cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis of Carbon Foams With Randomly Distributed Spherical Pores

Carbon foams have potential applications in thermal management of electronics and aerospace industries due to their low density and high thermal conductivity. These foams have open or closed pores that are approximately spherical. This paper presents a finite element analysis of the thermomechanical properties of carbon foams with randomly distributed spherical pores. The results are presented in nondimensional form and compared with theoretical and finite element analysis values obtained for cellular foams. The effect of pore distribution on the effective thermal conductivity of foams is also presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Clinical practice. Early Alzheimer's disease.

A 72-year-old, college-educated woman comes in for the evaluation of mild memory loss that has been gradually progressing for the past two years. The patient drives her own car and manages her own finances, although she has recently made some errors in her checkbook. She also forgot the location of her car in a mall parking lot for two hours. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?
The benthos of a portion of the Sacramento River (San Francisco Bay Estuary) during a dry year.

Early in 1976 benthic studies were initiated in a 20 kilometer long portion of the Western Sacramento-San Joaquin River Estuary. Water quality determinations indicated little vertical or horizontal differences in pH, temperature, or dissolved oxygen concentration within the study area. Low river outflows allowed the encroachment of seawater into the study area, an area normally exposed to fresh or slightly brackish water. The sediment composition changed dramatically at most stations during the year, being dominated by sands early in the year but by silts and clays in late summer. The shift in sediment composition was accompanied by an increase in grease and oilland metals content.
Commentary: Animal Models of NeuroAIDS

Animal models facilitate a deeper understanding of disease while at the same time eliminating any harm to humans. The idea is to enable important breakthroughs in our understanding of pathogenesis, improve diagnostics, and provide new targets for prevention and treatment of disease. The consequences of central nervous system (CNS) HIV infection (referred to as neuroAIDS) and strategies for disease prevention and treatment remain of critical importance for the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. While combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) has markedly reduced disease morbidity and mortality including the severe cognitive and motor dysfunctions or HIV-associated dementia, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) as well as sensory neuropathies remain common in the CART era, with up to half of HIV-1 patients affected (Heaton et al., 2011; Elliott et al., 2012).
Coronary artery-to-pulmonary artery fistula: A potential new mechanism

Chez un homme de 61 ans dont l'embolie pulmonaire a probablement provoque un infarctus pulmonaire avec reaction inflammatoire contigue au cœur
Synergistic Costimulation by Both B7 Molecules Regulates Colitis Pathogenesis

It has been reported that B7-1 and B7-2 play different roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, but this issue is controversial. Here we analyzed colitis induced by transfer of CD45RB(high) CD4+ T cells to immune-deficient recipients that lack expression of either B7-1 or B7-2. Surprisingly, disease was greatly accelerated in Rag(-/-) recipients deficient for either B7 molecule. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) lacking B7-1 or B7-2 stimulated T cell proliferation in vitro, but caused suboptimal IL-2 production, leading to decreased induction of CTLA-4. The data suggest that regulatory T cells function relatively normally in B7 single-deficient recipients, but they cannot restrain the increased pathogenesis by naive cells primed in B7 single-deficient mice. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of CTLA-4 on pathogenic T cells likely slows colitis, even in the absence of regulatory T cells. While a full block of costimulation may prevent autoimmunity, our data indicate, surprisingly, that a partial block may in some cases augment disease.
Percolation model of interfacial effects in polymeric glasses

Recent observations using fluorophore probes of local dynamics in polymer films have provided new insight into the glass transition. Using a percolation model, we predict the local Tg in a polymer film, as a function of distance from a substrate or a free surface. Our predictions are in good agreement with the observed elevation of Tg near a substrate, whereas the observed reduction of Tg near a free surface is too strong to be accounted for by percolation effects.
EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH: THE EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF THE ADRENAL AND PITUITARY GLANDS ON THE EPIPHYSES OF GROWING RATS1

IT IS WELL KNOWN that hypophysectomy is followed by a cessation of growth (i).Freud, Levie, and Kroon (2) who have studied the specific effect of this procedure on the epiphysis found that the defect was “definitely localized in the growing epiphyseal cartilage,” and characterized the histologic changes as “exactly analagous to those exhibited at the end of the normal growth period.” No one as far as we know has studied the effects of adrenalectomy on the epiphysis. We have studied the effects of both procedures on the epiphysis using roentgenOgrams and silvered sections of bone as well as the usual histologic preparations. We have included studies of both glands in the same project since after adrenalectomy we have obtained histologic evidences of cessation of growth which are not unlike those following pituitarectomy. Albino rats of both sexes, approximately 100 gm. in weight and 8 weeks of age were employed as experimental subjects.
Beyond Benchmarking - How Experiments and Simulations Can Work Together in Plasma Physics

Abstract There has been dramatic progress in the scope and power of plasma simulations in recent years; and because codes are generally cheaper to write, to run and to diagnose than experiments, they have a well-recognized potential to extend our understanding of complex phenomena like plasma turbulence. However, simulations are imperfect models for physical reality and can be trusted only so far as they demonstrate agreement, without bias, with experimental results. This “validation” process tests the correctness and completeness of the physical model along with the assumptions and simplifications required for solution. At the same time, it must be understood that experimental measurements are almost always incomplete and subject to significant uncertainties and errors. For optimum scientific progress, simulations and experiments must be seen as complementary not competitive approaches. We need experiments dedicated to answering critical questions raised by the simulations, which examine the validity of models and which explicitly test their assumptions. A premium should be placed on ongoing collaborations which are open and candid about the sources of error and the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Ultimately both experiments and simulation have much to gain by adopting an approach of co-development, where simulations are continuously and carefully compared to experimental data and where experiments are guided by the results of simulations.
Shape-based multi-spectral optical image reconstruction through genetic algorithm based optimization

Abstract Multi-spectral optical imaging of skin and skin-lesions has been of significant interest for various biomedical applications. A multi-spectral optical imaging instrument called Nevoscope has been developed to acquire images of skin and skin-lesion through trans-illumination. Nevoscope based multi-spectral trans-illumination imaging is aimed at characterization of skin-lesions for early diagnosis of skin-cancers by reconstructing distributions of melanin and blood. Conventional approaches usually involve dividing the field of view into a number of voxels and assuming constant optical properties in each voxel. The optical properties are reconstructed in terms of measurements at multiple wavelengths and the distribution of melanin and blood are subsequently calculated. However, since the inverse problem is generally an ill-posed and under-determined one, it is hard to get quantitatively accurate reconstruction. In this paper, a shape-based multi-constrained reconstruction algorithm is presented, which uses a genetic algorithm based optimization methods to find the best possible reconstruction solution. A skin-lesion such as melanoma is modeled as melanin and blood parts, which are delineated by two cubic tensor-product B-spline surfaces. This reduces the number of unknowns to a few control parameters of the surfaces. The parameters are then coded into a genetic algorithm to find a solution through global optimization. Reasonable constraints are incorporated into the genetic algorithm to stabilize the solution. Results of reconstructions of melanin and blood parts are presented for simulated lesions using multi-spectral wavelengths at 580 nm and 800 nm.
Trigeminal nerve stimulation in major depressive disorder: First proof of concept in an open pilot trial

Modulation of brain activity via trigeminal nerve stimulation is an emerging therapy in drug-resistant epilepsy. This cranial nerve also projects to structures implicated in depression (such as the nucleus tractus solitarius and locus coeruleus). We examined the effects of external trigeminal nerve stimulation in major depressive disorder as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. Five adults (mean age 49.6, SD 10.9, three females and two males) participated in an 8-week open-label outpatient trial; all had persistent symptoms despite adequate pharmacotherapy, with a mean score on the 28-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale of 25.4 (SD=3.9) at entry. Nightly stimulation over the V(1) branch was well tolerated. Both the clinician-rated 28-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (P=0.006) and the self-rated Beck Depression Inventory (P=0.0004) detected significant symptomatic improvement. This novel neuromodulation approach may have use as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder. Additional larger trials are needed to delineate efficacy and tolerability with greater reliability.
Evidence for chloride dependent potassium and water transport induced by hyposmotic stress in erythrocytes of the marine teleost,Opsanus tau

Red blood cells of the marine teleost,Opsanus tau (oyster toadfish), were characterized as to their normal hemoglobin, ion and water contents. Cells were exposed to ouabain containing, hyposmotic salt solutions (osmolarity reduced to 2/3 of normal) in which the cation or anion composition was varied. It was found that the initial cell volume expansion due to water influx was independent of the anion present. However, a secondary volume reduction was dependent on the presence of chloride or bromide anions. During volume reduction, cellular potassium and chloride ion contents fell by about equal amounts. Potassium loss was commensurate to the total amount of potassium ions detected extracellularly about 1.5h after the initial osmotic shock. No major changes were seen in the cellular sodium ion contents. When chloride ions within the cells and in the suspending medium were replaced by nitrate, iodide or thiocyanate, the cells failed to return to volumes close to those of isosmotically suspended controls, and the cellular potassium content also remained constant. In hypotonic potassium chloride the cells failed to extrude potassium chloride and water, and hence retained their expanded volume. Neither potassium loss nor volume decrease occurred in cells swollen in hypotonic sodium chloride media containing furosemide or 4,4′ diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbene-disulfonic acid (DIDS). These two compounds are known inhibitors of monovalent cation cotransport and anion self exchange, respectively, in mammalian red cells. Hence toadfish red cells respond to osmotic swelling primarily by activation of an ouabain-insensitive, chloride dependent potassium transport system which is sensitive to inhibition by furosemide and DIDS.
Renal papillary adenoma- : a putative precursor of papillary renal cell carcinoma

The precursor lesions of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence, histomorphological features, and immunohistochemical features of papillary adenoma and elucidate its potential relationship to RCC. We reviewed 542 consecutive nephrectomy specimens over an 8-year period. Immunohistochemistry was carried out with antibodies specific for alpha-methyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) and glutathione S-transferase alpha (clear-cell RCC marker). Thirty-eight (7%) nephrectomy specimens showed histologic evidence of papillary adenoma. Of these 38 cases, 18 (47%) arose in the setting of papillary RCC (PRCC). Seven papillary adenomas (18%) occurred in the setting of acquired polycystic kidney disease (APKD), 6 in clear-cell RCCs, 3 in chromophobe RCCs, 2 in end-stage kidney disease, 1 in oncocytoma, 1 in angiomyolipoma, and 1 in renal schwannoma. Furthermore, papillary adenomas were more commonly found in kidneys removed for PRCC (25%, 18/71) than in kidneys harboring clear-cell RCC (1.9%, 6/318). Histomorphologically, papillary adenomas were characterized by varying proportions of papillae and tubules formed by cuboidal cells with scant basophilic cytoplasm similar to those in type 1 PRCC. Adenomas associated with PRCC tend to be multiple in number (61% [11/18] of cases had >2 adenomas; mean, 5). In contrast, 100% of papillary adenomas arising in other conditions had less than 2 adenomas. Most of the adenomas (82%, 31/38) stained strongly for AMACR in a fashion similar to that of PRCC. The 7 AMACR-negative cases all arose in the setting of APKD. In this study of surgical specimens, the high coincidence, multifocality, and histologic and immunohistochemical similarities between papillary adenoma and PRCC suggest that the 2 are strongly associated and may represent a continuum of 1 biologic process. In contrast, adenomas associated with APKD exhibit distinct morphological and immunohistochemical features and, therefore, may have an entirely different pathogenesis.
Crossing borders: Recognition of Spanish words by English-speaking children with and without language impairment

We introduce an objective method for classifying phonological overlap between Spanish and English translation equivalents. This method then is exploited to examine spoken word recognition using stimuli with graded levels of phonological overlap. Performance by typical English-only speaking (EO) children and English-only children with primary language impairment (LI) is compared to a control group of bilingual Spanish–English peers (BI). Response time and accuracy separated groups, with the BI group outperforming the EO group, who in turn outperformed the LI group. Children with more severe LI are slower than those with mild LI, and LI severity is significantly correlated with speed. The two groups of monolingual children and the LI subgroups respond in a qualitatively similar way to decreasing phonological overlap.
Butadiene-Styrene Resinous Copolymers

Abstract Although high-styrene resins have become of great commercial importance during the past 5 years (approximately 25,000,000 pounds manufactured in 1949), comparatively little information on the polymerization processes or any systematic review of their properties can be found in the technical literature. The object of the present paper is to supply such information. A series of butadiene-styrene copolymers with charging ratios of 50/50, 40/60, 30/70, 20/80, and 10/90 was prepared. Polystyrene, prepared under the same conditions, was included as a control. Properties of the latexes and resins obtained, presented in a systematic manner, were found to be largely dependent on the monomer ratio employed in the polymerization. for the first time a coherent picture is presented of the entire plastic range of the styrene-butadiene resins. This should encourage the further development of this large and expanding field, which includes such applications as natural and synthetic rubber reinforcing, impact resi...
Little Ice Age drought in equatorial Africa: Intertropical Convergence Zone migrations and El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability

High-resolution analyses of the Mg concentration in authigenic calcite in five cores from Lake Edward provide a water balance history of central equatorial Africa spanning the past 1400 yr. A high ratio of Mg to Ca (%Mg) indicates strong droughts in central Africa during the Little Ice Age (A.D. 1400–1750), in contrast to records from Lake Naivasha, Kenya, which suggest a wet Little Ice Age. This spatial pattern in Africa likely arose due to coupled changes in the high latitudes, the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system. Our results further suggest that the patterns and variability of twentieth-century rainfall in central Africa have been unusually conducive to human welfare in the context of the past 1400 yr.
Evolution and literary theory

Presupposing that all knowledge is the study of a unitary order of nature, the author maintains that the study of literature should be included within the larger field of evolutionary theory. He outlines four elementary concepts in evolutionary theory, and he argues that these concepts should regulate our understanding of literature. On the basis of these concepts, he repudiates the antirealist and irrationalist views that, under the aegis of “poststructuralism,” have dominated academic literary studies for the past two decades. He examines the linkage between poststructuralism and standard social science, and he speculates about the ideological and disciplinary motives that have hitherto impeded evolutionary study in both the social sciences and the humanities. Finally, he distinguishes literature from science and argues that literary criticism integrates elements of both.
Visual activity in Hollywood film: 1935 to 2005 and beyond.

The structure of Hollywood film has changed in many ways over the last 75 years, and much of that change has served to increase the engagement of viewers’ perceptual and cognitive processes. We report a new physical measure for cinema—the visual activity index (VAI)—that reflects one of these changes. This index captures the amount of motion and movement in film. We define whole-film VAI as (1 – median r), reflecting the median correlation of pixels in pairs of near-adjacent frames measured along the entire length of a film or film sequence. Analyses of 150 films show an increase in VAI from 1935 to 2005, with action and adventure films leading the way and with dramas showing little increase. Using these data and those from three more recent high-intensity films, we explore a possible perceptual and cognitive constraint on popular film: VAI as a function of the log of sequence or film duration. We find that many “queasicam” sequences, those shot with an unsteady camera, often exceed our proposed constraint.
A note on the vanishing of Hn(G,ZG)

Abstract If the group G is of type F ( n ) [≡ FP n and finitely presented] necessary and sufficient conditions are given for H n ( G , Z G )=0. These sharpen a result in a previous paper of ours. In particular, if G is finitely presented and simply connected at ∞ at each end, then H 2 ( G , Z G )=0.
Environmental Penalties Against Enterprises and Employees: Labor Contracts and Cost-Shifting in the Czech Republic

This paper examines the enforcement of environmental protection laws under communism and democracy, while exploring the possibilities for cost-shifting between Czech enterprises and their employees as offered by labor contracts. Theory establishes the connection between cost-shifting possibilities and the efficient rule for enforcing water protection laws when the actions of enterprises and their employees combine to cause water-damaging accidents (for example, oil spills). For the years 1988 to 1991, analysis of labor arrangements in the Czech Republic discerns the apparently efficient rule for the communist and democratic periods, while statistical analysis discerns the operative enforcement rule in each period.
Simulated annealing clustering of Chinese words for contextual recognition

Simulated annealing clustering algorithms are applied in discovering word classes in a Chinese class n-gram model, which can be used for contextual postprocessing of handwritten Chinese character recognition. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves much better performance than the dictionary-based models and outperforms the well-known inter-word character bigram model while using less storage.
Overview No. 125 Design and life prediction issues for high-temperature engineering ceramics and their composites

Abstract Perspectives are presented on ceramics and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) as high-temperature materials. The emphasis is on design and life prediction requirements and their role in directing research. Important themes include the relative roles of fracture toughness and inelastic strain (ductility), as well as scaling and stochastic effects caused by manufacturing defects. Ceramics with high toughness have been developed. However, because they are inductile, design with such materials is based on elastic stresses, combined with weakest link scaling and extreme value statistics. Procedures that ensure reliable performance under these circumstances are inherently constrained. Opportunities to mitigate these restrictions by matching mechanisms to design are explored. By contrast CMCs exhibit inelastic strain mechanisms that provide an efficient means of redistributing stress. These mechanisms eliminate stress concentrations and suppress scaling effects, enabling design procedures similar to those used with metals. The sources and mechanisms of inelastic strain are described, as well as the ensuing constitutive models. Examples of their finite element implementation in design are presented. A life prediction methodology requires a robust procedure for characterizing fatigue effects in conjunction with manufacturing and machining flaws. A lifing approach is described having commonality between ceramics and CMCs.
Differences in brain cell nuclear DNA as determined by flow cytometry.

Nuclei selected from various areas of normal brain tissue (rat, canine and man) were isolated by means of tissue grinding, stained with Acriflavin-Feulgen, and the amount of DNA in each individual nucleus was measured. It would appear that two distinct populations of diploid cells exist in the cerebral gray matter, either with regard to their absolute DNA content (approximately 10% more than the diploid amount) or with regard to their ability to be stained by Acriflavin-Feulgen. Microscopic examination of nuclei sorted from each population revealed that those which carried a “hyperdiploid” amount of DNA consisted primarily of nuclei with diameters of 12-16 μm in contrast to nuclei in the other peak with diameters of 6-8 μm. These results suggest that some neuronal nuclei in the cerebral gray matter, e.g. pyramidal and Betz cells, may contain a “hyperdiploid” amount of DNA as measured by FCM. The possible biological significance of this observation is not understood at this time.
Identification of location of nerve catheters using pumping maneuver and M-Mode—a novel technique

Abstract Background Optimum positioning of the nerve catheter is crucial for a successful nerve block. We present a novel technique for confirmation of catheter position. Methods We are describing a novel technique for localization of the shaft and tip of the peripheral nerve catheter. After introduction of the catheter 3 to 5 cm beyond the needle tip and removal of the needle, the guide wire was reintroduced and was moved inward and outward rapidly. This movement produced the color Doppler effect along the track of the catheter and the catheter tip that helped us verify the proper positioning of the catheter. Results We used our technique in a cadaveric study for bilateral supraclavicular brachial plexus block, followed by a series of 5 patients undergoing femoral, sciatic (anterior approach), popliteal (2 patients), and brachial plexus blocks. Catheters were also identified on M-Mode sonography during pumping maneuver and during the injection of medications. Conclusion Pumping maneuver and M-Mode can be additional tools in the array of modalities applied to verify proper positioning of a nerve catheter.
Climate Sensitivity Runs and Regional Hydrologic Modeling for Predicting the Response of the Greater Florida Everglades Ecosystem to Climate Change

It is important to understand the vulnerability of the water management system in south Florida and to determine the resilience and robustness of greater Everglades restoration plans under future climate change. The current climate models, at both global and regional scales, are not ready to deliver specific climatic datasets for water resources investigations involving future plans and therefore a scenario based approach was adopted for this first study in restoration planning. We focused on the general implications of potential changes in future temperature and associated changes in evapotranspiration, precipitation, and sea levels at the regional boundary. From these, we developed a set of six climate and sea level scenarios, used them to simulate the hydrologic response of the greater Everglades region including agricultural, urban, and natural areas, and compared the results to those from a base run of current conditions. The scenarios included a 1.5 °C increase in temperature, ±10 % change in precipitation, and a 0.46 m (1.5 feet) increase in sea level for the 50-year planning horizon. The results suggested that, depending on the rainfall and temperature scenario, there would be significant changes in water budgets, ecosystem performance, and in water supply demands met. The increased sea level scenarios also show that the ground water levels would increase significantly with associated implications for flood protection in the urbanized areas of southeastern Florida.
False-Positive Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Pericardial Effusion: Result of Tumor Encasement of the Heart Simulating Constrictive Pericarditis

A 46-year-old man had advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and apparent constrictive pericarditis. Echocardiographic studies twice demonstrated apparent pericardial effusione, but pericardiocenteses were unsuccessful. Tumor encasement of the heart was diagnosed clinically and at necropsy. This entity is yet another cause of a false-positive echocardiographic diagnosis of pericardial effusion.
New formulation of the Fourier modal method for crossed surface-relief gratings

A new formulation of the Fourier modal method (FMM) that applies the correct rules of Fourier factorization for crossed surface-relief gratings is presented. The new formulation adopts a general nonrectangular Cartesian coordinate system, which gives the FMM greater generality and in some cases the ability to save computer memory and computation time. By numerical examples, the new FMM is shown to converge much faster than the old FMM. In particular, the FMM is used to produce well-converged numerical results for metallic crossed gratings. In addition, two matrix truncation schemes, the parallelogramic truncation and a new circular truncation, are considered. Numerical experiments show that the former is superior.
On the homology and cohomology of congruence subgroups

For any prime p let T’(p) denote the congruence subgroup of SL,@) of level p: T,(p) is the kernel of the surjective homomorphism SL,(iz)*SL,JFJ induced by the reduction modp ([FP is the field with p elements). The groups T,(p) are torsion-free for all odd primes p. Recent results of Charney [4] and Suslin [14] provide examples of coefficient groups M such that the groups T,(p) are homology stable with M-coefficients and that SL(IF,) acts trivially on HT M) : M= Q, z[l/p] or B/m (p not dividing m). For this choice of M we compare the stable homology groups of T,(p) with those of SL,(z) (Theorems 1.4 and 1.5). We then study the stable homology groups H;(T’(p); L/qd) (p#q primes, dr 1) for Osis5 (Section 2). Finally we look at the cohomology with 7?-coefficients and prove that the restriction homomorphism ZZ4(SL,(;2); Z)+H4(rn(p); Z) is zero for all odd primes p and n?9 (Corollary 3.3). This is an immediate consequence of the following result on the second Chern class of F”(p) : c,(T,,(p)) =0 for all odd primes p and n22.
Coherence and warranted theistic belief

This argument against the skeptic lies at the heart of Davidson's claim that using the coherence of beliefs (sentences held true) as a test for truth allows us to "be realists in all departments." (CT, p. 432) Specifically, Davidson contends that with the acceptance of a coherence test of truth "[W]e can accept objective truth conditions as the key to meaning, a realist view of truth, and we can insist that knowledge is of an objective world independent of our thought or language." (CT, p. 432) This having been said, it is important to keep in mind that Davidson's version of realism, what Michael Dummett calls "semantic realism," is not identical with what Hilary Putnam calls "metaphysical realism."2 According to metaphysical realism, there is no connection between epistemology and
Detection of viral deoxyribonucleic acid in amniotic fluid: association with fetal malformation and pregnancy abnormalities.

Objective: To first test the hypothesis that the presence of viral nucleic acid in amniotic fluid (AF) is associated with an abnormal pregnancy outcome, and second, to determine if
Understanding online B-to-C relationships: An integrated model of privacy concerns, trust, and commitment

An integrative framework from information privacy and relationship marketing arenas was employed to investigate whether a traditional business-to-business relationship marketing framework could be applied to the information-intensive online business-to-consumer channel. Roles of consumers' privacy concerns and perceived e-tailer's reputation on their trust in, commitment toward, and purchase intent toward a services e-tailer were examined. Effects of opt-in versus opt-out choice strategies on consumers' privacy concerns and trust were also studied. Results showed that the strongest relationships leading to online purchase intent were those between trust in and commitment toward an e-tailer and between firm reputation and trust. Privacy concerns influenced purchase intent with strong negative effects, both directly and indirectly through trust. No difference was observed in respective direct effects of choice strategy on privacy concerns, nor were strategies found to moderate reputation on privacy concerns or trust. Managerial implications are discussed.
Seed and microsite limitation in a late-successional old field: the effects of water, adults, litter, and small mammals on seeds and seedlings

Many plant communities are recruitment limited, which may occur because there are either too few seeds to fill available microsites, too few available microsites, or both. In a recruitment-limited, Minnesota, USA old field, we tested among these alternatives in a three-phase study. In phase 1, we estimated the production of late-successional forb and C4 grass seeds. In phase 2, we experimentally modified field establishment conditions with rainfall amendment, adult plant thinning, litter reduction, and small mammal exclusion. We then measured recruitment. On average, of the nearly 2,600 seeds produced m−2, only 164 seeds m−2 were present and living after overwintering, as measured by field and greenhouse germination. Furthermore, on average, only 9 of those 164 seeds m−2 germinated in the field, even under the relaxed establishment conditions of our four experimental treatments. Although adults of C4 grasses dominate the field, surprisingly few C4 grass seedlings germinated. To understand why, in phase 3, we added seed of the three dominant C4 grasses into the same plots the following year. Their ability to recruit into control plots compared with treated plots was relatively lower than for the ambiently recruited forbs from phase 2, suggesting that the competitively dominant C4 grasses have greater difficulty establishing in the extant community. Of the seeds that did germinate in the field in phases 2 and 3, all four experimental treatments significantly improved at least one stage of establishment, with the rainfall amendment having the greatest overall effect across species. In total, our results suggest that seed limitation was exacerbated by microsite limitation via multiple mechanisms.
Domain architecture of a calcium-permeable AMPA receptor in a ligand-free conformation.

Ligand-gated ion channels couple the free energy of agonist binding to the gating of selective transmembrane ion pores, permitting cells to regulate ion flux in response to external chemical stimuli. However, the stereochemical mechanisms responsible for this coupling remain obscure. In the case of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), the modular nature of receptor subunits has facilitated structural analysis of the N-terminal domain (NTD), and of multiple conformations of the ligand-binding domain (LBD). Recently, the crystallographic structure of an antagonist-bound form of the receptor was determined. However, disulfide trapping of this conformation blocks channel opening, suggesting that channel activation involves additional quaternary packing arrangements. To explore the conformational space available to iGluR channels, we report here a second, clearly distinct domain architecture of homotetrameric, calcium-permeable AMPARs, determined by single-particle electron microscopy of untagged and fluorescently tagged constructs in a ligand-free state. It reveals a novel packing of NTD dimers, and a separation of LBD dimers across a central vestibule. In this arrangement, which reconciles diverse functional observations, agonist-induced cleft closure across LBD dimers can be converted into a twisting motion that provides a basis for receptor activation.
Modifying Corpus Annotation to Support the Analysis of Learner Language

A crucial question for automatically analyzing learner language is to determine which grammatical information is relevant and useful for learner feedback. Based on knowledge about how learner language varies in its grammatical properties, we propose a framework for reusing analyses found in corpus annotation and illustrate its applicability to Korean postpositional particles. Simple transformations of the corpus annotation allow one to quickly use state-of-the-art parsing methods.
A comprehensive long term dynamic simulation for power system recovery

The long term dynamic system behavior under severe frequency and voltage changes, and the logics of automatic control actions (e.g., underfrequency load shedding and underfrequency generator separation) are discussed. The long term power system dynamic simulation is devised as a tool for studying the coordination of emergency control techniques in order to prevent significant deviations in power systems variables. A modification of the fast, decoupled power flow technique is considered for the quasi-stationary power flow solution. This approach is enhanced by the trapezoidal rule integration algorithm and the Runge-Kutta fourth order method for the solution of power system dynamic equations. Typical scenarios for the system recovery after power outages are discussed, and recommendations for the implementation of these techniques in large-scale power systems are provided. These topics are illustrated by two practical-examples for modern power systems. >
How to Promote or Implement Evidenced-Based Practice in a Clinical Setting

How does one promote or implement evidenced-based practice in a clinical setting? This question is often raised, and without a step-by-step plan, the answer is often left unanswered. Research can b...
Historical changes in pool habitats in the Columbia River basin

An historical stream survey (1934-1945) was compared with current surveys (1987-1997) to assess changes in pool frequencies in the Columbia River Basin. We sur- veyed 2267 km of 122 streams across the basin, representing a wide range of lithologies, stream sizes, land use histories, ownerships, and ecoregions. Based on pool classes inherited from the historical surveys, the frequencies of large ( $20 m 2 and $0.9 m depth) and deep ($20 m 2 and $1.8 m depth) pools have decreased significantly (P , 0.01) since the 1930s. We classified streams as natural or commodity based on their watershed management and land use histories. Natural streams were in watersheds minimally affected by human ac- tivities (e.g., wilderness or roadless designation, limited entry), with only 12% having roads in riparian areas. Commodity streams were defined as having watersheds managed pre- dominantly for extraction of resources via timber harvest, livestock grazing, and other human activities. Ninety percent of these streams had roads in the riparian areas. In natural streams, large-pool frequencies increased or remained the same in 96% of the streams (88% for deep pools). In commodity streams, large- and deep-pool frequencies decreased in 52% and 54% of the streams, respectively. Despite differences in stream size and the level of human activities, the magnitude and direction of these changes were consistent. Land ownership did not influence trends; pools decreased significantly on both private and public lands. Only where entire watersheds or headwaters were designated as wilderness or roadless areas did pools consistently remain unchanged or increase. Pool frequencies decreased in all ecoregions except the North Cascades ecoregion. We developed regional histories of human activities for the Columbia River Basin. Human activity histories were typically of low spatial resolution and available for broad geographic areas only; we rarely were able to obtain information at the scale of individual watersheds. Consequently, we were unable to test the relationship between temporal and spatial patterns in human activities and their influence on site-specific trends in pools. Despite our inability to isolate causal mechanisms, management emphasis and human activities clearly influenced trends in pools. We conclude that the persistent effects of human activities have simplified stream channels and reduced large- and deep-pool frequencies in watersheds outside of designated wilderness and road- less areas in the Columbia River Basin.
Exclusion of III Children from Day-care Centers: Policy and Practice in New Haven, Connecticut

Despite evidence that children who attend group day-care centers have an increased frequency of infectious illnesses, appropriate criteria for exclusion of ill children from day-care centers have not been defined. Of the 89 licensed day-care centers in the New Haven area, 53 (60%) returned an anonymous questionnaire about their practices in managing ill children. Most of the centers (median size—38) included only children aged 3 to 5 years. The percentage of centers that excluded children with specific signs or symptoms varied from 100% for fever to 30% for either cough or runny nose. Although all of the day-care centers excluded children with fever, the minimum temperature defined as fever varied substantially (median—99.1°F). Most centers (62%) relied on the parents' discretion for allowing an ill child to return to the center.
Predicting Wind Erodibility of Loessial Soils in the Pacific Northwest by Particle Sizing

ABSTRACT Wind tunnel tests on silty textured loessial soils throughout the Columbia Plateau of eastern Washington state and northern central Oregon were used to define soil erodibiltiy for wind erosion predictions. Aggregate and primary particle size distributions were determined by common techniques and correlated with the wind tunnel erosion values. Dry aerodynamic particle sizing by a laser method was not useful due to disaggregation caused by the method, although it verified the upper size of sieving cuts. Neither wet dispersed nor aerodynamic techniques provided useful results for discriminating among the wind tunnel erodibility of the tested soils. A combination of standard wire-mesh and sonic sieving of dry aggregates from 30 µm to 2000 µm proved most applicable for correlation to soil mass eroded during wind tunnel field trails. Separate correlations were made for silty soils that are readily suspendible and sandy soils that are largely moved by saltation. Application of these correlations to wind...
The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses

One of the most remarkable aspects of an animal's behavior is the ability to modify that behavior by learning, an ability that reaches its highest form in human beings. For me, learning and memory have proven to be endlessly fascinating mental processes because they address one of the fundamental features of human activity: our ability to acquire new ideas from experience and to retain these ideas over time in memory. Moreover, unlike other mental processes such as thought, language, and consciousness, learning seemed from the outset to be readily accessible to cellular and molecular analysis. I, therefore, have been curious to know: What changes in the brain when we learn? And, once something is learned, how is that information retained in the brain? I have tried to address these questions through a reductionist approach that would allow me to investigate elementary forms of learning and memory at a cellular molecular level-as specific molecular activities within identified nerve cells.
High Voltage, Small Back-lighted Thyratrons

We report comparative studies of mini (6.3 mm diameter electrodes) and medium sized (19 mm diameter electrodes) pseudospark and back-lighted thyratron (BLT) switches. Currents greater than 9 kA, and hold-off voltages in excess of 40 kV have been achieved, the highest hold-off occurring in the smaller diameter switch. The switches are optically triggered; we consider here with helium and hydrogen fill. The results suggest that the switches can be optimized for miniaturized high voltage pulse generation, and that smaller switches have potential for compact repetitive pulsed power applications.
CUSUM algorithm for detecting translations in gamma distributions

The cumulative sum algorithm is developed for detecting translations of in-control gamma distributions. Efficient computing algorithms for the first two moments of the in-control and out-of-control run length distribution are provided. The special case of exponential distributions is discussed in some detail as it provides an unusual context where analytical formulae are available. The results are illustrated by applying them to a network surveillance context. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Hidden Curriculum of Gender in Dance Education

The concept of the “hidden curriculum” can reveal complex issues of gender in dance education, ones which often reinforce gender stereotypes in the larger culture. The hidden curriculum, referring to everything students are learning besides what teachers are explicitly teaching, is generated through the taken for granted structures and practices of educational institutions, including dance studios as well as schools. The author suggests that federal funding guidelines and focus on Outcomes Based Education (OBE) may be hindering the kind of research needed to more fully understand what gender lessons are being conveyed in dance classes, such as those having to do with gendered behavior and appearance. It is proposed that teaching practices embodying unwanted gender messages can be changed through a process that begins with awareness and critical reflection.
Bankruptcy prediction using quarterly financial statement data

The purposes of this study were to assess the usefulness of quarterly data for predicting bankruptcy and to determine if the earlier prediction by quarterly bankruptcy models can be obtained withou...
The Effects of Informal Social Structures: A Cognition–Structure–Action Approach

The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of epistemic motives and social structures on individual actions and the implications for organizational outcomes. It has been suggested that the informal social structures that develop within organizations affect the behavior of individuals, perhaps more so than formal structure. If this is true, when studying organizations it may be important to examine the effects of informal social structures on individual actions and organizational outcomes. Drawing on findings from epistemic motive theory and expanding social capital theory, a cognition–structure–action model is introduced as a way to begin systematically examining the informal structure of relations that form within organizations on individual behavior. A multilevel perspective is used to examine the interrelationships between formal organizational structures and epistemic motivation and the formation of informal social structure. This article contributes to network research by examining potenti...
Dynamic microscopy of nanoscale cluster growth at the solid–liquid interface

Dynamic processes at the solid–liquid interface are of key importance across broad areas of science and technology. Electrochemical deposition of copper, for example, is used for metallization in integrated circuits, and a detailed understanding of nucleation, growth and coalescence is essential in optimizing the final microstructure. Our understanding of processes at the solid–vapour interface has advanced tremendously over the past decade due to the routine availability of real-time, high-resolution imaging techniques yielding data that can be compared quantitatively with theory1,2,3. However, the difficulty of studying the solid–liquid interface leaves our understanding of processes there less complete. Here we analyse dynamic observations—recorded in situ using a novel transmission electron microscopy technique—of the nucleation and growth of nanoscale copper clusters during electrodeposition. We follow in real time the evolution of individual clusters, and compare their development with simulations incorporating the basic physics of electrodeposition during the early stages of growth. The experimental technique developed here is applicable to a broad range of dynamic phenomena at the solid–liquid interface.