cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phytochrome-mediated phototropism in maize seedling shoots

Unilateral irradiation with red light (R) or blue light (BL) elicits positive curvature of the mesocotyl of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings raised under R for 2 d from sowing and kept in the dark for 1 d prior to curvature induction. The fluenceresponse curve for R-induced mesocotyl curvature, obtained by measuring curvature 100 min after phototropic induction, shows peaks in two fluence ranges, designated first positive range (from the threshold to the trough), and second positive range (above the trough). The fluence-response curve for BL is similar to that for R but shifted two orders of magnitude to higher fluences. Blue light elicits the classical first positive curvature of the coleoptile, whereas this response is not found with R. Positive mesocotyl curvature induced by either R or BL is eliminated by R given from above just before the unilateral irradiation, whereas BL-induced coleoptile curvature is not eliminated. The above results collectively offer evidence that phototropic curvature of the mesocotyl is induced by R-sensitive photosystem(s). Mesocotyl curvature in the second positive range is reduced by vertical far-red light (FR) applied after phototropic induction with R, but is not affected by FR applied before R. Unilateral irradiation with FR following vertical irradiation with a high R fluence leads to negative curvature of the mesocotyl. It is concluded that mesocotyl curvature in the second positive range results from a gradient in the amount of the FR-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) established across the plant axis. Mesocotyl curvature in the first positive range is inhibited by vertical FR given either before or after phototropic induction with R. Since the FR used here is likely to produce more Pfr than the very low fluences of R eliciting the mesocotyl curvature in the first positive range, it is assumed that FR reduces the response in this case by adding Pfr at both sides of the plant axis. By rotating seedlings on a clinostat with its axis horizontal, the kinetics of mesocotyl curvature can be studied in the absence of a counteracting gravitropic response. On the clinostat, the R-induced mesocotyl curvature develops after a lag, through two successive phases having different curvature rates, the late phase is slower than the early phase. Negative curvature of the coleoptile can be induced by either R or BL; the BL-induced negative curvature is found at fluences higher than those giving positive curvature. The clinostat experiments show that the negative coleoptile curvature induced by either R or BL is a gravitropic compensation for positive mesocotyl curvature.
Phase control of the inverse above-threshold-ionization process with few-cycle pulses

Intense laser-induced recombination of electrons and ions has been investigated with ultrashort few-cycle pulses. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that the absolute phase of a few-cycle laser field with respect to its pulse envelope plays a crucial role in the inverse above-threshold-ionization processes. By controlling the phase of a few-cycle pulse we can maximize the multiphoton recombination probability for electrons having certain energies.
Discovery of potent, selective, bioavailable phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) inhibitors active in an osteoarthritis pain model, Part I: Transformation of selective pyrazolodiazepinone phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors into selective PDE2 inhibitors

We identified potent, selective PDE2 inhibitors by optimizing residual PDE2 activity in a series of PDE4 inhibitors, while simultaneously minimizing PDE4 activity. These newly designed PDE2 inhibitors bind to the PDE2 enzyme in a cGMP-like mode in contrast to the cAMP-like binding mode found in PDE4. Structure activity relationship studies coupled with an inhibitor bound crystal structure in the active site of the catalytic domain of PDE2 identified structural features required to minimize PDE4 inhibition while simultaneously maximizing PDE2 inhibition.
Water Oxidation on Pure and Doped Hematite (0001) Surfaces: Prediction of Co and Ni as Effective Dopants for Electrocatalysis

In photoelectrochemical cells, sunlight may be converted into chemical energy by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Hematite (α-Fe(2)O(3)) is a promising photoanode material for the water oxidation component of this process. Numerous research groups have attempted to improve hematite's photocatalytic efficiency despite a lack of foundational knowledge regarding its surface reaction kinetics. To elucidate detailed reaction mechanisms and energetics, we performed periodic density functional theory + U calculations for the water oxidation reaction on the fully hydroxylated hematite (0001) surface. We investigate two different concentrations of surface reactive sites. Our best model involves calculating water oxidation mechanisms on a pure (1×1) hydroxylated hematite slab (corresponding to 1/3 ML of reactive sites) with an additional overlayer of water molecules to model solvation effects. This yields an overpotential of 0.77 V, a value only slightly above the 0.5-0.6 V experimental range. To explore whether doped hematite can exhibit an even lower overpotential, we consider cation doping by substitution of Fe by Ti, Mn, Co, Ni, or Si and F anion doping by replacing O on the fully hydroxylated surface. The reaction energetics on pure or doped hematite surfaces are described using a volcano plot. The relative stabilities of holes on the active O anions are identified as the underlying cause for trends in energetics predicted for different dopants. We show that moderately charged O anions give rise to smaller overpotentials. Co- or Ni-doped hematite surfaces give the most thermodynamically favored reaction pathway (lowest minimum overpotential) among all dopants considered. Very recent measurements (Electrochim. Acta 2012, 59, 121-127) reported improved reactivity with Ni doping, further validating our predictions.
Medical education research and IRB review: an analysis and comparison of the IRB review process at six institutions.

Purpose To compare how different institutional review boards (IRBs) process and evaluate the same multiinstitutional educational research proposal of medical students' quality of life. Method Prospective collection in 2005 of key variables regarding the IRB submission and review process of the same educational research proposal involving medical students, which was submitted to six IRBs, each associated with a different medical school. Results Four IRBs determined the protocol was appropriate for expedited review, and the remaining two required full review. Substantial variation existed in the time to review the protocol by an IRB administrator/IRB member (range 1-101 days) and by the IRB committee (range 6-115 days). One IRB committee approved the study as written. The remaining five IRB committees had a median of 13 requests for additional information/changes to the protocol. Sixty-eight percent of requests (36 of 53) pertained to the informed consent letter; one third (12 of 36) of these requests were unique modifications requested by one IRB but not the others. Although five IRB committees approved the survey after a median of 47 days (range 6-73), one committee had not responded six months after submission (164 days), preventing that school from participating. Conclusions The findings suggest variability in the timeliness and consistency of IRB review of medical education research across institutions that may hinder multi-institutional research and slow evidence-based medical education reform. The findings demonstrate the difficulties of having medical education research reviewed by IRBs, which are typically designed to review clinical trials, and suggest that the review process for medical education research needs reform.
Effects of Intermittent Feeding Upon Growth, Activity, and Lifespan in Rats Allowed Voluntary Exercise

Abstract From weaning until death, male Wistar rats were housed in activity-wheel cages with one group maintained on an ad libitum (AL) diet and another provided the diet every-other-day (EOD). EOD-fed rats had a mean lifespan of 124 weeks compared to 103 weeks for AL-fed rats. While post-weaning body weight and growth rates were reduced among the EOD-fed animals compared to AL-fed animals, there was no significant difference in growth duration. Positive correlations were observed between lifespan and estimates of growth rate and duration in the AL group but not in the EOD group; thus, little evidence was produced to support the hypothesis that growth rate is inversely related to longevity. While the EOD feeding regimen resulted in higher activity levels later in life, wheel activity levels were actually lower in this group in early life compared to the AL group. The observation of reduced wheel activity among young rats fed EOD was replicated in a second experiment. Thus, little support was obtained for ...
p44mpk MAP kinase induces aizheimer type alterations in tau function and in primary hippocampal neurons

Abnormally phosphorylated tau protein is a major component of the cytoskeletal pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) found in the neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and neuritic plaque (NP). Identification of the kinase responsible for this phosphorylation has been difficult. In the test tube, several proline-directed kinases, particularly mitogen-activated protein (MAP) and cdc2 kinase, phosphorylate tau on sites that appear to mimic the abnormally phosphcrylated sites in AD. Important unanswered issues include: (1) whether this phosphorylation event occurs in the tightly regulated environment of a living cell; (2) whether this phosphorylation of tau affects its functional properties; and (3) what is the subcellular relationship of proline-directed kinases and tau. We show here that tau can be phosphorylated in cultured hippocampal neurons by the MAP kinase p44mpk and phosphorylation of tau compromises its functional ability to assemble microtubules. We show further that MAP kinase copurifies with microtubule fractions where it is tyrosine phosphorylated and presumably active. These studies address and raise several important issues regarding the regulation of tau phosphorylation in normal and AD brain. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Patch test reactions to house dust mites in dogs with atopic dermatitis

The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of dogs with spontaneous atopic dermatitis that show a positive patch test reaction to a commercially available 20% house dust mites mixture containing equal parts of Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in white petrolatum. In addition, we evaluated whether skin reactions induced after the epicutaneous application of house dust mites were clinically and histologically similar to naturally developed skin lesions of dogs with atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, we investigated if the reactions induced by house dust mites were true allergic reactions by comparing them to atopic lesional skin and to patch test reactions induced by an irritant substance (sodium lauryl sulphate). White petrolatum alone and nonlesional skin sites were used as negative controls. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of the patch test and control sites were performed in a blinded fashion at 48 and 72 h after patch test application. Microscopic results were evaluated in a qualitative and quantitative manner. A chi-square test for homogenicity was used for the quantitative analysis to compare the proportion of each dermal inflammatory cell type among positive histopathological tested sites. P values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. The study included 12 healthy nonatopic dogs and 13 dogs with nonseasonal atopic dermatitis. None of the nonatopic dogs reacted to house dust mites and white petrolatum. Ten (77%) of the 13 atopic dogs reacted macroscopically and histopathologically to house dust mites. Macroscopic reactions induced by house dust mites were characterized by erythema, oedema and papules. The macroscopic reactions induced by house dust mites were identical to lesional skin in 20% of the dogs and identical to reactions induced by sodium lauryl sulphate in 40% of the dogs. Qualitative histopathological findings showed that the reactions induced by house dust mites were similar to atopic lesional skin in 80% of the dogs and were similar to sodium lauryl sulphate in 20% of the dogs. Quantitative analyses showed that the proportion of neutrophils in reactions induced by sodium lauryl sulphate was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to house dust mites reactions, which could be a differentiator factor between an allergic and an irritant reaction. These results showed that the epicutaneous application of house dust mites in dogs with atopic dermatitis induced histopathological lesions similar to spontaneous atopic lesions in dogs. Therefore, this study demonstrated that house dust mites penetrated the skin of dogs with atopic dermatitis and induced an inflammatory response that resembled a true allergic reaction. Funding: Small Companion Animal Grant, University of Minnesota.
An analytical error invalidates the "depolarization" of the perceptual magnet effect.

In a recent article, Lotto et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 3648–3655 (1998)] presented experiments investigating the role played by perceived phonemic identity in demonstrations of decreased discriminability for prototypical vowel sounds. The authors interpreted their results as evidence against shrinkage of perceptual space near vowel category prototypes. In this letter, it is shown that this interpretation is based on a flawed data analysis in which a key confounding term has been neglected.
The 90Zr(d, n)91Nb and 96Zr(d, n)97Nb reactions

Abstract The (d, n) reaction on 90 Zr and 96 Zr has been studied at 12 MeV deuteron bombarding energy using the neutron time-of-flight technique with an overall neutron time resolution of 1.9 ns. Angular distributions of neutron groups leading to states in 91 Nb and 97 Nb were measured in the angular range between 15° and 60°. The measured cross sections were analyzed in the framework of the distorted-wave theory of stripping reactions to deduce l -values and proton spectroscopic factors of states in the residual nuclei. The results are compared with the corresponding data available from ( 3 He, d) studies. The fractionation of the single-particle proton states and their centroid energies are determined.
The Reverse and Return Transfer of Technology (RRTT): Towards a Comprehensive Model of the Migration of African Experts

The emigration of experts from Africa to the developed world is often analysed in terms of the reverse transfer of technology (RTT), a process typically described as one in which the skills embedded in an expert become part of a reverse flow of technology from the less developed to the developed world. In the reverse flow or brain gain, the African home country obtains the embedded skills of the returning expert and is able to use them towards national development efforts. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the RTT from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives. At the conceptual level, the objective is to review the insights to the RTT provided in the globalization, the New Diaspora and the New Brain Drain paradigms. Empirically, the paper uses available data to make the case that even though the RTT has been marginalized in recent scholarship, it is a persistent development problem that continues to warrant scholarly and policy attention. Building on this argument, the paper outlines a model of expert migration, termed the reverse and return transfer of technology (RRTT). This model explores the decision-making of migrating experts, especially in terms of source-destination pathways and the choice of locations as either temporary or permanent homes. The policy implications of this reformulation are assessed in terms of the brain drain, the brain gain and remittances.
Specification of astrocytes by bHLH protein SCL in a restricted region of the neural tube

Astrocytes are the most abundant and functionally diverse glial population in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanisms underlying astrocyte specification are poorly understood. It is well established that cellular diversification of neurons in the embryo is generated by position-dependent extrinsic signals and combinatorial interactions of transcription factors that direct specific cell fates by suppressing alternative fates. It is unknown whether a comparable process determines embryonic astrocyte identity. Indeed, astrocyte development is generally thought to take place in a position-independent manner. Here we show multiple functions of Stem cell leukaemia (Scl, also known as Tal1), which encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, in the regulation of both astrocyte versus oligodendrocyte cell fate acquisition and V2b versus V2a interneuron cell fate acquisition in the p2 domain of the developing vertebrate spinal cord. Our findings demonstrate a regionally restricted transcriptional programme necessary for astrocyte and V2b interneuron development, with striking parallels to the involvement of SCL in haematopoiesis. They further indicate that acquisition of embryonic glial subtype identity might be regulated by genetic interactions between SCL and the transcription factor Olig2 in the ventral neural tube.
Separation at a circular interface under biaxial load

Abstract T his p aper is concerned with the plane problem of the decohesion of a smooth circular elastic inclusion from an unbounded elastic matrix subject to a remote biaxial load. The phenomenon of brittle decohesion is treated as a problem of bifurcation of equilibrium separation at the inclusion-matrix interface. In accordance with other cohesive zone type models the interface is characterized by a constitutive equation relating tractions across the interface to the displacement discontinuity that develops there. The specific form considered in this work is the physically based nonlinear force law of Ferrante, Smith and Rose that couples the normal component of displacement jump to the normal component of interface traction and which requires a characteristic length for its prescription. Under decreasing values of characteristic length to inclusion radius ratio, three types of separation behavior (ductile decohesion, brittle decohesion, closure) can occur provided the remote load, interface strength and elastic moduli of inclusion and matrix are within the required bounds. Within this context of interfacial separation, the phenomenon of void nucleation is briefly examined and a connection is made between the classical nucleation criteria of critical interfacial stress and critical energy release and the criteria for ductile and brittle decohesion. Interaction effects are analysed in an approximate way by considering the effects of decohesion on a hypothetical, rigidly bonded inclusion with the same elastic moduli as the matrix.
The keratinocyte as a target for staphylococcal bacterial toxins.

Skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus are not only an important cause of morbidity and even mortality, but are thought to serve as initiation and/or persistance factors for numerous inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. One mechanism by which S. aureus can modulate the immune system is through the production of proteins such as superantigenic toxins, Protein A, as well through the cytolytic α-toxin. This review serves to discuss the biology of these three types of proteins, with emphasis on their ability to stimulate the production of powerful pro-inflammatory lipid- and protein-derived cytokines in keratinocytes. Characterization of interactions between these proteins and the keratinocyte can provide a better understanding of how bacterial infection modulates inflammatory skin diseases, as well as provide the basis for improved therapies involving antibacterial agents.
B2 stress index for elbow analysis

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of end constraint, geometric dimension and internal pressure on the B 2 stress indices, and thus to determine the conservativeness of the code equation for B 2 stress indices. For a series of stainless steel elbow-straight pipe connections of different sizes and schedules, with flanges attached at different locations and with different levels of applied internal pressure, nonlinear finite element analyses were performed considering both material and geometrical nonlinearities. Load-deflection curves were obtained, and from these curves, collapse limit loads were determined. B 2 stress indices were computed using the equation B 2 = S y /(M cl /Z). The B 2 stress indices of elbows with flanges attached at different locations were compared. Also compared were B 2 stress indices of elbows with different levels of internal pressure. Finally the B 2 stress indices from the finite element analysis are compared with the B 2 stress indices computed from code equation. Regression analysis is used to determine revised numerical values for the code equation for B 2 . A new, less conservative equation is proposed to be used to compute B 2 stress indices for elbow component.
Soluble tyrosinases from pharate pupal integument of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.)

Abstract Two soluble phenoloxidases were partially purified from pharate pupal integument of Manduca sexta by gel filtration or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Thiourea was used to retard the formation of higher molecular weight aggregates. Subsequent analysis by gel filtration HPLC showed that the apparent molecular weights were about 300 kD and >700 kD. The smaller phenoloxidase was further purified by anion exchange HPLC. In comparative studies with mushroom tyrosinase and a fungal laccase, the Manduca phenoloxidases were identified as tyrosinases, since they exhibited monophenol mono-oxygenase activity (EC 1.14.18.1) and catechol oxidase activity (EC 1.10.3.1). Both enzyme preparations catalyzed ortho -hydroxylation of tyrosine at a relatively show rate, oxidized o -diphenols at a much faster rate than p -diphenols or monophenols, had broad pH optima from about pH 5.5–7.5, and were completely inhibited by 1 μM phenylthiourea, N - β -alanyldopamine (NBAD) and N - β -alanylnorepinephrine (NBANE), which are both abundant in pupal cuticle, were oxidized to o -quinones by the tyrosinases, with the former catecholamine oxidizing at a 10-fold higher rate than the latter. NBANE was synthesized from NBAD, apparently by spontaneous tautomerization of the o -quinone to a p -quinone methide, which then reacted with water to form the β-hydroxylated product. The possible role of tyrosinase in insect integument is discussed.
ASSESSING SENSITIVITY TO MULTIPLE FACTORS IN CALCULATING ATTRIBUTABLE RISKS

In many calculations of attributable risk (AR), there are a number of parameters (excess risks, exposure rates, and so on) that are not known accurately, and one should take into account the variability in these parameters in determining a range of ‘plausible values’ of the attributable number (AN) of incidences due to the exposure. This is often done through simple tabulation of extreme combinations of the factors, but this can give a spurious picture of the real dimensions of the attributable risk. In this paper we describe graphical displays leading to more accurate evaluations of the AN range using multiple box plots, and a multiple regression approach to deciding on the most sensitive parameters for display in this way. The methods are illustrated by giving calculations of the ANs for lung cancer and for heart disease attributed to exposure to active and passive smoking. These expand analyses previously given by the United States EPA, the Australian NH&MRC and the United States OSHA.© 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stein–Weiss Operators and Ellipticity

Abstract Stein and Weiss (1968, Am. J. Math. 90 , 163–196) introduced the notion of generalized gradients : equivariant first order differential operators G between irreducible vector bundles with structure group SO( n ) or Spin( n ). Among other things, they proved ellipticity for certain systems, analogous to the Cauchy–Riemann equations, and to the (Riemannian signature) Maxwell and Dirac equations, built from these generalized gradients. In this paper, we classify all systems of this type which are elliptic; the answer is valid for all Riemannian or (if spin structure enters) Riemannian spin manifolds. In particular, we find that ellipticity may be attained by assembling surprisingly few generalized gradients. The method employed yields a side benefit: the spectral resolution of G * G on the standard sphere S n , for each generalized gradient G . This spectral resolution was previously understood only for operators on “small bundles”—for example, the differential form operators δd , and dδ , and the square of the Dirac operator.
An estimate of the Hubble constant from the gravitational lensing of quasar Q0957+561

THE double quasar Q0957+561 AB is believed to be a gravitationally lensed image formed by a galaxy at redshift z = 0.36: a single quasar at z = 1.41 is seen as two images because of the intevening galaxy. I present here a measurement of the velocity dispersion of the intevening galaxy which, combined with a measurement of the time delay between the appearance of brightness variations in the two images, can be applied to a simple model of the lensing geometry to yield an estimate for the Hubble constant H0. The flux from the A and B images has been monitored for several years by two groups and a consistent value of 415 days for the time delay between variations in A and B has been obtained. The measured line-of-sight velocity dispersion for the intervening galaxy of 303±50 km s−11 then gives H0 = 50±17 km s−1 Mpc−1.
Post-Rotatory Nystagmus Following Decerebration in Guinea Pigs with Unilateral Gerebellar Lesions

ConclusionsPost-rotatory nystagmus is still elicitable in guinea pigs with the cerebral hemispheres and thalamus removed. Neither the slow nor the quick components of the nystagmus were disturbed by decerebration at a level which passed through the superior colliculi dorsally and the mammillary body ventrally. The direction and intensity of the nystagmus remained within normal limits.Lesions in the right half of the cerebellum did not modify the post-rotatory nystagmus, either alone or in conjunction with decerebration.
Distribution of oxygen-containing functional groups in some Nigerian coals

Abstract The results of a study on the distribution of the O-containing functional groups in some Nigerian coals are reported. Four coals of varying rank from four major Nigerian mines were analysed for the concentrations of the total oxygen and the predominant O-containing functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl). The total oxygen content was obtained from ultimate analysis by the standard ASTM method while the O-bearing functional groups were determined by wet chemical methods. It was observed in the four coals that oxygen in the form of hydroxyl accounted for the major fraction of the total oxygen, followed by the carbonyl oxygen and lastly the carboxyl oxygen. The concentration of each of the functional groups decreased with decrease in total oxygen content and with increase in carbon content. The total oxygen is, however, distributed differently among the O-containing functional groups in the different coals.
Antimitotic agent alters MIP levels In breast cancer cells

Progression through mitosis requires a balance of active microtubule-interacting proteins (MIPs) that stabilize and destabilize microtubules in mitotic spindles. Molecular interactions between MIPs and tubulin or microtubules are important for cell cycle progression. Insights into these interactions can contribute to understanding the mechanisms underlying cell cycle interference by antimitotic agents that halt cell cycle progression in mitosis. We examined the direct interaction of the antimitotic agent, vinblastine with tubulin and stathmin using AUC, in order to understand how changes in stathmin levels during the cell cycle might affect the cellular drug response. Vinblastine acts during G2/M phase of the cell cycle and reduces microtubule dynamics. At high doses it destabilizes microtubules in mitotic spindles. We found in vitro that stathmin reduces the potency of vinblastine. Vinblastine was found to compete for tubulin-stathmin oligomers, at the same time as it induced tubulin spiral formation. To extend these data to a cellular context, we investigated changes in intracelluar MIP levels in response to paclitaxel, an antimitotic agent known to stabilize microtubules at high concentrations. Using qRT-PCR we found that paclitaxel treatment of human breast cancer MCF7 cells leads to a significant reduction in MAP4 and stathmin mRNA levels. Interestingly, the levels return to pre-paclitaxel treatment levels after a 4-day drug washout, suggesting that paclitaxel alters transcript levels. We found that the ratios of MAP4/stathmin increased after or during drug treatment. These data suggest that changes in MIPs levels alter the cellular response to drugs. These results also suggest that disruption of the cell cycle by antimitotic agents can alter the relative amounts of MIPs and thus affect the balance needed for normal progression through the cell cycle. These results must be taken into account when modeling the cellular response to antimitotic drugs.
Biomass fly ash in concrete: Mixture proportioning and mechanical properties

ASTM C 618 prohibits use of biomass fly ashes in concrete. This document compares the properties of biomass fly ashes from cofired (herbaceous with coal), pure wood combustion and blended (pure wood fly ash blended with coal fly ash) to those of coal fly ash in concrete. The results illustrate that with 25% replacement (wt%) of cement by fly ash, the compressive strength (one day to one year) and the flexure strength (at 56th day curing) of cofired and blended biomass fly ash concrete is statistically equal to that of two coal fly ash concrete in this investigation (at 95% confidence interval). This implies that biomass fly ash with co-firing concentration within the concentration interest to commercial coal-biomass co-firing operations at power plants and blended biomass fly ash within a certain blending ratio should be considered in concrete.
Microformatted government publications

Abstract This article identifies basic considerations that the documents librarian must keep in mind during the selection and acquisition of microformatted government publications. Essential elements to be considered during the selection process are enumerated as well as major sources/techniques to acquire microformatted government publications. The importance of utilizing the commercial vendors during the selection/acquisition process is emphasized. The article concludes by stressing the importance of the documents librarian assuming responsibility for developing a clear policy to select and acquire microformatted government publications.
The control of RNA synthesis during liver regeneration. OMP pyrophosphorylase and decarboxylase activities in normal and regenerating liver.

Abstract The activities of orotidine 5′-phosphate (OMP) pyrophosphorylase (orotidine-5′-phosphate: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyl transferase) and OMP decarboxylase (orotidine-5′-phosphate carboxy-lyase) were determined in homogenates and cell fractions obtained from normal and regenerating rat liver. The conversion of orotic acid to UMP catalyzed by these two enzymes was determined by measuring the release of radioactive CO 2 from [carboxy- 14 C]orotic acid. The overall reaction showed an absolute requirement for magnesium and pyrophosphorylribose 5′-phosphate. OMP pyrophosphorylase and decarboxylase activities of liver supernatant fraction change little during the first 12 h following partial hepatectomy. The peak of activity is reached at about 36 h after the operation. The increase in enzyme activity seems to be a reflection of OMP pyrophosphorylase activity. Homogenates from 18-h regenerating liver are 3 to 4 times more active than homogenates from normal livers in the conversion of orotic acid to UMP. Experiments using labeled adenine indicate that the availability of pyrophosphorylribose 5′-phosphate might be a limiting factor in normal liver homogenates. Microsomal fractions from normal livers have an inhibitory effect on the conversion acid to UMP by the supernatant fraction. Microsomal fractions obtained from the livers of partially hepatectomized animals have no effect. The pattern of increase of OMP pyrophosphorylase activity following partial hepatectomy suggests that the activity of this enzyme is not rate limiting for RNA synthesis at the early stages of liver regeneration.
Physical spectrum of compactified strings.

The single-particle states of compactified bosonic string theory are classified by a direct product of a fundamental representation of the Heisenberg algebra for the noncompact flat dimensions and an affine-g Lie algebra, where the rank of its Lie subalgebra g is the number of internal dimensions and its identity depends on their length scales. The operators that create these states are explicitly constructed in light-cone gauge. The massless particles lie in the adjoint representation of g.
High precipitation for short periods in the United States

The frequencies at which excessive precipitations of short duration have occurred in different sections of the United States have been determined by the Division of Drainage and Soil Erosion Control, Bureau of Agricultural Engineering, United States Department of Agriculture. The study was financed as a project of the Civil Works Administration. An intimate knowledge of the rates of excessive precipitation is essential to the successful planning of terracing systems, farm drainage-systems carrying surface-water and culvert waterway-openings for small watersheds. The data are also useful In the design of municipal storm-sewer systems. The amount of storm-water reaching a terrace, a tile surface-inlet, or a culvert, depends upon the rate of rainfall, the period during which this intensity prevails, the percentage of rainfall that flows off, and the time of concentration of the watershed. The frequency with which certain rates of precipitation recur should be the foundation of intelligent design.
Advances in and applications of proteasome inhibitors.

With the recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of bortezomib (Velcade ® ) for the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma, the proteasome has emerged as a new therapeutic target with diverse pathology. Drug discovery programs in academia and the pharmaceutical industry have developed a range of low nanomolar synthetic and natural inhibitors of the 20S proteasome core particle that have entered human clinical trials as significant anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory leads. Moreover, proteasome inhibitors continue to serve as valuable research tools in cellular biology through the elucidation of important biological processes associated with the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway of protein degradation. This review will highlight recent advances in the development and application of proteasome inhibitors.
Stereocontrolled functionalization of cyclohexene using organomolybdenum chemistry

Abstract Cyclohexadiene-Mo(CO) 2 Cp cations react stereospecifically with stabilised enolate nucleophiles to give π-allyl complexes which are converted to substituted allylic iodides on treatment with iodine.
Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can develop in association with many different diseases and risk factors, and its presence is nearly always associated with reduced survival. The prognosis and management of PH is largely dependent upon its underlying etiology and severity of disease. The combination of clinical and hemodynamic classifications of PH provides a framework for the diagnostic evaluation of PH to establish a final clinical diagnosis that guides therapy. As our understanding of the different pathologic mechanisms that underlie the syndrome of PH evolves, so too will the classification and treatment of PH.
Constructing Binary and Ternary Phase Diagrams on the Basis of Phase Stability Analysis

A phase stability approach to constructing phase diagrams is demonstrated for binary and ternary mixtures. This is an alternative to flash-calculation approaches, which tend to produce nonunique solutions. The new approach utilizes a recently proposed tangent-plane method coupled with an interval Newton algorithm.
Numerical solution of moving boundary problems by boundary immobilization and a control-volume-based finite-difference scheme

Abstract A methodology is set forth for the numerical solution of transient two-dimensional diffusion-type problems (e.g. Heat conduction) in which one of the boundaries of the solution domain moves with time. The moving boundary is immobilized by a coordinate transformation, but the transformed coordinates are, in general, not orthogonal. Furthermore, with respect to a given control volume in the new coordinate system, mass appears to pass through the control surface which bounds the volume, and this mass movement brings about a convection-like transport of energy. The energy equation for a moving, nonorthogonal control volume is derived in general and then specialized to the transformed coordinate system associated with the immobilization of the moving boundary. A fully implicit scheme is used to discretize the control volume energy equation. The spatial derivatives are discretized by either of two schemes depending on the size of the pseudo-convection relative to the diffusion. The energy balance at the moving boundary of the solution domain is also transformed and discretized. A numerical procedure is then developed for solving the discretized energy equations. The use of the control volume formulation and the solution methodology will be illustrated for a specific physical situation in a companion paper that follows this paper in the journal.
Genetic/transgenic conditional expression of full-length and headless nonmuscle myosin-II molecules: head domain regulates localization in auditory neurons.

Objective Human genetic mutations that affect the N-terminal head-domain of the nonmuscle myosin-II (MyoII) molecule can result in nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Ultimately, MyoII must be appropriately localized in order to execute endogenous functions. The aim of the current study is to determine whether the head-domain of MyoII regulates in vivo localization of the molecule in living and fixed preparations of the auditory organ.
Young–Simpson syndrome (YSS), a variant of del(1)(p36) syndrome?

The Young-Simpson syndrome (YSS) and 1p36 deletion syndrome are both characterized by facial and heart abnormalities, congenital hypothyroidism, and severe growth and developmental retardation. However, the YSS is characterized by the presence of blepharophimosis and epicanthus inversus, findings not described in monosomy 1p36 patients. We describe a girl with YSS, who presented with the typical facial findings, global retardation, congenital hypothyroidism, and congenital dilated cardiomyopathy. Comparative genomic hybridization chromosomal microarray analysis showed a 1p36.3 deletion, a finding not previously reported in other YSS cases. We propose that YSS is a variant of the 1p36 deletion syndrome.
Successful redeployment of an unexpanded coronary stent

We report on treatment of a patient in whom failure to deploy the distal portion of a Palmaz-Schatz stent occurred but was not recognized. After an unstable course, the patient underwent repeat coronary angiography, at which time the stent was rewired and redilated. Full deployment of the stent with restoration of TIMI grade 3 flow was achieved. The putative cause of the problem, incomplete deployment of the stent because of inadvertent advancement of the stent delivery sheath, should be avoided, and needs to be recognized if it occurs. Crossing and redilating the stent is possible, although technically difficult.
The impact of downsizing on the corporate reputation for social performance

This paper investigates the impact of downsizing on a firm's reputation for corporate social performance (RCSP). Drawing on the downsizing, corporate reputation and social responsibility literatures, a number of hypotheses concerning the impact of downsizing, and particularly the types of downsizing, on a firm's reputation for corporate social performance are developed and empirically tested. The main findings of this study are that, while downsizing seems to have a negative impact on the firm's RCSP, when one takes into account the kind of managerial action that led to downsizing (layoffs and/or divestitures), this impact differs between the two stakeholder groups, industry executives and financial analysts, which were investigated. This study also found that a high financial performance prior to downsizing led to a greater negative impact on the firm's RCSP. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Gastrin-mediated changes in tyrosine kinases in isolated gastric mucosal cells from young and aged rats

The present investigation examines the changes in tyrosine kinase (Tyr-k) activity and tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of membrane protein(s) in isolated gastric mucosal cells from young (3 months) and aged (22 months) Fischer-344 rats after exposure to gastrin. In mucosal cells from young rats, a 15-min time course study revealed a steady rise of Tyr-k activity for the first 2 min in response to lo-' M gastrin (G-17 I), whereafter the enzyme activity decreased sharply. In these cells, a significant 90% (P < 0.001) increase in the enzyme activity was observed only after 30 sec of exposure to gastrin, with maximal stimulation (124%; P < 0.001) occurring after 2 min. These increases were also associated with a 2- to 3-fold rise in tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of 55, 80-, and 100-kDa membrane proteins. In contrast, in mucosal cells from aged rats, neither Tyr-k activity nor tyrosine phosphorylation of membrane proteins was affected by gastrin with doses up to lo-* M. Our observation of an immediate induction of Tyr-k activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of certain membrane proteins by gastrin in gastric mucosal cells from young, but not from aged, rats suggests that these events may play an important role regulating some of the physiologic actions of gastrin at different stages of life. (P.S.E.B.M. 1993, Vol2021
Effect of genital prolapse on assessment of bladder neck mobility by the Q-tip test.

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of vaginal prolapse and bladder fullness on Q-tip test assessment of urethral mobility. Methods Twenty-six women with genital prolapse to or beyond the hymen and undergoing urodynamics for urogynecologic dysfunction were assessed by the Q-tip test. Measurements were obtained with the bladder empty, with and without the prolapse reduced by the posterior blade of a Graves speculum. Angles were repeated at bladder capacity. Measured Q-tip angles were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results Q-tip angles were significantly altered by vaginal prolapse and bladder fullness. With an empty bladder, the median Q-tip angle measured with the prolapse reduced was significantly less than that measured without reduction (53°, interquartile range 25–65, versus 68°, interquartile range 45–75; P P P P Conclusion Measurement of urethral mobility by the Q-tip test is significantly affected by genital prolapse. Q-tip angles are less with the reduction of vaginal prolapse and with the bladder full. Standardization of measurement technique is necessary for the development of clinical management recommendations.
Satellite DNA associated with heterochromatin in Rhynchosciara.

The DNA of Rhynchosciara hollaenderi was examined using isopycnic centrifugation in neutral CsCl. Two low density minor bands (collectively termed satellite DNA) were detected in addition to the main band DNA. Main band DNA has a buoyant density of 1.695 g/cm3. The larger of the two minor bands has a buoyant density of 1.680 g/cm3 while the smaller of the two minor bands has a buoyant density of about 1.675 g/cm3. Thermal denaturation studies have confirmed the presence of the two minor classes of DNA.—The satellite and main band DNAs were isolated in relatively pure form and were transcribed in vitro using DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. Annealing of the two complementary RNAs (cRNAs) with main band and satellite DNA was examined using filter hybridization techniques.—The chromosomal distribution of the satellite DNA was determined by in situ molecular hybridization of satellite-cRNA with Rhynchosciara salivary gland chromosomes. Satellite-cRNA hybridized with the centromeric heterochromatin of each of the four chromosomes (A, B, C, and X) and with certain densely staining bands in the telomere regions of the A and C chromosomes. Main band-cRNA annealed with many loci scattered throughout the chromosomes including areas containing satellite DNA.
Higher-order field theory with constraints

A differential-geometric setting for the dynamics of a higher-order field theory is proposed, based on the Skinner and Rusk formalism for mechanics. This approach incorporates aspects of both, the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian description, since the field equations are formulated using the Lagrangian on a higher-order jet bundle and the canonical multisymplectic form on its affine dual. The result is that we obtain a unique and global intrinsic description of the dynamics. The case of vakonomic constraints is also studied within this formalism.
A comparison of values rankings for selected American and Australian teachers

EnglishThis study was undertaken to examine similarities and differences in the rankings of values by selected elementary and secondary teachers residing in a southern region of the USA and in West...
A Diffusive Sampler for Passive Monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ground Water

A diffusive sampler was developed to provide a passive in situ method for long-term monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ground water at hazardous waste sites and waste disposal facilities. The sampler was constructed of a sorbent tube that fits inside a specially designed sampling chamber equipped with a diffusional membrane that is not permeable to water but has a high permeability rate for organic vapors. VOCs in the ground water, having relatively high Henry's Law constants, enter the chamber by molecular diffusion and are collected by the sorbent. After a predetermined exposure period, the sorbent is easily retrieved for laboratory analyses by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), or qualitative concentrations can be determined in the field directly using specific-indicator detectors in place of the sorbent. The measurement approach was evaluated in the laboratory by exposing the device to a solution of 22.5 μg/1o-xylene before testing at a field site where the ground water was contaminated by trichlorethylene (TCE). Results of the laboratory and field studies indicate the sampling approach is viable for monitoring relatively low concentrations of VOCs over a one-day sampling period, as well as providing longer monitoring periods up to 51 days.
Experimental reconstruction for inverse scattering of one-dimensional surfaces

We have studied the inverse scattering problem as an optimization problem for a 1-D surface. As the input data for our self-adaptation genetic algorithm for surface inversion, the scattered intensity has been measured with the laser BRDF instruments. In addition, the transmission data are collected. The typical reconstruction of inverse scattering for a 1-D random surface is compared with the profile measured by an atomic force microscope (AFM).
Shingles during the course of treatment with 6-mercaptopurine for inflammatory bowel disease.

Shingles during the course of treatment with 6-mercaptopurine for inflammatory bowel disease