cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes Research in Childhood Autoimmune Diseases

This article provides an introduction to key aspects of outcomes research in pediatric rheumatology, focusing on arthritis. Patient-centered outcomes research addresses questions of interest to multiple stakeholders in order to guide the best health care decisions suited to a particular patient's circumstances and preferences. Discussion includes the importance of maintaining high-quality longitudinal patient registries and use of valid clinical and patient-reported outcome measures. Rapid, reliable translation of research on best practices into clinical care, as facilitated by quality improvement learning networks, leads to timely and meaningful improvement in patient outcomes.
Factors associated with use of medications with potential to impair cognition or cholinesterase inhibitors among Alzheimer’s disease patients

Background The aim of this study was to use a signal detection method to examine the prevalence of, and patient characteristics associated with, medication with potential to impair cognition and cholinesterase inhibitor use in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
The physics of DT ignition in small fusion targets

Ignition of sub-milligram fusion targets is critically dependent on DT temperature, density, radius, radiation temperature, implosion velocity, and other parameters that characterize the target and its implosion. This paper discusses the interplay of such major physical processes as bremsstrahlung, Compton scattering, DT fusion, hydrodynamics, and thermal conduction during the implosion and especially near turnaround where the potential for ignition or failure most critically depends on the small differences between large rates of energy loss and gain. The phase plane analysis presented here proves to be most advantageous in understanding the DT ignition problem. Four examples are discussed in order to illustrate the interplay of the various physical processes.
CENTER‐DOWN DEVELOPMENT IN PERSPECTIVE: LABOR ABSORPTION AND INTERDEPENDENCE IN BRAZILIAN REGIONAL INDUSTRIES

This paper investigates the effect of a center-down pattern of regional development on industrial labor absorption. Sectoral labor reallocation is analyzed in two less developed regions of Brazil with contrasting levels of development and linkage to the most developed region. Labor absorption performances are related to factor use characteristics and the mix of capital and labor intensive industries in each region. An empirical model is tested to determine the degree of interdependence between labor intensive industries in each region and its relation to labor absorption.
A modified Redlich‐Kwong equation for supercritical helium and hydrogen

A modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state is developed in which the two parameters are expressed as functions of temperature. The critical values for the two constants in the equation are completely determined by the values of the critical properties of the gas. The optimum values of the constants for each isotherm (Z vs. P) are found, followed by a curve-fitting routine that obtains the constants as functions of temperature. The resulting equation of state predicts experimental helium compressibility data to within an average of 0.90% absolute error for data in the range 0 < pressure ⩽ 700 atm., 5.26°K. ⩽ temperature ⩽ 1,500°K. For hydrogen, the prediction is to within an average of 0.79% absolute error for temperatures from 34° to 600°K. and pressures up to 2,900 atm.
Synchronization of estrus in cyclic beef heifers with the prostaglandin analog alfaprostol

Abstract Seventy-eight Hereford-Angus crossbred heifers were injected intramuscularly twice with 6 mg of alfaprostol b in 6 ml of propylene glycol. On each representative day of a 20-day estrous cycle (estrus = Day 0), either three or four heifers received their first injection. The second injection was given 12 days after the first, regardless of the response to the first injection. Thirty-nine heifers were not treated. The first alfaprostol injection reduced serum progesterone to less than 1 ng/ml in all heifers injected after Day 4. A total of 79.5% ( 62 78 ) of the heifers exhibited estrus by five days after the first injection. Average interval from injection to estrus was 63 hours. The second injection occurred on Days 6 through 16 for all but one heifer, with 75.6% ( 59 78 ) falling on Days 8 through 11 of the estrous cycle. Estrus was detected in 93.6% ( 73 78 ) of the heifers within five days after the second injection, with an average interval to estrus of 66 hours. Day of cycle at second injection did not affect the interval to estrus. Conception occurred in 79.4% ( 58 73 ) of the heifers inseminated in the five days after the second injection. Occurrence of estrus and conception was no different in treated heifers after five days of the insemination period than in nontreated heifers after 21 days of the insemination period, where 94.9% ( 37 39 ) were observed in estrus and 83.8% ( 31 37 ) conceived. Overall percent conception for a 55-day insemination period was 89.7 ( 70 78 ) for treated and 87.2 ( 34 39 ) for nontreated heifers. Day of cycle at first or second injection did not affect conception after the second injection. Some signs of estrus were observed in 11 of the 16 heifers injected before Day 5. A second trial to determine if alfaprostol induced luteolysis early in the cycle was conducted. Twenty purebred Angus, Hereford, or Simmental heifers received either one or two injections of alfaprostol on either Day 1, 2, 3, or 4. Only five heifers showed any signs of estrus, and the three that were inseminated did not conceive. Subsequent cycle length indicated that luteolysis occurred in only one heifer. Data suggest that alfaprostol is an effective luteolytic agent in cyclic beef heifers after Day 4 and that two injections 12 days apart will effectively synchronize estrus in heifers when distributed throughout the cycle at the first injection without affecting conception rate.
Masculinization of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by immersion in androgens

Abstract The use of all-male populations increases the efficiency and feasibility of tilapia aquaculture. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a short-term immersion procedure for masculinizing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two synthetic androgens were evaluated: 17α-methyldihydrotestosterone (MDHT) and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT). Exposure (3 h) on 10 and again on 13 days post-fertilization to MDHT at 500 μg/1 successfully masculinized fry in all experiments, resulting in 100, 94 and 83 ± 2% males in Experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Immersions in MDHT or MT at 100 μg/1 resulted in significantly skewed sex ratios in Experiments 1 and 3 (MT resulted in 73 and 83 ± 3% males; and MDHT resulted in 72 and 91 ± 1% males) but not in Experiment 2. Immersion in MT at 500 μg/1 only caused masculinization in Experiment 3. Although further research and refinement is needed, immersion of Nile tilapia in MDHT may provide a practical alternative to the use of steroid-treated feed. Furthermore, when compared with current techniques for steroid-induced sex inversion of tilapia, short-term immersion reduces the period of time that workers are exposed to anabolic steroids.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN MITOCHONDRIA ISOLATED FROM EUGLENA GRACILIS.

Abstract Oxidative phosphorylation has been demonstrated in mitochondria isolated from Euglena gracilis with a variety of substrates including NADH 2 , but not NADPH 2 . Both oxidation and phosphorylation were inhibited by DNP and cyanide with phosphorylation being the more sensitive. The effects of amytal, rotenone and anti-mycin A parallel their effects in mammalian mitochondria with retenone the most inhibitory. The measured P:O ratios showed one less phosphorylation per μatom oxygen than usually observed in mammalian mitochondria. The results suggest the absence, or the presence in limiting amount, of some component in the electron transport chain of these mitochondria.
Power comparisons of two-sided tests of equality of two covariance matrices based on six criteria

Power studies of tests of equality of covariance matrices of twop-variate normal populations Σ1=Σ2 against two-sided alternatives have been made based on the following six criteria: 1) Roy's largest root, 2) Hotelling's trace, 3) Pillai's trace, 4) Wilks' criterion, 5) Roy's largest-smallest roots and 6) modified likelihood ratio. A general theorem has been proved establishing the local unbiasedness conditions connecting the two critical values for tests 1) to 5). Extensive unbiased power tabulations have been made forp=2, for various values ofn 1,n 2, λ1 and λ2 wheren i is the df of the SP matrix from theith sample and λ i is theith latent root of Σ1Σ 2 −1 (i=1,2). Further, comparisons of powers of tests 1) to 5) have been made with those of the modified likelihood ratio after obtaining the exact distribution of the latter forn 2=2n 1 andp=2. Equal tail areas approach has also been used further to compute powers of tests 1) to 4) forp=2 for studying the bias. Again, a separate study has been made to compare the powers of the largest-smallest roots test with its three biased approximate approaches as well as the largest root. Since the largest root test was observed to have some advantage over the others, critical values were also obtained for this test in the unbiased as well as equal tail areas case forp=3.
A Class of Extremal Functions and Trigonometric Polynomials

In this paper we present two classes of extremal approximating functions. These functions have the property that they are entire, have finite exponential type, and provide excellent approximations along the real line for a specific set of functions. One class of functions provides majorants and minorants, while the other class minimizes theL1-norm on the real line. As applications we construct extremal trigonometric polynomials and obtain an inequality involving almost periodic trigonometric polynomials.
Teaching History and Historians

This review offers me the opportunity to call educational historians' attention to the recent American Historical Association (AHA) report on the graduate education of historians, alongside an interestingly related earlier work that looks more broadly at teaching history in the United States and abroad. My purposes here are to note parallels and differences between the books, explore their significance for the history of education, and at the same time reflect on continuity and change in our field, based on my own career. The Education of Historians illustrates both some strengths and weaknesses of joint efforts. Most of us, academics with years of committee experience, know the pressures of reaching consensus in order to complete and publish a report when a deadline looms. As a comprehensive study of current practices in the graduate education of historians, the report surveys and makes recommendations to improve the state of the field, especially regarding the practical and career needs historians face. Much of what the Committee on Graduate Education
In vivo evaluation in rats of [18F]1-(2-fluoroethyl)-4-[(4-cyanophenoxy)methyl]piperidine as a potential radiotracer for PET assessment of CNS sigma-1 receptors

Abstract Introduction Sigma-1 receptors are expressed throughout the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and are implicated in several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and depression. We have recently evaluated the high-affinity ( K D =0.5±0.2 nM, log P =2.9) sigma-1 receptor radiotracer [ 18 F]1-(3-fluoropropyl)-4-(4-cyanophenoxymethyl)piperidine, [ 18 F]FPS, in humans. In contrast to appropriate kinetics exhibited in baboon brain, in the human CNS, [ 18 F]FPS does not reach pseudoequilibrium by 4 h, supporting the development of a lower-affinity tracer [Waterhouse RN, Nobler MS, Chang RC, Zhou Y, Morales O, Kuwabara H, et al. First evaluation of the sigma-1 receptor radioligand [ 18 F]1-3-fluoropropyl-4-((4-cyanophenoxy)-methyl)piperidine ([ 18 F]FPS) in healthy humans. Neuroreceptor Mapping 2004, July 15–18th, Vancouver, BC Canada 2004]. We describe herein the in vivo evaluation in rats of [ 18 F]1-(2-fluoroethyl)-4-[(4-cyanophenoxy)methyl]piperidine ([ 18 F]SFE) ( K D =5 nM, log P =2.4), a structurally similar, lower-affinity sigma-1 receptor radioligand. Methods [ 18 F]SFE was synthesized ( n =4) as previously described in good yield (54±6% EOB), high specific activity (2.1±0.6 Ci/μmol EOS) and radiochemical purity (98±1%) and evaluated in awake adult male rats. Results Similar to [ 18 F]FPS, regional brain radioactivity concentrations [percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g), 15 min] for [ 18 F]SFE were highest in occipital cortex (1.86±0.06 %ID/g) and frontal cortex (1.76±0.38 %ID/g), and lowest in the hippocampus (1.01±0.02%ID/g). Unlike [ 18 F]FPS, [ 18 F]SFE cleared from the brain with ∼40% reduction in peak activity over a 90-min period. Metabolite analysis (1 h) revealed that [ 18 F]SFE was largely intact in the brain. Blocking studies showed a large degree (>80%) of saturable binding for [ 18 F]SFE in discrete brain regions. Conclusions We conclude that [ 18 F]SFE exhibits excellent characteristics in vivo and may provide a superior PET radiotracer for human studies due to its faster CNS clearance compared to [ 18 F]FPS.
CLL microenvironment: macro important

In this issue of Blood, Herishanu and colleagues demonstrate that the lymph node is a key site in pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), where increased signaling through the B-cell receptor (BCR) contributes to proliferation and tumor progression. 1 These results have key implications in future laboratory models of CLL, and emphasize the importance of the BCR pathway as a therapeutic target for this disease.
Spatial Patterns of Obesity and Associated Risk Factors in the Conterminous U.S.

Background: The obesogenic environment is hypothesized to increase obesity risk by discouraging physical activity and limiting the availability of healthy food. Purpose: This research reports the prevalence of obesity and risk factors (physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption) by creating spatially smoothed maps and analyzing local autocorrelation and aims to examine associations of obesity and risk factors at the national level. Methods: Data were obtained in 2008 from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for the years 2000 –2006 aggregated to the county level. A weighted head-banging smoothing algorithm was used that effectively replaced the proportion of obesity and risk factors for each county with a
Imaging Spectroscopy of a Sunspot: Thermal and Velocity Structure

The purpose of this paper is (1) to confirm and establish the working of a dual-etalon Fabry-Perot imaging spectroscopy system at the National Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak Dunn Solar Telescope and (2) to use this system to extend previous work by many authors and understand the structure and dynamics of sunspots. A detailed investigation of the thermal and velocity structure in an isolated sunspot, using the Fe I 5576 A spectral line, is presented. The concept of flowless maps is incorporated, to separate velocity and intensity effects. The resulting intensities are used to generate thermal maps of the sunspot along the height of formation of a spectral line, followed by a thermal span map. The thermal span in penumbral regions is in the range of 1350-1580 K. It is a factor of 2 smaller in the umbra. Using spectral line bisectors, we extend the concept of a velocity span to a sunspot, following Gray. The velocity span is used to study the velocity gradients across a sunspot. The velocity span maximizes in the middle of the sunspot penumbra and falls off on either side. The Doppler-neutralized mean bisectors from the disk-side and limb-side penumbra show more sharply inclined gradients, when compared with the C-shaped photospheric bisectors. The mean umbral bisectors show sharp, <-shaped profiles. In most of the penumbra, the individual bisectors are sharply inclined, with a shape of "/" or "\," indicative of a highly suppressed convective flow. The intensity and velocity data show that a new family of penumbral filaments rises in the middle penumbra. Bisector intensity-velocity relationships display opposite gradients in the inner and outer penumbra, showing the rising and falling parts of curved penumbral flux tubes. Some clustering of the bisector intensity-velocity relationship is perhaps due to the fluted nature of flux tubes.
Disparate roles of marrow- and parenchymal cell-derived TLR4 signaling in murine LPS-induced systemic inflammation

Disparate roles of marrow- and parenchymal cell-derived TLR4 signaling in murine LPS-induced systemic inflammation
Acting locally and globally: Dissemination implementation around the world and next door.

Abstract Murray et al. (2014--this issue) present a fascinating account of their international dissemination and implementation (D&I) research focused on training therapists in Thailand and Iraq to provide a modular treatment approach called Common Elements Treatment Approach to youth. In this commentary, we use Murray et al. as a springboard to discuss a few general conclusions about the current direction of D&I research. Specifically, we reflect on current D&I models, highlighting their ecological focus and their emphasis on stakeholder involvement. Next, we discuss the central importance of implementation supports such as treatment programs, training approaches, assessment and outcome monitoring tools, and organizational interventions. We conclude with a consideration of how D&I work that aims to adapt implementation supports for local needs represent a key path to our goal of sustainability.
AMERICAN POLICY FOR HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION

The United States and the major northern European countries all have developed a variety of strategies for governmental intervention in housing and urban development. These include rent supplements, subsidized mortgages, incentives to homeownership, land clearance, and construction and management of housing by public authorities. Despite similarities in the types of programs offered, the countries vary markedly in levels of public expenditure, consistency of policy, and institutional structure of the housing market. Differences in housing policies and institutions produce different outcomes. Settlement patterns, housing costs, level of home-ownership, and availability of housing for different income groups can be traced to these varying contexts for housing investment. Explanation of national differences lies in the differing organization of economic interests through the respective political systems.
Evaluation of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detection of Ciguatoxin (CTX) in fish tissues

The results of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure for the direct determination of ciguatoxin (CTX) in fish tissues are presented. The RIA procedure detected CTX in 93% of fish tissues obtained from clinically documented ciguatera cases. The immunoglobulin nature of the reactive serum factor in sheep immunized with CTX was ascertained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by the ability to distinguish toxic from nontoxic fish tissues. Furthermore, a longitudinal study with commercial Seriola dumerili proved the RIA procedure to be effective in protecting the consumer from ciguatera poisoning by eliminating the potentially hazardous fishes from the markets. It is suggested that the RIA procedure has potential use in surveying areas for fishery development and is of value in keeping potentially toxic large fish off the market.
Analysis of the validity of cerebrovascular disease mortality statistics in Maryland.

Abstract A study of cerebrovascular disease mortality in the state of Maryland was conducted in order to determine the validity of the cerebrovascular disease diagnoses. A stratified sample of 1932 death certificates were reviewed by obtaininginformation from other medical sources. After adjusting for sampling, cerebrovascular disease was mentioned on 669 (15.8 %) of 4 230 certificates age 40 to 75. Cerebrovascular disease was the underlying cause in 361, or 54 %, of the 669 deaths. In 121 (18.1 %) of the 669 deaths no information to validate the cerebrovascular disease diagnosis was reported, while there were 265 deaths in which a cerebrovascular disease diagnosis was noted on a clinical record other than the death certificate. Among the 364 death certificates mentioning cerebrovascular disease in which the death occurred in the hospital, the medical reviewer did not believe that cerebrovascular disease was present in 19.8%, while of the 356 hospital deaths attributed to cerebrovascular disease by the reviewer, 260 (80.2%) also reported cerebrovascular disease on the death certificate. In 241, (74.1%) of the 324 death certificates listing cerebrovascular disease, the reviewer determined that the diagnosis was well supported by clinical and/or laboratory evidence. The sensitivity and specificity of the cerebrovascular disease diagnosis on the death certificate was similar in the city and counties. Approximately 73 % of all reported CVD diagnoses were listed on the death certificates. This percentage did not vary with age and no apparent race-sex bias was present.
Sorting of the Domain-Specific Acrosomal Matrix Protein AM50 during Spermiogenesis in the Guinea Pig

Abstract We previously identified an insoluble 50-kDa acrosomal matrix protein (AM50) localized to the ventral region of the guinea pig sperm apical segment. AM50 is converted to a 42-kDa polypeptide and released during matrix dispersion in acrosome-reacting sperm. This study examines the sorting pathways and assembly processes which generate the domain-specific distribution of AM50 in the acrosome. AM50 was expressed during early acrosome development and localized to the matrix of proacrosomal granules and the acrosomal vesicle. Initial sorting of AM50 occurred in Golgi phase spermatids, where it became concentrated in the matrix surrounding the acrosomal granule. AM50 remained restricted to the apical segment of acrosome phase spermatids and was finally sorted to the ventral matrix of the apical segment in maturation phase spermatids. By reducing SDS-PAGE testicular AM50 exhibited a slightly higher Mr of 52 kDa than the 50-kDa form of cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Nonreducing SDS-PAGE demonstrated that testicular and epididymal AM50 were assembled into homomeric complexes of 480 and 450 kDa respectively. Cauda epididymal sperm apical segments contained a second disulfide-cross-linked homomeric complex of 520 kDa composed of a 68-kDa subunit. These studies indicate that AM50 is first assembled into a disulfide-cross-linked complex and subsequently processed into mature AM50. These data also suggest that disulfide-linked complexes of different structural proteins may assemble into distinct acrosomal matrix compartments.
Preparation and characterization of (Ba1−xSrx)TiO3 films by sol–gel processing

Barium strontium titanate ((Ba, Sr)TiO3) thin films were prepared on Pt/Ti/Si substrates by the sol–gel method using metal alkoxides. The dependence of the dielectric constant for the films on the film compositions and on the film thickness were investigated. The dielectric constant of the film of thickness 180 nm had the highest value of 230 at composition ratios of [Ba+Sr]/[Ti]=1.04 and [Sr]/[Ba+Sr]=0.6. The dielectric constant of the films with this composition decreased from 390 to 160 with a decrease in the film thickness from 440 to 100 nm. The decrease in the dielectric constant with increasing film thickness is attributed to the existence of a low-dielectric-constant interface layer adjacent to the electrodes. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
A method for atlas-based volumetric registration with surface constraints for Optical Bioluminescence Tomography in small animal imaging

Atlases are normalized representations of anatomy that can provide a standard coordinate system for in vivo imaging studies. For Optical Bioluminescence Tomography (OBT) in small animals, the animal's surface topography can be reconstructed from structured light measurements, but internal anatomy is unavailable unless additional CT or MR images are acquired. We present a novel method for estimating the internal organ structure of a mouse by warping a labeled 3D volumetric mouse atlas with the constraint that the surfaces of the two should match. Surface-constrained harmonic maps used for this bijective warping are computed by minimizing the covariant harmonic energy. We demonstrate the application of this warping scheme in OBT, where scattering and absorption coefficients of tissue are functions of the internal anatomy and hence, better estimates of the organ structures can lead to a more accurate forward model resulting in improved source localization. We first estimated the subject's internal geometry using the atlas-based warping scheme. Then the mouse was tessellated and optical properties were assigned based on the estimated organ structure. Bioluminescent sources were simulated, an optical forward model was computed using a finite-element solver, and multispectral data were simulated. We evaluate the accuracy of the forward model computed using the warped atlas against that assuming a homogeneous mouse model. This is done by comparing each model against a 'true' optical forward model where the anatomy of the mouse is assumed known. We also evaluate the impact of anatomical alignment on bioluminescence source localization.
Bacterial capsular polysaccharides—biochemistry, immunity and vaccine

The biochemical basis of immunogenicity to bacterial capsular polysaccharides (PSs) has been extensively studied. Antibody responses to PS antigens can be greatly affected by their physico-chemical properties, e.g. molecular size, specific determinants, conformation etc. At present, three bacterial PS vaccines, including meningococcal, pneumococcal, and H. influenzae type b, have been licensed in the U.S.A. Many other PSs, such as group B Streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella, are still in various stages of vaccine development. Studies on the type distribution of pneumococcal isolates from Asian populations showed that the types included in the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine were considerably fewer in Asia than that observed in the U.S.A.: the proportion of types was 62.9% in Taiwan, 72.9% in Japan and 87.9-92.8% in the U.S.A. A large number of pneumococcal types found in Taiwan and Japan, such as 15A, 23A, 24F and 34, are not present in the pneumococcal vaccine. Immunization with one type of group 9 or 19F PS induced a poor antibody response to the other type. All 9N, 9V, 19F and 19A PSs are required in the vaccine to induce sufficient antibodies against group 9 and 19 infection. Extensive cross-reactions have been found between pneumococcal PSs and PSs from other bacteria. Klebsiella K2 PS could enhance the magnitude of the antibody response to 19F PS. The structure of streptococcal 14636/74 was found to be identical to pneumococcal 19F PS. A difficult problem in the development of vaccines against bacterial diseases is the poor immune response of young children to purified PSs. Antibodies against the PSs can be elicited when PS antigens are conjugated to a protein carrier. In mice, the maternal immunization with pneumococcal PS during pregnancy or before mating, did not cause suppression or other observable harmful effect, rather it may provide sufficient antibodies for protection against infection during early life.
Students' reactions after cheating: An attributional analysis

Abstract The hypothesis that students who cheat will externalize the cause of this behavior was tested by contrasting the causal inferences of cheating students and noncheating students. The results supported Kelley's attributional model, for cheaters tended to note the high distinctiveness, high consensus, and low consistency of their actions, while noncheaters noted the low distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency of their morally commendable actions. Comparison of the students' attributions with inferences formulated by uninvolved observers also indicated that students tended to formulate self-serving attributions, suggesting that external attributions—in providing students with an excuse for cheating—may work to limit self-concept changes after misconduct.
Oxygen inhibits neuronal activation in the trigeminocervical complex after stimulation of trigeminal autonomic reflex, but not during direct dural activation of trigeminal afferents.

Objective.— To understand the mechanism of action of oxygen treatment in cluster headache. Background.— Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, including cluster headache, are characterized by unilateral head pain in association with ipsilateral cranial autonomic features. They are believed to involve activation of the trigeminovascular system and the parasympathetic outflow to the cranial vasculature from the superior salivatory nucleus (SuS) projections through the sphenopalatine ganglion, via the greater petrosal nerve of the VIIth (facial) cranial nerve. Cluster headache is remarkably responsive to treatment with oxygen, and yet our understanding of its mode of action is unknown. Methods.— Combining models of trigeminovascular nociception and a novel approach that activates the trigeminal-autonomic reflex, using SuS/facial nerve stimulation, we explored the effect of oxygen on trigeminal nerve activation as well as on autonomic responses through blood flow observations of the lacrimal duct/sac. Results.— Meningeal vasodilation and neuronal firing in the trigeminocervical complex (TCC), in response to dural electrical stimulation, was unaffected by treatment with 100% oxygen. Stimulation of the SuS via the facial nerve caused only marginal changes in dural blood vessel diameter, but did result in evoked firing in the TCC. Two populations of neurons were characterized, those responsive to 100% oxygen treatment, with a maximal inhibition of 33%, 20 minutes after the start of oxygen treatment (t15 = 4.4, P < .0001). A second population of neurons were not inhibited by oxygen and tended to have shorter latency. Oxygen also inhibited evoked blood flow changes in the lacrimal sac/duct caused by SuS stimulation. Conclusions.— The data provide the first systematic, experimental evidence for a mechanism of action of oxygen in cluster headache. The data show oxygen has no direct effect on trigeminal afferents, acting specifically on the parasympathetic/facial nerve projections to the cranial vasculature to inhibit both evoked trigeminovascular activation and activation of the autonomic pathway during cluster headache attacks. Moreover, the studies begin to characterize a novel laboratory model for the most painful primary headache syndrome known – cluster headache.
HYDRONEPHROSIS IN A WOMAN UNDERGOING IN VITRO FERTILIZATION

Obstruction of a ureter secondary to tumor, fibrosis, or inflammation has been well documented in published reports. A review of English studies revealed no reported cases of hydronephrosis of a native kidney resulting from hyperstimulation of an ovary. We report a case of hydronephrosis in a woman undergoing ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Her presentation was prompted by symptoms of flank pain with nausea and vomiting. Management with ureteral stent placement was successful in relieving the obstructive symptoms. This case demonstrates the importance of imaging and close monitoring of symptoms in women undergoing in vitro fertilization.
Overexpression of the NOTCH1 Intracellular Domain Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Alters the Neuroendocrine Phenotype of Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cells

The role of NOTCH1 as an oncogene or tumor suppressor appears to be cell type-specific. Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cells characteristically express the transcription factor ASCL1 (achaete-scute complex-like 1) as well as high levels of the neuroendocrine (NE) markers calcitonin and chromogranin A (CgA). In this study, we show that the active NOTCH1 intracellular domain is absent in human MTC tumor tissue samples and MTC-TT cells. To determine the effects of NOTCH1 expression, we created a doxycycline-inducible NOTCH1 intracellular domain in MTC cells (TT-NOTCH cells). Treatment of TT-NOTCH cells with doxycycline led to dose-dependent induction of NOTCH1 protein with corresponding decreases in ASCL1 protein and NE hormones. ASCL1 promoter-reporter assay and Northern analysis revealed that ASCL1 reduction by NOTCH1 activation is predominantly via silencing of ASCL1 gene transcription. Overexpression of ASCL1 in MTC cells indicated that CgA expression is highly dependent on the levels of ASCL1. This was further confirmed by experiments using small interfering RNA against ASCL1, in which reduction in ASCL1 led to reduction in both CgA and calcitonin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NOTCH1 signaling activation leads to ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but that reduction in NE markers is independent of ERK1/2 activation. Activation of NOTCH1 resulted in significant MTC cell growth inhibition. Notably, reduction in MTC cell growth was dependent on the level of NOTCH1 protein present. Moreover, no increase in growth upon expression of ASCL1 in NOTCH1-activated cells was observed, indicating that the growth suppression observed upon NOTCH1 activation is independent of ASCL1 reduction. Mechanistically, we show that MTC cell growth inhibition by NOTCH1 is mediated by cell cycle arrest associated with up-regulation of p21.
AMOC variations in 1979–2008 simulated by NCEP operational ocean data assimilation system

Variations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) between 1979 and 2008 are documented using the operational ocean analysis, the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS), at the National Centers for Climate Prediction (NCEP). The maximum AMOC at 40°N is about 16 Sv in average with peak-to-peak variability of 3–4 Sv. The AMOC variations are dominated by an upward trend from 1980 to 1995, and a downward trend from 1995 to 2008. The maximum AMOC at 26.5°N is slightly weaker than hydrographic estimates and observations from mooring array. The dominant variability of the AMOC in 20°–65°N (the first EOF, 51% variance) is highly correlated with that in the subsurface temperature (the first EOF, 33% variance), and therefore, with density (the first EOF, 25% variance) in the North Atlantic, and is consistent with the observational estimates based on the World Ocean Database 2005. The dominant variabilities of AMOC and subsurface temperature are also analyzed in the context of possible links with the net surface heat flux, deep convection, western boundary current, and subpolar gyre. Variation in the net surface heat flux is further linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index which is found to lead AMOC variations by about 5 years. Our results indicate that AMOC variations can be documented based on an ocean analysis system such as GODAS.
Altered feathering of chicks caused by T-2 toxin.

Abstract Dietary T-2 toxin (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 μg./g.) was fed to 4 groups of 10 chickens at each treatment level from hatching until 3 weeks of age. Growth inhibitory levels (4, 8, and 16 μg./g.) caused abnormal feathering which appeared dose related. The chickens were sparsely covered with short feathers protruding at odd angles in comparison to controls. There were few feathers on the base of the neck, on the anterior dorsal surface of the wing, and on the side and back adjacent to the tail. Feather tips frequently were constricted and bent downward while the quill could have a reverse curve. A literature survey suggests that T-2 toxin may cause this effect through a nutritional imbalance.
Synthesis and isocyanate insertion reactions of tungsten(IV) imido complexes formed from W(CO)(acac)(N3)(PMe3)3 with azide as the oxidant

Abstract Addition of excess trimethylphosphine and a halide source to a solution of W(CO)(acac)2(η2-L) (L = N CPh and O CMe2) leads to displacement of L and one acetylacetonate chelate to produce electron-rich, seven-coordinate complexes of the formula W(CO)(acac)(X)(PMe3)3 (X = Cl, Br, and I). Use of NaN3 instead of a halide source leads primarily to loss of carbon monoxide and dinitrogen, and protonation from adventitious water yields the cationic imido complex [W(NH)(acac)(PMe3)3]+. Heating [W(NH)(acac)(PMe3)3]+ in aromatic isocyanates at high temperature results in isocyanate insertion into the NH imido bond to form new C–N bonds. An alternate route to related imido complexes involves heating [W(O)(acac)(PMe3)3]+ with phenyl isocyanate at high temperatures to yield the substituted imido complex [W(NPh)(acac)(PMe3)3]+.
Surface activity of urea

Abstract The effects of high concentrations of urea to increase surface pressure and alter surface potentials of stearic and palmitic acid monolayers were examined at temperatures between 15° and 40°C. Results of the investigation show that penetration of urea into an interfacial region depends upon the presence of molecules at the interface, where dipole-dipole interactions with the urea can occur. Such interactions allow the concentration of urea to increase to equal the bulk concentration. In the absence of such molecules urea is desorbed from the interface.
An Analysis of Earnings Patterns for Chinese, Japanese, and Non-Hispanic White Males in the United States

This article examines simultaneously three theoretical explanations—assimilation, human capital, and discrimination—on the earnings attainment process of Chines, Japanese, and non-Hispanic white ma...
The Performance of a Surrogate Blend in Simulating the Sooting Behavior of a Practical, Distillate JP-4

A surrogate fuel has been developed to simulate the atomization and combustion performance of a practical, petroleum distillate JP-4. The surrogate is comprised of fourteen pure hydrocarbons and formulated to reproduce the distillation curve and compound class composition of the parent petroleum distillate fuel. In previous work, the atomization performance (evaluated in terms of the atomization quality in an isothermal chamber), and the combustion performance (evaluated in terms of the mean axial velocity and thermal fields in a spray-atomized, swirl-stabilized, model laboratory combustor) were found to be equivalent for the petroleum and surrogate JP-4. The present study addresses the sooting performance of the two fuels, as well as that of two reference fuels (isooctane and a high aromatic petroleum JP-5) of purposefully disparate properties. The sooting performance of the petroleum and surrogate JP-4 are nearly identical, and distinctly different from that of either the isooctane or the JP-5. The surrogate represents, as a result, an attractive fuel blend for the study of fuel compositional effects on the combustion performance of practical fuels in a spray-fired combustor.Copyright © 1988 by ASME
Managing the risk of climatic variability in late prehistoric northern Chile

Abstract The concept of risk management encompasses the diverse strategies employed in preventing and mitigating losses associated with social and environmental calamities. Building on the growing literature on risk, we use archaeological data from the Tarapaca Valley, located in northern Chile, to document the risk-reduction tactics mobilized by the valley’s inhabitants to navigate the increasingly volatile environmental and social conditions of the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1450). With the onset of exceptionally unpredictable environmental conditions after AD 1100, residents of the Tarapaca Valley chose strategies such as increased trade and agricultural diversification and extensification to minimize shortages in staple resources. Threats of raiding and intra-community strife exacerbated the risks associated with subsistence shortfalls. Valley communities elected a number of strategies to curtail conflict-induced risk, including movement of settlements and field systems to defensible locations, construction of walls and other defensive features, and the introduction of plazas. Rock art data suggest that trade was increasingly embedded in ritually sanctioned events involving groups from different ecological zones. While studies of risk have focused disproportionately on environmental hazards, subsistence-related crises are often compounded by social hazards that require their own risk-mitigating strategies, further constraining options for coping with subsistence stress.
STEPPS: A cognitive-behavioral systems-based group treatment for outpatients with borderline personality disorder--a preliminary report.

We describe a new cognitive-behavioral systems-based group treatment for persons with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The program is called STEPPS, an acronym for Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving. Briefly, the program combines cognitive-behavioral techniques and skills training with a systems component. The latter involves patients with BPD and persons in their system (e.g., family members, significant others, health care professionals). The program involves 20 two-hour weekly group meetings with two facilitators, is manual-based, and has specific goals to accomplish each week. Here, we review the background and development of the program, and present preliminary efficacy data from a subset of patients which suggest that patients experience improvement in BPD and mood-related symptoms. Survey results suggest moderate to high levels of satisfaction for the treatment from patients and therapists. A new scale, the Borderline Evaluation of Severity Over Time (BEST), developed to measure severity and change in persons with BPD, is described. We propose to conduct additional research to further validate the efficacy of STEPPS. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
The use of long-term and seasonal trends of elemental compounds as an aid to the identification of sources of airborne pollutants

New York City data indicate that seasonal and annual variations in dispersion-normalized air pollutant concentrations appear to accurately reflect changes in source emission patterns. The normalized concentrations make it possible to observe the impact of regulatory changes on ambient air quality without these impacts being obscured by meteorological fluctuations. It is found that numerical modeling techniques and regression analysis can be powerful tools for extracting information from large sets of air quality data. The use of differential, as opposed to absolute, pollutant concentration values will reduce artifact correlations caused by seasonal, weekly, or daily meteorological fluctuations and will permit more accurate estimation of the regression coefficients. This technique was successfully applied to a set of daily pollution measurements whose absolute concentrations were found not to yield a statistically significant fit by multiple regression.
Management of Trastuzumab-Related Cardiac Dysfunction

Trastuzumab is the standard of care for the treatment of patients with ERB2-positive breast cancer. In a minority of patients, trastuzumab is associated with an increased incidence of cardiac dysfunction that ranges from asymptomatic decreases in left ventricular ejection fraction to symptomatic heart failure. In trials in the adjuvant setting, the difference in the incidence of cardiac events between the control and trastuzumab-containing arms was less than 4%. The baseline evaluation and oncologic setting (adjuvant versus metastatic disease) drive algorithms for the cardiac monitoring and management of these patients. When a patient develops documented left ventricular dysfunction, standard treatments for the management of heart failure should be prescribed. Trastuzumab cardiac dysfunction is an important clinical entity that can be managed effectively and individualized to maximize the cancer treatment benefit and minimize the risk and consequences of cardiac dysfunction.
Hadamard's inequality for log-concave functions

Estimates for the average value of a concave function are called Hadamard inequalities. If Lebesgue measure is replaced by a (signed) measure then it is still possible to get interesting and sharp inequalities. Here we extend these inequalities to log-concave functions.
Recognition of the oxidized lesions spiroiminodihydantoin and guanidinohydantoin in DNA by the mammalian base excision repair glycosylases NEIL1 and NEIL2.

8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is an unstable mutagenic DNA lesion that is prone to further oxidation. High valent metals such as Cr(V) and Ir(IV) readily oxidize 8-oxoG to form guanidinohydantoin (Gh), its isomer iminoallantoin (Ia), and spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp). When present in DNA, these lesions show enhanced base misincorporation over the parent 8-oxoG lesion leading to G → T and G → C transversion mutations and polymerase arrest. These findings suggested that further oxidized lesions of 8-oxoG are more mutagenic and toxic than 8-oxoG itself. Repair of oxidatively damaged bases, including Sp and Gh/Ia, are initiated by the base excision repair (BER) system that involves the DNA glycosylases Fpg, Nei, and Nth in E. coli. Mammalian homologs of two of these BER enzymes, OGG1 and NTH1, have little or no affinity for Gh/Ia and Sp. Herein we report that two recently identified mammalian glycosylases, NEIL1 and NEIL2, showed a high affinity for recognition and cleavage of DNA containing Gh/Ia and Sp lesions. NEIL1 and NEIL2 recognized both of these lesions in single-stranded DNA and catalyzed the removal of the lesions through a β- and δ-elimination mechanism. NEIL1 and NEIL2 also recognized and excised the Gh/Ia lesion opposite all four natural bases in double-stranded DNA. NEIL1 was able to excise the Sp lesion opposite the four natural bases in double-stranded DNA, however, NEIL2 showed little cleavage activity against the Sp lesion in duplex DNA although DNA trapping studies show recognition and binding of NEIL2 to this lesion. This work suggests that NEIL1 and NEIL2 are essential in the recognition of further oxidized lesions arising from 8-oxoG and implies that these BER glycosylases may play an important role in the repair of DNA damage induced by carcinogenic metals.
Stand-up magnetic metamaterials at terahertz frequencies

We present a detailed study of non-planar or 'stand-up' split ring resonators operating at terahertz frequencies. Based on a facile multilayer electroplating fabrication, this technique can create large area split ring resonators on both rigid substrates and conformally compliant structures. In agreement with simulation results, the characterization of these metamaterials shows a strong response induced purely by the magnetic field. The retrieved parameters also exhibit negative permeability values over a broad frequency span. The extracted parameters exhibit bianisotropy due to the symmetry breaking of the substrate, and this effect is investigated for both single and broad side coupled split rings. Our 3D metamaterial examples pave the way towards numerous potential applications in the terahertz region of the spectrum.
“Trapdoor” osteoplasty in reconstructing a new bony orbital floor

Summary A new technique is presented for reconstruction of an orbital blowout fracture. An osteo-periosteal pedicle flap is used from the adjacent maxilla.
Multidivisional Firms, Internal Competition, and the Merger Paradox

Traditional modelling of mergers has the merged firms (insiders) cooperate and maximize joint profits. This approach has several unappealing results in quantity-setting games, for example, mergers typically are not profitable for insiders, but are profitable for non-merging firms (outsiders). We take a different approach and allow for a parent company that can play each insider off one another. Quantity-setting games, with our approach mergers, are profitable for insiders, unprofitable for outsiders, socially beneficial, and involve (in a non-monopolizing merger) a small number of firms. Finally, we find that the optimal strategy depends on whether firms compete in quantity or prices.