to the kinematic and the stiffness requirements of the application, thus minimizing the role of shape and size optimization to achieve the problem specification. The model, when extended to higher dimensions may be used to solve for precision positioning and other applications.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Ratiometric and intensity-based zinc sensors built on rhodol and rhodamine platforms

A xanthene-forming condensation reaction yields rhodol and rhodamine dyes carrying a zinc-binding ligand that includes the aniline-type nitrogen donor of the fluorophores. Upon zinc coordination in neutral aqueous solution, rhodol RF3 behaves as a ratiometric sensor, and rhodamine RA1 acts as a turn-off intensity-based indicator. Both fluorescent compounds bind the divalent zinc cation with micromolar affinity.
Establishing Social Identity Through Language Use

A method for describing patterns of language use that establish social group uniqueness is proposed. Language use as an aspect of social identity is described in terms of (1) culturally specific vocabulary, (2) context-sensitive topics and (3) shared attitudes. As people become members of a social group and learn to share that group's identity, they acquire this ‘group talk’. An understanding of group talk analysed on such a three-part model discoverable via participant observation may also be useful in leading toward an understanding of the process of social categorisation as it plays a role in intergroup communication. Examples of establishing social identity are drawn primarily from observations in an American Indian community with illustrations also from familial, professional, and other subcultural situations.
Statewide awareness study on personal risks of cardiovascular disease in women: a Go Red North Dakota study

General awareness of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as the leading cause of death for women and knowledge of CVD risk factors have increased in the last 10 years. Whether this greater general awareness and knowledge leads to improved risk assessment on a personal level remains uncertain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure the knowledge of CVD risk factors and determine the level of personal CVD risk-factor awareness among female public employees of North Dakota, ND, USA. A 30-item, pretested, standardized questionnaire was adapted from previous American Heart Association (AHA) nationwide surveys to measure awareness of the AHA’s Go Red For Women movement and cardiovascular health. The online survey was completed by 1044 women, with most of the participants (∼90%) reported as being aware that heart disease was the leading cause of death for women in the USA, which is much higher than the national average. Nearly all the participants (97.3%) correctly recognized the Go Red ‘Red Dress’ symbol,...
Evaluation of life cycle assessment recycling allocation methods: : The case study of aluminum

Life cycle assessment practitioners struggle to accurately allocate environmental burdens of metals recycling, including the temporal dimension of environmental impacts. We analyze four approaches for calculating aluminum greenhouse gas emissions: the recycled content (RC) or cut-off approach, which assumes that demand for recycled content displaces primary production; end-of-life recycling (EOLR), which assumes that postuse recycling displaces primary production; market-based (MB) approaches, which estimate changes in supply and demand using price elasticities; and value-corrected substitution (VCS), which allocates impact based on price differences between primary and recycled material. Our analysis suggests that applications of the VCS approach do not adequately account for the changing scrap to virgin material price ratio over time, whereas MB approaches do not address stock accumulation and depletion. The EOLR and RC approaches were analyzed using two case studies: U.S. aluminum beverage cans and vehicle engine blocks. These approaches produced similar results for beverage cans, which have a closed material loop system and a short product life. With longer product lifetimes, as noted with the engine blocks, the magnitude and timing of the emissions differs greatly between the RC and EOLR approaches. The EOLR approach indicates increased impacts at the time of production, offset by negative impacts in future years, whereas the RC approach assumes benefits to increased recycled content at the time of production. For vehicle engine blocks, emissions using EOLR are 140% higher than with RC. Results are highly sensitive to recycled content and future recycling rates, and the choice of allocation methods can have significant implications for life cycle studies.
Triangular embeddings of K((i‐2) n, n,…,n)

For complete i-partite graphs of the form K(n1, n, n, …, n) the largest value of n1 that allows the graph to be triangularly-embedded into a surface is (i-2)n. In this paper the author constructs triangular embeddings into surfaces of some complete partite graphs of the form K((i-2)n, n, …, n). The embeddings are exhibited using embedding schemes but the surfaces into which K((i-2)n, n, …, n) are triangularly embedded can be seen to be particularly nice branched covers of a surface into which K(i-2, 1, 1,…,1) is triangularly embedded.
MECHANISMS FOR MIGRATION OF ANADROMOUS HERRING: AN ECOLOGICAL BASIS FOR EFFECTIVE CONSERVATION

Land use planners have the challenge of incorporating biologically sound guidelines into development plans to balance human development with conservation of natural resources. Valued as an important component of the natural heritage of the northeastern United States, anadromous river herring (Alosa pseudoharengus, A. aestivalis) represent a model system to look at how ecological data can help conserve biological diversity in systems impacted by humans. Juvenile river herring spend 3–7 months in freshwater then migrate to the ocean. However, factors that trigger migration, and consequently influence distribution and abundance, are not well understood. Thus, our objectives in this study were to (1) describe juvenile river herring migration patterns, both “peak” (>1000 fish/wk) and “all” (>30 fish/wk) migration; (2) identify potential cues for this migration; (3) examine effects of one type of ecosystem alteration, low water levels, on river herring; and (4) suggest how this information can be incorporated into an effective conservation plan. Weekly during June–November 1994, we sampled both migrating and nonmigrating river herring and seven associated abiotic and biotic variables in one continuous and one intermittent flow system on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. We then used multiple logistic regression to predict when juvenile river herring migrate. In the continuous-flow system, juvenile river herring migration primarily occurred during the midday hours from July through early November, with the peaks of migration, comprising >96% of all migrating fish observed in early July and early September. The peaks of migration occurred during the new moon, when Bosmina spp. density was low, and all periods of migration occurred when water visibility was low, during decreased amounts of rainfall. In the intermittent-flow system, juvenile river herring migration was frequently inhibited due to low water levels, and herring were on average 25 mm smaller than those in the continuous flow system. Using these results, managers can more effectively monitor river herring populations by identifying factors associated with migration and isolating critical flow periods when fish movement is likely to occur. Thus, we can detect changes in herring population size due to human impacts. Ultimately, these data can be incorporated into an ecologically sound conservation plan for juvenile anadromous herring that may help ensure their survival while balancing human needs for natural resources.
Racial Bias in Pain Perception and Response: Experimental Examination of Automatic and Deliberate Processes

Abstract Racial disparities in pain treatment pose a significant public health and scientific problem. Prior studies have demonstrated that clinicians and nonclinicians are less perceptive of, and suggest less treatment for, the pain of African Americans relative to European Americans. Here we investigate the effects of explicit/implicit patient race presentation, patient race, and perceiver race on pain perception and response. African American and European American participants rated pain perception, empathy, helping motivation, and treatment suggestion in response to vignettes about patients' pain. Vignettes were accompanied by a rapid (implicit) or static (explicit) presentation of an African or European American patient's face. Participants perceived and responded more to European American patients in the implicit prime condition, when the effect of patient race was below the level of conscious regulation. This effect was reversed when patient race was presented explicitly. Additionally, female participants perceived and responded more to the pain of all patients, relative to male participants, and in the implicit prime condition, African American participants were more perceptive and responsive than European Americans to the pain of all patients. Taken together, these results suggest that known disparities in pain treatment may be largely due to automatic (below the level of conscious regulation) rather than deliberate (subject to conscious regulation) biases. These biases were not associated with traditional implicit measures of racial attitudes, suggesting that biases in pain perception and response may be independent of general prejudice. Perspective Results suggest that racial biases in pain perception and treatment are at least partially due to automatic processes. When the relevance of patient race is made explicit, however, biases are attenuated and even reversed. We also find preliminary evidence that African Americans may be more sensitive to the pain of others than are European Americans.
A regularity-driven fast gridless detailed router for high frequency datapath designs

We present a new detailed routing methodology specifically designed for datapath layouts. In typical state-of-the-art microprocessor designs, datapaths comprise about 70\% of the logic (excluding caches). Although research on datapath placement and global routing has been reported, very little research has been reported in the area of detailed routing for datapaths.Datapaths typically comprise regular {\em bit-slices} which are replicated. We define anet-cluster, which is collection of similarly structured nets present across different bit-slices. We introduce two clustering schemes (Footprint-driven clusteringandInstance-driven clustering) to extract such net-clusters. Then, we perform astrap-basedrouting on exactly one member net of each net-cluster (in a single representative bit-slice). Next, for each net, wepropagateits route to all other nets in its net-cluster. Our algorithm is unique in that it performs the detailed routing on asinglebit-slice, and infers the routing for all bit-slices using the notion of net clusters.We demonstrate at least 6$\times$ speed gains for industrial 32 and 64-bit datapath designs. The regularity of the routes across the bit-slices results in more predictable timing characteristics for the resulting datapath layout.
Vernalization sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae): the effects of latitude and FLC variation

Latitudinal variation in climate is predicted to select for latitudinal differentiation in sensitivity to the environmental cues that signal plants to flower at the appropriate time for a given climate. In Arabidopsis thaliana, flowering is promoted by exposure to cold temperatures (vernalization), and several vernalization pathway loci are known. To test whether natural variation in vernalization sensitivity could account for a previously observed latitudinal cline in flowering time in A. thaliana, we exposed 21 European accessions to 0, 10, 20, or 30 d of vernalization and observed leaf number at flowering under short days in a growth chamber. We observed a significant latitudinal cline in vernalization sensitivity: southern accessions were more sensitive to vernalization than northern accessions. In addition, accessions that were late flowering in the absence of vernalization were more sensitive to vernalization cues. Allelic variation at the flowering time regulatory gene FLC was not associated with mean vernalization sensitivity, but one allele class exhibited greater variance in vernalization sensitivity.
Anonymous handshakes in mobile ad hoc networks

The broadcast nature of radio transmissions renders communications in mobile ad hoc networks more vulnerable to malicious traffic analysis than their wired counterparts. As a result, adversaries can easily locate and trace mobile nodes based on their invariant identifiers so as to launch pinpoint attacks. To tackle this problem, this paper presents a novel anonymous on-demand routing protocol, called MASK, which nicely fulfills the routing and packet forwarding tasks without disclosing the identities of participating nodes under a rather strong adversarial model. MASK provides the desirable sender and receiver anonymity, as well as the relationship anonymity of the sender and receiver. It is also resistant to a wide range of adversarial attacks.
Arthroscopically Assisted Repair of Peripheral Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears: Factors Affecting Outcome

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to identify factors affecting the outcome after arthroscopically assisted repair of peripheral triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears. Type of Study: Retrospective case series. Methods: Thirty-five patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of traumatic TFCC tears were enrolled in this study (mean age, 34 ± 12 years; 22 female and 13 male patients; mean follow-up, 29 months; range, 6 to 82 months). Patients with TFCC tears associated with distal radius fractures, or significant wrist bone or neurovascular pathology were excluded from the study. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire score was used as the primary variable during statistical analysis to identify factors determining outcome. Results: The DASH score in this study was 12 ± 12 points. A significant correlation was found between the age of the patient and the DASH score, indicating that older age has a significant negative effect on functional outcome. Significant correlations were also found between the DASH score and (1) decreased percentage of grip strength compared with the healthy side, (2) decreased supination, and (3) positive postoperative ulnar variance. Conclusions: Age-related degenerative changes in the wrist might contribute to poor outcome and a TFCC tear resulting from minor or repetitive trauma. Loss of wrist rotation, grip strength, and ulnar positive variance are factors that are correlated with poor outcome. Level of Evidence: Level IV.
A simple method for obtaining chronic cerebrospinal fluid samples from awake rats.

Abstract KISER, R. S. A simple method for obtaining chronic cerebrospinal fluid samples from awake rats. BRAIN RES. BULL. 8(6) 787–789, 1982.—A simple technique is described for taking repeated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from the cisterna magna of unanesthetized rats. The technique has the advantages that inexpensive, readily available materials are used, the cannulas remain patent for extended periods of time, and large volumes of CSF can be obtained.
Single-body residue-level knowledge-based energy score combined with sequence-profile and secondary structure information for fold recognition

An elaborate knowledge-based energy function is designed for fold recognition. It is a residue-level single-body potential so that highly efficient dynamic programming method can be used for alignment optimization. It contains a backbone torsion term, a buried surface term, and a contact-energy term. The energy score combined with sequence profile and secondary structure information leads to an algorithm called SPARKS (Sequence, secondary structure Profiles and Residue-level Knowledge-based energy Score) for fold recognition. Compared with the popular PSI-BLAST, SPARKS is 21% more accurate in sequence-sequence alignment in ProSup benchmark and 10%, 25%, and 20% more sensitive in detecting the family, superfamily, fold similarities in the Lindahl benchmark, respectively. Moreover, it is one of the best methods for sensitivity (the number of correctly recognized proteins), alignment accuracy (based on the MaxSub score), and specificity (the average number of correctly recognized proteins whose scores are higher than the first false positives) in LiveBench 7 among more than twenty servers of non-consensus methods. The simple algorithm used in SPARKS has the potential for further improvement. This highly efficient method can be used for fold recognition on genomic scales. A web server is established for academic users on http://theory.med.buffalo.edu.
Pediatric juvenile polyposis syndromes: an update.

Colon polyps are a common finding in pediatrics and can present with rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, or polyp prolapse from the rectum. Histologically classified as hamartomas, these isolated pediatric polyps lack epithelial dysplasia and have no cancer risk. However, when polyps are present in greater numbers, or are associated with a family history of polyps or colon or other cancers, a polyposis or hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome should be considered. Using a casebased format, this article reviews the clinical features and provides updates on the three most common hamartomatous polyp syndromes of childhood: juvenile polyposis syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome. Each syndrome has distinctive intestinal and extra-intestinal findings that, when present, can guide genetic counseling and testing. Lifelong cancer surveillance is crucial to disease prevention and the long-term health of these patients and their families.
An Ecological Field Lab for Tracking Monarch Butterflies & Their Parasites

The inclusion of nonscientists in biological research projects has become a useful mechanism for capturing long-term ecological data while exposing students firsthand to science and the scientific method. I have combined several existing citizen-science-based research efforts focused on Danaus plexippus, the monarch butterfly, into a comprehensive yet simple ecological lab activity that is appropriate for all ages and biological backgrounds.
Invited Commentary: Pushing the Mediation Envelope

The very insightful and clear paper by VanderWeele and Vansteelandt in this issue of the Journal (Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(12):1339-1348) bridges the gap between biostatistics methodologists focusing on causal methods for mediation analyses and the practitioners of mediational analyses to the benefit of both groups. In an effort to continue the bridging of this gap, this invited commentary relates the important issue of "natural direct effects" to the well-known epidemiologic method of direct standardization. Additionally, attention is paid to the importance of temporal sequencing to help substantiate the mediation relations among the exposure, mediation, and outcome. A crucial mathematical distortion under the logistics model, called "absence of collapsibility," is noted in motivating VanderWeele and Vansteelandt's use of the log-linear model for comparing the effect of exposure adjusted for the mediator with the effect of exposure unadjusted for the mediator. It is also noted that this issue applies to one approach to assessing confounding. Finally, some issues are raised for consideration when testing the interaction between the exposure and mediator before assessing mediation.
Modellbildung und Simulation: Einige methodologische Fragen

Bevor man sich mit ” Modellbildung“ befasst, ist es erforderlich zu klaren, was mit dem unklaren und in vielfaltiger Weise verwendeten Begriff des Modells gemeint ist. Es wird im Folgenden zunachst gezeigt, dass unter ” Modell“ u.a. eine Theorie, aber auch ein mathematischer oder logischer Kalkul verstanden wird. Entsprechend werden in diesem Beitrag auch Probleme der Theoriebildung, der Anwendung von Theorien und Formalisierung von Theorien behandelt.
Integrated Pest Management Of Bacterial Fruit Blotch Of Cucurbits

Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) is the most economically important bacterial disease of cucurbits worldwide. The pathogen is seed transmitted and affects all stages of many cucurbit crops eventually causing destructive fruit rots. Like many phytobacterial diseases, the chemical options for BFB management are limited and primarily include copper based compounds. Additionally, the unavailability of commercial cucurbits cultivars with BFB resistance makes disease management difficult. Out of necessity, BFB management involves an integrated approach that seeks to exclude primary inoculum through the production of clean seeds by isolating seed production fields seed field inspection and certification, seed health testing, seedling inspection, and prophylactic copper-based management. Thus far, despite the efforts to exclude Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, BFB outbreaks continue to occur sporadically worldwide. To develop a more effective integrated disease management strategy, a better understanding of BFB epidemiology and pathogenesis is needed in fruit and seed production environments. Additionally, understanding the role of blossoms in seed infection has revealed potential avenues for integrated disease management. This chapter will explore the current understanding of the biology and epidemiology of BFB and the integrated disease management strategies currently employed.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for the Kidney: Are We There Yet?

CKD is a progressive disorder affecting almost 14% of the general population.[1][1] The prevalence of CKD has continuously increased over the past two decades, coincident with the obesity and diabetes epidemics. Indeed, CKD is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as
Aerial Galls of the Mesquite

During Work upon a plant disease survey in the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas,l my attention was called to the frequent occurrence of galls upon the twigs and branches oif the mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.). The following quotation is from the publication dealing with the survey mentioned: "The large limbs and smaller branches of the mesquite sometimes show abnormal enlargements which are frequently globular or sometimes elongated and sometimes greatly exceed the diameter of the branch on which they are produced. (Plate XV, figs. 2 and 3.) Specimens have been obtained ranging from I to 8 or IO inches in diameter. The gall is produced by an abnormal growth of the wood, and cross sections of galls always show small brown specks where the wood cells are more or less disintegrated. These are distributed throughout the entire woody region. "These galls are not of insect origin, and cultural work attempted has as yet failed to connect either bacteria or fungi with the disease, although both have been obtained." The crown-gall organism, Bacterium tumefaciens Erw. Sm. & Townsend was strongly suspected of being the cause of the galls, but at the time of writing the bulletin referred to the authors had obtained no direct evidence of such causal relation. No opportunity was afforded for detailed work on this subject, but Dr. Erwin F. Smith, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, very kindly furnished some cultures of B. tumefaciens which were used with the class in plant pathology in making some inoculations on the mesquite. The inoculations were all made on a large tree growing under natural conditions on the campus of the University of Texas. A
The Crucible of Faith: Justice and Liberation in the Work of Engelbert Mveng

This paper examines the thought of Engelbert Mveng, a Cameroonian artist, philosopher, historian, theologian, poet, an ordained Catholic priest, and the founder of the Movement of African Catholic Intellectuals (M.I.C.A.). He led a vigorous fight for the liberation of every day people, was labeled as an irredentist by many powerful forces in the country and was brutally murdered in his own home after celebrating mass in 1995. According to Prof. Akintunde E. Akinade, his theological vocation provides a useful lens for understanding the relevance of the Christian faith within the African continent.
The Conceptual Incoherence of “Culture” in American Sociology

The meaning of the concept “culture” as used in American sociology is incoherent. Despite the advances and maturing of cultural sociology, the central idea of “culture” itself remains conceptually muddled. This article demonstrates this critical point by analyzing the definitions, meanings, and uses of the word “culture” in the field of cultural sociology’s most significant, recent edited volumes, handbooks, readers, companions, annual review chapters, and award-winning books and journal articles. Arguing for the scholarly importance of conceptual coherence, this article calls for more disciplined and cooperative theoretical work to clarify and move toward a more standardized meaning of “culture” in American sociology.
Breeding and Utilization of Japonica-clinous Restorer Line Gui 649 in Rice

The rice restorer line Gui 649 was developed from a cross between 501(a progeny of multiple indica/japonica hybridization) as the female and Gui 99(a fine quality indica restorer line) as the male through 5 years and 8 generations of selection.It has japonica genetic background with good plant type,heavy pollen load,good cold tolerance and lodging resistance and a desirable appearance at ripening stage.When it was crossed to different CMS lines such as Longtepu A and(Ⅱ-32 A),the F_1 hybrids showed a good yield heterosis and a suitable growth duration.Of them,the hybrid Teyou 649 was certified and registered by Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Committee for Registration of Crop Varieties in February,2004 and by the end of 2005,it had been planted to an accumulative area of 8 433 hectares.
Research Advances in Bt gene and Its application in Transgenic Anti-insect Plants

Exogenous genes that caused great interest from people could be used to the maximum extent by transgenic technology,so that the plant breeding was more pertinent.In this paper,we reviewed the research advances of transgenic Bt gene and its application in transgenic anti-insect plants.
Public Administration Theory as a Discourse

(2000). Public Administration Theory as a Discourse. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 132-139.
Executive functions as predictors of syntactic awareness in English monolingual and English–Spanish bilingual language brokers and nonbrokers

Executive function (EF) skills (cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and working memory) and syntactic awareness of monolingual (English) and bilingual (English–Spanish) language brokers and nonbrokers were examined. EF skills may be salient for brokers, who must not only inhibit interference from another language but also exhibit EF skills when translating. The brokers displayed better cognitive flexibility when compared to the other groups. For the bilingual groups, cognitive flexibility was also a predictor of English syntactic awareness when accuracy was taken into account. Cognitive flexibility and inhibition were important factors on a Spanish syntactic awareness measure. These results are discussed in terms of how linkages between EF skills and syntactic awareness may be moderated by language group.
Forage Kochia and Russian Wildrye Potential for Rehabilitating Gardner’s Saltbush Ecosystems Degraded by Halogeton

ABSTRACT Gardner's saltbush ecosystems are increasingly being invaded by halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus [M. Bieb.] C.A. Mey.), an annual halophyte that increases soil surface salinity and reduces plant biodiversity. Thus, a study was established in the Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area within the lower Green River Basin of Wyoming to evaluate the potential for rehabilitating halogeton-dominated Gardner's saltbush ecosystems with forage kochia (Bassia prostrata [L.] A.J. Scott), Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea [Fisch.] Nevski), tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum [Podp.] Z.-W. Liu & R.-C. Wang), Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides [Roem. & Schult.] Barkworth), and Gardner's saltbush (Atriplex garneri [Moq.] D. Dietr.). A seeding evaluation, with and without prior disking, was conducted to determine ability of these species to establish. A transplant evaluation determined the effect of established plants on halogeton frequency at four 10-cm intervals (10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm) d...
Using web-based technology to support and enhance the learning experience in a community-learning projects course

Project-based courses present students with unique support and organizational challenges. In these types of courses, students must assume greater responsibility for learning and organizing and must direct their efforts toward satisfying a unique, sometimes ill-structured problem. The enhanced learning potential in these courses is significant; however, so are the risks. Discussed in this chapter are a variety of Web-based technologies that were used to support students in their project development efforts, thereby realizing benefits of project-based courses while ensuring project success. A demonstration of how students in a project-based capstone course used this technology to assist them in developing community-based information systems is presented. More importantly, it also demonstrates how the tools, selected because they contributed to project success, can extend the students' learning environment and enhance their learning experience.
Impact of submesoscales on surface material distribution in a gulf of Mexico mesoscale eddy

Abstract Understanding material distribution at the ocean’s surface is important for a number of applications, in particular for buoyant pollutants such as oil spills. The main tools to estimate surface flows are satellite altimeters, as well as data-assimilative ocean general circulation models (OGCMs). Current-generation altimeter products rely on the geostrophic approximation to derive surface currents. Recent modeling and experimental work revealed existence of ageostrophic submesoscale motions within the upper ocean boundary layer. The next frontier is how submesoscales influence transport pathways in the upper ocean, which is a multi-scale problem involving the interaction of submesoscale and mesoscale coherent structures. Here we focus on a mesoscale eddy that exhibits submesoscale fluctuations along its rim. The high-resolution OCGM fields are then treated with two filters. A Lanczos filter is applied to velocity fields to remove the kinetic energy over the submesoscales. Then a Gaussian filter is used for the modeled sea surface height to simulate a geostrophic velocity field that would be available from gridded satellite altimeter data. Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) are then generated from full-resolution and filtered fields to compare Lagrangian characteristics corresponding to different realizations of the surface velocity fields. It is found that while mesoscale currents exert a general control over the pathways of the tracer initially launched in the mesoscale eddy, there is a leak across the mesoscale transport barriers, induced by submesoscale motions. This leak is quantified as 20% of the tracer when using the submesoscale filter over one month of advection, while it increases to 50% using the geostrophic velocity field. We conclude that LCS computed from mesoscale surface velocity fields can be considered as a good first-order proxy, but the leakage of material across them in the presence of submesoscales can be significant.
Hot Under the Collar?: Building a Perceptive Home Energy Interface for Chemotherapy Recipients

Smart home technology development has seen a rise in popularity in recent years, with increased availability of applications that can control lighting, security systems, and residence temperature from anywhere. Despite this, home energy management systems (HEMS) do not currently consider the dynamic nature of household structure and their residents. This research discusses design implications for building a home energy management system that can interact with situational variants and assist in temperature decision making, relieving users of added stressors during times of familial changes. Aspects of this perceptive home energy management system considers household structures and changing needs when faced with a new heath situation, specifically a cancer diagnosis or menopausal side effects. These systems should be built to assist in decision making including how to set home temperature in order to maximize personal comfort and alleviate stress.
Pullback attractor of a three dimensional globally modified Cahn–Hilliard-Navier–Stokes model

The existence and final fractal dimension of a pullback attractor in the space for a three dimensional system of a non-autonomous globally modified Cahn–Hilliard-Navier–Stokes model on a bounded do...
Are Progressive Tax Rates Progressive Policy

Why do income tax systems consistently feature progressive marginal rates? The existing literature tells a political story focusing on the preferences of the poor and middle class – high rates at the top of the rate schedule can fund greater redistribution. This Article argues that progressive marginal rates can alternatively be explained by focusing on the preferences of the middle class and the rich regarding the bottom of the rate schedule. Specifically, these groups benefit from inframarginal rate cuts at low levels of income. This alternative explanation of marginal rate progressivity is attractive because it focuses on the rich, a group which intuition and research suggest wields disproportionate political power.To make this argument, I use an optimal tax model and focus on two types of changes to the income tax schedule – incremental adjustments and major reform. With respect to incremental changes, I show that middle and upper-income taxpayers generally benefit from reductions in marginal rates at low incomes. With respect to more significant changes to the rate schedule, I use Markov chain Monte Carlo (“MCMC”) simulations to explore the policy cycling that results from majoritarian voting. The simulations suggest (1) that progressive rate schedules are generally much more likely than linear or regressive schedules, (2) that progressive rate schedules become more likely as political power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, and (3) progressive rate schedules are still predominant even if the median voter has more income than the average taxpayer.
Atypical binding at dopamine and serotonin transporters contribute to the discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone

Abstract Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone), a constituent of the recreational substances known as “bath salts”, is a synthetic cathinone that can produce auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as problematic cardiovascular effects. This study compared the discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone (0.32–10 mg/kg) with other prototypical drugs of abuse: cocaine (0.56–32 mg/kg), d -amphetamine (0.18–3.2 mg/kg), ketamine (1.8–18 mg/kg), phencyclidine (PCP, 1–5.6 mg/kg), heroin (1–10 mg/kg), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (R-DOI, 0.1–1 mg/kg), Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9− THC 0.56–5.6 mg/kg), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA, 0.32–5.6 mg/kg), methylphenidate (1–10 mg/kg), and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV, 0.56–5.6 mg/kg). The discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone were also assessed after administration of the sigma receptor antagonist rimcazole (0.32–10 mg/kg), the relatively selective norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor desipramine (1.8–18 mg/kg), and the selective serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor fluoxetine (1–18 mg/kg). Initially, rats were trained to discriminate an intraperitoneal injection of mephedrone (3.2 mg/kg) from saline under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of food presentation. Following training, cumulative doses of mephedrone and the other drugs were administered to test for substitution (80% drug-lever responding). Of the drugs tested, including those that were tested in combination with mephedrone (i.e., rimcazole, desipramine, and fluoxetine), only cocaine fully substituted for mephedrone without substantially decreasing response rate. In addition, the three drugs administered in combination with mephedrone shifted the cumulative dose-effect curves leftward (percent drug-lever responding) and down (response rate), although fluoxetine did so in a dose-dependent manner ranging from antagonism to potentiation. In summary, the discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone were most similar to those for the central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, cocaine, and SERT and DAT activity were necessary for these effects.
Modeling imperfect generator behavior in power system operation models

A key component in power system operations is the use of computer models to quickly study and analyze different operating conditions and futures in an efficient manner. The output of these models are sensitive to the data used in them as well as the assumptions made during their execution. One typical assumption is that generators and load assets perfectly follow operator control signals. While this is a valid simulation assumption, generators may not always accurately follow control signals. This imperfect response of generators could impact cost and reliability metrics. This paper proposes a generator model that capture this imperfect behavior and examines its impact on production costs and reliability metrics using a steady-state power system operations model. Preliminary analysis shows that while costs remain relatively unchanged, there could be significant impacts on reliability metrics.
Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Outcomes in Sarcopenia Research: A Literature Review.

By the sixth decade of life, nearly one quarter of the population has substantial muscle atrophy, or sarcopenia. Despite the creation of a standardized definition of sarcopenia by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, variability may exist in the diagnostic criteria utilized for clinical sarcopenia research. The primary objectives of this review were to characterize diagnostic criteria used for measurement of sarcopenia in original studies, and to describe associations between sarcopenia and important clinical outcomes. We performed a literature review of the term “sarcopenia” in PubMed. Inclusion criteria were English language, original data, a clear and specific definition for diagnosing sarcopenia, and the analysis of sarcopenia’s effect on a clinical outcome. A total of 283 studies met inclusion criteria. More than half of the included sarcopenia investigations were level IV studies (54.1%), while 43.1% provided level II evidence. Under one third (27.6%) of studies examined sarcopenia with regard to surgical outcomes. In terms of diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, 264 (93.3%) studies used measures of skeletal muscle mass, with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) being the most common modality (43.6%). Sarcopenia was found to be a consistent predictor of chronic disease progression, all-cause mortality, poorer functional outcomes, and postoperative complications. In conclusion, there is substantial evidence that sarcopenia impacts both medical and surgical outcomes. However, current research has utilized heterogeneous diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. Further efforts to standardize the modalities used to diagnose sarcopenia in clinical research and practice will help strengthen our ability to study this important phenomenon.
Combined esophagectomy and carinal pneumonectomy.

The trachea and esophagus share a common blood supply from a longitudinal artery along the tracheoesophageal groove on each side. Esophagectomy, especially with lymph node dissection, compromises the blood supply to the trachea and carina resulting in ischemia at the anastomosis and predisposing to failure. As a result, combined esophagectomy with circumferential tracheal or carinal resection and reconstruction has been reported only sporadically (1-4).