cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of package air-conditioning equipment

Publisher Summary This chapter proposes a model for package airconditioning equipment that predicts the full load performance for different operating conditions. The model is based on semimechanistic component models that are interconnected to form the system model. The semi-empirical model for the compressor contains certain parameters that are obtained in a fitting process to performance data. The model is applicable to both reciprocating and scroll compressors. Compressor performance is predicted to within 5% of manufacturer's catalog data. The condenser and evaporator are modeled using the effectiveness-NTU method. Each heat exchanger model contains the characteristic parameters obtained by fitting the model to system data. The condenser model predicts the performance within 3.9% and that for the evaporator model is within 1.8%. Fitting the characteristic parameters with only a portion of the catalog data set allows an accurate prediction over the entire range of catalog data. Data points that are combinations of high and low values for each of the operating point parameters, such as flow rate and temperatures produce a good fit. The ability of the model to predict performance is evaluated using data for three package units. The overall prediction of performance is within 3.3% over the entire operating range.
A NEW MACHINE LEARNING METHOD INSPIRED BY HUMAN LEARNING

Abstract When people learn new tasks, they are slow and meticulous in the beginning but speed up the operations as they gain experience and skills. In this paper, we will explore a new approach to learning, inspired by this human learning behavior. The new method termed “Progressive Learning” uses scheduled excitation inputs that allow the system to learn quasi-static, slow modes in the beginning, followed by the learning of faster modes. This new method is presented in the context of high speed robotic assembly, where an impedance control law is learned with this excitation scheduling method. Extensive simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. A detailed analysis of the mechanism of progressive learning is also provided and verified through simulation.
Abstract 191: Divergent Short-Term Post-Stroke Outcomes for African Americans Post-Stroke: Lower Mortality, but Greater Disability

Background: African Americans (AAs) have more post-stroke disability than non-Hispanic whites (NHWs). Little is known about when this difference emerges. We explored whether this difference exists ...
Who mentors whom

This brief write-up describes my personal take on the mentor-mentee relationship as I have lived it while a professor at Berkeley. Ultimately, it is just a shout out to those who passed through my lab and shared with me their early scientific experiences.
Analysis and Optical Modeling of Individual Heterogeneous Asian Dust Particles Collected at Mauna Loa Observatory.

We have determined optical properties of heterogeneous particles from aerosol samples collected at Hawaii's Mauna Loa Observatory. Back trajectories, satellite imagery, and composition differences among particles from scanning electron microscopy revealed a subset of particles with dolomite or calcite that likely came from Asia. Using focused ion-beam tomography and the discrete dipole approximation, we show how small amounts of an iron phase (oxide or carbonate), or in one case soot, affected extinction and scattering compared with particles of neat dolomite or calcite. We show how particles exhibit a range scattering values due to varying orientations of the inclusion phases. Extinction efficiencies for the heterogeneous particles with dolomite (3.47) and calcite (3.36) were 19% to 21% lower than extinction for marine background air particles (3.72). Extinction for the Asian dust was, however, generally higher than for the neat particles. Compared to iron carbonate, the presence of an absorbing iron oxide affected scattering in Asian dust particles even at the low oxide concentrations studied here (0.6% to 8.1%). Scattering efficiency decreased by <1% with a 1% increase in hematite but by 2% to 5% with magnetite. Asian dust scattered light strongly forward, but backscattering was 56% larger than for the marine background air particles. Backscattering in the Asian dust was also larger with magnetite than hematite. Single scattering albedo for Asian dust with hematite, magnetite, or soot averaged 0.96 ± 0.06 (x¯±s,n=19) but was as low as 0.72 with a magnetite mass of 5.8%.
Performance of Micro Mercury Trapped Ion Clock

Trapped mercury ion is a promising candidate for portable and operational atomic clocks. It operates at the 40.5GHz ground state hyperfine transition of199Hg ions. Mercury ions are confined in a linear RF trap, buffer-gas cooled, with a long ion storage lifetime in an ultra-high vacuum enclosure without an active pump. The clock transition is optically-pumped and detected with a Hg discharge lamp without need of a laser light source. This approach has proven to provide simplicity in design and implementation and robustness in operation. In this paper, we report our recently effort on developing a micro and low-power mercury trapped ion clock in the DARPA ACES program. In a 5 mm x 10 mm linear trap (0.25 cc), we have achieved the clock fractional frequency stability of $\mathbf {1}. \mathbf {7} \times \mathbf{10} ^{-{12}} {\tau } ^{- \mathbf {1}/\mathbf {2}}$ and reached down to $\mathbf {7} \times \mathbf{10} ^{- \mathbf{14}}$ after 1000 seconds of averaging. We will discuss the clock performance under different conditions and implications toward a micro mercury trapped ion clock with low power and high stability.
Effect of nicotine lozenge use prior to smoking cue presentation on craving and withdrawal symptom severity

Abstract Background Smokers are often advised to use nicotine lozenge after cravings or withdrawal symptoms are present, which may be too late to prevent lapses. This study assesses if lozenge use prior to smoking cue exposure attenuates cue-induced increases in symptom severity. Methods In this randomized, cross-over study, participants completed three laboratory sessions at which they proceeded through 4 “rooms” in a virtual reality environment. The first and last “rooms” contained neutral cues and the others contained smoking cues. At one session, a 4 mg nicotine lozenge was not given until after cue exposure (to approximate current use: i.e., after craving and withdrawal symptoms occur). At the other two sessions either a nicotine or placebo lozenge was used 15 min before cue exposure procedures. Craving and withdrawal symptoms were measured throughout each laboratory session. Results Of 58 participants randomized; 40 completed all 3 labs. Absolute levels of craving and withdrawal symptom severity during cue exposure were lower when placebo or active lozenge was used prior to cue presentation procedures vs. no treatment until after cue presentation procedures (all p-values Conclusions Lozenge use prior to cue exposure may minimize cue induced symptom severity but when taken 15 min prior to cues the decrease is not different than placebo. Research is needed to determine if another time-frame relative to cue exposure would be more effective.
Mixed mode fracture in power law hardening materials for plane stress

Abstract The classic nonlinear fracture problem of a fully yielded, mixed mode stationary crack in a power law hardening material for conditions of plane stress under small-scale yielding is reconsidered. It has been determined that two different asymptotic solutions are required to represent the full range of mixed mode loading. Neither asymptotic solution has the double root of the linear elastic counterpart, i.e., the nonlinear plane stress problem does not have a mixed mode asymptotic solution. The mode II dominant asymptotic solution consists of two terms. The leading term is the pure mode II HRR term, while the second term is symmetric with an eigenvalue slightly weaker than the HRR eigenvalue. This two-term solution applies to a relatively large range of mixed mode loading. The mode I dominant asymptotic solution also consists of a symmetric and an antisymmetric term with different eigenvalues, and has a limited range of applicability near mode I. The pure mode I HRR term is the symmetric term. Contrary to expected behavior based on energy considerations and experience with higher order solutions, the antisymmetric term has an eigenvalue that is stronger than the HRR eigenvalue. This antisymmetric asymptotic solution, which cannot exist without the presence of the mode I HRR term, depends on two small parameters: the distance from the crack tip, r, and the ratio of mode II to mode I loading, K2/K1. The interpretation is that this two-term asymptotic solution exists for small r in the limit as K2/K1 approaches zero. An unusual feature of the second term is that it does not exist in the limit as r approaches zero, and therefore from a mathematical point of view this term does not cause the J-integral to be infinite. The asymptotic results are confirmed with full-field finite element analysis by using the J2 deformation theory of plasticity using a computational domain that covers eleven decades of radial detail. This validates the asymptotic solutions and shows that a two-parameter fracture theory can be used very near mode I and near mode II. The transition from one asymptotic solution to the other, which is demonstrated to occur near mode I, gives rise to a loss of dominance of these two-term asymptotic solutions. The hardening exponent, “n”, plays an important role in the ranges of validity of the two asymptotic solutions. Finally, the asymptotic solutions are shown to agree with solutions from the non-hardening limit, and the comparisons are consistent with those of the full-field results.
Editorial: Time to Rock the Boat: A Call for Developmental Psychopathology Approaches to Diagnostic Nosology

The publication of DSM-5 came with a number of significant advances, including shifts in disorder classifications and a new focus on dimensional assessment.1 It also introduced disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), which was met with some criticism and concern. Although there was research to support the establishment of this new diagnosis aimed at improving classification of children and adolescents with persistent and impairing irritability,2 specific symptoms and definitions of frequency and impairment were not as empirically supported, and concerns arose regarding validity and reliability.3 The introduction of new diagnoses is a complex endeavor, particularly for disorders affecting children and adolescents, which require consideration of the immense neural, cognitive, and emotional changes occurring during this developmental period. Rigorous approaches grounded in developmental psychopathology are needed to establish a meaningful and clinically useful set of symptoms and associated characteristics. This is the approach that Wiggins et al.4 take to address the applicability of the DMDD diagnosis for children below the age of 6 years. Although this minimum age was included in DSM-5 to prevent unwarranted labeling of young children for whom temper outbursts are common,5 it fails to consider growing evidence of impairing irritability in preschoolers and limits identification of children who would benefit from early interventions. In response to this, these authors take a comprehensive bottom-up approach to empirically identify symptoms and to define limits of clinical severity, tailored specifically to preschool-aged children. As such, this study serves as a model of how to develop and to refine the diagnostic nosology of child psychiatric disorders.
Comparison of peri-procedural anticoagulation with rivaroxaban and apixaban during radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation.

Abstract Introduction Prospective studies on rivaroxaban and apixaban have shown the safety and efficacy of direct anticoagulation agents (DOAC)s used peri-procedurally during radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of atrial fibrillation (AF). Studies comparing the two agents have not been performed. Methods Consecutive patients from a prospective registry who underwent RFA of AF between April 2012 and March 2015 and were on apixaban or rivaroxaban were studied. Clinical variables and outcomes were noted. Results There were a total of 358 patients (n = 56 on apixaban and n = 302 on rivaroxaban). There were no differences in baseline characteristics between both groups. The last dose of rivaroxaban was administered the night before the procedure in 96% of patients. In patients on apixaban, 48% of patients whose procedure was in the afternoon took the medication on the morning of the procedure. TIA/CVA occurred in 2 patients (0.6%) in rivaroxaban group with none in apixaban group (p = 0.4). There was no difference in the rate of pericardial effusion between apixaban and rivaroxaban groups [1.7% vs 0.6% (p = 0.4)]. Five percent of patients in both groups had groin complications (p = 0.9). In apixaban group, all groin complications were small hematomas except one patient who had a pseudoaneurysm (1.6%). One pseudo-aneurysm, 1 fistula and 3 large hematomas were noted in patients on rivaroxaban (1.7%) with the rest being small hematomas. DOACs were restarted post procedure typically 4 h post hemostasis. Conclusions Peri-procedural uninterrupted use of apixaban and rivaroxaban during AF RFA is safe and there are no major differences between both groups.
FOLFOX Therapy Induces Feedback Upregulation of CD44v6 through YB-1 to Maintain Stemness in Colon Initiating Cells.

Cancer initiating cells (CICs) drive tumor formation and drug-resistance, but how they develop drug-resistance characteristics is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that chemotherapeutic agent FOLFOX, commonly used for drug-resistant/metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, induces overexpression of CD44v6, MDR1, and oncogenic transcription/translation factor Y-box-binding protein-1 (YB-1). Our study revealed that CD44v6, a receptor for hyaluronan, increased the YB-1 expression through PGE2/EP1-mTOR pathway. Deleting CD44v6, and YB-1 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system attenuates the in vitro and in vivo tumor growth of CICs from FOLFOX resistant cells. The results of DNA:CD44v6 immunoprecipitated complexes by ChIP (chromatin-immunoprecipitation) assay showed that CD44v6 maintained the stemness traits by promoting several antiapoptotic and stemness genes, including cyclin-D1,BCL2,FZD1,GINS-1, and MMP9. Further, computer-based analysis of the clones obtained from the DNA:CD44v6 complex revealed the presence of various consensus binding sites for core stemness-associated transcription factors “CTOS” (c-Myc, TWIST1, OCT4, and SOX2). Simultaneous expressions of CD44v6 and CTOS in CD44v6 knockout CICs reverted differentiated CD44v6-knockout CICs into CICs. Finally, this study for the first time describes a positive feedback loop that couples YB-1 induction and CD44 alternative splicing to sustain the MDR1 and CD44v6 expressions, and CD44v6 is required for the reversion of differentiated tumor cells into CICs.
Mediators of Gender Wage Disparity in MFT Academia

Research on gender wage disparity in MFT academia finds women are consistently paid less than men faculty members. This study expands on previous research by testing if peer-reviewed publications a...
Self-reflexive cognitive bias

Cognitive scientists claim to have discovered a large number of cognitive biases, which have a tendency to mislead reasoners. Might cognitive scientists themselves be subject to the very biases they purport to discover? And how should this alter the way they evaluate their research as evidence for the existence of these biases? In this paper, we posit a new paradox (the ‘Self-Reflexive Bias Paradox’), which bears a striking resemblance to some classical logical paradoxes. Suppose that research R appears to be good evidence for the existence of bias B, but if B exists, then R would have been subject to B. Thus, it seems sensible for the researcher to reject R as good evidence for the existence of B. However, rejecting R for this reason admits the existence of B. We examine four putative cognitive biases and criticisms of them, each of which seem to be subject to self-reflexivity. In two cases, we argue, paradox is avoidable. In the remaining two, we cannot find a way to avoid the paradox, which poses a practical obstacle to scientific inquiry and results in an intriguing theoretical quandary.
Structural effect on phonon attenuation in metallic liquids and glasses.

The attenuation rate of vibrational excitations in various metallic liquids and glasses has been reported to change from the quadratic dependence on wavevector at low wavevectors to the linear dependence at high wavevectors. However, the origin of this behavior is not clear. Here, the analysis of this phenomenon through molecular dynamics is presented for prototypical metallic liquids, Cu56Zr44 and Fe. It is shown that the crossover wavevector is strongly correlated with the structural coherence length characterizing coarse-grained density correlations. We suggest that the linear dependence is caused by scattering of vibrational excitations by structural activation processes with low activation energies which are distinctively observed in metallic systems.
Phosphorus In The Blood And Urine: A Study Of The Excretion And Retention Of Phosphorus In A Normal Subject And In Patients With Renal Disease

Excerpt The role of inorganic chemical compounds in the physiologic processes of man remains elusive. This paper is the report of studies on the significance of inorganic compounds of phosphorus as...
How Bad Can a Government Be? Neighborhood Constraints and the Quality of National Governments

Poorly governed (e.g., repressive) countries tend to be located near other poorly governed countries, and well governed countries near other well governed countries. The previous literature, by identifying country characteristics (e.g., ethnic fractionalization) that may influence government quality, provides one potential explanation: Neighboring countries tend to be similar with respect to those characteristics. In this paper, we provide a different, though complementary, explanation: The ability of a ruler to implement policy that displeases the country's populace is constrained by opportunities for residents to relocate to other countries nearby. To generate testable predictions about the effects of such "neighborhood constraints" on government quality, we develop a simple theoretical model. We test the model's predictions using cross-sectional and panel data, controlling for other determinants of government quality. The empirical results support the model's predictions.
Computer-Based Medical Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the revolution that is being brought about in medicine because of the technological developments related to the merger of the computer and communications, that is, information age medicine. The related systems are called computer-based medical systems (CBMS). Computers are now used in hospitals to track patients, to process and disseminate test results, to ensure that the appropriate medication is used, to apply for insurance reimbursement, and to record patient outcomes as a quality-of-care metric. The chapter describes the ethical and legal issues related to the use of computer software and hardware in patient care. It discusses issues that are a direct consequence of the use of computers and automation in medicine. This is followed by a discussion of the ways in which computers are becoming a part of clinical practice. A general overview of applications of artificial intelligence in computer-based medical systems is given.
An efficient computer program for the exact analysis of class E amplifier

A Laplace technique is used to analyze the most general class E amplifier: that with finite DC-feed inductance and finite output network Q. The analysis is implemented with a computer program using PC-MATLAB software. A listing of the program is provided. >
Molecular-scale features that govern the effects of O-glycosylation on a carbohydrate-binding module

Protein glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification in all kingdoms of life. Despite its importance in molecular and cellular biology, the molecular-level ramifications of O-glycosylation on biomolecular structure and function remain elusive. Here, we took a small model glycoprotein and changed the glycan structure and size, amino acid residues near the glycosylation site, and glycosidic linkage while monitoring any corresponding changes to physical stability and cellulose binding affinity. The results of this study reveal the collective importance of all the studied features in controlling the most pronounced effects of O-glycosylation in this system. Going forward, this study suggests the possibility of designing proteins with multiple improved properties by simultaneously varying the structures of O-glycans and amino acids local to the glycosylation site.
Clinical Supervision and the Use of a Three-Tiered Hierarchical Approach to Evaluate Student Clinician Performance

Effective university clinical supervision requires the clinical instructor to modify supervisory style based on the student clinician's skill level, experience, and learning style. In addition, cli...
Outcomes of isolated basilar skull fracture: readmission, meningitis, and cerebrospinal fluid leak.

ObjectiveTo determine rates of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, meningitis, and readmission in pediatric and adult patients with isolated basilar skull fracture.Study DesignCross-sectional analysis of a statewide database.SubjectsPatients with isolated basilar skull fracture (1995-2010).MethodsPatients were identified within the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database using ICD-9 diagnosis codes.ResultsA total of 3563 pediatric and 10,761 adult patients met inclusion criteria. In-hospital rates of meningitis (0.48% and 0.64%, P = .3360) and CSF leak (2.33% and 1.75%, P = .0270) were similar among children and adults, respectively. Rates of 90-day meningitis (0.17% and 0.37%, P = .0714) and CSF leak (0.40% and 0.40%, P = .9823) were also similar. Thirty-day readmission was 4.6% for children compared with 12.4% for adults (P < .001). For both pediatric and adult patients, extra-axial hematoma (odds ratio [OR] [confidence interval {CI}] 1.65 [1.05-2.59] and 1.61 [1.34-1.95]) an...
Morphological criteria of structural asymmetry in cortical and subcortical formations of the human brain

Numerous clinical and experimental studies led to the conclusion that the hemispheres of the human brain are not equal functionally [1–6, and others]: the right hemisphere takes precedence in spatial and temporal perceptions and has a unique significance in the organization of the emotional life of man; the left hemisphere participates mainly in regulating complex motor functions and speech processes and specializes in analytical abstract activity. Differences in nervous and mental disorders have been found in cases of damage to the right and left hemispheres [7, 8].
Many-body two-quantum coherences in 2D Fourier-Transform spectra of semiconductors

Two-quantum coherences in two-dimensional Fourier-transform (2DFT) spectra are attributed to many-body interactions. 2DFT spectroscopy allows two-quantum coherences in semiconductors to be isolated. As a result, many-body coherences can be separated from biexciton coherences.
How to generate factored random numbers

This paper presents an efficient method for generating a random integer with known factorization. When given a positive integer N, the algorithm produces the prime factorization of an integer x drawn uniformly from ${N / 2} < x \leqq N$. The expected running time is that required for $O(\log N)$ prime tests on integers less than or equal to N.If there is a fast deterministic algorithm for primality testing, this is a polynomial-time process. The algorithm can also be implemented with randomized primality testing; in this case, the distribution of correctly factored outputs is uniform, and the possibility of an incorrectly factored output can in practice be disregarded.
Surface morphology of the human alveolar macrophage

Abstract The surface morphology of human alveolar macrophages from smokers and non-smokers was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Cells were examined after various time intervals in vitro and their morphologic response to the ingestion of carbon and iron particles was evaluated. Alveolar macrophages obtained from cigarette smokers were found to spread faster, have more lamellipodia, filopodia, blebs and microvilli than those from non-smokers. When cells were cultured with carbon or iron there was approximately a tenfold increase in the number of blebs and membrane convolutions. These studies suggest that functional and metabolic alterations resulting from exposure to smoke and particulate matter are reflected by prominent changes in surface morphology.
Hopping conductivity of granular metals; test network method

Abstract We present a new approach to study the conductivity of granular metals in a hopping conductivity regime. It is shown that in a bicomponent mixture of metallic spheres embedded in an insulator matrix the current-carrying routes are a sparse network of grains with given correlations between grain separations and grain sizes. The type of correlations depends on the parameters of the system and temperature. As temperature changes the current switches to the networks with a different type of correlation and composition, which provide the minimal bulk resistance at a given temperature.
Unraveling quantum pathways using optical 3D Fourier-transform spectroscopy

Predicting and controlling quantum mechanical phenomena require knowledge of the system Hamiltonian. A detailed understanding of the quantum pathways used to construct the Hamiltonian is essential for deterministic control and improved performance of coherent control schemes. In complex systems, parameters characterizing the pathways, especially those associated with inter-particle interactions and coupling to the environment, can only be identified experimentally. Quantitative insight can be obtained provided the quantum pathways are isolated and independently analysed. Here we demonstrate this possibility in an atomic vapour using optical three-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. By unfolding the system’s nonlinear response onto three frequency dimensions, three-dimensional spectra unambiguously reveal transition energies, relaxation rates and dipole moments of each pathway. The results demonstrate the unique capacity of this technique as a powerful tool for resolving the complex nature of quantum systems. This experiment is a critical step in the pursuit of complete experimental characterization of a system’s Hamiltonian. Knowledge of the Hamiltonian of a quantum system is essential for predicting and controlling its behaviour. Li et al.use optical three-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy to separate and study each pathway, gaining quantitative insight into the quantum pathways of an atomic vapour Hamiltonian.
Ab initio calculations of nonadditive effects

Abstract Supremolecular Moller-Plesset perturbation theory in conjunction with intermolecular Moller-Plesset perturbation theory permits the dissection of the nonadditive three-body interaction into physically meaningful contributions, such as exchange, induction, deformation, and dispersion. Recently, such a partitioning has been performed for a number of trimers, such as polar ((HF) 3 ,(HCl) 3 , (H 2 O) 3 ,(NH 3 ) 3 ), nonpolar ((CH 4 ) 3 ), and Ar-containing clusters (Ar 2 HCl, Ar 2 H 2 O, Ar 3 ). The present paper attempts to compare the nonadditive properties across this wide spectrum of interacting systems. The following nonadditive terms: Heitler-London-exchange, SCF-deformation, dispersion, and second-order exchange are analysed, and their role in the overall three-body potentials is discussed.
Must See TV: The Timelessness of Television as a Teaching Tool

Although television is a potentially rich source of examples of management and organizational behavior concepts, relatively few academics have advocated the use of this medium in the classroom. This article promotes the use of television as a tool for both teaching and testing in undergraduate organizational behavior courses by providing specific examples of how themes and characters from a variety of television shows can be used as the bases for creating both class exercises and examquestions. The arti cle concludes with a set of guidelines for instructors who want to incorporate television in their future teaching methods.
Function and regulation of SUMO proteases

Covalent attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to proteins is highly dynamic, and both SUMO-protein conjugation and cleavage can be regulated. Protein desumoylation is carried out by SUMO proteases, which control cellular mechanisms ranging from transcription and cell division to ribosome biogenesis. Recent advances include the discovery of two novel classes of SUMO proteases, insights regarding SUMO protease specificity, and revelations of previously unappreciated SUMO protease functions in several key cellular pathways. These developments, together with new connections between SUMO proteases and the recently discovered SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs), make this an exciting period to study these enzymes.
Selenium Health Benefit Values as Seafood Safety Criteria

Selenium (Se) is absolutely required for activity of 25-30 genetically unique enzymes (selenoenzymes). All forms of life that have nervous systems possess selenoenzymes to protect their brains from oxidative damage. Homeostatic mechanisms normally maintain optimal selenoenzyme activities in brain tissues, but high methylmercury (MeHg) exposures sequester Se and irreversibly inhibit selenoenzyme activities. However, nutritionally relevant amounts of Se can replace the Se sequestered by MeHg and maintain normal selenoenzyme activities, thus preventing oxidative brain damage and other adverse consequences of MeHg toxicity. Findings of studies that seem contradictory from MeHg exposure perspectives are entirely consistent from MeHg:Se molar ratio perspectives. Studies that have reported dose-dependent consequences of maternal MeHg exposures on child development uniformly involved seafoods that contained much more Hg than Se. Meanwhile more typical varieties of ocean fish contain much more Se than Hg. This may explain why maternal MeHg exposure from eating ocean fish is associated with major IQ benefits in children instead of harm. Therefore, instead of being avoided, ocean fish consumption should be encouraged during pregnancy. However, the safety of freshwater fish consumption is less certain. In freshwater fish, MeHg bioaccumulation and toxicity are both inversely related to Se bioavailability. Their Se can be far lower than their MeHg contents, potentially making them more dangerous than pilot whale meats. Therefore, to provide accurate and appropriate regulatory advice regarding maternal consumption of seafoods and freshwater fish, Hg:Se molar ratios need to be incorporated in food safety criteria.
Getting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War

From 1940 to 2000, Islam was involved in a disproportionately high number of civil wars compared with other religions, such as Christianity or Hinduism. To help explain the overrepresentation of Islam in these wars, this article introduces a theory of “religious outbidding.” The theory holds that embattled political elites will tender religious bids when they calculate that increasing their religious legitimacy will strengthen their chances of survival. In combination with three overlapping factors—the historical absence of an internecine religious civil war similar to the Thirty Years’ War in Europe, proximity of Islam's holiest sites to Israel and large petroleum reserves, and jihad (i.e., defense of Islam as a religious obligation), religious outbidding accounts for Islam's higher representation in religious civil wars. The article includes a statistical analysis of the role of religion in civil wars and tests the logic of the argument of religious outbidding in the case of Sudan's two civil wars.
NEONATAL POLYCYTHEMIA: SCHOOL-AGE PERFORMANCE

We report a longitudinal study of children who had neonatal hyperviscosity (HV). The original cohort consisted of 111 HV infants prospectively identified at birth and matched with 110 control infants who had low peripheral hematocrits. Criteria for matching included birthweight, gestational age and Apgar scores. Neonatal, intrapartum and two-year evaluations were coded. HV subjects were more frequently meconium stained, (p<0.005) and had more neonatal hypoglycemia (p<0.005) than did controls. Four children died prior to follow-up. At two years of age HV children had more neurologic diagnoses (p<0.005) and motor delays (p<0.005). School age assessments for the same groups were made at a mean of 7 years. Evaluations included Slosson IQ, Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) for Arithmetic, Reading and Spelling, a scored neurologic examination (PANESS), Beery Visual Motor Test, reflex testing and timed fine motor skills. Forty-seven HV and 39 controls have been evaluated to date. There were no significant differences between the two groups in IQ, Beery, PANESS or WRAT scores. Two children had abnormal reflexes. Beery tests revealed more than a 6 month delay in 18 control (46%) and 29 HV subjects (53%), NS. When 2 and 7-year outcomes were compared only 2 of the 20 subjects who had abnormalities on the earlier follow-up now had no delays. More than one delay was present in 15 of 22 children with abnormal outcome at 2. Ten of 36 who were normal at 2 now had more than one low score (p<0.01). Outcome at school age was best correlated with maternal IQ scores. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Neurologic handicaps and motor delays at two are associated with lower achievement scores at seven. 2. The children with HV examined in this study did not differ from weight-matched control infants from a similar medically-indigent population.
Some biochemical and behavioural correlates of a possible animal model of human hyperkinetic syndromes

Abstract Unanesthetized cats, with and without chlorpromazine pretreatment, were infused i.v. with 250 μCi of [3H]tyrosine at the rate of 125 μCi/h. The caudate nucleus of animals pretreated with chlorpromazine was then perfused with Locke's solution using a push-pull cannula. Basic and acidic [3H]catechols in either the perfusate or whole-caudate homogenates were determined by differential elution from alumina columns and liquid scintillation. Chlorpromazine pretreatment, 10 mg/kg i.p., increased the incorporation of [3H] label into the basic catechol pool of the caudate but did not affect the incorporation of [3H] into the acidic catechol pool. The release of basic and acidic catechols, from the caudate, during the first 60 min perfusion period was extremely small. Atropine, but not dexamphetamine nor d -tubocurarine, 1 mg/ml added to the perfusion fluid, significantly increased the release of basic [3H]catechols. Local stimulation during perfusion with either Locke's solution, dexamphetamine or atropine, did not increase the amounts of either basic or acidic [3H]catechols in the perfusate. With the addition fo d -tubocurarine, stimulation produced on the average a 6-fold increase in the amount of [3H]catechols without a significant increase in acidic catechols. The application of d -tubocurarine, 2.4–10 μg, unilaterally, in the nucleus caudatus putamen of rats produced choreiform activity characterized by involuntary movements of the contralateral forelimb, contralateral rotation of the head, facial grimacing and teeth chattering. These effects were blocked by intraperitoneal doses of either haloperidol or chlorpromazine, and intrastriatal injections of neostigmine. It is suggested that the choreiform activity in the rat could be due to an inappropriate increased release of catecholamines in the striatum as evidenced by the increased release of basic [3H]catechols from the caudate nucleus of the cat. The limited pharmacological and biochemical data in human hyperkinetic syndromes correlate quite well with data derived from this investigation and suggest that the d -tubocurarine-induced choreiform activity in the rat may represent at least the beginning of a workable animal model of human hyperkinetic disorders.
Abnormal Ligand Binding and Reversible Ring Hydrogenation in the Reaction of Imidazolium Salts with IrH5(PPh3)2

We show that imidazolium salts do not always give normal or even aromatic carbenes on metalation, and the chemistry of these ligands can be much more complicated than previously thought. N,N‘-disubstituted imidazolium salts of type [(2-py)(CH2)n(C3H3N2)R]BF4 react with IrH5(PPh3)2 to give N,C-chelated products (n = 0, 1; 2-py = 2-pyridyl; C3H3N2 = imidazolium; R = mesityl, n-butyl, i-propyl, methyl). Depending on the circumstances, three types of kinetic products can be formed: in one, the imidazole metalation site is the normal C2 as expected; in another, the metalation occurs at the abnormal C4 site; and in the third, C4 metalation is accompanied by hydrogenation of the imidazolium ring. The bonding mode is confirmed by structural studies, and spectroscopic criteria can also distinguish the cases. Initial hydrogen transfer can take place from the metal to the carbene to give the imidazolium ring hydrogenation product, as shown by isotope labeling; this hydrogen transfer proves reversible on reflux when...
Two-photon photoassociative spectroscopy of ultracold Sr 88

We present results from two-photon photoassociative spectroscopy of the least-bound vibrational level of the $X\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ state of the $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}_{2}$ dimer. Measurement of the binding energy allows us to determine the $s$-wave scattering length ${a}_{88}=\ensuremath{-}1.4(6){a}_{0}$. For the intermediate state, we use a bound level on the metastable $^{1}S_{0}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}P_{1}$ potential, which provides large Franck-Condon transition factors and narrow one-photon photoassociative lines that are advantageous for observing quantum-optical effects such as Autler-Townes resonance splittings.
Repeated Methacholine Challenge Produces Tolerance in Normal but Not in Asthmatic Subjects

Repeated methacholine challenge in normal nonasthmatic subjects (who require higher doses of methacholine than do asthmatic subjects to produce a 20 percent decrease in FEV1) can produce progressively diminishing methacholine responsiveness (or tolerance) with serial challenges. To determine whether tolerance to methacholine occurs in asthmatic subjects as it does in nonasthmatic subjects, we studied eight young (mean age, 24 years) mild asthmatic patients (occasional but not regular use of bronchodilator medications, PC20 methacholine range 0.1 to 7.0 mg/ml) who underwent five sequential methacholine challenges at 1.5-h intervals. Serially increasing concentrations of methacholine were given until FEV1 fell by 20 percent. Results were compared with those in seven nonasthmatic control subjects who underwent an identical protocol. As seen in previous studies, the normal subjects demonstrated significant tolerance to methacholine when each of five challenges was compared to the first. By contrast, in the asthmatic group, the mean cumulative dose of methacholine producing a 20 percent fall in FEV1 in the fifth challenge was not significantly different from the dose required in the first challenge. These results indicate that marked tolerance to methacholine does not occur in mild asthmatic patients with multiple repeated challenges over 6 h. The lower cumulative dose of methacholine required by asthmatic patients may be insufficient to produce tolerance.
Are inductively derived categories of facial activity reliable when applied to high-risk infants tested before term age?

The techniques of facial coding employed with full-term infants have been applied to studies of premature infants tested before 40 weeks postconceptional age. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the methodological wisdom of using the coding strategies that were developed for older populations of infants with high-risk, premature infants who are tested while still in the hospital. As a first step, we tested the eight most commonly used categories of facial activity. The results were not encouraging; the meanr(β) was .61 and the mean κ was .52. On the basis of our assessment of the limitations in using these traditional facial categories, we developed six new categories of action. This time the results were more positive; the meanr(β) was .92 and the mean κ was .80. The new catalog appears to be a reliable representation of a range of facial behaviors observed in infants who are tested well before term age.
The interaction of reward contingencies and causality orientation on the introduction of cooperative tactics in buyer–seller negotiations

This article reports results of an experiment designed to see if reward contingencies and individual differences in causality orientation can interact to affect the frequency with which buyers and sellers introduce cooperative tactics into a sales negotiation. A face-to-face simulation is employed to consider these effects. A 2 × 2 ANOVA (task-contingent/task-noncontingent rewards × control/autonomy orientation) tests this interaction. These two factors interact to affect cooperation. A buyer or seller with an autonomous causality, in a situation with task-noncontingent rewards, is most likely to introduce cooperative negotiation tactics. Task-noncontingent rewards are more effective than task-contingent rewards for autonomous causality buyers and sellers, but not for control causality buyers and sellers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Towards unified field theory: Quantitative differences and qualitative sameness

A survey is given of the concepts of interaction (force) and matter, i.e., of process and substance. The development of these concepts, first in antiquity, then in early modern times, and finally in the contemporary system of quantum field theory is described. After a summary of the basic phenomenological attributes (coupling strengths, symmetry quantities, charges), the common ground of concepts of quantum field theory for both interactions and matter entities is discussed. Then attention is focused on the gauge principle which has been developed to describe all interaction fields in the same way, and hopefully to unite them all into one unified field. While a similar unification of all fundamental types of matter fields (quarks and leptons) into one family may be possible (SU 5), there still remains at this level a duality between interaction quanta (bosons with spin 1) and matter particles (fermions with spin 1/2). Whether this duality may be removed in some future “supersymmetric” theory is not discussed in this paper. Nor is Quantum Gravitation discussed, though the analogy of the gauge principle for the three fundamental non-gravitational interactions (hadronic, electromagnetic and weak) to Einstein's principle of equivalence for gravitation in spacetime is noted. However, the equivalence concept is applied not to spacetime but to the internal spaces for the matter (or “charge”) fields which are the sources between which the fundamental interactions operate. The gauge principle states that a change in the measures of the internal space charge of “gauge” or “phases” of the matter fields is equivalent to, and can be compensated by, suitably introduced interaction fields. From such an interaction field, the gauge potential field in the internal space, one may derive a gauge force field by exterior differentiation. Geometrically, the collection of all internal spaces, one over each point of spacetime, constitutes a “fiber bundle”. The gauge potential field represents a “connection” on the fiber bundle, and the gauge force field is the “curvature” (calculated by taking the exterior derivative of the connection and adding to it the exterior product of the connection with itself). Thus, just as gravitational force is interpreted as spacetime curvature, so the three other fundamental forces are interpretable as internal space curvature. The Standard Model which unites the three non-gravitational fields into an SU 3 ×SU 2×U 1 structure, and the grand unified model, SU 5, are discussed briefly, and difficulties are noted. Finally it is suggested that a composite model, based on more subtle structure, may be needed to remove the present obscurities and difficulties that stand in the way of a unified theory.
Effect of macromer weight percent on neural cell growth in 2D and 3D nondegradable PEG hydrogel culture

Neural precursor cells (NPCs) are a renewable cell source that may be useful for neural cell transplant therapies. Their expansion and differentiation potential have traditionally been explored by culturing them on stiff tissue culture polystyrene. Here we describe advantages of an alternative culture system: bio-inert poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. Specifically this work reports the effect that macromer weight percent has on the metabolic and apoptotic activity, proliferation, and cellular composition of a mixed population of neurons and multipotent NPCs grown both on 2D and within 3D PEG hydrogels. In 2D culture, hydrogel properties did not affect metabolic or apoptotic activity but did impact cell proliferation and composition leading to an increase in glial cell reactivity as stiffness increased. In 3D culture, low weight percent hydrogels led to greater metabolic activity and lower apoptotic activity with significant proliferation observed only in hydrogels that closely matched the stiffness of native brain tissue. PEG hydrogels therefore provide a versatile in vitro culture system that can be used to culture and expand a variety of neural and glial cell types simply by altering the material properties of the hydrogel.
Clinical applications of mixed chimerism.

: Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) Is currently a procedure that Is associated with high morbility and mortality. Thus, The clinical application of this technique is limited to the treatment of life-threatening hematopoietic malignancies. The morbility and mortality of BMT is mainly related to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), failure of engraftment, and toxicity related to fully myeloablative conditioning. GVHD can be prevented by T-cell depletion. However, T-cell depletion increases the risk of failure of engraftment. With the identification of a facilitating cell population that enables engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells across major histocompatibility barriers, the dichotomy between GVHD and failure of engraftment has been resolved. If one could overcome the toxicity of conditioning with the development of partially ablative conditioning strategies, BMT could be used for the treatment of a variety of nonmalignent diseases, as well as in the induction of donor-specific transplantation tolerance. This review outlines the development and advantages of partially ablative conditioning strategies and illustrates possible applications of the technique. Forty years ago E.D. Thomas discussed the potential of BMT for treating immunodeficiencies and for the induction of transplantation tolerance. 1 BMT can be viewed as a natural form of gene therapy to replace a defective cell or enzyme with a functional and normally regulated one.
NUMBER OF GLOMERULI IN KIDNEY OF ADULT WHITE RAT UNILATERALLY NEPHRECTOMIZED IN EARLY LIFE

Unilateral nephrectomy during the period of active nephrogenesis in the white rat has no effect on the total number of glomeruli which will be formed in the opposite kidney.
Regression and ANOVA: An Integrated Approach Using SAS Software

K. E. Muller and B. A. Fetterman Wiley, 2003, 566 pages, ISBN 0-471-46943-2 This book demonstrates an integrated approach using SAS software, which provides a thorough and integrated treatment of m...