cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen availability increases the toxin quota of a harmful cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa

An important objective in understanding harmful phytoplankton blooms is determining how environmental factors influence the toxicity of bloom-forming species. We examined how nutrients and grazers (dreissenid mussels) affect the production of microcystin (a liver toxin) by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, via a combination of field and laboratory experiments, and field observations in Lake Erie. The field experiment revealed no effect of mussel density on microcystin quota (particulate microcystin per unit Microcystis biomass). In contrast, in both field and laboratory experiments, nitrogen-limited conditions led to substantially reduced microcystin quota relative to phosphorus-limited or nutrient-saturated conditions. In the field experiment, microcystin per unit of mcyB gene was strongly reduced under nitrogen-limited conditions, indicating a phenotypic response. Results from a seasonal survey in the western basin of Lake Erie revealed a similar negative influence of nitrogen limitation (as indexed by nitrate concentration) on microcystin quota. Our results are consistent with stoichiometric considerations in that the cell quota of a nitrogen-rich secondary metabolite, microcystin, was reduced disproportionately under nitrogen limitation.
Through hydrogen-bond vibrational coupling in hydrogen-bonding chains of 4-pyridones with implications for peptide amide I absorptions : Density functional theory compared with transition dipole coupling

We present B3LYP/D95** calculations on the C=O and N-H couplings in H-bonded chains of 4-pyridones. 14C-substitutions are used to decouple various vibrations for purposes of illustration. The coupled C=O vibrations bear analogy to the amide I bands of proteins and peptides. The coupling of the C=O's occurs primarily via the cooperative H-bonds rather than transition dipole coupling (TDC), as demonstrated by the fact that (1) the couplings are greater than previously reported for similar studies on formamides despite the larger distance between the C=O's in the pyridone chains (TDC coupling decreases with distance) and (2) the red shifts (also greater than for formamides) can be attributed to the changes in the geometries (particularly the C=O bond lengths) of the individual 4-pyridones in the H-bonding chains induced by the H-bonds and resulting polarization of the monomers.
On the historical origin of basque accentuation

SUMMARYFrom a diachronic point of view, the study of Basque accentuation presents the problem of accounting for the very different accentual systems that are found nowadays within the Basque-speaking territory. Whereas in a large central area there is no contrastive word accent, systems with phonologically distinctive accentuation are found both in eastern and western regions. The accentual systems of some western varieties are especially complex and are shown to rely on an opposition between accented or preaccenting and unaccented morphemes. In this paper, it is argued that all present-day accentual systems can be derived from an earlier common stage lacking contrastive accentuation and, in particular, that the western system arose as a result of a rule of compound accentuation; contrastive accent being reinforced by the adoption of large numbers of Latin and Romance loanwords with their original accentual pattern.RESUMEDu point de vue diachronique, l'etude de l'accent de la langue basque a pour objet de rendre compte de la diversite des systemes actuels existant aujourd'hui au pays basque. Alors que dans la plus grande partie de ce dernier il n'y a pas d'accent contrastif, les parler occidentaux et orientaux offrent des systemes ou l'accent de mot est phonologiquement distinctif. Particulierement complexes, les systemes accentuels de certains parlers occidentaux se fondent sur une distinction entre morphemes accentues ou preaccentuants et morphemes inaccentues. On soutient que tous les systemes accentuels du basque peuvent venir d'un etat commun anterieur sans accent contrastif, et que le systeme occidental en particulier resulte de l'accentuation des composes, renforcee par l'adoption d'une grande quantite d'emprunts latins et romans avec leur accentuation originelle.ZUSAMENFASSUNGAus diakronischer Sicht bringt das Studium des baskischen Akzents das Problem mit sich, die ziemlich verschiedenen Akzentuierungssysteme, die man heutzutage innerhalb des Baskisch-sprechenden Gebiets vorfindet, zu erklaren. Wahrend es namlich im Zentalgebiet keinen kontrastiven Wortakzent gibt, trifft man sowohl in den ostlichen als auch in den westlichen Gebieten Systeme an, die eine phonologisch distinktive Akzentuation kennen. Die Akzentsysteme ei-niger westlicher Varietaten sind besonders komplex und erweisen sich als sol-che, die auf einer Opposition zwischen akzentuierten oder vorakzentuierten und unbetonten Morphemen beruhen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird die Behaup-tung aufgestellt, das alle gegenwartigen Akzentsysteme von einem friiheren gemeinsamen Stadium abgeleitet werden konnen, die noch ohne kontrastiven Akzent war, und das insbesondere die westlichen Systeme sich aus einer Regel der Akzentuierung zusammengesetzter Worter herleiten und das der kontrastive Akzent durch die Hineinnahme einer grosen Anzahl lateinischer und roma-nischer Lehnworter zusammen mit ihrem ursprunglichen Akzentmustern ver-starkt worden sei.
Fluorinated and Hydrogenated Ethers Adsorbed at Metal Surfaces: A Surface Science Tribology Study

Fluorinated and hydrogenated ethers adsorbed at a metal surface are studied using surface science techniques. It is found that fluorinated ethers bond less strongly to both atomically rough and smooth ruthenium surfaces than hydrogenated analogs. The magnitude of the fluorinated ether-surface bond is further decreased if water is preadsorbed on the surface. For the hydrogenated ethers, 0.03 to 0.17 monolayer undergo decomposition, while fluorinated ethers do not decompose significantly. Presented at the 35th STLE/ASME Tribology Conference in Fort Lauderdale, Florida October 16–19, 1989
Students' Attitudes toward and Use of Written Justifications for Multiple-Choice Answers

The current study was concerned with the participation patterns and attitudes of college students who were encouraged to write justifications of their answers in order to gain credit for responses that would otherwise be incorrect throughout a semester's worth of multiple-choice tests. Subjects were 134 students enrolled in undergraduate educational psychology and tests and measurement courses. Attitude measures indicated uniformly positive attitudes toward the use of this technique as well as a general belief in the technique as a means to improve reasoning and scores on the tests, whether the students wrote justifications or not. General conclusions obtainable from the study were that use of the technique is beneficial, not only in terms of student scores but also in terms of student satisfaction with the tests taken.
Isolated Aortic Valve Replacement: Analysis of Factors Influencing Survival After Replacement with the Starr-Edwards Prosthesis

Abstract A review of 104 consecutive patients who underwent isolated aortic valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards prosthesis is reported. All 104 were followed an average of 3.8 years. Operative mortality was 1.8% and late mortality was 12.7%. The importance of continuous coronary perfusion is emphasized as the single most important factor in achieving a low operative mortality. Patients with pure aortic stenosis had the highest cumulative mortality (18%), followed closely by those with "mixed" lesions (aortic stenosis [AS] and aortic insufficiency [AI]) (16%). Patients in Class IV (N.Y. Heart Association classification) had, as expected, the highest mortality. The single category in which there was the highest incidence of deaths consisted of Class IV patients with mixed lesions (57%). There were 89 survivors, 85 of whom achieved excellent rehabilitation (95%), although almost all still require medication. The Starr-Edwards prosthesis seems to function well over several years. Prosthesis complications were uncommon, and the most frequent cause of late mortality seemed to be myocardial disease itself. Accordingly, any improvement in late results will come from earlier operation, before the myocardium reaches a "point of no return."
Optimizing Military Airlift

We describe a large-scale linear programming model for optimizing strategic (intercontinental) airlift capability. The model routes cargo and passengers through a specified transportation network with a given fleet of aircraft subject to many physical and policy constraints. The time-dynamic model captures a significant number of the important aspects of an airlift system in a large-scale military deployment, including aerial refueling, tactical (intracontinental) aircraft shuttles, and constraints based on crew availability. The model is designed to provide insight into issues associated with designing and operating an airlift system. We describe analyses for the U.S. Air Force system concerning fleet modernization and concerning the allocation of resources that affect the processing capacity of airfields.
Tissue production and quality of 'Tifway' bermudagrass as affected by seasonal application patterns of trinexapac-ethyl.

Research on the gibberellic add (GA)-inhibiting plant-growth regulator (PGR) trinexapac-ethyl (TE) regarding seasonal effects of single vs. multiple applications of this product on turfgrass quality and tissue production has not been reported. Research was conducted at North Carolina State University on 'Tifway' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis (Burtt-Davy)] to compare effects of different seasonal application patterns of TE. Applications of TE were made to fully established Tifway bermudagrass at either 0.107 or 0.071 kg a.i. ha -1 . Seasonal application patterns included an initial application, followed by zero, one, or two sequential applications at 4-wk intervals. Plots were rated weekly for turfgrass quality and clippings were collected weekly for evaluation of tissue production. Results demonstrated that one application of TE provided temporary growth inhibition of Tifway bermudagrass. This effect, as expected, disappeared 4 wk after initial treatment (WAIT). Post-inhibition growth enhancement (PIGE) was observed from 6 to 10 WAIT in areas treated with a single application of TE at 0.071 kg a.i. ha -1 . However, total seasonal tissue production following a single application of TE was equal to untreated areas, suggesting limited overall effects of PIGE. Conversely, one or two sequential applications of TE provided prolonged growth inhibition; total seasonal tissue production was reduced by up to 40%. Overall quality of Tifway bermudagrass was enhanced by multiple TE applications and perceived fall dormancy was delayed. Results support the use of sequential applications of TE in Tifway bermudagrass for consistent growth management throughout the growing season, avoidance of PIGE, and improvement in visual turfgrass quality.
Does antidromic activation of nociceptors play a role in sciatic radicular pain

We describe a case where transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the right sciatic nerve in a patient with right L5 radiculopathy reproduced the patient's pathological pain in the leg. Following a right ankle block with 0.5% bupivacaine, the sciatic nerve stimulation induced pain in the thigh and the calf but not in the foot. Despite an increase in the magnitude of stimulation by 50% (compared with the stimulation before the block) the pain was not perceived below the level of blockade. We suggest that in this case the electrical stimulation generated impulses propagated antidromically into the leg and activated nociceptors in it. The bupivacaine blockade prevented antidromic propagation of impulses into the foot, therefore pain in this region was not perceived.
Dressed Bose-Einstein condensates in high- Q cavities

We propose and analyze a way in which effective multicomponent condensates can be created inside high-$Q$ multimode cavities. In contrast to the situation involving several atomic species or levels, the coupling between the various components of the dressed condensates is linear. We predict analytically and confirm numerically the onset of instabilities in the quasiparticle excitation spectrum.
Guiding of intense laser beams in highly ionized plasma columns generated by a fast capillary discharge.

We have demonstrated the guiding of laser pulses with peak intensities up to $2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in a 5.5 cm long plasma column containing highly charged Ar ions generated by a fast capillary discharge. A rapid discharge-driven hydrodynamic compression guides progressively lower order modes through a plasma with increasing density and degree of ionization, until the guide collapses on axis. The lowest order mode (FWHM $\ensuremath{\sim}50\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$) is guided with 75% transmission efficiency shortly before the plasma reaches the conditions for lasing in Ne-like Ar. The subsequent rapid plasma expansion forms a significantly leakier and more absorbent guide.
BLOOD-CADMIUM LEVELS IN NORMOTENSIVE AND UNTREATED HYPERTENSIVE HUMANS

Abstract Administration of cadmium to laboratory animals causes hypertension. Necropsy specimens of the liver and kidneys of human patients who had had hypertension were previously reported as showing elevated cadmium concentrations. In the present study living normal humans were found to have a blood-cadmium level of 3·4±0·5 ng/ml, while a matched group of living untreated hypertensive humans had a blood-cadmium of 11·1 ± 1·5 ng/ml. All of the normal subjects had blood-cadmium levels below 8·0 ng/ml, while 13 of the 17 hypertensive patients had blood-cadmium levels over 8·0 ng/ml.
Interpretations of the CAPM, Diversification, and Beta: Clarifications

It is now common for finance textbooks to discuss the concepts of the CAPM, diversification benefit, and systematic risk, as measured by beta. The purpose of this paper is to clarify aspects of these concepts and make the textbooks readers aware of them. In particular, this paper seeks to: (1) clarify the notion that “diversification reduces risk,” (2) provide geometric expositions and algebraic expressions of portfolio benefits in the context of both total risk and market risk, and (3) improve the interpretation of beta.
Developmental appearance and age related changes in specific 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of female Syrian hamsters

Abstract In Syrian hamsters, the circadian timing system is sensitive to melatonin during gestation but is not responsive in the adult. In order to further understand this developmental change in melatonin responsiveness, in vitro autoradiography was used to assess the presence of specific 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of female hamsters of selected embryonic (E) and postnatal (PN) ages (e.g. E13, E14, E15, PN1, PN2, PN12, PN25, PN112–133). Specific 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding sites were seen in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of some of the E14 hamsters and all the perinatal hamsters (E15, PN1 and PN2) but not in older hamsters. In contrast, specific 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding sites were seen in the pars tuberalis of all hamsters (with the exception of one), regardless of age. The transient expression of specific 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nuclei suggests that melatonin may have some special functions restricted to early development. The specific 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the embryonic suprachiasmatic nuclei may represent the substrate for maternal melatonin to set the phase of the developing circadian timing system.
The status role of modeling and simulation in materials science and engineering

Abstract Four materials modeling and simulation topics have been reviewed. Dislocation modeling shows significant progress in using the results of atomistic dislocation interaction calculations as input to discrete dislocation models, which, in turn, are now able to predict stress–strain relationships. Atomistic models have now been used to predict dynamic and microstructural effects on fracture. Continuum solidification models are now able to predict microstructural features. Plasticity models have been formulated that include dislocation and grain size distributions.
Voltage-Biased Magnetic Sensors Based on Tuned Varistors

In this paper, we explore the possibility of finding practical applications when the nonlinear current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of a varistor are modified by the application of external magnetic fields. With this goal in mind, varistors based on a pseudobrookite oxide semiconductor have been studied. Pseudobrookite (PsB) is a wide bandgap n-type semiconductor with the bandgap of 2.77 eV. It is also weakly ferromagnetic. The “voltage-dependent resistor” (VDR) mode of the magnetically-tuned pseudobrookite varistors offers an opportunity to advance magnetic sensor technology. The resistive and magnetoresistive parameters of PsB VDRs exhibit good responses to applied magnetic fields and they can therefore be the basis for the fabrication of simple yet practical magnetic sensors. These sensors can cover the range of magnetic fields between 0 and 4500 Oe with good accuracy, and could possibly be considered as a substitute for Hall Effect-based sensors for many applications. Also, due to their simple structure, they would be rugged and not susceptible to abuses. They may also be suitable for applications in hazardous environments such as high temperatures and atmospheres having the presence of radiation, such as neutrons, protons, etc. It is also possible that these novel sensors could be suitable for geological applications such as in well logging in search of energy sources.
719-4 RR Variability Preceding Head Up Tilt Predicts Syncope in Children

To assess RR variability during head up tilt (HUT) we studied 20 syncopal pts aged 7–18y with Holter monitor. After 30 min supine, pts were tilted to 80° for 30 min or until syncope occurred. Sequential 256 and 512 beat epochs free from ectopy were analyzed. Mean and standard deviation, root mean square (RMSSD), fraction exceeding 50 msec (pN50) and correlation coefficient (r) of successive differences were computed. An autoregressive power spectrum model was used. Low frequency power (LFP, 0.05–0.15 Hz). high frequency power (HFP, 0.15–040 Hz), and total power (TP, 0.01–0.40 Hz) were compared. Epochs while supine, within 5 minutes after HUT, 5–10 min after HUT, and 15 min after or during syncope were analyzed. 12 pts fainted (F) and B did not (N). RR interval was 910 ± 6 for N and 870 ± 4 msec for F (p = NS). Indices of RR variability were markedly different (p l 0.05) for F and N while supine: RMSSD was 128 ± 22 for N vs 62 ± 7 msec for F, pN50 was 0.51 ± 0.06 for N vs 0.33 ± 0.04 for F, r was 0.50 ± 0.06 for N vs 0.70 ± 0.05 for F. LFP was 920 ± 140 in N vs 1710 ± 440 msec2in F (p = NS), while HFP and TP were 2990 ± 840 and 7062 ± 1500 in N vs 834 ± 130 and 2855 ± 420 msec2in F (p l 0.05). With HUT RR decreased similarly in F and N (25 ± 3% and 26 ± 3%) while RMSSD and pN50 decreased proportionately in N (by 59 ± 5% and 63 ± 10%) and in F (by 59 ± 4% and 83 ± 5%, p = NS). RMSSD and pN50 remained higher in N vs F after tilt. r increased for N (to 0.77 ± 0.05) and F (to 0.88 ± 0.02) but remained higher in F reflecting lower variability. LFP, HFP, and TP decreased proportionately for each group. Thus HFP and TP remained higher in N than F. Similar results were obtained after 5–10 minutes of HUT in Nand F and after 15 minutes in N. In F prior to syncope, RR increased to 1,045 ± 50 msec, RMSSD to 125 ± 25 msec, PN50 to 0.41 ± 0.05, and r fell to 0.51 ± 0.04, while TP increased to 5200 ± 1343 msec2, LFP increased to 1717 ± 601 msec2, and HFP increased to 2730 ± 1075 msec2. Relatively decreased RR variability supine prior to HUT predicts syncope and is primarily caused by decreased high frequency power.
Growth Of Small Laser Crystals For Study Of Energy Kinetics And Spectroscopy

SUMMARYWe have demonstrated that the laser heated pedestal growth technique can be a fast andcost effective way to grow rare earth doped garnets for laser material evaluation. Crystalcharacterization and laser induced fluorescence study show that they are reliable substi-tutes for bulk grown crystals in spectroscopic and energy kinetics studies. This growthtechnique should be used more extensively in future to survey laser materials and identifyoptimum dopant concentration for bulk crystal growth. As illustrated by our measurement ofthe interaction microparameter, the LHPG method is an invaluable research tool to supplycrystals of different dopant concentrations for study of ion -ion interactions that are re-sponsible for various energy transfer and relaxation phenomena in single crystals. 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors gratefully acknowledge helpful discussions with R. L. Byer, M. M. Fejer andG. A. Magel of Stanford University during the design stage of our growth facility. The authors also wish to thank G. Pidick, E. Roubal, S. Valenti and M. Williams for their tech-nical support. This work was supported by the Florida High Technology and Industry CouncilApplied Research Grants Program.
Unusual presentations of cavernous carotid aneurysms

OBJECTIVES: To report atypical features of cavernous carotid aneurysms (CCAs) that can create complex management problems if not recognized. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed on 202 CCAs in 183 patients, referred to a tertiary neuroophthalmology/neurovascular service. RESULTS: Six cases of CCA with unusual characteristics were identified. Two patients, one with thrombocytosis and the other with disseminated intravascular coagulation, developed cerebral infarcts presumably due to embolism from the CCA. One patient presented with a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) not initially recognized due to the lack of typical clinical and radiological findings. One patient presented with acute ischemic necrosis of the globe due to ruptured CCA causing a CCF. One patient, with magnetic resonance images and cerebral angiography demonstration of intradural extension of the CCA, presented with a partial third nerve paresis and experienced a subarachnoid hemorrhage more than two years later. One pa...
Why Justify? Explaining Variation in Conflict Justification, 1980–2008

This article is about state justifications for conflict initiation, an understudied yet nonetheless significant element of the foreign policy behavior of sovereign states. To what degree do such justifications vary among states? And what drives any variation that does exist? Regime type? Power status? Or, as implicitly assumed by some constructivist scholars, normative identification? Through an analysis of conflict justifications between 1980 and 2008, I find not only that states almost always publicly justify their actions and that conflict justifications always include at the very least an assertion of self-defense, but that there is also substantial variation regarding whether states make claims of humanitarianism and multilateralism and whether they utilize international law in their justificatory statements. The former is best explained through normative identification and the latter by the power status of the justifying state. Differences in regime type, however, do not play a significant role in c...
A CIT Investigation of Disruptive Student Behaviors: The Students' Perspective.

Despite the recent focus on disruptive student behaviors in the classroom, little attention has been given to disruptive faculty behaviors. Utilizing theoretical concepts developed in the services-marketing literature, this study empirically explores student perceptions of disruptive faculty behaviors in the classroom. More specifically, this research develops a typology of disruptive faculty behaviors, including frequency of occurrence and the perceived magnitude of disruptions from the students’ perspective. Respondents also provide insights into how well students effectively manage disruptive faculty behaviors. Twelve types of disruptive behaviors and 10 suggested approaches for managing disruptive faculty behaviors are presented and discussed.
Applying a Practical Method and an Out of Phase Technique to Estimate the Noise Level of Vibration Sensor

The experimental and practical evaluation methods and results for vibration sensor are described in this paper. Because the vibration sensor accelerometer has the feature of low-noise electronics, the testing is performed in the basement of National Measurement Laboratory (NML), in which environmental vibration amplitude is less than 3μm/sec. First we put the sensor on a spring isolator plate with 3 Hz natural frequency and a big concrete mass with 29 Hz peak value to get the high and low frequency noise level separately. Next we mount two same-type sensors back-to-back horizontally. The output signals of the two sensors are out of phase, so we can calculate their noise level easily. Finally we use an air-bearing shaker to generate a low frequency and low amplitude vibration to verify the sensor measurement ability. The noise level of the sensor can be determined by using the practical method and an out of phase technique.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effects of Chronic Nicotine Infusion on Kinetics of High‐Affinity Nicotine Binding

: It is well established that chronic nicotine treatment produces a dose-dependent increase in high-affinity l-[3H]nicotine binding. This increase may be due to chronic desensitization of the receptor. Sophisticated kinetic analyses of high-affinity nicotine binding to rat brain have demonstrated that the association rate is biphasic; the fast phase may represent binding to a high-affinity predesensitized state and the slow phase may represent binding to a lower affinity ground state that then isomerizes to form the high-affinity binding site. This isomerization presumably leads to receptor desensitization. The studies reported here assessed whether binding to mouse brain nicotinic receptors shows these same properties and whether chronic intravenous infusion of nicotine results in changes in these kinetic properties. The results obtained indicate that mouse brain nicotine binding also shows biphasic association kinetics and uniphasic dissociation kinetics, which supports the assertion that the receptor exists in two interconvertible states. However, unlike other results obtained with rat brain, the rate of the slow association process did not change with ligand concentration. Chronic infusion resulted in a dose-dependent increase in l-[3H]-nicotine binding, but the ratio of fast/slow phases of binding was not changed by these treatments. These results suggest that chronic infusion does not alter measurably the kinetics of nicotinic receptor binding when measured in vitro.
An Agile Translation Process for complex innovations: An Industry/University Cooperative Research Center case study

The National Science Foundation Industry & University Cooperative Research Center (I/UCRC) program is intended to foster productive collaboration between industry organizations and academia. The focus of the I/UCRC research site herein is on the application of technology within the complex extended enterprise. The center's goal is to conduct research that is of interest to both the industry sponsor and the university partner, with the provision that the industry organization must provide major support to the center. In this paper, we describe the Agile Translation Process (ATP) for complex innovations that was developed at the center. The process meets the constraints of the academic calendar, the knowledge needs and the typical length of stay for a master's student, and the availability constraints of the students. At the same time, the process is designed to provide value to the industry sponsor. Specifically, it describes how the process meets the needs of technology consumers in industry seeking to derive tactical value through the funding of the center. In addition, we demonstrate how to derive research results for technology providers through subsequent activities. We also provide metrics from the center for a period of five years, which show, in particular, the benefit of using the ATP method over the last three years. These metrics provide insights on how to reconcile tactical industry needs with the long-term research and funding goals of academia, while understanding the innovations needed within complex contexts. This case study also provides insights on concurrently meeting the needs of all stakeholders - including industry clients, translational faculty members, adjunct faculty from partner companies, graduate students, and the center's affiliated research faculty - within the constraints of the academic calendar. By using an agile translation process and a set of expanded performance metrics, the center effectively applies research to bring innovation to its industry partners.
Interictal spike analysis of high-density EEG in patients with partial epilepsy

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the use of interictal spikes to localize epileptogenic brain from noninvasive scalp EEG recordings in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. Methods Source reconstructions were performed using a high density electrode montage and a low density electrode montage by means of a distributed source modeling method. The source of interictal spike activity was localized using both a realistic geometry boundary element method (BEM) head model and 3-shell spherical head model. Results In the analysis of 7 patients, the high density electrode montage was found to provide results more consistent with the suspected region of epileptogenic brain identified for surgical resection using intracranial EEG recordings and structural MRI lesions, as compared to the spatial low density electrode montage used in routine clinical practice. Furthermore, the realistic geometry BEM head model provided better source localization. Conclusions Our results indicate the merits of using high density scalp EEG recordings and realistic geometry head modeling for source localization of interictal spikes in patients with partial epilepsy. Significance The present results suggest further improvement of source localization accuracy of epileptogenic brain from interictal EEG recorded using high density scalp electrode montage and realistic geometry head models.
The Organization of Dramatic Content in Children's Fantasy Play

Study of fantasy play as drama illuminates developmental differences in the elements of social knowledge and characterizes relations between these elements.
EFFECTS OF GRADED HYPOXIA ON CEREBRAL PHOSPHATE POTENTIAL IN NEWBORN LAMBS: A CRITICAL BIOENERGETIC LEVEL

These experiments were designed to measure the effects of graded hypoxia on cerebral phosphorus containing compounds (ATP; phosphocreatine, PCr; inorganic phosphate, Pi) and cerebral pH in newborn lambs. The phosphate potential (PCr/Pi) has emerged as a measure of bioenergetic reserve. In tissues of mature animals, resting PCr/Pi is > 7 and levels 75 mmHg), cerebral PCr/Pi was T1.7, pH T7.1. Moderate hypoxia (PaO2 35-43 mmHg) did not alter the cerebral phosphate potential or pH. Severe hypoxia (PaO2 13-20 mmHg) caused a rapid decline in PCr/Pi which stabilized after 5 min at T1.0; pH did not fall as fast, but did not plateau. PCr/Pi recovered to resting levels in 2.5 min and preceded pH changes. Extreme hypoxia (PaO2 < 12 mmHg) caused a precipitous drop in PCr/Pi to T 0.7 and the recovery time increased to 4.5 min. When PCr/Pi fell below 0.7, MABP began to fall; if hypoxia was reversed, the recovery time increased to 12.5 min; if hypoxia was not reversed, the lamb promptly expired. These studies demonstrate that newborn lambs develop lactic acidosis at a PCr/Pi T1.0 and have a “critical” PCr/Pi of T0.7 at which the recovery time is prolonged as much as 5-fold and beyond which the lamb dies, probably from cardiogenic shock.
Modulation of the Binding of Signal Peptides to Lipid Bilayers by Dipoles near the Hydrocarbon−Water Interface†

Interactions between signal (leader) sequences and membranes are critical to protein insertion and translocation across membranes. In this paper, circular dichroism, tryptophan fluorescence, electr...
CD8+ T cell immunodominance shifts during the early stages of acute LCMV infection independently from functional avidity maturation

Virus-specific T cell responses are often directed to a small subset of possible epitopes and their relative magnitude defines their hierarchy. We determined the size and functional avidity of 4 representative peptide-specific CD8+ T cell populations in C57BL/6 mice at different time points after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. We found that the frequency of different peptide-specific T cell populations in the spleen changed independently over the first 8 days after infection. These changes were not associated with a larger or more rapid increase in functional avidity and yet still resulted in a shift in the final immunodominance hierarchy. Thus, the immunodominance observed at the peak of an antiviral T cell response is not necessarily determined by the initial size or rate of functional avidity maturation of peptide-specific T cell populations.
They do not buy it: exploring the extent to which entering first-year students view themselves as customers

While a number of scholars have discussed the pervasiveness of the conceptualization of students as customers, to date there has been limited reliable research examining the extent to which students actually view themselves as customers. Using a survey that was administered to a census of entering first-year students at a large public research university (59.8% response rate), this study shows that students do not agree with many of the educational beliefs and planned behaviors associated with a customer orientation. Results of exploratory factor analysis suggested only 28.9% of respondents expressed a customer orientation. These results show that contrary to what has become common sense in postsecondary education, most students at this public university do not express a customer orientation towards their education. Such findings should make scholars and practitioners rethink some of their embedded assumptions with regards to the goals, motivations, and general educational orientations of today's college ...
Plasma-deposited polymer films. I. Low-angle x-ray study

A low-angle x-ray scattering technique has been applied to determine the submicrostructure of plasma-formed polyethylene and polystyrene. The plasma-formed polymers appear to closely approximate a “filler—binder” structure where polymer spheres constitute the filler material and a lower-density polymer, the binder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs confirm the spherical diameters predicted by the low-angle x-ray scattering data.
Stability at comminution chopping temperatures of model chicken breast muscle emulsions.

Mixtures of vegetable oil and protein solutions extracted from chicken breast muscle were heated to 10°C, 20°C and 30°C before or after the Omni-mixer step of timed emulsification. Emulsion stability (ES) was determined by placing the extracted cream layer between layers of filter paper and polyester mesh and measuring the weight loss after 96 h at 0-1°C. All natural actomyosin and exhaustively washed chicken breast muscle emulsions lost no more than 50% of their original weight after heating and were defined as being stable. Even excessive chopping temperatures (30°C) failed to effect timed emulsification or ES. This study suggests that any instability of finished commercial sausage-type products is not due to changes in the protein caused by excessively high chopping temperatures generated during comminution.
Design and Experimental Validation of a Virtual Vehicle Control Concept for Testing Hybrid Vehicles Using a Hydrostatic Dynamometer

An approach to control a hydrostatic dynamometer for the Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) testing of hybrid vehicles has been developed and experimentally tested. The hydrostatic dynamometer used, which is capable of regeneration, was specifically designed and built in-house to evaluate the fuel economy and control strategy of a hydraulic hybrid vehicle. The control challenge comes from the inertia of the dynamometer being only 3% of that of the actual vehicle so that the dynamometer must apply, in addition to any drag torques, acceleration/deceleration torques related to the difference in inertias. To avoid estimating the acceleration which would be a non-causal operation, a virtual vehicle concept is introduced. The virtual vehicle model generates a reference speed profile which represents the behavior of the actual vehicle if driven on the road. The dynamometer control problem becomes one of enabling the actual vehicle-dyno shaft to track the speed of the virtual vehicle, instead of directly applying a desired torque. A feedback/feedforward controller was designed based upon an experimentally validated dynamic model of the dynamometer. The approach was successfully tested on a power-split hydraulic hybrid vehicle with acceptable speed and torque tracking performance.© 2014 ASME
Tandem structured spectrally selective coating layer of copper oxide nanowires combined with cobalt oxide nanoparticles

Abstract Increasing the light absorption across the wide solar spectrum has important implications for applications in solar-thermal and photovoltaic energy conversion. Here, we report novel tandem structures combing two different materials with complementary optical properties and microstructures: copper oxide (CuO) nanowires (NWs) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles (NPs). Copper oxide NWs of 100–200 nm in diameter and 5 µm long are grown thermally on copper foil in air and cobalt oxide NPs of 100–200 nm in diameter are synthesized hydrothermally. Tandem structures of spectrally selective coating (SSC) layer are built with three different methods: spray-coating, dip-coating of cobalt oxide NPs into copper oxide NWs forest, and transferring of copper oxide NWs layer onto cobalt oxide NPs layer. The tandem-structured SSC layers fabricated from the spray-coating, dip-coating and transferring methods exhibit figure of merit (FOM) values of 0.875, 0.892 and 0.886, respectively, which are significantly higher than that of the starting copper oxide NWs (FOM=0.858) and cobalt oxide NPs (FOM=0.853). Our results demonstrate the efficacy of using novel tandem structures for enhanced light absorption of solar spectrum, which will find broad applications in solar energy conversion.
Magnetically induced suppression and enhancement of optical excitation of ruby at anticrossing points

Sharp resonances in optical excitation of ruby by laser pulses are observed as Zeeman sublevels anticross in an external magnetic field. For the ${R}_{1}$ optical line of ruby $(694.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ excitation drops when the external magnetic field strength approaches $4.14\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kG}$ while for the ${R}_{2}$ line $(692.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ it increases in $4.14$ and $2.07\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kG}$ fields. A simple theoretical description of the observed effects on the basis of level mixing explains both situations.
A case of parvovirus B19-induced pure red cell aplasia in a child following heart transplant

We describe a case of an 11-year-old boy who underwent orthotopic heart transplant for dilated cardiomyopathy. He developed a normocytic, normochromic anaemia with a low reticulocyte count 1 month after transplant. A bone marrow biopsy was performed, which showed a mildly hypocellular bone marrow with few red blood cell precursors with giant pro-erythroblasts indicative of a pure red cell aplasia. Parvovirus B19 polymerase chain reaction in the blood was positive 2 months after transplant. Intravenous immunoglobulin administration resulted in a resolution of the anaemia over several months. Unexplained pure red cell aplasia in immunosuppressed patients should alert one to the possibility of parvovirus B19 infection.
Measuring Diversity and Inclusion in Academic Medicine: The Diversity Engagement Survey

PurposeTo produce a physician and scientific workforce that advances high-quality research and culturally competent care, academic medical centers (AMCs) must assess their capacity for diversity and inclusion and leverage opportunities for improvement. The Diversity Engagement Survey (DES) is presen
Immune cells and cytokine circuits: toward a working model for understanding direct immune-to-adrenal communication pathways.

Although the adrenal glands were anatomically identified nearly 450 yr ago, their vital role in physiology was not established until considerably later (1). We now know that the adrenal glands, despite their miniature size, play an indispensable role in homeostatic functions ranging from regulation of ion balances to being a final site of integration for the stress response. When considering the many masters that oversee adrenal output, most people can readily recite three principle sources of adrenal regulation: 1) the kidney, which regulates mineralocorticoid secretion through the renin-angiotensin system; 2) the pituitary gland, which regulates glucocorticoid secretion via ACTH; and 3) the splanchnic nerve, which regulates blood flow to the adrenal and innervates the medulla, thereby regulating secretion of catecholamines and other stress-responsive factors into systemic circulation.
Curve Number and Peakflow Responses Following the Cerro Grande Fire on a Small Watershed

The Curve Number (CN) method is routinely used to estimate runoff and peakflows following forest fires, but there has been essentially no literature on the estimated value and temporal variation of CNs following wildland fires. In May 2000, the Cerro Grande Fire burned the headwaters of the major watersheds that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory, and a stream gauging network presented an opportunity to assess CNs following the fire. Analysis of rainfall-runoff events indicated that the prefire watershed response was complacent or limited watershed area contributed to runoff. The post-fire response indicated that the complacent behavior continued so the watershed response was not dramatically changed. Peakflows did increase by 2 orders of magnitude following the fire, and this was hypothesized to be a function of increase in runoff volume and changes in watershed network allowing more efficient delivery of runoff. More observations and analyses following fires are needed to support definition of CNs for post-fire response and mitigation efforts.
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population

The CES-D scale is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. The new scale was tested in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings. It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test- retest repeatability. Validity was established by pat terns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. Reliability, validity, and factor structure were similar across a wide variety of demographic characteristics in the general population samples tested. The scale should be a useful tool for epidemiologic studies of de pression.
Dopamine receptors in the ventral tegmental area affect motor, but not motivational or reflexive, components of copulation in male rats

Microinjection of apomorphine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of male rats was previously shown to delay the onset of copulation and slow its rate, presumably by stimulating impulse-regulating autoreceptors on cell bodies of the A10 mesocorticolimbic dopamine tract. Such stimulation would be expected to slow the firing rate of these neurons and, thereby, to impair locomotion and/or motivational processes. The present experiments tested whether the delayed onset and slowed rate of copulation were related to deficits in motor performance, sexual motivation, and/or genital reflexes. In X-maze tests the speed of running to all 4 goal boxes was slowed; however, the percentage of trials on which the male chose the female's goal box was not decreased. Examination of videotaped copulation tests revealed that the male showed fewer complete copulatory behaviors (mounts, intromissions, and ejaculations), but more misdirected or incomplete copulatory attempts after apomorphine in the VTA. There were also fewer scores of active, as opposed to inactive, behaviors, and the onset and rate of copulation were slowed. The total number of female directed behaviors was not different in apomorphine tests, compared to vehicle. Finally, tests of ex copula genital reflexes revealed no significant effects of apomorphine in the VTA on erections, penile movements, or seminal emissions. These data suggest a role of the VTA in the motor aspects and/or sensorimotor integration of copulation. Sexual motivation and ex copula genital reflexes appeared to be unaffected by apomorphine in the VTA.
Does More Crime Mean More Prisoners? An Instrumental Variables Approach

Abstract This paper studies the �mechanical theory� of crime and incarceration—�the notion that changes in imprisonment are partially determined by changes in crime rates. Previous studies found scant evidence supporting the mechanical theory. These studies, however, failed to properly control for simultaneity between incarceration rates and crime rates. While more crime may lead to larger prison populations, rising incarceration rates may deter crime. To address this bias, abortion rates in the 1970s are used as an instrument for crime in later decades. Abortion rates in the 1970s are correlated with crime in the 1990s but are unlikely to be otherwise related to incarceration or prison admissions rates in the 1990s. The instrumental variables approach finds that the estimated elasticity of prison admissions with respect to crime is approximately 1, in accord with the mechanical theory. This finding has important implications for understanding trends in the U.S. prison population.
The influence of paced breathing exercises on the autonomic response to stress

Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability is a noninvasive method to measure rapid changes in the functioning of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. In the course of measuring the autonomic reaction to stress and relaxation, it was found that paced breathing at frequencies different from the subject's natural breathing frequency can cause a stress reaction to the pacing as measured by time frequency analysis of heart rate variability. It was also found that changes in skin temperature correlated to the changes in stress level during the paced breathing protocol.
Transmission of line-monitoring signals in stretched-pulse communication systems

We show numerically the feasibility of a passive-loopback line-monitoring scheme in stretched-pulse communications systems with weak filtering. The net loss, excluding coupler losses, for the line-monitoring signals is shown to be close to zero in the presence of filtering and excess gain.