cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross‐Connection and Plumbing‐Fixture Studies

The possibility of re-contamination of the drinking water supplythrough a connection with a water supply that is not properly protected to insure a safe sanitary quality is well recognized by public health authorities. In a recent paper,1 the statement is made that of the typhoid cases reported in the United States during the decade of 1920-29, caused by pollution of an apparently safe water supply, over 95 percent were due to unprotected cross-connections with polluted water supplies. Illinois has been entirely too prominent in these outbreaks of typhoid, because in a list of the twenty-five largest reported outbreaks of typhoid in the United States during the above decade, three of them were located in Illinois, and of the twenty-five largest reported outbreaks of dysentery, six of them were located in Illinois.
Alcoholism and Psychiatry

Culture, a complex and highly abstract concept, does not have the same direct basis in reality as does a rock, a cloud, or sound. It is based upon a myriad of notions which are often in themselves abstract or even vague, such as norms and attitudes. Researchers concerned with cultural matters often expand or contract the meaning of culture to fit their own methods and purposes, just as psychiatrists and “alcohologists” do in the study of psychiatric disorder and alcoholism.
Langasite crystal based pressure sensor with temperature compensation

Abstract This paper presents the design and testing of a new pressure sensor utilizing a doubly rotated cut piezoelectric langasite (LGS) crystal resonator with temperature compensation. The sensor can measure temperature and pressure simultaneously by using the dual mode nature of the doubly rotated cut langasite resonator (SBTC). The sensor is designed using CAD software, fabricated and tested experimentally in the laboratory for a pressure range from 0 to 45 PSI. Before fabrication the sensing principle was verified performing a force frequency analysis on the langasite resonator using a special apparatus. The experimental results on the sensor show a good linear relationship between applied pressure and C-mode frequency. Temperature compensation is also achieved by utilizing the dual mode behavior of the LGS crystal resonator. The comparison between our experiment and Peer’s theoretical modelling results shows a reasonable consistency. The sensor structure is very compact, robust, low cost and temperature compensation can be achieved at high temperatures particularly in nuclear applications.
Superior labrum anterior to posterior injuries and impingement.

Superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) tears and subacromial impingement are discrete shoulder pathologies that most often occur separately; however, in some patients the conditions occur simultaneously. Each pathology has specific clinical and radiographic characteristics, but some aspects are shared. Nonsurgical treatment is an important initial option for both SLAP tears and subacromial impingement. Surgical treatment options for SLAP tears include debridement or repair, whereas subacromial impingement is managed with decompression. When these pathologies occur together, it is essential to determine the primary cause of disability for a particular patient and treat it accordingly. In some patients, SLAP tears and subacromial impingement may be equally involved and will require combined treatment.
Dynamic Wellbore Stability Analysis Under Tripping Operations

The loadings which act on the wellbore are more frequently dynamic than static, such as the surge/swab pressure caused by tripping operations. The changing rate of loading could induce a change in wellbore stress and result in wellbore instability. The conventional Kirsch solution to calculate wellbore stress is only applicable to the steady state without considering the coupled deformation–diffusion effect. To account for these deficiencies, this paper introduces a coupled poroelastodynamics model to obtain wellbore stress distribution under dynamic loading. The model is solved by the implicit finite-difference method with the surge/swab pressure caused by tripping operations taken as the specific dynamic loading source. Then, failure criteria are applied to analyze dynamic wellbore stability and the hemisphere plots of minimum mud density (MMD) to avoid wellbore collapse are generated. The effect of in-situ stress regimes, failure criteria, and permeable properties on the instability of the borehole has been investigated, and the applicability and accuracy of the conventional failure criteria for dynamic loading conditions have been studied by the extensive triaxial compression tests performed on Bedford limestone under different strain rates. Furthermore, two specific cases have been analyzed and results show that compared with the poroelastodynamics model, the conventional method either overestimates or underestimates the MMD, the difference of which can be as significant as 0.11 g/cm3. Not limited to the tripping operations, the developed poroelastodynamics model can be applied to any specific dynamic loading conditions with the fluid inertia neglected.
Endurance Maximizing Periodic Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This work examines the problem of finding optimal periodic solutions to minimize the fuel consumption in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to enhance endurance. Previous work examined this problem using the concept of differential flatness. This work examines the formal optimal control derivation of the periodic control of the UAV problem. The solution obtained from the optimal control derivation is compared to that derived from the differential flatness based formulation. In this work necessary conditions for optimality and insights are provided to the structure of the optimal periodic problem. In conclusion, the challenges and possible simplifications of solving this problem is discussed.
A guide for evaluating and reporting map data quality: Affirming Shao et al. “Overselling overall map accuracy misinforms about research reliability”

Landscape ecologists often use thematic map data in their research. Greater familiarity with thematic map accuracy assessment protocols will enhance appropriate use and interpretation of map quality data. Provide an overview of thematic map accuracy assessment protocols and simple, non-quantitative guidelines to assess the quality of the thematic map data that landscape ecologists use in their research. Synthesis and interpretation of salient literature on map accuracy assessment. Landscape ecologists can adopt three simple rules to improve their use and interpretation of map data: (1) use the map quality data only if the accuracy assessment protocols adhere to rigorous, well-established standards for the sampling design, response design, and analysis; (2) focus on class-specific accuracy via user’s and producer’s accuracies (or the complementary measures commission and omission error rates); and (3) use the criterion that an accuracy assessment that reports class-specific accuracies accompanied by standard errors is a strong indicator of a rigorous assessment.
The geography of maritime ranges: interfacing global maritime shipping networks with Hinterlands

The paper looks at an intermediate scale of analysis for maritime transportation; the maritime range. Maritime ranges are bounded regions where a set of ports are either in competition, complementary, sharing a common regulatory regime, or having some fundamental geographical commonality. This scale is mostly missing from the research about the structure and organization of maritime transportation focusing on either the port or on the shipping network. The paper proposes a methodology defining maritime ranges bounded by maritime, inter-range, and hinterland boundaries. This methodology is applied to define 28 global maritime ranges representing functional commercial entities generating and attracting maritime traffic.
Bupropion-Induced Severe Leukocytosis

Bupropion hydrochloride is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor approved for the treatment of depression and smoking cessation. Although cardiovascular and hematological side effects are common with bupropion along with weight loss and headache, hematological side effects are rarely reported other than few post marketing studies. Here we present the case of a 47-year-old white female who presented with significant leukocytosis after bupropion overdose.
Creating coupled-multiple response test items in physics and engineering for use in adaptive formative assessments

This Research Work-in-Progress paper presents ongoing work in engineering and physics courses to create online formative assessments. Mechanics courses are full of non-intuitive, conceptually challenging principles that are difficult to understand. In order to help students with conceptual growth, particularly if we want to develop individualized online learning modules, we first must determine student’s prior understanding. To do this, we are using coupled-multiple response (CMR) questions in introductory physics (a mechanics course), engineering statics, and engineering dynamics. CMR tests are assessments that use a nuanced rubric to examine underlying reasoning elements students may have for decisions on a multiple-choice test and, as such, are uniquely situated to pinpoint specific student alternate conceptions. In this paper, we describe our research efforts to create CMR test items for use in an adaptive learning technology for targeted intervention for a student’s unique learning needs. Our analysis was able to pinpoint some reasoning patterns that students employ to solve problems. We observed reasoning patterns that yield incorrect, partially correct, and correct answers. Our burgeoning process would aid instructors in tailoring their instruction or curricular materials for specific student needs.
Pushing the limits of high-resolution polymer microscopy using antioxidants

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been transformative to the field of polymer science, enabling the direct imaging of molecular structures. Although some materials have remarkable stability under electron beams, most HRTEM studies are limited by the electron dose the sample can handle. Beam damage of conjugated polymers is not yet fully understood, but it has been suggested that the diffusion of secondary reacting species may play a role. As such, we examine the effect of the addition of antioxidants to a series of solution-processable conjugated polymers as an approach to mitigating beam damage. Characterizing the effects of beam damage by calculating critical dose DC values from the decay of electron diffraction peaks shows that beam damage of conjugated polymers in the TEM can be minimized by using antioxidants at room temperature, even if the antioxidant does not alter or incorporate into polymer crystals. As a consequence, the addition of antioxidants pushes the resolution limit of polymer microscopy, enabling imaging of a 3.6 A lattice spacing in poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3″′-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2″′-quaterthiophene-5,5″′-diyl)] (PffBT4T-2OD). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been transformative to the field of polymer science but most HRTEM studies are limited by beam damage on the material. Here, the authors examine the effect of the addition of antioxidants to a series of conjugated polymers and demonstrate minimized beam damage at increased resolution.
Econometric tests of alternative scale variables in money demand in open economies

Abstract The choice of the scale variable in the money demand function is important because of its striking implications on the magnitude and direction of the domestic monetary and fiscal policy effects and effectiveness of international policy coordination. In this study several tests are applied to the money demand functions of Japan, Germany, Canada, France, and Italy in an open economy context to determine the appropriate scale variable for each country. Both narrow and broad definitions of money are used. Income, disposable income, consumption, private spending, and domestic absorption are investigated as contenders for the scale variable. The findings indicate that the scale variable is country-specific, rather than universal, and it is sensitive to the definition of money.
COVID-19 detection using image analysis methods on CT images

This work proposes a novel method for automatic detection of COVID-19 infection in CT images. COVID-19 has been a devastating infectious disease that ravaged the global community for last several months. Even though there are ongoing efforts to rapidly make all COVID-19 information and resources freely available to global community, availability of large amount of labeled data for disease diagnosis, prognosis and prediction is still a challenging task. Many of the recently published studies on detection of COVID-19 patients using deep learning methods do not have adequate dataset for robust training, validation, and testing. Therefore, this work develops a computational image analysis method that uses small amount of COVID-19 CT images for infection detection in CT images. The proposed method generates lung mask by segmenting the area of lung, after removing isolated high intensity areas from the surrounding ribs in the input CT image by employing an optimal segmentation algorithm and morphological operations. Next, the proposed method employs the segmented lung mask to detect areas of infection in the lung. To distinguish between disease and non-disease areas in the lung, the variance of the gray-level of each region is computed and used as feature to detect region of disease which are distinguished by low variance compare to Non-COVID-19 regions. The performance of proposed scheme is evaluated on a dataset of 72 CT-images (36 Non-Covid-19 images and 36 Covid-19 images) with ground-truth generated by radiologists. The accuracy of detection for Covid-19 images is 91.7% and that for Non-Covid-19 images is 91.7%, respectively. The proposed algorithm cannot distinguish between COVID-19 disease and other disorder in lung of patient.
Underutilization of prophylactic rectal indomethacin and pancreatic duct stent for prevention of post-ERCP Pancreatitis.

Background and study aims Incidence of Post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) ranges from 1 % to 10 % in unselected patients and as high as 25 % to 30 % in high-risk patients. Rectal indomethacin administered before or immediately after an ERCP and prophylactic pancreatic duct stent placement (PPS) are associated with a reduction in the incidence of PEP. We sought to investigate the utilization rate for prophylactic rectal indomethacin and PPS in average and high-risk patients undergoing ERCP between 2014 and 2019. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective analysis in the IBM Explorys database, a pooled, national de-identified clinical database of over 72 million unique patients from 26 health care networks and 300 hospitals across the United States from 2014 to 2019. Average and high-risk patients undergoing ERCP were identified using Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) diagnosis codes. PEP was defined by the presence of SNOMED CT diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and an inpatient admission within 5 days of an ERCP procedure. Results Out of 31,050 adults who had undergone ERCP from 2014 to 2019, only 10,500 individuals (33.8 %) had a PEP prophylaxis. Rectal indomethacin and PPS accounted for 82.4 % and 12.9 % respectively. Individuals with three risk factors had the highest PEP rates followed by individuals with two risk factors. Conclusions Only one-third of all patients undergoing ERCP received prophylaxis in the form of rectal indothemacin and/or PPS in this large population-based data. Increased implementation of prophylactic use is needed in patients undergoing ERCP as supported by current guidelines.
Survey of Machine Learning Algorithms to Detect Malware in Consumer Internet of Things Devices

With the increase of cyber-attacks on millions of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the poor network security measures on those devices are the main source of the problem. This article aims to stud...
Ripe for Betrayal? Intelligence Infiltration in Theory and Practice

How do counterinsurgents cultivate intelligence sources within insurgencies? Few scholars have examined this process systematically. In this paper, I find that the dominant framework for information provision in civil war, in which territorial control governs the flow of information, is inapplicable to intelligence infiltration. I forward a plausible alternative framework. I argue that presence and two specific types of capacity, local expertise and secrecy, enable counterinsurgents to penetrate insurgencies through the use of principal agents. Conventional wisdom about territorial control, and the mechanisms it sets in motion, has limited bearing on this process. I compare the performance of the existing framework and mine across three areas within a single case, the Vietnam War. I also discuss my framework in the context of U.S. intelligence efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Ultimately, I demonstrate that intelligence infiltration is difficult to achieve but can have a profound impact on civil wars.
Enhancing supply chain outcomes through Information Technology and Trust

Challenged by competitive pressures, and enabled by information technologies (IT), organizations are forming strategic partnerships that share, collaborate, and make collective decisions across the supply chain (SC). To study this phenomenon, researchers have focused on one or some of these five salient factors: Information Technology Integration (IT), Inter-organizational Trust (TR), Relational Governance (RG), Transaction Cost (TC), and Supply Chain Performance (PE). In this study, we develop a research model that includes all these five factors by synthesizing and integrating theoretical perspectives: transaction cost economics, and relational governance. Our theoretical model clarifies the intricate relationships between the five factors by positioning two common resources for the supply chain: Inter-organizational Trust and IT, as the independent variables that influence outcome measures: performance, and reduction in transaction costs. Relational governance, which facilitates joint decision making, is theorized as playing a central role between the resources and the outcome measures. Data collected from 167 purchasing and supply chain managers provides strong support to our research model. Our findings should help researchers as well as practitioners to develop a more complete and transparent understanding of the relevant mechanisms with which the partnership resources, exert their beneficial effects on supply chain outcomes. We examine role of IT, trust, and relational governance, in supply chains.Results suggest that IT and trust influence transaction costs and performance.Relational governance plays a mediating role.Findings provide strategic guidelines to supply chain managers.
Other Peoples' Property: HipHop's Inherent Clashes with U.S. Property Laws and its Rise as Global Counter Culture

Because of hiphop's inherent clashes with property laws, many worldwide adopt hiphop as a culture in opposition to property owners. For many of the world's poor and subjugated, hiphop represents a non-propertied group successfully and stridently challenging the propertied and the social order maintaining their wealth. Surely, Public Enemy's Fight the Power promoted hiphop globally as an art form capable and worthy of adoption by those struggling for economic or social justice. But hiphop's worldwide appeal has less to do with its capacity for expressing political messages and more to do with its inherent opposition to property laws. It is the symbolic nature of hiphop's many current and historical battles with federal, state, and local property laws that inspires the world's poor youths to rap about their particular tribulations, breakdance, write graffiti, adopt hiphop fashion and language and express their opposition to their respective social systems through hiphop culture.
New Developments in LC-MS and Other Hyphenated Techniques

Extensive challenges faced by analytical chemists in studying real world complex samples such as biological body fluids, tissue samples, environmental and geological samples have led to the exponential growth in analytical techniques in the late twentieth century. This vast array of different analytical techniques can be categorized into two major areas: sample separation and mass spectrometry analysis. Current state-of-the-art sample separation methods include gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, ultra high pressure liquid chromatography, solid phase extraction, capillary electrophoresis, capillary zone electrophoresis and gas phase separation techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry. The current trend in sample separation is to combine multiple techniques that utilize different separation mechanisms to maximize the separation. The most widely used combinations include two-dimensional gas chromatography, strong cation exchange or weak cation exchange chromatography followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography, two-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography followed by ion mobility spectrometry and two-dimensional electrophoresis techniques. The introduction of atmospheric pressure ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization and the variations of these two techniques have exponentially increased the utility of mass spectrometry in complex sample analysis. Mass spectrometry itself has tremendously improved over the years in terms of sensitivity, detection limits and dynamic range capabilities. Currently, mass spectrometers can attain zeptomolar detection limits with five orders of magnitude dynamic range.
The Devil Is in the Details: When Holistic Thinkers React Negatively to Incongruent Information

This research examines the effects of thinking styles (holistic vs. analytic) and different levels of information congruity on product evaluations. Two experimental studies show that presenting more details in a message matches the analytic thinking style, thus leading to higher evaluations of extremely incongruent information, from analytic thinkers and lower evaluations from holistic thinkers. Keywords: Thinking Styles, Information Processing, Advertising, Congruent Message, Schema Congruity To cite this document: Sydney Chinchanachokchai and Hayden Noel, "The Devil is in the Details: When Holistic Thinkers React Negatively to Incongruent Information", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.11, No.1, pp.25-34, 2015. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13853
Attitude study of parents with mentally retarded children. I. Evaluation of parental satisfaction with the medical care of a retarded child.

Attitudes toward the medical care of mentally retarded infants as recorded from 105 families are presented. Only 52% of these families were satisfied. Slightly more were satisfied with the care received from general practitioner (55%) than with that from pediatricians (47%), but the difference is not significant. Changes in the curriculum of the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Southern California School of Medicine and in the training program of the Los Angeles Childrens Hospital stimulated by these findings are described.
Scaffolding vs. hints in the assistment system

Razzaq et al, 2005 reported that the Assistment system was causing students to learn at the computer but we were not sure if that was simply due to students getting practice or more due to the "intelligent tutoring" that we created and force students to do if they get an item wrong. Our survey indicated that some students found being forced to do scaffolding sometimes frustrating. We were not sure if all of the time we invested into these "fancy" scaffolding questions was worth it. We conducted a simple experiment to see if students learned on a set of 4 items, if they were given the scaffolds compared with just being given hints that tried to TELL them the same information that the scaffolding questions tried to ASK from them. Our results show that students that were given the scaffolds performed better although the results were not always statistically significant.
The temporal relationship between college women's alcohol consumption and victimization experiences.

: Background: The primary objective of the study was to assess changes in the conditional probability of sexual and nonsexual victimization on days of any alcohol consumption compared with days of heavy and no alcohol consumption in a sample of college women. Methods: We used the Timeline Followback calendar method to assess daily alcohol consumption and concurrent daily incidents of sexual and nonsexual aggression over a 6-week period. Results: The odds of experiencing sexual aggression were 9 times higher on heavy days and 3 times higher on nonheavy days of alcohol consumption compared with days of no alcohol consumption. The odds of experiencing nonsexual aggression were more than 7 times higher on heavy days and nearly 3 times higher on nonheavy days of alcohol consumption compared with days of no alcohol consumption. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence of a temporal association between college women's alcohol consumption and increased risk for victimization. In addition, use of the TLFB appears to be a reasonable and cost effective means for collecting daily data on alcohol consumption and victimization experiences among college women.
Agency, Consciousness, and Executive Control

On the Causal Theory of Action (CTA), internal proper parts of an agent such as desires and intentions are causally responsible for actions. CTA has increasingly come under attack for its alleged failure to account for agency. A recent version of this criticism due to Francois Schroeter proposes that CTA cannot provide an adequate account of either the executive control or the autonomous control involved in full-fledged agency. Schroeter offers as an alternative a revised understanding of the proper role of consciousness in agency. In this paper we criticize Schroeter’s analysis of the type of consciousness involved in executive control and examine the way in which the conscious self allegedly intervenes in action. We argue that Schroeter’s proposal should not be preferred over recent versions of CTA.
Anorectic Effects of Estrogen May Be Mediated by Decreased Neuropeptide-Y Release in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus*

There is a considerable body of evidence to suggest that estrogen suppresses food intake and body weight gain by an action in the hypothalamus. However, the neurotransmitter/neuromodulator mediating the anorectic effects of estrogen are unknown. Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) is the most potent orexigenic signal known, and NPY-producing neurons in the hypothalamus concentrate 17 beta-estradiol (E2). In these studies we tested the hypothesis that estrogen-induced anorectic effects may be due to decreased NPY levels and release in hypothalamic sites previously implicated in the control of food intake. The results show that uninterrupted physiological levels of E2 in ovariectomized rats suppressed daily food intake and body weight gain. Evaluation of NPY concentrations in five hypothalamic sites showed that NPY levels were decreased selectively in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and neighboring perifornical nucleus of E2-treated rats. In contrast, concentrations of beta-endorphin, another less potent orexigenic peptide, were not changed by E2 in any hypothalamic site. In the next experiment, the effects of similar E2 treatment on NPY release in vitro from the PVN and ventromedial nucleus were studied in rats killed at the onset of the dark phase when food intake increases in conjunction with increased PVN NPY secretion. The results show that basal and KCl-induced NPY release were significantly decreased from the PVN of E2-treated compared to those in control rats. In contrast, both basal and KCl-induced NPY release from the ventromedial nucleus of E2-treated rats were similar to those in control rats. Collectively, these results show that estrogen suppresses NPY levels and release selectively from the PVN. As NPY levels and release in the PVN have been shown to be highly correlated with appetite status, and the PVN is one of the important sites of NPY action, these findings imply that the anorectic effects of estrogen may be mediated by decreased NPY release from the PVN NPY innervations.
The linkage of catalysis and regulation in enzyme action: oxidative diversion in the hysteretically regulated yeast pyruvate decarboxylase.

Abstract The reaction catalyzed by the thiamin-diphosphate-dependent yeast pyruvate decarboxylase, which is hysteretically regulated by pyruvate, undergoes paracatalytic oxidative diversion by 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, which traps a carbanionic intermediate and diverts the product from acetaldehyde to acetate (Christen, P. Meth. Enzymol. 1977, 46, 48). This reaction is now shown to exhibit an oxidant on-rate constant somewhat faster than that for pyruvate in the normal catalytic cycle and a product off-rate constant about 60-fold smaller than that for acetaldehyde. Both on-rates and off-rates exhibit an inverse solvent isotope effect of 1.5-2, observed in normal catalysis as a signal of sulfhydryl addition to the keto group of pyruvate at the allosteric regulatory site. The findings are consistent with a model for regulation in which the sulfhydryl-addition process mediates access to a fully catalytically competent active site, the oxidative-diversion reaction being forced to make use of the normal entry–exit machinery.
Nature of the crust beneath northwest Basin and Range province from teleseismic receiver function data

Received 30 July 2007; revised 12 April 2008; accepted 2 July 2008; published 14 October 2008. [1] We utilized teleseismic receiver function techniques complemented by active source refraction seismology to study the crustal structure and continental rift processes responsible for the development of the northwest corner of the Basin and Range province in northwest Nevada. Our passive seismic array of 28 short-period stations, spanning 70 km west to east, and 5 broadband USArray transportable array stations that extended our aperture to 230 km provided data on crustal properties independent of the results of our active source refraction experiment. Combining data from the two experiments provides better constraints on Moho depth, Vp/Vs ratio, and the structure and composition of the crust beneath the northwestern Basin and Range province than possible from either experiment alone. Our new data indicate Moho depths that vary from 29.5 on the east to 36.5 km in the west along the passive source array and Vp/Vs ratios that systematically span a wide range from 1.68 to 1.83. Velocity modeling of data collected from the 300 km, wide-angle refraction/reflection survey provides comparable Moho depths of 32–37 km under the same region. Decreasing Vp/Vs is correlated with decreasing crustal thickness, with Vp/Vs ratio > 1.80 in northeast California and Vp/Vs <1 .74 in the thinner crust of the Basin and Range province. We associate the high Vp/Vs of northeast California with mafic additions to the crust during formation of the Modoc Plateau in a region of accreted Paleozoic island arc terrans similar to those exposed in the eastern Klamaths and northwestern Sierra Nevada. Unusually low Vp/Vs in conjunction with low absolute Vp and Vs is observed beneath the central part of our array and may be due to the roots of the Sierra Nevada batholith, now dismembered by Basin and Range faults. Back azimuthal stacking of our receiver function data suggests a northwest oriented crustal anisotropy fast direction beneath this region, parallel to the northwest to southeast oriented Cenozoic extension experienced by the Basin and Range province and suggestive of a similar flow direction in the middle to lower crust.
The fate of sodium during pulverized coal combustion

Abstract The distribution of sodium in the different sizes of fly ash produced during coal combustion provides useful insights into the vaporization and condensation mechanisms for sodium. For the residual fly ash, the departure of the concentration of sodium from an inverse square dependence on particle size can be used to infer the degree of sodium vaporization. For low-rank coals most of the sodium vaporizes at combustion temperatures
Geochemical impact of oxygen on siliciclastic carbon storage reservoirs

Abstract In planning for large-scale CO 2 capture procedures, there exists an economic incentive to leave minor gas components in the captured CO 2 stream for geological storage, because doing so would reduce the cost of the capture process. However, co-injection of reactive impurities (such as O 2 , CO, H 2 , NOx, and SOx) may have detrimental effects on well injectivity, wellbore integrity, seal performance, and gas–brine–rock interactions. In this study we investigated, using a series of autoclave experiments, the potential impact of O 2 as an impurity on geochemical reactions. Three sandstones were tested: Miocene sandstone (Texas offshore, USA), lower Tuscaloosa sandstone (Cranfield field, Mississippi, USA) and Cardium sandstone (Pembina field, Alberta, Canada). Samples were subjected to reaction with 1.88 M NaCl solution and CO 2 , with and without the addition of a small volume of O 2 in order to determine the geochemical effects of O 2 . A total of ten reaction experiments were conducted at 200 bar and 70 °C or 100 °C. Overall, for rock samples lacking reducing minerals, co-injection of a small volume of O 2 with supercritical CO 2 showed only a limited geochemical impact compared to the reactions with pure CO 2 . The presence of O 2 did not accelerate the dissolution of carbonate and feldspar minerals, nor did it alter the reaction pathways. However, the small amount of pyrite (≈0.7%) contained in the Cardium sandstone had an important impact. As it was oxidized, the solution pH was further lowered because the Cardium sandstone contains little pH-buffering carbonate and feldspar minerals. Consequently, dissolution of carbonates and feldspars was enhanced by the more-acidic solution. Aqueous ferrous iron was largely converted to iron oxyhydroxides and precipitated on mineral surfaces. The minor cations that showed the largest increases in aqueous concentration (such as Mn, Sr, and Ba) were mostly mobilized from carbonates and were not significantly enhanced by O 2 for the low-pyrite sandstones. Releases of trace metals, with the exception of Zn and Pb, were not enhanced by the presence of O 2 . In fact, concentrations of As, V, Mo, and other oxyanions were lower in the reactions involving O 2 than in the pure CO 2 reactions, because these metals sorb on the newly precipitated iron oxyhydroxides.
Improved method for calculating booster to launch pad interface transient forces

This paper presents a methodology for the calculation of the transient interface forces between a launch vehicle and its launch pad. The method presented is closed form and, thus, is mathematically exact. The method uses variable constraint equations to couple the launch vehicle to the pad. The resulting interface forces are monitored each time step, and as the launch vehicle separates from the pad, the constraint equations are modified accordingly. The only assumption in the method is that the forces acting on the booster and pad, including the subject interface forces, vary linearly between integration time steps. This is the same assumption used in standard linear transient loads analyses. In addition, the nature of the constraint equations allows a great reduction in the number of coupled equations to be solved. Solving the resulting small system of equations yields the interface forces, which are then used to solve for the booster and pad response by the standard linear transient solution method. Use of constraint equations also frees the analyst from calculating coupled boosterpad systems modes, which are a necessity in some methodologies currently in use.
Influenza infections of mice. I. Curative activity of amantadine HCl.

SummaryThe first disease symptom of influenza A2-infected mice was a reduction in water consumption. The degree of reduction with influenza A2/Bethesda/10/63 was virus-dose related whereas the time of appearance of this symptom was not. Amantadine HCl treatment of mice infected with influenza A2/Bethesda/10/63 and with influenza A2/AA/2/60 beginning 12 hr after the appearance of this disease symptom resulted in an increase in the percentage of survivors, an increase in survival time, an increase in the number of healthy animals, and an increase in the proportion of healthy to diseased animals of those which survived.
N-[2-(Benzylsulfanyl)benzylidene]-2-(methylsulfanyl)aniline

The title mol­ecule, C21H19NS2, is non-planar with a dihedral angle between the two benzene rings bonded to the N=CH group of 51.33 (8)°.
Clinical studies with spleen-specific radiolabeled agents

While 99m Tc sulfur colloid imaging, because of its availability and convenience, remains the initial procedure of choice for spleen imaging, selective spleen scanning with damaged 99m Tc-labeled RBCs can provide additional information in some cases. These cases include overlapping left hepatic lobe and suspected splenic pathology but with poor radiocolloid uptake that precludes visualization. Other indications are (1) detection of residual splenic tissue after splenectomy, (2) suspected asplenia, (3) polysplenia, and (4) situs ambiguus. The selective 99m Tc-denatured RBC scan is most useful to confirm or exclude defects seen on the radiocolloid study and to detect small amounts of splenic tissue.
Microcomputer programs for markov and modified markov chain disease models

Abstract Two simulation models were created using an electronic spreadsheet. The models, IV and V, were developed from a multi-agent mastisis example and assumed Markov and modified Markov chain processes, respectively. Model IV simulated disease occurrence in which the probability of transmission remained constant. Model V simulated disease occurrence in a population which had constant state transition probability rates, except for those of a single agent, which were assumed to be dynamic and follow the assumptions of the classic Reed-Frost model. The methodology developed for these models should be easily adopted to other disease problems in either human or veterinary medicine.
EUV resist patterning performance from the Intel microexposure tool (MET)

The patterning targets for EUV resists at the 32 nm node are stringent, and will require significant resist development in order to meet these targets. In this paper, we benchmark the patterning performance of current EUV resists against Intel targets. Resolution data for dense L/S structures, isolated lines, and contact hole structures show that current resists are close to meeting Intel requirements for the 32 nm node, though further optimization is needed. A trade-off is seen between LWR and sensitivity (6.0 nm LWR and 6.8 mJ/cm 2 for resist A versus 11.1 nm LWR and 2.7 mJ/cm 2 for resist C). However even at the higher dose, the LWR target is far from Intel’s spe. At best dose and focus sidewall angles of 85° were measured, decreasing by as much as 10° - 12° as the resist moved out of focus by 400 nm.
Detrimental effects of systemic hyperthermia on locomotor function and histopathological outcome after traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat.

Objective Posttraumatic hyperthermia has been demonstrated to worsen neurological outcome in models of brain injury. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of systemic hyperthermia on locomotor and morphological outcome measures after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in the rat. Methods After a T10 laminectomy, spinal cord contusions were produced from a height of 12.5 mm onto exposed cords (NYU Impactor; New York University Neurosurgery Laboratory, New York, NY) in adult rats that were divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 9) underwent whole body hyperthermia (rectal temperature, 39.5 degrees C) 30 minutes postinjury for 4 hours, Group 2 (n = 8) underwent normothermia (rectal temperature, 37 degrees C) 30 minutes postinjury for 4 hours, and Group 3 (n = 10) underwent traumatic SCI with no postinjury thermal treatment. Twice-weekly assessments of locomotor function were made during a 6-week survival period using the Basso-Beattie-Breshnahan locomotor rating scale. Forty-four days after injury, animals were perfused, and their spinal cords serially sectioned. Sections were stained with hematoxylin, eosin, and Luxol fast blue for histopathological analysis. The percentage of tissue damage was quantitatively determined by using computer-aided image analysis. Results The results showed that 4 hours of postinjury hyperthermia significantly worsened locomotor outcome (final Basso-Beattie-Breshnahan scores were 9.7 +/- 0.3 [Group 1] versus 10.8 +/- 0.4 [Group 2] versus 11.3 +/- 0.3 [Group 3]) and led to an increase in the percentage of tissue damage (32.9 + 3.2% [Group 1] versus 22.3 +/- 2.8% [Group 3]). Conclusion These data suggest that complications of SCI (e.g., fever, infection) leading to an elevation of systemic temperature may add to the severity of secondary injury associated with traumatic SCI and significantly affect neurological outcome.
DNA sequence analysis: a formula to predict electrophoretic mobilities of oligonucleotides on cellulose acetate.

Abstract A simple method has recently become available for sequence analysis of large oligonucleotide fragments. Sequences are derived from the characteristic mobility shifts of the sequential partial degradation products of the oligonucleotide on two dimensional homochromatography. We have now developed an empirical formula for predicting the relative mobilities of each of the partial products in the first dimension (electrophoresis on cellulose acetate gel). The formula allows a more precise interpretation of the sequence of the oligonucleotide. It eliminates the ambiguities present in the method previously reported for sequence analysis by simple inspection of the mobility shifts. In order to amplify the mobility shifts so that they may be more easily and accurately measured, methods have been developed for preparing and fractionating the oligonucleotides on 40 × 40 cm DEAE-cellulose plates. Both improvements have proven valuable for direct sequence analysis by mapping.
The rate at which energy decays in a damped String

The energy in a string subject to positive viscous damping is known to decay exponentially in time. Under the assumption that the damping is of bounded variation, we identify the best rate of decay with the supremum of the real part of the spectrum of the infinitesimal generator of the underlying semigroup. We analyze the spectrum of this nonselfadjoint operator in some detail. Our bounds on its real eigenvalues and asymptotic form of its large eigenvalues translate into criteria for over/underdamping and a proof that the decay rate achieves its (negative) minimum over those dampings whose total variation does not exceed a prescribed value.
Task Lighting at a VDT Workstation

Two experiments on task lighting at a VDT workstation are described. In Exp. 1, 16 subjects entered random letters for 40 min in a general lighting condition and two task lighting conditions. The results for task lighting, although not statistically significantly better than general lighting, were promising so a second experiment was done.In Exp. 2, general ceiling lighting was the control condition; there were 4 task lighting conditions. Eight subjects entered random letters for 16 h. Words/min did not differ significantly among the five conditions. Comfort was evaluated for the eyes, neck, back, hand-wrist and seat. Comfort did not vary significantly among conditions for the neck, back, hand-wrist or seat; it did vary for eyes. Subjective evaluation varied significantly for each of the 32 adjectives; ceiling lighting was preferred over task lighting and some task lighting conditions were preferred over others. The single adjective scale is recommended as being more sensitive than the typical paired sema...
A defense of branching quantification

Adding branching quantification to a first-order language increases the expressive power of the language,without adding to its ontology. The present paper is a defense of this claim against Quine (1970) and Patton (1991).
Detection of aflatoxin using small columns of florisil.

This simplified procedure to detect aflatoxin in cottonseed and cottonseed products can be used at the field level where equipment for thin layer chromatography is not available. Contamination levels as low as 10 ppb can be detected in these columns or tubes using longwave uv light. Development and detection of aflatoxin in these tubes takes ca. 10 min.
Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics of Adenine and Monomethylated Adenines in Solution: Implications for the Nonradiative Decay Mechanism

The DNA base adenine and four monomethylated adenines were studied in solution at room temperature by femtosecond pump−probe spectroscopy. Transient absorption at visible probe wavelengths was used to directly observe relaxation of the lowest excited singlet state (S1 state) populated by a UV pump pulse. In H2O, transient absorption signals from adenine decay biexponentially with lifetimes of 0.18 ± 0.03 ps and 8.8 ± 1.2 ps. In contrast, signals from monomethylated adenines decay monoexponentially. The S1 lifetimes of 1-, 3-, and 9-methyladenine are similar to one another and are all below 300 fs, while 7-methyladenine has a significantly longer lifetime (τ = 4.23 ± 0.13 ps). On this basis, the biexponential signal of adenine is assigned to an equilibrium mixture of the 7H- and 9H-amino tautomers. Excited-state absorption (ESA) by 9-methyladenine is 50% stronger than by 7-methyladenine. Assuming that ESA by the corresponding tautomers of adenine is unchanged, we estimate the population of 7H-adenine in H2...
II. Autoradiographic localization of subcomponents of the macromolecular GABA receptor complex

The autoradiographic localization of subcomponents of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride ionophore complex has provided insight into the distribution of this macromolecular system. GABA inhibits neurons by preferentially increasing the permeability of the affected membrane to chloride ions. This inhibition can be modified by the presence of other substances which bind to the GABA receptor complex. Autoradiographic localization of specific receptor subtypes associated with this complex has been accomplished in the central nervous system. This type of analysis has been performed on high and low affinity GABAA, benzodiazepine (BZ; both BZ1 and BZ2) and convulsant sites. These receptor sites are situated in distinct brain regions and co-exist in several areas. Other receptor subtypes, which may be influenced by the presence of GABA, can be analyzed for comparison in order to define regions of the brain where GABA may be exerting independent effects (i.e., those not associated with chloride channels). Microscopic localization of receptor sites indicates specific areas to investigate in further studies concerning the characterization of subcomponents of the macromolecular GABA complex associated with chloride ion channels.
Microfabricated silicon-on-Pyrex passive wireless wall shear stress sensor

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a passive wireless sensor for the measurement of wall shear stress. A micromachined variable-capacitor shear stress transducer is realized using a silicon-on-Pyrex microfabrication process. The design features a diamond-shaped 2.25 mm2 silicon floating-element to accommodate more comb fingers for improved capacitive transduction in a smaller die area. The variable-capacitor device is connected to a fixed inductor on a printed circuit board to enable passive wireless sensing. The nominal resonant frequency of the device is 168 MHz with a quality factor of 8.6. Calibrations of static shear stress in a flow cell show a linear response to over 4 Pa, with a frequency-shift sensitivity of 474 kHz/Pa (1.1% full scale). Theoretically a minimum detectable shear stress of 4.1 mPa can be resolved giving a 61.7 dB dynamic range.