cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of culinary interventions (cooking classes) on dietary intake and behavioral change: a systematic review and evidence map

Culinary interventions (cooking classes) have been used to improve the quality of dietary intake and change behavior. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effects of culinary interventions on dietary intake and behavioral and cardiometabolic outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus for comparative studies that evaluated culinary interventions to a control group or baseline values. The intervention was defined as a cooking class regardless of its length or delivery approach. Studies included populations of children, healthy adults or adults with morbidities. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Outcomes were pooled using the random-effects model and descriptive statistics and depicted in an evidence map. Simple logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with intervention success. We included 30 studies (6 were randomized, 7381 patients, average follow up 25 weeks). Culinary interventions were not associated with a significant change in body mass index (− 0.07 kg/m2, 95% CI: -1.53, 1.40), systolic (− 5.31 mmHg, 95% CI: -34.2, 23.58) or diastolic blood pressure (− 3.1 mmHg, 95% CI: -23.82, 17.62) or LDL cholesterol (− 8.09 mg/dL, 95% CI: -84.43, 68.25). Culinary interventions were associated with improved attitudes, self-efficacy and healthy dietary intake in adults and children. We were unable to demonstrate whether the effect of a culinary intervention was modified by various characteristics of the intervention such as its delivery or intensity. Interventions with additional components such as education on nutrition, physical activity or gardening were particularly effective. Culinary interventions were not associated with a significant change in cardiometabolic risk factors, but were associated with improved attitudes, self-efficacy and a healthier dietary intake in adults and children.
Authoritarianism and the elite origins of democracy

Why do many democracies fail to improve their governance and the material well-being of their citizens, even decades after transitions from dictatorship? Michael Albertus and Victor Menaldo address...
Single‐Cell Intravital Microscopy of Trastuzumab Quantifies Heterogeneous in vivo Kinetics

Cell-to-cell heterogeneity can substantially impact drug response, especially for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies that may exhibit variability in both delivery (pharmacokinetics) and action (pharmacodynamics) within solid tumors. However, it has traditionally been difficult to examine the kinetics of mAb delivery at a single-cell level and in a manner that enables controlled dissection of target-dependent and -independent behaviors. To address this issue, here we developed an in vivo confocal (intravital) microscopy approach to study single-cell mAb pharmacology in a mosaic xenograft comprising a mixture of cancer cells with variable expression of the receptor HER2. As a proof-of-principle, we applied this model to trastuzumab therapy, a HER2-targeted mAb widely used for treating breast and gastric cancer patients. Trastuzumab accumulated to a higher degree in HER2-over expressing tumor cells compared to HER2-low tumor cells (~5:1 ratio at 24 h after administration) but importantly, the majority actually accumulated in tumor-associated phagocytes. For example, 24 h after IV administration over 50% of tumoral trastuzumab was found in phagocytes whereas at 48 h it was >80%. Altogether, these results reveal the dynamics of how phagocytes influence mAb behavior in vivo, and demonstrate an application of intravital microscopy for quantitative single-cell measurement of mAb distribution and retention in tumors with heterogeneous target expression. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
A Digital Twin Framework for Performance Monitoring and Anomaly Detection in Fused Deposition Modeling

Digital twin (DT) and additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are key enablers for smart manufacturing systems. DTs of AM systems are proposed in recent literature to provide additional analysis and monitoring capabilities to the physical AM processes. This work proposes a DT framework for real-time performance monitoring and anomaly detection in fused deposition modeling (FDM) AM process. The proposed DT framework can accommodate AM process measurement data to model the AM process as a cyber-physical system with continuous and discrete event dynamics, and allow for the development of various applications. A new performance metric is proposed for performance monitoring and a formal specification based anomaly detection method is proposed for AM processes. Implementation of the proposed DT on an off-the-shelf FDM printer and experimental results of anomaly detection and process monitoring are presented at the end.
What Are Cultures and a Cultural Frame of Mind in Clinical Interventions

This chapter addresses the question of “what is culture” and what is cultural about what people do, focusing in the perinatal period and early childhood. It describes the fact that animals have cultural practices learned within the social group. Similarly, humans have “innate parenting behaviors” and behaviors that are strongly shaped by culture. There is a universal tendency of promoting what is “best” for children within each culture or ethnic group. The chapter describes practices that could be considered cruel or unusual but which are understandable within a specific belief system. The separation between this world and the underworld, or the world of ancestors or spirits, is not held in many social groups. What we consider “ideal” may be abhorrent in other cultures. The chapter illustrates the notion of blindness to one’s culture and the tendency to hold certain practices as better than all others, “natural,” and more civilized. Finally, there are many differences but also strong commonalities in world views and desires and wishes for the pregnancy and the baby to helps us relate to any couple or family with young children and their wish for optimal outcomes.
Correction to: scBFA: modeling detection patterns to mitigate technical noise in large-scale single-cell genomics data

Following publication of the original article [1], the following two errors were found in formulae:
An Elvitegravir Nanoformulation Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier and Suppresses HIV-1 Replication in Microglia

Even with an efficient combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART), which significantly decreases viral load in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive individuals, the occurrence of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) still exists. Microglia have been shown to have a significant role in HIV-1 replication in the brain and in subsequent HAND pathogenesis. However, due to the limited ability of ART drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration, in addition to efflux transporter expression on microglia, the efficacy of ART drugs for viral suppression in microglia is suboptimal. Previously, we developed novel poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based elvitegravir nanoparticles (PLGA-EVG NPs), which showed improved BBB penetration in vitro and improved viral suppression in HIV-1-infected primary macrophages, after crossing an in vitro BBB model. Our objective in the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of our PLGA-EVG NPs in an important central nervous system (CNS) HIV-1 reservoir, i.e., microglia. In this study, we evaluated the cyto-compatibility of the PLGA-EVG NPs in microglia, using an XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) assay and cellular morphology observation. We also studied the endocytosis pathway and the subcellular localization of PLGA NPs in microglia, using various endocytosis inhibitors and subcellular localization markers. We determined the ability of PLGA-EVG NPs to suppress HIV-1 replication in microglia, after crossing an in vitro BBB model. We also studied the drug levels in mouse plasma and brain tissue, using immunodeficient NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice, and performed a pilot study, to evaluate the efficacy of PLGA-EVG NPs on viral suppression in the CNS, using an HIV-1 encephalitic (HIVE) mouse model. From our results, the PLGA-EVG NPs showed ~100% biocompatibility with microglia, as compared to control cells. The internalization of PLGA NPs in microglia occurred through caveolae-/clathrin-mediated endocytosis. PLGA NPs can also escape from endo-lysosomal compartments and deliver the therapeutics to cells efficiently. More importantly, the PLGA-EVG NPs were able to show ~25% more viral suppression in HIV-1-infected human-monocyte-derived microglia-like cells after crossing the in vitro BBB compared to the EVG native drug, without altering BBB integrity. PLGA-EVG NPs also showed a ~two-fold higher level in mouse brain and a trend of decreasing CNS HIV-1 viral load in HIV-1-infected mice. Overall, these results help us to create a safe and efficient drug delivery method to target HIV-1 reservoirs in the CNS, for potential clinical use.
FOLFIRINOX for the Treatment of Advanced Gastroesophageal Cancers: A Phase 2 Nonrandomized Clinical Trial

Importance Standard first-line regimens for patients with metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas have an approximate 40% objective response rate (ORR). The combination of leucovorin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) has been efficacious as first-line therapy for other gastrointestinal cancers, such as pancreatic and colon cancers. Objective To evaluate the clinical activity and safety of FOLFIRINOX as first-line treatment for patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Design, Setting, and Participants This is an open-label, single-arm phase 2 study of first-line FOLFIRINOX in patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Estimated sample size included 41 patients with ERBB2-negative disease with 90% power to detect an ORR of 60% or greater with α of .10. No enrollment goal was planned for ERBB2-positive patients, but they were allowed to receive trastuzumab in combination with FOLFIRINOX. Interventions Starting doses were fluorouracil, 400 mg/m2bolus, followed by 2400 mg/m2over 46 hours; leucovorin, 400 mg/m2; irinotecan, 180 mg/m2; and oxaliplatin, 85 mg/m2. Trastuzumab was administered as a 6 mg/kg loading dose, followed by 4 mg/kg every 14 days in patients with ERBB2-positive disease. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was ORR by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1. Secondary end points included safety profile, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and duration of response. Results From November 2013 to May 2018, 67 patients were enrolled (median [range] age, 59.0 [34-78] years; including 56 [84%] men), and 26 of 67 (39%) had ERBB2-positive disease. Median follow-up was 17.4 months. The ORR was 61%(95% CI, 44.5%-75.8%) (25 of 41) in the ERBB2-negative group and 85% (95% CI, 65.1%-95.6%) (22 of 26) in the ERBB2-positive group, including 1 patient with complete response. For ERBB2-negative patients, median PFS was 8.4 months and median OS was 15.5 months; for ERBB2-positive patients, median PFS was 13.8 months and median OS was 19.6 months. Fifty-six patients (84%) had dose modifications or treatment delays. The most common toxic effects were neutropenia (91%, n = 61), diarrhea (63%, n = 42), peripheral sensory neuropathy (61%, n = 41), and nausea (48%, n = 32), with no unexpected toxic effects. Conclusions and Relevance The FOLFIRINOX regimen with or without trastuzumab was associated with improved ORR and PFS in patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma in the first-line setting. This regimen may be a reasonable therapeutic option for patients with preserved performance status. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT01928290
The Effect of the #MeToo Movement on Political Engagement and Ambition in 2018:

Conventional wisdom holds that the #MeToo movement increased awareness of sexual harassment and drove sympathizers, particularly women, to increased participation in the 2018 midterm elections. In ...
Coastal Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Sea Level Rise Adaptation Planning in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Planning for sea level rise (SLR) is a complex process that involves scientific uncertainty and local and regional political tradeoffs. As part of a 6-year transdisciplinary research project in the northern Gulf of Mexico, we conducted focus groups with coastal stakeholders (natural resource managers, community planners, and environmental communicators) to gain a better understanding of their planning and adaptation activities for SLR. This paper reports on participants' perceptions about adaptation and their current adaptation activities and strategies. While stakeholders were concerned about SLR and thought adaptation had challenges, they still shared optimism and a commitment to planning. The findings identify different types of SLR adaptation initiatives in which participants were involved as well as types of perceived barriers to adaptation planning, and major recommended strategies to address them. The paper concludes with a discussion of findings, connections to related SLR adaptation literature, practical implications for coastal resiliency, and directions for future research.
On explaining the surprising success of reservoir computing forecaster of chaos? The universal machine learning dynamical system with contrast to VAR and DMD.

Machine learning has become a widely popular and successful paradigm, especially in data-driven science and engineering. A major application problem is data-driven forecasting of future states from a complex dynamical system. Artificial neural networks have evolved as a clear leader among many machine learning approaches, and recurrent neural networks are considered to be particularly well suited for forecasting dynamical systems. In this setting, the echo-state networks or reservoir computers (RCs) have emerged for their simplicity and computational complexity advantages. Instead of a fully trained network, an RC trains only readout weights by a simple, efficient least squares method. What is perhaps quite surprising is that nonetheless, an RC succeeds in making high quality forecasts, competitively with more intensively trained methods, even if not the leader. There remains an unanswered question as to why and how an RC works at all despite randomly selected weights. To this end, this work analyzes a further simplified RC, where the internal activation function is an identity function. Our simplification is not presented for the sake of tuning or improving an RC, but rather for the sake of analysis of what we take to be the surprise being not that it does not work better, but that such random methods work at all. We explicitly connect the RC with linear activation and linear readout to well developed time-series literature on vector autoregressive (VAR) averages that includes theorems on representability through the Wold theorem, which already performs reasonably for short-term forecasts. In the case of a linear activation and now popular quadratic readout RC, we explicitly connect to a nonlinear VAR, which performs quite well. Furthermore, we associate this paradigm to the now widely popular dynamic mode decomposition; thus, these three are in a sense different faces of the same thing. We illustrate our observations in terms of popular benchmark examples including Mackey–Glass differential delay equations and the Lorenz63 system.
Open Source Software and Firm Productivity

As open source software (OSS) is increasingly used as a key input by firms, understanding its impact on productivity becomes critical. This study measures the firm-level productivity impact of nonpecuniary (free) OSS and finds a positive and significant value-added return for firms that have an ecosystem of complementary capabilities. There is no such impact for firms without this ecosystem of complements. Dynamic panel analysis, instrumental variables, and a variety of robustness checks are used to address measurement error concerns and to add support for a more causal interpretation of the results. For firms with an ecosystem of complements, a 1% increase in the use of nonpecuniary OSS leads to an increase in value-added productivity of between 0.002% and 0.008%. This effect is smaller for larger firms, and the results indicate that prior research underestimates the amount of IT firms use. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2977. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman...
ECMO as a Bridge to Left Ventricular Assist Device or Heart Transplantation.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes between patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) bridged to left ventricular assist device (LVAD) versus heart transplantation (HT) using registry data. Background Patients with heart failure supported with ECMO represent the highest priority in the new HT allocation system. For patients on ECMO, bridging to LVAD may be non-inferior compared with bridging to HT. Methods Adult patients in the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) from 2006 to 2017 and United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database from 2006 to June 2019 requiring ECMO were included. Cause-specific hazard models were created and cumulative incidence functions were calculated with mortality, transplantation, and re-transplantation as competing events. Results A total of 906 patients received ECMO as bridge to VAD (n = 587, 64.8%) or as bridge to HT (n = 319, 35.2%). Patients bridged directly to HT were younger (age 46.3 ± 15.4 years vs. 52.1 ± 13.2 years; p Conclusions There was no difference in mortality on pump support compared with posttransplant mortality among those bridged from ECMO to LVAD or HT.
Fixed-accuracy confidence interval estimation of $$\varvec{P(X<Y)}$$ P ( X < Y ) under a geometric–exponential model

This paper deals with fixed-accuracy confidence interval estimation of the parameter $$P(X<Y)$$ where X follows a geometric distribution and Y follows an exponential distribution with both parameters unknown. Taking into consideration parametric and nonparametric methods, we develop modified two-stage and two-stage sampling procedures, respectively, to determine the necessary sample sizes for constructing a confidence interval with required the accuracy. Both procedures show a few appealing properties and are further investigated through simulation studies. A prostate cancer data set is used to illustrate the implementation of the model and sampling procedures.
Genetic and immune divergence in pancreatic cancer lesions at the time of metastatic relapse compared to primary tumor.

4140Background: Relapse of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is common even after complete resection and adjuvant therapy. Compared to the resected tumor, the biological characteristics of met...
Genetic and environmental modulation of neurotrophic and anabolic stress response: Counterbalancing forces

Abstract The serotonin transporter genetic variant 5HTTLPR influences activation and feedback control of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and has been shown to influence the effect of stressful life events on behavioral health. We recently reported that 5HTTLPR modulates cortisol response in healthy military men exposed to intense stress. Less is known of its combined effects with environmental factors in this context, or of its effect on neuroprotective stress responses. In this follow-up study, we examined the unique and combined effects of 5HTTLPR and prior trauma exposure on neuroprotective (salivary nerve growth factor [sNGF]), anabolic (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEAS] and testosterone), and catabolic (cortisol) stress responses. Ninety-three healthy, active-duty military men were studied before, during, and 24 h after a stressful 12-day survival course. Distinct and interactive effects of 5HTTLPR long allele carriage [L] versus homozygous short allele carriage [SS]) and prior trauma exposure (low versus high) were evaluated, after which a priori group comparisons were performed between hypothesized high resilience (L/low) and low resilience (SS/high) groups. For sNGF, L/low produced the greatest sNGF throughout stress exposure while SS/high demonstrated the smallest; L/high and SS/low bisected these two extremes and were nearly identical to each other (i.e., SS/high
Bell state preparation using pulsed non-degenerate two-photon entanglement

Summary form only given. In femtosecond pulse pumped single photon downconversion (SPDC), polarization Bell states have been realized only after post-selections of the two-photon amplitudes are made: especially, spectral post-selection by using narrow-band filters. Instead of the spectral post-selection, one can use a thin nonlinear crystal. However, both methods reduce the available flux of the entangled photon pair significantly. In this paper, we report a Bell state preparation experiment in which we effectively eliminate any post-selection in femtosecond pulse pumped SPDC for the first time.
A generalized Kolmogorov inequality for the Hilbert transform

If f ∈ L 1 (R 1 ; (1 + |x|) -1 dx) we can define the Hilbert transform Hf almost everywhere (Lebesgue) and obtain an estimate for μ{x: |Hf(x)| > a} where μ is a suitable finite measure. The classical Kolmogorov inequality for the Lebesgue measure of {x: |Hf(x)| > a} is obtained by a scaling argument.
Mitochondrial quality control and autophagosomal process in Parkinson’s disease model (LB170)

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and can be caused by genetic mutations of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Parkin. ...
Chemical Methods to Prepare [60]Fulleranes

Most known chemical methods to prepare hydrogenated [60]fullerenes or [60]fulleranes are described with an emphasis on those methods that are of historical significance and/or convenient, scalable and high yielding. Separate sections are dedicated to C60H2, C60H4–16, C60H18, C60H36, and C60H>36. The simplest of all [60]fullerane derivatives, 1,2-C60H2, is prepared in good isolated yield using either a NaBH4 reduction (59% isolated) or a Zn(Cu) couple reduction (66% isolated). A few C60H4 (e.g., 1,2,3,4-C60H4) and C60H6 (e.g., 1,2,33,41,42,50-C60H6) isomers have been formed and identified using structure sensitive analytical techniques but evidence for [60]fulleranes of formula C60H8–16 is based largely upon structure insensitive mass spectrometry data. Crown shaped C 3v C60H18 is the only [60]fullerane species that can be produced in high yield using multiple synthetic methods. It is a stable, easily isolable species of limited solubility that persists for years. Of the synthetic methodologies available, the polyamine chemistries [conventional heating or microwave irradiation] are best because the yields are excellent, the reactions are scalable, only standard glassware is required, the work-up is simple, and no purification is required. Birch reductions, transfer hydrogenations and Zn-acid conditions all lead to mixtures of C60H36 isomers in good yield. Of these methods, the transfer hydrogenation reaction gives the cleanest product slate with formation of three isomers possessing C 1 symmetry (60–70%), C 3 symmetry (25–30%) and T symmetry (2–5%), respectively. The formation of [60]fulleranes with more than 36 hydrogens is well documented but the products have generally escaped characterization by structure sensitive analytical techniques. No single isomer of formula C60H>36 has ever been isolated.
An expanded view of domain modeling for software analogy

Current domain modeling techniques encounter a similar barrier that the traditional requirements modeling methods have suffered: lack of enough flexibility to support potential reuse. Domain analysis is proposed to facilitate reuse across different applications in the same domain. But domain analysis is a complex and time-consuming task, furthermore, there are similarities among different application domains. The results of domain modeling should also be reused for different but analogous domains to receive high-payoff. This paper expands the current domain modeling methods by incorporating some concepts reported in the analogy research discipline. The expanded approach include four main models: object model, functional model, relational model, and dynamic model. Relational modeling and systems goals in dynamic modeling are adopted from analogical studies and experiments and are integrated into the approach. The expanded view will not only help better understand the domain, but also facilitate reasoning and mapping of existing knowledge or software to different yet analogous application domains.
Persistence of plastic litter in the oceans

The increasing global production and use of plastics has led to an accumulation of enormous amounts of plastic litter in the world’s oceans. Characteristics such as low density, good mechanical properties and low cost allow for successful use of plastics in industries and everyday life but the high durability leads to persistence of the synthetic polymers in the marine environment where they cause harm to a great variety of organisms. In the diverse marine habitats, including beaches, the sea surface, the water column, and the seafloor, plastics are exposed to different environmental conditions that either accelerate or decelerate the physical, chemical and biological degradation of plastics. Degradation of plastics occurs primarily through solar UV-radiation induced photo oxidation reactions and is, thus, most intensive in photic environments such as the sea surface and on beaches. The rate of degradation is temperature-dependent resulting in considerable deceleration of the processes in seawater, which is a good heat sink. Below the photic zone in the water column, plastics degrade very slowly resulting in high persistence of plastic litter especially at the seafloor. Biological decomposition of plastics by microorganisms is negligible in the marine environment because the kinetics of biodegradation at sea is particularly slow and oxygen supply for these processes limited. Degradation of larger plastic items leads to the formation of abundant small microplastics. The transport of small particles to the seafloor and their deposition in the benthic environment is facilitated by the colonization of the material by fouling organisms, which increase the density of the particles and force them to sink.
Development of a 3/spl times/3 micromachined millimeter wave SIS imaging array

The design of, and preliminary results from, a 3/spl times/3 micromachined millimeter wave focal plane imaging array with superconducting tunnel junctions as mixing elements are presented. The array operates in the 175-205 GHz frequency range. Micromachined horn antennas consist of a dipole antenna fabricated on a thin dielectric membrane inside a pyramidal cavity etched in silicon. The relative ease of fabricating arrays of micromachined antennas make them of particular interest in the development of imaging arrays. DC tests of the array show that the junction characteristics are uniform across the array. The devices are sufficiently cooled. Local oscillator power has been coupled to the different elements in the array.
Reliability analysis of a passive cooling system using a response surface with an application to the Flexible Conversion Ratio Reactor

Abstract A risk-informed methodology is applied to the selection of an ultimate heat sink for a Passive Secondary Auxiliary Cooling System. The reliability of the chosen design during the bounding transient, a station blackout, is calculated. The methodology considers both active component failures and the potential for inadequate cooling due to adverse thermal–hydraulic conditions. A response surface is developed as a surrogate for the thermal–hydraulic code and used for uncertainty propagation. The uncertainty introduced by the use of the response surface itself is explored. Two sensitivity studies are performed. The first study measures the sensitivity of peak clad temperature to initial ambient conditions and system degradation. The second study explores the sensitivity of system reliability to code error.
Behavioral and biochemical stereoselectivity of sigma opiate/PCP receptors

Abstract The relative potencies of the stereoisomers of ketamine, N-allylnormetazocine and cyclazocine were determined at μ opiate and σ opiate/phenycyclidine (PCP) receptors in vitro in rat brain homogenates, as well as in a discriminative stimulus behavioral paradigm in rats trained to discriminate PCP from saline. In all cases the in vivo and in vitro data were in agreement. The (+)-isomers of N-allylnormetazocine and cyclazocine are highly specific sigma opiate/PCP ligands.
Pattern density and deposition profile effects on oxide chemical-mechanical polishing and chip-level modeling

Test masks for characterizing pattern-dependent variation of the remained thickness after chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) were designed by taking the experimentally obtained interaction distance into consideration. Polishing behaviors were characterized by taking into consideration layout pattern density and pitch variations using these masks. Deposition profile effects were also compared between plasma-enhanced tetra ethyl ortho silicate (PETEOS) and high-density plasma (HDP) oxide. Both the measured post-CMP thickness and the expected oxide pattern density after the consideration of deposition profile effects showed a good correlation with respect to the pitch variation for a constant layout pattern density. Also, the relationship between remained thickness and true layout pattern density was deduced. Chip-level CMP modeling was investigated to obtain the post-CMP thickness distributions across a die from its design layout and a few oxide film and CMP parameters. The experimental CMP results agreed well with the modeling results. The effective dummy filling results were shown to achieve a smaller pattern density variation, which resulted in better post-CMP thickness uniformity. Whether the resulting oxide thickness could be predicted for any location on a die for an arbitrary layout, if the effective pattern density distributions are calculated, was discussed.
Preparation and characterization of some cellulose graft copolymers. Part IV. Some properties of isolated cellulose acetate–styrene graft copolymers

A series of purified graft copolymers of cellulose acetate and polystyrene, which were prepared and characterized during the course of an earlier investigation, have been used for some initial property studies. Grafts with high molecular weight backbones and low molecular weight side chains and vice versa, and with both side chains and backbones of high and low molecular weights, were prepared. The graft polymers were found to be insoluble in most solvents but soluble in dimethylformamide and pyridine and in mixtures of solvents for each component. Films cast from mixtures of the grafts and homopolymers showed that the grafts were compatible with the homopolymer of the component with a higher molecular weight. A graft copolymer with high molecular weight backbone and side chains was found to be compatible with both homopolymers separately and with a mixture of both across a wide range of compositions. A blend of the high and low molecular weight grafts was also found to be highly compatible with both homopolymers. The permeability, diffusion, and sorption of gases and water vapor in the grafts and in the corresponding homopolymers was also studied. In the case of water vapor, the sorption in cellulose acetate was much higher than in polystyrene whereas the diffusion was much lower. It was found that the graft polymers showed both diffusion and solution behavior closer to that of cellulose acetate, whereas the permeability constants were more intermediate between those of the two homopolymers. The gas permeability and diffusion constants were found to be intermediate between the values obtained with the two homopolymers.
Effect of Continuous Light and Darkness on Hydroxyindole-O-Methyltransferase and 5-Hydroxytryptophan Decarboxylase Activities in the Japanese Quail

Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), the melatonin forming enzyme, and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (5- HTPD), the serotonin forming enzyme, were measured in the pineal gland (HIOMT and 5- HTPD) and hypothalamus (5-HTPD) in mature female Japanese quail maintained on a 16-hr daily photoperiod and after 5-day exposure to continuous light and darkness. HIOMT was inhibited by exposure to continuous darkness but not influenced by continuous light. Pineal 5- HTPD activity was increased by exposure to continuous darkness but not significantly decreased by exposure to continuous light. These changes in both pineal HIOMT and 5-HTPD activities in response to photoperiod are opposite to those reported in the rat. Hypothalamic 5- HTPD, also measured in the same birds, was found to be increased by exposure to both continuous light and darkness. (Endocrinology 86: 1441, 1970)
A network isolation algorithm

Abstract : A set of edges D (called an isolation set) is said to isolate a set of nodes R from an undirected network if every chain between the nodes in R contains at least one edge from the set D. Associated with each edge e of the network is a positive cost c(e). The isolation problem is concerned with finding an isolation set such that the sum of its edge costs is a minimum. The paper formulates the problem of determining the minimal cost isolation as a 0-1 integer linear programming problem. An algorithm is presented which applies a branch and bound enumerative scheme to a decomposed linear program whose dual sub-problems are minimal cost network flow problems. Computational results are given. The problem is also formulated as a special quadratic assignment problem and an algorithm is presented that finds a local optimal solution. This local solution is used for an initial bound. (Author)
Dependence of PEI and PAMAM Gene Delivery on Clathrin- and Caveolin-Dependent Trafficking Pathways

Purpose Non-viral gene delivery vehicles such as polyethylenimine and polyamidoamine dendrimer effectively condense plasmid DNA, facilitate endocytosis, and deliver nucleic acid cargo to the nucleus in vitro. Better understanding of intracellular trafficking mechanisms involved in polymeric gene delivery is a prerequisite to clinical application. This study investigates the role of clathrin and caveolin endocytic pathways in cellular uptake and subsequent vector processing.
Prognostic factors for the survival of patients with AIDS cholangiopathy

Abstract Objectives AIDS cholangiopathy, once considered to have extremely poor prognosis, is now rarely fatal. This study was designed to assess the survival of patients with AIDS cholangiopathy and investigate prognostic variables, especially in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods Ninety-four patients with AIDS cholangiopathy were diagnosed at the San Francisco General Hospital from 1983 to 2001. The mortality status, demographic and clinical variables, and ERCP results were collected through death certificates, chart review, and endoscopic reports. Results The median survival time from the diagnosis of AIDS and AIDS cholangiopathy was 23 and 9 months, respectively. HAART significantly improved the mortality of patients with AIDS cholangiopathy (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02–0.35). The presence or history of any opportunistic infection involving the digestive tract, lung, eye, nervous system, skin, or systemic involvement at the time when AIDS cholangiopathy was diagnosed was an indicator of poor prognosis (HR = 3.24, 95% CI = 1.45–7.26); this was especially true for cryptosporidial infection (HR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.24–3.38). Patients with high serum ALP levels, especially greater than 1000 IU/L or eight times the normal value (HR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.10–6.60), tended to have a shorter life expectancy than those with normal or slightly elevated serum ALP levels. CD4 lymphocyte counts, type of cholangiopathy, and the performance of sphincterotomy were not correlated with the survival of patients with AIDS cholangiopathy. Conclusions HAART administration most likely accounts for the recent dramatic improvement in survival of patients with AIDS cholangiopathy. Underlying immunosuppressive status, reflected by the presence or history of any opportunistic infections, is associated with a worse outcome. Serum ALP levels might be a good clinical indicator for the prognosis of patients with AIDS cholangiopathy.
View Materialization in a Data Cube: Optimization Models and Heuristics

Data warehouse has become an integral part in developing a DSS in any organization. One of the key architectural issues concerning the efficient design of a data warehouse is to determine the â€œrightâ€ number of views to be materialized in order to minimize the query response time experienced by the decision makers in the organization. We consider a bottleneck objective in designing such a materialization scheme which has the effect of guaranteeing a certain level of performance. We examine linear integer programming formulations, and develop heuristics and report on the performance of these heuristics. We also evaluate heuristics reported in the literature for the view materialization problem with a simpler objective.
Silver coordination and hydrogen bonds: a study of competing forces

Abstract A series of six bipyridyl ligands, amino-methylpyridine ureas, and oxalamides have been synthesized and complexes with silver salts have been prepared. The 3-pyridyl ligands form silver complexes with a 2:1 ligand to metal ratio: Ag(3u)2BF4, Ag(3o)2BF4, and Ag(3o)2NO3. In these three complexes the ligands form hydrogen-bonded one-dimensional α-networks in accordance with an anticipated design. Each silver cation is four coordinate, bringing four of the α-networks together to form a channeled solid. The anions, NO3− or BF4−, occupy the channels. The 4-pyridyl and 2-pyridyl ligands form silver complexes with a 1:1 ligand-to-metal ratio. The silver cations of the 4-pyridyl ligand complexes, Ag(4u)NO3·H2O and Ag(4o)NO3, have linear two coordination geometries. The 2-pyridyl urea complex, Ag(2u)BF4, features a three-coordinate silver cation with the third bond coming from the oxygen atom of a neighboring urea functionality. This results in a unique ladder structure. The 2-pyridyl oxalamide structure, Ag(2u)BF4, has two-coordinate silver cations and is helical, with a hydrogen bond between neighboring oxalamide functionalities.
Studies on the immunochemistry of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall: antigenicity of pentaglycine bridges.

The specific antigenicity of pentaglycine bridges in cell walls ofS. aureus was investigated. The antistaphylococcal sera (against11 Oeding strains ofS. aureus) were found to contain antibodies of two different specificities against polyglycyl peptides; one type reacted with polyglycyl peptides with a free amino terminus and the other with polyglycyl peptides with a free carboxyl terminus. These antibodies were assayed by passive hemagglutination with tanned sheep red cells sensitized with N-polyglycyl-BSA (containing polyglycyl peptides with a free amino terminus) or with C-polyglycyl-BSA (containing polyglycyl peptides with a free carboxyl terminus). Only the antibodies against N-polyglycyl peptides were absorbed byS. aureus strains and byS. epidermidis. Heterologous bacterial species failed to absorb antibodies of either specificity. Antibodies against polyglycyl peptides were used to confirm the mechanism of action of penicillin onS. aureus cell wall.
Comparison of 4 Nutrient Databases with Chemical Composition Data from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial

Abstract Accuracy of computerized nutrient databases is an important consideration in selecting a nutrient analysis system. We project compared the nutrient content of daily menus calculated from 4 microcomputer programs to chemical analysis of menus analyzed for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial. Thirty-six menus were entered at 2 independent DASH sites using the ESHA Food Processor, Minnesota Nutrition Data System, Moore's Extended Nutrient Database, and Nutritionist IV databases. Food prepared according to these menus was chemically analyzed at the Food Analysis Laboratory Control Center at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg. Estimates for 13 nutrients were compared: energy, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, carbohydrate, protein, cholesterol, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, and sodium. The overall intraclass correlation between the 2 sites' data entry was 0.998; thus, values were averaged for analyses. Databases varied significantly in their mean deviations from chemical analyses values for saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, potassium, magnesium, and iron ( P J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(suppl):S45–S53 .
QTL mapping and phenotypic variation of root anatomical traits in maize ( Zea mays L.)

Root anatomical trait variation is described for three maize RIL populations. Six quantitative trait loci (QTL) are presented for anatomical traits: root cross-sectional area, % living cortical area, aerenchyma area, and stele area. Root anatomy is directly related to plant performance, influencing resource acquisition and transport, the metabolic cost of growth, and the mechanical strength of the root system. Ten root anatomical traits were measured in greenhouse-grown plants from three recombinant inbred populations of maize [intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM), Oh43 × W64a (OhW), and Ny821 × H99 (NyH)]. Traits included areas of cross section, stele, cortex, aerenchyma, and cortical cells, percentages of the cortex occupied by aerenchyma, and cortical cell file number. Significant phenotypic variation was observed for each of the traits, with maximum values typically seven to ten times greater than minimum values. Means and ranges were similar for the OhW and NyH populations for all traits, while the IBM population had lower mean values for the majority of traits, but a 50 % greater range of variation for aerenchyma area. A principal component analysis showed a similar trait structure for the three families, with clustering of area and count traits. Strong correlations were observed among area traits in the cortex, stele, and cross-section. The aerenchyma and percent living cortical area traits were independent of other traits. Six QTL were identified for four of the traits. The phenotypic variation explained by the QTL ranged from 4.7 % (root cross-sectional area, OhW population) to 12.0 % (percent living cortical area, IBM population). Genetic variation for root anatomical traits can be harnessed to increase abiotic stress tolerance and provide insights into mechanisms controlling phenotypic variation for root anatomy.
Lifestyle Factors Related to Postpartum Weight Gain and Body Image in Bottle- and Breastfeeding Women

Objective: To explore the relationship of lifestyle variables to postpartum weight gain and body image attitudes of bottle- and breastfeeding women. Design: Mail survey of new mothers at approximately 4 months postpartum. Setting: Southwestern community. Participants: One hundred one bottle-feeding women (69% white, 20% Hispanic, 11% other) and 106 breastfeeding women (76% white, 19% Hispanic, 5% other) without diabetes. Bottle- and breastfeeding women did not differ on gestational weight gain or weight gain sustained postpartum. Main Outcome Measures: Postpartum weight gain (relative to prepregnancy weight) and body image attitudes. Results: Feeding method (breast or bottle) was not associated with postpartum weight gain in the sample as a whole. Bottle-feeding mothers with higher postpartum gains exercised less, had higher fat intake habits, and were more dissatisfied with body image than mothers with lower gains. Breastfeeding mothers with higher and lower gains did not differ on any lifestyle factors. Overall lifestyle and psychologic skill in managing emotions were related negatively to postpartum body image dissatisfaction in both groups of women. Conclusions: Breastfeeding women did not differ from bottle-feeding women in sustained postpartum weight gain. In bottle-feeding women, lifestyle factors were associated with levels of weight gain. Lifestyle-focused programs for weight management would potentially benefit these women.
Concrete process analysis—An application of living systems theory to accounting

This article introduces procedures of a new accounting methodology termed concrete process analysis. Its theoretical underpinning is discussed extensively by Swanson and co-workers. Following brief discussions of the need for the procedures and some aspects of the connection of the methodology to living systems theory, most of the article is devoted to describing practical accounting procedures. The procedures make explicit the information on concrete processes that is contained, but obscured, in common accounting data.
Measurement of Prolactin Activity in Human Serum by the Induction of Specific Milk Proteins in Mammary Gland in Vitro

ABSTRACT The quantitative relationship between the prolactin concentration and the rates of induction of the specific proteins casein and lactose synthetase have been studied in mouse mammary explants incubated on medium containing human serum. Increases in the synthesis of 32P-casein and in the activity of N-acetyllactosamine synthetase were proportional to the log concentration of ovine prolactin in the medium over the range 2–1000 ng/ml. Human growth hormone at concentrations greater than 10 ng/ml medium caused a significant stimulation, but this activity could be completely removed by pretreatment of the medium with antihuman growth hormone antiserum. Human chorionic somatomammotrophin exhibited a potency similar to that of ovine prolactin, but no other hormones interfered with the bioassay of prolactin. Dilutions of human serum containing prolactin activity paralleled the activity of the ovine prolactin standards over the entire concentration range of the 32P-casein bioassay. The within assay precisi...
One-dimensional approach to modeling damage evolution in galvanic corrosion

A one-dimensional mathematical model is developed to describe time-dependent damage evolution in well-mixed (spatially uniform species concentrations) galvanic systems using an IR drop approach. An asymptotic procedure taking advantage of disparity in length scales (thin film approximation for the electrolyte thickness) is used to derive the model. Limitations that result from the reduction of dimension are described, along with an analysis demonstrating the ability of the 1D model to capture physical phenomena, such as area ratio effects. Computed potential, current density, and corrosion damage profiles are compared and verified with experimental data available in the literature and 2D galvanic corrosion simulations. Fully derived governing equations for several different 1D geometries are presented.
Inorganic and organic luminescent systems.

Luminescence Spectroscopy. Edited by Michael D. Lumb. Pp. 375. (Academic: London, New York and San Francisco, 1978.) £24; $49.75.