cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioleaching of molybdenum from coal liquefaction catalyst residues

It has been shown that the bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans can solubilize MoS2 from coal liquefaction catalyst residues. The MoS2 is formed during the liquefaction process from a molybdenum catalyst precursor. MoS2 is insoluble; in order to be recovered and reused, it must be converted to a soluble form. T. ferrooxidans can oxidatively solubilize the molybdenum in MoS2 to molybdate, in which form it can be recovered as a soluble or HCl extractable material. Bioleaching experiments show that with a starting cell concentration of 1.0 × 107 cells ml−1, or greater, a significant amount of the molybdenum in the residue was solubilized. These experiments indicate that the amount of molybdenum biologically solubilized from the liquefaction residues is dependent on inoculum size, with all strains of T. ferrooxidans tested having equal ability, and on the particle size of the residue. An important factor in the solubilization of MoS2 by T. ferrooxidans is the inhibitory effect of molybdate. Literature reports that as little as 10 ppm molybdate is inhibitory to growth or ferrous iron oxidation. However, leachates containing in excess of 70 ppm molybdenum (equivalent to 116 ppm molybdate) were generated as a result of bioleaching of the liquefaction residue. When cells from previous leaching experiments were used to inoculate flasks containing fresh media and additional liquefaction residue, the bacteria were able to bioleach the fresh residue. Recent experiments have focused on the ability of T. ferrooxidans to produce protective agents in the leachate that minimize the inhibitory effects of molybdate. We found that production of the protective factor(s) did not depend on previous exposure of the cells to molybdenum or liquefaction residue.
ESTIMATING TIME-DEPENDENT ORIGIN-DESTINATION TRIP TABLES WITH TRIPS ORIGINATING IN MULTIPLE TIME SLICES

Intelligent transportation system initiatives, such as travel information systems and travel demand management systems, have been used to ameliorate problems with congestion due to increasing travel demand. The success of these initiatives depends on the ability to accurately estimate the temporal variations in travel demand. A modeling framework based on arrival patterns of trips at workplaces and travel times in urban areas is presented. The peak period is divided into short, discrete intervals of time called time slices. Origin-destination trip tables for each time slice are estimated on the basis of when a trip with a certain travel time must have started to arrive at the destination in a specified time slice. There are two possibilities for the time slice in which a trip might have originated: (a) starting in time slice k - 1 and ending in time slice m and (b) starting in time slice k and ending in time slice m (m ≥ k). A model is presented to estimate the probability that the trip might have origina...
THE ROLE OF THE EPIDERMAL CELLS IN THE CARBON DIOXIDE RESPONSE OF STOMATA OF VICIA FABA L.

Summary The role of the epidermal cell has rarely been adequately investigated in studies of stomatal movements. In this study of Vicia faba, the changes in aperture in isolated epidermal strips and in intact leaf sections in response to a variety of CO2 concentrations and temperatures in both light and darkness have been observed for guard cells that were in contact with live epidermal cells. The results indicate that the response of the stomatal system to CO2 is largely dependent upon the degree to which the guard cell is functionally connected to the rest of the leaf. Stomata of guard cells in contact with live epidermal cells from leaf sections showed a significant decrease in aperture with increased CO2. Stomata of guard cells in contact with live epidermal cells on isolated epidermal strips, however, showed an increase in aperture with increased CO2 which also appears to be related to temperature. Results can be interpreted as supporting the chemiosmotic hypothesis of stomatal movements. The data also indicate that there are two opposing responses in the stomatal system to CO2: an opening response located in the epidermis and an overriding closing response controlled by the mesophyll.
The axisymmetric buckling of initially imperfect complete spherical shells

Abstract Starting out from recent experimental results according to which thin-walled spherical shells subjected to a uniform external pressure deform in an axisymmetric mode at the beginning of the buckling process, the buckling and the postbuckling behavior of complete spherical shells were investigated under the assumption that both the unintentional, random initial deviations from the exact shape, and the following elastic deformations are symmetric to some radius of the shell. The shell was imagined to be decomposed into a cap which shows large deformations, and into a remainder in which the displacements are so small that in their analysis a linear theory can be used satisfactorily. The total potential energy of the system was minimized numerically and in the minimization process the conditions at the boundary between cap and remainder were enforced rigorously. Complete and continuous postbuckling curves were obtained in a number of cases and the maximal value of the pressure parameter was determined in a sufficiently broad range of the geometric parameter to draw conclusions regarding the practical behavior of spherical shells under external pressure. Comparison with earlier theoretical and experimental work yielded satisfactory agreement.
Conversion of deteriorated metal cutting fluids into protein

Six soil isolates were grown on a petroleum sulfonate medium and analyzed chromatographically to determine their amino acid composition. The organisms were also examined to determine their growth rate in the petroleum medium, their per cent conversion of hydrocarbon to dry cell mass, their protein content, and their possible use as a food or food supplement. It was found that the isolates varied extensively as to their amino acid composition. Several of the isolates proved to convert the hydrocarbons to cell mass with relative ease. The proteins of four of the isolates appear to be suitable as a good food source, and the protein of one of the remaining isolates appears to be a very good food supplement.
Asymmetrical arthrogryposis of the upper extremity associated with congenital spine anomalies.

Background The term arthrogryposis is a descriptive term referring to a variety of clinical conditions characterized by multiple joint contractures. The spine may be involved; however, the presence of associated congenital vertebral abnormalities is rare. Methods A retrospective chart review of 6 patients with asymmetric upper extremity joint contractures and concomitant congenital scoliosis of the cervical spine was performed. Results Six patients with congenital anomalies of the cervical spine and asymmetric contractures of the upper extremities were identified. Clinical findings and radiographic studies were reviewed. Upper extremity involvement was contralateral to the convexity of the spinal curvature in 5 of the 6 cases. Reconstruction of the upper extremity was required in 5 of 6 patients; however, no patient required operative intervention for their congenital cervical scoliosis. Conclusions Congenital cervical spine anomalies can be associated with asymmetric arthrogryposis of the upper extremities. Physicians who take care of pediatric patients with arthrogryposis should carefully evaluate the cervical spine. Level of evidence Level IV, case series.
Writing Chinese and Mathematics Achievement:A Study with Chinese-American Undergraduates .

Two recent studies indicated that writing Chinese is correlated to Chinese-American (CA) students’ spatial skills. The current study investigated whether writing Chinese would have the same relationship to mathematics skills. The Scholastic Assessment Test—Mathematics (SAT-Math) scores were analysed for 150 CA undergraduates: 42 writers of Chinese and 108 non-writers of Chinese. The results suggested a strong correlation between writing Chinese and success on SAT-Math. An underlying mechanism may be the common cognitive components that encompass writing Chinese, spatial tasks, and SAT-Math. Contrary to previous findings with other populations in the USA, CA females scored slightly higher on SAT-Math than males. The finding supports the cultural relativity theory of gender difference on SAT-Math.
Bilateral propagation of a spontaneous two-dimensional anti-plane shear crack under the influence of cohesion

Summary. We consider the problem of the bilateral extension of a two-dimensional anti-plane shear crack that initiates spontaneously at a point and extends under the influence of cohesive forces at the edges. An approximation to the stresses in the regions beyond the edges of the crack has been found that simplifies the calculation. The exact stresses in these regions are also found iteratively. In the cases of uniformly propagating cracks, the estimates of cohesive forces obtained from the approximation are close to the exact values for high crack speeds but are significantly different for low crack speeds. It is also found that if healing is initiated due to the encounter of one end of a uniformly propagating crack with an unbreakable barrier, the static stress drop in the torn region is constant but may either overshoot or undershoot the dynamical stress drop. In these cases, the final static slip distribution is obtained by freezing the dynamic solution along a characteristic line through the location of the barrier. We find that the crack length cannot be unambiguously derived from the far field spectral properties.
APPLICATION OF CRITICAL MACHINE ENERGY FUNCTION IN POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT This investigation introduces two new tools for the determination of power system transient stability. First, an individual machine energy function is developed which is based on the classical generator model and synchronous reference frame. The synchronous reference individual machine energy function is shown to be path independent once a linear approximation for the magnetic term is incorporated in the energy function. Second, a description of the region of stability is determined based on the individual machine energy function. This region of stability unifies the Potential Energy Boundary Surface (PEBS) individual machine energy function methods [1, 10, 18] and the critical cutset methods [11, 13] of describing the region of stability.
Initial water impact of a wedge at vertical and oblique angles

This paper examines initial asymmetric wedge-impact flows with horizontal as well as vertical impact velocity. The method of two-dimensional vortex distributions is employed to model the initial-boundary-value problem. The numerical analysis involves discretization of the body surface and an iterative solution technique. Experimental drop tests of a prismatic wedge were performed to gain understanding and provide data for comparison of initial water impact when asymmetry and horizontal impact velocity are present. The experimental investigation of initial flow separation off the wedge vertex (i.e., keel) during impact is described. Initial separation-ventilation of the flow from the vertex due to asymmetric impact or horizontal-vertical impact velocity is examined in relation to the present theory. Agreement between the data and the numerical predictions was demonstrated for small degrees of asymmetry and small ratios of horizontal to vertical impact velocity. The initial flow detachment from the vertex also revealed interesting hydrodynamic characteristics.
Extent of soil water repellency under long-term no-till soils

Water repellency (WR), the ability of a soil to slow the water entry (contact angle < 90°), can be indispensable to stabilize soil aggregates and promote long-term soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Data on WR for agricultural soils are, however, extremely limited to ascertain the extent of this property. Thus, we assessed the WR in long-term no-till (NT) fields adjacent to plow tillage (PT) and woodlot (WL) and its statistical relationships with SOC concentration, soil particle-size distribution, and aggregate stability across 11 soils distributed in Major Land Resources Areas (MLRAs: 121, 122, and 125 in Kentucky, 99, 124, and 139A in Ohio, and 139B, 139C, 140, 147, and 148 in Pennsylvania) in the eastern US. The WR tended to increase with increasing soil water potential, and management impacts on WR depended on soil water potential. Mean water drop penetration test (WDPT) ranged from 0.5 to 12 s while water repellency index (R index) ranged from 1.5 to 5 for air-dry aggregates in the surface 0- to 5-cm soil depth. At the same depth, WR in NT was significantly higher than in PT by 1.5 to 6.0 times in 8 out of 11 soils. These soils had weak and very weak water repellency. In MLRA 124, NT had WR 30% higher than PT soil in the 0- to 5-cm depth but had lower WR in lower depths. The SOC concentration explained 28% (P < 0.001) of the variations in LogWDPT, which, in turn, explained 45% (P < 0.001) of the variations in aggregate stability. The LogWDPT increased with an increase in sand concentration (r = 0.44; P < 0.001) and decrease in clay concentration (r = − 0.41; P < 0.001). The WDPT was moderately correlated (r = 0.39; P < 0.05) with R index. The WDPT was more strongly correlated with SOC concentration, aggregate stability, and soil texture than R index. Overall, NT farming induced a slight increase in water repellency in most soils, attributed to increases in SOC concentration.
Aspects of the thermal ecology of the rusty crayfish Orconectes rusticus (Girard)

Orconectes rusticus currently is undergoing an explosive range expansion in the midwestern U.S.A., but information on the potentially important effects of water temperature on the species' biology is lacking. The thermal ecology of O. rusticus in southwestern Ohio, U.S.A., was examined by determining 1) the effects of four water temperatures (16, 20, 25, and 29°C) on survival and growth of juveniles, 2) the responses of juveniles and adults to a thermal gradient (7–27° C), and 3) the thermal tolerances (critical thermal maximum, CTMax, and critical thermal minimum, CTMin) of free-living, field-acclimatized juveniles and adults on a biweekly basis throughout the summer. Month-long growth experiments predicted maximum growth rates of juveniles at water temperatures between 26 and 28°C, but greatest survival between 20 and 22° C. Laboratory-acclimated (22° C) adults and field-acclimatized (2.5° C) juveniles both had an acute preferred temperature of 22° C. CTMaxs and CTMins of juveniles were 0.5–2.6° C higher than those of adults throughout the summer, suggesting that juveniles were exposed to water temperatures 1.5–6.8° C warmer than those of adults. Juvenile and adult O. rusticus prefer habitats where water temperatures favor maximum survival, but they usually are not found together in the same habitat; adults apparently displace the juveniles into warmer habitats. Warmer temperatures can decrease survival of juveniles but improve their growth rates, leading to enhanced fecundity and competitive ability. The past and future success of O. rusticus in expanding its range may depend, in part, on the species ability to adjust to new thermal environments occupied by other species of crayfish.
Effects of sensory inputs on the excitability of the crossed extension reflex

Crossed extension reflexes (CERs) recorded from the right quadriceps femoris in acutely decerebrated cats were consistently evoked by single stimuli applied to the left sciatic nerve if the cats were placed with the right body side on the table surface. In contrast, CERs were observed to follow repetitive stimulation only if the left body side was on the table. Sustained CERs, evoked by repetitive stimulation, were inhibited by (i) rotating the head to the left, (ii) flexing the left forelimb, and (iii) placing a weighted surface on the left body side. The reflexes were facilitated by rotation of the head to the right. Ventriflexion, dorsiflexion, or lateral flexion of the neck had no effect on the CER. These data are not consistent with several earlier reports that the CER can be evoked only by repetitive stimulation in the acutely decerebrated preparation. The changes in excitability of the CER described here are all consistent with involvement of the right quadriceps group in righting and postural reflexes induced by various proprioceptive and other mechanoreceptive stimuli. Such effects on the CER were associated only with such stimuli that have opposite actions on extensor neurons supplying the two hind limbs.
Copolymer-templated nitrogen-enriched porous nanocarbons for CO2 capture

Nitrogen-enriched porous carbon materials made via the carbonization of polyacrylonitrile containing block copolymer act as efficient and highly selective CO(2) sorbents. Nitrogen content and surface area, which are both influenced by pyrolysis temperature and atmosphere, are crucial for CO(2) adsorption performance.
Effect of the Hyperfine Splitting of a μ-Mesonic Atom on Its Lifetime

The lifetime of a $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesonic atom depends on its hyperfine state because of the spin dependence of the interaction between the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson and the capturing proton. The small lifetime difference between the hyperfine states is estimated in a one-particle model. Possible experimental detection of such a difference is discussed.
Relationship between coastal climate and bottom sediment type on the inner continental shelf

Abstract The following correlations exist between coastal climatic zones and bottom sediment types on the inner continental shelf ( 1. (1) Mud is most abundant off areas with high temperature and high rainfall (humid tropics). 2. (2) Sand is everywhere abundant and increases to a maximum in intermediate zones of moderate temperature and rainfall and in arid areas of all, except extremely cold, temperatures. 3. (3) Coral is most common off areas with high temperatures. 4. (4) Gravel is most common off areas of low temperatures (subpolar and polar). 5. (5) Rock is generally more abundant in cold areas, but its distribution correlates strongly with inner shelf slope. 6. (6) Shell distribution is not diagnostic with regard to climate. Three primary climatic factors are thought to be responsible for these patterns. The type of weathering (chemical or mechanical) taking place in the source areas is of major importance in that it determines the availability of sediment types to streams (e.g., mud is most abundant off areas with intense chemical weathering). The presence or absence of major rivers (controlled by amount of precipitation) determines the volume of Holocene sediments being carried onto the shelf; hence sand is dominant on the inner shelves of arid areas due to the absence of river-transported mud. Deposition of coarse (gravel) sediments is virtually restricted to polar areas, where they are deposited as the result of glaciation and ice-rafting. Other factors, such as source stream gradient and hydrologic energy, exert strong local influence, but are thought to be less important than the above climatic factors in determining world-wide distribution patterns. The role of the abundant, relict Pleistocene sediments occurring on the inner shelf is of great importance. Many modern studies of continental shelf sediments indicate that the global distribution pattern revealed by this study (correlated with Holocene climate) is at least partly a record of Pleistocene climate.
Exact attractive non-BPS STU black holes

We develop some properties of the non-BPS attractive STU black hole. Our principle result is the construction of exact solutions for the moduli, the metric and the vectors in terms of appropriate harmonic functions. In addition, we find a spherically-symmetric attractor carrying p{sup 0} (D6 brane) and q{sub a} (D2 brane) charges by solving the non-BPS attractor equation (which we present in a particularly compact form) and by minimizing an effective black hole potential. Finally, we make an argument for the existence of multicenter attractors and conjecture that if such solutions exist they may provide a resolution to the existence of apparently unstable non-BPS ''attractors''.
A class of cumulant plots for assessing mode and asymmetry of transmission of a quantitative trait

Abstract A class of cumulant plot statistics of use in assessing mode and asymmetry of transmission of a quantitative trait within a nuclear family is introduced. Various models for transmission modes involving continuous parameterization are described. Behavior of the cumulant plots under the differing transmission modes is delineated with use made of results from theoretical and simulation studies. Application to the analysis of specific data sets is given.
Infrared Spectra of Magnesium Hydride Molecules, Complexes, and Solid Magnesium Dihydride

Laser-ablated Mg atoms react with molecular hydrogen to give magnesium hydrides during condensation in excess hydrogen and neon for characterization by matrix infrared spectroscopy. The observed absorptions are identified by isotopic substitution and theoretical calculations of vibrational fundamentals and assigned to the MgH, MgH2, Mg2H, Mg2H2, Mg2H3, and Mg2H4 molecules. Subsequent UV irradiation excites Mg to the 1P state, which inserts into H2 and markedly increases the yield of MgH2 and Mg2H4. Interesting MgH2(H2)n complexes are formed with high yield in solid hydrogen. Mg2H4 is a dibridged molecule analogous to dialane. Sample annealing gives MgH2 polymers, which favor single bridge-bond linkages. Warming above 8 K allows the H2 matrix to evaporate and solid MgH2 to form with broad 1160 and 560 cm-1 absorptions that remain on the window at 300 K. Thus, we have reacted the elements to give the stable MgH2 molecule, formed its dimer and tetramer, and finally obtained the ultimate polymer, solid MgH2, ...
A comparative investigation of the mating system of Drosophila hydei

Drosophila hydei mating system characteristics were studied and compared to what has been observed for two other Drosophila species. Hydei females will copulate when they are 3 days old, while males do not exhibit courtship behaviour until they are 9 days old. Unlike any other Drosophila, D. hydei females will re-mate as often as four times in one morning. However, re-mating in the same morning does not increase the number of progeny a female produces. Male D. hydei appear to deal with the continual receptivity of females and the pressures of sperm competition by passing less material to any given female but maintaining a constant level of fertility across numerous successive copulations. D. hydei is a cosmopolitan species which utilizes a wide variety of resources. As in D. melanogaster, another cosmopolitan species which is not closely related to it, male success appears to be dependent upon genetic quality only. This pattern differs from that observed in its relative D. mojavensis, a cactiphilic species endomic to the Sonoran desert, in which males contribute material benefits to females in their ejaculate.
Separation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents using supercritical fluid chromatography.

Abstract Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was investigated for the separation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIs). Three different stationary phases (SB-methyl-100, SB-biphenyl-30, and SB-cyanopropyl-50) were compared for the separation of the compounds. Baseline separation of a flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, fenbufen and indomethacin mixture was achieved on the SB-biphenyl-30 column using a pressure gradient. A mixture containing flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, ketoprofen and fenbufen and another mixture containing ibuoprofen, fenoprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and tolmetin were well separated on the SB-cyanopropyl-50 column using pressure gradients. Typical analysis time for a mixture of NSAIs on the biphenyl or cyanopropyl column was approximately 20–25 min. Application of the method using the biphenyl column to the determination of NSAIs present in selected commercial dosage forms was demonstrated.
Two-Nucleon Potential from Pion Field Theory with Pseudoscalar Coupling

The two-nucleon potential is derived from $ps\ensuremath{-}pv$ pion field theory up to orders ${g}^{2}{(\frac{p}{\ensuremath{\kappa}})}^{2}$ and ${g}^{4}(\frac{p}{\ensuremath{\kappa}})$, using the method outlined in the preceding paper, where it was applied to $ps\ensuremath{-}ps$ theory. It is shown that the only quadratic term is $\ensuremath{-}{V}_{2}(\mathrm{r})(\frac{{p}^{2}}{2{\ensuremath{\kappa}}^{2}})+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.$ [${V}_{2}(\mathrm{r})$ is the second-order static potential], just as in the $ps\ensuremath{-}ps$ case. The static part is almost the same as the $ps\ensuremath{-}ps$ potential. However, a big difference appears in the L\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S potential; because of the difference in kinematical corrections from $ps\ensuremath{-}ps$ and $ps\ensuremath{-}pv$ vertices, large L\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S potentials result from both one-pion and two-pion exchange diagrams (with no nucleon pairs), though no L\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S potential follows from such diagrams in case of $ps\ensuremath{-}ps$ theory. The entire L\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S potential has the right sign in the odd state and is of the same sign and of larger magnitude [by a factor of two or three] in the even state. We show that this isospin dependence of the L\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S potential is not appreciably modified even if we add, besides the $ps\ensuremath{-}pv$ coupling term, two pion-pair terms which are fitted to low-energy $S$-wave pion-nucleon scattering. This big difference in the L\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S potential could eventually be used to discriminate between $ps\ensuremath{-}ps$ and $ps\ensuremath{-}pv$ theories. Various L\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S potentials, theoretical and phenomenological, are shown on graphs for comparison.
Increased postoperative respiratory complications in heterotaxy congenital heart disease patients with respiratory ciliary dysfunction

Objective(s) Congenital heart disease (CHD) and heterotaxy patients have increased postoperative and respiratory complications. We recently showed CHD-heterotaxy patients can have respiratory ciliary dysfunction (CD) similar to that associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia, including low nasal nitric oxide and abnormal ciliary motion. In this study, we investigated whether CHD-heterotaxy patients with CD may have worse postsurgical outcomes. Methods We examined postsurgical outcome in 13 heterotaxy-CHD patients with CD (25 surgeries), compared with 14 heterotaxy-CHD patients without CD (27 surgeries). Outcome data were collected for each surgery, including respiratory complications, tracheostomy, use of inhaled β-agonists or nitric oxide, length of hospital stay, days on ventilator, and death. Results The CD versus the no-CD CHD cohorts had similar Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery-1 risk categories, repair track, age at surgery, and follow-up evaluation times. Respiratory complications (76% vs 37%; P = .006), need for tracheostomy (16% vs 0%; P = .047), and use of inhaled β-agonists (64% vs 11%; P = .0001) all were increased significantly in heterotaxy-CHD patients with CD. No significant differences were detected in postoperative hospital stay, days on mechanical ventilation, or surgical mortality. A trend toward increased mortality for the CD group beyond the postoperative period was observed (33% vs 0%; P = .055) in patients younger than age 10 years. Conclusions Our findings showed that heterotaxy-CHD patients with CD may have increased risks for respiratory deficiencies. Overall, there was a trend toward increased mortality in CD patients with intermediate follow-up evaluation. Because β-agonists are known to increase ciliary beat frequency, presurgical screening for CD and perioperative treatment of CD patients with inhaled β-agonists may improve postoperative outcomes and survival.
Analyzing the association of SCNA boundaries with replication timing

At a glance Figures View all figures Figure 1: The distribution of observed/expected values obtained using a simple permutation approach for SCNAs grouped according to their size, with permutation performed within chromosomes. (a,b) We display the results using (a) all SCNAs from Beroukhim et al.3 and (b) a filtered list of those SCNAs that excludes those arising via multiple DNA breaks as reported in Supplementary Module 9 of ref. 1. Full size image View in article Figure 2: Comparison of the enrichment using Fisher's test and permutation test for SCNAs of length > 5 Mb. (a,b) We display the results using (a) all SCNAs from Beroukhim et al.3 (a) and a filtered list of those SCNAs that excludes those arising via multiple DNA breaks as reported in Supplementary Module 9 of ref. 1 (b). The enrichment is statistically significant in both the permutation test and Fisher's test. Full size image View in article Figure 3: The distribution of observed/expected values obtained using a simple permutation approach for SCNAs grouped according to their size, with permutation performed across chromosomes. (a,b) We display the results using all SCNAs from Beroukhim et al.3 (a) and a filtered list of those SCNAs which exclude those arising via multiple DNA breaks as reported in Supplementary Module 9 of ref. 1 (b). Full size image View in article
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF DELAYED LIGHT EMISSION IN THE 6 to 340 MICROSECOND RANGE AFTER A SINGLE FLASH IN CHLOROPLASTS

. The delayed light emission decay rate (up to 120 μs) and the rise in chlorophyll a fluorescence yield (from 3 to 35 μs) in isolated chloroplasts from several species, following a saturating 10 ns flash, are temperature independent in the 0–35°C range. However, delayed light in the 120–340 μs range is temperature dependent. Arrhenius plots of the exponential decay constants are: (a) linear for lettuce and pea chloroplasts but discontinuous for bush bean (12–17°C) and spinach (12–20°C) chloroplasts; (b) unaffected by 3-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (inhibitor of electron flow), gramicidin D (which eliminates light-induced membrane potential) and glutaraldehyde fixation (which stops gross structural changes). The discontinuities, noted above for bush bean and spinach chloroplasts, are correlated with abrupt changes in (a) the thylakoid membrane lipid fluidity (monitored by EPR spectra of 12 nixtroxide stearate, 12NS) and (b) the fluidity of extracted lipids (monitored by differential calorimetry and EPR spectra of 12 NS). However, no such discontinuity was observed in (a) chlorophyll a fluorescence intensity of thylakoids and (b) fluorescence of tryptophan residues of delipidated chloroplasts. Microsecond delayed light is linearly dependent on light intensity at flash intensities as low as one quantum per 2 times 104 chlorophyll molecules. We suggest that this delayed light could originate from a one quantum process in agreement with the hypothesis that recombination of primary charges leads to this light emission. A working hypothesis for the energy levels of Photosystem II components is proposed involving a charge stabilization step on the primary acceptor side, which is in a lipid environment. Finally, the redox potential of P680 (the reaction center for chlorophyll of system II) is calculated to be close to 1.0–1.3 V.
Design of a rapid-flow seawater supply system for the university of Connecticut's marine laboratory at Noank

Abstract Seawater supply systems serving coastal laboratories typically are affected by two maladies: reduced flow caused by biofouling, and gas supersaturation of the influent stream. The first results in unpredictable supplies and extended maintenance; the second increases the mortality of the experimental animals. We describe the design of a system installed at the University of Connecticut's Noank laboratory on Long Island Sound. Biofouling has been eliminated by uninterrupted rapid flow (> 2.5 m/sec); simple degassing units seem to have solved the gas supersaturation problem. Engineering features of the system are described in detail. Potential problems and future improvements are discussed.
Microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase: effect of altered S-adenosylmethionine-S-adenosylhomocysteine ratios in rat liver.

Abstract 1. 1. The enzymatic activity of the phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase which catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and the concentration of S -adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and S -adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) have been determined in liver of rats during fasting and following the administration of bromobenzene, a compound which depletes the liver of SH compounds. 2. 2. AdoHcy is a product of all AdoMet reactions and is a potent competitive inhibitor of phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase. 3. 3. The concentration of AdoMet-AdoHcy in the liver varies directly to the enzymatic activity of phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase during starvation and following the administration of bromobenzene.
Differentiating the primary reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects of varenicline.

Rationale Varenicline (VAR), a smoking cessation aid that is a partial agonist at nicotinic receptors, mimics the reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine. Varenicline, when accompanied by non-drug cues, is self-administered by rats, though it is unclear whether this results from varenicline acting as a primary reinforcer or a reinforcement enhancer of the cues.
Diagonalization of large matrices in pseudopotential band-structure calculations: Dual-space formalism.

Combining iterative methods of calculating the eigenvectors of a Hermitian matrix with a matrix-multiplication technique using the fast-Fourier-transform algorithm, we present an efficient method of performing total-energy and band-structure calculations in crystals with the plane-wave local-pseudopotential formalism. The method can be viewed as a dual-space formalism where part of the calculations is performed in momentum space and another part in coordinate space. Significant savings in both computer time and memory are obtained. Results of calculations for molecular hydrogen with matrix sizes as large as 7200 are presented as an example.
IMAGERY IN THE LEARNING OF VERBAL DEFINITIONS

Summary. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of self-discovered imagery, experimenter-supplied images, and verbal definitions on the retention of definitions of nouns. Eighty-seven fifth-grade children were randomly assigned to the three conditions and given 16 definitions to learn. The children were instructed to read and learn the definition of each word: (1) by discovering an image and drawing a picture of it, or (2) by tracing an illustration of the definition, or (3) by copying the written definition. Recall on a multiple-choice test administered one week after instruction was statistically significantly better (P < ·05) for subjects in the imagery-discovered condition than for subjects in the verbal definition condition.
Optimal Genetic Augmentation Strategies for a Threatened Species using a Continent-Island Model

AbstractOne conservation method of reducing species loss is to augment a declining/threatened wild population with individuals from a captive-bred or stable, wild population. This method is known as species augmentation. We have modeled the change in the frequency of a detrimental allele in a threatened population using the continent-island genetic population model. We use optimal control theory to determine augmentation strategies which minimize the presence of the detrimental allele in an endangered population in minimum time while minimizing the cost of augmenting the endangered population. We present the construction of the optimal control formulation, the necessary conditions for an optimal control, the characterization of an optimal control, the algorithm for computing numerical solutions, and some numerical simulations. Additionally, we discuss some of the challenges of systematically exploring the effects of uncertain parameters in time minimizing optimal control problems and demonstrate one metho...
Left ventricular bands (false tendons): Echocardiographic and angiocardiographic delineation in children

Left ventricular bands were prospectively identified in 31 of 218 (14.2%) children undergoing an initial two-dimensional echocardiogram for suspected or known cardiac disease. Left ventricular bands usually coursed from the midportion of the interventricular septum to the free wall of the left ventricle. Most of the bands were detected in the apical four-chamber view. In 7 of 31, an hourglass configuration of the left ventricular cavity was noted. Diagnostic left ventricular angiography was performed in 9 of 31 patients, and in seven of nine the band was delineated. The echocardiographic and angiographic findings in children with left ventricular bands are discussed and the literature is reviewed.
Insider trading in futures markets: A discussion

“…Every man in the War Department, and the Executive Mansion, who was so situated as to be able to communicate valuable information in advance of the newspaper dispatches was approached by the gold operators, and in most instances an arrangement existed between the former and the latter, for mutual profit.…”
CORTICAL CONNECTIONS OF THE DORSOMEDIAL VISUAL AREA IN NEW WORLD OWL MONKEYS (AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS) AND SQUIRREL MONKEYS (SAIMIRI SCIUREUS)

The dorsomedial visual area (DM) is an extrastriate area that was originally described in owl monkeys as a complete representation of the visual hemifield in a heavily myelinated wedge of cortex just rostral to dorsomedial visual area V2. More recently, connections of DM in owl monkeys have been described (Krubitzer and Kaas [1993] J. Comp. Neurol 334:497-528). As part of an effort to determine whether DM exists in other primates, we compared the architecture, connections, and visual topography of DM in owl monkeys and the presumptive DM in squirrel monkeys. In both species of New World monkeys, the DM region was more heavily myelinated than adjacent cortex, and this region was connected with the first and second visual areas, the middle temporal area (MT), the medial area, the ventral posterior parietal area, the dorsointermediate area, the dorsolateral area, the ventral posterior and ventral anterior areas, the medial superior temporal area, the fundal area of the superior temporal sulcus, the inferior temporal cortex, and frontal cortex in or near the frontal eye field. In squirrel monkeys, both blob and interblob regions of V1 contributed equally to DM, whereas the blob regions provided most of the projections to V1 in owl monkeys. In squirrel monkeys, connections were also found with cortex on the ventral surface in the ventral occipital temporal sulcus. In owl monkeys and squirrel monkeys, connections were with both the upper and lower visual field representations in V1, V2, and MT, demonstrating that DM contains a complete representation of the visual field. These similarities in architecture, connections, and retinotopy argue that DM is a visual area of both owl and squirrel monkeys.
Magnetic cristobalite (?): a possible new magnetic phase produced by the thermal decomposition of nontronite.

The effect of heat treatment for 1 h or more at 900-1000 C on the magnetic properties of nontronite, an iron-rich smectite clay thought to be an important component of Martian regolith, is investigated experimentally, extending the findings of Moskowitz and Hargraves (1982). The results are presented in graphs and tables and discussed. A phase with Curie temperature 200-220 C, remanent coercivity greater than 800 mT, and a type-2 room-temperature-coercivity response to thermomagnetic cycling is observed and attributed to an iron-substituted cristobalite which may form by topotactic growth from a smectite precursor.
A preliminary analysis of environmental variables affecting the observed biobehavioural states of individuals with profound handicaps.

. Recently, various researchers have recommended investigation of biobehavioural states as a worthwhile endeavour toward providing a more valid assessment of students with profound handicaps. To date, the research conducted in this area has largely focused on the biobehavioural state variable in isolation. This pilot study was conducted to examine the relationships between environmental variables and biobehavioural state variables. Six students with profound handicaps were selected as subjects and observed during normal daily school routines. The investigators discovered significant relationships between the students' prior state, position, grouping, type of staff cue given, the proximity of the staff and type of activity stimulus provided, and the students' biobehavioural states. A discussion of the results and recommendations for future research are provided.
Internal and External Efficiencies in InGaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes

The paper will review the physics and key advances in the fields of III-Nitride light-emitting diodes, specifically on approaches to address internal quantum efficiency, extraction efficiency, and efficiency droop in emitters.
Hospital Emergency Departments: The Authors Respond

ABSTRACT: In response to a perceived crisis in California's emergency department (ED) capacity, Glenn Melnick and colleagues sought to construct an empirical database that could bring objective dat...
Relationship of the estrous cycle to milk composition.

Abstract The relationship of the estrous cycle to milk composition was examined in 15 Holstein cows in first lactation which were approximately 45 days postpartum. Composite milk samples were collected twice daily and analyzed for progesterone, fat, protein, total solids, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and somatic cells. Milk progesterone was minimal (
Choline chloride fails to improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease

Seven mildly to moderately demented patients with Alzheimer's disease were treated with either placebo or choline chloride (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/24 hrs) in a double blind, crossover study. Detailed psychometric analysis was carried out at the end of each two-week period of drug or placebo administration. No subjects showed significant overall improvement at any dose level despite more than a doubling of the baseline plasma choline level.
Health risk assessment of groundwater contaminated with methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), a volatile oxygenate commonly used in fuels, is a frequent contaminant of some shallow groundwater. Based on limited reporting, concentrations of MTBE in drinking water were generally less than 10 μg/L but excursions up to 770 μg/L have been reported. Based on current MTBE toxicological data with emphasis on carcinogenic potential, and reproductive and developmental effects, a maximum drinking water level of 100 μg MTBE/L is suggested. This recommended advisory level takes into consideration the equivocal evidence of the carcinogenicity of MTBE in humans and low potency in an oral exposure animal study. Definitive conclusions regarding health risks to the general population from MTBE contamination of drinking water are not possible due to a paucity of monitoring data. There is increased evidence of contamination of storm water and shallow groundwater from primarily, nonpoint sources. Considering MTBE mobility and stability in water, movement to deep groundwater and drinking water supplies seems probable. In light of projected increased MTBE use, there is a need for a more rigorous monitoring program to define the frequency of MTBE contamination of drinking water supplies and to develop risk management policies.
Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic duct stones using a 10F pancreatoscope and electrohydraulic lithotripsy.

Abstract Background: Endoscopic therapy with adjunctive extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy fails to provide clearance of pancreatic duct stones in up to 25% of symptomatic patients. Direct contact lithotripsy may provide an additional option for removal of refractory stones. We report our initial experience using a prototype 10F "baby" endoscope to administer electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Methods: Five patients failing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and one patient with recurrent pancreatic duct stones after surgery were selected to undergo endoscopic electrohydraulic lithotripsy. After pancreatic sphincterotomy and balloon dilation (8 or 10 mm), the 10F endoscope was introduced and electrohydraulic lithotripsy was used to fragment stones under direct visualization. Results: Six patients underwent 9 intraductal electrohydraulic lithotripsy procedures. Complete or partial pancreatic duct clearance was accomplished in all but one. No complications from the lithotripsy procedure were noted. The 5 patients with partial or complete duct clearance experienced complete relief of abdominal pain of at least 6 months' duration following their final procedure. Conclusion: Electrohydraulic lithotripsy within the pancreatic duct provides an adjunctive endoscopic option for treatment of patients with symptomatic pancreatic duct stones. Our initial experience suggests that electrohydraulic lithotripsy therapy can successfully fragment stones refractory to conventional endoscopic stone extraction methods or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Further experience is necessary to establish the risks of electrohydraulic lithotripsy within the pancreatic duct.
Supersymmetric chiral bosons

Abstract We present the (1, 0) supersymmetric chiral boson theories. Actions, including the coupling to abelian gauge superfields, and chiral super-currents are written down for self-dual bosons. The condition for proper BRST quantization are discussed. The “reparametrization anomalies” are removed by the stringy prescription of considering multiplets of superfields and by the introduction of a Liouville term. The Siegel super-ghost system is super-bosonized. An anomaly free action which couples chiral bosons to supergravity, is proposed.
The interaction of interest divergence and facility of strategy operationalization as determinants of business-unit culture

While calls for a contingency view on changing “corporate culture” (Wilkens and Dyer 1988) have recently emerged, most of the organizational literature on culture is based on universalistic conjecture and prescription. This paper extends a contingency perspective by focusing on business-unit cultures and by arguing that two major dimensions—interest convergence and the ease of operationalizing strategy—interact to determine the function of culture in economic organizations and its relative importance to goal attainment. This is demonstrated through a review of the dominant functionalist perspective, utilitarian, and conflict theory perspectives on organizational culture. These are used to propose a typology that supports the importance of these dimensions.
Recovering network topology with binary sensors

We present a method to extract topology information from detection events of mobile entities moving through a network of binary sensors. We extract the topological structure of possible paths in the network by analyzing the time correlation of events at different sensors. The histograms of time delays between any two sensors contain the necessary information to reconstruct the network topology. This data is heavily corrupted by noise due to multiple agents in the network. We therefore use a mixture model of multiple Gaussian and a uniform distribution to explicitly isolate the noise. Our algorithm yields a graph representing the topology of our sensor network along with average travel time between nodes.