cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional profiling of putative human epithelial stem cells

Human interfollicular epidermis is sustained by the proliferation of stem cells and their progeny, transient amplifying cells. Molecular characterization of these two cell populations is essential for better understanding of self renewal, differentiation and mechanisms of skin pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to obtain gene expression profiles of alpha 6+/MHCI+, transient amplifying cells and alpha 6+/MHCI-, putative stem cells, and to compare them with existing data bases of gene expression profiles of hair follicle stem cells. The expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I, previously shown to be absent in stem cells in several tissues, and alpha 6 integrin were used to isolate MHCI positive basal cells, and MHCI low/negative basal cells. Transcriptional profiles of the two cell populations were determined and comparisons made with published data for hair follicle stem cell gene expression profiles. We demonstrate that presumptive interfollicular stem cells, alpha 6+/MHCI- cells, are enriched in messenger RNAs encoding surface receptors, cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, transcripts encoding members of IFN-alpha family proteins and components of IFN signaling, but contain lower levels of transcripts encoding proteins which take part in energy metabolism, cell cycle, ribosome biosynthesis, splicing, protein translation, degradation, DNA replication, repair, and chromosome remodeling. Furthermore, our data indicate that the cell signaling pathways Notch1 and NF-κB are downregulated/inhibited in MHC negative basal cells. This study demonstrates that alpha 6+/MHCI- cells have additional characteristics attributed to stem cells. Moreover, the transcription profile of alpha 6+/MHCI- cells shows similarities to transcription profiles of mouse hair follicle bulge cells known to be enriched for stem cells. Collectively, our data suggests that alpha 6+/MHCI- cells may be enriched for stem cells. This study is the first comprehensive gene expression profile of putative human epithelial stem cells and their progeny that were isolated directly from neonatal foreskin tissue. Our study is important for understanding self renewal and differentiation of epidermal stem cells, and for elucidating signaling pathways involved in those processes. The generated data base may serve those working with other human epithelial tissue progenitors.
Polarimetric Imaging of the Human Retina for the Quantification of Neural and Blood Vessel Status

A Several key structures and molecules in the human retina are known to exhibit birefringence, and therefore can be probed with polarimetric imaging. By using scanned illumination, the contrast is increased, revealing otherwise undetectable pathology.
Caffeine Acts via A1 Adenosine Receptors to Disrupt Embryonic Cardiac Function

Background Evidence suggests that adenosine acts via cardiac A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) to protect embryos against hypoxia. During embryogenesis, A1ARs are the dominant regulator of heart rate, and A1AR activation reduces heart rate. Adenosine action is inhibited by caffeine, which is widely consumed during pregnancy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that caffeine influences developing embryos by altering cardiac function.
Computed tomography in the evaluation of febrile neutropenic pediatric oncology patients.

Aim. To evaluate the diagnostic utility of computed tomography (CT) obtained during prolonged febrile neutropenia in pediatric oncology patients. Methods. We evaluated the medical records of all patients with a malignant disease who had a CT examination during an episode of febrile neutropenia lasting for 4 days or more at Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center in Seattle, WA, between January 1, 1997, and June 1, 1999. Results. CT was performed on 83 patients to evaluate 109 episodes of prolonged febrile neutropenia. Sixty-eight (62%) of the initial CT scans demonstrated abnormalities, leading to changes in therapy in 42 (39%). The diagnostic and therapeutic utility of CT varied by anatomic site. Abdominal and head/neck CT detected abnormalities in only 19 and 8% of studies, respectively, resulting in therapy changes in 9 and 4%, respectively. Sinus CT demonstrated abnormalities in 41% of cases and altered therapy in 24%. Chest CT had the highest diagnostic utility, with 49% of cases demonstrating abnormalities, leading to therapy alteration in 30%. CT was rarely abnormal in the absence of localizing signs or symptoms. In 55 instances 1 or more follow-up scans were done. Thirteen follow-up CT scans showed abnormalities that led to a change in therapy. Conclusions. CT-detected abnormalities frequently lead to alterations in therapy, particularly sinus and thoracic CT. Most patients with CT-detected abnormalities have symptoms or signs referable to the site of abnormality. Asymptomatic febrile neutropenic children rarely have CT findings that lead to a change in therapy.
Postresuscitation Tissue Neutrophil Infiltration is Time-Dependent and Organ-Specific

Background Hemorrhagic shock with conventional resuscitation (CR) primes circulating neutrophils and activates vascular endothelium for increased systemic inflammation, superoxide release, and end-organ damage. Adjunctive direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) with intraperitoneal instillation of a clinical peritoneal dialysis solution decreases systemic inflammation and edema formation by enhancing tissue perfusion. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of adjunctive DPR on neutrophil and fluid sequestration. Methods Anesthetized rats were hemorrhaged to 40% mean arterial pressure for 60 min. Animals were randomized for CR with the return of the shed blood plus two volumes of saline, or CR plus adjunctive DPR with 30 mL of intraperitoneal injection of a clinical peritoneal dialysis solution. Tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) level, a marker of neutrophil sequestration, and total water content were assessed in the gut, lung, and liver in sham animals and at time-points 1, 2, 4, and 24 h postresuscitation. Results Resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock increases MPO level in all tissues in a near-linear fashion during the first 4 h following resuscitation. This occurs irrespective of the resuscitation regimen used. Tissue MPO level returned to baseline at 24 h following resuscitation except in the liver where CR and not adjunctive DPR caused a significant rebound increase. Adjunctive DPR prevented the CR-mediated obligatory fluid sequestration in the gut and lung and maintained a relative normal tissue water in these organs compared with CR alone ( n = 7, F = 10.1, P Conclusion Hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation produces time-dependent organ-specific trends of neutrophil sequestration as measured with tissue levels of myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophil infiltration. Modulation of the splanchnic blood flow by direct peritoneal resuscitation did not alter the time-dependent neutrophil infiltration in end-organs, suggesting a subordinate role of blood rheology in the hemorrhage-induced neutrophil sequestration. Vulnerable window for neutrophil-mediated tissue damage exists during the first 4 h following resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in rats. Direct peritoneal resuscitation prevents the early obligatory fluid sequestration and promotes early fluid mobilization.
Neuroimaging in Acute Posterior Cerebral Artery Infarction

Background:The role of neuroimaging in acute posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territory infarction is less well appreciated compared with the anterior cerebral circulation because PCA infarction occurs less frequently and more often is associated with limited neurologic deficit not qualifying for thr
Resonance of an axially magnetized hollow ferrite cylinder

The resonance of an infinitely long, axially magnetized, hollow ferrite cylinder is analyzed using the magnetostatic approximation.
Molecular effects in the energy loss of alpha particles in gaseous media

Abstract Previous measurements in gaseous hydrocarbon and carbon-oxygen compounds in the range 0.3 ≦ E α ≦ 2.0 MeV revealed that the Bragg additive rule failed to give molecular stopping cross sections e α from the measured atomic solid carbon stopping cross section e(C) and diatomic e expt (H 2 ) or e expt (o 2 ). For example, when hydrogen was present in the compound, the molecular data could be fitted either by using e(C) and an e'(H) which was higher than 1 2 e expt (H 2 ) by as much as 21%, or by using 1 2 e expt (H 2 ) and another e'(C) which was greater than e(C) by as much as 22%. A similar difficulty has also been encountered in interpreting the stopping cross sections recently measured for C-H-F and C-H-O compounds. e(C), e expt (H 2 ) and e expt (O 2 ) can be used to fit (CH 3 ) 2 O, but it is necessary to use e'(C) and e expt (H 2 ) for C 2 H 2 F 2 . Nevertheless, a closer examination of the stopping cross sections for eight hydrocarbon compounds reveals a correlation between the stopping cross sections of atomic hydrogen and carbon which are required to satisfy the Bragg rule, and the type of bond associated with the atomic carbon in the molecule. The stopping cross section of a carbon atom is greater when the atom is bound by a triple bond than a single bond, whereas that of a hydrogen atom is less in a triple-bond compound than in a single-bond compound. Double-bonded compounds yield a carbon stopping cross section between the single-bond and triple-bond values at lower energies and closer to the triple-bond values at higher energies.
M-mode Echocardiography in Normal Children and Adolescents : Some New Perspectives

Normal M-mode echocardiography values were determined using computer-assisted measurements of echocardiograms (echo) in 202 children and young adults 25 days to 23 years of age: 77 were female, and 125 were male and, reflecting the population served by our Center, 99 were black and 103 were white children. The values for left and right heart wall thicknesses and chamber sizes were graphically displayed as a function of body surface area, and with an illustration of the regression line and 2 standard deviation (SD) range of normal for each parameter. In addition, normalecho predicting equations for dimension and function parameters were derived using multiple linear regression analysis with age, height, weight, sex, race, and heart rate as independent variables.
Determination of Internal Loss in Nitride Lasers from First Principles

Nitride laser diodes are pivotal for optical data storage and laser projection but their performance is limited by large internal absorption losses. Here we quantify the internal loss due to free-carrier absorption using first-principles calculations and show that indirect free-carrier absorption is an important loss mechanism in nitride lasers. The dominant loss process is the phonon-assisted absorption by holes in the p-type layers. Parameters for the absorption coefficients have been extracted for use in device modeling. This work constitutes an important step towards the understanding of the efficiency problems in lasers and may assist the design of future devices.
Photorefractive optical lock-in detector.

An optical lock-in detector has been proposed and demonstrated. This scheme utilizes the multiplicative and low-pass filtering characteristics of four-wave mixing in Bi12SiO20.
A torn performative dispensation: the affective politics of British Second World War propaganda in India and the problem of legitimation in an age of mass publics

How does a government convince a mass of people who no longer accept its sovereignty to die for it? This was the seemingly insurmountable challenge facing the British colonial government in India by the time of the Second World War. Using primary archival materials, this article presents British Second World War propaganda strategies in India as symptoms of a ‘torn performative dispensation’ – a political crisis in which the twin projects of the incitement of mass affect and the articulation of a discourse of sovereignty can no longer be successfully reconciled. This article also explores the dynamic of ‘interdependent conflict’ that characterized the relation between British colonial and Indian nationalist publicity.
Improved parcel sorting by combining automatic speech and character recognition

Automatic postal sorting systems have traditionally relied on optical character recognition (OCR) technology. While OCR systems perform well for flat mail items such as envelopes, the performance deteriorates for parcels. In this study, we propose a new multimodal solution for parcel sorting which combines automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology with OCR in order to deliver better performance. Our multimodal approach is based on estimating OCR output confidence, and then optionally using ASR system output when OCR results show low confidence. Particularly, we proposed a Levenshtein edit distance (LED) based measure to compute OCR confidence. Based on the OCR confidence measure, a dynamic fusion strategy is developed that forms its final decision based on (i) OCR output alone, (ii) ASR output alone, and (iii) combination of ASR and OCR outputs. The proposed system is evaluated on speech and image data collected in real-world conditions. Our experiments show that the proposed multimodal solution achieves an overall zip code recognition rate of 90.2%, which is a substantial improvement over ASR alone (81%) and OCR alone (80.6%) systems. This advancement represents an important contribution that leverages OCR and ASR technologies to improve address recognition in parcels.
Eating Quality and Thiamin Retention of Turkey Breast Muscle Roasted and “Slow‐Cooked” from Frozen and Thawed States1

Turkey breasts “slow-cooked” or roasted conventionally from frozen or thawed states were evaluated for eating quality by a sensory panel and for thiamin content. “Slow-cooked” breasts had lower total cooking losses, retained less thiamin, and were more ten der than those roasted conventionally. Texture and juiciness were not affected by the treatments.
Induction of prematurely condensed chromosomes from testicular cells of the mouse

Mitotic CHO cells and mouse testicular cells were fused with polyethylene glycol. Several types of prematurely condensed chromosomes were observed. From chromosome morphology it was possible to determine that most of the PCC represented mouse cells. Labeling of either the CHO cells in vitro or the testicular cells in vivo with 3H-TdR prior to fusion also demonstrated that the PCC were derived from the mouse cells. In some PCC, 20 chromosomes could be counted, the haploid number for mouse. It is assumed that these PCC were induced in mouse spermatid nuclei.
Functional analogs for the reduction of certain nitrogenase substrates. Are multiple sites within the Fe/Mo/S active center involved in the 6e – reduction of N 2 ?

Reactivity studies of clusters that contain the MFe3S4 cores (M = Mo, V) with catecholate, multicarboxylate (or DMF) ligands coordinated to the Mo (or V) atoms, and Cl ligands coordinated to the Fe atoms have been carried out. These studies show the M/Fe/S single cubane clusters to be effective catalysts in the reduction of nitrogenase substrates such as hydrazine, acetylene and protons to give ammonia, ethylene and dihydrogen respectively. The same molecules do not activate or catalyze the reduction of dinitrogen. The results indicate that the observed catalyses are occurring at the Mo (V) sites by a process that, in the case of hydrazine, involves substrate protonation prior to reduction. The facile catalytic reduction of hydrazine by clusters that contain coordinatively saturated polycarboxylate-bound Mo atoms is rationalized in terms of a possible protonation/proton delivery function of the coordinated polycarboxylate ligands. The reactivity characteristics of the M/Fe/S clusters (structurally quite similar to the nitrogenase cofactor) have led to the suggestion that the Mo (V) atoms may be involved in the reduction of hydrazine in the later stages of dinitrogen reduction.
You and me as she and he: The meaning of gender-related concepts in other- and self-perception

This study compares and contrasts the use of gender-related concepts in other-and self-perception. The schematic use and stereotypic and affective meanings of feminine and masculine were derived from hierarchical classes analysis (HICLAS) of participants' (N = 72; 50 females, 22 males, 54% white) ratings of self and significant others. The study reveals that people use these concepts differently in their perception of others than in their perception of self. In addition, the meaning of masculine and feminine constructed by these participants differs significantly from their traditional definitions. Finally, being feminine is evaluated more positively than being masculine in the perception of others, while the ego protective function of gender leads participants to evaluate their own gender's features most positively in self-perception.
Renal Transplantation in High-Risk Patients

Renal transplantation in high-risk patients is a growing phenomenon. More patients are progressing to endstage renal failure, in the setting of an increased incidence of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Current organ shortages and the use of more marginal donors have affected both patient and graft survival. Acute rejection has been minimised under modern immunosuppression; however, patient and long-term allograft outcomes have not improved concurrently. Specific understanding of donor, recipient and allograft variables associated with stratification of patients as ‘high-risk for renal transplantation’ is necessary to facilitate appropriate peri- and post-transplant pharmacotherapy. Induction and maintenance immunosuppression choices are different for high-risk patients and must be made to ensure optimal immunosuppression, while limiting patient and allograft toxicity.
Shear Piezoresistive Response of a Graphite/Silicone Suspension

A shear piezoresistive effect has been observed for micrographite particles suspended in uncured silicone elastomer. A phenomenological formulation of piezoresistivity is presented and an experimental approach is discussed within this paper. The experimental objective is to extract two material parameters, fully describing the piezoresistance effect in deformed isotropic materials. A rheometer in the cone-and-plate configuration provides well-defined oscillatory shear flow of the suspension; it also measures rheological characteristics of the suspension. The piezoresistive response is probed using interdigitated electrodes, which are attached to the rheometer plate. The electrodes are arranged in parallel-to-flow and perpendicular-to-flow orientations. The signal acquired from two such orthogonal electrode pairs can be combined in a way to exclude any contribution of volumetric deformations to the piezoresistance signal. The experimental results indicate a second harmonic relationship between the mechanical oscillation and the resistive response. These two-probe measurement results represent the first observations of a non-volumetric deformation contribution to the piezoresistivity of viscoelastic liquid suspensions.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Diagnosis and management of velopharyngeal insufficiency following cleft palate repair

Background: Cleft lip and palate repair seeks to restore normal form, improve feeding and achieve normal speech, which requires velopharyngeal competence. The absence of this ability, termed velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), is seen in a wide range of patients following primary cleft palate repair. This review article focuses on patient assessment and the surgical management of VPI. Recent trends and future directions in management are also presented. After reading, one should be able to describe the various treatment approaches for a patient with suspected VPI. Materials and Methods: A PubMed search was conducted using the following search terms: VPI, velopharygneal incompetence, VPI, velopharynx, velopharyngeal port, velopharyngeal mechanism, veloplasty, intravelar veloplasty and hypernasal speech. Relevant manuscripts were identified by abstract review and additional articles selected based on bibliography review. Articles were restricted to those in the English language. A total of 88 articles were selected for further review. Conclusions: VPI is a common complication following primary palatoplasty. The decision to operate, as well as the selection of operative procedure, depends on a multimodal patient assessment, including speech evaluation and imaging studies of the pharyngeal mechanism. A thorough understanding of velopharyngeal anatomy and physiology is crucial to understanding the deficits in patients with VPI as well as the myriad methods of surgical correction. While many techniques are available, there are no conclusive data to guide procedure choice and newer techniques of imaging and treating patients with VPI continue to evolve.
Biochemical and Functional Interactions between HIV-1 Tat Protein and TAR RNA

Abstract HIV-1 trans -activator of transcription (Tat) is an unusual transcriptional activator in being an RNA-binding protein rather than a DNA-binding protein. Recent findings have greatly advanced our understanding of the transcriptional function(s) of this protein. Here we review how Tat interacts with trans -activation responsive RNA and how this interaction contributes to transcription. We discuss the biological implications of recent studies showing an association of Tat with cellular kinases(s) and protein acetylases. Evidence for nontranscriptional activities of the Tat protein is also summarized.
Gas-phase Selective Area Laser Deposition (SALD) joining of SiC

Abstract The laser-driven, gas-phase based SFF technique for joining together ceramic components with ceramic filler material, known as Selective Area Laser Deposition (SALD) Joining, was utilized in fabricating joined silicon carbide structures. Specifically, silicon carbide tubes were `welded' together by depositing silicon carbide from a gas phase reaction. A single laser beam deposition setup and a dual laser beam design were investigated. A gas environment of tetramethylsilane and hydrogen served as the deposition precursors. The quality of the joints were examined by bend tests and hermeticity measurements. In addition, the composition and morphology of the silicon carbide deposit was studied and is discussed here.
Modelling the National Energy Plan

This paper summarizes how the Project Independence Evaluation System (PIES) was used to estimate impacts of the National Energy Plan presented to the U.S. Congress and the public April 20, 1977. For completeness a summary of the structures and underlying methodologies is also included. The key components considered are: oil and gas price controls, coal conversion, and conservation.
Depth perception from stationary and moving stereoscopic three-dimensional images

Purpose: The study evaluated the accuracy of depth perception afforded by static and dynamic stereoscopic three-dimensional (S3D) images with proportional (scaled to disparity) and constant size cues. Methods: Sixty adult participants, 18 to 40 years (mean, 24.8 years), with good binocular vision participated in the study. For static S3D trials, participants were asked to indicate the depth of stationary S3D images rendered with 36, 48 and 60 pixels of crossed disparity, and with either proportional or a constant size. For dynamic S3D trials, participants were asked to indicate the time when S3D images, moving at 27, 32 and 40 pixels/sec, matched the depth of a reference image which was presented with 36, 48 and 60 pixels of crossed image disparity. Results: Results show that viewers perceived S3D images as being closer than would be predicted by the magnitude of image disparity, and correspondingly they overestimated the depth in moving S3D images. The resultant depth perception and estimate of motion speed were more accurate for conditions with proportional and larger image size, slower motion-in-depth and larger image disparity. Conclusion: These findings possibly explain why effects such as looming are over stimulating in S3D viewing. To increase the accuracy of depth perception, S3D content should match image size to its disparity level, utilize larger depth separation (without inducing excessive discomfort) and render slower motion in depth.
The complete cDNA sequence for dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2) of human branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex

Abstract We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence for the cDNA encoding human dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2) using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) procedure. The full-length E2 cDNA is 3535 nucleotides in length. The coding region spans 1446 bp and the 3′-noncoding region spans 2074 bp. The latter contains three Alu repetitive sequences and two transcription termination sites.
TESTS FOR EFFECT OF ASBESTOS ON BENZO[a]PYRENE CARCINOGENESIS IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

Hamsters were given 25 intratracheal injections of 0.5 mg benzopyrene (BaP) in Tween-60 with or without 0.25 mg chrysotile (Chrys) asbestos. 173 to 214 days after start of injections, 4 tumors in 3/5 surviving animals subjected to BaP alone were found whereas 7/7 (15 total) were found in those given BaP plus Chrys. Three of these were larger than 3 mm. Animals given Chrys or Tween alone or control animals had no tumors. 16 injections of 0.5 mg BaP in Tween-60 with or without 2.5 mg amosite (AM) asbestos were given to hamsters. 29% of group given BaP and 26% of group given BaP plus AM had tracheobronchial tumors when sacrificed at day 240. One form of asbestos synergistically increased carcinogenic activity of BaP. Yield of tumors decreased with time after discontinuation of injections suggesting reversible action.
Determination of transparency in modulated structures

Abstract In order to obtain a high yield in impact ionization in a superlattice structure, the transition rate of the corresponding process has to be optimized. Since this transition rate is, apart from the magnitude of the pair creation matrix element, determined by the densities of states of the electrons and the holes, it is of importance to operate the device at, or near, the maximum density of states. In this paper we develop a general theory for the calculation and prediction of high densities of states. It is pointed out that the energy at which the density of states is maximum lies close to the energy at which the superstructure is transparent.
Nuclear Susceptibility of Solid Helium-3

Abstract : Measurements of the nuclear susceptibility of solid He3 in the alpha phase between 0.07 and 1.7K are presented. The purity of this helium was better than 99.95%. All the results could be represented by a Curie-Weiss law chi = C/(T + 0) indicating an antiferromagnetic exchange. While theta is smaller than about 0.01K at molar volumes larger than 22 cu cm, it appears to increase systematically when the density increases further. The magnetic exchange between the nuclei, as deduced from our data, is fairly consistent at molar volumes above 22 cu cm with that obtained from specific heat and relaxation measurements. The higher density data, however, must be regarded as very tentative, in view of their disagreement with other data and theoretical expectations and are not presented in detail. Measurements of the longitudinal relaxation time were also carried out. In particular, for V = 19.5 cu cm/mole, T sub 2 was found to increase approximately as exp (2/T) below 1K, in contradiction with relaxation data of Reich, who found T sub 1 to be constant in this range. New susceptibility data are also presented for a solution of 99.0% He3 1% He4 and a tentative explanation is given to account for the difference with the results on the 'pure' He3. A method for measuring the pressure inside the solid He3 cavity is described. On the basis of these measurements, it is argued that the phase boundary in the V-T plane is unlikely to bend upwards at temperatures below 0.8K, as deduced from Reich's relaxation measurements. (Author)
Effect of EDTA on total dissolved copper concentration in textile effluents

The expected fate of copper in textile effluents has been examined in the context of an activated sludge waste treatment scenario, using experimental rate constants and results from previous sorption studies. The effect of EDTA on total dissolved copper concentrations, in effluent streams during waste treatment, is discussed in terms of competitive sorption and sequestration kinetics. For this purpose, rate constants for the reaction of EDTA with five reactive dyes were estimated spectrophotometrically. The results of these experiments show that the use of excess sequestrant can dramatically increase total dissolved copper concentrations in the effluent stream.
Particularly Polar Programs: Social Economics and Divergent Settlement Policies in Postwar Scandinavia

Abstract For two decades following World War II, Sweden and Norway diverged markedly concerning domestic migration and urbanization. While the Swedes encouraged migration from economically weak rural districts to more prosperous urban areas, Norway worked to deter migration from its weakest region and retard the growth of its largest cities, including Oslo. This paper highlights economic foundations for those divergent policies, focusing on historical circumstances, conventional thought, and eminent economists. The discussion applies today as nations ponder the possibility of less centralized urban networks.
Religious views of parents of retarded children.

"crises" that may be experienced by the family of a retarded child.1 The first of these may occur when the suspicion arises that retardation may be present. Another crisis may take place when the diagnosis is actually made. A number of workers have described various reactions of parents to being informed of their child's retardation. Wolfensberger and Menolascino speak of possible "novelty shock" when the parents' "expectations and perceptions" of the child are "suddenly shattered."2 They note that certain parental reactions to the shock, including feelings of confusion, helplessness, anguish, and anger, may be "normative." They also speak of "value conflicts" that may befall parents of a retarded child. They call these conflicts "due to culturally mediated attitudes toward defect or deviance," indicating that "profound existential pain" often accompanies such conflicts. The Committee on Children with Handicaps of the American Academy of Pediatrics notes that although parents may react in very "individualistic" ways to a child's retardation, one reaction "commonly reported" is that of guilt.3 In writing of brain-injured children (a number of whom are retarded), Gardner takes note of the guilt often felt by parents, distinguishing between what he calls "appropriate" and "inappropriate" guilt.4 He indicates that both types involve feelings that one has done wrong and that punishment is anticipated. As Gardner sees it, feelings of guilt on an individual's part about an event would be inappropriate when the individual would not be considered responsible for the event by "consensus of significant figures in his milieu." Gardner suggests that inappropriate guilt is common among parents of brain-injured children when they are in the "early stages of acceptance" of their children's
Mental illness as a metaphor.

This article is a slightly modified and expanded version of Professor Szasz's introductory remarks on the BBC television programme Controversy, recorded at the Royal Institution on July 27, 1972, and broadcast on October 2, 1972.
STRUCTURE AND ONTOGENY OF LATICIFERS IN CICHORIUM INTYBUS (COMPOSITAE)

The branched anastomosed laticifer system in the primary body of Cichorium intybus L. originates in embryos from files of laticiferous members at the boundary between phloic procambium and ground meristem. Upon seed germination, laticiferous members develop perforations in the end walls which become entirely resorbed. Perforations also develop in the longitudinal walls of contiguous laticiferous members and from lateral connections between developing laticifer branches. Additional laticiferous members originate as procambium differentiation proceeds, and their differentiation follows a continuous acropetal sequence in leaf primordia of the plumule. In roots, laticifers closely associated with sieve tubes in the secondary phloem originate from derivatives of fusiform initials in the vascular cambium. These laticifers develop wall perforations and in a mature condition resemble laticifers in the primary body. As the girth of the root increases, laticifers toward the periphery, unlike associated sieve tubes, resist crushing and obliteration. Laticifers vary in width from about 4 to 22 ,um; the widest ones occur in involucral bracts and the narrowest ones in florets. There was no evidence that intrusive growth occurs during development of the laticifer system, although such growth may occur during development of occasional branches which extend through ground tissue independent of phloem and terminate in contact with the epidermis. Presence of amorphous callose deposits is related to aging of laticifers and mechanical injury.
The fallacy of spec-based design

The architectural reference model, a critical tool in microprocessor validation, serves as a gold standard against which a microprocessor is compared. As all validation is performed using it, the reference model must be timely, extensible beyond the original specification, customizable for specific usage models, and, most importantly, functionally flawless. Ideally, we would like a specification-based design flow that transforms the published English language specifications into compilable code that is directly incorporated into the reference model without loss of information or accuracy. At Intel, we have developed and implemented such a flow to create the Itanium Processor Family's (IPF) reference model, which is used to validate all IPF processors. In this paper, we describe the benefits and limitations of this process and discuss the practical implications of specification-based design.
Hallowed Grounds: The Role of Cultural Values, Practices, and Institutions in TMS in an Offshored Complex Engineering Services Project

The globalization of complex engineering services has resulted in physically dispersed teams that can no longer rely on the traditional and familiar oral transmission of engineering expertise nor can they assume knowledge of their team members' culture. Yet, such teams need to be able coordinate effectively the dispersed knowledge of team members. We know little about how cultural differences among engineering team members impact the coordination of dispersed knowledge, so called transactive memory systems (TMSs)-or “who knows what” and “who knows who knows what.” In this paper, we present a longitudinal case study of a dispersed, cross-cultural team involving U.S. and Romanian engineers. The cultural differences in values, practices, and institutions had a major impact on TMS indicators of specialization, coordination, and credibility. The paper demonstrates how the cultural differences impeded TMS development. The results provide insight into TMS as an implicit coordination mechanism in a global team. We provide advice in terms of interventions that can promote the development of TMS in a culturally diverse team.
Social Opportunity Costs and Immiserizing Growth: Some Observations on the Long Run Versus the Short

Social opportunity costs of labor and capital are of importance to planners and loan officers alike, and negative social opportunity costs have been studied by theorists in the guise of immiserizing growth; see, for example, Bhagwati, Srinivasan, and Wan [1978]. In this note we present a unified treatment of such costs in the context of distortions of the Harris-Todaro variety to which increasing emphasis is being given in both trade and development theory. We pay particular attention to the distinction between the long run and the short, i.e., to situations when capital is intersectorally mobile and when it is not. Our results clash with our intuition developed on the basis of both (a) the differential wage setting of which the mobile capital version of our model is an obvious generalization; (b) the HarrisTodaro model with an exogenously given rigid wage in the urban sector and immobile capital. For example, we show that immiserizing growth is impossible with intersectorally mobile capital but possible when capital is nonshiftable. Section II presents the model, and Section III investigates the question of the effect of population growth and capital accumulation on the size of the unemployment pool. The results of Section III, of interest in themselves, are then used to discuss social opportunity costs and the possibility of immiserizing growth. Section V ends the paper with two concluding remarks.
Extrinsic Iron Staining in Infant Teeth from Iron-Fortified Formula and Rice Cereal

Extrinsic staining of teeth due to excessive iron intake has been reported previously in the literature. We describe a 7-month-old infant who presented with extrinsic teeth staining due to inadvertent over consumption of dietary iron. The infant was fed iron-fortified formula and rice cereal. Rice cereal, fortified with iron, was being used as part of a normal infant diet and as a thickening agent when added to the formula for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. After several months of administration, "blackening" of the infant's teeth was noted by the mother. The stain was removed by the pediatric dentist who simply scraped the affected teeth. No further staining occurred after the amount of dietary iron was reduced.
Entanglement entropy of Wilson loops: Holography and matrix models

The gauge/gravity duality (AdS/CFT) passes yet another non-trivial test: the entanglement entropy of a spatial region in the presence of a supersymmetric circular Wilson loop is calculated from both sides of the duality, and the results are found to match.
Illustrator, American Icon, and Public Opinion Theorist: Norman Rockwell in Democracy

This essay explores tensions over the portrayal of the public and public opinion during the mid-20th century, using common American images. Focus is on the extraordinarily popular pictures by Norman Rockwell, one of the most prolific artists of the 20th century, although one with ambitions far beyond simple illustration. I ask: Can we learn about public opinion from the commercial art market, and how might we go about using images as our data? How can we--as social and political historians so often do--use cultural artifacts to inform the historical study of public opinion.
A PREALBUMIN ACTIVATOR OF PREKALLIKREIN : II. DERIVATION OF ACTIVATORS OF PREKALLIKREIN FROM ACTIVE HAGEMAN FACTOR BY DIGESTION WITH PLASMIN

Activation of a plasma fraction containing unactivated Hageman factor and prekallikrein followed by chromatography of this fraction on DEAE-cellulose revealed four peaks having bradykinin-generating activity. Peak 1 contained kallikrein; peaks 2–3, 4, and 5 each contained prekallikrein-activating activity. Elution of peaks 2–3, 4, and 5 from disc gels after electrophoresis at pH 9.3 revealed peaks of prekallikrein-activating activity located at 5–8, 11–12, 15–16, and 20–26 mm, each of which was associated with a peak of clot-promoting activity which specifically corrected Hageman factor deficiency. Conversion of peak 2 to peaks 3, 4, and 5 was associated with a progressive decrease in size, increase in net negative charge, increased prekallikrein-activating activity, and decreased ability to correct Hageman factor deficiency. Plasminogen and plasmin were found on a DEAE-cellulose chromatogram of serum overlapping peaks 2 and 3. Incubation of active Hageman factor with streptokinase-activated plasminogen resulted in enhanced ability of the mixture to activate prekallikrein. Assessment of the products of this reaction by disc gel electrophoresis demonstrated the formation of the prealbumin prekallikrein activator corresponding to the major prekallikrein activator generated by contact activation of human plasma. The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and the subsequent cleavage of Hageman factor by plasmin to form activators of prekallikrein represents one pathway in which coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation are linked.
Synthesis of 4′-Trifluoromethyl Nucleoside Analogs

Abstract A strategy based on the use of (trifluoromethyl) trimethylsilane for introduction of the trifluoromethyl group at the C-4 of ribose has been developed and utilized in the synthesis of various novel 4′-trifluoromethylated nucleoside analogs. Screening of these analogs against HIV did not reveal significant biological activity.
Today's expert systems for simulating intelligent behavior; tomorrow's for exploring applications of thought processes

The author expands on the ideas of H.A. Simon (1982) in the context of broad social consequences of apparently rational actions as they are influenced by artificial intelligence (AI-oriented) decision processes. He attempts to illustrate four themes: (1) that AI can provide logical methodologies for analyzing, understanding, and providing bases from which to attack the statistical uncertainties and entropic action behaviors necessarily included in intelligent social control processes; (2) that it can be understood and applied by those who are responsible for using such devices and controls; (3) that it requires studying and dealing with strategic alternatives within which many continually active tactical decisions must be included; and (4) that the domain knowledge of experts (who often do not agree) must be captured for any rational decision-making models to be able to bound what might otherwise be social chaos. >
Tetrabenazine for the Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia

Objective:To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of tetrabenazine for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.Data Sources:Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966-September 2010) and The Cochrane Library using the terms tetrabenazine, tardive dyskinesia, and movement disorders. In addition, references from publications identified were reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All English-language articles identified from the data sources were reviewed.Data Synthesis:Options available for the management of tardive dyskinesia are limited. Tetrabenazine is a central monoamine-depleting agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration (or chorea associated with Huntington's disease. Three prospective studies of tetrabenazine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia were identified, as well as 8 additional trials, 1 case series, and 8 case reports. Tetrabenazine may provide benefit in managing symptoms of tardive dyskinesia unresponsive to other treatment modalities. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with...
Statistical Issues in Clinical Trial Data Audit

Clinical trial databases are usually audited prior to database lock to assure that the data meet certain desired quality levels. The audit can be conducted based on either all data items in the database or samples of data items. If samples of data items are audited, issues of type I and type II errors arise and sample size determination becomes crucial in controlling these errors. In this paper, we discuss the statistical issues relating to data audit, focusing on how to control type I and type II errors. Formulas for sample size determination are proposed, procedures for conducting data audit are recommended, and different sampling schemes are discussed.
Synthesis, Characterization, Reactivity of η 3 -allylPd(L)(X), Where X = Cl and L = Imidazolylphosphine and Their Application in Aryl Amination Reactions

Synthesis of new mono-(imidazolylphosphine) palladium chloride complexes is reported. Imidazolyl phosphines reacted with allypalladium chloride dimer to form monophosphine palladium(II) complexes. Some of these complexes readily ionize to form stable square planar complexes in which the heterocyclic nitrogen coordinates to Pd, whereas in other cases, the acidity of the N–H proton was explored. Finally, activity of complexes as catalysts for aryl amination reactions was also investigated.
Longitudinal changes in peak urinary flow rates in a community based cohort.

Purpose:: We describe longitudinal changes in peak urinary flow rates in community dwelling men in Olmsted County, Minnesota.Materials and Methods:: A cohort of 2,115 men 40 years old or older was randomly selected from the Olmsted County, Minnesota population. Peak urinary flow rates and the American Urological Association symptom index were assessed in all men at baseline and biennially, and in a 25% random subsample prostate volume was determined by transrectal ultrasonography. The annualized percentage change in peak urinary flow rate (slope) was assessed for 492 men in the subsample during 6 years of followup.Results:: Median peak urinary flow rate slope was −2.1% per year (25th percentile −4.0, 75th percentile −0.6). Peak urinary flow rate declined more rapidly with decreasing baseline rate, and increasing baseline age, prostate volume and symptom severity (all p = 0.001). When the variables were simultaneously adjusted for each other, a rapid decline (negative slope 4.5% or greater per year) was mo...
Comparison of anaphylactic reactions to asparaginase derived from Escherichia coli and from Erwinia culturs

A retrospective study was undertaken comparing the frequency and severity of anaphylactic reactions to E. coli-derived and Erwinia-derived asparaginase given intravenously on a weekly dosage schedule. Both drugs were found to produce life-threatening hypersensivity reactions with the chance of reaction per dose administered being almost identical–-8% for each dose administered. Eleven of 31 patients (35%) experienced anaphylactic reactions, 9/27 (33%) with E. coli and 3/10 (30%) with Erwinia asparaginase, with one patient suffering anaphy-laxis to both preparations. A marked increase in the percentage of patients having reactions occurred after the fourth dose of either preparation, with the incidence per dose increasing from 3.3% with the first dose to 32% on the fifth and subsequent doses. Rationale for an antibody-mediated allergic reaction is presented to explain the data.
Women's mental health nursing: depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy

Depression affects more women than men, with a preponderance of cases occurring during prime childbearing years (15-44 years of age). Research shows newborns and infants exposed to maternal antepartum depression, anxiety and stress exhibit pronounced neurobiobehavioral dysregularities. The present study investigated the relationship between maternal psychosocial and biochemical profiles during the antepartum period. Participants were recruited from prenatal registration at a large metropolitan hospital in the southeastern USA--the sample consisted of 59 pregnant women (mean age = 22 years). Structured clinical interviews and maternal self-report were utilized to assess maternal psychosocial distress at mid- (26-28 weeks) and late- (32-34 weeks) gestation. Salivary cortisol levels served as an objective stress measure. The resultant high incidences of maternal depression, anxiety and stress provide evidence of the need for nurses to closely monitor psychosocial and biochemical profiles of all women to thwart the negative effects on the developing human foetus. Clinical nursing implications of the requisite consideration of antepartum maternal psychosocial conditions are discussed.