cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human vs autonomous control of planetary roving vehicles

Supervisory or semiautonomous control has some compelling advantages over step-by-step human command and verification for the operation of roving vehicles on remote planetary surfaces. There are also disadvantages in relation to the complex system that must be mobilized and the chain of events that must be enacted to conduct a mission. Which of the two control methods is better on technical grounds may not be the deciding factor in its acceptance or rejection. Some of the issues that affect changes in spacecraft design and operation are summarized. To accelerate the movement toward more autonomous machines, it will be necessary to understand and to address the problems that such autonomy will create for other elements of the control system and for the control process.
A Theory of Integers

We have used laws of integer arithmetic for manipulating integer expressions in several places in this text. We now study a theory of integers. Many of the properties of the integers will be familiar to you, but new ones will also emerge.
The Developmental Psychobiology of Stress and Emotion in Childhood

Under what conditions does stress exposure in childhood induce vulnerability, and when does it promote resilience? In this chapter we review what is known about the developmental psychobiology of stress systems, aiming to articulate the current state of our knowledge on this question. We review the anatomy and physiology of stress systems and some of their complex interconnections, followed by a discussion of what is known about the ontogeny of these systems and the way individual differences in their activity might emerge. We review studies of stress reactivity and regulation during each major developmental period between prenatal life and adolescence. Then we discuss findings related to temperamental, genetic, and caregiving factors that may underlie individual differences in stress reactivity. We conclude with some thoughts about the need for basic research examining the development of stress systems at multiple levels of analysis, hopefully informing a comprehensive, biologically plausible model of stress and emotion across the lifespan. Keywords: stress psychobiology; emotion; childhood
Assessing the Accuracy of Three National Physician Sampling Frames.

T o the Editor: We feel it is important to provide context and clarity on the use of the AMA Masterfile in the study by DesRoches et al. The study’s methodology has a core weakness that inhibits a meaningful comparison of the disparate databases. We believe the author should have explicitly noted the key differences in the databases that we believe influenced the outcome of the study. The authors selected the AMA’s Physician Preferred Mailing Address (PPMA) to compare against practice addresses from National Plan and Provider Enumeration System and SK&A despite the fact that the AMA PPMA is unique. Of the three databases examined, only the AMA Masterfile allows physicians the choice to include a preferred mailing address, which can, and often does, include a nonpractice address. The fact that the non-practice addresses in the AMA PPMA cannot be matched to NPPES or SK&A or validated by calling the physician’s office, does not make them inaccurate, as suggested by the study. The AMA utilizes its PPMA to successfully route over 25 million mail pieces to physicians annually. Additionally, the AMA processes over 65 million updates to the Masterfile annually, including approximately 31,000 address changes per month. This is the result of compiling data from over 2,000 public and syndicated data sources, including NPPES, and approximately 500,000 inbound and outbound phone interactions with physicians and their practices. For purposes of this study, it would have been more appropriate to include the AMA’s Primary Office Location (POLO), which is more in line with the type of address found in the NPPES and SK&A datasets. It is also important to note that Medical Marketing Service (MMS), the AMA Database Licensee that provided data for the study, did not return information for physicians who were deceased or retired, or who indicated that they do not wish to receive mail, which is important to factor into the NPI match rate results. There are numerous databases that contain information on physicians. It is important to understand the details of how each database is compiled and maintained, as well as the definitions of the various data elements included. Having this knowledge will allow researchers to make meaningful comparisons and intelligent decisions on what source best meets the needs of their project.
Chapter 30. Advances in Aporphine Chemistry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the advances in aporphine chemistry during the period 1967—1968. A number of new aporphine alkaloids were isolated from a variety of plant sources. Structures were assigned most often on the basis of spectra (especially nmr) and sometimes also by conversion to previously known aporphines. The mass spectra of nine aporphine bases were recorded and compared. Those alkaloids that are oxygenated at both the 1- and 11-positions give spectra significantly different from those of other aporphines. The chemistry of the proaporphine alkaloids (typified by pronuciferine) was reviewed, including their known conversions, both in vivo and in vitro, to aporphines. The structures of hernandine and of predicentrine were confirmed by total synthesis using the classical Pschorr route. Laudanosoline and norlaudanosoline were converted in good yields into the corresponding aporphines by oxidation with an excess of ferric chloride; cyclic iron complexes are believed to be intermediates in this reaction. A new non-oxidative photochemical aporphine synthesis was discovered, in which the key step involved loss of hydrogen halide on photolysis of an appropriately substituted o-halostilbene. In this way, it was possible to synthesize the natural aporphine dehydroglaucine.
Comparison of Titrations on the Chorioallantoic Membrane of Chick Embryos with the Rabbit Scarification Technique for the Potency Assay of Smallpox Vaccines

The potency of the U.S. Reference Smallpox Vaccine, Lot 2, the International Reference Preparation of Smallpox Vaccine, and commercial smallpox vaccines was determined by the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and rabbit scarification (RS) potency assay methods. The mean titer of the U.S. Reference (based on 107 ampoules) was 10(8.1) pock-forming units (PFU) per ml and that of the International Reference (based on 3 ampoules) was 10(7.8) PFU/ml. A statistical analysis of the CAM data for the U.S. Reference resulted in the establishment of a table of limits of acceptance for smallpox vaccines. Of the commercial smallpox vaccines tested by the CAM and RS methods, 89% demonstrated potencies comparable to the U.S. Reference. Our results show that the CAM test method has application in the control testing of smallpox vaccines produced by U.S. licensed manufacturers provided it is used within the limits discussed.
The management of autoimmunity in patients with cholestatic liver diseases

Cholestatic liver diseases are rare diseases that often lead to cirrhosis and its consequent complications. In addition to liver-related morbidity, patients with cholestatic liver diseases often suffer from autoimmune diseases that affect several organs and tissues. The robust and efficient data collection and collaboration between hepatologists and rheumatologists have led to significant advancements in understanding the relationship between the cholestatic liver diseases and associated autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we discuss the cholestatic liver diseases (primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and immunoglobulin G4 associated cholangitis) and associated autoimmune diseases.
Characterization and impact of traps in lattice-matched and strain-compensated In 1−x Ga x As/GaAs 1−y Sb y multiple quantum well photodiodes

InP-based multiple quantum well (MQW) photodiodes in the InGaAs/GaAsSb material system are promising for mid-infrared detection [1]; by including strain in these devices, the detection wavelength has been extended to beyond 3 µm [2]. However, owing to the relative immaturity of these materials, there have been few reports of the characteristics of defects in this system and their impact on device performance, especially under strain and at material compositions appropriate for MQW detectors. In this work, In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/GaAs 0.5 Sb 0.5 (lattice-matched) and In 0.34 Ga 0.66 As/GaAs 0.25 Sb 0.75 (strain-compensated) MQW photodiodes are evaluated using low-frequency noise spectroscopy (LFNS) and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to detect and extract the properties of defect levels, and their impact on dark current and noise performance of the photodiodes is evaluated.
Complementarity in neutron interferometry

Abstract The complementarity between the interference pattern and the neutron's path through the interferometer is formulated and studied in a quantitative information theoretic way. This leads to an understanding of intermediate cases of partial knowledge of complementary quantities. The role of complementarity is also analysed for the case of interference experiments where the neutron's spin plays a crucial role and a direct connection between different classes of complementary observables is found.
Impression ☐ing and cast pouring

Abstract Boxing impressions with cornstarch and solvite is a reliable and easily mastered technique. It avoids excessive manipulation of impressions which might lead to their distortion. This method is an alternate to those presented by Bolouri and associates 3 and Harris. 4
Medial Plating for the Repair of Middle and Distal Diaphyseal Fractures of the Humerus in Dogs

Six middle and distal humeral shaft fractures in dogs were repaired by the application of a bone plate along the medial shaft of the humerus. In all animals, clinical and radiographic evidence of normal bone healing was observed. The bone plate and ancillary implants were removed from five dogs by 10 months. In none of the six dogs were any untoward effects of placing the bone plate along the medial shaft of the humerus detected nor were there any difficulties encountered with the medial humeral soft tissues.
The Meds and Eds in Urban Economic Development

Medical and higher education institutions have become centerpieces of urban economies, employing large numbers, purchasing goods and services, and anchoring neighborhoods by their land investments....
Geometrical Characteristics and Surface Polarity of Inclined Crystallographic Planes of the Wurtzite and Zincblende Structures

Inclined crystallographic planes of the wurtzite structure were investigated in comparison with the zincblende structure in terms of surface geometry characteristics. The ball–stick model indicates that the semipolar $$ \left( {1{\bar 1} 01} \right) $$ surface possesses a surface polarity resembling the anion polarity, which agrees with the common experimental observations of epitaxial growth preference for the cation-polarity $$ \left( {1{\bar 1} 0{\bar 1} } \right) $$ surface over the $$ \left( {1{\bar 1} 01} \right) $$ surface. The wurtzite $$ \left\{ {11{\bar 2} 2} \right\} $$ surface was found to share geometrical similarities with the zincblende {100} surface uniquely among the possible semipolar planes. This finding encourages epitaxial growth on the $$ \left\{ {11{\bar 2} 2} \right\} $$ plane of wurtzite semiconductors, e.g., GaN, with the potential of avoiding atomic step formations typically associated with off-axis crystallographic planes.
THE ECONOMIC TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN STOCKING FINGERLINGS AND STOCKERS: A MIXED INTEGER MULTI-STAGE PROGRAMMING APPROACH

This paper addresses the economic trade-offs associated with stocking varying sizes of fingerlings and stockers either purchased or produced on farm in catfish growout. A mixed integer-programming model of catfish growout was developed that included seven fingerling, six stocker, and eight foodfish production activities as well as options to purchase and sell fingerlings, stockers, and foodfish. Results showed that profits are maximized on farms of 102 ha and larger by adopting a three-phase production system that includes a stocker phase. On farms smaller than 102 ha, profits are maximized by understocking 17.5-cm fingerlings in multiple-batch. The choice of stocking fingerlings or stockers depended on the efficiency of the stocker production phase; at stocker FCRs of 2.4 or above or survivals less than 40%, stocking fingerlings in multiple-batch was more profitable than the three-phase system with stockers. Additional research is needed to develop farm-level datasets of the variability in key stocker pr...
Fuzzy feature description of handwriting patterns

The handwritten characters differ not only from person to person but also according to the state of mood of the same person. Nevertheless, humans are trained to extract the specific features characterizing a symbol. We introduced fuzziness in the definition of the proposed features, which provides an enhancement to the handwritten character information to be stored. Some novel shape features in the fuzzy linguistic domain are described. We conclude by presenting some experimental results from the fuzzy on-line handwriting recognition system FOHRES.
SU-GG-T-515: The Effect of Changes in the Content of Air in the Small Bowel On Dose Distributions in Proton and Photon Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer

Purpose: To determine how changes in the content of air in the small bowel affects dose distributions for conformal, IMRT, and proton therapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.Method and Materials:Treatment plans were developed for six post‐operative pancreatic cancer patients using conformal, IMRT, and proton scattered beam planning. Plans were first calculated (using inhomogeneities) and normalized so that 95% of the volume received the prescription dose. The air in the small bowel was then contoured and given a Hounsfield unit of zero. The original plans were then recalculated on the edited CT set (again using inhomogeneities) with identical beam line parameters and monitor units. This case corresponds to the situation where the patient is planned with air in the small bowel but then treated with no air. In the second case, plans were generated on the CT sets with all air given a HU of zero and then recalculated on the original CT (containing air). Changes in dose homogeneity and coverage were compared for the two cases for each patient. Results: When plans were recalculated on the CT set with no air, the protons plans saw a large decrease in dose homogeneity while photons plans changed very little. Dose coverage also decreased more for proton plans than for the photon plans. Proton plans were less sensitive in the case where plans were recalculated on the CT set containing air but still had worse coverage and generally a greater decrease in target homogeneity than did the photon plans. Conclusion:Proton plans are greatly sensitive to changes in the content of air in the patient when treating pancreatic cancer while photon plans are minimally affected. Changes in the content of air may cause proton plans to under dose the target or overdose normal tissue.
Cloning and complete nucleotide sequence determination of the catB gene encoding m,m-muconate lactonizing enzyme

The enzyme, cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme I (MLEI; EC 5.5.1.1), has been proposed to play a key role in the beta-ketoadipate pathway of benzoate degradation. A 10.2-kb EcoRI fragment isolated from a Pseudomonas putida genomic library complemented a mutant deficient in this enzyme. The MLEI coding gene, catB, was localized to a 1.6-kb fragment which was sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method. MLEI was purified 25-fold from crude extracts of benzoate-grown P. putida PRS2015 harboring the cloned catB gene. Purified MLEI was greater than 95% homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The subunit Mr was 40,000 which was in close agreement with the nucleotide sequence data. N-terminal sequence analysis of purified MLEI protein agreed with the N terminus predicted by the nucleotide sequence. Comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for catB with the corresponding sequences of the clcB gene (K.L. Ngai, B.F., D.K. Chatterjee, L.N. Ornston, and A.M.C., unpublished), whose gene product catalyzes the analogous reaction in 3-chlorobenzoate degradation, showed significant homology. These results suggest that catB and clcB have diverged from a common ancestral gene.
Associations among Measures of Sequential Processing in Motor and Linguistics Tasks in Adults with and without a Family History of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Replication Study.

The purpose of this study was to address the hypothesis that childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is influenced by an underlying deficit in sequential processing that is also expressed in other modalities. In a sample of 21 adults from five multigenerational families, 11 with histories of various familial speech sound disorders, 3 biologically related adults from a family with familial CAS showed motor sequencing deficits in an alternating motor speech task. Compared with the other adults, these three participants showed deficits in tasks requiring high loads of sequential processing, including nonword imitation, nonword reading and spelling. Qualitative error analyses in real word and nonword imitations revealed group differences in phoneme sequencing errors. Motor sequencing ability was correlated with phoneme sequencing errors during real word and nonword imitation, reading and spelling. Correlations were characterized by extremely high scores in one family and extremely low scores in another. Results are...
Aryl bridged 1-hydroxypyridin-2-one: effect of the bridge on the Eu(III) sensitization process.

The efficiency of Eu3+ luminescence by energy transfer from an antenna ligand can be strongly dependent on the metal ion coordination geometry. The geometric component of the Eu(III) sensitization ...
MicroRNA-31 Is a Transcriptional Target of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and a Regulator of Cellular Senescence

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of tumorigenesis. Several miRNAs, which can function either as oncomiRs or tumor suppressive miRs are deregulated in cancer cells. The microRNA-31 (miR-31) has been shown to be overexpressed in metastatic breast cancer. It promotes multiple oncogenic phenotypes, including proliferation, motility, and invasion of cancer cells. Using a breast cancer-related miRNA array analysis, we identified miR-31 as a novel target of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in breast cancer cells. Specifically, we show that sodium butyrate (NaB) and panobinostat (LBH589), two broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitors up-regulate hsa-miR-31 (miR-31). The up-regulation of miR-31 was accompanied by repression of the polycomb group (PcG) protein BMI1 and induction of cellular senescence. We further show that inhibition of miR-31 overcomes the senescence-inducing effect of HDACi, and restores expression of the PcG protein BMI1. Interestingly, BMI1 also acts as a repressor of miR-31 transcription, suggesting a cross-negative feedback loop between the expression of miR-31 and BMI1. Our data suggest that miR-31 is an important physiological target of HDACi, and that it is an important regulator of senescence relevant to cancer. These studies further suggest that manipulation of miR-31 expression can be used to modulate senescence-related pathological conditions such as cancer, and the aging process.
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of low energy recoil events in ceramics

The recent progress in the use of large-scale ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) to investigate low energy recoil events and determine threshold displacement energies, Ed, in ceramics is reviewed. In general, Ed shows a significant dependence on recoil direction and atom. In SiC, the minimum Ed for both C and Si atoms is found along the direction, with a value of 20 and 49 eV, respectively. The results demonstrate that significant charge transfer occurs during the dynamics process, and defects can enhance charge transfer to surrounding atoms, which provides important insights into the formation of charged defects. It is found that the C vacancy is a positively charged defect, whereas the Si vacancy is in its neutral state. The minimum Ed in GaN is determined to be 17 and 39 eV for N and Ga atoms, respectively, both along the direction. The average Ed for N atoms (32.4 eV) is smaller than that for Ga atoms (73.2 eV). It is of interest to note that the N defects created along different crystallographic directions have a similar configuration (a N-N dumbbell configuration), but various configurations for Ga defects are formed. In Y2Ti2O7 prochlore, the minimum Ed for Y atoms ismore » determined to be 27 eV for a recoil along the direction, 31.5 eV for Ti atoms along the direction, 14.5 eV for O48f atoms along the direction and 13 eV for O8b atoms along the direction. The average Ed values determined are 32.7, 34.2, 14.2 and 16.1 eV for yttrium, titanium, O48f and O8b atoms, respectively. Cation interstitials at vacant 8a sites, which are generally occupied by oxygen anions, and at the bridge sites between two neighboring cations along the direction are observed after low energy recoil events.« less
Sweet Potatoes O'Brien: A Comment

take. My first suggestion is: "There can be a continuation of the two types of research presented in this volume, namely studies of small groups and of specific cultural patterns that appear to characterize the region as a whole." While acknowledging that these studies would be "sharply limited," I state, "they would be nonetheless valuable in increasing knowledge about the regional subculture." I then say, "However large the society being studied, there is always social interaction in small groups reflecting patterns of the society," and, quoting Frankenberg (1966:149) with approval, state, "paradoxically, 'only the most intensive studies of very limited areas of social life will make the most extensive comparative work possible.' " Clearly, I do not say these papers are in any sense "inappropriate approaches." On the contrary, I state they are quite appropriate and valuable. After all, I spent more than two years collecting, selecting, editing, and corresponding about them, and I use them in introductory courses each semester with enthusiastic response, a number of students having been inspired to carry out similar research studies. What I suggest next (and this is apparently where the reviewer was misled) is: "Another approach is to have teams of anthropologists use entire communities as the object of research." It is the reviewer, not I, who uses the term "better approach." I contend that the approaches are different and that both are valuable, although obviously teams of anthropologists studying entire communities can carry out what I call "base-line, time-interval, and theory-testing studies" more effectively than can the single participant-observer studying a much more limited cultural system. Incidentally, the reviewer claims I did not define community. The definition is there, quoted from Arensberg (1954:120). In his final paragraph, the reviewer raises a controversial issue when he states, "The contributing anthropologists were either unable or unwilling to give up their participantobservation methodology." He suggests they might have used other techniques, such as survey research. My contention in the book is that participant-observation is essential for in vivo, holistic resear h, and that it can help anthropology make a needed contribution to the study of complex societies by viewing behavior patterns in context and in relationship to other patterns. Rather than giving up participant-observation, I prefer to see it made more effective in the study of complex societies.
Moisture-uptake by the positive active material from the casting solvent and the ambient environment

Abstract It is widely recognized that the presence of residual moisture has significant detrimental effects on the performance of lithium ion batteries. Studies have shown that the positive active material can be a major source of moisture contributors to the overall cell moisture. The aim of the present study is to understand the factors affecting moisture uptake by the doped-lithium nickel cobalt oxide material from the casting solvent, acetone, and the ambient environment. As-is and the air-dried powders under various conditions (300 °C for 24 h, 500 °C for 8 h, and 500 °C for 24 h) were exposed to ambient and humid air for various lengths of time. Similarly, all these powders were exposed to extra dry (47 ppm) and wet (5789 ppm) acetone. Karl Fisher measurements at 160 °C and 290 °C show that humidity levels (80–85% relative humidity versus 20–25%) and the exposure times are the critical factors. Acetone wetness and the length of exposure in it do not contribute significantly to the moisture uptake by the active material. Cathode powder drying helps in minimizing the amount of moisture uptake from the environment.
The nitratosilver(II) stability quotient in aqueous acid solution

Abstract Spectrophotometric methods have been used to determine the stability quotient for the reaction Ag(II) + NO 3 − ⇌ AgNO 3 + in aqueous acid media. From the nitrate dependence of the molar absorption coefficient it has been shown that the data are best explained by a 1:1 silver(II)-nitrate complex at [HClO4] = 3·12 M, ionic strength 5·63 M and 22·5 ± 1°C with K = [AgNO3+]/[Ag(II)][NO3−] = 0·72±0·10 M−1 at 390 nm, where ϵAgNO3+ = (3·24±0·40) × 103 M−1 cm−1. The absorption coefficient was observed to be acid dependent. The simplest assumption consistent with the experimental results is that the free silver(II) consists of Ag2+ and AgOH+ species. From the acidity dependence we find, at 390 nm, ionic strength 5·63 M and 22·5 ± 1°C that K = [AgNO3+]/[Ag2+][NO3−] ∼ 0·94 M−1 and KH = [AgOH+] [H+]/[Ag2+] ∼ 0·69 M. A variation of absorption coefficient was also observed to occur with changes in the medium. Therefore, the changes in the data obtained in the acid variation are also probably due to the sensitivity of the absorption coefficient and/or K1 to the medium. Attempts to measure the rate of formation of the complex by stopped-flow and temperature-jump were unsuccessful, leading to the conclusion that the rate constant, kf, for the process Ag(II) + NO 3 − AgNO 3 + has a lower limit given by kf ⩾ 4 × 103 M−1 sec−1. The results are discussed and compared with those for other strongly oxidizing metal ions, and other nitrato complexes.
Personnel Administrators' Preferences for Résumé Content: Ten Years After:

With the heavy reliance upon restcmes for securing employment, instructors are called upon both formally and informally to teach resume design. The pre sent research was conducted in response to the observation that limited empir ical research exists on resume content. More specifically, the research extends from and compares to a study of a decade ago (Hutchinson, 1984) to detect potential changes in the preferences for resume content of personnel adminis trators in Fortune 500 organizations. Based upon responses to questionnaires, the present research draws comparisons between the 1984 research and the present survey to enhance the information available to teachers of resume design.
Kinetics of the reaction of C3H3 with molecular oxygen from 293–900 K

The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of C3H3 with O2 were investigated from 293–900 K using a tubular reactor coupled to a photoionization mass spectrometer. From 293–333 K, the reaction proceeds by a simple reversible addition reaction. Between 380 and 430 K the equilibrium C3H3+O2 ahC3H3O2 was clearly observable, and equilibrium constants were measured as a function of temperature. These measurements yielded the values of ΔH298o (−79±6 kJ mole−1) and ΔS298o (−131±12 J mole−1 K−1) for this reaction. A mechanism change was observed as temperature rises. Above 350 K, H2C2O is observed as a new product whose importance increases rapidly with increasing temperature. Rate constants were measured as a function of density and temperature for the low temperature addition reaction and the high temperature reaction (from 500–900 K). An Arrhenius expression is recommended for the high temperature process (represented as C3H3+O2→H2C2O+HCO), 5×10−14exp(−12 kJmole−1/RT) cm3molecule−1 s−1, which is based on the results of this study and the kinetic model offered to explain the findings. A mechanism of the C3H3+O2 reaction is proposed which involves initial formation of a C3H3O2 adduct. At temperatures above 350 K, a cyclic rearrangement of the adduct, which leads to the formation of H2C2O+HCO, competes with its redissociation to C3H3+O2.
Disinfecting the iPad: evaluating effective methods.

Summary Background Tablet computers are increasingly used in healthcare, but they may carry nosocomial pathogens. There are few data available on how to clean an iPad effectively for use in the clinical setting. Aim We aimed to identify the most effective method of decontaminating the Apple iPad, without causing damage, and establish the duration of any residual effect. Methods Following contamination with a microbial broth (meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) and Clostridium difficile ), we examined efficacy of iPad disinfection in the laboratory using six different disinfectant wipes: Sani-Cloth CHG 2% (chlorhexidine 2%/alcohol 70%), Clorox, Tristel, Trigene, soap and water, and plain cloth. Following cleaning, iPads were recontaminated to examine residual activity. After 480 Sani-Cloth CHG 2% disinfecting episodes, functional and visual analysis of iPads was performed by blinded subjects. Findings With the exception of Clostridium difficile , Sani-Cloth CHG 2% and Clorox wipes were most effective against MRSA and VRE, and they were significantly better than the Apple-recommended plain cloth ( P ≤ 0.001). A substantial residual antimicrobial effect was seen for >6h after wiping the iPad with Sani-Cloth CHG 2% despite repeated recontamination and without further disinfection. The functionality or visual appearance of the iPad was not damaged by repeated use of Sani-Cloth CHG 2% wipes. Conclusions Sani-Cloth CHG 2% wipes effectively disinfect the iPad against MRSA and VRE, with a residual antibacterial effect and without causing damage.
A Plastic Zone Equation Based on Mean Yield Criterion

Based on mean yield criterion, an analytical solution for the mode I crack tip plastic zone (CTPZ) under small scale yielding was derived. The results reveal that the size of CTPZ determined by MY criterion is between those by Mises’ yield criterion the smallest, and by Tresca’s criterion the largest; while the zone is almost coincide with that by Mises’ one. The size of CTPZ is related to the ratio of fracture toughness to yield strength; with increasing of the ratio, the size of the zone increases, meaning the better of fracture toughness.
Free and bound carcinoembryonic antigen in neoplasms and in normal adult and fetal tissue.

Abstract Using a radioimmunoassay, CEA or an immunologically indistinguishable substance is found in normal adult as well as fetal tissue. The highest level in normal adult tissue was found in the lung (average 300 ng/g) and in fetal tissue, the colon (average 1000 ng/g). Of many carcinomas, the highest levels were found in primary and metastatic carcinomas of the colon (range 850–92,800 ng/g). Blood levels of CEA may reflect the concentration of CEA in the cancer as well as the volume of the cancer. Purification of CEA through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoeletric focusing indicated the presence of at least six antigens which differ in isoeletric points or mol. wt. A perchloric acid extract of one gastric hepatic metastatic adenocarcinoma contained no demonstrable CEA using double immunodiffusion techniques. Following exposure of this perchloric acid precipitate to 15% NaCl, CEA could be demonstrated by double immunodiffusion and the radioimmunoassay showed an increase from 53 to 5750 ng/g. This phenomenon existed in a number of carcinomas to a varying extent as well as in normal adult tissue. Thus it may be importance to include dissociation techniques when studying the level of CEA in blood or tissue.
Electrical properties of SiGe microstructures fabricated by C.V.D. and F.I.B. and their applications in detectors

Abstract This work presents a study of the electrical parameters of SiGe heterostructures fabricated by low-pressure chemical vapour deposition. Results of the electrical resistance and Hall coefficient measurements of strained/Si heterostructures in the temperature range 77–300 K are reported. The study of the electrical parameter behaviour is based on the strain as well as degeneracy effects. Spreading resistance measurements of Si1−xGex microstructures fabricated by focused ion beam–liquid metal ion sources techniques are reported. A schematic diagram of an infrared detector is also included for the application of SiGe technology.
Some comments on the aerobiology of fungus spores

Abstract While exposure/symptom relationships are relatively well-defined for pollen allergens, such relationships have not been clearly established for airborne fungus spores due to a lack of clearly defined seasonal patterns, prevalence of world-wide cosmopolitan fungi, and serious problems with sampling and identification. Ascospores and basidiospores have been least studied with respect to aerobiology, although both are clearly allergenic. Preliminary data on allergenicity and diurnal and seasonal prevalence patterns for selected ascospore and basidiospore types are presented.
The effects of nucleases on the reproduction of T3 bacteriophage in protoplasts of Escherichia coli.

Abstract 1. 1. Efficiency of conversion of uninfected or T3-infected E. coli to protoplasts and lysates by means of lysozyme and Versene has been studied and found to be essentially unaffected by bacteriophage infection. 2. 2. The stability of uninfected or infected E. coli protoplasts to exposure to RNase and DNase in various media is such as to make studies of the effects of these agents profitable. 3. 3. Brief exposure in appropriate media of T3-infected protoplasts to RNase during early stages of phage development, greatly and consistently inhibits this process. Similar effects, although far less consistent, have also been obtained by DNase pretreatment. 4. 4. The addition of DNase or RNase singly or in combination to the medium throughout growth of bacteriophage T3 leads to almost complete inhibition of this process.
Differential Regulation of l-Arginine Transport and Nitric Oxide Production by Vascular Smooth Muscle and Endothelium

Abstract Since NO production is dependent on the availability of l-arginine, we examined whether l-arginine transport and NO synthesis are coregulated by vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells cultured from the same vessel wall source. l-Arginine transport by both bovine aortic smooth muscle cells (BASMCs) and endothelial cells (BAECs) was primarily Na+ independent (≈70%) and was mediated by both a high- and low-affinity transport system. Treatment of BASMCs with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or interleukin-1β (IL-1β) resulted in a significant increase in l-arginine transport (≈20%) and in the induction of NO release. Exposure of BASMCs to interferon gamma (IFN-γ) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also stimulated NO release but did not affect l-arginine transport. In contrast, incubation of BAECs with TNF-α or LPS strikingly enhanced l-arginine uptake (2.5-fold), whereas IL-1β and IFN-γ had no effect. Treatment of BAECs with any of the inflammatory mediators did not stimulate NO production. These ...
A note on distribution-free confidence bounds for P(X<Y) when X and Y are dependent

If X and Y are two independent and continuous random variables, Govindarajulu [1] has considered the problem of obtaining distributionfree confidence bounds for P ( X < Y) based on random samples of sizes m and n from the X and Y populations respectively. It is of interest to consider the case when X and Y are dependent. Let (2(1, Y1),..., (X~, Y~) be a random sample from the joint distribution of X and Y. Let H denote the unknown distribution of X Y . Then p = P ( X < Y) =H(0). A point estimate of p is given by
Medial frontal GABA is lower in older schizophrenia: a MEGA-PRESS with macromolecule suppression study

Gamma-butyric acid (GABA) dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and its cognitive deficits. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to test the hypothesis that older participants with schizophrenia have lower anterior cingulate GABA levels compared with older control participants. One-hundred forty-five participants completed this study. For detection of GABA, spectra were acquired from the medial frontal/anterior cingulate cortex using a macromolecule-suppressed MEGA-PRESS sequence. Patients were evaluated for psychopathology and all participants completed neuropsychological tests of working memory, processing speed and functional capacity. GABA levels were significantly lower in the older participants with schizophrenia (n=31) compared with the older control (n=37) group (P=0.003) but not between the younger control (n=40) and schizophrenia (n=29) groups (P=0.994). Age strongly predicted GABA levels in the schizophrenia group accounting for 42% of the variance, but the effect of age was less in the control group accounting for 5.7% of the variance. GABA levels were specifically related to working memory but not processing speed performance, functional capacity, or positive or negative symptom severity. This is the largest MRS study of GABA in schizophrenia and the first to examine GABA without macromolecule contamination, a potentially significant issue in previous studies. GABA levels more rapidly declined with advancing age in the schizophrenia compared with the control group. Interventions targeted at halting the decline or increasing GABA levels may improve functional outcomes and quality of life as patients with schizophrenia age.
Fruit quality, antioxidant capacity, and flavonoid content of organically and conventionally grown blueberries.

The effect of cultivation practices on fruit quality and antioxidant capacity in highbush blueberries var. Bluecrop (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) was evaluated from random samples of commercial late harvest fields in New Jersey. Results from this study showed that blueberry fruit grown from organic culture yielded significantly higher sugars (fructose and glucose), malic acid, total phenolics, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity (ORAC) than fruit from the conventional culture. In organically cultured fruit, the average values for the ORAC, total anthocyanins, and total phenolic content were 46.14 µmol of Trolox (TE)/g of fresh weight (fwt), 131.2 mg/100 g of fwt, and 319.3 mg/100 g of fwt, respectively. In conventionally cultured fruit, the average values for the ORAC, total anthocyanin, and total phenol content were 30.8 µmol of TE/g of fwt, 82.4 mg/100 g of fwt, and 190.3 mg/100 g of fwt, respectively. The organic culture also produced fruit with higher contents of myricetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-galactoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-arabinoside, petunidin 3-galactoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, and malvidin 3-arabinoside than conventional culture. There was a significant correlation between the ORAC values and total phenolics and total anthocyanins. These results indicate that even though there were variations in phytonutrient content among individual farms within each cultural system, significant differences between two cultivation practices were evident.
Visual failure caused by raised intracranial pressure in craniosynostosis.

Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or multiple cranial sutures, can be complicated by visual failure resulting from raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Of the 290 children operated on at the Birmingham Children's Hospital between 1978 and 1995 for craniosynostosis, 9 were found to have defective visual acuity attributable to raised ICP. Mean age at presentation was 3.11 years (range: 1–6 years) and mean follow-up, 7.33 years (range: 1.5–16 years). All these patients presented significantly later than usual, and 5 of them developed recurrent craniosynostosis. At the initial examination bilateral papillo-edema was seen in 4 patients, unilateral disc oedema in 1 patient, bilateral optic atrophy in 3 patients and unilateral optic atrophy in 1 patient. Following decompressive craniofacial surgery, the visual outcome was good in 4 out of 5 patients with papilloedema and poor in all patients with optic atrophy. Visual failure resulting from raised ICP in craniosynostosis is a devastating complication, which appears to be associated with late presentation and recurrent craniosynostosis.
Peptide Sequence Analysis on Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers

Abstract Amino acid sequence analysis of peptides, at the picomole level, by triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry is described. Routine analysis of complex mixtures of peptides, such as a tryptic digest of Escherichia coli cell lysate and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens, by microcolumn reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry is discussed. Low-energy collision-activated dissociation spectra of peptides are used to directly search protein and gene sequence databases.
A Fibre Reflectometer To Monitor Refractive Index Changes In Fluids

The standard fibre optic reflectometer has been reexamined. Reflectometers have been configured to measure various physical parameters but the fundamental parameter that is sensed is refractive index. This study has focussed on the basic characteristics of this simple sensor, its linearity, its sensitivity and its potential problem areas when applied in real world situations.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enzymic Degradation of Starch Granules in the Cotyledons of Germinating Peas

Starch, total α- and β-amylase, and phosphorylase levels and the zymogram patterns of these 3 starch-degrading enzymes were determined in the cotyledons of smooth pea (Pisum sativum L.) during the first 15 days of germination. Starch is degraded slowly in the first 6 days; during this time, α-amylase is very low, β-amylase is present at a constant level while phosphorylase gradually increases and reaches a peak on the fifth day. Beginning on the sixth day there is a more rapid degradation of starch which coincides with α-amylase production. One phosphorylase band and 2 β-amylase bands are present in the zymogram of the imbibed cotyledon. An additional phosphorylase band and 1 α-amylase band appear during germination. Seeds imbibed in benzyladenine, chloramphenicol, and in cycloheximide show retarded growth and slower starch degradation and enzyme production than the controls. We conclude that α-amylase is the major enzyme involved in the initial degradation of starch into more soluble forms while phosphorylase and β-amylase assist in the further conversion to free sugars.
Cochlear spiral ganglion cell degeneration in wild-caught mice as a function of age

Abstract Presbyacusis in humans is an age-related bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment generally associated with degeneration of cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion cells (SGC) predominantly in the basal turn but present in the apical turn. Investigations of cochleas of aged rats and gerbils reveal a large loss of SGCs in the apical as well as the basal turns. Genetically inbred aged mice, on the other hand, seem to have variable amounts of SGC loss beginning in some strains very early in the life span of the animals and greatest in the basal turn. Theee age groups of wild-caught, then laboratory-bred, mice were investigated to determine the pattern of SGC degeneration. In 18–19-month-old animals the main loss of SGCs occurred in the basal turn (49% loss compared to 2–3 months) followed by the apical turn (31%). The greatest SGC losses in the 28–31-month-old animals were in both the apical (76%) and basal turns (74%). Thus, this strain of mice is similar to other rodents in that both ends of the ganglion are affected by SGC degeneration associated with aging.
The Birth of Aestheticized Religion out of the Counter-Enlightenment Attraction to Catholicism

In this article, I argue for the consideration of the Counter-Enlightenment engagement with Catholicism as an important yet mostly unexplored influence on the development of early Romantic theories of aesthetics, religion, and the characteristic intermingling of the two called Kunstreligion [art-religion]. I specifically trace the reception of a poem by the mystic Johann Kaspar Lavater and show how Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder, Ludwig Tieck, and Novalis portray a similar ecstatic synesthesia accompanying Catholic religious practices in their own works.
Formalism of the Kronig-Penney model for superlattices of variable basis

A formalism of the Kronig-Penney model based on the transfer-matrix technique and the envelope-function approximation has been developed for superlattices. It can be used in handling superlattices composed of complicated bases, is easier to use than the conventional Kronig-Penney model in matching boundary conditions, and is more accurate because the effective mass and band coupling are included. The minibands of superlattices having different superlattice bases are analyzed by this new method.
Characterization of the Minimalistic Fgf-D2 Domain Interface

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are heparin binding proteins that help regulate key cellular processes such as wound healing and differentiation, cell proliferation, cell migration, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. FGF signaling is generated by the binding of the ligand (FGF) to the extracellular domain of the FGFR; heparin is believed to play a major role in this interaction. The role of heparin on the FGF-D2 complex was determined by using sucrose octasulfate, an analogue of heparin, role in the FGF-D2 complex. In this study we have determined the three dimensional structure of the minimalistic FGF-D2 domain interface using a variety of biophysical techniques including multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. The SOS and FGF binding sites on D2 have been mapped using 1H-15N HSQC. The three dimensional structure of the minimalistic FGF signaling complex, has been validated by site-directed mutagenesis studies. The results of this study provide valuable information towards a rational design of therapeutic principles against FGF-induced pathogenesis.
The Macrophage Paradox

Macrophages are a diverse population of phagocytic cells that reside in tissues throughout the body. At sites of infection, macrophages encounter and engulf invading microbes. Accordingly, macrophages possess specialized effector functions to kill or coordinate the elimination of their prey. Nevertheless, many intracellular bacterial pathogens preferentially replicate inside macrophages. Here we consider explanations for what we call "the macrophage paradox:" why do so many pathogenic bacteria replicate in the very cells equipped to destroy them? We ask whether replication in macrophages is an unavoidable fate that essentially defines a key requirement to be a pathogen. Conversely, we consider whether fundamental aspects of macrophage biology provide unique cellular or metabolic environments that pathogens can exploit. We conclude that resolution of the macrophage paradox requires acknowledgment of the richness and complexity of macrophages as a replicative niche.