cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Habitat Fragmentation, Tree Diversity and Plant Invasion Interact to Structure Forest Caterpillar Communities

Habitat fragmentation and invasive species are two of the most prominent threats to terrestrial ecosystems. Few studies have examined how these factors interact to influence the diversity of natural communities, particularly primary consumers. Here, we examined the effects of forest fragmentation and invasion of exotic honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii, Caprifoliaceae) on the abundance and diversity of the dominant forest herbivores: woody plant-feeding Lepidoptera. We systematically surveyed understory caterpillars along transects in 19 forest fragments over multiple years in southwestern Ohio and evaluated how fragment area, isolation, tree diversity, invasion by honeysuckle and interactions among these factors influence species richness, diversity and abundance. We found strong seasonal variation in caterpillar communities, which responded differently to fragmentation and invasion. Abundance and richness increased with fragment area, but these effects were mitigated by high levels of honeysuckle, tree diversity, landscape forest cover, and large recent changes in area. Honeysuckle infestation was generally associated with decreased caterpillar abundance and diversity, but these effects were strongly dependent on other fragment traits. Effects of honeysuckle on abundance were moderated when fragment area, landscape forest cover and tree diversity were high. In contrast, negative effects of honeysuckle invasion on caterpillar diversity were most pronounced in fragments with high tree diversity and large recent increases in area. Our results illustrate the complex interdependencies of habitat fragmentation, plant diversity and plant invasion in their effects on primary consumers and emphasize the need to consider these processes in concert to understand the consequences of anthropogenic habitat change for biodiversity.
H∞ optimization with plant uncertainty and semidefinite programming

SUMMARY The fundamental H= problem of control is that of finding the stable frequency response function that best fits worst case frequency domain specifications. This is a non-smooth optimization problem that underlies the frequency domain formulation of the H= problem of control; it is the main optimization problem in qualitative feedback theory for example. It is shown in this article how the fundamental H= optimization problem of control can be naturally treated with modern primal—dual interior point (PDIP) methods. The theory introduced here generalizes and unifies approaches to solving large classes of optimization problems involving matrix-valued functions, a subclass of which are commonly treated with linear matrix inequalities techniques. Also, in this article new optimality conditions for H= optimization problems over matrix-valued functions are proved, and numerical experience on natural (PDIP) algorithms for these problems is reported. In experiments we find the algorithms exhibit (local) quadratic convergence rate in many instances. Finally, H= optimization problems with an uncertainty parameter are considered. It is shown how to apply the theory developed here to obtain optimality conditions and derive algorithms. Numerical tests on simple examples are reported. ( 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties and applications of gramian factoring

The Gramian factorizationG of a GramianR is square and symmetric and has no negative characteristic roots. It is shown to be that square factorization that is, in the least-squares sense, most isomorphic toR, most like a scalarK, and most highly traced, and to be the necessary and sufficient relation between the oblique vectors of an oblique transformation and the orthogonal vectors of the least-squares orthogonal counterpart. A slightly modified Gramian factorization is shown to be the factorization that is most isomorphic to a specified diagonalD, and to be the main part of an iterative procedure for obtaining “simplimax,” a square factor matrix with simple structure maximized in the sense of having the largest sum of squared diagonal loadings. Several published applications of Gramian factoring are cited.
Working Class Identities in Postcommunist Culture

(1997). Working Class Identities in Postcommunist Culture. Javnost - The Public: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-29.
Symmetric vacua of higher-dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills theories

In the context of Kaluza-Klein compactification a general construction of symmetric solutions to the Einstein-Yang-Mills equations on isotropy irreducible coset spaces is given.
Variations Between Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Strains: Lessons from Tuberculosis Prevention

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). BCG strains are attenuated mycobacteria derived from virulent Mycobacterium bovis after 230 passages over 13 yr. BCG was first introduced into clinical use for TB prevention in 1921. As BCG use expanded, daughter strains were distributed to different parts of the world where they were propagated and maintained with different methods of cultivation. The original strain and daughter strains underwent unregulated serial passages until a seed-lot system was introduced in the 1950s and 1960s. More than 13 different BCG strains have been reported [1,2]. Based on several genetic studies, it is believed that loss of the genomic region of deletion 1 was the first major change leading to attenuation of the initial M. bovis strain. Multiple passages of the daughter strains led to further genetic differences among BCG strains [1,3]. These genetic differences have been shown in some animal studies to translate into phenotypic differences in both reactogenicity and immunogenicity; however, it is unclear whether these changes affect TBprotective efficacy in humans [2]. Studying the clinical relevance of the genetic and/or immunogenicity differences among BCG strains is important because BCG strains are used to protect infants from the worst forms of TB, all new TB vaccination strategies are designed to boost immunity primed by BCG vaccination, and efficacy of BCG as adjunctive chemotherapy for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) could be dependent on the specific strain used. In this month’s issue of European Urology, Rentsch et al. [4] report intriguing findings that Connaught BCG gives significantly better recurrence-free survival than Tice BCG when used as immunotherapy for NMIBC. This report
Whether to transfer? Factors associated with hospitalization and outcome of elderly long-term care patients with pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with the decision to treat elderly long-term care patients with pneumonia in the hospital vs in the long-term care facility (LTCF) and factors associated with patient outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged. PATIENTS: Nursing home residents who had an episode of pneumonia, defined as a new respiratory sign or symptom and a new infiltrate. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The majority of the 316 pneumonia episodes (78%) were managed in the LTCF, most (77%) with oral antibiotics. Both patient-related factors, such as elevated respiratory rate, and non-patient-related factors, such as evening evaluation, were associated with hospitalization. No patient who had a do-not-hospitalize (DNH) order was hospitalized. Equal proportions of patients given LTCF therapy (87%) and hospital therapy (88%) survived. Elevated respiratory rate was associated with dying from pneumonia in the LTCF but not in the hospital. Dependent functional status was associated with dying from pneumonia in both sites. CONCLUSIONS: Many episodes of pneumonia can be managed in the LTCF with oral antibiotics. Because, in the absence of DNH orders, both patient-related and non-patient-related factors are associated with hospital transfer, discussion regarding preferences for hospitalization should occur prior to the development of an acute illness. A high respiratory rate may be a good marker for those LTCF patients requiring hospitalization. Dependent functional status may be a good marker for those LTCF patients unlikely to benefit from hospital transfer.
Identification of acid mucopolysaccharides by gas chromatographic analysis of component sugars after chemical depolymerization.

Abstract Gas chromatography was used for the determination of monosaccharides obtained by depolymerization of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS). Purified AMPS and AMPS precipitated from the urine of patients with mucopolysaccharidoses can be identified in this manner. The utility of the technique was illustrated by demonstrating the difference in the hexose-hexosamine pattern obtained by depolymerization of urinary AMPS from patients with Hurler's and Sanfilippo's disease. The diagnostic value of the technique in delineating more subtle differences in relative amounts of AMPS awaits further experimentation.
Age-Specific Patterns of Exit and Entry in U.S. Farming, 1978–1997

Gross entry-exit rates by operator age group suggest there is still an underlying trend toward declining numbers of commercial farms, aging of the farm operator population, and an increasing share of farms operated part-time. The number of entries by young farmers declined steadily from 1978 to 1997, as did the exit rate for older operators. Between 1992 and 1997, the entry rate rebounded for farmers over age 35 and those principally employed off-farm. A sharp decline in the exit rate for midcareer farmers also helped stabilize the decline in farm numbers.
A novel rat strain with enhanced sensitivity to the effects of dopamine agonists on startle gating

Abstract Background Compared to outbred Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, inbred Brown Norway (BN) rats exhibit less prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI) at long prepulse intervals, and more PPI at short intervals. Sensitivity to dopaminergic drug effects on PPI differs substantially across strains, and is heritable within SD and other outbred strains. To further understand the heritability of PPI and its sensitivity to dopamine agonists, we assessed PPI and apomorphine sensitivity in SD, BN and F1 (SD × BN) rats. Methods PPI was measured in BN, SD and F1 rats under a variety of stimulus conditions, and after treatment with apomorphine. Results Findings confirmed significantly more PPI in BN compared to SD rats at short prepulse intervals, and significantly more PPI in SD compared to BN rats at long intervals. F1s were “supersensitive” to both the PPI-disruptive effects of apomorphine at longer intervals, and the PPI-enhancing effects of apomorphine at shorter intervals, compared to either parental strain. Conclusion Differences in sensorimotor gating between SD and BN rats are robust, time-locked and consistent across studies. Unlike patterns in other strains, heritability of PPI apomorphine sensitivity phenotypes in SD × BN F1s cannot be easily explained by simple additive effects.
Prescription Drug Advertising and Patient Compliance: A Physician Agency Approach

This paper proposes an analysis of both doctors and patients' behavior in an agency model that accounts for the interplay between two highly debated health issues: drug advertising toward doctors and/or patients, and the serious problem of patients' noncompliance with their doctors' prescriptions. Due to the lack of individual data, we propose a structural approach inspired from the industrial organization literature. The model is estimated semiparametrically with product level data on the U.S. market for anti-glaucoma drugs. The results suggest that doctors' prescriptions are directly influenced by the probability of noncompliance, as well as advertising aimed at both doctors and patients. Advertisement toward patients (respectively, doctors) appears to have contributed to (respectively, slowed down) the reduction of the estimated average noncompliance rate.
Comment on Fried on Getting What we Don't Deserve

I hope to persuade Charles Fried to think again about his developing views on distributive justice. Since I live at a certain remove from Cambridge, the best I can offer is a hypothetical dialogue with an imaginary person whose views seem, to me at least, of a Friedian inspiration.My central question deals with the way Fried establishes his rights to things he candidly concedes he does not deserve. To present my problems, I shall begin with a simpler case than those – involving kidneys and talents – that Fried makes central to his discussion. Rather than starting with these rather special goods, I find it clarifying to focus first on more garden variety commodities – which, to emphasize their character, I shall call apples.
Potential genotoxicity of chronically elevated nitric oxide: A review

Abstract Several human cancers are associated with chronic bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Nitric oxide, which is a short-lived free radical produced by many types of cells for a number of important physiological functions, is elevated in these infections. Long-term exposure to elevated NO · cells could have potential genotoxic effects on hosts. There are at least three mechanisms by which intracellular elevated NO · could exert genotoxic affects after reacting with O2. These include formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds, direct deamination of DNA bases, and oxidation of DNA after formation of peroxynitrite and/or hydroxyl radicals. One or more of these mechanisms could, theoretically, explain why chronic infection increases the risk of certain cancers.
Multisensor Target Detection And Classification

Abstract : In this thesis a new approach to the detection and classification of tactical targets using a multifunction laser radar sensor is developed. Targets of interest were tanks, jeeps, trucks, and other vehicles. Doppler images were segmented by developing a new technique which compensates for spurious doppler returns. Relative range images were segmented using an approach based on range gradients. The resultant shapes in the segmented images were then classified using Zernike moment invariants as shape descriptors. Two classification decision rules were implemented: a classical statistical nearest-neighbor approach and a new biologically-based neural network multilayer perceptron architecture. The doppler segmentation algorithm was applied to a set of 180 real world sensor images. An accurate segmentation was obtained for 89 percent of the images. The new doppler segmentation proved to be a robust method, and the moment invariants were effective in discriminating the tactical targets. Tanks were classified correctly 86 percent of the time. The most important result of this research is the demonstration of the use of a new information processing architecture for military applications. The multilayer perceptron outperformed the nearest-neighbor classifier in every test.
Introducing exercises in clinical reasoning.

Clinical reasoning is a quintessential skill of the internist, the cornerstone of safe, effective medical care. While new technologies and accumulating evidence continue to change practice, they supplement rather than supplant clinical judgment in the care of the individual patient. Multiple studies show that transparency and instruction in clinical reasoning are what trainees seek most from their attending physicians. And while we know good reasoning when we see it, we often have difficulty describing it in specific terms. With this issue, JGIM introduces readers to the lexicon of clinical reasoning with a new feature called Exercises in Clinical Reasoning. These exercises build on the successful format of other series that intersperse iterative case presentations with extemporaneous expert clinician commentary. We allow the reader to follow along as an experienced clinician approaches an unknown, challenging patient care dilemma. But we add another layer of commentary that peers into the clinician’s mind (as much as we can) to highlight the normal, insightful, and sometimes errant judgment displayed in attempting to solve each case. We hope that this running diagnostic reasoning commentary and concluding discussion will help our readers become more facile with the science of clinical reasoning, enabling them to become more cognizant of their own judgments and more effectively teach reasoning skills to others. In this issue, “Doing What Comes Naturally” begins the Exercises with a relatively straightforward case involving a common clinical problem (hypertension) to introduce basic clinical reasoning concepts. In upcoming issues we hope to present cases with more twists, turns, blind alleys, or errors that highlight the more nuanced aspects of clinical reasoning. We invite clinicians to submit their interesting cases and to provide any suggestions or critiques on this new series.
Review Article : Contemporary Social Movements in Advanced Industrial Societies and Sociological Intervention: An Appraisal of Alain Touraine's Pratique

Given various difficulties contained in the corpus of Alain Touraine, his work demands a close textual analysis. This paper provides a critical exegesis of his recent work on social movements in advanced industrial societies. After a review of Touraine's understanding of the particular contours of 'post-industrial society', it focuses on his discussions of the potential role of incipient social movements in shaping social change The paper proceeds to discuss his novel articulation of an applied sociology - which he terms 'sociological intervention' - designed to assist, not social integration, but societal transformation. Since this project is a work in progress. no definitive conclusions are drawn; however, a number of central unanswered questions are posed.
p63RhoGEF: A New Switch for Gq-Mediated Activation of Smooth Muscle

In normal and diseased vascular smooth muscle (SM), the RhoA pathway, which is activated by multiple agonists through G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), plays a central role in regulating basal tone and peripheral resistance. Multiple RhoA GTP exchange factors (GEFs) are expressed in SM, raising the possibility that specific agonists coupled to specific GPCRs may couple to distinct RhoGEFs and provide novel therapeutic targets. This review focuses on the function and mechanisms of activation of p63RhoGEF (Arhgef 25; GEFT) recently identified in SM and its possible role in selective targeting of RhoA-mediated regulation of basal blood pressure through agonists that couple through G αq/11 .
Modified GM3 gangliosides produced by metabolic oligosaccharide engineering

Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering is powerful approach to altering the structure of cellular sialosides. This method relies on culturing cells with N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) analogs that are metabolized to their sialic acid counterparts and added to glycoproteins and glycolipids. Here we employed two cell lines that are deficient in ManNAc biosynthesis and examined their relative abilities to metabolize a panel of ManNAc analogs to sialosides. In addition to measuring global sialoside production, we also examined biosynthesis of the sialic acid-containing glycolipid, GM3. We discovered that the two cell lines differ in their ability to discriminate among the variant forms of ManNAc. Further, our data suggest that modified forms of sialic acid may be preferentially incorporated into certain sialosides and excluded from others. Taken together, our results demonstrate that global analysis of sialoside production can obscure sialoside-specific differences. These findings have implications for downstream applications of metabolic oligosaccharide engineering, including imaging and proteomics.
5'-UTR mediated translational control of splicing assembly factor RNP-4F expression during development of the Drosophila central nervous system.

Abstract Drosophila RNP-4F is a highly conserved protein from yeast to human and functions as a spliceosome assembly factor during pre-mRNA splicing. Two major developmentally regulated rnp-4f mRNA isoforms have been described during fly development, designated “long” and “short,” differing by a 177-nt tract in the 5′-UTR. This region potentially folds into a single long stable stem–loop by pairing of intron 0 and part of exon 2. Since the coding potential for the two isoforms is identical, the interesting question arises as to the functional significance of this evolutionarily-conserved 5′-UTR feature. Here we describe the effects of wild-type and mutated stem–loop on modulation of rnp-4f gene expression in embryos using a GFP reporter assay. In this work, a new GFP expression vector designated pUAS-Neostinger was constructed. The UAS-GAL4 system was utilized to trigger GFP expression using tissue-specific promoter driver fly lines. Fluorescence microscopy visualization, Western blotting and real-time qRT-PCR were used to study and quantify GFP reporter protein and mRNA levels. A significant increase in GFP reporter protein expression due to presence of the wild-type stem–loop sequence/structure was unexpectedly observed with no concomitant increase in GFP reporter mRNA levels, showing that the 177-nt region enhancement acts posttranscriptionally. The effects of potential cis -acting elements within the stem–loop were evaluated using the reporter assay in two mutant constructs. Results of GFP reporter over-expression show that RNP-4F translational regulation is highly sensitive in the developing fly central nervous system. The potential molecular mechanism behind the observed translational enhancement is discussed.
RENAL COCCIDIOSIS IN OLDSQUAWS (Clangula hyemalis) FROM ALASKA

Renal coccidiosis was found in 4 of 12 oldsquaw ducks (Clangula hyemalis) collected from the north slope of Alaska and Prince William Sound. Numerous 1 to 2 mm white foci were observed on the kidney surface of one bird. Microscopically, there was distention of renal tubules with oocysts, flattening of tubular epithelium, and interstitial accumulation of mononuclear cells. Kidneys from several other species of sea ducks from Prince William Sound were not infected.
Another universality property for crumpled cubes

Abstract Let C denote a crumpled n-cube in the n-sphere Sn such that every Cantor set in its boundary is tamely embedded in Sn. The main theorem shows C to be universal in the sense that however it is sewn to a crumpled n-cube D of type 2A, a large class containing most of the explicitly described examples, the resultant space is homeomorphic to Sn.
The relation of depression and anxiety to measures of attention in young adults seeking psychoeducational evaluation

The relation between mood and attentional functioning in young adults seeking psychoeducational evaluation has not been previously reported. This study examined the relation of self-reported depression and anxiety on attentional abilities among 161 young adults referred for psychoeducational evaluation. Depression and anxiety were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, respectively. Attentional functioning was assessed using the Trail Making Test, the d2 Test of Attention, the Conners' Continuous Performance Test, and the WAIS-III Working Memory and Processing Speed Indices. The unique variance accounted for by depression or anxiety was minimal (typically <1.5%); these null results were confirmed by diagnostic subgroup analyses and also after examining the interaction between depression and anxiety. These results suggest that performance on measures of attention within samples of young adults seeking psychoeducational evaluation is minimally related to self-reported depression and anxiety.
Electron Spin Relaxation of Hole and Electron Polarons in π‑Conjugated Porphyrin Arrays: Spintronic Implications

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopic line shape analysis and continuous-wave (CW) progressive microwave power saturation experiments are used to probe the relaxation behavior and the relaxation times of charged excitations (hole and electron polarons) in meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc(II) oligomers (PZnn com- pounds), which can serve as models for the relevant states generated upon spin injection. The observed ESR line shapes for the PZnn hole polaron ((PZnn) + ) and electron polaron ((PZnn) − ) states evolve from Gaussian to more Lorentzian as the oligomer length increases from 1.9 to 7.5 nm, with solution-phase (PZnn) + and (PZnn) − spin−spin (T2) and spin−lattice (T1) relaxation times at 298 K ranging, respectively, from 40 to 230 ns and 0.2 to 2.3 μs. Notably, these very long relaxation times are preserved in thick films of these species. Because the magnitudes of spin−spin and spin−lattice relaxation times are vital metrics for spin dephasing in quantum computing or for spin-polarized transport in magnetoresistive structures, these results, coupled with the established wire-like transport behavior across metal−dithiol-PZnn−metal junctions, present meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged multiporphyrin systems as leading candidates for ambient-temperature organic spintronic applications.
Income Determination and Market Opportunity in Rural China, 1978–1996

Abstract In the second decade of market reform, rural cadre and entrepreneur households enjoy large net income advantages of roughly equal magnitude. Cadre household incomes are primarily from salaries, and they do not decline with increasing levels of rural industrialization. These cross-sectional findings about income determination are reinforced by an event-history analysis of occupational shifts. With large income advantages based on salary income, at no point in market reform have cadres moved into self-employment or private entrepreneurship at higher rates than ordinary farmers. However, village cadres have become the most important source of collective enterprise managers and collective enterprise managers in turn have become the most important source of new private entrepreneurs. Therefore the thriving collective enterprise sector of the 1980's has served as a breeding ground for private enterprise in the 1990's. J. Comp. Econ. , June 2002, 30 (2), pp. 354–375. Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Building 120, Stanford, California 94305-2047. © 2002 Association for Comparative Economic Studies. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: J62, L33, N35, P2, P3.
Effects of Exercise Interventions in Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis

In summary, low- to moderate-intensity exercise effects are known: they reduce pain and improve function, but have no effect on disease progression. Primary and secondary prevention studies using nonpharmacologic interventions such as exercise and weight loss are needed to clarify how exercise protocols can retard or even prevent the onset of osteoarthritis. These studies should include clinical, mechanistic, and structural outcomes, such as assessments of pain and ambulatory function, measures of actual joint loads applied by the patients, and assessment of disease progression. The interventions should be long term (≥18 months), and retention and compliance are of the utmost importance [2].
The utility of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as a vehicle for the intracerebral and intrathecal administration of drugs

The substituted glucopyranose ring structure 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CDEX) increases the solubility of molecules by inclusion of the agent in the lipophilic interior of the ring. This property is of particular use for the administration of molecules by the intracerebral (ICV) or intrathecal (IT) routes. In concentrations up to 40% w/v (isotonic), this agent (10 microliters) effect upon nociceptive or motor function after IT injection or on EEG and general behavior after ICV injection in rats. Using 20% CDEX, there is no change in the ED50 as compared to saline on the hot plate (HP) after IT injection of morphine, D-Ala2-D-Leu5 enkephalin or Tyr-Aib-Gly-gPhe-mAib-NH2, (Aib: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) although there is an increase in their respective durations of effect. Cyclic peptide opioids: Tyr-c[D-A2bu-Gly-D-beta Nal(1)-D-Leu] (A2bu: alpha, gamma-diaminobutyric acid; beta-Nal(1): beta-naphthylalanine(1)) or Tyr-c[DA2bu-Gly-beta Nal(1)-D-Leu] are insoluble in saline but are readily dissolved in CDEX, and display a naloxone-sensitive antinociception following spinal administration. In other studies, saline insoluble capsaicin is administered in 25% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or 20% CDEX (15 microliters; 5 mg/ml) which result in a significant reduction in the spinal levels of substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide and an increase in the HP latency. DMSO alone, but not CDEX alone, reduces the levels of the two peptides. These data emphasize the utility of complexation with CDEX for intracerebral drug delivery and compatibility with brain and spinal tissue.
Unusual radiographic findings in ectopic ureterocele.

A case of an ectopic ureterocele with a cystic dysplastic upper pole and atretic proximal ureter was studied. A four-month follow-up showed marked decrease in the size of the dysplastic upper pole which is explained on an embryologic and path ophysiologic basis.
Note: Vector reflectometry in a beam waveguide

We present a one-port calibration technique for characterization of beam waveguide components with a vector network analyzer. This technique involves using a set of known delays to separate the responses of the instrument and the device under test. We demonstrate this technique by measuring the reflected performance of a millimeter-wave variable-delay polarization modulator.
Creative strategic management.

Strategic management is the process by which a company's strengths and weaknesses are mapped onto its market opportunities and threats. The purpose of this orderly, logical process is to generate and evaluate alternative options for accomplishing short‐term objectives and long‐term goals.
Genetic‐linked variation in susceptibility of mice to Schistosomiasis mansoni

Summary Genetic dependence of susceptibility to primary infection with Schistosoma mansoni was studied in inbred strains of mice. Eight weeks after the subcutaneous injection of 30 cercariae, C3H/HeJ (H-2k), DBA/1J (H-2q) and BALB/cJ (H-2d) had the highest number of adult worms per animal (8–0–9–8); DBA/2J (H-2d) and 129/J (H-2b) had an intermediate number (6–2–6–4); C57BL/6J (H-2b), BUB/BnJ (H-2q) and CBA/CaJ (H-2k) had the lowest number (3–4–4–0). Studies in congenic mice further suggested that genes within the major histocompatibility complex do not have a major influence on determining the ability of schistosomes to develop into mature adult worms. Results of experiments in which adult worm loads in the F| generation of C57BL/6J x BALB/cJ were compared with F, x C57BL/6J and F, x BALB/cJ backcrosses are consistent with homozygosity for a polygenic phenomenon controlling susceptibility to primary S. mansoni infection. Strain associated differences in parasite development appeared to be related to host defense processes directed against maturing adult worms.
Monte Carlo localization of wireless sensor networks with a single mobile beacon

One of the most important tasks in sensor networks is to determine the physical location of sensory nodes as they may not all be equipped with GPS receivers. In this paper we propose a localization method for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using a single mobile beacon. The sensor locations are maintained as probability distributions that are sequentially updated using Monte Carlo sampling as the mobile beacon moves over the deployment area. Our method relieves much of the localization tasks from the less powerful sensor nodes themselves and relies on the more powerful beacon to perform the calculation. We discuss the Monte Carlo sampling steps in the context of the localization using a single beacon for various types of observations such as ranging, Angle of Arrival (AoA), connectivity and combinations of those. We also discuss the communication protocol that relays the observation data to the beacon and the localization result back to the sensors. We consider security issues in the localization process and the necessary steps to guard against the scenario in which a small number of sensors are compromised. Our simulation shows that our method is able to achieve less than 50% localization error and over 80% coverage with a very sparse network of degree less than 4 while achieving significantly better results if network connectivity increases.
Lymphoproliferative Responses to HIV-Specific Antigens in the HIV-Infected Pediatric Patient

Lymphoproliferative Responses to HIV-Specific Antigens in the HIV-Infected Pediatric Patient
Homosexuality: A Mode of Adaptation in a Prison for Women

perspective which views the behavior of inmates as a response to the material, social and psychological pains of imprisonment.' It has been consistently reported that one response of male prisoners to these deprivations is the establishment of a social system militating against the process of degradation, mortification of the self, depersonalization and anomie. In response to these deprivations and pains inmates come to play certain roles, and these roles come to constitute the
Fuzzy set methods for qualitative and natural language oriented simulation

The author discusses the approach of using fuzzy set theory to create a formal way of viewing the qualitative simulation of models whose states, inputs, outputs, and parameters are uncertain. Simulation was performed using detailed and accurate models, and it was shown how input and output trajectories could reflect linguistic (or qualitative) changes in a system. Uncertain variables are encoded using triangular fuzzy numbers, and three distinct fuzzy simulation approaches (Monte Carlo, correlated and uncorrelated) are defined. The methods discussed are also valid for discrete event simulation; experiments have been performed on the fuzzy simulation of a single server queuing model. In addition, an existing C-based simulation toolkit, SimPack, was augmented to include the capabilities for modeling using fuzzy arithmetic and linguistic association, and a C++ class definition was coded for fuzzy number types. >
The Cyni framework for network inference in Cytoscape

Motivation: Research on methods for the inference of networks from biological data is making significant advances, but the adoption of network inference in biomedical research practice is lagging behind. Here, we present Cyni, an open-source ‘fill-in-the-algorithm’ framework that provides common network inference functionality and user interface elements. Cyni allows the rapid transformation of Java-based network inference prototypes into apps of the popular open-source Cytoscape network analysis and visualization ecosystem. Merely placing the resulting app in the Cytoscape App Store makes the method accessible to a worldwide community of biomedical researchers by mouse click. In a case study, we illustrate the transformation of an ARACNE implementation into a Cytoscape app. Availability and implementation: Cyni, its apps, user guides, documentation and sample code are available from the Cytoscape App Store http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/cynitoolbox Contact: rf.ruetsap@ikswokiwhcs.onneb
Reconfigurable sleep transistor for GIDL reduction in ultra-low standby power systems

Standby power reduction is critical to battery life and volume reduction in mm-scale sensor nodes. Power gating is extensively adopted to reduce leakage, but the inserted sleep transistors can suffer from other leakage mechanisms, namely GIDL, which become dominant at battery voltages of 3 V or higher. This paper introduces the concept of reconfigurable sleep transistors, in which two different topologies are used in active versus sleep mode. In active mode, transistors are stacked as in traditional power gating schemes. In sleep mode, sleep transistors are reconfigured to reduce GIDL current, in addition to subthreshold leakage. Measurements on a 180nm CMOS test chip shows 12.6× standby leakage reduction at V DD =4.0 V and T=25°C. This improvement comes with acceptable area penalty due to additional small reconfiguration transistors and separate body contacts, and no impact on active mode operation.
Stochastic Physical Synthesis Considering Prerouting Interconnect Uncertainty and Process Variation for FPGAs

Process variation and prerouting interconnect delay uncertainty affect timing and power for modern VLSI designs in nanometer technologies. This paper presents the first in-depth study on stochastic physical synthesis algorithms leveraging statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) with process variation and prerouting interconnect delay uncertainty for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Evaluated by SSTA using the placed and routed circuits, the stochastic clustering, placement, and routing reduce the mean delay by 5.0%, 4.0%, and 1.4%, respectively, and reduce the standard deviation of delay by 6.4%, 6.1%, and 1.4%, respectively for MCNC designs. The majority of improvements come from modeling interconnect delay uncertainty for clustering and from considering process variation for placement, while routing has less improvement on delay. In addition, we study the interaction between each individual design stage. When applying all stochastic algorithms concurrently, the mean delay and standard deviation are reduced by 6.2% and 7.5%, respectively. On the other hand, stochastic clustering with deterministic placement and routing is a good flow with little change to the entire flow, but the mean delay is reduced by 5.0%, the standard deviation is reduced by 6.4%, and the runtime is slightly reduced compared to the deterministic flow. Finally, while its improvement over timing is small, stochastic routing is able to reduce the total wire length by 4.5% and to reduce the overall runtime by 4.2% compared to deterministic routing.
Free Intuitionistic Logic: A Formal Sketch

The inference rule If ⊢ $$If \vdash A(t),{\text{ then }} \vdash (\exists x)A(x)$$ (1) and its dual $$If \vdash (\forall x)A(x),{\text{ then }} \vdash A(t)$$ (2) are of course sound only if t in A(t) denotes something or other. So, prior to 1959, the singular terms owned by logic, be it classical logic or intuitionistic logic, were presumed to be denoting ones. The presumption was overtly made by some writers. It was not by others, and as a result many a novice must have substituted for ‘t’ in (1) – (2) a nondenoting term, thereby perpetrating a non-sequitur. But nondenoting terms do play a large role both in ordinary and in scientific discourse, and a logic that accommodates them eventually proved indispensable. One was supplied in 1959 by Jaakko Hintikka [1959], and another supplied independently and in the very same year by Theodore Hailperin and me [Leblanc and Hailperin 1959].
Reading Sociology into Scholarship on School‐Based Sex Education: Interaction and Culture

School-based sex education (SBSE), an institutional attempt to interrupt and correct the sexual socialization of young people, operates at the levels of structure, interaction, and culture. At the structural level SBSE has been found to endorse a particular set of cultural messages about sex and sexuality that reinforce patterns of inequality. This is often the case regardless of program type (e.g., abstinence versus comprehensive). However, there is little empirical focus on the actual classroom practices and other social interactions that constitute SBSE in the United States. In this paper, I will provide an overview of the field of SBSE research, reading the findings at the interactional level. In particular, I will review findings on curricula, stakeholder perspectives, and effects in a discussion of the importance of both interaction and culture in SBSE practices. Finally, I will use criticisms raised in existing SBSE scholarship to pose opportunities for sociological research into the topic.
Combining multiple goals in a behavior-based architecture

The authors' experience over the years with different architectures and planning systems for mobile robots has led them to a distributed approach where an arbiter receives votes for and against commands from each subsystem and decides upon the course of action which best satisfies the current goals and constraints of the system. Centralized arbitration of votes from distributed, independent decision-making processes provides coherent, rational, goal-directed behavior while preserving real-time responsiveness to its immediate physical environment. The Distributed Architecture for Mobile Navigation (DAMN) has been successfully used to integrate various independently developed subsystems, providing systems that perform road following, cross-country navigation, or teleoperation while avoiding obstacles and meeting mission objectives. Examples of implemented systems are given. Further research will seek to more rigorously define the behavior of the system.
Combining automated and interactive visual analysis of biomechanical motion data

We present a framework for combining automated and interactive visual analysis techniques for use on high-resolution biomechanical data. Analyzing the complex 3D motion of, e.g., pigs chewing or bats flying, can be enhanced by providing investigators with a multiview interface that allows interaction across multiple modalities and representations. In this paper, we employ nonlinear dimensionality reduction to automatically learn a low-dimensional representation of the data and hierarchical clustering to learn patterns inherent within the motion segments. Our multi-view framework allows investigators to simultaneously view a low-dimensional embedding, motion segment clustering, and 3D visual representation of the data side-by-side.We describe an application to a dataset containing thousands of frames of high-speed, 3D motion data collected over multiple experimental trials.
Alleged Cases of Vaccine Encephalopathy Rediagnosed Years Later as Dravet Syndrome

Dravet syndrome is a rare epileptic encephalopathy linked to mutations in SCN1A (neuronal sodium channel α1 subunit) and characterized by an onset in infancy with polymorphous seizure types and developmental decline. It was reported recently that a proportion of patients previously diagnosed with alleged vaccine encephalopathy might possess SCN1A mutations and clinical histories that enabled a diagnosis of Dravet syndrome, but these results have not been replicated. We present here the cases of 5 children who presented for epilepsy care with presumed parental diagnoses of alleged vaccine encephalopathy caused by pertussis vaccinations in infancy. Their conditions were all rediagnosed years later, with the support of genetic testing, as Dravet syndrome. We hope that these cases will raise awareness of Dravet syndrome among health care providers who care for children and adolescents and aid in earlier recognition and diagnosis.
Electron Cryotomography Studies of Maturing HIV-1 Particles Reveal the Assembly Pathway of the Viral Core

To better characterize the assembly of the HIV-1 core, we have used electron cryo-tomography (ECT) to image infected cells and the viral particles cryo-preserved next to them. We observed progressive stages of virus assembly and egress including flower-like flat gag lattice assemblies, hemispherical budding profiles and virus buds linked to the plasma membrane via a thin membrane neck. The population of budded viral particles contains immature, maturation intermediate and mature core morphologies. Structural characteristics of the maturation intermediates suggest that the core assembly pathway involves the formation of a CA sheet that associates with the condensed ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. Our analysis also reveals a correlation between RNP localization within the viral particle and the formation of conical cores, suggesting that the RNP helps drive conical core assembly. Our findings support an assembly pathway for the HIV-1 core that begins with a small CA sheet that associates with the RNP to form the core base, followed by polymerization of the CA sheet along one side of the conical core towards the tip and then closure around the body of the cone.
The offshore export of sand during exceptional discharge from California rivers

Littoral cells along active tectonic margins receive large inputs of sand and gravel from coastal watersheds and commonly lose this sediment to submarine canyons. One hypothesis is that the majority of coarse (sand and gravel) river sediment discharge will be emplaced within and immediately “resupply” local littoral cells. A competing hypothesis is that the infrequent, large floods that supply the majority of littoral sediment may discharge water-sediment mixtures within negatively buoyant hyperpycnal plumes that transport sediment offshore of the littoral cell. Here we summarize pre- and post-flood surveys of two wave-dominated California (United States) river deltas during record to near-record floods to help evaluate these hypotheses: the 1982–1983 delta at the San Lorenzo River mouth and the 2005 delta at the Santa Clara River mouth. Flood sedimentation at both deltas resulted in several meters of aggradation and hundreds of meters of offshore displacement of isobaths. One substantial difference between these deltas was the thick (>2 m) aggradation of sand on the inner shelf of the Santa Clara River delta that contained substantial amounts (∼50%) of littoral-grade sediment. Once deposited on the inner shelf, only a fraction (∼20%) of this river sand was observed to migrate toward the beach over the following 5 yr. Furthermore, simple hypopycnal plume behavior could not explain deposition of this sand on the inner shelf. Thus, during an exceptional flood a substantial amount of littoral-grade sand was exported offshore of the littoral system at the Santa Clara River mouth—likely from hyperpycnal plume processes—and was deposited on the inner shelf.
The significance of body size in the Orthoptera: a review

Abstract This review discusses body size and mass as they relate to the Orthoptera (crickets, katydids, grasshoppers) and the Phasmatodea (walkingsticks). It addresses the expression, causes and consequences of size in these insects. Topics include: methodological problems in body-size research, gravity vs surface forces, allometry and scaling, Dyar's law, ontogenetic scaling, size-invariant traits and nonallometric scaling, the influence of size on physiology, function, behavior, life history, mating, fecundity, population dynamics, ecology, and community, size-clines, Bergmann's rule, sexual size dimorphism, Rensch's rule, protandry, the environmental, genetic, and physiological control of size, the evolution of size and the influence of size on evolution. Hypotheses are presented to explain why insects remain small in comparison to other taxa.
Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel (Sciuridae: Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) Antipredator Vigilance: Monitoring the Sky for Aerial Predators

Despite the success of antipredator vigilance research, the specific focus of this vigilance has been difficult to determine. We have previously shown that thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) increase their vigilance when their lateral field of view is obstructed. In this paper, we describe an experiment in which we attempt to determine the predator class for which this vigilance is directed. Using six differentially occluded Plexiglas foraging boxes with hinged “eaves,” we were able to obstruct the squirrels’ view of the sky while not obstructing their view of terrestrial threats. In general, across the box types, when their sky view was obstructed, ground squirrels increased their vigilance by increasing the percentage of time spent withdrawn from the boxes. This result suggests that a significant portion of ground squirrel antipredator vigilance is directed at the sky and is surveillance for aerial predators.