cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of radiation damaged ceramic powders by ion bombardment

Abstract Ceramic powders can be prepared in a radiation damaged condition by bombardment with 1 to 4 MeV ions of Ne, Ar, Kr or Xe. The powder particle sizes are chosen to correspond to the ion beam penetration but are found to be considerably greater than the calculated ion ranges for powders becoming metamict. A monolayer of powder particles of sizes up to about 5 μm is sedimented onto long strips of metal foil with an area density of about 1 mg-cm-2. The ion beam is rastered to irradiate an area as the foil rotates on a drum through the beam. Alternately, monolayers of powder particles can be prepared by the use of a very-thin layer of rubber cement. By these techniques, plates can be prepared for irradiation in the ion beam and also for direct insertion into an X-ray diffractometer. Gram amounts of irradiated material can be collected in a few hours for studies such as powder X-ray diffraction, SEM, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and density measurements. Thus, zircon ZrSiO4 becomes non-crystalline ...
BUYING TEXTBOOKS ONLINE

In a sample of 77 undergraduates, purchasing textbooks online was predicted by computer/Internet skills but not by personality traits.
Software extensibility and portability with macro processors

The nature and uses of macros are investigated, with emphasis placed on the general concepts involved in the operation and use of macro processors. Using the ideas developed in the first part, the topics of software extensibility and software portability are introduced, and some methods of achieving extensible or portable software systems by the use of macros are discussed.
Intelligent architecture through intelligent design

This paper explores the dichotomy between intelligent buildings as containers of smart technologies and the potential for an intelligent architecture responsive to cultural shifts, resource issues, and human potential.
Attributions and Institutional Processing: How Focal Concerns Guide Decision-Making in the Juvenile Court

This paper investigates institutional decision-making processes and identify mechanisms that link case processing with subsequent outcomes. Using a sample of juvenile court cases containing probation officers’ narratives, this study investigated court actors’ focal concerns and how such priorities shape attributions about youth. This paper adds to existing sociological work on institutional decision-making by (1) illustrating court actors’ focal concerns that are used to process juvenile cases, (2) identifying decision-making mechanisms that link norms and values to case assessments and outcomes, and (3) theorizing about the ways in which individual and case characteristics can influence institutional decision-making.
Homologous Recombination Conserves DNA Sequence Integrity Throughout the Cell Cycle in Embryonic Stem Cells

The maintenance of genomic integrity is crucial to embryonic stem cells (ESC) considering the potential for propagating undesirable mutations to the resulting somatic and germ cell lineages. Indeed, mouse ESC (mESC) exhibit a significantly lower mutation frequency compared to differentiated cells. This could be due to more effective elimination of genetically damaged cells via apoptosis, or especially robust, sequence-conserving DNA damage repair mechanisms such as homologous recombination (HR). We used fluorescence microscopy and 3-dimensional image analysis to compare mESC and differentiated cells, with regard to HR-mediated repair of spontaneous and X-ray-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs). Microscopic analysis of repair foci, flow cytometry, and functional assays of the major DSB repair pathways indicate that HR is greater in mESC compared to fibroblasts. Strikingly, HR appears to be the predominant pathway choice to repair induced or spontaneous DNA damage throughout the ESC cycle in contrast to fibroblasts, where it is restricted to replicated chromatin. This suggests that alternative templates, such as homologous chromosomes, are more frequently used to repair DSB in ESC. Relatively frequent HR utilizing homolog chromosome sequences preserves genome integrity in ESC and has distinctive and important genetic consequences to subsequent somatic and germ cell lineages.
An update on NASA K/sub a/-band propagation measurements

Recent and current K/sub a/-band propagation efforts are centered around two space platforms of opportunity, namely, the European Space Agency's (ESA's) Olympus,and NASA's ACTS' satellites. The US Olympus measurements were carried out by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) at Blacksburg, VA, from 1991 to 1993. The measurement phase of that experiment ended in early 1993, and the data-analysis phase was completed in December, 1993. The ACTS propagation campaign began its data-collection phase in December, 1993, at several North American sites; it will continue for two years, and may be extended to three or four years. The goal of the K/sub a/-band propagation studies at JPL is to enable the satellite-communications industry to combat propagation channel impairments in the K/sup a/-band. To define the objectives of the experimental campaigns, JPL relied on the views of the users in industry, academia, and government agencies. >
Instability of the long-range resonating-valence-bond state in the mean-field approach

We show the instability of the mixed s- and d-wave or flux phase by showing that a continuous path connects it to a lower-energy dimerized phase without crossing any energy barriers. We discuss the consequences of this result for possible expansions around mean-field theory.
Relational psychotherapy in Europe: A view from across the Atlantic

It is a delight and a privilege for me to comment on this special issue of the European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling devoted to relational psychotherapy. It is also somewhat disorienting ...
Maturity and Process Capability Models and Their Use in Measuring Resilience in Critical Infrastructure Protection Sectors

This paper provides a literature review and survey of maturity and process capability models, Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) tools and frameworks to identify strategies for assessing and measuring resilience and risk management capabilities, with a specific focus on the electricity generating sector. The focus is on the use of models such as CERT-RMM, and others, as a means of addressing challenges associated with cyber security and risk management. Foundational concepts, terminology and definitions are provided; examples of maturity and process capability models are presented and discussed, tools that enable process capability and resilience are identified, including those specific to the electricity generating sector. The evolution of models and how they have addressed challenges is presented, in addition to the characteristics and differences of models and the growth in domains where they can be used. The benefits of the application of process capability and maturity models in maintaining and enhancing resilience and cyber security protection is supported in this paper and recommendations for research opportunities that may yield further insight and measurement capabilities are offered.
The future of immunotherapy. Report of a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT) workshop.

Recent advances in the molecular sciences make possible new and innovative immunotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of human asthma and allergic disorders. In 2005, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, sponsored a workshop entitled Immunological Basis of Antigen-specific Asthma/Allergies Therapeutic Strategies Meeting. International experts in the field of asthma and allergy immunotherapy discussed the current state of immunotherapy, and made recommendations for future areas of research aimed at advancing our knowledge and understanding of immunotherapy for asthma and allergic diseases. The workshop recommendations are presented herein.
Metastable Pb1−xCdxS epitaxial films I. Growth and physical properties

Abstract The method of preparing (100)-oriented epitaxial layers of Pb1−xCdxS on (100) NaCl substrates is described. It is found that, by a careful control of substrate temperature and deposition rate, single-crystal films can be grown over the composition range 0⩽x⩽0.40, well in excess of the bulk phase diagram limits. Vegard's law is observed, and the lattice constant a0 varies as a 0 = 5.938−0.375x Some precipitation is observed as x approaches 0.40, together with a rejection of excess cadmium-rich material to the surface. It is concluded that metastable films can be readily prepared from these materials.
Fracture and fatigue-crack growth along aluminum-alumina interfaces

Abstract The mechanical failure of metal/ceramic joints subjected to monotonic and principally cyclic loading under nominal model I (far-field) conditions was investigated for a model Al Al 2 O 3 bimaterial system using a ceramic/metal/ceramic sandwich geometry in four-point bending. Crack growth was seen to follow a path along the interface, except at very high applied driving forces (defined in terms of the range of stress intensity ΔK or the elastic strain energy release rate Δ G ), where a transition to growth in the metal layer took place, often involving a change in fracture mode to microvoid coalescence. The growth of fatigue cracks proceeded over a wide range of applied Δ G levels, extending from values well below to values well above those required to cause fracture in the adjoining ceramic. Interfacial crack-advance mechanisms under cyclic loading were found to be similar to that in ductile metals, as evidenced by the presence of fatigue striations on the metal fracture surface. Rapid (final) failure, conversely, involved ductile fracture in the metal or activation of defects in the ceramic substrate; both scenarios occurred at similar G c (or Kc) fracture toughness values. Quantification of the results focused attention on the extensive crack-tip blunting that occurs at high driving forces; this requires significant corrections to the usual small-scale yielding (SSY) assessments of the driving force and yields fracture energies that are orders of magnitude above those reported for other metal/oxide systems.
The search for a hippocampal engram

Understanding the molecular and cellular changes that underlie memory, the engram, requires the identification, isolation and manipulation of the neurons involved. This presents a major difficulty for complex forms of memory, for example hippocampus-dependent declarative memory, where the participating neurons are likely to be sparse, anatomically distributed and unique to each individual brain and learning event. In this paper, I discuss several new approaches to this problem. In vivo calcium imaging techniques provide a means of assessing the activity patterns of large numbers of neurons over long periods of time with precise anatomical identification. This provides important insight into how the brain represents complex information and how this is altered with learning. The development of techniques for the genetic modification of neural ensembles based on their natural, sensory-evoked, activity along with optogenetics allows direct tests of the coding function of these ensembles. These approaches provide a new methodological framework in which to examine the mechanisms of complex forms of learning at the level of the neurons involved in a specific memory.
Melting and solidification of thin wires: a class of phase-change problems with a mobile interface—II. Experimental confirmation

Abstract In Part I, we formulated the problem of wire heating, melting, roll-up into a ball, cooling and solidification. In this part, we describe experimental observations of the melting and solidification processes using high speed photography in an arc chamber. These observations provide results for comparison with the theoretical model. In the numerical computations for the theoretical model, the heat flux from the arc plasma to the wire is an input parameter. The value of this heat flux is obtained from temperature measurements made by thermocouples embedded in the unmelted wire above the ball, thus enabling comparisons between the predictions of the theoretical model and experimental observations. The heat transfer results indicate that conduction up the wire, for thin wires, is the dominant mechanism; the solidification front in the melt progresses from top downwards. The models described in Parts I and II have many applications apart from demonstrating suitable analytical and numerical procedures for treating phase-change problems with moving interfaces. The most important practical application is in semi-conductor chip assembly and packaging by the ball bonding process.
Cheddar Cheese from Water Reconstituted Retentates

Abstract Reconstituted creamed retentates of ultrafiltration were converted to ripened cheese by Cheddar manufacturing principles. Initially, the fresh cheeses resembled normal Cheddar but during ripening were transformed into Gouda-Swiss types with pH rising rapidly from 5.2 to approximately 6.0. Cheese composition was affected by amount of full fat retentate in reconstituted mixtures. As total milk solids increased in reconstituted retentates, cheese moisture decreased and cheese volume rose to high yields. Cheese yield efficiency showed 1.21 to 1.32kg cheese per kg total solids. Rennet curd of higher total solids retentates formed more rapidly than normal, and curds were harder. Whey from retentate reconstituted cheeses showed relatively low ash and fat even from cheeses made with high retentate. Soluble protein in 2-mo-old cheeses held at 10° C was lower in cheese from retentates of high solids.
Predicting blood lead concentrations from lead in environmental media.

Policy statements providing health and environmental criteria for blood lead (PbB) often give recommendations on an acceptable distribution of PbB concentrations. Such statements may recommend dist...
Protein A-gold immunocytochemistry of isocitrate lyase in cotton seeds

The protein A-gold technique with plastic-embedded sections was used to localize isocitrate lyase (ICL) in cotyledons of mature (50-day-postanthesis) and germinated (24 and 48 hours old) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seeds. This is the first report of an ultrastructural localization of a glyoxysomal enzyme by post-embeddment immunocytochemistry. Standard glutaraldehyde, post-osmium tetroxide (3%, 2%) fixation resulted in the retention of more ICL antigenicity in sections of germinated seeds than with aldehyde fixation alone. This became apparent only after overcoming the masking effect of osmium tetroxide on protein antigenicity by pretreatment of sections with sodium metaperiodate.
Direct determination of the anisotropy and exchange splittings in the dimeric single-molecule magnet [Mn4O3Cl4(O2CEt)3(py)3]2.8MeCN by inelastic neutron scattering.

Energy splittings resulting from anisotropy and exchange interactions in the dimer of single-molecule magnets [Mn4O3Cl4(O2CEt)3(py)3]2·8MeCN are determined for both an undeuterated and a partially ...
Molecular fluxes in the lunar atmosphere

Molecular fluxes in lunar atmosphere relationship to gas source distribution, surface temperature and gas emission laws
Reinventing Rationality: The Role of Regulatory Analysis in the Federal Bureaucracy

Introduction Part I. The Clash of Regulatory Cultures: 1. The evolution of the regulatory analysis programme 2. Rational decision-making as regulatory reform 3. Case studies of regulatory analysis in the decision-making process Part II. The Virtues and Limitations of Analysis: 4. Virtues of regulatory analysis 5. Limitations of regulatory analysis 6. Regulatory analysis in the real world Part III. Structuring Regulatory Analysis into the Decision-Making Process: 7. Roles for the regulatory analyst 8. The hierarchical model 9. The outside advisor model 10. The team model 11. The adversarial model 12. A hybrid model 13. Selecting the right model Part IV: Review of Regulatory Analysis: 14. Office of management and budget review of regulatory analysis 15. Judicial review of regulatory analysis Part V. Conclusions: 16. The appropriate role for analysis in the modern regulatory state.
Evolution and spread of glyphosate resistance in Conyza bonariensis in California and a comparison with closely related Conyza canadensis

Summary Glyphosate-resistant weeds are an increasing problem in perennial cropping systems in the Central Valley of California, USA. To elucidate the evolutionary origins and spatial spread of resistance, we investigated the geographical distribution of glyphosate resistance and the population genetic diversity and structure of Conyza bonariensis and compared the results with previously studied C. canadensis. Thirty-five populations from orchards and vineyards across the Central Valley were sampled. Population genetic structure was assessed using microsatellite markers. Population-level resistance was assessed in glasshouse screening of plants grown from field-collected seed. Bayesian clustering and analyses of multilocus genotypes indicated multiple origins of resistance, as observed in C. canadensis. Pairwise FST analysis detected spatial spread of resistance in the south of the Central Valley, also similar to C. canadensis. The results strongly indicate that the southern valley was an environment markedly more suitable than the northern valley for resistance spread and that spread in Conyza species was driven by increased uniformity of strong selection in the southern valley, due to recent regulation on herbicides other than glyphosate. Accordingly, resistant C. canadensis individuals occurred at high frequencies only in the southern valley, but interestingly resistant C. bonariensis occurred at high frequencies throughout the valley. Expression of resistance showed varying degrees of plasticity in C. bonariensis. The lower selfing rate and substantially greater genotypic diversity in C. bonariensis, relative to C. canadensis, indicate greater evolutionary potential over shorter time periods. Interspecific hybridisation was detected, but its role in resistance evolution remains unclear.
Effects of uniaxial strain in LaMnO 3

The effects of uniaxial strain on the structural, orbital, optical, and magnetic properties of LaMnO_3 are calculated using a general elastic energy expression, along with a tight-binding parameterization of the band theory. Tensile uniaxial strain of the order of 2 % (i.e., of the order of magnitude of those induced in thin films by lattice mismatch with substrates) is found to lead to changes in the magnetic ground state, leading to dramatic changes in the band structure and optical conductivity spectrum. The magnetostriction effect associated with the Neel transition of bulk(unstrained) LaMnO_3 is also determined. Due to the Jahn-Teller coupling, the uniform tetragonal distortion mode is softer in LaMnO_3 than in doped cubic manganates. Reasons why the observed (\pi \pi 0) orbital ordering is favored over a (\pi \pi \pi) periodicity are discussed.
Proton total reaction cross sections at 34 MeV

Abstract Proton total reaction cross-sections have been measured for five elements at 34±2.5 MeV. Attenuation measurements were made with a d E / dχ telescope and a biased E counter, in poor geometry. Corrections for elastic and inelastic scattering were determined experimentally. The results have been compared with optical model analysis to select sets of parameters fitting the elastic scattering angular distributions equally well. For carbon the measurements favour the solution with the smaller radius constant. For the other elements the optical model predictions are in good overall agreement but further analysis is required.
Rotational and hyperfine structure constants for groups IA and IIIA monohalide and monohydride molecules

Abstract The experimental literature has been surveyed through 1971 for data on rotational and hyperfine structure constants of Groups I A and III A monohalide and monohydride molecules. Presented here are adopted values with references. The hyperfine structure constants have been tabulated separately for each vibrational and rotational eigenstate to simplify comparison with theoretical calculations.
An MPL W515L mutation in refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts associated with marked thrombocytosis: A case report

The current study presents the case of a 63-year-old patient exhibiting refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts associated with marked thrombocytosis (RARS-T), who was positive for the MPL W515L mutation, but negative for the JAK2 V617F mutation. Following diagnosis, the patient remained asymptomatic for over three years, however, in August 2012, the patient relapsed and was administered with supportive treatment in the form of subcutaneous darbepoetin α at a dose of 300 μg/week, which resulted in an increased hemoglobin concentration, allowing the patient to remain transfusion-independent. The MPL W515L mutation has been reported in two previous cases of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) with ringed sideroblasts, however, to the best of our knowledge, the current report is the first to present a case of RARS-T with an MPL W515L mutation. A clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of a targeted agent against the JAK2 V617F mutation is currently ongoing, with the aim of providing a novel therapeutic strategy for treating MDS/MPN patients. As MPL is located upstream of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, it is a possible therapeutic target in MDS/MPN patients positive for an MPL W515L mutation, but negative for a JAK2 V617F mutation.
Stability with large step sizes for multistep discretizations of stiff ordinary differential equations

One-leg and multistep discretizations of variable-coefficient linear systems of ODEs having both slow and fast time scales are investigated analytically. The stability properties of these discretizations are obtained independent of ODE stiffness and compared. The results of numerical computations are presented in tables, and it is shown that for large step sizes the stability of one-leg methods is better than that of the corresponding linear multistep methods.
Physiology of the cell surface of Neurospora ascospores. II. Interference with dye adsorption by polymyxin.

Abstract Polymyxin B prevents the germination of ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma with an LD 50 of 3–4 p.p.m. The toxic effect of polymyxin is partially reversed by calcium and magnesium ions. The effect of polymyxin on the respiration of activated ascospores does not become apparent until after 2 hr. The effect upon respiration is reversed by calcium ions. Dormant and activated ascospores remove about the same amount of polymyxin from solution almost immediately upon exposure to the antibiotic. After 90 min. the apparent uptake of activated cells is markedly diminished while that of the dormant spores increases slightly. Polymyxin competes noncompetitively with methylene blue for sites on the surface of the cells when added simultaneously with the dye. However, if the antibiotic is added before methylene blue, dye uptake is almost entirely suppressed and an uncompetitive type of inhibition results. These data, in conjunction with those showing polymyxin uptake by cell-wall fragments, suggest that the antibiotic occupies sites on the surface of the ascospore and that these sites differ from those binding methylene blue.
Score: N = 1/Tricuspid regurgitation = 0

Heart valves ensure that blood flows in the proper direction through the heart, body, and lungs. Should they fail by becoming too tight or too loose, rapid decompensation ensues. Historically such severe disease has required surgery, although minimally invasive approaches are being developed. Most advanced is transcatheter aortic valve replacement, and additional techniques are quickly emerging for mitral valve disease. But severe tricuspid valve incompetence, or regurgitation, has remained a problem with few options. Situated between the right atrium and ventricle, the tricuspid valve, like the mitral valve, is anatomically complex. Surgical repairs often do not last long, and patients with severe tricuspid disease progress to heart and multi-organ failure, with mortality as high as 60% at 5 years. Schofer et al . have now performed the first successful, direct transcatheter tricuspid valve repair in a ~90-year-old patient with severe tricuspid regurgitation and consequent heart and kidney failure and massive leg swelling. With a surgical mortality risk of >25%, the patient was deemed inoperable. In the absence of other options, physicians obtained regulatory approval for compassionate use of the Mitralign system, a technology designed for percutaneous mitral valve repair. Through an entirely percutaneous approach and advanced imaging techniques, the team successfully tightened the tricuspid valve by using a “bicuspidization" approach. This method cinches off one of the three flaps of the normally “tri”cuspid valve, rendering it “bi”cuspid. After the procedure, the patient’s kidney and heart function (including regurgitant backflow and forward cardiac output) rapidly normalized, allowing the patient to be discharged within 5 days. Through competence, compassion, and courage on the part of physician and patient, our field position in the management of tricuspid valve disease has shifted overnight. Despite the N of 1, this demonstration will undoubtedly accelerate development of transcatheter tricuspid valve repair technologies for this complex and well-appreciated—but undermanaged—condition. J. Schofer et al ., First-in-human transcatheter tricuspid valve repair in a patient with severely regurgitant tricuspid valve. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 65 , 1190–1195 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=2193707
Depleted Carbon Monoxide in Fragment C of the Jupiter-Family Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3

Carbon monoxide emission was targeted in fragment C of the recently split Jupiter-family comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 during its 2006 apparition, using the Cryogenic Echelle Spectrograph (CSHELL) at the NASA IRTF on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Simultaneous sounding with H2O near 4.65 mm revealed highly depleted CO, consistent with a mixing ratio of 0.5% 0.13%. Along with depleted CH3OH but nearly normal HCN, this may indicate that this comet formed in the inner giant planets’ region or, alternatively, that it formed relatively late, after significant clearing of the protosolar nebula. Subject headings: comets: general — comets: individual (73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3) — molecular processes — solar system: formation Online material: color figure
Oceanographic research at the University of Washington for the year 1932

Since our last report, our research boat Catalyst has been completed and put into service. The boat is 75 feet in length, with an 18-foot beam. It has a 120-horse-power Washington-Estep engine with a 9-horse-power Lister diesel generator, and has a cruising radius of 3,500 miles. It is equipped with the necessary apparatus for taking samples to a depth of about 4,500 meters. The boat is also equipped for dredging to a depth of 800 meters. The laboratory, which is 18 by 10 feet, occupies part of the main deck space and has facilities for work in physical and chemical oceanography and marine biology, each desk being supplied with gas, alternating- and direct-current, with arrangements for the use of variable voltage. Since the boat has been put into commission, we have covered some 7,000 miles in Puget Sound, off the Washington coast, and in the waters of southeastern Alaska.
The Living Kidney Donor Evaluation: Focus on Renal Issues

Living kidney donor evaluations and follow-up have previously been addressed mostly by transplant physicians and surgeons. However, this area is significantly informed by basic principles of renal physiology and is of increasing clinical interest to general nephrologists. The general nephrology community is increasingly involved in evaluating the suitability of potential donors and in following them after donation when questions are raised about low GFR, hypertension, and other renal concerns. This article focuses on some of the most central and common issues that arise in evaluating potential donors and attempts to provide guidance on the basis of our review of the living donor literature, extrapolations from the general nephrology literature, and our own clinical experience.
Boom and Receptacle Autonomous Air Refueling Using a Visual Pressure Snake Optical Sensor

Autonomous in-flight air refueling is an important capability for the future deployment of unmanned air vehicles, since they will likely be ferried in flight to overseas theaters of operation instead of being shipped unassembled in containers. This paper introduces a vision sensor based on active deformable contour algorithms, and a relative navigation system that enables precise and reliable boom and receptacle autonomous air refueling for non micro sized unmanned air vehicles. The sensor is mounted on the tanker aircraft near the boom, and images a single passive target image painted near the refueling receptacle on the receiver aircraft. Controllers are developed for the automatic control of the refueling boom, and for the station keeping controller of the receiver aircraft. The boom controller is integrated with the active deformable contour sensor system, and feasibility of the total system is demonstrated by simulated docking maneuvers in the presence of various levels of turbulence. Results indicate that the integrated sensor and controller enables precise boom and receptacle air refueling, including consideration of realistic measurement errors and disturbances. I. Introduction There are currently two approaches used for air refueling. The probe-and-drogue refueling system is the standard for the United States Navy and the air forces of most other nations. In this method, the tanker trails a hose with a flexible “basket”, called a drogue, at the end. The drogue is aerodynamically stabilized. It is the responsibility of the pilot of the receiver aircraft to maneuver the receiver’s probe into the drogue. This method is used for small, agile aircraft such as fighters because both the hose and drogue are flexible and essentially passive during re-fueling; a human operator is not required on the tanker. 1‐3 Autonomous in-flight refueling using a probe-and-drogue system is basically a docking situation that probably requires 2 cm accuracy in the relative position of the refueling probe (from the receiving aircraft) with respect to the drogue (from the tanker) during the end-game. This specification is based on the geometry of the existing probe and drogue hardware, and the need to ensure that the tip of the probe contacts only the inner sleeve of the receptacle and not the more lightly constructed and easily damaged shroud. 4 The United States Air Force uses the flying boom developed by Boeing. The boom approach is supervised and controlled by a human operator from a station near the rear of the tanker aircraft, who is responsible for “flying” the boom into the refueling port on the receiver aircraft. In this method, the job of the receiver aircraft is to maintain proper refueling position with respect to the tanker, and leave the precision control function to the human operator in the tanker. 2
Benign Pericerebral Collections in Children

Excess extracerebral accumulation of CSF over the brain and under the arachnoid matter in infants was first described by Dandy, who introduced the term “external hydrocephalus”, indicating that CSF is collecting in a site external to the brain itself [14]. The plethora of terminology used in the past for extracerebral collections has been confusing and reflected the poor knowledge of the condition. Terms such as “benign subarachnoid collections of childhood”, “benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces”, “external hydrocephalus”, “widened subarachnoid space”, “subdural haematoma” (collection of blood), “subdural effusion” (collection of proteinaceous fluid) and “subdural hygroma” (collection of CSF) have all been used to describe extracerebral collections. Most of these terms predate the discovery of computed tomography (CT) and derive their origin from the clinical observations of the fluid recovered during subdural taps. Several early clinical series included patients with subarachnoid and subdural collections, contributing to the confusion over management and outcome issues [8].
Patient Predictors of Colposcopy Comprehension of Consent Among English- and Spanish-Speaking Women

Purpose: Patients with limited English proficiency may be at increased risk for diminished understanding of clinical procedures. This study sought to assess patient predictors of comprehension of colposcopy information during informed consent and to assess differences in understanding between English and Spanish speakers. Methods: Between June and August 2007, English- and Spanish-speaking colposcopy patients at two Boston hospitals were surveyed to assess their understanding of the purpose, risks, benefits, alternatives, and nature of colposcopy. Patient demographic information was collected. Findings: There were 183 women who consented to participate in the study. We obtained complete data on 111 English speakers and 38 Spanish speakers. English speakers were more likely to have a higher education, greater household income, and private insurance. Subjects correctly answered an average of 7.91 � 2.16 (72%) of 11 colposcopy survey questions. English speakers answered more questions correctly than Spanish speakers (8.50 � 1.92 [77%] vs 6.21 � 1.93 [56%]; p < .001). Using linear regression to adjust for confounding variables, we found that language was not significantly associated with greater understanding (p ¼ .46). Rather, education was the most significant predictor of colposcopy knowledge (p < .001). Conclusion: Many colposcopy patients did not understand the procedure well enough to give informed consent. The observed differences in colposcopy comprehension based on language were a proxy for differences in education. Education, not language, predicted subjects’ understanding of colposcopy. These results demonstrate the need for greater attention to patients’ educational background to ensure adequate understanding of clinical information. Copyright 2011 by the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Cut and Fill Calculations by Modified Average-End-Area Method

A procedure for computing cut and fill volumes using a modification of the average-end-area formula is presented. Three types of calculations designed to address the various combinations of cut and fill areas at the section ends are described, and illustrative examples of each type are presented. The proposed computational method provides reasonably accurate estimates of cut and fill volumes for any combination of end areas at the individual sections. These results are more accurate than the direct application of the average-end-area formula. In addition, the proposed procedure does not require the additional midsection data that must be obtained in order to use the prismoidal formula correctly. Finally, the proposed procedure involves calculations that are easier than using standard earthwork tables to compute cut and fill volumes.
Remote contralateral intraparenchymal hemorrhage after overdrainage of a chronic subdural hematoma

INTRODUCTION Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is frequently seen by neurosurgeons. Treatment often includes evacuation of the subdural hematoma (SDH) through one or two burr holes and placement of a drain in the subdural space to further evacuate subdural fluid and prevent reaccumulation of blood during the immediate postoperative period. Complications associated with this type of drainage include fluid and blood reaccumulation, tension pneumocephalus, seizures and subdural empyema.
Analysis of the Cost per Kilowatt Hour to Store Electricity

This paper presents a cost analysis of grid-connected electric energy storage. Various energy storage technologies are considered in the analysis. Life-cycle cost analysis is used. The results are presented in terms of the cost added to electricity stored and discharged, in US dollar per kilowatt hour. Results are compared with wholesale and retail electricity costs and with the cost of conventional pumped hydro storage.
Disrupted Homer scaffolds mediate abnormal mGluR5 function in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome

Enhanced metabotropic glutamate receptor subunit 5 (mGluR5) function is causally associated with the pathophysiology of fragile X syndrome, a leading inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism. Here we provide evidence that altered mGluR5-Homer scaffolds contribute to mGluR5 dysfunction and phenotypes in the fragile X syndrome mouse model, Fmr1 knockout (Fmr1(-/y)). In Fmr1(-/y) mice, mGluR5 was less associated with long Homer isoforms but more associated with the short Homer1a. Genetic deletion of Homer1a restored mGluR5-long Homer scaffolds and corrected several phenotypes in Fmr1(-/y) mice, including altered mGluR5 signaling, neocortical circuit dysfunction and behavior. Acute, peptide-mediated disruption of mGluR5-Homer scaffolds in wild-type mice mimicked many Fmr1(-/y) phenotypes. In contrast, Homer1a deletion did not rescue altered mGluR-dependent long-term synaptic depression or translational control of target mRNAs of fragile X mental retardation protein, the gene product of Fmr1. Our findings reveal new functions for mGluR5-Homer interactions in the brain and delineate distinct mechanisms of mGluR5 dysfunction in a mouse model of cognitive dysfunction and autism.
Bandwidth-Efficient Continuous Query Processing over DHTs

In this paper, we propose novel techniques to reduce bandwidth cost in a continuous keyword query processing system that is based on a distributed hash table. We argue that query indexing and document announcement are of significant importance towards this goal. Our detailed simulations show that our proposed techniques, combined together, effectively and greatly reduce bandwidth cost.
Projecting Insect Voltinism Under High and Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Conditions

We develop individual-based Monte Carlo methods to explore how climate change can alter insect voltinism under varying greenhouse gas emissions scenarios by using input distributions of diapause termination or spring emergence, development rate, and diapause initiation, linked to daily temperature and photoperiod. We show concurrence of these projections with a field dataset, and then explore changes in grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), voltinism that may occur with climate projections developed from the average of three climate models using two different future emissions scenarios from the International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC). Based on historical climate data from 1960 to 2008, and projected downscaled climate data until 2099 under both high (A1fi) and low (B1) greenhouse gas emission scenarios, we used concepts of P. viteana biology to estimate distributions of individuals entering successive generations per year. Under the low emissions scenario, we observed an earlier emergence from diapause and a shift in mean voltinism from 2.8 to 3.1 generations per year, with a fraction of the population achieving a fourth generation. Under the high emissions scenario, up to 3.6 mean generations per year were projected by the end of this century, with a very small fraction of the population achieving a fifth generation. Changes in voltinism in this and other species in response to climate change likely will cause significant economic and ecological impacts, and the methods presented here can be readily adapted to other species for which the input distributions are reasonably approximated.
New Strategies for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is widely used in the treatment of a variety of malignant and nonmalignant hematological diseases. The treatment as it is currently defined includes three major components: 1. conditioning regimens to both eradicate the underlying disease and suppress the host’s immune system in preparation for the graft; 2. infusion of the HSC graft to both rescue the recipient from otherwise lethal marrow toxicity of the conditioning regimen and eliminate host resistance and residual leukemia via graft-versus-host (GVH) reactions; and 3. postgrafting immunosuppression to control graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and establish long-term graft-host tolerance.
Using molecular principal axes for structural comparison: determining the tertiary changes of a FAB antibody domain induced by antigenic binding

Background Comparison of different protein x-ray structures has previously been made in a number of different ways; for example, by visual examination, by differences in the locations of secondary structures, by explicit superposition of structural elements, e.g. α-carbon atom locations, or by procedures that utilize a common symmetry element or geometrical feature of the structures to be compared.
Children'S Appreciation of Humor Victimizing Different Racial-Ethnic Groups: Racial-Ethnic Differences

This study examined the early development of humor depicting victims of other racial-ethnic groups among low-income black, Mexican American, and white children and middle-income white children. Boys and girls between 3 and 6 years of age were presented with pairs of drawings differing only in the identification of the victim of a minor mishap and were asked to choose the funnier of the two. The pairs included the following comparisons: black versus white victim, black versus Mexican American victim, and white versus Mexican American victim. As hypothesized, only white children found it funnier to see a child of another racial-ethnic group victimized in humor than a child of their own group. This occurred for both low- and middle-income children. The lack of significant humor preferences among black and Mexican American children are explained in terms of their greater ambivalence regarding early positive identification with their own racial-ethnic group.
Weakly Supervised Object Recognition and Localization with Invariant High Order Features

High order features have been proposed to incorporate geometrical information into the "bag of feature" representation. We propose algorithms to perform fast weakly supervised object categorization and localization with high order features. To this end, we first use Hough transform method to identify translation and scale invariant high order features co-occurring in two images. The co-occurrence is used to calculate a kernel for a SVM. Then, we propose an efficient algorithm for localization with high order features. A naive way would be to apply the SVM for all possible subwindows, which requires O(SM) kernel computations per image, where S is the number of support vectors, and M is the number of possible subwindows in an image. The algorithm collects the weights of high order features for the subwindows while calculating kernel value for the entire image, and thus reduces the kernel computations to O(S).
Improving benchmarking by using an explicit framework for the development of composite indicators: an example using pediatric quality of care

The measurement of healthcare provider performance is becoming more widespread. Physicians have been guarded about performance measurement, in part because the methodology for comparative measurement of care quality is underdeveloped. Comprehensive quality improvement will require comprehensive measurement, implying the aggregation of multiple quality metrics into composite indicators. To present a conceptual framework to develop comprehensive, robust, and transparent composite indicators of pediatric care quality, and to highlight aspects specific to quality measurement in children. We reviewed the scientific literature on composite indicator development, health systems, and quality measurement in the pediatric healthcare setting. Frameworks were selected for explicitness and applicability to a hospital-based measurement system. We synthesized various frameworks into a comprehensive model for the development of composite indicators of quality of care. Among its key premises, the model proposes identifying structural, process, and outcome metrics for each of the Institute of Medicine's six domains of quality (safety, effectiveness, efficiency, patient-centeredness, timeliness, and equity) and presents a step-by-step framework for embedding the quality of care measurement model into composite indicator development. The framework presented offers researchers an explicit path to composite indicator development. Without a scientifically robust and comprehensive approach to measurement of the quality of healthcare, performance measurement will ultimately fail to achieve its quality improvement goals.
Correlation between patterns of horizontal connectivity and the extend of short-term representational plasticity in rat motor cortex.

Plasticity of representational maps in adult cerebral cortex has been documented in both sensory and motor cortex, but the anatomical basis for cortical plasticity remains poorly understood. To investigate horizontal connectivity in primary motor cortex (M1) as a putative anatomical substrate for short-term, functional plasticity of adult motor cortical representations, a combination of electrical stimulation and biocytin labeling was used to examine pre-existing patterns of intrinsic connections in adult rat M1 in relationship to the pattern of reorganization of the motor movement map induced by transection of the contralateral facial nerve. Two hours after nerve cut, small, circumscribed regions of the forelimb representation expanded medially into territory previously devoted to the vibrissae representation. Outside of this novel, expanded forelimb region, no forelimb movement could be evoked from the former vibrissae representation at any time over the period of hours tested, thus representing silent cortex. Injections placed into vibrissae cortex representing the newly expanded forelimb representation gave rise to labeled axons and dense terminal fiber labeling which crossed the forelimb/vibrissae border and extended up to 1.2 mm within the low-threshold forelimb representation. In contrast, injections placed into silent vibrissae cortex gave rise to labeled axons and terminal boutons which remained mostly restricted to the original vibrissae representation, with only sparse projections that crossed into the low-threshold forelimb representation. Thus, these results suggest that the extent of short-term, functional reorganization of M1 induced within the first several hours following peripheral nerve cut is mediated, and constrained, by an anatomical framework of pre-existing, horizontal projections which traverse representation borders.
Noncommutative Probability and Applications

Various versions of noncommutative probability theory are surveyed. It is stressed that the main motivation and applications of these noncommutative theories is quantum mechanics. A review of traditional probability theory and its unsharp version are presented. Sharp and unsharp Hilbert space probability theories are considered next. We then present a general discussion of observables and statistical maps. Finally, we consider sequential effect algebras and show that they unify and generalize all of these types of probability theories.