cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benchmarking of hard real-time distributed systems with Ada 95

This paper presents an approach for the implementation of the Hartstone Distributed Benchmark (HDB) for Hard Real-Time Distributed Systems with Ada 95. From the series of experiments as defined in the original HDB paper, six experiments have been implemented for the sender-receiver (two node) version of experiments.The main idea behind the HDB is the definition of a number of (host processor) tasks on each node, where these tasks exchange messages with corresponding tasks on the other nodes. The stopping criteria for each experiment is the missing of a message before the deadline of a receiving task. The variables in the HDB experiments are: the number of tasks sending and/or receiving messages, the number of messages sent and/or received per task period, the length of messages sent and/or received per task period, and the number of nodes participating in the experiments.From the real-time scheduling point of view, the HDB experiments integrate the host processor scheduling domain (tasks' priorities), the communication scheduling domain (messages' priorities) both located on each node, and the inter-nodes communication domain (priority ordering among physical nodes). The host domain in the presented experiments is implemented by using the Ada 95 Tasking System. For the implementation of the communication exchange of messages, the Ada 95 Remote Procedure Call is used. The Network Time Protocol is used to provide the global time synchronization as required by HDB.The paper presents the design solutions, the actual implementation for the two nodes version, and the analysis of the results obtained with the current testbed. Design considerations for the implementation of the HDB experiments in the multi-node version, problems which can arise by using the Ada 95 Remote Procedure Call, as well as suggested solutions, are discussed.The results of the implemented experiments show a high level of repeatability and stability of the testbed setting used.
Volume Phase Plates for Optical Beam Control

Permanent binary phase plates with high tolerance to laser radiation are recorded in the volume of photo-thermo-refractive glass using binary amplitude masks. Conversion of a Gaussian beam to higher order modes is shown.
Medial portal drilling: effects on the femoral tunnel aperture morphology during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Background: A goal of anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction should be to create a femoral tunnel aperture that resembles the native attachment site in terms of size and orientation. Aperture morphology varies as a function of the drill-bit diameter, the angle in the horizontal plane at which the drilled tunnel intersects the lateral notch wall (transverse drill angle), and the angle of knee flexion in the vertical plane during drilling. Methods: A literature search was conducted to determine population-based dimensions of the femoral ACL footprint. The tunnel aperture length, width, and area associated with the use of different drill-bit diameters and transverse drill angles were calculated. The effect of the knee flexion angle on the orientation (anteroposterior and proximodistal dimension) and size of the femoral tunnel aperture relative to the native femoral insertion of the ACL were calculated with use of geometric mathematical models. Results: The literature search revealed an average femoral insertion site size of 8.9 mm for width, 16.3 mm for length, and 136.0 mm 2 for area. The use of a 9-mm drill bit at a transverse drill angle of 40° resulted in a tunnel aperture area of 99.0 mm 2 and a tunnel aperture length of 14.0 mm. Decreasing the transverse drill angle from 60° to 20° led to an increase of 152.9% in length and of 153.1% in tunnel aperture area. When a 9-mm drill bit and a transverse drill angle of 40° were used, the aperture seemed to best match the native ACL footprint when drilling was performed at a knee flexion angle of 102°; deviations from this angle in either direction resulted in increasing tunnel area mismatch compared with the baseline aperture. Increasing the knee flexion angle to 130° decreased the proximodistal dimension of the aperture by 2.78 mm and increased the anteroposterior distance by 0.65 mm, creating a mismatched area of 13.5%. Conclusions: The drill-bit diameter, transverse drill angle, and knee flexion angle can all affect femoral tunnel aperture morphology in medial portal drilling during ACL reconstruction. The relationship between drilling orientation and aperture morphology is critical knowledge for surgeons performing ACL reconstruction. Clinical Relevance: This study can help the surgeon to understand how drilling parameters affect the morphology of the femoral tunnel aperture during ACL reconstruction.
Long-term results of the Konno procedure for complex left ventricular outflow tract obstruction

Objective This study was undertaken to determine long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes after the Konno procedure. Methods Fifty-three patients who underwent the Konno procedure between January 1, 1980, and January 1, 2004, were reviewed. Results Mean age at operation was 19 years (range, 1-65 years). Indications were as follows: complex subaortic or tunnel stenosis in 22 (41%), multilevel left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in 20 (38%), and aortic valve stenosis or hypoplasia in 11 (21%). Before the Konno procedure, 66 operations were performed in 41 (77%) patients. Thirty-three (62%) patients had greater than New York Heart Association class I symptoms preoperatively. A mechanical aortic valve was implanted in 40 (75%), a homograft in 10 (19%), and a xenograft prosthesis in 3 (6%). Mortality at 30 days was 8% (n = 4). Survival at 10 years was 86%. Risk factors for overall mortality were New York Heart Association class (hazard ratio 2.22, P = .04) and longer bypass time (hazard ratio 1.93/hour, P = .04). The cumulative probability of aortic valve reoperation was 19% at 5 years and 39% at 10 years, occurring in 15 patients at a median of 3.8 years. The average left ventricular outflow tract mean gradients were 19 mm Hg at 1 year (n = 9), 13 mm Hg at 1 to 3 years (n = 9), and 13 mm Hg at 3 to 5 years (n = 5). Pulmonary regurgitation was detected in 6 patients. Pulmonary valve replacement was performed in 3 (6%). At the date of last contact, all patients for whom data was available were in New York Heart Association functional class I or II. Conclusion The Konno procedure is effective, allowing both long-term reduction of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and improvement in functional class. Prosthetic aortic valve and native pulmonary valve complications may necessitate reoperation.
ENDOCYTOSIS IN CHANG LIVER CELLS: Quantitation by Sucrose-3H Uptake and Inhibition by Cytochalasin B

The addition of 0.08 M sucrose to a culture medium containing Chang-strain human liver cells causes intense cytoplasmic vacuolation. Electron microscopy of these cells grown inferritin, time-lapse cinematography, and radioautography reveal that the vacuoles arise by endocytosis and that the sucrose is taken into the cell and localized in the vacuoles. Tracer studies demonstrate that sucrose-3H provides a marker for quantitation of endocytosis and that it neither induces nor stimulates endocytosis. Electron micrographs of vacuolated liver cells show microfilaments in close proximity to the inside of the plasma membrane, in the pseudopodia, and to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane surrounding endocytosis vacuoles. Cytochalasin B (CB), a mold metabolite that inhibits various types of cell motility, has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the uptake of sucrose-3H by these cells. This inhibition is accompanied by a cessation of the movement of ruffles and pseudopodia on the surface of the cells and the formation of blebs which arise from the cell's surface. These morphological changes are quickly reversible upon removal of CB. Alterations in the appearance and location of microfilaments are also observed in CB-treated cells.
The enhanced palpebral spring

The inability to close the eye and the loss of blinking are among the most devastating effects of facial paralysis, often leading to extreme discomfort and visual loss. I have modified the palpebral spring operation, originally described by Morel-Fatio and Lalardrie, and have found it to be the best procedure for managing the ocular sequelae of facial paralysis in patients in whom the paralysis is expected to last at least 6 months, and/or in whom medical management alone is not adequate. In recent years, I also tighten the levator palpebrae superioris when I implant a spring, an operation I call the “enhanced palpebral spring.” Tightening the levator reduces pseudoptosis and increases blink speed. Although technically demanding, the satisfaction achieved by both the patient and the surgeon makes the effort worthwhile.
The Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on Birds

Polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] are chlorinated hydrocarbons which have been used in a variety of industrial applications ranging from consumer plastics to heat exchangers. More than thirty years ...
Correction to “Study of Local Mobility in Pentacene Field-Effect Transistors Using Spatially Resolved Photocurrent Measurement” [Jul 10 761-763]

In the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 761-763, Jul. 10), there is an error in Fig. 2(b) which occurred during the final publication process. The corrected figure is presented here.
Volumetric studies of aeroallergen prevalence. I. Pollens of weedy forbs at a midwestern station.

Abstract Volumetric levels of pollens derived from broad-leaved herbaceous plant species have been determined at a midwestern urban site with suction and rotating arm samplers. The resulting data confirm an abundance of ragweed and nettle emanations but suggest that those of plantains, chenopods, and amaranths achieve modest levels, at best, despite their prominence in gravity slide recoveries. Regular seasonal occurrence periods for pollens, including those of entemophilous composites, the hophemp group, wild grape, and the mustard and pea families, were evident in volumetric recoveries. In general, prevalence peaks of the most prominent pollen types correlated with intermediate, rather than extreme, values for air speed and relative humidity.
Probing the Nanoscale

Measurement probes to determine nanomechanical properties are confirming long-held beliefs, revealing new phenomena, and enabling commercialization of devices based on micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS). The resistance of materials and structures to the complete range of deformation modes—reversible, irreversible, and time-dependent—can now be measured with great accuracy, precision, and spatial resolution.
Resolution of Fear of Flying with Fluoxetine Treatment

Fear of flying is a common specific phobia usually treated with behavior therapy; the possibility of pharmacologic treatment has received very little study. The authors report two cases in which successful fluoxetine treatment of major depressive disorder unexpectedly and unintentionally resolved a concomitant fear of flying that had preceded the depressive disorder.
Model Constrained Sintering Experiments: Bi-Layers and Cylinder-Filled Rings.

When structures that consist of powders of two or more materials, such as low temperature co-fired ceramic packages or a planar solid oxide fuel cells, are sintered, the mismatch in the sintering shrinkage rates between the different materials produces stress, since the faster shrinking materials are constrained by those that shrink at a slower rate. These stresses can lead to the formation of defects such as cracks or shape distortion. Results of recent model experiments to study the constrained sintering in multi-material systems will be discussed for two model geometries. The first geometry is a simple bi-layer consisting of single layers of two different materials bonded together. Results of in situ observation of sintering bi-layers will be presented and discussed in relation to the properties of the individual layers such as their free sintering rates, uniaxial viscosities and viscous Poisson’s ratio. The second geometry studied was that of a ring of one material filled with a cylinder of a second, slower shrinking material. In this case, the results of several variations of this geometry including filling the ring either fully or partly with a rigid, nonshrinking cylinder or with rigid, non-cylindrical shapes will be presented and discussed.
Agglomeration, Sputtering, and Carbon Monoxide Adsorption Behavior for Au/Al2O3 Prepared by Aun+ Deposition on Al2O3/NiAl(110)

Size-selected gold clusters, Aun+ (n = 1, 3, 4), were deposited on an ordered Al2O3 film grown on NiAl(110), and changes in morphology and electronic properties with deposition/annealing temperature and cluster size were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ion-scattering spectroscopy (ISS). Extensive agglomeration was observed by ISS for annealing temperatures above 300 K, accompanied by large shifts in the Au XPS binding energy. Agglomeration is more extensive in room-temperature deposition, compared to samples prepared by low-temperature deposition, then annealed to room temperature. Agglomeration is also observed to be dependent on deposited cluster size. CO adsorption was studied by ISS and temperature-programmed desorption, and we looked for CO oxidation under conditions where substantial activity is seen for Aun/TiO2. No activity was observed for Aun/Al2O3. The differences between the two systems are interpreted in terms of the nature of the metal−support interactions.
“Coming Up Next”: Promos in the Future of Television and Television Studies

Abstract This article argues for the importance of studying promos. First, it is noted that promos often begin the text, offering viewers their first understandings of and encounters with the text. Second, promos' role in creating notions of the channel as a whole and these notions' role in contextualizing our understanding of any given text are examined. Thus, while promos have often been regarded as annoying hype at worst, or as secondary and peripheral distractions at best, the article argues that they frequently make vital contributions to the production of television's textuality.
Genotoxicity of tacrine in primary hepatocytes isolated from B6C3F1 mice and aged ad libitum and calorie restricted Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract Tacrine (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine; THA), a reversible centrally acting anticholinesterase, has been shown to be potentially useful for treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, currently available forms of THA may be therapeutically limited by the fact that high doses have resulted in liver and kidney damage. To determine if THA is hepatotoxic via a genotoxic mechanism, we evaluated its ability to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in primary cultures of rodent hepatocytes. Positive dose-dependent increases in UDS were observed in hepatocytes derived from male B 6 C 3 F 1 mice and from young, middle-aged, and old Aroclor-induced (ARO) male F344 rats maintained on either an ad libitum (AL) or a caloric restricted (CR) diet (60% of AL) and exposed to 0.05–1000.0 μg/ml of THA. Hepatocytes from old AL rats, treated with THA, exhibited significant age-related decreases in DNA repair compared to young and middle-aged AL rats. By contrast, cultures from CR rats exhibited age- and diet-related decreases in UDS from the AL and young CR animals, respectively. Moreover, ARO-induced old AL- and CR-derived hepatocytes exhibited significant increases in UDS compared to uninduced old AL and CR animals. No cytotoxicity was observed in the uninduced old AL- or any CR-derived hepatocytes. These data indicate that the aged and CR fed animals is less susceptible to the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of THA; while the younger AL fed and enzyme induced old AL or CR fed animals were more susceptible. The data suggest that THA may be a genotoxic rodent carcinogen. At present, the relationship of these findings to the clinical use of THA are unclear and further study is required.
Changes in weight and head circumference during the first postnatal weeks in very very low birth weight infants 1565

Very very low birth weight (VVLBW) infants <1000 g) follow biphasic growth patterns. They experience significant weight loss, followed by a period of weight gain, returning to BW by 2-3 weeks of age. The severity of loss is inversely proportional to BW. Brain growth has been correlated with HC.
Alcohol Precipitation of Xanthan Gum from Pure Solutions and Fermentation Broths

Abstract Xanthan gum was precipitated from pure solutions and fermentation broths using either ethanol, isopropanol, or tert-butanol. The compositions of the precipitate and supernatant phases were determined as a function of alcohol concentration and used to construct binodal solubility curves with tie lines. Xanthan did not precipitate at bulk-mixture alcohol concentrations below 37.5% (wt) for ethanol, 35% for isopropanol, and 31% for tert-butanol. As the alcohol concentration increased beyond this point, the precipitates first were heavy gels with low xanthan concentrations. At higher alcohol concentrations, the precipitates were compact and fibrous. The maximum xanthan concentration in the precipitate was 14.5% at 60% ethanol, 23.5% at 50% isopropanol, and 33.5% at 40% tert-butanol in the pure solution precipitation experiments. At alcohol concentrations beyond 75%, the precipitates were brittle and needle-like, which made separation from the supernatant difficult. The results for the fermentation br...
The variably spaced superlattice energy filter

Abstract A new superlattice device concept which provides for high energy injection of electrons into a semiconductor layer is presented. The device is based on resonant tunneling of electrons between adjacent aligned quantum well levels in a variably spaced superlattice structure. By a judicial choice of well and barrier widths the energy levels under reverse bias become aligned such that resonant tunneling of electrons through the structure can occur. Thus, electrons are injected into a semiconductor layer at an energy corresponding to the energy of the first subband in the last quantum well. This structure has significant advantages over the conventional method of producing hot electrons in that a nearly monoenergetic high-energy electron distribution is created at low reverse bias and with high efficiency, since energy loss to phonons is inhibited as a consequence of the channeling of electrons through a narrow band of quantum states. Applications of the VSSEF structure to avalanche photodiodes, IMPATT diodes and electroluminescent devices are discussed.
Intestinal mucosae enzymatic and histochemical changes during infectious diarrhea in calves.

Two, healthy, 4-day-old calves were fed an enteropathogenic agent and fatal diarrhea ensued. Biopsies and mucosal scrapings from the ileum and jejunum were taken before introduction of the agent and at 24, 48 and 72 hours thereafter. The biopsies and scrapings were used to analyze the changes in cytochemical localization and biochemical activity of a variety of phosphataases. Within 24 hours, adenosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity was almost totally inhibited while the activity of nonspecific phosphatase and nucleoside phosphatase was only partially inhibited and that of Na+-K+ ATPase not effected at all. In preinoculation control sections, the localization of ATPase activity was heaviest in the apices of absorptive epithelial cells located at the base of the villi. This reaction was completely lost within 24 hours after the inoculation with virus. The enzymatic inhibition occurred 12 to 24 hours before diarrhea became evident.
Effect of seizures kindled by subconvulsant doses of pentylenetetrazol on dopamine receptor binding and dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the rat.

Abstract Possible alterations in dopamine receptor regulation were assessed in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled rats by examination of dopamine (DA)-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity and the specific binding of [ 3 H]spiroperidol in various brain regions. A reduction in [ 3 H]spiroperidol-labeled high-affinity binding sites in the amygdaloid-pyriform cortex followed the kindling of seizures by chronic administration of PTZ. Similarly, a reduction of low-affinity binding sites was observed in the frontal cortex of PTZ-kindled rats. No changes in the apparent affinity of both high- and low-affinity binding sites were found after kindling except in the amygdala-pyriform cortex. The affinity of the low-affinity binding site was significantly reduced in this brain region. The lack of significant changes in the number and affinity of binding sites after acute seizures induced by electroconvulsive shock or a convulsant dose of PTZ suggests that the changes in receptor binding after PTZ kindling were not related to seizure sequelae. Basal and DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase activities remained unchanged after PTZ kindling. In conjunction with our previous observations of significant alterations in [ 3 H]spiroperidol binding after amygdaloid kindling, the present findings suggest that altered DA receptor regulation may be a general mechanism involved in the development of increased seizure susceptibility.
Rosai–Dorfman disease following bone marrow transplantation for pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A child with acute pre-B cell lymphoblastic leukemia underwent haploidentical bone marrow transplantation (BMT) after first relapse. Approximately 8 months after the BMT, he developed a soft tissue mass overlying a defect in the left frontal bone. He was found to have several additional osteolytic lesions but no evidence of lymphadenopathy or organomegaly. A biopsy of the presenting lesion demonstrated a polymorphous infiltrate composed predominantly of S-100 protein and CD68 immunoreactive histiocytic cells. Together with the presence of emperipolesis, the process was interpreted as Rosai–Dorfman (R–D) disease. He received chemotherapy with vinblastine, prednisone, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate and has been in remission for over 4 years. Only one previous example of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood has been reported with R–D disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:433–435. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of collagen synthesis in cultured cells by hypertonic culture medium.

Abstract The synthesis of collagen under conditions in which polypeptide chain initiation is selectively inhibited by medium hypertonicity was compared to the synthesis of other proteins in chick embryo leg bone cells in monolayer cultures. Three different approaches showed that collagen synthesis is far more sensitive than the majority of other cellular proteins to the hypertonic initiation block. In marked contrast, the synthesis of an unidentified protein, migrating with an apparent molecular of 45,000 to 50,000 is particularly resistant to hypertonicity. The effects of hypertonic conditions were found to be readily reversible upon restoration of isotonicity. Since these suboptimal growth conditions can decrease the amount of collagen synthesized relative to total protein synthesis, they provide an experimental model for the study of the translational control of the synthesis of collagen and other proteins.
Interference between two adjacent collisions in vibrational relaxation

Abstract Interference effects in the collision of a molecule with two incident particles have been examined using the classical approach to vibrational energy transfer. The final expression of the vibrational energy transfer probability shows the appearance of a factor representing the interference between two adjacent collisions. Strong interference effects could arise in collisions in which the collision frequency and the vibrational frequency are comparable in magnitude. It is also shown that the interference increases with temperature.
Costs of defense: correlated responses to divergent selection for foliar glucosinolate content in Brassica rapa

The evolutionary response of plant populations to herbivore imposed selection for defense may theoretically be constrained by the costs of defense, yet few studies convincingly demonstrate such costs. We investigated possible constraints on the evolution of defense in rapid cycling Brassica rapa by divergently selecting lines for investment in foliar glucosinolate content, a chemical defense in this species. Costs would then result in a significant correlated response to artificially imposed selection in the direction opposite to the direct response of foliar glucosinolate production. Correlated responses of date of first flowering, total flower number, number of seeds per fruit, and mean seed mass were examined. After three generations of selection, there was a significant direct response in glucosinolate content of the leaves of B. rapa. Furthermore, we found significant correlated responses in both total flower production and number of seeds produced per fruit, but not date of first flowering or mean seed mass. Lines selected for high glucosinolates produced fewer flowers and seeds per fruit compared to those selected for low glucosinolates while lines selected for low glucosinolates showed the opposite response. Thus, costs of defense were demonstrated and may constrain the evolution of foliar glucosinolate production in this plant species.
Static analysis of a curved shaft subjected to end torques

Both the exact closed-form solution and a numerical solution by the differential quadrature method (DQM) are obtained to predict the out-of-plane static behavior of a curved shaft subjected to end torques, based on the curved-beam versions of the classical (Bernoulli-Euler) and shear deformable (Bresse-Timoshenko) beam theories. Deflections, twist angles, bending moments, and twisting moments are calculated for the cases of a circular arc of circular cross section with clamped and simply supported boundary conditions, and results obtained by the two methods compared. The DQM gives good accuracy even when only a limited number of grid points is used.
Detoxification enzymes and the effects of temperature on the toxicity of pyrethroids to the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)

Abstract 1. The effects of temperature on the topical toxicity of cypermethrin and fenvalerate to fifth-instar larvae of the fall annyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, were investigated, as well as their effects on ataxia and prostration. Activities of carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase were also assessed. 2. Pyrethroid toxicities were characterized by a negative temperature coefficient (TC) between 15 and 27°C, and a positive TC between 27 and 38°C. Fenvalerate was more toxic at all test temperatures. 3. The median time for the onset of ataxia and prostration decreased as temperature increased. 4. Activity (μmol/min/mg protein) of carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase was significantly lower for fenvalerate-treated insects (217.4 and 17.2, respectively) than for cypermethrin (344.7, 39.7).
Epidemiology of Febrile Neutropenia

Febrile neutropenia (FN) continues to represent a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and cost in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. The reported rates of FN vary considerably among studies depending on the treatment regimen, delivered dose intensity, and patient population. The risk of initial FN appears to be highest during the first cycle of chemotherapy and is greatest in certain high-risk groups including elderly patients and those with various comorbidities. Febrile neutropenia continues to have considerable clinical, economic, and quality-of-life impact on affected patients. The risk of mortality associated with FN continues to be relatively high in patients with hematologic malignancies, patients presenting with comorbid illnesses, and patients with bacteremia, pneumonia, or other infection-related complications. The reduction in chemotherapy dose intensity that frequently follows an episode of FN may have considerable life-threatening impact on disease control in responsive and potentially curable malignancies. The economic burden of FN is substantial, with the greatest proportion of the cost associated with the relatively limited number of patients hospitalized for prolonged periods as a result of comorbidities or complications. The colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) may reduce the risk and cost associated with cancer treatment by reducing the probability of hospitalization with FN. Primary prophylaxis with the CSFs may be warranted in patients receiving intensive regimens or in those at greater risk because of age or comorbidities. Further study of various risk factors for FN should help identify patients at greatest risk and likely candidates for targeted use of the hematopoietic growth factors.
Adolescent smoking and depression: Which comes first?

Despite the well-known health risks of smoking, adolescents continue to smoke at alarming rates. Smoking is also known to be associated with depression, but the direction of this relation is unclear. This study used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to evaluate the direction of the relation between cigarette smoking and depression among adolescents. A total of 14,634 adolescents (7132 males and 7502 females) completed in-home surveys in 1995 and 1996 and were split into four smoking status groups. Adolescents who were Starters, Quitters, and Maintainers were found to be 1.5, 1.4, and 2.0 times more likely, respectively, than Nevers to be depressed at Time 2. In addition, females showed a striking pattern of increases in depression around the onset of smoking and decreases around the time of quitting. While these findings do not prove that smoking leads to depression, they are consistent with such a prediction.
Wer singt Mahomets Gesang? Zu einem Problem der Goethe‐Edition

Erich Trunz hat behauptet, dass der Titel von Goethes Gedicht Mahomets Gesang eigentlich Mahomets-Gesang lauten solle. Im Artikel wird einerseits gezeigt, dass die Manuskriptlage und Goethes Auserungen uber das Gedicht dies sehr unwahrscheinlich machen. Andererseits wird nahegelegt, dass Goethe Mohammed ironisieren wollte und dass der von Trunz falschlich geleugnete Umstand, dass Mohammed der Sanger eines Loblieds auf sich selbst ist, ein wichtiges Element dieser Ironisierungsstrategie ist.
Long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion: A posteroanterior cephalometric evaluation****

The aim of this study was to investigate long-term effects induced by rapid maxillary expansion (RME), followed by comprehensive orthodontic treatment, in a sample of 42 patients compared with normal growth changes in a sample of 20 subjects. Treated subjects underwent Haas-type RME with 2 turns a day (0.25 mm per turn) until the expansion screw reached 10.5 mm (about 21 days). The Haas expander was kept on the teeth as a passive retainer for an average of about 2 months. Immediately after the Haas expander was removed, fixed standard edgewise appliances were placed. Posteroanterior cephalograms were analyzed for each subject in both groups at T1 (pretreatment) and at T2 (long-term observation). The mean age at T1 was 11 years 10 months for both the treated and the control groups. The mean ages at T2 also were comparable (20 years 6 months for the treated group, and 17 years 8 months for the control group). The study included transverse measurements on dentoalveolar structures, maxillary and mandibular bony bases, and other craniofacial regions (nasal, zygomatic, orbital, and cranial). RME followed by edgewise appliance therapy appears to be an effective procedure to increase transverse facial dimensions in the long term, at both the skeletal and the dentoalveolar levels. Significant pretreatment deficiencies in maxillary width, maxillary incisor apex width, and maxillary first molar width remained corrected at a mean age of about 20 years. The initial deficiency in lateroorbital width was also eliminated.
Confronting bacterial resistance in healthcare settings: a crucial role for microbiologists.

Confronting bacterial resistance in healthcare settings: a crucial role for microbiologists
Laser-Based Detection of TNT and RDX Residues in Real Time Under Ambient Conditions

We detect thin films of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-hexanitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by one- and two-laser photofragmentation-fragment detection spectroscopy in real time at ambient temperature and pressure. In the one-laser technique, a laser tuned to 226 nm excites the energetic material and both generates the characteristic NO photofragments and facilitates their detection by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) using their A–X (0,0) transitions near 226 nm. In contrast, in the two-laser technique, a 454 nm laser generates the analyte molecule in the gas phase by matrix-assisted desorption, and a second laser tuned to 226 nm both photofragments it and ionizes the resulting NO. We report the effects of laser energy, analyte concentration, and matrix concentration on the ion signal and determine the rotational temperatures of the NO photofragments from Boltzmann, rotational distribution analysis of the REMPI spectra. We achieve limits of detection (S/N = 3) of hundreds of ng/cm2 for both techniques under ambient conditions with a positive signal identification as low as 70 pg using a single 226 nm laser pulse of ∼50 μJ.
Religious Devoutness, Impression Management, and Personality Functioning in College Students

Abstract Measures of religious devoutness, impression management, and personality adjustment were administered to 178 undergraduate students. Pearson correlations were computed. Greater devoutness (intrinsic religiousness) was associated with more religious and existential well-being, self-control, and social desirability, and with less self-monitoring. Consistent with previous research, the weak positive relation between religious devoutness and social desirability did not generalize to other impression management measures. Evidence which suggests that the relation between religious devoutness and social desirability may be an artifact of religious bias was discussed.
OMVPE Grown InAs Quantum Dots for Application in Nanostructured Photovoltaics

we have grown InAs QDs on two types of vicinal GaAs substrates and under various growth conditions. QDs grown on 2deg offcut substrates show superior optical characteristics compared to QDs on 6deg offcut substrates, which showed no QD luminescence. The InAs growth temperature was shown to have an impact on QD nucleation, with higher growth temperature leading to both improved dot densities and coherence. Finally, the V/III ratio during InAs growth dramatically effects the uniformity of the QD luminescence. Our best QDs were grown at 495degC using a V/III ratio of 12. These QDs were 7times40 nm in size with a density of 5(plusmn0.5)times1010 cm-2. The spatial PL, peaking at 1220 nm, had a wavelength and intensity deviation across the 2" wafer of 0.3% and 16%, respectively
A robust Schur stability condition for interval polynomial matrix systems

This paper presents a new analytical method for checking the Schur stability of interval polynomial matrices. In particular, we suggest using Markov matrices of the nominal polynomial matrix to assess its stability. The proposed technique is algebraically simple and has a relatively small computational cost, yet the result is less conservative than an existing analytical solution. The validity of the suggested method is illustrated through examples.
Response to Comment on "Otolith δ18O Record of Mid-Holocene Sea Surface Temperatures in Peru"

We find the arguments of Bearez et al. unconvincing. We did not contend that Galeichthys peruvianus is a tropical species. Rather, G. peruvianus was selected for its wide temperature tolerance and was captured during both El Nino and La Nina events at Huanchaco, Peru ([1][1], [2][2]). The
Investigating the Option of Removing the Antialiasing Filter From Digital Relays

Digital relays traditionally employ sampling rates of less than 100 samples/cycle. In order to avoid aliasing due to fault transients, these relays employ an analog antialiasing filter before critical-sampling (Nyquist rate) the input waveforms coming from instrument transformers. In many applications of electrical engineering, oversampling (greater than the Nyquist rate) has long been used to simplify the requirements of an antialiasing filter with a sharp cutoff; in some cases, the filter can even be eliminated. This paper investigates this option for a digital relay. The performance of a traditional digital relay is compared with a method that uses oversampling without using an antialiasing filter. By processing a comprehensive array of fault waveforms from Electromagnetic Transients Program simulations, a suitable oversampling rate is suggested. A comparison of phasor estimates using the traditional relay and the proposed method is made for different operating and fault conditions. The results suggest that oversampling can eliminate the antialiasing filter traditionally employed in digital relays.
The Power of the Read Aloud in the Age of the Common Core

The implementation of Common Core Standards for English Language Arts (2010) will require the use of more complex text and an increase in the use of informational text; however, reading research and best practices in literacy instruction confirm the value of a narrative read-aloud. Read-aloud time using narrative texts must still be included as a vital part of literacy instruction. Reading aloud to students increases vocabulary development, enhances fluency and oral language, introduces students to diverse population or cultural diversity, and develops critical thinking and problem solving skills. An effective read-aloud can enable students to learn about different types of conflicts and possible solutions as well as empathy and understanding for others. An effective twenty-minute read-aloud can expose students to the same academic words that would be found in content area textbooks and motivates students to become engaged in reading.
Contextual epistemic development in science: A comparison of chemistry students and research chemists

This study investigated the ways in which beliefs about the nature of the science vary as a function of an individual's chemistry expertise and chemistry research ex- perience across the range from high-schools students, whose exposure to chemistry occurs in the classroom, to practicing research chemists. Interviews conducted with a total of 91 participants probed three key research questions: Do the participants' epistemic beliefs vary as a function of chemistry expertise? Are there discipline-specific values and heuristics that guide chemistry research? How does research experience influence participants' epistemic beliefs? We found that participants' epistemic beliefs varied significantly with chemistry expertise and with exposure to authentic research in chemistry. Differences in both the du- ration and the nature of participation in research had a significant effect on how participants conceptualized science and scientific research. We noted that only the practicing scientists saw a productive role for empirical anomalies that arise in the course of doing research. We found that research chemists thought about their scientific work in terms of a building or "engineering" model of science, rather than the classic hypothetico-deductive model of
Differential Gains Between Partners in Joint Ventures: Role of Resource Appropriation and Private Benefits

I examine why there are differences in wealth gains between firms when they announce a joint venture (JV). Building on transaction cost economics and the resource-based view, I argue that, because JVs often involve incomplete contracts, differences in wealth gains arise due to resource appropriation and private benefits. As a result, two factors become important in understanding whether a firm earns higher/lower wealth gains than its partner: (1) its potential for earning private benefits and (2) its ability to extract private benefits. As a test of the impact of the first factor, I propose that when a JV is formed, the partner that possesses more valuable resources is likely to earn lower wealth gains whereas the partner that possesses less valuable resources is likely to earn higher wealth gains because its potential for earning private benefits over the course of the venture is also higher. I then argue that the partner with less valuable resources is likely to extract higher private benefits and gain more when it has greater bargaining power and absorptive capacity. Conversely, the partner with more valuable resources is likely to protect itself better from appropriation when it has JV capabilities. I find support for these arguments in a sample of 344 ventures. The implications are that private benefits significantly influence value creation in JVs, and that a broad array of contingencies and factors affect these benefits which need to be considered when entering into a cooperation.
Reprocessing of Microcrystalline Cellulose Spheres With Low Drug Concentrations

AbstractSpherical dosage forms have been reported to be an efficient and effective method for delivering drugs into the body and controlling their dissolution rate. Substantial work has been conducted in these laboratories to delineate the role of microcrystalline cellulose in the extrusion-spheronization method of manufacturing.(1) O'Connor determined and reported the advantages of using microcrystalline cellulose as the matrix ingredient in the extrusion-spheronization process; however, he reported that with simple formulations, using only water as the granulating agent, drug loading above 50% was at best difficult.(2) Later work conducted by Funck et al examined the incorporation of adjuvant binders such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, carbotner and starch, to enhance binding capacity and increase drug concentrations to 80%.(3)Because of Funck's work, it was decided to examine the only commercially available MCC product coprocessed with a binder. Although three grades of Avice® MCC:CMC are marketed, it was...
A Tunable Three-Pole 1.5–2.2-GHz Bandpass Filter With Bandwidth and Transmission Zero Control

This paper presents a three-pole tunable combline bandpass filter with center frequency, bandwidth, and zero control. The filter is designed on a Duroid substrate with er=10.2 and h=25 mil . A frequency range of 1.5-2.2 GHz with a 1-dB bandwidth tuning from 50 to 170 MHz (2.2%-11.2% fractional bandwidth) is achieved. The transmission zero can also be controlled, and a zero location of 1.37-1.64 GHz is demonstrated at center frequency fo of 2.05 GHz. The measured third-order intermodulation intercept point and 1-dB power compression point at midband (1.85 GHz) and a bandwidth of 110 MHz are >;15 and 8 dBm, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first three-pole combline tunable bandpass filter with center frequency, bandwidth, and transmission zero control.
Training of neural networks to perform optical performance monitoring of a combination of accumulated signal nonlinearity, CD, PMD, and OSNR

We propose a technique using artificial neural networks to simultaneously identify fiber nonlinearity, OSNR, CD, and PMD from eye-diagram and eye-histogram parameters. A correlation coefficient of 0.97 is obtained for a set of testing data.
Evolution of electron phase-space holes in 3D

Electron phase-space holes are regions of de- pletedelectrondensitycommonlygeneratedduringthenon- linear stage of the two-stream instability. Recently, bipolar electric eld structures | a signature of electron holes | havebeenidentiedintheacceleration regionof theauroral ionosphere. This paper compares the evolution of electron holes in 2-D and 3-D using massively-parallel PIC simula- tions. In 2-D, the holes decay after hundreds of plasma periods while emitting electrostatic whistler waves. In the 3-Dsimulations,electronholesalsogounstableandgenerate whistlers but, due to physical processes not present in 2-D, energy flows out of the whistlers and into highly perpen- dicular lower hybrid modes. As a result of this dierence, 3-D holes do not decay as far as 2-D holes. The dierences between 2-D and 3-D evolution may have important impli- cationsforholelongevityandwavegenerationintheauroral ionosphere.
Planar-DME: a single-layer zero-skew clock tree router

This paper presents new single-layer, i.e., planar-embeddable, clock tree constructions with exact zero skew under either the linear or the Elmore delay model. Our method, called Planar-DME, consists of two parts. The first algorithm, called Linear-Planar-DME, guarantees an optimal planar zero-skew clock tree (ZST) under the linear delay model. The second algorithm, called Elmore-Planar-DME, uses the Linear-Planar-DME connection topology in constructing a low-cost ZST according to the Elmore delay model. While a planar ZST under the linear delay model is easily converted to a planar ZST under the Elmore model by elongating tree edges in bottom-up order, our key idea is to avoid unneeded wire elongation by iterating the DME construction of ZST and the bottom-up modification of the resulting nonplanar routing. Costs of our planar ZST solutions are comparable to those of the best previous nonplanar ZST solutions, and substantially improve over previous planar clock routing methods.
The Existential Center of Small Groups: Member’s Conduct and Interaction

In every society groups rather than individuals are given responsibility for producing results that individuals potentially could produce just as well, but without the benefits of group effort. Onc...
Control of mechanical systems with symmetries and nonholonomic constraints

This paper presents initial results on the control of mechanical systems for which group symmetries exist (i.e., the dynamics are invariant under the action of a Lie group) that are not fully annihilated by the addition of nonholonomic constraints. These types of systems are characterized by the persistence of momentum-like drift terms which are not directly controllable via the inputs to the system. We show that for systems with nonholonomic constraints (in direct contrast with unconstrained systems with symmetries or systems with holonomic constraints) there exists the possibility for controlling these momentum terms. The snakeboard is used as a motivating example, and some comment is given as to the utility of these equations for general robotic locomotion.
Osteopontin in Systemic Sclerosis and Its Role in Dermal Fibrosis

Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular protein with proinflammatory and profibrotic properties. Previous reports demonstrate a role for OPN in wound healing and pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we determined whether OPN levels are increased in a large cohort of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and whether OPN contributes to the development of dermal fibrosis. The plasma OPN levels were increased in SSc patients, including patients with limited and diffuse disease, compared with healthy controls. Immunohistology demonstrated OPN on fibroblast-like and inflammatory cells in SSc skin and lesional skin from mice in the bleomycin (bleo)-induced dermal fibrosis model. OPN-deficient (OPN−/−) mice developed less dermal fibrosis compared with wild-type (WT) mice in the bleo-induced dermal fibrosis model. Additional in vivo studies have demonstrated that lesional skin from OPN−/−mice had fewer Mac-3-positive cells, fewer myofibroblasts, decreased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and genes in the TGF-β pathway, and decreased numbers of cells expressing phosphorylated SMAD2 (pSMAD) and extracellular signal–regulated kinase. In vitro, OPN−/− dermal fibroblasts had decreased migratory capacity but similar phosphorylation of SMAD2 by TGF-β. Finally, TGF-β production by OPN-deficient macrophages was reduced compared with WT. These data demonstrate an important role for OPN in the development of dermal fibrosis and suggest that it may be a new therapeutic target in SSc.