cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal current and voltage trajectories for minimum energy consumption in batch electrodialysis

Cost-effective operations of a batch electrodialyzer for removal of salt from a single salt solution are investigated. It is desired to minimize the operating cost for a particular batch. The operating cost for an electrodialysis (ED) stack is comprised of cost related to energy consumption and cost of maintenance of the ED stack. In effective operations of an ED stack, the maintenance cost is a small fraction of the total operating cost. The bulk of the operating cost is therefore proportional to total energy consumption, which is the sum of the electrical energy needed for salt removal and the energy required to pump various solutions through the ED stack. For fixed feed composition and the desired percent salt recovery, the total energy required is influenced by trajectories of current flowing through and the voltage applied across the ED stack and the operating time. In this regard, the following operations are studied: (I) constant current operation, (II) constant voltage operation, (III) constant current operation followed by constant voltage operation, (IV) constant voltage operation followed by constant current operation, and (V) operation with time-variant current and voltage. For arbitrary relations among salt concentration, current utilization, and stack resistance, optimal current and voltage trajectories that lead to minimum energy requirement are identified for each of the five operations. It is established analytically that operation V is superior to operations III and IV, which in turn are superior to operations I and II. Numerical illustrations reveal that the performance differences in these operations are enhanced as the percent salt recovery is increased.
HOW SUBJECTIVITY IS TRUTH IN THE CONCLUDING UNSCIENTIFIC POSTSCRIPT

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the text of the Concluding Unscientific Postscript in order to clarify Kierkegaard's position that subjectivity is truth. The topic is obviously central to an understanding of the theological epis? temology both in the Postscript and throughout his larger corpus. Since Kierkegaard is a dialectical thinker concerned with exploring the polarity subjectivity and objectivity, it will be useful to turn first to objectivity in order to discern what subjectivity is not. Objectivity does not stand alone apart from subjectivity or refer to some? thing existing in itself. Objectivity in this scheme is primarily the choice of a subject to orient oneself both toward the world and toward oneself in a particular manner. Objectivity is a freely chosen stance, an activity that moves away from concern with the subject and moves toward the object as its locus. The subject in order to be faithful to an objective stance must withdraw or abstract away from his or her existence in order to reflect the
An empirical formula for an accurate evaluation of the flux density of net radiation

Abstract The two more widely used formulae for the time distribution of the shortwave absorbed radiation are discussed and compared with field data in order to evaluate the net radiative flux on a horizontal surface. A very good agreement with the observed values is obtained by introducing into the formula for the shortwave input, a time-dependent non-dimensional parameter modifying the hour angle towards greater effective values, depending on atmospheric conditions, albedo variations and longwave balance.
Assimilation of Internet-based purchasing applications within medical practices

The changing shape of the traditional buyer-supplier relationship between independent medical practices, or office-based physicians, and medical industry suppliers has prompted the proliferation of Internet-based purchasing applications. Healthcare informatics researchers believe that such systems hold great promise for improving the efficiency of medical organizations. We surveyed 216 medical practice adopters of electronic purchasing, to assess the post-adoption benefits following system assimilation. Results showed that Internet-based purchasing applications had a positive impact on both claims management and operational performance outcomes. Moreover, we found that compatibility, facilitating conditions, the IT infrastructure, and preference item purchasing were necessary antecedents to effective Internet-based purchasing application assimilation.
Participation in social activities among adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder.

Background Little is known about patterns of participation in social activities among adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The objectives were to report nationally representative (U.S.) estimates of participation in social activities among adolescents with an ASD, to compare these estimates to other groups of adolescents with disabilities, and examine correlates of limited social participation. Methods and Findings We analyzed data from wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2, a large cohort study of adolescents enrolled in special education. Three comparison groups included adolescents with learning disabilities, mental retardation, and speech/language impairments. Adolescents with an ASD were significantly more likely never to see friends out of school (43.3%), never to get called by friends (54.4%), and never to be invited to social activities (50.4%) when compared with adolescents from all the other groups. Correlates of limited social participation included low family income and having impairments in conversational ability, social communication, and functional cognitive skills. Conclusions Compared with prior research, our study significantly expands inquiry in this area by broadening the range of social participation indicators examined, increasing the external validity of findings, focusing on the under-studied developmental stage of adolescence, and taking an ecological approach that included many potential correlates of social participation. There were notable differences in social participation by income, a dimension of social context seldom examined in research on ASDs.
Purification and Properties of Poliovirus Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid.

HeLa cells infected with poliovirus contain a double-stranded RNA with a sedimentation coefficient of about 18 s. This RNA can be separated from single-stranded RNA either by repeated sucrose gradient fractionation at two different salt concentrations or by its solubility in 2 M -LiCl. Fifty per cent of the double-stranded RNA will hybridize with viral RNA, and the base ratios of the double-stranded RNA and the hybridizable fraction are in agreement with a structure containing one strand of viral RNA and one strand with a complementary base sequence.
Microstructural and Ferroelectric Properties of a Chemical Solution Deposited Epitaxial PbZr0.5 Ti0.5O3 Thin Film on a SrRuO3/SrTiO3 Substrate

Epitaxial PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 (PZT) thin films were grown on top of a SrRuO3 epitaxial electrode layer on a (100) SrTiO3 substrate by the chemical solution deposition method at 600 °C. The microstructure of the PZT thin film was investigated by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, and the ferroelectric properties were measured using the Ag/PZT/SRO capacitor structure. The PZT thin film has the epitaxial orientational relationship of (001) [010]PZT ║ (001) [010]SRO ║ (001) [010]STO with the substrate. The remnant (Pr) and saturation polarization (Ps) density were measured to be Pr ~ 51.4 µC/cm2 and Ps ~ 62.1 µC/cm2 at 5 V, respectively. Ferroelectric fatigue measurements show that the net-switching polarization begins to drop (to 98% of its initial value) after 7 × 108 cycles.
Methods for investigating the neural components of insight

The authors describe how they have used visual-hemifield and event-related neuroimaging approaches to study their theory specifying some of the neural components of insight. A set of problems developed by the authors, and the use of solvers' self reports of insight, are presented to argue that advances in our understanding of insight are being unnecessarily stifled by over reliance on traditional insight problems and a widespread failure to determine whether insight has occurred on a solution-by-solution basis.
Hospital-wide distribution of nuclear medicine studies through a broadband digital network.

Nuclear medicine provides a good environment for the evaluation of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) because of the relatively small quantity of digital data that are generated, leading to reduced requirements for storage, display, and transmission compared with those found in radiology. The PACS in nuclear medicine is characterized by use of a single computer as a central storage, display, and analysis node. Images are acquired with use of small, low-cost computers attached to each camera. This network configuration offers advantages of convenience, but with great reliance on a single computer. A campus-wide picture network is under development at Washington University employing broad-band cable television technology supplemented by baseband Ethernet (Digital Equipment Corp, Maynard, MA) components. All areas of diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine are connected via a PACS testbed project. A radiology information system, supporting over 250 terminals, provides digital tracking of patients and report generation and retrieval. A new image workstation is under development in conjunction with Digital Equipment Corp. This system will permit display in multiple windows of report information and images from various modalities. A lung scan demonstration project is now beginning that is designed to test the value of a PACS in nuclear medicine. Digitally acquired chest radiographs will be displayed on an image workstation in nuclear medicine along with digital ventilation and perfusion lung scans. It is hoped that time-consuming logistic bottlenecks now encountered in lung scan interpretation will be reduced.
Feasibility of mobile satellite service in Alaska

Abstract Mobile satellite service, expected to be available in North America within a few years, appears to hold great potential for Alaska, particularly in areas away from population centres. This article examines several specific applications which are of interest to Alaska state agencies, and explores the implications of using the new service in these applications. An economic analysis is presented which compares the cost of mobile satellite service with the costs of alternative systems. In Alaska, as elsewhere, the implementation decision must be based on comparisons of both the costs and the operating characteristics of competing systems.
Diagrammatic approach to meson-meson scattering in the nonrelativistic quark potential model.

In this paper we use Born-order quark-exchange diagrams in a nonrelativistic potential model to describe low-energy scattering of $q\overline{q}$ mesons. A formalism for evaluating quark Born diagrams is developed, and as a first application we consider meson-meson scattering in channels in which $q\overline{q}$ annihilation is thought to be unimportant. In particular our results are relevant to $I=2 \ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $I=1 \mathrm{KK}$ elastic scattering. Simple rules for the Born diagrams are given, which allow the evaluation of scattering amplitudes in terms of external meson wave functions by inspection. These techniques are applied to systems having identical quarks, and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, ${K}^{+}{K}^{+}$, and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{+}$ elastic scattering phase shifts, cross sections, and equivalent potentials are derived as examples. The $S$-wave $I=2 \ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ phase shift for a Gaussian $q\overline{q}$ wave function with conventional quark model parameters ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$, ${m}_{q}$, and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{SHO}}$ is found to be in good agreement with experiment and with Weinberg's PCAC (partial conservation of axial-vector current) result. At higher energies the predicted differential cross sections have the characteristic diffractive features of an exponential $t$ peak at small angles and vacuum quantum number exchange. The phase of the predicted amplitude however differs from the experimental diffractive amplitude, so these quark Born diagrams cannot be directly identified with the "Pomeron" of diffractive scattering phenomenology.
C3b Receptor in Normal Human Skin

Receptors for C3b in normal skin were studied. C3b was produced by treating normal human serum with cobra venom factor and by partial digestion of purified C3 with trypsin. Cryostat sections of normal human skin were incubated with C3b, followed by a direct immunofluorescent technique using monospecific goat antihuman C3. The histologic localization of C3b fluorescence was ascertained by fixing cryostat sections with glutaraldehyde and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The following structures showed staining with anti-C3: (1) endothelial cells in capillaries, larger vessels, and arteries, (2) smooth muscle in arrector pilori muscles and artery walls, and (3) myoepithelial cells in the secretory portion of sweat glands. C3b did not bind to the intercellular substance nor to the basement membrane zone in normal human skin. Normal human sera treated with EDTA, EGTA, and heat (56°C for 30 min) were negative, as was purified C3 by itself, thus indicating that native C3 did not bind to these receptors. Specificity for C3/ C3b was shown by blocking with both unconjugated rabbit antihuman C3 and purified C3. The endothelial C3b receptor may have an important role in the localization of immune complexes in cutaneous vasculitis.
lipids and Ultrastructure of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 26185

As a representative of a genus with species considered to be potential commercial producers of the nutritionally important polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 26185 was investigated to determine its potential for DHA production and lipid composition. Cells from liquid shake cultures contained 32% (w/w) lipid, 18% of which was nonsaponifiable lipid. The major saturated fatty acids (14∶0 and 16∶0) comprised up to 59% of the total fatty acids, and DHA was up to 25% after 6 d incubation. Squalene represented 63% of the nonsaponifiable lipid, and cholesterol composed 41% of the total sterols. The phospholipids expected for eucaryotic microbes were detected with phosphatidylcholine as the major phospholipid at 76% of the total. The ultrastructure of this species was similar to other Thraustochytrium species except that the cells did not have surface scales and they contained unusual membrane-like structures that appeared to be associated with oil formation.
The influence of estrogen on plasma prolactin levels induced by Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone (TRH), clonidine and serotonin in ovariectomized rats

Abstract Prolactin levels were determined in the plasma of ovariectomized and ovariectomized estrogen treated rats by RIA following intraarterial injection of TRH, (1 and 10 μg/rat), clonidine (5 mg/kg) and serotonin (10 mg/kg). In ovariectomized rats, TRH had no effect on plasma prolactin whereas serotonin and clonidine induced slight and moderate increases respectively. In contrast, TRH induced a significant increase in plasma prolactin in estrogen-treated rats while the effects of the other two agents were enhanced only slightly (clonidine) or very markedly (serotonin). These results indicate that the prolactin-releasing activity of TRH is dependent on estrogen and that estrogen differentially affects noradrenergic and serotonergic components of the neuroendocrine mechanism that controls prolactin. It is also suggested that clonidine and serotonin probably do not increase plasma prolactin by releasing endogenous TRH.
Pattern and Person: Ornament, Society, and Self in Classical China – By Martin J. Powers

This book is an elegant and scholarly monograph that traces the historical relationship between ornament and personhood in China between the fifth and second centuries B.C. Asserting that the graph...
Religion, nature, science education and the epistemology of dialectics

In his article Scientists at Play in a Field of the Lord, David Long (2010) rightly challenges our presumptions of what science is and brings forth some of the disjunctures between science and deeply held American religious beliefs. Reading his narrative of the conflicts that he experienced on the opening day of the Creation Museum, I cannot help but reconsider what the epistemology of science is and science learning ought to be. Rather than science being taught as a prescribed, deterministic system of beliefs and procedures as it is often done, I suggest instead that it would be more appropriate to teach science as a way of thinking and making sense of dialectical processes in nature. Not as set of ultimate “truths”, but as understandings of processes themselves in the process of simultaneously becoming and being transformed.
Recent advances in understanding stratospheric dynamics and transport processes: Application of satellite data to their interpretation

The present paper discusses the use of the transformed Eulerian (or 'residual') mean-flow formulation, the Eliassen-Palm flux, and Ertel's potential vorticity to provide an increased understanding of wave, mean-flow interactions, and constituent transport processes in the stratosphere. Temperature and ozone data retrieved from radiance profiles obtained by the LIMS instrument on the Nimbus 7 satellite are utilized in conjunction with these theoretical concepts for the interpretation of phenomena that occurred during the major and minor warmings of January-February 1979. The results illustrate the insight provided by these concepts and demonstrate that useful diagnostic quantities can be derived from global satellite temperature fields.
A Colorful Investigation of a Diprotic Acid: A General Chemistry Laboratory Exercise

A general chemistry laboratory experiment that can be completed in a single laboratory period is described that familiarizes students with the acid—base chemistry of a diprotic acid and with the use of visible spectroscopy to determine species concentrations. This experiment is a modified version of a previously described laboratory exercise developed for an upper-division quantitative analysis course. Students work in teams and as a class to generate different ionization states of various highly absorbing dyes. Both spectroscopic and potentiometric (pH) data is collected using LabWorks II stations, but other inexpensive pH meters and visible spectrometers (e.g., Spec 20s) are suitable. A spreadsheet template is used to determine the percent composition of various ionization states of a diprotic acid and to determine the pKa values. Besides introducing students to fundamental tools and key chemical concepts, this laboratory is also inexpensive to operate and utilizes nontoxic, colorful solutions.
Sensor complexes regulating two-component signal transduction

Two-component signal transduction systems consisting of a sensor histidine kinase and a response regulator/transcription factor interpret a multitude of environmental and cellular signals and coordinate the expression of a wide array of genes in bacteria. Signal recognition by sensor histidine kinases is the province of a sensor complex consisting of several protein domains that together serve to augment or attenuate the activity of the histidine kinase and thereby of gene expression. Recent investigations have shown the diverse strategies bacteria use to assemble protein domains into the sensor complexes to accomplish signaling. Structural studies of such domains are leading to an understanding of the mechanisms by which sensor complexes recognize signals and regulate kinase activity.
Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: Rare and difficult to diagnose

Background: We review our experience with a recent cluster of three cases of rare desmoplastic malignant melanoma (DMM). Objective: Our purpose is to alert clinicians to this rare tumor and the difficulty in clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. Methods: The clinical presentation and steps necessary to establish diagnosis are outlined. A literature review on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is presented. Results: Two thirds of DMM are amelanotic and may appear only as a dermal nodule or thickening. Diagnosis can be made with the combination of light microscopy and immunopathology. Treatment consists of surgical excision. Lymph node dissection should be considered only when histologically positive regional nodes are present. Conclusion: The diagnosis of DMM may be difficult when based only on clinical expectation of melanoma and light microscopy findings. A strong clinical suspicion of DMM coupled with immunologic studies will establish the diagnosis.
An Exploratory Study of the Influence of Sales Training Content and Salesperson Evaluation on Salesperson Adaptive Selling, Customer Orientation, Listening, and Consulting Behaviors

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the possible impact of the content of consulting oriented sales training and evaluation on salesperson behaviors, based upon the perceptions of salespeople. The behaviors studied were adaptive selling, customer orientation, listening, and consulting. Four hundred and twenty non‐retail salespeople were surveyed. Results indicated that listening behaviors positively influence customer orientation behaviors, which, in turn, influence adaptive selling behaviors, which influence listening behaviors, resulting in a feedback loop of reinforcing behaviors. Consulting oriented salesperson evaluation is a stronger influence on salesperson behaviors, compared to sales training. Contrary to expectations, consulting oriented sales training did not have a significant impact on salesperson behaviors. Comparing the salesperson's responses to the responses of sales managers in another study indicated differing correlations of the variables of interest. The authors discu...
Developing Student Competence in Self-Directed IEPs

Self-directed Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) allow students to assume leadership and become actively involved in the decisions made at their IEP meetings. This article describes how throu...
Constructing Highly Incident Configurations

A geometric (q,k)-configuration is a collection of points and straight lines in the Euclidean plane in which each point lies on q lines and each line passes through k points. We say a (q,k)-configuration is highly incident when one (or both) of q or k is strictly greater than 4. In this paper, two simple lemmas are used to construct infinite classes of (2q,2k)-configurations for any q,k≥2; the resulting configurations have non-trivial dihedral symmetry. In particular, this construction produces the only known infinite class of symmetric 6-configurations.
Dioxo-bridged dinuclear manganese(III) and -(IV) complexes of pyridyl donor tripod ligands: combined effects of steric substitution and chelate ring size variations on structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties.

The syntheses and structural, spectral, and electrochemical characterization of the dioxo-bridged dinuclear Mn(III) complexes [LMn(mo-O)(2)MnL](ClO(4))(2), of the tripodal ligands tris(6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)amine (L(1)) and bis(6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)amine (L(2)), and the Mn(II) complex of bis(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)(6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)amine (L(3)) are described. Addition of aqueous H(2)O(2) to methanol solutions of the Mn(II) complexes of L(1) and L(2) produced green solutions in a fast reaction from which subsequently precipitated brown solids of the dioxo-bridged dinuclear complexes 1 and 2, respectively, which have the general formula [LMn(III)(mu-O)(2)Mn(III)L](ClO(4))(2). Addition of 30% aqueous H(2)O(2) to the methanol solution of the Mn(II) complex of L(3) ([Mn(II)L(3)(CH(3)CN)(H(2)O)](ClO(4))(2) (3)) showed a very sluggish change gradually precipitating an insoluble black gummy solid, but no dioxo-bridged manganese complex is produced. By contrast, the Mn(II) complex of the ligand bis(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (L(3a)) has been reported to react with aqueous H(2)O(2) to form the dioxo-bridged Mn(III)Mn(IV) complex. In cyclic voltammetric experiments in acetonitrile solution, complex 1 shows two reversible peaks at E(1/2) = 0.87 and 1.70 V (vs Ag/AgCl) assigned to the Mn(III)(2) Mn(III)Mn(IV) and the Mn(III)Mn(IV) Mn(IV)(2) processes, respectively. Complex 2 also shows two reversible peaks, one at E(1/2) = 0.78 V and a second peak at E(1/2) = 1.58 V (vs Ag/AgCl) assigned to the Mn(III)(2) Mn(III)Mn(IV) and Mn(III)Mn(IV) Mn(IV)(2) redox processes, respectively. These potentials are the highest so far observed for the dioxo-bridged dinuclear manganese complexes of the type of tripodal ligands used here. The bulk electrolytic oxidation of complexes 1 and 2, at a controlled anodic potential of 1.98 V (vs Ag/AgCl), produced the green Mn(IV)(2) complexes that have been spectrally characterized. The Mn(II) complex of L(3) shows a quasi reversible peak at an anodic potential of E(p,a) of 1.96 V (vs Ag/AgCl) assigned to the oxidation Mn(II) to Mn(III) complex. It is about 0.17 V higher than the E(p,a) of the Mn(II) complex of L(3a). The higher oxidation potential is attributable to the steric effect of the methyl substituent at the 6-position of the pyridyl donor of L(3).
Therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia with interferon.

AbstractChronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder resulting from neoplastic transformation at the level of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (1). The hallmark of CML is a shortened chromosome 22, termed the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, which results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22—t(9;22)(q34;q11) (2,3). Ph-positive CML is characterized by a multistep evolutionary course. The disease inexorably progresses from a benign or chronic phase lasting an average of 3.5 years to a terminal blast transformation phase (4). The invariably fatal outcome of CML cannot be altered by chemother-apeutic agents which control the proliferative thrust of the benign phase but do not affect the Ph chromosome. Although ablative chemoradiotherapy followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation can be curative, this option is only available to young patients with histocom-patible siblings. Therefore, exploration of other therapeutic approaches is warranted.
Intracellular effects on Tetrahymena pyriformis following exposure to preimmune and immune fluids: light and transmission electron microscopical observations.

Abstract Nonimmune sera or ascites fluids induce the formation of large and small bodies in the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis as seen by light microscopy. Staining indicates that the large bodies are polysaccharide and the small ones lipid. The large bodies generally cannot be identified by transmission electron microscopy, while the small bodies appear to be lipid drops. Immune fluids agglutinate and immobilize the protozoa, which later become ensheathed within an exudate derived from these protozoa. As long as the ciliates remain agglutinated and ensheathed, the large bodies do not appear but do so when the animals leave the clumps and again are swimming freely. The present study is concerned with identifying the large bodies either as food vacuoles or as endocytic vacuoles formed by coalescing food vacuoles and pinocytic vacuoles or as new structures. The addition of latex particles to ciliates exposed to preimmune or immune fluids in the presence or absence of cytochalasin B, a drug which reportedly inhibits food vacuole formation, has not yet allowed the further identification of the large body structures.
Electroglottographic evaluation of gender and vowel effects during modal and vocal fry phonation.

Two unique characteristics of vocal fry register are the occurrence of multiple opening and closing phases occurring within one vibratory cycle and a similar vocal fundamental frequency (F0) betwee...
Exorcising doubts about religious bioethics.

We agree with Murphy (2012) that self-critical bioethical discourse is vital for the field's health and maturation, and that religious bioethics is no exception, for it too needs to be held account...
Biosensing platform with tapered optical microfibers: new results

Our research demonstrates the design and fabrication of a biosensor based on the tapered optical fiber. The fiber is tapered biconically to a diameter of approximately 7 μm, which allows the evanescent field of propagating light to interact with molecules attached to the tapered surface. This sensing platform is capable of fast, continuous, specific, sensitive, and label-free molecular detection in the aqueous phase. Detection is demonstrated across multiple fibers, and the individual fibers are reusable. The system described previously has been modified for detection of volatile organic compounds. The fabrication of the modified design is also shown with preliminary results.
The effect of anesthesia on the photoresponses of four sympatric species of Drosophila

Five isofemale strains from each of four sympatric species,Drosophila immigrans, D. repleta, D. melanogaster, andD. affinis, were lightly anesthetized with ether, CO2, Flynap, or cold temperature. The photoresponse of each treatment group was measured in an open field and a Y-tube apparatus. Relative light values were compared with those of the unanesthetized control groups of each species, as well as among the different treatments themselves and among species. Significant differences between species were apparent for all treatments in the Y-tube and for all treatments except ether and CO2 in the open field. Response to anesthesia may differ between species due, in part, to their differing genotypes. Comparing treatment groups within species in the Y-tube design, all species exceptD. melanogaster showed significant differences between treatments. In the open field, onlyD. affinis was significantly affected. Particularly in the Y-tube, anesthetized flies generally differed significantly from the controls, indicating that the use of anesthesia during a behavioral study could cause deviations in behavior from that of normal unanesthetized flies.
Fish Heads, Fish Heads: An Experiment on Differential Bone Preservation in a Salmonid Fish

Abstract An experiment modelling the effects of cooking and soil pH on salmonid bone survival was completed using cleaned Lake Whitefish bones. The experiment tested for preservation differences between head parts and vertebrae and between raw, boiled, and moderately burned bone under both acidic and alkaline conditions. Elements were submerged in aqueous solution for 24-h periods, removed, dried, weighed, and re-immersed. Resulting weight and element loss curves for acidic conditions suggest that (1) head parts are destroyed more quickly than vertebrae, and (2) element destruction increases with heating intensity. Under alkaline conditions, broadly similar trends were observed, but at reduced rates.
Calcium-dependent interaction of Lis1 with IQGAP1 and Cdc42 promotes neuronal motility

Lis1 gene defects impair neuronal migration, causing the severe human brain malformation lissencephaly. Although much is known about its interactions with microtubules, microtubule-binding proteins such as CLIP-170, and with the dynein motor complex, the response of Lis1 to neuronal motility signals has not been elucidated. Lis1 deficiency is associated with deregulation of the Rho-family GTPases Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA, and ensuing actin cytoskeletal defects, but the link between Lis1 and Rho GTPases remains unclear. We report here that calcium influx enhances neuronal motility through Lis1-dependent regulation of Rho GTPases. Lis1 promotes Cdc42 activation through interaction with the calcium sensitive GTPase scaffolding protein IQGAP1, maintaining the perimembrane localization of IQGAP1 and CLIP170 and thereby tethering microtubule ends to the cortical actin cytoskeleton. Lis1 thus is a key component of neuronal motility signal transduction that regulates the cytoskeleton by complexing with IQGAP1, active Cdc42 and CLIP-170 upon calcium influx.
Toward robust moment invariants for image registration

We apply pattern recognition techniques to enhance the robustness of moment-invariants-based image classifiers. Moment invariants exhibit variations under transformations that do not preserve the original image function, such as geometrical transformations involving interpolation. Such variations degrade the performance of classifiers due to the errors in the nearest neighbor search stage. We propose the use of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to alleviate the variations and enhance the robustness of classification. We demonstrate the improved performance in image registration applications under spatial scaling and rotation transformations.
Intralesional agents in the management of cutaneous malignancy: a review.

Intralesional agents have a role in the management of cutaneous malignancies. In this article, the efficacy, side effects, strengths, limitations, costs, and practical considerations regarding the use of intralesional agents to treat basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, selected cutaneous lymphomas, and even metastatic melanoma are reviewed. Intralesional administration of 5-fluorouracil, interferon, interleukin-2, bleomycin with electrochemotherapy, and aminolevulinic acid with photodynamic therapy are discussed as treatment modalities in basal cell carcinoma. Interferon (∼1.5 M IU, 3 times weekly × 3 weeks) is perhaps the most widely used regimen for basal cell carcinoma. With regard to squamous cell carcinoma, treatment with 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, interferon, and bleomycin are reviewed. Methotrexate (∼0.3-2.0 mL of 12.5 or 25 mg/mL, two injections ∼2 weeks apart) was perhaps the most widely used agent. Interferon (3 M IU × 3 times weekly for ∼8.5 weeks) and rituximab (10-30 mg per lesion, 3 times weekly for 1 week, possibly repeated 4 weeks later) are sometimes used in the management of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas, whereas in primary cutaneous CD30 + lymphoma intralesional methotrexate (0.4-0.5 mL of 50 mg/mL weekly for 2 weeks) has been used. Finally, the roles of BCG vaccine, cidofovir, rose bengal, and bleomycin with electrochemotherapy for the palliation of metastatic melanoma are reviewed. Intralesional management appears most useful when surgical intervention is not a viable option, for cases in which the cosmetic outcome may be superior, or for situations in which the side effects from systemic chemotherapeutic agents are to be minimized.
Second messenger/signal transduction pathways in major mood disorders: Moving from membrane to mechanism of action, part I: Major depressive disorder

The etiopathogenesis and treatment of major mood disorders have historically focused on modulation of monoaminergic (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) and amino acid [γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate] receptors at the plasma membrane. Although the activation and inhibition of these receptors acutely alter local neurotransmitter levels, their neuropsychiatric effects are not immediately observed. This time lag implicates intracellular neuroplasticity as primary in the mechanism of action of antidepressants and mood stabilizers. The modulation of intracellular second messenger/signal transduction cascades affects neurotrophic pathways that are both necessary and sufficient for monoaminergic and amino acid-based treatments. In this review, we will discuss the evidence in support of intracellular mediators in the pathophysiology and treatment of preclinical models of despair and major depressive disorder (MDD). More specifically, we will focus on the following pathways: cAMP/PKA/CREB, neurotrophin-mediated (MAPK and others), p11, Wnt/Fz/Dvl/GSK3β, and NFκB/ΔFosB. We will also discuss recent discoveries with rapidly acting antidepressants, which activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and release of inhibition on local translation via elongation factor stimulation. Throughout this discourse, we will highlight potential intracellular targets for therapeutic intervention. Finally, future clinical implications are discussed.
Towards flexible multi-agent decision-making under time pressure

To perform rational decision-making, autonomous agents need considerable computational resources. In multi-agent settings, when other agents are present in the environment, these demands are even more severe. We investigate ways in which the agent's knowledge and the results of deliberative decision-making can be compiled to reduce the complexity of decision-making procedures and to save time in urgent situations. We use machine learning algorithms to compile decision-theoretic deliberations into condition-action rules on how to coordinate in a multi-agent environment. Using different learning algorithms, we endow a resource-bounded agent with a tapestry of decision making tools, ranging from purely reactive to fully deliberative ones. The agent can then select a method depending on the time constraints of the particular situation. We also propose combining the decision-making tools, so that, for example, more reactive methods serve as a pre-processing stage to the more accurate but slower deliberative decision-making ones. We validate our framework with experimental results in simulated coordinated defense. The experiments show that compiling the results of decision-making saves deliberation time while offering good performance in our multi-agent domain.
Simultaneous Inductive and Deductive Modeling of Ecological Systems via Evolutionary Computation and Information Theory

The addition of two emerging technologies (evolutionary computation and ecoinformatics) to computational ecology can advance our ability to build better ecological models and thus deepen our understanding of the mechanistic complexity of ecological systems. This article describes one feasible approach toward this goal-the combining of inductive and deductive modeling techniques with the optimizing power of simple algorithms of Darwinian evolution that include information-theoretic model selection methods. Specifically, the author shows a way to extend classic genetic algorithms beyond typical parameter fitting of a single, previously chosen model to a more flexible technique that can work with a suite of possible models. Inclusion of the Akaike information-theoretic model selection method within an evolutionary algorithm makes it possible to accomplish simultaneous parameter fitting and parsimonious model selection.Experiments with synthetic data show the feasibility of this approach, and experiments with time-series field data of the zebra mussel invasion of Lake Champlain (United States) result in a model of the invasion dynamics that is consistent with the known hydrodynamic features of the lake and the motile life history stage of this invasive species.The author also describes a way to extend this approach with a modified genetic programming algorithm.
Protein-assisted synthesis of single-crystal nanowires of bismuth compounds

Lysozyme, a protein, has been found to be a new morphology-directing agent and a simple and mild bio-molecule assisted method has been proposed for the synthesis of single-crystal bismuth sulfide and oxide nanowires.
The Alcohol Beverage Warning Label: When Did Knowledge Increase?

This article presents data on the awareness of the alcohol beverage warning label among a sample of 5,169 inner city African-American gravidas seeking prenatal care. While the label law was implemented in November 1989, a significant increase in knowledge of the label did not occur until March 1990. Women who predominantly consumed wine coolers and beer, and those under age 30 were more likely to know about the label than their counterparts.
Reflections of Community-College Students regarding Mentee/Instructor Teaching and Learning Effectiveness.

This investigation used data collected from students who assessed their instructors' teaching and learning effectiveness. Instructors were community-college career and technical-education faculty e...
Infants of Depressed Mothers, Although Competent Learners, Fail to Learn in Response to Their Own Mothers' Infant-Directed Speech

Depressed mothers use less of the exaggerated prosody that is typical of infant-directed (ID) speech than do nondepressed mothers. We investigated the consequences of this reduced perceptual salience in ID speech for infant learning. Infants of nondepressed mothers readily learned that their mothers' speech signaled a face, whereas infants of depressed mothers failed to learn that their mothers' speech signaled the face. Infants of depressed mothers did, however, show strong learning in response to speech produced by an unfamiliar nondepressed mother. These outcomes indicate that the reduced perceptual salience of depressed mothers' ID speech could lead to deficient learning in otherwise competent learners.
Identification of Regulatory Factors for Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Salivary Epithelial Cells in a Co-Culture System

Patients with Sjogren’s syndrome or head and neck cancer patients who have undergone radiation therapy suffer from severe dry mouth (xerostomia) due to salivary exocrine cell death. Regeneration of the salivary glands requires a better understanding of regulatory mechanisms by which stem cells differentiate into exocrine cells. In our study, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with primary salivary epithelial cells from C57BL/6 mice. Co-cultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells clearly resembled salivary epithelial cells, as confirmed by strong expression of salivary gland epithelial cell-specific markers, such as alpha-amylase, muscarinic type 3 receptor, aquaporin-5, and cytokeratin 19. To identify regulatory factors involved in this differentiation, transdifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells were analyzed temporarily by two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis, which detected 58 protein spots (>1.5 fold change, p<0.05) that were further categorized into 12 temporal expression patterns. Of those proteins only induced in differentiated mesenchymal stem cells, ankryin-repeat-domain-containing-protein 56, high-mobility-group-protein 20B, and transcription factor E2a were selected as putative regulatory factors for mesenchymal stem cell transdifferentiation based on putative roles in salivary gland development. Induction of these molecules was confirmed by RT-PCR and western blotting on separate sets of co-cultured mesenchymal stem cells. In conclusion, our study is the first to identify differentially expressed proteins that are implicated in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into salivary gland epithelial cells. Further investigation to elucidate regulatory roles of these three transcription factors in mesenchymal stem cell reprogramming will provide a critical foundation for a novel cell-based regenerative therapy for patients with xerostomia.
Particle clustering in periodically forced straining flows

Numerous biomedical and industrial applications require separation or sorting of particles in systems in which it is undesirable to allow particle adhesion to a surface, such as a centrifuge wall and a filter fibre. Such systems typically involve either adhesive particles which could easily foul such surfaces or very delicate particles as is the case with suspensions of biological cells. The current study explores an approach for particle separation based on exposure to an oscillating straining flow, which would be typical for peristaltic and other types of contractive wall motions in a channel or tube. We find that particles immersed in an oscillating straining flow are attracted to the nodal points of the straining field, a phenomenon which we refer to as ‘oscillatory clustering’. A simplified theory of this process is developed for cases with isolated particles immersed in an unbounded uniform straining flow, in which the particle motion is found to be governed by a damped Mathieu equation. Moreover, the drift velocity imposed on particles through oscillatory clustering is sufficient to suspend them against a downward gravitational force in a limit-cycle oscillatory path. Theoretical approximations for the average suspension height and oscillation amplitude are obtained. A discrete-element method (DEM) for colliding and adhesive particles is then employed to examine oscillatory clustering for more realistic systems in which particles collide with each other and with container walls. The DEM is used to examine oscillatory clustering of a particle suspension in an oscillating box and for standing peristaltic waves in a channel, both with and without particle adhesion forces and gravitational forces.
Feedback between ice flow, barotropic flow, and baroclinic flow in the presence of bottom topography

Coupling between externally driven barotropic flow and locally driven baroclinic flow in the presence of an ice cover and topography is studied. The topography is a necessary ingredient in this coupling. This study shows that the observed mesoscale activity of the ice edge seen in satellite imagery does not necessarily reflect the mesoscale baroclinic activity in the ocean. Besides oceanic eddies, the ice cover can trace the topographic changes via the coupling to the barotropic flow. A two-layer ocean model coupled to an ice model is constructed to simulate an ice-ocean system with a varying bottom topography. In the absence of wind, forcing the ice cover reflects the externally driven barotropic ocean response, especially topographically forced Taylor columns by forming ice streamers or meanders. Some of these features propagate (advected with the ocean currents) as a whole downstream, creating an image of eddy propagation even though there is no baroclinic structure underneath. When downwelling favorable winds (ice on the left from the wind direction) are turned on, in addition to this background barotropic flow, the Ekman flow in the ocean (toward the open ocean) will enhance the meandering of the ice edge due to the barotropic flow. During upwelling favorable winds, the ice edge stays rather compact, including the case when a strong baroclinic, cyclonic vortex is developing beneath an ice meander supported by the Taylor column in the ocean.
High throughput and programmable online trafficclassifier on FPGA

Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been shown to be effective in classifying the dynamic internet traffic today. Using additional features and sophisticated ML techniques can improve accuracy and can classify a broad range of application classes. Realizing such classifiers to meet high data rates is challenging. In this paper, we propose two architectures to realize complete online traffic classifier using flow-level features. First, we develop a traffic classifier based on C4.5 decision tree algorithm and Entropy-MDL discretization algorithm. It achieves an accuracy of 97.92% when classifying a traffic trace consisting of eight application classes. Next, we accelerate our classifier using two architectures on FPGA. One architecture stores the classifier in on-chip distributed RAM. It is designed to sustain a high throughput. The other architecture stores the classifier in block RAM. It is designed to operate with small hardware footprint and thus built at low hardware cost. Experimental results show that our high throughput architecture can sustain a throughput of $550$ Gbps assuming 40 Byte packet size. Our low cost architecture demonstrates a 22% better resource efficiency than the high throughput design. It can be easily replicated to achieve $449$ Gbps while supporting 160 input traffic streams concurrently. Both architectures are parameterizable and programmable to support any binary-tree-based traffic classifier. We develop a tool which allows users to easily map a binary-tree-based classifier to hardware. The tool takes a classifier as input and automatically generates the Verilog code for the corresponding hardware architecture.