cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal variations in the salinity of shallow groundwater from the periphery of some North Dakota wetlands (USA)

Abstract Several studies have shown the important role of groundwater recharge and discharge on the geochemical development of salinity in prairie wetlands and hydric soils; however, none have focused on the effects of transient groundwater mounding on the accumulation and mobilization of salts within, and between, wetlands. The present study examines temporal variations in the salinity of pondwaters, and near-surface groundwaters collected from hydric soil profiles in brackish to subsaline semipermanent North Dakota wetlands, and places these variations in a geo-hydrological context. Groundwater samples were collected periodically from extractor nests in the peripheral, shallow-marsh zone of the wetlands. Pondwaters were collected from locations near each extractor nest. Standard methods were used to characterize salinity soil, and the saturation status of calcite and gypsum in pondwater and groundwate. All extractor locations had coarse-textured surface sediment overlying finer textured subsurface sediments. The electrical conductivity of groundwaters collected from extractors in coarse-textured surface sediments was usually highest after drawdown and steadily declined after recharge events. Groundwaters collected from fine-textured subsurface sediments were much less variable in EC compared with coarse-textured surface sediments. The greatest variation in the saturation status of calcite and gypsum was associated with pondwater and groundwater from coarse-textured surface sediments that contained little or nor observable amounts of these minerals. Zones containing identifiable calcite and gypsum were usually saturated with respect to these minerals. Zones of gypsum accumulation in particular were fine textured and below the level associated with normal seasonal water fluctuations. Our results indicate that temporal and spatial salinization patterns in near-surface groundwaters and pondwaters are dynamic in semipermanent prairie wetlands, and are closely related to transient recharge events. Electrical conductivity and gypsum distribution patterns in groundwaters and sediments at the extractor locations indicate that salt mobilization from the pond edge can be rapid and is primarily by lateral groundwater flow through coarse-textured surface sediments. Salt accumulation and removal is particularly sensitive to the intensity and location of recharge and drawdown episodes.
Solar Motion with Respect to the High-velocity HI Clouds and to the Local Group

WE have derived1 the solar motion with respect to galaxies at different distances and have shown how the solar apex varies systematically with the distance of the reference objects.
Cloud/albedo effects on the radiation budget in the Arctic

ABSTRACT Measurements ofsurfaceradiation fluxes andradiosonde sounding dataunderovercastcloud situations during spring-summer 1988at Barrow (Alaska) are analyzed. These data were combined with calculations from simple radiation models to estiniate the surfaceradiation budgetas well as reflectance, transmittance and absorptance ofthe earth-atmosphere systemon an hourly basis. Warming/cooling rates of the whole atmosphere were computed. These parameters for clear sky conditions are also presented. 1. INTRODUCTION Knowledge ofthe Arctic atmospheric radiation budget is importantbecause it plays a key role in global energy exchange processes.The albedo gradient ofthe earth-atmosphere system at high latitudes is established by the presence ofclouds and snow/ice cover.The present study will focus on the radiative properties of the Arctic earth-atmosphere system with the emphasis on the joint roleofhighly variable surface albedo and cloud optical depth. These empirical analyses rely on the measurements ofsurface radiationfluxes, radiosonde sounding data and cloud observations during April-August 1988 at Barrow (Alaska). These data were combinedwith the calculations from simple radiation models (in solar and JR parts ofthe spectrum)to estimate surface and atmospheric meanradiation budgets on an hourly basis.2. INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
Voids, Cracks, and Hot Spots in Die Attach

The operational life of high power device packages is often limited by metallurgical fatigue of soft solder layers used as joining materials in the package construction. During package fabrication, the solder layers may have voids or cracks which can spread during subsequent operational temperature cycling. To explain the observed range of thermal and electrical resistances after die attach and operation, two types of voids (cracks) are postulated. For one type in which thermal but not electrical conduction is impeded by the void, hot temperature spots form above the void. For the other type in which both thermal and electrical conduction are impeded above the void, there are no hot spots, but the current conducting area is limited, increasing the voltage drops. Experiments to verify these idealized void types are described.
Serotonin Induces Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials in Apical Dendrites of Neocortical Pyramidal Cells

By intracellular and whole cell recording in rat brain slices, it was found that bath-applied serotonin (5-HT) produces an increase in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials/currents (EPSPs/EPSCs) in layer V pyramidal cells of neocortex and transitional cortex (e.g. medial prefrontal, cigulate and frontoparietal). The EPSCs were suppressed by LY293558, an antagonist selective for the AMPA subtype of excitatory amino acid receptor, and by two selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonists, MDL 100907 and SR 46349B. In addition, the EPSCs were suppressed by the fast sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) and were dependent upon external calcium. However, despite being TTX-sensitive and calcium dependent, there was no evidence that the EPSPs resulted from an increase in impulse flow in excitatory neuronal afferents to layer V pyramidal cells. The EPSCs could be induced rapidly by the microiontophoresis of 5-HT directly to "hot spots" within the apical (but not basilar) dendritic field of recorded neurons, indicating that excitatory amino acids may be released by a TTX-sensitive focal action of 5-HT on a subset of glutamatergic terminals in this region. Consistent with such a presynaptic action, the inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (1S,3S)-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate markedly reduced the induction of EPSPs by 5-HT. Postsynaptically, 5-HT enhanced a subthreshold TTX-sensitive sodium current, potentially contributing to an amplification of EPSC amplitudes. These data suggest 5-HT. via 5-HT2A receptors, enhances spontaneous EPSPs/EPSCs in neocortical layer V pyramidal cells through a TTX-sensitive focal action in the apical dendritic field which may involve both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms.
Heterogeneity of retinal degeneration and hearing impairment syndromes

Retinal abnormalities associated with hearing loss may be inherited alone or with additional manifestations. Environmental insults, such as rubella embryopathy, may also cause these abnormalities. We studied 13 patients with retinal abnormalities and hearing loss. Five had Usher's syndrome (retinitis pigmentosa and hearing impairment), one had crystalline retinopathy, two had associated enamel dysplasias, two had clumped pigmentary retinopathy, and three had Amalric-Diallinas syndrome. Our findings suggest considerable heterogeneity of syndromes involving retinal abnormalities and hearing loss.
Ferrate(VI) Oxidation of Thiourea

The rates of thiourea oxidation with Fe(VI) were determined as a function of pH (8.8−11.5) and temperature (10−35 °C). The rate law for the oxidation of thiourea was found to be −d[Fe(VI)]/dt = k0{...
Solenoid Plunger Magnet with Nearly Constant Force

This paper shows that a constant force magnet must have serrated poles. The analysis covers the new shaped gap, and a method of using test data for a magnet with flat poles. Computed values of the serrated gap are given in an illustrative example.
THRESHOLD MEASUREMENTS OF THE K-SHELL PHOTOELECTRON SATELLITES IN Ne AND Ar

The relative intensities of $K$-shell photoelectron satellites near their respective thresholds in Ne and Ar have been measured using synchrotron radiation. The Ne satellites were found to be 25-40% smaller than in the high-energy limit. The $2p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3s$ "conjugate shakeup" state of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$ was not observed, in contrast to predictions of many-body perturbation theory. The asymmetry parameter of the neon Auger group was found to be equal to zero at the $1s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3p$ resonance at 867 eV. This result may indicate that the $3p$ Rydberg electron is essentially decoupled from the core in the Auger decay process. In argon, a $K$-shell satellite was observed at 24.6(3) eV with 6% intensity relative to the main line, confirming a theoretical prediction by Dyall. Tentative evidence was obtained that this branching ratio increases with energy in the first 90 eV above threshold.
INCREASED CEREBRAL EXCITABILITY CAUSED BY p-CHLOROPHENYLALANINE IN YOUNG RATS

—Single intraperitoneal doses of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CP; 100 mg/kg or more), lowered the threshold of flurothyl-induced seizures in 1- and 2-week old rats after 24 h, but not after 4 or 72 h. In older rats there was no change in cerebral excitability after a single dose, but the seizure threshold was lowered after several daily doses. Rats given p-CP in lower doses daily from birth exhibited lowered seizure thresholds only until 3-4 weeks of age. Depletion of brain serotonin and inhibition of liver phenylalanine hydroxylase by p-CP exhibited time courses and dose responses similar to those reported for older animals. Activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase returned to normal more rapidly than the content of serotonin after a dose of p-CP, and recovery of normal seizure threshold seemed to be more closely associated with recovery of the hepatic enzyme than with restoration of the brain amine. It appears, therefore, that hyperphenylalanemia or some consequence of it may be an important factor contributing to increased cerebral excitability in p-CP intoxication and possibly in clinical phenylketonuria and that depletion of brain serotonin may not be the only or even the predominant cause of the changes in cerebral excitability in these conditions.
Local Bladder Cancer Clusters in Southeastern Michigan Accounting for Risk Factors, Covariates and Residential Mobility

Background In case control studies disease risk not explained by the significant risk factors is the unexplained risk. Considering unexplained risk for specific populations, places and times can reveal the signature of unidentified risk factors and risk factors not fully accounted for in the case-control study. This potentially can lead to new hypotheses regarding disease causation. Methods Global, local and focused Q-statistics are applied to data from a population-based case-control study of 11 southeast Michigan counties. Analyses were conducted using both year- and age-based measures of time. The analyses were adjusted for arsenic exposure, education, smoking, family history of bladder cancer, occupational exposure to bladder cancer carcinogens, age, gender, and race. Results Significant global clustering of cases was not found. Such a finding would indicate large-scale clustering of cases relative to controls through time. However, highly significant local clusters were found in Ingham County near Lansing, in Oakland County, and in the City of Jackson, Michigan. The Jackson City cluster was observed in working-ages and is thus consistent with occupational causes. The Ingham County cluster persists over time, suggesting a broad-based geographically defined exposure. Focused clusters were found for 20 industrial sites engaged in manufacturing activities associated with known or suspected bladder cancer carcinogens. Set-based tests that adjusted for multiple testing were not significant, although local clusters persisted through time and temporal trends in probability of local tests were observed. Conclusion Q analyses provide a powerful tool for unpacking unexplained disease risk from case-control studies. This is particularly useful when the effect of risk factors varies spatially, through time, or through both space and time. For bladder cancer in Michigan, the next step is to investigate causal hypotheses that may explain the excess bladder cancer risk localized to areas of Oakland and Ingham counties, and to the City of Jackson.
A SET OF NOVEL TADPOLE SPECIFIC GENES EXPRESSED ONLY IN THE EPIDERMIS ARE DOWN-REGULATED BY THYROID HORMONE DURING XENOPUS LAEVIS METAMORPHOSIS

Abstract Four genes were identified in a screen for thyroid hormone-induced down-regulation of gene expression inXenopus laevistadpole tails. All four encode extracellular glycoproteins that are expressed exclusively in the apical cell layer of the entire tadpole epidermis, which is the equivalent of the mammalian fetal periderm. The onset of the four novel genes’ expression late in embryogenesis, their activity throughout the life of the tadpole, their repression by exogenously added thyroid hormone, and the spontaneous cessation of their expression at the end of tadpole life are closely coordinated. These facts suggest that the protein products of these genes form a novel albeit temporary barrier or other structure in the tadpole epidermis that functions in lieu of the cornified, stratified epithelium of the adult epidermis. We have exploited the cloning of these genes for use as cell-specific markers to follow the appearance and loss of apical cells during development. We were able to demonstrate directly that the apical cells are derived from a stratification of the embryonic ectoderm at the onset of the formation of a true epidermis. The apical cells uniformly cover the surface of the tadpole until metamorphosis, when the expression of the four larval epidermis-specific genes is lost coordinately over the entire tadpole. In contrast, the adult epidermis develops with a distinct regional specificity: adult keratin is first expressed up to a line separating the body and tail epidermis and finally appears in the tail only at metamorphic climax. Finally, our analysis reveals that the TH-induced down-regulated gene expression program during metamorphosis is very different from the previously described up-regulated program which involves multiple cell types and several waves of gene expression changes. The down-regulated program only consists of the repression of a small number of genes which are expressed in larval cells preprogrammed to die during the larval to adult transition at metamorphosis.
Liming effects of beef cattle feedlot manure or compost

Abstract Soil pH can be increased by manure or compost application because feed rations usually contain calcium carbonate. This study was conducted from 1992 to 1996 to evaluate effects of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N)‐based manure and compost application management strategies on soil pH level. Composted and uncomposted beef cattle (Bos taunts) feedlot manure was applied to supply N or P needs of corn (Zea mays L.) for either a one‐ or two‐year period. Phosphorus‐based manure or compost treatments also received additional fertilizer N (ammonium nitrate) to provide for a total of 151‐kg available N ha‐1 yr‐1. Fertilized and unfertilized checks also were included. Manure and composted manure contained about 9 g CaCO3kg‐1 resulting in application rates of up to 1730 kg CaCO3 ha‐1 in 4 years. The surface soil (0–150 mm) pH was significantly decreased with ammonium nitrate application compared to soil in the unfertilized check or to soil receiving manure or compost. Soil pH was significantly increased with t...
Studies of glycosaminoglycan composition and biologic activity of Vessel, a hypolipidemic agent.

Abstract Heparin-like glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated from commercial Vessel® and their biologic properties studied. Vessel was found to be a mixture of chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate and heparin-like GAG. Chondroitin sulfates and dermatan sulfate in Vessel® were hydrolyzed by chondroitinase ABC and the residual Vessel® was fractionated on a Dowex-1 Cl − column eluting with a stepwise-increasing concentration of NaCl (1.2–4.0 M). The major fractions eluted at 1.6 M and 1.8 M NaCl were tentatively identified by chemical analysis as heparin-like GAG with somewhat lower sulfate content than standard heparin. Both fractions had lipoprotein lipase-releasing activity and anticoagulant activity similar to heparin, but 1.6 M NaCl fraction had a third of the anticoagulant activity of standard heparin. The 1.8 M NaCl fraction complexed with serum lipoproteins similarly to heparin. In preliminary studies cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with Vessel® exhibited somewhat less atherosclerosis than controls.
The Trials (Forensic) and Tribulations (Honor Challenges) of Jesus: John 7 in Social Science Perspective

John 7-8 is unified on the narrative level in terms of the Feast of Tabernacles, at which prayers were made for rains and sunlight. Jesus declares himself to be the source of those benefactions and...
Acid Rain in North America: Concepts and Strategies

The major scientific issues and policy options are reviewed in an attempt to present a comprehensive picture of the acid rain problem in North America. It is found that several scientific problems still remain to be resolved, but there is a relatively good understanding of emissions of acidifying substances, their transport and chemical transformation, and their ultimate deposition.
SOI Photonic Wire Waveguide Ring Resonators using MMI Couplers

We demonstrate a novel SOI photonic wire ring resonator that uses a MMI coupler which has a compact size of 3times9 mum2 The resonators exhibited quality factor of 5000, and resonance depth of 20 dB
Collapse of the Quebec Bridge, 1907

In the late 19th century, the transportation needs of Quebec led to proposals for bridging the St. Lawrence River. The Quebec Bridge was the longest cantilever structure attempted until that time. In its final design, the clear span was 548.6 m (1,800 ft) long. The bridge project was financially troubled from the beginning. This caused many setbacks in the design and construction. Construction finally began in October 1900. In August 1907, the bridge collapsed suddenly. Seventy five workers were killed in the accident, and there were only 11 survivors from the workers on the span. A distinguished panel was assembled to investigate the disaster. The panel's report found that the main cause of the bridge's failure was improper design of the latticing on the compression chords. The collapse was initiated by the buckling failure of Chord A9L, on the anchor arm near the pier, immediately followed by Chord A9R. Theodore Cooper had been the consulting engineer for the Quebec Bridge project, and most of the blame for the disaster fell on his shoulders. He mandated unusually high allowable stresses, and failed to require recalculation of the bridge dead load when the span was lengthened.
Effects of Tailored Risk Communications for Skin Cancer Prevention and Detection: The PennSCAPE Randomized Trial

Background: Prevention and early detection measures for melanoma, such as sun avoidance and skin examinations, are important, but are practiced inconsistently. In this replication of the Project SCAPE trial, we sought to determine whether tailored print materials were more effective at improving adherence than generic print materials for patients at increased risk of skin cancer. Methods: Participants were randomized to receive personalized mailed communications about their skin cancer risk and recommended sun protection, or generic mailings. Participants were Caucasian adults, at moderate or high risk for skin cancer, recruited in outpatient primary care. The main outcomes were overall sun protection behaviors and specific protective behaviors including use of sunscreen, shirt, hat, sunglasses, shade, and sun avoidance; recent sunburns; and skin self-examination and provider skin examination. Results: One hundred ninety-two (93.2%) subjects completed the study. Six outcome variables showed significant intervention condition effects in mixed effects models: overall sun protection behavior ( P = 0.025); sunscreen use ( P = 0.026); use of sunglasses ( P = 0.011); sunburns in the past three months ( P = 0.033); recency of last skin self-exam ( P = 0.017); and frequency of skin exams by health care provider ( P = 0.016). Conclusions: Relative to generic communications, tailored risk communications resulted in improved adherence to six skin cancer protective behaviors, including a composite sun protection behavior measure, sunburns, and health care provider skin examinations. Impact: Tailored interventions can be more effective in improving patient prevention behaviors than nontailored, generic information for patients at moderate to high risk of skin cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(2); 415–21. ©2014 AACR .
Automating string processing in spreadsheets using input-output examples

We describe the design of a string programming/expression language that supports restricted forms of regular expressions, conditionals and loops. The language is expressive enough to represent a wide variety of string manipulation tasks that end-users struggle with. We describe an algorithm based on several novel concepts for synthesizing a desired program in this language from input-output examples. The synthesis algorithm is very efficient taking a fraction of a second for various benchmark examples. The synthesis algorithm is interactive and has several desirable features: it can rank multiple solutions and has fast convergence, it can detect noise in the user input, and it supports an active interaction model wherein the user is prompted to provide outputs on inputs that may have multiple computational interpretations.The algorithm has been implemented as an interactive add-in for Microsoft Excel spreadsheet system. The prototype tool has met the golden test - it has synthesized part of itself, and has been used to solve problems beyond author's imagination.
Nerve Sparing Ventral Clitoroplasty Preserves Dorsal Nerves in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Purpose: Masculinization of the female genitalia observed in patients with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia often results in clitorimegaly. Reduction clitoroplasty is the most widely practiced corrective surgery for clitorimegaly, yet reservations about surgical intervention exist based on fears of nerve destruction during surgical removal of excess erectile tissue. In this study, we modified the reduction clitoroplasty and examined excised erectile tissue for the presence of dorsal nerves.Materials and Methods: We describe the development of the nerve sparing ventral clitoroplasty. Nerves were examined in situ using optical coherence technology. In addition, erectile tissue removed from 27 female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia was examined immunohistochemically for the presence of nerves by staining for neurofilament. Nerves outside of the tunica albuginea were counted and measured. Tissue from 2 adult females was also examined by immunohistochemistry.Results: Optical coherence techno...
A one-layer ultra-thin meta-surface absorber

In this paper, the design of a one-layer ultra-thin meta-surface absorber having a simple geometry is demonstrated. The absorber is constructed of a periodic array of square patches printed on a dielectric material backed by a PEC. The square patches are coupled to each other through lossy dielectric materials representing lumped resistors. Therefore, at the resonant frequency of meta-surface the structure is equivalent to a resistive sheet where by tuning the value of dielectric loss an impedance match to the free space is successfully accomplished
Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission in Mammals

Eukaryotic cells maintain the overall shape of their mitochondria by balancing the opposing processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Unbalanced fission leads to mitochondrial fragmentation, and unbalanced fusion leads to mitochondrial elongation. Moreover, these processes control not only the shape but also the function of mitochondria. Mitochondrial dynamics allows mitochondria to interact with each other; without such dynamics, the mitochondrial population consists of autonomous organelles that have impaired function. Key components of the mitochondrial fusion and fission machinery have been identified, allowing initial dissection of their mechanisms of action. These components play important roles in mitochondrial function and development as well as programmed cell death. Disruption of the fusion machinery leads to neurodegenerative disease.
Perpetuation theory and the racial segregation of young adults

Previous research confirms a strong empirical association between the racial composition of young adults' residential areas and the racial compositions of the residential areas and schools of their youth. Perpetuation theory predicts that part of this association is causal. The present study uses data from the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) and the U.S. Censuses of 1990 and 2000 to test for this effect with regression models, propensity-score-weighted models with robustness tests, and regression models that look at long-distance movers. The findings suggest that the association declines rapidly as the distance moved increases, but it remains robust even at long distances. It is also stronger for African Americans and more assimilated Latinos than for whites and less assimilated Latinos. These findings suggests that to some extent, young white, African American, and Latino adults are residentially segregated from each other because they grew up that way. Policies that promote integrating youth residentially and/or desegregating schools may contribute to residential integration over time.
Bringing macromolecular machinery to life using 3D animation

Over the past decade, there has been a rapid rise in the use of three-dimensional (3D) animation to depict molecular and cellular processes. Much of the growth in molecular animation has been in the educational arena, but increasingly, 3D animation software is finding its way into research laboratories. In this review, I will discuss a number of ways in which 3d animation software can play a valuable role in visualizing and communicating macromolecular structures and dynamics. I will also consider the challenges of using animation tools within the research sphere.
Ageism: The Strange Case of Prejudice Against the Older You

In a field that has only been in existence for about 36 years,1 research on age prejudice has revealed many robust findings, a few counterintuitive results, and it has left open a number of unanswered questions. Today I would like to highlight the major findings in ageism research, the unexpected discoveries, and to point future researchers to issues that still require investigation. The field is growing, as more and more researchers are sensing the theoretical and practical need for empirical attention devoted to a problem that affects millions of older adults.
Plasma proteomic profiles from disease-discordant monozygotic twins suggest that molecular pathways are shared in multiple systemic autoimmune diseases*

Although systemic autoimmune diseases (SAID) share many clinical and laboratory features, whether they also share some common features of pathogenesis remains unclear. We assessed plasma proteomic profiles among different SAID for evidence of common molecular pathways that could provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms shared by these diseases. Differential quantitative proteomic analyses (one-dimensional reverse-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) were performed to assess patterns of plasma protein expression. Monozygotic twins (four pairs discordant for systemic lupus erythematosus, four pairs discordant for juvenile idiopathic arthritis and two pairs discordant for juvenile dermatomyositis) were studied to minimize polymorphic gene effects. Comparisons were also made to 10 unrelated, matched controls. Multiple plasma proteins, including acute phase reactants, structural proteins, immune response proteins, coagulation and transcriptional factors, were differentially expressed similarly among the different SAID studied. Multivariate Random Forest modeling identified seven proteins whose combined altered expression levels effectively segregated affected vs. unaffected twins. Among these seven proteins, four were also identified in univariate analyses of proteomic data (syntaxin 17, α-glucosidase, paraoxonase 1, and the sixth component of complement). Molecular pathway modeling indicated that these factors may be integrated through interactions with a candidate plasma biomarker, PON1 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Together, these data suggest that different SAID may share common alterations of plasma protein expression and molecular pathways. An understanding of the mechanisms leading to the altered plasma proteomes common among these SAID may provide useful insights into their pathogeneses.
Neuropsychological deficits in adolescent methamphetamine abusers

Background Methamphetamine (METH) is a widely abused psychostimulant that is associated with neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairments in adults. However, the effects of METH use on neurocognitive performance of adolescents are unclear.
Massive hemorrhage into intracranial neurinomas

Massive bleeding into an intracranial neurinoma is a rare event. The 12th case of this particular occurrence, which was precipitated by weight lifting, is described and a review of the literature is presented. Risk factors for bleeding appear to be tumor size and vascularity. Presenting symptomatology is abrupt and includes headache, nausea, vomiting, and depressed consciousness. Preexisting symptoms referrable to and marked dysfunction of the cranial nerve of origin are present. Deficits of neighboring cranial nerves are frequent. Computed tomography demonstrates the hemorrhages and the tumors. Mild head injury and physical exertion were precipitating factors in two cases. One-fourth of the patients died, while the others made good recoveries.
Continuous Moral Economies: The State Regulation of Bodies and Sex Work in Cuba:

Contemporary debates regarding sex work in Cuba pose a simplistic opposition between pre-revolutionary prostitution before 1959 and Special Period jineterismo in the 1990s, obfuscating the links between these periods and denying the legacy of the Cuban state’s discipline of women’s bodies. This article situates jineterismo amidst a historical context to explore the phenomena as a continuous practice of state regulation of sex work and women’s bodies in Cuba. Despite the structural changes initiated by the Revolution, I demonstrate the persistence of state forms of bodily regulation both ideologically and materially from the colonial and republic period, early revolutionary campaigns, through contemporary Cuba. I highlight how notions of morality and honor, dependent on particular invocations of race, gender, and sexuality, have fueled state regulatory projects before and after the Revolution in Cuba. Cuban women’s bodies were/are pathologized and constructed as deviant and in turn policed by the state, bo...
Lipid droplet meets a mitochondrial protein to regulate adipocyte lipolysis.

In response to adrenergic stimulation, adipocytes undergo protein kinase A (PKA)‐stimulated lipolysis. A key PKA target in this context is perilipin 1, a major regulator of lipolysis on lipid droplets (LDs). A study published in this issue of The EMBO Journal (Pidoux et al , 2011) identifies optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), a protein that regulates mitochondrial dynamics, as perilipin 1 interaction partner and the A‐kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) on LDs that is involved in the induction of stimulated lipolysis.
A practical fair queuing scheduler: Simplification through quantization

The design of fair packet schedulers involves a tradeoff between implementation complexity, on one hand, and delay and fairness guarantees, on the other. In this paper, we present tiered-service fair queuing (TSFQ), a new scheduler that exploits certain properties of Internet traffic to speed up the bottleneck operations related to virtual time computation and packet sorting. Specifically, TSFQ makes innovative use of quantization (along the two dimensions of flow weights and packet lengths) her with specialized yet simple queuing structures. TSFQ combines all three properties that are important to a fair queuing algorithm, namely, a tight delay bound, worst-case fairness, and low complexity and amenability to hardware implementation. Hence, we believe that, for network operators, deploying TSFQ scheduling has the potential to enhance their ability to offer and guarantee a wide range of services.
Pd nanoparticles on ZnO-passivated porous carbon by atomic layer deposition: an effective electrochemical catalyst for Li-O2 battery

Uniformly dispersed Pd nanoparticles on ZnO-passivated porous carbon were synthesized via an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique, which was tested as a cathode material in a rechargeable Li-O2 battery, showing a highly active catalytic effect toward the electrochemical reactions—in particular, the oxygen evolution reaction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed discrete crystalline nanoparticles decorating the surface of the ZnO-passivated porous carbon support in which the size could be controlled in the range of 3–6 nm, depending on the number of Pd ALD cycles performed. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Pd K-edge revealed that the carbon-supported Pd existed in a mixed phase of metallic palladium and palladium oxide. The ZnO-passivated layer effectively blocks the defect sites on the carbon surface, minimizing the electrolyte decomposition. Our results suggest that ALD is a promising technique for tailoring the surface composition and structure of nanoporous supports for Li-O2 batteries.
Dipodomys stephensi (Stephen’s kangaroo rat). Dipodomys gravipes (San Quintin kangaroo rat)

These karyotypes are gifts of Dr. A. Dean Stock. The D. stephensi specimen was collected from Riverside County, California, USA and the D. gravipes specimen, from Baja California, Mexico.
Acute respiratory infections in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BACKGROUND Knowledge regarding the incidence, clinical course, and impact of respiratory viral infections in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is limited. METHODS A retrospective cohort of patients with newly diagnosed ALL who were treated on the Total Therapy XVI protocol at St Jude Children's Research Hospital between 2007 and 2011 was evaluated. RESULTS Of 223 children, 95 (43%) developed 133 episodes of viral acute respiratory illness (ARI) (incidence, 1.1 per 1000 patient-days). ARI without viral etiology was identified in 65 patients (29%) and no ARI was detected in 63 patients (28%). There were no significant associations noted between race, sex, age, or ALL risk group and the development of ARI. Children receiving induction chemotherapy were found to be at the highest risk of viral ARI (incidence, 2.3 per 1000 patient-days). Influenza virus was the most common virus (38%) followed by respiratory syncytial virus (33%). Of 133 episodes of viral ARI, 61% of patients were hospitalized, 26% experienced a complicated course, 80% had their chemotherapy delayed, and 0.7% of patients died. Twenty-four patients (18%) developed viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), 5 of whom (21%) had complications. Patients with viral LRTI had a significantly lower nadir absolute lymphocyte count; were sicker at the time of presentation; and were more likely to have respiratory syncytial virus, to be hospitalized, and to have their chemotherapy delayed for longer compared with those with viral upper respiratory tract infections. CONCLUSIONS Despite the low incidence of viral ARI in children with ALL, the associated morbidity, mortality, and delay in chemotherapy remain clinically significant. Viral LRTI was especially associated with high morbidity requiring intensive care-level support. Cancer 2015. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Individual lipid encapsulated microbubble radial oscillations: Effects of fluid viscosity

Ultrasound-stimulated microbubble dynamics have been shown to be dependent on intrinsic bubble properties, including size and shell characteristics. The effect of the surrounding environment on microbubble response, however, has been less investigated. In particular, microbubble optimization studies are generally conducted in water/saline, characterized by a 1 cP viscosity, for application in the vasculature (i.e., 4 cP). In this study, ultra-high speed microscopy was employed to investigate fluid viscosity effects on phospholipid encapsulated microbubble oscillations at 1 MHz, using a single, eight-cycle pulse at peak negative pressures of 100 and 250 kPa. Microbubble oscillations were shown to be affected by fluid viscosity in a size- and pressure-dependent manner. In general, the oscillation amplitudes exhibited by microbubbles between 3 and 6 μm in 1 cP fluid were larger than in 4 cP fluid, reaching a maximum of 1.7-fold at 100 kPa for microbubbles 3.8 μm in diameter and 1.35-fold at 250 kPa for microbubbles 4.8 μm in diameter. Simulation results were in broad agreement at 250 kPa, however generally underestimated the effect of fluid viscosity at 100 kPa. This is the first experimental demonstration documenting the effects of surrounding fluid viscosity on microbubble oscillations, resulting in behavior not entirely predicted by current microbubble models.
2013-03 Differential interpretation of public information: estimation and inference

We propose a new measure of differential interpretation in the context of a Bayesian learning model, which allows us to abstract from other sources of disagreement, such as differences in priors. We then develop a likelihood ratio statistic for testing the null hypothesis that agents interpret public information identically. Using financial analystsâ earnings forecasts, we find evidence that there is significant heterogeneity in the interpretation of public information among investors. In addition, we validate our new measure of differential interpretation and demonstrate its superiority over other proxies, such as Kandel and Pearsonâs (1995) and Garfinkelâs (2009) metrics. Finally, we find that differential interpretation increases firm cost of capital, which has important implications to regulators, managers and academics.
Evaluation of Activated Sludge Thickening Theories

Prevailing theories for determining the required area of gravity thickeners are reviewed and are shown to be based on the assumption that the settling velocity of a suspension depends only on the local concentration of particles. It is shown that this assumption is not valid for activated sludge. Thus, the prevailing theories are not strictly applicable to the design of final settling tanks or separate thickeners for activated sludge. Two fundamental measures of the settling properties of suspensions, the retardation factor and the ultimate settling velocity, are described.
Enhancing Terminal Coverage and Fault Recovery in Configurable Cellular Networks Using Geolocation Services

In this paper, we discuss the application of geolocation services in improving mobile connectivity and enhancing the effectiveness of fault recovery in configurable cellular networks. Real-time location measurements (e.g., GPS) are used to guide the movement of the mobile base stations to provide better coverage of the different groups (swarms) of mobile terminals. Umbrella coverage via a more powerful transceiver is used to enhance the overall terminal coverage and simplify the movement coordination strategies and improve the efficiency of the channel allocation protocol. When a base station becomes immobilized or faulty, a recovery protocol is used to prevent discontinuation of coverage for the mobile terminals that were being serviced by this base station. Real-time location measurements are crucially important for the proper execution of the recovery protocol.
Overwintering by Trichogramma exiguum in North Carolina

Overwintering by Trichogramma exiguum was studied in an outdoor insectary using the eggs of captured moths as hosts. T. exiguum appears to overwinter by slowed temperature-dependent development in host eggs and by prolonged adult longevity. No diapause was detected. Adult T. exiguum emerged and oviposited during the winter at temperatures as low as 9°C.
Additional Comments on Fitch and Smith's Conjecture for Minimal Length Trees

The central thrust of the recent paper by Fitch and Smith (1982) was to provide simple conditions that were, hopefully, necessary and sufficient for minimal length trees and, thus, ultimately to provide efficient methods for generating such trees. Three conditions were introduced, and the first two are proved necessary for minimality. Condition III was conjectured to be necessary and sufficient. Hendy (1983) presented a counterexample showing Condition III is not a necessary condition for minimality, while we give an easy proof that Condition III is sufficient. Our terminology and notation follow those of Hendy (1983). Let r be a tree embedded in the plane having a circumscribing Hamiltonian circuit H. This means that we have an ordering
Integrating Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Interactome Data to Improve Peptide and Protein Identification in Shotgun Proteomics

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based shotgun proteomics is an effective technology for global proteome profiling. The ultimate goal is to assign tandem MS spectra to peptides and subsequently infer proteins and their abundance. In addition to database searching and protein assembly algorithms, computational approaches have been developed to integrate genomic, transcriptomic, and interactome information to improve peptide and protein identification. Earlier efforts focus primarily on making databases more comprehensive using publicly available genomic and transcriptomic data. More recently, with the increasing affordability of the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies, personalized protein databases derived from sample-specific genomic and transcriptomic data have emerged as an attractive strategy. In addition, incorporating interactome data not only improves protein identification but also puts identified proteins into their functional context and thus facilitates data interpretation. In this paper, we survey the major integrative bioinformatics approaches that have been developed during the past decade and discuss their merits and demerits.
Exploring the possibility of Full-Duplex operations in mmWave 5G systems

Recent developments in the communications industry to accommodate user demand for ubiquitous, instantaneous over the air access to multimedia rich content has made spectrum utilization efficiency one of the key research topics. Full-Duplex radios have great potential to improve spectrum utilization efficiency and are well-studied for below 6 GHz applications. In this paper, we explore the possibility of mmWave Full-Duplex operation in 5G. We group the Full-Duplex radio system components into four modules: antenna systems, analog frontend and digital baseband self-interference cancellers, and protocol stack enhancements. We create a system model to analyze link-budget and determine the usable range for Full-Duplex operation by focusing on antenna systems, analog RF frontend design assumptions, and the channel models. We also highlight tradeoffs for employing cancellation techniques and criteria for protocol stack enhancements.
Reforms in Academic Publishing: Should Behavioral Disorders and Special Education Journals Embrace Them?

ABSTRACT: Bias poses a significant threat to the validity of research findings as well as practices and policies based on research. Reforms to academic publishing have been proposed and implemented in other fields to address bias in research. In this paper I review some sources of bias in research, some proposed areas of reform in academic publishing (e.g., disclosure, open data and methods, preregistration, methodological guidelines for reviewers, registered reports, open review), and some potential problems associated with the reforms (e.g., limited empirical support, additional time and effort associated with implementation, placing journals at a competitive disadvantage, researchers relinquishing control of their data). I conclude with some thoughts to frame decisions on whether and how Behavioral Disorders and other special education journals might adopt reforms to academic publishing.
Redirected head gaze to support AR meetings distributed over heterogeneous environments

We demonstrate a method for redirecting gaze of virtual avatars in distributed augmented reality(AR) meetings. As social cues are a necessity for effective communication, our method tries to preserve gaze awareness, one of the key elements of a face-to-face meeting. When using AR to bring multiple sites together in a distributed meeting, with different numbers of participants and physical arrangements across sites, gaze awareness is maintained regardless of the seating topology. By maintaining gaze, we hope to enhance the presence of remote attendees and improve communication among the users, making meetings in AR a practical option for teleconferencing.
Lnc-ing Common Polymorphisms to Statin Responsiveness at the MYLIP Locus.

3-Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, are among the most widely prescribed drugs in the world. Indeed, In the United States at least one quarter of adults over the age of 40 years is prescribed a statin.1 Recent evidence suggests that wider prescription of statins to those with even moderate risk of cardiovascular disease may be greatly beneficial in primary risk prevention.2 Statins are highly efficacious in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by inhibiting 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, resulting in increased transcription of hepatic LDL receptor levels.1 Yet despite their immense success, statin use is still limited, in part, by variable responsiveness with regard to LDL-C lowering and side effects, which include risk of developing insulin resistance, myopathy, cognitive impairment, and other morbidities.1 These concerns have prompted extensive studies focused on identifying the precise patients likely to benefit most from statins as well as those most at risk of developing adverse effects. Article, see p 223 Pharmacogenomics studies have been used to identify patients who would benefit the most from statins or are at risk of side effects. These studies relate natural genetic variants and associated genes and pathways to efficacy and tolerability of drugs at the individual level. At a basic level, these studies compare genotype frequencies for polymorphisms at individual genes or across multiple genomic loci among individuals with differing responsiveness for a given drug and identify those single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) whose allele frequencies differ across the drug-responsiveness groups. Pharmacogenomics approaches have been applied widely to identify genes that influence the LDL-C–lowering efficacy of many statins as well as their variable adverse effect profiles.3 Such efforts have been performed at times to compare the SNP–drug interactions across different statins and in …
The Hippocampal and Septal Formations in Anurans

The present paper represents the results of a morphologic study of the medial hemisphere wall of the forebrain of the tailless amphibians. In an earlier publication concerned with the telencephalon of anurans (Hoffmansc, 1963), the hippocampal and the septal formations were identified and some of their connections reported. This current study has provided the opportunity for a further elaboration of these cellular configurations and will afford a background for subsequent experimental investigations of such areas.