cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graph Partitioning and Parallel Solvers: Has the Emperor No Clother? (Extended Abstract)

Sparse matrix-vector multiplication is the kernel for many scientific computations. Parallelizing this operation requires the matrix to be divided among processors. This division is commonly phrased in terms of graph partitioning. Although this abstraction has proved to be very useful, it has significant flaws and limitations. The cost model implicit in this abstraction is only a weak approximation to the true cost of the parallel matrix-vector multiplication. And the graph model is unnecessarily restrictive. This paper will detail the shortcomings of the current paradigm and suggest directions for improvement and further research.
Counting axioms do not polynomially simulate counting gates

We give a family of tautologies whose algebraic translations have constant-degree, polynomial size polynomial calculus refutations over Z/sub 2/, but which require superpolynomial size bounded-depth Frege proofs from Count/sub 2/ axioms. This gives a superpolynomial size separation of bounded-depth Frege plus mod 2 counting axioms from bounded-depth Frege plus parity gates. Combined with another result of the authors, it gives the first size (as opposed to degree) separation between the polynomial calculus and Nullstellensatz systems.
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate and Intracellular pH as Interdependent Determinants of the Physiologic Solubility of Deoxyhemoglobin S

We have established that 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) content and intracellular pH exert separate, but interdependent, effects on the equilibrium solubility (csat) of deoxyhemoglobin S (deoxy-Hb S) that act in concert to modulate intraerythrocytic polymer formation. In a nonphysiologic csat assay system, a steep dependence of csat on pH in the physiologic range 7.0 to 7.6 was shown for both stripped (Hb) and DPG-saturated deoxy-Hb S (Hb-DPG). The solubility-pH profile for Hb under near-physiologic buffer conditions also showed that csat increased steeply in the same pH range (6.8 to 7.6). The effect of 2,3- DPG on csat under near-physiologic conditions was evaluated separately. At pH 7.20, the pH of the human red blood cell, csat values for Hb and Hb-DPG were 19.56 +/- 0.14 and 17.95 +/- 0.45 g/dL, respectively, indicating that the solubility of Hb-DPG is lower than that of Hb by 8.2% +/- 2.3%. Thus, binding of 2,3-DPG in the beta-cleft promotes the polymerization of deoxy-Hb S, the ultimate determinant of cell sickling. Furthermore, because of the abnormal Bohr effect of sickle blood (approximately double that of normal blood), the intracellular pH of deoxygenated sickle erythrocytes should be approximately 0.28 pH unit higher than that of oxygenated cells (ie, 7.41 v 7.13). At the higher pH, the corresponding csat for Hb-DPG is 20.22 g/dL, which is the best estimate of the intrinsic solubility of T-state Hb S under conditions that approximate closely those of pH, temperature, ionic strength, and 2,3-DPG saturation in the fully desaturated sickle erythrocyte.
Validity assessment of a portable bioimpedance scale to estimate body fat percentage in white and African-American children and adolescents.

Objective To determine accuracy of the Tanita SC-240 body composition analyzer to measure pediatric percent body fat (%BF).
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and AMP-activated protein kinase agonists protect against lethal influenza virus challenge in mice.

Please cite this paper as: Moseley et al. (2010) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and AMP-activated protein kinase agonists protect against lethal influenza virus challenge in mice. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(5), 307–311. Background A novel influenza A (H1N1) virus was isolated from humans in North America and has developed into the first pandemic of the 21st century. Reports of a global shortage of antiviral drugs, the evolution of drug-resistant influenza virus variants, and a 6-month delay in vaccine availability underline the need to develop new therapeutics that may be widely distributed during future pandemics. Methods In an effort to discover alternatives to the conventional therapeutic strategies available, we screened several classes of immunomodulatory agents possessing the potential to mitigate the effects of influenza virus-induced immunopathology. Results Here, we provide preliminary evidence that two classes of drugs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists and AMP-activated protein kinase agonists, provide protection in mice infected with highly pathogenic and pandemic strains of influenza virus. Conclusions The extensive production in the developed world, combined with the significant degree of protection described here, establishes these drugs as a potential therapeutic option that may be broadly implemented to combat serious disease caused by future influenza epidemics or pandemics.
Punica granatum L. Extract Inhibits IL-1β–Induced Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases by Inhibiting the Activation of MAP Kinases and NF-κB in Human Chondrocytes In Vitro

Interleukin (IL)-1beta induces the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) implicated in cartilage resorption and joint degradation in osteoarthritis (OA). Pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) was recently shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in different disease models. However, no studies have been undertaken to investigate whether PFE constituents protect articular cartilage. In the present studies, OA chondrocytes or cartilage explants were pretreated with PFE and then stimulated with IL-1beta at different time points in vitro. The amounts of proteoglycan released were measured by a colorimetric assay. The expression of MMPs, phosphorylation of the inhibitor of kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was determined by Western immunoblotting. Expression of mRNA was quantified by real-time PCR. MAPK enzyme activity was assayed by in vitro kinase assay. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. PFE inhibited the IL-1beta-induced proteoglycan breakdown in cartilage explants in vitro. At the cellular level, PFE (6.25-25 mg/L) inhibited the IL-1beta-induced expression of MMP-1, -3, and -13 protein in the medium (P < 0.05) and this was associated with the inhibition of mRNA expression. IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of p38-MAPK, but not that of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase or extracellular regulated kinase, was most susceptible to inhibition by low doses of PFE, and the addition of PFE blocked the activity of p38-MAPK in a kinase activity assay. PFE also inhibited the IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in OA chondrocytes. Taken together, these novel results indicate that PFE or compounds derived from it may inhibit cartilage degradation in OA and may also be a useful nutritive supplement for maintaining joint integrity and function.
An Ounce of Anticipatory Guidance Is Worth a Pound of Testing.

An ex-full-term, healthy, without birth complications, 6-week-old girl was brought to her pediatrician for a well-child visit and given the following vaccines: diphtheria-tetanus–acellular pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)–inactivated poliovirus, hepatitis B, and rotavirus. Most vaccine schedules begin at 2 months of age, but they can be given as early as 6 weeks.1 Later that day, the patient developed a fever, and her concerned parents brought her to the emergency department (ED). She was well-appearing, with no other symptoms, and feeding well. In the ED she had a temperature of 38.7°C, initiating a serious bacterial infection (SBI) evaluation. Vital signs were otherwise normal, including normal respiratory rate, and complete physical examination was normal. Studies were performed, including urinalysis, urine culture, complete blood count, blood culture, lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid studies and culture, chest radiograph, and molecular respiratory viral panel. The white blood cell (WBC) count was elevated at 18 000 cells/mm3, with 55% neutrophils and no bands. Urinalysis was negative, cerebrospinal fluid studies showed 3 nucleated cells/mm3, 1 red blood cell/mm3, 53 mg/dL protein, and 56 mg/dL glucose. Based on the elevated WBC count, this patient was excluded from the low-risk category, admitted to the pediatric wards, and started empirically on intravenous ceftriaxone. At 22 hours, the patient’s blood culture resulted positive with Gram-positive cocci suggestive of Staphylococcus . A repeat blood culture was drawn, the patient was continued on antibiotics and hospitalized another night. The final blood culture reported coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp, clinically determined to be contamination rather than bacteremia. The patient continued to be well-appearing, the repeat blood culture as well as all other tests ultimately resulted negative. The fever was attributed to her recent vaccinations and she was discharged from the hospital with her parents after 60 hours. This case …
A Local Heat Flux Measurement Technique for Inclined Heat Exchanger Tubes

This article presents the design, fabrication, and calibration of thermocouple pairs for local heat flux measurement. The intended application of the thermocouple pairs is on the tubes of phase-change heat exchangers experiencing heat fluxes on the order of 105 W/m2. Particular advantages of this technique are that it is accurate even for thin-wall tubes, there are no restrictions on the tube inclination, and it is economical. A thermocouple pair consists of a sheathed thermocouple which measures the tube outer surface temperature and a novel plug-type thermocouple which measures the tube inner surface temperature without interrupting the heat transfer phenomena. A calibration was performed by imposing a series of known heat fluxes on a condenser tube that had been outfitted with a number of thermocouple pairs and measuring the temperature difference between the thermocouples. The maximum uncertainty associated with the calibration constants was ±9.5%. This tube was then used as the condenser tube of a do...
Label-free electrochemical impedance detection of kinase and phosphatase activities using carbon nanofiber nanoelectrode arrays.

Abstract We demonstrate the feasibility of a label-free electrochemical method to detect the kinetics of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of surface-attached peptides catalyzed by kinase and phosphatase, respectively. The peptides with a sequence specific to c-Src tyrosine kinase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) were first validated with ELISA-based protein tyrosine kinase assay and then functionalized on vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VACNF) nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs). Real-time electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (REIS) measurements showed reversible impedance changes upon the addition of c-Src kinase and PTP1B phosphatase. Only a small and unreliable impedance variation was observed during the peptide phosphorylation, but a large and fast impedance decrease was observed during the peptide dephosphorylation at different PTP1B concentrations. The REIS data of dephosphorylation displayed a well-defined exponential decay following the Michaelis–Menten heterogeneous enzymatic model with a specific constant, k cat / K m , of (2.1 ± 0.1) × 10 7 M −1 s −1 . Consistent values of the specific constant was measured at PTP1B concentration varying from 1.2 to 2.4 nM with the corresponding electrochemical signal decay constant varying from 38.5 to 19.1 s. This electrochemical method can be potentially used as a label-free method for profiling enzyme activities in fast reactions.
Line of charges in electrolyte solution near a half-space I. Counterion condensation.

Abstract The effect of a half-space on counterion condensation around a line of charges in electrolyte solution is examined in the framework of Debye–Huckel electrostatics. The half-space substrate is allowed to be a conductor, a dielectric, or a semiconductor. Counterions are predicted to be released completely as the line of charges approaches a conducting substrate. When it approaches a dielectric substrate, depending on the ratio of solvent to substrate dielectric constant, there are three possibilities: (1) e sol / e sub 1 ; the counterions are partially (or completely) released; (2) e sol / e sub = 1 ; the amount of condensation remains unchanged; and (3) e sol / e sub > 1 ; more counterions condense. Depending on the relative magnitude of screening lengths in the semiconductor and in the solution, its effect on condensation follows either that of a metal or that of a dielectric. For the case of a moderately doped silicon substrate, condensation is predicted to be similar to that for a dielectric.
Finite horizon planning for a production system with permitted shortage and fixed-interval deliveries

Raw material ordering policy and the manufacturing batch size for frequent deliveries of finished goods for a finite horizon plays a significant role in managing the supply chain logistics economically. This research develops an ordering policy for raw materials and determines an economic batch size for a product in a manufacturing system that supplies finished products to customers for a finite planning horizon. Fixed quantities of finished products are delivered to customers frequently at a fixed interval of time. In this model, an optimal multi-ordering policy for procurement of raw materials and production cycle time for a two-stage production and supply system is developed to minimize the total cost incurred due to raw materials and finished goods inventories. The problem is then extended to compensate for the lost sales of finished products. A closed-form solution to the problem is obtained for the minimal total cost. A lower bound on the optimal solution is also developed for problem with lost sale. It is shown that the solution and the lower bound are consistently tight.
Comparative study of adsorption and heats of adsorption on planar and particulate polymer surfaces

The adsorption and heats of adsorption of Lewis acidic-basicprobes on planar and particulate surfaces of polyimide/siloxane, 6F photoimagable fluorinated polyimide and 6F polyimide have been studied by flow microcalorimetric, ellipsometric, and contact angle techniques. The heats of adsotption obtained by these techniques are in good agreement. It is noted that the ellipsometric method based on an analysis of adsorption kinetics has advantages over the contact angle technique and may be used for the study of the interface on planar polymer surfaces. The acidic-basic properties of polymers were approximately estimated by using the DragoE andC constants.
Beauty versus medicine: the nonphysician practice of dermatologic surgery.

Background This investigation was initiated because of a growing concern by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery about the proliferation of nonphysicians practicing medicine and its impact on public health, safety, and welfare. Objective Prompted by an alarming rise in anecdotal reports among dermatologic surgeons, the study sought to determine whether there was a significant increase in the number of patients seeking corrective treatment due to complications from laser and light-based hair removal, subsurface laser/light rejuvenation techniques, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, injectables, and other cosmetic medical/surgical procedures performed by nonphysicians without adequate training or supervision. Methods A survey of 2,400 American Society for Dermatologic Surgery members in July 2001 and in-depth phone interviews with eight patients who experienced complications from nonphysicians performing cosmetic dermatologic surgery procedures were conducted. Results Survey data and qualitative research results attributed patient complications primarily to “nonphysician operators” such as cosmetic technicians, estheticians, and employees of medical/dental professionals who performed various invasive medical procedures outside of their scope of training or with inadequate or no physician supervision. Conclusion The results underscore the need for improved awareness, legislation, and enforcement regarding the nonphysician practice of medicine, along with further study of this issue.
Esophageal stenosis in epidermolysis bullosum:a challenge for the endoscopist

Abstract Background/Purpose Esophageal stenosis is a severe complication in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Endoscopic dilations may cause mucosal injury with stricture recurrence. Our aim was to describe our referral EB-center experience on safety and long-term efficacy of fluoroscopically guided balloon dilation without endoscopy. Methods Over 14 years, 34 patients with EB, previously evaluated with barium esophagogram for dysphagia, underwent balloon esophageal dilation. Under fluoroscopy, a guide wire was introduced via a nostril into the stomach. A 12-mm pneumatic balloon, which passed over the wire, was filled using radio-opaque contrast, dilating the stricture. Orotracheal intubation was avoided. Antibiotics, dexamethasone, and proton-pump inhibitors were administered. Study approval was obtained from our ethical board. Results Ninety-three dilations were performed. Seventeen patients had a single stenosis. The mean age of onset was 18 years (range, 3-47 years). Thirteen patients underwent one dilation. In 6 cases, endoscopy was necessary to visualize the esophageal lumen. Complications included cervical esophageal perforation (2) and transitory dysphagia (10). Thirty patients were feeding within 24 hours. During the follow-up, 2 patients required a gastrostomy, and 2 patients underwent fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Conclusions Fluoroscopically guided balloon dilation in EB is a safe and well-tolerated procedure. An experienced endoscopy team is necessary in certain cases.
A sulfated rabbit endothelial cell glycoprotein that inhibits factor VIIa/tissue factor is functionally and immunologically identical to rabbit extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI)

Colburn and Buonassisi (In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 24, 1133-1136, 1988) have isolated a single chain sulfated glycoprotein inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor-catalyzed activation of factor X from conditioned media of an established rabbit endothelial cell line. We report herein that their endothelial cell-derived inhibitor and extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI) isolated from rabbit plasma have identical functional properties with respect to their interactions with factor Xa and with factor VIIa/tissue factor. In addition, the endothelial cell inhibitor and rabbit plasma EPI migrate with the same apparent molecular weights on non-reduced SDS-PAGE and contain similar amounts of N-linked carbohydrate. Like the endothelial cell inhibitor the EPI of rabbit plasma exists as a single chain molecule. Furthermore, the endothelial cell inhibitor is recognized and neutralized by a polyclonal antibody raised against rabbit plasma EPI. We therefore conclude that cultured rabbit endothelial cells produce an inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor activity that is functionally and immunologically identical to rabbit plasma EPI.
Redefining Sex and Intimacy: The Sexual Self‐Images, Outlooks, and Relationships of Gay Men Living with HIV/AIDS

This paper examines how gay men living with HIV disease come to terms with the profound sexual implications of their illness. Based on interviews with 25 gay men diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, this paper highlights (a) the disruptions that these men experience in their sexual feelings and self-images as a result of their illness; (b) the challenges they encounter in negotiating and sustaining sexual relationships; (c) the declines they experience in their sexual attractiveness, desire, and capacities as their illness advances; and (d) the changed meanings they give to sex and self as they come to terms with the erotic implications of their illness and try to preserve valued, intimate identities. In focusing on these themes, this paper offers an “insider's view” into key dimensions of the moral experience of gay men with HIV/AIDS. It also illustrates how the moral experience of these men shifts over the course of their illness, especially in response to the changes and challenges that arise in their intimate relationships and subcultural networks. On a broader, analytic level, this paper addresses a research question that has been neglected in previous studies of the experience of illness—that is, how does serious illness affect the sexuality of diagnosed individuals, particularly their construction of sexual and intimate identities? Through examining this question, this paper contributes to and extends the growing interactionist literature on the consequences of illness for self.
Elevated temperature compressive properties of N-doned NiAl

The elevated temperature properties of NiAl slightly enriched with ~900 appm nitrogen by atomizing the aluminide to powder under a nitrogen atmosphere have been determined. Compression samples were machined from hot extruded material and tested in air between 1100 and 1400 K under both constant velocity and constant load conditions. It appears that N in solid solution contributes little to the creep strength of B2 nickel aluminide. Excess nitrogen leading to the formation of A1N and A1(O,N) particles, however, can have a pronounced effect on creep behavior. These fine secondphase particles stabilize a small grain structure which, in turn, can improve or reduce the mechanical strength, depending on the deformation conditions. Under certain test conditions, high-angle grain boundaries can break away from the particles and overall grain growth occurs, leaving behind a network of A1N and A1(O,N) particles. This network of particles is very effective in anchoring a small, stable subgrain structure that provides elevated temperature strength without being subject to undesirable, weakening grain-boundary deformation mechanisms. Overall, the results provide further evidence that creep in NiAl is dislocation-climb controlled which involves subgrain formation and that stabilization of subgrains will improve mechanical strength in the manner proposed by Sherbyet al.
Soy protein without isoflavones reduces aortic total and cholesterol ester concentrations greater than soy protein with isoflavones compared with casein in hypercholesterolemic hamsters

Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the effects of replacing casein with soy protein either containing isoflavones or not on plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and early aortic atherosclerosis (measured as aortic cholesterol concentration) in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Thirty, 8-week-old, male F 1 B Golden Syrian hamsters were individually housed and fed a semipurified hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) containing 22% casein, 20% coconut oil, 2% corn oil, and 0.12% cholesterol (wt/wt) for a period of 2 weeks. The hamsters were then divided into 3 groups of 10 based on similar mean fasting plasma cholesterol concentrations and placed on experimental diets for 6 weeks. Group 1 continued on the HCD (casein). Group 2 was fed the HCD with 22% water-washed soybean protein isolate (soy + I) (1.76 mg of isoflavones per gram of protein) in place of casein. Group 3 was fed the HCD with 22% alcohol-washed soybean protein isolate (soy − I) (0.08 mg isoflavones per gram of protein) in place of casein. Compared with hamsters fed casein, hamsters fed both soy diets had significant decreases in their plasma total and non–high-density lipoprotein (very low and low-density lipoprotein)–cholesterol concentrations by week 2, which continued across weeks 4 and 6. However, the hamsters fed the soy − I diet accumulated significantly less aortic total cholesterol compared with the hamsters fed casein and the soy + I diet. In addition, the hamsters fed the soy − I diet accumulated significantly less aortic cholesterol ester compared with the hamsters fed casein only. In conclusion, dietary replacement of casein with soy protein either containing isoflavones or not in hypercholesterolemic hamsters lowers plasma total and non–high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol concentrations; however, only the soy protein without isoflavones reduced aortic cholesterol accumulation.
Performance modeling of non-metallic flat plate solar collectors

Abstract This paper extends the current techniques used in the prediction of flat plate solar collector performance for use in the analysis of non-metallic collectors. An analytical model was developed to study the characteristics of these solar collctors which eliminate the need for metals, glass, and special coatings. Using this model, plate efficiency factors are presented for various common non-metallic absorber plate configurations. A parametric study was conducted with emphasis placed on collector plate thermal conductivity and partial transmittance of glazings to long-wave radiation. From the results of this study, it was shown that it is possible to meet or exceed performance levels of conventional metal tube and fin collectors through the use of non-metallic collectors in the low- to medium-temperature range.
Tectal Gliomas: Natural History of an Indolent Lesion in Pediatric Patients

The mesencephalic tectal glioma is a distinctive form of brain stem glioma with an unusually benign clinical course. Periaqueductal location, lack of contrast enhancement, and long periods of stability are classic features. The clinical management of these lesions, especially at the time of radiographic enlargement varies widely in the published literature. It is unclear whether these progressive lesions need to be treated. Accordingly, clinical and radiologic features of 7 patients were reviewed, with attention to the clinical course of the disease after radiologic enlargement. The age at diagnosis ranged from 3.3 to 16.6 years. Six of 7 had MRI tumor enlargement beginning 0.3-5.7 years after initial diagnosis. One of these 6 patients had radiographic progression coupled with a new clinical symptom which was treated with stereotactic radiation therapy. The remaining 5 patients with MRI progression and normal neurological exams were not treated and remain free of new neurologic deficits 1.8-6.9 years after the first radiographic tumor enlargement. The results suggest that pediatric tectal gliomas are a very low-grade lesion. Conservative management in the absence of new clinical symptoms could be argued, reserving radiotherapy or chemotherapy for clinical progression.
Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on Total Phosphate and Inorganic Phosphate in Blood, Plasma, and Urine of Domestic Fowl

Abstract Previous work has shown that parathyroid hormone causes the kidneys of domestic fowl to secrete inorganic phosphate (Pi) into the urine. Secreted Pi is not derived directly from plasma Pi. The objective of the present study was to determine if direct or indirect correlations exist between the urinary Pi excretion rate and the concentration of phosphate in plasma or whole blood. Parathyroid hormone dissolved in gelatin carrier vehicle was injected into immature domestic fowl to cause net renal Pi secretion. Control birds were injected with carrier vehicle alone, resulting in net Pi reabsorption. Urine, plasma, and whole blood samples obtained during net Pi secretion were compared with samples obtained during net Pi reabsorption. Each sample was assayed for total and inorganic phosphate. Neither time course nor point by point comparisons of individual samples provided any evidence that secreted Pi is derived from organic phosphate in plasma or whole blood. These experiments suggest that phosphate pools within the kidneys may serve as a source for the Pi that is secreted in response to parathyroid hormone.
Mutant amyloid precursor protein differentially alters adipose biology under obesogenic and non-obesogenic conditions.

Mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) have been most intensely studied in brain tissue for their link to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. However, APP is highly expressed in a variety of tissues including adipose tissue, where APP is also known to exhibit increased expression in response to obesity. In our current study, we analyzed the effects of mutant APP (E693Q, D694N, K670N/M671L) expression toward multiple aspects of adipose tissue homeostasis. These data reveal significant hypoleptinemia, decreased adiposity, and reduced adipocyte size in response to mutant APP, and this was fully reversed upon high fat diet administration. Additionally, mutant APP was observed to significantly exacerbate insulin resistance, triglyceride elevations, and macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue in response to a high fat diet. Taken together, these data have significant implications for linking mutant APP expression to adipose tissue dysfunction and global changes in endocrine and metabolic function under both obesogenic and non-obesogenic conditions.
Effects of stimulation frequency on calcium transients in noninfarcted myocardium: modulation by chronic captopril treatment.

Abstract Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition produces beneficial effects in patients and experimental animals after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the mechanisms accounting for these effects are incompletely understood. Methods and Results: We recorded contractile force and intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ i ) transients in papillary muscles from sham-operated rats (n = 8), untreated rats with heart failure after MI (MI; n=7), and MI rats receiving captopril treatment for 5 weeks (n = 4). All studies were performed 6 weeks after MI or sham surgery. In muscles from shamoperated rats, increasing stimulation frequency from 0.33 to 3.0 Hz was associated with no change in the peak amplitude or the time to the peak of the Ca 2+ i transients. In contrast, in muscles from MI rats, stimulation at 3.0 Hz caused a marked increase in the amplitude of the Ca 2+ i transients (170% of baseline), prolongation of the time to the peak of the Ca 2+ i transient (54 ± 2 to 84 ± 8 ∗ ms), and a prominent alternans pattern. Tissue hypoxia did not appear to be responsible for the abnormal response to rapid stimulation in the myocardium from infarcted hearts because bubbling the bath solution with 95% N 2 /5% CO 2 resulted in no change in the amplitude of the Ca 2+ i transients in muscles from both groups. Muscles from captopril-treated MI rats responded like sham-operated controls, with no change in the amplitude or time course of the Ca 2+ i transients during rapid stimulation. Conclusion: In myocardium isolated from rats with postinfarction heart failure, increasing stimulation frequency causes marked increases in peak Ca 2+ i , prolongation of the time course of the Ca 2+ i transient, and Ca 2+ i alternans. Despite the increased Ca 2+ i transients, contractility declined during rapid pacing. We hypothesize that these changes could be explained by a frequency-related decline in intracellular pH and/or a decrease in sarcolemmal Ca 2+ i extrusion. The frequency-dependent abnormalities of cellular Ca 2+ i regulation in the infarcted heart are prevented by long-term treatment with an ACE inhibitor.
Maternal deaths among Afghan refugees.

Afghan refugee women have difficulty in accessing refugee health services in receiving food and commodities and in obtaining protection from sexual violence. The author of this commentary notes that a study of 12 Afghan refugee settlements in the Hangu area of Pakistans Northwest Frontier Province revealed a maternal mortality ratio of 291/100000 live births. Barriers to emergency obstetrical care were identified in 22 of the 27 maternal deaths with the largest number of barriers existing at the household-decision level. It was noted that male health workers are often out of the settlement looking for work while female health workers are usually not empowered to move far beyond their own household. Transportation and communication barriers were also cited. In addition the estimated 3 million Afghan refugees in Pakistan impose a substantial demand on the countrys health system. As a result the host government may openly blame refugees for social and economic problems often instituting forced returns to dangerous situations. Although many relief organizations are preparing to meet the immediate needs within Afghanistan the arduous task of rebuilding national capacity must always remain the clear goal.
Electron paramagnetic resonance of radiation damage in a lunar rock.

ALTHOUGH lunar material has been exposed to radiations from indigenous radioactive atoms, solar wind protons and cosmic ray particles for a very long time, no electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals attributable to natural radiation damage had been observed in the returned Apollo 11 and 12 samples1–3. We report here evidence for the presence of radiation induced EPR signals in one of the lunar samples (12021–42) we have examined.
Buoyant Velocity of Spherical and Nonspherical Bubbles/Droplets

An integrated formulation is presented to calculate the buoyant velocity of bubbles/droplets of various sizes. The bubble/droplet shape can be a sphere, ellipsoid, or a spherical-cap. This formulation can be applied to solids, liquids, or gases. The comparison of the calculated results with experimental data shows a good match and that the formulation presented is better than the Stokes law and Reynolds law combination when dealing with bubbles/droplets in a wider range of sizes. This work was developed in connection with oil and gas spill models that have buoyant oil, gas, or gas hydrates, although they can also be applied to other hydraulic engineering problems.
Mechanisms of dusk orientation in white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis): clock-shift experiments

Several species of night migrating birds, especially North American emberizines, exhibit markedly different orientation behaviour when tested in circular cages under clear skies at dusk as compared with tests performed after complete darkness. During the period between sunset and the first appearance of stars, birds tend to show high levels of well-oriented hopping; birds deprived of exposure to clear skies at dusk hop less and their activity is usually not oriented. There is evidence that visual cues available during the dusk period, but not later, are responsible for this difference, but details of the orientation mechanisms involved are unclear. We performed 3-h fast and slow clock shifts on white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) to address two questions concerning migratory orientation at dusk: (1) Is the better orientation of sparrows tested at dusk a function of the visual cues available at that time, or does it result from circadian changes in motivation?; and (2) Is the dusk orientation based on a time-compensated sun compass?
Histology and ultrastructure of picosecond laser intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy (ISPRK)

Picosecond intrastromal ablation is currently under investigation as a new minimally invasive way of correcting refractive error. When the laser pulses are placed in an expanding spiral pattern along a lamellar plane, the technique is called intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy (ISPRK). We performed ISPRK on six human eye bank eyes. Thirty picosecond pulses at 1000 Hz and 20 - 25 (mu) J per pulse were separated by 15 microns. A total of 3 layers were placed in the anterior stroma separated by 15 microns. The eyes were then preserved and sectioned for light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Light and scanning electron microscopy reveals that picosecond intrastromal ablation using an ISPRK pattern demonstrates multiple, coalescing intrastromal cavities oriented parallel to the corneal surface. These cavities possess a smooth appearing inner wall. Using transmission electron microscopy, we noticed tissue loss surrounding some cavities with collagen fibril termination and thinning of collagen lamella. Other cavities we formed by separation of lamella with little evidence of tissue loss. A pseudomembrane lines the edge of some cavities. Although underlying tissue disruption was occasionally seen along the border of a cavity in no case was there any evidence of thermal damage or tissue necrosis. Ablation and loss of tissue in ISPRK results in nonthermal microscopic corneal thinning around some cavities whereas others demonstrate only lamellar separation. Alternative patterns and energy parameters should be investigated to bring this technology to its full potential in refractive surgery.
Local structure of semiflexible polymer melts

Polymer RISM (reference interaction site model) theory is used to examine the intermolecular radial distribution function and isothermal compressibility of semiflexible polymer melts. Parametric studies as a function of chain length and chain stiffness reveal that as the characteristic stiffness is increased beyond three bond lengths, the radial distribution function and isothermal compressibility saturate, becoming relatively insensitive to chain length or stiffness
Ketamine: Acquisition and retention of classically conditioned responses during treatment with large doses

Abstract Two experiments were conducted in rabbits to examine the effects of ketamine (0, 100, and 200 mg/kg) on the acquisition and retention of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR). Classical conditioning of the NMR was accomplished by pairing tone and light conditioned stimuli (CS) with paraorbital shock as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Experimental 1 assessed the effects of the drug on acquisition and retention of conditioned responses (CR) and determined the role of previous exposure to the experimental environment. Ketamine blocked the display of CR. However, data from subsequent retention testing under nondrug conditions revealed that rabbits that had previously received 100 mg/ ketamine learned faster than saline-treated rabbits during the acquisition phases. Rabbits that received 100 mg/kg ketamine and were placed in the experimental chambers, but not presented with stimuli during the acquisition phase, did not learn faster during the retention phase than naive rabbits. Experiment 2 controlled further for the effects of nonassociative, unlearned processes. Control groups were presented with unpaired CS and UCS training after drug administration, and subsequently received conventional acquisition sessions under nondrug conditions. Their data indicated that the ketamine group's rapid acquisition during retention testing could not be attributed to nonassociative factors. We conclude that, although it was impossible directly to observe acquisition in rabbits under the influence of ketamine, it was possible that learning occurred as manifested by “savings” in subsequent learning trials.
A survey of cartographic contributions of international governmental organizations

Abstract This survey presents an overview of the cartographic activities of a number of international governmental organizations (IGOs). These IGOs are highlighted for their work in promoting cartographic knowledge, in developing international standards for cartographic representation, and in sponsoring mapping projects involving multinational collaboration. Selected maps, atlases, and related publications are cited. Greatest attention is given to UNESCO's thematic maps of world regions and to the cartographic materials produced by the United Nations and its various divisions. Considerations are presented regarding identification and acquisition of these sources as official documentation of international governmental organizations.
Strikingly Different Behaviors of Photoluminescence and Terahertz Generation in InGaN/GaN Quantum Wells

We have investigated photoluminescence (PL) and terahertz (THz) generation simultaneously from multiple InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) with different well periods. The PL intensity fully saturates when the period of QWs is increased up to 4. However, THz output power continuously scales up even if the period of QWs is increased up to 16. Such a behavior indicates that high-power THz wave can be generated without efficient recombination of the photogenerated carriers, since THz is only generated during the absorption process. Following the measurements of intensity and peak energy of PL together with output power and spectra of THz, we have concluded that the screening effect induced by photo-generated carriers can be neglected when the pump fluence is as low as 85 μJ/cm2.
LOW-DOSE INTRAVENOUS INSULIN THERAPY FOR DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN CHILDREN

Recent studies in adults have shown the efficiency and safety of continuous low-dose intravenous insulin in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Little data has been reported in pediatrfe patients. Fourteen consecutive children presented in diabetic ketoacidosis. Six were newly diagnosed diabetics. The average admission blood glucose concentration was 806 mg/dl and the mean admission capillary blood pH was 7.13. All patients were given intravenous fluids and continuous low-dose intravenous insulin at a dose of 0.06 units/kg/hr. Fresh insulin solutions were prepared every four hours. Human serum albumin and sodium bicarbonate were not used. There were two critical times in the management of each patient; the first when the blood glucose concentration declined to 300 mg/dl. At this time the I.V. fluids were changed to a glucose containing solution. The average time needed to obtain this blood glucose concentration was 5.7 hr. The second critical time was when the capillary blood pH reached 7.35. At this time intravenous insulin was discontinued. The average duration of intravenous insulin therapy was 9.8 hr. The accumulated dose of intravenous insulin was 0.6 u/kg. The patient was then switched to subcutaneous insulin, .25-.5 u/kgm every 4 hours. No complications were observed. This method was found to be safe and effective.
Bureau Bas Smets

De Singel Flemish Architecture Institute, Antwerp, Belgium 27 September – 5 January 2014Exhibitions of landscape architecture are rare enough; those attempting to communicate design process and val...
Zum chemischen Strukturbeweis der hexagonalen, leichtflüchtigen Modifikation des Phosphor(V)-oxydes. III. Die Hydrolyse des Phosphor(V)-oxydes

Die sich bei der Hydrolyse von P4O10 stets bildenden kleinen Mengen von Trimetaphosphat entstehen nicht uber iso-Tetrametaphosphorsaure als vermeintlichem ersten fasbaren Produkt der Hydrolyse, sondern aus hochmolekularen kondensierten Phosphaten, die sich aus P4O10 in Beruhrung mit Wasser in kleinen Mengen bilden. Es wird gezeigt, warum die Hydrolyse des P4O10 nicht wie die Atherolyse uber iso-Tetrametaphosphorsaure, sondern uber die normale Tetrametaphosphorsaure verlauft. Das Verhalten von P4O10 feuchtem Ather und Alkohol gegenuber steht mit den ubrigen Befunden im Einklang.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CISPLATIN ADDUCTS OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES BY FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT MASS SPECTROMETRY

Abstract The products of the reaction of the antitumor drug cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) with four oligonucleotide tetramers, d(GpCpGpC), d(GpGpCpC), d(TpGpApT), and d(TpGpCpT), were separated by gel permeation chromatography and characterized by negative- and positive-ion fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry. Fragment ions indicating the oligonucleotide sequence and the position of cisplatin binding were observed in MS/MS spectra following collisional activation and B/E-linked scanning. Positive-ion FAB MS/MS spectra were characterized by platinum-containing product ions. Nonplatinated sequence ions and internal fragment ions were present primarily in the negative-ion spectra. The most prominent fragment ions containing platinum were [HB2·Pt·B3H]+ and [HB1·Pt·B2H]+, where B1, B2, and B3 were bases in the oligonucleotide tetramer, one of which was usually guanine. Both singly and doubly charged platinum complexes were observed, probably indicating reduction of Pt(II) during the FAB ionization process. The location of the platinum complex bound to each oligonucleotide sequence could be determined, and the binding sites observed by mass spectrometry were similar to those previously determined by other methods. FAB ionization with collisional activation and MS/MS analysis could serve as a new method for structural analysis of platinated oligonucleotides.
Error Detection, Recovery, and Repair in the Translation of Inorganic Nomenclatures. 2. A Proposed Strategy

The repair of lexicographic errors occuring during the computer translation of knowledge is performed by approximate string matching algorithms. This article presents a new algorithm that attempts ...
Mechanism and structure based inhibitors of phospholipase C enzymes

PI-specific PLC enzymes are a key component of phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling pathways since the hydrophobic product, diacylglycerol, activates protein kinase C and the water-soluble product, inositol trisphosphate, is involved in Ca2+ mobilization. Nonspecific, or PC-PLC, enzymes can generate diacylglycerol without Ca2+ mobilization. A series of inhibitors, both lipophilic and water-soluble, have been synthesized to target each of these two classes of PLC enzymes. Design of the inhibitors was based on proposed enzyme mechanisms and available crystal structures. The solution conformations of the lipophilic phospholipid analogs, (diheptanoylphosphatidyl(2-O-methyl)inositol for PI-PLC and a dihexanoyl-sn-(3-N-benzylaminoglycero)phosphoramidocholine for PC-PLC, have been determined using NMR methodology and the interaction of these compounds with bacterial enzymes has been examined. Water-soluble inhibitors include strained cyclic phosphonates for PI-PLC and vanadate for PC-PLC. An eventual goal of this work is to generate compounds that specifically target each type of intracellular PLC activity.
Submyeloablative cord blood transplantation corrects clinical defects seen in IPEX syndrome

Submyeloablative cord blood transplantation corrects clinical defects seen in IPEX syndrome
Mid-IR fiber optic sensors for internal combustion engines

Environmental regulations are driving development of cleaner spark ignition, diesel, and gas turbine engines. Emissions of unburned hydrocarbons, NOx, and CO can be affected by the characteristics of the mixing of the fuel with air in the engine, and by the amount of exhaust gas recirculated to the engine intake. Fiber optic sensors have been developed that can measure the local fuel concentration in the combustion chamber of a spark ignition engine near the spark plug. The sensors detect the absorption of 3.4 micrometer radiation corresponding to the strongest absorption band common to all hydrocarbons. The sensors have been applied to both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, and liquid fuels injected directly into the engine combustion chamber. The sensors use white light sources and are designed to detect the absorption throughout the entire band minimizing calibration problems associated with pressure and temperature broadening. Other sensors can detect the concentration of CO2 in the engine intake manifold providing time-resolved measurement of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Proper EGR levels are critical for achieving low engine-out emissions of NOx while maintaining acceptable engine performance.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Consideration of clogging in boundary-layer control system design

Concluding Remarks Based on the results obtained in these investigations, it was found by ground-based tests and verified by full-scale flight tests that the existing flight spoilers on the B-747 airplane are effective as trailing vortex attenuators. Based on the results of wind-tunnel investigations of the DC-10-30 and L-1011 airplane models, the existing flight spoilers on both the DC10-30 and L-1011 airplanes are also expected to be effective trailing vortex attenuators.
Double beta decay in the interacting boson approximation

Abstract In order to include the effects of nuclear deformation in the calculation of the nuclear many-body matrix element involved in the double beta proay process, we have performed a calculation in the interacting boson approximation. An explicit expression for the boson image of the 2ϵB transition operator is given. Results for the 128,130 TeaXe decays are presented. The calculation indicates that the nuclear deformation strongly hinders the double beta decay.