cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of stiripentol dose on phenytoin-induced teratogenesis in a mouse model.

Abstract Purpose: Previous studies have suggested that polytherapy by design may aid in the management of human pregnancies complicated by epilepsy. However, mechanistic parallels must be drawn between the models of teratogenesis and human pregnancies, and doses of the second agent given to minimize side-effects must be justified. This study sought to determine the lowest dosage of stiripentol (STP) protective against phenytoin-induced teratogenesis in a mouse model, and to determine mechanistically if inhibition of oxidative metabolism by STP in vitro decreased production of reactive phenytoin (PHT) metabolites. Methods: Pregnant SWV mice were assigned to control or treatment groups of STP alone, PHT alone, or PHT with ascending doses of STP coadministration. Treatments continued from Day 6 to Day 18 of gestation when fetuses were examined for developmental anomalies. [14C]PHT was incubated in mouse liver microsomes with and without NADPH and in the presence or absence of STP or piperonyl butoxide. Covalent binding of [14C] was measured. Results: There were no dose-related differences in the frequency of fetal malformations per litter among groups treated with STP alone. However, STP (all doses) reduced the frequency of PHT-induced malformations. Covalent binding of [14C]PHT was NADPH-dependent and was inhibited by either piperonyl butoxide or STP. Conclusions: The beneficial effects of STP occurred at concentrations below the therapeutic range for its anticonvulsant effects. These results support the concept of polytherapy by design to reduce the risk of teratogenesis associated with PHT.
A review of Victor H. Wallace, Paths to peace: a study of war, its causes and prevention:

In the concluding article, Geoffrey Sawer, professor of law and dean of the Research School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University at Canberra, discusses several general points on which several of the authors converge, as follows: (1) "War is not in any sense an inevitable and inescapable feature of human life." (2) "Wars . . . have been due to many different causes, and have usually been embarked upon on a balance of considerations and urges, rational and irrational." (3) "Although ideologies have often been a powerful contributing cause of war and may be, if anything, more powerful today, they have never been the most important factor and are not so today." (4) "War using all the devices of modern science has now reached a de-
Steady-state parameter-jump methods and relaxation methods in thermogravimetry☆

Abstract We describe a technique for thermogravimetric analysis in which the magnitude of a rate-forcing variable such as temperature, pressure, gaseous flow-rate, gaseous composition, etc., is jumped by discrete steps. This method can be used to determine kinetic relationships between the rate of weight-loss and the jumped variable. The method avoids the disparate effects of separate experimental histories in methods in which two or more experiments are compared. The necessity for guessing the often complex rate vs. extent of reaction relationship in methods where the rate forcing variable is changed continuously in a single experiment is also avoided. The method is illustrated with examples from the oxidation of polystyrene. Techniques involving multiple jumps and more complex programming are proposed. The fruitful investigation of weight-loss kinetics by the measurement of relaxation times during jumps or of phase lags while the rate forcing variables are oscillated is predicted for diffusion limited reactions and reactions with gaseous atmospheres.
Magnetic susceptibility and fluorescence spectra of SmI2 in THF

Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used widely for the characterization of oxidation states of lanthanide elements. The magnetic susceptibility and the magnetic moment of Sml/sub 2/ are reported, lambda (the spin-orbit coupling constant) is calculated, and the data are compared with the fluorescence spectrum of Sm/sup 2 +/ in LaCl/sub 3/. The fluorescence spectrum of SmI/sub 2/ in THF is investigated. This has not been reported before, and measurements in different solvent systems are of interest. Nujol was tried and it was found that Nujol has its own fluorescence.
Alcohol consumption and arcus senilis: a search for a significant relationship.

Summary Although an Irish study found that areas senilis in heart disease patients was positively correlated with lifetime heavy alcohol intake we have not found a prevalence rate among alcoholics high enough to suggest that areas is a useful diagnostic sign for alcoholism. However, the inter-relationship of arcus senilis, heart disease and alcohol intake does require elucidation and the need for further studies is indicated.
MO-C-17A-10: Comparison of Dose Deformable Accumulation by Using Parallel and Serial Approaches

Purpose: The uncertainty of dose accumulation over multiple CT datasets with deformable fusion may have significant impact on clinical decisions. In this study, we investigate the difference of two dose summation approaches involving deformable fusion. Methods: Five patients, four external beam and one brachytherapy(BT), were chosen for the study. The BT patient was treated with CT-based HDR. The CT image sets acquired in the imageguidance process (8-11 CTs/patient) were used to determine the dose delivered to the four external beam patients. (prostate, pelvis, lung and head&neck). For the HDR patient (cervix), five CT image sets and the corresponding BT plans were used. In total 44 CT datasets and RT dose/plans were imported into the image fusion software MiM (6.0.4) for analysis.For each of the five clinical cases, the dose from each fraction was accumulated into the primary CT dataset by using both Parallel and Serial approaches. The dose-volume histogram (DVH) for CTV and selected organs-at-risks (OAR) were generated. The D95(CTV), OAR(mean) and OAR(max) for the four external beam cases the D90(CTV), and the max dose to bladder and rectum for the BT case were compared. Results: For the four external beam patients, the difference in D95(CTV) were 10% dose difference between the two approaches was observed as significant volume changes of tumor and OAR were observed among treatment fractions.
Caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS: Quality of life and coping styles

The purpose of this study was to explore the quality of life and coping styles of caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS and to identify if there were differences between mothers and alternative caregivers in these areas. There were 54 mother-caregivers and 25 alternative caregivers in the study. The alternative caregivers scored significantly higher in each area of quality of life than the mothers, except for physical health. The mothers used passive and emotive coping significantly more than the alternative caregivers. The study concluded that caregivers provide support to children with HIV/AIDS, but they also need physical and emotional support themselves. Nurses must be aware of the importance of providing interventions for these caregivers to improve coping mechanisms, decrease stress, and thereby improve their quality of life.
Bioavailable amino acids in sediments: A biomimetic, kinetics-based approach

We developed a biomimetic approach, based on direct incubation with proteolytic enzymes, to measure bioavailable amino acids in sediments. The kinetics of release of monomers and oligopeptides, which are amenable to absorption by cells, is measured as either individual or total amino acids. Microbial proteases incubated with fresh sediments yield amino acids at a similar rate as gut juices from a deposit-feeding holothuroid. Amino acid release from fresh sediment was dominated by a slow hydrolysis step from a refractory substrate, which can be described with a first-order rate law. Typical rate constants for release were in the range 0.15-0.52 h-l, consistent with gut residence times of deposit feeders. The bioavailable pool of peptides had a composition resembling that of average biological tissue, but comparisons with tissue composition suggested dietary deficiency of some essential amino acids. The early stages of release exhibited significant contributions from osmolytes (e.g. glutamic acid and taurine), while a larger, more slowly released pool was anomalously low in methionine, suggesting a contribution from microbial coat proteins. Freezing the sediment led to greater yields of amino acids, which reduced the simulation of a deposit feeder’s gut but indicated a larger pool of potentially bioavailable substrate protected by some kind of matrix. This larger pool of peptide substrate was usually dominated by higher molecular weight polypeptides as measured by the Coomassie Blue method.
Computational Geometry and Prolog

Prolog is a good tool for implementing computational geometry algorithms. This paper discusses its advantages and disadvantages, and gives examples, including linking chains together, boolean operations on polygons, and cartographic map overlay and reduction. An implementation of polygon intersection proves Prolog to be much more compact and easier to use than Fortran.
A Structural Equation Model Using Fluency-Based Early Literacy Measures to Predict Emerging Reading Ability in Kindergarten

The reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act has initiated changes that are affecting early literacy assessment, and it has prompted the growing use of measures that incorporate phonological and alphabetic fluency. However, the question of how phonological and alphabetic fluency can inhibit (or promote) reading acquisition in kindergarten has received sparse attention. This study investigated phonological and alphabetic fluency as a predictor of emerging reading ability in kindergarten. Results indicated that a three-construct structural equation model could be developed. Moreover, an alphabetic construct, as formed from sublexical fluency measures administered at the middle of kindergarten, fully mediated the relationship between phonological fluency and end-of-year emerging reading ability. Implications are discussed in the context of reading acquisition.
A GMR based Eddy Current Field Sensing System for NDE of Aircraft Structures

A new giant magnetoresistance (GMR) based eddy current field measurement system which can inspect components at rates comparable to magneto-optic imaging (MOI) sensor systems has been designed and developed. The main advantage of this system over the MOI is its ability to retain complete quantitative information about the magnetic field. Other advantages of the system include high bandwidth and sensitivity.
Progress in American Policing? Reviewing the National Reviews

This essay uses three publications—the 1967 President's Crime Commission report on police, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society; the National Research Council's review of research on policing, Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence; and David Weisburd and Anthony A. Braga's edited collection, Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives—as reference points for reflecting on the extent to which the American police institution has moved toward a progressive and professional ideal over the past forty years. I argue that unless the scope and complexity of the policing function is more fully taken into account, and unless the causes of crime and disorder and the police role in controlling and preventing them are reconsidered, the ideals of police reform will remain elusive.
Stability of Ring-Stiffened Tubular Members Under External Pressure

This paper presents results of a rigorous nonlinear finite element technique for the stability analysis of ring-stiffened steel tubes under external pressure. Large deformation, plasticity, as well as residual stresses and imperfections, are taken into account. Both internal and external stiffeners are simulated. A study of various parameters which affect pressure capacity is summarized, along with a comparison with available experimental data.
Urinary proteomics evaluation in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: a pilot study

ABSTRACT Purpose: Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is characterized by chronic pain, pressure and discomfort felt in the pelvis or bladder. An in-depth shotgun proteomics study was carried out to profile the urinary proteome of women with IC/PBS to identify possible specific proteins and networks associated with IC/PBS. Materials and Methods: Urine samples from ten female IC/PBS patients and ten female asymptomatic, healthy control subjects were analyzed in quadruplicate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on a hybrid linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Gas-phase fractionation (GPF) was used to enhance protein identification. Dif-ferences in protein quantity were determined by peptide spectral counting. Results: α-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG) and orosomucoid-1 (ORM1) were detected in all IC/PBS patients, and ≥ 60% of these patients had elevated expression of these two proteins compared to control subjects. Transthyretin (TTR) and hemopexin (HPX) were detected in all control individuals, but ≥ 60% of the IC/PBS patients had decreased expression levels of these two proteins. Enrichment functional analysis showed cell adhesion and response to stimuli were down-regulated whereas response to inflammation, wounding, and tissue degradation were up-regulated in IC/PBS. Activation of neurophysiological processes in synaptic inhibition, and lack of DNA damage repair may also be key components of IC/PBS.
Effective Realization of Software Architectural Styles with Aspects

Architecture-based software development is the implementation of a software system in terms of its architectural constructs (e.g., components, connectors, ports). It has been shown as an effective approach to realizing and managing the architecture of large scale software systems. Several techniques and tools have been developed that are intended to aid with the architecture-based development of software systems. While these approaches provide adequate implementation support for some aspects of software architectures, they often lack sufficient support for implementing and enforcing the system's software architectural style. In this paper, we argue that the lack of sufficient support for architectural styles is a by-product of its crosscutting structure. In turn, making it impossible to realize styles using the object-oriented programming methodology. We propose a new approach to implementing architectural styles that is based on the aspect-oriented programming paradigm.
Composite metamaterial systems for two-dimensional periodic structures

The effect of using composite material systems to create two-dimensionally periodic structures is analyzed. The structures utilize a two-dimensionally periodic material embedded within a host substrate to create multiple reflections, which inhibit propagation. Over the frequency region in which propagation is inhibited, the material is termed an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) material. Through the fabrication techniques in the metamaterials program, namely free form fabrication and advanced ceramic manipulation, complex periodic systems are available. The effects that the availability of complex material systems has on the bandgap are numerous, including altered structure size, bandgap width, and attenuation per period. In this paper, the properties or the two-dimensional bandgap for several different material combinations are given.
Mechanisms regulating large-scale seasonal fluctuations in Alexandrium fundyense populations in the Gulf of Maine: Results from a physical–biological model

Abstract Observations of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine indicate several salient characteristics of the vegetative cell distributions: patterns of abundance are gulf-wide in geographic scope; their main features occur in association with the Maine Coastal Current; and the center of mass of the distribution shifts upstream from west to east during the growing season from April to August. The mechanisms underlying these aspects are investigated using coupled physical–biological simulations that represent the population dynamics of A. fundyense within the seasonal mean flow. A model that includes germination, growth, mortality, and nutrient limitation is qualitatively consistent with the observations. Germination from resting cysts appears to be a key aspect of the population dynamics that confines the cell distribution near the coastal margin, as simulations based on a uniform initial inoculum of vegetative cells across the Gulf of Maine produces blooms that are broader in geographic extent than is observed. In general, cells germinated from the major cyst beds (in the Bay of Fundy and near Penobscot and Casco Bays) are advected in the alongshore direction from east to west in the coastal current. Growth of the vegetative cells is limited primarily by temperature from April through June throughout the gulf, whereas nutrient limitation occurs in July and August in the western gulf. Thus the seasonal shift in the center of mass of cells from west to east can be explained by changing growth conditions: growth is more rapid in the western gulf early in the season due to warmer temperatures, whereas growth is more rapid in the eastern gulf later in the season due to severe nutrient limitation in the western gulf during that time period. A simple model of encystment based on nutrient limitation predicts deposition of new cysts in the vicinity of the observed cyst bed offshore of Casco and Penobscot Bays, suggesting a pathway of re-seeding the bed from cells advected downstream in the coastal current. A retentive gyre at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy tends to favor re-seeding that cyst bed from local populations.
Dietary phosphate restriction normalizes biochemical and skeletal abnormalities in a murine model of tumoral calcinosis

Mutations in the GALNT3 gene cause tumoral calcinosis characterized by ectopic calcifications due to persistent hyperphosphatemia. We recently developed Galnt3 knockout mice in a mixed background, which had hyperphosphatemia with increased bone mineral density (BMD) and infertility in males. To test the effect of dietary phosphate intake on their phenotype, Galnt3 knockout mice were generated in the C57BL/6J strain and fed various phosphate diets: 0.1% (low), 0.3% (low normal), 0.6% (normal), and 1.65% (high). Sera were analyzed for calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, blood urine nitrogen, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, osteocalcin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (Fgf23). Femurs were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, dynamic histomorphometry, and/or microcomputed tomography. Galnt3 knockout mice in C57BL/6J had the same biochemical phenotype observed in our previous study: hyperphosphatemia, inappropriately normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level, decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, and low intact Fgf23 concentration but high Fgf23 fragments. Skeletal analyses of their femurs revealed significantly high BMD with increased cortical bone area and trabecular bone volume. On all four phosphate diets, Galnt3 knockout mice had consistently higher phosphorus levels and lower alkaline phosphatase and intact Fgf23 concentrations than littermate controls. The low-phosphate diet normalized serum phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and areal BMD but failed to correct male infertility in Galnt3 knockout mice. The high-phosphate diet did not increase serum phosphorus concentration in either mutant or control mice due to a compensatory increase in circulating intact Fgf23 levels. In conclusion, dietary phosphate restriction normalizes biochemical and skeletal phenotypes of Galnt3 knockout mice and, thus, can be an effective therapy for tumoral calcinosis.
Functional and Physical Competition between Phospholamban and its Mutants Provides Insight into the Molecular Mechanism of Gene Therapy for Heart Failure

We have used functional co-reconstitution of purified sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) with phospholamban (PLB), its inhibitor in the heart, to test the hypothesis that loss-of-function (LOF) PLB mutants (PLB(M)) can compete with wild-type PLB (PLB(W)) to relieve SERCA inhibition. Co-reconstitution at varying PLB-to-SERCA ratios was conducted using synthetic PLB(W), gain-of-function mutant I40A, or LOF mutants S16E (phosphorylation mimic) or L31A. Inhibitory potency was defined as the fractional increase in K(Ca), measured from the Ca(2+)-dependence of ATPase activity. At saturating PLB, the inhibitory potency of I40A was about three times that of PLB(W), while the potency of each of the LOF PLB(M) was about one third that of PLB(W). However, there was no significant variation in the apparent SERCA affinity for these four PLB variants. When SERCA was co-reconstituted with mixtures of PLB(W) and LOF PLB(M), inhibitory potency was reduced relative to that of PLB(W) alone. Furthermore, FRET between donor-labeled SERCA and acceptor-labeled PLB(W) was decreased by both (unlabeled) LOF PLB(M). These results show that LOF PLB(M) can compete both physically and functionally with PLB(W), provide a rational explanation for the partial success of S16E-based gene therapy in animal models of heart failure, and establish a powerful platform for designing and testing more effective PLB(M) targeted for gene therapy of heart failure in humans.
Ensuring color consistency across multiple cameras

Most multi-camera vision applications assume a single common color response for all cameras. However different cameras - even of the same type - can exhibit radically different color responses, and the differences can cause significant errors in scene interpretation. To address this problem we have developed a robust system aimed at inter-camera color consistency. Our method consists of two phases: an iterative closed-loop calibration phase that searches for the per-camera hardware register settings that best balance linearity and dynamic range, followed by a refinement phase that computes the per-camera parametric values for an additional software-based color mapping
Immunohistochemical distinction of primary sweat gland carcinoma and metastatic breast carcinoma: can it always be accomplished reliably?

Objectives Even with adequate history, the distinction of cutaneous metastatic breast carcinoma from primary sweat gland carcinoma can be difficult. Although previous studies have attempted to separate these tumors with various immunohistochemical panels, those series have been limited by small numbers of patients as well as the inclusion of benign sweat gland tumors. Methods In this analysis, stains for p63, CK5/6, and D2-40 were included, as well as GATA3 and mammaglobin, in an evaluation of 21 primary sweat gland carcinomas and 33 examples of cutaneous metastatic breast carcinoma. Results Immunoreactivity for p63, CK5/6, D2-40, GATA3, and mammaglobin was respectively observed in 81%, 71%, 52%, 71%, and 5% of sweat gland carcinomas compared with 6%, 6%, 6%, 91%, and 45% of metastatic breast carcinomas. These differences were statistically significant for p63, CK5/6, and D2-40. For the diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma, GATA3 was the most sensitive marker (91%), but its sensitivity was substantially lower. Mammaglobin was 95% specific for breast carcinoma but again suffered from limited sensitivity (45%) in this context. Conclusions These data suggest that p63 and CK5/6 are specific determinants for sweat gland carcinoma in the stated setting. In the absence of those analytes, metastatic breast carcinoma cannot always be identified to the exclusion of a primary tumor. This diagnostic scenario continues to require the procurement of a detailed clinical history regarding the number and duration of skin lesions in any given case.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Laser Cleaning Mechanisms for Submicrometer Particulates on Si Surfaces

Submicrometer (0.1–1 μm) polystyrene and alumina particles were removed by single-shot nanosecond 248 nm KrF laser radiation from Si wafer surfaces with or without pre-deposited thin liquid layers. Nearly complete (>90%) single-shot laser cleaning has been achieved for combinations of polystyrene and alumina particles, respectively, with 2-propanol and water used as liquid energy transfer media, while for other combinations cleaning was absent or incomplete. Time-resolved optical microscopy studies have for the first time revealed important transient microscopic interactions between these particles and Si substrates in the pre-deposited micron-thick liquid layers, resulting, in some of these cases, in significantly reduced particle-substrate coupling. The visualization results give insight into microscopic particle removal mechanisms relevant to our laser cleaning experimental conditions, which are discussed along with their theoretical analysis. Theoretical modeling has been performed to interpret these ...
US population aging and demand for inpatient services

US inpatient capacity increased until the 1970s, then declined. The US Census Bureau expects the population aged ≥65 years to more than double by 2050. The implications for national inpatient capacity requirements have not been quantified. Our objective was to calculate the number of hospital admissions that will be necessitated by population aging, ceteris paribus. We estimated 2011 nationwide age-specific hospitalization rates using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Census data. We applied these rates to the population expected by the Census Bureau to exist through 2050. By 2050, the US population is expected to increase by 41%. Our analysis suggests that based on expected changes in the population age structure by then, the annual number of hospitalizations will increase by 67%. Thus, inpatient capacity would have to expand 18% more than population growth to meet demand. Total aggregate inpatient days is projected to increase 22% more than population growth. The total projected growth in required inpatient capacity is 72%, accounting for both number of admissions and length of stay. This analysis accounts only for changes in the population's age structure. Other factors could increase or decrease demand, as discussed in the article.
Testing neutrality in subdivided populations.

ABSTRACT Statistical tests of the neutrality hypothesis that are based on the sampling theory of Ewens (1972) require the assumption of panmixia. It is proposed that for a population comprising numerous local populations with weak gene flow among them, tests based on Ewens9 theory can be applied separately to samples from each local population. At low levels of gene flow, migration acts primarily like mutation, introducing new alleles to each local population. It is shown with simulation results that, at low levels of migration, correlations in allele frequencies among demes are sufficiently small that the results from the application of Ewens9 theory to each deme are statistically independent. It is also shown that, by combining the results of the tests in different demes, some statistical power to detect deviations from neutrality is gained. The method is illustrated with the application to data on a salamander species. At low levels of gene flow, population subdivision must be taken account of in testing neutrality and the proposed test provides one way to do so.
His92 and His110 selectively affect different heme centers of adrenal cytochrome b561

Adrenal cytochrome b(561) (cyt b(561)), a transmembrane protein that shuttles reducing equivalents derived from ascorbate, has two heme centers with distinct spectroscopic signals and reactivity towards ascorbate. The His54/His122 and His88/His161 pairs furnish axial ligands for the hemes, but additional amino acid residues contributing to the heme centers have not been identified. A computational model of human cyt b(561) (Bashtovyy, D., Berczi, A., Asard, H., and Pali, T. (2003) Protoplasma 221, 31-40) predicts that His92 is near the His88/His161 heme and that His110 abuts the His54/His122 heme. We tested these predictions by analyzing the effects of mutations at His92 or His110 on the spectroscopic and functional properties. Wild type cytochrome and mutants with substitutions in other histidine residues or in Asn78 were used for comparison. The largest lineshape changes in the optical absorbance spectrum of the high-potential (b(H)) peak were seen with mutation of His92; the largest changes in the low-potential (b(L)) peak lineshape were observed with mutation of His110. In the EPR spectra, mutation of His92 shifted the position of the g=3.1 signal (b(H)) but not the g=3.7 signal (b(L)). In reductive titrations with ascorbate, mutations in His92 produced the largest increase in the midpoint for the b(H) transition; mutations in His110 produced the largest decreases in DeltaA(561) for the b(L) transition. These results indicate that His92 can be considered part of the b(H) heme center, and His110 part of the b(L) heme center, in adrenal cyt b(561).
Minimizing service delay in directional sensor networks

In directional sensor networks, sensors can steer around to serve multiple target points. Most previous works assume there are always enough deployed sensors so that all target points can be served simultaneously. However, this assumption may not hold when the mission requirement changes or when more target points need to be served. Since it is not always practical to deploy new sensors, we propose to reconfigure the network by letting existing sensors steer and serve the targets periodically. As a result, targets may not be served continuously, and the service delay affects the quality of service. One important problem is how to choose the optimal set of targets to serve by each sensor such that the maximum service delay is minimized. We first show that this problem is NP-complete, and then we propose a centralized protocol whose performance is bounded by a logarithm factor of the optimal solution. We also propose a distributed protocol which achieves the same performance as the centralized protocol. Finally, we extend the optimization model and the protocols by considering the rotation delay, which is critical for some applications but ignored by previous work.
Intimate Partner Violence Screening Practices of Certified Nurse‐Midwives

It is estimated that 324,000 pregnant women are abused by their partners in the United States each year. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the intimate partner violence-screening practices of certified nurse-midwives (CNMs). In-depth interviews were conducted with a sample (n = 8) of CNMs, and the data were analyzed by using with-case and across-case methods. The findings demonstrate that the midwives were inconsistent in their intimate partner violence-screening practice during pregnancy and increase or decrease screening in response to a woman's cultural background. Screening in a culturally competent manner is expected of all clinicians, but the demands of an increasingly complex, culturally diverse practice environment make it difficult. Consistent intimate partner abuse screening in a culturally competent manner is a challenge for all primary care providers.
Organizing Physical Fitness Assessment (Grades K-2)

(1989). Organizing Physical Fitness Assessment (Grades K-2) Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 57-60.
Luminance-dependent long-term chromatic adaptation

There is theoretical and empirical support for long-term adaptation of human vision to chromatic regularities in the environment. The current study investigates whether relationships of luminance and chromaticity in the natural environment could drive chromatic adaptation independently and differently for bright and dark colors. This is motivated by psychophysical evidence of systematic difference shifts in red–green chromatic sensitivities between contextually bright- versus dark-colored stimuli. For some broad classes of scene content, consistent shifts in chromaticity are found between high and low light levels within images. Especially in those images in which sky and terrain are juxtaposed, this shift has direction and magnitude consistent with the observed psychophysical shifts in the red–green balance between bright and dark colors. Taken together, these findings suggest that relative weighting of M- and L-cone signals could be adapted, in a luminance-dependent fashion, to regularities in the natural environment.
Identification of hazardous drinking with the young adult alcohol consequences questionnaire: relative operating characteristics as a function of gender

Heavy and problematic drinking is common on college campuses and is associated with myriad hazardous outcomes. The Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ; Read et al., 2006) was developed to provide comprehensive and expedient assessment of negative consequences of young adult drinking and has been used in a number of research and clinical settings. To date, no empirically derived cutoffs for the YAACQ have been available for use in the identification of those drinkers at greatest risk. This was the objective of the present study. In a large (N = 1,311) and demographically heterogeneous multisite sample, we identified cutoff scores for the YAACQ, and the contrasted detection of hazardous drinking using these cutoffs with those recommended for the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). We also examined whether cutoffs differed by gender. Results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis yielded cutoffs that delineate 3 levels (or zones) of hazardous drinking risk: low, moderate, and high. A cutoff of 8 differentiated those at low risk from those at moderate risk or greater, and a cutoff of 16 differentiated between moderate and high risk. These zones corresponded to other indices of risky drinking, including heavy episodic "binge" drinking, more frequent alcohol consumption, and engagement in alcohol risk behaviors. Scores differentiating low to moderate risk differed for men (8) and women (10), whereas the cutoff for high risk was the same (16) across the sexes. Findings suggest that the YAACQ can be used to reliably assess level of drinking risk among college students. Furthermore, these cut scores may be used to refer to interventions varying in intensity level, based on level of indicated alcohol risk. (PsycINFO Database Record
Estimating a failure probability using a combination of variance-reduction techniques

Consider a system that is subjected to a random load and having a corresponding random capacity to withstand the load. The system fails when the load exceeds capacity, and we consider efficient simulation methods for estimating the failure probability. Our approaches employ various combinations of stratified sampling, Latin hypercube sampling, and conditional Monte Carlo. We construct asymptotically valid upper confidence bounds for the failure probability for each method considered. We present numerical results to evaluate the proposed techniques on a safety-analysis problem for nuclear power plants, and the simulation experiments show that some of our combined methods can greatly reduce variance.
PS2-24: Determining Unmet Healthcare Needs of an Under-served Population Through the use of Health Assessment Forms: A Quality Improvement Project

Background/Aims The St. Vincent de Paul Free Clinic in Marshfield, WI, opened in 1998 to serve the unmet healthcare needs of local patients. The clinic serves approximately 500 patients per year at bimonthly primary care clinics and a monthly diabetes-specific clinic. The purpose of this project was to identify unmet healthcare needs as targets for new program development.
Competitive Interactions Between Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) in Soilborne Larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the reproductive success of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar in soilborne Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) previously exposed to Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Treatments of H. bacteriophora plus B. bassiana resulted in higher total mortality of S. exigua in soil than treatments with either nematode alone or fungus alone. For S. carpocapsae plus B. bassiana , insect mortality was not significantly different compared with S. carpocapsae alone. In treatments with nematode plus fungus, percentage mortality of S. exigua from S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora was reduced relative to the treatments with nematodes alone. These results suggest that inundative release of entomopathogenic nematodes where B. bassiana occurs may result in greater control of soilborne insect pests than application of nematodes alone.
Further observations on the morphology of atrioventricular septal defects.

Certain morphologic aspects of atrioventricular septal defects (“endocardial cushion defects,” “atrioventricular canal malformations”) remain controversial. It is still not clear which precise lesions should not be placed in this category. For example, is an “isolated” cleft of the mitral valve or a perimembranous inlet ventricular septal defect to be so described? It is also not fully accepted that the left atrioventricular valve in these lesions bears little resemblance to a morphologically mitral valve. We have investigated these problems by both observation and mensuration. We determined the junctional circumference of the left atrioventricular valve leaflets and the ventricular dimensions in 130 atrioventricular septal defects (95 with common valve orifice and 35 with separate right and left atrioventricular orifices); in 50 hearts with perimembranous venticular septal defects (20 extending into the inlet septum and 30 with outlet or trabecular extensions); in seven hearts with isolated cleft of the mitral valve, and in 10 normal hearts. All specimens came from the cardiopathological collection of Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh. The measurements showed conclusively that the atrioventricular septal defects were all directly comparable irrespective of the detailed morphology of the atrioventricular valve or valves. The group of atrioventricular septal defects was totally discrete as compared with all the other specimens that had normal atrioventricular septation. The left atrioventricular valve in atrioventricular septal defects is basically a three-leaflet valve which differs from the normal mitral valve in terms of its leaflet, its chordal support, and the arrangement of its papillary muscle. Its only similarity with the normal mitral valve is that it resides in the morphologically left ventricle and guards the left atrioventricular junction.
Making isotonic milk. Focus on "Ca2+-activated Cl- channel currents in mammary secretory cells from lactating mouse".

the very essence of mammals as a taxonomic class is based on the mammary gland and the ability to provide milk as a total and sole nutritional source at the start of post-partum life. However, much remains to be learned regarding epithelial cellular mechanisms that account for milk composition and
The Total Neutron Cross Sections of Uranium-238 from 0.8 to 30 MeV

A measurement of the total neutron cross sections of 238 U was made using the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute electron LINAC. The operating electron energy was about 60 MeV, and the beam burst wid...
Out of Residency and into the Field: Reflections of a Junior Psychoanalytic Psychiatrist on a Iraq Deployment

I was deployed from June 2010 until Jan 2011 with 21st Combat Support Hospital (CSH) to Contingency Operating Base (COB) Speicher near Tikrit, Iraq. The deployment time spanned the draw down from Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) to Operation New Dawn (OND), which was the final year of US troops in Iraq. Regarding integrating my deployment experience, I am one of the few contemporary military psychiatrists who pursued additional training in psychoanalysis. A feature of psychoanalysis is to highlight the interaction between the mind’s internal structure and external concrete reality—how these separate internecine worlds influence each other. Though I was first deployed in 2010, my internal experience of combat began much earlier.
Output-based error estimation and mesh adaptation for variational multiscale methods

Abstract Duality-based approaches to estimate errors for functional output quantities require the solution of an auxiliary dual problem. This dual solution must be approximated in a richer function space than the one used for the original problem of interest. A novel strategy for dual enrichment is proposed based on variational multiscale (VMS) methods and an error representation for output quantities for VMS methods is derived. An implicit error estimate based on the derived error representation is compared to a recently developed explicit error estimate for VMS methods. It is shown that while both estimates are identical with respect to calculating the total output error, the newly derived estimate provides superior local indicators for use in driving mesh adaptivity.
M1 Macrophage-Induced Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Promotes Infantile Hemangioma Regression.

Infantile hemangiomas are benign tumors of vascular endothelial cells (ECs), characterized by three distinct stages: proliferating phase, involuting phase, and involuted phase. The mechanisms that trigger involution of hemangioma into fibro-fatty tissue remain unknown. We report a novel mechanism by which M1-polarized macrophages induce endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and promote hemangioma regression. M1- but not M2-polarized macrophages induced EndMT in ECs. Tumor necrosis factor-α and, to a lesser extent, IL-1β and interferon-γ were the most potent cytokines produced by the M1 macrophages that induce in vitro EndMT. Western blot analysis and gene expression profiling showed that ECs treated with M1 macrophages, tumor necrosis factor-α, or IL-1β decreased the expression of endothelial markers, whereas mesenchymal markers increased concomitantly. Immunohistochemical staining of patient samples revealed that a significant perivascular infiltration of M1, but not M2, macrophages coincides with endothelial expression of the critical EndMT transcription factors Snail/Slug in involuting hemangiomas. Most strikingly, M1 macrophage–treated ECs isolated from patient hemangiomas (HemECs) but not untreated HemECs readily differentiated into adipocytes on adipogenic induction. Thus, in vitro EndMT and adipogenesis of HemECs have, in part, recapitulated the natural history of hemangioma regression. In conclusion, our findings indicate that EndMT induced by M1 macrophages promotes infantile hemangioma regression and may lead to novel therapeutic treatments for this vascular tumor.
Validation of Turbulence Models for Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Convective Heat Transfer

Abstract In this chapter, several physical situations are examined: fluid flows (1) with secondary swirl, (2) in a pipe bend, (3) in round pipes, (4) in a rectangular duct, and finally (5) through perforated plates. In each of these cases, validation was performed using accurate and complete experimental results available in the published literature to be compared with appropriate numerical simulations. Different quantities are used for validation metric depending on the availability of experimental data, i.e., comparing velocity profiles, local Nusselt numbers, and pressure drop. Several popular turbulence models, κ − ɛ, RNG κ − ɛ, κ − ω, SST κ − ω, and WALE LES were investigated. The first two cases, (1) and (2), utilized available velocity and turbulence profiles at the inlet of the solution domain. From Case (1), the SST κ − ω turbulence model clearly was the preferred choice because of the good agreement with experimental data and the shorter CPU time required as compared to the LES model. The remaining cases (2)–(5) were primarily investigated with the SST κ − ω turbulence model. Overall, the SST κ − ω turbulence model performed very well compared to the available experimental data for all of the cases investigated here.
Insect Herbivores Increase the Spatial Aggregation of a Clonal Plant

Premise of research. In a plant population, the pattern of spatial dispersion from uniform to strongly aggregated can influence the intensity of ecological interactions, including those between pla...
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF NOVEL ANTICOAGULANT VERSUS VITAMIN K ANTAGONIST USE IN ADULTS WITH FONTAN CIRCULATION

The use of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in adults with Fontan physiology was given a “Class III” recommendation in a recent consensus statement due to the absence of data in this population. NOAC use would often be preferable to Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) due to better adherence and
Fractionation of mycoplasma cells for enzyme localization.

Abstract Of six methods employed to disrupt cells of two Mycoplasma strains, only freeze-thaw and osmotic lysis permitted localization of NADH oxidase and ATPase activities. In one strain, NADH oxidase activity was confined to the soluble fraction, whereas it was in the membrane in the other; in both ATPase was largely membrane bound.
5:Alkyllead Compounds and Their Environmental Toxicology

Alkyllead compounds are man-made compounds in which a carbon atom of one or more organic molecules is bound to a lead atom. Tetraethyllead and tetramethyllead are the most common alkyllead compounds that were used primarily as gasoline additives for many years. Consequently, auto emissions have accounted for a major part of lead environmental pollution. Alkyllead compounds can readily enter living organisms as they are well absorbed via all major routes of entry. Because of their lipid solubility, the alkylleads can also readily cross the blood-brain barrier. The toxicokinetic information on organic lead can be used as biomarkers of exposure for monitoring exposed individuals. The organic alkyllead compounds are more toxic than the inorganic forms of lead. Neurotoxicity is the predominant effect of lead (both for organic and inorganic forms), although lead affects almost every organ of the body. The use of alkyllead compounds has declined over the last 20 years, due to the worldwide effort to eliminate the use of leaded gasoline. This achievement can be viewed as a great accomplishment of public health preventive measures.
Surveillance and Search Theory

Surveillance in general involves detection devices, search (allocation-of-effort) procedures, and decisions leading to action of some kind. The purpose of this paper is to indicate briefly the role of search theory within the larger context of surveillance problems. I will discuss elements of surveillance other than search theory: detection and related forms of information gathering; appropriate measures of effectiveness; relevant decisions and their consequences; and most important the sequential nature of continuous evaluation of information. Search problems usually concern an entity that is to be “looked for” and associated action to be taken when it is “found.” The entity is usually a physical object (although it could be nonphysical, such as the value of the maximum of a mathematical function), and the term “target” is natural to use. The person or organization responsible for the looking is called the “decision maker.” The actual expending of effort, with the intent to gain information about the target, is accomplished by the “searcher(s).” By the very nature of search problems, the target’s present status is at any time uncertain, and thus describable only probabilistically. Search theory, in this context, has to do with the allocation of searching effort in such a way as to achieve some stated goal, usually presented in terms of producing an extremal value of some objective function.