cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sacred Matters: Sanctification as a Vital Topic for the Psychology of Religion

In this article and those that follow, we suggest that sacred matters represent a vital interest for the psychology of religion. We note that people can perceive virtually any aspect of their lives as having divine character and significance. Furthermore, people can sanctify objects theistically as a manifestation of their images, beliefs, or experiences of God and nontheistically by investing objects with qualities that characterize divinity. We discuss several implications of sanctification for human functioning: people invest a great deal of time and energy in sacred matters; people go to great lengths to preserve and protect whatever they perceive to be sacred; sacred aspects of life elicit spiritual emotions; sanctification offers a powerful personal and social resource that people can tap throughout their lives; and the loss of the sacred can have devastating effects. We conclude with a call for further studies of sacred matters and specific directions for research.
Displacement of the pisiform: a radiographic sign for synovitis of the wrist joint.

Acute traumatic wrist synovitis causing volar displacement of the pisiform. The patient presented to the emergency department and was diagnosed with a dislocation of the pisiform, and her wrist was splinted. Upon examination in the hand clinic, ulnar-sided wrist pain and warmth were noted. MRI examination demonstrated an enhancing proliferation of tissue and fluid on T2, which emanated from the radiocarpal joint, displacing the pisiform volarly. The flexor carpi ulnaris tendon insertion was deemed intact. Isolated dislocations of the pisiform are rare. Traumatic synovitis of the wrist joint results from inflammatory proliferation of the synovium resulting in symptoms of pain, swelling, and restricted motion [1]. The most common noninfectious cause of traumatic wrist synovitis is overuse or trauma [2]. The 1 week delay between injury and onset of symptoms in this case is more characteristic of traumatic wrist synovitis. Traumatic wrist synovitis can also be seen in patients with underlying conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, crystalline deposition disease (CPPD), or infection [2]. No evidence of rheumatoid arthritis or CPPD was seen on radiographs. The patient was placed in a right wrist splint and given a 6 day Medrol Dosepak. Follow up examination at 2 weeks showed complete resolution of wrist swelling, tenderness, and warmth. The pisiform triquetral joint is a synovial joint that communicates with the radiocarpal joint [3]. In this case the traumatic synovitis proliferation from the wrist joint expanded into the pisiform triquetral joint causing the displacement of the pisiform. This was demonstrated on MR by the acute angle subtended by the FCU tendon. The MRI findings as well as the clinical features of ulnar-sided wrist pain, wrist swelling, and the prompt resolution of symptoms lead to the diagnosis of acute traumatic wrist synovitis. We now consider displacement of the pisiform on conventional wrist radiographs a potential sign of acute wrist synovitis.
Nanofiber Formation in Spider Dragline-Silk as Probed by Atomic Force Microscopy and Molecular Pulling

Despite the extensive interest in its remarkable materials properties, the structure of spider dragline silk is not yet known. Indirect structural information is thus of particular interest. New data are presented here from two probe microscopy techniques–atomic force microscopy (AFM) and single-molecule force spectroscopy, or ‘molecular pulling.’ Using a soluble synthetic protein from dragline silk, segmented silk nanofibers have been observed by AFM. Molecular pulling (Force Spectroscopy) has revealed sawtooth-like rupture peaks, indicative of the sacrificial bonds and hidden lengths seen in molecules of other self-healing biomaterials. A model is presented for the folding of single dragline-silk molecules and the arrangement of these molecules into nanofibers. The relationship is discussed between these molecular / nanoscale results and the materials properties of natural and artificial dragline silks.
AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR THE CORRECTION OF BIOAEROSOL DATA COLLECTED WITH MULTIPLE JET IMPACTORS

Multiple jet impactors are routinely used to measure airborne microbial concentrations in a variety of work and residential environments. Analyses of data collected with these units, however, should account for the possibility of multiple impactions at single sites. Data is usually corrected for multiple impactions using published “positive hole” correction tables. This report describes a new estimator that can be used to correct bioaerosol data collected with multiple jet impactors. The estimator has a simple form and can be easily incorporated into computing environments such as spreadsheets, thus eliminating the need for correction tables. The new approach yields corrected values that are numerically very close to those obtained with the previously published correction methods. Various properties of the new estimator were examined to evaluate the usefulness of the proposed method.
Protection, usability and improvements in reflected XSS filters

Due to the high popularity of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks, most major browsers now include or support filters to protect against reflected XSS attacks. Internet Explorer and Google Chrome provide built-in filters, while Firefox supports extensions that provide this functionality. However, these filters all have limitations.
Magnetic Resonance–Guided Cardiac Catheterization in a Swine Model of Atrial Septal Defect

Background— Radiation exposure during cardiac catheterization, limited image planes, and poor soft tissue definition are disadvantages of x-ray fluoroscopy that could be overcome with the use of MRI. This study evaluates the feasibility of real-time MRI (MR fluoroscopy) to guide left and right heart catheterization. Methods and Results— Anesthetized pigs (n=7) with defects of the atrial septum were catheterized using venous and arterial access. A prototype active tracking catheter was used to obtain blood pressures and samples from cardiac chambers and great vessels using antegrade, transseptal, and retrograde approaches. MR fluoroscopy was used for catheter steering. Velocity-encoded cine MRI was used to measure pulmonary and aortic blood flow to calculate vascular resistances. Image planes used during catheter manipulation used rapid sequencing to planes directed by the operator to include the tip of the catheter and the chamber to be entered. All areas of interest were effectively entered, and samples ...
ADHD in American early schooling: from a cultural psychological perspective

In this article, I present a study conducted with 10 Southeastern US early childhood teachers on their views concerning problem behaviour, in general, and the practice of diagnosis and pharmaceutical treatment for Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), in particular. Themes that emerged from the interview data included: (1) teachers’ perceptions of problem behaviour and ADHD largely overlapped as both were framed as disruption to instruction and hindrance to a child’s and his peers’ learning; (2) while teachers had a unanimous view of gender differences, there were conflicting perceptions about socioeconomic, racial/ethnic and age differences between children with and without ADHD; and (3) teachers highlighted more positive than negative effects of the use of medication for children with ADHD. I examine each of these findings from a cultural psychological perspective in an effort to understand how these teachers’ views reflect goals, priorities and practices valued in contemporary US contexts. I...
An isolated single electroplax preparation. II. Improved preparation for studying ion flux.

1. (1) Three methods used to study the flux of Na in a single isolated electroplax are described. 2. (2) One of these methods involves a new way of dissecting the cell in order to get rid of most of the extracellular space surrounding the innervated membrane. 3. (3) The total Na outflux has been found to vary from 0.00215 to 0.138 μMh for cells weighing between 4.78 to 32.55 mg. 4. (4) The total influx has been found to vary between 0.016 and 0.046 μMh for cells weighing between 4.78 to 22.13 mg. These values are considered to be in good agreement because of the uncertainty in the method of expressing results (as μMh per fresh weight). 5. (5) The intracellular sodium concentration has been found to vary between 4.5 to 23 μMh intracellular water. 6. (6) More experiments are needed before deciding if the flux across both innervated and non-innervated membranes is equal. The difference in the flux values found could be explained in terms of a reduction of the area of the intervated membrane when the cell is mounted between the two chambers. 7. (7) In some preliminary experiments the flux of Na has been measured in various conditions. A depolarizing agent increases the influx while a K-free or low Na saline reduces the outflux of Na. 8. (8) A tentative evaluation of the energy which would be required if all the outflux of Na was due to active transport shows that it would correspond to 6% of the resting metabolism.
Routelet placement for multipath transport

In this paper, we address the placement of relay service agents (routelets) in the Internet to assist multipath transport protocols; these protocols are designed to achieve better network utilization and fairness by exploiting path diversity in the Internet. We identify three different routelet deployment scenarios, provide LP formulations for routelet placement in each of the scenarios, and prove that the placement problem is NP-hard in two of the scenarios. We provide rounding algorithms with provable properties for a subset of the scenarios, and compare their performance through simulations on several BRITE topologies of varying scales. We observe that our rounding algorithm leads to a 2-5 fold increase in bandwidth utilization compared to the default single path routing. This closely matches the performance of the optimal LP throughput in the several topologies tested.
Hereditary colorectal cancers

Individuals with one of the highest known risks of developing colorectal cancer are members of hereditary colorectal cancer families. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) are the most commonly recognized hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes. Surveillance, family identification, and education are of major importance. Genetic screening holds further promise.
Waning pilgrimage paths and modern roadscapes: moving through landscape in northern Guerrero, Mexico

Abstract Most of the terrain under discussion is in the Mexican state of Guerrero, in the vicinity of the city of Taxco. This paper offers data on pilgrimage paths (Ostotempan, Chalma) and describes how spaces are made into places along the road between Ixcateopan and Taxco. Two levels of a spiritual landscape are identified and the veneration of several types of natural places and trees is highlighted.
The structure of premixed methane-air flames with large activation energy

Abstract We examine the structure of both lean and stoichiometric premixed methane-air flames with a reduced reaction mechanism. Our starting point is a four-step, C 1 -chain mechanism that has been derived previously using a series of steady-state and partial equilibrium assumptions. This same mechanism has been adopted in several recent asymptotic studies that have used the ratio of the branching to propagating reactions as the perturbation parameter to analyze the fuel consumption zone within the flame structure. In the present study, we assume that the activation energy of the intermediate reactions in the fuel consumption zone are sufficiently large to employ the method of large activation energy asymptotics. We obtain temperature and species profiles, as well as a structure problem whose solution determines the burning rate eigenvalue in terms of a parameter that represents the ratio of branching to terminating reactions. When this parameter is set to zero, the results of previous rate-ratio analyses are recovered. In the opposite limit that this parameter becomes large, the structure reduces to that of Linan's premixed burning regime. In both limiting cases, we determine the parametric dependence of the burning rate on equivalence ratio, pressure, and the ratio of competing rates of branching and termination reactions. The trends are found to be largely in agreement with experimental observations. One advantage of the present approach is that the exponentially nonlinear reaction rate terms are retained, thus permitting the study of the response of methane-air flames to small perturbations.
Effects of perceived support from mothers, fathers, and teachers on depressive symptoms during the transition to middle school.

The transition to middle school can be a significant stressor for young adolescents, leading to increases in depression for those who are vulnerable. The current study examined how perceived support from mothers, fathers, and teachers independently and interactively predicted developmental patterns of depressive symptoms during adolescents’ transition to middle school, and gender differences in these effects of social support. Four timepoints of data were collected from 1,163 participants (48.5 % boys) enrolled in an ethnically diverse suburban middle school in the Midwest between 1.25 and 20.50 months after these participants entered the 7th grade. The results from growth curve modeling indicated that levels of depressive symptoms decreased over time for boys but remained stable for girls during the developmental period examined. There is also evidence that support from mothers, fathers, and teachers independently and inversely predicted levels of depressive symptoms at the beginning of the 7th grade, and support from both mothers and fathers predicted changes in these symptoms. Effects of mothers’ support and teachers’ support, but not the effect of fathers’ support, remained significant in reducing levels of depressive symptoms at 20.50 months from middle school entry. Furthermore, the protective effect of mothers’ support was stronger for girls than for boys. Finally, mothers’ support interacted with fathers’ support and teachers’ support to predict levels of depressive symptoms. Specifically, the protective effect of mothers’ support was more salient when fathers’ support was low, and vice versa. In contrast, support from mothers and teachers had an amplifying, synergistic effect.
Memory for affectively valenced and neutral stimuli in depression: evidence from a novel matching task.

Depressed persons have better memory for affectively negative than positive stimuli, a pattern generally not exhibited by non-depressed individuals. The mechanisms underlying this differential memory are not clear. In this study we examined memory for valenced and neutral stimuli in depressed and non-depressed individuals under conditions of relatively unconstrained encoding. We developed a novel task based on the game, Concentration, in which participants tried to match pairs of positive and negative words, and pairs of neutral words, hidden under squares in as few turns as possible. Whereas non-depressed participants selected and turned over positive squares more frequently than they did negative squares, depressed participants selected and turned over positive and negative squares equally often. Depressed participants also matched fewer positive word pairs within the first five minutes of the task than did non-depressed participants, and they exhibited poorer learning of positive words. Depressed and n...
Role of the observer in the scientific process in astrobiology and in defining life

The role of the observer in the scientific process has been studied in various contexts, including philosophical. It is notorious that the experiments are theory-loaded, that the observers pick and choose what they consider important based on their scientific and cultural backgrounds, and that the same phenomenon may be studied by different observers from different angles. In this paper we critically review various authors' views of the role of the observer in the scientific process, as they apply to astrobiology. Astrobiology is especially vulnerable to the role of the observer, since it is an interdisciplinary science. Thus, the backgrounds of the observers in the astrobiology field are even more heterogeneous than in the other sciences. The definition of life is also heavily influenced by the observer of life who injects his/her own prejudices in the process of observing and defining life. Such prejudices are often dictated by the state of science, instrumentation, and the science politics at the time, as well as the educational, scientific, cultural and other background of the observer.
Color-singlet jets and large rapidity gaps in e + e - annihilation

The concept of color-singlet (subsystems of) jets is introduced and partially developed under the pretense of calculating the cross section for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation into final states containing a large rapidity gap. The cross section for such events turns out to be small.
Die Messung der Leberdurchblutung von Mensch und Tier

Die Leber- bzw. Eingeweidedurchblutung kann mit brauchbarer Genauigkeit mit einer indirekten Methode an Menschen und an Versuchstieren ohne erforderliche chirurgische Masnahmen oder Narkose gemessen werden. Die Methode grundet sich auf die Voraussetzung 1. das Bromsulfalein oder Bengalrot unter bestimmten Bedingungen fast vollstandig durch die Leber aus dem Blut extrahiert wird; 2. das die Bromsulfaleinkonzentration im Arterienblut derjenigen des in die Leber einstromenden Blutes gleich ist und 3. das das durch venose Katheterisierung einer einzelnen Lebervene erhaltene Blut hinsichtlich seiner BSP-Konzentration dem gemischten Lebervenenblut gleich ist. Die Leberdurchblutung last sich sodann berechnen, indem man die Grose der hepatischen BSP-Ausscheidung (die der Infusionsgeschwindigkeit gleichgesetzt werden kann, wenn die arterielle BSP-Konzentration konstant ist) durch die arterio-hepatisch-venose BSP-Konzentrationsdifferenz dividiert. Es wurde ferner die technische Durchfuhrung der Methode beschrieben und die Grundlagen im einzelnen erortert. Man kann den begrundeten Schlus ziehen, das die Methode Werte der Leberdurchblutung liefert, die nur wenig von der tatsachlich vorhandenen Durchstromung abweichen und dies auch bei grosen Stromstarkeschwankungen und unter den verschiedensten physiologischen Bedingungen.
Role of oxytocin on prolactin secretion during proestrus and in different physiological or pharmacological paradigms.

The present study was designed to evaluate the possible physiological role of oxytocin (OXY) on PRL release by examining the effect of administration of potent pharmacological antagonists of OXY on the stimulation of PRL secretion observed in vitro from anterior pituitary (AP) cells in response to OXY administration or in a number of in vivo paradigms. OXY caused a dose-related increase in PRL release from dispersed AP cells and short term AP cell cultures which was blocked by administration of the OXY antagonists [1-deaminopenicillamine, 2-O-methyltyrosine, 8-ornithine]vasotocin (dPOMeOVT) or [l-(β-mercapto-β,β-cyclopentamethylene propanoic acid)2-O-methyltyrosine, 8-ornithine]vasotocin (MPOMeOVT), respectively. The antagonists were given in vivo in a dose that completely blocked suckling-induced milk letdown for up to 90 min. Injection of the antagonists did not alter the 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced increase in plasma PRL or the increase associated with acute ether stress or acute suckling stimuli, sugg...
Environmental variables interact across spatial scales to structure trichopteran assemblages in Ouachita Mountain rivers

An important goal in aquatic ecology is to determine the interacting variables that regulate community structure; however, complex biotic and abiotic interactions coupled with the significance of scale have confounded the interpretation of community data. We evaluated stream and riparian habitat features in southeastern Oklahoma, USA at a range of spatial scales from local, in-stream variables to large-scale, regional characteristics to address the following questions: (1) How much variation in trichopteran community composition can be attributed to local, regional, and spatial variables? and (2) What environmental variables are most important in determining trichopteran community structure? We collected data on caddisfly community structure, local and regional environmental variables, and spatial location on the landscape from 25 sites in four rivers. We analyzed these data using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and variation partitioning. Our analysis explained approximately 60% of the variation in caddisfly community composition. We found that local and regional environmental variables were near equal in importance in governing caddisfly communities, with each accounting for approximately a quarter of the explained variation. Although pure spatial variables were less important, the amount of variation shared among spatial variables and local and regional variables was substantial, indicating that biogeographic history is also key to understanding caddisfly distributions. We also found a strong influence of human landuse (i.e., percent of land in agriculture, distance to roads) on caddisfly community composition. Our study indicated that communities are influenced by factors across scales, and that bioassessments should focus on not only local habitat conditions, but also incorporate larger-scale factors.
A formal associative model of logic programming and its abstract instruction set

Associative computation is characterized by the intertwining of search by content and data parallel computation. This intertwining facilitates the integration of knowledge retrieval and data parallel computation. The paper describes a formal set of architecture independent rules for an associative model of logic programming, and an abstract instruction set. The model integrates knowledge retrieval, data parallel computation, and rule based reasoning within logic programming paradigm. An example of abstract instructions has been presented through the compilations of illustrative programs. Benchmark results have been presented. Benchmark result shows that tight integration of rule based reasoning and data parallel computation has reduced overhead on high performance supercomputers. >
Shakespeare, Spenser, and the Crisis in Ireland

List of illustrations Acknowledgements Introduction: Elizabeth's other isle 1. Spenser's Irish courts 2. Reversing the conquest: deputies, rebels and Shakespeare's 2 Henry VI 3. Ireland, Wales and the representation of England's borderlands 4. The Tyrone rebellion and the gendering of colonial resistance in 1 Henry VI 5. 'A softe kind of warre': Spenser and the female reformation of Ireland 6. 'If the Cause be not good': Henry V and Essex's Irish campaign Notes List of works cited Index.
An Orthodox Embrace of Gentiles? Interfaith Tolerance in the Thought of S. D. Luzzatto and E. Benamozegh

Ever since the beginning of the Enlightenment there has been a markedly tolerant shift in the philosophical and ethical stance of Jews and Judaism toward non-Jews and their religions. This is certainly true in the social sphere, in the political conceptualization of the liberal society, and in the extension of ethical commitments to non-Jews.1 But this has generally been considered typical mostly of liberal Jewish thought and in opposition to Orthodox philosophical and halakhic constructs. The details of philosophical and ethical positions in this matter, however, yield some surprising results. Although in the practical realm there is a considerable degree of acceptance of Gentiles among liberal Jewish philosophers of the Enlightenment and the nineteenth century, there is also a significant effort, especially in Germany, to articulate the supremacy of Judaism over all other faiths. Among some philosophers there has even been a perpetuation, at least on a philosophical level, of the need to destroy false religions.2 For example, Hermann Cohen, the great exponent of ethical monotheism and the ethical treatment of the stranger, also states,
Alignment of classification paradigms for communication abilities in children with cerebral palsy.

Aim We examined three communication ability classification paradigms for children with cerebral palsy (CP): the Communication Function Classification System (CFCS), the Viking Speech Scale (VSS), and the Speech Language Profile Groups (SLPG). Questions addressed interjudge reliability, whether the VSS and the CFCS captured impairments in speech and language, and whether there were differences in speech intelligibility among levels within each classification paradigm. Method Eighty children (42 males, 38 females) with a range of types and severity levels of CP participated (mean age 60mo, range 50–72mo [SD 5mo]). Two speech-language pathologists classified each child via parent–child interaction samples and previous experience with the children for the CFCS and VSS, and using quantitative speech and language assessment data for the SLPG. Intelligibility scores were obtained using standard clinical intelligibility measurement. Results Kappa values were 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55–0.79) for the CFCS, 0.82 (95% CI 0.72–0.92) for the VSS, and 0.95 (95% CI 0.72–0.92) for the SLPG. Descriptively, reliability within levels of each paradigm varied, with the lowest agreement occurring within the CFCS at levels II (42%), III (40%), and IV (61%). Neither the CFCS nor the VSS were sensitive to language impairments captured by the SLPG. Significant differences in speech intelligibility were found among levels for all classification paradigms. Interpretation Multiple tools are necessary to understand speech, language, and communication profiles in children with CP. Characterization of abilities at all levels of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health will advance our understanding of the ways that speech, language, and communication abilities present in children with CP.
Superfluid Porous Plug Performance

The porous plug phase separator, for controlling the vent gas of a superfluid helium dewar, has been successfully demonstrated by the IRAS system1. Porous plugs are proposed for use on many future systems2, so it is important that we fully understand their operation. In this paper we will report test results on a number of 316 stainless steel porous plugs having filtration grades from 0.5 microns to 40 µm. We have shown earlier1,2 that the ṁ vs. Δp curve is broken into two distinct regions. In this paper we will concentrate on the critical mass flow, ṁc , that separates these two flow regimes.
Identification of human rotavirus serotype by hybridization to polymerase chain reaction-generated probes derived from a hyperdivergent region of the gene encoding outer capsid protein VP7.

Abstract We have synthesized 32P-labeled hybridization probes from a hyperdivergent region (nucleotides 51 to 392) of the rotavirus gene encoding the VP7 glycoprotein by using the polymerase chain reaction method. Both RNA (after an initial reverse transcription step) and cloned cDNA from human rotavirus serotypes 1 through 4 could be used as templates to amplify this region. High-stringency hybridization of each of the four probes to rotavirus RNAs dotted on nylon membranes allowed the specific detection of corresponding sequences and thus permitted identification of the serotype of the strains dotted. The procedure was useful when applied to rotaviruses isolated from field studies.
PDGFRA Activating Mutations in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have activating mutations in the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase, and most patients with GISTs respond well to Gleevec, which inhibits KIT kinase activity. Here we show that approximately 35% (14 of 40) of GISTs lacking KIT mutations have intragenic activation mutations in the related receptor tyrosine kinase, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Tumors expressing KIT or PDGFRA oncoproteins were indistinguishable with respect to activation of downstream signaling intermediates and cytogenetic changes associated with tumor progression. Thus, KIT and PDGFRA mutations appear to be alternative and mutually exclusive oncogenic mechanisms in GISTs.
Immune‐mediated platelet destruction and thrombocytopenia in patients with solid tumours

Autoimmune mediated platelet destruction with severe thrombocytopenia was documented in eight patients with solid tumours. The patients had reduced platelet lifespan, positive platelet antibody tests, increased numbers of megakaryocytes, and a rise in platelet count following treatment with steroids, splenectomy or immunosuppressive therapy. Intravascular coagulation was excluded as the predominant cause of thrombocytopenia by near normal 125I-fibrinogen survival; thrombocytopenia secondary to marrow suppression was ruled out by increased platelet turnover. Thus, like patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, patients with solid tumours may be thrombocytopenic because of immune mediated platelet destruction.
The effects of a ground shield on the characteristics and performance of spiral inductors

The frequency dependence of the model parameters of patterned ground shield (PGS) inductors in large part is explained as a consequence of modeling a distributed system with a lumped model. The effects of PGS shape and material on inductor characteristics have been examined and explained. There is an optimum area for a PGS to maximize Q. Using an n/sup +/ buried/n-well PGS, the peak Q is improved by /spl sim/25% from that of an inductor without a PGS while only slightly changing L and C/sub p/ in comparison to inductors with other PGSs. Having a PGS does not significantly improve isolation between adjacent inductors when isolation is limited by magnetic coupling since a PGS is specifically designed to limit termination of magnetic fields.
Effect of Si doping on the strain and defect structure of GaN thin films

Abstract The amount of strain was measured in GaN films using X-ray diffraction, Raman, and curvature techniques as a function of film thickness and the Si doping concentration. It was found that for a doping concentration of 2×1019, the threshold thickness for crack formation was about 2.5 μm. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed that cracking proceeds without plastic deformation (i.e., no dislocation motion), and occurs catastrophically along the low-energy {1 1 0 0} cleavage plane of GaN.
Signal/Power Integrity Analysis for Multilayer Printed Circuit Boards Using Cascaded S-Parameters

A cascaded S-parameter method is proposed in this paper for signal/power integrity analysis of multiple vias in a multilayer printed circuit board (PCB). The proposed method enables efficient and accurate construction and simulation of physics-based via model for complex multilayer PCB structures involving vias. The physics-based via model describes the parasitic effects near each via region as well as mutual coupling among different vias. In this model, each via portion between two parallel plates is regarded as a three-port network with two coaxial ports and one radial port between the two plates. A procedure is first developed to obtain the S-parameters of a single plate pair, which combine the three-port via networks with the impedance matrix of the parallel-plate pair. Once the S-parameters of each plate pair are obtained, an assembling technique for cascading microwave networks is further developed. The method proposed in this paper has been validated by both simulations with a commercial circuit simulator and measurements.
Evolving neural networks

Neuroevolution, i.e. evolution of artificial neural networks, has recently emerged as a powerful technique for solving challenging reinforcement learning problems. Compared to traditional (e.g. value-function based) methods, neuroevolution is especially strong in domains where the state of the world is not fully known: The state can be disambiguated through recurrency, and novel situations handled through pattern matching. In this tutorial, I will review (1) neuroevolution methods that evolve fixed-topology networks, network topologies, and network construction processes, (2) ways of combining traditional neural network learning algorithms with evolutionary methods, and (3) applications of neuroevolution to control, robotics, artificial life, and games.
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in Pseudophakic Malignant Glaucoma

Background: Malignant glaucoma (ciliary block glaucoma; aqueous misdirection glaucoma) is an incompletely understood, rare and serious complication of intraocular surgery. Methods: A woman with pseudophakic malignant glaucoma underwent successful neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser photodisruption of the anterior hyaloid face with resolution of the glaucoma. High-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy was used to image the anterior segment and anterior chamber angle before and after laser surgery. Results: Ultrasound biomicroscopy provided cross-sectional images of the iris, posterior chamber intraocular lens (10L), and ciliary body and their relative positions before and after resolution of the malignant glaucoma. Anterior rotation of the ciliary body and anterior chamber shallowing normalized after rupture of the anterior hyaloid face. Conclusion: High-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy provided images consistent with accepted concepts of the pathophysiology of this disease and offers great promise for the future elucidation of the anatomic mechanisms underlying various forms of glaucoma.
Adult Jewish Education and Participation among Reform Jewish Women.

Adult Jewish education has a long, storied history. Jewish synagogues offer a variety of programs and classes to assist adults in learning about Judaism. Jewish women are active participants in adult Jewish education. This chapter explores Reform Jewish women's participation in adult Jewish education.
Judging Culpability in Dwyer’s Climate Change “Gaia Commission”: A Response to Dwyer

This commentary examines the concepts “recklessness, negligence and indifference” in James Dwyer’s short story, “The Gaia Commission: Climate Change and Moral Responsibility.”
Dermoids and Dermal Sinus Tracts of the Spine

Dermal sinus tracts appear as innocuous skin pits or dimples but are associated with significant risks of meningitis and spinal cord tethering. Intraspinal or intramedullary inclusion cysts frequently accompany sinus tracts and may lead to spinal cord or cauda equina compression. This article reviews the clinical presentation, radiological investigation, and embryological theories of sinus tract formation. The authors present their surgical technique for tract resection, and methods of neurophysiological monitoring are outlined.
Fairness considerations in network flow problems

In most of the physical networks, such as power, water and transportation systems, there is a system-wide objective function, typically social welfare, and an underlying physics constraint governing the flow in the networks. The standard economics and optimization theories suggest that at optimal operating point, the price in the system should correspond to the optimal dual variables associated with those physical constraint. While this set of prices can achieve the best social welfare, they may feature significant differences even for neighboring agents in the system. This work addresses fairness considerations in network flow problems, where we not only care about the standard social welfare maximization, but also distribution of prices. We first interpret the network flow problem as an economic market problem. We then show that by tuning a design parameter, we can achieve a spectrum of price-fairness, where the gap between prices satisfy certain design objective. We derive the required physical means to implement the fairness adjustment and show that the adjusted optimal solution depends on the original network topology.
Hydrogen quantitative risk assessment workshop proceedings.

The Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) Toolkit Introduction Workshop was held at Energetics on June 11-12. The workshop was co-hosted by Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) and HySafe, the International Association for Hydrogen Safety. The objective of the workshop was twofold: (1) Present a hydrogen-specific methodology and toolkit (currently under development) for conducting QRA to support the development of codes and standards and safety assessments of hydrogen-fueled vehicles and fueling stations, and (2) Obtain feedback on the needs of early-stage users (hydrogen as well as potential leveraging for Compressed Natural Gas [CNG], and Liquefied Natural Gas [LNG]) and set priorities for %E2%80%9CVersion 1%E2%80%9D of the toolkit in the context of the commercial evolution of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). The workshop consisted of an introduction and three technical sessions: Risk Informed Development and Approach; CNG/LNG Applications; and Introduction of a Hydrogen Specific QRA Toolkit.
Cataphoretic Velocity of Streptococci Isolated in Cases of Encephalitis and of Other Diseases of the Nervous System

The material for study was obtained, as in previous work,1 from various atria of infection in such a way as to exclude, so far as possible, contamination from extraneous sources. The nasopharynx was swabbed without touching the tongue with a cotton-wrapped, wire swab, bent to a suitable angle. Pus and other material for cultures were expressed and scooped from tonsils with a small laryngeal mirror 1.5 cm. in diameter, bent to an angle of about 45 degrees. The material obtained from the nasopharynx and the tonsil was suspended as a routine in 2 cc. of gelatin (0.2 per cent)-Locke's solution, for cultures and animal inoculations. Extirpated tonsils were washed in large amounts of salt solution, and cultures were made from material obtained from the depths with pipets after searing the surface, or from emulsions made in salt solution by grinding with sand in a mortar. Pus from the depths of pyorrhea pockets was aspirated into small pipets after disinfecting the surface with alcohol. Pulpless teeth were extracted in a sterile manner; the apical fourth was immediately severed with bone-cutting forceps, washed thoroughly by shaking vigorously for some time in 2 cc. of gelatin-Locke's solution containing quartz sand, according to Haden's method, and cultures were made from the washings and by placing the apex itself in dextrose brain broth. Exudates in cases of prostatitis were obtained from the urine or collected in a sterile manner after massage of the prostate gland, and swabbings were made from the uterine cervix in cases of endocervicitis. Cultures were also made from these and from washings from the sinuses in cases of maxillary sinusitis. Cultures for cataphoretic studies and inoculation of animals were made chiefly in the mediums of choice for studies of elective localization (tall tubes of dextrose brain broth and soft 0.2 to 0.7 per cent dextrose brain agar), which afford a gradient of oxygen tension, relatively low oxidationreduction potential and other favorable conditions for the rapid growth of highly sensitive parasitic organisms, especially green-producing streptococci. Assuming
Mixing in crossflowing jets: Turbulence quantities

Simultaneous planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) yield measurements of two-dimensional jet fluid concentration and velocity fields, both the mean and fluctuating terms, in turbulent crossflowing jets. The jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio is r = 5.7 and the jet exit Reynolds number is approximately 5000. The measurements concern the developing region of the flow. Two flow configurations are studied, one in which the jet nozzle is flush with the tunnel wall and the other where the nozzle protrudes into the uniform region of the tunnel flow. The jet nozzle in both cases is a simple pipe. Previous work focused on the averaged scalar and velocity fields. Here, we discuss the resolution issues bearing on the determination of small scale fluctuations, and present results for the averaged scalar variance, C 2 , the scalar flux components, ) )
Social Protection and the Politicization of Class Cleavages During Latin America’s Left Turn

Why and how do class cleavages become politicized in party systems? The recent tenure of left governments in South America has seen the party system realigned along the class cleavage in Venezuela but not in Brazil or Chile. This article argues that different approaches to expanding social protection—“mobilizational” in Venezuela and “technocratic” in Brazil and Chile—explain divergent outcomes. Mobilizational policies incentivized social organization among beneficiaries and allowed for linkages between these organizations and left parties, facilitating credit claiming and recruitment by the left. Technocratic policies targeted atomized beneficiaries with no room for partisan involvement, making credit claiming and recruitment difficult. Case-based evidence illustrates these mechanisms whereas survey analysis using genetic matching confirms that mobilizational and technocratic programs exerted strikingly different effects on support for left parties. The broader contribution is to theorize a new form of c...
Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention is highly effective in community settings

Commentary on: McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet 2016;387:53–60.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Randomised placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing HIV-1 acquisition in diverse international populations including men who have sex with men (MSM).1–3 However, concerns regarding adherence to daily regimens and potential risk compensation (eg, increased engagement in condomless sex) in real-world settings have contributed to skepticism and delayed implementation of PrEP. The PROUD open-label randomised pilot trial tested the effectiveness of daily oral PrEP delivered to high-risk MSM through 13 sexual health … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.volume%253D387%26rft.spage%253D53%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252815%252900056-2%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26364263%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00056-2&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=26364263&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F21%2F3%2F99.atom
The perfect subject (postcolonial object studies)

This article argues that the late 20th-century tradition of material culture studies, as well as its more recent object-oriented offspring, emerged as a response to the 1980s crisis of representati...
Suicide Protective Factors in Outpatient Substance Abuse Patients: Religious Faith and Family Support

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to identify the protective roles of religious faith and family support in buffering against suicidal behavior in a sample of substance abuse outpatients seeking treatment. Data were collected from 112 clinical outpatients seeking treatment for substance abuse. We hypothesized that religious faith would be related to lower levels of suicidal behavior through a negative association with depressive symptoms. We expected this mediation effect would differ across varying levels of family support, providing support for a moderated mediation effect. The results indicate that religious faith exerts stronger direct and indirect effects on suicidal behavior at low levels of family support. Religious faith was significantly and negatively related to suicidal behavior only at low levels of family support. The findings suggest that in the absence of family support, religious faith may play a compensatory role in protecting against suicidal behavior.
Self-Generated Electrokinetic Fluid Flows during Pseudomorphic Mineral Replacement Reactions

Pseudomorphic mineral replacement reactions involve one mineral phase replacing another, while preserving the original mineral’s size and texture. Macroscopically, these transformations are driven by system-wide equilibration through dissolution and precipitation reactions. It is unclear, however, how replacement occurs on the molecular scale and what role dissolved ion transport plays. Here, we develop a new quantitative framework to explain the pseudomorphic replacement of KBr crystal in a saturated KCl solution through a combination of microscopic, spectroscopic, and modeling techniques. Our observations reveal that pseudomorphic mineral replacement (pMRR) is transport-controlled for this system and that convective fluid flows, caused by diffusioosmosis, play a key role in the ion transport process across the reaction-induced pores in the product phase. Our findings have important implications for understanding mineral transformations in natural environments and suggest that replacement could be exploi...
The influence of individual choices and attitudes on adiposity.

Objective: To determine which dietary and lifestyle choices and which attitudes toward diet and health most contribute to adiposity and whether those factors differ by gender. Methods: Multiple regression was used to estimate the effect of energy intake, energy expenditure, resources, demographics, and attitudes toward diet and health on self-reported body mass index (BMI) in a nationally representative sample of the US population. Sample: This study used secondary data from the 1994–1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) and its telephone follow-up, the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (DHKS). CSFII is a nationally representative survey of individuals which obtained 24 h recalls of all food intake on two nonconsecutive days. The DHKS data set obtained information on knowledge and attitudes toward dietary guidance and health from individuals 20 y of age and over, who participated in the CSFII. Our sample consisted of responses from 5512 individuals. Results: We found that many of the variables previously found to or hypothesized to influence body weight do so. Our analysis shows that choices and attitudes do matter for adiposity. Moreover, the analysis shows that the choices males and females make often have quite different effects on BMI. For females all the variables we constructed to represent energy intake, energy expenditure, and financial and human resources are significant. Most of the variables that characterize attitudes toward diet and health are significant. For males, far fewer variables are significant. Our tests for gender-related differences show that whether or not males believe their weight is predetermined has no influence on BMI. In contrast, women who do not believe that their weight is predetermined have lower BMI values than those who believe weight is genetically determined. Discussion: While our qualitative conclusion—choices and attitudes affect BMI—is unsurprising, the quantitative aspects are important. The analysis shows that factors affecting BMI differ systematically by gender. Understanding these systematic differences is critical to the design of information campaigns. Our analysis suggests that entirely different campaigns are necessary to communicate the importance of diet and lifestyle choices to men and to women.