cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical computations of axisymmetric vortex breakdown in a pipe

and inviscid flow with swirl has been considNumerical computations of the axisymmetered in a finite length pipe of a unit radius, ric vortex breakdown in swirling flows in a pipe the centerline of which is the z-axis and where using the Euler equations are presented. The 0 < x < XQ. The axial and radial distances simulations are guided by a recent rigorous are rescaled with the radius of the pipe. By theory of the authors on this subject. The simvirtue of the axisymmetry, a stream function ulations fully match with the predictions of the ^(x, r, t) can be denned where the radial corntheory and provide insight into the mechanism ponent of velocity u = -VW< and the axleading to the vortex breakdown phenomenon ial component of velocity w = ^r/r. Let as well as simple numerical techniques for the y = r/2, then the azimuthal vorticity is given computation of criteria to predict its onset.
Galvanic corrosion of Al/Cu meshes with carbon fibers and graphene and ITO-based nanocomposite coatings as alternative approaches for lightning strikes

Earlier airplane fuselages were made primarily of aluminum alloy sheets, which have very good electrical conductivity. If lightning strikes an aluminum alloy surface, the current generated by the lightning can easily flow without interruption or diversion to the interior of the aircraft. Today, fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been widely utilized in aircraft. In order to protect fiber-reinforced composites against lightning strikes, copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) meshes or metal sheets are used in the uppermost layer. As it is known, carbon fibers are nobler than both Cu and Al meshes, resulting in galvanic corrosion when these dissimilar materials interact with each other under certain environmental conditions. Consequently, corroded metal mesh areas will lose conductivity on the composite surface. For this reason, lightning strike protection is vitally important for the new generation of composite aircraft. In the present study, we systematically studied the galvanic corrosion effects of carbon fibers and metal (Al and Cu) meshes in acidic and salty conditions. We found that environmental conditions had a big impact on the galvanic corrosion between carbon fibers and metal meshes used for fiber-reinforced composites. This paper discusses current lightning strike protection techniques and provides some experimental evidence of graphene and indium-doped tin oxide (ITO)-based nanocomposite coatings on carbon fiber-reinforced composites. This approach may overcome the problem of lightning strikes on composite aircraft and may be useful for redesigning the new generation of composite aircraft.
Dynamics of earthquake faults

The authors present an overview of ongoing studies of the rich dynamical behavior of the uniform, deterministic Burridge-Knopoff model of an earthquake fault, discussing the model's behavior in the context of current seismology. The topics considered include: (1) basic properties of the model, such as the distinction between small and large events and the magnitude vs frequency distribution; (2) dynamics of individual events, including dynamical selection of rupture propagation speeds; (3) generalizations of the model to more realistic, higher-dimensional models; and (4) studies of predictability, in which artificial catalogs generated by the model are used to test and determine the limitations of pattern recognition algorithms used in seismology.
Methylmalonic acidemia. A disorder associated with acidosis, hyperglycinemia, and hyperlactatemia.

Summary The clinical and biochemical features of a case of methylmalonic acidemia, a newly described inborn error of metabolism, are reported. The cardinal feature was chronic metabolic acidosis which was controlled by restriction of the protein intake. Periodically, exacerbations with vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, coma, and even peripheral circulatory failure have appeared. The crisis have been induced by trivial acute infections and by overloading with protein. Mild symptoms appeared in the neonatal period, crises after an age of 4 months. When the protein intake was high, there was marked muscular hypotonia, developmental retardation, and neutropenia. When acidosis was controlled by protein restriction and treatment with bicarbonate the baby made marked progress. At 23/12 years of age the development was normal. The patient excreted large amounts of methylmalonic acid in the urine and the blood level was elevated. Other biochemical abnormalities were hyperglycinemia, hyperglycinuria, and hyperlactatemia. The hypothesis that the basic metabolic defect in methylmalonic acidemia and the ketotic type of hyperglycinemia is the same is discussed, as are the similarities between methylmalonic acidemia and infantile lactic acidosis.
Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence on Optical Instrumentation

The results of research on optical turbulence at White Sands Missile Range are presented. It has been shown that elevating camera stations 33 feet above ground level can yield nearly a threefold increase in optical resolution during periods of atmospheric turbulence. Early research postulated the existence of thermal-induced air lenses as the cause of optical-turbulence effects. Recent research has shown that air lenses can account for most of the observed effects. The ``prism'' concept of turbulence appears to be unnecessary for explaining turbulence-induced image motion. The dependence of the optical effects of turbulence upon exposure time and aperture size are discussed qualitatively. The source of optical turbulence in the atmosphere and a method of measuring the turbulence-generating potential of various terrain surfaces are described on the basis of micrometeorology. This research has been limited to an investigation of optical turbulence during the period from sunrise to sunset. However, many of the results apply to the nighttime turbulence encountered by astronomers.
Plasma-polymerized organosilanes as protective coatings for solar front-surface mirrors

Abstract A plasma-polymerization technique has been investigated as a method to apply uniform, thin (micrometers) protective coatings to front surface mirrors employed in various solar applications. These coatings were also found to offer anti-static qualities and weather resistance. Specifically, the coatings were organosilicone polymers based on precursors such as vinyltrimethylsilane (VTMS), methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS), and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMOS). We found negligible changes in hemispherical and specular reflectance when these coatings were applied. Both silver and aluminum front surface mirrors were evaluated. Surface electrostatic charge decay measured following corona charging mirror surfaces suggest that coatings containing oxygen (MTMOS, VTMOS) had improved anti-static behavior compared to the nonoxygen containing polymer (VTMS). The initial charge decay on the oxygenated materials occurred in less than 1 min versus greater than half an hour for the VTMS coating. Weatherability tests conducted in a temperature-humidity cycling environmental chamber showed that the plasma-polymerized coatings provided excellent protection for aluminized mirrors (6 month test). Silvered mirrors were observed to degrade after 2 months, however, unprotected silver mirrors degrade in a matter of hours in this environment. Improved abrasion resistance was achieved for MTMOS coatings synthesized in an oxygen rich plasma when compared to the uncoated glass in a falling sand abrasion test (ASTM D968-51).
Diffractive Optics And Its Applications In IR Systems

We have produced highly efficient planar and binary optical elements such as lenses, beam profile shapers, beam multiplexers, and coherent laser beam adders. A binary relief pattern on these devices controls the phase and amplitude of transmitted or reflected wavefronts. To fabricate these devices, we bring together developments in EM binary grating theory, in high resolution E-beam lithography, and in reactive ion-beam etching techniques. We demonstrated this technology by producing diffraction-limited lenses on thin planar substrates with >96% diffraction efficiency. These lenses can be used in monochromatic and wideband FLIR telescopic applications. These devices are also useful as high-speed scanner elements, and play important roles in coherently adding laser beams from modular or monolithic laser arrays.
Sequestering Carbon in Tropical Forests: Experiments, Policy Implications, and Climatic Change

This article outlines the contribution of tropical deforestation to global warming and assesses the prospects for changes in tropical forest cover trends that would slow climate change. Deforestation releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and reforestation removes them by sequestering carbon. An end to deforestation, coupled with reforestation, could become an important component in near-term strategies for mitigating climate change. To assess the likelihood of this scenario, this article reviews the effectiveness of recent efforts to conserve or create forests in tropical countries. These efforts could mark the beginning of a transition from deforestation to reforestation. A tropical forest transition could achieve substantial amounts of carbon sequestration if elites press for multiple means of conservation, the land productivity of agriculture improves, and nonfarm economic sectors absorb surplus rural labor.
Hypoxic respiratory failure: etiology and outcomes at one referral center 2000 through 2005.

We calculated in a referral population of term and near-term infants with hypoxic respiratory failure (HRF) as a primary presenting problem the overall survival rate, the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and the incidence of apparently irreversible disorders. All infants ⩾36-week gestation admitted at ⩽72 h of age from 2000 through 2005 were identified. The worst (highest) oxygen index (OI) was calculated and outcomes were noted. A total of 630 infants were reviewed and 315 infants were identified with primary diagnosis of HRF; four infants died before discharge. One hundred seventy-seven infants had OI ⩽14; 71 had OI of 15 to 25; and 67 had OI of >25. A total of 32 infants received ECMO, including all four who died, two with histologic evidence of pulmonary malformations and two with septic shock. Term or near-term infants with isolated HRF are likely to survive, given the low incidence of pulmonary disorders not supportable by inhaled nitric oxide or ECMO.
Evaluation of the Cd/hemoglobin affinity assay for the rapid determination of metallothionein in biologival tissues

Abstract A modification of the Cd/hemoglobin affinity assay described by S. Onosaka, T. Keiichi, M. Doi, and O. Kunio (1978, Eisei Kagaku 24, 128–131) was evaluated for its ease, sensitivity, and specificity for quantifying tissue levels of metallothionein (MT). The five-step method involves (1) preparation of the heat-denatured tissue homogenate supernatant fraction, (2) incubation of the supernatant fraction with 1 μg/ml 109Cd solution, (3) addition of 2% bovine hemoglobin solution, (4) heat precipitation of hemoglobin, and (5) analysis of the supernatant fraction for Cd remaining in the fraction. After purification of MT by gel permeation and ionexchange chromatography and analysis of each fraction for Cd-binding potential, Cd remained in the supernatant fraction only in those samples where MT characteristically elutes. The assay was capable of detecting 40 ng of MT, equivalent to a tissue concentration of 0.8 μg MT/g. The relative standard deviation for replicate assays was less than 4% of the mean. Treatment of rats with CdCl2 demonstrated the ability of this assay to detect both large and small changes in tissue content of MT after Cd treatment in a variety of tissues. Althogh several potential sources of error are recognized, the ease and sensitivity of this assay should provide a useful means for estimating MT content in most biological tissues and should be particularly useful for large-scale studies where time and expense are major considerations.
Mitotic recombination in Candida albicans: Recessive lethal alleles linked to a gene required for methionine biosynthesis

Genetic analysis by ultraviolet-induced mitotic segregation indicated that Candida albicans wild-type strain Ca526 was heterozygous at a gene (MET) required for biosynthesis of methionine. The MET gene was shown to be linked to two other genes (LET1, LET2) whose recessive alleles (let1, let2) each determined lethality when homozygous. The phenotype determined by let1 was temperature-sensitive. The inferred genotype of strain Ca526 was: (formula; see text) Mitotic recombination was directly demonstrated in the intergenic intervals MET-LET1, Let1-LET2, MET-LET2. The frequency of ultraviolet-induced mitotic segregation generated a linkage map which displayed excellent additivity in the MET-LET2 interval and approximate additivity in the MET-centromere interval.
Underemployment across immigrant generations

Abstract The employment circumstances of immigrants and their children constitute a key dimension along which immigrant adaptation to the U.S. can be evaluated. We describe and analyze employment adequacy—defined as underemployment—among first, second and third (or higher) immigrant generations. Analyzing CPS data for the decade spanning 1995–2004, we find support for the notion of successful economic assimilation. The prevalence of underemployment is decidedly higher among the first-generation compared to the second or third, while the latter two groups differ little in this regard. These gross comparisons, however, mask important variation within immigrant generations, including a particular disadvantage among foreign-born non-citizens.
Dynamic software updates: the state mapping problem

We consider the state mapping problem for dynamic software updates and propose a number of approaches that have the potential of automating the state mapping in practical setting.
The use of positive labeling with chronic hospitalized patients in group therapy

Abstract The use of positive labeling in group therapy for chronically hospitalized patients is presented, along with applications, cautions, and case examples.
Phase Changes in the Upper Mantle

The C-region of the upper mantle has two transition regions 75 to 90 kilometers thick. In western North America these start at depths of 365 kilometers and 620 kilometers and involve velocity increases of about 9 to 10 percent. The locations of these transition regions, their general shape, and their thicknesses are consistent with, first, the transformation of magnesium-rich olivine to a spinel structure and, then, a further collapse of a material having approximately the properties of the component oxides. The velocity increases associated with each transition region are slightly less than predicted for the appropriate phase change. This can be interpreted in terms of an increasing fayalite content with depth. The location of the transition regions and the seismic velocities in their vicinity supply new information regarding the composition and temperature of the upper mantle. The depths of the transition regions are consistent with temperatures near 1500°C at 365 kilometers and 1900°C at 620 kilometers.
Cost-effective quality assurance of wireless network security

Wireless communication is a common part of modern society, incorporated into new products and services bringing additional security risks and requirements. To meet these needs and assure quality assurance, thorough wireless security testing needs to be completed before new products or services are released. Meticulous testing is expensive, consuming resources and time. This paper presents a general method for network security analysis and experimentation that reduces time and costs. Factorial experiment design tests multiple factors in parallel, while producing robust, repeatable and statistically significant results by treating all other parameters as noise when testing first order effects. Also, second and third order effects can be analyzed with less significance. This paper presents this approach used in the experimental design and statistical analysis of a WiMAX denial of service (DoS) attack targeting bandwidth contention resolution system parameters of IEEE 802.16e. We outline how this approach can be used as a cost-effective method for network security analysis.
A cellular perspective on conformational disease: the role of genetic background and proteostasis networks

The inherently error-prone nature of protein biosynthesis and turnover leads to a constant flux of destabilized proteins. Genetic mutations in conformational disease-associated proteins, as well as exposure to acute and chronic proteotoxic stresses, further increase the load of misfolded protein on the proteostasis network. During aging, this leads to enhanced instability of the proteome, failure to buffer destabilizing genetic mutations or polymorphisms, and cellular decline. The combination of cell-type-specific differences in the buffering capacity of the proteostasis network and destabilizing polymorphisms in the genetic background may account for some of the cell-type specificity observed in disease, even when the predominant disease-associated protein is widely expressed.
Truck Tire Operating Temperatures on Flat and Curved Test Surfaces

Abstract Operating temperature is critical to the endurance life of a tire. Fundamental differences between operations of a tire on a flat surface, as experienced in normal highway use, and on a cylindrical test drum may result in a substantially higher tire temperature in the latter case. Nonetheless, cylindrical road wheels are widely used in the industry for tire endurance testing. This paper discusses the important effects of surface curvature on truck tire endurance testing and highlights the impact that curvature has on tire operating temperature. Temperature measurements made during testing on flat and curved surfaces under a range of load, pressure and speed conditions are presented. New tires and re‐treaded tires of the same casing construction were evaluated to determine the effect that the tread rubber and pattern have on operating temperatures on the flat and curved test surfaces. The results of this study are used to suggest conditions on a road wheel that provide highway‐equivalent operating...
Finite-size dependence of the free energy in two-dimensional critical systems

Abstract We show that the free energy at criticality of a finite two-dimensional system of characteristic size L has in general a term which behaves like ln L as L → ∞. The coefficient of this term is universal and is proportional to the conformal anomaly number c. Furthermore, when the metric is non-singular and the boundaries are smooth, this coefficient depends only on the topology and is equal to − 1 6 c gX , where Ξ is the Euler characteristic. However, if there are conical singularities in the metric, or corners on the boundary, this is no longer true. For these cases, we give the correct result.
Nutritional and Metabolic Complications of Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for patients with clinically severe obesity. In addition to significant weight loss, it is also associated with improvements in comorbidities. Unfortunately, bariatric surgery also has the potential to cause a variety of nutritional and metabolic complications. These complications are mostly due to the extensive surgically induced anatomical changes incurred by the patient's gastrointestinal tract, particularly with roux-en-Y gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion. Complications associated with vertical banded gastroplasty are mostly due to decreased intake amounts of specific nutrients. Macronutrient deficiencies can include severe protein-calorie malnutrition and fat malabsorption. The most common micronutrient deficiencies are of vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and vitamin D. Other micronutrient deficiencies that can lead to serious complications include thiamine, folate, and the fat-soluble vitamins. Counseling, monitoring, and nutrient and mineral supplementation are essential for the treatment and prevention of nutritional and metabolic complications after bariatric surgery.
Treatment of an Nb-Pr-A.I.-3 (autonomous) tumor with combination chemotherapy.

The rat prostatic adenocarcinoma Nb-Pr-A.I.-3, an androgen-insensitive tumor, was evaluated with the following treatments: cyclophosphamide, cis-platinum, adriamycin, and the following combination therapies: cyclophosphamide and cis-platinum; adriamycin and cis-platinum; adriamycin, cis-platinum, and cyclophosphamide. Successful therapeutic combinations included cyclophosphamide alone(P<0.001) and the triple-drug combination (P<0.001). Significance was based on the final tumor volume at the termination of the experiment. Cyclophosphamide treatment alone was the only therapeutic regimen that resulted in complete tumor regression (16%) (2/12). Cyclophosphamide therapy also resulted in the lowest number of animals with metastasis (25%). On the basis of this study, the authors rate this animal model as a suitable one for trials of various chemotherapeutic combinations as well as for determining combination or single agents useful in preducing tumor regression and a decreased number of metastasis.
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease The Coronary Arterial Circulation

Background The coronary circulation in cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) includes the extramural coronary arteries, basal coronary blood flow, flow reserve, the coronary microcirculation, and coronary atherogenesis. Methods Coronary arteriograms were analyzed in 59 adults with CCHD. Dilated extramural coronaries were examined histologically in six patients. Basal coronary blood flow was determined with N-13 positron emission tomography in 14 patients and in 10 controls. Hyperemic flow was induced by intravenous dipyridamole pharmacologic stress. Immunostaining against SM alpha-actin permitted microcirculatory morphometric analysis. Non-fasting total cholesterols were retrieved in 279 patients divided into four groups: Group A---143 cyanotic unoperated, Group B---47 rendered acyanotic by reparative surgery, Group C---41 acyanotic unoperated, Group D---48 acyanotic before and after operation. Results Extramural coronary arteries were mildly or moderately dilated to ectatic in 49/59 angiograms. Histologic examination disclosed loss of medial smooth muscle, increased medial collagen, and duplication of internal elastic lamina. Basal coronary flow was appreciably increased. Hyperemic flow was comparable to controls. Remodeling of the microcirculation was based upon coronary arteriolar length, volume and surface densities. Coronary atherosclerosis was absent in both the arteriograms and the necropsy specimens. Conclusions Extramural coronary arteries in CCHD dilate in response to endothelial vasodilator substances supplemented by mural attenuation caused by medial abnormalities. Basal coronary flow was appreciably increased, but hyperemic flow was normal. Remodeling of the microcirculation was responsible for preservation of flow reserve. The coronaries were atheroma-free because of the salutory effects of hypocholesterolemia, hypoxemia, upregulated nitric oxide, low platelet counts, and hyperbilirubinrmia.
The relationship between advertisement variables and applicant responses to newspaper recruitment advertisements

The relationship between recruitment advertisement variables and applicant response rate was investigated. Three hundred and fifty companies were surveyed about applicant responses to their classified advertisements. One hundred and thirty-three surveys were completed and sent back for a return rate of 38%. The results of this study indicate that advertisements which include variables to enhance the physical features of the advertisement: such as white space, size, border, and graphics—are positively related to the quantity of an applicant pool.
Microtubules induce self-organization of polarized PAR domains in Caenorhabditis elegans zygotes

A hallmark of polarized cells is the segregation of the PAR polarity regulators into asymmetric domains at the cell cortex. Antagonistic interactions involving two conserved kinases, atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and PAR-1, have been implicated in polarity maintenance, but the mechanisms that initiate the formation of asymmetric PAR domains are not understood. Here, we describe one pathway used by the sperm-donated centrosome to polarize the PAR proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans zygotes. Before polarization, cortical aPKC excludes PAR-1 kinase and its binding partner PAR-2 by phosphorylation. During symmetry breaking, microtubules nucleated by the centrosome locally protect PAR-2 from phosphorylation by aPKC, allowing PAR-2 and PAR-1 to access the cortex nearest the centrosome. Cortical PAR-1 phosphorylates PAR-3, causing the PAR-3-aPKC complex to leave the cortex. Our findings illustrate how microtubules, independently of actin dynamics, stimulate the self-organization of PAR proteins by providing local protection against a global barrier imposed by aPKC.
Uncooled DFB lasers for CWDM application

Recently, Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) systems expand in local access and metropolitan area optical networks. In CWDM systems, uncooled and directly modulated DFB lasers are used, and the eight wavelengths spaced by 20nm from 1470 nm to 1610 nm are multiplexed. Then, in the eight wavelengths, each laser has been demanded to have similar characteristics such as threshold currents and slope efficiencies. However, among the eight wavelengths, L-band (1590 nm and 1610 nm) DFB lasers are inferior to S, C-band DFB lasers in performances such as threshold currents and slope efficiencies, so that the improvement of L-band laser performances have been demanded. The inferior of performances of L-band lasers is said to be mainly caused by increases of Auger recombination and Intervalence band absorption (IVBA). We designed the S-band, C-band and L-band lasers to improve the internal loss values and minimize the difference of laser performance among these bands. In L-band, we achieved the successful wide temperature range (-40 °C to 95 °C) operation of 300 μm long DFB lasers. They showed the threshold current of as low as 40 mA and the slope efficiency of as high as 0.27 W/A at 95 °C. As a result, regardless of the peak-wavelength difference, the CWDM DFB lasers show the similar performances and the excellent high temperature L-I characteristics. These results show that these lasers are suitable for using as the uncooled light source in CWDM applications.
IgG Levels in Mother-Father-Cord Trios

Cord plasmas have a higher concentration of IgG than do the mothers, although autologous, fetal immunoglobulin G is only a small fraction of the neonate's complement. Maternal IgG levels are significantly lower than the nonpregnant adult female, a loss of about one third, which cannot be explained completely by maternal immunization of the fetus.
Hyperglycemia is not associated with mortality in bacterial meningitis

An association between hyperglycemia and mortality from cerebral ischemia has been reported in both animals and man. Recently, a similar observation has been made in animals with bacterial meningitis. The present study of 83 patients with bacterial meningitis showed no association between initial serum glucose concentration and subsequent mortality. Therefore, no therapeutic recommendations regarding optimal blood glucose levels in patients with meningitis can be made at this time.
Guidelines/codes of ethics: merging process and content

Abstract Developing standards of ethical conduct is an essential part of building a professional community with shared values and a common purpose. The profession serves as a normative reference group for its members, and through its ethical standards clarifies the norms that ought to guide professional behavior. A central task in developing such standards is the articulation of the profession's moral vision, or core values—those values that define the goals and virtues of professional practice. Participation by professionals in the development of ethical standards enables them to reflect on the importance of such standards for their work. Professional societies, such as ISEE, and international organizations, such as WHO, can play an important role in this process.
GABAA Receptor Genetics and Clinical Pharmacology

GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are Cl−-selective ligand-gated ion channels that mediate both fast synaptic inhibition and persistent tonic inhibition in the CNS. The receptor is composed of subunits that affect biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channel. A growing number of studies have examined copy number variations, mutations, and polymorphisms in genes encoding GABAAR subunits and found that changes in subunit function and expression are linked to a variety of neurological disorders. GABAARs are targets for a wide range of pharmaceutical agents including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, general anesthetics, and neurosteroids. It remains to be fully determined how genetic variations in GABAA subunits affect clinical pharmacology. Conversely, there is growing interest in the use of GABAergic drugs to treat disorders with an etiology arising from genetic variations in GABAA subunits.
Ethical considerations in disease management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : a cross-cultural, worldwide perspective

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is universally fatal. Technological advances have provided a means to impact upon, without radically improving, the natural history of the disease. In addition, we now have the capability of potentially identifying patients who are pre-symptomatic carriers of the rare heritable forms of the disease. These capabilities provide the basis for the numerous ethical dilemmas that face patients, physicians, and agencies responsible for health care expenditures; dilemmas that can only be amplified between cultures. This paper attempts to address some of the major ethical issues germane to the care of ALS patients. It discusses the emergence of autonomy as the reigning principle of medical ethics in the United States and its potential conflict with the ethical dilemma of limited resource allocation. Finally, it attempts to compare and contrast, in an admittedly anecdotal and fragmentary fashion, the perspective of other cultures regarding the care of ALS patients.
Strategy instruction in writing for adult literacy learners

This study investigated the effectiveness of cognitive strategy instruction in writing with adult literacy learners. Three middle-aged African-American adults participating in adult education with the goal of passing the GED received tutoring in a strategy for planning, writing, and revising persuasive essays along with self-regulation strategies. The study used a multiple-baseline design across participants with multiple probes. All the adults made consistent gains from baseline to posttest in the quality and organization of their essays. Mean gains in overall quality from baseline to posttest for the three students were 2.7, 1.9, and 1.7 on a 7-point scale. Percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) was 100% for text structure organization and 89% for quality. The results demonstrate that strategy instruction, which has had positive effects with school-age students, has potential for adult literacy learners as well.
Universal Fatigue Management Strategies

Type of fatigue or sleepiness is the first categorization needed before a management strategy can be used. Fatigue (rather than sleepiness) generated in the work place may be caused by not only overwork but by factors such as repetitive non-novel tasks leading to monotony, noise, and poorly lit environments. Individual factors and preferences must be incorporated into any sleepiness/fatigue management plan. Inadequate total sleep time and misalignment of circadian rhythm are the most significant contributors to disastrous human error in the work place. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions to modify fatigue and sleepiness suggest some overall improvement in alertness and performance with a variety of agents.
Learner versus Nonlearner Patterns of Stylistic Variation in Synchronous Computer Mediated French: Yes/No "Questions" and Nous versus On

This study analyzes stylistic variation among first-, second-, and third-year instructed learners of French engaged in synchronous French-language computer-mediated communication (CMC) and compares the results with data from nonlearner discourse in a public, noneducational synchronous CMC environment. We focus specifically on variability in yes/no question (YNQ) structures and the use of the pronouns nous “we” and on “one” or “we” for first-person plural reference. The results suggest that whereas first- and second-year learners rarely use informal variants, third-year students approximate—but do not actually reach—native-speaker norms. Contrary to expectations, however, no positive correlation was found between the increased use of the informal pronoun and the informal YNQ structure. Finally, we argue for more in-depth case studies that combine analyses of performance data, competence data, and individual learner histories to determine when, why, and how second language users begin to recognize and emulate native speakers’ sociolinguistic norms and variation.
A generalization of the chromatic number

One of the most widely studied concepts in graph theory is that of the colouring of graphs. Much of the research in this area has dealt with the chromatic number χ(G) of a graph G, defined as the minimum number of colours which can be assigned to the points of G so that adjacent points are coloured differently. One can obtain a natural generalization of this concept as follows: we define the n-chromatic number χn (G) to be the smallest number of colours which one can associate with the points of G so that not all points on any path of length n are coloured the same. The 1-chromatic number is then simply the chromatic number.
Automating test driver generation (airborne software)

Honeywell Inc.'s Test Generation System (TGS), which assists test engineers in the production of test drivers by consolidating source code and test case information in a common database from which a complete test driver is created, is described. Automating test driver production reduces labor investment, while standardizing the test driver development process and its products. TGS improves test engineer productivity by identifying the inputs and outputs of the routines under test, providing a user-friendly interface for defining tests, and generating test drivers. The extent of the productivity gains which TGS has provided to the testing effort is considered. >
Dysphoria: A major symptom factor in persons with disability or chronic illness

Depression frequently is diagnosed in persons with chronic illness or following the onset of disability. The overlap of symptoms of many chronic illnesses and disabling conditions with depression may lead to an overestimation of depression in such populations. Some investigators have proposed revised criteria for diagnosing depression in these conditions without an understanding of the contribution of diagnostic criteria in disabling conditions. This study investigated the nature of depressive symptom criteria constellations by individually factor analyzing the Inventory to Diagnose Depression (based on DSM-III diagnostic criteria) in spinal cord injury (n = 134), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 78), student (n = 140), and community (n = 150) groups. A four-factor solution emerged, with the first factor labeled "dysphoria" being represented by symptoms of negative self-evaluations, depressed affect, and suicidal ideation. The results indicate that a core element of the syndrome of depression is dysphoria, which suggests that the contribution of somatic items may be less important to the identification of the depressive syndrome in chronic illness.
Effects of host plant and cucurbitacin on growth of larval Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi.

The effects of host plant and dietary cucurbitacin on the growth of larval southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Chrysomelidae: Luperini), were investigated. SCR were reared on four hosts: corn, Zea mays; peanuts, Arachis hypogaea; and two squash varieties, Cucurbita pepo cv. Ambassador (containing cucurbitacin D (0.08 mg g-1 fr.wt.) = bitter), and C. pepo cv. Early Yellow Crookneck (lacking cucurbitacin = non-bitter). Larval growth was significantly greater on corn and peanuts than on either squash variety. After four weeks, adults had emerged from corn and peanut plants, while squash-reared larvae had not yet entered the pupal stage. There was no difference in larval growth on the two varieties of squash. Primary metabolite measurements showed no nutritional differences between the two squash varieties. Artificial diet experiments were used to test the effect of three concentrations of cucurbitacin D (0.0, 0.1, and 0.6 mg g- 1 diet) on growth of larval SCR. Larvae reared on diet containing 0.6 mg g-1 cucurbitacin weighed significantly less than larvae reared on diet containing 0.1 mg g- 1 or no cucurbitacin after 10 d. No significant difference in growth was measured between the 0.1 mg g-J diet and the 0.0 mg g-J diet. Results are discussed relative to theories about the relationship between diabroticites and cucurbitacins.
Observations of cloud liquid water path over oceans: Optical and microwave remote sensing methods

Published estimates of cloud liquid water path (LWP) from satellite-measured microwave radiation show little agreement, even about the relative magnitudes of LWP in the tropics and midlatitudes. To understand these differences and to obtain more reliable estimate, optical and microwave LWP retrieval methods are compared using the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) data. Errors in microwave LWP retrieval associated with uncertainties in surface, atmosphere, and cloud properties are assessed. Sea surface temperature may not produce great LWP errors, if accurate contemporaneous measurements are used in the retrieval. An uncertainty of estimated near-surface wind speed as high as 2 m/s produces uncertainty in LWP of about 5 mg/sq cm. Cloud liquid water temperature has only a small effect on LWP retrievals (rms errors less than 2 mg/sq cm), if errors in the temperature are less than 5 C; however, such errors can produce spurious variations of LWP with latitude and season. Errors in atmospheric column water vapor (CWV) are strongly coupled with errors in LWP (for some retrieval methods) causing errors as large as 30 mg/sq cm. Because microwave radiation is much less sensitive to clouds with small LWP (less than 7 mg/sq cm) than visible wavelength radiation, the microwave results are very sensitive to the process used to separate clear and cloudy conditions. Different cloud detection sensitivities in different microwave retrieval methods bias estimated LWP values. Comparing ISCCP and SSM/I LWPs, we find that the two estimated values are consistent in global, zonal, and regional means for warm, nonprecipitating clouds, which have average LWP values of about 5 mg/sq cm and occur much more frequently than precipitating clouds. Ice water path (IWP) can be roughly estimated from the differences between ISCCP total water path and SSM/I LWP for cold, nonprecipitating clouds. IWP in the winter hemisphere is about 3 times the LWP but only half the LWP in the summer hemisphere. Precipitating clouds contribute significantly to monthly, zonal mean LWP values determined from microwave, especially in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), because they have almost 10 times the liquid water (cloud plus precipitation) of nonprecipitating clouds on average. There are significant differences among microwave LWP estimates associated with the treatment of precipitating clouds.
The combination of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat and synthetic triterpenoids reduces tumorigenesis in mouse models of cancer

Novel drugs and drug combinations are needed for the chemopre- vention and treatment of cancer. We show that the histone dea- cetylase inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)) and the methyl ester or ethyl amide derivatives of the synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28- oic acid (CDDO-Me and CDDO-Ea, respectively) cooperated to inhibit the de novo synthesis of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 mac- rophage-like cells and in primary mouse peritoneal macrophages. Additionally, SAHA enhanced the ability of synthetic triterpe- noids to delay formation of estrogen receptor-negative mammary tumors in MMTV-polyoma middle T (PyMT) mice. CDDO-Me (50 mg/kg diet) and SAHA (250 mg/kg diet) each significantly delayed the initial development of tumors by 4 (P < 0.001) and 2 (P < 0.05) weeks, respectively, compared with the control group in the time required to reach 50% tumor incidence. CDDO-Ea (400 mg/kg diet), as a single agent, did not delay tumor develop- ment. The combination of either triterpenoid with SAHA was significantly more potent than the individual drugs for delaying tumor development, with a 7 week (P < 0.001) delay before 50% tumor incidence was reached. SAHA, alone and in combination with CDDO-Me, also significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the infil- tration of tumor-associated macrophages into the mammary glands of PyMT mice and levels of the chemokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor in primary PyMT tumor cells. In addition, SAHA and the synthetic triterpenoids cooperated to suppress secreted levels of the pro-angiogenic factor matrix met- alloproteinase-9. Similar results were observed in mouse models of pancreatic and lung cancer. At concentrations that were anti- inflammatory, SAHA had no effect on histone acetylation. These studies suggest that both SAHA and triterpenoids effectively delay tumorigenesis, thereby demonstrating a promising, novel drug combination for chemoprevention.
Elite Controllers with Low to Absent Effector CD8+ T Cell Responses Maintain Highly Functional, Broadly Directed Central Memory Responses

Analyses of the breadth and specificity of virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses associated with control of HIV have largely relied on measurement of cytokine secretion by effector T cells. These have resulted in the identification of HIV elite controllers with low or absent responses in which non-T-cell mechanisms of control have been suggested. However, successful control of HIV infection may be associated with central memory T cells, which have not been consistently examined in these individuals. Gag-specific T cells were characterized using a peptide-based cultured enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISpot). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV elite controllers (n = 10), progressors (n = 12), and antiretroviral-treated individuals (n = 9) were cultured with overlapping peptides for 12 days. Specificity was assessed by tetramer staining, functional features of expanded cells were assessed by cytokine secretion, and virus inhibition and phenotypic characteristics were assessed by cell sorting and coculture assays. After peptide stimulation, elite controllers showed a greater number of previously undetectable (new) responses compared to progressors (P = 0.0008). These responses were highly polyfunctional, with 64.5% of responses having 3 to 5 functions. Expandable epitope-specific CD8+ T cells from elite controllers had strong virus inhibitory capacity and predominantly displayed a central memory phenotype. These data indicate that elite controllers with minimal T cell responses harbor a highly functional, broadly directed central memory T cell population that is capable of suppressing HIV in vitro. Comprehensive examination of this cell population could provide insight into the immune responses associated with successful containment of viremia.
Uniform Support for Information Handling and Problem Solving Required by the VLSI Design Process

This paper addresses software engineering issues in designing software environments for managing the voluminous and non-homogeneous information generated during the VLSI design process. This involves not only a uniform logical framework within which to represent this information but also to provide a means to explicitly record the procedures used in creating and collecting this information. Our approach is to organize this information under a hierarchical framework based on grammars. The advantage of this approach lies in the ability to integrate both methodology information and CAD tools within this uniform framework. The approach is used to address problems which cannot be solved by designing sophisticated but isolated tools.
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Just as applied linguistics (AL) may be said to be an emerging discipline, so too is one of its sub-fields, second language acquisition (SLA). The parallelism may not be surprising; after all, a difference of only about twenty years separates the points at which the two were identified as autonomous fields of inquiry. Then, too, the two share central defining concepts. AL draws on multidisciplinary theoretical and empirical perspectives to address real-world issues and problems in which language is central (Brumfit 1997). SLA draws on multidisciplinary theoretical and empirical perspectives to address the specific issue of how people acquire a second language and the specific problem of why everyone does not do so successfully. Furthermore, the two share something else: At this juncture in the evolution of AL and SLA, both are grappling with fundamental definitional issues, ones even extending to the nature of language itself. (See Larsen-Freeman 1997a for how this is true of AL.) Should AL and SLA deal successfully with these challenges, both will have much to contribute in the decade to come. Should they instead succumb to internecine feuding and fragmentation, the future will not be as bright.
Using Second Life to demonstrate a concept automobile heads up display (A-HUD)

There are different options to establish and test new technology within automobiles. From simulators to real world driving, most have disadvantages of development time, expensive costs, or complex setups. We describe a method using Second Life's virtual world to conduct simulations for driving and testing a new conceptual Automobile Heads Up Display (A-HUD).
Methods and Strategies for Creating a Culture of Collections Assessment at Comprehensive Universities

Differing from those of their liberal arts and Association of Research Libraries counterparts, today's comprehensive universities face a variety of unique challenges and opportunities when it comes to assessing their collections. This article looks at the different needs and interests of comprehensive universities and focuses on the challenges faced in evaluating collections in three distinct university library settings. Case studies from individual universities will be used to examine issues regarding different means of assessing electronic book collections, collection development policies, and library databases.
Just Enough Routing and wavelength Assignment (RWA) scheme for metro-ring architecture

We propose routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) technique known as just enough RWA (JERWA), JERWA approach provides a RWA assignment scheme that maximize wavelength re-usage and maximize average link utilization as the size of the network grow. Different scenarios of a ring of 4, 6 and 8 nodes have been investigated. We have seen that JERWA has the best performance as the network size grow.