cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A corpus-based approach for automated LOINC mapping

Objective To determine whether the knowledge contained in a rich corpus of local terms mapped to LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes) could be leveraged to help map local terms from other institutions. Methods We developed two models to test our hypothesis. The first based on supervised machine learning was created using Apache's OpenNLP Maxent and the second based on information retrieval was created using Apache's Lucene. The models were validated by a random subsampling method that was repeated 20 times and that used 80/20 splits for training and testing, respectively. We also evaluated the performance of these models on all laboratory terms from three test institutions. Results For the 20 iterations used for validation of our 80/20 splits Maxent and Lucene ranked the correct LOINC code first for between 70.5% and 71.4% and between 63.7% and 65.0% of local terms, respectively. For all laboratory terms from the three test institutions Maxent ranked the correct LOINC code first for between 73.5% and 84.6% (mean 78.9%) of local terms, whereas Lucene's performance was between 66.5% and 76.6% (mean 71.9%). Using a cut-off score of 0.46 Maxent always ranked the correct LOINC code first for over 57% of local terms. Conclusions This study showed that a rich corpus of local terms mapped to LOINC contains collective knowledge that can help map terms from other institutions. Using freely available software tools, we developed a data-driven automated approach that operates on term descriptions from existing mappings in the corpus. Accurate and efficient automated mapping methods can help to accelerate adoption of vocabulary standards and promote widespread health information exchange.
Are we there yet? Trip duration and mood during travel

Are longer trips more strenuous or unpleasant than shorter ones? This paper examines this question using data from the American Time Use Survey’s well-being module, which queried individuals about the extent to which they felt happiness, pain, sadness, stress, and fatigue during three randomly selected daily activities. Over 22,000 instances of individuals traveling are observed, including their trip duration, mode, purpose, and demographic and geographic information. Each emotion, plus a constructed, composite mood variable, is regressed on trip duration. Overall, the relationship between trip duration and traveler mood is not strong, which is unsurprising given prior findings on the limited impact of activities on mood. However, there is a statistically significant and negative association between trip duration and mood, primarily because of rising stress, fatigue and sadness on long trips. This is particularly true for drivers, while negative emotions do not rise with increasing trip duration for auto passengers. This suggests strain rises as the result of operating the vehicle for long periods, not traveling in an auto per se. Long bicycle trips are more painful than shorter ones, probably due to the physical demands of the mode, and long train trips are associated with less sadness. For commutes, long trips significantly degrade the mood of both drivers and bus riders, in the latter case probably due in part to vehicle crowding and standing. The findings imply that reducing the duration of trips, for example through land use policies that reduce trip distances, or congestion reduction, would have emotional benefits. Policies to promote ridesharing instead of solo driving for long trips may increase traveler mood in the aggregate. Improving bus service or substituting rail for bus for long commute trips may also improve traveler mood.
Synthesis and electrochemical properties of InVO4 nanotube arrays

This paper reports an experimental study on the synthesis and electrochemical properties of InVO4 nanotube arrays fabricated by capillary-enforced sol-filling in templates in combination with solvent-evaporation induced deposition. InVO4 sol was synthesized using the sol–gel route from vanadium oxoisopropoxide and indium nitrate with ethanol as the solvent. Nanotube arrays of InVO4 were prepared by filling the sol into pores of polycarbonate membranes and pyrolyzing through sintering. Another type of InVO4 nanotube array (InVO4–acac) was obtained from the sol with the addition of acetyl acetone (acac). For comparison purposes, InVO4 films were prepared by drop casting from the same InVO4 sol. Films and the two types of nanotube array of InVO4 annealed at 500 °C consisted of mixed monoclinic (InVO4-I) and orthorhombic (InVO4-III) phases. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization indicated that the nanotubes were aligned perpendicular to the substrate surface with an outer diameter of ∼200 nm for short InVO4 nanotubes and ∼170 nm for long InVO4–acac nanotubes. Chronopotentiometry results revealed that the InVO4–acac nanotube array has the highest charge capacity (790 mAh g−1), followed by the InVO4 nanotube array (600 mAh g−1) then the InVO4 film (290 mAh g−1). Such enhanced lithium-ion intercalation properties were ascribed to the large surface area and short diffusion distance offered by nanostructures and amorphisation caused by acetyl acetone in the case of InVO4–acac nanotube arrays.
Alignment-Based Compositional Semantics for Instruction Following

This paper describes an alignment-based model for interpreting natural language instructions in context. We approach instruction following as a search over plans, scoring sequences of actions conditioned on structured observations of text and the environment. By explicitly modeling both the low-level compositional structure of individual actions and the high-level structure of full plans, we are able to learn both grounded representations of sentence meaning and pragmatic constraints on interpretation. To demonstrate the model’s flexibility, we apply it to a diverse set of benchmark tasks. On every task, we outperform strong task-specific baselines, and achieve several new state-of-the-art results.
Evaluating the opposing wave interaction hypothesis for the generation of microbaroms in the eastern North Pacific

[1] Two microphone arrays were deployed in California during 2010 to record microbaroms, quasi-continuous atmospheric pressure oscillations with a period of ∼5 s. In this paper a time-progressive, frequency domain beamforming method is developed and used to analyze microbaroms recorded by these and 10 other infrasonic arrays along the North Pacific rim. Common pelagic microbarom sources that move around the North Pacific are observed during the boreal winter. Summertime North Pacific sources are only observed by western Pacific arrays, presumably a result of weaker microbarom radiation and westward stratospheric winds. A well-defined source is resolved ∼2000 km off the coast of California in January 2011 that moves closer to land over several days. The source locations are corrected for deflection by horizontal winds using acoustic ray trace modeling with range-dependent atmospheric specifications provided by ground-to-space models. The observed source locations do not correlate with anomalies in NOAA Wave Watch 3 (NWW3) model field data. However, application of the opposing wave, microbarom source model of Waxler and Gilbert (2006) to the NWW3 directional wave height spectra output at buoy locations within 1100 km of the western North America coastline predicts microbarom radiation in locations that correlate with observed locations. These results suggest that pelagic North Pacific microbarom radiation detected by infrasonic arrays during the boreal winter could be routinely used to validate NWW3 results in regions with poor sensor coverage.
The derailment of behavior therapy: A tale of conceptual misdirection

Abstract Forty years ago it was shown that neuroses are persistent unadaptive anxiety response habits that can be systematically overcome by deconditioning procedures collectively known as behavior therapy. Indispensable to behavior therapy is behavior analysis — detailed and accurate specification of the antecedents of the individual's neurotic patterns. In recent years, the behavior therapy movement has been infiltrated by two alien orientations — “exposure therapy” and cognitivism — which repudiate conditioning theory and dispense with the characteristic behavior analysis. By claiming to be more effective, the alien approaches have induced widespread abandonment of the conditioning model. In fact, outcomes have not been improved by the alien methodologies, and in many cases have become worse. Also, no viable theory of change has been proposed in place of conditioning. The result is an amorphous eclecticism to which psychoanalysis and primal scream could readily be added. Some first steps are suggested towards restoring conditioning principles to their central role in the behavior therapy field.
Optimality conditions and finite convergence of Lasserre's hierarchy

Lasserre's hierarchy is a sequence of semidefinite relaxations for solving polynomial optimization problems globally. This paper studies the relationship between optimality conditions in nonlinear programming theory and finite convergence of Lasserre's hierarchy. Our main results are: (i) Lasserre's hierarchy has finite convergence when the constraint qualification, strict complementarity and second order sufficiency conditions hold at every global minimizer, under the standard archimedean condition; the proof uses a result of Marshall on boundary hessian conditions. (ii) These optimality conditions are all satisfied at every local minimizer if a finite set of polynomials, which are in the coefficients of input polynomials, do not vanish at the input data (i.e., they hold in a Zariski open set). This implies that, under archimedeanness, Lasserre's hierarchy has finite convergence generically.
Information Theoretic Analysis of a Slow-Light Channel

We present a new formalism for the analysis of a slow-light channel, which enables natural information-theoretic definitions for delay and capacity. We apply this formalism to a simple gain-based delay system.
Solid‐phase glycan isolation for glycomics analysis

Glycosylation is one of the most significant protein PTMs. The biological activities of proteins are dramatically changed by the glycans associated with them. Thus, structural analysis of the glycans of glycoproteins in complex biological or clinical samples is critical in correlation with the functions of glycans with diseases. Profiling of glycans by HPLC-MS is a commonly used technique in analyzing glycan structures and quantifying their relative abundance in different biological systems. Methods relied on MS require isolation of glycans from negligible salts and other contaminant ions since salts and ions may interfere with the glycans, resulting in poor glycan ionization. To accomplish those objectives, glycan isolation and clean-up methods including SPE, liquid-phase extraction, chromatography, and electrophoresis have been developed. Traditionally, glycans are isolated from proteins or peptides using a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic columns: proteins and peptides remain on hydrophobic absorbent while glycans, salts, and other hydrophilic reagents are collected as flowthrough. The glycans in the flowthrough are then purified through graphite-activated carbon column by hydrophilic interaction LC. Yet, the drawback in these affinity-based approaches is nonspecific binding. As a result, chemical methods by hydrazide or oxime have been developed for solid-phase isolation of glycans with high specificity and yield. Combined with high-resolution MS, specific glycan isolation techniques provide tremendous potentials as useful tools for glycomics analysis.
Direct and heterodyne detection of microwaves in a metallic single wall carbon nanotube

This letter reports measurements of microwave (up to 4.5GHz) detection in metallic single walled carbon nanotubes. The measured voltage responsivity was found to be 114V∕W at 77K. The authors also demonstrated heterodyne detection at 1GHz. The detection mechanism can be explained based on standard microwave detector theory and the nonlinearity of the dc IV curve. The authors discuss the possible causes of this nonlinearity. While the frequency response is limited by circuit parasitics in this measurement, the authors discuss evidence that indicates that the effect is much faster and that applications of carbon nanotubes as terahertz detectors are feasible.
Resonator-enhanced optical guiding and trapping of Cs atoms.

We demonstrate a 90 cm launch of Cs atoms guided by a one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice. The 1064 nm wavelength optical lattice is made in a 2 m long buildup cavity and provides a transverse guide depth of up to 125 μK. Before they reach the top of their trajectory, the atoms are stopped and cooled by optical molasses, becoming trapped in the 1D lattice. The lattice can be loaded with multiple launches, filling sites that extend over 5 cm. The trap is far from all magnetic sources and will be used for a precision measurement of the electron electric-dipole moment.
Spectrum generating affine Lie algebras in massive field theory

Abstract We present a new application of affine Lie algebras to massive quantum field theory in two dimensions, by investigating the q → 1 limit of the q -deformed affine symmetry of the sine-Gordon theory, this limit occurring at the free fermion point. We describe how radial quantization leads to a quasi-chiral factorization of the space of fields. The conserved charges which generate the affine Lie algebra split into two independent affine algebras on this factorized space, each with level one, in the anti-periodic sector. The space of fields in the anti-periodic sector can be organized using level-one highest-weight representations, if one supplements the algebra with the usual local integrals of motion. Using the integrals of motion, a momentum space bosonization involving vertex operators is formulated. This leads to a new way of computing form factors, as vacuum expectation values in momentum space.
Asymmetric organic synthesis. Preparation and birch reduction-alkylation of 2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-ones

Abstract Birch reductions of 2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-ones 1 and 6 generate enolates 2a and 2b and alkylations provide 1,4-cyclohexadienes 3a–3e and 7a–7c . The synthesis of a racemic structural analogue, 9 , of the potent analgetic levorphanol is described.
Self Adapting Mechanical Step Bearings for Variations in Load

As the application of small-scale and precision technologies increases, the need will grow for bearings which are able to provide precision control of their location. At the micro and nano-scale there is a need for new bearing technologies to reduce friction and wear, and provide precision control of bearing motion. This control can be provided by electronically controlled actuators and sensors, but then the system is dependant on the reliability of the electronics. This work uses numerical methods to research the design and behavior of self adapting smart step bearings. These step bearings are designed to change their surface profiles to achieve an optimal or controlled behavior, without the use electronics or external control. The bearing changes its profile to control the film height of the bearing to a near constant value for different loads. The result is a self adapting step bearing design that may be applied at multiple scales for use in a wide variety of machine components. The numerical simulation shows that the self adapting step bearing is able to autonomously adapt in real time to dynamic loads and maintain a desired film thickness with a relatively small amount of deviation. The self adapting step bearing also exhibits smaller dynamic responses to transient loads in comparison to a conventional static geometry step bearing.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Proton stability in superstring derived models

Abstract I discuss the problem of proton decay, from dimension-four, -five and -six operators, in superstring derived standard-like models. I classify the sectors that produce color triplet superfields which may generate proton decay from dimension-five and -six operators. I show that for two of these sectors there exists a unique superstring doublet-triplet splitting mechanism that projects out the color triplets by means of the GSO projection, while leaving the electroweak doublets in the physical spectrum. I investigate possible proton decay due to additional color triplets in the massless spectrum and due to non-renormalizable terms I show that there exist models in which the dimension-four, -five and -six operators, that lead to proton decay, are forbidden by the symmetries of the string models, to all orders of nonrenormalizable terms.
Critical Race Humor in a Postracial Moment: Richard Pryor’s Contemporary Parrhesia

Racial truth-telling becomes a difficult project given the current sociopolitical context that privileges postracialism and neoliberal individualism. Critical race humor, however, remains a public ...
Protein antigens from Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with toxic-shock syndrome

Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with toxic-shock syndrome have two antigenic proteins that distinguish these strains from isolates obtained from patients who do not have this syndrome and who are colonized or infected with S. aureus. These proteins may either represent antigenic markers, the toxin (or toxins), or toxic subunits that cause the clinical manifestations of this disease.
Limitations on the smooth confinement of an unstretchable manifold

We prove that an m-dimensional unit ball Dm in the Euclidean space Rm cannot be isometrically embedded into a higher-dimensional Euclidean ball Brd⊂Rd of radius r<1/2 unless one of two conditions is met: (1) the embedding manifold has dimension d⩾2m; (2) the embedding is not smooth. The proof uses differential geometry to show that if d<2m and the embedding is smooth and isometric, we can construct a line from the center of Dm to the boundary that is geodesic in both Dm and in the embedding manifold Rd. Since such a line has length 1, the diameter of the embedding ball must exceed 1.
Finite element model updating using antiresonant frequencies

Abstract This paper uses antiresonant frequencies in the finite element model updating of an experimental 6-m aluminum truss and analyzes the physical correctness of the updated model by using it to detect damage. Rigid elements are used to simplify the modelling of welded joints, and their dimensions are used as parameters in an iterative update based on eigenvalue and antiresonance sensitivities. An update using both natural frequencies and antiresonant frequencies is shown to produce a 48% better correlation to experimental frequency response functions (FRFs) than an update that uses only natural frequencies. The antiresonant updated model is used to predict FRFs for the truss in 112 damaged configurations. Pattern classification and curve-fit algorithms for damage detection are tested. The curve-fit method correctly identified damage 92·6% of the time compared to 76·1% for the pattern classifier. The high quality of the model is attributed to the use of rigid elements that are updated using antiresonant frequencies.
Strong Lg Attenuation in the Tibetan Plateau

The widespread existence of strong Lg attenuation in the Tibetan Plateau is further demonstrated by analysis of Lg spectra on many paths within the plateau and quantitative estimates of the Lg attenuation from low-frequency Lg signals for new, localized path geometries. Strong path-length-dependent shifts of the Lg spectra to lower corner frequencies with increasing distance are observed across the plateau, consistent with a low regional average 1-Hz Lg attenuation value, Q 0 , of about 125. There are clearly lateral variations within the plateau found in this and other recent studies, with localized areas having Q 0 values of 60–90, low enough to eliminate high-frequency Lg energy over path lengths of just several hundred kilometers, while some localized areas may have higher Q 0 values of up to 147 or higher. A Q 0 value of 103 is found in south-central Tibet, compatible with recent work by others for higher frequencies on very localized scales, and values from 83 to 147 are found in eastern Tibet. The lowest Q 0 estimates found in Tibet tend to be in areas for which there is evidence of volcanism and/or partial melting within the crust; however, the strong regional attenuation may have a contribution from scattering by small-scale crustal heterogeneity. The strong Lg attenuation in Tibet gives a new constraint for understanding the tectonic development of the plateau and presents challenges to seismic monitoring of the region for possible clandestine nuclear tests.
Evaluation and comparison of search engines using the LSP method

We present a comprehensive model for quantitative evaluation and comparison of search engines. The model is based on the LSP method for system evaluation. The basic contribution of our approach is the aggregation of all relevant attributes that reflect functionality, usability, and performance of search engines. In this respect our model is fully consistent with the ISO 9126 standard for software product evaluation. Performance analysis of competitive search engines is based on our search engine benchmarking tool (SEben) that is also described in the paper.
On the resonances of the Laplacian on waveguides

Abstract The resonances for the Dirichlet and Neumann Laplacian are studied on compactly perturbed waveguides. In the absence of resonances, an upper bound is proven for the localised resolvent. This is then used to prove that the existence of a quasimode whose asymptotics is bounded away from the thresholds implies the existence of resonances converging to the real axis. The following upper bound to the number of resonances is also proven: # k j ∈ Res (Δ), dist (k j , physical plane ) |k j | /2, |k j | 3+ϵ .
Influence of Atomic Electrons on Radiation and Pair Production

A fast electron passing through matter will radiate at a greater rate than would be expected if the atoms traversed presented to the electron simply a static field of force. This follows because of the additional possibility of collisions in which an atom is excited. In a similar way energetic quanta will produce pairs at a greater rate. Consequently the unit of length characteristic of the multiplicative production of showers will be decreased by a factor which in the case of air amounts to 17 percent. The probabilities of radiation and pair formation are not proportional to the square of the nuclear charge but are supplemented by terms linear in atomic number (mass absorption law).
The expansion and mixing time of skip graphs with applications

We prove that with high probability a skip graph contains a 4-regular expander as a subgraph and estimate the quality of the expansion via simulations. As a consequence, skip graphs contain a large connected component even after an adversarial deletion of nodes. We show how the expansion property can be used to sample a node in the skip graph in a highly efficient manner. We also show that the expansion property can be used to load balance the skip graph quickly. Finally, it is shown that the skip graph could serve as an unstructured P2P system, making it a good candidate for a hybrid P2P system.
Rotating Blade Vibration Analysis Using Shells

Shallow shell theory and the Ritz method are employed to determine the frequencies and mode shapes of turbomachinery blades having both camber and twist, rotating with non-zero angles of attack. Frequencies obtained for different degrees of shallowness and thickness are compared with results available in the literature, obtained from finite element analyses of nonrotating blades. Frequencies are also determined for a rotating blade, showing the effects of changing the (1) angular velocity of rotation, (2) disk radius and (3) angle of attack, as well as the significance of the most important body force terms.
The phosphonylphosphinyl dianion: A convenient synthon for the preparation of biologically interesting phosphonylphosphinyl (P-C-P-C) compounds

Abstract The formation of the (((diisopropyloxyphosphinyl)methyl)isopropyloxyphosphinyl)methyl dianion , (iPrO) 2 P(O)CH − P(O)(iPrO)CH 2 − , is reported and its application to the synthesis of phosphonylphosphinyl (P-C-P-C-) compounds, including analogs of biologically interesting diphosphates, is presented .
Target pitch angle for the microburst escape maneuver

Recovery performance of a commuter-type aircraft in a microburst encounter is studied using a constant-pitch-attitude strategy and flight path optimization. Results obtained indicate that the pitch attitude which maximized climb rate in a wind shear condition is strongly dependent on whether the aircraft is subjected to a horizontal shear or a downdraft. The pitch attitude which maximizes ground clearance depends on the altitude of the encounter, the strength of the microburst, and the initial position of the aircraft with respect to the downburst core. Best results are obtained at relatively low target pitch angles, in severe wind shear encounters at very low altitudes. A technique for maximizing ground clearance involves maintaining a low pitch attitude early in the encounter, followed by a gradual pitch-up that ceases when the wind shear has been excited.
The APA Style Converter: a Web-based interface for converting articles to APA style for publication.

The APA Style Converter is a Web-based tool with which authors may prepare their articles in APA style according to the APAPublication Manual (5th ed.). The Converter provides a user-friendly interface that allows authors to copy and paste text and upload figures through the Web, and it automatically converts all texts, references, and figures to a structured article in APA style. The output is saved in PDF or RTF format, ready for either electronic submission or hardcopy printing.
Palladium-Catalyzed Picolinamide-Directed Alkylation of Unactivated C(sp3)–H Bonds with Alkyl Iodides

We report an efficient method for the alkylation of γ-C(sp3)–H bonds of picolinamide-protected aliphatic amine substrates with primary alkyl iodides via palladium catalysis. Ag2CO3 and dibenzyl phosphate, (BnO)2PO2H, are critical promoters of this reaction. These reactions provide a convenient and straightforward method for the preparation of high-value N-containing products from readily available amine and alkyl iodide precursors.
Turbulence without pressure in d dimensions

The randomly driven Navier-Stokes equation without pressure in {ital d}-dimensional space is considered as a model of strong turbulence in a compressible fluid. We derive a closed equation for the velocity-gradient probability density function. We find the asymptotics of this function for the case of the gradient velocity field (Burgers turbulence) and provide a numerical solution for the two-dimensional case. Application of these results to the velocity-difference probability density function is discussed. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Surface bundles with genus two Heegaard splittings

It is known that there are surface bundles of arbitrarily high genus which have genus two Heegaard splittings. The simplest examples are Seifert fibered spaces with the sphere as a base space, three exceptional fibers and which allow horizontal surfaces. We characterize the monodromy maps of all surface bundles with genus two Heegaard splittings and show that each is the result of integral Dehn surgery in one of these Seifert fibered spaces along loops where the Heegaard surface intersects a horizontal surface. (This type of surgery preserves both the bundle structure and the Heegaard splitting.)
“Spiking” radiation in the Columbia free electron laser

Abstract We report the observation of “spikes” of high-intensity radiation emitted from a 2 mm wavelength Raman free-electron-laser oscillator. The spikes are correlated with a well-developed sideband spectrum including several sideband harmonics, together with the carrier. A pulse width of ∼150 ps is obtained from analysis of data obtained with a two-slit “Young's experiment”. An even shorter pulse width results from a numerical model. Using an elementary model of the spike, we estimate the spike pulse power is ∼ 100 MW.
Spin-wave spectrum of an amorphous ferromagnet

The spin-wave spectrum of an amorphous Heisenberg ferromagnet is calculated by a diagrammatic expansion making use of a transformation suggested by Taylor and Wu. The upper limit of the spectrum is found to occur at frequencies below those of the corresponding crystalline system, while the low-frequency part of the spectrum is enhanced. Internal van Hove singularities are absent in the spin-wave spectrum of the amorphous ferromagnet.
Public health investments and the infant mortality gap: Evidence from federal sanitation interventions on U.S. Indian reservations

Abstract To what extent do differential levels of investment in public health inputs explain observed differences in health outcomes across socioeconomic and racial groups? This study investigates the impact of 3700 projects that were part of a widespread Federal initiative to improve sanitation infrastructure on U.S. Indian reservations starting in 1960. Sanitation investment substantially reduced the cost of clean water for households, leading to sharp reductions in both waterborne gastrointestinal disease and infectious respiratory disease among Native American infants. The sanitation program was quite cost-effective, in part because improvements in the overall disease environment also reduced infectious respiratory disease among nearby White infants. Despite the health externalities, Federal sanitation interventions explain almost forty percent of the convergence in Native American and White infant mortality rates in reservation counties since 1970.
The development of strategies for construction of the aziridine core of the antitumor agents azinomycins A and B

Abstract The synthesis of the C6–C13 aziridino[1,2 a ]pyrrolidine core substructure of the antitumor agents azinomycins A ( 1a ) and B ( 1b ) is described. Key synthetic steps included Wadsworth-Horner-Emmons olefination for formation of the C7C8 double bond, an E-selective electrophilic bromination of the C8 position, and a stereospecific intramolecular addition-elimination reaction sequence for formation of the NC8 pyrrolidine bond.
Evolution and evaluation of SPEC benchmarks

We present a method for quantitative evaluation of SPEC benchmarks. The method is used for the analysis of three generations of SPEC component-level benchmarks: SPEC89, SPEC92, and SPEC95. Our approach is suitable for studying (1) the redundancy between individual benchmark programs, (2) the size, completeness, density and granularity of benchmark suites, (3) the distribution of benchmark programs in a program space, and (4) benchmark suite design and evolution strategies. The presented method can be used for designing a universal benchmark suite as the next generation of SPEC benchmarks.
Direct Palladium-Catalyzed Alkynylation of N-Fused Heterocycles

The first example of direct C−H alkynylation of electron-rich heteroaromatics has been demonstrated. This mild, simple, and general method allows for the efficient synthesis of diverse alkynyl heterocycles. Kinetic isotope effect studies support an electrophilic substitution pathway for this transformation.
Rhodium-catalyzed decomposition of indole-substituted α-diazo-β-keto esters: three different reactions based on indole oxidation state

Abstract Rhodium(II)-catalyzed decomposition of three indole-substituted α-diazo-β-keto esters affords three different types of intramolecular reactions based on the oxidation state of the indole.
Energetic electron beams in Ganymede's magnetosphere

[1] We present energetic particle measurements obtained from the Galileo satellite's final close encounter with Jupiter's moon Ganymede. The encounter occurred on 28 December 2000, crossing Ganymede's plasma wake at midlatitudes. Field-aligned electron beams were observed in the region where trapped-like electron and ion distributions were measured. Given the altitude of the encounter (closest approach ∼2335 km), the observation of both trapped-like distributions and field-aligned electron beams is surprising and suggests that the Ganymede magnetosphere is a more complex configuration than earlier charged particle results indicate. The location of the beams, their angular width, and their spectral characteristics suggest that they may be formed by the entry and subsequent quasi-chaotic drift of ambient Jovian electrons within Ganymede's magnetosphere.
The Durbin-Watson ratio under infinite-variance errors

Abstract This paper studies the properties of the von Neumann ratio for time series with infinite variance. Our asymptotics cover the null of iid variates and general moving-average (MA) alternatives. Regression residuals are also considered. In the static regression model the Durbin-Watson statistic has the same limit distribution as the von Neumann ratio. In dynamic models the results are more complex. In finite-variance models our results specialize to those of the Durbin h-statistic and equivalent LM test asymptotics. Some Monte Carlo results are reported, illustrating the effects of infinite-variance errors and regressors in finite samples.
Nitrogen on Triton

The tentative identification of liquid nitrogen as the source of the 2.16-micron absorption band in the spectrum of Triton has suggested a surface model in which nitrogen, together with the previously identified methane, occur in some kind of chemical association. Water frost may be another surface chemistry component, and dark, photochemically-produced particles occur as a minor contaminant of the ices or liquid. Temperature is noted to be a critical factor in the surface model, because the calculated subsolar surface temperature of Triton lies near nitrogen's melting-freezing temperature. The present modeling of Triton suggests nitrogen's occurrence in the form of fine grains.
Control of SMA actuators in dynamic environments

The strain-temperature hysteresis for shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators has been shown to undergo large changes according to the applied load. This paper provides an adaptive hysteresis model capable of accounting for a time-varying hysteresis, specifically SMA hysteresis under a varying applied stress. Previous research has established excellent performance, in both numerical and laboratory experiments, of the adaptive hysteresis model for actuators with fixed hysteresis. In this paper, the performance of the adaptive model when there are significant changes in the hysteresis characteristics is examined in laboratory tracking experiments.
Physical parameters, modeling, and methodological details in using IR laser pulses to warm frozen or vitrified cells ultra-rapidly.

Abstract We report additional details of the thermal modeling, selection of the laser, and construction of the Cryo Jig used for our ultra-rapid warming studies of mouse oocytes (Jin et al., 2014). A Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm was selected to deliver short 1 ms pulses of sufficient power to produce a warming rate of 1 × 10 7 °C/min from −190 °C to 0 °C. A special Cryo Jig was designed and built to rapidly remove the sample from LN 2 and expose it to the laser pulse. India ink carbon black particles were required to increase the laser energy absorption of the sample. The thermal model reported here is more general than that previously reported. The modeling reveals that the maximum warming rate achievable via external warming across the cell membrane is proportional to (1/ R 2 ) where R is the cell radius.
Decision Difficulty in the Age of Consumer Empowerment

Abstract In this review, we examine the impact of two key factors of consumer empowerment–choice freedom and expansion of information--on the choice difficulty consumers experience in today’s decision environment. We posit that though these two consumer empowerment factors offer numerous potential benefits, they also can magnify such sources of decision difficulty as task complexity, tradeoff difficulty, and preference uncertainty. Next we review several key moderators, including consumer knowledge, mental representation, and maximization tendencies as well as information type and organization, that can exacerbate or mitigate the effect of these consumer empowerment factors on decision difficultly outcomes. Lastly, we examine the effectiveness of decision aids in assisting consumers navigate the complexity of today’s decision environment, and we identify areas for future investigation.
Dark matter from binary tetrahedral flavor symmetry

Abstract The minimal renormalizable T ′ × Z 2 model (MRT′M) is slightly extended in its Higgs scalar sector such that the abelian part of the flavor symmetry enlarges to ( Z 2 × Z 2 ′ ) . All standard model and original MRT′M states will transform trivially under Z 2 ′ . Inspired by the Valencia groupʼs A 4 model building, we propose a T ′ WIMP candidate as the lightest Z 2 ′ odd scalar. This extension of the prior MRT′M model maintains the successful predictions for the neutrino mixing matrix and the Cabibbo angle, and provides an attractive candidate for dark matter ( Φ WIMP ) with M Φ ≃ 780 GeV .
Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation of Internal Alkynes by Arene-Containing Vinylic Iodides and Triflates

In the presence of a palladium catalyst, internal alkynes undergo carboannulation by cyclic and acyclic vinylic iodides and triflates bearing a neighboring aromatic ring to produce a variety of carbocycles. For example, a number of 9,10-disubstituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrenes have been prepared in good yields through the palladium-catalyzed annulation of internal alkynes by 2-phenyl-1-cyclohexenyl triflate (1) or 1-iodo-2-phenylcyclohexene (2). This annulation process is fairly general and highly regioselective. The process appears to involve oxidative addition of the vinylic substrate to Pd(0) to produce a vinylic palladium intermediate, which adds the carbon moiety to the less hindered end and the palladium to the more hindered end of the alkyne, followed by intramolecular ring closure onto the neighboring aryl group. The scope and limitations of this methodology are discussed.
A proposal of broad-bandwidth vertical-cavity laser amplifier

We propose a generic vertical-cavity amplifier (VCA) using a coupled-cavity design to broaden the bandwidth. Calculations are made for cavities with GaAs-AlAs and GaAs-Al/sub x/O/sub 2/ distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR). We found that at reasonable pumping levels the VCA increased the bandwidth by 85% (GaAs-AlAs) to 500% (GaAs-Al/sub x/O/sub 2/) as compared to a simple two-mirror structure similar to vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. In particular, the GaAs-AlAs VCA shows a bandwidth of 2 nm at 6-dB signal gain, while the GaAs-Al/sub x/O/sub 2/ VCA demonstrates a 5-nm bandwidth at 6-dB signal gain with no ripple at required single-pass power gain of /spl sim/2-2.5%. Furthermore, as large as 30-nm bandwidth in a lossless bandpass filter can be obtained. >
Replicated procedure call

A new mechanism for constructing highly available distributed programs is described. It combines remote procedure call with replication of program modules for fault tolerance.The set of replicas of a module is called a troupe. In a program constructed from troupes, what appears to the programmer as a single inter-module procedure call results in a replicated procedure call. A distributed program constructed in this way will continue to function as long as at least one member of each troupe survives.The semantics of replicated procedure calls and troupes are defined and algorithms are presented that support these semantics.
Concepts on an Integrated Design Approach to the Active Control of Structurally Radiated Noise (ASAC)

This work describes a range of issues relating to the implementation of active control for noise and vibration problems. It is important in the commercialization of this technology to consider these and many other factors relating to design of these systems. Many of the concepts required for efficient implementation have not been considered and it is important to begin giving design consideration to these aspects. A design technique based upon the eigenbehavior of feedforward controlled systems is developed and applied to control radiation from structures. Integration of the control system with the physical system dynamics allows the eigenproperties to be defined to meet a prescribed design criteria. Here the technique is demonstrated to implement a structural system that inefficiently couples vibration energy to acoustic energy. In addition, an approach to integrate “knowledge” about actuator configurations into an active control system that reduces spillover effects into structural vibrations is demonstrated. This approach has the advantages that no additional hardware is required while also reducing the order of the control system in terms of degrees of freedom. Finally, some design trade-offs between the passive material properties of an active trim panel and control system performance are examined. Improved performance can be attained but at the cost of additional weight.
Catalytic asymmetric allylations of achiral and chiral aldehydes via BINOL–Zr complex

Abstract The complex generated from BINOL, Zr(O t Bu) 4 , and 4 A MS in toluene–pivalonitrile is very effective for catalytic asymmetric allylation of aldehydes using allyltributyltin. The reactions of achiral aldehyde under these conditions are completed within 3 h using 10–20 mol% of the complex at −20°C. The ees of homoallylic alcohols can be enhanced up to 98% via the tandem asymmetric allylation–Oppenauer oxidations. The scope and limitations of these conditions for β-alkoxy aldehydes were extensively examined.
HIGHER-ORDER CAYLEY TRANSFORMS WITH APPLICATIONS TO ATTITUDE REPRESENTATIONS

We generalize previous results on attitude representations by using Cayley transforms. First, we show that proper orthogonalmatrices, which naturally represent rotations, can be generated by a form of conformal analytic mappings in the space of matrices. Using a natural parallelism between the elements of the complex plane and the realmatrices, we generate higher-orderCayley transformsanddiscuss someof their properties. These higher-order Cayley transformsare shownto parameterizeproper orthogonalmatrices intohigher-orderRodriguesparameters.
Folding principles of genomes

My laboratory studies how chromosomes are organized in three dimensions. The three-dimensional organization of the genome is critical for regulating gene expression by bringing genes in close spatial proximity to distal regulatory elements such as enhancers. We have developed powerful molecular approaches, based on our Chromosome Conformation Capture technology, to determine the folding of genomes at unprecedented resolution (Kb) and scale (genome-wide). We have applied these methods to determine the spatial folding of 1% of the human genome (the ENCODE pilot regions) across a panel of cell lines. We discovered that chromosomes fold into extensive long-range interaction networks in which genes are interacting with distal gene regulatory elements. These results start to place genes and regulatory elements, that are often separated by large genomic distances, in three-dimensional context to reveal their functional relationships. Our analysis of chromosome folding also revealed that chromosomes are compartmentalized in a series of “Topological Association Domains” (TADs) that are hundreds of Kb in size. Loci located within a TAD mingle freely, but interact far less frequently with loci located outside their TAD. TADs appear involved in gene expression, as we found that genes located within the same TAD tend to be co-expressed, but the mechanism(s) by which these domains affect gene regulation is still unknown. TADs represent novel universal and genetically encoded building blocks of chromosomes.
Metal–metal multiple bonded intermediates in catalysis

Metal–metal bonded Rh2 and Ru2 complexes having a paddlewheel-type structure are exceptional catalysts for a broad range of organic transformations. I review here the recent efforts towards the observation and characterization of intermediates in these reactions that have previously eluded detection. Specifically, mechanistic investigations of carbenoid and nitrenoid reactions of Rh2(II,II)-tetracarboxylate compounds have led to the observation of a metastable Rh2(II,II) carbene complex as well as a mixed-valent Rh2(II,III)-amido intermediate. Related Ru2 nitrido compounds have been studied and found to undergo intramolecular C–H amination reactions as well as intermolecular reaction with triphenylphosphine.
Experimental study of resistive bistability in metal oxide junctions

We have studied resistive bistability (memory) effects in junctions based on metal oxides, with a focus on sample-to-sample reproducibility, which is necessary for the use of such junctions as crosspoint devices of hybrid CMOS/nanoelectronic circuits. Few-nm-thick layers of NbO x , CuO x and TiO x have been formed by thermal and plasma oxidation, at various deposition and oxidation conditions, both with and without rapid thermal post-annealing. The resistive bistability effect has been observed for all these materials, with particularly high endurance (over 103 switching cycles) obtained for single-layer TiO2 junctions, and the best reproducibility reached for multi-layer junctions of the same material. Fabrication optimization has allowed us to improve the OFF/ON resistance ratio to about 103, but the sample-to-sample reproducibility is so far lower than that required for large-scale integration.
Szegö limit theorem for operators with discontinuous symbols and applications to entanglement entropy

The main result in this paper is a one term Szego type asymptotic formula with a sharp remainder estimate for a class of integral operators of the pseudodifferential type with symbols which are allowed to be non-smooth or discontinuous in both position and momentum. The simplest example of such symbol is the product of the characteristic functions of two compact sets, one in real space and the other in momentum space. The results of this paper are used in a study of the violation of the area entropy law for free fermions in [18]. This work also provides evidence towards a conjecture due to Harold Widom.
String dualities and toric geometry: an introduction

Abstract This note is supposed to be an introduction to those concepts of toric geometry that are necessary to understand applications in the context of string and F-theory dualities. The presentation is based on the definition of a toric variety in terms of homogeneous coordinates, stressing the analogy with weighted projective spaces. We try to give both intuitive pictures and precise rules that should enable the reader to work with the concepts presented here.
Response Coefficients of a Double-Balanced Diode Mixer

This paper presents the results of a computer-assisted analysis of a commonly used double-balanced diode mixer circuit. It is shown that the magnitudes of some of the responses to one or more input radio frequency signals are sharply dependent on the degree to which the diodes comprising the mixer are balanced. The average rejections imparted to a particular undesired intermodulation (or spurious) response by a random sample ofsuch mixers are plotted as a function ofthe tightness ofthe control of diode characteristics of the population from wl lch the four diodes comprising a single mixer are selected. A computer program based on a Fourier-series expansion of the time-dependent coefficients of a Taylor-series representation of the four diode currents was employed to compute the response coefficients of the mixer [1H3] The response coefficients are defined as the magnitudes of the intermodulations of sinusoidal-input radio-frequency signals and the local-oscillator-frequency signal. The method treats the switching action characteristic of the large local-oscillator power levels, rather than relying on the more usual and invalid [1] assumption of " mild" nonlinearity. Orders of nonlinearity up to the tenth are treated.