cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeated mild traumatic brain injury results in long-term white-matter disruption

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is an increasing public health concern as repetitive injuries can exacerbate existing neuropathology and result in increased neurologic deficits. In contrast to other models of repeated mTBI (rmTBI), our study focused on long-term white-matter abnormalities after bilateral mTBIs induced 7 days apart. A controlled cortical impact (CCI) was used to induce an initial mTBI to the right cortex of Single and rmTBI Sprague Dawley rats, followed by a second injury to the left cortex of rmTBI animals. Shams received only a craniectomy. Ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and histology were performed on the anterior corpus callosum at 60 days after injury. The rmTBI animals showed a significant bilateral increase in radial diffusivity (myelin), while only modest changes in axial diffusivity (axonal) were seen between the groups. Further, the rmTBI group showed an increased g-ratio and axon caliber in addition to myelin sheath abnormalities using TEM. Our DTI results indicate ongoing myelin changes, while the TEM data show continuing axonal changes at 60 days after rmTBI. These data suggest that bilateral rmTBI induced 7 days apart leads to progressive alterations in white matter that are not observed after a single mTBI.
Software law: retrospect and prospect

Discusses the legal and policy aspects of information technology use and development, reviewing what issues have gained attention since 1991, and what issues are likely to be important in the near future. >
Fifteen fatal fallacies of financial fundamentalism: A disquisition on demand-side economics

Much of the conventional economic wisdom prevailing in financial circles, largely subscribed to as a basis for governmental policy, and widely accepted by the media and the public, is based on incomplete analysis, contrafactual assumptions, and false analogy. For instance, encouragement to save is advocated without attention to the fact that for most people encouraging saving is equivalent to discouraging consumption and reducing market demand, and a purchase by a consumer is also income to vendors and suppliers. Equally fallacious are implications that what is possible or desirable for individuals one at a time will be equally possible or desirable for all who might wish to do so or for the economy as a whole. And often analysis seems to be based on the assumption that future economic output is almost entirely determined by inexorable economic forces independently of government policy so that devoting more resources to one use inevitably detracts from availability for another. This might be justifiable in an economy at chock-full employment, or it might be validated in a sense by postulating that the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) will pursue and succeed in a policy of holding unemployment strictly to a fixed “non-inflation-accelerating” or “natural” rate. But under current conditions such success is neither likely nor desirable. Some of the fallacies that result from such modes of thought are as follows. Taken together, their acceptance is leading to policies that at best are keeping us in the economic doldrums with overall unemployment rates stuck in the 5–6% range. This is bad enough merely in terms of the loss of 10–15% of our potential production, even if shared equitably, but when it translates into unemployment of 10%, 20%, and 40% among disadvantaged groups, the further damages in terms of poverty, family breakup, school truancy …
Noninvasive study of neurovascular coupling during graded neuronal suppression

In this study, the neurovascular coupling relationship was noninvasively studied in the human visual cortex. Graded neuronal/hemodynamic suppression conditions were generated using a paired-stimulus paradigm. Visual evoked potential was measured to quantify neuronal activity. Hemodynamic activities were measured and quantified by perfusion and blood oxygenation level-dependent changes. All quantification was normalized to the same activation condition induced by a single stimulus paradigm within each experimental session. This experiment design eliminated the confounding factors such as anesthesia and inconsistent neurovascular coupling patterns within and/or among tasks. The results reveal that (i) there is a tight neurovascular coupling at graded neuronal suppression conditions; (ii) the neurovascular coupling relationship contains a subtle, but significant, nonlinear component; and (iii) the linear model, nevertheless, is still a good approximation reflecting the neurovascular coupling relationship. This study extends the range of the neurovascular coupling relationship from graded neuronal excitation conditions to graded neuronal suppression conditions.
Dosing and monitoring of low-molecular-weight heparin in high-risk pregnancy: single-center experience.

Study Objective. To evaluate dosing requirements and monitoring patterns of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) when usedinhigh-risk pregnancy. Design. Retrospective, observational, cohort study. Setting. University-affiliated medical center. Patients. Forty-nine women treated with LMWH between 2001 and 2005 for either prophylaxis or treatment of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and monitored with antifactor Xa activity. Measurements and Main Results. Data were obtained on 53 pregnancies in the 49 women. The primary outcome was change in dosing requirements of LMWH throughout pregnancy as determined by the corresponding antifactor Xa activity peak levels. Mean starting doses of twice-daily enoxaparin and doses most proximate to delivery were 39.2 mg (range 30–60 mg) and 55.0 mg (range 30–100 mg, p=0.06), respectively, for the prophylaxis group and 83.0 mg (range 30–180 mg) and 85.7 mg (range 30–160 mg, p=0.41), respectively, for the therapeutic group. Weight-based mean starting doses and doses most proximate to delivery were 0.46 and 0.62 mg/kg (p=0.03), respectively, for the prophylaxis group and 0.90 and 0.87 mg/kg (p=0.29), respectively, for the therapeutic group. Dose changes were required in 9 (69%) of 13 pregnancies and 21 (55%) of 38 pregnancies (data from two of the 40 pregnancies were excluded—one in a patient receiving dalteparin, and one in a patient with mitral valve replacement who had higher antifactor Xa goals) in the prophylaxis and therapeutic groups, respectively, to achieve target antifactor Xa activity. The weight-based prophylactic dose was consistently 0.6 mg/kg in all three trimesters, achieving a mean ± SD target antifactor Xa activity of 0.39 ± 0.18 units/ml, whereas the therapeutic dose was 0.9 mg/kg to maintain antifactor Xa activity of 0.71 ± 0.22 units/ml. Conclusion. Dose changes for LMWH throughout pregnancy as guided by antifactor Xa activity were common. A significant increase in the LMWH dose requirements in the prophylactic group suggests that more frequent monitoring of antifactor Xa activity may be appropriate in pregnant patients to maintain target anticoagulant levels.
Event Flow Hydrograph–Based Method for Modeling Sediment Transport

AbstractA simple method, called the hydrograph-based method, is presented for estimating sediment transport during flood events in rivers. The method is characterized by the following features: (1) widely available flow hydrographs are used as primary input data; (2) the shear stress, shear velocity, and friction slope, calculated using a hydrograph, are employed to determine flow depth and velocity for a flood event; and (3) a conventional simple sediment transport formula is utilized in combination with the hydrograph-based flow parameters to estimate sediment transport during a flood event. The new hydrograph-based method is examined using a hypothetical hydrograph and demonstrated through applications to a number of flood events in two lowland rivers. The sediment concentrations predicted by the hydrograph-based method are found to be comparable or more accurate than those from the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System model, demonstrating the efficacy of the new method. The engineerin...
Abyssal circulation over the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge

Abstract Data from hydrographic stations, current measurements of four to six months' duration, and bottom photographs are used to infer the pattern of abyssal circulation in the vicinity of the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge north of Puerto Rico. A deep contour-following current of Antarctic Bottom Water with a small admixture of North Atlantic Deep Water flows southeast along the Bahama Banks, counterclockwise around the Silver Abyssal Plain, clockwise around the northwest end of the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge and then eastward along the north flank of the ridge. The Antarctic Bottom Water enters the basin of the Hatteras Abyssal Plain through Vema Gap, flows counterclockwise around the abyssal plain and then south along the lower continental rise into the region of the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge as a deep extension of the Western Boundary Undercurrent. This deep circulation pattern may provide a mechanism by which terrigenous detritus from the North American continental margin has been transported to the southeast and deposited to form the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge.
EXTRUDED WOOD-FLOUR POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES: EFFECT OF A MALEATED POLYPROPYLENE COUPLING AGENT ON FILLER-MATRIX BONDING AND PROPERTIES

Full factorial studies were conducted to determine the effects of a coupling agent (a low molecular weight maleated polypropylene (MAPP)) and other composition and processing variables on the mechanical properties of a wood-flour-filled polypropylene (PP) compos­ ite. Effects of MAPP on the bonding between PP and wood veneer were also examined. At less than 1 percent by weight, MAPP produced useful increases in strength and modulus properties of the composite, and this effect was somewhat enhanced by small-particle-size wood flour and multiple extrusions. However, MAPP caused small losses in notched impact energy. High extrusion temperature (190°C to 250°C) had little influence on strength, but it decreased notched impact energy. Peel force between PP and wood veneer was increased by pretreatment with MAPP for aspen, but not for birch, aspen being more porous than birch. The effectiveness of MAPP may therefore be related to its ability to penetrate the wood and form a strongly held hydrophobic layer that is attractive to the PP, thereby in­ creasing both the effective bonding area and mechanical interlocking.
Intermolecular forces and functional group effects in the packing structure of thiophene derivatives

Thiophene was derivatized at the β-carbon with isophthalic, dipicolinic, and four nitrobenzoic acids to yield 4-thiophen-3-yl-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester, I; 5-thiophen-3-yl-isophthalic acid diethyl ester, II; 2-nitro-4-thiophen-3-yl benzoic acid ethyl ester, III; 3-nitro-4-thiophen-3-yl benzoic acid ethyl ester, IV; 3-nitro-2-thiophen-3-yl benzoic acid ethyl ester, V; and 2-nitro-5-thiophen-3-yl benzoic acid ethyl ester, VI. These resulting compounds have been isolated and characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The solid-state structures of these substances are discussed as a function of the position and nature of the functional groups and the intermolecular forces. Modeling of the thiophene−aromatic ring torsion angle allowed us to attribute large differences in torsion angles to packing effects in the structures, due to π−π interactions between the aromatic rings.
Rings graded by polycyclic-by-finite groups

We use the duality between group gradings and group actions to study polycyclic-by-finite group-graded rings. We show that, for such rings, graded Noetherian implies Noetherian and relate the graded Krull dimension to the Krull dimension. In addition we find a bound on the length of chains of prime ideals not containing homogeneous elements when the grading group is nilpotent-by-finite. These results have suitable corollaries for strongly groupgraded rings. Our work extends several results on skew group rings, crossed products and group-graded rings. Introduction. An associative ring with identity is said to be graded by the group G if R = E R(x) xEG is a direct sum of additive subgroups R(x) with R(x)R(y) C R(xy). It follows that 1R E R(1). R is said to be strongly G-graded if R(x)R(y) = R(xy) for all x, y E G. The group G is said to be polycyclic-by-finite if G has a subnormal series 1 = Go a G, a * * a Gn = G, where Gi/Gi-, is either infinite cyclic or finite. If G has a normal series of this type, then G is said to be strongly polycyclic-by-finite. The number of infinite cyclic factors which occur in this series is called the Hirsch number of G and is denoted by h(G). Since any two series have isomorphic refinements, h(G) is a nonzero integer invariant of G. In their paper [6] M. Cohen and S. Montgomery proved a duality theorem for finite group gradings and group actions on rings. Their methods provided a way to translate results on finite crossed products to more general group-graded rings. Their construction was developed concretely by the second author in [11], where further applications were given. In addition the approach there works for infinite groups. Here we use this method to study Krull dimension and chains of prime ideals in rings graded by polycyclic-by-finite groups. The construction of [11] for infinite groups is sketched in ?1. We comment that the duality theorem of Cohen and Montgomery has been extended by R. Blattner and S. Montgomery [4] to handle certain infinite groups as a corollary to a more general theorem on Hopf algebra actions. Other studies of the duality have been made by M. van den Bergh [2] and J. Osterburg [10]. We now describe the main results of this paper. Let R be graded by a polycyclicby-finite group G. In ?2 we show that a graded R-module M, which is graded Noetherian, is in fact Noetherian. Also in this situation, we show that the Krull Received by the editors October 7, 1986. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 16A03, 16A55, 16A33; Secondary 16A24. ?1988 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/88 $1.00 + $.25 per page
Numerical solutions for the pressure poisson equation with Neumann boundary conditions using a non-staggered grid, 1

Abstract Numerical solutions are obtained for the pressure Poisson equation with Neumann boundary conditions using a non-staggered grid. The existence of a solution for this equation requires the satisfaction of a compatibility condition which relates the source of the Poisson equation and the Neumann boundary conditions. This compatibility condition is not automatically satisfied on non-staggered grids. Failure to satisfy the compatibility condition leads to non-convergent iterative solutions. Consistent finite-difference approximations for the pressure equation with Neumann boundary conditions are developed to satisfy the compatibility condition on non-staggered grids. The method is applied to calculate the pressure coefficient in a driven cavity when given the velocity field. The velocity is computed from the stream function-vorticity formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations.
Beyond morphology: minimal residual disease detection in acute myeloid leukemia.

Purpose of review Improved laboratory diagnostics over the past decade has resulted in identifiable genetic alterations and/or abnormal expression patterns in the majority of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These leukemic patterns can then be monitored once patients achieve a morphologic remission. The role of various methodologies to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) in AML is reviewed, as well as the emerging role of MRD detection in prognostication and treatment decisions. Recent findings Assessment of MRD in AML is now possible using updated methods including real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) for abnormal fusion transcripts, RQ-PCR for proteins known to be overexpressed in AML such as Wilms' tumor gene, and multiparameter flow cytometry to detect leukemia-associated phenotypes. Using these techniques, MRD analysis has shown value in terms of risk assessment, continued patient monitoring, and for therapeutic decision-making. Summary MRD assessment can detect residual leukemia burden after treatment with improved sensitivity compared to morphology alone. There are now extensive data to support the prognostic value of MRD detection both after chemotherapy and in the pre and posttransplant setting, and emerging evidence to suggest there is a clinically relevant value to treatment decisions based on MRD results. The need for standardization of MRD technologies and interpretation is, thus, of critical importance.
Epoxy resin analysis by Fourier transform mass spectrometry: a comparison of pyrolysis and laser ablation

Abstract The pyrolysis or decomposition products of cured, fire retardant epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of tetrabrominated bisphenol A) were compared under several different conditions: thermal pyrolysis, laser ablation and cw laser pyrolysis. Volatile neutral products were ionized by electron impact, except in the case of direct laser ionization, and detected by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Pyrolysis gave high molecular weight fragments and a considerable amount of information about the monomer composition. Detection of directly ionized, laser-ablated products gave some molecular fragments from microprobe sample sizes, although the spectra are complex. Laser ablation/electron impact ionization produced mostly low molecular weight fragments that gave limited information about the material. Laser pyrolysis using a cw argon ion laser provided some large fragments and consumed small amounts of sample. The relationships and analytical value of these techniques are discussed.
PI3 kinase mediates bile salt induced proliferation in a telomerase-immortalized Barrett’s cell line

Abstract Introduction: Bile exposure is implicated in the malignant progression of Barrett's esophagus. Our previous studies demonstrated that bile salt exposure in a Barrett's adenocarcinoma cell line induces proliferation by activating the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway. However, it is not clear that these findings in cancer cells are applicable to the non-neoplastic cells of Barrett's esophagus. Therefore, we studied the effects of bile on PI3 kinase activation and proliferation in a novel, telomerase-immortalized, non-neoplastic Barrett's cell line. Methods: A human, telomerase-immortalized Barrett's cell line (BAR D2847 hTERT lox) was exposed to the conjugated bile salt glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDA) at neutral pH. Proliferation was measured by the MTT incorporation assay and Coulter counter. PI3 kinase activity was inferred from western blots for phosphorylated (active form) and total Akt, the major down-stream effector of PI3 kinase. LY294002, a PI3 kinase inhibitor, was used to block the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway. Results: A 5-minute exposure to the clinically relevant concentration of 200uM GCDA produced a 50% cell number increase (P Conclusions: Conjugated bile salts stimulate proliferation in a non-neoplastic Barrett's cell line in a PI3 kinase dependent fashion. We propose that bile exposure acts as a growth signal in the early stages of non-neoplastic Barrett's, thereby promoting progression to adenocarcinoma.
Note on the factor structure of the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory.

The factor structure of the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory was examined. Millon, Green, and Meagor in 1982 factor analyzed the responses to the inventory using a principal component analysis which gave four factors. Here procedures used by Millon, et al. were replicated. Principal components analysis (N = 26 pain patients and 37 graduate students in counseling) with a varimax rotation resulted in four factors which essentially replicated the earlier findings. However, further study of the inventory should determine the stability of these factors with larger samples.
Three-dimensional computer generated breast phantom based on empirical data

The goal of this work is to create a detailed three-dimensional (3D) digital breast phantom based on empirical data and to incorporate it into the four-dimensional (4D) NCAT phantom, a computerized model of the human anatomy widely used in imaging research. Twenty sets of high-resolution breast CT data were used to create anatomically diverse models. The datasets were segmented using techniques developed in our laboratory and the breast structures will be defined using a combination of non-uniform rational b-splines (NURBS) and subdivision surfaces (SD). Imaging data from various modalities (x-ray and nuclear medicine) were simulated to demonstrate the utility of the new breast phantoms. As a proof of concept, a simple compression technique was used to deform the breast models while maintaining a constant volume to simulate modalities (mammography and tomosynthesis) that involve compression. Initial studies using one CT dataset indicate that the simulated breast phantom is capable of providing a realistic and flexible representation of breast tissue and can be used with different acquisition methods to test varying imaging parameters such as dose, resolution, and patient motion. The final model will have a more accurate depiction of the internal breast structures and will be scaleable in terms of size and density. Also, more realistic finite-element techniques will be used to simulate compression. With the ability to simulate realistic, predictive patient imaging data, we believe the phantom will provide a vital tool to investigate current and emerging breast imaging methods and techniques.
Gastrin induces histamine release from human cutaneous mast cells

Abstract Physiologic concentrations of human gastrin I (G 17 ) and a synthetic analog of the carboxy-terminal region of gastrin, pentagastrin, provoked a dose-related release of histamine from human cutaneous mast cells in vitro. The N-terminal tridecapeptide portion of gastrin (G 1–13 ) neither stimulated histamine release nor blocked the action of G 17 . In vivo correlation studies demonstrated that low concentrations (10 −12 M to 10 −10 M) of G 17 or pentagastrin administered intradermally provoked a modest but definite wheal-and-flare response in four out of six normal subjects and a more marked, dose-related response in a patient with mastocytosis. These results indicate that physiologic concentrations of gastrin can stimulate mediator release from human cutaneous mast cells. We propose that this reponse may be mediated through receptors recognizing the carboxy-terminal region of the gastrin molecule. The possible role of gastrin-induced human mast cell-mediator release should be considered in the assessment of allergic disorders and in experimental models investigating mast cell function.
A size-structured food-web model for the global ocean

We present a model of diverse phytoplankton and zooplankton populations embedded in a global ocean circulation model. Physiological and ecological traits of the organisms are constrained by relationships with cell size. The model qualitatively reproduces global distributions of nutrients, biomass, and primary productivity, and captures the power-law relationship between cell size and numerical density, which has realistic slopes of between −1.3 and −0.8. We use the model to explore the global structure of marine ecosystems, highlighting the importance of both nutrient and grazer controls. The model suggests that zooplankton : phytoplankton (Z : P) biomass ratios may vary from an order of 0.1 in the oligotrophic gyres to an order of 10 in upwelling and high-latitude regions. Global estimates of the strength of bottom-up and top-down controls within plankton size classes suggest that these large-scale gradients in Z : P ratios are driven by a shift from strong bottom-up, nutrient limitation in the oligotrophic gyres to the dominance of top-down, grazing controls in more productive regions.
CP violating asymmetries in Bs decays into Λ

Decay modes such as Bs→Λλ, λΛπ, Λλϱ are ruther unique among baryonic B decays in having only one isospin amplitude. The ΛΛ mode has the additional bonus of having, in the standard model, no phase difference between its s and p partial waves. Rates, governed by a loop process, are estimated to be a few times 10−5 and around 10−4, for two- and three-body final states, respectively. The CP violating rate asymmetries are given by loop-tree interference and may reach 7%. The Λ polarization and the CP violating asymmetries in the polarization between Bs andBs decays, will serve as an additional tool to study decay mechanis ms and to discriminate among models ofCP violation.
Energy Level Alignment in PCDTBT:PC70BM Solar Cells: Solution Processed NiOx for Improved Hole Collection and Efficiency

Abstract Solution-based NiO x outperforms PEDOT:PSS in device performance and stability when used as a hole-collection layer in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells formed with poly[ N -9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT) and PC 70 BM. The origin of the enhancement is clarified by studying the interfacial energy level alignment between PCDTBT or the 1:4 blended heterojunctions and PEDOT:PSS or NiO x using ultraviolet and inverse photoemission spectroscopies. The 1.6 eV electronic gap of PEDOT:PSS and energy level alignment with the BHJ result in poor hole selectivity of PEDOT:PSS and allows electron recombination at the PEDOT:PSS/BHJ interface. Conversely, the large band gap (3.7 eV) of NiO x and interfacial dipole (⩾0.6 eV) with the organic active layer leads to a hole-selective interface. This interfacial dipole yields enhanced electron blocking properties by increasing the barrier to electron injection. The presence of such a strong dipole is predicted to further promote hole collection from the organic layer into the oxide, resulting in increased fill factor and short circuit current. An overall decrease in recombination is manifested in an increase in open circuit voltage and power conversion efficiency of the device on NiO x versus PEDOT:PSS interlayers.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Inhibits Packaging and Antiviral Activity of a Degradation-Resistant APOBEC3G Variant

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif counteracts the antiviral activity of the human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (APO3G) by inhibiting its incorporation into virions. This has been attributed to the Vif-induced degradation of APO3G by cytoplasmic proteasomes. We recently demonstrated that although APO3G has a natural tendency to form RNA-dependent homo-multimers, multimerization was not essential for encapsidation into HIV-1 virions or antiviral activity. We now demonstrate that a multimerization-defective APO3G variant (APO3G C97A) is able to assemble into RNase-sensitive high-molecular-mass (HMM) complexes, suggesting that homo-multimerization of APO3G and assembly into HMM complexes are unrelated RNA-dependent processes. Interestingly, APO3G C97A was highly resistant to Vif-induced degradation even though the two proteins were found to interact in coimmunoprecipitation experiments and exhibited partial colocalization in transfected HeLa cells. Surprisingly, encapsidation and antiviral activity of APO3G C97A were both inhibited by Vif despite resistance to degradation. These results demonstrate that targeting of APO3G to proteasome degradation and interference with viral encapsidation are distinct functional properties of Vif.
Efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus gastroenteritis among American Indian children.

Background:Before the widespread use of rotavirus vaccines, rotavirus was a leading cause of gastroenteritis among children. Navajo and White Mountain Apache children suffer a disproportionate burden of severe rotavirus disease compared with the general US population.Methods:We enrolled Navajo and W
Milk: Can a “Good” Food Be So Bad?

Since at least the turn of the 20th century, the value of milk as a nutrient-dense food for children has been reflected in documents that call for its inclusion in public feeding programs (Table 1). In 1909, children in Cleveland who participated in summer programs were offered a meal of “bread, and jam and a hot dish” and could get milk in the mornings “on orders from the medical inspector.” A year later, home economics classes in Boston prepared sandwiches and milk for elementary school children 2 days each week. By June 1940, federal funds were allocated to provide milk for children in 15 Chicago elementary schools. The price to children was 1 cent per half-pint, with subsidies from private donations available for those who could not pay. The half-pint container of milk became a lunchtime staple for millions of North American children in 1943, when the milk program was made part of the federal school lunch program. And after President Harry Truman signed the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) into law in 1946, a half-pint of milk was 1 of 5 required components in a type A lunch, which was designed to meet one third of a child’s daily nutritional requirements. Children whose schools did not participate in the NSLP could purchase milk at the subsidized price of 3 cents per half-pint.1 In the 1950s, federal milk subsidies to school milk programs served the dual purpose of promoting a healthful food and using agricultural surpluses.1 View this table: TABLE 1. Emphasis on Milk in Early Child Feeding Programs in the United States—Selected Examples US dietary guidance documents consistently have included dairy products as one component of a healthful diet. Nonetheless, milk consumption has been falling and with it, adequate intake of calcium, which is essential for bone health. The decline is …
Effect of thyroxin on heparin inhibition of cortisone A-ring reduction.

Leberhomogenate aus mit Thyroxin injizierten Ratten reduzieren den Ring A von Kortison schneller als Homogenate von normalen Tieren. Die Reduktion von Kortison mit Kontrollpraparaten konnte mit Heparin leicht verhindert werden, nicht aber durch Einspritzen von Thyroxin.
Grating induction: a new explanation for stationary phantom gratings

The magnitude of brightness variations within test fields of grating induction and phantom grating type displays was measured using a pointwise brightness matching paradigm. A range of test field luminances was sampled which encompassed those reported to give rise to both in-phase phantom and counterphase induced gratings. Results from four observers failed to reveal the existence of stationary "in phase" phantom gratings: at all test field luminances the spatial phase of brightness modulations was consistently opposite to that of the inducing grating. At low or high test field luminances, however, test field luminance matches to the bright or dark half-cycles of induced gratings approximate the luminances of the troughs or peaks of the dark or bright half-cycles of the inducing gratings, respectively. Thus, at low test field luminances the dark half-cycle of the inducing grating may appear to continue across the dark test field, and similarly, at high test field luminances the bright half-cycle may appear continuous with the bright test field. Previously misidentified as being "in-phase" with the inducing grating, the appearance of "phantoms" is suggested to arise due to the apparent brightness continuity of these induction-produced half-cycles of the induced grating across the test field.
Helium isotopes in lithospheric mantle: Evidence from Tertiary basalts of the western USA

Abstract The isotopic compositions of He, Sr, and Nd were measured in Tertiary-age basalts from the Basin and Range province of the western USA to evaluate models for the He isotopic character of subcontinental mantle lithosphere (SCML) and assess the role of recycled SCML in models of mantle evolution. Previous isotopic and trace element measurements suggested that most of these basalts were formed by melting of SCML. 3 He/ 4 He ratios, measured by in-vacuo crushing of olivine phenocrysts, vary from 2.9 to 7.8 times the atmospheric value (2.9 to 7.8 Ra) consistently below the MORB value of 8.7 ± 0.5 Ra. The lowest R/Ra values, associated with low e Nd , high 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, and high La/Nb, are attributable to lithospheric mantle, and indicate that SCML is not dominated by MORB-type He, nor by high R/Ra, plume-type He. Consideration of geographic variability indicates there are two, and possibly three, distinct regions of SCML with differing He isotopic characteristics. SCML beneath the eastern Sierra Nevada is inferred to have 3 He/ 4 He of ∼5.5 Ra and a He/Nd ratio slightly less than MORB-type mantle; SCML beneath the central Basin and Range has 3 He/ 4 He of ∼4 Ra and a higher He/Nd ratio than MORB-type mantle. The SCML under southwestern Utah shows less systematic correlation of He isotopes with other geochemical parameters, but also has a lower bound R/Ra value of about 4 Ra. The inferred SCML helium ratios are consistent with retention of radiogenic 4 He over 800 Ma for the eastern Sierra Nevada and 1700 Ma for the other two regions. The results are not consistent with models of He infiltration from the underlying asthenosphere and suggest the lithosphere of the Basin and Range region was not delaminated during the early Tertiary. The He, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions inferred for the SCML of the southwestern USA are a reasonably good match to the characteristics of the EMII component of mantle heterogeneity identified in oceanic island basalts. High R/Ra mantle reservoirs identified in these basalts are not likely to represent recycled SCML.
Microscopic evaluation of root surface associations in vivo.

These preliminary studies were undertaken to test the effectiveness of a new procedure for in vivo examination of interactions between bacteria and root surfaces. For this purpose, four patients with juvenile periodontitis, four with chronic periodontitis, and four normal subjects were selected. For this procedure, root segments 8 mm long, 2 mm wide, and 150–200 μm thick were prepared from normal teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. These root segments were then sterilized with ethylene oxide. In each subject, one root segment was placed in direct apposition to the mesial surface of a previously scaled lower first molar and positioned to extend 4–5 mm supragingivally and 2–4 mm subgingivally. Root strips were removed after seven days, fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in Spurr's resin. Light and electron microscopic examination of sections from the supragingival portion of root segments revealed bacteria within the root surface in all normal and chronic periodontitis subjects and in two juvenile periodontitis subjects. A nonpenetrating flora was associated with the supragingival portion of the root segments from the other two juvenile periodontitis subjects. Subgingivally, root segments from normal subjects were colonized by junctional epithelium with hemidesmosomes and wide intercellular spaces in which bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were occasionally seen. In root segments from chronic periodontitis patients, the surface appeared to be occupied by Gram (+) bacteria that were morphologically similar to those seen supragingivally in samples from the same patients. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a sparse, loosely associated flora was present on the surface of the subgingival portion of the root samples from juvenile periodontitis patients. The contrast between the presence of bacteria within the supragingival and subgingival portions of root segments obtained from chronic periodontitis patients and the absence of bacteria in root segments from all subgingival samples and two supragingival root samples in the juvenile periodontitis group was considered the most provocative result of the study. It was concluded, on the basis of these results, that the procedure used for the preparation and placement of root segments overcomes limitations inherent in other techniques for the study of subgingival events and permits clear discrimination between patterns of bacterial colonization of the root surface in different subject populations.
Harpacticoid copepod diversity at two physically reworked sites in the deep sea

Abstract Grassle’s and Jumars’ theories of diversity maintenance in the quiescent deep sea view millimeter-to-meter-scale patchiness (mostly of biological origin) as crucial. In other deep-sea regions, episodes of strong near-bottom flow put the surficial sediment layers into motion, obliterating the biologically produced, millimeter-to-meter-scale patchiness. Under these theories, sites eroded so frequently that such patchiness is eliminated almost as soon as it is created should have lower diversities than sites where the time between erosive events is sufficient for this type of patchiness to be produced and exploited. I tested this prediction by comparing the diversities of harpacticoid copepods at two sites on Fieberling Guyot to determine whether Grassle’s and Jumars’ theories can be extended to the portion of the deep sea that experiences episodic erosive flows. At White Sand Swale (=WSS) (32°27.581′N, 127°47.839′W), strong near-bottom flows erode the surficial sediment daily. At Sea Pen Rim (=SPR) (32°27.631′N, 127°49.489′W), strong near-bottom flows erode the surficial sediment a few times annually. Contrary to expectation, the diversity of harpacticoid copepods was significantly greater at WSS than at SPR. However, the erosion regime at WSS may create small-scale patchiness that promotes harpacticoid diversity.
Multiple stress tolerance in an antarctic terrestrial arthropod: Belgica antarctica

Abstract Terrestrial arthropods of the maritime Antarctic experience a diverse range of environmental Stressors including extended periods of ice and snow cover, anoxia, immersion in water of variable pH and salinity, and extensive habitat drying. The collembolan Cryptopygus antarcticus and the mite Alaskozetes antarcticus seasonally depress whole body supercooling points to avoid the lethal effects of freezing. Alternatively, the wingless chironomid Belgica antarctica has a relatively limited supercooling capacity (between −6 and −8 °C) and tolerates extracellular freezing. The lower limit of freeze tolerance remains unchanged near −13 °C throughout the year in B. antarctica . Summer larvae tolerate dehydration to a limit of 35% of initial body weight as well as extended periods of anoxia and immersion in freshwater and saltwater. Two weeks of exposure to variable pH (3–12) induced no mortality.
Student Perceptions of Juvenile Offender Accounts in Criminal Justice Education

In criminal justice programs, a major teaching objective is to expose students to the wide range of experiences and career paths available in criminal justice. Technological advances increase instructional strategies so that students may gain more realistic educational experience and correct erroneous perceptions about the criminal justice system. This paper describes one such strategy for online criminal justice students, a virtual prison tour, founded on the principles of social learning, experiential learning, and e-learning. In an upperclass course in juvenile delinquency, 43 students viewed a video of incarcerated juvenile offenders recounting their experiences of institutionalization, sentences, challenges, programming, and fears upon release. Student responses to seven quantitative questions and one qualitative question revealed that the video greatly impacted their attitudes, understanding, and perceptions of the juvenile justice system and provided pedagogical benefits. This strategy can be used to help criminal justice educators enhance student learning so that students experience a major aspect of the juvenile justice system.
Synthesis and evaluation of new substrate analogues of streptomyces R61 DD-peptidase: dissection of a specific ligand.

Good substrates of the Streptomyces R61 dd-peptidase, such as glycyl-l-α-amino-e-pimelyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine, 1 (Anderson, J. W.; Pratt, R. F. Biochemistry 2000, 39, 12200−12209), contain the glycyl-l-α-amino-e-pimelyl side chain. A number of thia variants of this structure have been synthesized by means of a disconnection strategy whereby the appropriate thiols were reacted with either acryloyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine or haloalkanoyl-d-alanyl-d-alanines. Kinetics studies of the hydrolysis of these compounds by the R61 dd-peptidase showed that the presence of the N-terminal glycylammonium ion and the pimelyl-α-carboxylate are very important for efficient catalysis. The results of deletion of the C-terminal d-alanine indicate a promising direction toward new inhibitors. Shorter (one methylene less) and longer (one methylene more) analogues of 1 are also poor substrates. Molecular modeling and dynamics studies suggest that the higher mobility of the active site residues and the modified substrates in enzyme−subst...
Hydrogels of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate—glycerol monomethacry‐late copolymers

Hydrophilic three-dimensional polymer networks (hydrogels) were prepared from hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and the copolymer HEMA and glycerol monomethacrylate (GMMA). The equilibrium water content of the hydrogels in water was investigated as a function of the initial dilution of the polymerization mixture, the type of solvent, and the hydrophilicity of the polymer. The initial dilution was found to have a decisive effect on the swelling or deswelling of hydrogels after the completion of the gel formation. With relatively less hydrophilic hydrogels, there is a critical initial dilution to produce the gel which does not swell or deswell in water after the gel formation. This “isovolumic” initial dilution shifts toward a higher dilution as the hydrophilicity of the hydrogels increases; however, when hydrophilicity of the polymer rises above a certain point, gels always swell in water. Permeability of oxygen through hydrogels was also studied.
Evaluating Pheromone Emission Rate and Blend in Disrupting Sexual Communication of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Emission characteristics of 3 sex pheromone components, (E,E)–8, 10–dodecadien– 1–01[codlemone], 1–dodecanol, and I–tetradecanol, of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were determined from a polyethylene tube dispenser. A model predicting emission rate of codlemone as a function of accumulated degree hours and temperature was developed. The effectiveness of different blends and estimated emission rates of codlemone at dusk in disrupting sexual communication of codling moth were evaluated in field tests in apple ( Malus X domestica [Borkham]) during 1991–1992. In all field tests, virgin female–baited traps and releases of marked male moths were used. Traps were placed at 3 heights in the canopy in 9 orchards treated with 1,000 polyethylene tube dispensers per hectare and a single untreated orchard. Trap height significantly affected moth catch in both the pheromone–treated and untreated orchards. The difference in moth catches between pheromone–treated and the untreated orchard with respect to the estimated codlemone emission rate at dusk was substantial for each height, and tile slopes did not differ among heights. A significant negative regression was found for moth catch and the estimated codlemone emission rate from fibre dispensers aged in the field 0–120 d in small plots (0.1 hal. No difference in moth catch was found for plots treated with Celcon hollow fiber dispensers emitting codlemone versus a 3–component blend. Emission rate was a significant factor affecting moth catch. Problems associated with using these data to establish a minimum effective pheromone emission rate for disruption of codling moth are discussed.
Whole-genome molecular haplotyping of single cells

Conventional experimental methods of studying the human genome are limited by the inability to independently study the combination of alleles, or haplotype, on each of the homologous copies of the chromosomes. We developed a microfluidic device capable of separating and amplifying homologous copies of each chromosome from a single human metaphase cell. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis of amplified DNA enabled us to achieve completely deterministic, whole-genome, personal haplotypes of four individuals, including a HapMap trio with European ancestry (CEU) and an unrelated European individual. The phases of alleles were determined at ∼99.8% accuracy for up to ∼96% of all assayed SNPs. We demonstrate several practical applications, including direct observation of recombination events in a family trio, deterministic phasing of deletions in individuals and direct measurement of the human leukocyte antigen haplotypes of an individual. Our approach has potential applications in personal genomics, single-cell genomics and statistical genetics.
Transnational Strategies of Protection and Defense by Multinational Corporations: Spreading the Risk and Raising the Cost for Nationalization in Natural Resources

Multinational corporations in natural resource industries that are challenged by economic nationalists in the countries where they have their production stage can no longer count automatically on the direct diplomatic support of their home governments as they could in the days of the Big Stick or the Pith Helmet. To protect their investments, they are realizing that they may have to devise their own means for the defense of their interests. Gunboats and marines no longer respond unhesitatingly to their beck and call. And even the more subtle pressures from loans blocked, funds impounded, credits unavailable, and aid cut off require a carefully orchestrated private effort to arrange. In the study of transnational relations, the large international natural resource companies have frequently been singled out as nongovernmental actors who possess par excellence the power to carry out their own foreign policy, to form alliances and exercise influence with a scope and range that exceeds the control of the countries in which they operate.' Not all such companies need to perfect these skills in private diplomacy, however. I have shown in a prior study that vertically integrated natural resource companies in which the crucial scale factors or barriers to entry are located downstream from the production stagesuch as tropical agriculture, tin, bauxite, and iron ore-may have various opportunities to keep oligopoly control outside the reach of
Spatially variable discharge over a sloping plane

The equation of motion of a spatially variable discharge in an open channel, the flow being produced by a lateral or a vertical inflow, has been treated previously [see 1, 2 of “References” at end of paper]. These treatments, however, are not immediately applicable to the phenomenon of runoff from a plane surface, which is an example of spatially variable discharge. The following reasons may be mentioned. First, these derivations ignore the effect of a variation of the depth of water with time and also the effect of an initial flow having the same direction as the main current of the plane of runoff. Second, the forms of the final results do not allow a comparison between the frictional effects arising from the solid surface and from the mixing of the added flows. Third, the energy-equation is not adduced. Approximate solutions of the problem of runoff that are practical can be readily obtained from the energy-equation after making due allowance for the relative importance of the resistances arising from the two sources just mentioned. In the derivation to be given these different aspects of the analysis will be developed.