cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational Selectivity of Net Migration from the South

A RECENT bibliography' on internal migration in the United States during the period 1940-1957 lists 29 references on selectivity of internal migration. A few of these sources deal with educational selectivity of internal migration and thus provide us with base lines and hypotheses for further study. However, none of them deals specifically with education selectivity of migration to and from the southern region of the United States, the specific focus of this paper. Not included in the bibliography referred to is a paper by Elmer H. Johnson2 which does deal specifically with the subject matter area of this paper. Although Johnson's paper is primarily a methodological one, it does show that during the period 1935-1940, internal migration tended to improve the educational quality of its male population aged 25-34 years in the period 1935-1940. Johnson's analysis showed further that internal migration had reduced the educational quality of the corresponding age-sex group in other large major regions of the United States: Northeast, North, Central, and West. The focus of this paper is on net migration during the decade 1940-1950 among people 15 years or more of age in 1940 (25 or more years of age in 1950) by region, residence, age, sex, color, and educational level. The basic data are taken from the United States Census of Population, 1940-1950. The method of analysis is the now familiar residual or survival rate method. The strengths and weaknesses of this method have been discussed by a number of demographers.3 We shall not take the time and space here, therefore, to discuss the application of the method in this particular study. We shall simply assume that the application of the method in this case takes us closer to the truth regarding educational selectivity than we would be without using it at all. Sociologists are continually faced with the necessity of using either imperfect instruments or none at all. One of the strongest reasons for having confidence in the use of the method lies in the relatively smooth curves of net migration by age and education which are obtained by using census survival rates as compared with using life table rates and vital statistics methods which do not have the advantage of built in factors for correcting faulty reporting of age, and in the case of this study, faulty reporting of educational attainment. In any case, for better or worse, we have applied the census survival rates to the populations of the various regions and have obtained estimates of migration by residence, age, sex, color and educational level. There are 1,728 primary cells in the tables showing the results of the analysis; and, if all possible total and subtotal cells are counted, there are 9,450 cells. Obviously, the problem of presenting the results of the analysis in compact and understandable form is a
Framed messages effects on readmissions

Objective: As the eighth leading cause of death in the US, pneumonia (PN) is relevant to the health of the elderly and young. Accountability for readmission is part of the Affordable Care Act’s Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (RRP), which levies penalties for readmissions. We examined communication using framing effects which can motivate patients’ decisions collaboratively with providers for post discharge care and readmissions prevention. Communication strategies (CS) can facilitate decision-making (DM) about health care choices. The project’s aims were to (1) compare CS of framing effects (positive or negative messages) on the readmission outcome 30 days post discharge; (2) assess PN readmissions decrease 30 days post discharge when CS include the patient/family in decisions about transitions; (3) determine the impact of between patients and HCPs agreement for post hospital care, and (4) examine confounding effects between framing effects and readmission rates of age, PN severity index (PSI), and the number of diagnoses. Methods: A double-blind randomized control trial (RCT) used parallel assignment of 153 PN patients to one of three arms to test the communication framing effects using power analysis, odds ratio, Fischer’s exact and ANOVA. Arm A was the Intervention positive framing group (n = 44), arm B was the Intervention Negative framing group (n = 65), and arm C was the control group (n = 44). Conclusions: Findings suggest that framed messages aid in the reduction of PN readmission rates in hospitals. DM strategies incorporates education and understanding of risk by the patient, so the healthcare teams can encourage and improve readmission outcomes.
Reiter's syndrome. A possibility in patients with reactive arthritis.

Preview Reiter's syndrome is an often overlooked and misdiagnosed complex of symptoms. Patients may not present with the classic triad of symptoms, or they may forget to mention other pertinent manifestations. How can you make an accurate diagnosis? And what is an effective approach to management? Dr Kirchner reviews studies on the epidemiology, causes, and pathogenesis of the syndrome and discusses key factors in clinical evaluation and treatment.
The Size of a Reverse Micelle

Reverse micelles (RMs) are nanometer sized water droplets, surrounded by surfactant and immersed in an organic solvent. They are used to encapsulate molecules for studies of structure and reactivity. The water droplets in RMs have a narrow size distribution that depends on the water:surfactant ratio (i.e. the water loading ratio, Wo). Various measurements of their size have been reported, but they are inconsistent - most likely due to the models and assumptions required to interpret the measurements. We hypothesized that RMs have a narrow size distribution because - for any given Wo - there is one size that yields a minimum overall interaction energy per surfactant (i.e. the minimum chemical potential). Therefore, we undertook a study of RM size using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, and AOT reverse micelles in isooctane, all having Wo=7.5 but with varying size. We found that the interaction energy per surfactant molecule was dominated by electrostatic interactions between anionic AOT head groups, sodium cations, and water. The interaction energy per surfactant at Wo=7.5 exhibits a clear minimum when there are 62 AOT molecules per reverse micelle, which agrees with estimates in published light scattering studies. When fewer AOT are in each reverse micelle, the attractive forces between anionic AOT head groups and sodium cations are reduced due to the physical separation of cations and anions by hydration shells, as well as the dielectric effect of the hydration shells. When there are more AOT in each reverse micelle, the repulsive forces between AOT anions become dominant. Consequently, reverse micelles that are too small or too large for any given Wo value have excess internal energy that drives mass exchange and changes in RM shape. Our results provide fundamental insight into the basis for the size and narrow size distribution of RMs.
The Changing Treatment of Content-Based Cases

The story of the development of the content-neutrality jurisprudential regime is not a linear narrative of progress. As Chapter 3 reveals, the justices established some important precedents prior to 1972 that helped to justify the creation of the content-neutrality regime in Mosley and Grayned (Police Department of Chicago v Mosley, 408 US 92, 1972; Grayned v City of Rock ford, 408 US 104, 1972). In the period prior to 1972, however, there were also many cases in which a majority of the justices turned a blind eye to government discrimination against the content of expression. For example, despite the protests of Justices Hugo Black and William Douglas, there was a series of cases in which the Supreme Court allowed the government to discriminate against alleged communists in a content-based manner. After 1972, the justices used the content-neutrality regime to protect freedom of expression from the government’s content-based discrimination, but even after 1972, there were cases in which a majority of the justices chose to allow contentbased regulation of expression. In this chapter, I use an interpretive lens to qualitatively analyze key examples of how the justices treated content-based cases before and after the content-neutrality regime was established.
Steganography in 802.15.4 wireless communication

A popular physical layer used in wireless sensor networks is the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which provides for a single coding scheme with constant data rate regardless of channel properties and noise conditions. This paper proposes and simulates a simple steganography method to embed additional information in 802.15.4 data packets when link quality permits, with a modest increase in signal to noise ratio (SNR) required for the same error performance of the underlying 802.15.4 communication. By expanding the code set to include a cluster of 31 ancillary codes for each original 802.15.4 code word, 5 bits can be steganographically overlaid on each 4 bit legacy symbol, allowing this additional data to be transmitted without the knowledge of legacy 802.15.4 receivers over links of greater than 1.95 dB SNR. Increasing the information content by 3.5 dB in this manner can lower the overall energy per bit to noise ratio by 0.1 dB.
A phase IIb trial of vorinostat in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma refractory to previous lenalidomide-containing regimens.

Summary Clinical trials of vorinostat, a Class I/II histone deacetylase inhibitor, in combination with proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents have shown activity in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. This phase IIb, open-label, single-institution study evaluated the efficacy of vorinostat in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in lenalidomide-refractory patients. Patients were considered lenalidomide-refractory if they had no clinical response (<minimal response) on a previous lenalidomide-containing regimen (lenalidomide non-responsive) or if they had progressive disease on or within 60 days of discontinuing a previous lenalidomide-containing regimen (lenalidomide relapsed/refractory). Patients received oral vorinostat 400 mg days 1–7 and 15–21, lenalidomide 25 mg days 1–21, and dexamethasone 40 mg days 1, 8, 15 and 22 in 28-day cycles. Twenty-five patients were enrolled, median age was 65 years and patients had received a median of 5 prior regimens. The overall response rate was 24% (6 partial responses) and clinical benefit rate (≥stable disease) was 80%. Median time to a partial response was 1·9 months and median duration of response was 3·3 months. Median progression-free survival was 5·3 months. Most common grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (48%), thrombocytopenia (32%), anaemia (20%) and gastrointestinal toxicities (16%). In this heavily pre-treated population, vorinostat in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone was active in lenalidomide-refractory patients.
Id1 Provides a Proper Hematopoietic Progenitor Niche Function

Development of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and their progeny is maintained by the interaction with cells in the microenvironment. In addition to hematopoietic cells, Id1 is expressed in stromal cells known to support hematopoiesis, and is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and senescence. Therefore, to investigate the role of Id1 in hematopoiesis, we examined hematologic phenotypes of Id1−/− mice. In this study, we found increased neutrophils and macrophages, and decreased B cells and platelets in peripheral blood, and decreased BM cellularity. While the percentages of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in Id1−/− mice were increased relative to the Id1+/+ mice, their total numbers and function appeared normal. For example, Id1 was not required for self-renewal or repopulation of HSC. In contrast, we found that there were increased numbers of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) in S phase of cell cycle in Id1−/− mice BM, suggesting that the loss of Id1 within HPC promotes proliferation. However, purified Id1−/− HPC had the same proliferation potential as Id1+/+ HPC when cultured in vitro . In transplantation experiments, we proved that BM microenvironment in Id1−/− mice is defective by showing that the Id1+/+ HSC showed impaired hematopoietic development in Id1−/− mice, while the Id1−/− HSC had normal repopulation potential in an Id1+/+ microenvironment. In agreement with these findings, Id1−/− BM stromal cell cultures supported enhanced proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors. Furthermore, quantitative PCR showed that SCF, M-CSF, OPN, SDF-1 and TGF-α mRNA expression was decreased in Id1−/− stromal cells relative to Id1+/+ stromal cells, while G-CSF, GM-CSF, and VEGF mRNA expression was significantly increased. Id1−/− BM showed decreased number of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. Thus, Id1 does not play a role in maintaining HSC, but is involved in regulating hematopoietic progenitor niche. Funded by NCI contract No. N01-CO-12400.
Integration of DC Microgrids as Virtual Synchronous Machines Into the AC Grid

A smart and autonomous integration concept for dc microgrids into the legacy ac grid is proposed based on the virtual synchronous machine (VSM) concept. It utilizes a dc–ac converter as a universal VSM-based interface (VSMBI) between the ac grid and various distributed energy resources (DER) connected on the dc side. The control strategy of it includes: 1) a frequency regulation improved from previous VSM works, which is suitable for the microgrid integration; 2) an improved dual droop control between the ac frequency and the dc side energy storages; 3) a power system stabilizer to enhance the system stability. Under this concept, the VSMBI integrates the DERs, loads and energy storages in the dc microgrid into a VSM. The VSMBI and the dc microgrid together will respond to short-term and long-term requirements of the grid frequency regulation, and achieve autonomous power management for the ac grid and the dc microgrid. It is therefore an important step forward in supporting high DER penetration. The concept, its design and small-signal analysis are presented in this paper. Its effectiveness and functions are verified by simulation and experimental results.
Arthroplasty registries around the world: valuable sources of hip implant revision risk data

Purpose of Review National and regional arthroplasty registries have proliferated since the Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register was started in 1975. Registry reports typically present implant-specific estimates of revision risk and patient- and technique-related factors that can inform clinical decision-making about implants and techniques. However, annual registry reports are long and it is difficult for clinicians to extract comparable revision risk data. Since implants may appear in multiple registry reports, it is even more difficult to gather relevant data for clinical decision-making about implant selection. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe arthroplasty registry concepts, international registries around the world, US registries, and provide a parsimonious summary of total hip arthroplasty (THA) implant revision risk reports across registries.
Designing an Ontology for Managing the Diets of Hypertensive Individuals

This paper describes the development of an ontology which could act as a recommendation system for hypertensive individuals. The author has conceptualized and developed an ontology which describes recipes, nutrients in foods and the interactions between nutrients and prescribed drugs, disease and general health. The paper begins with a review of the literature on several ontology designs. The previous ontology models guide the development of classes, properties and restrictions built into the hypertensive diet ontology. The model is constructed following the Ontology 101 methodology. The ontology was validated using proto-personas to create competency questions which were used to test the ontology. The findings show that the ontology may be used to provide information with the goal of assisting individuals in making sense of complex effects of diet on health and outcomes. It is concluded that the ontology can be used to provide support to patients as they seek to manage chronic illnesses such as hypertension. The study has relevance for creators of knowledge organization systems and ontologies in the healthcare field.
Assessment of Self-Determination in Adolescents with Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy.

Abstract Background The term self-determination refers to decision-making, goal setting, and perseverance to achieve those goals. Numerous studies have established the importance of self-determination to enhance learning and improve postschool outcomes. However, most studies evaluate students with learning disabilities, cognitive impairment, or behavioral disabilities. There is an absence of research on self-determination for adolescents with physical disabilities. Objective To assess self-determination of adolescents with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) compared with their typically developing peers via self-reported measures of function. Design Case-control study. Setting Brachial plexus clinic. Participants Twenty adolescents with NBPP (aged 10-17 years) and their parents and 20 age/gender-matched typically developing adolescents and their parents were recruited. Non–English-speaking participants and those with other physical impairments were excluded from study. Methods Participants completed demographic and American Institutes for Research (AIR) self-determination surveys. One of two designated occupational therapists evaluated participant physical function. Main Outcome Measurements A demographic survey and AIR self-determination assessment were administered, and active range of motion measurements in shoulder forward flexion, elbow flexion, elbow extension, forearm pronation, and supination were obtained. Grip/pinch strength, MRC muscle strength, 9-Hole Peg Test, and Mallet scale scores also were evaluated. Results Despite physical differences, adolescents with NBPP presented similar self-determination levels as their typically developing peers. Adolescents with NBPP rated their opportunities to engage in self-determined behaviors at school significantly lower than at home. Both adolescents with NBPP and those in the control group rated their opportunities to engage in self-determined behaviors at school significantly lower than at home. Conclusions Adolescents with NBPP presented similar self-determination scores as their age/gender-matched typically developing peers. These results could be a reflection of our program's patient- and family-centered care approach. Therefore, caregivers and providers should encourage personal development and fulfillment in adolescents with NBPP. Teachers and schools should be aware that opportunities for acquiring self-determination skills might be more limited at school than at home in this age group. Level of Evidence III
Corrections to “A 28-GHz Low-Power Phased-Array Receiver Front-End With 360° RTPS Phase-Shift Range”

This Letters corrects errata in the above paper [1] . The minimum rms phase error for the RTPS stand-alone [1, Table I] and for the front-end [1, Table II] computed as per the approach in [2] (with a zero average phase error) are 1.5° and 1.4°, respectively. The measured rms error of the RTPS across frequency is shown in Fig. 1 . Table I presents updated comparisons with state-of-the-art phase shifters and corrects errors in reference numbers in [1, Table I] . Comparisons with mm-wave phased array front-ends are shown in Table II . This work achieves 360° phase shift with low loss variation.
Revisiting the peroneal trochlea of the StW 352 calcaneus

StW 352, from Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa), is a partial calcaneus attributed to Australopithecus africanus and is dated to ~2.0â€“2.6 Ma. The unusual robusticity of the peroneal trochlea (PT) of StW 352 has been commented on by several authors. The size of hominin PTs has been hypothesised to be positively correlated with the degree of recruitment of peroneus longus during bipedal locomotion and/ or climbing. Given the potential functional relevance of an enlarged PT for reconstructing hominin activity patterns, we present the following previously unrecognised structural details of the reconstructed StW 352 that affect current interpretations of its functional morphology: (1) we estimate that the PT has been reattached to the body of the calcaneus ~5 mm dorso-distally from its original anatomical position; and (2) the presence of intrusive matrix has artificially misshaped the PT by expanding it laterally and proximodistally. Future studies of this specimen that apply geometric morphometrics, or other shape analysis tools, should compensate for these inaccuracies before undertaking comparisons between it and other calcanei. Additionally, given that the PT is likely smaller than previously reported for StW 352, caution should be exercised when using it to infer muscle function and extrapolate activity patterns of this individual, and thus by extension, within Australopithecus africanus in general. Lastly, these findings highlight the importance of not only the production of accurate reconstructions, but also the critical evaluation of the accuracy of existing reconstructions when working with damaged fossil material. Significance: This work epitomises the value of critically evaluating original fossil reconstructions, especially of postcranial elements. New technologies (e.g. microCT) offer non-destructive opportunities for evaluating/improving the accuracy of fossil reconstructions. Re-assessing StW 352 suggests peroneal muscles may have factored less prominently in A. africanus locomotion than previously thought.
Evaluations of the MRI RF-Induced Heating for Helical Stents Under a 1.5T MRI System

This paper investigates the radio frequency (RF)-induced heating for helical stents under 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) birdcage RF coil electromagnetic emission.The effects of design parameters, such as pitch, gap, winding pattern, overall length, and diameter, on RF-induced heating are investigated. It is found that these parameters can have different levels of impacts on the overall heating of tissue near the stents. The peak 1 g averaged specific absorption rate (SAR), a parameter that is closely related to the RF-induced heating, is strongly influenced by the stent length and the worst-case peak 1 g averaged SAR often occurs when the stent length is around the half-wavelength of the incident electric field. The increasing diameter reduces the SAR values. At the same stent length and diameter, a higher RF-induced heating occurs for the stent with a larger pitch and a smaller gap. In addition, stents that have longer equivalent electrical lengths could reduce the heating. The SAR and current distributions are also extracted from simulation results to demonstrate the heating mechanism. Experimental measurements are performed to validate the results from simulation investigations.
Neuropsychological Profiles and Trajectories in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease.

Objectives The present study investigated the independent and synergistic effects of amyloid beta (Aβ1-42) and phosphorylated tau (Ptau) pathologies on neuropsychological profiles and trajectories in cognitively normal older adults. Methods Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants identified as cognitively normal at baseline underwent longitudinal assessment (N=518; 0, 12, 24, 36 months), baseline lumbar puncture and follow-up cognitive exams. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) biomarker profiles (Aβ-Ptau-, Aβ+Ptau-, Aβ-Ptau+, Aβ+Ptau+) were compared on baseline profiles and trajectories for memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test), attention/executive function (Trail Making Test, A and B), language (Animal Fluency, Vegetable Fluency, Boston Naming Test) and processing speed (Digit Symbol) using multilevel models. Results The Aβ+Ptau+ group exhibited significantly worse baseline performance on tests of memory and executive function relative to the Aβ-Ptau+ and Aβ-Ptau- groups. The Aβ+Ptau- group fell between the Aβ+Ptau+ participants and the Aβ-Ptau- and Aβ-Ptau+ groups on all three cognitive domains and exhibited worse baseline executive function. The Aβ-Ptau+ group performed worse than Aβ-Ptau- participants on processing speed. Over 36-month follow-up, the Aβ+Ptau+ group exhibited the greatest declines in memory and semantic fluency compared to all other groups. Conclusions Cognitively normal older adults with both Aβ and Ptau pathology exhibited the weakest profile, marked by the worst memory decline compared to the other groups. Other subtle changes in this group included declines in executive function and semantic fluency. Those with Ptau pathology alone showed slowed processing speed, and those with Aβ pathology alone showed worse attention and executive function compared to biomarker negative participants. (JINS, 2018, 24, 693-702).
A simple numerical experiment concerning the general circulation in the lower stratosphere

By means of highly truncated spherical harmonic expansions, an extended four-level quasi-geostrophic model with variable Coriolis parameter is transformed into a set of ordinary non-linear differential equations. Non-adiabatic effects, frictional dissipation, and boundary effects are approximately included in the equations. A numerical experiment made with the equations succeeds in producing many realistic statistical gross features, especially in the lower stratosphere, e. g., a poleward temperature incrase, the up-gradient horizontal transports of heat and momentum due to large-scale eddies, the upward energy flux of extra-long waves, and the trapping of the upward energy flux of tropospheric unstable waves near the tropopause. The mean energy flow in the lower stratosphere and in the troposphere are analyzed and compared with each other, indicating very clearly the baroclinical activness of the troposphere and the passiveness of the lower stratosphere. The dynamics in the lower stratosphere are discussed. the mean meridional circulation is also studied.
Optimal Sensor Placement for Freeway Travel Time Estimation

This article presents a modeling framework and a polynomial solution algorithm for determining optimal locations of point detectors used to compute freeway travel times. First, an objective function is introduced to minimize the deviation of estimated and actual travel times of all individual sub-segments of a freeway route. By discretizing the problem in both time and space, we formulate it as a dynamic programming model, which can be solved via a shortest path search in an acyclic graph. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the model and algorithm using microscopic traffic simulation and GPS data from the Mobile Centuryexperiment recently conducted by the University of California, Berkeley, Nokia and California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).
Isotopic Analysis of Gas from the Cariaco Trench Sediments

The 198 meter core of Quaternary sediments obtained from Hole 147, Leg 15 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project was laid down under anoxic conditions in the Cariaco Trench below 882 meters of water off the coast of Venezuela. Pockets of gas from core depths between 45 and 180 meters were found to be 86–99% methane. The carbon dioxide content of the ten pockets sampled reached a maximum at about 130 meters.
Exploring 6-Azaindole and 7-Azaindole Rings for Developing Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Allosteric Modulators.

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Org27569 is a prototypical allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). It belongs to the indole-2-carboxamide scaffold and has been intensively in...
Failure analysis of a large wind tunnel compressor blade

A failure analysis was performed to establish the cause of a 2014-T6 aluminum compressor rotor blade failure in a large NASA-Ames wind tunnel. Metallurgical failure analysis by light photography, fractographic SEM examinations, and fatigue experiments showed that a 0.13-mm-deep scratch in the shank of the blade had acted as an initiation site for a fatigue crack, which subsequently grew by Stage II fatigue before occurrence of the final fracture by unstable crack growth. Studies of modal deformation plots and blade FEM analysis indicated that Mode-3 was the most likely mode responsible for the resonance condition which produced the vibration loading that effected crack growth. Tunnel measurements data showed that the crack growth was controlled by both the tunnel resonance and the dampening from the crack itself.
Role Orientations and Audience Metrics in Newsrooms: An Examination of Journalistic Perceptions and their Drivers

This survey of journalists, editors, and managers working for news organizations in the United States explores the perceived importance of citizen and consumer role orientations among newsworkers. ...
Phase transformation in MOCVD growth of (AlxGa1−x)2O3 thin films

This paper investigated the growth of (AlxGa1−x)2O3 thin films on semi-insulating (010) Ga2O3 substrates over the entire Al composition range (0% 40%. The transition from the β to γ phase in AlGaO alloys was observed from x-ray diffraction spectra. The growth of γ-phase AlGaO with higher Al content was further confirmed via atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging and nanodiffraction. Compositional and statistical analyses performed on data acquired from atom probe tomography provided insight on the local compositional homogeneity in AlGaO films with different Al compositions. For AlGaO with pure β or γ phases, the Al composition distribution showed homogeneity with similar Al composition values as extracted from the x-ray diffraction peak positions. For AlGaO films with mixed β and γ phases, inhomogeneity in the Al composition distribution became more obvious in the nm scale. A mechanism was proposed for the observed phase transformation between β and γ phases in MOCVD growth of AlGaO films.
Near-Earth Asteroid Scout Flight Mission

As one of the secondary payloads on the space launch systems vehicle, the Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout will demonstrate a low-cost and innovative approach to deep space reconnaissance missions. The main objective is to image and characterize a Near-Earth asteroid. The spacecraft packages a full deep space mission into the volume of a 6U CubeSat. To enable long-term sustained propulsion to the target, a solar sail is utilized as the main propulsion system. The spacecraft bus is single string, with compact avionics. Guidance and control performance meets science requirements with margin, but limited power impacts the amount of science data that can be returned, an aspect that is in part mitigated by the introduction of novel on-board data analysis software. Following in the recent footsteps of the Mars Cube One (MarCO) mission, the first deep space CubeSat demonstration, which included the infusion of the Iris radio; the NEA Scout will continue to blaze the trail for small CubeSats for interplanetary science and reconnaissance missions. This article will provide an overview of the mission, flight system design, and unique features needed for science and propulsion.
Tailored page sizes

Main memory capacity continues to soar, resulting in TLB misses becoming an increasingly significant performance bottleneck. Current coarse grained page sizes, the solution from Intel, ARM, and others, have not helped enough. We propose Tailored Page Sizes (TPS), a mechanism that allows pages of size 2n, for all n greater than a default minimum. For x86, the default minimum page size is 212 (4KB). TPS means one page table entry (PTE) for each large contiguous virtual memory space mapped to an equivalent-sized large contiguous physical frame. To make this work in a clean, seamless way, we suggest small changes to the ISA, the microarchitecture, and the O/S allocation operation. The result: TPS can eliminate approximately 98% of page walk memory accesses and 97% of all L1 TLB misses across a variety of SPEC17 and big data memory intensive benchmarks.
Degeneration of the locus coeruleus is a common feature of tauopathies and distinct from TDP-43 proteinopathies in the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum.

Neurodegeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC) in age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is well documented. However, detailed studies of LC neurodegeneration in the full spectrum of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) proteinopathies comparing tauopathies (FTLD-tau) to TDP-43 proteinopathies (FTLD-TDP) are lacking. Here, we tested the hypothesis that there is greater LC neuropathology and neurodegeneration in FTLD-tau compared to FTLD-TDP. We examined 280 patients including FTLD-tau (n = 94), FTLD-TDP (n = 135), and two reference groups: clinical/pathological AD (n = 32) and healthy controls (HC, n = 19). Adjacent sections of pons tissue containing the LC were immunostained for phosphorylated TDP-43 (1D3-p409/410), hyperphosphorylated tau (PHF-1), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to examine neuromelanin-containing noradrenergic neurons. Blinded to clinical and pathologic diagnoses, we semi-quantitatively scored inclusions of tau and TDP-43 both inside LC neuronal somas and in surrounding neuropil. We also digitally measured the percent area occupied of neuromelanin inside of TH-positive LC neurons and in surrounding neuropil to calculate a ratio of extracellular-to-intracellular neuromelanin as an objective composite measure of neurodegeneration. We found that LC tau burden in FTLD-tau was greater than LC TDP-43 burden in FTLD-TDP (z = − 11.38, p 0.05) but greater than FTLD-TDP (z = − 3.85, p < 0.0001) and HC (z = − 4.12, p < 0.0001). Both tau burden and neurodegeneration were consistently elevated in the LC across pathologic and clinical subgroups of FTLD-tau compared to FTLD-TDP subgroups. Moreover, LC tau burden positively correlated with neurodegeneration in the total FTLD group (rho = 0.24, p = 0.001), while TDP-43 burden did not correlate with LC neurodegeneration in FTLD-TDP (rho = − 0.01, p = 0.90). These findings suggest that patterns of disease propagation across all tauopathies include prominent LC tau and neurodegeneration that are relatively distinct from the minimal degenerative changes to the LC in FTLD-TDP and HC. Antemortem detection of LC neurodegeneration and/or function could potentially improve antemortem differentiation of underlying FTLD tauopathies from clinically similar FTLD-TDP proteinopathies.
Macrophages Expedite Cell Proliferation of Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia through Their Downstream Target ERK

The risk factors for prostate cancer include a high-fat diet and obesity, both of which are associated with an altered cell environment including increased inflammation. It has been shown that chronic inflammation due to a high-fat diet or bacterial infection has the potential to accelerate prostate cancer as well as its precursor, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), development. However, the underlying mechanism of how chronic inflammation promotes prostate cancer development, especially PIN, remains unclear. In this study, we showed that more macrophages were present in PIN areas as compared to the normal areas of human prostate. When co-culturing PIN cells with macrophages in 3D, more PIN cells had nuclear localized cyclin D1, indicating that macrophages enhanced PIN cell proliferation. We identified ICAM-1 and CCL2 as chemoattractants expressed by PIN cells to recruit macrophages. Furthermore, we discovered that macrophage-secreted cytokines including C5a, CXCL1, and CCL2 were responsible for increased PIN cell proliferation. These three cytokines activated ERK and JNK signaling in PIN cells through a ligand-receptor interaction. However, only blockade of ERK abolished macrophage cytokines-induced cell proliferation of PIN. Overall, our results provide a mechanistic view on how macrophages activated through chronic inflammation can expedite PIN progression during prostate cancer development. The information from our work can facilitate a comprehensive understanding of prostate cancer development, which is required for improvement of current strategies for prostate cancer therapy.
Predicting Treatment Success with Facet Syndrome: An Algorithm to Predict Lumbar Radiofrequency Ablation Responders in a Military Population.

OBJECTIVE Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the medial branch nerve is a commonly performed procedure for patients with facet syndrome. RFA has previously been demonstrated to provide long-term functional improvement in approximately 50% of patients, including those who had significant pain relief after diagnostic medial branch block. We sought to identify factors associated with success of RFA for facet pain. DESIGN Active-duty military patients who underwent lumbar RFA (L3, L4, and L5 levels) over a 3-year period were analyzed. Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were assessed the day of procedure and at the 2-month and 6-month follow-up. These data were analyzed to identify associations between patient demographics, pain, and functional status and patients' improvement after RFA, with a primary outcome of ODI improvement and a secondary outcome of pain reduction. RESULTS Higher levels of starting functional impairment (starting ODI scores of 42.9 vs. 37.5; P = 0.0304) were associated with a greater likelihood of improvement in functional status 6 months after RFA, and higher starting pain scores (DVPRS pain scores of 6.1 vs. 5.1; P < 0.0001) were associated with a higher likelihood that pain scores would improve 6 months after RFA. A multivariate logistic regression was then used to develop a scoring system to predict improvement after RFA. The scoring system generated a C-statistic of 0.764, with starting ODI, pain scores, and both gender and smoking history as independent variables. CONCLUSIONS This algorithm compares favorably to that of diagnostic medial branch block in terms of prediction accuracy (C-statistic of 0.764 vs. 0.57), suggesting that its use may improve patient selection in patients who undergo RFA for facet syndrome.
When Hospitals Sue Patients

Grimly demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals serve as the central hub of American health care. Increasingly exercising market power, setting clinical standards, and fostering innovation, hospitals’ influence over health care delivery and access is unmatched. They are the behemoth in the delivery chain, exerting unrivaled control. As such, hospitals have naturally become the locus of the worst of the collision between consumerism and universality, between cost and access—a gloomy setting for citizens who simply cannot afford the health care they need to flourish, or to survive. Indeed, the price of American health care—a cost that is increasingly borne by American patients—is unsustainable. Those costs continue to rise thanks to a pernicious mix of increasingly brittle and ineffective insurance plans, a squeeze on public funding, and a lack of price sensitivity among the providers of American health care. Patients are suffering. And hospitals aren’t getting paid. In a predictable but catastrophic turn, hospitals are suing their former patients for unpaid medical bills. Litigation has replaced systematic financing. The operating room has been swapped for the courtroom. And adversarial proceedings now follow the Hippocratic Oath. Tracking the phenomenon of these lawsuits, this article lays out the harms that result to the American health care system. When hospitals sue patients, they harm public health and destroy patient trust. And they shatter widely-held beliefs, highlighting the inadequacy of policy goals and the inequity of health finance rules. Further, once and for all, they expose the failure of the consumer-based paradigm of American health care, spotlighting the inapplicability of moral hazard, and demonstrating the means by which individuals with private insurance and high deductibles—a rapidly growing population in the United States—are inadequately protected against the very actors that undertake to protect their health and wellbeing. This article makes the moral, legal, and policy-based argument that hospital lawsuits against former patients must be brought to an end. American patients simply cannot afford it.
Reliability and Bifurcation in Neurons Driven by Multiple Sinusoids

We investigated the effect of the phase relationship between two frequency components of a periodic stimulus on cortical neurons and on simulated Integrate- and-Fire (IF) model neurons. It is well established that entrainment to a resonant frequency in a fluctuating stimulus can induce reliable and precise spike trains. Recently, Makeig (Science, 2002) demonstrated stimulus-evoked phase-resetting of rhythms in human EEG. We find that varying the phase between two stimulus sinusoids in the -range (5 and 10 Hz), while holding their power constant, modulated the reliability and precision of a neuron's response. The neuron's output was maximally precise for one phase and maximally imprecise for another. This phenomenon may be understood as a bifurcation between spike-time attractors, which we investigated with IF simulations. Our results suggest phase resetting could switch neurons dynamically between temporal and rate coding.
The Measurement of Atmospheric Electric Fields Using a Newly Developed Balloon Borne Sensor

A balloon-borne instrument has been developed which has the capability of making absolute measurements of the vector electric field inside thunderstorms and under fair-weather conditions. Known as the Balloon Electric Field Sensor (BEFS), this device consists of a superpressure spherical balloon and the associated electronics package which is mounted inside the balloon. The balloon, which has its surface divided into four conducting regions (in the shape of a lune), serves as both the measuring platform and the sensing element. Because of spherical symmetry and the absence of protrusions, calibration procedures are simplified, unknown field distortion factors are eliminated and corona problems are minimized.
Flow and Functional Models for Rheological Properties of Fluid Foods

A flow model may be considered to be a mathematical equation that can describe rheological data, such as shear rate versus shear stress, in a basic shear diagram, and that provides a convenient and concise manner of describing the data. Occasionally, such as for the viscosity versus temperature data during starch gelatinization, more than one equation may be necessary to describe the rheological data. In addition to mathematical convenience, it is important to quantify how magnitudes of model parameters are affected by state variables, such as temperature, and the effect of structure/composition (e.g., concentration of solids) of foods and establish widely applicable relationships that may be called functional models.
Biochemical and functional characterization of a recombinant monomeric factor VIII-Fc fusion protein.

Background: Hemophilia A results from a deficiency in factor VIII activity. Current treatment regimens require frequent dosing, owing to the short half-life of FVIII. A recombinant FVIII–Fc fusion protein (rFVIIIFc) was molecularly engineered to increase the half-life of FVIII, by 1.5–2-fold, in several preclinical animal models and humans. Objective: To perform a biochemical and functional in vitro characterization of rFVIIIFc, with existing FVIII products as comparators.Methods: rFVIIIFc was examined by utilizing a series of structural and analytic assays, including mass spectrometry following lysyl endopeptidase or thrombin digestion. rFVIIIFc activity was determined in both one-stage clotting (activated partial thromboplastin time) and chromogenic activity assays, in the context of the FXase complex with purified components, and in both in vitro and ex vivo rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) assays performed in whole blood. Results: rFVIIIFc contained the predicted primary structure and post-translational modifications, with an FVIII moiety that was similar to other recombinant FVIII products. The von Willebrand factor-binding and specific activity of rFVIIIFc were also found to be similar to those of other recombinant FVIII molecules. Both chromogenic and one-stage assays of rFVIIIFc gave similar results. Ex vivo ROTEM studies demonstrated that circulating rFVIIIFc activity was prolonged in mice with hemophilia A in comparison with B-domain-deleted or full-length FVIII. Clot parameters at early time points were similar to those for FVIII, whereas rFVIIIFc showed prolonged improvement of clot formation. Conclusions: rFVIIIFc maintains normal FVIII interactions with other proteins necessary for its activity, with prolonged in vivo activity, owing to fusion with the Fc region of IgG1.
A gene for autosomal dominant juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS4) localizes to a 500-kb interval on chromosome 9q34.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) denotes a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders affecting upper and lower motor neurons. ALS4 is a juvenile-onset, autosomal dominant form of ALS that is characterized by slow progression, distal limb weakness and amyotrophy, and pyramidal signs associated with severe loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The ALS4 locus was recently mapped by linkage analysis to a large genetic interval on chromosome 9q34. By undertaking extensive genetic linkage analysis, we have significantly refined the ALS4 locus to a critical interval of less than 3 cM, flanked by D9S149 and D9S1198. Previous physical mapping in this region has indicated that this critical interval spans approximately 500 kb. Seventeen putative transcripts have been localized within this interval including 7 characterized genes, 2 partially characterized genes, and 8 "anonymous" expressed sequence tags . These are therefore positional candidate genes for the ALS4 locus. We have also undertaken mutation analysis and genetic mapping to investigate and exclude candidate genes, including RING3L/ORFX and RALGDS , from a pathogenic role in ALS4.
Tests of linkage and heterogeneity in Mendelian diseases using identity by descent scores

When linkage between a recessive Mendelian disease and specific candidate genes is investigated, identity by descent scores in affected sib pairs may be used for tests of linkage and heterogeneity. Statistical tests for performing this analysis are presented. The efficiency and statistical power of the method are also investigated using computer simulations.