cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CO2 footprint reduction via the optimal design of Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen SYmbiosis Networks (CHOSYNs)

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) has significant potential as a chemical feedstock as it is an abundant source of carbon atoms, entails zero or negative acquisition costs and utilization reduces environmental impact. However, significant challenges remain as the use of this feedstock involves unfavorable thermodynamics in reaction and separation, material transportation and end use application. Opportunities exist to overcome these limitations especially within eco-industrial parks which involve a group of facilities cooperating by exchanging materials and energy. An important class of EIPs, Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen SYmbiosis Networks (CHOSYN), has been recently introduced to integrate hydrocarbon streams from multiple plants while allowing for chemical conversion (in addition to the conventional exchange, separation, and allocation) through a multiscale targeting approach. The objective of this work is to address the problem of designing a CHOSYN with the conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals while reducing the carbon footprint for the whole system. A multi-scale synthesis and optimization approach is proposed. First, atomic-level information coupled with economic data are used to establish benchmarks for the utilization of process streams, the purchase of external sources, and the discharge of CO2. A pre-synthesis approach is adopted to develop optimal policies for the CO2-separation technologies. Candidate CO2-utilization reactions are integrated with the existing plants to produce value-added chemicals while addressing economic and environmental objectives. Carbon-footprint constraints are added based on life-cycle analysis of the used sources and energy associated with the various reaction and separation steps. This systematic procedure captures significant interactions between surrounding CO2 sources and CO2 sinks while reducing the difficulty of selection and design of the CO2 capture process. A case study is developed and solved to demonstrate the application of this new method.
Anesthetic Management of a Cardiac Transplant Patient After Extensive Facial Trauma Caused by a Pit Bull Attack.

A 72-year-old male cardiac transplant patient presented after sustaining facial and extremity trauma caused by a pit bull dog attack. The case was further complicated by the duration of the surgery, bleeding, infection risk, intraoperative hypothermia, immunosuppression, and the risk of sepsis. His anesthetic management required careful coordination with his transplant team. We also sought the expertise of the in-house pharmacist to obtain the appropriate administration strategies for the patient's immunosuppressant agents. As the number of transplant patients increases, oral and maxillofacial surgeons must remain cognizant of the challenges and strategies associated with treating those undergoing graft-preserving immunosuppression. We have presented a more complex case of a cardiac transplant patient requiring extensive facial soft tissue reconstruction. The experience achieved in the management of a complex cardiac patient will no doubt provide guidance in the management of elective surgical procedures in other patients with simpler transplant histories.
Data Analysis in Single-Cell RNA-Seq

Abstract Among single-cell omics technologies, single-cell RNA Squencing (scRNA-Seq) is the most mature type of platform. The scRNA-Seq data generated by such platform share a common set of characteristics, and are subject to similar data analysis workflows. General scRNA-Seq analysis steps include preprocessing steps and functional analysis steps. Preprocessing includes procedures such as quality control and preprocessing of FASTQ files, aligning reads to reference genome and computing gene expression matrix, imputation, filtering and removal of unwanted variations, and normalization. Functional analysis includes steps such as clustering and visualization, differential expression, enrichment analysis, and pseudotime trajectory construction. Here we review the essential scRNA-Seq analysis procedures in details.
Turkey’s Twitter public diplomacy: Towards a “new” cult of personality

Abstract This study examined how Turkey uses social media as a tool for public diplomacy and how the state’s soft-power efforts have recently changed on the global stage. The researchers constructed a dataset of 2769 Twitter posts by the Turkish government’s most influential public diplomacy accounts. The analyses revealed that the focus of Turkey’s Twitter public diplomacy has become concentrated on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and is thematically focused on the political values embodied by the Turkish president. The findings suggest that public diplomacy remains to be the diplomacy of the government, not of the public, and social media is used as just another tool for propaganda, not as a means of engagement with foreign publics. Further, the findings indicate the emergence of a “new” cult of personality in public diplomacy and point out the instrumental role of social media in changing the dynamics of leader-follower relationship. The study contributes to public relations theory and practice by advancing the burgeoning public diplomacy scholarship at the intersection of social media and relational approaches.
Lower Tolerance Limits for Screw Withdrawal in Wood

In this study, the lower tolerance limits (LTLs) for screw withdrawal strength in wood were investigated. For this purpose, specimens were prepared from white oak and red oak wood (22.2 x 63.5 x 305 mm), a material widely used in furniture industry. Screw withdrawal tests were performed from tansverse, radial and tangential sections of wood specimens. Sample sizes for this study were determined by using modified Faulkenberry-Week methods. After considering normality, randomness and homogeneity assumptions for tolerance analysis, LTLs were obtained from data sets in each sample group. According to screw withdrawal tests, ultimate tensile strength was15.04 MPa, 17.93 MPa, and 16.77 MPa for red oak specimens; from each section, respoectively. Likewise, those of white oak specimens were 16.36 MPa, 19.67 MPa, and 17.21 MPa, respectively. Results of LTLs for 0.99/0.99 confidence/proportional level were 8.69 MPa, 11.96 MPa, and 10.30 MPa for red oak specimens, and 9.67 MPa, 11.14 MPa, and 11.58 MPa for white oak specimens from transverse, radial, and tangential sections of wood in screw withdrawal test, respectively. The study provides a systematic procedure to estimate design values for screws joints.
Sharing of gut microbial strains between selected individual sets of twins cohabitating for decades.

Background Given the increasing realization of the important functions of the gut microbial community in human health, it is important to determine whether the increased age of the host coupled with inevitable environmental changes can alter the stability of individual microbial strains of the gut microbial community. Since early studies demonstrated that pairs of twins possess the related gut microbial communities, to gain insights into the temporal stability of the reservoir of gut microbial strains in humans, we have assessed the strain relatedness of samples from two previously published data sets that were obtained from twin children and adults (36–80 years old) who have been either living together or apart for different times. Methods We analyzed the two data sets; twin children (n = 24) and adults (n = 50) using our previously developed strain-tracking program called Window-based Single Nucleotide Variant (SNV) Similarity (WSS) that can distinguish a related strain pair from a non-related strain pair based on the overall genome-wide SNV similarity. To independently substantiate the identification of distinct microbial genomic variants (herein strains) observed from WSS analysis, we used analysis by StrainPhlAn. Results Analysis of the twin children data set revealed a significantly (P-value <0.05) higher number of the shared strain pairs with a predominance of Bacteroides vulgatus between individual sets of twin pairs than the twin adult data set. Additional analysis on the adult twins showed that twins who have been living apart less than 10 years shared significantly more related strain pairs than twins living apart between 10 to 60 years. Eighty-year-old twins who had been living together for 79 years then separated for 1 year showed the highest number of related strain pairs consisting of B. vulgatus, Eubacterium eligens, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis. The next highest number of related strain pairs was found in 56-year-old twins who had been living together for 51 years then separated for 5 years (B. vulgatus and Coprococcus eutactus as related strains), 73-year-old twins living together for 66 years and then separated for 7 years (Bacteroides uniformis and Clostrium sp. L2-50 as related strains) and 36-year-old twins separated for 19 years (shared strains of Alistipes shahii and E. eligens). Finally, a sporadic appearance of a single shared strain that did not show a correlation with time of separation was observed in three twin sets that had separation times between 22 to 54 years. Conclusion We conclude from our strain-tracking analysis of twins that certain gut microbial strains can be shared between individuals in some cases for decades. Changes in the host environmental conditions over time can impact the stability landscape of the gut microbial community resulting in the appearance of new strains that could potentially impact microbe interactions that are essential for function in human health.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction dataset for 3,5-difluoro-2,6-bis(4-iodophenoxy)-4-phenoxypyridine.

Abstract The data in this article are related to the research article “Utilizing the Regioselectivity of Perfluoropyridine towards the Preparation of Phenyoxyacetylene Precursors for Partially Fluorinated Polymers of Diverse Architecture.”1 The X-ray structure analysis of 3,5-difluoro-2,6-bis(4-iodophenoxy)-4-phenoxypyridine has revealed an asymmetric unit containing two molecules, linked via both Type I and Type II C–I∙∙∙I–C halogen bonding interactions. The packing is further consolidated via Ar–H∙∙∙π interactions. This compound has been utilized for the synthesis of monomers for linear and network polymers.
Nutritional Problems in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

There are difficulties in ohtaining trustworthy information about nutritional status. Methods of assessment must be very specific and sensitive. Today's traditional anthropometric and biochemical s...
Forecasting Severe Weather with Random Forests

AbstractUsing nine years of historical forecasts spanning April 2003–April 2012 from NOAA’s Second Generation Global Ensemble Forecast System Reforecast (GEFS/R) ensemble, random forest (RF) models...
Koopman operator-based model identification and control of hydraulic fracture propagation.

The moving boundary nature of hydraulic fracturing process makes it extremely difficult to approximate using local models (i.e., approximate models whose validity is limited by the training data). In this work, we implement the Koopman operator methodology for closed-loop control of fracture propagation. Koopman theory models nonlinear dynamical systems as linear systems by lifting the states to an infinite-dimensional space of functions called observables. It is particularly attractive because of its ability to provide (nearly) global linearization valid in a larger domain (in some cases the entire basin of attraction) compared to local models. Additionally, due to its linear structure, it allows convex predictive control formulations that avoid any issues associated with nonlinear optimization. The numerical results show that the Koopman linear model shows excellent agreement with the real system and successfully achieves the desired fracture geometry.
Toward high-performance UV spectroscopy in astrophysics: EBL-enabled diffraction gratings

Ultraviolet spectroscopy for astrophysics allows us to address key scientific goals ranging from exoplanets and their environments to stars of all types and ages to galaxies and their evolution. In order to achieve these goals, spectrographs must realize improvements in sensitivity and resolving power. Recent advancements in reflection gratings for X-ray astronomy have enabled concurrent increases in these performance requirements. The nanofabrication-based techniques are now being applied to UV gratings with electron beam lithography (EBL) lying at the heart of the processing steps. EBL allows for custom groove distributions on flat and curved substrates thus opening new parameter space for spectrograph optimization. Blazed profiles are also realizable using EBL itself or subsequent processing steps. We report here the early results of fabrication work and performance testing on UV gratings intended for use on a variety of platforms from upcoming suborbital rockets, to Explorer and Flagship concept missions.
Bully Participant Role Behavior and Social Support from Teachers and Classmates: A Mediation Analysis

Bullying-related behaviors have been a problem in schools for decades. Unfortunately, engagement in such behavior is associated with a variety of poor outcomes, and thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms behind this phenomenon as well as associated variables, such as perceived teacher support and classmate support. Importantly, research has shown that both types of support are associated with engagement in bullying situations. The current study posits that teacher support will partially explain the association between classmate support and engagement in bullying participant role behaviors. Specifically, the aim of the current study was to investigate the longitudinal associations between bullying participant role behavior and perceived support from teachers and classmates. This study examined direct associations as well as the mediating effect of teacher social support on the association of classmate social support and five bullying participant role behaviors. Data were gathered in the fall of 2015 and the spring of 2016 at a midwestern middle school from 631 students. Analyses indicated that teacher support significantly mediated the association of classmate support and bullying, assisting, and outsider behavior.
Political Reservations and WomenAS Entrepreneurship in India

We quantify the link between the timing of state-level implementations of political reservations for women in India with the role of women in India's manufacturing sector. While overall employment of women in manufacturing does not increase after the reforms, we find significant evidence that more women-owned establishments were created in the unorganized/informal sector. These new establishments were concentrated in industries where women entrepreneurs have been traditionally active and the entry was mainly found among household-based establishments. We measure and discuss the extent to which this heightened entrepreneurship is due to channels like greater finance access or heightened inspiration for women entrepreneurs.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Optimal balancing of clinical factors in large scale clinical RNA-Seq studies

ABSTRACT Omics technologies are ubiquitous in biomedical research. However, improper sample selection is an often-overlooked complication with large omics studies, resulting in confounding effects that can disrupt the internal validity of a study and lead to false conclusions. Here, we present a method called BalanceIT, which uses a genetic algorithm to identify an optimal set of samples with balanced clinical factors for large-scale omics experiments. We apply our approach to two large RNA-Seq studies in autism (1) to find a post-hoc balanced sample set among an imbalanced study, and (2) to design an optimal study that allows for efficient batch correction. Our approach leads to near-perfect estimates of differential gene expression, superior performance of pathway-level enrichment analysis, and consistent network dysregulation patterns of autism symptom severity. These results provide empirical support for the importance of balanced experimental design, and BalanceIT will be invaluable for large-scale study design and batch effect correction.
Cosmogenic nuclides in ocean mud inform ice sheet history

Danielle LeBlanc explains how cosmogenic nuclides from ice-rafted debris can be used to reconstruct ice sheet extent.
MOSAIC: A dynamic menu interface for end users and system administrators

The environment for corporate computing has become much more complex than the aver­ age end user is willing to comprehend. A solution to this problem is the development of menu shells and user-interface management systems. This paper describes the design and use of a menu shell called Mosaic. In addition to the traditional shell function of running user programs, Mosaic provides security, improves data integrity, furnishes debugging and data usage support, and aids the system administrator in day-to-day tasks. Mosaic was used successfully at a me­ dium-sized electronics corporation for two years. INTRODUCTION The environment for business computing has grown far more complex than the average end user is willing to comprehend. As an example, compare the microcomputer operating sys­ tem of today with those of 10 years ago. Today's end user need be concerned with memory management, swap space, terminate and stay resident programs, esoteric device drivers, and disk compression to name a few. Add to this the confusion inherent in telecommunication. Multiple nodes connected to different operating: systems across vast expanses of cyberspace confuse e\'en the most diligent power user. Those attempting to solve this problem have; concentrated on improving the user interface. The idea is to make accessing the computer (and the data it oversees) more natural and less intimidating. The trend toward menu shells and graphical user interfaces are the direct result of these efforts. While these interfaces normally achieve the base-level goal of making data and programs more accessible, they typically fall short of the potential power of the interface. Menu shell interfaces on a network are capable of administering user accounts, providing security, furnishing; program and data usage information, and giving debug support (Day, 1992). This paper describes the design and use of a menu shell called 'Mosaic'. The shell was devel oped and used in a medium-sized electronics corporation for two years. Mosaic goes be­ yond merely accessing data and programs and extends the interface toward its full potential. The shell was very successful and points out a specific instance where the payoff from end user computing is better productivity.
Introduction: Symposium on William Easterly’s The Tyranny of Experts

With his books The Elusive Quest for Growth and The White Man’s Burden, William Easterly significantly changed the terms of the debate over the role of government and foreign aid in addressing poverty and underdevelopment. It is important to stress, however, that Easterly’s work is not just a critique of efforts at development planning due to perverse incentives, bureaucratic bottlenecks, and errors in information. Rather, his writings contain a deep understanding of the role of the entrepreneurial market process in lifting individuals out of poverty and producing a social order of freedom, dignity, peace, and prosperity. Development follows from a society of free and responsible individuals who participate in a market economy based on profit and loss; who participate in a political regime governed by principle, not privilege; and who live in a society that exhibits neither discrimination nor dominion. Easterly is one of the clearest voices in economics today for how the free enterprise system is a catalyst for human betterment. In The Tyranny of Experts, Easterly develops the argument regarding the importance of liberty, freedom, equality, rights, and democracy for human flourishing in great detail. In doing so he indicts the Western aid establishment for promoting autocrats, rather than merely tolerating them, in their efforts to engage in development policies. The technocratic approach to development, Easterly contends, fails to appreciate that the main source of the tragic poverty that exists throughout the less developed world is a direct consequence of the unchecked power of governments. This unconstrained power allows the political elite to act in a manner which runs counter to the interests of the poor who lack basic rights. Development occurs, Easterly argues, by unleashing the potential of individuals through the recognition of their rights to their persons and their projects. The bottom-up, spontaneous, uncoordinated actions of the multitude of Rev Austrian Econ (2015) 28:405–406 DOI 10.1007/s11138-015-0327-7
Transverse momentum spectra of dileptons measured by the NA60 Collaboration in In + In collisions at 158 GeV/nucleon

Recently the NA60 Collaboration has reported the transverse mass spectra of dimuons coming from In-In collisions at 158 GeV/nucleon. The measured yields display a strong invariant mass dependence not typical of radial flow, suggesting that different sources contribute in different mass regions. We interpret the dimuon transverse mass spectra from an early thermalized partonic phase and hadronic phase constrained by the strictures of broken chiral symmetry. Each phase develops a specific transverse momentum dependence by hydrodynamical expansion. We show that a measurement of the momentum anisotropy at NA60 could provide information on the dominant emission source (hadronic or partonic) in the intermediate mass region 1.5{<=}M{<=}3.0 GeV.
Factor Independent Activation of rrnB P1: An "Extended" Promoter with an Upstream Element that Dramatically Increases Promoter Strength

The extraordinary strength of the Escherichia coli rRNA promoter rrnB P1 derives primarily from sequences upstream of the core (-10, -35) region. We find that sequences between -40 and -60 increase the activity of this promoter at least 30-fold in vitro and in vivo. This region, which we refer to as the upstream (UP) element, is located between the -35 consensus hexamer and the previously characterized binding sites for the rRNA transcription factor Fis. The effect of the UP element is independent of Fis in vivo, and independent of any other proteins besides RNA polymerase (RNAP) in vitro. The UP element increases the overall second-order rate constant for association of RNAP with the promoter (ka) and probably the apparent overall first-order isomerization constant (ki). Together with the previously reported protection of the UP element region by RNAP in footprinting experiments, these results indicate that rrnB P1 has an "extended" promoter structure, consisting of the UP element and the core promoter region. We find that the UP element is a separable promoter module that can function to increase the activity of the lac core promoter in an rrnB P1-lac hybrid promoter construct. A functional UP element is not absolutely essential for stimulation of rrnB P1 by the Fis protein.
Early Controversies Over Athetosis: II. Treatment

Background : Since the description of athetosis in 1871 by American neurologist William Alexander Hammond (1828-1900) the disorder has been a source of controversy, as were many aspects of Hammond’s career. Methods : Review of treatment controversies in the semi-centennial since the description of athetosis. Results : The treatments used most commonly for athetosis employed available agents (e.g., bromides, arsenicals) and modalities (e.g., galvanism). Initial anecdotal reports of success were seldom confirmed with subsequent experience. Several novel invasive therapies were also developed and promoted, all of which damaged or destroyed either upper or lower motor neuron pathways. In general these therapies substituted paresis for abnormal spontaneous movements. These included peripheral nerve stretching (as promoted by William Morton and Graeme Monroe Hammond), excision of a portion of the precentral gyrus (by Victor Horsley), rhizotomy (by Charles Loomis Dana and Robert Abbe, and later William Spiller and Charles Frazier), nerve “transplantation” (i.e., nerve section and nerve-to-nerve anastomoses, by Spiller and Frazier), and “muscle group isolation” (i.e., alcohol neurolysis, by Sidney Schwab and Nathaniel Allison). Discussion : Available modalities employed in the treatment of athetosis had little a priori evidence-based justification and no biologically plausible theoretical framework to guide empiric treatment selection. With the later development of novel invasive therapies, several factors contributed to the disparity in outcomes between favorable initial reports and the often-disappointing results of later studies, including reliance on anecdotal reports or small uncontrolled case series, placebo effects, biased observation, misdiagnosis, and biased reporting.
Two-dimensional memory nonlinearities and their application to blind deconvolution problems

Blind deconvolution for a nonminimum phase linear time invariant system is possible only if some nonlinear estimates of the input or the higher-order statistics of the output are employed. When the convolutional noise is colored, the optimum estimates becomes memory nonlinear functions of the observations. Closed form solutions for the two-dimensional memory nonlinear MAP estimates depending on only the current observation and the immediately preceding one are derived for the following a priori probability density functions: (1) uniform, (2) Laplace and (3) exponential. >
Studies on the mode of self-association of tyrocidin B

Abstract Experiments on the self-association of dialyzed solutions of tyrocidine B have been performed in the ultracentrifuge. The data were analyzed by the two-species plot technique, and give evidence for the hypothesis that tyrocidine B associates to form both n-mers and larger aggregates. n was found to depend on temperature, with n = 8 at 20° and 25°.
Ethical problem solving skills in social work practice

This paper discusses the findings of research on the way issues were dealt with in clinical social work practice. Significantly, practitioners made limited use of ethical skills in identifying and resolving ethical conflict and most often dealt with these conflicts through the use of lay or technical practice skills. These findings point to the need for the inclusion of ethical tools in the role coping repertoire of the practitioner and the importance of preparation for ethical problem‐solving in professional education for social work as well as in the continuing education of the experienced social worker. They also have implications for agencies in planning staff development programs in this area.
Low-Frequency Oscillations in Radiative-Convective Systems

Although eastward propagation has long been considered one of the essential features of the Madden-Julian waves, recent observations have revealed a stationary or quasi-stationary component in the oscillations, particularly in measures of the diabatic heating rate. Wave-CISK theories of the low-frequency oscillations have struggled to explain the observed period and vertical structure of the waves. On the other hand, theoretical and numerical studies have shown that low-frequency waves strongly resembling the observed oscillations can be excited by specified low-frequency oscillations of the convective heating. A problem with the latter set of theories is that the cause of the oscillatory heating has not been satisfactorily explained. It is proposed here that the observed low-frequency wave motions are the response to forcing by an essentially stationary, self-excited oscillating heat source that is produced by nonlinear interactions among radiation, cumulus convection, and the surface fluxes of sensible heat and moisture. Feedback of the large-scale motions on the latent heating is not required. Results from two very different one-dimensional models are presented to support this hypothesis. The physical processes included in the models are essentially the same, that is, radiation, cumulus convection, and the surface fluxes of sensible heat and moisture; the first model is highly simplified, however, while the second includes relatively sophisticated parameterizations of all the relevant physical processes. Results from both models show low-frequency oscillations of the latent heating, temperature, and moisture. Experiments show that the oscillations are favored by a warm sea surface and weak surface wind speeds, consistent with the observed conditions over the Indian Ocean and the tropical western Pacific Ocean.
Spinal evoked potential in the cat: effects of asphyxia, strychnine, cord section and compression.

Abstract Averaged evoked potentials to sciatic nerve stimulation and to direct stimulation of the cervical spinal cord were recorded from the dura and skin over the spinal cord and cauda equina in bipolar and common reference leads in cats and compared. Response waveform and conduction characteristics are described. The effects of increasing stimulus intensity, asphyxia and strychnine on these potentials are related. Alterations in these potentials produced by spinal cord compression and by sectioning the spinal cord at one or two levels are also described. These potentials are compared to similar potentials which have been recorded in man and the possible clinical application of some of these methods is discussed.
Components of pollination effectiveness in Psychotria suerrensis, a tropical distylous shrub

In this paper I report components of effectiveness for pollinators of a tropical distylous shrub, Psychotria suerrensis (Rubiaceae), which is visited by a variety of bees, wasps, and butterflies, and by two species of hummingbirds. In the field, I measured the following components of effectiveness: frequency of visits, evenness of visits across plants, and diurnal pattern of visits. I also used flight-cage experiments to compare pollentransfer abilities of euglossine bees and heliconiid butterflies. Euglossine bees visited more frequently, visited earlier in the day, and visited a higher proportion of plants in the population than did other taxa. In flight cage experiments, bees and butterflies transferred similar amounts of pollen overall, but bees transferred significantly more inter-morph (compatible) pollen. For each component measured, euglossine bees appeared to be the most effective pollinators.
Nitro-group elimination in the reduction of dinitrobenzenes in dimethylformamide

Abstract The constant-potential electrolysis of p-dinitrobenzene (PDB) and o-dinitrobenzene (ODB) has been examined in DMF-water mixtures by cyclic voltammetry and EPR. The primary electrolysis products at potentials corresponding to the second one-electron wave were found to be the p- and o-nitrophenol anions. For ODB a small amount of the ring-closure product, benzfurazan, was produced. A reduction scheme is proposed and discussed.
Team Approaches to Treating Children With Disabilities: A Comparison

Abstract Objective: To investigate differences in team functioning between the multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary models when treating children with disabilities. Design: A crossover trial. Setting: An outpatient educational and rehabilitation program in a rehabilitation institute based at a university medical center. Participants: A population-based sample of 19 rehabilitation specialists and educators. Intervention: Participants attended four team meetings using the multidisciplinary approach and then attended four team meetings using the transdisciplinary approach. Outcome Measures: Behavioral ratings of team participation (Transdisciplinary Team Rating Scale) and self-report instruments of team development (Team Assessment Questionnaire) and treatment planning and goal development (Staff Perception Questionnaire). Results: Results of t tests confirmed the hypothesis that there was more team member participation during transdisciplinary meetings than during multidisciplinary meetings ( p = .027). There were no differences in levels of team development ( p = .329); however, staff members favored the transdisciplinary model for treatment planning and goal development ( p Conclusion: This study provides evidence of the effectiveness of the transdisciplinary model. Further research is now needed to investigate outcome variables such as rate of success in attaining treatment goals when using this model.
Intravenous cyclophosphamide-resistant systemic lupus erythematosus in Arizona

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) tends to be severe and to have a variable response in childhood. We undertook this retrospective study to assess response rates and outcome in 14 children with SLE. Mean age at onset was 12.8±3.1 years. Ten patients were female and 4 were male, and 12 patients (86%) were Hispanic. Creatinine clearance prior to therapy was 104±36 ml/min. All had hematuria and proteinuria with a protein/creatinine ratio of 3.9±4.8. WHO classification of renal biopsies revealed class IV in 64%, class III in 21%, and class V in 14%. Patients were treated with 6-monthly pulses of intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) followed by longer-duration pulses. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.7±3.3 years. Of the 14 patients, 3 (21%) achieved systemic remission but all relapsed subsequently; 7 of 14 achieved renal remission, although 6 relapsed. Six (42%) had adverse outcomes, defined by death, dialysis, or need for bone marrow transplant. All 6 had failed 6 months of IVCY, suggesting that patients who demonstrate resistance to initial IVCY therapy have an unfavorable outcome and a high likelihood of complications. In summary, we report a poor response to standard therapeutic protocols with higher relapse rates, as well as significant adverse outcomes.
Ultrastructure of early development of mouse parthenogenones.

Mouse eggs were parthenogenetically stimulated with hyaluronidase and osmotic shock and the resulting two-, four- and eight-cell stage embryos examined with the electron microscope. The ultrastructure of parthenogenones during cleavage showed numerous differences when compared with normal development. Cortical reaction was absent and there were no microvilli on the cell surface of developing blastomeres. The cytoplasm contained numerous bundles of fibrous material, vacuoles and lipid droplets, multivesicular bodies, and agglomerates of vesicles sometimes connected with cortical granules. Cortical granules and vacuolated mitochondria were numerous and usually situated near the cell membrane. The number of free ribosomes was very small and agglomerates of ribosomes or rough endoplasmic reticulum were not observed. Nucleoli in almost all cells were so-called primary nucleoli consisting of a dense, osmiophilic core and narrow ring of granular material. In only a few cells was reticulation of nucleoli and formation of fibrillar and granular parts noticed. Nuclear fragments and nuclei with broken membranes were present in some cells. Primary nucleoli persisted during mitosis and were in close contact with chromosomes. Cytokinesis was irregular and small and large fragments of cytoplasm surrounded by membrane were often observed between dividing cells. Our results suggested that failure of parthenogenones to develop normally is probably caused by numerous disturbances during early cleavage. Incomplete cortical reaction, persistence of primary nucleoli, a probable disturbance in RNA and protein synthesis, and irregularities during nuclear and cellular division were observed in all embryos.
Control of Spiracles in Silk Moths by Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Spiracles of insects open in high carbon dioxide tensions and close in high oxygen tensions. However, the targets of these gases in insects have never been identified. In diapausing pupae of the cecropia silk moth carbon dioxide acts primarily and directly on the spiracular apparatus itself (muscle or neuromuscular junctions), whereas oxygen has as its primary target the central nervous system. The spiracle behaves as an independent effector in response to carbon dioxide; this is quite different from the situation in vertebrates, where carbon dioxide acts primarily on the central nervous system. The roles of various nerves in controlling spiracular activity are discussed.
Conditions for entrainment into a FeOx containing slag for a carbon-containing particle in an entrained coal gasifier

Abstract When incompletely gasified coal particles impact the slag layer in an entrained slagging gasifier, a situation will arise where the particles will either get engulfed by the slag or re-entrained into the circulating gas. This will be determined by a balance of forces acting on the particle which in turn is governed by the slag and particle properties, and pertinent gasifier conditions, namely temperature, and particle impact velocity. In this paper a model is introduced that takes into account, the drag-, capillary-, and added mass-forces and predicts the behavior of spherical particles of different sizes and slags of different FeOx contents. The model predicts that particles either get completely submerged, settle at an incompletely separated position, or oscillate at the interface. A sensitivity analysis was performed showing that for a particle of certain size and impact velocity, submersion is most strongly promoted by a low slag viscosity (largely influenced by FeOx content) and contact angle (determined by whether or not-reactive wetting and liquid Fe formation occurs).
Coherency effects during precipitate coarsening in partially stabilized zirconias

Abstract Precipitate morphology and distribution have been studied in two Mg based partially stabilized zirconias as a function of aging time at 1420°C. In both alloys, the number of precipitate variants locally present decreased from three to one, and the variant dropout could be described by Avrami kinetics. The aspect ratio of the precipitates increased as a function of aging time from an initial value of ≈5, and the habit changed from {100} to one of the form {hhl}. Many of the observed microstructural features were predicted either qualitatively or quantitatively by the linear elastic theory developed primarily by Khachaturyan. This theory assumes precipitate morphology and distribution to be controlled by coherency stresses across the precipitate/matrix interface.
New taxa in Pectis (Compositae: Pectidinae) from Mexico and the southwestern United States

Pectis minutiflora,P. papposa var.grandis, andP. purpurea var.sonorae are described as new. A new combination,P. purpurea var.lancifolia also is included. Chromosome counts (n = 12) are reported forP. papposa var.grandis andP. purpurea var.sonorae.
Mammary tumors induced by polyomavirus

The first known member of the Polyomavirus family, murine Polyomavirus (MPyV), was discovered because of its oncogenic properties. The genetic simplicity of MPyV (shared with all members of the Py family), the wide spectrum of tumors induced by MPyV, and the convenient properties of its natural host, the mouse, make it a particularly interesting model system to study oncogenesis. This paper briefly reviews the virus infectious cycle and our current understanding of the viral proteins that are involved in oncogenesis, and focuses on recent studies on oncogenesis of the mammary gland. Mammary gland ductal adenocarcinomas develop at high frequency and with short latency in infected immunoincompetent adult female or normal neonatal mice or in transgenic mice expressing the viral oncogene, middle T. These tumors provide excellent model systems for the study of human breast cancer.
Coherence effects in Hall measurements of heavy fermion compounds

Abstract Hall effect measurements using high magnetic fields were performed on thin films of the heavy fermion compounds CeAl 3 and UBe 13 . The Hall resistance ceased to scale as H/T below 4 K for CeAl 3 , and below 2 K for UBe 13 . H/T scaling is expected in single-ion skew scattering models. The Hall coefficient of a film of CeCu 6 with a large low-temperature resistivity remained near its maximum value, rather than decreasing as does the Hall coefficient in low-resistivity CeCu 6 samples. These observations are consistent with a model in which coherence develops at the temperature of the peak Hall coefficient, and with magnetoresistance measurements.
Relationship of hind limb energy fuel metabolism to the circulatory responses in severe sepsis

Abstract A comparison of basal fasting circulatory responses and peripheral substrate utilization to that of experimentally-induced peritonitis reveals: 1. 1. Two systemic and peripheral circulatory responses: 1.1. a. The high flow septic response—associated with survival, 1.2. b. The low flow septic response—associated with high mortality. 2. 2. Two patterns of substrate utilization during sepsis which parallel the circulatory response and clearly differ from the metabolic pattern of starvation: 2.1. a. The high flow septic pattern—characterized by hyperinsulinemia with peripheral glucose resistance and diminished fat utilization, resulting in protein catabolism to maintain peripheral energy production. 2.2. b. The low flow septic pattern—characterized by increased peripheral release and uptake of FFA, low insulin levels, and increased lactate production arising from increased catecholamine activity.
Characterization of the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of 5-HT receptor agonists as a function of ethanol training dose

A drug discrimination procedure was used to characterize the ethanol-like effects of a variety of 5-HT1 agonists. Previous studies found that the degree of substitution of the 5-HT1B/2C agonist TFMPP (m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine) depended on the training dose of ethanol. The present studies extend this initial finding to four additional 5-HT agonists with different selectivity for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, or 5-HT2C receptors: CGS 12066B (7-trifluoromethyl-4(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline maleate), mCPP [1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine diHCl], RU 24969 [5-methoxy-3(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl]-1H-indole succinate and 8-OH DPAT [(±)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin HBr]. Separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg (n=7), 1.5 g/kg (n=6) or 2.0 g/kg (n=8) ethanol from water. Following training, three to five doses of each 5-HT agonist were tested twice in each rat. The most selective 5-HT1B agonist tested, CGS 12066B (3–17 mg/kg; IP), completely substituted for the 1.0 g/kg ethanol, but not for 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Likewise, the 5-HT1B/2C agonist mCPP (0.56–1.7 mg/kg; IP) completely substituted only in the 1.0 g/kg ethanol training group. The 5-HT1A/1B agonist RU 24969 (0.1–3.0 mg/kg; IP) substituted for all training doses of ethanol, although in a lower proportion of the rats tested in the 2.0 g/kg ethanol training group. Finally, the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH DPAT (0.1–1.0 mg/kg; IP) did not substitute completely for any ethanol training dose. The results consistently show that agonists with 5-HT1B activity produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to low and intermediate, but not high, ethanol training doses.
Influence of scour effects on the seismic response of reinforced concrete bridges

Abstract Flood-induced scour is a common phenomenon that causes the loss of lateral support at bridge foundations. However, the impact of scour is usually ignored when assessing the anticipated response of bridges under earthquake loads. This study quantifies the effect of scour on the dynamic behavior and seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. Additionally, this study investigates potential structural design alternatives to mitigate damage from earthquake exposure given scour conditions. Since the structural periods corresponding to the first few vibration modes increase with the increase of scour depth, this study finds that the sensitivity of the periods to the scour depth varies for different types of bridges. Also, bridge variety determines whether scour has a beneficial or detrimental effect on the seismic column fragility. In addition, scour may amplify the potential seismic damage of the bridge via transferring damage from the column to the pile foundations, or increasing the probability of deck unseating. Regarding strategies to manage detrimental scour effects, this study finds that increasing the foundation stiffness is effective for reducing the seismic damage of scoured bridges, while increasing the foundation depth only has a minor effect. Also, the foundation type has great impact on the seismic performance of scoured bridges. The findings of this study can be used to guide the seismic design of new bridges or the retrofit of existing bridges in transportation networks along flood-prone regions.
The effect of focused ultrasound on the electrochemical passivity of iron in sulfuric acid

Abstract Focused ultrasound was used to study passivity of pure iron in 2 N H 2 SO 4 . Ultrasonic waves were used to depassivate a passive surface film and influence the subsequent repassivation process. A curved piezo-electric transducer produced high frequency (1.58 MHz) ultrasonic waves which created cavitation at the focal point. Acoustic focal intensities up to 3.4 kW cm −2 were generated. Low frequency (20 kHz) ultrasound was produced with a commercial sonicator equipped with an exponential microhorn. At high focal intensities (above 1.5 kW cm −2 ) a single (100 ms) pulse of ultrasound produced depassivation; at low intensities continuous ultrasonic exposure was required. In all cases, the induced depassivation was followed by precipitation of a metal salt film upon the metal surface before the oxide film formation.
Thermodynamically Constrained Averaging Theory Approach for Heat Transport in Single-Fluid-Phase Porous Medium Systems

The recently developed thermodynamically constrained averaging theory is briefly summarized as a tool for the building of rigorous macroscale models of transport phenomena in complex systems. The specific case of thermal transport in a single-fluid-phase porous medium system is considered. Key results from the application of this theory are used to develop a simplified entropy inequality, which is in turn used to guide the development of closure relations. The decomposition of exchange terms is considered, and closed models for internal energy are derived for the case of nonequilibrium and local thermal equilibrium conditions. Since all variables are expressed in terms of precisely defined averages of microscale quantities, the resultant models can be compared with highly resolved microscale simulations to determine the range of validity of the upscaled models.
Amperometric detection of quantal secretion from patch-clamped rat pancreatic beta-cells.

Serotonin (5-HT) is taken up in insulin granules and co-released with insulin on stimulation of pancreatic islet β-cells. Based on these observations, we have used microcarbon fiber amperometry to examine secretogogue-induced 5-HT release from rat β-cells preloaded for 4-16 h with 5-HT and then exposed to a bath solution containing 10 μM forskolin. In response to local application of KCl (60 mM) or tolbutamide (50-200 μM), we recorded barrages of amperometric events. Each amperometric event consisted of a short pulse of current measurable at electrode voltages that catalyze 5-HT oxidation. With either secretogogue, release was calcium-dependent. On combining amperometry with perforated patch whole-cell recording, we found that barrages of such events were well coupled in time and graded in intensity with depolarization-induced Ca2+ currents and well correlated with increases in membrane capacitance. In cell-attached patch recording, amperometric events evoked by application of tolbutamide followed the closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels and coincided with the onset of electrical activity. These experiments suggest that amperometry is a useful technique for studying, in real time, the dynamic aspects of stimulus-secretion coupling in β-cells. Their performance was facilitated by the design of a new carbon fiber electrode (ProCFE) described within.