cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The case for re-configurable backhaul in cloud-RAN based small cell networks

Small cells have become an integral component in meeting the increased demand for cellular network capacity. Cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) have been proposed as an effective means to harness the capacity benefits of small cells at reduced capital and operational expenses. With the baseband units (BBUs) separated from the radio access units (RAUs) and moved to the cloud for centralized processing, the backhaul between BBUs and RAUs forms a key component of any C-RAN. In this work, we argue that a one-one mapping of BBUs to RAUs is highly sub-optimal, thereby calling for a functional decoupling of the BBU pool from the RAUs. Further, the backhaul architecture must be made re-configurable to allow the mapping between BBUs and RAUs to be flexible and changed dynamically so as to not just optimize RAN performance but also energy consumption in the BBU pool. Towards this end, we design and implement the first OFDMA-based C-RAN test-bed with a reconfigurable backhaul that allows 4 BBUs to connect flexibly with 4 RAUs using radio-over-fiber technology. We demonstrate the feasibility of our system over a 10 km separation between the BBU pool and RAUs. Further, real world experiments with commercial off-the-shelf WiMAX clients reveal the performance benefits of our reconfigurable backhaul in catering effectively to heterogeneous user (static and mobile clients) and traffic profiles, while also delivering energy benefits in the BBU pool.
Limited failure population life tests: application to integrated circuit reliablity

Failures of solid-state electronic components are often caused by manufacturing defects. Typically, a small proportion of the manufactured components has one or more defects that cannot be detected in a simple inspection but that will eventually cause the component to fail. If a component has no such defects, the probability that it will fail under carefully controlled conditions is virtually 0. By assuming a time-to-failure distribution for the units that are susceptible to failure from manufacturing defects, laboratory life tests of limited duration can be used to estimate the proportion of units that have such defects and the parameters of the assumed time-to-failure distribution of the defective subpopulation. The purpose of this article is to outline methods for analyzing life test data from life tests for “limited-failure” populations. Applications are described and a numerical example is included.
Opiate systems in mother and infant primates coordinate intimate contact during reunion

In humans, and non-human primates, reunion following a separation results in a positive emotional state, and an increase in affiliative behaviors. To examine the role of opiate systems, in mothers and infants in mediating reunion behavior, morphine and naltrexone were administered after a brief separation. Infants administered morphine (0.1 mg/kg IM) showed a significant reduction in clinging and girning, a vocalization emitted during close physical contact. Naltrexone (5 mg/kg IM) had opposite effects. When administered to mothers, again morphine decreased and naltrexone increased clinging. Morphine administered to mothers had a more transient behavioral effect which could not be accounted for by lower morphine blood levels. These results demonstrate that during reunion, the amount of intimate contact between a mother and her infant is regulated by the reciprocal activation of their opiate systems. This activation of opiate systems may reinforce the infant's need for attachment and the mother's role in care giving.
Main-Group Chemistry within Macrocyclic Rings and Baskets

Abstract The incorporation of main-group elements into macrocycles leads to stabilization of novel structures and control of reactivity. The tetraamino macrocycle cyclen appears to favor a pentacoordinate trigonal bipyramidal (tbp) geometry about phosphorus, even when phosphorus is bonded to transition-metals. The tbp geometry is also favored for arsenic. The tetraphenol macrocycle p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene appears to stabilize a hexacoordinate phosphorus geometry under certain conditions; however, pentacoordinate and tricoordinate structures are also found.
Validating large‐area land cover databases with Maplets

Abstract Point sampling methods traditionally used for assessing accuracy of small‐area thematic maps are less suitable for large‐area, lower resolution maps. Maplets, or detailed maps of small areas, are proposed here as an alternative source of independent reference data for accuracy assessment. As a land cover census instead of a sparse sample of points, maplets can provide information on the composition, heterogeneity, and accuracy of individual map units, on boundary locational accuracy, and the spatial pattern of errors in the large‐area map. The technique is illustrated by a case study for a wildlife habitat map of southern California, USA. Overall agreement between the maplet and the large‐are map was 63%. However, the total area of map units in which the label agreed with the majority maplet class was 84%. This result suggests that much of the “error”; was actually generalization rather than misclassification.
Poplar genome sequence: functional genomics in an ecologically dominant plant species

In addition to their value for wood products, members of the genus Populus (poplars) provide a range of ecological services, including carbon sequestration, bioremediation, nutrient cycling, biofiltration and diverse habitats. They are also widely used model organisms for tree molecular biology and biotechnology. The sequencing of the poplar genome to an approximately 6x depth adds to a long list of important attributes for research. These include facile transformation, vegetative propagation, rapid growth, modest genome size and extensive expressed sequence tags. Here, we discuss how the genome sequence and transformability of poplar, together with its high levels of genetic and ecological diversity, are enabling new insights into the genetic programs controlling ontogeny, ecological adaptation and environmental physiology of trees.
The fifth immunoglobulin-like domain of the Kit receptor is required for proteolytic cleavage from the cell surface.

Abstract Stem cell factor (SCF) initiates its biological effects by binding to its receptor Kit. Cell surface Kit is proteolytically cleaved to generate soluble Kit. Structure–function analysis of the extracellular region of Kit has implicated the first three immunoglobulin-like domains in SCF binding, and the fourth immunoglobulin-like domain in receptor dimerization. However, the role of the fifth immunoglobulin-like domain is unknown. To test the hypothesis that the fifth immunoglobulin-like domain is important for proteolytic cleavage of Kit from the cell surface, we constructed a mutant form of Kit in which the first four immunoglobulin-like domains are linked to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains (designated Kit-Del5). Kit-wild type (Kit-WT) and Kit-Del5 were expressed in the murine mast cell line IC2. Flow cytometry demonstrated that both Kit-WT and Kit-Del5 are displayed on the IC2 cell surface, and immunoblotting confirmed the presence of Kit proteins of the expected molecular weights, 154 kDa and 134 kDa, respectively. Although IC2-Kit-WT cells proteolytically cleave cell surface Kit, generating a 98 kDa soluble form of Kit, IC2-Kit-Del5 cells do not. These findings demonstrate that the fifth immunoglobulin-like domain of Kit is required for proteolytic cleavage of Kit from the cell surface.
Co-occurring anxiety influences patterns of brain activity in depression

Brain activation associated with anhedonic depression and co-occurring anxious arousal and anxious apprehension was measured by fMRI during performance of an emotion word Stroop task. Consistent with EEG findings, depression was associated with rightward frontal lateralization in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), but only when anxious arousal was elevated and anxious apprehension was low. Activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) was also reduced for depression under the same conditions. In contrast, depression was associated with more activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (dorsal ACC and rostral ACC) and the bilateral amygdala. Results imply that depression, particularly when accompanied by anxious arousal, may result in a failure to implement top-down processing by appropriate brain regions (left DLPFC, right IFG) due to increased activation in regions associated with responding to emotionally salient information (right DLPFC, amygdala).
Prestressed pin-jointed structures—Flexibility analysis and prestress design

Abstract Two classes of prestressable structures exist. Class I are geometrically rigid and statically indeterminate structures. Class II are statically and kinematically indeterminate structures with infinitesimal mechanisms. In structures of class I, prestress by means of imposed lack of fit can substantially enhance the design, particularly when failure is governed by compression member buckling. Structures of class II depend on prestress for their geometric integrity. A unified algorithm for the analysis and for the design of prestress of pin-jointed structures of both classes, consisting of any combination of bars and cables, is presented. The algorithm is based on the flexibility method of structural analysis, and assumes small displacements. It is capable of identifying states of prestress and mechanisms and optimizing the prestress in compression controlled structures.
Flow visualization and birefringence studies on planar entry flow behavior of polymer melts

Abstract Both flow visualization and flow birefringence results are presented for polystyrene and low density polyethylene (LDPE) in planar entry flow for contraction ratios of 4 : 1 and 8 : 1. It was found that vortex growth was a different function of Weissenberg number ( We ) for each polymer and hence fluid elasticity could not be solely used to account for the onset and growth of vortices. Based on extensional stress measurements along the centerline,a normalized by means of the down-stream wall shear stress, it was proposed that vortex growth and intensity are a function of the extensional viscosity and to some degree the shear viscosity. In particular, LDPE, which exhibits a strain hardening extensional viscosity and an early onset of shear-thinning, exhibits large and intense vortices while polystyrene, which does not exhibit strain hardening, exhibits only small low intensity vortices. The purpose of the study was to emphasize the importance of a fluid's extensional properties, relative to its shear properties, in determining entry flow behavior.
A predictive index for functional decline in hospitalized elderly medical patients

Objective: To prospectively develop and validate a predictive index to identify on admission elderly hospitalized medical patients at risk for functional decline. Design: Two prospective cohort studies, in tandem. The predictive model developed in the initial cohort was subsequently validated in a separate cohort. Setting: General medical wards of a university teaching hospital. Patients: For the development cohort, 188 hospitalized general medical patients aged ≥70 years. For the validation cohort, 142 comparable patients. Measurement and main results: The subjects and their nurses were interviewed twice weekly using standardized, validated instruments. Functional decline occurred among 51/188 (27%) patients in the development cohort. Four independent baseline risk factors (RFs) for functional decline were identified: decubitus ulcer (adjusted relative risk [RR] 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 5.2); cognitive impairment (RR 1.7; CI 0.9, 3.1); functional impairment (RR 1.8; CI 1.0, 3.3); and low social activity level (RR2.4; CI 1.2, 5.1). A risk-stratification system was developed by adding the numbers of RFs. Rates of functional decline for the low- (0 RF), intermediate- (1–2 RFs), and high- (3–4 RFs) risk groups were 8%, 28%, and 63%, respectively (p<0.0001).The corresponding rates in the validation cohort, of whom 34/142 (24%) developed functional decline, were 6%, 29%, and 83% (p<0.0001). The rates of death or nursing home placement, clinical outcomes associated with functional decline in the hospital, were 6%, 19%, and 41% (p<0.002) in the development cohort and 10%, 32%, and 67% (p<0.001) in the validation cohort, respectively, for the three risk groups. Conclusions: Functional decline among hospitalized elderly patients is common, and a simple predictive model based on four risk factors can be used on admission to identify elderly persons at greatest risk.
Mitophagy and cancer

Mitophagy is a selective form of macro-autophagy in which mitochondria are selectively targeted for degradation in autophagolysosomes. Mitophagy can have the beneficial effect of eliminating old and/or damaged mitochondria, thus maintaining the integrity of the mitochondrial pool. However, mitophagy is not only limited to the turnover of dysfunctional mitochondria but also promotes reduction of overall mitochondrial mass in response to certain stresses, such as hypoxia and nutrient starvation. This prevents generation of reactive oxygen species and conserves valuable nutrients (such as oxygen) from being consumed inefficiently, thereby promoting cellular survival under conditions of energetic stress. The failure to properly modulate mitochondrial turnover in response to oncogenic stresses has been implicated both positively and negatively in tumorigenesis, while the potential of targeting mitophagy specifically as opposed to autophagy in general as a therapeutic strategy remains to be explored. The challenges and opportunities that come with our heightened understanding of the role of mitophagy in cancer are reviewed here.
Binding of cis-dichlorodiammine platinum(II) to metallothionein in Ehrlich cells

The antitumor agent, cis-dichlorodiammine Pt(II), is cytotoxic to Ehrlich cells in culture. These cells contain a substantial amount of metallothionein in the absence of inducers of the protein. At concentrations of drug which cause 60% inhibition of cell proliferation, most of the platinum is found in the cytosol. Of this about 30% is bound in the metallothionein fraction. Isolated rat liver metallothionein reacts slowly with hydrolyzed cis-dichlorodiammine Pt(II). Thus, metallothionein is a major cellular site of binding of the platinum complex at concentrations which inhibit tumor growth.
Computational Design of Allosteric Inhibitors of AKT and SGK Kinases

This research addresses computational design of small drug-like molecules that could potentially inhibit AKT and SGK kinases and thus stave off cancer advancement. AKT and SGK belong to the AGC group of protein kinases. They regulate important cell functions and their deregulation can lead to carcinogenesis. AKT and SGK are highly homologous, having similar activators and targets. Research showed that cancers with high SGK activity may develop resistance to AKT-specific inhibitors. In this work, we study putative dual AKT/SGK inhibitors that could hinder the development of the tumor resistance. Most kinase inhibitors target the kinase ATP-binding site. However, the high similarity in the ATP-binding site among kinases makes them challenging to target specifically. The specificity is essential, since drugs that indiscriminately bind several kinases may harm healthy tissue. Furthermore, mutations in the ATP-binding site can cause resistance to ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. AKT and SGK have allosteric pockets, analogous to the PIF-pocket, which could be targeted. Molecules known to inhibit AKT were used as initial templates to design dual-specific inhibitors that targeted the allosteric binding sites of AKT and SGK. Physical and chemical properties of the sites were investigated and compared. The findings were used to design novel molecules that could potentially bind both AKT and SGK. Potential toxicities and drug-likeness of the molecules were evaluated. Molecules with no implied toxicities and optimal drug-like properties were used for docking studies. Binding energies of the stable complexes that these molecules formed with AKT and SGK were calculated. Possible utilization of the designed molecules against tumors with overexpressed AKT/SGK is discussed.
Re-Search: The Missing Pieces in Investigating African-American Relationship Dynamics and Implications for HIV Risk.

African-Americans account for roughly 14% of the population, yet comprise 44% of new HIV/AIDS infections in the United States (Centers for Disease Control, 2013). These numbers represent a grave health disparity where African-Americans bear a disproportionate brunt of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. While much of the funding for research in HIV prevention among African-Americans remains focused on the MSM (men who have sex with men) population, heterosexual African-Americans have been left with little direction for effectively confronting this epidemic. Furthermore, most prevention messaging is focused at the individual-level, encouraging mutual monogamy and consistent condom use ( Nydegger, Keeler, Hood, Siegel & Stacy, 2013). However, placing onus solely on the individual is problematic as Prado, Lightfoot, & Brown , 2013; there are structural and community-level factors that complicate an individual's ability to substantially reduce their risk. Here, we make a call for conducting studies that more comprehensively examine the historical, societal, structural, and community-level factors that affect African-American heterosexual relationships, perpetuating increased risk for HIV/AIDS infection in this group.
Models of Care in Geriatric Oncology.

The highest incidence of cancer occurs among older adults, and the approach to cancer treatment and supportive measures in this age group is continuously evolving. Incorporating geriatric assessment (GA) into the care of the older patient with cancer has been shown to be feasible and predictive of outcomes; there are unique aspects of the traditional geriatric domains that can be considered in this population. Geriatric assessment-guided interventions can also be developed to support patients during their treatment course. There are several existing models of incorporating geriatrics into oncology care, including a consultative geriatric assessment, a geriatrician “embedded” within an oncology clinic, and primary management by a dual-trained geriatric oncologist. Although the geriatric assessment is led by a geriatrician or geriatric oncologist, it is a true multidisciplinary assessment, and often includes evaluation by a physical therapist, occupational therapist, pharmacist, social worker, and nutritionist.
Socioeconomic status and structural brain development

Recent advances in neuroimaging methods have made accessible new ways of disentangling the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors that influence structural brain development. In recent years, research investigating associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and brain development have found significant links between SES and changes in brain structure, especially in areas related to memory, executive control, and emotion. This review focuses on studies examining links between structural brain development and SES disparities of the magnitude typically found in developing countries. We highlight how highly correlated measures of SES are differentially related to structural changes within the brain.
Functional consequences of acute cocaine treatment depend on route of administration.

The 2-[14C]deoxyglucose method was used to compare the effects of the acute administration of cocaine by two different routes, intravenous and intraperitoneal, on rates of local cerebral glucose utilization in freely moving rats. Doses were initially chosen on the basis of their ability to elicit equivalent increases in locomotor activity during the experimental procedure, and the time of cocaine administration relative to 2-[14C]deoxyglucose infusion was chosen so that the maximal behavioral effect occurred during maximal tracer incorporation. Changes in glucose utilization following the intraperitoneal administration of cocaine (10 mg/kg, 10 min before 2-deoxyglucose infusion) were restricted to the nigrostriatal system and related structures involved in the production of movement. Increased activity was observed in the substantia nigra pars reticulata, globus pallidus, and sensorimotor cortex. In contrast, intravenous cocaine administration (1 mg/kg, 2 min before tracer infusion) produced more widespread changes in rates of glucose utilization including portions of both the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal systems. Areas in which metabolic activity was altered included the caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, sensorimotor cortex, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex. Both intravenous and intraperitoneal cocaine produced similar increases in locomotor activity. Additional studies indicated that the absence of metabolic activation in the mesocorticolimbic system following acute intraperitoneal cocaine was not the result of the specific dose chosen or the length of time between cocaine administration and radiotracer infusion, as no changes in metabolic activity in mesocorticolimbic structures were evident when these parameters were varied. The cerebral metabolic effects of acute intravenous and intraperitoneal cocaine administration are significantly different. These data indicate that pharmacokinetic variables are important determinants of the functional response to cocaine.
INTERACTIVE DESIGN NAVIGATIONAL TOOLS

For both student and professional design teams, the design and development process requires that collaborators build and retain knowledge through discussions, creating documents and sharing artifacts. Key to supporting these knowledge building activities is the development of an infrastructure that supports effective knowledge management. This paper presents the framework for an information management technology called DesignWebs, which assimilates the product structures from the evolving set of documents and discussions about an engineering artifact. A DesignWeb enables users to see evolving connections between concepts by using a navigable web-based interface that synthesizes the design knowledge from multiple sources of information.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Humor and gender roles: does age make a difference?

Summary Crawford's analysis in 2003 suggests that humor interacts with gender so that traditional social norms of femininity and masculinity may be reinforced or diminished. Yet age as a covariate was not considered. Assessment of the attitudes toward humor among 72 older women (M = 72.0, SD = 9.8, range = 51-93 years) and 24 older men (M = 69.8, SD = 6.8, range = 59-90 years) in 1996 by Vitulli and Parman suggest ratings on a Likert-type scale (anchored by 5: strongly agree and 1: strongly disagree) in which humor and gender interact. Moreover, a post hoc Scheffe test showed a significant sex effect on the female-oriented scale. Older women perceived humor as an important quality for women, whereas older men did not. Generational differences among studies on humor and sex underscore the need for contemporary research inclusive of age measures.
Localization-delocalization transition of electrons at the percolation threshold of semiconductor GaAs 1 − x N x alloys: The appearance of a mobility edge

Electrons in semiconductor alloys have generally been described in terms of Bloch states that evolve from constructive interference of electron waves scattering from perfectly periodic potentials, despite the loss of structural periodicity that occurs on alloying. Using the semiconductor alloy GaAs${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$N${}_{x}$ as a prototype, we demonstrate a localized to delocalized transition of the electronic states at a percolation threshold, the emergence of a mobility edge, and the onset of an abrupt perturbation to the host GaAs electronic structure, shedding light on the evolution of electronic structure in these abnormal alloys.
Shape preferred orientations of survivor grains in fault gouge

Survivor grains are rounded, isolated clasts in fault gouge that escaped the grain fracturing so evident in fault breccia. Surrounded by a matrix of clay or comminuted parent rock, they are free to rotate without interference from other clasts. Using an optical microscope, electron microprobe images, and image analysis software, I collected data on the long axis orientations of elongate (a/b>1.4) survivors in 15 samples of fault gouge and breccia from Death Valley, California. Survivor grains display a profound shape preferred orientation (SPO) which can be used to infer kinematic parameters of gouge deformation. The SPO depends on the gouge type. In clay gouge the SPO is inclined to the shear plane, similar to the P-foliation usually defined by a phyllosilicate fabric. In flow-banded granular gouge the SPO is parallel to the shear plane and banding. To explore the implications of the SPO data, kinematic models of passive markers in simple shear (March model), rigid ellipsoids in simple shear (Jeffery model), and rigid ellipsoids in general shear (Ghosh and Ramberg model) were numerically implemented. Comparison of SPO data and model results suggests two explanations for the inclined SPO of clay gouge: either the simple shear strain experienced by clay gouge is low (γ<4) or the shear strain is unlimited but gouge deformation included apparent thickening of the shear zone. In the accompanying paper the latter option is assumed and a kinematic model of brittle shear zones which includes another commonly observed microstructure of fault gouge, Riedel shears, is developed to explain the inclined SPO in clay gouge.
Sucrose crystallization in caramel

Abstract Caramel is a dairy-based confection with a continuous phase consisting of amorphous sugars and dissolved dairy solids with proteins and fat globules dispersed throughout. In some caramels, sugar crystals are desirable for their contribution to texture. The crystals disrupt the continuous phase, providing what is known as a “short” texture. At the extreme, fudge is known as a well-crystallized caramel. However, little is known about how crystal content influences the textural and physical properties of caramel. By changing sucrose to corn syrup ratio, type of corn syrup and water content in caramel formulations, the effects of sucrose crystal content on textural properties such as hardness, tensile strength, strain at break, and cold flow were studied. However, since crystallization is a separation process, changes in crystal content also resulted in variations in the viscosity of the continuous phase, which also influenced caramel textural properties. Thus, the results were interpreted as a combination of two, sometimes competing, effects. Increased crystal content decreased cold flow, with cold flow approaching zero as crystal content increased above 25–30%. Tensile strength and strain at break also decreased as crystal content increased, again reaching a minimum value at crystal content of about 25%. Hardness, on the other hand, was significantly influenced by the viscosity of the continuous phase and less so by crystal content. Knowing the effects of sucrose crystallization on textural properties allows caramel manufacturers to more precisely select the ideal formulation for their final product.
Characterization of the tendon vibration reflex response in hemi-spastic stroke individuals

The objective of our study was to assess the role of persistent inward currents, or PICs, on the excitability of motoneurons innervating spastic muscle in hemi-spastic stroke individuals. This was accomplished by examining the effects of tonic vibration applied to the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle. The elicited TVR (tonic vibration reflex) provides a useful way to assess the degree of excitability of spinal neurons in spastic syndromes, and it has additional features that may signify the presence of PICs in spastic motoneurons. We applied sinusoidal stretches of varied duration to the biceps tendon of two hemi-spastic stroke individuals and one neurologically intact individual. We recorded the resulting TVR response from electromyographic(EMG) signals obtained from the biceps as well as force recorded at the wrist. The results of our preliminary study show that the initial rise of the TVR force response as well as the force magnitude are generally greater in spastic muscle, perhaps a marker of motoneuron excitability. Additionally, a shorter vibration duration was sufficient to evoke a response on the spastic side of our tested stroke subjects. However, the key marker of PICs — the decay of the force response as well as sustained after-discharge did not exhibit clear differences. Our present data suggests that motoneurons innervating spastic muscle are more readily activated, and thus exhibit increased excitability, which could possibly be a function of greater depolarization, without a change in PIC magnitude. Our data does not rule out the possibility of subthreshold activation of the PIC resulting in enhanced motoneuron depolarization.
Science and Technology Studies: Prospects for an Enlightened Postmodern Synthesis:

The argument that recent attempts to model technology studies on science studies have consequences for approaches to science studies as well is presented. In particular, the move to technology studies through science studies counts against the existing extreme pictures of science, "enlightenment rationalism," and "constructivisim," which are identified with modernism and postmodernism, respectively. Some components for a moderate "enlightened post-modern synthesis" in naturalism (philosophy of science), interest theory (sociology of science), and systems theory (history of technology) are found
Technology Traps Who Is Responsible

Technologies can have harmful effects on usersâ€™ psychological health, on society, and on the environment. â€œTechnology trapsâ€ arise when users and societies become stuck with technologies and the harmful consequences produced by these technologies. In this paper, the authors describe five technology traps: incompetence, self-miscontrol, misbehavior, techno-centrism, and environmental degradation. The authors then examine the share of ethical responsibility for these traps among end-users, businesses, and government.
Biochemical effects of d-tetrandrine and thalicarpine.

Abstract The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids d -tetrandrine and thalicarpine inhibit the biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins, when incubated with S180 cells in vitro . Oxidation of glucose[ 14 C] to 14 CO 2 was not affected by either alkaloid at levels up to 100 μg/ml in vitro . Incorporation of labeled acetate into lipids was inhibited only by thalicarpine at 100 μg/ml. Inhibition of the incorporation of thymidine into DNA was also observed in vivo after treatment with these drugs at 30–120 mg/kg; under these conditions, the synthesis of RNA and protein was not inhibited. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism for inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, the interaction of DNA, RNA and polynucleotides with the alkaloids was studied by gel filtration and dialysis. The two drugs associated with both DNA and RNA, but exhibited different affinities for the five polynucleotides examined. Both alkaloids were bound by polyguanylic and polyadenylic acids, but whereas d -tetrandrine associated only poorly with polythymidylic acid and not at all with polyuridylic acid, it was polycytidylic acid that showed no affinity for thalicarpine.
Effect of appearance-based education compared with health-based education on sunscreen use and knowledge: A randomized controlled trial

Background Appearance-based education shows promise in promoting sunscreen use although resource-intensive methods used in prior studies preclude wide dissemination. Appearance-based video education can be made easily accessible. Objective We sought to compare the effectiveness of appearance-based video education with that of health-based video education in improving sunscreen use and knowledge. Design In a randomized controlled trial, participants viewed either an appearance-based video on ultraviolet-induced premature aging or a health-based video emphasizing ultraviolet exposure and skin cancer risk. Results Fifty high-school students participated in the study, conducted from February through March 2012. The health-based group had a nonstatistically significant increase in sunscreen use (0.9 ± 1.9 d/wk, P = .096), whereas the appearance-based group demonstrated a statistically significant increase in sunscreen use (2.8 ± 2.2, P P Limitations The study population may not reflect the general population. Conclusion Appearance-based video education appears to be effective in promoting sunscreen use and knowledge in adolescents.
Predictive Factors for Clinical Improvement with Enterra Gastric Electric Stimulation Treatment for Refractory Gastroparesis

The objectives of this study were to determine the clinical response to Enterra gastric electric stimulation (GES) in patients with refractory gastroparesis and to determine factors associated with a favorable response. Methods This study was conducted in patients undergoing Enterra GES for refractory gastroparesis. Symptoms were scored before and after GES implantation using the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI) with additional questions about abdominal pain and global clinical response. Results During an 18-month period, 29 patients underwent GES implantation. Follow-up data were available for 28 patients, with average follow-up of 148 days. At follow-up, 14 of 28 patients felt improved, 8 remained the same, and 6 worsened. The overall GCSI significantly decreased with improvement in the nausea/vomiting subscore and the post-prandial subscore, but no improvement in the bloating subscore or abdominal pain. The decrease in GCSI was greater for diabetic patients than idiopathic patients. Patients with main symptom of nausea/vomiting had a greater improvement than patients with the main symptom of abdominal pain. Patients taking narcotic analgesics at the time of implant had a poorer response compared to patients who were not. Conclusions GES resulted in clinical improvement in 50% of patients with refractory gastroparesis. Three clinical parameters were associated with a favorable clinical response: (1) diabetic rather than idiopathic gastroparesis, (2) nausea/vomiting rather than abdominal pain as the primary symptom, and (3) independence from narcotic analgesics prior to stimulator implantation. Knowledge of these three factors may allow improved patient selection for GES.
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Decreases γ-Aminobutyric AcidA Receptor-Mediated 36Q1− Uptake by Brain Microsacs

The effect of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein phosphorylation on gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor function was examined using isolated brain membrane vesicles (microsacs). Muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake was studied in mouse brain microsacs permeabilized to introduce the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). At both submaximal and maximally effective concentrations of muscimol, PKA inhibited muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- uptake by approximately 25%. In parallel experiments, PKA and [gamma-32P]ATP were introduced into the microsacs, and we attempted to immunoprecipitate the entire GABAA receptor complex, under nondenaturing conditions, using an anti-alpha 1-subunit antibody. Data from such experiments show that PKA increases the phosphorylation of several microsac proteins, including a 66-kDa polypeptide specifically immunoprecipitated with the GABAA receptor anti-alpha 1 subunit antibody. Phosphopeptide mapping of the 66-kDa polypeptide demonstrated a 14-kDa fragment similar to that obtained with the purified, PKA-phosphorylated GABAA receptor. These results provide evidence that the catalytic subunit of PKA inhibits the function of brain GABAA receptors and demonstrate that this functional change is concomitant with an increase in protein phosphorylation.
THE GOVERNANCE OF THE PRIOR

This essay asks how critical indigenous theory might intervene in the field of critical theory. What originates here that does not in other disciplinary phrasings and phases and cannot without doing some violence to the tasks indigenous critical theory sets for itself? It begins to answer this question by introducing a form of liberal governance – the governance of the prior – that critical indigenous theory illuminates. And it argues that rather than referencing a specific social content or context, social identity or movement, critical indigenous theory disrupts a network of presuppositions underpinning political theory, social theory and humanist ethics (obligation) which are themselves built upon this form of liberal governance.
Types of tooth cusp occurrence asymmetry in human monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Four types of cusp occurrence asymmetry were defined and studied in 90 monozygotic and 90 dizygotic twin pairs. Presence or absence of the hypoconulid (fifth cusp) and seventh cusps of the permanent mandibular first molar and cusp number on the mandibular first and second premolars was reported. Bilateral asymmetry, which produces three of the asymmetry types, occurred equally frequently in MZ and DZ twins. Type I asymmetry (bilateral asymmetry in one individual of a twin pair) was observed much more frequently than Types II and III which involve bilateral asymmetry in both twins of a pair. Although mirror imagery (Type III asymmetry) was observed only in MZ twins, its appearance in a DZ pair is expected in a larger sample. Type IV asymmetry (bilateral appearance of a cusp in one twin associated with bilateral absence of the cusp in the co-twin) was observed significantly more often in DZ twin pairs than in MZ twin pairs. The similarity in concordance for MZ and DZ twins observed in this study may be due to the present-absent method of description which was employed. An examination of the data using a scale to rate the degree of expression of a cusp might reveal differences in concordance between MZ and DZ twins.
Backpack load positioning and walking surface slope effects on physiological responses in infantry soldiers

The primary purpose of this study was to survey a sample of infantry soldiers to determine their preferred backpack load distribution. The second objective was to examine the effect of backpack load position, walking speed and surface grade on the physiological responses of infantry soldiers. In the first phase of the study, analysis of 500 questionnaires indicated that backpack item arrangement was typically determined by convenience and habit. About 33.6% and 30.6% of the soldiers reported placing heavier items in the lower and higher positions, respectively. In the second experimental phase of the study, five male infantry soldiers who had completed basic training (including 30 km tactical road march) each performed eight treadmill walking bouts at one of two speeds (i.e., 3.2 and 6.4 km/h) and two surface grades (0% and 6%) carrying 15% of their body weight in a backpack with two chambers (upper and lower). Respiratory frequency, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption and heart rate were recorded using the Quark pulmonary system. The MANOVA results indicate that the effect of walking speed was strongly significant for all physiological indices. In addition, as might be expected, walking on a 6% grade was associated with higher oxygen consumption and heart rate compared to level going. In terms of load position, the mean respiratory frequency was significantly higher where the load was carried in the upper position. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between load position and walking grade on oxygen consumption. Where participants were walking at zero incline, there was no significant difference in mean oxygen consumption. By contrast, the mean oxygen consumption was significantly higher where loads were carried in the upper position and negotiating the 6% grade. Previous research has found that, ideally, load carriage should complement stability, bringing the load's center of gravity as close to the body as possible and making use of the larger muscles. However, carrying heavy loads close to the trunk can affect lung function. Thus, load placement is an important factor in physiological response to load carriage, and optimum choice of upper or lower position when distributing items in a backpack may be dependent on the walking grade.
Utility of the Vivosonic Integrity™ auditory brainstem response system as a hearing screening device for difficult-to-test children

Objective: Inability to complete a behavioral hearing screening is a challenge for children with developmental disorders or who are otherwise difficult to test, defined here as unable or unwilling ...
Commentary: salient aspects of research in pediatric headache and future directions.

chronic headaches, although not clinically depressed or anxious, may be at risk for developing emotional problems as they reported subclinical symptoms. These subclinical symptoms may be a consequence of living with the pain (Andrasik et al., 1988; Hoelscher & Lichstein, 1984). Based on the research designs employed thus far, a causal relationship cannot be inferred, even if personality traits or emotional difficulties are found to differentiate children who are headache sufferers from children without headache. Only with prospective studies can we begin to determine the relative impact of psychosocial factors in the development of pediatric headache. Positive reinforcement for reporting pain has been suggested as a factor in maintaining pain behavior but has not been systematically studied with children who have headaches. Conditioning of pain behavior could foster the development of a maladaptive coping pattern of responding to stress with reports of headaches. The effects of behavioral conditioning have been studied in adults with chronic pain and have been found to be an important factor in understanding and treating chronic headache. Ramsden, Friedman, and Williamson (1983) report the only study that has specifically evaluated contingency management procedures for pediatric headache. Other recent studies evaluating biofeedback and relaxation training have included contingency management procedures for parents and teachers to implement. These studies have reported positive results, but the increased effectiveness of including contingency management has not been determined. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1999, pp. 113–114
Pseudo-obstruction of the inferior vena cava in pediatric abdominal masses

Extrinsic compression of the inferior vena cava by large abdominal masses may simulate occlusion on supine cavography. Seventeen children with large abdominal masses were evaluated by inferior venacavography. There was either occlusion or severe compression of the IVC on supine cavography in 13 patients; but the decubitus cavagram and subsequent surgery confirmed patency in 12 patients. In four patients only minor indentations or no abnormalities were present. Pseudo-obstruction of the IVC can be accurately differentiated from occlusion due to invasion by a lateral cavagram in the decubitus position.
Electroretinogram monitoring of dose-dependent toxicity after ophthalmic artery chemosurgery in retinoblastoma eyes: six year review.

Purpose To report electroretinogram responses of retinoblastoma children under anesthesia before and after treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs (melphalan, topotecan, carboplatin) delivery by ophthalmic artery chemosurgery (OAC). Methods A cohort study of 81 patients with retinoblastoma treated with OAC. All patients treated with OAC at our center through May 2012 for whom the requisite ERG data were available are included in the analysis. This study recorded the ERG 30 Hz flicker amplitude response changes from baseline, at 3 and 12 months following OAC treatment completion. Both univariate and multivariate linear regression models were evaluated, with generalized estimating equations to correct for correlations within patients. Independent numerical variables included maximum doses and cumulative doses of melphalan, topotecan and carboplatin. Results By univariate analysis, both melphalan and topotecan appear to be associated with changes in ERG amplitude at both 3 and 12 months; but for the most part, these changes are minimal and likely clinically insignificant. By multivariate analysis, maximum and cumulative melphalan have a modest, temporary effect on the ERG amplitude change, which is apparent at 3 months but no longer evident at 12 months after completing treatment. By multivariate analysis, topotecan and carboplatin do not appear to adversely effect the change in ERG response. Conclusion Melphalan has the strongest, and carboplatin the weakest association with reduction in ERG response amplitudes; but for the most part, these changes are minimal and likely clinically insignificant. These conclusions apply only over the dose ranges used here, and should be applied with caution.
Finding equilibrium bidding strategies for a simulated timber auction

This paper reports on a Monte Carlo simulation model of estimating and bidding in an unusual form of auction used by the U.S. Forest Service to sell logging rights. The model results must be precise enough to find Nash equilibrium bidding strategies and to distinguish how various measures of auction performance differ under variation in current auction rules. This paper briefly describes the auction, several different computational approaches, and their relative effectiveness. We state several conclusions we were able to reach using the simulator. These include identifying a situation in which changed auction rules could significantly increase government revenue.
Production of light by animals

This wonderful group of animals is counted as constituting the highest and best organized of the five classes of mollusks . As is well known, it is divided into the earlier group of Tetrabranchiata which lived in past ages and of which but one genus with four species is left in the living state, and the Dibranchiata or squids and octopi, which are of more recent origin, possibly from tetrabranchiate origin, and whose members are found in all the seas of our globe . Some 4200 species of extinct tetrabranchiate cephalopods have been described, while of the living dibranchiates we know of over 450 species . We know but little concerning the tissue specializations of the tetrabranchiates, and in the living form of this order, the genus tiautihtr, we find no luminous organs, It may well be possiblein fact, it is probable-that the extinct order did have numerous species that could produce light, although we are, so far, barred from any knowledge of this fact because of their fossil state, in which only the hard parts have been preserved . On the other hand, some of the most powerful light organs, under complete nervous control and supplied `with the most perfect lens, reflectors, and other accessory parts, are found in the numerous species of the dibranchiates . We must except from this generalization, however, one branch of the Dibranchiata, the octopoda, whose members are almost entirely devoid of luminous organs . In a few cases such organs have been reported . but no sufficiently reliable report or descriptions are as yet forthcoming . in spite of the large number of luminous squids and of the many descriptions of their various light organs we still lack exact and careful experimental work on any one form . Some very good observations have been made on the color of the light even of some deep-sea forms from as far down as a mile in depth, but