cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Fracture Strength of Brittle Tools

Summary In general, as cutting tool materials are made more refractory, they become more brittle and need exists for simple tests to characterize the fracture strength of sintered carbide and ceramic tools. The most widely used tests for this purpose are three and four point bending (MOR) tests. Simple uniaxial compression tests and tests upon transversely loaded thin discs are also used to determine the brittle (tensile) fracture strengths of tool materials. Each of these tests provides a different facet relative to complete characterization. This paper discusses the significance of each of the aforementioned tests and advances a new approach to the brittle fracture of materials based upon defects in the form of small, relatively rigid, spherical voids.
Shear viscosity of rhyolite-vapor emulsions at magmatic temperatures by concentric cylinder rheometry

Abstract The viscosity of natural rhyolitic melt from Lipari, Aeolian Islands and melt-bubble emulsions (30–50 vol% porosity) generated from Lipari rhyolite have been measured in a concentric cylinder rheometer at temperatures and shear rates in the range 925–1150°C and 10−3–10−1.2 s−1, respectively, in order to better understand the dependence of emulsion shear viscosity on temperature and shear rate in natural systems. Bubble-free melt exhibits Newtonian–Arrhenian behavior in the temperature range 950–1150°C with an activation energy of 395±30 kJ/mol; the shear viscosity is given by log ηm=−8.320+20624/T. Suspensions were prepared from natural rhyolite glass to which small amounts of Na2SO4 were added as a ‘foaming agent’. Reasonably homogeneous magmatic mixtures with an approximate log-normal distribution of bubbles were generated by this technique. Suspension viscosity varied from 106.1 to 108.37 Pa s and systematically correlates with temperature and porosity in the shear stress range (104.26–105.46 Pa) of the experiments. The viscosity of melt-bubble emulsions is described in terms of the relative viscosity, ηr=ηe/ηm where ηe is the emulsion viscosity and ηm is the viscosity of melt of the same composition and temperature. The dependence of relative viscosity on porosity for magmatic emulsions depends on the magnitude of the capillary number Ca≡G/(σrb−1ηm−1), the ratio of viscous forces acting to deform bubbles to interfacial forces resisting bubble deformation. For inviscid bubbles in magmatic flows three regimes may be identified. For Ca 10) an asymptotic regime is reached in which relative viscosity decreases with increasing porosity and is independent of Ca. Our experiments were carried out for 30
Conservation phylogenetics of the Asian box turtles (Geoemydidae, Cuora): mitochondrial introgression, numts, and inferences from multiple nuclear loci

Asian box turtles (genus Cuora, family Geoemydidae) comprise a clade of 12 aquatic and semiaquatic nominate species distributed across southern China and Southeast Asia. Over the last two decades, turtles throughout Asia have been harvested at an unsustainable rate to satisfy demands for food, traditional Chinese medicine, and the pet trade. Con- sequently, all species of Cuora were recently placed on the IUCN Red List, nine are currently listed as criti- cally endangered by the IUCN, and all species are listed in Appendix II of CITES. We compiled a 67-specimen mitochondrial (~1,650 base pairs (bp) from two mitochondrial genes) and a 40-specimen nuclear-plus-mitochondrial (~3,900 bp total, three nuclear introns plus an additional ~860 bp mitochon- drial gene fragment) DNA data set to reconstruct the phylogeny of Cuora species and to assess genetic diversity and species boundaries for several of the most problematic taxa. Our sampling included 23 C. trifas- ciata ,1 7C. zhoui and 1-4 individuals of the remaining 10 species of Cuora. Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses all recovered similar, well resolved trees. Within the Cuora clade, mito- chondrial and nuclear sequence data indicated that both C. zhoui and C. mccordi represent old lineages with little or no history of interspecific gene flow, suggesting that they are good genealogical species. Based on mtDNA, Cuora pani was paraphyletic and C. trifasciata was composed of two highly divergent lineages that were not each other's closest relatives; both cases of non-monophyly were due to a mtDNA sequence that was widespread and identical in C. aurocapitata, C. pani and C. trifasciata. However, when combined with nuclear DNA results, our data indicate that C. trifasciata is a single, monophyletic taxon, and that mitochondrial introgression and nuclear-mitochondrial pseudogenes have led to a complex pattern of mitochondrial gene relationships that does not reflect species-level histories. Our results imply that captive ''assurance colonies'' of both C. trifasciata and C. pani should be genotyped to identify pure, non-hybrid members of both taxa, and we recommend that introgressed and pure taxa be man- aged as independent entities until the full evolutionary histories of these critically endangered turtles are resolved.
Semliki forest virus persistence in mouse L929 cells.

Abstract We present a characterization of the establishment and maintenance of a persistent infection of mouse L929 cells using the alphavirus Semlike Forest virus (SFV). Without interferon pretreatment of the L cells, a persistent infection could only be established using an inoculum rich in defective-interfering (DI) particles. One such persistently infected culture (carrier culture) now over 1 year old, is characterized by cells (i) which are usually morphologically identical to uninfected cells, (ii) which release variable titers of infectious virus, (iii) which periodically enter a state of crisis during which many of the cells perish, and (iv) which can be cured of virus by treatment with viral antiserum. After the first crisis, DI particles could not be detected at any time in the carrier culture. Only a small proportion (0.1–4.5%) of the persistently infected cells released infectious virus and only 1–20% were positive for viral structural antigen. The persistently infected cells were resistant to superinfection by both homologous and heterologous virus. Interferon was present in variable quantities in the fluid from the carrier culture. Indeed a similar persistent infection could readily be established by pretreatment of uninfected cells with 100 units/ml of mouse interferon. In this case DI particles were not required in the inoculum. Using oligonucleotide fingerprinting we demonstrate that viral genomic mutations occur during persistence and that many of these mutations occur in genes coding for the virus structural proteins. On the basis of these observations we present a model for SFV persistence in mouse L929 cells.
Enhanced attentional gain as a mechanism for generalized perceptual learning in human visual cortex

Learning to better discriminate a specific visual feature (i.e., a specific orientation in a specific region of space) has been associated with plasticity in early visual areas (sensory modulation) and with improvements in the transmission of sensory information from early visual areas to downstream sensorimotor and decision regions (enhanced readout). However, in many real-world scenarios that require perceptual expertise, observers need to efficiently process numerous exemplars from a broad stimulus class as opposed to just a single stimulus feature. Some previous data suggest that perceptual learning leads to highly specific neural modulations that support the discrimination of specific trained features. However, the extent to which perceptual learning acts to improve the discriminability of a broad class of stimuli via the modulation of sensory responses in human visual cortex remains largely unknown. Here, we used functional MRI and a multivariate analysis method to reconstruct orientation-selective response profiles based on activation patterns in the early visual cortex before and after subjects learned to discriminate small offsets in a set of grating stimuli that were rendered in one of nine possible orientations. Behavioral performance improved across 10 training sessions, and there was a training-related increase in the amplitude of orientation-selective response profiles in V1, V2, and V3 when orientation was task relevant compared with when it was task irrelevant. These results suggest that generalized perceptual learning can lead to modified responses in the early visual cortex in a manner that is suitable for supporting improved discriminability of stimuli drawn from a large set of exemplars.
Typology of Online Brand Communities: An Examination of South Korean Automobile Online Brand Communities

The study explores how brand communities are structured and operate in the context of Korean Automobile Online Brand Communities (KAOBCs). The content analysis method was used to examine the characteristics of KAOBCs and identify the typology of the communities. The most popular search engine of South Korea, naver.com, was used to select sample KAOBCs. Our research finds that the socially-oriented community type is the most popular of the KAOBCs, followed by communication, information and business oriented communities in order. The number of community members, number of community staff, and duration of the community are the main determinants of KAOBCs.
Factors that predict incomplete colonoscopy: thinner is not always better.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether anatomic factors such as body mass index (BMI) impacts the success rate of cecal intubation during colonoscopy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the cecal intubation rate of 2000 colonoscopies performed at our institution from March 1997 to March 1999. The analysis sample was composed of charts for all incomplete procedures and a sample (23%) of complete examinations that were randomly selected. Data collected included age, gender, height, weight, bowel habits, abdominal surgery, psychiatric medication use, the presence of diverticular disease, amount of sedation administered, and location and reason for halting the examination. Patients were divided by BMI: thin (BMI ≤22.1), average weight (BMI >22.1–25.0), overweight (BMI = 25.1–29.9), and obese (BMI >30). RESULTS: Colonoscopies in women had a lower adjusted completion rate (94.8%) than in men (98.2%) (p CONCLUSIONS: Women with a low BMI (especially
The interplay of boundaryless and protean careers: Combinations and implications

Abstract The boundaryless and protean career concepts are compared in this article. It is suggested that the theories can be more finely delineated to produce more effective theory and research. The boundaryless career concept is profiled according to Sullivan and Arthur’s (this issue) categories of psychological and physical boundarylessness. The protean career concept is discussed based upon the degree of self-directed and values driven career orientations a career actor demonstrates. We join these respective boundaryless and protean delineations to produce eight likely career profiles based upon combinations of the boundaryless and protean career orientations. These eight profiles are examined in terms of challenges to career actors and those who assist them in their career development.
Towards a geography of informal activity

Abstract Although informal activity is an important topic in development, the contribution of the geographer has been limited to an examination of questions relating to the issue of political economy. In addition, issues relating to the spatial dimension have not been addressed by other scholars working in the area. This bias represents a serious omission and is the basis of this review. The paper begins by highlighting voids in our knowledge of the geography of informal activity. It gleans from the existing literature of informal activity themes which point to the importance of the spatial dimension of informal activity. Next, it analyzes these themes in light of existing conceptual frameworks that have been used to model economic activity. Results suggest considerable uncertainty in terms of the expected spatial pattern. Given these findings, a number of observations are in order. First, it would appear that existing geographic theory falls short of explaining and describing the spatial occurrence of informal activity across an urban hierarchy. Second, there is an obvious need for empirical work to shed light on these heretofore neglected spatial issues, and third, the contribution of geographers is essential in order to expand our understanding of the development implications of informal activity.
Linear-processor NC algorithms for planar directed graphs I: strongly connected components

Finding strongly connected components is a fundamental step in many algorithms for directed graphs. In sequential computation this problem has an optimal linear-time algorithm. In parallel computation, however, it remains an open problem whether polylogarithmic time and a linear number of processors are sufficient for computing the strongly connected components on a parallel random-access machine. This paper provides the first nontrivial partial solution to the open problem: for a planar directed graph of size n the strongly connected components can be computed deterministically in $O(\log ^3 n)$ time with ${n / {\log n}}$ processors. The algorithm runs on a parallel random-access machine that allows concurrent reads and concurrent writes in its shared memory and, in case of a write conflict, permits an arbitrary processor to succeed.
Acromial fracture: A complication of arthroscopic subacromial decompression.

For many surgeons arthroscopic subacromial decompression has replaced open surgery for the treatment of refractory impingement syndrome. A newly recognized complication of this procedure is fracture of the acromion process. Six patients presented with reports of increasing postoperative shoulder pain, commonly with a history of sudden onset during physical therapy. Diagnosis was frequently delayed; three of the six fractures were identifiable only on axillary radiographs. Disability varied from mild pain to severe functional impairment, depending on fracture size and location. Treatment modalities ranged from total acromionecfomy to conservative measures; most results were poor. These cases suggest that: (1) risk factors for experiencing an acromial fracture include osteopenia and overzealous bone resection; (2) surgical correction of the fracture may not satisfactorily resolve associated pain and loss of range of motion; and (3) emphasis on appropriate preoperative planning and meticulous surgical technique to minimize bony resection may decrease the risk of this compficafion and its resultant disability.
Predicting impact of growth of a metropolitan area on the transportation system of one of its cities

Abstract This paper provides a simple methodology to analyze the effects of future growth and changes in a metropolitan area on the transportation network of a single city inside the area. In order to present the analysis process, the impact of projected regional employment and population growth on the transportation network of one suburban city in Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area is investigated. One of the main features of this approach is the use of the major accesses to the city to divide the rest of metropolitan area into few major zones or origin and destination which allow easier manipulation of data.
Particle image velocimetry measurements within a laboratory-generated swash zone

A particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique is used to make vertically resolved two-dimensional measurements in swash zone flows, which are notoriously recalcitrant to quantitative measurement. The PIV implementation directs the light sheet into the measurement region from beneath the beach thus avoiding issues of free surface diffraction effects. Fluorescent particles and an optical filter are used to ensure that only particles, and not bubbles or free surface anomalies, are imaged. The spatially and temporally resolved velocity fields measured in a plunging and spilling wave-driven swash zone are used to investigate the boundary layer structure of the mean and turbulent quantities as well as the phase evolution of the bed shear stress, near-bed turbulent kinetic energy, and the dissipation. Results suggest that vertical structure in spilling and plunging wave forced swash zones are similar. The uprush phase is dominated by bore-generated and bore-advected turbulence, which evolves analogously to grid turbulence, while the downrush phase is ultimately dominated by boundary layer generated turbulence, which compares well near-bed with classic flat plate boundary layer theory.
The future of complete prosthodontics

An improved elastomer with an optimum balance of mechanical properties, processability, environmental stability, colorability, and esthetics, for use in fabricating extraoral maxillofacial prostheses, was sought, An arylene silicone polymer, polytetramethylsilphenylenesiloxanedimethylsiloxane, was synthesized and formulated as a pourable, viscous, room-temperature-vulcanizing liquid. Silphenylene polymers are colorless and will accept either intrinsic or extrinsic coloration. When mixed with conventional catalysts, the silphenylene vulcanizates can be easily and reliably cast in closed dental stone molds to give prostheses that are strong and tough yet soft and pliable. Typical values for tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100% elongation, and hardness are, respectively, 1400 psi, 1000 psi, 50 psi, and 35 (Shore A). Since the arylene linkages in the silphenylene polymers impart unusually high values of surface energy to these silicone elastomers, they have an excellent tactual as well as visual resemblance to skin, and they adhere well to tapes and adhesives. A preclinical toxicologic evaluation has been completed, and the materials are currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
Daclizumab Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and the leading cause of neurologic disability in young adults. Established therapies, such as interferon and glatiramer, have only partial effects, and they offer limited or no effect on the progression of multiple sclerosis. The etiology of multiple sclerosis is unclear; however, the disease is presumed to be a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, targeting of lymphocytes may be a promising means of therapy for multiple sclerosis. Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody approved for use in preventing renal allograft rejection. The agent is under investigation in phase II trials for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and has demonstrated positive clinical outcomes, including decreased relapse rates. Adverse events included urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, paresthesias, mild leukopenia, transient elevations in liver enzyme and bilirubin levels, rash, postinfusion reactions (fever), lymphadenopathy, transient thrombocytopenia, and nausea. Daclizumab may be an alternative or add-on therapy when conventional immunomodulators fail or when existing approved therapies cannot be used. Besides ongoing phase II trials, additional phase II or III trials are required to determine the extended benefits of the agent, as well as clinical outcomes.
Radiation dosimetry for electron beam CT.

PURPOSE: To measure the radiation dose profile, multiple-scan average dose (MSAD), and computed tomography dose index (CTDI) for electron beam CT and to determine the accuracy of ionization-chamber and manufacturer estimates of patient dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: High-resolution dose profiles along the longitudinal axis were acquired at several positions within the scan plane with use of radiographic film. The full-width-at-half-maximum values, peak radiation dose, CTDI, and MSAD were calculated from the digitized film profiles. CTDI was also measured with an ionization chamber. RESULTS: The full-width-half-maximum value of the radiation profiles were significantly wider than the nominal scan width for the 6-mm single-section and 8-mm multisection modes. In the single-section mode, the CTDI underestimated the MSAD by 15%-30%. The multisection radiation profile was nonuniform and asymmetric. CONCLUSION: Patient doses in electron beam CT are approximately 125% of the ionization-chamber CTDI measurements in...
On the formation of H(n=3)dipole moments in collisions of protons on rare gas atoms

We have investigated proton-rare gas atom charge transfer collisions in the energy range from 20 to 100 keV and have extracted the electrostatic dipole moments (EDMs) of the collisionally produced H(n=3) atoms from the optical data. The results show that the EDM decreases with increasing atomic number of the rare gas atoms. Our data provide experimental evidence that post-collisional electrostatic forces do not influence the formation of the EDMs.
High-Density Avionic Power Supply

Dramatic reductions in size and weight have been achieved in the area of signal and information processing. Power conditioning circuits have not kept pace, primarily due to the relatively slow proggress ress in the passive energy storage and transformation devices. A novel converter topology is described that minimizes the task these components must perform and thereby achieve a significant improvement in power supply density.
Behavior of Chloride during Coal Combustion in an AFBC System

Two 1000-h burns were conducted with the 12-in. (0.3 m) laboratory AFBC system at Western Kentucky University. Operating conditions similar to those used at the 160-MW AFBC system at the TVA Shawnee Steam Plant located near Paducah, KY, were used. A low-chlorine (0.012% Cl and 3.0% S) western Kentucky No. 9 coal and a high-chlorine (0.28% Cl and 2.4% S) Illinois No. 6 coal were used in this study. Four different metal alloys [carbon steel C1020 (0.18% C and 0.05% Cr), 304 SS (18.39% Cr and 8.11% Ni), 309 SS (23.28% Cr and 13.41% Ni), and 347 SS (18.03% Cr and 9.79% Ni)] were exposed uncooled in the freeboard area at the entrance to the convective pass, where the metal temperature was approximately 900 K. A two-phase investigation was carried out in order to study the fate of chlorine during coal combustion in an AFBC system and to study the susceptibility of boiler components to corrode in combustion gases containing hydrogen chloride. As determined from emission and ash studies, the temperature in an AFBC system plays a key role in the retention of chloride, which is more favorable at low operating temperatures. A small amount of scale failure was observed on the other three samples in both test runs. On the basis of the SEM-EDS mapping results, there was no localized chloride distribution observed on the surface of the coupons, either in the scale failure area nor on the rest of the metal part. Some trace amount of chloride was found but was evenly distributed on the surface of the coupons. There was no concentration of chloride on the spot of scale failure. The scale failure might be due to sulfur attack and/or the effect of erosion. Further study with higher chlorine-content coals for more conclusive information is needed.
Genetic selection of rats with high and low body temperatures

Abstract Body (core) temperature ( T c ) directly affects all biological processes, including sensitivity to toxic chemicals, development, aging, and drug metabolism. To understand how T c affects these processes it is necessary to alter T c independently of other physiological processes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether selective breeding techniques can be used to develop lines of rats with hyperthermic and hypothermic T c 's. T c and motor activity of 24 female and 23 male rats (parental line) of the NIH heterogenous stock were monitored by telemetry for 96 h at a T a of 22°C. The mean 24 h T c of the male and female rats was 37.3°C with a range of 37–38.2°C. T c was not correlated with motor activity or body weight. Pairs with the lowest and highest T c 's were selected for breeding. The F 1 generation consisted of 10 offspring from the hyperthermic group and 20 from the hypothermic group. They were implanted with transmitters at 60 d of age. T c of rats derived from the hyperthermic parental line had a significantly warmer T c than the rats derived from the hypothermic parental line. Motor activity was significantly higher in the hyperthermic F 1 males and hypothermic F 1 females. Breeding of hyperthermic and hypothermic rats has shown that adult offspring of the fourth generation maintain significantly different core temperatures but have similar patterns of motor activity. The results demonstrate that T c is heritable and that it should be feasible to develop lines of rats that regulate T c above or below normal.
Inverse correlation between age related abnormalities of T-cell immunity and circulating thymosin α1 levels in haemophilia A

T-cell immunity and serum levels of thymosin alpha 1, beta 2-microglobulin, circulating immune complexes, serum immunoglobulin levels, antibodies to hepatitis surface or core antigen, and to cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus were investigated in 51 patients with haemophilia A ranging in age from 2 to 52 years. All patients had received commercial U.S. lyophilized concentrates of antihaemophilic factor (AHF). The mean helper/cytotoxic-suppressor (OKT4/OKT8) ratio of 11 pre-adolescents (1.6 +/- 0.4 SE) was not significantly different from that of age matched normal controls. In contrast, the mean OKT4/OKT8 ratios of 13 adolescent (1.2 +/- 0.2 SE) and 23 adult (0.8 +/- 0.1 SE) haemophiliacs were significantly reduced. Abnormalities of lymphocyte mitogenic responses were found only in adult haemophiliacs. Nine individuals treated with commercial U.S. prothrombin complex concentrates for antibodies directed against AHF or for haemophilia B had normal mean OKT4/OKT8 values. The mean serum thymosin alpha 1 levels for each age category was similar to that of age matched controls; however, regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between elevated thymosin alpha 1 levels and decreased OKT4/OKT8 ratios in adult haemophiliacs (P = 0.012). Although the mean serum level of beta 2-microglobulin was significantly increased in the adult haemophiliac group, there was no correlation between OKT4/OKT8 ratios and any of the other serologic parameters studied.
Safety Concerns Involving Transdermal Patches and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Transdermal drug delivery systems have become more prevalent since their initial introduction in the 1980s. Recently, safety concerns have arisen regarding the continued application of transdermal patches during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures. Case reports have revealed that serious burns may occur in patients undergoing MRI who have transdermal patches with metallic content applied to their skin. The metallic component of these patches acts as a conductor for the radiofrequency pulses of the MRI, inducing an electric current and thereby resulting in intense heat and burns. Currently, over 20 brand and generic transdermal drug delivery systems are available. Not all available patches contain metallic components that necessitate removal prior to MRI. This review provides information related to the metallic content of available transdermal patches and also provides recommendations regarding reapplication of transdermal therapy after a scan. Health care professionals should be aware that publish...
Occupational allergy to bumblebees: allergens of Bombus terrestris.

Abstract Background: With the increase in commercial vegetable production in greenhouses, occupational sensitization to bumblebee venom is becoming more common. Studies using sera from subjects thus sensitized allow evaluation of the allergenic specificity of bumblebee sensitization. Objective: The purposes of this study were to determine the degree of species group specificity of bumblebee venom allergens in sera of allergic patients and to investigate the structural basis of this specificity. Methods: Allergens were purified from bumblebee venom, studied serologically by direct binding and inhibition techniques, and characterized by enzyme analysis and amino acid sequencing. Three-dimensional models of the phospholipases were constructed and analyzed. Results: Bombus terrestris venom contains phospholipase A 2 , venom protease, hyaluronidase, and acid phosphatase allergens. The protease and phospholipase A 2 allergens contain IgE-reactive epitopes that are different from those seen in Bombus pennsylvanicus , a North American species. Bumblebee phospholipase A 2 is only 53% identical to honeybee phospholipase A 2 . The results of 3-dimensional modeling are consistent with the immunologic observations. Conclusions: Patients with primary bumblebee sensitization should be diagnosed and treated with venom from the appropriate species group of bumblebees. Bumblebee venom phospholipase A 2 and protease are antigenically distinct from honeybee venom proteins. There are significant species group–specific epitopes on bumblebee venom proteins. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:855-60.)
Moral Judgment, Human Motivation, and Neural Networks

The topic of moral judgment is of interest to many fields. Studying moral judgment based on currently available computational intelligence methods and techniques may shed new light on the matter. This article reviews computational models of moral judgment on the basis of the CLARION cognitive architecture, emphasizing a motivation-based approach. It attempts to integrate the understanding of moral judgment with other areas of cognition. In particular, it shows how a model of human motivation can play an important role in understanding human moral judgment, which opens the door for new possibilities in developing theories of moral judgment.
Magnetic resonance imaging in aggressive fibromatosis

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of aggressive fibromatosis in 11 patients (five with recurrent tumour) and its contribution to patient management are described. Tumour signal intensity ranged from being low to isointense with respect to muscle on T1-weighted images while being predominantly of heterogenous increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. A post-contrast (Gd-DTPA) study demonstrating diffuse tumour enhancement was of value in assessing tumour extent in two patients. CT in six patients and angiography in two patients provided no additional information while tumour relationship to neurovascular structures and extent was better appreciated on MRI. MRI was accurate in predicting resectability in all six patients who had surgery.
An integrative approach for the optical sequencing of single DNA molecules.

Abstract A new approach for optically sequencing ensembles of single DNA molecules using DNA polymerase to mediate the consecutive incorporation of fluorochrome-labeled nucleotides into an array of large single DNA molecules is presented. The approach utilizes cycles of labeled fluorochrome addition, detection to count incorporations, and bleaching to reset the counter. These additions are imaged and analyzed to estimate the number of labeled additions and to correlate them on a per-locus basis along DNA backbones. Initial studies used precisely labeled polymerase chain reaction products to aid the development and validation of simple models of fluorochrome point spread functions within the imaging system. In complementary studies, nucleotides labeled with the fluorochrome R110 were incorporated into surface-elongated lambda DNA, and fluorescent signals corresponding to the addition of R110-dUTP were counted and assigned precise loci along DNA backbones. The labeled DNAs were then subjected to photobleaching and to a second cycle of addition of R110-labeled nucleotides—a second round of additions was correlated with the first to establish strings of addition histories among the ensemble of largely double-stranded templates. These results confirm the basic operational validity of this approach and point the way to the development of a practical system for optical sequencing.
Amino acid sequence homology between polyoma and SV40 tumour antigens deduced from nucleotide sequences.

Amino acid sequence homology between polyoma and SV40 tumour antigens deduced from nucleotide sequences
THE EFFECT OF TRINITROPHENYL NUCLEOTIDE DERIVATIVES ON THE ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITIES IN MAIZE TONOPLAST VESICLES

The effects of trinitrophenyl (TNP) derivatives of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) on the coupled activities of the tonoplast ATPase in corn roots were investigated. The addition of TNP-ATP at micromolar concentrations (0.5-0.25 mM) significantly decreased both the ATP hydrolytic activity and the coupled proton pumping activity. The presence of TNP-ATP resulted in an increased Km for ATP and a reduced maximum enzyme velocity. Unlike TNP-ATP that strongly inhibited proton transport at low concentration, TNP-ADP inhibited this activity only slightly. TNP-AMP stimulated proton transport at low concentrations. ADP and AMP inhibited the initial rate of proton transport in a different manner. The concentrations required to inhibit half of the initial rate of proton transport activity for ADP and AMP were 80 μM and 2 mM, respectively. The results suggest that tonoplast vesicles may contain at least two kinds of nucleotide binding sites.
Wide-range and fast-tracking frequency offset estimator for optical coherent receivers

A blind spectrum-based frequency offset estimator with fast tracking time is presented. A receiver using the proposed estimator to eliminate the frequency ambiguity of the mth power algorithm can achieve precise estimation over a wide frequency range.
Meta-reasoning for predictive error correction: Additional results from abstraction networks with empirical verification procedures

Abstract In Jones and Goel (2012), we describe a meta-reasoning architecture that uses abstraction networks (ANs) and empirical verification procedures (EVPs) to ground self-diagnosis and self-repair of domain knowledge in perception. In particular, we showed that when a hierarchical classifier organized as an AN makes an incorrect prediction, then meta-reasoning can help diagnose and repair the semantics of the concepts in the network. Further, we demonstrated that if an EVP associated with each concept in the network can verify the semantics of that concept at diagnosis time, then the meta-reasoner can perform knowledge diagnosis and repair tractably. In this article, we report on three additional results on the use of perceptually grounded meta-reasoning for correcting prediction errors. Firstly, a new theoretical analysis indicates that the meta-reasoning diagnostic procedure is optimal and establishes the knowledge conditions under which the learning converges. Secondly, an empirical study indicates that the EVPs themselves can be adapted through refining the conceptual semantics. Thirdly, another empirical study shows that if EVPs cannot be defined for all concepts in a hierarchy, the computational technique degrades gracefully. While the theoretical analysis provides a deeper explanation of the sources of power in ANs, the two empirical studies demonstrate ways in which the strong assumptions made by ANs in their most basic form can be relaxed.
Experimental biology of coral reef ecosystems

Abstract Coral reef ecosystems are at the crossroads. While significant gaps still exist in our understanding of how “normal” reefs work, unprecedented changes in coral reef systems have forced the research community to change its focus from basic research to understand how one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world works to basic research with strong applied implications to alleviate damage, save, or restore coral reef ecosystems. A wide range of stressors on local, regional, and global spatial scales including over fishing, diseases, large-scale disturbance events, global climate change (e.g., ozone depletion, global warming), and over population have all contributed to declines in coral cover or phase shifts in community structure on time scales never observed before. Many of these changes are directly or indirectly related to anthropogenically induced changes in the global support network that affects all ecosystems. This review focuses on some recent advances in the experimental biology of coral reef ecosystems, and in particular scleractinian corals, at all levels of biological organization. Many of the areas of interest and techniques discussed reflect a progression of technological advances in biology and ecology but have found unique and timely application in the field of experimental coral reef biology. The review, by nature, will not be exhaustive and reflects the author's interests to a large degree. Because of the voluminous literature available, an attempt has been made to capture the essential elements and references for each topic discussed.
An “Economic Miracle” in the Soviet Union is Still Possible!

The failings of the new experiment launched in the Soviet Union between 1985‐1990 under the formula of glasnost and perestroika, are outlined and explained. As an alternative, one which if successful may lead to an “economic miracle” even greater than that of the recovery of Germany and Japan after the Second World War, a programme for recovery and stabilisation of the Soviet economy and finances is formulated. There is a need for critical evaluation of both capitalism and socialism to correct their weaknesses by introducing a new social economic order – “liberal socialism”, if you use the terminology in the East; “social liberalism” in the West. This can be achieved only if certain conditions are met (conditions of equilibrium: monetary, banking, organised markets, and competition). Wide‐ranging reforms are advocated, including the passing of a Law of Social and Economic Justice in the privatisation of industry, artisanship and commerce; reforms of organised securities, commodities and foreign exchange m...
Functional Categorization of Transcriptome in the Species Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin 1904 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) Exposed to Benzo[a]pyrene and Phenanthrene

This study aims to evaluate the transcriptome alterations, through cDNA libraries, associated with the combined effects of two PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (0.5 µg/L) and phenanthrene (50 µg/L), present in crude oil, on specimens of Symphysodon aequifasciatus (discus fish) after 48 h of exposure. The cDNA libraries were constructed according to the SOLiD™ SAGE™ protocol for sequencing in the SOLiD v.3 Plus sequencer. The results were analyzed by bioinformatics and differentially expressed genes were categorized using the gene ontology program. The functional categories (terms) found in the gene ontology and the gene network generated using STRING software were used to predict the adverse effects of benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene in the liver. In the present study, 27,127 genes (compared to Danio rerio database) were identified. Considering only those genes with a p-value less than or equal to 0.05 and greater than or equal to two-fold change in expression across libraries, we found 804 genes, 438 down-regulated (54%) and 366 up-regulated (46%), in the experimental group compared to the control. Out of this total, 327 genes were successfully categorized, 174 down-regulated and 153 up-regulated, using gene ontology. Using String, the gene network was composed by 199 nodes, 124 of them resulting in 274 interactions. The results showed that even an acute exposure of 48 h caused metabolic change in response to environmental contaminants, resulting in changes of cell integrity, in oxidation-reduction processes, in the immune response and disturbances of intracellular signaling of discus fish. Also the gene network has showed no central interplay cluster, exhibiting instead interconnected clusters interactions and connected sub-networks. These findings highlight that even an acute sublethal exposure of PAHs can cause metabolism changes that may affect survival of discus. Our findings using SOLiD coupled with SAGE-method resulted in a powerful and reliable means for gene expression analysis in discus, a non-model Amazonian fish.
Neuropsychological differences between young and old schizophrenics with and without associated neurological dysfunction

Age differences among 134 schizophrenics with associated neurological dysfunction, 160 schizophrenics without such dysfunction, 285 nonschizophrenics with neurological dysfunction and 240 patient controls on the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological Test Battery (HRB) were examined by splitting subjects at their median ages and performing two way analyses of variance for each HRB component test with diagnosis and age category as the independent variables. In the case of the schizophrenics with neurological dysfunction, significant interactions were found for several subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and for the Speech Perception, Trail Making and Aphasia Screening Test. In the case of the neurologically intact subgroup, significant interactions were only found for the WAIS Comprehension subtest and Part B of the Trail Making Test. Only WAIS Comprehension produced a significant interaction in the nonschizophrenic group with neurological dysfunction. It was concluded that age differences in neurologically intact schizophrenics were generally comparable to those found in the controls, but that was less the case for the neurologically impaired schizophrenics. Furthermore, this pattern of findings is unlikely to be based upon the presence of associated neurological dysfunction alone, but probably reflects the particularly detrimental effect of compounding schizophrenia with neurological dysfunction.
A novel method for accurate needle-tip identification in trans-rectal ultrasound-based high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose In real-time trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS)-based high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy, the accurate identification of needle-tip position is critical for treatment planning and delivery. Currently, needle-tip identification on ultrasound images can be subject to large uncertainty and errors because of ultrasound image quality and imaging artifacts. To address this problem, we developed a method based on physical measurements with simple and practical implementation to improve the accuracy and robustness of needle-tip identification. Methods and Materials Our method uses measurements of the residual needle length and an off-line pre-established coordinate transformation factor, to calculate the needle-tip position on the TRUS images. The transformation factor was established through a one-time systematic set of measurements of the probe and template holder positions, applicable to all patients. To compare the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method and the conventional method (ultrasound detection), based on the gold-standard X-ray fluoroscopy, extensive measurements were conducted in water and gel phantoms. Results In water phantom, our method showed an average tip-detection accuracy of 0.7 mm compared with 1.6 mm of the conventional method. In gel phantom (more realistic and tissue-like), our method maintained its level of accuracy while the uncertainty of the conventional method was 3.4 mm on average with maximum values of over 10 mm because of imaging artifacts. Conclusions A novel method based on simple physical measurements was developed to accurately detect the needle-tip position for TRUS-based high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy. The method demonstrated much improved accuracy and robustness over the conventional method.
Throughflow within Makassar Strait

From late November 1996 to early July 1998 velocity measurements were made at two moorings within a constriction in Makassar Strait near 3oS. The 1997 average throughflow is 9.3 Sv, with an uncertainty of about _+ 2.5 S v depending on how the surface flow is taken into account. The results show that throughflow within Makassar Strait can account for all of the Pacific to Indian interocean transport. The correlation of transport to ENSO may be as high as 0.73, though the time series is too short to say this with assurance. Most of the remaining variance is explained by the annual cycle, with a June maximum and December minimum. A strong intra-seasonal event occurs from late May to July, 1997.
Nonlinear filtering applied to single-view backpropagated images of strong scatterers

In weak scattering diffraction tomography, there is a well-known Fourier relationship between the field scattered by an unknown object and the scattering potential that characterizes the object. For these weakly scattering objects, those that satisfy the Born or Rytov approximation, the scattered field generated from a sequence of different illumination directions complements Fourier data on the unknown scattering potential. A low-pass reconstruction is found by Fourier inversion. A simulation is presented in which the scattered far field from several strongly scattering penetrable two-dimensional cylinders is backpropagated into the object domain. For these more strongly scattering objects, a single wavelength and a single illumination direction are used to provide limited Fourier data on the product of the scattering potential and the total field. A nonlinear filtering technique, known as differential cepstral filtering, is used to isolate the scattering potential and to suppress artifacts introduced by the perturbing field component. Reconstructed images calculated by this technique from exact scattered-field data from cylindrically symmetric objects are shown.
Autophagy is involved in nanoalumina-induced cerebrovascular toxicity.

Abstract The current study focused on blood–brain barrier disruption and neurovascular damage induced by engineered nanomaterials. Exposure to nanoalumina, but not to nanocarbon, induced a dose-dependent mitochondrial potential collapse, increased autophagy of brain endothelial cells, and decreased expression of the tight-junction proteins occludin and claudin-5. Inhibition of autophagy by pretreatment with Wortmannin attenuated the effects of nanoalumina on decreased claudin-5 expression; however, it did not affect the disruption of occludin. These findings were confirmed in mice by administration of nanoalumina into the cerebral circulation. Systemic treatment with nanoalumina elevated autophagy-related genes and autophagic activity in the brain, decreased tight-junction protein expression, and elevated blood–brain barrier permeability. Finally, exposure to nanoalumina, but not to nanocarbon, increased brain infarct volume in mice subjected to a focal ischemic stroke model. Overall, our study reveals that autophagy constitutes an important mechanism involved in nanoalumina-induced neurovascular toxicity in the central nervous system. From the Clinical Editor In this paper, the effects of nanoalumina on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier is reported, suggesting that autophagy is an important mechanism in nanoalumina-induced neurovascular toxicity.