cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling inequalities for oriented percolation

We look at seven critical exponents associated with two-dimensional oriented percolation. Scaling theory implies that these quantities satisfy four equalities. We prove five related inequalitites.
Glucose-stimulated DNA Synthesis through Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Is Regulated by KATP Channels EFFECTS ON CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION IN RODENT ISLETS

The aim of this study was to define metabolic signaling pathways that mediate DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression in adult rodent islets to devise strategies to enhance survival, growth, and proliferation. Since previous studies indicated that glucose-stimulated activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) leads to [3H]thymidine incorporation and that mTOR activation is mediated, in part, through the K(ATP) channel and changes in cytosolic Ca2+, we determined whether glyburide, an inhibitor of K(ATP) channels that stimulates Ca2+ influx, modulates [3H]thymidine incorporation. Glyburide (10-100 nm) at basal glucose stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation to the same magnitude as elevated glucose and further enhanced the ability of elevated glucose to increase [3H]thymidine incorporation. Diazoxide (250 microm), an activator of KATP channels, paradoxically potentiated glucose-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation 2-4-fold above elevated glucose alone. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that chronic exposure of islets to basal glucose resulted in a typical cell cycle progression pattern that is consistent with a low level of proliferation. In contrast, chronic exposure to elevated glucose or glyburide resulted in progression from G0/G1 to an accumulation in S phase and a reduction in G2/M phase. Rapamycin (100 nm) resulted in an approximately 62% reduction of S phase accumulation. The enhanced [3H]thymidine incorporation with chronic elevated glucose or glyburide therefore appears to be associated with S phase accumulation. Since diazoxide significantly enhanced [3H]thymidine incorporation without altering S phase accumulation under chronic elevated glucose, this increase in DNA synthesis also appears to be primarily related to an arrest in S phase and not cell proliferation.
On-line color monitoring in continuous textile dyeing

Abstract This paper describes how on-line color monitoring could be used as part of an ultrasound enhanced continuous textile dyeing system. The current state-of-the-art of color measurement and control in textile manufacturing is reviewed. The use of ultrasound in a closed-loop dyeing system is proposed. The current status of on-line color monitoring which would be required is presented. Some possible solutions to measuring the color of wet fabric have been developed.
Correlated bilayer electron states

We report magnetotransport measurements in a wide quantum well as the electron charge distribution is tuned from a single-layer through an interacting bilayer configuration to weakly coupled parallel layers. The system exhibits a remarkably rich set of correlated bilayer states including unique fractional quantum Hall states at even-denominator fillings and insulating phases which are consistent with pinned, bilayer Wigner crystal states.
The effect of smokeless tobacco extract on murine T cell cytokine production

Abstract Exposure of oral tissue to components of smokeless tobacco (ST) increases susceptibility to oral cancer and periodontal disease. Altered T cell cytokine expression patterns due to ST components could affect the course of these oral diseases. To determine if ST components bring about changes in cytokine expression, T cells in whole splenic mononuclear cell populations (SPM) and enriched T cells, costimulated with anti-CD28 were exposed to 1:10 2 to 1:10 4 dilutions of ST extract and stimulated with anti-CD3. IL-2, IL-4, IFN- γ and IL-10 were measured using enzyme immunoassays and RT-PCR. IFN- γ production by enriched T cells costimulated with anti-CD28, was decreased at all concentration of ST while IL-10 production were decreased at 72 h in cultures with 1:10 2 . IL-2 production was significantly increased upon exposure of T cells to 1:10 2 ST extract. ST did not significantly impact IL-4 production. Overall the data indicate that expression of key cytokines, IFN- γ and IL-10, are consistently decreased upon exposure to ST while IL-2 is increased. Thus, exposure of T cells to physiological concentrations of ST can alter the T cell cytokine expression pattern as to potentially influence oral cancer and periodontal disease.
Thyroid concentration of barium and radium.

Abstract Microscopic concretions of barium and sulfur, mixed with natural radium were observed within the follicles of bovine thyroids from widely separated parts of the world. At least 80 per cent of bovine thyroids received from Nigeria, West Africa, and 60 per cent of those studied from Colorado, contained the radioactive concretions; their incidence has been less in other areas. The concretions probably consist of barium sulfate mixed with radium but the mechanisms for incorporation of these elements into thyroid follicles are unexplained. These radioactive bodies cause adjacent thyroid follicular cells to be exposed to relatively intense alpha radiation, but as yet, no biological effects have been ascribed to this radiation.
Cell separation by velocity sedimentation of postnatal mouse cerebellum.

Trypsinized cells of newborn mouse cerebellum have been separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity in shallow gradients of Ficoll. The two main technical difficulties were formation of gels around the dissociated cells and clumping of cells before and during the sedimentation procedure. These were solved by adding DNase to the dissociation medium and with holding serum, respectively. Proliferating cells of the external granular layer separated according to size differences in the cell generation cycle. Identification of Purkinje or other early-forming neurons was made by labeling them with 3H-thymidine on their birthdays. Many of the fractions contain viable cells capable of aggregating in culture.
Mu opiate active substances trefentanil and naloxonazine: Tritiation at high specific activity

Abstract Methods are presented to synthesize and characterize [propyl-3H] trefentanil 3 and [propenyl-3H] naloxonazine 6.
End-tidal carbon dioxide predicts the presence and severity of acidosis in children with diabetes.

Background: Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) hyperventilate, lowering their alveolar (PACO 2 ) and arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ). This ventilatory response lessens the severity of their acidemia in a predictable way. Because end-tidal CO 2 (ETCO 2 ) closely approximates PaCO 2 , measured ETCO 2 levels should allow for predictions about the presence and severity of acidosis in diabetic patients. Objectives: 1) To evaluate the relationship between measured serum bicarbonate (HCO 3 ) and ETCO 2 measured via nasal capnography in children with suspected DKA; and 2) to assess the ability of capnography to predict DKA. Methods: Children being evaluated in a pediatric emergency department for suspected DKA (known or suspected diabetes presenting with hyperglycemia with or without ketonuria) were enrolled in a cross-sectional, prospective, observational study. Prior to the availability of venous HCO 3 results, ETCO 2 values were measured using a Nellcor NPB-70 Handheld Capnograph. Results: Forty-two patients were enrolled. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between HCO 3 and ETCO 2 (R 2 = 0.80, p < 0.0001). Mean ETCO 2 was 37 torr (95% CI = 35.5 to 37.9 torr) in the children without DKA and 22 torr (95% CI = 17.4 to 26.9 torr) in the children with DKA (p < 0.0001). An ETCO 2 cut-point of <29 torr correctly classified the most patients (95%), with a sensitivity of 0.83 (95% CI = 0.52 to 0.98) and a specificity of 1.0 (95% CI = 0.88 to 1.0). No patient with an ETCO 2 of ≥36 torr had DKA, for a sensitivity of 1.0 (95% CI = 0.74 to 1.0). Conclusions: End-tidal CO 2 is linearly related to HCO 2 and is significantly lower in children with DKA. If confirmed by larger trials, cut-points of 29 torr and 36 torr, in conjunction with clinical assessment, may help discriminate between patients with and without DKA, respectively.
Computational simulation of the p‐n doped silicon quantum dot

Elongated crystalline silicon quantum dot (QD) codoped with aluminum and phosphorous together has been modeled with a formula of Si36Al1P1H42. The calculations of electronic structure are done by VASP software in the basis of plane waves, and valent electrons are treated explicitly while core electrons are described with pseudopotentials. Compared with undoped model, Si38H42, the results show the features in the electronic structure of the codoped QD of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and highest occupied molecular orbital contributed by dopants, and transitions between those bands make contributions to many properties different from undoped model. The role of thermal motion of ions was also explored at (i) high and (ii) ambient temperatures. (i) At high temperature, the thermal motion of ions leads to the break of crystal structure. (ii) At ambient temperatures, the motion of ions facilitates the nonadiabatic couplings between electronic states. The relevant electronic dynamics also calculated with computed nonadiabatic couplings. This simulation predicts the charge transfer across p-n junction on atomistic scale. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Investigation of Perceived Managerial Listening Ability

This study employed a listening effectiveness inventory to measure perceived listening ability among managers who were leaders in a professional management association in the United States and Canada. Analysis of variance results revealed statistically significant differences for training and gender. Those who had taken more than one listening training seminar or course scored higher on the inventory than did those who had had no listening training. Females perceived themselves as better listeners than males did. No statistically significant differences were found for age. On the whole, the inventory developed in this study may provide another dimension to measures of listening effectiveness.
New Developments in the Management of Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is defined as a sustained reduction of ≥ 20 mmHg systolic blood pressure or ≥ 10 mmHg diastolic blood pressure upon standing for ≤ 3 min. Orthostatic hypotension is commonly associated with hypertension, and its prevalence is highest in those with uncontrolled hypertension compared to those with controlled hypertension or normotensive community elderly subjects. Orthostatic hypotension can cause significant disability, with patients experiencing dizziness, lightheadedness or syncope, and other problems that potentially have a profound negative impact on activities of daily living that require standing or walking. Furthermore, OH increases the risk of falls and, importantly, is an independent risk factor of mortality. Despite its importance, there is a paucity of treatment options for this condition. Most of the advances in treatment options have relied on small studies of repurposed drugs done in patients with severe OH due to rare neurodegenerative conditions. Midodrine, an oral prodrug converted to the selective α1-adrenoceptor agonist desglymidodrine, was approved by the FDA for the treatment of OH in 1996. For almost two decades, no other pharmacotherapy was developed specifically for the treatment of OH until 2014, when droxidopa was approved by the FDA for the treatment of neurogenic OH associated with primary autonomic neuropathies including Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure. These are neurodegenerative diseases ultimately characterized by failure of the autonomic nervous system to generate norepinephrine responses appropriate to postural challenge. Droxidopa is a synthetic amino acid that is converted to norepinephrine by dopa-decarboxylase, the same enzyme that converts levodopa into dopamine in the treatment of Parkinson disease. We will review this and other advances in the treatment of OH in an attempt to provide a practical guide to its management.
Ideological Language and Social Movement Mobilization: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Segregationists’ Ideologies

The current "cultural turn" in the study of social movements has produced a number of concepts formulating the cultural-symbolic dimension of collective actions. This proliferation, however, has resulted in some confusion about which cultural-symbolic concept is best applied to understanding cultural processes involved in social movements. We articulate a new definition of ideology that makes it an empirically useful concept to the study of social-movement mobilization. It is also formulated as autonomous of concepts such as culture and hegemony and of other cultural-symbolic concepts presently used in the movement literature to explain participant mobilization. We demonstrate the usefulness of our ideology concept by analyzing letters written to Martin Luther King, Jr. from segregationists opposed to the integration of American society. The analysis indicates that the letter writers particularized segregationist culture, creating ideologies that fit their structural, cultural, and immediate circumstances, and that the ideologies they constructed thereby acted to mobilize their countermovement participation. The particularizing resulted in four differentiated ideological versions of segregationist culture. The empirically acquired variety of ideological versions is inconsistent with the role attributed to cultural-symbolic concepts in the social-movement literature and requires theoretical clarification. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical implications for social-movement theory of the variety of segregationist ideologies. Language: en
Evolutionary Trends in a Supercomputing Tertiary Storage Environment

Tracking archival usage and data migration in a long term supercomputing system is critical to understanding not only how users' needs and habits have changed over time, but also how the archive itself evolves in response to these external factors. Yet this type of study has not previously been performed. To address this need, we conducted an in-depth comparison of user initiated file activity on the mass storage system (MSS) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) during two periods, one in the early 1990s, and another nearly twenty years later. In addition to confirming earlier findings, our analysis turned up three surprising results. First, the read: write ratio went from 2:1 in the earlier trace to 1:2 in the later trace, a reduction of a factor of four in reads relative to writes. Second, only 30% of the current archive was accessed during the three year period of the study, in stark contrast to the 80% seen in the 1992 trace analysis. Third, access latency to the first byte of data actually got slower despite much faster computers and storage devices. These findings indicate that archival behavior has shifted towards a write-heavy workload, and that future archives can be more optimized for write activity than previously believed. Furthermore it may be worth considering the value of data being archived when it is stored, since later retrieval is increasingly less likely.
Jacob Lestschinsky: A Yiddishist Dreamer and Social Scientist

Argument Jacob Lestschinsky (1876–1966) emerged as the leading social scientist in pre-1917 circles of Yiddishist Marxist nationalists, most notably the Territorialists, who sought to create Jewish statehood outside Palestine. Lestschinsky played a central role in Jewish institutions formed in Ukraine in 1918–1920. A convinced anti-Bolshevik, he lived in Germany, then in Poland, America, and eventually in Israel. He combined two careers: a popular Yiddish journalist and an influential scholar. He conducted demographic and statistical studies under the auspices of the Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO) whose headquarters were in Vilna (Vilnius) until the beginning of World War II and were later moved to New York. Lestschinsky was one of the fathers of YIVO and was associated with the organization until the 1950s. In January 1945, during a YIVO conference in New York, he was the first to estimate the number of Holocaust victims as six million. This article analyzes Lestschinsky's theoretical outlook and its transformation under the influence of the vicissitudes of Jewish life.
Rotational and quasirotational bands in even-even nuclei

Abstract Presented here are experimental values of transition energies, level energies, and the computed quantities 2 g kh2 and (khω)2. The data cover 224 even-even nuclei from 20Ne to 248Cm. The literature cutoff date was May 1, 1974.
Leveraging LER to minimize linewidth measurement uncertainty in a calibration exercise

Many semiconductor metrologists are aware that line edge roughness (LER), and thus linewidth variation (LWV), can be a significant contributor to measurement uncertainty. More generally, the impact of measurand variation and proper sampling is becoming a major player in nearly every area of semiconductor metrology. This paper describes a simple technique of using the LWV of a feature as a fingerprint to uniquely characterize the measurement target in such a way to make the LER contribution negligible in a linewidth calibration exercise. A single crystal critical dimension reference material (SCCDRM) was the calibration artifact used to calibrate the tip width of a critical dimension atomic force microscope (CD-AFM). These samples were released by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to SEMATECH member companies in 2004. The specific SCCDRM used for this work had six calibrated linewidths ranging from 100 nm to 270 nm. Our paper shows in detail the overlay of the CD-AFM linewidth data with that of the data used to calibrate the SCCDRM for each linewidth. With the aid of this linewidth fingerprinting, Mandel regression is used to assess the quality of correlation of the CD-AFM to that of the NIST-derived calibration data. An uncertainty budget is presented as a conclusion of the tip width calibration exercise. A combined expanded uncertainty of less than 2 nm with a k = 3 coverage factor is achieved.
Control of memory formation through regulated expression of a CaMKII transgene

One of the major limitations in the use of genetically modified mice for studying cognitive functions is the lack of regional and temporal control of gene function. To overcome these limitations, a forebrain-specific promoter was combined with the tetracycline transactivator system to achieve both regional and temporal control of transgene expression. Expression of an activated calcium-independent form of calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) resulted in a loss of hippocampal long-term potentiation in response to 10-hertz stimulation and a deficit in spatial memory, a form of explicit memory. Suppression of transgene expression reversed both the physiological and the memory deficit. When the transgene was expressed at high levels in the lateral amygdala and the striatum but not other forebrain structures, there was a deficit in fear conditioning, an implicit memory task, that also was reversible. Thus, the CaMKII signaling pathway is critical for both explicit and implicit memory storage, in a manner that is independent of its potential role in development.
Scaleup of Insect Cell Cultures: Protective Effects of Pluronic F-68

We demonstrate that insect cells can be grown in an agitated, sparged bioreactor and an airlift bioreactor with a growth rate and maximum cell density comparable to those obtained in spinner flasks oxygenated by surface diffusion. Recombinant protein synthesis by cells infected with a genetically-modified baculovirus in the sparged bioreactor is also demonstrated. The nonionic surfactant Pluronic® F-68 was responsible for the protection of insect cells from the adverse effects of sparging. The mechanism of Pluronic® F-68 protection in a sparged environment is discussed.
APOE ε4 increases risk for dementia in pure synucleinopathies.

Lewy body disease (LBD) en-compasses a spectrum of clinicopathologic entities that include Parkinson disease (PD), PD with dementia (PDD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Dementia with Lewy bodies and PDD are differentiated from one another based on clinical criteria. Dementia with Lewy bodies is diagnosed when dementia occurs before or concurrently with parkinsonism, whereas in PDD, parkinsonism precedes dementia by at least 12 months.1 Lewy body disease neuropathologic changes (NCs) include classic histologic inclusions (Lewy bodies) and α-synuclein immunopositive neuronal inclusions and processes (Lewy neurites) in partially overlapping regions of the brain. However, the pathologic classification of DLB is complex because some cases show LBDNCs with no or low levels of Alzheimer disease (AD) NCs, which we refer to as pure DLB (pDLB), while many other cases show LBDNCs with coexistent high levels of ADNCs (LBDAD). Importantly, the pathophysiologic relationship between LBD-AD, pDLB, and PDD has not been delineated, and whether these disorders share common risk factors remains unclear. Humans are unlike other mammals in that we possess 3 common alleles of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene that are determined by 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms located in exon 4 at positions 3937 (T/C; rs429358) and 4075 (C/T; rs7412). The corresponding apoE isoforms (299 amino acids) differ at amino acid positions 112 (Cys for apoE2 and apoE3; Arg for apoE4) and 158 (Cys for apoE2; Arg for apoE3 and apoE4), and these isoforms have different functional and biochemical properties.2 The APOE e4 allele is a well-established risk factor for both early-onset and late-onset AD.3,4 We and others have reported an association between e4 and LBD-AD,5–7 but it is unclear whether e4 is a risk factor for pDLB or PDD because interpretations of existing data are limited by methodologic differences between studies. In particular, studies of DLB have often failed to assess for the presence of coexistent ADNCs, thus they have been unable to differentiate LBD-AD from pDLB.8–10 Therefore, it is possible that all genetic risk for DLB associated with the APOE e4 allele is related to its frequent comorbidity with ADNCs and is unrelated to LBDNCs. Furthermore, no studies have directly compared genetic risk factors between pDLB and PDD. To address this gap in knowledge, we genotyped APOE in a clinically and neuropathologically well-characterized sample of control participants and subjects with AD, LBD-AD, pDLB, and PDD.
It is a truly new dawn: Blacks and the politics of the postmodern age

Abstract This interpretive essay uses insights from cultural and postmodern theory, literature, history, and economics, interspersed with personal observations and narrative, to argue that the present historical ‘moment’ is ushering in a qualitatively new era for blacks. Culturally, American society is more truly inclusive of the black presence and interests—symbolized by the ‘arrival’ of Toni Morrison; the hegemony of the Westernized worldviews is weakened, creating a space for legitimate claims of difference to be actualized. While the moment is opportune for attempting to create a “cooperatively diverse” world, the altered socio-economic configuration of the new global order makes it progressively difficult for the old politics of pluralism to persist. In this essay, I argue that the emerging global order requires a shift to a new politics of recognition and a more equitable political partnership. In the main, the task is to fashion those accommodations that will enable blacks and whites (and additional Other(s)) to construct a new social and economic agenda from this new interdependence.
Colorectal Cancer Screening in Great Britain

Although cancer is the leading cause of death in Great Britain and colorectal cancers are the second leading cause of cancer deaths, at present no national screening program exists for colorectal cancer. Implementation of screening has been deferred pending completion of two large long-term clinical trials that are underway to determine which screening method is better: one-time-only flexible sigmoidoscopy or a fecal occult blood test, with appropriate follow-up for people who test positive. However, the delay in implementing screening for colorectal cancer may be the result in large part of limited resources in the National Health Service.
Magnetic Nanotechnology for Biodetection

A highly sensitive biodetection technology using nanomagnetic sensors and magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) was developed. Absorption of magnetic NPs by the hybridized DNA alters the sensor resistance a...
Stable isotope analyses of NO2−, NO3−, and N2O in the hypersaline ponds and soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Abstract Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is produced in significant quantities in the soils and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Unraveling the mechanisms of N 2 O production in these soils and ponds is of great interest due to the extreme arid and cold conditions, which are hostile to life. Recent studies have shown production of N 2 O having unique stable isotopic signatures in certain Dry Valley soils through abiotic reduction of nitrate (NO 3 − ) and nitrite (NO 2 − ) on active surfaces of Fe(II)-containing minerals, a process known as ‘chemodenitrification’. In this study, δ 15 N and δ 18 O of N 2 O, NO 2 − , and NO 3 − , as well as the N 2 O site preference (SP), were measured at three sites to evaluate the role of chemodenitrification in N 2 O production. The δ 15 N and δ 18 O values in NO 3 − indicated an atmospheric source, while δ 15 N values in NO 2 − (−150‰) were indicative of abiotic reactions. Instead of finding unique SP values for N 2 O at Dry Valley sites, SP values mostly fell within the range associated with microbial N 2 O production mechansims. The δ 15 N and δ 18 O of N 2 O were also within a range of values expected for various biological N 2 O production mechanisms. However, efforts to detect biological activity in Don Juan Pond (DJP), a hypersaline pond in the Wright Valley, have been largely unsuccessful. We consider two possible scenarios for N 2 O production at DJP: (1) abiotic production in the pond, or (2) biological production in nearby freshwater and transport to the pond. Although little is known about the isotopic systematics of abiotic N 2 O production, these results indicate that if the observed N 2 O was produced by an abiotic mechanism, its isotopic signature is indistinguishable from that expected from a mixture of several microbial processes and thus, the formation pathway cannot be determined from isotopic composition alone.
Carbon-chain extension through C-1 of 2-deoxyaldose D1-thioacetal derivatives: A route to 1,3-dideoxy-2-ketoses

Abstract The 3,4:5,6-diisopropylidene acetal ( 3 ) of 2-deoxy- d - arabino -hexose underwent abstraction of H-1 by butyllithium in oxolane at −30°; iodomethane reacted readily with the resultant anion to give the 1,3-dideoxy-2-heptulose derivative 4 , and C-1 benzylation could likewise be effected. Attempted deacetonation of 4 gave mixtures, although 6,7-monodeacetonation could be achieved in high yield, affording access via glycol cleavage-reduction to the 1,3-dideoxy-2-hepulose derivative. Demercaptalation of 4 gave the acetal-protected 1,3-dideoxy-2-heptulose, which underwent methanolysis to give crystalline methyl, 1,3-dideoxy-α- d - arabino -heptulopyranoside. Anions of the type derived from 3 have broad, synthetic potential for access to chain-extended, 2-keto sugar derivatives of interest as metabolic intermediates, and for synthesis of deoxy analogs of such nucleoside antibiotics as psicofuranine and decoyinine.
Elimination of C14-labeled thyroxine in the bile, urine and expired air of rats in altered thyroid states.

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with appropriate measures to attain the desired metabolic states. DL-thyroxine-1-C14 was administered subcutaneously and the elimination of radioactivity determined in bile, urine, and expired air of hypo-, hyper- and euthyroid animals. Biliary elimination of C14 activity in the control rats amounted to 11.8‰ of the injected dose within a period of six hours. Desiccated thyroid treatedanimals showed an increased excretion of radioactivity accompanied with an increased volume of bile produced. The thyroidectomized and thiouracil-treated rats showed no change from normal inthe amount of radioactivity eliminated but both groups had a reduction in the volume of bile removed. Urinary excretion of thyroxine activity during the twelve hour period never exceeded 2‰ of the injected amount regardless of the group studied. Hypcrthyroid animals showed increased urinary excretion of radioactivity with increased volume of urine eliminated. The C14 activity in the urine of the...
Current rectification in a Langmuir-Schaefer monolayer of fullerene-bis-[4-diphenylamino-4' '-(n-ethyl-n-2' ''-ethyl)amino-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene] malonate between Au electrodes.

Langmuir−Schaefer (LS) monolayer films of fullerene-bis-[4-diphenylamino-4‘ ‘-(N-ethyl-N-2‘ ‘‘-ethyl)amino-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene] malonate, 1, sandwiched between two Au electrodes, exhibit pronounced current asymmetries (rectification) between positive and negative bias at room temperature, with no decay of the rectification after several cycles. The device shows symmetrical through-space tunneling for a bias up to ±3 V, and asymmetrical, unimolecular, “U” type rectifier behavior in the voltage range from ±3.0 to ±5.4 V, with rectification ratios up to 16.5. The rectification is ascribed to the asymmetric placement of the relevant molecular orbitals, with respect to the metallic electrodes.
Classification of cell types: agglutination and chromosomal properties

The properties of agglutination by plant lectins, along with chromosome patterns, were examined in a variety of mammalian cell types. Untransformed adult and embryonic cells in culture, direct mouse spleen cell preparations, SV40-transformed 3T3 cells, and trypsinized 3T3 cells were all highly agglutinable with concanavalin A and with wheat germ agglutinin. In contrast, untreated cells of the contact-inhibited 3T3 line were alone among the cells tested in their low agglutinability. Chromosome analysis of the cultured cells showed that karyotypic variation from the diploid to an aneuploid state in mouse and rat embryo cultures was not accompanied by a change in agglutinability. Adult rat lung, adult monkey kidney, and embryonic human lung cells, which were all highly agglutinable, showed the normal diploid pattern. Thus, agglutination of cells by plant lectins appears to be a cellular property often associated with non-neo-plastic cells.
Rapid diagnosis of infectious laryngotracheitis using a monoclonal antibody-based immunoperoxidase procedure.

Summary An indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) procedure using monoclonal antibody was developed for detection of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus antigen in frozen tissue sections. This IP procedure was compared with an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (FA) procedure, histo‐pathology and virus isolation for detection of ILT virus in tracheas of experimentally infected chickens. Compared with virus isolation, sensitivity and specificity of IP were 72 and 93%, respectively; sensitivity and specificity of FA were 53 and 90%, respectively. Histopathological detection of ILT virus infection was highly specific (98%), but sensitivity was poor (42%). These findings indicate potential usefulness of the IP procedure for ILT diagnosis.
Fracture and Fatigue of Niobium Silicide Alloys

The fracture and fatigue behavior of refractory metal silicide alloys/composites is significantly affected by the mechanical behavior of the refractory metal phase. This paper reviews some of the balance of properties obtained in the alloys/composites based on the Nb-Si system. Since some of the alloy/composite properties are dominated by the behavior of the refractory metal phase, the paper begins with a review of data on monolithic Nb and its alloys. This is followed by presentation of results obtained on Nb-Si alloys/composites and a comparison to behavior of some other high temperature systems.
Theoretical study of the dynamics of AR collisions with C2H6 and C2F6 at hyperthermal energy.

We present a classical-trajectory study of the dynamics of high-energy (5−12 eV) collisions between Ar atoms and the C2H6 and C2F6 molecules. We have constructed the potential-energy surfaces for these systems considering separately the Ar−molecule interactions (intermolecular potential) and the interactions within the molecule (intramolecular potential). The intermolecular surfaces consist of pairwise empirical potentials derived from high-accuracy ab initio calculations. The intramolecular potentials for C2H6 and C2F6 are described using specific-reaction-parameters semiempirical Hamiltonians and are calculated “on the fly”, i.e., while the trajectories are evolving. Trajectory analysis shows that C2F6 absorbs more energy than C2H6 and is more susceptible to collision-induced dissociation (CID). C−C bond-breakage processes are more important than C−H or C−F bond breakage at the energies explored in this work. Analysis of the reaction mechanism for CID processes indicates that, although C−C breakage is m...
Hyperbaric Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Fibers from the 1-Alkenes, 1-Alkynes, and Benzene

The growth of long carbon fibers was investigated using hyperbaric-pressure laser chemical vapor deposition (HP-LCVD). Precursors included the unbranched alkenes with linear structure 1-CxH2x (where x = 2,4,5,6,7,8), the unbranched alkynes, i.e., 1-CxH2x-2 (where x = 3,4,5,6,8), and benzene. Rate constants, reaction orders, and apparent activation energies were derived for each precursor over a range of experimental conditions. Axial growth rates from the alkenes were 1−2 orders of magnitude greater than for the alkynes, while growth rates for benzene exceeded 10 mm s-1. Generalized expressions for the growth rate vs molecular weight were determined. For the alkenes, the growth rate was directly proportional to the square root of the precursor molecular weight, while the alkynes exhibited an inverse relationship. Two regions of differing reaction order were identified for the alkynes; at pressures less than 2.0−2.5 bar, the average reaction order was 3.07, while above 2.0−2.5 bar, reaction orders diverged...
Journal and author impact metrics: An editorial

Abstract This editorial offers a few thoughts on making sense of journal and article impact metrics. The editorial advocates measures of journal productivity and author impact that go beyond the use of a single measure of journal impact factor. The editorial includes data on the ranking of business and finance journals by journal productivity-impact metrics as well as journal impact factor values that editors sometimes refer to in off-site “Meet the Editors” sessions. Members of tenure and promotion committees frequently refer to impact factors of the journals candidates' publications appear in. Such metrics sometimes are the primary rationale for hiring, promoting, and firing faculty candidates even though the metric dominating thinking is unrepresentative of most faculty candidates' scholarly impacts and is highly unrepresentative of the majority of articles in all academic journals. This editorial suggests the use of multiple metrics for evaluating journals and candidates scholarly contributions. The editorial demonstrates a proposal for using a weighted journal productivity-impact factor and the creation of formal templates for evaluating the impact of individual candidate's scholarly contributions.
Transport of molybdenum in mountainous streams, Colorado

Abstract Waters and sediments in some streams in Colorado contain elevated concentrations of Mo derived from mining areas upstream. In the streams studied, most of the Mo was transported in dissolved form. The suspended load carried a significant amount of Mo (up to 19%) only near the molybdenum mill at Climax.
Pyrite-assisted water electrolysis

Abstract Anodic oxidation of acidic pyrite slurries stirred on platinum electrodes was studied at applied potentials of 0.5–1.0 V, SCE (standard calomel electrode). Hydrogen evolution with Faraday current efficiencies of over 95% was observed at the cathode at potentials as low as 0.6 V, SCE. Pyrite was found to dissolve in the electrolyte forming sulfate anions. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy of samples after 6 h of electrolysis indicated no free sulfur formation on the surface of the pyrites used. The electrochemical evolution of oxygen is replaced by the anodic oxidation of pyrite. Since the oxidation of pyrite occurs at potentials lower than that required for evolution of oxygen in an ordinary water electrolysis cell, the overall potential required for water electrolysis is diminished. The result is lowered consumption of energy and the production of hydrogen, sulfuric acid and ferric sulfate. The effect of temperature, pyrite slurry concentration and electrode potential on the rates of reaction has been investigated and reported.
Evaluation of biological activity of chicken insulin in alloxan-diabetic rats.

Abstract 1. 1. Sensitivity curves were established in vivo employing equal amounts of crystalline chicken and beef insulin in alloxan-diabetic rats; the two insulins were compared also in vitro employing the rat hemidiaphragm bioassay. 2. 2. Chicken insulin had less hypoglycemic potential than did beef insulin in diabetic rats; plasma from diabetic rats severely inhibited the glucose-uptake activity of chicken insulin (more so than that of beef insulin) when incubated with normal rat hemidiaphragms. 3. 3. Chicken and beef insulin were equally active in promoting glucose uptake and glycogenesis in non-diabetic rat hemidiaphragms; however, the mammalian hormone was at least twice as potent as the avian hormone when assayed with diaphragm muscle of diabetic rats. 4. 4. The results obtained are discussed in relation to known plasma inhibitory factors of insulin and again emphasize the diabetic lesion existent at the membrane (glucose uptake) level.
The major Martian dust storms of 1971 and 1973

Comparison of the major features of the two largest Martian dust storms on photographic record, namely those of 1971 and 1973. Maps of the first nine days of both storms are presented to facilitate a comparison of their initial outbreaks and growth. The frequency and regularity of storms of this size are uncertain because of the lack of comprehensive photographic observation during past apparitions.
A conceptual model of cognitive deficits in chronic heart failure.

Purpose:To describe a conceptual model to guide studies of cognitive deficits among patients with heart failure. Organizing Framework:The conceptual framework of cognitive deficits in chronic heart failure is based on theoretical and empirical literature about (a) the pathophysiology of heart failure, (b) the pathophysiology of cognitive deficits, and (c) health-related quality of life. Other variables that may cause or contribute to cognitive deficits include age, the relative contributions of multiple comorbid conditions, hypertension, and depressive symptoms. Covariates that might influence cognitive deficits (medications, gender, and education) are also included in the model. The most prominent cognitive deficits are believed to occur in domains of attention, working memory, memory, learning, executive function, and psychomotor speed. The main outcome variable is health-related quality of life, which is believed to be influenced by circulatory insufficiency and cognitive deficits. Conclusions:The conceptual model described in this paper is a framework for testing cognitive deficits that occur in heart failure. After validation through empirical testing, the model may be useful in developing interventions for patients with heart failure whose care is complicated by cognitive deficits.
Why Has Public Administration Ignored Public Education, and Does It Matter?

Although education accounts for one-quarter of the United States’ state and local government spending, employs one-third of all governmental employees, and consistently ranks as a high priority of citizens, public administration has neglected public education. This article considers the neglect of public education by public administration scholars, researchers, and practitioners and documents the sparse coverage of public education in textbooks, journals, books, professional association activities, and curricula. This neglect can be attributed to public administration’s federal focus, ideological views about the relationship between public education and politics and resulting structural and organizational barriers, and the costs of overcoming these barriers. The separation limits the generalizability of public administration research and theory, harms policy development, constrains the capabilities of public administration program graduates, and impedes the success of public education. This article outlines steps needed to bring public education under the umbrella of public administration.
Comparison of fatty acid content of imported peanuts

Variability in fatty acid compositions of peanuts imported from six different countries into the United States were studied to determine their effect on processing and storage conditions. The oil content ranged from 44.1 to 50.4%. Major fatty acids, palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:l), and linoleic acid (C18:2) ranged from 8.6 to 12.7, 35.9 to 61.1 and 21.7 to 44.2%, respectively. Oleic and lino-leic acids together comprised ca. 78.0–83.0% of the total fatty acids. Highly significant differences (P<.01) in fatty acid compositions were obtained between samples and between locations (countries of origin). Indicators of stability of the peanut samples as measured by the oleic/linoleic acid ratio (O/L) and iodine value (IV) of the extracted peanut oils showed variable but significant differences (P <.05) between locations. Generally, higher O/L ratios corresponding to lower IV indicate better stability and longer shelf-life of the samples.
Hypofractionated proton therapy for prostate cancer: dose delivery uncertainty due to interfractional motion.

Purpose: The α-to-β (α/β) ratio for prostate tumor is likely lower than that for the surrounding normal organs, such as rectum and bladder (∼3 Gy). As a result, hypofractionation is expected to improve the therapeutic ratio in prostate radiation therapy. However, with the use of fewer, larger fractions, the accuracy of treatment dose delivery becomes more influenced by the physical uncertainties resulting from motion and radiobiological uncertainties in the α/β ratio of the prostate tumor. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of interfractional motion on treatment dose delivery within the likely range of the tumor α/β ratio. Methods: Serial CT images acquired at simulation and daily treatment for three prostate patients were studied retrospectively. A conventional 3D-conformal proton plan was created for each patient, delivering 25 fractions of 2 Gy to ITV1 (internal target volume, expanded from the prostate and clinically involved seminal vesicles) followed by 14 fractions to ITV2 (expanded from the prostate). The plans were renormalized for a series of hypofractionated protocols of between five and 28 fractions. The fractional doses were computed on daily CT and were mapped onto simulation CT using deformable registration. In each course, the doses from the fractions with the lowest D97% of the ITV2 were summed to approximate the lower limit (worst case) of target coverage. The uncertainty in dose and coverage was estimated as the deviation of the worst case from the nominal plan. Results: For treatments in 28 to five fractions, the uncertainty arising from interfractional motion ranged from ∼1% to 4% for V100% and ∼2% to 6% for D100% of the ITV2. The uncertainties in V95% and D95% were both minimal ( 2.5 Gy, assuming the worst case for interfractional motion. Conclusions: In hypofractionated proton therapy for prostate cancer, the dosimetric uncertainties due to interfractional motion were minimal for the ITV2 coverage at 95% isodose level and the dose received by 95% of the ITV2. Although hypofractionation could yield an increase in equivalent dose to the target for tumors with low α/β, the gain was cancelled out by the uncertainty due to interfractional motion for tumors with α/β > 2.5 Gy.
Hydrologic Calibration and Validation of SWAT in a Snow‐Dominated Rocky Mountain Watershed, Montana, U.S.A.1

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been applied successfully in temperate environments but little is known about its performance in the snow-dominated, forested, mountainous watersheds that provide much of the water supply in western North America. To address this knowledge gap, we configured SWAT to simulate the streamflow of Tenderfoot Creek (TCSWAT). Located in central Montana, TCSWAT represents a high-elevation watershed with approximately 85% coniferous forest cover where more than 70% of the annual precipitation falls as snow, and runoff comes primarily from spring snowmelt. Model calibration using four years of measured daily streamflow, temperature, and precipitation data resulted in a relative error (RE) of 2% for annual water yield estimates, and mean paired deviations (Dv) of 36 and 31% and Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) efficiencies of 0.90 and 0.86 for monthly and daily streamflow, respectively. Model validation was conducted using an additional four years of data and the performance was similar to the calibration period, with RE of 4% for annual water yields, Dv of 43% and 32%, and NS efficiencies of 0.90 and 0.76 for monthly and daily streamflow, respectively. An objective, regression-based model invalidation procedure also indicated that the model was validated for the overall simulation period. Seasonally, SWAT performed well during the spring and early summer snowmelt runoff period, but was a poor predictor of late summer and winter base flow. The calibrated model was most sensitive to snowmelt parameters, followed in decreasing order of influence by the surface runoff lag, ground water, soil, and SCS Curve Number parameter sets. Model sensitivity to the surface runoff lag parameter reflected the influence of frozen soils on runoff processes. Results indicated that SWAT can provide reasonable predictions of annual, monthly, and daily streamflow from forested montane watersheds, but further model refinements could improve representation of snowmelt runoff processes and performance during the base flow period in this environment.
Joining the club: Factors related to choice of theoretical orientation

We investigated variables that should relate to counsellors' choices of theoretical orientations. Participants completed measures of philosophical assumptions, interpersonal style and level of counsellor development. Overall, philosophical assumptions (e.g. elementarism vs holism, emphasis on behaviour vs experience, emphasis on definition, description and explanation in physical terms), interpersonal control and theoretical match between respondent and supervisor predicted theoretical orientation. Philosophical dimensions best predicted the choices of counsellors at a beginning level of counsellor development.
Polarization phenomena for positron annihilation-inflight

A method is presented for solving the Dirac equation for the annihilation of positrons using the Pauli spinors in such a way that all the polarization features are retained. Several specific examples of the polarization features are discussed, and finally the annihilation equation is put into matrix form for use with the Stokes parameters. This later representation is particularly convenient in that it readily points out the general features of the annihilation process.