cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary Cutaneous Ewing’s Sarcoma

A 57-year-old woman presented with a three-week history of an erythematous nodule on her palm. The clinical diagnosis was pyogenic granuloma. Histology revealed a circumscribed dermal nodule of uniform, primitive round cells with numerous mitotic figures and apoptopic cells. The tumor cells showed strong membranous immunoreactivity for CD99 and nuclear immunoreactivity for Fli-1. The tumor cells were negative for S-100 protein, cytokeratin AE1/3, cytokeratin 20, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and actin. The diagnosis of Ewing’s sarcoma was made. CT scans showed no evidence of an osseous or deep soft tissue primary tumor or metastatic disease. The tumor was excised with 1 cm margins, and the patient received six courses of adjuvant chemotherapy. One year after diagnosis, the patient is alive without evidence of disease. Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (EES) rarely presents as a primary skin tumor and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumors involving the skin. It is important to distinguish primary cutaneous EES from secondary involvement of the skin by ES, as primary cutaneous EES has a more indolent course compared to classic EES or osseous ES. Immunohistochemical stains for CD99 and Fli-1 are useful markers to confirm the diagnosis of cutaneous ES.
Re‐assessing the Enabling Role of Information Technology in KM

This paper examines the role of information technology as an enabler of Knowledge Management. It begins with the premise that Knowledge Management requires an under‐standing of knowledge creation at the individual level, and argues that IT tools are necessary, but not sufficient, for enabling sense‐making. The organizational IT role is assessed in terms of: mechanisms to facilitate knowledge creation; the information sources organizational decision‐makers use; and sense‐making activities to support innovation. Frameworks for thinking about initiatives that include IT capabilities and people capabilities are presented for each of these concepts, along with relevant examples. The paper concludes with four IT management guidelines.
Doing things right with Communist Party language: An analysis of Yu Hua’s exploitation of Mao-era rhetoric:

This article focuses on a specific aspect of Yu Hua’s satiric criticism of Mao-era rhetoric through the use of double-voiced discourse in his full-length novel Cries in the Drizzle. I analyse how this double-voiced discourse is achieved through the contrast between the focalizers’ unreflective and matter-of-fact use of Maoist rhetoric and the public narrator’s clear awareness of the shabby realities behind this rhetoric. The varied understandings of Maoist rhetoric within a variety of narrative voices give rise to sarcasm, irony, and parody. Four episodes in Cries in the Drizzle will be analysed in detail. In each of these, Mao-era rhetoric is projected and embedded in the daily conversations and language of some characters who hail from villages in the countryside. These episodes invite readers to reflect upon just how much of the daily discourse of the Chinese people alludes to, or incorporates, the words of Mao and the Party, and also to appreciate the varied forms of double-voiced discourse brought ab...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Enters Brain Microvascular Endothelia by Macropinocytosis Dependent on Lipid Rafts and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) present an incomplete barrier to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neuroinvasion. In order to clarify the mechanisms of HIV-1 invasion, we have examined HIV-1 uptake and transcellular penetration in an in vitro BMVEC model. No evidence of productive infection was observed by luciferase, PCR, and reverse transcriptase assays. Approximately 1% of viral RNA and 1% of infectious virus penetrated the BMVEC barrier without disruption of tight junctions. The virus upregulated ICAM-1 on plasma membranes and in cytoplasmic vesiculotubular structures. HIV-1 virions were entangled by microvilli and were taken into cytoplasmic vesicles through surface invaginations without fusion of the virus envelope with the plasma membrane. Subsequently, the cytoplasmic vesicles fused with lysosomes, the virions were lysed, and the vesicles diminished in size. Upon cell entry, HIV-1 colocalized with cholera toxin B, which targets lipid raft-associated GM1 ganglioside. Cholesterol-extracting agents, cyclodextrin and nystatin, and polyanion heparin significantly inhibited virus entry. Anti-CD4 had no effect and the chemokine AOP-RANTES had only a slight inhibitory effect on virus entry. HIV-1 activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and inhibition of MAPK/Erk kinase inhibited virus entry. Entry was also blocked by dimethylamiloride, indicating that HIV-1 enters endothelial cells by macropinocytosis. Therefore, HIV-1 penetrates BMVECs in ICAM-1-lined macropinosomes by a mechanism involving lipid rafts, MAPK signaling, and glycosylaminoglycans, while CD4 and chemokine receptors play limited roles in this process.
E RVAND A BRAHAMIAN , Tortured Confessions: Prison and Public Recantations in Modern Iran (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). Pp. 279.

The Iranian Revolution of 1979 has unleashed a flood of books on the causes and consequences of the rise of political Islam and the failure of Western-supported modernizing states. Ervand Abrahamian's new book is important because it is the first detailed academic work that deals with the conditions of the prisons and the horrors of the criminal system—the torture, the forced confessions, and the executions—in the newly established theocratic state. This book is a testimony to the horrors of self-righteous ideological regimes whose ruling elite claims a monopoly on truth and the knowledge of what is best for its citizens. This is a chilling book that should be read by all scholars and non-scholars who care about human rights.
An iterative regularization approach for Color Filter Array image restoration

Color image demosaicking aims to reconstruct the full-resolution RGB image from a mosaicked Color Filter Array (CFA) image. Instead of reconstructing the red, green, and blue color channels separately, most demosaicking approaches mutually recover them. However, CFA images tend to be distorted by the non-ideal response of the camera sensor, and possible motion or out-of-focus blurs during the acquisition. Demosaicking followed by deblurring is sub-optimal because demosaicking errors will be propagated into deblurring and amplified by the latter. This paper presents a regularization approach to jointly deblur and demosaic CFA images. By embedding a non-linear demosaicking algorithm into a regularized restoration method, the full-color RGB image can be recovered and refined iteratively. The numerical and visual results show that our approach is superior to other methods.
A Hit-and-Run approach for generating scale invariant Small World networks

Hit-and-Run is a well-known class of Markov chain algorithms for sampling from essentially arbitrary distributions over bounded regions of the Euclidean space. We present a class of Small World network models constructed using Hit-and-Run in a Euclidean ball. We prove that there is a unique scale invariant model in this class that admits efficient search by a decentralized algorithm. This research links two seemingly unrelated areas: Markov chain sampling techniques and scale invariant Small World networks, and may have interesting implications for stochastic search methods for continuous optimization. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
A partial flatness approach to nonlinear moving horizon estimation

Moving horizon estimators based on an optimization formulation have been proposed as an alternative to extended Kalman filters for constrained nonlinear estimation. An efficient approach to the solution of the nonlinear dynamic optimization resulting from the nonlinear moving horizon estimation (NMHE) problem is presented in this paper. The dynamic optimization problem for the continuous NMHE is transformed into a lower dimensional nonlinear programming problem by eliminating the dynamic constraints for a differentially flat nonlinear system. For the case where the system is not differentially flat, a subset of the nonlinear differential equations can be eliminated. The optimization scheme is demonstrated for the disturbance estimation in a nonlinear chemical reactor.
Order of Conners' CPT-II administration within a cognitive test battery influences ADHD indices.

Objective: To study the effect of administration sequence on Conner’s continuous performance test (CPT-II) scores in clients requesting psychological assessment. It was hypothesized that when administered at the end rather than beginning of a test battery, the test scores will show higher symptom severity. If present, order effects may cause the over- or underdiagnosing of ADHD. Method: Participants were recruited at a Midwestern university’s training clinic (16 men, 9 women; mean age = 22.4, SD = 10.2). The CPT-II was administered twice to each client: once at the beginning of the testing session and once at the end of their appointment. The clients completed at least a full Wechsler intelligence battery in between the CPT-II administrations. Results: Clients’ ADHD index score (interpreted as percent confidence in an ADHD diagnosis) is more impaired at Time 2 (M = 53.3, SD = 29.0) compared to Time 1 (M = 39.4, SD = 22.5): t(24) = 3.93, p < .05, Cohen’s d = .79. The number of T-scores above 60 on the subscales also changed from Time 1 (M = 1.92, SD = 1.73) to Time 2 (M = 3.12, SD = 2.05): t(24) = 3.47, p < .01, Cohen’s d = .71. Conclusions: If the CPT-II is administered later in a sequence of tests, it is more likely to yield scores in the impaired range. Order effects are more pronounced in individuals diagnosed with ADHD. Recommendations include the adoption of a standardized administration sequence, further research to investigate the nature of order effects, and a strategic use of order effects in ADHD assessment. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; XX(X) xx-xx)
Contrast-Invariant Orientation Tuning in Cat Visual Cortex: Thalamocortical Input Tuning and Correlation-Based Intracortical Connectivity

The origin of orientation selectivity in visual cortical responses is a central problem for understanding cerebral cortical circuitry. In cats, many experiments suggest that orientation selectivity arises from the arrangement of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) afferents to layer 4 simple cells. However, this explanation is not sufficient to account for the contrast invariance of orientation tuning. To understand contrast invariance, we first characterize the input to cat simple cells generated by the oriented arrangement of LGN afferents. We demonstrate that it has two components: a spatial-phase-specific component (i.e., one that depends on receptive field spatial phase), which is tuned for orientation, and a phase-nonspecific component, which is untuned. Both components grow with contrast. Second, we show that a correlation-based intracortical circuit, in which connectivity between cell pairs is determined by the correlation of their LGN inputs, is sufficient to achieve well tuned, contrast-invariant orientation tuning. This circuit generates both spatially opponent, "antiphase" inhibition ("push-pull"), and spatially matched, "same-phase" excitation. The inhibition, if sufficiently strong, suppresses the untuned input component and sharpens responses to the tuned component at all contrasts. The excitation amplifies tuned responses. This circuit agrees with experimental evidence showing spatial opponency between, and similar orientation tuning of, the excitatory and inhibitory inputs received by a simple cell. Orientation tuning is primarily input driven, accounting for the observed invariance of tuning width after removal of intracortical synaptic input, as well as for the dependence of orientation tuning on stimulus spatial frequency. The model differs from previous push-pull models in requiring dominant rather than balanced inhibition and in predicting that a population of layer 4 inhibitory neurons should respond in a contrast-dependent manner to stimuli of all orientations, although their tuning width may be similar to that of excitatory neurons. The model demonstrates that fundamental response properties of cortical layer 4 can be explained by circuitry expected to develop under correlation-based rules of synaptic plasticity, and shows how such circuitry allows the cortex to distinguish stimulus intensity from stimulus form.
Vertical DMOS power field-effect transistors optimized for high-speed operation

The optimization of planar vertical DMOS FETs for high-speed switching and amplification is discussed. Design considerations for a high-voltage device capable of sub-nanosecond switching are presented, and device layout and fabrication requirements for such a device are discussed. The fabrication sequence used to produce a high-speed vertical DMOS FET is then reviewed. Key features of the process include self-aligned polysilicon gates, fully implanted junctions, floating diffused guard rings, and gold-based metallization. The significant electrical characteristics of devices built with this process include drain-source breakdown (BVDSS) > 100 volts and common-source cutoff frequency (f co )= 2 GHz. Modelling of the dc and ac characteristics of short-channel DMOS devices is examined. Device performance in a test circuit shows that planar vertical DMOS is a good candidate for high-speed, high-voltage switching.
Multiple experiences in moving from a traditional classroom setting to an on-line teaching environment

When transitioning traditional classroom courses to an on-line teaching environment, there are a variety of ways to accomplish the task. One approach is to combine classroom and on-line activities, by migrating a significant portion of the course material to an on-line environment while maintaining the remaining material in a more traditional classroom setting. This scenario requires the class to meet in the same physical location only half as often, while affording students the opportunity to complete the remaining on-line material on their own schedule. A second approach is to move all lecture materials into an on-line environment, while maintaining only the class meetings that were reserved for presentations and class discussions. Again, this frees up classroom space as well as allowing students freedom to schedule their individual assignments and team project time more efficiently. A third approach is the complete migration of a semester of traditional material to a virtual classroom, where the students and teacher never meet face to face. This discussion will compare identical sections of the same class, one traditional and one on-line, being conducted by the same instructor, using the same material.
Adaptive histogram equalization: a parallel implementation

Adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) is computationally expensive, and therefore time-consuming. A parallel method implemented with commercially available hardware is discussed. The implementation and testing conducted supports the hypothesis that multiple instruction/multiple data (MIMD) parallelism will improve the performance of the AHE algorithm. A method for handling border regions has been developed and implemented. The application of a look-up table served well to reduce the number of required computations. Whereas this probably did not affect the outcome of the testing, as both the sequential and parallel versions utilized this method, it did serve as an improvement to the overall implementation. >
Blood glucose and brain function: interactions with CNS cholinergic systems.

We recently found that glucose injections attenuate amnesia and hyperactivity produced by scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist. The present study examined whether glucose would augment behavioral effects produced by a muscarinic agonist, physostigmine. In experiment I, doses were first determined for which neither glucose (10 mg/kg) nor physostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) altered scopolamine-induced hyperactivity. However, combined glucose-physostigmine injections significantly reduced scopolamine hyperactivity. Experiment If evaluated the effects of glucose on physostigmine-induced tremors. Glucose (10, 100, and 250 mg/kg) or saline injections were given 20 min before physostigmine injections (0.4 or 0.05 mg/kg). Observations of glucose effects on the severity of physostigmine-induced tremors were then obtained at 5-min intervals for 25 min after physostigmine injections. Glucose (100 mg/kg) significantly facilitated the onset of tremors when injected before either dose of physostigmine, and augmented (at 100 and 250 mg/kg) tremor severity when injected before the lower dose of physostigmine. These findings indicate that glucose can facilitate the actions of a cholinergic agonist on two behaviors, locomotor activity and tremors, adding support to the view that circulating glucose levels can modulate central cholinergic function. More generally, the results provide additional evidence that circulating glucose levels can influence brain function.
25 years of frontiers educational research: the call for action-oriented research

Since the first FIE conference a quarter of a century ago (1970), engineering educational research at Purdue has shifted from status quo oriented research to action oriented research. Earlier our emphasis was on providing information, examining relationships, identifying strengths and delineating problems. We analyzed the correlation of high school grades and test scores with college GPA. We documented trends in enrolment, grades, and retention. We surveyed students and graduates regarding the quality and relevance of their education. Sometimes we even defined areas requiring action. However after the first FIE Conference 25 years ago, our research efforts shifted to action oriented research. How could we use educational research information to change and improve engineering education? We describe action oriented research that has significantly improved placement in beginning courses, helped students make more informed career decisions, increased and retained more women and minority students, and enhanced our programs for honors and higher risk students. We also describe how we have extended our educational research efforts beyond our own campus and are sharing our educational research findings and action oriented programs with other institutional settings and colleagues all over the world. We also speculate on what direction institutional and collaborative engineering educational research is likely to take during the next quarter of a century.
Responses of Prairie Vegetation to Fire, Herbicide, and Invasive Species Legacy

We evaluate prairie plant community variation in a matrix of restoration treatments in the south Puget Lowland, WA. Native and exotic plant community diversity and composition were measured across areas that differed in burning history and grass-specific herbicide application, having received one to several treatments since 2002. All plots were also variable in historical proximity to a key invasive exotic species (Cytisus scoparius - Scotch broom), a nitrogen-fixing shrub. Three trends were readily apparent from our data: 1) total plant species richness was higher following a prescribed fire. This trend was associated with increases in both native and exotic plants; 2) areas treated with a grass-specific herbicide generally had lower exotic and higher native cover; and 3) using a combination of GIS modeling and community analysis, we found that historical proximity to C. scoparius across all treatment areas was associated with suppressed native species richness. In fact, the magnitude of the effect of historical proximity to C. scoparius was as large as the differences among fire treatment areas. These data suggest that restoration treatments such as fire and herbicide application affect species richness and diversity in prairies, but the changes were neither rapid nor large. Further, exotic species legacies may interact with treatment effects to variably alter restoration outcomes.
Visualizing the qualitative: making sense of written comments from an evaluative satisfaction survey

PURPOSE Satisfaction surveys are common in the field of health education, as a means of assisting organizations to improve the appropriateness of training materials and the effectiveness of facilitation-presentation. Data can be qualitative of which analysis often become specialized. This technical article aims to reveal whether qualitative survey results can be visualized by presenting them as a Word Cloud. METHODS Qualitative materials in the form of written comments on an agency-specific satisfaction survey were coded and quantified. The resulting quantitative data were used to convert comments into "input terms" to generate Word Clouds to increase comprehension and accessibility through visualization of the written responses. RESULTS A three-tier display incorporated a Word Cloud at the top, followed by the corresponding frequency table, and a textual summary of the qualitative data represented by the Word Cloud imagery. This mixed format adheres to recognition that people vary in what format is most effective for assimilating new information. CONCLUSION The combination of visual representation through Word Clouds complemented by quantified qualitative materials is one means of increasing comprehensibility for a range of stakeholders, who might not be familiar with numerical tables or statistical analyses.
Prospective evaluation of a simplified narrowband imaging scoring system for a differential diagnosis of colorectal lesions.

Narrowband imaging (NBI) allows characterization of colorectal polyps during endoscopy; however, this is underutilized by most US physicians. The aim of this study was to assess diagnostic performance of an NBI scoring system, based on the NBI international colorectal endoscopic classification, and determine a threshold score yielding the highest negative predictive value (NPV) in the characterization of colorectal neoplasia. During colonoscopy, colorectal lesions were scored using the NBI scoring system on a 0–3 scale for NBI findings. All lesions were biopsied or endoscopically removed for pathological examinations. Two hundred and three patients were enrolled, and a total of 156 colorectal lesions were detected in 67 patients. Diagnostic yields under white light mode showed limited diagnostic performance [accuracy 75.6 % (68.9–82.3), sensitivity 69.2 % (58.6–78.3), specificity 84.6 % (73.1–92.0), positive predictive value (PPV) 86.3 % (75.8–92.9), NPV 66.3 % (55.0–76.0)]. Of NBI threshold scores from 1 to 3 for the diagnosis of neoplastic lesion, the score of ≥1 resulted in an accuracy of 88.5 % (83.5–93.5), sensitivity of 97.8 % (91.5–96.6), and specificity of 75.4 % (62.9–84.9), with PPV of 84.8 % (76.1–90.8) and NPV of 96.1 % (85.4–99.3). The threshold value of ≥1 in this simplified NBI scoring system yielded the highest sensitivity and NPV for non-adenomatous colorectal polyps. This scoring system is simple to apply and is superior to white light endoscopy.
Wrongful birth and the measure of damages in Rhode Island.

In 1997 Rhode Island recognized a tort cause of action for performing a sterilization procedure in a negligent manner. In the case of Emerson versus Magendantz MD the Supreme Court of Rhode Island was unanimous to concur on the existence of the "cause of action" but divided on the proper "measure of recovery". In this perspective the Chief Justice divided the 35 jurisdictions into three groups: the first group grant a limited form of recovery; the second group allow recovery for the cost of rearing the child letting the court offset against the cost of childrearing the economic or emotional benefits that the parents gain through having a healthy child; and the third do not allow this offset. Two justices adopted a limited form of the limited recovery rule based on potential factual differences in the cases relating to culpability of the physician while the other two dissenting justices authorized a more expansive recovery to include all damages that are reasonably foreseeable and proximately caused by the negligent doctor. However there was no majority opinion or view articulated in the Emerson case. Until the court decides another wrongful birth or similar case the would-be plaintiffs the medical and legal communities and the Superior Courts must live with some uncertainty.
Terpene metabolic engineering via nuclear or chloroplast genomes profoundly and globally impacts off-target pathways through metabolite signalling.

The impact of metabolic engineering on nontarget pathways and outcomes of metabolic engineering from different genomes are poorly understood questions. Therefore, squalene biosynthesis genes FARNESYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (FPS) and SQUALENE SYNTHASE (SQS) were engineered via the Nicotiana tabacum chloroplast (C), nuclear (N) or both (CN) genomes to promote squalene biosynthesis. SQS levels were ~4300-fold higher in C and CN lines than in N, but all accumulated ~150-fold higher squalene due to substrate or storage limitations. Abnormal leaf and flower phenotypes, including lower pollen production and reduced fertility, were observed regardless of the compartment or level of transgene expression. Substantial changes in metabolomes of all lines were observed: levels of 65-120 unrelated metabolites, including the toxic alkaloid nicotine, changed by as much as 32-fold. Profound effects of transgenesis on nontarget gene expression included changes in the abundance of 19 076 transcripts by up to 2000-fold in CN; 7784 transcripts by up to 1400-fold in N; and 5224 transcripts by as much as 2200-fold in C. Transporter-related transcripts were induced, and cell cycle-associated transcripts were disproportionally repressed in all three lines. Transcriptome changes were validated by qRT-PCR. The mechanism underlying these large changes likely involves metabolite-mediated anterograde and/or retrograde signalling irrespective of the level of transgene expression or end product, due to imbalance of metabolic pools, offering new insight into both anticipated and unanticipated consequences of metabolic engineering.
Sensor optimization using a genetic algorithm for structural health monitoring in harsh environments

Structural health monitoring (SHM) has become a powerful tool for engineering fields to make decisions for resource allocation in harsh environments such as fire, earthquake, and flood. To effectively make a decision based on the monitoring data, the SHM system requires a large number of sensors for different data resource measurements, for example, strain, temperature, and vibration, resulting in a need to determine the tradeoff between the number of sensors of each type and the associated cost of the system. This paper introduces a sensor optimization approach based on genetic algorithm for the multiple objective sensor placement of structural health monitoring in harsh environments. The derived theoretic multi-task objective function of the genetic function is validated by a single-bay steel frame in a harsh environment of simultaneous high temperature and large strain. The variance between the theoretical and the experimental analysis was within 5 %, indicating an effective sensor placement optimization using the developed genetic algorithm, which can be further applied to general sensor optimization for SHM system applications in harsh environments.
Delayed recurrence of intracranial chordoma.

PURPOSE Although a chordoma is extremely rare, it commonly presents with ocular symptoms, often impacting one or more cranial nerves. CASE REPORT The authors describe a unique case of rapidly developing intracranial chordoma that recurred 9 years after the original mass was successfully diagnosed and treated. It is noteworthy that, although the tumor originated within the cranium at the base of the skull, it presented primarily with clinical signs of a unilateral orbital mass because of tumor extension. CONCLUSIONS The lifetime recurrence rate for chordoma is high after treatment; therefore, a high level of suspicion is warranted in any patient with new symptoms and a history of intracranial chordoma.
Why can't we all just get along?

Liberation from mechanical ventilation is one of the most common procedures performed daily in the ICU, yet remains one of the most complex, and is associated with many predicaments. This is usually a 2-step process of assessing readiness for liberation using a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT)
2-Micron Triple-Pulse Integrated Path Differential Absorption Lidar Development for Simultaneous Airborne Column Measurements of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor in the Atmosphere

For more than 15 years, NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has contributed in developing several 2-micron carbon dioxide active remote sensors using the DIAL technique. Currently, an airborne 2-micron triple-pulse integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar is under development at NASA LaRC. This paper focuses on the advancement of the 2-micron triple-pulse IPDA lidar development. Updates on the state-of-the-art triple-pulse laser transmitter will be presented including the status of wavelength control, packaging and lidar integration. In addition, receiver development updates will also be presented, including telescope integration, detection systems and data acquisition electronics. Future plan for IPDA lidar system for ground integration, testing and flight validation will be presented.
The vertically integrated pharmacy department

Pharmacy's challenges and opportunities during a transition from a traditional hospital to an integrated health system are discussed with reference to the experience of a medical center in Vancouver, Washington. When a traditional hospital makes the transition to an integrated health system, pharmacy directors must consider how the core business will be affected, how pharmacy can add value, and how to best apply the skills of the pharmacy department. A well-trained staff that shares a view of the new organization and that can think outside the traditional hospital paradigm is required. New health systems will focus on quality-related outcomes at low cost and on disease management. Partnerships between providers and health care staff will be beneficial. To compete for capitated contracts, health systems will need to deliver services other than acute care to a broad geographic area, and primary care will be more prominent. There will be a shift toward outpatient services, and pharmacy departments will be under increasing pressure to develop outpatient pharmaceutical services. Pharmacy departments will also need to develop treatment guidelines for outpatients and to better manage drug costs by working with new business clients, improving continuity of care, increasing patients' access to care, having pharmacists provide hospice care, and implementing remote prescription-order entry. New health systems will need to have a clear understanding of how their core business is changing; the organizational strategy of a health system must include effective communication of change to staff members with the goal of overcoming traditional thinking.
Gender’s Role in Misperceptions of Peers’ Sexual Motives

The sexual double standard influences men's and women's sexual attitudes and behavior, leading men and women to consider distinct sexual motives, or reasons whether or not to engage in sexual intercourse (Crawford & Popp 2003; Reiss 1964). The goal of the present paper was to document how the sexual double standard shapes perceptions of peers' sexual motives. We build on past research by using open-ended questions and measuring perceptions of both same-gender and other-gender peers. The sample included 154 heterosexual college students (50% female, 49% European American, 25% Latino American, 26% African American) recruited via probability sampling. When we compared perceptions of men's and women's sexual motives, we found that participants seemed to rely on the sexual double standard. Participants were more likely to attribute a female-stereotyped motive (e.g., romantic relationship characteristics, feeling "ready", emotional investment) and less likely to attribute a male-stereotyped motive ("easy", arousal, physical appearance) to female peers than to male peers. However, when we compared participants' own motives to perceptions of their peers' motives, participants overestimated male-stereotyped motives and underestimated female-stereotyped motives in peers, regardless of peer gender, possibly in congruence with stereotypes of hookup culture. These findings demonstrate that, although individuals sometimes rely on the sexual double standard to attribute sexual motives to others, misperceptions of peers' sexual motives may also be influenced by stereotypes of hookup culture. These misperceptions contribute to pluralistic ignorance that may influence college students' sexual behaviors.
Metastatic calcaneal adenocarcinoma from lung primary: A case report

Although the skeletal system is a common site for metastatic disease, metastasis to the calcaneus is very rare, especially from a lung primary; furthermore, calcaneal metastasis as the presenting symptom of a malignant process is rarer still. Only two cases of calcaneal metastasis from a primary lung cancer have previously been reported. The presenting symptom of metastatic lesions of the calcaneus is typically plantar-heel pain; idiopathic plantar-heel pain is a common complaint in and of itself, which obfuscates the diagnosis of metastatic cancer. As a result, calcaneal metastases are difficult to diagnose. We present the rare case of a patient with calcaneal metastasis from a primary lung adenocarcinoma along with a review of literature as a reminder that occasionally, though common things are common, uncommon things do occur.
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Prevention and Control of Subcritical Crack Growth and Fracture in Advanced High-Performance Ship Structures

Advanced surface craft and ships such as hydrofoils and surface-effect ships represent one area in the ship structures design field where fracture mechanics must be applied for prevention of fracture and control of crack growth. These vehicles feature the unique problem of weight-critical, monolithic structures fabricated of high-strength metals operating in an aggressive environment at exceptionally high levels of performance.
SMOKING CESSATION IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ATTENDANCE AT CARDIAC REHAB: BUT WHICH COMES FIRST?

Background: Prior studies suggest that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) attendance improves smoking cessation rates, but it is unclear if CR services can be credited for this beneficial impact, or, rather, if CR attendance is predicted by a successful smoking cessation attempt. Which comes first?
The Automated Assessment of Postural Stability: Balance Detection Algorithm

Impaired balance is a common indicator of mild traumatic brain injury, concussion and musculoskeletal injury. Given the clinical relevance of such injuries, especially in military settings, it is paramount to develop more accurate and reliable on-field evaluation tools. This work presents the design and implementation of the automated assessment of postural stability (AAPS) system, for on-field evaluations following concussion. The AAPS is a computer system, based on inexpensive off-the-shelf components and custom software, that aims to automatically and reliably evaluate balance deficits, by replicating a known on-field clinical test, namely, the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). The AAPS main innovation is its balance error detection algorithm that has been designed to acquire data from a Microsoft Kinect® sensor and convert them into clinically-relevant BESS scores, using the same detection criteria defined by the original BESS test. In order to assess the AAPS balance evaluation capability, a total of 15 healthy subjects (7 male, 8 female) were required to perform the BESS test, while simultaneously being tracked by a Kinect 2.0 sensor and a professional-grade motion capture system (Qualisys AB, Gothenburg, Sweden). High definition videos with BESS trials were scored off-line by three experienced observers for reference scores. AAPS performance was assessed by comparing the AAPS automated scores to those derived by three experienced observers. Our results show that the AAPS error detection algorithm presented here can accurately and precisely detect balance deficits with performance levels that are comparable to those of experienced medical personnel. Specifically, agreement levels between the AAPS algorithm and the human average BESS scores ranging between 87.9% (single-leg on foam) and 99.8% (double-leg on firm ground) were detected. Moreover, statistically significant differences in balance scores were not detected by an ANOVA test with alpha equal to 0.05. Despite some level of disagreement between human and AAPS-generated scores, the use of an automated system yields important advantages over currently available human-based alternatives. These results underscore the value of using the AAPS, that can be quickly deployed in the field and/or in outdoor settings with minimal set-up time. Finally, the AAPS can record multiple error types and their time course with extremely high temporal resolution. These features are not achievable by humans, who cannot keep track of multiple balance errors with such a high resolution. Together, these results suggest that computerized BESS calculation may provide more accurate and consistent measures of balance than those derived from human experts.
Using ecological momentary assessment to assess the temporal relationship between sleep quality and cravings in individuals recovering from substance use disorders

Abstract Introduction The causal direction of the relationship between sleep disturbance and drug cravings is unknown. Based on resource depletion literature, we hypothesized that sleep difficulties lead to cravings. We tested whether sleep quality predicts craving at the within- or between-person level, with perceived willpower as a multilevel mediator. Methods We used ecological momentary assessments (EMA) to compare two models of temporal precedence. Participants in addiction treatment ( N = 122) were sent four surveys each day for three weeks. Participants rated previous night's sleep quality and level of cravings and willpower. Results The between- (β = − 0.18, SE = 0.06) and within-person (β = − 0.02, SE = 0.02) effects of maximum daily craving on sleep quality were significant, as were the between- (β = − 0.33, SE = 0.08) and within-person (β = − 0.08; SE = 0.03) effects of daily sleep quality on maximum daily cravings. In the mediation analysis of the indirect effect of sleep quality on cravings via willpower, both the indirect effect for the between-person pathway (β = − 0.27, SE = 0.07) and the indirect within-person pathway (β = − 0.01, SE = 0.01) were significant. Conclusions EMA methodology allowed for disentanglement of the temporal relationship between sleep and cravings. We found support for the resource depletion hypothesis, operationalized by linking sleep quality to cravings via willpower. However, the magnitude of the association between sleep quality and cravings was stronger at the between-person level, suggesting a potentially cumulative effect of poor sleep on cravings. These results suggest that clinicians should ask patients about chronic sleep problems, as these may pose a risk for relapse.
Strategy-proof allocation of multiple items between two agents without payments or priors

We investigate the problem of allocating items (private goods) among competing agents in a setting that is both prior-free and payment-free. Specificall, we focus on allocating multiple heterogeneous items between two agents with additive valuation functions. Our objective is to design strategy-proof mechanisms that are competitive against the most efficien (first-best allocation. We introduce the family of linear increasing-price (LIP) mechanisms. The LIP mechanisms are strategy-proof, prior-free, and payment-free, and they are exactly the increasing-price mechanisms satisfying a strong responsiveness property. We show how to solve for competitive mechanisms within the LIP family. For the case of two items, we fin a LIP mechanism whose competitive ratio is near optimal (the achieved competitive ratio is 0.828, while any strategy-proof mechanism is at most 0.841-competitive). As the number of items goes to infinit, we prove a negative result that any increasing-price mechanism (linear or nonlinear) has a maximal competitive ratio of 0.5. Our results imply that in some cases, it is possible to design good allocation mechanisms without payments and without priors.
Trends and predictors of implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation after sudden cardiac arrest: Insight from the national inpatient sample.

Background Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has a class IA indication in survivors of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) provided no reversible cause is identified. We sought to determine trends and predictors of ICD implant in SCA patients from a national sample of the United States population. Methods and results Data were gathered from National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from January 2003 to December 2014. All patients ≥18 years of age with a primary discharge diagnosis of SCA, ventricular fibrillation (VF), ventricular flutter, and ventricular tachycardia (VT) were included. Patients died during hospitalization, had a previous ICD implant, and with a reversible cause of SCA were excluded. Primary outcome of interest was rate of new ICD implant at discharge. Logistic regression analysis was then performed to determine predictors for ICD implantation. A total of 176,876 patients were identified to have SCA, VF, ventricular flutter, and VT. After applying exclusion criteria, we were left with 22,054 patients. Out of this, 6,908 (31%) patients were implanted with an ICD prior to discharge. There was a linear trend toward reduced ICD utilization over our study period (40% in 2003 vs 25% in 2014, P trend = 0.0004). Advanced age, black race, and chronic renal disease are independently associated with low ICD utilization. Conclusion We found low trend of ICD implant in survivors of SCA without any reversible cause. There is a need to identify etiologies behind low ICD utilization in this vulnerable group who are at most risk for a subsequent SCA.
Daptomycin: Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Dose Optimization

Daptomycin is a parenteral cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic approved for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens including multidrug resistant Staphylococci and Enterococci sp. In addition to its unique mechanism of action daptomycin also displays unique pharmacological properties, with a linear pharmacokinetic profile, a good tolerability, a rapid and concentration-dependent bactericidal effect, and a low clinical resistance rate. Daptomycin dosages up to 12 mg/kg/day and antimicrobial combinations have been recently suggested to increase and preserve the effectiveness of daptomycin from the development of resistance. This chapter aims to provide medical and scientific readers with main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of daptomycin and discuss available and potential strategies developed to optimize its clinical use.
An Ideology of IT Occupational Culture: The ASPIRE Values

Many have conjectured that people in the IT occupation are different from non-IT business users and that such differences can lead to negative organizational outcomes. This study investigates how to measure these differences by developing a new, expanded theoretical framework of IT occupational culture (ITOC). This framework includes: Artifacts, Values, and Tacit Assumptions. Values form the core of any culture, and a cohesive set of cultural values is termed an "ideology." Using a mixed methodology, research was conducted in two parts to develop and measure an ideology of ITOC. A qualitative investigation based on interview data provided evidence of six core values in the ideology: Autonomy in Decision-Making, Structure in Environment, Precision in Communication, Innovation in Technology, Reverence for Technical Knowledge, and Enjoyment at the Workplace (ASPIRE). The quantitative investigation sought to validate the values and ultimately reduced the number of values to five based on factor analysis of survey data: Autonomy in Decision-Making, Structure/Precision, Innovation in Technology, Reverence for Technical Knowledge, and Enjoyment at the Workplace. IT respondents rated these values significantly higher than non-IT business personnel. Our findings have implications for practitioners and researchers and can provide a path to bridge the gap between IT and business users.
Degree of Queue Imbalance: Overcoming the Limitation of Heavy-traffic Delay Optimality in Load Balancing Systems

In this paper, we argue that heavy-traffic delay optimality is a coarse metric that does not necessarily imply good delay performance. Specifically, we show that any load balancing scheme is heavy-traffic delay optimal as long as it satisfies a fairly weak condition. This condition only requires that in the long-term the dispatcher favors, even slightly, shorter queues over longer queues. Hence, the empirical delay performance of heavy-traffic delay optimal schemes can range from very good (that of join-shortest-queue) to very bad (arbitrarily close to the performance of random routing).To overcome this limitation, we introduce a new metric called degree of queue imbalance, which measures the queue length difference between all the servers in steady-state. Given a heavy-traffic delay optimal load balancing scheme, we can characterize the resultant degree of queue imbalance. This, in turn, allows us to explicitly differentiate between good and poor load balancing schemes. Thus, this paper implies that good load balancing should not only be designed to be heavy-traffic delay optimal, but also have a low degree of queue imbalance.
Becoming a Zoologist (1893–1895)

In September of 1893 August matriculated at the University of Copenhagen for the medical preparatory examination. He wrote his mother: I presently go to lectures in philosophy, botany, chemistry, physics, and zoology. I have been told that by taking the medical preparatory examination I will not have to take physics and chemistry for my final university degree. When I have completed these studies, I can spend all of my time on mathematics and astronomy. In return, I have to study botany and zoology; but I would very likely have done that anyway because of my interest in these subjects.1
Trading Relations, Acoustic Cue Integration, and Context Effects in Speech Perception

The study of speech perception differs in several very important ways from the study of general auditory perception. First, the signals typically used to study the functioning of the auditory system have been simple, discrete and well defined mathematically. Moreover, they typically vary along one perceptually relevant dimension. In contrast, speech sounds involve very complex spectral relations that typically vary quite rapidly as a function of time. Changes that occur in a single perceptual dimension almost always affect the perception of other attributes of the signal. Second, most of the basic research on auditory perception over the last four decades has been concerned with problems surrounding the discriminative capacities of the sensory transducer and the functioning of the peripheral auditory mechanisms. In the perception of complex sound patterns such as speech, the relevant mechanisms are, for the most part, quite centrally located. Moreover, while many experiments in auditory perception, and sensory psychophysics have commonly focused on experimental tasks involving discrimination of both spectral and temporal properties of auditory signals, such tasks are often inappropriate for the study of more complex signals including speech.