cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Context and Attitude Change

Political context has an important impact on individual attitude change. This is an analysis of the dynamic effects of contextual variables. Drawing on data taken from the American National Election Study (ANES) panel study, we demonstrate that the environment shapes the way the citizen views politics. While varying in degree, the results hold for a broad (county-level) and a narrow (residential neighborhood-level) definition of the relevant context. The patterns involved suggest that citizens' evaluations of candidates and parties are most directly influenced by what their neighbors are saying at the moment, that is to say, the content of current discussion. In contrast, citizens' self-identification evinces sensitivity to the more stable partisan character of the environment. The results indicate that the impact of social influence is crucially dependent on the nature of contemporary political debate and that the social setting serves as an intervening mechanism in the broader communication system and not merely as an exogenous source for political information.
The Class Action as an Antitrust Enforcement Device: The Chicago Experience (I)

The common question class action has been a source of division and controversy in the legal community. Hailed by its proponents as both a means for small claimants to obtain redress and a deterrent to corporate wrongdoing, the class action has been attacked by others as tantamount to “legalized blackmail” and as threatening to swamp the already overburdened judicial system with proceedings of extraordinary complexity. Two empirical studies of the class action have also reached diametrically opposed conclusions. A study by the American College of Trial Lawyers found that the common question class action suit “has mandated heavy expenditures of judicial time, effort and expense” and has sacrificed “procedural and substantive fairness to the party opposing the class,” while a study commissioned by the Senate Commerce Committee found that most class actions “proceed with reasonable smoothness in the Federal court.” Proposals to restrict the use of class actions have been advanced. While these proposals have not been adopted, the courts have increasingly limited the circumstances under which class actions may be maintained.
Seasonality and Spatial Variation in Nekton Assemblages of the Lower Apalachicola River

The results of statistical analyses conducted on monthly trawl and seine data collected from a multiyear fisheries-independent monitoring program, between July 2006 and March 2009 on the lower Apalachicola River, FL were used to determine which regions of the river, and what time of year should be further studied to determine if and how freshwater flow alterations affect the nekton. Differences in nekton community structure were clear between each of the 3 predefined habitat regions for shoreline seine catches. Deepwater trawled habitats showed a distinct difference between the upper river channel and both distributary regions, and less pronounced differences between the two distributary regions. The strongest pattern in seasonality of nekton communities coincides with seasonal fluctuations in recruitment of juveniles into the estuary and the periods of greatest salinity differences in the marshgrass-dominated lower distributary region for shoreline and deepwater habitats. Seasonal variations in community structure were evident and mostly likely dominated by recruitment, whereas the response of organisms to fluctuations in salinity may be dictated by their relative position within the lower reaches of the Apalachicola River system. Our results suggest that future studies of the effects of changes in flow on nekton assemblages in the lower Apalachicola River would best be performed during the dry season in the upper and lower portions of the distributary region.
HOS or SOS for parametric modeling

Parametric models obtained via second-order statistics (SOS) are appropriate when the available stationary data are linear, Gaussian, and time-reversible. On the other hand, evidence of nonlinearity, non-Gaussianity, or time-irreversibility favors the use of higher-order statistics (HOS). To quantify normality and time-reversibility, and thus resolve the title question, consistent, time-domain statistical tests are developed and analyzed in a Neyman-Pearson framework. The novel test statistics are computationally attractive and streamlined towards parametric modeling because they employ the minimal HOS lags which uniquely characterize autoregressive moving-average processes. Simulations illustrate the performance of the proposed tests. >
Development of aliphatic biodegradable photoluminescent polymers

None of the current biodegradable polymers can function as both implant materials and fluorescent imaging probes. The objective of this study was to develop aliphatic biodegradable photoluminescent polymers (BPLPs) and their associated cross-linked variants (CBPLPs) for biomedical applications. BPLPs are degradable oligomers synthesized from biocompatible monomers including citric acid, aliphatic diols, and various amino acids via a convenient and cost-effective polycondensation reaction. BPLPs can be further cross-linked into elastomeric cross-linked polymers, CBPLPs. We have shown representatively that BPLP-cysteine (BPLP-Cys) and BPLP-serine (BPLP-Ser) offer advantages over the traditional fluorescent organic dyes and quantum dots because of their preliminarily demonstrated cytocompatibility in vitro, minimal chronic inflammatory responses in vivo, controlled degradability and high quantum yields (up to 62.33%), tunable fluorescence emission (up to 725 nm), and photostability. The tensile strength of CBPLP-Cys film ranged from 3.25 ± 0.13 MPa to 6.5 ± 0.8 MPa and the initial Modulus was in a range of 3.34 ± 0.15 MPa to 7.02 ± 1.40 MPa. Elastic CBPLP-Cys could be elongated up to 240 ± 36%. The compressive modulus of BPLP-Cys (0.6) (1:1:0.6 OD:CA:Cys) porous scaffold was 39.60 ± 5.90 KPa confirming the soft nature of the scaffolds. BPLPs also possess great processability for micro/nano-fabrication. We demonstrate the feasibility of using BPLP-Ser nanoparticles (“biodegradable quantum dots”) for in vitro cellular labeling and noninvasive in vivo imaging of tissue engineering scaffolds. The development of BPLPs and CBPLPs represents a new direction in developing fluorescent biomaterials and could impact tissue engineering, drug delivery, bioimaging.
Murder, Capital Punishment, and Deterrence: A Review of the Evidence and an Examination of Police Killings

This paper reviews and assesses the empirical literature on murder, capital punishment, and deterrence. There is a large body of evidence regarding these issues, with studies yielding a rather consistent pattern of nondeterrence. However, most investigations are limited because they rely upon the general homicide rate as the criterion variable, although both legally and theoretically, different types of murder may be differentially subject to deterrence. As an example of how deterrence investigations may benefit from examining different types of homicide, we conduct a monthly time-series analysis of the possible deterrent effect of the provision for capital punishment, levels of execution, and the amount and type of television news coverage executions receive on overall and different types of police killings for 1976–1989. The analysis reveals no evidence that police are afforded an added measure of protection against death by capital punishment.
Foundations of governance and law: an essay on law's evolution in colonial spanish America

Los sistemas juridicos contemporaneos de America Latina se basan no solo en principios institucionales que evolucionaron durante cuatro siglos de dominio colonial de Espana y Portugal, sino tambien en la fusion de instituciones que ya existian, surgidas de procesos evolutivos previos. Este articulo desarrolla un marco analitico para estudiar la importancia de dichos procesos e identificar los rasgos principales de esas instituciones. Empieza por una serie de proposiciones detalladas que definen el derecho y sus atributos, y plantea una teoria sobre su evolucion juridica. Continua con la aplicacion de dicho marco analitico al contexto de las civilizaciones azteca e inca, la evolucion del derecho en la Peninsula Iberica, y finaliza con las caracteristicas mas destacadas del derecho colonial espanol, surgidas durante la dominacion colonial en Latinoamerica
FPGA prototyping of a high data rate LTE uplink baseband receiver

The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard is becoming the appropriate choice to pave the way for the next generation wireless and cellular standards. While the popular OFDM technique has been adopted and implemented in previous standards and also in the LTE downlink, it suffers from high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR). High PAPR requires more sophisticated power amplifiers (PAs) in the handsets and would result in lower efficiency PAs. In order to combat such effects, the LTE uplink choice of transmission is the novel Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) scheme which has lower PAPR due to its inherent signal structure. While reducing the PAPR, the SC-FDMA requires a more complicated detector structure in the base station for multi-antenna and multi-user scenarios. Since the multi-antenna and multi-user scenarios are critical parts of the LTE standard to deliver high performance and data rate, it is important to design novel architectures to ensure high reliability and data rate in the receiver. In this paper, we propose a flexible architecture of a high data rate LTE uplink receiver with multiple receive antennas and implemented a single FPGA prototype of this architecture. The architecture is verified on the WARPLab (a software defined radio platform based on Rice Wireless Open-access Research Platform) and tested in the real over-the-air indoor channel.
Properties of Asp212----Asn bacteriorhodopsin suggest that Asp212 and Asp85 both participate in a counterion and proton acceptor complex near the Schiff base.

Abstract The gene coding for bacteriorhodopsin was modified in vitro to replace Asp212 with asparagine and expressed in Halobacterium halobium. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the major lattice dimension of purple membrane containing the mutated bacteriorhodopsin was the same as wild type. At pH greater than 7, the Asp212----Asn chromophore was blue (absorption maximum at 585 nm) and exhibited a photocycle containing only the intermediates K and L, i.e. a reaction sequence very similar to that of wild-type bacteriorhodopsin at pH less than 3 and the blue form of the Asp85----Glu protein at pH less than 9. Since in the latter cases these effects are attributed to protonation of residue 85, it now appears that removal of the carboxylate of Asp212 has similar consequences as removing the carboxylate of Asp85. However, an important difference is that only Asp85 affects the pKa of the Schiff base. At pH less than 7, the Asp212----Asn protein was purple (absorption maximum at 569 nm) but photoexcitation produced only 15% of the normal amount of M and the transport activity was partial. The reactions of the blue and purple forms after photoexcitation are both quantitatively accounted for by a proposed scheme, K in equilibrium with L1 in equilibrium with L2----BR, but with the addition of an L1 in equilibrium with M reaction with unfavorable pKa for Schiff base deprotonation in the purple form. The latter hinders the transient accumulation of M, and the consequent branching at L1 allows only partial proton transport activity. The results are consistent with the existence of a complex counterion for the Schiff base proposed earlier (De Groot, H. J. M., Harbison, G. S., Herzfeld, J., and Griffin, R. G. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 3346-3353) and suggest that Asp85, Asp212, and at least one other protonable residue participate in it.
Sample selection bias and Heckman models in strategic management research

Research summary: The use of Heckman models by strategy scholars to resolve sample selection bias has increased by more than 700 percent over the last decade, yet significant inconsistencies exist in how they have applied and interpreted these models. In view of these differences, we explore the drivers of sample selection bias and review how Heckman models alleviate it. We demonstrate three important findings for scholars seeking to use Heckman models: First, the independent variable of interest must be a significant predictor in the first stage of a model for sample selection bias to exist. Second, the significance of lambda alone does not indicate sample selection bias. Finally, Heckman models account for sample-induced endogeneity, but are not effective when other sources of endogeneity are present. Managerial summary: When nonrandom samples are used to test statistical relationships, sample selection bias can lead researchers to flawed conclusions that can, in turn, negatively impact managerial decision-making. We examine the use of Heckman models, which were designed to resolve sample selection bias, in strategic management research and highlight conditions when sample selection bias is present as well as when it is not. We also distinguish sample selection bias, a form of omitted variable (OV) bias, from more traditional OV bias, emphasizing that it is possible for models to have sample selection bias, traditional OV bias, or both. Accurately identifying the type(s) of OV bias present is essential to effectively correcting it. We close with several recommendations to improve practice surrounding the use of Heckman models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature patterns and trends in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

Abstract Empirical orthogonal functions (E0Fs) and stepwise regression are used to investigate zonally averaged seasonal temperature anomaly patterns and trends in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The first three EOFs explain more than 50% of the temperature variance and can be related, respectively to the solar flux and El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and ENSO, and atmospheric carbon dioxide and turbidity (volcanism).
Multi-decadal variability in the Greenland ice core records obtained using intrinsic timescale decomposition

By performing a new adaptive time series decomposition on the composite average of multiple ice core records obtained from the Arctic and Greenland, we extracted a robust quasi-oscillatory signal with a period of ~70 years throughout the preceding millennium, and showed that it is strongly connected to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). In the same decomposition there exists the Greenland signature of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period. Throughout the warm and cold periods the AMO properties remained robust. It implies that the evolution of the AMO has its own coherent mechanism and was little affected by these large climatic excursions.
Should percutaneous revascularization for stable coronary artery disease be performed sooner or later

Coronary artery disease (CAD) represents a spectrum that varies in severity from single- to triple-vessel disease with clinical presentation ranging from stable angina to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or sudden cardiac death. Management of the condition has evolved significantly during the last 3
Is Thyrotropic Hormone of Beef Ant. Pituitaries Identical with Indirect Interrenotropic Factor

The ratio of the amounts of thyrotropic hormone in rat and beef hypophyses is entirely different from the ratio of the interrenotropic content in pituitaries of these 2 animal forms. Per unit of weight, adult male rat hypophyses are 7 to 9 times as potent in thyrotropic hormone as beef glands, whereas bovine pituitaries exceed male rat hypophyses in the ability to hypertrophy the adrenal cortex of adult male rats.Intramuscular implants into immature male guinea pigs and subsequent histological study of the thyroids showed that as good a response can be elicited with 6 mg. of male rat pituitary as with 50 mg. of beef.The adrenal weight is almost doubled when 1800 mg. of bovine glands are implanted over a 5 to 10 day period into adult male rats, provided the recipients have not been thyroidectomized.1 On the other hand, as many as 200 (about 1600 mg.) adult male rat hypophyses implanted into intact rats produced no adrenal enlargement whatsoever; however, 350 whole glands administered to one rat did induce ...
Abstract 2162: EGFR-induced interaction of GSTP1 with the SH2-domain of Grb2 enhances Ras downstream activation in human glioma cells

Although, Ras mutation are rare in human malignant gliomas, the Ras signaling pathway is frequently activated, particularly, in tumors with activated receptor tyrosine kinases, such as, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), a major metabolizing and stress response signaling protein frequently overexpressed in human cancers, undergoes EGFR-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting in an enhancement of both its enzymatic and its cell signaling regulatory function. The EGFR-phosphorylated tyrosine 198 residue in human GSTP1 occurs within the consensus motif for high affinity binding to the SH2 domain of Grb2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2), an adaptor protein and critical downstream mediator of intracellular signal transduction from activated cell surface receptors via its SH2 domain. Here, we investigated, in glioma cells, the binding of GSTP1 to the Grb2 SH domain and its effect on Ras signaling and how this is impacted by EGFR. GSTP1 was co-immunoprecipitated with Grb2 in extracts of human glioblastoma (GBM) cells, following activation of EGFR with EGF, and EGFR-overexpressing GBM xenografts. Pull-down assays using biotinylated wild-type C-terminal GSTP1 peptides, containing the phospho-acceptor Y198 (Y198WT) showed it to form a complex with Grb2 and Sos1, when Y198 was phosphorylated by EGFR, and not when it was unphosphorylated. In contrast, its mutant peptide counterpart (Y198F) did not complex with Grb2 or Sos1. EGFR-induced Ras activation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were significantly increased in wild-type GSTP1 but not GSTP1-Y198F transfectant cells. In human MGR3 GBM cells, both siRNA-mediated GSTP1 knockdown and GSTP1 inhibition with TLK199, a GSTP1 specific inhibitor, decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and activity markedly. The cell-permeable GSTP1-Y198 peptides also formed a complex with Grb2-Sos1 in UW228 human medulloblastoma cells with activated EGFR. Finally, following GSTP1 transfection, non-tumorigenic GSTP1-ve UW228 cells were transformed into highly tumorigenic cells that formed subcutaneous tumors in vivo. Our data show that, in human glioma cells, EGF-activated EGFR phosphorylates GSTP1 at Y198, facilitating formation (via Grb2-SH2 binding) of a GSTP1-Grb2-Sos1 complex and enhancement of Ras pathway and ERK1/2 activation. This EGFR-mediated GSTP1 phosphorylation-dependent enhancement of the Ras downstream signaling could contribute, in part, to the activated Ras signaling observed in the absence of structural Ras mutations and is a likely mechanism for the accelerated tumor growth characteristic of GBM and other tumors with elevated GSTP1 and aberrant EGFR signaling. Supported by NIH grants RO1 CA 153050, RO1CA127872, RO1 CA 112519, P50CA108786 and P30-CA14236. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2162. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2162
A Nucleation-Based Method to Study Hydrophobic Interactions under Confinement: Enhanced Hydrophobic Association Driven by Energetic Contributions

A novel simulation approach was developed and applied to the study of hydrophobic interactions for a small hydrophobic solute pair under confinement. In this method, the aggregation-volume-bias Monte Carlo algorithm, developed originally for nucleation studies, is used to evaluate the association free energy with water molecules for a methane pair through the gradual addition of water molecules into a nanometer-sized sphere. Through a thermodynamic cycle, this method allows for a convenient examination of the free energy difference between two different solvated configurations without sampling any of the configurations in between. The potential of mean force (PMF) for a methane pair under confinement obtained from this method reveals that the stability of the contact pair configuration can be enhanced compared to that in bulk water, which is in agreement with previous studies. Also, constraining the center of this methane pair at the center of this confined volume yields a PMF with a metastable solvent se...
Political Thought and Political Development

AbstractThis essay argues that American political development (APD) has much to gain by paying more attention to ideas and American political thought. Recent APD scholarship has been preoccupied by institutional analysis and downplayed the importance of ideas. Turning institutional analysis around, institutions are embedded in ideas. How we understand institutions is often an artifact of thought, and institutional authority may be determined by our ideas. To sketch how ideas might illuminate political development, this essay turns to Madison's Memorial and Remonstrance as an effort to alter our ideas and reconstruct the political order.
Thermal Modeling of Multi-Fin Field Effect Transistor Structure Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

An approach is proposed to project thermal behavior in a semiconductor integrated-circuit structure onto a functional space based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The approach substantially reduces the numerical degrees of freedom (DOF) needed for thermal simulations and requires no assumptions about physical geometry, dimensions, or heat flow paths. The POD approach is applied to a multi-fin FinFET structure having heat sources driven by power pulse excitations with time shifts, width variations, and amplitude modulations. The POD models were compared with detailed numerical simulations (DNS) and it was shown that the POD approach provides thermal solutions that were as accurate and detailed as the DNS. It offers a reduction in numerical DOFs by nearly six orders of magnitude to capture the peak temperatures in multi-fin FinFETs.
Microstructure Evolution of Al-1.5% Cu Alloy as a Function of Resistance Change Due to Isothermal DC Stressing

This paper investigates Cu segregation and void morphology along AlCu alloy metal lines as a function of resistance change resulting from isothermal DC stressing at 225°C and a current density of J=2×106 A/cm2. The Al-1.5wt.%Cu alloy was deposited via DC magnetron sputtering onto a Si substrate at 525°C with a 1500A… TiW barrier layer. NIST test structures (length = 800μm, thickness = 1.2μm, width = 5 and 10 μm) were utilized in this study. BPSG was used as the insulation layer between Si substrate and conductor. The surface passivation layer was composed of Si3N4/PSG. Various failure criteria were selected to explore the correlation between Cu segregation and void morphology along the metal line and the relative percent resistance change (ΔR/R). The log-normal plots, mean-times-to-failure, and sigmas at each ΔR/R ( -−%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 100%, 250%) were plotted and listed. The microstructural evolution in terms of void morphology was monitored using SEM. SEM-EDS was used to analyze the Cu concentrations along metal lines tested at various %ΔR criteria.
Aortic pseudocoarctation: a late presentation of an uncommon anomaly

A 64-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and previous unsuccessful coronary angiography via femoral approach presented to the emergency room with intermittent non-exertional chest discomfort. Physical examination revealed symmetrical blood pressure of 150/90 mm Hg with equally weak pulses in all extremities and a soft systolic murmur over the sternum, appreciated on auscultation. Chest radiograph (figure 1) revealed a double density in the aortic arch mimicking the number 3. Echocardiogram showed normal left ventricle ejection fraction and aortic valve structure without gradient. …
Microtextures,microstructures and properties of Au flip chip bonds of microelectronics packaging

The effects of different bonding parameters on the deformation,microstructures and microtextures of gold flip chip bonds were analyzed using EBSD technique and compared with the shear test properties.Results indicated that the power increased both deformation and interface bondability;Load increased mainly deformation but less improved bondability.Duration of ultrasonic vibration enhanced bondability but less affected deformation amount.The effect of ultrasonic vibration is the softening of metals and the strengthening of diffusion through grain boundaries,but it reduced the orientation changes.
Effect of conduction and inhalation anesthesia on uterine contractions. Experimental study of the influence of anesthesia on intra-amniotic pressures.

Abstract On the basis of the presented observations, it is suggested that the spinal connections with the motor innervation of the uterus exist in the upper lumbar regions. Furthermore, it is evident that the uterine contractions can be initiated and/or maintained in the term pregnant uterus which has been denervated by spinal anesthesia with the sensory level as high as C-6. Acute sympathetic blockade induced by high spinal anesthesia did not exhibit a demonstrable effect on uterine contractility or tonus during labor, as long as the hemodynamics in the patient were not altered. A demonstrable alteration of the intensity, frequency, and tone of uterine contraction was recorded in association with changes in the blood flow, i.e., in shock or in acute, transient, induced hypertension. It is suggested that the primary function of the motor, innervation during labor is the vasoregulatory, and the secondary function is the maintenance of the physiologic balance of trophic processes in the myometrium. What precisely are the pathways of motor innervation and what are its functions in relation to the onset of labor is the subject of our current study. The use of spinal anesthesia, continuous epidural or caudal anesthesia aid not have any conspicuous qualitative effect on the uterine response to oxytocin, either during the labor or when the labor was induced and oxytocin was injected after the spinal anesthetic had been given. Although the uterine contractions in this series were not abolished by high spinal anesthesia, they were promptly inhibited by inhalation anesthesia and almost completely abolished during the second plane of the nitrous oxide ether anesthesia. Whether ether acts centrally and effects the release of oxytocics from the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary, or whether ether acts directly on the myometrium or its enzyme system (oxytocinase) can be only partially answered. Our experiment on the effect of ether on uterine contractions during the intravenous oxytocin infusion points out that the effect of ether is likely that on the target organ, i.e., on the myometrium rather than on endogenous and/or exogenous oxytocin. These findings are consistent with those reported on the effect of ether on the myometrium of the pregnant uterus in vitro. 27
Global Climate Change: A Warmer and More Unpredictable Future

On May 9, 2013, the earth’s climate system reached a notable milestone. The concentration of carbon dioxide, or CO2, at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii passed 400 parts per million (ppm) when averaged over a whole day. This is the first time in more than 3 million years that the concentration has been this high. The CO2 concentration has increased by 40 % since 1890 when levels were about 280 ppm, an unprecedented rate of increase. Over the past million years, CO2 ranged between about 170 and 300 ppm as ice ages waned and waxed. According to Professor Clive Hamilton of Charles Sturt University in Canberra, Australia, “if you are not frightened by this fact,” and it is a fact, “then you are ignoring or denying science.” The rapidly increasing CO2 is a harbinger of dramatic climate changes to come in this century. But nowhere are these changes going to be felt more dramatically than in the American Southwest and along the coasts of the country.
False‐Name Manipulation in Weighted Voting Games: Empirical and Theoretical Analysis

Weighted voting games are important in multiagent systems because of their usage in automated decision making. However, they are not immune from the vulnerability of false-name manipulation by strategic agents that may be present in the games. False-name manipulation involves an agent splitting its weight among several false identities in anticipation of power increase. Previous works have considered false-name manipulation using the well-known Shapley–Shubik and Banzhaf power indices. Bounds on the extent of power that a manipulator may gain exist when it splits into k = 2 false identities for both the Shapley–Shubik and Banzhaf indices. The bounds when an agent splits into k > 2 false identities, until now, have remained open for the two indices. This article answers this open problem by providing four nontrivial bounds when an agent splits into k > 2 false identities for the two indices. Furthermore, we propose a new bound on the extent of power that a manipulator may gain when it splits into several false identities in a class of games referred to as excess unanimity weighted voting games. Finally, we complement our theoretical results with empirical evaluation. Results from our experiments confirm the existence of beneficial splits into several false identities for the two indices, and also establish that splitting into more than two false identities is qualitatively different than the previously known splitting into exactly two false identities.
The Strange Tale of Klaus Fuchs

Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs has emerged as the most notorious member of the British Mission to Los Alamos. Unnoticed at the time, his name became a household word in 1950 when he was exposed as a Soviet agent. Thanks to the recent declassification of FBI documents on the case, the public has more data on Fuchs than on any of the other “Atomic spies.” In spite of this information, however, Klaus Fuchs remains almost as much an enigma today as he was to his colleagues at Los Alamos.1
The issue of drug spending

Abstract Drug pricing and spending has been become an ever present issue that continues to gain attention. Many Americans experience difficulty when it comes to the affordability of prescription drugs, specialty drugs, or even branded
Demography of Afro-Caribbean groups

Demography, biological anthropology, and human biology Demography, broadly defined, is the study of human populations, with a focus on their fertility, mortality, migration, distribution, and change in size and composition. Fertility or natality is generally defined as the act of childbearing; mortality is death, whereas morbidity is disease. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Fertility, mortality, and migration all affect a population's distribution, its size, and its composition (Swedlund and Armelagos, 1976). Some authors prefer to emphasize that demography is quantitative in nature (Riley and McCarthy, 2003; Swedlund and Armelagos, 1976), some that the focus on fertility, morbidity, mortality, and migration is aimed at understanding the structure of human groups (Harrison and Boyce, 1972), and others that the primary focus of demography is the study of mortality and fertility transitions (Beaver, 1975). There are many excellent books on demography and its methods, and the reader is referred to them for a background on the field (Riley and McCarthy, 2003; Rives and Serow, 1984; Shryock et al ., 1976; Siegel and Swanson, 2004; Stycos, 1989). We will not discuss the computation of demographic rates or any other methodological tools. The fields of biological anthropology and human biology have many interests that intersect with demography. Indeed, there are several sources that focus on demographic anthropology (Basu and Aaby, 1998; Dyke and Morrill, 1980; Kertzer and Fricke, 1997a, 1997b; Renne, 1994; Roth, 2004; Swedlund, 1978; Swedlund and Armelagos, 1976; Zubrow, 1976), historical/genealogical demography (Dyke and Morrill, 1980), and even on archive-based human biological research (Herring and Swedlund, 2003).
Learning of coordination: exploiting sparse interactions in multiagent systems

Creating coordinated multiagent policies in environments with uncertainty is a challenging problem, which can be greatly simplified if the coordination needs are known to be limited to specific parts of the state space, as previous work has successfully shown. In this work, we assume that such needs are unknown and we investigate coordination learning in multiagent settings. We contribute a reinforcement learning based algorithm in which independent decision-makers/agents learn both individual policies and when and how to coordinate. We focus on problems in which the interaction between the agents is sparse, exploiting this property to minimize the coupling of the learning processes for the different agents. We introduce a two-layer extension of Q-learning, in which we augment the action space of each agent with a coordination action that uses information from other agents to decide the correct action. Our results show that our agents learn both to act coordinate and to act independently, in the different regions of the space where they need to, and need not to, coordinate, respectively.
Minimizing Seclusion and Restraint in Youth Residential and Day Treatment Through Site-Wide Implementation of Collaborative Problem Solving

ABSTRACTDespite a growing understanding of the need to reduce seclusion and restraint (S/R) in all types of youth psychiatric facilities, published accounts of success in the psychological literature have been limited to inpatient facilities. Furthermore, existing publications on successful S/R reduction rarely include details about implementation that would be helpful to other agencies looking to follow their lead. This article presents the case of one multiservice agency that reduced S/R rates in youth residential and day treatment programs after adopting the Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS) approach. It includes detailed information on implementation, data illustrating the reduction of S/R after CPS implementation, and discussion of possible benefits to youth outcomes and organizational costs.
Anesthetic Considerations for Elderly Patients Undergoing Vascular Surgery

By 2030, one in five Americans will be aged 65 or older, nearly double the 12% in 2000. Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is now known to be associated with equal morbidity and mortality and comparable (or higher) health economic costs as coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke. In contrast to coronary heart disease, relatively few genetic variants that influence susceptibility to PAD have been discovered due to greater clinical and genetic heterogeneity in PAD.
Prognostic role of body-mass index at diagnosis in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

e15559Background: Obesity is described to be a risk factor for gastric cancer in epidemiologic studies. Body mass index (BMI) is a known prognostic factor in several cancers. It also affects outcom...
Late Breaking Abstract - Comparing respiratory versus cardiovascular event rates, 1987-2016: NHLBI Pooled Cohorts Study

Introduction: Chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) mortality has not dropped, despite less smoking in the US. Reliable trend data on CLRD incidence are needed. Aim: To compare incidence of severe obstructive lung events (SOLE) vs major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in US population-based cohorts. Methods: The NHLBI Pooled Cohorts Study harmonized data from 4 US cohorts. We excluded those with prevalent clinical CLRD or prior myocardial infarction (MI) and analyzed only incident/first events, 1987-2016. SOLE were defined as hospitalizations/deaths with CLRD (ICD9 491-493, 496; ICD10 J40-46) as 1 ◦ discharge diagnosis or underlying cause of death; MACE were MD-adjudicated MI, cardiac arrest, and CHD death. Incidence density rates (IDRs) were calculated per 1000 person-years adjusting for age, sex, race and cohort. Results: 22,413 adults contributed 353,954 person-years (mean age 61); 738 participants had incident SOLE and 3,746 had incident MACE; 208 had both. IDRs for MACE declined 6-fold (14.6 to 2.6) over 3 decades, while IDRs for SOLE were relatively stable (0.7 to 0.5). MACE and SOLE IDRs converged in both current and never-smokers. Conclusions: In contrast to large reductions in incident cardiovascular events, incident respiratory event rates remained stable over the last 3 decades in US cohorts, despite decreased smoking, highlighting the public health importance of and need for preventive approaches to CLRD.
Effect of Control Mode and Test Rate on the Measured Fracture Toughness of Advanced Ceramics

The effects of control mode and test rate on the measured fracture toughness of ceramics were evaluated by using chevron-notched flexure specimens in accordance with ASTM C1421. The use of stroke control gave consistent results with about 2% (statistically insignificant) variation in measured fracture toughness for a very wide range of rates (0.005 to 0.5 mm/min). Use of strain or crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) control gave approx. 5% (statistically significant) variation over a very wide range of rates (1 to 80 μm/m/s), with the measurements being a function of rate. However, the rate effect was eliminated by use of dry nitrogen, implying a stress corrosion effect rather than a stability effect. With the use of a nitrogen environment during strain controlled tests, fracture toughness values were within about 1% over a wide range of rates (1 to 80 micons/m/s). CMOD or strain control did allow stable crack extension well past maximum force, and thus is preferred for energy calculations. The effort is being used to confirm recommendations in ASTM Test Method C1421 on fracture toughness measurement.
State Economic Development & International Investment: Virginia & Globalization

The field of economic development has undergone a tidal shift, yet state organizations and strategies have not adjusted accordingly. Growth is not coming from the domestic economy. Future growth is in the global marketplace. Foreign firms and countries have significant liquidity. In the current global economic crisis, the optimum approach for state economic development is to focus on attracting foreign investment. Given the rise of actual or perceived protectionist barriers in the United States, foreign firms will want to avoid these risks. Today’s situation is similar to that in the 1980s, when Japanese and other foreign auto manufacturers began to locate throughout the southeastern United States. As a result of the global economic crisis, there is now a shift of greater economic power to Washington, which is helping to create a true global city with unprecedented commercial significance. Foreign firms will want to be close to this nexus of global economic and business power. A declining dollar is an additional incentive for foreign firms to establish operations. The Virginia Economic Development Partnership (VEDP) is the principal government entity in Virginia that is responsible for economic development. Through the International Division, the focus is on export promotion and foreign direct investment (attracting foreign firms to relocate to the Commonwealth).If Virginia intends to “embrace globalization,” the Commonwealth must reorganize its domestic efforts and formulate new strategies. It needs to take advantage of its local assets (universities and foreign students in the Commonwealth). For example, to have the Virginia universities to better cooperate among themselves and with the state government. Globalization will be embraced by leveraging local assets. Embracing globalization increases local transactions, economic development and jobs. There is a need to revitalize the Virginia Economic Development Partnership by making it a truly public-private partnership. This requires meaningful private sector participation, which would include finding new ways for the private sector to more deeply support and cooperate with the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Organization of Temporal Situations

Humans are adept at using language to construct models of complex situations. These representations typically reflect inferences beyond the simple language of the text, and such inferences often affect the nature of the memory representation in a way that affords easy updating, drawing inferences, and simulating actions. Much of the work in this area has been concerned with either purely spatial situations or complex situations involving spatial, temporal, causal, and other dimensions, and from this we have learned that the organization of memory can reflect multiple dimensions. The work reported here sought to isolate the temporal dimension and to determine which of its qualities are integrated into the structure of situation models. Participants were given isomorphic descriptions of spatial and temporal situations, along with accompanying preliminary paragraphs that biased them toward the appropriate interpretation of an otherwise ambiguous set of position names and activities. Differences in verification times and accuracy were interpreted to reflect differences in how people represent temporal and spatial information. In particular, there was a tendency for people to be slower at judging relations among items in the temporal condition. No differences were apparent, however, in the internal structure of the models for the two interpretations. Both showed distance effects in two experiments, and neither showed a direction effect. We consider the possibility that readers in the temporal condition spontaneously used spatial analogies.
Evolution of flame-conditioned velocity statistics in turbulent premixed jet flames at low and high Karlovitz numbers

Abstract Turbulence in low Karlovitz number premixed flames is strongly affected by small-scale combustion heat release. At low Karlovitz number conditions, flame-normal thermal expansion leads to increased anisotropy of the velocity field, and pressure-dilatation becomes the most significant source of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). These effects are balanced in TKE budgets by the phenomenon of “negative production,” which leads to changes to the Reynolds stress tensor that are independent of the mean strain-rate tensor. The resulting statistical misalignment contributes to the failure of Boussinesq-type turbulence models in low Karlovitz number turbulent premixed combustion. Attempts have been made to develop turbulence models for premixed combustion, but these models depend on theoretical frameworks that are valid only in the zero- and infinite-Karlovitz number limits. In this work, a new statistical framework is introduced that could provide a foundation for turbulence models in flames of arbitrary Karlovitz number. In this framework, velocity statistics conditioned on a reaction progress variable are capable of distinguishing between actual turbulent fluctuations and fluctuations due to the motion of the flame. This capability is evaluated using data from Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of spatially-evolving turbulent premixed jet flames at low and high Karlovitz numbers. The evolution equation of the conditional mean velocity is derived, and budgets of the cross-stream, that is, essentially flame-normal, conditional mean velocity are compared in the two Karlovitz number regimes. At low Karlovitz number, the pressure gradient source is found to be balanced by the terms associated with the progress variable source term, indicating a dominance of flame effects on the turbulence dynamics. Conversely, at high Karlovitz number, physical-space transport terms are found to become leading-order, indicating a reduced effect of the flame on the turbulence dynamics.
Low-dose systemic thrombolytic therapy for treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism: Clinical efficacy but attendant hemorrhagic risks

Objectives The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of "low-dose" systemic thrombolytic therapy (TT) for treatment of patients with intermediate-high risk submassive pulmonary embolism (PE). Background TT is increasingly utilized in acute submassive PE. Strategies for TT include catheter-directed administration as well as traditional IV systemic therapy. Regardless of the route, most studies document the attendant significant bleeding complication rates expected from induction of a systemic lytic state. To mitigate bleeding, "low-dose" systemic TT (Alteplase 50 mg) has been advocated, based on recent studies which demonstrated clinical efficacy with elimination of any significant bleeding complications. Methods Over a 24-month period, our institutional PE Response Team treated 45 acute submassive PE patients with "Low Dose" IV Alteplase 50 mg. Clinical outcomes and bleeding complications were assessed. Results Overall clinical outcome was excellent, with 97.8% of patients surviving to discharge and a 30-day, all-cause mortality of 4.4%. Despite no patients having a HAS-BLED score > 2 (average score = 0.8 +/-), ISTH major and GUSTO moderate bleeding was observed in 11% (n = 5) of cases. Conclusions The present observations document that low-dose systemic TT is associated with excellent clinical outcome for intermediate-high risk submassive PE, but with attendant risk for bleeding. These findings are consistent with the concept that induction of a therapeutic lytic state carries inextricable bleeding risk.
Family Phenomenon in Electric Machine Winding MMF Space Harmonics: Attribution and Applications

Research into electric machine windings with reduced magnetomotive force (MMF) space harmonic content has a long history. However, attention has often been confined to lower order harmonics with larger magnitudes. To more clearly and easily visualize the MMF space harmonic spectrum, this paper will explain the phenomenon of harmonic “families” intrinsic to a majority of electric machine windings. With a concise proof, it will be shown that within each family, the harmonic components have magnitudes that are inversely proportional to their orders. As a consequence, harmonics of the same family have the same winding factor. The number of families and, hence, different winding factors is found to be only a fraction of the number of slots of a unit machine. The family phenomenon greatly simplifies the determination of an MMF harmonic spectrum, envisions the behavior of higher order components, and predicts how a design change can improve the winding harmonic profile. When the family phenomenon disappears and the special cases with enlarged periods are also discussed. Two examples, both eliminating the 5th- and 7th-order harmonics but with very different harmonic spectra, are analyzed and compared to illustrate the power of the family phenomenon to aid the design of windings with improved electromagnetic performance.