cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Built-In Self-Test and Defect Tolerance for Molecular Electronics-Based NanoFabrics

In this chapter, a built-in self-test procedure is presented for testing and fault tolerance of molecular electronics-based nanoFabrics. The nanoFabrics are assumed to include up to 1012 devices/cm2 and as high as 10% defect density; this requires new test strategies that can efficiently test and diagnose the nanoFabrics in a reasonable time. The BIST procedure shown in this chapter, utilizes nanoFabric’s components as small test groups containing test pattern generator and response analyzer. Using small test groups will result in higher diagnosability and recovery. The technique applies the tests in parallel with a low number of test configurations resulting in a manageable test time for such large devices. Due to high defect density of nanoFabrics, an efficient diagnosis procedure must be done after BIST procedure to achieve high recovery. The procedure is called recovery increase procedure. It increases the available number of fault-free components detected in a nano-chip. Finally, a defect database called defect map is created to be used by compilers during configuring the nanoFabrics to avoid defective components. This results in a reliable system constructed using unreliable components.
LeRoy Clarke, Kenwyn Crichlow, and Jackie Hinkson: Comparative Perspectives on Art, Identity, and Community in Trinidad and Tobago

This paper explains the concept of centerdness and mobility in Caribbean art. The motif of repetition in Caribbean art describes cultural flow and reinvention in the region. However, this is often in contradiction with the requirements and centerdness of belonging and of stasis. The artists we explore here represent various aspects of this contradiction, at once working to establish a Trinidad locality but also a Caribbean aesthetic. Hinkson’s drawings and paintings use local light and rhythm to establish a sense of concrete and palpable memory of Trinidad. Clarke’s paintings and poems have been described as more surrealist or early modernist perspectives on Trinidad’s spirit world, while Crichlow’s canvasses explore Trinidadian memory through color and metaphor. However, these three artists’ aesthetics are derived from a migratory sensibility that moves through an identifiably Caribbean visioning of place, belonging, and community.
THERMAL COMPORT IN SOLAR GREENHOUSE-RESIDENCES

ABSTRACT A solar greenhouse-residence was monitored for the years 1979-1980. Thermal comfort requirements for the house and greenhouse are different. Annual results show dynamic levels of thermal comfort in the greenhouse, and generally uniform thermal comfort levels in the house. Within general thermal comfort standards, the greenhouse comfort levels fluctuated greater on a daily basis than the adjoining house. The greenhouse-house maintained acceptable human and plant thermal comfort levels throughout the year.
Risk stratification of allogeneic stem cell recipients with respect to the potential for development of GVHD via their pre-transplant plasma lipid and metabolic signature

The clinical outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is strongly influenced from the complications arising during the post-transplant immune restoration and has been well studied and described. However, the metabolic status of the recipient pre-transplant also has the potential to influence this outcome and has never been studied before and has the potential to enable risk stratification with respect to the development of transplant associated complications such as graft vs. host disease (GVHD). In order to better understand this aspect of transplant related complications we investigated the pre-transplantation metabolic signature to assess the possibility of pre-transplant risk stratification. This pilot study was composed of 14 patients undergoing myeloablative conditioning followed by either HLA matched related, unrelated donor, or autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood samples were taken prior to transplant and the plasma was comprehensively characterized with respect to its lipidome and metabolome via LCMS and GCMS. The results indicated a significantly pro-inflammatory metabolic profile in patients who eventually developed Graft vs. Host Disease (GVHD). The data revealed 5 potential pre-transplant biomarkers (1-monopalmitin, diacylglycerol (DG) 38:5, DG 38:6, 2-aminobutyric acid, and fatty acid (FA) 20:1) that demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity towards predicting post-transplant GVHD development. The predictive model developed demonstrated an estimated predictive accuracy of risk stratification of 100%, with an Area under the Curve of the ROC of 0.995 with 100%. The likelihood ratio of 1-monopalmitin (infinity), DG 38:5 (6.0) and DG 38:6 (6.0) also demonstrated that a patient with a positive test result for these biomarkers pre-transplant will likely have very high odds of developing GVHD post-transplant. Collectively the data demonstrates the possibility of using pre-transplant metabolic signature for risk stratification of SCT recipients with respect to development of GVHD.
Chemosensory modulation of neural circuits for sodium appetite

Sodium is the main cation in the extracellular fluid and it regulates various physiological functions. Depletion of sodium in the body increases the hedonic value of sodium taste, which drives animals towards sodium consumption1,2. By contrast, oral sodium detection rapidly quenches sodium appetite3,4, suggesting that taste signals have a central role in sodium appetite and its satiation. Nevertheless, the neural mechanisms of chemosensory-based appetite regulation remain poorly understood. Here we identify genetically defined neural circuits in mice that control sodium intake by integrating chemosensory and internal depletion signals. We show that a subset of excitatory neurons in the pre-locus coeruleus express prodynorphin, and that these neurons are a critical neural substrate for sodium-intake behaviour. Acute stimulation of this population triggered robust ingestion of sodium even from rock salt, while evoking aversive signals. Inhibition of the same neurons reduced sodium consumption selectively. We further demonstrate that the oral detection of sodium rapidly suppresses these sodium-appetite neurons. Simultaneous in vivo optical recording and gastric infusion revealed that sodium taste-but not sodium ingestion per se-is required for the acute modulation of neurons in the pre-locus coeruleus that express prodynorphin, and for satiation of sodium appetite. Moreover, retrograde-virus tracing showed that sensory modulation is in part mediated by specific GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-producing neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. This inhibitory neural population is activated by sodium ingestion, and sends rapid inhibitory signals to sodium-appetite neurons. Together, this study reveals a neural architecture that integrates chemosensory signals and the internal need to maintain sodium balance.
Food web structure selects for parasite host range.

Complex life cycle parasites, including helminths, use intermediate hosts for development and definitive hosts for reproduction, with interactions between the two host types governed by food web st...
Save My Rainforest

Save My Rainforest Maria Anna Jankowska Serials Catalog Librarian, University of Idaho Library, Moscow, Idaho 83844 USA. TEL: 208-885-6631. Zak, Monica. Save My Rainforest. Illustrations by Bengt-Arne Runnerstromm, English version by Nancy Schimmel. Volcano, CA: Volcano Press, 1992. 31 pp. US $14.95 hardcover ISBN: 0- 912078-94-4. Save My Rainforest presents a true story about eight- year-old Omar Castillo's efforts to protect the endangered Lacandona rainforest located in southern Mexico. The boy is afraid that the disappearance of numerous plants and animals, following the destruction of the forest, will deprive other children of the opportunity to see and experience this gigantic rainforest. First he writes to the President and when he does not receive any answer he decides to walk 870 miles to Tuxtla to ask the governor to save the rainforest for the children. When this action does not bring any results he tries to meet the President because he is the one responsible for the whole country (p. 24). His adventures in attempting to achieve this goal are thrilling. Save My Rainforest is a translation of Swedish title, Radda Min Djungel, by Bokforlaget Opal. The book was also published in Spanish language edition under the title Salven Mi Serlva. The book has very fast action supported by wonderful illustrations. In the text one can find a few Spanish words which enhance the original background and give the children an opportunity to learn some Spanish. By not providing information on the type of paper used for printing this book the publisher lost an opportunity to underscore the message contained in the book. Save My Rainforest can serve as an excellent source of school discussions on protecting the rainforest in Latin America. Highly recommended for all school libraries.
IGF-II in the pathogenesis of rhabdomyosarcoma: a prototype of IGFs involvement in human tumorigenesis.

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the role of peptide growth factors in the regulation of the biologic behavior of several human malignancies. Among those peptides that might have importance in neoplastic pathogenesis are the insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II). These proteins have been shown to stimulate myoblast proliferation and differentiation (1), to promote nutrient uptake and to inhibit proteolysis (2, 3). IGF-II mRNA is highly expressed in human skeletal fetal muscle tissue, but it is not detectable in normal adult skeletal muscle by standard Northern analysis and in situ hybridization (4). In mouse myoblasts, IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA levels increase transiently (IGF-II > > IGF-I) within 48-72 hours of the beginning of the myogenic differentiation process. The expression of mRNA is accompanied by secretion of the peptides in the culture medium that peaks at hour 92. IGF-I receptors increase transiently, doubling by 48 hours after the onset of differentiation, while IGF-II receptors increase and remain at a higher number throughout the differentiated state (5, 6). The production of IGF-binding proteins of Mr 29,000 to 32,000 is also induced throughout differentiation (7).
Understanding College Readiness: The Limitations of Information and the Possibilities of Cultural Integrity

The college readiness of high school graduates has become a core objective of the education policy of the United States. Early college readiness programs now exist in 38 states, and early college t...
UV-LED Induced Recovery of Radiation Damage in Glass and Plastic Scintillators

Modern particle physics experiments have unprecedented needs for radiation tolerant components. Particle detectors broadly use scintillators to generate optical signals in proportion to the energy of passing particles. Radiation damages a scintillator, producing color centers which absorb and attenuate light within the scintillator, reducing its performance. There is currently a major effort underway to develop new radiation tolerant scintillators and readout strategies for modern experiments.One strategy is to take advantage of the natural recovery of a moderately damaged scintillator. We investigate whether being exposed to bright light can enhance the recovery of a glass intended to be used as a substrate for producing new glass-based scintillators.We find that UV-LED exposure (365 nm) is the most effective and efficient way to induce optical recovery of the glass cubes produced by AFO Research. White-light exposure only helped recovery in the green-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. UV light exposure induced recovery in the entirety of the cubes transmission spectrum. We also find that UV-A light (365 nm) is effective at speeding up the recovery of plastic scintillating fibers.UV-LED mediated recovery techniques are a possible solution to speed up radiation damage recovery in detectors. A UV-LED calibration system inside a detector could be turned on between experiment runs in order to help the scintillating materials recover their optical properties and, at the same time, allow the detector to calibrate itself, extending the useful life of existing scintillators.
Genome-wide CRISPRi/a screens in human neurons link lysosomal failure to ferroptosis

Single-cell transcriptomics provide a systematic map of gene expression in different human cell types. The next challenge is to systematically understand cell-type specific gene function. The integration of CRISPR-based functional genomics and stem cell technology enables the scalable interrogation of gene function in differentiated human cells. Here, we present the first genome-wide CRISPR interference and CRISPR activation screens in human neurons. We uncover pathways controlling neuronal response to chronic oxidative stress, which is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Unexpectedly, knockdown of the lysosomal protein prosaposin strongly sensitizes neurons, but not other cell types, to oxidative stress by triggering the formation of lipofuscin, a hallmark of aging, which traps iron, generating reactive oxygen species and triggering ferroptosis. We also determine transcriptomic changes in neurons following perturbation of genes linked to neurodegenerative diseases. To enable the systematic comparison of gene function across different human cell types, we establish a data commons named CRISPRbrain.
Surgery Task Classification Using Procrustes Analysis

Recognizing surgical tasks is a crucial step toward automatic surgical training in robotic surgery training. In this work, we proposed and developed a classification framework for surgical task recognition. This approach is based on using three components: Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), Procrustes analysis (PA), and Fuzzy k- nearest neighbor (FkNN). First, the DTW method processes multi-channel motion trajectories with different lengths by stretching and compressing both signals such that their lengths become identical. Second, Procrustes analysis is used as a distance measure between two sequences based on shape similarity transformations: rotations, reflection, scaling, and translation. Finally, a Fuzzy k-nearest neighbor algorithm is applied to distinguish between different tasks by assigning a fuzzy class membership based on their distances. We evaluated our framework on a real raw kinematic surgical robotic dataset. Then, we validated the proposed model using Leave One Supertrial Out (LOSO) and Leave One User Out (LOUO) cross-validation schemes. Our results show improvements in the classification of the three different Robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS) tasks: suturing, needle-passing, and knot-tying.
Disrupting market-based predatory development: Race, class, and the underdevelopment of Black neighborhoods in the U.S.

The life chances of Blacks are tied to their experiences in central city neighborhoods (Sampson et al., 2002). To understand why African Americans have made minimal economic progress since the civi...
Influence of Antenna Pattern on Synthetic Aperture Radar Resolution for NDE Applications

The effect of antenna gain pattern on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is analyzed in this article. In prior investigations, only the effect of antenna half-power beamwidth (HPBW) on the resultant image spatial resolutions were described using approximations that are valid only at very large distances or at small distances with relatively wide HPBW. This article illustrates that this approximation is not valid in the near-field of the synthetic array when the antenna used is highly directive. In this article, the effect of the entire antenna (gain) pattern, instead of just assuming a constant pattern within the HPBW, on SAR image spatial resolutions (both range and cross-range) is demonstrated. Additionally, the effect of approximations which are necessary for implementing fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based algorithms (e.g., $\omega $ - $k$ SAR algorithm) on the image resolutions are also studied. The concept of effective synthetic aperture length is introduced and corresponding empirical formulas are derived. Subsequently, this effective aperture length is used to calculate the image spatial resolutions. Finally, representative measurements were performed to verify the simulation results.
Rigidity around Poisson submanifolds

We prove a rigidity theorem in Poisson geometry around compact Poisson submanifolds, using the Nash–Moser fast convergence method. In the case of one-point submanifolds (fixed points), this implies a stronger version of Conn’s linearization theorem [2], also proving that Conn’s theorem is a manifestation of a rigidity phenomenon; similarly, in the case of arbitrary symplectic leaves, it gives a stronger version of the local normal form theorem [7]. We can also use the rigidity theorem to compute the Poisson moduli space of the sphere in the dual of a compact semisimple Lie algebra [17].
Book Review: French Magazines Encouraged Women to Lean in - 100 Years Ago

This is a book review of "Having It All in the Belle Epoque: How French Women’s Magazines Invented the Modern Woman" by Rachel Mesch.
The longitudinal association between marital and psychological functioning in socioeconomically disadvantaged relationships

Marital functioning is associated with individuals’ psychological functioning. However, it is unclear if the association between marital and individual functioning extends to socioeconomically disa...
Unilateral, bilateral, and alternating muscle actions elicit similar muscular responses during low load blood flow restriction exercise.

Compare acute muscular responses to unilateral, bilateral, and alternating blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise. Maximal strength was tested on visit one. On visits 2–4, 2–10 days apart, 19 participants completed 4 sets of knee extensions (30% one-repetition maximum) with BFR (40% arterial occlusion pressure) to momentary failure (inability to lift load) using each muscle action (counterbalanced order). Ultrasound muscle thickness was measured at 60% and 70% of the anterior thigh before (Pre), immediately (Post-0), and 5 min (Post-5) after exercise. Surface electromyography and tissue deoxygenation were measured throughout. Results, presented as means, were analyzed with a three-way (sex by time by condition) Bayesian RMANOVA. There was a time by sex interaction (BFinclusion: 5.489) for left leg 60% muscle thickness (cm). However, changes from Pre to Post-0 (males: 0.39 vs females: 0.26; BF10: 0.839), Post-0 to Post-5 (males: − 0.05 vs females: − 0.06; BF10: 0.456), and Pre to Post-5 (males: 0.34 vs females: 0.20; BF10: 0.935) did not differ across sex. For electromyography (%MVC), there was a sex by condition interaction (BFinclusion: 550.472) with alternating having higher muscle excitation for females (16) than males (9; BF10: 5.097). Tissue deoxygenation (e.g. channel 1, µM) increased more for males (sets 1: 11.17; 2: 2.91; 3: 3.69; 4: 3.38) than females (sets 1: 4.49; 2: 0.24; 3: − 0.10; 4: − 0.06) from beginning to end of sets (all BFinclusion ≥ 4.295e + 7). For repetitions, there was an interaction (BFinclusion: 17.533), with alternating completing more than bilateral and unilateral for set one (100; 56; 50, respectively) and two (34; 16; 18, respectively). Alternating, bilateral, and unilateral BFR exercise elicit similar acute muscular responses.
Immunologic and Other Strategies to Overcoine Fescue Toxicosis

Tall fescue has desirable compositional characteristics, withstands heavy grazing and environmental stresses. However, animal performance (body weight gains and reproductive efficiency) is depressed in animals grazing this forage. The signs exhibited by affected animals are exacerbated by elevated environmental temperatures and humidity. Affected animals have long, rough hair coats, excessive salivation and avoid sunlight. Increased respiratory rates arid body temperatures are also observed. Relative to reproduction, milk yields and pregnancy rates are depressed. No microscopic or gross lesions are associated with the general syndrome of fescue toxicosis.
The crowding of social distancing: How social context and interpersonal connections affect individual responses to the coronavirus*

Abstract Objective This study investigates the degree to which social connections and social context shape attitudes and behaviors surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Methods In April and August 2020, we surveyed Americans about their social context and asked a range of questions related to the coronavirus and social distancing. Results Social crowding, social networks, and social context are related to support for social distancing policies and compliance with those policies. Conclusion The coronavirus pandemic created hardships;hardships made more difficult by the inability to physically interact with extended family and friends and the inability to find space away from immediate family. This research suggests that understanding compliance with public policies requires attention to interpersonal connections.
Location and Allocation of Incident Respondents under Severity Levels and Capacity Constraints: Formulation, Methodology, and Application

This study investigates an optimal incident response plan to cover the demand considering the location and availability of respondents. A multi-objective mixed-integer linear formulation is proposed that aims to minimize the expected travel time to incidents and maximize the expected demand coverage under resource constraints. The proposed model is applied to an empirical case study network with one year of incident data in North Carolina and solved by Benders Decomposition. The numerical experiments indicate the performance of the proposed methodology based on various problem sizes. While CPLEX Optimization Studio fails to obtain solutions for large-scale instances, the proposed algorithm can provide near-optimal solutions to the largest instance in this paper (i.e., 1,024-node network) with a 2.4% optimality gap.
Treatment of Obesity: Pharmacotherapy Trends of Office-Based Visits in the United States From 2011 to 2016.

Abstract Objective To examine pharmacotherapy for obesity in the United States from 2011 to 2016 using a large, nationally representative sample. Methods Data were obtained during 6 years, 2011 to 2016, from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. There were 3 types of visits identified: patients with obesity and an antiobesity drug mention; patients with obesity and no antiobesity drug mention; and patients without obesity and with antiobesity drug mention. The χ2 test was used to compare characteristics across each type of visit. To predict the odds of an antiobesity medication mention for patients with obesity, a logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results Of the overall weighted 196,872,870 office-based physician visits made by patients with obesity from 2011 to 2016, 1% mentioned an antiobesity drug. In addition, there were 760,470 office-based physician visits by patients without obesity but with an antiobesity medication mention. An antiobesity drug mention was more likely for those aged 51 years or older and those residing in the South (adjusted odds ratio, 5.31 95% CI, 1.19 to 23.59). Conclusion There was a slight increase in antiobesity medication mentions, from 0.26% in 2011 to 0.28% in 2016, but only 1% of office-based visits for patients with obesity received a prescription for an antiobesity medication. Physicians tended to prescribe antiobesity medications to those with obesity aged 51 years or older and residing in the South. Antiobesity medication for treatment of obesity is significantly underused.
Little League baseball and head injury.

To the Editor.— "Baseball is far more dangerous than we realize; and for some it may be deadly." (Walters B. "20/20" Television Program. July 12, 1991) Recently, I have discharged from the hospital a 12-year-old boy whose intracerebral hematoma was sustained while playing Little League baseball and whose injury raises many questions about current safety policies in organized youth baseball. The boy was struck on the left side of his head by a pitched ball while up at bat; although stunned, he did not lose consciousness and in fact completed the game.
Chapter 17 Role of Actin Filament Organization in Ion Channel Activity and Cell Volume Regulation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the role of actin-filament organization on ion-channel activity and cell-volume regulation. Actin can be found in several different states within the intracellular compartment. Dynamic transitions entailing changes from one conformation to another may be central to such mechanically related events as cell locomotion and rounding, cytokinesis and spreading, and intracellular transport to the cell surface. Actin filaments may be also linked to osmotically induced phase transitions, which in turn may represent novel electroosmotic signaling events. These proteins therefore help maintain a balance between G- and F-actin concentrations. Another important family of ABPs, however, actually binds already formed actin filaments (F-actin). Most F-actin-binding proteins are known to have at least two actin-binding domains, thus allowing coupling to more than one actin filament. Depending on the distance between the actin-binding domains, these proteins may enable either the bundling of actin (tightly packed arrays of filaments), as observed in the complexes of F-actin found in microvilli, or the crosslinking of actin into 3-dimensional actin filament networks with gel behavior.
Conditional Cryptographic Delegation for P2P Data Sharing

A cryptographic approach that enables a peer to transfer the right to access the encrypted data provided predetermined conditions are satisfied is presented in this paper. Our approach involves a third trusted service, called "delegation check (DC) servers" to check single or multiple conditions according to the rules. A peer (delegator) delegates the right to decrypt the ciphertext to other peers (proxies) under certain conditions. The proxy can decrypt the ciphertext only after it passes the verification check of the DC server. Our system has the following properties: (1) A sender does not need to know whether or not the delegation occurs. (2) DC servers are involved only when the proxy decrypts the ciphertext. (3) Neither the DC server nor a proxy can know the private decryption key of the delegator unless both of them collude with each other.Two types of techniques, a basic scheme and an extended scheme, are presented. The basic scheme is relatively efficient, while the security is maintained under the assumption that the DC server does not deviate from the protocol. In order to tolerate the deviation of the DC server, the extended scheme allows the delegator to direct the proxy to use a group of servers when decrypting the ciphertext. A notable feature in our scheme is that the delegator can independently choose which of the two without any interaction with the DC servers or the proxy. Moreover, the choice of the scheme does not require any modification of the operations that the server performs.
Angular momentum effects in the compound-statistical model for nuclear reactions: (I). Monte Carlo calculations of excitation functions

Abstract The evaporation formalism of the compound-statistical theory of nuclear reactions is presented in a form containing the explicit dependence of the emission probability on angular momentum and suitable for computation of excitation functions by the Monte Carlo technique. The dependence of the nuclear level density on angular momentum is discussed, and an improved expression is offered. Monte Carlo calculations have led to the evaluation of excitation functions in selected reactions and the results were compared with experiment. The effect of competing de-excitation by gamma-ray emission is examined and its magnitude is estimated from an analysis of excitation function data. Satisfactory agreement between calculated and experimental excitation functions induced by 4He ions of kinetic energy up to 40 MeV is obtained using the Fermi gas model parameters for the level density expression.
Serotonin receptors in parasitic worms

It is evident from the above review that during the last two decades a great deal of interest in investigating the action of serotonin in parasitic worms has been shown by parasitologists as well as by scientists from several other disciplines. What we have initially reported concerning the effect of serotonin on motility and carbohydrate metabolism of F. hepatica has been pursued on several other parasitic worms. The studies so far indicate that serotonin stimulates motility of every species tested among the phylum Platyhelminthes. The indoleamine also stimulates glycogenolysis in the few flatworm parasites that have been investigated. The information in nematodes is scanty and the role of serotonin in these parasites is still open for experimentation. Recent biochemical investigations on F. hepatica and S. mansoni demonstrated that serotonin and related compounds utilize a common class of receptors in plasma membrane particles which I designate as 'serotonin receptors'. These receptors are linked to an adenylate cyclase that catalyses the synthesis of the second messenger, cyclic 3',5'-AMP. Serotonin and its congeners increase the concentration of cyclic AMP in intact parasites whereas antagonists inhibit such an effect. Cyclic AMP stimulates glycogenolysis, glycolysis and some rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes. It activates a protein kinase that may be involved in activation of glycogen phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase. Serotonin-activated adenylate cyclase in S. mansoni is activated early in the life of the schistosomule. The possibility is discussed that the availability of cyclic AMP through serotonin activation in these parasites may be a prelude to the development processes that take place in the parasite. The different components of the serotonin-activated adenylate cyclase in the parasite are the same as those that have been previously described for the host. Binding characteristics of the receptors indicate that the receptors in F. hepatica appear to be different from those that have been described in the host. The discovery of these receptors and their differences from those in the host offer a new site which is amenable to pharmacological manipulation. The search for new agents that influence serotonin receptors in these parasites could be included in a strategy for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents against these parasites.
Distributed Memory Parallel Systems

The sections in this article are 1 Basic Concept of Message Passing 2 Communication Primitives 3 Message Passing Standards and Libraries 4 Architectural Issues 5 Performance Issues 6 Architecture of Example Systems 7 Current and Future Trends 8 Conclusions
Experiments on Strong Turbulence: Do We Really Measure What We Say We Measure?

The dependence of the single-point, two-time velocity correlation function in Kolmogorov turbulence on the “sweeping velocity” U is considered. It is shown that even for a solution of the problem with zero “sweeping velocity”, the frequency spectrum E(ω,U = 0) ∝ ln(1 + ω2)/ω2 can be very well fitted within two-three decades of the frequency variation by the relation E(ω) ∝ ω−1.71, which is extremely close to the experimental data. A detailed investigation of E(ω, U), conducted in this work, shows that the relation between time and space correlation functions is not clear and the interpretation of experimental data on the exponents of velocity structure functions S n (τ)= ∝ τξn ∝ r ξn= S n (r), where r = Uτ, can lead to erroneous conclusions.
Is an isolated ventricular septal defect detected before 24 weeks on ultrasound associated with fetal aneuploidy

AbstractObjective: Whether the isolated VSD (i-VSD) is associated with aneuploidy to the same degree as a more severe heart anomaly is unclear. Our objective was to determine the likelihood of aneuploidy in pregnancies at a tertiary referral center when an i-VSD is detected before 24 weeks.Methods: A retrospective chart review of all detailed anatomy ultrasounds before 24 weeks performed at the University of Kansas Medical Center from 08/23/2006 to 06/07/2012 was conducted. A complete evaluation of the fetal heart was accomplished using gray scale and spectral/color Doppler examinations. The outcomes of each pregnancy were reviewed for any diagnoses of aneuploidy. Odds ratios were calculated.Results: A total of 4078 pregnancies with complete obstetric and neonatal data were reviewed. The prevalence of an i-VSD was 2.7% (112/4078). The odds ratio of aneuploidy when an i-VSD was present was (OR: 36.0, 95% CI: 5.0, 258.1). This odds ratio remained large when either an abnormal or unknown serum screen was pre...
TESTOSTERONE AFFECTS REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS BY INFLUENCING EXTRA-PAIR FERTILIZATIONS IN MALE DARK-EYED JUNCOS (AVES : JUNCO HYEMALIS)

Monogamous male birds typically allocate less effort to courtship and more to parental behaviour than males of polygynous species. The seasonal pattern of testosterone (T) secretion varies accordin...
Framework for implementing traceability system in the bulk grain supply chain

Implementation of a traceability system in the bulk grain supply chain is a complex task. Grain lots are often commingled to meet buyer specifications and the lot-identity is not maintained. In this paper, a systems approach is used to develop methods for implementing bulk grain supply chain traceability in the United States, that includes both internal and chain traceability. First, the usage requirements of a traceability system are defined for all the actors in the supply chain. Second, a model is developed for implementing internal traceability system for a grain elevator that handles specialty grain. Then, we develop a model for information exchange between the supply chain actors. The model shows what grain lot information must be recorded and then passed on to the next actor. A sequence diagram is developed to show the information exchange in the grain supply chain when a user requests additional information about a suspect product. Finally, we discuss some suitable technologies to enable this information exchange. A few sample XML documents are shown for the transfer and sharing of information in the grain supply chain.
In-Use Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles

This paper reviews in-use emissions from over-the-road heavy-duty (greater than 8500 lb gross vehicle weight) diesel vehicles. Emissions of particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) are considered. Emissions measurements have been made by chassis dynamometer, by remote sensing, and in tunnel studies. There is reasonable agreement between the different types of studies for emissions of NOx, but agreement for emissions of other pollutants is qualitative. Remote sensing studies indicate that emissions of NO are normally distributed, while emissions of CO and HC are skewed to a few high emitting vehicles. Chassis dynamometer results indicate that average emissions of PM, CO, and HC have been reduced during the past two decades, but average emissions of NOx have not changed. Thus, emissions regulations for PM have been somewhat effective, although the degree of PM reduction is less than expected based on changes in the standards. Emission regulations have app...
NiO Bulk properties: Initial-state molecular-orbital Ni4O4 and Ni13O14 cluster studies

Abstract An intial-state molecular-orbital study of NiO (bunsenite) with cluster models produces lattice and force constants close to bulk values and permits assignment of photoemission and optical charge-transfer absorption bands. It is stressed that shake-up effects complicating electronic spectra are unrelated to mechanical properties and structures.
Atomistic Modeling of Fatigue Crack Growth in Magnesium Single Crystals Under Cyclic Loading

The fatigue crack propagation behavior of magnesium single crystal was analyzed using molecular dynamics simulation. The inter-atomic potential used in this investigation is Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potentials. The studies of the influences of crystal orientation and strain rate were perfomred using CC (center crack) and EC (edge crack) specimen. For CC specimen, the periodic boundary conditions were assigned in the x and z direction, while for EC specimen, only z direction was allowed periodic boundary conditions. In order to study the orientation dependence of fatigue crack growth mechanism, ten crystal orientations of initial crack, namely, orientation A-(1210) [1010], orientation B-(1010)[1210], orientation C-(1010)[0001], orientation D-(1210)[0001], orientation E-(0001)[1010], orientation F-(0001)[1210], orientation G (1011)[1012], orientation H (1011)[1210], orientation I (1012)[1011], and orientaton J (1012)[1210] were analyzed and the simulation results reveal that the fatigue crack growth rate and the crack path vary significantly with the crystallographic orientations of initial crack. The growth rate of orientaton G is the highest and the resistance of fatigue crack growth of orientation B is the highest. A CC specimen was employed to demonstrate the fatigue damage caused by pyramidal slip band under increased maximum strain cyclic loading in the specimen of orientation E. The analysis of the influences of strain rate was carried out on the orientation C, D, F, and G and the results revealed that the growth rate of fatigue crack decreasing with increasig strain rate. Fatigue growth rate can be expressed by da/dN = cΔCTOD, where the constant c was determined by the present atomistic simulations. The values of the constant c are large and vary widely from on orientation to another.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Smoking and postoperative pulmonary complications. An evidence-based review of the recent literature

Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) lead to significant morbidity after both thoracic and non-thoracic surgical procedures. The role of smoking as an independent risk factor is controversial, though recent level III and IV studies suggest that it may indeed be significant. In addition, the role and timing of pre-operative smoking cessation is not clear. Although some studies suggest that abstinence too soon prior to operation may actually increase the risk of PPC, it still appears that aggressive counseling for smoking cessation prior to any elective procedure is the best overall course of action.
Movement and Dance on the Sea Islands

The Sea Islands of the United States are located along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia, extending almost 400 miles from the southern border of North Carolina to the northern border of Florida. The islands themselves, actually a part of the coastal plain, are readily accessible by sea through the streams, riverine, and brackish marshes that separate them from the mainland. Some of the islands are located far enough out in the ocean to require boats for transportation; others are now connected (since the 1930s) to the mainland by bridges or causeways, making access possible by car or bus. The continuing inaccessibility of some rural islands such as Sapelo and Daufuskie, a key factor in their economic and social life, perpetuates the isolation that has so significantly operated to preserve the Africanity of the folklore and culture of the Sea Island area. Movement and dance in African societies worldwide are important features of the folklife. Found in both the religious and the secular realms, the pulse of life is reflected throughout all age groups and social classes. Movement and dance is a part of everyday and festival life; it is a suitable expressive vehicle
Innovation in Urban Policy: Movement and Incorporation in City Administration and Community Development

While much recent thinking about city administration suggests tinkering with attitudes of administrators, it will be useful to review how administrators and officials encounter deeper social forces: the continuing inequalities and separations of race and class. Cases of “progressive government” experience—in Chicago; Boston; Berkeley; Santa Monica; Burlington, Vermont; and elsewhere—and of community development institutions spread more broadly through US. cities, suggest the outlines of new challenges and response by urban administrators and politicians.
A design of enhanced space time block codes in MIMO wireless systems

In order to achieve full diversity in the MIMO wireless communication system, most of the exist OSTBC is based on the ML decoding at the receiver, and this is computationally expensive. However, the symbol rate of the OSTBC is low due to the limitation of the code structure. This paper proposes a design of high symbol rate STBC that achieves full diversity with the linear receiver which named EOAC. It is constructed by interchanging the Alamouti codes into each element of the Overlapped-Alamouti Codes (OAC). Simulation results suggest that the proposed EOAC can give a better symbol error rate (SER) performance and have higher symbol rate than the OAC.
The gray aspects of white matter disease in multiple sclerosis.

The major inflammatory disease of the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis (MS). It is often considered a 2-stage disease with an initial inflammatory attack on myelin involving the 2 hallmarks of adaptive immunity: antigen-specific T cells and antibodies directed to protein and lipid components of the myelin sheath (1). This concerted attack involving the adaptive immune system is followed by a “degenerative” course involving the myelin itself, the oligodendrocytes that produce it, and the underlying axons and their neuronal cell bodies themselves in the gray matter. All of this culminates in significant cerebral atrophy as MS progresses (2). Whether or not there is really such a sequential and bifurcated temporal course between “inflammation” in the white matter, followed by neurodegeneration in the gray matter, is actually an open question. In this issue of PNAS, Derfuss et al. (3) identify, via a multifaceted approach including proteomics, one of the first examples of a target recognized by both T cells and antibodies that is located in gray matter. The target is contactin-2, a homologue of transiently-expressed axonal glycoprotein-1 (TAG-1) expressed on axons and in the juxtaparanodal region of oligodendrocytes producing myelin to insulate these axons (4), and by neurons in gray matter (5, 6).
Comparison of thermal and optical techniques for describing light interaction with vascular grafts, sutures, and thrombus

Pulsed photothermal radiometry (PPTR) and integrating sphere spectrophotometry analyzed by the theory of Kubelka and Munk (KM) were used to determine optical absorption coefficients of prosthetic grafts and sutures and arterial thrombus. The KM method, a purely optical theory and technique, resulted in higher absorption coefficients than those found using PPTR, a primarily thermal technique. This difference was statistically significant (t.025) for the prosthetic materials. With the KM method, other properties such as scattering can also be quantified and the experiment can be performed over a range of wavelengths at one time. The PPTR technique is limited to a single wavelength but it has the advantage that most materials can be tested without any special preparation. In addition, with PPTR the measured quantity is the temporal temperature response of an object to a laser pulse, which is itself of interest. Clinically, the high absorption coefficient of thrombus as compared to that of the graft and sutures (t.025 for the PPTR measurements) suggests that laser thrombectomy may be safe in polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) grafts.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Locus of Desired Control and Patient Role Among the Institutionalized Elderly

Summary The purpose of this research was (a) to determine whether there is a comparative difference in the assignment of patient role by nursing staff among elderly nursing home patients with higher and lower locus of desired control, and (b) to assess the predictive impact age, educational attainment, sex, functional ability, subjective health, length of stay, and social support have on the nurses' assignment of patients as “good” or “poor” among the persons in each of the two locus of desired control groups. Ss were 228 residents from three nursing homes. A discriminant analysis revealed that among the 118 Ss with higher locus of desired control, increasing age, poorer functional ability, and poorer subjective health were indicative of “poor” patient assignment by the nurses. However, among the 110 Ss with lower locus of desired control, “poor” patient assignment by nurses was associated only with poorer subjective health. Further, it was found that a significantly greater proportion of the residents wi...
Who pays for agricultural injury care

Analysis of 295 agricultural injury hospitalizations in a single state's hospital discharge database found that workers' compensation covered only 5% of the inpatient stays. Other sources were commercial health insurance (47%), Medicare (31%), and Medicaid (7%); 9% were uninsured. Estimated mean hospital and physician payments (not costs or charges) were $12,056 per hospitalization. Nearly one sixth (16%) of hospitalizations were either unreimbursed or covered by Medicaid, indicating a substantial cost-shift to public funding sources. Problems in characterizing agricultural injuries and states' exceptions to workers' compensation coverage mandates point to the need for comprehensive health coverage.
S. Raja sabapathy.

Dr. Raja Sabapathy is the Chairman of the Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery and Burns at Ganga Hospital, Coimbatore, India. He graduated from Stanley Medical College in Madras, India, as the Best Outgoing Student in 1979. He did his plastic surgery residency at the same institution, and later trained for 2 years at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital and the Canniesburn Hospital in the United Kingdom. He did his Hand Fellowship at the Kleinert Institute in Louisville, Kentucky in 1989–1990. Upon his return to Coimbatore, he developed the unit at Ganga Hospital, which has since emerged as one of the premier trauma reconstructive and replantation surgical centers in South Asia. His main interests are hand surgery and reconstructive microsurgery. In 2005, he delivered the Douglas Lamb Lecture of the British Society for Surgery of the Hand on Major Replantations at the Royal College of Surgeons. He has held the presidencies of the Indian Society for Surgery of the Hand, the Indian Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, and the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India. He was the Organizing Chairman of the 12th Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand held in New Delhi, India in March 2013. Dr. Sabapathy has put together a superb group of experts for this issue. I want to thank him for his hard work serving as the guest editor of this excellent edition of Seminars.
Periorbital Reconstruction: Brows and Eyelids

The eyes and periorbital structures are principle components of the upper region of the face. A thorough understanding of orbital and periorbital anatomy and function is important for anyone wishing to perform reconstructive surgery in this region. This article discusses the unique challenges presented to the surgeon when performing reconstruction of the eyelids and periorbital structures.
Iridium–Ruthenium Cluster Complexes with SnPh3 Ligands from the Reaction of IrRu3(CO)13(μ-H) with HSnPh3

The reaction of IrRu3(CO)13(μ-H), 1 with HSnPh3 in hexane solvent at reflux has provided the new mixed metal cluster compounds Ir2Ru2(CO)11(SnPh3)(μ-H)3, 2 and IrRu3(CO)11(SnPh3)3(μ-H)4, 3 containing SnPh3 ligands. Compound 2 which was obtained in low yield (3%) contains one SnPh3, two iridium atoms and two ruthenium atoms. The increase in the number of iridium atoms must have resulted from a metal–metal exchange process. The major product 3 (19% yield) contains an open cluster of one iridium and three ruthenium atoms with three SnPh3 ligands and four hydride ligands. Both compounds were characterized structurally by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.