cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automating Design For Yield: Silicon Learning to Predictive Models and Design Optimization

We propose a framework to co-optimize Yield along with Power, Performance and Area (PPA) through the design flow from logic synthesis through placement and routing (APR). We accomplish this by learning from silicon using a combination of test/diagnosis, inline/metrology and Failure Analysis (FA) results to create predictive models using Machine Learning (ML) techniques that are then used during design. Simulation results across three different CPU and Graphics cores show promising results with projected yield improvements of 11-17% with no area and performance / timing penalty with respect to design targets but with tradeoffs to both static and dynamic power. Better joint exploration of the PPA space along with yield indicates it is possible to recover yield with close to iso-PPA with respect to design targets. Pre-silicon results show $\sim 10.4$% yield increase with iso-area and -iso-performance and $\sim 1$% power penalty on a processor core.
Spectral Quality Evaluation of Reconstructed Hyperspectral Images

With the advance in imaging optics, hyperspectral images (or cubes) have become low-cost and real-time for acquiring images in the field, specifically thanks to the recent development of different 'snapshot' hyperspectral imaging systems. However, cameras producing high resolutions in both the spectral domains and the spatial domains are still rare or considered to be high-cost. Algorithm-based pansharpening, or in general image reconstruction methods, are often used to create high spatial-resolution cubes by fusing high-spatial gray or color images and low spatial-resolution hyperspectral images. Moreover, most of these methods emphasized achieving high visual quality in spatial resolution but not considering the spectral accuracy in the reconstructed images. This paper aims to evaluate the spectral quality of reconstructed images from multiple methods. A commercial hyperspectral camera (Cubert S185) was used to conduct the research. Important conclusions include that spectral information is lost to different degrees per different reconstruction methods when the spatial resolution is raised too high. The trade-off between spatial sharpening and retaining spectral information is important for machine learning tasks.
Characteristics of Cylindrical Dipoles and Monopoles

The cylindrical dipole consists of a highly-conducting tube or rod with radius a and half-length h. In practice, it is center-driven from a balanced open-wire transmission line with a distance b between the axes of the identical conductors of the line as shown in Fig. 2.1a. The cylindrical monopole is essentially half a dipole. It consists of a highly-conducting tube or rod with radius a and length h, erected perpendicular to a sufficiently large (ideally infinite), highly-conducting ground plane in either of the arrangements shown in Figs. 2.1b and 2.1c. The axis of the single wire with radius a in Fig. 2.1b is at a distance b/2 from the ground plane; with its image in the highly-conducting plane it is equivalent to the open line in Fig. 2.1a. The inner radius of the outer conductor of the coaxial line in Fig. 2.1c is b; the radius of the inner conductor is a and its extension of length h above the ground plane is the monopole antenna. In order that radiation from a balanced open-wire line be negligible, the condition $$k_0b = \frac{2\pi b}{\lambda}<<1$$ must be satisfied.
Simulation of the scattered EM fields from a rotating conducting cylinder

The effect of the acceleration on the signal scattered by a rotating, perfectly electrically conducting cylinder is investigated. This problem is discussed in terms of the Franklin transformation. However, the scattering of electromagnetic plane waves by a conducting cylinder in uniform rotation were investigated by many researchers in the past by using Galilean rotation. These discussions show that the effect of rotation is negligible in the case of a perfectly conducting cylinder. In this paper, we use the Franklin transformation to analyse the scattering of both types of electromagnetic waves (H-wave and E-wave) by a rotating circular very good conductor cylinder for a small angular velocity and we show that the rotation of a very good conducting cylinder generates a distortion that is evident on the scattering patterns. This distortion is more evident in the case of an incident time-harmonic plane H-wave (TE-mode). The results indicate that the magnitude and phase of the backscattered field of an H-wave by a rotating very good conducting cylinder is different from stationary one.
The Discourse on the Digital Divide: Are We Being Co-opted?

This paper strives to reconstruct the digital divide discourse from a Gramscian perspective in relation to educators’ role in cultural force in the process of hegemonic dominance. Educators either serve the interest of ruling elites and help the maintenance of ideological hegemony or counter-serve hegemonic forces by breaking the cycle of dehumanization and oppression. In essence, the digital divide discourse and its popularization were perceived as a product of ideological hegemony. In order to analyze the digital divide discourse, this paper looked at the current literature related to digital divide, and then examined technology’s historical relations with the hegemonic power structure. The contemporary United States society and its dominant discourse on the digital divide and how other social determinants related to the class structure are being ignored in the process of approaching this social problem are also analyzed. Finally the paper discussed how educators need to deal with and challenge educational inequities in the new alteration process of hegemonic structure that has a strong dialectical relation with the new technological advancement. This discussion is one attempt to participate in its rearrangement.
Globalization and Welfare: Which Causes Which?

The existing literature on the relationship between globalization and welfare programs has been divided into neo-liberal (economics) and compensation (political science) theses, which have produced theoretically contradictory expectations and mixed empirical results. This paper not only combines the theoretical arguments of these two literatures, but also subsumes them, explaining the contradictions in the literature by reversing the causal chain of the compensation thesis and considering it alongside the arguments of neo-liberals: globalization pressures states to cut welfare expenditures (economics thesis), while expansion of welfare programs allows states to further pursue globalization at the same time (reverse causation of compensation thesis). This study analyzes the trajectory of both globalization and welfare spending in18 advanced industrial countries from 1970 to 2000 and finds support for our dynamic causal model that prior levels of globalization are negatively associated with current levels of welfare spending, while prior welfare policies are positively related to current levels of globalization. This paper is the first to both theoretically and empirically evaluate a simultaneous relationship between globalization and welfare spending and investigate their equilibria. This is also the first paper that calculates the effect of independent variables (i.e. GDP, labor power, and ideological distance of government parties) on these equilibria. The effects of independent variables on equilibrium results are not the same as those in the partial regression equations (except for labor power). GDP has a negative effect on the equilibrium value of welfare (while it has a positive effect in the partial equation), and ideological distance negatively affects both welfare and globalization (while it has no effect on globalization in the partial equation).
Closing Yield Gaps: Consequences for the Global Food Supply, Environmental Quality & Food Security

The social, economic, and environmental costs of feeding a burgeoning and increasingly affluent human population will depend, in part, on how we increase crop production on under-yielding agricultural landscapes, and by how much. Such areas have a “yield gap” between the crop yields they achieve and the crop yields that could be achieved under more intensive management. Crop yield gaps have received increased attention in recent years due to concerns over land scarcity, stagnating crop yield trends in some important agricultural areas, and large projected increases in food demand. Recent analyses of global data sets and results from field trials have improved our understanding of where yield gaps exist and their potential contribution to increasing the food supply. Achieving yield gap closure is a complex task: while agronomic approaches to closing yield gaps are generally well-known, a variety of social, political, and economic factors allow them to persist. The degree to which closing yield gaps will le...
The Properties of Glycogen Synthetase and Regulation of Glycogen Biosynthesis in Rat Brain

Abstract Brain glycogen synthetase (UDP glucose:α-1,4 glucan α-4-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.11) and properties of the enzyme that may be related to regulating glycogenesis in this organ were investigated. The enzyme from cerebral tissue was found to exist in at least the two forms distinguishable in other tissues, one dependent (D form) upon and another independent (I form) of glucose 6-phosphate for activity when uridine diphosphate glucose concentration is saturating. The occurrence and requirements of a synthetase-I-kinase and synthetase-D-phosphatase catalyzing the I to D and D to I interconversions, respectively, were also established. To aid in defining the metabolic significance of the different forms of brain synthetase, the changes occurring when glycogenesis was altered in vivo by hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, anoxia, and steroid treatment were studied. Enhanced glycogen deposition following glucose administration and increased glucose-14C incorporation into glycogen induced by hydrocortisone were not accompanied by increases in synthetase-I activity. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia, but not the hormone when coadministered with glucose, led to increases (3-fold) in percentage of total activity in the I form. Anoxia resulting from decapitation also produced relatively rapid increases (3- to 4-fold) in I form activity. Kinetic analyses showed that apparent Km values for UDP glucose of the I form from hypoglycemic and anoxic brains were 3- to 5-fold greater than for comparable activity in cerebral tissue from untreated animals. Possible mechanisms for controlling glycogenesis in brain were discussed in the light of these results. It was proposed that a species of the I form of brain synthetase may provide a suppressive role rather than the facilitatory role recognized in other tissues.
Behavioral Impact of a Corporate Driving Policy: Undesirable Side-Effects Reflect Countercontrol

Pizza deliverers at two stores received turn-signal policy statements with two paychecks in an AB1B2 multiple baseline design. At Store A turn-signal use rose from a baseline mean of 70% to 78% after the first policy statement and to 84% after the second policy statement. At Store B turn-signal use rose from a baseline mean of 46% to 51% after the first policy statement and to 59% after the second policy statement. Concurrent observations of safety-belt use showed decreases from 78% to 65% at Store A and 74% to 59% at Store B after the first policy statement.
Anxiety prevention programs for youth: Practical and theoretical considerations

Empirical evidence addressing the effectiveness of anxiety prevention programs is limited. Caps identified in this literature provide a lifetime of opportunity for prevention scientists. This commentary extends the discussion of anxiety prevention to issues relevant for designing preventive interventions for youth. Three specific questions are discussed: a) Which “at-risk” youth should be targeted? b) When developmentally might preventive interventions have the greatest impact? and c) What specific intervention strategies might be most effective? Key components of the Child Anxiety Prevention Study are presented to illustrate one approach to designing a child anxiety prevention program.
The binding of aromatic derivatives of β-d-galactopyranosides to the fab' of immunoglobulin J539. Observation on the nature of ligand-antibody interactions

Abstract A number of d -galactopyranosides bearing aromatic substituents have been prepared, and their binding to immunoglobulin J539 (Fab') has been studied. It appears that the main contribution of the 6- O -aromatic moiety to binding arises from the fact that it imparts an increased hydrophobicity to the ligand, causing a decrease in its hydration (solubility) that results in a greater free-energy of binding. In the d -galactosides having an aromatic aglycon, the phenyl group appears to partake in actual interactions with the protein.
Mediated transfer via natural language association

Transfer mediated by natural language association was investigated in eight paradigms. Association was shown to produce significant mediation effects in all but one paradigm, and forward association resulted in greater mediation than did reverse association. The paradigms were rank-ordered for size of mediation effect and several factors were identified to account for the ranking. The Mediation × Trial interaction was shown to be meaningfully related to one of these factors. Finally, a significant relationship between learning ability and mediation effect was noted.
The sleep state-dependent P50 auditory evoked potential in neuropsychiatric diseases

Abstract Certain neuropsychiatric diseases are characterized, or even presaged, by disturbances in sleep–wake control and arousal, functions of the reticular activating system (RAS). One measure of RAS function is the P50 midlatency auditory evoked potential, which (1) is sleep state-dependent, being present during waking and paradoxical sleep but absent in slow wave sleep, (2) undergoes rapid habituation at stimulation frequencies >2 Hz, and (3) is blocked by the cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine, i.e., is generated, at least in part, by cholinergic mesopontine cell groups. Using a paired stimulus paradigm, the amplitude of the first response is a measure of the initial responsiveness of the system, while the ratio of the two responses at short interstimulus intervals is a measure of sensory gating. Previous studies showed that there was a sensory gating deficit in Schizophrenia, and a reduction in P50 potential amplitude in Autism and Alzheimer's disease. Our studies found a decrease in the amplitude of the P50 potential, indicative of reduced arousal, in Narcolepsy. We also found a sensory gating deficit of the P50 potential in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and Depression, indicative of a disinhibition of the neurological substrates of the P50 potential.
Strategic value optimization and analysis of multi-product biomass refineries with multiple stakeholder considerations

Abstract The commercialization of cellulosic biofuels has been plagued by multiple sources of market and technology uncertainty, and the lack of capital. It is conjectured that government support for renewable fuels’ has concealed the true market value of its producers, and its removal will lead to a slew of enterprise failures destroying significant private and tax-payer wealth. With such uncertainty, it is prudent to carefully evaluate capital investments in new facilities before actual investment is incurred. This paper presents a strategic optimization model for a multi-product biomass refinery that optimizes the long-term value of the facility to its stakeholders while yielding optimal decisions for input feedstock mix, product portfolio, conversion technology and process configuration, and capital structure for financing. The paper promotes the concept of stakeholder value, where actors at different supply chain nodes are included as a part of a co-operative enterprise, as a means to spread risks across the supply chain.
One approach for doublet deconvolution to improve reliability in spectra analysis for in vivo lead measurement

Calculation of lead concentration from K-series X-ray fluorescent studies uses a robust normalization technique based on the amplitude or area of the elastic signal. Parameter estimation of the elastic signal can be affected by the overlap of the Kbeta2 line, especially for concentrations greater than 40 ppm where the Kbeta2 amplitude can be greater than 1% of the elastic signal. We tested the combination of estimation by method of least moduli and doublet deconvolution. We found that the estimation of the area of the elastic signal is more robust to changes in the low-energy end of the region of interest with the combined method than with method of least-squares estimation and singlet processing. We recommend use of the combined method for creation of calibration curves at concentrations greater than or equal to 40 ppm.
Work function adjustment and polydepletion reduction in deep partial and full silicidation of poly-Si with Ni layer

Dual work function metal gates fabricated by deep partial silicidation and full silicidation of Ni layer were investigated by both physical and electrical measurements. Deep partial and full silicidation as well as phase confirmation of Ni 2 Si and NiSi were studied by physical characterizations. Complementary metal oxid semiconductor work functions were extrapolated by electrical characterization and correlated with dopant accumulation caused by the snowplow effect during the silicidation. The polydepletion reductions were observed in both deep-partial and full silicidation of NiSi metal gates.
Behavior of steel tension members subjected to uniaxial loading

Abstract Current design specifications for statically loaded tension members do not consider the bending effects due to connection eccentricity. However, recent experimental investigations have shown that connection eccentricity induced bending effects have the potential to significantly reduce the net section rupture capacity of a section. This study focuses on examining the effects of connection eccentricity and connection length on the ultimate capacity of bolted WT tension members. In particular, complementing prior experimental investigations by the authors and others, the main objective of this work is to develop robust finite element tools capable not only of estimating the failure loads but also to trace the entire load versus deflection path. In this study, the finite element analysis (FEA) of the WT section is carried out using eight node incompatible hexahedral elements (ABAQUS C3D8I element) capable of representing large deformation geometric and material nonlinearities. The connecting bolts are assumed to be rigid and a surface-to-surface contact is used to fully transfer the load from the gusset plate to the web. An elasto-plastic von Mises yield criterion combined with a tri-linear type constitutive model is used to represent the material nonlinear effects. The load corresponding to the load limit point is taken as the failure load of the WT specimen. Results of the finite element analyses are compared with experimental results, code predictions, and analytical predictions of the section capacity. The failure capacities predicted by the FEA are in excellent agreement with the experimentally observed failure capacities of the WT sections subjected to tensile loading.
Replication pattern of psittacosis virus in a tissue culture system.

Abstract The growth curve of psittacosis virus in McCoy cells has been determined. There is a 17-hour latent period before virus production is demonstrable and maximum virus levels are achieved by 48 hours. Addition of either FU or FUDR had an inhibitory effect on the amount of virus subsequently produced, and this effect was reversible by uracil and thymidine (for FUDR only). These drugs probably act by immediately stopping the production of viable viral DNA, and the amount of virus ultimately synthesized by a culture may be a measure of the amount of viral DNA which had already been synthesized at the time of drug addition. By varying the time of drug addition it was found that there was a 10-hour lag between DNA synthesis and its incorporation into particles. This strongly suggests that psittacosis virus replicates by an assembly of subunits, not by binary fission, and hence is a true virus.
Effects of nitrogen trifluoride on the growth and properties of plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposited diamond-like carbon films

Nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) or amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) films were grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using methane and nitrogen gases as precursors. The effects of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) on these nitrogen-doped DLC films were also investigated. The deposition rate decreases sharply with the addition of nitrogen in the absence of NFF3 due to dilution, while it increases in the presence of NFF3 due, presumably, to the reduction of activated hydrogen species by the fluorine radical (F϶. X-ray photoelectron spectra reveal a nitrogen concentration in the range of 9.3 to 13.8% in these DLC films with a C Is electron binding energy of 287-288 eV, indicating the diamond-like structure. Infrared spectra of DLC films indicate the presence of amino groups (N-H) and nitrile and/or isonitrile (C= N) groups giving strong evidence of sp carbon. Diamond like carbon films deposited in CHF4 +NF4 (with and without NFF3) have a lower refractive index, a lower bulk resistivity, and a lower optical bandgap than films deposited using CHF4 due to a lower hydrogen content in the films. Moreover, the bulk resistivity of these films decreases by over four orders of magnitude and the optical bandgap decreases from 2.65 eV to about 0.75 eV following annealing at a temperature of 500°C.
■ FEATURED ABSTRACT Is fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) underdiagnosed? A comparison of the prevalence of fmd seen in patients enrolled into the CORAL trial versus a single institution population of renal donor candidates

Purpose We postulate that FMD is underdiagnosed. Therefore, we evaluated the prevalence of renal artery FMD in patients enrolled into the CORAL renal artery stent trial, in which the presence of renal artery FMD was an exclusion criterion for trial enrollment. We also evaluated the prevalence of FMD in a relatively healthy population of patients undergoing screening CT angiography (CTA) for comparison. Materials and Methods Following IRB approval, we did a retrospective review of renal donor preoperative CTAs performed and interpreted by fellowship trained cardiovascular imaging physicians at our institution between 1/2003 and 11/2011. These results were then compared to the findings from the angiographic core lab (ACL) for the CORAL renal artery stent trial in which patients with FMD were theoretically excluded from trial enrollment. Data was assessed for the presence of renal artery FMD and the patient’s age and gender. Results The CORAL ACL database contained 1014 patients (mean age = 69.4 years) and there were 504 males (49.7%) and 510 females (50.3%). Fifty-eight CORAL trial patients (5.7%) were found to have incidental renal artery FMD (95% CI [4.4, 7.35]). The mean age of these 58 patients was 71.8 years, and 44 were female (75.9%). The preoperative kidney donor population included 220 consecutive patients (mean age = 40.5 years). There were 78 males (35.5%) and 142 females (64.5%). Five patients (2.3%) had evidence of FMD. The mean age of these 5 patients was 48.6 years and all 5 (100%) were female. Conclusion The prevalence of renal artery FMD of 2.3% is consistent with prior reports (1,2). However, the prevalence of FMD of 5.7% in the more elderly CORAL population (which was biased against the selection of patients with FMD) suggests that FMD is underdiagnosed in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. The female predilection for renal FMD remains in patients of 70 years of age. References 1. Lorenz EC, et al. Prevalence of renal artery and kidney abnormalities by computed tomography among healthy adults. Cl J Am Soc Neph. 2010 Mar;5(3):431-8. 2. Cragg AH, et al. Incidental fibromuscular dysplasia in potential renal donors: long-term clinical follow-up. Radio. 172(1989):145-7.
3. Parotid carcinoma after autologous bone marrow transplantation for relapsed nephroblastoma

Wilms’ tumour (WT) is the most common primary genitourinary tumour of childhood with the annual incidence of approximately 8 per million children younger than 15 years of age. Genetic plays an important role in this cancer. WT1 located on chromosome 11p13, WT2 on 11p15, loci at 1p, 7p, 16q, 17p (the p53 tumor suppressor gene), and 19q (the putative familial WT gene FWT2) are believed to harbor genes involved in the biology of WT. The majority of these children are surviving into adult life and due to the combination of genetic susceptibility, irradiation and antineoplastic treatment, are at increased risk for second malignant neoplasms (SMNs). We report the case of a young man with a parotid carcinoma occurring thirteen years after diagnosis of WT. The patient was initially treated according to the SIOP 6 Nephroblastoma protocol, comprising a 4-week two-drug (Actinomycin D, Vincristine) presurgical treatment, nephrectomy and 22-week treatment with biweekly Actinomycin D and Vincristine. No radiation therapy was given. Nine months after the end of therapy he experienced an isolated hepatic relapse, treated with Peptichemio (450 mg/m2), two courses of Cisplatin (40 mg/m2/day for 5 days) and Etoposide (100 mg/m2/day for 5 days) and two cycles of the combination Ifosfamide (2 gr/m2/day for 5 days), Doxorubicin (40 mg/m2/day for 2 days), Vincristine (1.5 mg/m2). Resection of a complete necrotic lesion at the fourth hepatic segment was subsequently performed. Treatment was completed with high dose association of Melphalan (200 mg/M2) and Vincristine (4 mg/M2) followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT). After 13 years since WT diagnosis and 11 years after BMT the patient presented a right non tender, homogeneous and mobile parotideal mass. After the total parotidectomy the diagnosis was consistent with a low-grade mucoepidermoidal carcinoma. In the National WT Study Group review regarding 43 SMNs out of 5278 patients enrolled between 1969 and 1991 the relevant risk factor for developing a SMN were radiation therapy (RT), the association of Doxo-rubicin and RT and utilization of chemo-therapy for the treatment of the relapse. All these risk factors were present in the only reported case of parotideal carcinoma in these series. In the SIOP survey RT was related to secondary bone cancer and the use of epipodophyllotoxin with leukemia occurrence. On these basis in our patient a clear pathogenetic mechanism is lacking, then we can also attribute the secondary parotid carcinoma simply to the chance. Physician needto be aware that even unusual SMNs, can develop also in subjects that for their primary malignancy and related treatment are at low risk.
Clathrin Dependence of Synaptic Vesicle Formation at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

Summary Background Among the most prominent molecular constituents of a recycling synaptic vesicle is the clathrin triskelion, composed of clathrin light chain (Clc) and clathrin heavy chain (Chc). Remarkably, it remains unknown whether clathrin is strictly necessary for the stimulus-dependent re-formation of a synaptic vesicle and, conversely, whether clathrin-independent vesicle endocytosis exists at the neuronal synapse. Results We employ FlAsH-FALI-mediated protein photoinactivation to rapidly (3 min) and specifically disrupt Clc function at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. We first demonstrate that Clc photoinactivation does not impair synaptic-vesicle fusion. We then provide electrophysiological and ultrastructural evidence that synaptic vesicles, once fused with the plasma membrane, cannot be re-formed after Clc photoinactivation. Finally, we demonstrate that stimulus-dependent membrane internalization occurs after Clc photoinactivation. However, newly internalized membrane fails to resolve into synaptic vesicles. Rather, newly internalized membrane forms large and extensive internal-membrane compartments that are never observed at a wild-type synapse. Conclusions We make three major conclusions. (1) FlAsH-FALI-mediated protein photoinactivation rapidly and specifically disrupts Clc function with no effect on synaptic-vesicle fusion. (2) Synaptic-vesicle re-formation does not occur after Clc photoinactivation. By extension, clathrin-independent "kiss-and-run" endocytosis does not sustain synaptic transmission during a stimulus train at this synapse. (3) Stimulus-dependent, clathrin-independent membrane internalization exists at this synapse, but it is unable to generate fusion-competent, small-diameter synaptic vesicles.
Dietary controlled carcinogenicity study of chloral hydrate in male B6C3F1 mice

Chloral hydrate, which is used as a sedative in pediatric medicine and is a by-product of water chlorination, is hepatocarcinogenic in B6C3F1 mice, a strain that can exhibit high rates of background liver tumor incidence, which are associated with increased body weight. In this study, dietary control was used to manipulate body growth in male B6C3F1 mice in a 2-year bioassay of chloral hydrate. Male B6C3F1 mice were treated with water or 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg chloral hydrate by gavage. The study compared ad libitum-fed mice with dietary controlled mice. The latter received variably restricted feed allocations to maintain their body weights on a predetermined "idealized" weight curve predictive of a terminal background liver tumor incidence of 15-20%. These mice exhibited less individual body weight variation than did their ad libitum-fed counterparts. This was associated with a decreased variation in liver to body weight ratios, which allowed the demonstration of a statistically significant dose response to chloral hydrate in the dietary controlled, but not the ad libitum-fed, test groups. Chloral hydrate increased terminally adjusted liver tumor incidence in both dietary controlled (23.4, 23.9, 29.7, and 38.6% for the four dose groups, respectively) and ad libitum-fed mice (33.4, 52.6, 50.6, and 46.2%), but a statistically significant dose response was observed only in the dietary controlled mice. This dose response positively correlated with markers of peroxisomal proliferation in the dietary controlled mice only. The study suggests that dietary control not only improves terminal survival and decreases interassay variation, but also can increase assay sensitivity by decreasing intra-assay variation.
Symmetry breaking, chiral dynamics, and fermion masses

Abstract Spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) is one of the main paradigms of particle physics. I will briefly review 1) the general history of SSB, 2) the universal features and descriptions of gap formation and chiral dynamics in the BSC-type mechanisms in condensed matter, nuclear, and particle physics, and 3) some open problems including the mass hierarchy in the Standard Model and beyond.
Relationship of Antibodies to Sperm Head to Etiology of Infertility in Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization/Embryo Transfer

Antibodies to sperm head (ASA-H) are believed to impair reproduction, probably because of a reduction in fertilization of human oocytes. However, the incidence of ASA-H in couples with different etiologies of infertility undergoing in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer (IVF/ET) is unestablished. To examine this question, the semen, serum, and follicular fluid of 11 couples with unexplained infertility and 25 couples with tubal infertility undergoing IVF/ET were tested with the immunobead binding assay to identify ASA-H of IgA, IgG, and IgM isotypes. Comparing couples with unexplained vs. tubal infertility, 46% vs. 4% had ASA-H of at least one isotype in female serum (P = .006), 36% vs. 4% had ASA-H in follicular fluid (P = .023), 27% vs. 0% had ASA-H in semen (P = .023), and 18% vs. 4% had ASA-H in male serum (P = .022), respectively. ASA-H were present in one or more fluids tested in 55% of patients with unexplained infertility, compared to 8% of patients with tubal infertility (P = .005). Of the six women with ASA-H in their serum, 83% (5/6) were undergoing IVF/ET for unexplained infertility compared to 17% (1/6: P = .08) undergoing IVF/ET for tubal infertility. In summary, clinically significant ASA-H are present in a substantial number of infertile women undergoing IVF/ET, particularly those whose infertility is unexplained. Based on these findings, we conclude that it is efficacious to screen all women with unexplained infertility undergoing IVF/ET for ASA-H.
Laser transition probabilities in Xe I

The atomic xenon laser is among the most efficient and powerful of the near-infrared gas lasers, especially when pumped by molecular ions in an $\mathrm{Ar}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Xe}$ mixture. Accurate transition probabilities for the laser transitions are critical in developing a fundamental understanding of the inversion dynamics, gain, and power extraction of this device. We compare results from several methods of calculating transition probabilities for six laser lines ranging in wavelength from $1.733$ to $3.508\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}$. In some cases, our recommended values differ considerably from those employed in previous work.
On the order dimension of 1-sets versus k -sets

A family F of s-subsets of [t]is a (ϑ,s,t)-family iff the intersection of any two distinct elements of F has cardinality less than ϑ. Let f(ϑ,s,t) be the greatest integer n such that there exists an (ϑ,s,t)-family of cardinality n. Let dim(l,k;n) denote the dimension of Bn(l,k), the suborder of the Boolean lattice on [n] consisting of l-subsets and k-subsets of [n]. We use upper and lower bounds on f(ϑ,s,t) to derive new lower and upper bounds on dim(l,k;n). In particular we answer a question of Trotter by showing that dim(l,logn;n) = Θ(log3 n/log log n). The estimation of dim(l,logn;n) plays a critical role in the determination of the maximum dimension of an ordered set with fixed maximum degree. Previously it was only known that (log2 n/4
Young Children Becoming Literate in English as a Second Language.

The TESOL Quarterly invites readers to submit short reports and updates on their work. These summaries may address any areas of interest to Quarterly readers. Authors' addresses are printed with these reports to enable interested readers to contact the authors for more details.
Molecular dynamics simulations of compressive yielding in cross-linked epoxies in the context of Argon theory

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study compressive yielding behavior of epoxy-amine cross-linked polymer networks in the low temperature glassy state. The simulations show a sharp drop in stresses after the elastic regime which was identified to occur due to the activation of wedge disclinations. For the first time in literature, both the chemistry and geometry (critical segment length, angles, bond torsions) involved in the molecular mechanism of compressive yielding have been measured. We analyze these results in the context of the Argon theory which is based on a linear elastic model of wedge disclination. The kink distance calculated using this simple theory gives a surprisingly good match to the results seen from the complex molecular simulation. The yield stress versus temperature predictions of Argon theory are directly compared with molecular simulation results. Finally, the use of Argon theory for extracting yield stresses at quasi-static strain rates from high rate molecular simulations is investigated.
Phase 2 study of bosutinib, a Src inhibitor, in adults with recurrent glioblastoma

Tumor cell infiltration is a major mechanism of treatment escape in glioblastoma. Src is an intracellular tyrosine kinase that mediates tumor cell motility and invasiveness. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of bosutinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that potently inhibits Src and Abl, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. In this two-arm study, patients with histologically confirmed recurrent glioblastoma and ≤2 relapses, not previously treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, were administered oral bosutinib 400 mg daily. Arm A planned for 6 patients who were candidates for surgical resection to be given bosutinib for 7-9 days prior to resection. Arm B was a two-stage design phase 2 trial targeting 30 patients. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 6 months (PFS6) in Arm B. After 9 patients enrolled onto stage 1 of Arm B, 9 (100 %) patients progressed within 6 months. Therefore, the study met the pre-specified criteria for early closure and both Arms were closed. In Arm B, Median PFS was 7.71 weeks and median OS was 50 weeks. Best objective response was stable disease in one patient (11.1 %). Seven patients (77.8 %) had treatment-related AEs of any grade and 2 (22.2 %) were grade ≥3. Arm A was closed after 2 patients enrolled. Src activation was evident in all archival tumor samples. Bosutinib monotherapy does not appear to be effective in recurrent glioblastoma. However, Src remains a potential target based on its upregulation in tumor samples and role in glioma invasion.
Wax secretion in non-diapausing and diapausing pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy of the epicuticle of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, showed that pupae in diapause possess thicker wax layers than non-diapausing pupae. Extractions of the epicuticle with CHCl3 established that diapausing pupae secreted over three times as much wax as non-diapausing pupae, and that the total period of wax secretion in diapausing pupae was two to three times longer than that of non-diapausing pupae. Apparently, the extra thickness of the wax layer of diapausing pupae protects the insect from desiccation during diapause. The deposition of additional wax may result from hormonal changes accompanying entry into diapause.
Estimating the Percentage of the US Population without Health Insurance: An Ecological Approach

This ecological study identifies factors that affect the percentage of a state’s population without health insurance. Even with the Medicaid program, over 15% of the US population is without health insurance and understanding reasons why people are uninsured is an important first step in remedying this problem. Results presented here indicate an income policy or a piecemeal approach to the problem will probably be unsuccessful.
Renal hemodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bevantolol in patients with impaired renal function

Abstract The effects of bevantolol on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate and the drug's pharmacokinetics were studied for 7 days in 18 patients (mean age 50 years) with varying degrees of renal dysfunction. Patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 had a creatinine clearance of 50 to 80 ml/min, group 2, 20 to 49 ml/min and group 3,
Characterization of some group N streptococci.

Abstract Group N lactic streptococci were isolated from various sources and characterized by their biochemical, physiological, and serological reactions, as well as their susceptibility to representative bacteriophages. Streptococcus cremoris was rarely isolated in the wild state. Streptococcus lactis was recovered from water, poultry feed, dairy products, frozen vegetables, and meat samples. A comparison of the characteristics of the isolates of S. lactis to strains used as commercial dairy starters indicated that they did not differ significantly from the starter isolates except for their phage sensitivity. The biochemical and physiological characteristics of the wild-type isolates with their apparent resistance to many bacteriophages encountered as dairy contaminants indicate the possible use of these strains of S. lactis as dairy starters.
Remarks on lattice copying

Abstract It is pointed out that the procedure of copying gauge-configurations on a small lattice onto a larger one introduces systematic distortions of the spectrum in lattice gauge theories. The phenomenon is illustrated by explicit calculations in the Schwinger model. The effect of Pade analyses of the hopping parameter expansion is also examined and found to be severe.
Prior knowledge enhances the category dimensionality effect

A study of the combined influence of prior knowledge and stimulus dimensionality on category learning was conducted. Subjects learned category structures with the same number of necessary dimensions but with more or fewer additional, redundant dimensions and with either knowledge-related or knowledge-unrelated features. Minimal-learning models predict that all subjects, regardless of condition, either should learn the same number of dimensions or should respond more slowly to each dimension. Despite similar learning rates and response times, subjects learned more features in the high-dimensional than in the low-dimensional condition. Furthermore, prior knowledge interacted with dimensionality, increasing what was learned, especially in the high-dimensional case. A second experiment confirmed that the participants did, in fact, learn more features during the training phase, rather than simply inferring them at test. These effects can be explained by direct associations among features (representing prior knowledge), combined with feedback between features and the category label, as was shown by simulations of the knowledge resonance, or KRES, model of category learning.
Discrimination analysis using multi-object statistics of shape and pose

A main focus of statistical shape analysis is the description of variability of a population of geometric objects. In this paper, we present work towards modeling the shape and pose variability of sets of multiple objects. Principal geodesic analysis (PGA) is the extension of the standard technique of principal component analysis (PCA) into the nonlinear Riemannian symmetric space of pose and our medial m-rep shape description, a space in which use of PCA would be incorrect. In this paper, we discuss the decoupling of pose and shape in multi-object sets using different normalization settings. Further, we introduce methods of describing the statistics of object pose and object shape, both separately and simultaneously using a novel extension of PGA. We demonstrate our methods in an application to a longitudinal pediatric autism study with object sets of 10 subcortical structures in a population of 47 subjects. The results show that global scale accounts for most of the major mode of variation across time. Furthermore, the PGA components and the corresponding distribution of different subject groups vary significantly depending on the choice of normalization, which illustrates the importance of global and local pose alignment in multi-object shape analysis. Finally, we present results of using distance weighted discrimination analysis (DWD) in an attempt to use pose and shape features to separate subjects according to diagnosis, as well as visualize discriminating differences.
Personal Space, Sex Differences, and Interpersonal Attraction

Summary The study sought to determine children's personal space schemata for several interpersonal situations not previously examined. Ss were sixth-graders, 25 boys and 25 girls. Extensive sex differences in personal space patterning were found. Interpersonal attraction was postulated to account for the observed schemata when children related to same-sex peers. Peers described as outgoing, happy-go-lucky, intelligent, or forthright attracted Ss; those described as emotionally labile or expedient distanced them.
New synthetic seismogram technique with application to coal measures of the central city basin

The effect of shallow coal seams on recording seismic reflections from deeper beds is examined by means of synthetic seismograms. An expression based on acoustic impedance permits the calculation of reflection coefficient, as a function of frequency, and synthetic seismograms, with or without surface multiples. Results indicate that using lower frequencies (5?25 Hertz) would permit recording below the coal measures encountered in a particular hole in the Central Sydney Basin.
Racial differences in bone density and fracture risk in the United States

Many studies indicate racial differences in areal bone mineral density (aBMD). African-Americans tend to have the greatest aBMD, followed by Caucasian, Hispanic and Native Americans. Asian Americans, on average, have the lowest aBMD. Differences in aBMD are attenuated when adjustments are made for bone size, weight and lifestyle factors. While many studies have focused on racial differences in bone density, it is important to consider fracture risk since it is the clinically meaningful outcome and is determined by many factors other than bone density. African- and Asian-Americans have a relatively low risk of fracture compared to other groups, despite drastically different bone density, as measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Factors that cannot be completely evaluated by DXA, such as bone size, volumetric density, bone microarchitecture and turnover may be important in explaining disparate fracture rates. Newer technologies such as central quantitative computed tomography (CT) and high-resolution peripheral CT promise to contribute important knowledge in this regard. Despite recent advances, more fracture risk data is needed for non-Caucasian groups to assist in the development of relevant screening and treatment guidelines.
Amino acids of citrus seed meal.

Defatted seed meal from oranges and grapefruit contained more sulfur amino acids but less lysine than some common oilseed proteins. Grapefruit seed meal had less tryptophan and more sulfur amino acids than orange seed meal. Probable annual yields of Florida citrus seed oil, meal and hulls are 17, 23 and 13 million lb, respectively.
Characteristics of the hepatic monooxygenase system of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) and its induction with β-naphthoflavone

Abstract Treatment of goldfish with β-naphthoflavone (ip) resulted in induction of hepatic monooxygenase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Levels of 7-ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase and mexacarbate NADPH-dependent oxidative metabolism as well as cytochrome(s) P -450 were increased. Other substrates which have been associated with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-type induction in mammals were unchanged as was δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. Enzyme activities were inhibited by carbon monoxide and piperonyl butoxide confirming their cytochrome P -450 nature. NADH was found to stimulate metabolism in a significant manner with NADPH. pH-dependent ethyl isocyanide binding characteristics were similar in control and induced preparations while mexacarbate binding to oxidized microsomes revealed a higher apparent affinity constant ( K s app ) as well as greater overall binding in induced preparations. SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed an increased band with a molecular weight of approximately 56,000.
Personality characteristics of bulimic and non‐eating‐disordered female controls: A cognitive behavioral perspective

Although studies have examined the personality characteristics of bulimic individuals, these studies have been few and characterized by methodological shortcomings. To address these difficulties, this study compared 20 bulimic women and 20 non-eating-disordered normal weight controls on a variety of standardized psychological questionnaires. A comprehensive cognitive behavioral model of bulimia (Mizes, 1985) was evaluated by this comparison. Results showed that bulimic individuals showed significantly more pathological personality characteristics than control subjects. In specific, bulimics showed evidence of significant anxiety, depression, restrictive eating standards, low self-efficacy for dieting, distorted eating-related attitudes (i.e., weight as basis of self-esteem, striving for perfect self-control), self-control deficits, generalized irrational thinking styles (particularly helplessness and demand for approval), and body image distortion. A trend was found suggesting discomfort in social situations. Contrary to expectations, assertion deficits and concerns about sexual functioning were not found.