cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Biosynthesis and Remodeling are Required for Neural Crest Cell, Cardiac and Neural Development.

The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor attaches nearly 150 proteins to the cell surface. Patients with pathogenic variants in GPI biosynthetic pathway genes display an array of phenotypes including seizures, developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features and cleft palate. There is virtually no mechanism to explain these phenotypes. We identified a novel mouse mutant (cleft lip/palate, edema and exencephaly; Clpex) with a hypomorphic mutation in Post-Glycophosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins-2 (Pgap2). Pgap2 is one of the final proteins in the GPI biosynthesis pathway and is required for anchor maturation. We found the Clpex mutation results in a global decrease in surface GPI expression. Surprisingly, Pgap2 showed tissue specific expression with enrichment in the affected tissues of the Clpex mutant. We found the phenotype in Clpex mutants is due to apoptosis of neural crest cells (NCCs) and the cranial neuroepithelium, as is observed in the GPI anchored Folate Receptor 1-/- mouse. We showed folinic acid supplementation in utero can rescue the cleft lip phenotype in Clpex. Finally, we generated a novel mouse model of NCC-specific total GPI deficiency in the Wnt1-Cre lineage. These mutants developed median cleft lip and palate demonstrating a cell autonomous role for GPI biosynthesis in NCC development.
Imagination from Fantasy to Delusion

In Imagination from Fantasy to Delusion, Lois Oppenheim illustrates the enhancement of self that creativity affords, the relationship of imagination to the self as agent. The premise of this book is twofold: First, that the imaginary is real. Where it differs from what we commonly take to be reality is in structure and in form. The imaginary of art, for example, is not illusionary for it is phenomenologically describable and even depictable, as demonstrated by the self-reflexive efforts of modernist painters and writers. No less real than the imaginary of art, and thus fantasy, is the imaginary of delusion, ascertainable in the very function it serves. Though fundamentally different, fantasy and delusion do share a significant feature: a preoccupation with agency. Second is that change, the enhancement of self through an increase in agency, is facilitated by the biology of reward: The pleasure of increased self-cohesion—the efficacy acquired through knowledge of, and the attribution of meaning to, the world—is ultimately the sine qua non of imaginative thought. Oppenheim emphasizes the idea that imagination generates knowledge. Our sensory systems, like our higher cognitive functions, give the human brain knowledge to maintain the homeostatic balance required for survival and to enrich the sense of self required for agency. And, she suggests, imagination is a function of their doing so. Moreover, she explores the construct by which we apprehend the workings of imagination—fantasy—and considers in what the mental imagery that endows it consists, how fantasy may be transmitted transgenerationally, and how delusion can be an impediment to imagination while also being a product of it. Additionally, she likens psychoanalysis to the making of art as a process of acquiring knowledge and looks at creativity itself as a coming-to-know. Throughout this book, there run several opposing threads. The first is that of the intra- and interpsychic psychoanalytic paradigms. This theoretical contrast bears on our understanding of aesthetic experience as sublimatory versus object relational and on our understanding of the construction of meaning. A second opposition resides in the notion of agency (with its implication of self-cohesion) which has everything to do with ego function and, seemingly, the usefulness of "unconscious fantasy," a cornerstone of psychoanalysis now thrown into question by the postmodern favoring of dissociation over repression and other mechanisms of defense. Last, but no less significant, is the contrast interwoven between the empiricism of neuroscience and the metaphysics of philosophical thought. Oppenheim's underlying effort is to explore the validity of these oppositions, which seem not to hold as steadfastly as we tend to suppose.
Predicting steady states of one-dimensional collisionless gravitating systems

Building on the development of a Hermite-Legendre analysis of one-dimensional gravitating collisionless systems, we present a technique for determining the steady states of such systems. This provides an important component for understanding the physics involved in the relaxation of these kinds of systems. As the dark matter structures in the universe should have traits in common with these systems, insight into this relaxation can provide clues to larger astrophysical questions. For large perturbation strengths, we determine physically motivated parameter ranges for the simplest families of steady states as well as their stability. We also demonstrate that any set of initial conditions in the linear regime can be resolved into unique time-independent and time-dependent modes. Combinations of time-independent modes then describe the steady state of any system linearly perturbed from equilibrium. These results highlight the importance of initial conditions over relaxation mechanisms in the evolution of these systems.
Correction for Assetta et al., "JC Polyomavirus Infection of Primary Human Renal Epithelial Cells Is Controlled by a Type I IFN-Induced Response".

Volume 7, issue 4, e00903-16, 2016, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00903-16][1]. RNA-seq data presented in the article have been made publicly available on the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus site (GEO), accession number [GSE135833][2]. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/mBio.00903-16 [2]: https://www.ncbi.nlm
Framework for Analysis and Prediction of NBA Basketball Plays: On-Ball Screens

In this study, we present a framework for automatic identification and analysis to predict the NBA offensive basketball play: On-Ball Screen. In basketball, the on-ball screen is a dynamic offensive strategy that involves the movement of multiple players and the ball to create an effective shot attempt. It is a fundamental play employed by all the teams in the National Basketball Association (NBA), the highest level of competition for basketball. With the presence of sophisticated data collection and analysis tools, this paper presents methodologies to process spatial and temporal data and big data in complex multimedia forms for sports analytics. We propose a framework to extract, transform, and analyze player motion-tracking data in NBA games and apply machine learning techniques with improved feature selection methods to predict the presence of on-ball screens. Results show an area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) of 0.9552, 0.13 increase and 4% Accuracy improvement from existing literature.
Olfactory learning modulates the expression of molecular chaperones in C. elegans

Learning, a process by which animals modify their behavior as a result of experience, allows organisms to synthesize information from their surroundings to predict danger. Here we show that prior encounter with the odor of pathogenic bacteria not only enhances the ability of C. elegans to avoid the pathogen, but also systemically primes the transcription factor, Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF-1) to increase molecular chaperone expression upon subsequent encounter with the pathogen by promoting its localization to RNA polymerase II enriched nuclear loci. HSF1-dependent chaperone expression ensues, however, only if and when animals encounter the pathogen. This learning-dependent enhancement of chaperone expression requires serotonin. Thus, learning equips C. elegans to better survive environmental dangers by pre-emptively and specifically initiating transcriptional mechanisms throughout the organism to maintain homeostasis. These studies provide one plausible basis for the protective role of environmental enrichment in disease.
Theory for the Casimir effect and the partitioning of active matter.

Active Brownian particles (ABPs) distribute non-homogeneously near surfaces, and understanding how this depends on system properties—size, shape, activity level, etc.—is essential for predicting and exploiting the behavior of active matter systems. Active particles accumulate at no-flux surfaces owing to their persistent swimming, which depends on their intrinsic swim speed and reorientation time, and are subject to confinement effects when their run or persistence length is comparable to the characteristic size of the confining geometry. It has been observed in simulations that two parallel plates experience a “Casimir effect” and attract each other when placed in a dilute bath of ABPs. In this work, we provide a theoretical model based on the Smoluchowski equation and a macroscopic mechanical momentum balance to analytically predict this attractive force. We extend this method to describe the concentration partitioning of active particles between a confining channel and a reservoir, showing that the ratio of the concentration in the channel to that in the bulk increases as either run length increases or channel height decreases. The theoretical results agree well with Brownian dynamics simulations and finite element calculations.
An Examination of Restaurant Employees' Work-life Outlook: The Influence of Support Systems During COVID-19

Abstract The main objective of this research paper is to examine the influence of perceived support (i.e., organizational support and social support) on life satisfaction (i.e., current and anticipated life satisfaction), which is hypothesized to increase restaurant employees’ loyalty organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and decrease their intentions to leave the restaurant industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the moderating effects of employees’ resilience and employment status are also examined. Analyzing the responses of 609 restaurant employees using structural equation modeling (SEM), findings revealed that all direct effects were supported, except for the effect of anticipated life satisfaction on intention to leave the restaurant industry. Lastly, the moderating role of resilience in the relationships between current life satisfaction and restaurant employees’ loyalty OCB and intentions to leave the industry was confirmed. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in detail.
Cognitive Dysfunction After Analgesia and Sedation: Out of the Operating Room and Into the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

In the midst of concerns for potential neurodevelopmental effects after surgical anesthesia, there is a growing awareness that children who require sedation during critical illness are susceptible to neurologic dysfunctions collectively termed pediatric post-intensive care syndrome, or PICS-p. In contrast to healthy children undergoing elective surgery, critically ill children are subject to inordinate neurologic stress or injury and need to be considered separately. Despite recognition of PICS-p, inconsistency in techniques and timing of post-discharge assessments continues to be a significant barrier to understanding the specific role of sedation in later cognitive dysfunction. Nonetheless, available pediatric studies that account for analgesia and sedation consistently identify sedative and opioid analgesic exposures as risk factors for both in-hospital delirium and post-discharge neurologic sequelae. Clinical observations are supported by animal models showing neuroinflammation, increased neuronal death, dysmyelination, and altered synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. Additionally, intensive care sedation also contributes to sleep disruption, an important and overlooked variable during acute illness and post-discharge recovery. Because analgesia and sedation are potentially modifiable, understanding the underlying mechanisms could transform sedation strategies to improve outcomes. To move the needle on this, prospective clinical studies would benefit from cohesion with regard to datasets and core outcome assessments, including sleep quality. Analyses should also account for the wide range of diagnoses, heterogeneity of this population, and the dynamic nature of neurodevelopment in age cohorts. Much of the related preclinical evidence has been studied in comparatively brief anesthetic exposures in healthy animals during infancy and is not generalizable to critically ill children. Thus, complementary animal models that more accurately "reverse translate" critical illness paradigms and the effect of analgesia and sedation on neuropathology and functional outcomes are needed. This review explores the interactive role of sedatives and the neurologic vulnerability of critically ill children as it pertains to survivorship and functional outcomes, which is the next frontier in pediatric intensive care.
Nonstandard methods and the Erdős-Turán conjecture

A major open question in combinatorial number theory is the Erdős-Turan conjecture which states that if A = 〈a n〉 is a sequence of natural numbers with the property that ∑ n=1 ∞ 1/a n diverges then A contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions [1]. The difficulty of this problem is underscored by the fact that a positive answer would generalize Szcmeredi’s theorem which says that if a sequence A⊂ ℕ has positive upper Banach Density then A contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. Szemeredi’s theorem itself has been the object of intense interest, since first, conjectured, also by Erdős and Turan, in 1936. First proved by Szemeredi in 1974 [9], the theorem has been re-proved using completely different approaches by Furstenberg in 1977 [2]
All Sprawled Out: How the Federal Regulatory System Has Driven Unsustainable Growth

The United States faces a serious threat that grows more troublesome every year; one whose negative effects run the gamut from environmental concerns to social and fiscal harms. The threat - often called sprawl - is evidenced by the proliferation of unsustainable land development patterns throughout this country. Significantly though, sprawl is not simply a problem of bad design or planning. These are, in fact, merely symptoms of a much more prolific cause. Indeed, the true driving force behind sprawl has been a series of federal laws and regulations that, over the last century, have facilitated development patterns in the United States that are neither fiscally sound nor physically sustainable. This article examines three specific areas of federal regulation that have exacerbated sprawl: federal tax policy, federal transportation policy, and federal housing policy. It analyzes these laws and regulations within a historical context to determine why and how they came to be. To accomplish this, the article surveys specific examples of federal laws within each of these categories that have served to promote the near unfettered growth of American sprawl. By doing so, the article identifies those areas of federal regulation that, if modified or repealed, can facilitate a move away from sprawl growth and toward a more sustainable land development strategy. Ultimately, this article exposes the federal laws that have driven sprawl in this country - and, by doing so, have exacerbated the numerous negative impacts of sprawl on our society.
Disruption of a Gene Encoding a Novel Thioredoxin-Like Protein Alters the Cyanobacterial Photosynthetic Apparatus†

A gene that may encode a novel protein disulfide oxidoreductase, designated txlA (thioredoxin-like), was isolated from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942. Interruption of txlA near the putative thioredoxin-like active site yielded cells that grew too poorly to be analyzed. In contrast, a disruption of txlA near the C terminus that left the thioredoxin-like domain intact yielded two different mutant phenotypes. One type, designated txlXb, exhibited a slightly reduced growth rate and an increased cellular content of apparently normal phycobilisomes. The cellular content of phycobilisomes also increased in in the other mutant strain, designated txlXg. However, txlXg also exhibited a proportionate increase in chlorophyll and other components of the photosynthetic apparatus and grew as fast as wild-type cells. Both the txlXb and txlXg phenotypes were stable. The differences between the two strains may result from a genetic polymorphism extant in the original cell population. Further investigation of txlA may provide new insights into mechanisms that regulate the structure and function of the cyanobacterial photosynthetic apparatus.
Transcatheter Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a remnant of the sixth arch in fetal life. It usually closes after birth at some stage in the first two weeks of life; children with persistence of the PDA are at risk of left ventricle enlargement and subsequent heart failure; if the PDA is not closed during childhood and persists until adulthood, the pulmonary vascular bed will be exposed to systemic pressures with the consequent increase risk of pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmias, and endocarditis (1).
Seizure outcomes after resective surgery for extra-temporal lobe epilepsy in pediatric patients.

While temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common epilepsy syndrome in adults, seizures in children are more often extratemporal in origin. Extra -temporal lobe epilepsy (ETLE) in pediatric patients is often medically refractory, leading to significantly diminished quality of life. Seizure outcomes after resective surgery for pediatric ETLE vary tremendously in the literature, given diverse patient and epilepsy characteristics and small sample sizes. The authors performed a systematic review and meta­analysis of studies including 10 or more pediatric patients (age ≤ 19 years) published over the last 20 years examining seizure outcomes after resective surgery for ETLE, excluding hemispherectomy. Thirty­six studies were examined. These 36 studies included 1259 pediatric patients who under­ went resective surgery for ETLE. Seizure freedom (Engel Class I outcome) was achieved in 704 (56%) of these 1259 patients postoperatively, and 555 patients (44%) continued to have seizures (Engel Class II-IV outcome). Shorter epilepsy duration (≤ 7 years, the median value in this study) was more predictive of seizure freedom than longer (> 7 years) seizure history (odds ratio (OR) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-2.14), suggesting that earlier inter ­ vention may be beneficial. Also, lesional epilepsy was associated with better seizure outcomes than nonlesional epi­ lepsy (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.49). Other predictors of seizure freedom included an absence of generalized seizures (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.18-2.35) and localizing ictal electroencephalographic findings (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.24-1.93). In conclusion, seizure outcomes after resective surgery for pediatric ETLE are less favorable than those associated with temporal lobectomy, but seizure freedom may be more common with earlier intervention and lesional epilepsy etiology. Children with continued debilitating seizures despite failure of multiple medication trials should be referred to a comprehensive pediatric epilepsy center for further medical and surgical evaluation.
Chapter 30 Alcohol

Abstract Excess drinking is associated with lost productivity, accidents, disability, early death, crime, neglect of family responsibilities, and personality deterioration. These and related concerns have justified special restrictions on alcoholic-beverage commerce and consumption. The nature and extent of government involvement in this arena vary widely over time and place, and are often controversial. Economists have contributed to the evaluation of alcohol policy through empirical work on the effects of alcohol-control measures on consumption and its consequences. Economics has also provided an accounting framework for defining and comparing costs and benefits of interventions, including excise taxes. Outside of the policy arena, economists have analyzed alcohol consumption in the context of stretching the standard model of consumer choice to include intertemporal effects and social influence. Nonetheless, perhaps the most important contribution by economists has been the repeated demonstration that there is nothing unusual about alcohol in at least one essential respect: consumers drink less ethanol (and have fewer alcohol-related problems) when alcohol-beverage prices are increased. Important econometric challenges remain, including the search for a satisfactory resolution to the conflicting results on the effect of price changes on consumption by consumers who tend to drink heavily. There are also unresolved puzzles about the relationship between drinking and productivity; even after controlling for a variety of other characteristics, drinkers tend to have higher earnings than abstainers, and women's earnings (but not men's) tend to increase with alcohol consumption.
Achieving treatment goals in low-risk, asymptomatic patients.

Traditional risk factor assessments for coronary heart disease (CHD) often fail to take into account individual factors such as race and lipid profiles that may substantially elevate a patients risk for CHD or a cardiovascular event. Although numerous treatment guidelines have been issued on metabolic syndrome, discrepancies among the guidelines can create confusion. Cardiac biomarkers and imaging methods have emerged to help detect and quantify sub-clinical atherosclerosis, but many of these are not proven as cost-effective for use in clinical practice or for routine screening. As the present case-based activity demonstrates, determining appropriate diagnostic and management strategies according to CHD risk is a process that challenges physicians to consider myriad individual patient variables.
Earthquake Effects on Electric Power Systems

The response of electrical power systems to the San Fernando Valley earthquake of February 9, 1971, is studied. The following major recommendations have resulted from the study: (1) standards for system planning, operation, and performance should be established; (2) standards enforcement procedures should be implemented; (3) methods for modeling transmission systems should continue to be improved; (4) instrumentation to provide data to check model validity should be added; (5) special methodologies appropriate for evaluating system vulnerability to catastrophic disturbances such as earthquakes should be developed; (6) a “seismic safety inspector” position for earthquake related matters should be established; (7) a “damage evaluation log” should be established and maintained to document earthquake damage to electrical power systems; and (8) more extensive requirements for the use and security of emergency electrical power should be established.
Communautés de conflit : l’intersection entre global et local à Chypre

L’ile de Chypre est reputee pour ses sites du patrimoine, qui refletent la superposition des cultures. Dans cet article, j’etudie l’impact du conflit durable entre les communautes turque et grecque sur l’interpretation du patrimoine. Je soutiens par ailleurs que la presence de deux communautes relativement nouvelles, c’est-a-dire une population coloniale europeenne et une population de travailleurs migrants et refugies, complique une situation que les pressions ecologiques menacent d’aggraver plus encore.
Tabletop demonstration of non-Interaction of photons and non-interference of waves

Recently, Non- Interaction of Waves or the NIW property has been proposed as a generic property of all propagating electromagnetic waves by one of the authors (CR). In other words, optical beams do not interact with each other to modify or re-distribute their field energy distribution in the absence of interacting materials. In this paper, path taken to re-create CR's original demonstration of the NIW-property as an on-site tabletop experiment is discussed. Since 1975, when the NIW demonstration was first reported, several advances in lasers and optical component design architecture have occurred. With the goal of using low cost components and having agility in setting up on non-conformable platforms for general viewing, a compact arrangement for demonstrating the NIW property was envisioned. In our experimental arrangement, a beam multiplier element was utilized to generate a set of spatially separate parallel beams out of an incident laser beam. The emerging parallel beams from the beam multiplier element were then focused on a one-sided ground glass, the flat side being towards the beam multiplier. This flat side reflects off all the incident focused beams as fanning out independent laser beams, remaining unperturbed even though they are reflecting out of a common superposed spot. It is clear that there is neither "interference between different photons", nor "a photon interferes with itself", even within a region of superposed beams. In contrast, the ground glass surface (same silica molecules but granular or lumpy) was anticipated to generate a set of crisp spatial fringes on its surface as in the original experiment. The fringes are due to granulated individual silica lumps responding simultaneously to the local resultant E-vectors due to all the superposed beams and are scattering energy proportional to the square modulus of the sum of all the simultaneous dipolar amplitude stimulations. The dark fringe locations imply zero resultant amplitude stimulation and hence no scattering. Due to multi-longitudinal mode nature of laser module, the fringes appeared washed out at the backside of the ground glass plate. Experimental refinements followed by our views on whether the fundamental physics behind the generation of superposition fringes by photo detectors different from those due to a ground glass are briefly discussed.
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA: Biology and Treatment

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children under the age of 15 (about 250 new cases each year), and the third most common extracranial solid tumor, after neuroblastoma and Wilms' tumor. 42 Nearly half of these cases are diagnosed in children 5 years of age or younger. First described by Weber in 1854, 57 the clinical and pathologic features of RMS have been studied extensively, permitting the development of uniform diagnostic criteria and prognostically relevant staging systems. When treatment for this tumor was limited to surgical excision with or without irradiation and limited chemotherapy, fewer than one third of all patients survived. 10,15 Currently, about 70% of patients survive for 5 years or longer and are probably cured. 3,32,33 This improvement can be credited to the use of increasingly effective multimodal, risk-adapted therapy, refinements in tumor grouping, and better supportive care. 3 Because of the rarity and the clinical and biologic heterogeneity of RMS, national trials have been essential in determining which new therapies are superior to treatments already in use. Thus, in 1972, three pediatric cancer study groups pooled their patients and investigative resources to form the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) Committee, whose protocols now form the backbone of contemporary treatment for RMS throughout the United States. With few exceptions, the successes achieved in the treatment of RMS have either equaled or exceeded those in other childhood cancers. 5 The prospects for continued progress in the biologic understanding and treatment of this childhood tumor appear to be excellent. Emerging information on the numerical and structural abnormalities of tumor cell chromosomes and the development of probes that can be used to identify molecular genetic lesions has led to improved diagnostic methods and afforded new insights into pathogenesis. 6,38,49 In all likelihood, the molecular analysis of RMS will further refine current classification schemes, and knowledge of the genetic features of these tumors will significantly improve the ability of investigators to identify patients at lower or higher risk of treatment failure, thus paving the way for advances in risk-based therapy.
Structural genesis of the chemical addressability in a viral nano-block

A plant icosahedral virus of 30 nm was engineered as a substrate for nano-chemistry and as an assembly scaffold for nano-manufacturing. Site-specific reactivity was introduced by the installation of unique sulfhydryl, amine, and imidazole groups on the surface of the virus capsid. The viral particles and arrays were used as templates to pattern and assemble organic compounds, metals, and exogenous proteins. The rational design, engineering, and assembly of supramolecules and nano-materials were aided by imaging techniques of X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy/image reconstruction.
CD4 T cells to kiss off chemotherapy-resistant CMV?

Riddell and coworkers (Science. 1992;257:238-241) have shown that infusions of donor CD8 T cells with specificity for cytomegalovirus (CMV) can prevent viremia and clinical complications in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In this issue, Einsele and colleagues (page [3916][1
Vicious Viruses and Vigilant Vaccines: Effects of Linguistic Agency Assignment in Health Policy Advocacy

Studying the effect of a fictitious policy editorial advocating mandatory vaccination of youth against human papillomavirus (HPV), the authors hypothesized that linguistic assignment of agency to HPV (e.g., “HPV preys on millions of people”) would increase perceptions of its severity, relative to a comparable message that assigned agency to humans (e.g., “Millions of people contract HPV”). In addition, the authors predicted that HPV vaccines would be perceived as more effective when agency was assigned to vaccination (e.g., “Vaccination guards people”) rather than to humans (e.g., “People guard themselves through vaccination”). University students (N = 361) were randomly assigned to read one of four versions of the editorial defined by a 2 ×2 (Threat Agency × Immunization Agency) factorial design and thereafter completed a questionnaire. When agency was assigned to the virus or the vaccine, HPV was perceived as a more severe threat, vaccination was perceived as more effective, and people were more in favo...
An Apparent Relationship between Eurasian Spring Snow Cover and the Advance Period of the Indian Summer Monsoon

Abstract Satellite images and Northern Hemisphere snow cover charts have been used to derive the Eurasian spring (March-May) snow cover area for the period 1967–78. The advance period of summer monsoon from the extreme southern tip of peninsular India to northwest India was derived from the Indian Daily Weather Reports. Year-to-year variations of the advance period of the Indian summer monsoon were compared with the Eurasian spring snow cover area and also with the Eurasian snowmelt, from March to May. This preliminary study revealed that springs with extensive snow cover area over Eurasia were followed by a longer advance period of the Indian summer monsoon. Further, an inverse relationship (negative correlation) is found between spring snowmelt and the advance period, that is, springs with more snowmelt over Eurasia were related with a shorter advance period of the Indian summer monsoon.
Peer-Reviewed Research and Individualized Education Programs (IEPs): An Examination of Intent and Impact

The reauthorized Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires Individualized Education Program (IEP) teams to base the selection of special education, related services, and supplementary aids and services on peer-reviewed research (PRR) to the extent practicable. This article examines the intended purpose of the PRR provision and its impact on the development of IEPs. Intent is examined through the legislative history of the PRR requirement. The impact of the PRR provision is illustrated in an analysis of litigation and a presentation of critical commentary on the application of empirical research, based on scientific method, to establish the efficacy of special education interventions. Recommendations to assist IEP teams in the selection of PRR-based methods are provided.
A rhetoric of alienation as reflected in the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne

MAN's alienation from other men has served as a major theme in human progress from the collapse of the Greek polis to the modern race riots. Murray Greene writes, "Whether viewed in the light of Marx's fetish of commodities, Kierkegaard's sickness unto death, or Heidegger's 'thrownness' of man in the world, man is seen as estranged in the world in which he finds himself." Marvin E. Olsen defines alienation formally as "an attitude of separation or estrangement between oneself and some salient aspect of the social environment." Despite important studies on alienation by numerous political scientists, sociologists, and mass communicologists, the rhetorical scholar virtually has ignored a serious problem that bears deeply on every aspect of the communication process, whether viewed historically or from a contemporary point of
Second order sharp-interface and thin-interface asymptotic analyses and error minimization for phase-field descriptions of two-sided dilute binary alloy solidification

Abstract Sharp-interface and thin-interface asymptotic analyses are presented for a generalization of the Beckermann–Karma phase-field model for solidification of a dilute binary alloy when the interface curvature is macroscopic. The ratio of diffusivities, R m ≡ D s ′ / D m ′ , in the solid and melt is arbitrary with 0 ⩽ R m ⩽ 1 . Discrepancies between this diffuse-interface model and the classical, two sided solutal model (TSM) description are quantified up to second order in the small parameter e that controls the interface thickness. We uncover extra terms in the interface species flux balance and in the Gibbs–Thomson equilibrium condition introduced by the finite width of the interface. Asymptotic results in the limit of rapid-interfacial kinetics are presented for both finite phase-field mobility and a quasi-steady state approximation for the phase-field wherein the phase-field responds passively to the concentration field. The possibility of adding additional terms to the phase-field version of the species conservation equation is explored as a means of achieving O ( e 2 ) consistency with the classical model. Our results naturally lead to a generalization of the anti-trapping solutal flux suggested by Karma [Phase-field-formulation for quantitative modeling of alloy solidification, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(11) (2001) 115701] for the limit R m = 0 . Achieving second order accuracy for arbitrary R m requires judicious choices for the interpolating functions; these are calculated a posteriori using the functional forms of the error terms as a guide.
Thermal conductivity of ternary mixtures for concrete pavements

Abstract This study used a standard procedure to measure the thermal conductivity of ternary concrete mixtures and investigated several factors influencing thermal conductivity. Three different coarse aggregates (Kentucky limestone, Mexican limestone, and river gravel) were used for the concrete mixtures. The measured thermal conductivity of concrete is significantly affected by the type and percentage of coarse aggregate, and moisture content. This finding was confirmed statistically by an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method. To understand the effect of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), the thermal conductivity of the control and ternary mixtures were measured and provided for use in Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement design. The thermal conductivity of ternary mixtures increased by 7–10% due to an increase of 1% in moisture. The study developed a model equation that predicts the thermal conductivity of concrete as a function of moisture content and coarse aggregate percentage.
Cross sections of natSb(p,x) reactions for 30-46 MeV protons.

Abstract In order to optimize the production of 118 Te in thick targets for use in a 118 Te/ 118 Sb radionuclide generator, the excitation function for the 121 Sb(p,4n) 118 Te reaction has been measured for 30–46 MeV protons. The excitation functions for the competing reactions nat Sb(p,xn) 119m Te, nat Sb(p,xn) 119 Te, nat Sb(p,xn) 121m Te, nat Sb(p,pxn) 120m Sb and 123 Sb(p,pn) 122 Sb have also been determined using stacked foil techniques. The 121 Sb(p,4n) 118 Te reaction cross section maximum was found to be 480 mbarn at 44 MeV. In order to minimize the 119m + 119 Te interference a minimum proton beam energy of 40 MeV is required. The cross section results are compared with published data and with calculated excitation functions.
Hyponatremia causes large sustained reductions in brain content of multiple organic osmolytes in rats

Brain adaptation to hypoosmolality is known to involve volume regulatory losses of both extracellular and intracellular electrolytes. We studied the effects of acute and chronic hypoosmolality on brain content of organic osmolytes as well as electrolytes in rats to ascertain the relative contributions of different brain solutes to the brain volume regulation that occurs under these conditions. Brains were dissected from rats after 2, 7 and 14 d of sustained hyponatremia induced by continuous infusion of 1-deamino-[8-D-arginine]-vasopressin (DDVAP) in combination with a liquid formula, along with control rats fed the same formula in the absence of DDAVP infusions. One half of each brain was analyzed for organic osmolyte contents and the other half for water and electrolyte contents. Brain Na+, K+ and Cl- and multiple organic osmolytes (glutamate, creatine, taurine, myo-inositol, glutamine and glycerophosphoryl-choline) decreased markedly by 2 d of hyponatremia, and brain electrolyte and most organic osmolyte contents then remained at these reduced levels throughout the duration of the hyponatremia. Although the absolute magnitude of the brain electrolyte losses was greater than the magnitude of the brain organic osmolyte losses, the organic osmolyte losses accounted for approximately 35% of the total measured brain solute losses during sustained hyponatremia. These results demonstrate that organic osmolytes constitute a significant proportion of the brain solute losses that take place during hyponatremia, and indicate that reductions in both organic osmolyte and electrolyte contents are necessary to accomplish brain volume regulation during adaptation to sustained hypoosmolality.
Encapsulating bis(β-ketoiminato) polyethers. Volatile, fluorine-free barium precursors for metal - Organic chemical vapor deposition

The synthesis, characterization, and incorporation in volatile metal−organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) precursors of a new class of linked β-ketoiminate−polyether−β-ketoiminate ligands is presented. These ligands are designed to encapsulate alkaline-earth cations having low charges and large ionic radii. Barium complexes having the general formula Ba[(RCOCHC(R‘)N)2(R‘ ‘)] (R = tert-butyl or CF3; R‘ = tert-butyl, methyl, or CF3; R‘ ‘ = −(CH2CH2O)4CH2CH2− or −(CH2CH2O)5CH2CH2)−) were prepared and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 2,2,5,25,28,28-hexamethyl-9,12,15,18,21-pentaoxa-4,25-diene-6,24-diimino-3,27-pentacosadionatobarium(II) reveals a monomeric, nine-coordinate, tricapped trigonal prismatic coordination geometry. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of 1,1,1,24,24,24-hexafluoro-4,21-ditrifluoromethyl-8,11,14,17-tetraoxa-3,21-diene-5,20-diimino-2,23-tetracosadionatobarium(II)·2DMSO reveals ...
Connections between two theories of concurrency: metric spaces and synchronization trees

A connection is established between the semantic theories of concurrency and communication in the works of de Bakker and Zucker, who develop a denotational semantics of concurrency using metric spaces instead of complete partial orders, and Milner, who develops an algebraic semantics of communication based upon observational equivalence between processes. His rigid synchronization trees (RSTs) are endowed with a simple pseudometric distance induced by Milner's weak equivalence relation and the quotient space is shown to be complete. An isometry between this space and the solution to a domain equation of de Bakker and Zucker is established, presenting their solution in a conceptually simpler framework. Under an additional assumption, the equivalence between the weak equivalence relation over RSTs and the elementary equivalence relation induced by the sentences of a modal logic due to Hennessy and Milner is established.
Comparison of norfluoxetine enantiomers as serotonin uptake inhibitors in vivo.

Norfluoxetine, the N-desmethyl metabolite of fluoxetine, has been reported to resemble fluoxetine in being a potent and selective inhibitor of the serotonin uptake carrier. The enantiomers of norfluoxetine have now been compared as serotonin uptake inhibitors in vivo, based on their antagonism of p-chloroamphetamine-induced depletion of serotonin in brain and their lowering of concentrations of the metabolite of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in brain. In rats, S-norfluoxetine (ED50 3.8 mg/kg) was more potent than R-norfluoxetine (ED50 > 20 mg/kg) in blocking the depletion of serotonin by p-chloroamphetamine after intraperitoneal administration. The S enantiomer decreased concentrations of 5-HIAA in whole brain after doses of 2.5–20 mg/kg, whereas the R enantiomer did not. The concentrations of both enantiomers in brain increased in proportion to dose and the R enantiomer disappeared from the brain at a slightly slower rate than the S enantiomer. The relative inability of the R enantiomer to block the uptake of serotonin was therefore not a result of smaller concentrations of drug in the brain. In mice, S-norfluoxetine was also more potent than R-norfluoxetine in blocking depletion of serotonin by p-chloroamphetamine (ED50 values 0.82 and 8.3 mg/kg, respectively). Thus, in contrast to the relatively similar potencies of the enantiomers of fluoxetine in blocking the uptake of serotonin, the enantiomers of norfluoxetine have markedly different potencies as inhibitors of the uptake of serotonin.
The helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Id-1, is overexpressed in medullary thyroid cancer.

Abstract Background. The Id-1 helix-loop-helix protein inhibits differentiation and enhances cell proliferation. It is required for cell cycle progression. The Id-1 gene is highly expressed in a variety of tumor-derived cell lines. It increases after mitogen stimulation and is overexpressed in some human neoplasms. Therefore, we hypothesized that the Id-1 gene may play a role in medullary thyroid carcinogenesis. Methods. The expression of the Id-1 protein in human medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and the corresponding normal thyroid tissue was determined by Id-1 immunohistochemistry. In a human MTC cell line (TT), the effects of growth stimulation and redifferentiation on Id-1 expression were determined by Northern blot analysis. Results. Id-1 immunostaining intensity in 9 MTC samples (6 sporadic, 2 familial, and 1 MEN 2A) was moderate to strong. However, it was absent or faint in the corresponding normal thyroid tissue. The Id-1 protein was significantly overexpressed in MTC compared with corresponding normal thyroid tissue on the basis of the percentage of positive cells and immunostaining intensity ( P =.002). In the TT cell line, Id-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was increased 4-fold after growth stimulation with serum. Phorbol ester (which induces redifferentiation in the TT cell line) downregulated Id-1 mRNA expression. Conclusions. Id-1 is overexpressed in MTC. The Id-1 gene may play a role in the regulation of MTC differentiation and proliferation. (Surgery 2000;128:952-7.)
Parallel processing techniques for finite element analysis of nonlinear large truss structures

Methods were developed for parallel processing of finite element solutions of large truss structures. The parallel processing techniques were implemented in two stages, i.e., the repeated forming of the nonlinear global stiffness matrix and the solving of the global system of equations. The Sequent Balance 21000 parallel computer was employed to demonstrate the procedures and the speed-up.
The over‐Negativized conceptualization of deviance: A programmatic exploration

It is the contention of this paper that past and current sociological conceptions of deviance are unduly limited in that they consider only negative conceptualizations of general deviance. The argument is advanced that sociologists are overdue to acknowledge the empirical existence of positive deviance and to incorporate the positive deviance into a broader, more general study of deviance. Since acknowledging positive deviance would highlight the inadequacy of conceptualizations limited to negative deviance only, guidelines for the beginnings of the solution to this problem are suggested. Suggestions are presented for reworking and reevaluating some of the basic definitional statements of (negative) deviance and some of the elemental aspects of the existing deviance paradigms in order to develop a more general field of study.
Apparatus to obtain rotational flexibility of the human knee under moment loads in vivo.

The contributions of this paper are twofold. One is the design and performance evaluation of new equipment to determine the rotational flexibility of the human knee in oiuo. Since determining knee flexibility requires the application of external loads and the measurement of knee rotations, the new equipment consists of a load application stand and a triaxial goniometer. The triaxial goniometer noninvasively mounts to the leg and directly measures the relative three degrees-of-freedom rotations of the knee sequentially and independently. The goniometer incorporates several unique design features which enhance measurement accuracy. The load stand applies pure varus/valgus and external/internal axial moments either individually or in combination through the use of motors controlled by the test subject. Unique to this design are features which enable the application of moments to the knee which minim&e shear forces. Other unique design features permit the stand to control hip and knee flexion angles, muscle contraction, and axial loading. To assess the accuracy with which rotations are measured during experiments, three tests were conducted with the equipment. One test evaluated the inherent accuracy of the goniometer, a second test assessed the potential for goniometer slippage during loading, and a third explored the effect of goniometer mounting on the repeatability of results. A special verification apparatus facilitated evaluation of goniometer inherent accuracy. A second contribution of the paper is an investigation of the effect of foot constraints (i.e. boundary conditions) on flexibility results. To make this investigation, three subjects were tested with the knee at 15" of flexion. Results revealed large differences in flexibility between constraining the foot in both external/ internal and varus/valgus rotations and permitting the foot to rotate freely in the direction not being loaded. Further, constraint moments as high as 23 Nm were also recorded. These results emphasise that in order to obtain accurate flexibility results for isolated loads, the foot must be unconstrained by the loading apparatus.
Laser Scanning for Bridge Inspection and Management

The current process for acquiring bridge geometric data for the National Bridge Inventory (NBI) is based on manual surveying, manual data processing and interpretation. Hence, it is time-consuming and error-prone. This paper presents a laser-scanning-based approach to acquire geometric data for bridge inspection, describes a case study and discusses the advantages of this approach over current practice from the perspectives of both bridge inspection and management. Both current approach and laser-scanning based approach are composed of three major steps of data collection, data processing and data interpretation. Yet, a comparison of these approaches highlights major differences in the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the data collected. Based on the comparison, the authors suggest a need for a formalized way to decompose higher level bridge inspection goals to enable successful application of laser scanning technology for bridge inspection.