cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing systemic fishing responses with ecosystem indicators

Abstract Successful implementation of Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) requires practical methods of translating information on system status into management actions. Threshold values in ecosystem indicators have been demonstrated to provide insight for characterizing change points in marine ecosystems and suggested as reference points for EBFM. We used a guild based multispecies simulation model of the Georges Bank finfish community to quantify tradeoffs and changes among values for proposed ecological indicators given alternative fishing scenarios, and tested the performance of indicator-based approaches for setting system ceilings on annual catches. Values for ecosystem indicators were sensitive to the exploitation rates on guilds, with total biomass of the community being most sensitive to groundfish exploitation rate. Setting ceilings on system-wide annual catches was successful in constraining values for indicators and revealed levels of system catch associated with indicator change. Community composition indicators showed catch thresholds lower than provided by the total biomass indicator. Ceilings based on community composition indicators more frequently resulted in higher yields and fewer species being overfished than when ceilings were set using total biomass or when no ceiling was in place. Simulations demonstrated that threshold values in ecosystem indicators could be used to determine reference points in an EBFM context. The broad ranges for threshold values obtained demonstrates the sensitivity of such methods to exploitation history, underscoring the need to both incorporate expert knowledge and relate reference point determination to management objectives.
Perceptions of Brainstorming in Groups: The Quality Over Quantity Hypothesis

Our research focused on the implicit beliefs of potential brainstormers about the possible outcomes of brainstorming. We conducted four studies to assess the relative importance of quality and quantity as goals of brainstorming. In Study 1, we found evidence for a quality over quantity hypothesis: participants indicated that it was more important to produce creative, original, and high quality ideas than to generate a large number of ideas. In Studies 2 and 3, participants displayed support for the quality over quantity hypothesis by showing in group favoritism for a quality dimension but not a quantity dimension. Study 4 showed that participants believed brain-storming would enhance the quality of others' ideas more than one's own ideas, but they did not display a similar bias about idea quantity.
Influence of the solar magnetic field upon cosmic rays

The heliomagnetic field has a considerable influence on the intensities of cosmic rays as measured upon the earth in high magnetic latitudes and elevations. The difference of intensities (integrated over the whole atmosphere) between Omaha and Saskatoon is decreased by it to the extent of about 50 percent. Diurnal and annual variations of the solar effect are calculated. They lie below or just on the verge of the present experimental error.
Cerebral location of international 10–20 system electrode placement

Abstract We employed CT scanning to correlate scalp markers placed according to the international 10–20 system with underlying cerebral structures. Subjects were 12 normal volunteers. Measurements included assessment for cranial asymmetry to determine the effect of skull asymmetry on cortical location of electrodes. Results were correlated with the cortical histological map of Brodmann. Primary cortical locations agree well with previously published data and provide cortical localization in greater detail than previous studies. Variability of cortical electrode location was substantial in some cases and not related to cranial asymmetry. The results indicate that CT scanning or other neuroimaging techniques which reveal detailed cerebral anatomy would be potentially highly useful in defining the generators of electrocerebral potentials recorded from the scalp.
Pharmacology of novel synthetic stimulants structurally related to the “bath salts” constituent 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)

Abstract There has been a dramatic rise in the abuse of synthetic cathinones known as “bath salts,” including 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), an analog linked to many adverse events. MDPV differs from other synthetic cathinones because it contains a pyrrolidine ring which gives the drug potent actions as an uptake blocker at dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. While MDPV is now illegal, a wave of “second generation” pyrrolidinophenones has appeared on the market, with α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) being most popular. Here, we sought to compare the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects of MDPV and its congeners: α-PVP, α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (α-PBP), and α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP). We examined effects of test drugs in transporter uptake and release assays using rat brain synaptosomes, then assessed behavioral stimulant effects in mice. We found that α-PVP is a potent uptake blocker at dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, similar to MDPV. α-PBP and α-PPP are also catecholamine transporter blockers but display reduced potency. All of the test drugs are locomotor stimulants, and the rank order of in vivo potency parallels dopamine transporter activity, with MDPV > α-PVP > α-PBP > α-PPP. Motor activation produced by all drugs is reversed by the dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390. Furthermore, results of a functional observational battery show that all test drugs produce typical stimulant effects at lower doses and some drugs produce bizarre behaviors at higher doses. Taken together, our findings represent the first evidence that second generation analogs of MDPV are catecholamine-selective uptake blockers which may pose risk for addiction and adverse effects in human users. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘CNS Stimulants’.
Oxidation of fatty alcohol in the cotyledons of jojoba seedlings.

Abstract During the germination of jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis ) seeds, fatty alcohols are formed from the hydrolysis of stored wax esters. The cotyledon extract has the ability to convert fatty alcohols to fatty aldehydes in the presence of molecular oxygen and subsequently to fatty acids when NAD+ is added. The two enzymes which catalyze these activities have been partially characterized. The fatty alcohol oxidase utilizes molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor and dodecyl alcohol as the preferred substrate and has an optimal pH for activity at 9.0. The fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase also has an optimal pH for activity at 9.0, an apparent K m value of 4 × 10 −6 m for decyl aldehyde, an apparent K m value of 2.5 × 10 −4 m for NAD+, and a substrate preference for dodecyl aldehyde. NAD+ is a much better electron acceptor than NADP+, FAD, or flavin mononucleotide for the aldehyde dehydrogenase. Both enzyme activities are inhibited by p -chloromercuribenzoate and its effect is completely reversed by dithiothreitol. The whole fatty alcohol oxidation system is capable of oxidizing monounsaturated fatty alcohols which are the physiological substrates in jojoba cotyledons. The two enzyme activities are absent in the dry seed and increase drastically during germination. Both enzymes are localized primarily on the membrane of the wax bodies, although they may be present in other cellular membranes.
The pros and cons of state-level textbook adoption

The debate concerning the advantages and disadvantages of state vs. local adoption of textbooks has gone on for decades. Until recently, however, there have been no systematic attempts to study this issue—at least not in a way that will yield insights to policymakers and others interested in the manner in which educators evaluate and select textbooks. This article describes recently completed studies that have examined textbook adoption and have the potential to illuminate this debate. The many pros and cons surrounding state vs. local adoption are considered in light of these recent findings.
The hospital‐sponsored ambulatory dental services program, part I: an evaluation of patient access

This article describes patient access to the Hospital-Sponsored Ambulatory Dental Services Program (HSADSP), a 4-year effort initiated in 1979 by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. A major goal of the program was to provide comprehensive general dental care to underserved populations. Independent samples of 2,600 patients each, in 13 of the hospitals (200 patients per institution), were assessed at the beginning and end of the program to ascertain changes in dental care resulting from the expansion of the dental facilities and the support of general practice residents. According to data compiled by the evaluation team, patient volume increased by more than 15% from the first year of the program (baseline sample) to the period preceding the fourth year (final sample). Although the proportion of underserved patients accessing the program was high in both periods, the percentages of “special” patients, minority members, and the poor all decreased slightly during the study. At the same time, the proportion of episodic patients increased by 15% and the number of patients with private dental insurance increased at a lower rate than the national average. Counter to prior expectations, only about 20% to 35% of new patients accessing the dental clinics used the sponsoring hospital as a source of medical care, either inpatient or outpatient. The gains made in patient access to the HSADSP were lower than anticipated. There is little evidence that many of these hospital-based general practices and residency programs would be able to sustain economic viability without innovative financing techniques or direct subsidy.
Silicon in organic synthesis. 12. trans-1-benzenesulfonyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethylene, a Diels-Alder dienophile equivalent of acetylene and monosubstituted acetylenes

Abstract trans -1-Benzenesulfonyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethylene and its 1,2- d 2 derivative enter into Diels-Alder cycloaddition to give products which are smoothly eliminated with fluoride ion. Alkylation of the α-sulfonyl carbanion can precede elimination, such that synthetic equivalents for HCCH, HCCD, DCCD, RCCH, and RCCD are now available.
Determination of Methyl-Substituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Diesel Particulate-Related Standard Reference Materials

The concentrations of methyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three diesel particulate-related Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) have been determined using multiple methods of analysis. These three SRMs--SRM 1650a, Diesel Particulate Matter; SRM 2975, Diesel Particulate Matter (Industrial Forklift); and SRM 1975, Diesel Particulate Extract--were recently issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Each material has certified and reference concentrations for PAHs including many methyl-substituted compounds. Reference concentrations are available for 21 compounds in SRM 1650a, 20 compounds in SRM 2975, and 20 compounds in SRM 1975. The characterization of the methyl-substituted PAHs is described in this article in conjunction with a description of the relative distribution of the methyl-substituted PAHs in each material.
Optical spectra, energy levels and branching ratios of trivalent dysprosium-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet

Abstract Absorption spectra of trivalent dysprosium ions in yttrium scandium gallium garnet are reported between 2.9 and 0.4 μn at 4K. Laser-excited fluorescence was observed at 4 K for transitions between the 4 F 9 2 manifold and several of the lower-lying 6HJ and 6FJ manifolds. A crystal-field splitting calculation was carried out in which a parametrized Hamiltonian (including Coulombic, spin-orbit, and crystal field terms in D2 symmetry) was diagonalized for selected manifolds of the Dy3+ (4f9) configuration. The RMS deviation between 69 experimental and calculated Stark levels was 8 cm−1. Calculations were carried out to predict branching ratios for emission from the 4 F 9 2 manifold.
Control of V oc in CdSe solar cells

Simulations indicate that efficiencies in the 25 – 30% range can be attained with CdSe/CIGS tandem cells. A key to meeting this objective is attaining Voc's in excess of 1 volt in the CdSe cell. The p window layer for CdSe is a member of the ZnSe x Te 1−x family of compounds which have the requisite band structure. To be effective, the p window contact must have effective contact energy of order six eV. Progress has been made toward achieving this energy but is stymied by difficulties in effectively doping the layer. In this paper we report new insights into the operable contact mechanism for the p window layer. While an apparent doping level of order 1020/cm3 can be attained for ZnTe:Cu, needed tunneling contact to this layer cannot be attained. Comparisons of experimental results with simulations also indicate that the expected electron barrier due to the CdSe/ZnSe x Te 1−x conduction band offset is not operative. We use these results to propose a new model for the contact that results in consistency between simulation and experiment. This new insight is expected to expedite the further advancement of Voc in CdSe to enable the attainment of the tandem efficiency indicated above.
Epitope analysis of the collagen type V-specific T cell response in lung transplantation reveals an HLA-DRB1*15 bias in both recipient and donor.

BACKGROUND IL-17-dependent cellular immune responses to the α1 chain of collagen type V are associated with development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation, and with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and coronary artery disease, primary indications for lung or heart transplantation, respectively. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that 30% of the patients awaiting lung transplantation exhibited a strong cell-mediated immune response to col(V). Of these, 53% expressed HLA-DR15, compared to a 28% HLA-DR15 frequency in col(V) low-responders (p=0.02). After transplantation, patients with HLA-DR1 and -DR17, not -DR15, developed anti-col(V) responses most frequently (p=0.04 and 0.01 vs. controls, respectively). However, recipients of a lung from an HLA-DR15(+)donor were at significantly elevated risk of developing anti-col(V) responses (p=0.02) and BOS (p=0.03). To determine the molecular basis of this unusual pattern of DR allele bias, a peptide library comprising the collagenous region of the α1(V) protein was screened for binding to HLA-DR0101, -DR1501, -DR0301 (DR17) or to HLA-DQ2 (DQA1*0501: DQB1*0201; in linkage disequilibrium with -DR17) and -DQ6 (DQA1*0102: DQB1*0602; linked to -DR15). Eight 15-mer peptides, six DR-binding and two DQ-binding, were identified. HLA-DR15 binding to two peptides yielded the highest binding scores: 650 (where 100 = positive control) for p799 (GIRGLKGTKGEKGED), and 193 for p1439 (LRGIPGPVGEQGLPG). These peptides, which also bound weakly to HLA-DR1, elicited responses in both HLA-DR1(+) and -DR15(+) col(V) reactive hosts, whereas binding and immunoreactivity of p1049 (KDGPPGLRGFPGDRG) was DR15-specific. Remarkably, a col(V)-reactive HLA-DR1(+)DR15(neg) lung transplant patient, whose donor was HLA-DR15(+), responded not only to p799 and p1439, but also to p1049. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE HLA-DR15 and IPF disease were independently associated with pre-transplant col(V) autoimmunity. The increased risk of de novo immunity to col(V) and BOS, associated with receiving a lung transplant from an HLA-DR15(+) donor, may result from presentation by donor-derived HLA- DR15, of novel self-peptides to recipient T cells.
Assessment of immobility hazards

As home health care nurses, we see many patients who are bedridden or immobilized. Impaired physical mobility (immobility) is defined by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association as a state in which the individual experiences or is at risk for experiencing limitation of physical movement. Altered physical mobility can be a result of prescribed bedrest, movement physically restricted by an external device (e.g., a cast), voluntarily restricted movement, or impaired or lost motor function.
A Histologic Review of Vulvar Inflammatory Dermatoses and Intraepithelial Neoplasm

Patients with urogenital complaints are frequently encountered by family practitioners, gynecologists, and dermatologists. This review article provides practical information regarding normal anatomy and embryology of the vulva, followed by a summary of procedural techniques. The new classifications of vulvar inflammatory and intraepithelial neoplasm proposed by the ISSVD are used as guidelines to review the wide spectrum of diseases involving this organ.
Major lower extremity amputation in an academic vascular center

Major lower extremity amputations continue to be performed despite an aggressive policy of revascularization. Factors leading to amputation were analyzed to determine whether a reduction in the limb loss rate is possible. A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained vascular registry was performed to identify patients undergoing above-knee amputation (AKA), below-knee amputation (BKA), and lower extremity revascularization (LER) for limb salvage between January 1, 1999 and January 1, 2002. Patient demographics, comorbidities, insurance carriers, and indications for operative intervention were analyzed. Greater than one-half of all major lower extremity amputations are performed in patients who have failed attempts at revascularization or who are not candidates for LER due to anatomic factors. However, one-quarter of eventual amputees present very late to the vascular surgeon with extensive gangrene or infection that precludes limb salvage. Prompt patient referral and treatment may improve outcome in this group of patients. In our study, insurance issues did not appear to affect treatment. Renal failure continues to play a major role in limb loss.
Hemodynamic alterations associated with amniotic fluid embolism: A reappraisal

Experimental amniotic fluid embolism in animals produces profound pulmonary hypertension and acute cor pulmonale without evidence of left ventricular compromise. Authors reporting hemodynamic alterations associated with clinical amniotic fluid embolism have traditionally attempted to explain their findings within this experimental framework. A reanalysis of the five published cases of amniotic fluid embolism, which include hemodynamic data derived from pulmonary artery catheterization as well as a report of a sixth case suggests a hemodynamic interpretation different from the traditional one based on the animal model. Left ventricular failure is the only hemodynamic abnormality consistently observed in humans, and the published data are most readily explained on this basis alone. A theoretical model of hemodynamic changes accompanying amniotic fluid embolism that incorporates both experimental and clinical observations is presented. Therapeutic implications are discussed.
Effect of chronic morphine treatment on the biosynthesis of agmatine in rat brain and other tissues

Agmatine is an endogenous amine derived from the decarboxylation of arginine by arginine decarboxylase (ADC), and metabolized to putrescine by agmatinase. Exogenously administered agmatine has several biological actions including its ability to potentiate morphine analgesia and block symptoms of morphine tolerance/withdrawal in rats. To investigate the role of endogenous agmatine in this action, we sought to determine whether chronic exposure to morphine and induction of withdrawal modulate the synthesis of agmatine in rat brain and other tissues. Exposure of rats to morphine for three days significantly decreases the activity of ADC and the levels of agmatine in rat liver, kidney, brain, aorta and intestine with no changes in agmatinase activity. The precipitation of withdrawal syndrome by injecting naloxone further decreases ADC activity and agmatine levels in these tissues. We conclude that endogenous agmatine may play an important role in regulating morphine tolerance/dependence and withdrawal symptoms.
Distribution, of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, [3H]nicotine, and [125I]alpha‐bungarotoxin binding sites in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the cat

The distribution of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic binding sites in the cat nucleus tractus solitarii was studied by the technique of in vitro autoradiography. Using the antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, muscarinic binding sites were differentially located in subdivisions of the nucleus tractus solitarii. The majority of muscarinic binding sites were located predominantly in the caudal half of the nucleus, reaching their greatest amounts at the mid levels of the nucleus tractus solitarii. The medial, dorsolateral, intermediate, and interstitial subdivisions contained the highest densities of quinuclidinyl benzilate binding sites. Nicotinic cholinergic binding sites, using [3H]nicotine and [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin, had unique patterns of distribution. With [3H]nicotine the majority of binding sites were located in rostral levels of the nucleus with very few binding sites present in the caudal half. In contrast, [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites were present mainly in subdivisions located in the caudal half of the nucleus, i.e., commissural, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, medial, and intermediate subdivisions, and dropped off precipitously at more rostral levels. The differential distribution of [3H]nicotine and [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin suggests the two ligands may be labeling different types of nicotinic binding sites in the nucleus tractus solitarii. The unique distribution of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic binding sites in the various subdivisions of the nucleus solitarii suggests that muscarinic and nicotine mechanisms may play an active role in the regulation of the diverse autonomic functions at the level of the nucleus tractus solitarii.
BLAST-DVC: BitpLAne SelecTive distributed video coding

This paper presents a BitpLAne SelecTive (BLAST) distributed video coding (DVC) system. In the proposed system, the significance of each bitplane is measured at the decoder based on an estimated distortion-rate ratio that makes use of a correlation model for the original source information and the side information. Only the syndrome bits of the bitplanes that have estimated distortion-rate ratios higher than a target distortion-rate ratio, are transmitted and are used to decode the associated bitplanes. The remaining bitplanes are estimated using a minimum-distance symbol reconstruction scheme which makes use of the side information and the LDPCA-decoded bitplanes. Coding results and comparisons with existing DVC schemes and with H.264 intra- and inter-frame coding are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed system.
Vesicle-membrane fusion. Observation of simultaneous membrane incorporation and content release

Vesicle fusion, the central process of neurotransmitter release and hormonal secretion, is a complex process culminating in simultaneous incorporation of vesicle membrane into the plasma membrane and release of the vesicular contents extracellularly. This report describes simultaneous observation of membrane incorporation and content release using a model system composed of a planar bilayer and dye-filled vesicles.
Enema-induced hyperphosphatemia

Severe hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia developed following the administration of a single hypertonic sodium phosphate enema in an adult with mild chronic renal insufficiency.
Influence of Chemical Kinetics on Postcolumn Reaction in a Capillary Taylor Reactor with Catechol Analytes and Photoluminescence Following Electron Transfer

Postcolumn derivatization reactions can enhance detector sensitivity and selectivity, but their successful combination with capillary liquid chromatography has been limited because of the small peak volumes in capillary chromatography. A capillary Taylor reactor (CTR), developed in our laboratory, provides simple and effective mixing and reaction in a 25-μm-radius postcolumn capillary. Homogenization of reactant streams occurs by radial diffusion, and a chemical reaction follows. Three characteristic times for a given reaction process can be predicted using simple physical and chemical parameters. Two of these times are the homogenization time, which governs how long it takes the molecules in the analyte and reagent streams to mix, and the reaction time, which governs how long the molecules in a homogeneous solution take to react. The third characteristic time is an adjustment to the reaction time called the start time, which represents an estimate of the average time the analyte stream spends without exp...
Ion chromatography of phytate in roots and tubers.

The ion chromatographic method for the quantification of phytate (InsP6) in foods was adapted for the analysis of roots and tubers. To maximize sensitivity, ultraviolet (UV) detection following postcolumn derivatization was compared with evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD). Detection limits for phytate were 0.5 and 1 μg for UV and ELSD, respectively. Unidentified peaks eluting close to and after InsP6 were removed by solid-phase extraction. Phytate was detected in 11 of 15 roots or tubers. The highest phytate levels were 0.169 and 0.133% of the fresh weight of taro (Colocasia esculenta) and yuca (Manihot esculenta), respectively. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) contained 0.035−0.073% phytate, whereas no phytate at a detection limit of 0.003% of fresh weight was observed in sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Keywords: Phytic acid; phytate; inositol hexakisphosphate; potato; Solanum tuberosum
Interactions between Al atoms on Al(110) from first-principles calculations

We quantified pair and trio interactions between Al adatoms on the Al(110) surface using first-principles, density-functional theory, total-energy calculations. We find that the pair interaction is the strongest for the nearest in-channel $[1\overline{1}0]$ neighbor and is attractive due to the formation of direct chemical bonds between the adatoms. Beyond the nearest neighbor, the pair interaction is repulsive and is mediated by elastic distortion of the substrate atoms. The pair interaction is negligible for adatom separations beyond $\ensuremath{\sim}8.00\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$. Interactions between atoms in a collinear trio chain along the in-channel $[1\overline{1}0]$ direction have both electronic and elastic characters. All other trio interactions are elastic in origin. The long-ranged trio interaction is significant and exhibits damped oscillations between attraction and repulsion. We find several trios that enhance cross-channel [001] attraction. This trio attraction facilitates the formation of two-dimensional islands in Al(110) homoepitaxy, which are not favored by repulsive cross-channel pair interactions. These observations demand a refined approach to study thin-film growth, in which many-body interactions are taken into account.
A Cut Above the Other Caspases

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Bouchier-Hayes et al. (2009) develop a novel approach to visualizing caspase-2 activation in real time, enabling resolution of several controversies surrounding the position of this enzyme in apoptotic signaling cascades.
Lack of ‘acid reversal’ of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase in masticatory muscle fibres of rhesus monkeys

Myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity was demonstrated in sections of masseter and temporalis muscles and of selected limb muscles of adult rhesus monkeys. Incubations were performed either with no pre-treatment or after prior incubation in alkaline media (pH 10.2–10.4) or acidic media (pH 3.8–4.6). Without pre-treatment, fibres having high or low ATPase activity were observed in limb and masticatory muscles. Following alkaline pre-incubation the difference between high and low ATPase of limb muscle fibres is accentuated, whereas pre-incubation in acidic media (pH 4.3) results in inhibition of high and potentiation of low ATPase activities (‘acid reversal’). While pre-incubation of masticatory muscle sections at pH 10.2 accentuates differences in ATPase activity, pre-incubation at pH 10.4 abolishes ATPase activity. In contrast, masticatory muscle fibres showed no reversal of ATPase activity following acidic pre-incubation (pH 4.3). Pre-incubation at pH 3.8 abolished the ATPase activity of both limb and masticatory muscle fibres. The biochemical basis for the differences in ATPase histochemistry between masticatory and limb muscles is not known.
Characterization of a bacterial agglutinin in the hemolymph of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria

Abstract The hemolymph of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, was found to agglutinate nonspecifically 4 of the 30 bacteria tested and a marine alga. The agglutinin is a protein (or a conjugated protein) because it is: (1) precipitated by trichloroacetic acid and ammonium sulfate; (2) inactivated by extraction with chloroform, but not with toluene or xylene; and (3) inactivated by chymotrypsin and protease, but not by deoxyribonuclease. Electrophoretic analysis shows that the agglutinin is composed of subunits each with a molecular weight of approximately 21,000. Calcium ions are required for the activity of the agglutinin and contribute to the heat stability of the molecule. Several saccharides, which may constitute a portion of the bacterial agglutinin receptors, were capable of partially inhibiting agglutination. In vitro studies using clam hemocytes showed that the phagocytosis of a marine bacterium, designated as RS-005, was enhanced by the presence of hemolymph. Adsorption of hemolymph samples with RS-005 bacteria removed the agglutinin activity for all types of cells tested and also abolished the opsonic effect.
Magnetic field dependence of red emission intensity of ruby at various temperatures

Abstract Application of a magnetic field perpendicular to the c-axis of a thin slice of pink ruby at low temperatures reduces the intensity of R-line and vibronic emission. At field intensity H = 6 kG the loss of vibronic emission exceeds 10%. The decay time decreases by a similar fraction. The method used for studying intensity involves on-off modulation of the field, and digital integration. A function which describes the observed fractional reduction of intensity is F(H) = AH 2 (1 + BH 2 ) where A and B are nearly constant below 77 K, but decrease rapidly between 100 K and 200 K. The function can be derived by assuming that radiationless transitions to the ground state occur with probability proportional to H2 from low-lying vibronic states of 2E. Thermal excitation from these states to states in the neighborhood of 2T1 is proposed as the mechanism for quenching the magnetic field effects.
Therapeutic benefits targeting B-cells in chronic graft-versus-host disease

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) can be a curative strategy for hematological diseases, and the indications for allo-HCT have broadened widely due to recent progress in supportive strategies. However, patients must overcome various complications and chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains the most common allo-HCT cause of long-term morbidity and mortality. cGVHD is difficult to biologically assess due to the heterogeneity of cGVHD symptoms, and the pathogenesis of cGVHD has yet to be established. Recent experimental model progress has suggested that B-cells play a critical role in cGVHD development. Consistent with these experimental results, some clinical studies investigating B-cell depletion and modulation of B-cell signaling pathways have decreased cGVHD incidence and provided some therapeutic benefit. However, randomized control studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of B-cell targeting drugs for cGVHD. Here, we review the pathophysiology of cGVHD, especially focusing on the role of B-cell immunity, and discuss the efficacy of both B-cell depletion and modulation of B-cell signaling pathways in human cGVHD prevention, initial treatment, and salvage treatment.
Naloxone antagonism of GABA-evoked membrane polarizations in cultured mouse spinal cord neurons

Abstract Pharmacological studies using an in vitro model system were carried out to determine if naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, could have effects on neuronal membranes which were unrelated to its action as an opiate receptor antagonist. Intracellular recordings were made from cultured mammalian spinal cord neurons. Putative amino acid neurotransmitters and naloxone were applied by iontophoresis or superfusion. When naloxone was co-iontophoresed with the amino acids a depression of the GABA response resulted. This depression was dose-dependent and reversible. At the lower doses of naloxone tested, the derpression was specific since the glycine and glutamate responses were unaffected. At the higher doses of naloxone tested, alterations in the glycine and/or glutamate responses and membrane input resistance were frequently observed. The naloxone depression of the GABA response did not appear to involve opiate receptors since (+)-naloxone, the inactive isomer, equally depressed the GABA response. Analysis of the effect of naloxone on GABA dose-response curves indicates that naloxone acts as a competitive antagonist at the neuronal GABA receptors. Similar results were obtained when naloxone was applied by superfusion. However, high concentrations of naloxone (0.1–1 mM) were required, suggesting that naloxone has a low affinity for the GABA receptor. These data indicate that under some experimental conditions naloxone could not be considered a specific opiate antagonist.
The different worlds of women and men: Attitudes toward pornography and responses to not a love story—A film about pornography

Abstract Men and women viewing the anti-pornography documentary Not a Love Story were surveyed about their opinions and attitudes toward pornography and toward the film. Women were found to be significantly more negative toward pornography than men, and experienced greater attitude and belief changes from the film. In addition, men's and women's attitudes toward pornography were found to differ in their factor structure; the authors infer that acceptance or rejection of pornography has different significance for men and women. Background variables such as current marriage, sex of children, and amount of pornography previously seen affected men's attitudes more than women's. The authors conclude that gender-free, ‘humanist’ standards according to which pornography could be evaluated do not exist, and that approaches to pornography control based on its role in the particular oppression of women are valid.
Attributions and organizational conflict: The mediating role of apparent sincerity

Abstract When individuals behave in a provocative, conflict-inducing manner, they often attribute such actions to external causes (e.g., “I'm only following orders”). It was hypothesized that when such statements are perceived as accurate (sincere), they will mitigate negative reactions and reduce subsequent conflict. However, when they are viewed as inaccurate (insincere), opposite effects will result. It was also hyothesized that the impact of such attributional sincerity is greater in the context of high than low pressure to reach an agreement. In Study 1, male and female subjects negotiated with an accomplice who behaved in a conflict-inducing manner and who attributed such actions, either accurately or falsely, to external causes. These negotiations occurred under either high or low pressure to reach an agreement. Results offered support for both hypotheses. Under high but not low pressure to reach agreement, subjects rated the accomplice as less honest and reported stronger preferences for handing future conflicts with him in nonconciliatory ways (e.g., through avoidance or competition) when this person's attributional statements appeared to be false than when they appeared to be accurate. Surprisingly, however, subjects actually made more and larger concessions to an attributionally insincere than attributionally sincere opponent under both pressure conditions. In Study 2, officers of an urban fire department reported on how they would react to conflict with another member of their department under conditions where this person's provocative behavior stemmed from various causes. Results agreed closely with those of the laboratory study. Subjects reported the most negative reactions under conditions where their opponent falsely attributed his conflict-inducing actions to external causes.
United States Food and Nutrition Issues—Roles of Dairy Foods

Abstract Changes in the United States diet since the turn of the century include an increase in consumption of meat and reduced intake of cereal products and potatoes. These changes have provided for an increase in the intake of most nutrients. Various health statistics including life expectancy and mortality rates from chronic diseases adjusted for age fail to support the notion that the American diet has deteriorated. In fact, the data can be interpreted as showing a remarkable improvement in diet. The contribution of dairy foods to the diet of the United States is considered. Dairy foods make a positive and significant contribution to the nutrient intake and health of the American population. The major dietary problem in the United States appears to be obesity. The prevention and/or treatment of obesity can be facilitated by the availability of calorie reduced foods including dairy foods. This can be achieved most readily by provision of foods with reduced fat content.
1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 hybrid analogs with structural changes at both the A-ring and the C,D-ring side-chain

Abstract Calcitriol analogs 3 and 4 , prepared by convergent coupling of 1-hydroxymethyl A-ring phosphine oxide (±)- 5 and structurally modified C,D-ring ketones (−)- 6 , are shown to be hybrid analogs with blended and potent, but variable, biological activities.
Peripheral T cell lymphoma presenting as dermatomyositis-like eruption.

Background: There are several conditions reported to mimic the cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis, including lymphoproliferative disorders. Objective: This case report presents an unusual case of peripheral T cell lymphoma mimicking dermatomyositis and discusses the clinical and pathologic features that distinguish it from dermatomyositis. Methods and Results: A 62-year-old woman presented with a two-month history of a progressive painful cutaneous eruption and interstitial infiltrates on chest x-ray. Skin biopsy revealed peripheral T cell lymphoma. The diagnosis was confirmed by lung biopsy. Conclusions: Although rare, a lymphoproliferative disorder must be included in the differential diagnosis of a cutaneous dermatomyositis-like eruption.
Purification and characterization of platelet aggregation inhibitors from snake venoms.

Abstract Proteins that inhibit glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa mediated platelet aggregation have been purified from the venom of two snake species. A small platelet aggregation inhibitor (pl.AI), multisquamatin (Mr=5,700), was purified from Echis multisquamatus venom by hydrophobic interaction HPLC and two steps on C18 reverse phase HPLC. A larger pl.AI, contortrostatin (Mr=15,000), was purified by a similar HPLC procedure from the venom of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix . Both pl.AIs inhibit ADP-induced human, canine and rabbit platelet aggregation using platelet rich plasma (PRP). Multisquamatin has an IC 50 of 97 nM, 281 nM and 333 nM for human, canine and rabbit PRP, respectively. Contortrostatin has an IC 50 of 49 nM, 120 nM and 1,150 nM for human, canine and rabbit PRP, respectively. In a competitive binding assay using 125 I-7E3 (a monoclonal antibody to GPIIb/IIIa that inhibits platelet aggregation) both contortrostatin and multisquamatin demonstrated GPIIb/IIIa specific binding to human and canine platelets. The IC 50 for contortrostatin displacement of 7E3 binding to human and canine GPIIb/IIIa is 27 nM and 16 nM, respectively and for multisquamatin it is 3 nM and 63 nM, respectively. Our results indicate that both pl.AIs inhibit platelet aggregation by binding with high affinity to GPIIb/IIIa.
Acute Alcohol Intoxication Suppresses the Pulmonary ELR-Negative CXC Chemokine Response to Lipopolysaccharide

Abstract Alcohol abuse impairs the pulmonary immune response to infection and increases the morbidity and mortality of bacterial pneumonia. Acute alcohol intoxication suppresses lung expression of CXC chemokines bearing the Glu-Leu-Arg motif (ELR + ) following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, but its effect on the structurally related ELR − CXC chemokines, which attract T cells, is unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of acute alcohol intoxication on the pulmonary response to intratracheal (i.t.) LPS challenge for the ELR − CXC chemokines monokine induced by gamma (MIG or CXCL9), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10), and interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC or CXCL11). Male C57BL/6 or C3H/HeN mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (3.0g/kg) or phosphate buffered saline 30min before i.t. LPS challenge. Chemokine mRNA transcripts were measured at 0, 2, 6, and 16h. Acute alcohol intoxication inhibited the lung's expression of all three chemokine genes in response to LPS. Lung IFN-γ mRNA was also inhibited by acute intoxication over the same time course. The in vitro effect of ethanol on chemokine secretion was further studied in the MH-S alveolar macrophage cell line. IP-10, MIG, and I-TAC in response to LPS were enhanced by exogenous interferon (IFN)-γ, and these responses were blunted by exposure to ethanol. Alcohol exposure did not affect MH-S cell nuclear factor kappa beta p65 nuclear localization during challenge, despite dose-dependent inhibition of Erk 1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, phospho-signal transduction and activator of transcription 1 was not decreased in the presence of acute ethanol, thereby indicating that acute intoxication does not affect IFN-γ signaling in MH-S cells. Recruitment of CD3+ T cells into the alveolar space 4 days after LPS challenge was moderately impaired by acute ethanol intoxication. These results implicate acute ethanol intoxication as a significant inhibitor of lymphocyte chemoattractant expression during pulmonary inflammation.
Tag-it, snag-it, or bag-it: combining tags, threads, and folders in e-mail

We describe the design of bluemail, a web-based email system that provides message tagging, message threading, and email folders. We wanted to explore how this combination of features would help users manage and organize their email. We conducted a limited field test of the prototype by observing how users triage their own email using bluemail. Our study identified ways in which users liked tagging, threading, and foldering capabilities, but also some of the complex ways in which they can interact. Our study elicited early user input to guide the iterative design of these features. It also involved a user study researcher, designer, and developer in the field test to quickly integrate different perspectives during development.
The use of duplex ultrasound arterial mapping as an alternative to conventional arteriography for primary and secondary infrapopliteal bypasses.

Abstract Background: For more than 1 decade, duplex ultrasonography has been investigated as a potential replacement for invasive contrast arteriography (CA) prior to lower extremity revascularization. While some authors advocate the reliability of this methodology for infrainguinal imaging, revascularizations based on duplex ultrasonography alone are seldom reported. Our initial experience with duplex ultrasound arterial mapping (DUAM) for primary and secondary infrapopliteal bypasses performed without preoperative CA is reported in this series. Methods: Twenty-eight infrapopliteal bypasses based on DUAM alone (26) and combined DUAM and CA (2) were performed. Indications for surgery were tissue loss in 22 cases and rest pain in 6. Eight patients (29%) had at least 1 previous ipsilateral revascularization. A schematic anatomical drawing based on DUAM helped the selection of optimal inflow and outflow bypass sites. Bypasses originated from the femoral arteries in 17 cases, external iliac in 3, and popliteal in 4, and from a previous graft in 4. The distal anastomosis was to the dorsalis pedis in 12 cases, posterior tibial in 7, anterior tibial in 6, and peroneal in 3. Results: DUAM revealed unobstructed inflow in 24 cases, significant iliac stenosis in 1, and in 3 cases imaging was not possible owing to obesity. A pressure gradient of 15 mm Hg between donor and radial artery confirmed the stenosis diagnosed by DUAM, and was successfully treated with balloon angioplasty and stent placement. A single infrapopliteal runoff artery was identified by DUAM in 22 cases, 2 in 4 cases, and 3 in 2 cases. Preoperative CA was performed in 2 instances because of severe arterial calcification. Completion arteriography matched the run-off status predicted by DUAM in 25 out of 26 cases (96%). DUAM missed a significant anterior tibial artery stenosis that required a distal graft extension. One-, 3-, and 6-month patency rates were 96%, 85%, and 62%, respectively. Limb salvage rate was 86%. Conclusions: This early experience shows that DUAM may be a safe alternative to invasive conventional arteriography for the majority of patients (89%) presenting with critical ischemia and in need of infrapopliteal bypasses.
Specific disappearance of translatable messenger RNA for elongation factor one in aging Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract The molecular basis was sought for the previously observed drop in the synthesis of elongation factor one (EF-1) and subsequent decline in overall protein synthesis in aging Drosophila melanogaster . It has been found that translatable poly(A+)RNA for EF-1 disappears at about the same time that EF-1 synthesis decreases. This disappearance is specific for EF-1, since overall poly(A+)RNA levels and their translation to cellular proteins remain constant over the life-span of the organism. The disappearance of translatable RNA is not the result of a specific loss of the polyadenylate segment of poly(A+)RNA, since poly(A−1)RNA exhibits a similar specific loss of translation ability for EF-1.
Trainer Opinions of Popular Corporate Training Methods

Abstract Live cases and internships appear to have high trainer approval ratings, based on a survey of corporate trainers. About 200 corporate trainers rated 20 training methods, using seven measures of training effectiveness. Live cases and internships were rated the highest overall based on measures such as knowledge acquisition, problem solving, and interpersonal skills. Training methods with less student/teacher interaction, such as television lectures, were rated low with such measures.
Three-dimensional confinement in the conduction band structure of InP

Strong quantum confinement in InP is observed to significantly reduce the separation between the direct and indirect conduction band states. The effects of three-dimensional confinement are investigated by tailoring the initial separation between conduction band states using quantum dots (QDs) of different sizes and hydrostatic pressure. Analyses of the QD emission spectra show that the ${X}_{1c}$ states are lowest in energy at pressures of $\ensuremath{\sim}6\mathrm{GPa}$, much lower than in the bulk. The transition to the ${X}_{1c}$ states can be explained by either a sequence of $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{-}L$ and $L\ensuremath{-}X$ crossings, or by the crossover between strongly coupled $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ and $X$ states.
Effects of Affective and Cognitive Distractions on Anxiety Reduction

Summary Male undergraduates (N = 126) with either low, medium, or high levels of experimentally induced anxiety were exposed to either no distracting material, nonhumorous distracting material (interesting but neutral quotations), or humorous distracting material (jokes). Jokes were more effective in reducing anxiety than either quotations or no distractions. Anxiety reduction was related to the degree to which Ss perceived the jokes as funny.
EFFECT OF SURFACTANT PROTEINS (SP) ON SURFACTANT PHOSPHOLIPID TRAFFICKING INTO TYPE II (TII) CELL LYSOSOMES IN VIVO. † 2072

EFFECT OF SURFACTANT PROTEINS (SP) ON SURFACTANT PHOSPHOLIPID TRAFFICKING INTO TYPE II (TII) CELL LYSOSOMES IN VIVO. † 2072