cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method for stress space forming limit diagram construction for aluminum alloys

Abstract A method to construct a forming limit corresponding to local necking is sought for aluminum alloy sheet metal. Through the manipulation of data collected from only one uniaxial tension test, a method for the calculation of a stress space forming limit for aluminum sheet metal is offered. Preserving a reasonable level of simplicity, the proposed method features the advantage of not relying upon assumptions about the material properties of the work piece. Such an advantage is realized by measuring the test specimen at the local neck region. Through finite element analysis, the proposed model is shown to be more accommodating to stamping cases where the effective strains exceed the diffuse necking limit. Because the proposed method is designed to circumvent the traditional difficulties associated with the detection and measurement of strains corresponding to local neck regions of aluminum alloys, it is offered as a tool for the formability analyst who desires to employ a reliable stress space forming limit model in their formability analysis. Although the introduction of the proposed method is motivated by the difficulties associated with determining the limiting strains in aluminum sheet metal, it is fully applicable to steel and other material types.
Calibration of the thin film filters to be used on the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Satellite

The methods of calibrating the filters used on the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) astronomical satellite are described. EUVE will conduct the first all-sky survey in the entire EUV band. The measurement of the filters' transmission properties from the soft X-ray to the far UV using a grazing incidence monochromator is discussed. A particle ingress test to determine the ability of the filters to inhibit energetic particles in earth orbit from entering the detector and increasing the background is described. Problems encountered in calibrating these four filters are also presented.
Minireview: Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3: A Multifarious Coregulator in Mammary Gland Metastasis

A member of the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC)/p160 family, SRC-3 acts as a coregulator for nuclear receptor (NR) and non-NR transcription factors. Such coregulator pleiotropy enables SRC-3 to influence a myriad of signaling networks that are essential for normal physiology and pathophysiology. Although SRC-3’s proliferative role in primary tumor formation in the mammary gland is well established, a role for this oncogenic coregulator in tumor cell motility and invasion has only recently been elucidated. In the nucleus, SRC-3 is required for the execution of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, a programming step which endows an immotile cancer cell with motile and invasive characteristics. Nuclear SRC-3 is also essential for proteolytic breakdown of the extracellular matrix by matrix-metalloproteinases, a process which enables primary tumor cell invasion into the surrounding stroma. At the plasma membrane, however, a truncated isoform of SRC-3 (SRC-3Δ4) serves as a signaling adaptor for the epidermal growth factor→focal adhesion kinase→c-Src signal transduction pathway, a signaling cascade that is central to growth factor–induced cell migration and invasion. Together, these studies underscore a pivotal role for SRC-3 not only as a proto-oncogene but also as a prometastatic factor during the early steps in the invasion-metastasis cascade. Beyond furnishing critical mechanistic insights into SRC-3’s involvement in mammary tumor progression, these findings provide opportunities to develop new approaches for breast cancer diagnosis and intervention.
Decoding cyclic and BCH codes up to actual minimum distance using nonrecurrent syndrome dependence relations

The decoding capabilities of algebraic algorithms, mainly the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm, the Euclidean algorithm, and the authors' (1989) generalizations of these algorithms, are basically constrained by the minimum distance bounds of the codes. The authors introduce a more general procedure which breaks away from this restriction and which can determine the, error locations from nonrecurrent dependence relations among the syndromes. It can decode many cyclic and BCH codes up to their actual minimum distance and is seen to be a generalization of the procedure introduced by W.W. Peterson and E.J. Weldon (1972). >
Wire ageing with the TEA photocathode

Abstract Recently several RICH prototypes successfully tested a gaseous TEA photocathode. However, its wire ageing behavior is unknown. In principle, TEA is a more strongly bonded molecule than TMAE, and, as a result, one would expect better wire ageing behavior. This paper explores this question.
Failure to Confirm a Spatial Ability Impairment in Persons with Evidence of Right Hemisphere Speech Capability

Levy hypothesized that persons lacking strict left hemispheric dominance for language processing should be impaired in spatial processing ability. This leads to the expectation that left-handers, because they are more often not strictly left hemisphere dominant for language, would, as a group, be impaired in spatial ability relative to right-handers. Evidence regarding this hypothesis has been inconsistent. The present study systematically examined the effects of handedness, sex, and hemispheric language dominance on verbal and spatial ability in 80 right-handed and 71 left-handed university students. Males were found to be superior to females in all handedness-hemispheric language dominance groups on the spatial ability measure. No effects of handedness or hemispheric lanaguage dominance nor interactions of these factors obtained for either verbal or spatial ability measures. It was concluded that the hypothesis of verbal-spatial processing incompatibility within the same hemisphere was not supported.
Evidence for transmitter similarity of two classes of mechanoreceptor neurons in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia.

Abstract The cerebral ganglion was previously found to contain two classes of mechanoreceptor cells. In response to serotonin, one class exhibits spike narrowing, whereas the other class exhibits spike broadening. In the current study we report that at least some members of each class are immunopositive to sensorin, a peptide previously identified in other mechanoafferents that exhibit spike broadening to serotonin. Furthermore, the EPSPs evoked by the cerebral mechanoafferent neurons that exhibit spike narrowing to serotonin are blocked by the glutamate blocker DNQX. DNQX similarly blocks the EPSPs evoked by an interneuron (cerebral to buccal interneuron 1; CBI-1) that is excited by the mechanoafferents. The data provide evidence that although cerebral mechanoafferent neurons form a sharp dichotomy in terms of their response to serotonin, they may be related to one another in terms of their primary and cotransmitters.
Regional tritium quenching in quantitative autoradiography of the central nervous system

Direct corrections of regional differential tritium autoabsorption in quantitative autoradiography of the central nervous system are made using chloroform extraction of brain sections from rats receiving tritiated 2-deoxyglucose in vivo. Fifty-two regional quenching coefficients varied from 30% in gray structures to 100% in white structures. These data may be used to correct for regional quenching of tritium emissions in autoradiographic studies of rat brain.
Whatever happened to British-Jewish studies?

The provocative question addressed by the title of this collection of essays foretells its answer, as sixteen essays, two introductions and three discussions of archival resources attest. Sections ...
Ex Vivo Measurement of Mouse Pulmonary Artery Biomechanics

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a rapidly progressing and often fatal disease that induces substantial pulmonary vascular remodeling [1]. Although a genetic factor has been identified in familial and sporadic cases of pulmonary hypertension [2], the etiology of the disease for most victims remains unknown.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Promoting Civic Culture: The Transmission of Civic Involvement from Parent to Child

Abstract For the past decade, the study of social capital and civic involvement has been of primary importance to sociologists and other social scientists. Concern over perceived declines in civic participation has troubled many, since such participation has been linked to a variety of positive outcomes both for the individual and the broader social groups in which the person takes part. To date, most research on the factors influencing participation has focused on structural or community-level measures, such as state structure, increased suburbanization and changes in community institutional structures. We contribute to this literature by highlighting the important role of the family as a context for the transmission of civic skills, involvement, and knowledge between parent and child. This study draws upon theoretical and conceptual insights from the literature on social capital and civic involvement, as well as from earlier work on inter-generational status attainment and political socialization. We bu...
Modeling of the dynamics of age structure of the populations of free-floating copepods in the Black Sea

We study the dynamics of age structure of the populations of copepods with the help of a chemicobiological model of shallow-water ecosystems developed on the basis of the technology of object-based modeling of marine ecological systems. The role of a prototype of the model species of copepods is played by Euterpina acutifrons (order Harpacticoida). The detailed analysis of parametrizations used for the description of the life cycle of this species is presented. We analyze the results of numerical experiments devoted to the investigation of a generation of copepods starting from the first stage of development, formation of a stationary age structure under various temperature and trophic conditions, and the appearance of population waves caused by the action of destabilizing factors on the population.
Electron emission from amorphous silicon

Abstract Amorphous films were prepared by vapor quenching in ultrahigh vacuum. n- and p-type silicon crystals were used as substrates and vapor sources. The measurements (performed on clean and cesium covered surfaces) included photoelectric yield, energy distributions of photoelectrons, surface photovoltage, secondary emission with emphasis on elastic reflections, plasmon excitations, and Auger spectra. The latter were used to control the purity of the samples. Crystallization of the samples in situ was monitored by low energy electron diffraction. Amorphous structures were determined by conventional electron diffraction. Information about densities of states, optical transitions, and position of Fermi level was obtained by direct comparison of photoelectric emission from the amorphous film, a silicon crystal, and a metal measured simultaneously. The results were found to depend on the mode of preparation and annealing of disordered films.
NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND HOSPITAL ADMISSION FOR PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER

Abstract The frequency of hospital admission for perforated ulcer was not measurably affected by concurrent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) during nearly 30 million person-days of NSAID use at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. Whether patients had ever used cimetidine or antacids, drugs which indicate the presence of ulcer disease or symptoms, was strongly predictive of perforation in the same population (rate ratio 5·1, 95% CI 2·6-10·0). Perforation rates increased sharply with age but were similar for men and women.
Effective charge densities and current densities in isotropic chiral media

Electric charge densities and electric current densities in vacuum give rise to the vacuum electromagnetic fields E and B, as described by Maxwell’s equations. In macroscopic media effective charge and current densities produced by microscopic dipole moments also contribute to the total fields, as can be shown from first principles. When the relationships between the field quantities and the dipole moment densities are known the source of the effective density can be ascribed to the material property causing them. We investigate the effective charge densities and current densities caused by electromagnetic chirality. For stationary media chirality generates effective chiral polarization and magnetization current densities that can be combined as an effective chiral current density. Effective chiral charge density contributions are observed for nonstationary observers moving with relativistic velocities. The theory developed here is applicable for perturbation analyses of inhomogeneous structures, such as gratings, in chiral media.
Discovery of novel vitamin D receptor interacting proteins that modulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 signaling

The nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) modulates gene transcription in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D) target tissues such as kidney, intestine, and bone. VDR is also expressed in heart, and 1,25D deficiency may play a role in the acceleration of cardiovascular disease. Employing a yeast two-hybrid system and a human heart library, using both a 1,25D-independent and 1,25D-dependent screen, we discovered six candidate VDR interacting proteins (VIPs). These novel VIPs include CXXC5, FASTK, NR4A1, TPM2, MYL3 and XIRP1. Mammalian two-hybrid assays as well as GST pull-downs were used to confirm VIP-VDR interaction, and the combination of these two assays reveals that CXXC5, XIRP1, FASTK and NR4A1 interactions with VDR may be modulated by 1,25D. The functional effects of these VIPs on 1,25D-mediated gene expression were explored in transcriptional assays employing three separate and distinct 1,25D-responsive element (VDRE)-driven luciferase reporter genes in transfected Caco-2 and HEK-293 cells, and in a C2C12 myoblast line. FASTK and TPM2 activated expression in all cell line and promoter contexts, while CXXC5 and XIRP1 exhibited differing effects depending on the cell line and promoter employed, suggesting promoter and cell-specific effects of these unique VIPs on VDR signaling. Further evaluation of the interaction between CXXC5 and VDR revealed that CXXC5 acts in a dose-dependent manner to stimulate VDR-mediated transcription on select VDREs. Identification of novel heart VIPs and their influence on VDR activity may increase our understanding of how vitamin D impacts cardiac physiology and may facilitate development of VDR/VIP drug analogs to combat heart disease.
Direct Repair of the Exocyclic DNA Adduct 1,N6-Ethenoadenine by the DNA Repair AlkB Proteins

The exocyclic DNA base adduct 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilonA) is directly repaired by the AlkB proteins in vitro.
Accurate Frequency And Intensity Measurements Of The Infrared Spectra Of Atmospheric Molecules

Various problems encountered and solutions found in infrared laboratory measurements on atmospheric molecules are discussed. The advantages and limitations of various measurement techniques and equipment are discussed, with emphasis placed on calibration techniques and measurement accuracy and precision. Frequency calibration aids are presented, including the current and planned tables of absorption frequency standards being developed by the Bureau of Standards for the calibration of high-resolution devices with an accuracy of + or - 3 MHz. It is noted that intensity measurements are highly susceptible to systematic errors and that great care must be taken to obtain accuracies better than + or - 10%. What is even more difficult is knowing the accuracy of a particular measurement. Recent work done on providing accurate intensity data are described.
The asymptotic values of response probabilities in the Audley-Jonckheere learning model

The asymptotic values of response probabilities in the Audley-Jonckheere learning model, as applied to the two-choice learning situation, are derived for (1) the experimenter-controlled events model, (2) the subject-controlled events model, and (3) the experimenter-subject-controlled events model.
Expression of human metallothionein-III in transgenic mice

Transgenic mice that express human metallothionein-III (hMT-III) were generated. Human MT-III mRNA expression was prominent in brain, resulting in a 9-fold elevation of MT-III mRNA in cortex, a 3-5-fold elevation in hippocampus, thalamus, brainstem, and olfactory bulb, and a 1.4-fold elevation in cerebellum. Human MT-III protein was detected biochemically and accounted for a 3.4-fold increase in total brain MT. The concentration of zinc (but not copper) was elevated in those brain regions that expressed the most hMT-III mRNA. The histochemically reactive pool of zinc, as measured by Timm's stain or TS-Q histofluorescence, was not appreciably altered. No changes in brain weight, morphology or histology have been noted; the mice breed normally and appear to have normal behavior.
(+)Amphetamine-stimulus generalization to an herbal ephedrine product.

We have previously demonstrated that a (+)amphetamine stimulus generalizes both to (-)ephedrine and caffeine. Using rats trained to discriminate intraperitoneal (IP) administration of 1.0 mg/kg of (+)amphetamine (ED(50) = 0.4 mg/kg) from saline vehicle in a standard two-lever drug discrimination procedure, the present investigation shows that the (+)amphetamine stimulus generalizes to (+)amphetamine (ED(50) = 1.0 mg/kg) when administered via the intragastric (IG) route, and that (+)amphetamine appears about 2. 5-fold less potent when administered via the IG route compared to the IP route. Likewise, (-)ephedrine (ED(50) = 10.8 mg/kg) and caffeine (ED(50) = 32.9 mg/kg) are also 2.5-fold less potent when administered via the IG route compared to their potency when administered via the IP route. The (+)amphetamine stimulus also generalizes to an IG-administered herbal preparation (i.e., Herbal XTC; the herbal preparation possesses an approximate potency roughly comparable to what might have been expected on the basis of its reported ephedrine and/or caffeine content. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that an ephedrine-containing herbal preparation can produce a (+)amphetamine-like effect in animals.
Predictors of behavior problems in preschool children of inner-city Afro-American and Puerto Rican adolescent mothers.

Maternal reports on the Child Behavior Checklist/2-3 (CBCL/2-3) were used to evaluate child, maternal, and environmental predictors of behavior problems in 83 preschool children of disadvantaged adolescent mothers. CBCL/2-3 scores correlated modestly with independent ratings of child difficult behaviors observed in videotaped mother-child play interactions. 13% of children had scores in the clinical range. Significant correlations were consistently found between CBCL/2-3 ratings and maternal depressive symptoms, social supports, and life stress—assessed 3 times during the first year postpartum. In hierarchical regression analyses, maternal depressive symptoms, residence with the adolescent's mother, and perceived emotional support from friends contributed most to the explained variance. A significant ethnicity and child gender interaction term also suggested that African American mothers of male children reported more behavioral problems. Findings evidence the heterogeneity of outcomes for children of disadvantaged adolescent mothers but also demonstrate how correlates of poverty negatively affect their socioemotional development.
Localization cytology in urothelial carcinoma

Abstract The importance of urinary cytology in the localization of urothelial carcinoma is discussed in the light of a case report, and a method to localize the site of a covert malignancy is presented.
Castration increases [125I]MK801 binding in the hippocampus of male rats

This study examines the effect of castration and androgen replacement on [125I]MK801 binding in the hippocampus. In castrated male rats, [125I]MK801 binding was significantly increased in both the stratum oriens and radiatum and the pyramidal cell layer of CA1. In contrast, no increase in [125I]MK801 binding was observed in the stratum oriens and radiatum of CA1 of castrated rats that were treated with dihydrotestosterone. No change in [125I]MK801 binding was observed in the CA3 region or dentate gyrus after castration. The observed increase in [125I]MK801 binding in pyramidal cell neurons within CA1 suggests that androgens may potentially affect hippocampal function by modulating pyramidal cell NMDA receptors.
Biopolymeric substrate structural effects of α-amylase-catalysed amylose depolymerization

Abstract Amylose depolymerization kinetics, catalysed with α-amylase, have been studied in mixed aqueous-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvents and similar aqueous-DMSO solvents containing butanol. It is determined that the observed depolymerization kinetics are affected by biopolymeric substrate conformations. It is found that substrate conformation strongly influences measured enzymatic activity. Soluble substrates exhibit rapid hydrolysis rates compared to insoluble substrates. Moreover, enzymatic activity is also affected by biopolymeric substrate structure (particularly crystalline structure) in precipitated states. Both the crystalline type and the degree of crystallinity are shown to contribute to the observed kinetics. Of these two parameters, crystalline type is shown to be a more dominant effect than degree of crystallinity in reducing reaction rates. Relative rates of depolymerization for various amylose substrate conformations are presented. The results imply an interrelationship between enzyme action and polymeric substrate conformation. These results suggest that enzymes can “recognize” substrate ternary and quaternary structures and that their catalytic activities reflect this recognition.
MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

Abstract A potential pivotal role for mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases is gaining increasing acceptance. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to a number of deleterious consequences including impaired calcium buffering, generation of free radicals, activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition and secondary excitotoxicity. Neurodegenerative diseases of widely disparate genetic etiologies may share mitochondrial dysfunction as a final common pathway. Recent studies using cybrid cell lines suggest that sporadic Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a deficiency of cytochrome oxidase. Friedreich’s ataxia is caused by an expanded GAA repeat resulting in dysfunction of frataxin, a nuclear encoded mitochondrial protein involved in mitochondrial iron transport. This results in increased mitochondrial iron and oxidative damage. Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with point mutations in superoxide dismutase, which may lead to increased generation of free radicals and thereby contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction. Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by an expanded CAG repeat in an unknown protein termed huntingtin. The means by which this leads to energy impairment is unclear, however studies in both HD patients and a transgenic mouse model show evidence of bioenergetic defects. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to oxidative damage which is well documented in several neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic approaches include methods to buffer intracellular ATP and to scavenge free radicals.
A comparison of hospitalized veterans' attitudes toward smoking and smoking cessation over a four year period

Abstract A questionnaire designed to assess the attitudes of patients in a Veterans Administration Hospital toward smoking was administered and the results compared to data from the same questionnaire given four years earlier. With few exceptions, the attitudes were resistant to change over that period. Comparisons were made between smokers' and non-smokers' background, attitudes, and behavior. The relationship of cigarette consumption and self-reported shortness of breath was discussed. Also, specific recommendations for smoking programs and directions for future smoking research were suggested.
Visual Impairment and Incident Mobility Limitations: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study

Objectives To examine the association between multiple measures of visual impairment (VI) and incident mobility limitations in older adults. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Setting Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Participants Health, Aging and Body Composition study participants aged 70 to 79 without mobility limitations at the Year 3 visit (N = 1,862). Measurements Vision was measured at the Year 3 visit, and VI was defined as distance visual acuity (VA) worse than 20/40, contrast sensitivity (CS) less than 1.55 log Contrast, and stereoacuity (SA) greater than 85 arcsec. Incident persistent walking and stair climbing limitation was defined as two consecutive 6-month reports of any difficulty walking one-quarter of a mile or walking up 10 steps after 1, 3, and 5 years of follow-up. Results At Year 3 (baseline for these analyses), 7.4% had impaired VA, 27.2% had impaired CS, and 29.2% had impaired SA. At all follow-up times, the incidence of walking and stair climbing limitations was higher in participants with VA, CS, or SA impairment. After 5 years, impaired CS and SA were independently associated with greater risk of walking limitation (hazard ratio (HR)CS = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–1.7; HRSA = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1–1.6) and stair climbing limitation (HRCS = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.8; HRSA = 1.3, 95% CI=1.1–1.7). Having impaired CS and SA was associated with greater risk of mobility limitations (HRwalking limitations = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6–2.5; HRstair limitation = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.6–2.8). Conclusion Multiple aspects of VI may contribute to mobility limitations in older adults. Addressing more than one component of vision may be needed to reduce the effect of vision impairment on functional decline.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of lipopolysaccharide in detergent micelles

Bacterial endotoxins or lipopolysaccharides (LPS), cell wall components of gram-negative bacteria, are involved in septic shock. LPS consists of a lipid A tail attached to core and O-antigen polysaccharides, but little is known about the supramolecular structure of LPS in blood. We have developed an approach to locate donor and acceptor probes in sulfobetaine palmitate detergent micelles using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer. C18-fluorescein and several LPS species of varying molecular weight labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-LPS) were the donor probes. Acceptor probes were 1,1-dilinoleyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate (Fast C18-Dil, Ro approximately 68 A), and octadecyl B rhodamine chloride (C18-Rhd, Ro approximately 58 A). With either acceptor, the transfer was of similar high efficiency when FITC-LPS Salmonella minnesota Re 595 (2,500 mol wt, lacking both core and O-antigen) or C18-fluorescein were the fluorescent donor probes. Thus, the donor FITC-LPS with short polysaccharide chain S. minnesota Re 595 and the control donor C18-fluorescein appear to be close to the micelle surface. The transfer efficiency decreased as the molecular weight of the LPS increased. Separation distances between the longest FITC-LPS, S. minnesota (20,000 mol wt, with a long O-antigen), and the micelle were estimated to be 1.5 Ro or more (approximately 100 A), consistent with an extended conformation for the longer O-antigen polysaccharide chain in the detergent.
Institutional policies on determination of medically inappropriate interventions: Use in five pediatric patients

Objective:To describe recent experience using the Texas Advance Directives Act to facilitate care of terminally ill children managed in the two tertiary pediatric hospitals of the Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX.Design:Retrospective chart review.Setting:Two multidisciplinary pediatric intensive ca
Carrier cultures of human fetal diploid cells infected with coxsackievirus type B2

Carrier cultures of coxsackievirus type B2, strain V1-013 were established without the use of “normal” human serum or serum containing viral antibodies, and without frequent changes of medium. Blind passage of virus strain V1-013 in human fetal diploid (HFD) cell cultures on maintenance medium resulted in viral multiplication without apparent CPE. In addition, human fetal diploid cultures infected with the V1-013 virus strain could be subcultivated for over 20 transfers, and infectious virus and antigen demonstrable by immunofluorescent staining were present at each passage level; again, viral multiplication occurred without apparent CPE. Sustained infections were not observed when HFD cells were inoculated with two other (Ohio and Lincoln) B2 coxsackievirus strains; however, the life-span of inoculated cultures was reduced in comparison to that of control cultures.
Occurrence of Soil- and Tick-Borne Fungi and Related Virulence Tests for Pathogenicity to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Ixodes scapularis Say, the blacklegged tick, vectors Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson et al. 1984, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, the most important vector-borne disease in the United States. Efforts to reduce I. scapularis populations are shifting toward the development of biological control methods. Currently, only a few entomopathogenic fungal species are considered virulent to ticks. We hypothesized that these species may not represent the most abundant local taxa that would be pathogenic to ticks in situ. To identify potential entomopathogenic fungi at a study site in Westchester County, New York, we sampled soils and ticks, extracted and amplified the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), and compared sequences with those in GenBank. Over three sampling periods from June 2007 to May 2008, 70 fungal taxa were isolated and identified from soils (48 taxa) and ticks (27 taxa; 5 taxa were found both in soil and on ticks) collected in this study, encompassing species in 25 different genera. In laboratory bioassays, 15 fungal taxa were found to be significantly virulent, although none of these were previously considered common pathogens of I. scapularis. Two species, Hypocrea lixii Patouillard 1891 and Penicillium soppii K. M. Zalessky 1927, were tested in field trials by spraying suspensions on forested plots. Mean tick mortality was 71% after treatment with H. lixii, 58% after treatment with P. soppii, and 32% in the control plots. The complete diversity of entomopathogenic fungal species at this site is yet to be defined, but, in general, such fungi appear to be more common in forest habitats where I. scapularis resides than previously thought. Examination of intact fungal communities can provide information that serves as the foundation for site-specific biocontrol programs.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease in the same patient. Report of a case, giving immunological and diagnostic considerations.

A case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease occurring simultaneously in the same patient is reported. Complete replacement of lymphatic organs by lymphatic leukemia and Hodgkin's granuloma was found on postmortem examination. The clinical picture was that of a Coombs' negative acute wasting syndrome presumably resulting from profound depletion of immunologically competent lymphocytes. The authors emphasize that unexplained fever, development of lymphopenia, reversion of a reactive PPD and the development of Coombs' negative acute wasting syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia should call attention to Hodgkin's disease complicating chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Post-cardiac surgery tamponade.

Cardiac tamponade may occur from many factors; however, it is most commonly seen in the cardiothoracic intensive care setting. Definitive treatment often involves entering the chest surgically to relieve the pressure and allow the heart to fill normally. Because it is not frequently encountered outside the hospital, cardiac tamponade is sometimes overlooked in the formation of a differential diagnosis by critical care transport teams. Even when the diagnosis is made, the thought process is to transfer the patient to a center with cardiothoracic surgical ability for definitive treatment. Air medical transport teams are frequently called on to complete these types of transports, because they offer not only speed but also an advanced skill set and training.
Micro-Kjeldahl determination without a microbalance

Using an analytical balance, one weighs 0,1 g or 0,25 g of the substance to the nearest tenth of a milligram. The substance is then dissolved to give 10,00 ml of solution, of which 0,500 ml are used for the micro determination. Methanol and ethanol are recommended for solvents.
Threshold Limits and Maximal Acceptable Concentrations: Their Definition and Interpretation, 1961

Abstract A statement of the principles that guide the Committee in recommendation of Threshold Limit Values is presented. The definition and concept of threshold limit values are contrasted to those of the maximal acceptable concentrations. The notation of absorption through the skin and the documentation of justifications of limits are discussed.
Downscaling of remotely sensed soil moisture with a modified fractal interpolation method using contraction mapping and ancillary data

Abstract Previous work showed that remotely sensed soil moisture fields exhibit multiscaling and multifractal behavior varying with the scales of observations and hydrometeorological forcing (Remote Sens. Environ. 81 (2002) 1). Specifically, it was determined that this multiscaling behavior is consistent with the scaling of soil hydraulic properties and vegetation cover, while the multifractal behavior is associated with the temporal evolution of soil moisture fields. Here, we apply these findings by directly incorporating information on the spatial structure of soil texture and vegetation water content to the spatial interpolation of remotely sensed soil moisture data. A downscaling model is presented which consists of a modified fractal interpolation method based on contraction mapping. This methodology is different from other fractal interpolation schemes because it generates unique fractal surfaces. It is different from other contraction mapping models because it includes spatially and temporally varying scaling functions as opposed to single-valued scaling factors. The scaling functions are linear combinations of the spatial distributions of ancillary data. The model is demonstrated by downscaling soil moisture fields from 10 to 1 km resolution using remote-sensing data from the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP'97) field experiment.
A simple motivation for James-Stein estimators

Abstract A purely frequentist development of James-Stein shrinkage estimators of the multivariate normal mean under quadratic loss functions is presented, which allows for an intuitive interpretation of these estimators as best estimators of best linear ‘estimators’ of the mean vector.
Cancer screening in older adults in an era of genomics and longevity.

Objectives To provide an overview of cancer genomics and cancer screening in older adults with a focus on breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Data Sources Journal articles, research articles, and web sites. Conclusion Cancer screening in older populations is often in the context of one or more co-morbid conditions, cancer survivorship, genomic information, and competing health priorities. The field of cancer screening has outgrown the tools available to enable health care providers and older adults to make informed cancer screening decisions. Research is needed to develop clinical screening tools that integrate age, cancer risk, life expectancy, and comorbidity. Implications for Nursing Practice Health care providers are faced with opportunities and challenges in the prevention and early detection of cancer in older Americans.
Epothilones in prostate cancer

Abstract Objectives Treatment options for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are limited. Although taxane-based regimens offer limited survival benefits, patients frequently relapse, and there are no standard regimens beyond progression. The epothilones represent a new class of chemotherapeutics that stabilize microtubules but have a distinct mechanism of action to the taxanes and low susceptibility to drug resistance. This article seeks to provide a review of what is currently known about the preclinical and clinical activity of this emerging class of agents. Materials and methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed and congress abstract databases to identify clinical data relevant to the epothilones and their use in CRPC. Preference was given to recently published, well-designed preclinical reports and clinical studies. Results Preclinical activity has been shown for several epothilones in taxane-resistant cell lines across several tumors, including CRPC. Ixabepilone, sagopilone, and patupilone have demonstrated clinical activity and tolerability in phase II CRPC trials. Conclusion The epothilones have demonstrated efficacy in CRPC, and ongoing studies will help define their roles in this disease state, including optimal dosing, combination regimens, and clinical biomarkers of response.
The Impact of Differential Communication Structures on Rural Community Development Efforts.

Abstract An argument is developed which posits that communication networks among local influentials are important in determining the success or failure of community development efforts. Specifically it is argued that increased communication and/or communication potential involving relatively short communication paths should lead to success. Measures of communication networks for 17 counties in the southern United States are developed using sociometric techniques. The measures are correlated with subjective assessments of the relative success of several different types of development projects. No statistically significant correlations with reported success were found. It is concluded that some of the basic assumptions concerning the nature of community development may need to be critically re‐examined.
Cerebral magnetic resonance image segmentation using data fusion.

Objective : A semiautomated method is described for segmenting dual echo MR head scans into gray and white matter and CSF. The method is applied to brain scans of 80 healthy children and adolescents. Materials and Methods : A probabilistic data fusion equation was used to combine simultaneously acquired T2-weighted and proton density head scans for tissue segmentation. The fusion equation optimizes the probability of a voxel being a particular tissue type, given the corresponding probabilities from both images. The algorithm accounts for the intensity inhomogeneities present in the images by fusion of local regions of the images. Results : The method was validated using a phantom (agarose gel with iron oxide particles) and hand-segmented images. Gray and white matter volumes for subjects aged 20-30 years were close to those previously published. White matter and CSF volume increased and gray matter volume decreased significantly across ages 4-18 years. White matter, gray matter, and CSF volumes were larger for males than for females. Males and females showed similar change of gray and white matter volumes with age. Conclusion : This simple, reliable, and valid method can be employed in clinical research for quantification of gray and white matter and CSF volumes in MR head scans. Increase in white matter volume may reflect ongoing axonal growth and myelination, and gray matter reductions may reflect synaptic pruning or cell death in the age span of 4-18 years.
Iodine monochloride as a thermal source of chlorine atoms: The reaction of chlorine atoms with hydrogen†

The use of iodine monochloride (ICl) as a thermal source of chlorine atoms in known concentration is discussed with particular reference to the suppression, by large excesses of iodine, of the chain processes normally associated with chlorine atom reactions. The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of ICl with hydrogen are presented in a study covering the temperature range 205–337°C, and the pressure ranges: ICl, 6–20 torr; I2, 3–13 torr; and H2, 9–520 torr. The reaction, followed spectrophotometrically in a static system, is shown to be homogeneous, first order in ICl and in H2, and inverse half-order in I2, over several half-lifetimes of the ICl, yielding HCl as the sole product. The rate data obtained in this work for the reaction are combined with the critically evaluated results of other workers in an Arrhenius plot covering the temperature range 286–730°C, and three orders-of-magnitude in the rate constant, yielding the results, log k1/(1/mole sec) = 10.68–5.26/θ, where θ = 2.303RT in kcal/mole. This value of k1 is lower by a factor of about two than that proposed in a recent review by Fettis and Knox, and is clearly at variance by a factor of two or more with the most recent data of Clyne and Stedman.
Class Sub-Conscious: Hegemony, False Consciousness, and the Development of Political and Economic Policy Attitudes:

Americans dislike economic inequality and prefer to see it reduced. However, Americans also fail to understand the severity of the economic divide in US society between those with and without financial wealth. The refusal to recognize this economic divide between ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ carries profound implications for American public policy. Those who fail to recognize the economic divide are less likely to support redistributive efforts to reduce the divide in an era of record inequality. In this study, I document the effects of class consciousness on opinions of progressive and conservative political-economic policy-related issues. I identify the ways in which Americans subconsciously allow their personal backgrounds and their opinions about the economic divide to color their opinions of political-economic policy issues.
Assessment of regional left ventricular function by sector analysis: A method for objective evaluation of radionuclide blood pool studies

Abstract Regional wall motion abnormalities are most often detected visually, and hence subjectively, in gated blood pool studies of the heart. Therefore, an automated method was developed to objectively assess regional left ventricular (LV) function. The method was tested in 26 normal volunteers and 29 patients with angiographically proved coronary artery disease. Fifteen patients with coronary artery disease had a normal LV ejection fraction (EF) at rest, and all had an abnormal EF response with exercise; 23 had visual regional wall motion abnormalities with rest or exercise. The left ventricle was divided into 28 sectors that radiated from the LV center of gravity, with 1 region at the LV center. A time-activity curve was generated for each sector and the EF and Fourier phase were computed from each curve. Rest and exercise sector EF versus sector number plots were superimposed and the area difference between these 2 curves was taken as an index of regional contraction. Similarly, an estimator of sector phase differences, obtained from the plot of phase versus sector number, was taken as an index of wall motion asynchrony. Analysis of the reliability of these 2 indexes suggests that this automated technique has at least the same efficiency as subjective evaluation of gated blood pool studies, but possesses the advantage of objectivity. The technique may also be useful in localizing regional defects and, perhaps, in detecting mild abnormalities not readily perceived visually.
A total synthesis of the pyrrolophenthridone alkaloid oxoassoanine

Abstract Coupling of the Grignard derived from N-Benzyl-7-bromoindoline with an aryl oxazoline leads to the title compound in good yield (Scheme 3). This methodology provides a versatile route to the Pyrrolophenthridone class of alkaloids.
Carbocationic Polymerization in the Presence of Sterically Hindered Bases. II. Polymerization of a-Methylstyrene

Abstract The effect of 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DtBP) on a-methyl-styrene (αMeSt) polymerization induced by the “H20”/BC13 initiating system has been studied. Yields, molecular weights, (MW's), and molecular weight distributions (MWD's) obtained in the presence of [DtBP] >1.0 × 10−3 M are invariant with DtBP concentration. Results are explained by the concept of terminative chain transfer, i.e., a process in which the proton which arises in the course of chain transfer to monomer is intercepted by DtBP so that the kinetic chain is terminated. Polymerization goes to completion in the presence of very small amounts of DtBP, i.e., 4.8 × 10−4 M or less; however, MW's and MWD's of the poly(a-methylstyrene) (PaMeSt) formed are still profoundlyjiffected. Thus, in the absence of DtBP, Mn = 1.2 × 104 and Mw /Mn = 3.8, whereas in the presence of [DtBP] = 1.0 ×l(10−4, M M = 4.5 × 10−4 and Mw/Mn = 1.87. According to Mayo plots, a small but nonnegligible extent of chain transfer to monomer persists even in the prese...
A new brachypterous Nusalala species from Costa Rica, with comments on the evolution of flightlessness in brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae)

. A new flightless hemerobiid species, Nusalala brachyptera, collected at high elevation in Costa Rica, is described and illustrated, and a variety of data relevant to the evolution of flightlessness in the family Hemerobiidae are reviewed. Flightlessness due to brachyptery has evolved independently in at least five monophyletic [= holophyletic] lineages of the family Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings). Volant hemerobiids are primarily foliage foraging arboreal predators [presumed ancestral condition], while flightless species are predominantly associated with terricolous-type microhabitats (e.g. ground-litter, epiphytic mosses) [presumed derived condition]. These differences suggest a significant habitat shift for flightless hemerobiid species, and that the parallel evolution of flightlessness and brachyptery in hemerobiids are shared responses to the conditions of a terricolous existence. The restriction of most flightless hemerobiid species to insular and/or montane/alpine land areas may be related to the typically depauperate nature of the faunas of such areas. This faunal characteristic may facilitate transitions from arboreality to terricolousness by presenting ancestrally arboreal predators such as hemerobiids with novel ecological opportunities in terricolous microhabitats.
The Contribution of Hebrew Printing Houses and Printers in Istanbul to Ladino Culture and Scholarship

Sephardi printers were pioneers of moveable type in the Islamic world, establishing a Hebrew printing house in Istanbul in 1493. Initially emphasizing classical religious works in Hebrew, since the eighteenth century printers have been instrumental in the development of scholarship, literature, and journalism in the vernacular of most Jews of the western Ottoman Empire: Ladino. Although most Jewish males knew the Hebrew alphabet, they did not understand Hebrew texts. Communal cultural leaders and printers collaborated in order to bring basic Jewish works to the masses in the only language they really knew. While some books in Ladino were printed as early as the sixteenth century, their percentage increased since the second quarter of the eighteenth century, following the printing of Me-’am lo’ez, by Jacob Culi (1730), and the Bible in Ladino translation by Abraham Assa (1739). In the nineteenth century the balance of Ladino printing shifted toward novels, poetry, history, and biography, sciences, and communal and state laws and regulations. Ladino periodicals, which aimed to modernize, educate, and entertain, were of special social and cultural importance, and their printing houses also served as publishers of Ladino books. Thus, from its beginnings as an agent that aimed to “Judaize” the Jews, Ladino publishing in the later period sought to modernize and entertain, while still trying to spread Judaic knowledge.