cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase production does not prevent arachidonate from increasing extravacular lung water and albumin in an isolated dog lung

Abstract We examined the hypothesis that arachidonic acid can lead to pulmonary edema, increased pulmonary vascular permeability, and increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in an isolated dog lung. The lung was perfused with a dextran-salt solution to remove blood elements.Compared to controls, 20 mg/min sodium arachidonate into the pulmonary circulation led to edema and to an increase in a permeability and surface area index (PSI%), PVR, and cyclooxygenase (i.e. prostaglandin) production as measured by 6-keto-PGF1α, TXB2 and PGF2α. With 20 mg/min arachidonate, indomethacin inhibited the increase in cyclooxygenase production, reduced the increase in PVR and increased the edema and PSI%. Indomethacin, alone, did not produce edema or an increase in PSI% or PVR.Lower doses of arachidonate (0.l to S mg/min) led to increasing cyclooxygenase production without obvious edema or an increase in PSI% or PVR. We conclude: 1) arachidonate can lead to pulmonary edema and an increase in PVR, and may lead to an increase in pulmonary vascular permeability; these effects of arachidonate do not require normal numbers of circulating blood elements; 2) arachidonate appears to contribute to pulmonary edema and increased PSI% by a noncyclooxygenase effect since inhibition of cyclooxygenase production did not prevent, and lower doses of cyclooxygenase production did not produce edema or an increase in PSI%; 3) the increase in PVR appeared to have a cyclooxygenase component since inhibition of cyclooxygenase production reduced the increase, and 4) indemethacin can increase the magnitude of edema and PSI% from arachidonate by an undefined mechanism.
Designing Head-Up Displays (HUDs) to Support Flight Path Guidance While Minimizing Effects of Cognitive Tunneling

This study investigates the effects of varying the conformality of the flight path HUD symbology on flight path tracking and cognitive tunneling. Partially conformal and conformal symbology sets were created for the approach/landing (air-based) and taxi (ground-based) phases of flight. The partially conformal approach symbology was a flight director consisting of crosshairs and transitioned into the taxi symbology, which was a plan-view of the runway and taxiway. The conformal approach symbology was a tunnel-in-the-sky followed by runway symbology, which was scene-linked, conformal runway pylons. Twenty pilots flew 25 approaches with each symbology set. The conformal, tunnel-in-the-sky symbology was more effective in supporting the pilots in navigating complex curved approaches than the partially conformal flight director. In addition, flying with the tunnel-in-the-sky also lead to better performance on secondary target detection tasks. On the ground, the conformal symbology set supported landing and taxi...
Reconfigurable robots with Heterogeneous Drive Mechanisms: The kinematics of the Heterogeneous Differential Drive

Statically and dynamically reconfigurable robot mechanisms have been extensively studied by a number of researchers. Control formulations have been proposed for specific mechanisms and some researchers have tried to build unified frameworks for general robot control. This paper reports an extension of the differential drive mechanism that we call the Heterogeneous Differential Drive. Bridging the gap between differential drive mechanisms and skid-steered mechanisms, the heterogeneous differential drive permits the modular combination of different types of actuators with different capabilities under one unified framework. It is a step toward a unified framework for actuators we call Heterogeneous Drive Mechanisms that permits reconfigurable mechanisms with homogeneous or heterogeneous components. The heterogeneous differential drive is a theoretical class of vehicles that lies in the gray area between pure differential drive vehicles and pure skid steered vehicles, yet represents either at the extremes. The heterogeneous differential drive also provides the basis for our preliminary development of the heterogeneous drive. This paper develops the kinematic model of the heterogeneous differential drive from the kinematic model of the differential drive formulation and describes an example mechanism.
Production of dextranase by Lipomyces starkeyi

The optimal growth rate ofLipomyces starkeyi, with dextran as sole carbon source, was found within the pH range 2.5–4.0, and temperature between 25–30°C. This yeast was unable to grow above 33°C. Dextranase production optima paralleled growth optima, except at pH 2.5. Decrease in enzyme yield at this pH could not be attributed to poor yeast growth or enzyme stability.
Size-dependent structural transformations of hematite nanoparticles. 1. Phase transition.

Using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), we characterize the structure and/or morphology of hematite (α-Fe2O3) particles with sizes of 7, 18, 39 and 120 nm. It is found that these nanoparticles possess maghemite (γ-Fe2O3)-like defects in the near surface regions, to which a vibrational mode at 690 cm−1, active both in FTIR and Raman spectra, is assigned. The fraction of the maghemite-like defects and the net lattice disorder are inversely related to the particle size. However, the effect is opposite for nanoparticles grown by sintering of smaller hematite precursors under conditions when the formation of a uniform hematite-like structure throughout the aggregate is restricted by kinetic issues. This means that not only particle size but also the growth kinetics determines the structure of the nanoparticles. The observed structural changes are interpreted as size-induced α-Fe2O3 ↔ γ-Fe2O3 phase transitions. We develop a general model that considers spinel defects and absorbed/adsorbed species (in our case, hydroxyls) as dominant controls on structural changes with particle size in hematite nanoparticles, including solid-state phase transitions. These changes are represented by trajectories in a phase diagram built in three phase coordinates—concentrations of spinel defects, absorbed impurities, and adsorbed species. The critical size for the onset of the α → γ phase transition depends on the particle environment, and for the dry particles used in this study is about 40 nm. The model supports the existence of intermediate phases (protohematite and hydrohematite) during dehydration of goethite. We also demonstrate that the hematite structure is significantly less defective when the nanoparticles are immersed in water or KBr matrix, which is explained by the effects of the electrochemical double layer and increased rigidity of the particle environment. Finally, we revise the problem of applicability of IR spectroscopy to the lattice vibrations of hematite nanoparticles, demonstrating that structural comparison of different samples is much more reliable if it is based on the Eu band at about 460 cm−1 and the spinel band at 690 cm−1, instead of the A2u/Eu band at about 550 cm−1 used in previous work. The new methodology is applied to analysis of the reported IR spectra of Martian hematite.
Impact of Emergency Department Built Environment on Timeliness of Physician Assessment of Patients With Chest Pain

A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the built environment of an emergency department (ED) on the timeliness of physician assessment of chest pain patients. The main outcome variable was time to initial physician assessment. Potential predictor variables included presence of a solid door, distance of treatment room from work area, staffing team, day of week, and the patient's age, sex, and triage level. After multi-variate adjustment, the only predictors of time to initial assessment greater than 10 minutes were being placed in a room with a door (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.48) and being placed in a room 25 feet or more from the main physician work area (adjusted OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.13-1.67). These findings suggest that the ED built environment can be a barrier for providing timely care for this group of patients and may have implications for future ED architectural designs.
Endotoxin and transient hypoxia cause severe acidosis in the piglet

Abstract Purpose: Both hypoxia and gram-negative sepsis are thought to play a role in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is a potent mediator of gram-negative sepsis. The author investigated the effect of LPS and hypoxia on arterial and mesenteric venous blood gas values in a piglet model. Methods: 16 piglets (mean age, 9 days; mean weight, 3.2 kg) were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Catheters were placed in the aorta and the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). After a 30-minute stabilization period, piglets were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: normoxic ventilation (Fio 2 , 0.21), normoxic ventilation and LPS infusion (200 μg/kg, intravenously), hypoxic ventilation (Fio 2 , 0.10 for 20 minutes), or hypoxic ventilation and LPS infusion. All subjects were then monitored for an additional 30 minutes (recovery period). Multiple, paired blood gas samples were obtained from the aorta and SMV during the stabilization, experimental, and recovery periods. Results: Piglets subjected to both hypoxia and LPS experienced a much more severe acidosis in both the aorta (pH, 7.10 ± 0.08) and SMV (pH, 7.03 ± 0.09) than piglets subjected to either hypoxia or LPS alone ( P v 59 ± 12%, P Conclusion: This study suggests that the combination of transient hypoxia and gram-negative sepsis may act synergistically to produce both a severe acidosis and decreased tissue oxygenation.
Manufacturing scheduling in decentralised holonic systems using artificial intelligence techniques

Reactive scheduling is used in decentralised systems, such as holonic or agent-based systems to obtain real-time feasible solutions for both assigning operations to processing machines and scheduling Material Handling (MH) resources. A holonic system using a decentralised approach for scheduling manufacturing tasks is considered in this study. Part of the holonic architecture, a global view component acts as an integrator for the individual decision-making processes and it is also used in the performance evaluation process of the holonic system. Artificial intelligence techniques are employed in the design of one optimal and three heuristic algorithms embedded in the evaluation module of the global view entity. Since there are no reported results of improvements made by learning mechanisms associated with MH holonic systems, this paper also investigates the addition of a Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm to the global view entity's evaluation module.
A brief, annotated bibliography of the history of the Kansas Academy of Science

Founded in 1868, the Kansas Academy of Science celebrated its 140 year in 2008. The current volume of the Transactions is the 111 to be published since 1872. Technology has changed greatly since the printer (Miller Brothers, Topeka) hand-set the pages of the first volume in lead type. One hundred and forty years later, the co-editors review and format papers that they received in digital form via the Internet for publication on personal computers, a process that could have hardly been imagined by the founders of the Academy. While the distribution of the early volumes of the Transactions was greatly limited by the distances and communications systems of the day, the current volumes are made quickly available around the world via the Internet. Most recently, all of the volumes published by the Kansas Academy of Science have been scanned and digitized by JSTOR. One of the useful spin-offs of this effort to preserve the Transactions in digital format is the ability to do a detailed search for information contained in those volumes published since 1872.
Administrative interdependence: Measurement and applications

Abstract The object of the paper is to apply the methods used in the analysis of input-output tables to the study of interdependence among the different subdivisions of organizations. The term “organizations” is used in a generalized sense that includes examples ranging from, say, a small industry to a country's government. The bases for the analysis are the assumptions that: (a) it is possible to identify the contribution that each subdivision of the organization makes to the other subdivisions: and (b) it is possible to identify the contribution of the organization to its social environment. With the assumptions mentioned above, the methods of input-output analysis can be applied in order to estimate changes in size that should occur in an organization when demands from its environment change. Indices of model in which the methods developed for the study of Flow of Funds matrices are applied to the study of organizations. Data from the Federal Government of the U.S., subdivided into 25 departments and from the Mexican National Productivity Center are used to construct examples of the models presented and their applications.
Modulation of hypoalgesia by morphine and number of shock trials : covariation of a measure of context fear and hypoalgesia

In a recent series of studies, we observed that exposure to prolonged foot shock increased hypoalgesia induced by morphine. This increase was observed only when testing was conducted in the presence of shock-associated cues, suggesting that it resulted from context-conditioned fear. However, we do not know whether the extended stressor parameters employed in that study are necessary for an observance of the effect. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the effect of the number of shock trials (either 0, 20, 100, or 200) on the hypoalgesia observed following morphine administration. In addition, we measured activity as an independent index of context-conditioned fear, because in prior studies there had been no independent behavioral assessment of the conditioning of fear to the context. Although others have shown a covariation of conditioned fear and context-induced hypoalgesia using shock parameters and test paradigms different from our own, we sought to assess whether the same covariation would hold for conditioned fear and the hypoalgesia observed following the administration of morphine. The results showed increased hypoalgesia in all groups exposed to foot shock, demonstrating that prolonged exposure to foot shock is not necessary for an observance of this effect. In addition, the results revealed a linear relationship between number of trials of shock and hypoalgesia, but a U-shaped relationship between trials and activity. The pattern of results is considered in light of Fanselow's Perceptual-Defensive-Recuperative model.
Monte Carlo renormalization group study of the XY model

Abstract The Δβ method has been used to investigate the phase structure of the XY model. A line of fixed points was found in the low-temperature phase, while a renormalization group trajectory (one relevant and no marginal coupling parameters) in the high-temperature phase. A study of higher (3rd and 4th) order derivatives of the free energy indicate that the phase transition is of infinite order and that hyperscaling is valid for the system.
CEBS—Chemical Effects in Biological Systems: a public data repository integrating study design and toxicity data with microarray and proteomics data

CEBS (Chemical Effects in Biological Systems) is an integrated public repository for toxicogenomics data, including the study design and timeline, clinical chemistry and histopathology findings and microarray and proteomics data. CEBS contains data derived from studies of chemicals and of genetic alterations, and is compatible with clinical and environmental studies. CEBS is designed to permit the user to query the data using the study conditions, the subject responses and then, having identified an appropriate set of subjects, to move to the microarray module of CEBS to carry out gene signature and pathway analysis. Scope of CEBS: CEBS currently holds 22 studies of rats, four studies of mice and one study of Caenorhabditis elegans. CEBS can also accommodate data from studies of human subjects. Toxicogenomics studies currently in CEBS comprise over 4000 microarray hybridizations, and 75 2D gel images annotated with protein identification performed by MALDI and MS/MS. CEBS contains raw microarray data collected in accordance with MIAME guidelines and provides tools for data selection, pre-processing and analysis resulting in annotated lists of genes of interest. Additionally, clinical chemistry and histopathology findings from over 1500 animals are included in CEBS. CEBS/BID: The BID (Biomedical Investigation Database) is another component of the CEBS system. BID is a relational database used to load and curate study data prior to export to CEBS, in addition to capturing and displaying novel data types such as PCR data, or additional fields of interest, including those defined by the HESI Toxicogenomics Committee (in preparation). BID has been shared with Health Canada and the US Environmental Protection Agency. CEBS is available at http://cebs.niehs.nih.gov. BID can be accessed via the user interface from https://dir-apps.niehs.nih.gov/arc/. Requests for a copy of BID and for depositing data into CEBS or BID are available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/cebs-df/.
Effective shape of raindrops. Polarimetric radar perspective

In this study, polarimetric radar measurements are used for estimating mean shape of raindrops for several rain events. A linear dependence of the axis ratio on equivolume raindrop diameter is assumed, and the slope /spl beta/ of such dependence is obtained from the measurements of reflectivity factor Z, differential reflectivity Z/sub DR/, and specific differential phase K/sub DP/. Within-the-storm and between-the-storm variations of the parameter /spl beta/ are the primary focus of this investigation.
Narrow-linewidth, high-power 1556-nm slab-coupled optical waveguide external-cavity laser

We demonstrate an external-cavity laser comprised of a novel InGaAsP/InP curved-channel slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifier and a fiber Bragg grating. The laser exhibits a technical-noise-limited linewidth of 130 kHz with 88-mW output power at 1556 nm
Stillbirth in obstetric practice: report of survey findings

Objective: Stillbirth affects a large portion of the population and results in mortality rates comparable to those of preterm delivery and sudden infant death syndrome combined. Despite the large burden, little information is available to offer patients regarding etiology, treatment or prevention for a subsequent pregnancy. Methods: We surveyed a sample of Fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to determine the practice patterns in the management of stillbirth. Results: The majority of Fellows agreed on the definition of stillbirth; however, their approach to treatment and prevention varied. A majority of Fellows believed that research on understanding stillbirth was of national importance. Conclusions: A comprehensive educational effort to include current knowledge regarding causes and management, standardized diagnostic procedures, death registration and case review is recommended to improve obstetric care of those with a stillbirth.
Micromachined corner cube reflectors as a communication link

This paper proposes using a micromachined corner cube reflector to transmit data digitally by modulating reflected light intensity. Corner cube reflectors ranging in size from 100 to 200 μm have been built using hinged polysilicon plates. The reflectivity of polysilicon has been measured to be 24% and the total reflected power from the corner cube has been measured to be between 1 to 2% of the incident power. Orthogonality between plates is within roughly 8 mrad. Reflection from individual polysilicon plates has been modulated using electrostatic actuation with an applied voltage as low as 8 V.
Quality of Earnings and Accounting Estimates: A Case of Decisions

This case demonstrates the effect of accounting estimate decisions on quality of earnings. Many accounting decisions involve the use of estimates in situations where absolute certainty is not available. The case involves three activities. First, you will read a hypothetical but realistic scenario involving period‐end adjustments for the division of a large company. Second, assuming the role of the division controller, you will make the four required decisions and determine division net earnings after adjustment. Finally, you will prepare a detailed communication documenting the rationale for your decisions, which will form the basis for later classroom discussion. Completion of the case will enable you to resolve unstructured problems utilizing judgment and assumptions and to develop logical reasoning for your decisions.
Choose and prepare foods with less salt: dietary advice for all Americans.

The Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans have included dietary guidance on salt and sodium since they were first released in 1980. This paper briefly reviews the impetus for including sodium guidelines, changes in them over time and factors influencing these changes. Although guidance appears to have changed little over the five editions, differences in wording reflect changes in knowledge of the link between sodium and blood pressure, a shift in public health policy toward prevention and increased consumption of processed and prepared foods. We examine methods to monitor sodium intake and assess whether Americans are following these guidelines. Available data indicate that American adolescents and adults are consuming more sodium than recommended and are unable to judge whether the amount of sodium in their diet is appropriate. Although Americans avoid adding salt to food at the table, their efforts may have little effect given that the majority of salt consumed is added during commercial processing and preparation. Thus, changes to the Dietary Guidelines that emphasize the major sources of sodium in U.S. diets and advice to "choose and prepare foods with less salt" may help all Americans meet recommended sodium intake levels in the future.
Thalamostriatal projections from the ventral anterior nucleus in the dog

Thalamostriatal projections from the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) were mapped by using autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques in the dog. Injections of tritiated leucine and proline into the lateral, central, and medial parts of VA resulted in anterograde label over the dorsolateral, midlateral, and dorsal parts of the head of the caudate nucleus, respectively. The dorsolateral and midlateral parts of the caudate contained the heaviest label. No silver grains were located over the medial or ventral parts of the caudate. Light to moderate label was located over the most dorsal part of the putamen. After injections of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the dorsolateral or intermediate areas of the head of the caudate, retrogradely labeled cells were present in the lateral and central parts of VA, respectively. In cases with dorsolateral caudate injections, labeled cells formed a narrow dorsoventrally oriented band located in the lateral part of VA whereas in the case with a larger injection into midcaudate, large numbers of labeled neurons were scattered throughout the central area of VA. Retrogradely labeled cells were also found in the rostral part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VL). Injections of WGA-HRP into the medial part of the caudate resulted in only a few labeled cells located in the dorsomedial part of VA. Combining these data with those from other studies mapping neostriatal afferents from the cerebral cortex in the dog, it is apparent that the midlateral part of the caudate receiving input from VA also receives afferents from cortical area 6. Furthermore, the dorsolateral part of the caudate that receives input from the lateral part of VA also receives afferents from cortical area 4. These results indicate that the dorsal and lateral parts of the canine caudate nucleus may constitute important links in the transmission and integration of information related to complex motor activities.
Discovery of a novel nicotinic receptor antagonist for the treatment of nicotine addiction: 1-(3-Picolinium)-12-triethylammonium-dodecane dibromide (TMPD).

Abstract Limitations in efficacy and high relapse rates of currently available smoking cessation agents reveal the need for more efficacious pharmacotherapies. One strategy is to develop subtype-selective nicotinic receptor (nAChR) antagonists that inhibit nicotine-evoked dopamine (DA) release, the primary neurotransmitter involved in nicotine reward. Simple alkylation of the pyridino N-atom converts nicotine from a potent agonist into a potent antagonist. The classical antagonists, hexamethonium and decamethonium, differentiate between peripheral nAChR subtypes. Using a similar approach, we interconnected varying quaternary ammonium moieties with a lipophilic linker to provide N,N′-bis-nicotinium analogs, affording a lead compound, N,N′-dodecyl-1,12-diyl-bis-3-picolinium dibromide (bPiDDB), which inhibited nicotine-evoked DA release and decreased nicotine self-administration. The current work describes a novel compound, 1-(3-picolinium)-12-triethylammonium-dodecane dibromide (TMPD), a hybrid of bPiDDB and decamethonium. TMPD completely inhibited (IC50 = 500 nM) nicotine-evoked DA release from superfused rat striatal slices, suggesting that TMPD acts as a nAChR antagonist at more than one subtype. TMPD (1 μM) inhibited the response to acetylcholine at α3β4, α4β4, α4β2, and α1β1ɛδ receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. TMPD had a 2-fold higher affinity than choline for the blood–brain barrier choline transporter, suggesting brain bioavailability. TMPD did not inhibit hyperactivity in nicotine sensitized rats, but significantly and specifically decreased nicotine self-administration. Together, the results suggest that TMPD may have the ability to reduce the rewarding effect of nicotine with minimal side effects, a pharmacological profile indicative of potential clinical utility for the treatment of tobacco dependence.
Geriatrics Education and Training Experience in the United States

Over th e la st s everal d ecades g reat s trides h ave b een m ade in t he U nited S tates to m eet th e n eeds o f a n a ging American p opulation. T his p aper reviews th e d evelopment o f g eri atric m edicine in th e U nited S tates, w hich is characterized b y le adership a nd in vestment from b oth th e p ublic a n d p rivate s ector. T he e stablishment o f th e N ational Institute o f A ging, a s w ell a s, C enters o f E xcellence a nd in iti atives from th e V eterans A dministration supported th e development a nd g rowth o f g eriatric m edicine training p rograms. W h ile s ignificant a dvances h ave b een m ade, w e continue to be faced w ith the challenge of an aging population and not enough geriatricians to care for them. C urrent strategies w ill n eed to in tensify g eriatric training a t th e m ed ical s tudent le vel a nd te ach a ll p hysicians, regardless o f specialty, h ow to ta ke c are o f o lder p atients.
AdWords and generalized online matching

How does a search engine company decide what ads to display with each query so as to maximize its revenueq This turns out to be a generalization of the online bipartite matching problem. We introduce the notion of a trade-off revealing LP and use it to derive an optimal algorithm achieving a competitive ratio of 1−1/e for this problem.
Did national folic acid fortification reduce socioeconomic and racial disparities in folate status in the US

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the 1998 US Food and Drug Administration folic acid fortification policy on disparities in folate status in the United States. METHODS: We use repeated cross-sectional data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), a nationally representative sample of over 14 000 participants ages 25 and older. We calculate pre-fortification (1991-94) and post-fortification (1999-2002) absolute differences and relative prevalence ratios of low red blood cell (RBC) folate status (<362.6 nmol), by race/ethnicity and income quartile. We also estimate kernel density plots and relative and absolute concentration curves pre- and post-fortification. RESULTS: The excess prevalence of low RBC folate status associated with the lowest income quartile and black race declined by 67% and 48%, respectively, following fortification. Despite these absolute gains, the relative ratio of low folate status increased after fortification for the lowest compared with the highest income groups (from 1.27 to 2.08) and among whites compared with blacks (from 1.64 to 3.75). CONCLUSIONS: The effects of the fortification policy highlight the importance of distinguishing absolute from relative differences when evaluating interventions to reduce health disparities. Targeting of high risk populations is likely needed to eliminate remaining folate disparities.
Adaptive detection of range distributed targets

A modified generalized likelihood ratio test (MGLRT) for the adaptive detection of a target or targets that are distributed in range is derived. The unknown parameters associated with the hypothesis test are the complex amplitudes in range of the desired target and the unknown covariance matrix of the additive interference, which is assumed to be characterized as complex zero-mean correlated Gaussian random variables. The target's or targets' complex amplitudes are assumed to be distributed across the entire input data block (sensor/spl times/range). Results on probabilities of false alarm and detection are derived, and a bounded constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector is developed. Simulation results are presented. It is shown that the derived MGLRT of range distributed targets is much more effective in detecting targets distributed in range than an M out of K detector, which is cascaded with a single-point target Kelly (1986) detector.
The Insurgency of Global Empire and the Counterinsurgency of Local Resistance: new world order in an era of civilian provisional authority

Abstract This article examines the conflicts with Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran and Kuwait since 1978 in order to clarify how the modern state-form in the region is being undermined through aggressive efforts by US-led multinational coalitions to organise containment structures around Islamic, anti-Western powers, as well as around modernising petro-capitalist regimes, for the benefit of ‘stability’ in the larger world system. It asks if today's real insurgency is that of fluid Western multinational coalitions, while the true counterinsurgencies are the more fixed fundamentalist, localist and nationalist resistances in the region. It also asks whether weak civilian provisional authorities are displacing during the 21st century those older 19th century models of the strong state mapped out by Max Weber—both in the Middle East and elsewhere.
Storage management for an implementation of SNOBOL4

The implementation of the SNOBOL4 programming language requires some scheme for dynamic allocation and reclamation of storage. This paper describes the method used in a machine-dependent implementation of SNOBOL4 called SITBOL. Available storage is divided into two regions: one for the allocation of storage for permanent or immovable objects and one for objects that are subject to reclamation. Reclamation is accomplished by a four-phase algorithm, which includes marking, address adjustment and compaction. The reclamation process is supplemented by several heuristics that reduce the cost of reclamation and increase the amount of storage reclaimed. The storage overhead of the technique is analysed and compared with an alternate method. Some empirical measurements of actual SNOBOL4 programs are given that substantiate the results of the analysis.
Ultralow Oxygen Treatment for Postharvest Control of Nasonovia ribisnigri (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Iceberg Lettuce

Abstract The aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) is a common pest of lettuce in the United States. It hinders export of U.S. lettuce to the overseas market such as Japan where it is a quarantined pest. Ultralow oxygen treatments were studied for control of the insect on iceberg lettuce. Small-scale ultralow oxygen treatments in plastic jars were conducted at 1, 5, and 10°C for different durations to determine effective treatment against nymphs and alates of N. ribisnigri. At oxygen levels of 0.015–0.025%, N. ribisnigri can be controlled in 3 d at 1°C, 2 d at 5°C, and 1 d at 10°C. Large-scale ultralow oxygen treatments were conducted in bulk container treatment chambers with commercial iceberg lettuce heads for 2 d at 6°C with oxygen levels of 0.015 and 0.025% and for 3 d at 3°C with oxygen level of 0.015%. All treatments achieved complete control of N. ribisnigri. No negative impact on lettuce quality was detected after 2 wk of posttreatment storage. Therefore, the selected treatments have potential to be...
Zircon dissolution and growth during metamorphism

Kohn et al. 2015 (this volume) present models of zircon dissolution and growth in hydrous MORB and metapelite bulk compositions under metamorphic conditions. They evaluate the propensity metamorphic minerals in equilibrium with zircon, to assess what minerals (besides zircon) affect whole rock Zr mass balance. Results indicate that mineral reactions over a range of metamorphic grades could play an important role in the dissolution and growth of metamorphic zircon, with Zr preferentially incorporated into melt, rutile, garnet, and hornblende with increasing temperatures and decreasing pressures.
Extent of bronchioloalveolar pattern and expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor in surgically resected lung adenocarcinomas

20065 Background: An increasing number of studies are exploring relations between the bronchioloalveolar differentiation of adenocarcinomas and clinical, radiological and molecular parameters. We i...
Non-surgical porto-mesenteric vein thrombosis is associated with worse long-term outcomes in inflammatory bowel diseases

Objective: Our aim was to assess the risk factors for non-surgery-related portal and mesenteric vein thrombosis (PMVT) and its impact on the outcomes of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Methods: All patients with a concurrent diagnosis of IBD and PMVT between January 2004 and October 2013 were identified from the electronic medical record (study group; n = 20). Patients were matched for age, sex, and IBD phenotype with control IBD patients who had no PMVT, with a ratio of 1:3 (control group; n = 60). Risk factors for PMVT and IBD-related outcomes at one year after diagnosis of PMVT were compared between the two groups. Results: Of the 20 patients in the Study group, 6 (30%) had UC, 14 (70%) had CD and 11 (55%) were male. On multivariable analysis, inpatient status (odds ratio [OR] 6.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.88–25.12) and baseline corticosteroid use (OR 4.39; 95% CI 1.27–15.19) were found to be independent risk factors for the development of PMVT. At one-year follow-up, PMVT patients were more likely to have an adverse outcome of IBD, including subsequent emergency room visit (26.3% vs. 1.7%; P = 0.003), hospitalization for medical management (60.0% vs. 20.0%; P = 0.001) or IBD-related surgery (65.0% vs. 26.7%; P = 0.003) than the non-PMVT controls. In multivariable analysis, PMVT (OR 5.19; 95% CI 1.07–25.28) and inpatient status (OR 8.92; 95% CI 1.33–59.84) were found to be independent risk factors for poor outcome, whereas baseline immunomodulator use (OR 0.07; 95% CI 0.01–0.51) was found to be a protective factor. Conclusions: IBD patients who were inpatients or receiving corticosteroid therapy had an increased risk of the development of PMVT. The presence of PMVT was associated with poor clinical outcomes in IBD.
Cost and Benefits of Automation for Lunar Surface Operations: Preliminary Results

The Automation For Operations A4O project studied the costs and benefits of automating three capabilities for which software was identified as having a significant upfront and recurring cost, but could also provide significant benefits; Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) support, Quiescent Operations, and Cargo Offload. The project staff analyzed current mission operations tools for each of these three capabilities and emerging technologies and classified each technology as enabling a “low, medium” or “high” degree of operations automation. Technology costs were estimated using a traditional line-of-code count. Technology benefits for each technology were identified as person hours required to build plans, and staff to build plans The study shows that automation can have benefits primarily due to reduction in flight controller and crew effort to perform a variety of tasks. Additionally, the study provides insights into the sources of software costs by permitting analysis of the important factors leading to software costs. The study shows that many software costs can be avoided by identification of common software functions, and the use of modular and reconfigurable software for these functions. Finally, the study shows that automation software can be added incrementally, thereby allowing for a staged investment strategy.
Expanded Glucose Import Capability Affords Staphylococcus aureus Optimized Glycolytic Flux during Infection

ABSTRACT Acquisition of numerous virulence determinants affords Staphylococcus aureus greater pathogenicity than other skin-colonizing staphylococci in humans. Additionally, the metabolic adaptation of S. aureus to nonrespiratory conditions encountered during infection (e.g., hypoxia, nitric oxide, iron chelation) has been implicated as contributing to S. aureus virulence. Specifically, S. aureus has been shown to ferment glycolytic substrates in nonrespiratory environments encountered within the host. Here, we show that S. aureus has acquired unique carbohydrate transporters that facilitate the maximal uptake of host sugars and serve to support nonrespiratory growth in inflamed tissue. The carbohydrate substrates of 11 S. aureus transporters were identified, and at least four of their genes encode S. aureus glucose transporters (glcA, glcB, glcC, and glcU). Moreover, two transporter genes (glcA and glcC) are unique to S. aureus and contribute disproportionately to the nonrespiratory growth of S. aureus on glucose. Targeted inactivation of sugar transporters reduced glucose uptake and attenuated S. aureus in a murine model of skin and soft tissue infections. These data expand the evidence for metabolic adaptation of S. aureus to invasive infection and demonstrate the specific requirement for the fermentation of glucose over all other available carbohydrates. Ultimately, acquisition of foreign genes allows S. aureus to adopt a metabolic strategy resembling that of infiltrating host immune cells: high glycolytic flux coupled to lactate excretion. IMPORTANCE The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of human infections that are costly and difficult to treat. S. aureus differs from closely related commensal staphylococci in its ability to flourish following the invasion of deeper tissue from the skin surface. There, S. aureus primarily uses glucose to grow under respiration-limiting conditions imposed by the immune system. It was previously unclear how S. aureus thrives in this environment when other Staphylococcus species cannot. Our results provide evidence that S. aureus has acquired an expanded repertoire of carbohydrate transporters. In particular, four glucose transporters contribute to efficient S. aureus growth during infection. Thus, S. aureus has evolved to maximize its glucose uptake abilities for enhanced glycolytic flux during tissue invasion. This dependence on glucose acquisition for S. aureus virulence may also explain links between serious infectious complications associated with diabetic patients exhibiting elevated blood glucose levels.
Why not do phylogeography on every chthamalid barnacle? The case of Jehlius cirratus

Here I evaluate the population genetic structure of the barnacle Jehlius cirratus across a broad portion of its geographic distribution using data from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene region. Despite sampling diversity from close to 2500km of the linear range of this barnacle, there is little evidence for population structure. Hudson’s Snn value across all sites is not significantly dierent from null expectation, and no other phylogeographic structure is evident. Unbalanced sample sizes and their eect on such population genetic and phylogeographic analyses are discussed, but the general conclusion of this study is that J. cirratus can be considered panmictic along the Chilean coast.
Relaxing Consensus in Distributed Factored Evolutionary Algorithms

Factored Evolutionary Algorithms (FEA) have proven to be fast and efficient optimization methods, often outperforming established methods using single populations. One restriction to FEA is that it requires a central communication point between all of the factors, making FEA difficult to use in completely distributed settings. The Distributed Factored Evolutionary Algorithm (DFEA) relaxes this requirement on central communication by having neighboring factors communicate directly with one another. While DFEA has been effective at finding good solutions, there is often an increase in computational complexity due to the communication between factors. In previous work on DFEA, the authors required the algorithm reach full consensus between factors during communication. In this paper, we demonstrate that even without full consensus, the performance of DFEA was not statistically different on problems with low epistasis. Additionally, we found that there is a relationship between the convergence of consensus between factors and the convergence of fitness of DFEA.
Rapid Review Anesthesiology Oral Boards

Written for trainees who are preparing to take the Anesthesia Oral Board exam, Rapid Review Anesthesiology Oral Boards is focused on the most commonly tested topics on the ABA oral board exam. Presented in a question-and-answer format, the book covers 39 different clinical scenarios encountered in the exam, including the Parkland formula to calculate fluid resuscitation in burn patients, ICP monitoring in craniotomy and hemodynamic goals in patients with cardiac disease. Questions follow the normal course of a case, from pre-operative assessment to intra-operative management and post-operative care. The answers to the questions are carefully structured to not only help the reader understand the medicine of anesthesia but also to provide the correct terminology needed to successfully pass the exam. This book is essential reading for trainees preparing for one of the toughest exams of their careers.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a new tool to identify cardioaortic sources in ischaemic stroke

Stroke of undetermined aetiology or 'cryptogenic' stroke accounts for 30-40% of ischaemic strokes despite extensive diagnostic evaluation. The role and yield of cardiac imaging is controversial. Cardiac MRI (CMR) has been used for cardiac disorders, but its use in cryptogenic stroke is not well established. We reviewed the literature (randomised trials, exploratory comparative studies and case series) on the use of CMR in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with ischaemic stroke. The literature on the use of CMR in the diagnostic evaluation of ischaemic stroke is sparse. However, studies have demonstrated a potential role for CMR in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with cryptogenic stroke to identify potential aetiologies such as cardiac thrombi, cardiac tumours, aortic arch disease and other rare cardiac anomalies. CMR can also provide data on certain functional and structural parameters of the left atrium and the left atrial appendage which have been shown to be associated with ischaemic stroke risk. CMR is a non-invasive modality that can help identify potential mechanisms in cryptogenic stroke and patients who may be targeted for enrolment into clinical trials comparing anticoagulation to antiplatelet therapy in secondary stroke prevention. Prospective studies are needed to compare the value of CMR as compared to transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnostic evaluation of cryptogenic stroke.
Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Underrepresented Avian Species in Ohio, USA, in 2015.

Abstract We surveyed passerines and other terrestrial avian species for influenza A virus, resulting in molecular detection of virus from 1.5% of the 615 birds. However, no viral isolates were recovered. Little is known about the role that these undersurveilled avian species play in the ecology of influenza A virus.
CRISPR/CAS9 Technologies

The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) pathway is revolutionizing biological research. Modifications to this primitive prokaryotic immune system now enable scientists to efficiently edit DNA or modulate gene expression in living eukaryotic cells and organisms. Thus, many laboratories can now perform important experiments that previously were considered scientifically risky or too costly. Here, we describe the components of the CRISPR/Cas system that have been engineered for use in eukaryotes. We also explain how this system can be used to genetically modify cell lines and model organisms, or regulate gene expression in order to search for new participants in biological pathways. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Lenalidomide and bortezomib induce osteoclast cytotoxicity and decrease BAFF secretion in osteoclasts in human multiple myeloma: Clinical implications

7606 Background: Myeloma bone disease is caused by an enhanced osteoclast (OCL) activation, leading to osteolytic bone lesions. OCL have recently been reported to produce abundant B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in the bone marrow microenvironment that is important for myeloma cell growth and survival (Blood 106, 1021–30, 2005; ASH2005, #627). The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS341, Velcade) has potent anti-myeloma activity with impressive clinical responses. A recent study indicated that bortezomib has inhibitory effects on OCL (ASH 2005, #2488). Lenalidomide (CC-5013, Revlimid) is an immunomodulatory derivative of thalidomide that has shown promising anti-myeloma effects in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM) (ASH 2005, #6 & #1565). However, the effect of lenalidomide on human OCL lineage is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of lenalidomide and bortezomib on human OCL. Methods: OCL formation from healthy donors and MM patients were stimulat...
Identification of germline mutations in men with early onset prostate cancer.

5045 Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is generally considered a disease of older men, however, approximately 10% of new diagnoses occur in young men ( < 56 years) and some of these cases are clini...
Adapting Step Granularity in Tutorial Dialogue Based on Pretest Scores

We explore the effectiveness of adaptively deciding whether to further decompose a step in a line of reasoning during tutorial dialogue based on students’ pretest scores. We compare two versions of a tutorial dialogue system in high school classrooms: one that always decomposes a step to its simplest substeps and one that adaptively decides to decompose a step based on a student’s performance on pretest items that target the knowledge required to correctly answer that step. We hypothesize that students using the two versions of the tutoring system will learn similarly but that students who use the version that adaptively decomposes a step will learn more efficiently. Our results from classroom studies suggest support for our hypothesis. While students learned similarly and with similar efficiency across conditions, high prior knowledge students in the adaptive condition learned significantly more efficiently than high prior knowledge students in the control condition and learned similar amounts.