cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving performance with bulk-inserts in Oracle R-trees

Spatial indexes play a major role in fast access to spatial and location data. Most commercial applications insert new data in bulk: in batches or arrays. In this paper, we propose a novel bulk insertion technique for R-Trees that is fast and does not compromise on the quality of the resulting index. We present our experiences with incorporating the proposed bulk insertion strategies into Oracle 10i. Experiments with real datasets show that our bulk insertion strategy improves performance of insert operations by 50%-90%.
The Code of the City: Standards and the Hidden Language of Place Making by Eran Ben-Joseph

Eran Ben-Joseph, The Code of the City: Standards and the Hidden Language of Place Making (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005).Flying over the American drapery of nested grids and curvilinear subdivisio...
Learning to Find Relevant Biological Articles without Negative Training Examples

Classifiers are traditionally learned using sets of positive and negative training examples. However, often a classifier is required, but for training only an incomplete set of positive examples and a set of unlabeled examples are available. This is the situation, for example, with the Transport Classification Database (TCDB, www.tcdb.org), a repository of information about proteins involved in transmembrane transport. This paper presents and evaluates a method for learning to rank the likely relevance to TCDB of newly published scientific articles, using the articles currently referenced in TCDB as positive training examples. The new method has succeeded in identifying 964 new articles relevant to TCDB in fewer than six months, which is a major practical success. From a general data mining perspective, the contributions of this paper are (i) evaluating two novel approaches that solve the positive-only problem effectively, (ii) applying support vector machines in a state-of-the-art way for recognizing and ranking relevance, and (iii) deploying a system to update a widely-used, real-world biomedical database. Supplementary information including all data sets are publicly available at www.cs.ucsd.edu/users/knoto/pub/ajcai08.
Possible roles of pH, temperature, and partial dissolution in determining boron concentration and isotopic composition in planktonic foraminifera

[1] We present the first continuous records from 0 to 5 Ma (in 0.333 m.y. integrated time steps) of paired boron/calcium (B/Ca) ratios and boron isotopes (δ11B) in the planktonic foraminifera Globogerinoides sacculifer (without sacc) from a site in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean (Ocean Drilling Program Site 806). These measurements, the first made in conjunction with calcification temperature (magnesium/calcium ratios) and average shell mass measurements, indicate that pH is not the sole environmental variable controlling B in planktonic foraminiferal calcite. Our data are consistent with calcification temperature exerting a primary control on B concentration and isotopic composition in planktonic foraminifera. If so, calcification temperature must be taken into account if pH for past oceans and atmospheric pCO2 are to be estimated from B isotope measurements in foraminiferal calcite. Doing so will substantially increase the uncertainty of pH estimates. Although this work was designed as a temporal study, its results define new aspects of calibrating the δ11B paleo-pH tracer.
3D MRI of impaired hyperpolarized 129Xe uptake in a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis.

A variety of pulmonary pathologies, in particular interstitial lung diseases, are characterized by thickening of the pulmonary blood–gas barrier, and this thickening results in reduced gas exchange. Such diffusive impairment is challenging to quantify spatially, because the distributions of the metabolically relevant gases (CO2 and O2) cannot be detected directly within the lungs. Hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe is a promising surrogate for these metabolic gases, because MR spectroscopy and imaging allow gaseous alveolar 129Xe to be detected separately from 129Xe dissolved in the red blood cells (RBCs) and the adjacent tissues, which comprise blood plasma and lung interstitium. Because 129Xe reaches the RBCs by diffusing across the same barrier tissues (blood plasma and interstitium) as O2, barrier thickening will delay 129Xe transit and, thus, reduce RBC-specific 129Xe MR signal. Here we have exploited these properties to generate 3D, MR images of 129Xe uptake by the RBCs in two groups of rats. In the experimental group, unilateral fibrotic injury was generated prior to imaging by instilling bleomycin into one lung. In the control group, a unilateral sham instillation of saline was performed. Uptake of 129Xe by the RBCs, quantified as the fraction of RBC signal relative to total dissolved 129Xe signal, was significantly reduced (P = 0.03) in the injured lungs of bleomycin-treated animals. In contrast, no significant difference (P = 0.56) was observed between the saline-treated and untreated lungs of control animals. Together, these results indicate that 3D MRI of HP 129Xe dissolved in the pulmonary tissues can provide useful biomarkers of impaired diffusive gas exchange resulting from fibrotic thickening. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review Essay: "Open Access" and its Social Context: New Colonialism in the Making?

Ich gehe in meinem Beitrag davon aus, dass das, was derzeit als "open access", also freier Zugang zu wissenschaftlichen Informationen bezeichnet wird, eigentlich lediglich eine Transformation traditioneller ("closed") Zugangsmodi ist; die Offenheit beschrankt sich auf ein offensichtlich attraktives Label. Von der sich vollziehenden institutionellen Re-Organisation profitieren vor allem okonomisch machtige – in der Regel "1. Welt-" – Forschungsgruppen und -einrichtungen, wahrend sich fur weniger reiche Forschende und Institutionen neue okonomische Barrieren bei der Publikation innovativer Forschungsergebnisse ergeben. Denn da die Kosten fur wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungen von den Empfangern (Zeitschriften-Abonnenten) hin zu den Autoren und Autorinnen umgelegt werden, schafft die Open-Access-Initiative eher eine soziale Einbahnstrasse als neue Formen offener wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation. Indem sie die Quellen wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation monopolisiert, vereitelt sie ihre eigenen behaupteten Ziele. Die in der Sonderausgabe der Zeitschrift Historische Sozialforschung veroffentlichten und hier besprochenen Artikel behandeln ein breites Spektrum spezifischer Fragen, die mit dieser rasant wachsenden sozialen Wissenschaftsbewegung verbunden sind, in sehr produktiver Weise. Es wird allerdings versaumt, den soziologischen Charakter der Aushandlungen uber die Kontrolle wissenschaftlicher Kommunikationskanale, in denen die Open-Access-Bewegung agiert, angemessen zu analysieren. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0602230
Continuities between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in the mammalian ovary

An electron microscope study of developing mouse oocytes has revealed a close morphological relationship between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. In many instances, it was noted that the outer mitochondrial membrane was continuous with the reticular membranes. These cytoplasmic membranes are smooth or studded with ribosomes. These continuities establish an open channel between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Similar connections are also found in isolated preparations of mitochondria from the adult guinea pig ovary. The functional significance of these observations are discussed in relation to biochemical studies which demonstrate a transfer of protein from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria.
Language deficits in dyslexic children: speech perception, phonology, and morphology.

We investigated the relationship between dyslexia and three aspects of language: speech perception, phonology, and morphology. Reading and language tasks were administered to dyslexics aged 8-9 years and to two normal reader groups (age-matched and reading-level matched). Three dyslexic groups were identified: phonological dyslexics (PD), developmentally language impaired (LI), and globally delayed (delay-type dyslexics). The LI and PD groups exhibited similar patterns of reading impairment, attributed to low phonological skills. However, only the LI group showed clear speech perception deficits, suggesting that such deficits affect only a subset of dyslexics. Results also indicated phonological impairments in children whose speech perception was normal. Both the LI and the PD groups showed inflectional morphology difficulties, with the impairment being more severe in the LI group. The delay group's reading and language skills closely matched those of younger normal readers, suggesting these children had a general delay in reading and language skills, rather than a specific phonological impairment. The results are discussed in terms of models of word recognition and dyslexia.
What Historians Talk About When They Talk About Suicide: The View from Early Modern British North America

This article surveys the historiography of suicide in the early modern West, with particular reference to England, Europe, and the British North American and Caribbean colonies. It examines the religious, legal and secular punishments for suicide in the early modern era, addresses the variations in these punishments among different regions and populations, including among the enslaved in early America, and traces the changes in punishments for self-murder over the course of the eighteenth century. Suicide was viewed less and less as an act that required punishment from the church, state and the community. The emerging modern sensibility toward self-murder, in contrast, emphasised the elimination of legal and religious penalties and the extension of sympathy and mercy toward suicides and their families.
Synthetic entry to dibenzo[b,f]oxinin and dibenzo[b,f] azonine derivatives through a dibenzo[a,e]cycloocten-5-one

Abstract 2,3,8,9-Tetramethoxy-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrodibenzo [ a , e ]cycloocten-5-one ( 2 ) was transformed by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to the substituted 6-oxodibenzo[ b , f ]oxinin 6 . One-pot Beckmann or Schmidt rearrangements of 2 afforded the 6-oxodibenzo[ b , f ]-azonine 8 which was reduced by BH 3 -THF to the tricyclic amine 14 . Parallel reactions with desoxyveratroin gave the ester 7 or amide 12 from preferential migration of the 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl over the 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group.
The 'fuzzy' interactome.

Concerns regarding the characterization of the cellular protein–protein interactome have attracted considerable attention lately in TiBS [1–5] and in many publications elsewhere. Mackay et al. [1] claimed that many reports of protein interactions are founded on ‘insufficient data’ and that it is becoming ‘dangerously acceptable’ to conclude that proteins interact based on questionable results and limited methodologies. Chatr-aryamontri et al. [2] defended the importance of protein-interaction databases (e.g.
Geriatric proximal humeral fracture patients show similar clinical outcomes to non-geriatric patients after osteosynthesis with endosteal fibular strut allograft augmentation.

Background Osteosynthesis of proximal humeral fractures is challenging in geriatric patients. The purpose of this investigation was to compare postoperative clinical outcomes between cohorts of geriatric (aged ≥65 years) and non-geriatric proximal humeral fracture patients treated via locked plating with endosteal fibular strut allograft augmentation. Methods From March 2007 to January 2013, 71 adult patients with 2-, 3-, and 4-part proximal humeral fractures according to the Neer classification underwent osteosynthesis with locked plating and fibular allograft augmentation and had at least 12 months of clinical follow-up. All patients followed the same postoperative rehabilitation protocol. We compared the following between geriatric and non-geriatric patients: Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores; University of California, Los Angeles shoulder ratings; Constant-Murley scores; and range of motion; as well as injury characteristics and radiographic outcomes. Results Geriatric patients comprised 48% of the study cohort (34 of 71 patients). The mean age of the geriatric and non-geriatric cohorts was 74 years and 53 years, respectively. Geriatric patients showed significantly reduced forward flexion (147° vs 159°, P = .04) when compared with non-geriatric patients. There were no significant differences in functional scores, radiographic outcomes, or complication rates between the 2 cohorts, although in 1 geriatric patient, osteonecrosis developed and screw penetration through the collapsed head was present 3 years after surgery. Conclusions Osteosynthesis of proximal humeral fractures via locked plating with fibular strut allograft augmentation results in similar clinical outcomes between geriatric and non-geriatric patients. We believe that enhanced stability provided by this fixation construct allows early intensive postoperative therapy and results in excellent outcomes despite patient age.
Apparent Sunburn of Juvenile Paddlefish

Abstract Juvenile paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) transferred to outdoor raceways at the National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center, San Marcos, Texas, exhibited dorsal skin lesions characteristic of sunburn within 1 week. These fish were assigned to one of three classifications: normal, burned, or curved (curved rostrum), depending upon the severity of the lesions. Approximately equal numbers of fish from each classification were stocked into a raceway in two compartments. One section remained uncovered and received full sunlight while the other was covered and received reduced sunlight for 51 d. Survival of the covered and uncovered fish was 87% and 55%, respectively. Many of the covered fish returned to the normal condition.
Comparison of the hematologic effects of 2-butoxyethanol using two types of hematology analyzers

Earlier reports from this laboratory indicated that 2-butoxyethanol (BE) causes acute hemolytic anemia in rats as evidenced by a time- and dose-dependent decrease in the number of red blood cells, in hemoglobin concentrations, and in hematocrits (HCT). Subsequent studies showed that treatment with BE causes an early increase in HCT and mean cell volume (MCV). Since this effect went undetected in our early work and resulted in the publication of inaccurate information, present studies were designed to reinvestigate the hematologic effects of BE using the laser-based hematology analyzer which was used in the early studies and an impedance-based hematology analyzer, simultaneously. Packed cell volumes (PCV; spun HCT) were also performed on all blood samples. Male F344 rats were treated with 0, 125, 250, or 500 mg BE/kg (po) and blood was collected from the retro-orbital venous plexus at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hr after dosing. Hematology profiles of BE-treated rats obtained from the impedance-based analyzer showed an early dose- and time-dependent increase in HCTs and MCVs. In contrast, analysis of the same blood samples using the laser-based analyzer showed a dose- and time-dependent decrease in HCTs with little or no change in MCVs. Changes observed in PCVs were consistent with results obtained from the impedance-based analyzer. Therefore, under the experimental conditions of this and previous studies, the laser-based analyzer was unable to detect early increases in HCTs and MCVs in rats treated with BE. Finally, these data explain the different principles utilized to measure cell size by both instruments as they relate to the hematologic effects of BE. Moreover, present data show that BE-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes is preceded by a quantitatively unique and massive swelling suggesting the erythrocyte membrane as the target.
Analysis of second harmonic guided waves in pipes using a large-radius asymptotic approximation for axis-symmetric longitudinal modes

Theoretical formulation for the problem of second harmonic guided waves in pipes is presented from the principles of continuum mechanics. The formulation is carried out in the reference configuration of the pipe with an emphasis on the correct use of the "Divergence" operator in the reference configuration. Second harmonic guided wave generation from axis-symmetric longitudinal guided wave modes is studied. A large radius asymptotic approximation for the wave structures in pipe is studied and an error estimate for the same is obtained. Comparison with the corresponding modes in a plate and the analogy to second harmonic guided wave generation in plates is presented.
Numerical derivation of a hydrodynamic surface flow field from time sequential remotely sensed data

Abstract This paper reports research findings involving the development and initial testing of a unique methodology which combines numerical fluid dynamics modeling and remote sensing techniques to derive surface flow information for a hydrodynamic region. The methodology is unique in that it involves an inverse model of hydrodynamic tracer conservation which utilizes tracer information derived from remote sensing and subsequent image processing to generate a surface flow field. The flow field is generated in a Eulerian framework—that is, the flow is described at fixed points in space over the entire field. A numerical model based on a two-dimensional tracer conservation equation is developed and tested with simulation maps of time varying tracer distributions. The model derives a solution of the stream function (i.e., flow) field by solving a finite difference version of a partial differential conservation equation. Tracer concentration gradients (spatial and temporal) are known functions, supplied by remotely sensed measurements. Hydrodynamic considerations have been addressed with respect to their influence on the modeling assumption that horizontal advection is the predominant factor influencing local time changes of tracer levels. Results from the research reported in this paper are generally encouraging but point to a need for further theoretical and operational testing research.
The State of Agribusiness Teaching, Research, and Extension at the Turn of the Millennium

mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, and strategic alliances; and a general industrialization mentality unfolds. This need for agribusiness research has been alluded to or implied by the comments of leaders in academia and industry (Armbruster; Barry; Boehlje; Drabenstott; Eidman; Urban 1991, 1998). With many departments facing retirements in the next few years, this is an opportune time to examine the future direction of agricultural economics and agribusiness. Ten years ago, following the release of the National Agribusiness Education Commission Lincoln Report, debate in the agricultural economics profession centered on the question "Is agribusiness something that we as agricultural economists should be doing?" (Downey). Today, the question has become "How do we incorporate agribusiness into our departments and existing programs?" Furthermore, although the emphasis of the Lincoln Report was on education, there have been ramifications on agribusiness research and extension/outreach efforts because most faculty have split appointments. This article provides a baseline of the current state of agribusiness teaching, research, and extension/outreach programs around the country and suggests implications for the future direction of agribusiness. We present the results of a survey of agricultural economics department heads from around the United S ates. The following section describes the survey methodology, the questions included, and the response rate. We then report the results a d discuss outcomes and implications. The concluding section provides insights into the direction for agribusiness within agricultural economics departments over the next five years.
Optic disc edema in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

We investigated the clinical characteristics, time to resolution and the factors that influence it, and evolutionary pattern of optic disc edema (ODE) in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION). Our study was conducted in 591 consecutive patients (749 eyes) with NA-AION who fulfilled our inclusion criteria. On their first visit to our clinic, all patients had a detailed ophthalmic and medical history, a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, and stereoscopic color fundus photography and fluorescein fundus angiography. On each follow-up visit, the same ophthalmic evaluation was performed, except for fluorescein fundus angiography. The effect of steroid therapy on ODE was evaluated in a “patient choice study” in 723 eyes, i.e., patients who voluntarily opted to have (343 eyes) or not have (380 eyes) this therapy. To identify the factors that influence time to ODE resolution, parametric regression models for interval-censored data were fitted by maximum likelihood estimation using an SAS procedure. Our results indicate that the overall median time (25–75th percentile) to spontaneous resolution of ODE from the onset of visual loss was 7.9 (5.8–11.4) weeks. The ODE resolution time was longer in diabetics than in non-diabetics (p = 0.003) in the single factor model. Multi-factor analysis showed that worse initial visual field defects (p < 0.0001) and worse visual acuity (p = 0.04) were associated with a faster resolution of ODE. Those treated with steroid therapy within 2 weeks after onset of NA-AION had significantly (p = 0.0006) faster ODE resolution than untreated cases. Severity of initial visual loss and systemic diseases were identical in steroid treated and untreated patients. A characteristic evolutionary pattern of ODE in NA-AION was observed. In conclusion, our study showed that in NA-AION the time course for resolution of ODE is shorter with greater severity of initial visual field and visual acuity loss, which may relate to the number of axons permanently damaged during the acute stage. Steroid therapy was associated with shorter time to resolution of ODE. Resolution of ODE goes through a characteristic evolutionary process.
Altruism, tit for tat and ‘outlaw’ genes

In a prior study we combined game theory and inclusive fitness models to examine whether the guarded altruism that can evolve among non-relatives (tit for tat, TFT) might also evolve among close relatives, supplanting unconditional altruism. In most cases, TFT replaced unconditional altruism in family-structured models. Even when TFT is selected at a single locus, however, by withholding altruism from non-reciprocating relatives it may qualify as an ‘outlaw’ from the standpoint of modifier genes at other loci. Here we examine this possibility with a series of haploid, two-locus models in which a modifier gene transforms TFT into unconditional altruism. The modifier allele spreads to fixation whenever Hamilton's Rule is satisfied, resulting in an unconditional altruist replacing the TFT strategy. As such, TFT may be regarded as an outlaw vulnerable to suppression by alleles at other loci.
Effects of pretraining experience on retention of a passive avoidance task following ECS

Abstract Two experiments were performed to determine what effect pretraining experience has on retention of a passive avoidance task following posttraining electroconvulsive shock (ECS). The first experiment examined the effects of a pretraining ECS on retention in rats, and the second, the effect of a pretraining noncontingent footshock. Both pretraining experiences improved the rat's retention of the passive avoidance task, reducing or eliminating the amnesia typically produced by posttraining ECS. It was suggested that such pretraining experiences facilitate memory retrieval by preestablishing memory systems into which memories for subsequent related events are readily incorporated, or by strengthening the neuronal representation of the learning experience.
Individualized therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

In the field of oncology, a growing emphasis is now being placed on individualizing treatment in a way that maximizes chance for cure while minimizing unwanted side effects. In childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), several well-established clinical and biologic prognostic variables have traditionally been used to risk stratify therapy for individual patients. While this approach has been very successful, many relapses still occur unpredictably in patients characterized as having favorable features of their disease at diagnosis. Furthermore, it is likely that other children are overtreated. Therefore, current initiatives in childhood leukemia have focused on identifying new prognostic markers to refine treatment decision-making. Recent advances, which include the sequencing of the human genome, and technical developments in high-throughput genomics and proteomics, have facilitated these efforts. This review will chart the evolution of individualized therapy for ALL, the most common malignancy of ch...
Common phoneme and overall similarity relations among spoken syllables: Their use by children and adults

This paper contrasts two kinds of relations among spoken syllables. One relation is based on a single common phoneme; the second is based on overall similarity of whole syllables. On the basis of recent studies with multidimensional visual stimuli, we hypothesized that preliterate children respond primarily to overall similarity relations among syllables, whereas literate adults respond primarily to common phoneme relations. These hypotheses were tested in two experiments using spoken syllables. Experiment 1 investigated the classification of syllables by preliterate children (mean age: 4 years 4 months) and college students. Experiment 2 studied the memory confusions among syllables by children (mean age: 4 years 8 months) and college students. The results of both experiments suggest that overall similarity relations are primary for preliterate children, while common phoneme relations are primary for adults. Moreover, children's limited use of common phoneme relations is not confined to tasks that require explicit judgments about language. Implications for the learning of reading are discussed.
Hydrodynamics and the Morphology of Nebulae

Extraglactic nebulae, in the first approximation, may be regarded as gravitating continuous "viscous fluids," most of them endowed with total angular momenta different from zero. [1] In every nebula two coexisting partial systems must be considered: (1) a stellar systems and (2) a system formed by interstellar gases and dust particles. Hydrodynamically, the two partial systems have radically different characteristics inasmuch as the gaseous systems are characterized by much larger Reynolds numbers than the stellar systems. The Reynolds numbers of the stellar systems lie in the approximate range 0 < R < 10,000. The flow of stars in some nebulae therefore is "laminar", whereas in others it may be "turbulent." Nebulae in which the two types of flow coexist show interesting structural subdivisions.
Extending coherence time for analysis of modulated random processes

In this paper, we relax a commonly-used assumption about a class of nonstationary random processes composed of modulated wide-sense stationary random processes: that the fundamental frequency of the modulator is stationary within the analysis window. To compensate for the relaxation of this assumption, we define the generalized DEMON (“demodulated noise”) spectrum representing modulation frequency, which we use to increase the coherence time of such signals. Increased coherence time means longer analysis windows, which provides higher SNR estimators. We use the example of detection on both synthetic and real-world passive sonar signals to demonstrate this increase.
Titanium-indium oxy(nitride) with and without RuO2 loading as photocatalysts for hydrogen production under visible light from water

Abstract Titanium–indium (oxy)nitride composite materials with and without RuO 2 loadings were produced by treating TiO 2 –In 2 O 3 mixed powders with ammonia at high temperature (700–850 °C) (Elemental analysis indicated an empirical formula of TiIn 0.029 O 0.63 N 1.4 ). We have found that ammonolysis of TiO 2 to form Ti (oxy)nitride or In 2 O 3 to form In (oxy)nitride do not give composites active toward methanol–water under visible light, but TiO 2 and In 2 O 3 mixed together do give composites active toward methanol–water under visible light. Ti–In (oxy)nitride powders modified by surface loading with RuO 2 nanoparticles at 3 wt% achieves the highest H 2 evolution activity under visible light irradiation. The composite material did not react in the dark, but upon irradiation with visible light, the hydrogen production rate under illumination goes way up to 30 μmol h −1 and the turnover number shows that this is a photocatalytic reaction.
1,1′,4,5-Tetra­hydro­tri­spiro­[1,3,2-di­aza­phosphole-2,2′-[1,3,5,2,4,6]tri­aza­triphosphinine-4′,6′′-dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine-6′,6′′′-dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine] acetone monosolvate

The title compound, C26H22N5O4P3·C3H6O, has been achieved in a two-step synthesis that does not require chromatography. This mol­ecule contains a seven-membered spiro­cyclic ring at two P-atom positions and a five-membered ring containing new P—N bonds at the other P-atom position. Endocyclic torsion angles about the central biphenyl C—C bonds are −41.5 (3) and −44.4 (3)°, and P—N bonds of the central P3N3 ring are within the range 1.5665 (17)–1.6171 (17) A, while the P—O distances are in the range 1.5940 (14)–1.6041 (14) A. One N—H group makes an inter­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond, forming centrosymmetric dimers, while the other N—H group makes an N—H⋯O hydrogen bond to the acetone solvent mol­ecule. The crystal was a two-component non-merohedral twin with ratio 0.811/0.189.
The Academic Caste System: Prestige Hierarchies in PhD Exchange Networks

The prestige of academic departments is commonly understood as rooted in the scholarly productivity of their faculty and graduates. I use the theories of Weber and Bourdieu to advance an alternative view of departmental prestige, which I show is an effect a department's position within networks of association and social exchange—that is, it is a form of social capital. The social network created by the exchange of PhDs among departments is the most important network of this kind. Using data on the exchange of PhDs among sociology departments, I apply network analysis to investigate this alternative conception of departmental prestige and to demonstrate its superiority over the conventional view. Within sociology, centrality within interdepartmental hiring networks explains 84 percent of the variance in departmental prestige. Similar findings are reported for history and political science. This alternative understanding of academic prestige helps clarify anomalies—e.g., the variance in prestige unconnected...
Large-pore NiMoAl2O3 catalysts for coal-liquids upgrading

Abstract A novel method that can produce large-pore unimodal or bimodal alumina extradates was developed. Since the method used to produce the larger-diameter pores does not involve a steaming or sintering process, the resultant supports have high surface areas, ~350 m2/g. Also, the technique allows catalysts with widely varying pore structures to be prepared while holding all preparation variables constant except for the extent of mixing used during preparation of the extrusion batch. These experimental supports were used to prepare NiMo catalysts for upgrading coal liquids. The results of an initial batch-screening test suggest that the resulting bimodal catalysts are more effective for upgrading coal liquids than the corresponding unimodal catalysts.
Ex vivo generation of effective Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of immunocompetent Epstein Barr virus-seronegative individuals.

Background Although readily accomplished from immunocompetent Epstein-Barr virus- (EBV) seropositive individuals, the effective ex vivo generation of EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of EBV-seronegative subjects has proven to be a challenge. The focus of our study was to ascertain optimized culture conditions required for the ex vivo generation of EBV-reactive autologous CTL from the PBMC of EBV-seronegative volunteers. Method Freshly isolated PBMC obtained from immunocompetent EBV-seronegative and -seropositive individuals were used to generate EBV-specific autologous CTL lines using both conventional and a novel, modified ex vivo culture technique. Results In contrast to responses observed in EBV-seropositives after two to three rounds of ex vivo stimulation, gamma-irradiated autologous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) were incapable of eliciting an effective anti-EBV cytotoxic response when freshly-isolated PBMC from EBV-seronegative individuals were used as responders. Under these culture conditions, CD4+ T cells with preferential expression of the Th2-type cytokine IL-4 were predominantly expanded in the PBMC obtained from EBV-seronegative individuals. However, the addition of recombinant human (rh) IL-12 during the primary phase of ex vivo stimulation resulted in augmentation of EBV-specific cytolysis of autologous LCL by CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, there was down-regulation in the secretion of IL-4 and up-regulation in that of the Th1-type cytokine IFN-gamma by responder CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Conclusions Taken together these data suggest that the addition of rhIL-12 during the primary phase of ex vivo stimulation of freshly isolated PBMC from EBV-seronegative individuals results in skewing of the immune response predominantly towards a CD4+ Th1-type (IFN-gamma) with the generation of an efficacious CTL-mediated anti-EBV reactivity. This novel ex vivo approach for generating effective autologous EBV-specific CTL could be adopted to treat refractory post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, which may be encountered in EBV-seropositive-->EBV-seronegative organ transplant recipients. Additionally, these ex vivo generated anti-EBV T cells could also be infused perioperatively to enhance prophylactically immunity against EBV infection in high-risk EBV-seronegative organ allograft recipients.
Hydroxyproline Arabinosides in the Plant Kingdom

The hydroxyproline-O-arabinosyl linkage is present in cell walls of selected tissues representing green plants from algae to angiosperms.
Charge transfer transition accompanying x-ray photoionization in transition-metal compounds

Abstract Satellites, 5 to 10 eV below the main peaks, have been observed in the x-ray photoelectron spectra of the 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and valence shells of the 3d transition-metal ions of nickel and copper oxides. They are believed to be the result of electron shake-up. Since shake-up satellites are present in ions with partially filled 3d shell but absent in ions with completely filled 3d shell, they may be attributed to monopole charge transfer transitions (ligand → metal 3d) using the sudden approximation (monopole selection rules) and the ligand field theory.
Monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy of ovarian cancer: Targeting ovarian cancer cells with the B7-H3-specific mAb 376.96

Abstract Objective The high rate of relapse in patients with advanced ovarian cancer likely reflects the chemoresistance of cancer initiating cells (CICs). We evaluated the anti-tumor activity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) 376.96, which recognizes a B7-H3 epitope expressed on ovarian carcinoma cells (OCCs), in combination with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sunitinib and chemotherapy on chemosensitive and chemoresistant cells and CICs. Methods Eight ovarian cancer cell lines including platinum- and taxane-resistant cell lines were analyzed by flow cytometry to establish expression of the mAb 376.96-defined-B7-H3-epitope on differentiated ovarian cancer cells and CICs. Samples from 10 ovarian cancer patients were analyzed via immunohistochemistry for mAb 376.96-defined-B7-H3-epitope expression. In vitro studies assessed mAb 376.96 alone and in combination with Sunitinib on the growth of chemosensitive and chemoresistant cell lines and on the content of CICs. Results The mAb-376.96-defined-B7-H3 epitope is expressed on both differentiated cells and CICs in chemosensitive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell lines and 10 patient derived ovarian cancer tumors. In vitro treatment of chemoresistant cell lines with mAb 376.96 resulted in decreased cell viability. mAb 376.96 enhanced the cytotoxicity of Sunitinib and reduced the content of CICs. Conclusion The mAb-376.96-defined-B7-H3-epitope was found to be expressed on both differentiated ovarian cancer cells and CICs in chemosensitive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell lines. mAb 376.96 inhibited the in vitro growth of chemosensitive and chemoresistant OCCs and reduced the content of CICs when used with Sunitinib. Further studies examining B7-H3 as a potential target of mAb-based immunotherapy for this type of malignancy are warranted.
Synthesis of [26,27-3H]-25-hydroxycholecalciferol

Abstract [26,27- 3 H]-25-HCC has been chemically synthesized. This preparation is radiochemically pure and has a specific activity (180,000 dpm/IU, 1.3 Ci/mmole) high enough to permit experiments with 0.025 μg of 25-HCC/rat. This preparation is biologically as active (52 IU/μg) as either isolated or synthetic 25-HCC in curing rickets in rats.
In Search of a Common Thread: Classification of Information Communicated Through Dress

In previous research of person perception and dress a wide array of measurement items often have been incorporated with little consideration of relationships among findings. The objective of the present qualitative meta-analysis was to find consistent themes among findings ofprevious research. The sources of data were 109 impression formation studies reported between 1943 and 1986; 869 significant findings in the studies related to dress and comprised the data. Four superordinate categories—Evaluation, Potency, Dynamism, and Quality of Thought-were tailor made to fit recurrent themes in the data and incorporated 93% of the previous findings. The parsimonious dimensions emerging from the content analysis could facilitate development of future research instruments and serve as a framework for interpretation offindings. In addition, research designs were examined for trends in inclusion of perceiver variables, context of stimulus persons, measurement approaches, and efforts at programmatic inquiry.
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and regulation of homocysteine

Homocysteine is a non-protein, sulfur-containing amino acid derived from methionine metabolism and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent transmethylation. Elevations in plasma homocysteine have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, birth defects, Alzheimer's disease, and osteoporosis. Of the many known methyltransferases that utilize SAM, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase has recently received much attention for its possible role in the regulation of homocysteine.
“Yes I do mind”; Social skills training for non-smokers☆☆☆

Abstract Social skills training was used to teach two non-smokers to effectively alter the disturbing smoking behavior of others in their immediate environments. Training included instructions, modeling, behavioral rehearsal and therapist feedback on specific target responses. The training procedure changed all targeted behaviors in the desired directions during role-played interactions, and persisted at a six-month follow-up. Training effects also generalized to (1) laboratory scenes on which the subjects received no training and (2) to the immediate natural environments of the subjects. Descriptors: smoking, social skills training, modeling, role-playing, multiple baseline, naturalist assessment, non-smokers rights.
Sylvester’s Problem for Symmetric Convex Bodies and Related Problems

We consider moments of the normalized volume of a symmetric or nonsymmetric random polytope in a fixed symmetric convex body. We investigate for which bodies these moments are extremized, and calculate exact values in some of the extreme cases. We show that these moments are maximized among planar convex bodies by parallelograms
Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization

This article provides a reformulated definition of international entrepreneurship. Consistent with the new definition, a model is presented of how the speed of entrepreneurial internationalization is influenced by various forces. The model begins with an entrepreneurial opportunity and depicts the enabling forces of technology, the motivating forces of competition, the mediating perceptions of entrepreneurs, and the moderating forces of knowledge and networks that collectively determine the speed of internationalization.
Importance of NO and its related compounds in enteric nervous system regulation of gut homeostasis and disease susceptibility.

Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the enteric nervous system represents an important regulatory mechanism in gut homeostasis. Aberrant NO signaling contributes significantly toward enteric disease by altering gut motility, vascular tone, blood supply, mucosal barrier function, secretions and immunity. Consequently, there is much interest in therapeutically targeting NO production and its bioactive intermediates. This article highlights recent advances in NO signaling and therapeutics as it relates to the gastrointestinal tract and its associated NO producing microbiota. Because of its limited scope, a particular emphasis is placed on S-nitrosylation as the emerging physiologic mechanism for NO signal transduction, and how such signals are modulated by other gaseous transmitters — notably hydrogen disulfide and carbon monoxide — that are produced by the enteric nervous system and share common molecular targets. Recent findings also indicate that druggable regulators of S-nitrosylation, for example S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase, provide for a superior pharmacology and finer therapeutic control over classical NO donors, and may be better suited for oral delivery to the gastrointestinal tract.
A National Perspective on the Effects of High-Stakes Testing and Standardization on Elementary Social Studies Marginalization

The purpose of this study was to explore the nationwide historic trend of elementary social studies marginalization compared to math, science, and language arts. Incorporating 17 years of data from the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) Schools and Staffing Survey, the authors conducted comparative analyses to investigate differences in instructional time between elementary social studies and other core subject areas. In addition, variance of social studies instructional time was examined across grade levels and survey years. The results indicate that social studies instruction has remained a subsidiary part of K-5 curriculum over the last two decades. Moreover, between grade-level analyses shows a trend toward greater attention to social studies in intermediate grades (3–5) compared to primary grades (K-2). A significant decline in social studies instruction coincided with educational policy that places greater importance on mathematics and language arts. The authors conclude that while No...
Formation of stable nanoscale iron carbide particles by laser breakdown chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We have used laser breakdown chemical vapor deposition to produce nanocrystalline particles predominantly of Fe 3 C with some α-Fe. Air exposure results in oxidation of the Fe to Fe 3 O 4 . Transmission electron microscopy and diffraction techniques were used to characterize the materials. The particles can be suspended in de-ionized water and sorted magnetically.
Emerging areas: urban operations and UCAVs: a game engine based simulation of the NIST urban search and rescue arenas

We are developing interactive simulations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Reference Test Facility for Autonomous Mobile Robots (Urban Search and Rescue). The NIST USAR Test Facility is a standardized disaster environment consisting of three scenarios of progressive difficulty: Yellow, Orange, and Red arenas. The USAR task focuses on robot behaviors, and physical interaction with standardized but disorderly rubble filled environments. The simulation will be used to test and evaluate designs for teleoperation interfaces and robot sensing and cooperation that will subsequently be incorporated into experimental robots. This paper describes our novel simulation approach using an inexpensive game engine to rapidly construct a visually and dynamically accurate simulation for both individual robots and robot teams.
Occupational injury mortality: New Mexico 1998-2002.

Background The current study characterizes patterns of occupational injury fatalities in New Mexico for the 5-year period 1998–2002. Methods The study applied methods developed by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (CSTE/NIOSH) Occupational Health Indicator Work Group and compared the relative strength and weakness of two different datasets (CFOI and NMVRHS) for occupational injury fatality surveillance. Results Annual occupational injury mortality rates ranged from 4.4 to 7.6 per 100,000 employed persons aged 16 and overcompared to annual US rates of 4.0–4.6 per 100,000. Risk factors for higher mortality rates included age over 65 years, self-employment, nonUS citizenship, being African-American or Hispanic, and occurrence in rural counties. The top industry for fatality rate was mining followed by transportation, public utilities, agriculture, and construction. Conclusions Applying CSTE/NIOSH Occupational Health Indicator protocol and using both CFOI and NMVRHS data improved the characterization of occupational injury mortality and the setting of priorities for prevention intervention. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:910–920, 2007. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Endothelial Cells Enhance Tumor Cell Invasion through a Crosstalk Mediated by CXC Chemokine Signaling

Field cancerization involves the lateral spread of premalignant or malignant disease and contributes to the recurrence of head and neck tumors. The overall hypothesis underlying this work is that endothelial cells actively participate in tumor cell invasion by secreting chemokines and creating a chemotactic gradient for tumor cells. Here we demonstrate that conditioned medium from head and neck tumor cells enhance Bcl-2 expression in neovascular endothelial cells. Oral squamous cell carcinoma-3 (OSCC3) and Kaposi's sarcoma (SLK) show enhanced invasiveness when cocultured with pools of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells stably expressing Bcl-2 (HDMEC-Bcl-2), compared to cocultures with empty vector controls (HDMEC-LXSN). Xenografted OSCC3 tumors vascularized with HDMEC-Bcl-2 presented higher local invasion than OSCC3 tumors vascularized with control HDMEC-LXSN. CXCL1 and CXCL8 were upregulated in primary endothelial cells exposed to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as in HDMEC-Bcl-2. Notably, blockade of CXCR2 signaling, but not CXCR1, inhibited OSCC3 and SLK invasion toward endothelial cells. These data demonstrate that CXC chemokines secreted by endothelial cells induce tumor cell invasion and suggest that the process of lateral spread of tumor cells observed in field cancerization is guided by chemotactic signals that originated from endothelial cells.