cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short segment Barrett’s esophagus—the need for standardization of the definition and of endoscopic criteria

There has been a recent increase in abstracts and publications reporting intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus and cardia. The terms "short segment Barrett's esophagus," "intestinal metaplasia of the esophagogastric junction," and "intestinal metaplasia of the cardia" are being used to describe either similar or different entities. This review article deals with the current data on these issues, the definition of short segment Barrett's esophagus including the endoscopic and histologic criteria, the rationale for separating short segment Barrett's esophagus from intestinal metaplasia of the cardia, and a simple classification of intestinal metaplasia.
Effects of anisotropic electron-ion interactions in atomic photoelectron angular distributions

The photoelectron asymmetry parameter beta in LS-coupling is obtained as an expansion into contributions from alternative angular momentum transfers j sub t. The physical significance of this expansion of beta is shown to be that: (1) the electric dipole interaction transfers to the atom a charcteristic single angular momentum j sub t = sub o, where sub o is the photoelectron's initial orbital momentum; and (2) angular momentum transfers indicate the presence of anisotropic interaction of the outgoing photoelectron with the residual ion. For open shell atoms the photoelectron-ion interaction is generally anisotropic; photoelectron phase shifts and electric dipole matrix elements depend on both the multiplet term of the residual ion and the total orbital momentum of the ion-photoelectron final state channel. Consequently beta depends on the term levels of the residual ion and contains contributions from all allowed values of j sub t. Numerical calculations of the asymmetry parameters and partial cross sections for photoionization of atomic sulfur are presented.
Intracellular studies in the facial nucleus illustrating a simple new method for obtaining viable motoneurons in adult rat brain slices

In general, it has been difficult to preserve electrophysiologically viable motoneurons in brain slices from adult mammals. The present study describes a new method for obtaining viable motoneurons in the facial nucleus of adult rat brain slices. The essence of the method was to use a modified artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) in which NaCl was replaced initially by sucrose; the modified ACSF was used during 1) preparation and 2) a 1 hr recovery period. The rationale for the modification is discussed in terms of the proposed acute neurotoxic effects of passive chloride entry and subsequent cell swelling and lysis. The actual recordings were made only after switching back to normal ACSF. Use of this method yielded large numbers of viable motoneurons that were suitable for intracellular recording; no motoneurons survived when normal ACSF (i.e., with NaCl) was used during slice preparation. A survey of some electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of facial motoneurons in this preparation, by means of current-clamp and voltage-clamp recording, revealed close similarities to the properties of adult motoneurons previously observed in vivo (e.g., time-dependent inward rectification, apamin-sensitive afterhyperpolarization, and serotonin-induced slow depolarization).
Two New Species of Hemicycliophora (Nematoda: Criconematidae) With a Note On Hemicycliophora Ritteri 1 )

Hemicycliophora mettleri n. sp. and H. silvestris n. sp. are described and figured from woodland areas in New Jersey. Additional measurements and descriptive data are given for H. ritteri Brizuela.
Seasat Orbital Radar Imagery for Geologic Mapping: Tennessee-Kentucky-Virginia

The purpose of the reported study is to analyze Seasat SAR imagery of a heavily vegetated mountainous land surface and to determine the potential of this microwave imaging system for geologic mapping. It is found that geologic mapping using orbital Seasat SAR imagery is feasible in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province, where the radar system is highly sensitive to change of surface slope. Image tones and textures correlate with distinctive topography, from which generalized lithologic and structural interpretations are derived. Major and minor linear topographic features are easily mapped from the SAR images. The SAR sensor suppresses subdued geomorphic lineaments that strike parallel with or near to the radar look direction. This deficiency is partly compensated by the dual directions of radar illumination obtainable from the Seasat imaging system.
A scale model of multivariate rainfall time series

Abstract A multivariate time-series model that uses a factor-analytic approach is shown to provide an effective description of both monthly and annual rainfall in south Florida. In the case of monthly rainfall, the scale model shows that deviations from monthly means are caused primarily by large-scale phenomena that have temporal structure. These sort of phenomena are not accounted for by using conventional contemporaneous ARMA models. In the case of annual rainfall, the majority of variance is associated with random normally distributed large-scale phenomena that do not have temporal structure.
Raman microprobe investigation of bubbles formed in NaPO3 glass from nitriding with ammonia

Raman microprobe analysis was used to investigate the gas content of bubbles formed in NaPO 3 glass during nitridation of its melt. The analysis of the spectral data clearly indicated the presence of mainly N 2 and H 2 .There was no indication of large concentrations of other gases in the investigated bubbles.
Three-dimensional relativistic electron scattering in an ultrahigh-intensity laser focus

The relativistic dynamics of an electron submitted to the three-dimensional field of a focused, ultrahigh-intensity laser pulse are studied numerically. The diffracting field in vacuum is modeled by the paraxial propagator and exactly satisfies the Lorentz gauge condition everywhere. In rectangular coordinates, the electromagnetic field is Fourier transformed into transverse and longitudinal wave packets, and diffraction is described through the different phase shifts accumulated by the various Fourier components, as constrained by the dispersion relation. In cylindrical geometry, the radial dependence of the focusing wave is described as a continuous spectrum of Bessel functions and can be obtained by using Hankel's integral theorem. To define the boundary conditions for this problem, the beam profile is matched to a Gaussian-Hermite distribution at focus, where the wave front is planar. Plane-wave dynamics are verified for large f numbers, including canonical momentum invariance, while high-energy scattering is predicted for smaller values of f at relativistic laser intensities.
Low-salt crystallization of T7 RNA polymerase: a first step towards the transcription bubble complex.

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase is the key enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of RNA, a process known as transcription. This process, which decodes the genetic information from DNA, is one of the most significant events in a biological system. The crystallization of both native and a chimeric T7/T3 RNAP using high-salt conditions has been reported previously but these conditions proved unsuitable for DNA–RNAP complex formation since at high-salt concentrations the DNA binding affinity to RNAP is reduced. A search for low-salt crystallization conditions has yielded new low-salt crystals of native T7-RNAP, a chimeric T7-RNAP (T7/T3 RNAP) which contains the T3 promoter recognition sequence, and a T7-RNAP containing an N-terminal histidine tag. The crystals, which are better suited for DNA–RNAP complex formation, belong to space group P3121 with a = 136, c = 156 A, contain a single molecule per asymmetric unit and diffract to 2.7 A resolution. Packing analysis shows that the new low-salt crystals have packing contacts similar to those observed in the high-salt T7-RNAP crystals reported previously. The diffraction anisotropicity observed in crystals of T7 RNAP is explained in term of crystal packing.
The high-temperature vaporization/decomposition of actinide materials: Fundamental and technological aspects

Abstract The unique and variable chemistry exhibited across the actinide series offers a scientifically challenging group of elements. Investigations of their high-temperature materials science and thermodynamics can provide important insights into fundamental actinide science and generate critical information for technological applications. The wide variations in the physicochemical properties and the availability of the various actinide elements necessitates special experimental techniques be employed, even when investigating a single property (e.g., the enthalpy of vaporization). Experimental approaches range can from classical to novel methods to permit studies of the rarer and the more intensely radioactive members. We have developed special equipment and techniques to investigate the high-temperature, physicochemical properties of several actinides through Md, as well as the precursor elements, radium and actinium. These experimental approaches employed both alloys and solid solutions of compounds, in addition to the pure elements themselves. The vaporization/decomposition of compounds and the sublimation of the elements, together with the associated thermodynamics, are the main issues. Results for several of the actinide elements, some of the techniques employed and systematic comparisons of the thermochemical aspects of bonding are discussed to give a fuller understanding of the series as a whole.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of heme proteins with intensified vidicon detectors: Studies of low frequency modes and excitation profiles in cytochrome c and hemoglobin

We have designed and assembled a sensitive vidicon Raman spectrometer which is shown to be well suited for the studies of heme proteins in both Soret (near-ultraviolet) and Q (visible) band regions. This system, employing a dry ice-cooled silicon intensified target (SIT) detector and an additive dispersion double monochromator (two 600 g mm−1 gratings blazed at 400 nm), has excellent stray light rejection and optimum bandpass and resolution (5–12 cm−1) for biological applications. It is demonstrated that a 600 cm−1 wide section of the low frequency Raman spectrum of ferrocytochrome c excited at 413.1 nm (70 mW) can be obtained in 30 ms, which is ˜ 2×104 times faster than that required by the conventional scanning techniques. Our multichannel Raman system has an enhanced detection capability which enables us to identify at least 41 weak Raman lines below 850 cm−1 in the spectrum of ferrocytochrome c. Using the SIT detection system, the Raman excitation profile of a depolarized line at 750 cm−1 in Fe(II) cytochrome c has been constructed and compared with that reported for Ni etioporphyrin. Instead of strong 0–0 Raman intensity, the cytochrome c profile exhibits weaker 0–0 intensity, indicative of the absence of the Jahn-Teller effect. It is further demonstrated that the Soret-excited Raman spectrum of oxyhemoglobin can be readily obtained without photodissociation.
HCl Vapor-Induced Structural Rearrangements of n-Alkanoate Self-Assembled Monolayers on Ambient Silver, Copper, and Aluminum Surfaces

Exposure to HCl vapor of highly organized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of n-alkanoic acids on native oxide-covered Ag, Cu, and Al surfaces results in a variety of structural changes strongly dependent on the specific SAM. Using infrared spectroscopy (IRS) and wetting measurements, it was observed that while SAMs on Al surfaces show no effects of HCl exposure over periods of minutes, exposure of SAMs on Ag and Cu over just periods of seconds induces protonation of the carboxylate head groups and severe reorganization of the film into different structural forms of the initial n-alkanoic acid. For the Ag SAMs of n-tridecanoic acid (C13) and shorter chains, disordered states of the acid are produced which upon ambient storage revert back to a carboxylate state with much less order than the initial SAM. However, for C14 and longer chains, protonation occurs to give crystalline forms of the acid. For the C16 SAM, the original structure of all-trans chains, tilted at 19−20° from the surface normal, converts ...
Coherent population trapping in the Λ system by a two-mode quantized field in an SU(2) coherent state

Coherent population trapping (CPT) in a three-level system in the Λ configuration interacting with two quantized fields is studied. It is shown that, in addition to the known trapping states of the field involving ordinary coherent states of each mode, SU(2) coherent states associated with the Schwinger realization are also field states that give rise to CPT for this system. In addition it is pointed out that superpositions of such states, and statistical mixtures of them, for different total photon numbers also give rise to CPT. The stability of the CPT states against decay of the cavity field modes is examined. CPT is preserved if the modes decay at the same rate. A possible method for generating statistical mixtures of the SU(2) coherent states is described.
Influence of context on the activation and selection of ambiguous word senses

The activation of ambiguous word senses was investigated by measuring the amount of interference in naming the ink color of a word that was either related or unrelated to one of the meanings of a preceding ambiguous word. In agreement with previous results obtained using this procedure (Conrad, 1974), evidence was obtained that both meanings of the ambiguous words are activated even in the presence of biasing context. However, contrary to previous findings, the degree of activation of each word sense depended on its degree of compatibility with the context. These results are consistent with a language processing system in which all interpretations of an ambiguity are accessed and then processed until an accurate determination has been made of which interpretation best satisfies the syntactic and semantic constraints that govern it.
Rat serum protein changes with age

Abstract Serum proteins of young and old rats have been investigated for possible age related changes. Old rat serum has substantially more protein than serum from young rats. This increase in total serum proteins in old rats is accounted for entirely by an increase in the golbulins, with levels of albumin being the same in old and young rat sera. Alpha globulin and gamma globulin are the major globulin components increased in old rat sera. Evidence is provided that the accumulation of total globulins and alpha globulin is not due to a different rate of synthesis, but to a decreased rate of degradation of these proteins in old rats. A limited number of young and old human sera have also been investigated and similar age related changes, to those found for young and old rat sera, are reported.
Performance Status is a Predictor of Overall Survival of Elderly Patients With Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Purpose: Elderly patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer often present treatment challenges due to concomitant comorbidities and psychosocial factors. This study examines patterns of treatment in this population and evaluates the impact of these factors on overall survival in a contemporary population.Materials and Methods: Common components of geriatric assessment were reviewed in 152 consecutive patients 70 years old or older presenting with nonmetastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer from January 1995 to December 2004 (median followup of 41 months). Overall survival was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and a multivariate Cox model.Results: Mean patient age was 76 years. Most patients underwent definitive treatment, with 114 (75%) opting for cystectomy including 29 of 114 (25%) with planned neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Only 15% were treated with palliative intent. Patients with a Karnofsky performance status of 80 or less or prior weight loss underwent bladder preservation more often than cystect...
An enzyme-linked immunoassay for lipoprotein lipase

Polyclonal antibodies against bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were used to generate an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rat LPL. The antibodies to LPL were affinity purified on bovine LPL columns and were shown to be specific for LPL by immunoprecipitation and enzyme inhibition. The solid-phase ELISA was sensitive from 1.0 to 20 ng/ml of LPL and paralleled enzyme activity. Denatured rat LPL showed the same LPL mass as undenatured samples, allowing LPL mass to be quantitated effectively in a variety of rat tissue extracts.
Inertial and elastic effects in circular-shear (ERD) flow of viscoelastic fluids

Abstract An analysis is given of the circular-shear flow between eccentric rotating disks (ERDs) of viscoelastic fluids, for which the rheology of isotropic simple materials is described completely by a complex viscosity function. Finite-difference numerical solutions for the velocity field are computed for various viscoelastic models for large Reynolds numbers and moderate Weissenberg numbers. The present computational scheme, based on an adjustable step size for stiff systems, appears to offer great improvement over previous numerical treatments. An analytic Ekman-layer theory for fluids exhibiting an asymptotic power-law form of viscoelastic response at large shear rates is also worked out and compared to the numerical solutions. The results show that different rheological models exhibit qualitatively similar interaction of inertia and material elasticity with, however, a model-dependent influence of shear-thinning. The effect of inertia at large Reynolds number leads to a thin Ekman layer, while fluid elasticity opposes this trend. The interaction of both produces a rich variety of flow patterns, including velocity overshoots.
Yeast Flocculation: Calcium Specificity

Expression of flocculation in yeast requires the presence of multi-charged cations. Calcium ions fulfil this role over a broad pH range. At near neutral pH, magnesium and a variety of transition elements can induce flocculation. Calcium-induced flocculation was competitively inhibited by excess sodium ions whereas magnesium-induced flocculation was not competitively inhibited. Potassium and lithium ions caused similar inhibition but to a lesser extent. 45Ca effux from yeast cells was greatly increased by the external presence of buffer and cations. Inhibition of flocculation by chelating agents, EDTA or EGTA, was overcome by excess calcium ions. Flocculation could not be induced, under these conditions, by excess magnesium or transition-element salts. It was concluded that yeast flocculation has a direct specific requirement for calcium ions. Other ions cause flocculation indirectly by effecting calcium ion leakage from cells, which is then able to initiate flocculation. Low calcium concentrations were susceptible to competitive inhibition by sodium ions present in most acidic buffers. In addition, citrate ions inhibited flocculation, probably by sequestration of leaked calcium. Flocculation by salts, other than calcium, was thus restricted to a neutral or high pH range.
Infection of an equine placenta with a novel mycobacterial species leading to abortion

A 25-year-old pregnant American Quarter Horse mare presented with a 1-week history of progressively worsening vaginal discharge. Transrectal ultrasound revealed increased thickness of the combined uterus and placenta with evidence of chorioallantoic edema but no placental separation. A thickened amnion was visible on transabdominal ultrasound. Abortion occurred 2 days after presentation despite medical treatment. At necropsy, the chorioallantois had variable but diffuse thickening with focally extensive browning of the chorionic surface in the right horn and adjacent body. There were fluid-filled sacculations on the allantoic surface of the umbilical cord, allantoamnion, and chorioallantois associated with diffuse perivascular fluid microscopically. A nonbranching acid-fast bacterium identified as belonging to the genus Mycobacterium Runyon group IV was isolated from the chorioallantois and uterine fluid. Ziehl–Neelsen stain confirmed the presence of intracellular acid-fast bacilli in trophoblasts of the ...
Finite element model applications in defibrillation and external cardiac pacing

The authors have applied finite-element computer models to electrode design problems in defibrillation, external cardiac pacing, and electrosurgery. These models solve Laplace's equation to determine voltage and current density distribution throughout the body and electrodes. The models are flexible (easily modified) and have proved to be an effective tool in evaluating electrodes, predicting their performance, and designing better and safer electrodes. In addition, physical modeling techniques for measuring current density profiles under the actively driven electrodes have been developed to verify computer simulation results and to test electrodes as they are constructed. The authors have used both numerical and experimental techniques in determining relative performance rankings of three types of internal defibrillation electrodes. To facilitate the widespread use of these techniques in other research and clinical applications, the authors have ported the finite-element model programs from their traditional mainframe environment to a far less expensive personal computer environment. >
A Comparative Study of Community-based Sea Turtle Management in Palau: Key Factors for Successful Implementation

This article investigates social, political and cultural aspects of sea turtle management led by the Tobian community at Helen Reef in the Republic of Palau. We use participant observation, unstructured interviews and examination of community -based natural resource management literature to compare and contrast the Tobian community with several other communities in Pa lau in order to identify some of the underlying factors that we believe contributed to the successful implementation of the Tobian community-based programme. These factors include: robust structure of local and extra-local partnerships; remote location of the resource and small scale of the managing community; realised community benefits in terms of jobs and improved capacity to monitor and manage natural resources; adaptive capacity and autonomy in decision -making; and strong connections to traditional natural resource management systems. Sea turtle conservation and management is a large scale issue; preventing further decline of enda ngered sea turtles will require management at multiple scales. For the Tobian community, success may be attributable to sever al key factors that come together to produce a decentralised community-based programme that operates with an adaptive, collaborative and bottom-up structure. This model may be applicable to comparable communities; it is, however, important to recognise that diverse societies will have a variety of formulas for success.
Visualizing aggregated biological pathway relations

The Genescene development team has constructed an aggregation interface for automatically-extracted biomedical pathway relations that is intended to help researchers identify and process relevant information from the vast digital library of abstracts found in the National Library of Medicine's PubMed collection. Users view extracted relations at various levels of relational granularity in an interactive and visual node-link interface. Anecdotal feedback reported here suggests that this multi-granular visual paradigm aligns well with various research tasks, helping users find relevant articles and discover new information.
A METHOD FOR MEASURING THE THICKNESS OF THIN BENT FOILS IN TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

A new method for measuring the thickness of thin monocrystalline foils in the range of 1000 A is presented. This method is based on the observation of Kossel-Mollenstedt fringes in transmission electron microscopy. It differs from the classical Kossel-Mollenstedt method in electron diffraction by the fact that no divergent beam is needed. However, the foil should be bent and the method is based on the measurement of this radius of curvature. Es wird eine neue Methode zur Dickenbestimmung dunner monokristalliner Folien im Bereich von etwa 1000 A angegeben. Diese Methode beruht auf der Beobachtung von Kossel-Mollenstedt-Streifen bei elektronenmikroskopischen Durchstrahlungsversuchen und unterscheidet sich von der klassischen Kossel-Mollenstedt-Methode der Elektronenbeugung dadurch, das kein divergentes Strahlenbundel benotigt wird. Die Folie mus jedoch gebogen werden und die Methode beruht auf der Messung des Krummungsradius.
A Review of Louisiana Drilling and Production Activity, 1980–2011

Louisiana plays an important role in domestic oil and natural gas production, and in 2012 ranked sixth in oil production and third in gas production in the United States. Conventional oil and gas production in Louisiana has been declining steadily over the past four decades, while unconventional gas production has seen spectacular growth in recent years, effectively doubling the state’s natural gas output over three years. The structural changes impacting Louisiana’s oil and gas industry are complex and dynamic, and to better understand the relationships between activity drivers, a review of drilling and production data between 1980 and 2011 is performed and correlative relationships are developed. Drilling and completion trends, including completion and success rate statistics and drilled footage, are summarized by region. Correlative relationships are established between measured footage and the number of wells drilled, drilling activity, abandonments, and commodity price. We show that drilling activity in North Louisiana is highly responsive to changing oil prices, whereas in South Louisiana, activity is relatively inelastic. Well abandonments are shown to be negatively related to commodity prices. Horizontal, directional, active, idle, and orphaned well inventories are summarized.
Minor planets and related objects. XV - Asteroid /1620/ Geographos

Analysis of the light curves and color-phase and polarization-phase relations of Geographos according to observations over an eight-month period in 1969. The light curves are relatively smooth with two distinct maxima and minima. The largest amplitude of 2.03 mag is the largest observed on asteroids to date. The average B-V is 0.87 and the average U-B is 0.50. A laboratory model that best reproduced Geographos' light curves was a cylinder having hemispherical ends with a length to width ratio of 2.7; on the basis of this model and a relation of Bowell and Zellner (1973), Geographos was calculated to be approximately 1.50 km wide and 4.0 km long.
Beliefs about Bilingual Labels on Consumer Products

There is increasing number of people living in the United States who do not speak or read English, and who understand exclusively Spanish. The present study sought to gain insight into people's beliefs on issues related to the use of bilingual labels (English and Spanish) on consumer products. The results of a questionnaire completed by 342 U.S. citizens showed strong agreement that people who intend to live in the U.S. should learn English, and that bilingual labels are important to people in the U.S. who do not read English. They also strongly disagree that bilingual labeled products should not be sold in the U.S. and that such labeling would indicate a lower quality product. Implications for the use of two or more languages on labels of U.S. consumer products are discussed.
The Contribution of Evaluation to Organizational Learning

The notion of organizational learning is a popular theme in the evaluation literature (Van der Knaap, 1995; Owen and Lambert, 1995). Whilst, traditionally, this work has been based on a rational-objectivist view, Van der Knaap has recently documented a paradigm shift in evaluation to argumentative-subjectivism. In the light of a discussion of self-producing systems, the argument will be advanced that the shift to argumentative-subjectivism will not promote the effectiveness of evaluation practice. Following a summary review of Stacey’s (1992, 1996) work on chaos and creativity, it will be proposed that the roles of ‘evaluator as judge’, as per rational-objectivism, and ‘evaluator as critic’, as per argumentative-subjectivism, are redundant.
Simultaneous Multiple Peptide Synthesis: The Rapid Preparation of Large Numbers of Peptides

The method of simultaneous multiple peptide synthesis (SMPS–as illustrated in Figure 1), developed recently in this laboratory (1, 2, 3) has made the synthesis of large numbers (>100) of specific peptides possible in amounts useful for virtually all studies (>10mg) and in a greatly shortened time frame (weeks). These methods address the very rapid escalation in the need for synthetic peptides for the development of synthetic peptide vaccines (4–5), the detailed study of antigen-antibody interactions (1, 6–11, 28), the preparation of optimal analogs of biologically active peptides (12–14), the optimization of peptide antigens of clinical diagnostic utility (15–17), the mapping of protein products of brain specific genes (18,19), and the study of peptide and protein conformational parameters (20–22). The limiting factor in the majority of these studies has been the availability and cost of the desired peptides.
Detection of incomplete enterobacterial antibodies in cord blood by means of antiglobulin hemagglutination test.

SummaryExamination of 50 paired maternal and cord sera for O antibodies against various enterobacteriaceae revealed the following results. 1. Agglutinins could not be demonstrated in the cord sera. 2. The hemagglutination test revealed the presence of antibodies in 6 to 78% of the cord sera depending upon the antigen used. 3. The antiglobulin hemagglutination test detected incomplete antibodies in an additional 14 to 46% of the cord sera. 4. The antiglobulin hemagglutination test enhanced the hemagglutinin titers of cord sera to a greater extent than those of maternal sera. 5. With one exception the maternal antibody titers were higher than those of the corresponding cord sera. 6. The specificity of the antiglobulin hemagglutination test was demonstrated by means of absorption experiments. 7. The placental transfer of enterobacterial antibodies from mother to fetus is discussed with particular reference to incomplete antibodies.
Hygroscopic behavior of individual submicrometer particles studied by X-ray spectromicroscopy.

A novel application of single particle scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is presented for quantitative analysis of hy...
Unblocking inertia: US-Russian nuclear arms control and missile defenses

ABSTRACTThe United States and Russia, in the aftermath of Russia’s annexation of Crimea and destabilization of Ukraine, seem to have ditched entirely the “reset” in their political relations. Despite this odor of Cold War redux, there remain the opportunities and necessities for renewed attention to strategic nuclear arms control as between the two governments. US and NATO missile defenses as planned for European deployment figure into this equation, although in somewhat unpredictable ways, given technological uncertainties in existing and foreseeable defenses, as well as the possibility of improved delivery systems for offensive conventional or nuclear weapons.
Comparison and Analysis on Control Performances of Air and Flue Gas System Retrofit Schemes for SCR Denitrification Projects in Power Plants

In order to overcome the pressure increase in the air preheater caused by Selective Catalytic Reduction(SCR) devices,the increase of induced draft fan output is required.Therefore,increasing induced draft fan output while retaining or canceling booster fan become two options for retrofit of air and flue gas system.Through the static and dynamic analysis on these two schemes,this paper describes the influences of the schemes on the thermodynamic control system for SCR denitrification projects in power plants,compares the data of practical retrofit and can serve as a reference for similar cases.
USA--Mississippi and Alabama

The boundary between Florida and Alabama is the estuary of the Perdido River. This 30 km estuary is characterized by subaqueous sand ridges and a water depth of 1.5 m. Aerial photography of the bay reveals that its southern end is made up of partially filled lagoons, numerous breached barriers, and widespread marshes (Shepard and Wanless 1971).
High-Alpha Prediction of Roll Damping and Magnus Stability Coefficients for Finned Projectiles

The roll damping and Magnus dynamic stability coefficients, as well as total force and moment coefficients, were numerically computed at high angles of attack up to 90 deg for two generic fin-stabilized flight munitions at a supersonic Mach number of 2.49. The aerodynamic coefficients were computed via time-accurate Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes numerical methods, and they were compared with archival wind-tunnel data. Fair to excellent comparisons with the experiment were obtained for the coefficients for the full angle-of-attack range, except for the axial force, which was overpredicted at higher angles of attack. Numerical modeling parameter studies were conducted to include dependence on spin rate, grid resolution, temporal resolution, and other numerical convergence parameters.
Credible Means are exact Bayesian for Exponential Families

The credibility formula used in casualty insurance experience rating is known to be exact for certain prior-likelihood distributions, and is the minimum least-squares unbiased estimator for all others. We show that credibility is, in fact, exact for all simple exponential families where the mean is the sufficient statistic, and is also exact in an extended sense for all regular distributions with their natural conjugate priors where there is a fixed-dimensional sufficient statistic.
Introduction to Special 10th Anniversary Issue of Feminist Criminology Is Criminology Still Male Dominated

Both the panel and the special issue that now ensues were inspired by an impulse to step back—approximately one half-century after second-wave feminism burst onto the scene in the 1960s and 1970, leading thereafter to the evolution of diverse and important feminism(s)—so as to evaluate where, within the academic discipline of criminology, the gender revolution has led.
The Theory of Income Distribution

Neo-Classical theory is a Story for the Faithful. Those of us outside the Flock, in our unguarded moments, tend to regard it in much the same way Betrand Russell saw theology, and with about the same respect. Of course, as professionals with sober expressions, we will solemnly discuss competitive equilibrium and the elasticity of the marginal product curve, as of old we might have disputed whether or not God, being omnipotent, could make a stone too heavy for Himself to lift. Neither in economic nor in natural theology are the questions easily resolved; disputes are intricate, intellectually fascinating, and, as formal logic, often aesthetically delightful. But quite meaningless. Time and effort spent on the fine points of neo-Classical theory appear to Heretics a shocking waste of scarce intellectual resources.
Green tea EGCG, T-cell function, and T-cell-mediated autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Autoimmune diseases are common, disabling immune disorders affecting millions of people. Recent studies indicate that dysregulated balance of different CD4 + T-cell subpopulations plays a key role in immune pathogenesis of several major autoimmune diseases. Green tea and its active ingredient, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have been shown to modulate immune cell functions and improve some autoimmune diseases in animal models. In a series of studies we determined EGCG9s effect on T-cell functions and its application in autoimmune diseases. We first observed that EGCG inhibited CD4 + T-cell expansion induced by polyclonal (mitogens or anti-CD3/CD28) or antigen-specific stimulation. We then showed that EGCG suppressed expansion and cell cycle progression of naive CD4 + T by modulating cell cycle-related proteins. EGCG also inhibited naive CD4 + T-cell differentiation into Th1 and Th17 effector subsets by impacting their respective signaling transducers and transcription factors. These results suggest that EGCG may improve T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, an animal model for human multiple sclerosis, we found that dietary supplementation with EGCG attenuated the disease9s symptoms and pathology. These EGCG-induced changes are associated with findings in the immune and inflammation profiles in lymphoid tissues and the central nervous system: a reduction in proliferation of autoreactive T cells, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and Th1 and Th17 subpopulations, and an increase in regulatory T-cell populations. These results suggest that green tea or its active components may have a preventive and therapeutic potential in dealing with T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. However, the translational value of these findings needs to be validated in future human studies.
Fault-tolerant switched local area networks

The RAIN (Reliable Array of Independent Nodes) project at Caltech is focusing on creating highly reliable distributed systems by leveraging commercially available personal computers, workstations and interconnect technologies. In particular the issue of reliable communication is addressed by introducing redundancy in the form of multiple network interfaces per compute node. When using compute nodes with multiple network connections the question of how to best connect these nodes to a given network of switches arises. We examine networks of switches (e.g. based on Myrinet technology) and focus on degree-two compute nodes (two network adaptor cards per node). Our primary goal is to create networks that are as resistant as possible to partitioning. Our main contributions are: (i) a construction for degree-2 compute nodes connected by a ring network of switches of degree 4 that can tolerate any 3 switch failures without partitioning the nodes into disjoint sets; (ii) a proof that this construction is optimal in the sense that no construction can tolerate more switch failures while avoiding partitioning; and (ii) generalizations of this construction to arbitrary switch and node degrees and to other switch networks, in particular to a fully-connected network of switches.
Performance of MFSK in Simultaneous Partial-Band and Repeat-Back Jamming

Conventional slow-hopped MFSK communications systems exhibit well-understood susceptibilities to partial-band, pulsed, and repeat-back jamming. Error probability can be degraded to inverse rather than exponential dependence on E b /N o unless appropriate diversity, coding, and interleaving are used. Hopping the FSK tones on independent patterns is known to ameliorate repeat-back jamming. In this paper we look at how a system using all these techniques is able to withstand simultaneous repeat-back and partial-band jamming. The result is that when both communicator and jammer optimize their strategies, the combined jamming is no more effective than either technique used separately, even though the jammer has a spectrum of strategies that all achieve the best result.
The Three Trends: Granularity, Behemoths and Cooperation

The first trend, OR, has redefined markets and unbundled products, transforming economic units into granular structures which operate with fewer employees and intermediaries. Connections and data allow buyers and sellers to confront each other directly and transactional integrity is maintained by the pillars of social capital – trust, reputation, responsibility and rights. Agency costs of monitoring and incentivizing workers are lower due to disintermediation. The second trend is an agglomeration of transactions. This trend, enabled by network effects and the trading of attention across multi-sided markets, results in the concentration of economic activity around a few major hubs, the OB. Advertising emerges as a major player in these multi-sided markets. The third trend is a recalibration of the notion of competition.
Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders

Proper regulation and management of energy, substrate diversity and quantity, as well as macromolecular synthesis and breakdown processes, are fundamental to cellular and organismal survival and are paramount to health. Cellular and multicellular organization are defended by the immune response, a robust and critical system through which self is distinguished from non-self, pathogenic signals are recognized and eliminated, and tissue homeostasis is safeguarded. Many layers of evolutionarily conserved interactions occur between immune response and metabolism. Proper maintenance of this delicate balance is crucial for health and has important implications for many pathological states such as obesity, diabetes, and other chronic non-communicable diseases.
Moral Foundations, Intuitions of Justice, and the Intricacies of Punitive Sentiment

Research on punitive attitudes has, so far, focused largely on people's retributive attitudes toward offenders. However, a large theoretical body of research indicates that concerns about different types of offenses and victims may be just as important in structuring punitive attitudes. Particularly, Moral Foundations Theory suggests that distinct punitive attitudes may be based in intuitive moral concerns (“moral foundations”) about offenses that victimize individuals, groups, and the “divine,” referring to bodily purity or sanctity. In this study, I develop measures of what I term “victim-centered punitiveness,” and use data from a nationwide survey of adult Americans (N = 915) to compare the sources of offender- and victim-centered punitiveness. As expected, different moral foundations shape offender- and victim-centered punitiveness in different ways, suggesting that they have distinct intuitive, moral bases. Other factors, including racial resentment, also have distinct effects on each type of punitiveness.
A Novel Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Fabric Design for the Early Detection of High-Risk Foot Complications

Background: We developed a prototype of a novel thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC)–coated fabric with an extended temperature range and enhanced sensitivity. By incorporating color and pattern recognition into the fabric, rapid determination of the underlying pedal temperature is facilitated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the TLC fabric as a potential diagnostic aid for identifying complications in the high-risk foot. Methods: The hands of 100 individuals were used to compare the mean maximum temperatures indicated by the fabric versus standard thermal camera images. Findings were statistically analyzed using a paired t test, with significance defined as P < .05. Results: Except for the tip of the thumb and regions in the palm, there were no statistically significant differences between mean maximum temperatures measured with the thermal camera and those detected with the TLC fabric. Minor differences were relatively consistent in all nine regions of the hand and were not consi...
Coordination in Soviet education and research

As a member of the New York University—Moscow Steel Institute exchange of metallurgists, the author had the opportunity to visit more than a dozen of the major research and teaching institutes in the Soviet Union. His notes on the coordination of technical effort under communism are presented in this article.
Low-Level Characterization of Expressive Head Motion Through Frequency Domain Analysis

For the purpose of understanding how head motions contribute to the perception of emotion in an utterance, we aim to examine the perception of emotion based on Fourier transform-based static and dynamic features of head motion. Our work is to conduct intra-related objective analysis and perceptual experiments on the link between the perception of emotion and the static/dynamic features. The objective analysis outcome shows that the static and dynamic features are effective in characterizing and recognizing emotions. The perceptual experiments enable us to collect human perception of emotion through head motion. The collected perceptual data shows that humans are unable to reliably perceive emotion from head motion alone but reveals that humans are sensitive to the static feature (in reference to the averaged up-down rotation angle) and the dynamic features (which reflect the fluidity and speed of movement). It also indicates that humans perceive emotion carried in head motion and the naturalness of head motion in two different channels. Our work contributes to the understanding and the characterization of head motion in expressive speech through low-level descriptions of motion features, instead of commonly used high-level motion style (e.g., head nods, shakes, tilts, and raises).
Projection of the photovoltaic waste in Spain until 2050

Abstract This work presents the projection for future photovoltaic (PV) module waste mass in Spain to 2050. The possible effect of the Spanish PV installation boom occurred in the period 2007–2008 is investigated. The PV waste mass is assessed on the basis of cumulative PV capacity projections considering a 100% renewable Spanish scenario in 2050. The failure probability of the installed PV capacity is modeled by means of a Weibull distribution function. Four degradation scenarios are used to take into account different reliability levels of PV technology. The initial PV capacity projections are corrected by including the repowering needs of the PV installations to 2050. The obtained results suggest that repowering could mean around 40–47% of the annual PV power installed in Spain in 2050. From these data a cumulative PV waste mass of the order of 700,000 tonnes would be expected in 2050. In the period from 2020 to 2030, a cumulative PV waste mass around 100,000 tonnes would be obtained due to the end-of-life of PV modules installed in 2007–2008. This would mean that the Spanish PV recycling sector should be prepared to manage large amounts of PV waste mass earlier than other European countries. Nevertheless, a national PV recycling industry could suffer a period of waste scarcity after the repowering of the 2007–2008 PV plants would be finished. In 2050, this industry would recover around 75% of the raw materials required to manufacture the PV modules demand in Spain. The obtained results also suggest that the minimum recycling targets proposed in the Spanish Royal Decree on Wastes of Electric and Electronic Equipments (WEEE) should be revised to long-term.
Review of Scheme Theory

Elliptic curves are algebraic groups in addition to being algebraic curves; a modular form classifies elliptic curves by assigning a value in a ring A to an elliptic curve with some extra structures defined over A. From a different viewpoint, automorphic forms are generally defined on the adele points of a linear algebraic group; in particular, modular forms are functions on \(GL_{2}(\mathbb{A})\) (e.g., (AAG)). Thus, a minimal amount of knowledge of group schemes is necessary to describe elliptic curves and modular forms. Group schemes are best understood from the functorial viewpoint of scheme theory, regarding a scheme as a functor from the category of algebras to sets taking each algebra R to the set of R-rational points S(R) of the scheme S.