cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential Concussive Event Narratives of Post-9/11 Combat Veterans: Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Study.

Introduction Deployment-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) affects a significant proportion of those who served in Post-9/11 combat operations. The prevalence of head injuries, including those that lead to mTBI, is often reported quantitatively. However, service member (SM) and Veteran firsthand accounts of their potential concussive events (PCEs) and mTBIs can serve as a rich resource for better understanding the nuances and context of these exposures. Materials and methods Post-9/11 SMs and Veterans with a history of combat deployment were recruited through the Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium's observational study of deployment-related mTBI. During a comprehensive assessment, participants completed the Virginia Commonwealth University retrospective Concussion Diagnostic Interview, a specialized validated interview measure which obtains detailed narratives of deployment-incurred blast and non-blast-related PCEs. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to identify and code recurring themes within the narratives. Results Among the sample of 106 SMs and Veterans, deployment-related mTBI was highly prevalent (67.0%). Over half (50.9%) of the participants identified a blast as the cause of their worst PCE, frequently with accompanying themes of self-reported acute neurological symptoms, intense physical blast forces, and tertiary head impact. Exposure to blast at close range, such as driving directly over an improvised explosive device, occurred in 24.7% of all blast-related narratives and in 59.3% of narratives where blast was identified as causing the worst PCE. Themes of potentially preventable head impacts experienced during noncombat circumstances were also frequent, accounting for 35% of all non-blast-related head injuries in the sample. Conclusions Prevalence of deployment-related close-range blast exposure, non-blast impact PCEs, and mTBIs among this Post-9/11 combatant sample was substantial, and in many cases potentially preventable. The use of detailed semi-structured interviews may help health care providers and policymakers to better understand the context and circumstances of deployment-related PCEs and mTBIs.
Synchronous System for Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network, Computer Vision and Android Technology

One of the major reasons behind car accidents is the drowsy nature acquired by a driver while driving any vehicle. Owing to the ongoing scenario, in this project, we aim to develop a real time driver drowsiness detection system in order to detect the drivers’ fatigue status, such as dozing, flickering of eye lids and time span of eye closure without having to equip their bodies with devices. The objective of this project is to build a drowsiness detection system that will detect that a person’s eyes are closed for a few seconds. This system will alert the driver when drowsiness is detected. This approach is based on the Convolutional Neural Network that can be implemented on Android applications with high accuracy. Apart from CNN, computer vision also plays a major role to detect the drowsiness pattern of the driver. Cloud architecture has also proved to be beneficial in case of capturing and analyzing real time video streams.
Hydroxyl radical mediated damage of proteins in low oxygen solution investigated using X-ray footprinting mass spectrometry.

In the method of X-ray footprinting mass spectrometry (XFMS), proteins at micromolar concentration in solution are irradiated with a broadband X-ray source, and the resulting hydroxyl radical modifications are characterized using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to determine sites of solvent accessibility. These data are used to infer structural changes in proteins upon interaction with other proteins, folding, or ligand binding. XFMS is typically performed under aerobic conditions; dissolved molecular oxygen in solution is necessary in many, if not all, the hydroxyl radical modifications that are generally reported. In this study we investigated the result of X-ray induced modifications to three different proteins under aerobic versus low oxygen conditions, and correlated the extent of damage with dose calculations. We observed a concentration-dependent protecting effect at higher protein concentration for a given X-ray dose. For the typical doses used in XFMS experiments there was minimal X-ray induced aggregation and fragmentation, but for higher doses we observed formation of covalent higher molecular weight oligomers, as well as fragmentation, which was affected by the amount of dissolved oxygen in solution. The higher molecular weight products in the form of dimers, trimers, and tetramers were present in all sample preparations, and, upon X-ray irradiation, these oligomers became non-reducible as seen in SDS-PAGE. The results provide an important contribution to the large body of X-ray radiation damage literature in structural biology research, and will specifically help inform the future planning of XFMS, and well as X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments.
Medium and Large N-Heterocycle Formation via Allene Hydroami-nation with a Bimetallic Rh(I) Catalyst

We report the synthesis of a bimetallic Rh(I) complex containing a bridging CO ligand that facilitates Rh–Rh bond formation. This bimetallic complex enables intramolecular allene hydroamination to form seven to ten-member rings in high yield. Monometallic Rh complexes, in contrast, fail to achieve any product formation. We demonstrate a broad substrate scope for formation of a variety of N-heterocycles in good to excellent yields. Macrocyclization reactions that form eleven to fifteen-membered heterocycles are also demonstrated. Mechanistic studies show that the reaction likely proceeds via catalyst protonation by trifluoroacetic acid, followed by reversible allene insertion and C–N bond-forming reductive elimination. The difference in product selectivity observed with our bimetallic catalyst vs monometallic Rh complexes may result from cooperativity between the two metals.
Facile fabrication and nanoscale assembly of polydopamine-functionalized, flexible chitosan films:

Substrates that are simultaneously thin, strong, optically transparent, and biocompatible have diverse applications in a range of fundamental and applied fields. While nature-derived materials offe...
Assessing Volition in Pediatrics: Using the Volitional Questionnaire and the Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire

Evidence suggests that pediatric occupational therapists predominantly use bottom-up, impairment-focused theoretical frameworks and assessments to guide their practice, despite the current trends promoting topdown, occupation-based approaches. Understanding a child’s volition, guided by the use of the Model of Human Occupation, contributes to a more occupation-based, client-centered, holistic, and strength-based approach to therapy. Two assessment tools, the Volitional Questionnaire and the Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire, contribute to a therapists’ understanding of children’s volition. These assessments facilitate therapists’ clinical reasoning and the ability to assess and address volition throughout the occupational therapy process.
Executive Compensation, Director Compensation and Bank Capital Requirements Reform

We study the executive compensation structure in the largest 14 U.S. financial institutions during 2000-2008. Our results are mostly consistent with and supportive of the findings of Bebchuk, Cohen and Spamann (2010), that is, managerial incentives matter - incentives generated by executive compensation programs led to excessive risk-taking by banks contributing to the current financial crisis. We recommend the following compensation structure for senior bank executives: Executive incentive compensation should only consist of restricted stock and restricted stock options - restricted in the sense that the executive cannot sell the shares or exercise the options for two to four years after their last day in office. Such an incentive compensation policy will discourage managers from undertaking high-risk investments that are value destroying; instead focus their attention on creating and sustaining long-term shareholder value.Also, we suggest that director incentive compensation be constructed along the lines noted above. Specifically, all incentive compensation for directors should only consist of restricted equity (restricted stock and restricted stock option) - restricted in the sense that directors cannot sell the shares or exercise the options for two to four years after their last board meeting. The above equity based incentive programs lose their effectiveness in motivating managers (and directors) to enhance shareholder value as a bank’s equity value approaches zero (as they did for the too-big-to-fail banks in 2008). Additionally, our evidence suggests that bank CEOs sell significantly greater amounts of their stock as the bank’s equity-to-capital ratio decreases. Hence, for equity based incentive structures to be effective, banks should be financed with considerable more equity than they are being financed currently. Greater equity financing of banks coupled with the above compensation structure for bank managers and directors will drastically diminish the likelihood of a bank falling into financial distress; this will effectively address the too-big-to-fail problem and the Volcker Rule implementation that are two of the more significant challenges facing the implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act.
Chapter 5. Adaptive Changes in Central Nervous System Receptor Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recent literature on adaptive changes in central norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA) receptor systems and concentrates on the drug-induced effects that could relate to the therapeutic modes of action in human diseases. The chapter discusses the reviews of the topics associated with the central nervous system (CNS) receptor systems. A rapid and reversible desensitization and down-regulation of the β-receptors of rat cerebral cortex is observed on the incubation of tissue slices with isoproterenol or desipramine (DMI), an NE uptake blocker. Similar adaptive changes in the receptors of the NE system also occur in vivo in the brain when NE levels are altered. Depression is a CNS disease is believed to be associated with a perturbation of central NE transmission. The first effective drugs in depression were monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and tricyclic uptake blockers that increase the concentration of neuronal or synaptic NE, respectively. Administration of multiple daily doses of drug produces down-regulation faster than single daily dosing and allows a lower dose per injection. In a time course study in rats, DMI (10 mg/kg b.i.d.) elicited maximal desensitization of cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation by isoproterenol in cortical slices in 5 to 7 days and down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors in cortical membranes after seven days. The role of serotonergic changes in depression and anti-depressant therapy has been a subject of intense study. For example, brains of suicide victims exhibited an increase in cortical 5-HT 2 binding sites; either an increase or a decrease in 3 [H]imipramine binding.
Antiproton spectrum in cosmic rays

The steady-state antiproton spectrum in cosmic rays as a result of the collision between primary cosmic protons and interstellar hydrogen is calculated by means of the statistical model of two fireballs in multiple-particle production. Results based on Fermi’s original one-fire-ball model are also presented for comparison. We found that the antiprotons obey approximately a power law with an exponent about 2.6 which is about (the same magnitude) equal to the exponent of the general cosmic rays spectrum. The numerical value of the exponent is found to be determined principally by the exponent of the cosmic protons, and very insensitive to the parameters of the two-fire-ball model introduced in the calculation. A closed expression of the ratio of the number densities of these secondary antiprotons to cosmic protons is expressed in terms of the proton exponent, interstellar hydrogen density, total p-p inelastic cross-section, antiproton lifetime in the Galaxy and the twofire-bal parameters. The numerical values of the ratio range from about 3.8·10x2212;3 at 1012eV to 6.8·10−4 at 1018 eV.
On the mechanism of phenethyl alcohol-induced loss of polyribosomes and their re-formation after reversal in rat hepatoma cells.

Abstract Treatment of exponentially growing Novikoff rat hepatoma cells with cytostatic concentrations of phenethyl alcohol causes a rapid disappearance of both the free and the membrane-bound polyribosomes, with the concomitant appearance of 80 S and 110 S ribosomal particles. This is accompanied by an 80 to 90% reduction in the rate of protein synthesis by the cells. The phenethyl alcohol-induced loss of polyribosomes is prevented by treating cells with actidione (cycloheximide) before phenethyl alcohol. This result suggests that the loss of polyribosomes after treatment with phenethyl alcohol probably results from the normal release of ribosomes from the messenger upon completion of polypeptide chains and a simultaneous interference by phenethyl alcohol with the reattachment of ribosomes to messenger RNA. Messenger RNA is conserved during treatment with phenethyl alcohol, since upon removal of the chemical from the cells protein synthesis resumes in the presence of actinomycin D at about 80% of the normal rate with the concomitant re-formation of the polyribosomes. Experiments were undertaken to elucidate the fate of messenger RNA after treatment with phenethyl alcohol. Cells were pulse labeled with 3H-uridine and then incubated with phenethyl alcohol plus actinomycin D. Cytoplasmic extracts from these cells were analyzed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The results indicate that the phenethyl alcohol-induced disaggregation of polyribosomes is accompanied by a loss of about one-half of the pulse-labeled messenger RNA from the cytoplasm. The remainder remains associated with cytoplasmic membranous structures. Re-formation of polyribosomes after removal of phenethyl alcohol appears to proceed via a direct attachment of 80 S or 110 S ribosomes to conserved messenger RNA.
Two Proofs of Ihara’s Theorem

We give two proofs that, for a finite regular graph, the reciprocal of Ihara’s zeta function can be expressed as a simple polynomial times a determinant involving the adjacency matrix of the graph. The first proof is based on representing radial symmetric eigenfunctions on regular trees in terms of certain polynomials. The second proof is a consequence of the fact that the resolvent of the adjacency operator on regular trees is exponential.
Evidence-Based Sexuality Education Programs in Schools: Do They Align with the National Sexuality Education Standards?

While many states mandate some type of sexuality education in schools, state legislation varies widely across the United States. Nevertheless, though much has been written about the behavioral outcomes of sexuality education programs shown to be effective at reducing one or more risky sexual behaviors in teenagers, less is known about the exact content taught by these programs, and whether it aligns with national recommendations for sexuality education programming in school. This article reviews the content of evidence-based sexuality education programs in schools (n = 10) from the Office of Adolescent Health (OAH) to assess the extent to which programs are following a comprehensive model of sexual health endorsed by the National Sexuality Education Standards. Results indicate that the majority of programs provide education on sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancy, abstinence, and contraceptive use. Far fewer address components related to healthy dating relationships, including interperson...
Instructional Effectiveness and Instructional Efficiency as Considerations for Data-Based Decision Making: An Evaluation of Interspersing Procedures

The current study investigated the extent to which considering instructional time and student learning rate affects academic treatment decisions. Five second-grade students with difficulties in spe...
Measurements of Axial Pressures in Tornado-like Vortices

Abstract The results of a series of measurements of centerline pressure deficit in tornado-like vortices are described. These measurements were undertaken for the purpose of determining 1) how the magnitude of the central pressure deficit in a columnar vortex varies with height, and 2) what functional relationships exist between them deficits and the dynamic and geometric parameters characterizing the flow. The results graphically show the complicated variation of central pressure deficit with height in both laminar and turbulent vortices In low-swirl vortices, the largest deficits are found aloft, not at surface. Further, the low-swirl vortices have generally greater central pressure deficits than moderate-swirl events. The greatest deficits are tied to the approach of the vortex breakdown to the lower surface. The data also indicate a cubic dependence of the central pressure deficit on applied circulation.
Dissolution of hydrocortisone

Equations for use in studies of dissolution are derived from simple Noyes-Whitney kinetics. In one model the amount of drug added to the test system, Wo, is equal to the saturation capacity of the system, Ws In the second model an equation is derived for use when Wo ≠ Ws It was found that the dissolution of hydrocortisone, in both distilled water and nonionic surfactant solutions, obeyed Model I equations up to about 40% saturation. The results obtained using Model II equations showed considerable variation in the dissolution rate constant. The effect of low concentrations of an n-alkyl polyoxyethylene surfactant upon the dissolution of hydrocortisone was investigated. It is shown that the plot of the dissolution rate constant against the surfactant concentration shows a pronounced maxima at the region of the CMC. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed.
Individual differences in cognitive style--I. Reflective eye movements.

Abstract Reflective eye movements were studied in subjects whose vocations emphasize either verbal-analytic or spatial-holistic cognitive modes: lawyers and ceramicists (N=35). Questions demanding verbal or spatial thought were administered, and the first eye movement following the question was scored in both vertical and lateral directions. Lawyers and ceramicists differed only in the vertical direction; more up movements for ceramicists than for lawyers. The effects of question type were studied in this population and in a group of non-specialized subjects (N=19). The results confirm our previous findings: verbal questions evoke more right movements than spatial questions. In addition, verbal questions evoked more down movements than spatial questions.
Proton Decay from Isobaric Analog States Formed in the ( d , n ) Reactions

A study of the cross sections of proton decay of isobaric analog states formed in the ($d, n$) reaction has been made with a variety of medium mass targets. Particular attention is paid to the large variation in cross sections for reactions which proceed through the analogs of ${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$, ${s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, and ${d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ states in the Zr, Mo, and Sn isotopes. At energies (${E}_{\mathrm{inc}}\ensuremath{\sim}16$ MeV) far above threshold this variation is shown to be consistent with a sequential process in which the ($d, n$) formation mechanism is direct. The cross sections to the target ground states are large only when the neutron decay channels are closed.
Interleukin 16: implications for CD4 functions and HIV-1 progression

In this article, David Center and colleagues clarify the controversies that have emerged over the unique structure of interleukin 16 and its anti-HIV-1 activity. Interleukin 16 is a ligand for CD4, and this implies CD4 acts as a sentinel receptor that can switch CD4+ T cells between immune and inflammatory functions.
Tearing instability in polypropylene

Abstract Polypropylene can fail by tearing instability when the elastic contraction is greater than the plastic extension due to crack growth. Tearing instability theory developed by Paris and co-workers describes the effect of specimen geometry on the ductile fracture properties of polypropylene. Crack growth in compact tension specimens was always stable, but the stability of crack growth in double edge notched and three point bend specimens depended on the specimen's dimensions.
Enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography for hydrophilic interaction separation of nucleosides

The application of enhanced fluidity liquid (EFL) mobile phases to improving isocratic chromatographic separation of nucleosides in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mode is described. The EFL mobile phase was created by adding carbon dioxide to a methanol/buffer solution. Previous work has shown that EFL mobile phases typically increase the efficiency and the speed of the separation. Herein, an increase in resolution with the addition of carbon dioxide is also observed. This increase in resolution was achieved through increased selectivity and retention with minimal change in separation efficiency. The addition of CO₂ to the mobile phase effectively decreases its polarity, thereby promoting retention in HILIC. Conventional organic solvents of similar nonpolar nature cannot be used to achieve similar results because they are not miscible with methanol and water. The separation of nucleosides with methanol/aqueous buffer/CO₂ mobile phases was also compared to that using acetonitrile/buffer mobile phases. A marked decrease in the necessary separation time was noted for methanol/aqueous buffer/CO₂ mobile phases compared to acetonitrile/buffer mobile phases. There was also an unusual reversal in the elution order of uridine and adenosine when CO₂ was included in the mobile phase.
Pediatric Robot Assisted Laparoscopic Dismembered Pyeloplasty: Comparison With a Cohort of Open Surgery

Purpose: We assessed the usefulness of RALP in children and compared an age matched cohort undergoing OPN to RALP for safety, efficacy, operative time, blood loss, in-hospital narcotic use and LOS.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective case-control study from 2000 to 2004 of 33 patients undergoing RALP and 33 undergoing OPN. Average age of each group was not significantly different (RALP 7.8 years vs OPN 7.6 years, p = 0.75). Mean followup of RALP and OPN groups was 10 and 21 months, respectively.Results: Etiology of the obstruction was not significantly different. Mean operative time was significantly less for OPN (181 minutes vs 219 minutes for RALP, p = 0.031). As RALP experience increased, operative times improved and approached the OPN experience. RALP complications included 1 patient requiring reoperative surgery vs no complications in the OPN group (p = 0.15). Patients undergoing RALP had a mean LOS of 2.3 days compared to 3.5 days for OPN (p <0.001). Total narcotic requirements were s...
Solution state 113Cd NMR investigation of an extensive series of [HB(3,5-Me2pz)3]Cd(alkyl) complexes

Abstract Analysis of the 113Cd NMR chemical shifts of a series of alkylcadmium complexes of the formula [HB(3,5-Me2pz)3]CdR (R = methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl and phenyl) demonstrates that the large chemical shift difference between the methyl and ethyl derivatives of alkylcadmium complexes is simply a β effect. On average, substitution of a hydrogen atom in [HB(3,5-Me2pz)3]CdCH3 by an alkyl substituent causes a chemical shift of the 113Cd resonance by 49.2 ppm in the shielding direction. The γ and δ and effects are negligible.
Transient Ground‐Water Flow Simulation Using a Fuzzy Set Approach

The expense of characterizing aquifer spatial variability often results in a lack of available or realistically obtainable direct measurement data for ground-water system simulation. As a consequence ground-water models that are able to utilize imprecise or “soft” information need to be developed. In this paper, a methodology based on fuzzy set theory is developed to incorporate imprecise data into transient ground-water flow simulation. The imprecise model parameters may come from indirect measurements, expert judgment, and subjective interpretation of available information. Fuzzy numbers are used to represent imprecise parameters. They are also used as a measure of the uncertainty associated with the hydraulic head due to the imprecision of input data. A fuzzy ground-water flow model is developed by linking the finite-difference method with fuzzy number representations. Fuzzy number operations (α-level cuts) are used to solve the resulting fuzzy ground-water flow model and are extended to consider the dependencies among hydraulic head coefficients. With the fuzzy number inputs, the transient fuzzy ground-water flow model provides a direct measure of hydraulic head uncertainties in the time domain. The model outputs can be used as the inputs for subsequent risk analysis and decision-making processes. The fuzzy modeling technique can handle imprecise information directly without generating a large number of realizations. It is also flexible as it can handle different types of membership functions describing fuzzy input parameters. The methodology can be used to combine data with different levels of quality into ground-water flow models and provides a realistic method to handle parameter imprecision, especially expert judgment and subjective information. A numerical model based on the methodology was tested against the Theis analytical solution for a homogeneous aquifer with pumping. The tested model was also applied to two different heterogeneous flow fields to demonstrate the methodology.
Possible involvement of endogenous beta-endorphin in the pathophysiological mechanisms of Pichinde virus-infected guinea pigs.

Abstract : Previously, we demonstrated that naloxone, an opiate antagonist, prolonged survival of strain 13 guinea pigs infected with Pichinde virus. Thus, endogenous opiates may be involved in the pathogenesis of this viral disease. To determine whether endogenous opiate levels were affected by Pichinde viral infection, Beta-endorphin concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of normal and infected strain 13 guinea pigs were measured by radioimmunoassay. Cerebrospinal fluid Beta-endorphin concentrations were 78.0 +/- 13.2 pg/mi on postinoculation day (PID) 7, 59.0 +/- 5.6 pg/mi on PID 12, and 58.8 +/- 5.4 pg/mi on PID 14. These values were significantly higher than baseline levels of CSF Beta-endorphin: 30.8 +/- 1.9 pg/mi. Plasma Beta-endorphin concentrations of infected animals increased significantly to 202.1 +/- 17.9 pg/ml on PID 7 and to 154.2 +/- 21.4 pg/mi on PID 12 from a mean baseline value of 84.2 +/- 13.1 pg/mi. After a primer intravenous injection of Beta-endorphin (10, 15, or 30 jig/kg), followed by constant infusion of Beta-endorphin (15, 45, or 90 microg/kg(dot)hr) to control noninfected guinea pigs, heart rate (except with the lowest dose) and mean blood pressure decreased markedly. Under these experimental conditions, concentrations of plasma and CSF Beta-endorphin increased simultaneously with different magnitude. Because both Pichinde viral infection and Beta-endorphin administration produced a similar trend of cardiovascular disturbances, leading to hypotension and bradycardia, increased concentrations of plasma and CSF Beta-endorphin may play a partial role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of Pichinde virus infection.
Silent Myocardial Ischemia: Some Good News

In patients with coronary artery disease, silent myocardial ischemia is a troublesome problem for the clinician.1 It is an iceberg: a small amount is readily visible, but much more remains hidden from view. In the absence of evidence-based guidelines for treatment, many questions arise, including how assiduously should it be sought and what should be done about it when found? Estimated to occur in 4% to 5% of an asymptomatic male population in their fifth decade2 but far more common in patients with angina pectoris, silent ischemia is most often recognized during exercise testing or fortuitously with ambulatory electrocardiography. A number of studies have now clearly demonstrated that patients with silent ischemia have increased risk for coronary events: sudden death or myocardial infarction.3 4 5 6 Reasoning that if silent ischemia is bad, then amelioration with revascularization must be good, investigators have reported nonrandomized observational data to support an aggressive therapeutic approach.7 8 9 These anecdotal reports cannot be evaluated, however, because careful studies comparing revascularization with state-of-the-art medical treatments have heretofore been lacking. In the current issue of Circulation , Davies et al9 report on the Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) Study 2-year follow-up, a randomized trial designed to determine whether the prognosis of patients with silent ischemia is improved by aggressive treatment with anti-ischemic drugs or revascularization. Because concern has been expressed about the quality of many reported randomized clinical trials,10 it is worthwhile to review the ACIP study on the basis of the …
Facilitative effects of reward and decremental effects of non-reward in the initial trials of partial reinforcement

Hungry rats (N = 40) received straight runway training under a continuous or an alternating partial schedule of reinforcement at one trial per day. Two groups ran after amobarbital sodium injections, two after isotonic saline. Partial reinforcement and amobarbital led to a decrement in goal speeds; these variables did not interact. Increments in speed were greater on trials following reinforcement in partial groups but in contrast to data obtained with massed training trials, these groups did not run faster than continuous groups on such trials.
Sexual selection effects on the evolution of senescence

Although the basic theories concerning evolution of senescence have been generally accepted for a half-century, interpretation of this paradigm has been constrained by an over-reliance on mortality as both the cause and the measure of senescence. Consideration of both survival and fecundity as components of reproductive value, and integration of sexual selection theory with senescence theory allows reconciliation of long-standing, as well as recent, discrepancies between data and theory. This approach demonstrates that sexual selection on males in polygynous mating systems can have significant effects on the evolution of senescence that could overshadow the selection effects of mortality rates among such animals.
Qualitative constraints for structure-from-motion

Abstract Existing computational models of structure-from-motion are all based on a quantitative analysis of variations in optical flow or feature point correspondences within the interiors of single objects. We present an alternative approach effective for objects rotating in depth. The method involves a set of qualitative constraints on shape and motion based on patterns of flow at surface boundaries. These constraints are used in the development of a simple approximation technique for recovering surface shape. The approach is based on large-magnitude effects that are likely to be easily extracted, even from noisy data. In addition, it explains a variety of phenomena described in the literature on human vision that cannot be accounted for by any existing computational model of structure-from-motion.
Construct validation of a self-report psychopathy scale: does Levenson's self-report psychopathy scale measure the same constructs as Hare's psychopathy checklist-revised?

Abstract In an effort to validate Levenson, Kiehl and Fitzpatrick's [Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 , 151–158] . Self-report Psychopathy Scale (SRPS) we compared it to Hare's [Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems] (PCL-R) and examined its relation to criminal activity and a passive avoidance task. Participants were 270 Caucasian and 279 African-American participants in a minimum security state prison. Confirmatory factor analysis provided modest support for the original SRPS factor structure. Although diagnostic concordance of the two instruments ranged from poor to fair, the SRPS and the PCL-R were significantly correlated and both showed similar patterns of correlations to measures of substance abuse and criminal versatility. Both measures were also predictive of performance on a passive avoidance task. While this constellation of findings provides some evidence for the construct validity of the SRPS, it also suggests that the SRPS may not measure the same construct as the PCL-R and further refinement of the instrument appears to be warranted.
A case of Rh isoimmunization: Should threatened first-trimester abortion be an indication for Rh immune globulin prophylaxis?

Despite the recommended 28 weeks' gestation antenatal, postnatal, and postabortion prophylaxis with Rh immune globulin, residual Rh immunization still occurs in Rh-negative women. We describe a patient whose history suggests development of an anti-D antibody after first-trimester bleeding. To our knowledge, this is the first such case reported in the English literature.
Peer Interactions of Students with Intellectual Disabilities and/or Autism: A Map of the Intervention Literature

Social interactions with peers are an important aspect of childhood development that is closely linked to emotional well-being and success in school. We conducted a comprehensive review of recent i...
Metacognitive awareness of the associative deficit for words and names.

ABSTRACTOlder adults have considerable impairment in associative recognition despite minimal age differences in item recognition. The magnitude of this associative deficit varies by type of stimuli, strategy utilization, and other mediators and moderators (Old & Naveh-Benjamin, 2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, 104–118). Name pair stimuli have not been used to test the associative deficit hypothesis (ADH), although tests using name–face stimuli support the ADH. Additionally, metacognitive awareness of the ADH has not been investigated. We tested the ADH with word and name pair stimuli, and predicted that age-related associative deficits would be larger for words than names because names, unlike most common nouns, lack certain semantic properties that could be used to bind pairs of names together. Results supported the ADH for words but not names: Younger and older adults recognized equivalently fewer names on the associative test relative to the item test. As predicted, self-efficacy was higher for younger ...
Preparation of activated carbons from macadamia nut shell and coconut shell by air activation

A novel, three-step process for the production of high-quality activated carbons from macadamia nut shell and coconut shell charcoals is described. In this process the charcoal is (1) heated to a high temperature (carbonized), (2) oxidized in air following a stepwise heating program from low (ca. 450 K) to high (ca. 660 K) temperatures (oxygenated), and (3) heated again in an inert environment to a high temperature (activated). By use of this procedure, activated carbons with surface areas greater than 1,000 m{sub 2}/g are manufactured with an overall yield of 15% (based on the dry shell feed). Removal of carbon mass by the development of mesopores and macropores is largely responsible for increases in the surface area of the carbons above 600 m{sub 2}/g. Thus, the surface area per gram of activated carbon can be represented by an inverse function of the yield for burnoffs between 15 and 60%. These findings are supported by mass-transfer calculations and pore-size distribution measurements. A kinetic model for gasification of carbon by oxygen, which provides for an Eley-Rideal type reaction of a surface oxide with oxygen in air, fits the measured gasification rates reasonably well over the temperature range of 550--660 K.
Genetic alterations in goblet cell carcinoids of the vermiform appendix and comparison with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors.

Goblet cell carcinoid is a relatively rare neuroendocrine tumor of the vermiform appendix with poorly understood molecular pathogenesis. We studied the clinicopathologic features and genetic alterations, including allelic loss of chromosomes 11q, 16q, and 18q; sequencing of the K-ras, β-catenin, and DPC4 (SMAD4) genes; and p53 overexpression and loss of DPC4 by immunohistochemistry; in 16 goblet cell carcinoids. We compared the allelic loss in goblet cell carcinoids to those in 18 gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. For goblet cell carcinoids, appendiceal perforation was the most common (70%, 7/10) clinical presentation. The mean tumor size was 2.0 ± 1.5 cm (range, 0.4 to 4.5 cm). The tumor invaded to appendiceal serosa in 50% (8/16) of patients, and two patients had metastasis in lymph nodes or adjoining viscera. With mean follow-up of 24 ± 14 months (median, 23 mo), 1 of 10 patients had died of disease, and 2 others had tumor recurrence. All four patients with metastases, recurrences, and/or death from disease had serosal involvement at presentation (P = .02). Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 11q was present in 25% of goblet cell carcinoids, 14% of ileal carcinoid tumors, and 9% of nonileal carcinoid tumors; of chromosome 16q in 38%, 29%, and 0 (P = .02); and of chromosome 18q in 56%, 86%, and 9% (P = .002), respectively. No mutations of K-ras, β-catenin, or DPC4 genes; p53 overexpression; or loss of staining for DPC4 was present in any tumors. These findings suggest that allelic loss of chromosomes 11q, 16q, and 18q in goblet cell carcinoids and ileal carcinoids may have an important role in the pathogenesis of these tumors.
The Public Health Nursing Role in Elder Neglect in Assisted Living Facilities

Objective Assisted living facilities (ALFs) are a highly unregulated segment of health care serving a large group of vulnerable elders. The purpose of this study was to examine the scope of neglect and neglect-related outcomes in ALFs and to determine whether citations given by state inspectors for certain institutional practices and staff inadequacies were associated with neglect. Design and sample Exploratory descriptive. Citations given during routine inspections and narrative reports of complaint investigations written by Arizona state surveyors in 165 ALFs. Measures Database that included citations and allegations for the selected facilities. Results Neglect was related to numerous poor outcomes, including injury, emergency department visits, and relocation. Citations related to staff attitudes and inappropriate staffing were associated with more neglect. Data suggest that facilities with citations with enforcement actions had less neglect. Conclusions Public health nurses working with older adults residing in ALFs and working in communities that have ALFS need to be aware of the problem of neglect and its related outcomes and their role in public policy and education. Public health nurses working as facility inspectors need to be sensitive to the relationship of institutional practices and staff inadequacies and neglect.
Transmission of long‐range coupling through three‐membered rings: The cyclopropylcarbinyl σ‐π coupling

Spin information should be passed most effectively from a carbon-hydrogen bond to the p-rich carbon-carbon bond of an adjacent cyclopropane ring when the two bonds are parallel. The existence of such a mechanism is tested in a series of spiro hydrocarbons and epoxides in which four-bond zigzag (W) couplings are absent. The structure is varied from the ideal parallel-orbital geometry of spirohexane and the homologous epoxide to the unfavorable staggered-orbital geometry of spiro[2·5]octane and its epoxide. In the parallel-orbital situation, a four-bond non-W coupling of about 0·2 Hz is found; this coupling is absent in the other geometric situations. The meager ability of the cyclopropyl bonds to pass spin information, when compared to the π-orbitals in alkenes, is discussed in terms of the electronic structure of cyclopropanes.
Anisotropic twin boundary pinning in YBa2Cu3Ox

Abstract The reduction in flux motion resistivity due to pinning at twin boundaries in single crystal YBa 2 Cu 3 O x is demonstrated. Pinning takes place only for magnetic fields aligned within a critical angle of the twin boundary plane. The critical angle varies with field direction and with field strength for H | c . The onset temperature of twin boundary pinning is established by its strong anisotropy, and shown to correspond with a feature in the temperature dependent resistivity for H | c .
An Ultrastructure Study of Diet-Related Changes in Epithelial Tissue of Hybrid Striped Bass Larvae

Abstract This study characterized the ultrastructure of normal epidermal and gastrointestinal epithelial cells of larval hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis) that were fed live prey (brine shrimp Artemia spp. nauplii) or an artificial dry diet. Scanning electron microscopy of larvae that were given live feed revealed normal epidermal cells with microridge structures and proliferation of neuromasts along the lateral line. Cell junctions had double microridge structures. Transmission electron microscopy of the gut showed keratinized epithelial cells with underlying mucous cells in the foregut, while the midgut was characterized by columnar epithelial cells with extensive pinocytotic activity. The hindgut had columnar epithelial cells with centrally located nuclei, regularly spaced microvilli, and numerous tubular mitochondria surrounded by rough endoplasmic reticulum. Larvae that received live feed reached metamorphosis by 27 d posthatch (dph), and clearly identifiabl...
Praying for Health by Older Adults in the United States: Differences by Ethnicity, Gender, and Income

We studied praying for health using data from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (n = 10,096), representing 89.6 million Americans ages 50+. Unadjusted analysis and multivariate logistic regression accounted for the survey design. Nearly 49.4 million older adults prayed for health. African Americans and Hispanics were more much likely to do so than whites, with adjusted odds ratios 2.79 and 1.86 (both p < .0001). Adjusted odds for women were nearly twice those of men (p < .0001). Those with lower income were more likely to pray for health (p < .0001). Health and social services providers should be sensitive older adults' spiritual needs.
Gluon poles from Feynman graphs, and gauge-invariant amplitudes.

With the object of defining a physically measurable quark-gluon-plasma frequency, two SU(3) gauge-invariant amplitudes, the photon propagator, and the S matrix for quark-quark scattering are studied. It is shown through explicit calculation that, at the two-loop level (${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{3}$) in a general gauge, no subset of diagrams exists in these amplitudes, out of the entire set of Feynman diagrams available, with the property of yielding a gauge-invariant sum while probing the inherent non-Abelian nature of the theory. This implies that formulations of non-Abelian linear response theory based solely on gauge-dependent two-point functions or the electric field propagators are incomplete and unphysical. It also suggests that the Schwinger-Dyson equation for a properly defined, gauge-invariant, quark-gluon-plasma frequency contains an infinite number of proper skeleton graphs.
Performance Of Optimal Phase-Only Filters

The distortion sensitivity of optimal phase-only filters (OPOFs) is assessed using simulations. The effect of detector noise on the passband of OPOFs is investigated.
Isomer shift systematics of amorphous Fe-early transition metal and Fe-metalloid systems

Isomer shift data in Fe-early transition metal and Fe-metalloid amorphous systems over wide composition range have been analyzed with the Miedema-van der Woude model of isomer shift in alloys. It is found that the model gives satisfactory description in some Fe-early transition metal systems, while in the others only the general trend is predicted. In the case of Fe-metalloid systems, a large deviation from the model is always observed at the Fe-poor side. This departure, which cannot be consistently accounted for by volume mismatch mechanism, is likely to be caused by hybridization effects.
Rare case of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in a patient with multiple hyperplastic colon polyps

Colon polyposis, such as familial adenomatous polyposis, Puetz-Jegher’s Syndrome, mutY homolog-associated polyposis, and hyperplastic/serrated polyposis syndrome, have been linked to several different types of cancer, including cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, liver, central nervous system, genital tract, breast, pancreas, bone, sebaceous glands, ovaries, bladder, and skin. However, to date there have been no reports of an association between any of the aforementioned types of colon polyposis and lymphoma. Here, we report the case of a 79-year-old man with multiple hyperplastic polyps in the colon who was diagnosed with diffuse large B cell lymphoma of the pelvic bone. Future reporting of such associations and follow-up genetic testing is necessary to determine if there is a familial association and whether steps are needed to prevent occurrence by screening.
Perceptions of job characteristics and affective work outcomes for women and men

One hundred twenty-three men and women participated in a study designed to assess their attitudes about job dimensions and affective work outcomes. This study found that very few differences existed between women's and men's perceptions of job dimensions and work outcomes. It was also shown that little difference existed between men's and women's perceptions of positive relationships between job dimension and affected work outcomes. The authors concluded that differences that exist in work attitudes are artifacts of hierarchical position and sex-role stereotyping and will disappear when women are allowed to move into jobs that are characterized by the presence of high levels of intrinsic job dimensions.
Cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell reactivity in biliary atresia at the time of diagnosis is associated with deficits in regulatory T cells†‡

Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive, inflammatory cholangiopathy that culminates in fibrosis of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. A leading theory on the pathogenesis of BA is that the bile duct damage is initiated by a virus infection, followed by a bile duct-targeted autoimmune response. One mechanism of autoimmunity entails diminished number or function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). The aim of this study was to identify potential virus-specific liver T cells from infants with BA at the time of diagnosis, implicating the virus involved in early bile duct damage. A subaim was to determine if presence of virus infection was associated with quantitative changes in Tregs. Results: Liver T cells from BA and control patients were cultured with antigen presenting cells in the presence of a variety of viral or control proteins. 56% of BA patients had significant increases in IFN-γ-producing liver T cells in response to cytomegalovirus (CMV), compared to minimal BA responses to other viruses or the control group CMV response. In addition, a positive correlation between BA plasma CMV IgM and liver T cell CMV reactivity was identified. Investigation of peripheral blood Tregs revealed significant deficits in Tregs frequencies in BA compared to controls, with marked deficits in those BA patients who were positive for CMV. Conclusions: Liver T cell responses to CMV were identified in the majority of BA patients at diagnosis, suggesting perinatal CMV infection as a plausible initiator of bile duct damage. Deficiency of Tregs in BA implies decreased inhibition of inflammation and autoreactivity, potentially allowing for exaggerated bile duct injury.