cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and characterization of an indium tin oxide acoustoelectric hydrophone

Clinical ultrasound (US) imaging and therapy require a precise knowledge of the intensity distribution of the acoustic field. Although piezoelectric hydrophones are most common, these devices are limited in terms of, for example, type of materials, cost, and performance at high frequency and pressure. As an alternative to conventional acoustic detectors, we describe acoustoelectric hydrophones, developed using photolithographic fabrication techniques, where the induced voltage (phase and amplitude) is proportional to both the US pressure and bias current injected through the device. In this study a number of different hydrophone designs were created using indium tin oxide (ITO). A constriction of the current path within the hydrophone created a localized "sensitivity zone" of high current density. The width of this zone ranged from 30 to 1000 μm, with a thickness of 100 nm. A raster scan of the US transducer produced a map of the acoustic field. Hydrophones were evaluated by mapping the pressure field of a 2.25 MHz single element transducer, and their performance was compared to a commercial capsule hydrophone. Focal spot sizes at -6 dB were as low as 1.75 mm, comparing well with the commercial hydrophone measurement of 1.80 mm. Maximum sensitivity was 2 nV/Pa and up to the 2nd harmonic was detected. We expect improved performance with future devices as we optimize the design. Acoustoelectric hydrophones are potentially cheaper and more robust than the piezoelectric models currently in clinical use, potentially providing more choice of materials and designs for monitoring therapy or producing arrays for imaging.
Effects of osmolality and ionic strength on secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells permeabilized with digitonin.

: Hyperosmotic solutions inhibit exocytosis of catecholamine from adrenal chromaffin cells at a step after Ca2+ entry into the cells. The possibility that the inhibition resulted from an inability of shrunken secretory granules to undergo exocytosis was investigated in cells with plasma membranes permeabilized by digitonin. The osmoticants and salts used in this study rapidly equilibrated across the plasma membrane and bathed the intracellular organelles. When sucrose was the osmoticant, secretion was not significantly inhibited unless the osmolality was raised above 1,000 mOs. When the osmolality was raised with the tetrasaccharide stachyose or a low-molecular-weight maltodextrin fraction (average size a tetrasaccharide), one-half maximal inhibition occurred at 900–1,000 mOs. Prior treatment of permeabilized cells with Ca2+ in hyperosmotic solution did not result in enhanced secretion when cells were restored to normal osmolality. Increased concentrations of potassium glutamate or sodium isethionate were more potent than carbohydrate in inhibiting secretion. Half-maximal inhibition occurred at 600–700 mOs or when the ionic strength was approximately doubled. The inhibition by elevated potasium glutamate also occurred when the osmolality was kept constant with sucrose. Increasing the ionic strength did not alter the Ca2+ sensitivity of the secretory response. Reducing the ionic strength by substituting sucrose for salt reduced the Ca2+ concentration required for half-maximal stimulated secretion from approximately 1.2 μM. Chromaffin granules, the secretory granules, are known to shrink in hyperosmotic solution. The experiments indicate that shrunken chromaffin granules can undergo exocytosis and suggest that in intact cells elevated ionic strength rather than chromaffin granule shrinkage contributes to the inhibition of secretion by hyperosmotic solutions. The experiments place limits on the possible osmotic mechanisms that could be involved in exocytosis.
Are suicide attempts by young Latinas a cultural idiom of distress

The high rates of suicide attempts among adolescent Hispanic females in the United States have been well established by epidemiological and clinical studies. In this paper, we review the research history of Latina suicide attempts and their characteristics. Then we apply multi-faceted conceptual and empirical criteria found in the anthropological and psychiatric literature about cultural idioms of distress to the suicide attempts of young Latinas. We contrast the suicide-attempt phenomenon to the well-known ataque de nervios and propose that the phenomenon may reflect a developmental or cultural variant of the ataque. The attempt-as-idiom proposition is intended to invite discussion that can deepen our understanding of the cultural roots of the suicide attempts and their possible designation as cultural idiom. Establishing the meaning of suicide attempts within a cultural perspective can assist psychological and psychiatric research and clinical interventions.
The Juvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Formula Grant Program: Federal-State Relationships In A Quasi-Regulatory Context*:

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), created by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, has among its responsibilities the administration of a formula grant program that distributes "conditioned" federal financial assistance to states and local governments. Day-to-day administration of the formula grant program falls to OJJDP's State Relations and Assistance Division, which employs "state representatives" who in turn work with juvenile justice specialists in the states, appointed State Advisory Groups, and designated State supervisory agencies. A recently completed study undertaken by the Administrative Conference of the United States, an independent federal agency within the executive branch, examined in detail the approach used by OJJDP to administer the formula grant program. This paper, prepared by two members of the study's research team, explores 1) the extent to which and in what ways the program operates in a quasi-regulatory mode and 2) whether o...
Posttranscriptional Regulation and RNA Binding Proteins in Development.

The precise spatial and temporal control of gene expression during the development of multicellular organisms is achieved by the use of both transcriptional and posttranscriptional control mechanisms. In fact, for some developmental processes, posttranscriptional regulation can be more important than transcriptional control. The mechanisms and proteins involved in posttranscriptional regulation are increasingly well understood. This review focuses on three well-characterized examples of posttranscriptional regulation in development, and highlights recent progress in each area.
The Feasibility of Measuring Turbulence in the Free Atmosphere from Rising Balloons Tracked by FPS-16 Radar

Abstract On passing through an atmospheric layer that contains random isotropic turbulent eddies, one would expect that a rising balloon would follow an erratic path. Recently, an FPS-16 missile-tracking radar has been used to follow the paths of special balloons that have only small aerodynamic oscillatory motions. To detect turbulent motions, the slant-range measurements are smoothed, and deviations from the smoothed curve are computed and plotted. Ten flights of “Jimsphere” balloons have been processed in this manner. The slant-range deviations reveal small regular self-induced motions and occasional turbulent layers. Observations of this type provide a means of measuring turbulence from low levels into the stratosphere, and also give concurrent wind measurements. It appears that correlations between properties of the turbulence and the associated wind profile can be determined with greater confidence from these data than from any other turbulence measurements presently available.
The national children's study: A golden opportunity to advance the health of pregnant women

With a $3 billion investment by the federal government, the National Children's Study (NCS) recently began recruitment. The NCS is a golden-and potentially missed-opportunity to study one of the most underrepresented populations in clinical research: pregnant women. As the nation's largest-ever study of children's health, the NCS will examine the effects of the environment on children from before birth to 21 years of age, with participants sampled primarily through women during pregnancy. Thus the NCS presents a rare opportunity to study the health of women during and after pregnancy, in addition to the health of their children. On both moral and policy grounds, we make the case for inclusion of women's health outcomes in the NCS.
Ideology Identification as Psychosocial-Spiritual Disorder: A Framework for Assessment and Intervention

In this article, the author responds to the Brooking Report by addressing how beliefs can become ideologies that harm. Beliefs are conceptualized as processes that probably evolved to support the survival and well-being of our ancestors, but that today can either help or harm us. The author introduces the concept of “ideological identification disorder” (IDD), which involves a belief I value above all other beliefs. In IDD, I not only value my ideology identification over my other beliefs, but I may well value it over other people, living things, and the world I live in. Our conservative and progressive beliefs, for example, can serve individuals, families, and communities. However, when they become “ideology identifications,” they can harm individuals, groups, and local and global communities. The local and global challenges humanity faces today require collaboration between people. Ideology identification tends to destroy the kinds of relationships that foster collaboration. A practice model framework i...
Recognition of a guanine-cytosine base pair by 8-oxoadenine.

Two oligodeoxyribonucleotides, d-CTTCTTTTTTATTTT, I(A), and d-ATTATTTTTTATTTT, II(A), where C is 5-methylcytosine and A is 8-oxoadenine, were prepared and their interactions with the duplex d-GAAGAAAAAAYAAAA/d-TTTTZTTTTTTCTTC, III.IV(Y.Z), were studied. Oligomers I(A) and II(A) each form triplexes with III.IV(G.C) at temperatures below 20 degrees C as shown by continuous variation experiments, melting experiments, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The CD spectra of these triplexes are almost identical to those formed by I(C) and II(C), oligomers which contain cytosine in place of 8-oxoadenine. This suggests that the 8-oxoadenine-containing triplexes have conformations which are very similar to those of the cytosine-containing triplexes. The melting temperature (Tm) for dissociation of the third strand of triplex II.III.IV(A.G.C) is 22 degrees C at pH 7.0 and 8.0, whereas the Tm of the corresponding transition in triplex II.III.IV(C.G.C) decreases from 28 degrees C at pH 7.0 to 17 degrees C at pH 8.0. The pH dependence of the Tm in the latter triplex reflects the necessity of protonating the N-3 of cytosine in order for it to form two hydrogen bonds with G of the G.C base pair. It appears that the keto form of 8-oxoadenine can potentially form two hydrogen bonds with the N-7 and O-6 atoms of G of the G.C base pair, when the 8-oxoadenine is in the syn conformation and in contrast to cytosine does not require protonation of the base. Oligomer I(A) does not form triplexes with III.IV(Y.Z) when Y.Z is A.T or T.A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Some models for individual-group comparisons and group behavior

In problem solving situations, it has been suggested the superiority of groups over individuals is due simply to the fact that groups consist of several individuals. In this paper, the Lorge and Solomon [1955] approach to such situations is reexamined using the method of maximum likelihood. Extensions to trichotomous response situations are also presented, and the resulting models are applied to data gathered by Staub [1970]. The partitioning of the likelihood ratio goodness-of-fit statistic is then discussed in order that the effects of additional variables on the response variate can be assessed. Finally, the small sample behavior of the likelihood ratio statistic is examined.
Unilateral cerebral activation and perception of gaps: a signal detection analysis.

Abstract To examine the hypothesis that cerebral activation improves perception in the contralateral half-field, detection of gaps in squares presented in the LVF or RVF was studied under a standard condition and with an additional Verbal (Experiments I and II) or Musical (Experiments III and IV) condition. Discriminability was decreased by the added condition (Experiments I and III), and worse in the RVF in Experiment I. A bias to respond “gap” was found in the Verbal condition (Experiment I) and in the visual field contralateral to the active hemisphere (Experiment IV).
Thiol−Allyl Ether−Methacrylate Ternary Systems. Evolution Mechanism of Polymerization-Induced Shrinkage Stress and Mechanical Properties

The evolution of the polymerization-induced shrinkage stress and mechanical properties of thiol−allyl ether−methacrylate ternary systems and their relationship to the polymerization kinetics have been investigated. Because of the two distinct polymerization regimes of the ternary systemsa methacrylate homopolymerization regime followed by a thiol−ene polymerization dominated regimethe mechanism for the evolution of polymerization induced shrinkage stress is unique as compared to other thiol−ene and methacrylate systems. During the first polymerization stage, only intermediate molecular weight methacrylate oligomers are produced, resulting in delayed gelation and near zero shrinkage stress. Immediately following the first polymerization stage, the allyl ether begins to polymerize, and shrinkage stress increases in correspondence with the increased allyl ether conversion. It is observed that the shrinkage stress of the ternary systems exhibits ∼50% of the shrinkage stress of the current dental restoration s...
High speed display of the magnetic parameters of plated wires

The instrument described here displays in a matter of seconds the real write threshold, creep, and adjacent bit disturb curves of plated wires. The observed curves are the true representation of a dynamic magnetic element affected by its environment. That means one can study the combined effects that keeper, strap configuration, tunnel structure, etc. have on a magnetic element.
Dynamic manipulation of nanomechanical resonators in the high-amplitude regime and non-volatile mechanical memory operation

The ability to control mechanical motion with optical forces has made it possible to cool mechanical resonators to their quantum ground states. The same techniques can also be used to amplify rather than reduce the mechanical motion of such systems. Here, we study nanomechanical resonators that are slightly buckled and therefore have two stable configurations, denoted 'buckled up' and 'buckled down', when they are at rest. The motion of these resonators can be described by a double-well potential with a large central energy barrier between the two stable configurations. We demonstrate the high-amplitude operation of a buckled resonator coupled to an optical cavity by using a highly efficient process to generate enough phonons in the resonator to overcome the energy barrier in the double-well potential. This allows us to observe the first evidence for nanomechanical slow-down and a zero-frequency singularity predicted by theorists. We also demonstrate a non-volatile mechanical memory element in which bits are written and reset by using optomechanical backaction to direct the relaxation of a resonator in the high-amplitude regime to a specific stable configuration.
DOCA-SALT INDUCED MYOCARDIAL SENSITIZATION TO VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION BY ISOPRENALINE IN RATS. ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTME

1 The possible role of the autonomic nervous system in the development of myocardial sensitization to isoprenaline produced by DOCA-salt pretreatment was evaluated in bilaterally unanaesthetized rats subject to chronic ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine or hexamethonium and to treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. 2 Isoprenaline produced ventricular fibrillation and death in rats pretreated for 6 days wirh DOCA (20 mg pellet, s.c.) and 0.9% saline. The incidence of mortality was dose dependent and was 76.6% with 150 pgfkg of isoprenaline. 3 Adrenalectomy did not alter the mortality rate. The combination of adrenalectomy with concurrent chronic ganglionic blockade significantly decreased the incidence of mortality and delayed the time of death. 4 In contrast, 6-hydroxydopamine treatment and adrenalectomy did not alter the incidence of mortality nor time of death. 5 No differences in myocardial noradrenaline turnover were detected in rats susceptible and non-susceptible to death in ventricular fibrillation. 6 We conclude that myocardial sensitization to isoprenaline induced by DOCA-salt requires a neurogenic component, which is not, however, manifested by changes in myocardial noradrenaline turnover.
Incorporating the evolution of multi-body orbits into the trajectory trade space and design process

Abstract Libration point orbits have been incorporated in many missions, with the capability of orbiting near L 1 and L 2 in the Earth–Moon system recently demonstrated during the ARTEMIS mission. While the orbits in the vicinity of the collinear libration points have been well studied, knowledge about the availability and evolution of these orbits is not generally exploited during the mission design process. In this investigation, strategies to display information about the global solution space in the vicinity of the libration points are explored, facilitating a rapid assessment of the available solutions for a range of energy levels. A design process is presented that exploits information about the available orbit structures, and is demonstrated for several sample design scenarios, including transfers to and between libration point orbits.
Panel report: hope in a time of cholera. Psychoanalytic reflections.

The panel ‘Hope in a Time of Cholera’ explored current psychoanalytic thinking about the phenomenon and affect of hope. In his opening remarks, Dr Isaac Tylim set the tone of the conference with an...
Phonetographic profiles and F0-SPL characteristics of untrained versus trained vocal groups

Summary The phonetogram has been recommended as an international tool for voice analysis. However, the capability of this technique to distinguish between different vocal groups has not been clearly established. The purpose of this study was to examine untrained versus trained vocalists using the phonetogram and the fundamental frequency by intensity (F 0 /SPL) information derived through that method. In this study, "musical" or "controlled" ranges of phonation were stressed rather than "physiological" ranges. Results indicated that (a) characteristic phonetographic profiles may be established for untrained versus trained vocalists, and (b) trained vocalists show significantly increased capability in terms of F 0 range and maximum, minimum, and comfortable SPL production. Elicitation of "controlled" phonations may be the key to revealing the underlying vocal capabilities of seemingly different vocal groups.
Quantum Hall plateau transition in the lowest Landau level of disordered graphene

We investigate, analytically and numerically, the effects of disorder on the density of states and on the localization properties of the relativistic two dimensional fermions in the lowest Landau level. Employing a supersymmetric technique, we calculate the exact density of states for the Cauchy (Lorentzian) distribution for various types of disorders. We use a numerical technique to establish the localization-delocalization (LD) transition in the lowest Landau level. For some types of disorder the LD transition is shown to belong to a different universality class, as compared to the corresponding nonrelativistic problem. The results are relevant to the integer quantum Hall plateau transitions observed in graphene.
Gamma-ray energy-imaging integrated spectral deconvolution

Abstract In conventional Compton camera systems, the image reconstruction is performed only in two-dimensional or three-dimensional spatial coordinates for a specific gamma-ray energy. By doing so, a priori knowledge of the incident gamma-ray energy is required, and usually an energy window is applied to select full energy deposition events. In some other applications, spectral-deconvolution algorithms were developed to estimate the incident gamma-ray spectrum by deconvolving the observed energy-loss spectrum. However, usually the spectral system response function of a non-spherical detector depends on the incident gamma-ray's direction, which cannot be modeled by those spectral-deconvolution algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new energy-imaging integrated spectral-deconvolution method, which utilizes both the Compton imaging and the spectral-deconvolution techniques. In the new method, the deconvolution takes place in a integrated spatial and energy space. This technique eliminates the requirement of knowing the gamma-ray energy in the imaging part, and removes the directional dependence in the spectral-deconvolution part. The deconvolved result provides the image at any specific energy, as well as the spectrum at any specific direction. The deconvolution method is based on the maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) algorithm, which is popular in reconstructing photon-emission images. Since the ML solution estimates the true incident gamma-ray intensity, the deconvolved energy spectrum at the source location is free of Compton continuum. To truthfully reconstruct the source distribution from the observation data, the accuracy of the system response function t ij , i.e. the probability for a photon from source pixel j to be observed as event i , is the most crucial information. Because of the large number of pixels in the energy-imaging integrated space, and the very large number of possible measurement events, it is impossible to pre-calculate the system response function t ij by simulations. In this paper, an analytical approach is introduced so that the system response function can be calculated during the reconstruction process. In order to perform Compton imaging, gamma-ray detectors are required to have position-sensing capability. The energy-imaging integrated deconvolution algorithm is applied to a three-dimensional position-sensitive CdZnTe gamma-ray imaging spectrometer, which can provide not only the energy-deposition information, but also the position information of individual gamma-ray interactions. The results demonstrate that the technique is capable of deconvolving the energy spectrum and of reconstructing the image simultaneously.
Regression: Is your guess as good as mine?

Abstract Much of what is called diagnosis and treatment planning involves prediction.In orthodontics, however, much of our prediction is unabashed guess-work. Firstly, the strength of the relationship between the thing we want to predict and the thing we want to predict it with is often weak or poorly characterized. Secondly, even when a forecast is based on a clinically significant biological relationship, the form of the relationship is often largely unknown. In other words, what is the formula by which knowledge of one characteristic is to be converted into a specific prediction of another? Finally, given an appropriate equation, we need to know something of its probable use. How much error will there be? Will it work well in my hands? Is its accuracy high enough to warrant routine clinical application? Questions such as these are central to the topic of prediction; to a first approximation, their answers are easily inferred from a consideration of regression, a statistical technique that deals with the analysis of relationships.
Using Cases to Discover Theory The Case of the Poland-Based Restaurant Operator

Theory is fundamental to how we understand the empirical world, and cases present a wonderful opportunity to both learn from and challenge current theory. The author juxtaposes the specifics of the case of the Polish-based restaurant operator with current franchising theory to offer two propositions. The first, grounded in the dominant agency theory, suggests that franchising allows a company to expand without the expense of the personnel necessary to operate international units. The other, based on an emerging symbiosis perspective, proposes that franchisor and franchisee need each other to adapt an already successful operating system for the new home market. One possible reason that the Polish franchise failed may be based on inadequate autonomy allowed the Polish franchisee.
Angle closure after Boston keratoprosthesis.

Purpose:To evaluate changes in the anterior chamber angle after Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) placement.Patients/Methods:Ten patients were serially imaged with anterior segment optical coherence tomography after Boston KPro surgery. Angles were judged to be open or closed in the horizontal axis.Res
Intradermal triamcinolone treatment of nail dystrophies.

SUMMARY With a needleless injector (Port-O-Jet), triamcinolone acetonide can readily be injected into the area of the finger-nail matrix, through the posterior nail fold. 100 cases of various nail dystrophies have been treated in this way. Dystrophies involving the nail matrix have been found to resolve substantially in the majority of cases. Onycholysis was found to improve occasionally, but generally relapsed rapidly. However, when onycholysis was associated with matrix abnormalities more consistent and prolonged remissions of the onycholytic areas occurred.
Inhibition of growth of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi by cadmium, lead, and nickel in vitro☆

Abstract Growth of Amanita muscaria, Cenococcum graniforme, Laccaria laccata, Pisolithus tinctorius, Rhizopogon roseolus, Suillus brevipes, S. grevellei, S. luteus, and Thelephora terrestris on Hagem Nutrient Agar as modified by Modess at 20°C for 28 days was inhibited by cadmium, lead, and nickel. All fungi were arrested by 350 μg cadmium per ml (ppm) or less. Lead arrested five species at 200 ppm or less; Cenococcum graniforme, L. laccata, and S. luteus were arrested at 2,000 ppm lead. Nickel arrested growth of six fungi at 20 ppm or less. Amanita muscaria, S. luteus, and L. laccata were arrested at 40, 175 and 225 ppm nickel, respectively. Metal concentrations that did not arrest delayed growth for 7–21 days after which the growth rate was comparable to the control.
Synthesis and molecular structures of the 1,2-dihalogen derivatives of Ga(II) and In(II), [{GaI(ArMe6)}2], [{InCl(ArMe6)}2]2, [{InI(ArMe6)}2]2, and [{In4Cl2I2(ArMe6)4}], ArMe6C6H3-2,6(C6H2-2,4,6-Me3)2

Abstract The reaction of LiArMe6 [ArMe6 C6H3-2,6(C6H2-2,4,6-Me3)2] with InCl, [In(InI4)], InCl in the presence of LiI, or ‘GaI’ in toluene solution resulted in the isolation of the 1,2-diaryl-1,2-dihalogen derivatives [{InCl(ArMe6)}2]2 (1), [{InI(ArMe6)}2]2 (2), [{In4Cl2I2(ArMe6)4}] (3), and [{GaI(ArMe6)}2] (4). The indium derivatives 1–3 were isolated as tetrametallic complexes formed via the almost symmetric bridging by four halides of two In–In bonded, ArMe6In–InArMe6 moieties. In 1, the In4Cl4 core features almost parallel In–In units, linked by four almost symmetrically bridging chlorides. This yields a structure formed from two folded In2Cl2 rings, and two six-membered In4Cl2 boat-shaped rings that have common In–Cl edges. The structures of 2 and 3 also feature two ArMe6InInArMe6 units bridged by four halides. However, there is a large torsion angle between the two In–In vectors, so that the In4I4 (2) and In4Cl2I2 (3) cores are formed from four five-membered In3I2 (2) or In3ClI (3) rings. Compound 4 has a simple Ga–Ga bonded dimeric structure, in which the gallium atoms are three coordinated, being bonded to each other as well as to an iodine and an ArMe6 ligand. All the compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C {1H} NMR spectroscopy, and by X-ray crystallography. The structural differences between the gallium and indium derivatives is probably a result of the larger size and greater Lewis acidity of the indium centers.
Interobserver reliability of classification and characterization of proximal humeral fractures: a comparison of two and three-dimensional CT.

Background: Interobserver reliability for the classification of proximal humeral fractures is limited. The aim of this study was to test the null hypothesis that interobserver reliability of the AO classification of proximal humeral fractures, the preferred treatment, and fracture characteristics is the same for two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) computed tomography (CT). Methods: Members of the Science of VariationGroup—fully trainedpracticing orthopaedic and trauma surgeons from around the world—were randomized to evaluate radiographs and either 2-D CT or 3-D CT images of fifteen proximal humeral fractures via a web-based survey and respond to the following four questions: (1) Is the greater tuberosity displaced? (2) Is the humeral head split? (3) Is the arterial supply compromised? (4) Is the glenohumeral joint dislocated? They also classified the fracture according to the AO system andindicated their preferred treatment of the fracture (operative or nonoperative). Agreement among observers was assessed with use of the multirater kappa (k) measure. Results: Interobserver reliability of the AO classification, fracture characteristics, and preferred treatment generally ranged from ‘‘slight’’ to ‘‘fair.’’ A few small but statistically significant differences were found. Observers randomized to the 2-D CT group had slightly but significantly better agreement on displacement of the greater tuberosity (k = 0.35 compared with 0.30, p < 0.001) and on the AO classification (k = 0.18 compared with 0.17, p = 0.018). A subgroup analysis of the AO classification results revealed that shoulder and elbow surgeons, orthopaedic trauma surgeons, and surgeons in the United States had slightly greater reliability on 2-D CT, whereas surgeons in practice for ten years or less and surgeons from other subspecialties had slightly greater reliability on 3-D CT. Conclusions: Proximal humeral fracture classifications may be helpful conceptually, but they have poor interobserver reliability even when3-D rather than 2-D CT is utilized. This maycontributeto thesimilarly poor interobserver reliability that continued
Obesity and Diabetes in Mothers and Their Children: Can We Stop the Intergenerational Cycle?

Obesity prevalence in the United States has reached an alarming level. Consequently, more young women are entering pregnancy with body mass indices of at least 30 kg/m2. While higher maternal weight entering pregnancy is related to several adverse pregnancy outcomes, some of the strongest and most compelling data to date have linked prepregnancy obesity to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The mechanisms by which excess maternal weight influences metabolic dysfunction in pregnancy are similar to those in obese nonpregnant women; adipocytes are metabolically active and release a number of hormones implicated in insulin resistance. Heavier mothers are also more likely to have higher glucose levels that do not exceed the cutoff for GDM, but nevertheless predict poor perinatal outcomes. Longer-term complications of GDM include increased risk of maternal type 2 diabetes and offspring obesity. Promising intervention studies to decrease the intergenerational cycle of obesity and diabetes are currently underway.
Understanding Metal Oxide Surfaces at the Atomic Scale: STM Investigations of Bulk-defect Dependent Surface Processes

Surface defects are important in oxide surface chemistry, because they change not only the surface geometric structure, but also affect the local electronic structure. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) images with atomic-scale resolution, in combination with area-averaging surface spectroscopies, is an ideal tool to study local surface defects and their relationship to surface reactivity. We report STM results onTiO2(110) surfaces which show the surprising influence of bulk defects on surface properties. Thereduced crystals used in this and other surface science studies contain Ti interstitials and oxygen vacancies. Re-oxidation at elevated temperatures results in the growth of additional TiO2 layers with Ti coming from the bulk of the crystal and O from the gas phase. This often result in partially incomplete surface structures with many undercoordinated atoms. The esorption behavior of elemental S, dosed at room temperature, depends on the reduction state of the sample. This is explained by a mechanism where desorption froma weaklybound precursor state competes with the availability of new adsorption sites in the form of oxygen vacancies which migrate from the bulk to the surface.
IRI 86 and MSIS 86 models updated

The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is the empirical standard model of ionospheric plasma densities and temperatures, sponsored by the Union Radio Scientifique Internationale (URSI)/Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). An international task group is in charge of updating the model, incorporating new measurements, and releasing improved editions. IRI 86 is based on the decisions made at the Louvain-la-Neuve workshop (see the “International Reference Ionosphere Status 1985–1986” issue of Advances in Space Research, vol. 5, no. 10, 1985) and was released at the Toulouse (France) COSPAR meeting (to be published in an upcoming issue of Advances in Space Research, 1987). The Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter (MSIS) neutral atmosphere model was developed and updated by Hedin et al. [1977] and Hedin [1983, 1987]. The model describes the global and temporal variations of neutral densities and temperatures in the upper atmosphere. Its data sources include measurements from several rockets, satellites, and incoherent scatter radars. MSIS 86 will also constitute the upper part of the COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), following the decisions made at last year's COSPAR meeting in Toulouse.
Reduced-complexity multi-interpolator algebraic soft-decision Reed-Solomon decoder

Algebraic soft-decision decoding (ASD) of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes can achieve significant coding gain with polynomial complexity. Among ASD algorithms, the low-complexity Chase (LCC) algorithm can achieve better performance-complexity tradeoff. This algorithm tests 2η vectors, and larger η leads to higher coding gain. One major step of the LCC decoding is the interpolation, and its latency grows exponentially with η. To reduce the latency, multiple interpolators can be used to test the vectors in parallel. However, they lead to large area requirement. This paper proposes to interpolate over the points in the test vectors in a different order. By making use of the properties of the interpolation points in the rearranged order, novel schemes are developed to simplify and share computations among the interpolators. From complexity analysis, the proposed interpolation scheme can achieve higher speed and reduce the area requirement by 30% for a (255, 239) RS code with η = 5 when 4-parallel interpolation is employed. The proposed interpolation architecture is incorporated into the LCC decoder and further optimizations are carried out. For the same RS code, the proposed decoder can achieve 16% speedup with 11% less area than the previous design.
Is Being Authentic Being Fair? Multilevel Examination of Authentic Leadership, Justice, and Employee Outcomes

To advance research on how leaders influence followers and organizational performance, we proposed and tested a multilevel mediation model whereby authentic leaders influence follower fairness perceptions and create a fair climate, which in turn relates to subordinate well-being, turnover intention, and organizational commitment. Survey data from 187 employees, clustered under 37 leaders, were tested using a multilevel structural equation modeling approach. Results show that authentic leaders relate to follower outcomes in part through directly relating to subordinates’ perceptions of justice and justice climate. Implications include development of authentic leadership as an actionable strategy for bolstering followers’ well-being and performance.
The Interchurch World Movement and the Great Steel Strike of 1919–1920

Among the disruptive events of 1919 and 1920 during which the American people burst from their single-minded military drive into a confusion of renewed interests finally to settle into the peculiar character and mood of the twenties, was the Interchurch World Movement of North America. Expressing the American optimism and enthusiasm at the conclusion of World War I and then the disillusionment and retreat which soon followed, the Interchurch World Movement marked a significant transition in American Protestant history. The Interchurch World Movement's financial collapse and its abortive attempt to maintain the churches’ wartime crusading zeal contributed to the general decline of Protestant creativity, influence, and prestige in America during the 1920s.
A class of multiple-error-correcting codes and the decoding scheme

linear error-correcting codes used in communications. (14) I. S. Reed, “A class of multiple-errorcorrecting codes and the decoding scheme,” IRE. Trans. A class of multiple-error-correcting codes and the decoding scheme. more. less. I. Reed · Details · Authors · Fields of science · Bibliography · Quotations · Similar. linear error correcting codes used in communications (2).For bit study is to device a coding scheme which is able to detect and correct such errors (6). (8) Reed, I. S., 'Class of multiple error correcting codes and their decoding scheme'.
Conceptus-mediated integrity of endometrial epithelial cells and maintenance of relaxin synthesis in pregnant rabbits: effects of unilateral oviduct ligation.

A previous study indicated rabbit endomethal relaxin synthesis is stimulated by blastocyst (Lee VH, Fields PA, Biol Reprod 1990; 40:737-745 [1]). To evaluate this hypothesis, unilateral oviduct ligations were placed (A) at the oviduct isthmus on Day 1 post-copulation and (B), in a separate group of rabbits, at the infundibulum before copulation. Blastocysts migrate into and implant in the uterine horn contralateral to the ligated oviduct only (conceptus-bearing uterus). The uterine horn ipsilateral to the ligated oviduct will be referred to as the non-conceptus-bearing uterus. Uteri and ovaries were removed on Days 4-28 of pregnancy and were evaluated for relaxin using guinea pig anti-porcine relaxin serum and avidin-biotin light microscopy insmunohistochemistry. Results were identical for both models. Blastocysts first attach to the antimesometrial uterine surface by Day 7 post-copulation. Implantation on the mesomethal surface occurs on Days 8-11. Relaxin was observed in antimesometrial endomethal glands of both conceptus and non-conceptus-bearing uteri on Days 4-7 of pregnancy. Beyond Day 7, relaxin was observed in antimesometrial and mesometrial endometrial glandular and luminal epitheial cells at implantation sites of the conceptus-bearing uterus only. Relaxin was not found between implantation sites. Endometrial epitheilal cells of the non-conceptusbearing uterus were regressing by Day 9. These data indicate a conceptus-mediated maintenance of endometrial epitheial cells. Furthermore, the data suggest a paracrine maintenance of epithelial cell integrity and relaxin synthesis since these parameters are preserved only in the conceptus-bearing uterus. Cell-cell communication between conceptus and endometrium appears to be specific since endometrium between implantation sites does not contain relaxin. Uterine tissue from pseudopregnant rabbits (Days 1-16) was evaluated. Relaxin was observed in the antimesometrial glands on Day 7 only. Like the endometrium in the ligation model, endomethal epitheial cells of the pseudopregnant rabbit uterus were regressing by Day 9. These results indicate that pregnancy is not required for, but may enhance, relaxin synthesis. In addition, endometrial epithdlial cells regress in the absence of pregnancy. Regression of endometrial epithelial cells on Day 9 suggests that maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs during the preimplantation period (Days 4-8).
“On Becoming a Christian”: An Important Theme in the International Roman Catholic – Pentecostal Dialogue

This paper reviews the fifth round of discussions in the International Roman Catholic – Pentecostal Dialogue by closely following and analyzing the final report “On Becoming a Christian: Insights from Scripture and the Patristic Writings”. Beginning with an introduction about the dialogue as a whole and some remarks regarding the selection of the subject for the fifth round, the analysis focuses on the five main sections on the report. After laying out the difficulties and differences as well as the agreements and similarities that were discovered in the fifth round, the hope is expressed that the International Roman Catholic – Pentecostal Dialogue has laid a strong foundation on which another generation of ecumenists will be able to build.
Epidemiology of Major League Baseball Injuries

BackgroundLittle is known about the injury rates in Major League Baseball (MLB) players, as a formal injury surveillance system does not exist. The goal of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of MLB injuries over a 7-year period.HypothesisInjuries in MLB would be common.Study DesignDescriptive epidemiologic study.MethodsThe authors analyzed the MLB disabled list data from 2002 through 2008. Injuries were analyzed for differences between seasons, as well as during seasons on a monthly basis. The injuries were categorized by major anatomic zones and then further stratified based on injury type. Position-specific subanalyses for pitcher and position players were performed.ResultsFrom the 2002 season through the 2008 season, an average of 438.9 players per year were placed on the disabled list, for a rate of 3.61 per 1000 athlete-exposures. There was a significant 37% increase in injuries between 2005 and 2008. The highest injury rate during the season was during the month of April (5.73/1000 expo...
Direct Measurement of the Preferred Sense of NO Rotation After Collision with Argon

The preferred sense of product molecule rotation (clockwise or counterclockwise) in a bimolecular collision system has been measured. Rotationally inelastic collisions of nitric oxide (NO) molecules with Ar atoms were studied by combining crossed molecular beams, circularly polarized resonant multiphoton ionization probing, and velocity-mapped ion imaging detection. The observed sense of NO product rotation varies with deflection angle and is a strong function of the NO final rotational state. The largest preferences for sense of rotation are observed at the highest kinematically allowed product rotational states; for lower rotational states, the variation with deflection angle becomes oscillatory. Quantum calculations on the most recently reported NO-Ar potential give good agreement with the observed oscillation patterns in the sense of rotation.
Autism, "recovery (to normalcy)", and the politics of hope.

Abstract This article draws on the traditions of critical discourse analysis (N. Fairclough, 1995, 2001; M. Foucault, 1972, 1980; J. P. Gee, 1999) in critically examining the discursive formation o...
Irreducible Dorsal Dislocation of the Great Toe Interphalangeal Joint: Case Report and Literature Review:

Irreducible dorsal dislocation of the interphalangeal joint of the great toe is rare. Few case reports can be found in the literature. Most cases have been treated with operative exploration of the joint and reduction through a dorsal midline incision. We present a case where a medial approach was used under local block anesthesia to treat an irreducible complex dislocation of the interphalangeal joint of the great toe.
Echoes covariance modelling for SAR along-track interferometry

There has been increasing interest in synthetic aperture radars (SARs) equipped with an along-track linear array of receiving antennas. These systems, called multichannel SAR (M-SAR), allow Doppler and angular information to be decoupled by means of along-track interferometric processing. Both the derivation of optimum estimation algorithms for physical parameters of the observed surface, in remote sensing applications, and of clutter cancellation schemes, in moving target detection, require the definition of a model for the covariance of the space-time clutter echoes to take full advantage of this potentiality. Moreover a proper representation space for the resulting space-time model is required to adequately interpret the results. Both models and representations are available separately for single channel SAR, where the long observation time and the consequent non-linear phase history of the echoes are the main issues, and for multichannel systems, which assume, on the contrary, a short integration time and focus on the angular characteristics. Our aim is to build a closed form model for M-SAR echoes, which takes into account both non-linear phase modulation and angular position at the same time and to define a proper representation space for it. Even though simple to handle, the model should encode all the main characteristics of the scattering from the observed scene.
One year's experience with peer review in a psychiatric hospital

Abstract Having survived the first difficult year of a peer review system in our hospital, we outlined some apparent advantages as well as disadvantages of our particular system which was mandated by the State Department of Mental Health. We described the organization of this system built upon computerized criteria of quality care, also the administrative problem it creates, and the future planning. Only through experimentation with different models of peer review (of which this is a type) shall we be able some day to make rational decisions in selecting systems best adapted for a particular need.13 At the time of this writing there seems to be little doubt that a type of adequate peer review will be a necessity in the foreseeable future in each hospital in this country.
Association between proximity to and coverage of traditional fast-food restaurants and non-traditional fast-food outlets and fast-food consumption among rural adults

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between residential exposure to fast-food entrees, using two measures of potential spatial access: proximity (distance to the nearest location) and coverage (number of different locations), and weekly consumption of fast-food meals. Traditional fast-food restaurants and non-traditional fast-food outlets, such as convenience stores, supermarkets, and grocery stores, from the 2006 Brazos Valley Food Environment Project were linked with individual participants (n = 1409) who completed the nutrition module in the 2006 Brazos Valley Community Health Assessment. Increased age, poverty, increased distance to the nearest fast food, and increased number of different traditional fast-food restaurants, non-traditional fast-food outlets, or fast-food opportunities were associated with less frequent weekly consumption of fast-food meals. The interaction of gender and proximity (distance) or coverage (number) indicated that the association of proximity to or coverage of fast-food locations on fast-food consumption was greater among women and opposite of independent effects. Results provide impetus for identifying and understanding the complex relationship between access to all fast-food opportunities, rather than to traditional fast-food restaurants alone, and fast-food consumption. The results indicate the importance of further examining the complex interaction of gender and distance in rural areas and particularly in fast-food consumption. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the need for health promotion and policy efforts to consider all sources of fast-food as part of promoting healthful food choices.