cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the circular dichroism of penam and penam sulfoxides

Abstract Optical rotatory properties of models of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-AP A) as obtained from earlier molecular orbital and rotatory strength calculations are corroborated by new CD data for 6-AP A. The new spectra extend down to 180 nm, revealing a positive Cotton effect near 185 nm due to carbonyl π→π * transitions. The pH sensitivity of the optical activity of the β-lactam amide π→π * and the 203-nm n→π * transitions is explainable in terms of electrostatic effects and orbital interactions present in α-aminoketones and 4-membered rings which tend to flatten out the NH 2 group. These same interactions are responsible for the unusually low p K a of 4.75 for the amino group; (the carboxyl group of 6-AP A has a normal p K a of 2.5). The previous calculational procedures are extended to the sulfoxides of 6-AP A, and the predicted CD spectra are compared to new experimental curves and also to available data for penicillin sulfoxides. The MO's associated with the principal bands are illustrated with the aid of electron density maps. The positive Cotton effect observed and calculated near 230 nm is due to two charge transfer transitions within the asymmetric penam nucleus. Similar to the situation with the unoxidized penams, the sulfoxide of 6-AP A displays a very low p K a for the amino group (3.8) and a change toward a less positive CD band at 202 nm upon protonation of this group.
Materials in extreme environments

The study of materials under harsh conditions is essential to meet a range of energy challenges—from creating better turbines, reactors, and batteries to developing future energy systems in dense plasmas.
Why should older adults receive the shingles vaccine

This article seeks to educate health care providers in understanding the need for immunization of older adults with the new herpes zoster vaccine, Zostavax(®). Herpes zoster (shingles) is a painful and disabling condition that can result in significant morbidity, loss of productivity, and decrease in quality of life. Herpes zoster is a reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, the same virus that causes chicken pox. Anyone who has had chickenpox can get shingles. Evidence found in the literature demonstrates that the vaccine prevents shingles in approximately half of adults 60 and older.
Mesosomes in Blue-Green Algae

Mesosome-like, unit-membrane structures are clearly defined in the blue-green algae, Spirulina and three strains of Synechococcus, after osmium or potassium permanganate fixation and observation with the electron microscope. The membranous structures are distinct from the photosynthetic membranes and, in the case of Spirulina, are frequently observed in cells and can occur in large volume within the cell.
Radiology–Pathology Conference: incidental posterior mediastinal ganglioneuroma

We report the radiology and pathology findings on a patient with an incidental posterior mediastinal ganglioneuroma and review the literature on this uncommon tumor.
Urinary Excretion of 17-Ketosteroids in Ovarian Failure III. In Amenorrhea1

AMENORRHEA when due to disturbed ovarian function is associated commonly with signs ∧ of estrogenic deficiency, among which are hypoplasias or regressions in the sexual system, including atrophic alterations in the endometrium and vaginal mucosa. These objective manifestations of estrogenic deficiency are evidenced as failures of sexual maturation in adolescent hypoovarianism, and as sexual regressions in intercurrent hypoovarianism of the adult. As a rule, in adult hypoovarianism the degree of sexual regression increases with the dura’ tion of the amenorrhea. Patients with adolescent and adult hypoovarianism, as characterized by delayed menarche or intercurrent amenorrhea, present the opportunity of investigating the influences of estrogenic deficiencies upon the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids, that is, the androgenic activity of the adrenals. The present study and the one to follow have this purpose in mind.
A computer-aided diagnosis system for prediction of the probability of malignancy of breast masses on ultrasound images

A computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) system with the ability to predict the probability of malignancy (PM) of a mass can potentially assist radiologists in making correct diagnostic decisions. In this study, we designed a CADx system using logistic regression (LR) as the feature classifier which could estimate the PM of a mass. Our data set included 488 ultrasound (US) images from 250 biopsy-proven breast masses (100 malignant and 150 benign). The data set was divided into two subsets T1 and T2. Two experienced radiologists, R1 and R2, independently provided Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) assessments and PM ratings for data subsets T2 and T1, respectively. An LR classifier was designed to estimate the PM of a mass using two-fold cross validation, in which the data subsets T1 and T2 served once as the training and once as the test set. To evaluate the performance of the system, we compared the PM estimated by the CADx system with radiologists' PM ratings (12-point scale) and BI-RADS assessments (6-point scale). The correlation coefficients between the PM ratings estimated by the radiologists and by the CADx system were 0.71 and 0.72 for data subsets T1 and T2, respectively. For the BI-RADS assessments provided by the radiologists and estimated by the CADx system, the correlation coefficients were 0.60 and 0.67 for data subsets T1 and T2, respectively. Our results indicate that the CADx system may be able to provide not only a malignancy score, but also a more quantitative estimate for the PM of a breast mass.
Singular perturbation of the wave equation

Although Dirichlet conditions for the wave equation is a classical case of a non-well-posed problem in partial differential equations, there has been recent interest in studying those conditions under which the problem is well-posed. This question is of applied interest (V. Barcilon, Mathematika 15 (1968), 93) as well as theoretical interest (A. I. Abdul-Latif and J. B. Diaz, Appi. Anal. 1 (1971), 1). In this paper the onset of nonuniqueness is studied by considering a higher order equation with a small parameter e in the limit e→0. The method is quite similar to the method of small viscosity used to study the onset of shock waves
Breast ultrasound image improvement by pixel compounding of compression sequence

Pixel compounding is a technique that synthesizes the information of an image sequence involving slow decorrelation of the speckle to form a detail-recovered and speckle reduced image. To avoid extra data acquisition time and patient exposure, reuse of the existing data is desirable. In the procedure of elasticity imaging, a set of B-mode images with slight changes due to deformation is produced, which provides an ideal input for the pixel compounding. The improvement in image quality is evaluated quantitatively using a figure-of-merit (FOM) that indicates the quality of boundary information recovery and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) over the phantom images. The increase in average CNR is from 0.4 in the original images to 0.8 in the pixel compounded images. The improvement in average FOM is from 0.15 to more than 0.5 on a scale of 0 to 1. In vivo results with a breast cyst, a fibroadenoma, and a breast cancer are also presented and the image quality improvement is subjectively evaluated. The results suggest that B-mode breast images from compression procedures are suitable data for pixel compounding, and that a speckle-reduced and detail-recovered or detail-maintained image can be produced. The improved imaging may provide alternative or better information for detection and diagnosis. A similar approach could be extended to elasticity imaging with other modalities.
Immune Complexes Containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates Bind to Lymphoid Tissue B Lymphocytes and Are Infectious for T Lymphocytes

This study investigated the interaction of tonsil B lymphocytes with immune complexes containing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV IC) primary isolates and the infectivity of the B cell-bound HIV IC. Treatment of virus with a source of antibody and complement increased HIV IC binding to B cells by 5.6-fold. Most of the HIV IC that bound to B cells were not internalized but remained on the cell surface and were gradually released over 72 h. Cell-bound HIV IC were highly infectious for T cells while virus released by cultured B cells was only slightly infectious. Removal of HIV IC from the B-cell surface by protease treatment reduced the infection of T cells to near-background levels, indicating that infectious virus remained on the B-cell surface. These studies show that B lymphocytes can carry and transfer infectious HIV IC to T cells and thus suggest a novel mode of infection of T cells in lymphoid tissue that could be important for pathogenesis during HIV infection.
Novel multilevel inverter carrier-based PWM methods

The advent of the transformerless multilevel inverter topology has brought forth various pulsewidth modulation (PWM) schemes as a means to control the switching of the active devices in each of the multiple voltage levels in the inverter. An analysis of how existing multilevel carrier-based PWM affects switch utilization for the different levels of a diode-clamped inverter is conducted. Two novel carrier-based multilevel PWM schemes are presented which help to optimize or balance the switch utilization in multilevel inverters. A 10 kW prototype six-level diode-clamped inverter has been built and controlled with the novel PWM strategies proposed in this paper to act as a voltage-source inverter for a motor drive.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXECUTIVE PERSONAL FINANCE SCALE

There is accumulating evidence that prefrontal systems play an important role in management of personal finances, based on studies using clinical populations, functional neuroimaging, and both subjective and objective neuropsychological measures. This study developed the Executive Personal Finance Scale (EPFS) as a specific self-rating measure of executive aspects of personal money management. The resulting 20-item scale had good reliability and showed four factors: impulse control, organization, planning, and motivational drive. Validity was evidenced by correlations with income, credit card debt, and investments. The EPFS also showed logical correlations with compulsive buying and money attitudes. Second-order factor analysis of the EPFS and other scales revealed two higher-order factors of personal finance: cognitive (e.g., planning, organizing) and emotional (e.g., anxiety, impulse-spending, prestige). The EPFS shows good psychometric properties, is easy to use, and will make a convenient complement to other research methodologies exploring the neural basis of personal finance management.
Considering the relative importance of network performance and network features

Latency and bandwidth are usually considered to be the dominant factor in parallel application performance; however, recent studies have indicated that support for independent progress in MPI can also have a significant impact on application performance. This paper leverages the Cplant system at Sandia National Labs to compare a faster, vendor provided MPI library without independent progress to an internally developed MPI library that sacrifices some performance to provide independent progress. The results are surprising. Although some applications see significant negative impacts from the reduced network performance, others are more sensitive to the presence of independent progress.
A 7872 cDNA microarray and its use in bovine functional genomics

The strategy used to create and annotate a 7872 cDNA microarray from cattle placenta and spleen cDNA sequences is described. This microarray contains approximately 6300 unique genes, as determined by BLASTN and TBLASTX similarity search against the human and mouse UniGene and draft human genome sequence databases (build 34). Sequences on the array were annotated with gene ontology (GO) terms, thereby facilitating data analysis and interpretation. A total of 3244 genes were annotated with GO terms. The array is rich in sequences encoding transcription factors, signal transducers and cell cycle regulators. Current research being conducted with this array is described, and an overview of planned improvements in our microarray platform for cattle functional genomics is presented.
Intellectual gambling: betting on the future public library

Purpose – Research in library and information science today generally lacks an intelligible vision for the future of the public library. Because technology has predominantly contributed to this deficiency, this paper attempts to recommend a rational approach to technological change which would benefit the public library.Design/methodology/approach – Using the peer‐to‐peer (P2P) file sharing trend to highlight the impact of technology, this article expounds on the idea that technological advances should be managed in a way which underscores the opportunities for the library's progression. At the same time, this paper points out the imperative that libraries adhere to principles, such as: print collections, free access, and the library as a place, which have served as a foundation for the public library since its inception.Findings – Technological agents of change (such as P2P) have had, and will continue to have, profound effects on the perception of the public library; as well as its subsequent business p...
Solving constrained via minimization by compact linear programming

Via minimization is an important problem in integrated circuit layout and printed circuit board design. A linear (non-integral) programming approach to two-layer constrained via minimization (CVM) is presented. The approach finds optimum solutions for routings containing no more than three way splits, and guarantees provably good results for the general case. Most importantly, the size of linear programming formulation is polynomial in terms of the size of the CVM problem. The significance of the work lies in three aspects. First, since linear programming can be solved in polynomial time, the work thus provides, for the first time, a mathematical programming solution with computational efficiency comparable to known combinatorial CVM algorithms. Second, the compact linear programming approach is provably good and natural for general CVM, while previous restricted CVM algorithms are difficult to he extended to the general case. Third, the approach can handle additional constraints in a unified manner, and thus provides an efficient method for performance-driven layer assignment. The approach is based on some new graph-theoretic and polyhedron-combinatorial results presented on the structure of the CVM problem.
Glycoprotein J of infectious laryngotracheitis virus is required for efficient egress of infectious virions from cells

Glycoprotein J (gJ) of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) represents a major viral antigen and is dispensable for replication in cell culture and chickens. We generated gJ deletion mutants derived from the United States Department of Agriculture standard challenge strain (USDA-ch), a GFP-expressing mutant GΔgJ, a gJ deletion mutant void of any foreign DNA insertion (BΔgJ) and a gJ rescue mutant gJR with US5 restored. GΔgJ, BΔgJ and gJR were characterized in cell culture and embryonated eggs. Entry kinetic assays showed that the gJ deletion mutants did not differ in their entry kinetics from gJR. Replication kinetics strongly indicated that gJ plays an important role during egress of the virus. Differences in the abilities of the mutants to replicate in chorioallantoic membranes of chicken embryos and to release infectious virus into the allantoic fluid supported a function of gJ during the egress of ILTV from infected cells.
Ontogeny and Phylogeny: A Re-Evaluation of Conceptual Relationships and Some Applications

The history of biology reveals numerous interpretations of the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny, among them Garstang's critical realization that phylogeny can only be the history of changes in an ancestral ontogeny. One extrapolation of Garstang's conclusion is that the study of phylogeny should involve comparisons of ontogenies, in order to allow a reconstruction of the sequence of changes that led to the present variation in these ontogenies as well as the mechanisms underlying these changes. It is suggested that this can be done by recognizing homologous developmental stages among various ontogenies and subjecting these stages to a cladistic analysis. Some of the problems involving such analysis are explored in the course of examining the phylogeny of pharyngeal pouch ontogenies as a model system. It is concluded that sequences of ontogenetic stages are conserved (von Baerian recapitulation) but that terminal (Haeckelian recapitulation) and nonterminal alterations in the ancestral ontogeny are frequent. Both terminal and nonterminal alterations occur with approximately equal frequency in the case of pharyngeal pouches, but non-terminal deletion is rare to nonexistent. Examination of two additional morphological cases in which ontogeny has been utilized to infer phylogenetic changes-ontogenetic parcellation of neural systems and craniate head organization-reveals a number of problems from the point of view of a cladistical analysis of ontogenesis. Ontogenetic parcellation is essentially a recasting of Haeckel's biogenetic law and is rejected on the grounds that ontogenies do not parallel phylogenies, and only primitive and derived characters, not organisms, can be recognized. It is argued that the phylogenetic significance of transient neural characters can be determined only within a cladistical context and that insufficient ontogenetic data presently exist to evaluate most characters. Finally, the history of current models of craniate head organization is traced, and this information, along with that from more recent developmental studies, necessitates rejection of the Goodrich and Jarvik-Bjerring models. A new model is presented that purports to incorporate current ideas of somitomere and neuromere distribution, but it is deemed inadequate because, like previous models, it is based on information gleaned primarily from the ontogeny of a single species, whereas the model sought is a model of the ontogeny of ancestral craniates. To arrive at such a model, we must generate a morphotype, based on shared primitive features of cephalic ontogenies of all craniate radiations, which involves a cladistic analysis of these ontogenies.
Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on carbon-supported PtCo catalysts prepared by water-in-oil micro-emulsion

Synthesis of carbon-supported PtCo/C using micro-emulsion method including simultaneous procedure and sequential procedures in both acid and alkaline media was reported. UV–vis and electron microscopy were used to characterize the formation, surface morphology and distribution of PtCo nanoparticles. Crystallite structure of catalysts was analyzed from XRD patterns. Catalytic properties of PtCo/C catalysts synthesized were compared with commercial Pt/C using RDE based on both mass activity (MA) and specific activity (SA). PtCo/C catalysts prepared in both acidic and basic conditions showed better performance than commercial Pt/C catalyst. High-temperature heat treatment was found useful only to PtCo/C by sequential procedure. The peroxide yield was also explored using RRDE technique. The H2O2 yield results were correlated with SA and R values (ratio of charge transferred about Co and Pt on the surface of catalyst) obtained from CVs in 1 M KOH solution. A sacrificial Co oxidized effect on impediment of adsorption of OH may cause higher catalytic properties and higher H2O2 yield to Pt base alloy catalysts.
Application of Prevention through Design for Hearing Loss in the Mining Industry

Abstract Introduction Overexposure to noise remains a widespread and serious health hazard in the U.S. service providing and goods producing industries. Excessive noise can lead to poor verbal communication and reduce the ability to recognize warning signals. These dangerous work conditions can also cause stress and fatigue. Occupational hearing loss is a permanent illness, with no recovery currently possible. Method National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recognized Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) as one of the ten leading work-related diseases and injuries in the United States, and has emphasized its importance as one of the critical areas expressed in the National Occupational Research Agenda. Results One of the most serious noise problems in the goods producing industries is the operation of continuous mining machines during underground coal mining. In order to minimize occupational hearing loss, noise hazards are “designed out” early in the design process. NIOSH is leading a national initiative called Prevention through Design (PTD) to promote this concept. This paper describes the quiet-by-design approach of a noise control that reduced noise exposures of continuous mining machine operators by 3dB(A) using the four functional areas of PTD, namely Practice, Policy, Research, and Education.
Relations with Grandparents Rural Midwest Versus Urban Southern California

The rapid growth of urban settlements in the United States has profound but largely unexplored implications for children's relations with grandparents. Rural settlements in the Midwest frequently became a stepping stone to residence in far western states. We examine whether and how relations with grandparents differs for young people in rural farm and nonfarm regions of the Midwest (using the Iowa Youth and Families Project—IYFP) and in urban Southern California (using the Longitudinal Study of Generations—LSOG). Rural youth enjoy more frequent contact with paternal grandparents and receive more help from all grandparents than urban youth. Farm adolescents have even more contact and receive more help from paternal grandparents than rural nonfarm age-mates. Levels of conflict are low across ecologies, although urban youth report higher levels of conflict with maternal grandmothers than rural youth. Even with controls, the relationship of young Americans with their grandparents varies significantly by rural...
Interaction Index and Different Methods for Determining Drug Interaction in Combination Therapy

Studying and understanding the joint effect of combined treatments is important in pharmacology and in the development of combination therapies. The Loewe additivity model is one of the best general reference models for evaluating drug interactions. Based on this model, synergy occurs when the interaction index is less than one, while antagonism occurs when interaction index is greater than one. We expanded the meaning of the interaction index, and propose a procedure to calculate the interaction index and its associated confidence interval under the assumption that the dose-effect curve for a single agent follows Chou and Talalay's median effect equation. In addition, we review four response surface models based on the Loewe additivity model using a single parameter to determine drug interactions. We describe each of these models in the context of Loewe additivity model and discuss their relative advantages and disadvantages. We also provide S-PLUS/R code for each approach to facilitate the implementation of these commonly used methods.
Electronic Aggression Among Emerging Adults: Motivations and Contextual Factors

The present study used quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate contextual factors and motivations associated with emerging adults’ electronic aggression victimization and perpetration with friends and dating partners. Participants (N = 226) reported online about electronic aggression occurrence and motivations, family risk, support from friends, and emotion regulation. Males reported more victimization than perpetration overall, whereas females reported more victimization than perpetration only with friends. Jealousy/insecurity emerged as the most common motivation for electronic perpetration; second most common was humor for males and negative emotion for females. Overall, risky family environment was associated with electronic aggression; yet, support from friends and emotion regulation each moderated this association. Discussion addresses potential miscommunications that can occur in electronic communication and the need to look at the interplay between in-person and online interactions.
A notch filter based frequency-difference detector and its applications

A new frequency-difference detector (FDD) based on an adaptive notch filter is proposed. The FDD is useful in decreasing acquisition times in phase-locked loop (PLL) and Costas loop based clock and carrier extraction systems. When used to aid voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) locking in a PLL, the new FDD eliminates phase errors between the input signal and the VCO output when in lock, even when a multiplying-type phase detector is used (as opposed to an edge-sensitive phase detector). This decreases jitter for low-SNR applications. Also, the control-voltage output from the FDD has substantially less ripple for a given loop bandwidth, as compared to a traditional FDD such as the quadricorrelator (QDR). This also significantly decreases the phase jitter of extracted signals. >
Fibrinogen Hershey IV: A novel dysfibrinogen with a γV411I mutation in the integrin αIIbβ3 binding site

The carboxyl terminal segment of the fibrinogen γ chain from γ408–411 plays a crucial role in platelet aggregation via interactions with the platelet receptor αIIbβ3. We describe here the first naturally-occurring fibrinogen point mutation affecting this region and demonstrate its effects on platelet interactions. DNA sequencing was used to sequence the proband DNA, and platelet aggregation and direct binding assays were used to quantitate the biological effects of fibrinogen Hershey IV. The Hershey IV proband was found to be heterozygous for two mutations, γV411I and γR275C. Little difference in aggregation was seen when fibrinogen Hershey IV was compared to normal fibrinogen. However, less aggregation inhibition was observed using a competing synthetic dodecapeptide containing the V411I mutation as compared to the wild-type dodecapeptide. Purified fibrinogen Hershey IV also bound to purified platelet αIIbβ3 with a lower affinity than wild-type fibrinogen. These findings show that the γV411I mutation results in a decreased ability to bind platelets. In the heterozygous state, however, the available wild-type fibrinogen appears to be sufficient to support normal platelet aggregation.
Treatment of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax with gomenol.

1.Following a short review of substances used for the production of artificial pleurodesis, a technique is described for the use of gomenol in recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. 2.Five cases successfully treated by this method are presented. 3.A wider use of gomenol for curing recurrent pneumothorax is suggested.
Methylphenidate: diurnal effects on locomotor and stereotypic behavior in the rat.

The dose–response relationship and time course of effect on motor activity after a single dose of methylphenidate given at different times of the light/dark cycle was investigated using a computerized infrared activity analysis system. After 5 to 7 days of acclimation and 2 days of baseline activity recording, rats received a single subcutaneous injection of vehicle (saline) or of 0.6, 2.5, 10 or 40 mg/kg methylphenidate at 08:00, 14:00, 20:00, or 02:00. Recording was then resumed for an additional 36 to 48 hours. The locomotor indices analyzed were horizontal activity, total distance, vertical activity, stereotypic activity, and number of stereotypic movements. Saline and 0.6 mg/kg did not alter motor activity, but 2.5, 10 and 40 mg/kg significantly increased (P<0.01) motor activity. The time to the maximum effect and the duration of effect increased with dose. Ten mg/kg had the most robust effect on locomotor activity, while the largest dose, 40 mg/kg, elicited a more focused stereotyped activity that limited the amount of forward ambulation. A single injection of methylphenidate had only transient effects. The locomotor stimulating effects of the lower doses were similar whether given during the light or dark phase, despite the large diurnal variations in baseline activity between the activity phases. The stereotypic effects of the highest dose of methylphenidate, however, varied between the light and dark phase, with a smaller stereotypic effect during the dark phase when compared to administration during the light phase.
Staggered Sampling for Energy Efficient Data Collection

Efficient and complete data collection is one of the most important tasks in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks. Additionally, the collection of the full data set should be performed in the most resource efficient way, thus prolonging the battery lifetime of the network. We introduce a new approach for energy efficient data collection through the use of staggered sampling. Staggered sampling means that at each sampling moment (epoch) only a small percentage of sensors collect (sample) data. The proposed approach leverages on statistical relationships between samples taken from different sensors and/or at different epochs for the prediction of the non-sampled sensor data. The main goal of the approach is to ensure complete collection of data during a periodic cycle while minimizing the number of sensor readings collected at any point in time. Complete data collection is confirmed by ensuring that each sensor is either sampled at each epoch or the data sample can be accurately recovered though model prediction of the sampled sensors. The proposed approach consists of two main phases. First, efficient modeling of the prediction relationship between two sensors using kernel smoothing over different time lags is performed. Second, the selection of epochs at which each sensor is to sample the data is determined. A 0-1 integer linear programming formulation is used to address this NP-complete assignment problem optimally on relatively large instances. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach on traces from actually deployed networks for sensor of two modalities: temperature and humidity.
Non-Predatory Shell Damage in Neogene Western Atlantic Deep-Burrowing Bivalves

Abstract Few shell-crushing predators can excavate prey living deep within the sediment. Despite this infaunal refuge from predators, many deep-burrowing bivalves display a strikingly high incidence of shell damage when compared with species living at shallower depths. A non-predatory origin is necessary to explain this high incidence of injury. To evaluate the generality of this hypothesis, repair frequency (number of repairs per shell), along with position and geometry, were determined for 68 Neogene bivalve species from the US Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, seven of which are classified as deep burrowers (>20 cm depth of sediment penetration). Panopea bitruncata, Panopea floridana, Panopea reflexa, and Panopea americana, which are among the deepest burrowers (up to 100 cm), have repair frequencies (2.8– 6.2) that are higher than any other species, while the value for Cyrtopleura costata (0.76) is exceeded only by semi-infaunal Atrina species (1.12). However, not all deep-burrowing species had such hi...
Construction of Quantum Mechanics on Phase Space

We now come to the mathematical foundation of quantum mechanics on phase space. In the two previous chapters, motivation for and some of the desired mathematical structure of quantum mechanics on phase space has emerged. In this chapter, we give a rigorous mathematical analysis of the origin, the variety, and the structure of quantum mechanics on phase space. To review, the discovered components of the structure of quantum mechanics on phase space are: (i) A symmetry group; (ii) A classical phase space, Γ; (iii) Representations of the symmetry group by unitary operators acting on the Hilbert space L2(Γ); (iv) Localization operators (P.V.M.’s) on these representations; (v) Harmonic decompositions of these representations into irreducible sub-representations; (vi) Intertwining operators between these irreducible sub-representations and the standard irreducible representations [as commonly used in physics and obtained by the Mackey-Frobenius method of induced representations.] The intertwined images of the (P.V.M.) localization operators become P.O.V.M.’s. (vii) Informational completeness criteria for these P.O.V.M.’s.
“A Regime-Switching Model of Long-Term Stock Returns” by Mary Hardy, April 2001

(2002). “A Regime-Switching Model of Long-Term Stock Returns” by Mary Hardy, April 2001. North American Actuarial Journal: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 171-173.
COMPETING RATIONALITIES AND THE POLITICS OF INTERORGANIZATIONAL REGULATION

This article reports results of an analysis of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) regulatory activity from 1952 to 1986. Support is found for a synthesis of resource dependence and institutional theories of interorganizational regulation. Regulation maintains stable competitive relationships by tying competing orientations to resource exchange and the institutional norms that bind member organizations and legitimate their activities. A balance of tangible and symbolic resources, material interest, and belief, binds member organizations in a regulatory network. In the case of the NCAA, successful athletic schools are more likely to pursue instrumentally-rational athletic activity oriented toward winning and maximum profit, while academically selective schools pursue more value-rational athletic activity oriented toward the educational benefits of amateur athletic competition.
Pair Ordering Anisotropy In Amorphous Tb-Fe Thin Films

We have studied the structural origins of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in amorphous Tb-Fe thin films by employing high energy x-ray scattering. The as-deposited films show a clear structural anisotropy, with a preference for Fe-Tb near-neighbors to align in the out-of-plane direction. Upon annealing, the magnetic anisotropy energy drops significantly, and we see a corresponding reduction in the structural anisotropy. The radial distribution functions indicate that the number of Fe-Tb near-neighbors increases in the in-plane direction, but does not change in the out-of-plane direction. Therefore, the distribution of Fe-Tb near-neighbors becomes more uniform upon annealing. We conclude that the observed reduction in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energy is a result of this change in structure.
Disorganized Attachment and Personality Functioning in Adults: A Latent Class Analysis.

Though researchers have attended to disorganized attachment in infants and children, they have infrequently focused on the character of disorganized attachment in adults. In this study, we aimed to identify clusters of participants based on attachment levels and styles, seeking to better delineate severity and stylistic differences in disorganized attachment than has been previously articulated. We used a new assessment approach focused on a hierarchy of attachment organization, including secure, insecure (dismissive and preoccupied), rigid-controlling (hostile control and compulsive caregiving), and disorganized (contradictory, impoverished, and unresolved) levels of attachment. Clinical evaluators used information from diagnostic and attachment-based interviews to rate participants on each of these aspects of attachment. Latent class analysis (LCA) revealed a 4-class solution, including a secure (n = 33), insecure (n = 110), and 2 disorganized classes. One disorganized class (disorganized-oscillating) was characterized by elevations on contradictory and preoccupied styles (n = 77) and another (disorganized-impoverished) showed elevations on impoverished and dismissive styles (n = 53). The disorganized-oscillating class exhibited elevated personality disorder (PD) severity and general symptom severity, borderline personality disorder (BPD), histrionic, and antisocial dimensional scores, and the most severe identity disturbance compared with the other classes. The impoverished-dismissive class exhibited the highest avoidant and schizoid PD dimensional scores of the classes, and higher PD severity compared with the insecure and secure classes. These results highlight the possibility of identifying distinct classes of attachment organization, differentiated both by aspects of severity and interpersonal style. They also shed light on the manifestation of attachment disorganization in adults. (PsycINFO Database Record
Food Habits of Furbearers of the Upland Post Oak Region in Texas

A food habits study is one of the most important single aspects of an ecological study of any animal or group of animals. A close interrelationship exists between an animal and other species of the biota as a result of their feeding habits. A knowledge of the foods aids in explaining these interrelationships. It also helps to explain much of the behavior and daily and seasonal movements of the species and gives suggestions for management. Much of the literature recording the foods eaten by carnivores is based on an analysis of the stomach content or of fecal remains but little is known of the reliability of each. Little is also known of the comparative value of the various sections of the gut in a food analysis. An analysis can be done on a quantitative and/or qualitative basis. The quantitative method, recorded by weight or volume, designates the items that make up the major part of the food; however, small items occurring frequently might be pushed into the background. If, however, recorded only as frequency of occurrence, these lesser foods may be overemphasized. The purpose of the present study is to give meaning to the food habit study. The mere fact that an animal eats an item has little meaning in itself. The importance of an item in the annual diet has, in fact, little meaning unless some ecological significance can be attributed to it such as its abundance, its importance in the diet of other species, or the selection of the item in the presence of other foods. This study also trys to evaluate the various methods employed in food habit studies; to compare the reliability of a measured value with the visual estimated value in common use; to determine the results of an analysis based on scats and one based on digestive tract contents when both were collected in the same area during the same period; and to evaluate the relative importance of the sections of the gut as a quantitative and qualitative indicator of foods eaten. The study is based on material collected over a two-year period (January 1950-January 1952) in the uplands of the Post Oak Woods of eastern Texas. The contents of both scats and digestive tracts were analyzed for raccoons (Procyon lotor), opossums (Didelphis marsupialis), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and ringtails (Bassariscus astutus). The area studied can best be described as an ecotone between the eastern deciduous forest and the tall grass prairie. Bailey (1905) referred to it as the Austroriparian Division of the Lower Austral Life Zone, and Blair (1950) classified it as part of the Texan Biotic Province. It is represented by a rather open stunted forest dominated by post oak and black jack oak. The understory of the climax is a scattered complex of yaupon, deciduous holly, parsley haw, French mulberry, and huckleberry which becomes greatly intensified under heavy grazing. Open areas that are heavily grazed produce an abundance of persimmon, grape, hackberry, dewberry, deciduous holly, yaupon, and several other less 406 Vol. 85, No. S
A study of patients with aggressive multiple sclerosis at disease onset

Objective Identify aggressive onset multiple sclerosis (AOMS) and describe its clinical course.
Computer Simulation of Investment Behavior in a Flood Plain

There is a large and growing body of literature describing experiments in computer simulation of river basins.1 The reasons for this lie in the vast complications of designing and operating a water resource system. The complexities are such that analytic methods have been insufficient to cope with the problem, but large-scale computers can be used to model the manifold possibilities and then run the model through a large number of histories and see which design and operating rules work best.
Interventions to Support and Strengthen Parenting in Military Families: State of the Evidence

Parenting can be challenging in today’s society; however, parenting while one or both caregivers are actively involved in U.S. military service can be especially demanding. Since September 11, 2001, the country’s reliance on the U.S. military has reached an all time high, and this increase reflects the need to understand and meet the demands of military families, such as the need for parenting support. Military family readiness is a term that has become more prominent over the past couple of decades. This chapter provides an overview of parenting interventions that have been developed for and are currently working to strengthen and support military families. To better understand how parenting interventions are utilized among military families, this chapter will review the history of parenting education, acknowledge changes and trends in the field, and explore popular theoretical frameworks. In addition, this chapter will review selected parenting programs developed for military families. Finally, this chapter summarizes the essential next steps in parenting programs, including an evaluation component in order to better understand what works and where resources should be invested.
Impact of sleep restriction versus idealized sleep on emotional experience, reactivity and regulation in healthy adolescents.

Summary Sleep loss is associated with affective disturbances and disorders; however, there is limited understanding of specific mechanisms underlying these links, especially in adolescence. The current study tested the effects of sleep restriction versus idealized sleep on adolescents’ emotional experience, reactivity and regulation (specifically cognitive reappraisal). Following 1 week of sleep monitoring, healthy adolescents (n = 42; ages 13–17 years) were randomized to 1 night of sleep restriction (4 h) or idealized sleep (9.5 h). The following day, adolescents provided self-reports of affect and anxiety and completed a laboratory-based task to assess: (1) emotional reactivity in response to positive, negative, and neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS); and (2) ability to use cognitive reappraisal to decrease negative emotional responses. Large effects were observed for the adverse impact of sleep restriction on positive affect and anxiety as well as a medium-sized effect for negative affect, compared to the idealized sleep condition. Subjective reactivity to positive and neutral images did not differ between the groups, but a moderate effect was detected for reactivity to negative images whereby sleep-restricted teens reported greater reactivity. Across both sleep conditions, use of cognitive reappraisal down-regulated negative emotion effectively; however, sleep restriction did not impact upon adolescents’ ability to use this strategy. These findings add to a growing body of literature demonstrating the deleterious effects of sleep restriction on aspects of emotion and highlight directions for future research in adolescents.
Love During the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

This chapter concludes the historical exploration of romantic love around the world. It particularly focuses on different cultures’ conceptualizations of romantic love between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Within this time frame that precedes modern concepts of love, this chapter analyzes love differences among China, Japan, Europe, Latin America, Russia, and North America. As textual sources for this time period become more abundant, this chapter provides a very detailed analysis of the beliefs, experiences, expressions, and conceptualizations of love that the people of these particular cultures have.
Augmenting Laboratory Rearing of Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae With Ammoniacal Salts.

Stable flies are blood feeding parasites and serious pests of livestock. The immature stages develop in decaying materials which frequently have high ammonium content. We added various ammonium salts to our laboratory stable fly rearing medium and measured their effect on size and survival as well as the physical properties of the used media. The addition of ammonium hydroxide, ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate reduced larval survival. These compounds decreased pH and increased ammonium content of the used media. Ammonium bicarbonate had no effect on pH and marginally increased ammonium while increasing survival twofold. The optimal level of ammonium bicarbonate was 50 g (0.63 mol) per pan. Larval survival decreased when pH was outside the range of 8.5 to 9.0.
Beyond nutrients: a meta‐analysis of the diverse effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plants and soils

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plant fitness under certain environmental conditions. Among the mechanisms that may drive this mutualism, the most studied is provisioning of nutrients by AMF in exchange for carbon from plant hosts. However, AMF may also provide a suite of non-nutritional benefits to plants including improved water uptake, disease resistance, plant chemical defense, soil aggregation, and allelochemical transport and protection. Here, we use a meta-analysis of 93 studies to assess the relative effect of AMF on nutritional and non-nutritional factors that may influence plant fitness. We find that the positive effects of AMF on soil aggregation, water flow and disease resistance are equal to the effect of AMF on plant nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. However, AMF had no effect on the uptake of other nutrients, plant water content, allelopathic transport or production of chemical defense compounds. We suggest future research directions, including experimentally assessing the relative contribution on plant fitness of AMF interactions by untangling the independence of alternative benefits of AMF from an increase in nutrient uptake. This will lead to a more holistic view of the mycorrhizal-plant association and a more accurate picture of the net impact on the plant or plant community in question.
A Pilot Analysis of the Association Between Types of Monitored Anesthesia Care Drugs and Outcomes in Transfemoral Aortic Valve Replacement Performed Without General Anesthesia.

Objective The types of agents used for monitored anesthesia care (MAC) and their possible differential effects on outcomes have received less study despite increased use over general anesthesia (GA) in transfemoral aortic valve replacements (TAVRs). In this pilot analysis of patients undergoing TAVR using MAC, the authors described the anesthetic agents used and sought to investigate the possible association of anesthetic agent choice with outcomes and the extent to which total weight and time-adjusted doses of anesthetics declined with increasing 10-year age increments. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting Tertiary teaching hospital. Participants Ninety-three participants scheduled to undergo TAVR, with a primary plan of conscious sedation between November 2014 and June 2016, were included. Intervention None. Measurements and Main Results Types of MAC were divided into 4 primary groups, but 2 groups were focused: propofol (n = 39) and dexmedetomidine plus propofol (n = 34). Conversion to GA occurred in 6 participants (6.45%) and was not associated with the type of sedation received. The authors also compared patients who received dexmedetomidine with those who did not in accordance with their a priori analytic plan. There were no associations between the use of dexmedetomidine and postoperative delirium or intensive care unit/hospital length of stay. No significant trends in medication dose adjustments were seen across increasing 10-year age increments. Conclusions A wide breadth of MAC medications is in use among TAVR patients and does not support differences in outcomes. Despite recommendations to reduce anesthetic drug dosing in the elderly, no significant trends in dose reduction with increasing age were noted.