cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Management and Risk Transfer: Distributive Justice in Finance

Questions of distributive justice in risk management arise with varying intensity in different market settings. This article argues that perfect financial markets provide a context in which questions of distributive justice are seldom salient. In such markets, all traders have access to the same information about the item being traded, and traders are generally anonymous. For the most part, the author argues, these conditions justify ignoring questions of distributive justice. In imperfect markets, managing risk becomes relevant to distributive justice. Differential information between trading parties can quickly lead to a situation in which one party exploits another, particularly when the advantageous information is gained via a privileged position or illegitimate means. As the degree of market imperfections increases, so does the importance of considerations of distributive justice. In nonfinancial markets generally, and in labor markets particularly, a firm’s efforts to manage risk often affect others in ways that may be unjust. Finally, firms’ risk management activities can create risks for parties far beyond those who actually manage the risk or participate in the risk management process. These affected parties can even include the public at large.
Prostaglandins as adrenergic antagonists.

This paper briefly reviews the nature of prostaglandins and their biological activities emphasizing several examples in which there is an apparent antagonism between the actions of catecholamines and those of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins occur most frequently in reproductive tract tissues but are found in other tissues as well. Prostaglandins have the following physiological effects: vasodepression stimulation of intestinal smooth muscle stimulation of rabbit and guinea pig uterine muscle relaxation of human myometrium (PGE) contraction of iris sedation and catatonia peripheral vasodilatation relaxation of fallopian tube (PGE) and stimulation of fallopian tube (PGF1 alpha). The following topics concerning the metabolic actions of prostaglandins are discussed: 1) effects on lipolysis in vitro and in vivo; 2) effects on blood glucose levels; 3) effects on blood pressure; 4) apparent adrenergic blocking effect; 5) relationship to essential fatty acid deficiency; and 6) their roles as interferers with formation rather than action of many substances endogenously notably cyclin adenosine 3 5 monophosphate.
Tanning as an addictive behavior: a literature review

Background: Recent studies have identified reinforcing properties associated with tanning and suggest a possible physiologic mechanism and addiction driving tanning behavior. Objective: This article attempts to synthesize the existing literature on tanning and addiction to investigate possible associations. Methods: We investigated a variety of substance dependence models to define what constitutes dependence/addiction and to determine how current studies on tanning meet these criteria. Results: In some individuals, tanning has met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual criteria for a substance-related disorder or tanning-modified Cut Down, Annoyed, Guilt, Eye-opener criteria. Trial studies have demonstrated the induction of withdrawal symptoms in frequent tanners. Limitations: Additional studies are needed to investigate the associated dependency and addiction more fully and to elucidate its similarities to other better-known addictive syndromes. Discussion: Tanning is a problem behavior, both as a health risk and as a possible dependency. Future studies, especially in the area of cognitive mapping and cue-related stimuli are needed. Imaging studies may be important in elucidating whether the same areas of the brain are involved in tanning addiction as in other addictive syndromes.
Pleural mesothelial cell differentiation and invasion in fibrogenic lung injury.

The origin of the myofibroblast in fibrotic lung disease is uncertain, and no effective medical therapy for fibrosis exists. We have previously demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induces pleural mesothelial cell (PMC) transformation into myofibroblasts and haptotactic migration in vitro. Whether PMC differentiation and migration occurs in vivo, and whether this response can be modulated for therapeutic benefit, is unknown. Here, using mice recombinant for green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the Wilms tumor-1 (WT-1) promoter, we demonstrate PMC trafficking into the lung and differentiation into myofibroblasts. Carbon monoxide or the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibited the expression of myofibroblast markers, contractility, and haptotaxis in PMCs treated with TGF-β1. Intrapleural HO-1 induction inhibited PMC migration after intratracheal fibrogenic injury. PMCs from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) exhibited increased expression of myofibroblast markers and enhanced contractility and haptotaxis, compared with normal PMCs. Carbon monoxide reversed this IPF PMC profibrotic phenotype. WT-1–expressing cells were present within fibrotic regions of the lungs in IPF subjects, supporting a role for PMC differentiation and trafficking as contributors to the myofibroblast population in lung fibrosis. Our findings also support a potential role for pleural-based therapies to modulate pleural mesothelial activation and parenchymal fibrosis progression.
Mid‐tropospheric frontogenesis

Mid-tropospheric frontogenesis is investigated for a case study in which special three-hourly rawinsonde data are available. Isentropic analyses are made by objective means. Isentropic trajectories lead to the three-dimensional description of the velocity field in space and time. Potential vorticity is used to check trajectories and to distinguish stratospheric from tropospheric air. Miller's frontogenesis equation is applied in two and three dimensions to an intensifying mid-tropospheric baroclinic zone. Frontogenetical and frontolytical regions arising from twisting, horizontal confluence, vertical shear of vertical velocity and ageostrophic contributions are delineated. Typical frontogenesis magnitudes are 2°C (100 km)−1 (3 hr)−1 and 2°C (km)−1 (3 hr)−1 in two and three dimensions respectively. Previous observations of the extrusion of stratospheric air into the troposphere are confirmed. A synoptic sequence common to many occurrences of mid-tropospheric frontogenesis is described. A simple explanation is given of the initial development of a thermally indirect circulation accompanying the early frontogenesis. Mid-tropospheric frontogenesis seems to accompany the extrusion of stratospheric air into the troposphere during which momentum, potential vorticity, ozone and radioactivity are transported downward and southward.
Electromagnetic coupling through small apertures in a conducting screen

The electromagnetic field coupling through small apertures illuminated by an arbitrary incident plane wave is discussed for general aperture shapes. A set of new integral equations in a form highly amenable to numerical solution techniques is derived. Based on the application of the Rayleigh series method, an analytical solution is obtained for the first few terms of the expansion of the aperture E - field of a circular aperture. Numerical results are also constructed for the aperture field and the diffracted field of small rectangular apertures and compared with those of the circular apertures.
Generating random points in a ball

A fast method is presented for generating pseudorandom uniform points in a ball of dimension 3, 4, or 5.
High-resolution calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy for the Coniacian/Santonian Stage boundary, Western Interior Basin

Abstract The Ten Mile Creek area (Dallas, Texas) is a proposed Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) candidate for the Coniacian/Santonian Stage boundary. The Santonian Working Group has designated the first appearance of Inoceramus (Cladoceramus) undulatoplicatus as the diagnostic macrofossil bioevent for the base of the Santonian Stage. Calcareous nannofossils were examined from sediments of the Bruceville Marl at the proposed GSSP site and from well-preserved sediments of the coeval Smoky Hill Member-type area (northwestern Kansas) of the Niobrara Formation. Nannofossil bioevents were correlated with the lowest stratigraphic occurrence of I. undulatoplicatus to create a high resolution biostratigraphic framework and stratigraphic proxy for the Coniacian/Santonian Stage transition. Six bioevents are useful for recognition of the Coniacian/Santonian transition within the Bruceville Marl and Smoky Hill Member. The first appearance datums (FADs) of Prediscosphaera desiderograndis, n. sp. and Amphizygus megalops, n. sp. as well as the FADs of two rare taxa, Orastrum campanensis and Tortolithus dodekachelyon, n. sp., are in close stratigraphic proximity to the lowest occurrence of I. undulatoplicatus. In addition, two nannofloral acmes occur near the boundary: Watznaueria quadriradiata and Zeugrhabdotus scutula. This study describes eight new species from the Smoky Hill Chalk type area; Amphizygus megalops, Bifidalithus phenax, Pharus evanescens, Gartnerago margaritatus, Helicolithus tectufissus, Tortolithus dodekachelyon, Prediscosphaera desiderograndis and Helicolithus varolii. Light microscope images are provided for rare and well-preserved specimens of Reinhardtites clavicaviformis Varol, 1991, Orastrum campanensis (Cepek) Wind & Wise, 1977, Rhombolithus rhombicum (Bukry) Black, 1973, and Gartnerago clarusora Varol, 1991. This study extends the ranges of several species from those documented in previous literature.
Seismic support of electronic and computer equipment on raised floors

Abstract The paper includes the description of the functional features of the often used raised floor systems and the factors affecting their seismic performance. After describing some practical methods to support their frameworks and cabinets, considerations for the design of earthquake-resistant raised floor systems are suggested. Attention is given to the concept and design of the isolation system for the entire raised floor. Practical and economically feasible methods to provide such an isolation are recommended. The concept of a new nested isolation system and some preliminary test results indicate the practical merits of such a system.
Field-strength formulation of quantum chromodynamics

Non-Abelian gauge theories in space-time dimension D > or = 3 can be formulated entirely in terms of field strengths. I detail the formulation in four dimensions.
Animal-centered learning activities in pharmacy education.

Objectives. To assess the contribution of animal-centered activities to students achieving learning outcomes in a veterinary therapeutics course. Design. Qualitative methods were used to assess the outcome of using “hands-on” animal interactions as tools of engagement in the course. Reflective commentary on animal-centered activities was collected and analyzed. Assessment. Animal-centered learning activities are effective tools for engaging students and facilitating their understanding and application of veterinary therapeutic knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Analysis of qualitative data revealed themes of professional caring and caring behaviors as a direct result of animal-centered activities. Elements of empathy, caring, compassion, and self-awareness were strong undercurrents in student's comments. Conclusions. Animal-centered learning activities provide an innovative learning environment for the application of veterinary pharmacy knowledge, skills, and attitudes directly to animal patients. The use ...
Computational method to compute the derivative and antiderivative; with concern for terminating a converging iterative process and considering accuracy, roundoff error, approximation, and extrapolation

Abstract In the computational task of finding values representing the derivative and antiderivative, an analytical expression does not exist. Therefore, a computational method to compute ∞ b a f(x) dx and d dx f(x) must be used. Many techniques have been developed to achieve this. The most common, are forms of Simpson's Rule for the antiderivative and forms of a difference formula for the derivative. Problems arise however, concerning accuracy, roundoff error, approximation, and extrapolation. A detailed and extensive mathematical analysis of the antiderivative; the derivative; of terminating a converging iterative process and considering accuracy, roundoff error, approximation and extrapolation was performed. The results of this analysis were then incorporated into computer programs written in the APL Programming language consisting of a derivative function, an antiderivative function, and a common termination function. The uniqueness of the solution is derived from several areas. The process handles most “abnormal” functions, such as those that fluctuate wildly in a very small interval. Order of accuracy fluctuates depending on the value of the error terms as they are calculated. Minimum order of accuracy for the derivative is second order, and fourth order for the antiderivative. The theory was put to practice in APL programs providing definite mathematical answers to selected problems, rather than merely theoretical suggestions of accuracy.
Fueling the Fire: Violent Metaphors, Trait Aggression, and Support for Political Violence

The recent concurrence of violent political rhetoric and violence against political targets in the U.S. and abroad has raised public concern about the effects of language on citizens. Building from theoretical foundations in aggression research, I fielded two nationally representative survey experiments and a third local experiment preceding the 2010 midterm elections to investigate support for violence against political authority. Subjects were randomly assigned to view one of two forms of the same political advertisements. Across all three experiments, mild violent metaphors multiply support for political violence among aggressive citizens, especially among young adults. Aggressive personality traits also predict support for political violence in both national studies. This work identifies dynamic roots of violent political orientations and reveals for the first time surprising interactions between this elite discourse and personality traits in citizens.
HISTOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINESTERASES IN THE TESTIS, EPIDIDYMIS AND VAS DEFERENS OF THE RAT.

Testes, epididymides, and vasa deferentia of rats were examined for the distribution of cholinesterases using the Koelle thiocholine method. Activity of these enzymes was studied from birth to maturity. Acetylcholinesterase appeared first in Schwann cells of the nerve plexus of the vas deferens and auda epididymidis at birth. Epithelial cell pseudo-cholinesterase appears in the vas deferens at four days, and an adult distribution is attained at thirty days. Testis, rete testis, ductuli efferentes, and upper caput epididymidis are mainly negative for cholinesterases. In the remainder of the epididymis, three zones of intense epithelial cell reactivity are preceded by regions of lesser intensity. Smooth muscles of the epididymis are negative, but the vas deferens musculature reacts for pseudo-cholinesterase. The nerve plexus is positive for both acetyl- and pseudo-cholinesterase, and is confined to the corpus and cauda epididymidis and vas deferens. The increasing density of the enzyme-positive nerves, and the cholinesterase reaction of the musculature distally suggests a probable inhibitory role in the regulation of smooth muscle function in these regions under normal conditions. The absence of an enzyme-positive innervation and the presence of an enzyme-negative musculature of the caput is correlated with an active rhythmic contractility in this region, which gradually disappears distally.
Medium-term follow-up confirms the safety and durability of laparoscopic ventral hernia repair with PTFE.

Abstract Background Ventral abdominal wall hernias are common lesions and may be associated with life-threatening complications. The application of laparoscopic principles to the treatment of ventral hernias has reduced recurrence rates from a range of 25% to 52% to a range of 3.4% to 9%. In this study, we review our experience and assess the clinical outcome of patients who have undergone laparoscopic repair of ventral hernias. Methods We reviewed the outcome of 79 patients with more than 1 year of follow-up who underwent laparoscopic ventral hernia repair between March 1996 and December 2001. Patient demographics, hernia characteristics, operative parameters, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results Of the 79 patients, 37 were males. Mean age was 55.8 years (range 28–81). Sixty-eight patients had incisional hernias, including 17 with recurrent hernias. Eleven patients had primary ventral hernias. The mean defect size was 103 cm 2 (range 4–510); incarceration was present in 22 patients (27.8%), and multiple (Swiss-cheese) defects in 20 (25.3%). Laparoscopic expanded polytetrafluoroethylene mesh repair by the modified Rives-Stoppa technique was completed in 78 (98.7%). One conversion occurred because of bowel injury. The mean operating time was 110 minutes (range 45–210) and mean hospital stay was 1.7 days (range 0–20), with 46 patients (58.2%) being discharged within 24 hours of surgery. Complications included seroma formation (3), chronic pain (3), prolonged ileus (1), hematoma formation (1), and missed bowel injury (1) for a complication rate of (11.4%). There were no deaths. After a follow-up of up to 6 years (a mean of 34 months), there were 4 recurrences (5%). Conclusion The laparoscopic repair of ventral hernias is safe, effective, and durable with minimal morbidity. It is particularly successful in patients with recurrent lesions. The laparoscopic approach to ventral hernia repair should be considered the standard of care.
Marginalization, reproduction and assaults against teachers: Ideas on the contradictions of ideological social control

We have analyzed school stratification and delinquent behavior by demonstrating that the connection between the two can be explained more completely by reference to the nature and functioning of American capitalism. By way of a thorough analysis of the reproduction forces at work today in American capitalism, as well as the way consciousness is formed through the satisfaction and fulfillment of species needs and powers, our investigation linked delinquent behavior (assaults against teachers) and school stratification with the social system of which they are embedded. Concentrating initially on the structural forces at work within the labor market, we were able to uncover the foundations which mold the social relations of production. We then turned our investigation to the school, revealing how the underlying function of secondary education today is the reproduction of the social relations of production. With a thorough understanding of these two interrelated phenomena, we were then able to explain why minority students attack secondary school teachers at a higher rate than other students. Specifically, it is because of thecontradiction between the creation of a personality possessing autonomous and independent behavior traits, with emphasis on violent behavior patterns as a means of solving interpersonal problems (marginalization), and the austere authoritarian and control mechanisms of the school (reproduction).
Mu transposable elements are structurally diverse and distributed throughout the genus Zea

The Robertson's Mutator stock of maize exhibits a high mutation rate due to the transposition of theMu family of transposable elements. All characterizedMu elements contain similar ≈200-bp terminal inverted repeats, yet the internal sequences of the elements may be completely unrelated. Non-Mutator stocks of maize have a 20–100-fold lower mutation rate relative to Mutator stocks, yet they contain multiple sequences that hybridize to theMu terminal inverted repeats. Most of these sequences do not cohybridize to internal regions of previously clonedMu elements. We have cloned two such sequences from the maize line B37, a non-Mutator inbred line. These sequences, termedMu4 andMu5, have an organization characteristic of transposable elements and possess ≈200-bpMu terminal inverted repeats that flank internal DNA, which is unrelated to other clonedMu elements.Mu4 andMu5 are both flanked by 9-bp direct repeats as has been observed for otherMu elements. However, we have no direct evidence that they have recently transposed because they have not been found in known genes. Although the internal regions ofMu4 andMu5 are not related by sequence similarity, both elements share an unusual structural feature: the terminal inverted repeats extend more than 100 bp internally fromMu-similar termini. The distribution of these elements in maize lines and related species suggests thatMu elements are an ancient component of the maize genome. Moreover, the structure of theMu termini and the fact thatMu termini are found flanking different internal sequences leads us to speculate thatMu termini once may have been capable of transposing as independent entities.
Water and Molecular Weight Effects on Glass Transitions in Amorphous Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Solutions

The effects of water, freeze-concentration and effective molecular weight (M,) on glass transition (T,) of maltose and maltodextrins were studied, and methods to predict Tg were used to establish state diagrams. Tg of maximally freeze-concentrated solutes (Tg and onset of ice melting (TJ increased with M,, and for high molecular weight polysaccharides TL and TA were predicted to have the same temperature value. Ice formation at TL<T<TA was time dependent. Unfrozen water in maximally freeze-concentrated matrices was about 20% independently of M,. The state diagrams can be used to evaluate physical state of frozen and dehydrated foods.
Tryptophan pretreatment augmentation of p-chloroamphetamine-induced serotonin and dopamine release and reduction of long-term neurotoxicity

The impact of tryptophan (TRP) pretreatment on the neurochemical effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) was investigated. The neurotoxic effects of PCA on serotonin (5-HT) neurons, the acute effects of PCA on extracellular 5-HT and dopamine (DA), and the displacement by PCA of whole blood 5-HT were examined. TRP pretreatment (400 mg/kg of the methyl ester) significantly reduced the long-term (1 week) decrease in tissue 5-HT resulting from PCA (2 mg/kg, i.p., of the hydrochloride salt) in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, but not in the dorsal hippocampus. Microdialysis studies in awake animals showed that this pretreatment regimen resulted in augmented PCA-induced increases in extracellular 5-HT (4-fold) and DA (2-fold). TRP pretreatment also resulted in increased displacement of 5-HT from whole blood. The implications of these results toward possible mechanisms of action of PCA-induced neurotoxicity are discussed.
The Effect of Genetic Factors on the Submicroscopic Structure of Soybean Chioroplasts

1. The development of chloroplasts in normal and in chlorophyll-deficient yellow lethal (y11y11) specimens of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) was studied with the electron microscope.2. The steps in the differentiation of normal soybean chloroplasts are similar to those found in other seed plants, ferns and mosses, namely: (1) the formation of vesicles from the inner of the two membranes of the proplastids, (2) the construction of primary lamellae by the fusion of the vesicles, (3) the building up of discs and the aggregation of the discs to form grana, (4) the increase in the number of grana and their interconnection by stromatic lamellae.3. In the development of the chlorophyll-deficient chloroplasts of the mutant, vesicle formation and fusion of vesicles to form primary lamellae appear to proceed normally in the proplastids; sometimes grana are formed. But either the arrangement of the lamellae in the later stages of development is abnormal, or the lamellae break down and vacuolization of the chloroplast ensues.
Theoretical study of the biologically important dioxo diiron diamond core structures

Density functional theory calculations were used to investigate synthetic complexes with diiron dioxo diamond cores and models for intermediates in the catalytic cycle of methane monooxygenase (MMO). The synthetic complexes share an antiferromagnetically coupled diiron dioxo/hydroxo diamond core structure with the oxidized and reduced intermediates (Hox and Hred, respectively) of MMO. The DFT (B3P86) calculations on model complexes of the synthetic models, with ferromagnetic coupling, reproduce the crystal structure data to within 0.05 A and 5° for the diamond core parameters. The crystal structures of Hox extracted from two different bacteria (Bath and OB3b) indicate that Hox has either two bridging hydroxy ligands or one hydroxy and one water bridge. The B3P86 calculations strongly suggest that both bridging ligands in Hox are hydroxy groups. The carboxylate shift established in the crystal structures of Hred was calculated to be a minimum at the BP86 level of theory.
Watson: beyond jeopardy!

This paper presents a vision for applying the Watson technology to health care and describes the steps needed to adapt and improve performance in a new domain. Specifically, it elaborates upon a vision for an evidence-based clinical decision support system, based on the DeepQA technology, that affords exploration of a broad range of hypotheses and their associated evidence, as well as uncovers missing information that can be used in mixed-initiative dialog. It describes the research challenges, the adaptation approach, and finally reports results on the first steps we have taken toward this goal.
Maternal scaffolding of children's problem solving and children's adjustment in kindergarten: Hmong families in the United States.

The study examined relations between maternal scaffolding of children's problem solving and children's adjustment in kindergarten in Hmong families living in the United States, Mothers and their children (63 dyads) were visited the summer before kindergarten. Mothers' years in the United States, age, education, reasoning skills, and parenting beliefs were assessed. Maternal scaffolding (cognitive support, directiveness of instruction, praise, and criticism) was coded while mothers helped their children with school-like tasks. Children's reasoning skills, conscientiousness, autonomous behavior, and task persistence in kindergarten were reported by teachers at the end of kindergarten (54 children). Maternal cognitive support of children's problem solving predicted children's reasoning skills in kindergarten even after controlling for maternal education and reasoning skills. Matemal directive instruction positively predicted children's conscientious behavior and negatively predicted children's autonomous behaviors after controlling for maternal education and parenting beliefs.
Photocatalytic water oxidation by very small cobalt domains on a silica surface

Small domains of cobalt on silica (CoSBA) were prepared by the reaction of Co[N(SiMe3)2]2 and SBA-15, resulting in a range of surface structures as the cobalt loading varied from 0.27 to 5.11 wt%. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was employed to characterize these surface structures, which range from single-site cobalt atoms to small clusters of Co3O4. The CoSBA materials exhibit photochemical water oxidation catalysis, revealing distinct catalytic activities associated with characteristic types of surface structures that are dominant in particular concentration regimes. The catalytic turnover frequency for water oxidation of an isolated single-site cobalt atom (0.0143 s−1) is much greater than that observed for a surface atom of a small cluster Co3O4 on silica (0.0006 s−1). The CoSBA catalysts were recyclable for more than seven catalytic cycles (>200 turnovers) with additional sacrificial oxidant, and no leaching of cobalt was observed. Post-catalytic analysis of CoSBA by XAS revealed that the cobalt atoms were partially oxidized to Co3+, without exhibiting significant surface migration and aggregation of cobalt atoms.
Rab11 regulates planar polarity and migratory behavior of multiciliated cells in Xenopus embryonic epidermis

Background: Xenopus embryonic skin is composed of the superficial layer with defined apicobasal polarity and the inner layer lacking the apical domain. Multiciliated cells (MCCs) originate in the inner layer of the epidermal ectoderm and subsequently migrate to the surface. How MCCs acquire the apicobasal polarity and intercalate into the superficial layer during neurulation is largely unknown. As Rab11-dependent vesicle trafficking has been implicated in ciliary membrane assembly and in apical domain formation in epithelial cells, we assessed the involvement of Rab11 in MCC development. Results: Here we report that Rab11 is specifically enriched and becomes apically polarized in skin MCCs. Interference with Rab11 function by overexpression of a dominant negative mutant or injection of a specific morpholino oligonucleotide inhibited MCC intercalation into the superficial layer. Dominant negative Rab11-expressing MCC precursors revealed intrinsic apicobasal polarity, characterized by the apical domain, which is not normally observed in inner layer cells. Despite the presence of the apical domain, the cells with inhibited Rab11 function were randomly oriented relative to the plane of the tissue, thereby demonstrating a defect in planar polarity. Conclusions: These results establish a requirement for Rab11 in MCC development and support a two-step model, in which the initial polarization of MCC precursors is critical for their integration into the superficial cell layer. Developmental Dynamics 241:1385–1395, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cross-modal reversal in the rabbit

A classically conditioned discrimination was established between two rates of intermittent stimulation in the auditory modality for four rabbits and in the visual modality for four additional rabbits. Following acquisition in the original modality, both stimulus modality and stimulus contingencies were changed in a cross-modal reversal test. All rabbits were subsequently tested in reacquisition of the original discrimination. Results were compared to a previous test of direct cross-modal transfer. It was concluded that results of cross-modal reversal support the earlier finding of cross-modal transfer in the rabbit.
Almost sure convergence of stochastic integrals in hilbert spaces

It is proved that, under the usual measurability and the square-integrability conditions, the stochastic integral of an operator-valued integrand with respect to a continuous local martingale in Hilbert spaces can be defined for almost every sample path via a sequence of simple progressively measurable approximations. The result generalizes McKeanls construction of the It6 integral with respect to a one-dimensional Brownian motion
Observations in Nonurban Heat Islands

Abstract The urban heat island is a well-known and well-described temperature anomaly, but other types of heat islands are also infrequently reported. A 10 km × 30 km data field containing more than 100 individual winter morning air temperature measurement points was examined for areas characteristically warmer than surrounding areas. The very small “downtown” of Hanover, New Hampshire, was found to be 1°–2°C warmer than nearby open areas at the same elevation. The same technique was applied to examine the morning air temperature within a nearby hamlet consisting of about 60 wooden buildings within an area less than 0.3 km2. The bulk of observations and observations stratified by snow and sky cover showed no systematic difference between hamlet air temperatures and those obtained in surrounding terrain. Morning air temperatures along a freezing river were measured and found to be systematically warmer than nearby air temperatures for several days, until a significant snowfall diminished the ice growth rat...
Vasoactive intestinal peptide causes peristaltic contractions in the esophageal body

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) caused a dose-dependent fall in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and dose-dependent contractions in the body of the esophagus. The response to VIP in the esophagus or LES was not modified by atropine, phentolamine, haloperidol, pyrilamine, methysergide, indomethacin and tetrodotoxin, showing that it exerts direct action at the esophageal smooth muscle. These studies suggest that VIP causes contraction in the esophageal body and relaxation of the LES by a direct action on the smooth muscle. It is possible that VIP may be the common mediator of noncholinergic, nonadrenergic neurons that cause relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and contraction in the esophageal body.
Dilatometric analysis of sintering of tungsten and tungsten with ceria and hafnia dispersions

Abstract Dilatometric data and analyses are provided for the densification of tungsten powder and tungsten powder with hafnia and ceria additions. The characteristic shrinkage curve was found to depend on the type of oxide added into the W matrix. The activation energies of the densification rate were obtained by analyzing the shift of the iso-density points as a function of the linear-heating rate. A unique density-dependent function in the densification-rate equation is also illustrated. Sintering of both W and ceria-dispersed W was found to be controlled by grain-boundary diffusion, but ceria additions in the W matrix resulted in a higher activation energy. The activation energies for W and ceria-dispersed W were 318±21 and 385±15 KJ/mole, respectively. A possible correlation between activation energy and interfacial energy was discussed. A single predominant mechanism that governs the densification in hafnia-dispersed W could not be determined. A tentative scenario whereby the dispersed hafnia enhances or retards sintering is suggested.
A comparative tissue toxicity evaluation of established and newer root canal sealers

Grossman's sealer, eucapercha, Endo-Fill, CRCS, Sealapex, Hypocal, and sterile saline solution (0.3 ml of each) were injected into specific dorsal subdermal tissue sites of 12 guinea pigs. The animals were killed after 6 days, 15 days, and 80 days (four per time period). Analysis of tissue response showed that, overall, Sealapex and Endo-Fill had less severe inflammatory reactions than any of the other test materials. Grossman's sealer, CRCS, and Hypocal showed principally severe inflammatory responses at both 6 and 15 days, but mild reactions at 80 days. Overall, eucapercha showed less severe inflammatory responses than Grossman's sealer, CRCS, and Hypocal. Diffuse calcification was induced by the three calcium hydroxide preparations (CRCS, Sealapex, and Hypocal). Eucapercha and Endo-Fill had minute local areas of calcification. Both Grossman's sealer and CRCS did not have overall favorable histologic reactions; however, Grossman's sealer and CRCS have been used successfully clinically. Further clinical studies are needed.
Geochemical consequences of in situ crystallization

In situ crystallization of a magma chamber in a transition zone between solidus and liquidus may cause the magma to evolve along a chemical path that differs markedly from that produced by fractional crystallization in closed or periodically replenished magma chambers. The chemical evolution expected from in situ crystallization is consistent with the data from the Kiglapait layered intrusion and may account for some enigmatic features of the chemistry of volcanic and plutonic rocks from diverse tectonic environments.
A model for the correction for guessing on multiple-choice tests

Multiple-choice tests are used widely because of obvious practical advantages, but inherent in them is the problem of dealing with the effects of guessing. The only widely used model for predicting effects of guessing is based on the primary assumption that, the probability of making a correct response on each test item is either 1.0 or the reciprocal of the number of available choices. The assumption that the subject either makes the correct response on each trial or guesses blindly is clearly too restrictive. Nunnally in [1] relates that because in most educational tests there is some opportunity for "narrowing" alternatives before guessing the standard correction for guessing tends to be an underestimate of the actual effects of guessing. The model proposed in this paper attempts to correct for this.
Modeling Subsurface Heterogeneity of Irrigated and Drained Fields. II: Multivariate Stochastic Analysis of Root-Zone Hydrosalinity and Crop Yield

AbstractSpatial heterogeneity and measurement error in parameters representing flow and salt transport properties in irrigated and drained fields make numerical prediction of soil hydrosalinity conditions, crop yield response, and other variables prone to uncertainty. This paper presents a method to account for uncertainty of correlated regionalized parameters in simulating key performance variables using a three-dimensional (3D) flow and transport model, the Colorado State University Irrigation and Drainage (CSUID) model, coupled with multivariate Monte Carlo simulation. Sequential indicator simulation is used to generate 3D correlated realizations for hydraulic conductivity, porosity, residual water content, van Genuchten parameters, and dispersivity. Other semiempirical parameters that control crop water uptake, irrigation efficiency, and subsurface drainage conductance also are randomized. The generated ensembles for each of the considered parameters are processed with the CSUID model to obtain the sp...
Fractionation of troponin into two distinct proteins

Abstract The protein complex which governs the calcium sensitivity of natural actomyosin (Ebashi, 1963) has been shown to consist of two components, tropomyosin and troponin ( Ebashi and Kodama, 1966 ; Hartshorne and Mueller, 1967 ). In the present study troponin has been separated into two distinct proteins, as judged by amino acid analyses. The fractionation was achieved at low pH and high ionic strength. One of the fractions, termed troponin B, effected a calcium insensitive inhibition of synthetic actomyosin ATPase activity, which was enhanced by the addition of tropomyosin. The other fraction, troponin A, conferred calcium sensitivity to the troponin B - tropomyosin system. The separation was reversible and all the properties of the source troponin were regained upon mixing troponin A and B in the correct proportions.
Solving string constraints lazily

Decision procedures have long been a fixture in program analysis, and reasoning about string constraints is a key element in many program analyses and testing frameworks. Recent work on string analysis has focused on providing decision procedures that model string operations. Separating string analysis from its client applications has important and familiar benefits: it enables the independent improvement of string analysis tools and it saves client effort.We present a constraint solving algorithm for equations over string variables. We focus on scalability with regard to the size of the input constraints. Our algorithm performs an explicit search for a satisfying assignment; the search space is constructed lazily based on an automata representation of the constraints. We evaluate our approach by comparing its performance with that of existing string decision procedures. Our prototype is, on average, several orders of magnitude faster than the fastest existing implementation
Elastic scattering of Li 6 at 73.7 MeV

Angular distributions for $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ elastic scattering at 73.7 MeV from targets of $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ have been measured. Optical-model parameters for Woods-Saxon real and imaginary volume potentials have been found which describe the data well and exhibit both discrete and continuous ambiguities. For a fixed geometry, the dependence of the optical potentials on $Z$ and $A$ of the target and on the bombarding energy was investigated.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ ($^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$), $E=73.7$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$; deduced optical-model parameters.
Fate of Fluorinated Metabolites of Inhalation Anesthetics in Man

(1979). Fate of Fluorinated Metabolites of Inhalation Anesthetics in Man. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 61-78.
Inelastic scattering of He atoms from a Cu(110) surface

Abstract A He beam has been used to measure inelastic scattering from a Cu(110) surface. The scattering was a result of predominantly single phonon events and both energy gain and loss processes were observed. This was in contrast to Cu(001) where only energy loss was observed. For Cu(110), aligned in the [001] azimuth, partial dispersion relations have been measured which meant that phonons with Δ Q values up to the zone boundary value have not been detected under the present experimental conditions. The elastic incoherent component varied with azimuthal angle for Cu(110).
Further Validation of Methods for Evaluating the Performance of Physicians

&Harris, 1957). The experimental Efficiency Report contains four kinds of performance evaluation methods: 50 Forced-Choice tetrads (FC), a 10-point scale for rating Job Proficiency (JP), eight 10-point scales for rating various Personal Qualifications (PQ), and a 22-item Check List (CL). When the original and cross-validation samples of physicians were combined in the previous study, validity coefficients for the various evaluation methods ranged from .54 to .62 and produced a multiple correlation of .68 against a rating criterion, the average rating given by work associates in evaluating a physician’s Work Performance. Optimum weights for combining the evaluation methods in the Report were determined by the Wherry-Doolittle method (Garrett, 1947). The FC and JP sections were selected as predictors with about equal weights, and the resulting multiple was significantly larger than the highest single validity. The present study, undertaken as a part of the Officer Selection and Evaluation Program (Newman, 1951), is a further validation of
Rare gas coadsorption with Cs or K on Ag(111)

Abstract Rare gas (RG) coadsorption with submonolayer amounts of Cs or K on Ag(111) was studied using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). A crossover in the alkali-RG interaction from repulsive to attractive was observed as a function of alkali species and of alkali coverage. The KRG interaction was observed to be repulsive at all coverages, while the CsRG interaction was observed to be attractive at low Cs coverages and apparently repulsive at high Cs coverages. For the K + RG adsorption system, desorption data were analyzed to determine the spreading pressure in the alkali layer, thus showing that RG can be used as a 2D manometer in some coadsorption systems. From the spreading pressure it is possible to obtain some information about the properties of the adsorbed alkali such as the energy differences between commensurate and incommensurate phases. We also demonstrate that work function measurements from such coadsorption systems do not necessarily have a simple interpretation.
Cross-cultural Study of Understanding of Scale and Measurement: Does the everyday use of US customary units disadvantage US students?

Following a sociocultural perspective, this study investigates how students who have grown up using the SI (Systeme International d'Unites) (metric) or US customary (USC) systems of units for everyday use differ in their knowledge of scale and measurement. Student groups were similar in terms of socioeconomic status, curriculum, native language transparency of number word structure, type of school, and makeup by gender and grade level, while varying by native system of measurement. Their performance on several tasks was compared using binary logistic regression, ordinal logistic regression, and analysis of variance, with gender and grade level as covariates. Participants included 17 USC-native and 89 SI-native students in a school in Mexico, and 31 USC-native students in a school in the Midwestern USA. SI-native students performed at a significantly higher level estimating the length of a metre and a conceptual task (coordinating relative size and absolute size). No statistically significant differences w...
A knowledge-based framework in an intelligent assistant system for making documents

Abstract We have developed a prototype of an intelligent assistant system for making documents in a specific domain. For one example, the domain of Japanese business letters is chosen, because it contains such formal sentences that sophisticated writing skill is required. Then we have implemented the prototype system in Prolog. The system is designed to help novices make business letters efficiently by retrieving the relevant and associated paragraphs from a number of examples in a text database. In this paper, first the associative retrieval mechanism, which is realized by using a retrieval technique on the basis of keywords, is presented. And then, a realistic approach for a content extraction and documents summarizing method, which aims at content retrieval, is described.
Sedimentation processes on the continental rise of northeastern South America

Abstract A section of the continental rise of northeastern South America northeast of the Orinoco delta contains physiographic features built by the interaction of southward-flowing North Atlantic Deep Water and turbidity currents generated in the Orinoco region during the last Pleistocene glacials. A sedimentary outer ridge of low relief (Demerara Outer Ridge) trends northeast along the rise and a field of westward-migrating sediment waves trending north-northwest is superimposed on the outer ridge. The sediment waves have a maximum amplitude and wavelength of 20 m and 4 km, respectively. Seismic profiler records indicate that the outer ridge was probably built during the Pleistocene. A major turbidity-current pathway adjacent to the outer ridge on the north supplied sediment to the southward-flowing North Atlantic Deep Water which then deposited this sediment down-stream on the outer ridge and formed the sediment waves. Piston cores from the outer ridge contain numerous silt—sand beds and appear to be contourites. The cores consist primarily of gray hemipelagic clay of a Late Wisconsin age and have high ( > 10 cm 1000 yrs ) sedimentation rates. In contrast, cores from the continental rise north of the turbidite channel are brown clays with relatively low sedimentation rates ( 3.0 cm 1000 yrs ) and do not contain silt—sand contourites.
First-Order and Higher-Order Factors of Creative Social Intelligence Within Guilford'S Structure-Of-Intellect Model: A Reanalysis of a Guilford Data Base:

The major purpose of this investigation was to ascertain through the use of confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis (CM-LFA) (Joreskog and Sorbom, 1989b) how accurately each of several hypothesized combinations of first-order and higher-order factors reflecting creativity in social intelligence for a sample of 192 high school students in a middle-class suburban community could describe the covariation within selected submatrixes taken from the total correlation matrix originally analyzed by Hendricks, Guilford, and Hoepfner (1969). Exploratory factor analyses involving both orthogonal (varimax) and oblique (promax) solutions were also completed and compared with the original orthogonal factor analysis of the total correlation matrix by Hendricks et al. The exploratory factor analyses showed a moderate degree of correspondence with the solution offered by Hendricks et al. It was concluded that CMLFA lent support to hypothesized first- and higher-order factors within the context of Guilford's struct...