cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The prediction of longshore currents

Longshore currents are an important factor in beach erosion. A relationship is derived from theoretical considerations between the velocity of the longshore current and the height and period of the breaking waves, the angle between the breakers and the beach contours (assumed straight and parallel), and the beach slope in the breaker zone. Field observations and laboratory experiments support this relationship.
[Comment on “Speaking up for science” by Fred Spilhaus] Science in Plain English

I write inspired by Fred Spilhaus's Eos editorial (Speaking Up For Science, 86(24), 14 June 2005, p. 225). I have recently had a front-row seat (at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution) from which to observe the skillful packaging and energetic marketing of a fundamentally religious view of cosmology as science. (Yes, I have seen the film The Privileged Planet.) However, my subject is communication, and what follows is my personal opinion. I confess: I have many times crossed out the word “believe” in a scientific manuscript and noted, “Science is not a belief system.” I hope my victim will become just angry enough with me to remember in the future that a scientist may “conclude” anything the data support but not “believe” it. Why? “Believing” something can mean that one has a firm religious faith in it. This makes the scientist vulnerable to those who wish to define “materialistic science” as a religious belief, and thus aids advocates of alternate “theories” to those of modern evolutionary biology.
Effects of growth hormone, thyroxine, and age on diaphragm muscle from dwarf mice.

The ability of GH in vitro to stimulate leucine incorporation into protein and the uptake of 2-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and 3-O-inethyl-glucose (3-OMG) was studied in diaphragm muscle from dwarf (dwldw) mice. Ovine GH (25 μg/ml) significantly enhanced the rate of protein synthesis in muscle from untreated dwarfs. In contrast, GH usually failed to stimulate transport, although occasionally a small increase in AIB uptake was seen. Insulin (50 μU/ml) readily stimulated both AIB transport and protein synthesis in muscle from untreated dwarfs. Dwarfs were treated for 4 days with thyroxine (T4) (0.3–5 μg/day) or 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) (0.1 μg/day). This enhanced the responsiveness of the transport systems to GH and seemed to increase the basal transport rates for AIB and 3-OMG. After the T4-treatment 0.75 μg/ml GH stimulated AIB transport in mice aged 15 weeks; 25 μg/ml GH stimulated AIB transport in dwarfs aged 5 weeks-l. yr. and leucine incorporation into protein in dwarfs aged 5 weeks-2 yr. This last...
Oxygen dip in southern ocean

Climate simulations predict a decrease in oxygen at depths of 500–2,500 meters in the southern ocean around Antarctica, a team of Australian climate researchers announced on 15 March. “The interpretation [from the simulations[ is that less oxygen-rich water is penetrating into the ocean, and this in turn gives additional credibility to climate change models. The oxygen analysis provides a new benchmark of understanding for researchers, “said Richard Matear, an oceanographer with Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).
A microstructure- and surface energy-dependent third-order shear deformation beam model

A new non-classical third-order shear deformation model is developed for Reddy–Levinson beams using a variational formulation based on Hamilton’s principle. A modified couple stress theory and a surface elasticity theory are employed. The equations of motion and complete boundary conditions for the beam are obtained simultaneously. The new model contains a material length scale parameter to account for the microstructure effect and three surface elastic constants to describe the surface energy effect. Also, Poisson’s effect is incorporated in the new beam model. The current non-classical model recovers the classical elasticity-based third-order shear deformation beam model as a special case when the microstructure, surface energy and Poisson’s effects are all suppressed. In addition, the newly developed beam model includes the models considering the microstructure dependence or the surface energy effect alone as limiting cases and reduces to two existing models for Bernoulli–Euler and Timoshenko beams incorporating the microstructure and surface energy effects. To illustrate the new model, the static bending and free vibration problems of a simply supported beam loaded by a concentrated force are analytically solved by directly applying the general formulas derived. For the static bending problem, the numerical results reveal that both the deflection and rotation of the simply supported beam predicted by the current model are smaller than those predicted by the classical model. Also, it is observed that the differences in the deflection and rotation predicted by the two beam models are very large when the beam thickness is sufficiently small, but they are diminishing with the increase in the beam thickness. For the free vibration problem, it is found that the natural frequency predicted by the new model is higher than that predicted by the classical beam model, and the difference is significant for very thin beams. These predicted trends of the size effect at the micron scale agree with those observed experimentally.
A circuit for measuring the resistance of energized A-C windings

A SIMPLE means of measuring the electrical resistance of a-c energized windings has long been desired inasmuch as it would permit the determination of winding temperatures while the windings are operating under actual load conditions. The circuit as outlined in this paper makes such measurement possible.
Pathophysiology of regression of synovial cysts of the lumbar spine: the 'anti-inflammatory hypothesis'.

The term ‘synovial cysts’ of the lumbar spine refers to cysts that arise from the zygapophyseal joint capsule of the lumbar spine. Although several cases of regression of lumbar spine synovial cysts after oral anti-inflammatory therapy as well as local steroid injection have already been reported in the literature, no study up to now has addressed the role of ‘inflammation suppression’ in the regression of such lesions. In fact most of the previous studies have regarded ‘spontaneous rupture’ as well as ‘instability resolution’ as the most probable explanations for such phenomenon. In this article the authors review the current experimental data about the role of cytokines and inflammation in the development of synovial cysts of the lumbar spine. Additionally with basis on both our clinical experience of regression of a synovial cyst after conservative treatment with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Cox-2 inhibitor) as well as on the experimental data supporting the multi-factorial effects of such drugs on the lumbar facet joints, the authors hypothesize that inhibition of inflammation might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of lumbar spine synovial cysts’ regression.
The Role of Cohabitation in Remarriage.

Using 3 subsamples of remarried respondents (n = 1,583, 971, and 926) in the first wave of the National Survey of Families and Households, this study investigates how different types of cohabitation, especially postdivorce cohabitation, affect the timing and quality of remarriage in the United States. Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis indicates that postdivorce cohabitation in general and postdivorce cohabitation with multiple partners in particular delay remarriage. Furthermore, echoing previous research findings on the relationship between premarital cohabitation and relationship quality, the ordered logistic analysis shows that postdivorce cohabitation with a spouse is associated with lower levels of remarital happiness, and postdivorce cohabitation of all types tends to be associated with higher levels of remarital instability. Implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION THROUGH TELEVISION

Information need not lead to attitude change, but attitude change is improbable without any input of information. In this study of the effects of one of CBS-TV's "audience participation" series, the authors document (i) changes in knowledge, (2) changes in attitudes, and (3) the persistence of both these changes, in attenuated form, six months after exposure to the original program. Dr. Alper is a Senior Personnel Research Associate with the I.B.M. Corporation in White Plains, New York, and Dr. Leidy is with the Marketing Research Department of the Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Georgia. T HE MASS COMMUNICATIONS medium considered in this study is television, more specifically prime time commercial television. The information studied was part of The National Citizenship Test, a program presented by CBS-TV, November 23, 1965. The National Citizenship Test, one of CBSTV's televised "audience participation" series, presented information concerning United States constitutional law. The format of the program consisted of short, dramatic scenes, providing a demonstration of activities that are specified by the United States Constitution as either lawful or unlawful (e.g. a speaker criticizing our government or a policeman entering the home of a suspect). After allowing a moment for the audience to consider each scene, the program narrator presented a description of the constitutional law appropriate to the activity or situation depicted. Interpretations of or attitudes toward constitutional law were not considered on the program, its content being concerned solely with providing information. While attitude modification was not intended, consideration of present theoretical orientations toward attitude formation and attitude change suggested that attitudes of viewers with initially opposing views might well be modified. One of the general theoretical orientations toward attitude change involves the structural, or what the Maccobys have called the "homeostatic" theories of behavior (e.g. Festinger's "cognitive dissonance," Heider's "balance theory," McGuire's "rational-syllogistic formulation," Newcomb's "strain toward symmetry," Osgood's "congruity
Performance enhancement effects of d -amphetamine, methylphenidate, pipradrol and phenindamine in rats

A multiple behavioral schedule with food reinforcement was designed to measure the drug-induced performance enhancement and non-effective activity in rats. The schedule, 20 min in duration, had CRF components in the 33 trials and extinction components in the inter-trial periods. During each trial, food reinforcement was present in the limited period (8 sec each) which was preceded by a discriminative stimulus (1 sec, either a light or a footshock). The rats generated a high rate of lever pressing during the limited period and a low rate of lever pressing during the inter-trial period. The drugs studied were d-amphetamine, methylphenidate, pipradrol and phenindamine. At low dosages, these drugs increased further the high rate of lever pressing. This was considered to be the performance enhancement effect. At higher doses, the drugs increased the low rate of lever pressing, decreased the high rate of lever pressing, and decreased responding of the rats to the discriminative stimulus. This latter pattern was considered to be the non-effective activity caused by the drugs. As expected, d-amphetamine was the most potent. Minor differences in drug effects were seen between the group of rats having light and that group having footshock as discriminative stimulus.
Bronchial hyperreactivity in non-atopic children with asthma and reflux: effect of anti-reflux treatment.

Introduction The prevalence of bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) or the effect of anti-reflux treatment on BHR in children with asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is not known. Methods Thirty non-atopic children with persistent asthma were studied. Extended esophageal pH monitoring was used to diagnose GERD and methacholine challenge test (MCT) was used as a marker of BHR and performed before and 2 years after anti-GERD treatment. Results Of the 21 patients positive for GERD (group A), 15 had positive MCT suggesting BHR. Of the 9 patients negative for GERD (group B), 5 had positive MCT. On repeat testing 2 years later, 11/15 group A patients and 3/5 group B patients tested negative for BHR. Group A patients were receiving fewer asthma medications and experienced fewer exacerbations than Group B patients. Conclusions BHR is prevalent in children with asthma and GERD and improves with anti-GERD treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:1070–1074. ©2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Candidate and Party Strategies in Two‐Stage Elections Beginning with a Primary

In the United States and Latin America, candidates for national and state-level office frequently must win primary elections in order to advance to the general election. We model policy and valence issues for office-seeking candidates facing such two-stage elections. We determine a Nash equilibrium for the candidates' optimal strategies, and we find that holding a primary is likely to increase a party's chances of winning the general election, particularly in situations where valence issues that involve the candidates' campaigning skills and that are not known prior to the campaign are more salient than policy issues. Furthermore, we find that primary elections are especially likely to benefit parties that expect to be underdogs in the general election. Our conclusions are directly relevant to U.S. politics and by extension to the strategic decisions that many Latin American parties currently confront, about whether it is strategically desirable to hold primaries.
CacheBrowser: Bypassing Chinese Censorship without Proxies Using Cached Content

The cached Internet content served by content delivery networks (CDN) comprises a large fraction of today's Internet traffic, yet, there is little study on how real-world censors deal with blocking forbidden CDN-hosted Internet content. We investigate the techniques used by the Great Firewall of China to block CDN-hosted content, and demonstrate that blocking CDN content poses unique technical and non-technical challenges to the censors. We therefore design a client-side circumvention system, CacheBrowser, that leverages the censors' difficulties in blocking CDN content. We implement CacheBrowser and use it to unblock CDN-hosted content in China with a download latency significantly smaller than traditional proxy-based circumvention systems like Tor. CacheBrowser's superior quality-of-service is thanks to its publisher-centric approach, which retrieves blocked content directly from content publishers with no use of third-party proxies.
An Evaluation of Continuity Clinic Redesign

The Authors’ Reply—Dr. Buckhold and colleagues report their experience with residency continuity clinics following the transition of their program to a 50/50 outpatient–inpatient model. The educational and clinical outcomes that they assessed showed similar results to our findings, adding to the generalizability of our study. We agree with their call for future research to compare the impact of different block models on patient relevant outcomes. Likewise, there is further need to explore ways to preserve or improve continuity of care within the 50/50 model.
The radiosity method in optical remote sensing of structured 3-D surfaces

Abstract The radiosity method is a mathematical concept to describe the scattering of light between ideally diffuse (Lambertian) surfaces. The method presented takes reflections, transmission, and multiple scattering into account. Algorithms to find view factors and to solve the radiosity equations using the Gauss-Seidel iteration method are described. An example for a layered plant canopy model shows the relation between the radiosity method and radiative transfer. The application of the radiosity method to remote sensing problems of 3-D surfaces, e.g., calculation of a BRDF including internal shadowing effects is shown. Numerical results of radiosity calculations are compared with equivalent radiative transfer results. We conclude that the radiosity method is a valuable tool to model the transport of light in vegetative canopies as well as a tool to evaluate bidirectional reflectance characteristics of discrete leaf canopy structures, such as angular reflectance signatures.
Social Studies and the Web Today

Abstract Social studies educators have identified three areas where the Web is being used to assist social studies teaching and learning: inquiry-based learning, online interaction, and displaying student work online. Examples of each are provided. The chapter concludes with the challenges ahead.
Continental extension, magmatism and elevation; formal relations and rules of thumb

To investigate simplified relations between elevation and the extensional, magmatic and thermal processes that influence lithosphere buoyancy, we assume that the lithosphere floats on an asthenosphere of uniform density and has no flexural strength. A simple graph relating elevation to lithosphere density and thickness provides an overview of expectable conditions around the earth and a simple test for consistancy of continental and oceanic lithosphere models. The mass-balance relations yield simple general rules for estimating elevation changes caused by various tectonic, magmatic and thermal processes without referring to detailed models. The rules are general because they depend principally on buoyancy, which under our assumptions is specified by elevation, a known quantity; they do not generally require a knowledge of lithosphere thickness and density. The elevation of an extended terrain contains important information on its tectonic and magmatic history. In the Great Basin where Cenozoic extension is estimated to be 100%, the present high mean elevation ( ~ 1.75 km) probably requires substantial low-density magmatic contributions to the extending lithosphere. The elevation cannot be reasonably explained solely as the buoyant residue of a very high initial terrane, or of a lithosphere that was initially very thick and subsequently delaminated and heated. Even models with a high initial elevation typically call for 10 km or so of accumulated magmatic material of near-crustal density. To understand the evolution of the Great Basin, it is important to determine whether such intruded material is present; some could replenish the stretching crust by underplating and crustal intrusion and some might reside in the upper mantle. The elevation maintained or approached by an intruded extending lithosphere depends on the ratio B of how fast magma is supplied from the asthenosphere ( b km/Ma) to how fast the lithosphere spreads the magma out by extension (γ Ma−1). For a surface maintained 212km below sea level (e.g., an ocean ridge) B is about 5 km; for continental extension the ratio may be much greater. The frequent association of volcanism with continental extension, the high elevation (and buoyancy) of some appreciably extended terrains, and the oceanic spreading analog all suggest that magmatism may play an important role in continental extension. Better estimates of total extension and elevation change in extended regions can help to identify that role.
Animal Models for Periodontal Disease

Animal models and cell cultures have contributed new knowledge in biological sciences, including periodontology. Although cultured cells can be used to study physiological processes that occur during the pathogenesis of periodontitis, the complex host response fundamentally responsible for this disease cannot be reproduced in vitro. Among the animal kingdom, rodents, rabbits, pigs, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been used to model human periodontitis, each with advantages and disadvantages. Periodontitis commonly has been induced by placing a bacterial plaque retentive ligature in the gingival sulcus around the molar teeth. In addition, alveolar bone loss has been induced by inoculation or injection of human oral bacteria (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis) in different animal models. While animal models have provided a wide range of important data, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether the findings are applicable to humans. In addition, variability in host responses to bacterial infection among individuals contributes significantly to the expression of periodontal diseases. A practical and highly reproducible model that truly mimics the natural pathogenesis of human periodontal disease has yet to be developed.
Redesigning for Collaboration within Higher Education Institutions: An Exploration into the Developmental Process.

As a result of both the external pressures and the known benefits of collaboration, many higher education institutions are trying to create learning communities, service and community-based learning, and interdisciplinary research and teaching. However, over 50% of collaborations fail. There has been virtually no research on how to enable higher education institutions to conduct collaborative work. This article focuses on examining how institutions moved from a culture that supports individual work to the ones that facilitate collaborative work. A three-stage model emerged. The first stage, building commitment, contains four contextual elements- values, external pressure, learning and networks. Here the institution uses ideas/information from a variety of sources to convince members of the campus of the need to conduct collaborative work. In the second stage, commitment, senior executives demonstrate support and re-examine the mission of the campus and leadership emerges within the network. The third phase is called sustaining and includes the development of structures, networks, and rewards to support the collaborations.
Comparison of acellular nerve allograft modification with Schwann cells or VEGF

Background Individual contributions of exogenous Schwann cells (SCs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated in acellular nerve allografts (ANAs). ANA processing removes SCs and vasculature, likely contributing to reduced regeneration compared to autografts. Exogenous SCs may improve the regenerative microenvironment, and VEGF has been shown to stimulate angiogenesis. Replacing these components in ANAs may improve regeneration.
An Overview of Herbal Medications with Implications for the School Nurse

Americans are increasingly using herbs and herbal preparations to treat a wide array of conditions ranging from colds to depression. Children and parents are ingesting herbs in greater quantities, as reflected by increased herb sales and telephone calls to poison information centers. Herbal preparations are being used for the management of insomnia, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. This trend introduces interesting opportunities and dilemmas for the school nurse. This article provides an overview of the seven most common medicinal herbs (garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, Echinacea, chamomile, valerian, and feverfew). It provides a guide to choosing herbal supplements, a framework for developing school-based herbal policies, and a discussion of the issues faced by school nurses.
Abenteuer in der Kohlenhydratchemie: Synthesestrategien, Synthesemethoden, Moleküldesign und biologische Chemie

Die Chemie der Kohlenhydrate hat seit mehr als 100 Jahren viele Wissenschaftler fasziniert, und auch zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts hat sie nichts von ihrer Aktualitat und ihrem Reiz verloren. Zu den aufregendsten Aspekten der Organischen Chemie in den letzten Jahrzehnten gehorte wohl das Zusammenspiel zwischen einzelnen Bereichen der Kohlenhydratchemie und der Naturstoffsynthese, wobei sich bei gegenseitiger Stimulierung neue Forschungsfelder auftaten und unglaubliche Fortschritte erzielt wurden. In diesem Aufsatz stellen wir unsere Beitrage vor, die wir hauptsachlich auf dem Gebiet der chemischen Synthese und der biologischen Chemie der Kohlenhydrate leisten konnten. Unsere Arbeiten beschaftigten sich vor allem mit der Nutzung von Kohlenhydraten als Ausgangsverbindungen fur Totalsynthesen, der Entwicklung neuer Syntheseverfahren fur Kohlenhydrate, der Synthese komplexer Oligosaccharide in Losung und an fester Phase sowie der Verwendung von Kohlenhydrat-Templaten als Grundkorper fur Peptidmimetika und andere interessante Verbindungen. Zudem wollen wir erortern, ob und wie die neu entwickelten Synthesestrategien und -methoden zur Losung biologisch relevanter Probleme beitragen konnen.
Skeletal effects of bariatric surgery: examining bone loss, potential mechanisms and clinical relevance

Bariatric surgery is the most effective therapeutic approach to morbid obesity, resulting in substantial weight loss and improved cardiometabolic profiles; however, a growing body of evidence suggests that bariatric procedures increase both skeletal fragility and the risk of related future fracture secondary to excessive bone loss. Prospective evidence shows that areal bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) declines by as much as 14% in the proximal femoral regions, including the femoral neck and total hip, 12 months postoperatively. Lumbar spine areal BMD outcomes show greater 12-month postoperative variability across surgical procedures (-8 to +6%) and contrast with no change in volumetric BMD outcomes measured by quantitative computed tomography. Diminished mechanical loading, micronutrient deficiency and malabsorption, along with neurohormonal alterations, offer plausible underlying mechanisms to explain these observed post-bariatric bone changes, but most remain largely unsubstantiated in this population. Importantly, DXA-based skeletal imaging may have limited utility in accurately detecting bone change in people undergoing bariatric surgery; partly because excessive tissue overlying bone increases the variability of areal BMD outcomes. Moreover, a paucity of fracture and osteoporosis incidence data raises questions about whether marked post-bariatric surgery bone loss is clinically relevant or a functional adaptation to skeletal unloading. Future studies that use technology which is able to accurately capture the site-specific volumetric BMD and bone architectural changes that underpin bone strength in people undergoing bariatric surgery, that consider mechanical load, and that better quantify long-term fracture and osteoporosis incidence are necessary to understand the actual skeletal effects of bariatric surgery.
Cloaked culture and veiled diversity: why theorists ignored early US workforce diversity

This paper examines four questions: Was the US workforce diverse in previous times? What were the origins of its diversity? How did management scholars of the past view the diversity of the US workforce? Why did they view diversity as they did? While the workforce was diverse, particularly in the era 1880‐1930, the diversity was addressed exclusively in the early practitioner literature, not in theoretical literature. Five intellectual trends contributed to the “invisibility” of diversity in theoretical literature: ethnocentrism, the USA’s vision of itself, nativism (especially racial nativism), assimilationism and convergence theory.
Pre-posterior optimization of sequence of measurement and intervention actions under structural reliability constraint

Abstract It is common to assess the condition of an existing infrastructure using reliability analysis. When, based on the available information, an existing structure has an estimated failure probability above the admissible level, the default solution often is to either strengthen or replace it. Even if this practice is safe, it may not be the most economical. In order to economically restore and improve our existing infrastructure, the engineering community needs to be able to assess the potential gains associated with reducing epistemic uncertainties using measurements, before opting for costly intervention actions, if they become necessary. This paper provides a pre-posterior analysis framework to (1) optimize sequences of actions minimizing the expected costs and satisfying reliability constraints and (2) quantify the potential gain of making measurements in existing structures. Illustrative examples show that when the failure probability estimated based on the present state of knowledge does not satisfy an admissible threshold, strengthening or replacement interventions can be sub-optimal first actions. The examples also show that significant savings can be achieved by reducing epistemic uncertainties.
Residual Stresses and Fracture Mechanics

The first part of the paper discusses two problems in which the role of residual stresses may be treated using the procedures of fracture mechanics. One is the significant degradation of the tensile strength of glass due to the residual stresses produced by surface damage. The other is the effect of surface compressive stresses in inhibiting the detection of surface flaws. The second part of the paper discusses the inverse problem of using fracture mechanics solutions to measure residual stresses. This approach which has only been developed in the past decade leads to an experimental procedure which is easy to implement and is also more versatile than conventional methods.
Facet Joint Capsule Strains as a Result of Normal and Degenerate Intervertebral Discs

The normal spine is a flexible column designed to maintain stability, position and can carry a considerable load. Degeneration weakens the spine by adversely affecting spinal stability, which is observed when a motion segment exhibits abnormally large displacements under applications of physiological load[1]. Furthermore, degeneration noticeably changes the load-bearing role of the intervertebral disc (IVD) during compression and extension by shifting significantly to the facet joint (FJ)[2].Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Trends in snow ablation over North America

A substantial decrease in snow cover extent (SCE) and snow depth over North America has been observed over the 1960–2000 period. One explanation for the changes in North American snow cover is a change in the frequency and/or intensity of snow ablation. This study uses a gridded dataset of United States and Canadian surface observations from 1960 to 2000 to examine patterns of snow ablation over North America. An ablation event is defined as an interdiurnal snow depth change exceeding a critical value. Results show a significant positive trend in the frequency of ablation events during March (p < 0.05) and a significant negative trend in May (p < 0.05), indicating an earlier onset of ablation. This pattern is consistent for ablation of varying intensity. Surface energy budget components and air mass frequencies are examined in relation to the observed trends in snow ablation. Changes in March ablation frequency were shown to be dominated by increases in the sensible heat flux. A higher frequency of dry moderate instead of moist polar air masses during high ablation years may explain the increase in sensible heat flux and ablation over the study period. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Severe Bradycardia Following Electrical Cardioversion for Atrial Tachyarrhythmias in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Bradycardia following electrical cardioversion is an uncommon complication. The present report describes three patients who developed life-threatening bradycardia following electrical cardioversion for atrial tachyarrhythmias in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction. All three patients had multivessel coronary artery disease with a totally occluded right coronary artery and a possibility of ischemic sinus node dysfunction. When electrical cardioversion is undertaken for new onset of atrial tachyarrhythmia in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction, measures for immediate, temporary pacing should be easily available. (Chest 1990; 97:241-42)
Studies on peripheral blood flow

Abstract Since the beginning of our work on blood flow in animals about ten years ago, we have investigated many problems concerning the peripheral circulation of the dog. In this report a number of studies have been summarized, and, in some instances, additional data only recently obtained have been included. These studies will serve to illustrate the dynamic nature of the peripheral circulation, as reflected in the blood flow in the femoral artery or vein.
Weight-based determination of fluid overload status and mortality in pediatric intensive care unit patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy

Purpose In pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients, fluid overload (FO) at initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has been reported to be an independent risk factor for mortality. Previous studies have calculated FO based on daily fluid balance during ICU admission, which is labor intensive and error prone. We hypothesized that a weight-based definition of FO at CRRT initiation would correlate with the fluid balance method and prove predictive of outcome.
Auditory brain-stem response correlates of resistance to noise-induced hearing loss in Mongolian gerbils.

The auditory brain‐stem response (ABR) was recorded from young adult Mongolian gerbils exposed to noise (octave band of noise centered at 4 kHz, 80 dB SPL, 6 h on, 18 h off) for 12 days. Temporary threshold shift (TTS) of 20–50 dB was measured at 4–8 kHz and TTS of 10 dB or less was measured at 1–2 and 16 kHz immediately after the initial exposure. Immediately following the final (12th) exposure, each animal had 10 dB or less threshold shift at all frequencies, demonstrating as much as 40‐dB resistance to TTS. Because significant TTS was limited to the high frequencies, the apical portion of the cochlea was left relatively unaffected by the exposure. Amplitudes of waves ii–iii and iv of the ABR were unaffected at low frequencies and reduced at all stimulus levels for 8 kHz on the first day of exposure; the amplitudes recovered to near‐baseline levels by the 12th day of exposure. ABR latencies of waves ii and iv were prolonged at low stimulus levels on days one and six of exposure, but recovered to baseline levels by the 12th day of exposure. Because resistance to noise exposure was observed in all subjects and resistance was limited in spectrum, the results suggest that the gerbil is an excellent model for examining mechanisms of resistance to noise‐induced hearing loss.
Evolution of Picornaviridae: an examination of phylogenetic relationships and cophylogeny.

Abstract Picornaviruses are responsible for some of the most common and debilitating illnesses affecting humans and animals worldwide. To extend our knowledge of the evolution of picornaviruses and their molecular epidemiology, phylogenetic relationships among 11 genera and the unassigned seal picornavirus type 1 were estimated from the conserved proteins 2C, 3Cpro, and 3Dpol. Each gene was analyzed separately and as a combined dataset. Different tree topologies were recovered from each gene. However, their sequences were determined to be combinable based on our finding of no recombination among genera and failing to reject the hypothesis of homogeneity among datasets using ILD tests. The combined data tree topology was identical to the 3Dpol gene tree; a topology largely consistent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses based on 3Dpol and the coding genome. Phylogenetic trees estimated from six phenotypic characters were not congruent with those recovered from molecular datasets; further supporting the hypothesis that viral phenotypes are highly plastic. Finally, we tested the hypothesis of host–virus cophylogeny. Both global and individual tests of the relationships between host and virus trees failed to detect a significant association. These results emphasize the importance of horizontal transmission among host species for picornavirus diversification rather than vertical transmission accompanying speciation.
Deficient Protein Kinase A in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an idiopathic autoimmune disease characterized by impaired T lymphocyte immune effector functions. We have identified a disorder of signal transduction in SLE T cells involving the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway. Cyclic AMP-stimulated PKA-catalyzed protein phosphorylation is markedly diminished owing to profound deficiencies of both type I (PKA-I) and type II (PKA-II) isozyme activities. Deficient PKA-I isozyme is characterized by a significant reduction in the amount of type I regulatory beta subunit (RI beta) steady state mRNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction. This is associated with a 30% decrease in RI alpha protein and a 65% reduction in RI beta protein. Indeed, T cells from approximately 25% of SLE subjects have no detectable RI beta protein. Transient transfection of T cells not expressing RI beta protein with autologous SLE RI beta cDNA bypassed the block in translation, reconstituting PKA activity and augmenting IL-2 production. Of importance was the initial identification of novel RI alpha mRNA mutations characterized by heterogeneous transcript mutations, including deletions, transitions, and transversions. Most mutations are clustered adjacent to GAGAG motifs and CT repeats. By contrast, deficient PKA-II activity is the result of spontaneous dissociation of the cytosolic RII beta(2)C(2) holoenzyme, aberrant RII beta translocation to the nucleus from the cytosol, and retention of RII beta in the nucleus. In conclusion, distinct mechanisms account for deficient PKA-I and PKA-II isozyme activities in SLE T cells.
Intractable high-pressure bladder in female infants with spina bifida: clinical characteristics and use of vesicostomy.

Abstract Objectives To characterize the clinical characteristics of a group of children with neurogenic bladder, high leak point pressures (LPPs), bladder wall changes, and hydronephrosis in whom medical management failed, who then underwent vesicostomy. Medical management can, rarely, fail in children with neurogenic bladder, high LPPs, bladder wall changes, and hydronephrosis. When it does, surgical intervention is necessary. Methods Between 1988 and 2001, 8 girls with spina bifida (4 with thoracic and 4 with lumbosacral) underwent vesicostomy after medical management. All had undergone neonatal back closure and five had ventriculoperitoneal shunts. The mean follow-up after vesicostomy was 6 years. Results High-grade reflux was present at birth in 3 patients and developed later in 3 patients at 1 year. Two had undergone ureteral reimplantation before vesicostomy. Four girls had trabeculation at birth and it developed in three at 1 year and one at 3 years. Hydronephrosis was present at birth in 2 patients and developed later in 6. High LPPs were noted at younger than 10 months of age in 6 patients. Oral oxybutynin was begun in 7 patients before 1 year of age and 5 were later given intravesical oxybutynin. Six patients began clean intermittent catheterization in infancy. The indications for vesicostomy were persistently elevated LPPs and hydronephrosis. Six had recurrent urinary tract infections. The mean age at vesicostomy was 3 years. Hydronephrosis resolved in 7 patients, and only 1 had additional febrile urinary tract infections. Two underwent reversal along with bladder augmentation and were continent at last follow-up. Conclusions A small subset of girls with spina bifida are unresponsive to early and intensive medical therapy. Most have high LPPs and bladder wall and upper tract changes early in infancy. Vesicostomy reverses the clinical course. At an appropriate age, these children can undergo reconstruction with a high likelihood of continence.
Cumulative tip travel and implied followability of longitudinal and torsional phacoemulsification

Purpose To compare surgeon-generated tip travel and surgical time of longitudinal and torsional phacoemulsification with straight and angled tips. Setting Private practice, Marshalltown, Iowa, USA. Method The study analyzed surgical videos of 46 phacoemulsification cases performed by 1 surgeon. Based on the tip and type of ultrasound (US) used, the cases were prospectively assigned to 1 of 4 groups and operated on consecutively: straight tip/longitudinal US, straight tip/torsional US, angled tip/longitudinal US, and angled tip/torsional US. Digital Video Measurement System software (Caltex Scientific) was used to measure the phacoemulsification tip's travel during the removal of all 4 nuclear quadrants and the removal of quadrants 2 and 3 (2+3) and to determine surgical time. The cumulative travel distance and surgical time of the 4 groups were compared using analysis of variance. Results The angled tip/torsional US combination reduced tip travel by more than 40% compared with the straight tip/longitudinal US when comparing travel to aspirate all 4 quadrants and quadrants 2+3. Surgical time in the removal of all 4 quadrants and quadrants 2+3 was significantly lower in the angled tip/torsional US group than in the other groups. Conclusions Torsional phacoemulsification using an angled tip required less surgeon-generated tip travel and less time, suggesting that nuclear material may be more efficiently approximated to and aspirated through the tip aperture throughout the phacoemulsification process. Shorter cumulative tip travel and less procedure time imply increased nuclear followability, fewer reacquisition movements, and increased phacoemulsification efficiency and safety.
The Intelligence Fusion Process for State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement:

Intelligence fusion centers have grown rapidly in the last few years as state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies have attempted to find the best way to share information about threats to their communities. The Department of Homeland Security and the Information Sharing Environment of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence embraced fusion centers as being an important mechanism to aid them in their missions to share terrorism information among law enforcement, the private sector, and the intelligence community. The development and management of fusion centers have received significant guidance from the Justice Department, via the Global Intelligence Working Group, by developing standards for structure and processes. Critics, however, are concerned that the centers have inadequate protections for privacy and civil rights. This article examines issues in the development of fusion centers and provides an examination of the support for and criticisms of such agencies.
Model for Coupled CRS Consolidation and Contaminant Transport

This paper describes the development of a numerical model, called CSTCRS1, for one-dimensional coupled contaminant transport and large strain consolidation under constant rate of strain (CRS) loading conditions. Numerical simulations using CSTCRS1 indicate that concentration boundary conditions can have an important effect on contaminant transport during CRS consolidation. For the conditions considered, zero concentration gradient and reservoir boundary conditions yielded the same contaminant mass outflows regardless of the transport mechanisms (i.e., diffusion, mechanical dispersion, and sorption). However, these transport mechanisms become important when a zero concentration boundary condition is specified. Additional simulations indicate that applied strain rate also has an important effect on the coupled CRS consolidation and contaminant transport. A higher strain rate will generally yield more non-uniform local strain profiles, smaller contaminant mass outflow, and a larger concentration gradient within specimen.
Predicting Text Quality for Scientific Articles

My work aims to build a system to automatically predict the writing quality in scientific articles from two genres—academic publications and science journalism. Our goal is to employ these predictions for article recommendation systems and to provide feedback during writing.
Protease Nexin-2/Amyloid β-Protein Precursor Inhibits Factor Xa in the Prothrombinase Complex

Protease nexin-2/amyloid beta-protein precursor (PN-2/A beta PP) is a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor which has been shown to be a tight-binding inhibitor of coagulation factors XIa and IXa. Here we show that PN-2/A beta PP and its KPI domain also inhibited isolated factor Xa with a Ki of 10(-8) M. On a solid phase binding assay, PN-2/A beta PP formed a complex with factor Xa. Incubation of molar excess factor Xa to PN-2/A beta PP produced a single cleavage within PN-2/A beta PP's heparin binding domain liberating a 8.2-kDa amino-terminal peptide. PN-2/A beta PP and its KPI domain equally inhibited factor Xa in the prothrombinase complex with a Ki of 1.9 x 10(-8) M and 1.3 x 10(-8) M, respectively. A beta PP695 which does not contain the KPI domain was a substrate of factor Xa but did not inhibit it, indicating the PN-2/A beta PP inhibition of factor Xa was not substrate inhibition. All of the factor Xa inhibition in the prothrombinase complex by PN-2/A beta PP and its KPI domain on the chromogenic assay was accounted for by inhibition of release of prothrombin fragment F1+2 as determined on immunochemical assay. In the prothrombinase complex, PN-2/A beta PP inhibited factor Xa with a kassoc = 1.8 +/- 0.7 x 10(6) M-1 min-1 similar to antithrombin III and heparin inhibition (kassoc of 3.0 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) M-1 min-1). These studies indicated that PN-2/A beta PP in the assembled prothrombinase complex inhibited factor Xa comparable to antithrombin III in the presence of heparin. PN-2/A beta PP's factor Xa inhibitory activity along with its known inhibition of factors XIa and IXa suggest that this protease inhibitor and related proteins could be regulators of hemostatic reactions on membranes of cells in the intravascular compartment.
Reduction of Shelling-Plant Noise Caused By Impingement of Peanuts

Abstract Measurements in numerous peanut shelling plants revealed that the striking of metal surfaces by peanut pods and kernels was a major source of noise. Noise level was affected by thickness of metal and kinetic energy of peanuts (height of fall and flow rate of peanuts). Results from controlled tests showed that plant noise could be substantially reduced by use of modified handling techniques, by use of various damping treatments, and/or by enclosure of the noise sources.
Pathology of Maternal Genital Tract, Placenta, and Fetus in Equine Viral Arteritis

Six pregnant mares were given equine viral arteritis virus intravenously. Tissues from genital tracts, placentae, and fetuses were examined by light and electron microscopy to study the mechanism of abortion. Four mares which died with acute disease had diffuse vacuolation of endometrial epithelium and systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Two of these mares had dead fetuses and two had live fetuses; virus was isolated from tissues of one live fetus. Placentae of mares dying from acute disease did not have lesions attributable to infection; virus was isolated from two of these placentae. One of the two mares which recovered from clinical disease aborted a dead fetus eight days after inoculation. The mare had severe necrotizing myometritis and virus was isolated from maternal ovaries and from fetal tissues. The fetus did not have lesions attributable to arteritis virus. These results suggest that although fetal death may occur in utero during acute equine viral arteritis, abortion probably is due to lesions in the uterus of the mare.