cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reports of magnetic resonance images of the hip in patients with femoroacetabular impingement: is useful information provided to the orthopedic surgeon?

The aim of this study was twofold: (1) To evaluate the quality of radiology reports of MR imaging/arthrography (MRI/MRA) of the hip performed on symptomatic young adults with suspected femoroacetabular impingement (FAI); and (2) to assess if MRI/MRA reports provide relevant information for surgical decision-making. We evaluated 110 MRI/MRA reports provided by 73 radiologists from 42 institutions. The images were requested preoperatively in young adults who underwent hip-preserving surgery for treatment of FAI. The quality of reports was graded using Lee’s method by two independent observers. The description of seven characteristics of the hip joint was scrutinized in order to assess if the reports contained relevant information for surgical decision-making. The quality of reports was Grade IIA in two cases (1.8 %), IIB in six (5.5 %), III in 60 (54.5 %), and IV in 42 (38.2 %). Relevant hip characteristics for the study of FAI were reported as follows: acetabular labrum (88.1 %), cartilage characteristics (69 %), morphology of the femoral head-neck junction (34.5 %), acetabular version (6.3 %), acetabular coverage (20.9 %), soft tissues description (82.7 %), and presence of bone marrow edema (80.9 %). The vast majority (91.8 %) of the reports described five or less relevant FAI characteristics. Most of the radiology reports of MRI/MRA of the hip performed on symptomatic young adults with FAI were of the highest quality. However, some characteristics believed to be important for surgical decision-making in this particular group of patients were frequently not described. The inclusion of these hip joint characteristics in the radiology reports may improve the usefulness of the information provided to the orthopedic surgeon.
The effects of denervation and chronic haloperidol treatment on neostriatal dopamine receptor density are not additive in the rat.

Abstract The effects of combined denervation and chronic haloperidol treatment on neostriatal D-2 receptor density were examined, and a lack of additivity was found. In the first experiment, haloperidol treatment for 14 days initiated on day 4 after the unilateral intracerebral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) abolished the lesion-induced asymmetry of [ 3 H]spiroperidol binding by elevating the density of sites in the intact striatum. These results were replicated in the second experiment, in which the drug treatment was begun 4–5 weeks after 6-OHDA. In both experiments the apomorphine-induced rotation did not differ significantly between lesioned rats treated with haloperidol or its vehicle.
Stellan Hjertén's contribution to the development of monolithic stationary phases.

This overview is presented to celebrate the birthday of one of the luminaries of the separation science and my friend - Stellan Hjerten. He made significant contributions to a variety of areas in separation science such as electrophoresis, LC, and CEC to name just a few. Since the scope of his work was enormous, this review will focus only on a single aspect of his scientific activities, the design and applications of monolithic materials. During the years starting from 1989, Stellan Hjerten published many excellent papers concerning the preparation of acrylamide chemistry-based monoliths and their use in both micro-HPLC and CEC. The following text details his works in the field.
Time resolved impedance spectroscopy as a probe of electrochemical kinetics: The ferro/ferricyanide redox reaction in the presence of anion adsorption on thin film gold

Abstract In this work, we use the time resolved technique of Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (FT-EIS) for quantitative kinetic analyses of Faradaic and nonfardaic, as well as heterogeneous and adsorption reactions. As a model system, we investigate the Fe(CN)63−/4− redox reaction on a thin film Au electrode in the presence of nonfaradaically adsorbing ClO4− or Cl− in neutral electrolytes. The redox process indicates a predominantly Faradaic outer sphere reaction, with nearly negligible adsorption of reactants on Au. dc voltage dependent kinetic parameters for both the anion and redox reactions are obtained by FT-EIS in real time during cyclic voltammetry. Equilibrium values of reaction rate constants, adsorption resistances and pseudocapacitances for the redox couple are also obtained. The theoretical background and working principles of these measurements are discussed, and the experimental findings are compared with previously published data.
The Expectorant Effect of Glyceryl Guaiacolate in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis: A Controlled in Vitro and in Vivo Study

Glyceryl guaiacolate (GG) is one of the most common expectorants given to patients with chronic bronchitis. In an in vitro study, GG was found to be no more effective than water in lowering the consistency (viscosity) of 27 sputum specimens obtained from various patients with chronic bronchitis. In a clinical study of 11 patients with chronic bronchitis, GG at dosage levels of 800 mg and 1,600 mg daily was no more effective than the placebo in lowering sputum consistency, increasing sputum volume, or improving ventilatory function. Finally, in a double-blind evaluation of ten patients over a 20-day period, the ease of expectoration with GG was no different than with a placebo. On the basis of these studies, GG appears to be ineffective as an expectorant in patients with chronic bronchitis.
Differential uterine expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors correlates with uterine preparation for implantation and decidualization in the mouse

The present investigation examined the spatiotemporal expression of estrogen receptors (ER-alpha and ER-beta) and progesterone receptor (PR) in the periimplantation mouse uterus (days 1-8). ER-alpha messenger RNA (mRNA) was detected at much higher levels in the periimplantation uterus compared with that of ER-beta mRNA, the levels of which were very low in all uterine cells during this period. Results of in situ hybridization demonstrated expression of ER-alpha mRNA primarily in the luminal and glandular epithelia on days 1 and 2 of pregnancy. On days 3 and 4, the accumulation was localized primarily in stromal cells in addition to its presence in the epithelium. Following implantation on day 5, the accumulation of this mRNA was more condensed in the luminal and glandular epithelia, but declined in the subluminal epithelial stroma at the sites of implanting embryos. On days 6-8, the accumulation of ER-alpha mRNA was primarily localized in the secondary decidual zone (SDZ) with more intense localization in the subepithelial cells at the mesometrial pole. In contrast, signals were very low to undetectable in the primary decidual zone (PDZ), and no signals were detected in implanting embryos. The undifferentiated stroma underneath the myometrium also showed positive signals. The immunolocalization of ER-alpha protein correlated with the mRNA localization. Western blot analysis showed down-regulation of ER-alpha in day 8 decidual cell extracts consistent with the down-regulation of ER-alpha mRNA in decidual cells immediately surrounding the embryo on this day. The expression pattern of PR was also dynamic in the periimplantation uterus. On day 1, the accumulation of PR mRNA was very low to undetectable, whereas only a modest level of accumulation in the epithelium was noted on day 2. On days 3 and 4, the accumulation of this mRNA was detected in both the epithelium and stroma. In contrast, the expression was restricted only to the stroma with increased signals at the sites of implantation on day 5. On days 6-8, PR mRNA accumulation increased dramatically throughout the deciduum. The localization of immunoreactive PR correlated with the mRNA distribution in the periimplantation uterus. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the expression of ER-alpha, ER-beta, and PR is differentially regulated in the periimplantation mouse uterus. This compartmentalized expression of ER and PR provides information regarding the sites of coordinated effects ofestrogen and progesterone in the preparation of the uterus for implantation and decidualization during early pregnancy.
Parallel Newton-Krylov method for rotary-wing flowfield calculations

The use of Krylov subspace iterative methods for the implicit solution of rotary-wing flowfields on parallel computers is explored. A Newton-Krylov scheme is proposed that couples conjugate-gradient-like iterative methods within the baseline structured-grid Euler/Navier-Stokes flow solver, transonic unsteady rotor Navier-Stokes. Two Krylov methods are studied, generalized minimum residual and orthogonal s-step orthomin. Preconditioning is performed with a parallelized form of the lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seldel operator. The scheme is implemented on the IBM SP2 multiprocessor and applied to three-dimensional computations of a rotor in forward flight. The Newton-Krylov scheme is found to be more robust and to attain a higher level of time accuracy in implicit time stepping, increasing the allowable time step
Tooth-filing in Bali

During a trip through the Orient, two dentists observed the ancient custom of tooth-filing, in which portions of the maxillary anterior teeth are removed in a ceremony performed on natives at puberty.
Accelerating Data Acquisition, Reduction, and Analysis at the Spallation Neutron Source

ORNL operates the world's brightest neutron source, the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). Funded by the US DOE Office of Basic Energy Science, this national user facility hosts hundreds of scientists from around the world, providing a platform to enable break-through research in materials science, sustainable energy, and basic science. While the SNS provides scientists with advanced experimental instruments, the deluge of data generated from these instruments represents both a big data challenge and a big data opportunity. For example, instruments at the SNS can now generate multiple millions of neutron events per second providing unprecedented experiment fidelity but leaving the user with a dataset that cannot be processed and analyzed in a timely fashion using legacy techniques. To address this big data challenge, ORNL has developed a near real-time streaming data reduction and analysis infrastructure. The Accelerating Data Acquisition, Reduction, and Analysis (ADARA) system provides a live streaming data infrastructure based on a high-performance publish subscribe system, in situ data reduction, visualization, and analysis tools, and integration with a high-performance computing and data storage infrastructure. ADARA allows users of the SNS instruments to analyze their experiment as it is run and make changes to the experiment in real-time and visualize the results of these changes. In this paper we describe ADARA, provide a high-level architectural overview of the system, and present a set of use-cases and real-world demonstrations of the technology.
Optimal intertemporal allocation mechanisms and decentralization of decisions

Abstract Problems of achieving an efficient or optimal allocation of resources through a system of decentralized decision-making when the planning horizon is unbounded and the number of agents is infinite have been repeatedly raised, but have not been explored in a formal manner. The objective of this paper is to suggest some points of departure for a systematic investigation of such questions. The main analytical results indicate the impossibility of attaining optimality through intertemporally decentralized mechanisms.
Evaluation of intravenous esmolol for treatment of postoperative hypertension

The efficacy and safety of intravenous (IV) esmolol to treat postoperative hypertension was studied in 30 adult patients, during emergence and recovery from anesthesia after general surgery. Esmolol was given as an IV infusion when the patient developed systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥150 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (OBP) ≥95 mm Hg and heart rate (HR) ≥70 beats/min in the recovery room. Patients received a dose ranging from 100 to 2,104 mg of esmolol. Mean duration of the infusion was 63.6 ± 28.3 minutes. There were statistically significant differences between the control measurements and the end of esmolol titration for SBP, DBP, and HR. Side effects such as HR less than 60 beats/min or a decrease in SBP greater than 25% were observed in 33% (10/30) of the patient population; however, these effects were temporary and self-limiting. Hypotension (SBP β -adrenergic blocker esmolol was 90% (27/30) efficacious (ie, at least a 10% decrease in SBP or DBP) in controlling postoperative hypertension. As a fastacting, short-lasting antihypertensive drug, it joins the armamentarium of other drugs in the treatment of postoperative hypertension during emergence from anesthesia after general surgery.
Thymidylate synthase pharmacogenetics in colorectal cancer.

Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an important target for chemotherapy drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR), oral 5-FU prodrugs (e.g., uracil/tegafur [UFT], S-1, and capecitabine), and other novel folate-based drugs (e.g., raltitrexed, pemetrexed, and nolatrexed). Overexpression of TS is linked to resistance to TS-targeted chemotherapy drugs. Polymorphic tandem repeats located in the TS enhancer region (TSER) have been shown to influence TS expression. Three copies (TSER*3) of the tandem repeat give a 2.6-fold greater in vitro TS expression than 2 copies (TSER*2). A stepwise increase in expression and enzyme activity has been observed with increasing copies of the TSER. Alleles containing 4 (TSER*4), 5 (TSER*5), and 9 (TSER*9) copies of the tandem repeat have also been identified, although the effect of these alleles remains unclear. Preliminary data have suggested that stage III colorectal cancer patients with the TSER*3/TSER*3 genotype do not receive the improvement in survival from adjuvant 5-FU observed in patients with the TSER*3/TSER*2 or TSER*2/TSER*2 genotype. A poor response rate to 5-FU for neoadjuvant rectal or metastatic colorectal disease is also apparent in TSER*3/TSER*3 patients. This has significant clinical implications because TSER*3/TSER*3 occurs in 30% of Caucasian patients. Ethnic variation also exists in the TSER, with Asian populations having significantly higher frequency of TSER*3 than other world populations. Prospective confirmation of the impact of TSER on outcome, after TS-targeted chemotherapy, will define the utility of pharmacogenetics to optimize the selection of 5-FU therapy for colorectal cancer.
Market structure and market outcomes in deregulated rail freight markets

Abstract Using cross-section data on a national sample of city-pair markets for rail freight, I examine correlations between prices, quantities, and the number of single-line and interline firms serving markets. I estimate the reduced form of a structural model in which rail rates and quantities depend on the number of firms. I find that rates increase as the number of firms serving the market falls, and quantities shipped rise as the number of firms falls. The result is consistent with market power for rail freight shippers that causes markups to rise when fewer firms serve the market, and is not consistent with other explanations of the relationship between number of firms and rates and quantities. Interline shipment is much more costly than single-line, suggesting that mergers may be desirable even if they exacerbate market power problems.
Engineered Escherichia coli as new source of flavonoids and terpenoids

Abstract During the last two decades, the engineered biosynthesis of several natural products by microbial sources has made enormous progresses. Noteworthy, Escherichia coli has been used as microbial power plant for the artificial biosynthesis of different types of molecules for both biological and clinical applications. Among natural products, especially flavonoids and terpenoids are particularly attractive because of the high variety of their biochemical activities including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity and anti-cancer properties. Here we are reviewing the characteristics of E. coli engineering and its “cell factory” properties to synthesize natural products. This review focuses on the exploitation of E. coli biochemical networking for the specific synthesis of flavonoids and terpenoids.
Access to home apnea monitoring and its impact on rehospitalization among very-low-birth-weight infants

Objective: To examine the relationship between home apnea monitoring and sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and medical factors and the risk for rehospitalization among very-low-birth-weight infants (birth weight Design and Setting: Analysis of live infants born weighing less than 1500 g; these data were obtained from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. Data from this survey were obtained by maternal questionnaires and from birth certificates and medical records. Outcome Measure: One or more hospitalizations after discharge from the hospital of delivery. Results: Home apnea monitor use was strikingly lower among black infants (19.8%) compared with nonblack infants (43.7%) ( P P =.001). Neither annual family income nor method of hospital payment was associated with rehospitalization. The use of an apnea monitor in the home was associated with an increased odds ratio for rehospitalization for both blacks (odds ratio, 2.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.56 to 4.21) and nonblacks (odds ratio, 2.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.51 to 3.45). With adjustment for the use of an apnea monitor, the odds ratio for rehospitalization of blacks vs nonblacks was no longer significant (odds ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.60 to 1.08). Conclusions: The use of an apnea monitor in the home was highly associated with an increased risk for rehospitalization. Whether this increased risk was attributable to a valid reason for rehospitalization or to closer scrutiny of the infant could not be determined. The lower prevalence of apnea monitor use among blacks is unexplained. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:326-332)
The Green Flash

IN some localities the green flash at sunset is by no means so rare a phenomenon as might be inferred from Prof. Wood's experience on the Atlantic Ocean and from the letters of some other correspondents of NATURE. Here in Southern California in the last two years, I have seen the flash many times as the sun has set over the Pacific Ocean, or over the Santa Monica Mountains a few miles west of our residence. On one occasion Mrs. Barnett and I both saw the flash as the sun sank behind a dense cloud; and at least once I have seen the colour of the flash change distinctly from green to blue or blue-green before disappearance.
Repair of DNA O-alkylation damage by various human organs

Abstract Protein extracts from human adult liver, fetal liver, intestine, brain, kidney, lung and skin were tested against poly(dT)methylated·poly(dA), poly(dA)methylated·poly(dT) and methylated DNA. The suitability of various substrates was established in assays using E . coli extracts that removed O4-methylthymidine (O4-MedT), O2-MedT, and O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG). The human extracts efficiently removed O6-MeG and N3-methyladenine from methylated substrates. The adult liver exhibited low and fetal tissues negligible removal of O4-MedT. Only the liver showed limited removal of O2-MedT. The poor removal of the miscoding base O4-MedT by human organs could be an important factor in carcinogen induced mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and teratogenesis.
Passive revolution in the green economy: activism and the Belo Monte dam

The paper offers an analysis of the historical, material, and ideational factors involved in shifting socio-environmental activism dynamics in Brazil, with a focus on the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam project located on the Xingu River in the Brazilian Amazon. Relying on qualitative research at a variety of levels, the paper seeks to answer the question: What does the Belo Monte case portend for our understanding of the capacity of green economy to facilitate a greater environmental sensitivity in a national context? The case study illustrates how green activism has been weakened by a combination of self-interested calculations by activists and strategic maneuvers by the state. Critically for environmental policymaking, the case study reveals how the state and its international allies can use the green economy discourse as a hegemonic tool to isolate opposition, break alliances, and further resource-extraction-oriented economic policies.
230Th,226Ra and222Rn in abyssal sediments

Abstract A model that predicts the flux of 222 Rn out of deep-sea sediment is presented. The radon is ultimately generated by 230 Th which is stripped from the overlying water into the sediment. Data from many authors are compared with the model predictions. It is shown that the continental contribution of ionium is not significant, and that at low sedimentation rates, biological mixing and erosional processes strongly affect the surface concentration of the ionium. Two cores from areas of slow sediment accumulation, one from a manganese nodule region of the central Pacific and one from the Rio Grande Rise in the Atlantic were analyzed at closely spaced intervals for 230 Th, 226 Ra, and 210 Pb. The Pacific core displayed evidence of biological mixing down to 12 cm and had a sedimentation rate of only 0.04 cm/kyr. The Atlantic core seemed to be mixed to 8 cm and had a sedimentation rate of 0.07 cm/kyr. Both cores had less total excess 230 Th than predicted. Radium sediment profiles are generated from the 230 Th model. Adsorbed, dissolved, and solid-phase radium is considered. According to the model, diffusional losses of radium are especially important at low sedimentation rates. Any particulate, or excess radium input is ignored in this model. The model fits the two analyzed cores if the fraction of total radium available for adsorption-desorption is about 0.5–0.7, and if K , the distribution coefficient, is about 1000. Finally, the flux of radon out of the sediments is derived from the model-generated radium profiles. It is shown that the resulting standing crop of 222 Rn in the overlying water may be considered as an added constraint in budgeting 230 Th and 226 Ra in deep-sea sediments.
Improved Display Methods of Single-valued Functions of Two Variables

Based on the depth-sorting hidden-line removal algorithm, new methods of producing silhouette and raised level-curve diagrams with the hidden-lines removed of single-valued functions of two variables are presented. An algorithm of generating accurate truncated representations over the z-axis of the same types of functions is also described. These methods are particularly advantageous when plotting multimodal functions, noisy data or penalized objective functions encountered in optimization problems. Since all the graphic operations are performed entirely in the 2D image-space, the methods presented are suitable for implementation in low memory hardware like hand-held calculators and field instruments. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1576809#
AC-260584, an orally bioavailable M1 muscarinic receptor allosteric agonist, improves cognitive performance in an animal model

The recent discovery of allosteric potentiators and agonists of the muscarinic M(1) receptor represents a significant advance in the muscarinic receptor pharmacology. In the current study we describe the receptor pharmacology and pro-cognitive action of the allosteric agonist AC-260584. Using in vitro cell-based assays with cell proliferation, phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis or calcium mobilization as endpoints, AC-260584 was found to be a potent (pEC(50) 7.6-7.7) and efficacious (90-98% of carbachol) muscarinic M(1) receptor agonist. Furthermore, as compared to orthosteric binding agonists, AC-260584 showed functional selectivity for the M(1) receptor over the M(2), M(3), M(4) and M(5) muscarinic receptor subtypes. Using GTPgammaS binding assays, its selectivity was found to be similar in native tissues expressing mAChRs to its profile in recombinant systems. In rodents, AC-260584 activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and perirhinal cortex. The ERK1/2 activation was dependent upon muscarinic M(1) receptor activation since it was not observed in M(1) knockout mice. AC-260584 also improved the cognitive performance of mice in the novel object recognition assay and its action is blocked by the muscarinic receptor antagonist pirenzepine. Taken together these results indicate for the first time that a M(1) receptor agonist selective over the other mAChR subtypes can have a symptomatically pro-cognitive action. In addition, AC-260584 was found to be orally bioavailable in rodents. Therefore, AC-260584 may serve as a lead compound in the development of M(1) selective drugs for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
Risk factors for median mononeuropathy of the wrist in postpoliomyelitis patients

There is evidence that chronic cane, crutch, and wheelchair users are at increased risk for developing pain and functional compromise of the wrist and hand. This investigation examined the prevalence and risk factors for median mononeuropathy at the wrist in the postpoliomyelitis population. The medical records of 148 consecutive patients with histories of poliomyelitis were reviewed. Forty-nine percent of this cohort had complaints of wrist pain. The prevalence rate of carpal tunnel syndrome was 22% (n = 33). Age, sex, duration of disability, and work history did not significantly influence the relative risk of developing this disorder. However, the relative risk of developing this compression neuropathy at the wrist by using the combination of a cane and/or a crutch and a wheelchair was 4.86 (95% confidence interval 2.35-10.06). The high risk associated with chronic cane, crutch, and wheelchair use shows the need for developing preventive strategies.
Nonsimilar nature of the laminar boundary layer

Nonsimilar laminar boundary layer solutions with negative pressure gradient compared to experimental boundary layer velocity profiles, momentum and displacement thicknesses
Methods for preparing comparative standards and field samples for neutron activation analysis of soil

One of the more difficult problems associated with comparative neutron activation analysis (CNAA) is the preparation of standards which are tailor-made to the desired irradiation and counting conditions. Frequently, there simply is not a suitable standard available commercially, or the resulting gamma spectrum is convoluted with interferences. In a recent soil analysis project, the need arose for standards which contained about 35 elements. In response, a computer spreadsheet was developed to calculate the appropriate amount of each element so that the resulting gamma spectrum is relatively free of interferences. Incorporated in the program are options for calculating all of the irradiation and counting parameters including activity produced, necessary flux/bombardment time, counting time, and appropriate source-to-detector distance. The result is multi-element standards for CNAA which have optimal concentrations. The program retains ease of use without sacrificing capability. In addition to optimized standard production, a novel soil homogenization technique was developed which is a low cost, highly efficient alternative to commercially available homogenization systems. Comparative neutron activation analysis for large scale projects has been made easier through these advancements. This paper contains details of the design and function of the NAA spreadsheet and innovative sample handling techniques.
A Response to Nelson on `Deliberation, Leverage or Coercion?'

Sustainable Development and State-NGO Relations in Indonesia', Journal of Business Administration, vols 22 and 23, 1994195, pp. 157-188. Shihata, Ibrahim F.I., 1994. The World Bank Inspection Panel. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thomas, Alan, 1996. 'NGO Advocacy, Democracy and Policy Development: Some Examples Relating to Environmental Policies in Zimbabwe and Botswana', pp. 38-65 in David Potter & Annie Taylor, eds, NGOs and Environmental Policies: Asia and Africa. London: Frank Cass. Treakle, Kay, 1998. 'Structural Adjustment and Indigenous and Environmentalist Resistance', in Jonathan Fox & L. David Brown, eds, The Struggle for Accountability.: The World Bank, NGOs, and Grassroots Movements. Cambridge: MIT Press. Udall, Lori, 1998. 'The World Bank and Public Accountability: Has Anything Changed?' in Jonathan Fox & L. David Brown, eds, The Struggle for Accountability. The World Bank, NGOs, and Grassroots Movements. Cambridge: MIT Press. Udall, Lori & Lori Pottinger, 1995. 'World Bank Cancels Arun III', Bankcheck Quarterly, no. 12, September, p. 1. World Bank, 1995a. 'Mainstreaming the Environment'. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank, 1995b. 'Final Report: Regional Remedial Action Planning for Involuntary Resettlement', May 18. Washington, DC: World Bank.
The binding mode of epothilone A on alpha,beta-tubulin by electron crystallography

The structure of epothilone A, bound to alpha,beta-tubulin in zinc-stabilized sheets, was determined by a combination of electron crystallography at 2.89 angstrom resolution and nuclear magnetic resonance-based conformational analysis. The complex explains both the broad-based epothilone structure-activity relationship and the known mutational resistance profile. Comparison with Taxol shows that the longstanding expectation of a common pharmacophore is not met, because each ligand exploits the tubulin-binding pocket in a unique and independent manner.
“What are they to do with their lives?”: Anglican Sisterhoods and Useful Angels in Three Novels by Charlotte Mary Yonge

“Any truly [wholesome life such as will best maintain a woman's own health, that she may use it for the good of others] ought to be the primary object of Sisterhoods. They should never be merely re...
Theory of Gyromagnetic Effects and Some Related Magnetic Phenomena

A unified theory of atomic and macroscopic gyromagnetic phenomena and ordinary magnetic polarization is given. Nuclear gyromagnetic effects and nuclear magnetic-field polarization are also considered. The dynamics of spin systems are considered, in order to derive the quantummechanical Larmor equation. The equilibrium gyromagnetic-magnetic theory is treated in detail. Time- dependent behavior of nuclear spins in rotating crystals is examined. (T.F.H.)
Isolation and genetic characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase thermostability variants occurring in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster.

Drosophila melanogaster collected from natural populations were examined fo thermostability variants within electrophoretic mobility classes of two enzymes. In alcohol dehydrogenase, two discrete forms of the “slow” allozyme and three discrete forms of the “fast” allozyme were revealed by postelectrophoretic treatments ranging from 15 sec at 40 C to 40 sec at 43 C. All variants have been mapped to within 0.7 unit of the Adh locus. Results of a geographic survey indicate that two alleles giving rise to fast-moderate and slow-moderate allozymes are common everywhere; other variants have a collective frequency ranging from 0% to 7%. In a test of the possibility that the rare Adh alleles could be generated by intragenic recombination between the two common alleles, electrophoresis and heat treatment of progeny recombinant for flanking markers of Adh revealed no new allozymes. Among 27 stocks containing slow α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase allozymes and 109 fast stocks, heat treatments revealed no additional variation.
Changes in Employment Status and Earnings After Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Comparison From Pre to Post Injury

Our purpose was to identify changes in employment status and earnings after spinal cord injury (SCI). Interview data were collected collaboratively at 3 centers designated as SCI Model Systems. The employment rate substantially decreased from 83.3% at injury to 24.5% at follow-up (average of 3.8 years post injury). There were no significant differences in conditional earnings (earnings among those employed) between the 2 times of measurement. However, there was a significant decrease in unconditional earnings (allocating $0 for those unemployed). Those who returned to their preinjury employer (over 60%) reported greater conditional earnings. SCI presents a significant barrier to vocational functioning.
A method for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns in library systems

A means for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns among the branches of a library system is suggested. The focus is on the improvement of availability of library resources to the user. Under conditions in which the analyst is interested in geneA means for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns among the branches of a library system is suggested. The focus is on the improvement of availability of library resources to the user. Under conditions in which the analyst is interested in geneA means for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns among the branches of a library system is suggested. The focus is on the improvement of availability of library resources to the user. Under conditions in which the analyst is interested in geneA means for studying intercorrelated circulation patterns among the branches of a library system is suggested. The focus is on the improvement of availability of library resources to the user. Under conditions in which the analyst is interested in generating a picture of system-wide utilization of library resources by an “average user” representative of the sum community, multidimensional scaling procedures might be applied to obtain relevant information. Following a brief description of multidimensional scaling, several kinds of specific analyses types concerning the allocation of library resources are discuss representative of the sum community, multidimensional scaling procedures might be applied to obtain relevant information. Following a brief description of multidimensional scaling, several kinds of specific analyses types concerning the all representative of the sum community, multidimensional scaling procedures might be applied to obtain relevant information. Following a brief description of multidimensional scaling, several kinds of specific analyses types concerning the all representative of the sum community, multidimensional scaling procedures might be applied to obtain relevant information. Following a brief description of multidimensional scaling, several kinds of specific analyses types concerning the allocation of library resources are discussed.
Approximating the k-traveling repairman problem with repairtimes

Given an undirected graph G=(V,E) and a source vertex s@?V, the k-traveling repairman (KTR) problem, also known as the minimum latency problem, asks for k tours, each starting at s and together covering all the vertices (customers) such that the sum of the latencies experienced by the customers is minimum. The latency of a customer p is defined to be the distance traveled (time elapsed) before visiting p for the first time. Previous literature on the KTR problem has considered the version of the problem in which the repairtime of a customer is assumed to be zero for latency calculations. We consider a generalization of the problem in which each customer has an associated repairtime. For a fixed k, we present a (@b+2)-approximation algorithm for this problem, where @b is the best achievable approximation ratio for the KTR problem with zero repairtimes (currently @b=6). For arbitrary k, we obtain a (32@b+12)-approximation ratio. When the repairtimes of the customers are all the same, we present an approximation algorithm with a better ratio. We also introduce the bounded-latency problem, a complementary version of the KTR problem, in which we are given a latency bound L and are asked to find the minimum number of repairmen required to service all the customers such that the latency of no customer is more than L. For this problem, we present a simple bicriteria approximation algorithm that finds a solution with at most 2/@r times the number of repairmen required by an optimal solution, with the latency of no customer exceeding (1+@r)L, @r>0.
Labor Reform in China: Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones

Chinese economic reform appears to be following the path of outgrowing rather than jettisoning the central plan, perhaps to reduce the risk of considerable urban unemployment and its potential for social instability. How has this strategy affected the development of a labor market in China? Under the pre-reform labor system, urban workers were assigned to jobs, left there for a lifetime, and given nearly equal pay regardless of performance. Today, many redundant workers remain in state-owned enterprises. Housing and welfare reforms have proceeded slowly, leaving many obstacles in the path of job mobility. Despite the incomplete nature of the labor market reforms, change is profound. A labor market has emerged and, nascent as it may be, it is affecting behavior in significant ways.
Equilibrium and reinforcement learning in private-information games: An experimental study

Abstract This paper examines the abilities of standard game-theoretic solution concepts (static Nash equilibrium) and a simple model of individual learning to describe subject behavior in an experiment involving private-information games with mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium outcomes. The experimental data are compared in several ways with the predictions of static Nash equilibrium and the quite different predictions of the learning model, which is based on the models of Roth and Erev (1995) , (Games and Economic Behavior, Special Issue: Nobel symposium, vol. 8, pp. 164–212). Nash equilibrium does not adequately describe subject behavior, whereas the learning model performs well in describing aspects of the evolution in behavior over time.
Histologic Identification of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cervical Lymph Nodes: A Reliable Predictor of the Site of an Occult Head and Neck Primary Carcinoma

Objective Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) often present with cervical lymph node metastasis. Occasionally the primary tumor site remains unknown even after thorough investigation. Management of such cases is problematic and may result in over-treatment and consequent increased morbidity. High risk HPV has been advocated recently as an important etiologic factor for a subset of head and neck SCC. These are believed to have a special predilection for the oropharyngeal tonsils and are characterized by nonkeratinizing basaloid morphology, and a strong reactivity to p16 immunostain. Identifying HPV-related SCC in the lymph nodes may thus provide a means for localizing the primary tumor site. Design Ninety-three cases of SCC metastatic to the neck from known primary tumors were classified morphologically into conventional keratinizing SCC (KSCC) and non-keratinizing SCC (NKCa). In situ hybridization (ISH) for high risk HPV as well as immunostaining for p16 were performed on all metastsatic and primary tumors. Results Of the 93 cases of metastatic carcinomas 32 were oropharyngeal, 35 oral, and 26 arose in the laryx/hypopharynx. Twenty-three cases were found to be HPV+ by ISH, of which 22/23 had oropharyngeal origin (P < 0.0001), with 95.7% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity. Twenty-one of these HPV+ oropharyngeal tumors were NKCa (P < 0.0001). The remaining case showed overlapping NKCa/KSCC hybrid morphology. All NKCa were HPV+ and stained diffusely and strongly with p16 antibodies. Conclusion We have demonstrated that HPV status of the lymph node metastasis can be assessed not only by ISH and p16 immunoreactivity but also histomorphologically. In addition, a positive microscopic identification of HPV-related carcinoma is a reliable predictor of oropharyngeal origin.
Pinpointing Persuasion in Children's Advergames: Exploring the Relationship Among Parents’ Internet Mediation, Marketplace Knowledge, Attitudes, and the Support for Regulation

As part of a larger online study that focused on parents of children between the ages of 7 and 11, this study examined how (1) parents’ individual trait differences in persuasion knowledge and mediation of their children's Internet use was related to their persuasion knowledge of children's advergames, as well as their attitudes toward them, and (2) how parents’ attitudes toward and persuasion knowledge of children's advergames was related to their attitudes toward regulating them. There was a strong negative relationship between parents’ existing persuasion knowledge and the activation of persuasion in knowledge in children's advergames. There was also a strong positive relationship between parents’ attitudes toward children's advergames and attitudes toward their regulation. Theoretical implications for persuasion knowledge research are discussed.
Staying Away From School Adolescents Who Miss School Due to Feeling Unsafe

Perceptions of school safety, fear of crime among students, and school avoidance have received increasing research attention in recent decades. Feeling unsafe at school impacts mental health, absenteeism, and academic success. We focus on a behavioral indicator of heightened concern about safety among high school students. Using 2011 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey data, we examine how crime victimization, bullying, drug use, weapon carrying, defensibility, media exposure, social integration, and school disorder affect school avoidance. Complementary log–log regression results indicate differences in predictors across sex, race/ethnicity, and class year. Implications for policy and future research on school avoidance are discussed.
The Effect of Deposited Fine Sediment on Summer Survival and Growth of Rainbow Trout in Riffles of a Small Stream

Abstract Elevated fine-sediment inputs to streams can alter a variety of conditions and processes, including the amount of fine sediment stored in riffles. We sought to measure the influence of deposited fine sediment on the survival and growth of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (106–130 mm fork length) using a field experiment that included 18 enclosures in riffles of a small northwestern California stream. The experiment included six replicates of three levels of deposited fine sediment (low, background, and high) that embedded riffle cobbles at 0, 50, and 100%, respectively. Only 1 of 12 fish survived in high-sediment enclosures, while survival of fish in low- and background-sediment treatments equaled or exceeded 50%. Low- and background-sediment treatments could be distinguished from each other by a difference in fish growth: fish in the low-sediment treatment gained mass, on average, while all surviving fish in the background-sediment treatment lost mass. In addition to providing relative...
Novel therapies in sickle cell disease

Despite an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD), there remains a paucity of available agents for the prevention and treatment of specific SCD-related complications. Recently, there has been significant progress in the development of novel drugs for this disease. These agents, which increase the production of fetal hemoglobin, improve red blood cell hydration, increase the availability of nitric oxide and possess anti-inflammatory effects, are in varying stages of clinical development. With the complex pathophysiology of SCD, it is unlikely that a single agent will prevent or treat all the sequelae of this disease. As a result, patients may benefit from treatment with a combination of agents that possess different mechanisms of action. This overview discusses selected novel agents that appear promising in SCD.
Impurity-induced states on the surface of three-dimensional topological insulators

We calculate the modification of the local electronic structure caused by a single local impurity on the surface of a three-dimensional topological insulator. We find that the local density of states around the Dirac point of the electronic spectrum at the surface is significantly disrupted near the impurity by the creation of low-energy resonance state(s)---however, this is not sufficient to (locally) destroy the Dirac point. We also calculate the nontrivial spin textures created near the magnetic impurities and discover anisotropic Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) coupling between them.
Cancer survivor identity and quality of life.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to propose a framework for enhancing an understanding of quality of life among cancer survivors that takes into account individuals’ subjective experiences and attributions of self as they relate to their own experience with cancer. OVERVIEW: This review of a small yet burgeoning cancer survivorship literature posits that there is room to expand the theoretical context for understanding cancer and its impact on quality of life by assuming that the experience of cancer involves changes in social roles and identity. In turn, changes in the way cancer survivors see themselves in relation to the world, including the ability to carry out roles and responsibilities, may affect quality of life. This perspective suggests that a cancer diagnosis initiates a survival trajectory and a social role that extends over the remainder of one’s life, regardless of life expectancy. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Expanding the understanding of quality of life and the factors that contribute to it should help subsequent investigations of who might benefit from which psychosocial support interventions provided when (i.e., during early diagnostic stage, treatment stage, or both or in the long term). Equipped with this understanding, clinicians and agencies providing services to cancer survivors and their families can develop appropriate supportive interventions that facilitate and enhance quality of life. KEY TERMS: Cancer survivor; Identity; Psychosocial adjustment; Quality of life
Systemic lidocaine blocks nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia and nociceptor-driven spinal sensitization in the rat

Background: Repetitive C-fiber stimulation induces a state of facilitated processing of sensory informatlon in the dorsal horn, while chronic nerve compression gives rise to a hyperalgesic state, characterized by spontaneous neuronal activity generated by voltage-sensitive sodium channels, as well as spinal facilitation. This study investigates the effects of systemic local anesthetic on thermal hyperalgesia evoked by chronic nerve compression and on the pain behavior responses to subcutaneous formalin. Methods: The effects of intravenous lidocaine were evaluated in rats with (1) the formalin test, a model of acute pain and centrally mediated delayed sensory sensitization, and (2) a model of chronic sciatic nerve compression leading to a neurogenic thermal hyperalgesia. Groups of rats (300 g) undergoing formalin testing were given intravenous lidocaine in doses of: 3 mg plus 25 μg/min infusion (yielding serum levels of 6.3±1.0 μg/ml) or 1.5 mg plus 12.5 μg/min infusion (yieldIng serum levels of 3.6±0.3 μg/ml) beginning 5 min before the subcutaneous injection of formalin in the left hind paw. In other studies, a group of six animals were rendered hyperalgeslc in one hind limb by the placement of compressive ligatures about the left sclatic nerve (Bennett model) 3-5 days before these studies. These rats were treated with 0.6 mg intravenous lidocaine followed by an infusion of lidocaine at a rate of 5 μg/min (yielding serum levels of 1.0±0.1 μg/ml). Results: Lidocaine had no significant effect on the first phase of the formalin test or on thermal response latencies in normal limbs. However, at a high dose, lidocaine significantly reduced phase 2 flinching behavior and at a low dose, reversed the thermal hyperalgesia produced by sciatic nerve ligation during 30 min of infusion for a period of 3 h after the infusion was discontinued. Conclusions: Intravenous lidocaine acts by distinct mechanisms to diminish the hyperesthetic state induced by peripheral nerve injury and to reduce the degree of spinal sensitization induced by C-afferent fiber activation. (Anesthetics, local: intravenous lidocaine. Nerve, injury: hyperalgesia. Spinal cord: sensitization