cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The market experience: Degradation of work in the market?

To the Greeks work was a curse and nothing else. Their name for it – PON OS – has the same root as the Latin POENA, sorrow. For them PON OS was colored with that sense of a heavy burdensome task which we feel in the words FATIGUE, TRAVAIL, BURDEN. The turn of phrase which in English is restricted to downright drudgery, the Greeks applied to physical work of every sort. … Close contact with the material world seemed to them a painful and humiliating necessity, to be reduced to the lowest possible minimum, if possible to be eliminated altogether . Tilgher , Work: What It Has Meant to Man Through the Ages In the previous chapter I quoted Meakin's comments on “a crisis of conscience in the world of work” and his references to “a powerful and vivid indictment of a world that degraded work.” One of the main themes of this book is that most work is not degrading; rather, under certain circumstances, it is a major source of both happiness and human development. Consequently it is crucial that we assess these criticisms of work in the light of the evidence in Chapter 13 and of other empirical studies illuminating the various aspects of the degradation thesis.
Disease, Bioethics, and Philosophy of Medicine: The Contributions of H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.

In this essay, and in honor of physician-philosopher H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.’s contributions to bioethics and philosophy of medicine, I argue that what makes Engelhardt’s body of work notable in the history of philosophy is his recognition that medical concepts, such as disease and health, illustrate the dependence of bioethics and philosophy of medicine on each other. In what follows, I review Engelhardt’s analysis of disease in terms of its descriptive, explanatory, evaluative, and social dimensions. I show how the concept of disease carries bioethical implications, and such bioethical implications are framed in terms of ontological and epistemological considerations made explicit in the philosophy of medicine, thus highlighting the reliance of bioethics on philosophy of medicine, and vice versa.
CAFE Changes, by the Numbers

To the casual observer, proposals to increase the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards on vehicles may seem to be a good idea. However, according to the data presented in this article, tighter CAFE standards would save very little gasoline, increase car buyers' costs and lower their benefits, increase pollution and auto fatalities, and shift revenue away from U.S. automakers to foreign firms. Instead of raising the fuel efficiency standards, policymakers would better address any externalities associated with gasoline by raising the gas tax.
Transcription factor ZNF148 is a negative regulator of human muscle differentiation

Muscle differentiation is a complex process in which muscle progenitor cells undergo determination and eventually cellular fusion. This process is heavily regulated by such master transcription factors as MYOD and members of the MEF2 family. Here, we show that the transcription factor ZNF148 plays a direct role in human muscle cell differentiation. Downregulation of ZNF148 drives the formation of a muscle phenotype with rapid expression of myosin heavy chain, even in proliferative conditions. This phenotype was most likely mediated by the robust and swift upregulation of MYOD and MEF2C.
New and emerging targeted systemic therapies: a new era for atopic dermatitis

AbstractPurpose: This is a review of emerging targeted, systemic therapies for atopic dermatitis (AD). The information presented aims to provide dermatologists with updated therapeutic options, stimulate academic interest, and spark future research.Material and methods: Extensive search of ClinicalTrials.gov, the National Eczema Association, and PubMed was performed for clinical trials examining the effect of emerging targeted, systemic therapies in patients with AD. Results were included if they demonstrated efficacy in reversing AD symptoms. Studies that did not demonstrate clinical benefit were excluded.Results: A number of emerging systemic agents targeting specific mediators involved in the pathogenesis of AD were found. These targets include IL-4, IL-13, IgE, B-cells, IL-5, IL-31, JAK-STAT, SYK, IL-6, PDE-4, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, IL-22, H4R, NKR1, κOR, TSLP, PPAR-γ, and DGLA. Treatment of AD patients with these therapies has, in many cases, led to statistically significant improvements in clinical se...
An Interprofessional Education Pilot Study for Nursing and Speech-Language Pathology Students.

Background: Despite the complexity of patient care and promise of interprofessional collaboration in health professional educational programs, interprofessional education and practice implementation challenges exist. Materials and Methods: A pilot study with a nonequivalent comparison before/after design was conducted to examine undergraduate students' and graduate students' knowledge of the role of nurses and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) while working with patients diagnosed with dysphagia. All students received pre- and post-tests assessing their knowledge of the respective profession. Results: A repeated measure of analysis of variance using pre- and post-tests by group design revealed a strong and statistically significant main effect from pre- to post-testing, [F (1, 19) = 17.42, p = 0.001, and partial η2= 0.48]. Conclusions: The results indicated that students received higher scores on post-tests. This study reinforces the importance of collaboration of healthcare professionals during their professional coursework.
Sensitization-Dependent Skin Swelling Responses to Topical 2, 4-Dinitro-1-Fluorobenzene in the Carolina (Green) Anole, Anolis carolinenesis

ABSTRACT Immune responses to topically applied haptens, such as 2, 4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) are commonly used in vivo measures of immunity in mammals. This immune reaction has not been quantitatively studied in reptiles. Adult anoles were sensitized by topical application of DNFB in acetone. Hapten challenge was initiated by topical application of DNFB on the throat-fan. Throat-fan swelling was used to measure the subsequent reaction in vivo. Significant (p < 0.05) throat-fan swelling was present in DNFB sensitized anoles during the 4 - 36 hr post-challenge period with a peak response between 8 - 12 hr post-challenge. At 20 hr post-challenge, the reaction was histologically characterized by pronounced epidermal/dermal edema, dermal capillary dilation and clogging with leukocytes. Throat-fan swelling responses were completely dependent upon prior DNFB sensitization and could be adoptively transferred to naive animals using serum. Anoles are capable of being immunologically sensitized to topically a...
Robotic pancreas transplantation: the state of the art.

Purpose of review Robotic pancreas transplantation is a novel procedure that aims to reduce surgical invasiveness, and thereby limit complications related to the surgical access. Given that few centers are providing robotic transplantation, this review serves as a state of the science article to outline early experiences and highlight areas for future research. Recent findings Pancreas transplantation results in relatively high rates of wound and other surgical complications that are known to deleteriously impact outcomes. The minimally invasive, robotic-assisted approach decreases wound complications. Because of the obesity epidemic, overweight and obese status is encountered in an increasing number of transplant candidates. These candidates are subject to increased wound-related complications and most benefit from a robotic approach. The first clinical reports on laparoscopic, robotic-assisted kidney and pancreas transplantation indicate a significant decrease in wound complications and excellent outcomes in obese patients otherwise denied access to transplantation. Summary With excellent results achieved in surgically challenging patients and further accumulation of experience, laparoscopic, robotic-assisted pancreas and kidney transplantation may evolve to a new standard approach.
Design of Experimental Synthetic Peptide Immunogens for Prevention of HIV-1 and HTLV-I Retroviral Infections

The potential for using synthetic peptides to serve as components of protective vaccines or as immunotherapeutics (see Chapter 38) is being explored for a variety of viral or bacterial pathogens. Peptide immunogens that elicit some level of protection in animal models or in clinical trials have been described for foot-and-mouth disease virus (Bittle et al., 1982), murine mammary tumor virus (Dion et al., 1990), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (Hunt et al., 1990), respiratory syncytial virus (Trudel et al., 1991), Semliki Forest virus (Snijders et al., 1992), Sendai virus (Kast et al., 1991), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (M. Schulz et al., 1991), group A streptococci (Bessen and Fischetti, 1990), and Plasmodium falciparum (Rodriguez et al., 1990; Etlinger et al., 1991).
Meta-analyses of hypnotics and infections: eszopiclone, ramelteon, zaleplon, and zolpidem.

Study objectives Recent meta-analyses raising concern about risks of hypnotics suggest a need for more clarification of these risks. Methods Because of preliminary suggestions that eszopiclone causes infections, we studied US Food and Drug Administration files on the 4 most-recently approved hypnotics, combined with published studies, to compile the risk ratios of infections for groups randomly assigned to receive hypnotics versus those assigned to receive placebos in controlled trials. Parallel controlled clinical trials of eszopiclone, ramelteon, zaleplon, and zolpidem were included when data on subjects, duration of exposure, and adverse effects were available. Results of trials were combined by meta-analyses. Results Of 8828 participants assigned to the 4 hypnotics and 4383 participants who randomly received placebos, 606 in the hypnotics groups and 200 in the placebo groups were reported to develop some kind of infection (risk ratio = 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.25-1.64, p Conclusions Research is needed to objectively determine whether the use of hypnotics increases the risk of infections. Immune compromise or esophageal reflux and aspiration should be studied as possible mechanisms.
Multi-chip implementation of a biomimetic VLSI vision sensor based on the Adelson-Bergen algorithm

Biological motion sensors found in the retinas of species ranging from flies to primates are tuned to specific spatio-temporal frequencies to determine the local motion vectors in their visual field and perform complex motion computations. In this study, we present a novel implementation of a silicon retina based on the Adelson-Bergen spatio-temporal energy model of primate cortical cells. By employing a multi-chip strategy, we successfully implemented the model without much sacrifice of the fill factor of the photoreceptors in the front-end chip. In addition, the characterization results proved that this spatio-temporal frequency tuned silicon retina can detect the direction of motion of a sinusoidal input grating down to 10 percent contrast, and over more than a magnitude in velocity. This multi-chip biomimetic vision sensor will allow complex visual motion computations to be performed in real-time.
Epigenetic Regulation of Intestinal Fibrosis

Genome-wide association studies have identified over 200 risk loci associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis. These genetic factors, however, account for only a small proportion of genetic inheritability of disease. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD has evolved and currently is thought to occur through the interaction between the host genome and their intestinal microbiome and metabolome with the innate and adaptive immune responses. Genetic risk alone, however, predicts only 25% of disease indicating that other factors including the intestinal environment can shape the epigenome and also independently confer heritable risk to patients. Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression and protein production and play critical roles in shaping the intestinal immune response, mucosal homeostasis, and the wound-healing process. Analysis of the genetic risk in patients with Crohn’s disease combined with epigenetic marks reveals regulatory mechanisms that affect gene expression and disease phenotype. This chapter will focus on what is known about the alteration in the epigenome in Crohn’s disease and the mechanisms by which epigenetic risk factors determine development of fibrosis in Crohn’s disease. Studies of the epigenome have highlighted new therapeutic targets for therapeutic intervention of the development and progression of fibrosis.
Exercise Improves Self-Reported Sexual Function Among Physically Active Adults.

Abstract Background Sexual dysfunction is common among adults and takes a toll on quality of life for both men and women. Aim To determine whether higher levels of weekly cardiovascular exercise are protective against self-reported sexual dysfunction among men and women. Methods We conducted an international online, cross-sectional survey of physically active men and women between April and December 2016, assessing exercise activity categorized into sextiles of weekly metabolic equivalent-hours. Odds ratios (ORs) of sexual dysfunction for each activity sextile compared with the lowest sextile were calculated using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, tobacco/alcohol use, sport, and marital status. Main Outcome Measures Female sexual dysfunction was defined as a score ≤26.55 on the Female Sexual Function Inventory and erectile dysfunction (ED) was defined as a score ≤21 on the Sexual Health Inventory for Men. Results 3,906 men and 2,264 women (median age 41–45 and 31–35 years, respectively) met the inclusion criteria for the study. Men in sextiles 2–6 had reduced odds of ED compared with the reference sextile in adjusted analysis (Ptrend = .03), with an OR of 0.77 (95% CI = 0.61–0.97) for sextile 4 and 0.78 (95% CI = 0.62–0.99) for sextile 6, both statistically significant. Women in higher sextiles had a reduced adjusted OR of female sexual dysfunction (Ptrend = .02), which was significant in sextile 4 (OR = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.51–0.96). A similar pattern held true for orgasm dissatisfaction (Ptrend Clinical Implications Men and women at risk for sexual dysfunction regardless of physical activity level may benefit by exercising more rigorously. Strengths & Limitations Strengths include using a large international sample of participants with a wide range of physical activity levels. Limitations include the cross-sectional design, and results should be interpreted in context of the study population of physically active adults. Conclusion Higher cardiovascular exercise levels in physically active adults are inversely associated with ED by self-report in men and protective against female sexual dysfunction in women. Fergus KB, Gaither TW, Baradaran N, et al. Exercise Improves Self-Reported Sexual Function Among Physically Active Adults. J Sex Med 2019;16:1236–1245.
Harnessing the Sun to See Anew

Light drives vision by directly activating opsin-based visual pigments in rod and cone photoreceptors. In this issue of Neuron, Morshedian et al. (2019) show that light also drives regeneration of the cone visual pigments via an elegant biochemical mechanism in Muller glial cells of the neural retina that can contribute to sustained cone function under daytime conditions.
'Now They're Coming After Our Schools': Interrogating Urban Intimacies of Children and Displacement.

ABSTRACTEducation scholars grappling with policy issues related to community and identity issues may pay attention to the work of emotion. Rationalist, psychological frameworks that bound many educ...
Historical Roots of Chicago’s Contemporary Violence: An Interpretation of Chicago’s Early Sociologists’ Texts on Black Assimilation:

Early 20th-century Chicago witnessed an in-migration of foreign-born immigrants and Black American migrants fleeing slavery. As the Black Americans’ population increased and dispersed across urban ...
Oxidation of phenolic compounds during autothermal pyrolysis of lignocellulose

Abstract Fast pyrolysis is traditionally defined as the rapid decomposition of organic material in the absence of oxygen to produce primarily a liquid product known as bio-oil. However, the introduction of small amounts of oxygen to the process holds prospects of internally generating the energy needed for pyrolysis. The present study investigates the partial oxidation of lignin-derived compounds during pyrolysis, which generates both carbon oxides and aromatic carbonyl compounds. Analysis of lignin derived phenolic compounds was performed to determine if the composition had changed under oxidative conditions. NMR analyses indicates aromatic carbonyls increased under oxidative conditions, with a corresponding decrease in phenolic hydroxyl groups. Model phenolic compounds were pyrolyzed to help understand the role of partial oxidation during autothermal pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass.
3D reconstruction of odontoblast processes of the mouse molar and incisor

Abstract Odontoblast processes are thin cytoplasmic projections that extend from the cell body at the periphery of the pulp toward the dentin-enamel junction. The odontoblast processes function in the secretion and assembly of dentin during development, participate in mechanosensation, and aid in dentin repair in mature teeth. Because they are small and densely arranged, their three-dimensional organization is not well documented. To gain further insight into how odontoblast processes contribute to odontogenesis, we used serial section electron microscopy to examine these processes in the predentin region of mouse molars and incisors. In molars, the odontoblast processes are tubular with a diameter of ~1.8 μm. The odontoblast processes near the incisor tip are similarly shaped, but those midway between the tip and apex are shaped like plates. The plates are radially aligned and longitudinally oriented with respect to the growth axis of the incisor. The thickness of the plates is approximately the same as the diameter of molar odontoblast processes. The plates have an irregular edge; the average ratio of width (midway in the predentin) to thickness is 2.3 on the labial side and 3.6 on the lingual side. The plate geometry seems likely to be related to the continuous growth of the incisor and may provide a clue as to the mechanisms by which the odontoblast processes are involved in tooth development.
The roles of iron and HFE genotype in neurological diseases

Iron accumulation is a recurring pathological phenomenon in many neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and others. Iron is essential for normal development and functions of the brain; however, excess redox-active iron can also lead to oxidative damage and cell death. Especially for terminally differentiated cells like neurons, regulation of reactive oxygen species is critical for cell viability. As a result, cellular iron level is tightly regulated. Although iron accumulation related to neurological diseases has been well documented, the pathoetiological contributions of the homeostatic iron regulator (HFE), which controls cellular iron uptake, is less understood. Furthermore, a common HFE variant, H63D HFE, has been identified as a modifier of multiple neurological diseases. This review will discuss the roles of iron and HFE in the brain as well as their impact on various disease processes.
Seeded laser-induced cavitation for studying high-strain-rate irreversible deformation of soft materials

Characterizing the high-strain-rate and high-strain mechanics of soft materials is critical to understanding the complex behavior of polymers and various dynamic injury mechanisms, including traumatic brain injury. However, their dynamic mechanical deformation under extreme conditions is technically difficult to quantify and often includes irreversible damage. To address such challenges, we investigate an experimental method, which allows quantification of the extreme mechanical properties of soft materials using ultrafast stroboscopic imaging of highly reproducible laser-induced cavitation events. As a reference material, we characterize variably cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane specimens using this method. The consistency of the laser-induced cavitation is achieved through the introduction of laser absorbing seed microspheres. Based on a simplified viscoelastic model, representative high-strain-rate shear moduli and viscosities of the soft specimens are quantified across different degrees of crosslinking. The quantified rheological parameters align well with the time-temperature superposition prediction of dynamic mechanical analysis. The presented method offers significant advantages with regard to quantifying high-strain rate, irreversible mechanical properties of soft materials and tissues, compared to other methods that rely upon the cyclic dynamics of cavitation. These advances are anticipated to aid in the understanding of how damage and injury develop in soft materials and tissues.
The effects of L-Arginine supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria spp.

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of varying levels of L-arginine (Arg) on performance and intestinal health of broilers challenged with Eimeria. Cobb 500 male chicks (n = 720) were randomly distributed in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement (6 replicates/12 birds). The main factors were Arg levels (1.04, 1.14, 1.24, 1.34, 1.44%) and challenge or non-challenge with Eimeria. At day 12, in the challenge group, each bird received orally 12,500 Eimeria maxima, 12,500 Eimeria tenella, and 62,500 Eimeria acervulina sporulated oocysts. At 5 d postinfection (dpi), intestinal permeability was measured. At 6 and 14 dpi, performance, intestinal histomorphology, nutrient digestibility, tight junction protein (TJP) gene expression, and antioxidant markers were evaluated. Few interactions were found, and when significant, the supplementation of Arg did not counteract the negative effects of Eimeria challenge. Challenge, regardless of Arg level, increased intestinal permeability, although the expression of Claudin-1, a TJP, was upregulated. At 6 dpi, the antioxidant system was impaired by the challenge. Moreover, growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and nutrient digestibility were negatively affected by challenge at 6 and 14 dpi. Regardless of challenge, from 0 to 14 dpi, birds fed 1.44% showed higher weight gain than 1.04% of Arg, and birds fed 1.34% showed lower feed conversion than 1.04% of Arg. At 5 dpi, intestinal permeability was improved in birds fed 1.34% than 1.04% of Arg. Moreover, 1.34% of Arg upregulated the expression of the TJP Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) as compared with 1.24 and 1.44% of Arg at 6 dpi. At 14 dpi, 1.44% of Arg upregulated the expression of ZO-1 and ZO-2 compared with 1.24 and 1.34% of Arg. The nutrient digestibility was quadratically influenced by Arg, whereas the antioxidant markers were unaffected. Thus, the challenge with Eimeria had a negative impact on growth and intestinal health. The dietary supplementation of levels ranging from 1.24 to 1.44% of Arg showed promising results, improving overall growth, intestinal integrity, and morphology in broilers subjected or not to Eimeria challenge.
The Use of MRI in Preoperative Decision-Making for Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Single-Center Study.

Objective Few studies have examined associations between vascular compression and postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing microvascular decompression (MVD) for treatment of medically refractory type 1 trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The authors sought to examine for associations between vascular compression and postoperative pain relief to determine the utility of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in surgical decision-making for TN. Methods The charts of 59 patients who underwent 60 MVDs for TN between 2007 and 2017 at a single academic institution were reviewed. Patient demographics, the presence of compressing vessel on preoperative MRI and intraoperatively, complications, follow-up time, performance of a partial sensory rhizotomy, and pain resolution at most recent follow-up were recorded. Sensitivity and specificity of MRI for detecting vascular compression were calculated and associations between preoperative and intraoperative evidence of vascular compression with postoperative pain relief were examined. Results Sensitivity and specificity of preoperative MRI determined through blinded reads by the senior author were 65.3% (95% confidence interval, 13.5–32.0) and 90.9% (95% confidence interval, 86.1–100.0), respectively. Overall, 76.3% of patients were pain free at most recent follow-up. Preoperative MRI and intraoperative evidence of vascular compression were not associated with postoperative pain relief at most recent follow-up (P = 0.47 and 0.43, respectively). Conclusions The findings of lower sensitivity and poor interrater reliability of MRI, as well as a lack of association between compressive vessel and postoperative pain relief reported in this study, suggest the decision to pursue MVD for TN should be based more heavily on classic symptomatic presentation over preoperative evidence of vascular compression.
Constructing thin subgroups of $\mathrm{SL}(n+1,\mathbb{R})$ via bending

We use techniques from convex projective geometry to produce many new examples of thin subgroups of lattices in special linear groups that are isomorphic to the fundamental groups of finite-volume hyperbolic manifolds. More specifically, we show that for a large class of arithmetic lattices in SO(n,1) it is possible to find infinitely many noncommensurable lattices in SL(n+1,ℝ) that contain a thin subgroup isomorphic to a finite-index subgroup of the original arithmetic lattice. This class of arithmetic lattices includes all noncocompact arithmetic lattices as well as all cocompact arithmetic lattices when n is even.
Depositional Environments and Stratigraphy of Quaternary Paleochannel Systems Offshore of the Georgia Bight, Southeastern U.S.A.

Long, J.H.; Hanebuth, T.J.J.; Alexander, C.R., and Wehmiller, J.F., 2021. Depositional environments and stratigraphy of Quaternary paleochannel systems offshore of the Georgia Bight, southeastern U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(5), 883–905. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Paleochannels are common subsurface geological features beneath inner continental shelves and coastal plains and are important archives of ancient depositional environments. This study, focusing on a 450-km portion of the inner continental shelf of the SE United States, adds to understanding of the timing of paleochannel development, the paleoenvironments in which they formed, and the mechanisms that drove their formation. Integrated analysis of 1089 km of high-resolution seismic reflection data and 12 sediment cores reveals that (1) most paleochannels documented here formed in backbarrier environments (estuarine or lagoonal) and were subsequently filled during transgression or following avulsion, preserving mud-rich, tidally influenced deposits; (2) the preservation of nonmarine deposits is rare; (3) paleochannels are either solitary or amalgamated, forming paleochannel complexes within which they are arranged in multistory (vertically stacked) or multilateral (horizontally offset) configurations, a product of local hydrodynamic conditions, antecedent geology, glacioeustatic cycles, and regional isostatic adjustments; and (4) a general southerly increase in the overall degree of channelization is observed across the Georgia Bight, a function of long-term accommodation, interaction with underlying stratigraphy, and dominant coastal processes. The composition and spatiotemporal distribution of paleochannel systems has implications for understanding the long-term evolution and preservation of complex coastal systems and informing regional Quaternary sea-level reconstructions.
SAL/MANTECA/PANELA:: PRACTICA VETERININARIA EN LOS ANDES ECUATORIANOS

En este ensayo analizo la alimentacion al ganado con bolas de sal, manteca y azucar morena como se lo hace en la region andina del sur del Ecuador. Estas bolas proporcionan satisfacciones nutritivas al ganado y satisfacciones conceptuales a sus duenos. Se cree que los animales domesticos comparten con los seres humanos muchas caracteristicas, necesidades y deseos. La extension metaforica de estas peculiaridades al ganado responde no solo a propositos cognocitivos sino tambien pragmaticos y de manejo de las incertidumbres en un entorno agrario incierto y precario.
“This Place Saved My Life”: The Limits of Christian Redemption Narratives at a Juvenile Detention Facility for Girls

This chapter considers incarcerated girls’ accounts of Christian faith-based programming in a juvenile detention facility. The arguments derive from interviews and routine participant observation at a facility in the Midwestern United States over a two-year period. During the research interviews, young women articulated commitments to take responsibility for changing their lives through religious belief and faith. Adult volunteers, who are mostly evangelical Christians, guided the youth to believe that a religious conversion would enable hopeful futures with success, employment, and forgiveness. Faith-based volunteer activities therefore ask youth to use their time in prison as an opportunity for prayer, heart change, and Bible study. The chapter shows how girls took up and expanded religious discourse through repeated narratives that prison “saved” them from early deaths, violent home lives, and addiction struggles. The chapter argues that youth at the facility repeat the idea that they can change their pathways through personal choice and faith in God, and it questions the effects of these beliefs.
The Tensor Fascia Lata Muscle Flap

The tensor fascia lata muscle flap is a Mathes–Nahai type I (one single dominant pedicle). While this muscle flap can be used for a variety of reasons, we choose this flap mainly for three reasons: (a) to reconstruct groin or pelvic defects (including the area of the iliac wing) as a V–Y advancement flap or as a rotational flap, (b) as part of a chimeric free flap when a targeted muscle reinnervation is being performed, and (c) when a knee soft tissue reconstruction with a concurrent patellar tendon reconstruction is needed, as the iliotibial tract can be transformed into a relative strong tendinous structure. While the flap can be harvested as a muscular flap only, we almost always harvest it as a musculocutaneous flap, with the skin overlying the muscle in the lateral aspect of the leg. Two-thirds of the proximal skin from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the knee can be safely harvested without concerns; however, an extended skin paddle can also be harvested. If the skin paddle harvest extends distally to the proximal two-thirds, then one needs to understand that the blood supply to the distal aspect is often unreliable. As a result, a delay procedure is recommended in these cases. The skin paddle design can be made in a V or a more circular pattern depending on the reconstructive needs and the shape of the wound that needs to be covered. It needs to be noted that the muscle, even though small, is significantly bulky and that needs to be taken into account when deciding the suitability of the flap for the proposed reconstruction. The vascular pedicle anatomy is consistent with adequate length (6 cm) and good diameter (2 mm), making it an easy target for microvascular anastomosis. The functional donor site defect morbidity is minimal; however, it can leave a significant cosmetic defect, which needs to be discussed, especially with female patients.
Postpartum anhedonia: Emergent patterns in bipolar and unipolar depression.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify differences in the longitudinal course anhedonia symptoms during postpartum in women diagnosed with unipolar or bipolar disorder. Female participants diagnosed with either bipolar (n = 104) or unipolar (n = 136) depression at week 20 during pregnancy were evaluated prospectively at weeks 2, 12, 26, and 52 postpartum using clinical interviews. A semi-parametric, group-based mixture model was applied to separate distinct longitudinal patterns of symptoms of anhedonia. Across time, among those who reported anhedonia, twice as many women had the diagnoses of bipolar depression relative to unipolar depression (65.03% versus 39.47%, respectively). Moreover, the rate and stability of anhedonia was higher in women with bipolar relative to unipolar depression. Across groups, anhedonia was associated with significantly higher depressive symptom severity. Anhedonia is a more stable and frequent symptom in women with postpartum bipolar relative to unipolar depressive disorder.
Effects of opioid narcotic drugs on energy reserves of skeletal muscle—II: Further studies of the glycogenolytic action of methadone

Abstract The addition of 5 mM methadone to isolated intact extensor digitorum longus and soleus (EDL + SOL) muscles of the rat resulted in the rapid breakdown of creatine-P and ATP. AMP and ADP concentrations were also reduced by methadone, indicating degradation of the nucleotides beyond the level of AMP. Comparison of the concentrations of the various energy reserves at different times after the addition of methadone indicated that the narcotic drug first triggered the breakdown of creatine-P, which was followed in turn by the breakdown of ATP and glycogen. Although levo -methadone is more effective pharmacologically than dextro -methadone, the two isomers were equally effective in reducing the glycogen content of EDL + SOL muscles. The narcotic antagonist naloxone did not antagonize the glycogenolytic action of either methadone or morphine. 2-Diethyla-minoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate hydrochloride (SKF 525-A) and the α-isomers of propoxyphene were approximately as effective as methadone in reducing muscle glycogen. It was concluded that the glycogenolytic action of the opioid narcotic drugs, SKF 525-A and propoxyphene is not related to their pharmacologic actions in vivo but probably results from a nonspecific effect of these compounds on the membranes of the muscle fibers.
The Geography, Structure, and Evolution of the GIS Research Community in the US: A Network Analysis from 1992 to 2011

The research community of Geographic Information Systems and Science (GIS) has been growing rapidly during the last two decades. Little attention has been paid to understanding its geography, structure and evolution. Taking a new organizational perspective, this article aims to fill the knowledge gap by analyzing collaboration and citation networks between GIS research organizations, including academic institutions, government agencies, businesses, and others. These two networks are analyzed in geographical and bibliographical spaces, respectively, to discover characteristic distributions and structures. The results show an uneven geographic distribution of GIS research organizations, and clustered spatial interactions between them. Both collaboration and citation networks exhibit typical “scale-free” structures, which came into being around the year 2000 and have remained to the present. Further, the GIS research community is composed of 11 cohesive sub-groups, with each having a clear hub-spoke structure and a few highly connected organizations as leaders. These results shed light on the overall picture of the GIS research community, and offer a reference system that stimulates further exploration.
A stressz és a fertilitás

In Western countries, sperm quality and fertility of men significantly worsened. Female infertility does not show a better trend either. Subtle defects in the reproductive functions can not be explained by the current methods, and "unexplained infertility" is becoming a more common diagnosis. Every year 1 million couples seek expensive and time consuming fertility treatment in the world. Deeper understanding of an unhealthy lifestyle and the environmental damages may lead to personalized treatments to increase the chance of conception.The effects of various stressors on the male and female reproductive performance were scientifically substantiated by Selye and coworkers in 1976. Cognitive therapy methods can be applied against emotional stressors, supplementation by antioxidants against reactive oxygen compounds, and administration of vitamins and trace elements, especially when deficiency is found, may help before medical intervention on a rational and economical way in the fight against infertility.
Association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study

BACKGROUND It is uncertain whether or not vegetables, fruit, or grains protect against colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVE In a large prospective study, we investigated the association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer risk. DESIGN Between 1993 and 1996, 85 903 men and 105 108 women completed a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire that included approximately 180 foods and beverages in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. A diagnosis of colorectal cancer was made in 1138 men and 972 women after an average follow-up of 7.3 y. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate multivariate-adjusted relative risks and 95% CIs for colorectal cancer. RESULTS In men, multivariate adjustment for energy intake, dietary, and nondietary variables resulted in relative risks in the highest quintile group of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.93; P for trend = 0.02) for vegetables and fruit combined, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.99; P for trend = 0.09) for fruit alone, and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.05; P for trend = 0.05) for vegetables alone. When colon and rectal cases were separated among men, the inverse associations were stronger for colon than for rectal cancer. In women, none of the associations with vegetables, fruit, or vegetables and fruit combined were significant. Grain intake was not associated with colorectal cancer for either men or women. CONCLUSION The intake of vegetables and fruit was inversely related to colorectal cancer risk among men but not among women. The association appears stronger for colon than for rectal cancer.
The nature and occurrence of registration errors in the emergency department.

Abstract Research into the nature and occurrence of medical errors has shown that these often result from a combination of factors that lead to the breakdown of workflow. Nowhere is this more critical than in the emergency department (ED), where the focus of clinical decisions is on the timely evaluation and stabilization of patients. This paper reports on the nature of errors and their implications for patient safety in an adult ED, using methods of ethnographic observation, interviews, and think-aloud protocols. Data were analyzed using modified “grounded theory,” which refers to a theory developed inductively from a body of data. Analysis revealed four classes of errors, relating to errors of misidentification, ranging from multiple medical record numbers, wrong patient identification or address, and in one case, switching of one patient's identification information with those of another. Further analysis traced the root of the errors to ED registration. These results indicate that the nature of errors in the emergency department are complex, multi-layered and result from an intertwined web of activity, in which stress in the work environment, high patient volume and the tendency to adopt shortcuts play a significant role. The need for information technology (IT) solutions to these problems as well as the impact of alternative policies is discussed.
Early androgen stimulation and aggressive behavior in male and female mice

Abstract The present series of experiments sought to determine the role of androgen in the neonatal mouse with respect to the development of brain mechanisms for aggression. Experiment 2 showed that male mice, and female mice given testosterone on the day of birth show comparable levels of aggression when gonadectomized and tested for fighting following testosterone administration in adulthood. Female mice treated with oil at birth, failed to show aggression in adulthood even when given large amounts of exogenous testosterone. A group of females given testosterone on the 10th day after birth showed more aggression than normal females, but less aggression than females given testosterone on the day of birth. Experiment 3 showed that mice castrated on the 10th day after birth and given testosterone as adults displayed significantly more aggression than mice castrated on the day of birth and similarly treated as adults. It was concluded that androgen stimulation of the mouse early in life causes the differentiation of a neural system for aggression which is more sensitive to androgen in adulthood than the system developing in the absence of neonatal androgenic stimulation. Experiment 1 showed that under the appropriate testing conditions, castrated male and female mice display aggression even in the absence of exogenous testosterone.
Prediction of terminal variables in homing

the height between the model-release point and the water surface. The accelerations were measured by strain-gage type accelerometers, and the records were traced on an oscilloscope and photographed. The two accelerometers used were a ±100 g Kyowa accelerometer with a natural frequency of 2000 cps and a ±200 g accelerometer with a natural frequency of 3000 cps. Both were damped to 65% of critical damping. A Kyowa amplifier was used which had a carrier frequency of 20,000 cps.
Formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts from metabolic activation of the prototype heliotridine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid, heliotrine.

Abstract Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants are widespread in the world and may be the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids require metabolism to exert their genotoxicity and tumorigenicity. Our mechanistic studies have determined that metabolism of the retronecine-type (riddelliine, retrorsine, and monocrotaline), heliotridine-type (lasiocarpine), and otonecine-type (clivorine) tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in vivo and/or in vitro all generates a common set of 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived DNA adducts responsible for tumor induction. All the pyrrolizidine alkaloids studied previously are diesters with an ester linkage at the C7 and C9 positions of the necine base. In this study, we report that F344 rat liver microsomal metabolism of heliotrine, a tumorigenic monoester bearing a hydroxyl group at the C7 of the necine base, resulted in the formation of the dehydroheliotridine (DHH) metabolite. When incubations of heliotrine were carried out in the presence of calf thymus DNA, the same set of DHP-derived DNA adducts was formed. These results support that DHP-derived DNA adducts are potential common biomarkers of pyrrolizidine alkaloid exposure and tumorigenicity. For comparison, the dehydroretronecine (DHR)-derived DNA adducts formed from metabolism of riddleiine, retrorsine, monocrotaline, riddelleiine N-oxide, and retrorsine N-oxide were measured in parallel; the levels of DHP-derived DNA adduct formation were in the order: riddelliine ≈ retrorsine > monocrotaline > retrorsine N-oxide ≥ riddelliine N-oxide > heliotrine.
A Place Called Grand Canyon: Contested Geographies

For most people, "Grand Canyon" signifies that place of scenic wonder identified with Grand Canyon National Park. Beyond the boundaries of the park, however, extends the greater Grand Canyon, a region that includes five Indian reservations, numerous human settlements, and lands managed by three federal agencies and by the states of Arizona and Utah. Many people have sought to etch their values, economic practices, and physical presence on this vast expanse. Ultimately, all have had to come to terms with the limits imposed by the physical environment and the constraints posed by others seeking to carve out a place for themselves. A Place Called Grand Canyon is an unprecedented survey of how the lands and resources of the greater Grand Canyon have come to be divided in many different ways and for many different reasons. It chronicles the ebb and flow of power --changes in who controls the land and gives it meaning. The book begins with an exploration of the geographies of the native peoples, then examines how the westward expansion of the United States affected their lives and lands. It traces the century of contest and negotiation over the land and its resources that began in the 1880s and concludes with an assessment of contemporary efforts to redefine the region. Along the way, it explores how the spaces of the greater Grand Canyon area came to be defined and used, and how those spaces in turn influenced later contests among the ranchers, loggers, miners, recreationists, preservationists, Native Americans, and others claiming a piece--or all--of the area for their own ends. The story exposes how dynamic the geographical boundaries of the region really are, regardless of the indelibility of the ink with which they were drawn. With visitation to Grand Canyon National Park approaching five million people per year, pressures on resources are intensifying. When the greater Grand Canyon area is considered, environmental management is further complicated by the often-conflicting demands of business, recreation, ecological preservation, and human settlement. Morehouse invites us to look beyond boundaries drawn on maps to discover what Grand Canyon means to different people, and to think more deeply about what living in harmony with the land really entails. Her insights will be of interest to geographers and other social scientists--including anthropologists and environmental historians--and to all who seek a counterpoint to conventional natural histories of the region.
Abstract 4506: Photocaged molecules in targeted drug delivery.

We have developed a new targeted therapy that uses light to deliver cytotoxic agents into cancer cells. This strategy is based on the concept of photocaging in which a biologically active molecule is made inactive by the attachment of a light-cleavable blocking group. Upon exposure to UV radiation the photocleavable entity is removed and the biologically active molecule is released. Using this concept we have designed a prodrug that consists of a cell impermeable hydrophilic photocage attached to doxorubicin. The hydrophilic moiety makes the entire prodrug cell impermeable in the dark. Upon irradiation with non-toxic doses of UV light, the photosensitive group is removed and cytotoxic doxorubicin is released into the cells. In the presence of light the IC 50 has been found to be 1.6 ±1.0 μM in JH-Eso-Ad1 cells. The FACS studies further confirmed that the cytotoxicity was due to light triggered release of free doxorubicin from the cell impermeable prodrug. This concept has been further developed by attaching a receptor binding molecule to the photocaged drug to enhance specificity. Specifically, we have attached folic acid and the PSMA binding ligand, DUPA to the photocaged doxorubicin. These targeting groups enable cancer cell selective drug delivery with light. Citation Format: Deboleena Mitra, Martin Michael Dcona, Matthew C.T. Hartman. Photocaged molecules in targeted drug delivery. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4506. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4506