cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress-Lysis: A DNN-Integrated Edge Device for Stress Level Detection in the IoMT

Psychological stress affects physiological parameters of a person. Prolonged exposure to stress can have detrimental effects which might require expensive treatments. Acute levels of stress in people who are already diagnosed with borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia, can cost them their lives. To self-manage this important health problem in the framework of smart healthcare, a deep learning based novel system (Stress-Lysis) is proposed in this article. The learning system is trained such that it monitors stress levels in a person through human body temperature, rate of motion and sweat during physical activity. The proposed Stress-Lysis has been trained with a total of 26,000 samples per dataset and demonstrates accuracy as high as 99.7%. The collected data are transmitted and stored in the cloud which can help in real time monitoring of a person’s stress levels, thereby reducing the risk of death and expensive treatments. The proposed system has the ability to produce results with an overall accuracy of 98.3% to 99.7%, is simple to implement and its cost is moderate. Stress-Lysis can not only help in keeping an individual self-aware by providing immediate feedback to change the lifestyle of the person in order to lead a healthier life but also plays a significant role in the state-of-the-art by allowing computing on the edge devices.
Non-operative management of extralobar pulmonary sequestration: a safe alternative to resection?

This retrospective cohort study compares the natural history of patients with extralobar sequestrations (ELS) who do not undergo intervention with those who undergo resection to assess the safety of non-operative management. 126 patients with pulmonary sequestrations or congenital pulmonary airway malformations born between 1999 and 2016 were identified. 49 patients had ELS on postnatal imaging, but two were excluded for associated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Demographic and clinical data were retrospectively reviewed, with phone follow-up for non-operative patients with no records for > 1 year. Statistical analysis was by Fisher’s exact test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (two-tailed p < 0.05). 40% (19/47) were managed non-operatively and 60% (28/47) underwent resection. Non-operative patients were less likely to have an intrathoracic ELS: 47% (9/19) vs. 75% (21/28), p = 0.07. No symptoms were attributable directly to the ELS. Non-operative patients had median follow-up 3.2 years, during which time 88% (15/17) of ELS decreased in size on serial imaging. For patients who underwent resection, there was 100% concordance between imaging and intraoperative findings. There was no evidence of inflammation, infection or malignancy on final pathology, though 57% (16/28) of resected lesions had foci of non-aerated cysts. Although further longitudinal study is required, this study supports the safety of non-operative ELS management.
Non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies for outbreak of COVID-19 in Hangzhou, China.

Abstract In this letter, we try to evaluate the science behind the strategies mentioned in Kong's letter "Non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies for outbreak of COVID-19 in Hangzhou, China", by retrospective analysis of case-control method. Comparing with no clear contact with confirmed cases, morbidity rate of patients that has had close contacts with confirmed cases was 66.09 times higher and patients who have had travelled to Wuhan (high risk area) was 6.58 times higher.These results fully illustrated the importance of case isolation and close contacts management, which were implemented at all stages according to Kong et al.
Voltage Restoration in Microgrids using Temporal Logic Specifications

This paper proposes an energy storage controller synthesis method for voltage restoration in microgrids with respect to temporal logic specifications (TLSs). TLSs is introduced in this paper as a formalism to control the voltage variation of a critical bus against an operational bounds over time. The power system with synchronous generator (SG) connected to a critical load bus is modeled as a set of differential-algebraic equations and a simplified analytical model is derived to describe the voltage variation of this critical bus. The control objective is to schedule an optimal control input signal from a supportive energy storage system (ESS) connected to the critical bus, such that the voltage variation of the latter satisfies the TLSs, such as a finite-time restoration. The proposed control is verified on a lumped distribution system model. With this control diagram, supportive controllers can be designed to make voltage behaviors comply with grid codes and avoid unnecessary relay actions.
In Sullivan’s Shadow: The Use and Abuse of Libel Law During the Long Civil Rights Struggle

Fifty-five years after the landmark U.S. Supreme Court ruling New York Times v. Sullivan, libel law is still not settled. Just over a year ago, in a concurrence to the denial of certiorari in the B...
Erosion rate of sand and mud mixtures

Abstract Erosion of mixed cohesive and noncohesive sediments is studied using the erosion test instrument SEDFlume. The sediment mixtures are composed of well-sorted quartz sand (0.25–0.5 mm) and one of the three used muds: kaolinite, kaolinite-bentonite and Mississippi River muds. The mud contents cover from 0 to 100%. The measured data of erosion rate and bed shear stress are used to examine the segmented linear, nonlinear, and exponential erosion models. The parameters of each erosion model are related to the physical properties of sediment mixtures, including clay fraction, mud fraction, mixture dry density, and mud dry density. It is found that the three models can fit well with the data, and their parameters have strong relations with the mud fraction and mud dry density, to a less extent with the clay fraction, but not with the mixture dry density.
An Exploratory Brief Head-To-Head Non-Inferiority Comparison of an Internet-Based and a Telephone-Delivered CBT Intervention for Adults with Depression.

Abstract Background Telephone-administered psychotherapy (tCBT) and internet-based treatments (iCBT) may overcome barriers to mental health treatment. TCBT has demonstrated efficacy similar to traditional psychotherapy, however, few studies have compared iCBT to efficacious interventions. This exploratory study examined the noninferiority of iCBT relative to tCBT. We also explored pretreatment moderators of outcome and assessed treatment dropout. Methods As a secondary exploratory analysis of a 304-participant randomized noninferiority trial, we compared iCBT, the first level of a stepped-care intervention, with tCBT on depression outcome after 5 weeks of treatment (prior to stepping). Multiple linear regression models were fit to examine moderators of 5-week depression. Differences in dropout were examined using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results After 5 weeks of treatment, both interventions significantly reduced depression severity. The effect size difference between the two interventions was d=0.004 [90% CI=-0.19 to 0.19]; the CI did not cross the non-inferiority margin. Pretreatment depression was significantly associated with depression at week 5. The relationship between cognitive strategy usefulness and depression at week 5 differed between interventions, controlling for pretreatment depression. There was no significant difference in dropout between interventions. Limitations Given the stepped-care trial design, iCBT and tCBT could not be compared at the end of treatment or follow-up. Analyses were exploratory and should be interpreted with caution. Conclusions A large sample, powered for noninferiority, found iCBT no less efficacious than tCBT at reducing depression symptoms after five weeks of treatment.
Children's Literature and the Rise of ‘Mind Cure': Positive Thinking and Pseudo-Science at the Fin de Siècle

Positive thinking is good for you. You can become healthy, wealthy, and influential by using the power of your mind to attract what you desire. These kooky but commonplace ideas stem from a nineteenth-century new religious movement known as 'mind cure' or New Thought. Related to Mary Baker Eddy's Christian Science, New Thought was once a popular religious movement with hundreds of thousands of followers, and has since migrated into secular contexts such as contemporary psychotherapy, corporate culture, and entertainment. New Thought also pervades nineteenth- and early twentieth-century children's literature, including classics such as The Secret Garden, Anne of Green Gables, and A Little Princess. In this first book-length treatment of New Thought in Anglophone fiction, Anne Stiles explains how children's literature encouraged readers to accept New Thought ideas - especially psychological concepts such as the inner child - thereby ensuring the movement's survival into the present day.
Cultivating Relationships with Startup Employees: The Role of Entrepreneurs’ Leadership Communication:

This study examines how CEOs’ use of motivating language influences employee relationships within startup organizations. Informed by self-determination theory and social identity theory, the study ...
The computational SEIIR model

The SEIIR model is a compartment model with five populations, the susceptible, exposed, symptomatic and asymptomatic infectious, and recovered groups S, E, Is , Ia and R. It characterizes infectious diseases with a significant group of individuals that remain asymptomatic upon infection, but can still infect others. Since the SEIIR model has no analytical solution for the time course of its populations, we discretize it in time using finite differences and apply explicit time integration schemes to solve it. We distinguish two cases, the special case where the disease dynamics of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups are similar, and the general case where the disease dynamics are different. To illustrate the features of the SEIIR model, we simulate the early COVID-19 outbreak in the Netherlands, one of the first countries that systematically estimated asymptomatic transmission using seroprevalence studies. The learning objectives of this chapter on computational SEIIR modeling are to
Dense fibrillar collagen is a master activator of invadopodia

Tumor stroma is characterized by abnormal accumulation of dense fibrillar collagen, which promotes tumor progression and metastasis. However, the effect of desmoplastic collagen on cells has been unclear. Our recent findings demonstrate that dense fibrillar collagen activates a novel phosphosignaling mechanism for robust induction of invadopodia in tumor cells and normal fibroblasts.
The Cohomology of Algebras

We have reached another stage of machinery building in our development of the theory of associative algebras. This time the formalism of the cohomology of algebras is introduced. The reader is warned that the ratio of definitions to theorems in the first five sections of the chapter is very high. However, the cohomology of associative algebras plays an important part in the study of central simple algebras, as we will see in Chapter 14. In this chapter the cohomology theory is used to give a streamlined proof of the Wedderbum—Malcev Principal Theorem, one of the landmarks in the theory of associative algebras. The chapter ends with a discussion of the Principal Theorem in the general theory of associative algebras. The results on extensions enables us to formulate the work of Chapter 8 in a more natural way.
Xenon/CT in the Management of Traumatic Brain Injury

Xenon/CT provides quantitative CBF data that has a proven record of being both safe and prognostic for deci- sion making. The technique itself has been extensively validated. Modern equipment has allowed for integration of the data into immediate bedside decision-making with the use of a portable head CT scanner and improved data processing. The use of xenon/CT in decision making in traumatic brain injury may have a high utility in determining whether a spe- cific treatment— whether it is hyperventilation, induced hypertension, or other intervention—is in fact helpful to the indi- vidual patient. This can allow for decision making based on an individual patient's physiology rather than generalized guidelines which may, in some cases, even be harmful.
Mass spectrometry of organic compounds—VI

Abstract The mass spectra of some simple flavones, flavonols, and their permethyl ethers have been examined. A new fragmentation pathway of 6-methoxyflavones is discussed, and the formation of (M—H)+ and (M—H3O)+ ions is discussed. It is shown that significant structural information can be obtained from the mass spectra of polyhydroxyflavones and their ethers.
Impact of L2 cache locking on GPU performance

Cache locking is a proven method for increasing time predictability of general-purpose CPUs. In the Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) architecture, caches are smaller and serve a different overall purpose than their CPU counterparts; consequently, it needs to be determined if GPUs will benefit from cache locking. To examine the impact of cache locking on GPUs, we extended the functionality of GPGPU-Sim, a GPU simulator, to support L2 cache locking and randomly selected six benchmarks from the Rodinia benchmark suite to serve as the datasets. In our experiment, both the cache size and cache associativity were varied and the most frequently accessed data were locked into the L2 cache. The overall results obtained show that locking data into the GPU's L2 cache does not degrade the GPU performance significantly while improving time predictability. Also, for some benchmark, L2 cache locking actually improves the GPU performance by up to 56%.
Is Verbal Irony Special

The way we speak can reveal much about what we intend to communicate, but the words we use often only indirectly relate to the meanings we wish to convey. Verbal irony is a commonly studied form of indirect speech in which a speaker produces an explicit evaluative utterance that implicates an unstated, opposing evaluation. Producing and understanding ironic language, as well as many other types of indirect speech, requires the ability to recognize mental states in others, sometimes described as a capacity for metarepresentation. This article aims to connect common elements between the major theoretical approaches to verbal irony to recent psycholinguistic, developmental, and neuropsychological research demonstrating the necessity for metarepresentation in the effective use of verbal irony in social interaction. Here I will argue that verbal irony is one emergent, strategic possibility given the interface between people’s ability to infer mental states, and use language. Rather than think of ironic communication as a specialized cognitive ability, I will claim that it arises from the same set of abilities that underlie a wide range of inferential communicative behaviors.
Nitric Oxide Transport in Blood: A Third Gas in the Respiratory Cycle

The trapping, processing, and delivery of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity by red blood cells (RBCs) have emerged as a conserved mechanism through which regional blood flow is linked to biochemical cues of perfusion sufficiency. We present here an expanded paradigm for the human respiratory cycle based on the coordinated transport of three gases: NO, O₂, and CO₂. By linking O₂ and NO flux, RBCs couple vessel caliber (and thus blood flow) to O₂ availability in the lung and to O₂ need in the periphery. The elements required for regulated O₂-based signal transduction via controlled NO processing within RBCs are presented herein, including S-nitrosothiol (SNO) synthesis by hemoglobin and O₂-regulated delivery of NO bioactivity (capture, activation, and delivery of NO groups at sites remote from NO synthesis by NO synthase). The role of NO transport in the respiratory cycle at molecular, microcirculatory, and system levels is reviewed. We elucidate the mechanism through which regulated NO transport in blood supports O₂ homeostasis, not only through adaptive regulation of regional systemic blood flow but also by optimizing ventilation-perfusion matching in the lung. Furthermore, we discuss the role of NO transport in the central control of breathing and in baroreceptor control of blood pressure, which subserve O₂ supply to tissue. Additionally, malfunctions of this transport and signaling system that are implicated in a wide array of human pathophysiologies are described. Understanding the (dys)function of NO processing in blood is a prerequisite for the development of novel therapies that target the vasoactive capacities of RBCs.
A Challenge To The “Econoclasts”

When a researcher of such outstanding accomplishment in the theory and empirics of the classical economic model as Daniel McFadden presents such a thoughtful and extensive survey of the difficulties with this model, every economist is obliged to stop and think. My own view has always been to treat the classical model as fundamentally correct, and examine how robust it may be to the phenomena reported by McFadden. This involves both checking the robustness of its analytical concepts to departures from its axioms, as well as treating new variables (such as a problem's "frame") as additional independent variables, and then asking whether the old economic variables still work right when the new variables are held constant. I am still confident of this approach, although McFadden is beginning to make me
Th2 cells: orchestrating barrier immunity.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes recent insights regarding the generation of T helper (Th) 2 cells and factors regulating expression of IL-4—the canonical cytokine secreted by these cells. Th2 cells orchestrate a stereotyped cell response characterized by eosinophil and basophil infiltration, mast cell hyperplasia, and changes in epithelial mucus and water secretion. Th2 cells have been demonstrated to mediate protection against not only a variety of intestinal helminthes but also ectoparasites that invade at epithelial barriers. When activated systemically, Th2 cells protect against the tissue-damaging proinflammatory actions of Th1 cells. When dysregulated, Th2 cells drive chronic atopic diseases of wide prevalence such as allergy and asthma. Basic insights into the understanding of the generation, activation, tissue localization, and turnover of Th2 cells will provide numerous opportunities for sustained benefits to human health.
Multimedia traffic control in integrated wired/wireless IP networks

With the increasing deployment of wireless LANs that are connected to wired IP networks, it has become imperative to consider end-to-end QoS solutions that effectively function across their boundaries. This is even more pronounced for multimedia applications and QoS-sensitive transport of their traffic. They are enabled by the access bandwidth available with IEEE 802.11b and 802.11a WLANs. Scalable QoS control in wired networks is a challenging problem on its own; wireless access and mobility amplify the problem. Our current work advances an integrated solution for QoS support of mobile multimedia applications for wired/wireless networks. We build on our work in scalable QoS control for wired IP networks (see Chen, S. and Park, K., Proc. IEEE INFOCOM '99, p.864-72, 1999; Ren, H. and Park, K., Proc. IEEE/IFIP IWQoS, p.211-20, 2000), and extend it to encompass mobile wireless access via WLANs. The aim of this overview is to share our experience of building an integrated state-of-the-art wired/wireless IP network populated by QoS-enabled applications, which is based on the IP-centric scalable QoS architecture, Q-Bahn. The unexpected rise of WLANs is changing the networking landscape, perhaps a new beginning for wireless/mobile networking.
Toward an Economizing Theory of Strategy

Transaction cost economics is an economizing theory of organization, not an economizing theory of strategy. This paper proposes an extension that makes transaction cost economics (TCE) an economizing theory of strategy. In essence, the paper asserts that unbiased weighing of production costs, transaction costs, and demand shifts links the organization of individual transactions to the strategy of the firm. I argue that targeting a specific set of consumers (i.e., the firm's strategic position manifested in product choice), making specific investments or not to support the customer transaction, choosing a production cost technology, and selecting an organizational governance mode--the strategy four-tuple--are interdependent and that a firm's optimal strategy is the four-tuple that generates the greatest net receipts. The suitability of this expanded institutional set-up as a foundation for an economizing theory of strategy is assessed with respect to other efficiency or partial efficiency approaches to strategy, notably Porter's strategic positioning and the resource based view (RBV) of the firm. Four-tuple analysis not only is consistent with the efficiency aspects of these theories, it offers a superior calculus for identifying feasible strategies.
Astrometric signatures of giant-planet formation

The discovery1,2,3,4,5,6 of giant planets orbiting nearby solar-type stars raises anew the question of how they formed. Two very different mechanisms have been proposed. Gravitational instability7,8 is the process by which planets form directly from the gas in the accrection disk around the young star. The other alternative is core accretion9,10, where rocky cores of about 10 Earth masses form, followed by the hydrodynamical accretion of gas. Here I show that these processes have very different astrometric signatures, and that it is observationally possible to distinguish between them. Planets that form through gravitational instabilities do so rapidly, so that within just a few hundred years of the onset of the instability the nascent planet is making the young stellar object wobble in its orbit. This can be seen in the youngest stellar objects, with ages as little as 0.1 Myr. If planets form by core accretion, an observable wobble will not be visible for 10–20 Myr. Observations of a suitable ensemble of optically visible young stellar objects (such as those in the Taurus molecular cloud) over a period of several decades should be able to determine which of the two processes is responsible for giant-planet formation.
In reply: Observational study of prolonged times to tracheal extubation.

To the Editor, We thank Dexter et al. for their interest in our work and appreciate the two points that they raised in their correspondence. In regard to their question on prolonged extubation, we reanalyzed our data using 28 min or greater as a cut-off time for the classification of prolonged extubation. We found that 291 cases (2.73%) had prolonged extubation before the interventions, and 416 cases (3.05%) had prolonged extubation after the interventions. Chi square analysis showed no significant change in prolonged extubations using this definition (P = 0.14), consistent with results from our original analysis. In regard to the cost of sevoflurane, we performed a careful reanalysis of our average cost of medications per case and agree that our average cost of sevoflurane per case did appear low. Reanalysis exposed an error in our pricing data; specifically, we provided our sevoflurane price in dollars per ounce rather than in dollars per bottle. When corrected, we found our mean cost of sevoflurane to be $4.65 per case instead of $0.63 per case during the study period. Our median cost of sevoflurane was $3.85 per case. Using this corrected cost data for sevoflurane, we recalculated the mean cost of anesthetic drugs per case before and after the interventions and found that our total drug costs increased slightly. Nevertheless, there was minimal difference in the calculated cost savings between the two interventions. Before the interventions, the mean (SD) cost of anesthetic drugs per case was $34.07 ($55.51). Following the interventions, the mean (SD) cost of anesthetic drugs per case was $23.25 ($29.98). This maintains a significant decrease in the cost of anesthetic drugs per case of $10.82 (P \ 0.001). Our original calculated mean cost was $10.95, representing a difference of 1.2%. Taking these changes into account, we then recalculated the top-down projected annual cost savings by extrapolating the $10.82 per case to the 32,823 cases performed per year. This yielded a total cost savings of $355,243.17 rather than $359,411.85 we originally reported. When considering the changes in case usage of the three drugs and their substituted agents, the bottom-up projected annual cost savings showed a recalculated cost savings of $230,426.91 rather than $233,857.57 (revised Table 5). Though our conclusions and the statistical significance of our outcomes remain unchanged, we appreciate the opportunity that this correspondence provided to identify and correct these cost calculations for sevoflurane. A. K. Tabing, MD, MBA (&) Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA e-mail: Ariana.tabing@gmail.com
Benzyl alcohol protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes but causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death at higher doses.

Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is a serious public health problem in western countries. Current treatment options for APAP poisoning are limited and novel therapeutic intervention strategies are needed. A recent publication suggested that benzyl alcohol (BA) protects against APAP hepatotoxicity and could serve as a promising antidote for APAP poisoning. To assess the protective mechanisms of BA, C56Bl/6J mice were treated with 400 mg/kg APAP and/or 270 mg/kg BA. APAP alone caused extensive liver injury at 6 h and 24 h post-APAP. This injury was attenuated by BA co-treatment. Assessment of protein adduct formation demonstrated that BA inhibits APAP metabolic activation. In support of this, in vitro experiments also showed that BA dose-dependently inhibits cytochrome P450 activities. Correlating with the hepatoprotection of BA, APAP-induced oxidant stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were reduced. Similar results were obtained in primary mouse hepatocytes. Interestingly, BA alone caused mitochondrial membrane potential loss and cell toxicity at high doses, and its protective effect could not be reproduced in primary human hepatocytes (PHH). We conclude that BA protects against APAP hepatotoxicity mainly by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes in mice. Considering its toxic effect and the loss of protection in PHH, BA is not a clinically useful treatment option for APAP overdose patient.
Allocation of food allergy responsibilities and its correlates for children and adolescents.

This study examined the degree to which children and adolescents with food allergy accept responsibility for their own care, and the extent to which greater self-management is associated with past history of a life-threatening allergic reaction or anxiety. For children (n = 190), caregiver and patient report of self-management was consistent, but agreement was poor for adolescent dyads (n = 59). History of a life-threatening allergic reaction was associated with greater self-management for children only, while among adolescents, it was associated with greater anxiety. Given that shifting to self-management may be challenging, discussion and preparation about this process is warranted.
Cocaine produces cholinergically mediated analeptic and EEG arousal effects in rabbits and rats.

Abstract Cocaine (1–5 mg/kg, IV) shortened the duration of loss of righting reflex produced in pentobarbital-narcotized rabbits. This effect was completely blocked by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, IV), but not by scopolamine methylbromide, suggesting that a central cholinergic mechanism was involved. In urethane-anesthetized rats cocaine (1 mg/kg, IV) consistently generated hippocampal EEG theta rhythm lasting about 40 min. This effect was also abolished by scopolamine. These results suggest that cocaine produced behavioral and EEG arousal responses that involved the septohippocampal cholinergic system.
A laboratory evaluation of optical backscatterance suspended solids sensors exposed to sand-mud mixtures

Abstract Optical suspended solids sensors were studied in the laboratory in order to obtain calibration factors and evaluate the general behavior of the instrument when exposed to suspensions of mud and sand. The sensors were found to be capable of measuring the time-averaged concentration of either suspended sand or suspended mud, but the relative sensitivity of the sensor to these two different types of sediment varied by approximately an order of magnitude. In mixtures with a constant or known mud concentration, the instrument response to the mud may be treated as an offset, and gains appropriate to sand may be used to estimate the suspended sand concentrations. Semi-quantitative observations of the effects of flow direction relative to sensor orientation indicate that significant concern is warranted.
Automation of the derivation of dispersion relations. I. Cold plasma case

Abstract We report here on progress in the automation of the derivation of dispersion relations in plasma physics using symbolic manipulation by computer. The techniques developed to date should have application to a wider class of problems, viz., modal analysis of linearized partial differential equations in various branches of physics. The analytic approach can be used exclusively by minor changes in programming but we have found it convenient to use symbolic manipulation as an aid to automatic programming for dealing with physical problems. The programs include: VECTORS which converts vector equations into scalar ones, ORDERS which performs perturbation expansions and elementary Fourier analysis, DETERM which calculates secular determinants, and PARAM which performs matrix augmentation and truncation required in the analysis of parametric instabilities. Two examples are given. In the first the instabilities of relativistic E-layers are investigated and in the second we look at the instabilities of an electron beam in a spatially varying magnetic field. PL/I-FORMAC was the programming medium used.
Malthusian models and Chinese realities: the Chinese demographic system 1700-2000.

The authors summarize their current understanding of Chinese demographic behavior and confront the classic Malthusian model which has predominated in economic and demographic theory for the past 200 years. In so doing the authors build a stylized model of a Chinese demographic system to contrast with the ideal model first proposed by Malthus and elaborated by others. The Chinese demographic system not only provides an alternative demographic model to the Malthusian model of preventive and positive checks but the presumed universality of the Malthusian opposition needs qualification as does the currently prevailing understanding of Chinese society and economy during the past 3 centuries. Mortality nuptiality fertility and fictive kinship and adoption are identified as aspects of Chinese demographic behavior which persist today and differ from Western patterns. These aspects also temper the Malthusian understanding of comparative demographic behavior in general and China in particular.
Two problems of easy credit

This paper defends the theory that knowledge is credit-worthy true belief against a family of objections, two instances of which were leveled against it in a recent paper by Jennifer Lackey. Lackey argues that both innate knowledge (if there is any) and testimonial knowledge are too easily come by for it to be plausible that the knower deserves credit for it. If this is correct, then knowledge would appear not to be a matter of credit for true belief. I will attempt to neutralize these objections by drawing a distinction between credit as praiseworthiness and credit as attributability.
Functionally substituted tetramethylcyclopentadienes: Synthesis of 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadiene and its use in the synthesis of an organometallic polymer

Reaction of 2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-enone (1) withp-LiC6H4OC-Me2OMe, followed by treatment with aqueous acid afforded 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadiene (2). This new ligand was then used in the synthesis of the functionally substituted organomolybdenum reagent (η5-C5Me4-p-C6H5OH)Mo(CO)2(NO) (3). Treatment of a preformed 1/1 styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer ( $$\bar M_n = 1600$$ ) with 5 mol% 3 led to chemical incorporation of the organometallic species into the polymer. The final product contained 3 mol% of the organometallic moiety.
G2 Sub‐Population In Mouse Liver Induced Into Mitosis By Lead Acetate

A single intracardiac dose of lead acetate (40 microgram lead/g body weight) induced a 25-fold increase in mitosis of mouse hepatocytes 5 hr after injection, as determined by autoradiography. The prompt appearance of a mitotic wave and the relatively large number of mitoses suggest that the mitotic cells were derived from a hepatocyte sub-population arrested in the G2 phase. The injection of lead also stimulated a small increase in labeled hepatocytes within 6 hr. Analysis of grain counts gave no evidence for unscheduled DNA synthesis. The incremental labeled cells may have originated from a small fraction of the G1 population that was ready to enter the S phase without the usual pre-synthetic delay.
RESONANT GROWTH OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODES IN TRANSITIONING BLASIUS BOUNDARY LAYERS

By carefully controlled phase-coupled input of simultaneous two- and three-dimensional disturbances, the nonlinear evolution and breakdown of the laminar flow in a boundary layer was examined. This involved the generation of plane Tollmien–Schlichting waves and pairs of oblique waves so as to promote nearresonance conditions which have been theoretically shown to lead to the rapid development of three-dimensionality in unstble boundary layers. Special emphasis is placed on the two prominent mechanisms, namely resonant-triads of Orr–Sommerfeld modes and the secondary instability of the streamwise periodic flow to spanwise periodic three-dimensional disturbances. The sensitivity of these mechanisms on the amplitudes and wavenumbers of the input disturbances was of special focus.The simultaneous two- and three-dimensional wave generation was accomplished using a spanwise array of line heaters suspended just above the wall at the approximate height of the critical layer in the laminar boundary layer. These were operated to produce, through local heating, time-periodic spanwise-phase-varying velocity perturbations. Of primary emphasis in this paper are conditions obtained by the combined forcing of fundamental plane waves with wavenumbers (α, 0) and pairs of subharmonic oblique waves (½α, ± β). The reslults document resonant growth of energy in the subharmonic modes, the formation of staggered lambda vortex patterns with a cross-stream scale commensurate with the seeded ± β condition, and their subsequet transition to turbulence. Complete documentation of the flow field at these various stages is presented using smoke-wire flow visualization and through phase-conditioned hot-wire surveys measuring all three velocity components in three space dimensions.
EXCITABLE CYCLE OF THE HEART AS DETERMINED BY MECHANICAL STIMULI.

SummaryThe excitability cycle of the heart was studied by means of mechanical stimulation. Absolute and relative refractory and unresponsive periods were found which compared well with identifications made in the same hearts by electrical stimulation. No supernormal periods or vulnerable periods were found when mechanical stimuli were used.
Polarity of the transition state controls the reactivity of related charged phenyl radicals toward atom and group donors.

Polar effects are demonstrated to be a key factor in controlling the reactivities of related charged phenyl radicals in different exothermic atom and group abstraction reactions in the gas phase. The effects of various meta substituents on the phenyl radicals' reactivity were probed via the measurement of bimolecular reaction rate constants by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. This approach requires an additional, charged substituent to be present in the phenyl radical to allow mass spectrometric manipulation. The m-pyridinium group was chosen for this purpose. The substrates studied were allyl iodide, dimethyl disulfide, and tert-butyl isocyanide. Two of the reactions of interest, •I and •SCH3 transfer, are thought to occur by concerted bimolecular homolytic substitution (SH2), and the third one, •CN transfer, by an addition/elimination mechanism. For all three substrates, the reaction rate was found to increase in the following order for the differently substituted pheny...
Mechanisms of brain injury after intracerebral haemorrhage

Summary The past decade has resulted in a rapid increase in knowledge of mechanisms underlying brain injury induced by intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Animal studies have suggested roles for clot-derived factors and the initial physical trauma and mass effect as a result of haemorrhage. The coagulation cascade (especially thrombin), haemoglobin breakdown products, and inflammation all play a part in ICH-induced injury and could provide new therapeutic targets. Human imaging has shown that many ICH continue to expand after the initial ictus. Rebleeding soon after the initial haemorrhage is common and forms the basis of a current clinical trial using factor VIIa to prevent rebleeding. However, questions about mechanisms of injuries remain. There are conflicting data on the role of ischaemia in ICH and there is uncertainty over the role of clot removal in ICH therapy. The next decade should bring further information about the underlying mechanisms of ICH-induced brain injury and new therapeutic interventions for this severe form of stroke. This review addresses our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying ICH-induced brain injury.
Perceptual narrowing as a function of peripheral cue relevance.

Hypothesis was tested that under aroused states individuals will attend to relevant visual cues regardless of their location. 100 male Ss were tested in groups of 20 under several combinations of low and high arousal, on both central and peripheral stimuli, which were either relevant or irrelevant to the arousal state. High arousal was generated by shock prior to testing. The results indicated that reaction times are significantly shorter for central stimuli (p < .01) and that shock-specific arousal conditions yield the shortest reaction times (p < .05). Most importantly, there was a significant interaction (p < .01) between signal location and specificity of arousal stimulus. It was concluded that rather than narrowing the perceptual field, location-specific arousing stimuli may increase responsiveness whether the stimulus is central or peripheral.
Adaptive runtime tuning of parallel sparse matrix-vector multiplication on distributed memory systems

Sparse matrix-vector (SpMV) multiplication is a widely used kernel in scientific applications. In these applications, the SpMV multiplication is usually deeply nested within multiple loops and thus executed a large number of times. We have observed that there can be significant performance variability, due to irregular memory access patterns. Static performance optimizations are difficult because the patterns may be known only at runtime. In this paper, we propose adaptive runtime tuning mechanisms to improve the parallel performance on distributed memory systems. Our adaptive iteration-to-process mapping mechanism balances computational load at runtime with negligible overhead (1% on average), and our runtime communication selection algorithm searches for the best communication method for a given data distribution and mapping. Actual runs on 26 real matrices show that our runtime tuning system reduces execution time up to 68.8% (30.9% on average) over a base block-distributed parallel algorithm on distributed systems with 32 nodes.
Oxaloacetate supplementation increases lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans through an AMPK/FOXO‐dependent pathway

Reduced dietary intake increases lifespan in a wide variety of organisms. It also retards disease progression. We tested whether dietary supplementation of citric acid cycle metabolites could mimic this lifespan effect. We report that oxaloacetate supplementation increased lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. The increase was dependent on the transcription factor, FOXO/DAF-16, and the energy sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase, indicating involvement of a pathway that is also required for lifespan extension through dietary restriction. These results demonstrate that supplementation of the citric acid cycle metabolite, oxaloacetate, influences a longevity pathway, and suggest a tractable means of introducing the health-related benefits of dietary restriction.
An analysis of teacher practices with toddlers during social conflicts

Employing a quasi-experimental design, this pilot study on teacher practices with toddlers during social conflicts was conducted in the southeastern USA. Four child-care classrooms, teachers (n = 8) and children (n = 51) were assessed with the Classroom Assessment Scoring System – Toddler [CLASS-Toddler; La Paro, K., Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2011). Classroom Assessment Scoring System – Toddler (CLASS). Baltimore, MD: Brookes], an author-developed problem-solving measure, a measure of child temperament and teacher interviews. Teachers in intervention classrooms were provided professional development in three areas: (a) teacher self-regulation and stress management, (b) child self-regulation of emotions and behaviours, and (c) social problem solving. For intervention classrooms, results showed growth in several CLASS dimensions including positive climate, teacher sensitivity, and classroom guidance, while the problem-solving measure revealed an unanticipated increase in problems. Additional research i...
A 25-year experience with pediatric anti-glomerular basement membrane disease

Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, which is extremely uncommon in children, is characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and autoantibodies against GBM collagen. Pulmonary hemorrhage is the third component in Goodpasture Syndrome. Cigarette smoking and exposure to hydrocarbons have been linked to anti-GBM disease in adults, but such an association has not been established in children. We reviewed renal biopsy and autopsy specimens over 25 years from a major tertiary care U.S. children's hospital, diagnosing anti-GBM by clinical RPGN, crescentic glomerulonephritis, and linear immunofluorescence (IF) immunoglobulin G staining in patients under 18 years of age. We identified four patients, with and without pulmonary manifestations. The sole autopsy case showed diagnostic IF despite undetectable serum anti-GBM antibodies and positive testing for serum anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Three patients have survived 1–18 years following diagnosis, one of whom is recovering renal function. One adolescent had a history of smoking cigarettes and one had a probable hydrocarbon exposure. Anti-GBM disease is unusual in children, and the relationship to inhaled agents is incompletely understood. Serum anti-GBM antibodies are typically present, but cases with undetectable levels can occur. Some patients are anti-GBM and ANCA positive, with a small subset ANCA-positive, anti-GBM-negative. Ours is the first such described pediatric case.
Challenges in Supporting Student Learning and Success Through Student Services

Student service units in community colleges are challenged by the increasing diversity of the student population, the call for a renewed focus on student learning and success, and the need to demonstrate more clearly the value-added dimensions of their work.
Regulation of TSC2 by 14-3-3 binding

Mutation in either the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor gene is responsible for the inherited genetic disease of tuberous sclerosis complex. TSC1 and TSC2 form a physical and functional complex to regulate cell growth. Recently, it has been demonstrated that TSC1·TSC2 functions to inhibit ribosomal S6 kinase and negatively regulate cell size. TSC2 is negatively regulated by Akt phosphorylation. Here, we report that TSC2, but not TSC1, associates with 14-3-3 in vivo. Phosphorylation of Ser1210 in TSC2 is required for its association with 14-3-3. Our data indicate that 14-3-3 association may inhibit the function of TSC2 and represents a possible mechanism of TSC2 regulation.
Diapiric transfer of melt in Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii: A quick, efficient process of igneous differentiation

Kilauea Iki lava lake, formed in 1959, is a large pond of picritic basalt (average MgO content = 15.34% by weight), which has cooled and crystallized as a small, self-roofed magma chamber. Repeated drilling of the upper crust of the lake, down to its molten core, and more recent (1981) drilling, through the thermal maximum and part way through the lower crust, have made it possible to monitor the differentiation processes in the lake in detail. Differentiation processes recognized as active in the lake include rather inefficient settling of the larger (2-10 mm) olivine phenocrysts, formation of segregation veins, and formation of diapir-like vertical olivine-rich bodies, all processes which occur in one or more of the other Kilauean lava lakes as well. In addition, most of the central part of Kilauea Iki has been affected by diapiric melt transfer. In this process, relatively low-density liquid, present at 1145-1160 °C, rose from within the loose crystal mush at the base of the lens of melt and intruded the equivalent thermal horizon at the top of the lens of melt, passing through the hotter but denser melt in the core of the lake without mixing. The source volume from which the low-density liquid was extracted is depleted in TiO 2 and other incompatible elements and enriched in FeO and CaO. The upper part of the lake shows the opposite effects. The crystalline assemblage present was olivine + augite + minor plagioclase. The crystallinity of both the source and receiving layers was low enough that no obvious textural imprint was left by the transfer process; the principal evidence for its occurrence is the chemical zonation of the lake seen in core from depths of 13 to 80 m. Diapiric melt transfer was active from 1960 to 1971 and has affected most of the central part of the lake from 13 m to at least 80 m. The process ran simultaneously with the other three main differentia tion processes but started and stopped independently of the others. Calculations suggest that between 21 and 42 wt % liquid has been extracted from the depleted zone at 56-78 m in the center of the lake, making this a very efficient process of chemical differentiation.
The interface of toxicology and tissue culture and reflections on the carnation test.

Abstract The convergence of an imperative for expanded testing of chemicals before they are released into the environment and the maturation of tissue culture as an important tool for biomedical research, has led to the development of in vitro methods for toxicological evaluation. Of the several facets of the interface — screening, mechanisms, personnel monitoring, and risk assessment — screening has the broadest interface. The success which has been achieved to date stems from a recognition of the limitations as well as the attributes of in vitro research, extensive validation of specific tests (especially for mutagenesis and carcinogenesis), and the use of test batteries rather than single tests.
Special Sections and Kingslake Medal Winner Congratulations

This PDF file contains the editorial “Special Sections and Kingslake Medal Winner Congratulations” for OE Vol. 49 Issue 08