cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser light-scattering measurements of interfacial tension using optical heterodyne mixing spectroscopy

Abstract The interfacial tension between n -decane and water was determined by laser light scattering. The experimentally measured autocorrelation functions were in good agreement with those derived from the hydrodynamical theory of capillary waves. For comparison, the interfacial tension was measured with the Wilhelmy plate, the du Nou¨y ring, and the spinning drop methods. The laser light-scattering technique showed the same absolute accuracy as the other methods and, within a common uncertainty of 1.5%, the same value for the interfacial tension was found. The important advantages of the laser technique in being nonperturbative and only relying on bulk phase parameters for the analysis are strong arguments for its use in measuring liquid/liquid interfacial tension.
Understanding the Dynamics of Contact Recording Head-Disk Interfaces

Contact recording is fast becoming an attractive alternative to conventional flying recording heads. For contact recording, a new design philosophy has to be developed based on good understanding of contact dynamics of the head-disk interface. We have developed an integrated approach to understanding these interfaces, where experimental results from friction and laser doppler interferometer measurements are modeled using modified air bearing codes. Important insights gained: 1) smaller contact pad size reduces friction and bounce, 2) rougher disk surfaces have lower friction and contact stiffness, and 3) pitch angle and lubricant lube thickness strongly influence damping of slider motions.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Cometary Dust in the Laboratory

Much of our understanding of early solar system history comes from the laboratory study of extraterrestrial materials, especially meteorites from the asteroid belt, as these are by far the most readily available. However, it has long been recognized that icy bodies in the outer solar system might contain a better-preserved record of the earliest stages of solar system formation than can be found in even the most primitive asteroidal meteorites. This is supported by laboratory studies of tiny (<50 µm diameter) meteorites—interplanetary dust particles or IDPs—collected by aircraft in the stratosphere. Thought to originate at least in part from comets, IDPs exhibit highly primitive features ( 1 , 2 ). Two reports, one by Matzel et al. ( 3 ) and one by Duprat et al. ( 4 ) on page 742 of this issue, take advantage of the availability of relatively less studied primitive materials—samples obtained by the Stardust mission from comet Wild 2 and Antarctic micrometeorites (AMMs)—to glean information about the early solar system.
Transcriptional Regulation of Mouse δ-Opioid Receptor Gene

Previously, the existence of dual promoters was reported in mouse μ-opioid receptor (mor) gene, with mor transcription in the mouse brain predominantly initiated by the proximal promoter. In this study, we further analyzed the proximal promoter region, base pairs −450 to −249, to identifycis-DNA regulatory elements and trans-acting protein factors that are important for mor promoter activity. The results revealed that a mor inverted GA (iGA) motif and a canonical Sp1 binding site are required for the promoter activity. Using electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, we identified nuclear proteins that specifically bind to the mor iGA motif and that are immunologically related to Sp1 and Sp3. Mutation of the mor iGA motif, resulting in a loss of Sp binding, led to a 50% decrease in activity. Mutation of the canonical Sp1 binding site yielded a lesser (approximately 25%) loss of activity. Mutation of both motifs together resulted in an approximately 70% decrease in activity. In cotransfection assays using Drosophila SL2 cells, Sp1trans-activated the promoter in a manner dependent on the presence of mor iGA and canonical Sp1 binding motifs. Sp3 can alsotrans-activate the promoter, and furthermore, Sp1 and Sp3 can trans-activate the mor promoter additively. Our results suggest that combined or cooperative interaction of Sp transcription factors within the proximal promoter is necessary for activation of mor gene transcription.
A dynamic programming approach in designing underground coal slurry haulage systems

Underground hydraulic haulage systems (UHHS) are emerging as an alternative to conventional systems with the potential of eliminating haulage bottlenecks, and health and safety hazards in underground coal mines. Currently, identified problems associated with the application of UHHS are: 1. the lack of engineering design data; 2. the need for new equipment development; 3. better instrumentation and control; and 4. the need for optimum design methodology.
Small molecule modifiers of circadian clocks

Circadian clocks orchestrate 24-h oscillations of essential physiological and behavioral processes in response to daily environmental changes. These clocks are remarkably precise under constant conditions yet highly responsive to resetting signals. With the molecular composition of the core oscillator largely established, recent research has increasingly focused on clock-modifying mechanisms/molecules. In particular, small molecule modifiers, intrinsic or extrinsic, are emerging as powerful tools for understanding basic clock biology as well as developing putative therapeutic agents for clock-associated diseases. In this review, we will focus on synthetic compounds capable of modifying the period, phase, or amplitude of circadian clocks, with particular emphasis on the mammalian clock. We will discuss the potential of exploiting these small molecule modifiers in both basic and translational research.
Program Delivery via Satellite in the Information Age: Extension Educators' Perspectives on Teaching Techniques, Communication Channels, and Participation

Interest in the educational satellite technology in Cooperative Extension is increasing rapidly. This study describes program delivery through the Cornell Cooperative Extension Satellite Network (CCESN) as a new educational initiative in the information age. The description is focused on examining extension educators' perspectives on teaching techniques, communication channels, and factors related to participation in the program. The study found that traditional educational techniques such as multiple speakers, interviewing, case studies, team teaching, and panel discussions were seen as only somewhat effective, and communication channels such as face-to-face contact, small group meetings, interactions with local county extension staff, and personal contact by telephone more effective than satellites and computers. Factors encouraging participation include economy of scale, access to information and other resources, professionalization of programming, and interactivity, and those that discouraged particip...
The CloudSat Mission and the A-Train: A Revolutionary Approach to Observing Earth's Atmosphere

On April 28, 2006 a millimeter radar system, designed expressly for the vertical profiling of hydrometeors, was launched from Vandenburg Air Force Base. Both Cloudsat, carrying the cloud profiling radar (CPR), and the lidar satellite CALIPSO, were inserted into nearly identical orbits each approximately one minute behind the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua satellite and in formation with the French PARASOL satellite and the EOS Aura satellite. This creates the A- Train satellite constellation. The early results of the CloudSat mission underscore the value of synergy of the A- Train observations for studying clouds and precipitation.
Erratum to: Architectural design of the pelvic floor is consistent with muscle functional subspecialization

We found a mathematical error in sarcomere length (Ls) measurements in the original publication. Upon detection of the error, sarcomere lengths were re-measured from the original slide-mounted samples, and also in newly dissected fiber bundles from the same specimens to confirm accuracy. Architectural parameters were then recalculated using corrected Ls and all statistical analyses were repeated using corrected data. The revised calculations affected the absolute values only and showed that the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) do not have sarcomeres shorter than other human skeletal muscles. Importantly, there are no changes in the major conclusion of the article regarding the functional subspecialization of the individual PFMs. A table containing the revised values and the adjusted Figs. 2 and 3 are presented below. Complete data for coccygeus (C), iliococcygeus (IC), and pubovisceralis (PV) muscles, expressed as means±SEM
POSITIVELY CHARGED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES OVERCOME POTASSIUM-MEDIATED INHIBITION OF TRIPLEX DNA FORMATION. † 847

The ability of unmodified, purine-rich oligonucleotides (ODNs) to form triplex structures with chromosomal DNA in vivo and thereby alter gene expression is greatly inhibited by physiologic levels of potassium. To overcome this inhibition we have developed a novel class of chemically modified triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs). Changing negative phosphodiester bonds in a TFO to neutral 2-methoxyethylphosphoramidate linkages causes a small but significant increase in triplex formation as determined by gel shift assay. When phosphodiester bonds in a TFO are converted to positively charged linkages with N,N-diethylethylenediamine the formation of triplex DNA increases dramatically. In the absence of KCl, a 17-mer TFO containing 11 positively charged linkages at a concentration of 0.2μM converts essentially all of a 30 bp target duplex to a triplex. In contrast, less than 15% of the target duplex is converted to a triplex form by 2 μM of the unmodified TFO.
A study of the septum pellucidum and corpus callosum in schizophrenia with MR imaging

– Surface areas of the septum pellucidum, corpus callosum and the brain were measured from mid-saggital slices obtained with magnetic resonance imaging in 18 patients with schizophrenia and an equal number of normal volunteers. The patients showed larger septa and septo-brain ratios. These indices correlated with age in both patients and controls. In the patients, septal area also correlated with duration of illness. Changes in the septum pellucidum were unrelated to the intensity of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The patients had significantly longer corpora callosa, but the two groups did not differ on its size or the ratio between the latter and the mid-saggital slice area. Dimensions of the corpus callosum did not correlate with age, duration of the illness or positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The anteroposterior elongation of the structure seemed to accompany enlargement of the septum pellucidum.
Relation of Temperature of Ice Cream to the Distribution of Certain of its Components Between the Liquid and Solid Phases

The freezing of ice cream results in physical changes, most important of which, from the point of view of the texture of ice cream, is the manner in which the ice is formed. Many discussions on "freezing ice cream" deal largely with factors affecting the whipping properties of mixes, but give little consideration to the actual freezing itself. Literally speaking, freezing does not start until ice begins to form and is not completed, providing the temperature is lowered sufficiently, until all of the free water has been changed to ice. This report is confined largely to a consideration of the relation of temperature to the distribution of various components of the mix between the liquid and solid phases. The amount of ice formed at certain temperatures and the rate at which crystallization takes place are considered in relation to their influence upon the quality of ice cream manufactured under commercial conditions. I t is recognized, however, that ice cream texture is influenced by factors other than methods of freezing.
Xenografts of articular chondrocytes in the nude mouse

Subcutaneous transplantation of articular chondrocytes isolated enzymatically from immature rabbits and dogs into athymic (nu/nu) mice resulted in the formation of hyaline cartilaginous nodules. Graft rejection was seen when the cells were injected into heterozygous (nu/+) mice. Radiosulfate-labeled proteoglycan extracted from the xenografts had a high buoyant density and was digested by chondroitinase ABC. A monomeric preparation of proteoglycan (A1-D1) contained a small quantity of aggregate as assessed by gel chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Almost no incorporation of3H-thymidine was found by autoradiography. The matrix did not become calcified over the course of 42 days. The nude mouse system lends itself to testing a variety of problems in the biology of cartilage. These include the redifferentiation of chondrocytes following dedifferentiation in vitro. Species differences were found in this regard. The nodules formed by rabbit articular chondrocytes, grown in monolayer culture for up to 14 days, had a hyaline chondroid character. Dog chondrocytes that had “dedifferentiated,” during 14 days of culture prior to transplantation, formed a graft that had a sparse fibrous rather than hyaline matrix.
Percutaneous reduction and flexible intramedullary nailing for monteggia fracture in a skeletally mature patient

INTRODUCTION Monteggia lesions are defined as a fracture of the proximal ulna with an associated radial head dislocation. Management of these injuries varies depending upon the patient population, ranging from non-operative treatment with closed reduction and immobilization to surgical fixation. Percutaneous techniques of radial head reduction are often reserved for skeletally immature patients.
Very low-carbohydrate versus isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet in dietary obese rats

Objective: The effects of a very low-carbohydrate (VLC), high-fat (HF) dietary regimen on metabolic syndrome were compared with those of an isocaloric high-carbohydrate (HC), low-fat (LF) regimen in dietary obese rats. Research Methods and Procedures: Male Sprague-Dawley rats, made obese by 8 weeks ad libitum consumption of an HF diet, developed features of the metabolic syndrome vs. lean control (C) rats, including greater visceral, subcutaneous, and hepatic fat masses, elevated plasma cholesterol levels, impaired glucose tolerance, and fasting and post-load insulin resistance. Half of the obese rats (VLC) were then fed a popular VLC-HF diet (Weeks 9 and 10 at 5% and Weeks 11 to 14 at 15% carbohydrate), and one-half (HC) were pair-fed an HC-LF diet (Weeks 9 to 14 at 60% carbohydrate). Results: Energy intakes of pair-fed VLC and HC rats were less than C rats throughout Weeks 9 to 14. Compared with HC rats, VLC rats exhibited impaired insulin and glycemic responses to an intraperitoneal glucose load at Week 10 and lower plasma triacylglycerol levels but retarded loss of hepatic, retroperitoneal, and total body fat at Week 14. VLC, HC, and C rats no longer differed in body weight, plasma cholesterol, glucose tolerance, or fasting insulin resistance at Week 14. Progressive decreases in fasting insulin resistance in obese groups paralleled concomitant reductions in hepatic, retroperitoneal, and total body fat. Discussion: When energy intake was matched, the VLC-HF diet provided no advantage in weight loss or in improving those components of the metabolic syndrome induced by dietary obesity and may delay loss of hepatic and visceral fat as compared with an HC-LF diet.
Early postnatal blood concentrations of inflammation-related proteins and microcephaly two years later in infants born before the 28th post-menstrual week.

Abstract Background To evaluate if concentrations of inflammation-related proteins were elevated in early postnatal blood specimens of preterm newborns who two years later had a small head. Methods We measured 25 proteins in blood collected on days 1, 7, and 14 from 839 infants born before the 28th week of gestation and whose head circumference was measured at birth and near 24-months post-term equivalent. We excluded children whose birth head circumference was at or below the third centile. A protein concentration was considered elevated if it was in the highest quartile for gestational age and the day the specimen was obtained. Findings When proteins were evaluated individually, elevated concentrations of SAA on day 1 and five proteins on day 14, IL-6, TNF-R2, IL-8, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 were associated with significantly increased risk of microcephaly (head circumference Z-score Interpretation Concentrations of inflammation-related proteins in the circulation shortly after preterm birth provide information about the risk of a reduced head circumference more than two years later. Funding The ELGAN Study was supported by a cooperative agreement with the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the United States.
Effect of Unconsumed Reward on Subsequent Alternation of Choice

The quantity of food reward initially available and the quantity remaining in the goal box of either chosen discriminandum were investigated as possible determinants of subsequent choice behavior, i.e., subsequent repetition or alternation of choice. In two similar experiments, 108 rats were divided equally among 3 experimental conditions: Ss in Group C+ and Group C were identical in terms of the number of food pellets consumed on each trial but differed in that Ss in Group C+ always had a considerable quantity remaining upon their removal from the chosen alternative. Ss in Group One were always presented with 1 pellet, which they consumed. No differences in alternation behavior were found among these groups.
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of imidazole-based wakayin analogues

Analogues of wakayin based on diimidazo[1,5,4-de, 1,5,4-h]-quinoxaline have been prepared and evaluated with respect to cytostatic and cytotoxic activity. Assays in a 60-cell-line human cancer panel revealed selective activity against cells with the VEGF (Flt-1) receptor.
Matching "versus" mechanism design

In a typical mechanism design paper the goal is to find a mechanism that maximizes the designer's objective (e.g., social welfare) subject to technology and incentive constraints. In a typical applied matching paper, by contrast, the goal is to find a mechanism that satisfies various "good properties" (e.g., efficiency and fairness). This essay discusses the relationship and tradeoffs between these two approaches. An introductory example, school choice, represents a simple win for the good properties approach. The main example, course allocation, paints a more complicated picture.
Topical benzoic acid induces the increased biosynthesis of prostaglandin D2 in human skin in vivo.

Background Benzoic acid is one of the most commonly used preservatives in cosmetics, foodstuffs, and drug preparations. Nonetheless, products containing this compound frequently induce cutaneous erythema. Previous studies have suggested that prostaglandins may mediate the cutaneous vasodilation because ingestion of cyclooxygenase inhibitors before the application of benzoic acid markedly diminishes this symptom. However, the prostaglandin responsible has not been conclusively determined. Recently we showed that cutaneous erythema similar to that associated with application of benzoic acid is induced by the topical administration of another preservative, sorbic acid, and is mediated by the increased biosynthesis of prostaglandin (PG)D2 in the skin. This study was designed to determine whether the cutaneous vasodilation induced by benzoic acid is mediated by this prostaglandin in humans. Design Benzoic acid (10% in petrolatum) was applied to the forearms of healthy volunteers. Blood was obtained from the antecubital vein draining the treated site and assayed for vasodilating prostaglandins and histamine. Results Topical application of benzoic acid to four volunteers resulted in a 29- to 8000-fold increase in plasma levels of PGD2 and a 72- to 370-fold increase in levels of 9α,11β-PGF2, the stable plasma metabolite of PGD2, in blood drawn from the antecubital vein draining the treated sites. In contrast, there were no changes in plasma levels of other vasodilating prostaglandins, PGE2 or prostacyclin (PGI2). Increases in levels of PGD2 and 9α,11β-PGF2 were not found in blood drawn simultaneously from veins in the contralateral arm, indicating the increased biosynthesis of PGD2 from the site of benzoic acid application. Increased formation of PGD2 in response to topical application of benzoic acid was dose dependent over a concentration range of 0.01% to 15%. The increased synthesis of PGD2 was not accompanied by a release of histamine, suggesting that PGD2 was not derived from the mast cell. Conclusions PGD2 mediates the vasodilation associated with topical application of benzoic acid. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1995) 57, 441–445; doi:
Biassed secondary electron imaging of monatomic surface steps on vicinal Si(100) in a UHV STEM

Abstract Biassed secondary electron (b-SE) SEM images of steps on Si(100) surfaces misoriented 1° towards 〈110〉 have been obtained using a number of imaging geometries including normal incidence. The periodicity of the regularly spaced steps unambiguously identifies these as single-atom-high steps. High-efficiency secondary electron collection from the input surface of the sample makes it possible to obtain images of low contrast features on low-atomic-number samples in UHV. Simple topography is shown to be a likely mechanism for the contrast observed in the digitally acquired b-SE images. Images of step pinning at refractory particles during surface sublimation identify the up-step direction and are similar to those obtained by other surface microscopic techniques.
Heavy metal fluoride glass (HMFG) equation of state

Abstract Two HMFG constants, associated with the fluoride ion, the molar volume, and heat capacity, are demonstrated. This constancy of the specific heat per unit volume of the fluoride network yields an equation of state that links the stoichiometry, density, and specific heat of HMFG.
Fecal coliform bacteria disappearance rates in a north-central Gulf of Mexico estuary

Abstract Fecal coliform levels in surface waters often peak after a major rain event. Thereafter, they decrease or disappear from water with time and can concentrate in sediments at high densities. Their dynamics in coastal waters is a function of bacterial loading from inflowing streams and rivers, mass transport, and losses due to death and sedimentation. We used water quality data collected from Mississippi Sound before, during and after 12 rainfall events to assess the effects of rainfall on fecal coliform levels, estimate fecal coliform disappearance rates, and evaluate the influence of season on fecal coliform loss rates. Fecal coliforms typically peaked within 48 h after a rain event, and then decreased precipitously, whereas the Pearl River (a major inflow into the western Mississippi Sound) stage often peaked within 96 h. Fecal coliform disappearance rates per day varied from −0.214 to −0.743 (mean = −0.428). Loss rates were higher in November/December (−0.64 ± 0.06SE) than in January (−0.45 ± 0.03SE) or February/March (−0.35 ± 0.03SE), perhaps due to seasonal differences in water temperature and/or intensities of solar radiation. It took an average of 6 days (range: 0.3–12.9 days) for the geometric mean FC levels to fall to 14 MPN per 100 ml. These data are useful for managing shellfish harvesting areas in Mississippi Sound and other river-influenced estuaries.
Spin-lattice relaxation in cerous magnesium nitrate

I t h a s been d e m o n s t r a t e d r ecen t l y (~) t h a t t h e e x t r e m e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n t b e h a v i o u r of t h e sp in l a t t i ce r e l a x a t i o n t ime , T, in ce reus m a g n e s i u m n i t r a t e (CMN) in t h e region of 2 °K (2) can be e x p l a i n e d in t e r m s of a d i rec t twop h o n o n process b e t w e e n t h e g r o u n d d o u b l e t a n d t h e f irst exc i t ed doub l e t a t a s epa ra t i on , ~/~, of a b o u t 24 cm -~ ( ~ / k 3 4 =K). T he l a t t e r f igure is in q u i t e good a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e (37 ± 3 ) '~K f o u n d b y LEASK a n d WOLF (a) b y m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e d e p a r t u r e s of t h e suscept ib i l i ty~ Z, f rom Cur ie ' s L a w b e t w e e n 10-~K a n d 2 0 ° K . An indep e n d e n t s t u d y (4) of t h e 7,-T f u n c t i o n (be tween 4 : K a n d 300 ~K) u n d e r t a k e n to der ive i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e separat i ons (~1 and 6~ to t h e two exc i ted doub l e t y ie lded a r a t h e r h igher va lue for 5~/k (43 ~C), whi le ~o/k ~ 300 °K.
Gating Properties of Connexin32 Cell--Cell Channels and their Mutants Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes

Carboxyl-terminal deletion mutants of the gap junction protein connexin32 were tested in the oocyte cell--cell channel assay. Oocytes expressing a mutant lacking 58 carboxyl terminal amino acids were found to exhibit junctional conductances of the same magnitude as oocytes expressing wild-type connexin32. The gating properties of the channels formed by this mutant of connexin32 with respect to transjunctional voltage and cytoplasmic acidification are indistinguishable from those found with wild-type connexin32 channels. This includes a novel pH-dependent voltage gate. In another mutant, two carboxyl terminal serine residues, Ser233 and Ser240, were replaced by Asn residues. This double mutant has properties indistinguishable from wild-type connexin32, suggesting that phosphorylation of either of these serines is not required for channel opening.
Signs of intelligence in cross-fostered chimpanzees.

In cross-fostering, the young of one species are reared by adults of another, as in the classical ethological studies of imprinting and song-learning. In our laboratory, infant chimpanzees were reared under human conditions that included two-way communication in American Sign Language (A.S.L.), the gestural language of the deaf in North America. A large body of evidence from five chimpanzees demonstrated stage by stage replication of basic aspects of the acquisition of speech and signs by hearing and deaf children. Here we review evidence that, under double-blind conditions: (i) the chimpanzees communicated information in A.S.L. to human observers; (ii) independent human observers agreed in their identification of the chimpanzee signs, (iii) the chimpanzees could use the signs to refer to natural language categories: DOG for any dog, FLOWER for any flower, SHOE for any shoe.
Spurious Modes in Coaxial Transmission Line Filters

Coaxial transmission line filters in which the shunt reactive elements are conducting rods inserted between the inner and outer conductors of the series coaxial transmission line may be analyzed by the use of well-known transmission line equations if only the TEM mode propagates. When other "spurious" modes are important, the problem is not so simple. Some equations are presented for the cutoff frequencies of such spurious modes, and supporting experimental data is included.
Growth And Metabolism In The Embryonic White-spotted Bamboo Shark, Chiloscyllium Plagiosum: Comparison With Embryonic Birds And Reptiles

Abstract Birds and reptiles have been important models for studying the energetics of embryonic development. Studies on these groups reveal three metabolic patterns: an exponential increase in metabolism with embryo age, a sigmoidal increase with age, or a sigmoidal increase followed by a decrease before hatching. Models developed to explain avian metabolic patterns and developmental costs partition total costs between growth and maintenance. To test the generality of these models, we examined embryonic energetics of the oviparous white‐spotted bamboo shark Chiloscyllium plagiosum. Oviparous sharks must actively ventilate during development, which could increase their development costs relative to birds and reptiles. Our results demonstrated that bamboo shark embryos have a peaked metabolic pattern and sigmoidal increase in body mass similar to ratites, crocodilians, and some turtles. The total cost of development was higher in bamboo sharks than in reptiles and many birds. However, calculations reveal th...
"Lurking" as a Research Method

This note is intended to isolate a research technique which we beIieve has been unnecessarily subsumed under other procedures. For lack of a more technical designation, we call this technique "lurking." As a methodology, it falls somewhere between participant-observation and what some authors call "complete observation" or "non-participant observation." The key difference between lurking and casual observation is that the lurker very self-consciously locates himself at the periphery of a social setting, pays strict attention to his degree of obtrusiveness in the situation, and classifies evidence thus obtained as specific to the anonymity of public or quasi-public behaviors. The data are not, in other words, taken primarily as clues to the subjective values or attitudes of the people observed.
Bodies in motion: the sociology of physical activity.

Some have argued that the field of kinesiology is losing its vitality because of overspecialization and fragmentation; exercise science scholars are no longer able to find points of convergence with those in kinesiology subdisciplines other than their own. I contend, however, that this is not an accurate portrayal of every subdiscipline. Qualitative research in the sociology of physical activity lends itself to an interdisciplinary and broadly based understanding of human movement. To illustrate my claim, I present and explain six dimensions of the body: the imagined body, the consumer body, the disciplined body, the practiced body, the discursive body, and the transgressive body. Each of these dimensions (“bodies” of knowledge) may be thought of as a social movement, both in the literal sense of moving one's body in socially constructed ways, but also in the fi gurative sense of scholarly movement that crosses and blurs disciplinary boundaries.
Impact behavior of reduced-activation steels irradiated to 24 dpa

Abstract Charpy impact tests were previously conducted on eight chromium-tungsten steels after irradiation at 365°C to 6–8 and 15–17 dpa in the Fast Flux Test Facility. These same steels, which range in concentration from 2.25 to 12 wt% (all steels contained 0.1%C), have now been irradiated to 20–24 dpa under the same conditions. Post-irradiation Charpy impact tests after 20–24 dpa showed that the loss of impact toughness, as measured by an increase in the ductile—brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and a decrease in the upper-shelf energy, remained relatively unchanged from the values after 15–17 dpa. As before, the most irradiation-resistant steels were two 9% Cr steels: the DBTT of a 9Cr2W0.25V steel increased 59°C, and for the same composition with an addition of 0.07% Ta, the DBTT increased only 21°C. The other steels developed shifts in DBTT of 100 to 300°C. A 2.25% Cr steel with 2% W and 0.25% V was less severely affected by irradiation than 2.25% Cr steels with 0.25% V and no tungsten, 2% W and no vanadium, and with 1% W and 0.25% V. Steels with 5 and 12% Cr, 2% W, and 0.25% V had properties between those of the 2.25Cr and 9Cr steels.
Intelligent Container Based on Thing of Internet Technologies

The internet of things will bring a new development of intelligent container industry. This paper introduces the concept of the internet of things and intelligent container, it will be the trend of the development of cargo is indicated, the architecture of the intelligent container technology based on the internet of things is proposed and workflow of the intelligent container is summarized. So the application can enable the share of information among logistics participants, making the information flow the transport stream to the same and developing the efficiency and security of the transportation of containers.
Aging in Women: The Effect of Menopause on Skin Blood Flow and the Response to Electrical Stimulation

The purpose of this study was to investigate skin blood flow at rest and the effects of electrical stimulation on skin blood flow during the menstrual cycle and after menopause. Nineteen subjects participated in the study. Nine volunteers with normal menstrual cycles (mean age = 25.6 ± 3.5 years, height = 162.6 ± 5.8 cm, weight = 55.8 ± 7.6 kg, Body Mass Index (BMI) = 21.1 ± 2.9) and 10 postmenopausal volunteers (mean age 59.2 ± 4.7 years). The effect of electrical stimulation on skin blood flow was studied in a thermoneutral room (25 ± 0.5°C) and a warm room (35 ± 0.5°C) for eight subjects. Electrical stimulation was applied on the right thigh for 15 min at an intensity below the threshold of muscle contraction. Skin blood flow measurements were taken using a Laser Doppler Imager. Sweat rate and skin temperature were monitored at the forehead, chest, and each thigh. Tympanic temperature was taken every 5 min. In the thermoneutral environment, there was no significant effect of electrical stimulation on s...
Managing across levels of government: evaluation of federal-state roles and responsibilities involving nonfederal forests in the United States

Abstract With the assistance of state foresters and federal agency executives, an evaluation was made of federal and state government roles and responsibilities focused nonfederal forests in the United States. The evaluation involved an inventory of legally (and administratively) defined federal roles, identification of federal programs supporting accomplishment of such roles, and assessment of the appropriateness of these roles and the effectiveness of supporting programs. Legal specification of federal roles occurs in myriad laws, rules, and planning documents, while nearly 190 federal programs represent actual expressions of federal roles. State foresters and federal agency executives favor federal roles that promote financial stability, technical competence, and coordination between states. From a state perspective, few (or no) restrictions on state discretion are an important consideration when judging the appropriateness of a federal role or program, while direct federal financial support is viewed as the most appropriate way of formally linking federal roles to state governments. Inadequate resources, cumbersome administrative process, and absence of a shared federal-state vision for nonfederal forests are important deterrents to effective federal-state working relationships.
Vector pulsing soliton of self-induced transparency in waveguide

Abstract A theory of an optical resonance vector pulsing soliton in waveguide is developed. A thin transition layer containing semiconductor quantum dots forms the boundary between the waveguide and one of the connected media. Analytical and numerical solutions for the optical vector pulsing soliton in waveguide are obtained. The vector pulsing soliton in the presence of excitonic and bi-excitonic excitations is compared with the soliton for waveguide TM-modes with parameters that can be used in modern optical experiments. It is shown that these nonlinear waves have significantly different parameters and shapes.
Poor prognosis of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia and increased B cell markers

IN THE TREATMENT of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia, the search continues for clinical and laboratory indicators to better predict good and poor prognosis. Age at diagnosis and initial leukocyte count have been shown to be valuable "front end" prognostic indicators." ~ Since greater than 50% of patients now remain in complete continuous remission longer than five years, attention must be focused on the poor responders? By examining surface markers on lymphoblasts, leukemias can be classified as T cell, B cell, or null cell types. Using this technique, we observed that the bone marrows from three of 37 children with ALL had markedly increased B cell markers. They presented with contrasting clinical and laboratory features but had very poor responses to treatment when compared to the non-B cell patients of similar age and initial leukocyte counts.
Myocardial morphology in spontaneously hypertensive and aortic‐constricted rats

The cellular and subcellular adaptations in the myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were compared with those in Kyoto-Wistar normotensive rats with cardiac hypertrophy induced by constriction of the abdominal aorta (ACR). Hypertensive blood pressure levels were attained at eight weeks of age in SHR and coincided with the surgically-induced pressure-overload in ACR at this age. Specimens from the subepicardial and subendocardial regions of the myocardium from glutaraldehyde-perfused-fixed hearts of 16-week-old animals were compared. Spontaneous hypertension and aortic constriction are associated with significant and comparable increases in heart rate, blood pressure, heart weight, and left ventricular muscle fiber diameter. While the cardiomegaly in both models was accompanied by a decrease in capillary density, the decrement was greater in the aortic-constricted rats. Stereological analysis of cardiocytes revealed an increase in myofibril/cell-volume, and a decrease in mitochondria/myofibril-volume ratios in both models of cardiomegaly. In addition, double intercalated discs and subsarcolemmal foci containing abundant sarcoplasm with numerous small mitochondria, free filaments and Golgi complexes were commonly observed in both experimental groups. Cell diameter increased by a larger increment in the subendocardium than in the subepicardium, but capillary density was similar in these two regions. While aortic constriction was associated with dilatation of T-tubules and the non-specialized junctions of the intercalated disc, the myocardial ultrastructure of SHR was characterized by a greater number of lipid droplets and an increased folding of the intercalated discs comprising the subendocardial region. These findings suggest that data based on surgically-induced pressure-overload should be extrapolated cautiously to cardiomegaly associated with spontaneous hypertension. The differences between the adaptations in the two models may be due to either (1) the rate at which hypertrophy occurs or (2) some other, possibly genetic, factors unique to SHR.
Self-control in hyperactive boys in anger-inducing situations: Effects of cognitive-behavioral training and of methylphenidate

The effects of cognitive-behavioral intervention and methylphenidate on anger control in hyperactive boys were investigated in two studies. The anger-inducing stimuli in both studies involved verbal provocation from peers. Study 1 assessed a brief intervention using self-control strategies, while Study 2 employed a longer training period and a control intervention that focused on enhancement of empathy. Both studies included methylphenidate versus placebo comparisons. Methylphenidate reduced the intensity of the hyperactive boys' behavior but did not significantly increase either global or specific measures of self-control. Cognitive-behavioral treatment, when compared to control training, was more successful in enhancing both general self-control and the use of specific coping strategies. There was no advantage for the combination of methylphenidate plus cognitive-behavioral intervention. Implications for intervention to ameliorate the social and interpersonal difficulties of hyperactive children are discussed.
Isomerization kinetics of a strained Morse oscillator ring

Abstract Isomerization kinetics are studied for a 3-atom linear Morse chain under constant strain. Cyclic boundary conditions render the problem isomorphic to an isomerizing system of particles on a ring. Both RRKM (fully anharmonic, Monte Carlo) and RRK (harmonic approximation) theories are applied to predict isomerization rates as a function of energy for a particular strain value. Comparison with isomerization rates obtained from trajectory calculations of flux correlation functions shows that the harmonic approximation significantly overestimates the rate constant, whereas the anharmonic calculation comes considerably closer to the simulation result. The energy range over which a rate constant has dynamical meaning is delineated.
Orogenesis vs. diagenesis: Can we use organic-rich shales to interpret the tectonic evolution of a depositional basin?

Abstract Black shales from the southern Appalachian Basin and the southwest Welsh Basin have anomalous U–Pb and Nd model ages suggesting syn- and post-depositional resetting of the Sm–Nd and U–Pb isotopic systems. This alteration to the primary detrital signature of these two shale sequences is indicative of black shale diagenetic/depositional processes that obscure paleo-environmental and provenance information recorded prior to and during deposition. The trace element and isotopic signatures of these two shale sequences reveal a syn-/post-depositional history that is de-coupled from the coeval orogenic history of the region making it difficult to reconstruct the tectonic and oceanographic conditions present at the time of deposition. Both the Ordovivian Welsh Basin and the Devonian Appalachian Basin sequences host REE- and U-bearing diagenetic phosphate minerals that play a critical role in the whole rock REE and U budgets. In the Welsh Basin shales, early diagenetic apatite and a later monazite phase dominate the REE budget and cause the redistribution of REE early in the basin's history (ca. 460 Ma). This redistribution is recorded by the Sm–Nd system (450 ± 90 Ma) and the Nd model ages that are anomalously old by as much as 20% (T DM > 2.0 Ga). This early history is complicated by a Permo-Triassic fluid event affecting the whole rock U-budget and resetting the U–Pb isotopic system at 193 ± 45 Ma. The Appalachian Basin sequence appears to have a much less complicated history yet still records a significant disturbance in both the Sm–Nd isotopic system (392 ± 76 Ma) and the Pb isotopic system (340 ± 50 Ma) at about the time of deposition (ca. 365 Ma). These two sequences suggest a pattern of diagenetic disturbance common to black shales. These processes are unique to black shales and must be considered when interpreting provenance and paleo-environmental information from the black shale sequences. Although these rocks are susceptible to alteration, the alteration may provide extensive information on the post-depositional history of the basin while still retaining some primary depositional information. If black shale processes are considered during the interpretation of isotopic and trace element signatures from organic-rich shales, it may be possible to recover an extensive basin history.
Hydride Participation in Electron Transfer Processes between Metal Carbonyl Anions and Cations

Kinetic studies of selected metal carbonyl anions establish their reactivity as nucleophiles or for electron transfer. The iron species, [HFe(CO)3L]- (L = CO, PPh3), behave as metal-centered nucleo...
Communication Using Earth Satellites

A review of the use of earth satellites for reliable, ionospheric-independent communication circuits includes considerations of losses in the propagating path, directivity features, and influences such as Doppler shift. The effects of such influences on bandwidth and range are illuminated.
Incidence of a Type AB Infant Born to a Type O Mother

Routine cord blood testing may include ABO, Rh, Direct Antigen Testing (DAT) and Indirect Coombs testing (IDC), among other testing, but varies widely from blood bank to blood bank. In this case, the routine testing revealed that an AB infant was born to an O mother. It is not routine to find an AB infant born to an O mother, as the mother carries an O,O type and would have to pass an O to the infant, leaving the possibilities of O,O; A,O; or B,O type for the infant, depending on the father’s blood type. Because of the rarity of an AB infant being born to an O mother, several troubleshooting steps were taken prior to the release of test results. It is important to investigate whenever there is a discrepancy discovered during laboratory testing. An AB and O couple producing an AB child cannot be explained in terms of the usual inheritance patterns. One would not expect the cord blood result to be AB when the mother is type O, however, in very rare instances, such as the cis-AB blood type, it is possible. Extensive troubleshooting revealed the infant to have this very rare cisAB blood type.
Elimination of Tunnel Infection

Because tunnel infection often underlies peritonitis and also contributes directly to morbidity of CAPD patients, a systematic study of percutaneous access materials has been undertaken. Porous biomaterials became infiltrated with serum and later with round cells and fibroblasts. Percutaneous porous polytetrafluoroethylene implants then developed a collagen seal that inhibited downward epidermal migration. The tight seal is a barrier to infection and the implants performed adequately for more than a year recommending their long-term performance in dialysis patients.
The role of game theory in key agreement over a public channel

In this work we study the problem of key agreement over a public noiseless channel when Alice, Bob and Charlie observe discrete memoryless sources of an unknown distribution. Alice and Bob want to agree on a key K AB that is protected from Charlie. At the same time, Alice and Charlie want to agree on a key K AC that is protected from Bob. In order to construct codebooks for the key agreement, Alice has to know how the sources are distributed. Therefore, she requests Bob and Charlie to send her sufficient information about their observations. We also assume that Bob and Charlie, besides agreeing with Alice on the keys, want to learn as much as possible about the other user's key: we call this quantity the leakage. We model these reports by having Bob and Charlie select discrete memoryless channels and passing their true observations through them. We approach this problem from a game-theoretic point of view. For a class of Bob and Charlie's objective functions which are linear in the key rate and the leakage rate, we characterize a Nash equilibrium. Also, we propose a strategy that Alice can apply in order to ensure that Bob and Charlie's honest reporting is a Nash equilibrium.
Analysis of Empirical Bayesian Methods for Neuroelectromagnetic Source Localization

The ill-posed nature of the MEG/EEG source localization problem requires the incorporation of prior assumptions when choosing an appropriate solution out of an infinite set of candidates. Bayesian methods are useful in this capacity because they allow these assumptions to be explicitly quantified. Recently, a number of empirical Bayesian approaches have been proposed that attempt a form of model selection by using the data to guide the search for an appropriate prior. While seemingly quite different in many respects, we apply a unifying framework based on automatic relevance determination (ARD) that elucidates various attributes of these methods and suggests directions for improvement. We also derive theoretical properties of this methodology related to convergence, local minima, and localization bias and explore connections with established algorithms.
Health consequences of major role losses in later life. A panel study.

Based on a subsample of older adults from the Longitudinal Retirement History Study, a generic model for identifying the structural relation between poor physical health and five exogenous variable...
Human Cytomegalovirus Strain Toledo Lacks a Virus-Encoded Tropism Factor Required for Infection of Aortic Endothelial Cells

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains were investigated to identify those with altered tropism for endothelial cells. In viral replication kinetics analysis, HCMV strain Toledo replicated poorly in aortic endothelial cells (AECs), and the virus count was reduced by 2-3 log units, in comparison with strain AD169. Virus entry at the cell surface for each strain was equivalent. However, immunofluorescence studies revealed a lack of immediate early viral antigen 72 expression, and direct blot hybridization failed to detect viral genomes in the nucleus of Toledo-infected AECs. Complementation assays were done to determine whether endothelial cell infectivity was dependent on a virus-encoded tropism factor. Pseudotype virus in endothelial cell cultures indicated that AD169 could provide trans factors to rescue Toledo during infection of endothelial cells. Collectively, these results show that a viral function provides an endothelial cell tropism factor for HCMV and plays a role during postentry infection events.