cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use Patterns for Depletable and Recycleable esources2

Much policy interest in the environment these days is focused on the attractiveness of recycling and reusing natural resources that are in fixed supply. Commoner [3] and others have elicited this interest by their discussion of the earth as an ecologically " closed" system. Much of this interest has been generated by the increasing economic and environmental costs of solid waste disposal, and the ever-sharpening awareness of those costs. The applause for municipal and civic recycling has surely stemmed primarily from their contributions to environmental preservation.3 The major long-term contribution of recycling may lie, however, in a related but different arena. It can increase the effective long-term supplies of the resources that are being reused. In this context there is no need for public action. When recycleable resources are able to secure the appropriate rentals, private enterprises can be counted upon to conduct the required reclamation processes. The evident expansion of such private efforts suggests that for many resources the appropriate rentals are presently upon us. Market forces can be counted upon to bring about some recycling. Can they be relied upon to bring about the optimal amount? This paper addresses that question with the use of a simplified multi-stage model of resources in limited supply. The solid-waste problem, with its associated external diseconomies, is not considered.4 The goods that best illustrate our model under present economic conditions are iron, aluminium and a variety of heavy metals. For an explanation of the burgeoning interest in recycling these materials, we look to the supply and demand for these fixed-supply natural resources. In the predecessor paper to this work [14] the analysis was directed to natural resources in fixed supply that are depletable in the strict sense. Oil, coal and natural gas well fit that model. For them, reuse or regeneration are ruled out. The major result of our strictly depletable resource model was that the resource's price, assuming a perfect competitive commodity and capital market, would reflect marginal social cost in terms of discounted consumer-plus-producer surplus.5 The optimal (and under these conditions,
An Empirical Investigation of Stress Factors in Information Technology Professionals

This study explores whether organizations can employ job design strategies to relieve organizational stress for information technology IT professionals. The effect of flexible work schedule, employee support and training, and telecommuting as potential coping resources to relieve stress were studied. Perceived workload, role ambiguity, work facilitation, and decision latitude were drawn from previous studies as potential stressors of IT professionals. Perceived stress was measured by two commonly used measures: work exhaustion and depressed mood. The results suggest that removing role ambiguity and improving work-facilitation ease work-related stress. Allowing employees to have flexible work schedules was also found to ease their perceptions of workload. Employee support and training strategies were found to influence decision latitude and role ambiguity. Telecommuting did not have any effect on the stressors. Results also indicate that the association between work exhaustion and depressed mood was stronger for males than females.
Science as a Vacation: Deficits, Surfeits, PUSS, and Doing Your Own Job:

This paper half-seriously considers a negative answer to the thematic question of whether science and technology studies (STS) `means business'. The question addresses whether or not STS research can be translated, applied, or otherwise made useful. It is easy enough to affirm that such research can be translated, or as I would prefer to say accommodated, to various local organizational environments, but this begs questions about just what is translated, for what purpose, and for whom. Is the resulting knowledge indicative of STS or something else? Problems associated with efforts to engage with institutions whose members have their own epistemic agendas and conceptions of what STS has to offer them, suggest that STS might aim for something other than the serious job of doing business, and that research in this field requires leisure from both the workaday world of the university and the organizational work that STS scholars study.
Selective reduction of anaphase B in quinacrine-treated PtK1 cells

Quinacrine, an acridine derivative which competitively binds to ATP binding sites, has previously been shown to cause the reorganization of metaphase spindle microtubules (MTs) due to changes in interactions of non-kinetochore microtubules (nkMTs) of opposite polarity (Armstrong and Snyder: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 7:10-19, 1987). In the study presented here, mitotic PtK1 cells were treated in early anaphase with concentrations of quinacrine ranging from 2 to 12 microM to determine energy requirements for chromosome motion. The rate and extent of chromosome-to-pole movements (anaphase A) were not affected by these quinacrine treatments. The extent of anaphase B (kinetochore-kinetochore separation) was reduced with increasing concentrations of quinacrine. Five micromolar quinacrine reduced the extent of kinetochore-kinetochore separation by 20%, and addition of 12 microM quinacrine reduced the kinetochore-kinetochore separation by 40%. To determine the role of nkMTs in anaphase spindle elongation, quinacrine-treated metaphase cells were treated with hyperosmotic sucrose concentrations, and spindle elongation was measured (Snyder et al.: Eur J. Cell Biol. 39:373-379, 1985). Metaphase cells treated with 2-10 microM concentrations of quinacrine for 2-5 min reduced spindle lengths by 10-50% prior to 0.5 M sucrose treatment for 5 min. This treatment showed a significant reduction in the ability of sucrose to induce spindle elongation in cells pretreated with quinacrine. As spindle length and birefringence was reduced by quinacrine treatment, sucrose-induced elongation was concomitantly diminished. These data suggest that quinacrine-sensitive linkages are necessary for anaphase B motions. Reduction in these linkages and/or MT length in the nkMT continuum may reduce the ability of the nkMTs to hold compression at metaphase. This form of energy is thought to drive a significant proportion of normal anaphase B in PtK1 cells and sucrose-induced metaphase spindle elongation.
Thiol redox modulation of tumor necrosis factor‐α responsiveness in cultured AIDS‐related Kaposi's sarcoma cells

Both clinical and experimental evidence indicates that AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) has a multifactorial pathogenesis with factors such as HIV viral load, latent virus induction, and opportunistic infections contributing to disease progression. However, a consistent feature that unites these apparently diverse putative etiologic agents is sustained serum elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). While virtually every cell responds to TNF-α with gene activation, the extent of TNF-α-mediated cellular signaling is regulated by a delicate balance between signal activation and signal arresting events. Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), which are generated as a consequence of TNF-α membrane interaction, are part of this TNF-α-initiated cellular activation cascade. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that AIDS-KS cells possess impaired oxygen intermediate scavenging capacities, thereby establishing conditions permissive for the intracellular retention of ROI. In this study, we used cellular capacity to upregulate the cytoprotective enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) to address the extent of cellular response to TNF-α. Concurrent with the SOD analyses, nucleotide profiles were obtained to assess cellular bioenergetic responses during TNF-α challenge. Proliferative growth levels of mitochondrial (Mn)SOD activities showed an activity spectrum ranging from lowest activity in AIDS-KS cells, to intermediate levels in matched, nonlesional cells from the AIDS-KS donors, to highest activities in HIV− normal fibroblasts. In contrast, following TNF-α challenge, the AIDS-KS and KS donor nonlesional cells showed a 11.89- and 5.86-fold respective increase in MnSOD activity, while the normal fibroblasts demonstrated a 1.35-fold decrease. Subsequent thiol redox modulation studies showed that only the normal fibroblast cultures showed a potentiation of TNF-α-mediated MnSOD upregulation following GSH depletion. In addition, provision of the GSH precursor, N-acetylcysteine during TNF-α challenge only diminished MnSOD activity and mitochondrial compartmentalization in the AIDS-KS cells, a finding that likely reflects the lower levels of reduced thiols in this cellular population. Our data, which show that a perturbation in their cellular thiol redox status accentuates AIDS-KS cellular responsiveness to TNF-α, suggest a biochemical rationale for the recognized TNF-α AIDS-KS clinical correlation. J. Cell. Biochem. 68:339–354, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mazama: An Early Maturing, Bright Red-Skinned Cultivar For Fresh Market

Mazama, an early maturing red-skinned cultivar for fresh market use, was jointly released in 2000 by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Oregon, North Dakota, California, Idaho, and Washington. Mazama was tested in irrigated trials in Oregon from 1990 to 2000 and in the Western Regional Trial in 1994, 1995, and 1997. Mazama produces lower total yields than Dark Red Norland and Red LaSoda, but similar marketable yields with a high percentage of small, high-value tubers and significantly fewer culls. In 22 location-years of replicated Oregon and California trials, Mazama produced 40% and 26% higher marketable yields of U.S. #1s under 280 g than Red LaSoda and Dark Red Norland, respectively. In three years of replicated trials in six western states, Mazama produced 115% and 102% of marketable yields of U.S. #1s under 280 g compared with Red LaSoda and Dark Red Norland, respectively. Mazama tubers are smooth skinned and shallow eyed. Mazama’s bright red color does not fade in storage. Mazama is less susceptible to potato virus Y than Dark Red Norland or Red LaSoda.
Analysis of Fundamental Human Movement Patterns Through the Use of In-Depth Antagonistic Muscle Models

A nonlinear eighth-order agonist-antagonist muscle model is identified, based on engineering analysis and design criteria, as the desired structure for the broad-range study of a variety of fundamental human joint movements. To complement this structure, systematic protocols, that combine material and geometrical information for each muscle, are developed to obtain the model parameter values needed for the various muscle constitutive equations. The parameters describing the four basic nonlinear relations are easy to visualize, representing the peak curve values and "shape" parameters. Elbow, knee, wrist, and ankle fiexion-extension and eye, wrist, and head rotation are simulated by this same model structure.
Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in the chinchilla and rabbit☆

Abstract Male chinchillas develop a marked hypercholesterolemia when fed a diet containing 10.0% lard and 0.5% cholesterol by weight. A less striking yet significant increase in serum cholesterol levels also were observed in chinchillas fed a 10% lard containing diet. Chinchillas unlike the rabbits fed the same diet did not have aortic or severe coronary artery atherosclerosis. Lipoid deposits in the choroid plexus, hepatic fatty metamorphosis with fibrosis and adrenal cholesterolosis were seen in both rabbits and chinchillas fed the lard-cholesterol containing diet.
The six per second spike and wave--a psychiatric population study.

Abstract Nearly 5% of a population of acutely ill, hospitalized psychiatric patients displayed 6/sec spike-wave complexes. Aside from this high incidence the other associated EEG findings and the age and sex distribution of cases with this pattern were similar to those of other published series. However, the clinical associations with 6/sec spike-wave complexes that are usually cited in the literature, namely head injuries, seizures, syncope and autonomic dysfunctions and emotional disturbances were not evident in this population. Evaluations of subjects with 6/sec spike-waves and two matched control groups, one with normal EEGs and the other with abnormal EEGs, revealed other kinds of significant differences. Fewer psychiatric hospitalizations, less frequent suicide attempts and more surgical procedures with general anesthesia separated the subjects from the patients with normal EEGs. Controls with abnormal EEGs were like the subjects in these respects. Scores on the IPAT Anxiety Scale discriminated the subjects from both control groups with highest values in the patients with 6/sec spike-wave complexes. Direct examination of subjects and controls with attention focused upon epileptiform and vegetative dysfunctions, psychological characteristics and other attributes revealed no additional clinical associations with these EEG signals. The significance of these results was discussed in context with the literature on this subject, relating them to parallel observations in studies of 14 and 6/sec positive spikes. The clinical implications of EEG abnormalities in psychiatric patients and the propensity for studies of such groups to yield contradictory results were considered. The necessity to modify clinical EEG interpretation in the light of population differences was stressed.
Pion production in peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions

Abstract By calculating the inclusive cross sections for Δ -hole and nucleon -hole excitations in peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions, pion production cross sections are estimated. An intermediate energies, this collective mechanism may be verified by coincidence measurements.
Proliferative and malignant Brenner tumors of ovary. Report of two cases, one with Meigs' Syndrome, review of literature, and ultrastructural comparisons.

Abstract The malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary is rare. It is our purpose to present two unusual variants of the Brenner tumor, one classified as proliferative and the other carcinomatous and productive of the Meigs' syndrome. The criteria for malignancy have only recently been enunciated and have necessitated a reassessment of the acceptable cases in the world literature in view of our present knowledge. The literature is reviewed and the currently acceptable cases of malignant Brenner tumor are enumerated. Although the ultrastructural characteristics of the benign Brenner tumor have been well described, such observations have not been previously depicted for the malignant form of this tumor. The electron microscopic features of a malignant Brenner tumor are described and comparisons with the proliferative variety are made.
Robert Mallet and the founding of seismology

Summary Though the name of Robert Mallet was once inevitably associated with the scientific study of earthquakes, it is less well known today. As part of an overdue reappraisal, this essay examines Mallet's major seismological projects and publications, emphasizing his theoretical contributions. Mallet's own claim to be a founder of modern seismology is upheld. Beyond that, however, he is also seen to be an important precursor of plate tectonics.
Cobdenism for the 1980s

The lessons of the 19th century have been ignored. Professor Castorina, author of a perceptive doctoral thesis on Richard Cobden, in book form as Richard Cobden and Manchester Economists, assesses his insights and their profound impact on the liberating economic expansion of his age. She also indicates his importance for our day.
Effect of IMF BY on thermospheric composition at high and middle latitudes: 1. Numerical experiments

[1] Magnetic storms and their effects on the thermosphere and ionosphere have been studied for many years, yet there are many aspects of the thermospheric and ionospheric responses that are not understood. The purpose of this paper is to show how the high-latitude composition depends on the sign of the IMF BY component, using controlled simulations with a global first principles model. Because the high-latitude convection and neutral wind systems are strongly controlled by the IMF BY component, it seems likely that the compositional response that is driven by high-latitude forcing should also be sensitive to the BY component. To date, no first-principles modeling has been performed to test the idea of IMF BY effects on composition. Numerical experiments using model simulations provide insight into this important scientific question, since the thermospheric compositional response to the convection patterns for different IMF BZ and BY can be studied in isolation in a model. In this paper we use a first-principles model to determine the effect of the IMF BY component on the compositional response of the high-latitude thermosphere. We show for the first time that a clockwise rotation of the potential pattern resulting from a change from BY-negative to BY-positive drives a corresponding rotation in the wind, neutral density, and composition distributions. BY control of thermospheric composition has been invoked in the literature to explain an apparent variability in the effectiveness of auroral activity in causing thermospheric storm effects at middle latitudes, as observed in global images of the far-ultraviolet (FUV) OI 130.4-nm emission from the DE-1 auroral imager. However, the effect in the simulations presented here is opposite from that suggested by earlier work based on DE data, indicating another explanation must be sought for the DE results. These simulations are highly relevant for interpreting data being provided by more modern UV imaging instruments on the DMSP, TIMED, and IMAGE satellites.
Hydrogen permeation and diffusion in cryoformed AISI 301 stainless steel

Presentation de resultats de mesure obtenus a partir d'une technique de permeation phase gazeuse
Luminescent CdS quantum dots as selective ion probes.

Water-soluble luminescent CdS quantum dots (QDs) capped by polyphosphate, l-cysteine, and thioglycerol were synthesized in aqueous solution. The ligands were found to have a profound effect on the luminesence response of CdS QDs to physiologically important metal cations. Polyphosphate-capped CdS QDs were sensitive to nearly all mono- and divalent cations, showing no ion selectivity. Conversely, thioglycerol-capped CdS QDs were sensitive to only copper and iron ions. Similar concentrations of physiologically relevant cations, such as zinc, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions did not affect the luminescence of thioglycerol-capped CdS QDs. On the other hand, l-cysteine-capped CdS QDs were sensitive to zinc ions and insensitive to other physiologically important cations, such as copper, calcium, and magnium ions. To demonstrate the detection capability of these new ion probes, l-cysteine and thioglycerol-capped CdS QDs were used to detect zinc and copper ions in physiological buffer samples. The d...
Abstract: Identifying Average Causal Mediation Effects with Multiple Mediators in the Presence of Treatment Noncompliance.

Identifying causal mechanisms is becoming essential in social and medical sciences. The inability to identify the mediated portion of the intent-to-treat (ITT) effect presents a serious problem in ...
Blood pressure and urinary responses to increasing concentrations of norepinephrine in sequential hemorrhage.

Summary 1. The ambivalent effect of norepinephrine on renal function is seen to exist in hemorrhage as in normovolemia though at lower absolute values. Urinary function in normovolemia is depressed by norepinephrine when the blood pressure is elevated above normal values. 2. In hypovolemia, renal excretion is related to the degree of blood loss and the rate of administration of norepinephrine. Optimal renal function appears to be induced with norepinephrine at arterial pressures that are subnormal to normal depending on the severity of hemorrhage. 3 Even partial restoration of blood volume is more effective than norepinephrine in restoring blood pressure and renal function.
Design and Modeling of a Series Elastic Element for Snake Robots

In this work, we detail the design, fabrication, and initial modeling of a compact, high-strength series elastic element designed for use in snake robots. The spring achieves its elasticity by torsionally shearing a rubber elastomer that is bonded to two rigid plates, and it is able to achieve mechanical compliance and energy storage that is an order of magnitude greater than traditional springs. Its novel design features a tapered conical cross-section that creates uniform shear stress in the rubber, improving the ultimate strength. Tests show that the torque-displacement profile of these springs is approximately linear, and initial results are reported on creating more accurate models that account for the element’s hysteresis and viscoelastic properties. Low-bandwidth force control is demonstrated by measuring the element’s torsional deflection to estimate the torque output of one of our snake robot modules.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
NO-cGMP signalling and cancer therapy

Background The nitric oxide (NO) and 3’,5’-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway is one of the best characterized signalling cascades that plays a central role in several physiological processes such as vasodilation, neurotransmission, and embryonic development. Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the key receptor for NO with a1b1 as predominate heterodimer for the function. Nitric oxide binds to the ferrous heme at histidine 105 of the b1 subunit and leads to at least a 200-fold increase in sGC activity and cGMP production [1]. On the other hand, the effects of NO can be attributed to cGMP-independent pathway which is mainly mediated by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species such as highly reactive peroxynitrite (ONOO-) [2]. The role of NO and cGMP signalling in tumour biology has been extensively studied during the past three decades, however a consensus regarding the precise role that the NO/cGMP signalling axis plays in neoplastic transformation has not been reached. Simple applications of NO or cGMP regulating reagents to various cancer cell lines or animal models has generated controversial results. We suggest several factors are contributing to this ambiguity: First, although the NO participates in normal signalling (e.g., vasodilatation and neurotransmission), NO is also a cytotoxic or apoptotic molecule when produced at high concentrations by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS or NOS-2). Also, the cGMP-dependent (NO/sGC/cGMP pathway) and cGMP-independent (NO/oxidative pathway) components may vary among different tissues and cell types. Furthermore, solid tumours contain two compartments: the parenchyma (neoplastic cells) and the stroma (nonmalignant supporting tissues including connective tissue, blood vessels, and, inflammatory cells) with differing NO biology. Therefore, the NO/sGC/cGMP signalling molecules in tumours as well as the surrounding tissue must be further characterized before targeting this signalling pathway for tumour therapy.
Novel multi-parameter flow cytometry sensitively detects phenotypically distinct plasma cell subsets in plasma cell proliferative disorders.

Novel multi-parameter flow cytometry sensitively detects phenotypically distinct plasma cell subsets in plasma cell proliferative disorders
Robust PEALD SiN spacer for gate first high-k metal gate integration

As we packed more and more transistors into one chip and as the size of transistor continues to shrink, the need for conformal sidewall protection layer becomes critical. In this work improved device properties is demonstrated using PEALD SiN spacer compared to the conventional PECVD SiN spacer.
Semiactive Virtual Control Method for Robots with Regenerative Energy-Storing Joints

Abstract A framework for modeling and control is introduced for robotic manipulators with a number of energetically self-contained semiactive joints. The control approach consists of three steps. First, a virtual control design is conducted by any suitable means, assuming a fully-actuated system. Then, virtual control inputs are matched by a parameter modulation law. Finally, the storage dynamics are shaped using design parameters. Storage dynamics coincide with the system's internal dynamics under exact virtual control matching. An internal energy balance equation and associated self-powered operation condition are given for the semiactive joints. This condition is a structural characteristic of the system and independent of the control law. Moreover, the internal energy balance equation is independent of the energy storage parameter (capacitance), which adds flexibility to the approach. An external energy balance equation is also given that can be used to calculate the work required from the active joints. A simulation example using a 3-dof prosthesis test robot illustrates the concepts.
Phage display identifies novel peptides that bind extracellular-regulated protein kinase 2 to compete with transcription factor binding

Extracellular-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase capable of phosphorylating multiple protein substrates within a cell. In an attempt to identify novel peptides that bind and inhibit the function of an active form of ERK2, phage display was carried out using a disulfide-constrained peptide library (X2CX14CX2). Several phage clones were identified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that competed with both a protein substrate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for immobilized ERK2. A chemically synthesized peptide derived from these experiments, NH2-KKKIRCIRGWTKDIRTLADSCQY-COOH, inhibited ERK2 phosphorylation of the protein substrate EtsΔ138, exhibiting competitive and mixed inhibition towards EtsΔ138 and MgATP2−, respectively. Surprisingly, the same peptide displayed equally potent inhibition towards the phosphorylation of ATF2 by p38 MAPKα, another MAP kinase that has ∼46% sequence similarity to ERK2. This study indicates that active ERK2 can be targeted by phage display to find novel antagonists to kinase function and suggests that protein-binding sites within the MAPK family may contain conserved features that render them susceptible to ligand binding. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides

Collagen is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix that supports tissue formation and maintenance. Although collagen remodeling is an integral part of normal tissue renewal, excessive amount of remodeling activity is involved in tumors, arthritis, and many other pathological conditions. During collagen remodeling, the triple helical structure of collagen molecules is disrupted by proteases in the extracellular environment. In addition, collagens present in many histological tissue samples are partially denatured by the fixation and preservation processes. Therefore, these denatured collagen strands can serve as effective targets for biological imaging. We previously developed a caged collagen mimetic peptide (CMP) that can be photo-triggered to hybridize with denatured collagen strands by forming triple helical structure, which is unique to collagens. The overall goals of this procedure are i) to image denatured collagen strands resulting from normal remodeling activities in vivo, and ii) to visualize collagens in ex vivo tissue sections using the photo-triggered caged CMPs. To achieve effective hybridization and successful in vivo and ex vivo imaging, fluorescently labeled caged CMPs are either photo-activated immediately before intravenous injection, or are directly activated on tissue sections. Normal skeletal collagen remolding in nude mice and collagens in prefixed mouse cornea tissue sections are imaged in this procedure. The imaging method based on the CMP-collagen hybridization technology presented here could lead to deeper understanding of the tissue remodeling process, as well as allow development of new diagnostics for diseases associated with high collagen remodeling activity.
Somatic, germline and sex hierarchy regulated gene expression during Drosophila metamorphosis

Drosophila melanogaster undergoes a complete metamorphosis, during which time the larval male and female forms transition into sexually dimorphic, reproductive adult forms. To understand this complex morphogenetic process at a molecular-genetic level, whole genome microarray analyses were performed. The temporal gene expression patterns during metamorphosis were determined for all predicted genes, in both somatic and germline tissues of males and females separately. Temporal changes in transcript abundance for genes of known functions were found to correlate with known developmental processes that occur during metamorphosis. We find that large numbers of genes are sex-differentially expressed in both male and female germline tissues, and relatively few are sex-differentially expressed in somatic tissues. The majority of genes with somatic, sex-differential expression were found to be expressed in a stage-specific manner, suggesting that they mediate discrete developmental events. The Sex-lethal paralog, CG3056, displays somatic, male-biased expression at several time points in metamorphosis. Gene expression downstream of the somatic, sex determination genes transformer and doublesex (dsx) was examined in two-day old pupae, which allowed for the identification of genes regulated as a consequence of the sex determination hierarchy. These include the homeotic gene abdominal A, which is more highly expressed in females as compared to males, as a consequence of dsx. For most genes regulated downstream of dsx during pupal development, the mode of regulation is distinct from that observed for the well-studied direct targets of DSX, Yolk protein 1 and 2. The data and analyses presented here provide a comprehensive assessment of gene expression during metamorphosis in each sex, in both somatic and germline tissues. Many of the genes that underlie critical developmental processes during metamorphosis, including sex-specific processes, have been identified. These results provide a framework for further functional studies on the regulation of sex-specific development.
Active Zipfian Sampling for Statistical Parser Training

Active learning has proven to be a successful strategy in quick development of corpora to be used in training of statistical natural language parsers. A vast majority of studies in this field has focused on estimating informativeness of samples; however, representativeness of samples is another important criterion to be considered in active learning. We present a novel metric for estimating representativeness of sentences, based on a modification of Zipf's Principle of Least Effort. Experiments on WSJ corpus with a wide-coverage parser show that our method performs always at least as good as and generally significantly better than alternative representativeness-based methods.
Effect of an Integrated Care System on Utilization for CSHCN in Florida

In 2006, Florida began a pilot program under a federal Medicaid waiver to reform its Medicaid program in Broward and Duval counties. The Children’s Medical Services Network, a subcontracted health care delivery system for Florida’s children with special health care needs (CSHCN) enrolled in public insurance programs, participated in Medicaid reform through an Integrated Care System (ICS) for its enrollees. The ICS constitutes a significant departure from the subcontracted fee-for-service system used to deliver care to CSHCN in the non-reform counties, and limited information exists about its impact. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the ICS on Medicaid utilization among CSHCN in Broward and Duval. Administrative data from 3,947 CSHCN in Broward and Duval, and two control counties, enrolled in Florida’s Medicaid program between 2006 and 2008 were used for analyses. Fixed effects negative binomial models were used to estimate the impact of the ICS on inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department utilization. Results show the number of outpatient visits decreased by 9 % in Broward and 16 % in Duval. The number of inpatient stays decreased in Duval by 35 %. Emergency room utilization increased slightly in Broward, although the estimate was not significant. Results suggest that managed care under the ICS has impacted utilization, most significantly for inpatient care. The ICS presents a viable model of managed care for CSHCN that could result in cost savings. Results should be interpreted with care because the full effects of the ICS implementation may take more time to materialize.
Causal Necessity in Aristotle

Like many realists about causation and causal powers, Aristotle uses the language of necessity when discussing causation, and he appears to think that by invoking necessity, he is clarifying the manner in which causes bring about or determine their effects. In so doing, he would appear to run afoul of Humean criticisms of the notion of a necessary connection between cause and effect. The claim that causes necessitate their effects may be understood— or attacked— in several ways, however, and so whether the view or its criticism is tenable depends on how we understand the necessitation claim. In fact, Aristotelian efficient causation may be said to involve two distinct necessary connections: one is a relation between causes considered as potential, while the other relates them considered as active. That is, the claims that (1) what has the power to heat necessarily heats what has the power to be heated, and that (2) a particular flame which is actually under a pot necessarily heats it, both of which appear...
Low-energy effective-field theories of Sp(4) spin systems

We study the classical and quantum phase transitions of Sp(4) spin systems on three-dimensional stacked square and triangular lattices. We present general Ginzburg-Landau field theories for various types of Sp(4) spin orders with different ground-state manifolds such as CP(3), ${S}^{7}/{Z}_{2}$, Grassmann manifold ${G}_{2,5}$, ${G}_{2,6}$, and so on, based on which the nature of the classical phase transitions are studied, and a global phase diagram is presented. The classical phase transitions close to quantum phase transitions toward spin-liquid states are also discussed based on renormalization group flow. Our results can be directly applied to the simplest Sp(4) and SU(4) Heisenberg models which can be realized using spin-3/2 atoms and alkaline-earth atoms trapped in optical lattice.
Differences Among Incarcerated Women With Assaultive Offenses: Isolated Versus Patterned Use of Violence

A majority of the existing research on women’s use of violence focuses on intimate partner violence, often excluding other types of violence for which women may be incarcerated. The current study expands this area of research by assessing between and within-group differences among a randomly selected group of incarcerated women (n = 543). Comparisons between violent and nonviolent offense types among women found few differences, but significant differences among women with an assaultive offense, based on the presence or absence of a self-reported uncaught violence, were found. Differences in women with isolated (i.e., single incident of violence perpetration through a review of formal and self-report data) and patterned uses of violence were present in relation to issues of mental health, substance abuse, criminogenic risk, and expressions of anger and personality factors. These findings have important implications for intervention as well as future research.
Variability of ozone loss during Arctic winter (1991–2000) estimated from UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements

A comprehensive analysis of version 5 Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) ozone data using a Lagrangian Transport (LT) model provides estimates of chemical ozone depletion for the 1991-1992 through 1997-1998 Arctic winters. These new estimates give a consistent, three-dimensional picture of ozone loss during seven Arctic winters; previous Arctic ozone loss estimates from MLS were based on various earlier data versions and were done only for late winter and only for a subset of the years observed by MLS. We find large interannual variability in the amount, timing, and patterns of ozone depletion and in the degree to which chemical loss is masked by dynamical processes.
Enabling commerce on the Internet

For several years, electronic commerce has been a much-touted goal for the Internet. Not long ago, the Internet was used primarily for research, with access limited mainly to the university and research communities. But network service providers and commercial online services have opened it to a much larger user community. Many companies have set up corporate Web pages, and we have started to see credit cards and other monetary instruments used to place orders over the network. The Internet is increasingly becoming a venue for conducting the commerce previously carried out by other means, and for offering new commercial online services.
Does patient–provider gender concordance affect mental health care received by primary care patients with major depression?

Purpose. We sought to determine whether patient–provider gender concordance influences the detection and care of depression and comorbid anxiety and substance use in patients with major depression Methods. Cross-sectional analyses of baseline patient survey data linked with provider data were performed. Data based on routine primary care visits in clinics from a variety of health systems serving diverse patient populations across the United States. Participants all had major depression. Depression care was examined in the Quality Improvement for Depression (QID) Collaboration sample (n patients 1,428, n providers 389). In a subanalysis of data solely from 714 patients and 157 providers from Partners-In-Care, one of the projects participating in QID, we also examined detection of anxiety disorder and alcohol or drug problems. Main Findings. Rates of detection and care of mental health problems in primary care were low even among patients with major depression. Except for anxiety counseling in female patients, patient–provider gender concordance did not improve care as hypothesized. However, female providers were more likely to counsel on anxiety and less likely to counsel on alcohol or drug use than male providers. Female patients were less likely to be counseled on alcohol or drug use compared with male patients. Conclusion. Detection and care of mental health and substance use problems for patients with major depression is not influenced by patient–provider gender concordance. However, depressed female patients may have greater unmet needs for alcohol and drug use counseling than their male counterparts.
Corneal blindness from end-stage Sjögren's syndrome and graft-versus-host disease.

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sterile thinning, ulceration and perforation of the cornea are well-known clinical entities. Characteristically, the patient presents almost totally lacking ocular pain, inflammation or corneal infiltration. These events can occur even in eyes with normal tear secretion but are most common in elderly patients with dry eye, or Sjogren’s syndrome (SS). Surgery and treatment with corticosteroids can be triggering factors, thus keratoplasty in advanced RA is often complicated by sterile melt. This phenomenon of often unprovoked tissue breakdown is probably related to the immune status and age of the patient, but few details are known.
A conceptual model for river water and sediment dispersal in the Santa Barbara Channel, California

The ephemeral Santa Clara River delivers large amounts of freshwater and sediment to the eastern Santa Barbara Channel during brief, episodic discharge events. This discharge into the channel was characterized here with shipboard measurements during floods of 1997 and 1998. Within approximately 1-km of the river mouth, the river discharge quickly stratifies into a freshened, turbid surface plume and a bottom nephloid layer. Observations immediately off the Santa Clara River mouth on a peak day of river discharge revealed that sediment rapidly settled from the freshened surface waters, as suspended sediment in the freshened surface plume contained only ∼6% of the sediment mass expected if the sediment mixed conservatively. On the two subsequent days the reduction of sediment mass in the surface plume continued at ∼50% per day. These observations suggest that river sediment undergoes rapid initial settling within ∼1-km of the river mouth, followed by somewhat slower rates of settling. Although we did not measure sedimentation or bottom boundary layer processes, our mass balance results suggest that almost all of the river sediment either escapes along or deposits upon the inner shelf seabed.
The Cosmic Ray Observatory Project: Results of a Summer High-School Student, Teacher, University Scientist Partnership Using a Capstone Research Experience

This paper reports results from evaluation of the Cosmic Ray Observatory Project (CROP), a student, teacher, scientist partnership to engage high-school students and teachers in school based cosmic ray research. Specifically, this study examined whether an intensive summer workshop experience could effectively prepare teacher—student teams to engage in cutting edge high-energy physics research. Results showed that teachers and students could acquire enough knowledge about cosmic ray physics and self-efficacy for conducting cosmic ray research during a summer workshop to be full participants in an SSP conducting research in their schools, and a capstone anchoring approach using an authentic research activity was effective for motivating student engagement in didactic classroom learning. CROP demonstrated “proof of concept” that setting up cosmic ray detector arrays in schools run by teachers and students was feasible, but found that set-up and operation in a high-school was technically difficult.
Refining Diagnostic Criteria for High-Grade Dysplasia in Barrett Esophagus

In many respects, the medical community has failed patients with esophageal carcinoma miserably. Even with contemporary treatment, the overall 5-year survival for esophageal cancer in the United States is an abysmal 13%. 1 A number of studies suggest that surveillance is effective in capturing the early lesions for which survival is excellent, but current data indicate that only a small fraction (<5%) of patients in whom gastric cardiac and esophageal carcinomas develop are actually targeted by surveillance programs 2 ; most patients seek care too late in the disease course to benefit from even the most aggressive treatment. Unfortunately, because esophageal cancer is relatively uncommon (there were 16,470 estimated new cases of esophageal cancer in the United States in 2008 compared with 148,419 colon cancers and 215,020 lung cancers), 3 it is not likely, given economic factors, that there will be a push for intensified screening and early detection of esophagus cancers. It is well-known that Barrett esophagus is a precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinomas. In the United States, Barrett esophagus has been defined as change of the distal esophageal epithelium of any length that can be recognized as columnar epithelium at endoscopy and that has intestinal metaplasia revealed by biopsy, 4 whereas documentation of goblet cells is not required in the United Kingdom, some of continental Europe (excluding Germany), or Japan. As such, Barrett esophagus is thus often an endoscopic rather than a histologic diagnosis outside the United States. The reasoning for the US definition is the belief that intestinal metaplasia is a marker for a higher likelihood over that of gastric-type mucosa for progression to adenocarcinoma. 5 However, regardless of where the patient resides, most endoscopists biopsy columnar epithelium in the esophagus to assess for neoplasia. Whether definitions will gradually be modified in the United States to transform Barrett esophagus from a histologic diagnosis to an endoscopic one remains a subject of debate (some of which relates to economic issues), but some studies indicate that, in fact, high-grade columnar epithelial dysplasia and early esophageal adenocarcinomas are more likely to be accompanied by gastric cardiac-type mucosa than by metaplastic mucosa with goblet cells. 6 Those of us in the pathology community will be part of any changes that come in the endoscopy community. In the interim, however, we should strive to best serve the lucky minority of at-risk patients who are screened and whose precursor lesions and early cancers are likely to be biopsied. Since the progression from Barrett esophagus to dysplasia to adenocarcinoma is a continuum and presumably the reflection of accumulating genetic events, it is not surprising that pathologists do not always agree in classifying the stages of this progression. This disagreement is present for grading dysplasia 7 and for distinguishing between high-grade
The awakening of an advanced malignant cancer: an insult to the mitochondrial genome.

Abstract Background In only months-to-years a primary cancer can progress to an advanced phenotype that is metastatic and resistant to clinical treatments. As early as the 1900s, it was discovered that the progression of a cancer to the advanced phenotype is often associated with a shift in the metabolic profile of the disease from a state of respiration to anaerobic fermentation — a phenomenon denoted as the Warburg Effect. Scope of review Reports in the literature strongly suggest that the Warburg Effect is generated as a response to a loss in the integrity of the sequence and/or copy number of the mitochondrial genome content within a cancer. Major Conclusions Multiple studies regarding the progression of cancer indicate that mutation, and/or, a flux in the copy number, of the mitochondrial genome content can support the early development of a cancer, until; the mutational load and/or the reduction-to-depletion of the copy number of the mitochondrial genome content induces the progression of the disease to an advanced phenotype. General significance Collectively, evidence has revealed that the human cell has incorporated the mitochondrial genome content into a cellular mechanism that, when pathologically actuated, can de(un)differentiate a cancer from the parental tissue of origin into an autonomous disease that disrupts the hierarchical structure-and-function of the human body. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biochemistry of Mitochondria.
Verifying the performance of transparent clocks in PTP systems

This paper presents test results from several IEEE1588 Transparent Clocks (TC) under realistic network conditions. Imperfections are documented that may impact the end-to-end synchronization performance between Master Clocks (MC) and Slave Clocks (SC). To help service providers select and configure these devices to meet their synchronization performance needs, a new test methodology for characterizing TC performance under real-world conditions is presented. The “Correction Factor Error” test method is introduced which could serve as the basis for future IEEE1588 test standards for these devices.