cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Design of a Microring Inline Single Wavelength Reflector

We present simulation and design of an inline single wavelength reflector based on engineered coupling between two degenerate microring resonator modes. The proposed structure may find applications as mirrors for tunable single mode lasers.
Central Nervous System Ischemia After Varicella Infection and Desmopressin Therapy for Enuresis

A 7-year-old boy had a left-sided cerebrovascular accident 48 hours after beginning intranasal desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) therapy for persistent secondary nocturnal enuresis and approximately 2 weeks after varicella infection. A possible connection between desmopressin therapy or varicella infection (or both) and the patients neurologic symptoms is discussed, as is the relationship of desmopressin with hypercoagulability, Suggestions for patient/parent education, medical history taking, and patient surveillance are offered to prescribing physicians.
A Maximum Likelihood Approach to Estimating Correlation Functions

We define a maximum likelihood (ML for short) estimator for the correlation function, ξ, that uses the same pair counting observables (D, R, DD, DR, RR) as the standard Landy & Szalay (LS for short) estimator. The ML estimator outperforms the LS estimator in that it results in smaller measurement errors at any fixed random point density. Put another way, the ML estimator can reach the same precision as the LS estimator with a significantly smaller random point catalog. Moreover, these gains are achieved without significantly increasing the computational requirements for estimating ξ. We quantify the relative improvement of the ML estimator over the LS estimator and discuss the regimes under which these improvements are most significant. We present a short guide on how to implement the ML estimator and emphasize that the code alterations required to switch from an LS to an ML estimator are minimal.
Synthesis of a monophosphoryl lipid A derivative and its conjugation to a modified form of a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen GM3

An efficient synthesis of a derivative of monophosphoryl lipid A suitable for coupling to various structures for the construction of glycoconjugate vaccines and its conjugation with an N-modified form of the tumor-associated antigen GM3 is presented.
Time-varying Lense–Thirring system

We consider bound geodesic orbits of test masses in the exterior gravitational field of a rotating astronomical source whose proper angular momentum varies linearly with time. The linear perturbation approach of Lense and Thirring is herein extended to the nonstationary case. In particular, we investigate the instability of Lense?Thirring precessing orbits due to the slow temporal variation of the gravitomagnetic field of the source.
Expanding color design methods for architecture and allied disciplines

The color design processes of visual artists, architects, designers, and theoreticians included in this presentation reflect the practical role of color in architecture. What the color design professional brings to the architectural design team is an expertise and rich sensibility made up of a broad awareness and a finely tuned visual perception. This includes a knowledge of design and its history, expertise with industrial color materials and their methods of application, an awareness of design context and cultural identity, a background in physiology and psychology as it relates to human welfare, and an ability to problem-solve and respond creatively to design concepts with innovative ideas. The broadening of the definition of the colorists's role in architectural design provides architects, artists and designers with significant opportunities for continued professional and educational development.
Ultrafast optical nonlinearities of metal nanoparticles: Single-particle measurements and correlation to structure

We have measured nonlinear scattering from plasmons in individual Au nanorods and have correlated second-harmonic activity of Ag nanoparticles and clusters to morphology. The measurements reveal novel ultrafast nonlinear phenomena related to electron confinement. Surprisingly, the coherent plasmon response is suppressed relative to the hot electron response indicating enhanced plasmon dephasing. In a parallel set of studies we demonstrate nanometer scale localization of the nonlinear optical response of single nanoparticles and aggregates and correlate this with their morphology. Position markers are fabricated on an optical and electron-transparent substrate (Si3N4 thin film) that allows optical measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of the identical nanoparticles or aggregates. The second harmonic (SH) activity optical image of individual Ag nanostructures is registered with the TEM image. Centroid localization of the optical signals allows correlation with better than 25 nm precision. This is sufficient to determine the origin of optical "hot spots" within multi-particle aggregates.
d-Fructose-6-Phosphate Aldolase-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Iminocyclitols

A one-pot chemoenzymatic method for the synthesis of a variety of new iminocyclitols from readily available, non-phosphorylated donor substrates has been developed. The method utilizes the recently discovered fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA), which is functionally distinct from known aldolases in its tolerance of different donor substrates as well as acceptor substrates. Kinetic studies were performed with dihydroxyacetone (DHA), the presumed endogenous substrate for FSA, as well as hydroxy acetone (HA) and 1-hydroxy-2-butanone (HB) as donor substrates, in each case using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate as acceptor substrate. Remarkably, FSA used the three donor substrates with equal efficiency, with kcat/KMvalues of 33, 75, and 20 M-1 s-1, respectively. This level of donor substrate tolerance is unprecedented for an aldolase. Furthermore, DHA, HA, and HB were accepted as donors in FSA-catalyzed aldol reactions with a variety of azido- and Cbz-amino aldehyde acceptors. The broad substrate tolerance of FSA a...
Application of AlMe3-mediated amidation reactions to solution phase peptide synthesis

Abstract A practical modification of the Weinreb amidation protocol employing amino acids as the amine reaction partner has been developed that allows for the facile synthesis of oligopeptides in solution.
Necroptosis-Inducing Rhenium(V) Oxo Complexes

Rhenium(V) oxo complexes of general formula [ReO(OMe)(N^N)Cl2], where N^N = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 1, or 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2, effectively kill cancer cells by triggering necroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death. Both complexes evoke necrosome (RIP1-RIP3)-dependent intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and propidium iodide uptake. The complexes also induce mitochondrial membrane potential depletion, a possible downstream effect of ROS production. Apparently, 1 and 2 are the first rhenium complexes to evoke cellular events consistent with programmed necrosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, 1 and 2 display low acute toxicity in C57BL/6 mice and reasonable stability in fresh human blood.
Two Groups of Nearly Coeval Star Clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud

We report new photometry and main-sequence turnoff ages for seven populous star clusters in the SMC with MV < -6 and age greater than 1 Gyr, using the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on board the Hubble Space Telescope. In contrast to the accepted picture, these clusters appear to have formed in two brief intervals, the oldest 8 ± 2 Gyr ago and one during a more recent burst 2 ± 0.5 Gyr ago. When the ridgelines of the four clusters (NGC 339, 361, and 416 and Kron 3) in the 8 Gyr burst are aligned, the dispersion in turnoff luminosities is less than 0.2 mag, corresponding to a maximum age spread of ±0.7 Gyr. When the ridgelines of three clusters (NGC 152, 411, and 419) in the 2 Gyr burst are aligned, the maximum dispersion of 0.2 mag in turnoff luminosity corresponds to a permitted age spread of ±0.2 Gyr. Within each group of clusters, the entire cluster loci (including red giant branches and clumps) are nearly identical, consistent with a very small spread in metallicity and age. In contrast to the wide dispersion in ages previously reported in the literature, our sample with more precise photometry and age measurements supports a burst-punctuated rather than a continuous cluster formation history for the oldest SMC clusters.
The merger of a helium star and a black hole: gamma-ray bursts

There is growing observational evidence that gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are powered by black holes accreting rapidly through a disk. The supernova-like outburst that accompanies some gamma-ray bursts suggest that some long-duration GRBs may be driven by the accretion of a rotating stellar core onto a central black hole. Such a system can be produced when a compact remnant spirals into the core of its binary companion. During the inspiral, orbital angular momentum is injected into the helium core. By the time the compact remnant reaches the center of the helium core, it too has gained angular momentum as well as mass, producing a rapidly accreting black hole (or neutron star) at the center of a rotating stellar core. Whether or not such a merger (termed He-merger) can produce a GRB depends upon the initial mass and spin of the central black hole, as well as the angular momentum in the stellar core. In this paper, we use a three-dimensional smooth particle hydrodynamics code to follow the He-merger process and make quantitative estimates of the initial mass and spin of the central compact remnant, as well as the angular momentum in the accreting helium core. During the inspiral, a 2 M☉ compact remnant gains ~0.5-3.5 M☉ depending on the mass of the helium core (more massive cores provide more accretion). The accretion rates on the central remnant are initially very high, 105 M☉ yr-1 up to 106 M☉ yr-1 (the accretion rate increases with increasing helium star mass), and the central remnant quickly becomes a black hole if it was not one already. From these accretion rates, we estimate GRB explosion energies. In all mergers, magnetically driven jets are expected to produce GRB explosions with energies above 1051 ergs. For neutrino-annihilation-driven explosions, the GRB energy increases dramatically with helium star mass: the merger of a 2 M☉ compact remnant with a 4 M☉ helium star only produces a 1047 ergs explosion in ~500 s, whereas the merger of a 2 M☉ compact remnant with a 16 M☉ helium star produces a greater than 1052 ergs explosion in ~65 s.
How does the potential get from A to B in a plasma

Solutions to the question of how the plasma potential varies from point A to point B, at which the values are specified, are discussed. Each answer depends on plasma and boundary conditions. Plasma potential structures measured by emissive probes are considered. Examples include potentials associated with sheaths and presheaths in collisionless and collisional systems, unmagnetized and magnetized double layers with single and multiple step transitions, semiconductor etching and rf self bias, tandem mirror plasma confinement and tokamak antenna impurity production. DC structures, time average structures associated with capacitive and inductive rf and the role of potential well pumping are considered. >
Minimizing the Ground State Energy of an Electron in a Randomly Deformed Lattice

We provide a characterization of the spectral minimum for a random Schrodinger operator of the form \({H = -\Delta + \sum_{i \in \mathbb{Z}^d}q(x - i - \omega_i)}\) in \({L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)}\) , where the single site potential q is reflection symmetric, compactly supported in the unit cube centered at 0, and the displacement parameters ω i are restricted so that adjacent single site potentials do not overlap. In particular, we show that a minimizing configuration of the displacements is given by a periodic pattern of densest possible 2 d -clusters of single site potentials.
Copper Hydride-Catalyzed Tandem 1,4-Reduction/Alkylation Reactions

Abstract Exposure of an enone to a catalytic quantity of [CuH(PPh3)]6 in the presence of one of several silyl hydrides (PhMe2SiH, PMHS, HMe2SiOSiMe2H) leads to conjugate reduction with concomitant formation of the corresponding silyl enol ether. Without isolation, treatment of these intermediates with a Lewis acid at low temperatures in the presence of an aldehyde, or with fluoride ion together with an activated halide, affords good yields of the product of 3-component coupling (3-CC) in a single reaction flask.
Barium Metaplumbate Ceramic Electrodes for Ceramic Capacitors

A novel approach to reduce electrode costs in ceramic capacitors is presented. Barium metaplumbate (BaPbO3) was fired onto sintered commercial (Ba, Sr)TiO3 disk capacitors as external electrodes. Samples were compared to disk capacitors of the same composition with electrodes made of sputtered gold and air-dried silver. The ceramic electrode led to substantial changes in the insulation resistance and dc breakdown strengths, but other properties remained the same. The feasibility of using BaPbO3 electrodes strongly depends on chemical reactions between the electrode and dielectric.
Selectivity in the ruthenium-catalyzed alder ene reactions of di- and triynes.

Ruthenium-catalyzed Alder ene reactions between diynes and triynes with terminal alkenes gave the corresponding enynes and enediynes with high regio- and site-selectivity. The selectivity profile clearly indicates that one of the alkynyl moieties of 1,3-diynes not participating in the reaction determines the regiochemistry, whereas the interplay between steric hindrance and polar substituents at the propargylic sites determines the site-selectivity.
New Techniques to Determine Ages of Open Clusters Using White Dwarfs

Currently there are two main techniques for independently determining the ages of stellar populations: main-sequence evolution theory (via cluster isochrones) and white dwarf cooling theory. Open clusters provide the ideal environment for the calibration of these two clocks. Because current techniques to derive cluster ages from white dwarfs are observationally challenging, we discuss the feasibility of determining white dwarf ages from the brighter white dwarfs alone. This would eliminate the requirement of observing the coolest (i.e., faintest) white dwarfs. We discuss our method for testing this new idea, as well as the required photometric precision and prior constraints on metallicity, distance, and reddening. We employ a new Bayesian statistical technique to obtain and interpret results.
Three-Component Ag-Catalyzed Enantioselective Vinylogous Mannich and Aza-Diels−Alder Reactions with Alkyl-Substituted Aldehydes

Efficient protocols for three-component catalytic enantioselective vinylogous Mannich (VM) reactions of alkyl-substituted aldimines (including those bearing heteroatom-containing substituents) and readily available siloxyfurans are presented. High efficiency and stereoselectivity is achieved through the use of o-thiomethyl-p-methoxyaniline-derived aldimines. Reactions, performed under an atmosphere of air and in undistilled THF, can be promoted in the presence of as little as 1 mol % of easily accessible amino acid−based chiral ligands and commercially available AgOAc. The desired products are obtained in 44 to 92% yield, and in up to >98: 99: 98% ee). Removal of the N-activating group is performed through a one-vessel oxidation/hydrolysis operation, which proceeds via a stable aza-quinone (characterized by X-ray crystallography). Evidence is presented indicating that reactions with chiral nonracemic aldehydes are subject to catalyst control: both substrate enantio...
Indirect spin-orbit K splittings in strontium

We use delayed field ionization to observe the microwave resonance transitions of Sr from $5snf$ to $5sng$, $5snh$, and $5sni$. The energies of the $5sn\ensuremath{\ell}$, $\ensuremath{\ell}g3$ states are split by the indirect spin-orbit coupling of the Sr core to the Rydberg electron, producing the $K$ splittings. From the $K$ splittings we extract the ionic dipole and quadrupole matrix elements, $⟨5s|r|5p⟩=3.65(25){a}_{0}$ and $⟨5s|{r}^{2}|4d⟩=12(14){a}_{0}^{2}$. From the dipole matrix element we obtain the dipole polarizability of ${\text{Sr}}^{+}$. With the dipole polarizability and the quantum defect differences of adjacent $l$ states, we can determine the ${\text{Sr}}^{+}$ quadrupole polarizability. The dipole and quadrupole polarizabilities of ${\text{Sr}}^{+}$ are ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}=86(11){a}_{0}^{3}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{q}=1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}(10){a}_{0}^{5}$, respectively.
The Evolution of Dusty Debris Disks around Solar Type Stars

We used chromospheric activity to determine the ages of 2820 field stars. We searched these stars for excess emission at 22 μm with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer. Such excess emission is indicative of a dusty debris disk around a star. We investigated how disk incidence trends with various stellar parameters, and how these parameters evolve with time. We found 22 μm excesses around 98 stars (a detection rate of 3.5%). Of these 98 excess sources, 74 are presented here for the first time. We also measured the abundance of lithium in eight dusty stars in order to test our stellar age estimates.
A geometric blind source separation method based on facet component analysis

Given a set of mixtures, blind source separation attempts to retrieve the source signals without or with very little information of the mixing process. We present a geometric approach for blind separation of nonnegative linear mixtures termed facet component analysis. The approach is based on facet identification of the underlying cone structure of the data. Earlier works focus on recovering the cone by locating its vertices (vertex component analysis) based on a mutual sparsity condition which requires each source signal to possess a stand-alone peak in its spectrum. We formulate alternative conditions so that enough data points fall on the facets of a cone instead of accumulating around the vertices. To find a regime of unique solvability, we make use of both geometric and density properties of the data points and develop an efficient facet identification method by combining data classification and linear regression. For noisy data, total variation technique may be employed. We show computational results on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data to substantiate our method.
Calabi-Yau Metrics for Quotients and Complete Intersections

We extend previous computations of Calabi-Yau metrics on projective hypersurfaces to free quotients, complete intersections, and free quotients of complete intersections. In particular, we construct these metrics on generic quintics, four-generation quotients of the quintic, Schoen Calabi-Yau complete intersections and the quotient of a Schoen manifold with 3 × 3 fundamental group that was previously used to construct a heterotic standard model. Various numerical investigations into the dependence of Donaldson's algorithm on the integration scheme, as well as on the Kahler and complex structure moduli, are also performed.
Detection of Sagittarius A* at 330 MHz with the Very Large Array

We report the detection of Sgr A*, the radio source associated with our Galaxy's central massive black hole, at 330 MHz with the Very Large Array. Implications for the spectrum and emission processes of Sgr A* are discussed and several hypothetical geometries of the central region are considered.
Translational motion inside self-assembled encapsulation complexes

Abstract The motion of guests inside a cylindrical self-assembled host is studied through NMR techniques. Small molecules encapsulated alone, such as the gas molecules cyclopropane and butane, are found to exchange locations slowly but measurably on the NMR time scale using 2D techniques. These molecules can move past one another while still inside the capsule. When gases are coencapsulated with longer flexible molecules such as alkanes, less motion is apparent yet these can still slip by one another and folding of the alkanes also can be detected. Activation barriers for these processes are in the range of 15–17 kcal/mol.
The radar cross section of dielectric disks

A solution is presented for the backscatter (monostatic) radar cross section of dielectric disks of arbitrary shape, thickness, and dielectric constant. The result is obtained by employing a Kirchhoff-type approximation to obtain the fields inside the disk. The internal fields induce polarization and conduction currents from which the scattered fields and the radar cross section can be computed. The solution for the radar cross section obtained in this manner will be shown to agree with known results in the special cases of normal incidence, thin disks, and perfect conductivity. It will also be shown that the solution can be written as a product of the reflection coefficient of an identically oriented slab times the physical optics solution for the backscatter cross section of a perfectly conducting disk of the same shape. This result follows directly from the Kirchhoff-type approximation without additional assumptions.
Structure and Function of Xanthine Oxidoreductase

An overview of the current state of our understanding of the reaction mechanism of the molybdenum-containing enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase is presented, with an emphasis on work done in the past five years. Recent studies of the biosynthesis of the pterin cofactor bound to the metal in the active site are also reviewed, as is crystallographic work that has clarified the coordination geometry of the molybdenum center. This structural work provides the context in which to understand recent mechanistic studies of the enzyme, in particular those aimed at elucidating the role of specific amino acid residues in the active site of the enzyme.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Photo Recall: Using the Internet to Label Your Photos

We describe a system for searching your personal photos using an extremely wide range of text queries, including dates and holidays ("Halloween"), named and categorical places ("Empire State Building" or "park"), events and occasions ("Radiohead concert" or "wedding"), activities ("skiing"), object categories ("whales"), attributes ("outdoors"), and object instances ("Mona Lisa"), and any combination of these--all with no manual labeling required. We accomplish this by correlating information in your photos--the timestamps, GPS locations, and image pixels--to information mined from the Internet. This includes matching dates to holidays listed on Wikipedia, GPS coordinates to places listed on Wikimapia, places and dates to find named events using Google, visual categories using classifiers either pre-trained on ImageNet or trained on-the-fly using results from Google Image Search, and object instances using interest point-based matching, again using results from Google Images. We tie all of these disparate sources of information together in a unified way, allowing for fast and accurate searches using whatever information you remember about a photo. We quantitatively evaluate several aspects of our system and show excellent performance in all respects. Please watch a video demonstrating our system in action on a large range of queries at http://youtu.be/Se3bemzhAiY.
Linear high-order distributed average consensus algorithm in wireless sensor networks

This paper presents a linear high-order distributed average consensus (DAC) algorithm for wireless sensor networks. The average consensus property and the convergence rate of the high-order DAC algorithm are analyzed. In particular, the convergence rate is determined by the spectral radius of a network topology-dependent matrix. Numerical results indicate that this simple linear high-order DAC algorithm can accelerate the convergence without additional communication overhead and reconfiguration of network topology.
Geometric spaces with no points

Some models of set theory are given which contain sets that have some of the important characteristics of being geometric, or spatial, yet do not have any points, in various ways. What's geometrical is that there are functions to these spaces defined on the ambient spaces which act much like distance functions, and they carry normable Riesz spaces which act like the Riesz spaces of real-valued functions. The first example, already sketched in (4), has a family of sets, each one of which cannot be empty, but not in a uniform manner, so that it is false that all of them are inhabited. In the second, we define one fixed set which does not have any points, while retaining all of these geometrical properties.
Vector Green's function for S-parameter measurements of the electromagnetic volume integral equation

We present a variation of the electric-field volume integral equation (VIE) for inhomogeneous media that is tailored for microwave S-parameter measurements. The kernel of the standard VIE is a dyadic Green's function that can relate fields in the object domain to observed scattered fields outside the object domain. Here, we derive a kernel we call a vector Green's function that gives, instead of observed fields, observed S-parameter measurements that would be obtained in a bistatic antenna setup. This formulation directly links the object properties to microwave measurements in a way that is useful to many microwave applications. This derivation uses an antenna model based on the source-scattering matrix formulation. We show how this vector Green's function can be obtained from simulation and validate this model with several experiments.
The landscape of quantum transitions driven by single-qubit unitary transformations with implications for entanglement

This paper considers the control landscape of quantum transitions in multi-qubit systems driven by unitary transformations with single-qubit interaction terms. The two-qubit case is fully analyzed to reveal the features of the landscape including the nature of the absolute maximum and minimum, the saddle points and the absence of traps. The results permit calculating the Schmidt state starting from an arbitrary two-qubit state following the local gradient flow. The analysis of multi-qubit systems is more challenging, but the generalized Schmidt states may also be located by following the local gradient flow. Finally, we show the relation between the generalized Schmidt states and the entanglement measure based on the Bures distance.
Measuring Customer Relationships: The Case of the Retail Banking Industry

Arguing that GAAP is ill suited for estimating the future profitability of intangibles, the accounting literature (e.g., Kaplan and Norton 1996, Lev 2001) has recently proposed alternative measurement models. These models view intangibles as composed of a set of fundamental business activities and use multiple financial and nonfinancial metrics causally interlinked to profits to represent this view. Using a unique and proprietary cross-sectional data set of the retail banking industry, we provide some of the first tests on the empirical validity of such measurement models. We characterize the core deposit intangible, an important retail banking intangible representing a bank's relationships with its customers, using financial and nonfinancial metrics on price, service, customer usage, and customer satisfaction. We find that the metrics do not individually predict future earnings, but gain individual significance in a collective setting, increasing the predictive power substantially. We argue that this result occurs because the activities underlying the measures are causally interlinked to profits and explicitly illustrate these linkages with a structural path model. Our measurement model also predicts significant interactive effects in the way our measures are informative about future profits, and we document such effects, not just among the individual measures, but also across the measures and environmental factors such as the bank's strategy. In sum, our measurement model illustrates the key drivers, measures, and interactions in retail banking customer relationships.
Penile Prosthesis Implantation in the Treatment of Peyronie's Disease

pg. MUSE, while excellent erection is achieved after intracavernous injection of 6 pg. alprostadil. The transportation of alprostadil from the corpus spongiosum to the corpora cavernosa relies on the communicating channels between them and the retrograde flow from the circumflex and dorsal veins to the corpora cavernosa. Factors that may affect the efficacy of this flow include the number and size of communicating channels between the cavernosum and spongiosum, the number and size of emissary veins that would allow retrograde flow, temperature of the penis (for example, a cold penis may shut down the communicating channels), and the pressure gradient between the spongiosum and cavernosum (for example a partial erection in the cavernosum may impede, while a constriction device at the penile base after MUSE application may facilitate the transfer to the cavernosum). Williams et al report that in a clinical setting 64% of patients achieved an erection sufficient for intercourse, of whom 6Wo reported intercourse at least once during home treatment. In 61% of these patients (390 of 635) MUSE administrations were successful. While many patients in this study did not achieve adequate erection from MUSE administration, Bettochi et al report a case of priapism which lasted 20 hours. Interestingly, their patient discovered that a 20-minute hot bath greatly enhanced erectile response. I believe that a hot bath relaxes the mind of the patient and the penile smooth muscle, which allows some penile elongation and opening of communicating channels, resulting in increased flow of alprostadil to the cavernosum. Therefore, if a patient is interested in MUSE therapy, I would advise him to take a hot bath and then place a constriction (rubber) band at the base of the penis while MUSE is administered. The patient should also stand or sit for 10 minutes, which would increase pressure in the dorsal and pudendal veins and, thus, facilitate retrograde flow of alprostadil from the circumflex veins to the corpora cavernosa. Tom F. Lue, M.D.
Temperatures in the earth's interior

Abstract Fusion temperatures are evaluated for the earth's mantle from Lindemann's law by use of elastic parameters determined for a given depth from seismic data. The results are substantially consistent with prediction from the Simon equation, on the basis of a theoretical evaluation of the Simon exponent. The same formulation of the Simon equation is used to obtain fusion temperatures for the core. No inconsistency with these values is shown by deductions from Lindemann's law for the outer core. The melting temperatures found for the core are considerably higher than those predicted by Simon or Bullard , and show no substantial conflict with Jacobs's hypothesis on the origin of a solid inner core. By using data on the temperature in the earth at small depth, and limits imposed on the possible values bv melting temperatures at large depth, the actual temperature in the earth is represented approximately by a quartic polynomial in the depth; the limit of error at large depth if the inner core is solid is estimated as ±25%.
$n$-Arc connected spaces

A space is n–arc connected (n–ac) if any family of no more than n–points are contained in an arc. For graphs the following are equivalent: (i) 7–ac, (ii) n–ac for all n, (iii) continuous injective image of a closed sub–interval of the real line, and (iv) one of a finite family of graphs. General continua that are @0–ac are characterized. The complexity of characterizing n–ac graphs for n = 2, 3, 4, 5 is determined to be strictly higher than that of the stated characterization of 7–ac graphs.
Physics reach of rare b decays

Abstract I discuss the theoretical and empirical status of b → sγ, b→ sl+l− decays, as well as their future prospects. I emphasize those observables in rare b-decays which can potentially establish new physics and distinguish between extensions of the Standard Model. I briefly review current models of electroweak symmetry breaking, all of which can carry interesting flavor characteristics accessible with b-physics experiments.
Heavy-light wavefunctions in lattice QCD☆

Abstract Using a multistate smearing method, Coulomb gauge wave functions of heavy-light mesons are studied in lattice QCD. Wave functions for the ground state, the first radially excited S-wave state, and the lowest P-wave states of a heavy-light meson are calculated in quenched approximation. The results are found to be in remarkably good agreement with the predictions of a simple relativistic quark model.
THE ACCURACY AND APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE ALTIMETRY

Summary The recently launched TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter mission is achieving an unprecedented accuracy in the measurement of the absolute sea-level, demonstrating that satellite radar altimetry has evolved into one of the fundamental instruments for providing synoptic observations of the global oceans with a temporal sampling of a few days to a month. This paper assesses the current estimated accuracy of measurements using the available satellite radar altimeter systems in observing the absolute sea-level. The accuracy of sea-level measurements depends on the ability to compute accurate orbits of the altimetric satellites, the fidelity of the terrestrial reference system (TRF), and the knowledge of instrument biases of the altimeter instruments. In this paper, some applications of satellite altimetry to contemporary problems in marine geodesy, oceanography, an global change studies are discussed. Major advances for many of these problems are feasible with the abundance of satellite altimetry missions within this decade. The launch of ERS-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON has initiated a decade of high-accuracy measurements of the absolute sea-level from satellite altimetry which holds potential for enhancing our knowledge of dynamics of the global ocean, and its influence on global climate changes.
VLBI observations of the jet in Cygnus A

The luminous radio galaxy Cyg A was observed with a five-station US VLBI array at 5 GHz at epoch 1983.25. The jet can be followed from the core to a distance of 9 milliarcsec (mas). Within the limited dynamic range of these observations, it is one-sided (jet:counterjet ratio greater than 12:1). If this one-sidedness is due to Doppler boosting, then (1) the jet must decelerate to a mildly relativistic velocity on a kiloparsec scale, (2) the source cannot lie with 30 deg of the plane of the sky. The jet points directly at the base of the kpc-scale jet seen by Perley, Dreher, and Cowan (1984); the curvature occurs primarily or entirely on a scale of 10-100 kpc. The jet brightness falls off more slowly inside 1 kpc than in other powerful sources. A search for compact structure in the three bright hot spots revealed no structure lower than 3 mas in size with flux greater than 6 mJy.
Game Theory: Pitfalls and Opportunities in Applying It to International Relations

Four problems plague game-theoretic models in international relations (IR): (1) misspecifying the rules, (2) confusing goals and rational choice, (3) arbitrarily reducing the multiplicity of equilibria, and (4) forsaking backward induction. An alternative approach, theory of moves (TOM), is discussed and applied to Prisoners' Dilemma and then, more prescriptively, to the Iran hostage crisis of 1979–80. TOM incorporates into the framework of game theory an initial state in a payoff matrix, the moves and countermoves required to reach a “nonmyopic equilibrium,” and threat, moving, and order power that reflect asymmetries in the capabilities of the players. It also allows for incomplete information, which in the Iran hostage crisis led to misperceptions and flawed play. Two general lessons come out of the U.S. foreign-policy failure in the Iran hostage crisis: (1) know the game you are playing, and (2) make threats only if they are likely to be credible. In specific games, TOM provides detailed prescriptions for optimal play, depending on where play starts and the powers of the players, that could aid foreign-policy makers, especially in crises.
Variation in the decision to terminate pregnancy in the setting of fetal aneuploidy.

Objective To investigate the rate of pregnancy termination for various fetal aneuploidies, and to evaluate predictors of this choice. Methods A retrospective cohort study identified all patients with any of seven common fetal aneuploidies (trisomies 21, 18, and 13; 45,X, 47,XXX, 47,XXY, and 47,XYY) at a referral prenatal diagnosis unit from 1983 to 2003. We abstracted type of aneuploidy, time and type of diagnostic procedure, maternal age, and ethnicity as predictors of the decision to terminate. Statistical comparisons were made using the chi-square test. Potential confounding variables were controlled for using multivariate logistic regression. Results Overall, there were 833 patients who had fetuses with aneuploidy. In our study population, the overall rate of termination was 81%: 86% in cases of autosomal trisomy and 60% in cases of sex chromosome aneuploidy (SCA) (p < 0.001). Rates were lowest in cases with the least severe prognosis, 47,XYY (57%) and 47,XXX (40%) compared with 45,X (65%) and 47,XXY (70%) (p = 0.05). Patients with SCA detected by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) had a higher termination rate than those who had undergone amniocentesis (77% vs 55%, p = 0.015). Increased maternal age was associated with higher termination rates in autosomal trisomy (88% vs 76% p < 0.001) and a trend toward decreased rates in those with SCA (55% vs 71%, p = 0.06). Hispanic women were less likely to terminate pregnancy (69%, p = 0.01) than those from other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusion Type and severity of aneuploidy, type of diagnostic procedure, maternal age, and ethnicity contribute to patients' decision-making in the setting of fetal aneuploidy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fermion correlators in non-abelian holographic superconductors

We consider fermion correlators in non-abelian holographic superconductors. The spectral function of the fermions exhibits several interesting features such as support in displaced Dirac cones and an asymmetric distribution of normal modes. These features are compared to similar ones observed in angle resolved photoemission experiments on high Tc superconductors. Along the way we elucidate some properties of p-wave superconductors in AdS4 and discuss the construction of SO(4) superconductors.
Hydrogen bonding Part 35. IR and thermodynamic study of hydration of N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantylammonium chloride, bromide and iodide

Abstract Hydration of the higher halides of the N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantylammonium ion was studied to see if stable (H2O·Br−2 and (H2O·I)2 monohydrate clusters could be prepared with this large cation. The iodide forms a loosely bound clathrate with 12 H2O but no evidence could be obtained for lower, more tightly bound hydrates. The bromide forms a crystalline trihydrate which is only stable under mother liquor, and which rapidly loses H2O on exposure to the air. The chloride forms an isolable crystalline pentahydrate. Vapor pressure vs. H2O content studies demonstrate the pentahydrate is the only hydrate formed by N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantylammonium chloride. Variable temperature vapor pressure measurements give a value of 65.02 kcal mol−1 for the dissociation of this pentahydrate, or a minimum value of 6.50 kcal mol−per hydrogen bond broken. None of these three halide salts forms a cluster monohydrate.
The Application of Reflected GPS Signals to Ocean Remote Sensing

Abstract The L-band broadcast signal from the Global Positioning System (GPS) reflected off of the sea surface is under study for use as a ocean, coastal, and wetlands remote sensing tool. The reflected signal from a given GPS satellite is cross-correlated with the pseudorandom noise code uniquely identifying that satellite. The shape of this cross-correlation, ordinarily a very sharp triangle when tracking a direct line of sight signal, becomes wider and smoother as the mean square slope of the reflecting surface increases. It is proposed that the surface wind speed can be determined by matching the recorded shape of this cross-correlation to that predicted by theoretical models as a function of wind speed and direction. The significance of these effects increases with altitude of the receiver. Experimental data have been collected using a specially modified GPS receiver on aircraft and on a balloon at altitudes of up to 25 km. These data compare favorably with predictions of analytical models and demonstrate the dependence of the waveform shape on surface wind speed and receiver altitude. The advantages that this measurement technique has over conventional scatterometers is the small size, low cost and simplicity of the receiver hardware, no requirement for a transmitter, and the ability to simultaneously collect data from usually 10 or more points (from a low earth-orbiting satellite). This number could be larger if the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System satellites are also considered as additional sources of radiation. Furthermore, the bistatic scattering geometry is complementary to the backscatter used by conventional scatterometers.
Mass Outflows from Dissipative Shocks in Hot Accretion Flows

We consider stationary, axisymmetric hydrodynamic accretion flows in Kerr geometry. As a plausible means of efficiently separating a small population of nonthermal particles from the bulk accretion flows, we investigate the formation of standing dissipative shocks, i.e., shocks at which fraction of the energy, angular momentum, and mass fluxes do not participate in the shock transition of the flow that accretes onto the compact object but are lost into collimated (jets) or uncollimated (winds) outflows. The mass-loss fraction (at a shock front) is found to vary over a wide range (0%-95%), depending on flow's angular momentum and energy. On the other hand, the associated energy-loss fraction appears to be relatively low (1%) for a flow onto a nonrotating black hole case, whereas the fraction could be an order of magnitude higher (10%) for a flow onto a rapidly rotating black hole. By estimating the escape velocity of the outflowing particles with a mass-accretion rate relevant for typical active galactic nuclei, we find that nearly 10% of the accreting mass could escape to form an outflow in a disk around a nonrotating black hole, while as much as 50% of the matter may contribute to outflows in a disk around a rapidly rotating black hole. In the context of disk-jet paradigm, our model suggests that shock-driven outflows from accretion can occur in regions not too far from a central engine. Our results imply that a shock front under some conditions could serve as a plausible site where (nonthermal) seed particles of the outflows (jets/winds) are efficiently decoupled from bulk accretion.
Source analysis of the Memorial Day explosion, Kimchaek, North Korea

[1] A series of source inversions are performed for the 25 May 2009 (Memorial Day) North Korean seismic event using intermediate period (10–50 s) complete waveform modeling. An earthquake source is inconsistent with the data and the best-fit full seismic moment tensor is dominantly explosive (∼60%) with a moment magnitude (MW) of 4.5. A pure explosion solution yields a scalar seismic moment of 1.8 × 1022 dyne-cm (MW4.1) and fits the data almost as well as the full solution. The difference between the full and explosion solutions is the predicted fit to observed tangential displacement, which requires some type of non-isotropic (non-explosive) radiation. Possible causes of the tangential displacement are additional tectonic sources, tensile failure at depth, and anisotropic wave propagation. Similar displacements may be hidden in the noise of the 2006 event. Future analyses of this type could be used to identify and characterize non-earthquake events such as explosions and mine collapses.
One-Pot Synthesis of Fused Pyrroles through a Key Gold-Catalysis-Triggered Cascade

A two-step, one-pot synthesis of fused pyrroles is realized by firstly condensing an N-alkynylhydroxammonium salt with a readily enolizable ketone under mild basic conditions and then subjecting the reaction mixture to a gold catalyst, which triggers a cascade reaction involving a facile initial [3.3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of the gold-catalysis product, that is, an N,O-dialkenylhydroxamine. The reaction provides a facile access to polycyclic pyrroles in moderate to good yields.
Reversible storage of hydrogen in destabilized LiBH4.

Destabilization of LiBH4 for reversible hydrogen storage has been studied using MgH2 as a destabilizing additive. Mechanically milled mixtures of LiBH4 + 1/2MgH2 or LiH + 1/2MgB2 including 2−3 mol % TiCl3 are shown to reversibly store 8−10 wt % hydrogen. Variation of the equilibrium pressure obtained from isotherms measured at 315−400 °C indicate that addition of MgH2 lowers the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation enthalpy by 25 kJ/(mol of H2) compared with pure LiBH4. Formation of MgB2 upon dehydrogenation stabilizes the dehydrogenated state and, thereby, destabilizes the LiBH4. Extrapolation of the isotherm data yields a predicted equilibrium pressure of 1 bar at approximately 225 °C. However, the kinetics were too slow for direct measurements at these temperatures.
Epidemiological Perspectives on Maltreatment Prevention

Fred Wulczyn explores how data on the incidence and distribution of child maltreatment shed light on planning and implementing maltreatment prevention programs. He begins by describing and differentiating among the three primary sources of national data on maltreatment. Wulczyn then points out several important patterns in the data. The first involves child development. Based on official reports, maltreatment rates are highest during certain periods of children's lives, especially infancy and adolescence. Bringing a new baby into the home, in particular, heightens stress and increases the risk of maltreatment by parents, who tend to be younger and less experienced as parents. These data patterns should help shape strategies that target these families. A second pattern in the data involves social context and the contribution of race and poverty to maltreatment. Children of color, for example, are much more likely than white children to be reported. Research, however, suggests that when the whites and minorities who are being compared live in a similar social context, disparities in maltreatment rates narrow to some extent. What scholars must examine more closely is the means by which community processes contribute to maltreatment. Thus, the question for researchers is not whether investments in communities are an important part of the prevention strategy, but rather what type of investment is most likely to replace what is missing in a given community. Wulczyn also explores substance abuse and maltreatment recurrence. He points out that substance abuse not only increases the risk that a parent will neglect a child but also appears to affect that child's experience in the child welfare system: when substance abuse is part of an allegation history, decisions affecting the child tilt in favor of deeper involvement with the system. Patterns of recurrence mirror those already described. Base rates of recurrence are about 9 percent but are higher for infants when allegations involve substance abuse and when children received services following the initial report. Wulczyn stresses that much more research remains before analysts understand the mechanisms that underpin these persistent patterns-knowledge that is essential to designing sound interventions.
Completing Verlinde algebras

Abstract We compute the completion of the Verlinde algebra of a simply connected simple compact Lie group G at the augmentation ideal of the representation ring. By results of Freed, Hopkins, Teleman and Dwyer and Lahtinen, this gives a computation of (non-equivariant) twisted K -theory of the free loop space of BG .