cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Novel Spx Regulatory Pathways in Bacillus subtilis Uncovers a Close Relationship between the CtsR and Spx Regulons.

ABSTRACT In Bacillus subtilis, the Spx transcription factor controls a large regulon in response to disulfide, heat, and cell wall stresses. The regulatory mechanisms that activate the Spx regulon are remarkably complex and involve changes in transcription, proteolysis, and posttranslational modifications. To identify genes involved in Spx regulation, we performed a transposon screen for mutations affecting expression of trxB, an Spx-dependent gene. Inactivation of ctsR, encoding the regulator of the Clp proteases, reduced trxB expression and lowered Spx levels. This effect required ClpP, but involved ClpC rather than the ClpX unfoldase. Moreover, cells lacking McsB, a dual function arginine kinase and ClpCP adaptor, largely reverted the ctsR phenotype and increased trxB expression. The role of McsB appears to involve its kinase activity, since loss of the YwlE phosphoarginine phosphatase also led to reduced trxB expression. Finally, we show that Spx is itself a regulator of the ctsR operon. Altogether, this work provides evidence for a role of CtsR regulon members ClpC, ClpP, and McsB in Spx regulation and identifies a new feedback pathway associated with Spx activity in B. subtilis. IMPORTANCE In Bacillus subtilis, the Spx transcription factor is proteolytically unstable, and protein stabilization figures prominently in the induction of the Spx regulon in response to oxidative and cell envelope stresses. ClpXP is largely, but not entirely, responsible for Spx instability. Here, we identify ClpCP as the protease that degrades Spx under conditions that antagonize the ClpXP pathway. Spx itself contributes to activation of the ctsR operon, which encodes ClpC as well as the McsB arginine kinase and protease adaptor, thereby providing a negative feedback mechanism. Genetic studies reveal that dysregulation of the CtsR regulon or inactivation of the YwlE phosphoarginine phosphatase decreases Spx activity through mechanisms involving both protein degradation and posttranslational modification.
NDA: Preventing Speculative Execution Attacks at Their Source

Speculative execution attacks like Meltdown and Spectre work by accessing secret data in wrong-path execution. Secrets are then transmitted and recovered by the attacker via a covert channel. Existing mitigations either require code modifications, address only specific exploit techniques, or block only the cache covert channel. Rather than battling exploit techniques and covert channels one by one, we seek to close off speculative execution attacks at their source. Our key observation is that these attacks require a chain of dependent wrong-path instructions to access and transmit secret data. We propose NDA, a technique to restrict speculative data propagation. NDA breaks the attacks' wrong-path dependence chains while still allowing speculation and dynamic scheduling. We describe a design space of NDA variants that differ in the constraints they place on dynamic scheduling and the classes of speculative execution attacks they prevent. NDA preserves much of the performance advantage of out-of-order execution: on SPEC CPU 2017, NDA variants close 68-96% of the performance gap between in-order and unconstrained (insecure) out-of-order execution.
Temporal and Quantitative Expression of the Myelin-Associated Lipids, Ethanolamine Plasmalogen, Galactocerebroside, and Sulfatide, in the Differentiating CG-4 Glial Cell Line

We determined the expression of three myelin-typical lipids in the continuous CG-4 glial cell line of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, as the cells differentiated into oligodendrocytes. On 6 different days during the first 9 days of oligodendrocyte development, cells were labeled for 24 h with [3H]ethanolamine to label ethanolamine plasmalogens or with [3H]galactose to label the galactocerebroside and sulfogalactocerebroside; and the amount of labeled lipid expressed on each day was determined. Each labeled lipid was expressed with its own specific time course and in a defined amount on each day of differentiation. Increased labeling of plasmalogens and sulfogalactocerebroside started at early developmental stages, and increased labeling of galactocerebroside started at later stages. The results indicate that the differentiating CG-4 cell line provides a valuable system to investigate factors affecting the early time course of myelin-lipid expression and the amounts expressed.
Abstract B16: Mathematical modeling identifies optimum palbociclib dosing schedules for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer patients

Fulvestrant and other endocrine therapies are widely used to treat estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, although most patients eventually develop treatment resistance. Endocrine therapy-resistant tumors have been shown to be sensitive to cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors, including palbociclib, abemaciclib, and ribociclib, which have recently been approved to be used in combination with endocrine therapies to treat ER+ breast cancers. Given the large number of possible pairwise drug combinations, systematically comparing different combinations and administration schedules experimentally is difficult, though it has been shown that altering therapy administration schedules can substantially improve treatment outcomes. Here, we develop a novel mathematical model to characterize the pharmacodynamic response to fulvestrant-palbociclib combination therapy in fulvestrant-sensitive and -resistant MCF7 cells. We use a cell cycle explicit model to describe changes in the G1/S transition rates in response to the combination therapy, and a Bayesian statistical inference approach to estimate model parameters from the in vitro data. We then combine the results from our pharmacodynamic model with published pharmacokinetic data to systematically compare dose administration schedules computationally. We use in silico clinical trials to identify treatment schedules within the clinical toxicity limits that are predicted to be more effective than the current standard of care. Our results suggest that continuous dosing of 75mg of palbociclib with no treatment holiday is more effective for slowing down tumor growth and lowering overall tumor burden than the current palbociclib treatment standard (125mg of palbociclib per day, three weeks on, followed by a one-week holiday). We predict that both palbociclib treatment strategies are most effective when combined with the current standard fulvestrant administration schedule, even when considering various levels of fulvestrant resistance. Thus, we plan to compare the two palbocilib schedules described above in combination with the current standard fulvestrant therapy in an investigator-led clinical trial at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Our mathematical modeling and statistical analysis platform provides a rational method for comparing treatment strategies in search of optimal combination dosing strategies for ER+ breast cancer. Citation Format: Shayna Stein, Agostina Nardone, Weihan Liu, Gabriella Cohen, Cristina Guarducci, Myles Brown, Rinath Jeselsohn, Franziska Michor. Mathematical modeling identifies optimum palbociclib dosing schedules for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolving Landscape of Cancer Modeling; 2020 Mar 2-5; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B16.
Navigating the Covid-19 Pandemic by Caring for Our Health Care Workforce as They Care for Our Patients

When Santa Clara County in California was identified as an early coronavirus hot spot and health care workers as one of two at-risk populations, it became clear to leaders at Stanford Medicine that...
Captain America? On the relationship between Hollywood blockbusters and American soft power

In 30 years, Hollywood movies have gone from making a majority of their money domestically to making a majority of their money internationally. This significant shift is underappreciated in scholar...
Nobody Puts Redditor in a Binary: Digital Demography, Collective Identities, and Gender in a Subreddit Network

Prior work on transgender technology users in CSCW has primarily focused on how they interact with algorithms and communication technology, empirically identifying specific use cases and profiles, and speaking largely to the designers and developers of these platforms. This work has emphasized how trans people are excluded, harmed, and misrepresented in existing platforms, algorithms, and research methods. While these critiques are important, this paper explores what trans-inclusive quantitative methods could be by applying a participant- or user-driven approach. While the problem of trans-inclusive, -affirming, or -empowering research methods is not specifically a CSCW problem---as we directly confront by comparing and contrasting the perspectives of CSCW and conventional demography---we argue that a CSCW lens may be uniquely suited to addressing it. To this end, this paper makes several contributions: conceptually, we identify points of increasing convergence between conventional demographic research methods (and criticisms thereof) and CSCW, focusing on shared limitations surrounding how identity is handled in research; methodologically, we present a sketch of how these limitations might be addressed by using social network analysis to "triangulate" social identities while considering them relative and situated; empirically, we implement these methods in a case study of gender within the broader social context of Reddit and discuss the results.
Generalized functional forms and demand for money in an open economy: the case of the United Kingdom

The purpose of this paper are twofold:first, to apply a Box–Cox model to the UK money demand relationship within an open economy framework in order to empirically investigate the proper functional form supported by the data in this general setting. Secondly, to test for the porper scale variable in the UK money demand function within the open economy Box–Cox specification. These improvements enhance the accuracy of our measures of monetary and fiscal policy effects and our understanding of the interdependence between different economies. The empirical results derived here reject the restrictive linear and log specifications in favour of the general Box–Cox model under both income and consumption-based money demand specifications. The traditional income-based model, however,escaps unharmed from the challenge put forward by Mankiw and Summers (1986).
Conclusion: Lessons Learned and Future Research

By presenting the experiences, challenges, and successes of public diplomacy by, or toward, Latin America, this edited volume highlights the complexity and significance of this work, both for the homeland and the transnational diaspora communities. In this conclusion, we analyze the public diplomacy efforts detailed by the authors and consider their strategies and impact. We also discuss how these experiences are shaped by contextual factors of the host and homeland, reflect the complex and fluid identity of the communities, incorporate many forms of communication and technologies, and interact with state-led efforts. We discuss the practical insights and theoretical contributions provided by the authors and conclude by suggesting future directions for the practice and study of diaspora public diplomacy in Latin America.
PLP‐Dependent Enzymes, Chemistry of

Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes catalyze a wide variety of reaction types on amines and amino acids, generally by stabilizing carbanionic intermediates, which makes them very common in both primary and secondary metabolism. A fundamental mechanism by which reaction specificity is enforced is stereoelectronic effects; the bond to Cα that gets broken in the universal external aldimine intermediate is that which is aligned parallel to the p orbitals of the conjugated, electron-deficient π system. When a bond to Cα has been broken, enzymes must also carefully control the fate of the resulting carbanionic intermediate. Structurally, all known pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes are separated into five groups. The largest of these, Type 1, is the aminotransferase group, of which aspartate aminotransferase is the prototype. The prototypes for the other groups are as follows: Type 2, tryptophan synthetase; Type 3, alanine racemase; Type 4, D-amino acid aminotransferase; and Type 5, glycogen phosphorylase.
Improvements to Passive Acoustic Tracking Methods for Marine Mammal Monitoring

Abstract : The long-term goal of this project is to improve model-based passive acoustic methods for tracking marine mammals. When possible, tracking results are used to study marine mammal behavior and bioacoustics.
Ricci v. DeStefano: A Masculinities Theory Analysis

This article applies masculinity theory to explore the aspects of Ricci v. DeStefano and its political reverberations. While the black male and all female firefighters were made invisible by the case and the testimony, the fact that Frank Ricci's and Ben Vargas' testimony during Justice Sonia Sotomayor's Supreme Court confirmation hearings lionized a particularly traditional form of heterosexual masculinity was also invisible. An understanding of the case and its political response requires a historical and contextual approach using a multi-faceted lens that considers not only race, but also class, gender, and politics. This article offers suggestions to public employers faced with decisions regarding how to proceed after Ricci. It argues that municipalities should consider the lessons learned from history and masculinity theory in establishing its methods of evaluating candidates for firefighting and supervisory positions in the future.
Wing Susanna D.. Constructing Democracy in Transitioning Societies of Africa: Constitutionalism and Deliberation in Mali . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 245 pages. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $95.00. Cloth. $30.00. Paper.

Susanna D. Wing. Constructing Democracy in Transitioning Societies of Africa: Constitutionalism and Deliberation in Mali. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 245 pages. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $95.00. Cloth. $30.00. Paper. Given the recent political transitions of the "Arab Spring," analysis of democratic transitions in sub-Saharan Africa is extremely welcome. North and sub-Saharan Africa share geographic and historical links, so it is quite remarkable that the North African transitions are happening twenty years after the arrival of the "Third Wave" of democratization on the continent. Fortunately, there is a great deal to be learned from the experiences of these neighbors to the south, as Wing's contribution so clearly exemplifies. With an emphasis on the process of transition and the importance of dialogue for democratic transition and governmental legitimacy, Wing offers a spirited testimonial in favor of inclusiveness in the process of transition that political leaders in Egypt, for example, would do well to heed. Wing argues that "governmental legitimacy and constitutional stability are rooted in an open process of constitution- and policy-making" (14-15). Using Mali for the bulk of her case evidence, Wing also makes effective use of other West African examples to show the pitfalls of transition processes that Mali (and Benin) have managed to avoid (chapter 2). In the first chapter, Wing embraces the complexity of the concept of "constitutionalism," which encompasses, inter alia, the ideas of a "just" constitution and the need for "constitutional literacy" on the part of the population so they may effectively engage in dialog with government about their rights and the degree to which they are respected. Political exclusion, in this analysis, is an ever-present threat to democracy. One of the real strengths of the work is the detailed evidence from a Francophone state that it makes accessible to a broad, English-speaking audience generally unfamiliar with the dramatic political developments of the 1990s. Wing provides compelling evidence of the power of dialogue, participation, and inclusion in Mali, starting with their successful sovereign National Conference (chapter 3) and then with the creation of the annual "espace d'interpellation democratique," or "question and answer assembly," during which individuals or representatives of NGOs may openly question members of government about constitutionally protected rights (chapter 6). …
SRAM word-oriented redundancy methodology using built in self-repair

In this paper, a word-oriented built in self-repair (BISR) technique for SRAM bank is presented. All the repairs using BISR circuit are done during the reset period, and the process of referencing to the faulty line and its redundancy address are not required during the normal operation. The access time penalty is negligible and additional power consumption due to BISR circuit is kept minimum since it operates only during the reset time. Flexibility of this design technique allows to repair more numbers of faulty lines than conventional approaches with less area overhead.
Microtubule Assembly in Growing Dendrites

Dendritic microtubules (MTs) are nonuniform with respect to polarity orientation, with roughly equal proportions having a plus-end-distal or minus-end-distal orientation. In the present studies, we have microinjected biotin-labeled tubulin (Bt–tub) into cultured sympathetic neurons extending dendrites to explore the contribution of MT assembly to the elaboration and maintenance of the dendritic MT array. Within minutes of injecting Bt–tub, an enormous number of MTs were seen emanating from a point source in the cell body. Over time, this pattern changed such that by 120 min after injection, biotinylated MTs no longer emanated from a discrete site, but were distributed over a broad region that extended from the cell body into the dendrites. The observation that biotinylated MTs emanate from a point source in the soma at relatively short times after injection, but not at longer times, suggests that they undergo a redistribution subsequent to their initial nucleation rather than a simple radial expansion from the somal nucleation site. Bt–tub assembly also occurred in dendrites but, unlike in the cell body, assembly was dispersed throughout the dendrite rather than emanating from a discrete site. Immunoelectron microscopic analyses revealed that assembly in dendrites reflected the addition of Bt–tub onto the ends of both plus-end-distal and minus-end-distal MTs that existed in the cell at the time of injection. The time course of Bt–tub appearance in dendritic MTs suggested an average half-life of ∼76 min for these MTs. We discuss these observations in the context of a model for generating the MT array of dendrites that combines both MT transport and MT assembly.
Relationships among top-of-atmosphere radiation and atmospheric state variables in observations and CESM

A detailed examination is made in both observations and the Community Earth System Model (CESM) of relationships among top-of-atmosphere radiation, water vapor, temperatures, and precipitation for 2000–2014 to assess the origins of radiative perturbations and climate feedbacks empirically. The 30-member large ensemble coupled runs are analyzed along with one run with specified sea surface temperatures for 1994 to 2005 (to avoid volcanic eruptions). The vertical structure of the CESM temperature profile tends to be top heavy in the model, with too much deep convection and not enough lower stratospheric cooling as part of the response to tropospheric heating. There is too much absorbed solar radiation (ASR) over the Southern Oceans and not enough in the tropics, and El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is too large in amplitude in this version of the model. However, the covariability of monthly mean anomalies produces remarkably good replication of most of the observed relationships. There is a lot more high-frequency variability in radiative fluxes than in temperature, highlighting the role of clouds and transient weather systems in the radiation statistics. Over the Warm Pool in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans, where nonlocal effects from the Walker circulation driven by the ENSO events are important, several related biases emerge: in response to high SST anomalies there is more precipitation, water vapor, and cloud and less ASR and outgoing longwave radiation in the model than observed. Different model global mean trends are evident, however, possibly hinting at too much positive cloud feedback in the model.
Fine structure of a membrane anchor domain.

Abstract We describe a detailed deletion analysis of the anchoring domain of a model membrane protein. Removal of the 23 contiguous uncharged amino acids from the carboxy terminus of the bacteriophage f1 gene III protein (pIII) converts it from an integral membrane protein to a secreted periplasmic form. Deletions that remove six or fewer residues of the hydrophobic core result in no diminution of the protein's capacity to anchor in the membrane. Longer deletions into this hydrophobic domain gradually destabilize the protein-membrane association. pIII derivatives with over half of the hydrophobic core deleted retain substantial residual anchor function. The basic residues, arginine and lysine, which provide a carboxy-terminal boundary for this domain, can be deleted without loss of anchoring capacity.
Finite Element Three-Dimensional Elastic-Plastic Creep Analysis

Abstract This paper presents a continued development of computationally efficient finite element methods for accurately predicting the isothermal three-dimensional elastic-plastic creep responses of thick and thin shell structures subjected to mechanical and thermal loads. This work is applicable to a wide range of engineering structures and most recently has been used in the elastic-plastic creep analyses of high-temperature nuclear reactor components and rotating turbine blades. Previous work in this area for elastic-plastic analysis has been demonstrated by Levy et al. In that reference, use of a variable number of stress points within an element to describe elastic-plastic behaviour was demonstrated. These ideas have been extended for combined plasticity and creep behaviour. Thus, within an element, the order of the allowable total kinematic strain distribution is dependent on the number of element nodes (assumed displacement distribution), and the order of the allowable plastic strain distribution (and hence the elastic-plastic boundaries) and/or creep strain distribution is dependent on the number and location of the stress points used to numerically integrate the inelastic effects. This allows for an accurate representation of the elastic-plastic creep behaviour within an element. This higher inelastic representation results in the use of a minimum number of degrees of freedom for a given nonlinear analysis, which is particularly important for combined creep and plasticity behaviour and for cyclic loading, where computer times can be prohibitive. The basic numerical solution procedure for the elastic-plastic creep analysis is an incremental predictor-corrector iterative scheme combined with the ‘initial strain’ approach. Attention has been given to the time step increment strategy for combined plasticity and creep as this governs efficiency and accuracy. The methods have been implemented into the three-dimensional solid element module (HEX) of the Grumman PLANS finite element program. Sample problems are used to demonstrate and investigate the accuracy and efficiency of these methods. Sample problems include combined plasticity and creep analysis of a simple rod under time varying load, stress-relaxation of a simple rod, thermal stress-relaxation of a plate subjected to a temperature variation across the width, and creep analysis of an internally loaded thick-walled pressure vessel.
Development and test of an occupational taxonomy based on job characteristics theory

Abstract The use of occupational classification systems has enjoyed a long tradition in vocational behavior. This study attempted to develop a new classification of occupations based on the degree of variety, identity, autonomy, significance, and feedback—major job characteristics often identified with the motivational potential of jobs. Based on two randomly drawn samples from 1515 respondents in the Quality of Employment Survey, 1977: Cross-Section ( R. Quinn & G. Staines, 1979 , Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI), a cluster analysis revealed 10 relatively homogeneous clusters of jobs across both samples. Additional analysis suggested further support for the taxonomy when between-cluster differences appeared to explain the relationship between the job characteristics and job satisfaction, organizational size, and prestige while within-cluster effects for these same variables were nonsystematic. Interpretation of the taxonomy centers on differences between levels of variety and autonomy versus different levels of identity, significance, and feedback across the 10 profiles. The taxonomy is also interpreted using the 15 most frequently occurring occupations in the study sample. Finally, the counseling implications of the results are discussed; limitations of the study are noted and the need for additional research is suggested.
A Presolar Galactic Merger Spawned the SiC-Grain Mainstream

The merger of a metal-poor satellite galaxy with the Milky Way about 5–6 Gyr ago is postulated to resolve three great unexplained conflicts presented by mainstream presolar stardust SiC grains. The model allows all of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) carbon stars that donated these grains to have been formed nearly simultaneously in a starburst generated by gaseous mixing, despite their great apparent age differences when evaluated in terms of Galactic chemical evolution (GCE). The model explains why a precisely measured linear correlation exists between the ratios 29 Si/ 28 Si and 30 Si/ 28 Si in the initial compositions of those AGB stars. It suggests why the slope of that normalized correlation line is m ¼ 4=3 rather than unity, as predicted by GCE. It also suggests why the solar silicon isotopes lie near the bottom of that mainstream correlation line rather than near its top, as expected by current astrophysical ideas. By addressing many isotopic puzzles found within the solar composition, the model also yields a fresh view of the origin of the Sun and of its relationship to the Galaxy. The model is remarkable in reading dynamic events of the presolar history of the Milky Way from precise isotopic ratios measured in terrestrial laboratories within individual micron-sized presolar grains that have been extracted from meteorites that formed 4.56 Gyr ago but that fell only recently to Earth. Subject headings: galaxies: formation — ISM: abundances — nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances — stars: AGB and post-AGB — supernovae: general
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF CT-MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING WITH OR WITHOUT CORONARY CT ANGIOGRAPHY: A BIVARIATE META-ANALYSIS

Computed tomography-myocardial perfusion imaging (CT-MPI) with or without coronary CT angiography (cCTA) is a novel non-invasive method for the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) but it is not well established how its diagnostic performance compares to conventional coronary angiography (CA
Computation is Symbol Manipulation

Computation can be seen as symbol manipulation Indeed, a computation is a sequence of simple, well-defined steps that can lead to the solution of a problem. The problem itself must be defined exactly and unambiguously, and each step in the computation that solves the problem must be described in very specific terms.
Copper(I) complexes of sterically-hindered 2-pyridinethione ligands. Crystal structures of [CuCl(2-SC5H2NH-3-SiMe3-6-SiEt3)2] and the disulfide, [- 2-SC5H2N-3,6-(SiMe2But)2]2

Abstract The reactions of Cu(II)X2 species (X=Cl−, NO3−) with 3-(triorganosilyl)pyridine-2-thiois and 3,6- (triorganosilyl)pyridine-2-thiols were investigated. When the less sterically hindered 3-(triorganosilyl)pyridine-2-thiol ligands were used, Cu(I) species of the type [Cu(2-SC5H3NH-3-SiR3)3]+ were isolated. In contrast, use of the sterically demanding ligands (SC5H2NH-3-SiMe3-6-SiEt3) and (SC5H2NH-3,6- SiMe2But) yielded the Cu(I) species [Cu(2-SC5H2NH-3-SiMe3-6-SiEt3)2Cl] (2) and [Cu(2-SC5H2NH- 3,6-SiMe3But)2Cl] (3). The sulfur ligands are present as monodentate donors in the neutral thione form, protonated at the pyridine nitrogen. The isolation of 3,3′, 6,6′-tetrakis(dimethyl-tert-butylsilyl)pyridyl disulfide (4) confirms the role of the thiolates as reductants in the synthesis of the Cu(I) complexes. Crystal data: [Cu(2-SC5H2NH-3-SiMe3-6-SiEt3)2Cl] (2), monoclinic P21/c, a=16.845(3), b=13.421(2), c=17.288(3) A, β=92.46(1)°, V=3904.8 A3, Z=4, Dcalc=1.18 g cm−3. Structure refinement and solution based on 1810 reflections converged at 0.065. C34H64N2Si4S2 (4), orthorhombic Pbcn, a=12.720(2), b=15.521(3), c=21.162(3) A, V=4177.8(10) A3, Z=4, Dcalc=1.07 g cm−3, 2290 reflections, R=0.058.
Syntheses, spectroscopy, and redox chemistry of encapsulated oxo-Mo(V) centers: implications for pyranopterin-containing molybdoenzymes.

Coordination by at least four sulfur donors to an embedded molybdenum center has been found to be a common feature in the crystal structures of many mononuclear molybdenum enzymes. In an effort to model embedded molybdenum centers, we have synthesized dendritic thiolate ligands and their oxo−molybdenum complexes containing a [MoVOS4]- core. These compounds have been isolated in pure form as blue solids or gummy materials, and the molecular nature of these compounds has been confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and infrared, electron paramagnetic resonance, and UV−vis spectroscopies. The dendritic complexes exhibit little variation in their broad S → Mo charge transfer band (λmax ∼ 600 nm; e ∼ 6000 M-1 cm-1), MoO vibration energy (941−943 cm-1), and EPR g-values (g∥ ∼ 2.02; g⊥ ∼ 1.98; gav ∼ 1.99). The spectroscopic data confirm the integrity of the square pyramidal [MoVOS4]- core with little geometric distortions, suggesting that the electronic structure at the metal center is not perturb...
Analysis of Asymmetric Disk-Shaped and Flat-Plate Heat Pipes

An analytical investigation and conceptual design of a disk-shaped asymmetric heat pipe is presented in this work. Using the conservative formulations for the steady incompressible vapor and liquid flow for a disk-shaped heat pipe, an in-depth integral analysis is applied. Analytical results for the asymmetric vapor velocity profile, the vapor and liquid pressure distributions, and the vapor temperature distribution in the heat pipe are obtained and compared to those of rectangular flat-plate heat pipe. The analysis establishes the physics of the process and the intrawick interactions for the disk-shaped heat pipe. The effects of variations in the thicknesses of the vapor channel and the wick as well as the heat pipe on the performance of both disk-shaped and rectangular flat-plate heat pipes are analyzed in detail and compared with each other. The factors limiting heat pipe performance are discussed and the results show that the disk-shaped heat pipe, while utilizing a smaller surface area and being more adaptable to several application areas, significantly increases the heat transfer capability per unit surface area compared to rectangular flat-plate heat pipe.
GADD45γ Mediates the Activation of the p38 and JNK MAP Kinase Pathways and Cytokine Production in Effector TH1 Cells

The p38 and JNK stress-activated MAPK signal transduction pathways are activated by T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and are required for IFN-gamma production by TH1 effector cells. Here, we show that the expression of GADD45gamma is induced during T cell activation and that the level of expression is higher in TH1 cells than in TH2 cells. TH1 cells from GADD45gamma(-/-) mice are severely compromised in their abilities to activate p38 and JNK in response to TCR signaling, produce much less IFN-gamma upon restimulation, and are deficient in activation-induced cell death (AICD). Additionally, GADD45gamma deficiencies caused reduced contact hypersensitivity in mice. Thus, GADD45gamma mediates activation of the p38 and JNK pathways and effector function of TH1 cells.
Synergistic Enhancement of Cell-Mediated Immunity by Interleukin-12 Plus Interleukin-2: Basis for Therapy of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma is a clonally derived, skin-invasive malignancy of CD4+ T lymphocytes with the phenotype of mature helper T cells. Previous work has demonstrated that the Sezary form, or typically leukemic form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, is characterized by prominent immunologic defects, including depressed cell-mediated immunity associated with marked defects in the production of interleukin-12 and other type 1 helper T cell cytokines. Recent clinical trials with recombinant human interleukin-12 for cutaneous T cell lymphoma have demonstrated that it is a potent therapeutic agent, which induces cytotoxic T cell responses. Nevertheless, a high rate of refractoriness to recombinant human interleukin-12 occurred in these studies that may be related to the downmodulation of interleukin-12 receptor expression by chronic interleukin-12 use. In an effort to enhance the overall response rate and to overcome the refractoriness to recombinant human interleukin-12 therapy, we studied the immunologic effects in vitro of adding interleukin-2 to interleukin-12 as a model to achieve these goals. We examined the stimulation of interferon-gamma production, natural killer cell activity and interleukin-12 receptor expression by T cells of cutaneous T cell lymphoma patients. The addition of interleukin-12 to cutaneous T cell lymphoma patient peripheral blood cells resulted in the production of interferon-gamma (mean = 7914 pg per ml +/- 2161, n = 15) as did interleukin-2 alone (mean = 7222 pg per ml +/- 2228, n = 15). Importantly, the addition of interleukin-2 to the interleukin-12 synergistically enhanced the levels of interferon-gamma produced (mean = 16 792 pg per ml +/- 2492 n = 15) (p <0.01). Similarly, addition of interleukin-2 to interleukin-12 synergistically enhanced both the natural killer cell activity of 15 cutaneous T cell lymphoma patients as well as T cell surface interleukin-12 receptor expression in comparison with the effects of interleukin-12 or interleukin-2 alone. Thus, interleukin-2 plus interleukin-12 unequivocally produces the synergistic enhancement of multiple parameters of cell-mediated immunity as well as upmodulating interleukin-12 receptor expression; this indicates that protocols combining these two potent immune enhancing cytokines may have added therapeutic benefit for cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
HEIDEGGER, EDWARDS, AND BEING‐TOWARD‐DEATH

Reponse aux critiques formulees par P. Edwards (1975 et 1976) a l'egard de la theorie heideggerienne de la mort, et plus generalement a l'egard du style et de la methode de Heidegger. L'A. tente de montrer que ces critiques sont fondees soit sur des malentendus, soit surtout sur de mauvais procedes d'interpretation| pour bien comprendre notamment les relations entre la notion de mort et celle de possibilite, il faut replacer les theses heideggeriennes dans leur contexte, et non pas les considerer comme des hypotheses factuelles et donc isolables.
Isoproterenol-induced mortality and cardiac lipids of aspirin-pretreated rats with various fat intakes

Abstract The effect of altering cardiac concentrations of precursors and inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis by varying fat intake was determined in rats injected with the cardiotoxic drug isoproterenol, following pretreatment with aspirin or potassium phosphate buffer solution. Prior to injection, four groups of rats were fed either a low-fat diet (3.7 energy percent coconut oil 3.7 energy percent safflower oil) or a high-fat diet (3.7 energy percent safflower oil-36.4 energy percent coconut oil mixture or 40.1 energy percent safflower oil.) Mortality as well as fatty acid composition of cardiac lipids changed in response to altered kinds and amounts of fats. Mortality and cardiac C20:4/C22:6 ratio were lowered by feeding 3.7 energy percent coconut oil, and increased by feeding 40.1 energy percent safflower oil. Aspirin reduced mortality in rats fed 40.1 energy percent safflower oil, but not in rats fed other diets. Results suggest that dietary manipulations which increase tissue content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 type relative to those of the n-3 type may increase sensitivity to isoproterenol, and that effectiveness of aspirin in reducing isoproterenol-induced mortality depends upon the n-6/n-3 ratio of cardiac fatty acids.
Student Attitude Toward Virtual Learning in Second Life: A Flow Theory Approach

Three-dimensional (3D) virtual world environment will gain more attention and become more pervasive as a new pedagogical tool in education curriculum and business training. The purpose of this study is to investigate flow theory in understanding the impacts of virtual experiences of Second Life on students' attitudes toward virtual learning. The undergraduate college students at a university in the Southeast region of the United States were chosen as participants, and data were collected in April 2009, entailing 42 usable surveys. This study demonstrated that flow experiences in 3D virtual worlds had a significant and positive impact on students' attitudes toward e-learning. This study found that the quality of engaging and pleasant experiences is influenced by three factors: the skills available to tackle challenging tasks, the perception of interactivity in the virtual learning experience, and the degree of presence sensation perceived by students. This study also validated the notion that the factors a...
Improving the Prediction of Response to Therapy in Autism

Autism is a heterogeneous disorder involving complex mechanisms and systems occurring at diverse times. Because an individual child with autism may have only a subset of all possible abnormalities at a specific time, it may be challenging to identify beneficial effects of an intervention in double-blind, randomized, controlled trials, which compare the mean responses to treatments. Beneficial effects in a small subset of children may be obscured by the lack of effect in the majority. We review the evidence for several potential model systems of biochemical abnormalities that may contribute to the etiology of autism, we describe potential biomarkers or treatment targets for each of these abnormalities, and we provide illustrative treatment trials using this methodology. Potential model systems include immune over and under reactivity, inflammation, oxidative stress, free fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excitotoxicity. Including potential biomarkers and targeted treatments in clinical trials for autism provides a potential method for limiting the heterogeneity of enrolled subjects, which may improve the power of studies to identify beneficial effects of treatments while also improving the understanding of the disease.
Glass transition in semicrystalline polycarbonate

The intensity of the glass transition in semicrystalline polycarbonate was measured by differential scanning calorimetry and by thermally stimulated discharge of electrets. Solution-cast and bulk-crystallized samples possessing widely varying crystallinities and morphologies were investigated. It is shown that the intensity of the glass transition is governed by the extent of primary crystallization and is a linear combination of intensities from the bulk amorphous regions and from noncrystalline polymer within semicrystalline aggregates such as spherulites. The intensity of the glass transition within spherulites is about 0.1–0.3 as great as that in bulk amorphous regions. A three-phase model incorporating two distinct types of noncrystalline polycarbonate is proposed to account for the properties of this polymer.
THE POTENTIAL OF SPIDERS TO EXHIBIT STABLE EQUILIBRIUM POINT CONTROL OF PREY: TESTS OF TWO CRITERIA

The mechanisms by which spiders limit prey populations were investigated with specific reference to the criteria required for equilibrium point control, a predator–prey model in the food-web literature that explains top-down effects on lower trophic levels. In this paper we review results of previous studies that demonstrate that spiders meet two of the four criteria of equilibrium point control: (1) they are generalist feeders, and (2) they are self-damped. We further present experimental evidence for the other two criteria of equilibrium point control: (3) spiders respond to temporal and spatial patterns of prey availability, and (4) species assemblages of spiders better limit assemblages of associated prey species than do individual spider species. We propose that the exhibition of equilibrium point control of associated prey populations by spiders will limit their role in agroecosystems to one of buffers to exponential increases in prey population numbers.
THEOREMS CONCERNING THE ALLOWED CONE OF COSMIC RADIATION

Theorems concering cosmic ray shadow cone extended to include main cone at higher latitudes
Clinical anatomy instruction in the operating room

Instruction in regional gross anatomy is facilitated by a series of illustrations projected in the operating room and viewed sequentially during major operations. This teaching method is described, and the evaluations by the medical students confirm the efficacy of the method.
Neural mechanisms of selection and control of visually guided eye movements

The selection and control of action is a critical problem for both biological and machine animated systems that must operate in complex real world situations. Visually guided eye movements provide a fruitful and important domain in which to investigate mechanisms of selection and control. Our work has focused on the neural processes that select the target for an eye movement and the neural processes that regulate the production of eye movements. We have investigated primarily an area in the frontal cortex that plays a central role in the production of purposive eye movements which is called the frontal eye field. A fundamental property of biological nervous systems is variability in the time to respond to stimuli. Thus, we have been particularly interested in examining whether the time occupied by perceptual and motor decisions explains the duration and variability of behavioral reaction times. Current evidence indicates that salient visual targets are located through a temporal evolution of retinotopically mapped visually evoked activation. The responses to non-target stimuli become suppressed, leaving the activation representing the target maximal. The selection of the target leads to growth of movement-related activity at a stochastic rate toward a fixed threshold to generate the gaze shift. For a given image, the neural concomitants of perceptual processing occupy a relatively constant interval so that stochastic variability in response preparation introduces additional variability in reaction times. Neural processes in another cortical area, the supplementary eye field, do not participate in the control of eye movements but seem to monitor performance. The signals and processes that have been observed in the cerebral cortex of behaving monkeys may provide useful examples for the engineering problems of robotics.
Evaluating Enhancement of Striped Bass in the Context of Potential Predation on Anadromous Salmonids in Coos Bay, Oregon

Abstract We describe an approach for evaluating the predation on anadromous salmonids that could result from enhancement of striped bass Morone saxatilis in Coos Bay, Oregon. Predation by striped bass on juvenile salmonids has been documented there since 1930. To provide a basis for the decision about enhancement of striped bass in Coos Bay, we estimated the losses of anadromous salmonids in 1950 and 1960–1964. In this evaluation, we used information on striped bass in Coos Bay and collateral information about striped bass in other waters. Estimated numbers of juvenile salmonids consumed by striped bass in Coos Bay (April–June) ranged from more than 41,000 in 1950 to about 383,000 in 1963. Estimated losses of adult salmonids ranged from about 1,000 in 1950 to about 46,000 in 1963. This approach was useful in conveying the potential consequences of large-scale striped bass enhancement to decision makers and to the public. The evaluation also helped identify information needs that are now considered in mana...
The spectral radius of submatrices of Laplacian matrices for trees and its comparison to the fiedler vector

We consider the effects on the spectral radius of submatrices of the Laplacian matrix for graphs by deleting the row and column corresponding to various vertices of the graph. We focus most of our attention on trees and determine which vertices v will yield the maximum and minimum spectral radius of the Laplacian when row v and column v are deleted. At this point, comparisons are made between these results and results concerning the Fiedler vector of the tree.
Renormalization of the post-Gaussian effective potential

In order to study the effects of renormalization on the variationally calculated φ4 effective potential, we employ the Gaussian-effective-potential formalism, nonlinear canonical transformations, and the loop approximation. A quantitative comparison of physically equivalent potentials is carried out in two dimensions. The renormalization procedure in three dimensions, leading after the nonlinear transformation to a manifestly finite energy expectation, is described. Different from finite-dimensional quantum mechanics, the optimization is meaningful only if all divergent sub-graphs generated by the ansatz are identified and renormalized by the bare parameters.
Summary and Conclusions from the Neutrino Factory and Beta Beams Group, APS Multi-Divisional Study of the Physics of Neutrinos

Conclusions from the Neutrino Factory and Beta Beam Working Group within the recent APS sponsored Neutrino Physics Study are summarized.
OCCURRENCE OF OVARIAN “TUMORS” IN SPONTANEOUS VIRILISM OF THE HEN

EMBRYOLOGICALLY, the hen's ovary is bisexual. The first proliferation of theovarian germinal epithelium forms the primary sexual cords which later develop into the rete ovarii. The latter is not only a homolog of the testis, but can actually develop into one in certain circumstances. In the adult hen, the components of the rete ovarii can persist in a modified form in the atrophic right ovary and possibly in the left ovary. In the later developmental stages of the embryo the primary sexual cords are transformed into the following ovarian components (i): distended tubules with a large lumen and low epithelium, clusters or cords of fat-laden cells of Nonidez (also called luteal cells), isolated medullary cord cells, cords of primordial germ cells, cords of primordial germ cells bound together by a basement membrane, and mixed cords consisting of germ cells and fat-laden cells.
Endovascular Control of a Ruptured Proximal Superior Mesenteric Artery Pseudoaneurysm

Abstract We describe a successful coil embolization of a bleeding superior mesenteric artery pseudoaneurysm.
"Put me in, Coach" A Pilot Evaluation of Executive Coaching in the Nonprofit Sector

The use of executive coaching within the nonprofit sector has received increased attention over the past decade as a mechanism to build capacity and address issues of burnout and turnover among executives. This article presents the results of an evaluation of a pilot six-month executive coaching program that was implemented in 2005 in an urban metropolitan area. The evaluation collected data through surveys and semistructured interviews with nine executive directors and five coaches who participated in the pilot and analyzed the data to assess the effectiveness of the delivery and usefulness of the experience. The coaching experience was rated as very helpful and supportive of the development of executive directors as nonprofit leaders.
Electronic structure and fermiology of high temperature superconductors: Theoretical summary

This is a summary of theoretical issues raised at the conference on Electronic Structure and Fermiology of High Temperature Superconductors in the context of the more general question of the role of electron correlations.