cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using the Science of Psychosocial Care to Implement the New American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer Distress Screening Standard

The American College of Surgeons (ACoS) Commission on Cancer (CoC) has advanced a new patient-centered accreditation standard requiring programs to implement psychosocial distress screening and referral for psychosocial care. The field of psychosocial oncology has advocated for routine distress screening as an integral component of quality cancer care since the NCCN Distress Management Panel first recommended this practice in 1999. Accreditation standards have a significant impact on practice patterns and quality of care. The new ACoS CoC Psychosocial Distress Screening Standard provides a unique opportunity to integrate the science of psychosocial care into clinical practice. National organizations, including the American Psychosocial Oncology Society, the Association of Oncology Social Work, the Cancer Support Community, and LIVESTRONG, can offer valuable guidance and resources. This article reviews ACoS CoC requirements, highlighting key research findings and providing practical considerations to guide programs with implementation. Although screening for distress encompasses many domains, this article reviews the evidence linking depression-one aspect of distress-and cancer outcomes to highlight the profound influence psychosocial care delivery can have on promoting medical outcomes and quality cancer survivorship. The authors describe distress screening program accomplishments at Northwestern University, including the electronic administration of NIH Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System computerized adaptive testing item banks. Electronic medical record integration facilitates real-time scoring, interpretation, provider notification, and triage for psychosocial care. Roughly one-third of patients have requested assistance with psychosocial needs. As ACoS CoC programs implement psychosocial distress screening and management, the emerging field of implementation science can guide future clinical program developments and research priorities.
The Laser Interlaminar Reinforcement of Continuous Glass Fiber Composites

The Laser Inter-Laminar Reinforcement of Continuous Glass Fiber Composites Huade Tan (Corresponding Author) Graduate Research Assistant Email: ht2288@columbia.edu Phone: 646-691-0720 Fax: 212-666-2393 Gen Satoh Email: gs2358@columbia.edu Y. Lawrence Yao Email: yly1@columbia.edu Manufacturing Research Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering Columbia University 500 West 120 st Mudd bldg, rm 220 New York, New York, 10027
Perception in International Conflict: An Agent-Based Approach

In this paper, we challenge the notion espoused by Huntington's Clash of Civilizations theory that international conflict arises from circumstances beyond our control. Instead, we propose that the study of human agents, and specifically their intentions and the way they form perceptions, can shed significant light on the problem of conflict escalation, political signaling and effective diplomacy.
Effect of combined metal-carbon additions on the microstructure and structure of Sm2Fe17

The effect of combined alloying additions on the structure and scale of rapidly solidified Sm-Fe alloys was investigated. Transition metal additions tend to promote the formation of the disordered TbCu 7 -type structure inSm 2 Fe 1 7 alloys, as determined by monitoring the long-range order parameter. Essentially no order was observed for M = Ti, Zr, V, or Nb. Thus, the structure was close to the prototypical TbCu 7 -type structure. With M = Si, a large amount of order was observed (S = 0.62), resulting in a structure closer to the well-ordered Th 2 Zn 1 7 -type. The microstructural scale was also affected by alloying. In this case, refinement depended on the substituent and also on carbon for microstructural refinement. The scale of the as-solidified grain structures ranged from 100 nm for SiC-modified alloys to 13 nm for NbC-modified alloys. The degree of refinement was directly related to the atomic size of the M addition. The refinement was the result of solute partitioning to grain boundaries, resulting in a solute drag effect that lowered the growth rates.
Multidetector computed tomography of acute vascular injury in blunt abdominal/pelvic trauma: imaging predictors of treatment

Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) morphologic characteristics of non-aortic acute vascular injuries (AVI) in patients with blunt abdominopelvic trauma that predict treatment.
Benefits of urban landscape eco-volunteerism: Mixed methods segmentation analysis and implications for volunteer retention

Abstract Urban landscape restoration and conservation initiatives are challenged by financial and other constraints. Consequently, these initiatives are increasingly reliant on volunteer stewards. Knowledge of why people volunteer to restore and conserve urban ecosystems can help practitioners enhance volunteering as a social-ecological process that is mutually beneficial to landscapes and people. We included two open-ended questions about why people volunteer and what they perceive as benefits of volunteering, in a survey of volunteers for urban landscape restoration and conservation in Seattle, WA. Thematic and statistical analyses of volunteer motivations showed that volunteers expressed social psychological motivations more frequently than environmental reasons for volunteering. We also found that volunteers are not a monolithic group. There were statistically significant differences in the frequency of expression of volunteer motivations among respondent demographic segments. For example, women expressed the quest for positive emotions, as a motivation to volunteer, more often than men did. We illustrate how understanding volunteers’ motivations, expressed in their own words and from their own points of reference, can enhance voluntary social-ecological processes that mutually benefit people and urban landscapes.
Information as a Quantitative Criterion of Biospheric Evolution

The total structural informational content of the biosphere emerges as a quantitative measure of functional efficiency in processing information, and as an objective criterion of evolutionary progress.
Climatology of Sr-90 in Surface Air: A Simple Model using Diffusion and Scavenging

Abstract The evolution of Sr-90 distribution following an instantaneous stratospheric or tropospheric source in an annulus defined by latitude walls is investigated by means of a very simple model that uses 12 stratospheric and 12 tropospheric annular boxes and which assumes diffusional transport between boxes and wet and dry scavenging from tropospheric boxes. Coefficients for interbox transport are expressed in terms of half-residence times, and these are adjusted to be consistent with reasonable eddy diffusivities and/or variable local stratospheric residence times suggested by previous studies. Precipitation scavenging is proportional to precipitation rate, for which a sinusoidal variation was assumed, with annual mean, amplitude of oscillation and phase all determined by climatology. The spring peak and fall minimum in tropospheric air are obtained at all latitudes. At middle and high latitudes, these extremes result primarily from annual oscillation of mixing downward from the stratosphere, while at...
Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Pathogenetic role of the metabolic syndrome and therapeutic implications.

Abstract Since obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the increasing prevalence and degree of obesity in all developed countries has the potential to significantly offset the current efforts to decrease CVD burden in our population. Obesity is pathogenetically related to several clinical and sub-clinical abnormalities that contribute to the development of atherosclerotic placks and their complication, leading to the onset of cardiovascular events. Obesity seems to interact with inheritable factors in determining the onset of insulin resistance, a metabolic abnormality that is responsible for altered glucose metabolism and predisposition to type 2 diabetes, but that also has a major role in the development of dyslipidemia, hypertension and many other sub-clinical abnormalities that contribute to the atherosclerotic process and onset of cardiovascular events. Inheritable factors seem to modulate the onset of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and various insulin resistance-related sub-clinical abnormalities, often in a clustering pattern that is commonly referred to as the “metabolic syndrome.” Inheritable factors also are involved in the onset of CVD in a given population or individuals with various components of the metabolic syndrome. Intense research is currently undergoing to better understand the molecular mechanisms that could explain the relationship between environmental and inheritable factors that lead from obesity to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular event. The elucidation of these mechanisms will provide improved therapeutic strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in the obese patients. However, effective therapeutic tools that control each of the known pathophysiological steps mediating CVD in obese patients are already available and should be used more aggressively. Patient education and coordinated approach of physicians, nurses and other health care providers in a multidisciplinary treatment of the obese patient is of fundamental importance to reduce CVD burden in our population.
Crime, Confiscation, and Frowth: For and Against Leviathan

This paper presents a dynamic general equilibrium model ofrent seeking in which the payoffs and the choices between productiveand non-productive activity are endogenous. The economy has the potential for endogenous growth, but when agents can choose between confiscation and productive investment, growth is no longer possible.
The CLC-3 N-Terminus Modulates Membrane Trafficking and Transport Activity

ClC Cl-/H+ exchangers are dimeric endosomal proteins. Heterologously expressed ClC-3 localizes almost exclusively to intracellular vesicles, complicating functional analysis, while ClC-5 partly localizes to the plasma membrane (PM) and produces whole-cell ion current. We have used fluorescent fusion proteins, mutagenesis, and electrophysiological analysis to define the N-terminus contribution to ClC-3 and −5 protein localization and functional ion transport. Disruption of a clathrin-binding motif (ClC-313-18A) produced strong ClC-3 PM localization and significant steady-state ion current (ISS). By comparison, an “N-ClC-5/3” chimera, consisting of the ClC-5 N-ter (M1-A46) linked to ClC-3 (M60-C-ter), produced 50% larger ISS despite weaker PM expression. Whole-cell current/pH recordings in BCECF-loaded cells showed that N-ClC-5/3 and ClC-5 Cl-/H+ transport equally supported cytosolic alkalinization (pH increase/ISS) , indicating equivalent coupling. A “fast gate” mutant (E224A) uncoupled N-ClC-5/3 transport and altered current rectification, while a “proton gate” mutant (E281Q) was non-functional. The last arginine (R28) in the cytoplasmic A-Helix of bacterial ClCec1 crystals forms a salt bridge with the proton gate (Accardi et al, J Gen Phys 126, 2005). To test the functional role of this interaction, we mutated the homologous ClC-3 (R48) and ClC-5 (E35) A-Helix residues. ClC-313-18A R48E and N-ClC-5/3 E35R mutations mimicked the functional consequences of N-terminus substitution, but the E35R mutation in ClC-5 did not affect current. To further assess the impact of N-ter modifications, we measured non-linear capacitive currents to determine relative gating charge (Q) and conductance. N-ClC-5/3 and R48E ClC-313-18A displayed an increased Q/ISS ratio compared to wild-type ClC-313-18A. The ability of R48 to impact both ISS and Q suggests an important interaction between the two subunits of the ClC-3, but not ClC-5 dimer. N-ter modification may provide a mechanism by which cytosolic influences can modulate ClC-3 activity.
Keeping the benefits of group cooperation: domain-specific responses to distinct causes of social exclusion

Abstract Some people are especially physically adept, others carry dangerous pathogens, some have valuable and rare knowledge, and still others cheat or deceive those around them. Because of these differences, and the costs and benefits they pose, natural selection has crafted mechanisms of partner choice that are selective: some people are chosen as social partners, others are not. When people are not chosen as partners—when they are socially excluded—they lose access to important fitness benefits. Thus, the mind should have adaptations to recapture these benefits by regaining inclusion. Is there one best way to regain inclusion? This is unlikely because there are multiple causes of exclusion; a single response is unlikely to be successful across all possible causes. Instead, distinct causes of exclusion might require adaptively tailored responses. We test whether there are tailored responses to five possible causes of exclusion from a cooperative group: inability to contribute, pathogen infection, free riding, disrupting group coordination, and exit from the group. Our results show that different causes of exclusion lead to distinct profiles of emotions and behavior. Each emotion and behavior profile is adaptively specialized to reverse or mitigate its specific cause of exclusion. Our research shows how taking an evolutionary view of human sociality can help map the psychology of cooperation and exclusion.
Defining sets as sets of points of spaces

Cantor's definition of a set as "any collection" has come under intense investigation, occasioned by the paradoxes and leading to type theories and comprehension axioms. His requirement that the elements be "well distinguished," on the other hand, has seemed a near banality. Yet in the dominant nineteenth century conception, while the continuum contained points, the continuum was not made up of well distinguished points. Cauchy, Weierstrass, Dedekind, Cantor, and others made tremendous efforts to understand the continuum and
Distribution of radioactivity from topically applied [H3]acetylcholine in relation to seizure.

Abstract A study was performed to determine if topically applied acetylcholine (ACh) could reach infragranular cortical layers by the time epileptiform activity appeared in intact and bilaterally chronically undercut cat cortex. At various times after bilateral application of neostigmine and [H3]ACh, the brain was frozen with liquid nitrogen. The cortex was sectioned parallel to the surface, placed in liquid sicntillation vials, and curves of radioactivity estimated as ACh vs. cortical depth constructed. In 2 min activity is found in white matter with maximum amounts of activity in all layers of the cortex reached in 3 to 5 min, the time when seizure begins when it occurs. It is concluded that topically applied ACh is not restricted to supragranular layers and probably acts throughout the cortical depth to induce seizure. Seizure occurred in nine of 24 foci, eight of which were in chronically undercut preparations. With these bilateral foci, seizure began earlier ( x = 4.8 min ) than seizure from unilateral foci ( x = 8.7 min ). However, no difference in depth distribution was found between seizure and nonseizure foci or between intact and chronically undercut cortex. Therefore, depth distribution alone is not sufficient to explain the seizure propensity of chronically undercut cortex.
Properties of modified silica detected within laser-induced damage sites

Following initiation at absorbing surface flaws, laser-induced damage ((lambda) equals 0.35 micrometers ) on polished fused-silica surfaces continues to grow with subsequent laser pulses. The growth process is believed to be associated with a plasma-induced transformation of the silica to a highly absorbing state. A number of optical spectroscopy techniques have been used to characterize the nature of the laser-modified silica. Increases in the concentration of defect states is suggested by the spectral characteristics of the emission. Photoluminescence spectroscopy detects three characteristic emission peaks within damage sites when illuminated at 355 nm. Two of the peaks are likely due to the well-known non-bridging oxygen hole centers (NBOHC; broken Si-O bonds) and oxygen deficiency centers. The third, and dominant, peak at 565 nm has not been clearly identified, but may be associated with small clusters of Si atoms. Raman spectroscopy suggests densification which is associated with decreases in characteristic ring sizes within the amorphous silica structure. A 3D model for the nature of laser- damage sites in silica is being developed. This model will provide the basis for the development of strategies to slow or stop the rate of damage growth.
Effects of air pollutants on innate immunity: The role of Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–like receptors

Interactions between exposure to ambient air pollutants and respiratory pathogens have been shown to modify respiratory immune responses. Emerging data suggest key roles for Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–like receptor (NLR) signaling in pathogen-induced immune responses. Similarly, immune responses elicited by exposure to air pollutants are mediated by specific TLR- and NLR-dependent mechanisms. This review article will summarize current knowledge about how air pollutants modify TLR- and NLR-dependent signaling and host defense responses in the lung.
Isolation, partial purification, and some properties of protease I from a thermophilic mold Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus

When the thermophilic mold Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus was grown in a modified Czapek Dox medium containing casein the filtrate was found to contain proteolytic activity. The maximum production of activity occurred at 50 ° C in a medium containing 8% casein. The filtrate was subjected to ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Two proteases were separated. No further work was done on protease II. Protease I was further purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G 100–200. It showed a 40-fold purification with a final recovery of approximately 25%. It is a neutral protease with a pH optimum at 7.0. The optimal activity of the enzyme occurred in 0.02 M phosphate buffer but was completely inhibited at a concentration of 0.1 M. The optimum temperature for casein hydrolysis was found to be 55 ° C. The enzyme was inhibited by Hg++ but was greatly stimulated by Cu++ and mercaptoethanol. Metallo and sulfhydryl agents had no significant effect on enzyme activity.
Color in graphic design: an analysis of meaning and trends

Graphic design is visual communication through the selection, arrangement, and presentation of words and images, most often for the printed page which offer the designer almost limitless options for color use. The objective of this project is to identify patterns of color use. Ethnographic content analysis was used to document color use in annual reports represented in two publications, Print and Communication Arts, 1993-2000. The analysis focuses on the selection, combination, and contrast of hues; and their use with achromatic values. An analysis of the entire sample indicates that one-third of the annual reports used a palette that include black, white, and a hue from quadrant one (red to yellow). Nearly one-fifth of the designs used black, white, and colors from quadrants one and three (cyan to blue). The large samples for Technology, Health Sciences, Financial, and Civic organizations follow the first pattern. Food Service, Business products and services, and Transportation industries favor the second pattern.
Benefit of adherence with bisphosphonates depends on age and fracture type: results from an analysis of 101,038 new bisphosphonate users.

The relationship between high adherence to oral bisphosphonates and the risk of different types of fractures has not been well studied among adults of different ages. Using claims data from a large U.S. health care organization, we quantified adherence after initiating bisphosphonate therapy using the medication possession ratio (MPR) and identified fractures. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the rate of fracture among nonadherent persons (MPR < 50%) compared with highly adherent persons (MPR ≥ 80%) across several age strata and a variety of types of clinical fractures. In conjunction with fracture incidence rates among the nonadherent, these estimates were used to compute the number needed to treat with high adherence to prevent one fracture, by age and fracture type. Among 101,038 new bisphosphonate users, the proportion of persons with high adherence at 1, 2, and 3 yr was 44%, 39%, and 35%, respectively. Among 65- to 78-yr-old persons with a physician diagnosis of osteoporosis, the crude and adjusted rate of hip fracture among the nonadherent was 1.96 (95% CI, 1.48–2.60) and 1.74 (95% CI, 1.30–2.31), respectively, resulting in a number needed to treat with high adherence to prevent one hip fracture of 107. The impact of high adherence was substantially less for other types of fractures and for younger persons. Analysis of adherence in a non–time-dependent fashion artifactually magnified differences in fracture rates between adherent and nonadherent persons. The antifracture effectiveness associated with high adherence to oral bisphosphonates varied substantially by age and fracture type. These results provide estimates of absolute fracture effectiveness across age subgroups and fracture types that have been minimally evaluated in clinical trials and may be useful for future cost-effectiveness studies.
Drinks of the Father: Father's Maximum Number of Drinks Consumed Predicts Externalizing Disorders, Substance Use, and Substance Use Disorders in Preadolescent and Adolescent Offspring

Background: The maximum number of drinks consumed in 24 hr seems to be an interesting phenotype related to alcoholism. The goal of the present study was to determine in an epidemiologic sample whether this measure of drinking history in fathers predicted externalizing behavioral disorders, substance use, and substance abuse in preadolescent and adolescent offspring and whether any such associations would be independent of paternal alcohol dependence diagnoses. Methods: Subjects were male and female twins from both age cohorts of the Minnesota Twin Family Study, a population-based longitudinal study, and were approximately 11 or 17 years of age, respectively, upon study enrollment. In both age cohorts, diagnoses of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder served as outcome measures. In addition, measures of lifetime substance use and of the presence of symptoms of substance abuse were derived for the 11-year-old cohort when subjects were approximately 14 years old and diagnoses of substance abuse were derived for the older cohort at age 17. An extension of logistic regression using generalized estimating equations served to assess whether paternal maximum alcohol consumption predicted filial outcome measures. Results: Paternal maximum alcohol consumption was consistently associated with conduct disorder, substance use, and substance abuse or dependence in male and female offspring. These associations were not mediated by a primary effect of paternal alcoholism. Conclusions: Paternal maximum alcohol consumption was uniquely associated with those offspring characteristics most reliably found in adolescent children of alcoholic parents. This phenotype might supplement DSM diagnoses of alcohol dependence to reduce the number of false positives in genetic research.
Assessment of manure phosphorus export through turfgrass sod production in Erath County, Texas

Abstract A best management practice (BMP) for exporting manure phosphorus (P) in turfgrass sod from the North Bosque River (NBR) watershed in central Texas was assessed using a geographic information system (GIS). The NBR watershed has a mandate to reduce the total annual P load to the NBR by 50% as a result of total maximum daily load regulation. Since dairy waste applications to fields are identified as the major nonpoint source of P to the river, innovative BMPs, such as export of manure P in turfgrass, will be needed to achieve the 50% reduction. However, methods are needed to evaluate the feasibility of these innovative management practices prior to their implementation. A geospatial database of suitable turfgrass production sites was developed for Erath County using GIS. Erath County largely encompasses the upper portion of the NBR watershed. Information from field experiments, production practices, and ground-truthing was used to search, analyze, and verify a geospatial database developed from national and regional sources. The integration and analyses of large databases supports the search by turf producers for sites suitable for turfgrass sod production in Erath County. In addition, GIS enables researchers and regulators to estimate manure P exports and reduced P loading due to implementation of the manure export BMP on a county scale. Under optimal conditions 198,000 kg manure P yr −1 could be used and 114,840 kg manure P yr −1 exported from the NBR watershed through implementation of a system using dairy manure to produce turfgrass sod. This is the equivalent of the manure P applied from 10,032 dairy cows yr −1 and exported from 5808 dairy cows yr −1 . Application of GIS to large-scale planning and decision-making transcends traditional field-scale applications in precision agriculture.
Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of response inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been hypothesized to involve inhibitory control dysfunction related to abnormal frontal-striatal-thalamic-cortical (FSTC) circuitry. Methods We examined the neural substrates of response inhibition in adults with OCD using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a go/no-go task. Participants consisted of 12 adults with OCD and 14 healthy comparison subjects. Results During response inhibition, healthy adults showed predominantly right-hemisphere activation including the right inferior frontal gyrus, whereas the patient group showed a more diffuse, bilateral pattern of activation. Furthermore, the OCD group demonstrated less activation than the comparison group in several right-hemisphere regions during response inhibition, including inferior and medial frontal gyri. Symptom severity was inversely correlated with activation in right orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate gyri and positively correlated with thalamic and posterior cortical activations. Neither depressed mood nor medication status could account for the results. Conclusions These findings indicate that adults with OCD demonstrate underactivation of FSTC circuitry during response inhibition. Results suggest that the thalamus and related circuitry may play a role in the expression or intensity of OCD symptoms, whereas right frontal subregions may be involved in the suppression of symptoms.
New Technology and Techniques in the Treatment of Foot and Ankle Injuries

The advancement of new technologies in the treatment of foot and ankle injuries seems exponential over the last several years. As surgeons expand their knowledge of the pathology and improve their treatment techniques, they come upon new and different ways to treat the same pathologic conditions. Foot and ankle injuries are commonplace in competitive sports. This article provides an overview of the diagnosis and treatment, including surgical techniques, of common foot and ankle injuries.
Women’s social networks and birth attendant decisions: Application of the Network-Episode Model

Abstract This paper examines the association of women’s social networks with the use of skilled birth attendants in uncomplicated pregnancy and childbirth in Matlab, Bangladesh. The Network-Episode Model was applied to determine if network structure variables (density/kinship homogeneity/strength of ties) together with network content (endorsement for or against a particular type of birth attendant) explain the type of birth attendant used by women above and beyond the variance explained by women’s individual attributes. Data were collected by interviewing a representative sample of 246 women, 18–45 years of age, using survey and social network methods between October and December 2008. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations. Results suggest that the structural properties of networks did not add to explanatory value but instead network content or the perceived advice of network members add significantly to the explanation of variation in service use. Testing aggregate network variables at the individual level extends the ability of the individual profile matrix to explain outcomes. Community health education and mobilization interventions attempting to increase demand for skilled attendants need to reflect the centrality of kinship networks to women in Bangladesh and the likelihood of women to heed the advice of their network of advisors with regard to place of birth.
Repair of a Critical-sized Calvarial Defect Model Using Adipose-derived Stromal Cells Harvested from Lipoaspirate

Craniofacial skeletal repair and regeneration offers the promise of de novo tissue formation through a cell-based approach utilizing stem cells. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) have proven to be an abundant source of multipotent stem cells capable of undergoing osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic differentiation. Many studies have explored the osteogenic potential of these cells in vivo with the use of various scaffolding biomaterials for cellular delivery. It has been demonstrated that by utilizing an osteoconductive, hydroxyapatite-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (HA-PLGA) scaffold seeded with ASCs, a critical-sized calvarial defect, a defect that is defined by its inability to undergo spontaneous healing over the lifetime of the animal, can be effectively show robust osseous regeneration. This in vivo model demonstrates the basis of translational approaches aimed to regenerate the bone tissue - the cellular component and biological matrix. This method serves as a model for the ultimate clinical application of a progenitor cell towards the repair of a specific tissue defect.
Defective Glycolysis and Calcium Signaling Underlie Impaired Insulin Secretion in a Transgenic Mouse

Pancreatic beta cells from mice that overexpress the Ca(2+)-binding protein calmodulin have a unique secretory defect that leads to chronic hyperglycemia. To further understand the molecular basis underlying this defect, we have studied signaling pathways in these beta cells. Measurements of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) using fura-2 or indo-1 revealed a markedly reduced response when glucose was the stimulant. However, eliciting membrane depolarization with 50 mM K+ or the addition of the ATP-sensitive K+ (K+ ATP) channel antagonist tolbutamide restored [Ca2+]i transients to near normal levels. Electrophysiological analysis of the beta cell ion channels revealed that Ca2+ currents, delayed rectifier K+ currents, and K+ATP channel currents were similar in transgenic and nontransgenic cells, suggesting that these ion channels were able to function normally. However, whereas K+ATP channel currents in control cells were reduced by 50% by the presence of high glucose, those in transgenic cells were unaltered. Addition of tolbutamide inhibited this channel and enhanced the secretion of insulin in response to glucose for both control and transgenic cells. As these observations implicated a metabolic defect, glucose utilization, which is an indicator of glucose metabolism and ATP production in beta cells, was measured and found to be reduced by 40% in the transgenic cells. These data support the contention that excessive levels of calmodulin may compromise the ability of the beta cell to metabolize glucose and to modulate the state of the K+ATP channel, resulting in an inadequate control of the membrane potential, which collectively impair [Ca2+]i and thus insulin secretion in response to glucose.
Development and evaluation of hybrid seat cushions for helicopter aircrew vibration mitigation

This article investigates the use of novel energy-absorbing materials to reduce vibration transmitted through helicopter pilot seat cushions. A type of engineered material known as the hybrid air cushioning system was integrated into the design of helicopter seat cushions in addition to conventional foam materials. The prototype seat cushions were preliminarily evaluated as the bottom seat cushion on a Bell-412 nonarmored pilot seat through mechanical shaker tests. The promising cushion designs were further evaluated on a Bell-412 helicopter through extensive flight tests. The pilot whole-body vibration levels were assessed in accordance with ISO 2631-1:1997 standard. The flight test results demonstrated that the prototype cushions were able to reduce significantly the pilot whole-body vibration. Therefore, the integration of hybrid air cushioning system with Bell-412 seat cushion can serve as a low-cost solution to mitigate the vibration levels transmitted to helicopter pilots.
Estimating Infestation Rates of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Through Sequential Sampling

Sequential sampling to estimate proportion from a binomially distributed population was used to estimate apparent and actual infestation rates of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), on loblolly, Pinus taeda , and shortleaf pine, P. echinata. Populations of R. frustrana , as measured by infested tips, increased from the overwintering generation through the second generation (July), then decreased rapidly for P. echinata. Populations of R. frustrana continued to increase through the season in P. taeda. Tip moth infestations were concentrated in the top one-half of the tree.
Dirac quantization of pi rho omega solitons.

The local U(1${)}_{\mathrm{Y}}$\ensuremath{\bigotimes}SU(2${)}_{\mathrm{V}}$ version of the Skyrme model with minimal breaking is quantized using Dirac's method. After removing the spurious spin-isospin zero modes from the meson spectrum, a pertinent meson-nucleon Hamiltonian is constructed. In the strong \ensuremath{\omega}-coupling limit the semiclassical results for the nucleon and \ensuremath{\Delta} isobar are recovered. The nonperturbative mesonic content of the nucleon is discussed. The concept of vector dominance is used to justify the local vector approach.
Differential conditioning as a function of cue presentation and S+ extinction

Two groups of rats received differential instrumental conditioning trials in a two-phase experiment. One group received discriminative S+/S- cues prior to making the instrumental response. Such cues were presented to the second group upon inception of the response. During Phase 1 large or small reward was present on all trials. During Phase 2 (S+ extinction) reward was present only in the S- (small reward) alternative. The results are seen as supportive of a frustration or inhibition interpretation. Discrepancies between the present and previous data are discussed.
Thyroid activity following administration of morphine in rats with hypothalamic lesions.

Abstract The inhibitory effect of morphine on pituitary-thyroid activity in the rat is abolished by bilateral electrolytic lesions involving the region of the medial mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus whereas rostral hypothalamic lesions do not alter the response to morphine. It is suggested that the action of morphine may be due to activation of areas inhibiting the release of TSH from the pituitary gland.
Concurrent Maintenance of Binary Search Trees

The problem of providing efficient concurrent access for independent processes to a dynamic search structure is the topic of this paper. We develop concurrent algorithms for search, update, insert, and delete in a simple variation of binary search trees, called external trees. The algorithm for deletion, which is usually the most difficult operation, is relatively easy in this data structure. The advantages of the data structure and the algorithms are that they are simple, flexible, and efficient, so that they can be used as a part in the design of more complicated concurrent algorithms where maintaining a dynamic search structure is necessary. In order to increase the efficiency of the algorithms we introduce maintenance processes that independently reorganize the data structure and relieve the user processes of nonurgent operations. We also discuss questions of transactions in a dynamic environment and replicated copies of the data structure.
Behavioral Response Rates in Pigeons: Effect of α-Methyl-m-tyrosine

An intramuscular injection of α-methyl-m-tyrosine ( 100 mg/ kg), which differentially depletes serotonin and norepinephrine in both brain and heart, was given to two groups of pigeons trained to peck at a key for food. The first group received an injection 12 hours before the daily session and showed no behavioral effect. Response rates of birds in the second group, which were injected 30 minutes after the start of the daily session, decreased and returned to normal within 9 hours after injection. Preliminary data on brain serotonin of pigeons indicate that the disruption of the behavior follows the same time course as the change in serotonin.
Super-Cycles of Commodity Prices Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century

Summary Decomposition of real commodity prices suggests four super cycles during 1865–2010 ranging between 30 and 40 years with amplitudes 20–40% higher or lower than the long-run trend. Non-oil price super-cycles follow world GDP, indicating they are essentially demand-determined; causality runs in the opposite direction for oil prices. The mean of each super-cycle of non-oil commodities is generally lower than for the previous cycle, supporting the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis. Tropical agriculture experienced the strongest and steepest long-term downward trend through the twentieth century, followed by non-tropical agriculture and metals, while real oil prices experienced a long-term upward trend, interrupted temporarily during the twentieth century.
Feeding Value of Singed Walkingstick Cholla

Walkingstick cholla cactus (Opuntia imbricata [Haw.] DC) has been used in New Mexico as an emergency feed during drought for more than 100 years. Most reports present only the chemical composition of walkingstick cholla, and limited data exist regarding its feeding value. Three wethers (avg wt 65 6 7 kg) were fed a basal diet of mature blue grama hay (Bouteloua gracilis [HBK] Lag. ex Steud., 9.0% crude protein [CP] and 69.0% neutral detergent fiber [NDF], organic matter [OM] basis) in a replicated 3 3 3 Latin square to determine digestibility of singed walkingstick cholla and to measure nitrogen balance. Treatments consisted of 0%, 15%, and 20% walkingstick cholla in the diet on a dry matter (DM) basis. Walkingstick cholla contained 20.3% DM, 79.6% OM, 36.4% NDF, and 9.0% CP (OM basis). Walkingstick cholla clippings, consisting of green, nonwoody cladodes, were harvested in September. Cactus was singed with a propane torch until no spines remained, chopped, and added to the diet each day. Walkingstick cholla and hay were sampled daily and compiled by period. Total fecal and urine collections were subsampled and frozen for later analysis. Feed and fecal samples were analyzed for DM, OM, NDF, and nitrogen (N); urine samples were analyzed for N. Nutrient digestibilities and N-retention values were calculated. Walkingstick cholla digestibilities were determined by difference. Mean walkingstick cholla DM, OM, NDF, and CP digestibilities averaged 32.6%, 44.3%, 27.9% and 67.6%, respectively. Diet OM and CP digestibilities were similar for all treatments. Diet DM digestibility tended (P ¼ 0.08) to decrease linearly with increasing dietary walkingstick cholla. As walkingstick cholla increased in the diet, NDF digestibility decreased linearly (P ¼ 0.04). Because of its poor feeding value and low DM content, use of walkingstick cholla as an emergency feed should be carefully considered.
Osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the pancreas maskerading as chronic pancreatitis and pseudocyst

Osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the pancreas maskerading as chronic pancreatitis and pseudocyst
Effects of aldosterone on Na+ transport in the toad bladder. II. The anaerobic response.

The action of aldosterone on active Na+ transport was assessed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the isolated urinary bladder of the toad, BUfo marinus. Aldesterone augmented the short-circuit current (Isc) under rigorous anaerobiosis. Four lines of evidence indicate that the increase in anaerobic Isc does not represent an equivalent increase in active Na+ transport: 1. Net Na+ transport, determined by isotopic fluxes, was the same in the aldosterone-treated and control quarter-bladders, and significantly greater than the simultaneously measured Isc. 2. Amiloride, an inhibitor of the apiral entry of Na+, did not reduce the steroid-dependent increase in the anaerobic Isc. 3. Substitution of choline for Na+ in the mucosal medium reduced the magnitude of the anaerobic Isc values did not eliminate the effect of aldosterone. 4. Addition of ouabain, a potent inhibitor of the Na+ pump, partially inhibited the effect of aldosterone on the anerobic Isc but a significant hormonal increment remained. The source of the anaerobic Isc was not identified; an effort was made, however, to determine the dependence of this current on glycolysis. During anaerobics, aldosterone increased the integral Isc by 42% but did not alter lactate production. These results suggest that the steroid-dependent increase in the anaerobic Isc may involve effects on permeability properties of the epithelium rather than on active tranport systems.
The relationship of obsessive–compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study

Abstract Background: The familial relationship between obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and “obsessive–compulsive spectrum” disorders is unclear. This study investigates the relationship of OCD to somatoform disorders (body dysmorphic disorder [BDD] and hypochondriasis), eating disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa), pathologic “grooming” conditions (e.g., nail biting, skin picking, trichotillomania), and other impulse control disorders (e.g., kleptomania, pathologic gambling, pyromania) using blinded family study methodology. Methods: Eighty case and 73 control probands, as well as 343 case and 300 control first-degree relatives, were examined by psychiatrists or Ph.D. psychologists using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Lifetime Anxiety version. Two experienced psychiatrists independently reviewed all diagnostic information and made final consensus diagnoses using DSM-IV criteria. Results: Body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, any eating disorder, and any grooming condition occurred more frequently in case probands. In addition, BDD, either somatoform disorder, and any grooming condition occurred more frequently in case relatives, whether or not case probands also had the same diagnosis. Conclusions: These findings indicate that certain somatoform and pathologic grooming conditions are part of the familial OCD spectrum. Though other “spectrum” conditions may resemble OCD, they do not appear to be important parts of the familial spectrum.
Further studies of martensitic transformations in gold-copper-zinc and copper-aluminium-nickel alloys

Abstract The β′ → θ and β 1 → γ ′ transformations, which appear to occur thermoelastically in an alloy of gold containing 20.7 wt. % copper and 30.9 wt. % zinc and an alloy of copper containing 14.5 wt. % aluminium and 3.0 wt. % nickel, respectively, have been the subject of further study. The parent and product structures have been re-examined for both alloys and precision lattice parameter measurements have been made for both parent structures. Both transformations convert an ordered beta structure of space group Fm3m to an ordered orthorhombic structure of space group P2mm. It appears that the major distortion occurring during each transformation is a displacement of alternate (110) planes in the beta phase in the [110] direction with respect to interleaving planes. The magnitude of this displacement has been determined in the case of each transformation and similarities to analogous transformations in other materials are discussed.
Hydraulic jumps at boundaries in rotating fluids

We consider three-dimensional hydraulic jumps (shocks) propagating along boundaries in rotating fluids. This study is motivated by earlier work (Fedorov & Melville 1995), which dealt with the evolution to breaking of nonlinear Kelvin waves. We obtain the jump relations and derive an evolution equation for the jump as it propagates along the boundary. It is shown that after some initial adjustment the Kelvin-type jump assumes a permanent form and propagates with a constant velocity along the boundary or the coast. At some distance offshore the jump becomes oblique to the coastline, and the final shape of the jump and its speed depend only on the jump strength. The jump gives rise to a moderate mass transport offshore. The potential vorticity remains almost constant across the jump. The energy loss in the jump is proportional to the third power of the jump amplitude, which is similar to classical two-dimensional hydraulic jumps in non-rotating fluids. Jump properties are discussed for both weak and strong nonlinearity, and the role of a boundary layer region behind the leading edge of the jump is considered.
Genomic Regions Associated with Amino Acid Composition in Soybean

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the single largest source of protein in animal feed. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate genomic regions controlling amino acid composition in soybean. It is important to study the genetics of amino acid composition to achieve improvements through breeding. The objectives of this study were to determine the ratios between essential to non-essential (E:NE) and essential to total (E:T) amino acids, and to identify genomic regions controlling essential and non-essential amino acid composition in soybean seed. To achieve these objectives, 101 F6-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) developed from a cross of N87-984-16 × TN93-99 were used. Ground soybean seed samples were analyzed for amino acids using a near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument. A significant (p < 0.01) difference among the RIL was found for amino acid composition. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis ranged from 0.13 for His to 0.67 for Tyr. A total of 94 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular genetic markers were screened in DNA from progenies. Single factor ANOVA was used to identify candidate quantitative trait loci (QTL), which were then confirmed by QTL Cartographer. At least one QTL for each amino acid was detected in this population. QTL linked to molecular markers Satt143, Satt168, Satt203, Satt274 and Satt495 were associated with most of the amino acids. Phenotypic variation explained by an individual QTL ranged from 9.4 to 45.3%. QTL detected for amino acids in soybean in this experiment are expected to be useful for future breeding programs targeting development of improved soybean amino acid composition for human and animal nutrition.