cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4599: Apigenin intake suppresses IGF-I signaling in an autochthonous mouse model of prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its receptor (IR) plays an important role in prostate cancer development and progression. IGF-I binds to the IGF-IR that transduces signals to the nucleus and mitochondria primarily via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/Akt pathways facilitating increased cell survival and proliferation. Agents that are capable of inhibiting IGF-signaling pathway might be useful in the prevention and/or therapy of prostate cancer. Apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid abundantly present in fruits and vegetables has shown remarkable cancer preventive and cancer therapeutic effects. The mechanisms underlying the cancer-protective effect remains elusive. We determined the role of IGF-signaling and its downstream and other associated events by apigenin using TRAMP model. TRAMP represents males spontaneously develop prostatic adenocarcinoma that progresses through multiple stages and exhibits both histological and molecular features similar to that of human prostate cancer. TRAMP males exhibit an increase in the level of serum IGF-I, uPA and VEGF; p-Akt (Ser473), p-ERK1 (T202/Y204) and p-ERK2 (T185/Y187) in the dorso-lateral prostate of TRAMP mice in age-dependent manner, compared to non-transgenic littermates. Oral intake of apigenin at 20- and 50- microg/mouse/day (gavaged in 0.2 ml vehicle containing 0.5% methyl cellulose and 0.025% Tween 20) was provided for six days per week for 20 weeks; whereas the third group received vehicle only and served as control. Apigenin intake by TRAMP mice from 8-28 weeks of age exhibited marked reduction in tumor growth with no signs of metastasis and also resulted in a significant decrease in the wet weight of dorso-lateral and ventral lobes of the prostate and genitourinary apparatus. Apigenin intake exhibited a marked dose-dependent reduction in the levels of IGF-I along with significant increase in the levels of IGFBP-3 in the serum of TRAMP mice. The modulation of IGF-I/IGFBP3 was associated with suppression of p-ERK1 (T202/Y204) and p-ERK2 (T185/Y187) and p-Akt (Ser473) levels measured in the tissue lysates from the dorso-lateral prostates of these mice. Furthermore, apigenin intake resulted in marked inhibition of the target genes regulating angiogenesis and metastasis, notably VEGF, uPA, MMP-2 and -9 in the mouse serum. Taken together, this study provides evidence that in vivo growth inhibitory effects of apigenin involve inhibition of IGF-I signaling axis in prostate cancer and further support the development of apigenin as a promising anticancer agent. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4599. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4599
Nonreductive Moral Classification and the Limits of Philosophy

During moral reflection it is natural to think about the distances and differences between us, and in this way, to fashion definitions of who “we” are, who “others” are, and where we all stand in r...
The Relationship between Students' Self-Reported Aggressive Communication and Motives to Communicate with Their Instructors:

Using a convenience sample, 172 college students' (M age = 20.2 yr., SD = 2.5) motives for communicating with their instructors and their own verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness were studied using the Argumentativeness Scale, the Verbal Aggressiveness Scale, and the Student Motives to Communicate Scale. Significant negative relationships were obtained between students' self-reports of argumentativeness and the sycophantic motive and between students' self-reports of verbal aggressiveness and the functional motive, but generally, students' motives to communicate with their instructors generally were not associated with their self-reported aggressive communication behaviors.
CXCR3-Dependent Recruitment of Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes to the Liver during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection

Innate inflammatory events promoting antiviral defense in the liver against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection have been characterized. However, the mechanisms that regulate the selective recruitment of inflammatory T lymphocytes to the liver during MCMV infection have not been defined. The studies presented here demonstrate the expression of monokine induced by gamma interferon (IFN-γ; Mig/CXCL9) and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10) in liver leukocytes and correlate their production with the infiltration of MCMV-specific CD8 T cells into the liver. Antibody-mediated neutralization of CXCL9 and CXCL10 and studies using mice deficient in CXCR3, the primary known receptor for these chemokines, revealed that CXCR3-dependent mechanisms promote the infiltration of virus-specific CD8 T cells into the liver during acute infection with MCMV. Furthermore, CXCR3 functions augmented the hepatic accumulation of CD8 T-cell IFN-γ responses to MCMV. Evaluation of protective functions demonstrated enhanced pathology that overlapped with transient increases in virus titers in CXCR3-deficient mice. However, ultimate viral clearance and survival were not compromised. Thus, CXCR3-mediated signals support the accumulation of MCMV-specific CD8 T cells that contribute to, but are not exclusively required for, protective responses in a virus-infected tissue site.
Evolution and revolution in the twenty-first century: Rules for organizations and managing human resources

Changing organizational critical success factors, new expectatioiis for hitman resources, and the changing roles and capahilities of HH projessionats are disciLKsed here. 77it^ authors envision that tvihy's top HH job encompasses: enabling capable and courageous leadership; building a verystrong afia adaptive organizational culture; strengthening organizational productivity and performance; fostering creative innovations, products, and solutions; ami Iniililiug exceptiomdly high customer loyalty. They explain why and show you hau- this is done. © 200S Wiley Periodicais, itic. ln this article, we consider how rules for organizational success in a radically different world necessitate a fundamental rethinking of the expectations for the human resources function and HR professionals . We identify changing organizational critical success factors, expectations for human resources, and the changing roles and capabilities of HR professionals. A growing swell of "sea changes' has played havoc with our rules for generating strong organizational performance. In this environment, new organizational needs arise that don't readily fit into any of todays traditional functional areas but imply a broader mandate for HR. The need for a reconceived, higher value-added HR capability bas emerged. Combined with recent insights into practices that unleash superior "people" performance, this gives HR hoth the mandate and many of the tools for a profound role reinvention. We propose the role of the chief organization effectiveness officer (COEO), which encompasses, but goes well beyond, today's top HR job to include:
Thinking the Unthinkable: Anal Sex in Theory and Practice

This essay takes up the issue of anal sexuality among gay men in order to consider the relationship between bodily and psychic penetrability. The lack of recognition some gay men may experience with this aspect of their sexuality suggests the importance that feeling “mentalized” (e.g., Fonagy and Target, 1993) may play in adult life. Drawing on early gay liberation and ACT UP-era theorizing about anal sex and an extended clinical example, I explore the meanings of gay men's wishes to (and fears of) penetrate and be penetrated on both bodily and psychic levels as well as the consequences of feeling denied entry. My consideration of these matters becomes in turn an occasion for a critical assessment of the mentalization concept itself.
The use of ligand-based de novo design for scaffold hopping and sidechain optimization: Two case studies

This paper describes the application of de novo design utilizing exclusively ligand information. In the current approach, ligand design criteria, including pharmacophores, similarity and desired properties are applied as part of a fitness function driving the design process, instead of using them as filters after the process. This allows relevant parts of chemical space to be explored more efficiently. Two case studies of successful ligand design are also presented, one aimed at scaffold hopping, the other for exploring substitution patterns around a novel scaffold.
Spectral sensitivity of the concave mirror eyes of scallops: potential influences of habitat, self-screening and longitudinal chromatic aberration.

Scallop eyes contain two retinas, one proximal and one distal. Molecular evidence suggests that each retina expresses a different visual pigment. To test whether these retinas have different spectral sensitivities, we used microspectrophotometry to measure the absorption spectra of photoreceptors from the eyes of two different scallop species. Photoreceptors from the proximal and distal retinas of the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus had absorption peak wavelengths (λmax) of 488±1 nm (mean ± s.e.m.; N =20) and 513±3 nm ( N =26), respectively. Photoreceptors from the corresponding retinas of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians had λmax values of 506±1 nm ( N =21) and 535±3 nm ( N =14). Assuming that the proximal and distal receptors had equal absorption coefficients ( k D=0.0067 μm–1), we found that self-screening within the scallop eye caused the proximal and distal receptors in P. magellanicus to have peak absorption at 490 and 520 nm, respectively, and the corresponding receptors in A. irradians to have peak absorption at 504 and 549 nm. We conclude that environment may influence the λmax of scallop visual pigments: P. magellanicus , generally found in blue oceanic water, has visual pigments that are maximally sensitive to shorter wavelengths than those found in A. irradians , which lives in greener inshore water. Scallop distal retinas may be sensitive to longer wavelengths of light than scallop proximal retinas to correct for either self-screening by the retinas or longitudinal chromatic aberration of the lens.
Relations of Cenozoic Tectonics of Central Rockies to Possible Movements of North American Plate: ABSTRACT

Detailed studies of major uplifts in the central Rocky Mountains indicate that Cenozoic structures developed through predominantly vertical movements. This kinematic configuration in upper crustal levels is not necessarily incompatible with the concept of a laterally moving lithospheric plate, particularly if the plate overrides an oceanic rise or other undulation in the upper mantle. Lineaments are important tectonic elements in the movement plan. Some are well established, but others are only provisionally located or speculative. Much more work is needed to determine precisely the presence or absence of these large features and to define their characteristics. These lineaments could be entirely Cenozoic in age and represent crustal adjustments above transform faults, or could be reactivated zones of deformation along much older, even Precambrian lines of weakness. Evidence of intracontinental mobility through much of the Cenozoic suggests one possible sequence of events. In Early Cretaceous the west coast was east of the Pacific rise and bordered a subduction zone. By the Eocene, the plate had moved west over the subduction zone, the effects of which may have been Laramide deformation in the eastern Cordillera. Widespread erosion and gravel deposition beginning in the Oligocene may be related to a slowing or ceasing of drift 38 m.y. ago. A considerable change in patterns, rates, and relative motions of plates 20 to 10 m.y. ago and subsequent renewed westward drift coincides with the increased tectonic activity in western North America since the Pliocene. End_of_Article - Last_Page 629------------
Developmental diseases caused by impaired nucleotide sugar transporters

Nucleotide sugar transporters play critical roles in glycosylation of proteins, lipids and proteoglycans, which are essential for organogenesis, development, mammalian cellular immunity and pathogenicity of human pathogenic agents. Functional deficiencies of these transporters result in global defects of glycoconjugates, which in turn lead to a diversity of biochemical, physiological and pathological phenotypes. In this short review, we will highlight human and bovine diseases caused by mutations of these transporters.
Physical activity interventions and changes in perceived home and facility environments.

Objective To examine changes in environmental perceptions over time and associations between changes in perceptions and physical activity among participants in two physical activity interventions.
Synthesis and characterization of thermally reversible macroporous poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels

Thermally reversible poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels having macroporous structures were prepared by a new method. These gels have large pore volumes, large average pore sizes and faster macromolecule permeation rates in comparison to conventional PNIPAAm conventional hydrogels. Compared with conventional PNIPAA hydrogels, the macroporous PNIPAAm gels have higher swelling ratios at temperatures below the LCST and exhibit faster deswelling and reswelling rates. The deswelling rates are especially rapid
Microplitis croceipes: Inhibitions of the Heliothis zea defense reaction to Cardiochiles nigriceps

Abstract Cardiochiles nigriceps , a braconid parasitoid of Heliothis virescens is normally encapsulated in Heliothis zea . When H. zea is parasitized by the braconid, Microplitis croceipes , or the ichneumonid, Campoletis sonorensis , the immune response of the host towards C. nigriceps is suppressed. The protection from encapsulation in H. zea provided to C. nigriceps by M. croceipes is due to the calyx fluid from M. croceipes . This protection appears to be due to the particulate fraction of the calyx fluid. The role of virus-like particles in the calyx is discussed in the suppression of the host's immune response.
Debt Issuance in the Face of Tax Loss Carryforwards

We examine the market impact of issuances of public and private debt by firms with sizeable tax loss carryforwards (TLCFs). Public issuances are met with a significantly negative stock price reaction, while private placements are associated with a positive marginally significant stock price reaction. After controlling for asymmetric information proxies, the stock price reaction to the debt issuance is more negative, the larger the TLCF. The evidence suggests that debt financing is suboptimal when issuers have large TLCFs, which in turn, supports the relevance of taxes for debt usage.
Similarities in the aroma chemistry of Gewürztraminer variety wines and lychee (Litchi chinesis sonn.) fruit.

GC/O analysis of canned lychees indicated that cis-rose oxide, linalool, ethyl isohexanoate, geraniol, furaneol, vanillin, (E)-2-nonenal, β-damascenone, isovaleric acid, and (E)-furan linalool oxid...
An ethnic-sensitive approach to supervision and staff development-part II

(1991). An ethnic-sensitive approach to supervision and staff development-part I. Social Work Education: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 33-43.
Differential recruitment of coactivators to the vitamin D receptor transcriptional complex by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs

To clarify the molecular mechanism for analog potency and selectivity, we investigated the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 analogs to recruit coactivators to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) transcriptional complex. Using a modified version of the avidin–biotin complex DNA binding assay, we discovered that 20S-analogs enhance the binding of specific coactivators to the transcriptional complex relative to natural hormone and that the enhanced binding occurs independently of vitamin D response element and cell type. With the exception of two of these coactivators, DRIP205 and DRIP240, all proteins were recruited to the transcriptional complex in a dose-dependent manner. While the results do not provide an explanation for tissue selectivity of 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2MD), they provide evidence that in the presence of a full-length side chain, the 20S configuration improves binding of specific proteins to the VDR transcriptional complex while modifications at carbon 2 do not.
The C. elegans gon-2 gene encodes a putative TRP cation channel protein required for mitotic cell cycle progression.

Abstract The C. elegans gon-2 gene is required for the post-embryonic mitotic cell divisions of the gonadal precursor cells. A single major transcript of approximately 6.7 kb is derived from the gon-2 locus. This mRNA encodes a protein related to the TRP family of cation channels and has a high degree of similarity to several vertebrate genes, including melastatin. Mutant alleles of gon-2 affect evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues. Northern analyses suggest that gon-2 expression is not limited to gonadal tissues.
Acquired nucleic acid changes may trigger sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

This article brings together evidence to support the hypothesis that acquired nucleic acid changes are the proximate causes, “triggers,” or “initiators” of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Clinical features that support this hypothesis include focal onset and spread, and the individualized rate of progression. Clues from the epidemiology of sporadic ALS include the increase in its incidence with age, suggesting accrual of time-dependent changes, and the emergence of smoking, a known carcinogen, as its first “more likely than not” exogenous risk factor. The identification of any exogenous risk factor suggests that a large proportion of sporadic cases have a triggering mechanism susceptible to that factor. Ingestion of the products of cycad circinalis has been hypothesized to be implicated in causing Western Pacific ALS. Cycad contains both neurotoxic factors and carcinogens. The dissimilarity of Western Pacific ALS from neurotoxic diseases suggests a greater likelihood that the effects of DNA alkylation are its proximate cause. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Conservative surgery and radiation therapy for soft tissue sarcoma of the wrist, hand, ankle, and foot

Seventy-eight patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) arising in the distal extremities--wrist, hand, finger, ankle, foot, and toe--who were treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy were studied retrospectively with respect to survival, local recurrence, functional limb preservation, complications, and distant metastasis. After a median follow-up of 7.9 years, actuarial 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 80% and 69%, respectively, and disease-free rates were 61% and 51% at the same times. Actuarial local control rates were 80% and 74% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Fifteen patients (19%) had local recurrence, but 12 of these were salvaged. Ultimately, 53 patients (68%) retained a normal or fairly normal extremity, six (8%) needed amputation for complications, and 13 (17%) needed amputation to control recurrent disease. The functional outcome was significantly better for patients with upper extremity lesions than for those with lower extremity tumors; even for the latter, this treatment strategy was preferable to amputation. The incidence of hematogenous metastases from distal extremity sarcomas depends on the size of the primary tumor. It was concluded that conservation surgery and radiation therapy (XRT) is an acceptable treatment strategy for STS arising in distal extremities; it yielded a high rate of disease control and functional limb preservation.
A decade of probing the depths of thick multi-year ice to measure its borehole strength☆

Abstract This paper offers the most comprehensive set of property measurements on multi-year ice to date, in the interest of addressing one of the most significant unknowns for Arctic engineering: multi-year ice strength. Borehole strength results are presented from 56 old ice floes in the gray literature and more than 600 tests conducted on 23 multi-year ice floes over the past decade, including the first-published results over the full thickness of a 12.7 m thick, cold multi-year hummock. The ice borehole strength is obtained by categorizing the pressure vs. time histories for each test into one of four main types of failure behavior. Vertical profiles of the temperature, salinity and borehole strength of multi-year floes in spring and summer demonstrate that the properties of multi-year ice are highly variable in space and time. The mean borehole strength and standard deviation of cold (− 13 °C) multi-year ice is 34.2 ± 9.1 MPa, although strengths as high as 49.2 MPa do occur, making multi-year ice nearly twice as strong as cold first-year ice. The mean borehole strength and standard deviation of warm multi-year ice is 19.6 ± 7.2 MPa (at − 5 °C) and 10.3 ± 5.3 MPa (at 0 °C). Ice temperature is shown to be the single largest factor influencing borehole strength: strength increases with decreasing ice temperature, however complex factors such as the ice failure mode and ice consolidation also bear upon the relation. For example, strengths measured in thick, level multi-year ice can be substantially higher than hummocked multi-year ice sampled at the same temperature, time of year and latitude. Similarly, a thoroughly weathered multi-year ice hummock in late summer can have considerably higher strength than a less weathered multi-year hummock in early spring. The study shows that multi-year ice does not deteriorate in the same manner as first-year ice, strength equations based solely on brine volume are not appropriate for multi-year ice and warm multi-year ice should not be assumed deteriorated. The viability of estimating the ice borehole strength from known ice temperatures is explored by fitting linear regressions to strength–temperature data for the two most common failure processes: well-defined yield failures (Type 2) and poorly-defined yield failures (Type 3). The Type 2 failure equation reproduces the measured strength profiles more closely than the Type 3 failure equation, but results are not ideal. A similar comparison was made for the effective borehole strength, i.e. the strength averaged over all test depths in a particular borehole. For the 64 boreholes examined, the Type 2 failure equation produced an upper bound for the effective borehole strength, but only when ice temperatures had been documented over at least half of the total ice thickness.
Methylation of the bacterial chromosome: an event at the “replication point”?

Abstract A density and radioisotopic labeling procedure has been used to study the in vivo pattern of DNA methylation in Escherichia coli . The DNA of an auxotrophic strain of E. coli (thymine − , methionine − , arginine, and tryptophan − ), starved of arginine and tryptophan but not methionine, did not undergo additional methylation during subsequent cell growth in the presence of methyl-labeled methionine. However, the DNA of methionine-starved cells was subsequently methylated upon the addition of methionine. When methyl-labeled methionine was added to exponentially growing bacteria, only that portion of the DNA then being synthesized was methylated. Neither the unreplicated parental DNA nor the replicated parental template strand was methylated. It is concluded that DNA methylation normally occurs in the nascent DNA strand close to or at the replication point.
Explaining Condom Use Disparity Among Black and Hispanic Female Adolescents

The study examined condom use among 204 Black and Hispanic female adolescents who attended family planning clinics. Partner attitude, partner communication, parental communication and social support measures were used in a multinomial logistic regression model to predict condom use at last intercourse. The results indicated that adolescents who perceived that their partners had a positive attitude toward condom use were 1.37 times more likely to report condom use compared to those whose partners did not have a positive attitude. Additionally, adolescents who reported communicating with partners about condoms were .37 times more likely to use condoms compared to those who did not communicate with their partners. These findings suggest that increasing condom use among female adolescents will require addressing primarily partner factors. Male partners must also be included in interventions to increase condom use.
Metal-Binding Thermodynamics of the Histidine-Rich Sequence from the Metal-Transport Protein IRT1 of Arabidopsis thaliana

The widespread ZIP family of transmembrane metal-transporting proteins is characterized by a large intracellular loop that contains a histidine-rich sequence whose biological role is unknown. To provide a chemical basis for this role, we prepared and studied a peptide corresponding to this sequence from the first iron-regulated transporter (IRT1) of Arabidopsis thaliana, which transports Fe2+ as well as Mn2+, Co2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements, which required novel experiments and data analysis, and supporting spectroscopic methods were used to quantify IRT1's metal-binding affinity and associated thermodynamics. The peptide, PHGHGHGHGP, binds metal ions with 1:1 stoichiometry and stabilities that are consistent with the Irving-Williams series. Comparison of the metal-binding thermodynamics of the peptide with those of trien provides new insight about enthalpic and entropic contributions to the stability of the metal-peptide complex. Although Fe2+ and other IRT1-transported metal ions do not bind very tightly, this His-rich sequence has a very high entropy-driven affinity for Fe3+, which may have biological significance.
Fabrication and Characterization of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Bipolar Thin Film Transistor (B-TFT)

The conventional a-Si:H thin film transistor (TFT) is a field effect transistor (FET), which has disadvantages of a low operation speed and a small current driving capability. To achieve a higher speed and larger current driving capability, a potential solution is to fabricate the a-Si:H-based bipolar thin film transistor (B-TFT). In this study, a-Si:H p-i-n junctions were prepared and studied in order to determine the proper layer thickness for good junction behaviors. B-TFTs composed of a stacked structure of n+/i/p/i/n+ were then fabricated. The complete B-TFT was made using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to deposit all doped and undoped a-Si:H layers and SiNx dielectrics at 250oC. Reactive ion etching (RIE) and wet etching methods were used to define base and emitter regions and contacts. The I-V characteristics of the complete B-TFT were investigated. The common-emitter current gain is 3~6, which is larger than the literature report of 2~3. In addition, a collector current larger than the literature value was obtained. A significant current noise was observed, which may be contributed to the high series resistance of the base layer and defective junction interfaces. In this paper, process and structure influences on the a-Si:H junction and B-TFT performances are discussed.
Evidence for an alternation strategy in time-place learning

Many different conclusions concerning what type of mechanism rats use to solve a daily time-place task have emerged in the literature. The purpose of this study was to test three competing explanations of time-place discrimination. Rats (n = 10) were tested twice daily in a T-maze, separated by approximately 7 h. Food was available at one location in the morning and another location in the afternoon. After the rats learned to visit each location at the appropriate time, tests were omitted to evaluate whether the rats were utilizing time-of-day (i.e., a circadian oscillator) or an alternation strategy (i.e., visiting a correct location is a cue to visit the next location). Performance on this test was significantly lower than chance, ruling out the use of time-of-day. A phase advance of the light cycle was conducted to test the alternation strategy and timing with respect to the light cycle (i.e., an interval timer). There was no difference between probe and baseline performance. These results suggest that the rats used an alternation strategy to meet the temporal and spatial contingencies in the time-place task.
Targeting cytokines in ALPS: it's FAShionable.

In this issue of Blood, Boggio et al demonstrate that interleukin-17 (IL-17) can inhibit Fas-induced apoptosis in normal T lymphocytes.1 More importantly, they show that blocking IL-17 may be an effective strategy to treat two diseases, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) and Diazani autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease (DALD), which are characterized by defects in the Fas apoptotic pathway.
In pursuit of the whole hypha.

We know organisms first of all by their forms. Rabbit and carrot, Neurospora, and Paramecium represent particular shapes and structures, patterns in space and time. Each pattern integrates innumerable molecules into a coherent whole, reproduces itself from one generation to the next, and may persist in this manner for millions of years. In this lecture, I shall discuss efforts to render a dynamic and causal account of biological morphogenesis, using fungal hyphae as a concrete exemplar. Molecular structures and interactions are necessary but not sufficient to specify patterns on a scale three to five orders of magnitude larger. The search for alternatives leads to the importation of the concept of dynamic fields, exemplified by the proposal of Bartnicki-Garcia and Gierz that apical growth and morphogenesis report the operation of a mobile vesicle-supply center. Application of field theories to biological morphogenesis is still at an early stage, but is necessary in order to resolve the paradoxical relationship between genes and form.
Delineating the boundaries of social phobia: Its relationship to panic disorder and agoraphobia

Abstract The present article was prompted by the differential diagnostic ambiguities surrounding the social phobic syndrome. The following questions were addressed: (a) Is social phobia a distinct clinical syndrome, differing from panic disorder and agoraphobia on a number of variables? (b) What is the relationship between social phobia, panic disorder, and agoraphobia regarding co-occurrence of syndromes? (c) What are the principal differential diagnostic features which define the boundaries of the syndrome? A literature review suggested that social phobia is a distinct entity which differs from panic/agoraphobia regarding prevalence, sex ratio, age of onset, familial psychiatric history, response to provocative tests, and pharmacotherapy. Several studies have shown substantial comorbidity between the syndromes. Critical features for formulating a differential diagnosis include distinguishing type and pattern of panic attacks and determining what the patient fears. Symptoms must be evaluated within the context of the individual's disturbance, which requires an informed, precise, and thorough assessment.
Credit and Placement Issues for the Academically Talented Following Summer Studies in Science and Mathematics

The purposes of this study were to ascertain the proportion of academically talented students aged 12 to 16 who pursued appropriate school placement and/or credits for coursework completed at special summer academic programs, and to determine how their schools responded to their requests. In November 1986, 1215 students who attended science and mathematics classes sponsored by the Johns Hopkins University during the summer of 1986 were sent questionnaires regarding their subsequent status at their regular schools pertaining to credit and placement issues. Advanced placement was given more often than credit, although in most cases both were awarded, particularly for high school level coursework.
Rotation of Incisors in the Bat Genera Myotis, Eptesicus, and Nycticeius (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

Abstract This study examined the relative rotation of the lower incisors of eight species of insectivorous bats from North America to test the null hypothesis that no taxonomic differences existed among the species. The lower incisors of Eptesicus fuscus, several species of Myotis, and Nycticeius humeralis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) are distinctive in general shape, the degree of rotation of each tooth, and the extent of overlap of each tooth. The incisor group is wider in Eptesicus than in the other species studied. Eptesicus shows very little rotation of the incisors, but the incisors of species of Myotis show rotation up to 150 degrees from the midline of the mandible. Incisor 1 shows the least rotation and incisor 3 shows the most rotation among the three incisors in Myotis. Overlap of the incisors appears to be indirectly related to rotation, with Eptesicus showing the most overlap and Myotis the least.
Fault Contrast: A New Voltage Contrast VLSI Diagnosis Technique

Fault contrast is a differential analog technique that yields high-quality voltage contrast images of integrated circuit (IC) pass vs. fail operation. Fault contrast is applicable where the IC failure mode is sensitive to an external parameter, e.g. clock frequency or supply voltage. Fault contrast requires only simple and inexpensive analog signal processing. We demonstrate fault contrast with an analysis of an Intel 80286 microprocessor failure.
Prediction of Spectral Acceleration Response Ordinates Based on PGA Attenuation

Developed herein is a new peak ground acceleration (PGA)-based predictive model for 5% damped pseudospectral acceleration (SA) ordinates of free-field horizontal component of ground motion from shallow-crustal earthquakes. The predictive model of ground motion spectral shape (i.e., normalized spectrum) is generated as a continuous function of few parameters. The proposed model eliminates the classical exhausted matrix of estimator coefficients, and provides significant ease in its implementation. It is structured on the Next GenerationAttenuation (NGA) database with a number of additions from recent Californian events including 2003 San Simeon and 2004 Parkfield earthquakes.A unique feature of the model is its new functional form explicitly integrating PGA as a scaling factor. The spectral shape model is parameterized within an approximation function using moment magnitude, closest distance to the fault (fault distance) and V S30 (average shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m) as independent variables. Mean values of its estimator coefficients were computed by fitting an approximation function to spectral shape of each record using robust nonlinear optimization. Proposed spectral shape model is independent of the PGA attenuation, allowing utilization of various PGA attenuation relations to estimate the response spectrum of earthquake recordings. DOI: 10.1193/1.3043904
Classification of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction, acute pericarditis, and benign early repolarization

Abstract Reperfusion therapy improves survival of patients with ST elevation early acute myocardial infarction (STEAMI). In prehospital electrocardiography (ECG), a key component of clinical decision support for patients with symptoms suggesting acute coronary syndromes would be an automated quick and accurate diagnosis of STEAMI. Since such a computerized algorithm must consider ST segment elevation criteria, its development is challenged by cardiac conditions other than STEAMI. Confounders, such as acute pericarditis and benign early repolarization, degrade the performance of such algorithms. This study analyzed ST elevation characteristics in three diagnostic categories: STEAMI, acute pericarditis, and benign early repolarization. A statistical tree classification method was used to obtain a satisfactory classification among STEAMI and the other two groups. Twelve-lead resting EGGs were selected from the Providence Medical Center ECG database. Serial ECG characteristics were used to define the patient groups: STEAMI (321 pts)-resolution nor Q wave evolution. ECGs at 500 samples/sec were analyzed using Agilent Technologies' 12-lead resting ECG analysis program. Sensitivity and specificity of the computerized ECG analysis algorithm are: n Sensitivity Specificity STEAMI 321 87% 99% Acute Pericarditis 115 75% 95% Benign Early Repolarization 153 76% 98% When benign early repolarization and acute pericarditis are grouped together as a Non-STEAMI group, the sensitivity and specificity are: n Sensitivity Specificity STEAMI 321 87% 99% Non-STEAMI 268 86% 99% Benign early repolarization and acute pericarditis tend to mimic the ECG diagnosis of STEAMI. However, in STEAMI the ST elevation is localized to a portion of the ECG leads and is often accompanied by ST depression in other leads; in acute pericarditis there is diffuse ST elevation with minimal difference between the maximal and minimal amphitudes; in benign early repolarization ST elevation is also diffuse but higher in amplitudes than acute pericarditis group in all leads except VI and III. Tall T amplitude in all leads but VI and III is another significant feature to distinguish benign early repolarization from acute pericarditis and early acute MI. This new algorithm provides both high sensitivity and specificity for STEAMI diagnosis. Visibly depressed PR segment and the shape of ST elevation were not used but could potentially further improve the distinction between acute pericarditis and benign early repolarization.
Disorganised and 'excessive' reinnervation of frog cardiac ganglia.

THE vertebrate nervous system is characterised by the existence of specific patterns of interconnections established during embryonic development. When nerve pathways are disrupted, axonal regeneration re-establishes the original patterns in some cases1–3 but not in others4–6. Little is understood about how the specific patterns develop and why they are, or are not, reproduced after injury. Where it has been studied, it seems that target cells are initially innervated by a greater number of axons than in the fully developed tissue and that the ‘excessive’ synaptic inputs disappear with maturation7–9. Regeneration of motor axons after damage to muscle innervation recapitulates this developmental process10, although the original pattern of specific connections may not be restored. Comparable information about reinnervation in nerve–nerve circuits is not known. For example, are more synaptic connections than normal also established during regeneration after damage to presynaptic axons? And if so, is the specificity of the connections thereby altered? We report here our studies on the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion of adult frogs which show that neurones do receive more synaptic inputs during regeneration, and that this excess is associated with an apparent failure to restore the original innervation pattern.
Chemopreventive Potential of Wild Lowbush Blueberry Fruits in Multiple Stages of Carcinogenesis

Wild lowbush blueberry fruit extract was fractionated using vacuum chromatography and analyzed for chemopreventive potential using bioassays that test the ability of compounds to inhibit the initiation, promotion, and progression stages of carcinogenesis. A fraction containing phytosterols was active against the initiation stage (quinone reductase assay). However, more polar compounds were inhibitors of later stages of carcinogenesis; a fraction containing flavan-3-ols and fractions containing mainly anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols, and some proanthocyanidin dimers demonstrated activity against the promotion stage (cyclooxygenase and ornithine decarboxylase assays, respectively), and a proanthocyanidin-rich fraction demonstrated antiproliferation activity (inhibition of cancerous murine hepatocyte proliferation is associated with the progression stage). These results indicate that lowbush blueberries contain a range of compounds that have bioactivity against multiple stages of carcinogenesis, and different types of phenolic compounds are active at different stages.
The Cabra Dominican Sisters and the ‘open schools’ movement in apartheid South Africa

In January 1976, the Cabra Dominican Sisters in South Africa and the Association of Women Religious (AWR), with the support of the Southern African Catholic Bishops’ Conference (SACBC), opened their schools to students of all races in direct contravention of apartheid law. This radical action was informed by their dedication to the Dominican motto ‘veritas’ (truth) and by the desire ‘to give practical Christian witness to social justice’ in a revolutionary situation. In opening their schools, the Cabra Dominicans joined the broad liberation movement that helped to crack the facade of the apartheid state and ultimately led to its dismantling.
Unscheduled synthesis of DNA during mammalian spermatogenesis in response to UV irradiation.

Unscheduled incorporation of tritium-labeled thymidine into nuclear DNA, induced by UV irradiation and presumed to indicate DNA repair replication, has been followed in differentiating male germ cells of the rat and rabbit by quantitative autoradiographic techniques. Cells at various stages of differentiation incorporated [3H] thymidine at different rates. The maximal rate was observed in nuclei of pachytene primary spermatocytes; the rate was markedly lower in spermatogonia and in leptotene and zygotene primary spermatocyte nuclei. No evidence of incorporation was found for nuclei of spermatids and testis spermatozoa.
Cervical examination and tocodynamometry at 28 weeks' gestation: Prediction of spontaneous preterm birth

Objective We determined the value of cervical examination and tocodynamometry in identifying nulliparous women at risk for spontaneous preterm delivery. Study design At 27.5 +/- 0.8 weeks' gestation 589 women underwent 30 minutes of tocodynamometry, and 570 of these had a cervical examination. Positive findings on these examinations were compared to the rate of spontaneous preterm delivery, defined as those deliveries following the onset of spontaneous labor or premature rupture of membranes. Results The two best predictors of spontaneous preterm birth were two or more contractions in 30 minutes and the presence of a soft or medium consistency on cervical examination. As the contractions increased from zero to four or more, the rate of spontaneous preterm delivery rose from 4.2% to 18.2%. Conclusion In nulliparous women at 28 weeks' gestation, uterine contractions and several components of the cervical examination predicted spontaneous preterm birth.
Responding to the Education Reform Agenda: A Study of School Superintendents' Instructional Leadership.

Education reforms have affected schools and the educators who work in them. Using state-wide survey data from 1993 and 2003, this study examines how the work of school superintendents has been affected over a ten-year period by these reform initiatives, especially increased demands for accountability. The general message from our data is that superintendents are interested in curriculum and instruction and believe these are important tasks, but the daily realities of their work often subvert even the most committed professional. Further, the data indicate that superintendents may be able to use external accountability mechanisms as levers to move the internal accountability systems to support improved teaching and learning.
Feed Processing. VIII. Estimating Microbial Protein in Rumen Fluid with Presipitating Agents or in Incubated Mixtures of Uncooked Grain Plus Urea or Starea with Differential Centrifugation

Abstract Four protein precipitating agents (trichloroacetic, perchloric, picric, and tungstic acids) were compared for their ability to estimate the quantity of microbial protein in rumen fluid. Trichloroacetic acid proved the best precipitating agent among the four; however, because of conflicting results of other workers, another method was sought. Differential centrifugation was used to separate bacteria quantitatively from in vitro fermentation mixtures. However, when cooked substrates like Starea were used, a polysaccharide slime draped the bacteria and prevented their separation. To overcome that problem, differential centrifugation was discarded, and a direct high-speed centrifugation and methanol-extraction procedure was used. This method estimated adequately microbial synthesis when cooked and uncooked substrates were compared.
Diversity and distribution of anaeromyxobacter strains in a uranium-contaminated subsurface environment with a nonuniform groundwater flow.

ABSTRACT Versaphilic Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strains implicated in hexavalent uranium reduction and immobilization are present in the fractured saprolite subsurface environment at the U.S. Department of Energy Integrated Field-Scale Subsurface Research Challenge (IFC) site near Oak Ridge, TN. To provide insight into the in situ distribution of Anaeromyxobacter strains in this system with a nonuniform groundwater flow, 16S rRNA gene-targeted primers and linear hybridization (TaqMan) probes were designed for Oak Ridge IFC Anaeromyxobacter isolates FRC-D1 and FRC-W, along with an Anaeromyxobacter genus-targeted probe and primer set. Multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (mqPCR) was applied to samples collected from Oak Ridge IFC site areas 1 and 3, which are not connected by the primary groundwater flow paths; however, transport between them through cross-plane fractures is hypothesized. Strain FRC-W accounted for more than 10% of the total quantifiable Anaeromyxobacter community in area 1 soils, while strain FRC-D1 was not detected. In FeOOH-amended enrichment cultures derived from area 1 site materials, strain FRC-D1 accounted for 30 to 90% of the total Anaeromyxobacter community, demonstrating that this strain was present in situ in area 1. The area 3 total Anaeromyxobacter abundance exceeded that of area 1 by 3 to 5 orders of magnitude, but neither strain FRC-W- nor FRC-D1-like sequences were quantifiable in any of the 33 area 3 groundwater or sediment samples tested. The Anaeromyxobacter community in area 3 increased from
Evolution and group selection.

I worry that some psychologists, unfamiliar with evolutionary biology, will be misled by J. Haidt's account of “The new synthesis in moral psychology” (Reviews, 18 May, p. [998][1]). Haidt claims that whereas “[h]uman group selection was essentially declared off-limits in 1966,” it is now
Comparison of Monte Carlo Surface Exchange With Radiative Continuum Results in Large Particle Dispersions

A Monte Carlo technique follows radiation intensity rays through a dispersion of particles. Rays reflect from and are absorbed by the surfaces of the particles that they encounter. Transmitted radiative fluxes are compared with Monte Carlo simulations of a radiative continuum, using properties from both independent and correlated scattering theories. Whereas both discontinuous (surface) and continuous representations of the medium yield similar results for high proposities (low volume fractions), the continuous representation yields transmission overpredictions for porosities less than 0.9, using independent scattering properties, and for porosities less than 0.7, using correlated scattering properties. The overprediction is less severe for less reflective particle surfaces.