cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing Load Current in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion Experiments

Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion is a magneto-inertial fusion concept in which a metal cylindrical shell containing deuterium gas is axially magnetized, the fuel is heated with a laser, and the metal cylinder is imploded by the current of the Z Machine. In previous experiments, the axial magnetic field was 9-10 T, the laser energy absorbed in the fuel was less than 1 kJ, and the peak current flowing through the target was about 17 MA. These experiments produced fusion-relevant temperatures and densities at stagnation, up to 3e12 primary DD neutrons, and a magnetic field in the fuel sufficient to trap a sizable fraction of the fusion-produced tritons.
Analysis of High-V oc Single-Crystal CZTSe Solar Cells via Admittance Spectroscopy

Solar cells fabricated on single-crystalline Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 exhibiting V OC ’s as high as 428 mV are presented. Two devices with varied Cu and Zn content are characterized to determine the factors contributing to the improved V OC in the more Cu-depleted specimen. A trade-off between increased voltages and decreased FF is observed, likely due to a change in carrier density and thus series resistance. External quantum efficiency shows a dramatic improvement in the absorption edge and a 20 meV increase in extracted bandgap for the higher V OC device Finally, admittance spectroscopy is used to probe differences in the defect landscape between the devices. Two metastable states are induced via light and voltage biasing prior to admittance measurements. The improved V OC is accompanied by an admittance activation energy near 200 meV likely due to interface defects and another near 160 meV with unclear origins. An additional lower energy artifact is observed in both devices and attributed to a Cu Zn antisite defect.
A highly collimated jet from the Red Square nebula MWC 922

Deep, narrow-band \Ha\ and 6584 \AA\ [\Nii ] CCD images of the peculiar, infrared excess B[e] star MWC~922 reveal a collimated, bipolar jet orthogonal to the previously detected extended nebula. The jet consists of a pair of $\sim$0.15 pc segments on either side of MWC~922 separated by gaps. The most distant jet segments disappear $\sim$0.6 pc from the star. The northwest beam points to a faint emission-line feature 1.65 pc from MWC~922 that may be a terminal bow shock where the jet rams the ambient medium. The narrow opening-angle of the jet combined with an estimated internal sound speed of $\sim$10 \kms\ implies a jet speed $\sim$500 \kms . The previously detected nebula extends up to 0.6~pc to the southwest of MWC~922 at right angles to the jet and appears to be an extension of the compact, edge-on disk surrounding the star. It points toward the HII region Messier 16 located $\sim$1\degr\ ($\sim$30 pc in projection) to the southwest. This nebula and jet appear to be externally ionized by the ambient Lyman continuum radiation field and have electron densities of n$_e \sim$ 50 to 100 cm$^{-3}$. The southwest nebula and jet have similar surface brightness in \Ha\ and [\Nii ]. Faint 70 $\mu$m emission traces the southwest ejecta that likely originates from $\sim$50 K dust embedded in the photo-ionized plasma which may shadow the dimmer ejecta northeast of MWC~922. MWC~922 may be a massive member of the Serpens OB1 or OB2 associations surrounding Messier 16 and Sh2-54.
Meta-analysis of recent literature on utility of follow-up imaging in isolated perimesencephalic hemorrhage.

Abstract Objectives Isolated perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage is an uncommon, distinct subtype of subarachnoid hemorrhage with a more benign prognosis. A negative computed tomographic angiogram has been shown to be reliable in excluding aneurysmal rupture as the underlying etiology. However, some studies continue advocating for more imaging to determine a vascular cause in perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage. The objective of this study is to evaluate the evidence for use and utility of repeat angiographic imaging after a negative computed tomographic angiogram in patients with perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Patients and methods Retrospective institutional analysis of patients with perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage was performed from 2014 to 2017 for number and types of follow-up angiographic imaging studies performed. Updated meta-analysis of literature was performed from 2014 onwards to assess the utility of follow-up imaging after a negative initial angiographic study. Results The institutional review revealed no utility of additional imaging after a negative computed tomographic angiogram in 6 patients with isolated perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Literature review and metaanalysis of 13 studies with 588 patients revealed a vascular etiology in 3 patients with isolated perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage from a single study- 2 aneurysms and 1 patient with vasculitis. Conclusions Use of repeat angiographic imaging after a negative computed tomographic angiogram for perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage patients remains not uncommon, despite previous meta-analysis. Review of the more recent literature is consistent with previously published meta-analysis and shows limited benefits despite frequent use. In patients with a strictly defined perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage pattern and clinical picture consistent with perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage, an initial negative computed tomographic angiogram should be adequate and repeated follow-up studies can be avoided.
Transcending the Spaceways in the Films of Sun Ra: His Story at the Centenary

We sing this song to a great tomorrow,We sing this song to abolish sorrow.Come on, and take a journey.June Tyson, Space is the Place (1974)2014 marks the centenary of jazz musician, poet, philosoph...
Decision Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Research

Physicians, surgeons, and hospital systems face challenging decisions on a daily basis. In certain complex decisions, the formal methods of decision analysis can be useful to incorporate the many known factors involved as well as the uncertainties associated in the decision making process. Often, benefits to a group of individuals is weighed against limited resources. Decision analytic techniques can range from simple decision trees to complex cost-effectiveness models involving simulation techniques. The overall advantage of these approaches is the ability to incorporate uncertainty associated with the decision into the modeling process and to perform sensitivity analysis across important decision factors that may impact the outcome of the decision. The ultimate impact and trustworthiness of decision analytic models rely upon the integrity, truthfulness, and rigor imparted by investigators and clinicians.
A Simple Mantel–Haenszel Type Test for Noninferiority

Randomized clinical trials designed to establish noninferiority of an experimental therapy as compared to a standard (active-control) therapy as measured by binomial proportions are being widely us...
Glioblastoma multiforme that unusually present with radiographic dural tails: Questioning the diagnostic paradigm with a rare case report.

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is both the most common as well as one of the most aggressive primary intracerebral tumors. It classically presents on magnetic resonance imaging as a heterogeneous ring-enhancing lesion in the brain parenchyma with central necrosis. This type of neoplasm can also rarely present, however, as a mass with meningeal attachment and radiographic evidence of a dural tail, which was until recently thought to be specific to meningiomas. Here we present a case of a central nervous system neoplasm that on imaging was initially suggestive of meningioma based on its presence of a dural tail. Final pathology, however, revealed desmoplastic GBM. It is, therefore, important to include GBM on the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with a dural-based lesion on imaging, especially since the overall survival rate of GBM is much worse than that of a suspected meningioma.
Peer Relations and Delinquency Among Girls in Foster Care Following a Skill-Building Preventive Intervention.

There is evidence that risk for delinquency is elevated among girls with foster care histories, and one correlate of delinquency is affiliating with peers who engage in delinquent behavior. Althoug...
Parity-based, bias-free optical quantum random number generation with min-entropy estimation

We describe the generation of sequences of random bits from the parity of photon counts produced by polarization measurements on a polarization-entangled state. The resulting sequences are bias free, pass the applicable tests in the NIST battery of statistical randomness tests, and are shown to be Borel normal, without the need for experimental calibration stages or postprocessing of the output. Because the photon counts are produced in the course of a measurement of the violation of the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt inequality, we are able to concurrently verify the nonclassical nature of the photon statistics and estimate a lower bound on the min-entropy of the bit-generating source. The rate of bit production in our experiment is around 13 bits/s.
Livestock and Poultry: Other Colonists Who Changed the Food System of the Chesapeake Bay

The introduction of domesticated animals into the Chesapeake Bay regions’ food system had profound consequences for the health of the ecosystem and its people. Draft animals provided the labor to clear and cultivate the majority of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed by 1900. Pigs brought by English colonists became important sources of food for both the settlers and native peoples. Initially, introduced chickens played a persistent but minor role in the food system. This changed with the development of the chicken for meat (broiler) industry on the Bay’s Delmarva Peninsula in the 1920s. The broiler industry pioneered the use of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and vertical integration of all aspects of production, a model now dominating the entire livestock enterprise. This propelled a 50% rise in per capita consumption of animal-based foods and attendant rise in human diseases, particularly coronary artery disease. Industrialization of chicken also increased its share of the animal products market sevenfold. The broiler industry pioneered the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, resulting in development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Poultry workers face various health problems, including increased rates of respiratory disease and certain cancers. The poultry industry is the major source of Salmonella poisoning. Broiler chickens suffer crowded and polluted conditions in CAFOs. These CAFOs dominate the landscape of the Delmarva, producing air and water pollution. Nitrogen as a waste product from the industry reaches the Bay and is a major source of eutrophication.
Sex Differences in Molecular Rhythms in the Human Cortex.

Abstract Background Diurnal rhythms in gene expression have been detected in the human brain. Previous studies found that males and females exhibit 24-hour rhythms in known circadian genes, with earlier peak expression in females. Whether there are sex differences in large-scale transcriptional rhythms in the cortex that align with observed sex differences in physiological and behavioral rhythms is currently unknown. Methods Diurnal rhythmicity of gene expression was determined for males and females using RNA sequencing data from human postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Sex differences among rhythmic genes were determined using significance cutoffs, threshold-free analyses, and R2 difference. Phase concordance was assessed across the DLPFC and ACC for males and females. Pathway and transcription factor analyses were also conducted on significantly rhythmic genes. Results Canonical circadian genes had diurnal rhythms in both sexes with similar amplitude and phase. When analyses were expanded to the entire transcriptome, significant sex differences in transcriptional rhythms emerged. There were nearly twice as many rhythmic transcripts in the DLPFC in males and nearly 4 times as many rhythmic transcripts in the ACC in females. Results suggest a diurnal rhythm in synaptic transmission specific to the ACC in females (e.g., GABAergic [gamma-aminobutyric acidergic] and cholinergic neurotransmission). For males, there was phase concordance between the DLPFC and ACC, while phase asynchrony was found in females. Conclusions There are robust sex differences in molecular rhythms of genes in the DLPFC and ACC, providing potential mechanistic insights into how neurotransmission and synaptic function are modulated in a circadian-dependent and sex-specific manner.
Utilizing MIKC-type MADS-box protein SOC1 for yield potential enhancement in maize

Overexpression of Zea mays SOC gene promotes flowering, reduces plant height, and leads to no reduction in grain production per plant, suggesting enhanced yield potential, at least, through increasing planting density. MIKC-type MADS-box gene SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) is an integrator conserved in the plant flowering pathway. In this study, the maize SOC1 (ZmSOC1) gene was cloned and overexpressed in transgenic maize Hi-II genotype. The T0 plants were backcrossed with nontransgenic inbred B73 to produce first generation backcross (BC1) seeds. Phenotyping of both transgenic and null segregant (NT) BC1 plants was conducted in three independent experiments. The BC1 transgenic plants showed new attributes such as increased vegetative growth, accelerated flowering time, reduced overall plant height, and increased grain weight. Second generation backcross (BC2) plants were evaluated in the field using two planting densities. Compared to BC2 NT plants, BC2 transgenic plants, were 12–18% shorter, flowered 5 days earlier, and showed no reduction in grain production per plant and an increase in fat, starch, and simple sugars in the grain. Transcriptome comparison in young leaves of 56-day-old BC1 plants revealed that the overexpressed ZmSOC1 resulted in 107 differentially expressed genes. The upregulated transcription factor DNA BINDING WITH ONE FINGER 5.4 (DOF5.4) was among the genes responsible for the reduced plant height. Modulating expression of SOC1 opens a new and effective approach to promote flowering and reduce plant height, which may have potential to enhance crop yield and improve grain quality.
The evolution of pressure gain in turbulent fast flames

Abstract This research quantifies the evolution of pressure for fast burning regimes characterized by various degrees of compressibility and involving turbulent flames and shocks. The experimental exploration is conducted in a Turbulent Shock Tube facility, where the level of flame compressibility is controlled by varying the equivalence ratio of the hydrogen-air mixture. High-speed particle image velocimetry, chemiluminescence, schlieren, and pressure measurements are simultaneously acquired to capture the rise in stagnation pressure for various regimes from fast flames to shock-flame complexes. The pressure and velocity measurements are used to analyze combustion regimes on the Rankine-Hugoniot diagram that shows the flame-driven compression for a range of fast flame conditions evolving toward detonation onset. Various levels of compression are dependent on the level of shock-flame coupling and flame velocities. Lower degrees of compressibility show 52% efficiency of an ideal ZND cycle with 40% thermal efficiency, while shock-flame complexes are shown to produce 81% of the work produced by an ideal ZND cycle with 53% thermal efficiency.
A Peircean examination of Gettier’s two cases

If we accept certain Peircean commitments, Gettier’s two cases are not cases of justified true belief because the beliefs are not true. On the Peircean view, propositions are sign substitutes, or “representamens.” In typical cases of thought about the world, propositions represent facts. In each of Gettier’s examples, we have a case in which a person S believes some proposition p, there is some fact F* such that were p to represent F* to S then p would be true, and yet p does not represent F* to S but some other fact F of which p is false. Since truth is a property of propositions with respect to their representational function, it follows that the belief is not true. Although an examination of Gettier’s two cases, this essay is not a defense of the justified true belief (JTB) analysis of knowledge, for there are objections to the JTB analysis other than Gettier’s two cases. Rather, Gettier’s two cases are of particular interest for the light they shed on the nature of truth and representation.
Confidentiality in Psychiatric Practice

Effective diagnosis and treatment in psychiatry depend on the doctor’s ability to collect information about the patient. This information is sometimes received directly from the patient, sometimes from medical records, and sometimes from the patient’s friends or loved ones. Some of the information the doctor accumulates could be embarrassing and damaging to the patient if communicated to a third party. At the same time there are many instances in which sharing of information about the patient with others can be extremely beneficial to the patient. It is, therefore, critical that the psychiatric physician have guidelines to help him judge when he can pass on information about the patient to others. These guidelines should cover the regulation of information that is in the doctor’s own head as well as in his medical records.
High Resolution Large Format Electronographic Cameras for Space Astronomy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the high resolution large format electronographic cameras for space astronomy. The electronographic camera is also simpler to implement in space missions because of its lack of complex electronics and a little or no requirement for telemetry or on-board data handling and processing. Large format electronographic cameras are ideally suited to these applications. These devices are capable of recording a much larger number of picture elements per frame than the largest available low light level electronic readout image sensors. The electronographic camera is also simpler to implement in space missions because of its lack of complex electronics and a little or no requirement for telemetry or on-board data handling and processing. Development of a large format electronographic camera meeting the requirements of STARLAB and Spacelab Wide Angle Telescope (SWAT) is particularly straightforward for the far ultraviolet wavelength range, where alkali halide photocathodes can be used.
Pediatric Brain Tumors

Dysembryonic Neuroepithelial Tumor. A dysembryonic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) is a grade 1, slow-growing lesion that is located within the cortex of the brain. This tumor accounts for up to 2 % of all intracranial brain tumors in patients younger than 20 years old. DNETs most commonly occur in children and young adults and have no gender predominance. Uncontrollable epilepsy is a common clinical finding in patients with DNET.
The Influence on Marcus Tullius Cicero on Modern Legal and Political Ideas

Marcus Tullius Cicero is the father of modern law and politics. Cicero's influence was significant throughout subsequent European history, but never so much nor so directly as in the emergence of modernity and in the development of modern law and constitutional government. The early moderns became faithful apostles of Cicero's thought and ideals because their world and political circumstances were in many ways closer to those of Cicero than to those of any intervening centuries. The influence of Cicero's legal and political ideas on the modern world illustrates the decisive importance that the study of history can have on legal innovation and social change. The modern world would not have developed where it did, when it did, nor as it did were it not for the life and writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero.
SPIN PHYSICS WITH POLARIZED ELECTRONS AT THE SLC

The Stanford Linear Collider was designed to accommodate polarized electron beams. A gallium arsenide-based photon emission source will provide a beam of longitudinally polarized electrons of about 40 percent polarization. A system of bend magnets and a superconducting solenoid will be used to rotate the spins so that the polarization is preserved while the 1.21 GeV electrons are stored in the damping ring. Another set of bend magenets and two superconducting solenoids orient the spin vectors so that longitudinal polarization of the electrons is achieved at the collision point with the unpolarized positrons. A system to monitor the polarization based on Moller and Compton scattering will be used.
Racial variation in the pattern and quality of care for prostate cancer in the USA: mind the gap.

OBJECTIVE To review the literature on racial variation in the pattern of care (PoC) and quality of care (QoC) for prostate cancer, as there are known racial disparities in the incidence and outcomes of prostate cancer. While there are some biological explanations for these differences, they do not completely explain the variation. Differences in the appropriateness and QoC delivered to men of different racial groups may contribute to disparities in outcome. METHODS We searched the USA National Library of Medicine PubMed system for articles pertaining to quality indicators in prostate cancer and racial disparities in QoC for prostate cancer. RESULTS While standards for appropriate treatment are not clearly defined, racial variation in the PoC has been reported in several studies, suggesting that African-American men may receive less aggressive treatment. There are validated QoC indicators in prostate cancer, and researchers have begun to evaluate racial variation in adherence to these quality indicators. Further quality comparisons, particularly in structural measures, may need to be performed to fully evaluate differences in QoC. CONCLUSIONS There is mounting evidence for racial variation in the PoC and QoC for prostate cancer, which may contribute to observed differences in outcome. While some of the sources of racial variation in quality and outcome have been identified through the development of evidence-based guidelines and validated quality indicators, opportunities exist to identify, study and attempt to resolve other components of the quality gap.
Regularity in time along the coarse scale flow for the incompressible Euler equations

One of the most remarkable features of known nonstationary solutions to the incompressible Euler equations is the phenomenon that coarse scale averages of the velocity carry the fine scale features of the flow. In this paper, we study time-regularity properties of Euler flows which are connected to this phenomenon and the observation that each frequency level has a natural time scale when it is viewed along the coarse scale flow. We assume only that our velocity field is Holder continuous in the spatial variables, which is well-motivated by problems related to turbulence. We show that any periodic Euler flow in the class C_tC^α_x also belongs to C^α_(t,x), and that the pressure belongs to C^(2α−)_(t,x). We also show that, when α ≤ 1/3, the energy profile of the solution has H\"older regularity 2α/(1−α) in time, even though it might fail to be conserved in view of Onsager's conjecture. We demonstrate improved regularity for advective derivatives of the velocity and pressure. In particular, we recover in our context the celebrated result of Chemin that the particle trajectories of classical solutions to Euler are smooth, and establish existence of smooth trajectories in any case where the velocity field has borderline regularity. The analysis demonstrates that many of the main analytic features of solutions constructed by convex integration methods are consequences of the Euler equations rather than artifacts of the constructions. The proof proceeds by estimating frequency increments associated to the various physical quantities of interest. Several types of commutator estimates play a role in the proof, including the commutator estimate of Constantin, E and Titi for the relevant Reynolds stress and a more flexible proof of this estimate.
Bodily pain intensity in nursing home residents with pressure ulcers: analysis of national minimum data set 3.0.

Clinical reports suggest that superficial pressure ulcers produce pain, but that pain decreases as the wound advances in stage. This study of the relationship between pressure ulcer stage and bodily pain intensity in nursing home residents was a secondary analysis of the national Minimum Data Set 3.0 assessment data in long-term care facilities, collected from nursing home residents at least 65 years of age. Data were examined from residents with pressure ulcers who completed a bodily pain intensity interview between January and March 2012 (N = 41,680) as part of the MDS comprehensive assessment. After adjusting for other variables (e.g., cognition, functional impairment, presence of comorbidities, use of scheduled pain medication, and sociodemographic variables), bodily pain intensity for those with more severe pressure ulcers in comparison to those with Stage I ulcers was higher by 11% (Stage II), 14% (Stage III), 24% (Stage IV), and 22% (suspected deep tissue injury). Because multivariate analysis showed that greater bodily pain intensity was associated with an advanced stage of pressure ulcer, health care providers should assess bodily pain intensity and order appropriate pain management for nursing home residents with pressure ulcers, particularly for those with advanced pressure ulcers who are vulnerable to greater bodily pain intensity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changing Philosophy Through Technology: Complexity and Computer-Supported Collaborative Argument Mapping

Technology is not only an object of philosophical reflection but also something that can change this reflection. This paper discusses the potential of computer-supported argument visualization tools for coping with the complexity of philosophical arguments. I will show, in particular, how the interactive and web-based argument mapping software “AGORA-net” can change the practice of philosophical reflection, communication, and collaboration. AGORA-net allows the graphical representation of complex argumentations in logical form and the synchronous and asynchronous collaboration on those “argument maps” on the internet. Web-based argument mapping can overcome limits of space, time, and access, and it can empower users from all over the world to clarify their reasoning and to participate in deliberation and debate. Collaborative and web-based argument mapping tools such as AGORA-net can change the practice of arguing in two dimensions. First, arguing on web-based argument maps in both collaborative and adversarial form can lead to a fundamental shift in the way arguments are produced and debated. It can provide an alternative to the traditional four-step process of writing, publishing, debating, and responding in new writing with its clear distinction between individual and social activities by a process in which these four steps happen virtually simultaneously, and individual and social activities become more closely intertwined. Second, by replacing the linear form of arguments through graphical representations of networks of inferential relations which can grow over time in an infinite space, these tools do not only allow a clear visualization of structures and relations, but also forms of collaboration in which, for example, participants work on different “construction zones” of larger argument maps, or debates are performed at specific points of disagreement on those maps. I introduce the term synergetic logosymphysis (defined as a process in which an argumentative structure grows in a collaborative effort) to describe a practice that combines these two dimensions of collaborative- and web-based argument mapping.
Hot stage and sample cell design for the solidification of transparent materials with and without forced convection

A temperature gradient stage design for optical microscopy is described. Exceptional thermal stability is the major feature. The stage is used to study crystal growth phenomena occurring at the solid–liquid interface. The apparatus is designed to use transparent organic solutions as models for the study of metal‐like solidification. The stage provides a controlled thermal environment for unidirectional solidification of low melting temperature materials. Freezing rate is regulated by mechanically sliding in the stage a thin glass cell containing the material being studied. Two cell assemblies are described. One type is used for convection‐free and the other for controlled forced convection studies of the solidification interface.
A comparison of two lateral inhibitory models of metacontrast

Metacontrast, an apparent reduction in brightness of a target that is followed by a non-overlapping mask, has been modeled with simulated neural nets incorporating either recurrent lateral inhibition or forward and backward inhibition with lateral components. A one-layer lateral inhibitory model (B. Bridgeman, 1971, Psychological Review 78, 528-539) and a six-layer model (G. Francis, 1997, Psychological Review 104, 572-594) both simulate the basic metacontrast effect, showing that stimulus-dependent activity that reverberates for some time in the model after stimulus offset is essential to simulate metacontrast. The six-layer model does not simulate monotonic masking with low response criterion, an essential property of metacontrast; the lateral inhibitory model uses duration of reverberation to simulate the criterion. Each model simulates several variations of masking, such as changing the relative energy of target and mask, but neither can handle effects of practice or attention that apparently engage higher processing levels. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
Cross-cultural and educational aspects of the Ponzo perspective illusion

The magnitude of the Ponzo illusion was determined for two groups of Ugandans, university students and villagers. For the university population, increase in the depth cues in which the illusion was embedded produced an increase in illusion magnitude similar to that observed among students in an American university. For the villagers, however, no illusion was observed for any of the stimulus conditions. Since the environmental ecology of the two groups was similar, the lack of illusion among the villagers cannot be attributed to differential past history of exposure to depth cues. Rather it is hypothesized that responses to two-dimensional stimuli are determined by both depth and flatness cues, and that the responses of the uneducated observers were determined primarily by flatness cues.
Temperature and concentration dependences of Ho3+ to Yb3+ energy transfer in Yb3+, Ho3+ codoped KYF4

Abstract Temperature and Yb 3+ concentration dependences of the Ho 3+ to Yb 3+ energy transfer process in KYF 4 are reported. The energy transfer rate from Ho 3+ to Yb 3+ increases as T 4 at low temperatures and depends quadratically on Yb 3+ concentration. The results are explained by a one-phonon-assisted nonradiative energy transfer process with an electric dipole-dipole interaction mechanism.
Growth and composition of tomato as affected by source of nitrogen and biocides

Abstract Tomato (Lvcopersicon esculentum Mill.) was grown in soil culture in a greenhouse. Potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, and urea as N sources were compared using biocides (nitrapymn, captan, treflan, and DDT) and an untreated control. The largest shoot growth and fruit yields were obtained with plants fertilized with potassium nitrate. Potassium deficiency, manifested by leaf and stem necrosis and low levels of K in these tissues, appeared to be a limiting factor for the plants receiving urea or calcium nitrate. The depression of leaf and stem K by NH4 + or Ca++ was associated with the antagonism of these ions on K+ absorption. The biocides limited plant growth especially with urea and potassium nitrate. Depression of K, Ca, or Mg concentrations in the plants were effects associated with the biocides and their interactions with N sources.
Step heights associated with grain boundary dislocations in cubic crystals

Abstract The step vectors associated with perfect grain boundary dislocations in cubic crystals are determined for coincidence systems up to Σ37a. These determine the step heights which may be associated with the dislocations. Certain trends in the data are identified and rationalized : in particular, it is predicted that non-primitive grain boundary dislocations will be relatively stable in lower-coincidence boundaries. Structural and kinetic consequences of this prediction are discussed, and comparisons are drawn with available data.
Aminoguanidine Down-Regulates the Expression of mreB-like Protein in Bacillus subtilis

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for the production of endogenous nitric oxide from arginine, has been recently discovered in a number of Gram-positive bacteria. While bacterial NOS has been implicated in mediating nitrosative stress, much remains unknown about the functional role of endogenous nitric oxide in bacteria. Using the known NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine, we examined changes in the protein expression profile using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Treatment with aminoguanidine induced several changes in protein expression in Bacillus subtilis. In particular, mreB-like protein (Mbl) was fully down-regulated in the aminoguanidine-treated samples. The expression of Mbl was also examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Mbl was found to be fully down-regulated at the transcriptional level as well. Given the role that Mbl plays in the maintenance of cytoskeletal structure, it appears that bacterial NOS may participate in specific biosynthetic pathways with ramifications toward the regulation of antibiotic resistance.
Clonal light chain restricted primary intrapulmonary nodular amyloidosis

Primary intrapulmonary nodular amyloidosis is a rare form of immunoglobulin associated amyloidosis, also falling under the alternative appellation of amyloidoma. Although amyloidomas in other organ sites may be reflective of a localized or more generalized plasma cell dyscrasia, in the context of its presentation in the lung the presumptive basis has long been held to be one of chronic inflammation. We encountered 2 patients with nodular amyloidosis in whom the pathologic examination disclosed the basis to be one of a light chain restricted clonal lymphocytic plasma cell infiltrate, although without morphologic features of coexisting pulmonary lymphoma. These 2 patients serve to underscore the potential categorization of some cases of pulmonary nodular amyloidosis as a form of low grade B cell lymphoproliferative disease.
The Cellular and Physiological Mechanism of Wing-Body Scaling in Manduca sexta

In animals, appendages develop in proportion to overall body size; when individual size varies, appendages covary proportionally. In insects with complete metamorphosis, adult appendages develop from precursor tissues called imaginal disks that grow after somatic growth has ceased. It is unclear, however, how the growth of these appendages is matched to the already established body size. We studied the pattern of cell division in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta and found that both the rate of cell division and the duration of growth of the wing imaginal disks depend on the size of the body in which they develop. Moreover, we found that both of these processes are controlled by the level and duration of secretion of the steroid hormone ecdysone. Thus, proportional growth is under hormonal control and indirectly regulated by the central nervous system.
REMINISCENCE IN INVERTED ALPHABET PRINTING AS A FUNCTION OF DEGREE OF EEG ABNORMALITY.

This investigation was designed to test an hypothesized negative relationship between degree of EEG abnormality and amount of reminiscence in motor learning. The learning functions and three measures of reminiscence in inverted alphabet printing under massed practice conditions were compared for two groups of convulsive disorder patients differing in judged degree of EEG abnormality. A markedly abnormal EEG group exhibited significantly less reminiscence than a mildly abnormal EEG group in the absence of reliable differences in pre-rest performance level. A normal reference sample showed a higher level of performance than either neurological sample, but differed significantly in reminiscence only from the markedly abnormal EEG group. The results were interpreted to reflect the influence of central neural variables in the generation and dissipation of Ir.
Getting it together in teacher education: A “problem‐centered” curriculum

(1988). Getting it together in teacher education: A “problem‐centered” curriculum. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 65, Programmatic Response Toward Contemporary Teacher Education Reform, pp. 66-78.
Phenotype Differences of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone in Two Unrelated Families with an Identical Mutation in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Gene (R320C)

A new family with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) harboring a mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) β gene (R320C) is reported. The phenotype of affected members is compared to that of affected members of an unrelated family with an identical mutation in the TRβ gene that occurred independently. In one of the two families higher concentrations of free T4 were required to maintain a normal TSH level in affected subjects and unaffected first degree relatives but not in relatives by marriage. While this finding suggests that genetic background modulated the relative insensitivity to thyroid hormone caused by the mutant TRβ, it is uncertain whether the higher thyroid hormone levels prevented the occurrence of hyperactivity and attention deficit.
Structural stability of titania thin films

This paper studies the stability of thin films of nanostructured titania at elevated temperatures. Thin films of titania are intended for use in many applications, including high-temperature gas sensing devices. The initial structure of the films consists of nanocrystalline anatase (∼8nm). Exposure of the films to temperatures > 400°C results in the nucleation and subsequent rapid growth of rutile grains (final grain size > 300nm). In-situ, hot-stage experiments in the TEM were carried out, which revealed details about the nucleation and abnormal grain growth processes in this system. It is argued that coarsening of the nano-structure following the transformation is a characteristic of polymorphic reactions from metastable to stable phases. The nucleation process is a critical rate-controlling process for maintaining nanosize grains in the transformed material.
Mean reversion in asset returns and time non-separable preferences

Abstract Time non-separable preferences are used in combination with various specifications of the endowment process to calibrate the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Time non-separability is caused either by habit persistence or durability. It is demonstrated that the model can indeed produce the amount of mean reversion detected in historical returns. Specifically, habit persistence is required to match negative autocorrelation of annual asset returns and durability is needed to replicate positive autocorrelation detected in monthly asset returns. In addition, the CAPM with habit persistence can predict negative expected returns when calibrated to monthly data.
NMR chemical shift and relaxation measurements provide evidence for the coupled folding and binding of the p53 transactivation domain

The interaction between the acidic transactivation domain of the human tumor suppressor protein p53 (p53TAD) and the 70 kDa subunit of human replication protein A (hRPA70) was investigated using heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A 1H-15N heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) titration experiment was performed on a 15N-labeled fragment of hRPA70, containing the N-terminal 168 residues (hRPA701-168) and p53TAD. HRPA701-168 residues important for binding were identified and found to be localized to a prominent basic cleft. This binding site overlapped with a previously identified single-stranded DNA-binding site, suggesting that a competitive binding mechanism may regulate the formation of p53TAD-hRPA70 complex. The amide 1H and 15N chemical shifts of an uniformly 15N-labeled sample of p53TAD were also monitored before and after the addition of unlabeled hRPA701-168. In the presence of unlabeled hRPA701-168, resonance lineshapes increased and corresponding intensity reductions were observed for specific p53TAD residues. The largest intensity reductions were observed for p53TAD residues 42-56. Minimal binding was observed between p53TAD and a mutant form of hRPA701-168, where the basic cleft residue R41 was changed to a glutamic acid (R41E), demonstrating that ionic interactions play an important role in specifying the binding interface. The region of p53TAD most affected by binding hRPA701-168 was found to have some residual alpha helical and beta strand structure; however, this structure was not stabilized by binding hRPA701-168. 15N relaxation experiments were performed to monitor changes in backbone dynamics of p53TAD when bound to hRPA701-168. Large changes in both the transverse (R2) and rotating frame (R1) relaxation rates were observed for a subset of the p53TAD residues that had 1H-15N HSQC resonance intensity reductions during the complex formation. The folding of p53TAD upon complex formation is suggested by the pattern of changes observed for both R2 and R1. A model that couples the formation of a weak encounter complex between p53TAD and hRPA701-168 to the folding of p53TAD is discussed in the context of a functional role for the p53-hRPA70 complex in DNA repair.
Measurement of Gas Flow Rates from Small-Scale Reactions

The rate and total volume of noncondensable gas generation are important parameters in the safe, successful scale-up of chemical processes. Information regarding the evolution of noncondensable gas is used to (1) ensure the gas can be vented from the reactor without overpressurization, (2) calculate the concentration of flammable gases (or oxygen) to avoid creating an explosive mixture in the equipment, and (3) size the scrubber to ensure the capacity and heat removal rate are sufficient. The data are used in parallel with information regarding the heat of reaction from the desired chemistry, thermal stability of reaction mixtures/components, and an intimate knowledge of the process to analyze the risk associated with scaling up. If the level of risk is judged to be unacceptable, the analysis can be used to make rational process changes in order to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. Several techniques have been developed to study the gas hazards associated with a particular reaction. In general, thes...
Shot noise suppression in image sensors

Shot noise is fundamental to photon detection. In image sensors there is an opportunity for incorporating lateral processing for reduction of both shot noise and thermal noise. Based on the Bayesian argument, we derive a noise-smoothing model that suppresses noise while preserving image discontinuities due to scene structure. Further, we show a possible focal plane solver of this model using a compact electronic network. Simulated experimental results are presented and similarities with human vision are discussed.
The presence and impact of diastolic dysfunction on physical function and body composition in hemodialysis patients

Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are the main cause of death in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Muscle wasting and physical function decline are common in MHD patients, and significantly impair their quality of life. These can result from abnormalities in cardiac function, which can be further worsened by physical deconditioning. Left ventricular diastolic function parameters were recently shown to be a better predictor of exercise capacity than systolic measures in patients with CV complications. But little is known about the relationship between cardiac function and physical function in MHD patients. In 82 MHD patients, left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) was assessed by ejection fraction and fractional shortening with echocardiography, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) was assessed by pulse wave and tissue Doppler indices. Physical function was assessed by gait speed, performance on a shuttle walk test, and leg muscle strength. Dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure whole body lean mass (WBLM). The prevalence of LVDD and LVSD was 48.8 and 12.2 %, respectively. Gait speed, shuttle walk time, leg strength, and WBLM% were significantly higher in the group without LVDD than with LVDD (p < 0.05 for all). However, there was no significant difference in any measure of physical function or body composition between patients with and without LVSD. These data suggest that LVDD is more closely related to physical function and body composition than LVSD in MHD patients, and hence that LVDD may be an important therapeutic target.
Effects of endurance training on selected parameters of immune function in elderly women.

Background: Immune function decreases with age, rendering the elderly more susceptible to infection and tumor development. In addition, intense exercise has been shown to decrease i
Visit Frequency and Hypertension

The best return visit interval to achieve blood pressure control is currently unknown. This study investigates the relationship between return visit interval and percent change in blood pressure. We reviewed a cohort of hypertensive patient charts from two large, urban family practice offices. Four hundred twenty-nine patients with 7910 intervals showed a mean return visit interval of 79.5 days. Blood pressure control occurred during 34.5% of office visits. Pearson's r correlation coefficients between return visit interval and percent change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure demonstrated a small but statistically significant correlation. Shorter return visit intervals were associated with better percent changes in blood pressure. The return visit interval may be a simple and useful tool to improve management of hypertension.
The Long Gestation of the Modern Home Pregnancy Test

The ability of women to confirm their pregnancies in the privacy of their own homes was described as a “private little revolution” 35 years ago, when the early version of the modern home pregnancy test, e.p.t (Warner Chilcott), made its debut in the US (1). Indeed, pregnancy tests are among the most widely used home diagnostic tests, having accounted for $228 million in sales in 2012 (http://www.ibisworld.com/industry/pregnancy-test-kit-manufacturing.html?partnerid=prweb). The development of these tests, which are based on the detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)2 in the urine, came 50 years after the discovery of hCG by Aschheim and Zondek (2) and after several centuries of descriptions of many other pregnancy tests. The first pregnancy test to be recorded was written around 1350 BC in the Berlin medical papyrus: “Barley [and] wheat, let the woman water [them] with her urine every day with dates [and] the sand, in two bags. If they [both] grow, she will bear. If the barley grows, it means a male child. If the wheat grows, it means a female child. If both do not grow, she will not bear at all” (3). It is likely that the estrogens (and possibly other growth factors) present in pregnancy urine accounts for the growth stimulation of plants in this and other related plant-based tests described in papyri and later texts. During the Middle Ages, physicians described granules, turbidity, and color changes in urine obtained from pregnant women (3). The physicians who diagnosed pregnancy and a host of other medical conditions through examination of the urine were known as “piss prophets,” and they probably arrived at their diagnoses more from being excellent observers of the patient rather than of her urine (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. The Doctor's Visit . 1667. Oil on panel (44.5 × 31.1 cm) by Dutch artist Frans van Mieris the Elder. As a maid attempts to revive a young woman who has fainted, a “piss prophet” examines …