cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical bypass for subclavian vein occlusion in hemodialysis patients.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The majority of patients with end-stage renal disease are dependent on hemodialysis. Significant stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian vein is known to occur in 20% to 50% of patients who have had central venous catheters inserted into the subclavian vein or the internal jugular vein. Surgical bypass of the obstructed venous segment proximal to a functioning dialysis access site is an established treatment to relieve symptoms and salvage the functional dialysis access. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of all subclavian venous bypass procedures performed at St Louis University Hospital from May 1987 to May 2000 was undertaken. Twelve procedures were performed during this time. The mean age of the patient was 55.5 years (range 17 to 72 years). There were 11 men and 1 woman. Before surgical bypass, all patients underwent bilateral venograms to evaluate their central venous systems. RESULTS: An extraanatomic surgical bypass was performed in all patients. Patients were followed for a mean of 16 months (range 1 to 79 months). At 1 month, 100% of hemodialysis access sites remained functional. At 1 year, 80%; 2 years, 60%; and 3 years, 25% of the salvaged arteriovenous hemodialysis access sites provided for functional dialysis. One patient required thrombectomy of the bypass graft at 14 months. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical bypass of an occluded or stenotic subclavian vein segment is successful in providing both symptomatic relief and salvage of a functioning dialysis access in the hemodialysis patient population. Study of the central venous system is essential in selecting an appropriate bypass procedure in individual patients.
Multivariable Generalizations of the Schur Class: Positive Kernel Characterization and Transfer Function Realization

The operator-valued Schur class is defined to be the set of holomorphic functions S mapping the unit disk into the space of contraction operators between two Hilbert spaces. There are a number of alternate characterizations: the operator of multiplication by S defines a contraction operator between two Hardy Hilbert spaces, S satisfies a von Neumann inequality, a certain operator-valued kernel associated with S is positive-definite, and S can be realized as the transfer function of a dissipative (or even conservative) discrete-time linear input/state/output linear system. Various multivariable generalizations of this class have appeared recently, one of the most encompassing being that of Muhly and Solel where the unit disk is replaced by the strict unit ball of the elements of a dual correspondence E σ associated with a W*-correspondence E over a W*-algebra \( \mathcal{A} \) together with a *-representation σ of \( \mathcal{A} \). The main new point which we add here is the introduction of the notion of reproducing kernel Hilbert correspondence and identification of the Muhly-Solel Hardy spaces as reproducing kernel Hilbert correspondences associated with a completely positive analogue of the classical Szego kernel. In this way we are able to make the analogy between the Muhly-Solel Schur class and the classical Schur class more complete. We also illustrate the theory by specializing it to some well-studied special cases; in some instances there result new kinds of realization theorems.
Microstructured and Plasma Etched PDMS Materials as Hydrophobic Materials

Microstructured porous polymer thin-films were used as templates to imprint microstructure into thin-films of PDMS materials. This allowed the frabrication of hydrophobic surfaces with various sizes of microstructure. After exposure to oxygen/fluoro carbon plasma treatment, contact angles increased and contact angle hysteresis decreased. This paper discusses the surface properties of these materials; particularly their surface composition and wetting properties, and it outlines how they may be produced experimentally.
Estimating stream chemistry during the snowmelt pulse using a spatially distributed, coupled snowmelt and hydrochemical modeling approach

[1] We used remotely sensed snow cover data and a physically based snowmelt model to estimate the spatial distribution of energy fluxes, snowmelt, snow water equivalent, and snow cover extent over the different land cover types within the Green Lakes Valley, Front Range, Colorado. The spatially explicit snowpack model was coupled to the Alpine Hydrochemical Model (AHM), and estimates of hydrochemistry at the basin outlflow were compared with the baseline AHM approach, which implicitly prescribes snowmelt. The proportions of total meltwater production from soil, talus, and rock subunits were 46, 25, and 29%, respectively, for the baseline simulation without our advanced snowmelt representation. Conversely, simulations in which the AHM was coupled to our distributed snowmelt model ascribed the largest meltwater production to talus (47%) subunits, with 37% ascribed to soil and 16% ascribed to rock. Accounting for these differences in AHM reduced model overestimates of cation concentration during snowmelt; modeled Ca2+ estimates explained 82 and 70% (P values < 0.01) of observations with and without the coupled model, respectively. Similarly, the coupled model explained more variability in nitrate concentrations, with 83 versus 70% (P values < 0.01) explained by the coupled and baseline models, respectively. Early snowmelt over talus subunits was not detected at the basin outflow, confirming earlier reports that deeper flow paths are needed in biogeochemical models of alpine systems. Realistic treatment of snowmelt within these models will allow efforts to improve understanding of flow paths and predict catchment response to increases in atmospheric deposition and climate change.
The role of nuclear receptors in regulation of Th17/Treg biology and its implications for diseases.

Nuclear receptors play an essential role in cellular environmental sensing, differentiation, development, homeostasis, and metabolism and are thus highly conserved across multiple species. The anti-inflammatory role of nuclear receptors in immune cells has recently gained recognition. Nuclear receptors play critical roles in both myeloid and lymphoid cells, particularly in helper CD4+ T-cell type 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg). Th17 and Treg have a major impact on cellular fate through their interactions with cytokine signaling pathways. Recent studies have emphasized the interactions between nuclear receptors and the known cytokine signals and how these interactions affect the expression and function of master transcription factors in Th17 and Treg subsets. This review will focus on the most recent discoveries concerning the roles of nuclear receptors in regulating the Th17/Treg cell-fate determination.
The Cultural Background of 'The Legal Imagination'

This paper is an exploration of the cultural circumstances in which modern law and literature arose, in the middle third of the last century. The argument is that the connections between law and literature were surprising, because law thought of itself as an autonomous field of practice and thought; they were unsurprising, at least in retrospect, because that very legal culture was deeply rhetorical in nature, as legal thought had been for hundreds of years, a fact that invited comparison with other forms of persuasion, argument, narration, and thought. The lawyer's task was in some sense to define the meaning both of the legal past and of the events or facts in the immediate case, with the object of doing this as well as possible. As for literary criticism, that was a field largely grounded in close reading, the object of which was reach sound judgments about quality, and to express and justify them in writing that was worthy of the task, all with the object of doing these things as well as possible. In these respects literary criticism was similar to law, also a field of reading, understanding, judging, and expressing. These fields were neighbors without knowing it. When put side by side they generated many of the questions to which scholarship in the field of law and the humanities has since been devoted.
Metabolic inhibitors synergistically decrease hepatic energy status and increase food intake

Previous studies indicate that administration of the metabolic inhibitor, 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol (2,5-AM) or methyl palmoxirate (MP), induces feeding behavior in rats by lowering hepatic energy status. Combined treatment with these agents synergistically increases food intake. The present study was designed to investigate whether combined treatment also has a synergistic effect on hepatic energy status. Rats treated with both inhibitors increased feeding behavior compared with the controls, whereas those treated with 2,5-AM or MP alone did not. Although 2,5-AM alone lowered hepatic ATP content regardless of MP treatment, only the combination resulted in decreases in hepatic ATP/ADP ratio and phosphorylation potential. MP treatment did not affect the uptake of 2,5-AM into liver. These results suggest that a reduction in hepatic energy status is the common triggering signal for eating behavior induced by 2,5-AM and MP and provide additional evidence for an integrated metabolic control of food intake.
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors: Molecular mechanisms of activation and therapeutic potentials

Angiogenesis-associated eye diseases are among the most common cause of blindness in the United States and worldwide. Recent advances in the development of angiogenesis-based therapies for treatment of angiogenesis-associated diseases have provided new hope in a wide variety of human diseases ranging from eye diseases to cancer. One group of growth factor receptors critically implicated in angiogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 are closely related receptor tyrosine kinases and have both common and specific ligands. VEGFR-1 is a kinase-impaired RTK and its kinase activity is suppressed by a single amino acid substitution in its kinase domain and by its carboxyl terminus. VEGFR-2 is highly active kinase, stimulates a variety of signaling pathways and broad biological responses in endothelial cells. The mechanisms that govern VEGFR-2 activation, its ability to recruit signaling proteins and to undergo downregulation are highly regulated by phosphorylation activation loop tyrosines and its carboxyl terminus. Despite their differential potentials to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation and kinase activation, both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 are required for normal embryonic development and pathological angiogenesis. VEGFR-1 regulates angiogenesis by mechanisms that involve ligand trapping, receptor homodimerization and heterodimerization. This review highlights recent insights into the mechanism of activation of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, and focuses on the signaling pathways employed by VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 that regulate angiogenesis and their therapeutic potentials in angiogenesis-associated diseases.
The Huntzinger flow: Evidence of surface mixing of the Columbia River Basalt and its petrogenetic implications

Variation in chemical composition within flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) is typically small, but one flow, the Huntzinger flow, exhibits a large intraflow compositional range. The composition varies both vertically and laterally, but mass-balance calculations for both major/minor oxides and trace elements show that the variation can be explained by simple binary mixing between two end members. These end-member compositions are identical to two Saddle Mountains Basalt flows, the basalt of Lapwai (Wilbur Creek Member) and the Asotin Member. Primary intraflow features of the Huntzinger flow are highly variable, which is atypical for most CRBG flows. In addition to common features such as a scoriaceous flow top, an entablature, and a colonnade, the flow exhibits evidence of invasion into sediments, pillow-hyaloclastic zones, ophimottling, and veins. Ophimottling and veins can be directly related to compositional variations; veins occur in zones of mixing between the two end members, and ophimottling is confined to zones dominated by the Asotin composition. The Huntzinger flow is dominated by clinopyroxene and plagioclase, with lesser amounts of olivine and variable amounts of glass. The mineralogies of the two end-member compositions are similar to those of the Asotin and Lapwai flows from the Clear-water embayment. The intermediate compositions of the Huntzinger flow contain characteristics of both flows, suggesting mixing of the two. The compositional variation indicates that mixing increases from the eastern part of the Pasco Basin, where the Asotin composition occurs in the center of the flow and is surrounded by Lapwai, to the western side, where there is almost complete mixing of the Lapwai and Asotin. This pattern is analogous to that produced when two flows mix by free turbulent flow from a free jet. Based upon this analogy, a flow emplacement model is proposed in which the basalt of Lapwai is initially emplaced in the Pasco Basin and, prior to solidification, is invaded by and mixed with the Asotin lava. This model places several petrogenetic constraints on this interval of the Saddle Mountains Basalt. The close spatial and temporal association of the Asotin Member and basalt of Lapwai with yet a third flow, the Wahluke flow (Wilbur Creek Member), allows the rate of eruption to be estimated and constrains the rate of magma recharge to a storage chamber. The role of crustal contamination can also be evaluated from this model. The conditions required for surface mixing suggest that this may not have been a unique occurrence and that other CRBG flows may be composite flows resulting from mixing.
Assessing BMP Effectiveness and Guiding BMP Planning Using Process-Based Modeling

There is an increasing need for improved process-based planning tools to assist watershed managers in the selection and placement of effective best management practices (BMPs). In this article, we present an approach, based on the Water Erosion Prediction Project model and a pesticide transport model, to identify dominant hydrologic flow paths and critical source areas for a variety of pollutant types. We use this approach to compare the relative impacts of BMPs on hydrology, erosion, sediment, and pollutant delivery within different landscapes. Specifically, we focus on using this approach to understand what factors promoted and/or hindered BMP effectiveness at three Conservation Effects Assessment Project watersheds: Paradise Creek Watershed in Idaho, Walnut Creek Watershed in Iowa, and Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed in Missouri. These watersheds were first broken down into unique land types based on soil and topographic characteristics. We used the model to assess BMP effectiveness in each of these land types. This simple process-based modeling approach provided valuable insights that are not generally available to planners when selecting and locating BMPs and helped explain fundamental reasons why long-term improvement in water quality of these three watersheds has yet to be completely realized.
Constructing personality and social reality through music: Individual differences among fans of punk and heavy metal music

The study examined the relationship of popular music preferences to individual differences in social judgments and to personality characteristics. Individuals who expressed liking for heavy metal music were higher in machiavellianism and machismo and lower in need for cognition than nonfans. Heavy metal fans also made higher estimates than nonfans of consensus among young people for sexual, drug‐related, occult, and antisocial behaviors and attitudes. Punk rock fans were less accepting of authority than those who disliked this music. Punk fans also estimated higher frequencies than nonfans of antiauthority behaviors such as owning weapons, committing a crime, shoplifting, and going to jail. The results are discussed using interactive and social‐cognitive models for the acquisition of stable social attitudes and personality characteristics.
Multipole mixing ratios in the decay of 133ba from triple-γ directional correlation measurements

Abstract The multipole mixing ratios of the 53.17 and 302.85 keV transitions in 133 Cs are measured through γ → γ → γ angular correlation experiments using one NaI(Tl) and two Ge(Li) detectors. Angular correlations for the cascades 276.40 keV → 79.63 keV ( θ variable) → 81.00 keV, 276.40 keV → 79.63 keV → 81.00 keV ( θ variable), and 53.17 keV → 302.85 keV → 81.00 keV ( θ variable) were investigated. The data were analyzed assuming the presently accepted J π sequence of 7 2 + , 5 2 + , 5 2 + , 3 2 + , and 1 2 + for the ground state and the 81.00, 160.63, 383.82, and 437.00 keV levels in 133 Cs, respectively, and taking the 276.40 keV transition to be pure E2, the 81.00 keV transition to be M1 + 2.8% E2, and the 53.17 keV transition to be M1 + 1.0% E2. The multipole mixing ratios σ are determined to be + 0.171 −0.050 +0.051 for tne 79.63 keV transition and + 0.022 for the 302.85 keV transition. Phases of the mixing ratios of the 81.00, 79.63, and 302.85 keV transitions are adopted after a critical analysis of the data. The present experiment has determined the mixing ratios, along with the phases, free of errors due to angle-dependent Compton distributions of interfering γ-ray cascades.
Forced unidirectional infiltration of deformable porous media

We treat the infiltration of an initially dry deformable porous medium by a pressurized liquid, taking into account the influence of variations in permeability within the deformed porous medium. Chief assumptions of our analysis are neglect of gravity, of inertial forces, and of partial saturation in the porous medium. We focus on unidirectional infiltration under constant liquid pressure, and present data from the infiltration of polyurethane sponge by ethylene glycol in a configuration of nearly unidirectional infiltration with reflief from friction effects along sample sides. We find excellent agreement between theory and experiment at longer infiltration times. We examine an additional assumption, namely the neglect of solid-phase velocity compared with average local liquid velicity at lower porous-medium strains. Agreement of this simplified model with experimental data, albeit less good, remains quite acceptable given the considerable computational simplicity it produces.
NORADRENERGIC, BUT NOT CHOLINERGIC, DEAFFERENTATION OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX IMPAIRS ATTENTIONAL SET-SHIFTING

Both norepinephrine and acetylcholine have been shown to be critically involved in mediating attention but there remains debate about whether they serve similar or unique functions. Much of what is known about the role of these neurochemicals in cognition is based on manipulations done at the level of the cell body but these findings are difficult to reconcile with data regarding the unique contribution of cortical subregions, e.g. the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, to attention. In the current study, we directly compared the effects of noradrenergic and cholinergic deafferentation of the rat medial prefrontal cortex, the homologue of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, using an intradimensional/extradimensional attentional set shifting task, a task previously shown to be able to dissociate the function of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from orbitofrontal cortex. We found that noradrenergic, but not cholinergic, deafferentation produces specific impairments in the ability to shift attentional set. We also clarified the nature of the attentional deficits by assessing the ability of rats to disregard irrelevant stimuli. Noradrenergic lesions did not alter the ability of rats to ignore irrelevant stimuli, suggesting that the attentional deficit results from an overly focused attentional state that retards learning that a new stimulus dimension predicts reward.
Introduction to the Issue

Gordon Willard Allport was born more than 100 years ago on November 11, 1897. In honor of the centennial of his birth, this issue of the Journal presents a collection of articles on the social psychology of prejudice and intergroup relations—the field that Allport pioneered with his classic 1954 book, The Nature of Prejudice. The articles provide insights into both perpetrators and targets of prejudice and the conflict that often takes place between members of different societal groups. In the tradition of Gordon Allport, these articles demonstrate that it is possible for social science to make theoretical, empirical, and practical contributions to the understanding and resolution of social problems. This introductory article high-lights Allport's contributions to the social psychology of prejudice and intergroup relations. Overviews of the articles in this issue are also provided, and the recurring theoretical and methodological approaches are considered.
Child protective services' response to prenatal drug exposure: results from a nationwide survey.

Abstract Objective: This survey was conducted to: (1) document child protective services (CPS) agencies’ actual practices regarding prenatal drug exposure; (2) examine urban and rural differences in CPS responses; (3) explore whether CPS practices varied as a function of county median income, birth rate, population size, or percent minority births; and (4) assess respondent satisfaction with their county’s current responses. Method: Data were collected via a nationwide telephone survey of child welfare supervisors from two urban and two rural counties in every state (N = 200). Results: Ninety percent of counties (100% of urban and 80% of rural) reported receiving referrals of infants with prenatal drug exposure. Among those receiving referrals, extreme variations in practice were found; all possible response options (from very inactive to very aggressive) were equally represented on key questions (e.g., filing court petitions, taking custody). Rural counties tended to have stronger responses than urban counties (t[175] = −2.26, p = .024). County response did not vary with county-level median family income, percent minority births, or birth rate. Despite wide variations in practice, the majority of respondents (69%) felt their county’s response was appropriate. Of respondents who did indicate that their county’s response was inappropriate, most (85%) felt that the county needed to do more to protect children. Conclusions: There is currently tremendous variation across US counties in CPS responses to, and beliefs regarding, the issue of prenatal drug exposure. Some of this variation is due to differences between urban and rural counties, with little variation explained by differences in median income or percent minority births at the county level. There is a need for research-based guidance and consensus building in CPS practice in this area.
Energy therapies: focus on spirituality.

Research Question How are spiritual experiences described by participants of an energy based healing session? Theoretical Framework A taxonomy of spiritual experiences (TSE), developed from previous research, provided a linguistic tool to explore and describe spiritual experiences. Methodology A secondary qualitative analysis was conducted on a subset of existing data. Context Original data was from accounts of spiritual experiences from participants in Healing Touch classes. Sample Selection and Data Collection A purposive sample of accounts of spiritual experiences that occurred during giving or receiving an energy based healing session (n=56) was drawn from the existing data base of spiritual experience accounts. Analysis and Interpretation A top down deductive analysis using the TSE as a coding schema was applied to this sample. Comparisons were made between this subset who described their spiritual experience specifically occurring during a healing session and the original dataset of more general descriptions of a spiritual experience. Comparisons were also made between this subset and the original data as well as between giving and receiving a healing. Main Results The components of the taxonomy were well represented and richly described as occurring during a healing session. Notable similarities between giving and receiving a healing were apparent in the descriptions of sensate experiences, ecstasy, and experiences of encounters with disincarnate guides. Healing activities are a rich context for spiritual experiences. The taxonomy provides a useful linguistic and cognitive structure for exploring spiritual experiences.
Generations and Ideological Change: Some Observations

The recollections of 28 cohorts of college graduates-all of them former recipients of Woodrow Wilson Fellowships for graduate study-of historical events between 1945 and 1971 and their participation in activities specifically associated with the peace movement and student activism of the 1960s were brought to bear on Mannheim's theory of generations. The analysis suggests proportionately greater sensitivity to the events of the 1960 among those who reached the age of 20 near the middle of the decade, a finding that bears out generational theory. But despite this apparently heightened sensitivity among those the fight age at the right time, the effect of these recollections and experiences on attitudes expressed in 1973 was consistently overshadowed by even stronger attitudinal effects attributable to an early commitment to activism. The latter was more closely related to the family milieu than to having come of age politically in a particular historical period. The data were obtained from a mail survey of 1321 former Wilson Fellows. Carl W. Roberts is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology and the Department of Statistics, Iowa State University. Kurt Lang is Director and Professor, School of Communications, University of Washington. An earlier version of this article was presented at the American Sociological Association in Detroit, September 1983. The authors are grateful to Andrea Tyree and Katherine Williams for their helpful comments. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol 49:460-473 ? by the American Association for Public Opinion Research Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co, Inc. 0033-362X/85/0049-460/$2 50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:19:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms GENERATIONS AND IDEOLOGICAL CHANGE 461 the historical process. "That people are born at the same time, or that their youth, adulthood, and old age coincide," wrote Mannheim, " . . . create[s] a similar location [in] that they are in a position to experience the same events and data, etc., and especially that these experiences impinge on a similarly 'stratified' consciousness" (1952: 297), at least insofar as they reside within some proximity and/or are part of the same polity. Although within these limits contemporaries of all ages are exposed to the same events, the older age groups will already have formed their own "natural view" of these events. As a result, what is a shared experience becomes stratified by a multiplicity of perspectives that are, so to speak, generational. Each age group brings its own point of view to bear on these
Magnetic properties of neodymium-small rare earth gallium garnets with the rare earth ions on two crystallographic sites☆

Abstract Garnets of the type {Nd 3− y R y }[R x Ga 2− x ](Ga 3 )O 12 , in which R is Yb, Tm, Er, Ho, or Dy, and x is as high as 2, have been subjected to magnetic measurements. All preparations have been studied over the temperature range 78–300°K and some also at 4.2°K and/or over the range 1.6–300°K. The materials are paramagnetic with Curie-Weiss behavior, but in some the slopes of 1 χ M vs. T plots change at very low temperature. Comparisons are made between experimental Curie constants and those calculated from theoretical values and from values obtained with garnets containing the same rare earth ions on only one or the other of the two crystallographic sites. Over the temperature ranges in which the various materials were studied, no evidence has been found for long-range ordering which results in ferrimagnetism, ferromagnetism, or antiferromagnetism.
Infrared spectroscopic evidence of conformational transitions of an atrial natriuretic peptide.

Abstract The conformational properties of the atrial natriuretic peptide atriopeptin III were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra in the amide I region were analyzed quantitatively using deconvolution and band-fitting procedures. According to this analysis, in aqueous solution the monomeric peptide has a random structure. Binding to bilayer vesicles of dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol results in drastic conformational changes. The lipid-complexed atriopeptin III adopts a highly ordered structure of predominantly beta-sheets. A transition to a similar, but not identical, beta-structure occurs upon self-association of the peptide. The results of model experiments suggest that the binding of this atrial peptide to the target cell membrane is associated with the induction of beta-sheet structure and that it is this latter conformation that is predominant in the active form of the hormone.
In the beginning was thelogos: Hermeneutical remarks on the starting-point of Edmund Husserl's Formal and transcendental Logic

According to the leading commentators and the author himself, Edmund Husserl'sFormal and transcendental Logic is the most important work on phenomenological logic ever written. Nonetheless, it has, in general, gained far less attention than theLogical Investigations and theIdeas on a pure Phenomenology and phenomenological Philosophy. In particular, the argument of § 1 of theLogic, namely, that it is fruitful to start with the meanings of the expression “logos” in order to develop a genuinely transcendental logic, has received virtually no consideration. This paper takes a step towards filling this empty space by analyzing and criticizing the argument of § 1 as a problem to which (a) solution(s) must be found: First, it offers an introduction to the problemper se, which is one of the relationship between speech and reason; second, it tries to bring the given senses of “logos” to a higher grade of conceptual clarity and distinctness than that in the text; third, it attempts to decide whether and how far these senses of the word can be documented according to principles of Classical philology; fourth, it endeavors to determine exactly the relationship between the meanings of “logos” in § 1 and the senses of “logic” in § § 1–107; finally, it strives to show that, with respect to the account of the relationship between speech and reason provided by Husserl in theLogic, there is, at best, a conflict and, at worst, a contradiction between the strategy outlined in § 1 and the tactics adopted in § 2ff. Throughout, the paper reads Husserl's “descriptions” as ‘arguments’ for his positions, thereby avoiding any of the obscurity sometimes infecting work in “Continental philosophy”.
Indocyanine green elimination test in orthotopic liver recipients

Abstract Objective: To determine its predictive capability on graft quality and resultant clinical outcome, the indocyanine green (ICG) elimination test was performed by a spectrophotometric method and a noninvasive finger-piece method with 50 orthotopic liver transplantations. Background: Early detection of poor-functioning hepatic grafts is one of the most important issues in liver transplantation, but no reliable methods exist. Methods: The ICG test was performed after 50 orthotopic liver transplantations on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7. Indocyanine green elimination constants (K ICG ) were measured by both a standard spectrophotometric analysis (K ICG -B) and by a finger-piece method (K ICG -F). The patients were followed for a minimum of 3 months after transplantation. Results of ICG tests were correlated with various clinical determinations. Results: Twelve of the 50 grafts were lost within three months, of which 7 were related to graft failure. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model revealed that K ICG on postoperative day 1 was a better predictor of liver- related graft outcome than any of the conventional liver function tests. Furthermore, K ICG values showed significant correlation with the severity of preservation injury, longer intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay, prolonged liver dysfunction, and septic complications. Correlation of K ICG values by the spectrophotometric method with those by the finger-piece method was highly satisfactory in the grafts that had K ICG -B -1 (y = 0.868x -0.011, r = .955). CONCLUSION: The ICG elimination test, conducted spectrophotometrically or optically on the day after liver transplantation, is a reliable indicator of graft quality and subsequent graft outcome early after liver transplantation. (Hepatology 1996 Nov;24(5):1165-71)
Cortical abnormalities in epilepsy revealed by local EEG synchrony.

Abnormally strong functional linkage between cortical areas has been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of partial epilepsy. We explore the possibility that such linkages may be manifest in the interictal EEG apart from epileptiform disturbances or visually evident focal abnormalities. We analyzed samples of interictal intracranial EEG (ICEEG) recorded from subdural grids in nine patients with medically intractable partial epilepsy, measuring interelectrode synchrony using the mean phase coherence algorithm. This analysis revealed areas of elevated local synchrony, or “hypersynchrony” which had persistent spatiotemporal characteristics that were unique to each patient. Measuring local synchrony in a subdural grid results in a map of the cortical surface that provides information not visually apparent on either EEG or structural imaging. We explore the relationship of hypersynchronous areas to the clinical evidence of seizure localization in each case, and speculate that local hypersynchrony may be a marker of epileptogenic cortex, and may prove to be a valuable aid to clinical ICEEG interpretation.
Structures of power in naturally occurring communities

Abstract This paper uses the sample of communes from Zablocki's study [Zablocki, Benjamin, 1980. Alienation and Charisma: A Study of Contemporary American Communes. The Free Press, New York] to test formal models of how interpersonal power relations are structured. Three alternative possibilities are explored—that observed power relations are derived from a single underlying status dimension, that they are derived from a differentiated status structure, and that there is no underlying structure at all. Some communes have latent status dimensions, others do not, but none have differentiated structures. Certain causes and effects of the production of such status orders are explored.
Geometric uncertainty of 2D projection imaging in monitoring 3D tumor motion

The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) projection imaging methods in three-dimensional (3D) tumor motion monitoring. Many commercial linear accelerator types have projection imaging capabilities, and tumor motion monitoring is useful for motion inclusive, respiratory gated or tumor tracking strategies. Since 2D projection imaging is limited in its ability to resolve the motion along the imaging beam axis, there is unresolved motion when monitoring 3D tumor motion. From the 3D tumor motion data of 160 treatment fractions for 46 thoracic and abdominal cancer patients, the unresolved motion due to the geometric limitation of 2D projection imaging was calculated as displacement in the imaging beam axis for different beam angles and time intervals. The geometric uncertainty to monitor 3D motion caused by the unresolved motion of 2D imaging was quantified using the root-mean-square (rms) metric. Geometric uncertainty showed interfractional and intrafractional variation. Patient-to-patient variation was much more significant than variation for different time intervals. For the patient cohort studied, as the time intervals increase, the rms, minimum and maximum values of the rms uncertainty show decreasing tendencies for the lung patients but increasing for the liver and retroperitoneal patients, which could be attributed to patient relaxation. Geometric uncertainty was smaller for coplanar treatments than non-coplanar treatments, as superior-inferior (SI) tumor motion, the predominant motion from patient respiration, could be always resolved for coplanar treatments. Overall rms of the rms uncertainty was 0.13 cm for all treatment fractions and 0.18 cm for the treatment fractions whose average breathing peak-trough ranges were more than 0.5 cm. The geometric uncertainty for 2D imaging varies depending on the tumor site, tumor motion range, time interval and beam angle as well as between patients, between fractions and within a fraction.
Cross-generational effects on gender differences in psychoactive drug abuse and dependence.

Abstract Background: Studies of patients with cocaine and heroin use disorders have shown gender differences in prevalence, course, and outcome. These differences may be decreasing in successive generations. Less is known about gender differences in course and symptomatology for other illicit drug use disorders, especially in community samples. Method: Participants (1323 men and 1384 women) who were biological or step-parents of twins and born in the 1940–1960s, from the Minnesota Twin-Family Study (MTFS) were divided into two cohorts based on the median birth year. A structured interview was used to assess DSM-III-R cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and hallucinogen use disorders. Results: There was a higher prevalence of each of these drug disorders and earlier onset of cannabis and amphetamine use disorders in later-born participants. For most drug use disorder categories, men and women were similar with respect to age of onset and severity of disorder but women had a shorter course of drug use disorders. Women with amphetamine disorders were atypical with respect to having a higher frequency of use but similar number of lifetime uses compared to men, and more emotional effects of amphetamine intoxication than men. In addition, women with amphetamine disorders were more likely to have anorexia nervosa than those without amphetamine disorders. Conclusions: These results have several implications for prevention, etiology and treatment.
An ultraminiature MEMS pressure sensor with high sensitivity for measurement of intramuscular pressure (IMP) in patients with neuromuscular diseases

An ultraminiature micropressure sensor to accurately measure intramuscular pressure has been developed. The MEMS sensor is fabricated through surface micromachining and consists of a capacitive array of eight 150 μm diameter sensing membranes connected in parallel. The membranes have been vacuum-sealed via a subsequent deposition and patterning batch microfabrication step. A deep reactive ion etcher (DRIE) based postfabrication self release has been utilized to fabricate individual devices. Each device has an outline that incorporates specially designed "anchor" structures that are utilized to attach on the muscle tissue during measurements to minimize the effect of muscle contractions on sensor readings. Electrical isolation of the wire bonds and bonding pads has been accomplished by utilizing glob-topping technique. The fabricated sensor performance has been experimentally validated inside a pressure chamber. The current sensors have 0.2 mm Hg pressure resolution in the ±19 mm Hg dynamic range with negligible hysteresis and show a flat frequency response in the 0-5.5 Hz experimental test range.
Metastable phase boundaries of quasicrystalline phases

Abstract The melting curve T0 of the metastable icosahedral phase and the liquidus of the decagonal phase of AlMn have been obtained for 14–22 at.% Mn. Icosahedral AlMn has a congruent melting point of 910±20°C at 20 at.% Mn and melts about 30°C lower than crystalline compounds with the same composition. Icosahedral Al82Ru18 was determined to melt at 1260±30°C. These results were obtained by forming single-phase icosahedral alloys with ion beam mixing and then rapidly heating to accurately known temperatures with electron beams.
Mapping of genetic loci that regulate quantity of beta-carotene in fruit of US Western Shipping melon (Cucumis melo L.).

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is highly nutritious vegetable species and an important source of β-carotene (Vitamin A), which is an important nutrient in the human diet. A previously developed set of 81 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from Group Cantalupensis US Western Shipper market type germplasm was examined in two locations [Wisconsin (WI) and California (CA), USA] over 2 years to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with quantity of beta-carotene (QβC) in mature fruit. A moderately saturated 256-point RIL-based map [104 SSR, 7 CAPS, 4 SNP in putative carotenoid candidate genes, 140 dominant markers and one morphological trait (a) spanning 12 linkage groups (LG)] was used for QβC–QTL analysis. Eight QTL were detected in this evaluation that were distributed across four LG that explained a significant portion of the associated phenotypic variation for QβC (R2 = 8 to 31.0%). Broad sense heritabilities for QβC obtained from RIL grown in WI. and CA were 0.56 and 0.68, respectively, and 0.62 over combined locations. The consistence of QβC in high/low RIL within location across years was confirmed in experiments conducted over 2 years. QTL map positions were not uniformly associated with putative carotenoid genes, although one QTL (β-car6.1) interval was located 10 cM from a β-carotene hydroxylase gene. These results suggest that accumulation of β-carotene in melon is under complex genetic control. This study provides the initial step for defining the genetic control of QβC in melon leading to the development of varieties with enhanced β-carotene content.
Electron and proton inelastic scattering from 40Ca, 120Sn, and 208Pb☆

Abstract Theoretical (e, e′) form factors and (p, p′) differential cross sections for the first 3 − and 5 − excitations in 40 Ca, the first 3 − excitation in 208 Pb, and the first 2 + and 3 − excitations in 120 Sn are presented and compared with experiment. Results are also presented which test the hypothesis that the proton and neutron transition densities for these transitions are related by the condition ρ n = ( N / Z ) ρ p . A simple modified Born approximation has been used in the electron scattering calculations. The long range part of the Kallio-Kolltveit potential has been used for the projectile-target interaction in the proton scattering calculations and “knock-on” exchange contributions have been included approximately.
A TWO-SCORE COMPOSITE PROGRAM FOR COMBINING STANDARD SCORES

It is often desirable for mental health practitioners to combine standard scores from different tests, raters, or times into a single composite standard score. Most often the result is a more reliable and accurate standard score. This paper describes a computer program that uses two standard scores, score reliability and correlation with a third variable, to yield a composite standard score, reliability and correlation. Trends, limitations, optimum benefits, and examples are discussed. References are provided for calculating composites based on more than two scores.
Effects of gravity and exercise on the pulmonary diffusing capacity in children with cystic fibrosis

Eighteen children with cystic fibrosis underwent studies of the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide following exercise and in sitting and head-down positions. These children, in contrast to normal subjects, were unable to increase the diffusion rate following the head-down position or exercise. These findings were even present in 8 of the 18 children who had normal lung volumes, normal mechanics of breathing, and normal gas mixing.
LINEAR DOMAIN OF POTENTIALS FROM THE PREPYRIFORM CORTEX WITH RESPECT TO STIMULUS PARAMETERS.

Abstract The mathematical techniques for linear analysis provide some very powerful tools for description of certain classes of neuronal activity, provided the experi-mental conditions are maintained within proper limits. In order to use these techniques effectively, those limits must be determined experimentally. This report describes the use of classical paired shock stimulation in conjunction with the principle of superposition for determination of a set of linear domains for the potentials evoked in the prepyriform cortex of the cat by olfactory tract stimulation. Three types of nonlinearity are described, namely, threshold, saturation, and amplitude-dependency of frequency. The proper use of “piece-wise” linear analysis is shown to depend on restriction of stimulus intensity to a fixed level for any given linear domain, and restriction of stimulus interval to 100 msec or more between successive pulses.
The Effect of Insulin on the Metabolism of Parenteral Maltose in Man Maltose in Man

Intravenously administered maltose has been suggested as a useful carbohydrate source of greater caloric density per mol than glucose, and its utilization may be significantly influenced by insulin. To study the effect of insulin on the metabolism of parenteral maltose, a 10% maltose solution containing 25 μCi [U-14C/]maltose/liter was infused iv (2.5 or 5.0 mg/ kg.min) in healthy males (21–26 yr) for a 12-h period either with or without insulin. Blood glucose, maltose, insulin, and FFA as well urine maltose, glucose, and 14C and breath 14CO2 were measured hourly. At the 2.5 mg/kg-min rate, 18.8% and 25.3% of the administered dose were recovered as 14CO2 in the expired mg/kg-min rate, 18.8% and 25.3% of the administered dose were recovered as 14CO2 in the expired breath over a 12-h period without and with insulin, respectively. At the 5.0 mgmg/kg-min rate, 10.7% and 11.8% of the infused maltose were expired as 14CO2 without and with insulin, respectively. Serum maltose increased to 100 and 225 mgmg/100 ml...
Genetically engineered, live attenuated vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis: testing in animal models

The central objective of this research was to test molecularly defined, live attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) vaccine candidates that were produced through precise genetic manipulation of rationally selected viral nucleotide sequences. Molecular clones of vaccine candidates were constructed by inserting either three independently attenuating mutations or a PE2 cleavage-signal mutation with a second-site resuscitating mutation into full-length cDNA clones. Vaccine candidate viruses were recovered through DNA transcription and RNA transfection of cultured cells, and assessed in rodent and non-human primate models. Based on results from this assessment, one of the PE2 cleavage-signal mutants, V3526, was determined to be the best vaccine candidate for further evaluation for human use.
Practices in input-output table compilation

Abstract The paper reviews various statistical and national accounts concepts, and methods used in input-output table compilation in many countries in the 1970s and 1980s that make country tables incompatible. It contrasts these practices against the standards recommended by the United Nations' 1968 System of National Accounts of which input-output tables are an important part. Under review are the treatment of secondary products which is the result of both multi-product technology and statistical classification and the concepts used to define household, and government final consumption, gross fixed capital formation and bank service charges.
Using Absorption Distribution Model to Predict Optimal Laser Conditioning for DKDP Crystals

A model based on thermal diffusion of nonlinear absorbing nano-precursor is used to calculate the optimal sequence of fluences necessary to condition DKDP crystal in situ using small-aperture damaging testing results.