cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct DNA photocleavage by a new intercalating dirhodium(II/II) complex: Comparison to Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)4

Transition metal complexes possessing the intercalating dppz ligand (dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2‘,3‘-c]phenazine) typically bind ds-DNA through intercalation (Kb ∼ 105−106 M-1), and DNA photocleavage by these complexes with visible light proceeds through the generation of a reactive oxygen species. The DNA binding and photocleavage by [Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)2(η1-O2CCH3)(CH3OH)(dppz)]+ (2) is reported and compared to that of Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)4 (1). Spectral changes and an increase in viscosity provide evidence for the intercalation of 2 to double stranded DNA with Kb = 1.8 × 105 M-1. DNA photocleavage by 2 is observed upon irradiation with λirr > 395 nm both in air and deoxygenated solution. DNA photocleavage is not observed for 1 or free dppz ligand under these irradiation conditions. The coupling of a single dppz ligand to a dirhodium(II/II) bimetallic core in 2 provides a means to access oxygen-independent DNA photocleavage with visible light.
Cranial skeletogenesis and osteology of the redeye tetra Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae

The skeletogenesis and osteology of the syncranium of the redeye tetra Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae is described. Skeletal development is rapid, with many elements of the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium well formed prior to the onset of ossification. The chondrocranium develops from an initial set of cartilaginous precursors, and continued elaboration proceeds from a series of processes which expand and converge to form the floor of the cranial vault, the otic capsule, the supraorbital bridge and the ethmoid region. Prodigious growth is observed for a number of splanchnocranial elements, including the Meckel's cartilage and the ceratohyal cartilage. Ossification occurs in overlapping phases with initial ossification of the jaws and neurocranial floor followed by the splanchnocranium, the supraorbital bridges and the ethmoid and cranial vault. Teeth are observed primarily on the premaxilla and dentary, while a single tooth is present on the maxilla. Particular cartilages, which had originally formed in the early larva, appear to degenerate and have no ossified representative in the adult syncranium. The cranial development for M. sanctaefilomenae is compared to those of other characiforms.
A computerized pulp and paper mill instrumentation and control system

Over the past few years about a dozen computer installations have been announced and discussed in the paper industry. The acceptance of these systems has ranged from outright return to the vendor, through claims of a twenty percent increase in production. It is the opinion of the author that those systems which had improved control through better regulation of the process as their immediate goal were consistently much more successful than those installations which were keyed in a research oriented, data gathering approach. Rather than conduct another historical review of these installations, this paper will devote its attention to discussing control problems and their typical solutions. In particular, the continuous digester, stock preparation, and paper machine areas will be reviewed in some detail. A typical paper mill wood flow diagram is shown in Fig. 1.
H2S ameliorates oxidative and proteolytic stresses and protects the heart against adverse remodeling in chronic heart failure

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) generate nitrotyrosine and activate latent resident myocardial matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Although in chronic heart failure (...
Explanation Feedback Is Better Than Correct Answer Feedback for Promoting Transfer of Learning

Among the many factors that influence the efficacy of feedback on learning, the information contained in the feedback message is arguably the most important. One common assumption is that there is a benefit to increasing the complexity of the feedback message beyond providing the correct answer. Surprisingly, studies that have manipulated the content of the feedback message in order to isolate the unique effect of greater complexity have failed to support this assumption. However, the final test in most of these studies consisted of a repetition of the same questions from the initial test. The present research investigated whether feedback that provides an explanation of the correct answer promotes superior transfer of learning to new questions. In 2 experiments, subjects studied prose passages and then took an initial short-answer test on concepts from the text. After each question, they received correct answer feedback, explanation feedback, or no feedback (Experiment 1 only). Two days later, subjects returned for a final test that consisted of both repeated questions and new inference questions. The results showed that correct answer feedback and explanation feedback led to equivalent performance on the repeated questions, but explanation feedback produced superior performance on the new inference questions.
Advanced optical imaging in living embryos

Developmental biology investigations have evolved from static studies of embryo anatomy and into dynamic studies of the genetic and cellular mechanisms responsible for shaping the embryo anatomy. With the advancement of fluorescent protein fusions, the ability to visualize and comprehend how thousands to millions of cells interact with one another to form tissues and organs in three dimensions (xyz) over time (t) is just beginning to be realized and exploited. In this review, we explore recent advances utilizing confocal and multi-photon time-lapse microscopy to capture gene expression, cell behavior, and embryo development. From choosing the appropriate fluorophore, to labeling strategy, to experimental set-up, and data pipeline handling, this review covers the various aspects related to acquiring and analyzing multi-dimensional data sets. These innovative techniques in multi-dimensional imaging and analysis can be applied across a number of fields in time and space including protein dynamics to cell biology to morphogenesis.
Consumption of dietary sugar by gut bacteria determines Drosophila lipid content

Gut microorganisms are essential for the nutritional health of many animals, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study investigated how lipid accumulation by adult Drosophila melanogaster is reduced in flies associated with the bacterium Acetobacter tropicalis which displays oral-faecal cycling between the gut and food. We demonstrate that the lower lipid content of A. tropicalis-colonized flies relative to bacteria-free flies is linked with a parallel bacterial-mediated reduction in food glucose content; and can be accounted for quantitatively by the amount of glucose acquired by the flies, as determined from the feeding rate and assimilation efficiency of bacteria-free and A. tropicalis-colonized flies. We recommend that nutritional studies on Drosophila include empirical quantification of food nutrient content, to account for likely microbial-mediated effects on diet composition. More broadly, this study demonstrates that selective consumption of dietary constituents by microorganisms can alter the nutritional balance of food and, thereby, influence the nutritional status of the animal host.
Mechanism and Kinetics of the Reactions of NO2 or HNO3 with Alumina as a Mineral Dust Model Compound

The reaction of alumina as a model substance for mineral aerosols with NO2 or HNO3 was studied using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The formation of nitrate on the Al2O3 surface was observed in both cases. In addition, during the initial phase of the NO2 reaction, intermediate nitrite formation was observed. The DRIFTS data provide insight into the reaction mechanism, which involves reaction of surface OH groups, the formation of a {AlOOH···NO2} adduct, and the formation of acidic OH groups. The reaction order in NO2 of 1.86 ± 0.1 was determined from a quantitative kinetic evaluation of a series of experiments with NO2 concentrations in the range of 1013 to 1015 molecules cm-3. The reactive uptake coefficient, γ, was determined from the infrared absorbance, which was calibrated by ion chromatography, and from the Al2O3 Brunauer−Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area. γ depended linearly on the NO2 concentration and varied from γ = 7.3 × 10-10 to 1.3 × 10-8 for [NO2] = 2.5 ...
Attitudes about Neighborhoods

The choice-constraint model discussed in the previous chapter can be expanded to provide a framework in which to analyze people’s feelings about their place of residence. Just as people’s behavior is constrained by their socioeconomic circumstances, so is it constrained by the characteristics of the neighborhood in which they live. The neighborhood environment, through the quality of life it offers, the availability of services, and the fabric of its social life, influences peoples’ decisions about participating in neighborhood activities and may directly affect the choices available to them. People living in a neighborhood which offers a variety of services—religious, recreational, shopping— have greater choice about where to engage in these activities than those living in places devoid of these services.
Integrated photonics in future multicore computing

Integrated silicon photonics represents one of the more promising solutions to overcome the challenge of worsening on-chip communication performance in emerging multicore platforms. This paper highlights recent innovations in architectures, protocols, and techniques to enhance performance, dependability, and power-efficiency for integrated photonics.
Effect of Choline on Cholinergic Function

ACh is synthesized in cholinergic neurons by the enzyme choline acetyl-transferase (CAT) (11, 19). The acetyl group used in its synthesis derives from acetyl Co A (Ac CoA); this in turn is made intraneuronally from glucose and numerous other precursors. In contrast, the choline (Ch) molecule used for ACh synthesis apparently cannot be synthesized by neurons (25) and must be obtained from the circulation (10, 15, 22, 23) and ultimately, from dietary sources or hepatic synthesis (9).
Design of Long Reinforced Concrete Columns

The design procedure presented in this paper involves the strength of a short column, the eccentricity determined from an elastic analysis, and a reduction coefficient. Depending on the method used in computing the short column strength, the procedure may be applied at either working or ultimate load level. The reduction coefficient is based on the results of a theoretical analysis of the strength of long columns. It is shown that the strength of a hinged column with the eccentricity obtained from an elastic analysis represents a lower limit for the strength of restrained columns. It is shown further that the ratio of the strength of a long column to that of a short column depends primarily on the slenderness ratio and on the ratio of end eccentricities. These two variables are taken into account in the reduction coefficient. The design procedure is compared with the available test data for hinged columns.
Diazotrophic diversity in the Caribbean coral, Montastraea cavernosa

Previous research on the Caribbean coral Montastraea cavernosa reported the presence of cyanobacterial endosymbionts and nitrogen fixation in orange, but not brown, colonies. We compared the diversity of nifH gene sequences between these two color morphs at three locations in the Caribbean and found that the nifH sequences recovered from M. cavernosa were consistent with previous studies on corals where members of both the α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria were recovered. A number of nifH operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were significantly more abundant in the orange compared to the brown morphs, and one specific OTU (OTU 17), a cyanobacterial nifH sequence similar to others from corals and sponges and related to the cyanobacterial genus Cyanothece, was found in all orange morphs of M. cavernosa at all locations. The nifH diversity reported here, from a community perspective, was not significantly different between orange and brown morphs of M. cavernosa.
Cellular and physiological effects of short-chain fatty acids.

Abstract Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) have multiple in vivo and in vitro effects including cell cycle arrest and induction of protein synthesis, differentiation, and apoptosis. Butyrate or derivatives have promise for treating inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Genomic and proteomic analysis have generated new knowledge on function and applications for SCFA.
Prospect Theory and Political Analysis: A Psychological Perspective'

Certain difficulties from the point of view of psychological theorizing arise from the application of prospect theory to the analysis of political events. A number of issues, ranging from probability estimation and risk attitudes to the endowment effect and loss aversion, are discussed as they relate to the decision-maker, his or her current position, the values of outcomes, and their probabilities.
Counterterrorism Policy-Making, Partisanship, and the Electoral Consequences of Terrorism

The prevention of terrorist attacks is an important policy concern for many governments. In democracies, officials also fear the electoral consequences of successful attacks. As a result, counterterrorism policy-making and electoral concerns are tightly intertwined. To understand the implications of this link, I develop a game-theoretic model and show that left-wing incumbents respond to terror threats more aggressively than their right-wing counterparts in order to convince voters that they can be trusted in the fight against terrorism. Terrorist attacks improve right-wing incumbents' reputation, while they worsen the reputation of left-wing incumbents. When the future terror threat is likely to be high, voters ignore right-wing incumbents’ reputation, reelecting them independently of their performance. This "bail out" effect of a high threat is likely to drive the mixed empirical results on the electoral consequences of terrorist attacks, and explains right-wing incumbents' effort to maintain a climate of fear within the public.
Monitor of the schistosomiasis endemic situation in the national surveillance site of Hubei province (2011-2012)

Objective To understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in the national surveillance sites in Hubei province,in order to provide scientific basis for establishing the prevention and control program. Methods According to the national surveillance protocol,the survey of residents,livestock and Oncomelania snails were implemented in the 16national surveillance sites. Data statistics and analysis were processed by SPSS19. 0. Results In 16 surveillance sites,the infection rate of residents was 0. 42% in 2012,the infection rate of cattle was 0. 81%( 2011) and 0. 58%( 2012)respectively,while in 2011,it had a decrease of 28. 39%; snail density was 0. 186 5 /0. 11 m2( 2011) and 0. 196/0. 11 m2( 2012),the density of positive snail was 0. 000 04/0. 11 m2and snail infection rate was 0. 022% in 2011. No snail infection in the 16 national surveillance sites in 2012 was found. Conclusion The infection rate of residents and cattle continuously declined in the 16 national surveillance sites,however,the endemic situation was still unstable,rebound of the disease was possible,therefore,the control of infectious sources and snails should still be strengthened.
Access Security Technology in Monitoring System of Distribution Transformer Based on GPRS

This paper analyzes Access Point Name(APN) Leased Line and Virtual Private Network(VPN) security technologies,and introduces the method of connecting the monitoring system for distribution transformers with the internal network of the power system via GPRS.The security analysis proves the feasibility of combining the APN technology with the VPN technology in the GPRS access system.
Hobbes’ Logic of Force: The Phenomenon of Motion and the Capacities of Ratiocination

Late medieval nominalism can be characterized as maintaining that everything that exists outside the soul is a singular and that universal are nothing more than the soul’s acts of coming to know those singulars. While one finds many attempts to ground this position on purely philosophical grounds, it finds its greatest support (and the reason why it was as widely accepted as it was) in the theological position that asserts that God can do anything as long as it does not involve a contradiction. Some medieval nominalists went so far as to maintain that God is not even bound by the principle of non-contradiction. For medieval thinkers like Ockham, Pierre d’Ailly and Robert Holcot, the absolute power of God is the central tenet that allows them to argue that only individuals exist outside the soul and that whatever is universal belongs not to the world but to the soul’s way of knowing the world, because God can create any singular without a universal first being conceived by the divine mind.
Gastrointestinal Malignancy: Genetic Implications to Clinical Applications

Alterations in the DNA sequences of genes, or mutations, have traditionally been viewed as the primary factors driving tumor progression, however, epigenetic evidence would suggest that some heritable traits are mediated by changes in DNA expression that are not dependent upon alterations in the primary DNA sequence. Advances in the genetic understanding of cancer have, in some instances, allowed for more precise administration of anti-neoplastic therapy. Targeted therapies, the aim of which are to target specific cellular proteins or processes used by the cancer cells, have been advocated to avoid the adverse side effects attributable to a lack of cell specificity associated with traditional chemotherapy. Here we aim to describe the current state of understanding regarding the genetic related causes of cancers, the targeted therapies aimed at killing them and the inter-relationship between these two.
Trends in utilization and impact of concurrent chemotherapy with radiation therapy for elderly patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma: A review of the National Cancer Data Base.

2034Background: To investigate the utilization and overall survival (OS) impact of concurrent chemotherapy in combination with radiation therapy (RT) for elderly glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Method...
La arqueología de la guerra y el surgimiento de sociedades complejas en los llanos del Orinoco

This paper discusses the role played by warfare in the emergence of social hierarchization in the Savannas of the Orinoco in Colombia and Venezuela. Here the main elements of the ethnohistorical and archaeological models proposed for the region are summarized. In addition a methodological strategy to the archaeological analysis of warfare in the Llanos is presented. In conclusion it is argued that although warfare was present in the Llanos of Venezuela, the earliest trends to demographic centralization were related to agriculture rather than military factors.
La chirurgie réfractive de la cataracte: des technologies novatrices élargissent les choix des patients canadiens

La chirurgie de la cataracte a toujours consiste a extraire le cristallin opacifie de l'œil pour le remplacer par une lentille artificielle. Cette intervention rend la vision du patient plus nette, sans pour autant corriger l'erreur de refraction, c'est-a-dire la necessite de porter des lunettes ou des lentilles corneennes apres l'operation. Les instruments diagnostiques et chirurgicaux modernes permettent desormais de corriger ces erreurs de refraction au moment de l'operation, ce qui a fait emerger une nouvelle notion, celle de la chirurgie refractive de la cataracte. Meme si cette correction n'est pas necessaire sur le plan medical, de nombreux patients se rejouissent de la possibilite de ne plus porter de lunettes ou d'en porter moins apres l'operation, meme s'ils doivent engager des frais.
Electrochemical production of syngas from CO2 captured in switchable polarity solvents

An operational advantage that enables the deployment of technologies for the valorization of CO2 can be achieved through the integration of the capture and conversion technologies. In that perspective, switchable polarity solvents (SPS) were assessed as re-usable capture-electrolyte media for the electrochemical production of syngas at low temperatures and pressures. A polymer electrolyte membrane cell was used to liberate captured CO2 gas in proximity to the cathode without the addition of CO2 gas. Due to the proximate location of release, the produced syngas had minimal CO2 dilution with H2 : CO ratios between 2 to 4. For the first time captured CO2 has been reduced to CO with conversions and yields over 70% and at current densities over 100 mA cm−2.
Nanocomposite thermite powders with improved flowability prepared by mechanical milling

Abstract Nanocomposite thermite powders can be used in reactive parts and components. Manufacturing these components requires tailoring powder particle size distributions, particle shapes, and powder flowability. Specifically, an improved flowability is desired to use such powders as feedstock in additive manufacturing. Arrested reactive milling (ARM) offers a versatile and practical approach for preparing nanocomposite thermites with fully dense particles, which will retain their structures and mixedness between reactive components while being stored, handled, and processed. However, ARM products usually have broad particle size distributions, rock-like particle shapes, and poor flowability. Here, ARM is modified to include a low-energy milling step to tune the shapes and flowability of the prepared powders. Experiments are performed with aluminum-rich Al·Fe2O3 thermites. After the initial nanocomposite thermite is prepared in a planetary mill, it is additionally milled at a reduced rotation rate, replacing milling balls with smaller glass beads, and adding different liquid process control agents. Powders with modified particle shapes and size distributions are obtained, which have substantially improved flowability compared to the initial material. The reactivity of the initial and modified powders is evaluated using their ignition on a heated wire, by electro-static discharge, by thermal analysis (DSC) and in constant volume explosion tests. The reactivity of the modified powders is not diminished; instead, an improved reactivity is observed for selected samples.
The Historical Jew in the Modern Classroom: Problematizing the Creation of Jewish Identity in Medieval England

Including a unit on the “historical Jew” within a broader historical survey course is a vehicle for bringing historiography, historical methodology, contemporary views of identity construction, and the complex roots of cross-cultural conflict into an undergraduate classroom. Productive challenges inevitably arise in creating a unit that focuses on the shifting relationship between Jews and Christians in medieval England and considers the reality of cross-cultural conflict. The content of this course may vary, but the basic approach encourages the critical examination of primary sources and images related to Jews that were produced in medieval England. This chapter introduces ways to pair primary sources with secondary source readings that contextualize the material and demonstrate current approaches to the questions raised.
The Role of Psychologically Informed Physical Therapy for Musculoskeletal Pain

Psychologically informed physical therapy (PIPT) addresses physical and psychosocial factors, by integrating cognitive-behavioral techniques into conventional physical therapy. This review presents findings from randomized controlled trials to understand the benefits of PIPT and training needed to deliver PIPT programs. Pain coping strategies and exercise were effective for improving physical function in the short term for patients with knee pain; however, long-term clinical benefit depends on the comparison group. Conflicting findings were found in patients with neck pain. However, evidence supports the effectiveness of PIPT for patients with low back pain, particularly those with chronic pain. PIPT, through one-on-one, group, and telephone formats, can achieve positive improvement in clinical outcomes. Graded activity, goal setting, and cognitive-restructuring are common components. Stratifying patients and applying targeted PIPT may improve treatment effectiveness. Future research should focus on replicating PIPT in clinical practice and understanding the cost-effectiveness of different delivery platforms.
A Multiplexed Human Papillomavirus 16 and 18 Diagnostic Chip for Cervical Cancer in Limited-Resource Settings

Abstract 16PurposeDespite being treatable, cervical cancer is responsible for 300,000 deaths annually and is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The burden of cervical cancer disproportionately falls on developing countries, where 87% of deaths occur from limited or no resources for screening. Of cervical cancer cases, 99% are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), with more than 70% of cases from HPV genotypes 16 and 18. We developed a low-cost cervical cancer diagnostic chip to detect HPV 16 and 18 DNA quickly and reliably in limited-resource settings (LRSs).MethodsUnlike conventional HPV diagnostics that use polymerase chain reaction and resource-intensive equipment, our chip used isothermal—one temperature—amplification, specifically loop-mediated amplification, and required only a heat source, which made it suitable for LRSs. Amplified DNA was visually detected on a lateral flow strip, which is similar to a pregnancy test, providing a simple yes or no readout. Specific li...
A low-cost method for collecting hyperspectral measurements from a small unmanned aircraft system

Small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are a relatively new tool for collecting remote sensing data at dense spatial and temporal resolutions. This study aimed to develop a spectral measurement platform for deployment on a UAS for quantifying and delineating moisture zones within an agricultural landscape. A series of portable spectrometers covering ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths were instrumented using a Raspberry Pi embedded computer that was programmed to interface with the UAS autopilot for autonomous data acquisition. A second set of identical spectrometers were fitted with calibrated irradiance lenses to capture ambient light during data acquisition. Data were collected during the 2017 Great American Eclipse while observing a reflectance target to determine the ability to compensate for ambient light conditions. A calibration routine was developed that scaled raw reflectance data by sensor integration time and ambient light energy. The resulting calibrated reflectance exhibited a consistent spectral profile and average intensity across a wide range of ambient light conditions. Results indicated the potential for mitigating the effect of ambient light when passively measuring reflectance on a portable spectral measurement system. Future work will use multiple reflectance targets to test the ability to classify targets based on spectral signatures under a wide range of ambient light conditions.
The Contribution of Long-Term Records of Hydrologic Extremes to Risk Analyses

We discuss the advantages of lengthening the records of extreme floods and droughts by geological and botanical data and propose a methodology to incorporate such data into risk analyses. By themselves, such data provide information on the most extreme events that actually occurred in a drainage basin or region during the last several centuries to millennia. Through the adaptation of existing methodologies, these records serve as prior information within the Bayesian framework and substantially improve the estimated parameters of the probability distribution functions of extreme phenomena.
An Introduction to Probabilistic Automata.

This paper provides an elementary introduction to the probabilistic automaton (PA) model, which has been developed by Segala. We describe how distributed systems with discrete probabilities can be modeled and analyzed by means of PAs. We explain how the basic concepts for the analysis of nonprobabilistic automata can be extended to probabilistic systems. In particular, we treat the parallel composition operator on PAs, the semantics of a PA as a set of trace distributions, an extension of the PA model with time and simulation relations for PAs. Finally, we give an overview of various other state based models that are used for the analysis of probabilistic systems.
The Price Transmission in European Stock Markets

We investigate the dynamic price relationships among ten major stock indexes in Europe before, during and after the recent financial crisis. Using an error-correction model we find that the stock markets are cointegrated with three cointegrating vectors before the crisis and that the markets are cointegrated with only one cointegrating vector during and after the crisis. We further apply directed acyclic graph (DAG) analysis on the contemporaneous correlations innovation matrix to explore the instantaneous transmission pattern. The results show that France and Spain appear to share leadership roles before the crisis while leadership role is less obvious during and after the crisis. We also find a decreasing number of instantaneous casual relationships between the markets after the crisis, indicating that the markets are becoming more independent.
An Exploratory Study of Teaching Assistants' Motivation for Inquiry-Based Teaching in an Undergraduate Laboratory Context.

Undergraduate science courses typically rely on teaching assistants (TAs) to teach introductory laboratory classes. However little research investigates how to support TAs to implement reform-based teaching in undergraduate settings, and in particular, what factors may influence TAs’ motivation to teach within reform-based instructional contexts. This qualitative study used an Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT) framework of motivation to explore: (1) TAs’ expectancy beliefs and subjective values of project-based inquiry laboratory contexts; (2) relationships among expectancy and subjective value of teaching and reported effort in teaching, and (3) factors (e.g., teaching beliefs, prior teaching and instructional experiences) that may relate to TAs’ motivation for teaching. Data sources included open-ended surveys and interviews of six purposefully selected TAs. Results revealed that TAs held varied views on their ability to be successful and their perceived value of teaching in an inquiry-based laboratory context. TAs’ beliefs and subjective value for teaching appeared to be informed by TAs’ prior experiences with inquiry and interactions with students. Results provide insight into what may motivate TAs to teach within inquiry-based undergraduate science settings. Results underscore the importance of reform-based instruction in undergraduate settings.
Parsimonious edge-coloring on surfaces

We correct a small error in a 1996 paper of Albertson and Haas, and extend their lower bound for the fraction of properly colorable edges of planar subcubic graphs that are simple, connected, bridgeless, and edge-maximal to other surface embeddings of subcubic graphs.
Testing Waters, Sending Clues: Indirect Disclosures of Socially Stigmatized Experiences on Social Media

Indirect disclosure strategies include hinting about an experience or a facet of one's identity or relaying information explicitly but through another person. These strategies lend themselves to sharing stigmatized or sensitive experiences such as a pregnancy loss, mental illness, or abuse. Drawing on interviews with women in the U.S. who use social media and experienced pregnancy loss, we investigated factors guiding indirect disclosure decisions on social media. Our findings include 1) a typology of indirect disclosure strategies based on content explicitness, original content creator, and content sharer, and 2) an examination of indirect disclosure decision factors related to the self, audience, platform affordances, and temporality. We identify how people intentionally adapt social media and indirect disclosures to meet psychological (e.g., keeping a personal record) and social (e.g., feeling out the audience) needs associated with loss. We discuss implications for design and research, including features that support disclosures through proxy, and relevance for algorithmic detection and intervention. CAUTION: This paper includes quotes about pregnancy loss.
Calculation of Water Collection Efficiency Using a Multiphase Flow Solver

This paper reports a new method to calculate water collection efficiency. The method is based on a well-validated multiphase flow solver that solves the Navier–Stokes equations using the projection...
EXPLORING COACH PERCEPTIONS OF YOUTH SPORT SPECIALIZATION: A COMPARISON OF THE HIGH SCHOOL AND CLUB SPORT CONTEXTS:

BACKGROUND:A recent focus of the literature that has bridged the sports medicine and sport psychology domains relates to the topic of youth sport specialization. Previous work has identified specia...
Influence of selection for improved growth rate on pork quality

Variation in pork quality attributes like water-holding capacity and tenderness continues to reduce value of fresh pork. It is hypothesized that selection for improved growth rate has the potential to result in a loss of desirable fresh pork quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of selection for improved growth rate to variation in fresh pork quality. A pig population derived from the cross between a commercial line of Duroc sires and white line dams was subdivided according to the sires’ estimated breeding value (EBV) for age at 125 kg. Two slaughter groups were established. The first slaughter group included the most rapid growth High (Fast Growth) EBV pigs (n=48; 150 d at 125 kg) and a reference group that included Low (Slow Growth) EBV pigs (n=8; 160 d at 125 kg) and High EBV pigs (n=8; 160 d at 125 kg). The second slaughter group consisted of the slowest growing Low EBV pigs (n=48; 180 d at 125 kg) and a reference group that included Low EBV pigs (n=8; 174 d at 125 kg) and High EBV pigs (n=8; 169 d at 125 kg). Each group was harvested at a commercial facility. Loin pH and temperature decline was monitored on each carcass. Fresh pork quality characteristics and water-holding capacity was monitored at 2 d postmortem. Sensory characteristics (juiciness, tenderness, chewiness, flavor, and off-flavor) and star probe texture were measured 10 d postmortem. Pigs in High
Applying regression discontinuity designs to American political development

Students of American political development (APD) have long been interested in questions related to the development of “state capacity” in the United States. The apparent macro-level nature of those questions may appear to discourage the pursuit of micro-level causal inferences. Yet attention to causal inference is not necessarily incompatible with inquiry into macro-level phenomena. This article explores the application of a specific causal inference strategy, namely regression discontinuity design (RDD), to three questions of interest to APD scholars of state capacity. First, the article illustrates the use of a geographic RDD to estimate the causal impacts of a Reconstruction-era federal civil rights statute during the period prior to the development of significant federal state capacity. Second, it explores the possible causes of the late 19th century decline in the use of monetary rewards to motivate civil servants by using a population-based RDD to estimate the causal impacts of financial incentives on law enforcement effort and civilian compliance. Third, it illustrates an opportunity to test claims about the impacts of the growth of the “carceral state” by applying a resource-constraint RDD to estimate the causal impacts of law enforcement effort on a variety of outcomes.
Factors affecting energy expenditure in a declining fur seal population.

Quantifying metabolic rates and the factors that influence them is key to wildlife conservation efforts because anthropogenic activities and habitat alteration can disrupt energy balance, which is critical for reproduction and survival. We investigated the effect of diving behaviour, diet and season on field metabolic rates (FMR) and foraging success of lactating northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Pribilof Islands during a period of population decline. Variation in at-sea FMR was in part explained by season and trip duration, with values that ranged from 5.18 to 9.68 W kg-1 (n = 48). Fur seals experienced a 7.2% increase in at-sea FMR from summer to fall and a 1.9% decrease in at-sea FMR for each additional day spent at sea. There was no effect of foraging effort, dive depth or diet on at-sea FMR. Mass gains increased with trip duration and were greater in the fall compared with summer, but were unrelated to at-sea FMR, diving behaviour and diet. Seasonal increases in at-sea FMR may have been due to costs associated with the annual molt but did not appear to adversely impact the ability of females to gain mass on foraging trips. The overall high metabolic rates in conjunction with the lack of any diet-related effects on at-sea FMR suggests that northern fur seals may have reached a metabolic ceiling early in the population decline. This provides indirect evidence that food limitation may be contributing to the low pup growth rates observed in the Pribilof Islands, as a high metabolic overhead likely results in less available energy for lactation. The limited ability of female fur seals to cope with changes in prey availability through physiological mechanisms is particularly concerning given the recent and unprecedented environmental changes in the Bering Sea that are predicted to have ecosystem-level impacts.
Congenital aortic and truncal valve reconstruction using the Ozaki technique: Short-term clinical results

Abstract Objectives Aortic valve reconstruction (AVRec) with neocuspidization or the Ozaki procedure with complete cusp replacement for aortic valve disease has excellent mid-term results in adults. Limited results of AVRec in pediatric patients have been reported. We report our early outcomes of the Ozaki procedure for congenital aortic and truncal valve disease. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on all 57 patients with congenital aortic and truncal valve disease who had a 3-leaflet Ozaki procedure at a single institution from August 2015 to February 2019. Outcome measures included mortality, surgical or catheter-based reinterventions, and echocardiographic measurements. Results Twenty-four patients had aortic regurgitation (AR), 6 had aortic stenosis (AS), and 27 patients had AS/AR. Two patients had quadricuspid valves, 26 had tricuspid, 20 had bicuspid, and 9 had unicusp aortic valves. Four patients had truncus arteriosus. Thirty-four patients had previous aortic valve repairs and 5 had replacements. Preoperative echocardiography mean annular diameter was 20.90 ± 4.98 cm and peak gradient for patients with AS/AR was 53.62 ± 22.20 mm Hg. Autologous, Photofix, and CardioCel bovine pericardia were used in 20, 35, and 2 patients. Eight patients required aortic root enlargement and 20 had sinus enlargement. Fifty-one patients had concomitant procedures. Median intensive care unit and hospital length of stay were 1.87 and 6.38 days. There were no hospital mortalities or early conversions to valve replacement. At discharge, 98% of patients had mild or less regurgitation and peak aortic gradient was 16.9 ± 9.5 mm Hg. Two patients underwent aortic valve replacement. At median follow-up of 8.1 months, 96% and 91% of patients had less than moderate regurgitation and stenosis, respectively. Conclusions The AVRec procedure has acceptable short-term results and should be considered for valve reconstruction in pediatric patients with congenital aortic and truncal valve disease. Longer-term follow-up is necessary to determine the optimal patch material and late valve function and continued annular growth.
Onconephrology: An Evolving Field

This column is supplied by Ala Abudayyeh, MD, an internal medicine physician and associate professor of nephrology at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. Dr. Abudayyeh earned her medical degree at the University of Texas-Houston Medical School and completed both her internal medicine residency and nephrology fellowship at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. She is board certified in internal medicine and nephrology and joined the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2012.
Stability of Herbicide Resistance over 8 Years of Coppice in Field-Grown, Genetically Engineered Poplars

Herbicide resistance may be useful for reducing costs and environmental impacts, and improving yields, during weed control in poplar plantations. However, genetically engineered traits can sometimes show instability, which would compromise their commercial value. To study the stability of herbicide resistance, we analyzed resistance to the contact herbicide glufosinate in 384 transgenic plants originating from 32 gene-insertion events created within two Populus hybrids (P. tremula P. alba and P. tremula P. tremuloides). Resistance was measured at the start and end of an 8-year period during which trees were cut and allowed to resprout in the field several times. The transgenic events had widely varying levels of resistance, ranging from complete tolerance to nearly complete sensitivity. When analyzed as three classes (tolerant, intermediate, and sensitive), the levels of resistance remained stable, and there were no cases of resistance breakdown. The level of the resistance-conferring PAT protein, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, was strongly correlated with resistance class; thus, simple protein assays should enable early screening for acceptable resistance levels. Our data suggest that commercial levels of herbicide resistance and stability can be introduced into elite clones of hybrid poplar with as little as 2‐3 years of transformation and field testing.
The Ebb and flow of the COVID-19 misinformation themes

The COVID-19 pandemic has seen the emergence of unique misinformation narratives in various outlets, through social media, blogs, etc This online misinformation has been proven to spread in a viral manner and has a direct impact on public safety In an effort to improve public understanding, we curated a corpus of 543 misinformation pieces whittled down to 243 unique misinformation narratives along with third party proofs debunking these stories Building upon previous applications of topic modeling to COVID-19 related material, we developed a tool leveraging topic modeling to create a chronological visualization of these stories From our corpus of misinformation stories, this tool has shown to accurately represent the ground truth reported by our curator team This highlights some of the misinformation narratives unique to the COVID-19 pandemic and provides a quick method to monitor and assess misinformation diffusion, enabling policymakers to identify themes to focus on for communication campaigns © 2020 CEUR-WS All rights reserved
Macroscopic patterns of interacting contagions are indistinguishable from social reinforcement

From ‘fake news’ to innovative technologies, many contagions spread as complex contagions via a process of social reinforcement, where multiple exposures are distinct from prolonged exposure to a single source1. Contrarily, biological agents such as Ebola or measles are typically thought to spread as simple contagions2. Here, we demonstrate that these different spreading mechanisms can have indistinguishable population-level dynamics once multiple contagions interact. In the social context, our results highlight the challenge of identifying and quantifying spreading mechanisms, such as social reinforcement3, in a world where an innumerable number of ideas, memes and behaviours interact. In the biological context, this parallel allows the use of complex contagions to effectively quantify the non-trivial interactions of infectious diseases. Knowledge of the spreading mechanisms of contagions is important for understanding a range of epidemiological and social problems. A study now shows that so-called simple and complex contagions cannot be told apart if there is more than one simple contagion traversing the population at the same time.
Factors Associated With Inpatient Endoscopy Delay and its Impact on Hospital Length-of-Stay and 30-Day Readmission.

Backgrounds and Aims Inpatient endoscopy delay (IED) negatively impacts the delivery of high-quality care. We aimed to identify factors associated with IED and evaluate its effect on hospital length-of-stay (LOS) and readmission. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of all inpatient endoscopies performed between November 2017 and November 2019 at a tertiary care center. IED was defined as the number of days elapsed between anticipated versus actual procedure day. Data were extracted from the endoscopy documentation software and via electronic chart review. Multivariate logistic regressions were modeled to determine variables associated with IED and hospital readmission. Results A total of 4239 inpatients (mean age, 58.3 years; 50.3% women) underwent endoscopic procedures during the study period of which 819 patients (19.3%) experienced a delay. IED resulted in a median prolonged LOS of 2 days (interquartile range, 1–2 days). Patients with IED were less likely to have an etiology identified on endoscopy (odds ratio [OR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63–0.86; P Conclusions IED occurred frequently, unfavorably prolonged LOS, and was an independent risk factor for 30-day readmission. We provide a comprehensive analysis of actionable variables associated with IED that can be targeted to improve inpatient endoscopy delivery.
The circadian modulation of leptin-controlled bone formation

Mice with circadian gene Period and Cryptochrome mutations develop high bone mass early in life. Such a phenotype is accompanied by an increase in osteoblast numbers in mutant bone and cannot be corrected by leptin intracerebroventricular infusion. Thus, the molecular clock plays a key role in leptin-mediated sympathetic regulation of bone formation. Indeed, we found that leptin-dependent sympathetic signaling induces the expression of AP1 and circadian genes in bone and in osteoblasts with similar kinetics, and these two pathways play opposite roles in controlling c-myc expression. Mutations in the Period 1 and 2 genes result in uncontrolled c-myc signaling, overexpression of G1 cyclins, and increased osteoblast proliferation and bone-formation parameters. These results indicate that the role of leptin-dependent sympathetic signaling in bone formation is achieved through regulating two antagonistic pathways in osteoblasts.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN SUPERALLOY POWDERS.

The advantages of a P/M process for Ni-based superalloys are shown in terms of better homogeneity than cast alloys. By using low interstitial-atomized powders densified by direct extrusion, superplastic structures are developed. The results of a thermo-mechanical process are presented through which large grained or even single crystal structures can be fabricated. Finally, an alloy series made specifically for P/M processes is presented. These alloys have no carbon as atomized, densified or formed. The resultant solution-annealed grain sizes are ASTM 1 to 0. These alloys are subsequently carburized to stabilize the grain boundaries.
Optimizing runtime XML processing in relational databases

XML processing performance in database systems depends on static optimizations such as XML query rewrites, cost-based optimizations such as choosing appropriate XML indices, and the efficiency of runtime tasks like XML parsing and serialization. This paper discusses some of the runtime performance aspects of XML processing in relational database systems using Microsoft® SQL ServerTM 2005's approach as an example. It also motivates a non-textual storage as the preferred choice for storing XML natively. A performance evaluation of these techniques shows XML query performance improvements of up to 6 times.