cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychische Störungen und abweichendes Verhalten

Lady Macbeth hat ihren Mann dazu angestiftet, einen Mord zu begehen. Nachdem der geschehen ist, zeigt sie ein Verhalten, das in ihrer Umgebung als nicht normal auffallt: Sie geht schlafwandelnd umher und versucht standig, unsichtbares Blut von ihren Handen zu waschen. Heute wurde man ihr Verhalten vielleicht als Zwangsstorung klassifizieren und ihre Symptome als Ausdruck ihrer Angste und Schuldgefuhle deuten: Sie mochte sich von der Schuld, die sie auf sich geladen hat, reinwaschen.
On Writing Cases Well

How does one know what makes a good case? Are there certain attributes that effective business school cases have? This technical note was intended to help writers who may or may not be business school professors to write a case. The note includes material on objectives, finding leads, interview questions and interviewing techniques, and case structure. Although the idea of what constitutes a good case may be debatable, there are several characteristics that good case studies have in common.
Quantifying Confidence Envelopes for Efficiency Values in the SR-30 Turbojet Engine

Turbojet engines power most of the large military and commercial aircraft in production today. These types of engines are chosen over conventional piston-driven engines because of the turbojet’s superior fuel economy and thrust. To understand how turbojet engines can be compared and optimized, it is necessary to fully characterize their performance. This is generally achieved by calculating thermodynamic efficiency values for each component in the engine, and for the engine as a whole. For this research project, the Turbine Technologies SR-30 centrifugal flow turbojet engine was investigated. An adjustable coupling was designed to permit a single-point thermocouple to be moved and secured within the engine. From the data taken at multiple locations and throttle settings, temperature profiles of the compression and combustion chambers were created. A thermal/fluid dynamic equation routine was developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES), in order to propagate these temperature profiles through efficiency and thrust calculations. The temperature profiles did not significantly affect theoretical thrust values. However, the dependence of component efficiency values on spatial temperature variation within the engine was significant. In the compression chamber, it was found that a 30°C variation in the temperature across the chamber resulted in a 15% variation in the calculated compressor efficiency. In the inner region of the combustion chamber, a variation in 20°C yielded a 20% variation in calculated turbine efficiency. In the outer region of the combustion chamber, where the temperature varied by almost 400 degrees Celsius, the turbine efficiency varied by about 600%. This work suggests optimal placement of the compression and combustion stage thermocouples when the SR-30 turbojet is to be used for undergraduate laboratories. It also highlights the risks posed by relying on single-point measurements to characterize complex flows.© 2011 ASME
Spermatozoan Activity and Insemination in Tenebrio molitor following Radiofrequency Electrical Treatment (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Insemination was inhibited by exposing either sex of adult Tenebrio molitor L. to 39 megahertz radiofrequency (RF) electric fields. The numbers of active spermatozoa in seminal vesicles and spermathecae and subsequent percent egg hatch were inversely related to an increase in the RF energy level and the period of exposure. Reduced fecundity following RF treatment probably resulted from the inability of adults to mate successfully and the inactivation of spermatozoa.
Electrophysiologic and Inotropic Actions of Prostaglandin F2α in Rat Myocardium

SummaryThe effects of PGF2α on electrophysiologic and mechanical parameters in electrically driven rat papillary muscles were studied. PGF2α (100 ng/ml) was found to reduce slightly the maximum rate of rise of the action potential while increasing the plateau amplitude and duration. The magnitude of the twitch and the maximum rate of tension development were augmented whereas time to peak tension was unchanged. At a lower concentration, PGF2α (10 ng/ml) produced similar results, but of reduced magnitude.The results may be explained by hypothesizing that PGF2α acts upon ionic conductances possibly by augmenting the slow inward current in rat myocardium.
Abstract 3885: A bi-functional fluorescent assay for the assessment of cytotoxicity and proliferation

Cell-based models continue to be critical tools for cancer research. Therefore, the assessment of cytotoxic or cytostatic effects remains an obligate experimental activity. Although numerous enzyme activity chemistries exist for measuring cytotoxicity, biomarker degradation may cause underestimation of actual cytotoxicity and limit the utility of these activity measures when ascertained with long-term drug exposures (72hrs or more). We have developed a cell-impermeant probe which labels the DNA from cells with compromised membranes. The quantum efficiency (i.e. brightness) of this dye increases dramatically upon DNA binding, producing a fluorescent signal which can be measured using standard “green” fluorometry wavelengths (excitation 485nm/emission 530nm). Additionally, the dye is non-toxic and stable, allowing for introduction of the probe directly into the culture medium or compound dilutions prior to cell dosing. This “no step” addition feature allows for the measurement of cytotoxicity in real time or at a convenient endpoint. Furthermore, the dye is fully compatible with luminescent measures, allowing for same-well, multi-parametric assessment of the cytotoxic phenotype. Lastly, proliferative or anti-proliferative effects (relative to control) can be revealed by the introduction of a lytic detergent which enables the normally impermeant dye to bind to all DNA in the assay well. Herein, we detail our efforts to characterize and multiplex this dye when applied to suspension and adherent cell lines treated with agents which cause either primary or secondary necrosis in a 72hr time course. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3885. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3885
Research Note: Cooling of Drinking Water for Laying Hens

Abstract The cooling of laying hen drinking water from ambient temperature (approximately 25 to 28 C to 21.1 or 10 C during daylight hours of July to September was investigated over an 8-wk period as a means of improving hot weather performance of hens. Eight replicate groups of five individually caged birds were exposed to each drinking water regimen provided in plastic troughs. Water was chilled by colder water circulated through copper coils. In-house temperatures during the trial reached or exceeded 32.2 C on 57% of the days; the average maximum temperature was 31.9 C. Egg production, dairy feed intake, mortality rate, body weight change, and fecal moisture were not significantly altered from the ambient response by the provision of cooled drinking water. Both egg Haugh unit and specific gravity values were significantly improved by the 21.1 C treatment but egg weights were reduced in association with both cool water treatments. Cooling of laying hen drinking water did not appear to offer a production advantage; however, some benefits may be realized in the areas of egg interior and shell quality with cooling from 28 to 21.1 C.
Some observations of the local wind regime on an alaskan arctic glacier

Wind observations on the McCall Glacier indicate a frequent downslope component generated in the glacial valley, which is best developed on clear days with weak synoptic pressure gradients. The speed of the flow exhibits a single nocturnal maximum and late afternoon minimum in contrast to the double cycle observed on glaciers at lower latitudes, and thus resembles more closely the summer flow on the steeper coastal regions of the polar ice caps. The diurnal wind pattern is broadly reflected in observations of the strength of the surface inversion, the net radiation, and the estimated lapse rate in the free air outside the downslope flow layer. Comparison of the observations for a particular period with a simplified theory which applies to a quasi stationary state indicates some degree of similarity between predicted and observed maximum windspeed and points to the critical effect of the lapse rate in the free air and the depth of the cooled layer on the speed of the downslope wind flow.
Effect of Free Surfaces and Interfaces on Dopant Distribution Profiles

The drift force exerted by a free surface, a coherent or a noncoherent interface on dopant atoms has been analyzed. We have considered a coherent or a noncoherent interface present in an epilayer of finite thickness. The difference in the shear modulus of the matrix and of the second phase is responsible for the configurational energy of a dopant atom in a coherent two-phase medium. On the other hand, the hydrostatic component of stress associated with a misfit dislocation in a noncoherent interface gives rise to a first-order size interaction. The drift forces are responsible for dopant diffusion towards a free surface or an interface. The diffusion equation including the drift term is solved using an eigen function expansion method with appropriate boundary conditions. The concentration profiles obtained from the analysis of the diffusion equation are in qualitative agreement with those obtained experimentally. The attractive drift force gives rise to a peak in the dopant concentration at the interface followed by a minimum near the interface. These calculations and the observed concentration profiles enable us to evaluate the interaction energy term of the dopants with free surfaces and interfaces and the dilatation associated with the point defects.
EFFECT OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY ON RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION

To evaluate the relationship of CRT on various echocardiographic parameters of right ventricular (RV) function. A systematic search of studies reporting tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) or RV basal strain or RV long or short axis diameter or RV fractional area change (FAC), before
Economic Expert Evidence The Understandable and the “Huh?”

Expert economic evidence has become increasingly important in antitrust cases, largely because the Supreme Court in embracing certain strains of economic authority has adopted rules that make economic effects in individual cases decisive. Some economic evidence is accessible to antitrust decision makers, even if it is cognitively challenging. The danger posed by this kind of evidence, as Roger Blair has pointed out, is that witnesses will make assertions unsupported by theory. Traditional litigation devices can adequately address this danger. But economic analysis has become increasingly technical, and typical antitrust decision makers are incapable of understanding it. When decision makers confront information they do not understand, they avoid reaching decisions altogether or they use heuristic processing and peripheral cues, which results in bias and cognitive illusions. Neither reaction is desirable. Proposals for addressing the hazards of testimony that is not understood, including the increased use ...
The Keno Player as Consumer

In this paper, the gambler is viewed as a consumer having one of several basic, defineable preferences. A Keno bet is treated as a potential purchase, using a decision-theoretic approach. Various optimization criteria and the sensitivity of the strategies to different consumer utility functions are examined.
United States: Money against tobacco versus money for tobacco

In order to paint the whole picture of financing tobacco control, we shall address not only how to raise money to fight ‘big tobacco’ but also how the tobacco industry spends its money and buys influence. First, we shall attempt to show how the tobacco industry bought influence—social, political, cultural and ethnic—by strategically and tactically funding various segments of American society without overtly appearing to do so. Thus, the tentacles of the tobacco companies influence extend into the very fabric of society, in such an insidious fashion that when we look at the overall picture we are astounded by the heterogeneity of their spheres of influence: into politics, art in all its forms, sports, ethnic and other social organizations, small business (especially little shops in which up to 20% of sales and 50% of profits are derived from tobacco) and, most of all, Government, especially in the parts of the world where tobacco revenues are a major contributo to the public coffers.
The Transatlantic Century: Renewed conflict and surprising collapse

At the beginning of 1989, political calm, as cold and gray as the weather, hung over Eastern Europe; by early summer striking political changes were underway. In June a coalition led by the independent trade union Solidarity swept the Polish elections, and roundtable negotiations established the non-communist Polish Republic with Lech Walesa at its head. Next came Hungary, where the long-demanded reburial of Imry Nagy, prime minister during the 1956 uprising, brought thousands into the streets, and negotiations established a multiparty government. On November 9 East Germany opened the Berlin Wall, thousands of East and West Germans sang, danced, and celebrated on top of that hated symbol, and the Socialist Unity Party quickly stepped down. In November and December Czechoslovakia’s Velvet Revolution brought the noted dissident and literary figure Vaclav Havel to power. As the year ended Ceausescu’s notoriously repressive regime in Romania was overthrown by force, and with much less fanfare, the Bulgarian leader Todor Zhivkov resigned, and the country began a halting transition to parliamentary democracy. With the exception of Romania, regimes collapsed and Communist parties retreated rather than violently resisting protest movements, the demands of prominent dissidents, or the examples of neighboring states. Of more importance, the Soviet Union did not oppose these revolutions or block the reunification of Germany. Nor did it survive them, for in 1991 communism collapsed and the multinational Soviet Union dissolved. The ideological struggles, political geography, and economic and cultural competition that had structured European-American relations in the second half of the twentieth century vanished – to the surprise of direct participants and observers alike.
LEHISTE, Use. Lectures on Language Contact: Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 1988, 119 pp. $10.95

(1990). LEHISTE, Use. Lectures on Language Contact. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 136-138.
International Retail Expansion: What’s Ahead?—An Abstract

Retailers are the last and, thus, a crucial link in the marketing channel because they make goods available to millions of consumers where and when they want them on a daily basis. As consumer tastes and preferences are ever evolving, retailers devise new store formats and expand their operations in order to respond to changing consumer behavior trends. As a result, in many countries around the world, the retail industry has become saturated and retailers have sought to explore untapped market potential in foreign markets in a desire to grow. This has led to a heightened level of retail internationalization (RI), which refers to a retailer’s store presence in foreign markets (Reinartz et al. 2011; Vida et al. 2000). And despite the recent growth of online shopping, which enables international retailers to use e-commerce as a foreign entry mode, these retailers still face similar foreign market expansion impediments as retailers expanding internationally through brick-and-mortar stores.
The Biology of Defects, Disease, and Treatments

The origins of this book began with the success in growing the smallest esophageal segments to normal size in patients with esophageal atresia (EA). It had become clear that the growth procedure effectively tapped into the considerable developmental potential of even the most rudimentary blind ends of the esophagus allowing the benefits of a true primary repair to be realized across the full EA spectrum [1]. Although congenital defects are often loosely considered to be primarily genetic mistakes, the evidence suggests that many of these problems arise from faulty development and, therefore, are potentially reversible. A tiny esophageal primordium poses an obvious obstacle to a primary esophageal repair; however, only the signal is required to effectively restart the well-orchestrated and complex three-dimensional organ development. The signal for the growth and development of organs and tissue is often a biomechanical stimulus, and in the case of long gap EA, axial tension provides it [1, 2].
Scalable Synthesis and Multi-Electron Transfer of Aniline/Fluorene Copolymer for Solution-Processable Battery Cathodes.

In this study, the authors report the highly efficient, multigram-scale synthesis of an ester-functionalized, poly(aniline-co-fluorene) polymer. The excellent solubility and film-forming ability of this polymer facilitate its application as a reversible battery cathode. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring confirms a multi-electron transfer process, resulting in a specific discharge capacity of 51 mAh g−1 and a high reversible doping level of 0.69. Galvanostatic cycling at 1 C demonstrates excellent electrode stability with a capacity retention of 95.2% after 100 cycles. Therefore, this work demonstrates a novel electroactive polymer that exemplifies how chemical functionality may be used to properly balance processability and electroactivity of macromolecular battery cathodes.
Abstract 20427: Activation of Large Conductance Ca++ Activated K+ Channels (BK) During Ischemic Cardioplegic Arrest (CP) Promotes Formation of Mitochondrial Supercomplexes and Enhanced Mitochondrial Respiration

Introduction: Activation of mitochondrial BK channels is cardioprotective in response to ischemic insults. Activation of BK channels enhances cardiac function and reduces ROS generation in cell and rodent models of ischemic cardioplegic arrest. Recent advances demonstrate that components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain can organize into respiratory supercomplexes yielding more efficient respiration and reduced ROS generation. Hypothesis: BK channel activation during ischemic CP may enhance cardioprotection through mitochondrial supercomplex formation and respiration. Methods: H9c2 cells were subjected to in vitro CP (3 hrs) under hypoxic, hypothermic (20C), conditions with or without the BK channel activators rottlerin (500 nM) or NS11021 (100 nM), followed by 30 minute reoxygenation. Cell respiration was measured using a Seahorse XFe analyzer and mitochondria were isolated to assess supercomplex formation using Blue-Native electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). Complexes were identified via mass spectrometry. Results: Treatment with rottlerin caused a robust increase (>2 fold) in large mitochondrial supercomplexes (~1.2 mD) in both control and CP cells (n=3, p Conclusions: Activation of BK channels during ischemic insults promotes enhanced mitochondrial respiration which associates with enhanced mitochondrial supercomplex formation. To our knowledge this is the first report of therapeutically enhanced formation of respiratory supercomplexes following ischemic insults.
Shoulder and Elbow Deformities

Shoulder and elbow deformities in children can result from birth trauma, developmental disorders, or trauma. Brachial plexopathy resulting from excessive traction during birth is by and large a self-limiting process, which resolves on its own. However, traction to the point of axonotmesis or neurotmesis can cause damage that may necessitate surgical intervention. Sprengel’s deformity and congenital radioulnar synostosis are developmental failures that cause a high-riding scapula and abnormal connection between the radius and ulna, respectively. As a consequence of elbow fractures, cubitus varus or valgus can occur as growth plate damage can cause asymmetric growth through the distal humerus.
Associations of age, aerobic fitness, and body mass index with injury in an operational Army brigade

Abstract Objectives To investigate the effects of age, aerobic fitness, and body mass index (BMI) on injury risk in operational Army soldiers. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Male soldiers from an operational Army brigade were administered electronic surveys regarding personal characteristics, physical fitness, and injuries occurring over the last 12 months. Injury risks were stratified by age, 2-mile run time, and BMI. Analyses included descriptive incidence, a Mantel–Haenszel χ 2 test to determine trends, a multivariable logistic regression to determine factors associated with injury, and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Forty-seventy percent of 1099 respondents reported at least one injury. A linear trend showed that as age, 2-mile run time, and BMI increased, so did injury risk (p Conclusions The stratified analysis and the multivariable logistic regression suggested that older age and poor aerobic fitness are stronger predictors of injury than BMI.
Mask Refills as a Measure of PAP Adherence

Study Objectives:Positive airway pressure (PAP) adherence data are a routine aspect of clinical care for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but not uniformly available. We hypothesized that mask refill...
Revealing the structure of isolated peptides: IR-IR predissociation spectroscopy of protonated triglycine isomers

Abstract We report an isomer specific IR-IR double resonance study of the mass-selected protonated triglycine peptide. Comparison of experimental spectra with calculations reveals the presence of two isomers, with protonation occurring at either the terminal amine site or one of the amide oxygen sites. The amine protonated isomer identified in our experiment contains an atypical cis amide configuration as well as a more typical trans amide. The amide protonated peptide, on the other hand, contains two trans amide moieties. Both isomers are found to be the lowest energy structures for their respective protonation site, but it is unclear, from experiments and calculations, which one is the global minimum. The presence of both in our experiments likely points to kinetic trapping of a higher energy structure. Finally, the observed frequencies of the N H and O H stretch vibrations are used to estimate the hydrogen-bond strengths present in each isomer, accounting for the relative stabilities of these structures.
D SS , D LL , D SL , D LS , and P , for pp→pp at 600 to 800 MeV

We have measured the spin parameters ${D}_{\mathrm{SS}}$, ${D}_{\mathrm{LS}}$, ${D}_{\mathrm{SL}}$, ${D}_{\mathrm{LL}}$ (${K}_{\mathrm{SS}}$, ${K}_{\mathrm{LS}}$, ${K}_{\mathrm{SL}}$, ${K}_{\mathrm{LL}}$), and $P$ from 18\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 134\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. for pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}pp at 597, 647, 699, 750, and 800 MeV. (We also include four ${D}_{\mathrm{NN}}$ points that cross-check previous data.) The pp elastic phase shifts are now overdetermined near 597, 647, and 800 MeV and well determined near 699 and 750 MeV. The data are in satisfactory agreement with preexisting phase shift analyses and show no new energy dependence.
Self-Assembly of Nanodroplets in Nanocomposite Materials in Nanodroplets Science and Technology

Use of metal nanoarchitectures is increasing in electronics, diagnostics, therapeutics, sensing, and microelectromechanical systems due to their unique electromagnetic and physicochemical properties. This chapter examines physical, chemical, and hybrid methods to assemble metal nanodroplets in single- and multidimensional geometries and phases. Reductive self-assembly offers a route to economic, scale-able preparation of nanodroplets and stabilization on solid substrates that could lead to atom-level tune-ability. Enhanced control and real-time characterization have been used to uncover thermodynamic and transport mechanisms of nanodroplet self-assembly to enhance prediction and control of morphological features. Physicochemical principles of reductive nanodroplet self-assembly are examined to provide a framework to modulate local surface forces and control orderly self-assembly of metallic nanostructures.
Modeling Strategies for Rapid Thermal Processing: Finite Element and Monte Carlo Methods

With the shift towards single wafer cluster tools and reduced thermal budgets, rapid thermal processing (RTP) is becoming an increasingly important microelectronics manufacturing technology for oxidation, implant annealing, and silicidation [1]. The continued evolution towards shallower junctions and thinner oxides is likely to further drive thermal processes toward RTP and away from furnaces. However, for this transition to take place, RTP must overcome current limitations in terms of temperature measurement and spatial temperature control, as well as satisfy increasingly tight performance specifications [2] . Accurate temperature measurements are needed to avoid wafer to wafer drift and to serve as input to lamp feedback control schemes minimizing spatial temperature variations.
Carleman’s Theorem

Let f be holomorphic in Re z ≥ 0 and suppose f has no zeros on z = iy. Choose ρ > 0 so that ρ < (modulus of the smallest zero of f in Re z ≥ 0). Let \( \left\{ {{{z}_{n}} = {{r}_{n}}{{e}^{{i{{\theta }_{n}}}}}} \right\} \) be the zeros of f in Re z ≥ 0. Define the following: $$ \sum (R) = \sum (R:f) = \sum\limits_{{{{r}_{n}} \leqslant R}} {\left( {\frac{1}{{{{r}_{n}}}} - \frac{{{{r}_{n}}}}{{{{R}^{2}}}}} \right)} \cos {{\theta }_{n}} $$ proper multiplicity of the zeros taken into account); $$ I(R) = I(R:f) = \frac{1}{{2\pi }}\int_{r}^{R} {\left( {\frac{1}{{{{t}^{2}}}} - \frac{1}{{{{R}^{2}}}}} \right)\log \left| {f(it)f( - it)} \right|dt,} $$ where the integral is taken from ir to iR along the imaginary axis; and $$ J(R) = J(R:f) = \frac{1}{{\pi R}}\int_{{ - \pi /2}}^{{\pi /2}} {\log \left| {f({{{\operatorname{Re} }}^{{i\theta }}})} \right|\cos \theta d\theta ,} $$ where the integral is taken along the semicircle of radius R centered at 0. Then $$ \sum (R) = I(R) + J(R) + O(1). $$
Utility of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in Centers For Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)-defined Severe Glaucoma Patients.

Precis Patients with Centers For Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)-defined severe glaucoma often have clinically useful remaining retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), suggesting that structurally based rather than functionally based criteria would be more appropriate to use as guidelines for the utilization of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Purpose RNFL OCT in glaucomatous eyes with advanced structural damage can reach a floor after which there is no further detectable thinning of RNFL. Insurers are considering limiting coverage for OCT in "severe stage glaucoma" defined by CMS. However, CMS definitions of severe glaucoma are based primarily on visual field criteria. Many of these patients may have preserved RNFL in other sectors. This study aims to assess the clinical utility of RNFL measurements by OCT in eyes with CMS-defined severe glaucoma. Patients and methods Medical records of patients with CMS-defined severe glaucoma were consecutively reviewed. Data collected included average/sectoral RNFL thickness, and visual field mean deviation. Previous estimates of RNFL floor and test-retest variability for Cirrus OCT were used to establish 3 threshold values of RNFL. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, χ analysis, and analysis of variance. Results A total of 129 eyes qualified (age: 71±12 y; mean deviation: -13.5±4.3 dB; average RNFL: 60.9±7.9 μm), A majority (66%) of eyes met severe glaucoma criteria with defects in both hemifields; 34% met only paracentral defect criteria. The proportion of eyes that had significant remaining average, superior, or inferior RNFL, estimated by thresholds 1 to 3, was 21% to 54%, 29% to 51%, and 16% to 37%, respectively. At least 1 vertical quadrant had significant remaining RNFL in 35% to 66% of eyes, depending on the threshold used. Conclusions Our data demonstrate a substantial portion of eyes with CMS-defined severe glaucoma have measurable RNFL above the floor in at least 1 vertical quadrant that may be longitudinally monitored for progression. The presence of CMS-defined severe glaucoma does not exclude the potential utility of OCT to monitor progression.
Population pharmacokinetics of immunoglobulin intravenous preparation in very low birth weight neonates.

Abstract Background Immunoglobulin products are widely used across multiple therapeutic areas such as immunodeficiency syndromes, infection and autoimmune diseases. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of immunoglobulins are well characterized in adults, but very little is known about the PK of immunoglobulins in neonates and infants ( Objective The objectives of the present study were: (1) characterize the PK of immunoglobulin intravenous preparation using model-independent (non-compartmental analysis), and (2) develop and evaluate a population PK model with extensive blood samples (8 blood samples) and sparse blood samples (2–3 blood samples). Method Immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration versus time data from very low birth weight neonates (n = 20) following intravenous administration were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effect modeling and non-compartmental approaches. Population pharmacokinetic models were developed from extensive and sparse sampling schemes. Models were evaluated based on the difference in objective function, goodness-of-fit plots and simulation based visual predictive check analysis. Results A non-compartmental analysis of IgG from neonates (bodyweight range 0.78–1.38 kg) indicated an average clearance of 3.0 ± 2.1 mL/day and volume of distribution at steady state 68 ± 25 mL. The population pharmacokinetic model from extensive sampling adequately described concentration- time data with mean clearance (2.7 mL/day), volume of central compartment (8.7 mL) and peripheral compartment (60 mL). The clearance and volume of distribution estimates using sparse sampling model (1 pre-and 2 post-dose blood samples) were comparable with extensive sampling. Conclusion Our study provides important bridging data in scaling PK and dosing of immunoglobulins across a wide age range.
Increasing the Utilization of Deep Neural Networks for SEM Measurements Through Multiple Task Formulation and Visualization

Scanning electron microscopy images are an attractive option to estimate the roughness of nanostructures. Convolutional neural network (CNN) based algorithms have improved scanning electron microscope (SEM) image denoising and estimation of line roughness measurements. However, these algorithms need improvements to run at high speeds with a low memory footprint and without compromising accuracy. We introduce two approaches to reduce computation time and memory. We first propose deep CNNs LineNet1 and LineNet2 to perform simultaneous denoising and edge estimation on rough line SEM images. This multiple task formulation in LineNet1 and LineNet2 reduces training time, inference time and model sizes. LineNet2 also facilitates edge estimation in the multiple-line images and generalizes the approach for other geometries. Our training method uses supervised learning datasets of single-line SEM images and multiple-line SEM images together with edge positions information. We next consider multiple visualization tools to improve our understanding of the LineNet1 architecture and use the resulting insights from these visualizations to motivate a study of two variations of LineNet1 with fewer neural network layers. One of these visualization techniques is new to the visualization of denoising CNNs. Our results show that these approaches significantly reduce the memory and computation needed for edge estimation with a slight impact on accuracy.
A Model of Justification

I consider decision-making constrained by considerations of morality, rationality, or other virtues. The decision maker (DM) has a true preference over outcomes, but feels compelled to choose among outcomes that are top-ranked by some preference that he considers "justifiable." This model unites a broad class of empirical work on distributional preferences, charitable donations, prejudice/discrimination, and corruption/bribery. I provide a behavioral characterization of the model. I also show that the set of justifications can be identified from choice behavior when the true preference is known, and that choice behavior substantially restricts both the true preference and justifications when neither is known. I argue that the justifiability model represents an advancement over existing models of rationalization because the structure it places on possible "rationales" improves tractability, interpretation and identification.
The Transnational Roots of the Froebel Educational Institute, London

Existing scholarly literature on the Froebel Educational Institute in London has been inconsistent and often incorrect about both the chronology of its founding and the timing of the adoption of Froebelian pedagogy by its driving force, Julie Schwabe. Drawing on numerous materials in German and Italian not used by anyone who has written about the FEI or Schwabe, especially the memoirs of Helene Klostermann (Schwabe’s companion and amanuensis from 1887–1896) and the correspondence of Italian politician and historian Pasquale Villari, this article corrects the early history of the FEI and highlights the transnational cross-fertilization of ideas behind this 125-year-old institution. Schwabe’s network included not only British and Italian women and men, but also Bertha von Marenholtz-Bulow, the Dowager Empress Frederick of Germany, and Americans Caroline Marsh and Elizabeth Palmer Peabody.
Civic Friendship in America: A Madisonian Retrospective

Given the current and serious political polarization in America, we are compelled to ask whether a nation composed of citizens who disagree so deeply about fundamental principles can endure. Like t...
Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid and Dimer Ester Surrogates to Constrain the Abundance and Distribution of Molecular Products in α-Pinene and β-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol

Liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry [LC/(−)ESI-MS] is routinely employed to characterize the identity and abundance of molecular products in secondary organic a...
Intrapatient Tumor Heterogeneity in IHC Interpretation Using PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx.

Tumor heterogeneity may impact immunohistochemical (IHC) interpretation, thus potentially affecting decision making by treating oncologists for cancer patient management. Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) IHC 22C3 pharmDx is a companion diagnostic used as an aid in identifying patient eligibility for treatment with pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA). This study aims to investigate tumor heterogeneity impact on IHC staining when evaluating PD-L1 expression using PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx. The effect of tumor heterogeneity was evaluated based on the PD-L1 diagnostic status of PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx stained tumor tissue sections at relevant diagnostic cutoffs for non-small cell lung carcinoma, gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer and triple negative breast cancer. Overall agreement for the PD-L1 diagnostic status was assessed for each tumor type within a given specimen block (Intra-Block), between specimen blocks from the same surgical resection (Intra-Case), and between intrapatient primary and metastatic specimens. Intrablock and intracase point estimates were above 75%, and primary versus metastatic point estimates were above 50%. The results suggest that PD-L1 expression is consistent across cut sections through a minimum of 150 µm within a tissue block and between blocks from the same surgical resection and is significantly maintained across primary and metastatic blocks from the same patient despite changes to the tissue microenvironment. These data provide confidence for histopathologists and oncologists that evaluation of PD-L1 expression at clinically relevant cutoffs is reproducible among different assessments (or samplings) of a single tumor specimen.
Comparative responses of five NO-NSAIDs in a human cell melanoma prevention assay

1259 The human cell melanoma prevention assay, which utilizes biomarkers that are relevant to melanoma development, was developed to identify agents with potential efficacy. The assay endpoints include: the induction of apoptosis as measured by annexin V or caspase 3, the induction of HLA ABC (which is important for immune surveillance), the induction of E-cadherin (which regulates growth and differentiation in normal melanocytes) and the inhibition of N-cadherin (which is overexpressed in melanoma cells allowing the stromal cells to control the growth of melanocytes). NO(nitric oxide)-aspirin 1, NO-aspirin 2, NO-exisulind, NO-naproxen, and NO-sulindac were evaluated in a human cell assay for melanoma prevention. NO donating NSAIDs are novel agents that combine the beneficial effects of NSAIDs and NO to maximize the effectiveness while reducing possible adverse events. In vitro studies have shown that adding nitric oxide to NSAIDs increases their effectiveness from 1.7 to 1000 fold. NO (nitric oxide) donating NSAIDs have also shown more potency and less toxicity that traditional NSAIDS in animal studies. The data from the assay show that both NO-aspirins were effective in inducing E-cadherin; however, NO-aspirin 2, the para isomer, was more effective than NO-aspirin 1, the meta isomer. The remaining NO-NSAIDs each inhibited N-cadherin expression and induced HLA ABC expression. NO-sulindac also induced E-cadherin. Only NO-naproxen induced apoptosis. The melanoma prevention assay was used to identify of agents with the potential efficacy. The potency rankings were: NO-naproxen >NO-sulindac >NO-exisulind >NO-aspirin 2 >NO-aspirin 1. Supported by NCI contract #N01-CN-43300
Media-centric and Politics-centric Views of Media and Democracy: A Longitudinal Analysis of Political Communication and the International Journal of Press/Politics

Political communication is a dynamic, interdisciplinary field that has grown in stature and reach in recent decades, becoming more international in scope and orientation while gaining respect in po...
Energy and Food: A Comment

I would like to add to the points raised by Slesser in Chapter 15 and summarize my own view of the critical situation that faces the world. As a result of overpopulation, energy shortages, and environmental degradation, the world is fast losing its capacity to feed itself. By 1976 the world population is expected to reach 4 billion, and, based upon projected growth rates, the world population will reach about 7 billion by the year 2000 (1). This rapid growth in world population coincides with the exponential use of fossil fuels. These have been used extremely effectively by man to manipulate and manage his environmental resources.
Quantifying the influence of sea ice on ocean microseism using observations from the Bering Sea, Alaska

Microseism is potentially affected by all processes that alter ocean wave heights. Because strong sea ice prevents large ocean waves from forming, sea ice can therefore significantly affect microseism amplitudes. Here we show that this link between sea ice and microseism is not only a robust one but can be quantified. In particular, we show that 75–90% of the variability in microseism power in the Bering Sea can be predicted using a fairly crude model of microseism damping by sea ice. The success of this simple parameterization suggests that an even stronger link can be established between the mechanical strength of sea ice and microseism power, and that microseism can eventually be used to monitor the strength of sea ice, a quantity that is not as easily observed through other means.
A History of Civil Litigation: Political and Economic Perspectives

A History of Civil Litigation: Political and Economic Perspectives, by Frank J. Vandall, studies the expansion of civil liability from 1466 to 1980, and the cessation of that growth in 1980. It evaluates the creation of tort causes of action during the period of 1400-1980. Re-evaluation and limitation of those developments from 1980, to the present, are specifically considered. The unique focus of the book is first, to argue that civil justice no longer rests on historic foundations, such as, precedent, fairness and impartiality, but has shifted to power and influence. Reform in the law (legislative, judicial, and regulatory) is today driven by financial interests, not precedent, not a neutral desire for fairness, and not to "make it better." It uses products, cases and policies for much of its argument. These policies can be summarized as a shift from a balanced playing field, negligence, to one that favors injured consumers. The strict liability foreshadowed by Judge Traynor, in Escola v. Coca Cola (1944), was not adopted until 1962, when Traynor wrote the majority opinion in Greenman v. Yuba Power Products for the California Supreme Court. Second, the book examines the role of persuasive non-governmental agencies, such as the American Law Institute, in reforming and shaping civil justice. Never has it been less true that we live under the rule of law. Congress, agencies and the courts make the law, but they are driven by those who have a large financial stake in the outcome. Today, those with power shape the character of products liability law, at every turn.
A Minimal Framework for Specification Theory

Notions concerning the specification, implementation, verification and testing of systems are ordinarily defined within a given context. We discuss what could and should belong to such a specification context. We obtain a unique practice-oriented specification semantics resp. conformance relation. We expect our framework to permit the definition of a general vocabulary for specification, verification and testing, independent of specific models or languages.
Sigma Delta modulation from the perspective of nonlinear dynamics

The author presents some results of a study of Sigma Delta modulation from the perspective of nonlinear dynamics. A geometric model is developed which reveals details of modulator behavior (including response to time varying inputs) difficult to obtain using other approaches. >
Boundary Points and Resolution

We use the notion of boundary points to study resolution proofs. Given a CNF formula F , a lit (x )-boundary point is a complete assignment falsifying only clauses of F having the same literal lit (x ) of variablex . A lit (x )-boundary point mandates a resolution on variable x . Adding the resolvent of this resolution to F eliminates this boundary point. Any resolution proof has to eventually eliminate all boundary points of F . Hence one can study resolution proofs from the viewpoint of boundary point elimination. We use equivalence checking formulas to compare proofs of their unsatisfiability built by a conflict driven SAT-solver and very short proofs tailored to these formulas. We show experimentally that in contrast to proofs generated by this SAT-solver, almost every resolution of a specialized proof eliminates a boundary point. This implies that one may use the share of resolutions eliminating boundary points as a metric for proof quality.
Leveling the Playing Field: E-Marketing's Impact on Lodging Operations

Abstract Since 1998 there has been a 54% increase in the number of travelers using the Internet to obtain information on destination or make travel arrangements. Travel has become the Web's top e-tail segment with online hotel bookings hitting $164 million in revenues (AAHOA Hospitality, May, 2000). With Internet traffic doubling every 100 days a “flash point” in technology has been reached. When technology becomes commonplace and seen as an integral part of the marketplace a flash point occurs (Chandler, 2000). Electronic commerce has revolutionized the way services are delivered and changed the traditional relationship between consumers and service providers (Zeithaml & Bitner, 2000). The purpose of this research is to analyze and compare the impact marketing technology application has on lodging properties in the pursuit of individual travelers. This exploratory study identified issues that respondents felt were important and affected their marketing and management activities.
An Estimate of the Prevalence of Asthma and Wheezing Among Inner-City Children

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of asthma and wheezing unassociated with a diagnosis of asthma among inner-city children. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey of a sample of Bronx households. METHODS Random digit dialing telephone survey using parental report. SETTING Bronx County, NY. PARTICIPANTS 662 self-designated heads-of-household who reported for all children 0 through 17 years of age living in their households. MEASUREMENTS Questions from the Child Health Supplement to the 1988 National Health Interview Survey and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Bronchial Symptoms Questionnaire were used to estimate the prevalence of asthma and wheezing-related illness. RESULTS Information was gathered on 1285 children. Of this sample, 184 (14.3%) were reported to have ever had asthma (cumulative prevalence) and 111 (8.6%) were reported to have asthma in the last 12 months (period prevalence). The asthma period prevalence rate among Bronx children was twice the United States rate (4.3%). Among children 0 through 11 years of age, the prevalence rate was similar for boys and girls, although among children 12 through 17 years of age, asthma was significantly more prevalent among boys. Fifty-four children (4.2%) were reported to have had wheezing in the past 12 months unassociated with a diagnosis of asthma (wheeze only). The cumulative, but not the period, prevalence rate of asthma differed significantly by income and race/ethnicity. The cumulative prevalence was significantly higher among Hispanics and children from the lowest income families. The prevalence of wheeze only (no reported history of asthma) was higher among whites (6.4%) and blacks (5.8%) than Hispanics (2.9%) (P < .1). The reported number of wheezing attacks and the average number of nights per week that sleep was disturbed by wheezing during the past year were similar for those with asthma and those with wheeze only, although severe attacks (wheezing severe enough to limit speech) were significantly more likely among those reported to have asthma (P < .001). The total asthma prevalence (period prevalence of asthma plus wheeze only) was 12.8% and was quite consistent across subgroups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the prevalence of asthma among inner-city children may be substantially higher than the rates for this group estimated from national survey data. Some proportion of the wheeze only group may represent undiagnosed, and thereby undertreated, asthma. Public health efforts directed at reducing asthma morbidity and mortality need to address the possibility that asthma prevalence is higher within inner cities and that a large number of children with asthma may be inadequately diagnosed and treated.
HCMV persistence in the population: potential transplacental transmission

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous virus that causes asymptomatic infections in healthy individuals (for review see Pass, 2001). Because breast feeding (Stagno et al., 1980), exposure to young children (Pass et al., 1987) and sexual contact (Fowler and Pass, 1991) are major risk factors for infection, most adults are seropositive. Diverse organs and specialized cells, including polarized epithelial cells (Tugizov et al., 1996) and endothelial cells (Fish et al., ; Maidji et al., 2002), are susceptible to CMV infection. CMV establishes latent infection in granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (Kondo et al., 1996) and reactivates upon cellular differentiation (Hahn et al., ; Soderberg-Naucler et al., 1997). Congenital CMV infection is estimated to affect 1 to 3% of infants in the United States annually and remains an important public health problem causing significant morbidity and mortality (for review see Britt, 1999).