cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical effects of two different hyaluronic acid products in a co-culture model of osteoarthritis

Summary Objectives To compare the effects of two hyaluronic acid (HA) formulations on mediators of matrix turnover and inflammation in an IL-1-treated cartilage–synovium co-culture model with the aim of elucidating mechanisms by which viscosupplementation exerts beneficial effects in osteoarthritic joints. Design A co-culture model (100ng/ml interleukin-1β (IL-1β) added to canine synovial and cartilage explants) was used to investigate the effects of HA on cartilage–synovium interactions. Three concentrations (1×, 0.5×, and 0.1×) of two commercial sources of HA (A: Synvisc [hylan G-F 20]; B: Hyalgan [sodium hyaluronate]) were used. Co-cultures without IL-1β (negative) or with IL-1β (positive) but neither HA product served as controls. The liquid media were collected every 3 days and explants of cartilage and synovium were collected on days 3, 6, and 20. Media and explants were analyzed histologically, biochemically, and immunohistochemically. Results Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was measured in cartilage explants. GAG content in explants was higher in both HA groups at the beginning and the conclusion of the study compared to the IL-1β-treated group. GAG content of the media was significantly ( P P 2 concentrations were significantly ( P Conclusions This study supports two potential mechanisms for viscosupplementation: a biosynthetic-chondroprotective mechanism, with a possible delay in onset depending on the form of HA; and an anti-inflammatory mechanism.
Granulocytopoiesis: studies on leukocytosis-inducing and colony-stimulating factors.

Three peritoneal lavages at intervals of approximately 8 to 10 hr were performed in each of four splenectomized dogs. Induction of peritoneal inflammation and removal of neutrophilic cells from the peritoneal cavity was associated with a rapid mobilization of the neutrophilic band and segmented forms from the marrow into the blood and increased granulocytopoiesis in the marrow. The fluids removed from the peritoneal cavity contained both neutrophilic leukocytosis-inducing factor (LIF) and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) activities. The intensity of blood neutrophilia noted in dogs following the iv injection of fluids was considered to reflect LIF activity. CSF activity was assayed by the capacity of the lavage fluids to stimulate dogs' marrow cells to form granulocytic-macrophage colonies in vitro in soft agar medium. The production of LIF, having the function of mobilizing mature neutrophils from the marrow into the blood, continued as long as the peripheral demand for the cells existed. Following the increase of CSF level in lavages, the marrow M:E ratio, the percentage of myeloblasts + promyelocytes + myelocytes, and the granulocytic cellularity increased, which suggested that the CSF was influencing marrow granulocytopoiesis. The pattern of fluctuation of the CSF activity in the lavages was different from that of themore » LIF activity, which indicated that CSF and LIF are two different entities.« less
Suppression of PCP-induced behavioral arousal in the rat by yohimbine pretreatment.

The ability of yohimbine pretreatment to block PCP-induced increases in general motor behavior and head bobbing was assessed in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. PCP-induced (5 mg/kg i.p.) increases in motor activity were significantly antagonized by yohimbine (5 mg/kg i.p.). More specific PCP-induced (5 mg/kg i.v.) head bobbing was antagonized in a dose-related manner by yohimbine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg i.p.). These data may lead to a better understanding of the mode of action of PCP.
Monte Carlo computation of optimal portfolios in complete markets

We introduce a method that relies exclusively on Monte Carlo simulation in order to compute numerically optimal portfolio values for utility maximization problems. Our method is quite general and only requires complete markets and knowledge of the dynamics of the security processes. It can be applied regardless of the number of factors and of whether the agent derives utility from intertemporal consumption, terminal wealth or both. We also perform some comparative statics analysis. Our comparative statics show that risk aversion has by far the greatest influence on the value of the optimal portfolio.
837 CONGENITAL CENTRAL HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME: AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE FORM WITH VARIABLE EXPRESSIVITY

Central hypoventilation syndrome may be congenital or appear later in life. At least two heritable forms have been reported. We have previously documented central alveolar hypoventilation in association with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. In addition, a syndrome including congenital central hypoventilation, Hirschsprung's megacolon and disturbance of esophageal motility has been described in two infant sisters and an unrelated boy. We herein report congenital central hypoventilation in both a 4½ month old girl and her (deceased) 3½ month old brother. Almitrine, a peripheral chemoreceptor stimulant, did not affect respiration in the former. While the girl also manifested disturbed esophageal motility and Hirschsprung's disease, pre- and post-mortem histologic study of the large and small intestine revealed no abnormalities of ganglion cells. We conclude that the aggregate data support autosomal recessive inheritance for this syndrome. Further, the syndrome manifestations are variable in their expressivity, and the disorder—with its attendant 25% recurrence risk—must certainly be considered in babies with congenital central hypoventilation.
Non-contact probes for device and integrated circuit characterization in the THz and mmW bands

We present a novel, non-contact, on-wafer device characterization method covering both THz (300 GHz-3 THz) and mmW bands (60-300 GHz). Unlike existing contact probes which rely on fragile tips and physical contact with the device on the chip, the new non-contact probe setup is based on radiative coupling of vector network analyzer test ports into the coplanar waveguide environment of monolithic devices and integrated circuits via planar, on-chip, broadband antennas. The on-chip antennas act as “virtual” probe-tips on the test wafer and connect to the device through optimized, impedance matched coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines. Proof-of-concept validation is presented for the 325-750 GHz band using WR2.2 and WR1.5 frequency extender modules and a standard vector network analyzer as the backend. Owing to the non-contact nature, these new probes are free from wear/tear and fragility issues. More importantly, they are low cost and can be easily scaled beyond 900GHz where there is no existing solution for on-wafer device and integrated circuit testing.
Nishitani and Nietzsche on the selfless self

(1994). Nishitani and Nietzsche on the selfless self. Asian Philosophy: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 165-172.
(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate/gelatin layer-by-layer assembled films and microcapsules

A new type of protein/polyphenol microcapsules on the basis of naturally occurring polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and gelatin, type A, was obtained using the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly method. The microcapsules show a more pronounced dependence of permeability on molecular weight of permeating substances than commonly used polyallylamine/polystyrene sulfonate capsules. The regularities of EGCG adsorption in alternation with type A and B gelatins have been investigated using quartz crystal microbalance and electrophoretic mobility measurements on microparticles and found to be dependent on gelatin properties. EGCG in the LbL assemblies retains its antioxidant activity. The kinetics of the reaction of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cation-radicals with films consisting of 1-10 gelatin/EGCG bilayers is affected by film structure. The EGCG content in the protein/polyphenol film material is as high as 30% w/w. Encapsulation of EGCG via its alternated adsorption with gelatins can be a perspective way to new formulations containing the polyphenol for drug delivery applications.
Wave-breaking-extended fiber supercontinuum generation for high compression ratio transform-limited pulse compression

Wave-breaking often occurs when a short intense optical pulse propagates in a long normally dispersive optical fiber. This effect has conventionally been avoided in fiber (super-)continuum-based pulse compression because the accumulated frequency chirp of the output pulse cannot be fully compensated by a standard prism (or grating) pair. Thus, the spectral extending capability of the wave-breaking has not been utilized to shorten the compressed pulse. We demonstrate that wave-breaking-free operation is not necessary if a 4f pulse shaper-based compressor is employed to remove both the linear and nonlinear chirp of the output pulse. By propagating a 180 fs (FWHM) input pulse in a nonlinear photonic crystal fiber beyond the wave-breaking limit, we compress the wave-breaking-extended supercontinuum output pulse to the bandwidth-limited duration of 6.4 fs (FWHM). The combination of high compression ratio (28×) and short pulse width represents a significant improvement over that attained in the wave-breaking-free regime.
P−S Bond Scission by Bis(cyclopentadienyl)molybdenum(IV) Dichloride, Cp2MoCl2(aq): First Documented Example of an Organometallic Complex Hydrolyzing Thiophosphinates

Thiophosphinate hydrolysis involving P−S bond scission is desirable for the degradation of organophosphate neurotoxins, and we report the first case for such a hydrolytic process by an organometall...
Geomorphological understanding of floods

Abstract The summer 1993 flooding of the upper Mississippi River valley reminds us that floods are the most globally pervasive, environmentally diverse and continually destructive of all natural hazards. The fact that flood damages continue to rise raises commonsense questions about conventional flood science. Like much modern environmental science, conventional flood science has followed the model of theoretical physics. It advanced from early emphasis on streamflow measurement to the use of simple formulae, and finally to the abstract theoretical sophistication of modern modeling studies. Two approaches are now used to “predict” flood phenomena: (1) beginning with the conventional database of measured properties of small common floods, a conceptual generalization is made to the idealized properties of the large, rare floods from which society is assumed to be at risk, and (2) explanation of detailed, specific flood phenomena is achieved through theoretical generalization (models) based on “first principles”, which are assumed to apply to the entire class of phenomena. Unfortunately, both approaches devote almost all their attention to methodology, increasingly mathematical, without questioning basic underlying assumptions. Increasingly it is the assumptions, often unstated, that serve to embody the understanding of floods as real-world particular phenomena, rather than as conceptual generalities. Such trends lead to an unease that it is not floods that are being researched by much of conventional flood science. Rather, such flood “science” is increasingly becoming the mathematical manipulation of idealized parameters that are assumed to have flood-like properties. These idealizations of flood attributes are generalized, and the resulting predicted consequences are imposed upon society through engineering designs, flood-hazard zonations, and the like. Geomorphological understanding of floods derives a from along geological tradition of studying indices of real processes operating in the past. In contrast to the conceptual, theoretical treatment of floods as classes or generalizations, geomorphologists study particular floods revealed as a natural experience that is recorded in the sediments, landforms, and erosional scars of past floods. The strength of this approach is in its affinity to the commonsense perceptional basis that underpins human action. Geomorphological flood studies, including recent advances in paleoflood hydrology, are needed as a complement to conventional hydrological approaches. The resulting complementarity will allow the predictions of the conventional approach to be grounded in the concrete particulars of experience. Without such grounding, flood science risks continuing as an empty quest for universal ideals while humanity, paralyzed by inaction, continues to suffer from the reality of particular floods.
Genetics of cardiovascular diseases: An overview

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of illness and death in the USA, as well as other countries. Advances in genetics have led researchers to identified associations between a number of cardiac syndromes and diagnostic molecular findings. Therefore, a more precise understanding of the molecular pathways involved in cardiovascular diseases is clinically significant. Current literature suggests that while etiologies remain complex, a number of cardiovascular diseases can be linked to specific metabolic inheritable factors. A broad multifactorial model is gradually being replaced with disease specific models where independent genetic and/or teratogenic pathways may lead to a particular outcome. These genetic pathways include chromosome deletions, disruptions (translocations), duplications of particular genetic regions, point mutations involving single genes, or alteration in the ability for a gene to be transcribed into a functional protein. In this review the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases and their clinical manifestations will be explained.
Nuclear and cytoplasmic differentiation in developing sperm of the crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus.

In the present electron microscopic study of spermatogenesis in the crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus, it was possible to clarify several aspects of the unusual differentiation which leads to the production of an aflagellate sperm. The centriole is followed from the metaphase of the second spermatocyte division to the time at which, in the nearly mature sperm, it appears to disintegrate. It has no connection with the acrosome but in the late spermatid and maturing sperm it is found randomly oriented among the convoluted membranes of the filamentous endoplasmic reticulum.
The low temperature electrical conductivity of n-type germanium

Abstract The dominant conductivity mechanism for the samples measured is associated either with the conduction band or with an impurity conduction mechanism according as the temperature is greater or less than ~4°K. The density of impurities is sufficiently low to preclude formation of an impurity band. Rather, the mechanism of impurity conduction fits a model recently proposed by mott wherein compensating acceptors leave ionized donors or defects in the array of neutral donors. Conduction is then possible by migration of these donor defects after they have been thermally activated from the coulomb field of the ionized acceptors. The conductivity of the conduction band is found to deviate from Ohm's law at fields as low as 3 per cent of the threshold field for the breakdown generally ascribed to impact ionization. A heating of the electron distribution with a subsequent variation of both mobility and carrier density is found to be responsible for this deviation. The variation of carrier density is presumed to be caused by a velocity dependence of the probability of capture of a conduction band electron by an ionized donor, whereas the mobility variations are due to the velocity dependence of the cross section for scattering both by ionized impurities and phonons.
Formation of p, p′‐azodibenzoate from p‐aminobenzoic acid on silver island films during surface‐enhanced Raman scattering

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) adsorbed on silver island films was investigated. PABA reacted very quickly to form p,p′-azodibenzoate when exposed to atmospheric moisture and laser light. This was evidenced by the appearance of a strong band near 1460 cm−1 and a strong doublet near 1150 cm−1 that were characteristic of the azodibenzoate. Exposure to a drier environment such as in a desiccator or a vacuum inhibited the reaction. It was concluded that the reaction of PABA to form the azodibenzoate involved two steps, the first being the hydrolysis of the amine and the second dimerization during exposure to laser light.
Variable HfSrNd radiogenic isotopic compositions in a Saharan dust storm over the Atlantic: Implications for dust flux to oceans, ice sheets and the terrestrial biosphere

Isotopic characterization of aerosol mineral particles (atmospheric dust) of varying sizes is essential in classifying source areas, and for determining the source of dust deposited over oceans and icesheets. However, the effect of atmospheric transport on radiogenic isotopic compositions is not well constrained, making provenance interpretation difficult. In order to investigate the isotopic variability of 176Hf/177Hf, 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd we analyzed eight airborne dust samples in two size fractions collected along a cross-Atlantic transect through a dust storm originating in the Sahara in late 2002. Past measurements of 176Hf/177Hf, 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd of dust have focused primarily on coarse sized particles (< 30 μm), whereas far field deposition is primarily finer particles (< 2 μm). Strontium or neodymium isotopic sorting based on distance is not evident in our dataset; however, the combined isotopic ratios of the dust collected suggest a Saharan origin. Hafnium isotopic compositions show an east to west trend towards more radiogenic compositions across the Atlantic, suggesting grain and mineral sorting during dust transport along the ~ 4000 km transect. Transport models with variable dust particle diameter and wind speed demonstrate the preferential depletion of the high-density mineral zircon during transport of dust from the source area. The transport model combined with a simple two component mixing model show that the Hf isotopic composition changes can be explained by the loss of the mineral zircon during transport. Modeling of this “zircon effect” with distance from the dust source in the Hf isotopic composition of marine, terrestrial and glacial dust deposits may reveal additional information concerning dust transport and sources in the geologic past.
The thermal response of mouse adenocarcinoma cells at low pH.

Abstract The response of MADCAP 37 tumor cells to 42.0°C and 45.5°C was determined at various pH levels. Cell viability, monitored by plating efficiency, did not vary in the pH range of 6.50–8.00 at 37.0°C. However, heating the cells to 45.5°C at pH values below 7.00 reduced survival 10- to 40-fold. Surviving fraction remained unchanged when the cells were heated at pH values greater than 7.00. The Do is approximately halved from pH 7.00 to 6.50. At 42.0°C, the sensitivity of the cells to heat at low pH was even more pronounced. The Do of the heat survival curve decreased 7-fold from pH 7.30 to pH 6.50.
Effects of live and recorded story telling on retelling performance of preschool children from low socioeconomic backgrounds

Two modes of story telling, live reading and recorded reading, were compared to test the hypothesis that live reading results in better retention. Thirty-four preschool children from low socioeconomic backgrounds were randomly assigned to the two conditions. Each child heard a story presented by the teacher or a recording and then retold the story in his or her own words. Children in the live group used significantly more words and more correct themes in retelling (p <.01) than did those in the recording group. Implications for research and teaching are discussed.
Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors

Diabetes is associated with higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes are independently associated with increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Subjects with type 2 diabetes are at two- to four-fold increased risk of CV disease compared to those without diabetes. Long-term hyperglycemia is much more closely associated with microvascular complications than macrovascular complications. There is a lack of adequate evidence that improvement in glycemic control decreases CV risk.
“Creativity” Lies Trippingly on the Tongue

The third meeting of the Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages was held at the Sheraton-Cadillac Hotel in Detroit, Michigan on April 15-17, 1971. Although official figures were not available at this writing it was estimated that approximately 700 people attended the conference. This compares quite favorably with attendance figures for the first two years. (The 1969 meeting in Milwaukee had drawn 560 participants and the 1970 meeting in Saint Louis 520.) The theme for the Detroit conference was
Theory of projected probabilities on non-orthogonal states: Application to electronic populations in molecules

Often it is important to consider the expansion of a quantum state ⋎ ψ) in terms of physically meaningful basis states. For example, molecular orbitals can be expressed as linear combinations of atomic orbitals, or vibrational states can be expressed as super positions of local or normal mode eigenstates. In such expansions, it then becomes desirable to determine how much “character” a quantum state has in one of these basis states. One way of accimplishing this task is to calculate the projected probability of |ψ) on basis state |j). In this paper, we consider this general quantum mechanical problem. If the basis states are orthonormal, then the projected probability of|ψ) on |j) is of course | |2. However, if the basis states are not orthogonal, then this result is no longer valid and one must develop a more general theory to calculate these projected probabilities. An earlier paper used one-dimensional projection operators to initiate this theory and gave closed form results for the case of two non-orthogonal basis states [1]. One- and many-dimensional projection operators, together with linear algebraic techniques, are used to extend this theory to the n non-orthogonal basis state case. Explicit closed form results are given for the two- and three-state cases, and a general algorithm is developed for the case of four or more basis states. Application of the theory is made to atomic populations in three- to six-atom molecules, and comparisons are made to the related work of Mulliken.
The competition between allene and butadiene in the carbon-hydrogen bond activation initiated by a tungsten allyl complex : A DFT study

Mechanisms for H-transfer from 1,1-dimethylallyl (DMA) to neopentyl (CH 2 t-Bu) in the complex Cp*W(NO)(CH 2 t-Bu)(η 3 -DMA) are examined by B3LYP-DFT calculations. Either the mid-H or the methyl H on the DMA can transfer tothe W-bound neopentyl to generate neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) and Cp*W(NO)(η 2 -1,1-dimethylallene) or Cp*W(NO)(η 2 -2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) intermediates, respectively. The open coordination site created by the neopentane loss is the site of the subsequent C-H bond activation of alkanes and arenes. The similarities in the overall enthalpic barriers for these mechanisms, 23-24 kcal/mol, explain the observed deuterium distribution (65% on the mid-carbon and 35% on the methyls of the DMA) when benzene-d 6 reacts as substrate.
State estimation for singularly perturbed systems with uncertain perturbation parameter

The problem of state estimation for a singularly perturbed system with unknown perturbation parameter is considered. A combined detection-estimation structure with a finite number of estimators is found to be optimal in a minimax incremental MSE sense, even in the presence of a convex uncertainty set. The resulting estimator is much less pessimistic than the standard MSE minimax filter. It is recursive and easily implemented with standard MMSE filters, all of which can be designed off line. Its performance is also shown to be superior to that of the reduced filter.
Molecular genetic and behavioral analysis of social organization in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).

We report on the genetic evaluation and behav- ioral study of social organization in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Although Asian elephants and Afri- can elephants (Loxodonta africana) were previously thought to have similar social organizations, our results demonstrate a substantial difference in the complexity and structure of Asian elephant social groupings from that described for African savanna elephants. Photo- graphic cataloging of individuals, radio telemetry, and be- havioral observations in Ruhuna National Park, Sri Lan- ka, enabled us to assign associated females and young to four groups with overlapping ranges. Genetic sampling of individuals from the four groups in Ruhuna National Park and three other groups in surrounding areas, conducted through PCR amplification and sequencing of mitochon- drial DNA from dung, supported the matriarchal nature of female groups and the lack of inter-group transfer of females. Behaviorally and genetically, the identified so- cial groups were best described as "family groups". We did not find any evidence for the existence of social groups of higher complexity than family groups.
Phase equilibria of dilute poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) solutions in ethylene, 1-butene, and 1-butene + ethylene

Fluid−liquid and solid−fluid transitions were measured for dilute poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) solutions in ethylene, 1-butene, and ethylene + 1-butene from about −50 °C to about 180 °C and up to 1500 bar. The experimental fluid−liquid data were correlated with a copolymer SAFT equation of state.
The classifier problem in Chinese aphasia

In recent years, research on the relationship between brain organization and language processing has benefited tremendously from cross-linguistic comparisons of language disorders among different types of aphasic patients. Results from these cross-linguistic studies have shown that the same aphasic syndromes often look very different from one language to another, suggesting that language-specific knowledge is largely preserved in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. In this paper, Chinese aphasic patients were examined with respect to their (in)ability to use classifiers in a noun phrase. The Chinese language, in addition to its lack of verb conjugation and an absence of noun declension, is exceptional in yet another respect: articles, numerals, and other such modifiers cannot directly precede their associated nouns, there has to be an intervening morpheme called a classifier. The appropriate usage of nominal classifiers is considered to be one of the most difficult aspects of Chinese grammar. Our examination of Chinese aphasic patients revealed two essential points. First, Chinese aphasic patients experience difficulty in the production of nominal classifiers, committing a significant number of errors of omission and/or substitution. Second, two different kinds of substitution errors are observed in Broca's and Wernicke's patients, and the detailed analysis of the difference demands a rethinking of the distinction between agrammatism and paragrammatism. The result adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that grammar is impaired in fluent as well as nonfluent aphasia.
Energy cost of living, 1972–1973

Abstract The total energy requirements of household consumption of all goods and services have been calculated. Source for consumption data is the 1972–1973 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Consumer Survey. These are converted to energy terms using input-output energy intensities. The dependence of household energy use on expenditures, number of household members, degree of urbanization, and other demographic-economic factors, has been investigated graphically and statistically. The major factor determining energy requirement is expenditure level, but this can be affected by up to about 15% by variation in the other factors. In agreement with previous work based on the 1960–1961 BLS Survey, we find that 1. (1) the dependence of total energy requirements on expenditures shows a tendency to saturation; 2. (2) about one-half of the total energy of the average household is a result of the purchase of fuels and electricity while the other half results from the purchase of non-energy commodities. Application to the analysis of an energy tax and rebate program is discussed briefly.
Importance of Aircraft Type and Operational Factors for Air Taxi Cost Feasibility

Air taxi is an emerging, near-on-demand service that promises to provide affordable and fast transportation to possibly large number of travelers. This paper presents an approach to study the factors affecting the feasibility of such a transportation service and their impact on the success of this enterprise. Models of aircraft performance, airline operations, and air taxi operations provide input into the study. The approach followed here provides "effective range" and "traveler travel-time value" as output that can assess the feasibility of an air taxi service. Using these models, the approach compared several aircraft types against each other to determine the three "best aircraft" for air taxi operations. Similarly, the approach compared best-case, nominal-case, and worst-case operational scenarios for the top three aircraft choices and provided a measurement of the impact and the importance of operational considerations on the feasibility of the air taxi. The observations made in the paper strongly rely on the input models; however, the approach to assess air taxi feasibility presented here appears capable of accommodating other aircraft performance and air taxi or airline performance models.
Strategy Instruction in Primary Content Textbooks

This article reports the findings of a study that analyzed the teacher editions of primary-grade science and social studies textbooks for comprehension strategy instruction. After observing several science and social studies classes in the primary grades, it became clear to the authors that strategy instruction was missing in many of the lessons. Because it is common for teachers to rely on textbooks as a primary source for their lessons, the authors decided to examine primary textbook materials in order to determine the support they give teachers in developing children's comprehension. The analysis found little in the teacher editions designed to help children become strategic readers of content text. Three major issues emerged from the analysis: Limited modeling of comprehension strategies Reliance on the use of instructional techniques Use of terminology Suggestions for classroom teachers are included.
Numerical Studies of Frontal Motion, in the Atmosphere I

The motion of frontal disturbances in the atmosphere is studied by the numerical solution of differential equations based upon a two-layer model of an incompressible fluid on a rotating earth. The density of each layer is assumed to be constant. The upper and lower fluids correspond respectively to warm and cold air. In this first attempt, only the motion of the lower cold air layer is studied by assuming, in effect, that the dynamics of the perturbations in the upper warm air layer can be neglected. The numerical study of this simple mechanical model shows that even though thermodynamic processes have been ignored, the occlusion process, characteristic for warm and cold fronts, develops from an initially sinusoidal frontal pattern. Two cases of different initial conditions are examined. Case A : Only the east-west component of wind velocity is initially geostrophic. Case B : Both east-west and north-south components are initially geostrophic. In both cases, computations indicate that the cold front propagates faster than the warm front and that a relatively strong mass convergence zone appears behind the cold front only. This fact suggests the occurrence of severe storms associated with cold fronts, but not with warm fronts in the atmosphere. The numerical method developed here to calculate the movement of the front is based on following the motion of the material “particles” at the front. This method has applications to the numerical solution of a certain class of hydrodynamic flow problems in which the entire boundary of the domain of integration is not given a priori , but must be determined (so-called free-boundary problems). DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1965.tb01418.x
Job fit and creativity: “Our great mistake is to neglect the cultivation of those virtues that a person has … to try to exact from each person virtues he does not possess

He may not have known it at the time, but Hadrian was probably one of the first career counselors and we are still struggling to fully understand and apply his advice regarding job fit. Most acknowledge that it is important to understand who we are before we look at who we should be. And most will agree that there is mutual benefit to employees and organizations when there is a good match between the employee and the job. But economic and business pressures are powerful and “square pegs” often end up in “round holes” to meet the needs of individuals and organizations.
Estimating multi-way error components models with unbalanced data structures

Abstract I develop simple matrix algebra techniques that simplify and unify much of the previous literature on estimating error components models (ECMs). In fact, the simple analytic results provided here are useful for analyzing a very broad set of models with complex error structures. To illustrate the techniques, I develop the algebra for three- and four-way ECMs explicitly. In addition, I provide Monte Carlo simulation evidence on the performance of several estimators for the three-way ECM and estimate the model using data from a retail market where the three dimensions of data variation are products selling in many locations over time.
TESTS FOR DUST OPACITY OF SPIRAL GALAXIES

The dust opacity of spiral galaxies can be examined by direct methods, which are free from statistical biases and selection effects. For exactly edge-on galaxies, the distribution of optical rotation velocity along the mid-plane of the disk reflects the degree of opacity. For inclined galaxies, dust obscuration can be measured from the asymmetric luminosity distribution in the direction parallel to the minor axis. We applied these two opacity tests to a sample of galaxies. The results suggest that spiral disks are not optically thick as claimed by other recent studies.
Developmental change in the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

This study investigates the developmental changes of sarcoplasmic reticulum function in rabbit heart. We used ryanodine to evaluate sarcoplasmic reticulum function in the isolated arterially perfused fetus, newborn and adult rabbit heart muscles. The magnitude of the negative inotropic effect of ryanodine was similar in the fetus and the 3-day-old newborn, and it was less than in the 7-day-old while the effect in the 7-day-old newborn was significantly less than in the adult. In the adult, and not in the newborn, ryanodine (10 −6 m ) caused prolongation of half relaxation time and time to peak tension, and an increase in resting tension. In addition, ryanodine (10 −1 m was more effective in the adult, compared to the 3-day-old newborn, in the attenuation of the positive inotropism of staircase, hyperosmolarity and paired electrical stimulation. These data suggest that sarcoplasmic reticulum function dramatically changes during the perinatal period, and furthermore, suggests that the adult hearts are most likely dependent on Ca 2+ release and uptake from sarcoplasmic reticulum, while the perinatal hearts are more dependent on transsarcolemmal Ca 2+ influx than on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ release in excitation-contraction coupling.
Thymoma-associated lymphocytosis in a dog

A 9-year-old female spayed English Springer Spaniel was evaluated for a cranial mediastinal mass and lymphocytosis. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed 97% as CD3 positive, confirming a T-cell lineage. Additionally, T-cell subset assessment showed 53.2% to be double-negative T-lymphocytes, expressing neither CD4 nor CD8 surface markers. The number of double-negative lymphocytes in circulation coincided with the number of T-cell receptor (TCR) γδ-expressing T-cells in circulation. Molecular T-cell clonality analysis of TCR Gamma (TCRG) gene rearrangement showed a polyclonal expansion of T-lymphocytes. Histopathology confirmed the mass to be a thymoma, supporting the diagnosis of thymoma-associated T-cell lymphocytosis. Resolution of the lymphocytosis after removal of the thymoma provided further evidence for this diagnosis. To the authors' knowledge, this case is only the second report of thymoma-associated peripheral lymphocytosis in the veterinary literature, and is the first to report a confirmed thymoma-associated peripheral γδ T-cell lymphocytosis in a dog.
Piecewise linear Chebyshev approximation of planar curves

Two algorithms for solving the piecewise linear Chebyshev approximation problem of planar curves are presented. The first one is for the case when the Chebyshev error norm in any segment does not exceed a preassigned value. The second is for the case when the number of segments is given and a balanced Chebyshev error norm solution is required. The given curve is first digitized and either algorithm is then applied to the discrete points. Both algorithms use parametric linear programming techniques, which result in speed of computation. They also take advantage of the equioscillation property of the Chebyshev approximation and thus avoid unnecessary computation. Hence the algorithms are faster than other known methods. Also no constraints on the approximating functions are required. Numerical results and comments are given
Behavioral analysis of single cells of Myxococcus xanthus in response to prey cells of Escherichia coli

Myxococcus xanthus cells move over surfaces by gliding motility. The frz signal transduction system is used to control the reversal frequency, and thus the overall direction of movement of M. xanthus cells. We analyzed the behavior of wild-type and frz mutant cells in response to prey bacteria (Escherichia coli). Wild-type cells of M. xanthus did not respond to microcolonies of E. coli until they made physical contact. Cells which penetrated a colony remained in the colony until all of the prey cells were digested. Cells of frz mutants also penetrated E. coli microcolonies and digested some of the E. coli cells, but they invariably abandoned the microcolony leaving their food source behind. These observations illustrate the importance of the frz system of signal transduction for the feeding behavior of M. xanthus cells.
40Ar-39Ar ages and trace element contents of Apollo 14 breccias; an interlaboratory cross-calibration of 40Ar-39Ar standards

Rare gas data are presented from step-wise heatings of lunar breccias 14066 and 14318 and from an interlaboratory cross-calibration of five standards used in Ar-40/Ar-39 dating. While different in detail, the Ar release patterns in the four samples yield indistinguishable plateau ages of 3.93 plus or minus 0.03 b.y. and above 400 C total ages of 3.87 plus or minus 0.06 b.y. Concentrations of K, Ca, Ba, Br, U and I are given for 14318 and 14066. We also present an updating of all of the Ar-40/Ar-39 ages and trace element concentrations previously published by this laboratory.
Analysis of SAR moving grid processing for focusing and detection of ground moving targets

This paper investigates the performance of single-channel SAR-GMTI systems in the focusing and detection of translating ground targets moving in the presence of a clutter background. Specifically, focusing and detection performance is investigated by applying the Moving Grid Processing (MGP) focusing technique to a scene containing an accelerating target moving in the presence of both uniform and correlated K-distributed clutter backgrounds. The increase in detection sensitivity resulting from the focusing operation is found to result from two separable effects, target focusing and clutter defocusing. While the detection sensitivity gain due to target focusing is common for both clutter types, the gain due to clutter defocusing is found to be significantly greater for textured clutter than for uniform clutter, by approximately 5 to 6 dB in the simulated scenario under consideration. This paper concludes with a discussion of the phenomenological causes for this difference and implications of this finding for single channel SAR-GMTI systems operating in heterogeneous clutter environments.
Biogenesis of erythrocyte membrane proteins. In vitro studies with rabbit reticulocytes.

Abstract The capability of rabbit reticulocytes to synthesize red cell membrane proteins has been tested in vitro. Reticulocyte-rich blood from phenylhydrazine-treated rabbits was incubated in vitro in a complete amino acid medium containing ferrous salts, glucose, rabbit plasma and [3H]leucine. Red cell ghost membranes were prepared by hypotonic lysis and leucine incorporation into hemoglobin and total membrane proteins determined. The pattern of incorporation into individual peptides was determined by polycrylamide gel electrophoresis of labeled membranes on large (19 mm) gel which were then sliced into 1 mm sections; radioactivity was compared with densitometric tracings of Coomassie blue stained analytical (6 mm) gels. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into both hemoglobin and membrane protein was linear over 1 h. Gel analysis of labeled membranes revealed that the amino acid was primarily incorporated into peptides with molecular weights of 90 000 or less; three peptides of molecular weights 90 000, 60 000 and 33 000 showed the highest specific activity. Synthesis of the four largest peptide species was negligible. Removal of ferrous salts inhibited synthesis of both globin and membrane protein equally (approx. 50%). However, puromycin and cycloheximide preferentially inhibited the synthesis of globin as compared to membrane proteins. Reticulocytes remain capable of synthesizing a number of membrane proteins; these results are consistent with studies of red cell membrane synthesis in anemic rabbits in vivo.
Age related increase in catecholamine-containing paraganglia in male Fischer-344 rats.

For identification of paraganglia (PG), samples of para-aortic tissue, tissues containing the coeliac-mesenteric ganglion complex, and the hypogastric ganglia were removed from 3- and 33-month-old male Fischer-344 rats and were processed by the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method for visualization of catecholamines. Small PG containing 5–30 cells per section were found consistently in young animals. In each of six old rats, large PG containing 500–4000 brightly fluorescent cells per section were detected. Cell counting revealed a 13.5 × increase in number of PG cells between 3- and 33-month old rats. Microspectrofluorimetric quantitation in old rats showed equal amounts of catecholemines in PG cells and in adrenal medullary cells. Most PG were located in samples from the para-aortic area.
A view from the other side.

Objective: The environment in our intensive care units (ICUs) often serves the convenience of the staff who work in the ICU, rather than the critically ill patients and their loved ones who are, as a family unit, the objects of our care. Observations: Critically ill patients, especially those with high acuity, require close bedside attention. Continuous monitoring, frequent physical evaluations, invasive procedures, and other demands of bedside care are just some of the processes in the ICU that require heightened attention from ICU clinicians. But the fact that we “have a lot to do” at the bedside of critically ill patients has led to an unfortunate environment in many ICUs, one in which the needs of families are not only considered secondary to the convenience of ICU personnel, but are frequently dismissed as burdensome, unreasonable, and even counter to good-quality patient care. Perhaps this is why there are reports in the literature of family concerns about less than satisfactory interactions with ICU clinicians. The attitude we have toward families is an important part of the care we offer to patients in the ICU, and it can have a profound effect on the health of our patients’ families. In palliative care circles, it has long been understood that the “unit of care” is both the patient and the family. Although we are moving in that direction in critical care, many ICUs may not always reflect an appreciation of the therapeutic potential or devastating consequences of the attitudes in the ICU. Conclusion: The evolution of our understanding of care for critical illness should include a different approach to families and visiting hours in the ICU. One that balances the need of family members to be with their loved ones at a time of critical illness and the need of ICU clinicians to conduct efficient bedside care.
The response of the default risk premium to macroeconomic shocks

Abstract This research is concerned with identifying the response of the default risk premium to shocks to real output growth, inflation, and the stance of monetary policy. The paper employs the newly developed technique of generalized impulse response analysis [Journal of Econometrics 74 (1996) 119; Economics Letters 58 (1998) 17], a method that does not impose a priori restrictions as to the relative importance each of these variables may play in the transmission process. The results show the extent and the magnitude of the relationship between the risk premium and macroeconomic factors.
Agar and ammonium nitrate influence hyperhydricity, tissue nitrate and total nitrogen content of serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) shoots in vitro

Shoot tip cultures of Amelanchier arborea Michx.f. were grown on Murashige & Skoog or Woody Plant (WP) medium containing 4.4 μM benzyladenine and various concentrations of agar. Increases in agar concentration affected various culture growth variables, decreased culture hyperhydricity and increased tissue nitrate concentration. Additions of ammonium nitrate to cultures grown on WP medium containing 0.4% agar increased all growth variables measured except percent dry weight. Hyperhydricity and tissue nitrate concentration also increase in response to increasing ammonium nitrate in the medium. Since hyperhydricity was shown to be both positively and negatively correlated with increases in tissue nitrate content, it is unlikely that tissue nitrate level alone directly affects hyperhydricity.
Family reports of pain in dying hospitalized patients: A structured telephone survey

Objectives To see how often families in Oregon reported moderate to severe pain in dying patients in late 1998 compared with late 1997. Design A systematic random sample of death certificates was used to identify family members of decedents who died in a hospital setting between October 1 and December 31, 1998. A structured telephone interview was used to obtain data. Participants Family members of 103 decedents (who died in hospitals 2 to 4 months before data collection) were identified with the use of death certificates. Results In late 1998, 56 family members (54%) reported that their loved one experienced moderate to severe pain in the last week of life. Conclusions Family reports of moderate to severe pain in dying hospitalized Oregonians remain high. The influence of environmental factors on pain management may have implications for practice and policy nationwide.
Characters of the covering group of the Higman-Sims group

ARUNAS RUDVALIS* Department of Mathematics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 Communicated by Walter Feit Received October 17, 1973 The conjugacy classes of elements and the faithful irreducible characters of the covering group I? of the Higman-Sims group are determined. The faithful irreducible characters of the 2-fold proper covering of the Mathieu group n/r,, are also determined. Notable among the faithful irreducible characters of H is a character of degree 56 afforded by a rational representation. This is the faithful character of least degree and also the only faithful irreducible character of l? afforded by a real representation.