cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pronoun Choice for Gender-Unspecified Agent Words: Developmental Differences

This study investigated pronoun choices made by third-grade, eighth-grade, and college students on a written production task for 10 agent words which could be of either male or female gender. Masculine pronouns were the predominant choice by all age groups for five words, and feminine pronouns for one word. Four words showed variation across age groups. Both prescriptive grammar rules and knowledge of the world were considered as possible explanations for these results.
The Right to Education for Employment and Mobility: Norway and Yugoslavia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the right to education for employment and mobility in Norway and Yugoslavia. As primary education became universal and people gained enough education to become involved in social and political affairs, they began applying pressure to restore some form of education that would extend beyond the narrow task-oriented training that was then available. In spite of its rapid acceptance as a legitimate part of the schooling process, vocational education retained the stigma that had been attached to out-of-school vocational training in traditional Europe. It remained separate from, and inferior to, academic-oriented schools, at least in terms of status, in spite of certain historical movements to correct this status imbalance. One of the major impulses to restore this balance came from the Marxist-Leninist revolutionaries of the past century, who claimed that the variety of school types was a deliberate mechanism to retain a separation between the laboring and the privileged classes.
David Plowden's Iowa

Review of: "David Plowden's Iowa," edited by Christopher R. Rossi and an introduction by Rima Girnius.
Chemical proteomics reveals ADP-ribosylation of small GTPases during oxidative stress

ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification that is known to be involved in cellular homeostasis and stress but has been challenging to analyze biochemically. To facilitate the detection of ADP-ribosylated proteins, we show that an alkyne-adenosine analog, N6-propargyl adenosine (N6pA), is metabolically incorporated in mammalian cells and enables fluorescence detection and proteomic analysis of ADP-ribosylated proteins. Notably, our analysis of N6pA-labeled proteins that are upregulated by oxidative stress revealed differential ADP-ribosylation of small GTPases. We discovered that oxidative stress induced ADP-ribosylation of Hras on Cys181 and Cys184 in the C-terminal hypervariable region, which are normally S-fatty-acylated. Downstream Hras signaling is impaired by ADP-ribosylation during oxidative stress, but is rescued by ADP-ribosyltransferase inhibitors. Our study demonstrates that ADP-ribosylation of small GTPases not only is mediated by bacterial toxins but is endogenously regulated in mammalian cells. N6pA provides a useful tool to characterize ADP-ribosylated proteins and their regulatory mechanisms in cells.
Preparation of transparent conducting films from CVD graphene by lamination and their characterization

In this work we use the method of direct transfer of graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) onto a transparent polymer substrate for obtaining a transparent conducting (TC) film. In order to implement this, we use a standard laminator and a film for lamination. A copper foil with the CVD graphene is glued by the laminator to the polymer film. After copper etching, a TC film with improved electrical and optical characteristics is obtained.
Single cell gene expression in lupus patient monocytes reveals a differential impact of interferon signaling between monocyte subtypes (TECH2P.920)

Background/Purpose Interferon (IFN) gene expression signatures have been observed in whole blood and mixed immune cell populations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the significance of this IFN signaling in immune cell subsets is not well understood. We examined gene expression in individual SLE patient monocytes to explore the impact of increased IFN-induced transcription in single cells. Methods CD14++CD16- classical monocytes and CD14dimCD16+ non classical monocytes from SLE patients were purified by magnetic separation. Single cells were isolated, and gene expression in each individual cell was examined by rtPCR. Results Monocytes from the same SLE patient blood sample demonstrated varying levels of IFN-induced gene expression. In classical monocytes, high IFN score correlated with CD32a, IL1B, and IL8 expression. In non-classical monocytes, high IFN score was correlated with a larger number of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines such as IL12, IL23, and IL15; the immune receptors CD36, CD32a, CD80, and TLR7; and inflammatory signaling genes such as RELA, STAT2, IRAK1, IRAK4, and MyD88. Conclusion We observed striking diversity in the IFN responses of individual monocytes, demonstrating that IFN signaling has distinct effects upon classical and non-classical monocytes. Single cell studies can reveal effects of IFN on single immune cells and uncommon populations such as non-classical monocytes, which would be masked in whole blood or mixed cell populations.
Combinatorial Methods of Feature Selection for Cell Image Classification

Feature selection is a major task in machine learning for selecting the most impactful features that will result in better accuracy and performance. Experiment-based feature selection is one of the main approaches to this task. However, this approach is not feasible in many cases due to the large number of experiments needed in order to effectively select the optimized feature set. In this paper, we propose the use of an experimentbased feature selection guided by combinatorial methods such as t-way coverage. This approach can significantly reduce the required number of experiments in a study while selecting the best feature set to achieve a high level of accuracy.We conducted a case study of the feature selection process for a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification of biomedical images for cell typing. Three thousand labeled images were used in the experimental SVM classification, and 32 features were evaluated for each image. We considered feature sets of different sizes ranging from 6 to 32, and, for each size, we generated t- way combinations of features for t from 2 to 6. The accuracy of each combinatorial combination was evaluated, which allowed us to select the optimal set of features for use in the classification process. The experiment results show that the proposed approach is an effective way to conduct feature selection and that it can be adapted easily for feature selection in other machine learning algorithms.
Cortisol profiles differentiated in adolescents and young adult males with fragile X syndrome versus autism spectrum disorder

Background Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and non-syndromic autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are distinct disorders with overlapping behavioral features. Both disorders are also highly associated with anxiety with abnormal physiological regulation implied mechanistically. Some reports suggest atypical hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, indexed via aberrant cortisol reactivity, in both FXS and non-syndromic ASD. However, no study has compared cortisol reactivity across these two disorders, or its relationship to ASD symptom severity. Methods Cortisol reactivity (prior to and following a day of assessments) was measured in 54 adolescent/young adult males with FXS contrasted to 15 males with non-syndromic ASD who had low cognitive abilities. Results Greater ASD symptom severity was related to increased cortisol reactivity and higher levels at the end of the day, but only in the non-syndromic ASD group. Elevated anxiety was associated with increased HPA activation in the group with FXS alone. Conclusions Taken together, findings suggest a unique neuroendocrine profile that distinguishes adolescent/young adult males with FXS from those with non-syndromic ASD. Severity of ASD symptoms appears to be related to cortisol reactivity in the non-syndromic ASD sample, but not in FXS; while anxiety symptoms are associated with HPA activation in the FXS sample, but not in ASD despite a high prevalence of ASD, anxiety and physiological dysregulation characteristic in both populations.
Interest in partner orgasm: Sex differences and relationships with attachment strategies

Abstract A large body of research has investigated relationship and sexual satisfaction; however, little extant research has investigated interest in partner orgasm. The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in interest in partner orgasm, as well as the relationship between adult attachment and interest in partner orgasm among college men (n = 262) and women (n = 745) who are in committed romantic relationships. Women indicated having greater motivation to ensure their partner has an orgasm, but men and women did not vary in their reaction to a partner having or not having an orgasm. Attachment anxiety was associated with greater interest in partner orgasm, and attachment avoidance was associated with lower interest in partner orgasm. Overall, the results are consistent with evolutionary and attachment theory.
Office-Based Strategies for the Management of Obesity

Roughly two thirds of U.S. adults are overweight or obese. Obesity increases the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, pulmonary disease, hepatobiliary disease, cancer, and a number of psychosocial complications. Physicians often feel unprepared to handle this important problem. Practical office-based strategies include: (1) making recommendations for assisted self-management, including guidance on popular diets, (2) advising patients about commercial weight-loss programs, (3) advising patients about and prescribing medications, (4) recommending bariatric surgery, and (5) supplementing these strategies with counseling about lifestyle changes using a systematic approach. Family physicians should provide basic information about the effectiveness and safety of popular diets and commercial weight-loss programs, and refer patients to appropriate information sources. Sibutramine and orlistat, the only medications currently approved for the long-term treatment of obesity, should only be prescribed in combination with lifestyle changes. Bariatric surgery is an option for adults with a body mass index of 40 kg per m2 or higher, or for those with a body mass index of 35 kg per m2 or higher who have obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes. The five A’s behavioral counseling paradigm (ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange) can be used as the basis for a systematic, practical approach to the management of obesity that incorporates evidence for managing common obesity-related behaviors.
Callery pear ( Pyrus calleryana ) Response to Fire in a Managed Prairie Ecosystem

Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) was introduced to North America as an ornamental tree in the early 1900s. Due to widespread planting, P. calleryana has become common throughout the eastern United States and has invaded natural areas, especially disturbed areas. Prescribed fire is a common management technique in prairie ecosystems to mimic natural disturbances. We tested the effectiveness of prescribed fire as a control technique for P. calleryana in a managed prairie system. Fire top-killed all established P. calleryana individuals. However, these individuals responded to fire with 3 to 4 epicormic sprouts each. Similar sprouting behavior occurred in 2-yr-old seedlings. Exposed seeds, fruits, and 1-yr-old seedlings were killed by fire. Established P. calleryana were single-stemmed individuals before exposure to fire. After the prescribed fire, they all were multistemmed, which increased the potential flower-bearing stems within the prairie. We conclude that fire alone is not a suitable technique for managing P. calleryana invasion. Cut and herbicide application methods are labor-intensive. However, combining cut and spray methods with prescribed fire may be effective. Fire removes standing grass and forb biomass, leaving exposed P. calleryana stems, which would make locating individuals and directly applying herbicides easier.
Specifications Grading in Political Science

This article explores the efficacy of specifications grading in undergraduate political science classes. Specifications grading organizes instruction around a set of learning objectives and evaluat...
Species composition, diversity, and use of homegardens among three Amazonian villages

Homegardens represent a traditional form of land use common in tropical regions of the world. Species composition, structure and function of homegardens may be influenced by ecological, socio-economic and cultural factors. The three villages in the Peruvian Amazon in which homegardens were studied differed in terms of cultural background, distance to urban markets and the influence of tourism. Data were collected on species composition, abundance and use of plants in the homegardens. Comparison of the three villages revealed that tourism had the greatest impact on species composition, diversity and use of plants in homegardens.
Visualizing vulnerability: toward a new cardiac score.

Coronary artery disease is almost ubiquitous in our population but comes in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. For decades, a simple but powerful concept has guided decision making in prescribing therapies: the highest risk forms of the disease require the most aggressive treatments, whereas the
Ferromagnetic Resonance Characterization of Magnetic Nanowires for Biolabel Applications

Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) characterization is widely applied to extract dynamic magnetic properties from nanowires and thin films. This paper discusses the possibility of establishing a biomarker labeling system with ferromagnetic nanowires and coplanar waveguide (CPW) based FMR detection techniques. The results have validated the possibility and show the potential of ferromagnetic nanowire based biolabels.
The complementary role of lentic and lotic habitats for Arctic grayling in a complex stream‐lake network in Arctic Alaska

Lakes can be important to stream dwelling fishes, yet how individuals exploit habitat heterogeneity across complex stream‐lake networks is poorly understood. Furthermore, despite growing awareness that intermittent streams are widely used by fish, studies documenting the use of seasonally accessible lakes remain scarce. We studied Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in a small seasonally flowing (June–October) stream‐lake network in Alaska using PIT telemetry. Overall, 70% of fish visited two lakes, 8% used a single lake, and 22% used only stream reaches. We identified five distinct behavioural patterns that differed in dominant macrohabitat used (deep lake, shallow lake or stream reaches), entry day into the network and mobility. Some juvenile fish spent the entire summer in a shallow seasonally frozen lake (average 71 days), whereas others demonstrated prospecting behaviour and only entered the stream channel briefly in September. Another group included adult and juvenile fish that were highly mobile, moving up to 27 km while in the 3‐km stream‐lake network, and used stream reaches extensively (average 59 days). Lentic and lotic habitats served differing roles for individuals, some fish occupied stream reaches as summer foraging habitat, and other individuals used them as migration corridors to access lakes. Our study emphasises the importance of considering stream‐lake connectivity in stream fish assessments, even to shallow seasonally frozen habitats not widely recognised as important. Furthermore, we demonstrate that individuals may use temporary aquatic habitats in complex and changing ways across ontogeny that are not captured by typical classifications of fish movement behaviour.
The Relationship between Worldview and Moral Recognition in Business: Examining Patterns of Ethical Acceptability: An Abstract

Many continue to lament the field’s myopic focus on bottom-line thinking and business skills. Such critiques question how best to prepare and educate our charges, both practitioners and students alike, for the ethical challenges they face. Ethical decision-making has received ongoing attention by marketers (Ferrellet al. 1989). However, this paper responds to a need for clarity in understanding how ethical decisions are framed and formed by examining whether a specific antecedent, worldviews, play a role in moral judgements (Giacalone and Thompson 2006).
Analyzing and comparing complex environmental time series using a cumulative sums approach

Cumulative sums (Cusums) are a simple, efficient statistical method developed for process control and increasingly used to determine underlying features of time series. Here, two useful applications of Cusums to environmental time series are presented: Cusums in the time domain and plotting Cusum-transformed variables against non-transformed variables to extract meaning in the context of driver-response relationships. These statistical analyses are simple to conduct and provide valuable information about trends, patterns and thresholds of time-series over time and in relation to potential driver variables. In addition, this work investigates the robustness of the Cusum transform to various characteristics of environmental time series that challenge conventional statistical methods. In summary, this work presents: •Cusum methods to derive meaning from complex environmental time series.•Effects of common time series issues on the Cusums method.•Application to real-world datasets.
Lessons From the Development and Implementation of a Palliative Care Elective for Fourth-Year Medical Students: A Pilot Study.

Background:Although palliative care is recognized as an important component of medical school curricula, the content and structure of education in the field is variable and often lacks outpatient e...
A Case of Histiocytic Sarcoma Arising from Mycosis Fungoides

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm arising from mature histiocytes and most commonly characterized by the immunophenotypic expression of CD68, CD163, or lysozyme. Although rare, HS arising as a second primary malignancy following hematolymphoid neoplasms has been reported. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of HS occurring as a second primary malignancy in a patient with mycosis fungoides (MF), with the retained immunophenotype markers CD30 and CD4.
Minimally Invasive Small Bowel Resection

Minimally invasive small bowel resection has been shown to be effective in the surgical treatment of small bowel pathologies, such as Crohn’s disease, ischemia, diverticulosis, benign strictures, vascular malformations, and neoplasms. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, and complications of both laparoscopic-assisted and totally laparoscopic small bowel resection.
“‘The Mayor of Shark City’: Political Power in Jaws”

In Jaws, we are encouraged to see the shark is something primal; this in in part what establishes the film as firmly within the horror genre. Depicted as a primitive, ancient force, the shark exists outside of and before and beyond any human reason or human law. Power, to a fish, is irrelevant. In Amity, however, power is wielded by Mayor Larry Vaughn, and the selectmen who collectively seem to run the town. In them we find that there are elements in the film even more terrifying than the shark. Mayor Vaughn, one of the most “political” characters in the history of cinema, ensures that the shark remains well fed, by insisting that the beaches remain open despite the primordial threat. The worrying unmanning of Brody, who is helpless despite his status as chief of police, and the messiness of local politics are front and center.
Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Influences on Voice Production Elicited by Three Different Stroop Tasks.

Introduction The effects of emotion and cognition have been of interest to voice clinicians and research given the known correlations between psychological states and voice disorders. However, most voice research techniques investigate one psychological state at a time and do not necessarily consider other psychological states or the combination of two or more states occurring simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to employ three Stroop tasks, all known to elicit different psychological states, during a voice study to determine whether separate psychological states have a variable effect on vocalizations. Methods Fifteen female participants were instructed to view a word on a computer screen and say the name of the color of the font of that word. Words were part of a Color Stroop, Emotional Stroop, or Taboo Stroop paradigm and designed to elicit cognitive, emotional, or the combination of cognitive/emotional interference. Behavioral measures of response time and acoustic measures of frequency, intensity, and noise ratio were extracted from each stimulus. Results Participants had significantly greater response times for all experimental conditions compared to baseline. Additionally, intensity range was significantly less, and average fundamental frequency and cepstral peak prominence were significantly greater than baseline. However, there was no distinct pattern of response for any condition. Discussion/conclusion Although there are definite changes in vocalizations when participants were engaged in higher cognitive or emotional processing, no acoustic signatures for these separate conditions exist. These findings suggest that more specific acoustic measures or additional measures such as physiological or self-report may be necessary to parse out the differential effect on the voice in these three conditions.
Are We Overradiating Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Introduction Protracted exposures to small doses of radiation, even cumulative effective doses (CED) as low as 50-100 mSv, may increase the risk for malignancy. Medical radiation exposure has not been rigorously examined for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We examined medical radiation exposure in patients with IBS at a tertiary care center in the USA. Methods Patients diagnosed with IBS at our institute from 2009 to 2018 were included in a retrospective cohort study. Medical charts were examined to calculate total and annual CED. Results 221 patients were included; mean CED was 40.32 mSv (SD: 54.36). Fifty-nine participants (26.7%) received >50 mSv of CED with 27 participants (12.2%) exceeding 100 mSv. Conventional imaging, nuclear medicine, and fluoroscopy accounted for 74.08, 12.93, and 12.98% of total CED, respectively. CT scans contributed to 66.61% of total CED. Outpatient orders accounted for 37.96% of total CED, while 31.4% of total CED was ordered in the emergency department. Population-specific high total CED was calculated as 105.65 mSv. Multivariable binomial logistic regression model found that comorbid anxiety, chronic pain medication use, and diarrhea-predominant IBS were independently positively associated with population-specific high CED exposure. No significant temporal trend in peri-diagnostic mean CED was found. Conclusion Patients with IBS receive high amounts of medical radiation, with 1 in 4 patients reaching at-risk levels of 50 mSv or more. Usage of pain medication at home, comorbid anxiety, and IBS-D are independently linked to an increased risk of high CED.
Cost and Quality Performance of Accountable Care Organizations: An Empirical Investigation

We examine the impact of leadership diversity, care delivery, and experience on cost and quality performance of 255 Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) - networks of healthcare providers who join voluntarily to provide high-quality coordinated care to patients to reduce medical expenditures. We ope-rationalize care delivery using primary care services and association with community and rural health clinics. Our results suggest that: (i) having diverse leadership in their governing board helps in better cost performance of ACOs, (ii) using specialists for providing primary care services increases cost and reduces quality performance, (iii) ACOs that are associated with community and rural health clinics exhibit better quality and cost performance; specifically, providing majority of care services by primary care providers and nurse practitioners, and having affiliation with hospitals improve cost performance of such ACOs. While differences across payer types and patient populations exist, our research suggests ample improvement opportunities in the ACO model and provides policy level directives for managing the ACOs.
Converting CO2 to liquid fuel on MoS2 vacancies

Catalytic materials design for upgrading CO2 into value-added fuels and chemicals at low temperature is attractive to reduce carbon pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. In the current issue of Nature Catalysis, Deng, Wang, and colleagues developed a vacancy-rich MoS2 catalyst for hydrogenation of CO2 into methanol with high catalytic activity, excellent selectivity, and industrial-relevant stability. Furthermore, an integration of in situ spectroscopic characterizations and theoretical calculations confirmed the key role of in-plane sulfur vacancies to this hydrogenation catalysis.
Drainage Procedures in Children

Image-guided drainage is a common procedure in a pediatric interventional radiology practice and the treatment of choice for many conditions. As in adult practice, both primary and postoperative fluid collections have been successfully treated by image-guided techniques resulting in improved patient care. Drainage can be performed in almost any organ system. While the techniques in children are similar to those in adults, there are several important differences. The etiologies of abscesses and fluid collections may be different. Radiation protection is paramount in the pediatric population requiring alteration of both imaging and technique. Children have different sedation and anesthetic requirements. In addition, children may be much smaller than adults. This has both advantages and disadvantages and may require/allow for alteration of the procedural techniques.
Conversion Technology for the Separation of Maternal and Paternal Copies of Any Autosomal Chromosome in Somatic Cell Hybrids

Conversion Technology (CT) is a streamlined version of somatic cell hybrid preparation that was developed to be amenable for use as a mutation detection method and as a diagnostic tool for individual patients. It is also a powerful research tool. There are two broad categories of potential applications for CT: research applications in gene mapping and identification, and clinical applications in the detection of disease-causing mutations in individual patients. CT may emerge as the gold standard for both mutation detection and haplotyping. It will likely prove valuable in mutation detection due to its ability to detect mutations that are not amenable to detection by sequencing (e.g., deep intron or promoter mutations). It will likely prove valuable in gene identification projects because genotyping of haploid chromosomes yields unequivocal haplotypes. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 55:3.6.1-3.6.38. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: haplotype; mutation detection; somatic cell hybrids; Conversion Technology
Cross regulation of four GATA factors that control nitrogen catabolic gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Nitrogen catabolic gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been reported to be regulated by three GATA family proteins, the positive regulators Gln3p and Gat1p/Nil1p and the negative regulator Dal80p/Uga43p. We show here that a fourth member of the yeast GATA family, the Dal80p homolog Deh1p, also negatively regulates expression of some, but not all, nitrogen catabolic genes, i.e., GAP1, DAL80, and UGA4 expression increases in a deh1 delta mutant. Consistent with Deh1p regulation of these genes is the observation that Deh1p forms specific DNA-protein complexes with GATAA-containing UGA4 and GAP1 promoter fragments in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Deh1p function is demonstrable, however, only when a repressive nitrogen source such as glutamine is present; deh1 delta mutants exhibit no detectable phenotype with a poor nitrogen source such as proline. Our experiments also demonstrate that GATA factor gene expression is highly regulated by the GATA factors themselves in an interdependent manner. DAL80 expression is Gln3p and Gat1p dependent and Dal80p regulated. Moreover, Gln3p and Dal80p bind to DAL80 promoter fragments. In turn, GAT1 expression is Gln3p dependent and Dal80p regulated but is not autogenously regulated like DAL80. DEH1 expression is largely Gln3p independent, modestly Gat1p dependent, and most highly regulated by Dal80p. Paradoxically, the high-level DEH1 expression observed in a dal80::hisG disruption mutant is highly sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression.
Remarks on weak crossover effects

Thanks to David E. Johnson, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and an anonymous LI referee for helpful comments on earlier versions of this article. ' I agree strongly with LS (pp. 698, 706), Safir (1984:608, n. 7, 1985:288, 1986:667), Higginbotham (1980: 702), and Cinque (1990:155), contra Chomsky (1982:93), that WCO effects are found in English restrictive relatives. As Safir (1984:608, n. 7) observes, Chomsky (1976:(100)-(101)) also seemed to accept the ungrammaticality assumed here. Note that Postal (1971:165, (17.(5)d), 166, (17.(7)d), 1973:103, (3a), 108, (9)-(10)) systematically marked restrictive relatives as manifesting WCO effects. 2 The observation that English nonrestrictive relatives fail to yield WCO effects was made earlier by Safir (1984:608, 1985:288, 1986:667) and Kuno (1988:241). Contrary but I now think mistaken judgments occur in
Structure-Guided Design and Optimization of Dipeptidyl Inhibitors of Norovirus 3CL Protease. Structure-Activity Relationships and Biochemical, X-ray Crystallographic, Cell-Based, and In Vivo Studies.

Norovirus infection constitutes the primary cause of acute viral gastroenteritis. There are currently no vaccines or norovirus-specific antiviral therapeutics available for the management of norovirus infection. Norovirus 3C-like protease is essential for viral replication, consequently, inhibition of this enzyme is a fruitful avenue of investigation that may lead to the emergence of antinorovirus therapeutics. We describe herein the optimization of dipeptidyl inhibitors of norovirus 3C-like protease using iterative SAR, X-ray crystallographic, and enzyme and cell-based studies. We also demonstrate herein in vivo efficacy of an inhibitor using the murine model of norovirus infection.
Context change and retention interval can have additive, rather than interactive, effects after taste aversion extinction

Spontaneous forgetting is often attributed to retrieval failure caused by natural changes in the background context that occur over time. However, some investigators have argued that the context-change account of forgetting is paradoxical, because context-change effects themselves decrease over time. To resolve the paradox, we have suggested that organisms may merely forget the physical context as the temporal context in which it is embedded changes; this explanation accepts a fundamental similarity between time and physical context. The present experiment tested an implication of this analysis by examining the interaction between retention interval and context change in rats after a taste aversion was conditioned and then extinguished. Importantly, subjects tested at the longer (24-day) retention interval received reminder exposure to the physical contexts before testing. Under these conditions, retention interval and context change both caused relapse of the extinguished aversion (spontaneous recovery and renewal, respectively), and the strongest overall relapse was observed when the two treatments were combined. Such additivity (rather than interactivity) is consistent with a context-change account of forgetting and sets the stage for resolution of the context-forgetting paradox.
Analysis of Options for Mitigating Hemodialysis Access–Related Ischemic Steal Phenomena

Steal phenomena associated with brachial bridge grafts for hemodialysis access may compromise blood flow to the forearm. This work is designed to investigate and compare, by means of a simple mathematical model, the potential of six surgical procedures to alleviate steal. A flow model based on an electrical analogue was developed. An untapered 6-mm prosthetic brachial-axillary access (PBAA) was selected as the prototype configuration, and the theoretical effect of six access modifications on forearm flow was analyzed. Major simplifications include the use of Poiseuille's law for estimating arterial resistance and ignoring the contribution of collateral circulation. Intra-operative flow measurements using a Transonic flowmeter were obtained in two individuals undergoing treatment for a steal syndrome. The flow model predicts that the greatest increase in distal flow is achieved by the distal revascularization-interval ligation (DRIL) procedure, followed by a 6-mm axillobrachial artery bypass graft without interval ligation, the conversion of the PBAA to an axillary-axillary loop access, and the conversion to an axillary-brachial access. Intra-operative measurements in two patients agreed closely with theoretical calculations. A simple flow model provides a tractable framework for comparing procedures designed to avoid or treat steal phenomena. Distal revascularization without interval ligation and the conversion of a PBAA to an axillary-axillary loop access or an axillary brachial access can be effective alternatives to the DRIL procedure in selected clinical settings.
Temperature in Semi-Infinite and Cylindrical Bodies Subjected to Moving Heat Sources and Surface Cooling

The theory of moving heat sources is applied to two models to determine the effect of convective surface cooling on temperature distributions. The models chosen consist of a translating semi-infinite body and a rotating cylindrical body, each having a band heat source acting on a portion of the surface and convective cooling acting over the entire surface. The analytical results can be utilized to predict temperature distributions occurring in certain machining processes or other processes involving heat sources.
Octyl 2-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive in experimental scleral buckling

. Purpose: In this experimental study, a sutureless scleral buckling was performed by using a tissue adhesive glue to fixate a silicone band to the sclera. In fact, one of the major risks of traditional scleral buckling is accidental perforation of the bulb, which is more frequent when the sclera is extremely thin as it is in newborns or in eyes with high myopia or scleromalacia. Methods: An encircling band of silicone, which is generally anchored to the sclera itself, was sutured in 36 rabbit eyes to three small silastic patches that had been glued to the sclera, at the level of the equator, using octyl 2-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive. In this manner the anchoring sutures passed through silicone and silicone. The band was tightened to produce buckling of the sclera and its ends were glued together using the same adhesive. Results: Examination of the eyes from 15 days to 6 months after surgery revealed that the buckle was stable, with no signs of slippage, in 33 eyes. In the remaining 3 (one examined after 15 days, 2 examined after 45 days), one of the three support patches had become detached but there was still no evidence of slippage. Conclusions: The stability of the buckle up to six months after surgery suggests that this new adhesive might be used for sutureless surgery in certain types of retinal detachment, such as that associated with stage 4 ROP in which the encircling band has to be removed after several months.
Incomplete division of labor : Error-prone multitaskers coexist with specialists

Division of labor (DoL) occurs when individual members of a group specialize by performing particular tasks toward some common goal. Under complete DoL, every individual acts as a specialist and so performs only one kind of task. But under incomplete DoL, some individuals may act as generalists and so have the capacity to perform more than one kind of task. This persistence of generalists in the presence of specialists presents a theoretical challenge, particularly if generalists must pay an extra cost, an inefficiency penalty, for their capacity to perform more than one type of task. Prior work focused on how such costs tend to drive evolution toward complete DoL, with only specialists typically remaining at equilibrium [Wahl, L.M., 2002a. Evolving the division of labor: generalists, specialists and task allocation. J. Theoret. Biol. 219, 371-388; Wahl, L.M., 2002b. The division of labor: genotypic versus phenotypic specialization. Am. Nat. 160, 135-145]. Relaxing this key assumption, we show that generalists, despite paying some extra costs, can coexist with specialists. Relaxing another assumption, we also show that this coexistence can hold even when generalists often perform the wrong task. How can stable multitasking emerge despite this flawed decision-making? From the perspective that cognitive errors matter only when they translate into fitness decrements, we observe that error-prone generalists may persist most commonly in situations in which their mistakes do little to jeopardize group success. Our findings show that incomplete DoL can emerge even when generalists often err and must pay extra costs for their multitasking capacity.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mineralocorticoid blocking agents and their effects on potassium homeostasis

Spironolacotone and eplerenone are mineralocorticoid-blocking agents used for their ability to block both the epithelial and non-epithelial actions of aldosterone. Spironolactone is a non-selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with moderate affinity for both progesterone and androgen receptors. The latter property increases the likelihood of endocrine side effects with spironolactone including loss of libido, menstrual irregularities, gynecomastia and impotence. Eplerenone is a next generation aldosterone receptor antagonist selective for aldosterone receptors alone. This lesser affinity for progesterone and androgen receptors was arrived at by replacing the 17-alpha -thioacetyl group of spironolactone with a carbomethoxy group. Eplerenone is further distinguished from spironolactone by its shorter half-life and the fact that it does not have any active metabolites. Both eplerenone and spironolactone are effective antihypertensive agents and each has been shown to improve the morbidity and mortality of heart failure. Eplerenone or spironolactone use can increase serum potassium values and occasionally results in clinically relevant hyperkalemia. This is more apt to occur with spironolactone due to the very long half-life of several of its active metabolites.
Serum cystatin C and increased coronary heart disease prevalence in US adults without chronic kidney disease.

Previous studies indicated that serum cystatin C, a marker of renal function, was associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few data about this association are available for persons without chronic kidney disease or albuminuria. Data from 4,991 subjects in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 without micro- or macroalbuminuria were analyzed. Subjects were categorized into quartiles of serum cystatin C and compared for prevalence of CVD. CVD was defined as a history of myocardial infarction, angina, or stroke. After age standardization, prevalences of CVD from the lowest to highest quartile of serum cystatin C were 6.0%, 8.8%, 11.8%, and 16.7% (p-trend = 0.006). Also, age-standardized prevalences of myocardial infarction across quartiles of serum cystatin C were 1.9%, 4.4%, 6.6%, and 8.6%; age-standardized prevalences of angina were 2.4%, 4.4%, 4.2%, and 7.1%; and age-standardized prevalences of stroke were 2.5%, 1.6%, 3.5%, and 4.4% (each p-trend
Cholinergic stimulation of the brain and avoidance behavior

Cannulas were implanted in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in seven rats and in the septal area in two additional rats. The placement of a few micrograms of carbachol in the septal area produced a marked impairment in the performance of a modified Sidman avoidance response. When placed in the LH, however, carbachol elicited a very marked increase in the number of avoidance responses.
Properties of spatial representations: Data from sighted and blind subjects

Five questions concerning the properties of spatial representations are explored. (1) How accurately does a spatial representation correspond to the true scene? (2) If inaccurate, how does it differ? (3) Are representations of a familiar scene more accurate than those of an unfamiliar one? (4) Do representations of a scene currently in view differ from those retained in memory? (5) Do the representations of the blind have properties comparable to those-of the sighted? Seven sighted and 7 highly mobile blind subjects, all familiar with a room, and 6 sighted subjects unfamiliar with it, were asked to estimate the absolute distances between 10 salient objects in the room. The 14 familiar subjects made their estimates twice: while they were in the room, and while they were remote from it. Regression analyses showed that the estimates of all subjects had strong metric properties, being linearly related to true distance, with a true zero point; and multidimensional scaling showed that all subjects produced distance estimates that could be scaled in two dimensions to closely match the actual locations of the objects. Familiarity had no effect. The effect of location of testing was the same for both the sighted and the blind: all subjects displayed better spatial knowledge when tested in the room; and all subjects underestimated true distance substantially when tested out of the room. The results showed no qualitative differences as a function of blindness, at least for these highly skilled blind travelers.
Geochemistry and solid-phase association of chromium in sediment from the Calcasieu River and estuary, Louisiana, U.S.A.

Abstract Sediment samples were collected from the lower Calcasieu River and estuary, Louisiana, in a study of the release of metals from sediments to the overlying water column. Whole samples were characterized by analyses that included: (1) determination of total sediment ammonium concentrations; (2) determination of total sediment Cr, Mn and Fe concentrations; (3) extraction of sediment with hydrogen peroxide followed by dilute hydrochloric acid to obtain recoverable metals, including oxides; and (4) extraction of sediment with hydrogen peroxide plus pyrophosphate at a pH of 7–8 to recover organically-bound Cr but not metal oxides. Concentrations of Cr, Mn and Fe in sediment interstitial water were determined. The concentrations of Cr in interstitial water could not be predicted from total sediment concentrations of Cr. Degradation of organic matter appeared to be the mechanism that caused elevated Cr concentrations in the interstitial water. Concentrations of Cr in interstitial water were positively correlated with total concentrations of ammonium in sediment. Concentrations of Cr in interstitial water that exceeded water-column concentrations of Cr were found when the total concentrations of ammonium in sediment exceeded 1 μmol per gram wet weight. Concentrations of metals in interstitial water that are larger than metal concentrations in the water column create a potential for diffusive flux and metal enrichment of the overlying water column.
Variation of Quantitative Emphysema Measurements from CT Scans

Emphysema is a lung disease characterized by destruction of the alveolar air sacs and is associated with long-term respiratory dysfunction. CT scans allow for imaging of the anatomical basis of emphysema, and several measures have been introduced for the quantification of the extent of disease. In this paper we compare these measures for repeatability over time. The measures of interest in this study are emphysema index, mean lung density, histogram percentile, and the fractal dimension. To allow for direct comparisons, the measures were normalized to a 0-100 scale. These measures have been computed for a set of 2,027 scan pairs in which the mean interval between scans was 1.15 years (σ: 93 days). These independent pairs were considered with respect to three different scanning conditions (a) 223 pairs where both were scanned with a 5 mm slice thickness protocol, (b) 695 with the first scanned with the 5 mm protocol and the second with a 1.25 mm protocol, and (c) 1109 pairs scanned both times using a 1.25 mm protocol. We found that average normalized emphysema index and histogram percentiles scores increased by 5.9 and 11 points respectively, while the fractal dimension showed stability with a mean difference of 1.2. We also found, a 7 point bias introduced for emphysema index under condition (b), and that the fractal dimension measure is least affected by scanner parameter changes.
An integrated technique for volume estimation of spots in 3-D human cell cultures: Watersnakes

In this paper we propose a new integrated technique to accurately measure the volume of 3-D spots in images of human cell cultures by combining watershed transformation and active contour models. We use the watershed contour as the initial snake contour and develop a novel scheme to estimate the snake parameters. Performance of this new technique is measured on synthetic images and images of micro-beads and compared with traditional techniques.
Selective management of hepatic venous outflow obstruction

To describe the outcome of selective management of hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO), based on its presentation and liver function, we reviewed the records of 49 consecutive patients managed at our institution between 1984 and 1993. Twenty-six patients were managed surgically, 12 nonsurgically, and 11 were not treated. Portosystemic shunts (PSS) were performed in 18 patients (patency 83%). Two patients (11%) died postoperatively, 11 (61%) did well (mean follow-up 6.4 years), three (17%) required subsequent orthotopic liver transplantation, and two (11%) died of late liver failure. PSS remained patent if the preoperative pressure gradient between the portal vein and the infrahepatic inferior vena cava was greater than 10 mm Hg and across the intrahepatic inferior vena cava 18 mm Hg or less. All six orthotopic liver transplantations (three as primary treatment and three after failed PSS) were successful (mean follow-up 4.8 years). Five patients underwent other procedures. Nine (75%) of the 12 nonsurgically treated patients did well (mean follow-up 3.8 years). The most important predictor of successful outcome after PSS or medical management was the degree of liver function. All 11 untreated patients died either of end-stage liver failure (n = 7; 63%) or of severe comorbid disease (n = 4; 37%). In patients with preserved liver function, medical management of HVOO can be successful early in the course of the disease; a late presentation necessitates PSS. Orthotopic liver transplantation should be employed in patients with liver failure and may decrease the high mortality rate of HVOO.
Fat tissue: an underappreciated source of stem cells for biotechnology

Adipose tissue can be harvested in large amounts with minimal morbidity. It contains numerous cells types, including adipocytes, preadipocytes, vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells; it also contains cells that have the ability to differentiate into several lineages, such as fat, bone, cartilage, skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle, endothelium, hematopoietic cells, hepatocytes and neuronal cells. Cloning studies have shown that some adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have multilineage differentiation potential. ADSCs are also capable of expressing multiple growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor. Early, uncontrolled, non-randomized clinical research, applying fresh adipose-derived cells into a cranial defect or undifferentiated ADSCs into fistulas in Crohn's disease, has shown healing and an absence of side effects. The combination of these properties, and the large quantity of cells that can be obtained from fat, suggests that this tissue will be a useful tool in biotechnology.