cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the role of violence in incarcerated women's cervical cancer screening and history.

In this exploratory study the authors investigated characteristics, including reported experiences of violence, related to incarcerated women's self-report of cervical cancer screening and cancer history and treatment. During a four month period in 2010, 204 women in Kansas City jails were surveyed. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the relations of socio-demographic and community characteristics and history of violence among the women to their cervical cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment histories. Forty percent of the women in the current sample reported abnormal Pap histories, though only 6% of all Pap smears done in the U.S. are abnormal. Women who reported abuse histories in this study were found to be more likely to report having ever had an abnormal Pap smear (for physical abuse Odds Ratio [OR] = 6.05; CI 2.36, 15.54 and for past year intimate partner violence OR = 2.41; CI 1.09, 5.31). Participants who did not fear neighborhood violence were less likely to report an a...
An inventory of the personal computers for students' use at 143 U.S. and Canadian medical schools.

The National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) has been developing new tests to be administered using computers. As these tests near readiness for use, logistical issues of test administration have become important. In 1989-1990, in order to plan for the implementation of computer-based testing in NBME examinations of the future, the authors, under the auspices of the NBME, conducted a telephone survey of knowledgeable individuals at the 143 LCME-accredited medical schools in the United States and Canada to gauge the numbers and types of microcomputers and workstations available for students' use at these schools. The findings, based on the responses of all the schools surveyed, are reported.
Tryptic proteol ysis of coupling factor-latent ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei. Theoretical modeling of structure-function relationships

Abstract Trypsin treatment of solubilized coupling factor-latent ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei alters its subunit structure and functional properties. This coupling factor exhibits ATPase activity following trypsin treatment. Concurrently, both the ability of the enzyme to rebind to membranes depleted of coupling factor and its capacity for coupled phosphorylation are lost. The native alpha (64 000 dalton) subunit undergoes limited proteolytic digestion, and the delta (14 000 dalton) subunit is partially lost. During the course of tryptic proteolysis, the coupling factor molecule may exist in one of ten unique structural states (e.g. the native, ATPase-inactive molecule exists in the ααα state). Rigorous analysis of the experimental data by theoretical modeling provided information concerning the intermediate structural states leading to the fully ATPase-activated α″α″α″ state under different conditions of trypsin treatment. The theoretical models of structure-function relationships that best-represented the experimental data predicted that the native coupling factor molecule contains three copies of the α (64 000 dalton) form of the alpha subunit, that the α″ (58 000 dalton) alpha subunit species contributes maximally and the α′ (61 000 dalton) form about half-maximally to ATPase activity, that membrane rebinding ability is proportional to the number of native alpha subunits in the enzyme, and that at least one native α subunit/molecule is required for full expression of coupled phosphorylation. These results indicate an essential role for the alpha subunit in the regulation of ATPase activity and in the ability of the solubilized coupling factor to rebind to depleted membranes.
WE-A-108-08: Development of Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Flexible Needle Control System for Prostate Brachytherapy

Purpose: To develop and evaluate a controller system capable of accurately guiding a shape memory alloy (SMA) actuated flexible needle to deliver therapeutic agents using a curvilinear approach for prostate brachytherapy for improved geometrical and dosimetric conformity. Methods: An experimental needling system was developed using flexible cannula of a 17‐gauge HDR needle actuated by Nitinol SMA. Experiments were performed in air at room temperature (22‐degC) and in controlled warm water‐bath (38‐degC, which is close to human body temperature). A silicone‐based coating was applied to the SMA wire‐actuator for electrical insulation in water. Two closed‐loop control algorithms, proportional‐derivative‐integral (PID) and PID‐P3 (with cubic term of positional errors), were implemented and tested using LabVIEW (National Instruments, version‐4.3.3). The needle and SMA actuator were integrated with a 5‐DOF Aurora (NDI, Ontario, Canada) electromagnetic (EM) sensor embedded at the tip of the needle for trajectory tracking. Performance was evaluated in terms of EM‐sensor feedback sampling intervals of 100ms, 500ms, and 1000ms, and needle‐tip displacements of 0.5mm, 2mm, and 2.5mm. Controller gains were experimentally determined. Results: PID‐P3 controller outperformed PID controller in all measured domains. Sampling time of 100ms yielded unstable performance for all displacements in water. Sampling time of 500ms with needle‐tip displacement of 2mm yielded the optimal performance with smaller overshoot and higher stability. In‐water results were comparable to in‐air measurements for the optimum performance at 500ms sampling time and 2mm displacement. Conclusions: PID‐P3 based SMA‐actuated needle appears to be adequate for conforming to the radius of curvature of a prostate gland, as well as operating effectively in human body. For small displacements ( =2mm), stability increased but was hampered by slower rise‐time. Further investigation of PID‐P3 and other control algorithms (neuro‐fuzzy and adaptive) may offset slow rise‐time and increase stability. This study was funded by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command(Garnt #W81XWH‐11‐1‐0399).
Salt and hypertension: why is there still a debate?

More than a quarter of human populations now suffer from hypertension paralleling the marked increase in the dietary intake of salt during the recent several decades. Despite overwhelming experimental and epidemiological evidence, some still debate the relation between salt and hypertension. Pointing to some conflicting data in a few flawed studies, they argue that policy interventions to reduce the dietary intake of salt are premature and maybe unsafe without further studies. A brief review of data relating salt intake to hypertension, along with an overview of the history of the introduction of salt to human diet on an historic and evolutionary time scale, should help dispel doubts on the effectiveness and safety of low-salt diet. The recorded history confirms how rare and inaccessible salt has been until recent times. Like all other terrestrial life forms, humans evolved in a salt-free environment under intense evolutionary pressure for the selection of salt-conserving genes. Hypertension is a prototypical evolutionary maladaptation disorder of the modern man—a species exquisitely well adapted to low salt conditions suddenly confronted with salt excess. The World Health Organization and many governments have finally taken action to reduce dietary intake of salt, which already has started to reduce the burden of hypertension and the associated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This brief review is to broadly look at the evidence linking salt to hypertension from a historic and evolutionary perspective as well as touching upon some of the epidemiological and experimental data.
The textual and cultural authenticity of Patrick Henry's “liberty or death” speech

(1977). The textual and cultural authenticity of Patrick Henry's “liberty or death” speech. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 298-310.
Development of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus: Identification of the ancestral developmental pattern in the salamander family plethodontidae

We describe the development, from fertilization to hatching, of the salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (family Plethodontidae; tribe Hemidactyliini). G. porphyriticus has a relatively large clutch size (n = 87 eggs in the clutch examined) and egg diameter (mean = 4.0 mm, S.D. = 0.12, n = 4, range = 3.9–4.1) for a plethodontid. Early cleavage is asymmetrical and asynchronous. Gastrulation and neurulation are typical of that described for other species of plethodontids, particularly those with large, heavily yolked eggs. We present a normal table of development from tailbud to hatching divided into nine stages. Development of somites, pigmentation pattern, gills, tail fins, eyes, and limb buds is described. We use data from outgroup taxa, such as non-plethodontid salamanders and frogs, to polarize nine characters chosen to define the ancestral developmental pattern of plethodontids: (1) developmental mode (direct or larval), (2) timing of oviposition, (3) clutch size, (4) percentage of egg volume contributing to embryonic structures, (5) timing of appearance of the front limb buds relative to the hind limb buds, (6) extent of gill branching, (7) presence or absence of tail fins, (8) external eye morphology, and (9) the presence or absence of lateral-line organs. Comparisons of G. porphyriticus to nine other plethodontid species allow us to hypothesize probable evolutionary transformations for these characters. G. porphyriticus has the ancestral condition for all nine characters. The three species of Desmognathus with aquatic larvae are derived for two or three of the nine characters. They each have (1) a clutch size of less than 50 eggs, (2) a relatively low percentage of egg volume contributing to embryonic structures, and/or (3) nearly simultaneous appearance of the front and hind limb buds. Finally, we explore the evolutionary implications of retaining the ancestral developmental pattern in the plethodontid tribe Hemidactyliini and salamanders in general. We propose that the retention of the ancestral developmental pattern has permitted the evolution of a specific type of paedomorphosis, larval paedomorphosis, that correlates with a cave-dwelling existence. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of birth-related events on metabolism in fetal sheep.

ABSTRACT: At birth, changes in utilization of metabolic substrates occur as the fetus, dependent upon carbohydrates and amino acids available continuously from the placenta, becomes a neonate, dependent primarily upon fat obtained intermittently by suckling. In addition to changes in substrates, at birth, metabolic rate increases dramatically as the activity of several organs and thermoregulatory mechanisms increase. To determine whether metabolic changes are related to certain events that occur at birth, we studied 15 fetal sheep instrumented chronically with vascular catheters and an endotracheal tube at 133 to 137 d gestational age. We measured blood flow with radio-nuclide-labeled microspheres and arteriovenous concentration differences for oxygen content, blood glucose, and lactate across the placental, cerebral, myocardial, and hindlimb circulations at rest, during in utero ventilation of the fetal lungs with 3% O2, during in utero ventilation with 100% O2, and during ventilation with 100% O2 and umbilical cord occlusion. Ventilation with 3% O2 decreased oxygen uptake by the fetus and by the cerebral circulation but produced no other significant changes. Ventilation with the low and high oxygen gas mixture reduced glucose uptake by the fetus from the placental circulation dramatically to zero. In contrast, blood glucose concentrations increased and glucose uptake by the fetal brain, heart, and hindlimb were not altered significantly. These data indicate that, for a short time at least, complete cessation of glucose supply to the fetus from the placenta is not associated with decreases in blood glucose concentrations or utilization of glucose by a major portion of the fetal body.
Image appraisal for 2-D and 3-D electromagnetic inversion

Linearized methods are presented for appraising resolution and parameter accuracy in images generated with 2-D and 3-D nonlinear electromagnetic (EM) inversion schemes. When direct matrix inversion is used, the model resolution and a posteriori model covariance matrices can be calculated readily. By analyzing individual columns of the model resolution matrix, the spatial variation of the resolution in the horizontal and vertical directions can be estimated empirically. Plotting the diagonal of the model covariance matrix provides an estimate of how errors in the inversion process, such as data noise and incorrect a priori assumptions, map into parameter error and thus provides valuable information about the uniqueness of the resulting image. Methods are also derived for image appraisal when the iterative conjugate gradient technique is applied to solve the inverse. An iterative statistical method yields accurate estimates of the model covariance matrix as long as enough iterations are used. Although determining the entire model resolution matrix in a similar manner is computationally prohibitive, individual columns of this matrix can be determined. Thus, the spatial variation in image resolution can be determined by calculating the columns of this matrix for key points in the image domain and then interpolating between. Examples of the image analysis techniques are provided on 2-D and 3-D synthetic crosswell EM data sets as well as a field data set collected at Lost Hills oil field in central California.
Closed derivations in commutative C∗ algebras

Abstract This paper is a study of closed derivations in commutative C ∗ algebras. A partial characterization is given of the domain of a closed ∗ derivation in a C ∗ algebra C(X), as a Banach ∗ subalgebra of C(X). The structure of closed quasi-well behaved ∗ derivations in C([0, 1]) is discussed. In particular, a complete description is given of closed derivations in C([0, 1]) which extend the derivative, with domain C1([0, 1)). Such a derivation D is necessarily a ∗ derivation, D (D)=([0,1])+ker(D), and ker (D) = C ∗ (φ) for some “generalized Cantor function” φ. These results generalize to algebras C([0, 1] × Ω ), where Ω is compact Hausdorff, and to C( T ) and Co( R ). It is shown that a closed derivation D in Co( R ) such that D (D) is a normal subalgebra of Co( R ) and D commutes with translations is a constant multiple of the derivative; this is an analogue of a theorem of Sakai for C( T ). Further generalizations are obtained concerning closed derivations commuting with a C ∗ dynamics.
A model system analysis of the parameters in histone staining: I. Alkaline Fast Green

A model system utilizing polyacrylamide films was employed for an examination of the factors involved in the staining of histone protein by alkaline Fast Green. In addition, the technique of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed in an effort to establish whether the molecular ratio of protein and dye is linear or constant. Although extrapolation of the information derived from such analyses to the cell has shortcomings, the approach provides a mechanism through which the assumptions about the staining reaction can be tested. The results of these investigations indicate that some of the traditional assumptions about the Fast Green staining reaction are not valid. The uptake of dye by the protein diminishes with increasing pH, is influenced by the presence of other protein, and depends at least as much on the conformation of the protein at a particular time under particular conditions as it does on the net positive charge of the protein. Moreover, the protein-dye interaction is not a stoichiometric one. It remains possible, however, that under strictly controlled conditions, which cannot obtain in a group of cells, the dye-protein ratio can be constant.
Poland's Nuremberg: The Seven Court Cases of the Supreme National Tribunal, 1946–1948

The Polish Supreme National Tribunal (NTN) was established in January 1946 for the purpose of bringing major Nazi perpetrators to justice. Between 1946 and 1948, the NTN heard the cases of forty-nine defendants charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. In sharp contrast to the numerous political trials carried out in the country during the same period, in which thousands of individuals accused of "hampering socialist reconstruction" were sentenced to death or long prison terms, the NTN's proceedings applied conventional legal and moral standards comparable to those used in Western courts and investigated each case comprehensively on its own merits.
Gibberellin-induced changes in the translatable mRNA populations of stamens and shoots of gibberellin-deficient tomato

The gib1 mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is deficient in endogenous gibberellins and exhibits phenotypes including extreme dwarfism, reduced germination, and abnormal flower development, which are reversed by the application of gibberellic acid (GA3). Previous work has demonstrated that, in stamens of the gib1 mutant, pollen mother-cell development arrests at the premeiotic G1 stage (Jacobsen and Olszewski 1991, Plant Physiol. 97, 409–414). Following GA3 treatment of developmentally arrested flowers, pollen mother-cell development resumes and is synchronous. The present study examines gibberellin-induced changes in the translatable mRNA populations of developmentally arrested stamens and of vegetative shoots of the gib1 mutant. Following rescue of developmentally arrested stamens by treatment with GA3, we consistently detected increases and decreases in the abundance of 14 and 20 in-vitro translation products, respectively. Some of these changes were first detected 8 h post treatment and therefore represent the first changes observed in stamens whose development has been rescued by GA3 treatment. In vegetative gib1 shoots, the abundance of 13 in-vitro translation products decreased within 6–24 h after GA3 treatment. However, no in-vitro translation products that increased in abundance after GA3 treatment were detected.
Investigations of g-value correlations associated with the g = 4.3 ESR signal of Fe3+ in glass

Abstract The g = 4.3 ESR signal of Fe3+ in glass is usually attributed to a “fully rhombic” distortion characterized by E = D/3, where E and D are the splitting constants belonging to the second-order rhombic and axial terms, respectively, of the crystal-field interaction. An alternate statistical approach to the origin of this signal has been given by Peterson et al. on the basis of axial symmetry and broad overlapping distribution of g| and g⊥ that are correlated in opposition (negatively) resulting in spiking at g ∼ 4.3. The present paper reports detailed computer studies of the distribution of effective g value produced by large variations in both D and E to test whether negative g-value correlations leading to spiking at g ∼ 4.3 are generable from site dependent fluctuations in the second-order crystal-field terms. It is found that the ESR line arising from the middle Kramer's doublet in the fully rhombic limit (E → D/3, |D| >hν) uniquely generates the negative g-value correlation required for spiking at g ∼ 4.3.
Harmony Widget for X-free scan testing

This paper presents a simple innovative Design for Test (DFT) solution for removing one of the major sources of Xs (unknown outputs) during scan testing. The DFT called Harmony Widget is inserted at state elements that a scan test may load with illegal or unspecified state thus causing circuit to misbehave or produce indeterminate or unknown outputs (Xs). The DFT used is far simpler than the current practice in industry and blends with the prevailing scan design methodologies.
The role of chemical mediators in the inflammatory response induced by foreign bodies: comparison with the schistosome egg granuloma

Both divinyl benzene copolymer (plastic) beads and schistosome eggs produce inflammatory reactions after intravenous deposition into the lung of a mouse. As reported previously, the schistosome egg granuloma is an immunologic reaction of the delayed hypersensitivity type; this inflammatory process is prevented by immunosuppressive measures, and characteristically demonstrates an anamnestic response. In contradistinction, the plastic bead granuloma appears to be characteristic of a foreign body reaction; it is unaffected by immunosuppressive measures and does not demonstrate an anamnestic response with repeated exposure. The data in this report suggest that the granuloma formation around plastic beads is a nonimmunologic reaction induced by chemical mediators of inflammation. This proposal is supported by the following findings: the plastic beads activate Hageman factor in normal human and mouse plasma; the plastic beads induce vascular permeability-enhancing activity as measured in guinea pig skin and kinin-like activity in normal human and mouse plasma that is dependent on Hageman factor; ellagic acid, an agent that activates Hageman factor in vivo and is reported to diminish kininogen by consumptive depletion, markedly depresses the plastic bead granuloma. These data are consistent with the idea that the plastic bead granuloma and perhaps other foreign body inflammatory reactions are in major part dependent on kinin formation. Ellagic acid also suppressed the schistosome egg granuloma, but not to the same degree as the plastic bead granuloma. The implications of this observation are discussed in the text. Silicosis and "blue velvet disease", pathologic processes associated with the deposition of silica and magnesium trisilicate, respectively, in the lung, and the induction of a foreign body reaction may also be dependent on the activation of chemical mediators of inflammation by the silica and magnesium trisilicate particles with immunologic mechanisms participating in only a minor way, if at all. The marked suppression of experimental silicosis and blue velvet disease in mice by ellagic acid supports this idea.
Disparities in health care access for women with disabilities in the United States from the 2006 National Health Interview Survey.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between disability, gender and access to health care, especially for women with disabilities compared to women without disabilities and men with disabilities. Methods Data from the 2006 NHIS were examined using chi square, linear regression, and logistic analysis to determine the relationship between health care access, severity of disability, and gender. Responses regarding functional limitations from adults aged 18 and over or their proxies were used to determine placement for analysis. The dependent variable was access to health care. The independent variables were disability and gender. Results Women with disabilities had less access to health care than women without disabilities and men with disabilities. Disability and gender were predictive of lack of access to health care. Those who are disabled are 2.26 to 3.78 times more likely to not to have access to health care, and women were 1.26 times more likely not to have access to health care. Conclusion Health care professionals should advocate for more parity in health care access, removal of barriers and policies to provide needed funding for health care.
Targeting GLI proteins in human cancer by small molecules (WO2014116651 A1): a patent evaluation.

The invention reviewed in this patent evaluation is the synthesis and application of small molecule inhibitors of Gli transcriptional activity as potential anticancer agents. The oncogenic nature of Gli proteins has been traditionally associated with the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway; however, the recent identification of aberrant Gli activation unrelated to Hh signaling has prompted drug discovery efforts directly targeting Gli proteins. The central core of the compounds described in this patent (WO2014116651 A1) is structurally analogous to the pyrazoline scaffold previously disclosed by these inventors. Data describing the inhibitory activity of these compounds against the Hh pathway in vitro and in Hh-dependent in vivo models of human cancer are not provided. For this patent disclosure, the inventors primarily focus on the anticancer properties of their compounds in lung and lung-related malignancies. The compounds are moderately active in these models, but they do not exhibit the overall preclinica...
Effect of a humoral factor on plasma prothrombin and vitamin K-dependent liver carboxylase levels in the rat

Abstract Previous reports of a possible humoral factor which regulates plasma prothrombin concentrations in the rabbit have been investigated in the rat. The administration of 0.2 ml of plasma from a vitamin K-deficient donor rat to a normal recipient rat resulted in an 18–25% increase in the plasma prothrombin (two-stage assay) within 24 hours. When plasma from a control donor was administered, there was a 5% increase in prothrombin. If prothrombin was assayed immunochemically or with E . carinatus venom, there was some increase in plasma prothrombin of recipient rats which was similar in the control and experimental groups. Donor plasma injection had no apparent effect on the rate of prothrombin degradation. Liver microsomal vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity was significantly higher in the experimental group at 18 hours than in the control group. Donor plasma injection had no effect on the steady-state concentration or the rate of synthesis of microsomal prothrombin precursors.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(arylene ether sulfone)s with trans‐1,4‐cyclohexylene ring containing ester linkages

trans-1,4-Cyclohexylene ring containing acid chloride monomers were incorporated into poly(arylene ether sulfone) (PAES) backbones to study their effect on mechanical and thermal properties. The trans-1,4-cyclohexylene ring containing acid chloride monomers were synthesized and characterized by NMR and high-resolution mass spectrum. trans-1,4-Cyclohexylene containing PAESs were synthesized from the acid chloride monomers and hydroxyl terminated polysulfone oligomers with a pseudo-interfacial method and a solution method. These PAESs, with trans-1,4-cyclohexylene ring containing ester linkages, were fully characterized by NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), size exclusion chromatography, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The tensile properties were also evaluated. The polymers made with the pseudo-interfacial method had relatively low molecular weights when compared to the solution method where much higher molecular weight polymers were obtained. Crystallinity was promoted in the low molecular weight biphenol-based PAES samples with the pseudo-interfacial method. The crystallinity was confirmed by both the DSC and the wide angle X-ray diffraction results. The tensile test results of the high molecular weight polymers suggested that incorporation of the trans-1,4-cyclohexylene ring containing linkage slightly improved the ultimate elongations while maintaining the Young's moduli. The trans-1,4-cyclohexylene ring containing PAESs also showed higher sub-Tg relaxations in DMA when compared with their terephthaloyl containing analog. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Collision resolution simulation for distributed control architectures using LonWorks

Local operating networks (LonWorks) is a widely used industrial technology applied to distributed control, sensor, and actuator networks. LonWorks is based on ANSI/EIA standard 709.1, and uses the predictive p-persistent CSMA algorithm in the MAC sublayer for collision resolution and decentralized traffic control. In spite of its popularity, only a few design tools are available to simulate LonWorks architectures and predict their performance. In this paper, we describe a simulation model for the collision resolution algorithm of LonWorks, based on the OPNET modeler. We present the design framework, and develop a state variable representation and state transition diagrams that allow accurate simulation of performance and prediction of the algorithm's behavior. To validate our model, we compared its predictions to measurements from a physical LonWorks testbed and a Markov chain analytical model, and demonstrated a high level of agreement
Systematic biological prioritization after a genome-wide association study

Motivation: A challenging problem after a genome-wide association study (GWAS) is to balance the statistical evidence of genotype–phenotype correlation with a priori evidence of biological relevance. Results: We introduce a method for systematically prioritizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for further study after a GWAS. The method combines evidence across multiple domains including statistical evidence of genotype–phenotype correlation, known pathways in the pathologic development of disease, SNP/gene functional properties, comparative genomics, prior evidence of genetic linkage, and linkage disequilibrium. We apply this method to a GWAS of nicotine dependence, and use simulated data to test it on several commercial SNP microarrays. Availability: A comprehensive database of biological prioritization scores for all known SNPs is available at http://zork.wustl.edu/gin. This can be used to prioritize nicotine dependence association studies through a straightforward mathematical formula—no special software is necessary. Contact: ssaccone@wustl.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Relation between pressure and concentration difference across membranes permeable to solute and solvent.

Summary1. Experiments are presented which demonstrate, as expected from theoretical considerations, that the classical van't Hoff equation cannot be employed to ascertain the relation between pressure difference and concentration difference across a membrane in the dynamic situation existing in osmotic systems involving membranes permeable to solute as well as to solvent. It is shown that the pressure difference necessary to prevent a net osmotic movement of fluid across a leaky membrane may be smaller by several orders of magnitude than the pressure difference necessary to accomplish the same effect with a semipermeable membrane; i.e., a membrane to which the van't Hoff equation applies. It is also shown that, contrary to what would be expected on the basis of reasoning from the van't Hoff equation, the osmotic transport rate across a leaky membrane is a function not only of the solute concentration difference but also of the nature of the solute molecules. Further, it is demonstrated that net transport ...
Analysis of emitter photocurrent collection efficiency in short emitter solar cells

In this paper the authors consider the collection of photocarriers in solar cells with shallow emitters. The problem is analyzed using the Boltzmann transport equation to describe the motion of carriers and is solved for the case of elastic collisions. The results indicate that the drift-diffusion theory with infinite recombination velocity assumed at the surface is a poor approximation whereas with a realistic finite value for surface recombination velocity the solution agrees well with the Boltzmann solution. >
Phylogenetic diversity metrics for ecological communities: integrating species richness, abundance and evolutionary history

Phylogenetic information is increasingly being used to understand the assembly of biological communities and ecological processes. However, commonly used metrics of phylogenetic diversity (PD) do not incorporate information on the relative abundances of individuals within a community. In this study, we develop three indices of PD that explicitly consider species abundances. First, we present a metric of phylogenetic-abundance evenness that evaluates the relationship between the abundance and the distribution of terminal branch lengths. Second, we calculate an index of hierarchical imbalance of abundances at the clade level encapsulating the distribution of individuals across the nodes in the phylogeny. Third, we develop an index of abundance-weighted evolutionary distinctiveness and generate an entropic index of phylogenetic diversity that captures both information on evolutionary distances and phylogenetic tree topology, and also serves as a basis to evaluate species conservation value. These metrics offer measures of phylogenetic diversity incorporating different community attributes. We compare these new metrics to existing ones, and use them to explore diversity patterns in a typical California annual grassland plant community at the Jasper Ridge biological preserve.
More is Clearer: Children's Insertion of Redundant Elements in Complex Sentences

One type of linguistically and psychologically complex sentence was examined. Sixty children, with 12 each in grades 4 through 8, demonstrated comprehension of 10 sentences violating the common pattern described by the Minimum Distance Principle. Five items were harmonious with Ss' previously identified expectations, and 5 were contrary to them. Children rephrased each item, retaining the meaning and stating it as clearly as possible. The criterion measure was the number of redundant elements inserted in the restatements of harmonious and contrary sentences by children in each grade. Derivational and psychological complexity interacted in a manner which changed with Ss' age.
d-Cycloserine improves sociability in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse model of autism spectrum disorders with altered Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling

The genetically inbred BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is a proposed model of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Similar to several syndromic forms of ASDs, mTOR activity may be enhanced in this mouse strain as a result of increased Ras signaling. Recently, D-cycloserine, a partial glycineB site agonist that targets the NMDA receptor, was shown to improve the sociability of the Balb/c mouse strain, another proposed genetically inbred model of ASDs. NMDA receptor activation is an important regulator of mTOR signaling activity. Given the ability of D-cycloserine to improve the sociability of the Balb/c mouse strain and the regulatory role of the NMDA receptor in mTOR signaling, we wondered if D-cycloserine would improve the impaired sociability of the BTBR mouse strain. D-Cycloserine (320 mg/kg, ip) improved measures of sociability in a standard sociability paradigm and spontaneous grooming that emerged during social interaction with an ICR stimulus mouse in the BTBR strain; however, similar effects were observed in the Swiss Webster comparator strain, raising questions about their strain-selectivity. Importantly, the profile of D-cycloserine's effects on both measures of sociability and stereotypies is consistent with that of a desired medication for ASDs; specifically, a desired medication would not improve sociability at the expense of worsening stereotypic behaviors or vice versa.
Standard Chemotherapy Compared With High-Dose Chemoradiotherapy for Multiple Myeloma: Final Results of Phase III US Intergroup Trial S9321

Purpose Results of a prospective randomized trial conducted by the Intergroupe Francais du Myelome (IFM 90) indicated that autologous hematopoietic cell–supported high-dose therapy (HDT) effected higher complete response rates and extended progression-free survial (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared with standard-dose therapies (SDT) for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Patients and Methods In 1993, three North American cooperative groups launched a prospective randomized trial (S9321) comparing HDT (melphalan [MEL] 140 mg/m2 plus total-body irradiation 12 Gy) with SDT using the vincristine, carmustine, MEL, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone regimen. Responders on both arms (≥ 75%) were randomly assigned to interferon (IFN) or no maintenance treatment. Results With a median follow-up time of 76 months, no differences were observed in response rates between the two study arms (HDT, n = 261 patients; SDT, n = 255 patients). Similarly, PFS and OS durations did not differ between the HDT and SDT arms,...
New properties of the high-momentum distribution of nucleons in asymmetric nuclei

Based on the recent experimental observations of the dominance of tensor interaction in the 250-600 MeV/c momentum range of nucleons in nuclei, the existence of two new properties for high-momentum distribution of nucleons in asymmetric nuclei is suggested. The rst property is the approximate scaling relation between proton and neutron high-momentum distributions weighted by their relative fractions in the nucleus. The second property is the inverse proportionality of the strength of the high-momentum distribution of protons and neutrons to the same relative fractions. Based on these two properties the high-momentum distribution function for asymmetric nuclei has been modeled and demonstrated that it describes reasonably well the high-momentum characteristics of light nuclei. However, the most surprising result is obtained for neutron rich nuclei with large A, for which a substantial relative abundance of high-momentum protons as compared to neutrons is predicted. For example, the model predicts that in Au the relative fraction of protons with momenta above kF 260 MeV/c is 50% more than that of neutrons. Such a situation may have many implications for dierent observations in nuclear physics related to the properties of a proton in neutron rich nuclei.
Elite Status and Social Change: Using Field Analysis to Explain Policy Formation and Implementation

Integrating an analysis of fields into studies of social change provides a better understanding of the outcomes achieved by challengers. We demonstrate the value of field analysis through a case study of a social change effort regarding urban land use. An organization led by wealthy and well-connected individuals pressed city government and a powerful for-profit developer to incorporate progressive social goals into a new urban development project. We show how the organization was able to achieve success in the policy formation field but faced significantly more obstacles when trying to enter another field (policy implementation), despite its elite status. Thus, using fields to study the case can bolster scholars' understanding of elite power and status, as well as help explain outcomes. The advantages enjoyed by elites can be field specific rather than universal, and so do not translate automatically into successful challenge results.
Chronotropy: the Cinderella of heart failure pathophysiology and management.

A hallmark characteristic of chronic heart failure (HF), associated with either a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), is a markedly reduced capacity for physical exertion. This is perceived subjectively as exertional dyspnea and fatigue that impairs quality of
Filtration of Treated Sewage Effluent

Effluent used in this investigation was obtained from a pilot scale activated sludge treatment plant, operated at a solids retention time of ten days. Particulate matter in the effluent was characterized by measurement of suspended solids, particle size and distribution, and particle charge and charge distribution. Although a number of removal mechanisms are operative, straining was found to be the principal mechanism responsible for the removal of particulate matter. The size and distribution of the influent particles, their floc strength, the size of the medium, the filtration rate, and amount of material arrested within the filter must be considered in the development of equations which can be used to describe the time-space removal of particulate matter within a granular filter. Equations were developed to predict filter performance as a function of these variables for the conditions studied. These equations can also be generalized for cases where straining is not the principal removal mechanism.
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND NON-FATAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN WOMEN

The relationship between smoking and the risk of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (MI) was evaluated among 121,964 nurses and aged 30-55 years who resided in 11 of the larger US states and who responded to a mail questionnaire. Among 249 women who experienced an MI, 159 (64%) were smokers at the time of hospitalization. Of 4977 controls matched to the cases on the basis of age, 1850 (37%) were smoking at the corresponding time. Smokers experienced a three-fold increase in risk of MI relative to individuals who never smoked, which was not explained by history of hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol or familial MI. Women who had stopped smoking experienced a risk of MI no greater than women who had never smoked.
Map-Based Cloning of Seed Dormancy1-2 Identified a Gibberellin Synthesis Gene Regulating the Development of Endosperm-Imposed Dormancy in Rice

Natural variation in seed dormancy is controlled by multiple genes mapped as quantitative trait loci in major crop or model plants. This research aimed to clone and characterize the Seed Dormancy1-2 (qSD1-2) locus associated with endosperm-imposed dormancy and plant height in rice (Oryza sativa). qSD1-2 was delimited to a 20-kb region, which contains OsGA20ox2 and had an additive effect on germination. Naturally occurring or induced loss-of-function mutations of the gibberellin (GA) synthesis gene enhanced seed dormancy and also reduced plant height. Expression of this gene in seeds (including endospermic cells) during early development increased GA accumulation to promote tissue morphogenesis and maturation programs. The mutant allele prevalent in semidwarf cultivars reduced the seed GA content by up to 2-fold at the early stage, which decelerated tissue morphogenesis including endosperm cell differentiation, delayed abscisic acid accumulation by a shift in the temporal distribution pattern, and postponed dehydration, physiological maturity, and germinability development. As the endosperm of developing seeds dominates the moisture equilibrium and desiccation status of the embryo in cereal crops, qSD1-2 is proposed to control primary dormancy by a GA-regulated dehydration mechanism. Allelic distribution of OsGA20ox2, the rice Green Revolution gene, was associated with the indica and japonica subspeciation. However, this research provided no evidence that the primitive indica- and common japonica-specific alleles at the presumably domestication-related locus functionally differentiate in plant height and seed dormancy. Thus, the evolutionary mechanism of this agriculturally important gene remains open for discussion.
Resilient control design for wind turbines using Markov jump linear system model with lévy noise

Wind turbines can fail during the operation due to various types of faults. Thus, one of the key problems in wind energy systems is the resilient control to achieve their high reliability. To reach this goal, we first model the wind turbine as a Markov jump linear system based on its operating conditions, and then design a resilient controller that can stabilize the system by incorporating faults into the wind turbine model. Moreover, wind disturbance is modeled as a Levy noise which can capture the nature of wind better than the traditional Gaussian white noise. We use cases studies to corroborate the effectiveness of the designed switching controller, and its enhancement to the resiliency of the wind energy system.
Factors associated with the success of native and nonnative species in an unfragmented arid-land riverscape

Native fish persistence is threatened by the establishment and spread of nonnatives. Identifying environmental and biotic factors associated with the success of co-occurring native fishes and nonnative taxa is central to identifying mechanisms responsible for native declines and nonnative expansion. We related physicochemical variables, food resources, and community composition to the success (secondary production) of native and nonnative fishes, tadpoles, and crayfish across six sites in three reaches (tributary, canyon, and valley) during 2008-2011 in the Gila River, New Mexico. Native fish success was greater than nonnative success across a range of physicochemical conditions, basal resource supply rates, and nonnative communities, although nonnative fish, tadpole, and crayfish success could approach or exceed that of native fishes in canyon habitats, a warm-water tributary, or in downstream valley sites, respectively. Native fish success was lowest in canyon reaches, when flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were highly productive. These results demonstrate the potential for native fish persistence in the presence of nonnatives in physically unmodified streams, highlighting the impor- tance of habitat preservation for native conservation. Resume : L'etablissement et la propagation d'especes non indigenes menacent la persistance des poissons indigenes. La determination des facteurs ambiants et biotiques associes au succes de poissons indigenes et de taxons non indigenes cooccur- rents est essentielle ala determination des mecanismes responsables du declin des poissons indigenes et de l'expansion d'especes non indigenes. Nous avons relie des variables physicochimiques, les ressources alimentaires et la composition de la communaute au succes (reproduction secondaire) de poissons indigenes et de poissons, tetards et ecrevisses non indigenes dans six sites dans trois troncons (affluent, canyon et vallee) de la riviere Gila (Nouveau-Mexique, Etats-Unis) de 2008 a ` 2011. Si le succes des poissons indigenes etait plus important que celui des especes non indigenes pour un eventail de conditions physicochi- miques, de taux d'apport de ressources de base et de communautes d'especes non indigenes, le succes des poissons, tetards et ecrevisses non indigenes pouvait s'en approcher ou le surpasser dans les habitats de canyon, dans un affluent d'eau plus chaude ou dans les sites de vallee inferieure, respectivement. Le succes des poissons indigenes etait ason plus faible dans les troncons de canyon quand les barbues atete plate (Pylodictis olivaris) et les carpes communes (Cyprinus carpio) etaient tres productives. Ces resultats demontrent le potentiel de persistance des poissons indigenes en presence d'especes non indigenes dans des cours d'eau n'ayant pas subi de modification physique, ce qui souligne l'importance de la preservation des habitats pour la conserva- tion des especes indigenes. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Calling Behavior and Spatial Distribution of Two Species of Mole Crickets in the Field

The calling behavior of 2 species of mole crickets ( Scapteriscus acletus Rehn and Hebard and S. vicinus Scudder) was studied in a north central Florida field. Chamber openings of calling males were marked for 15 consecutive evenings. Males seldom called from the same chamber more than once. Marked individuals moved their chambers an avg of 0.34 m from night to night. Statistical analysis of nearest neighbor distances showed the calling males of the 2 species together and S. acletus alone to be clumped in their distribution.
Ethical guidelines for mobile app development within health and mental health fields.

Currently there are no ethical guidelines for mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps) despite the rapid innovation and use of mobile technologies in the health care field. As such, we address existing policies from the federal government, development guidelines from the mobile industry, and ethi
Model Diels–Alder Studies for the Creation of Amphiphilic Cross-Linked Networks as Healable, Antibiofouling Coatings

Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry was used in the construction of amphiphilic cross-linked polymer networks comprised of furan-functionalized hyperbranched fluoropolymers and maleimide-functionalized linear poly(ethylene glycol)s, which were designed as antibiofouling coatings capable of repair. Discrete molecules and a linear polymer analog were studied as model systems to understand the nature of the thermally reversible [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction involving a tetrafluorobenzylfuranyl ether unit, which was part of the structure for the incorporation of the DA functionalities into the composite network materials. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the complex, nanoscopically resolved topography needed for antibiofouling. Bright field and fluorescence imaging monitored healing at damage sites as well as the ability of the coatings to resist protein adsorption.