cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of amniotic fluid volume: intramembranous solute and volume fluxes in late gestation fetal sheep.

Abstract Objective Recent studies suggest that amniotic fluid volume is regulated by the rate of intramembranous absorption of amniotic fluid into fetal blood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the simultaneous intramembranous solute and water fluxes to gain insight into the intramembranous transport and amniotic fluid volume regulatory mechanisms. Study design All major amniotic inflows and outflows, except intramembranous flow, were eliminated in 10 fetal sheep over 8 hours by occlusion of the fetal trachea and esophagus; the fetal urine was drained to the exterior. Amniotic fluid composition and volume were measured before and at the end of the 8 hours. Solute and volume fluxes through the intramembranous pathway were calculated from amniotic fluid concentration and volume changes. Statistical analyses included t -tests, linear regression, and analyses of variance. Results Amniotic fluid volume decreased by 128 ± 24 (SE) mL over 8 hours ( P P >=>.072). Amniotic fluid sodium, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate concentrations increased ( P P P Conclusion The poor correlation of amniotic fluid volume reduction with the fetal-to-amniotic fluid osmotic gradient shows that the primary mechanism that mediates intramembranous volume flow is not passive osmosis in the normal fetus under basal conditions. The strong correlations of solute fluxes simultaneously with volume flux and concentration gradients suggest that intramembranous solute fluxes are mediated by both bulk flow and passive diffusion. The small size of the passive component relative to the size of the bulk component suggests that intramembranous solute transfer is mediated primarily by bulk flow with a smaller and usually oppositely directed contribution by diffusion down concentration gradients. Bulk flow by vesicular transport is the only known physiologic transport mechanism that is compatible with these data, but it is not known whether this occurs in the amnion or intramembranous blood vessels or both.
29 Si MAS NMR relaxation study of shocked Coconino Sandstone from Meteor Crater, Arizona

29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the silica phases in a moderately-shocked Coconino sandstone from Meteor Crater, Arizona. The spectra were recorded using direct polarization, magic-angle spinning, and variable delay times in a saturation recovery pulse sequence. Resonances observed at -97.3, -107.1, -113.9 and -191.2 ppm were assigned to a densified hydrous form of amorphous silica (D phase), quartz, coesite and stishovite phases, respectively. The relative percentages were estimated as 1.7, 80.6, 16.4 and 1.3% for the D, quartz, coesite, and stishovite phases. The power-law recoveries of the magnetization for the quartz and coesite phases can be interpreted in terms of their phase geometries.
Thermodynamic properties of ErCo3 hydrides

Abstract Hydrogen desorption isotherms were measured in the system ErCo 3 H x for 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 4.15 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 °C. Pressure plateaus on the isotherms indicate the existence of two hydride phases in addition to the terminal hydrogen-saturated metal α phase. Both hydrides exhibit a wide range of solid solution. The β phase runs from x = 1.15 to x = 1.65, whilst the γ phase runs from x = 3.55 to at least x = 4.15. The α phase is very narrow. At 20 °C the plateau pressures are 18.8 and 265 Torr, and the heats of absorption are −10.55 and −8.76 kcal (mol H 2 ) −1 respectively. From the temperature dependence of the isotherms, the partial molar heats and entropies of absorption and the heats and entropies of formation were calculated as functions of x .
Using Modeling and Simulation to Evaluate Enterprises' Risk Exposure to Social Networks

An analytic methodology involving modeling and simulation could help decision makers determine how their employees' use of social networks impacts their organization, identify how to mitigate potential risks, and evaluate the financial and organizational implications of doing so.
Closed-loop stripping analysis of synthetic musk compounds from fish tissues with measurement by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring

Synthetic musk compounds have been found in surface water, fish tissues, and human breast milk. Current techniques for separating these compounds from fish tissues require tedious sample clean-up procedures. A simple method for the determination of synthetic musk compounds in fish tissues has been developed. Closed-loop stripping of saponified fish tissues in a 1-1 Wheaton purge-and-trap vessel is used to strip compounds with high vapor pressures such as synthetic musks from the matrix onto a solid sorbent (Abselut Nexus). This technique is useful for screening biological tissues that contain lipids for musk compounds. Analytes are desorbed from the sorbent trap sequentially with polar and nonpolar solvents, concentrated, and directly analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer operating in the selected ion monitoring mode. In this paper, we analyzed two homogenized samples of whole fish tissues with spiked synthetic musk compounds using closed-loop stripping analysis and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). The analytes were not recovered quantitatively but the extraction yield was sufficiently reproducible for at least semi-quantitative purposes (screening). The method was less expensive to implement and required significantly less sample preparation than the PLE technique.
Remarks on “On a Generalized Nonlinear K –ε Model and the Use of Extended Thermodynamics in Turbulence”

In [1], the author, an expert on turbulence modeling, has commented, amongst other issues, on a paper by Huang and Rajagopal [2]. It appears from his comments that the author has either misread the paper or has misunderstood some statements in [2]. These comments here will, I hope, set matters straight. In [2] Huang and Rajagopal appeal to a similarity between turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid and the laminar flow of a non-Newtonian fluid (see [3]) to develop models in turbulence. It is possible that such an analogy should not be invoked, but there seems to be no reason a priori why such an analogy should not be used. At the very least there seems to be no reason to discard such an idea without testing it carefully, in view of the similarity in the secondary flow structures in the two cases. The paper [2] was primarily such an exploration, and it turns out that many of the models that are used in turbulence can indeed be generated by such a method and a specific model generated in [2] embeds many models that have been used in turbulence. In pointing to the inadequacy of an approximation to a model used in [2] to describe relaxation effects, Speziale gives the impression that the models described in [2] are all incapable of describing relaxation effects. This is not correct. In [2] we have developed a model that can stress-relax (see (3.34) and (3.35) of [2]):
Quasiclassical approximation for the spin-boson Hamiltonian with counterrotating terms

We derive quasiclassical (approximately factorizable) trajectories for the spin-boson Hamiltonian without the rotating-wave approximation (RWA) and show how they may be used to calculate the evolution of the fully quantized system when the initial state of the oscillator (boson field) is a coherent state with sufficiently large amplitude. We give a general prescription to obtain such trajectories for other systems. We study how well-known features of the model in the RWA are modified by the counterrotating terms and explore some of the new phenomenology introduced by these terms.
Influence of chance error on simple structure: An empirical investigation of the effect of chance error and estimated communalities on simple structure in factorial analysis

Correlation coefficients derived from an hypothetical simple structure for twenty tests and four factors were “loaded” with chance error components. Centroid analyses and rotations to give least square determinations of the hypothetical simple structure were made for several conditions. It is concluded that the experimental situation of inaccurate coefficients and estimated communalities permits accurate determination of primary trait loadings provided that the rank of the centroid matrix is equal to or greater than that of the underlying primary trait matrix. Of several criteria for the completeness of factorization which were tested, none was wholly satisfactory.
Why Middle-Aged Listeners Have Trouble Hearing in Everyday Settings

Summary Anecdotally, middle-aged listeners report difficulty conversing in social settings, even when they have normal audiometric thresholds [1–3]. Moreover, young adult listeners with "normal" hearing vary in their ability to selectively attend to speech amid similar streams of speech. Ignoring age, these individual differences correlate with physiological differences in temporal coding precision present in the auditory brainstem, suggesting that the fidelity of encoding of suprathreshold sound helps explain individual differences [4]. Here, we revisit the conundrum of whether early aging influences an individual's ability to communicate in everyday settings. Although absolute selective attention ability is not predicted by age, reverberant energy interferes more with selective attention as age increases. Breaking the brainstem response down into components corresponding to coding of stimulus fine structure and envelope, we find that age alters which brainstem component predicts performance. Specifically, middle-aged listeners appear to rely heavily on temporal fine structure, which is more disrupted by reverberant energy than temporal envelope structure is. In contrast, the fidelity of envelope cues predicts performance in younger adults. These results hint that temporal envelope cues influence spatial hearing in reverberant settings more than is commonly appreciated and help explain why middle-aged listeners have particular difficulty communicating in daily life.
A new species of Heterangium from the Illinois basin of North America

Abstract A Heterangium specimen from the Illinois Basin exhibits a prominent periderm and distinct exarch protoxylem groups from which leaf traces arise individually. As a trace passes to a leaf it remains single but is bilobed for as far as it can be followed into a winged petiole. These features place the new species in the subgenus Heterangium. The specimen lacks the sclerotic plates and sparganum outer cortex present in other species. Certain aspects of stelar structure suggests that Heterangium represents a pteridosperm lineage that retained the protostelic condition from ancestors that produced other lineages exhibiting various degrees and types of longitudinal stelar dissection.
HPV-16 E6 oncoprotein induces mutations via p53-dependent and -independent pathways.

The E6 oncoprotein of human papillomaviruses (HPV) promotes oncogenesis by inactivating tumor suppressor protein p53 i. e. it binds to and enhances the degradation of p53. To study whether inactivation of p53 is solely responsible for E6-induced oncogenesis, we constructed several plasmid vectors expressing wild-type (wt) or mutant (mt) E6 proteins. RKO cells that express wt p53 were stably transfected with these plasmids and challenged with DNA damaging agents. The level of p53 was significantly increased by DNA damaging agents in control cells and cells transfected with plasmids expressing mt E6 that do not bind to p53. As expected, p53 did not increase in cells transfected with plasmids expressing mt E6 that do bind to p53. To investigate the oncogenic effect of these various E6 proteins, we determined the mutation frequency of the hprt locus in control cells and cells expressing different E6 proteins. We found that cells expressing wt E6 and mt E6 (capable or incapable of binding to p53) showed notable increases in the mutation frequency at hprt locus compared with that of control cells. The elevation of mutation frequency in cells expressing mt E6 was similar to that in cells expressing wt E6. These data indicate that E6-induced mutagenicity is induced not only via p53 inactivation, but also via p53-independent pathways.
Space Station attitude control and momentum management - A nonlinearlook

Nonlinear design procedures are presented for obtaining attitude and angular momentum control laws for the Space Station. These are based on Lyapunov's second method for stability analysis. In the absence of disturbances, there exist four stable equilibrium points. Only one of these is desired and its stability boundary is estimated from the gravitational dynamic potential. Simulation results are presented for the current Space Station configuration for large initial deviations from the local-vertical-local-horizontal frame. The control laws obtained under the zero disturbance assumption are tested in the presence of constant disturbance torques. It is shown that the Space Station can be stabilized about a torque-equilibrium attitude and the momentum of the control moment gyroscopes is bounded, provided the disturbance is smaller than the maximum gravity gradient torque that can be produced by the Space Station.
Laser-phase transition analogy: Application to first-order transitions

Abstract An analogy developed by other authors between threshold behavior of lasers and second-order phase transitions is extended to first-order systems. It is shown that laser oscillators with saturable absorbers can be described as analogous to first-order phase transitions. This theory explains the “spectral hysterisis” observed experimentally by Chebotayev et al.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Children With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome at the Age of 5 Years

This study aimed to determine the neurodevelopmental (ND) outcome for children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) at early school age. English-speaking patients who underwent the Norwood procedure between 2000 and 2005 were eligible at 4–6 years of age for ND testing. Of the 72 eligible patients, 44 (61 %) agreed to participate, and 37 completed ND testing before the close of the study. Three subjects were excluded from analyses due to late stroke. The ND testing included intelligence, visual motor integration, memory and motor and language skills. Parents and teachers completed measures of behavior and attention problems. Subjects’ scores and parent/teacher ratings were converted to z-scores and compared with test norms. Higher scores on child measures represent better outcomes, whereas higher scores on parent and teacher rating scales indicate more problems. The average ND performance of the tested cohort fell within one standard deviation of the test norms for all measures. However, the subjects performed significantly lower than the test norms on measures of visual-motor integration, fine motor skills, memory, and word structure (z = −0.42 to −0.54; p < 0.005). On the parent and teacher completed measures, the subjects scored higher than the test norms on attention problems (z = 0.40–0.62; p < 0.005). Although the overall ND performance of the cohort was normal, the subjects showed relative weakness in visual motor and attention skills. Ongoing developmental monitoring of these children is recommended to guide interventions that may improve individual outcomes and to assess the impact of changes in clinical management strategies on functional outcomes.
A microsatellite-based genome-wide analysis of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars from major cotton-growing countries

To better understand the genetic diversity of the cultivated Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and its structure at the molecular level, 193 Upland cotton cultivars collected from 26 countries were genotyped using 448 microsatellite markers. These markers were selected based on their mapping positions in the high density G. hirsutum TM-1 × G. barbadense 3-79 map, and they covered the whole genome. In addition, the physical locations of these markers were also partially identified based on the reference sequence of the diploid G. raimondii (D5) genome. The marker orders in the genetic map were largely in agreement with their orders in the physical map. These markers revealed 1,590 alleles belonging to 732 loci. Analysis of unique marker allele numbers indicated that the modern US Upland cotton had been losing its genetic diversity during the past century. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between marker pairs was clearly un-even among chromosomes, and among regions within a chromosome. The average size of a LD block was 6.75 cM at r2 = 0.10. A neighbor-joining phylogenic tree of these cultivars was generated using marker allele frequencies based on Nei’s genetic distance. The cultivars were grouped into 15 groups according to the phylogenic tree. Grouping results were largely congruent with the breeding history and pedigrees of the cultivars with a few exceptions.
Segmented Generator Modules Using Bi2Te3-Based Materials

Previously, the Institute of Thermoelectricity has created Bi2Te3-based modules with an efficiency of ~7% in the temperature range of 30°C to 300°C, with legs that employed homogeneous thermoelectric materials. Herein, we present the results of development of such modules with legs made of inhomogeneous materials. Based on the theory of optimal control and object-oriented computer technology, programs to determine the requirements for material properties in the inhomogeneous legs were created. It was established that introduction of inhomogeneity in the form of continuous and step changes in three-segment n- and p-type legs yields almost identical efficiency increases of about 15%. Use of two segments reduces this value of 10% to 12%. Modules with two-segment legs encapsulated in thin-walled metal cases filled with inert gas have been built, yielding improved efficiency of 7.8% to 8%.
Unusual methanogenic flora of a wood-fermenting anaerobic bioreactor

Antibody probes and immunotechnology were used in qualitative and quantitative studies of the methanogenic flora of two mesophilic continuously stirred tank reactors in which wood or sorghum served as substrates. This represents the first immunological study of a wood-fermenting bioreactor. An overwhelmingly predominant methanogenic subpopulation was observed which, after 2.5 years of operation represented nearly 90% of all methanogens detectable immunologically, reaching 97% 1 year later. This subpopulation was weakly related antigenically to Methanomicrobium mobile BP and morphologically was indistinguishable from it. Such predominance of a single methanogen subpopulation and its relatedness to M. mobile BP has not been observed previously in bioreactors, and may be a distinctive trait of wood-fermenting bioreactors. The majority of other methanogens detected immunologically were not of the same immunotype as reference strains, suggesting that important methanogens remain to be isolated from these systems.
Monitoring urban forest canopy cover using satellite imagery.

The urban forest is being recognized for not only aesthetic benefits but for carbon storage, air filtration, noise reduction and wildlife habitat. This acknowledgment has resulted in actions supporting the urban forest ranging from federal funding of state urban forestry programs to grassroot urban tree planting/advocacy groups. As with any forestry related project, there is an interest to know how much, and where the vegetation exists. Landsat satellite imagery (Thematic Mapper) has been proved effective for mapping the density (crown closure) of non-urban forests. This project uses this same imagery to map the density of the urban forest within the City of Portland, Oregon. In a second phase, this map along with other mapped information will form a model of the city for the purpose of locating areas that could sustain more vegetation. (This work is currently in progress and to date has produced a preliminary map of urban forest density using the imagery.) Computer image processing of the satellite imagery provides the basis for a city-wide map of urban forest density. Color infrared aerial photos supplies the initial ground truth for vegetation density and to also distinguish among trees, shrubs and grass. Particular emphasis is put on residential lands containing yard and street trees as mapping of urban natural areas (patches of remaining forest and meadows) has already been accomplished by other mapping projects. The final map of vegetation density will be a digital map ready for use within a geographic information sysem (GIS). This will start the second phase of the project where a more representative model of the urban environment will be constructed by joining the vegetation map with other GIS maps of population streets, tax parcels and zoning. The forest density map by itself will certainly show areas that are below average density. However, by making spatial correlations between the forest density map and population density, street density, tax parcel density and zoning, it is hoped to improve the accuracy in showing areas that could support more vegetation.
The effect of low-pressure oxygen exposure on the high-temperature tensile impact ductility of a thorium-doped iridium alloy

In an alloy of Ir-0.3 wt% W, the high temperature tensile impact ductility has been shown to be improved significantly by the addition of trace levels (30--100 wt ppm) of thorium. The beneficial effect of thorium stems from two factors: Thorium segregates strongly to the grain boundaries, resulting in increased cohesive strength of the boundaries and a change in fracture mode from intergranular in the undoped alloy to ductile transgranular fracture in the thorium-doped alloy. In addition to segregating to grain boundaries, thorium in excess of the solubility limit forms a second phase with a composition of Ir{sub 5}Th, which pins the grain boundaries and results in grain size refinement and improved ductility. Anomalous growth of near-surface grains has also been shown to occur as a result of exposure at high temperatures (1,280--1,330 C) to a low partial pressure of oxygen (1.3 mPa) for extended periods of time. Although uniform grain growth is known to be deleterious to the high-temperature tensile impact ductility of iridium-based alloys, it is not clear how anomalous growth in oxygen affects impact ductility. Therefore, as a further extension of the grain-growth studies, this report presents data on the high-temperature tensile impact ductility of an Ir-0.3wt%Wmore » + Th alloy which was exposed to a low partial pressure of oxygen (1.3 mPa) at 1,330 C and compares the data to results taken from specimens annealed in vacuum.« less
Pineapple‐tissue based bioelectrode for the determination of hydrogen peroxide

A flow-injection analysis (FIA) system for the determination of hydrogen peroxide was developed by utilizing a pineapple-tissue-based modified carbon paste electrode. Pineapple stem core tissue contains peroxidase, which is not available commercially in the pure isolated form. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations were determined in the presence of O-phenylenediamine as a hydrogen donor at a potential of −200 mV. The detection limit (S/N = 3) for hydrogen peroxide using this tissue electrode is 2.1 μM with a relative standard deviation of 0.44% (n = 12). The tissue-modified carbon paste electrode is stable for up to 20 days with no significant activity changes.
Extending Foldamer Design beyond α-Helix Mimicry: α/β-Peptide Inhibitors of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling

Diverse strategies have been explored to mimic the surface displayed by an α-helical segment of a protein, with the goal of creating inhibitors of helix-mediated protein-protein interactions. Many recognition surfaces on proteins, however, are topologically more complex and less regular than a single α-helix. We describe efforts to develop peptidic foldamers that bind to the irregular receptor-recognition surface of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Our approach begins with a 19-residue α-peptide previously reported by Fairbrother et al. (Biochemistry 1998, 37, 17754) to bind to this surface on VEGF. Systematic evaluation of α→β replacements throughout this 19-mer sequence enabled us to identify homologues that contain up to ~30% β residues, retain significant affinity for VEGF, and display substantial resistance to proteolysis. These α/β-peptides can block VEGF-stimulated proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Enhanced Withdrawal of Polychlorinated Biphenyls: A Comparison of Colestipol, Mineral Oil, Propylene Glycol, and Petroleum Jelly with or Without Restricted Feeding,

Abstract Meat type chickens were fed a commercial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), Aroclor 1254, at 10 ppm for 14 days, then treated for 21 days to hasten the withdrawal of PCB with either mineral oil (MO), petroleum jelly (PJ), propylene glycol (PG), or colestipol (CO) at 5% of the diet, or at 10% of the diet when restricted to 50% of control intake (50% FR). Whole carcass analyses for PCB revealed that MO + 50% FR reduced PCB to 1.91 mg/bird, or 32% of the body burden (5.96 mg) in nontreated chickens previously fed PCB, whereas those restricted in feed intake by 50% (50% FR) had almost no change (6.44 mg/bird) in body burdens. The PJ, PG, and CO in combination with 50% FR reduced body burdens of PCB to 47, 57, and 77%, respectively, of the control value. When treated with MO, PJ, PG, or CO alone (no 50% FR), chickens had body burdens reduced to only 67 to 90% of control, depending on the compound. Thus, feed restriction was necessary for the MO and PJ to have their greatest effect. Carcass lipid values and body weight gains were markedly reduced by the feed restriction. The CO reduced carcass lipid in nonrestricted chickens by 30%.
Potential environmental controls on nitrogenase activity in biological crusts of the northern Chihuahuan Desert

Abstract We used the acetylene reduction assay to analyse soil nitrogenase activity at the Jornada Long-Term Ecological Research site (northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, U.S.A.). A three-day irrigation and fertilization experiment showed that water and carbon (glucose) enhanced nitrogenase activity, while NH 4 NO 3 reduced activity. Micronutrient (Mo, Fe, Co) and phosphorus fertilization had no significant effect. A survey of Jornada Basin soils did not reveal an inverse relationship between nitrogenase activity and the ratio of available nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P), as hypothesized; however, the highest rates of nitrogenase activity were detected in tarbush floodplain soils with a low ratio of available N to P. These findings suggest that labile carbon and inorganic N may exert a stronger control on nitrogenase activity than phosphorus or micronutrient levels.
Entropic basis of the Pareto law

Based on the assumption that certain economies achieve quasi-equilibrium, an appropriate economic statistical thermodynamics is formulated in which entropy emerges naturally. Under the assumption that the small group of high income agents, whose income distribution satisfies Pareto's law, does not much interact with the larger group of lower income agents, the corresponding statistical thermodynamic relations are applied in order to derive the Pareto law. The derivation requires the assumption that the sum of logarithms of the incomes of the individual agents (or the product of incomes) in this group is conserved. A strong plausibility argument for this assumption is presented. It also turns out (in accordance with intuition) that in order to increase the average income of an agent more “risk” in the form of greater entropy production must be assumed. Other consequences are discussed, and an experimental demonstration of the uniformity of economic temperature in a system, at economic equilibrium, is presented.
Metrics for Hubble Space Telescope Science Operations

The development and tracking of Hubble Space Telescope science operations metrics will be described. In order for such metrics to be meaningful, they must be clearly linked to well-defined scientific contributions the observatory staff makes to the overall mission. The process for defining these contributions for HST, and then developing the appropriate metrics will be discussed. The process of developing and using metrics must take into account the fact that some may be more quantifiable than others. The fact that a metric is not easy to quantify does not necessarily detract from its importance or usefulness. Examples from the HST suite of metrics will be used to illustrate these situations. Operational metrics and data are also important at the subsystem level, to provide guidance in the process of trying to improve performance against the high-level science metrics. To the extent possible, the development of a system for capturing metric information should provide information useful at both these levels. These points will also be discussed in the context of examples from the HST suite of metrics. Our experiences to date with the collection and presentation of metric information will also be discussed.
Pulse Oximetry: Implications for Practice

Pulse oximetry is used routinely in neonatal care to monitor oxygen in compromised neonates. A discussion of oximetry for monitoring unstable neonates is presented. Topics covered include physiologic principles of oxygen transport, technical aspects of the oximeter (accuracy, reliability, advantages, and limitations), acceptable limits of arterial oxygen saturation, implications for nursing practice, and use of the device in selected clinical conditions.
Control of urea transport across toad urinary bladder by vasopressin: effect of periodate oxidation of the mucosal cell surface.

Oxidation of toad urinary bladder epithelial cell membranes by periodate in the bathing medium altered vasopressin-stimulated transport of urea or of water and sodium depending on whether periodate bathed the mucosal or serosal surface. Subsequent reduction with tritiated borohydride was then used to label the oxidized cell membrane components. I found that: 1. Vasopressin or adenosine-3′, 5′-monophosphate-stimulated urea transport was inhibited after bladders had been exposed to NaIO4 in themucosal medium. Basal rates of urea flow and both basal and hormone-stimulated rates of sodium and water flux remained unaltered. 2. NaBH4 reduction of the oxidized tissue did not restore transport toward normal. Periodate treatment of the mucosal surface before borotritiide reduction increased tritium incorporation into epithelial cells 35-fold, principally into two membrane-associated polypeptides. 3. The response to periodate in the serosal medium was entirely different from that to periodate in the mucosal solution. Periodate in the serosal bath inhibited both basal and hormone-stimulated short-circuit current and vasopressin-stimulated osmotic water flow. Subsequent reduction with borotritiide, however, only increased tritium incorporation two-fold.
Values drive the plan

This chapter explores the role of student affairs and institutional values in strategic planning. It also looks at the historical roots of the profession and methods for incorporating values into planning.
Evolution of B Cell Immunity

Two types of adaptive immune strategies are known to have evolved in vertebrates: the VLR-based system, which is present in jawless organisms and is mediated by VLRA and VLRB lymphocytes, and the BCR/TCR-based system, which is present in jawed species and is provided by B and T cell receptors expressed on B and T cells, respectively. Here we summarize features of B cells and their predecessors in the different animal phyla, focusing the review on B cells from jawed vertebrates. We point out the critical role of nonclassical species and comparative immunology studies in the understanding of B cell immunity. Because nonclassical models include species relevant to veterinary medicine, basic science research performed in these animals contributes to the knowledge required for the development of more efficacious vaccines against emerging pathogens.
The Causal Influence of Anxiety on Academic Achievement for Students of Differing Intellectural Ability

The present study examined the relationship be tween anxiety and learning within the context of drive theory and trait-state anxiety theory. It was hypothesized that trait anxiety (A-trait) would in fluence state anxiety (A-state), which in turn would influence academic achievement. The subjects were 86 students enrolled in a graduate education course for whom measures of A-state, A-trait, and achieve ment were obtained concurrently at three times during the course. GRE scores were used as mea sures of intellectual ability. Data were analyzed using the frequency-of-change-in-product-moment technique (Yee & Gage, 1968), a causal analysis statistic which permits the determination of source and direction of causal influence in lagged correla tional data. Results showed that A-trait influenced A-state and achievement, but the relationship be tween A-state and achievement was ambiguous. When intellectual ability was considered, A-trait was found to influence A-state and achievement, but only for high-ability s...
Deep sequencing of the microRNA transcriptome in current, former, and never smokers with lung adenocarcinoma

Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. While smoking is a major risk factor, about 10% to 15% of cases arise in never smokers. Small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) often act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors to regulate gene expression during disease, and represent attractive targets for lung cancer risk assessment and therapeutic intervention. We therefore sought to characterize the tumor-associated miRNA transcriptome of current, former and never smokers.
AGGLUTINATION BY PRECIPITIN : SECOND PAPER.

The fact is shown that collodion particles sensitized with various proteins adsorb sufficient protein to agglutinate in the presence of precipitin specific for the adsorbed protein. The amount of adsorption, judged by agglutination, is not dependent on the concentration of the sensitizing protein beyond a certain maximum. The agglutination resulting from the addition of immune serum to particles sensitized with protein is immunologically specific. Particles exposed to a number of antigenic substances in succession are agglutinated by all of the appropriate antisera. Particles exposed to immune serum and subsequently washed fail to agglutinate in the presence of antigen although some of the protein constituents of the immune serum are fixed upon them and its antibody content diminishes.
Ethics and the Law: Is There Common Ground on Informed Consent for Disparities in Hospital Outcomes?

In certain cases, institutional volume has become a proxy for quality, yet physicians have been unsure of how to approach this information and interpret it for their patients. Even more challenging...
Extensions of Some Theorems of Godel and Church

We shall say that a logic is “simply consistent” if there is no formula A such that both A and ∼ A are provable. “ω-consistent” will be used in the sense of Godel. “General recursive” and “primitive recursive” will be used in the sense of Kleene, so that what Godel calls “rekursiv” will be called “primitive recursive.” By an “Entscheidungsverfahren” will be meant a general recursive function ϕ(n) such that, if n is the Godel number of a provable formula, ϕ(n) = 0 and, if n is not the Godel number of a provable formula, ϕ(n) = 1. In specifying that ϕ must be general recursive we are following Church in identifying “general recursiveness” and “effective calculability.”First, a modification is made in Godel's proofs of his theorems, Satz VI (Godel, p. 187—this is the theorem which states that ω-consistency implies the existence of undecidable propositions) and Satz XI (Godel, p. 196—this is the theorem which states that simple consistency implies that the formula which states simple consistency is not provable). The modifications of the proofs make these theorems hold for a much more general class of logics. Then, by sacrificing some generality, it is proved that simple consistency implies the existence of undecidable propositions (a strengthening of Godel's Satz VI and Kleene's Theorem XIII) and that simple consistency implies the non-existence of an Entscheidungsverfahren (a strengthening of the result in the last paragraph of Church).
Using Artificial Neural Networks To Examine Semiotic Theories Of Accounting Accruals

Although the primary purpose of accounting is to communicate information, few studies have investigated the communicative nature of accounting. This study uses semiotics, a theory of signs and signals, to examine the purpose and usefulness of accounting accruals with a popular tool in forecasting--artificial neural networks. Two primary theories are proposed by this study. The Theory of the Functions of Accounting Accruals categories accounting accruals by their basic functions and states that two general types of accounting accruals exist: syntactic accruals and semantic accruals. Syntactic accounting accruals reflect incomplete transactions under a system of cash receipts and cash disbursements. Semantic accounting accruals present messages in a different format than their counterparts in a system of cash receipts and cash disbursements. The T heory of the Pragmatic Information of Accounting Accruals states that accounting accruals contain pragmatic information (value) because of their functions. The pragmatic information (value) of accounting accruals is examined by comparing the ability of accrual accounting data to forecast future cash flows compared to that of cash-flow accounting data. Forecasts are made using backpropagation neural networks. The results indicate that both syntactic and semantic accounting accruals contain pragmatic information (have value when forecasting future cash flows). The study provides evidence of the pragmatic information (value) of annual accounting accruals. However, no evidence was found in support of the pragmatic information (value) of quarterly accounting accruals. This result implies that annual accrual accounting data is a better predictor of future cash flows than cash-flow data while quarterly accrual accounting data is not.
FIST: a sensory domain for diverse signal transduction pathways in prokaryotes and ubiquitin signaling in eukaryotes.

Motivation: Sensory domains that are conserved among Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya are important detectors of common signals detected by living cells. Due to their high sequence divergence, sensory domains are difficult to identify. We systematically look for novel sensory domains using sensitive profile-based searches initiated with regions of signal transduction proteins where no known domains can be identified by current domain models. Results: Using profile searches followed by multiple sequence alignment, structure prediction and domain architecture analysis, we have identified a novel sensory domain termed FIST, which is present in signal transduction proteins from Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya. Chromosomal proximity of FIST-encoding genes to those coding for proteins involved in amino acid metabolism and transport suggest that FIST domains bind small ligands, such as amino acids. Contact: joulineib@ornl.gov Supplementary information: http://genomics.ornl.gov/research/ pubs/fist
Damage-Layer-Mediated H Diffusion During SiN:H Processing: A Comprehensive Model

We describe a refined surface-damage model for H transport during SiN: H processing to explain recent observations in H passivation. We propose that surface-damaged layers act not only as a source of trapped H, but can also mediate H between Si and SiN:H. This capability enables exchange of H between SiN:H and Si, making passivation characteristics dependent on the surface damage as well as composition of the nitride. It also explains many other observations. *This work has been authored by an employee or employees of the Midwest Research Institute under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.
A regularity result for the singular values of a transfer matrix and a quadratically convergent algorithm for computing its L ∞ -norm

The i-th singular value of a transfer matrix need not be a differentiable function of frequency where its multiplicity is greater than one. We show that near a local maximum, however, the largest singular value has a Lipschitz second derivative, but need not have a third derivative. Using this regularity result, we give a quadratically convergent algorithm for computing the L∞-norm of a transfer matrix.
Institutionally based videoconferencing

The delivery of psychiatric care via video-teleconferencing (VTC) technology is thought to have reached a tipping point. As a medical speciality with relatively few material or technical requirements for service delivery, psychiatry has been one of the earliest to embrace the possibility of providing evaluations and treatment at a distance. Such technical infrastructure as is necessary can often be found in the institutions already in existence. It was natural therefore that institutionally based telepsychiatry would lay the foundation for the development of the field. In this article we review the history and development of institutional VTC in a wide variety of clinically supervised settings such as hospitals, outpatient clinics, and forensic settings. We cite evidence supporting institutionally sponsored use and expand on key takeaways for the development and expansion of videoconferencing in these settings. We also speculate on the future direction and development of psychiatric care provided by these arrangements.
Bifurcation intervention: is it crush time yet?

Bifurcation lesions remain an unresolved problem for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Broadly defined as stenoses that involve the origin of an arterial side branch exceeding 2.0 mm in diameter, bifurcation lesions present a challenge to achieve relief of arterial narrowing, deliver
On the Idea of Uniqueness

Archivists have generally described the records in their care as unique. While this description seems straightforward and absolute, it has in fact been used to denote several different attributes of archives: the uniqueness of records; the uniqueness of information in records; the uniqueness of the processes which produce records; and the uniqueness of the aggregations of documents into files. This essay explores how the idea of uniqueness has evolved, especially in relation to the changing technologies of recordmaking, and it speculates on the future usefulness of the idea for archival theory and practice.
Use of the da Vinci minimally invasive robotic system for resection of a complicated paraspinal schwannoma with thoracic extension: case report.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Applications of robotics to minimally invasive spine surgery have produced several benefits while sparing patients the morbidity of traditional open surgery. Minimally invasive spine surgery offers the advantages of less pain and less blood loss, along with quicker recovery and shorter hospital stays. The da Vinci robotic surgical system has recently been adapted to neurosurgical applications. This article details a posterior approach using a tubular retraction system in conjunction with an anterior approach using the da Vinci robot to completely remove large spinal schwannomas with intrathoracic extension. This technique is an example of a novel application of existing technology initially developed for other applications. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Two patients with large thoracic schwannomas extending into the chest cavity are reviewed. We present images and video of the combined minimally invasive approach used to completely remove the lesions without complications. CONCLUSION This report describes a novel neurosurgical application of an existing minimally invasive robotic surgical system.
Ab Initio Approach for Prediction of Oxide Surface Structure, Stoichiometry, and Electrocatalytic Activity in Aqueous Solution.

The design of efficient, stable, and inexpensive catalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction is crucial for the development of electrochemical energy conversion devices such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Currently, such design is limited by challenges in atomic-scale experimental characterization and computational modeling of solid–liquid interfaces. Here, we begin to address these issues by developing a general-, first-principles-, and electrochemical-principles-based framework for prediction of catalyst surface structure, stoichiometry, and stability as a function of pH, electrode potential, and aqueous cation concentration. We demonstrate the approach by determining the surface phase diagram of LaMnO3, which has been studied for oxygen evolution and reduction and computing the reaction overpotentials on the relevant surface phases. Our results illustrate the critical role of solvated cation species in governing the catalyst surface structure and stoichiometry, and thereby catalytic activity, ...
Coordination between CIM model and IEC61850 model based on CIM/E language

The IEC61850 model is adopted by substation in the description of substation model while the CIM model is adopted by dispatching center,which encumbers the automation and intelligentization of power grid.An application-oriented solution is presented based on the existing research and application of CIM / E,which defines the substation model information needed by dispatching center with CIM / E language and converts the SCD(Substation Configuration Description) file into equivalent CIM / E file for substation,which can be directly used by dispatching center to realize the source-end maintenance of model information.The automation systems of substation and dispatching center and the communication between them are properly designed to fully utilize the data acquisition network between two ends for realizing the initiative call and automatic update of model.
Women's health issues and nuclear medicine, part III: women and osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: This article is the third in a 4-part series on women9s health issues and nuclear medicine. After reading this article the technologist should be able to: (a) state potential risk factors for osteoporosis; (b) describe osteoporosis and its natural history; and (c) identify methods for detecting normal and abnormal bone mineral density results.
Fortune, Albeit Digital, at the Bottom of the Pyramid - Big Data Powered Business Model for Internet Service Providers

The Internet has become an essential part of day-today business. Many personal and industrial business use cases assume the availability of perpetual Internet access for fulfillment. The access to the Internet, ironically, is expensive, given various tiered pricing models that Internet Service Providers (ISP) employ. In many developing economies, the availability of the Internet is very sporadic, or only can be afford by a few. The enablement of free Internet access, Wi-Fi access points, in developing economies is huge business opportunity for ISPs. This paper discusses ISP driven business model of proving free Internet.
Penetrating Neck Trauma

Penetrating neck trauma is a significant source of morbidity and mortality and has been reported in between 5 and 10 % of all trauma cases presenting to the emergency department. As such, it is critical for the radiologist to be familiar with the sequelae of penetrating neck injuries, the gravest of which are catastrophic arterial and spinal cord injuries. The use of multidetector CT has grown rapidly over the past decade and has allowed clinicians to reserve diagnostic angiography surgical and exploration only for the most serious cases. Percutaneous embolizations of actively bleeding patients have also decreased the numbers of patients undergoing surgery.