cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent indicators of cAMP and Epac activation reveal differential dynamics of cAMP signaling within discrete subcellular compartments.

Second messenger cAMP regulates many cellular functions through its effectors, such as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and Epac (exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP). Spatial and temporal control of cAMP signaling is crucial to differential regulation of cellular targets involved in various signaling cascades. To investigate the compartmentalized cAMP signaling, we constructed fluorescent indicators that report intracellular cAMP dynamics and Epac activation by sandwiching the full-length Epac1 between cyan and yellow mutants of GFP. Elevations of cAMP decreased FRET and increased the ratio of cyan-to-yellow emissions by 10–30% in living mammalian cells. This response can be reversed by removing cAMP-elevating agents and abolished by mutating the critical residue responsible for cAMP binding. Targeting of the reporter to the plasma membrane, where cAMP is produced in response to the activation of β-adrenergic receptor, revealed a faster cAMP response at the membrane than in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Simultaneous imaging with targeted cAMP indicator and PKA activity reporter allowed the detection of a much delayed PKA response in the nucleus after the rapid accumulation of cAMP at the plasma membrane of the same cell, despite the immediate presence of a pool of cAMP in the nucleus. Thus, cAMP dynamics and the activation of its effectors are precisely controlled spatiotemporally in vivo.
The Mechanism of Arterial Hypoxemia in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Arterial blood gases were measured before and during oxygen breathing in 34 patients with acute myocardial infarction of whom 12 exhibited the shock syndrome, 14 showed evidence of left ventricular...
Measurement of functioning hepatocyte mass via [99mTc]galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin

Technetium-99m-galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin (TcNGA) is a synthetic radiolabeled ligand specific for hepatic binding protein (HBP), a receptor that resides exclusively on hepatocytes.In vivo measurement of receptor concentration was obtained via kinetic analysis of liver and blood time-activity data obtained during the hepatic clearance of intravenously administered TcNGA. The purpose of this study was to assess receptor concentration as a measure of the functioning hepatocyte mass. Therefore, TcNGA and dualinjection indocyanine green maximal removal rate (ICG Rmax) studies were performed on nine patients with hepatic cirrhosis associated or not with hepatocellular carcinoma. Receptor concentration was compared with ICG Rmax, which is a validated method for the estimation of the functioning hepatocyte mass. The correlation coefficient was 0.76 (P=0.017). It is concluded that HBP concentration ([HPB]o) as measured by functional imaging is a measure of functioning hepatocyte mass. This implies that measurement of an individual's receptor concentration by using nuclear medicine techniques provides an objective index of hepatic functional mass and supports attempts to rigorously evaluate [HBP]o for its clinical efficacy.
Low-temperature specific heat of N-methylphenazinium-tetracyanoquinodimethanide (NMP-TCNQ)

The low-temperature (2-20 K) specific heats of carefully prepared and well-characterized samples of N-methylphenazinium-tetracyanoquinodimethanide (NMP-TCNQ) are reported. The results are compared with a survey of previously published data in an attempt to clarify the intrinsic properties of NMP-TCNQ. We conclude that the low-temperature specific heat and magnetic properties are determined by impurities inherent in the NMP cation system.
Formation of SmCo5 single-crystal submicron flakes and textured polycrystalline nanoflakes

Abstract Surfactant-assisted high-energy ball milling (HEBM) of malleable materials has been found to lead to the formation of flakes. However, SmCo 5 magnetic materials are inherently brittle and, therefore, are not expected to “flake” during ball milling. In this study, we report the fabrication of high-aspect-ratio single-crystal flakes with a submicron thickness and textured polynanocrystalline flakes with a submicron or nanosize thickness of SmCo 5 by one-step surfactant-assisted HEBM in heptane with 15 wt.% oleic acid. Single-crystal micron flakes were first formed via a basal cleavage along the easy glide (0 0 1) planes of the initial irregular and large single-crystal particles during the first stage of HEBM. Subsequently, single-crystal submicron flakes were formed by continuous cleavage. With further ball milling, polycrystalline submicron flakes with small-angle grain boundaries were formed. Finally, crystallographically anisotropic polycrystalline SmCo 5 nanoflakes were formed with [0 0 1]-out-of-plane texture, thicknesses of 6–80 nm, average grain sizes of 7–8 nm, an aspect ratio of 10 2 –10 3 and coercivities of 16.3–17.7 kOe. The mechanism responsible for unusual formation of single-crystal submicron flakes and anisotropic nanocrystalline nanoflakes from initial inherently brittle polycrystalline ingots with irregular grains of tens of microns in size is discussed.
Sodium-dependent pH regulation in active sea urchin sperm

Extracellular sodium ion is required for activation of motility and respiration in sea urchin sperm when semen is diluted in seawater. We have investigated the role of sodium ion in maintenance of sperm activity. Active sperm lose activity on transfer to sodium-free artificial seawater and can be reactivated with external Na+. Reactivation occurs in the range of Na+ concentration required for initial activation; ammonium can substitute for sodium in reactivation. Sperm withdrawn from sodium and sperm prior to activation share a characteristic morphology with straight or gently bent flagella. Activation of sperm by amines in the absence of Na+ is unstable. It is followed by a steady respiratory decline which is temporarily reversed by addition of more amine and stably reversed by addition of Na+. Measurements of intracellular pH indicate that the internal pH rises during amine activation. Internal reacidification occurs during the period of respiratory decline, and Na+ again elevates internal pH. Treatment with cyanide abolishes the reacidification, indicating that it depends on respiration. We conclude that the sodium requirement persists in active sperm; respiration-dependent production of H+ must be balanced by sodium-dependent H+ removal to maintain activity.
Predicting category accesses for a user in a structured information space

In a categorized information space, predicting users' information needs at the category level can facilitate personalization, caching and other topic-oriented services. This paper presents a two-phase model to predict the category of a user's next access based on previous accesses. Phase 1 generates a snapshot of a user's preferences among categories based on a temporal and frequency analysis of the user's access history. Phase 2 uses the computed preferences to make predictions at different category granularities. Several alternatives for each phase are evaluated, using the rating behaviors of on-line raters as the form of access considered. The results show that a method based on re-access pattern and frequency analysis of a user's whole history has the best prediction quality, even over a path-based method (Markov model) that uses the combined history of all users.
Fructose prevents 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced ATP depletion and toxicity in isolated hepatocytes.

Summary The loss of viability of isolated rat hepatocytes exposed to either 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or its toxic metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP + ) was prevented by addition of fructose to the incubation medium. This protection was dependent on fructose concentration, being complete at 10 mM. Addition of fructose dramatically delayed MPTP- and MPP + -induced depletion of ATP and was accompanied by a significant accumulation of lactate, indicating the occurrence of enhanced glycolytic production of ATP. Glucose was much less effective against MPTP and MPP + toxicity, probably because it is a relatively poor substrate for glycolysis in liver cells. We conclude that depletion of ATP is a critical event in MPTP cytotoxicity in our in vitro model system, and that the use of alternative sources of ATP production may represent an important protective device against the effects of this toxic agent.
Consumer attitudes towards the American retail system

This paper develops a theoretical model of consumer purchase decisions in a competitive retail system. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between per household expenditures and consumers' surplus. It is shown that parametric changes can cause expenditures and surplus to move in opposite directions. Empirical evidence on factors which influence grocery and department store purchases is presented. Such evidence, in conjunction with the theoretical model, can offer insights into consumer attitudes towards the American retail system. A micro-level, behavioral analysis predicated upon this research is then proposed as a method of determining actual consumer attitudes.
A values-based Motivational Interviewing (MI) intervention for pediatric obesity: Study design and methods for MI Values

To reduce pediatric obesity in clinical settings, multidisciplinary behaviorally-based treatment programs are recommended. High attrition and poor compliance are two difficulties frequently encountered in such programs. A brief, empathic and directive clinical intervention, Motivational Interviewing (MI), might help address these motivational and behavioral issues, ultimately resulting in more positive health outcomes. The efficacy of MI as an adjunct in the treatment of pediatric obesity remains relatively understudied. MI Values was developed to implement within an existing multidisciplinary treatment program for obese, ethnically diverse adolescents, the T.E.E.N.S. Program (Teaching, Encouragement, Exercise, Nutrition, Support). T.E.E.N.S. participants who consent to MI Values are randomized to either MI or an education control condition. At weeks 1 and 10 of T.E.E.N.S. participation, the subset of participants assigned to the MI condition engages in individual MI sessions and control participants view health education videos. All MI sessions are audiotaped and coded to monitor treatment fidelity, which has been satisfactory thus far. Participants complete comprehensive assessments at baseline, 3- and 6-month follow-ups. We hypothesize that MI participants will demonstrate greater reductions in Body Mass Index (BMI) percentile, improved diet and physical activity behaviors, better compliance with T.E.E.N.S., and lower attrition than participants in the control group. We present study design and methods for MI Values as well as data on feasibility of recruitment methods and treatment integrity. At study completion, findings will contribute to the emerging literature examining the efficacy of MI in the treatment of pediatric obesity.
Assessment of the irradiated brain by quantitative computerized tomography scan analysis—II. Application in studies of the necrotic and edematous braint

Abstract In this second part of a 2 part report, the authors present clinical application of the methods developed in Part I, a quantitative analysis of brain parenchyma and ventricular volume. Part II presents computerized tomography (CT) studies and histogram analyses of a patient with cerebral edema and 2 patients with autopsy proven radiation necrosis. Preliminary data from CT number frequency distributions for normal, edematous and necrotic brain suggest that while reversible and irreversible changes in brain tissue may not be separable on evaluation of brain parenchyma alone, quantitative analysis of CT numbers for cerebrospinal fluid in large numbers of patients may provide the basis for differentiating degrees of radiation damage.
Engineering in a Shrinking World

Technological developments, primarily in communications and transportation have "shrunk" the world considerably in the past 15-30 years. It is now much easier to communicate and travel in the world. The result is greater opportunities to collaborate with our peers throughout the world to address pressing problems of the 21rst Century.
Power system economic dispatch with spatio-temporal wind forecasts

In this paper spatio-temporal wind forecast is incorporated in power system economic dispatch models. Compared to most existing power system dispatch models, the proposed formulation takes into account both spatial and temporal wind power correlations. This in turn leads to an overall more cost-effective scheduling of system-wide wind generation portfolios. The potential economic benefits are manifested in the systemwide generation cost savings, as well as the ancillary service cost savings. We illustrate in a modified IEEE 24 bus system that the overall generation cost can be reduced by 12.7% by using spatio-temporal wind forecasts compared with only using a persistent forecast model.
Hemodynamics in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory of the 21st Century

There has been a striking evolution in the role of the cardiac catheterization laboratory over the past decades.1 In the 1950s and 1960s, hemodynamic assessment in the cardiac catheterization laboratory was essential for understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of patients with cardiovascular diseases. With the development of surgical interventions to treat patients with valvular and congenital heart disease, it became necessary for the cardiac catheterization laboratory to provide an accurate hemodynamic assessment, laying out a therapeutic road map. Nearly all patients who had open heart surgery underwent a complete hemodynamic catheterization before surgery. In the 1980s and 1990s, the evolution of 2-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography provided an alternative noninvasive approach for the assessment of both cardiac anatomy and hemodynamics in patients with structural heart disease.2 By measuring blood flow velocities noninvasively, Doppler echocardiography was able to provide information on volumetric flow, intracardiac pressures, pressure gradients, and valve areas, as well as diastolic filling of the heart. Furthermore, noninvasive studies could be repeated easily, allowing the practitioner to follow the progress of his/her patient's condition longitudinally. At the same time, there was growing emphasis on coronary angiography for defining epicardial coronary disease with the subsequent development of interventional approaches for coronary disease with catheter-based therapies. As the major focus in the catheterization laboratory shifted to the diagnosis and treatment of the patient with acute and chronic coronary artery disease, the hemodynamic assessment of patients with structural heart disease was left to the noninvasive echocardiographic laboratory. As a consequence, many cardiac catheterization laboratories provided neither the training nor the expertise to assess hemodynamics properly. However, the advent of procedures such as balloon valvotomy, percutaneous valve implantation, and septal ablation has revived interest in structural heart disease and provided the invasive cardiologist with an armamentarium to treat patients who previously …
Image Analysis for Validation of Simulations of a Fluid Mix Problem

As computer simulations gain acceptance for the modeling of complex physical phenomena, there is an increasing need to validate these simulation codes by comparing them to experiments. Currently, this is done qualitatively, using a visual approach. This is obviously very subjective and more quantitative metrics are needed, especially to identify simulations which are closer to experiments than other simulations. In this paper, we show how image processing techniques can be effectively used in such comparisons. Using an example from the problem of mixing of two fluids, we show that we can quantitatively compare experimental and simulation images by extracting higher level features to characterize the objects in the images.
Identification and prediction of economic regimes to guide decision making in multi-agent marketplaces

Supply chain management is commonly employed by businesses to improve organizational processes by optimizing the transfer of goods, information, and services between buyers and suppliers. Traditionally, supply chains have been created and maintained through the interactions of human representatives of the various companies involved. However, the recent advent of autonomous software agents opens new possibilities for automating and coordinating the decision making processes between the various parties involved. Autonomous agents participating in supply chain management must typically make their decisions in environments of high complexity, high variability, and high uncertainty since only limited information is visible. We present an approach whereby an autonomous agent is able to make tactical decisions, such as product pricing, as well as strategic decisions, such as product mix and production planning, in order to maximize its profit despite the uncertainties in the market. The agent predicts future market conditions and adapts its decisions on procurement, production, and sales accordingly. Using a combination of machine learning and optimization techniques; the agent first characterizes the microeconomic conditions, such as over-supply or scarcity, of the market. These conditions are distinguishable statistical patterns that we call economic regimes. They are learned from historical data by using a Gaussian Mixture Model to model the price density of the different products and by clustering price distributions that recur across days. In real-time the agent identifies the current dominant market condition and forecasts market changes over a planning horizon. Methods for the identification of regimes are explored in detail, and three different algorithms are presented. One is based on exponential smoothing, the second on a Markov prediction process, and the third on a Markov correction-prediction process. We examine a wide range of tuning options for these algorithms, and show how they can be used to predict prices, price trends, and the probability of receiving a customer order. We validate our methods by presenting experimental results from the Trading Agent Competition for Supply Chain Management, an international competition of software agents that has provided inspiration for this work. We also show how the same approach can be applied to the stock market.
Senescence associated β galactosidase activity in human retinal pigment epithelial cells exposed to mild hyperoxia in vitro

Aims: To determine if mild hyperoxia induces senescence in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in vitro. Methods: RPE340 cells and WI38 cells were grown in 20% oxygen and 40% oxygen until proliferative exhaustion. A combined senescence associated β galactosidase (SABG) and 5-bromo-2`-deoxyuridine (BrdU) double labelling technique was performed at different times and labelled cells were counted. Results: Cells grown in 40% oxygen stopped proliferating at an earlier population doubling level than when grown in 20% oxygen. An increase in SABG positive cells and decrease of BrdU positive cells in 40% oxygen developed at an earlier time than when grown in 20% oxygen. Conclusion: Mild hyperoxia induces premature senescence in a specific RPE cell line.
Soft learning vector quantization and clustering algorithms based on reformulation

Proposes a methodology that reduces the development of soft learning vector quantization (LVQ) and clustering algorithms to the minimization of an admissible reformulation function using gradient descent. The search for admissible reformulation functions reduces to the selection of admissible generator functions. Linear and exponential generator functions result in existing fuzzy LVQ and and clustering algorithms. New families of soft LVQ and clustering algorithms are also derived by selecting nonlinear and logarithmic generator functions.
Design and performance of future KrF laser-fusion facilities

The US inertial confinement fusion program is investigating the feasibility of constructing a high-gain laboratory microfusion facility (LMF). Considerable uncertainties and risks exist for all the driver candidates in proceeding directly to this facility without an intermediate step. The risks fall into the categories of driver performance and cost, target physics, and target chamber performance. Los Alamos has developed a plan to resolve these issues before construction of the LMF. The plan calls for the construction of an LMF prototype beamline at the 100-kJ energy level and the parallel development of a large (240-kJ) KrF amplitude module. The prototype facility, called the Laser Target Test Facility (LTTF), will address target physics issues at the 100-kJ level and will demonstrate the performance and cost scaling of KrF lasers. Along with this construction, a 240-kJ LMF amplifier module will also be developed. After successful operation of the LTTF for a period of about two years, and construction and operation of the LMF amplifier module, all driver issues will be satisfactorily resolved. If sufficient understanding of target physics extrapolations is realized from this facility, the LMF can then be constructed with acceptable risk. If an additional step is needed for understanding target physics and capsule ignition, the LTTF can be upgraded to an energy level on target of 1-3 MJ. This upgrade would provide a direct test of LMF-scale laser and optic hardware and would provide much information on the function of the LMF target chamber. The construction of a 3-MJ KrF facility could be an LMF if high target gains are achieved with shaped broadband KrF laser pulses. >
Customized Products: A Competitive Analysis

This paper investigates the competitive market for mass-customized products. Competition leads to surprising conclusions: Manufacturers customize only one of a product's two attributes, and each manufacturer chooses the same attribute. Customization of both attributes cannot persist in an equilibrium where firms first choose customization and then choose price, because effort to capture market with customization makes a rival desperate, putting downward pressure on prices. Equilibrium involves partial or no customization. In partial customization, rival firms do not differentiate their mass-customization programs: If firms customize different attributes, many more consumers are indifferent between the two firms. The elasticity of demand is increased and the resulting price war makes differentiated customization unprofitable. If firms customize the same attribute of a two-attribute product, they should concentrate on the attribute with the smaller heterogeneity in consumers' preferences. We incorporate consumers' effort in portraying their preferences as a cost of interaction and provide public policy findings on the well-being of these consumers: When this cost is low, consumers are better off with customization than with standard goods, but firms choose too little customization. The loss in consumer surplus is sometimes captured by the firms, but for low interaction costs, firms' profit-driven behavior is economically inefficient.
Thiamine pyrophosphate-requiring enzymes are altered during pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency in cultured human lymphoblasts.

The most common of the severe compli cations of thiamine deficiency are beriberi and Wer- nicke-Korsakoff syndrome. To help clarify the bio chemical basis for these disorders, a cell culture sys tem has been established in which pyrithiamine, a potent thiamine transport inhibitor, was used to mimic different degrees of thiamine deficiency within human lymphoblasts. Activities of both transketolase and a- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (a-KGDH) decreased at the same rate and to roughly the same levels in re sponse to thiamine deficiency within a given cell line. However, variation in sensitivity to thiamine deficiency, as judged by the relative percentage of loss of enzy matic activities, was found when different cell lines were compared. When exogenous thiamine pyrophos- phate was added to the activity assays, differences between transketolase and a-KGDH became readily apparent. Only 25% of the lost transketolase activity was present as apo-enzyme, whereas 70% of the lost a-KGDH activity was present in the apo-enzyme form. For transketolase, the non-recoverable activity was due mainly to a decrease in the synthesis rate of the protein during thiamine deficiency, suggesting that thi amine has a direct effect on the expression of the transketolase gene and/or protein. J. Nutr. 126: 1791-1798, 1996.
The Cognitive Infrastructure of Opportunity Emergence

Before we can act on opportunities we must first identify those opportunities. Understanding what promotes or inhibits entrepreneurial activity thus requires understanding how we construct perceived opportunities. Seeing a prospective course of action as a credible opportunity reflects an intentions–driven process driven by known critical antecedents. Based on well–developed theory and robust empirical evidence, we propose an intentions-based model of the cognitive infrastructure that supports or inhibits how we perceive opportunities. We discuss how this model both integrates past findings and guides future research. We also show the practical diagnostic power this model offers to managers.
Response to W. J. Barry & J. Trouvain, Do we need a symbol for a central open vowel? JIPA 38 (2008), 349–357

I leave to others the argument as to whether there is sufficient justification to add a central open vowel symbol to the IPA. Rather, in this response, I would like to comment on the various proposals for what such a symbol should be outlined in Barry & Trouvain (2008). I will not be following the original ordering of suggestions in the article, but start with the proposals to redefine current symbols.
Identification of a novel cytokine, ML-1, and its expression in subjects with asthma.

A novel gene, designated ML-1 , was identified from a human genomic DNA clone and human T cell cDNA sequences. The second exon of ML-1 gene shares significant sequence identity with the gene encoding IL-17 (IL-17). ML-1 gene expression was up-regulated in activated PBMCs, CD4 + T cells, allergen-specific Th0, Th1, and Th2 clones, activated basophils, and mast cells. Increased expression of the ML-1 gene, but not IL-17, was seen following allergen challenge in four asthmatic subjects, suggesting its role in allergic inflammatory responses. ML-1 from transiently transfected COS-7 cells was able to induce gene expression and protein production for IL-6 and IL-8 (at 10 ng/ml of ML-1: for IL-6, 599.6 ± 19.1 pg/ml; for IL-8, 1724.2 ± 132.9 pg/ml; and at 100 ng/ml of ML-1: for IL-6, 1005.3 ± 55.6 pg/ml; for IL-8, 4371.4 ± 280.5 pg/ml; p p
Imaging 2D optical diffuse reflectance in skeletal muscle

We discovered a unique pattern of optical reflectance from fresh prerigor skeletal muscles, which can not be described using existing theories. A numerical fitting function was developed to quantify the equi-intensity contours of acquired reflectance images. Using this model, we studied the changes of reflectance profile during stretching and rigor process. We found that the prominent anisotropic features diminished after rigor completion. These results suggested that muscle sarcomere structures played important roles in modulating light propagation in whole muscle. When incorporating the sarcomere diffraction in a Monte Carlo model, we showed that the resulting reflectance profiles quantitatively resembled the experimental observation.
Concrete Maturity Progress: Survey of Departments of Transportation

Results are provided from a concrete maturity survey that was distributed to representatives of 50 departments of transportation (DOTs) in the summer of 2000. The purpose was to display the state of national advancements and practices relating to concrete applications for predicting in situ portland cement concrete strength. Information such as DOT project and research details, method of maturity determination, state applications, and general attitudes toward the concept was requested. Representatives from 44 states replied to the 12-question survey. Results revealed that about 73 percent of the states that responded either have conducted or are currently involved in at least minor research with the concept. Furthermore, approximately 30 percent of the represented states have protocol or specifications governing the use of this developing technology. Representatives throughout the United States have reported that maturity is being used to predict critical strengths for such actions as pavement opening to ...
Crescendo transient ischemic attacks: A surgical imperative

Abstract Purpose: In a randomized, prospective, multicenter trial at 16 medical centers, 189 of 5000 patients screened with cerebrovascular disease were identified as having angiographic internal carotid artery stenosis (>50%) corresponding to presenting symptoms of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), transient monocular blindness, or recent, minor completed stroke. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to carotid endarterectomy plus the best medical care ( n = 91) versus the best medical care alone ( n = 98). Results: After 1 year there was a significant reduction in stroke or crescendo attacks in the 91 patients who received carotid endarterectomy (7.7%) compared with 98 patients who did not undergo operation (19.4%) ( p = 0.011). Twelve (12%) of the 98 patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis treated medically had crescendo TIAs, four had minor strokes, and three had major strokes. Crescendo TIAs were defined as disabling, recurrent transient cerebral or retinal ischemia characterized by an increased frequency, duration, or severity of events. The average time from randomization until the onset of crescendo TIAs was 2 months. Seven of the 12 patients in whom crescendo TIAs developed had stenosis greater than 90%, one had greater than 80% stenosis, and four had between 70% and 80% stenosis, with one of these four having contralateral occlusion. Another three patients had 50% or greater contralateral occlusion. Patients with crescendo TIAs were offered carotid endarterectomy, and all 12 had an uncomplicated, urgent procedure. On follow-up the 12 patients were symptom free at the study conclusion. Conclusions: Crescendo TIAs are disabling symptoms that occur in patients with high-grade carotid stenoses often within 3 months of the initial symptoms of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The 12% of medically treated patients in whom crescendo TIAs developed had carotid endarterectomy, which abolished symptoms on follow-up. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:249-56.)
Mitochondrial Hexokinase: Interactions between Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation

In addition to its highly specific requirement for glucose as a substrate, the brain, unlike some other tissues, contains relatively little of the glucose storage form, glycogen. Thus the brain is critically dependent on a continued supply of blood-borne glucose and oxygen to maintain neurological function. This strict reliance on aerobic glucose metabolism is reflected in the organization of relevant enzymes in the brain.
Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of Error Detection In Data Transmission Using Polynomial Code Method

Data transmitted from one location to the other has to be transferred reliably. Usually, error control coding algorithm provides the means to protect data from errors. Unfortunately, in many cases the physical link can not guarantee that all bits will be transferred without errors. It is then the responsibility of the error control algorithm to detect those errors and in some cases correct them so that upper layers will receive error free data. The polynomial code, also known as Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) is a very powerful and easily implemented technique to obtain data reliability. As data transfer rates and the amount of data stored increase, the need for simple and robust error detection codes should increase as well. Thus, it is important to be sure that the CRCs in use are as effective as possible. Unfortunately, standardized CRC polynomials such as the CRC-32 polynomial used in the Ethernet network standard are known to be grossly suboptimal for important applications, (Koopman, 2002). This research investigates the effectiveness of error detection methods in data transmission used several years ago when we had to do with small amount of data transfer and data storages compared with the huge amount of data we deal with nowadays. A demonstration of erroneous bits in data frames that may not be detected by the CRC method will be shown. A corrective method to detect errors when dealing with humongous data transmission will also be given.
Bidding Strategy for Microgrid in Day-Ahead Market Based on Hybrid Stochastic/Robust Optimization

This paper proposes an optimal bidding strategy in the day-ahead market of a microgrid consisting of intermittent distributed generation (DG), storage, dispatchable DG, and price responsive loads. The microgrid coordinates the energy consumption or production of its components, and trades electricity in both day-ahead and real-time markets to minimize its operating cost as a single entity. The bidding problem is challenging due to a variety of uncertainties, including power output of intermittent DG, load variation, and day-ahead and real-time market prices. A hybrid stochastic/robust optimization model is proposed to minimize the expected net cost, i.e., expected total cost of operation minus total benefit of demand. This formulation can be solved by mixed-integer linear programming. The uncertain output of intermittent DG and day-ahead market price are modeled via scenarios based on forecast results, while a robust optimization is proposed to limit the unbalanced power in real-time market taking account of the uncertainty of real-time market price. Numerical simulations on a microgrid consisting of a wind turbine, a photovoltaic panel, a fuel cell, a micro-turbine, a diesel generator, a battery, and a responsive load show the advantage of stochastic optimization, as well as robust optimization.
Rehabilitation of the Hand and Upper Extremity. 5th ed.

Evelyn J. Mackin, Anne D. Callahan, Terri M. Skirven, Lawrence H. Schneider, and A. Lee Osterman, editors; and James M. Hunter, editor emeritus. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002. 2109 pages. $229.00. The fifth edition of Rehabilitation of the Hand and Upper Extremity is a two-volume tome produced in an effort to share the advances that have been made in hand therapy and hand surgery since the last published edition. The 163 contributors to this book represent varied disciplines, including industrial and biomedical engineering, neurology, electrophysiology, hand surgery, hand therapy, prosthetics, rehabilitation medicine, and rheumatology. Together these contributors have produced 129 chapters and more than 2000 …
Getting back on the beat: links between auditory–motor integration and precise auditory processing at fast time scales

The auditory system is unique in its ability to precisely detect the timing of perceptual events and use this information to update motor plans, a skill crucial for language. The characteristics of the auditory system which enable this temporal precision, however, are only beginning to be understood. Previous work has shown that participants who can tap consistently to a metronome have neural responses to sound with greater phase coherence from trial to trial. We hypothesized that this relationship is driven by a link between the updating of motor output by auditory feedback and neural precision. Moreover, we hypothesized that neural phase coherence at both fast time scales (reflecting subcortical processing) and slow time scales (reflecting cortical processing) would be linked to auditory-motor timing integration. To test these hypotheses we asked participants to synchronize to a pacing stimulus and then changed either the tempo or the timing of the stimulus to assess whether they could rapidly adapt. Participants who could rapidly and accurately resume synchronization had neural responses to sound with greater phase coherence. However, this precise timing was limited to the time scale of 10 ms (100 Hz) or faster; neural phase coherence at slower time scales was unrelated to performance on this task. Auditory-motor adaptation, therefore, specifically depends upon consistent auditory processing at fast, but not slow, time scales.
Discreteness is undecidable

We prove that the discreteness problem for two-generated nonelementary subgroups of SL(2, ℂ) is undecidable in the Blum–Shub–Smale (BSS) computability model.
Neural Networks for Propensity Score Estimation: Simulation Results and Recommendations

Neural networks have been noted as promising for propensity score estimation because they algorithmically handle nonlinear relationships and interactions. We examine the performance neural networks as compared with main-effects logistic regression for propensity score estimation via simulation study. When the main-effects logistic propensity score model is correctly specified, the two approaches yield almost identical mean square error. When the logistic propensity score model is misspecified due to the addition of quadratic terms and interactions to the data-generating propensity score model, neural networks perform better in terms of bias and mean square error. We link the performance results to balance on observed covariates and demonstrate that our results underscore the importance of checking balance on higher-order covariate terms.
Effect of Age, Length of Unemployment, and Problem-Focused Coping on Positive Reemployment Expectations

This study explored the interrelated job search, unemployment, and coping literature (e.g., Leana & Feldman, 1990; McKee-Ryan, Song, Wanberg, & Kinicki, 2005), in which the effects of age, length of unemployment, and coping behaviors on reemployment expectations were investigated. The study included unique demographics in which 65% were long-term unemployed. Length of unemployment, networking comfort, and job search confidence were significant in a regression, and age was not. Regardless of age, reemployment expectations can be higher if the job seeker has higher levels of networking comfort and/or job search confidence or lower if they have been unemployed for a longer duration.
WHITEFLY AND WORM INSECTICIDE EFFICACY IN LETTUCE, 2010

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of various diamide insecticides used as soil versus foliar sprays for control of early season insect pests on iceberg head lettuce under desert growing conditions. Head lettuce ‘Keeper’ was direct seeded on 3 Sep 2010 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center, El Centro, CA into double row beds on 40 inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Plots were four beds 13.3 ft wide by 50 ft long and bordered by one untreated bed. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Insecticidal compounds, formulations and application rates are provided in Tables 1-5. The in-furrow, at-planting application were injected 2 inches below the seed in 15.6 gpa H2O on 2 Sep 2010 prior to planting and the foliar sprays were applied using a Lee Spider Spray Trac Tractor 4-row sprayer with three TJ-6
Influence of adrenergic drugs on prostaglandin E release from the dog kidney

SummaryPGE levels in renal venous blood of in situ perfused dog kidneys were measured by radioimmunoassay. A basal efflux of PGE was found and a significant increase in the levels was elicited by injection of norepinephrine or epinephrine into the renal arterial circulation. Isoproterenol had a small but possibly unimportant effect, α-adrenergic blockade with phen-oxybenzamine did not inhibit the PGE increase but did block the pressor response to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Thus, PGE release in these experiments was apparently not dependent on total renal blood flow or perfusion pressure. Acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin blocked the PGE response to norepinephrine and epinephrine but did not affect the pressor response suggesting that PGE synthesis rather than the release of stored PGE occurs when α-adrenergic drugs are administered. Our findings lend support to the suggestion that PGE may play a physiologic role in the intrarenal vascular adjustments.
A Generalization of a Result of Frobenius

(1969). A Generalization of a Result of Frobenius. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 8, pp. 924-925.
Behandlungssituation HIV-positiver Patienten in Zahnarztpraxen

Erstmals wurden gleichzeitig niedergelassene Zahnarzte und HIV-positive Patienten zur zahnarztlichen Behandlungssituation und Versorgungsqualitat in Baden-Wurttemberg anonym befragt. Die Rucklaufquote betrug bei den Zahnarzten 18,5 und 42,6% bei den HIV-positiven Patienten. Insgesamt ergab sich bei der Auswertung ein positives Resultat der zahnarztlichen Versorgung fur HIV-infizierte Patienten in Baden-Wurttemberg, sowohl aus Sicht der Patienten als auch aus Sicht der teilnehmenden Zahnarzte.
Supplemental protein plus ruminally protected methionine and lysine for Primiparous beef cattle consuming annual rye hay

Primiparous beef cows (n = 35 Bos taurus, average initial BW of 498 kg) were allotted to treatments in a split-plot designed experiment to determine the effects of supplemental ruminally protected amino acids on cow and calf productivity and metabolic changes in the cows. Cows were fed chopped annual rye hay at 1.5% of BW. The following treatments were used: 1) .8 kg soybean hulls, 1.4 kg ground corn, .6 kg soybean meal (CON); 2) 1.4 kg ground corn, 1.4 kg soybean meal (PRO); 3) PRO plus ruminally protected methionine and lysine (supplied 5 and 10 g, respectively; PRO1); and 4) PRO with twice the level of ruminally protected amino acids in PRO1 (PRO2). Cow weight gain was not different (P > .26) among treatments and averaged 1.2 kg/d for the 45 + 6 d before parturition. After parturition, cow weight gain did not differ (P > .47) between CON and PRO treatments, but it decreased quadratically (P .18) by dietary treatment, but they responded (P .05) among treatments. Production shifted away from body weight gain to increased milk protein production when daily supplementation of ruminally protected methionine and lysine increased from 5 and 10 to 10 and 20 g, respectively. This shift in production was not reflective of changes in the metabolic regulators measured.
The dementia of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome: clinical variability demonstrated by two case reports.

Two cases of Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) are discussed in detail. These cases illustrate the variable clinical course and mostly cortical features of GSS-associated dementia. Given the availability of genetic tests that can now diagnose GSS, clinicians should consider these tests in cases where patients with dementia have extensive family histories or if the clinical course is atypical for Alzheimer's or vascular dementia.
The Fashion of Florrick and FLOTUS On Feminism, Gender Politics, and “Quality Television”

In this article, I explore The Good Wife’s particular uses of costuming and wardrobe and the consequent linkages to politics, feminism, and the discourse of “quality” television the show mediates. I argue that CBS borrows language from feminism to rehabilitate network broadcasting’s reputation as a dying medium in the wake of premium cable, time shifting, and cord-cutting. In the service of this strategy, I investigate how CBS dusts off an old tactic from The Mary Tyler Moore Show in the 1970s, using fashion to target a “quality” professional female audience and self-referentiality to resignify broadcast television as an activity for progressive, educated, and diverse women. Ultimately, I argue that The Good Wife uses costuming with female characters to self-legitimate and brand itself as “quality” television.
Healthcare Utilization in the Postpartum Period Among Illinois Women with Medicaid Paid Claims for Delivery, 2009-2010.

Purpose Postpartum care can provide the critical link between pregnancy and well-woman healthcare, improving women’s health during the interconception period and beyond. However, little is known about current utilization patterns. This study describes the patterns of postpartum care experienced by Illinois women with Medicaid-paid deliveries. Methods Medicaid claims for women delivering infants in Illinois in 2009–2010 were analyzed for the receipt, timing and patterns of postpartum care, as identified through International Classification of Diseases Revision 9—Clinical Modification and Current Procedural Terminology© codes for routine postpartum care (43.4 % of visits), other postpartum services (e.g., depression screening, family planning), and other office visits for non-acute care. Results Over 90,000 visits to 55,577 women were identified, with 81.1 % of women experiencing any care during the first 90 days postpartum. Approximately 40 % had one visit, while 31 and 29 % had two and three or more visits, respectively. Thirty-four percent had their first visit 56 days). Conclusions for Practice The vast majority of Illinois women with Medicaid-paid deliveries interact with the healthcare system during the first 3 months postpartum, though not always for a routine postpartum visit. Strategies to optimize postpartum health should encourage a higher level of coordination among services and linkage to well-woman care to improve subsequent women and infants’ health outcomes.
Effect of anovulatory drugs on the human urinary tract and urinary tract infections.

Over a 1-year period 44 women using either Demulen Deladroxate or the Lippes loop were studied at the University of Pennsylvania for urinary tract disorders. Monthly catheterized urine specimens were cultured and examined cytologically. Excretory urograms and serum creatinine examinations were performed 1 month prior to and 6 and 12 months after contraceptive initiation. No effect on the urinary tract was observed by X-ray studies. All serum creatinines remained normal. Urine sediments showed cytologic patterns consistent with phase of cycle. Incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 6.8% initially and 11% during the course of study. Only 1 Demulen patient developed asymptomatic tract infection. Urographic abnormalities were found in a certain percentage of women of reproductive age irrespective of contraceptive use. Study results are confirmed by urograms of family planning clinic patients indicate that estrogen-progestogen contraceptives appear to have little significant effect on human tract anatomy or infection rate.
Starch Use in Foods

Publisher Summary The sources of starch, its applications, and its interactions with other ingredients have been elaborated in this chapter. Impact of processing and storage on foods containing cooked starch is also discussed. Starch is used in a wide range of foods for a variety of purposes including thickening, gelling, adding stability, and replacing or extending more costly ingredients. Starches are favored for their availability, comparatively low cost, and unique properties. An understanding of the mechanism underlying each effect is necessary to make the best use of starch in the functions. To gain that understanding, it is helpful to track the changes that starch undergoes during pasting and cooling, and the impact these have on the structures of foods. The selection of a starch for a given use depends on the desired food properties, as well as the processing and distribution stresses involved. Various processing factors influence the physical structures and distribution of a starch in a food system. The relative utility of starches in foods is a function of differences in viscosity, stability to processing and distribution, and gel strength. Differences in percentage of amylose and amylopectin in part account for differences in pasting properties. Modification allows starch to maintain desirable appearance and texture despite stresses during food processing and distribution, and to expand its range of utility in foods.