cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-fatigue recovery of power, postural control and physical function in older women

Low muscle power, particularly at high velocities, has been linked to poor physical function in older adults. Any loss in muscle power following fatiguing exercise or daily activities could impact physical function and postural control until power has fully recovered. To test the overall hypothesis that a common task such as walking can result in prolonged power loss and decreased physical function and balance, 17 healthy older (66–81 years) women completed a 32-min walking test (32MWT) designed to induce neuromuscular fatigue, followed by 60min of recovery (60R). Fatigue and recovery of knee extensor muscle power (3 velocities) were quantified by dynamometry. Function was quantified by chair rise time and postural control by measures of center of pressure (COP) range (mm) and velocity (mm·s-1) during quiet stance. Power declined at all velocities by 8–13% 2min following the 32MWT (p≤0.02) and remained depressed by 8–26% at 60R (p≤0.04). Postural control decreased following the 32MWT, indicated by increased COP range in the anterior-posterior (AP, p<0.01) direction and a trend in the medial-lateral (ML) direction (p = 0.09), and returned to baseline by 60R (p≥0.10). COP velocity was unchanged immediately following the 32MWT, but at 60R was lower in ML (p = 0.03) and tended to be reduced in AP (p = 0.07). Changes in high-velocity power (270°·s-1) were associated with altered postural control (p = 0.02) and chair rise performance (p≤0.03). These results provide evidence of long-duration neuromuscular changes following fatigue in healthy older women that may place them at increased risk for functional deficits during everyday mobility tasks.
Parental Perceptions of Child Vulnerability in Families of Youth With Spina Bifida: the Role of Parental Distress and Parenting Stress.

Objective This longitudinal study aimed to investigate parental distress and parenting stress in relation to parental perception of child vulnerability (PPCV) in youth with spina bifida (SB). Methods Parents of 140 youth with SB (ages 8-15 years at Time 1) were recruited as part of a longitudinal study; data were collected at two time points, spaced 2 years apart. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaires assessing levels of personal distress, parenting stress, and PPCV. Results Mothers and fathers reported similar levels of personal distress, parenting stress, and PPCV, but reports of PPCV increased over time. For mothers, both personal distress and parenting stress were significantly associated with PPCV cross-sectionally, but not longitudinally. For fathers, there were significant cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between parenting stress and PPCV. The cross-sectional association between maternal parenting stress and PPCV was moderated by age, with a significant association only for older youth. Conclusions For parents of youth with SB, personal distress, and parenting stress are related to parental perceptions of child vulnerability, and child age may moderate this relationship. Parental personal distress and parenting stress are important targets for future interventions.
Addressing Onset and Desistance of Bullying Behavior: Surveying Perpetrators

Abstract Youth bullying is often considered a pathway to delinquency. However, not all youths who engage in bullying continue on to future delinquency. Research suggests that various behavioral tra...
Adrenergic Receptor Signaling Components in Gene Therapy

Adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling is a key regulator of normal cardiopulmonary homeostasis. Under pathophysiological conditions, such as heart failure, asthma, and hypertension, there are alterations in the signaling cascades. Advances in the ability to manipulate the adenoviral genome have allowed the development of gene therapy in which transgenes of interest are inserted into the adenovirus and transferred to mammals in an organ-specific manner based on delivery methods. These transgenes have included components of the AR signaling pathway that have gone awry at the level of the AR itself or the G protein it activates, the G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins that regulate AR desensitization, or the adenylyl cyclase that subsequently activates protein kinase A activity. The use of these vectors in both the heart and the lung has offered promising novel benefits for animal models of disease, including heart failure and lung disorders, and it remains to be determined whether these will be successful future therapeutic strategies in human disease.
Did You Hear the One About the Irishman…?: Comic Transformations

Did You Hear the One About the Irishman…? is analyzed exploring Reid’s use of humor and particularly jokes and joking as a means of resistance to sectarian ideals, but oftentimes a source of perpetuating harmful stereotypes as well.
Design of the Low-Energy DC Gun for Field-Emission Cathode Investigation

A Direct-Current (DC) electron source test-stand to explore field-emission from various cathodes has been designed. The design also includes a provision to allow for laser-triggered field emission using a femtosecond laser source. The gun is instrumented to measure the beam transverse distribution, the transverse emittance, and I-V characteristic curves. The electrostatic design of the gun and multi-particle simulations of the beamline are presented and planned experiment discussed.
Extra-familial social factors and obesity in the Hispanic Community Children’s Health Study/Study of Latino Youth

Hispanic/Latino youth are disproportionately affected by obesity. However, how social factors outside of the family relate to Hispanic/Latino youth obesity is not well understood. We examined associations of extra-familial social factors with overweight/obesity prevalence, and their variation by sex and age, in 1444 Study of Latino Youth participants [48.6% female; 43.4% children (8–11 years); 56.6% adolescents (12–16 years)], who were offspring of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos participants. Youth self-reported general social support from friends, dietary-, and physical activity (PA)-specific support from peers, and awareness/internalization of thinness ideals. Overweight/obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 85th percentile. Logistic regression models assessed effects of social factors and their interactions with age-group and sex, adjusting for potential confounders. Social support from friends interacted with both age and sex in relation to overweight/obesity. Female children who reported lesser (OR 0.60; 95% CI [0.39, 0.91]) and female adolescents who reported greater (OR 1.35; 95% CI [1.06, 1.74]) social support from friends had higher odds of overweight/obesity. Among males, greater awareness/internalization of thinness ideals related to higher odds of overweight/obesity (OR 2.30; 95% CI [1.59, 3.31]). Awareness/internalization of thinness ideals was not associated with overweight/obesity among females. Dietary and PA-specific peer support did not relate to overweight/obesity. Social support from friends and awareness/internalization of thinness ideals were significantly related to odds of overweight/obesity in Hispanic/Latino youth; associations varied by age and sex, and persisted after control for intra-familial factors (overall family support/function; diet and activity specific support).
Selecting a landscape model for natural resource management applications

Climate change and associated ecological impacts have challenged many conventional, observation-based approaches for predicting ecosystem and landscape responses to natural resource management. Complex spatial ecological models provide powerful, flexible tools which managers and others can use to make inferences about management impacts on future, no-analog landscape conditions. However, land managers who wish to use ecosystem and landscape models for natural resource applications are faced with the difficult task of deciding among many models that differ in important ways. Here, we summarize a process to aid managers in the selection of an appropriate model for natural resource management. To guide management planning, scientifically credible information on how landscapes will respond to management actions under changing climate is required. Landscape models are increasingly used in a management context to evaluate of impacts of changing climate and interacting stressors on ecosystems and to test effects of alternative management options on desired conditions. However, the wide range of available models makes selection of appropriate and viable models a complex process. We present a series of preliminary steps to define critical scales of time, space, and ecological organization to guide an experimental design for a modeling project and then list a set of criteria for selecting a landscape or ecological model. Material presented includes the preliminary steps (crafting modeling objective, designing modeling project), organizational concerns (resources available, expertise on hand, timelines), and modeling details (complexity, design, documentation) of model selection.
Abstract 3041: CD72 as a potential new therapeutic target in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)

Cluster of differentiation 72 (CD72) is a 45 kDa type II transmembrane glycoprotein expressed primarily on the surface of B cells. In a search for a novel lymphoma specific target, public datasets were leveraged to assess mRNA expression. We investigated CD72 mRNA expression in cell lines (data from CCLE), patients (data from TCGA) and normal tissues (data from GTEx). The absence of CD72 in normal tissue and the presence in B cells and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL) made CD72 a potential target for the treatment of B-NHL, mainly DLBCL and MCL. CD72 expression on the cell surface was tested by FACS in 15 DLBCL and 5 MCL cell lines. Of these, 12 DLBCL and 4 MCL were positive for CD72, while 3 DLBCL and 1 MCL showed no CD72 expression. In all cell lines tested, the cell surface expression of CD72 correlated with mRNA expression. To evaluate the potential of CD72 as an ADC target, 4 cell lines were treated in vitro with three commercial monoclonal anti-CD72 primary antibodies (clones J4-117, 3F3 and BU40), and MMAF-conjugated secondary antibody. The cell lines used were RL (DLBCL, CD72+), SCC-3 (DLBCL, CD72-), Jeko-1 and Mino (both MCL, CD72+). The cell growth inhibition after 96 hrs of treatment for for all control conditions; anti-CD72 primary antibody, IgG isotype, MMAF secondary antibody alone or combined with IgG isotype; tested in all cell lines, CD72+ or CD72- ranged from -3 to +4%. Conversely, anti-CD72 primary antibodies plus MMAF secondary antibody had marked growth inhibition effect ranged from 24 to 80% on the three CD72+ cell lines and no effect on cell growth in CD72- cell line, suggesting internalization of CD72 and growth inhibition dependent on the presence of CD72 on the cell surface. This is the first study demonstrating a potential role for CD72 as a novel target for DLBCL and MCL. These data suggest that CD72 may be a candidate for an ADC approach in DLBCL and MCL. Citation Format: Erika Von Euw, Eileen Taschereau, Da Ming Ou, Monica Mead, Sarah Larson, Dennis Slamon. CD72 as a potential new therapeutic target in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3041.
muSSP: Efficient Min-cost Flow Algorithm for Multi-object Tracking

Min-cost flow has been a widely used paradigm for solving data association problems in multi-object tracking (MOT). However, most existing methods of solving min-cost flow problems in MOT are either direct adoption or slight modifications of generic min-cost flow algorithms, yielding sub-optimal computation efficiency and holding the applications back from larger scale of problems. In this paper, by exploiting the special structures and properties of the graphs formulated in MOT problems, we develop an efficient min-cost flow algorithm, namely, minimum-update Successive Shortest Path (muSSP). muSSP is proved to provide exact optimal solution and we demonstrated its efficiency through 40 experiments on five MOT datasets with various object detection results and a number of graph designs. muSSP is always the most efficient in each experiment compared to the three peer solvers, improving the efficiency by 5 to 337 folds relative to the best competing algorithm and averagely 109 to 4089 folds to each of the three peer methods.
Removal of antibiotic resistance genes in an algal-based wastewater treatment system employing Galdieria sulphuraria: A comparative study

In this study, we compared removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in two wastewater treatment systems fed with the same primary effluent: a conventional wastewater treatment system (consisting of a trickling filter followed by an activated sludge process) versus an algal-based system, employing an extremophilic alga, Galdieria sulphuraria. Our results demonstrated that the algal system can reduce concentrations of erythromycin- and sulfamethoxazole-resistant bacteria in the effluent more effectively than the conventional treatment system. A decreasing trend of total bacteria and ARGs was observed in both the treatment systems. However, the relative ratio of most ARGs (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, sul1) and intI1 in the surviving bacteria increased in the conventional system; whereas, the algal system reduced more of the relative abundance of qnrA, qnrS, tetW and intⅠ1 in the surviving bacteria. The role of bacteriophages in horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs in the two systems was indicated by a positive correlation between ARG absolute abundance in bacteriophage and ARG relative abundance in the bacteria. Four of the five detectable genes (qnrS, tetW, sul1 and intI1) were significantly reduced in the algal system in bacteriophage phase which signified a decrease in phage-mediated ARG transfer in the algal system. Results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of the algal-based wastewater treatment system in decreasing ARGs and ARB and in minimizing the spread of antibiotic resistance to the environment.
Trajectory Generation on SE(3) for an Underactuated Vehicle with Pointing Direction Constraints

This paper addresses the problem of generating a position trajectory with pointing direction constraints at given waypoints for underactuated unmanned vehicles. The problem is initially posed on the configuration space $\mathbb{R}^{3}\times \mathbb{S}^{2}$ and thereafter, upon suitable modifications, is re-posed as a problem on the Lie group SE(3). This is done by determining a vector orthogonal to the pointing direction and using it as the vehicle's thrust direction. This translates to converting reduced attitude constraints to full attitude constraints at the waypoints. For the position trajectory, in addition to position constraints, this modification adds acceleration constraints at the waypoints. For real-time implementation with low computational expenses, a linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) approach is adopted to determine the position trajectory with smoothness upto the fourth time derivative of position (snap). For the attitude trajectory, the thrust direction extracted from the position trajectory is used to first propagate the attitude to the subsequent waypoint and then correct it over time to achieve the desired attitude at this waypoint. Finally, numerical simulation results are presented to validate the trajectory generation scheme.
Investigational MET inhibitors to treat Renal cell carcinoma.

Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) consists of distinct clinical and biologic entities, with an urgent need for novel therapies targeting histology-specific molecular drivers of cancer growth...
Extraction Chromatographic Materials for Clean Hydrometallurgical Separation of Rare-Earth Elements Using Diglycolamide Extractants

The uncertain supply of the rare-earth elements (REE) from conventional sources such as bastnaesite and monazite demands the search for alternative sources. Unconventional sources such as phosphate...
You Shall Not Pass: Memory CD8 T Cells in Liver-Stage Malaria

Each year over 200 million malaria infections occur, with over 400 000 associated deaths. Vaccines formed with attenuated whole parasites can induce protective memory CD8 T cell responses against liver-stage malaria; however, widespread administration of such vaccines is logistically challenging. Recent scientific findings are delineating how protective memory CD8 T cell populations are primed and maintained and how such cells mediate immunity to liver-stage malaria. Memory CD8 T cell anatomic localization and expression of transcription factors, homing receptors, and signaling molecules appear to play integral roles in protective immunity to liver-stage malaria. Further investigation of how such factors contribute to optimal protective memory CD8 T cell generation and maintenance in humans will inform efforts for improved vaccines.
Measurement of Viscoelasticity of Complex Fluids with Diffusing-Wave Spectroscopy

Dynamic light scattering call be used to measure the viscosity of a fluid by determining the diffusion coefficient of a particle of a known diameter. In addition, it has been used to measure the fluctuations of a gel network, which can provide some information about the elastic modulus of the gel. Ilere, we extend these applications to measure the full frequency dependent viscoelastic moduli of several different complex fluids. The samples all scatter light very strongly, making it imperative to use diffusing-wave spectroscopy. This also allows materials with a much higher elastic contribution to be studied. This talk will review the general method, and will include a more detailed discussion of the application of this method to the study of the viscoelasticity of hard spheres near the colloidal glass transition.
Navigating cultural intimacy in Tasmanian Aboriginal public culture

This article examines the utility of, and embarrassment around, strategic essentialism in Tasmanian Aboriginal public culture. My argument is informed by extensive participant observation in commun...
Improving Anti-Neurodegenerative Benefits of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease: Are Irreversible Inhibitors the Future?

Decades of research have produced no effective method to prevent, delay the onset, or slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In contrast to these failures, acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitors slow the clinical progression of the disease and randomized, placebo-controlled trials in prodromal and mild to moderate AD patients have shown AChE inhibitor anti-neurodegenerative benefits in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal forebrain. CNS neurodegeneration and atrophy are now recognized as biomarkers of AD according to the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA) criteria and recent evidence shows that these markers are among the earliest signs of prodromal AD, before the appearance of amyloid. The current AChE inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) have short-acting mechanisms of action that result in dose-limiting toxicity and inadequate efficacy. Irreversible AChE inhibitors, with a long-acting mechanism of action, are inherently CNS selective and can more than double CNS AChE inhibition possible with short-acting inhibitors. Irreversible AChE inhibitors open the door to high-level CNS AChE inhibition and improved anti-neurodegenerative benefits that may be an important part of future treatments to more effectively prevent, delay the onset, or slow the progression of AD.
Associations of Cord Blood Vitamin D and Preeclampsia With Offspring Blood Pressure in Childhood and Adolescence

Importance Maternal preeclampsia may be one of the early risk factors for childhood and adolescence elevated blood pressure (BP). It is unknown whether the intergenerational association between maternal preeclampsia and offspring BP differs by cord blood vitamin D levels. Objective To assess the associations between maternal preeclampsia and offspring systolic BP (SBP) across childhood and adolescence and to test whether these associations vary by cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations (a biomarker of in utero vitamin D status). Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study analyzed 6669 SBP observations from 754 mother-child pairs from the Boston Birth Cohort, who were enrolled from December 1998 to June 2009. Data were analyzed from October 2019 to March 2020. Exposures Physician-diagnosed maternal preeclampsia. Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations measured in cord blood samples collected at delivery. Main Outcomes and Measures Repeated SBP measures between 3 and 18 years of age. The SBP percentile was calculated based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics hypertension guidelines. Mean difference in SBP percentile in children born to mothers with vs without preeclampsia was compared across different cord blood 25(OH)D levels. Results There were 6669 SBP observations from the 754 children; 50.0% were female and 18.6% were born preterm. Of the 754 mothers, 62.2% were Black and 10.5% had preeclampsia. Median cord blood 25(OH)D was 12.2 (interquartile range, 7.9-17.2) ng/mL. Maternal preeclampsia was associated with 5.34 (95% CI, 1.37-9.30) percentile higher SBP after adjusting for confounders. This association varied by quartiles of cord blood 25(OH)D concentrations: the differences in SBP percentile comparing children born to mothers with vs without preeclampsia were 10.56 (95% CI, 2.54-18.56) for quartile 1 (lowest), 7.36 (95% CI, –0.17 to 14.88) for quartile 2, 4.94 (95% CI, –3.07 to 12.96) for quartile 3, and –1.87 (95% CI, –9.71 to 5.96) for quartile 4 (highest). When cord blood 25(OH)D was analyzed continuously, children born to mothers with preeclampsia had 3.47 (95% CI, 0.77-6.18) percentile lower SBP per 5 ng/mL 25(OH)D increment. These associations did not differ by child sex or developmental stages. Conclusions and Relevance In this study of a US high-risk birth cohort, maternal preeclampsia was associated with higher offspring SBP from early childhood to adolescence. These associations were attenuated by higher cord blood 25(OH)D levels in a dose-response fashion. Additional studies, including clinical trials, are warranted.
BIG IMAGERY AND HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AS RESOURCES TO UNDERSTAND CHANGING ARCTIC POLYGONAL TUNDRA

Abstract. Permafrost thaw has been observed at several locations across the Arctic tundra in recent decades; however, the pan-Arctic extent and spatiotemporal dynamics of thaw remains poorly explained. Thaw-induced differential ground subsidence and dramatic microtopographic transitions, such as transformation of low-centered ice-wedge polygons (IWPs) into high-centered IWPs can be characterized using very high spatial resolution (VHSR) commercial satellite imagery. Arctic researchers demand for an accurate estimate of the distribution of IWPs and their status across the tundra domain. The entire Arctic has been imaged in 0.5 m resolution by commercial satellite sensors; however, mapping efforts are yet limited to small scales and confined to manual or semi-automated methods. Knowledge discovery through artificial intelligence (AI), big imagery, and high performance computing (HPC) resources is just starting to be realized in Arctic science. Large-scale deployment of VHSR imagery resources requires sophisticated computational approaches to automated image interpretation coupled with efficient use of HPC resources. We are in the process of developing an automated Mapping Application for Permafrost Land Environment (MAPLE) by combining big imagery, AI, and HPC resources. The MAPLE uses deep learning (DL) convolutional neural nets (CNNs) algorithms on HPCs to automatically map IWPs from VHSR commercial satellite imagery across large geographic domains. We trained and tasked a DLCNN semantic object instance segmentation algorithm to automatically classify IWPs from VHSR satellite imagery. Overall, our findings demonstrate the robust performances of IWP mapping algorithm in diverse tundra landscapes and lay a firm foundation for its operational-level application in repeated documentation of circumpolar permafrost disturbances.
Computation of Instability and Transition

Some of the author’s views on the state of transition calculations in 1989, and on desirable future trends, are presented. Aeronautical applications are kept in mind, and the emphasis is on wall-bounded flows. It is argued that some of the effort now devoted to the late stages of transition in excessively confined periodic domains should be shifted to studies of the early stages of transition (up to mildly nonlinear) and in particular to receptivity. There are many reasons besides nonlinearity to embark on a numerical study. Such work would contribute more to transition prediciton. A worthwhile study of the early transition stages requires a larger computational domain and more difficult boundary conditions, but not a very fine grid. Intermidiate strategies, more involved than the classical Orr-Sommerfeld equation but much more economical than full Navier-Stokes solutions, should not be forgotten. We must also strive to treat more realistic geometries and disturbance, and the need for compressible calculations is pressing.
Show Me the Money: Patients' Perspectives on a Decision Aid for Sacubitril/Valsartan Addressing Out-of-Pocket Cost.

Background Out-of-pocket medication costs for patients who have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction may be an important part of shared decision-making, but cost has generally been excluded from clinical discussions. This study reports patients' perspectives on a decision aid for sacubitril/valsartan that explicitly addresses out-of-pocket costs. Methods Structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction from 2 medical centers to elicit their views on a publicly available decision aid for sacubitril/valsartan that explicitly incorporates considerations related to out-of-pocket costs. Qualitative descriptive analysis was conducted. Results Key themes identified were general enthusiasm for decision aids for medication decisions, openness on the part of patients to incorporation of cost into decision-making and the decision aid, requests for greater specificity regarding patient-specific cost, and challenges communicating evidence of benefit in a way that allows patients to make cost-benefit analyses for themselves. Patients also raised questions regarding logistical challenges of incorporating a decision aid into the normal clinical and decision-making workflow. Conclusions Patients were receptive to the inclusion of out-of-pocket cost as relevant in a decision aid for sacubitril/valsartan. Key challenges to effective integration of cost in these decisions include developing mechanisms for acquiring reliable patient-specific cost estimates and addressing patients' difficulties (and sometimes skepticism) applying trial evidence to their own situation. In addition, implementation strategies are important to develop to facilitate decision aid integration for routine medical decisions into clinic workflow.
Microstructural and Superconducting Radiofrequency Properties of Multilayer Sequentially Sputtered Nb 3 Sn films

Nb3Sn is considered as a potential candidate for superconducting radiofrequency cavities for particle acceleration due to its higher transition temperature of 18.3 K and higher superheating field of 400 mT. Nb3Sn films can be grown inside the surface of a Nb cavity by sequentially sputtering multiple layers of Nb and Sn thin films followed by annealing at 950 °C for 3 h. We report on the properties of Nb3Sn films grown on Nb substrates by magnetron sputtering. The films’ crystal structure, surface morphology, and composition were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The films had a polycrystalline Nb3Sn structure with a fine-grain surface and an atomic Sn composition of ∼23%. The RF surface resistance of the films was measured for different temperatures at 7.4 GHz to understand the feasibility of this method for the SRF application. The RF surface resistance of the films was 5 mΩ at 12 K, which is about 2 orders of magnitude higher than 60 μΩ previously measured in Nb3Sn films grown by Sn vapor diffusion. The sputtered film had a superconducting transition at 17.2 K, which is also lower than 17.9 K observed in Nb3Sn film prepared by vapor diffusion.
Blow-away in the extreme low-mass starburst galaxy Pox 186

Pox 186 is an exceptionally small dwarf starburst galaxy hosting a stellar mass of ~10^5 solar masses. Undetected in HI (M 400 km/s, and a narrow one with sigma < 30 km/s. We find strikingly different morphologies between the two components and direct evidence of outflows as seen in the high velocity gas. Possible physical mechanisms driving the creation of high velocity gas seen in [OIII] are discussed, from outflow geometry to turbulent mixing between a hot (10^6 K) star-cluster wind and cooler (10^4 K) gas clouds. We find a modest mass-outflow rate of 0.022 solar masses yr^-1 with a small mass loading factor of 0.5, consistent with other low mass galaxies. Finally we compare the mass-loading factor of Pox 186 with extrapolations from numerical simulations and discuss possible reasons for the apparent discrepancy between them.
Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Study Group: JACC Focus Seminar 2/8.

In 1984, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) decided to study the efficacy and safety of the treatment of acute myocardial infarction with an emerging therapy, coronary thrombolysis, and thus the TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) Study Group was born. Following completion of 3 clinical trials of thrombolytic therapy supported by the NHLBI, TIMI became an academic research organization headquartered at Brigham and Women's Hospital and subsequently branched out to study a wide range of patients, including those with stable coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial disease; dyslipidemia; heart failure; atrial fibrillation; diabetes; and obesity. TIMI also began to study a wide range of interventions including thrombolytic, antithrombotic, lipid-modifying, anti-inflammatory, heart failure, glucose-lowering, and weight loss agents. TIMI, now in its 37th year, has completed >70 trials. This review describes the origins of the TIMI Study Group, summarizes several of its completed trials and the major lessons learned from them, and discusses ongoing trials and future directions.
Outcome Mechanisms for Improved Employment and Earnings Through Screened Job Training: Evidence from an RCT

This study fills a gap in the literature on the outcome mechanisms in which successful training programs improve employment and earnings, such as raises on the job or longer job duration. The city of New Orleans implemented a job training program as an RCT for low-income workers. Individuals in the treatment group were more likely to work in the target industries and move out of low-skill industries. In the first 9 months after training, the treatment group experienced higher earnings with new employers and with existing employments. After 9 months, the effects were driven by higher probability of staying with an employer (with now-higher earnings). Findings encourage patience on the part of trainees and the government, as workers may not find their stable, target employment immediately. Government may also want to find ways to improve early connections with employers after training.
Evaluation of iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial foods formulated for healthy cats.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial foods and compare among food formats (dry, canned, raw), foods marketed by age category (adult 1+ y...
Sub-surface soil carbon changes affects biofuel greenhouse gas emissions.

Changes in direct soil organic carbon (SOC) can have a major impact on overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biofuels when using life-cycle assessment (LCA). Estimated changes in SOC, when accounted for in an LCA, are typically derived from near-surface soil depths ( 30 cm) could have a large positive or negative impact on overall GHG emissions from biofuels that are not always accounted for. Here, we evaluate how sub-surface SOC changes impact biofuel GHG emissions for corn (Zea mays L.) grain, corn stover, and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) using the (Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in the Transportation) GREET model. Biofuel GHG emissions showed as much as a 154% difference between using near-surface SOC stocks changes only or when accounting for both near- and sub-surface SOC stock changes. Differences in GHG emissions highlight the importance of accounting for sub-surface SOC changes especially in bioenergy cropping systems with potential for soil C storage to deeper soil depths.
Luenberger observer-based H/sub /spl infin//-compensator design for nonstandard problems

This paper presents Luenberger observer-based H/sub /spl infin//-compensator design methods for different nonstandard cases. These design methods are developed based on the bounded real lemma, and the resultant design algorithms are two Riccati inequalities which are not mutually coupled.
20 Gb/s self-timed vector processing with Josephson single-flux quantum technology

Self-timing and vector processing are combined in the 20 Gb/s superconducting single flux quantum (SFQ) digital system presented. Experimental test results are presented for circuit components including the Muller-C element, the shift register, the vector completion detector, and the clock generator.
Testing the Reliability and Validity of Belk’S and Richins’ Materialism Scales

A Study was conducted to ascertain the reliability and validity of two key measures of materialism, the Belk’s (1985) scale and the Richins’ (1987) scale. Both Belk’s and Richins scale showed evidence of convergence, and both showed evidence of nomological validity by correlating negatively with life satisfaction measures.
Nonlinear regression for image enhancement via generalized deterministic annealing

ABSTRACT We introduce new classes of image enhancement techniques that are based on optimizing local characteristics of theimage. Using a new optimization technique for nonconvex combinatorial optimization problems, Generalized DeterministicAnnealing (GDA), we computefuzzy nonlinear regressions of noisy images with respect to characteristic image sets definedby certain local image models. The image enhancement results demonstrate the powerful approach of nonlinear regression andthe low-cost, high-quality optimization of GDA. 1. INTRODUCTION According to [7], the goal of image enhancement is "to process a given image so that the result is more suitable than the original (input) image for a specific application." Global approaches to the image enhancement problem, such as histogram modification, linear filtering, and Fourier transform modification, often fail to preserve important local features inthe image. Local methods, based on constrained optimization, attempt to preserve an image property, such as continuity,while at the same time producing an output image that is "close" to the input image [6,9]. Unfortunately, the optimizationmethods suffer two main drawbacks. First, the methods do not provide a flexible mathematical framework for different imagemodels needed for different applications. Secondly, the computational cost of obtaining the image enhancement results usingconstrained combinatorial optimization is impractical for time-dependent image processing. In this paper, an approach toimage enhancement is described that exploits several image models based on well-defmed local image characteristics. Also,using generalized deterministic annealing (GDA), high quality image enhancement results are obtained inexpensively.In this paper, we first define fuzzy nonlinear regression and then introduce the regression models employed for imageenhancement. A brief discussion of the optimization algorithm used, GDA, is given, and a non-heuristic implementation isprovided. Finally, we give several examples that demonstrate image enhancement using nonlinear regression via GDA.
Isotopic composition of strontium and sulfur in secondary gypsum crystals, Brown Hills, Transantarctic mountains

Prismatic gypsum crystals are forming in soil at one locality along the coast of the Brown Hills (lat. 79°45′S, long. 159°46.7′E). They are enriched in radiogenic 87Sr and have an 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7517. This value permits the conclusion that the Sr was derived from the igneous basement rocks (Cambrian) in the Brown Hills and excludes the possibility that the Sr is of marine origin. The δ 34S of the gypsum crystals is +11.5% which coincides with the value of this parameter in marine evaporites of Permian age. However, the absence of such evaporite rocks in the Transantarctic Mountains and the elevated 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the gypsum do not support such an origin for the sulfate. The δ 34S values of pyrite from pegmatite and mafic rocks from the local basement range from +4.0‰ to +7.0‰. These results indicate that the sulfate ion may have formed by oxidation of sulfide minerals in the igneous basement rocks of the Brown Hills. One graphite sample from a metadiorite has δ 13C = −7.6‰ which is close to the value observed in deep-seated igneous rocks. The formation of secondary gypsum crystals is therefore attributable to the oxidation of sulfide minerals in the igneous basement rocks of the Brown Hills.
Interleukin-1β stimulates adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone release in 10-day-old rat pups

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a cytokine secreted in response to immunological challenge which has effects in many physiological systems in adult models. Among the central nervous system effects of IL-1 are its ability to alter sleep patterns, body temperature, and certain neuroendocrine parameters including the release of ACTH and corticosterone (B) in vivo. This study investigated the ability of IL-1 to induce ACTH and B release in 10-day-old rats. This age was chosen due to a well documented phenomenon, the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP), in which rodents display a blunted pituitary-adrenal response to stressors during the first 2 postnatal weeks (postnatal days 3-14). Administration of IL-1 to rat pups during the SHRP resulted in robust ACTH and B increases. Data are discussed in terms of the site of action and ontogeny of negative feedback mechanisms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Dynamic Scheduling System of Human-Computer Interaction for Steelmaking-Continuous Casting Process Based on Gantt Chart and Optimization Model

With the development of the hardware in Chinese iron industry, scheduling technology is becoming key obstacles that hold back the further development in iron enterprise. And the scheduling theory about the process of steelmaking-continuous casting can’t fit the actual production. To improve this situation, we manage to develop the system the combine the editable Gantt chart and optimization models. On one hand, this system can use Gantt chart to show dispatcher real-time schedule and allow dispatcher reschedule on Gantt chart. On the other hand, the system can detect the change dispatcher made and use the optimization model to complete the whole schedule. In a word, this system takes advantage of the scheduling ability of dispatcher and the high speed calculation of computer to reschedule efficiently.
Interleukin-8 confers androgen-independent growth and migration of LNCaP: differential effects of tyrosine kinases Src and FAK

Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine implicated in the metastasis and angiogenesis of a variety of cancers, has been reported to be overexpressed in prostate cancer. In this study, we ascribe a new role for IL-8 in prostate cancer progression using LNCaP cells. We demonstrate that IL-8 activates the androgen receptor and confers androgen-independent growth, while serving as a potent chemotactic factor. Our evaluation of the possible signal pathways involved in androgen-independence and cell migration shows that the tyrosine kinases Src and FAK (focal adhesion kinase) are involved in IL-8-induced signaling. Pharmacological and genetic inhibitors of Src and FAK interfere with IL-8-induced cell migration, while only the Src inhibitor was able to repress androgen-independent growth. This suggests that both growth and migration depend on the activity of Src, whereas cell migration also requires the activation of FAK. Our evidence that IL-8-induced androgen-independent growth is, at least in part, due to androgen receptor activation includes (1) an inhibitor of androgen receptor activity diminishes cell growth; (2) androgen receptor transactivation potential is augmented by IL-8 and (3) androgen receptor is recruited to the promoter of prostate specific antigen (PSA) upon IL-8 treatment, based on chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments. Taken together, our data suggest that in addition to its role in metastasis and angiogenesis, IL-8 may also serve as a facilitator for androgen-independent transition of prostate cancers. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the tyrosine kinase signals and androgen receptor activation induced by IL-8 in prostate cancer cells. The observation that IL-8 mediates its growth and chemotactic effects via Src and FAK suggests the potential use for tyrosine kinase inhibitors at early stage of prostate cancer development.
Vigorous vent lightning observed during Eyjafjallajökull eruption

Volcanoes do more than spew rock and magma—they also produce electrical discharges. Various mechanisms, including high-energy silicate fracturing and boiling of water upon contact with magma, can produce electrical sparks near the vent of a volcano, whereas classic thunderstorm-like mixing in volcanic plumes can induce lightning kilometers above.
699 QUANTITATIVE MICROIMMUNOASSAY FOR IMMUNO-GLOBULIN CLASS SPECIFIC HUMAN ANTIBODIES

In order to evaluate antibody responses in immunodeficient patients, we have developed a modification of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which is 1) sensitive, 2) specific for immunoglobulin class, 3) applicable to numerous antigens, and 4) quantifiable. The method requires sequential addition to microtiter wells of 1) antigen, 2) serially diluted serum, 3) anti immunoglobulin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate, and 4) synthetic enzyme substrate. In order to express results in absolute amounts of each immunoglobulin bound to antigen, the activities of the conjugates were determined by absorption experiments. These indicated that the assays were sensitive to 1-10 ng of antibody. The immunoglobulin class specificity was demonstrated using sera from patients with selective immunoglobulin class deficiencies. Twelve patients with either T or B lymphocyte dysfunction or severe combined immunodeficiency were evaluated before and after diphtheria and tetanus toxoid injection. Patients with x-linked B lymphocyte deficiencies did not produce detectable antibodies of any class. No specific IgM antibodies were formed by patients with dysgammaglobulinemia and hyper-IgM. A patient with T lymphocyte deficiency produced only IgM antibody despite normal quantities of all serum immunoglobulins. This ELISA assay has proven to be an effective tool for evaluating in vivo B lymphocyte function and T cell cooperation in primary immunodeficiencies.
Grounding practical normativity: going hybrid

In virtue of what is something a reason for an agent to perform some action? In other words, what makes a consideration a reason for an agent to act? This is a prima facie metaphysical or meta-normative question about the grounding of reasons for action and not a normative question about the circumstances or conditions under which, normatively speaking, one has a reason to do something. The normative question is answered by normative theory, as when one says that such-and-such feature of an action is a reason to perform that action because bringing about that feature would maximize happiness. The metaphysical question asks instead for the metaphysical determinant of something’s being a reason. When we ask for the ground of a reason’s normativity, we ask what metaphysically makes something have the action-guidingness of a reason: where does the normativity of a practical reason come from? As Christine Korsgaard puts it somewhat more poetically what is the ‘source’ of a reason’s normativity? This paper takes a synoptic approach to the question of source, and from this broad perspective explores the idea that the source of practical normativity might best be understood as a hybrid of more traditional views of source. The paper begins with a survey of three leading non-hybrid answers to the question of a practical reason’s normative ground or source (Sect. 1). It then recapitulates one or two of the supposedly most difficult problems for each, suggesting along the way a new objection to one of the leading views (Sect. 2). It ends with a sketch of an alternative, hybrid view about source—what I call ‘hybrid voluntarism’—(Sect. 3) which, as it turns out, avoids each of the main problems faced by the three leading ‘pure’ views (Sect. 4). Hybrid voluntarism grounds practical normativity in a structured relation of two sources, one of which is willing. The view that willing is a ground of normativity has not had many defenders because it is widely thought to suffer from two fatal
Dependence on p of the best L p approximation operator

Abstract For a fixed dimensional subspace and a function ƒ, both contained in the intersection of a family of L p spaces, the best approximation operator τ f , may be considered as a function of p as well as of the objective function ƒ. We study the best approximation operator considering ƒ fixed and p variable.
Effects of foot placement, hand positioning, age and climbing biodynamics on ladder slip outcomes

Ladder falls frequently cause severe injuries; yet the factors that influence ladder slips/falls are not well understood. This study aimed to quantify (1) the effects of restricted foot placement, hand positioning, climbing direction and age on slip outcomes, and (2) differences in climbing styles leading to slips versus styles leading to non-slips. Thirty-two occupational ladder users from three age groups (18–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years) were unexpectedly slipped climbing a vertical ladder, while being assigned to different foot placement conditions (unrestricted vs. restricted toe clearance) and different hand positions (rails vs. rungs). Constraining foot placement increased the climber's likelihood of slipping (p < 0.01), while younger and older participants slipped more than the middle-aged group (p < 0.01). Longer double stance time, dissimilar and more variable foot and body positioning were found in styles leading to a slip. Maintaining sufficient toe clearance and targeting ladder safety training ...