cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
JAFAR: Near-Data Processing for Databases

As main-memory sizes have grown, data systems have been able to process entire large-scale data-sets in memory. However, because memory speeds have been not been keeping pace with CPU speeds, the cost of moving data into CPU caches has begun to dominate certain operations within in-memory data systems. Recent advances in hardware architectures point to near memory computation capabilities becoming possible soon. This allows us to rethink how database systems process queries and how they split computation across the various computational units. In this paper, we present JAFAR, a near data processing accelerator for pushing selects down to memory. Through a detailed simulation of JAFAR hardware we show it has the potential to provide up to 900\% improvement for select operations in modern column-stores.
The alternative translation of synaptotagmin 1 mediates the non-classical release of FGF1

Although the extravesicular p40 domain of the transmembrane protein, p65 synaptotagmin (Syt) 1, is essential for the non-classical export of the signal peptide-less structure, FGF1, it was not possible to identify a specific intracellular protease responsible for the processing of p65 Syt1. Surprisingly, analysis of the p65 Syt1 coding sequence revealed the presence of two potential alternative ATG codons corresponding to Met103 and Met113 both of which were flanked by Kozak sequences. Indeed, in vitro translation of a Met103Ile but not a Met113Ile p65 Syt1 point mutant exhibited reduced expression of p40 Syt1 and the double p65 Syt1 Met103Ile and Met113Ile point mutant was unable to translate the p40 Syt1 isoform. Since the expression of the p65 Syt1 double point mutant inhibited the stress-induced release of FGF1, it is likely that the alternative translation of the p65 Syt1 transcript at Met103 may be involved in the generation of intracellular p40 Syt1, a critical component of the FGF1 release pathway.
Application of wavelet analysis for determining glucose concentration of aqueous solutions using NIR spectroscopy

A method for predicting clinically relevant levels of glucose concentration in aqueous solutions from NIR absorbance spectra will be described. The method makes use of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The general concepts of the DWT will be briefly reviewed, with emphasis on the properties of the DWT that make it a suitable transform for the analysis of spectroscopic data. The wavelet analysis prediction method will then be described. Results obtained from applying this method to a set of spectra obtained from solutions with varying glucose and protein concentrations will be presented. These result will be compared with the results obtained from using partial least-squares regression.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A non-parametric approach for estimating stromal contamination in cancer samples

Recent advances in DNA microarrays technology provides detailed information on genomic aberrations in tumor cells. DNA copy number changes and loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) are types of genomic aberrations which are identified using SNP arrays. The heterogeneity of clinical tumor tissue severely affects copy number analysis where tumor tissue has a large proportion of normal stromal cells. This may lead to the failure of the algorithms which are used to detect aberrations in the tumor cells. In this paper we introduce a statistical non-parametric approach to estimate the normal tissue contamination in tumor samples and then recover the true copy number profile in cancer cells. The proposed method is tested using large number of simulation datasets and one real dataset. The experimental results show the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. We believe this tool will be very useful for people working with copy number analysis of heterogeneous tissues.
Effectiveness of scan-based delay fault tests in diagnosis of transition faults

The effectiveness of various types of scan-based delay fault tests in diagnosis of transition faults is studied. Enhanced scan tests, skewed-load tests, broadside tests, functional broadside tests and a combination of skewed-load and broadside tests are considered. The results indicate, for example, that even if functional broadside tests are used for fault detection to avoid overtesting, the test set should be extended for fault diagnosis by adding other types of tests. Adding a small number of skewed-load tests is especially useful for diagnosis if enhanced scan is not available.
Bacterial production of anomalously high dissolved sulfate concentrations in Peru slope sediments: steady-state sulfur oxidation, or transient response to end of El Niño?

Abstract Concentrations of dissolved sulfate and sulfur isotopic ratios of dissolved sulfide in surface sediments of the Peru shelf and upper slope indicate that the sediments can be divided into two depth intervals based on the dominant biogeochemical reactions. Although rates of bacterial sulfate reduction are high throughout Peru surface sediments, chemistry of the upper interval ( 10–20 cm) is dominated by dissimilatory sulfate reduction. In three of the four cores examined here, pore water concentrations of sulfate in the top 10 cm of the sediment are significantly higher than those of the overlying seawater. Peak sulfate concentrations in pore water (37–53 mmol/l) are ∼1.3–1.9 times that of seawater sulfate and are located 1–6 cm below the sediment/water interface (SWI). The excess sulfate is most likely produced by oxidation of elemental sulfur coupled to reduction of nitrate, a reaction mediated by a facultative chemoautotrophic sulfide-oxidizing bacterium, Thioploca spp. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the anomalously high concentrations of dissolved sulfate can be produced by steady-state or non-steady-state processes involving high rates of bacterial oxidation of elemental sulfur. If bacterial sulfur oxidation is a transient phenomenon, then it is probably triggered by seasonal or El Nino-induced changes in water-column chemistry of the Peru undercurrent.
Engineering of betabellin 15D: Copper(II)-induced folding of a fibrillar β-sandwich protein

The inverse protein-folding problem has been explored by designing de novo the betabellin target structure (a 64-residue β-sandwich protein), synthesizing a 32-residue peptide chain (HSLTAKIpkLTFSIAphTYTCAVpkYTAKVSH, wherep=DPro,k=DLys, andh=DHis) that might fold into this structure, and studying how its disulfide-bridged form (betabellin 15D) folds in 10 mM ammonium acetate with and without Cu2+. Circular dichroic spectropolarimetry indicated that at pH 5.8, 6.4, or 6.7 betabellin 15D exhibited β-sheet structure in the presence of Cu2+ but not in its absence. Electrospray mass spectrometry demonstrated that at pH 6.3 each molecule of betabellin 15D bound one or two Cu(II) ions. Electron microscopy showed that at pH 6.7 betabellin 15D formed short broad fibrils in the presence of Cu2+ but not in its absence. The observed width of the fibrils (7±2 nm) was consistent with the width (6.8nm) of a structural model of a fibril that contained two adjacent rows of betabellin 15D β-sandwiches joined lengthwise by multiple intersheet hydrogen bonds and widthwise by multiple Cu(II)-imidazole bonds. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry revealed that some pairs of Cu(II) ions in a Cu(II)/betabellin 15D complex were magnetically coupled, which is consistent with the structural model of the Cu(II)/betabellin 15D fibril.
Influx of cometary volatiles to planetary moons: the atmospheres of 1000 possible Titans.

We use a Monte Carlo model to simulate impact histories of possible Titans, Callistos, and Ganymedes. Comets create or erode satellite atmospheres, depending on their mass and velocity distributions: faster and bigger comets remove atmophiles; slower or smaller comets supply them. Mass distributions and the minimum total mass of comets passing through the Saturn system were derived from the crater records of Rhea and Iapetus. These were then scaled to give a minimum impact history for Titan. From this cometary population, of 1000 initially airless Titans, 16% acquired atmospheres larger than Titan's present atmosphere (9 x 10(21) g), and more than half accumulated atmospheres larger than 10(21) g. In contrasts to the work of Zahnle et al. (1992), we find that, in most trials, Callisto acquires comet-based atmospheres. Atmospheres acquired by Callisto and, especially, Ganymede are sensitive to assumptions regarding energy partitioning into the ejecta plume. If we assume that only the normal velocity component heats the plume, the majority of Ganymedes and half of the Callistos accreted atmospheres smaller than 10(20) g. If all the impactor's velocity heats the plume, Callisto's most likely atmosphere is 10(17) g and Ganymede's is negligible. The true cometary flux was most likely larger than that derived from crater records, which raises the probability that Titan, Ganymede, and Callisto acquired substantial atmospheres. However, other loss processes (e.g., sputtering by ions swept up by the planetary magnetic field, solar UV photolysis of hydrocarbons) are potentially capable of eliminating small atmospheres over the age of the solar system. The dark material on Callisto's surface may be a remnant of an earlier, now vanished atmosphere.
Melatonin Influences Gonadotropin II Secretion in the Atlantic Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)

The role of melatonin in the control of gonadotropin II (GtH II) secretion was investigated in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) during different phases of the day-night cycle and seasonal reproductive cycle. Intraperitoneal injection of melatonin during the late-light phase of the day-night cycle elicited a significant elevation in plasma GtH II levels in croaker with fully developed gonads. The increase in GtH II levels was observed 30 min postinjection; the levels remained elevated for 1 hr and started to decline at the 2-hr sampling time. The stimulatory effect of melatonin was dose-dependent over the range 5 to 500 ng/g body weight. Circulating GtH II levels in fish with fully developed gonads showed significant diurnal variation, with elevated levels during the dark phase. The GtH II secretion in response to stimulation by a LHRH analog (LHRHa) also varied during the day-night cycle, with the maximum levels during the early-dark phase. Interestingly, melatonin stimulated GtH II release during the late-light and early- and mid-dark phases. The increased gonadotropic response to melatonin preceded (late-light phase) or corresponded to the period of elevated circulating GtH II levels and increased responsiveness to stimulation by LHRHa during the dark phase, suggesting that melatonin may be involved in the control of daily GtH II cycles in this species. Melatonin inhibited LHRHa-induced GtH II release during the mid-dark phase of the day-night cycle in a dose-dependent manner; the physiological significance of this inhibitory influence is not understood at present. No significant effect of melatonin on basal or LHRHa-induced GtH II release was observed in regressed croaker. Melatonin injection (1 or 10 ng/g body weight) into the third ventricle in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area (POAH) of croaker with fully developed gonads resulted in an elevation in plasma GtH II concentrations. In addition, a low concentration (0.2 ng/ml) of melatonin stimulated in vitro GtH II release from the pituitary fragments of fish with fully developed gonads. These results suggest that melatonin can influence GtH II secretion by acting at the level of POAH and also directly at the pituitary to stimulate GtH II release.
Neurohemodynamics of Pulmonary Edema: II. The Role of Sympathetic Pathways in the Elevation of Pulmonary and Systemic Vascular Pressures following the Intracisternal Injection of Fibrin

The authors criticize the concept of "neurogenic pulmonary edema" as resulting from an increase in pulmonary capillary permeability mediated by nerve impulses to those vessels. They show that one of the methods used to produce "neurogenic pulmonary edema" markedly elevates systemic and pulmonary vascular pressures, the latter to levels high enough to produce pulmonary edema. Vagotomy and/or upper thoracic sympathectomy do not prevent the elevation of pulmonary vascular pressures. Blockade of the sympathetic innervation to the systemic vascular bed lowers the systemic vascular pressures and brings the pulmonary vascular pressures back to normal. The control of pulmonary vascular pressures by sympathetic impulses to the systemic vascular bed is demonstrated.
Some Comments on the Paper of Larsen et al. and the Nature of Cross-Linking in Coal

In this short paper two arguments are made. First, the swelling reported in the preceding paper cannot be due to a selective titration of hydrogen-bonding cross-links, for various reasons associated with the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of how these interactions are treated. Second, in the “liquid” state (i.e., T > Tg) H bonds cannot be cross-links because their “lifetimes” or relaxation times are much shorter than that of a mechanical experiment such as swelling. In other words, hydrogen bonds break and re-form many times during the course of swelling, giving the chain segments ample time and opportunity to relax.
Bacterial Communities Associated with the Surfaces of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

Fresh fruits and vegetables can harbor large and diverse populations of bacteria. However, most of the work on produce-associated bacteria has focused on a relatively small number of pathogenic bacteria and, as a result, we know far less about the overall diversity and composition of those bacterial communities found on produce and how the structure of these communities varies across produce types. Moreover, we lack a comprehensive view of the potential effects of differing farming practices on the bacterial communities to which consumers are exposed. We addressed these knowledge gaps by assessing bacterial community structure on conventional and organic analogs of eleven store-bought produce types using a culture-independent approach, 16 S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Our results demonstrated that the fruits and vegetables harbored diverse bacterial communities, and the communities on each produce type were significantly distinct from one another. However, certain produce types (i.e., sprouts, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, and strawberries) tended to share more similar communities as they all had high relative abundances of taxa belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae when compared to the other produce types (i.e., apples, peaches, grapes, and mushrooms) which were dominated by taxa belonging to the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla. Although potentially driven by factors other than farming practice, we also observed significant differences in community composition between conventional and organic analogs within produce types. These differences were often attributable to distinctions in the relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae taxa, which were generally less abundant in organically-grown produce. Taken together, our results suggest that humans are exposed to substantially different bacteria depending on the types of fresh produce they consume with differences between conventionally and organically farmed varieties contributing to this variation.
Worst-case greedy matchings in the unit d-cube

The worst-case behavior of greedy matchings of n points in the unit d-cube, where d ≥ 2, is analyzed. The weighting function is taken to be the α'th power of Euclidean distance, where 0 < α < d. It is proved that the asymptotic growth rate of the weight of such a greedy matching is exactly βn(d-α)/d, where β is a positive constant that depends on the parameters α and d. Included in the analysis is a minimax theorem equating the worstcase behaviors of matchings resulting from greedy algorithms that, when ordering edges for the greedy process, break ties in different ways.
The city in 2050: A kaleidoscopic perspective

Abstract This paper emphasizes the continuing centrality of inertia in shaping future cities – “the past as prologue.” It first traces the trajectory of urbanization as it relates to the dominant mode of transportation and economic activity from the eighteenth century onward. A quintessential outcome is increasingly large urban areas – a world of extensive urban agglomerations that incorporate smaller places in the wake of expansion. Within these megalopolises, a high level of spatial differentiation is anticipated such as to incorporate (i) contemporary and new forms of merchandising, production, and quaternary activity; (ii) numerous special-purpose districts geared toward consumption, entertainment, and other destination-type activities; and (iii) former CBDs that have been either reworked or discarded. Taken together, these lead to functional and spatial configurations that are highly irregular compared to earlier times. Four ongoing issues are highlighted – (i) Transportation needs, and connectivity more generally; (ii) Regional planning in the context of local governance that is highly fragmented; (iii) Vulnerability to sea/river level rises and other global warming effects; and (iv) Academic inquiry, especially as it relates to globalization impacts and the city's internal structure.
High School and College Psychology: Two Different Worlds:

More than 300 public high schools were surveyed about psychology classes, with approximately 60% of the schools responding. The faculty for these courses are invariably in social studies departments, have little undergraduate or graduate coursework in psychology, and generally are not aware of the APA high school psychology program. The one-semester course emphasizes personality and developmental psychology and, to a lesser extent, social psychology, learning, and health. This personality-developmental focus and the resulting lack of student preparation for the more science-oriented college course is attributed to the limited training of the high school instructors, their job environment, and their goals for the course.
Electron-Gas Spin Susceptibility

The wave-vector-dependent spin susceptibility of an electron gas is calculated taking dynamically screened electron interactions into account. A quasiparticle approach is developed to deal with the self-energy and screening effects of the electron correlations, and the energy and mass of a quasiparticle at the Fermi surface are calculated for a wide density range. The susceptibility is found using a linearized self-consistent-field treatment of the quasiparticles and numerical solution of the resulting integral equation. It does not show singular or anomalous behavior at large wave vector as in the Hartree-Fock approximation. The density dependence of the zero-wave-vector susceptibility is found to be in better agreement with experiment than that of previous calculations. Statically screened interactions are also used in a series of calculations, and it is shown that a long- but finite-range interaction can lead to anomalies in the susceptibility at large wave vectors.
Correlation of body weight and reproductive characteristics in rainbow trout

Abstract Due to a lack of adequate technology to permanently mark individual rainbow trout at the time of the experiment, an attempt was made to estimate genetic correlation coefficients from analyses of full-sib family means. This procedure has provided the first direct estimates of genetic correlations between body weight at various ages and reproductive performance. It was found that most genetic correlations are favorable to the likely goals of selection programs designed to increase market weight. Evidence was found for a negative genetic relationship between number of eggs spawned and egg size. Age at spawning within the spawning season was positively correlated with egg production and post-spawning weight. The estimated correlations indicated that females spawning early in the season are younger and lighter in weight than those spawning later in the season. Estimates of correlated selection responses to direct selection for increased yearling weight in stocks of age-2 or age-3 spawning rainbow trout would all be favorable. Weight at 25 months could be increased by as much as 50% of the expected direct response while egg size and egg number could be expected to increase by about 16% and 29%, respectively, of that expected from direct selection based on individual performance.
Survival After Segmentectomy and Wedge Resection in Stage I Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Introduction: Although lobectomy is considered the standard surgical treatment for stage IA non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), wedge resection or segmentectomy are frequently performed on patients who are not lobectomy candidates. The objective of this study was to compare survival among patients with stage IA NSCLC, who are undergoing these procedures. Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry, we identified 3525 patients. We used logistic regression to determine propensity scores for patients undergoing segmentectomy, based on the patient's preoperative characteristics. Overall and lung cancer-specific survival of patients treated with wedge resection versus segmentectomy was compared after adjusting, stratifying, or matching patients based on propensity score. Results: Overall, 704 patients (20%) underwent segmentectomy. Analyses, adjusting for propensity scores, showed that segmentectomy was associated with significant improvement in overall (hazard ratio: 0.80, 95% confidence interval: 0.69–0.93) and lung cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio: 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.88) compared with wedge resection. Similar results were obtained when stratifying and matching by propensity score and when limiting analysis to patients with tumors sized less than or equal to 2 cm, or aged 70 years or younger. Conclusions: These results suggest that segmentectomy should be the preferred technique for limited resection of patients with stage IA NSCLC. The study findings should be confirmed in prospective studies.
The Roadblock light chains are ubiquitous components of cytoplasmic dynein that form homo- and heterodimers.

The Roadblock/LC7 class of light chains associate with the intermediate chains at the base of the soluble dynein particle. In mammals, there are two Roadblock isoforms (Robl1 and Robl2), one of which (Robl2) is differentially expressed in a tissue-dependent manner and is especially prominent in testis. Here we define the α helical content of Robl and demonstrate using both the yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro biochemistry that Robl1 and Robl2 are capable of forming homo- and heterodimers. This is the first report of heterodimer formation by any cytoplasmic dynein component, and it further enlarges the number of potential cytoplasmic dynein isoforms available for binding specific cellular cargoes. In addition, we have generated an antibody that specifically recognizes Robl light chains and shows a 5–10 fold preference for Robl2 over Robl1. Using this antibody, we show that Robl is a ubiquitous cytoplasmic dynein component, being found in samples purified from brain, liver, kidney, and testis. Immunofluorescence analysis reveals that Robl is present in punctate organelles in rat neuroblastoma cells. In testis, Robl is found in Leydig cells, spermatocytes, and sperm flagella. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:233–245, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A theorem concerning ionization and relaxation energies

Abstract A relationship is established between the relaxation energies of a system in the ionized and un-ionized states and the energies involved in the change of state of ionization.
Spino-bulbo-spinal and propriospinal reflexes in various vertebrates.

Abstract (1) Experiments were carried out on several species of vertebrates to extend knowledge of spino-bulbo-spinal (SBS) and propriospinal reflexes. (2) Vertebrates studied included the following. Mammals: kangaroo rat, bat, sloth, dolphin, wallaroo, opossum, sheep, seal and mangabey. Birds: chicken, pigeon and parrakeet. Reptiles: snake, alligator, caiman, iguana, lizard, horned lizard, chameleon and turtle. Amphibians: frog, toad, newt and mud puppy. Fish: halibut and the horn shark. All experiments, except that on the dolphin, were performed under chloralose anesthesia. Electrical stimulation was applied to the dorsal roots of sensory nerves in a fore- or hindlimb, and electrical responses were recorded from motor nerves and muscles in any of the extremities. Decerebration and spinal transection were performed for analysis of suprasegmental controls. (3) Identification of SBS reflexes in various species was based on similarities to SBS reflexes in the cat 7 . SBS reflexes were obtained in all mammals and birds, and in the frog and toad. However, SBS reflexes were not observed in reptiles, amphibians (except frog and toad), shark and bony fish. (4) Interlimb reflexes involved both SBS and propriospinal reflexes in mammals, birds, frog and toad. In contrast, other vertebrates lacked the SBS reflex, having to depend on propriospinal reflexes for interlimb coordination. (5) Descending propriospinal reflexes from forelimb to hindlimb were obtained in all vertebrates except, understandably, the shark and snake. However, ascending interlimb reflexes from hindlimb to forelimb were observed in mammals, birds, frogs, toads and turtles. The turtle exhibited a strong criss-crossed forward interlimb reflex. Tailed animals, including birds, exhibited some interesting aspects of longitudinal reflex control. (6) A comparative approach to the reflex mechanisms of the spinal cord and brain stem may provide useful alternative approaches for interpreting evolution.
Quantitative and qualitative performance on rey's 15-item test in neurological patients and dissimulators

Abstract Although Rey's (1964) 15-Item Visual Memory Test (FIT) is frequently used to detect malingering of memory impairment, empirically based clinical guidelines for its use remain unclear. Two studies were conducted comparing the performance of neurological patients and subjects instructed to simulate memory impairment (dissimulators) on several quantitative and qualitative variables derived from the FIT. In Study 1, number of rows in proper location best discriminated groups. A cutoff of < 2 rows correct produced a sensitivity of 47% and a specificity of 97%. The same cutoff applied to Study 2 yielded a sensitivity of 64% and specificity of 96%. The cutoff proposed produced higher specificity than other cutoffs indicated in the literature and suggests that cutoffs currently used for the FIT may incorrectly identify a high proportion of neurological patients as malingerers.
How Can Blogging Help Teachers Realize the Goals of Reform-based Science Instruction? A Study of Nine Classroom Blogs

Science teachers struggle with meeting curricular goals outlined by professional organizations within the constraints of traditional school. Engaging science learners as a community who collaboratively and creatively co-construct scientific understanding through inquiry requires teachers to adopt new tools as well as a different mindset about the kind of classroom culture they need to nurture. Classroom blogs (i.e., blogs that are managed by a teacher for his/her students to post their work and exchange ideas) have been purported in the literature as offering unique opportunities to achieve this goal, although with little empirical support thus far. To fill this gap, nine classroom blogs were selected through an extensive search, and systematically analyzed to determine how the teachers’ instructional designs and classrooms’ enactment were able to capitalize on the specific affordances blogging may offer to support reform-based learning goals. The shift in teacher mindset needed to realize blogging affordances occurred as teachers engaged with students in the process of ‘living’ the classroom blog.
Graduate medical education downsizing: perceived effects of participating in the HCFA demonstration project in New York State.

Abstract. Objective: Financial support for graduate medical education (GME) is shrinking nationally as Medicare cuts GME funds. Thirty-nine hospitals in New York State (NYS) voluntarily participated in a Health Care Financing Administration demonstration project (HCFADP)—the goal of which was to reduce total residency training positions by 4-5%/year over a five-year period, while increasing primary care positions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of downsizing on emergency department (ED) staffing and emergency medicine (EM) residency training. Methods: Structured interviews and surveys of NYS program directors (PDs) were conducted in October—December 1999. Simple frequencies are reported. Results: One hundred percent of 17 PDs completed the interviews and seven of 12 participants in the HCFADP returned surveys. Twelve of 17 programs participated in HCFADP and two programs downsized outside HCFADP. Seven of 12 participants lost EM positions. Six of 12 programs were forced to exclude outside residents from rotating in their ED, leading to a need for one participating program and one non-participating program to find alternative sites for trauma. Five of 12 institutions provided resident staffing data, reporting a reduction in ED resident coverage in year 1 of the project of 9-40%. Programs compensated by increasing the number of shifts worked (4/12), increasing shift length (1/12), decreasing pediatric ED shifts (1/12), decreasing elective or research time (2/12), and decreasing off-service rotations (4/12). Six departments hired physician assistants or nurse practitioners, two hired faculty, and two hired resident moonlighters. Six of 12 programs withdrew from HCFADP and returned to previous resident numbers. Eight of 12 PDs thought that they had decreased time for clinical teaching. Conclusions: A 4-5% reduction in residency positions was associated with a marked reduction in ED resident staffing and EM residency curriculum changes.
Gephardt stresses global unity

Congressman Richard A. Gephardt (D-MO) came to AGU's spring meeting in Baltimore, Md., to talk about global warming and public policy. He stressed global unity to combat the problems of increasing temperatures. His remarks were part of the Union session Earth: A Changing Planet on May 10. Gephardt emphasized the U.S. need to cooperate with Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, and other countries where scientists are working to decrease emissions of greenhouse gases.
Preventing HIV infection: educating the general public.

The general public, or total population, is an important target for HIV prevention efforts. An informed public supports prevention goals by employing primary prevention practices and by influencing the actions and policies of others. Theoretical bases for general population programs are derived from behavioral and communications disciplines. The most promising models combine multiple theories and have been used successfully to reduce cardiovascular disease, adolescent pregnancy, and HIV-related risk behaviors through multi-level community interventions. Systematic, persistent programs are needed to maintain a health protecting, supportive public.
Should the definition of preeclampsia include a rise in diastolic blood pressure of >/=15 mm Hg to a level <90 mm Hg in association with proteinuria?

Objective: This study was undertaken to compare baseline characteristics and pregnancy outcomes between normotensive women who did and those who did not have a rise in diastolic blood pressure of ≥15 mm Hg in association with proteinuria. Study Design: We studied 4302 healthy nulliparous women from the Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention trial who were delivered at ≥20 weeks’ gestation. We selected as the study group normotensive women who developed proteinuria within 7 days of a rise in diastolic blood pressure of ≥15 mm Hg with respect to baseline on 2 occasions 4 to 168 hours apart. Baseline blood pressure was the mean of measurements at 2 clinic visits before 22 weeks’ gestation. Other normotensive women used for comparison were those who did not develop gestational hypertension or a rise in diastolic blood pressure of ≥15 mm Hg in association with proteinuria. Results: Except for greater weight (P < .001), body mass index (P < .001), and systolic blood pressure (P = .05) the baseline characteristics of the 82 women with a rise in diastolic blood pressure of ≥15 mm Hg in association with proteinuria did not differ significantly from those of the other normotensive women. Although they had a greater rate of weight gain (P < .005), larger babies (P = .06), and a 2-fold increase in abdominal delivery (P < .001), there was little other evidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes among these women. Conclusion: During normotensive pregnancy a rise in diastolic blood pressure of ≥15 mm Hg in association with proteinuria appears to be benign and is not a useful clinical construct. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:787-92.)
Development of the rat thalamus: II. Time and site of origin and settling pattern of neurons derived from the anterior lobule of the thalamic neuroepithelium.

Short-survival, sequential, and long-survival thymidine radiograms of rat embryos, fetuses, and young pups were analyzed in order to examine the time of origin, settling pattern, and neuroepithelial site of origin of the anterior thalamic nuclei-the lateral dorsal (lateral anterior), anterodorsal, anteroventral and anteromedial nuclei-and of two rostra1 midline structures-the anterior paraventricular and paratenial nuclei. The neurons of the lateral dorsal nucleus are generated over a 3-day period between days E14-El6 and their settling pattern displays a combined lateral-to-medial and dorsal-to-ventral neurogenetic gradient. The bulk of the neurons of the anteroventral nucleus are generated over a 3-day period between days E15El7 and settle with an oblique lateral-to-medial and ventral-to-dorsal neurogenetic gradient. The bulk of the neurons of the anteromedial nucleus are generated over a 2-day period between days E16-El7 and show the same settling pattern as the anteroventral nucleus. The neurons of the anterodorsal nucleus are generated over a 3-day period between days E15-El7 and show a lateral-to-medial neurogenetic gradient. The bulk of the neurons of the central part and lateral part of the paraventricular nucleus are generated over a 2-day period (E16-El7 and E17-El8, respectively) and each part displays a ventral-to-dorsal neurogenetic gradient. Finally, the bulk of the neurons of the paratenial nucleus are generated over a 4-day period between days E15-El8 and settle with a lateral-to-medial neurogenetic gradient. Observations are presented that the anterior thalamic nuclei, constituting the distinct “limbic thalamus,” derive from a discrete neuroepithelial source. This is the crescent-shaped germinal matrix lining the diencephalic (medial) wall of the hitherto unrecognized anterior transitional promontory, which we call the anterior thalamic neuroepithelial lobule. On day El6 three migratory streams leave the anterior neuroepithelial lobule and, on the basis of their labeling pattern in relation to the neurogenetic gradients of the anterior thalamic nuclei, they are identified, from dorsal to ventral, as the putative migratory streams of the anterodorsal, anteroventral, and lateral dorsal nuclei. On day El7 the putative migratory stream of the anteromedial nucleus appears to leave the same neuroepithelial region that on the previous days was the source of the anteroventral nucleus. Dorsally, two neuroepithelial patches persist after day El7 and these are identified as the putative cell lines of the anterior paraventricular and paratenial nuclei.
Fixed point error analysis of multiuser detection and synchronization algorithms for CDMA communication systems

Conventional correlation based single-user techniques for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) wireless communication systems are susceptible to performance degradation due to interference from other users. Previous research has focused on development of several multiuser techniques where information about multiple users is used to improve performance for each individual user. Due to performance benefits of these methods, they are attractive candidates for implementation in future cellular systems. In this paper we present an error analysis of fixed point implementation of some of these techniques.
A Review on Compact Modeling of Multiple-Gate MOSFETs

This paper reviews recent development on compact modeling of multiple-gate (MG) MOSFETs. Long-channel core models based on the analytical potential solutions of Poisson and current continuity equations for symmetric double-gate (DG) and surrounding-gate (SG) MOSFETs have been developed first. Highly accurate explicit solutions are subsequently developed to deal with the implicit algebraic equations of the models. By adding quantum mechanical effects and short-channel effects, as well as capacitance formulations, the core model for DG MOSFETs has been expanded into a full-blown compact model which has been calibrated to and validated by experimental FinFET hardware. With regard to the various other types of MG MOSFETs developed, the core models for DG and SG MOSFETs have been generalized to the less symmetric structures, including quadruple-gate (QG), triple-gate (TG), ?-gate, and ?-gate MOSFETs. Other research activities on multiple-gate MOSFETs are briefly summarized at the end.
Experiences in local networking at USF

Some of the experiences in networking at the University of South Florida (USF) College of Engineering are described. The LAN selection process and the wiring requirements are outlined. Two networks, the transcendental operating system (TOPS) and the 3Com Ethernet, are reviewed for implementation in this college environment. >
Safety and consistency in policy-based authorization systems

In trust negotiation and other distributed proving systems, networked entities cooperate to form proofs that are justi?ed by collections of certi?ed attributes. These attributes may be obtained through interactions with any number of external entities and are collected and validated over an extended period of time. Though these collections of credentials in some ways resemble partial system snapshots,these systems currently lack the notion of a consistent global state in which the satisfaction of authorization policies should be checked. In this paper, we argue that unlike the notions of consistency studied in other areas of distributed computing, the level of consistency required during policy evaluation is predicated solely upon the security requirements of the policy evaluator. As such,there is little incentive for entities to participate in complicated consistency preservation schemes like those used in distributed computing,distributed databases, and distributed shared memory. We go on to show that the most intuitive notion of consistency fails to provide basic safety guarantees under certain circumstances and then propose several more refined notions of consistency which provide stronger safety guarantees. We provide algorithms that allow each of these re ?ned notions of consistency to be attained in practice with minimal overheads.
Quantization with joint entropy/memory constraints

Results are developed for optimal quantization with combined entropy and log codebook size constraints, including high rate characterizations of distortion, entropy, codebook size, and quantizer point density functions.
Quantum noise in various diodes at low temperature

Abstract Tucker's wave-mechanical analysis of the conductance and the noise spectrum SI(f) of tunnel junctions is applied to metal-oxide-metal diodes and p-n junction tunnel diodes; the Schottky barrier diode is also discussed. The quantum correction factor is defined as the ratio Pav(f)/Pav(0), where Pav(f) is the available noise power per unit bandwidth. The shot noise quantum correction factor is defined as SI(f)/SI(0). At zero bias and high frequencies the results suggest a thermal noise approach, which can be modified into a shot noise approach for the Schottky barrier diode. At sufficient forward bias shot noise prevails, with a quantum correction factor depending on the curvature of the characteristic as Tucker showed. At low frequencies and non-zero bias earlier noise expressions are obtained.
Exposure to the polychlorinated biphenyl mixture Aroclor® 1254 alters melanocyte and tail muscle morphology in developing Xenopus laevis tadpoles

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have damaging effects on both ecosystem and human health. Numerous studies have shown that exposure to PCBs can alter growth and development of aquatic organisms, including frogs. In this report, developing Xenopus laevis tadpoles were exposed to the PCB mixture Aroclor® 1254. Tadpoles were exposed from 5 through 9 d postfertilization to either 0, 1, 10, 50, or 100 ppm Aroclor 1254. Exposure to an acute, high concentration of Aroclor 1254 (10, 50, and 100 ppm) caused statistically significant reductions in survival and body size. In addition, tadpoles exposed to these higher concentrations showed histological abnormalities, including aberrant tail tip, myotomal, and melanocyte morphologies. Described adverse health effects associated with PCB exposure of developing frogs will serve as useful health endpoints in ongoing and future molecular-based studies that correlate health effects with changes in gene expression.
Therapeutic options in the management of incidental carcinoma of the prostate

Incidental carcinoma of the prostate is a protean disease with a natural course which may be indolent or aggressive, with prognosis correlated with histologic grade and extent of disease. Treatment of this pathologic entity has varied over time and has been governed by institutional policy rather than randomized comparison of therapies. This report reviews the literature on incidental prostate cancer focusing on outcomes of patients as related to different therapeutic maneuvers. Observation alone with careful follow-up is appropriate therapy only for those patients with well differentiated disease of limited extent. Patients with diffuse or less differentiated disease required definitive therapy to prevent symptomatic progression. Hormonal manipulation alone has not been demonstrated to be of benefit. Radioactive implants have yielded poor disease-free survival. Radical prostatectomy by an experienced surgeon for patients with adequate health to tolerate the procedure has been associated with acceptable morbidity and excellent local control and survival. Radiation therapy has yielded similar excellent local control and survival and appears to be appropriate for a broader range of patients regardless of health or age.
Engineering self-organizing systems

Self-organizing systems (SOS) hold the promise of addressing many challenges in large scale distributed systems, especially in reducing the need for human intervention for configuration, recovery from failures, and performance optimization. While there are many principles for creating SOS such as minimizing dependencies between components and avoiding the use of globally shared state, we lack a systematic methodology. This talk explores how techniques from control theory and game theory might be used in combination to engineer SOS.
A suction-controlled nasal aspirator for collection of nasopharyngeal secretions.

dystrophy (MLD) urine, Arch. Neurol. 4z 259, 1966. 6. Thomas, G. H.: Beta-D-galaetosidase in human urine: Deficiency in generalized gangliosidosis, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 74: 725, 1969. 7. Franzini, C., and Bonni, P. A.: Alpha-glucosidases in human urine, Clin. Chem. Acta 17: 505, 1967. 8. Howell, R. R.: In Stanbury, J. B., Wyngaarden, J. B., and Fredrickson, D.S., editors: Metabolic basis of inherited disease, ed. 3, New York, 1972, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., p. 161. 9. Salafsky, I. S., and Nadler, H. L.: A fluorometric assay of alpha-glucosidase and its application in the study of Pompe's disease. Submitted for publication. 10. Caraway, W. T.: Microchemical methods for blood analysis, Springfield, Ill., 1960, Charles C Thomas, Publisher, p. 36. 11. Gordon, A. H.: In Work, T. S., and Work, E., editors: Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology, New York, 1969, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., vol. 1, p. 41. 12. Steinitz, K., and Rutenberg, A.: Tissue aglucosidase activity and glycogen content in patients with generalized glycogenosis, Israel J. Med. Soc. 3: 411, 1967. 13. Salafsky, I. S., and Nadler, H. L.: Alpha-l,4glucosidase activity in Pompe's disease, J. P~DIATR. 79: 794, 197I.
Electron irradiation of field-controlled thyristors

The influence of 3-MeV electron irradiation upon the characteristics of asymmetrical field-controlled thyristors has been examined for fluences of up to 16 Mrad. In addition to the lifetime reduction due to the radiation damage, carrier removal effects have also been observed in the very lightly doped n-base region of these devices. The leakage current, even after radiation at the highest fluenee, is not significantly increased and the blocking characteristies of these devices are not degraded. In fact, a small improvement in the blocking gain has been observed at low gate voltages. The electron irradiation has been found to increase the forward voltage drop during current conduction and to reduce the forced gate turn-off time. Gate turn-off times of less than 500 ns have been achieved by irradiation with a fluence of 16 Mrad. However, this is accompanied by a large increase in the forward voltage drop. Tradeoff curves between the forward voltage drop and the gate turn-off time have been obtained. From these curves, it has been determined that gate turnoff times of 1 µs can be obtained without a significant increase in the forward voltage drop for devices capable of blocking up to 600 V.
Silicon ion interactions measured in the E-810 TPC at the AGS

Abstract The tracking detector of AGS Experiment 810 is a three-piece Time Projection Chamber (TPC) which measures all charged tracks in the forward hemisphere of the nucleon-nucleon center of mass system, i. e. forward of 20 degrees in the lab. Each module of the TPC contains twelve rows of short anode wires which give 3-D space points on each track, but no dE/dx information useable for particle identification. The MPS magnet provides a uniform 5 kG field on the TPC volume. The TPC was operated in a beam of 14.6 × A GeV/c silicon ions at the end of June 1989. This talk reports the results of analysis of the gold and copper target data from that run. The trigger was quite simple, requiring a large pulse height in a Cerenkov counter in the incident beam indicating an incident silicon ion, a small pulse height in a scintillation counter centered on the beam behind the TPC corresponding to less ionization than a surviving carbon ion would produce, and a substantial signal in each of two scintillators located above and below the beam just in front of the TPC. The targets were thin, 0.0076 radiation lengths of gold, 0.0089 radiation lengths of copper, to reduce contamination of the events by electron tracks from converted π0 photons. A cut at multiplicity 50 was used to select more central collisions, yielding 2291 events from the gold sample, 2170 from the copper. This corresponds to cross sections of 0.59 and 0.20 barns, respectively, defining the “central” sample for the charged particle distributions presented here.
A model for producing stable, broadband terahertz coherent synchrotron radiation in storage rings

We present a model for producing stable broadband coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) in the terahertz frequency region in an electron storage ring. The model includes distortion of bunch shape from the synchrotron radiation (SR), enhancing higher frequency coherent emission and limits to stable emission due to a microbunching instability excited by the SR. We use this model to optimize the performance of a source for CSR emission.