cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A lineage-specific epigenetic memory of inflammation potentiates Kras-driven pancreatic tumorigenesis

Tissue homeostasis depends on responses to environmental insults to restore cellular phenotype, microenvironment composition, and tissue architecture. Inflammation is essential to the disruption of homeostasis in epithelial tumorigenesis, but how a temporally remote inflammatory episode impacts tumor development is unknown. Herein we employ lineage-traced mouse models to unveil the presence of an epigenetic memory of inflammation. We observe that despite histologic resolution of pancreatitis, acinar cells fail to return to the same molecular baseline. In vivo, the memory is associated with diminished metaplasia in response to a second inflammatory insult but increased tumorigenesis when instead subjected to an oncogenic Kras mutation. We find that memory is a cell-intrinsic property, primarily encoded in chromatin, that features persistent derepression of metaplastic genes and is recalled with oncogenic stress. Together, our findings define a capacity for an environmental insult to potentiate future tumor initiation, broadening the relationship between inflammation and cancer.
THE RELATIVE DENSITY APPROACH-USES, TESTING REQUIREMENTS, RELIABILITY, AND SHORTCOMINGS

TO EVALUATE THE DENSITY OF FREE DRAINING COHESIONLESS SOILS IN TERMS OF PERCENT RELATIVE DENSITY, THERE ARE THREE PARAMETERS THAT MUST BE DETERMINED. THESE ARE (1) THE MINIMUM DENSITY THAT THE SOIL CAN BE STRUCTURED, (2) THE MAXIMUM DENSITY THAT THE SOIL CAN BE STRUCTURED, AND (3) THE DENSITY OF THE SOIL BEING EVALUATED. ERRORS OR VARIATIONS CAN BE OBTAINED IN DETERMINING EACH OF THESE THREE VALUES. THE REASONS FOR SUCH VARIATIONS INCLUDE (1) LACK OF SPECIMEN SIMILARITY, (2) DISSIMILAR TEST PROCEDURES USED, (3) TESTING EQUIPMENT NOT SIMILAR OR NOT PROPERLY MAINTAINED, AND (4) VARIATIONS IN THE TRAINING AND EXPERTISE OF OPERATORS. THE WITHIN 10 PERCENT RELATIVE DENSITY. /AUTHOR/ INDICATE THAT THE VARIATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM DENSITY TESTS ARE ABOUT THE SAME AS THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMPACT COMPACTION TESTS. THE REQUIREMENT FOR DETERMINATION OF THREE PARAMETERS TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE DENSITY VALUE CAN LEAD TO THE COMPOUNDING OF ERRORS AND VARIATIONS IN THE WORST CASES. THE USE OF PROPER TEST METHODS, CLOSELY FOLLOWED; SPECIFIED EQUIPMENT, WELL MAINTAINED; WELL TRAINED TEST PERSONNEL, AND CARE IN SAMPLING SHOULD PROVIDE REPRODUCIBLE RELATIVE DENSITY VALUES WITHIN 10 PERCENT RELATIVE DENSITY.(A) THE NUMBER OF THE
Processing Knowledge About Systems of Automata

This chapter contains sections titled: A General System of Interactive Automata: Detailed Analysis Knowledge Structures for Sentences Describing Systems of Interactive Automata Exercises
On Rape and Capital Punishment

Would capital punishment for rapists help protect India's girls and women? Would a capital trial for these gang rapists help reform the deeply dysfunctional system of criminal justice? The answer to both questions is in the negative.
A complete characterization of stochastic processes defined on regular semigroups with applications to stochastic models

Numerous papers have been written concerning various properties of probability functions defined on semigroups. We intend to show that these separate studies can be combined into one harmonious concept. By doing so, the properties become far more flexible and can be used to prove some unsolved conjectures. In particular, we give a complete characterization of recurrence for regular semigroup and also a general means of determining the existence of limits of infinite convolutions
Dysphagia in severe anorexia nervosa: a case report.

Objective: The purpose of this case report is to increase awareness among clinicians that oropharyngeal dysphagia occurs in patients with severe anorexia nervosa, placing them at risk for aspiration and impeding nutritional rehabilitation. Method: We describe a patient with severe anorexia nervosa who manifested symptoms of dysphagia, with resultant aspiration pneumonia, at the time of her admission for medical stabilization. Results: The speech pathology team administered dysphagia therapy, using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in conjunction with swallowing therapy. Following the course of dysphagia treatment intervention, the patient was able to tolerate an oral diet with improved swallowing function and no ongoing aspiration. Discussion: Patients with severe anorexia nervosa should be screened for possible dysphagia. NMES in the treatment of dysphagia in patients with anorexia nervosa may reduce the need for enteral feeds and prolonged hospitalization. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2012.
The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Threshold of Nuclear War

Chapter 1-Understanding the Cuban Missile Crisis Chapter 2-Countries in Tension Chapter 3-October 1962 Chapter 4-Nuclear Precedents and the Legacy of the Crisis Documents
Estimating the size and average degree of online social networks at the extreme

Given the increasingly limiting nature of online social networks (OSNs), studying their structural characteristics under a limited data access model becomes important. In this study, we propose estimators for network size and average degree characteristics of OSNs. We sample an OSN graph using random neighbor API calls. A random neighbor API call returns only the id of a randomly selected neighbor of a given user. Although the existing estimators give good accuracy estimations for a given sample size, they are not applicable under the extremely limited data access model considered here. We conduct experiments on real world graphs to measure the performance of the proposed estimators.
Two-in-One Designer Antibodies

An antibody is engineered to recognize two different proteins with high affinity, opening the door to improved combination therapies for cancers and infections.
Closeted desires and open secrets: Raincoat and Noukadubi

This article argues that key films of Indian director Rituparno Ghosh – Raincoat (2004) and Noukadubi (Boatwreck, 2011) – anatomize a condition of unrealized desire that is created by the social expectations and constraints of arranged marriage. This desire exists at a level of ‘open secrecy’, that is, it is at once acknowledged and disavowed. Specifically, through close analysis, it is demonstrated that Ghosh’s films evoke the metaphor of the ‘closet’ to characterize the mortifying ways in which desire is confined and denied within arranged marriage. By deploying the metaphor of the ‘closet’, these films also invite us to consider, albeit in a manner that is itself closeted or disguised, an analogy between the closet created by compulsory heterosexuality for those who are incipiently homosexual, and the rejection of love based on desire created by conditions of what is termed ‘compulsory arrangement’. This article thus explores the multifaceted ways that Ghosh anatomizes arranged marriage in terms of clo...
Fetal mortality in cesarean section.

A REDUCTION in maternal morbidity and mortality associated with cesarean section has been evident during the recent five-year period. This has been primarily related to the development of more satisfactory surgical techniques, rapid blood replacement, and the use of antibiotics.*, 2 Because of the improved maternal results associated with the operation, an expansion in the indications for the procedure has occurred particularly during the past three years3 in an attempt to reduce fetal mortality. It is the purpose of this presentation to evaluate fetal deaths at the New York Lying-In Hospital following cesarean section during the period 1933 to 1949, inclusive. The causes of fetal death, the indications for the operation, the condition of the fetus prior to and after the operation will be elaborated. In this study, all sections are included in which the infant weighed 1,500 grams or over, regardless of the duration of the pregnancy. The premature group comprises the infants from 1,500 grams to 2,499 grams, and full-term infants include all of 2,500 grams and over. The infant mortality represents all dead births, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths. Stillborn are those with cardiac sounds at birth without respirations. Neonatal deaths include all deaths of infants prior to the fifteenth day of life.
Community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection in the elderly: a community-based study of incidence and outcome.

Background: We studied the incidence, characteristics, and survival of elderly patients from a defined community who had pneumonia or bronchitis (lower respiratory tract infection). Methods: This study was a population-based retrospective cohort study of residents of Rochester, Minnesota, aged 65 years or older with a first episode of pneumonia or bronchitis during the calendar year 1987. Results: Overall age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates for an initial episode in a calendar year were 5452 per 100,000: 2420 per 100,000 (95 percent confidence interval, 2056 to 2783 per 100,000) for bronchitis and 3032 per 100,000 (95 percent confidence interval, 2639 to 3425 per 100,000) for pneumonia. After exclusion of eight cases diagnosed at autopsy, the overall 30-day mortality was 10.7 percent. Patients with pneumonia had lower survival than expected for the Minnesota white population (log-rank statistic = 117.38, P Conclusion: Lower respiratory tract infections are common in the elderly. Most patients in this study were not hospitalized, and atypical presentations were not observed. Early mortality (30 days) was high. Among elderly patients with either pneumonia or bronchitis, the survival was lower than expected. This study confirmed the need for population-based studies, because more than two-thirds of patients would have been missed if only hospitalized patients were included.
Do stock and home ownership influence US personal savings

Notes with concern the current negative rate of personal saving in the USA, reviews previous research on factors affecting savings and explores the interrelationships between personal savings and the returns on stock and family homes. Develops a mathematical model and applies it to 1980‐2000 data using causality tests, cointegration and error‐correction models. Finds a significant, negative causal relationship from stock returns to savings and a possible positive causal relationship from returns on homes, although the latter was not supported by tri‐variate analysis. Concludes that changes in a household’s stock returns are adjusted through changes in savings.
Structural evolution of the Lewis plate in Glacier National Park, Montana: Implications for regional tectonic development

Detailed geologic mapping in southern Glacier National Park, Montana, reveals four episodes of deformation in the hanging wall of the Lewis thrust. (1) Pre-Lewis thrust structures include west- and east-dipping imbricate thrusts, conjugate contraction faults, and west- and east-directed bedding-parallel faults. Although these structures are truncated from below by the Lewis thrust, their development was kinematically compatible with the emplacement of the Lewis plate. Thus, they may have formed during early stages of the emplacement of the Lewis plate. (2) Syn-Lewis thrust structures include the Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary Lewis thrust, west-dipping duplexes, east-dipping normal faults, and the Akamina syncline, a broad fold that lies directly west of the Lewis thrust and extends northwestward for about 120 km from southern Glacier Park, western Montana, to southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta, Canada. The development of the duplexes and the normal faults may have been related to east-verging simple-shear deformation during emplacement of the Lewis plate. The formation of the segment of the Akamina syncline in the study area was the consequence of development of the duplexes in the Lewis plate, because strata above the duplexes are concordant with the syncline. The syncline is, however, disconcordant with the Lewis thrust. This observation contrasts strongly with the well-established concordant relationship between the Lewis thrust and the Akamina syncline in its hanging wall in Canada, about 100 km north of the study area. We propose that the formation of the Akamina syncline on a regional scale was related to the development of duplexes and imbricate thrusts at two structural levels, one above and one below the Lewis thrust. During the development of these duplexes, the Lewis thrust transferred horizontal shortening laterally along the strike of regional compressional structures from its footwall in the Paleozoic-Mesozoic strata to its hanging wall in the Proterozoic strata. We speculate that development of the broad-fold belt, a major structure in the fold-and-thrust belt in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains and western Montana, was related to duplex formation at deep structural levels below the folds. (3) Post-Lewis thrust contractional structures include a high-angle reverse fault that cuts the Lewis thrust and strikes N70°W, which is about 30°-40° more to the west than the average strike of the syn- Lewis thrust structures. The development of this fault represents a change in compressional direction after emplacement of the Lewis plate. (4) Post-Lewis thrust extensional structures include southwest-dipping normal faults. These faults truncate the post-Lewis thrust reverse fault and are part of the Eocene-Oligocene Rocky Mountain trench normal fault system.
Almost-degenerate group frequencies; the double-bond stretching and methylene deformation modes in vinylidene compounds

Abstract The carboncarbon double-bond stretching and the methylene deformation group frequencies in symmetrically substituted vinylidene compounds have been treated by degenerate first-order perturbation theory; numerical results are presented.
Faster spreading or greater ridge length in the Archean

Dissipation of more heat from a hotter early Earth by the plate-tectonics mechanism would require subduction of, on average, younger lithosphere. In principle, this could be achieved equally well by faster spreading, by having greater ridge length, or some combination thereof. Present-day evidence, however, suggests that younger oceanic lithosphere subducts more slowly than older; if this applied in the Archean, then the “greater ridge length” alternative prevailed. A quantitative expression is derived which indicates that oceanic heat loss is proportional to the cube root of ridge length. This relationship means that if Archean heat flow was 3 times that of the present, 27 times as much ridge would have been required, which would suggest that the Archean Earth was covered by many small plates moving slowly.
Conversational Usage of “Integrity”: An Informal Look

Use of the noun “integrity” may be fading from social conversation. A counting of its employment during 67 half-hour television talk shows showed 7 instances.
Pharmacological study of Corchorus olitorius L., seeds with special reference to its cardiovascular activity

The total alcoholic extract ofCorchorus olitorius seeds and the cardenolide mixture isolated from it indicated that both preparations are of cardiotonic, laxative, ecbolic and hypertensive properties.
Industrial effluent monitoring incorporating a recent automated fish biomonitoring system

An automated, continuous biological monitoring facility which is in operation at a U.S. Army ammunition manufacturing plant is described. The system monitors the ventilatory behavior of bluegill sunfish,Lepomis macrochirus Raf, to assess the quality of two wastewater discharges with the aid of an on-line minicomputer system. Certain chemical/physical parameters are also monitored automatically on a continuous basis. The capability for detecting unapproved discharges is discussed. The overall concept of this system and discussion of its potential for economically monitoring water and wastewater discharges, both automatically and continuously, are presented.
Bimodality of the solar cycle

An alternative characterization of the solar cycle is offered that is consistent with the sunspot data for cycles 1-20 (1775-1976) but suggests a different physical interpretation. For sunspot cycles 1-20, all cycles occurred in strings (two to six cycles in length) during which the period remained longer or shorter than the sample mean period. These strings have coincided with long-term trends of growth or decay in the amplitude of the cycle. In six out of six cases, the period of the cycle has switched from long to short (or the reverse) in coincidence with the turning points in the long-term trend. This suggests that the solar dynamo has two modes with different mean periods. In the short-period mode, the amplitude of the cycle grows; in the long-period mode, the amplitude decays. The transition between modes has occurred at irregular intervals. A persistence of the long-period mode would eventually produce a grand minimum such as the Maunder minimum; a persistence of the short-period mode would produce a grand maximum. Unless the present interval between transitions turns out to be shorter than any previously observed interval, the present cycle (cycle 21) is part of a long-period, decaying trend and will be of longer-than-average duration (more than 133 months).
Highlights and critical points in the theory and application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process

Abstract This paper provides a detailed discussion with references on the fundamentals of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and in particular of relative measurement. The points discussed are grouped under the following categories: Structure in the AHP — Hierarchies and Networks, Scales of Measurement, Judgments, Consistency and the Eigenvector, Synthesis and Normative vs. Descriptive. The paper also includes a discussion of rank and a number of citations of rank reversals attributed to a variety of factors ranging from intransitivity to procedure invariance, that are thought to be unexplained by Utility Theory with its underlying principle to always preserve rank. It is shown that when there is synergy due to the number of elements the AHP can be used to both preserve rank when it is desired to preserve it and allow it to reverse when it should reverse.
Computer simulation of morphological evolution and rafting of γ′ particles in Ni-based superalloys under applied stresses

Mechanical properties of Ni-based superalloys are strongly affected by the morphology, distribution, and size of {gamma}{prime} precipitates in the {gamma} matrix. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a continuum field approach for modeling the morphology and rafting kinetics of coherent precipitates under applied stresses. This approach can be used to simulate the temporal evolution of arbitrary morphologies and microstructures without any a priori assumption. Recently, the authors applied this approach to the selected variant growth in Ni-Ti alloys under applied stresses using an inhomogeneous modulus approximation. For the {gamma}{prime} precipitates in Ni-based superalloys, the eigenstrain is dilatational, and hence the {gamma}{prime} morphological evolution can be affected by applied stresses only when the elastic modulus is inhomogeneous. In the present work, the elastic inhomogeneity was taken into account by reformulating a sharp-interface elasticity theory developed recently by Khachaturyan et al. in terms of diffuse interfaces. Although the present work is for a {gamma}{prime} {minus} {gamma} system, this model is general in a sense that it can be applied to other alloy systems containing coherent ordered intermetallic precipitates with elastic inhomogeneity.
Bi-ionic flows through a single homogeneous membrane

The form of the equations for bi-ionic flows through a cation-exchanger membrane is investigated. Simple algebraic flow equations are given by a first-order expansion of an integral of the Nernst-Planck d.e.'s calculated under the assumption of local electroneutrality. Donnan equilibrium is used to find the ionic partition at the membrane-solution interfaces. Using standard techniques it is found that the cation flow equations can be put into the form $$J_i = \lambda (C_i^I C_j^{II} - C_i^{II} C_j^I ) + \frac{{\tau _i }}{F}I,i \ne j = 1,2,$$ where, however, λ and τ i are functions of the mean concentrations across the membrane. Thus it is shown that the osmotic force Δπ si=2 RT(C i I -C i II ) cannot be the driving force in the bi-ionic flow equations as might be expected in a generalization of the Kedem-Katchalsky equation for a single salt.
Avoidance Behavior by Prairie Grouse: Implications for Development of Wind Energy

New wind-energy facilities and their associated power transmission lines and roads are being constructed at a rapid pace in the Great Plains of North America. Nevertheless, little is known about the possible negative effects these anthropogenic features might have on prairie birds, one of the most threatened groups in North America. We examined radiotelemetry tracking locations of Lesser Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) and Greater Prairie-Chickens (T. cupido) in two locations in Oklahoma to determine whether these birds avoided or changed movement behavior near power lines and paved highways. We tracked 463 Lesser Prairie-Chickens (15,071 tracking locations) and 216 Greater Prairie-Chickens (5,750 locations) for 7 and 3 years, respectively. Individuals of both species avoided power lines by at least 100 m and Lesser Prairie-Chickens avoided one of the two highways by 100 m. Prairie-chickens crossed power lines less often than expected if birds moved randomly (p 0.05). In addition, home ranges of Lesser Prairie-Chickens overlapped the power line less often than would be expected by chance placement of home ranges; this result was supported by kernel-density estimation of home ranges. It is likely that new power lines (and other tall structures such as wind turbines) will lead to avoidance of previously suitable habitat and will serve as barriers to movement. These two factors will likely increase fragmentation in an already fragmented landscape if wind energy development continues in prairie habitats.
Recent Trends in Sex Mortality Differentials in the United States

In the 1970s. the United States population experienced a notable drop in mortality rates, after several decades of relative stability. Has this increased longevity been enjoyed equally by males and females, so that sex mortality differentials are essentially the same as before? Or has one sex benefited more than the other? This paper focuses on the mortality experience of males and females between 1970 and 1977, by age and by leading causes of death. The 1970-1977 data are compared with two earlier periods (1920-1950 and 1950-1970) to show how recent trends contrast with previous ones. Overall, the recent data suggest a new situation for sex mortality differentials. In prior decades, females' longevity advantage over males increased. This continuing increase appeared for virtually all ages and leading causes. But in the 1970s, the increaseslowed. Females' situation relative to males actually worsened for several age groups (under 1, 55-64) and for several leading causes (conditions of early infancy, bronc...
Results of Total Surgical Correction for Fallot's Tetralogy

Forty-four consecutive patients have been operated upon for total correction of Fallot's anomaly since the opening of the Stanford Medical Center. There were no hospital or operative deaths. The combination of uniformly reversible cardiac arrest, meticulous placement of sutures for closure of the ventricular septal defect, and a flexible plan for enlarging the outflow tract has markedly reduced the operative risk for total surgical correction of Fallot's tetralogy.
Elastic model for crimped collagen fibrils

A physiologic constitutive expression is presented in algorithmic format for the nonlinear elastic response of wavy collagen fibrils found in soft connective tissues. The model is based on the observation that crimped fibrils in a fascicle have a three-dimensional structure at the micron scale that we approximate as a helical spring. The symmetry of this wave form allows the force/displacement relationship derived from Castigliano's theorem to be solved in closed form: all integrals become analytic. Model predictions are in good agreement with experimental observations for mitral-valve chordae tendinece.
All Optical Ultrafast Broadband Silicon Switch

We demonstrate 1times2 all-optical broadband switches using 200-mum-diameter ring resonators on a silicon chip with a rise time of 100 ps. The device can switch a large number (>10) of channels spaced by 0.9 nm.
Contemporary technology in the development of an optimal juvenile investigation

Abstract The capacity of juvenile courts to aid troubled youth depends upon the quality of information upon which dispositional decisions are based. Difficulties in accomplishing adequate juvenile investigations compromise the courts' ability to achieve their objectives. Deficiencies in traditional juvenile investigations are identified, and characterized as including conceptual, procedural, and manpower problems. Some basic requirements of an “optimal” juvenile investigation are presented. The authors' Computer Assisted Regional Evaluation System is used to illustrate how contemporary technological advances in on-line computer systems can provide a basis for accomplishing such optimal investigations, can facilitate the achievement of the objectives of the juvenile justice system and, at the same time, upgrade the capabilities of its juvenile probation workers.
Diffuse functions in natural bond orbital analysis.

We show that diffuse function augmentation of Pople basis sets at the 6-311G RHF and B3LYP levels strongly impact conclusions drawn from natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The large spatial extent of high quantum number Rydberg orbitals introduced by augmentation contribute importantly to the valence space of neighboring atoms due to the likely inadequacy of the 311 valence functions. In contrast, lesser anomalies are found for augmentation of double zeta type 6-31G. The energetic anomalies found for bond and antibond NBO descriptions, made nonlocal by augmentation, are most serious for molecules with four or more heavy atoms. For these cases augmentation can lead to nonphysical results. NBO results using Dunning-type correlation consistent orbitals exhibit much weaker basis set dependence than those using the Pople basis sets.© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2007
The Control Of Intrinsic Stresses In Cvd Diamond Films With Multistep Processing

The role of intrinsic stresses in diamond films is examined. The films were deposited on (100) Si substrates by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The total internal stresses (thermal and intrinsic) were measured at room temperature with the bending plate method. The thermal stresses are compressive and arise due to the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficient of film and substrate. The intinsic stresses were tensile and evolved during the deposition process. These stresses increased with increasing deposition time. A 12 hour intermediate annealing treatment was found to reduce the tensile stresses considerably. The annealing treatment is most effective when the diamond crystallites are undergoing impingement and coalescence. This is consistent with the theory that the maximum tensile stresses are associated with grain boundary energetics.
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in experimental spinal cord injury: Correlation between T1-weighted changes and Mn2+ concentrations

OBJECTIVE: Manganese (Mn(2+))-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) is a potentially important tool for assessing neural tissue regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI). We evaluated the relation between Mn(2+) and T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) signals in an SCI rat model. METHODS: Rats were divided into 4 groups with or without SCI (T9-level transection) and with or without Mn(2+) injection. Two microliters of 0.2 mol/L MnCl(2) was injected into the lateral ventricles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 60 hours after injection. Signal intensities at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels were measured and normalized to the intensity of perivertebral muscles. Spinal cord sections were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for total Mn(2+) content. The results of ICP-MS were compared with MR signal intensity. RESULTS: T1-weighted MR signal intensity and ICP-MS-measured Mn(2+) were significantly decreased below the SCI injury site in Mn(2+)-injected groups with or without SCI, and were similar to intensity and Mn(2+) levels of noninjected animals. Signal intensity and Mn(2+) concentration tended to decrease from cervical to lumbar spinal levels in the control rats. ICP-MS data correlated with MRI results. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed Mn(2+) uptake in the spinal cord after intraventricular injection. T1-weighted MR signal intensity correlates with spinal Mn(2+) concentration as measured with ICP-MS. This work establishes the repeatability of MEMRI of the injured spinal cord and makes it possible to compare changes in axonal transport rates through the spinal cord after neuronal regeneration in vivo at different stages. MEMRI in animal models may improve understanding of the factors required to promote spinal cord regeneration.
Neonatal dermatology. I. The newborn skin.

T rI ~. s K I N of the newborn infant may present a variety of lesions: some innocent, temporary, and the result of a physiologic reaction, others the result of episodic disease, and still others indicative of a serious potentially fatal underlying disorder. The definitive diagnosis of specific skin lesions requires an understanding of the physiologic characteristics and peculiarities of neonatal skin, a recognition of primary skin lesions, and knowledge of their significance. This paper will briefly review current understanding of the biological properties peculiar to newborn skin, discuss certain diagnostic problems encountered in the first 4 weeks of life, and provide some general principles for their management. A subsequent commentary will discuss specific blistering and scaling dermatoses that occur in the neonatal period.
Multiple Pyogenic Granulomata in Childhood

Multiple pyogenic granulomata are rare. Satellite lesions are infrequently associated with trauma to or treatment of the primary lesion. Rare cases of disseminated pyogenic granulomata have been reported. We report the occurrence of numerous, discrete, pyogenic granulomata in two young boys at locations remote from the primary excision site, and review the literature on multiple pyogenic granulomata. In patient no. 1, new lesions seemed to develop from 2- to 4-mm capillary hemangiomas both within and outside of a port-wine stain. Patient no. 2 involves a previously unreported occurrence of numerous facial lesions.
Inactivation of bradykinin and kallidin by cathepsin G and mast cell chymase.

Human neutrophil cathepsin G and human skin chymase can inactivate bradykinin by cleavage at the carboxy terminal phenylalanyl-arginyl peptide bond of this polypeptide. The mast cell enzyme is far more effective than cathepsin G, the rates of hydrolysis being comparable to that found for angiotensin I to angiotensin II conversion (C.F. Reilly, D. Tewksbury, N. Schechter, and J. Travis, J. Biological Chemistry 257: 8619–8622). This ability to both inactivate bradykinin and accelerate the production of angiotensin II may be of significance in the development of biochemical events associated with inflammation.
unrestricted cognatic descent and corporateness on Niutao, a Polynesian island of Tuvalu

This paper describes the system of unrestricted cognatic descent on the Polynesian island of Niutao. It addresses the controversy in anthropology concerning whether unrestricted cognatic descent groups can function as corporate groups with overlapping membership. Niutao descent groups are cognatic, overlapping, exogamous, and corporate. While these groups cannot handle the large array of functions of unilineal groups, the few functions they do handle are nevertheless important ones. [cognatic descent, corporations, descent theory. Polynesia]
‘Come Buy, Come Buy’: Christina Rossetti's ‘Goblin Market’ and the Cries of London

Placing Christina Rossetti's ‘Goblin Market’ (1862) within the rich context of children's London guidebooks establishes a literary tradition in which readers are counseled to be wise urban consumers. During this period of rapid industrialization, exotic foods appeared on English tables amid public fears about food adulteration. Rossetti's poem and contemporary guidebooks transmit the anxiety surrounding food selection and consumption. From Aunt Busy-Bee's New London Cries (1852) to Aunt Louisa's London Alphabet (1872), London is depicted as an urban sounding board for commercial opportunities and moral choices. Removed from agrarian sites of production, urban readers are urged to select food according to the moral character of the vendor. In Rossetti's famous poem, Lizzie's and Laura's choices are immediately relevant to readers who hearkened to similar cries shouted daily in their neighborhoods. Rossetti herself would have heard them growing up in London, and these traditional cries bear semantic and met...
Wavelet-based associative memory

Faces provide important characteristics of a person’s identification. In security checks, face recognition still remains the method in continuous use despite other approaches (i.e. fingerprints, voice recognition, pupil contraction, DNA scanners). With an associative memory, the output data is recalled directly using the input data. This can be achieved with a Nonlinear Holographic Associative Memory (NHAM). This approach can also distinguish between strongly correlated images and images that are partially or totally enclosed by others. Adaptive wavelet lifting has been used for Content-Based Image Retrieval. In this paper, adaptive wavelet lifting will be applied to face recognition to achieve an associative memory.
High-temperature transport of electrons in diamond

Abstract The transport parameters of electrons in diamond has been investigated at high temperatures of 500 and 700 K for electric fields ranging from 0.4 to 100 kV/cm. It is found that the diffusion coefficient decreases with increasing temperature and electric fields. The drift velocity at 100 kV/cm decreased from 1.5 × 10 7 to 1.0 × 10 7 cm/s as the temperature increased from 300 to 700 K. At fields above 50 kV/cm, a nonparabolicity factor of 0.25 eV -1 softens excessive heating of the electrons and the increase in the diffusion coefficient.
A practical technique for preparation of antiserum to canine factor VIII-related antigen.

Abstract Identification and measurement of canine factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIR: Ag) has many clinical and research applications, including differential diagnosis of hemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease, use as a marker for specific cell types, and elucidation of the structure of this factor VIII component. We have developed a practical method for producing antibodies to canine VIIIR: Ag that uses 2% agarose filtration for purification and identifies the antigen by correlation with the elution of the peak A280 fraction in the void volume. Antisera for electroimmunoassay (EIA) can be produced in less than four weeks from simple starting materials and with commonly available laboratory equipment. This technique would be useful for either clinical veterinary or comparative research laboratories.
Copper(II) Activity in Aged Suspensions of Goethite and Organic Matter

Suspensions of natural organic matter and iron oxide (FeOOH) were equilibrated with a wide range of concentrations of added Cu 2+ (50-5000 mg kg -1 ) for as long as 400 d, in order to observe the time-dependent solubility of the free Cu 2+ ion. Adsorption was conducted at two pH ranges (5.0-5.5 and 6.5-7.0) and in the presence and absence of phosphate. The Cu 2+ activity, measured by ion-selective electrode, was one to two orders of magnitude lower for the organic systems at all Cu loadings investigated when the pH was near 5,5, indicating that the organic matter was a more effective adsorbent for Cu 2+ than goethite. Longer reaction times generally caused the Cu 2+ activities to decrease due to drifting pH and slow reactions. At higher pH, organic matter again resulted in lower Cu 2+ activity than the oxide at all Cu loading levels, but the difference was generally less than at low pH. A downward pH trend in the organic system initially at pH 6.5 caused the Cu 2+ activity to increase with longer reaction times. Most of the long-term changes in Cu 2+ activity could be attributed to shifting pH, although an aging effect on activity could be discerned. Phosphate added to the oxide or organic matter had little effect on the activity of Cu 2+ . The EDTA extracted a larger fraction of Cu 2+ adsorbed on organic matter than on the oxide, suggesting that strong chelating agents selectively extract metals in quantities not directly related to activity or potential toxicity.
Erythroid 5-Aminolevulinate Synthase is Required for Erythroid Differentiation in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

We have examined the induction of the enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway during erythroid differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Following transfer to appropriate medium all of the pathway enzymes are induced within three days. Unlike differentiating mouse erythroleukemia cells (Lake-Bullock, H. and Dailey, H.A. Mol Cell Biol 13:7122-7132, 1993), all of the enzymes appear to be induced simultaneously and not sequentially in differentiating ES cells. The role of erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS-2) in this differentiation process was examined by disruption of the ALAS-2 gene. The targeting vector used for disruption replaced all of exons 4 to 6 with a selectable neomycin resistance gene. The resulting genetically modified (ALAS-2 knockout) cells, as well as normal ES cells were used to study induction of heme biosynthesis. Following 10 days of culture in methylcellulose media significant morphological differences between the embryoid bodies (EBs) of the two cell lines were observed. ES cells exhibited morphology of typical EBs with a dark field (blood island) in the center, while ALAS-2 knockout ES cells developed very poorly both in size and shape. At 8 days of differentiation, only 3% of all EBs contained visible erythropoietic cells (i.e., stained positively for hemoglobin) in the ALAS-2 knockout cell line, compared with 50% in ES cells. Most of the genes in the heme synthetic pathway were expressed to a stable level within 3 to 6 days after induction in normal ES cells, while the ALAS-2 knockout cell line failed to significantly increase the level of expression of these genes. Fetal beta-globin mRNA was not detectable in the differentiating ALAS-2 knockout cells, whereas mRNA for this gene was detected in normal ES cells within 3 days of differentiation. These results suggest that ALAS-2 is necessary for ES cell erythroid differentiation and that there is an interrelationship between heme and globin synthesis in differentiating ES cells.
List precoloring extension in planar graphs

A celebrated result of Thomassen states that not only can every planar graph be colored properly with five colors, but no matter how arbitrary palettes of five colors are assigned to vertices, one can choose a color from the corresponding palette for each vertex so that the resulting coloring is proper. This result is referred to as 5-choosability of planar graphs. Albertson asked whether Thomassen's theorem can be extended by precoloring some vertices which are at a large enough distance apart in a graph. Here, among others, we answer the question in the case when the graph does not contain short cycles separating precolored vertices and when there is a ''wide'' Steiner tree containing all the precolored vertices.
From orogenic hinterlands to Mediterranean-style back-arc basins: a comparative analysis

Hinterland plateaux and Mediterranean-style back-arc basins both form behind active subduction zones or collisional megathrusts, and share many characteristics: (1) early crustal thickening to about twice normal continental thickness; (2) thin lithospheric mantle; (3) mixed magmatism including asthenospheric, lithospheric, and crustal melts; (4) late-stage horizontal extension accompanied by vertical shortening. Horizontal extension and vertical shortening are driven by high gravitational potential energy (GPE) contrasts between the hinterland and surrounding lithosphere, which may reach 7 × 10 12 N m −1 , equivalent to about 2.5 times the ridge-push force. If extension is rapid relative to the rate of lithospheric cooling, GPE may remain positive even as extension continues, declining to the mid-ocean-ridge value as crustal thickness approaches zero. This suggests that hinterland plateaux could ultimately evolve into oceanic back-arc basins. The rate, direction, and amount of extension, and the rate of vertical shortening, depend on the plate boundary conditions and the GPE of the surrounding lithosphere. Vertical shortening in Tibet is limited by work required to deform the surrounding Asian lithosphere, whereas Mediterranean back-arc basins can extend at the expense of regions of thin continental or oceanic crust.
Coopetition and convergence in the ICT ecosystem

Abstract This study focuses on quantifying and visualizing the competitive dynamics shaping the ICT ecosystem. We ground our study in theories of complex systems, strategy dynamics, and industry life cycle. Using a unique longitudinal dataset, we define and develop graph and information theoretic measures of coopetition, convergence, complexity, and velocity of the ICT ecosystem. We frame the “transformation path” of the ICT ecosystem using these proposed metrics and map the trajectory using complex network visualizations. Our results show that while segments in the ICT ecosystem have converged, the rate of convergence is decreasing. This suggests a growing maturity of the ecosystem and decreasing importance on formal interfirm relationships. At the same time, we find that coopetition is increasing at a decreasing rate. We also find evidence of a declining engagement in interfirm R&D and a growing number of technology transfer relationships, indicating a possible shift from value exploration to value capturing. Our novel data-based metrics provide a foundation for strategic analysis of new business opportunities that is not possible using traditional market analysis tools. We conclude with a discussion of policy implications and future research opportunities.
Efficient mechano-catalytic depolymerization of crystalline cellulose by formation of branched glucan chains

Selective hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose is a critical step for producing value-added chemicals and materials from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we found that co-impregnation of crystalline cellulose with sulfuric acid and glucose can greatly reduce the time needed for ball milling compared with adding acid alone. The enhanced reaction time coincides with the rapid formation of branched α(1→6) glycosidic bonds, which have been shown to increase water solubility of β(1→4) glucan oligomers. Co-impregnation of glucose was crucial for the rapid formation of the α(1→6) branches, after which a carbon-based catalyst can rapidly hydrolyze the water-soluble glucan oligomers to 91.2% glucose yield faster than conventional approaches.
The GoMOOS moored buoy design

The Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS) was started in part as a prototype for sustained regional ocean observing systems in energetic environments. The central observational element of GoMOOS is the real-time buoy array deployed in a region with very little history of successful year-round scientific surface mooring deployments. In addition, a sustained observing system needed an electrical and mechanical buoy architecture that could accommodate additional payloads, and the emerging sensors and technologies expected to be available over the next 5-10 years. The GoMOOS buoy system was designed with these general guidelines in mind, and is capable of accommodating on the order of 100 surface and subsurface sensors. The buoy is stable enough to perform with several hundred pounds of ice on its superstructure, and a technician can safely stand on the float to perform maintenance in light seas. The buoy is approximately 2 m in diameter and is deployable from relatively small research and fishing vessels.
Psychologic effects of the diagnosis and treatment of hypercholesterolemia: Lessons from case studies

Some patients exhibit adverse psychologic responses to the diagnosis and treatment of hypercholesterolemia. These responses are, in part, a function of the patient's perception of the distinction between disease and illness and the patient's understanding of the probabilistic relationship between risk factors and associated diseases. Moreover, failure to acknowledge some of the specific complexities of hypercholesterolemia (e.g., natural fluctuations in serum cholesterol levels, variability of response to diet, etc.) may result in considerable anxiety. Clinicians should recognize and address these potential sources of dysfunctional psychologic reactions when they counsel hypercholesterolemic patients.
A CHEMICAL METHOD FOR SITE-SPECIFIC MODIFICATION OF RNA : THE CONVERTIBLE NUCLEOSIDE APPROACH

Knowledge of RNA structure can greatly facilitate the understanding of its biological function. However, the physical properties of RNA, especially its conformational heterogeneity, present an impediment to high-resolution structural analysis. Thus, lower resolution methods such as biochemical probing, phylogenetic analysis, and molecular modeling have come to serve an important role in RNA science. This situation has created the need for a means by which to constrain RNA structure, either to reduce its conformational flexibility or to help distinguish between alternative structural models. To address this need, we have developed chemistry that permits the site-specific introduction of functionalizable tethers into RNA. Here we report the design and synthesis of reagents for use in solid-phase RNA synthesis that allow the functionalization of the base moiety of G, C, and A residues. Upon incorporation into oligonucleotides and subsequent treatment with alkylamines, the convertible nucleoside derivatives r...
Sites of Sulfate Incorporation into Mammotrophs and Somatotrophs of the Rat Pituitary as Determined by Quantitative Electron Microscopic Autoradiography

Dispersed pituitary cells were labeled with [35S]sulfate (1 h), followed by a chase incubation (up to 2 h), in order to study sulfate incorporation and transport in anterior pituitary cells. The initial site of incorporation of sulfate, the kinetics of sulfate transport, and the intracellular localization of incorporated sulfate were studied by quantitative electron microscope autoradiography. Analysis of autoradiograms from estrogen-treated female rats revealed that all granulated cell types incorporate sulfate. The labeling index (relative [35S]sulfate incorporation per unit area of cytoplasm) of the various cell types was greatest for mammotrophs, slightly less for corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, and thyrotrophs (grouped together), and least for somatotrophs. Results of grain counts on mammotrophs indicated that initially (end of pulse) approximately 70% of the grains were localized in the Golgi region. After 1 and 2 h of chase, there was a decline in radioactivity in the Golgi region (to ∼30% of the tota...