cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Attenuation of Rayleigh Waves with Depth in a Medium with Two Surface Layers

Summary The Rayleigh-type motion at any depth in an elastic medium with a double surface-layer has been discussed in earlier papers. The ten boundary conditions at the free surface and the interfaces give ten linear simultaneous equations to determine the amplitudes of the horizontal and vertical displacements at all depths in terms of the amplitude of the horizontal motion, say, at any assigned depth. The vanishing of the ten-row determinant obtained by eliminating these ten constants gives an equation determining the wave velocity c as a function of wave-length 2°/K. This equation has previously been solved numerically for a series of values of K under each of the hypotheses T2=T1; T2= 1/2 T1; T2= 1/3 T1; where T1, T2 are respectively the thicknesses of the upper and lower of the two surface layers. For any pair of values (c, K) any set of nine of the equations can be solved for the ratios of the constants, and in this way the relative amplitudes of the displacements have been found at various depths for each of the pairs (c, K) obtained in an earlier paper. The numerical work is heavy, and has been effected on the SEAC machine of the National Bureau of Standards.
Kinetic modeling of cellulose hydrolysis with first order inactivation of adsorbed cellulase.

Abstract Enzymatic hydrolysis involves complex interaction between enzyme, substrate, and the reaction environment, and the complete mechanism is still unknown. Further, glucose release slows significantly as the reaction proceeds. A model based on Langmuir binding kinetics that incorporates inactivation of adsorbed cellulase was developed that predicts product formation within 10% of experimental results for two substrates. A key premise of the model, with experimental validation, suggests that V max decreases as a function of time due to loss of total available enzyme as adsorbed cellulases become inactivated. Rate constants for product formation and enzyme inactivation were comparable to values reported elsewhere. A value of k 2 / K m that is several orders of magnitude lower than the rate constant for the diffusion-controlled encounter of enzyme and substrate, along with similar parameter values between substrates, implies a common but undefined rate-limiting step associated with loss of enzyme activity likely exists in the pathway of cellulose hydrolysis.
Galois realizability of groups of order 64

This article examines the realizability of groups of order 64 as Galois groups over arbitrary fields. Specifically, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the realizability of 134 of the 200 noncyclic groups of order 64 that are not direct products of smaller groups.
Bcl-2 Phosphorylation Required for Anti-apoptosis Function

The protooncogene Bcl-2 functions as a suppressor of apoptosis in growth factor-dependent cells, but a post-receptor signaling mechanism is not known. We recently reported that interleukin 3 (IL-3) and erythropoietin, or the protein kinase C activator bryostatin-1 (Bryo), not only suppresses apoptosis but also stimulates the phosphorylation of Bcl-2 (May, W. S., Tyler, P. G., Ito, T., Armstrong, D. K., Qatsha, K. A., and Davidson, N. E. (1994)J. Biol. Chem. 269, 26865–26870). To test whether phosphorylation is required for Bcl-2 function, conservative serine → alanine mutations were produced at the seven putative protein kinase C phosphorylation sites in Bcl-2. Results indicate that the S70A Bcl-2 mutant fails to be phosphorylated after IL-3 or Bryo stimulation and is unable to support prolonged cell survival either upon IL-3 deprivation or etoposide treatment when compared with wild-type Bcl-2. In contrast, a Ser → Glu mutant, S70E, which may mimic a potential phosphate charge, more potently suppressed the etoposide-induced apoptosis than wild type in the absence of IL-3. Since the loss of function S70A mutant can heterodimerize with its partner protein and death effector Bax, these findings demonstrate that Bcl-2:Bax heterodimerization is not sufficient and Bcl-2 phosphorylation is required for full Bcl-2 death suppressor signaling activity.
The optimal MR acquisition strategy for exponential decay constants estimation.

Abstract Estimating the relaxation constant of an exponentially decaying signal from experimental MR data is fundamental in diffusion tensor imaging, fractional anisotropy mapping, measurements of transverse relaxation rates and contrast agent uptake. The precision of such measurements depends on the choice of acquisition parameters made at the design stage of the experiments. In this report, χ 2 fitting of multipoint data is used to demonstrate that the most efficient acquisition strategy is a two-point scheme. We also conjecture that the smallest coefficient of variation of the decay constant achievable in any N -point experiment is 3.6 times larger than that in the image intensity obtained by averaging N acquisitions with minimal exponential weighting.
More balanced incomplete block designs from Frobenius groups

Abstract From a Frobenius group G = N ×σ Φ with kernel N and complement Φ, one can sometimes construct new balanced incomplete block designs by taking as blocks the translations in N of blocks made from the union of the nontrivial orbits of Φ of a and −a in N together with the trivial orbit {0}.
Field evaluation of distance-estimation error during wetland-dependent bird surveys

Context The most common methods to estimate detection probability during avian point-count surveys involve recording a distance between the survey point and individual birds detected during the survey period. Accurately measuring or estimating distance is an important assumption of these methods; however, this assumption is rarely tested in the context of aural avian point-count surveys. Aims We expand on recent bird-simulation studies to document the error associated with estimating distance to calling birds in a wetland ecosystem. Methods We used two approaches to estimate the error associated with five surveyor’s distance estimates between the survey point and calling birds, and to determine the factors that affect a surveyor’s ability to estimate distance. Key results We observed biased and imprecise distance estimates when estimating distance to simulated birds in a point-count scenario (error = –9 m, s.d.error = 47 m) and when estimating distances to real birds during field trials (error = 39 m, s.d.error = 79 m). The amount of bias and precision in distance estimates differed among surveyors; surveyors with more training and experience were less biased and more precise when estimating distance to both real and simulated birds. Three environmental factors were important in explaining the error associated with distance estimates, including the measured distance from the bird to the surveyor, the volume of the call and the species of bird. Surveyors tended to make large overestimations to birds close to the survey point, which is an especially serious error in distance sampling. Conclusions Our results suggest that distance-estimation error is prevalent, but surveyor training may be the easiest way to reduce distance-estimation error. Implications The present study has demonstrated how relatively simple field trials can be used to estimate the error associated with distance estimates used to estimate detection probability during avian point-count surveys. Evaluating distance-estimation errors will allow investigators to better evaluate the accuracy of avian density and trend estimates. Moreover, investigators who evaluate distance-estimation errors could employ recently developed models to incorporate distance-estimation error into analyses. We encourage further development of such models, including the inclusion of such models into distance-analysis software.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES FOR THE STUDY AND APPLICATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS

ABSTRACT The design of any process involving supercritical fluids requires some degree of knowledge about the thermophysical and chemical properties of the solvents, solutes, and of the solvent + solute mixture. This knowledge can take the form of measured data, models based on measured data, or predictions. Clearly, the most costly approach is to obtain measured data for each property of interest, and the least accurate is to use predictions throughout. The best compromise is therefore the use of physical and engineering models that are based on measured properties that have a known and acceptable uncertainty. In this review, we cover the experimental aspects of the data required for process design with supercritical fluids. For clarity, the measurement techniques are divided between properties of pure components (solvents and solutes) and properties of mixtures. For pure components, we begin with the solvents, and discuss the fundamental P-V-T surface of a fluid, and then consider viscosity and thermal ...
Prolonged Initial Empirical Antibiotic Treatment is Associated with Adverse Outcomes in Premature Infants

Objective To investigate the outcomes after prolonged empirical antibiotic administration to premature infants in the first week of life, and concluding subsequent late onset sepsis (LOS), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and death. Study design Study infants were ≤32 weeks gestational age and ≤1500 g birth weight who survived free of sepsis and NEC for 7 days. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine independent relationships between prolonged initial empirical antibiotic therapy (≥5 days) and study outcomes that control for birth weight, gestational age, race, prolonged premature rupture of membranes, days on high-frequency ventilation in 7 days, and the amount of breast milk received in the first 14 days of life. Results Of the 365 premature infants who survived 7 days free of sepsis or NEC, 36% received prolonged initial empirical antibiotics, which was independently associated with subsequent outcomes: LOS (OR, 2.45 [95% CI, 1.28-4.67]) and the combination of LOS, NEC, or death (OR, 2.66 [95% CI, 1.12-6.3]). Conclusions Prolonged administration of empirical antibiotics to premature infants with sterile cultures in the first week of life is associated with subsequent severe outcomes. Judicious restriction of antibiotic use should be investigated as a strategy to reduce severe outcomes for premature infants.
Antiepileptic therapy in patients with central nervous system malignancies

More than 200,000 patients are diagnosed with primary or metastatic brain tumors each year in the United States. Of these patients, 20% to 40% will develop seizures at presentation, and another 20% to 40% will require treatment for seizures during their illness. Although the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients who have had seizures seems reasonable, the issue of prophylactic AED use for patients who have not had a seizure is an intensely debated subject. The American Academy of Neurology released a position statement in May 2000 addressing the use of anticonvulsants in newly diagnosed brain tumor patients who have never had a seizure. After a review of the literature, including all trials showing class I evidence, multivariate analysis using calculated odds ratios failed to show a prophylactic benefit of preventing a first seizure versus the risk of side effects and recommended not using prophylactic anticonvulsants in newly diagnosed patients with brain tumor. Despite this recommendation, a recent survey of the American Association of Neurologic Surgeons revealed that most neurosurgeons still use anticonvulsants prophylactically in patients with brain tumor. This review mainly includes primary brain tumors, but most of the concepts are transferable to patients with metastatic tumors.
Adaptive robust control of 5 DOF Upper-limb exoskeleton robot

This paper deals with the problem of robust output feedback control for a class of 5DOF upper-limb exoskeleton robot. It is able to assist with shoulder, elbow and wrist joint movements. Robustness is assured for the proposed controller in the presence of model uncertainties. Ultimate boundedness is proved for the presented adaptive observer-based controller. The other advantage of the proposed method is that the implemented information for feedback is only the measurement of position. The estimation of velocity and acceleration is provided by an adaptive observer without additional sensors. By utilizing a novel adaptive logic-based switching control scheme, a trajectory tracking performance is well achieved with a tunable error bound. The simulation example also verifies the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Mosque at Ait Isman: Todra Gorge, Morocco

In the summer of 1998, a grant from the American Institute for Maghrib Studies enabled me to travel to Morocco to begin research comparing the vernacular architecture of Morocco with that of Yemen. Some of the literature on North Africa assumes Arab, and sometimes specifically Yemeni origins for the architecture of Morocco. The tower houses of Yemen are sometimes seen as comparable to those of Morocco and a south Arabian origin has been suggested for cultural influences between the two areas. Presented here is a brief description of a small mosque in a tiny deserted village in the Todra valley between the eastern High Atlas and the Sahara. The small building at Ait Isman represents a type of mosque in the mountain regions of Morocco which is matched here with comparable examples from Yemen. From the comparison, it becomes apparent that beyond the requirements of Islamic worship, the Moroccan and Yemeni examples differ considerably.
Atrazine absorption and effects on photosynthesis in wheat leaf protoplasts

Abstract Protoplasts isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Anza) leaves were used to study atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) absorption and effect on protoplast photosynthetic oxygen evolution. There was a linear relationship between protoplast volume and chlorophyll content; 1 μl usually contained about 5 μg of chlorophyll. Protoplast O2 evolution in saturating NaHCO3 and light (photosynthetic photon flux densities greater than 300 μmol photons m−2sec−1) was about 100 μmol O2 mg chl−1 hr−1; activity was stable for several hours following isolation. Leaves from which the protoplasts were isolated evolved 233 μmol O2 mg chl−1 hr−1. Protoplast and leaf segment oxygen evolution in intermittent light (saturating 5 Hz flashes) were 6.8 and 12.9 μmol O2 mg chl−1 hr−1, respectively. Protoplasts and leaf segments had, respectively, 735 and 390 chlorophyll molecules per active photosystem II reaction center as calculated from the oxygen pulse measurements in intermittent light. Variable chlorophyll a fluorescence decay following a single saturating flash was slower in leaf protoplasts than in leaf segments. The oxygen evolution and fluorescence measurements indicated that protoplast isolation affected thylakoid mediated reactions in leaf protoplasts. This effect was probably due to the osmotic stress caused by the hypertonic solutions used to isolate and stabilize the protoplasts. Atrazine concentrations greater than 0.05 μM inhibited protoplast O2 evolution; the I50 concentration was 0.2 μM atrazine. Atrazine absorption increased linearly as the atrazine concentration in the external solution was increased from 6.5 to 112 μM. The leaf protoplasts accumulated atrazine against a concentration gradient. The accumulation ratio ( C i C o , concentration inside/concentration outside) was 12.5 at an external atrazine concentration of 6.5 μM. At external atrazine concentrations of 14, 27, 57, and 112 μM, the accumulation ratio was 8.5. It was calculated that atrazine binding to photosystem II reaction centers could account for only a small portion of the atrazine accumulated by leaf protoplasts. Atrazine accumulation was attributed to a large extent to the partitioning of atrazine into leaf protoplast lipid membranes.
$\mathcal P$-adic modular forms over Shimura curves over totally real fields

We set up the basic theory of $\mathcal P$ -adic modular forms over certain unitary PEL Shimura curves M ′ K ′ . For any PEL abelian scheme classified by M ′ K ′ , which is not ‘too supersingular’, we construct a canonical subgroup which is essentially a lifting of the kernel of Frobenius from characteristic p . Using this construction we define the U and Frob operators in this context. Following Coleman, we study the spectral theory of the action of U on families of overconvergent $\mathcal P$ -adic modular forms and prove that the dimension of overconvergent eigenforms of U of a given slope is a locally constant function of the weight.
Laser cooling of atoms with broadband real Gaussian laser fields

We describe a theoretical approach to laser cooling with broadband real Gaussian laser fields that is based on adiabatic elimination methods and the Fokker-Planck equation for the Wigner function. This approach is used to model the recent broadband cooling experiment of Zhu, Oates, and Hall [Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 46 (1991)] and gives correct order-of-magnitude results. The theory is then applied to J=0→J=1 and J=1→J=2 transitions in a σ + -σ - optical molasses configuration with correlated broadband laser fields
A Semiparametric Missing‐Data‐Induced Intensity Method for Missing Covariate Data in Individually Matched Case–Control Studies

In individually matched case–control studies, when some covariates are incomplete, an analysis based on the complete data may result in a large loss of information both in the missing and completely observed variables. This usually results in a bias and loss of efficiency. In this article, we propose a new method for handling the problem of missing covariate data based on a missing-data-induced intensity approach when the missingness mechanism does not depend on case–control status and show that this leads to a generalization of the missing indicator method. We derive the asymptotic properties of the estimates from the proposed method and, using an extensive simulation study, assess the finite sample performance in terms of bias, efficiency, and 95% confidence coverage under several missing data scenarios. We also make comparisons with complete-case analysis (CCA) and some missing data methods that have been proposed previously. Our results indicate that, under the assumption of predictable missingness, the suggested method provides valid estimation of parameters, is more efficient than CCA, and is competitive with other, more complex methods of analysis. A case–control study of multiple myeloma risk and a polymorphism in the receptor Inter-Leukin-6 (IL-6-α) is used to illustrate our findings.
Performance characteristics of Y-Ba-Cu-O microwave superconducting detectors

Identifies a high-Tc temperature-transition edge, nonbolometric detector response in microstrip line device structures fabricated from thin films of Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x deposited on MgO single crystal substrates. Such detectors have an intrinsically fast response and in principle are capable of operating up to frequencies represented by the superconducting energy gap (terahertz region), if such an energy gap concept is applicable to these unique materials. The detector output, a dc output voltage across the device, is function of bias current and temperature, with an optimum temperature in the vicinity of the point at which zero resistance is reached (To). The mechanism for the detector action is believed to be related to the switching of the superconductor from its superconducting state to its normal state, driven by the input radiation, while the superconductor is held at a suitable current bias point and temperature. Both films made by the laser ablation process and chemical spray pyrolysis form detector elements. However, the films formed by these two techniques are vastly different morphologically. The extent to which film morphology influences detector performance has been examined in an effort to examine the so-called weak-link question. The Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) of a laser ablated detector has been estimated to be below -80 dbm for an operating condition of 70 K, frequency of 8 GHz and modulation of 60 KHz. The measurement limitation is extrinsic noise, and it is believed that these devices are extremely low noise, far better than possible with conventional Schottky diodes/p-n junctions, or Josephson-like SIS structures for that matter. Various other performance characteristics are presented, along with a suggested NSN model for electrical conduction.
Desmoid tumor of the hand—Case report and literature review

A case of a desmoid tumor of the lumbrical muscle of the hand was treated with local resection. A 5-year follow-up showed no recurrence. A review of the world literature is presented.
Preconditioning Techniques for Nonsymmetric Linear Systems in the Computation of Incompressible Flows

In this paper we present effective preconditioning techniques for solving the nonsymmetric systems that arise from the discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations. These linear systems are solved using either Krylov subspace methods or the Richardson scheme. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques in handling time-accurate as well as steady-state solutions. We also compare our solvers with those published previously.
Mycological production of citric acid— the submerged culture method

Industrial production of citric acid through the fermentation processes of fungi is being carried on by three companies in the United States. Application of recently developed submerged culture methods have produced yields as great as those obtained by the longer established surface culture technique.
OPERANT CONTROL OF RESPONSE LATENCY IN MONKEYS: EVIDENCE FOR A CENTRAL EXPLANATION1

Two monkeys (M. mulatta) were trained to press a telegraph key after onset of a tone and release it quickly in response to a subsequent light or click stimulus occurring after a variable interval. After training first with a fixed time limit on response latency for key release and then with a continuously adjusting limit, reaction time to click was 160 msec and to light, about 200 msec. Temporal contingencies or "payoff bands" were then introduced which reinforced only responses with latencies which fell between two limits 50 msec apart. Feedback was given as to whether each latency was too slow, within the band, or too fast. A trained monkey could precisely center its latency distribution on any 50 msec-wide payoff band located from 200 to 600 msec after the stimulus, with from 60 to 80% of its responses achieving reinforcement. Distribution statistics were comparable to those of trained human subjects. Because such precise timing might be accomplished by a peripheral adjustment, such as changing the manner of holding the key, latency of electromyographic activation was measured in participating arm muscles in one monkey. Electromyographic activation preceded key release by a constant interval, regardless of response latency, indicating a more central mechanism for timing of brief intervals.
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Of the millions of heart failure heart failure patients worldwide, approximately half present with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFPEF). HFPEF has high rates of morbidity and mortality, yet therapy remains empirical due to incomplete understanding of disease pathophysiology. Systemic hypertension is the most prominent risk factor for HFPEF. Patients often have multiple other comorbid conditions, which may contribute to symptom burden and the HFPEF syndrome itself. The classic paradigm of ventricular diastolic dysfunction has expanded, and vascular dysfunction likely contributes to HFPEF in many patients. Pressure-volume loop analysis identifies three distinct hemodynamic phenotypes for HFPEF, a finding which may have significant implications for clinical trial enrollment and individual patient treatment.
Characterization of DNA-carbon nanotube hybrids by their van hove singularities

The optical dichroism which appears in the nanotube-DNA hybrid is studied within a phenomenological approach. Naturally non-chiral nanotubes may acquire a chiral optical response when wrapped by the DNA helix. The hybrids of the DNA and the metallic nanotubes are discussed in conjunction with the possible gap opening and the subsequent arising of a pair of van Hove singularities close to the Fermi point. Polarized light absorption experiments are proposed to find the predicted effect.
Effect of Additives on the Quality of Frozen Turkey Steakpatties Stored at 0°F.

Abstract IN 1967, turkey production exceeded 125 million birds. Heavy breed turkeys increased 9% above the 1966 production or a total of 110.2 million birds and light breed turkeys decreased 1% to 15.4 million birds. Heavy breed turkeys constitute 88% of all turkeys raised in United States and 95% of the turkeys produced in Iowa. Growers can produce heavy breed turkey more economically, but this size bird often is too large for the average consumer's needs. Further processing into convenience turkey products offers additional uses for the heavier birds. The limited storage life of frozen turkey steaks has been a serious drawback to increased production of steaks. Various investigators (Goertz et al., 1949; Klose et al., 1950; Conner et al., 1953) have reported that turkey steaks stored at 0 or −10°F. exhibited a definite deterioration of flavor in approximately 3 months. Polyphosphates used in turkey meat have been reported as effective . . .
Experimental Evidence of Ventricular Diastolic Suction

Intraventricular pressures were measured during brief periods of mitral orifice occlusion to determine whether or not the ventricle can exert a sucking force during diastole. This procedure was based on the premise that with a wide open mitral orifice negative diastolic transmural pressures cannot be detected in the ventricle because the adjoining atrium has collapsible walls. During mitral orifice closure, negative intraventricular pressures were recorded, and Ringer's solution was sucked against the force of gravity into the ventricle. It is concluded that the mammalian ventricle is capable of sucking blood from the atrium into its cavity.
Spectral multiplexing for single-shot ultrafast tomographic imaging

We demonstrate, for the first time, single-shot, ultrafast computed-tomography reconstructions using spectral multiplexing. High-precision, picosecond-resolved, position and morphology measurements of a multiple-filament plasma object are presented.
Investigating the Use of Design Methods by Capstone Design Students at Clemson University.

The authors describe a preliminary study to understand the attitude of engineering students regarding the use of design methods in projects to identify the factors either affecting or influencing the use of these methods by novice engineers. A senior undergraduate capstone design course at Clemson University, consisting of approximately fifty students and nine graduate design coaches, was chosen as the unit of analysis. Results from a survey of the class suggest that, though these novice engineers were convinced that design methods they were eager to learn were of use in helping them make better products, they tended not to use them. The stated reasons for not using them were the effort required to implement the methods, to understand how and when to use the methods, and the pressure to deliver results in a short duration. Recommendations from this study can be useful in designing effective design education programs and to develop more designer-friendly design methods.
Preliminary report: The effects of phospholipase C inhibition on insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle☆

Previous research has demonstrated that phospholipase C (PLC) is involved in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The purpose of the current investigation was to determine if PLC is also involved in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle. To that end, we used an in vitro muscle preparation of the rat soleus muscle to test the effects of the PLC inhibitor, U73122, on glucose transport. The PLC inhibitor, U73122, led to a concentration-dependent inhibition of insulin (0.6 nmol/L)-stimulated glucose transport, whereas it had no effect on basal glucose transport. Specifically 10, 20, 50, and 150 micromol/L U73122 inhibited insulin (0.6 nmol/L)-stimulated glucose transport approximately 17%, 20%, 26%, and 38%, respectively, while an equal molar concentration of U73343 (inactive form of U73122) and/or carrier media (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) did not influence glucose uptake. A secondary aim of this investigation was to determine if increasing the concentration of insulin from a physiologic concentration (0.6 nmol/L) to a supraphysiologic concentration (6.0 nmol/L) could ameliorate the inhibitory effects of U73122. A 10-fold increase in insulin eliminated the inhibitory effects of U73122 on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in soleus muscle. In summary, this preliminary report provides evidence to suggest that a PLC signaling mechanism modifies insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via its influence on insulin sensitivity.
The Design and Development of an Expert System Prototype for Enhancing Exam Quality

This paper discusses the development of an expert system prototype for use in college institutions. Our aim is to enhance exam quality and student performance by obtaining metrics pertaining to assignments, study materials, textbooks, and lecture quality, then learning dynamically from this information to create a human-readable course evaluation. The goal is to obtain a model which can be applied to courses in which students struggle, so we can identify ways to enhance the most determining factor of their grade: the quality of the exam. This expert system will serve as a prototype for a larger, more comprehensive automated system which will be proposed to enhance curricula.
Vitamin D intake and serum vitamin D in ethnically diverse urban schoolchildren.

Throughout life, vitamin D is important for Ca absorption and bone growth(1). Emerging evidence suggests that low vitamin D levels are also associated with obesity, diabetes and CVD, and that ethnic minorities are most affected(2). Recently, vitamin D has received growing attention due to the increased awareness of possible deficiencies among certain racial/ethnic populations at risk of vitamin D deficiency(3,4). Various studies have found that attaining optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations is more challenging for certain racial/ethnic groups(2). Ethnic minorities have significantly higher rates of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <20 ng/ml) than their white counterparts (44–49% v. 10%, respectively, in children)(2). Twenty per cent of children aged 6–11 years in recent cycles of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003–2004 and 2005–2006, were reported to have serum 25(OH)D concentrations <20 ng/ml(5), with African-American children having higher rates of vitamin D deficiency than Caucasian children (51% v. 9 %). Furthermore, a cross-sectional clinic-based study of 307 children in Boston found that 52% of African-American and Hispanic children had deficient serum 25(OH)D levels(6). Because of the growing recognition of populations at risk of vitamin D deficiency and the health benefits associated with vitamin D, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recently revised its recommendations for Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for vitamin D. The IOM recommended daily vitamin D intakes to be increased from 5 µg (200 IU; the previous Adequate Intake (AI)) to 10 µg (400IU) to meet the needs of half of children aged 1–18 years and to 15 µg (600 IU) daily to meet the needs of 97·5% of these children(7). These new values (10 and 15 µg daily) define the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and the RDA, respectively(8). However, few children actually meet these recommendations with diet alone, and intake varies by racial/ethnic group. In 1999–2000 NHANES, Mexican-American children (69%) were most likely to meet or exceed the AI, whereas only 48% of non-Hispanic black children were estimated to meet or exceed the AI levels for vitamin D from food(9). Among children 1–8 years old from the same population, AI levels for vitamin D from food and supplements varied by race/ethnicity with 82% of Mexican-American, 78% of non-Hispanic white and 66% of non-Hispanic black children meeting or exceeding the AI. Since the new IOM recommendations were released in 2011, racial/ethnic differences in dietary vitamin D have not been examined against the new dietary recommendations. Few studies have examined dietary vitamin D and serum vitamin D in a racially and ethnically diverse population of schoolchildren in a northern latitude of the USA(10). Thus, we chose to examine (i) whether there were racial/ethnic differences in serum vitamin D in a sample of urban schoolchildren and (ii) whether dietary differences in vitamin D were associated with differences in 25(OH)D.
Interaction of ovalbumin and its asparaginyl-carbohydrate fractions with concanavalin A.

The interaction of ovalbumin and its asparaginyl-carbohydrate fractions with concanavalin A was studied. Relative affinities were obtained by competitive binding studies using p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Ovalbumin was separated into two fractions, I and II, by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. Ovalbumin and its fractions I and II interacted with concanavalin A in solution with binding affinities at 10 degrees C of 2 . 10(5) M-1, 3 . 10(4) M-1 and 2 . 10(6) M-1, respectively. The seven asparaginyl-carbohydrate fractions, obtained by fractionation on Dowex 50W-X2 (H+) and Durrum DA-4 (borate)columns, bound to concanavalin A with approximately the same affinity as native ovalbumin, suggesting that the sugar residues for binding in the isolated carbohydrates are exposed in the native protein. The binding of ovalbumin to concanavalin A was minimal after treatment with alpha-D-mannosidase in spite of the fact that only one half of the available mannose residues were hydrolyzed when compared to those removed by similar treatment of the asparaginyl-carbohydrate before fractionation. It is concluded that those alpha-D-mannosyl residues in ovalbumin that are required for binding to concanavalin A are accessible to alpha-D-mannosidase while the residual mannosyl groups are "buried" from interaction with concanavalin A and the enzyme.
Large sets in intuitionistic set theory

Abstract We consider properties of sets in an intuitionistic setting corresponding to large cardinals in classical set theory. Adding such ‘large set axioms’ to intuitionistic ZF set theory does not violate well-know metamathematical properties of intuitionistic systems. Moreover, we consider statements in constructive analysis equivalent to the consistency of such ‘large set axioms’.
Three-dimensional vascular reconstruction from projections: a theoretical review

The three-dimensional reconstruction of vascular networks from X-ray projection images is reviewed in analogy to general three-dimensional computed tomography. Intrinsic vascular bed properties (connectivity, density (spareness), lumen dimensions, radio-opaque contrast uniformity, etc.) suggest a general data representation, provide a basis for the algorithmic nature of reconstruction, and can be used to predict tradeoffs between reconstruction accuracy, number of views, and view orientation. >
Simultaneous Statics And Velocity Estimation For Data From Structurally-complex Areas

Where subsurface structure is complex, reflection data from land seismic surveys often suffer triply from statics variations, the presence of various types of noise, and imperfect moveout correction due to crossing events and rapidly varying non-hyperbolic moveout. For such data, velocity analysis, already difficult due to the non-hyperbolic moveout and crossing events, is further complicated by anomalies due to variations in the near-surface. Conversely, accurate statics estimation requires accuracy in the velocity model. Because the velocity and statics problems are intertwined for data from structurally complex areas, it is appropriate to treat the two problems as one.
Factors affecting the performance and satisfaction of adult men and women attending college

Questionnaire data collected from male and female university students 25 years of age or older were used to investigate correlates of their performance, satisfaction, and adjustment in college. Men reported lower levels of performance and satisfaction. Multiple regression analyses of predictors of college grade-point average, satisfaction with college, and affective changes occurring while in college indicated that these three measures were predicted by demographic variables, by aspects of the college experience, by the external out-of-college responsibilities of these students, and by their goals. Each of the three dependent measures was predicted by a different subset of these variables.
Hyperglycemia accentuates and ketonemia attenuates hypoglycemia-induced neuronal injury in the developing rat brain

Hyperglycemia accentuates and ketonemia attenuates hypoglycemia-induced neuronal injury in the developing rat brain
Changing environmental context does not reliably affect memory

Most current theories of human memory propose that context, defined here as the time and place at which an event was experienced, forms an integral feature of the mnemonic representation of events. One way of investigating context is by manipulating the environmental context (which typically means the room in which the experiment takes place). The predominant result of this manipulation reported in the literature has been consistent with theory: Memory performance is better when the learning and testing environments are the same than when they differ. This article reports eight experiments that in aggregate challenge the reliability of this same-context advantage. Experiment 1 reported a failure to obtain a same-context advantage. Experiments 2–7 investigated various features of the design that might have reduced the effect. None of these experiments produced a reliable same-context advantage. Experiment 8 repeated the methodology of a published report of a same-context advantage with more than double the number of subjects, but failed to replicate the effect. An analysis of features of the experiments led to two suggestions for future investigations of the effects of changes in environmental context on memory.
A nonsymbolic statistics course

A new statistics course Is being taught at the University of Kentucky which does not require students to learn the symbolic language uf statistics (the formulas) Students who will never take a traditional "methods"course in satistics learn to become better consumer of the satistics fed them daily by different news media.other students who realised that munch satistics await them in graduate see this course as a good startingpoint
The interrelationship of polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants in vivo

Abstract To the extent that phospholipid fatty acids occur in membranes, and to the extent that membranes act as barriers to the free movement of water-soluble materials, the inside of the membrane must represent a relatively isolated hydrophobic region vaguely similar to a beaker of fat, as noted in Fig. 10. In those cases which have been adequately studied a relationship is apparent between antioxidant requirement and dietary PUFA. Confusion arises, however, from the variable nature of this relationship which depend son the deficiency sign and tissue studied. Experiments designed to measure lipid peroxidation in vivo directly have been largely unsuccessful, except perhaps in adipose tissue where an actual bulk phase of lipid exist. Future success in this area is doubtful unless some method can be devised to qualitatively and quantitatively relate lipofuscin or ceroid pigment formation to lipid peroxidation. It is also apparent that the concept of “depletion” requires refinement, and additional work is needed on model systems to permit the formulation of a reasonable experimental hypothesis relating lipid peroxidation to antioxidant destruction.
Shakespeare on Film: Early Modern Texts, Postmodern Statements

Much of Shakespeare film criticism has been concerned with the author's intention and the productions’ proximity to the ‘original’ text. This article examines the problems with such an approach in light of the highly collaborative and intertextual nature of Shakespeare's play-texts. Modern film adaptations must be understood in similar collaborative terms by exploring the many elements and issues involved with film production and marketing. Furthermore, Shakespeare films should be examined in relation to other twentieth-century cultural events and phenomena – just as New Historicist critics have argued Shakespeare's plays reflect early modern social conflicts.
Computer applications for control room operator support in nuclear power plants

Abstract The Three Mile Island accident which happened in 1979 made the nuclear power plant control room a major focus for the studies of human factors, human reliability, and man-machine interface technology. Since then, there has been a steady growth of computer-based operator support system development and implementation in the USA. The most notable ones are; the Safety Parameter Display System, signal validation for sensors, the digital feedwater control system, and expert systems. This paper describes these systems, the challenges of implementation, and the trend of introducing intelligent systems in the future, providing the technology basis for new light water reactor (LWR) designs.
Buckling Behavior of Highly Oriented Silver Nanowires Encapsulated within Layer-by-Layer Films

Unidirectionally oriented silver nanowires encapsulated into a nanoscale polymeric film result in anisotropic mechanical response of the composite film with much stiffer (fivefold) properties in the direction of nanowire orientation. This difference is caused by the fact that under a longitudinal compressive stress (parallel to the direction of orientation), the individual nanowires undergo the buckling process, thus, contributing into the higher composite stiffness of the film. This matrix-induced buckling phenomenon can be used as a fast and straightforward method of measuring the elastic modulus of the metallic nanowires from the buckling spacing with good precision. Using Euler's equation for the buckling instability of a slender column, the Young's modulus of silver nanowires was determined to be 118 ± 14 GPa, which is higher than that of the bulk silver but falls within the range of values obtained with other independent measurements.
Pediatric pancreatic endoscopic ultrasound guided trucut biopsy

s / Pancreatology 13 (2013) e1–e94 e26 were significantly more frequently observed in AZA+ compared to AZA-. In AZA+ group, relapse was observed in 16/17 (94%) before treatment and in 2/16 (12%) after treatment (mean follow-up 3 yrs range 1-8). Both AZA+ relapsing pts were treated with steroids, continuing AZA, and fully responded to therapy. 1 pts discontinued AZA for side effects (hepatitis). Conclusions: AZA seems to be an effective and safe treatment in AIP.
Newer Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Recent controlled and uncontrolled trial data in inflammatory bowel disease have suggested several new avenues of possible therapies and refined our understanding of the uses and selectiveness of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-based therapies. Infliximab remains the only proven effective anti-TNF therapy, whereas others have proven ineffective (etanercept, CDP-571) or of limited utility (thalidomide, CDP-870). A Crohn’s disease Clinical trial Evaluating infliximab in a New long-term Treatment regimen (ACCENT I) and ACCENT II trials supported the strategy of using 5 to 10 mg/kg of infliximab on an every 8-week basis for maintenance of remission, although in clinical practice many physicians take variable approaches to maintenance of remission dosing schedules. On the other hand, no controlled trial data to date have supported the use of infliximab in ulcerative colitis. Therapies utilizing novel mechanistic approaches, such as hematopoietic growth factors, mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase inhibition, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ligand receptor binding have shown promise in small uncontrolled trials and await confirmation of their utility in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Newer biologic (natalizumab) or cytokine-based therapies (monoclonal antibody to interleukin-6) have shown preliminary evidence of efficacy in controlled trials, but neither have yet been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and, therefore, have not been commercialized. However, tacrolimus, a potent calcineurin inhibitor and inhibitor of interleukin-2 expression, has shown efficacy in Crohn’s disease, albeit at the cost of substantial potential toxicity.
THE LATERALITY OF PHOTIC DRIVING IN NORMAL ADULTS.

Abstract The laterality of photic driving was determined for 34 normal adults, analyzing recordings from the left and right occipital-parietal regions. The majority of subjects were right-handed and showed left-dominant driving responses. Driving laterality was independent of the mode (binocular or monocular), frequency, or field of stimulation, and was highly consistent for any given individual. These results are interpreted as showing the importance of intrinsic cerebral factors in determining the lateraliy of photic driving in normal man.
Unitary relation for the time-dependent SU(1,1) systems

The system whose Hamiltonian is a linear combination of the generators of $\mathrm{SU}(1,1)$ group with time-dependent coefficients is studied. It is shown that there is a unitary relation between the system and a system whose Hamiltonian is simply proportional to the generator of the compact subgroup of $\mathrm{SU}(1,1).$ The unitary relation is described by the classical solutions of a time-dependent (harmonic) oscillator. Making use of the relation, the wave functions satisfying the Schr\"odinger equation are given, for a general unitary representation, in terms of the matrix elements of a finite group transformation (Bargmann function). The wave functions of the harmonic oscillator with an inverse-square potential is studied in detail, and it is shown that through an integral, the model provides a way of deriving the Bargmann function for the representation of positive discrete series of $\mathrm{SU}(1,1).$
The decreasing incidence of diaphragmatic dysfunction in liver transplantation: a probable advantage of the piggy-back liver transplant technique.

Abstract Background. Pediatric orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has a low mortality. Some children, however, have an adverse outcome defined as a prolonged ventilatory support requirement and protracted pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay. The aim of this study was to determine if that adverse outcome related to the child's condition pre-OLT and/or the development of a pleural effusion or diaphragmatic dysfunction. Methods. The study included 210 children with a median age at transplantation of 45.5 months (range 0.2-252 months). Fourteen had undergone retransplantation. The duration of ventilatory support (intermittent positive pressure ventilation [IPPV]) and PICU admission and development of a pleural effusion and/or diaphragmatic dysfunction were documented for each child. The patients were divided into three groups according to whether they had acute liver failure (ALF), chronic liver disease at home (CHOM), or chronic liver failure sufficiently ill to be in the hospital awaiting transplantation (CHOSP). Results. The 36 children with ALF were of similar age to the 138 CHOM and 36 CHOSP children but required longer IPPV (P Conclusion. Diaphragmatic dysfunction adversely influences PICU morbidity after OLT. Early assessment of diaphragmatic function, and if necessary aggressive management, might improve outcome.