cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual conflict and deception in poison frogs

I review evidence that females deceive males in the context of sexual selection and sexual conflict in the green poison frog, Dendrobates auratus. In this species, males mate polygynously when they have the opportunity, but polygyny imposes a cost on female reproductive success. Some females attempt to guard their mates when those males are approached by other fe- males. This behavior involves both aggression toward other females and active "pseudo-courtship" of the male. This courtship is hypothesized to be a deceptive signal that functions to prevent the male from mating with other females. Observational and com- parative evidence is presented in support of the predictions of this hypothesis. This form of deception is compared to similar be- haviors that occur in other species, and the possibility that other forms of deception occur in poison frogs is discussed (Current Zoology 60 (1): 3742, 2014). Animal communication is a complex mixture of re- liable and deceptive information (Trivers, 2011). While honest signaling does occur, and can be enforced to some degree by a variety of mechanisms (e.g. physio- logical cost), deception is common and frequently profi- table (Dawkins and Guilford, 1991). Evidence for de- ception is ubiquitous across taxa and levels of pheno- type (Dawkins and Krebs, 1978). Deception occurs in a variety of contexts, including interspecific interactions (e.g. Batesian mimicry in predator-prey interactions; brood parasitism, flower mimicry in plant-pollinator interactions, etc.), and various intraspecific interactions such as foraging and parent-offspring communication (Dawkins and Krebs, 1978; Dawkins and Guilford,
Beneficial effects of two forms of NO administration in feline splanchnic artery occlusion shock.

We studied the effects of nitric oxide (NO) solution and acidified sodium nitrite (NaNO2), which produces NO, in splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock in cats. NO is thought to be endothelium-der...
A Novel Integrated MEMS Process Using Fluorocarbon Films Deposited With a Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) Tool

Fluorocarbon films are useful as antistiction films for suspended structure and also for electrical isolation purposes. Furthermore, due to their low dielectric constant and ease of deposition they are useful for VLSI manufacturing applications. Thus, in the interest of building a complete database for these plasma generated fluorocarbon films, we report a designed experiment with a 4-variable matrix to fully characterize deposited films using C4F8 as the feed gas in a high density inductively coupled plasma tool. We also demonstrate the in-situ microfabrication of electrostatic actuators that exhibit the corresponding passivation film for electrical isolation. The utilization of these films as a masking material for MEMS applications and in triple nested mask arrangements is also demonstrated.
Voluntary Running Exercise Ameliorates Muscle Loss in Mice

Both spaceflight and bed rest studies are known to cause substantial muscle loss in humans. Of particular interest in atrophy studies is the postural, slow-twitch fiber soleus muscle. It has been demonstrated that during periods of disuse, slow-twitch fibers undergo fiber type switching and morph into fast-twitch fibers [1]. Alternatively, when exercise is prescribed, there is switching of fast-to slow-twitch fibers [2], indicating a profound adaptability of the muscle to exercise.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Nonoccupational Postexposure Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prophylaxis: Acceptance Following Sexual Assault.

BACKGROUND: Nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (nPEP) for HIV following sexual assault may decrease the likelihood of HIV transmission. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this exploratory chart review study was to examine factors associated with patients accepting post-sexual assault nPEP at three forensic nurse examiner programs in urban settings. METHODS: Forensic nursing charts of patients presenting for acute sexual assault care were reviewed as part of a mixed-methods study. RESULTS: Patients assaulted by more than one or an unknown number of assailants were over 12 times more likely to accept the offer of nPEP (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 12.66, 95% CI [2.77, 57.82]). In cases where no condom was used (aOR = 8.57, 95% CI [1.59, 46.10]) or when any injury to the anus or genitalia was noted (aOR = 4.10, 95% CI [1.57, 10.75]), patients were more likely to accept nPEP. Patients with any injury to the face or head were less likely to initiate nPEP (aOR = 0.32, 95% CI [0.11, 0.97]). DISCUSSION: This study is an important first step in understanding factors associated with nPEP acceptance after sexual assault. Language: en
Implication of the myocardial enzymes and electrocardiogram in children with mycoplasma pneumonia

Objective:To investigate the changes of the myocardial enzymes and the characters of electrocardiogram in children with mycoplasma pneumonia(MP).Methods:Based on MP antibody assay,84 patients with MP were enrolled into testing group and 84 cases negative for MP were also enrolled as control.Myocardium enzymes(AST、CKMB、CK、LDH and α-HBDH) and electrocardiogram(ECG) were tested immediately after diagnosis.Results:Among the 5 markers of myocardial enzymogram,abnormal serum AST、CK-MB and CK level were detected more frequently in MP group than in N-MP group.The serum level of AST and CK-MB were significantly higher in MP group than in N-MP group.No significant difference of CK、LDH and α-HBDH level were detected between the two groups.Furthermore,we found a statistical correlation between the abnormal myocardium enzymes and ECG abnormal in MP group.Conclusion:Measurement of serum myocardial enzymes is an important method to detect myocardial damage in MP patients.AST and CK-MB are sensitive markers for myocardial damage,as well as ECG,which may be helpful to guide the clinical treatment as soon as possible.
The Application of Surface Electrocardiography in Optimizing Atrioventricular Delay for Dual-Chamber Pacemaker

Objective:To investigate the application of surface electrocardiography in optimizing sensed atrioventricular delay(SAV)for dual-chamber pacemaker. Methods:DDD pacemakers were implanted in 31 patiments with complete atrioventricular block.Optimal SAV was achieved by programming a delay of 100 ms from the end of sensed P wave to peak/nadir of the paced ventricular complex.Myocardial per- formance index (MPI) and the time to peak systolic velocity(Ts)and time to peak early/late diastolic velocity of septal and left lateral were measured. Results:Optimization of SAV resulted in a relative MPI decrease and systolic and diastolic perfermance was significantly im- proved compared to nominal SAV delay(150 ms). Conclusions:Optimization of SAV delay by surface ECG is a simple method to improve left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients with DDD pacemakers.
The Contemporary Context of Young Adulthood in the USA: From Demography to Development, From Private Troubles to Public Issues

This chapter describes how the passage to adulthood in the USA has changed, and what this means for individuals, families, and societies. It highlights some radical shifts in “traditional” markers of adulthood, and some problematic ways that scholars and the public think about the early adult years. It describes a few larger hallmarks of these years today, and some of the social skills and psychological capacities that young people need for traversing them, especially to foster supportive social relationships and the ability to navigate social institutions. The chapter illustrates the sizeable role of family support in determining the success of young people, as well as the significant need to strengthen existing social institutions and policies, and create new ones, to better support young adults. It is crucial that the launching of children into adulthood not be so exclusively understood as a “private trouble” to be managed with personal resources and strategies, but instead be understood as a “public issue” that requires considerable collective investments for the sake of everyone.
Bioreactors for Commodity Products

Bioreactors are vessels that have been designed and produced to provide an effective environment for enzymes or whole cells to transform biochemicals into products. In some cases, inactivation of cells or sterilization is carried out in the bioreactor such as in water treatment. Many different bioreactors and bioreactor applications are described, including those for cell growth, enzyme production, biocatalysis, food production, milk processing, extrusion, tissue engineering, algae production, protein synthesis, and anaerobic digestion. Methods to classify bioreactors are presented, including operational conditions and the nature of the process. References are included to enable the reader to find more information on each of the types of bioreactors and selected products. The emphasis is on reactors that are produced commercially rather than on reactors that have evolved in the natural world. Bioreactors used for DNA and protein synthesis (biomolecular synthesizers) are included. Commodity products include all substances that are produced in bioreactors and marketed; however, the emphasis is on general principles and more widely used bioreactor types and products.
The Significance of Sessile Serrated Polyps in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background The significance of serrated lesions in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear. We aim to characterize synchronous and metachronous lesions in IBD patients with an index serrated polyp and compare them to sporadic subjects with SSP. Methods Serrated lesions in patients with IBD were identified from a pathology database and, after review, were reclassified as hyperplastic (HP), sessile serrated (SSPs), or serrated polyps unclassifiable (SPU). Results One hundred thirty-four IBD patients were found to have 147 serrated polyps at index colonoscopy. SSPs were more likely to be located in the right colon: SSP (76.0%), SPU (41.7%) and HP (27.8%); P = 0.002. Synchronous multifocal visible dysplasia occurred more frequently in the SSP or SPU groups (44.5% and 66%) compared to the HP group (12%); P = 0.031. Among 13 IBD patients with index SSP followed over a median of 6 years, 61.5% developed metachronous visible dysplasia or additional SSPs. Larger index SSP size was associated with higher risk of developing subsequent visible dysplasia with a 10% increase for every 1 mm increase in size (HR = 1.1; P = 0.028), but was not associated with developing subsequent SSP (P = 0.50). The risk of subsequent SSP or visible dysplasia was no different between the IBD and non-IBD groups, but there was a trend suggesting SSP may be a marker of increased early risk of metachronous visible dysplasia in IBD patients. Conclusions IBD patients with an index SSP and SPU have a heightened risk of synchronous multifocal visible dysplasia. Additionally, IBD patients with SSP may be at risk of early metachronous visible dysplasia.
Muscular Fatigue in Duchenne Dystrophy

The fatigability of the anterior tibial muscle in 11 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was compared to that of controls at the California Pacific Medical Center and the University of California, San Francisco.
Telomere-Internal Double-Strand Breaks Are Repaired by Homologous Recombination and PARP1/Lig3-Dependent End-Joining

Shelterin protects chromosome ends from the DNA damage response. Although the mechanism of telomere protection has been studied extensively, the fate of double-strand breaks (DSBs) inside telomeres is not known. Here, we report that telomere-internal FokI-induced DSBs activate ATM kinase-dependent signaling in S-phase but are well tolerated and repaired efficiently. Homologous recombination contributes to repair, leading to increased telomere length heterogeneity typical of the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. Furthermore, cells accumulate extra chromosomal telomeric signals (ECTS), a second hallmark of ALT. Telomere-internal DSBs are also repaired by a PARP1- and Ligase3-dependent reaction, suggesting alternative non-homologous end-joining (alt-NHEJ), which relies on microhomology at DSBs. However, as resected telomere-internal DSBs have perfect homology, their PARP1/Lig3-dependent end-joining may be more akin to single strand break repair. We conclude that shelterin does not repress ATM kinase signaling or DSB repair at telomere-internal sites, thereby allowing DNA repair to maintain telomere integrity.
Examining One State's Regulation Development Process to Manage Alien Crayfish Introductions

Invasive crayfishes adversely affect fisheries throughout the United States and Canada. Recommended management strategies, such as regulation and education, limit primary introduction pathways (e.g., aquaculture, bait shops, pet trade, educational classrooms). We present a case study of our state agency's approach to collecting data to support regulation development and accompanying educational efforts in Missouri. We studied other agencies’ approaches, industry pathways, and stakeholder groups to develop and support regulations. We found that bait, pet, and aquaculture industries’ crayfish sales only constituted a small portion of their incomes. High school and college educators used crayfishes in lessons, with most being obtained from the wild or biological supply companies; some educators released live crayfishes to the water afterward. The biological supply companies providing specimens to educators often provided species that differed from ones advertised, including invasive species. Biological and s...
Street Textuality: Socialism, Masculinity, and Urban Belonging in Tanzania's Pulp Fiction Publishing Industry, 1975–1985

From the mid-1970s through the mid-1980s, a network of young urban migrant men created an underground pulp fiction publishing industry in the city of Dar es Salaam. As texts that were produced in the underground economy of a city whose trajectory was increasingly charted outside of formalized planning and investment, these novellas reveal more than their narrative content alone. These texts were active components in the urban social worlds of the young men who produced them. They reveal a mode of urbanism otherwise obscured by narratives of decolonization, in which urban belonging was constituted less by national citizenship than by the construction of social networks, economic connections, and the crafting of reputations. This article argues that pulp fiction novellas of socialist era Dar es Salaam are artifacts of emergent forms of male sociability and mobility. In printing fictional stories about urban life on pilfered paper and ink, and distributing their texts through informal channels, these writers not only described urban communities, reputations, and networks, but also actually created them.
Controlling swarms of robots with global inputs: Breaking symmetry

Abstract Roboticists, biologists, and chemists are now producing large populations of simple robots, but controlling large populations of robots with limited capabilities is difficult, due to communication and onboard-computation constraints. This chapter provides controllability proofs for control of mobile robots that move in a 2D workspace where each robot receives exactly the same control inputs. We focus on two types of control: when control inputs are the desired angular and linear velocity for the robots, and secondly when control inputs are the desired direction and speed for the robots. Both use broadcast control inputs: the first uses control inputs specified in the local reference frame of each robot, while the second uses control inputs specified in the global reference frame. Each method allows steering each robot to a desired goal location in O ( n 2 ) time, but the second option enables a class useful of swarm manipulation tasks to be accomplished efficiently.
A single demyelinating attack is enough to limit brain growth in children.

Acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) represent acute neurologic illnesses characterized by deficits persisting for at least 24 hours and involving the optic nerve, brain, or spinal cord, associated with regional areas of increased T2 signal on conventional MRI. In contrast to the 75% of adult patients presenting with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) who are eventually diagnosed with clinically defined multiple sclerosis (MS),1 the majority of children presenting with ADS have a monophasic illness with a good overall prognosis: more than 90% of children achieve a full neurologic recovery.2 Over the last decade, neuroimaging studies have focused on differentiating between MS and its mimics, and correlating radiologic measures with clinical outcome and neuropsychological testing in pediatric MS.3
The Retromer Supports AMPA Receptor Trafficking During LTP

Alterations in the function of the retromer, a multisubunit protein complex that plays a specialized role in endosomal sorting, have been linked to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, yet little is known about the retromer's role in the mature brain. Using in vivo knockdown of the critical retromer component VPS35, we demonstrate a specific role for this endosomal sorting complex in the trafficking of AMPA receptors during NMDA-receptor-dependent LTP at mature hippocampal synapses. The impairment of LTP due to VPS35 knockdown was mechanistically independent of any role of the retromer in the production of Aβ from APP. Finally, we find surprising differences between Alzheimer's- and Parkinson's-disease-linked VPS35 mutations in supporting this pathway. These findings demonstrate a key role for the retromer in LTP and provide insights into how retromer malfunction in the mature brain may contribute to symptoms of common neurodegenerative diseases. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Gynecologic Care for Transgender Adults

Transgender people need both routine gynecological and reproductive health care and services specific to gender-affirming processes. However, there is little evidence to guide their routine gynecological and reproductive health care, and data suggests that 33% of transgender people avoid routine health care due to persistent discrimination and disrespect. Here we systematically approach the care of transmasculine and transfeminine people for practicing obstetrician-gynecologists (OBGYNs) with an eye towards enhancing knowledge and enhancing respectful care. Though hampered by a paucity of high-quality data specific to transgender people, topics covered in the review include routine health care maintenance; including cancer screening, assessment of sexually transmitted infections, and contraception; as well as issues specific to transgender individuals such as to use of gender-affirming hormones and care surrounding gender-affirming surgeries. Additionally, we incorporate perspectives to support cultural humility and provider preparedness towards promoting patient comfort in seeking and obtaining care. We aim to demonstrate that though there are some clinical topics specific to transgender people and their health care that warrant enhanced training and resources, obstetrician-gynecologists (OBGYNs) are actually well-poised to support the care of this population. Bringing awareness of the needs of transgender people to OBGYNs will help decrease the well-documented care gap for this underserved population.
Inactivation of the Lateral Entorhinal Area Increases the Influence of Visual Cues on Hippocampal Place Cell Activity.

The hippocampus is important for both navigation and associative learning. We previously showed that the hippocampus processes two-dimensional (2D) landmarks and objects differently. Our findings suggested that landmarks are more likely to be used for orientation and navigation, whereas objects are more likely to be used for associative learning. The process by which cues are recognized as relevant for navigation or associative learning, however, is an open question. Presumably both spatial and nonspatial information are necessary for classifying cues as landmarks or objects. The lateral entorhinal area (LEA) is a good candidate for participating in this process as it is implicated in the processing of three-dimensional objects and object location. Because the LEA is one synapse upstream of the hippocampus and processes both spatial and nonspatial information, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the LEA modulates how the hippocampus uses 2D landmarks and objects. To test this hypothesis, we temporarily inactivated the LEA ipsilateral to the dorsal hippocampal recording site using fluorophore-conjugated Muscimol (FCM) 30 minutes prior to three foraging sessions in which either the 2D landmark or the 2D object was back-projected to the floor of an open field. Prior to the second session we rotated the 2D cue by 90 degrees. Cues were returned to the original configuration for the third session. Compared to the Saline treatment, FCM inactivation increased the percentage of rotation responses to manipulations of the landmark cue but had no effect on information content of place fields. In contrast, FCM inactivation increased information content of place fields in the presence of the object cue, but had no effect on rotation responses to the object cue. Thus, LEA inactivation increased the influence of visual cues on hippocampal activity, but the impact was qualitatively different for cues that are useful for navigation vs. cues that may not be useful for navigation. FCM inactivation also led to reductions in both frequency and power of hippocampal theta rhythms, indicative of the loss of functionally important LEA inputs to hippocampus. These data provide evidence that the LEA is involved in modulating how the dorsal hippocampus utilizes visual environmental cues.
An alternative pathway to eusociality: Exploring the molecular and functional basis of fortress defense

Some animals express a form of eusociality known as "fortress defense," in which defense rather than brood care is the primary social act. Aphids are small plant-feeding insects, but like termites, some species express division of labor and castes of aggressive juvenile "soldiers." What is the functional basis of fortress defense eusociality in aphids? Previous work showed that the acquisition of venoms might be a key innovation in aphid social evolution. We show that the lethality of aphid soldiers derives in part from the induction of exaggerated immune responses in insects they attack. Comparisons between closely related social and nonsocial species identified a number of secreted effector molecules that are candidates for immune modulation, including a convergently recruited protease described in unrelated aphid species with venom-like functions. These results suggest that aphids are capable of antagonizing conserved features of the insect immune response, and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the evolution of fortress defense eusociality in aphids.
Geobacter sulfurreducens pili support ohmic electronic conduction in aqueous solution

The bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens is a model biological catalyst in microbial electrochemical devices. G. sulfurreducens forms electrically conductive, electrode-associated biofilms, but the biological structures mediating electrical conduction from cells to the electrodes are a matter of debate. Bacteria in these communities produce a network of fiber-like Type IV pili, which have been proposed to act either as inherent, protein-based electronic conductors, or as electronically inert scaffolds for cytochromes mediating long-range charge transport. Previous studies have examined pilus conduction mechanisms under vacuum and in dry conditions, but their conduction mechanism under physiologically relevant conditions has yet to be characterized. In this work, we isolate G. sulfurreducens pili, and compare the electronic conduction mechanism of both live biofilms and purified pili networks under dry and aqueous conditions. Solid-state I-V characteristics indicate that electronic transport in films of purified pili is representative of conduction in a fiber percolation network. Electrochemical gating measurements in a bipotentiostat device configuration confirm previous results suggesting redox currents dominate live biofilm conduction. Purified pili films, however, exhibit non-redox electronic conduction under aqueous, buffered conditions, and their conductivity increases with decreasing temperature. These findings show that isolated pili possess inherent, non-redox-mediated conductivity consistent with a metallic-like model of charge carrier transport. The results demonstrate an experimental platform for studying electronic transport in biomaterials and suggest that pili serve as an exemplary model for designing bioelectronic interfaces.
Bariatric Surgery Is Gaining Ground as Treatment of Obesity After Heart Transplantation: Report of Two Cases

Experience with bariatric surgery in patients after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is still limited. We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent bariatric surgery after OHT from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2016. Two post-OHT patients with BMI of 37.5 and 36.2 kg/m² underwent laparoscopic robotic-assisted Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, respectively. Quality of life substantially improved for both patients. Bariatric surgery is safe and feasible in OHT patients, despite numerous risk factors. Careful selection of patients is required with proper preoperative management and overall care. Due to the complexity of treatment and perioperative care in this specific population, these operations should be done in high-volume centers with multidisciplinary teams composed of bariatric, cardiac transplant surgeons and critical care physicians. Bariatric surgery can be highly effective for treatment of obesity after OHT.
Special Cases and Adjustments

Population estimate methods can be applied in a straightforward manner in many situations, without consideration of any factors beyond those discussed in previous chapters. However, there are also situations in which the basic estimation model should be adjusted to account for special circumstances. Two common adjustments are for international migration and special populations.2 Failing to account for these factors can lead to unreasonable estimates and can increase estimation errors. Whether any specific set of estimates requires adjustment for these factors is, of course, a question that must be answered on a case-by-case basis. There are also circumstances in which it is desirable to control a set of estimates to an independent estimate. In this chapter we discuss the circumstances in which unadjusted estimates might provide unacceptable results, describe ways for making the necessary adjustments, and describe several techniques for controlling to independent estimates. The adjustments described in this chapter increase the complexity of the estimation process, but we believe enhance the usefulness of the resulting estimates.
Adolescent Health Development: A Relational Developmental Systems Perspective

The contemporary study of adolescent development emphasizes that the process of development involves mutually influential relations between the developing individual and the features of his or her complex and changing context. These relations are most often framed by models derived from a relational developmental systems metatheory, an approach to theory that is entirely consistent with the seven principles of life course health development. Concepts associated with these ideas are used to describe, explain, and optimize the course of development in the second decade of life and, as such, to frame applied research aimed at promoting health and positive development among diverse adolescents. Accordingly we discuss the relational developmental systems metatheory and the seven principles and illustrate how the ideas associated with both approaches to adolescent development can innovatively integrate and extend scholarship about transitions and transformations characterizing the adolescent period and, as well, afford optimism that relational changes linked to positive change in the health developmental system can be identified and used to promote thriving in adolescence.
Comments on “Solubility and thermodynamic analysis of 1,6-hexanediamine in mono-solvents and 1-butanol + cyclohexane mixed solvents at different temperatures”

Abstract Errors are found in the authors' mathematical representation pertaining to the Jouyban-Acree model for describing the experimental mole fraction solubility of 1,6-hexanediamine in binary 1-butanol + cyclohexane solvent mixtures. The mathematical representation is corrected so that published equation coefficients give the authors' back-calculated mole fraction solubilities that are reported in the published paper.
Phase II study of epacadostat with pembrolizumab in metastatic or unresectable gastroesophageal junction and gastric adenocarcinoma requiring paired biopsies.

TPS191Background: Gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) and gastric adenocarcinomas constitute a major health problem worldwide. Gastric cancer is the fourth most prevalent malignancy and the second lead...
Differentiation Potential of Adult Stem Cells

Stem cells are a subcategory of cells designated as “precursor” cells. Precursor cells provide the cellular building blocks to maintain the tissues and organs of the body throughout the life-span of an individual. Precursor cells also provide the cellular building blocks for tissue replacement and repair following injury. There are three basic categories of precursor cells: lineage-uncommitted pluripotent stem cells; germ layer lineage-committed ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal stem cells; and lineage-committed progenitor cells. These three categories of precursor cells are based on their life-span, the nature of their lineage commitment, their ability to form various differentiated cell types, and their programmed developmental lineage pattern (Fig. 1).
Rho GTPases in Regulation of Cancer Cell Motility, Invasion, and Microenvironment

Unlike Ras proteins that are oncogenically mutated in 30% of human cancers, known naturally occurring mutations in Rho GTPases are limited to RhoH (a.k.a. ARHH). This gene has been found to be rearranged in non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas and multiple myeloma, along with mutations in the 5′UTR in diffuse large cell lymphomas (Preudhomme et al. 2000; Pasqualucci et al. 2001). The common rearrangement found in these hematopoietic cancers is caused by a t(3;4)(q27; p11–13) chromosomal translocation resulting in a gene fusion with the BCL3/LAZ3 oncogene (Dallery-Prudhomme et al. 1997). How these RhoH translocations and hypermutations – as well as other aberrantly expressed Rho GTPases – contribute to the cancer pathogenesis remains an open question. However, a large body of evidence points to their involvement in EMT.
Perishable Inventory Problems: Convexity Results for Base-Stock Policies and Learning Algorithms Under Censored Demand

We develop the first nonparametric learning algorithm for periodic-review perishable inventory systems. In contrast to the classical perishable inventory literature, we assume that the firm does not know the demand distribution a priori and makes replenishment decision in each period based only on the past sales (censored demand) data. It is well-known that even with complete information about the demand distribution a priori, the optimal policy for this problem does not possess a simple structure. Motivated by the studies in the literature showing that base-stock policies perform near-optimal in these systems, we focus on finding the best base-stock policy. We first establish a convexity result, showing that the total holding, lost-sales and outdating cost is convex in the base-stock level. Then, we develop a nonparametric learning algorithm that generates a sequence of order-up-to levels whose running average cost converges to the cost of the optimal base-stock policy. We establish a square-root convergence rate of the proposed algorithm, which is the best possible. Our algorithm and analyses require a novel method for computing a valid cycle subgradient and the construction of a bridging problem, which significantly departs from previous studies.
Sodium loading, treadmill walking, and the acute redistribution of bone mineral content on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans.

The purpose of this study was to assess relationships between plasma sodium concentration ([Na+]) and bone mineral content (BMC) after an acute sodium load plus treadmill walking and then quantify ...
Simplified model to treat the electron attachment of complex molecules: Application to H 2 CN and the quest for the CN − formation mechanism

We present a simplified approach to the dissociative electron attachment of polyatomic molecules. A reduced nuclear coordinate driving the dissociative process immediately following the resonance capture is introduced and allows an estimation of the cross section. The model is applied to the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{CN}$ molecule, which is considered as a precursor in the formation of the ${\mathrm{CN}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ anion observed in the IRC +10216 carbon star. The computed rate coefficient suggests that the dissociative electron attachment of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{CN}$ may not be an efficient reaction to form ${\mathrm{CN}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in the circumstellar envelope of IRC +10216.
An anthropology of sound? Schultze’s sonic meditations, from Helmholz to listening to Webern on Mars: The sonic persona: an anthropology of sound, by Holger Schulze. New York, Bloombury Academic, 2018, 255 pp., £27.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-5013-0547-4

There is a tension in the title of Holger Schulze’s book: while the subtitle points in the direction of the empirically-grounded social sciences, the main title hints at the book’s more philosophic...
Diversity in Community: Rethinking Psychological Perspectives on Bridging Differences

In this chapter, Meg A. Bond offers up thoughts on bridging differences within communities that emanate from the field of community psychology. A hallmark of community psychology is attention to the interactions among people and contexts that takes into account histories, sociopolitical factors, as well as current social and cultural dynamics. The contextual analysis of community psychology has important implications for understanding issues of equity within community contexts as attention is paid to both personal proclivities and the qualities of social settings as sites for promoting socially just communities. This chapter briefly summarises some core concepts from community psychology, then explores a framework for promoting community that is inclusive across diversity dimensions such as race, ethnicity, gender, social class, and sexual orientation. In addition, Bond poses three challenges which revolve around (1) further contextualising our understandings of human diversity by reconsidering the notion of ‘difference’ between discrete demographic groups within a community, (2) more fully emphasising diversity as socially situated, and (3) further delving into local, setting-specific practices that shape the meanings of diversity within each community. The questions she poses have emerged from work in the United States, and readers are invited to reflect upon the ways in which they may—or may not—translate across national contexts.
Learning To Reason from Lewis Carroll.

I have posed this question to many classes; invari ably, students come up with several different responses. The dilemma becomes, Which responses are, in fact, logical conclusions of all the premises and which are not? How can we decide? Mathematical logic to the rescue! We use a powerful technique commonly applied to "empirical" problems. We translate the problem into a mathematical one, solve the mathematical problem, and then translate our answer back into the context of the original problem. Of course, our answer is only as good as the fit between our math ematical model and the problem. In particular, we translate each of the foregoing four premises into symbolic sentences. Then we manipulate these symbolic sentences using "rules of inference," which are discussed later. After deriv ing a symbolically expressed answer, we translate this answer back into ordinary English (see fig. 1).
Tox21 and adverse outcome pathways

Abstract Toxicology in the 21st century (Tox21) is a consortium of five government agencies that set out to advance high-throughput screening while transitioning from mammalian model research. Three phases, each with different focuses, aim to develop quantitative high-throughput chemical screening assays to aid predicative modeling of hazard. Through Tox21, thousands of chemicals have been tested using in vitro assays, resulting in millions of data points for adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and AOP networks. This comprehensive AOP framework provides molecular information for predictive models that influence regulatory decision making. Tox21 continues to advance computational toxicology with the ultimate goal of reducing or eliminating animal use for testing chemicals of potential risk to human health.
Expanding Indications for Dorsal Preservation Rhinoplasty With Cartilage Conversion Techniques

BACKGROUND Preservation rhinoplasty (PR) is a new and evolving philosophy in rhinoplasty surgery. As a surgeon becomes more experienced with preservation concepts, he/she begins to look for new ways to apply PR to an increasing percentage of primary cases. OBJECTIVES This article presents a series of 100 primary rhinoplasties that underwent dorsal preservation with an emphasis on the cartilage-only dorsal preservation. METHODS A total of 226 primary rhinoplasty cases were studied retrospectively between July 2017 and August 2018. One hundred cases of dorsal preservation were included in the study. Data was collected in all cases regarding age, gender, ethnicity, and technical details of the operation. These 100 cases fall into the following 3 categories: (1) dorsal preservation employing a subdorsal strip; (2) dorsal preservation utilizing a cartilage-only pushdown with separate bony pyramid modification; and (3) dorsal preservation employing a cartilage reduction method with separate bony pyramid modification. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients underwent subdorsal strip technique, 39 underwent cartilage-only pushdown technique, and 4 underwent cartilage modification. The average lowering was 4.5 mm (range, 2-10 mm), 2.5 mm (range, 1-3.5 mm), and 2 mm (range, 1-2.5 mm) for the subdorsal strip, cartilage-only pushdown techniques, and cartilage modification technique, respectively. No patients required revision surgery of their dorsum. CONCLUSIONS PR is a paradigm shift in rhinoplasty. With time, surgeons will find themselves asking in every situation whether they can preserve structures. Dorsal preservation is a reliable technique if patients are chosen properly. With bony cap modification, more dorsums can be preserved and dorsal aesthetics can be improved. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
Earthquake Early Warning ShakeAlert 2.0: Public Rollout

The ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system is designed to automatically identify and characterize the initiation and rupture evolution of large earthquakes, estimate the intensity of ground shaking that will result, and deliver alerts to people and systems that may experience shaking, prior to the occurrence of shaking at their location. It is configured to issue alerts to locations within the West Coast of the United States. In 2018, ShakeAlert 2.0 went live in a regional public test in the first phase of a general public rollout. The ShakeAlert system is now providing alerts to more than 60 institutional partners in the three states of the western United States where most of the nation’s earthquake risk is concentrated: California, Oregon, and Washington. The ShakeAlert 2.0 product for public alerting is a message containing a polygon enclosing a region predicted to experience modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) threshold levels that depend on the delivery method. Wireless Emergency Alerts are delivered for M 5+ earthquakes with expected shaking of MMI≥IV⁠. For cell phone apps, the thresholds are M 4.5+ and MMI≥III⁠. A polygon format alert is the easiest description for selective rebroadcasting mechanisms (e.g., cell towers) and is a requirement for some mass notification systems such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Integrated Public Alert and Warning System. ShakeAlert 2.0 was tested using historic waveform data consisting of 60 M 3.5+ and 25 M 5.0+ earthquakes, in addition to other anomalous waveforms such as calibration signals. For the historic event test, the average M 5+ false alert and missed event rates for ShakeAlert 2.0 are 8% and 16%. The M 3.5+ false alert and missed event rates are 10% and 36.7%. Real‐time performance metrics are also presented to assess how the system behaves in regions that are well‐instrumented, sparsely instrumented, and for offshore earthquakes.
Artificial Intelligence: Promise, Pitfalls, and Perspective

In this Medical News article, JAMA Fishbein Fellow Angel N Desai, MD, MPH, speaks with scientist and entrepreneur Gary Marcus, PhD, about the potential of artificial intelligence in health care and the current coronavirus pandemic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association is the property of American Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Making Teaching Relevant: Enhancing Students’ Self-Efficacy Through Teachers’ Enthusiasm for More Active Classroom Engagement

A strong sense of self-efficacy supports human accomplishment. Learners with high assurance in their capacities could approach difficult tasks as challenges to be handled rather than threats to be avoided. Such an outlook fosters those learners’ activities’ engrossment and their intrinsic interests of the learned contents. Therefore, learners set themselves goals and keep a strong commitment to these designated goals. To face failure, learners heighten and sustain their efforts by attributing this failure to insufficient effort and deficient knowledge and skills which ought to be acquired. To this end, those learners utilize their prior knowledge assurance to overcome the confronted threats. Concurrently, teachers ought to provide the relevant instruction that empowers their students. Consequently, learners could raise their expectations of the relevance of the perceived cognition and make sense of their world. Make learning relevance deemed a catalyst towards learners’ self- efficacy, motivation, and engagement with the learning processes. This article examines the irrevocable relationship between learners’ self- efficacy and their learning relevance towards mastery learning and active classroom engagement. The article raises some teaching challenges and suggests some research-based strategies to help teachers appreciate the broad panorama of learning and teaching in classrooms characterized by teaching self-efficacy and enthusiasm.
Vestibular Dysfunction and Gross Motor Milestone Acquisition in Children With Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review:

ObjectiveTo describe the impact of vestibular dysfunction on gross motor development in children with hearing loss.Data SourcesMEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate), and t...
Loss of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes Colon Tumorigenesis in ApcS580/+; KrasG12D/+ Mice.

The mutational genetic landscape of colorectal cancer has been extensively characterized; however, the ability of "cooperation response genes" to modulate the function of cancer "driver" genes remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, in modulating oncogenic cues in the colon. We show that intestinal epithelial cell-targeted AhR knockout (KO) promotes the expansion and clonogenic capacity of colonic stem/progenitor cells harboring ApcS580/+; KrasG12D/+ mutations by upregulating Wnt signaling. The loss of AhR in the gut epithelium increased cell proliferation, reduced mouse survival rate, and promoted cecum and colon tumorigenesis in mice. Mechanistically, the antagonism of Wnt signaling induced by Lgr5 haploinsufficiency attenuated the effects of AhR KO on cecum and colon tumorigenesis. IMPLICATIONS: Our findings reveal that AhR signaling plays a protective role in genetically induced colon tumorigenesis at least by suppressing Wnt signaling and provides rationale for the AhR as a therapeutic target for cancer prevention and treatment.
Preoperative embolization of renal cell carcinoma prior to partial nephrectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of preoperative renal artery embolization of renal cell carcinoma in reducing intraoperative blood loss during subsequent partial nephrectomy through a systematic review and meta-analysis of current literature. Materials and methods The PubMed database was searched for articles published from 1970 to 2018 describing patients with renal cell carcinoma who underwent partial nephrectomy with and without preoperative embolization of the tumor. Demographic data, procedural techniques, and surgical outcomes were obtained when available. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to determine estimated blood loss in both groups of patients. Results The literature search identified 14 relevant articles for systematic review, of which 4 articles provided sufficient data to be included in the meta-analysis. 270 patients (173 males, 97 females) underwent partial nephrectomy for RCC, of whom 222 received pre-operative embolization. There were 48 patients in our cohort that underwent partial nephrectomy for RCC without preoperative embolization. Random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated a significant difference between EBL in patients undergoing RAE prior to partial nephrectomy vs partial nephrectomy without preoperative embolization, with EBL of 154.0 ± 22.6 mL (n = 222) and 353.4 ± 69.6 mL (n = 478), respectively (p Conclusion Renal artery embolization prior to surgical resection of renal cell carcinoma is safe and significantly reduces intraoperative blood loss in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy.