cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Group Feedback for Continuous Learning

This article explores relationships between feedback, group learning, and performance. It considers how feedback to individuals and the group as a whole supports continuous group learning. Feedback source, purpose, clarity, and valence may affect perceptions, processing, and outcomes of feedback. How feedback is processed and used may be influenced by group and individual conditions, such as demands and goals, accountability for performance, learning orientation, and whether the group is engaging in adaptive, generative, and/or transformative learning. Implications for human resource development practice focus on interventions to improve the use of feedback. Directions for research include examining the content and process of feedback at the individual and group levels of analysis and exploring the effects of feedback source, feedback specificity, leader behavior, and member interactions on group learning.
Dietary restraint and obesity: their effects on dietary intake.

The current investigation evaluated the effects of levels of restraint, dietary intake, and obesity on both immediate (i.e., in the laboratory) and subsequent (i.e., outside the laboratory) self-reported dietary intake. Subjects were 102 college females, half of whom were given a high-caloric snack of a chocolate milkshake. Subjects were classified according to their level of chronic dieting status and relative weight. Chronic dieting status was measured by utilizing both the Concern for Dieting (CD) and the Weight Fluctuation (WF) factors of the revised restraint scale (Polivy, 1980). When using the WF factor, results indicated that obesity interacted with dieting status on total food consumption (i.e., calories for the entire day). That is, nondieting obese subjects reportedly ate significantly more calories than nondieting normal-weight subjects. Further, nondieting overweight subjects reported eating significantly more than low-restrained normal-weight subjects. On the CD factor, restrained eaters who received a preload reported eating significantly more calories than nondieters at lunch. For those subjects not receiving a milkshake, restrained eaters ate fewer calories at lunch than nondieters. The significance of these results for understanding possible energy imbalances in obese individuals as well as understanding pathological overeating and its consequences is discussed.
β-adrenergic receptor blockade as a therapeutic approach for suppressing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normotensive and hypertensive subjects

Although beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs suppress the renin system (RAAS), plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) responses during beta-blockade have not been defined. This study quantifies the effects of beta-blockade on the RAAS and examines its impact on prorenin processing by measuring changes in the ratio of plasma renin activity (PRA) to total renin. In normotensive (N = 14) and hypertensive (N = 16) subjects, blood pressure (BP), heart rate, PRA, plasma prorenin, plasma total renin (prorenin + PRA), ratio of PRA to total renin (%PRA), plasma Ang II, and urinary aldosterone were measured before and after 1 week of beta-blockade. Plasma renin activity, Ang II, and urinary aldosterone levels were similar for normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Plasma renin activity correlated with Ang II. Total renin, which is proportional to (pro)renin gene expression, was lower in hypertensive subjects and was inversely related to BP. Beta-blockade decreased BP and heart rate in both groups, with medium- and high-renin hypertensive subjects responding more frequently than those with low renin. Beta-blockade consistently suppressed PRA, Ang II, and aldosterone. Total renin was unchanged, thus, %PRA fell. These results indicate that beta-blockers suppress plasma angiotensin II levels, in parallel with the marked reductions in PRA and urinary aldosterone levels in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. The suppression of Ang II levels was comparable to that produced during angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. However, by reducing prorenin processing to renin, beta-blockers do not stimulate renin secretion, unlike ACE inhibitors and Ang II receptor antagonists. This unique action of beta-blockers has important implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Changes in frost days in simulations of twentyfirst century climate

Global coupled climate model simulations of twentieth and twentyfirst century climate are analyzed for changes in frost days (defined as nighttime minima less than freezing). The model simulations agree with the observed pattern for late twentieth century of a greater decrease of frost days in the west and southwest USA compared to the rest of the country, and almost no change in frost days in fall compared to relatively larger decreases in spring. Associated with general increases of nighttime minimum temperatures, in the future climate with increased greenhouse gases (GHGs) the number of frost days is fewer almost everywhere, but there are greatest decreases over the western parts of the continents. The numbers of frost days are most consistently related to sea level pressure, with more frost days occurring when high pressure dominates on the monthly time scale in association with clearer skies and lower nighttime minimum temperatures. Spatial patterns of relative changes of frost days are indicative of regional scale atmospheric circulation changes that affect nighttime minimum temperatures. Increases of soil moisture and clouds also contribute, but play secondary roles. The linkages among soil moisture, clouds, sea level pressure, and diurnal temperature range are quantified by a statistical multiple regression model. Coefficients for present and future climate are similar among the predictors, indicating physical processes that affect frost days in present and future climates do not appreciably change. Only the intercept changes in association with the significant warming of the mean climate state. This study highlights the fact that, though there is a general decrease in the number of frost days with global warming, the processes that affect the pattern of those changes, and thus the regional changes of frost days, are influenced by several interrelated physical processes, with changes in regional atmospheric circulation generally being most important.
Analysis of Geochemical Reference Materials Using Simultaneous Multi-Element Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Analytical data are presented for the determination of Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn in 60 geochemical reference samples by simultaneous multi-element atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization. The samples include rocks, sediments, coal ash, Mn nodules and ores. Accuracy and precision of the analysis are evaluated statistically.
Comparing Rasch measurement and factor analysis

This article illustrates how Rasch measurement is preferable to factor analysis for reducing complex data matrices to unidimensional variables. The two methods: (a) address the same kind of data, but with different interpretations of numerical status; (b) use the same estimation methods, but with different measurement models; and (c) solve the same problems, but with substantially different utility. Factor analysis is faulted for mistaking ordinally labeled stochastic observations for linear measures and for failing to construct linear measurement. The motivation and mathematical basis for Rasch measurement are introduced. How to use Rasch measurement to replace factor analysis is developed for a dichotomy and demonstrated for a rating scale.
Associations among milk quality indicators in raw bulk milk.

The objective of this study was to determine characteristics and associations among bulk milk quality indicators from a cohort of dairies that used modern milk harvest, storage, and shipment systems and participated in an intensive program of milk quality monitoring. Bulk milk somatic cell count (SCC), total bacteria count (TBC), coliform count (CC), and laboratory pasteurization count (LPC) were monitored between July 2006 and July 2007. Bulk milk samples were collected 3 times daily (n = 3 farms), twice daily (n = 6 farms), once daily (n = 4 farms), or once every other day (n = 3 farms). Most farms (n = 11) had direct loading of milk into tankers on trucks, but 5 farms had stationary bulk tanks. The average herd size was 924 cows (range = 200 to 2,700), and daily milk produced per herd was 35,220 kg (range = 7,500 to 105,000 kg). Thresholds for increased bacterial counts were defined according to the 75th percentile and were >8,000 cfu/mL for TBC, >160 cfu/mL for CC, and ≥310 cfu/mL for LPC. Means values were 12,500 (n = 7,241 measurements), 242 (n = 7,275 measurements), and 226 cfu/mL (n = 7,220 measurements) for TBC, CC, and LPC, respectively. Increased TBC was 6.3 times more likely for bulk milk loads with increased CC compared with loads containing fewer coliforms. Increased TBC was 1.3 times more likely for bulk milk with increased LPC. The odds of increased TBC increased by 2.4% for every 10,000-cells/mL increase in SCC in the same milk load. The odds of increased CC increased by 4.3% for every 10,000-cells/mL increase in SCC. The odds of increased CC increased by 1% for every 0.1°C increase in the milk temperature upon arrival at the dairy plant (or at pickup for farms with bulk tank). Laboratory pasteurization count was poorly associated with other milk quality indicators. Seasonal effects on bacterial counts and milk temperature varied substantially among farms. Results of this study can be used to aid the interpretation and analysis of indicators of milk quality intensively produced by dairy processors’ laboratories.
Anatomical evidence for presynaptic modulation by the delta opioid receptor in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray of the rat.

The delta opioid receptor (DOR) modulates nociception and blood pressure in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). To examine the cellular basis for DOR effects, the ultrastructural distribution of DOR immunoreactivity was examined in the caudal ventrolateral PAG. DOR immunoreactivity was located predominantly in axon terminals that formed asymmetric (excitatory-type) synaptic contacts. However, rather then localized to the plasma membrane of synaptic boutons, immunolabeling for the DOR was intracellular, often associated with large dense-core vesicles. This finding suggests that dense-core vesicles may play a role in targeting the DOR, as vesicle fusion would shift the distribution of the DOR to the plasma membrane. To investigate the neural circuits in which DOR may function, dual-immunolabeling was used to determine the relationship of the DOR to an endogenous ligand, enkephalin, and to a potential target, GABAergic neurons. Approximately a third (38 of 127) of DOR containing axons had enkephalin immunoreactivity, indicating DOR may act in part as a presynaptic autoreceptor. Although single axon terminals containing immunoreactivity for both DOR and GABA were not detected, some DOR-immunolabeled axon terminals (26 of 86) contacted soma or dendrites containing GABA. These data suggest that the DOR may act in part as an autoreceptor to regulate synaptic input to GABAergic as well as non-GABAergic PAG neurons. Furthermore, the exposure of the DOR to the extracellular space may be contingent upon dense-core vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane.
Cardiomyopathies in infants and children.

I N THE PAST FEW YEARS increased attention has been devoted to the subject of myocardial disease in the pediatric age group. Pediatric cardiomyopathies are characterized by a high degree of morbidity and mortality. There have been different approaches to the definition and nomenclature of the different myocardial diseases constituting the cardiomyopathies. A physiologic classification as proposed by Goodwin’ does not commit one to a system that is dependent on an understanding of the etiology. It avoids the pitfall of using the term “chronic myocarditis” when referring to myocardial disease of obscure etiology. The authors have found it convenient to modify Goodwin’s definition because of the different spectrum of myocardial disease in children when compared with adults. In this communication the term “cardiomyopathy” is used to designate an intrinsic disease of the myocardium, which is not caused by shunts or valvular disease. Excluded from the cardiomyopathies are cases of known congenital morphologic anomalies. The term “primary cardiomyopathy” is used to indicate disorders not known to be secondary to systemic disease, to disease in other organs or other systems. Usually the etiology is obscure. The term “secondary cardiomyopathy” designates an intrinsic myocardial disease that is secondary to or associated with systemic disease, diseases of other organs or in other systems. Where myocardial disease coexists with skeletal muscle disease as in muscular dystrophies, the cardiomyopathy has been regarded as secondary, since the presenting and main clinical features usually are those of the skeletal myopathy. Also, the existing terminology of muscular dystrophy is well established. The course of the disease in the secondary cardiomyopathies usually is acute or subacute, rather than subacute or chronic as in the primary pediatric cardiomyopathies. For the classification of pediatric cardiomj*opathies, see Table 1.
In vitro growth changes of oral human keratinocytes after treatment with carotenoids, retinoid, and/or DMBA

In vitro changes of normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) derived from the oral mucosa after treatment with the chemical carcinogen 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA; 5, 50, 200 ng/10 ml) were evaluated. NHKs were also treated with chemopreventive nutrient agents that previously had enhanced growth of epidermal and oral keratinocytes or suppressed growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma. These agents included the carotenoids beta-carotene and canthaxanthin and the retinoid retinyl palmitate (60 microM). Plating efficiency, growth in agarose (independent growth), viability [tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay], and proliferation ([3H]thymidine labeling) defined the growth of NHKs. The number of cornified cells and keratin expression (high-molecular-weight keratin) defined differentiation. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase, p53 expression, and tumorigenesis in mice defined oxidation and malignant transformation. Treatment with DMBA (50 ng/10 ml) was detected by autofluorescence; it produced an increase in pleomorphism and multinucleation and enhanced plating efficiency and the number of colonies grown in agarose. Chemopreventive treatment enhanced the number of colonies grown in agarose, but the MTT levels and [3H]thymidine incorporation-proliferation (24 h) were reduced. Chemopreventives also increased differentiation defined by the number of cornified cells and the expression of high-molecular-weight keratin-positive cells. Malignant transformation potential was depressed by reducing gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and mutant p53 expression, whereas tumor suppressor p53 was enhanced. NHKs treated with DMBA and injected into nude mice (nu/nu: 1 x 10(6) cells/0.25 ml) produced tumor masses (3 of 3 animals), whereas the nutrient and DMBA groups produced smaller tumor masses, some with central ulcers (2 of 3 animals). Mock injection of untreated or nutrient-treated NHKs without DMBA treatment did not produce a tumor mass (0 of 3 animals). beta-Carotene, retinyl palmitate, and canthaxanthin increased differentiation and reduced transformation induced by DMBA in oral NHKs.
A comparison of schedule-induced wheel running in rats, hamsters, gerbils, and guinea pigs

Rats, hamsters, gerbils, and guinea pigs were tested on a fixed-time 1-min food-reinforcement schedule to compare schedule-induced wheel running across the four species. Four of five gerbils and three of five hamsters developed schedule-induced wheel running, whereas, only one of five rats and one of two guinea pigs displayed schedule-induced wheel running. These preliminary data extend the species generality of adjunctive wheel running, and suggest that it is a more robust phenomenon in gerbils and hamsters than in rats.
Epinephrine as the initial therapy in selected cases of ocular hypertension

The authors believe that the epinephrines should be employed as the initial therapy in both primary open angle glaucoma and, when treated, ocular hypertension. Unlike pilocarpine, epinephrine does not produce miosis and accommodative spasm. Because of longer experience with epinephrine than with costly timolol, its longterm effectiveness and side effects are better known. Although the side effects of epinephrine are usually not serious, they may be intolerable to the patient. However, allergic blepharoconjunctivitis may be ameliorated by concomitant hydroxymesterone therapy. The availability of dipivalyl epinephrine (DPE) may decidedly shift the balance of the treatment of ocular hypertension, when indicated, to an epinephrine compound.
Low Solidity Cascade Diffuser and Scroll Optimization for Centrifugal Compressors

One of the major concerns of the centrifugal compressor designer is the trade-off between the compressor’s efficiency and its range. The compressors equipped with vaneless diffusers benefit from a broader operational range than conventional vaned diffusers, but with decreased compression efficiency. One solution found in recent years is the Low Solidity Diffuser, which displays a range greater than conventional vaned diffusers, by preventing rotating stall, and efficiency higher than vaneless diffusers. The study focuses on the impact of geometry elements on the flow field through the vanes’ passages, and on the change of performance with the location of the vanes relative to the scroll tongue. This paper presents results of experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) investigations — for centrifugal compressors with low solidity cascade diffusers. The vanes are based on a NACA airfoil profile and have been designed using commercial software from ConceptsNREC: Compal and AxCent. The analysis part was performed using CFX software from Ansys, Inc. The performance parameters recorded are pressure ratios, isentropic efficiency, flow angles and velocity field profiles.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Number Combination Skill in At-Risk First Graders

The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the potential for computer-assisted instruction (CAI) to enhance number combination skill among children with concurrent risk for math disability and reading disability. A secondary purpose was to examine the effects of CAI on spelling. At-risk students were assigned randomly to math or spelling CAI, which they received in 50 sessions over 18 weeks. Acquisition and transfer effects were assessed. The results indicated that math CAI was effective in promoting addition but not subtraction number combination skill and that transfer to arithmetic story problems did not occur. Spelling CAI effects were reliable on acquisition and transfer spelling measures, with small to moderate effect sizes on transfer to reading measures. These results provide the basis for additional work with larger samples.
Recently Identified Molecular Aspects of Intestinal Iron Absorption

Gene mapping techniques to identify gene mutations in humans and animals with phenotypic abnormalities in iron metabolism are providing important insights into the probable molecular mediators of intestinal iron absorption. Positional gene cloning in humans with hereditary hemochromatosis has identified a mutation in a novel major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene called HFE that is likely to be involved in regulating intestinal iron absorption. In addition, recent observations based on positional cloning strategies in the mk/mk mouse and the Belgrade (b/b) rat rodent models of hypochromic, microcytic anemia have shown that the phenotypic abnormality in iron metabolism is associated with a mutation in the Nramp2 gene. Functional cloning studies in Xenopus oocytes have characterized DCT1 (Nramp2) as an iron-regulated proton-coupled divalent cation transporter. Nramp2 is likely to be the membrane transporter that functions in controlling iron entry across the apical membrane and in the export of iron out of endosomal vesicles. The observation that the expression of both HFE and Nramp2 mRNAs are reciprocally regulated by cellular iron status in Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal cell line, lends additional credence to the notion that these proteins may work in concert to regulate intestinal iron absorption.
Phase behavior of SEBS triblock copolymer gels

Dynamic density functional theory calculations were performed for thermoplastic elastomer gels composed of an ABA triblock copolymer immersed in a B-attractive solvent. The triblock copolymer model was parameterized for poly(sty- rene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (SEBS), while the sol- vent model was parameterized for the hydrocarbon oil tetradecane. The effect of the solvent concentration and S-EB interaction on the morphology was investigated, where com- plementary experimental data was used to validate results at vABN � 100. Agreement was observed at solvent volume frac- tions of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6, which correspond to the cylindrical, spherical, and spherical phases, respectively. Qualitative agree- ment was observed for 0.8 volume fraction solvent, where a core-shell spherical micelle morphology was found. For a 50/50 vol % mixture of polymer/solvent, the effect of solvent molecu- lar weight on the morphology was considered, where a transi- tion between micro and macrophase separation was predicted at a critical solvent molecular weight. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. § J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1479-1491, 2011
Electro-acupuncture attenuates behavioral hyperalgesia and selectively reduces spinal fos protein expression in rats with persistent inflammation

This study examined the effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) on persistent inflammatory hyperalgesia in a rat model. Inflammation and hyperalgesia were induced by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into one hindpaw of the rat. Hyperalgesia was determined by a decrease in paw withdrawal latencies (PWL) to a noxious thermal stimulus. EA was applied bilaterally at the acupuncture point Huantiao (G30) at the rat's hindlimbs. EA-treated rats (n = 11) had significantly longer PWLs as compared with placebo control rats (n = 7) in the inflamed paw at 2.5 hours and 5 days after injection of CFA (P .05). Paw edema was significantly reduced in EA-treated rats versus placebo controls at 24 hours after inflammation (P <.01). Inflammation-induced spinal Fos expression in the medial half of laminae I-II in EA-treated rats versus placebo rats (n = 5 per group) was significantly reduced (P <.01). These data showed that EA delayed the onset and facilitated the recovery of inflammatory hyperalgesia and suppressed the inflammation-induced spinal Fos expression in neurons (laminae I-II) involved in receiving noxious stimulation. This rat model of persistent pain and inflammation seems to be an ideal animal model for studying the effect of acupuncture.
Profile and influence of the successful fisher-Inventor of marine conservation technology

Anecdotally it is often said that fi shers are the best inventors of marine conservation technologies. In this paper I describe case studies of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) and dolphin conservation technology, offering empirical evidence that fi shers are successful inventors of marine conservation technology. I describe the Local Inventor Effect, in which adoption of a technology is disproportionately high in the geographic area near the inventor’s home. In one case, the adoption of a local invention was 600% higher than that of the next most popular device. Further, I present the Successful Inventor Profi le for inventors of marine conservation technologies. This profi le consists of three characteristics (1) a successful conservation technology inventor will have extensive experience relevant to the problem and potential solutions, (2) he or she will have extensive experience in fabrication, and (3) he or she will have the ability and tendency to employ mental and/or physical models, to assemble and refi ne inventions.
Limits of Data Analysis in Scientific Inference: Reply to Sleep et al

Statistical inference is an important element of science, but these inferences are constrained within the framework established by the objectives and design of a study. The choice of approach to data analysis, while important, has far less consequence on scientific inference than claimed by Sleep et al. (2007). Their principal assertion—that when model selection is used as the approach to data analysis, all studies provide a reliable foundation for distinguishing among mechanistic explanatory hypotheses—is incorrect and encourages faulty inferences. Sleep et al. (2007) overlook the critical distinction between inferences that result from studies designed a priori to discriminate among a set of candidate explanations versus inferences that result from exploring data post hoc from studies designed originally to meet pattern-based objectives. No approach to data analysis, including model selection, has the power to overcome fundamental limitations on inferences imposed by study design. The comments by Sleep et al. (2007) reinforce the need for scientists to understand clearly the inferential basis for their scientific claims, including the roles and limitations of data analysis.
Statin-mediated correction of STAT1 signaling and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells.

The expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) is reduced in cystic fibrosis (CF) epithelium despite the presence of aggressive inflammation. A potential mechanism for reduced...
One handed tracking in six degrees of freedom

The effect of movement in each of the six degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) on operator tracking performance is studied. Subjects used a single six-d.o.f. hand controller to track a target ball with a control ball on a computer monitor. Depth cues in the displayed tracking environment made tracking in three dimensions possible. Three sets of experiments were conducted in which movement occurred in one, three, and six d.o.f. at a time. Root mean square error (r.m.s.e.) was calculated for each d.o.f. as the measure of performance. The experiments were performed with velocity and acceleration control plant inputs. >
On a laboratory for the study of automating programming

At the present time there is considerable interest in the general question of “automating programming:” there are a number of people actively doing research concerned with various aspects of the question and even a few projects exploring various practical issues via experimental implementations. The area encompassed by “automating programming” is a very broad one, particularly if one understands “programming” to include the entire spectrum of activities concerned with producing algorithms which are correct and effective in terms of certain design specifications. It is therefore to be expected that comparison of various techniques and integration of those techniques and the experimental facilities developed in a variety of institutions will be difficult and expensive unless there is some coordinated effort to provide a common framework to support such activities. We would note that at present it is relatively expensive just to construct sufficient programs to permit the investigation of and experimentation with some proposed technique of program automation; because of this many studies in the general area of programming automation are primarily “paper studies”.It is the purpose of this note to provide an overview of the project currently under way at Harvard's Center for Research in Computing Technology, directed toward the implementation of a laboratory for the study of programming automation techniques. A more detailed discussion of our approach is provided in [1]. In the four sections which follow we will discuss briefly our view of the use of a program automation laboratory, the basis for and basic components of the facility currently being implemented, and finally, suggest that there are a variety of research areas which are strongly related to the question of automating programming in which the laboratory might be employed as a research tool.
Understanding the Weichselberger model: A detailed investigation

The need for accurately characterizing the spatial domain of the wireless channel has become increasingly important with the growing use of wireless technology. To facilitate the development of signaling strategies and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system architectures, many different channel modeling strategies have been employed. When it is desirable to create many different channel matrix realizations for a variety of environments, analytical models are typically used. One of the most popular analytical models, the Kronecker model, has been shown to be deficient in its representation of the channel. An alternate model, proposed by Weichselberger, has been shown to provide a better match than the Kronecker model in predicting a variety of channel metrics. As in the Kronecker case, this model requires knowledge of the link end correlation matrices. However, it also requires the additional knowledge of a power coupling matrix. In this paper, we use beamforming techniques to understand how the environment is represented in the Weichselberger channel model using measured MIMO channel matrices. We examine the model underpinnings and how the component parts capture the physics of the environment. Additionally, synthesized data is used to further examine the properties of the model's power coupling matrix.
Politics of Scale and Networks of Association in Public Participation GIS

The public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) research agenda has explored the issue of equitable access and use of geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial data among traditionally marginalized citizens, in order to facilitate effective citizen participation in inner-city revitalization activities. However, prior research indicates that PPGIS is a complex process, with uneven outcomes. The author contends that such unevenness can be explained by use of a new theoretical framework drawn from the literature of politics of scale and networks. The author contends that the PPGIS process occurs in ‘spaces of dependence’, containing localized social relations and place-specific conditions. The politics of securing this space leads to the creation of ‘spaces of engagement’ at multiple scales. Within these spaces, networks of association evolve to connect multiple actors from public and private sectors with community organizations. Such networks can contain structural inequities, hierarc...
Treatment of a Neglected Syndesmotic Injury Using a Unique Method of Reduction

Syndesmotic injuries are challenging in diagnosis and management as delays in treating the injury lead to poorer functional outcomes. In this case report, we discuss management of an untreated Maisonneuve fracture. To our knowledge, our technique of using a composite braided suture with internal buttons fixed from the talus to the medial malleolus to supplement our syndesmotic repair has not previously been described.
Communicative Coping Behavior Checklist: Observation of Persons With Dementia in the Home Environment

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Communication contributes to increased stress, mortality, and decreased quality of life (QOL) for persons with dementia (PWD) and caregivers. PWD use communicative coping behaviors (CCBs) to manage the demands of the disease. However, most assessments neither look for nor give credit to communication behaviors. This is the first study to examine CCBs in the home environment as measured by the Communicative Coping Behavior Checklist (CCBC). DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional quantitative study included 26 dementia and 18 cognitively normal control dyads. Raters observed their partners' CCBs at home, over several weeks and completed the CCBC. We analyzed the endorsement rates (how often behaviors were observed by a rater) of emotion and activity-focused CCBs in dementia and control dyads. RESULTS The primary outcome was rate of CCB endorsement. Secondary outcomes included dementia diagnosis, cognitive status, depressive mood, life satisfaction (SWL) and QOL. Dementia dyads endorsed 11 of 23 CCBs significantly more than control dyads. Action-focused CCBs (p < .001) were more frequent than emotion-focused CCBs (p = .004) in dementia dyads. Specific CCBs such as humor correlated with higher caregiver QOL (p = .019) and PWD's SWL (p = .003). Another CCB, general humor, correlated with lower PWD's SWL (p = .024). IMPLICATIONS This was the first study to examine CCBs in the home environment comparing dementia and control dyads. Higher endorsement rates of action-focused than emotion-focused CCBs were seen in dementia dyads. We conclude that attention to CCBs during treatment and care will improve QOL and SWL of PWD and caregivers.
New Conoryctines (Mammalia: Taeniodonta) from the Middle Paleocene (Torrejonian) of Western North America

A new genus and species of conoryctine taeniodont is described from two skulls and associated lower jaw fragments from middle Paleocene-aged (Torrejonian) strata of the Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico. A second new species, known from a lower jaw from Torrejonian-aged strata of the Polecat Bench Formation, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming, also is described. Among the conoryctines, the new genus most closely resembles Conoryctes , but differs from it in having a relatively molarized P3, prominent mesostyles on M1–2, and relatively prominent paraconids and paracristids on the lower molars. “ Triisodon heilprinianus ” Cope 1882, recently referred to Conoryctes comma , tentatively is referred to the new genus and is considered a nomen dubium at the specific level.
Modern approaches to early identification of large-bowel cancer. Prospects for newer methodologies.

Prospects for future improvement in survival from colon cancer may depend on advances in our knowledge of biochemical and immunological alterations that occur in malignancy. However, even when these tests indicate an abnormality, all current methods would have to be used to localize a lesion to obtain a tissue diagnosis. At present we must work primarily with all of our investigative tools in order to make a diagnosis in the symptomatic patient. However, intensive, periodic, selective investigation of high-risk patients such as those with familial polyposis, previous polyps or cancer, or ulcerative colitis are sure to be rewarding. An additional high-risk population could be identified by testing the stools of the asymptomatic patient for occult blood. These patients could then be studied with an aggressive diagnostic approach including sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, blood CEA, and newer techniques such as pulsatile lavage for CEA in the washings, for cytology, fluorescent cytology, enzymes, and for isotopic labeling. It is clear that if we are to salvage larger numbers of patients, very early diagnosis, or diagnosis in the incipient stage of disease, is vitally needed. Indications are that findings from some of the studies discussed may in the foreseeable future lead to useful clinical application which will meet this need for the early detection of colon cancer.
Chemical Kinetic Model Reduction Based on Partially-Stirred Reactor Simulations with Comparable Chemical and Mixing Time Scales

Turbulent reacting flow simulation of hypersonic flow fields using detailed chemical kinetic models with a large number of species and reactions is computationally prohibitive. The partially-stirred reactor (PaSR) configuration offers a computationally efficient method of analyzing the coupling between finite-rate kinetics and turbulent mixing phenomena in such flow fields and has been used to develop several simplified reaction models for ethyleneair oxidation. In this paper, we have developed a new methodology of evaluating the sensitivity of PaSR with respect to chemical kinetic parameters and have successfully used these sensitivities to extract skeletal reaction models based on principal component analysis (PCAS). The reduced models obtained by using the present method are compared to those developed using the sensitivity of ignition time in PaSR simulations. The comparisons of PaSR simulations show that the reduced models obtained with the present method are more accurate than the previously developed models with the same number of species.
Adverb Palette: GUI-based Support for Human Interaction in Multi-Objective Path-Planning

Many fields of study involve decision-making where trade-offs between different desirable outcomes are to be made. This paper introduces four designs for a graphical user interface (GUI) called the Adverb Palette (AP) to support interactive robot path-planning under multiple performance objectives. The GUI designs apply when the robot must go from an initial configuration to a goal configuration while honoring competing objectives. This novel human-robot interface helps the operator issue commands to the robot to take a specific path from the many available paths, thereby helping the user in decision making process. AP is a metaphor that symbolizes an artist's palette where an artist mixes different colors to get a desired shade of color. For the principal GUI designs, each objective is represented as a color. Since we assume that the human specifies the objectives using language, each objective is metaphorically called an adverb. Two of the approaches, the sliders and the waypoints indicator, have been explored by the researchers in the past, and the other two, palette and prism are novel and may be more useful and intuitive.
Clinical Pharmacist Participating in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diphenylhydantoin Poisoning in a Child

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of clinical pharmacist participating in diagnosis and treatment of drug poisoning in children.METHODS:The means of clinical pharmacist participating in diagnosis and treatment of diphenylhydantoin poisoning in a child were introduced.RESULTS:Clinical pharmacist adopted HPLC method for the component analysis of drugs and concentration determination of drugs in serum.It is suggested to use sodium valproate replacing diphenylhydantoin,which provided the evidence for clinical pharmacist's diagnosis.The clinical symptom disappeared with the cease of taking drug.CONCLUSION:Clinical pharmacist can carry out clinical pharmaceutical care in pediatric drug poisoning and realize the value and role of them with the help of the technique of TDM.
Epidemiology of Class-A and Class-B Infectious Diseases in Zuoyun 2005-2008

Objective To understand and master the incidence of infectious diseases fashion trends in Zuoyun County of Shanxi Province.Provide a useful reference for the infectious diseases surveillance and prevention and control measures.Methods The data of class A and B infectious disease from 2005 to 2008 in zuoyun were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology.Results A total of 13 kinds of statistics B 1691 cases of infectious diseases,the average annual incidence rate of 252.70/lakh.A downward trend in the incidence of infectious diseases from 2005 to 2008.There was a rising trend year by year natural foci and the arbovirus diseases.The leading disease were tuberculosis,viral hepatitis,brucellosis,measles.Conclusion Respiratory diseases,blood and sexually transmitted diseases,natural foci and the arbovirus diseases remain to be the priority diseases for prevention and control.Health education is the key to disease prevention.
Temporality, sequential iconography and linearity in figures: the impact of the discovery of division in infusoria.

The paper analyses the impact of the discovery of the division of infusoria on eighteenth century microscopical iconography. In Autumn 1765, when reproducing the antispontaneist experiments of Lazzaro Spallanzani, Horace-Benedict de Saussure (1740-1799) discovered a new method of generation of the animalcules of the infusions, namely their division. Drawing a dividing animalcule raised particular problems, notably the question of how to depict the time sequence of a microscopical creature. Although Saussure's journal of microscopical experiments remained unpublished, the discovery was soon diffused and acknowledged by the European naturalists who began to repeat the observations and quickly faced iconographic problems similar to those experienced by Saussure. Indeed, linearity, used to picture time, is a construction, and, notably for public images, scholars had to contend with the conventions of drawers and engravers. The analysis of microscopical iconographic material of the period 1740-1786 shows that during this period, certain naturalists invented new solutions for depicting time, but diffusion of their innovations was not immediate. Nevertheless, in regards to the illustration of microscopical creatures, it is between 1765 and 1776 that the use of linearity was established as a solution enabling an audience to read an iconographic time process as a text.
A SOLUBLE SUPPRESSOR OF T CELL RESPONSE IN VITRO: CHARACTERIZATION AND GENETIC RESTRICTION OF ACTIVITY*

Publisher Summary Mitomycin C-treated suppressor spleen cells when incorporated into mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) as a regulator population syngeneic to the responder cell reduce the alloantigen stimulated proliferative response. This chapter discusses an experiment to identify and biologically characterize a factor secreted by the suppressor cells that exerts the same suppressive regulatory effect as intact cells in the MLR response. From the experiment, it was found out that the generation and release of suppressor factor required both in vivo and secondary in vitro alloantigen stimulation. Alloantigen-activated cells, which were cultured alone or with syngeneic cells, produced no suppressor factor. Moreover, only restimulation with the foreign alloantigens of the primary sensitizing cell strain were effective in promoting the release of suppressor factor; the in vitro restimulation of BALB/c cells activated to C57BL/6 alloantigens with C3H/He or A/TEX spleen cells produced supernatants with little suppressor effect. In addition, the supernatants of cultures of normal spleen cells with syngeneic or allogeneic cells were inactive. Suppressor factor did not manifest specificity for the alloantigens of the stimulator cell component of the MLR.
Processing of compound semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter covers the main processing steps for groups III–V compound semiconductors, including wet and dry etching, ion implantation for doping or isolation, and ohmic and Schottky contact formation. Ohmic contact formation relative to Si is more difficult because, in general, metallic doping levels cannot be achieved in compound semiconductors and alloyed contact schemes must be relied upon. Because of the absence of reproducible oxides with low interface state densities, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-type devices are rare and metal semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) are the most common structures. Device isolation is somewhat simpler in compound semiconductor technology because of the ability to create semi-insulating material by ion bombardment, which avoids the need for dielectric backfill or junction isolation. The presence of two or more sublattices complicates the processing of compound semiconductors because the stoichiometry must be maintained during all the individual steps. This may be difficult during thermal processes because of the high solubility of the group V elements and during dry etching because of differences in the removal rates of the different elements in the material. The chapter presents examples for each of the main III–V materials—namely, gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), and gallium nitride (GaN)—and their related ternary and quaternary alloys in addition to discussing the effect of atomic hydrogen incorporated into these materials unintentionally during growth and processing.
Series expansions for the all-time maximum of α-stable random walks

We study random walks whose increments are α-stable distributions with shape parameter 1<α<2. Specifically, assuming a mean increment size which is negative, we provide series expansions in terms of the mean increment size for the probability that the all-time maximum of an α-stable random walk is equal to 0 and, in the totally skewed-to-the-left case of skewness parameter β=-1, for the expected value of the all-time maximum of an α-stable random walk. Our series expansions generalize previous results for Gaussian random walks. Key ingredients in our proofs are Spitzer's identity for random walks, the stability property of α-stable random variables, and Zolotarev's integral representation for the cumulative distribution function of an α-stable random variable. We also discuss an application of our results to a problem arising in queueing theory.
Breeding seabirds of Argentina: Conservation tools for a more integrated and regional approach

Fil: Yorio, Pablo Martin. Wildlife Conservation Society; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagonico; Argentina
Environmental acoustic feature vectors for identification of similar ocean acoustic environments

Ocean analyses, forecasts and ensembles characterizing oceanographic uncertainty are becoming widely available. Acousticians are interested in the impacts of oceanographic variability (temporal and spatial) and uncertainty on acoustic propagation, however, it is very time consuming to compute acoustic propagation along many potential paths for multiple sensors, over a geographic area for many analysis / forecast times and / or ensembles. To facilitate faster prediction over many model configurations of interest, a method to identify similar acoustic waveguides prior to executing acoustic models has been developed. Environmental acoustic feature vectors (EAFVs) are developed to include characteristics of the waveguide that are important to acoustic transmission. The EAFVs are very quick to compute and are used with various techniques, such as mathematical clustering, to identify environmental-acoustic similarities over a geographic area, forecast time and/or ensemble prior to running an acoustic model. It is shown that clustering on EAFVs produces reasonable estimates of TL clusters. A representative environment is then identified as the full waveguide with EAFVs closest to the mathematical cluster centroid and can be used in place of each of the members of a cluster, thus requiring less computation time over an area/time of interest.
Charge regulation of a surface immersed in an electrolyte solution

In this paper, we investigate theoretically a model of charge regulation of a single charged planar surface immersed in an aqueous electrolyte solution. Assuming that the adsorbed ions are mobile in the charged plane, we formulate a field theory of charge regulation where the numbers of adsorbed ions can be determined consistently by equating the chemical potentials of the adsorbed ions to that of the ions in the bulk. We analyze the mean-field treatment of the model for electrolyte of arbitrary valences, and then beyond, where correlation effects are systematically taken into account in a loop expansion. In particular, we compute exactly various one-loop quantities, including electrostatic potentials, ion distributions, and chemical potentials, not only for symmetric (1, 1) electrolyte but also for asymmetric (2, 1) electrolyte, and make use of these quantities to address charge regulation at the one-loop level. We find that correlation effects give rise to various phase transitions in the adsorption of ions, and present phase diagrams for (1, 1) and (2, 1) electrolytes, whose distinct behaviors suggest that charge regulation, at the one-loop level, is no longer universal but depends crucially on the valency of the ions.