cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compass: Cost of Migration-aware Placement in Storage Systems

We investigate methodologies for placement and migration of logical data stores in virtualized storage systems leading to optimum system configuration in a dynamic workload scenario. The aim is to optimize the tradeoff between the performance or operational cost improvement resulting from changes in store placement, and the cost imposed by the involved data migration step. We propose a unified economic utility based framework in which the tradeoff can be formulated as a utility maximization problem where the utility of a configuration is defined as the difference between the benefit of a configuration and the cost of moving to the configuration. We present a storage management middleware framework and architecture Compass that allows systems designers to plug-in different placement as well as migration techniques for estimation of utilities associated with different configurations. The biggest obstacle in optimizing the placement benefit and migration cost tradeoff is the exponential number of possible configurations that one may have to evaluate. We present algorithms that explore the configuration space efficiently and compute a candidate set of configurations that optimize this cost-benefit tradeoff. Our algorithms have many desirable properties including local optimality. Comprehensive experimental studies demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework and exploration algorithms, as our algorithms outperform migration cost-oblivious placement strategies by up to 40% on real OLTP traces for many settings.
Chemical and Genetic Engineering of Selective Ion Channel–Ligand Interactions

Ionic flux mediates essential physiological and behavioral functions in defined cell populations. Cell type–specific activators of diverse ionic conductances are needed for probing these effects. We combined chemistry and protein engineering to enable the systematic creation of a toolbox of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) with orthogonal pharmacologic selectivity and divergent functional properties. The LGICs and their small-molecule effectors were able to activate a range of ionic conductances in genetically specified cell types. LGICs constructed for neuronal perturbation could be used to selectively manipulate neuron activity in mammalian brains in vivo. The diversity of ion channel tools accessible from this approach will be useful for examining the relationship between neuronal activity and animal behavior, as well as for cell biological and physiological applications requiring chemical control of ion conductance.
Protein Hydration: a sucrose probe.

Abstract The hydration of conalbumin, of myoglobin, of lysozyme, of carbon monoxide hemoglobin, of β-lactoglobin, of bovine serum albumin, of ovomucoid, of ribonuclease, and of egg albumin has been measured with equilibrium dialysis using sucrose as the probe at 30 °C. All proteins were at their isoelectric points except lysozymes and β-lactoglobulin and also samples of egg albumin which had been shifted to a more alkaline pH. Departure from their isoelectric points leads to an increase in the apparent protein hydration. Decreasing the temperature to 11.5 °C produces a slight increase in the hydration of egg albumin. A method is proposed for the calculation of protein hydration. The calculated protein hydration tends to be less than that determined experimentally for five of the proteins. There is satisfactory agreement with four of the proteins.
Biological affinities and adaptations of Bronze Age Bactrians: IV. A craniometric investigation of Bactrian origins

Discovery of a previously unknown Bronze Age civilization (Oxus civilization) centered on the oases of Central Asia revealed the presence of large, preplanned urban centers immediately above sterile soil. Given the absence of local antecedents, the sudden appearance and proliferation of these Oxus civilization urban centers in the oases of Bactria and Margiana immediately raised the issue of where the inhabitants of these urban centers came from. Three hypotheses have been offered by archaeologists to account for the origins of Oxus civilization populations. These include the early influence model, the late colonization model, and the trichotomy model. Eleven craniometric variables from 12 Aeneolithic and Bronze Age samples, encompassing 657 adults from Central Asia, Iran, and the Indus Valley, are compared to test which if any of these hypotheses are supported by the pattern of phenetic affinities possessed by the Oxus civilization inhabitants of the north Bactrian oasis. Craniometric differences between samples are compared with Mahalanobis generalized distance (d2), and patterns of phenetic affinity are assessed with two types of cluster analysis (WPGMA, neighbor-joining method), multidimensional scaling, and principal coordinates analysis. Results of this analysis provide no support for either the late colonization model or the trichotomy model but do offer some support for the early influence model. Nevertheless, it is clear that the early influence model fails to account for a shift in interregional contacts, perhaps from western China to the north around 2000 BC, that appears to have played a major role in the origins of the Oxus civilization inhabitants of the north Bactrian oasis.
A system‐wide approach to import demand for US fresh oranges

An import allocation model was used to investigate import demand for US fresh oranges in Canada, the European Community (EC), Singapore, and Hong Kong. The results indicate that the US import share will increase significantly in Singapore and a fair amount in Canada and Hong Kong as these markets grow. The income elasticity in the EC for US oranges is statistically insignificant. Price elasticities indicate that a negative relationship exists between the price of US oranges and demand in all markets considered.
Studies on detergent released choline acetyltransferase from membrane fractions of rat and human brain.

The relationship between soluble and membrane choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was studied. Differential solubilization of rat and human brain yielded ChAT in the soluble and membrane fractions. The addition of 1% Triton X-100 to membrane fractions resulted in a release of ChAT. A comparable release of lactate dehydrogenase was also observed. The Triton released ChAT and soluble ChAT from rat and human brain were efficiently purified by immuno-affinity chromatography. A single molecular weight of 68,000 was observed for both forms of rat and human brain ChAT. Epitope maps produced from both forms of human brain ChAT were identical. It is concluded that Triton release ChAT is identical to soluble ChAT and simply represents occluded soluble ChAT.
Presynaptic GABAB autoreceptor regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mediated [3H]-GABA release from mouse synaptosomes

Abstract Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can elicit neurotransmitter release from presynaptic nerve terminals. Mechanisms contributing to cell-and-terminal specific regulation of nAChR-mediated neurotransmitter exocytosis are not fully understood. The experiments discussed here examine how activation of GABA B auto- and hetero-receptors suppress nAChR-mediated release of [ 3 H]-GABA and [ 3 H]-dopamine ( 3 H-DA) from mouse striatal synaptosomes. Activation of presynaptic GABA B receptors with (R)-baclofen decreased both [ 3 H]-GABA and [ 3 H]-DA release evoked by potassium depolarization. However, when nAChRs were activated with ACh to evoke neurotransmitter release, (R)-baclofen had no effect on [ 3 H]-DA release, but potently inhibited ACh-evoked [ 3 H]-GABA release. Inhibition of nAChR-evoked [ 3 H]-GABA release by (R)-baclofen was time sensitive and the effect was lost after prolonged exposure to the GABA B agonist. The early inhibitory effect of GABA B activation on ACh-evoked [ 3 H]-GABA release was partially attenuated by antagonists of the phosphatase, calcineurin. Furthermore, antagonists of protein kinase C (PKC) prevented the time-dependent loss of the inhibitory (R)-baclofen effect on [ 3 H]-GABA release. These results suggest that α4β2*-nAChRs present on GABAergic nerve terminals in the striatum are subject to functional regulation by GABA B autoreceptors that is apparently cell-type specific, since it is absent from DAergic striatal nerve terminals. In addition, the functional modulation of α4β2*-type nAChRs on striatal GABAergic nerve terminals by GABA B autoreceptor activation is time-sensitive and appears to involve opposing actions of calcineurin and PKC.
Lightweight source model extraction

Reverse engineers depend on the automatic extract ion of information from source code. Some useful kinds of information+ource models—are wellknown: call graphs, file dependence, etc. Predicting every kind of source model that a reverse engineer may need is impossible. We have developed a lightweight approach for generating flexible and tolerant source model extractors from lexical specificat ions. The approach is lightweight in that the specifications are relatively small and easy to write. It is flexible in that there are few constraints on the information in the source that can be extracted (e.g., we can extract from macros, comments, etc.). It is tolerant in that information can be extracted from source that cannot necessarily be compiled or linked. In essence, we scan for source constructs that contribute to the specified source model while ignoring constructs that do not contribute to that source model. We have developed tools to support this approach and applied the tools to the extraction of a number of different source models (file dependence, event interactions, call graphs) from systems implemented in a variety of programming languages (C, C++, CLOS, Eiffel). We discuss our approach and describe its application to extract source models not available using existing systems; for example, we compute the invoked-by relation over Field tools. We compare and contrast our approach to the conventional approach of generating source models from a program database. * This research was funded in part by the NSF grant CCR-8858804 and a Canadian NSERC post-graduate scholarship. Permission to make cfigital~ard copies of all or part of this material without fee is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the ACM copyrighffsewer notioe, the title of the pubiioation and its date appear, and notice is given that copyright is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. (ACM). To copy otherwise: to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. SIGSOFT ’95 Washington, D.C., USA 01995 ACM 0-89791-71 8-2/95/0010...$3.50
Structure of alanine racemase from Oenococcus oeni with bound pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate

The crystal structure of alanine racemase from Oenococcus oeni has been determined at 1.7 A resolution using the single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) method and selenium-labelled protein. The protein exists as a symmetric dimer in the crystal, with both protomers contributing to the two active sites. Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, a cofactor, is bound to each monomer and forms a Schiff base with Lys39. Structural comparison of alanine racemase from O. oeni (Alr) with homologous family members revealed similar domain organization and cofactor binding.
Role of inflammation in the mechanism of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.

Acetaminophen (AAP) overdose and the resulting hepatotoxicity is an important clinical problem. In addition, AAP is widely used as a prototype hepatotoxin to study mechanisms of chemical-induced cell injury and to test the hepatoprotective potential of new drugs and herbal medicines. Because of its importance, the mechanisms of AAP-induced liver cell injury have been extensively investigated and controversially discussed for > 30 years. This review highlights recent new insight into intracellular events critical for liver cell death. In addition, the relevance of the inflammatory response is addressed, including cytotoxic and inflammatory mediators generated by activated inflammatory cells, that is, resident macrophages and lymphocytes as well as newly recruited blood-derived leukocytes. Inflammation is a critical component of the overall pathophysiology, not only as a potential factor that may aggravate cell damage, but more importantly as a vital response to limit cell injury, remove cell debris and pro...
Characterization of NLRP12 during the in vivo host immune response to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The majority of nucleotide binding domain leucine rich repeats-containing (NLR) family members has yet to be functionally characterized. Of the described NLRs, most are considered to be proinflammatory and facilitate IL-1β production. However, a newly defined sub-group of NLRs that function as negative regulators of inflammation have been identified based on their abilities to attenuate NF-κB signaling. NLRP12 (Monarch-1) is a prototypical member of this sub-group that negatively regulates both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling in biochemical assays and in colitis and colon cancer models. The role of NLRP12 in infectious diseases has not been extensively studied. Here, we characterized the innate immune response of Nlrp12−/− mice following airway exposure to LPS, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In response to E. coli LPS, Nlrp12−/− mice showed a slight decrease in IL-1β and increase in IL-6 production, but these levels were not statistically significant. During K. pneumoniae infection, we observed subtle differences in cytokine levels and significantly reduced numbers of monocytes and lymphocytes in Nlrp12−/− mice. However, the physiological relevance of these findings is unclear as no overt differences in the development of lung disease were observed in the Nlrp12−/− mice. Likewise, Nlrp12−/− mice demonstrated pathologies similar to those observed in the wild type mice following M. tuberculosis infection. Together, these data suggest that NLRP12 does not significantly contribute to the in vivo host innate immune response to LPS stimulation, Klebsiella pneumonia infection or Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The protein encoded by the Arabidopsis homeotic gene agamous resembles transcription factors

Mutations in the homeotic gene agamous of the plant Arabidopsis cause the transformation of the floral sex organs. Cloning and sequence analysis of agamous suggest that it encodes a protein with a high degree of sequence similarity to the DNA-binding region of transcription factors from yeast and humans and to the product of a homeotic gene from Antirrhinum. The agamous gene therefore probably encodes a transcription factor that regulates genes determining stamen and carpel development in wild-type flowers.
Quantifying diplopia with a questionnaire.

Purpose To report a diplopia questionnaire (DQ) with a data-driven scoring algorithm. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants To optimize questionnaire scoring, 147 adults with diplopic strabismus completed both the DQ and the Adult Strabismus-20 (AS-20) health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) questionnaire. To assess test–retest reliability, 117 adults with diplopic strabismus. To assess responsiveness to surgery, 42 adults (46 surgeries). Methods The 10-item AS-20 function subscale score (scored 0–100) was defined as the gold standard for severity. A range of weights was assigned to the responses and the gaze positions (from equal weighting to greater weighting of primary and reading). Combining all response option weights with all gaze position weights yielded 382848 scoring algorithms. We then calculated 382848 Spearman rank correlation coefficients comparing each algorithm with the AS-20 function subscale score. Main Outcome Measures To optimize scoring, Spearman rank correlation coefficients (measuring agreement) between DQ scores and AS-20 function subscale scores. For test–retest reliability, 95% limits of agreement and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). For responsiveness, change in DQ score. Results For the 382 848 possible scoring algorithms, correlations with AS-20 function subscale score ranged from −0.64 (best correlated) to −0.55. The best-correlated algorithm had response option weights of 5 for rarely, 50 for sometimes, and 75 for often, and gaze position weights of 40 for straight ahead in the distance, 40 for reading, 1 for up, 8 for down, 4 for right, 4 for left, and 3 for other, totaling 100. There was excellent test–retest reliability with an ICC of 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.84–0.92), and 95% limits of agreement were 30.9 points. The DQ score was responsive to surgery with a mean change of 51±34 ( P Conclusions We have developed a data-driven scoring algorithm for the DQ, rating diplopia symptoms from 0 to 100. On the basis of correlations with HRQOL, straight-ahead and reading positions should be highly weighted. The DQ has excellent test–retest reliability and responsiveness, and may be useful in both clinical and research settings. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
The First Addition to the New Optical Catalog of Quasi-stellar Objects

Liste de tous les quasars (708) ayant ete decrits dans la litterature depuis septembre 1986, date de parution du «New Catalog of QSOs» de Hewitt et Burbidge (1987)
A Critical Review of the Literature for Sales Educators.

In this article, we review the recent expansion within the sales education literature from five primary journals and the business literature at large. The five primary journals are the Journal of M...
Sialic Acid-Containing Glycopeptide from Chlorella

A C(14)-labeled polyanion was isolated from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. It contained amino acids, sialic acid, and other carbohydrates, but no uronic acids, phosphate, or sulfate. It was stable to mild alkali, but released sialic acid upon mild acid treatment.
The kinetic interpretation of the decomposition of calcium carbonate by use of relationships other than the Arrhenius equation

Abstract The kinetic parameters needed to describe the decomposition of calcium carbonate are obtained by a method which avoids the direct use of the Arrhenius parameters, the pre-exponential term A and the energy of activation E . It is shown that the approach is amenable to both an exact differential and integral analysis which carries certain advantages over existing methods. If needed, the method can be extended to allow the calculation of the Arrhenius parameters A and E , and in addition will show any dependence of E upon the fraction decomposed α, although it might be argued that the dependence of E is really upon the temperature.
Pharmacologic treatment of childhood migraine.

This review of pharmacologic treatment of childhood migraine shows that no agent for abortive treatment has been proved effective in controlled studies and that most commonly used prophylactic agents (e.g., propranolol and cyproheptadine) lack proof of their effectiveness. Flunarizine seems to be the only agent with positive results in controlled studies. This drug, although well tolerated, is slow to act. For the treatment of an acute attack, aspirin or acetaminophen may be chosen. Two of us currently use propranolol as the first-choice prophylactic agent because of its tolerance and cost, and on the assumption of its effectiveness reported by the adult studies. For children with a history of asthma, metoprolol may be chosen because of its selective blocking of the beta 1-adrenoreceptor. One of us (W.N.M.) prefers cyproheptadine as the drug of choice. Behavioral therapy may be a good alternative to pharmacotherapy in the management of childhood migraine.
Of public interest: How courts handle rape victims' privacy suits

In spite of a string of unfavorable court decisions, rape victims continue to bring privacy suits against news organizations that identify the victims. Based on case history, journalists have little to fear from such privacy suits because appellate courts usually find victims' names add credibility to stories and, therefore, are of public interest. Most judges seem to believe that they cannot logically rule a basic fact, such as a name, to be private in one set of circumstances and not in others. A ruling in rape victims' favor may create a slippery slope that erodes the press' First Amendment freedoms. However, the courts' limited opinions provide victims with the possibility that in some circumstance a court may rule against the press on this issue. From a journalist's perspective, a broader ruling is needed to discourage rape victims from bringing suits that, while destined to be unsuccessful, are nonetheless costly to defend.
Flash X‐ray microscopy with a gas jet plasma source

SUMMARY A novel flash X-ray source, the gas jet plasma source, has been used for contact X-ray microscopy. Using a wavelength range of 2–7 nm a resolution of the order of 30 nm can be obtained. The gas jet plasma source provides a new and unique tool which should allow future imaging of wet live cells.
Identifying and managing rhinitis and its subtypes: allergic and nonallergic components--a consensus report and materials from the Respiratory and Allergic Disease Foundation.

ABSTRACTBackground: Rhinitis is one of the most common chronic disorders presenting to an internal medicine, pediatric, or family practice clinician. It can greatly impact a patient's quality of life and exerts a tremendous societal burden in terms of both its direct and indirect costs. In practice, in treatment guidelines, and in the literature, discussions of rhinitis as an inflammatory (allergic) disease often eclipse discussions of the nonallergic components, which often contribute to, or are responsible for, a patient's disease. Recommendations for specific diagnostic criteria and treatment options for nonallergic rhinitis are often lacking compared with those addressing allergic rhinitis. Previous guidelines primarily focus on allergic rhinitis and do not provide easy-to-use tools to help primary care practitioners differentiate between, and appropriately treat, the different types of rhinitis. Although it is often difficult and time-consuming clinically to differentiate help simplify the diagnosis ...
Analysis of Groucho–histone interactions suggests mechanistic similarities between Groucho- and Tup1-mediated repression

The Drosophila Groucho (Gro) protein is the defining member of a family of metazoan corepressors that have roles in many aspects of development, including segmentation, dorsal/ventral pattern formation, Notch signaling, and Wnt/Wg signaling. Previous speculation has suggested that Gro may be orthologous to the yeast corepressor Tup1. In support of this idea, a detailed alignment between the C-terminal WD-repeat domains of these two proteins shows that each Gro WD repeat is most similar to the Tup1 WD repeat occupying the corresponding position in that protein. Our analysis of Gro-histone interactions provides further support for a close evolutionary relationship between Gro and Tup1. In particular, we show that, as with the N-terminal region of Tup1, the N-terminal region of Gro is necessary and sufficient for direct binding to histones. The highest affinity interaction is with histone H3 and binding is primarily observed with hypoacetylated histones. Using transient transfection assays, we show that a Gal4-Gro fusion protein containing the histone-binding domain is able to repress transcription. Deletions that weaken histone binding also weaken repression. These findings, along with our recent report that Gro interacts with the histone deacetylase Rpd3, suggest a mechanism for Gro-mediated repression.
Hand injuries in children presenting to a pediatric emergency department

Study objective: To study the epidemiology of pediatric hand injuries. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Emergency department of a children's hospital. Participants: All patients with a final diagnosis of hand injury from July through December 1989. Interventions: None. Results: Four hundred sixty-four patients (287 boys and 177 girls; median age, 10 years) with a total of 477 hand injuries were enrolled in the study. The most common types of injuries were lacerations (38.1%), soft tissue injuries (28.7%), and fractures (19.3%) and sprains (8%); most (60.8%) were sustained at home. Children with lacerations and burns were significantly younger than those with other types of hand injuries ( P P P P P P Conclusion: Hand trauma accounts for a significant number of pediatric ED visits. Physicians caring for children in the ED setting must be prepared to manage a wide spectrum of pediatric hand injuries.
The cosmetic use of botulinum toxin type B in the upper face

Facial wrinkles involving the forehead, glabellar, and/or periorbital regions are a common esthetic problem and are directly related to overactivity of the underlying facial musculature. For instance, the development of glabellar wrinkles is related, at least in part, to the dynamics of the underlying procerus, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles. Facial lines are considered problematic because they produce the appearance of aging. In some cases, they can also be misinterpreted as manifestations of negative emotions (eg, anger, anxiety, sadness), fatigue, or stress. In recent years, botulinum toxin injections have become one of the most popular therapies for the treatment of hyperfunctional facial lines. After injection, the toxin acts to paralyze or weaken facial mimetic muscles. This reduces or eliminates the appearance of wrinkles and is extremely safe.
The critical role of defects in first-order displacive transformations

Abstract This overview will survey efforts that have been made to date to answer essentially three questions. 1. (1) Are defects essential for first-order displacive transformations? 2. (2) If so, which are those defects? 3. (3) What is the energy and the configuration of the “critical state”, i.e. the activated state just prior to the onset of growth of the new phase?
Risk of Ill-Informed Decision-Making When Choosing Your Favorite Fish

ABSTRACT Risk to children of women who choose a favorite fish without regard to its methylmercury or omega-3 content was estimated under three consumption scenarios: (1) current fish consumption rate by U.S. women if limited to orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), (2) 12 oz of roughy per week, and (3) roughy consumption to meet docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) requirements. Risks were similarly assessed if king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) were eaten. Based on mercury concentrations in fillets purchased from 2004–2007 (0.73 ± 0.29 mg Hg/kg; n = 45), women would have an 85% probability of exceeding USEPA's reference dose (RfD) if they ate only roughy. Based on literature-derived concentrations, they would have a 91% probability of exceeding the RfD if they ate only mackerel. Increasing consumption of either fish to 12 oz per week would increase their probability of exceeding the RfD to 100%. Attempting to meet DHA requirements through eating these fish also results in a 100% probability of exceeding the ...
CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA. II. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION

A B S T R A C T Soils were collected from thirteen tropical forest sites in the Southeast Asian countries of Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Soil dilutions of 1:25 were prepared and cellular slime molds identified from clones which subsequently developed when 0.5 ml of the dilutions were spread on dilute hay infusion agar plates seeded with pregrown bacteria (Escherichia coli #281). A total of 2998 clones representing sixteen species was produced by this procedure. Species were tabulated in order of ecological importance which was based on their frequency, relative density and presence throughout the area of study. Five species were very common and widespread. Four species were less common but occurred in about half the forest sites; the remaining seven species, including all but one of the new forms, were much more localized in distribution and were considered rare. These results were comparable to those obtained from studies in the American tropics. Diversity was similar and the important (common and widespread) species were the same in both areas. In general, those species that appeared to be endemic to either area belong among the rare species. THIS STUDY, undertaken in July-August, 1970, represents a continuation of a long-term project to determine the occurrence and distribution of cellular slime molds in forest soils of the world. Recently some conclusions were published (Cavender, 1973) concerning the geographical distribution of cellular slime molds based on the results of these researches. MATERIALS AND METHODS-Soil samples were collected from surface layers of twelve tropical lowland evergeen and semi-deciduous rain forests and one montane rain forest in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines. Ten to thirty samples were collected from each forest site. A list of forests and locations is provided in Table 1. Soils were held in small 7-dram plastic vials and protected from excessive temperature fluctuation until return to the laboratory when they were placed at 4 C. Collecting was done dur
Developmental Onset of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy in 4 Quarter Horse Foals

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is characterized by the accumulation of glycogen and an abnormal polysaccharide in the skeletal muscle fibers of Quarter Horse–related breeds. Glycogen storage disorders have been identified in human beings and other animal species that are due to single gene mutations causing deficiencies in the enzyme activities of the glycogenolytic or glycolytic pathways.1 Biochemical studies have demonstrated that horses with PSSM have functional glycogenolytic and glycolytic pathways.2 More recently, muscle glycogen and abnormal polysaccharide accumulation in PSSM horses have been suggested to be due to a novel defect in glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Results of IV and oral glucose tolerance tests in adult PSSM horses indicated that affected individuals have enhanced glucose clearance from the bloodstream, which occurs at lower insulin concentrations than in controls.3 Clinical signs of PSSM include muscle stiffness, pain, and reluctance to exercise and are usually 1st noticed in adult horses at the commencement of training or when exercise resumes after a lay-up period.4 Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity may be high at rest in PSSM horses and can increase up to 80,000 IU/L after a 15-minute submaximal exercise test.5 Although pedigree analysis suggests that PSSM is probably transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, there is little information about the expression of the disease from birth to the beginning of training at 2–3 years of age.6 Recently, 2 foals with pneumonia developed severe rhabdomyolysis and were diagnosed with PSSM, suggesting that, under certain circumstances, this disorder may be expressed in young animals.7 The purpose of this longitudinal study was to follow the offspring from PSSM mares bred to a closely related stallion to determine the age of onset of skeletal muscle glycogen and abnormal polysaccharide accumulation, enhanced glucose clearance, and exertional rhabdomyolysis that are indicative of PSSM. The
DPT restricted design rules for advanced logic applications

Double patterning technology (DPT) provides the extension to immersion lithography before EUV lithography or other alternative lithography technologies are ready for manufacturing. Besides the additional cost due to DPT processes over traditional single patterning process, DPT design restrictions are of concerns for potential additional design costs. This paper analyzes design restrictions introduced by DPT in the form of DPT restricted design rules, which are the interface between design and technology. Both double patterning approaches, Litho-Etch-Litho-Etch (LELE) and Self-Aligned Double Patterning with spacer lithography (SADP), are studied. DPT design rules are summarized based on drawn design layers instead of decomposed layers. It is shown that designs can be made DPT compliant designs if DPT design rules are enforced and DPT coloring check finds no odd cycles. This paper also analyzes DPT design rules in the design rule optimization flow with examples. It is essential to consider DPT design rules in the integrated optimization flow. Only joint optimization in design rules between design, decomposition and process constraints can achieve the best scaled designs for manufacturing. This paper also discusses DPT enablement in the design flow where DPT aware design tools are needed so that final designs can meet all DPT restricted design rules.
Prospects for the near-term commercialization of shale oil in the United States

Abstract Although the United States has large resources of shale oil, several decades of development effort have yet to result in a viable industry. Because both the cost of the oil and the environmental impact of its production are not well known and seem to remain perennially at the margin of acceptability, the matter of commercialization has become a political issue. A variety of economic incentives and government programs to encourage commercial development have been proposed—some implemented—and several industrial corporations are proceeding cautiously. Conflicting political, economic, and environmental views, however, continue to preclude a decisive commitment, and it does not appear at this time that significant quantities of shale oil will be available in the next decade or probably even longer.
Gas Electron Diffraction and its Influence on the Solution of the Phase Problem in Crystal Structure Determination

We studied, and performed research for our Ph.D. degrees in the area of gas electron diffraction. Our mentor was Lawrence Brockway, a pioneer in this subject. At that time, research in gas electron diffraction was in its early stages of development. In 1941, the distinguished Peter Debye wrote a theoretical paper concerning gas electron diffraction which challenged ones capability to develop the necessary experimental equipment and to further advance the theoretical developments so as to greatly extend the science of gas electron diffraction. We carried these thoughts in mind when we joined the Naval Research Laboratory, where the opportunity to design and produce excellent equipment was readily available. In the course of pursuing this research area, one of the findings was the existence of non-negativity as a condition for the results of a diffraction experiment for gaseous substances. When we became interested in the field of crystal structure determination, the familiarity with non-negativity which was needed in the study of gases, led to a search for the necessary and sufficient condition for a Fourier series to be non-negative. The search was successful and has played an important part in crystal structure determination. Some early applications to complicated structures are described.
Magnetic irreversibility and the Verwey transition in nanocrystalline bacterial magnetite

The magnetic properties of biologically produced magnetite nanocrystals biomineralized by four different magnetotactic bacteria were compared to those of synthetic magnetite nanocrystals and large, high-quality single crystals. The magnetic feature at the Verwey temperature ${T}_{V}$ was clearly seen in all nanocrystals, although its sharpness depended on the shape of individual nanoparticles and whether or not the particles were arranged in magnetosome chains. The transition was broader in the individual superparamagnetic nanoparticles for which ${T}_{B}l{T}_{V}$, where ${T}_{B}$ is the superparamagnetic blocking temperature. For nanocrystals organized in chains, the effective blocking temperature ${T}_{B}g{T}_{V}$ and the Verwey transition is sharply defined. No correlation between particle size and ${T}_{V}$ was found. Furthermore, measurements of $M(H,T,\text{time})$ suggest that magnetosome chains behave as long magnetic dipoles where the local magnetic field is directed along the chain. This result confirms that time-logarithmic magnetic relaxation is due to the collective (dipolar) nature of the barrier for magnetic moment reorientation.
Urban warming trumps natural enemy regulation of herbivorous pests

Trees provide ecosystem services that counter negative effects of urban habitats on human and environmental health. Unfortunately, herbivorous arthropod pests are often more abundant on urban than rural trees, reducing tree growth, survival, and ecosystem services. Previous research where vegetation complexity was reduced has attributed elevated urban pest abundance to decreased regulation by natural enemies. However, reducing vegetation complexity, particularly the density of overstory trees, also makes cities hotter than natural habitats. We ask how urban habitat characteristics influence an abiotic factor, temperature, and a biotic factor, natural enemy abundance, in regulating the abundance of an urban forest pest, the gloomy scale, (Melanaspis tenebricosa). We used a map of surface temperature to select red maple trees (Acer rubrum) at warmer and cooler sites in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. We quantified habitat complexity by measuring impervious surface cover, local vegetation structural complexity, and landscape scale vegetation cover around each tree. Using path analysis, we determined that impervious surface (the most important habitat variable) increased scale insect abundance by increasing tree canopy temperature, rather than by reducing natural enemy abundance or percent parasitism. As a mechanism for this response, we found that increasing temperature significantly increases scale insect fecundity and contributes to greater population increase. Specifically, adult female M. tenebricosa egg sets increased by approximately 14 eggs for every 1°C increase in temperature. Climate change models predict that the global climate will increase by 2–3°C in the next 50–100 years, which we found would increase scale insect abundance by three orders of magnitude. This result supports predictions that urban and natural forests will face greater herbivory in the future, and suggests that a primary cause could be direct, positive effects of warming on herbivore fitness rather than altered trophic interactions.
The mucosa as a target tissue for gut neuropeptides

Several of the new peptidergic neurotransmitters found in enteric neurons can modulate ion and electrolyte transport across the intestinal mucosa. In some cases, receptors for these substances are localized directly on mucosal cells while in other cases their effects are mediated by the release of further substances from enteric neurons. Electrical field stimulation can be used to demonstrate the modulation of mucosal function by the enteric nervous system.
Do S cones contribute to color-motion feature binding?

Wu et al. [Nature429, 262 (2004)] describe a visual illusion in which color and motion are incorrectly bound: green dots moving downward and red dots moving upward are seen as green dots going up and red dots going down. The present study determined whether S cones contribute to color-motion feature-binding errors, in order to assess the neural representation of color at the level of binding. The specific experimental question is whether binding errors depend on S-cone responses from the objects perceived to have an illusory direction of motion. Alternatively, only L and M cones may determine the neural representation of color that regulates color-motion feature binding. In two experiments, the chromatic difference was manipulated between central objects, which induce color-motion binding errors, and peripheral objects, where color-motion binding errors occur. The chromaticity difference was varied along only the L/M-cone axis or only the S-cone axis. As in Wu et al. [Nature429, 262 (2004)], color-motion binding was frequently observed in the periphery when there were no central versus peripheral chromatic differences. Further, the results showed that the frequency of color-motion binding errors in the periphery depended on the difference in S-cone excitation between center and periphery, thereby demonstrating that the neural representation of color at the level of feature binding depends on signals from not only L and M cones but also S cones.
Pinning of superfluid vortices to surfaces

The effect of surface roughening on the onset of vortex motion in thermal counterflow in a rotating channel has been investigated. Smooth surfaced channels exhibit a critical counterflow velocity independent of surface characteristics. Rough surfaced channels exhibit a larger critical velocity, larger by just the amount necessary to bring the average vorticity at the surface parallel to the surface.
A new technic for left ventricular angiocardiography and transseptal left heart catheterization

Abstract A technic is described for introducing a radiopaque catheter into the left heart through the interatrial septum. The chief advantages of the method are that selective left atrial and ventricular angiocardiography may be conveniently performed in conjunction with transseptal left heart catheterization and that surgical exposure of the saphenous vein is not necessary.
Temporary Bilateral Carotid Artery Occlusion During Surgical Exploration of the Nasal Cavity of the Dog

Surgical exploration of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of dogs is often necessary to diagnose or treat conditions causing complete or partial nasal obstruction. Hemorrhage may obscure exploration and be detrimental to the patient. Temporary occlusion of both common carotid arteries reduces blood loss and enhances visualization during rhinotomy. Temporary bilateral common carotid artery occlusion was performed on 15 dogs subjected to nasal exploration. No obvious detrimental effects were noted.
Violence Exposure and PTSD: The Role of English Language Fluency in Latino Youth

Although Latinos have been a rapidly growing population in the US, little is known about how mental health symptoms may present in Latino children especially in the context of those living in poverty and exposed to violence. We explored the level of violence exposure and trauma symptoms in Latino youth and the relationship of these factors with English language fluency. During 2000–2002, 1,601, Latino students from seven middle schools participated in a school-based screening to identify students with exposure to community violence and symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The students completed a self-report instrument, in either Spanish or English, that combined a modified version of the Life Events Scale and the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS). Bivariate analyses and multivariate regression models showed that youth with higher English language fluency reported greater violence exposure and PTSD symptoms than those with lower fluency. No difference was found in functioning by English language fluency. English language fluency appears to be related to violence exposure and PTSD symptoms in these Latino youth. We discuss the importance of school-based programs especially designed to serve Latino students of varying English language fluency.
Synthesis and Study of Bidentate Benzimidazolylidene−Group 10 Metal Complexes and Related Main-Chain Organometallic Polymers

A series of group 10 bis(benzimidazolylidene) complexes featuring chelating N-(o-phenol) moieties were synthesized and characterized. The ligand was prepared in 85% overall yield from 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene using a short SNAr/reductive cyclization/alkylation reaction sequence. Direct metalation of the respective benzimidazolium precursor with Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) salts under ambient atmosphere at 50−80 °C provided the discrete chelating complexes in excellent yields (≥91%). Whereas chelation occurred spontaneously in the case of the Ni complex, an intermediate displaying ligation from the NHCs without chelation from pendent phenol groups was isolated and characterized when Pd was used. This complex was subsequently converted to its chelated form upon treatment with base. The effect of chelation was measured via thermogravimetric analysis and found to enhance the stability of the complex by 24 °C. The chelation also did not significantly effect overall electronic characteristics. A similar reaction ...
Beyond sociodemographics: Factors influencing the decision to seek treatment for symptoms of acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of sociodemographic, clinical, cognitive, emotional, and social factors on patient delay in seeking treatment for symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. DESIGN: Multicenter descriptive survey. SETTING: Forty-three hospitals in North America. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and seventy-seven patients with confirmed acute myocardial infarction enrolled in a thrombolytic clinical trial. OUTCOME MEASURES: Time from symptom onset to arrival at the hospital for treatment. RESULTS: Patients with longer delays were older, had lower incomes, had diabetes, experienced their symptoms at home, did not appraise their symptoms as serious or originating from the heart, had symptoms that were intermittent in nature, waited to see whether symptoms disappeared, worried about troubling others, feared what might happen if they sought treatment, and did not realize the importance of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Patient appraisal of seriousness of symptoms is related to delay, whereas severity, nature, and knowledge of symptoms are not related. Cognitive and emotional responses affect patients' decisions to seek treatment. (Heart Lung® 1997;26:253-62)
Helping Handicapped Students Learn to Work in a Mainstream Environment.

Abstract The mainstreaming of handicapped students in the regular school setting contains the potential for many beneficial changes in the learning experiences of the disabled. One of the more significant changes is a greatly expanded opportunity to engage in work task learning. This article explores how schools can enhance the career and employment prospects of the handicapped by using the “real work” experiences of the school to foster the work task learning‐maturation process. Four dimensions of the process are discussed: 1) identification as a worker; 2) assessment of worker traits; 3) the cultivation of work motivations and work satisfactions; and 4) the development of work habits and skills.
Biochemistry and genetics of microbial xylanases

Xylanases are classified into two major families (10 or F and 11 or G) of glycosyl hydrolases. Both use ion pair catalytic mechanisms and both retain anomeric configuration following hydrolysis. Family 10 xylanases are larger, more complex and produce smaller oligosaccharides; Family 11 xylanases are more specific for xylan. Alkaline-active and extreme-thermophilic enzymes are of particular interest. Such xylanases are being commercialized for bleaching pulps and other applications.
Overcoming methotrexate resistance by a lipophilic antifolate (BW 301U): from theory to models to practice

We have provided a rationale for the clinical use of a new lipid-soluble folate antagonist, BW 301U, in terms of its potential for killing several classes of methotrexate-resistant cells. As part of a Phase I evaluation of this agent we studied normal bone marrow from cancer patients and their metabolic susceptibility to either BW 301U or to MTX and then repeated the observations at the end of five days of BW 301U infusions. Both inhibitors were roughly comparable at equimolar concentrations prior to therapy, but a relative resistance developed to MTX after BW 301U treatment. Such findings were replicated in an in vitro HL-60 cell culture system that was exposed to BW 301U. Some possible mechanisms for this unusual collateral resistance are discussed.