cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choice of initial chemotherapy regimen in pulmonary tuberculosis.

1. Adequate initial therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis can yield excellent results and the number of failures is reduced to a minimum. In our opinion, the risk of toxic reactions from initial treatment with daily streptomycin in one gm. dosage and isoniazid at least 16 mg. per kg. of body weight, is not as serious as the risk of failure with drug resistance from the general use of conventional dosage therapy. 2. A series of cases treated with such a high dosage regimen is shown. This represents all patients, diagnosed tuberculous by culture and previously untreated, admitted to this hospital after November, 1958 and treated here at least six months. Most of these patients had far-advanced disease with extensive cavitation and sputum conversion was obtained in 100 per cent of those with a drug susceptible infection initialy. 3. The high dosage combination appears to offer definite advantages over the more conventional regimens.
Causal Explanation, Qualitative Research, and Scientific Inquiry in Education

A National Research Council report, Scientific Research in Education, has elicited considerable criticism from the education research community, but this criticism has not focused on a key assumption of the report—its Humean, regularity conception of causality. It is argued that this conception, which also underlies other arguments for “scientifically-based research,” is narrow and philosophically outdated, and leads to a misrepresentation of the nature and value of qualitative research for causal explanation. An alternative, realist approach to causality is presented that supports the scientific legitimacy of using qualitative research for causal investigation, reframes the arguments for experimental methods in educational research, and can support a more productive collaboration between qualitative and quantitative researchers.
Hypnotherapy with older adults

Persons above age 65 are a rapidly growing segment of the world's population, especially in the US. Psychotherapy with older persons has been discussed in the literature for many years, although few papers have addressed hypnosis and older adults. This paper discusses negative bias regarding the elderly, special challenges of late life, and related issues of concern to the psychotherapist. Clinical vignettes of three diverse clients demonstrate age-appropriate techniques for induction, deepening and other aspects of interactive trancework, along with relevant Ericksonian utilization techniques and strategic therapeutic techniques, that may be useful in treating anxiety, depression, and related problems. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The Milliman-Robertson Length of Stay Debate

To the Editor. In the HSIM, LOS was consistently presented as “goal LOS,” rather than “average LOS” or “maximum permissible LOS.” The goal LOSs were intended as “ambitious,” and to be applicable only to uncomplicated patients. Many contributors used the notion of goal LOS as analogous in part to the game of golf. If one considers pediatricians to be like golf pros providing professional services to the broad range of golfers, it should not be surprising that many or most receiving professional services (patients) do not achieve par. Less than 5% of the golfing population regularly shoots par on a given hole (G. Norman, personal communications, May 2000). However, I would submit that our problem in pediatrics is not with those who set par at a particular number of strokes for a golf hole or golf course, but rather with those who would set the greens fees (or reimbursement) too low, would ask the golfers to leave the course after 72 strokes, and would hold the golf pros responsible for the diversity in the performance of the golfing population and their routine failure to achieve par. Those actions would be unacceptable in golf, and by analogy, I would suggest that the pediatric community should offer strong and informed resistance to both episodic and systematic misapplications of the “goal of LOS” to their patients. Pediatric HSIM was developed as a compendium of best practices within the continuum of care for pediatric patients, and was not intended to provide the detailed medical information necessary for diagnosis or for direct patient care. HSIM was not intended as guidelines in the sense of the Institute of Medicine or the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research usage of the term. While generally referred to in the article as “guidelines”, HSIM itself uses the word …
Metabolism of androgens by the baboon kidney.

Abstract To study the role played by the kidney in androgen metabolism, a mixture of differently labeled testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was injected into the renal artery of adult male baboons and urine collected separately from each kidney. The excretory pattern obtained in the very early urine collections (5–45 min after injection) reflected the renal metabolism and/or conjugation of the androgens administered. A rapid rate of excretion of both labels occurred during the initial 15 min after injection, reflecting the renal handling of the androgens. The salient features consisted of glucuronidation of the bulk of excreted metabolites and conversion of significantly more DHT than T to 3α-androstanediol by the kidney and probable different pathways involved in the conversion of T and DHT to androsterone by extra-renal tissues. The possible significance of the results is discussed.
Randomized Trial of Endotracheal Tube Versus Laryngeal Mask Airway in Simulated Prehospital Pediatric Arrest

Objective Proficiency in airway management in children is difficult to acquire and maintain for prehospital providers. The laryngeal mask airway is a relatively new airway device. Its ease of use makes it an attractive potential alternative to endotracheal tubes in pediatrics. The objective of this study was to investigate whether, in simulated cardiopulmonary arrests in children, the use of laryngeal mask airway, compared with endotracheal tubes, results in shorter time to effective ventilation when performed by prehospital providers. Methods A randomized, crossover study was conducted in a local paramedic training program. Fifty-two emergency medical technicians agreed to participate. After a 2-hour training session, an arrest scenario was presented to each participant by using an infant-sized human patient simulator. The participants were randomly assigned first to use 1 of the 2 devices. Time to successful ventilation was recorded. Number of attempts and results were recorded. After the airway was secured successfully, the scenario was repeated with the alternative device. Results The mean +/- SD length of time to effective ventilation was 46 seconds when using endotracheal tubes and 23 seconds when using laryngeal mask airway, with a mean difference of 23 seconds. The mean number of attempts to achieve effective ventilation was 1.27 when using endotracheal tubes and 1.1 when using laryngeal mask airway. There were 9 (17%) episodes of esophageal intubations and 14 (27%) episodes of right main-stem intubations in the endotracheal tube group, and there were 5 (9.5%) episodes of malposition in the laryngeal mask airway group. Conclusions In simulated pediatric arrests, the use of laryngeal mask airway, compared with endotracheal tubes, led to more rapid establishment of effective ventilation and fewer complications when performed by prehospital providers.
Scots English and the English-lexifier creole relativizer we

We (wey, whey, way) as relativizer occurs in the English-lexifier creoles on both sides of the Atlantic, and has been assumed to originate in English what (e.g. by Cassidy and Le Page 1967: 459). Instances of this word as a relativizer in English, however, date only from the beginning of the 19th century — too late by over a century to have provided the widespread creole form. This essay examines alternative possibilities for its origin, and concludes that it must be sought in Scottish and/or northern English who. Determining its ultimate origin may shed light upon the age and development of these particular languages.
Inhibition of RecBCD enzyme by antineoplastic DNA alkylating agents.

Abstract To understand how bulky adducts might perturb DNA helicase function, three distinct DNA-binding agents were used to determine the effects of DNA alkylation on a DNA helicase. Adozelesin, ecteinascidin 743 (Et743) and hedamycin each possess unique structures and sequence selectivity. They bind to double-stranded DNA and alkylate one strand of the duplex in cis, adding adducts that alter the structure of DNA significantly. The results show that Et743 was the most potent inhibitor of DNA unwinding, followed by adozelesin and hedamycin. Et743 significantly inhibited unwinding, enhanced degradation of DNA, and completely eliminated the ability of the translocating RecBCD enzyme to recognize and respond to the recombination hotspot χ. Unwinding of adozelesin-modified DNA was accompanied by the appearance of unwinding intermediates, consistent with enzyme entrapment or stalling. Further, adozelesin also induced “apparent” χ fragment formation. The combination of enzyme sequestering and pseudo-χ modification of RecBCD, results in biphasic time-courses of DNA unwinding. Hedamycin also reduced RecBCD activity, albeit at increased concentrations of drug relative to either adozelesin or Et743. Remarkably, the hedamycin modification resulted in constitutive activation of the bottom-strand nuclease activity of the enzyme, while leaving the ability of the translocating enzyme to recognize and respond to χ largely intact. Finally, the results show that DNA alkylation does not significantly perturb the allosteric interaction that activates the enzyme for ATP hydrolysis, as the efficiency of ATP utilization for DNA unwinding is affected only marginally. These results taken together present a unique response of RecBCD enzyme to bulky DNA adducts. We correlate these effects with the recently determined crystal structure of the RecBCD holoenzyme bound to DNA.
Sperm Factor Initiates Capacitance and Conductance Changes in Mouse Eggs That Are More Similar to Fertilization Than IP3- or Ca2+-induced Changes

We used patch clamp electrophysiology and concurrent imaging with the Ca(2+)-sensitive dye, fura-2, to study the temporal relationship between membrane capacitance and conductance and intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) during mouse egg fertilization. We found an approximately 2 pF step increase in egg membrane capacitance and a minor increase in conductance with no change in [Ca(2+)](i) at sperm fusion. This was followed approximately 1 min later by a rise in [Ca(2+)](i) that led to larger changes in capacitance and conductance. The most common pattern for these later capacitance changes was an initial capacitance decrease, followed by a larger increase and eventual return to the approximate starting value. There was some variation in this pattern, and sub-microM peak [Ca(2+)](i) favored capacitance decrease, while higher [Ca(2+)](i) favored capacitance increase. The magnitude of accompanying conductance increases was variable and did not correlate well with peak [Ca(2+)](i). The intracellular introduction of porcine sperm factor reproduced the postfusion capacitance and conductance changes with a similar [Ca(2+)](i) dependence. Raising [Ca(2+)](i) by the intracellular introduction of IP(3) initiated fertilization-like capacitance changes, but the conductance changes were slower to activate. Capacitance decrease could be induced when [Ca(2+)](i) was increased modestly by activation of an endogenous Ca(2+) current, with little effect on resting conductance. These results suggest that net turnover of the mouse egg surface membrane is sensitive to [Ca(2+)](i) and that sperm and the active component of sperm factor may be doing more than initiating the IP(3)-mediated release of intracellular Ca(2+).
Macronutrient modifications of optimal foraging theory: An approach using indifference curves applied to some modern foragers

The use of energy (calories) as the currency to be maximized per unit time in Optimal Foraging Models is considered in light of data on several foraging groups. Observations on the Ache, Cuiva, and Yora foragers suggest men do notattempt to maximize energetic return rates, but instead often concentrate on acquiring meat resources which provide lower energetic returns. The possibility that this preference is due to the macronutrient composition of hunted and gathered foods is explored. Indifference curves are introduced as a means of modeling the tradeoff between two desirable commodities, meat (protein-lipid) and carbohydrate, and a specific indifference curve is derived using observed choices in five foraging situatiuons. This curve is used to predict the amount o meat that Mbuti foragers will trade for carbohydrate, in an attempt to test the utility of the approach.
Determination of Mn and Si in iron ore by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy

Abstract Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) has been evaluated for the analysis of manganese and silicon in iron ore using a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. Optimal experimental conditions for analysis were evaluated, including repetition rate, number of laser sparks on sample, and laser energy. Gate delay and gate width time were also optimized to obtain the best signal to noise ratio (SNR) and precision. The manganese and silicon atomic emission lines at 403.45 and 251.6 nm were used. The results for samples applied to double-sided tape were compared to those obtained by pressing samples into pellets and no statistical differences between them were found. The precision of samples on tape for intra-measurements (precision of averages on one slide) and inter-measurements (precision of averages between slides) were studied.
Immunohistochemical localization of environmentally induced cytochrome P450IA1 in multiple organs of the marine teleost Stenotomus chrysops (scup)

Differences in expression of cytochrome P450 forms and their functions in different organs and cell types could determine the response of those cells and organs to xenobiotics. Recently, we described the cellular localization of cytochrome P450IA1 (P450E) induced in 10 organs or organ systems of the fish, Stenotomus chrysops (scup) treated with 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl or with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran. (R. M. Smolowitz, M. E. Hahn, and J. J. Stegeman, Drug Metab. Dispos. 19, 113, 1991). Here we describe the presence and localization of P450IA1 in organs of scup sampled directly from an environment contaminated by chlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans, the outer New Bedford Harbor of Massachusetts. Western blot analysis of microsomes from selected organs (liver, kidney, gill, and heart), using monoclonal antibody 1-12-3, revealed induced levels of P450IA1 in each. The localization of P450IA1 in these and other organs was determined in sections prepared by standard histological methods and stained with MAb 1-12-3 in an indirect peroxidase labeling method. P450IA1 was detected in multiple cell types in liver, including hepatic, pancreatic, and vascular tissue. Kidney and gut also showed prominent P450IA1 levels in epithelial structures and in vascular endothelial cells. Specific staining was detected in endothelial cells, but not other cell types, in heart, gill, spleen, testis, ovary, nose, and brain. In heart, the staining was present in the endocardium of atrium and ventricle, and endothelium of the coronary vasculature and great vessels. The results demonstrate that P450IA proteins are induced in many organs of fish exposed to environmental chemicals in the wild, with patterns of cellular localization like those seen in fish experimentally treated with known inducers. The strong staining of P450IA1 in endothelial cells in all organs examined supports experimental results indicating that endothelium is a major site of P450IA1 induction. Our results indicate further that immunohistochemistry is a useful method for detecting P450 induction as a biomarker for exposure.
EVA-Layered Double Hydroxide (Nano)Composites: Mechanism of Fire Retardancy

Abstract Composites of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer with two different layered double hydroxides have been obtained by melt blending and these have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, thermogravimetric analysis connected to mass spectroscopy and cone calorimetry. There is some small difference in dispersion between the zinc-containing and the magnesium-containing layered double hydroxides in EVA, but both these are microcomposites with good dispersion at the micrometer level and relatively poor dispersion at the nanometer level. There is a good reduction in the peak heat release rate at 10% LDH loading. In addition to chain stripping, which involves the simultaneous loss of both acetate and a hydrogen atom, forming acetic acid, and the formation of poly(ethylene-co-acetylene), side chain fragmentation of the acetate group also occurs and may be the dominant pathway of thermal degradation in the first step. The presence of the LDH causes acetone, rather than acetic acid, to be evolved in the initial step of the degradation.
SPOROCARPS OF AZOLLA MEXICAN A PRESL I. ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF MEGASPOROCARPS AND MICROSPORANGIA

SUMMARY Azolla mexicana Presl, a heterosporous aquatic fern, consistently sporulates under routine culture conditions, producing both megasporocarps and microsporocarps in abundance. As a prelude to studies on germ plasm preservation, gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and efforts to establish interspecific hybrids, methods were developed to isolate and separate the reproductive structures. Fertile sporophytes were agitated to release the sporocarps. During this process mature microsporocarps ruptured to release microsporangia. A series of stainless steel sieves, ranging from 1130 to 200 ,tm in pore size, was used to separate megasporocarps and microsporangia from sporophyte debris and immature microsporocarps. Purified preparations of megasporocarps and microsporangia were obtained using sorbitol step gradients.
Stable attachment of redox groups for modified electrodes via cyanuric chloride

Abstract Methylaminopropylviologen (MAV) was covalently attached to glassy carbon electrodes via cyuranic chloride. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the presence of bound MAV on the electrode surfaces. Electrochemical experiments of these electrodes indicated that the bound MAV was stable and electrochemically active for extended periods of time in aqueous media. The surface coverage of MAV was in the range, of 2.0–3.0×10−10 mol cm−2.
On ‘roller-coaster’ experiments for nonlinear oscillators

We consider the dynamics of ‘roller-coaster’ type experimental models used as analog devices for nonlinear oscillators. It is shown how to chose the shape of the track in order to achieve a desired oscillator equation, in terms of the are length coordinate or its projection onto the horizontal. Explicit calculations are carried out for the linear oscillator, the so-called ‘escape equation’, the two-well Duffing oscillator, and the pendulum.
Separation of cyclic AMP from adenine and hypoxanthine, their nucleosides and nucleotides by high voltage paper electrophoresis

A simple and rapid technique which permits the separation of cyclic AMP, adenine, adenosine, hypoxanthine, inosine, 5′-AMP, IMP, ADP, and ATP by the use of unidirectional high-voltage paper electrophoresis has been described. The separation of these compounds based on their charge difference utilizes the following properties: (1) the protonation of the NH2 group of the adenine, (2) the primary and secondary ionization of the phosphate group of the nucleotides, and (3) the formation of the chelated oxyderivative of boron with the two cis (OH) groups of the ribose moieties of nucleosides and nucleotides.
Intracranial magnetic resonance imaging findings in the surviving fetus after spontaneous monochorionic cotwin demise.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate intracranial magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in the surviving fetus after a cotwin demise. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective observational study evaluating the intracranial findings of surviving twins after demise of a monochorionic cotwin. A total of 47 cases of cotwin demise were identified from an magnetic resonance imaging database consisting of all fetal magentic resonance imagings performed at the University of California San Francisco. Twenty-one of these cases were monochorionic twins who had not undergone an intervention (fetal radiofrequency ablation and placental laser ablation) and these comprised the study group. The magnetic resonance imagings were reviewed by a pediatric neuroradiologist who was blinded to the ultrasound and clinical findings. RESULTS: The mean gestational age at the time of cotwin demise was 19 6/7 weeks (range 12 4/7 weeks-26 5/7 weeks) with an average interval of 4 3/7 weeks between the time of cotwin demise and fetal magnetic resonance imaging (range 0-12 1/7 weeks). Nine cases (41%) were associated with diagnosed twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Abnormal findings, including polymicrogyria, germinolytic cysts, intracranial hemorrhage, ventriculomegaly, and delayed sulcation were identified by fetal magnetic resonance imaging in 7 (33%) cases, the majority of which had a normal ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable tool in evaluating the fetal brain after a cotwin demise.
Biomechanical effects, lithological variations, and local pedodiversity in some forest soils of Arkansas

Abstract A high degree of soil variability over short distances and small areas is common, particularly in forest soils. This variability is sometimes, but not always, related to readily apparent variations in the environmental factors that control soil formation. This study examines the potential role of biomechanical effects of trees and of lithological variations within the parent material in explaining soil diversity in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. The diversity of soils on Ouachita sideslopes is high, and the soil series vary primarily with respect to morphological properties such as soil thickness and rock fragment content. Soils vary considerably within small more-or-less homogeneous areas, and richness–area analysis shows that the overall pattern of pedodiversity is dominated by local, intrinsic (within-plot) variability as opposed to between-plot variability. This is consistent with variation controlled mainly by individual trees and local lithological variations. Given the criteria used to distinguish among soil types, biomechanical as opposed to chemical and hydrological effects of trees are indicated. Results also suggest divergent evolution whereby the pedologic effects of trees are large and long-lived relative to the magnitude of the initial effects and lifespan of the plants.
Engineering Management-Key to the Future

(1989). Engineering Management-Key to the Future. Engineering Management Journal: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 4-7.
Social Monitoring Reflects Dominance Relationships in a Small Captive Group of Brown Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella)

In several studies of social monitoring in primates, subordinate animals directed more visual attention toward dominant animals than vice versa. This behavior is thought to enable subordinate animals to avoid conflict. We sought to clarify whether visual attention behavior functions in this manner in a small captive group of brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella. We tested the hypothesis that social monitoring is related to dominance status. Dominance status was determined based on the directionality of aggressive behavior, and visual attention was quantified by using focal animal sampling. Subordinate animals directed significantly more visual attention toward others than dominant animals. Subordinate animals also looked more frequently at the animals that attacked them and others the most. The results indicate that social monitoring behavior in this captive group was driven by conflict-avoidance.
Effect of Lactose as a Prebiotic on Turkey Body Weight Under Commercial Conditions

Abstract The effect of a commercially available lactic acid bacteria probiotic (FM-B11) alone and supplemented with lactose as prebiotic was evaluated for effects on turkey BW during the brooding and growout phases under commercial conditions in 2 experiments. Tag-numbered turkey poults were given the probiotic in either drinking water or feed, and lactose was given in feed. Turkeys were reared in wire pens (4 per treatment) within the brooding house. Experiments were designed for a duration of 26 and 28 d. Only animals from experiment 1 were weighed again before slaughter. Results from both experiments indicate that groups treated with the combination of probiotic and lactose and lactose alone were heavier (P
Eighteen years of saturation tagging data reveal a significant increase in nesting hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) on Long Island, Antigua

Hawksbill sea turtle Eretmochelys imbricata nesting on Long Island, Antigua, West Indies (also known as Jumby Bay) has been monitored since 1987. Although the numbers of nesting females remained relatively constant for the first 11 survey seasons (1987–1997), inclusion of more recent data (1998–2004) in the analysis reveals a statistically significant upward trend. In particular, neophytes have shown a significant upturn in numbers, whereas the remigrant subpopulation has remained stationary. This indicates that recruitment is driving the upward trend in the total number of nesters. Predictive models based on the Poisson distribution suggest that the neophyte subpopulation will continue to grow in size by an average of 10% per annum. Model-based predictions and their limitations are discussed. The Jumby Bay Hawksbill Project, which has monitored and protected nesting hawksbills and their eggs since the project's onset, is one among several factors that may contribute to the recent increase in nesting females.
The Translation of Health Research in Kinesiology.

The translation of health research is a process of transforming scientific discoveries arising from laboratory, clinical, or population studies into clinical or populationbased applications to improve health by reducing disease incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Initiated by the National Institutes for Health Roadmap Initiative and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, translation of research has become a priority for federally funded research programs and centers. In kinesiology, the translation of health research can be accomplished through organized, focused research agendas designed to understand causes and solutions to health challenges from the level of the laboratory bench to the park bench. Multiuniversity research consortiums may facilitate translation of health research in kinesiology, similar to those seen in the medical sciences.
The conversion of quadruply bonded dirhenium(III) complexes to mononuclear pentakis(isocyanide) complexes of the type Re(CNAr)5X (Ar = 2,4,6-Tri-t-butylphenyl and X = C1 or Br)

Preparation et caracterisation du complexe Re(CNAr) 5 X. Spectrometrie IR et RMN, voltammetrie cyclique
Structure of minimum thickness and terraced free-standing films of block copolymers

The morphologies of thin, substrate-free block copolymer films have been examined by cross-sectional TEM. Two poly(styrene-b-butadiene) diblock copolymers were studied: one that forms PS cylinders and the other that forms PB cylinders in the bulk. Films were annealed while supported by metal TEM grids, embedded, and ultramicrotomed in crosssection. We find that at the metal support the film forms a meniscus-like region, or Plateau border, which exhibits the bulk morphology. Away from the border, the film thickness decreases and regions of terraced in-plane cylinder domains occur until a minimum thickness is reached. The minimum thickness region of the PB majority copolymer in cross-section shows a PS interlayer penetrated by a hexagonal array of circular PB channels that connect upper and lower PB surface layers, and a total thickness of 25–27 nm. The minimum thickness region of the PS majority copolymer in plan view shows no image contrast, but in cross-section reveals a continuous PS interlayer covered by layers of PB, and a total thickness of 20 nm. Comparisons with the chain dimensions suggest a bilayer arrangement for both morphologies with strongly perturbed chain conformations in the surface layers. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sorcery of Construction and Socialist Modernization: Ways of Understanding Power in Postcolonial Mozambique

In this article I examine how rural Mozambicans in the Mueda plateau region experienced the socialist modernization policies of FRELIMO, the anti-colonial guerrilla movement that eventually took power over the postindependence Mozambican state. In interpreting and engaging with the dramatic transformations brought on by FRELIMO socialism, Muedans often drew on the familiar language of sorcery, notwithstanding FRELIMO attempts to banish sorcery-related beliefs and practices. While Muedans sometimes resisted the modernization agenda and sometimes embraced it, they could not make systematic instrumental use of sorcery discourse to pursue strategic ends. Rather, sorcery served them more broadly as a social diagnostics of power relations —one that preserved ways of understanding power that are saturated with ambivalence, [power, postcolonial Africa, sorcery, surveillance, guerrilla war, villagization, modernization]
Physical interactions of isomeric benzo [a] pyrene diol-epoxides with DNA.

The physical interactions of two diol-epoxides derived from benzo [a] pyrene (B[a]P), 7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro B[a]P (BPDE) and 9,10-dihydroxy-7,8-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro B[a]P, (reverse BPDE) with DNA have been studied in a simple, in vitro system. The effects of DNA on the rates of hydrolysis of BPDE and reverse BPDE were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. For both compounds, interaction with DNA was indicated by an increase in the rate of hydrolysis in the presence of DNA. This increased hydrolysis was more marked for BPDE than for reverse BPDE. Direct confirmation of physical binding was obtained by u.v. spectroscopy, where a 10 nm redshift in absorbance maxima characteristic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.DNA intercalation complexes was observed. Using absorbance changes to monitor binding, association constants of 6580 L/mol and 5080 L/mol were determined for BPDE and reverse BPDE, respectively. Consistent with the intercalation model, binding was inhibited by low concentrations of Mg2+. The enhancement of hydrolytic rate by DNA for BPDE and reverse BPDE was also inhibited by low concentrations of Mg2+, suggesting involvement of intercalation complexes in the mechanism of enhanced hydrolysis.
Visual and Anatomic Outcomes With or Without Surgery in Persistent Fetal Vasculature

Purpose To determine visual and anatomic outcomes for patients with persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) observed or treated with surgery. Design Retrospective interventional consecutive case series. Participants A total of 165 eyes of 150 patients diagnosed with PFV between January 1, 1983, and December 31, 2006, at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Intervention Patients with media opacity, progressive glaucoma, or retinal detachment who were deemed to have visual potential underwent lensectomy, 3-port vitrectomy, or both, through a limbal or pars plicata/plana approach. Main Outcome Measures Vision, postsurgical retinal attachment, lens status, need for eye removal, and rate of complications. Results Of the 81 eyes that underwent surgical repair, 70 had at least 6 months of follow-up (median 47 months) and 49 (70.0%) had form vision, defined as finger counting, fix-and-follow, or better. Twenty (95.2%) of 21 eyes without form vision had a significant posterior component of PFV ( P P =0.43). Postoperative events occurred in 28 eyes (40.0%). Retinal attachment was achieved in 54 eyes (77.1%), and 61 eyes (87.1%) were left aphakic. Eighty-four eyes were not offered surgery, of which 78 eyes (92.9%) had a posterior component of PFV. The median age at diagnosis was greater compared with the surgical group (197 vs. 67.5 days, P =0.00545). Fifty-eight eyes (69.0%) lacked form vision, and 39 eyes (46.4%) had no light perception. Posterior manifestations of PFV, bilaterality, and microphthalmia were associated with poorer visual outcomes ( P Conclusions The majority of patients receiving surgical intervention for PFV achieved form vision. Posterior disease, microphthalmia, glaucoma, and amblyopia limited visual acuity outcomes even after aggressive intervention. The choice of limbal versus pars plicata approach produced similar visual and anatomic outcomes without a significant difference in rate of complications. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Hindered E1 transitions in 159Dy, 165Tm, 172Lu, 173Lu and 180W

Abstract Several new isomeric states with half-lives in the range 10 μs-30 ms have been identified following the 17.5 MeV proton bombardment of the natural elements and separated isotopes of the elements Eu-Pb. The gamma rays from these states have been observed using a 8 cm3 Ge(Li) detector. The E1 isomers observed in 159Dy, 165Tm, 172Lu, 180W and 173Lu are described. The characteristics of the previously unidentified isomeric states in the first four nuclei, and of some of the intermediate states populated in the decay have been measured. The results are discussed in terms of the available states of the single-particle, Nilsson model and its extension to two-particle states and in terms of the selection rules for transitions between these states. A three-particle state is suggested to explain the high-spin isomer observed in 159Dy.
Temperature influenced lipid peroxidation and deterioration in broccoli buds during postharvest storage

Abstract The effect of temperature on lipid peroxidation (LP) and deterioration of broccoli flower buds was investigated during postharvest storage. Fresh broccoli florets were packaged in microperforated polymeric film bags and stored under different temperatures (2, 13, and 23 °C) over 144 h. LP was determined by measuring polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. Changes in chlorophyll (Chl) levels, moisture and total soluble protein were used to assess broccoli deterioration. Increased temperature significantly accelerated total Chl (TChl) and soluble protein losses without reduction in moisture content. Temperature abuse at 13 and 23 °C also resulted in reduced PUFA and LOX activity with increased TBA-RS values compared to those in the 2 °C-treated buds over storage. By the end of storage, TChl, proteins. PUFA and LOX activity decreased by >70% in broccoli buds stored at 23 °C. TBA-RS values increased 10-fold. Treatment of samples at 2 °C maintained quality and prevented changes in deterioration and LP parameters. The current investigation shows that increases in temperature accelerate the deterioration and LP of broccoli buds and further demonstrates that there is a relationship between LP and deterioration during postharvest storage of broccoli.
Cardiovascular Disease in the Diabetic Woman

The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with age is increasing in the United States, and elderly women constitute a disproportional component of the aging population. Elderly women also have a relatively high incidence of diabetes, which contributes to this relatively high CVD risk. Although CVD is less common in premenopausal women than in men, this difference begins to disappear after the onset of menopause, presumably related to decreased levels of female sex hormones (estrogen and/or progesterone). Diabetes mellitus removes the normal premenopausal gender-related differences in the prevalence of CVD by mechanisms that are not clearly defined, including metabolic and hemodynamic factors associated with diabetes. Dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus consists of low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated triglyceride levels, and a small, dense, more atherogenic low density lipoprotein particle (i.e. oxidized). Dyslipidemia interacts with associated hemodynamic (i.e. hypertension) and metabolic abnormalities (i.e. increased platelet aggregation and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels) to promote CVD risks in diabetic women. Recent controlled trials underscore the critical importance of aggressively treating CVD risk factors, especially dyslipidemia, in women with diabetes.
Catch 22: Women with HIV on Wisconsin's Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) Program: A Qualitative Narrative Analysis

In 1996 when Congress eliminated the federal Aid to Families with Dependent Children program, it was the largest income source of women living with HIV in the United States. In its place, Congress created a new federal block grant, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), to fund state-run compulsory workfare programs. To learn how welfare reform affected HIV-positive women, this qualitative narrative analysis examines the experiences of nine seropositive women enrolled in Wisconsin's TANF program, Wisconsin Works, between 2000 and 2003. Repeated in-depth interviews over 24 months explored participants' efforts to secure health care, income, and social services. This article analyzes the verbatim transcripts of those in-depth qualitative interviews. Constrained by the double stigma of HIV/AIDS and welfare, with Wisconsin Works Program incomes below half the poverty level, their families lived intermittently on Wisconsin Works income, rent assistance, food assistance, Medicaid, and sometimes child su...
Systematic study of the undulator based ilc positron Source: Production and capture

A systematic study of the positron production and capturing yield for the undulatoer-based ILC positron source has been performed. We use undulator parameters of k = 0.3 - 1 , lambda = 0.7 - 1.5 cm as the reference design. The yield is defined as number of positrons captured at the damping ring input by a single electron passing through 100 meter long undulator. Several scenarios for polarizations and capturing schemes are considered here: polarized (60%) and low-polarized positrons, immersed target in magnetic field and non-immersed cases.
Dynamically compressible context architecture for low power coarse-grained reconfigurable array

Most of the coarse-grained reconfigurable array architectures (CGRAs) are composed of reconfigurable ALU arrays and configuration cache (or context memory) to achieve high performance and flexibility. Specially, configuration cache is the main component in CGRA that provides distinct feature for dynamic reconfiguration in every cycle. However, frequent memory-read operations for dynamic reconfiguration cause much power consumption. Thus, reducing power in configuration cache has become critical for CGRA to be more competitive and reliable for its use in embedded systems. In this paper, we propose dynamically compressible context architecture for power saving in configuration cache. This power-efficient design of context architecture works without degrading the performance and flexibility of CGRA. Experimental results show that the proposed approach saves up to 39.72% power in configuration cache with negligible area overhead.
Synthesizing visual speech trajectory with minimum generation error

In this paper, we propose a minimum generation error (MGE) training method to refine the audio-visual HMM to improve visual speech trajectory synthesis. Compared with the traditional maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, the proposed MGE training explicitly optimizes the quality of generated visual speech trajectory, where the audio-visual HMM modeling is jointly refined by using a heuristic method to find the optimal state alignment and a probabilistic descent algorithm to optimize the model parameters under the MGE criterion. In objective evaluation, compared with the ML-based method, the proposed MGE-based method achieves consistent improvement in the mean square error reduction, correlation increase, and recovery of global variance. It also improves the naturalness and audio-visual consistency perceptually in the subjective test.
Prostaglandin Analog Treatment of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

OBJECTIVE:To review available data related to the use of prostaglandin analogs (bimatoprost, latanoprost, travoprost, unoprostone) in the management of ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma.DATA SOURCES:Primary and review articles were identified from a MEDLINE search (1966–May 2001) and requested information from product manufacturers.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All available information, including that published in articles and abstracts, which was deemed relevant was included in this review. Limited data have been published to date.DATA SYNTHESIS:The prostaglandin analogs appear to be effective, well-tolerated agents for the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. This drug class offers an alternative for patients who do not achieve control with another topical antiglaucoma agent or for those with a contraindication to first-line therapy with β-adrenergic antagonists. Based on preliminary clinical data, bimatoprost, lat...
Listening to Black Male Student Voices Using Web-Based Mentoring:

The voices of Black male students labeled as having an emotionally disorder (ED) are seldom heard regarding their perspectives on education. By excluding their opinions, educators are missing an important aspect that could improve educational services for Black males with ED. This study was undertaken to determine the implications of web-based mentoring for Black male students with ED on factors that affected their behaviors and academic achievement. Mentoring through technology was used to engage students with ED and to provide a platform to share their thoughts. Using a case study approach, two Black males with ED in high school participated in web-based mentoring. Results of the study reveal that the participants’ behaviors and achievement were affected by negative school and home environments, but that web-based mentoring was a positive venue to support their needs.
Neural Substrates for Species Recognition in the Time-Coding Electrosensory Pathway of Mormyrid Electric Fish

several times. After a path length of up to 5 mm, the NELL axon terminates on as many as 70 ELa small cells. Thus the large cells appear to be excited first, followed by the small cells, with the intervening length of the axon serving as a delay line. The large cells also respond with phase-locked spikes to voltage steps. Large cell axons extend for ;1 mm and terminate on several small cells within the ELa. The terminals are known to be GABAergic inputs and are presumed inhibitory. We propose that small cells receive direct inhibition from large cells and delayed excitation from NELL axons. The small cells may act as anti-co-incidence detectors to analyze the temporal structure of the EOD waveform.
Development of a Fall Detection System with Microsoft Kinect

Falls are the leading cause of injury and death among older adults in the US. Computer vision systems offer a promising way of detecting falls. The present paper examines a fall detection and reporting system using the Microsoft Kinect sensor. Two algorithms for detecting falls are introduced. The first uses only a single frame to determine if a fall has occurred. The second uses time series data and can distinguish between falls and slowly lying down on the floor. In addition to detecting falls, the system offers several options for reporting. Reports can be sent as emails or text messages and can include pictures during and after the fall. A voice recognition system can be used to cancel false reports.
Explaining the Causes of the Black-White Wealth Gap in the United States

This paper examines the issue of the Black-White wealth gap in the United States. The paper presents pertinent data illustrating that a large gap exists in wealth accumulation between Black and Whites in the United States. The paper presents a number of implications for the Black American population as a result of this large wealth gap. Finally, the paper presents the factors or causes of the large Black-White wealth gap in the United States.
Ananke in Herodotus

This paper examines Herodotus? use of words of the ananke family in order to determine which external or internal constraints the historian represents as affecting the causality of events. M. Ostwald?s Anangke in Thucydides (1988) provides a foundation for examining the more restricted application of these terms in Herodotus (85 occurrences vs. 161 in Thucydides). In Herodotus, divine necessity (absent in Thucydides) refers to the predictable results of human wrongdoings more often than to a force constraining human choices. This represents an especially ambiguous Herodotean category, however, and is expressed by a wider range of terms than those with ananke -stems. The analysis of natural ananke yields more clear-cut results. (1) In Herodotus (and not in Thucydides) ananke often qualifies an aggressive compulsion applied by a personal agent. (2) Victims of this despotic ananke are partially excused, but those who resist it earn Herodotus? praise. (3) Most importantly, Herodotus (unlike Thucydides) never in turn applies ananke words to circumstances that motivate imperialistic actions, especially starting a war. (4) Whereas in Thucydides agents are ?compelled? to act also by fear and other internal impulses, the only psychological factor to which Herodotus applies ananke words (and this time mostly in a positive sense) is moral obligation. Herodotus? concept of ananke is moralistic, and consistent with his unwillingness to justify imperialism, his practice of assigning responsibility, and his high regard for nomos, on the one hand, and freedom on the other. The narrator?s involvement in these principles is reflected in Herodotus? use of ananke terms in self-referential statements of the type ?I am compelled/not compelled to say x.? These statements represent the narrator as the opposite of an imperial subject and analogous to the most admirable of his characters on the receiving end of compulsion. He is a free agent, who disregards political pressure and is exclusively compelled by the rules that apply to him as researcher and truthful recorder.
Tongue discoloration in an elderly kidney transplant recipient: Treatment-related adverse event?

Abstract Background: With the increased occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections, linezolid treatment might be administered more often. New rare adverse events are likely tofollow. Case Summary: A 65-year-old man (weight, 91 kg; height, 185 cm) presented to the emergency department at the University of Virginia-affiliated Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, after a recent (8 weeks) kidney transplantation with a 24-hour history of fatigue, chills, arthralgias, increased urinary frequency, and onset of tongue discoloration. Two days before admission, he completed a 14-day course of linezolid 600 mg PO BID for ampicillin-resistant enterococcal urinary tract infection. He was afebrile on admission and the dorsal aspect of his tongue was blackened centrally, browner peripherally, with normal pink mucosa on the periphery. Based on the Naranjo probability scale, the calculated score for tongue discoloration as a drug-related adverse event was 7 out of a maximum score of 13 points, designating it as a probable cause. The patient's tongue discoloration improved moderately during the hospital stay and resolved 6 months after the discontinuation of linezolid. Conclusions: We report a rare association of linezolid and tongue discoloration in an elderly kidney transplant recipient that improved with discontinuation. We present this case to increase clinicians' awareness of the potential adverse event.