cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rater agreements in assigning stanford-binet items to Guilford's structure of intellect operations categories

Summary: Nineteen school psychologists assigned the 142 items in the Form L-M of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale to the five Operations categories of Guilford's Structure of Intellect model, following flow charts prepared for this purpose by Meeker (1965). On the average, one rater agreed with another on about half the items, and their modal assignments agreed with Meeker's (1969) assignments on only 81 (57%) of the items. These levels of agreement are judged not to be high enough to justify classifying Stanford-Binet items in accordance with the Structure of Intellect Operations categories. For years the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale has been widely used by school psychologists and others in the field of psychological testing. Because of its established reputation, it is commonly used as a measure of intellectual ability. However, there are some psychologists who consider its single global measure of intelligence inadequate for the purpose of identifying and dealing with specific abilities in children and look for ways to penetrate beyond the single score. By contrast, Guilford's Structure of Intellect (Guilford, 1967) offers a detailed partition of intellectual abilities, classifying them under the dimensions of Operations, Content, and Products. His model can accomodate 120 different abilities, each specified by a trigraph consisting of a letter for one Operation, one Content, and one Product. Some psychological testers have been using performance on individual Stanford-Binet test items to assess specific intellectual abilities, although Terman and Merrill (1960) specifically warned against such a practice in their manual for the 1960 (Form L-M) revision of the test. Ramsey and Vane (1970) investigated Valett's (1963) scheme of item classification on the basis of five factors. They, however, found seven factors and also concluded that, contrary to Valett's assertion, performance on subtest items does not depend on only one aspect of intelligence. Darrah (Note 1)likewise concluded that a group factor structure was indicated. He identified five factors-one verbal, two memory (recall and concentration), a judgment and reasoning factor, and one more which was complex and not interpreted. The memory and reasoning factors that Darrah obtained agreed well with similar factors reported by
On κ-real and κ-hermitian matrices

Abstract A body of theory for κ-real and κ-hermitian matrices is developed. Some basic results for these matrices, their spectral properties, and characterizations of linear transformations which preserve them are given.
Polycystic liver disease treated with therapeutic excision.

Koushik K. Das, Benjamin Samstein, James V. Guarrera, Milan Kinkhabwala, Lloyd E. Ratner and Jai Radhakrishnan Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA and Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA Correspondence: Jai Radhakrishnan, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. E-mail: kkd2002@columbia.edu
Dynamic and Geometric Phase Formulas in the Hestenes-Dirac Theory

We examine the dynamic and geometric phases of the electron in quantum mechanics using Hestenes' spacetime algebra formalism. First the standard dynamic phase formula is translated into the spacetime algebra. We then define new formulas for the dynamic and geometric phases that can be used in Hestenes' formalism.
Isolation of pl 4.6 extensin peroxidase from tomato cell suspension cultures and identification of Val—Tyr—Lys as putative intermolecular cross‐link site

Extensins and kindred hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins occur in dicot cell walls mainly as insoluble integral components that may form an intermolecularly cross-linked network interpenetrated by other polymers. Extensins also occur in muro as a small pool of soluble monomeric precursors to network extensin. These precursors were prepared in milligram quantities by salt elution from the surface of intact cells grown as tomato suspension cultures. Based on an FPLC (Superose-6) gel filtration assay of cross-linked extensin oligomers, a pl 4.6 extensin cross-linking peroxidase isozyme was partially purified from the culture growth medium. Purification involved: volume reduction, ultracentrifugation to remove pectin and co-adsorbed cationic peroxidase, followed by chromatography of anionic extensin peroxidase (pl 4.6) on DEAE-Trisacryl and TSK-gel DEAE-5PW columns. With tomato P1 extensin as substrate and 60 microM H2O2 as co-substrate, at 23 degrees pl 4.6 extensin peroxidase gave a Km of 0.22 mM P1 and a Vmax 0f 70 mumol P1 cross-linked min-1mg-1 enzyme, at the optimum pH 5.5. Assayed with 12 different extensins from representative monocots, dicots, and gymnosperms, the pl 4.6 isozyme cross-linked highly selectively, indicating two natural groups: cross-linking or CL-extensins and non-cross-linking or NCL-extensins. CL-extensins contained the X-Hyp-Val-Tyr-Lys motif and were also highly glycosylated. However, the simplest motif common to CL-extensins but absent from NCL-extensins was Val-Tyr-Lys. Thus, peroxidative coupling of extensin monomers and resistance of the resultant oligomers to depolymerization by anhydrous HF suggests that the intermolecular cross-link involves tyrosine or lysine.
Emergency Department Laboratory Evaluations of Fever Without Source in Children Aged 3 to 36 Months

OBJECTIVE: This article describes ordering of diagnostic tests, admission rates, and antibiotic administration among visits to US emergency departments (EDs) by children aged 3 to 36 months with fever without source (FWS). METHODS: The 2006–2008 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey–Emergency Department was used to identify visits by 3- to 36-month-old children with FWS. Percentages of visits that included a complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, blood culture, radiograph, rapid influenza test, admission to hospital, and ceftriaxone and other antibiotic administration were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with ordering of a CBC and urinalysis. RESULTS: No tests were ordered in 58.6% of visits for FWS. CBCs were ordered in 20.5% of visits and urinalysis in 17.4% of visits. Even among girls with a temperature of ≥39°C, urinalysis was ordered in only 40.2% of visits. Ceftriaxone was given in 7.1% and other antibiotics in 18.3% of visits; 5.2% of the children at these visits were admitted to the hospital. In multivariate analysis, increased temperature, being female, and higher median income of the patient's zip code were associated with increased odds of having a CBC and urinalysis ordered. Being 24 to 36 months of age was associated with lower odds of receiving both a CBC and a urinalysis. CONCLUSIONS: Most US emergency department visits for FWS among children aged 3 to 36 months, physicians do not order diagnostic tests. Being female, having a higher fever, and higher median income of the patient's zip code were associated with ordering CBCs and urinalysis.
Considerations of blood parameters of largemouth bass micropterus salmoides

To evaluate physiological stress resulting from environmental influences, a haematological study of a natural population of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, was undertaken to establish a ‘normal’ blood profile. Several parameters including haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, plasma protein concentration and glucose levels were investigated. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, and total plasma protein were positively correlated with fish length. Haemoglobin and haematocrit were positively correlated with fish age while mean corpuscular haemoglobin, concentration was negatively correlated with fish age. Both haemoglobin and haematocrit values were related to erythrocyte counts.
Semi-continuous operation of the insect cell — Baculovirus system

The insect cell - baculovirus system is used to synthesize a variety of recombinant proteins, generally in a batch system. We have developed a semi-continuous system and studied its operation at three different residence times. The resulting data showed that beta-galactosidase can be produced for 50 to 150 hours longer than the batch system.
Significance of the cytologic diagnosis of endocervical glandular involvement in high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions

The cytologic criteria for the diagnosis of endocervical gland involvement (EGI) by high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSILs) have been described, and this diagnosis occasionally is made. This study evaluates the accuracy of a cytologic diagnosis compared with that of follow-up cone biopsies. Twenty-eight patients with Papanicolaou (Pap) smear diagnoses of HGSILs with EGI, with follow-up cone biopsies, were identified from New York University computerized files. Results were compared with those of a control group of 28 patients showing cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia grades II/III (CIN-II/III), irrespective of previous Pap smear findings. On subsequent cone biopsy samples, 26 of the 28 study cases showed signs of HGSIL. Of these 26 patients, 17 (65%) showed evidence of HGSIL with EGI. Among the 28 control cases, 20 (71.4%) had EGI on the cone biopsies (P = NS). We also examined previous Pap smear findings in a control group of 42 cone biopsies with CIN-II or CIN-III, with or without EGI. EGI was diagnosed in previous Pap smears in 3 of the 31(10%) cases that showed signs of EGI on cone biopsies and in 2 of the 11 cases (18%) that did not evidence EGI on subsequent cone biopsies (P = NS). In our experience, the cytologic diagnosis of EGI on Pap smears did not identify a group of patients with increased frequency of EGI on subsequent cone biopsies.
HRX-SAFT Equation of State for Fluid Mixtures: New Analytical Formulation †

In this work, we incorporate the new analytical sine model (ANS) crossover function (Kiselev and Ely, Chem. Eng. Sci. 2006, 61, 5107.) into the previously developed crossover statistical associating fluid theory (HRX-SAFT) equation of state (EOS) (Kiselev et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 3981.). Similar to the original HRX-SAFT EOS, the new crossover HRX/ANS EOS incorporates non-analytic scaling laws in the critical region and is transformed into the analytical, classical HR-SAFT EOS far away from the critical point. The new HRX/ANS EOS does not, however, require a numerical solution for the crossover function, making it much simpler and more convenient for practical calculations. In this work, the HRX/ANS-SAFT mixture model is developed and tested against extensive experimental data for VLE, PVTx, and excess properties in carbon dioxide + methanol and water + methanol mixtures.
Use of Experimental Design In Theoptimization of HPLC Methodology For The Separation of Stereoisomers

Abstract Statistical experimental design was used to optimize chromatographic separations of two pharmaceutical compounds from their respective stereoisomeric impurities. The HPLC separations employ beta-cyclodextrin as a mobile phase additive to provide stereoselectivity. A fractional factorial design involving eleven separate experiments was used to generate the required data. The methods were optimized for percentage of organic in the mobile phase, concentration of cyclodextrin in the mobile phase, mobile phase buffer pH and stationary phase. Analysis of the data showed which of the factors needs to be critically controlled for robustness of the methods.
Advertising Expenditures in Coupled Markets---A Game-Theory Approach

A game-theory approach to advertising expenditures is developed for a situation in which the markets for different products are coupled. By coupling we mean that advertising dollars spent in generating sales for one product have an influence on the sales of another product. Non-cooperative equilibrium solutions are obtained for the case of two competing companies each selling two products in coupled markets. An idealized example might be the case of two automobile manufacturers each of whom sells a low-priced and a high-priced car. Some special cases of the model are developed and extensions indicated.
Indole Localization in Lipid Membranes Revealed by Molecular Simulation

It is commonly known that the amino acid residue tryptophan and its side-chain analogs, e.g., indole, are strongly attracted to the interfacial region of lipid bilayers. Phenylalanine and its side-chain analogs, e.g., benzene, do not localize in the interface but are distributed throughout the lipid bilayer. We use molecular dynamics to investigate the details of indole and benzene localization and orientation within a POPC bilayer and the factors that lead to their different properties. We identify three sites in the bilayer at which indole is localized: 1), a site in the interface near the glycerol moiety; 2), a weakly bound site in the interface near the choline moiety; and 3), a weakly bound site in the center of the bilayer's hydrocarbon core. Benzene is localized in the same three positions, but the most stable position is the hydrocarbon core followed by the site near the glycerol moiety. Transfer of indole from water to the hydrocarbon core shows a classic hydrophobic effect. In contrast, interfacial binding is strongly enthalpy driven. We use several different sets of partial charges to investigate the factors that contribute to indole's and benzene's orientational and spatial distribution. Our simulations show that a number of electrostatic interactions appear to contribute to localization, including hydrogen bonding to the lipid carbonyl groups, cation-π interactions, interactions between the indole dipole and the lipid bilayer's strong interfacial electric field, and nonspecific electrostatic stabilization due to a mismatch in the variation of the nonpolar forces and local dielectric with position in the bilayer.
You're capped: understanding the effects of bandwidth caps on broadband use in the home

Bandwidth caps, a limit on the amount of data users can upload and download in a month, are common globally for both home and mobile Internet access. With caps, each bit of data consumed comes at a cost against a monthly quota or a running tab. Yet, relatively little work has considered the implications of this usage-based pricing model on the user experience. In this paper, we present results from a qualitative study of households living with bandwidth caps. Our findings suggest home users grapple with three uncertainties regarding their bandwidth usage: invisible balances, mysterious processes, and multiple users. We discuss how these uncertainties impact their usage and describe the potential for better tools to help monitor and manage data caps. We conclude that as a community we need to cater for users under Internet cost constraints.
Statins and safety: applying the results of randomized trials to clinical practice.

I this issue of The American Journal of Cardiology, Newman et al1 review the safety profile of atorvastatin in nearly 10,000 patients involved in 44 clinical trials. Most of these studies included placebo groups or groups treated with another statin, allowing for comparisons. The studies cover the dose range from 10 to 80 mg, with large numbers of patients treated at the higher doses. Atorvastatin is the most widely used statin in the United States and worldwide. This report is thus a welcome addition to the literature. By defining the risk of treatment more accurately, the investigators allow us to calculate more accurately the risk/ benefit ratio of treatment.
The Numerical Solution of Some Important Transmission-Line Problems

The generalized numerical solution of Laplace's equation in two dimensions is dealt with, subject to boundary conditions imposed by conducting surfaces and dielectrics which are permitted a limited amount of inhomogeneity. It is shown how this solution may be applied in the determination of the properties of TEM-mode transmission lines including the equivalent circuits of simple obstacles in these lines. The theory is illustrated with a number of examples, certain of which do not appear to have been previously treated theoretically in the literature. While certain of the examples serve mainly to show the power of the technique, others are given very detailed treatment with the production of much new design data.
The validity of quick intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay: an evaluation in seventy-two patients based on gross morphologic criteria.

Abstract Background: Parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism has conventionally required identification of all parathyroid glands with excision of grossly abnormal glands. Using this approach, cure rates exceed 95%. Directed cervical exploration has been advocated using quick intraoperative parathyroid hormone (QPTH) assay with preoperative localization. Adoption of this approach requires validation of the accuracy of QPTH assay. Methods: Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoing bilateral neck exploration during a 31-month period were reviewed. Uniglandular (UGD) or multiglandular (MGD) disease was determined by gross morphologic criteria. QPTH assays were performed before skin incision and at 5, 10, and 20 minutes after excision of each abnormal gland. A 10-minute QPTH decrease of 50% from baseline levels indicated curative excision. These data were not used to guide extent of exploration or tissue resection. Results: Of 72 patients, 55 (76%) had UGD and 17 (24%) had MGD. QPTH assay accurately predicted the disease state in 89%. Four (7%) UGD patients did not have an appropriate QPTH decline at 10 minutes. Four (24%) MGD patients had an inappropriate QPTH decline at 10 minutes. Conclusions: Using QPTH guided exploration, 6% (4 of 72) of patients would undergo unnecessary extended exploration and 6% (4 of 72) (95% CI, 1% to 13%) may require reoperation for unidentified MGD. These results validate the accuracy of QPTH assay. (Surgery 1999;126:1030-5.)
Dual face phased array radar scheduling with multiple constraints

Tasks in many real-time applications can be scheduled by variations of rate monotonic or earliest deadline first algorithms. When this is possible, it is satisfying to have formal analysis and performance bounds underlying the use of these algorithms. However, in many applications the simultaneous set of constraints that must be satisfied makes these traditional solutions unsuitable. Practical solutions for these more complicated applications are important. In this paper we develop a novel integrated scheduling and allocation heuristic for a dual face phased array radar system. The realistic features of the radar system that must be simultaneously addressed include timeliness (worst case execution time, period, deadline), semantic importance, and physical constraints such as beam selection and frequency harmonics. The heuristic function we develop provides a very flexible way to incorporate these requirements into one single equation. Since scheduling high semantic importance tasks is paramount, we use the highest semantic importance tasks' success ratio as the major performance metric. Based on simulation results, we show that our static heuristic algorithm can schedule more than 91% of the highest semantic importance tasks at high frequency conflict degree even at heavy workloads. The result is 50% better than EDF and 31% better than an importance (IMP) based static priority scheduling algorithm where IMP is similar to various current approaches. For the online scheduling algorithm, our heuristic algorithm is 30% better than EDF and 20% better than IMP in terms of highest semantic importance tasks' success ratio at heavy workloads.
Effects of incubations in low potassium and low sodium media on Na-K-ATPase activity in snake and chicken kidney slices.

Abstract 1. 1. Effects of incubating snake and chicken kidney slices in media of varying potassium and sodium concentrations on the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) activity of these slices were evaluated. 2. 2. Prolonged (2-hr) incubation of chicken kidney slices in potassium-free medium produced significant residual depression in Na-K-ATPase activity in heavy microsomes. Similar incubation of snake kidney slices in potassium-free medium had no residual effect on Na-K-ATPase activity. 3. 3. When potassium-depleted chicken kidney slices were incubated in the media of increasing potassium concentration, heavy microsomal specific Na-K-ATPase activity increased, but did not approach control value until medium potassium reached 40 mM. Recovery of Na-K-ATPase activity paralleled recovery of tissue potassium, suggesting the two may be related. 4. 4. Incubation of chicken slices in potassium-free medium had no residual effect on whole homogenate specific Na-K-ATPase activity, although all values were low. 5. 5. Incubation of chicken and snake kidney slices in low sodium medium had no residual effect on Na-K-ATPase activity.
Polymorphisms associated with in vitro aspirin resistance are not associated with clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease who report regular aspirin use.

Background We hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with heightened in vitro platelet function during aspirin exposure (which we define as "laboratory aspirin resistance") would be associated with greater risk for death, myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke among patients with coronary artery disease regularly using aspirin. Methods Duke Databank for Cardiovascular Disease patients with (n = 3,449, CATHeterization GENetics cohort) or without (n = 11,754, nongenetic cohort) banked DNA with ≥1 coronary stenosis >75% were followed up at 6 months, then annually for death, MI, or stroke occurring during periods of reported aspirin use. We evaluated associations of candidate SNPs from GNB3 , PEAR1 , ITGB3 , VAV3 , ITGA2 , GPVI , PTGS1 , F2R , THBS1 , A2AR , and GP1BA with events during follow-up using Cox proportional hazards modeling adjusted for clinical characteristics associated with outcomes in the nongenetic cohort. Results Over a median of 3.5 years, 2,762 (24%) nongenetic cohort patients and 648 (19%) CATHeterization GENetics cohort patients had the composite outcome during reported aspirin use. No candidate SNPs were significantly associated with death, MI, or stroke in either univariable or multivariable analyses. A prospective analysis demonstrated 80% to 88% power to detect a hazard ratio of ≥1.3 for minor allele carriers. Conclusion Patients with angiographically significant coronary artery disease regularly using aspirin and carrying SNPs associated with laboratory aspirin resistance were not at higher risk for death, MI, or stroke. Using these SNPs to guide more aggressive antiplatelet therapy is not justified by these results. Direct extrapolation from in vitro findings to the clinical setting should be avoided.
A stochastic computational framework for the joint transportation network fragility analysis and traffic flow distribution under extreme events

Abstract This paper deals with a novel technique that jointly uses structural fragility analysis, network flow analysis, and random field theory to assess the correlation among the damage levels of bridges in a transportation network under extreme events, and to estimate the sensitivity of the network performance to the correlation distance. A stochastic computational framework for the combined use of the individual bridge damage level due to extreme events and the bridge network performance evaluation is presented. Random field theory is used to simulate the bridge damage level, so that it is possible to directly control its correlation and perform a parametric analysis. Two numerical examples that involve bridges in parallel and series configurations subject to extreme events (e.g. earthquakes) show that the correlation distance of the damage can strongly affect the network performance indicators. Therefore, this correlation should be taken into account for every analysis that involves the network performance assessment.
Educational Controversies: African Activism and Educational Strategies in Southern Rhodesia, 1920-1934

This article examines three case studies of conflict between Africans’ concepts of what education should be, and the education actually available in schools in Southern Rhodesia. It focuses on the 1920s and early 1930s, when African education first expanded and attained new levels of direct government involvement, and then began to contract under the economic pressure of the depression. In the Gutu district, students and parents fought for alternatives to the Dutch Reformed Church schools, attempting to enlist government support for alternatives, and attending independent schools. At Inyati, a London Missionary Society school, dissatisfied students struck, forcing major changes on the school as the mission acknowledged a need to provide pupils with not merely subsistence and disciplined learning, but also respect and advancement. The government's schools started out with strikes over academic and industrial curricula, and provided, in the contrast between Domboshawa's relative health and popularity, and T...
Long-range generation planning: use of optimization- and simulation-based computer programs

Abstract Planning electric energy resources in a predominantly hydroenergy system for the future is complicated by uncertainties in future load, water conditions and uncertainty accompanied by other resources (existing and planned). Along with uncertainties, there are unquantifiable costs and benefits associated with different technologies (eg environmental impacts). A set of computer models used to determine and analyse alternative plans is presented. These planning tools are a load forecasting model, an optimization-based model, and a simulation model. Also presented is an approach to determining a suboptimal generation plan. Because of the interdependency of load and resource mix, load forecasting and planning for resources to meet the forecast load(s) is an iterative process. Ideally, iteration between the two should continue until an equilibrium is attained, but practically it is too cumbersome and time consuming. Hence, a two phase approach is suggested. The first phase is aimed at refining the initial load forecast and the second is used to draw the generation plan. In both phases, electric resource planning tools are used to determine the resource mix and the deployment schedule of new resources.
A Systematic Review of Outcomes in Patients With Staged Carotid Artery Stenting and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Background and Purpose— Although current guidelines state that carotid endarterectomy is probably recommended before or concomitant to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with carotid stenosis, significant controversies to this recommendation still persist. Carotid artery stenting has been recently introduced as an alternative revascularization modality in high-risk patients. The aim of this study was to define, based on the published information, if carotid artery stenting is beneficial in this setting. Methods— A search of MEDLINE and a manual search of the literature from selected articles were performed. A total of 6 studies with 277 patients reporting carotid stenting followed by staged CABG were available for this clinical outcome analysis. All were retrospective and single-center studies. Results— The mean age was 69 years; 78% were males. Asymptomatic carotid stenosis was present in 76% of patients. The mean time to CABG was 32 days. The incidence of stroke and death associated with...
Hot-Air Quarantine Treatment for Carambolas Infested with Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

A single-stage quarantine treatment using air at 47 ± 0.2°C was developed to disinfest Florida-grown carambola, Averrhoa carambola L., ‘Arkin’ of eggs and larvae of Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). Treating infested fruits for 30,45, and 60 min with air at 47±0.2°C at a mean air flow rate of 0.75 m3/s reduced the number of surviving puparia that developed from treated eggs and larvae. Initial mean ±SEM fruit center pulp temperature was 22.8 ± 0.1°C. The temperatures were 38.9 ±0.7,43.3 ± 0.4, and 44.9 ±0.4°C at 30, 45, and 60 min of heating respectively, when mortalities were 79.2, 98.5, and 100%. Probit analysis of the data estimated the mean fruit center pulp temperature needed to reach 99.9968% (Probit 9) mortality as 44°C (range, 42.4-44.8°C), which required a mean 64.8 min. A large-scale confirmatory test resulted in no survivors based on normal appearing puparia when 214,801 A. suspensa in 3,850 infested carambolas were heated with air at 47 ± 0.2°C at an average air flow rate of 0.75 m3/s until the fruit center pulp temperature reached ≥45.5°C. The heating time required to reach ≥45.5°C ranged from 90 to 120 min. Initial mean relative humidity was 51%; it increased to =85% at 90 min, and remained there until the confirmatory test was Cornpleted.
Characterization of incremental data changes for efficient data protection

Protecting data on primary storage often requires creating secondary copies by periodically replicating the data to external target systems. We analyze over 100,000 traces from 125 customer block-based primary storage systems to gain a high-level understanding of I/O characteristics and then perform an in-depth analysis of over 500 traces from 13 systems that span at least 24 hours. Our analysis has the twin goals of minimizing overheads on primary systems and improving data replication efficiency. We compare our results with a study a decade ago [20] and provide fresh insights into patterns of incremental changes on primary systems over time. Primary storage systems often create snapshots as point-in-time copies in order to support host I/O while replicating changed data to target systems. However, creating standard snapshots on a primary storage system incurs overheads in terms of capacity and I/O, and we present a new snapshot technique called a replication snapshot that reduces these overheads. Replicated data also requires capacity and I/O on the target system, and we investigate techniques to significantly reduce these overheads. We also find that highly sequential or random I/O patterns have different incremental change characteristics. Where applicable, we present our findings as advice to storage engineers and administrators.
At Home with Ubiquitous Computing: Seven Challenges

The smart home offers a new opportunity to augment people's lives with ubiquitous computing technology that provides increased communications, awareness, and functionality. Recently, a number of trends have increased the likelihood that the aware home can soon become a reality. We examine a number of challenges from the technical, social, and pragmatic domains that we feel must be overcome before the vision of the smart home, posited by ubiquitous computing research, can become a reality. Our hope in raising these issues is to create a conversation among researchers in the varied disciplines that make up ubiquitous computing. In particular, we hope to raise awareness of the existing literature on the adoption, use, and history of domestic technologies, as well as the use of situated studies, and the benefits that these can bring to bear on the design and evaluation of technologies for the home
BAUMAG AG: Funding Multinational Operations

In 1988, BAUMAG AG (headquartered in Bielefeld, Germany) decided to invest FFR 386 mio to expand the production facilities of their French subsidiary, BAUMAG France SA, located near Muhlhausen, a German-speaking region in Eastern France near Strasbourg. BAUMAG’s intended this expansion to serve the Middle Eastern markets for heavy construction machinery where such products were in high demand as more and more desert was being developed.
An evaluation of Starburst's memory resident storage component

As part of the Starburst extensible database project, the authors have designed and implemented a memory resident storage component that can coexist along side traditional disk-oriented storage components. The memory resident storage component shares the code of Starburst's common services, such as query optimization, plan generation, query evaluation, record manipulation, and transaction management. The design of Starburst's memory resident storage component is discussed, contrasted with Starburst's default disk-oriented storage component, and compared to the performance of the two storage components using the Wisconsin Benchmarks. The results show that a memory resident storage component can perform significantly better than a disk-oriented storage component, even when the disk-oriented storage component has all of its data cached in memory. The benchmark results show that, by using memory resident techniques, overall query execution can be improved by up to a factor of four. >
Single domain Ca-induced reconstruction on vicinal Si(1 1 1)

High-quality vicinal Si(1 1 1) surfaces are used as templates to create single domains of the Si(1 1 1)3 � 1-Ca reconstruction which exhibit atomic chains parallel to Si steps. Scanning tunneling microscope images support the formation of honeycomb chains of Si atoms, rather than zigzag chains proposed in earlier models. Angle-resolved photoemission is used to map out the dispersion of valence band states parallel and perpendicular to the chains. A gap of � 0.9 eV is found below the Fermi level with both in-plane and out-of-plane polarization of the synchrotron light. The observed semiconducting behavior suggests that the honeycomb chain channel model proposed for the alkaliinduced 3 � 1 reconstruction be modified for divalent alkaline earths, e.g. a 3 � 2 structure with 1/6 monolayer coverage. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Semantic Discourse Segmentation and Labeling for Route Instructions

In order to build a simulated robot that accepts instructions in unconstrained natural language, a corpus of 427 route instructions was collected from human subjects in the office navigation domain. The instructions were segmented by the steps in the actual route and labeled with the action taken in each step. This flat formulation reduced the problem to an IE/Segmentation task, to which we applied Conditional Random Fields. We compared the performance of CRFs with a set of hand-written rules. The result showed that CRFs perform better with a 73.7% success rate.
Drift: A Historical and Conceptual Overview

There are several different ways in which chance affects evolutionary change. That all of these processes are called “random genetic drift” is in part due to common elements across these different processes, but is also a product of historical borrowing of models and language across different levels of organization in the biological hierarchy. A history of the concept of drift will reveal the variety of contexts in which drift has played an explanatory role in biology, and will shed light on some of the philosophical controversy surrounding whether drift is a cause of evolutionary change.
Estimating the Effects of Length of Exposure to Instruction in a Training Program: The Case of Job Corps

Abstract We semiparametrically estimate average causal effects of different lengths of exposure to academic and vocational instruction in the Job Corps (JC) under the assumption that selection into different lengths is based on a rich set of observed covariates and time-invariant factors. We find that the estimated effects on future earnings increase in the length of exposure and that the marginal effects of additional instruction decrease with length of exposure. We also document differences in the estimated effects across demographic groups, which are particularly large between males and females. Finally, our results suggest an important lock-in effect in JC training.
Quality characteristics of red testa peanuts associated with tomato spotted wilt virus infected plants.

Abstract Florunner peanuts with red, cracked testae commonly associated with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infected plants were examined for size, oil quality and flavor variation. Samples of visually normal and red testa peanuts (RTP) were collected randomly by electronic color sorting and hand-picking from three locations in Texas. Size distributions in the samples indicated higher percentages of RTP in smaller commercial sizes. Mean seed weight was lower for RTP except in the single largest screen size (9.5 mm). The oleic/linoleic acid ratio in oil from various commercial sizes was slightly but consistently higher in RTP and oven test stability of oil was correspondingly longer. Descriptive flavor analysis of roasted normal peanuts and RTP indicated no relevant flavor differences.
The early light-inducible protein (ELIP) gene is expressed during the chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition in ripening tomato fruit

Chloroplast-to-chromoplast transitions during fruit ripening require massive transformation of the plastid internal membrane structure as the photosynthetic apparatus is disassembled. Early Light-Inducible Proteins (ELIPs) are known to accumulate in chloroplasts during thylakoid biogenesis and under stressful conditions. To determine if ELIP may also play a role in thylakoid disassembly during the chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition, ELIP mRNA expression was measured in tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rutgers. An EST clone was identified in the Tomato Genome Project/ Solanaceae Genomics Network database that has high sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of Arabidopsis ELIP1 and ELIP2. It has complete identity in the two conserved regions of the protein. Genomic Southern blots indicate that the gene is a single copy in tomato. The genomic sequence shows the three-exon structure typical of ELIP sequences from other species. mRNA for this gene is barely detectable on northern blots from etiolated seedlings, but transiently accumulates to high levels 2 h after transfer to the light. Greenhouse-grown tomatoes were used to measure ELIP mRNA accumulation during fruit development and ripening. Tomato ELIP mRNA is detectable in all stages of fruit ripening, but is most abundant in the breaker/turning stage of development. A survey of tomato EST databases revealed that ELIP cDNA is also relatively abundant in developing flowers, which contain yellow chromoplasts. Combined, these results suggest that ELIP may play a newly-recognized role in the chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition process.
Impact of channel modeling on the performance of wireless scheduling schemes

Wireless packet scheduling schemes provide the means to achieve service differentiation for wireless users with diverse quality-of-service (QoS) demands. These schemes are often designed to account for the dynamics of the wireless channel, so that a user that is likely to experience deep fade defers his transmission until the channel conditions improve. The vacant transmission slot is then given to another user that is expected to experience a "clean" channel. Channel conditions are location dependent and are made available to the transmitter (the scheduler) after some time delay. Therefore, at the time of packet scheduling, the scheduler has to predict the current channel state at a given receiver, often based on an N-state Markov model. The goal of this paper is to assess the impact of channel predictions on the delay and throughput performance obtained under two popular wireless scheduling schemes. For both schemes and under reasonable channel assumptions, we show that better performance can be achieved by increasing N.
Considerations for staff involved in amputee rehabilitation

In order to examine the personal experiences of patients undergoing an amputation, 10 patients at the Dulwich Hospital, and their relatives, were interviewed to investigate their personal experiences and their perceptions of undergoing a lower limb amputation. The information obtained has been used to compile an information booklet which is more sensitive to the problems identified by patients in the study.
Progress in the reduction of inductance in the standard 100 kV energy storage capacitor

Summary form only given, as follows. The basic metal case low profile bushing energy storage capacitor design has changed little from the 1.85 /spl mu/F 60 kV capacitor developed for the LANL SCYLLAC program in the late 1960's. Their enduring use testifies to a robust design. Today energy storage capacitors having a lower equivalent series inductance (ESL) will contribute to increasing the power capability of new or revised pulsed power machines. This lower ESL coupled with improved terminal configuration and better integration with the system design, will produce faster discharge times and lower driver impedances, making higher power systems more sensible and energy efficient. A lower ESL capacitor that is compatible with the existing proven hardware will also make upgrading more cost effective. This paper discusses the establishment of a standardized test method for determining the inductance values of different SCYLLAC style energy storage capacitor; for example Maxwell Type C capacitors, which are now manufactured by General Atomics Energy Products, a part of Sorrento Electronics, and units from Aerovox. The effects leading to imprecision in inductance measurements will be noted. The inductance values of existing designs will be compared with new hardware compatible prototype configurations with a goal of reducing the inductance up to 50%.
Enhanced Sexual Behaviors and Androgen Receptor Immunoreactivity in the Male Progesterone Receptor Knockout Mouse

Reproductive and behavioral functions of progesterone receptors (PRs) in males were assessed by examining consequences of PR gene deletion. Basal hormone levels were measured in male progesterone receptor knockout (PRKO) mice and compared to wild-type (WT) counterparts. RIA of serum LH, testosterone, and progesterone levels revealed no significant differences. Levels of FSH were moderately but significantly lower and inhibin levels were higher in PRKOs; these differences were not accompanied by gross differences in testicular weight or morphology. PRKOs exhibited significant alterations in sexual behavior. In initial tests PRKOs exhibited reduced latency to mount, compared with WT. In second sessions,PRKOsagainshowedasignificantlyreducedlatency to mount and increased likelihood of achieving ejaculation. RU486 treatment in WT produced increased mount and intromission frequency and decreased latency to intromission. In anxiety-related behavior tests, PRKO mice exhibited intermediate anxiety levels, compared with WT, suggesting that enhanced sexual behavior in PRKOs is not secondary to reduced anxiety. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly enhanced androgen receptor expression in the medial preoptic nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of PRKO. We conclude that testicular development and function and homeostatic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary testicular axis are altered to a lesser extent by PR gene deletion. In contrast, PR appears to play a substantial role in inhibiting the anticipatory/motivational components of male sexual behavior in the mouse. The biological significance of this inhibitory mechanism and the extent to which it is mediated by reduced androgen receptor expression remain to be clarified. (Endocrinology 146: 4340–4348, 2005)
Bonobos and chimpanzees infer the target of another's attention

We examined the ability of bonobos, Pan paniscus (N = 39), and chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes (N = 74), to infer the target of an experimenter’s visual attention in a series of three experiments. In each experiment subjects were first introduced to a novel object while an experimenter’s (E1) visual access to this object was manipulated by (1) having E1 orient towards or away from the object, (2) positioning a visual occluder that did or did not block E1’s view of the object, or (3) substituting a different experimenter for E1 during the introduction phase of the trial. After subjects were introduced to the objects in one of these ways, E1 vocalized excitedly while gazing ambiguously towards the previously introduced target object and a second location on the same visual plane. In each experiment we measured whether subjects looked at the object or the alternative target of the E1’s gaze. We predicted that if subjects recognized when E1 was previously familiar with the object, they would search for an alternative target of his attention more frequently in these trials. In all three contexts, chimpanzees, and in one context, bonobos, behaved consistently with this prediction. These results are not easily explained by learning or behaviour-reading hypotheses because responses were never rewarded, few trials were conducted per subject, and the experimenter’s behaviour was the same across experimental conditions at the moment subjects were required to respond. Therefore, similar to human infants, subjects most likely remembered what the experimenter had or had not seen in the past, allowing them to infer the target of his attention in the present.
STATIC AND SPONTANEOUS ELECTROWETTING

There has been recent renewed interest in electrocapillary and electrowetting phenomena given its potential for microfluidic actuation and manipulation. Different approaches, in which a variety of electrode configurations have been adopted, however, have dominated the developments in this field. These different approaches have given rise to rich and varied behavior, which has often led to some overlap and confusion in the literature. In this article, we delineate the different observations and elucidate the relationship between these phenomena by re-stressing classical concepts and examining their limitations. Particular emphasis is placed on the distinction between static and spontaneous electrowetting. In the former, a static change in the liquid–solid macroscopic contact angle results when a dielectric film-coated planar plate electrode is employed. In the latter, a spontaneous thin front-running electrowetting film is pulled out ahead of the macroscopic drop with the use of planar parallel line electrodes. This dynamically evolving electrowetting film advances much faster than the macroscopic drop itself and behaves in a self-similar manner analogous to gravity spreading films.
The Distributed Nature of Pattern Generalization.

Drawing on a review of recent work conducted in the area of pattern generalization (PG), this paper makes a case for a distributed view of PG, which basically situates processing ability in terms of convergences among several different factors that influence PG. Consequently, the distributed nature leads to different types of PG that depend on the nature of a given PG task and a host of cognitive, sociocultural, classroom-related, and unexplored factors. Individual learners draw on a complex net of parallel choices, where every choice depends on the strength of ongoing training and connections among factors, with some factors appearing to be more predictable than others. La naturaleza distribuida de la generalizacion de patrones Sobre la base de una revision de trabajos recientes en el area de generalizacion de patrones (PG), este articulo aboga por una vision distribuida de PG, que basicamente situa la capacidad de procesamiento en terminos de convergencias entre diferentes factores que influyen en PG. En consecuencia, la naturaleza distribuida conduce a diferentes tipos de PG que dependen de la naturaleza de una tarea PG dada y una serie de factores cognitivos, socioculturales, inexplorados y relacionadas con el aula. Alumnos individuales se basan en una compleja red de opciones paralelas, donde cada eleccion depende de la fortaleza de la formacion continua y las conexiones entre los factores, con algunos factores mas predecibles que otros. Handle: http://hdl.handle.net/10481/34989 WOS-ESCI No de citas en WOS (2017): 1 (Citas de 2o orden, 1)