cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of random-hole optical fiber

A new form of holey optical fiber, the random-hole optical fiber, has been devised. The hole structure is produced by generating bubbles in a powdered silica cladding. The bubbles are then drawn into tubules of random size, location, and length during the fiber-draw process. Although the tubes are not continuous along the length of the fiber, as has been the case in previous holey fibers, the tubes are very long, and the average number of holes in any cross section is large. Waveguide losses of approximately 1.55 dB/m have been measured.
Association of Cerebral Infarction and Chronic Alcoholism: An Autopsy Study

Central nervous system (CNS) infarcts were present at autopsy in 10 of 23 alcoholic patients and in 9 of 36 nonalcoholic patients. There were more males than expected in the infarct population and in the alcoholic population. Male subjects comprised the entire population of alcoholics with infarcts. In addition, a history of alcohol abuse was present in every case of cerebral infarction dying before age 75. The incidence of cardiomegaly was increased among the alcoholics. There were no differences between alcoholics and nonalcoholics in the incidence of diagnosed hypertension, moderate-to-severe coronary atherosclerosis, or adult onset diabetes. However, CNS infarction was more likely to occur at an earlier age in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics. Excessive alcohol consumption may be a risk factor in the premature development of cerebrovascular disease in males.
Dissecting pigment architecture of individual photosynthetic antenna complexes in solution

Oligomerization plays a critical role in shaping the light-harvesting properties of many photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes, but a detailed understanding of this process at the level of individual pigments is still lacking. To study the effects of oligomerization, we designed a single-molecule approach to probe the photophysical properties of individual pigment sites as a function of protein assembly state. Our method, based on the principles of anti-Brownian electrokinetic trapping of single fluorescent proteins, step-wise photobleaching, and multiparameter spectroscopy, allows pigment-specific spectroscopic information on single multipigment antennae to be recorded in a nonperturbative aqueous environment with unprecedented detail. We focus on the monomer-to-trimer transformation of allophycocyanin (APC), an important antenna protein in cyanobacteria. Our data reveal that the two chemically identical pigments in APC have different roles. One (α) is the functional pigment that red-shifts its spectral properties upon trimer formation, whereas the other (β) is a "protective" pigment that persistently quenches the excited state of α in the prefunctional, monomer state of the protein. These results show how subtleties in pigment organization give rise to functionally important aspects of energy transfer and photoprotection in antenna complexes. The method developed here should find immediate application in understanding the emergent properties of other natural and artificial light-harvesting systems.
Big School, Small School: (Re)Testing Assumptions about High School Size, School Engagement and Mathematics Achievement

In an effort to increase both adolescents’ engagement with school and academic achievement, school districts across the United States have created small high schools. However, despite the widespread adoption of size reduction reforms, relatively little is known about the relationship between size, engagement and outcomes in high school. In response, this article employs a composite measure of engagement that combines organizational, sociological, and psychological theories. We use this composite measure with the most recent nationally-representative dataset of tenth graders, Educational Longitudinal Study: 2002, (N = 10,946, 46% female) to better assess a generalizable relationship among school engagement, mathematics achievement and school size with specific focus on cohort size. Findings confirm these measures to be highly related to student engagement. Furthermore, results derived from multilevel regression analysis indicate that, as with school size, moderately sized cohorts or grade-level groups provide the greatest engagement advantage for all students and that there are potentially harmful changes when cohorts grow beyond 400 students. However, it is important to note that each group size affects different students differently, eliminating the ability to prescribe an ideal cohort or school size.
The Integrated Problem-Solving Model of Crisis Intervention: Overview and Application

Crisis intervention is a role that fits exceedingly well with counseling psychologists' interests and skills. This article provides an overview of a new crisis intervention model, the Integrated Problem-Solving Model (IPSM), and demonstrates its application to a specific crisis, sexual assault. It is hoped that this article will encourage counseling psychologists to become more involved in crisis intervention itself as well as in research and training in this important area.
Academic achievement among adolescents in Cambodia: does caregiver trauma matter?

How will hostilities occurring around today's world influence future generations in affected areas? Cambodia may be one place where this question can be answered, and academic achievement is one way to measure these effects. Cambodian adolescent/caregiver dyads (n=288) were examined for links between caregiver trauma history and adolescent academic achievement, using self reports of adolescents' relationships with caregivers, caregivers' reports of trauma history and symptoms (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire), and school records of adolescents' academic achievement. Fourteen percent of caregivers met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Overall, caregiver trauma predicted caregiver education, which then predicted caregiver warmth, but not adolescents' academic achievement. Adolescents' academic achievement was predicted by caregivers' brain-related trauma, child gender, hours taking extra classes, and father's education. Implications for community health professionals are offered. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An efficient protocol for realizing cooperative diversity in wireless networks

We develop two variants of an energy-efficient cooperative diversity protocol that combats fading induced by multipath propagation in wireless networks, The underlying techniques build upon the classical relay channel and related work and exploit space diversity available at distributed antennas through coordinated transmission and processing by cooperating radios. While applicable to any wireless setting, these protocols are particularly attractive in ad-hoc or peer-to-peer wireless networks, in which radios are typically constrained to employ a single antenna. Substantial energy-savings resulting from these protocols can lead to reduced battery drain, longer network lifetime, and improved network performance in terms of, e.g., capacity.
Do cognitive leisure activities really matter in the relationship between education and cognition? Evidence from the aging, demographics, and memory study (ADAMS)

Objectives: Increasing demand for early detection and prevention of dementia has shifted recent attention toward cognitive impairment with no dementia (CIND), which is often considered a possible risk path to dementia. Education and cognitive leisure activities are major predictors featured in dementia studies. However, the definition of cognitive leisure activities often has been inconsistent and diverse. This study explored different domains of these activities and their moderating roles on the relationship between education and cognition.Method: A sample of 704 participants aged 70 or older was drawn from the national Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to assess two domains from cognitive leisure activities: literacy and visuospatial activities. Multinomial logistic regression tested the main and moderating roles of each domain on cognition categorized as no impairment, CIND, and dementia.Results: Individuals with greater engagement in both literacy and vis...
Phytochrome‐regulated Gene Expression

Identification of all genes involved in the phytochrome (phy)-mediated responses of plants to their light environment is an important goal in providing an overall understanding of light-regulated growth and development. This article highlights and integrates the central findings of two recent comprehensive studies in Arabidopsis that have identified the genome-wide set of phy-regulated genes that respond rapidly to red-light signals upon first exposure of dark-grown seedlings, and have tested the functional relevance to normal seedling photomorphogenesis of an initial subset of these genes. The data: (a) reveal considerable complexity in the channeling of the light signals through the different phy-family members (phyA to phyE) to responsive genes; (b) identify a diversity of transcription-factor-encoding genes as major early, if not primary, targets of phy signaling, and, therefore, as potentially important regulators in the transcriptional-network hierarchy; and (c) identify auxin-related genes as the dominant class among rapidly-regulated, hormone-related genes. However, reverse-genetic functional profiling of a selected subset of these genes reveals that only a limited fraction are necessary for optimal phy-induced seedling deetiolation.
Conformations of p53 response elements in solution deduced using site-directed spin labeling and Monte Carlo sampling

The tumor suppressor protein p53 regulates numerous signaling pathways by specifically recognizing diverse p53 response elements (REs). Understanding the mechanisms of p53-DNA interaction requires structural information on p53 REs. However, such information is limited as a 3D structure of any RE in the unbound form is not available yet. Here, site-directed spin labeling was used to probe the solution structures of REs involved in p53 regulation of the p21 and Bax genes. Multiple nanometer distances in the p21-RE and BAX-RE, measured using a nucleotide-independent nitroxide probe and double-electron-electron-resonance spectroscopy, were used to derive molecular models of unbound REs from pools of all-atom structures generated by Monte-Carlo simulations, thus enabling analyses to reveal sequence-dependent DNA shape features of unbound REs in solution. The data revealed distinct RE conformational changes on binding to the p53 core domain, and support the hypothesis that sequence-dependent properties encoded in REs are exploited by p53 to achieve the energetically most favorable mode of deformation, consequently enhancing binding specificity. This work reveals mechanisms of p53-DNA recognition, and establishes a new experimental/computational approach for studying DNA shape in solution that has far-reaching implications for studying protein-DNA interactions.
SAWAN: a survivable architecture for wireless LANs

This paper describes survivability schemes against access point (AP) failures in wireless LANs. It particularly aims for resiliency and survivability against multistage attacks where the adversary is successful in compromising the AP, and then targets the survived but more vulnerable network. This is true in real life where the adversary knows that survivability is a design consideration built into the network. It then performs a multistage targeted attack that is aimed at compromising the survived network that may have vulnerabilities. We first present a unique infrastructure for an ad-hoc migration scheme (IAMS) where the nodes under a failed AP form an ad-hoc network and reconnect to the network using available neighboring APs. We then present a scheme for isolating and removing any malicious nodes from the ad-hoc network routes in a transparent manner once the malicious nodes have been identified. This will minimize the chances of further attacks in the survived network, and the removal is done in a distributed fashion without the nodes exchanging any information between them. We report the results of our simulations performed using the network simulation tool GloMoSim.
Compounding Parenteral Nutrition: Reducing the Risks

Compounding parenteral nutrition, either manually or with an automated compounding device, requires aseptic conditions and trained personnel. The revised version of United States Pharmacopeia Chapter is a comprehensive document that describes standards and procedures to minimize the risk of contamination of compounded parenteral products. The chapter includes evidence-based instructions for pharmacy design, washing, garbing, cleaning, quality assurance, and personnel training and evaluation designed to improve compounding practices in all pharmacies that compound parenteral products. Because parenteral nutrition is a compounded product mixed from multiple additives, it is important to maintain these standards, especially when using an automated compounding device. This article is an overview of United States Pharmacopeia Chapter , with special emphasis on parenteral nutrition.
Natural Experiments and Pluralism in Political Science

Natural experiments are an increasingly popular research design in political science. This popularity raises a number of questions. First, what are natural experiments and why are they appealing? Second, what makes a good natural experiment? And finally, are natural experiments able to provide resources for knowledge production that other methodologies cannot or do not provide? Using Mary Morgan’s and Thad Dunning’s recent work on natural experiments, I offer answers to the first two questions and use the analysis to argue that natural experiments highlight features of knowledge production that support methodological pluralism and the multiple aims of research.
Age, Body Mass Index, and Functional Illness

Objectives. This study examines the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and selected measures of functional illness and whether the relationship between BMI and these outcomes is stronger in advanced ages. Methods. Four measures of functional illness were examined in a national, longitudinal survey of noninstitutionalized adults. Tobit and Poisson models were used to estimate cross-sectional and longitudinal specifications. Results. BMI was related to functional illness but not in a linear form: Both obese and underweight persons manifested higher levels of functional illness on most outcomes during the baseline survey. Results from the change analyses, however, revealed that obesity was associated with more days hospitalized or ill in bed and an increase in functional limitations. Discussion. Obesity is associated with functional illness, but there is no evidence from these data that this relationship is stronger for older adults. Rather, the effect of obesity on some measures of functional illness is greater in the younger and middle ages. A LARGE and growing body of research links excess body 1~\ weight with morbidity and mortality over the life course. Numerous studies have shown that obesity is associated with greater risk of disease including hypertension (Willett &
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF NITROGENASE GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DIAZOTROPHIC FILAMENTOUS NONHETEROCYSTOUS CYANOBACTERIUM TRICHODESMIUM SP. STRAIN IMS 101

Recent studies suggested that the daily cycle of nitrogen fixation activity in the marine filamentous nonheterocystous cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp. is controlled by a circadian rhythm. In this study, we evaluated the rhythm of nitrogen fixation in Trichodesmium sp. strain IMS 101 by using the three criteria for an endogenous rhythm. Nitrogenase transcript abundance oscillated with a period of approximately 24 h, and the cycle was maintained even under constant light conditions. The cyclic pattern of transcript abundance was maintained when the culture was grown at 24 and 28.5°C, although the period was slightly longer (26 h) at the higher temperature. The cycle of gene expression could be entrained with light-dark cues. Results of inhibitor experiments indicated that transcript abundance was regulated primarily by transcription initiation, rather than by degradation. The circadian rhythm, the first conclusively demonstrated endogenous rhythm in a filamentous cyanobacterium, was also reflected in nitrogenase MoFe protein abundance and patterns of Fe protein posttranslational modification-demodification.
Men supporting women computer science students

It has become clear that, for a variety of reasons, women CS enrollments are declining at a disproportionate rate and that the number of women “in the pipeline” is insufficient to mentor and otherwise support the development of CS interests among current young women in the field. Recommendations have been made for male assistance in this mentoring effort; and some ideas toward this end are presented here. Regrettably, in this context, it is necessary to head off charges of “patronizing” our women students lest the ideas be disregarded or trivialized.
Evaluation of Various Maneuvers for Prevention of Air Embolism During Central Venous Catheter Placement

This study is designed to evaluate the various physiologic maneuvers (Valsalva, humming, breath-hold) for the potential prevention of air embolism during central venous catheter placement. Central venous pressure measurements were prospectively obtained in 40 patients undergoing central venous catheter placement. The average central venous pressure at baseline was 3.275 mm Hg (range = -4 to 16, SD = 5.99). The average central venous pressure during breath hold was 6.1 mm Hg (range = -6 to 24, SD = 7.99). The average central venous pressure during humming was 5.1 mm Hg (range = -4 to 20, SD = 6.4) The average central venous pressure during the Valsalva maneuver was 18.43 (range = -3 to 48, SD = 14.73). Forty percent of patients (16 of 40) had negative central venous pressures at rest, 25% (10 of 40) had negative pressures during breath hold, 20% (8 of 40) had negative pressures during humming, and 2.5% (1 of 40) had negative pressures during Valsalva maneuver. The average increases in central venous pressure during breath hold, humming, and Valsalva were 2.85, 1.82, and 15.2 mm Hg, respectively. The difference between pressures during Valsalva and other maneuvers was statistically significant (P <.05). The conclusion is that the Valsalva maneuver is superior to breath-hold and humming for increasing central venous pressure during central venous catheter placement and, therefore, it is more likely to prevent air embolism in cooperative patients.
Fast sequential FDTD diakoptics method using the system identification technique

The sequential finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) diakoptics method is accelerated by a system identification technique. The time-domain convolution in diakoptics is replaced by a difference equation with a small number of coefficients. Hence, the memory size is also reduced. The validity of this method is confirmed by comparison with simulated results from Microwave SPICE. The accuracy of this fast algorithm is also demonstrated by the analysis of cascaded circuit modules. >
The better to eat you with: functional correlates of tooth structure in bats

Summary 1. Mammalian dental morphology and function are strongly linked to diet. Within mammals, phyllostomid bats are the most diverse family in terms of dietary ecology and thus represent a unique opportunity in which to investigate relationships between diet, tooth structure, feeding performance and behaviour. 2. Previous studies have focused on how specific aspects of dental morphology relate to diet. Here we use a comprehensive approach to describe 3D dental topography through a measure called dental complexity. Using phyllostomids as a model system, we investigate the functional significance of molar complexity with respect to prey breakdown of insect-eating species. We generated complexity data from 3D laser scans of molars from 17 species. We quantified feeding performance (ability to break down insects) and behaviour (number of chews) by conducting feeding experiments on 11 species using native prey. 3. Frugivores were found to have the highest molar complexity, which is related to biting into and crushing fruit pulp. Lower complexity of insectivore and omnivore molars can be related to the presence of crests specialized for shearing insect exoskeleton. Increases in the complexity of these shearing teeth translated into higher performance in prey breakdown (smaller exoskeleton particles), but chewing behaviour also played an important functional role. 4. Our results highlight the importance of morphology and behaviour in determining feeding performance, which potentially contributes to resource partitioning within this diverse group of mammals.
A study of squaraine small molecule donor materials for application in organic photovoltaics

A unique donor material for small molecule organic solar cells is shown to be opto-electrically tunable with thermal annealing. The system is characterized and shown to make working devices (PCE=1.1 +/- 0.3%). Examination of the spectral response of the devices before and after thermal annealing show an interesting decrease in spectral response that is explained by examining both the material properties and through application of Marcus-Hush theory. The proposed explanation could lay the groundwork for a predictive model to analyze potential device candidates.
Planting Native Species to Control Site Reinfestation by Japanese Knotweed ( Fallopia japonica)

Japanese knotweed ( Fallopia japonica ) is a highly invasive species that has become a serious problem in riparian zones and along road and railroad right-of-ways in North America and Europe. Once established, it forms solid colonies choking out other herbaceous vegetation, displacing native species, negatively affecting wildlife, and altering hydrological processes. We evaluated the ability of 6 native species mixtures to prevent recolonization by Japanese knotweed at a site receiving either 1 or 2 yr of glyphosate applications and mowing to suppress existing Japanese knotweed stands. One year of spraying and mowing was not sufficient to adequately suppress Japanese knotweed. By 37 months after sowing, only the multi-species riparian buffer mixture (RBM) had plant cover 20%, whereas cover for all other mixtures was Elymus virginicus ) and prairie cordgrass ( Spartina pectinata ). Percent cover for both mixtures was 80% at 25 months after sowing and ≥50% after 37 months. Two years of Japanese knotweed suppression was necessary before native species mixtures could successfully compete against invasive recolonization.
Acute Ischemic Stroke Patterns in Infective and Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis A Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Background and Purpose— Although infective endocarditis (IE) and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) are associated with cardioembolic stroke, differences in the nature of these conditions may result in differences in associated stroke patterns. We compared patterns of acute and recurrent ischemic stroke in IE and NBTE, using diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI). Methods— Using ICD-9 diagnostic codes and medical record review, we identified 362 patients (387 episodes) with IE and 14 patients with NBTE. Thirty-five patients (with 27 episodes of IE, 9 NBTE) who underwent 36 initial and 29 follow-up DWI scans were selected for this study. DWI lesion size, number, and location were compared between groups and correlated with stroke syndromes and endocarditis features. Results— DWI was abnormal in all but 2 patients. Four acute stroke patterns were identified: (1) single lesion, (2) territorial infarction, (3) disseminated punctate lesions, and (4) numerous small ( 30...
The Neurobiology, Genetics and Evolution of Human Spirituality The Central Role of the Temporal Lobes

Spirituality is defined as a sense of being connected with something greater than oneself. That something can be a supernatural entity, nature, a social group or a family. Different studies show that a wide range of factors that influence temporal lobe function can produce hallucinations, paranormal, spiritual, mystical, and religious experiences. These factors include the electrical stimulation of the temporal lobes; spontaneous temporal lobe epilepsy; trauma; psychedelic drugs; and the severe anoxia of near death, G-forces and carbon dioxide inhalation. Studies of the very short acting psychedelic drug DMT, which exerts its effect by binding to serotonin receptors in the temporal lobes, show that even highly rational subjects can be absolutely convinced that their induced experiences of being in contact with non-humans beings were absolutely real. This suggests that hippocampal memory cannot always distinguish between external real experiences and internally induced spiritual experiences. Twin studies show there is a significant genetic component to spirituality while religion and church going are more cultural. It is likely that the genes for spirituality were selected because the social cohesiveness that spiritually fosters has a strong survival value. The neurobiology of spirituality suggests that our rational brain occasionally needs to step back and give the spiritual brain some space to have beliefs and feelings that do not always make rational sense.
Evolutionary biology and the question of teleology

Abstract Teleology—what Aristotle called “final cause”—is trying to understand things in terms of the future, as when we ask about the plates on the back of the dinosaur, stegosaurus, and suggest that they might sometime be used to control the internal temperature of the brute. Recently the philosopher Thomas Nagel has argued for a wholesale embrace of teleological thinking in the sciences, particularly the life sciences. I argue that Nagel's thinking is shoddy and ill-informed, but that in some sense biologists do (with reason) seem drawn to teleological understanding, and so the correct response is not outright rejection of the very idea but a more informed and sympathetic approach to those aspects of nature that seem to call for final cause thinking.
Balance and locomotor characteristics in young adults with 18q deficiency

A. Newstead1, J.G. Walden2,3, J. Cody4, D. Hale 5 1West Coast University, Physical Therapy, Los Angeles, United States; 2 UT Health Science Center, PMR 3 Audie Murphy Veterans Administration Hospital, San Antonio, United States; 4 UT Health Science Center, Genetics, San Antonio, United States; 5 UT Health Science Center, Endocrinology; Pediatrics, San Antonio, United States
Family Law Mediation

This article reports findings from an empirical study of mediation in domestic relations cases. Cases were screened for domestic violence before mediation, and the mediators could decide to remove cases from mediation if there were concerns about intimidation or safety. Among cases that proceeded to mediation, the likelihood of settlement was not affected by whether the case involved violence, nor by the frequency, severity, or recency of the reported violence. Parties who reported violence either had more favorable assessments of mediation, or their assessments did not differ from those who did not report violence. How the mediator handled the case upon learning of domestic violence affected the likelihood of settlement, such that cases in which the parties were separated for the entire session were less likely to settle.
Clinical Reliability of Manual Muscle Testing Middle Trapezius and Gluteus Medius Muscles

The purposes of this study were to develop a protocol to examine the reliability of manual muscle testing in a clinical setting and to use that protocol to assess the interrater reliability of manually testing the strength of the middle trapezius and gluteus medius muscles. One hundred ten patients with various diagnoses participated as subjects, and 11 physical therapists participated as examiners in this study. The results showed that interrater reliability for right and left middle trapezius and gluteus medius muscles was low. The percentage of therapists obtaining a rating of the same grade or within one third of a grade ranged from 50% to 60% for the four muscles. This study indicates that using manual muscle testing to make accurate clinical assessments of patient status is of questionable value.
Filter-based control of particulate matter from a lean gasoline direct injection engine

New regulations requiring increases in vehicle fuel economy are challenging automotive manufacturers to identify fuel-efficient engines for future vehicles. Lean gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines offer significant increases in fuel efficiency over the more common stoichiometric GDI engines already in the marketplace. However, particulate matter (PM) emissions from lean GDI engines, particularly during stratified combustion modes, are problematic for lean GDI technology to meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Tier 3 and other future emission regulations. As such, the control of lean GDI PM with wall-flow filters, referred to as gasoline particulate filter (GPF) technology, is of interest. Since lean GDI PM chemistry and morphology differ from diesel PM (where more filtration experience exists), the functionality of GPFs needs to be studied to determine the operating conditions suitable for efficient PM removal. In addition, lean GDI engine exhaust temperatures are generally higher than diesel engines which results in more continuous regeneration of the GPF and less presence of the soot cake layer common to diesel particulate filters. Since the soot layer improves filtration efficiency, this distinction is important to consider. Research on the emission control of PM from a lean GDI engine with a GPF was conducted on an engine dynamometer.more » PM, after dilution, was characterized with membrane filters, organic vs. elemental carbon characterization, and size distribution techniques at various steady state engine speed and load points. The engine was operated in three primary combustion modes: stoichiometric, lean homogeneous, and lean stratified. In addition, rich combustion was utilized to simulate PM from engine operation during active regeneration of lean NOx control technologies. High (>95%) PM filtration efficiencies were observed over a wide range of conditions; however, some PM was observed to slip through the GPF at high speed and load conditions. The PM characterization at various engine speeds and loads will help enable optimized GPF design and control to achieve more fuel efficient lean GDI vehicles with low PM emissions.« less
Moses Beach Revisited: A Critical Examination of His Wealthy Citizens Pamphlets

A CURIOUS literary genre flourished in the United States during the 1840s. In each of the major cities of the Northeast, publications appeared that listed the purportedly wealthiest 500 or 1,000 persons in the community. Typically, these monuments to American dollar worship also included estimates of the wealth owned by each individual named, as well as short biographical sketches that promised to be both useful to businessmen and interesting to the general public. The pioneer compendium was Wealth and Biography of the Wealthy Citizens of New York City, first published early in 1842 by Moses Y. Beach, the editor and publisher of the New York Sun. Its success stimulated imitators in Philadelphia, Brooklyn, Boston, and many towns in Massachusetts.' Since the assessors' department in New
Lineage Tracing of Host and Graft Cells After Lung Transplant and During Club Cell Ablation Induces Allograft Rejection

Best results were achieved with GalTKO.hCD46.hCD55.hEPCR.hCD47. hTFPI lungs when immunosuppression was given (30hrs LS, n= 2). In both cases, animals died due to ventricular fibrillation with functioning xenografts. Macroand microscopically, lung tissue from these experiments appeared grossly normal. Pathologic findings, previously seen in recipient animals, such as progressive ascites, escalating volume and inotrope requirements and native (baboon) lung edema, were not seen in recent experiments. In association with GPIb blockade and donor DDAVP pre-treatment, platelet consumption was < 10% during the first hour of perfusion. Conclusion: These preliminary in vivo results support our hypothesis that effective control of complement and coagulation (mainly by pig genetics) and judicious use of drugs to block other important pathways (non-physiologic vWF/GPIb interaction, thromboxane and histamine release) will be necessary and sufficient to accomplish prolonged life-supporting lung xenograft function, and may translate into other xenogeneic model as well.
Abstract A93: Correlates of total testosterone and testosterone deficiency in African American men

Introduction: Elevated serum total testosterone (TT) levels have been associated with increased prostate cancer incidence and mortality faced by African American (AA) men. Testosterone deficiency (TD) is linked to several health outcomes including increased cancer and all-cause mortality. Several studies have examined the relationships between TT levels and biochemical and environmental factors, but few have examined these correlates in AA men. This study evaluated TT levels, TD and their correlates in AA men. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 191 controls recruited from 2000–2003 from the Urology clinic at the Howard University Hospital, along with demographic data, reported alcohol use, and BMI. Measurements of testosterone (total and free), prostate specific antigen (PSA), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, LDL, IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels were obtained from the blood. Percentage west African genetic ancestry was determined using a panel of 100 ancestry informative markers. Results: On linear regression, age, HDL, LDL and IGFBP3 levels were associated with TT levels (p 31) was at 2.48 times higher risk for TD than the lowest quartile ( Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A93.
Limits on KsubL0--> pi 0e+e- and KL0-->e+e-

We report on a search for the flavor-changing neutral-current decays K/sub L//sup 0/..--> pi../sup 0/e/sup +/e/sup -/ and K/sub L//sup 0/..-->..e/sup +/e/sup -/. Limits obtained for these processes are B(K/sub L//sup 0/..--> pi../sup 0/e/sup +/e/sup -/) ..e/sup +/e/sup -/)<1.2 x 10/sup -9/.
Cell Lineages in Larval Development and Evolution of Echinoderms

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cell lineages in larval development and evolution of echinoderms. The embryonic cell lineages of echinoderms contribute to understanding complementary functional and evolutionary aspects of their larval biology. Most marine animals have complex life histories in which the embryo gives rise to a feeding larva distinct from the adult. The sea urchin pluteus larva is a prime example. The early cell lineages of indirect-developing species generate the cells that produce these larval forms. These larvae feed and grow; thus, the eggs that produce them are relatively small. Only a few cell cleavage cycles are needed to produce the requisite cells and initiate larval morphogenesis. Ancient features of echinoderm cell lineages are the following: maternal determination of the animal–vegetal (A–V) axis; a radial pattern of cleavage; equal cell divisions throughout cleavage; determination of the larval dorsal–ventral (D–V) axis during early cleavage; and segregation of determinants into final positions after the third cleavage. Some of these ancient features are highly conserved among echinoderms, and most notably the maternal determination of the A–V axis and its relationship to the first two cleavage planes.
Patients Commonly Believe Their Heart Failure Hospitalizations Are Preventable and Identify Worsening Heart Failure, Nonadherence, and a Knowledge Gap as Reasons for Admission.

Abstract Background There are few data describing patient-identified precipitants of heart failure (HF) hospitalization. We hypothesized a patient's perception of reason for or preventability of an admission may be related to 30-day readmission rates. Methods and Results Ninety-four patients admitted with decompensated HF from July 2014 to March 2015 completed a brief questionnaire regarding circumstances leading to admission. Thirty-day outcomes were assessed via telephone call and chart review. Mean age was 58 ± 14 years, with 60% blacks (n = 56) and 41% females (n = 39). Median left ventricular ejection fraction was 30%; 27 had preserved ejection fraction. Seventy-two patients identified their hospitalization to be due to HF (± another condition). Most common patient-identified precipitants of admission were worsening HF (n = 37) and dietary nonadherence (n = 11). Readmitted patients tended to have longer time until first follow-up appointment (21 vs 8 days). Seven of the 42 patients who identified their hospitalization as preventable were readmitted compared with 21/49 who believed their hospitalization was unpreventable (P = .012). On multivariate regression analysis, patients who thought their hospitalization was preventable were less likely to be readmitted (odds ratio 0.31; 95% confidence interval 0.10–0.91; P = .04). Conclusion Almost 50% of patients believe their HF hospitalization is preventable, and these patients appear to be less likely to be readmitted within 30 days. Notably, patients cite nonadherence and lack of knowledge as reasons hospitalizations are preventable. These results lend insight into possible interventions to reduce HF readmissions.
Piezoelectric vibration energy harvester with two-stage force amplification:

A novel portable energy harvester using 3-3 mode piezoelectric stack with two-stage force amplification is proposed. It can obtain 21 times force amplification with 18% energy transmission ratio and generate electrical energy up to 79 times more than one piezoelectric ceramic of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) stack. Dynamic experiments demonstrate that the harvester with one-and two-stage force amplification can generate the maximum electrical power of 74.9 mW/g2 from one PZT stack at resonance frequency 235 Hz with matching resistance of 268 Ohms and 2642 mW/g2 from three PZT stacks at resonance frequency 37 Hz with match resistance of 1722 Ohm under 100 g proof mass and 0.1 g acceleration. Theoretical electromechanical modeling is established to reveal the working mechanism of force amplification and to predict electricity generation. Comparison of the predicted electricity with experimental results verified effectiveness of electromechanical modeling and optimization design methodology with consideratio...
Beyond the Classic VTA: Extended Amygdala Projections to DA-Striatal Paths in the Primate

The central extended amygdala (CEA) has been conceptualized as a 'macrosystem' that regulates various stress-induced behaviors. Consistent with this, the CEA highly expresses corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), an important modulator of stress responses. Stress alters goal-directed responses associated with striatal paths, including maladaptive responses such as drug seeking, social withdrawal, and compulsive behavior. CEA inputs to the midbrain dopamine (DA) system are positioned to influence striatal functions through mesolimbic DA-striatal pathways. However, the structure of this amygdala-CEA-DA neuron path to the striatum has been poorly characterized in primates. In primates, we combined neuronal tracer injections into various arms of the circuit through specific DA subpopulations to assess: (1) whether the circuit connecting amygdala, CEA, and DA cells follows CEA intrinsic organization, or a more direct topography involving bed nucleus vs central nucleus divisions; (2) CRF content of the CEA-DA path; and (3) striatal subregions specifically involved in CEA-DA-striatal loops. We found that the amygdala-CEA-DA path follows macrostructural subdivisions, with the majority of input/outputs converging in the medial central nucleus, the sublenticular extended amygdala, and the posterior lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The proportion of CRF+ outputs is >50%, and mainly targets the A10 parabrachial pigmented nucleus (PBP) and A8 (retrorubal field, RRF) neuronal subpopulations, with additional inputs to the dorsal A9 neurons. CRF-enriched CEA-DA projections are positioned to influence outputs to the 'limbic-associative' striatum, which is distinct from striatal regions targeted by DA cells lacking CEA input. We conclude that the concept of the CEA is supported on connectional grounds, and that CEA termination over the PBP and RRF neuronal populations can influence striatal circuits involved in associative learning.
The Boeing 777

The general objective of this case is to exercise students' skills in estimating a weighted-average cost of capital and cost of equity. The specific need to estimate a segment WACC draws on students' abilities to critique different estimates of beta and to manipulate the levered-beta formulas. Thus the case provides a complete menu of capital cost estimation opportunities. Excerpt UVA-F-1017 Rev. Mar. 22, 2018 The Boeing 777 The Boeing 777 will set a new standard for aircraft around the world. With the introduction of the 777, we will be able to offer our airline customers a complete family of Boeing airplanes that meets any seating requirement from approximately 100 to 500 passengers. We believe the 777 will allow us to offer the right product for the changing market requirements of the 1990s and beyond. Shrontz says his mission is raising Boeing's return on equity from the recent average of about 12%. Although Boeing makes money while its main competitors don't, Shrontz isn't satisfied. “We've got to enhance our earnings,” he says. It takes a lot of courage to launch an industrial program in this uncertain economic environment. . . .
Interdisciplinary Conversations: Challenging Habits of Thought

(2011). Interdisciplinary Conversations: Challenging Habits of Thought. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 82, No. 6, pp. 803-805.
Advances in Wetland Salinity Management

In San Joaquin Valley, over 90 % of the seasonal wetlands existed in 1890 have disappeared due to water diversions and withdrawals upstream for crop irrigation. The Kesterson ecological crisis was a fortuitous event in that it gave acute recognition to a chronic problem that began when selenium-latent drainage water began being used as a wetland water supply. In light of the discovery, how should salinity and Se in drainage water in the San Joaquin and Tulare Lake Basins be managed to support wetlands and wildlife?
Does ethnic voting harm democracy

A large literature argues that ethnic voting is detrimental to democracy. Ethnic voting may have at least three effects: (1) it can reduce uncertainty over electoral results; (2) it may increase th...
Nonlinear Beams and Rods

In this chapter, nonlinear theories for rods and beams will be discussed in the Cartesian coordinate frame and the curvilinear frame of the initial configuration. Without torsion, the theory for in-plane beams will be presented. The traditional treatises of nonlinear rods were based on the Cosserat’s theory (e.g., E. and F. Cosserat, 1896) or the Kirchhoff assumptions (e.g., Kirchhoff, 1859; Love, 1944). This chapter will extend the ideas of (1915), and the nonlinear theory of rods and beams will be developed from the general theory of the 3-dimensional deformable body. The definitions for beams and rods are given as follows.
Intervention on the Esophagus

Currently, most interventions on the esophagus are performed by endoscopists. However, diagnostic imaging is often necessary prior to or after these interventions. This chapter reviews the roles of diagnostic radiological imaging as well as diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy in the management of common esophageal diseases including hemorrhage, Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer, esophageal foreign bodies, achalasia, and peptic strictures.
What's Wrong with Children's Rights

Preface 1. A Brief History of Children's Rights in the United States 2. The Rights of Parents 3. Getting and Losing Parental Rights: The "Baby Jessica" Case 4. Who Gets to Be the Parent? The Right to Relationships with Someone Else's Children 5. Divorce, Custody, and Visitation 6. Child Protection, Foster Care, and Termination of Parental Rights 7. Children's Rights that Serve Adults' Needs: The Case of Adolescents' Right to Abortion 8. How Children's Rights Impact Family Law and Juvenile Rights Notes Acknowledgments Index
In vitro DNA synthesis as a tool to analyze and alter genes.

This overview describes some of the biochemical procedures which are used to analyze the primary structure of genetic information. This is one of the first steps in engineering genetic material so that it can be used for the production of materials in the medical, agricultural, and chemical industries. Another important step is the design and construction of synthetic genetic alterations either to explore function or to alter function in the sense of making a better product, e.g., yield, stability, higher activity, or specificity.
Simulating Spin-Fermion Systems: Kondo Lattice Results

We discuss the Monte Carlo simulation of coupled spin-fermion systems in the context of numerical simulations of the one-dimensional Kondo lattice. We first discuss the Kondo lattice Hamiltonian itself, and then present the technique used for its simulation. We next present numerical results for the one-dimensional symmetric Kondo lattice, obtained by extrapolating in imaginary-time increment and lattice size to obtain controlled estimates for various quantities in the thermodynamic limit. In particular, we compare spin correlations with RKKY predictions and two-impurity data, and note the opening of a “Kondo gap” as the temperature is lowered.
Effects of Teaching a Problem-Solving Strategy on Preschool Children with Problem Behavior:

This study was conducted to determine whether a problem-solving strategy would affect children's alternative solutions to social interaction conflicts and to assess whether this skill would general...
Molecular Orbital Calculations on Metallocenes with Unusual Geometries

An alternative structure for ferrocene is proposed on the basis of the isolobal analogy. Its bonding and stability relative to the classical structure of ferrocene has been examined by extended Huckel and ab initio calculations. Extension to other metallocenes and a strategy to stabilize this nonclassical type of structure has been carried out.
The Taxonomy for Transition Programming 2.0 as Applied to Youth in the Juvenile Justice System

Growing recognition that youth with disabilities are disproportionally represented in juvenile justice systems around the world and the high rates of recidivism have led the field to examine practices and policies that have the potential to positively impact outcomes. For over two decades, professionals working with the general population of youth with disabilities have relied on the Taxonomy for Transition Programming for critical guidance in supporting education and service delivery decisions. Recently, the Taxonomy was revised to include the latest evidence of effective practices for working with youth with disabilities as well as other youth at-risk for not achieving successful adult outcomes. The evidence-based and promising practices included in the Taxonomy for Transition Programming 2.0 have the potential to provide a framework for professionals working with youth involved in the juvenile justice system that not only disrupts the school-to-prison pipeline, but also assists these young people to thrive and achieve their desired outcomes. This chapter provides the historical underpinnings of the original Taxonomy, describes the most recent evidence that informed the current version, and is followed by an overview of each area of the Taxonomy 2.0 and practices applicable to youth involved in the juvenile justice system.
Assessing Racial Trauma Within a DSM–5 Framework: The UConn Racial/Ethnic Stress & Trauma Survey

Many ethnic minority groups experience higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to their European American counterparts. One explanation for this is the differential experience of racism, which can itself be traumatic. This article aims to provide a theoretical basis for the tra