cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detrusor expulsive strength is preserved, but responsiveness to bladder filling and urinary sensitivity is diminished in the aging mouse

The prevalence of urinary symptoms increases with age and is a significant source of distress, morbidity, and expense in the elderly. Recent evidence suggests that symptoms in the aged may result from sensory dysfunction, rather than abnormalities of detrusor performance. Therefore, we employed a pressure/flow multichannel urethane-anesthetized mouse cystometry model to test the hypothesis that in vivo detrusor performance does not degrade with aging. Secondarily, we sought to evaluate sensory responsiveness to volume using pressure-volume data generated during bladder filling. Cystometric data from 2-, 12-, 22-, and 26-mo-old female C57BL6 mice were compared. All 2- and 12-mo-old mice, 66% of 22-mo-old mice, and 50% of 26-mo-old mice responded to continuous bladder filling with periodic reflex voiding. Abdominal wall contraction with voiding had a minimal contribution to expulsive pressure, whereas compliance pressure was a significant contributor. Maximum bladder pressure, estimated detrusor pressure, detrusor impulse (pressure-time integral), as well as indices of detrusor power and work, did not decrease with aging. Bladder precontraction pressures decreased, compliance increased, and nonvoiding contraction counts did not change with increasing age. Intervoid intervals, per-void volumes, and voiding flow rates increased with age. Calculations approximating wall stress during filling suggested loss of bladder volume sensitivity with increasing age. We conclude that aging is associated with an impaired ability to respond to the challenge of continuous bladder filling with cyclic voiding, yet among responsive animals, voiding detrusor contraction strength does not degrade with aging in this murine model. Furthermore, indirect measures suggest that bladder volume sensitivity is diminished. Thus, changes in homeostatic reserve and peripheral and/or central sensory mechanisms may be important contributors to aging-associated changes in bladder function.
The case for efficient file access pattern modeling

Most modern I/O systems treat each file access independently. However events in a computer system are driven by programs. Thus, accesses to files occur in consistent patterns and are by no means independent. The result is that modern I/O systems ignore useful information. Using traces of file system activity we show that file accesses are strongly correlated with preceding accesses. In fact, a simple last-successor model (one that predicts each file access will be followed by the same file that followed the last time it was accessed) successfully predicted the next file 72% of the time. We examine the ability of two previously proposed models for file access prediction in comparison to this baseline model and see a stark contrast in accuracy and high overheads in state space. We then enhance one of these models to address the issues of model space requirements. This new model is able to improve an additional 10% on the accuracy of the last-successor model, while working within a state space that is within a constant factor (relative to the number of files) of the last successor model. While this work was motivated by the use of file relationships for l/O prefetching, information regarding the likelihood of file access patterns has several other uses such as disk layout and file clustering for disconnected operation.
Recent taxonomic changes for anaerobic gram-positive and selected gram-negative organisms

The strains formerly classified as Streptococcus anginosus or "Streptococcus milleri" have now been recognized as three distinct species, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, and Streptococcus intermedius. Streptococcus morbillorum has been transferred into the genus Gemella. Four new species within the genus Peptostreptococcus were recently named. A recent addition to the genus Clostridium is Clostridium argentinense, which includes Clostridium botulinum type G. Two new species of Actinomyces have been introduced: Actinomyces georgiae and Actinomyces gerencseriae. Arachnia propionica was shown to be related to propionibacteria and has been renamed Propionibacterium propionicum. Eubacterium yurii was named to contain "test-tube brush" bacteria found in subgingival plaque. Lactobacillus uli and Lactobacillus rimae are obligately anaerobic lactobacilli found in periodontal pockets. Bilophila is a new genus of gram-negative bacilli. Wolinella recta and Wolinella curva are now included in the genus Campylobacter. The taxonomic position of Mobiluncus, currently assigned to the family Bacteroidaceae, remains uncertain.
Increased kallikrein activity in the rabbit renal vasculature during low sodium intake

1. Vascular tissue has been shown to possess a kallikrein--kinin system that may participate in the kinin-mediated increase in renal sodium excretion. As sodium deprivation has been demonstrated to increase kallikrein content in the kidney and urine we hypothesized that during low sodium intake, kallikrein should increase in the renal vasculature. 2. Kininogenase activity, reflecting kallikrein enzymatic content, was measured in a homogenate of a microdissected intrarenal arterial network (IAN) from the rabbit kidney. Kininogenase activity was determined in rabbits on a normal sodium (n = 14) or sodium-restricted (n = 9) diet. 3. Total kininogenase activity in rabbits on a normal sodium diet was 15.0 +/- 2.7 pg kinin/mg per 30 min, while it was much higher in rabbits on a sodium-restricted diet (90.7 +/- 16.5 pg kinin/mg per 30 min). Specific tissue kallikrein activity was measured by comparing the difference in kininogenase activity in homogenates treated with soybean-trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) compared with homogenates treated with SBTI and aprotinin. This difference was much larger in the sodium-restricted rabbits than in rabbits on a normal sodium diet (29.5 +/- 3.8 vs 5.1 +/- 1.7 pg kinin/mg per 30 min, respectively). 4. We conclude that the rabbit IAN produces kallikrein, which is markedly increased in response to sodium restriction. Increased kinins during sodium restriction may modulate the pressor and anti-natriuretic systems activated during negative sodium balance.
Personal values, business ethics and strategic development

Defines ethics and examines the controversy surrounding teaching ethics in business schools. Traces the link between personal values and business schools, and discusses strategies for developing and maintaining ethical businesses.
Liver Transplantation With Incidental Gallbladder Carcinoma in the Recipient Hepatectomy

Gallbladder carcinoma(GBCA) is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract1 and is often found seredipitiously after cholecystectomy. We report the first two cases of incidental GBCA in the native gallbladder of two liver transplant recipients. Both patients are 2.5 years following uneventful orthotopiic liver transplantation(OLTx) with no evidence of recurrent disease. Pathology of both recipients was early and favorable. Neither patient received any further therapy. Given the incidence of GBCA and the evolution of OLTx we would anticipate this finding to be more prevalent.
Evaluating the Impact of Clinical Interventions by PharmD Students on Internal Medicine Clerkships: The Results of a 3 Year Study

Background:As the practice of pharmacy evolves, requiring more clinically oriented healthcare providers, PharmD programs expand their training to more hospital sites to expose students to management of a variety of disease states. These hospital sites often require proof of the impact of PharmD students on patient care over an extended period. This is the first long-term (3 year) study reported.Objective:To evaluate the impact of clinical interventions by PharmD students on internal medicine clerkships over a 3 year period at a 627 bed county hospital with 165 general medical/surgical beds and 10 internal medicine teams.Methods:Between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2005, all pharmacy interventions at Kings County Hospital Center in Brooklyn, NY, were recorded and analyzed for percentage of contribution, acceptance rate, type, frequency, and impact level.Results:PharmD students contributed to 28.8% of all pharmacy interventions made, with an acceptance rate for interventions of 92%. The most frequent t...
REID HUNT REACTION AND THE THYROTROPIC HORMONE1

Reid Hunt’s observation that white mice treated with thyroid substance showed an increase in their resistance against acetonitril, gave us a very suitable method for the study of thyroid disturbances. Hunt considers the protective action as due to acceleration of the oxidation of acetonitril, formic acid and thiocyanate. In all probability the mechanism of detoxication is more complicated. A diminution of the effect of the poison results. Numerous writers (Ghedini, Gellhorn, Miura, Reid Hunt, von Bergmann and others) found that this reaction was not specific for the thyroid but could also be produced by other organ extracts. With the increase in knowledge of the endocrines the reason for this peculiar behavior becomes clearer. It offers an explanation of why the administration of the serum of pregnant women or anterior pituitary gland extracts increases the resistance to acetonitril. Thyroxin and the thyrotropic hormone are responsible for the elevated Reid Hunt reaction. Animal tests have shown unquestio...
Re: “A Melanoma Epidemic in Iceland: Possible Influence of Sunbed Use”

The recent report by Hery et al. (1) provides an interesting example of piecing together population-level epidemiologic data in an orderly way to better understand an emerging public health problem. Hery et al.’s results documented a population-level rise in melanoma rates in Iceland that coincided with a population-level rise in sunbed use. In the accompanying editorial, Berwick stated, “These data appear to demonstrate a relation between sunbed use and the development of melanoma; however, as they are ecologic, the results are not based on individual measures and are only weakly supportive of this relation” (2, p. 769).
A novel high frequency, high-efficiency, differential class-E power amplifier in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS

This paper presents the design of a high efficiency, low THD, 5.7 GHz fully differential power amplifier for wireless communications in a standard 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The power amplifier employs a fully differential class-E topology to achieve high power efficiency by exploiting its soft-switching property. In order to achieve high operating frequency, an injection-locked oscillator is utilized, which makes the output voltage of the power amplifier tuned at the input signal frequency. A complementary CMOS cross-coupled pair topology is employed to realize the LC-tank oscillator because it has lower phase-noise, thereby giving lower THD than the single NMOS cross-coupled pair topology. The proposed power amplifier can deliver 25 dBm output power to a 50 /spl Omega/ load at 5.7 GHz with 42.6% power-added efficiency (PAE) from a 1.8 V supply voltage.
Constraints on D″ structure using PKP(AB–DF), PKP(BC–DF) and PcP–P traveltime data from broad-band records

SUMMARY The effects of complex structure in the deep mantle and D �� on PKP differential traveltimes should be estimated accurately in order to reach reliable conclusions concerning the physical and chemical properties of the Earth’s inner and outer core. In particular, it is important to assess how much of the data can be explained by mantle structure alone. For this purpose, we have assembled global data sets of high-quality PKP(AB‐DF), PKP(BC‐DF) and PcP‐P differential traveltimes measured on mostly broad-band records. The PKP(AB‐DF) data were inverted alone or jointly with PcP‐P data, to retrieve P-velocity maps of the lowermost 300 km of the mantle. Corrections for mantle structure above D �� were performed prior to inversion using recent tomographic models and the fit to the PKP(BC‐DF) data set was used to constrain damping in the inversions. We compare models obtained with and without polar PKP paths and find that their inclusion or exclusion does not significantly affect the resulting D �� model except under North America, where coverage is poor without polar paths. Our preferred model, obtained using PKP(AB‐DF) and PcP‐P data combined, explains over 80 per cent of the variance in PKP(AB‐DF), almost 60 per cent of the variance in PcP‐P and 27 per cent of the variance in PKP(BC‐DF)—a significant portion considering that the PKP(BC‐DF) data set was not used in the inversion. Our models are characterized by prominent fast features under mid-America and east Asia, a fast belt across the Pacific, a slow region under the southwestern Pacific and southern Africa, as well as sharp transitions from fast to slow, for instance under Alaska and the South Atlantic. The anomalous South Sandwich to Alaska data cannot fully be explained by D �� structure alone, unless very short-wavelength lateral vari
Cytoplasmic O-GlcNAc Modification of the Head Domain and the KSP Repeat Motif of the Neurofilament Protein Neurofilament-H

Neurofilaments, the major intermediate filaments in large myelinated neurons, are essential for specifying proper axonal caliber. Mammalian neurofilaments are obligate heteropolymers assembled from three polypeptides, neurofilament (NF)-H, NF-M, and NF-L, each of which undergoes phosphorylation at multiple sites. NF-M and NF-L are known to be modified by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) (Dong, D. L.-Y., Xu, Z.-S., Chevrier, M. R., Cotter, R. J., Cleveland, D. W., and Hart, G. W. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 16679-16687). Here we further report that NF-H is extensively modified by O-GlcNAc at Thr53, Ser54, and Ser56 in the head domain and, somewhat surprisingly, at multiple sites within the Lys-Ser-Pro repeat motif in the tail domain, a region in assembled neurofilaments known to be nearly stoichiometrically phosphorylated on each of the ∼50 KSP repeats. Beyond the earlier identified sites on NF-M and NF-L, O-GlcNAc sites on Thr19 and Ser34 of NF-M and Ser34 and Ser48 of NF-L are also determined here, all of which are localized in head domain sequences critical for filament assembly. The proximity of O-GlcNAc and phosphorylation sites in both head and tail domains of each subunit indicates that these modifications may influence one another and play a role in filament assembly and network formation.
Maternal hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and the risk of severe hypospadias.

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive disorders occur in an estimated 5–10% of pregnancies, but few studies have examined birth defects in relation to high blood pressure and antihypertensive medication use. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between high blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, and severe hypospadias. METHODS: We used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based, multicenter, case-control study of birth defects to assess risks for severe hypospadias in relation to self-reported high blood pressure and prenatal exposures to antihypertensive drugs in 758 male infants with severe hypospadias and 2,058 male controls born between 1997 and 2002. Logistic regression analyses estimated ORs and 95% CIs, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: We observed slight to moderate elevations in the risk of severe hypospadias for maternal untreated hypertension (adjusted OR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.6–2.9) and antihypertensive medication use during 1 month preconception through pregnancy month 4 (adjusted OR 1.4; 95% CI: 0.7–2.9). The association was strongest for subjects initiating medications after the fourth month (adjusted OR 5.0; 95% CI: 1.9–12.9). CONCLUSIONS: We observed an association between hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and the risk of severe hypospadias, particularly when medication use began late in pregnancy. Because hypospadias occurs in early pregnancy, the data suggest that hypertension and its morphologic/physiologic precursors play an etiologic role, perhaps via compromised uteroplacental perfusion. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 82:34–40, 2008. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. y
Florida Scrub-Jays eject foreign eggs added to their nests

Abstract Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and to a lesser extent Shiny Cowbirds (M. bonariensis), have expanded their breeding ranges to include that of the Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens). We added the eggs of seven bird species to Florida Scrub-Jay nests to determine if scrub-jays eject foreign eggs. Most eggs were ejected within 1 d of addition, probably by grasp-ejection. Ejection of foreign eggs by Florida Scrub-Jays suggests that cowbirds, should they begin to parasitize scrub-jays, would waste their reproductive effort. Fossil evidence suggests that Florida Scrub-Jays may be former cowbird hosts that have sustained the ability to eject.
Energy harvesting from dancing: for broadening in participation in STEM fields

Energy harvesting from structure vibration, human motion or environmental source has been the focus of researchers in the past few decades. This paper proposes a novel design that is suitable to harvest energy from human motions such as dancing or physical exercise and use the device to engage young students in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) fields and outreach activities. The energy harvester (EH) device was designed for a dominant human operational frequency range of 1–5 Hz and it can be wearable by human. We proposed to incorporate different genres of music coupled with energy harvesting technologies for motivation and energy generation. Students will learn both science and art together, since the energy harvesting requires understanding basic physical phenomena and the art enables various physical movements that imparts the largest motion transfer to the EH device. Therefore, the systems are coupled to each other. Young people follow music updates more than robotics or energy harvesting researches. Most popular videos on YouTube and VEVO are viewed more than 100 million times. Perhaps, integrating the energy harvesting research with music or physical exercise might enhance students’ engagement in science, and needs investigation. A multimodal energy harvester consisting of piezoelectric and electromagnetic subsystems, which can be wearable in the leg, is proposed in this study. Three piezoelectric cantilever beams having permanent magnets at the ends are connected to a base through a slip ring. Stationary electromagnetic coils are installed in the base and connected in series. Whenever the device is driven by any oscillation parallel to the base, the unbalanced rotor will rotate generating energy across the stationary coils in the base. In another case, if the device is driven by an oscillation perpendicular to the base, a stress will be induced within the cantilever beams generating energy across the piezoelectric materials.
Bacterial biofilm diversity in contact lens-related disease: emerging role of Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Delftia.

PURPOSE. Multi-species biofilms associated with contact lens cases and lenses can predispose individuals to contact lensrelated inflammatory complications. Our study used cultureindependent methods to assess the relationship between the severity of contact lens-related disease and bacteria residing in biofilms of contact lens cases and lenses. METHODS. Contact lens cases and lenses from 28 patients referred to the West Virginia University Eye Institute and diagnosed as having mild keratitis, keratitis with focal infiltrates, or corneal ulcers were processed and evaluated for bacterial composition based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Cases and lenses from nine asymptomatic contact lens wearers were processed in a manner similar to controls. Relationships between disease severity, bacterial types, and bacterial diversity were evaluated statistically. RESULTS. Disease severity and presenting visual acuity correlated with an increase in the diversity of bacterial types isolated from contact lens cases. A significant difference also was observed in the number of bacterial types associated with the three clinical groups. Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Delftia were prevalent in all disease groups, and Achromobacter and Stenotrophomonas were present in one asymptomatic control. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that Achromobacter and Stenotrophomonas formed a biofilm on the surface of contact lenses. CONCLUSIONS. Culture-independent methods identified an association between disease severity and bacterial diversity in biofilms isolated from cases and lenses of patients with contact lens-related corneal disease. Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Delftia were predominant bacteria identified in our study, drawing attention to their emerging role in contact lensrelated disease. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:3896‐ 3905) DOI:10.1167/iovs.11-8762
One-Dimensional Approach to Modeling of Reflected and Transmitted Pressure Pulses in Ducts

Numerous aerospace propulsion problems involve propagation of pressure waves and pressure pulses through ducts of variable cross section and their intersections. Pressure waves dissipate when they propagate in moving Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids and undergo transmission through intersection of ducts and reflection at their walls. Onedimensional numerical approximation of these phenomena will be useful for the multivariant engineering design and optimization as well as for real-time control. While reflection of pressure pulses over closed valves and duct entrances is usually described by uniform boundary conditions and is naturally one-dimensional, reflection and transmission of pressure pulses at intersection of ducts with different cross sections is a multi-dimensional process caused by non-uniform boundary conditions. In the current study, the onedimensional approach is investigated to approximate the multi-dimensional process of reflection and transmission of pressure pulses at intersection of ducts with different cross sections. The approach is facilitated by introduction of local force exerted by solid wall on pressure pulse at intersection of ducts into the conservative form of conservation laws. This source term is incorporated into second-order MacCormack scheme. Finally, it is shown that the non-conservative form of the conservation laws is capable of capturing the wall effect without requiring the addition of the force term. The transmission/reflection predictions from latter approach and using second-order MacCormack scheme exhibit improved agreement with existing analytical solution.
Influence of Nutrients in the Adult Diet on Diapause in the Boll Weevil

The ratio of proteins and carbohydrates in the adult diet of Anthonomus grandis Boheman was varied to study its effect on the initiation of diapause. Removal of germinated cottonseed puree from the standard diet greatly increased the incidence of diapause, but this effect was offset partially by increasing the level of protein and decreasing the level of sucrose. Similarly, a reduction of protein and an increase in sucrose caused greater numbers of insects to enter diapause. We were not able to extract the component (s) of germinated cottonseed that prevent initiation of diapause with chloroform, acetone, water, and dilute NaOH, in succession. A cottonseed flour or the alkali-soluble protein of that flour was equal to or better than germinated cottonseed in preventing the initiation of diapause.
Occurrence of jaundice in inoculated suckling mice.

SummaryJaundice has been observed in baby mice inoculated with bacteria-free nitrates of whole carcass suspensions of suckling mice. An hemolytic anemia is associated with the jaundice; mice more than 4 days of age at time of inoculation appear resistant. There is no evidence that the phenomenon is caused by a primary infectious agent.
Quantitative Evaluation of Human Visual Perception for Multiple Screens and Multiple Codecs

Great consumer experiences are created by a convergence of sight, sound, and story. This paper presents an in-depth quantitative analysis of the neurobiology and optics of sight. More specifically, it examines how principles of vision science can be used to predict the bit rates and video quality needed to make video on devices ranging from smartphones to ultrahigh-definition televisions (UHDTVs) a success. It presents the psychophysical concepts of simple acuity, hyperacuity, and Snellen acuity to examine the visibility of compression artifacts for the MPEG-4/H.264 video compression standard. It looks at the newest emerging international compression standard for High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). It will investigate how the various sizes of the new coding units in HEVC would be imaged on the retina and what that could mean in terms of the HEVC video quality and bit rates that would likely be needed to deliver entertainment-quality content to smartphones, tablets, high-definition televisions, 4K TVs, and UHDTVs.
Research on Architecture of Terminal Communication Access Network in Smart Grid

For a long time,the distribution automation and AMR services have not been widely implemented in China.One of the most important reasons is the poor communication system in distribution network.The poor performance and low reliability of the communication system restricted the development of distribution network.As the promotion of smart grid,the services in distribution network have increased greatly.Most of them require high-speed,real-time,reliable communication as support.This paper proposes a new architecture of distribution communication network which is suitable for smart grid,through studying the distribution network communication services and analyzing the existing problems of distribution communication network architecture.
Analysis of the Refractive Situation of Preschool Children in Shijiazhuang

Objective To investigate the refractive situation of the preschool children and to discuss the relationship of their ametropic situation with their residential areas,their parents' ametropic history and their ages.Methods The Suresight auto refractometer was used in this study to carry out refractive error screening,outer eye and fundus examination for kindergarten children from the urban area and the rural and mountainous area of Shijiazhuang.The children were grouped according to their ages.Results 1550 preschool children were examined,and complete information of 1139 children were collected.The incidence rate of refractive errors among them was 12.29%(140/1139).The incidence rate among the over 2~5-year-old age groups had no statistically significant difference(χ2=5.931,P=0.115).The major types of refractive errors were compound hyperopic astigmatism,simple hypermetropia and mixed astigmatism.There was no statistically significant difference in gender,regions and related familial medical history(χ2=0.381,P=0.537;χ2=3.115,P=0.078;χ2=2.440,P=0.118).There was no statistically significant difference in spherical diopter and cylindrical diopter among different age groups after obviation in patients with abnormal refraction(F=0.861,P=0.674;F=1.132,P=0.297;F=0.999,P=0.468;F=0.945,P=0.537).Conclusion There is no relationship between the refractive errors with age,gender,region and the related familial medical history of the preschool children.The major types of refractive errors are compound hyperopic astigmatism,simple hypermetropia and mixed astigmatism.Refractive error screening for preschool children is significant in early diagnosis of refractive errors.
Safer Cycling Through Improved Infrastructure

In this article, the author examines efforts to improve cycling safety in the U.S. Particular focus is given to cycling safety in countries including the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. Additional topics discussed include implementing policies and improving infrastructure and technology, cycling in Boston, Massachusetts, and the importance of bike lanes.
Pasteur and the art of chirality

Louis Pasteur was a scientific giant of the nineteenth century, but, as Joseph Gal asks, was his most famous contribution to the understanding of chemistry — chirality — influenced more by his artistic talents?
Sleep timing is associated with self-reported dietary patterns in 9- to 15-year-olds.

Abstract Objective To examine sleep timing differences in self-reported dietary patterns of children and adolescents. Design Cross-sectional. Participants Students aged 9-15 years (n = 119, 11.7 ± 1.3 years, 76% female) attending a summer program for the gifted. The upper and lower quartiles of reported midsleep time (weighted weekday-weekend average) were used to identify early (n = 28) and late (n = 27) sleep timing groups. Methods Sleep patterns were assessed via self-report. Participants also rated their likelihood to consume 9 different categories of food and drinks on a 5-point scale ranging from “no likelihood” to “high likelihood.” Foods were grouped as follows: (1) sugary and caffeinated beverages; (2) high-energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods (ie, sugary, salty, fatty foods); and (3) low-energy-dense, nutrient-rich foods (ie, vegetables, proteins, carbohydrates, fruits). Results Midsleep time was 02:11 ± 00:25 for the early and 06:14 ± 01:00 for the late sleep timing groups. Participants reporting later sleep timing were more likely to consume sugary/caffeinated beverages and high-energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods throughout the day compared with their early sleep timing peers. The late vs the early sleep timing group also had a higher likelihood of overall consumption of foods and drinks from all categories into the evening and nighttime hours. Conclusion Our findings indicate that children and adolescents who exhibit late sleep timing are more likely to make poorer dietary choices, which may have important implications for understanding pathways to adiposity and obesity risk during this sensitive period of development.
Three Dimensional Information Extraction and Applications to Video Analysis

This chapter explores the idea of extracting three dimensional features from a video, and using such features to aid various video analysis and mining tasks. The use of 3D information in video analysis is scarce in the literature due to the inherent difficulties of such a system. When the only input to the system is a video stream with no previous knowledge of the scene or camera (a typical scenario in video analysis), computing an accurate 3D representation becomes a difficult task; however, several recently proposed methods can be applied to solving the problem efficiently, including simultaneous localization and mapping, structure from motion, and 3D reconstruction. These methods are surveyed and presented in the context of video analysis and demonstrated using videos from TRECVID 2005; their limitations are also discussed. Once an accurate 3D representation of a video is obtained, it can be used to increase the performance and accuracy of existing systems for various video analysis and mining tasks. Advantages of utilizing 3D representation are illustrated using several of these tasks, including shot boundary detection, object recognition, content-based video retrieval, as well as human activity recognition. The chapter concludes with a discussion on limitations of existing 3D methods and future research directions.
SU014813 is a novel multireceptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potent antiangiogenic and antitumor activity

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), stem cell factor receptor (KIT), and fms-like tyrosine kinase 3(FLT3), are expressed in malignant tissues and act in concert, playing diverse and major roles in angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. With the exception of a few malignancies, seemingly driven by a single genetic mutation in a signaling protein, most tumors are the product of multiple mutations in multiple aberrant signaling pathways. Consequently, simultaneous targeted inhibition of multiple signaling pathways could be more effective than inhibiting a single pathway in cancer therapies. Such a multitargeted strategy has recently been validated in a number of preclinical and clinical studies using RTK inhibitors with broad target selectivity. SU14813, a small molecule identified from the same chemical library used to isolate sunitinib, has broad-spectrum RTK inhibitory activity through binding to and inhibition of VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT, and FLT3. In cellular assays, SU14813inhibited liganddependent and ligand-independent proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells and/or tumor cells expressing these targets. SU14813inhibited VEGFR-2, PDGFR- B, and FLT3phosphorylation in xenograft tumors in a doseand time-dependent fashion. The plasma concentration required for in vivo target inhibition was estimated to be 100 to 200 ng/mL. Used as monotherapy, SU14813 exhibited broad and potent antitumor activity resulting in regression, growth arrest, or substantially reduced growth of various established xenografts derived from human or rat tumor cell lines. Treatment in combination with docetaxel significantly enhanced both the inhibition of primary tumor growth and the survival of the tumorbearing mice compared with administration of either agent alone. In summary, SU14813inhibited target RTK activity in vivo in association with reduction in angiogenesis, target RTK-mediated proliferation, and survival of tumor cells, leading to broad and potent antitumor efficacy. These data support the ongoing phase I clinical evaluation of SU14813in advanced malignancies. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(7):1774 – 82]
Admission into Diplomatic Buildings As an Alternative or Substitute to Diplomatic Asylum

The 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations does not contain any explicit clause on diplomatic asylum. The temporary refuge offered by legations and embassies is however a currently used practice and states and governments can live together with it, even if its lawfulness was always subject to discussion. The article highlights this extended practice with the help of examples from the twentieth century from Europe, Asia, Africa and America.
Anemia and blood transfusion in elderly trauma patients.

Abstract Background The natural history of postinjury among elderly trauma patients has not been well described. We hypothesized that elderly trauma patients would have lower admission hemoglobin (Hb) levels, higher transfusion rates, and worse outcomes than young trauma patients. Methods We performed a propensity-matched retrospective cohort analysis comparing elderly (age ≥65 y) to young (age 18-64) trauma patients matched by sex, mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, base deficit, comorbidities, operative blood loss, and phlebotomy blood loss (n = 41/group). Outcomes included Hb trends, packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion, length of stay, and mortality. Results Elderly patients had lower admission Hb (11.3 versus 10.2 g/dL, P = 0.012), received more PRBC transfusions within 24 h (3.6 versus 1.8 units, P = 0.046), and during admission (6.9 versus 4.3 units, P = 0.008). Despite receiving more PRBC transfusions and having similar operative and phlebotomy blood loss, elderly subjects had lower discharge Hb (9.0 versus 9.7 g/dL, P = 0.013). Elderly subjects had fewer ICU-free days (2.0 versus 6.0 d, P Conclusions Elderly trauma patients had lower admission Hb, received more transfusions, and had persistently lower Hb on discharge when controlling for injury severity, comorbid conditions, and blood loss. Aging may have a negative impact on postinjury anemia.
Fractals and Ocean Floor Topography: A Review and a Model

The topography of the Earth’s surface, as many other geophysical variables, can be separated into two components: a large-scale, long-wavelength component that can be predicted by simple models of physical processes, and that we may call deterministic; and a small-scale, random component that is very difficult to predict in a deterministic fashion (Mandelbrot, 1975). An example is the overall topography of the ocean floor (Bell, 1979; Gilbert and Malinverno, 1988; Goff and Jordan, 1988; Mareschal, 1989). As the oceanic lithosphere moves away from the midocean ridge axis, it thickens by cooling and subsides isostatically. The overall depth of the ocean floor is proportional to the square root of its age, following the predictions of simple thermal models (Davis and Lister, 1974; Langseth and others, 1966; McKenzie, 1967; Oldenburg, 1975; Parsons and Sclater, 1977). While the cooling model explains the overall deepening of the ocean floor away from the ridge axis, it is also obvious that there are a number of apparently random residual features on the ridge flank that are not accounted for (see Fig. 6.1). These ridge-and-trough features or abyssal hills (Heezen and others, 1959), are elongated in a direction parallel to the ridge axis (i.e., perpendicular to the page in Fig. 6.1). These volcanic constructions and/or fault-bounded blocks formed near the ridge axis and were subsequently transported onto the ridge flanks (Dietz, 1961; Kappel and Ryan, 1986; Larson, 1971; Lewis, 1979; Lonsdale, 1977; Macdonald and Atwater, 1978; Macdonald and Luyendyk, 1985; Menard and Mammerickx, 1967; Pockalny and others, 1987; Pockalny and others, 1988; Rea, 1975; Searle and Laughton, 1977).
Activation of NF-κB/Rel by Tax involves degradation of IκBα and is blocked by a proteasome inhibitor

The tax gene product of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) induces the nuclear expression and biological function of the NF-kappa B/Rel family of host transcription factors although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that Tax-mediated activation of NF-kappa B/Rel can be inhibited by a proteasome inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of proteolytic reactions in this Tax-specific activation pathway. Transient transfection and reporter gene assays have revealed that Tax overrides the inhibitory function of I kappa B alpha in both F9 embryonal cells and Jurkat T cells. Moreover, Tax-mediated inactivation of I kappa B alpha requires a 16 amino acid sequence element located at the N-terminal region (amino acid 21-36) of I kappa B alpha, which is also required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced degradation of this inhibitory protein. We further demonstrate that the proteasome inhibitor also blocks the degradation of I kappa B alpha observed in HTLV-I-infected T cells. Interestingly, inhibition of I kappa B alpha degradation in these cells led to the accumulation of a phosphorylated form of I kappa B alpha. Together, these studies suggest that Tax activation of NF-kappa B/Rel may involve induction of phosphorylation and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation of the inhibitor I kappa B alpha.
Hydroclimatically-Defined Mixed Distributions in Partial Duration Flood Series

The possibility of mixed distributions in flood series is widely recognized and attempts to separate records into homogeneous subsets have been encouraged. climatic is often proposed as a source of mixed distributions, but the separation of flood records into climatic subgroubs has tended to focus on seasonal divisions or a partitioning of the flood series into rainfall and snowmelt-generated events. In this study, a detailed Hydroclimatic analysis is used to categorize floods on the basis of the synoptic weather patterns which produced them. This procedure represents the first attempt to the classify flood-generating mechanism responsible for each event. The technique identifies mixed distributions by using physically-based information that is independent of the runoff series, rather by defining subpopulations on the basis of the shape of the parent distribution itself.
Influence of addition of monensin to an alfalfa hay diet on net portal and hepatic nutrient flux in steers

Six Holstein steers (381 _+ 11 kg BW; mean f SEI surgically fitted with hepatic portal (n = 6), hepatic venous (n = 4), mesenteric venous, and arterial catheters were used in a replicated crossover design experiment to evaluate the influence of monen- sin addition to an alfalfa hay diet on net portal and hepatic nutrient flux. Steers were fed 6.5 kg of DM/d in 12 portions using automatic feeders. Diets included chopped alfalfa hay (20.4% CP) plus 418 g of DMid of finely ground corn (8.5% CP) with monensin added (240 mg/d) for treated steers. Experimental periods lasted 21 d, with blood samples taken on the final 2 d of each period. Five sets of arterial, portal, and hepatic blood samples were collected hourly from 0900 to 1300 each day. Ruminal fluid samples were collected by stomach tube at the end of each sampling day for VFA analysis. Blood flow was determined by a primed- continuous infusion of p-aminohippurate into the mesenteric venous catheter. Addition of monensin increased (P = .04) the molar percentage of ruminal propionate and decreased ruminal isobutyrate (P = .02) and isovalerate (P = .03). Percentages of the other ruminal VFA, total ruminal VFA concentration, and pH were not affected by feeding monensin. The arterial concentrations of L-lactate (P = .02) and 0- hydroxybutyrate (P = .01) were greater with monen- sin; however, none of the arterial concentrations of the other metabolites was changed. Feeding of monensin also did not affect (P > .lo) portal, hepatic, or hepatic arterial blood flow. Portal-arterial differences in glu- cose concentration and net portal flux tended (P = .lo) to be greater with monensin. Net portal fluxes of isobutyrate (P = .08) and 3-methylbutyrate (P = .Ol> were decreased by feeding monensin, whereas net fluxes of the other blood VFA were not affected (P > .lo). Net hepatic and total splanchnic flux of glucose, L-lactate, P-hydroxybutyrate, acetate, propionate, or butyrate were not affected (P > .lo) by feeding monensin. Changes in VFA net absorption from feeding monensin were not consistent with its role in increasing ruminal propionate production, and total net portal energy flux did not change. These results are not consistent with the role of monensin in improving feed efficiency directly through increased ruminal propionate production.
The 11th workshop on active internet measurements (AIMS-11) workshop report

On 16-17 April 2018, CAIDA hosted its eleventh Workshop on Active Internet Measurements (AIMS-11). This workshop series provides a forum for stakeholders in Internet active measurement projects to communicate their interests and concerns, and explore cooperative approaches to maximizing the collective benefit of deployed infrastructure and gathered data. An overarching theme this year was scaling the storage, indexing, annotation, and usage of Internet measurements. We discussed tradeoffs in use of commercial cloud services to to make measurement results more accessible and informative to researchers in various disciplines. Other agenda topics included status updates on recent measurement infrastructures and community feedback; measurement of poorly configured infrastructure; and recent successes and approaches to evolving challenges in geolocation, topology, route hijacking, and performance measurement. We review highlights of discussions of the talks. This report does not cover each topic discussed; for more details examine workshop presentations linked from the workshop web page:http://www.caida.org/workshops/aims/1904/.
Acute consumption of Black walnuts increases fullness and decreases lipid peroxidation in humans.

Abstract Walnuts are a nutrient dense food, but most health research is on English walnuts (EW). Black walnuts (BW) contain a different antioxidant and fatty acid profile, and more protein, compared to EW. The purpose of the study was to compare postprandial responses following the consumption of 3 breakfast meals containing either butter (control), BW, or EW. We hypothesized that walnut-containing meals would mitigate post-meal increases in glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and lipid peroxidation while increasing TAC compared to the traditional meal without nuts. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the BW meal would exhibit greater TAC and subjective fullness while mitigating postprandial increases in lipid peroxidation better than the EW. This was a randomized, double-blind control crossover study in 30 healthy adults with three testing visits. At each visit, subjects consumed either the control, BW, or EW meal. Blood draws and visual analog scale appetite ratings were obtained at fasting, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min postprandially. The BW and EW meals resulted in greater suppression of appetite vs. control (P
Fermented Soy Beverage Q-CAN Plus Consumption Improves Serum Cholesterol and Cytokines

Soy-based beverages are well recognized for their rich nutritional contents and positive health benefits. However, there is little information regarding the composition of various commercially avai...
Intense noise exposure alters peripheral vestibular structures and physiology.

This study identifies a change in the minimum stimulus necessary to evoke vestibular short-latency evoked potential (VsEP) responses after noise-induced damage to the vestibular periphery and reduc...
Scatter orientation index and texture analysis of human breast tissues using multi-spectral, multi-spatial frequency structured light imaging (Conference Presentation)

Biological tissue characterization using optical imaging techniques often focus on optical property quantification, a process that relies on a diffuse or sub-diffuse light transport model. Assumptions associated with each light transport model reduce the applicability and increase the computational and/or experimental complexity of the techniques. Scattering orientation index and texture metrics quantified for human breast tissues are free of light transport assumptions and were quantified using the demodulated reflectance from wide-field structured light imaging. This work suggests that wide-field tissue diagnostics might be possible without model-based optical property quantification and instead using assumption-free scatter orientation and textural information.
Thomas Moran's West: Chromolithography, High Art, and Popular Taste

Review of: "Thomas Moran's West: Chromolithography, High Art, and Popular Taste," by Joni L. Kinsey.
Chapter 11 – Multivariate analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses multivariate analysis. The term multivariate could be applied to a number of the problems. Multivariate analyses may be exploratory, seeking out pattern or structure in a single set of variables, or they may be directed to the estimation and use of relationships between two or more such sets of variables. The precise nature of the investigation of multivariate methods in general is quite complex, both in terms of their theoretical background and in terms of computational demands. The linear discriminate function is a technique for classifying an object or individual into one of two possible groups on the basis of a set of observations or measurements. An unbiased estimate of the actual error rate that is implicit in the use of a given classification rule can be obtained by applying the rule to an independent sample of subjects of known classification status. This procedure is referred to as cross-validation.
Efforts to Undermine the Affordable Care Act Would Disproportionately Harm Black Americans.

Abstract The historic Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has played a critical role in expanding coverage and improving care for African Americans, through provisions focused on health insurance, preventive services, and workforce, among others. In addition, the ACA authorized new offices of minority health and expanded federal efforts to collect health data by race, ethnicity, and other demographic variables. Efforts to weaken or repeal the ACA would disproportionately harm black Americans.
Wise Use of Surveillance Data: Evolving HIV Policy and Emerging Considerations Regarding COVID-19.

Molldrem and Smith (2020) raise important questions about the use of HIV molecular surveillance data by public health departments. A more detailed look at the history of HIV testing and reporting, ...