cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening for ATM sequence alterations in African-American women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Background Women who are heterozygous for variants in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, ATM carriers, have been reported to be at increased risk for breast cancer compared with women who do not posses an alteration in this gene. Aside from BRCA1 and BRCA2, there are few data on breast cancer susceptibility genes in African-American women. The goal of this study was to determine whether there is evidence that ATM is a breast cancer susceptibility gene in African-American women.
Power spectrum shape from peculiar velocity data

We constrain the velocity power spectrum shape parameter r in linear theory using the nine bulk flow and shear moments estimated from four recent peculiar velocity surveys. For each survey, a likelihood function for r was found after marginalizing over the power spectrum amplitude σ8Ω 0. 6m using constraints obtained from comparisons between redshift surveys and peculiar velocity data. In order to maximize the accuracy of our analyses, the velocity noise σ* was estimated directly for each survey. A statistical analysis of the differences between the values of the moments estimated from different surveys showed consistency with theoretical predictions, suggesting that all the surveys investigated reflect the same large-scale flows. The peculiar velocity surveys were combined into a composite survey yielding the constraint r = 0.13 +0.09 -0.05 . This value is lower than, but consistent with, values obtained using redshift surveys and cosmic microwave background data.
A Fluid Limit for an Overloaded X Model via a Stochastic Averaging Principle

We prove a many-server heavy-traffic fluid limit for an overloaded Markovian queueing system having two customer classes and two service pools, known in the call-center literature as the X model. The system uses the fixed-queue-ratio-with-thresholds FQR-T control, which we proposed in a recent paper as a way for one service system to help another in face of an unexpected overload. Under FQR-T, customers are served by their own service pool until a threshold is exceeded. Then, one-way sharing is activated with customers from one class allowed to be served in both pools. After the control is activated, it aims to keep the two queues at a prespecified fixed ratio. For large systems that fixed ratio is achieved approximately. For the fluid limit, or FWLLN functional weak law of large numbers, we consider a sequence of properly scaled X models in overload operating under FQR-T. Our proof of the FWLLN follows the compactness approach, i.e., we show that the sequence of scaled processes is tight and then show that all converging subsequences have the specified limit. The characterization step is complicated because the queue-difference processes, which determine the customer-server assignments, need to be considered without spatial scaling. Asymptotically, these queue-difference processes operate on a faster time scale than the fluid-scaled processes. In the limit, because of a separation of time scales, the driving processes converge to a time-dependent steady state or local average of a time-varying fast-time-scale process FTSP. This averaging principle allows us to replace the driving processes with the long-run average behavior of the FTSP.
Developmental action learning: Toward collaborative change

In this account of practice, the authors introduce a variant of classic action learning, called developmental action learning (DAL). The DAL model, derived from cognitive development theory, introduces conventional learning modules prior to the more intensive set experience. It also calls for facilitation designed to help participants, selected for their readiness to change, make the leap to deeper levels of personal and organizational development. The DAL approach is applied to a leadership development series among a group of high-level administrators within a university consortium. The case study gives promise to the use of developmental action learning to enhance collaborative leadership processes.
Cataclysmic Variables and a Candidate Helium White Dwarf in the Globular Cluster NGC 6397

We have used the Hubble Space Telescope (HST ) and the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) to study faint UV stars in the core of the nearby globular cluster NGC 6397. We con—rm the presence of a fourth cataclysmic variable (CV) in NGC 6397 (hereafter CV 4), and we use the photometry of Cool et al. to present evidence that CVs 1¨4 all have faint disks and probably low accretion rates. By combining these results with new UV spectra of CV 1 and the published spectra of Grindlay et al., we present new evi- dence that CVs 1¨3 may be DQ Her systems, as originally suggested by Grindlay et al., and we show that CV 4 may either be a dwarf nova or another magnetic system. Another possibility is that the CVs could be old novae in hibernation between nova eruptions. We also present the —rst spectrum of a member of a new class of UV bright stars in NGC 6397. These faint, hot stars do not vary, unlike the CVs, and are thus denoted as ii non—ickerers ˇˇ (NFs). Like the CVs, their spatial concentration is strongly concentrated toward the cluster center. Using detailed comparisons with stellar atmosphere models, we have determined log g \ 6.25 ^ 1.0 and K for this NF. Using these line parameters T eff \ 17,500 ^ 5,000 and the luminosity of the NF, we show that the NF spectrum is consistent with a helium WD having a mass of D0.25 and an age between 0.1 and 0.5 Gyr (depending on the models used). The NF spec- M _ trum appears to be signi—cantly Doppler shifted from the expected wavelength, suggesting the presence of a dark, massive companion, probably a carbon-oxygen (CO) WD. Subject headings: globular clusters: individual (NGC 6397) ¨ novae, cataclysmic variables
FUSE Observations of the Dwarf Novae UU Aql, BV Cen, and CH UMa in Quiescence

We report on FUSE spectra of three U Gem-type, long-period dwarf novae, UU Aql, BV Cen, and CH UMa, taken during their quiescence intervals. We discuss the line identifications in their spectra and attempt to characterize the source(s) of their FUV flux distribution. Archival IUE spectra of CH UMa and BV Cen in quiescence were identified as having a matching flux level with the FUSE spectra, and these were combined with each FUSE spectrum to broaden the wavelength coverage and further constrain model fits. Multicomponent synthetic spectral fits from our model grids, consisting of single-temperature white dwarfs, two-temperature white dwarfs, accretion disks, and white dwarfs plus accretion disks, were applied to the FUSE spectra alone and to the combined FUSE + IUE spectra. We present the results of our model analyses and their implications.
Catalytic Enantioselective Allylic Amination of Olefins for the Synthesis of ent-Sitagliptin.

The presence of nitrogen atoms in most chiral pharmaceutical drugs has motivated the development of numerous strategies for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched amines. Current methods are based on multistep transformations of functionalized allylic electrophiles to form chiral allylic amines. The enantioselective allylic amination of nonactivated olefins would represent a more direct and more attractive strategy. We report the enantio­selective synthesis of ent-sitagliptin through an allylic amination of a nonactivated terminal olefin.
Colonial Fellows of the Royal Society of London, 1661-1788

I. Statutes relating to the admission of Fellows of the Royal Society. That inhabitants of the British colonies in America were sometimes elected Fellows of the Royal Society of London has been known since the foundation of the Society, but no one has attempted to prepare from the Society’s original records a complete list of colonial Fellows.2 Such a list, as it may indicate the names of those colonial scientists, both amateur and professional, who, by constant intercourse with Fellows of the Royal Society in England and with the Society itself as a corporate body, contributed most to the introduction and development of * 34 experimental philosophy ’ in the New World, it is the purpose of this paper to supply. From the aims and practices both of its immediate predecessors, the groups that met in Oxford and in London, and of a number of its earliest Fellows, the Royal Society inherited as a prime motive of its existence the accurate collection, classification, and interpretation of scientific data from all parts of the world. Such an undertaking required collaborators in remote places, and in the first charter of the Society (15 July 1662),4 for the improvement of the experiments, arts, and sciences of the aforesaid Royal Society/ Charles II granted to the President, Council, and Fellows of the Society, and to their successors, the privilege `. . . to enjoy mutual intelligence and knowledge with all and all manner of strangers and foreigners, whether private or collegiate, corporate or politic, without any molestation, interruption, or disturbance whatsoever: Provided nevertheless, that this our indulgence, so granted as it is aforesaid, be not extended to further use than the particular benefit and interest of the aforesaid Royal Society in matters or things philosophical, mathematical, or mechanical.’ 3
High intergrain critical current density in fine-grain (Ba0.6K0.4)Fe2As2 wires and bulks.

Although fundamentally intriguing, iron-based superconductors have not been seriously considered for applications because of the limited superconducting current that has so far been observed in wires made from these materials. It is now shown that by following a specific synthesis procedure it is possible to achieve superconducting currents that are close to commercial requirements.
Optimal boundary control of cardiac alternans

Alternation of normal electrical activity in the myocardium is believed to be linked to the onset of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. In this paper, a spatially uniform unstable steady state of small amplitude of alternans described by parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) is stabilized by boundary optimal control methods. A finite dimensional linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is utilized in both a full-state-feedback control structure and in a compensator design with the Luenberger observer, and it achieves global stabilization in a finite size tissue cable length. The ability to realize such control algorithm is analyzed based on the structure of the amplitude of alternans equation and the control methodology applied. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward Empirical Constraints on the Global Redshifted 21 cm Brightness Temperature During the Epoch of Reionization

Preliminary results are presented from a simple, single-antenna experiment designed to measure the all-sky radio spectrum between 100 and 200 MHz. The system used an internal comparison-switching scheme to reduce nonsmooth instrumental contaminants in the measured spectrum to 75 mK. From the observations, we place an initial upper limit of 450 mK on the relative brightness temperature of the redshifted 21 cm contribution to the spectrum due to neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium (IGM) during the epoch of reionization, assuming a rapid transition to a fully ionized IGM at -->z = 8. With refinement, this technique should be able to distinguish between slow and fast reionization scenarios. To constrain the duration of reionization to -->? z > 2, the systemic residuals in the measured spectrum must be reduced to 3 mK.
Residual Stresses and Workpiece Deformation Due to Polishing and Plating of Computer Hard Disk Substrates

Residual stress distributions due to plating and polishing were determined for nickel-phosphorus plated aluminum alloy disks. Knowledge of these stresses provides insight into the material deformation and removal processes, information as to the effects of processing conditions on residual stress magnitude and can also serve as a basis for development of models of material deformation and removal in polishing. Measured disk shape data was fitted to an analytical solution for plate displacement due to bending moments, and residual stresses were calculated. Plating and polishing residual stresses were separated. Polishing residual stress is compressive indicating differential plastic deformation between the surface and interior regions of the workpiece. Residual stresses produced in polishing operations in which process motions were constrained so that polishing was unidirectional were measured. The results show large differences between amounts of deformation in the polishing direction and the direction perpendicular to it.
Reaction of the fluoride anion with acetonitrile. Chloroform and methylene chloride

Abstract 19F and 1H NMR spectra of the F− anion in CH3CN and CD3CN solutions show that the F− anion can abstract a proton from CH3CN resulting in the slow formation of the bifluoride and acetonitrile anions. With chloroform or methylene chloride the F− anion undergoes halogen exchange reactions at room temperature. These reactions demonstrate the exceptional reactivity of the free fluoride anion when present as a highly soluble salt.
The State, the Unions, and the critical synthesis in labor law history: a 25-year retrospect

This article responds to Jean-Christian Vinel's assessment of the ‘critical synthesis’ whose proponents created labor law history as a new and flourishing field of scholarship in the decade after 1978. Vinel accords my book, The State and the Unions (1985) a key role in the development of this new field. Here, I situate my book in relation to the critical synthesis, and assess the capacity of critical legal scholarship to address the current parlous state of the U.S. labor movement. I look to current labor historians to engage with and build on the work that the labor law historians undertook.
Synthesis of bridged oligothiophenes: toward a new class of thiophene-based electroactive surfactants.

A series of bridged oligothiophenes have been synthesized. Their novel molecular architecture, comprising two oligothiophenes linked together by a bridge at one α-extremity and one binding group at the other α-extremity, is expected to improve their utility as electroactive surfactants for semiconducting nanoparticles or organic electronics.
Detecting Sponsored Recommendations

Personalized recommender systems provide great opportunities for targeted advertisements, by displaying ads alongside genuine recommendations. We consider a biased recommendation system where such ads are displayed without any tags (disguised as genuine recommendations), rendering them indistinguishable to users. We consider the problem of detecting such a bias and propose an algorithm that uses statistical analysis based on binary feedback data from a subset of users. We prove that the proposed algorithm detects bias with high probability for a broad class of recommendation systems with sufficient number of feedback samples.
Dynamics of twisted Alexander invariants

Abstract The Pontryagin dual of the based Alexander module of a link twisted by a GL N Z representation is an algebraic dynamical system with an elementary description in terms of colorings of a diagram. Its topological entropy is the exponential growth rate of the number of torsion elements of twisted homology groups of abelian covers of the link exterior. The twisted Alexander polynomial obtained from any nonabelian parabolic SL 2 C representation of a 2-bridge knot group is seen to be nontrivial. The zeros of any twisted Alexander polynomial of a torus knot corresponding to a parabolic SL 2 C representation or a finite-image permutation representation are shown to be roots of unity.
Reversing the Role of the Metal−Oxygen π-Bond. Chemoselective Catalytic Reductions with a Rhenium(V)-Dioxo Complex

The metal−oxygen bond plays a critical role in some of the most important biological and synthetic reactions. However, the majority of these processes result in the oxidation of the target organic substrate; applications of this class of metal complexes to other organic transformations are extremely rare. In this paper, we report a new type of catalytic process in which complexes with metal−oxygen multiple bonds are used as reductants rather than oxidants. The overall reaction provides a highly chemoselective reduction/protection of carbonyl groups. In addition to providing a new way of catalyzing organic reactions, these catalysts can be used in the presence of a wide range of other functional groups such as amino, cyano, nitro, aryl halo, ester, and alkene; unlike many of their late metal relatives, they are inexpensive as well as air and moisture tolerant.
A new look at the path integral of quantum mechanics

The Feynman path integral of ordinary quantum mechanics is complexified and it is shown that possible integration cycles for this complexified integral are associated with branes in a two-dimensional A-model. This provides a fairly direct explanation of the relationship of the A-model to quantum mechanics/ such a relationship has been explored from several points of view in the last few years. These phenomena have an analog for Chern-Simons gauge theory in three dimensions: integration cycles in the path integral of this theory can be derived from N=4 super Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions. Hence, under certain conditions, a Chern-Simons path integral in three dimensions is equivalent to an N=4 path integral in four dimensions.
Spin wave propagation in the domain state of a random field magnet

Inelastic neutron scattering with high wave-vector resolution has characterized the propagation of transverse spin wave modes near the antiferromagnetic zone center in the metastable domain state of a random field Ising magnet. A well-defined, long wavelength excitation is observed despite the absence of long-range magnetic order. Direct comparisons with the spin wave dispersion in the long-range ordered antiferromagnetic state reveal no measurable effects from the domain structure. This result recalls analogous behavior in thermally disordered anisotropic spin chains but contrasts sharply with that of the phonon modes in relaxor ferroelectrics.
Applications of vinylogous Mannich reactions. Total synthesis of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (−)-A58365A

Abstract A concise enantiospecific synthesis of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (−)-A58365A ( 7 ) has been achieved following a strategy in which a vinylogous Mannich reaction and a lactone–lactam rearrangement served as the key transformations. The trimethylsilyloxyfuran derived from 25 , which was prepared from the known sulfoxide 16 , served as the nucleophilic partner in a vinylogous Mannich reaction with the chiral N -acyliminium ion that was generated in situ from the aminal 26 . Addition of a further quantity of TMSOTf cleaved the N -Boc group from the adducts 27 to give a mixture of diastereomeric amino butenolides 28 . Treatment of this mixture with LiOMe/MeOH furnished 10 , and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the methyl ester groups delivered (−)-A58365A in 37% overall yield over the longest linear sequence of eight steps.
Match probability statistics and gamma-ray burst recurrences in the BATSE catalog

We developmatch probability statistics to test the recurrences of gamma-ray bursts in the BATSE catalog 1B and 2B. We do not find a signal of repetitions at the match level of 10−3.
A Universal Organic Solvation Model.

Thepartitioningofamoleculebetweentwophaseshasinnumerableconsequencesinchemistry;forexample,thepartitioning between air and neat liquid determinesvaporpressure(Henry’slaw),thepartitioningbetweenaqueousbiophasesandlipidbilayersiscriticaltodrugdelivery,andthedifferentialpartitioningoftransitionstatesandreactantsbetweentwomediaisthecauseofsolventeffectsontheratesandproductratiosofreac-tions. Bytheuseoffreeenergycycles,thepredictionofallsuchphenomenacanbereducedtothecalculationoffreeenergiesofsolvationforvarioussolutesinvarioussolvents. Herewereportacomputationalmodelforcal-culatingsuchquantitiesforanymoleculecomposedofH,C,N,O,F,S,Cl,Br,and/orIinessentiallyanyorganicsolvent. Themeanunsignederrorisunder0.5kcal.Historically,mostattemptstodeveloppredictivemod-elsforsolvationortransferfreeenergieshaveexaminedmultivariatequantitativestructure-propertyrelation-shipsandtypicallyinvolveassigningadditivefragmentcontributionstodifferentfunctionalgroups.
Strange baryonic matter from chiral effective Lagrangians

We investigate the existence of bound states of baryons in a kaon condensate using chiral mean field theory based on an effective SU(3)L × SU(3)R chiral Lagrangian with next to leading order terms (n = 2, 3, 4). We search for infinite baryon number solutions, namely “strange baryonic matter”, using a Thomas-Fermi and the lowest order Hartree approximations. For simplicity we study a pure K0-condensate and only neutrons, the lightest baryons in that condensate. We find solutions with neutron number densities, ϱn ≳ 3.5ϱ0, where ϱ0 is the infinite nuclear matter density. This is consistent with the estimate of the onset of a K-condensate at ϱn ≅ 2−4ϱ0. We show that the binding energies, Eb, grow with ϱn and for ϱn < 7ϱ0 (at ϱn ≳ 7ϱ0 perturbative expansion is lost) we find Eb < 150 MeV (Eb < 70 MeV for ϱn < 5ϱ0) even in the most favorable cases. These binding energies may be too low for this type of matter to appear and persist in the early Universe.
Forecasting the Yield Curve in a Data-Rich Environment: A No-Arbitrage Factor-Augmented VAR Approach ⁄

This paper suggests a term structure model which parsimoniously exploits a broad macroeconomic information set. The model uses the short rate and the common components of a large number of macroeconomic variables as factors. Precisely, the dynamics of the short rate are modeled with a Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregression and the term structure is derived using parameter restrictions implied by no-arbitrage. The model has economic appeal and provides better out-of-sample yield forecasts at intermediate and long horizons than a number of previously suggested approaches. The forecast improvement is highly significant and particularly pronounced for short and medium-term maturities.
Capillary-driven flows along rounded interior corners

The problem of low-gravity isothermal capillary flow along interior corners that are rounded is revisited analytically in this work. By careful selection of geometric length scales and through the introduction of a new geometric scaling parameter Tc, the Navier-Stokes equation is reduced to a convenient ∼ O(1) form for both analytic and numeric solutions for all values of corner half-angle a and corner roundedness ratio λ for perfectly wetting fluids. The scaling and analysis of the problem captures much of the intricate geometric dependence of the viscous resistance and significantly reduces the reliance on numerical data compared with several previous solution methods and the numerous subsequent studies that cite them. In general, three asymptotic regimes may be identified from the large second-order nonlinear evolution equation: (I) the 'sharp-corner' regime, (II) the narrow-corner 'rectangular section' regime, and (III) the 'thin film' regime. Flows are observed to undergo transition between regimes, or they may exist essentially in a single regime depending on the system. Perhaps surprisingly, for the case of imbibition in tubes or pores with rounded interior corners similarity solutions are possible to the full equation, which is readily solved numerically. Approximate analytical solutions are also possible under the constraints of the three regimes, which are clearly identified. The general analysis enables analytic solutions to many rounded-corner flows, and example solutions for steady flows, perturbed infinite columns, and imbibing flows over initially dry and prewetted surfaces are provided.
Semiparametric bivariate zero-inflated Poisson models with application to studies of abundance for multiple species

Ecological studies involving counts of abundance, presence–absence or occupancy rates often produce data having a substantial proportion of zeros. Furthermore, these types of processes are typically multivariate and only adequately described by complex nonlinear relationships involving externally measured covariates. Ignoring these aspects of the data and implementing standard approaches can lead to models that fail to provide adequate scientific understanding of the underlying ecological processes, possibly resulting in a loss of inferential power. One method of dealing with data having excess zeros is to consider the class of univariate zero-inflated generalized linear models. However, this class of models fails to address the multivariate and nonlinear aspects associated with the data usually encountered in practice. Therefore, we propose a semiparametric bivariate zero-inflated Poisson model that takes into account both of these data attributes. The general modeling framework is hierarchical Bayes and is suitable for a broad range of applications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model through a motivating example on modeling catch per unit area for multiple species using data from the Missouri River Benthic Fishes Study, implemented by the United States Geological Survey. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New cell-cell adhesion inhibitors from Streptomyces sp. UMA-044.

Three compounds, NP25301 (1), NP25302 (2) and bohemamine (3), inhibitors of cell adhesion based on LFA-1/ICAM-1, were isolated from the cultured broth of the strain Streptomyces sp. UMA-044. New compounds 1 and 2 were identified as 2-(3'-carbamoylphenoxy) acrylic acid methyl ester and deoxybohemamine, respectively, based on spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1-3 inhibited adhesion of HL-60 cells to CHO-ICAM-1 cells at IC50 values of 29.5μg/ml for 1, 24.3μg/ml for 2, and 27.2μg/ml for 3.
A sum-of-squares approach to the analysis of Zeno stability in polynomial hybrid systems

Hybrid dynamical systems can exhibit many unique phenomena, such as Zeno behavior. Zeno behavior is the occurrence of infinite discrete transitions in finite time. Zeno behavior has been likened to a form of finite-time asymptotic stability, and corresponding Lyapunov theorems have been developed. In this paper, we propose a method to construct Lyapunov functions to prove Zeno stability of compact sets in cyclic hybrid systems with parametric uncertainties in the vector fields, domains and guard sets, and reset maps utilizing sum-of-squares programming. This technique can easily be applied to cyclic hybrid systems without parametric uncertainties as well. Examples illustrating the use of the proposed technique are also provided.
Effects of upstream boundary layer on the unsteadiness of shock-induced separation

The relationship between the upstream boundary layer and the low-frequency, large-scale unsteadiness of the separated flow in a Mach 2 compression ramp interaction is investigated by performing wide-field particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser scattering (PLS) measurements in streamwise–spanwise planes. Planar laser scattering measurements in the upstream boundary layer indicate the presence of spanwise strips of elongated regions of uniform momentum with lengths greater than 40?. These long coherent structures have been observed in a Mach 2 supersonic boundary layer (Ganapathisubramani, Clemens & Dolling 2006) and they exhibit strong similarities to those that have been found in incompressible boundary layers (Tomkins & Adrian 2003; Ganapathisubramani, Longmire & Marusic 2003). At a wall-normal location of y/?=0.2, the inferred instantaneous separation line of the separation region is found to oscillate between x/?=?3 and ?1 (where x/?=0 is the ramp corner). The instantaneous spanwise separation line is found to respond to the elongated regions of uniform momentum. It is shown that high- and low-momentum regions are correlated with smaller and larger size of the separation region, respectively. Furthermore, the instantaneous separation line exhibits large-scale undulations that conform to the low- and high-speed regions in the upstream boundary layer. The low-frequency unsteadiness of the separation region/shock foot observed in numerous previous studies can be explained by a turbulent mechanism that includes these elongated regions of uniform momentum
The impact of uncertainty on incentives to collude in electricity markets

Market power in any market can result in higher prices than in a truly competitive market. Electricity markets pose unique problems to detection of market power due to the properties of electricity: it cannot be stored, which implies that the amount of energy supplied must always equal the amount demanded, and it must obey the laws of physics. A group of generators may exercise market power through tacit collusion, all raising prices together without communicating their intentions. Generators will use their expectations of market conditions to choose a competitive (low) bid, or a noncompetitive (high) bid. We use expected residual demand to describe market conditions, and calculate threshold levels where a generator would decide to change from low to high bid. We examine the effects of uncertainty in load and competitor behavior on collusion decisions in both uniform price and discriminatory price auctions.
S-Denying a Theory

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Orbifold adjunction formula and symplectic cobordisms between lens spaces

Each lens space has a canonical contact structure which lifts to the distribution of complex lines on the three-sphere. In this paper, we show that a symplectic homology cobordism between two lens spaces, which is given with the canonical contact structure on the boundary, must be dieomorphic to the product of a lens space with the unit interval. As one of the main ingredients in the proof, we also derive in this paper the adjunction and intersection formulae for pseudoholomorphic curves in an almost complex 4{orbifold, extending the relevant work of Gromov and McDu in the manifold setting.
Steady-State Electrostatic Layers From Weibel Instability in Relativistic Collisionless Shocks

It is generally accepted that magnetic fields generated in the nonlinear development of the transverse Weibel instability provide effective collisionality in unmagnetized collisionless shocks. Recently, extensive two- and three-dimensional simulations improved our understanding of the growth and saturation of the instability in colliding plasma shells. However, the steady state structure of the shock wave transition layers remains poorly understood. We use basic physical considerations and order-of-magnitude arguments to study the steady state structure in relativistic unmagnetized collisionless shocks in pair plasmas. The shock contains an electrostatic layer resulting from the formation of stationary, magnetically focused current filaments. The filaments form where the cold upstream plasma and the counterstreaming thermal plasma interpenetrate. The filaments are not entirely neutral, and strong electrostatic fields are present. Most of the downstream particles cannot cross this layer into the upstream medium because they are trapped by the electrostatic field. We identify the critical location in the shock transition layer where the electromagnetic field ceases to be static. At this location, the degree of charge separation in the filaments reaches a maximum value and the current inside the filaments comes close to the Alfven limit. We argue that the radius of the current filaments upstream of the critical location is about equal to the upstream plasma skin depth. Finally, we show that some downstream particles cross the electrostatic layer and run ahead of the shock into the preshock medium without causing instability. These particles may play an important role in diffusive particle acceleration.
An open trial of plasma exchange in childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder without poststreptococcal exacerbations

Patients with childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with symptom exacerbations following streptococcal infections benefit from treatment with plasma exchange. In this study, 5 patients with treatment-refractory OCD without a history of streptococcus-related exacerbations underwent an open 2-week course of therapeutic plasma exchange. Behavioral ratings, completed at baseline and 4 weeks after the initial treatment, included the Clinical Global Impressions Scale and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. All 5 patients completed the trial with few side effects, but none showed significant improvement. Plasma exchange does not benefit children and adolescents with OCD who do not have streptococcus-related exacerbations.
The Effects of Hot Spots Policing on Crime

In recent years, crime scholars and practitioners have pointed to the potential benefits of focusing crime prevention efforts on crime places. A number of studies suggest that crime is not spread evenly across city landscapes. Rather, there is significant clustering of crime in small places, or “hot spots,” that generate half of all criminal events (Pierce et al. 1988; Sherman et al. 1989; Weisburd et al. 1992). Even within the most crime-ridden neighborhoods, crime clusters at a few discrete locations and other areas are relatively crime free (Sherman et al. 1989). A number of researchers have argued that many crime problems can be reduced more efficiently if police officers focused their attention to these deviant places (Sherman and Weisburd 1995; Weisburd and Green 1995a). The appeal of focusing limited resources on a small number of high-activity crime places is straightforward. If we can prevent crime at these hot spots, then we might be able to reduce total crime. This review will synthesize the existing published and non-published empirical evidence on the effects of focused police crime prevention interventions at high-activity crime places and will provide a systematic assessment of the preventive value of focused police crime prevention efforts at crime hot spots. The review also examined whether focused police actions at specific locations result in crime displacement.
Torsion sections of elliptic surfaces

Given a torsion section of a semistable elliptic surface we prove equidistribution results for the components of singular fibers which are hit by the section and for the root of unity (identifying the zero component withC) which is hit by the section in case the section hits the zero component
A note on Talagrand's positivity principle

Talagrand's positivity principle states that one can slightly perturb a Hamiltonian in the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model in such a way that the overlap of two configurations under the perturbed Gibbs' measure will become typically nonnegative. In this note we observe that abstracting from the setting of the SK model only improves the result and does not require any modifications in Talagrand's argument. In this version, for example, positivity principle immediately applies to the setting of replica symmetry breaking interpolation. Also, abstracting from the SK model improves the conditions in the Ghirlanda-Guerra identities and as a consequence results in a perturbation of smaller order necessary to ensure positivity of the overlap.
Success of Strategies for Combining Employment and Breastfeeding

OBJECTIVE. Return to work is associated with diminished breastfeeding intensity and duration. Although more mothers breastfeed after returning to work now than earlier, research has not documented the strategies that mothers use for combining paid work and breastfeeding or their effect on breastfeeding outcomes. This study examined which strategies are associated with smaller decrements in breastfeeding intensity and longer durations. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS. We analyzed 810 mothers from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II who worked and breastfed. We used regression and censored regression models to analyze 4 strategies that mothers used to combine these 2 activities: (1) feed directly from the breast only; (2) both pump and feed directly; (3) pump only; and (4) neither pump nor breastfeed during the work day. Outcomes were the difference in percentage of milk feeds that were breast milk between the month before and after return to work and duration of breastfeeding after return to work. RESULTS. Forty-three percent of mothers pumped milk at work only; 32% fed the infant directly from the breast only. These 2 strategies, along with pumping and feeding directly, were statistically similar and superior to neither pumping nor breastfeeding during the work day for the outcome of change in breastfeeding intensity. For the outcome of breastfeeding duration, the 2 strategies that included directly feeding from the breast were associated with longer duration than pumping only, whereas the strategy of neither pumping nor breastfeeding during the work day was associated with the shortest duration. CONCLUSIONS. Feeding the infant from the breast during the work day is the most effective strategy for combining breastfeeding and work. Ways to enable direct feeding include on-site child care, telecommuting, keeping the infant at work, allowing the mother to leave work to go to the infant, and having the infant brought to the work site. Establishing ways for mothers to feed from the breast after return to work is important to meet US breastfeeding goals.
The Kinematics of Multiple-Peaked Lyα Emission in Star-Forming Galaxies at z ~ 2-3

We present new results on the Lyα emission-line kinematics of 18 z ~ 2-3 star-forming galaxies with multiple-peaked Lyα profiles. With our large spectroscopic database of UV-selected star-forming galaxies at these redshifts, we have determined that ~30% of such objects with detectable Lyα emission display multiple-peaked emission profiles. These profiles provide additional constraints on the escape of Lyα photons due to the rich velocity structure in the emergent line. Despite recent advances in modeling the escape of Lyα from star-forming galaxies at high redshifts, comparisons between models and data are often missing crucial observational information. Using Keck II NIRSPEC spectra of Hα (z ~ 2) and [O III]λ5007 (z ~ 3), we have measured accurate systemic redshifts, rest-frame optical nebular velocity dispersions, and emission-line fluxes for the objects in the sample. In addition, rest-frame UV luminosities and colors provide estimates of star formation rates and the degree of dust extinction. In concert with the profile sub-structure, these measurements provide critical constraints on the geometry and kinematics of interstellar gas in high-redshift galaxies. Accurate systemic redshifts allow us to translate the multiple-peaked Lyα profiles into velocity space, revealing that the majority (11/18) display double-peaked emission straddling the velocity-field zero point with stronger red-side emission. Interstellar absorption-line kinematics suggest the presence of large-scale outflows for the majority of objects in our sample, with an average measured interstellar absorption velocity offset of (Δv_(abs))=–230 km s^(–1). A comparison of the interstellar absorption kinematics for objects with multiple- and single-peaked Lyα profiles indicate that the multiple-peaked objects are characterized by significantly narrower absorption line widths. We compare our data with the predictions of simple models for outflowing and infalling gas distributions around high-redshift galaxies. While popular "shell" models provide a qualitative match with many of the observations of Lyα emission, we find that in detail there are important discrepancies between the models and data, as well as problems with applying the framework of an expanding thin shell of gas to explain high-redshift galaxy spectra. Our data highlight these inconsistencies, as well as illuminating critical elements for success in future models of outflow and infall in high-redshift galaxies.
Secure identity-based encryption in the quantum random oracle model

We give the first proof of security for an identity-based encryption (IBE) scheme in the quantum random oracle model. This is the first proof of security for any scheme in this model that does not rely on the assumed existence of so-called quantum-secure pseudorandom functions (PRFs). Our techniques are quite general and we use them to obtain security proofs for two random oracle hierarchical IBE schemes and a random oracle signature scheme, all of which have previously resisted quantum security proofs, even assuming quantum-secure PRFs. We also explain how to remove quantum-secure PRFs from prior quantum random oracle model proofs. We accomplish these results by developing new tools for arguing that quantum algorithms cannot distinguish between two oracle distributions. Using a particular class of oracle distributions that we call semi-constant distributions, we argue that the aforementioned cryptosystems are secure against quantum adversaries.
Tracking with Biased Measurements of Signal Strength Sensors

Sensors that measure received signal strength from moving targets may have bias that need to be accounted for if accurate tracking of targets in time is needed. When the bias is unknown, it has to be estimated together with the other unknowns of the system model. If the applied methodology for tracking is particle filtering and if the number of sensors is large, the performance of the used particle filtering algorithm may degrade considerably. In the paper we show how the tracking can be performed by marginalizing the biases through the use of Rao-Blackwellization and how the number of used Kalman filters for marginalization can be reduced to only one. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm with computer simulations.
Global stability of periodic orbits of non-autonomous difference equations and population biology

Elaydi and Yakubu showed that a globally asymptotically stable(GAS) periodic orbit in an autonomous dierence equation must in fact be a fixed point whenever the phase space is connected. In this paper we extend this result to periodic nonautonomous dierence equations via the concept of skew-product dynamical systems. We show that for a k-periodic dierence equation, if a periodic orbit of period r is GAS, then r must be a divisor of k. In particular sub-harmonic, or long periodic, oscillations cannot occur. Moreover, if r divides k we construct a non-autonomous dynamical system having minimum period k and which has a GAS periodic orbit with minimum period r. Our methods are then applied to prove a conjecture by J. Cushing and S. Henson concerning a non-autonomous Beverton-Holt equation which arises in the study of the response of a population to a periodically fluctuating environmental force such as seasonal fluctuations in carrying capacity or demographic parameters like birth or death rates.
Logic-Based Models for the Analysis of Cell Signaling Networks

Computational models are increasingly used to analyze the operation of complex biochemical networks, including those involved in cell signaling networks. Here we review recent advances in applying logic-based modeling to mammalian cell biology. Logic-based models represent biomolecular networks in a simple and intuitive manner without describing the detailed biochemistry of each interaction. A brief description of several logic-based modeling methods is followed by six case studies that demonstrate biological questions recently addressed using logic-based models and point to potential advances in model formalisms and training procedures that promise to enhance the utility of logic-based methods for studying the relationship between environmental inputs and phenotypic or signaling state outputs of complex signaling networks.
DCT quantization noise in compressed images

In lossy image compression schemes utilizing the discrete cosine transform (DCT), quantization of the DCT coefficients introduces error in the image representation and a loss of signal information. At high compression ratios, this introduced error produces visually undesirable compression artifacts that can dramatically lower the perceived quality of a particular image. This paper provides a spatial domain model of the quantization error based on a statistical noise model of the error introduced when quantizing the DCT coefficients. The resulting theoretically derived spatial domain quantization noise model shows that in general the compression noise in the spatial domain is both correlated and spatially varying. This provides some justification to many of the ad hoc artifact removal filters that have been proposed. More importantly, the proposed noise model can be incorporated in a post-processing algorithm that correctly incorporates the spatial correction of the quantizer error. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Gender Balance and the Meanings of Women in Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda

Across Africa many countries have taken initiatives to increase the participation and representation of women in governance. Yet it is unclear what meaning these initiatives have in authoritarian single-party states like Rwanda. Since seizing power in 1994 the Rwandan Patriotic Front has taken many steps to increase the participation of women in politics such as creating a Ministry of Gender organizing womens councils at all levels of government and instituting an electoral system with reserved seats for women in the national parliament. This article explores the dramatic increase in womens participation in public life and representation in governance and the increasing authoritarianism of the Rwandan state under the guise of democratization. The increased political participation of women in Rwanda represents a paradox in the short term: as their participation has increased womens ability to influence policy making has decreased. In the long term however increased female representation in government could prepare the path for their meaningful participation in a genuine democracy because of a transformation in political subjectivity. (authors)
Implications of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial: A Decision Analysis Model of Survival Outcomes

Purpose To assess the estimated effect of finasteride prevention of prostate cancer on overall survival. Methods Data for our decision tree model came from men in the two arms (finasteride or placebo) of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) and from clinically localized prostate cancer patients studied for long-term survival outcomes. Our model compared survival outcomes for men treated with finasteride or placebo. Prostate cancer rates were based on the 7-year period prevalence of prostate cancer detected in the PCPT; survival probabilities were abstracted from the long-term outcome studies. We assessed variability in the PCPT and long-term survival studies to test the variability of our model. Results Survival advantages for a finasteride-treated (v those not treated with finasteride) population include gains of 1.7 months in 15-year cause-specific survival (assuming finasteride-altered Gleason scores and prostate cancer prevalence rates in the PCPT), of up to 3 months for cancers treated conserv...
Tax‐Motivated Expense Shifting by Tax‐Exempt Associations

Tax‐exempt organizations are subject to the Unrelated Business Income Tax (UBIT) on the profits of business activities unrelated to their exempt mission. This study extends recent research on the expense allocations of charitable nonprofit organizations by examining a group of noncharitable nonprofits—primarily trade, labor, and agricultural associations—that differ from charitable nonprofits on a number of dimensions. The paper tests for tax‐motivated expense shifting by associations. Data is obtained from the IRS Statistics of Income Division, and is supplemented by data requested from associations. Reported unrelated business expenses are compared to those predicted by a regression model to estimate expense shifting. Associations are estimated to shift approximately 20–21 percent of the expenses reported on their UBIT returns. Further analysis calls into question the validity of the estimation model, and suggests that expense shifting may be understated in this and previous studies.