cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic books: viewpoints from users and potential users

A questionnaire survey was distributed among 27 students at a library and information science school in the USA to find out what users and potential users think about e‐books in this transition period, when the US economy has experienced downtime, and the e‐book world cannot see profitability in its business as predicted. Among the 27 survey participants, a third of them have used e‐books in the past, mostly reading computer‐based e‐books without special readers. “Available around the clock” and “searchable” are both chosen and ranked as the most important reasons. Those who have never used e‐books mainly think that ebooks are “hard to read and browse” or “need special equipment”. However, about half of the non‐users of e‐books plan to examine some e‐book titles in the future.
PREVALENCE OF SMALLPOX.

DURING THE past few years, health officers have warned the public of the increasing prevalence of smallpox throughout the United States and Canada. The report of the Surgeon General, U. S. Public Health Service, for 1924 stated that smallpox was the most widely distributed plague in the world, and that approximately one-fifth of all the cases of smallpox reported in the world during 1923-24 occurred in the United States. If the data showing the reported cases of smallpox in the United States since 1913 were charted, it would show alternating increases and decreases in the number of cases until we reach the years 1920 and 1921. During these two years the number of cases in the United States was almost double that reported during 1919. In 1922 in the United States about onethird as many cases were reported as for 1921. The number of cases reported in 1923 was slightly less than in 1922, but this slight apparent decrease was greatly overbalanced by the very much larger number reported during the calendar year 1924. A study of detailed data shows that the number of cases of smallpox that occur each year has a very definite relationship to the number of unvaccinated persons present in the community. States that have good vaccination laws have few cases of smallpox during a period of years. Other states that have no vaccination laws furnish quite constantly a large number of cases during a period of years. Massachusetts, with good vaccination laws,
Strain rate effects on dynamic fracture and strength

An experimental procedure and accompanying theoretical analysis is presented to produce a well-characterized technique for quantifying dynamic fracture properties of quasi-brittle materials. An analytical and experimental investigation of mode I fracture of concrete was conducted under the dynamic loading of a split Hopkinson pressure bar. Fracture specimens in the form of notched-cavity splitting tension cylinders were subjected to stress wave loading that produced strain rates nearing 10/s. Fracture parameters were extracted by the application of the two-parameter fracture model, a nonlinear fracture model for quasi-brittle materials. Finite element analysis verified the experimental configuration and addressed inertial contributions within the dynamic environment. Ultra-high-speed digital photography was synchronized with the fracture process to provide additional validation and insight to the experimental technique. Results show that the effective fracture toughness and specimen strength both increase significantly with loading rate. The numeric and photographic results validate the experimental technique as a new tool in determining rate dependent material properties.
Putting the Value Framework to Work

An increasing number of health care delivery organizations now describe enhancement of value for patients as a fundamental goal and are using the value framework developed by Michael Porter to try to improve outcomes as efficiently as possible.
Analysis of cytochrome P450 and phase II conjugating enzyme expression in adult male rat hepatocytes.

The induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and Phase II conjugating enzymes by prototypical hepatic enzyme inducers was studied in adult male rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were suspended and cultured in diluted Matrigel® in a basal serum-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium and exposed to the prototypical liver enzyme inducers, 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital, hydrocortisone, and clofibrate for 48 h. Total RNA and microsomes were isolated and prepared, respectively, at 72 h. The expression of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2C11, CYP2E1, CYP3A1, CYP3A2, CYP4A1, fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase, glutathione-S-transferase, and sulfotransferase was determined at the mRNA level with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of CYP1A1, CYP2B1, CYP2C11, CYP2E1, and CYP4A1 was also measured at the apoprotein level by Western immunoblotting. Using these culture and expression analysis techniques, we have found that the expression of these metabolic enzymes can be maintained in culture for up to 7 d at the mRNA and apoprotein levels. In addition, hepatocytes were found to respond to chemical enzyme inducers with marked increases in enzyme expression at either the mRNA or protein level and in a concentration-related fashion. Cells were responsive to enzyme induction as early as 24 h after initial plating. The results obtained from this investigation indicate that the presence of diluted Matrigel® (at a concentration of 0.35 mg/ml), the use of low concentrations of insulin (1 µM), hydrocortisone (0.1 µM), and serum-free culture medium can maintain the differentiated phenotype and responsiveness of cultured hepatocytes to chemical-induced metabolic enzyme expression. Under the conditions used in this study, enzyme induction in adult male rat hepatocytes shows close agreement with enzyme induction observed in the livers of rats exposed to these or similar prototypical enzyme inducers. Rat hepatocytes cultured in the presence of diluted Matrigel® coupled with enzyme mRNA expression analysis with RT-PCR are proven to be a valuable and important in vitro toxicological approach to assess the chemical-induced changes in expression of liver CYP450 and Phase II conjugating enzymes.
Defining Debates from the Outside Looking In: How Presidents Affect the Decisions of the House Rules Committee

In this study I demonstrate how presidents influence the decisions of the House Rules Committee. I show that, since the late 1980s, this rise in presidential influence has not been at the expense, but rather at the behest, of Speakers intent on instilling greater partisan order over the House. Speakers direct the Rules Committee to protect through restrictive rules those bills expressly supported by co-partisan presidents. Moreover, they do the same for bills opposed by presidents from the competing party. Statistical analysis of rules granted to almost 1,800 bills between 1977 and 2004 shows that these exogenous partisan factors perform more robustly than prevailing committee-based spatial models in the explanation of Rules Committee decisions in the postreform era. I conclude that scholars must continue to develop and refine formal and statistical models that explain the role and influence of partisanship not just within institutions, but also across them.
Effects of skew and demagnetizing fields on NDRO performance

Limitations placed upon the NDRO performance of a magnetic film memory device by the detrimental effects of skew and demagnetizing fields are investigated. An expression has been derived that relates these effects to the NDRO critical magnetization angle for devices whose rotational switching can be characterized by a Stoner-Wohlfarth switching astroid. Experimental results for typical devices are presented that substantiate the theory.
Living With the Coast of Alaska

Living with the Coast of Alaska is one of 20 books in the “Living with the Shore” series. It covers a wide range of Alaskan coastal settings, including the ice-stressed shores of the low-relief, desert-like, high Arcticsemi; the coasts of the vast Bering Seasemi; the barren volcanic islands of the Aleutian chainsemi; and south central and southeastern Alaska with their high mountains, large glaciers, steep-sided fjords, heavy precipitation, and active tectonism. Even for the well-seasoned Alaskan, this book offers an education in the incredible diversity of this state's coastal zone. Treating such a broad topic with its multitude of coastal hazards must have been difficult in comparison with other areas covered in the series. But it wasaccomplished quite well through the assistance of experts on coastal hazards and hazard mitigation in construction.
Natural product DNA major groove binders

Covering: 1980 to 2011 Major groove recognition of DNA by proteins utilizes the variation in hydrogen bond donor/acceptor content that makes DNA base-pairs distinguishable from one another. Specific ligand–DNA interactions in the major groove are necessary to develop approaches for inhibition of DNA–protein interactions. As opposed to minor groove binders, little research has been achieved in recognition of the DNA major groove. This review summarizes the progress in identification of natural products that bind to the major groove of DNA. We first review the natural products, pluramycins, aflatoxins, azinomycins, leinamycin, neocarzinostatin, and ditercalinium, that are known to possess major groove interacting elements. These compounds, however, interact primarily with DNA by intercalation between base-pair steps. Some of these compounds utilize non-covalent interactions in order to position themselves to alkylate DNA at the nucleophilic N7 positions on nearby purine bases. Finally, recent reports of non-covalent major groove binding with carbohydrates, aminoglycosides in particular, have revealed them as promising leads for DNA major groove binding probes or drugs.
Quantifying Nonhomogeneous Colors in Agricultural Materials. Part II: Comparison of Machine Vision and Sensory Panel Evaluations

The average colors of mangos and apples were measured using machine vision. A method to quantify the perception of nonhomogeneous colors by sensory panelists was developed. Three colors out of several reference colors and their perceived percentage of the total sample area were selected by untrained panelists. Differences between the average colors perceived by panelists and those from the machine vision were reported as DeltaE values (color difference error). Effects of nonhomogeneity of color, and using real samples or their images in the sensory panels on DeltaE were evaluated. In general, samples with more nonuniform colors had higher DeltaE values, suggesting that panelists had more difficulty in evaluating more nonhomogeneous colors. There was no significant difference in DeltaE values between the real fruits and their screen image, therefore images can be used to evaluate color instead of the real samples.
Genetic diversity does not explain variation in extra-pair paternity in multiple populations of a songbird

Many songbirds are socially monogamous but genetically polyandrous, mating with individuals outside their pair bonds. Extra-pair paternity (EPP) varies within and across species, but reasons for this variation remain unclear. One possible source of variation is population genetic diversity, which has been shown in interspecific meta-analyses to correlate with EPP but which has limited support from intraspecific tests. Using eight populations of the genetically polyandrous red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), including an island population, we investigated whether population-level differences in genetic diversity led to differences in EPP. We first measured genetic diversity over 10 microsatellite loci and found, as predicted, low genetic diversity in the island population. Additional structure analyses with multilocus genotypes and mtDNA showed the island population to be distinct from the continental populations. However, the island population's EPP rate fell in the middle of the continental populations' distribution, whereas the continental populations themselves showed significant variation in EPP. This result suggests that genetic diversity by itself is not a predictor of EPP rate. We discuss reasons for the departure from previous results, including hypotheses for EPP that do not solely implicate female-driven behaviour.
Hypophosphatemia in Infant and Adult Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) newborn to three months of age exhibit significantly lower serum inorganic phosphate concentrations than do controls from two normotensive strains, Sprague Dawley (CD) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY). During early postnatal development serum inorganic phosphate increases in all strains and plateaus from eight to twelve weeks. This rise in serum phosphate occurs during a period when blood pressure is increasing in normotensive strains as well as in SHR. Hypophosphatemia even in prehypertensive SHR may relate to elevated parathyroid hormone levels in SHR and may explain the salutary effects of high calcium diets in this hypertensive model.
ON THE IDENTITY OF THE GENUS HOMOLOPHUS: A SENIOR SYNONYM OF EUPHALANGIUM (OPILIONES: PHALANGIIDAE)

The rediscovery of the long lost holotype of Homolophus arcticus BANKS allowed the author to determine the identity of this species, the type for the genus. Euphalangium ROEWER is a junior synonym of Homolophus and all of its currently recognized species are listed in their respective new combinations. The status of species formerly included in Homolophus is briefly noted.
Interferon-stimulating and in vivo antiviral effects of various synthetic anionic polymers.

Abstract Several factors have been shown to be involved in the antiviral protection provided by synthetic polymers. A large molecule with a high density of free anionic groups, not readily degradable or eliminated, seems essential for interferon stimulation. One of the carboxylate copolymers induced prolonged protection against lethal Mengo virus infection in the mouse. More transient protection was conferred by a nucleotide homopolymer pair. The nucleotide homopolymer had a broad range of reactive cell types, whereas only peritoneal macrophages responded with interferon production to the carboxylate copolymer (when complexed to cations). The spleen appears to play only a limited role in interferon production induced by the carboxylate copolymer. Factors other than interferon may be responsible for part of the antiviral protection observed with the carboxylate copolymer.
Changes to stage 1 meaningful use in 2014: impact on radiologists.

The goal of this work is to provide radiologists an update regarding changes to stage 1 of meaningful use in 2014. These changes were promulgated in the final rulemaking released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology in September 2012. Under the new rules, radiologists are exempt from meaningful use penalties provided that they are listed as radiologists under the Provider Enrollment, Chain and Ownership System (PECOS). A major caveat is that this exemption can be removed at any time. Additional concerns are discussed in the main text. Additional changes discussed include software editions independent of meaningful use stage (i.e., 2011 edition versus 2014 edition), changes to the definition of certified electronic health record technology (CEHRT), and changes to specific measures and exemptions to those measures. The new changes regarding stage 1 add complexity to an already complex program, but overall make achieving meaningful use a win-win situation for radiologists. There are no penalties for failure and incentive payments for success. The cost of upgrading to CEHRT may be much less than the incentive payments, adding a potential new source of revenue. Additional benefits may be realized if the radiology department can build upon a modern electronic health record to improve their practice and billing patterns. Meaningful use and electronic health records represent an important evolutionary step in US healthcare, and it is imperative that radiologists are active participants in the process.
Associative Responses to Double Entendre Drug Words A Study of Drug Addicts and College Students

Discrete word associations to double entendre drug words and double entendre aggression words were studied in a drug addict group and a college student group. In addition, drug usage, drug attitudes, social knowledge of drugs, and factual knowledge of drugs were measured by use of a drug-behavior inventory. Findings indicated that addicts and students differed in associative responses to drug stimuli but not in associations to aggression stimuli. Drug usage, drug attitudes, and social knowledge of drugs correlated with free associative drug responses in most groups (i.e., addicts, students, males, females, Blacks, and Caucasians). In addition, a score reflecting variety of drug usage correlated positively with free associative aggression responses within the drug addict group, but correlated negatively with aggression responses within the college student group.
Exploration of alloy 441 chemistry for solid oxide fuel cell interconnect application

Abstract Alloy 441 stainless steel (UNS S 44100) is being considered for application as an SOFC interconnect material. There are several advantages to the selection of this alloy over other iron-based or nickel-based alloys: first and foremost alloy 441ss is a production alloy which is both low in cost and readily available. Second, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) more closely matches the CTE of the adjoining ceramic components of the fuel cell. Third, this alloy forms the Laves phase at typical SOFC operating temperatures of 600–800 °C. It is thought that the Laves phase preferentially consumes the Si present in the alloy microstructure. As a result it has been postulated that the long-term area specific resistance (ASR) performance degradation often seen with other ferritic stainless steels, which is associated with the formation of electrically resistive Si-rich oxide subscales, may be avoidable with alloy 441ss. In this paper we explore the physical metallurgy of alloy 441, combining computational thermodynamics with experimental verification, and discuss the results with regards to Laves phase formation under SOFC operating conditions. We show that the incorporation of the Laves phase into the microstructure cannot in itself remove sufficient Si from the ferritic matrix in order to completely avoid the formation of Si-rich oxide subscales. However, the thickness, morphology, and continuity of the Si-rich subscale that forms in this alloy is modified in comparison to non-Laves forming ferritic stainless steel alloys and therefore may not be as detrimental to long-term SOFC performance.
The evaluation of international agribusiness investment locations using multidimensional scaling

In this article, a method for comparing various locations for a foreign investment is presented. The method requires several assumptions regarding the characteristics of a preferred location, and the variables that can be used to measure these characteristics. Multidimensional scaling is used to map the locations in such a way that proximity indicates similarity with regard to the preferred characteristics. The technique is applied to twenty Central American, South American, and Caribbean countries.
Rebound hyperlipemia following intravenous heparin.

Abstract 1. 1. Lipemia is more severe in a group of subjects with coronary artery disease than in normal subjects. The degree of difference is accentuated after a fat load test in three and five hour specimens. 2. 2. Heparin, given intravenously, causes a distinct clearing of lipemic turbidity in both groups. 3. 3. Heparin, given intravenously, in an attempt to prevent the expected hyperlipemia following a fat load test, was found to be associated with rebound hyperlipemia. 4. 4. Possible implications of this rebound hyperlipemia are discussed in relation to fat transport.
Radiative Modes of K-Meson Leptonic Decay

The gamma-ray spectra for the decays K→μνγ and K→eνγ as well as π→μνγ and π→eνγ are calculated in full: Terms in the spectra proportional to lepton mass are retained so that the results are applicable to the muon decay mode, and the calculations take into account both inner bremsstrahlung radiation and radiation arising from structure in the meson vertex. The latter contributions are expressed in terms of two form factors. The modes K→μνγ and K→eνγ can be used to test the validity of Wigner time-reversal invariance. Two ways of doing this are given, one based on measurements of the gamma spectra and the other on measurements of the transverse polarization of the muons from the K→μνγ decay. Calculations have been carried out on the effect of a possible intermediate vector boson on the decay K→eνγ. The calculations are in substantial agreement with those of Kanazawa, Sugawara, and Tanaka (KST). Contributions from internal bremsstrahlung radiation, not calculated in KST, are given in the present paper. The strongly interacting intermediate states which give rise to structure-dependent radiation are listed, and a discussion of possible ambiguities in the KST test, arising from these states, is given.
Some remarks on the generalized Gelfand-Levitan equation

The Gelfand-Levitan (GL) and MarEenko (M) equations arise in quantum scattering theory as an important part of the machinery used to recover the potential q(x) from a Sturm-Liouville operator D2 -q(x) via inverse methods (cf. [32, 39, 551). Modifications of this procedure for handling inverse problems also arise in other applied fields (see, e.g., [21-24,32,61]) and lead in particular to various types of GL equations. In all of this work the transmutation concept plays an important role (although often disguised). Now in earlier papers we developed an extensive theory and framework for transmuting an operator of the form J% = (dPu’)‘/dP + pi (pP = f lim A;/AP as x -+ co) into another operator of the same type (cf. [6-9, 12-16, 18-20, 231). In particular this theory applies to situations where P = P -pi is modeled on the radial Laplace-Beltrami operator in a rank one noncompact Riemannian symmetric space and the spherical functions arising from equations &: = -I’p<, (Q<(O) = 1, D,pl;(O) = 0 involve various special functions of interest in diverse contexts. In [8,9] we derived a general GL and M equation for transmutations D* + p (p as above). Given the fundamental role of such equations in the inverse scattering and inverse Sturm-Liouville problems and the nature of their derivation in [8,9] from eigenfunction kernel expressions, it is clear that the version of [8,9] contains valuable information about special functions (cf. also [ 28-3 1, 44-461, where some relations between discrete forms of the GL and M equations of quantum scattering theory and orthogonal polynomials have been studied-although some version of this approach can be envisioned for singular operators of the type P above, we shall not pursue this here). In this paper we shall first extend (in Section 2) the GL equation of [8, 91 to the context of transmutations $-+ $ and clarify its structure. In particular we shall represent it as a formula in spherical functions. Then (in Section 3) we take a model operator P, = D2 + ((2m + l)/x)D (A, =x2”‘+‘) and give 410 0022-247x/83 $3.00
Full-wave electromagnetic and thermal modeling for the prediction of heat-dissipation-induced RF-MEMS switch failure

We propose an extended finite element-boundary integral method (EFE-BI) to model the electromagnetic (EM) behavior of RF-MEMS switches over a wide frequency range from UHF to terahertz. Our new method integrates EM with finite element heat transfer analysis to extract heat dissipation on the micrometer-scale switch beam due to the non-uniform radio frequency (RF) current distribution. The developed EFE-BI technique is an extension of the standard finite element-boundary integral (FE-BI) method to allow for accurate characterization of RF-MEMS structures whose entire size is a small fraction of a wavelength (λ/250 or less) and may contain dimensions in the order of λ/50 000 or less. Our model predictions exhibit good agreement with experimental results obtained independent of the current study.
The Economics of Outer Continental Shelf Leasing

An analytical framework of the Outer Continental Shelf lands petroleum investment and production decision process is developed and utilized to evaluate public resource leasing policy alternatives. The impacts of alternative lease systems upon rates of production, investment levels, total resource recovery, and government revenue are presented and discussed. Trade-offs implicit in various leasing strategies and the geophysical-institutional-engineering-economic interactions which must be accounted for in public resource management are pointed out. Possible modifications in the current institutional system are suggested.
‘When You’re Here, You’re Family’: Culinary Tourism and the Olive Garden Restaurant:

In this paper, I address the practice of domestic culinary tourism by focusing on a seemingly banal suburban chain restaurant featuring ethnic cuisine. I examine the ways in which the restaurant positions itself as offering ‘real’ Italian food and a ‘real’ Italian experience, and analyze a broad array of cultural texts that chastise the Olive Garden for this assertion and condemn the chain and its patrons. Ultimately, I demonstrate that many of those things that position the restaurant as an object of derision are part of the appeal of the chain, resulting in a complex set of meanings that resides in the Olive Garden as a site of cultural interest.
Monolithic multilayer microfluidics via sacrificial molding of 3D-printed isomalt.

Here we demonstrate a method for creating multilayer or 3D microfluidics by casting a curable resin around a water-soluble, freestanding sacrificial mold. We use a purpose-built 3D printer to pattern self-supporting filaments of the sugar alcohol isomalt, which we then back-fill with a transparent epoxy resin. Dissolving the sacrificial mold leaves a network of cylindrical channels as well as input and output ports. We use this technique to fabricate a combinatorial mixer capable of producing 8 combinations of two fluids in ratios ranging from 1 : 100 to 100 : 1. This approach allows rapid iteration on microfluidic chip design and enables the use of geometry and materials not accessible using conventional soft lithography. The ability to precisely pattern round channels in all three dimensions in hard and soft media may prove enabling for many organ-on-chip systems.
The influence of climate on in-stream removal of nitrogen

[1] Nitrogen (N) removal via benthic denitrification in large river systems can be a significant sink of terrestrial N and a source of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. Recent studies have demonstrated the fraction of in-stream N removed from a river reach is related to the water residence time. We used the HYDRA aquatic transport model to examine the sensitivity of in-stream N removal and the associated N2O emissions in the Mississippi River system to the interannual variability in climate. The results suggested an almost two-fold range in the percent of N removed in the Mississippi River system and a three-fold range in the associated N2O emissions, with the lowest percent removed (10–33%) and the highest N2O emissions (15.5–26.0 106 kg N) occurring in the wettest years. The results demonstrate the importance of considering climate variability and change in the management of nutrient export by large rivers.
Oxidative Cyclization of a, c-Biladienes: the Role of the Metal Ion

Previous literature work has assumed that the metal ion in metal-assisted a, c-biladiene cyclizations serves as a chelator as well as an oxidant. New results suggest that the metal is not of primary importance in aligning the tetrapyrroles into the proper cyclic conformation prior to cyclization. Though the metal insertion into the tetrapyrrole can take place at any stage in the reaction sequence, it appears only to be essential after formation of the 1,20-dihydroporphyrin intermediate, wherein it serves to facilitate the elimination of the 1-substituent to produce porphyrin.
Are faithfulness and accuracy necessary

"We are approximate beings…Animals don't require precise measurements and high accuracy to function. Machines do."
Chlamydia pneumoniae induces Alzheimer-like amyloid plaques in brains of BALB/c mice

Amyloid deposits resembling plaques found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains were formed in the brains of non-transgenic BALB/c mice following intranasal infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. The mice were infected at 3 months of age with C. pneumoniae isolated from an AD brain. Infection was confirmed by light and electron microscopy in olfactory tissues of the mice. C. pneumoniae was still evident in these tissues 3 months after the initial infection indicating that a persistent infection had been established. Amyloid beta (Abeta) 1-42 immunoreactive deposits were identified in the brains of infected BALB/c mice up to 3 months post-infection with the density, size, and number of deposits increasing as the infection progressed. A subset of deposits exhibited thioflavin-s labeling. Intracellular Abeta1-42 labeling was observed in neuronal cells. Experimental induction of amyloid deposition in brains of non-transgenic BALB/c mice following infection with C. pneumoniae may be a useful model for furthering our understanding of mechanisms, linked to infection, involved in the initiation of the pathogenesis of sporadic AD.
Prevention and treatment of homeostatic disorders after central neurosurgical procedures

Prevention and treatment of homeostatic disorders after central neurosurgical procedures requires a coordinated effort by the entire medical team caring for the patient. The goal of management is to optimize physiologic and metabolic variables so that patient outcome is improved. This chapter reviews current knowledge and clinical approaches to prevention and treatment of general homeostatic disorders that commonly complicate the postoperative course of neurosurgical patients after general anesthesia. Practice recommendations based on current clinical trials and experience will be made on the following topics: therapeutic approaches to optimal hemoglobin, cerebral blood flow and hemorrheology; prophylaxis and treatment of thrombosis; temperature management including rewarming and the control of shivering; use and side effects of anticonvulsants and corticosteroids; and therapeutic approaches to optimal serum glucose levels.
Participatory approach to the development of a knowledge base for problem-solving in diabetes self-management

Abstract Objective To develop an expandable knowledge base of reusable knowledge related to self-management of diabetes that can be used as a foundation for patient-centric decision support tools. Materials and methods The structure and components of the knowledge base were created in participatory design with academic diabetes educators using knowledge acquisition methods. The knowledge base was validated using scenario-based approach with practicing diabetes educators and individuals with diabetes recruited from Community Health Centers (CHCs) serving economically disadvantaged communities and ethnic minorities in New York. Results The knowledge base includes eight glycemic control problems, over 150 behaviors known to contribute to these problems coupled with contextual explanations, and over 200 specific action-oriented self-management goals for correcting problematic behaviors, with corresponding motivational messages. The validation of the knowledge base suggested high level of completeness and accuracy, and identified improvements in cultural appropriateness. These were addressed in new iterations of the knowledge base. Discussion The resulting knowledge base is theoretically grounded, incorporates practical and evidence-based knowledge used by diabetes educators in practice settings, and allows for personally meaningful choices by individuals with diabetes. Participatory design approach helped researchers to capture implicit knowledge of practicing diabetes educators and make it explicit and reusable. Conclusion The knowledge base proposed here is an important step towards development of new generation patient-centric decision support tools for facilitating chronic disease self-management. While this knowledge base specifically targets diabetes, its overall structure and composition can be generalized to other chronic conditions.
CULTURAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF FAMILY SCHEMAS The Case of Women Finance Executives

This article uses interview data to examine changes over time in the cultural constructions of executive women's family responsibilities. The author delineates two gendered cultural structures: the family devotion schema and the work devotion schema. Respondents are caught in the conflict between each schema's competing vision of a worthwhile life. Older respondents are more likely to accept the devotion schema's definition of an irreconcilable conflict between work and family, prompting many to avoid marriage or childbearing. In contrast, many members of the youngest cohort, who came of age after the early 1970s women's movement, are refashioning the family devotion schema by subcontracting out domestic responsibilities while maintaining demanding careers. Yet, the family devotion schema continues to haunt all cohorts, enduring in its cognitive, normative, and emotional power. Gender, as expressed in cultural models of family, remains a powerful constraint on the hearts and minds of even professionally s...
Statistical tests for presence of cyclostationarity

The presence of kth-order cyclostationarity is defined in terms of nonvanishing cyclic-cumulants or polyspectra. Relying upon the asymptotic normality and consistency of kth-order cyclic statistics, asymptotically optimal /spl chi//sup 2/ tests are developed to detect the presence of cycles in the kth-order cyclic cumulants or polyspectra, without assuming any specific distribution on the data. Constant false alarm rate tests are derived in both time- and frequency-domain and yield consistent estimates of possible cycles present in the kth-order cyclic statistics. Explicit algorithms for k/spl les/4 are discussed. Existing approaches are rather empirical and deal only with k/spl les/2 case. Simulation results are presented to confirm the performance of the given tests. >
CORN RESPONSE TO IRRIGATION AND APPLIED NITROGEN

Yield of corn (Zea mays L.) is very dependent on water availability and applied nitrogen (N). In this article data from the literature are used to establish dependence of yield upon each of these factors and the two in combination. The three separate studies involved surface irrigation of corn. From the first study an exponential relationship is established between dry matter yields (grain and total) and evapotranspiration (ET). Yield at the highest ET rate was shown to be about 80% of the maximum potential yield for three soils studied. Grain was shown to constitute about 50% of total dry matter at all ET rates. Analysis of data from the second study confirmed the utility of the logistic equation for yield response to applied N. The third study included three irrigation rates and six rates of applied N. Analysis showed that the model could be written as the product of a logistic term for applied N and an exponential term for ET. This represents an improvement over the previous linear model for dependence...
Contesting the city: neoliberal urbanism and the cultural politics of education reform in Chicago

This article examines the intertwining of neoliberal urbanism and education policy in Chicago. Drawing on critical studies in geography, urban sociology and anthropology, education policy, and critical analyses of race, the author argues that education is constitutive of material and ideological processes of neoliberal restructuring, its contestation, and the struggle for a new urban social imaginary. The paper focuses on neoliberalization of education as a social process. The data show that education policy is constitutive of racialized restructuring of urban space and managerial governance of the public sphere. While capital is a central actor, neoliberal policy also works its way into the discourses and practices of education through actions of marginalized and oppressed people working within constraints of the present situation. This suggests the need to address the (Gramscian) ‘good sense’ of neoliberal policy in a counter-hegemonic struggle for the city.
The Coming-Out Process for Homosexuals

Coming out is a core developmental process for homosexual persons that spans many years. It usually begins in childhood with feelings of being different and progresses through various stages, induding acknowledgment of homosexuality, disclosure to others, acceptance of a homosexual identity, experimentation and exploration, and intimacy. ideally, the process ends in consolidation, a stage in which homosexuals no longer view them selves primarily in terms of sexual orientation. The author describes the various stages of the coming-out process and discusses the clinical implications for therapy with homosexual patients.
MicroSoar: A New Instrument for Measuring Microscale Turbulence from Rapidly Moving Submerged Platforms

Abstract A new high-frequency turbulence measuring instrument, MicroSoar, has been developed, tested, and used to make scalar variance dissipation rate measurements. MicroSoar was mounted on the undercarriage of SeaSoar, a depth-programmable winged platform, and towed by a ship, at speeds up to 7 kt, in a depth range of the sea surface to 120 m. Sensors carried by MicroSoar were a fast thermistor, a pressure sensor, a microscale capillary conductivity sensor, and a three-axis accelerometer. With appropriate assumptions about the local T–S relation, measurements of microscale conductivity fluctuations can often be used to directly determine temperature variance dissipation rate (χT), the Cox number (Cx), and the scalar diathermal turbulent diffusivity (KT). Compared to conventional quasi-free-fall tethered vertically profiling instruments, MicroSoar's major advantage lies in its ability to sample large fluid volumes and large geographic areas in a short time, and to provide, rapidly and simply, two-dimensi...
A Retrodirective Array with Interference Rejection Capability

A retrodirective array with interference rejection capability is presented. Signals from two sources (one desired and one interfering) are first detected and then a null is formed in sub-arrays at each element in the retrodirective array and directed toward the unwanted signal. The null-forming subarray pattern can be multiplied to the retrodirective pattern through application of the principle of pattern multiplication. The system continues to track the desired signal through its purely analog retrodirective function, requiring no digital signal processing and maintaining almost instantaneous self-tracking. Demonstration of interference suppression shows promise in furthering the functionality of retrodirective arrays in addition to the already high-speed self tracking benefits.
Does Accessibility Require Density or Speed? A Comparison of Fast Versus Close in Getting Where You Want to Go in U.S. Metropolitan Regions

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Advocates of accessibility as a transportation performance metric often assert that it requires higher density. Conversely, traditional transportation planning methods have valued speed per se as an indicator of success in transportation. In examining these claims, we make two methodological innovations. The first is a new intermetropolitan gravity-based accessibility metric. Second, we decompose the impact of density on accessibility to highlight the distinct opposing influences of speed and proximity in a manner that illustrates different families of relationships between these two factors. This reveals that denser metropolitan regions have slower travel speeds but greater origin-destination proximity. The former effect tends to degrade accessibility while the latter tends to enhance it. Despite theoretical reasons to expect that the speed effect dominates, results suggest that the proximity effect dominates, rendering the denser metropolitan areas more accessib...
Microarray analysis of thyroid nodule fine-needle aspirates accurately classifies benign and malignant lesions

Current preoperative diagnostic procedures for thyroid nodules rely mainly on the cytological interpretation of fine-needle aspirates (FNAs). DNA microarray analysis has been shown to reliably distinguish benign and malignant thyroid nodules in surgically resected specimens, but its diagnostic potential in thyroid FNA has not been examined. In the present study, the expression profiles of 50 benign thyroid lesions and papillary thyroid carcinoma tissue samples were compared, generating a list of 25 differentially expressed genes from this training set. A test set of 22 FNA specimens was evaluated by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis using this gene list, and the results were compared to FNA cytology. FNA specimens were found to fall into three clusters: malignant (n = 10), benign (n = 7), and indeterminate (n = 5). The benign and malignant groups showed complete concordance with the final histological diagnosis except for one histologically benign lesion, which was rediagnosed as follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma on histological review. Paired analysis between FNA and matched tissues samples illustrated adequate sampling with FNA. These results illustrate that microarray analysis of FNA is feasible and has the potential to improve the accuracy of FNA in categorizing benign from malignant lesions beyond routine cytological evaluation.
Differential regulation of tissue thiol-disulfide redox status in a murine model of peritonitis

Glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and cysteine (Cys)/cystine (CySS) are major redox pools with important roles in cytoprotection. We determined the impact of septic peritonitis on thiol-disulfide redox status in mice. FVB/N mice (6–12 week old; 8/group) underwent laparotomy with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or laparotomy alone (control). Sections of ileum, colon, lung and liver were obtained and GSH, GSSG, Cys and CySS concentrations determined by HPLC 24 h after laparotomy. Redox potential [Eh in millivolts (mV)] of the GSH/GSSG and Cys/CySS pools was calculated using the Nernst equation. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (mean ± SE). GSH/GSSG Eh in ileum, colon, and liver was significantly oxidized in septic mice versus control mice (ileum: septic −202±4 versus control −228±2 mV; colon: -195±8 versus −214±1 mV; and liver: -194±3 vs. -210±1 mV, all P<0.01). Lung GSH/GSSG redox was similar in each group (−191±3 versus −190±2 mV). In contrast, ileal and colonic Cys/CySS Eh was unchanged with CLP, while liver and lung Cys/CySS Eh became significantly more reducing (liver: septic = −103±3 versus control −90±2 mV; lung: -101±5 versus −81±1 mV, each P<0.05). Septic peritonitis induced by CLP oxidizes ileal and colonic GSH/GSSG redox but Cys/CySS Eh remains unchanged in these intestinal tissues. In liver, CLP oxidizes the GSH/GSSG redox pool and CyS/CySS Eh becomes more reducing; in lung, CLP does not alter GSH/GSSG Eh, and Cys/CySS Eh is less oxidized. CLP-induced infection/inflammation differentially regulates major thiol-disulfide redox pools in this murine model.
Implementation issues of the two-level residue number system with pairs of conjugate moduli

One of the most important considerations when designing residue number systems (RNSs) is the choice of the moduli set; this is due to the fact that the dynamic range of the system, its speed, as well as its hardware complexity, depend on both the forms as well as the number of moduli chosen; In this paper, a new class of multimoduli RNSs based on sets of forms {2/sup n(1)/-1, 2/sup n(1)/+1, 2/sup n2/-1, 2/sup n(2)/+1, /spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/, 2/sup n(L)/-1, 2/sup n(L)/+1} is presented. The moduli 2/sup n(i)/-1 and 2/sup n(i)/+1 are called conjugates of each other. The new RNSs that rely on pairs of conjugate moduli result in hardware-efficient two-level implementations for the weighted-to-RNS and RNS-to-weighted conversions, achieve very large dynamic ranges, and imply fast and efficient RNS processing. When compared with conventional systems of the same number of moduli and the same dynamic range, the proposed new systems offer the following benefits: (1) hardware savings of 25 to 40% for the weighted-to-RNS conversion and (2) a reduction of over 80% in the complexity of the final Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) involved in the RNS-to-weighted conversion. Thus, significant compromises between large dynamic ranges, fast internal processing, and low complexity are achieved by the new systems.
Tool coupling for the design and operation of building energy and control systems based on the Functional Mock-up Interface standard

This paper describes software tools developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) that can be coupled through the Functional Mock-up Interface standard in support of the design and operation of building energy and control systems. These tools have been developed to address the gaps and limitations encountered in legacy simulation tools. These tools were originally designed for the analysis of individual domains of buildings, and have been difficult to integrate with other tools for runtime data exchange. The coupling has been realized by use of the Functional Mock-up Interface for co-simulation, which standardizes an application programming interface for simulator interoperability that has been adopted in a variety of industrial domains. As a variety of coupling scenarios are possible, this paper provides users with guidance on what coupling may be best suited for their application. Furthermore, the paper illustrates how tools can be integrated into a building management system to support the operation of buildings. These tools may be a design model that is used for real-time performance monitoring, a fault detection and diagnostics algorithm, or a control sequence, each of which may be exported as a Functional Mock-up Unit and made available in a building management system as an input/output block. We anticipate that this capability can contribute to bridging the observed performance gap between design and operational energy use of buildings.
REDUCTION IN ETHANOL PREFERENCE FOLLOWING INJECTION OF CENTRALLY AND PERIPHERALLY ACTING ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENTS

Selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol non-preferring (NP) lines of rats were administered saline subcutaneously, and doses of 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg of two antimuscarinic agents scopolamine (centrally acting) and methscopolamine (peripherally acting), twice daily respectively for a period of one day. Compared to saline, both doses of scopolamine and methscopolamine induced a significant reduction in ethanol consumption in the P line of rats, and both antimuscarinic agents significantly increased water intake. Thus, ethanol preference was dramatically reduced in these rats. In contrast, scopolamine had relatively little effect on either ethanol or water intake in the NP line of rats, while methscopolamine tended to suppress both ethanol and water intake. These findings suggest that peripheral muscarinic mechanisms may be involved in ethanol preference in P rats.
The Plume Chaser mission: Two-spacecraft search for organics on the dwarf planet Ceres

Abstract We present a mission concept designed at NASA Ames Research Center for a two-probe mission to the dwarf planet Ceres, utilizing a set of small low-cost spacecraft. The primary spacecraft will carry both a mass and an infrared spectrometer to characterize water vapor detected to be emanating from Ceres. Shortly after its arrival a second identical spacecraft will impact Ceres to create an ejecta “plume” timed to enable a rendezvous and sampling by the primary spacecraft. This enables additional subsurface chemistry, volatile content and material characterization, and new science complementary to the Dawn spacecraft, the first to arrive at Ceres. Science requirements, candidate instruments, rendezvous trajectories, spacecraft design and comparison with Dawn science are detailed.