cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biomedical Applications of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Metal oxide nanoparticles have a unique structure, interesting and unusual redox and catalytic properties, high surface area, good mechanical stability and are biocompatible. For these reasons, metal oxide nanoparticles have attracted considerable interest in the field of biomedical therapeutics, bio-imaging and biosensing. This chapter discusses properties and biomedical applications of selected nanometer size metal oxides. These materials have become important components in medical implants, cancer diagnosis and therapy and in neurochemical monitoring. For example, titania is the material of choice in medical implants; it provides an excellent biocompatible surface for cell attachment and proliferation. Ceria-based nanoparticles, on the other hand, have recently received a great deal of attention because of their redox, auto-catalytic and antioxidant properties. Several other metal oxides have been used as gas sensing nanoprobes for cell labeling and separation, as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as carriers for targeted drug delivery. New and emerging applications of nanoceria as neuroprotective agents possessing antioxidant/free radical scavenging properties are emerging in the biomedical field, and ceria-based nanoparticles may be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of medical diseases related to reactive oxygen species, such as spinal cord repair, stroke and degenerative retinal disorders. Issues related to biocompatibility and toxicity of these nanoparticles for in vivo biomedical applications remain to be fully explored.
The order-disorder transformation at a (100) surface of Cu3Au: Theory and experiment☆

Abstract The temperature dependence of long range order at a (100) surface of Cu3Au has been determined by low energy electron diffraction. Auger electron spectroscopy revealed that the composition of the alloy near the surface is changed by ion bombardment, but the stoichiometric composition is reconstituted by annealing. The order parameter of the surface, which was obtained from the temperature dependence of a superlattice beam, appears to be a continuous function of temperature, unlike the bulk order parameter. The disordering process at the surface begins about 60°K below a critical temperature which is common to both the surface and the volume. Monte Carlo calculations of the order parameter as a function of temperature for a model incorporating nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions reproduce the experimental results and also provide an evaluation of the change in order parameter as a function of layer number for boundary conditions corresponding to a copper or a copper-gold surface.
Stability Studies of the Chlorine Containing Phase at the SiO2/Si Interface Produced by HCl/O2 Oxidation of Silicon

SiO2/Si samples prepared in 2% and 4% hcl/O2 mixtures at 1200°C have been annealed in H2O/N2 ambients at 1200°C. The anneals ranged up to 16 hrs in ambients with 4 or 40 ppm H2O in N2. Rutherford backscattering measurements have been made to determine the amount and location of C1 incorporated in these samples. A linear loss of C1 with annealing time is found for all samples. Changes in the distribution of C1 near the SiO2/Si interface are found. These changes are interpreted in terms of morphological changes in the third (Cl containing)phase. A significant effect of the H2O content of the N2 ambient is observed.
Psychological Impediments to Mediation Success: Theory and Practice

Some disputes should fail to settle in mediation because there is no agreement that is preferable to adjudication for all of the parties. Mediation can also fail as a consequence of strategic behavior or attorney-client conflicts of interest. This article examines impediments to mediation success rooted in cognitive and social psychology, combining academic research on the psychology of bargaining and dispute resolution with mediation practice. The article examines how the overconfidence bias, the fundamental attribution error, the framing of risky choices, reactive devaluation, and concerns with interactional justice can impede mediation success to the detriment of the litigating parties. It also proposes actions mediators can take to mitigate these impediments and help the disputants to reach mutually acceptable settlement agreements.
MRI of the Ankle and Hindfoot

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the diagnostic modality of choice for evaluation of traumatic ligamentous and tendinous injuries of the ankle and hindfoot. MRI is also valuable in the detection of occult bony trauma, osteochondral injuries, avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis, and a variety of other osseous conditions. This unit presents basic protocols for T1- and T2-weighted sequences and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging. Additional imaging following intravenous gadolinium is indicated in selected cases.
A sliding clamp monkey wrench.

Crystal structures of the Escherichia coli DNA replication γ clamp loading complex and of a subunit of the clamp loader bound to a β clamp monomer provide a physical framework in which to view ATP-dependent modulation of γ complex–β interactions. The structural data suggest how the β ring is opened and loaded onto DNA in the absence of a direct interaction between the γ complex and the β dimer interface.
Three dimensional binary edge feature representation for pain expression analysis

Automatic pain expression recognition is a challenging task for pain assessment and diagnosis. Conventional 2D-based approaches to automatic pain detection lack robustness to the moderate to large head pose variation and changes in illumination that are common in real-world settings and with few exceptions omit potentially informative temporal information. In this paper, we propose an innovative 3D binary edge feature (3D-BE) to represent high-resolution 3D dynamic facial expression. To exploit temporal information, we apply a latent-dynamic conditional random field approach with the 3D-BE. The resulting pain expression detection system proves that 3D-BE represents the pain facial features well, and illustrates the potential of noncontact pain detection from 3D facial expression data.
Antenna Scanning Arrays

Electronic scanning arrays provide high-gain radiated beams that can be directed to chosen spatial angles by the use of phase shifters or time-delay units. This feature satisfies an increasing number of applications, from the military need for large arrays for ground-based, airborne, and space-based radars and communication systems, to the growing needs of the wireless community for much smaller, often adaptively controlled arrays. This article describes the fundamental properties and limitations of array antennas, including the parameters that constrain their gain, beamwidth, and bandwidth, and the phenomena of grating lobes. Several examples of pattern synthesis and adaptive control algorithms are presented. Last, there is a description of array architectures as appropriate to the three basic means of control, using analog, optical, and digital means of beamforming.
The suitability of human adipose-derived stem cells for the engineering of ligament tissue.

Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the one of the most common sports-related injuries. With its poor healing capacity, surgical reconstruction using either autografts or allografts is currently required to restore function. However, serious complications are associated with graft reconstructions and the number of such reconstructions has steadily risen over the years, necessitating the search for an alternative approach to ACL repair. Such an approach may likely be tissue engineering. Recent engineering approaches using ligament-derived fibroblasts have been promising, but the slow growth rate of such fibroblasts in vitro may limit their practical application. More promising results are being achieved using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) is often proposed as an alternative choice to the MSC and, as such, may be a suitable stem cell for ligament engineering. However, the use of ASCs in ligament engineering still remains relatively unexplored. Therefore, in this study, the potential use of human ASCs in ligament tissue engineering was initially explored by examining their ability to express several ligament markers under growth factor treatment. ASC populations treated for up to 4 weeks with TGFβ1 or IGF1 did not show any significant and consistent upregulation in the expression of collagen types 1 and 3, tenascin C and scleraxis. While treatment with EGF or bFGF resulted in increased tenascin C expression, increased expression of collagens 1 and 3 were never observed. Therefore, simple in vitro treatment of human ASC populations with growth factors may not stimulate their ligament differentiative potential.
Apologies and Fitness to Practice Law: A Practical Framework for Evaluating Remorse in the Bar Admission Process

Especially in cases of past criminal conduct, courts have consistently looked to applicants’ remorse in evaluating applications for bar admission. In light of the importance of remorse in the character and fitness process and the difficulty committees — and indeed all of us — face in interpreting the meaning and value of apologetic gestures, this Article develops specific guidelines that committees can use to evaluate whether a bar applicant’s statements of remorse are sufficient to show rehabilitation. It provides an analysis of the inconsistent treatment of apologies and remorse in the character and fitness context and explains the confusing, and often contradictory, meanings conveyed by apologies. Following Nick Smith’s theory of the categorical apology set out in "I Was Wrong," we enumerate thirteen questions that should guide review boards as they evaluate the apologies and remorse of bar applicants. We argue that such a principled framework can lend rigor and consistency to the review process which will, in turn, better serve both the bar and applicants to the bar.
The Impact of Franchising on Labor Standards Compliance

Recent studies document pervasive noncompliance with basic labor standards in industries with high concentrations of low-wage workers. The authors examine how franchising, a common form of business organization in low-wage industries, affects compliance. They estimate the effect of franchise ownership on compliance with federal minimum wage and overtime standards in the fast food industry using unique data on Top 20 branded restaurants. Franchised outlets have far higher levels of noncompliance than comparable company-owned establishments. The authors argue that observed differences arise from internal incentives facing franchisees versus franchisors rather than from external enforcement pressures facing the parties.
Measurement of vocal folds elastic properties for continuum modeling

Summary Objective This study aimed to quantify the major elastic properties of human vocal fold's lamina propria, including longitudinal and transverse Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio. Methods Samples were obtained from cadaveric human larynges that were snap frozen within 48 hours postmortem and kept at −82°F and thawed overnight in saline solution. Once the sample was tested in the longitudinal direction, two special brackets were glued to the side of each sample and the sample was mounted with brackets in the transverse direction. The shear modulus was obtained from samples mounted between two parallel plates applying shear forces. The Poisson ratio was obtained using high-speed video imaging of two-dimensional samples with markers for longitudinal and transverse strain measurements. Results Results indicate that human vocal fold elasticity is very nonlinear with slope that increases 10–15 times from low- to high-strain values. Its average low-strain Young's modulus is approximately 30 kPa in the longitudinal direction and 1 kPa in the transverse direction. The vocal fold longitudinal shear modulus is in the same order of magnitude of its transverse shear modulus (less than 1 kPa). The average Poisson ratio is approximately 0.57. Conclusions The present study provides quantitative data for the longitudinal and transverse elastic properties of the human vocal fold tissue and indicates that nonlinear behavior and relative difference of these properties may lead to wide ranges of oscillation frequency and amplitude in human larynges.
The new hurrah: Creating a fundamental rôle for artificial intelligence in the computing science curriculum

Abstract This paper outlines why artificial intelligence ( ai ) topics should assume a more prominent role in the discipline of computing science. Moreover, an argument is presented for considering ai as the cultural foundation for computing science. Key ai topics are discussed, as well as the importance of the laboratory component. Emphasis is placed on what could be done in the laboratory and in courses “outside” the ai course to reinforce the central concepts. A proposal is made that, given the importance of this material, the core topics should be required for students in mathematics, science and engineering, in addition to those in computing science.
A National Survey of Middle and High School Science Teachers’ Responses to Standardized Testing: Is Science Being Devalued in Schools?

This study explored American high school and middle school science teachers’ attitudes toward the use of standardized testing for accountability purposes, their justification for the attitudes they hold and the impact of standardized testing on their instructional and assessment practices. A total of 161 science teachers participated in the study. Analyses were based on teachers’ responses to a questionnaire including nine-item likert-scale questions and two-item open-ended questions. The analyses revealed that science teachers have mixed reactions to the administration of standardized tests and its use for accountability purposes. The findings also reveal that standardized testing has a significant influence on science teachers’ instructional and assessment practices in ways that are counter to the learning goals promoted by science education reformists. Our discussion focuses on the implicit and explicit influences of the NCLB Act on science curriculum, teaching and assessment, and how the NCLB driven policies undermine the goals of science education reform.
Hepatic Complexities of Retinoid Therapy

Moreover, retinoids are used for the treatment of acne, other skin diseases, and even inflammatory conditions. Although there are no specific indications for liver disease, liver exposure is a consequence of all retinoid therapy, even topical application.The liver expresses three RARs (α, β and γ). All three have been inactivated in mutant mice;
Effect of pulse frequency and interval on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to Daphnia magna.

Abstract Due to the episodic nature in which organisms are exposed to non-point source pollutants, it is necessary to understand how they are affected by pulsed concentrations of contaminants. This is essential, as standard toxicity tests may not adequately simulate exposure scenarios for short-lived hydrophobic compounds, such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide. Studies were conducted with 7-day old Daphnia magna for 7 days to evaluate the effect of pulse frequency and interval among multiple CPF exposures. Daphnids were exposed to a total exposure of either 12 h at 0.5 μg/l or 6 h at 1.0 μg/l nominal CPF, respectively, in all studies. For interval studies, D. magna were exposed to two pulses of CPF at each concentration, with 0–96-h intervals between pulses. For frequency studies, D. magna were exposed to each CPF concentration altering the pulse scheme by decreasing the exposure duration but increasing the number of pulses, keeping the total exposure time the same. The pulse interval between multiple pulses in these experiments was 24 h. Our results suggest that D. magna can withstand an acutely lethal CPF exposure provided that there is adequate time for recovery between exposures.
Paradigms and Paradoxes: The Energetics of N-Acylimines

N-Acylimines have the functional group –C(O)–N=C〈 and so appear as formally simple derivatives of both amides and of imines. Nonetheless, these are relatively unstudied species and seemingly unstable to hydrolysis and rearrangement. Reaction chemistry and thermochemical reasoning show that N-acylimines are not amides.
Absence of a Postantibiotic Effect in Experimental Pseudomonas Endocarditis Treated With Imipenem, With or Without Gentamicin

We found an in vitro postantibiotic effect (PAE) of 3-4 h for imipenem and of ~5 h for imipenem plus gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We therefore evaluated these antibiotics in a rat model of pseudomonas endocarditis. A rapid bactericidal effect was initially observed in vegetations from rats treated with imipenem alone or in combination with gentamicin. Bacterial counts rose rapidly, however, as soon as levels of imipenem in vegetations fell below the minimal inhibitory concentration (i.e., no PAE was demonstrated). Levels of gentamicin in vegetations were similar to those that had enhanced the bactericidal effect of imipenem and had resulted in a 5-h PAE in vitro. The presence in vitro of a PAE for imipenem, with or without gentamicin, does not necessarily predict its presence in vivo in pseudomonas endocarditis in the rat.
Finding minimal perfect hash functions

A heuristic is given for finding minimal perfect hash functions without extensive searching. The procedure is to construct a set of graph (or hypergraph) models for the dictionary, then choose one of the models for use in constructing the minimal perfect hashing function. The construction of this function relies on a backtracking algorithm for numbering the vertices of the graph. Careful selection of the graph model limits the time spent searching. Good results have been obtained for dictionaries of up to 181 words. Using the same techniques, non-minimal perfect has functions have been found for sets of up to 667 words.
The oxidative inducation test applied to medical PVC and other polymers

We have examined the applicability of this simple and effective test to polymer systems widely used in the medical industry. First, it was found that not every polymer examined exhibited a distinct onset of autocatalytic oxidation detectable by DSC. However, for cases where distinct onsets are found, powerful insights can be obtained. These included activation energy of the degradation, thermal oxidative shelf life prediction, and correlation, with product performances. Actual examples are presented to illustrate the utility of the test.
Treating the two extremes in renal cell carcinoma: management of small renal masses and cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic disease

The incidental renal mass represents a heterogeneous group that contains both benign and malignant pathologies. The majority of renal cell carcinomas are discovered incidentally, without the presence of symptoms directly related to the mass, and are closely associated with the term small renal masses because of the discovery before the onset of symptoms. In general, small renal masses are defined as 4 cm or smaller, and may account for greater than half of renal cell carcinoma diagnosis. The use of renal mass biopsy may offer additional pathological information but the clinician must be reminded of the technical and diagnostic limitations of renal mass biopsy. Patient-dependent factors, such as life expectancy and comorbidities, guide the management of small renal masses, which include active surveillance, partial nephrectomy, radical nephrectomy, and ablative techniques (cryoablation and radiofrequency ablation). Partial nephrectomy has demonstrated durable oncologic control for small renal masses while preserving renal function and, if feasible, is the current treatment of choice. In the other extreme of the renal cell carcinomas spectrum and in the presence of metastatic disease, the removal of the renal primary tumor is termed cytoreductive nephrectomy. Two randomized trials (SWOG 8949 and EORTC 30947) have demonstrated a survival benefit with cytoreductive nephrectomy before the initiation of immunotherapy. These two studies have also been the motivation to perform cytoreductive nephrectomy in the targeted therapy era. Currently, there are two ongoing randomized prospective trials accruing to investigate the timing and relevance of cytoreductive nephrectomy in the contemporary setting of targeted therapy.
Spin-lock MRI with amplitude- and phase-modulated adiabatic waveforms: an MR simulation study

Abstract Introduction Image contrast between tissue types can be generated based on their T 1/ T 2 ratio using spin-lock MRI techniques. An interesting application of such a concept would be to generate contrast in tissue with tissue relaxation times modified using exogenous contrast agents. An amplitude-modulated adiabatic waveform has been shown in the past to perform spin-lock MRI. However, implementation of this waveform may not prove to be efficient and practical in research or a clinical setup due to high radiofrequency power deposition. Recent advancement in software and hardware MR technology allows implementation of amplitude- and phase-modulated adiabatic waveforms on MR systems. The aim of this work was to explore role of adiabatic waveforms in performing ρ imaging and demonstrate that amplitude- and phase-modulated waveforms [e.g., hyperbolic secant, B1 independent rotation-4 (BIR-4) waveforms] can be used to distinguish materials that differ in T 1/ T 2 ratio. Methods and Results MR simulation was performed using computer routines implemented in MATLAB environment (Mathworks, Natick, MA). Modified Bloch equations with trapezoidal, hyperbolic secant and BIR-4 waveforms were used to perform MR simulation. Trapezoidal waveforms were only used for comparison to other waveforms. Gadolinium DTPA (Gad-DTPA) ( T 1/ T 2∼1) and manganese chloride (MnCl 2 ) ( T 1/ T 2∼10) were used as examples of contrast agents due to their routine use in clinical and research setups and more importantly because they provide good examples of materials differing in T 1/ T 2 ratios. Results of spin locking using trapezoidal waveform agree very well with the previously published results, thereby validating the computer routines used in this MR simulation. Plots of M ρ (magnetization vector in ρ domain) vs. offset frequency show distinct curves for these materials differing in T 1/ T 2 for the three waveforms. BIR-4 waveform demonstrated a 40% difference in M ρ (∼150 Hz) for the materials. Rate of spin lock with hyperbolic secant waveform was rapid compared to other waveforms. Discussion MR simulation using contrast agents Gad-DTPA and MnCl 2 provided a useful way to demonstrate that amplitude- and phase-modulated adiabatic waveforms can be used to perform spin-lock imaging. Future work involves implementation of these waveforms on MR scanners and performing in vivo imaging to generate tissue contrast based on relaxation times ratio.
The effect of a recessionary economy on food choice: implications for nutrition education.

Abstract Objective To determine the effect of an economic recession on food choice behaviors. Design A qualitative study using semistructured, in-depth interviews followed by completion of a nutrition knowledge questionnaire and the Food Choice Questionnaire was conducted. Setting and Participants A convenience sample from a metropolitan city in the Midwest. Women with children younger than 18 years in the household who had experienced unemployment, underemployment, or loss of a house because of foreclosure in the previous year participated (n = 25). Main Outcome Measure Reported behaviors for food choices when grocery shopping and dining out and educational resources requested to inform nutrition education programs. Analysis Interviews were coded with a matrix derived from participant statements. Common behaviors were grouped and broad themes were identified. Results Numerous shopping strategies were recently used to save money (eg, buying only sale items, using coupons). Participants believed a healthful diet included a variety of foods with less sugar, salt, and fat. Recipes and menus that required little cost or preparation time and resources to track food expenditures were desired. Conclusions and Implications Nutrition education should include money-saving shopping strategies, facilitate menu planning and cooking skills, and address food resource management to enable participants to acquire sufficient, acceptable, and nutritionally adequate food.
Clinical and serologic associations of the antiribosomal P protein antibody.

Antibodies to the ribosomal P proteins (anti-P) were detected, by Western blot analysis, in the sera of 20 of 114 patients with various autoimmune disorders. Eighty-five percent of the patients with anti-P had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Of 93 randomly selected patients, the frequency of anti-P was 7 of 59 SLE patients (12%) and 0 of 34 non-SLE patients. Approximately one-third of the patients with anti-P antibodies were male; approximately half were black. In contrast to the findings of some previous studies which used isolated ribosomes as antigen, an increased frequency of renal disease was not observed. Although the overall frequency of central nervous system lupus was similar in SLE patients with and those without anti-P, 6 of 6 patients with psychosis had anti-P antibodies. Western blotting was the most sensitive and specific method for the detection of anti-P antibodies; counter-immunoelectrophoresis and cytoplasmic indirect immu-nofluorescence were positive in only 47% and 65% of the anti-P-positive patients, respectively. Although 53% of the SLE patients with anti-P had concomitant anti-Ro antibodies, none had anti-La (as detected by counterim-munoelectrophoresis). Anti-P antibodies, therefore, appear to be relatively specific serologic markers for SLE and may be detected in the serum even when antibodies to double-stranded DNA are not found.
Control of medium range order in amorphous silicon via ion and neutral bombardment

We have observed the existence of medium range order via fluctuation microscopy in amorphous silicon grown at 230°C. We hypothesize that this structure develops during the highly non-equilibrium growth process; high densities of ordered surface nuclei are produced which are subsequently buried and forced into an unfavorable energy state. These nm sized regions are distorted in the bulk due to strain, but remain topologically crystalline. In this work, we alter the growth energetics both at the surface and sub-surface during magnetron sputter film deposition with two kinds of particle bombardment, respectively: a controllable flux of low-energy (20eV) Ar+ ions, and higher energy (100eV) D vs. H neutrals. With this method, we demonstrate for the first time control over the intensity of this medium-range structural order at a constant substrate temperature as seen primarily with fluctuation electron microscopy, but also Raman scattering, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and SAXS. We suggest that these bombardments can increase adspecie surface mobility or drive local sub-surface restructuring (“kinetic annealing”), thus increasing or decreasing the size, density and/or strength of the ordered regions.
Effects of acute and chronic administration of a new potent antagonist of growth hormone-releasing hormone in rats: mechanisms of action.

Antagonistic analogs of human GH-releasing hormone (hGHRH) are potential candidates for the treatment of disorders characterized by excessive GH secretion and especially for therapy of GH- and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent tumors. These analogs should be also useful for the studies on the mechanism of action of GHRH. In the present investigation, we evaluated the effects of chronic i.m. administration of a new potent GHRH antagonist (Ibu0,D-Arg2,Phe(4-Cl)6,Abu15,Nle27)hGHRH(1-28)+ ++Agm (MZ-4-71) on the growth rate, serum GH, and IGF-I concentration, GH responsiveness to exogenous GHRH, as well as the pituitary GH content and GHRH receptor concentration in young female rats. We also studied the consequences of acute, high-dose i.v. application of this antagonist on the basal GH and IGF-I levels in adult male rats. In addition, the ability of GHRH antagonist MZ-4-71 to prevent GH release induced by GHRH pulses was determined in vitro in the superfused rat pituitary cell system. Chronic treatme...
Antioxidant, Sugar, Mineral, and Phytonutrient Concentrations across Edible Fruit Tissues of Orange-Fleshed Honeydew Melon (Cucumis melo L.)

Orange-fleshed, non-netted honeydew ( Cucumis melo L.) is a relatively new melon in the marketplace and has shown a lot of potential as an alternative to netted muskmelons (cantaloupes), which are often prone to surface contamination by enteric bacteria. Orange-fleshed honeydew is a cross between orange-fleshed cantaloupe and non-netted, green-fleshed honeydew. This glasshouse study investigated the nutritional profile (phytonutrient and sugar contents) in different tissues of mature orange-fleshed honeydew melon fruit. The equatorial mesocarp of ripe fruit was segmented into hypodermal (subpeel), outer, middle, and inner (near the seed cavity) tissues and then assayed for total sugars, mineral nutrients, phytonutrients, total proteins, and enzymatic antioxidant activities. The concentrations of soluble solids, sucrose, total sugars, beta-carotene, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid increased in an inward direction from the subpeel mesocarp tissues toward the seed cavity. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase also increased in an inward direction. The concentrations of calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, and sodium all decreased in the inward direction. When expressed on a dry weight basis, the concentrations of ascorbic acid, boron, copper, fructose, glucose, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc were higher in the subpeel region compared to the inner mesocarp tissues, but the reverse was true when data were expressed on a fresh weight basis. These data reveal that there is considerable variation in sugars, minerals, and phytonutrients across the mesocarp regions and that expressing the data on a fresh or dry weight basis can alter interpretations of the nutritional significance and health benefits of fruit. The data also confirm that orange-fleshed honeydew melon can be a rich source of many human health-related nutrients.
Insect transmission of virus between tree and herbaceous plants.

Abstract Four virus strains, peach yellow leaf roll virus, Napa buckskin virus, Green Valley buckskin virus and a related strain, were transmitted experimentally to celery ( Apium graveolens ) by means of the leafhopper vector, Colladonus geminatus . In celery, all four viruses induced similar disease symptoms 4 to 6 weeks after infection. The first symptoms consisted of chlorosis of the youngest leaves and stiffening of the oldest leaves. With the onset of symptoms, growth almost ceased, particularly in the heart of the plant. Within a few weeks thereafter, the entire plants became chlorotic, the root systems collapsed, the shoots became flaccid, and the plants died. In all, 94 of 108 tested celery plants developed disease symptoms. Previously nonviruliferous leafhoppers acquired yellow leaf roll virus from diseased celery plants and transmitted it to 89 of 106 tested peach trees which developed typical symptoms of yellow leaf roll disease. The high percentage of virus transmission from celery to peach, after a relatively short acquisition feeding period of 3 days, suggests that infected celery may be a better virus source than peach for the leafhopper vector. Peach yellow leaf roll virus is considered to be a strain rather than a distinct virus, on the basis of virus-vector relationships, symptoms, hosts, and cross protection. Western aster yellows virus failed to produce symptoms in any of 54 peach trees fed on by viruliferous leafhoppers, while the same leafhoppers infected 9 of 9 celery plants tested.
The Athena computer, a reliability report

This presentation provides actual performance data, which makes feasible digital computer applications that require equipment to operate 24 hours a day for a period of 7 days without error or failure, with no preventive maintenance required, and involve real time problems in which a human life is involved.
Boundary sets in the Hilbert cube

Abstract We study properties of those σ Z -sets in the Hilbert cube whose complements are homeomorphic to Hilbert space. A characterization of such sets is obtained in terms of a proximate local connectedness property and a dense imbedding condition. Some examples and applications are given, including the formulation of a tower condition useful for recognizing (f-d) cap sets.
The spleen: another mystery about its function.

continuing the recent series of articles on the pathogenesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever ([8][1], [9][2], [11-16][3], [21][4], [25][5], [26][6]), a study by Feleder et al. ([7][7]) in this issue of the American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
Time-resolved measurements of impurity deposition in ISX

Abstract Time-resolved measurements of impurity deposition were made in the plasma edge region of ISX-A. A cylindrical sample located 20 mm behind the limiter was exposed to the plasma in synchronization with the discharges to give a time resolution of ~8 ms. The cylinder was withdrawn to an analysis chamber where the impurities deposited as a function of time were determined by Auger electron spectroscopy. Later analysis by Rutherford ion backscattering was used to quantify the results. The primary metallic impurities were identified as titanium, iron and chromium. The time evolution of these impurities is correlated with conditions in the plasma during the discharge. All the impurities observed were found to accumulate on the sample at a minimum rate during the stable central portion of the discharge, and at a maximum rate at times when the plasma was unstable.
Dimorphism in the fruits of Plectritis, and its taxonomic implications

The pattern of variation within the genusPlectritis is peculiar in certain respects, a fact which has confused taxonomists in the past. Only after these peculiarities are understood is it possible to see that the genus also varies in ways that are common to other groups. Each species, variety, and minor form exhibits a dimorphism as to fruits, such that some individuals have broad-winged fruits, while others have narrow-winged or essentially wingless fruits. The taxonomic unity of the two forms can be inferred from their systematic occurrence together in the field, and has been demonstrated by planting experiments in which narrow-winged fruits have given rise to plants with broad-winged fruits, and vice versa. Because of failure to recognize the sibling relationship of the two aspects, an essentially double set of names has been published on what is shown to be an artificial basis. Three species are here recognized, and several varieties described, with recombinations of names based on these findings. 5 There is some doubt whether the Chilean plant is identical with ours of North America. However, since the name does not in either case apply to the North American species as here conceived, the matter may be left for future research.
Gravity Variations Observed From a Detailed Gravity Survey At the NTS Cloud Chamber

As part of the Department of Energy’s Underground Structure Detection Program, personnel from Los Alamos conducted a detailed surface gravity survey over a buried cloud chamber located in Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site (NTS). The primary purpose for conducting the gravity survey was to measure small gravity anomalies due to near-surface density variations not directly associated with the cloud chamber itself. Such density variations are considered noise sources for the purposes of this study. Few published measurements of near-surface noise over underground structures exist. Those studies that have been made (Butler, 1984) have not focused upon near-surface noise, perhaps because the overall signal-to-noise ratios in such studies were relatively high. The motivation for measuring the microgravimetric noise due to near-surface density inhomogeneities is that such sources are believed to be one of the dominant sources of microgravimetric noise. As microgravity methods are used to detect subsurface facilities or cavities, one of the limiting factors will likely be the amplitudes and wavelengths of gravity anomalies due to naturally-occurring, near-surface density changes. Thus, measurements of such effects are required in order to estimate the utility of microgravity as a practical methodology for detecting underground facilities.
Finite width effects and gauge invariance in radiative W production and decay.

The naive implementation of finite width effects in processes involving unstable particles can violate gauge invariance. For the example of radiative {ital W} production and decay, {ital q{ovr q}}{sup {prime}}{r_arrow}l{nu}{gamma}, at tree level, it is demonstrated how gauge invariance is restored by including the imaginary part of triangle graphs in addition to resumming the imaginary contributions to the {ital W} vacuum polarization. Monte Carlo results are presented for the Fermilab Tevatron.
Shubnikov-de Haas Effect in Bismuth

The oscillatory component of the transverse magnetoresistance of bismuth has been measured as a function of magnetic field orientation at liquid helium temperatures. A derivative technique was employed. In addition to sets of periods, observed in the de Haas-van Alphen effect by Shoenberg and by Brandt and attributed by them, respectively, to the electron and light-hole Fermi surfaces, we observe a new set of isotropic short periods, $P=0.72\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ${\mathrm{G}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The squares of the electron Fermi momenta ${m}_{0}{{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{11}}^{2}$, ${m}_{0}{{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{22}}^{2}$, ${m}_{0}{{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{33}}^{2}$, ${m}_{0}{{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{23}}^{2}$ are, respectively, 0.189, 45.4, 0.918, and $\ensuremath{-}4.54{m}_{0}$ milli-electron volts (meV). For the light holes, ${m}_{0}{{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{11}}^{2}$ and ${m}_{0}{{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{33}}^{2}$ are 1.51 and $21.0{m}_{0}$ meV. For the new heavy carriers, ${m}_{0}{\ensuremath{\kappa}}^{2}=3.18{m}_{0}$ meV. These data are fitted to two possible three-carrier models of the Fermi surface, and to a four-carrier model. Significant deviations of the oscillations from periodicity in ${H}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are observed for the electron part of the Fermi surface for certain magnetic field orientations.
The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children: An Emerging Need for Effective Interventions

The increasing number of children with incarcerated parents constitutes perhaps one of the largest at-risk populations in the United States. Short- and long-term effects of parental incarceration are difficult to quantify; however, the current literature indicates that this population is negatively responding to major shifts in family structure, and is vulnerable to economic stress and adverse interpersonal issues. Service providers are seeking appropriate intervention strategies to address the resultant issues of parental incarceration. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of research on effective practice methods. This paper reviews the literature on the potential implications parental incarceration has on children, and discusses service providers’ concerted efforts to allay the consequences. Recommendations for appropriate data collection and identification of relevant gender, developmental, and cultural interventions are provided.
Ultrastructural alterations in Tetrahymena pyriformis induced by growth on saturated phospholipids at 40.1 °C

Structural changes in Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain WH-14, induced by growth on saturated phospholipids at 40.1 degrees C, uere studied by electron microscopy. Alterations in the ultrastructural organizations of the cell membrane and surface regions were common. These alterations were characterized in the displacement of kinetosomes, the spatial disorientation and disorganization of cortical ridges and grooves, and the spatial disorientation of longitudal and transverse microtubular ribbons. Irregular surface protrusions and multiple invaginations of alveolar membranes were among the most common features encountered. Disorganization of longitudinal microtubular ribbons was also a frequent encounter. The integrity of the ultrastructure of cell surface membranes and of the internal organization and ultrastructure of the kinetosomes, however, appeared to be unaltered. Other alterations included those of a number of cytoplasmic organelles (e.g. mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum), which showed characteristic changes in the structural patterns.
Incorporating NDVI-Derived LAI into the Climate Version of RAMS and Its Impact on Regional Climate

Abstract In this study, a climate version of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (ClimRAMS) was used to investigate the sensitivity of regional climate simulations to changes in vegetation distribution in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions of the United States. The evolution of vegetation phenology was assimilated into the ClimRAMS in the form of estimates of the leaf area index (LAI) derived from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Initially, two model integrations were made. In the first, the NDVI-derived vegetation distribution was used, while the second integration used the model's “default” description of vegetation. The simulated near-surface climate was drastically altered by the introduction of NDVI-derived LAI, especially in the growing season, with the run in which observed LAI was assimilated producing, in general, a wetter and colder near-surface climate than the default run. A third model experiment was then carried out in which the (comparatively more homogeneous...
Excess enthalpy and entropy of aqueous methyl-substituted ammonium nitrate and tetramethylguanidinium nitrate

Abstract Heats of dilution have been measured for aqueous solutions of methyl, dimethyl and trimethylammonium nitrate and for tetramethylguanidinium nitrate at 25°C. These data have been combined with similar data for ammonium and tetramethylammonium nitrate and with activity coefficient data for all of the salts to yield excess entropies. Apparent relative molal enthalpies increase in a regular manner from ammonium to dimethylammonium nitrate and then decrease to tetramethylammonium nitrate with tetramethylguanidinium nitrate having the largest values at any concentration. These results emphasize the inability to predict thermodynamic properties of tetramethylguanidinium salts from those of alkylammonium salts of comparable size.
Superoxide anion release (O2-) after ischemia and reperfusion.

Abstract Neutrophils have been implicated as mediators of the reperfusion injury following ischemia. In order to measure neutrophil activation, O2− was determined after 2 hr of ischemia followed by 1 hr of reperfusion (no clinical reperfusion injury) and 3 hr of ischemia followed by 1 hr of reperfusion (significant clinical reperfusion injury). Using New Zealand white rabbits, baseline blood samples were drawn from an ear artery. The right iliac and femoral arteries were exposed and clamped. Just prior to clamp release, blood was obtained from the right iliac vein (ischemia). After 1 hr of reperfusion, blood was again taken from the right iliac vein (reperfusion). Neutrophils were isolated from the blood samples. O2− was determined by the reduction of cytochrome e using a spectrophotometer. In the 2-hr group, results (expressed as μmole O2−/min/2 × 106 cells) were: baseline, 0.337 ± 0.025; ischemia, 0.512 ± 0.039;∗ and reperfusion, 0.634 ± 0.064∗. (∗P
Upper bounds for the eigenvalues of the solution of the Lyapunov matrix equation

Eigenvalue upper bounds for the solution of the Lyapunov matrix equation are presented for single eigenvalues, summations of eigenvalues including the trace, and products of eigenvalues including the determinant. These bounds are compared to those for the trace and the extreme eigenvalues. >
Hydrogen reaction mechanisms on TiO2

Abstract A kinetic study of the ortho-para hydrogen conversion and the hydrogen-deuterium equilibration reaction was made on the anatase form of TiO2, over the temperature range 93 ° to 773 °K. The products of the conversion reaction were analyzed by microthermal conductivity and those of the equilibration reaction by mass spectrometry. Three distinct temperature regions of activity were found and the results are discussed in terms of a low-temperature physical mechanism, a high-temperature chemical mechanism, and the nature of the surface sites on TiO2.
Dyslexia, gender, and brain imaging

Abstract Future brain imaging studies of dyslexia should have a sufficient number of males andfemales to detect possible gender differences in the neurological underpinning of this disorder.Detailed knowledge about such differences may clarify our understanding of the structural andfunctional impairments which lead to the phonological deficits that characterize dyslexia. Functional brain imaging studies have shown that males and females exhibit differentpatterns of brain activation during phonological processing. Further differences between the brainsof males and females have been suggested by studies of normal brain development, morphology,and functional activation during reading. Animal studies have shown that lesions, similar to thoseseen in postmortem studies of dyslexia, affect rapid auditory processing in males, but not infemales. The large body of research on gender differences in brain development, functionalorganization, and activation during reading tasks urges separation of males and females in dyslexiaresearch in order to minimize variance and to detect subtle, but functionally-relevant, differences.Well-controlled studies, with large numbers of male and female dyslexics, may produce moresensitive and accurate identification of the neurological substrates of dyslexia.
Governing Interlocal Cooperation: City Council Interests and the Implications for Public Management

Local government managers are described as key participants in the development of interlocal cooperation, but the interests of city councils in this process have gone largely unstudied. Here, the author addresses the theoretical importance of council-manager relations in interlocal public service cooperation. Three propositions identify areas of shared council-manager responsibility. Evidence from in-depth interviews with city council members is used to assess each proposition. While interlocal partnership has been described as a managerial activity, council members take an interest in network development and agreement assessment. Managers, on the other hand, give greater attention to public participation and education. The evidence refines assumptions about council-manager roles in the formation of cooperative agreements, with important implications for local government management.
Direct calculation of collisional properties that require energy derivatives of the S matrix: Results for the reaction He+H+2⇌HeH++H

The Darakjian–Hayes direct method for determining quantum lifetimes for three atoms scattering in three physical dimensions is used to determine accurate state‐to‐state time delays for the reaction of helium with H+2 for total angular momentum J=0. These results are compared with the time delays obtained by numerical differentiation of the S‐matrix elements generated using the APH (adiabatically adjusting principal‐axis hyperspherical) formulation of Pack and Parker. The direct method was found to be accurate and efficient for calculating the energy derivatives of the S matrix. The calculated eigenvalues of Smith’s collision lifetime matrix (eigen lifetimes) for this reaction predict numerous long‐lived metastable states, many with lifetimes over 0.5 ps. The extent of the coupling of metastable states to specific scattering states provides an indication of the nature and magnitude of the time delays associated with particular state‐to‐state scattering processes. The direct method for calculating the energ...