cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sports injuries, a common pediatric problem

Study objectives: We determine the frequency and demographics of all pediatric sports-related injuries presenting to our emergency department (ED) during 1 year (2002 to 2003), the particular sports causing specific injuries, and the disposition of these patients. Methods: This was a retrospective medical record review of all ED patients. We included only those patients with a sports-related injury documented on the ED record as the reason for the visit. We recorded demographic information, the sport, injury, treatment, and disposition. Results: Our ED census from July 2002 to 2003 was 60,873 (11,941 were pediatric patients). We reviewed 53,568 records (88%) and identified 1,087 pediatric sports-related injuries. Nine percent of all our pediatric visits were for sports-related injuries (mean age 11.8 years, 69% male patients, 73% white). Most of the injuries were from basketball (17%), playground/backyard activities (11%), biking (8%), football (8%), soccer (7%), and baseball/softball (6%). They had the following dispositions: admitted (4.4%) and the rest discharged to follow-up with orthopedics/hand (44%), their primary physician or ED (44%), plastic surgery (2%), dental (1%), ophthalmology (1%), neurology (0.5%), and other (3%). The most common sports resulting in admission were playground/backyard activities (18%), biking (16%), and basketball (9%; mean age 9.9 years, 69% male patients, 73% white). The children sustained the following fractures: a fracture or dislocation to an extremity 356 (21%), facial/skull fractures 15 (1%), fractured ribs or clavicle 7 (0.6%), neck fractures 5 (.3%), and fractured back 1 ( Conclusion: Nine percent of all our pediatic visits are from sports-related injuries (mean age 9.9 years). Of those, 4.4% are admitted to the hospital, mainly from injuries sustained in playground/backyard activities, biking, and basketball. The upper and lower extremities and the head are most often injured.
THE EFFECT OF LOGIC INSTRUCTION ON THE VALENTINE REASONING TEST

Summary. Students taking a sophomore course in logic and students taking a sophomore course in applied psychology were administered the Valentine Reasoning Test during the first and last weeks of the semester. A test was made of the null hypothesis that there would be no difference in the test score due to type of instruction. The null hypothesis could not be rejected. The implication for the use of this test in the admission of advanced transfer students is indicated.
Nitrite-Cured Color and Phosphate-Mediated Water Binding of Pork Muscle Proteins as Affected by Calcium in the Curing Solution

: Calcium is a mineral naturally present in water and may be included into meat products during processing thereby influencing meat quality. Phosphates improve myofibril swelling and meat water-holding capacity (WHC) but can be sensitive to calcium precipitation. In this study, pork shoulder meat was used to investigate the impact of calcium at 0, 250, and 500 ppm and phosphate type [sodium pyrophosphate (PP), tripolyphosphate (TPP), and hexametaphopshate (HMP)] at 10 mM on nitrite-cured protein extract color at various pH levels (5.5, 6.0, and 6.5) and crude myofibril WHC at pH 6.0. Neither calcium nor phosphates present in the curing brines significantly affected the cured color. Increasing the pH tended to promote the formation of metmyoglobin instead of nitrosylmyoglobin. The ability of PP to enhance myofibril WHC was hampered (P < 0.05) by increasing the calcium concentration due to PP precipitation. Calcium also decreased the solubility of TPP but did not influence its enhancement of WHC. On the other hand, HMP was more tolerant of calcium but the soluble Ca-HMP complex was less effective than free HMP to promote water binding by myofibrils. The depressed muscle fiber swelling responding to added calcium as evidenced by phase contrast microscopy substantiated, to a certain extent, the deleterious effect of calcium, suggesting that hardness of curing water can significantly affect the quality of cured meat products. Practical Application: Although not affecting nitrite-cured color, calcium hampers the efficacy of phosphates to promote water binding by muscle proteins, underscoring the importance of water quality for brine-enhanced meat products.
Reactions at the interfaces of thin films of Y‐Ba‐Cu‐ and Zr‐oxides with Si substrates

Thin films were deposited by pulsed uv‐laser (ablation) deposition of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x (YBCO), and composite zirconia and yttria targets onto silicon wafers. These films were analyzed to ascertain the chemical and physical structure of the film interfaces and further the development of Si substrates for superconducting YBCO films. Substrates were Si(100) with either a high‐quality, thermal oxide (SiO2) film, or a spin‐etch processed, oxide‐free, hydrogen‐terminated surface (Si:H). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of Y, Ba, Cu, and Si core levels revealed adverse reactions for thin (nominally 2 nm) YBCO films deposited directly onto either substrate surface. The surfaces of thicker YBCO films (50–100 nm) and various oxide powders were compared with XPS results from these thin films. The thicker‐film surfaces are similar to those of fractured bulk YBCO, while the thin YBCO films decomposed, as evidenced by changes in the Ba and Cu XPS. The Si XPS on these films showed the formation of metal‐silicate compounds, even at deposition substrate temperatures of 550 °C, and silica (SiO2), especially for 670 °C deposition. A direct consequence of these reactions is that growth of high‐quality epitaxial YBCO on Si will require the use of a buffer film. Yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) shows considerable promise for use as a buffer, and XPS of thin films (4 and 8 nm thick) of ZrO2 on SiO2/Si and YSZ on Si:H substrates did not show any indication of decomposition, even at deposition temperatures near 800 °C. Transmission electron microscopy of cross‐sectioned samples of YBCO/YSZ/Si showed that the lower YSZ interface is rough on the preoxidized (SiO2/Si) substrates but atomically sharp on the spin‐etched Si wafers (Si:H). These sharp YSZ interfaces showed the presence of 3–5 nm of regrown oxide (SiOx ) next to the crystalline Si substrate. This regrown oxide was observed in samples deposited under a variety of conditions.
Computer Anxiety and Different Types of Computer Courses

This study was undertaken for two purposes: 1) to describe differences in anxiety in students voluntarily entering two different types of computer courses; and 2) to assess the changes in anxiety l...
Eigenweight vectors and least-distance approximation for revealed preference in pairwise weight ratios

A new eigenweight vector is derived for the data of pairwise weight ratios. The well-known eigenweight vector derived by Saaty is then compared and contrasted in the light of least-distance approximation models. It is shown that the new eigenweight vector commands advantages over Saaty's, including less rigid assumptions on the error terms, robustness of solution, in addition to the fact that the new eigenweight vector can be computed very easily. The reader can construct other types of eigenweight vectors and least-distance approximation models using the framework of this article.
C3 PROACTIVATOR CONVERTASE AND ITS MODE OF ACTION

The activity in human serum which is responsible for conversion of C3 proactivator (C3PA) to C3 activator was shown to reside in a 3S α-globulin. The factor, called C3PA convertase (C3PAse), was obtained in partially purified form. For conversion of C3PA, C3PAse required participation of metal ions and of a C3 fragment, which in physicochemical and antigenic properties resembled C3b. Isolated, native C3 failed to substitute for the fragment, but did restore the impaired C3 activator system in hydrazine-treated serum. Unlike native C3, the C3 fragment initiated conversion of C3PA in whole serum. A hypothetical concept which envisions the C3 fragment as effector of C3PAse has been proposed.
Flavonoids of north american species of Thermopsis

Abstract The distribution of 12 flavones and 19 isoflavones in 13 taxa of Thermopsis is reported.
Beyond feminism: The works of Nicole Vedrès

When responding to the problem of the feminine condition, most women writers start with the premises that women are superior, inferior or equal to men—and in any case, the man is the Other. The works of Nicole Vedres imprime this fundamental otherness on which the feminist dispute traditionally fed. The structures of several of her novels suggest an underlying archaic and tribal pattern which coincides in many places with traits of matriarchal societies. They tend to de‐emphasize the individual character in favor of the unity of the clan. The figure of the husband acquires a secondary and transitory aspect. Within this framework, the women are freed from the usual ethical and sociological taboos of the patriarchal system with which we are familiar, while preserving their dignity and their identity. Finally, the true hero of these stories is the clan's executive agent, a self‐effacing and protective male whose function is to ensure the survival of feminine values. In as much as his relationships with the w...
Comparison of combinations of drugs for treatment of obesity: body weight and echocardiographic status.

Obesity treatment with single drugs produces weight losses of about 8–10% of initial body weight. Few studies of combinations of drugs for treating obesity have been published. The combination of phentermine, an adrenergic agent, and fenfluramine, a serotonergic agent, (phen–fen) produced weight losses of about 15% of initial body weight. Fenfluramine is no longer available because it was associated with cardiac valve lesions. Phentermine–fluoxetine (phen–flu) has been proposed as an alternative for phen–fen. To compare the efficacy of treatment and prevalence of cardiac valve abnormalities on phen–flu vs phen–fen. Retrospective chart review of all patients treated for at least 3 months with phen–flu (N=97) to a random sample of patients treated with phen–fen (N=98) in the Clinical Nutrition Clinic at the University of Wisconsin. Comparison of echocardiograms in all patients treated solely with phen–flu (N=21) to a random sample of patients treated with phen–fen (N=47), and to a group of subjects never treated with obesity drugs (N=26). With last observation carried forward analysis (LOCF), at 6 months of treatment the phen–fen patients lost 12.6±0.6% of baseline weight and phen–flu patients lost 9.0±0.6% (P<0.001). With completers analysis, there were no significant differences in weight loss as a percent of baseline weight at 6 months (14.4±0.6 vs 13.3±0.9%). LOCF decreases in body mass index (BMI) at 6 months were −5.3 and −3.6 kg/m2 for phen–fen and phen–flu, respectively (P<0.001), and 6.2±0.3 vs 5.4±0.4 kg/m2, respectively, for the completers analysis (P – NS). Dropout rate at 6 months was higher in phen–flu subjects (44 vs 28%). In subjects without atherosclerosis of valves (presumably pre-existing), cardiac valve lesions occurred in eight of 38 phen–fen subjects and in none of 15 phen–flu subjects or 25 control subjects who had not been treated with drugs. The combination of phentermine and fluoxetine was not as effective as phen–fen, but was not associated with cardiac valve lesions. Longer term, larger scale studies of phen–flu are warranted.
The Rate of Convergence of an Algorithm for Recovering Functions from Noisy Measurements Taken at Randomly Selected Points

A simple criterion is derived for upper-bounding the rate of convergence of a least-square-fit algorithm used for recovering functions from noisy measurements taken at randomly selected points.
Frail men's perspectives on food and eating

Abstract Food shopping, preparation, and serving traditionally tend to be the domain of women. This article, however, focuses on the rarely examined world of frail old men who live in the community and on the meanings and themes that underlie their attitudes and behaviors in relation to food and eating. Based on the analyses of face-to-face qualitative interviews with 15 men, 76–95 years old, four inter-related themes emerged: (1) eating to live and wish to survive, (2) centrality of concern about the physical body, (3) the pervasive need for maintenance of masculinity, and (4) importance of sociality to the eating experience. Findings demonstrate how themes of masculinity in these men affect their narratives and perceptions about food and eating.
Theory of the transmission properties of an optical far-field superlens for imaging beyond the diffraction limit

A conventional optical superlens for imaging beyond the diffraction limit produces images only in the near-field zone of the superlens. In contrast, an optical far-field superlens (FSL) device has a remarkable transmission property that leads to a one-to-one relationship between the far-field and the near-field angular spectra. This property makes the device suitable for imaging beyond the diffraction limit from far-field measurement. This specific FSL is composed of a properly designed periodically corrugated metallic slab-based superlens. Through the numerical design and parameter study, we show that the transmission property of this FSL is based on a specific strong-broadband wavenumber excitation of surface-plasmon polaritons supported by the nanostructured metallic grating.
"Too small, too big, and just right"--optical sensing of molecular conformations in self-assembled capsules.

Irradiation of dimethylbenzil within a cylindrical capsule gives bright green phosophorescence, while irradiation of benzil and dimethoxybenzil in the same capsule results in high energy blue fluorescence. This difference is likely due to the geometric restrictions imposed by the capsule’s space on its excited guests, forcing a trans-planar conformation in some cases and cis-skewed in others.
Variation in body composition of female big brown bats ( Eptesicus fuscus ) during lactation

Most small mammals support the nutritional requirements of milk production by increasing food intake. However, when nutrient intake is low, maternal body reserves may be mobilized to maintain adequate milk output. We examined patterns of body composition, including dry matter, fat, protein, and mineral content in big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, during lactation. Concentrations of fat and phosphorus were markedly lower in lactating mothers during week three of lactation than during the first two weeks, but these constituents rebounded to previous levels in the fourth and fifth week. Rapid recovery from fat depletion suggests that females are able to adjust to changes in demands for energy. The decrease in phosphorus during mid-lactation suggests bone demineralization, but an interspecific comparison of adult concentrations of minerals prevalent in bone suggests that mineral concentrations may never reach critically low levels in reproductively active females.
Work, welfare, bio-politics: Italian and American film propaganda of the Reconstruction in the age of neorealism

(2011). Work, welfare, bio-politics: Italian and American film propaganda of the Reconstruction in the age of neorealism. The Italianist: Vol. 31, Film Issue, pp. 155-180.
Suboptimal security solution of a linear-quadratic pursuit-evasion game with mixed noises

The discrete-time, linear-quadratic pursuit-evasion game is considered in this paper. The difference system contains the state-dependent, control-dependent, and additive noises. In addition, each player has additive noises in his own measurement vector, and he is restricted to implement a linear estimator based on his measurements. Each player's philosophy is not to run a risk but to adopt a security control policy. Because of the linear estimation restriction, the security solution is suboptimal, which is found to be the closed-loop controls which are linear in the best estimate of the state. Equations for calculating the state estimation are derived. An algorithm for off-line computing the filter gain is also given.
How small was a shtetl

The purpose of this study was to apply the recently proposed definition of a shtetl (Samuel D. Kassow, “The Shtetl,” in The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, ed. Gershon D. Hundert, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), to the problem of determining the lower limit of shtetl size, if any, by relating the size of the Jewish population in a given site to the degree to which the site fits the definition. The definition of the shtetl used here is based on the presence of the five institutions needed for observance by an orthodox Jewish community, namely a free-standing synagogue, a heder, a mikveh, two or more charitable hevres, and a local Jewish cemetery. For each of 56 putative shtetl sites in Eastern Europe c.1845–1940, information on the presence or absence of these institutions was found in a memoir. The number of Jewish residents in these sites ranged from about 2600 to about 40. Each site was classified as either a shtetl, a potential shtetl, or a non-shtetl. The smallest shtetl had ...
Determination of temperature distribution in three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) with unequally-sized die

Abstract There is much interest in 3D integrated circuits (3D IC) technology for vertical integration of multiple device planes in semiconductor devices. Stacking several device planes vertically offers significant electrical performance improvements. This can also lead to reduced design and manufacturing costs. Several 3D IC manufacturing and packaging approaches require adjacent die sizes to be different from one another since this facilitates differentiated manufacturing and design. However, it is expected that unequally-sized die may cause deteriorated thermal performance due to heat spreading and constriction. This manuscript presents a heat transfer model for predicting the three-dimensional temperature field in a multi-die 3D IC with unequally-sized die. This problem is solved iteratively using solutions of three simpler heat transfer problems outlined in the manuscript. Temperature fields predicted by the model are in close agreement with finite-element simulation results. The model is used to compare the thermal performance of unequally-sized die stacks with a uniformly-sized die stack. Results indicate that the greater the degree of non-uniformity in the die stack, the greater is the peak temperature rise. The model and results presented in this manuscript are expected to aid in the development of effective thermal design tools for 3D ICs.
The renal action of atrial natriuretic peptide during control of glomerular filtration.

The renal action of atrial natriuretic peptide during control of glomerular filtration. Studies were performed in anesthetized dogs (N=7) to determine the effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on sodium excretion in the presence and absence of control of glomerular filtration rate produced by suprarenal aortic clamping. Intrarenal infusion of synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide (0.3 µg/kg/min) significantly increased glomerular filtration rate from 29.3 ±3.0 to 43.2 ±4.4 ml/min, urinary sodium excretion from 20.1 ±10.3 to 223.3 ±52.3 µEq/min, fractional sodium excretion from 0.47 ±0.19 to 3.75 ±0.59%. In contrast, aortic clamping blocked the increase in glomerular filtration rate in association with an attenuated natriuresis. Urinary sodium excretion increased from 6.3 ±2.3 to 68.3 ±23.4 µEq/min and fractional sodium excretion increased from 0.15 ±0.04 to 0.90 ±0.30%. Despite this differential response in glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion, whole kidney fractional delivery of sodium from the proximal tubule as estimated by the fractional excretion of lithium increased during both undamped (17.7 ±1.8 to 30.4 ±0.8%) and clamped (12.9 ±2.1 to 23.9 ±2.7%) periods. These studies demonstrate that atrial natriuretic peptide–induced natriuresis is importantly mediated by an increase in glomerular filtration rate and decrease in tubular reabsorption.
ATP synthase with its γ subunit reduced to the N-terminal helix can still catalyze ATP synthesis

ATP synthase uses a unique rotary mechanism to couple ATP synthesis and hydrolysis to transmembrane proton translocation. As part of the synthesis mechanism, the torque of the rotor has to be converted into conformational rearrangements of the catalytic binding sites on the stator to allow synthesis and release of ATP. The γ subunit of the rotor, which plays a central role in the energy conversion, consists of two long helices inside the central cavity of the stator cylinder plus a globular portion outside the cylinder. Here, we show that the N-terminal helix alone is able to fulfill the function of full-length γ in ATP synthesis as long as it connects to the rest of the rotor. This connection can occur via the ϵ subunit. No direct contact between γ and the c ring seems to be required. In addition, the results indicate that the ϵ subunit of the rotor exists in two different conformations during ATP synthesis and ATP hydrolysis.
Effective board development: five areas for concern.

Boards of directors have been the subject of growing concern over the past decade. Today, pressures are building for increased reform within the corporate boardroom. An apparent increase in director responsibilities and liabilities makes this subject an issue of deep and current concern to the whole corporate community. Such varied sources as the SEC, the courts, Ralph Nader, Professor Stone, Authur Goldberg, and others have made suggestions for reform ranging from federal chartering to placing outside and public directors on boards, with separate staffs to serve these outside board members. If we are to preserve our present free‐enterprise system, then we must work quickly to develop our corporate boards into effective operating units.
Risk Factors for First Fractures Among Males With Duchenne or Becker Muscular Dystrophy.

Background:Fractures are a significant concern for individuals with Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy with 21% to 44% of males experiencing a fracture. Factors that increase or decrease the risk for fracture have been suggested in past research, although statistical risk has not been determined.Met
Diabetes and Hypertension in Mexican American Families: Relation to Cardiovascular Risk

There is a strong familial predisposition to type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. The authors evaluated the association between a family history of these diseases and a large panel of cardiovascular risk factors in 1,431 Mexican American subjects who were enrolled in the San Antonio Family Heart Study in San Antonio, Texas. The baseline phase of the study covered 1992-1996. Diabetes and hypertension were diagnosed according to standard clinical criteria, while cardiovascular disease was defined as a history of heart attack or heart surgery. The prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in this population was 15%, 12%, and 3%, respectively. For each unaffected subject, the authors computed a family history score based on the presence or absence of disease in parents and older siblings, and correlations between cardiovascular risk factors and family history scores were estimated by using likelihood-based variance component methods. Diabetes family history score was significantly correlated with a broad panel of cardiovascular risk factors, including glucose and insulin, obesity, blood pressure, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Hypertension family history score was significantly correlated with glucose, blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. These results support the idea that genes that confer a risk for diabetes, and to a lesser extent hypertension, adversely alter the cardiovascular risk profile long before the manifestation of clinical disease.
Estimation of dust loading and height using MODIS, AIRS, and MAERI data

We present an intercomparison of retrieved dust parameters obtained from analyzing AIRS and MODIS satellite data. Recent papers have highlighted using AIRS data to retrieve dust top (layer) height, loading and particle size. Different methods have been used, such as assuming a fixed particle size and dust top height before fitting radiance data from selected AIRS channels, or using lookup tables to retrieve dust loading, height and particle size. In this paper we use the combination of dust retrievals from MODIS visible and AIRS thermal infrared channels to provide information on dust top height by forcing the error term (or intercept of the linear regression of dust optical depths retrieved from MODIS and AIRS) to zero. When available, GLAS measurements will be used to validate dust top height. Collocated ship based M-AERI observations, obtained in March 2004 during the AEROSE campaign will also be analyzed to verify this approach.
Vitamin D: The Iceberg Nutrient

The understanding of vitamin D's role in human health has recently expanded. It is now recognized as more than a hormone activated in the kidney only for calcium homeostasis. It is metabolized and used by virtually every cell in the body. Patients with chronic kidney disease have a deficit in their kidney production of 1,25(OH)(2)D and have classically been treated with calcitriol or its active analogues. Despite often having lower systemic levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D, patients with chronic kidney disease retain the capability of extra renal production of 1,25(OH)(2)D. This has far reaching implications for their health. This review examines clinical trials and observations in 3 areas that impact chronic kidney disease patients. Cancer, cardiovascular disease and infections are responsible for much of the morbidity and mortality in this patient population. We will discuss vitamin D's role in these disease states with a focus on the chronic kidney disease patient.
Learning sparse representation via a nonlinear shrinkage encoder and a linear sparse decoder

Learning sparse representations for deep networks has drawn considerable research interest in recent years. In this paper, we present a novel framework to learn sparse representations via a generalized encoder-decoder architecture. The basic idea is to adopt a fast approximation to the iterative sparse coding solution and form an efficient nonlinear encoder to map an input to a sparse representation. A set of basis functions is then learned through the minimization of an energy function consisting of a sparseness prior and linear decoder constraints. Applying a greedy layer-wise learning scheme, this framework can be extended to more layers to learn deep networks. The proposed learning algorithm is also highly efficient as no iterative operations are required, and both batch and on-line learning are supported. Given the sparse representation and basis functions, an optimized decoding procedure is carried out to reconstruct and denoise the input signals. We evaluate our model on natural image patches to develop a dictionary of V1-like Gabor filters, and further show that basis functions in a higher layer (e.g., V2) combine the filters in a lower layer to generate more complex patterns to benefit the high-level tasks. We then use the sparse representations to recognize objects in two benchmark data sets (i.e., CIFAR-10 and NORB) via a linear SVM classifier, and demonstrate better or comparable recognition performances with respect to state-of-art algorithms. The image reconstruction of MNIST images and the restoration of corrupted versions are presented at the end.
Opening the crystalline color superconductivity window

Cold dense quark matter is in a crystalline color superconducting phase wherever pairing occurs between species of quarks with chemical potentials whose difference $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}$ lies within an appropriate window. If the interaction between quarks is modeled as pointlike, this window is rather narrow. We show that when the interaction between quarks is modeled as single-gluon exchange, the window widens by about a factor of 10 at accessible densities and by much larger factors at higher density. This striking enhancement reflects the increasingly (1+1)-dimensional nature of the physics at weaker and weaker coupling. Our results indicate that crystalline color superconductivity is a generic feature of the phase diagram of cold dense quark matter, occurring wherever one finds quark matter that is not in the color-flavor locked phase. If it occurs within the cores of compact stars, a crystalline color superconducting region may provide a new locus for glitch phenomena.
Effects of Thermal Lids Gold Plating Thickness on Thermal Interface Reliability for Flip Chip Packaging

This paper summarizes the intermetallic compounds (IMC) formation at the interface between thermal interface material (TIM) and nickel/gold plated integrated heat spreader (IHS) at varying Au thickness, and its impact on thermal reliability. Indium solders due to their high thermal conductivity are commonly used as the TIM to dissipate heat from silicon die to the thermal lids for new generation microprocessors with higher operating die temperatures. Indium solders readily wet the Au plating on thermal lids to form IMC during soldering. Optimal Au thickness is essential; Au thickness should be thick enough for reliable soldering, but must also be thin enough to offset the high cost and to prevent formation of a brittle Au-rich IMC layer in the solder joint. AuIn2 is the preferred IMC for indium-gold soldering and does not embrittle the solder joint. Resulting IMC type depends on the Au:In ratio which can be predicted by a In-Au binary phase diagram. On this basis, critical Au plating thickness to form AuIn2 IMC can be estimated using the known density values for electroplated gold and indium. In this study, Au thicknesses ranging from 0.035 to 0.2μm with a fixed gold pad size were electrolytically plated on a nickel plated copper lid. Assembled units were then subjected to Temperature Cycling-B (TCB). An in-house developed metrology for measuring junction-to-case thermal impedance (Rjc) is described. In this study, varying the thermal lids Au-plating thickness between 0.035 to 0.2 μm only lead to slight increase in center and corner Rjc values through 115 cycles TCB. The maximum center Rjc degradation post thermal cycling observed was only ∼ 1.7% on the lids with Au pad thickness between 0.035 – 0.04 μm. There were also no clear indications of impact of Au pad thickness on center and corner Rjc performance at EOL or post 115 cycles TCB. Thermal lids/TIM interface integrity remains unchanged for the range of Au pad thickness considered. However, detailed scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy showed thicker Au plating results in greater incidence of AuIn2 IMC nodules beneath In-Ni-Au ternary IMC layer at end of line (EOL) ie post packaging and test. AuIn2 IMC is formed right after assembly and is what that holds the solder to the lid. As such, it follows that the presence of a more continuous and possibly greater number of AuIn2 IMC nodules can be expected to provide a better lid-solder joint at EOL.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Symposium of Social Theory Preface

In one sense, the classics in the human sciences remain permanently relevant and Aristotle is as relevant to present theorizing as Max Weber. But this is not a common view. The curious way sociological theory typically privileges the classics is by treating the accounts of modern society mainly by Comte, Marx, Durkheim and Weber as timeless theory. This has left sociological theory open to the charge that its concepts are zombies in the global age (Beck, 2000). Donald Levine (1995) has sought to transcend this self-restriction by examining ‘national traditions’ of social theory and their dialogue in a pluralistic perspective (Camic and Joas, 2004). In this symposium, while welcoming the disciplinary approach to the historical development of the social sciences (Wallerstein et al., 1996), Hans Joas wishes to go further by displacing another cornerstone in the conceptual edifice that confines social theory to the classical era. He argues that we should replace the notion of nomothetic social science, includ...
Sleep continuity and architecture: associations with pain-inhibitory processes in patients with temporomandibular joint disorder.

Recent research suggests bi-directional interactions between the experience of pain and the process of sleep; pain interferes with the ability to obtain sleep, and disrupted sleep contributes to enhanced pain perception. Our group recently reported, in a controlled experimental study, that sleep fragmentation among healthy adults resulted in subsequent decrements in endogenous pain inhibition. The present report follows up that observation by extending this line of research to a sample of patients experiencing persistent pain. Patients with chronic temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) pain were studied using polysomnography and psychophysical evaluation of pain responses. We assessed whether individual differences in sleep continuity and/or architecture were related to diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC), a measure of central nervous system pain inhibition. Among 53 TMD patients, higher sleep efficiency and longer total sleep time were positively associated with better functioning of DNIC (r = 0.42–0.44, p < 0.01; ps < 0.05 for the multivariate analyses). These results suggest the possibility that disrupted sleep may serve as a risk factor for inadequate pain-inhibitory processing and hint that aggressive efforts to treat sleep disturbance early in the course of a pain condition might be beneficial in reducing the severity or impact of clinical pain.
Estimates of the seafloor area impacted by sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile site in the Mid-Atlantic bight

Abstract Approximately 8 × 10 6 wet tons of sewage sludge is dumped annually at the 106-Mile Deep Water Municipal Sewage Sludge Disposal Site, 185 km off the New Jersey coast (Sano, 1989). A simple particle-tracking model is used to estimate the areas of sludge deposition using current meter observations made as part of the Mid-Atlantic Slope and Rise (MASAR) Study (Brown et al. , 1987) and Lavelle et al. 's (1988) settling velocity distribution for sewage sludge. Model results indicate that sewage particles settle primarily to the southwest of the dump site due to the mean southwesterly flow throughout the water column. Only the coarser fraction (particles with settling velocities greater than 0·04 cm s −1 ), about 23% of the sludge discharged, is predicted to settle on the seafloor within 350 km of the site. The model predicts a maximum flux in the southwestern quarter of the site of 60 mg m −2 day −1 which decreases to about 25 and 1 mg m −2 day −1 at distances of approximately 50 and 350 km to the southwest, respectively. Little material is predicted to reach the shelf and the finer particles are assumed to be widely dispersed in the water column. These estimated fluxes compare with a natural particle flux of 100–150 mg m −2 day −1 as measured by sediment traps to the north of the 106-mile site (Biscaye et al. , 1988). Field studies to assess the effects of sludge dumping on benthic organisms should initially focus on the region 0–50 km southwestward of the site.
Rapid detection of predation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and sorting of bacterivorous Tetrahymena by flow cytometry

Protozoa are known to harbor bacterial pathogens, alter their survival in the environment and make them hypervirulent. Rapid non-culture based detection methods are required to determine the environmental survival and transport of enteric pathogens from point sources such as dairies and feedlots to food crops grown in proximity. Grazing studies were performed on a soil isolate of Tetrahymena fed green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing Escherichia coli O157:H7 to determine the suitability of the use of such fluorescent prey bacteria to locate and sort bacterivorous protozoa by flow cytometry. In order to overcome autofluorescence of the target organism and to clearly discern Tetrahymena with ingested prey versus those without, a ratio of prey to host of at least 100:1 was determined to be preferable. Under these conditions, we successfully sorted the two populations using short 5 to 45 min exposures of the prey and verified the internalization of E. coli O157:H7 cells in protozoa by confocal microscopy. This technique can be easily adopted for environmental monitoring of rates of enteric pathogen destruction versus protection in protozoa.
The Theoretical Prediction of Molecular Radical Species: a Systematic Study of Equilibrium Geometries and Harmonic Vibrational Frequencies

A systematic study of the accuracy of structures and frequencies of 33 small radical molecules is presented as predicted by Hartree−Fock (HF) theory, second-order Moller−Plesset (MP2) theory, coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) theory, coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbational triples correction [CCSD(T)] theory, and gradient-corrected density functional theory with 3-parameter exact exchange mixing (B3LYP). For all methods, calculations were carried out using the Pople 6-31G**, the correlation-consistent polarized valence double-ζ (cc-pVDZ), and the correlation-consistent polarized valence triple-ζ (cc-pVTZ) basis sets. While basis set effects were moderate, large differences in the performance of the different methods were found. Due primarily to artifactual symmetry breaking and orbital instabilities, both restricted and unrestricted HF and MP2 perform too erratically to be acceptable. CCSD with either restricted or unrestricted orbitals yields results in generally good agreement w...
Angle-dependent reflectometry as a technique for fast assessment of highly oriented diamond film quality

An expedient technique for assessing the quality of highly oriented diamond films is described. This analysis is based on light reflection from the {111} faces of oriented diamond octahedra as a function of azimuthal sample orientation. Significant light reflection was detected at 90° rotation intervals and the full-width-at-half-maximum of these periodic peaks was determined to be adequate for gauging the upper limit of crystal misorientation. In addition, a two-dimensional surface mapping of the distribution of highly oriented diamond across the sample was determined by analyzing reflectivity properties at equally spaced spots on the surface.
Detection of the monocarboxylate transporter from pea mitochondria by means of a specific monoclonal antibody

The monocarboxylate (pyruvate) transporter from pea (Pisum sativum) mitochondria was identified by means of a specific monoclonal antibody. The antibody blocked pyruvate-dependent oxaloacetate metabolism without interfering with the metabolism of malate, α-ketoglutarate, or glycine. The antibody also blocked the pyruvate/pyruvate exchange reaction of the partially purified transporter reconstituted into phospholipid membranes. Using the specific monoclonal antibody, the transporter was identified on Western blots as a minor 19 kDa protein.
Running Digital Micrograph on Linux and Mac OSX

Gatan Digital Micrograph (DM) software is considered an industry standard among microscopists. The offline DM application is freely available from Gatan. Unfortunately, DM software has been designed to run only on Microsoft Windows operating systems, thus distancing the microscopy community from popular Unix-based systems, such as Linux or Mac OSX. An ad hoc solution to this problem has required a virtualized Windows operating system running on top of the user's native operating system. This is not only slow, having to emulate each processor instruction, but also requires installation and licensing of Windows and the virtualization software. However, with the aid of open-source resources, it is possible to run DM natively on Linux and Mac OSX (Figure 1). This article was written as a guide with easy-to-follow installation instructions to liberate users from the Windows emulation pidgeonhole and enable them to freely analyze data on Unix-based systems.
Pulmonary Platelet Aggregates Associated with Sudden Death in Man

Six human cases of unexpected sudden death were found to have many platelet aggregates in the small arterial vessels of the lungs. Postmortem examination revealed no other significant findings.
Two faces of American communism: Pamphlet rhetoric of the third period and the popular front

Before July of 1935, pamphlets of the American Communist Party demanded the overthrow of capitalism in dogmatic and distorted language. Consequently, they were not adapted well to the non‐communist public. Pamphlets published after July of 1935 attempted to overcome negative impressions of communism, but they were largely unsuccessful.
Evidence-based antibiotic therapy of diabetic foot infections

In addition to proper cleansing, debridement and local wound care, foot infections in diabetic patients require carefully selected antibiotic therapy. Serious infections necessitate hospitalization for initial parenteral broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Appropriately selected patients with mild infections can be treated as outpatients with oral (or even topical) therapy. Initial antibiotic selection is usually empirical, but definitive therapy may be modified based on culture results and the clinical response. Therapy should nearly always be active against staphylococci and streptococci, with broader-spectrum agents indicated if Gram-negative or anaerobic organisms are likely. In infected foot tissues levels of most antibiotics, except fluoroquinolones, are often subtherapeutic. The duration of therapy ranges from a week (for mild soft tissue infections) to over 6 weeks (for osteomyelitis). Recent antibiotic trials have shown that several intravenously or orally administered agents are effective in treating these infections, with no one agent or combination emerging as optimal. Suggested regimens based on the severity of infection are provided.
The Optimal Mix of Volunteer and Paid Staff in Local Governments: an Application To Municipal Fire Departments

Despite the fact that the majority of local governments in the United States use volunteers to supplement paid staff, little research has been conducted on the cost of volunteers or demand for thei...
Designing Communities to Enhance the Safety and Mobility of Older Adults: A Universal Approach

By 2030, seventy-two million people, or fully one of every five Americans, will be aged sixty-five or older, raising important concerns about how our cities, communities, and transportation facilities will safety accommodate their travel needs. The current policy solution is to increase driver testing, provide senior-oriented paratransit services, and ultimately, to house older, non-driving adults in senior care communities where more mobile individuals can provide basic household-related services for them. These practices, while perhaps well intentioned, effectively segregate older adults from the larger community. We can do better. This article summarizes the available literature on the travel-related needs, abilities, and preferences of older adults. Through a synthesis of the current knowledge, it identifies four strategies that can be used to design communities and transportation systems to address the safety and mobility needs of an aging population in an inclusive, universal manner.
Influence of the zona pellucida of the mouse egg on folliculogenesis and fertility.

All mammalian eggs are surrounded by a relatively thick extracellular coat, called the zona pellucida (ZP), that plays vital roles during oogenesis, fertilization, and preimplantation development. The mouse egg ZP consists of three glycoproteins, called mZP1-3, that are syn-thesized solely by oocytes during their 2-to-3 week growth phase. The ZP is seen initially as isolated extracellular deposits of nascent ZP fibrils that coalesce to form a thickening matrix. Elimination of ZP glycoprotein synthesis by targeted mutagenesis yields mice that are hetero-zygous or homozygous for the null mutations. Homozygous null males are unaffected by the mutations and heterozygous females are as fertile as wild-type females. On the other hand, eggs from mZP2-/- and mZP3-/- females lack a ZP and the mice are com-pletely infertile due to a severely reduced number of ovulated eggs in their oviducts. Develop-ment of ovarian follicles is retarded in homozygous null females and manifested as reduced ovarian weight, number of Graafian follicles, and number of ovulated eggs. Eggs from mZP1-/- females have a distorted ZP and, although the mice are fertile, they exhibit re-duced fertility due to early embryonic loss. Potential relationships between ZP biogenesis, folliculogenesis, and fertility are addressed.
Possible Prebiotic Condensation of Mononucleotides by Cyanamide

The condensation of mononucleotides has been carried out in aqueous solution at neutral pH in the presence of cyanamide. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides up to five units have been formed when montmorillonite was present.
Equation of state for ferromagnetic transducers

An equation of state based upon magnetization scaled to its saturation value, m equals M/Ms, applied magnetic field scaled to its coercive value, h equals H/Hc, distribution of coercivities, and reversible susceptibility Xrev of magnetization and applied stress, scaled to its initial value is proposed for ferromagnetic transducers. Reversible susceptibility divided by the initial susceptibility is the anisotropy function of domain magnetization, decreasing for Terfenol-D nearly linearly with scaled magnetization from one in the demagnetized state to zero at saturation. Measurements of reversible susceptibility, initial, anhysteretic and saturate magnetization curves, and loops for Terfenol-D show that differential magnetic susceptibility is the product of the reversible susceptibility and a cooperative function due to domain interactions. This function is roughly triangular in magnetization having the same slope from each reversal for magnetization magnitude up to half of saturation, at which the onset and decay of cooperation occur. This cooperative function causes parabolic Rayleigh minor loops and sigmoid major B(H) curves truncated by stress demagnetization. Anhysteretic reluctivity increases linearly with the root sum square of shape and stress demagnetizations, the latter added to the anisotropy function. Magnetization loops under stress are modeled and the d* transducer constant dB/ds is derived as a function of stress and magnetization.
Discovery of undefined protein cross-linking chemistry: a comprehensive methodology utilizing 18O-labeling and mass spectrometry.

Characterization of protein cross-linking, particularly without prior knowledge of the chemical nature and site of cross-linking, poses a significant challenge, because of their intrinsic structural complexity and the lack of a comprehensive analytical approach. Toward this end, we have developed a generally applicable workflow—XChem-Finder—that involves four stages: (1) detection of cross-linked peptides via 18O-labeling at C-termini; (2) determination of the putative partial sequences of each cross-linked peptide pair using a fragment ion mass database search against known protein sequences coupled with a de novo sequence tag search; (3) extension to full sequences based on protease specificity, the unique combination of mass, and other constraints; and (4) deduction of cross-linking chemistry and site. The mass difference between the sum of two putative full-length peptides and the cross-linked peptide provides the formulas (elemental composition analysis) for the functional groups involved in each cro...