cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development-inspired reprogramming of the mammalian central nervous system.

Background: Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to switch identities from one cell type to another under the direction of powerful transcription factors. In the mammalian central nervous system, this approach has been used experimentally to generate new categories of neuronal cells. The protocols are inspired by what we have learned from normal development, but the applications lie outside of normal embryogenesis. The research is changing how scientists think about regeneration of lost neurons and modeling of neuronal function in the central nervous system. The approaches also allow for new ways to study human neuronal development, a process that cannot be studied in vivo.Advances: Neurons are a highly specialized cell type, with their ability to transmit electrical signals. Beyond that, though, neurons also specialize into an astonishing diversity of classes. Although reprogramming with known transcription factors is a comparatively blunt tool, researchers have used knowledge of normal neuronal development to identify suites of factors that can convert mouse or human non-neuronal cells into induced neuronal cells showing class-specific features. These protocols have provided a renewable source of neuronal cells for high-throughput studies, which is particularly useful when source tissue is rare or unavailable. One exciting application of lineage reprogramming has been the generation of new neurons in situ by the direct conversion of other cell types already resident within the brain. Astrocytes have been converted into neurons in vivo. Even neurons have been changed from one subtype to another in young animals, indicating that postmitotic neurons may not be as immutable as once thought. These provocative results may foster the development of strategies for neuronal replacement that rely on “code-switching” of neuronal identity on the spot.Outlook: Direct lineage reprogramming is a nascent but promising field. Although both unspecialized and specialized neuronal cells have already been generated by these methods, we still need more refined understanding of how reprogramming works, how the cellular context constrains reprogramming routes, and what synergistic effects arise with various reprogramming factors. Better-defined criteria are needed to classify neurons obtained by reprogramming and to determine how they differ from their endogenous counterparts. Functional analyses are also necessary to clarify when a new neuron achieves the needed function, even if its other features do not match endogenous neurons. The challenge requires collaborative expertise in stem cell biology, embryology, and fundamental neuroscience. Future ability to reprogram postmitotic neurons in the adult brain will be important for the growth of this field and likely influence the way we think about neuronal stability, regeneration, and function.
Effect of Malmquist bias on correlation studies with IRAS data base

The relationships between galaxy properties in the sample of Trinchieri et al. (1989) are reexamined with corrections for Malmquist bias. The linear correlations are tested and linear regressions are fit for log-log plots of L(FIR), L(H-alpha), and L(B) as well as ratios of these quantities. The linear correlations for Malmquist bias are corrected using the method of Verter (1988), in which each galaxy observation is weighted by the inverse of its sampling volume. The linear regressions are corrected for Malmquist bias by a new method invented here in which each galaxy observation is weighted by its sampling volume. The results of correlation and regressions among the sample are significantly changed in the anticipated sense that the corrected correlation confidences are lower and the corrected slopes of the linear regressions are lower. The elimination of Malmquist bias eliminates the nonlinear rise in luminosity that has caused some authors to hypothesize additional components of FIR emission.
Hierarchical approach to replication and selection

The major merit of Rose's book is the elaboration of the idea of multilevel causation in different explanatory languages. Yet Rose's critique of “ultra-Darwinism” is not convincing. Rose argues that activity and self-replication are properties of organisms rather than genes, which contradicts his idea of multilevel causation. Also, Rose fails to develop the concept of multilevel selection.
Hank Williams will never die: I'm Your Man and Heart of Gold

AbstractThis essay looks at two recent music performance films, Lian Lunson's Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man (2005) and Jonathan Demme's Neil Young concert film, Neil Young: Heart of Gold (2006). It compares the films' treatments of their subjects' personae and suggests that they are examples of the contradictory cultural status of the singer-songwriter in the post-folk revival era. It also argues that these men's alienation from their own fame may have been particularly intense because they are Canadians whose careers were initially made in the US music industry during the height of the mid-1960s counter-culture. Both films thus characterize performers with career-long histories of evading definition. I'm Your Man does so by suggesting that Cohen is an enigmatic, postmodern figure and Neil Young: Heart of Gold by simply celebrating Young's ties to country music traditions. Both characterizations ultimately reiterate the values of the folk revival by emphasizing music as a basis for community formation and c...
Trimuon final states in lepton-hadron scattering: Model-independent study of the production mechanism

Abstract It is pointed out the trimuon events due to conventional pair creation can be distinguished from heavy lepton and heavy quark production by model-independent spinparity selection rules. Asymmetries and (angular) moment integrals are defined which give a quantitative measure of the contributions due to the “new” sources. The same analysis can be applied to muon-pair production in hadronic collisions to determine the size of charm-particle (and other new flavor) production there.
Thyroid Hormone Testing by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

In the euthyroid person, absolute free thyroxine concentrations remain constant and correlate with the tissue hormone level, its biologic effect and the metabolic status of the patient. However, most circulating thyroid hormone is bound to plasma proteins and only a minute amount is in the unbound free form. Studies have shown that current free thyroxine immunoassays are binding protein dependent. Novel high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods have successfully dealt with problems inherent in many immunoassays for thyroid hormones and afforded improved specificity and accuracy in thyroid hormone measurements. We emphasize problems with thyroid hormone testing employing immunoassays including direct and indirect thyroid hormone immunoassays, sample processing, methods of free hormone separation and review the emerging role of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in thyroid hormone testing. The latest generation of tandem mass spectrometers has superior limits of quantification, permitting omission of previously employed derivatization steps. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry affords the specificity, precision, and limits of quantification necessary for the reliable measurement of thyroid hormones, enhancing diagnostic capabilities, and affording the profiles of the iodothyronines and thyronamines. These methods are especially important in states of disease and during pregnancy when protein binding is a factor that interferes with other methods for thyroid hormone analysis.
Nanotechnology and Silver-Metal Clay for Artisans

Abstract Nano-scale silver particles are utilized in the production of a metal clay, which upon firing is reduced to a solid metal article. The metal clay, because of the nano-scale particles, can be fired in a conventional home oven.
The relaxed complex method: Accommodating receptor flexibility for drug design with an improved scoring scheme.

An extension of the new computational methodology for drug design, the "relaxed complex" method (J.-H. Lin, A. L. Perryman, J. R. Schames, and J. A. McCammon, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2002, vol. 24, pp. 5632-5633), which accommodates receptor flexibility, is described. This relaxed complex method recognizes that ligand may bind to conformations that occur only rarely in the dynamics of the receptor. We have shown that the ligand-enzyme binding modes are very sensitive to the enzyme conformations, and our approach is capable of finding the best ligand enzyme complexes. Rapid docking serves as an efficient initial filtering method to screen a myriad of docking modes to a limited set, and it is then followed by more accurate scoring with the MM/PBSA (Molecular Mechanics/Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area) approach to find the best ligand-receptor complexes. The MM/PBSA scorings consistently indicate that the calculated binding modes that are most similar to those observed in the x-ray crystallographic complexes are the ones with the lowest free energies.
Convection heat transfer of colinear interacting droplets with surface mass transfer

Abstract A validated computer simulation model has been developed for the analysis of colinear droplets in a heated gas stream. Using a finite-element method, the complete gas-phase transport equations have been solved describing quasi-steady laminar axisymmetric flow past closely spaced monodisperse constant-diameter droplets with blowing. The liquid-phase motion is represented by Hill's spherical vortex, coupling the gas-phase shear stress with the tangential surface velocity of the droplet. Of interest are the coupled nonlinear interaction effects on the fluid-flow patterns and temperature fields for different free-stream Reynolds numbers (10≤Re≤200(, interdroplet distances (1.5≤ d ij ≤6.0), lhe liquid-gas viscosity ratios (1≤ ϰ ≤100), and Stefan or heat transfer numbers (0≤BH≤5.0). Surface mass transfer (blowing) and associated wake effects reduce both the total drag coefficient and the average Nusselt number for each interacting droplet when the Reynolds number increases. Large liquid-gas viscosity ratios, i.e., ϰ >20,, have hardly any effect on the drag coefficient and Nusselt number ratios. However, droplet sspacing at d ij ≤6 and intermediate Reynolds number have a profound effect on all droplets, especially the second and third one, which experience significantly reduced drag and heat transfer at small interdroplet distances.
Interpreting Design Structure in Patents Using an Ontology Library

Patents contain valuable information for engineering design. However, the increasing number of annual patent publications makes it difficult for any individual designer to assimilate all up-to-date knowledge hidden in patent documents. In this paper, we proposed a computational approach to interpret design structure embedded in patent claims using pre-developed ontology libraries. The study combined natural language processing (NLP) techniques, text data-mining, ontological engineering, and our rule-based tree generation method. Data sources and adopted tools included online patent documents, knowledge gathered from engineering textbooks, WordNet, a part-of-speech tagger developed by the Stanford NLP group, and Graphviz. We showed that the framework proposed in the paper not only could help minimize manual work required for obtaining design structures but also enable automatic dissimilarity comparison between patents.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Some Ferrocene Derivatives and Other Cyclopentadienyl Organometallics

Abstract Microcrystalline cellulose as an absorbent in inorganic thin-layer chromatography has been successfully applied to the separation of various ferrocene derivatives and organometallics containing cyclopentadiene. The effect of gross dielectric constant versus the RF value is also discussed as well as the analogy between silica-gel chromatographic separations.
Eating is a protected behavior even in the face of persistent pain in male rats

Abstract Feeding is critical for survival. Yet, patients with chronic pain often lose their appetite and eat less. We previously showed that ad libitum fed male rats continue to feed rather than withdraw from a brief noxious stimulus. This study examined the effects of a sustained noxious stimulus on feeding by testing ad libitum fed male rats for five eating behaviors — latency to eat, time taken to eat each chip, pauses and scanning during eating, and the number of chocolate chips eaten — during the hour following a sham injection or an injection of a low (0.5%) or moderate (1.5%) dose of formalin into the hind paw. Sham-injected rats showed no pain-related behaviors, rats injected with 0.5% formalin showed very few pain-related behaviors, and rats injected with 1.5% formalin showed favoring, lifting and licking of the injured paw with a characteristic biphasic time course. Besides taking less time to commence eating during the first phase of formalin pain, rats injected with either dose of formalin did not differ from sham-injected rats on any of the other eating measures. Rats injected with 0.5% formalin showed no pain behaviors during eating, whereas those given 1.5% formalin typically ate while not exhibiting any pain behaviors but occasionally ate while favoring the paw, rarely while lifting the paw, and never while licking the paw. These results show that eating is a protected activity even in the presence of persistent pain in male rats.
Evaluation of Host Resistance and Immunity in Mice Exposed to the Carbamate Pesticide Aldicarb

Adult female Swiss-Webster and B6C3F1 mice received distilled water only or water containing 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppb of aldicarb daily for 34 days. The target concentration of aldicarb present in the 10 ppb dosing solution was analytically verified on a daily basis as was its stability over a 48-hr period. To develop an immune profile of this compound, functional parameters measured after exposure included resistance to infectious viral challenge; quantitation of splenic antibody-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes and circulating serum antibody levels; splenic lymphocyte blastogenesis to T- and B-cell mitogens; and mixed-lymphocyte culture response. To supplement the functional assays, complete blood counts, differential leukocyte counts, and body and relative organ weights were measured. In addition, gross and histopathologic examinations of tissues relevant to the immune system were performed. The absence of significant effects on any of these parameters suggests that aldicarb at environmentally relevant exposure concentrations is not immunotoxic in rodents.
Marijuana Use at School and Achievement-Linked Behaviors

Marijuana remains one of the most frequently used drugs among adolescents and usage has increased in recent years. In addition to general use, many high school students use marijuana during the school day. The present study focused on achievement-linked correlates of in-school marijuana use by comparing non-users, general users, and school users on a set of school behav- iors. The results showed that students who used marijuana in general exhibited poorer behavior on all measures than students who did not use marijuana; even stronger effects were found for school users. Students who used marijuana at school had lower grades, lower classroom partici- pation, worse attendance, more academic dishonesty, and were disciplined more often compared to general marijuana users and nonusers. The relationships between marijuana use and achieve- ment behaviors were similar for males and females, and for Black, White, and Hispanic students. Further research is needed on the motivational structures that underlie school-related drug use. Marijuana use is on the rise again among adolescents and continues to be the most widely used illicit drug among our nation's youth. National data from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study has shown an upward trend in marijuana use since 2008. The most recent survey showed a significant increase in marijuana use for all prevalence periods in grades 8, 10, and 12 (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2011). According to the report, approxi- mately one-third of high school students have used marijuana in the past year, and one in sixteen grade 12 students reported marijuana use on a daily basis. Usage among adolescents differs according to demographic subgroups. According to MTF, reports of annual use consistently show greater marijuana use among adolescent males than females (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman & Schulenberg, 2010). For example, in 2009, 30% of grade 10 males had used marijuana in the past 12 months, compared to 24% of females. By grade 12, these figures increased to 37% and 29%, respectively. These data also highlight dif- ferences among the three largest racial/ethnic groups. In grade 10, Hispanic students reported the highest level of marijuana use (30%), followed by White students (25%) and then Black (22%). While all three groups reported increased use since the previous assessment, the largest increase was among Hispanic students. In 12 th grade, White students reported the highest level of marijuana use, followed by Hispanic and Black students. Again, Hispanic students showed a higher rate of increased use compared to the previous assessment than White students. The racial/ethnic group rankings may have differed across the grades because of the higher dropout rate among Hispanic students, resulting in a higher percentage of academi- cally successful Hispanic students in grade 12 than in grade 10.
Kinetics of MnO2-Catalyzed Acetic Acid Oxidation in Supercritical Water

Acetic acid was oxidized in supercritical water over a bulk MnO2 catalyst. CO2, the complete oxidation product, was produced almost quantitatively. The rate of acetic acid disappearance exhibited saturation kinetics with respect to acetic acid, a maximum with respect to the oxygen concentration, and an independence from the water concentration. We identified a global rate law that was both qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with these experimental results. Using this catalytic rate law and literature rate laws for noncatalytic oxidation of acetic acid in supercritical water, we found that the use of MnO2 as an oxidation catalyst can reduce the reactor volume required for treatment of aqueous solutions of acetic acid by more than 2 orders of magnitude.
Spin trapping of O-, C-, and S-centered radicals and peroxynitrite by 2H-imidazole-1-oxides.

Spin trapping with 2H-imidazole-1-oxides (2,2,4-trimethyl-2H-imidazole-1-oxide (TMIO); 4-carboxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-imidazole-1-oxide, potassium salt (CDMIO); 2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-2H-imidazole-1-oxide(DMPIO)) was studied. It was found that these compounds form spin adducts with different short lived free radicals, such as·OH,·CH3,·CH2OH, CH3(·CH)OH, C(CH3)3O·, HOCH2CH2S·, glutathionyl and cysteinyl radicals. 2H-imidazole-1-oxides did not trap superoxide radical. Therefore, the detection of OH and thiol radicals is not complicated by the presence of superoxide radical. It was shown that 2H-imidazole-1-oxides are effective scavengers of peroxynitrite forming the same spin adducts as with OH-radicals. Thus, TMIO, CDMIO and DMPIO can be used for spin trapping studies in chemical and biological systems.
Factors affecting the durability of Ca‐complexed methylmethacrylate copolymer films containing CaO–SiO2–H2O macromolecules

A CaO-SiO/sub 2/-H/sub 2/O macromolecular-ionomer complex was found to be formed in the superficial layers of MMA-TMPTMA copolymer composite films made with filler containing hydraulic cement during exposure in an autoclave at temperatures up to 200/sup 0/C. This complex acted to prevent the hydrothermal deterioration of the original composite films, which is important if the films are used as protective layers on metals. This complex also contributed significantly to hydrophobicity, a low energy surface, and less surface roughness, thereby lowering the intrinsic water permeability of the films. The glass transition temperature T/sub g/ and the tensile strength of the complexed films increased with increasing concentration of the cement additive used as a source of Ca/sup 2 +/ metallic ions, but they decreased when the cement concentration became excessive because of the chain enlargement caused by the growth of a large quantity of hydrated macromolecules. Ca/sup 2 +/ ions were found to migrate from the cement grains in an aqueous medium and to have a crosslinking function connecting the oxidized metal surfaces and the functional carboxylate groups located in the pendent parts of the polymer molecules. The resultant shear bond strength of metal-to-metal lap joint specimens after exposure for 3 daysmore » to water at 150/sup 0/C was twice as high as that for the samples made without cement.« less
The Carboxyl-terminal Region of STAT3 Controls Gene Induction by the Mouse Haptoglobin Promoter

Haptoglobin (HP) is one of the major acute phase plasma proteins in the mouse, and its synthesis is additively induced by interleukin (IL)-6 and glucocorticoids. STAT3 serves as the mediator of the IL-6 receptor signal and appears to contribute to the transcriptional induction of acute phase protein genes. The carboxyl-terminal region of STAT3, consisting of an acidic domain and containing a serine phosphorylation site, has been proposed to contribute to the induction process. To assess the role of STAT3 in the transcriptional control of the HP promoter, we applied two mutant forms of STAT3: one with a deletion of the carboxyl-terminal 55 amino acid residues, STAT3Δ55C, and the other with a substitution of serine 727 to alanine, STAT3SA. Like the wild-type STAT3, both mutant STAT3 forms are activated by the signal-transducing subunit of the IL-6 receptor, gp130, or by co-transfected IL-3 receptor. Ectopic expression and activation of wild-type STAT3 or STAT3SA in HepG2 hepatoma cells similarly enhance transcription through the IL-6-response element of the HP promoter. This enhancement is specific for STAT3 and cannot be reproduced by STAT1 or STAT5. In contrast, STAT3Δ55C inhibits IL-6-induced transcriptional activation. Interestingly, whereas receptor-activated STAT3 also enhances stimulation of the haptoglobin promoter by dexamethasone through the glucocorticoid receptor, activated STAT3Δ55C reduces the regulation below the level achieved by the glucocorticoid receptor alone. This transdominant action by STAT3Δ55C is dependent on a functional IL-6-responsive element. The data suggest that the carboxyl-terminal domain, but not its serine phosphorylation site of STAT3, is required for transcription as part of the hematopoietin receptor signaling as well as for cooperation with other transcription factors such as the glucocorticoid receptor.
An Architectural Oxymoron

In this paper, oxymoron is discussed. An oxymoron is not a bovine of meager intelligence, nor is it a chemical compound with two covalently bound oxygen atoms. Rather, an oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two seemingly contradictory terms and unites them in an apparent paradox. This paper focuses specifically on the oxymoron of agile software architecture.
Patch clamp recording from the intact dorsal root ganglion

A method for patch-clamp recording from intact dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in rat is described. The L4 and L5 DRGs with sciatic nerve attached were excised from rats (10-15 days old) and placed in a recording chamber after removing the ganglion sheath and dissolving the connective tissue with dilute collagenase. The somata of individual cells were exposed by gentle surface cleaning through a perfusion micropipette. Somata were classified as Abeta, Adelta or C based on the cell size and the shape of the action potential (AP). Under current clamp, axonal conduction velocity (CV) was calculated from the distance between a stimulating electrode and the center of the ganglion divided by the latency of the AP elicited by stimulation of the sciatic nerve. CVs ranged from 0.2-0.8 m/s for C cells, 0.8-2.4 for Adelta and 3.2-5.0 for A/beta cells. AP threshold occurred at a significantly more positive potential in C cells than in Adelta and Abeta cells. Under voltage clamp, sodium currents were recorded from C cells. Both TTX-resistant (TTX-R) and TTX-sensitive (TTX-S currents) were demonstrated in the present study. The results demonstrate the feasibility of patch-clamp recording from intact, identified DRG cells in vitro.
Retail Display Lighting Type and Fresh Pork Color

The effects of lighting type on fresh pork color were studied by displaying chops under delux cool white (DCW), cool white, Surlyn® coated (CWSC), or warm white (WW) fluorescent or cool flood (CF) incandescent lights. Initial color desirability was assessed. Hunter colorimeter values and percentage myoglobin (Mb), oxymyoglobin (OMb) aand metmyoglobin (MMb) were determined over 5 days of display. Light types CF and DCW provided the most desirable color rendition. Chops displayed under CF lights became darker, had less percentage OMb and greater Mb, and likely had greater microbial growth than other chops due to an increase in chop temperature. It appears that CF and DCW lights provide the most desirable color and that precautions against temperature elevation are needed.
Coping With Vicarious Trauma in the Aftermath of a Natural Disaster

This study documents the vicarious psychological impact of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti on Haitians living in the United States. The role of coping resources—family, religious, and community support—was explored. The results highlight the importance of family and community as coping strategies to manage such trauma. Este estudio documenta el impacto psicologico vicario que tuvo el terremoto de 2010 en Haiti sobre los residentes haitianos que viven en Estados Unidos. Se explora el papel de los recursos de afrontamiento—apoyo familiar, religioso y comunitario. Lo resultados destacan la importancia de la familia y la comunidad como estrategias de afrontamiento para superar un trauma de esas caracteristicas.
Risk of infection and tracking of work-related infectious diseases in the funeral industry

This review demonstrates that funeral service professionals (FSPs) have a risk of exposure to bacterial and viral pathogens as well as to prion-mediated diseases. It reveals a lack of published studies focusing on the implementation and effectiveness of infection control policies for this occupational group as well as the difficulty involved in determining actual infection rates related to workplace exposure events. Possible reasons for this lack of data include the categorization of these workers by the Bureau of Labor Statistics Standard Occupational Classification System as service providers rather than health care professionals.
High-specificity DNA cleavage agent: Design and application to kilobase and megabase DNA substrates

Strategies to cleave double-stranded DNA at specific DNA sites longer than those of restriction endonucleases (longer than 8 base pairs) have applications in chromosome mapping, chromosome cloning, and chromosome sequencing--provided that the strategies yield high DNA-cleavage efficiency and high DNA-cleavage specificity. In this report, the DNA-cleaving moiety copper:o-phenanthroline was attached to the sequence-specific DNA binding protein catabolite activator protein (CAP) at an amino acid that, because of a difference in DNA bending, is close to DNA in the specific CAP-DNA complex but is not close to DNA in the nonspecific CAP-DNA complex. The resulting CAP derivative, OP26CAP, cleaved kilobase and megabase DNA substrates at a 22-base pair consensus DNA site with high efficiency and exhibited no detectable nonspecific DNA-cleavage activity.
A study of dienometry

Using the Kaufmann alkalimetric and iodometric methods for the determination of conjugation, theoretical values for alpha- and beta-eleostearic acids could not be obtained although the values found for tung oil agreed with those generally accepted. The alkalimetric method was found to give less consistent results than the iodometric method due to the persistent emulsion formed at one stage in the former method making filtration difficult. However, the use of a pad of filter paper pulp resting upon No. 42 Whatman paper avoided this difficulty, giving clear filtrates of higher diene number. Further work is evidently necessary to determine the empirical values that should be used in the calculation of the amount of conjugated doublebonds present in fatty acids or glycerides.
Processing and quality characteristics of apple slices under simultaneous infrared dry-blanching and dehydration with continuous heating

This study investigated the effects of various processing parameters on apple slices exposed to infrared (IR) radiation heating in a continuous heating mode for achieving simultaneous infrared dry-blanching and dehydration (SIRDBD). The investigated parameters were radiation intensity, slice thickness and processing time. A three-factor factorial experiment design was conducted to determine the influence of parameters on the heating and drying rates, product temperature, moisture reduction, residual polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities and surface color change (ΔE). High radiation intensity and/or thin slices had faster increase of product temperature, and quicker moisture removal and inactivation of PPO and POD, than did low radiation intensity and/or thick slices. The simple page model performed well for describing drying behavior during SIRDBD. The first-order kinetics and the fractional conversion models fitted well for PPO and POD inactivation curves, respectively. Surface color changes of apple slices were mainly due to the decrease of L value and increase of a value, which corresponded to enzymatic browning occurred during the process. To achieve 1 log reduction of POD, the SIRDBD treatments resulted in moisture reductions of 15.35-49.29% and ΔE between 2.030 and 5.518. It has been concluded that SIRDBD with continuous heating could be used as an alternative to the current processing methods for producing high-quality blanched and partially dehydrated fruits and vegetables.
The fast kinetics of AMPA GluR3 receptors is selectively modulated by the TARPs γ4 and γ8

Abstract Transmembrane AMPA receptor-associated regulatory proteins (TARPs) modulate the kinetics of AMPA receptors and increase their surface expression. This study compared the effects of the TARPs γ2, γ3, γ4 and γ8 on the AMPA receptor subunits GluR1–3. We found that the deactivation and desensitization time constants of GluR3 receptors were greatly increased by γ4 and γ8 (∼ 3 fold) whereas γ2 and γ3 caused minimal changes. This stands in contrast to the effects on GluR1 and GluR2 receptors which were similar across all four TARPs. Other response parameters like the current density, the EC50 for glutamate-induced peak currents, and kainate-induced currents were in general more effectively modulated by γ2 and γ3 in all subunits, including GluR3. All TARPs were effective in increasing the unitary conductance. The differential TARP effects on deactivation time constants of the GluR3 subunit are likely to have a significant impact on synaptic responses across different neurons in the brain.
Modern coccolithophoridae of the atlantic ocean—I. Placoliths and cyrtoliths

Abstract Although there are more than 70 species of Coccolithophoridae living in the Atlantic only about 16 of these have adequate fossil records, mainly placoliths and to a lesser extent cyrtoliths. Biogeographic ranges determined from surface sediment and plankton samples show that living species have slightly broader distributional ranges than those preserved in oceanic sediments. This is attributed to rapid warming of the Atlantic since the last glacial age. Species distributions have been delineated by maximum position poleward of the limiting isotherm for warm-water species and maximum equatorward position of the limiting isotherm for cold water species. Dispersion beyond their present boundaries by ocean currents after death is negligible. Temperature studies based on cruise data and bimonthly sampling off Bermuda enabled the authors to determine maximum and optimum temperature ranges for each species. The majority are subtropical forms. A few are stenothermal, such as Umbellosphaera irregularis (21°–28°C) and Coccolithus pelagicus (7°–14°C) and they have proved useful in paleoecology. The species are grouped into five climatic assemblages: tropical, subtropical, transitional, subarctic, and subantarctic.
Thermoelasticity of ε-FeSi to 8 GPa and 1273 K

The elastic properties of {Sigma}-FeSi were investigated at high temperature and pressure using a combination of ultrasonic interferometry and synchrotron radiation up to 8 GPa and 1273 K. The unit-cell volumes and sound velocity data were fit to third-order finite-strain equations with adiabatic temperature conversions to maintain a thermodynamically internally consistent data set. The adiabatic zero-pressure bulk and shear moduli and their first pressure and temperature derivatives were obtained from this fitting: K{sub S0} = 168.9(7) GPa, G{sub 0} = 116.5(3) GPa, K{sub S0}{prime} = 6.6(2), G{sub 0}{prime} = 2.9(1), ({delta}K{sub S0}/{delta}T){sub P} = -0.023(1) GPa/K, ({delta}G{sub 0}/{delta}T){sub P} = -0.030(1) GPa/K. This study presents the first complete thermodynamically consistent set of elastic moduli and their temperature and pressure derivatives.
Removal of silyl protecting groups from hydroxyl functions with ammonium fluoride in methanol

Abstract Treatment of silyl ethers with excess ammonium fluoride in methanol at 60°C effected cleavage to alcohols within 5 hours. Deprotection at ambient temperature required 1–2 days. NH4F/MeOH is an economical alternative to TBAF/THF.
Visual and semantic organization in picture recall

Frost (1971, 1972) demonstrated that subjects can organize pictures by using either visual features or semantic features of the items presented. For the present study, a set of pictures was constructed that could be organized visually and semantically. The subjects viewed these pictures at either a fast rate (1.5 sec/item) or a slow rate (5 sec/item) of presentation. The subjects expected a recognition task, which would enhance attention to visual detail. Clustering by visual (spatial orientation) and semantic (taxonomic category) categories on an unexpected recall task was measured. At the fast presentation rate, semantic and visual clustering occurred at equal levels, but when presentation rate was decreased (longer presentation times), visual clustering decreased and semantic clustering increased. These results are discussed in terms of the changing representation of picture information as a function of study time.
Training Room Management of Medical Conditions: Sports Dermatology

Athletes' skin is subject to a distinct array of physical and environmental stressors. Trauma, the elements, and pathogenic organisms constantly challenge the skin's integrity. This article intends to arm the clinician with a fundamental knowledge of infections, mechanical injuries, and environmental insults common to the skin of athletes. Photographs corresponding to the described entities are included as figures. Because rapid return to play is the ultimate goal after injury or illness, there is a section dedicated to play restrictions as set forth by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Although the evaluation and management of cutaneous disease is a challenging endeavor, a consistent and systematic approach to this most accessible organ can result in early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and ultimate performance.
The organization of tight junctions in epithelia: implications for mammary gland biology and breast tumorigenesis.

Tight junctions (TJs), the most apical components of the cell–cell junctional complexes, play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity within tissues. In secretory glandular tissues, such as the mammary gland, TJs are crucial for separating apical and basolateral domains. TJs also create the variable barrier regulating paracellular movement of molecules through epithelial sheets, thereby maintaining tissue homeostasis. Recent advances reveal that TJs exist as macromolecular complexes comprised of several types of membrane proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and signaling molecules. Many of these components are regulated during mammary gland development and pregnancy cycles, and several have received much attention as possible “tumor suppressors” during progression to breast cancer.
A hypervalent iodine-induced double annulation enables a concise synthesis of the pentacyclic core structure of the cortistatins

A stereocontrolled synthesis of a complex pentacycle embodying the molecular architecture of the cortistatin class of natural products was achieved from the (+)-Hajos−Parrish ketone. The cornerstone of our approach is a hypervalent iodine induced tandem intramolecular oxidative dearomatization and nitrile oxide cycloaddition. The manner in which these ring formations were orchestrated has yielded a rather concise strategy for synthesis.
Effect of overwinter feeding regimen on body weight, body composition and resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish, Ictarulus punctatus☆

Year-1 (average 22 g) and year-2 (average 420 g) channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were managed in ponds under three winter feeding regimens: continuous feeding from November 1 through April 23; partial feeding (no feed December, January and February); and no feeding. Weight change, body fat, dressing yield (measured in year-2 fish only), condition factor and muscle fiber size were not significantly different between partially-fed and full-fed fish but were significantly lower in the nonfed fish in both age groups. Nonfed year-1 fish were less resistant to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge while nonfed year-2 fish were significantly more resistant to E. ictaluri challenge than the two fed treatments. The study indicates that under appropriate management conditions year-1 and year-2 channel catfish not fed during December, January and February may weigh the same in the spring as those fed continuously over winter. The data also indicate that winter or early spring feeding may reduce the resistance of year-2 fish to E. ictaluri challenge; however, more information is needed on this subject before reduced feeding is recommended to control E. ictaluri infection.
Wideband 3D imaging radar using Archimedean spiral antennas

Ground Penetrating Radar has been applied for several years to the problem of detecting both anti-personnel and anti-tank landmines. Most of the evaluation effort has focused on obtaining the end-to-end performance metrics (e.g. Pd and pfa ) of complete detection systems. This is the third in a series of papers in which we focus on the specific performance of one critical component of GPR systems: the antenna subsystem. In this paper, we examine several free-space characteristics of Planning Systems Inc. Archimedean Spiral Antennas. Specifically, we (1) investigate a spurious signal response observed with a large metal plate reflecting target, (2) determine gain and phase properties of these antennas, (3) calculate the antennas' impulse response, and (4) image several targets to validate our approach.
Unraveling the Role of Protein-Proteins Interactions of Annexin at the Membrane

Protein-membrane interactions are a vital mechanism of propagating signals both across the membrane and between cells. One method of signal propagation is the formation of lipid microdomains that allow the preferential clustering of specific lipid types and proteins. To address this type of signal propagation, we investigated how lipid microdomains form in response to annexin binding to model membranes. Annexins bind to negatively charged (e.g., phosphatidylserine [PS]) membranes in a calcium-dependent manner and lead to the formation of PS-enriched microdomains in supported planar bilayers. Two distinct mechanisms of signal propagation via protein-lipid binding are addressed. First, we hypothesize that proteins can transmit binding information via the ordering of the lipid acyl chains upon binding. Alternatively, we predict that when a protein binds a specific lipid preferentially, protein-protein interactions are enhanced on a membrane surface. The role of lipid acyl chain ordering and protein-protein interactions as distinct mechanisms of signal propagation through lipid binding will be illustrated.
Radioimmunoassay for phencyclidine: Application to kinetic analysis in the rat

Abstract We report the development of a radioimmunoassay for phencyclidine (PCP) that is simple, rapid and sensitive to 0.5 ng/ml. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against the hapten, N-succinyl-3-aminophencyclidine. These antibodies proved to be very specific for PCP and exhibited less than 4% cross reactivity with the drug's two major metabolites. The assay was used for kinetic analysis of PCP in the rat following subcutaneous injection of 5 mg/kg of the drug. Serum and brain tissues were analyzed for PCP and the respective half lives were calculated to be 36 and 29 min for the α phase and 130 and 121 min for the β phase. The accuracy of the method was verified by concomitant assay of a number of kinetic samples by gas chromatography employing a nitrogen-phosphorus detector.
Fabrication and Characterization of NiO Bicrystals

Fabrication of NiO bicrystals having Σ5 (310) and Σ13 (510) coincidence-site tilt boundaries was successfully carried out by a CVT (Chemical Vapor Transport) method. The CVT method was a very advantageous way to grow ultra pure crystals since it preferentially transported NiO from the source pellet to the substrate by reaction with a HCl carrying gas. Single crystal MgO was used as a substrate for epitaxial growth of NiO as the readily available MgO crystals have only a 1% lattice mismatch with NiO. Moreover, MgO is soluble in acids while NiO is not. This permitted removal of the substrate crystal after growth to provide a free-standing NiO crystal. Using two single crystals of MgO with the desired tilt orientation as a substrate, NiO bicrystals were fabricated at growth rates greater than 100 μm/hour at 1,400K using 250 torr of HCI(g) as a carrying agent. The purity of the epitaxial NiO crystals was determined by mass spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. The grain boundary in the bicrystals is exactly perpendicular to the (100) growth surface. Highly-reflective facets along the growth direction suggest high mechanical quality. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the Σ13 boundary revealed structure at the atomic scale that provided no evidence for segregated phases.
Modulating Radiation Resistance by Inhibiting Ribonucleotide Reductase in Cancers with Virally or Mutationally Silenced p53 Protein

Abstract Kunos, C. A., Chiu, S., Pink, J. and Kinsella, T. J. Modulating Radiation Resistance by Inhibiting Ribonucleotide Reductase in Cancers with Virally or Mutationally Silenced p53 Protein. Therapeutic ionizing radiation damages DNA, increasing p53-regulated ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) activity required for de novo synthesis of the deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates used during DNA repair. This study investigated the pharmacological inhibition of RNR in cells of virally or mutationally silenced p53 cancer cell lines using 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP, Triapine®, NSC #663249), a chemotherapeutic radiosensitizer that equally inhibits RNR M2 and p53R2 small subunits. The effects of 3-AP on RNR inhibition and resulting radiosensitization were evaluated in cervical (CaSki, HeLa and C33-a) and colon (RKO, RKO-E6) cancer cells. 3-AP treatment significantly enhanced radiation-related cytotoxicity in cervical and colon cancer cells. 3-AP treatment significantly decreased RNR acti...
Cell cycle analysis of amount and distribution of nuclear DNA topoisomerase I as determined by fluorescence digital imaging microscopy.

Fluorescence digital imaging microscopy (FDIM) has been used to perform a cell cycle analysis of both the amount and the distribution of nuclear DNA topoisomerase I in individual CEM human leukemia cells. Cells were stained by indirect immunofluorescence methods using a polyclonal antiserum generated with a 21-amino-acid peptide representing amino acids 219–239 of human topoisomerase I. Immunohistochemical staining was followed by staining with Hoechst dye 33342, allowing DNA content to be determined in each cell. Cell cycle analysis showed that nuclear topoisomerase I content doubled (2.2-fold increase) as the cells progressed from G1 to G2/M phases of the cell cycle. However, when normalized for nuclear size, topoisomerase I content per nuclear area remained almost constant (1.3-fold increase). For comparison, we measured the amount of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a protein whose expression fluctuates during the cell cycle. Nuclear PCNA content increased 2.7-fold from G1 to S phase, then declined in G2/M- phases, whereas PCNA content per nuclear area increased 1.7-fold from G1 to S phase. We also measured topoisomerase I content in leucine-deprived cells to determine if altered growth conditions affect topoisomerase I protein expression. Compared to CEM cells in logarithmic growth, leucine-deprived CEM cells had 1.8-fold less topoisomerase I content per nuclear area. Subnuclear distribution studies of proliferating CEM cells showed topoisomerase I to be localized predominantly in the nucleoli throughout the cell cycle. In contrast, leucine-deprived cells exhibited a perinuclear distribution of topoisomerase I. Our results show that FDIM is a useful technique in determining the cell cycle position and both the content and the distribution of topoisomerase I as well as other nuclear proteins in individual cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pairing symmetry and long-range pair potential in a weak-coupling theory of superconductivity

We study the superconducting phase with two-component order-parameter scenario, such as ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}{+e}^{i\ensuremath{\theta}}{s}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}},$ where $\ensuremath{\alpha}{=xy,x}^{2}{+y}^{2}.$ We show that in absence of orthorhombocity, the usual ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ does not mix with usual ${s}_{{x}^{2}{+y}^{2}}$ symmetry gap in an anisotropic band structure. But the ${s}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ symmetry does mix with the usual d-wave symmetry for $\ensuremath{\theta}=0.$ The d-wave symmetry with higher harmonics present in it also mixes with higher-order extended s-wave symmetry. The required pair potential to obtain higher anisotropic ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ and extended s-wave symmetries is derived by considering longer ranged two-body attractive potential in the spirit of tight-binding lattice. We demonstrate that the dominant pairing symmetry changes drastically from d- to s-like as the attractive pair potential is obtained from longer ranged interaction. More specifically, a typical length scale of interaction $\ensuremath{\xi},$ which could be even/odd multiples of lattice spacing, leads to predominant $s/d$-wave symmetry. The role of long-range interaction on pairing symmetry has further been emphasized by studying the typical interplay in the temperature dependencies of these higher-order d- and s-wave pairing symmetries.
High temperature hydrogenolysis of bibenzyl

Abstract Bibenzyl was pyrolysed in the gas phase, in the presence of a large excess of hydrogen at 600–850 °C. Products formed were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and styrene; no stilbene or phenanthrene were formed. The yield of toluene decreased with increasing temperature, that of benzene increased, that of ethylbenzene dropped to zero and that of styrene slowly decreased. The decrease in toluene plus ethylbenzene yield was roughly equal to the increase in benzene yield. The apparent pseudo first order ‘activation energy’ for loss of bibenzyl under these conditions is 10.2 ± 0.8 kcal mol −1 . The nature of products formed, their variation with increasing temperature and the low activation energy can be interpreted in terms of a radical chain mechanism in which the chain carrier is the hydrogen atom.