cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Grid Connected PV Arrays Fault Ride Through and Post Fault Recovery Performance

In this paper, a novel nonlinear control system for enhancing the low-voltage ride through capability and post-fault recovery performance of two-stage grid connected PV arrays (GCPAs) is proposed. The proposed control scheme is composed of two controllers: 1) finite-time sliding mode control (FTSMC) and 2) proxy-based sliding mode control (PBSMC). The FTSMC, which assures the finite time convergence of the tracking error, controls the dc/dc converter of GCPA during voltage sags to assure the dc-link capacitor voltage does not exceed its limits. PBSMC controls the dc/ac inverter. PBSMC provides accurate and fast tracking feature during normal condition (similar to PID controller) and is capable of very smooth resuming to the desired reference value/trajectory after large disturbances that may lead the control signal to exceed the limits. Therefore, during post-fault voltage recovery period, PBSMC exits saturation faster and smoother which significantly enhances the recovery performance of GCPA. The advantages of the proposed control schemes are demonstrated using simulation results.
Inhibition of Peroxide Removal Enhances Pharmacological Ascorbate and Ionizing Radiation-Induced Cytotoxicity of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths with a poor 5 year survival rate of only 8.2%. PDA cells produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to normal cells, thereby increasing their susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced cell death. Therefore, targeting pathways that are essential in peroxide removal, such as the enzymes glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase, could be utilized as a tool for cancer therapy to further disrupt a cancer cells ability to overcome excess ROS. Pharmacological ascorbate is a pro-oxidant that has been shown to enhance cytotoxicity and radio-sensitize several cancer types through an H2O2-mediated mechanism. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of pharmacological ascorbate on PDA cells as an adjuvant to radiation therapy in addition to therapies that inhibit peroxide removal including auranofin (inhibits thioredoxin reductase) and 2-deoxyglucose or glucose deprivation (inhibits regeneration of NADPH). Human PDA cell lines AsPC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 were evaluated for clonogenic survival after treatment with either auranofin (500 nM), 2-deoxyglucose (25 mM), or glucose deprivation for 24 hrs, in combination with irradiation (1-2 Gy) and pharmacological ascorbate (1-2 mM) for 1 hr. Auranofin was shown to inhibit thioredoxin reductase activity, sensitize PDA cells to pharmacological ascorbate treatment and significantly reduce clonogenic cell survival by an additional 50% or 36% for MiaPaca-2 cells (P≤ 0.0001) and 29% or 39% for AsPC-1 cells (P≤ 0.01-0.0001) at 1 and 2 Gy, respectively. Inclusion of 2-deoxyglucose reduced clonogenic cell survival by an additional 20% or 9.5% for MiaPaCa-2 cells (P≤ 0.001-0.01) and 23% or 8% for AsPC-1 cells (P≤ 0.01-0.0001) at 1 and 2 Gy, respectively. Glucose deprivation enhanced cytotoxicity of MiaPaca-2 cells by an additional 40% or 29% (P≤ 0.0001) at 1 and 2 Gy, respectively. Inhibition of peroxide removal sensitizes PDA cells to irradiation and pharmacological ascorbate cytotoxicity. Therapies incorporating these strategies have the potential to be effective for the treatment of PDA.
Directional Hydrodynamic Sensing by Free-Swimming Organisms

Many aquatic organisms detect the presence of moving objects in their environment, such as predators, by sensing the hydrodynamic disturbances the movements produce. The resultant water flow is readily detectable by stationary organisms, but free-swimming organisms are carried with the surrounding water and may not detect the bulk surrounding flow, which limits the available information about the source. We have developed a theory that clarifies what information is contained in disturbances generated by an attacking predator that is available to a free-swimming organism and might be extracted from local flow deformations alone. The theory shows that, depending on how well the deformations can be measured in space and time, an organism can reduce the range of possible locations, speeds, sizes, and arrival times of the predator. We apply the theory to planktonic copepods that have mechanosensory hairs along a pair of antennules. The study reveals the presence of “blind spots,” potential ambiguities in resolving from which of two sides a predator attacks, and whether it generates a bow wave or suction. Our findings lead to specific testable hypotheses concerning optimal escape strategies, which are helpful for interpreting the behavior of evasive prey and designing free-swimming robots with sensory capabilities.
Anesthesia for Specific Cardiac Lesions: Right-to Left Shunts

Right-to-left shunting of venous blood away from the lungs occurs in a variety of congenital heart disease (CHD) lesions resulting in cyanosis. Cyanotic CHD can be divided into two basic categories: right-sided obstructive lesions which result in decreased pulmonary blood flow and intracardiac mixing lesions. The most common cyanotic lesions are Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), transposition of the great arteries (TGA), truncus arteriosus (TA), total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), and tricuspid valve abnormalities. Anesthetic implications vary based on the severity of the abnormalities present and the associated comorbidities, such as cardiac failure, arrhythmias, and pulmonary hypertension. The anesthesiologist must be aware of the hemodynamic consequences of the chosen anesthetic technique, as it relates to each specific lesion. This review focuses on the key principles of anatomy and physiology of right-to-left shunt lesions, as applicable to the safe anesthetic care for these complex patients.
Neural networks in continuous process diagnostics

In this chapter, the use of neural networks in diagnostics is investigated. Diagnostics is critical to any continuous process set up, to detect the occurrence of failures with accuracy and speed, particularly when failures can be catastrophic. Previous approaches to diagnostics problems have been rule-based. They suffered from slow response time and failure under missing information. Neural networks are fast because they use parallel processing concepts. They are tolerant of missing information because information is not stored locally but distributed over several nodes. In this research, a two-layer feedforward neural network is proposed as a modeling paradigm for continuous process diagnostics. Specific diagnostic problems in the domain of nuclear reactor control are studied. The diagnostic knowledge gathered by experts is represented in binary patterns. Different input and output representations are derived and the performance under each is analyzed. The results indicate that input representation is particularly important in determining the neural network’s recognition capability and the amount of tolerable noise in parameter readings.
Overview Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

This volume deals with the natural and engineered processes that are utilized by water quality engineers to deal with water that has been used for intended purposes (industries, residences, businesses, etc.) and subsequently its quality has been degraded to such an extent that it cannot be discharged into a water-receiving body due to its potential to cause damage to human health and the environment. This waste stream – termed wastewater – has to be treated to get rid of its contaminants/pollutants. A myriad of technologies can be employed to achieve this purpose; this volume covers in detail most of the conventional ones, be they microbiological, physical–chemical, or natural. Moreover, as global water sustainability becomes increasingly important, reuse of treated water and recovery of resources (energy, macronutrients, etc.) from wastewater become more imperative. This volume covers in detail the processes that can achieve the latter and also delves into the principles of water reuse and policies that have been attempted to increase water reuse.
Diffusion in Liquid Lead

The diffusion of lead and of trace amounts of bismuth in liquid lead have been investigated by the capillary method, using RaD and RaF as tracers. The results are compared with existing theories of diffusion in liquids, the agreement with theory being fair. The heat of activation for self-diffusion in lead is found experimentally to be close to the corresponding activation energy obtained from viscosity data. The pioneer data of Groh and von Hevesi for the self-diffusion of liquid lead, using ThB as a tracer, fit in with the present results.
School Finance Reform

Over the past four decades, school finance reforms, stimulated primarily by state supreme court decisions, have dramatically changed the educational landscape. This article summarizes the state of our knowledge of these changes. These finance reforms have reduced within-state variation in spending, but their effect on mean per-pupil spending has been less uniform, with the impact of the reforms in any state depending both on the context in which they have been implemented and the changes in incentives that have resulted. The reforms have tended to result in small, but significant, reductions in within-state variation in student achievement.
Linear options

Learning, planning, and representing knowledge in large state spaces at multiple levels of temporal abstraction are key, long-standing challenges for building flexible autonomous agents. The options framework provides a formal mechanism for specifying and learning temporally-extended skills. Although past work has demonstrated the benefit of acting according to options in continuous state spaces, one of the central advantages of temporal abstraction---the ability to plan using a temporally abstract model---remains a challenging problem when the number of environment states is large or infinite. In this work, we develop a knowledge construct, the linear option, which is capable of modeling temporally abstract dynamics in continuous state spaces. We show that planning with a linear expectation model of an option's dynamics converges to a fixed point with low Temporal Difference (TD) error. Next, building on recent work on linear feature selection, we show conditions under which a linear feature set is sufficient for accurately representing the value function of an option policy. We extend this result to show conditions under which multiple options may be repeatedly composed to create new options with accurate linear models. Finally, we demonstrate linear option learning and planning algorithms in a simulated robot environment.
Sine–cosine wavelets operational matrix method for fractional nonlinear differential equation

In this paper, we present a solution method for fractional nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We propose a method by utilizing the sine–cosine wavelets (SCWs) in conjunction with quasilinea...
Genetic Insights into Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a public cause problem with a projected prevalence of 110 million patients overall by 2040; 40 million of these cases will come from Asia [1]. Therefore a deeper understanding of this disease is an urgent challenge as treatments that address the root cause of POAG are needed. POAG is a seemingly enigmatic disease. The intraocular pressure (IOP) may or may not be elevated. If IOP is elevated, anterior segment examination does not reveal clues as to why this is the case. The optic nerve is excavated and pale, and there is attendant VF loss (Fig. 44.1). Genomics offers an incredible opportunity to gain insights into this IOP-related otherwise idiopathic optic neuropathy.
Beyond programming: can robots' norm-violating actions elicit mental state attributions?

Social perceivers often view a human agent's norm-violating behavior as diagnostic of that person's mental states, while behaviors that conform to norms are viewed as less informative. We developed a series of stimulus videos depicting a DRC-HUBO robot engaging in norm-violating and norm-conforming behaviors. We explored the hypothesis that robots' norm-violating actions may invite social perceivers to increase their mental state attributions in a similar manner as they do in humans. Surprisingly, we found that norm-conforming behaviors appear to be at least as conducive as norm-violating behaviors, and perhaps even moreso, to mental state attribution to robotic agents.
15 Intraventricular Approaches

Intraventricular neuroendoscopy has become an important tool in the armamentarium of the neurosurgeon dealing with complex lesions within the ventricular system. Endoscopic approaches are useful for obtaining tissue samples for histopathological analysis, diverting CSF in complex hydrocephalus, and for the complete excision of ventricular tumors. Knowledge of intraventricular anatomy is crucial to minimize complications and plan surgical approaches effectively. The use of ancillary technology like stereotactic frameless neuronavigation can increase accuracy and minimize complications. Although larger ventricles are easier to navigate, normal or small ventricles are not a contraindication for an endoscopic approach.
Histopathologic Analysis of Explanted KAMRA Corneal Inlays Demonstrating Adherent Fibroconnective Tissue Scar Formation.

Objective To investigate the histologic composition of opaque membranes associated with corneal intrastromal inlays implanted for the surgical treatment of presbyopia. Methods This is an observational case series of KAMRA corneal inlays explanted due to the presence of adherent opaque membranes associated with peri-inlay corneal stromal haze and sent for histopathologic analysis. Routine histology was performed in addition to immunohistochemical staining with myofibroblast and keratocyte markers. Results Eleven explanted inlay specimens were received, of which, after histologic processing, four demonstrated suf-ficient cellular material for histopathologic analysis. The opaque membranes surrounding the explanted inlays were composed of fibroconnective tissue, and myofibroblasts (positive for smooth muscle actin immunostain) were the predominant cell type. Immunostaining for the keratocyte marker CD34 was negative, confirming that the membranes were the result of a reactive scar-tissue formation process and not simply normal corneal stroma adherent to the explant. Conclusions Corneal inlay implantation can lead to the formation of an adherent fibroconnective tissue membrane, suggesting keratocyte-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation and reactive fibroconnective tissue scar formation that could potentially impact visual potential. Prospective patients should be counseled regarding the risk of this complication, as this may be associated with some risk of incomplete reversibility of the procedure.
An Atypical Presentation of Lichen Planus-Like Reaction from Pembrolizumab.

Introduction. With the advent of immunotherapy, a new subtype of side effects called IRAEs or immune related adverse effects have become more common. They may present in various organ systems as colitis, pneumonitis, hypophysitis, and thyroiditis and commonly as dermatological reactions. Case. This is a case report of a lung cancer patient that was started on Pembrolizumab and developed shortly after what appeared to be clinically at first pustular psoriasis but on biopsy was confirmed to be lichen planus. She was discontinued on the Pembrolizumab and treated with both systemic and topical steroids and improved. Conclusion. This case highlights a cutaneous reaction from Pembrolizumab and the subsequent management that helped resolve her condition but also weighing the benefits against the risk of treatments and potential prognostic implications of having cutaneous side effects.
Combined PCL, Posteromedial Corner, and Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction

Knee dislocations can be significant injuries that may result in damage to multiple ligaments that require a complex approach to management and treatment. The multiple-ligament-injured knee may have other associated injuries and may require multiple surgeries as part of the treatment regimen. Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), posteromedial corner (PMC), and posterolateral corner (PLC), particularly when combined together, can lead to a high degree of instability and require extensive surgical management. Numerous treatment methods and techniques have been described for the management of these combined types of injuries, ranging from external fixation, acute ligamentous repair, staged reconstructions, or simultaneous reconstructions. Multiple decisions must be made regarding timing of surgery, reconstructive technique, and graft type. Controversies exist regarding differing surgical techniques, but a reliable reconstruction of the PMC and PLC are critical to the overall stability of the knee. When managing associated bicruciate injuries, a combined PCL, PMC, and PLC reconstruction has been shown to have success in restoring ligament stability prior to ACL reconstruction. A detailed preoperative plan and surgical approach lead to a successful outcome in the treatment of a combined PCL, PMC, and PLC injury.
Landscape Context Influences the Abundance and Richness of Native Lady Beetles Occupying Urban Vacant Land

Urban insect communities are structured by hierarchical filters including regional processes, human facilitation, and species interactions. We sought to inform future urban conservation endeavors by identifying how landscape composition and configuration as well as the management of vacant lot greenspaces affect native lady beetle (Coccinellidae) community structure within the city of Cleveland, Ohio, USA. We found no effect of habitat treatment on native lady beetle abundance when comparing vacant lots seeded with native wildflowers and those with naturally occurring weedy vegetation mown monthly or annually. Nonetheless, establishing conservation plantings that vary in plant height, biomass, and bloom abundance could aid in supporting a greater richness of coccinellid species, as these variables had differential effects on the abundance of fungivorous and aphidophagous feeding guilds. Further, we found that vacant lots embedded within landscapes with increased impervious surface and a high degree of greenspace isolation contained fewer aphidophagous native and exotic lady beetles. Our findings suggest that landscape context is a critical consideration when aiming to utilize vacant land as conservation habitat for coccinellids. Given their large holdings of vacant land, shrinking cities offer a unique opportunity to incorporate landscape-scale planning into future sustainable development initiatives. For instance, with over 27,000 vacant lots, the city of Cleveland could aid lady beetle conservation by electing to maintain vacant lots that promote greenspace connectivity while targeting isolated lots within intact neighborhoods for new residential development.
Anxiety Sensitivity and Physical Inactivity in a National Sample of Adults with a History of Myocardial Infarction.

The psychological factors underlying physical inactivity in vulnerable cardiac adult populations remain understudied. Anxiety sensitivity, a cognitive vulnerability defined as fear of the physical, cognitive, and social consequences of anxiety, may be an important modifiable determinant of physical inactivity. We examined the association of anxiety sensitivity, and each anxiety sensitivity subscale (physical, cognitive, and social concerns), with physical inactivity in adults with a history of myocardial infarction (MI). Using cross-sectional data from a nationally representative survey of adults (N = 1417) in the USA who reported a health professional diagnosis of MI, we used weighted logistic regression models to evaluate the association between anxiety sensitivity (overall, and each subscale) and physical inactivity (self-reported exercise 0–1 day/week), with adjustment for age, gender, race, education, number of MIs, and depression. Overall, 34.3% reported physical inactivity. Anxiety sensitivity was associated with greater odds of physical inactivity (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.02; p = .026). Of the subscales, only physical concerns were associated with physical inactivity (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.04; p = .008) in the final model. High vs. low fear of shortness of breath was most consistently associated with physical inactivity (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.08, 2.06; p < .021). Anxiety sensitivity, generally, and fear of the physical sensations of anxiety (i.e., “fear of shortness of breath”), specifically, are important correlates of physical inactivity in adults with a history of MI. Future research should replicate these findings and experimentally test whether cardiac rehabilitation interventions that include an adjunctive component targeting reduction of anxiety sensitivity overall, or specific somatic symptoms, improve physical activity in this population.
Why researchers should think "real-world": A conceptual rationale.

How much time do parents spend with their children of varying ages? Are people more likely to drink, smoke, or argue after a stressful day at work? Are women more talkative than men? Do emotional experiences change body chemistry? Does television watching really dull the mind? Does physical activity promote emotional well-being? Do people eat differently when away from home, or when others are around? How does air temperature affect activity and mood? Which kinds of social contact are shy persons most likely to avoid? Do antidepressant medications increase the quality of everyday life? How is behavior affected by the physical settings in which we live, work, and play?
Symmetry analysis of tensors in the honeycomb lattice of edge-sharing octahedra

We obtain the most general forms of rank-2 and rank-3 tensors allowed by the crystal symmetries of the honeycomb lattice of edge-sharing octahedra for crystals belonging to different crystallographic point groups, including the monoclinic point group $2/m$ and the trigonal (or rhombohedral) point group $\overline{3}$. Our results are relevant for two-dimensional materials, such as $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{RuCl}}_{3}, {\mathrm{CrI}}_{3}$, and the honeycomb iridates. We focus on the magnetic-field-dependent thermal conductivity tensor ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{ij}(\mathbf{H})$, which describes a system's longitudinal and thermal Hall responses, for the cases when the magnetic field is applied along high-symmetry directions, perpendicular to the plane and in the plane. We highlight some unexpected results, such as the equality of fully longitudinal components to partially transverse components in rank-3 tensors for systems with threefold rotational symmetry, and make testable predictions for the thermal conductivity tensor.
Ensuring Progress for Multiple Mobile Robots via Space Partitioning, Motion Rules, and Adaptively Centralized Conflict Resolution.

In environments where multiple robots must coordinate in a shared space, decentralized approaches allow for decoupled planning at the cost of global guarantees, while centralized approaches make the opposite trade-off. These solutions make a range of assumptions - commonly, that all the robots share the same planning strategies. In this work, we present a framework that ensures progress for all robots without assumptions on any robot's planning strategy by (1) generating a partition of the environment into "flow", "open", and "passage" regions and (2) imposing a set of rules for robot motion in these regions. These rules for robot motion prevent deadlock through an adaptively centralized protocol for resolving spatial conflicts between robots. Our proposed framework ensures progress for all robots without a grid-like discretization of the environment or strong requirements on robot communication, coordination, or cooperation. Each robot can freely choose how to plan and coordinate for itself, without being vulnerable to other robots or groups of robots blocking them from their goals, as long as they follow the rules when necessary. We describe our space partition and motion rules, prove that the motion rules suffice to guarantee progress in partitioned environments, and demonstrate several cases in simulated polygonal environments. This work strikes a balance between each robot's planning independence and a guarantee that each robot can always reach any goal in finite time.
Enhanced dielectric and piezoelectric properties of manganese-doped Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystals by alternating current poling

Alternating current poling (ACP) was performed on Gen III relaxor-PT Mn-doped Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (Mn: PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals with the poling direction of [001]. Experimental results proved that ACP could bring property enhancement to both k31 and k33 mode crystals. Compared to those from traditional direct current poling (DCP), ACP with the optimized conditions (20 kV/cm, 0.1 Hz, and 20 cycles) enhanced the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of k31-mode mode crystals by more than 30%, where the enhanced free dielectric constant and piezoelectric coefficient d33 reached 5300 and 1750 pC/N, respectively. Furthermore, replacing DCP with ACP could increase the advantages of Gen III relaxor-PT. The coupling factors k31 and k33 were enhanced to 0.472 and 0.915, the mechanical quality factor Qm was enhanced by 17%, and the depoling temperature was raised by 17 °C to 123 °C. In the following mechanism study, in situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) combined with the temperature-dependent dielectric constant measurement proved the introduction of the monoclinic phases after ACP, while piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) observation showed “2R”-like “2M” domain morphologies in ACP single crystals. Both these intrinsic and extrinsic factors are believed to be the keys to the mechanisms of property enhancement behind ACP. This study proved that ACP is an effective property enhancement method suitable for Gen III relaxor-PT single crystals and will promote its applications in high-temperature and high-power devices.
Artificial Intelligence: A Game Changer for the World of Work

‘Whoever becomes the ruler of AI will become the ruler of the world,’ said Vladimir Putin in September 2017. The USA, Russia and China are all adamant that artificial intelligence (AI) will be the key technology underpinning their national power in the future. What place, then, is there for Europe in this context? The European Commission has recently set out a European initiative on AI which focuses on boosting the EU's technological and industrial capacity, developing an innovation ecosystem, ensuring the establishment of an appropriate legal and ethical framework, and preparing for socio-economic changes. This edition of the Foresight Brief presents the results of a mapping exercise on AI’s impact on the world of work. It looks at the issues of work organisation and infrastructure, introduces the idea of ‘AI literacy’ for the workforce (as a necessary complement to technical reskilling), and details several AI risks for companies and workers. It also looks at aspects related to algorithmic decision making and the necessary establishment of an ethical and legal framework.
Propagation tree decompositions and linearly independent vertices

Abstract We explore the relationship between propagation tree decompositions of a graph of a given size and the OS-sets of the same size, showing that each can generate the other. We give a short constructive proof that the OS-sets are in bijective correspondence with a subset of the propagation tree decompositions.
Practical Bounded-Skew Clock Routing

In Clock routing research, such practical considerations as hierarchical buffering, rise-time and overshoot constraints, obstacle- and legal location-checking, varying layer parasitics and congestion, and even the underlying design flow are often ignored. This paper explores directions in which traditional formulations can be extended so that the resulting algorithms are more useful in production design environments. Specifically, the following issues are addressed: (i) clock routing for varying layer parasitics with non-zero via parasitics; (ii) obstacle-avoidance clock routing; and (iii) hierarchical buffered tree synthesis. We develop new theoretical analyses and heuristics, and present experimental results that validate our new approaches.
The Winding Road to Discovery: A Review of Gaming Matters: Gaming Matters: Art, Science, Magic, and the Computer Game Medium

In this review of Ruggill and McAllister's Gaming Matters: Art, Science, Magic, and the Computer Game Medium , I seek to locate their argument within the larger framework of the game studies medium, specifically in that sparsely populated space between macro- and micro-focused game scholarship. This reviewer sees this book as a welcome and needed exploration of the computer game medium and the vast and various artifacts that are part of that medium. Though like so many attempts to define and taxonomize that have come before, Gaming Matters cannot place the computer game medium within a solid construction because of the fluidity and magic inherent to the medium. Despite this, Ruggill and McAllister through their whimsical and multidisciplinary approach offer a comprehensive and intriguing look at the computer game medium that is often forsaken in games research in favor of its larger and smaller constituent parts.
Effects of Salts on the Halophilic Alga Dunaliella viridis

Determinations of the salt sensitivity of enzymes extracted from the halophilic alga Dunaliella viridis revealed that pentose phosphate isomerase, ribulose diphosphate carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphohexose isomerase were inhibited by NaCl concentrations far lower than that in the growth medium (3.75 m). The inhibition was reversible and was not prevented by preparing the extracts in the presence of salt. Potassium, lithium, and cesium chlorides were equally inhibitory. In contrast, whole cells require rather high levels of NaCl for optimal growth, whereas growth is inhibited by low levels of the other cations. The results suggest a specific mechanism for the exclusion of sodium from the interior of the cell. Images
Giant strain-induced ferromagnetism in Fe59Mn17Al24

Giant strain-induced ferromagnetism (SIF) has been observed in Fe59Mn17Al24 single crystals. The crystals in either the L21 or B2 ordered state are weakly magnetic, with saturation magnetization, M s, of 9–10 emu/g. After a 60% thickness reduction, the M s of the L21 crystal increased to 89 emu/g, whereas the M s of the B2 crystal after a 53% reduction was 96 emu/g, an M s approximately four times larger than that of the largest SIF observed in other ordered alloys. By comparison, mechanically alloyed powder of the same composition, which had a fully-disordered bcc structure, showed a similar M s of ∼90 emu/g. The increased M s in strained Fe59Mn17Al24 single crystals is attributed primarily to the generation of increased magnetic coupling due to chemical disordering. This large M s is substantially reduced after annealing at 573 K.
A NONPARAMETRIC APPROACH TO NONLINEAR TIME SERIES ANALYSIS: ESTIMATION AND SIMULATION*

We describe a method of nonlinear time series analysis suitable for nonlinear, stationary, multivariate processes whose one-step-ahead conditional density depends on a finite number of lags. Such a density can be represented as a Hermite expansion. Certain parameters of the expansion can be set to imply sharp restrictions on the process such as a pure VAR, a pure ARCH, a nonlinear process with homogeneous innovations, etc. The model is fitted using maximum likelihood procedures on a truncated expansion together with a model selection strategy that determines the truncation point. The estimator is consistent for the true density with respect to a strong norm. The norm is strong enough to imply consistency of evaluation functionals and moments of the conditional density. We describe a method of simulating from the density. Simulation can be used for a great variety of applications. In this paper, we give special attention to using simulations to set sup-norm confidence bands. Fortran code is available via ftp anonymous at ccvr1.cc.ncsu.edu (128.109.212.20) in directory pub/arg/snp; alternatively, it is available from the authors in the form of a DOS formatted diskette. The code is provided at no charge for research purposes without warranty.
Identification of the Normal Force Response to Feed Input in a Turning Operation

Force is often used as the feedback signal in process control systems, while feed (or feedrate) is the controlled machining variable. The normal force is directly related to the chip load, which is proportional to the feed. Experiments were designed to observe the force response to step changes in commanded feed. An empirical dynamic model of the cutting process was developed relating actual feed to the normal cutting force. This process model is independent of the drive dynamics The parameters of a first order ARX model structure were estimated using recursive identification techniques.
Integrated lake farming for fish and environmental management in large shallow Chinese lakes: a review

. Large shallow lakes in the Pacific Drainage Basin of China are unique aquatic natural resources intensively exploited in recent years for integrated lake farming. This paper presents a general description and major components of this culture method and discusses potential concerns and effects of increased fishery production on aquatic environments.
Optical Properties of Dilute Nitride InN(As)Sb Quantum Wells and Quantum Dots Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

We report the growth and characterization of a new dilute nitride infrared material: InN(As)Sb. InNAsSb single quantum wells (SQWs) and InNSb self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) were grown on both InAs and GaAs substrates by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy. High-quality InNAsSb epilayers were realized by optimizing the nitrogen incorporation growth conditions. Both secondary-ion mass spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements confirmed a nitrogen incorporation of 1%. Temperature- and power-dependent photoluminescence measurements were conducted and revealed a luminescence emission at 4.03 μm from localized states and ∼4.3 μm from the ground-state transition in InNAsSb SQWs. InNSb QDs exhibited a 10 K photoluminescence peak at 3.6 μm.
Women in Economics: Making Connections and Forging Ahead

(2011). Women in Economics: Making Connections and Forging Ahead. NASPA Journal About Women in Higher Education: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 242-243.
Finite Element Investigation of Quasi-Static Crack Growth in Functionally Graded Materials Using a Novel Cohesive Zone Fracture Model

This work studies mode I crack growth in ceramic/metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) using three-dimensional interface-cohesive elements based upon a new phenomenological cohesive fracture model. The local separation energies and peak tractions for the metal and ceramic constituents govern the cohesive fracture process. The model formulation introduces two cohesive gradation parameters to control the transition of fracture behavior between the constituents. Numerical values of volume fractions for the constituents specified at nodes of the finite element model set the spatial gradation of material properties with standard isoparametric interpolations inside interface elements and background solid elements to define pointwise material property values. The paper describes applications of the cohesive fracture model and computational scheme to analyze crack growth in compact tension, C(T), and single-edge notch bend, SE(B), specimens with material properties characteristic of a TiB/Ti FGM. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the background solid material are determined using a self-consistent method (the background material remains linear elastic). The numerical studies demonstrate that the load to cause crack extension in the FGM compares to that for the metal and that crack growth response varies strongly with values of the cohesive gradation parameter for the metal. These results suggest the potential to calibrate the value of this parameter by matching the predicted and measured crack growth response in standard fracture mechanics specimens. ©2002 ASME
Belonging and genocide: Hitler's community, 1918–1945

Belonging and genocide: Hitler's community, 1918–1945 Thomas Kuhne New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010 171 pp., US $40 (hbk) Thomas Kuhne has written a succinct, thought-provoking and ultima...
Flexibility in starting posture drives flexibility in kinematic behavior of the kinethmoid-mediated premaxillary protrusion mechanism in a cyprinid fish, Cyprinus carpio

SUMMARY Premaxillary protrusion in cypriniform fishes involves rotation of the kinethmoid, an unpaired skeletal element in the dorsal midline of the rostrum. No muscles insert directly onto the kinethmoid, so its rotation must be caused by the movement of other bones. In turn, the kinethmoid is thought to push on the ascending processes of the premaxillae, effecting protrusion. To determine the causes and effects of kinethmoid motion, we used XROMM (x-ray reconstruction of moving morphology) to measure the kinematics of cranial bones in common carp, Cyprinus carpio . Mean kinethmoid rotation was 83 deg during premaxillary protrusion (18 events in 3 individuals). The kinethmoid rotates in a coordinated way with ventral translation of the maxillary bridge, and this ventral translation is likely driven primarily by the A1β muscle. Analyses of flexibility (variability between behaviors) and coordination (correlation between bones within a behavior) indicate that motion of the maxillary bridge, not the lower jaw, drives premaxillary protrusion. Thus, upper jaw protrusion is decoupled from lower jaw depression, allowing for two separate modes of protrusion, open mouth and closed mouth. These behaviors serve different functions: to procure food and to sort food, respectively. Variation in starting posture of the maxilla alone dictates which type of protrusion is performed; downstream motions are invariant. For closed mouth protrusion, a ventrally displaced maxillary starting posture causes kinethmoid rotation to produce more ventrally directed premaxillary protrusion. This flexibility, bestowed by the kinethmoid–maxillary bridge–A1β mechanism, one of several evolutionary novelties in the cypriniform feeding mechanism, may have contributed to the impressive trophic diversity that characterizes this speciose lineage.
The temporomandibular joint-a diginglymus joint.

T i e temporomandibular joint is most commonly described in literature as a "ginglymo-arthrodial" joint. The ginglymus or hinge movement is attributed to the lower compartment and the arthrodial or gliding movement to the upper compartment. This widely prevalent view is espoused by many authors 11'' of journal articles and in most textbooks. Considerable work has been clone to determine the hinge axis and movement in the lower compartment. Very littIe has been done to elucidate the movement in the upper compartment. One of the earliest investigators to offer an alternative to the arthrodial description of the upper compartment was Hjortsjo. ~ He states, "The disc describes a curve, which has a cranially-directed concavity, around a centre which lies above the disc in the articular tubercle or higher. The articular tubercle thus constitutes a joint head which in this case may be considered as fixed, while the upper surface of the disc represents a joint socket that may be moved around the head of the joint. For this reason, it is more justifiable to consider the displacement of the disc as a ginglymus movement." This concept is indirectly supported by Trapozzano and Lazzari I'-' and Corbett. ~:~ Trapozzano and Lazzari found rotational hinge axis points (axis around which the condyle rotates in the lower compartment) along the distal, superior, and frontal aspects of the articular eminence. Corbett, with the aid of a lateral cephalogram and gnathologically recorded protrusive condylar paths, concluded that, in protrusion, the condyle of the mandible follows closely the anatomic form of the articular eminence. Puff and Krause (mentioned in Matti la TM) directly support Hjortsjo in their statement that the condyle in the opening and closing actions follows a curved pattern with upward concavity. The present study supports Hjortsjo's concept that there is hinge movement in the tipper compartment. It is a radiographic study of the temporomandibular joints in 15 Negro and Caucasian subjects ranging in age from 18 to 31 years. Five were inen, and 10 were women. No attempt was made to select "ideal" occlusions nor
Effect of propranolol on the left ventricular response to the Valsalva maneuver in normal subjects

Abstract Ten normal subjects performed the Valsalva maneuver before and after the administration of propranolol (1 mg/kg). Changes in left ventricular (LV) size and function were assessed with noninvasive techniques (echocardiography and sphygmomanometer). Data were obtained at baseline, at 20 seconds of the strain phase (phase II) and 10 seconds after the release of strain (phase IV). In the control state (before propranolol), blood pressure decreased during phase II and exceeded baseline after the release of strain (“overshoot”) in phase IV; after the administration of propranolol, the pressure overshoot characteristic of phase IV was no longer present. End-diastolic dimension decreased during the strain phase, but returned to baseline values during recovery in both control and propranolol states. LV stress-dimension and stress-shortening relations before and after propranolol indicate that an increase in LV contractility beginning during phase II and extending into phase IV was attenuated after propranolol. Although the absence of phase IV blood pressure overshoot may be clinically useful in identifying patients with impaired left ventricular function, β-adrenergic receptor blocking agents can also produce this hemodynamic response in the presence of normal ventricular function.
La Crosse virus G1 glycoprotein undergoes a conformational change at the pH of fusion.

Abstract La Crosse virus, a member of the family Bunyaviridae, can mediate cell-to-cell fusion after mild acidification. Either of its two envelope glycoproteins could potentially be responsible for this function. The large glycoprotein (Gl) undergoes a conformational change at the pH of activation of the fusion function, resulting in both an alteration in the cleavage pattern produced by amino-acid-specific proteases, and in a change in its antigenicity, as defined by altered binding of monoclonal antibodies.
Anterior key method for indexing orbital prostheses

This article describes a predictable method for indexing the ocular portion of an orbital prosthesis. Because indexing is performed from the anterior aspect of the cast, damage is minimized, fewer modifications are required, and the mold can be preserved for repeated use.
A spectroscopically effective molecular mechanics model for the intermolecular interactions of the hydrogen-bonded N-methylacetamide dimer

Abstract An MP2/6-31+G ∗ calculation of the N -methylacetamide dimer shows that it has two minimum energy structures, both hydrogen bonded with peptide planes roughly perpendicular to each other. A complete molecular mechanics optimization of the dimer has been done, using a model for the intermolecular interactions consisting of charges, atomic dipoles, and van der Waals interactions and the methodology of our spectroscopically determined force field for the intramolecular interactions. The two structures are satisfactorily reproduced, as are their interaction energies, their dipole moments, and, from the point of view of our goal of a spectroscopically accurate force field, their six intermolecular normal mode frequencies.
Localization of a leech inhibitory synapse by photo-ablation of individual dendrites.

Abstract An inhibitory motor neuron (cell 1) in the leech nervous system has a powerful inhibitory connection onto an excitatory motor neuron (cell 3) that is functionally important in behaviours such as swimming and local bending. The anatomical location of this connections was explored using focal ultraviolet irradiation of cell 3 dendrites filled with Lucifer yellow. Ablation of the main neurite of cell 3 in the middle of the ganglion eliminated 72% of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), showing that most of the synaptic contacts are in the dendritic field contralateral to the cell body. Ablation of a particular dendritic branch (d1), one of several that run anteriorly from the main neurite in the contralateral ganglion, eliminated 70% of the IPSP in some cases but only 4% in others. In these latter cases, subsequent ablation of a more distal dendrite (d2) eliminated from 41% to 83% of the IPSP. These findings suggest that the synapses onto cell 3 from cell 1 are primarily mediated by either one of these dendrites or the other, but not both. This synaptic specificity might be due to a developmental mechanism involving competition between dendrites for occupation of synaptic sites.
STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIRUSES AS OBSERVED IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE : VI. ECHO VIRUS, TYPE 9

Sequential stages in the development and release of ECHO 9 virus have been illustrated and described. It is suggested that viral particles differentiate and become oriented in columns upon a fine filamentous lattice at cytoplasmic template sites which are distinct from the endoplasmic reticulum. Subsequently, virus is dispersed in the peripheral cytoplasm and gains egress from the cell through rents in the plasma membrane. Complete cellular disruption with viral release may supervene. The virus consists of a 13 to 15 mµ dense core and a poorly defined outer membrane, 22 to 24 mµ in diameter. Incomplete forms, lacking the core, are observed in the cytoplasm but have not been seen in the extracellular space.
Superoxide dismutase prevents lipid peroxidation in burned patients

Animal models and human studies have shown that conjugated dienes rise in the plasma after thermal injury. These dienes may serve as a marker of oxygen radical-mediated tissue injury. Twelve burn patients were randomized to receive the antioxidant enzyme polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD). Patients received either 500 or 1000 units per kilogram of PEG-SOD intravenously within 6 h of injury. Plasma samples were collected and conjugated diene levels were compared to diene levels of burn patients not treated and to diene levels from normal volunteers. Conjugated diene levels were increased in burn patients. PEG-SOD in either dose initially decreased conjugated diene levels in the plasma of both treatment groups. By 72 h, the diene levels increased in the 500 unit/kg group, but remained at near control levels in the 1000 unit/kg group for up to 200 h after injury. These data suggest that PEG-SOD is capable of preventing conjugated dienes formed as the result of oxygen radical production. It appears that 1000 units/kg is more effective than 500 units/kg in preventing conjugated diene formation.