cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments on "Triplet-exciton annihilation and triplet spin relaxation in molecular crystals"

A recent analysis of the magnetic-field dependence of delayed fluorescence from crystalline naphthalene is examined. An allegedly unusual high-field spectrum that has motivated the introduction of spin-relaxation anisotropy in the analysis is shown to be currently accountable only as data that are not high field. The claim that there exists for triplet excitons in naphthalene a relaxation mechanism other than the known one of hopping among inequivalent sites, based as it is on a discrepancy between theory and experiment for the EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) linewidth, is shown to be unnecessary by demonstrating that the theory is valid provided the EPR data are properly corrected for orientational disorder. The use of nonsecular contributions to the EPR linewidth to obtain relaxation rates is discussed.
The University Campus Landscape Environment Characteristic Analysis and the Design Studies

This article obtains from the analysis university campus landscape environment characteristic,proposes the university campus landscape environment design should consider the Human-oriented,the humanities,the ecology,the opening aspect and so on.
SU-F-T-95: An Automatic Data Verification Method During An Eclipse/Aria Version Upgrade Using Cryptographic Secure Hash Algorithm

Purpose: To develop an efficient way to verify that patient plan and dose information does not change during an Eclipse/Aria database version upgrade. Methods: Eclipse Scripting Application Programming Interface (ESAPI) was used to create a script to retrieve plan information from the Eclipse database before and after the database upgrade for each patient on treatment. Using Cryptographic Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA256), fixed length digest hash values are generated from the plan parameters for each patient. The script is run twice to create two hash values, HVbefore and HVafter, before and after the Aria database upgrade. Separately, the delivered dose information for all patients was verified by comparing two hash values based on a crystal report summary for all patients treated within a date range. Lastly, an Excel macro is used to import the generated hash values for comparison. Results: If HVbefore is the same as HVafter, then the database is considered unchanged based on the collision resistant property of the cryptographic hash function. Otherwise, we conclude that the patient data may have been altered during the upgrade process. In testing the process, all patients passed the comparison. Without using this method, the time to verify a single patient’s information was about five minutes. This would result in five hours of work for sixty patients. With this method, we can verify sixty patients in less than thirty minutes before and after the upgrade. This results in time savings of four hours. Conclusion: An automatic database verification method has been developed using ESAPI, SHA-256 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm and Microsoft Excel. We found that the time to verify the database for sixty patients is less than one hour. The scripts can be integrated into Eclipse or can be run as a stand-alone executable program for a more automated process and increased time savings.
Extrarenal 1α-Hydroxylase

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the seminal observations of extrarenal 1α-hydroxylase activity in diseases such as sarcoidosis. Following this, it reviews the historical aspects of extrarenal synthesis of the active form of vitamin D 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D) associated with inflammatory disease. It also provides a comprehensive review of the various human diseases associated with the overproduction of active vitamin D metabolites from an extrarenal source. Furthermore, it describes the various studies that have documented expression and activity of 1α-hydroxylase in extrarenal tissues that are not associated with inflammatory or granulomatous disease. Subsequently, it outlines what is known about the mechanics and regulation of the vitamin-D-metabolizing enzymes present in an extrarenal setting. Finally, the chapter addresses the clinical aspects of disordered extrarenal 1α-hydroxylase. Under this, it provides a discussion of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria in the patient with endogenous vitamin D intoxication. Future studies to clarify the actual levels of substrate 25(OH)D and product 1,25(OH) 2 D within any given tissue are likely to be a pivotal feature of the continuing evolution of extrarenal 1α-hydroxylase.
Professions, University-Based Professional Schools, and Business as a Profession

A university often includes many professional schools. Most of the criticisms of business schools are not unique; some are actually criticisms that apply to many or all university-based professional schools. Therefore, comparing the business school to these other professional schools will help to sort out which concerns are unique to business schools. An important starting point is the question: What is a profession? This chapter describes the characteristics of a profession and compares the business school to that list. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the rationale for the inclusion of professional schools in the university—especially schools for professions that do not hold all of these characteristics.
Compartmentalized low-rank recovery for high-resolution lipid unsuppressed MRSI.

Purpose To introduce a novel algorithm for the recovery of high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) data with minimal lipid leakage artifacts, from dual-density spiral acquisition. Methods The reconstruction of MRSI data from dual-density spiral data is formulated as a compartmental low-rank recovery problem. The MRSI dataset is modeled as the sum of metabolite and lipid signals, each of which is support limited to the brain and extracranial regions, respectively, in addition to being orthogonal to each other. The reconstruction problem is formulated as an optimization problem, which is solved using iterative reweighted nuclear norm minimization. Results The comparisons of the scheme against dual-resolution reconstruction algorithm on numerical phantom and in vivo datasets demonstrate the ability of the scheme to provide higher spatial resolution and lower lipid leakage artifacts. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the scheme to recover the metabolite maps, from lipid unsuppressed datasets with echo time (TE) = 55 ms. Conclusion The proposed reconstruction method and data acquisition strategy provide an efficient way to achieve high-resolution metabolite maps without lipid suppression. This algorithm would be beneficial for fast metabolic mapping and extension to multislice acquisitions. Magn Reson Med 78:1267–1280, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
One size doesn’t fit all: cross-sectional associations between neighborhood walkability, crime and physical activity depends on age and sex of residents

Low-income African American adults are disproportionately affected by obesity and are also least likely to engage in recommended levels of physical activity (Flegal et al. JAMA 303(3):235-41, 2010; Tucker et al. Am J Prev Med 40(4):454-61, 2011). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is an important factor for weight management and control, as well as for reducing disease risk (Andersen et al. Lancet 368(9532):299-304, 2006; Boreham and Riddoch J Sports Sci 19(12):915-29, 2001; Carson et al. PLoS One 8(8):e71417, 2013). While neighborhood greenspace and walkability have been associated with increased MVPA, evidence also suggests that living in areas with high rates of crime limits MVPA. Few studies have examined to what extent the confluence of neighborhood greenspace, walkability and crime might impact MVPA in low-income African American adults nor how associations may vary by age and sex. In 2013 we collected self-reported data on demographics, functional limitations, objective measures of MVPA (accelerometry), neighborhood greenspace (geographic information system), and walkability (street audit) in 791 predominantly African-American adults (mean age 56 years) living in two United States (U.S.) low-income neighborhoods. We also acquired data from the City of Pittsburgh on all crime events within both neighborhoods. Exposure: To examine cross-sectional associations of neighborhood-related variables (i.e., neighborhood greenspace, walkability and crime) with MVPA, we used zero-inflated negative binomial regression models. Additionally, we examined potential interactions by age (over 65 years) and sex on relationships between neighborhood variables and MVPA. Overall, residents engaged in very little to no MVPA regardless of where they lived. However, for women, but not men, under the age of 65 years, living in more walkable neighborhoods was associated with more time engaged in MVPA in (β = 0.55, p = 0.007) as compared to their counterparts living in less walkable areas. Women and men age 65 years and over spent very little time participating in MVPA regardless of neighborhood walkability. Neither greenspace nor crime was associated with MVPA in age-sex subgroups. Neighborhood walkability may play a stronger role on MVPA than accessible greenspace or crime in low-income urban communities. Walkability may differentially impact residents depending on their age and sex, which suggests tailoring public health policy design and implementation according to neighborhood demographics to improve activity for all.
Integrating kernel support vector machines for efficient rock facies classification in the main pay of Zubair formation in South Rumaila oil field, Iraq

Precisely prediction of rock facies leads to adequate reservoir characterization by improving the porosity-permeability relationships and accurately identifying the spatial facies distribution. In this paper, the discrete and conditional posterior probability distributions of well lithofacies were modeled and predicted through the Kernel Support Vector Machines (KSVM) as a function of well log interpretations in a well in the Upper Sandstone Member of Zubair formation in South Rumaila Oil Field, located in Iraq. The log data include neutron porosity, water saturation, and shale volume. The multinomial response factor is the measured vertical Lithofacies sequence that has mainly sand, shale, and shaly sand. KSVM is a supervised statistical learning algorithm that recognizes the discrete classes for the given data based on maximizing the margin around the separating hyperplane and the decision function is fully specified by a subset of the Support vectors. The predicted lithofacies were validated by computing the total correct percent of predicted facies counts matrix, estimated by KSVM. The nonlinear separations of components handled by KSVM led to obtaining high level of accuracy of lithofacies prediction and attained 99.55% of the total correct percent. After depicting the vertical sand, shale, and shaly sand posterior distribution, it was shown that KSVM prediction has compatible between the sand posterior values with the high records of neutron porosity and low intervals of shale volume. Consequently, the KSVM can be considered for Lithofacies prediction in the other wells in the reservoir to provide a solid basis for the geospatial modeling.
CD44high alveolar type II cells show stem cell properties during steady-state alveolar homeostasis

The alveolar epithelium is composed of type I cells covering most of the gas-blood exchange surface and type II cells secreting surfactant that lowers surface tension of alveoli to prevent alveolar collapse. Here, we have identified a subgroup of type II cells expressing a higher level of cell surface molecule CD44 (CD44high type II cells) that composed ~3% of total type II cells in 5–10-wk-old mice. These cells were preferentially apposed to lung capillaries. They displayed a higher proliferation rate and augmented differentiation capacity into type I cells and the ability to form alveolar organoids compared with CD44low type II cells. Moreover, in aged mice, 18–24 mo old, the percentage of CD44high type II cells among all type II cells was increased, but these cells showed decreased progenitor properties. Thus CD44high type II cells likely represent a type II cell subpopulation important for constitutive regulation of alveolar homeostasis.
Empirical studies of the International Trade Commission

[Pursuant to Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, the International Trade Commission (ITC) regularly hears patent cases and provides injunctive relief from infringing imports. Several features of the ITC’s Section 337 authority make it well-suited for empirical patent scholarship and policy inquiry. First, while the jurisdiction of Section 337 overlaps with that of federal courts (about 70% of ITC 337 cases have a district court counterpart), many of its procedures distinguish it from the district court, including faster adjudication, streamlined procedures, the lack of a jury and counterclaims, and nearly automatic injunctive relief. These characteristics support an analysis of various institutional design features on party behaviors and outcomes. Second, the long-standing overlap between the jurisdiction of the district courts and ITC provide a case study in the coordination between parallel venues litigating the same dispute, which has become more commonplace in light of the rise of inter partes review proceedings, most of which have a parallel district court filing. Finally, because the ITC’s rules require a domestic injury and the frequent grant of cease and desist orders or exclusion orders (which operate similar to district court injunctions), the ITC has come under policy scrutiny. Some argue that the ITC is unfairly protectionistic, and that patent holders who have had a harder time getting injunctions in district court following the Supreme Court’s eBay decision are forum shopping at the ITC. This chapter describes the features of the ITC and the main policy and theoretical questions that have animated study of the ITC’s 337 authority, what we do and don’t know, and possible directions for future research. enter Abstract Body]
Syrian Mothers Producing Counterstories in Co-Constructed School Spaces: Rethinking the Role of Schools in Engaging Refugee Families

This ethnographically informed field study, drawing on a blend of feminist theories and cultural learning pathways framework, reveals that Syrian mothers show strong presence and readiness to take active roles when opportunities present themselves in alternative spaces in the public schools of Turkey. As mothers produce counterstories in relation to their gendered, religious, and ethnic identities, they talk back to anti-immigrant discourses. Their dialogues with teachers show apparent contradictions between what they hoped for the future of their children and what the school envisioned. Such co-constructed conversations in alternative school spaces have the potential to shape schools’ role in supporting refugee families and children within and beyond the schools.
Systematic Review of Hearing Preservation After Radiotherapy for Vestibular Schwannoma.

Objective To determine the long-term hearing preservation rate for spontaneous vestibular schwannoma treated by primary radiotherapy. Data sources The MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Reviews, and EMBASE databases were searched using a comprehensive Boolean keyword search developed in conjunction with a scientific librarian. English language papers published from 2000 to 2016 were evaluated. Study selection Inclusion criteria: full articles, pretreatment and posttreatment audiograms or audiogram based scoring system, vestibular schwannoma only tumor type, reported time to follow-up, published after 1999, use of either Gamma Knife or linear accelerator radiotherapy. Exclusion criteria case report or series with fewer than five cases, inadequate audiometric data, inadequate time to follow-up, neurofibromatosis type 2 exceeding 10% of study population, previous treatment exceeding 10% of study population, repeat datasets, use of proton beam therapy, and non-English language. Data extraction Two reviewers independently analyzed papers for inclusion. Class A/B, 1/2 hearing was defined as either pure tone average less than or equal to 50 db with speech discrimination score more than or equal to 50%, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) Hearing Class A or B, or Gardner-Robertson Grade I or II. Aggregate data were used when individual data were not specified. Data synthesis Means were compared with student t test. Conclusions Forty seven articles containing a total of 2,195 patients with preserved Class A/B, 1/2 hearing were identified for analysis. The aggregate crude hearing preservation rate was 58% at an average reporting time of 46.6 months after radiotherapy treatment. Analysis of time-based reporting shows a clear trend of decreased hearing preservation extending to 10-year follow-up. This data encourages a future long-term controlled trial.
An improved method of determining Gotoh’s nine material constants for a sheet metal with only seven or less experimental inputs

Abstract A method is described for estimating the material constants in Gotoh’s fourth-order yield stress function for modeling anisotropic yielding and plastic flow of a sheet metal with only up to seven available experimental inputs. The yield function is assumed to have a reduced degree of planar anisotropy so its nine material constants can be computed directly via simple algebraic relations using seven or less experimental inputs available for the sheet metal. The key idea behind the proposed method is to first transform a polynomial yield function such as Gotoh’s in terms of two principal stresses and one loading directional angle and to set coefficients of some high order Fourier cosine terms in the transformed yield function to be zero as needed. Not only the method is much simpler to use in comparison with many other existing methods appeared in the literature, the results obtained for many representative sheet metals also give consistent and even superior description of directional dependence of uniaxial tensile yield stress and plastic strain ratio without any undesired spurious and large oscillations. As Gotoh’s yield function is one of the simplest complete non-quadric polynomials with the enhanced modeling capability, the simple analytical calculations of all of its material constants should facilitate its wider application as the new default choice of orthotropic plasticity modeling in industrial sheet metal forming analyses.
Impact of New “Triple I” Classification on the Incidence of Clinical Chorioamnionitis and Antibiotic Use in Neonates

Background: The CDC currently recommends blood culture and empiric antibiotics for all neonates born to mothers with suspected chorioamnionitis (CDC 2010). This can lead to excess antibiotic exposure and separation from mothers. To limit use of antibiotics, NICHD workshop (Obstet Gynecol, 2016) and ACOG (2017) proposed new criteria for the diagnosis of intrauterine infection, inflammation or both (Triple I). Objective: To evaluate the impact of new Triple I criteria on the incidence of chorioamnionitis and the use of antibiotics in …
Interplay of cation and anion redox in Li4Mn2O5 cathode material and prediction of improved Li4(Mn,M)2O5 electrodes for Li-ion batteries.

Significant research effort has focused on improving the specific energy of lithium-ion batteries for emerging applications, such as electric vehicles. Recently, a rock salt-type Li4Mn2O5 cathode material with a large discharge capacity (~350 mA·hour g-1) was discovered. However, a full structural model of Li4Mn2O5 and its corresponding phase transformations, as well as the atomistic origins of the high capacity, warrants further investigation. We use first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate both the disordered rock salt-type Li4Mn2O5 structure and the ordered ground-state structure. The ionic ordering in the ground-state structure is determined via a DFT-based enumeration method. We use both the ordered and disordered structures to interrogate the delithiation process and find that it occurs via a three-step reaction pathway involving the complex interplay of cation and anion redox reactions: (i) an initial metal oxidation, Mn3+→Mn4+ (Li x Mn2O5, 4 > x > 2); (ii) followed by anion oxidation, O2-→O1- (2 > x > 1); and (iii) finally, further metal oxidation, Mn4+→Mn5+ (1 > x > 0). This final step is concomitant with the Mn migration from the original octahedral site to the adjacent tetrahedral site, introducing a kinetic barrier to reversible charge/discharge cycles. Armed with this knowledge of the charging process, we use high-throughput DFT calculations to study metal mixing in this compound, screening potential new materials for stability and kinetic reversibility. We predict that mixing with M = V and Cr in Li4(Mn,M)2O5 will produce new stable compounds with substantially improved electrochemical properties.
Retention and Social Promotion for the Exceptional Child.

The purpose of this paper was to examine the theoretical and empirical support available for retention and social promotion, with special reference to the exceptional child. A review and commentary...
Using Designed Instructional Activities to Enable Novices to Manage Ambitious Mathematics Teaching

If teacher education is to prepare novices to engage successfully in the complex work of ambitious instruction, it must somehow prepare them to teach within the continuity of the challenging moment-by-moment interactions with students and content over time. With Leinhardt, we would argue that teaching novices to do routines that structure teacher–student–content relationships over time to accomplish ambitious goals could both maintain and reduce the complexity of what they need to learn to do to carry out this work successfully. These routines would embody the regular “participation structures” that specify what teachers and students do with one another and with the mathematical content. But teaching routines are not practiced by ambitious teachers in a vacuum and they cannot be learned by novices in a vacuum. In Lampert’s classroom, the use of exchange routines occurred inside of instructional activities with particular mathematical learning goals like successive approximation of the quotient in a long division problem, charting and graphing functions, and drawing arrays to represent multi-digit multiplications. To imagine how instructional activities using exchange routines could be designed as tools for mathematics teacher education, we have drawn on two models from outside of mathematics education. One is a teacher education program for language teachers in Rome and the other is a program that prepares elementary school teachers at the University of Chicago. Both programs use instructional activities built around routines as the focus of a practice-oriented approach to teacher preparation.
EFFECTS OF OPIATES ON NIGROSTRIATAL DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ANALYSES

Considering the high concentration of opiate receptors as well as enkephalin in the substantia nigra (SN), we have attempted to analyze the actions of opiate on dopamine (DA) activity at this level. In rats lesioned unilaterally in the SN with 6-OHDA, chronically administered morphine produced rotational behavior ipsilateral to the lesion. Direct injections of opiates into the SN induced rotational behavior contralateral to the injection. Iontophoretic studies, however, failed to reveal any effects of morphine on DA neurons. Thus, while opiates in the SN activate DA neurons, this activation appears to be indirect.
Mu-opioid Receptor (MOR) Biased Agonists Induce Biphasic Dose-dependent Hyperalgesia and Analgesia, and Hyperalgesic Priming in the Rat.

Abstract Stimulation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) on nociceptors with fentanyl can produce hyperalgesia (opioid-induced hyperalgesia, OIH) and hyperalgesic priming, a model of transition to chronic pain. We investigated if local and systemic administration of biased MOR agonists (PZM21 and TRV130 [oliceridine]), which preferentially activate G-protein over β-arrestin translocation, and have been reported to minimize some opioid side effects, also produces OIH and priming. Injected intradermally (100 ng), both biased agonists induced mechanical hyperalgesia and, when injected at the same site, 5 days later, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced prolonged hyperalgesia (priming). OIH and priming were both prevented by intrathecal treatment with an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) antisense (AS) for MOR mRNA. Agents that reverse Type I (the protein translation inhibitor cordycepin) and Type II (combination of Src and mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] inhibitors) priming, or their combination, did not reverse priming induced by local administration of PZM21 or TRV130. While systemic PZM21 at higher doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) induced analgesia, lower doses (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg) induced hyperalgesia; all doses induced priming. Hyperalgesia, analgesia and priming induced by systemic administration of PZM21 were also prevented by MOR AS-ODN. And, priming induced by systemic PZM21 was also not reversed by intradermal cordycepin or the combination of Src and MAPK inhibitors. Thus, maintenance of priming induced by biased MOR agonists, in the peripheral terminal of nociceptors, has a novel mechanism.
Design of CO2-in-Water Foam Stabilized with Switchable Amine Surfactants at High Temperature in High-Salinity Brine and Effect of Oil

The design of surfactants for CO2-in-water (C/W) foams in carbonate reservoirs above 100 °C has been limited by thermal instability of surfactants, surfactant adsorption to mineral surfaces, and challenges in generating and stabilizing the foams. Here, we have identified a diamine surfactant, C12–14N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 (Duomeen CTM), with good thermal stability (>1 month at 135 °C), that stabilizes viscous C/W foam with an apparent viscosity of up to ∼35 cP at 120 °C in 22% total dissolved solid (TDS) brine. Strong foams with excessively high viscosity were reported to be generated with longer-tailed C16–18N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 (Duomeen TTM) that formed a viscoelastic aqueous phase. Here, the tail length was shorter for C12–14N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 and thus a viscoelastic aqueous phase was not formed, resulting in a weaker CO2 foam with a more appropriate viscosity for the proposed applications. Moreover, at the lowest superficial velocity studied (4 ft/day), the apparent viscosity for C12–14N(CH3)C3N(CH3)2 was ∼20 fold lo...
Bayesian Markov-Chain Monte Carlo inversion of low-temperature thermochronology around two 8-10 m wide Columbia River Flood Basalt dikes

Flood basalt volcanism involves large volumes of magma emplaced into the crust and surface environment on geologically short timescales. The mechanics of flood basalt emplacement, including dynamics of the crustal magma transport system and the tempo of individual eruptions, are not well constrained. Here we study two exhumed dikes from the Columbia River Flood Basalt province in northeast Oregon, USA, using apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronology to constrain dike emplacement histories. Sample transects perpendicular to the dike margins document transient heating of granitic host rocks. We model heating as due to dike emplacement, considering a thermal model with distinct melt-fraction temperature relationships for basaltic magma and granitic wallrock, and a parameterization of unsteady flow within the dike. We model partial resetting of thermochronometers by considering He diffusion in spherical grains as a response to dike heating. A Bayesian Markov-Chain Monte Carlo framework is used to jointly invert for six parameters related to dike emplacement and grain-scale He diffusion. We find that the two dikes, despite similar dimensions on an outcrop scale, exhibit different spatial patterns of thermochronometer partial resetting away from the dike. These patterns result in distinct predicted emplacement histories. We extend previous modeling of a presumed feeder dike at Maxwell Lake in the Wallowa Mountains of northeastern Oregon, finding posterior probability distribution functions (PDFs) that predict steady heating from sustained magma flow over $1-6$ years and elevated farfield host rock temperatures. This suggests regional-scale heating in the vicinity of Maxwell Lake, which might arise from nearby intrusions. The other dike, within the Cornucopia subswarm, is predicted to have a $1-4$ year thermally active lifespan with an unsteady heating rate suggestive of magma low flow rate compared to Maxwell Lake, in a cool near-surface thermal environment. In both cases, misfit of near-dike partial resetting of thermochronometers by models suggests either heat transfer via fluid advection in host rocks or pulsed magma flow in the dikes. Our results highlight the diversity of dike emplacement histories within the Columbia River Flood Basalt province and the power of Bayesian inversion methods for quantifying parameter trade-offs and uncertainty in thermal models.
Research on Problem Solving: Implications for Elementary School Classrooms.

Teachers and pupils both know that verbal problems cause problems. Because of this, and because it is considered to be an ultimate goal of mathematics instruction, researchers have devoted much attention to problem solving over the years. This research has focused on characteristics of the problems, characteristics of those who are successful or unsuccessful at solving problems, and teaching strategies that may help children to be more suc-
Environmental footprint of a road pavement rehabilitation service in Spain.

Abstract Road surfaces are subject to wear and tear due to materials ageing, weathering and the action of road traffic. Periodic rehabilitation or reconstruction is needed in order to restore them. This manuscript presents an environmental assessment of a traditional road pavement rehabilitation technique (with hot mix asphalt) in Spain by means of a life cycle approach. The environmental footprint method was selected for presenting the results, which have a similar range as those obtained in earlier studies. Extraction of raw materials and the manufacturing of processed materials are the stages with the most environmental impacts. Therefore, the use of recycled asphalts in an adequate percentage is advisable for reducing the total environmental impact. This is the first complete study carried out in Spain. Its results could be used as a baseline for comparison with both newer restoration techniques and the use of advanced materials in the country.
How Do Interventions Impact Malaria Dynamics Between Neighboring Countries? A Case Study with Botswana and Zimbabwe

Malaria is a vector-borne disease that is responsible for over 400,000 deaths per year. Although countries around the world have taken measures to decrease the incidence of malaria, many regions remain endemic. Indeed, progress towards elimination has stalled in multiple countries. While control efforts are largely focused at the national level, the movement of individuals between countries may complicate the efficacy of elimination efforts. Here, we consider the case of neighboring countries Botswana and Zimbabwe, connected by human mobility. Both have improved malaria interventions in recent years with differing success. We use a two-patch Ross-MacDonald model with Lagrangian human mobility to examine the coupled disease dynamics between these two countries. In particular, we are interested in the impact that interventions for controlling malaria applied in one country can have on the incidence of malaria in the other country. We find that dynamics and interventions in Zimbabwe can dramatically influence pathways to elimination in Botswana, largely driven by Zimbabwe’s population size and larger basic reproduction number.
The Role of Surface Energy Heterogeneity on Crystal Morphology during Solid-State Crystallization at the Amorphous Atazanavir-Water Interface

Enhancing dissolution of pharmaceutical products via amorphous formulations is a common strategy for improving bioavailability for drugs with low aqueous solubility. Crystallization of the amorphous material during storage as well as from solution during dosing has been well studied and is typically mitigated by the incorporation of polymeric excipients into the amorphous formulation. However, the solid-state crystallization of drug-rich amorphous surfaces upon exposure to a dissolution medium is not as well understood. This study employs experiments and computational modeling to characterize crystallization of amorphous pharmaceutical surfaces exposed to an aqueous environment. Two-dimensional lattice Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the importance of the surface energy of the underlying film for the morphology of the evolving crystals. Atomic force microscopy topography measurements of the evolving surfaces indicate a non-classical solid-state crystallization mechanism which results in anisotropic needle-like crystals which grow laterally but above the plane of the film, in good agreement with other solid-state crystallization phenomena reported in the literature. These results shed significant light into important factors for predicting and controlling this undesired phase transformation.
Rural Victimization and Policing during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Rural criminal justice organizations have been overlooked by researchers and underfunded in the United States, exacerbating problems caused by the coronavirus pandemic. Access to victims' services has been a longstanding issue in rural communities, but has become more difficult due to stay-at-home orders and changes in daily activities. Requirements such as social distancing, necessitated by COVID-19, have increased the risk of domestic violence and rural service providers are less prepared than those in more populated areas. Rural law enforcement agencies, on the other hand, have traditionally operated with smaller budgets and staffs-conditions that have complicated the response to the unprecedented event. Many of the recommended practices for policing during a pandemic have been more applicable to larger urban and suburban departments with more resources and officers extended across many units. The strain on rural victims' services and law enforcement has been felt only a few months into the coronavirus pandemic, while the long-term effects are not yet known.
XPRESSyourself: Enhancing and Automating the Ribosome Profiling and RNA-Seq Analysis Toolkit

Nucleic acid sequencing is a powerful research tool that has become routine; however, computational bottlenecks hinder many users. XPRESSyourself is a ribosome profiling and RNA-Seq analytical pipeline that aims to eliminate these barriers, standardize in silico protocols, and decrease time-to-discovery. XPRESSyourself additionally introduces tools missing from current ribosome profiling and RNA-Seq toolkits. Using XPRESSyourself to process publicly available ribosome profiling data, we were able to rapidly identify hypothetical mechanisms related to neurodegenerative phenotypes and neuroprotective mechanisms of the small-molecule ISRIB during acute cellular stress, highlighting the ability of XPRESSyourself to rapidly uncover novel biological insight from high-throughput sequence data.
Analyzing an Equivalent Circuit to Model Wireless Energy Transfer Coils by Inductive Link with Massive Wires

The increase of the researches on Wireless Power Transmitter (WPT) brings the necessity of having a good model of the system to facilitate its design analysis. WPTs are usually composed of a transmitter coreless coil that carries power at hundreds of kHz and transmits it to a receiver coreless coil with no physical contact. Most models are based on the regular transformer equivalent circuit without the parallel resistance, which models the core losses. However, when the coils are made with massive wires, there are extra losses that must be considered. This paper investigate the effect of frequency and the coupling between massive wire coils on the parameters of the equivalent electric circuits, and the coil proximity and skin effects. Finally, it proposes a generic equivalent frequency dependent electric circuit to model the coils.
Show it or say it: how brand familiarity influences the effectiveness of image-based versus text-based logos

Some companies use image-based logos (e.g., Pepsi and Apple), while others use text-based logos (e.g., GameStop and Kohl’s). This research examines the influence of brand familiarity on consumers’ responses to these distinct logo formats. Four studies show that when consumers are familiar with a brand, they respond more favorably to image-based logos than to text-based logos. However, when less familiar, consumers prefer text-based logos over image-based logos. Studies include secondary data analysis on the real-world performance of several hundred global brands with logos of varying image-to-text design ratios. Three controlled experiments then identify processing fluency as the mechanism underlying the observed effects. Together, results provide insights for logo design optimization across companies and over a brand’s lifetime, identify brand familiarity as a key consumer-based determinant of logo design effectiveness, and reveal a novel moderator to the common empirical finding that images are favorable to text.
Mansplaining as Epistemic Injustice

“Mansplaining” is by now part of the common cultural vernacular. Yet, academic analyses of it—specifically, philosophical ones—are missing. This paper sets out to address just that problem. Analyzed through a lens of epistemic injustice, the focus of the analysis concerns both what it is, and what its harms are. I argue it is a form of epistemic injustice distinct from testimonial injustice wherein there is a dysfunctional subversion of the epistemic roles of hearer and speaker in a testimonial exchange. As these are roles of power and are crucial to our existence and functioning within epistemic communities, the wrong and harms suffered from this injustice are serious and, I argue, distinct from other types already discussed in the literature. I close by considering an alternative model of mansplaining as a form of silencing, as well as briefly diagnosing its general underlying cause and possible solutions.
The Lives of the DuBoises in Ghana, 1961-1963: The Silences, Thoughts, and Theorizing

Undoubtedly, the lives and works of W. E. B. DuBois and Shirley Graham DuBois have impacted historical subfields like Black Studies in tremendous ways. While the literature on these luminaries provides insightful accounts of their lives in the US and elsewhere, an in-depth analysis of their lives and works in Ghana (1961-1963) remains a subject of inquiry. More so, some of the scholarly works (like Gerard Horne's Race Woman) do not cohere with certain facts about the Du Boises's life and activities in Ghana. Drawing extensively from primary documents, this paper revisits the lives and works of W. E. B. and Shirley in Ghana from 1961 to 1963, examining and reconstructing the debates surrounding their intellectual and socio-political contribution to Ghana's post-independence reforms. Using the DuBoises as both historical figures and theoretical lenses, I explore the DuBoises' relationship with, and positionality to, Kwame Nkrumah's political ideology and government, which has been partly described as a corrupt regime. Through this exploration, I raise questions about Ghana's constitutional procedures (in the 1960s) for conferring citizenship on foreigners and engage with the cultural lives of the DuBoises vis-a-vis local Ghanaians and contemporaneous African American expatriates (such as Maya Angelou) in Ghana.
Efficacy of personal pharmacogenomic testing as an educational tool in the pharmacy curriculum: A nonblinded, randomized controlled trial.

Personal genomic educational testing (PGET) has been suggested as a strategy to improve student learning for pharmacogenomics (PGx), but no randomized studies have evaluated PGET's educational benefit. We investigated the effect of PGET on student knowledge, comfort, and attitudes related to PGx in a nonblinded, randomized controlled trial. Consenting participants were randomized to receive PGET or no PGET (NPGET) during 4 subsequent years of a PGx course. All participants completed a pre-survey and post-survey designed to assess (1) PGx knowledge, (2) comfort with PGx patient education and clinical skills, and (3) attitudes toward PGx. Instructors were blinded to PGET assignment. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was used to compare pre-survey and post-survey PGx knowledge, comfort, and attitudes. No differences in baseline characteristics were observed between PGET (n = 117) and NPGET (n = 116) participants. Among all participants, significant improvement was observed in PGx knowledge (mean 57% vs. 39% correct responses; p < 0.001) with similar results for student comfort and attitudes. Change in pre/post-PGx knowledge, comfort, and attitudes were not significantly different between PGET and NPGET groups (mean 19.5% vs. 16.7% knowledge improvement, respectively; p = 0.41). Similar results were observed for PGET participants carrying a highly actionable PGx variant versus PGET participants without an actionable variant. Significant improvement in Likert scale responses were observed in PGET versus NPGET for questions that assessed student engagement (p = 0.020) and reinforcement of course concepts (p = 0.006). Although some evidence of improved engagement and participation was observed, the results of this study suggest that PGET does not directly improve student PGx knowledge, comfort, and attitudes.
Evaluation of mirror tracing performance measures as indicators of learning

(1969). Evaluation of Mirror Tracing Performance Measures as Indicators of Learning. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 228-230.
Probabilistic Usage of the Multi-Factor Interaction Model

A Multi-Factor Interaction Model (MFIM) is used to predict the insulating foam mass expulsion during the ascending of a space vehicle. The exponents in the MFIM are evaluated by an available approach which consists of least squares and an optimization algorithm. These results were subsequently used to probabilistically evaluate the effects of the uncertainties in each participating factor in the mass expulsion. The probabilistic results show that the surface temperature dominates at high probabilities and the pressure which causes the mass expulsion at low probabil
A bisphosphonate, minodoronate, decreases both CXCR-4 expression in osteoblastic and osteolytic prostate cancer cells and their ability to grow in bone

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 2918 Bisphosphonates (BPs) have already proven to be useful in the treatment of bone metastasis in prostate cancer (PCa) to affect not only osteoclast but may play have a direct anti-tumor effect. In the present study, the third generation BP, YM529 (minodoronate) was administered intra-peritoneally every week post-transplantation. Compared with non-treated group, both osteolytic and osteoblastic changes were inhibited both radiographically and histologically.demonstrating efficacy of YM529. In vitro, YM529 inhibited both the proliferation and invasion of both cell types in a dose-dependent manner. The SDF-1/CXCR-4 pathway is believed to play an important role in the establishment and progression of bone metastasis lesions as osteoblasts secrete SDF-1 and PCa cells express CXCR-4. We therefore investigated whether BPs may affect the SDF-1/CXCR-4 pathway. YM529 suppressed CXCR-4 expression in PC-3 and LNCaP-SF in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis showed that YM529 also attenuated CXCR-4 expression in PC-3 and LNCaP-SF cells transplanted into tibia. In recent years, relation of various chemokine and its receptor are presented for cancer metastasis. These results suggest BPs may inhibit cancer cell invasion to bone matrix mediating through repression of CXCR-4 expression in bone metastasis lesion.
Synthesis and Ligand Exchange of Thiol-Capped Silicon Nanocrystals.

Hydride-terminated silicon (Si) nanocrystals were capped with dodecanethiol by a thermally promoted thiolation reaction. Under an inert atmosphere, the thiol-capped nanocrystals exhibit photoluminescence (PL) properties similar to those of alkene-capped Si nanocrystals, including size-tunable emission wavelength, relatively high quantum yields (>10%), and long radiative lifetimes (26–280 μs). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed that the ligands attach to the nanocrystal surface via covalent Si–S bonds. The thiol-capping layer, however, readily undergoes hydrolysis and severe degradation in the presence of moisture. Dodecanethiol could be exchanged with dodecene by hydrosilylation for enhanced stability.
Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Control of gene expression in eukaryotes appears to be exerted, at least in part, through selective transcription. Cytological and biochemical evidence indicates that the synthesis of RNA occurs at selected loci in interphase chromosomes. Thus RNA synthesis occurs in extended euchromatic fibrils and not in condensed, heterochromatic masses. Similar cytological observations tend to correlate RNA synthesis with loops of amphibian lamp-brush chromosomes and with puffs in insect polytene chromosomes. The concept that active and inactive portions of the genome may differ in chemical and physical terms has provided an impetus for the development of biochemical procedures for fractionating interphase upon two overriding considerations. First, it is probable that in many ukaryotic cells, the genome is repressed at any one time. Therefore, biochemical or physical studies of total chromatin refer primarily to the genome in its inactive state so that features characteristic of active chromatin may be obscured. Furthermore, the quite distinct appearance of condensed and extended chromatin on microscopic examination must have a chemical basis. Thus a separation of active from inactive chromatin should allow determination of the chemical elements responsible for both transcriptional activity and distinctive morphological features.
DOE Hybrid Test Vehicle-results of fuel economy emissions and engineering characterization testing

A parallel-configuration, microprocessorcontrolled Hybrid Test Vehicle (HTV) has been designed and developed by the General Electric Company for the U. S. Department of Energy. It has successfully demonstrated on/off internal combustion engine (ICE) operation and dual (electric and ICE) power-system blending. Results of testing the HTV at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory show that the HTV is capable of saving significant amounts of petroleum while maintaining standard ICE vehicle performance. The HTV program operational experience has shown the need for design simplification and special battery considerations in future hybrid vehicles.
Democracy, Law and Global Finance: A Legal and Institutional Perspective

Finance has become more a problem than a solution to what the world most wants: socially inclusive growth. It has become a source of crises that threaten the development of the real economy. It has escaped accountability to democratic institutions and often helped, instead, to influence and corrupt them. Its potential to contribute to broad-based opportunity-expanding growth has been largely and massively squandered.In this piece I seek to understand not only how this failure manifests itself in some of the major countries and regions of the world, but also, how it can be corrected. The intellectual and policy response to the crisis in its American and European epicenters has almost entirely suppressed discussion of two themes of immense importance: the link between redistribution and recovery and the connection of finance to the real economy. My analysis recovers these suppressed themes by relating them to a third theme: the deficit of democratic accountability that lies at the root of many of these problems.