cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Newly Hatched Chicks Solve the Visual Binding Problem

For an organism to perceive coherent and unified objects, its visual system must bind color and shape features into integrated color-shape representations in memory. However, the origins of this ability have not yet been established. To examine whether newborns can build an integrated representation of the first object they see, I raised newly hatched chicks (Gallus gallus) in controlled-rearing chambers that contained a single virtual object. This object rotated continuously, revealing a different color and shape combination on each of its two faces. Chicks were able to build an integrated representation of this object. For example, they reliably distinguished an object defined by a purple circle and yellow triangle from an object defined by a purple triangle and yellow circle. This result shows that newborns can begin binding color and shape features into integrated representations at the onset of their experience with visual objects.
Backward Fokker-Planck equation for determining model valid prediction period

[1] A new concept, valid prediction period (VPP), is presented here to evaluate ocean (or atmospheric) model predictability. VPP is defined as the time period when the prediction error first exceeds a predetermined criterion (i.e., the tolerance level). It depends not only on the instantaneous error growth but also on the noise level, the initial error, and the tolerance level. The model predictability skill is then represented by a single scalar, VPP. The longer the VPP, the higher the model predictability skill is. A theoretical framework on the basis of the backward FokkerPlanck equation is developed to determine the mean and variance of VPP. A one-dimensional stochastic dynamical system [Nicolis, 1992] is taken as an example to illustrate the benefits of using VPP for model evaluation. INDEX TERMS: 4263 Oceanography: General: Ocean prediction; 4255 Oceanography: General: Numerical modeling; 3367 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Theoretical modeling; KEYWORDS: backward Fokker-Planck equation, instantaneous error, Lorenz system, predictability, tolerance level, valid prediction period
CONNECTING COMMUNITY, CRITICAL, AND CLASSICAL KNOWLEDGE IN TEACHING MATHEMATICS FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE

In this chapter, I describe conceptually, and give an example of, an aspect of teaching mathematics for social justice – teachers’ attempts to connect three forms of knowledge: community, critical, and classical. The setting is a Chicago public high school, oriented toward social justice, whose students are all low-income African Americans and Latinas/os.
Adaptive Temperature Set Point of Air Handling Units Using Fuzzy Logics

Control technology is necessary for air handling units to maintain suitable conditions in buildings that trend to have low energy consumption and operation cost. This study proposes an adaptive scheme of determining temperature set point that is feasible for many existing control methods, such as return- and supply-air temperature feedback control, of air handling units. The implementation procedure and concrete contribution are described below. A wireless sensor network with Zigbee communication protocol is first established. The environmental dry-bulb temperature and humidity are sensed using end nodes while routers and coordinators pass on and collect data. A heat index, called apparent temperature, is then introduced to indicate the human sensation of thermal comfort. By simultaneously considering the environmental and targeted apparent temperature, an adaptive temperature set point of each air handling unit is derived using fuzzy logics. Next, the proposed scheme is employed to an air conditioning system, in which the PID control method is used in determining the quantity of chilled water entering the cooling coil. Experimental results demonstrate the achievement of stable variation of apparent temperature ranging in a thermal comfort region for occupants. Furthermore, the power consumption of chillers is reduced since the quantity of chilled water used in heat transfer is decreased.
Does your child have asthma? Parent reports and medication use for pediatric asthma.

Objective To assess parental reporting of diagnosis used in surveys as an indicator of pediatric asthma prevalence. Methods Analysis of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 1996 and 1997 (10 404 children aged from 0 to 17 years). All values are expressed as mean (SE). Results Asthma medications were purchased for 2.5% (0.2%) of children. Parents of 45.4% (4.0%) of these children failed to report asthma, including 41.3 (10.5%) of those for whom maintenance medications were purchased. These findings remained unchanged when very young children were excluded from the sample. Controlling for insurance coverage, no racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic disparities in reported asthma were found; however, poor children were more likely to have maintenance medications purchased (odds ratio, 4.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-10.4). Conclusions Surveys of parental reports of asthma overlook many children with active disease. Dependence on parental reports may underestimate the prevalence of serious asthma among poor children. The parents in this study who fail to report asthma may represent a group that perceives their children's disease as less serious a problem despite active purchasing of medications.
DISPLACEMENT OSTEOTOMY IN THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE HIP

1. Almost all patients with osteoarthritis of the hip who consult the surgeon do so because they wish to be relieved of pain. They all have limitation of movement in varying degrees but most of them will be either unaware of it or will have accepted it. What is more important, they would not have sought medical advice because of stiffness if there had been no pain. The primary objective of operative treatment must therefore be to relieve pain. 2. Displacement osteotomy will give substantial relief from pain in a high proportion of cases and the relief is lasting. Perhaps that explains why this operation, advocated by McMurray and Malkin twenty-five years ago, is being practised more widely than ever to-day while its competitors (neurectomy, capsulectomy, arthroplasty) have steadily diminished in popularity. 3. The disadvantages of the operation are all related to post-operative immobilisation in plaster, which may induce further stiffness of the hip, even to the extent of ankylosis, or stiffness and pain in the knee. These disadvantages may be overcome to a considerable degree by internal fixation followed by sling suspension and early active movement. But when, under anaesthesia, the range of hip flexion is reduced to 45 degrees or less, the operation is always liable to result in ankylosis, and it is wise in these circumstances to take this possibility into account and warn the patient beforehand.
Efficient neighbor list calculation for molecular simulation of colloidal systems using graphics processing units

Abstract We present an algorithm based on linear bounding volume hierarchies (LBVHs) for computing neighbor (Verlet) lists using graphics processing units (GPUs) for colloidal systems characterized by large size disparities. We compare this to a GPU implementation of the current state-of-the-art CPU algorithm based on stenciled cell lists. We report benchmarks for both neighbor list algorithms in a Lennard-Jones binary mixture with synthetic interaction range disparity and a realistic colloid solution. LBVHs outperformed the stenciled cell lists for systems with moderate or large size disparity and dilute or semidilute fractions of large particles, conditions typical of colloidal systems.
Antibiotic Combinations and Resistance to Antibiotics: Penicillin-Erythromycin and Streptomycin-Erythromycin Combinations in vitro.∗

In a previous study(1) it was shown that the development of resistance to penicillin, streptomycin or erythromycin in vitro may be delayed and depressed by the use of a combination of erythromycin with either penicillin or streptomycin. the organisms used in that study were originally susceptible to small or moderate concentrations of each of these antibiotics, and when they were repeatedly subcultured in the combination of 2 antibiotics, these were present in increasing concentrations, but always in a constant ratio. In the present study an attempt was amde to determine whether the presence of a moderately high concentration of an antibiotic to which bacteria are originally resistant would also serve to delay or depress the development of resistance to another antibiotic following repeated exposures to increasing concentrations of the latter.Materials and methods. The 8 strains of Staphylococcus aureus used in the present study had been isolated from infected materials during a recent survey(2); they wer...
Public health strategies for obesity treatment and prevention

Objective To review research on public health interventions for obesity. Methods Describe recent changes in obesity prevalence in the United States and 5 research studies from the University of Minnesota directed at the problem. Results The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically over the last 15 years. Conclusions Recent increases in obesity in the United States have been of great concern for public health. Health education approaches to addressing the problem have not been effective. It is suggested that alternative approaches, such as changing the price structure of foods, may be necessary if the problem is to be successfully addressed.
Report from the 9th WASOG Meeting & 11th BAL International Conference

The 9th World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases (WASOG) Meeting, in association with Broncho-alveolar Lavage (BAL) International Conference, was held in Athens, Greece, June 19-22, 2008 (1). More than 250 international clinicians and scientists attended the conferences; they were 104 oral and poster presentations encompassing various clinical and basic science aspects of sarcoidosis and interstitial lung disease. From these outstanding presentations, we have selected a few that reflect interesting aspects and new information related to sarcoidosis. In the following Editorial, Dr. Reynolds will highlight the most important topics on BAL.
The clinical role of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors in ischemic heart disease.

SUMMARY The platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ilb/IIIa receptor antagonists are powerful new antiplatelet drugs that show promise in reducing complications of coronary angioplasty and acute coronary syndromes.
The fifth-year controversy.

Among the many issues responsible for the current controversy surrounding a fifth year of training in pathology, the current division of authority and responsibility is paramount. In this article, approaches are recommended to resolve the acute problem and prevent comparable recurrences in the future.
Impact of a Guideline for the Management of Antimicrobial/Warfarin Interactions in the Inpatient Setting and Across Transition of Care

Background: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with warfarin and antimicrobial agents are a common cause of international normalized ratio (INR) instability, which can affect the risk for bleeding and thrombotic events. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a comprehensive guideline for the management of warfarin-antimicrobial DDIs across transitions of care. The guideline emphasizes improving identification of significant antimicrobial-warfarin DDIs during hospitalization, empirical warfarin dose modification based on DDI and baseline INR, patient education, documentation of the DDI, communication with outpatient providers regarding the DDI and anticipated antimicrobial stop date, and warfarin dose adjustment on discontinuation of antimicrobial. Methods: This retrospective, single-center, quasiexperimental, pre-post study compared end points 3 months before and after guideline implementation. The primary outcome was time within therapeutic range (TTR). Results: The study included 78...
Silicon–Germanium Devices

Silicon complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistor (FET)-integrated circuit technology is ubiquitous in the large volume market segments such as memories and microprocessors. Optoelectronic devices in Si–Ge can be used to guide, detect, modulate, and (to a limited extent) generate optical signals, though not as efficiently as with III–V compound semiconductors. Combining the power of silicon integrated circuit technology with silicon-based optoelectronic devices clearly has tremendous technological and economic payoff. Due to technological advancement in manufacturing, high quality single crystal Si-Ge-on insulator (SGOI) now becomes a reality. Design of SGOI on standard Si substrate makes integration of optoelectronic devices possible at a lower cost.
Segmenting Lay Leaders for one Diocese of the Episcopal Church

The paper discusses a segmentation of lay leaders of one Diocese of the Episcopal Church. The segmentation is based on answers to 34 Likert-style attitude statements about the Diocese. The segments were then evaluated on other questions that they were asked. The clustering routine used offers several advantages over other clustering techniques.
Revitalizing science and technology studies: A Marxian critique of more-than-human geographies:

This article revisits Marx’s philosophy of history with respect to technological change, outlining some elements for the elaboration of a research agenda for materialist studies of science and tech...
Perceptions of the heterogeneity of party elites in the United States

While it is widely accepted that in the United States, political party labels serve as brand names which cue voters about the beliefs and ideologies of members, I explore the possibility that the s...
Are physical measures related to patient-centred outcomes in ARDS survivors?

Objective To inform selection of physical measures for studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) survivors within 12 months of ARDS. Methods Secondary analysis of data from 6-month survivors participating in a US multicentre prospective study (ARDSNet Long-Term Outcome Study, N=134) or a multisite prospective study in Baltimore, Maryland, USA (Improving Care of Acute Lung Injury Patients, N=99). Physical measures, assessed at 6-month follow-up, were categorised according to the WHO9s International Classification of Disability and Health: body functions and structures, activity and participation. Patient-centred outcomes were evaluated at 6 and 12 months: survival, hospitalisation, alive at home status and health-related quality of life. Pearson correlation, linear and logistic regression models were used to quantify associations of physical measures with patient-centred outcomes. Main results No 6-month body functions and structures measure demonstrated consistent association with 6-month or 12-month outcomes in multivariable regression. The 6 min walk test, an activity measure, was associated with 6-month Short-Form 36 (SF-36) physical component scores (PCS, β range: 0.99 to 1.52, p Conclusions Participation measures better reflect patient9s quality of life than measures of body functions and structures within 12 months of ARDS among 6-month survivors, and are recommended for inclusion as a core measure in future studies.
The Wealthy Hand-to-Mouth in China

The wealthy hand-to-mouth are households who are poor in liquid wealth (e.g., cash and checking accounts) and rich in illiquid wealth (e.g., housing and retirement accounts), while the poor hand-to-mouth are poor in both wealth. Data from the China Household Finance Survey reveal the following facts about the country’s wealthy hand-to-mouth. First, they represent the majority of the hand-to-mouth households in China. Second, they have different wealth portfolios and demographic features from the poor hand-to-mouth. Last, they have larger consumption responses to income fluctuations than non hand-to-mouth households, after controlling for income, hand-to-mouth status, and other household characteristics.
Turning a Community into a Market: A Practice Perspective on Information Technology Use in Boundary Spanning

This paper examines how information technology (IT) transforms relations across fields of practice within organizations. Drawing on Bourdieu's practice theory, we argue that the production of any practice involves varying degrees of embodiment (i.e., relying on personal relationships) and objectification (i.e., relying on the exchange of objects). We subsequently characterize boundary-spanning practices according to their relative degrees of embodiment and objectification. We distinguish between "market-like" boundary-spanning practices, which rely primarily on an objectified mode of practice production, from "community-like" practices, which involve mostly the embodied mode of practice production. IT is then conceptualized as a medium for sharing objects in the production of practices. As such, IT use allows for the sharing of objects without relying on embodied relationships. We use data from an in-depth ethnographic case study to investigate how IT was used to transform community-like boundary-spanning practices within an organization into market-like ones. Moreover, we demonstrate how, as IT was used to support the exchange and combination of depersonalized objects, other aspects of the practice (such as the roles of intermediaries and the nature of meetings) also changed. The related changes in these diverse aspects of a boundary-spanning practice supported the trend toward greater objectification. IT use also increased visibility of the terms associated with object exchange. This increased visibility exposed the inequity of the exchange and encouraged the disadvantaged party to renegotiate the relationship.
Music is awesome: Influences of emotion, personality, and preference on experienced awe

Awe is a complex, cognitive–conceptual emotion associated with transcendence and wonder. Music has the power to create this kind of transcendence. Can music evoke awe? Previous research demonstrates that awe is associated with individual differences in personality such as openness. This study examined whether different kinds of music across a wide variety of genres can evoke awe and whether the experience of awe depends on individual differences. The study further investigated the relationship of awe to patterns of emotional responses to different dimensions of musical genre. Study 1 demonstrated that high need for cognition and low cognitive closure predicted awe for reflective and complex music, that felt happiness predicted awe for all kinds of music, and that perceived happiness and sadness predicted awe only for reflective and complex music. Study 2 replicated the finding that perceived sadness can evoke awe in reflective and complex music and further demonstrated that experienced musical awe correlates with individual differences in the tendency to experience awe more generally. These results are of interest to advertisers interested in evoking awe with music and marketers interested in segmenting to target the appropriate populations for this purpose.
Chapter 1 What A Number is: Mathematical Foundations and Developing Number Concepts

“Why do we call something a ‘number’? Well, perhaps because it has a -direct-relationship with several things that have hitherto been called number; and this can be said to give it an indirect relationship to other things we call the same name. And we extend our concept of number as in spinning a thread we twist fiber on fiber. And the strength of the thread does not reside in the fact that some one fiber runs through its whole length, but in the overlapping of many fibers.” Wittgenstein (1958/53, p.32)
Description and Evaluation of the Job Designs Project for Adolescents and Young Adults with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders.

This article describes the Job Designs Project, a 3-year model demonstration effort that provided vocational services to adolescents and young adults with emotional or behavioral disorders. Vocatio...
A Matter of Taste: Gustatory Sensations Influence Personality Judgments

Given that we use taste-related metaphors to describe individuals, might basic gustatory sensations actually influence our judgments of others? Fifty-five undergraduates sampled otherwise identical sweet or sour beverages and rated hypothetical individuals on various personality dimensions. Taste influenced judgments on composite personality measures and ratings of individual personality traits: participants sampling a sweet beverage rated an individual's personality "sweeter" than those sampling a sour beverage, with larger differences generally observed for traits more strongly associated with the sweet-sour metaphor. Our impressions of others (and their impressions of us) depend not only on actions and utterances, then, but also on other superficially unrelated (yet metaphorically meaningful) sensory experiences such as the taste of a beverage recently consumed - a finding with potentially important implications for social interactions, impression management, and related decisions.
O10.4 Concordance between random catch urine and mid-vaginal microbiota

Introduction The vaginal microbiota is thought to play a protective role against STIs. While urine has long been used for detection of genital STIs, there have been few studies evaluating the use of urine samples in vaginal microbiome studies. We hypothesise that urine samples could serve as a surrogate for vaginal swab collection. We sought to compare mid-vaginal swabs and random catch urine samples. Methods Mid-vaginal swabs and random catch urine samples were collected in one sitting from 75 reproductive-age women. Microbiota composition was characterised by sequencing the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina platform. Vaginal microbiota were targeted for classification using PECAN, a rapid and accurate taxonomic classifier designed for the vaginal environment. Hierarchical clustering was used to assign community state type (CST) to each sample. CST-I, -II, -III, and -V are dominated by L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. iners and L. jensenni , respectively, while CSTs IV-A and IV-B represent low-Lactobacillus states with an array of strict and facultative anaerobes. Kappa statistics and Jensen-Shannon distances were used to evaluate the concordance of urine and vaginal samples. Results A 77% concordance and a 0.70 kappa value were observed for CST assignments, indicating substantial agreement in microbiota structure and composition between vaginal and urine samples within a woman. Out of 17 discordant pairs, 10 pairs had one sample assigned to CST-IV and the other to CST-III. These two CSTs are known to be associated with rapidly fluctuating dysbiotic states. When comparing the population structure of all urine and vaginal samples, no statistical differences were observed (PERMANOVA: F1,148=1.0815, p=0.31). Conclusion Vaginal and random catch urine samples from the same participant showed substantial agreement on bacterial composition. Random catch urine samples could present another sampling option to assess the vaginal and urogenital microbiota.
Hospital competition in prices and quality: A variational inequality framework

Abstract In this paper, we construct a game theory model to capture competition among hospitals for patients for their medical procedures. The utility functions of the hospitals contain a revenue component and a component due to altruism benefit. The hospitals compete in prices charged to paying patients as well as in the quality levels of their procedures. Both prices and quality levels are subject to lower and upper bounds. We state the governing Nash equilibrium conditions and provide the variational inequality formulation. We establish existence of an equilibrium price and quality pattern and also present a Lagrange analysis of the equilibrium solutions. An algorithm is proposed and then applied to numerical examples comprising a case study focusing on four major hospitals in Massachusetts.
Plasma-based beam combiner for very high fluence and energy

In a hot, under-dense plasma, eight input beams are combined into a single, well-collimated beam, whose energy is more than triple than that of any incident beam. This shows how nonlinear interactions in plasmas can produce optics beams at much higher intensity than possible in solids.
Liver-directed therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver-directed therapy is a critical component of treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. These therapies included percutaneous image-guided ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and transarterial radioembolization, and are administered by interventional radiologists. Depending on the stage of disease, a particular treatment modality, or a combination thereof, is expected to be most efficacious in achieving the goals of treatment for a particular patient. This article seeks to review the various liver-directed treatment modalities for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, with attention to their efficacy and patient selection criteria.
Chest wall reconstruction after tumor resection

Pediatric chest wall tumors are rare. Malignancies predominate of which sarcomas are the most common. Their resection and the subsequent reconstruction of the chest wall has been a surgical challenge since Dr. Frederick W. Parham published his first comprehensive account on the subject in 1898. Chest wall reconstruction is age, site and pathology dependent, must preserve long term function and cosmesis, must accommodate future growth and development, and must not be a hindrance to adjuvant radiotherapy. Bony reconstruction can be relatively simple or complex involving combinations of synthetic meshes, bioprosthetic materials, steel or titanium constructs, autografts, homografts and porcine or bovine xenografts. Soft tissue coverage can be achieved with direct closure, skin grafts, local advancement flaps, pedicled or free myocutaneous or osseomyocutaneous flaps or a combination of these. Complications to be avoided include scoliosis, pain and activity restriction, restrictive pulmonary deficits and interference with adjuvant radiotherapy which may result in tumor recurrence. Advances in cancer therapy have improved short- and long-term survival but significant functional and cosmetic challenges remain particularly for large chest wall defects in the very young. The future may lie with absorbable semi-rigid meshes, biointegratable acellular homografts and xenografts, demineralized bone matrices and bone marrow stromal cells, the patient's own lab-grown stem-cell based vascularized osseomyocutaneous chest wall grafts or the obsolescence of surgical resection altogether in the age of targeted anti-tumor and immune based therapy.
Sampling: Polls: Experiments

In this chapter we look at how statistics impinges on our world: estimating numerical properties of our society and deciding how reliable are those estimates. A sample is the group we examine to study a property (such as family income, height, and so on). The obvious question is: how reliable are our estimates in describing the whole population? We discuss the reliability of methods of sampling and ways of obtaining data, by observation or controlled experiments. Experimental designs are discussed briefly, and in particular Latin squares are studied. The relation of these designs to sudoku puzzles is mentioned.
Thoughts on the Future of the State Corporate Income Tax

The author suggests that it is possible to reform state corporate income taxes and that this is a good time to do so.The state corporate tax would function better as an ability-to-pay tax if all of the states adopted a corporate tax that reached all of the income properly attributable to the state, without regard to the corporate forms used in earning that income, the author says.Also, in order to protect their own corporate taxes, the states need to become more involved in protecting the integrity of the federal corporate income tax, McIntyre writes.
On the Nature of Externalities

Publisher Summary All externalities in the nature of public goods or bads is commonly accepted and occasionally argued in vague terms but never rigorously justified. This chapter explores the nature of externalities from a rigorous and analytic viewpoint. An externality is defined to be a situation in which the private economy lacks sufficient incentives to create a potential market in some good and the nonexistence of this market results in losses in Pareto efficiency. It is general enough to include both pecuniary and nonpecuniary externalities, and it provides a key to determining the types of economic situations that are likely to lead to externalities. The situations usually identified with externality have more fundamental explanations in terms of difficulties in defining private property, noncompetitive behavior, absence of relevant economic information, or non-convexities in transactions sets.
Elementary Extensions and Symmetries

In this chapter we will see how one can learn something about a structure by using symmetries of its elementary extensions. We will examine the specific example of the ordering of the natural numbers, and we will prove that the structure \(({\mathbb {N}},<)\) is minimal. After so many pages, the reader will probably find it hard to believe that this example was my original motivation to write this book. Initially, it seemed that not much technical preparation was needed.
Noise exposure assessment of a modular construction manufacturing factory

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has laid down specific regulations to prevent harmful impacts of noise on workers. However, due to the lack of awareness of irreparable noise damages, the potential of the auditory and non-auditory diseases is increasing. In the modular construction manufacturing, which is increasingly applied as a construction method, construction workers are substantially exposed to high-noise levels. In order to provide a healthier workplace, assessment of the noise exposure is necessary while in this industry has not been fully studied yet. Therefore, this paper presents noise exposure assessment of a modular construction factory. After investigating patterns of the tasks, task-based method (TBM) was applied as a measurement strategy. K-means clustering was used to determine the noise level of each task to calculate the noise exposure levels in different locations of the factory. The results of this paper can provide a useful guideline to manage the noise efficiently in the modular construction sector.
Implementing a comprehensive translational oncology platform: from molecular testing to actionability

In order to establish the workflows required to implement a real-time process involving multi-omic analysis of patient samples to support precision-guided therapeutic intervention, a tissue acquisition and analysis trial was implemented. This report describes our findings to date, including the frequency with which mutational testing led to precision-guided therapy and outcome for those patients. Eligible patients presenting to Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute were enrolled on the study. Patients with biopsy proven metastatic or locally advanced unresectable prostate cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, or refractory acute myelogenous leukemia receiving standard of care therapy were eligible. Metastatic site biopsies were collected and analyzed using the Knight Diagnostic Lab GeneTrails comprehensive solid tumor panel (124 genes). CLIA certified genomic information was made available to the treating physician. Between 1/26/2017 and 5/30/2018, 38 patients were enrolled, with 28 successfully undergoing biopsy. Of these, 25 samples yielded sufficient tumor for analysis. The median biopsy cellularity and number of cores collected were 70% (15–90%) and 5 (2–20), respectively. No procedure-related complications occurred. GeneTrails analysis revealed that 22 of 25 (88%) tumor samples harbored at least one potentially actionable mutation, and 18 (72%) samples harbored 2 or more potentially actionable mutations. The most common genetic alterations identified involved: DNA damage repair genes, cell cycle regulating genes, PIK3CA/Akt/mTOR pathway, and FGF gene family. To date, CLIA certified genomic results were used by treating physicians for precision-guided therapy in 5 (23%) patients. We report the feasibility of real-time tissue acquisition and analysis to support a successful translational oncology platform. The workflow will provide the foundation to improve access and accrual to biomarker driven precision oncology trials.
Formation of an 6α,14-epoxy-bridged isomorphinan, an unusual product from a substituted 6α,14-dihydroxymorphinan

During alkylation of 3-O-benzyl-6α-naltrexol (1) with large aralkyl halides like 2-bromomethylnaphthalene and 9-chloromethylanthracene under phase transfer catalysis conditions (potassium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium bromide, methylene chloride), formation of a new 6α,14-epoxide-bridged isomorphinan (4) was noted. Chemical and spectral evidence, including nmr and mass spectral data, are presented to prove its structure. Its formation results from 6α-oxygen displacement of a 14-O-aralkyl ether intermediate under the phase transfer catalysis alkylation conditions.
A Model of Organizational Nepotism

Second, it is assumed that nepotism is practiced in a variety of ways among family members and may include anything from hiring to promotion, or from in¬ated performance appraisals to avoidance of disciplinary practices. Although much of the following discussion refers to hiring practices or promotions, it is still assumed that nepotism is any form of (preferential) treatment provided to one or more family members but not granted to others within the same organization. It is understood that this type of (preferential) treatment may occur within an organization among nonfamily members as well. However, the emphasis and basis for this model relies heavily on kinship, a factor unique to nepotism that di¦erentiates it from other organizational practices. Kinship is expected to substantially in¬uence the predictors and outcomes of nepotism in a way that may not exist in other circumstances.
Adaptations to COVID-19 in Community Corrections Agencies across the United States

Currently, there are more than 4.5 million Americans under some form of community supervision. Much of the experience of traditional community supervision relies on face-to-face interactions. Indiv...
Vertical Restructuring (or Not) of the Infrastructure Sectors of Transition Economies

One important determinant of the speed and success of transition will be the efficiency of transformation and development of the infrastructure sectors. A great deal of attention has been paid to issues such as privatization, restructuring, user prices, and terms of access in these sectors, regarding both developed and developing countries. Somewhat less attention has been devoted to issues regarding vertical restructuring, which are notable in the degree to which in different sectors and in different locations they raise similar questions that may have very different answers. This paper suggests a framework for answering such questions and seeks to apply it to the railroad, electricity, and telecommunications sectors in transition economies.
Designing learning environments to promote academic literacy in mathematics in multilingual secondary mathematics classrooms

Emerging multilingual students can develop the dimensions of Academic Literacy in Mathematics (ALM) in classroom discussions. But, there is a need for empirically-validated principles for fostering such discussions. This research used ALM as a framework to create a unit of instruction on linear rates of change for ninth grade mathematics in which multilingual students benefit from discussions. Project-specific design principles are presented along with qualitative analysis of classroom discussions from each phase of the project. The results illustrate how discussions in the redesigned lessons contributed to developing the interrelated dimensions of ALM among multilingual learners. The work concludes with a discussion of how the project-specific design principles can serve as a framework for fostering discussions in other multilingual secondary mathematics learning environments.
Improving the Reliability of Pick-and-Place With Aerial Vehicles Through Fault-Tolerant Software and a Custom Magnetic End-Effector

Aerial manipulation is an emerging field in robotics with various potential applications such as transport and delivery, agriculture, and, infrastructure inspection. To deploy aerial vehicles in the real world, the safety and reliability of these systems is paramount. Motivated by the need for safety and reliability, this work proposes a software framework that has built-in robustness to algorithmic failures and hardware faults. The framework allows users to build complex applications while reasoning about faults that can happen at different stages of an aerial manipulation task and specifying fallback actions to return to normal operating mode. The aerial manipulator is further endowed with a magnetic gripper that can handle positional errors arising from perception and control uncertainties. We also introduce a bias estimator for measuring the contact forces and sensor bias. We demonstrate how the estimator can be used to detect either completion or failures across several tasks. We demonstrate the reliability of the proposed framework on two tasks: package sorting task (e.g. as might be used in a distribution center) and sensor placement task (for infrastructure inspection). We show different failure modes that can occur and how our aerial manipulation system recovers from them.
A Longitudinal Study of Changes in Prenatal Care Utilization Between First and Second Births and Low Birth Weight

Objectives Because previous analyses of prenatal care (PNC) utilization and risk of low birth weight (LBW) may have been influenced by selection bias, we conducted a study using longitudinal data of women with repeat pregnancies.
Nature of the Suppressor of Bacillus subtilis HA101B

The suppressor of Bacillus subtilis HA101B is shown to act by suppression of polypeptide chain termination. The efficiency of suppression is 25 to 30%.
Buffer Zones as a Conservation Strategy

Abstract Buffer zones serve as zones outside a protected area from which people can derive material or economic benefit, but which also provide wildlife habitat and ecosystem services. “Integrated conservation and development programs” (ICDPs) established in buffer zone communities promote sustainable patterns of economic development. However, they have been widely criticized for poor implementation. In this paper, I examine Conservation International's AMISCONDE program in Costa Rica as a case study of the role of ICDPs in buffer zones. The study suggests that varying and poorly defined conceptions of buffer zones among ICDP workers and participants can contribute to the failure of ICDPs to implement effective buffer zone-based conservation strategies. Alternative approaches to buffer zone delineation are examined. Recommendations include the clarification of competing buffer zone definitions; construction of a buffer zone definition that can be shared by all conservation participants in the region; and ...
Optimizing Coordinated Ramp Metering: A Preemptive Hierarchical Control Approach

: This article describes a coordinated ramp metering algorithm for systematically mitigating freeway congestion. A preemptive hierarchical control scheme with a three-priority-layer structure is employed in this algorithm. Ramp metering is formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem to enhance system performance. These optimization objectives include promptly tackling freeway congestion, sufficiently utilizing on-ramp storage capacities, and preventing on-ramp vehicles from overflowing to local streets, balancing on-ramp vehicle equity, and maximizing traffic throughputs for the entire system. Instead of relying heavily on accurate estimates of freeway traffic flow evolvement, this new approach models ramp meter control as a linear program and uses real-time traffic sensor measurements for minimizing the indeterminate impacts from the mainstream flow capacities. VISSIM-based simulation experiments are performed to examine its practicality and effectiveness using geometric and traffic demand data from one real-world freeway segment. The simulation test results show that the proposed ramp metering approach performed well in optimizing overall freeway system operations under various traffic conditions. The system-wide optimal control performance can be achieved to quickly mitigate freeway congestion, prevent traffic from overflowing to local streets, and maximize overall traffic throughputs. The proposed ramp metering approach can dynamically assemble relevant ramp meters to work together and effectively coordinate the individual meter rates to leverage their response strengths for minimizing time to clear the congestion. This study demonstrates that utilization of existing freeway infrastructure can be optimized through the proposed algorithm.
Perceptions of Risk: Paradox and Challenge

Perceived risk can be characterized as a battleground marked by strong and conflicting views about the nature and seriousness of the risks of modern life. The paradox for those who study risk perception is that, as people in many industrialized nations have become healthier and safer on average, they have become more—rather than less—concerned about risk, and they feel increasingly vulnerable to the risks of modern life (see, for example, figure 1). The stakes are high! These perceptions and the opposition to technology that accompanies them have puzzled and frustrated industrialists and regulators in many nations and have led numerous observers to argue that the apparent pursuit of a “zero-risk society” threatens political and economic stability in those nations (see table 1). Aaron Wildavsky, a political scientist, commented as follows on this state of affairs: How extraordinary! The richest, longest lived, best protected, most resourceful civilization, with the highest degree of insight into its own technology, is on its way to becoming the most frightened. Is it our environment or ourselves that have changed? Would people like us have had this sort of concern in the past? ... Today, there are risks from numerous small dams far exceeding those from nuclear reactors. Why is the one feared and not the others? Is it just that we are used to the old or are some of us looking differently at essentially the same sorts of experience?
RIVA: indexing and visualization of high-dimensional data via dimension reorderings

We propose a new representation for high-dimensional data that can prove very effective for visualization, nearest neighbor (NN) and range searches. It has been unequivocally demonstrated that existing index structures cannot facilitate efficient search in high-dimensional spaces. We show that a transformation from points to sequences can potentially diminish the negative effects of the dimensionality curse, permitting an efficient NN-search. The transformed sequences are optimally reordered, segmented and stored in a low-dimensional index. The experimental results validate that the proposed representation can be a useful tool for the fast analysis and visualization of high-dimensional databases.
Using abductive recovery of failed proofs for problem solving by analogy

Abstract We propose a solution to problem solving by analogy which is an alternative to Carbonell's transformational analogy. Given a plan that succeeds for the base, we apply the plan to the target and propose to correct its failures by an abductive recovery mechanism inspired from abductive recovery from failed proofs.
A Bayesian Zero-Failure (BAZE) Reliability Demonstration Testing Procedure

A Bayesian Zero-Failure (BAZE) reliability demonstration testing procedure is presented. The method is developed for an exponential failure-time model and a gamma prior distribution on the failure rate. The method provides the required total fixed test ..
Social Capital in Post Disaster Recovery: Strong Networks and Communities Create a Resilient East Asian Community

Standard approaches to disaster mitigation and recovery have, until recently, tended to overlook the role of social resources. This chapter investigates the mechanisms through which social capital and networks assist with disaster management, including modifying the responses of exit and voice, overcoming barriers to collective action, and providing informal insurance and mutual aid. Through examples such as the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, and the 2011 compounded disaster in Tohoku, Japan, this piece seeks to underscore a potentially efficient and cost effective response to crises.
The Role of Cognitions and Emotions in Human–Coyote Interactions

In this article, emotional and cognitive variables were used to explain reactions to human–coyote interactions. Anticipated emotional dispositions were hypothesized to mediate the influence of general attitude and symbolic existence beliefs toward coyotes on acceptability of killing a coyote. Residents around Cape Breton Highlands National Park in Canada were mailed a questionnaire in 2011 (n = 556; response rate = 70%). Acceptability of killing a coyote was evaluated for three situations: (a) a coyote crossed the trail, (b) a coyote approached you, and (c) a snarling coyote approached you. In all three scenarios, symbolic existence beliefs and anticipated emotional dispositions directly influenced acceptability of lethal management. Emotional dispositions also mediated the relationship between attitudes and symbolic existence beliefs on lethal management in all scenarios except for scenario 3 (snarling coyote). Acceptability of lethal control was best explained by symbolic beliefs, followed by anticipate...
TSOS - time based spacecraft operation simulator

This paper describes the time based spacecraft operation simulator (TSOS) system. TSOS is part of the virtual mission operation framework (VMOF). It is a dynamically configurable executive. TSOS simulates the execution of science observation scenarios on each spacecraft subsystem, propagates subsystem states, and generates the telemetry data. The telemetry data are broadcasted and validated through visualization stations. The capability of TSOS to simulate the execution of a science observation scenario before real operation happens provides a means for early detection of possible design flaws. Thus, it helps to reduce mission cost and ensure mission success.
Advances in Understanding and Predicting Inelastic Deformation in Zircaloy

The mathematical model MATMOD-Z has been built to permit computer simulation of in-reactor Zircaloy deformation behavior. The 250 to 450°C temperature range is covered together with a wide range of possible strain rates, accrued strains, and as-fabricated material conditions. MATMOD-Z is comprised of coupled time-rate equations in stress, strain, temperature, fast neutron flux, and certain material state variables. These latter quantities are: F d e f , representing the friction stress due to isotropic deformation-induced obstacles; F s o l , representing the friction stress due to solute drag; R, the "rest stress," or back stress due to directional obstacles; and f 2 , the Kearns texture number in the direction bisecting the basal pole intensity peaks. Comparison of MATMOD-Z predictions to independent test data indicate a distribution of errors in predicted stress given complex strain-time-temperature history with standard deviation of the order of 17 percent. The most important source of error is thought to lie in an effect not treated in the current model, namely, increased solute drag with increasing dislocation density.