cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Que la dicha herida se la dio de buena, sin que interviniese traición alguna...: el ordenamiento del espacio fronterizo mapuche, 1726-1760

Nadie reconocia en el patria ni bandera. Cuando llegaba a los pagos de Quirihue, Rere, San Pedro, Tinguiririca, Puchacay o Maule, los inquilinos y mayordomos de las haciendas rehuian de su compania porque leian en las cicatrices de su rostro, en los tatuajes de su cuerpo o en su hablar tosco y extrano, al hombre que vivia recorriendo caminos, huyendo de su propio nombre y de la justicia. Procreado en la violencia de un momento que nadie recordaba, su vida se inicio en el mundo de los miserables, recogiendo las migajas con sabor a vino y cebolla, a charqui y queso anejo, para luego cazar furtivamente corderos, cabras y gallinas que degollaba con inusual calma para alimentar a su madre y a sus hermanastros; su juventud paso entre muchas pendencias, grillos, cadenas, cepos y amores, aventuras y malones, para convertirse en hombre el dia aciago en que por primera vez limpio de la hoja de su cuchillo la sangre de otro ser humano. Siempre llegaba y se iba en silencio, sin mas nombre que sus apodos, que hablaban de otras muertes y de otras tierras, de asaltos, cuatrerismo y picardias; muchos se median contra su sombra, otros se afanaban por ser sus conocidos y muy pocos podian llamarle amigo; bebedor incansable de aguardiente durante la vendimia y cantor alegre en las pulperias de extramuros, era un jugador empedernido de dados y naipes, de rayuelas y carreras ‘a la chilena’. Transitaba como sombra por fuertes, pagos y villas, puestos y vados, dejando tras de si la extrana sensacion de nunca haber pisado esa tierra. Sus historias en las noches lluviosas eran interminables, atrayendo sobre si el halo de los hombres solitarios y andariegos que deslumbraban a las mujeres y ninos, y que ejercian una fatal envidia entre los huasos e inquilinos. En su vida se entrecruzaban corregidores, comandantes y cabos de fuertes con la misma abundancia que lonkos, machis y caciques; hablaba con facilidad las dos lenguas, preparaba pocimas de hierbas que crecian entre los yuyos, imitaba facilmente el canto de queltehues y tricahues, y conocia todos los caminos y vados que unian a Chile con la Araucania. Habia cruzado innumerables veces la cordillera y dormido bajo el tembloroso cielo en Sierra de la Ventana, Tandil y El Volcan, llegando hasta los arrabales de Buenos Aires y Mendoza como uno mas entre las partidas de feroces maloqueros mapuches. A veces era potreador o cazador de avestruces, corralero, ganan, arriero o baquiano, buhonero, lengua o cautivo, soldado sin uniforme, racion ni sueldo fijo. Su patria eran un poncho, un caballo y su cuchillo. En una palabra, era un fronterizo.
How should we be searching for genes for common epilepsy? A critique and a prescription

Despite enormous data collection and analysis efforts, the genetic influences on common epilepsies remain mostly unknown. We propose that reasons for the lack of progress can be traced to three factors: (1) A reluctance to consider fine-grained phenotype definitions based on extensive and carefully collected clinical data; (2) the pursuit of genetic analysis methods that are popular but poorly conceived and are inadequate to the task of resolving the problems inherent in common disease studies; (3) preconceived ideas about the genetic mechanisms that cause epilepsy (which we have discussed elsewhere). We propose a paradigm for finding epilepsy-related loci and alleles that has proven successful in other common diseases.
Tumor associated lymphocyte cytotoxicity correlated with stage of disease in patients with colon adenocarcinoma: A preliminary report☆

Abstract Whole lymphocyte populations and T and non-T subpopulations from 22 colorectal carcinoma patients ( 8 preoperative; 6 postoperative disease free; 8 postoperative residual disease) and 6 control Stage III melanoma patients were tested in parallel on a colon cell line (P- 4788 ) and a melanoma cell line (M- 7292 ). All three effector populations from the four patient groups were cytotoxic on both cell lines. Within the different donor groups, the unfractionated lymphocytes from preoperative colon patients displayed significantly greater cytotoxicity than the Stage III melanoma patients on the colon cell line. Conversely, the Stage III melanoma patients displayed significantly greater cytotoxicity than the postoperative disease free colon patients on the melanoma cell line. Furthermore, the unfractionated lymphocytes and non-T subfraction from preoperative and postoperative disease free colon carcinoma patients showed significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on the colon cell line than on the melanoma cell line. These two lines of evidence suggest that both tumor associated cytotoxicity and spontaneous or non-selective cytotoxicity are present; and the presence of tumor associated cytotoxicity is dependent on the stage of the disease. Furthermore, thr level of cytotoxicity associated with both postoperative colon carcinoma groups was lower than the preoperative colon carcinoma groups. However, this depression was not evident in subfractions of lymphocytes that demonstrated apparent tumor associated cytotoxicity and thus may reflect a decline in general immune competence.
Responses to Contour Features in Macaque Area V4

The ventral pathway in visual cortex is responsible for the perception of shape. Area V4 is an important intermediate stage in this pathway, and provides the major input to the final stages in infe...
Integrated electroosmotically-driven on-line sample purification system for nanoliter DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis

An integrated on-line system is developed for DNA sequencing at the nanoliter scale. The technique involves the use of a nanoreactor for small-volume cycle-sequencing reaction, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for purification of the sequencing fragments, and capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) for separation of the purified DNA fragments. The nanoreactor and CZE are integrated into one capillary, where a 100-nl dye-labeled terminator cycle-sequencing reaction is carried out followed by CZE to separate excess dye-labeled terminators from the sequencing fragments. On-line electrokinetic injection of the purified DNA fragments into the CGE system is accomplished at a small-volume tee connector by which the CZE capillary is interfaced to the CGE system. The utility of the system is demonstrated in sequencing nanoliter volumes of single-stranded DNA (M13mp18) and double-stranded DNA (pGEM). The use of voltage to drive both CZE and CGE makes it feasible for automation and future adaptation of the whole system to a microchip.
Structural evidence for direct interactions between the BRCT domains of human BRCA1 and a phospho-peptide from human ACC1.

The tandem BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domains are phospho-serine/threonine recognition modules essential for the function of BRCA1. Recent studies suggest that acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), an enzyme with crucial roles in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and lipogenesis and essential for cancer cell survival, may be a novel binding partner for BRCA1, through interactions with its BRCT domains. We report here the crystal structure at 3.2 A resolution of human BRCA1 BRCT domains in complex with a phospho-peptide from human ACC1 (p-ACC1 peptide, with the sequence 1258-DSPPQ-pS-PTFPEAGH-1271), which provides molecular evidence for direct interactions between BRCA1 and ACC1. The p-ACC1 peptide is bound in an extended conformation, located in a groove between the tandem BRCT domains. There are recognizable and significant structural differences to the binding modes of two other phospho-peptides to these domains, from BACH1 and CtIP, even though they share a conserved pSer-Pro-(Thr/Val)-Phe motif. Our studies est...
Global Darwin: Multicultural mergers

Latin Americans first saw evolution as a reason to 'whiten' their societies, then as a reason to take pride in their mixed lineage, says Jurgen Buchenau in the last of four pieces on Darwin's global influence.
Hemocyanins Relationships in Their Structure, Function and Assembly

Hemocyanins are high molecular weight oxygen-carrying proteins that occur in the molluscs and arthropods. The oxygen-binding site in these proteins is a pair of copper atoms bound directly to ammo acid side chains. The biscopper sites of these proteins bind single molecules of dioxygen or carbon monoxide. In arthropods there are two copper atoms per approximately 70 000 daltons of protein. This corresponds to the molecular weight of the minimum polypeptide chain. In molluscs however there are two copper atoms per 50,000 daltons of protein. This does not correspond to the minimum polypeptide chain although it does correspond to the minimal functional unit. The minimal polypeptide chain in molluscan hemocyanins is approximately 400,000 daltons and appears to be composed of eight or more 50 000 dalton units linked together like a string of pearls. In the molluscs, the native hemocyanins found in the hemolymph generally occur as giant cylindrical molecules 350 A in diameter, 380 A long, with molecular weights of 9 000,000. These large molecules are composed of approximately 20 polypeptide chains. In the hemolymph of the arthropods depending upon the species, hemocyamins occur as hexamers dodecamers 24-mers and 48-mers. The molecular weight of the 48-mers is about 3 600,000. The respiratory functions of hemocyamns show a wide range of allosteric properties. The large molecules commonly show cooperativity in oxygen binding. The number of interacting subunits is in some cases dependent upon external conditions of pH and ionic composition. The oxygen affinity is usually sensitive to pH and to low molecular weight cofactors like chloride, calcium and magnesium ions. The intrinsic oxygen binding properties of an organism s hemocyanin and its allosteric control by modulators allow organisms possessing these giant molecules to adapt to their environmental conditions.
A Multi‐Scaled Approach to Evaluating the Fish Assemblage Structure Within Southern Appalachian Streams

AbstractThere is considerable uncertainty about the relative roles of stream habitat and landscape characteristics in structuring stream-fish assemblages. We evaluated the relative importance of environmental characteristics on fish occupancy at the local and landscape scales within the upper Little Tennessee River basin of Georgia and North Carolina. Fishes were sampled using a quadrat sample design at 525 channel units within 48 study reaches during two consecutive years. We evaluated species–habitat relationships (local and landscape factors) by developing hierarchical, multispecies occupancy models. Modeling results suggested that fish occupancy within the Little Tennessee River basin was primarily influenced by stream topology and topography, urban land coverage, and channel unit types. Landscape scale factors (e.g., urban land coverage and elevation) largely controlled the fish assemblage structure at a stream-reach level, and local-scale factors (i.e., channel unit types) influenced fish distributi...
Vietnam 1975-1982: the cruel peace.

(1985). Vietnam 1975–1982: The Cruel Peace. The Washington Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 169-182.
How may the transition to value-based payment influence gastroenterology: threat or opportunity?

G has experienced a surge of innovation and growth over the past decade, with major advances in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures and in the basic understanding of disease pathology, including genetics and molecular mechanisms. These advances have been facilitated by the entrepreneurial efforts of innovative gastroenterologists, reasonable federal funding levels, investment opportunities with a high profit potential in an era of increasing obesity, an aging population, and a fee-for-service payment model that has favored procedure-based specialties. Change, however, is coming. On the one hand, the threat posed by increasing health care costs is clear: increasing federal deficits as far as the eye can see,1 state budgets in hich increasing Medicaid costs crowd out education,2 and declining take-home pay for the average American owing to increasing insurance premiums and federal borrowing to finance Medicare.3 On the other hand, evidence that much of S health care spending is wasted has shifted the conversaion4 and contributed to the sense of crisis. Whether under epublican proposals (such as the Ryan plan), private health lans’ pay-for-performance5 and global payment initiatives,6 or current federal policy, benefit designs and payment policy are moving inexorably toward approaches that will emphasize value over volume. Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) represent a major focus of both public policy and private health plan activity.7 These organizations represent collaborations of health care professionals and service providers structured around patient-focused aims (better health, better technical quality, and improved care experience), provider accountability (performance measures), and payment reforms that provide financial incentives for quality improvement and lower costs. Given the emphasis inherent in ACOs on improving care and lowering costs for enrolled populations, some have expressed concern that specialties such as gastroenterology may be threatened by declining investment to support innovation. Although it is unclear what ultimate role ACOs or the shift to value-based payment will have in changing health care
A nanoporous, transparent microcontainer for encapsulated islet therapy

Present-day islet encapsulation techniques such as polymer microcapsules and microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based biocapsules have shown promise in insulin replacement therapy, but they each have limitations-the permeability characteristics of existing polymeric capsules cannot be strictly controlled because of tortuosity and the large size of present-day MEMS biocapsules leads to necrotic regions within the encapsulation volume. We report on a new microcontainer to encapsulate and immunoprotect islets/beta cells that may be used for allo- or xenotransplantation in cell-based therapy. The microcontainers have membranes containing nanoslots to permit the bidirectional transport of nutrients, secretagogues, and cellular products while immunoprotecting the encapsulated cells. The 300-microm microcontainers were fabricated from an epoxy-based polymer, SU-8, with 50-microm-thick walls. Arrays of 25-nm wide slots were created in the SU-8 microcontainer lid. Isolated mouse islets were encapsulated in the microcontainer, and their physiological response to glucose was studied with fluorescence and two-photon imaging over 48 hours. The physiological response of the encapsulated islets was indistinguishable from controls. An agarose-filled microcontainer was imaged with magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate the feasibility of future noninvasive, in vivo imaging. The SU-8 microcontainers maintained mechanical integrity upon islet loading and mechanical manipulation. Islet encapsulation, as well as the ability to visualize islet function within these transparent microcontainers, was demonstrated.
Perceived fairness of revenue management in the US golf industry

Experience in other industries has shown that revenue management can increase revenue without affecting customer satisfaction. Revenue management, however, is underutilised in the golf industry, as customers are believed to perceive such practices as unacceptable and unfair. This paper explores six revenue management practices that might be suitable in a golf context and examines their perceived fairness. The results show that golfers perceive arrival duration control practices in the form of reservation fees or no-show fees as fair. In addition, it was found that golfers perceive demand-based pricing in the form of coupons (two for the price of one), time-of-day and reduced tee time intervals as fair. Conversely, time-of-booking pricing was perceived as neutral to slightly unfair. Varying price levels were seen as unfair, with potential negative consumer reactions to this practice. Furthermore, the paper explores whether framing demand-based pricing as discounts rather than surcharges would make a difference. It was found that demand-based pricing presented as discounts were generally seen as fairer and therefore less likely to have a negative impact on consumer perceptions and reactions.
Neurotransmitters in the spinal cord dorsal horn in a model of painful neuropathy and in nerve crush

We tested the hypothesis that neurochemical changes in the spinal cord dorsal horn associated with neuropathic pain states differ from those seen in association with non-painful neuropathies. Immunohistochemistry was performed on spinal cord sections from rats with a chronic constriction injury (CCI), which develop hyperalgesia, and from animals with a nerve crush injury, which do not develop hyperalgesia or other signs of a painful syndrome. Immunohistochemistry was quantified by computer-assisted densitometry. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity and substance P (SP) immunoreactivity were decreased from 1 to 4 weeks after injury in CCI and from 2 to 6 weeks in crush. Gamma-aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity was unchanged in both conditions at all time points. Met-enkephalin (Met-enk) immunoreactivity was increased in CCI and unchanged in crush. Although SP and CGRP are involved in pain transmission, we conclude that their decrease in immunoreactivity is not specific for the CCI model, but rather a more general event in nerve de- and regeneration. The increase in immunoreactivity for the opioid peptide Met-ink, however, was only seen in the late phase of CCI, and may be specific for conditions associated with neuropathic pain and its resolution.
Variability and sequential order of consonant normalization in children with speech delay.

A source of discrepancy among attempts to establish a rank order in the development of English consonants has been the inability to cope concurrently with principled generalization and individual v...
Cost-based decision rules for output, quality, and price

The present paper develops a theoretical model to address the relationship between a firm's pricing policy and its cost of increasing product quality. The model expresses both firm costs and firm revenues as functions of the quantity of a firm's output and overall product quality, where quality is expressed as quantity times quality per unit. The model starts with a generic good that measures output, and models quality as priced quality enhancement for each unit of the generic good. The model leads to decision rules by which the price of quality is a mark-up over the marginal cost of increasing product quality. The relationship between the price of quality and revenues from increasing output is also determined, and is conditioned by the sign and magnitude of the elasticity of demand for quality.
The Effects of Surface Kinetics on Crystal Growth and Homogeneous Freezing in Parcel Simulations of Cirrus

AbstractThe uptake of water vapor excess by ice crystals is a key process regulating the supersaturation in cold clouds. Both the ice crystal number concentration and depositional growth rate control the vapor uptake rate and are sensitive to the deposition coefficient . The deposition coefficient depends on temperature and supersaturation; however, cloud models either ignore or assume a constant .In this study, the effects of on crystal growth and homogeneous freezing of haze solution drops in simulated cirrus are examined. A Lagrangian parcel model is used with a new ice growth model that predicts the deposition coefficients along two crystal growth axes. Parcel model results indicate that predicting can be critical for predicting ice nucleation and supersaturation at different stages of cloud development. At cloud base, model results show that surface kinetics constrain the homogeneous freezing rate primarily through the growth impact of small particle sizes in comparison to the mean free path. The dep...
Ubiquitous human adeno-associated virus type 2 autonomously replicates in differentiating keratinocytes of a normal skin model.

Since its discovery in 1966, adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) has been described as a helper-dependent parvovirus. However, in this study we demonstrate that AAV undergoes its complete life cycle, devoid of helper viruses or genotoxic agents, in the organotypic epithelial raft tissue culture system, a model of normal skin. AAV progeny production directly correlated with epithelial differentiation, as nondifferentiating keratinocytes were defective for this activity. Large nuclear virus arrays of particles of approximately 26 nm (parvovirus size) were observed in the granular layers of the raft epithelium by electron microscopy. Additionally, dosage-dependent histologic changes, some of which might be interpreted as cytopathology, were induced in the AAV-infected epithelial tissues. These data suggest a new biological model for AAV; that is, AAV is an epithelial-tropic autonomous parvovirus that can alter normal squamous differentiation.
I Am, I Think I Can, and I Do: The Role of Personal Identity, Self-Efficacy, and Cross-Application of Experiences in Creativity at Work

ABSTRACT This study examined creativity at work by considering a new construct, creative personal identity, in conjunction with creative self-efficacy and a problem-solving strategy. Results of a field study suggested that creative personal identity explained variance in creativity at work above and beyond creative self-efficacy, but that the two did not interact. Results also indicated support for the interaction of the self-concept and a problem-solving strategy. The positive relationship between creative personal identity and creativity at work was stronger when individuals applied nonwork experiences in efforts to solve work-related problems.
On the stabilization of positron annihilation Doppler-broadening data

Abstract The present investigation compares three different methods for stabilizing positron annihilation Doppler-broadening data. The three methods have in common the use of a reference gamma ray line, which is simultaneously measured with the positron annihilation line at 511 keV. It is shown that a regressional method should be used whenever the dominating instability in the data has a random nature. A practical example of an application of the regressional method is given.
The physiological ecology of growth and reproduction in Onchidoris aspera (Alder & Hancock) (Gastropoda:Nudibranchia)☆

Abstract The growth and reproduction of the dorid nudibranch Onchidoris aspera (Alder & Hancock 1842) was examined at East Point, Nahant, Massachusetts (September 1981 to April 1982) and field observations were made over 4yr (June 1978 to June 1982). Juvenile recruitment into the shallow subtidal (6–10 m) occurred in early October. Maximum specific growth rates (biomass) of 0.473 ± 0.759 mg · mg −1 ·month −1 were attained during the period of October through December. Experiments with pairs of individuals showed that reproductive effort could be high, amounting to 41–108% of nonrespired assimilation, over 10 wk of spawning (28 December to 12 March). Adults and juveniles are temporally separated at this site; parental populations persist until approximately June, and juvenile recruits are not observed until the following October. Occurrence of this species at this site has an upper thermal limit of ≈15°C; the temperature at which spawning takes place lies between 0–4°C. Feeding on bryozoan prey is suctorial by means of a well developed buccal pump; observations and experiments showed that the most common encrusting bryozoan, Electra pilosa (L.) was the preferred prey and that upon which maximum growth rates were achieved in Onchidoris aspera .
A Modified Through-Flow Wave Rotor Cycle with Combustor Bypass Ducts

A wave rotor cycle is described which avoids the inherent problem of combustor exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) found in four-port, through-flow wave rotor cycles currently under consideration for topping gas turbine engines. The recirculated hot gas is eliminated by the judicious placement of a bypass duct which transfers gas from one end of the rotor to the other. The resulting cycle, when analyzed numerically, yields an absolute mean rotor temperature 18% below the already impressive value of the conventional four-port cycle (approximately the turbine inlet temperature). The absolute temperature of the gas leading to the combustor is also reduced from the conventional four-port design by 22%. The overall design point pressure ratio of this new bypass cycle is approximately the same as the conventional four-port cycle. This paper will describe the EGR problem and the bypass cycle solution including relevant wave diagrams. Performance estimates of design and off-design operation of a specific wave rotor will be presented. The results were obtained using a one-dimensional numerical simulation and design code.
An innovative paradigm for clinical research.

(2003). An Innovative Paradigm for Clinical Research. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 59-61.
Endogenous proliferation: burst-like CD4 T cell proliferation in lymphopenic settings.

Rapid and slow proliferation is observed when naive CD4 T cells are transferred into lymphopenic hosts. We have recently proposed that the rapid, burst-like proliferation, designated endogenous proliferation, is a peripheral mechanism by which memory T cells of diverse specificity are generated without exogenous antigenic stimulation. In this review, we discuss some of unique features of endogenous proliferation. We argue that it is regulated not by the absolute number of memory cells present but by the range of specificities of those cells. We discuss the physiologic significance of endogenous proliferation and outline goals for future studies.
Balanced differential two-mode elliptical-core optical fiber interferometer

We propose a phase delay balanced two-mode fiber interferometer, which consists of two sections of two-mode, elliptical-core (e-core) fibers of the same length. These two fibers are fusion spliced together in such a way that there is a radius offset along their major or minor axes. We refer these two fibers as the sensing and reference fibers, respectively. Each of the LP01 and LP11even modes of the sensing fiber excites the LP01 and LP11even modes in the reference fiber. By launching a short coherence light into this sensing-reference fiber system, the original phase delay difference between LP01 and LP11even modes in the sensing fiber can be balanced. The unique feature of this sensor is that the temperature coefficient is expected to be at least two orders of magnitude smaller than that of a conventional e-core two-mode fiber sensor. Because of the compensation effect, phase noise caused by the frequency fluctuation of the light source may become negligible.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ZnnSm+ cluster production by laser ablation

Abstract Laser ablation of ZnS or mixtures of elemental zinc and sulfur was used to produce clusters. Mass spectrometric detection was used to identify the products. Regardless of the composition of the ablation sample, mass spectra were dominated by mixed cluster ions. The mass peak corresponding to Zn 13 S 13 + was present in an abundance much greater than its neighbor ions, indicating that the geometry of this particular cluster confers a special stability. The mass spectra of the analogous ZnO clusters did not exhibit magic numbers. Structure calculations were employed to provide a preliminary estimate of the possible geometries of this cluster.
The Ral GTPase pathway in metastatic bladder cancer: Key mediator and therapeutic target

Bladder cancer is a relatively common and strikingly costly malignancy. Here, we will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of metastatic bladder cancer, a stage of this disease curable in only a minority of patients. Our group has recently investigated the role of a class of small G-proteins known as the Ras-like or Ral GTPases and their role in this disease. These signaling proteins, regulated by the Ras pathway and other mechanisms, have been shown to be necessary for key cellular phenotypes associated with transformation or cancer progression in diverse cancer systems. In bladder cancer we have observed that these GTPases are overexpressed, are necessary for key phenotypes in models of bladder cancer progression, and finally, are essential for the regulation of expression of key molecules, including the prognostic marker and cell surface GPI-linked glycoprotein, CD24. These findings are reviewed here and suggest that Ral GTPases and their downstream pathways constitute key mediators of bladder cancer progression and may include targets for future therapeutic strategies.
STUDIES ON THE HUMAN CORPUS LUTEUM I. Observations on the Ultrastructure of Development and Regression of the Luteal Cells During the Menstrual Cycle

The ultrastructure of huma corpora luntea obtained approximately 2, 3, 5, 11, and 15 days after ovulation is reported. All specimens were fixed in Karnovsky's formaldehyde-glutaral-dehyde solution. The 5-day corpus luteum is presumed to represent, in terms of fine structure, the ultrastructural aspects of high progesterone production and is compared to younger differentiating and older regressing specimens. A distinct topographic relationship of cytoplasmic organelles is noted in the mature 5-day luteal cell. It consists of a peripheral cupshaped mass of tubular ER (endoplasmic reticulum), associated with granular ER, lipid droplets, and mitochondria, which merges with a large paranuclear Golgi area extending to a cell surface bordering a perivascular space. The plasma membrane of active luteal cells is described and its variations suggest areas of specialized surface activities. The prevalence and ultrastructure of more electron-opaque stellate cells, of phagocytes, and of thecal cells are reported.
Effects and mechanisms of left ventricular false tendons on functional mitral regurgitation in patients with severe cardiomyopathy.

Objective False tendons in the left ventricle are commonly observed. Preliminary observations associate false tendons with less functional mitral regurgitation. Methods Echocardiograms demonstrating severe cardiomyopathy (ejection fraction ≤30%) were retrospectively examined for left ventricular false tendons. The ejection fraction, cause of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic dimensions, severity of mitral regurgitation, mitral annular diameter, mitral valve coaptation depth, mitral valve coaptation area, and orientation of false tendon were evaluated. The patients with false tendons were compared with a control group with cardiomyopathy without false tendons. Results A cohort of patients (n = 82) with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (mean ejection fraction, 21%) and false tendons were compared with a control group with similar left ventricular dysfunction and no false tendons (n = 121; mean ejection fraction, 20%; P = .10). The patients with false tendons had similar left ventricular diastolic internal dimensions compared with the control group (5.99 and 6.18 cm, respectively; P = .086). Yet patients with false tendons had a very low incidence of severe functional mitral regurgitation compared with the control group (4.9% vs 27%, P P P 2 , P Conclusions Patients with false tendons and cardiomyopathy have less severe mitral regurgitation. The mechanism for the reduction in functional mitral regurgitation might be less mitral valve deformation, specifically lower coaptation depth and coaptation area when a false tendon is present.
Lymphocyte commitment to DNA replication induced by concanavalin A.

Abstract Commitment of lymphocytes to DNA replication induced by ConA was investigated by adding α-MM (a saccharide that competes with the lectin's lymphocyte binding sites) at various times to lymphocyte cultures that had been treated with a wide range of ConA concentrations. After 24 h of culture, α-MM addition has essentially no effect on cells treated with optimal concentrations of ConA, results in a marked blastogenic response of cells treated with supra-optimal (non-mitogenic) concentrations of ConA, and severely inhibits blastogenesis of cells treated with suboptimal concentrations of the lectin. Furthermore, the time of commitment is progressively shortened as the concentration of mitogen is increased. Thus, cells were committed to DNA replication as early as 5 h after incubation with supra-optimal concentrations of ConA. Induction of commitment does not occur when cells are incubated with ConA at 4 °C. Extensive crosslinking of membrane sites appears to be associated with the induction of early commitment by ConA, since the bivalent succinyl ConA failed to exhibit this effect. These findings indicate the need for re-evaluation of previous studies utilizing competing saccharides to determine kinetics of cell commitment to DNA replication.
The Frequency Response of the Vibrissae of Harp Seal, Pagophilus Groenlandicus, to Sound in Air and Water

The motion of isolated seal vibrissae due to low frequency sound in air has been measured using a microscope with a video camera and modeled using an FEM method with good agreement between the measurements and the model; the model has also been used to predict the motion of seal vibrissae in water. The shape of the seal vibrissae is that of a tapered right rectangular prism, unlike that of the previously studied rat vibrissae which are conical in shape. Moreover, unlike rat vibrissae which oscillate in the direction of the sound stimulus, two different modes of vibration of seal vibrissae were observed – one corresponding to the wider side being stimulated and one with the narrow side stimulated. The tuning of the seal vibrissae was much sharper than those of rat vibrissae, with quality factors about three times as large as those of rat vibrissae. As shown by the model, this increased sharpness is caused by the larger cross-sectional areas (by more than a factor of ten) of the seal vibrissae. This increased sharpness may be necessary for seal vibrissae so that they can have tuning in water, where the drag more heavily dampens the tuning than in air. The results suggest that vibrissae tuning may be important in the seal's ability to track the wake of its prey.
A total asymmetric synthesis of (+)-ar-turmerone

Abstract Employing a chiral oxazoline, a total synthesis of the title compound is described.
Interferon-γ enhances target cell sensitivity to monocyte killing

The mechanism of human peripheral blood monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated using the HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma line, A673 human rhabdomyosarcoma line, and A375 human melanoma line as target cells. Pretreatment of these target cells with 100 U/ml of recombinant human interferon (IFN)-gamma for 48 hr increased their susceptibility to monocyte killing. Increased susceptibility to the lytic action was particularly pronounced at low effector/target cell ratios. Unlike IFN-gamma human IFN-alpha did not potentiate monocyte cytotoxicity, and pretreatment of HT-29 with IFN-alpha also had virtually no effect on their susceptibility to monocyte killing. However, IFN-gamma appeared to prime either monocytes or target cells to become responsive to IFN-alpha. Our data suggest that IFN-gamma can promote the killing of tumor cells by monocytes through two separate actions, one on the monocyte and one on the target cell.
Reproducibilfty of power spectral measures of heart rate variability obtained from short-term sampling periods

Abstract In summary, our data indicate that immediate variability of 10-minute power spectral measures of heart rate variability during stable conditions is low. Therefore, it may be feasible to use short-term measures of heart rate variability to follow dynamic changes in cardiovascular autonomic tone in individual patients.
Shielding of crack tips by inclined pileups of dislocations

Abstract A mathematical formulation is developed for a long crack (mode III) with two symmetrical screw dislocation pileups inclined to the crack by an angle φ. Dislocation free zones (DFZ) are allowed at the crack up. The resulting series of equations are solved numerically. The effect of the inclination angle φ on the interaction of the crack and the pileups and on the size of the DFZ is examined. These effects appear to be strongest around φ = 45°.
Pulmonary circulatory changes after bilateral total knee arthroplasty during regional anesthesia.

Abstract Study Objective To monitor the pulmonary hemodynamics of patients undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty (BTKA) intraoperatively and up to 24 hours following surgery. Design Prospective observational study. Setting University-affiliated teaching hospital. Patients 30 ASA physical status 2 and 3 patients scheduled for single-stage, cemented BTKA during epidural anesthesia. Interventions Pulmonary artery catheters were in all patients. Measurements Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), the ratio of PVR to SVR at baseline, at the beginning of surgery, and after each knee implantation were recorded and compared with measurements taken one day postoperatively (POD 1). Main Results On POD 1, PVR/SVR was increased by 30% compared with baseline ( P P P Conclusion The PVR/SVR ratio on the day following BTKA was increased. This change may represent the different effects of inflammatory perioperative stresses on the pulmonary and systemic vasculature.
The Journey Toward Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Readiness in Local Health Departments: Leadership and Followership Theories in Action

Local health department directors’ intent on getting their organizations ready for accreditation must embrace the blurring of leader/follower lines and create an accreditation readiness team fueled not by traditional leader or follower roles but by teamship.
Endoscope storage time: assessment of microbial colonization up to 21 days after reprocessing.

Background Insufficient data exist for how long endoscopes can be stored after reprocessing. Concern about possible microbial colonization has led to various recommendations for reprocessing intervals among institutions, with many as short as 5 days. A significant cost savings could be realized if it can be demonstrated that endoscopes may be stored for as long as 21 days without risk of clinically significant contamination. Objective To demonstrate whether flexible endoscopes may be stored for as long as 21 days after reprocessing without colonization by pathogenic microbes. Design Prospective, observational study. Setting Tertiary care center. Endoscopes Four duodenoscopes, 4 colonoscopes, and 2 gastroscopes. Intervention Microbial testing of endoscope channels. Main Outcome Measurements Culture results at days 0, 7, 14, and 21. Results There were 33 positive cultures from 28 of the 96 sites tested (29.2% overall contamination rate). Twenty-nine of 33 isolates were typical skin or environmental contaminants, thus clinically insignificant. Four potential pathogens were cultured, including Enterococcus , Candida parapsilosis , α-hemolytic Streptococcus , and Aureobasidium pullulans ; all were likely clinically insignificant as each was only recovered at 1 time point at 1 site, and all grew in low concentrations. There were no definite pathogenic isolates. Limitations Single center. Conclusion Endoscopes can be stored for as long as 21 days after standard reprocessing with a low risk of pathogenic microbial colonization. Extension of reprocessing protocols to 21 days could effect significant cost savings.
Adaptation, consistency and beyond: I. Limitations and contradictions

Abstract This is the first of two articles concerned with the interpretation and relevance of stuttering adaptation and consistency data. This first article presents a critical analysis of the adaptation and consistency effects, and related concepts, pointing up several serious problems inherent in the traditional explanation of their significance. Data from a representative study are used to exemplify these problems and to support an integral explanation of the two effects. It is concluded that traditional accounts of these phenomena are misleading and that analysis of adaptation-consistency data from a different perspective will contribute realistically to understanding stuttering.
The sense organs on the ovipositor of the blowfly, Phormia regina Meigen

Abstract A survey of the sense organs on the ovipositor reveals articulated setae, small pegs or cones, and possibly double-walled hairs. It is only the anal leaflets which bear the pegs and double-walled hairs, the only sense organs present on other areas being articulated setae. It is possible to record from the pegs directly, but to record from the setae the tip must be amputated. Behavioural experiments have shown that receptors on the anal leaflets are olfactory and can mediate oviposition. The morphological and electrophysiological evidence suggests the pegs are the olfactory receptors on the ovipositor mediating oviposition. The pegs fire strongly to solutions of NaCl, Na2CO3, and (NH4)2CO3. It is probable that each peg has several neurones, although it is possible to obtain records with only a single unit firing. A single neurone in a peg characteristically fires at a relatively low frequency, fires irregularly, and adapts only gradually in many minutes. The tactile hairs, rather than falling into two types, represent more a continuous spectrum from very slow to fast adapting hairs. ‘Fast adapting’ seems a better way of describing the ‘motion sensitive’ hairs of one end of this spectrum. Most of the hairs on the ovipositor are of the slow adapting type. Typically they are most sensitive to distortion in a particular direction and fire more strongly to fast distorting movements than to slow ones.
The dynamics of the O(1D2)+CO(X 1Σ+, v=0) reaction

The quenching of the O(1D) atom by CO(v=0) has been studied by means of a flash‐photolytic CO‐laser resonant absorption method. The complete CO vibrational population distribution (0⩽v⩽7) was determined at four temperatures between 246 and 323 °K. The results of both isotope‐labeled experiments, 16O(1D)+C18O, and simple statistical model calculations indicate that the quenching reaction takes place via a CO2 complex. The good agreement between observed and calculated CO vibrational population distributions implies that the 45.4 kcal/mole electronic energy carried by the O(1D) atom has been completely randomized among all vibrational modes of the CO2 complex.
Unemployment and suicide: a cohort analysis of social factors predicting suicide in the US National Longitudinal Mortality Study

Background. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of employment status measured at baseline on the risk of suicide by years of follow-up, using a large nationally representative sample of the US population.Methods. Cox regression models were applied to data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, based on the 1979–1989 follow-up. In estimating the effect of baseline employment status on suicide, adjustments were made for baseline demographic and socio-economic variables.Results. After 3 years of follow-up, unemployed men were a little over twice as likely to commit suicide as their employed counterparts. Among men, the lower the socio-economic status, the higher the suicide risk. Among women, in each year of follow-up, the unemployed had a much higher suicide risk than the employed. After 9 years of follow-up unemployed women were over three times more likely to kill themselves than their employed counterparts.Conclusions. Unemployment is strongly related to suicide, but this relationship is more enduring and stronger among women. For men, the unemployment effect is stronger at earlier years of follow-up. In women, unemployment increases the risk of suicide regardless of the number of follow-up years. The finding with regard to women disconfirms earlier research reports suggesting that unemployment affects suicide only in men.
The growth kinetics study of CVD Cu on TiN barriers

Chemical vapor deposition of copper films on barrier metals, such as TiN and TaN has been intensively studied since the early 1990's. In contrast to active research on precursors, adhesion, and trench/via filling, the study of the initial growth of copper on barrier films has been rarely conducted. In this paper, the early growth stage of copper films on a titanium nitride coated substrate is fully studied. Two types of nucleation processes, homogeneous and heterogeneous, were observed under well controllable deposition conditions and were characterized through SEM, surface optical reflectance, and SIMS. The kinetics for each growth stage was also studied. The relationship between adhesion and initial nucleation is also discussed.
Elasticity and anharmonicity of potassium chloride at high temperature

High temperature elasticity of single crystal potassium chloride has been studied by the Rectangular Parallelepiped Resonance (RPR) method up to 870 K (⋍ 3.8 times the Debye temperature, ϑ). The elastic stiffness moduli, C 11 and C 44, decrease linearly with temperature while C 12 increases slightly with temperature. The RPR method is particularly suited to measurements of elasticity at high temperatures, since no glues (which decompose at high temperature) are used to connect the transducers to a specimen. As a consequence, the measured spectrum closely approximates the theoretical spectrum of a specimen freely suspended in space with no external contact. The present elasticity data permits the investigation of the thermodynamic properties of potassium chloride far above the Debye temperature when used together with the previous zero-pressure data on thermal expansivity and heat capacity. The equation of state of potassium chloride is virtually unaffected by anharmonicity, even at T/ϑ=3.8. One result is that the thermal pressure for KCl above the Debye temperature linearly increases with temperature. There is also small dependence on volume, in contrast to NaCl where there is no dependence on volume.
Plutonium and uranium determination in environmental samples. Combined solvent extraction-liquid scintillation method

A method for the determination of uranium and plutonium by a combined high-resolution liquid scintillation-solvent extraction method is presented. Assuming a sample count equal to background count to be the detection limit, the lower detection limit for these and other alpha-emitting nuclides is 1.0 dpm with a Pyrex sample tube, 0.3 dpm with a quartz sample tube using present detector shielding or 0.02 d.p.m. with pulse-shape discrimination. Alpha-counting efficiency is 100%. With the counting data presented as an alpha-energy spectrum, an energy resolution of 0.2-0.3 MeV peak half-width and an energy identification to +/-0.1 MeV are possible. Thus, within these limits, identification and quantitative determination of a specific alpha-emitter, independent of chemical separation, are possible. The separation procedure allows greater than 98% recovery of uranium and plutonium from solution containing large amounts of iron and other interfering substances. In most cases uranium, even when present in 10(8)-fold molar ratio, may be quantitatively separated from plutonium without loss of the plutonium. Potential applications of this general analytical concept to other alpha-counting problems are noted. Special problems associated with the determination of plutonium in soil and water samples are discussed. Results of tests to determine the pulse-height and energy-resolution characteristics of several scintillators are presented. Construction of the high-resolution liquid scintillation detector is described.