cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Fishes Attracted to Piers? Movements and Association of Marine Fishes to a Public Fishing Pier within a Commercial Harbor

Ocean fishing piers are ubiquitous along the world's coastline, yet little research has examined how these structures can attract and retain fishes. Fishers routinely use these human-made structures as a reliable way to catch fish for subsistence or recreation. California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) and white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) are commonly caught from fishing piers in southern California; however, some individuals have been found to contain high concentrations of hazardous contaminants. Thus, human health hazard warnings are posted throughout the Los Angeles area to limit fish consumption. To document attraction, residency, and association to fishing piers, 42 California halibut and 198 white croaker were tagged with acoustic transmitters in regions of the Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors, including a local fishing pier, and the movements of these fish were tracked throughout a 1.5 year period. Average (±SD) fish residency near piers was 90.5 ± 104.8 days for California halibut and 31.9 ± 25.7 days for white croaker. Only 18% of white croaker and 6% California halibut were detected migrating to the pier from other locations of the LA-LB Harbors, and most spent < 10 min within 300 m of the public fish pier. Only 14% of California halibut and 0.35% of white croaker geo-positions were within casting range (approximately 30 m) of the pier, thus California halibut show the greatest potential affinity for pier habitat. Due to their movement patterns and habitat associations California halibut are much more likely to be attracted to fishing piers than white croaker.
“Becoming” a mentor between reflective and evaluative discourses: A case study of identity development

Abstract This case study interpreted the experiences of a teacher as she grew her coaching and mentoring practices by working with preservice teachers and participating in professional development focused on reflective coaching, mentorship, and literacy teaching. We drew on the notion of “becoming” from critical and sociocultural theories in analyzing how she constructed a teaching identity through mentoring, and how her identity enabled her to enact reflective coaching practices. Our findings outline her agentic moves to provide the preservice teacher with reflective support, rather than evaluative critique, in opposition to the surveillance and regulation that characterize many existing teacher evaluation models.
PrEP and the Black Community

New HIV infections are disproportionately concentrated among black Americans. Yet the most powerful new tool to reduce HIV acquisition, daily oral antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), is inequitably accessed. While black men and women comprised 43% of new diagnoses in 2017, and 44% of persons estimated to have risk behaviors that indicate a need for PrEP, only 14.9% of PrEP prescription in 2017 were to black persons. To address this serious inequity, higher levels of knowledge of HIV status, awareness and knowledge of PrEP, access to clinicians willing and trained to provide it, and support for adherent and persistence use will be required in the black community. This is an urgent priority as the nation moves forward with the “Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America” initiative that has a goal of reducing new HIV infections by 75% in the next 5 years and at least 90% by 2030 (Fauci et al. JAMA 321(9):844–845, 2019).
Law librarians as access to justice allies

This article explores one law library organization’s attempts to educate patrons on the law librarian’s role through service, outreach, and the ideal of access to justice.
No Disability if You Recover: How the ADA Short Changes Short Term Impairments

A significant gap in the ADA’s protections lingers even after the ADA Amendments Act of 2008: whether individuals are protected from disability discrimination if their impairment lasted six months or less but was nonetheless the basis for some type of adverse action. The ADA does not explicitly exclude all short term impairments, and the EEOC’s regulations provide they can be an actual disability if they are “sufficiently severe.” Without any further definition, not surprisingly perhaps, courts invoke reasoning similar to what they employed prior to the ADAAA’s course correction in 2008, primarily focusing on duration as a measure of the impairment’s severity and dismissing significant limitations as “trivial.” This is inconsistent with several of the ADAAA’s Rules of Construction. Relatedly, plaintiffs alleging short term impairments under the “regarded as” prong frequently see their claims dismissed because the ADAAA excludes “transitory and minor” perceived impairments. Congress defined transitory (six months or less) but left minor to be interpreted by the courts. As with the actual disability cases, courts in the “transitory and minor” cases are finding impairments that are objectively more than trivial to nonetheless be minor. There is no discernable principle for what makes one impairment minor but not another, other than vague analogies to infected fingers and seasonal flues. This paper argues that many short term impairments are indistinguishable in any meaningful way from other protected impairments and individuals alleging such impairments are entitled to the full scope of ADA protections.
Fundamentals of the Subsurface System

This book is concerned with the mathematical description and numerical modeling of subsurface media. It is about the subsurface media that control the movement of fluids (including water, nonaqueous liquids, and gas), the migration of chemicals, the transfer of heat, and the deformation of media. It is about the physical laws that describe the flux of fluid, heat, and chemicals, and the relationship between stress and strain. It is about the chemical reactions along with fluid flows. It is about the biological interaction within the flow and thermal domain and among chemical constituents. It is about numerical methods needed to conduct simulations of both fluid flows and advection-dominant transport. In short, the study of the subsurface system is the investigation of major processes occurring in the subsurface and the interplay of these processes with the media through which they occur. Understanding the mechanisms controlling the occurrence of these processes and their interplay is the ultimate goal of this book because it provides a method for the prediction of the occurrence of these processes in the media. To make this goal possible, accurate numerical methods to efficiently and accurately approximate mathematical descriptions are of ultimate importance. Extensive coverages of finite element methods used in fluid flows and hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian approaches best suited to deal with advection-dominant transport are included.
FPGA design productivity a discussion of the state of the art and a research agenda

Summary form only given. As configurable computing matures there is continued interest in design productivity. While configurable computing machines (CCMs) are touted as re-usable, re-configurable platforms for accelerated computing, the design processes and tools employed to map applications to such platforms may have more in common with hardware ASIC design tools and processes than with conventional software development tools and processes. To address this there continues to be research in the community on higher-level languages, reusable core libraries, improved CAD tools, debug infrastructure, etc. but little focus on the big picture. That is, how do all these pieces fit together into a comprehensive approach for improving design productivity? Is a 10x increase in design productivity feasible in the next few years? How about 20x? What are the key research problems that must be solved? What are the most promising approaches to solving these problems? My talk will focus on these questions and will draw from the results of two events related to FPGA design productivity which were held recently. First, the day before FPT'2009, a workshop is being held at Taiwan National University to discuss these questions with all FPT attendees invited to participate. Details are found on the FPT conference website. Special guest speakers at the workshop will be asked to provide their viewpoints on FPGA design productivity and components of a research agenda to increase productivity over the next 5-10 year horizon. Second, during the past year in the United States, two multi-university research teams have focused on developing and outlining a research agenda to address FPGA design productivity, culminating in a workshop held in Salt Lake City during June 2008. My talk will discuss the current challenges in FPGA design productivity and address a range of solutions, based in part on the results of the above two workshops as well as other efforts going on in the research community.
Mumford, Lewis (1895–1990)

This article examines the life and work of Lewis Mumford (1895–1990), placing special emphasis on his wide-ranging publications. He was the author of more than twenty books and a thousand articles and reviews on subjects, ranging from art and literature to the histories of technology and urbanism. One of America's leading humanists, Mumford defined himself as a ‘generalist’ who sought an integrated approach to the study and renewal of contemporary society. He is best known as a critic of architecture and urbanism, but he believed his most lasting contributions lay in the field of cultural studies. By choice, Mumford remained largely outside of the Academy, with the result that his ideas reached a broad swath of the educated public.
Anticipating Will Contests and How to Avoid Them

An estate planner must always be on guard when drafting instruments which may supply incentive for someone to contest a will. Anytime an individual would take more through intestacy or under a prior will, the potential for a will contest exists, especially if the estate is large. Although will contests are relatively rare, the prudent attorney must recognize situations which are likely to inspire a will contest and take steps during the drafting stage to reduce the probability of a will contest action and the chances of its success. This article begins by discussing the situations where a will contest is more likely and then discusses a wide range of techniques which may be helpful in preventing will contests.
Dynamical Groups in Atomic and Molecular Physics

Most of us expect that the time is approaching when computers will make possible a new kind of experimental atomic and molecular physics, an experimental mathematics, if you wish. One will then ask a sufficiently large and well-programmed computer, what are the properties of such and such atom or molecule - and lo, in a reasonable length of time, a reliable answer will be forthcoming.
Multiple-Stage Decision-Making: The Effect of Planning Horizon Length on Dynamic Consistency

Many decisions involve multiple stages of choices and events, and these decisions can be represented graphically as decision trees. Optimal decision strategies for decision trees are commonly determined by a backward induction analysis that demands adherence to three fundamental consistency principles: dynamic, consequential, and strategic. Previous research (Busemeyer et al. 2000, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 129, 530) found that decision-makers tend to exhibit violations of dynamic and strategic consistency at rates significantly higher than choice inconsistency across various levels of potential reward. The current research extends these findings under new conditions; specifically, it explores the extent to which these principles are violated as a function of the planning horizon length of the decision tree. Results from two experiments suggest that dynamic inconsistency increases as tree length increases; these results are explained within a dynamic approach–avoidance framework.
Angular Dependence of Multilayer-Reflector Damage Thresholds

The damage resistance of HfO/sub 2//SiO/sub 2/ multilayer dielectric reflectors was measured as a function of angle of incidence with 351-nm XeF-laser irradiation. The laser produced nominal 10-ns pulses at a repetition rate of 35 pps. A series of reflectors designed for 0/sup 0/, 30/sup 0/, 45/sup 0/, 60/sup 0/, 75/sup 0/, and 85/sup 0/ was tested with an S-plane polarized beam. To account for variations in the separate coating depositions, some of the coating designs were tested at two angles of incidence. At large angles of incidence, we did not observe the anticipated large increases in damage thresholds predicted theoretically on the basis of spatial dilution (1/costheta) of the intensity at the reflector surface and standing-wave electric fields. For example, the threshold for a reflector designed and tested at 85/sup 0/ was only a factor of 2.5 larger than that of normal-incidence reflectors tested at 0/sup 0/. Several possible mechanisms to explain this discrepancy were considered. 11 refs.
Effect of Frying Parameters on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Potato Disks

The effect of frying temperature and time on surface pore characteristics, oil content, moisture loss and mechanical properties of potato disks is investigated. Scanning electron microscopy is used to study the surface pore characteristics and rheological behavior is investigated using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Both frying temperature and frying time had a significant impact on the pore area, creep behavior, moisture loss and fat uptake of potato disks. The changes in pore area and creep compliance were dynamic and, in turn, affected the oil uptake and moisture loss rates. Average open pore area and percent open pore area increased to 1.15 μm2 and 14.04%, respectively, during the middle frying stages. Higher frying temperature resulted in faster structural degradation, moisture loss and oil uptake during initial frying stages. Higher frying times tended to increase the percentage open pore area. Practical Applications The article investigates structural and mechanical changes in potato disks during frying. These are crucial to understand the transport mechanisms during frying, and to study the role played by the product microstructure on both oil uptake and texture development. The creep compliance function reported in this article is useful for predicting the texture of potatoes via mathematical models describing the frying.
Technology and Urban Management: The Power Payoffs of Computing

This study argues that as automated information systems in local governments are more oriented to providing top management with information, top managers gain control vis-a-vis lower level managers...
The GDB human genome data base anno 1993.

In 1991 the Genome Data Base at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine was selected as the central repository for mapping data from the Human Genome Project, and was funded by NIH and DOE under a three year award. GDB has now finished 28 months of Federally funded operation. During this period a great deal of progress and many internal changes have taken place. In addition, many changes have also occurred in the external environment, and GDB has adapted its strategies to play an appropriate role in those changes as well. Recognizing the central role of mapping information in the genome project, it is important that GDB respond aggressively to the increasing demands of genomic researchers, as well as formulate a program of response to a number of long standing, but still unmet, needs of that community. It is even more important that GDB provide leadership in the genome informatics enterprise. Three themes described here are dominant in our future plans and represent the essence of the major changes made in the past year. They include: enhanced data acquisition, better map representation, and full integration into the collection of genomic databases.
A note on quantum-mechanical sum rules

Abstract Hypervirial theorems are used to derive alternative expressions for quantum-mechanical sum rules. Only one of these has normally been used. Considerable additional power lies in requiring approximate wave-functions to satisfy each of the different expressions.
Incentivizing local behavior in distributed systems

Game theory is a well-established discipline in the social sciences that is primarily used for modeling social behavior. Traditionally, the preferences of the individual agents are modeled as utility functions and the resulting behavior is assumed to be an equilibrium concept associated with these modeled utility functions, e.g., Nash equilibrium. This is in stark contrast to the role of game theory in engineering systems where the goal is to design both the agents' utility functions and an adaptation rule such that the resulting global behavior is desirable. The transition of game theory from a modeling tool for social systems to a design tool for engineering systems promotes several new research directions that we will discuss in this talk. In particular, this talk will focus on the question of how to design admissible agent utility functions such that the resulting game possesses desirable properties, e.g., the existence and efficiency of pure Nash equilibria. Our motivation for considering pure Nash equilibria stems from the fact that adaptation rules can frequently be derived which guarantee that the collective behavior will converge to such pure Nash equilibria.
Indirect Tensile Strength of Concrete Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using the Superpave Indirect Tensile Test

Concrete mixes containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) were evaluated by the Superpave® Indirect Tensile (IDT) strength test using a constant force-control and a displacement-control rate. The IDT strength of concrete without RAP at early age was seen to increase as the temperature decreased. The effect of temperature was not seen among the concrete at later ages. In addition, the IDT strength of concrete containing RAP was seen to decrease as the percentage of RAP and temperature increased. The IDT strength computed from the maximum load at 28 days curing time was found to correlate well with the splitting tensile strength.
Gene therapy of the gut: introduction of the APC tumor-suppressor gene for cancer prevention or treatment

Abstract Liposomal delivery of gene therapy to the colonic epithelium has been evaluated in a rodent model. The use of β-galactosidase as a reporter gene demonstrated uptake and expression in virtually 100% of the epithelial cells which contacted the liposome-gene mixture. Expression was transient, persisting for 2–3 days, diminishing in accordance with normal epithelial turnover. Similar results were seen in both rats and mice. The method was used to deliver the APC tumor suppressor gene to rat colonic epithelium. Expression of RNA was verified by means of RNAse protection, as well as by an exon-connection strategy utilizing reverse-transcription. A 6-week period of bi-weekly retreatment established safety and minimal toxicity of this route; in particular, there were no obvious changes in cell growth or differentiation with prolonged administration of the APC gene. The potential use of this method for delivery of gene therapy, and the specific application of the APC gene for cancer prevention or treatment, are discussed.
Nanotoxicology: How do nanotubes suppress T cells?

Mice inhaling low levels of multiwalled carbon nanotubes show suppressed immune function. New studies suggest that this suppression originates from signals in the lungs.
Kaizen Event Result Sustainability for Lean Enterprise Transformation

Lean enterprise transformation is achieved by the cumulative impact of both radical and incremental change. Kaizen events have been widely reported to produce significant incremental business improvements that can support enterprise-wide transformation efforts. However, sustaining or improving upon the results of a Kaizen event over time can be difficult for many organizations. Kaizen event result sustainability is critical for the achievement of transformation but has received limited empirical research attention to date. This article uses logistic regression to identify the factors that most strongly influence the sustainability of results after a Kaizen event based on a field study of 63 events that were part of larger lean transformation initiatives in 8 manufacturing organizations. The findings are also used to identify areas for future research and to develop preliminary guidelines for organizations using Kaizen events as a mechanism for lean enterprise transformation.
Performance of rats in a runway under three concurrent conditions of reinforcement

Rats can learn to run fast, fast, and slow, respectively, in discriminably different runways signaling continuous, partial, and discontinuous negatively correlated reinforcement. Performance of animals operating under such multiple reinforcement conditions in runways is compared with yoked controls, and implications for the study of transfer effects in extinction are discussed.
Ten-year vision for marine climate research

Third International Workshop on Advances in the Use of Historical Marine Climate Data; Frascati, Italy, 2–6 May 2011 Marine surface observations—which represent a vital component of the Global Climate Observing System—are key to understanding global climate, including its variability on scales from weeks to centuries. Prior to 1970, ships were practically the only source of observations. In the modern era, sensors deployed on ships, moored and drifting buoys, aircraft, and Earth observation satellites all provide surface measurements of many different variables. A recent meeting hosted by the European Space Agency (ESA) brought together 52 members of the in situ and satellite communities to address the collection, collation, evaluation, distribution, and application of surface marine observations.
Methanol synthesis via methylformate in a slurry reactor

Abstract The synthesis of methanol from CO and H 2 using a reaction sequence in which methanol is first carbonylated to methylformate and then hydrogenated to methanol was studied. The reaction occurred concurrently in a single mechanically agitated slurry reactor using the usual homogeneous formate synthesis catalyst (CH 3 OK) and a heterogeneous catalyst (copper-chromite) at temperatures of 140 to 180°C and pressures of 38 to 62 bar. The concurrent operation is not a simple summation of the two individual reactions. It is likely that the CH 3 OK is adsorbed on the copper-chromite. The rate of formation of methanol is significantly higher than predicted from the individual reactions and the deleterious effect of CO 2 on the CH 3 OK catalyzed carbonylation of methanol and on the hydrogenolysis of methyl formate is reversible. The carbonylation reaction is in equilibrium under the conditions studied. A progressive reduction in reaction rate with time was found and is attributed to the effect of CO on the hydrogenolysis catalyst. Comparisons are made of the concurrent methanol synthesis in a slurry reactor with alternative methods of methanol synthesis.
The Same Name

When are two tokens of a name tokens of the same name? According to this paper, the answer is a matter of the historical connections between the tokens. For each name, there is a unique originating event, and subsequent tokens are tokens of that name only if they derive in an appropriate way from that originating event. The conditions for a token being a token of a given name are distinct from the conditions for preservation of the reference of a name. Hence a name may change its reference. Defending the theory requires considerations about the identity of acts, and about empty names and disagreement. The upshot is a causal theory of the identity of names, but not what would normally be counted as a causal theory of the reference of names. Although reference is often transmitted causally, what determines semantic reference is conventionalized speaker-reference.
Elba: a late maturing, blight resistant potato variety

Elba is a high yielding cultivar which combines resistance to the golden nematode, foliar infection byPhytophthora infestans andAlternaria solani, andVerticillium wilt. Elba is a late maturing tablestock cultivar especially well adapted to organic soils. In small plots and on farmers’ fields it has demonstrated its worth in reducing the need for foliar fungicides to prevent blight.
Fluorinated Distyrylbenzene Chromophores: Effect of Fluorine Regiochemistry on Molecular Properties and Solid-State Organization

A series of fluorinated distyrylbenzene (DSB) derivatives were synthesized and studied in order to probe the effect of fluorine substitution on molecular properties and on the arrangement of molecules in the solid state. Reaction of 1,4-diiodobenzene with 4-fluorostyrene or pentafluorostyrene in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 gives trans-trans-bis(4-fluorostyryl)benzene (2Ft) and trans-trans-1,4-bis(pentafluorostyryl)benzene (10Ft), respectively. Bis(2,5-difluorostyryl)benzene (4Ft) was prepared by the reaction of 2,5-difluorobenzaldehyde with p-xylylenebis-(triphenylphosphonium bromide) in the presence of LiOEt in EtOH. Coupling of 1,4-dibromo-2,5-difluorobenzene with styrene, 4-fluorostyrene, or pentafluorostyrene using Pd(OAc)2 gives 1,4-bis(styryl)-2,5-difluorobenzene (2Fc), 1,4-bis(4-fluorostyryl)-2,5-difluorobenzene (2Fc2Ft), and 1,4-bis(pentafluorostyryl)-2,5-difluorobenzene (2Fc10Ft), respectively. Absorption spectroscopy shows that DSB, 2Ft, 2Fc, 2Fc2Ft, 4Ft, 10Ft, and 2Fc10Ft have a λmax at approximat...
Developmental aspect of differences in hypothalamic preproneuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid content in lean and genetically obese zucker rats

The genetically obese Zucker rat is a well characterized model of early onset human obesity. Many of the endocrine and metabolic abnormalities of obese animals are common to other strains of genetically obese animals as well as morbidly obese humans. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a potent orexigenic agent, was recently found to be elevated in adult obese animals compared to their lean littermates. In this study we first examined hypothalamic expression of preproNPY mRNA, using solution hybridization/ nuclease protection analysis, in phenotypically-matched, i.e. lean or obese, immature (5-week-old) and mature (33-week-old) animals. Although changes were not statistically different, a trend toward decreased hypothalamic preproNPY mRNA levels was detected in both lean and obese mature animals. We next compared hypothalamic preproNPY mRNA levels between age-matched lean and obese animals at 5, 14 and 33 weeks of age and found elevated preproNPY mRNA levels in obese rats at all three ages. These data suggest that increased levels of hypothalamic NPY are an early manifestation of the obese phenotype and may, therefore, contribute to hyperphagia and increased weight gain in obese Zucker rats.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis of antibacterial cationic anthraquinone analogs using Hansch and Fujita models

A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) of a library of eighteen cationic anthraquinone analogs was done using the Hansch and Fujita models. This offers a clear understanding of the structural parameter that could be used to explain the antibacterial activity of this class of compounds. The physicochemical parameters taken into consideration here were the Mlog P, partial atomic charge, dipole moment, and the HOMO. These parameters correlate well (q 2 > 0.8) with the observed antibacterial activity which provides valuable guidelines for new structural designs to further improve the antibacterial activity.
Managing solar uncertainty in microgrid systems with stochastic unit commitment

Abstract As renewable energy becomes more prevalent in transmission and distribution systems, it is vital to understand the uncertainty and variability that accompany these resources. Microgrids have the potential to mitigate the effects of resource uncertainty. With the ability to exist in either an islanded mode or maintain connections with the main-grid, a microgrid can increase reliability, defer T&D infrastructure and effectively utilize demand response. This study presents a co-optimization framework for a microgrid with solar photovoltaic generation, emergency generation, and transmission switching. Today, unit commitment (UC) models ensure reliability with deterministic criteria, which are either insufficient to ensure reliability or can degrade economic efficiency for a microgrid that has a large penetration of variable renewable resources. A stochastic mixed integer program for day-ahead UC is proposed to account for uncertainty inherent in PV generation. The model incorporates the ability to trade energy and ancillary services with the main-grid, including the designation of firm and non-firm imports, which captures the ability to allow for reserve sharing between the two systems. In order to manage the computational complexities, Benders’ decomposition is applied. The commitment schedule is validated with solar scenario analysis, i.e., Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to test the proposed dispatch solution.
Classical and quantum-mechanical systems of Toda lattice type. I

Solutions to the classical periodic and non-periodic Toda lattice type Hamiltonian systems are expressed in terms of an Iwasawa-type factorization of a “large” Lie group. The scattering of these systems is determined in the non-periodic case. For the generalized periodic Toda lattices a generalization of Kostant's formula is obtained using standard representations of affine Lie groups.
Grey Falcon and the Union Man. Miloje Sokić Collection of the Clippings from the American Press 1941–1945

Miloje Sokic, a journalist whose family owned the Pravda newspaper, spent war years in the United States, where he gathered a collection of press clippings that illustrate well American attitudes towards the war in the Balkans. The collection reveals enthusiastic support for the Chetniks in the first two years of the war, and then the pendulum swang toward Partisans. In these clipping one can follow two immigrant groups. The one around Konstantin Fotitch, the Yugoslav Ambassador, nurtured the image of heroic Serbian resistance as illustrated by Rebecca West and Ruth Mitchell. The other, around Luis Adamic, presented Yugoslav Partisans as a piece of a progressive multi-cultural America in the Balkans. Adamic’s strategy won because it was politically more astute, but also because the immigrants from the former Habsburg lands outnumbered those of Serbian origin at a ratio of 3 to 1.
Westphal's agoraphobia

Abstract In 1871 Westphal introduced the term “agoraphobia” and published the classic description of the condition. This article presents the first published English translation of Westphal's work, which is a description of four men who had a fear of large open spaces, such as an empty city plaza. The Greek word “agora” was chosen by Westphal to refer to large open spaces such as market places. Westphal appears to have thought of agoraphobia as a simple phobia of large open spaces, some of which were public places, some of which were not. A comparison of his four case histories with the DSM III-R criteria for a diagnosis of agoraphobia indicate that the last three cases fulfill DSM III-R criteria for agoraphobia. In the article Westphal refutes three theories that had been proposed to explain this phobia of open spaces: epilepsy, dizziness, or an optical distortion of the visual image of large open spaces. Westphal was a neurologist with particular expertise in the area of the eyes. All of the patients had symptoms suggestive of panic attacks or limited symptom attacks, but Westphal attached no special significance to the panic attacks. Westphal was unable to explain the etiology of agoraphobia.
The relation of parenting, child temperament, and attachment security in early childhood to social competence at school entry

A wealth of research demonstrates the importance of early parent-child interactions on children's social functioning. However, less is known about the interrelations between child and parent characteristics and parent-child interactions in early childhood. Moreover, few studies have broadly examined the longitudinal relations between these constructs and social competence. This study is an examination of the relations between parent responsiveness, negativity, and emotional supportiveness, attachment security, and child temperament, and their impact on children's social competence from infancy to kindergarten entry. The sample was derived from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study--Birth Cohort and included 6850 parent-child dyads. Observational and rating scale data were used. The proposed model was nearly fully supported by path analysis, and it provides insight into the complex relations between early parenting behaviors, child characteristics, and parent-child interactions in the development of social competence.
Undergraduate Student Perceptions of Argument Resolution, Unity, and Love in Same-Sex-Headed Families

This study examines perceptions of same-sex-headed households held by undergraduate students. Participants (N = 165) responded to surveys after reading one of two possible vignettes. Half of the students read a vignette that included gay grandparents as part of a family, while the remaining students read a similar vignette that did not broach the matter of sexual orientation. Themes that emerged from qualitative analysis include resolution of arguments, anger, and sexual orientation as sources of family conflict. Further analyses reveal that family unity was rated significantly lower by the group who read the scenario involving gay grandparents. No significant differences between groups were found for the following variables: likelihood of argument resolution, relationship commitment, passion, or intimacy. Implications for how these findings may be applied to the field of human service and education as well as considerations for future research are discussed.
SOME ASPECTS OF AMERICAN GLASS TANK FURNACE PRACTICE1

A summary ot information secured in answer to a questionnaire dealing with some of the features of glass tank operation. Considerable variation in methods is shown by the replies given by twenty-seven manufacturers.
On the determination of the mechanical properties of materials at high shear-strain rates

Abstract The development and use of an experimental apparatus for testing materials in torsion at high rates-of-strain is described. Constant strain-rate data can be obtained at shear strain rates from 10 2 to 10 4 s −1 . The operation and instrumentation of a torsional split Hopkinson pressure-bar is presented along with a discussion of the accuracy and reliability of data obtained with this apparatus. In particular, the use of specimens having very short gage lengths to obtain data at high strain-rates is investigated experimentally. Data from high strain-rate tests on 2024-T351 aluminum alloy using specimens having gage lengths varying from 0–5 to 0–05 in. are all consistent and show this material to be slightly strain-rate dependent in torsion.
Interference between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus: In Vitro Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Killing by Streptococcus pneumoniae

The bactericidal activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae toward Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by hydrogen peroxide. Catalase eliminated this activity. Pneumococci grown anaerobically or genetically lacking pyruvate oxidase (SpxB) were not bactericidal, nor were nonpneumococcal streptococci. These results provide a possible mechanistic explanation for the interspecies interference observed in epidemiologic studies.
A redescription of the gross anatomy of the canine extensor digitorum longus muscle.

A detailed study of the gross anatomy of the M. extensor digitorum longus in the dog was carried out in 12 individual dissections of fresh limbs of euthanatised animals. The description of this muscle indicates that current text descriptions of its organization are incomplete.
Surgical placement of biologic mesh spacers to displace bowel away from unresectable liver tumors followed by delivery of dose-intense radiation therapy

Abstract Purpose Delivery of radiation therapy (RT) to unresectable liver tumors is sometimes limited by proximity of radiosensitive bowel. We sought to determine if biologic mesh spacers (BMS) could be used in this situation. Methods and materials BMS composed of acellular human dermis were placed via a laparoscopic or open approach to displace bowel away from unresectable liver tumors in patients previously unable to receive radiation therapy (RT) due to risk of bowel toxicity. Results In 1 year, 14 patients were treated. Median age was 64 years. Diagnoses included intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (n = 6), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 3), and metastases (n = 5). A solitary lesion was present in 8 patients, while 4 patients had 2 lesions and 2 patients had 3 lesions. Median largest tumor size was 6.3 cm (range, 1.6-17.5 cm). Limited extrahepatic disease was present in 5 patients. The surgical approach was laparoscopic in 10 patients and open in 4 patients. Median length of stay was 2.5 days (1-8), and 3 patients developed low-grade complications. Folded, extra thick (2.3-3.3 mm) BMS, with a median area of 384 cm 2 (256-640 cm 2 ), were used to displace stomach (n = 9), duodenum (7), colon (6), and small bowel (2). The mean displacement of these organs on postprocedure imaging was 23 mm, 23 mm, 24 mm, and 20 mm, respectively. Two patients did not receive RT due to extrahepatic disease progression. The remaining patients had 3-dimensional conformal proton RT (n = 5), stereotactic body RT (4), or intensity modulated RT (3). Median dose delivered was 54 Gy (40-58.5) in 5-15 fractions with only 1 patient with grade 3-4 toxicity. At short-term follow-up of at least 10 months, local disease control was obtained in 11 of 12 patients. Conclusions Initial dual institution experience with this novel strategy demonstrates feasibility, allowing previously untreatable liver tumor patients to receive high-dose RT.
Ultrastructure: Effects of melanin pigment on target specificity using a pulsed dye laser (577 nm)

Abstract It has been shown recently that brief pulses of 577 nm radiation from the tunable dye laser are absorbed selectively by oxyhemoglobin. This absorption is associated with highly specific damage to superficial vascular plexus blood vessels in those with lightly pigmented (type I-II) skin. To determine whether pigmentary differences in the overlying epidermis influence this target specificity, we exposed both type I (fair) and type V (dark) normal human skin to varying radiant exposure doses over 1.5-μs pulse durations from the tunable dye laser at a wavelength of 577 nm. Using ultrastructural techniques, we found in type I skin that even clinical subthreshold laser exposures caused reproducible alterations of erythrocytes and adjacent dermal vascular endothelium without comparable damage to the overlying epidermis. In contrast, degenerated epidermal basal cells represented the predominant form of cellular damage after laser exposure of type V skin at comparable doses. We conclude that epidermal melanin and vascular hemoglobin are competing sites for 577 nm laser absorption and damage, and that the target specificity of the 577 nm tunable dye laser is therefore influenced by variations in epidermal pigmentation. This finding is relevant to the clinical application of the tunable dye laser in the ablative treatment of vascular lesions. We also found on ultrastructure that the presence of electron-lucent circular structures of approximately 800 A in diameter were observed only at and above clinical threshold doses in those with type I skin and at the highest dose of 2.75 J/cm 2 in type V skin. It has been proposed that these structures might be heat-fixed molds of water vapor. Both this and ultrastructural changes of epidermal basal cells demonstrate mechanisms responsible for alteration oftissue after exposure to 577 nm, which are discussed.
Turbulence-Induced Phase Errors in Synthetic-Aperture Radars

Radar waves propagating through the turbulent troposphere acquire phase fluctuations which appear as aperture phase errors in synthetic-aperture radar systems. The phase error description follows directly from Tatarski's theory of wave propagation through turbulence; for most situations of interest, the phase error is Gaussian with stationary first increments. The structure function of the phase error is a function of the radar parameters and of the vertical profile Cnm(h) of the microwave refractive index structure constant of the turbulence. A closed form expression for best attainable resolution can then be given as a function of these same parameters, via the results of a phase error analysis by Brown and Riordan. Published data on Cnm(h) and its optical-region counterpart are reviewed. The data from a recent microwave propagation experiment by Thompson and Janes are then analyzed and are consistent with the order-of-magnitude estimates of Cnm: Some unsolved problems associated with applying the results to synthetic-aperture systems are discussed.
Holins in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea: Multifunctional Xenologues with Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications

Holins form pores in the cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria for the primary purpose of releasing endolysins that hydrolyze the cell wall and induce cell death. Holins are encoded within bacteriophage genomes, where they promote cell lysis for virion release, and within bacterial genomes, where they serve a diversity of potential or established functions. These include (i) release of gene transfer agents, (ii) facilitation of programs of differentiation such as those that allow sporulation and spore germination, (iii) contribution to biofilm formation, (iv) promotion of responses to stress conditions, and (v) release of toxins and other proteins. There are currently 58 recognized families of holins and putative holins with members exhibiting between 1 and 4 transmembrane α-helical spanners, but many more families have yet to be discovered. Programmed cell death in animals involves holin-like proteins such as Bax and Bak that may have evolved from bacterial holins. Holin homologues have also been identified in archaea, suggesting that these proteins are ubiquitous throughout the three domains of life. Phage-mediated cell lysis of dual-membrane Gram-negative bacteria also depends on outer membrane-disrupting "spanins" that function independently of, but in conjunction with, holins and endolysins. In this minireview, we provide an overview of their modes of action and the first comprehensive summary of the many currently recognized and postulated functions and uses of these cell lysis systems. It is anticipated that future studies will result in the elucidation of many more such functions and the development of additional applications.
An introduction to non‐Newtonian calculus

In this paper we explain the construction of an arbitrary non‐Newtonian calculus from two given complete ordered fields. We then discuss some features of a few specific non‐Newtonian calculi. And finally we speculate as to the eventual use of the non‐Newtonian calculi as alternatives to the classical calculus of Newton and Leibniz.
A uniqueness result for a general class of inverse problems

In this paper, we prove that a bounded, compactly supported potential q can be uniquely determined by its scattering amplitude at a fixed non-L 2 eigen value for a general class of differential ope...
Comparison of heartworm antigen test kit performance in dogs having low heartworm burdens

Sensitivity and specificity of four in-clinic heartworm antigen test kits, AbboScreen (Abbott Laboratories), Snap PF (IDEXX Laboratories), Solo Step (HESKA Corporation), Witness (Synbiotics Corporation) and two heartworm antigen microwell plate assays, DiroCHEK (Synbiotics) and PetChek PF (IDEXX) were compared in a blinded study using serum or plasma drawn from 237 random source dogs, including 140 with necropsy-confirmed, low worm burden infections (minimum 1 worm, maximum 10, mean 2.3, median 3) and 97 confirmed heartworm-free at necropsy. In general, microwell format tests were more sensitive than membrane format tests and tests using ELISA technology were more sensitive than tests using lateral flow immunochromatographic technology. Percent sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were PetChek PF 76 and 97, DiroCHEK 71 and 94, SNAP PF 67 and 98, Solo Step 60 and 98, and AbboScreen 52 and 96. The Witness test protocol was changed by the manufacturer midway through the study, and the newer version of this test kit arrived containing a package insert alerting the user to a change in procedure, which purportedly resulted in improved sensitivity. PetChek was significantly more sensitive than all other tests except DiroCHEK and the new version of Witness. DiroCHEK was significantly more sensitive than all tests except PetCheck, SNAP and the new version of Witness. Snap was more sensitive than AbboScreen and the old version of Witness. Differences in specificity were not significant (P>0.05).
Hormonal Therapy and Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: Who, Where and How Long?

ABSTRACTPurpose: The results from recent randomized trials were used to identify subpopulations of patients most likely to benefit from long versus short-term hormonal therapy with external beam radiotherapy.Materials and Methods: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study 9413 included 1,323 men with prostate cancer and a risk of lymph node involvement greater than 15%. In this study the hypotheses tested were that whole pelvis radiotherapy would improve progression-free survival (PFS) compared to prostate only radiotherapy and that neoadjuvant and concurrent hormone therapy (N&CHT) with radiotherapy would improve PFS compared to radiotherapy with adjuvant hormone therapy. The conclusions of this study were compared to other studies using long-term hormonal therapy.Results: At a median followup of almost 5 years, when all 4 treatment arms from study 9413 were compared, the group receiving whole pelvis radiotherapy plus N&CHT had a significant PFS advantage (p = 0.008).Conclusions: Intermediate risk patients ...
Capital Expenditure Programming and Some Alternative Approaches to Risk

This paper investigates the potential reduction in decision-making effort in capital budgeting problems obtainable through the use of measures of risk in addition to variance. Specific measures of risk treated are Baumol's lower confidence limit and the maximum probability of loss. The primary purpose of the paper is to present a methodology which imposes certain “constraining relations” on acceptable investment programs rather than one which appeals to a specific utility function as the basis for ordering choices. In this connection a discussion of several different utility functions is presented, along with an analysis of their usefulness when the probability distributions of net present values for various investment portfolios cannot be taken as known. In addition, some of the logical problems involved in constructing a utility function are examined.
Results of the final tank test of the LLNL/NAVSEA synchronous-scanning underwater laser imaging system

The design and construction of a synchronous-scanning underwater imaging system capable of rapid two-dimensional scanning is described. The imager employs a 7 W all-lines argon ion laser in conjunction with a galvanometrically driven raster scanner and an image-dissector tube receiver. The imager is capable of directly generating real-time RS-170 video imagery. The results of in-water test of the imaging system demonstrate operating ranges of up to 4 attenuation lengths (AL) when running at real-time frame rates, ranges of 5.1 - 5.5 AL when operating with an 8-frame running average, and ranges of 6.3 AL when using a 128-frame running average. Future frame averaging requirements are expected to be relaxed, due to improvements in the detector preamplifier. The system performance was compared with that of several floodlight/silicon intensified target (SIT) television camera configurations, which produced a maximum imaging range of about 2.6 AL. Also, an imaging configuration that used the raster-scanned beam of the laser as an illumination source for the SIT camera was tested. That system had an ultimate range of about 4 AL.