cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequencing a protein by x-ray crystallography. I. Interpretation of yeast hexokinase B at 2.5 A resolution by model building.

Abstract Because the chemically derived amino acid sequence for yeast hexokinase B is not known, a skeletal model of the 51,000 molecular weight monomer (complexed with the inhibitor, o -toluoylglucosamine) was built from a 2.5 A resolution electron density map as a first step in an attempt to derive an approximate amino acid sequence, as well as accurate atomic co-ordinates, by crystallographic refinement. The electron density map used in this study was improved over that previously reported (Steitz et al. , 1976) by the inclusion of an additional and excellent heavy atom derivative in the phasing, by extension of the resolution to 2.5 A, and by improvements in the data processing and heavy atom refinement. Although side-chain identities were surmised for most residues from the shape of the electron density, it is unlikely that more than one-fourth of the residues are correct at this stage due to inherent crystal disorder and inaccurate phases. The model contains only 2909 of the approximately 3596 non-hydrogen atoms expected from the amino acid composition, yet it provides an adequate starting point for crystallographic refinement of the amino acid sequence and the coordinates. The model confirms the overall path of the polypeptide backbone presented earlier (Fletterick et al. , 1975) but differs most notably in that a short segment of chain thought to be in extended conformation is now seen to be an α-helix. This change eliminates the only left-handed β-chain-strand-β-chain super-secondary structure in our model. Also, the 13 α-helices in hexokinase that are in close contact with each other cross pairwise at angles of about 10 °, 40 ° to 60 °, and 80 ° to 90 °. The sugar moiety of the inhibitor, o -toluoylglucosamine, binds to hexokinase in the C-1 chair equatorial conformation with the 1-hydroxyl axial (α-anomer). Specific interactions between protein side-chains and both the 4-hydroxyl and 3-hydroxyl groups can be seen but it is not clear in this map whether there might also be interactions with the 1- and 6-hydroxyl groups.
The NonMSW Task Supervisor, MSW Field Instructor, and the Practicum Student

Abstract This paper adds to the literature on field instruction and supervision of social work practicum students by nonMSW professionals. It shares insights gained from a focus group discussion of professionals' experiences with practica when there was no MSW on site. Reported findings indicate student, agency, and relational characteristics contribute to the success of these placements. The focus group and the authors conclude that active involvement of all three parties -the on-site nonMSW supervisor, the off-site MSW field instructor, and the practicum student -in a triad model of field education increases the likelihood that these practica provide students with field learning experiences that are among the very best.
Modulation of murine gastric antrum smooth muscle STOC activity and excitability by phospholamban.

We investigated intracellular Ca2+ waves, spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs), and membrane potentials of gastric antrum smooth muscle cells from wild-type and phospholamban-knockout mice. The NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increased intracellular Ca2+ wave activity in wild-type antrum smooth muscle cells, but had no effect on the constitutively elevated intracellular Ca2+ wave activity of phospholamban-knockout cells. STOC activity was also constitutively elevated in phospholamban-knockout antrum smooth muscle cells relative to wild-type cells. SNP or 8-bromo-cGMP increased the STOC activity of wild-type antrum smooth muscle cells, but had no effect on STOC activity of phospholamban-knockout cells. Iberiotoxin, but not apamin, inhibited STOC activity in wild-type and phospholamban-knockout antrum smooth muscle cells. In the presence of SNP, STOC activity in wild-type and phospholamban-knockout antrum smooth muscle cells was inhibited by ryanodine, but not 2-APB. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor KT5823 reversed the increase in STOC activity evoked by SNP in wild-type antrum smooth muscle cells, but had no effect on STOC activity in phospholamban-knockout cells. The resting membrane potential of phospholamban-knockout antrum smooth muscle cells was hyperpolarized by approximately −6 mV compared to wild-type cells. SNP hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential of wild-type antrum smooth muscle cells to a greater extent than phospholamban-knockout antrum smooth muscles. Despite the hyperpolarized membrane potential, slow wave activity was significantly increased in phospholamban-knockout antrum smooth muscles compared to wild-type smooth muscles. These results suggest that phospholamban is an important component of the mechanisms regulating the electrical properties of gastric antrum smooth muscles.
Studies on thyroid proteins. II. Purification of human thyroid proteins by gel filtration and the isolation of 19-S, 7-S, and 4-S components.

Abstract A procedure is described by which the major soluble proteins of normal human thyroid tissue can be separated. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 yields three fractions. The first eluted fraction (A) contains samples of well-purified thyroglobulin. Each of these samples also contains varying proportions of the 34-S, 27-S and 12-S thyroid proteins. Some of the samples from Fraction A contain only the 27-S and heavier proteins. The second fraction (B) contains nearly pure 7-S thyroid protein, as judged by ultracentrifugal analysis. By this same criterion, the third fraction (C) has essentially pure 4-S material, designated thyralbumin. The components in Fraction A cannot be further separated by paper curtain electrophoresis. The 7-S protein in Fraction B is, however, separated into nearly equal amounts of two subfractions by curtain electrophoresis. Likewise, the 4-S protein in Fraction C is separated into two nearly equal amounts. These procedures have separated eight major protein fractions in human thyroid extract. Furthermore, one of the 7-S protein subfractions and both of the 4-S subfractions have been shown to contain thyroid-specific antigenic activity.
Indentation Size Effect for Glasses: Yes, There is a Fracture Contribution

The influence of cracking upon apparent Knoop hardness was investigated for five glasses. The Knoop hardnesses decreased with increasing load in accordance with the classic indentation size effect (ISE). Cracking commenced at moderate loads and, in three of the five glasses studied, altered the indentation sizes and the ISE trends. Cracked indentations were as much as 10 μm longer than uncracked indentations made under identical conditions. Cracking around the indentation enabled the indenter to penetrate deeper into the material and larger indentations were produced.
Interactions of Streptococcus pneumoniae with the Proteins of the Complement Pathways

Thirty-three years later, the heat-stable, specific components of the opsonic interaction (antibodies) were distinguished from nonspecific, heat-labile serum proteins, now named complement. In the presence of antibody alone, the rate of neutrophil phagocytosis of serotype 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae was accelerated more than sevenfold by the addition of active complement proteins in fresh human serum. Mannose binding lectin (MBL), a member of the collectin family, exhibits the collagen-like domain and the carbohydrate recognition domain of the collectin family. The most compelling evidence for the role of innate immunity in defense against pneumococcal infection focuses on C3. Recent genetic investigations have identified a number of pneumococcal proteins that affect the activation, deposition, or cleavage of C3 so as to interfere with C3-mediated opsonization and phagocytosis. Deleting the choline-binding region of the family 2 PspA generated a mutant that failed to bind human lactoferrin but retained most of its complement deposition. Virulence was moderately attenuated. The pspC gene is present in 75% or more of pneumococcal strains, but the encoded proteins are highly polymorphic and are divided into 11 groups. Studies of type 3 pneumococci, highly resistant to phagocytosis, also pointed to absorption of factor H from plasma and led to the isolation of Hic. Pneumococcal proteins that interact with components of the classical or alternative complement pathways are predominantly surface expressed (except for Pla), related if not completely conserved (e.g., CbpA, PspA, PspC, and Hic), and potently immunogenic.
Changes in attitudes toward wolves before and after an inaugural public hunting and trapping season: early evidence from Wisconsin's wolf range

In many areas, wildlife managers are turning to hunting programmes to increase public acceptance of predators. This study examines attitudes measured before and after a hunting and trapping season (wolf hunt) in Wisconsin (WI), USA, and casts some doubt on whether such programmes actually promote public acceptance. In Wisconsin, attitudes toward wolves (Canis lupus) were recorded before and after the inaugural regulated wolf hunt. Measuring longitudinal changes is particularly important in assessing management interventions. The attitudes of 736 previous respondents were resampled in 2013. Changes in individual responses to statements about emotions, behavioural intentions, beliefs, and attitudes toward wolves and wolf management between 2009 and 2013 were assessed using a nine-item scaled variable called ‘tolerance’. Although the majority (66%) of wolf range respondents approved of the decision to hold the hunt, the results indicate a negative trend in attitudes toward wolves among male respondents and hunters living in wolf range, both before and after the state's first legal hunt, suggesting that hunting was not associated with an increase in tolerance for the species after one year. Tolerance levels among female respondents remained stable throughout the study period.
Country Road Take Me Home Migration Patterns in Appalachian America and Place-based Policy

This research fills a void in the regional development literature by assessing how labor force migration affects regional adjustment in peripheral regions and whether it differs than the rest of the country. We do this by comparing patterns for the lagging Appalachian region to the U.S. as a whole for the 1990s and post-2000 periods. We appraise whether successful job creation helps the original residents seeking employment, or primarily goes to outsiders, rendering place-based development policy ineffective. In a novel addition, we also appraise whether local job creation is associated with attracting relatively wealthier net-migrants. Because different relative migration elasticities imply different responses for other labor market outcomes, we also assess whether employment growth supports original residents in terms of lifting median household incomes and employment/population rates and reducing unemployment rates and poverty rates. We find that migration post-2000 has become less responsive to employment growth differentials, which allows successful economic development to lift the employment prospects of original residents, which also produces a stronger response in reducing local poverty rates.
Molecular testing in solid tumors: an overview.

Abstract Molecular testing in anatomic pathology is going to become more and more important during the next decade as we develop assays that can aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and predicting response to therapy. The anatomic pathologist needs to be familiar with the different assays available but also needs to be able to discern which are going to become standard of care and which will not. Three different types of tumors are reviewed: thyroid cancer, oligodendroglioma, and lung carcinoma. Molecular assays that are currently in use or on the near horizon, including translocation analyses for RET-PTC and PPARγ-PAX8, point mutation analysis for BRAF and epidermal growth factor receptor, and genetic loss for 1p and 19q, are discussed.
The effects of concurrent task and gap events on peak time in the peak procedure.

The effect of a concurrent task on timing performance of pigeons was investigated with the peak interval procedure. Birds were trained to peck a side key on a discrete-trial schedule that included reinforced fixed-interval (FI) 30-s trials and nonreinforced extended probe trials. Then, in separate sessions, birds were trained to peck a 6-s center key for food. In a subsequent test phase, the FI procedure was in effect along with dual-task probe test trials. On those test trials, the 6-s center key (task cue) was presented at 3, 9, or 15 s after probe trial onset. During another test phase, a 6-s gap (the FI keylight was extinguished) was presented at 3, 9, or 15 s after probe trial onset. Peak time increased with center key time of onset, and was greater under task than gap conditions. Moreover, peak time under task conditions exceeded values predicted by stop and reset clock mechanisms. These results are at variance with current attentional accounts of timing behavior in dual-task conditions, and suggest a role of nontemporal factors in the control of timing behavior.
'Had on When She Went Away . . .': Expanding the Usefulness of Garment Data in American Runaway Advertisements 1750–90 through Database Analysis

Newspaper runaway advertisements are one of the best sources of information on American women's working-class dress, but have only been minimally analysed in quantity. This article presents a project in which the notices of 900 women's elopements and their 5,600 garments have been catalogued in a relational database to provide greater access to garment data in runaway advertisements, including textile use, colour and patterning information. Data about the women, including physical characteristics, geographical location and ethnicity are linked to the garment data to allow contextual searches. Select initial investigations into preconceived notions of women's working-class clothing during this period are included to demonstrate future research directions based on this approach.
From Third World to one world : problems and opportunities in documenting new christianity

Abstract Christianity is undergoing fundamental changes in terms of cultural shaping and geographic distribution, yet North American libraries are not responding to these transformations. This article indicates why libraries must respond to the changing religious and cultural situation with strong collection development initiatives. It analyzes particular problems of acquiring Third World Christian documentation. Collection development objectives are formulated which take account of the needs of North American scholarship and of the production and supply of Third World materials. Finally, cooperative acquisitions methods are recommended.
A low-cost stand-alone real-time multi-channel frequency monitoring system

In this paper, an affordable sophisticated standalone real-time multi-channel analog signal Acquisition and Frequency Detection and/or Monitoring (A FREDOM) system is proposed. The A FREDOM is used to acquire multi-channel real-time analog signals. It also detects and monitors their frequencies. Any change in any channel frequency is reported. A proper action is taken place upon frequency change. The A FREDOM is hardware reconfigurable. Accordingly, it can be utilized in various real world applications especially in hazardous environments, or isolated areas, for remote architecture reconfiguration, while keeping the cost of the device low. The hardware implementation of the different processing functions of the device allows for high-speed processing without the need of expensive general purpose processors. The target technology of implementing the proposed design is the System on Chip via Field Programmable Gate Array (SoC-FPGA). Performance evaluation and cost comparisons are shown via simulation and experiments.
Magnetic phase transition in single crystals of the chiral helimagnet Cr 1 / 3 NbS 2

The chiral helimagnet Cr${}_{1/3}$NbS${}_{2}$ has been investigated by magnetic, transport, and thermal properties measurements on single crystals and by first-principles electronic structure calculations. From the measured field and temperature dependence of the magnetization for fields applied perpendicular to the $c$ axis, the magnetic phase diagram has been constructed in the vicinity of the phase transition. A transition from a paramagnetic to a magnetically ordered phase occurs near 120 K. The transition is found to strongly affect the electrical transport. The resistivity decreases sharply upon cooling near 120 K, and the spin reorientation from the helimagnetic ground state to the commensurate ferromagnetic state is evident in the magnetoresistance. At high fields, a large magnetoresistance ($55%$ at 140 kOe) is observed near the magnetic transition temperature. Heat capacity and electronic structure calculations show that the density of states at the Fermi level is low in the magnetically ordered state.
Managed care involvement by cardiovascular specialists: prevalence, attitudes and influence on practice.

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the involvement in and attitudes toward managed care by cardiovascular specialists and the influence of such programs on their practices. Background. No in-depth study has measured the impact of managed care on cardiovascular specialists. Therefore, we conducted a mail survey to determine the prevalence of managed care arrangements among cardiovascular specialists and variations among pediatric and adult cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons; the types of managed care arrangements in which cardiovascular specialists are engaged; the reasons why those not participating in managed care have chosen not to do so; and the general attitudes among cardiovascular specialists with regard to various aspects of managed care. In addition, we evaluated the impact of managed care among several aspects of cardiovascular practice. Methods. A questionnaire was mailed in the spring of 1993 to 4,577 practicing, domestic, American College of Cardiology (ACC members selected at random from within each primary cardiovascular specialty group (adult cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons). Additional data concerning practice characteristics were cross tabulated using results from the 1992 ACC membership profile survey. Results. In total, 1,961 of the 4,577 members responded to the survey, representing a 43% response rate. Of all survey respondents, 76% reported entering into at least one relationship with a health maintenance organization (HMO) or preferred provider organization (PPO). Of those not participating in managed care arrangements, the most frequently mentioned reason was “concern over the quality of care.” This reason was cited by 51% of those not entering into HMO relationships and 41% of those not participating in PPOs. The majority of respondents indicated that they do not strongly object to the gatekeeper approach to managing nonemergent patienis, although more than half indicated concern that gatekeepers may not be appropriate in the management of cardiac emergencies. In addition, cardiovascular specialists report that under managed care, referrals have not increased, income has decreased, and managed care formularies have not substantially affected their ability to prescribe appropriate medication to their patients. Conclusions. Despite concerns over the quality of care and contract requirements and general philosophical opposition of cardiovascular specialists, most are becoming integrated into managed care environments.
FDA report: Ferumoxytol for intravenous iron therapy in adult patients with chronic kidney disease†‡§

On June 30, 2009, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ferumoxytol (Feraheme injection, AMAG Pharmaceuticals), an iron-containing product for intravenous (IV) administration, for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adult patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The safety and efficacy of ferumoxytol were assessed in three randomized, open-label, controlled clinical trials. Two trials evaluated patients with nondialysis dependent CKD and a third trial assessed patients undergoing hemodialysis. Randomization was either to ferumoxytol or oral iron. Ferumoxytol was administered as two 510 mg IV injections, separated by 3-8 days. Oral iron, Ferro-Sequels, was administered at a dose of 100 mg twice daily for 21 days. In all three clinical trials, ferumoxytol administration increased the mean blood hemoglobin (Hgb) concentrations by approximately 1.0 g/dL over the 35 day period, a mean increase that was greater than what was observed in patients receiving oral iron. Patients receiving ferumoxytol also had increases in blood transferrin saturation (TSAT) and ferritin values. For the proposed ferumoxytol dosing regimen, 4.9% of patients had serum ferritin >or=800 ng/mL and TSAT >or=50% post-treatment. The most important ferumoxytol safety concerns were hypersensitivity reactions and/or hypotension. Anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reactions were reported in 0.2% of subjects, and other adverse reactions potentially associated with hypersensitivity (e.g., pruritus, rash, urticaria, or wheezing) were reported in 3.7%. Hypotension was observed in 1.9%, including three patients with serious hypotensive reactions. Ferumoxytol administration may transiently affect the diagnostic ability of magnetic resonance imaging and the drug label provides further information regarding this effect.
Design of gradient-index lens systems for laser beam reshaping

Refractive systems using two gradient-index lenses have been designed to convert a collimated Gaussian-profile laser beam into a plane wave with a uniform intensity distribution. The axial gradient-index distribution for two lenses is determined by using the energy conservation condition and the constant optical path-length condition. The design consideration and theoretical analysis are presented along with several applications.
Charge generation and energy transfer in hybrid polymer/infrared quantum dot solar cells

Conjugated polymers blended with nanocrystal quantum dots are interesting as solution processable active layers for infrared light harvesting in thin film solar cells. We study photocurrent generation processes in hybrid polymer/quantum dot photovoltaics by comparing device performance and photoinduced absorption (PIA) spectra across blends of three different conjugated polymers, poly(2,3-bis(2-(hexyldecyl)-quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-N-(2-hexyldecyl)-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole) (PDTPQx-HD), poly[(4,4′-bis(3-(2-hexyl-decyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,5-bis(3-(2-ethyl-hexyl)thiophen-2yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole)] (PPEHTT), and poly[(4,4′-bis(2-octyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2′3′-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,5-bis(3-octylthiophen-2yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole)] (PSOTT) with PbS quantum dots. The PIA spectra and device performance provide evidence for long-lived photoinduced charge separation and bulk heterojunction device operation for blends of both PDTPQx-HD and PPEHTT with PbS. In contrast we find that PSOTT/PbS blends can produce viable solar cells without any evidence for long-lived charge transfer in the PIA spectra. Even so, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra of PSOTT/PbS solar cells indicate that the polymer plays a significant role in light harvesting. We use photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy to confirm that the polymer funnels energy to the PbS quantum dots via energy transfer, and speculate that these blends may operate as PbS Schottky diodes sensitized by energy transfer from the semiconducting polymer host.
Increases of the green peach aphid following the use of some insecticides on potatoes

Results of experiments at St. Paul, Minnesota, indicate that applications of insecticides may result sometimes in considerably higher populations of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), than occur in untreated plots. Potatoes treated with Sevin (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) at 1 and 2 lb actual toxicant per acre averaged 28 times as many aphids as in the untreated checks. Less spectacular, but still significant, increases occurred following the use of DDT, Guthion (O,O-dimethyl S-(4-oxo-l,2,3-benzotriazin-3 (4H)-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate), Bayer
Use of surgical telescopes by senior dental students: A survey

This survey examined the use of surgical telescopes (STs) in a large senior dental student class. The percentage of students who purchased STs, factors that influenced those purchases, frequency/patterns of use, and purchase satisfaction were investigated. The survey return rate was 85.3% (128 of 150). Among the respondents, 86% had purchased STs and 14% had not. The most frequent motive for ST purchase was advice received from others (43%); ergonomic reasons were cited by 21% of users. Fixed-lens designs were selected more frequently (70%) than flip-down systems (30%). Nearly all ST purchases were made during the first year of dental school (95%), and low-power magnification (× 2–2.5) was chosen by 88% of purchasers. STs were used more often for operative dentistry, fixed prosthodontics, endodontics, and pediatric dentistry than for practice in other disciplines. ST users expressed a high level of satisfaction with their purchases (84%). The most common reason given for not purchasing STs was being able to see well enough without them (9 of 18; 50%).
Phase changes in the niobium-hydrogen system I: Accommodation effects during hydride precipitation

Abstract The accommodation effects which accompany hydride precipitation were studied in the NbH system using T.E.M. Elastic accommodation and punching of prismatic dislocation loops in the solid solution matrix were observed on precipitation. The reversibility of the plastic accommodation processes was studied. Dislocation generation and motion in the hydride were observed during reversion. These observations were related to the volume changes due to hydride formation and to the thermodynamics of the phase change. Direct evidence for the inhibition of hydride precipitation due to trapping at O and N interstitials is presented.
Distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates on certain connecticut tidal marshes, with emphasis on dominant molluscs

The distribution of macroinvertebrates on Connecticut tidal marshes corresponds well with that reported for other marshes along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. The greatest densities and biomass of the ribbed mussel,Geukensia demissa, were found on marshes in the central and western part of the state where both the annual production ofSpartina alterniflora and tidal range are large. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY019 00011
Introduction to the Characterization of God in the Book of Hosea

This is a brief introduction to the collection of papers delivered at the Israelite Prophetic Literature section on November 18, 2007 at the Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting in San Diego, CA. The theme of the section was "Characterization of God in the Book of Hosea."
Valvetrain Friction Reduction through Thin Film Coatings and Polishing

In a direct-acting mechanical bucket tappet–type valvetrain, the cam and tappet contact is responsible for about 85% of the total valvetrain frictional losses. Because this contact operates primarily in a mixed lubrication regime, it offers an opportunity for friction reduction through surface engineering. The friction reduction potential of thin Mn-phosphate coating, diamond-like carbon coating, and polishing on the bucket surface was explored using a motored valvetrain rig equipped with 3.5L V6 engine head. The durability of tappets and cam lobes was also evaluated using a different motored valvetrain rig consisting of a single lobe and a single tappet. The polished buckets demonstrated substantial friction benefit over current production buckets at all speeds investigated. The diamond-like carbon coated buckets did not show any additional friction reduction benefit. The wear data demonstrated much less wear with polished buckets and also for cam lobes when in contact with polished buckets compared to c...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INITIAL PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN LEVEL AND SUBSEQUENT PROSTATE CANCER DETECTION IN A LONGITUDINAL SCREENING STUDY

ABSTRACTPurpose:: Previous studies of archived blood samples from nonscreened populations have shown an association between the prostate specific antigen (PSA) and the subsequent detection of prostate cancer. In the current study we evaluated the relationship between the initial screening PSA and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer detected in a prospective, longitudinal screening study. We also examined the relationship between initial PSA and the clinicopathological features of the cancers detected.Materials and Methods:: Between May 1991 and November 2001 we enrolled 26,111 volunteers in our PSA and digital rectal examination based prostate cancer screening study. The men were followed biannually or annually depending on the results of previous screening tests. The chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the clinical stage, pathological stage and Gleason score of subsequently detected prostate cancers as well as the time to cancer detection in different initial screening PSA strata....
Perturbative matching of lattice and continuum heavy-light currents with NRQCD heavy quarks

The temporal and spatial components of the heavy-light vector current and the spatial components of the axial current are expressed in terms of lattice-regulated operators suitable for simulations of B and D mesons. The currents are constructed by matching the appropriate scattering amplitudes in continuum QCD and a lattice model to one-loop order in perturbation theory. In the lattice theory, the heavy quarks are treated using the nonrelativistic (NRQCD) formulation and the light quarks are described by the tadpole-improved clover action. The light quarks are treated as massless. Our currents include relativistic and discretization corrections through O(alpha_s/M, a alpha_s), where M is the heavy-quark mass, a is the lattice spacing, and alpha_s is the QCD coupling. As in our previous construction of the temporal component of the heavy-light axial current, mixing between several lattice operators is encountered at one-loop order, and O(a alpha_s) dimension-four improvement terms are identified.
Effects of Schedules of Collective Reinforcement on a Class during a Target Detection Course

Principles of behavior have recently been extended from the animal laboratory to the development of automated teaching. Extensions of these principles have so far been largely limited to training of the single individual. However, many training situacions make individual response analysis and individual reinforcement impractical. In many classrooms, teaching depends on analyzing the group's training progress collectively and applying reinforcement or feedback on the basis of the collective class response. Since so much of human behavior occurs in collective situacions, it would be of theoretical as well as practical interest to study the effects of conditioning techniques on collective groups. The situation to be discussed was a problem involving slide presentations of military type target detection problems. Previous research (Wolff, 1961; Wolff, et al., 1962) has demonstrated the usefulness of delayed point-out techniques and response boxes, requiring active participation in increasing the target detection ability of the soldier when training was administered on an individual basis. The present study was designed to investigate three problems: (1) the feasibility of extending the training conditions used in the studies on individual Ss, such as the usefulness of active participation and delayed point-out, to an enrire group collectively; (2) the relative effectiveness of graded and random sequences of target difficulty; and (3) the use of reinforcement in the form of collective verbal praise. The reinforcemenc schedules which were selected were designed to test the feasibility of presenting collective reinforcemenc to a group simultaneously where some members would be reinforced for not responding and other members would be reinforced for responding inappropriately some part of the time. This procedure contrasts with the usual reinforcement procedure which reinforces only on the basis of correct responses. Pmticipation Vmiables Investigated A classroom presentation of pictorial material which consisted of military type problems was utilized to teach target detection to trainees. A delayed point-out procedure was used to designate the targets and a response box procedure was developed for administration to members of a group simultaneously. Presentation of the Target Matwial
Upper Surface Blown Airfoils in Incompressible and Transonic Flows

Asymptotic and computational methods have been utilized to study the incompressible and transonic flow over upper surface blown airfoils. In the models discussed, the problem has been decomposed into the treatment of the fine structure of the jet and the analysis of the flow outside of it. Asymptotic expansions of limit process type have been used to treat the jet in a thin-layer approximation using suitable strained variables. Although vorticity must be accounted for in matching with the external flow, its effect on the Spence boundary conditions derived under irrotational assumptions is nil in regions away from the trailing edge and jet exit. A similar conclusion applies for compressibility. The condition of flow pressure and direction compatibility replacing the Kutta condition for the unblown configuration indicates that the dividing streamline leaves the higher total head upper surface of the airfoil tangent to the trailing edge. Computational results for an upper surface blowing airfoil indicate significant enhancements in lift with blowing. Comparisons with experiments indicate that viscous wall jet effects, wave interaction phenomena with the mixing zones near the jet exit, and trailing-edge layers must be incorporated into the model for improved simulation of the flow physics.
The Feasibility and Advantages of Commercial Process I/O Systems for Accelerator Control

Control systems for large particle accelerators must be able to handle analog and digital signals and timing coordination for devices which are spread over a large physical area. Many signals must be converted and transmitted to and from a central control area during each accelerator cycle. Digital transmission is often used to combat common mode and RF interference. Most accelerators in use today have met these requirements with custom process I/O hardware, data transmission systems, and computer interfaces. In-house development of hardware and software has been a very costly and time consuming process, but due to the lack of available commercial equipment, there was often no other alternative. Today, a large portion of these development costs can be avoided. Small control computers are now available off the shelf which have extensive process control I/O hardware and software capability. Computer control should be designed into accelerator systems from the beginning, using operating systems available from manufacturer. With most of the systems programming done, the designers can begin immediately on the applications software.
Investigation of Fan Rotor Interaction With Pressure Disturbance Produced by Downstream Pylon

This paper presents an investigation of fan rotor interaction with potential pressure disturbances produced by a downstream pylon. Three-dimensional unsteady viscous analyses are performed for two fan rotor-stator-pylon configurations with different axial gaps between the stator and the pylon, and compared with the experimental results. To clarify the impact of the rotor-pylon interaction on the potential pressure flow field, a numerical analysis for the configuration in which a fan rotor is removed is also performed and compared with the numerical results with fan rotor. Actuator disk analyses are also performed to interpret the flow structures observed in the experiments and the numerical results. It is found that a fan rotor-stator interaction also exists in the fan flow field, and this may impact on the upstream propagating potential flow that dominates the unsteady forces acting on the rotor blades. A coupled analysis between fan rotor and stator is essential to accurately predict the unsteady blade force.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Polymerisation of haemoglobin SA hybrid tetramers

ERYTHROCYTE sickling and gelation of concentrated solutions of deoxyhaemoglobin (Hb) S (α2β26 Val) results from helical polymerisation of the tetramers, with a spatial orientation approximated by recent ultrastructural and optical studies. Earlier observations of the gelling behaviour of Hb S or Hb C Harlem (α2β26Va1, 73Asn) mixed with Hb A or other haemoglobins gave indirect evidence concerning intertetrameric contact sites, and we proposed that only one β6 valine-determined site was active per tetramer, the other β chain providing different polymer contacts1,2. Our arguments required that asymmetrical hybrids (for example α2βAβS) occurred in Hb mixtures; their long-suspected presence has recently been established3–5, but the dissociation equilibria by which these hybrids form (Fig. 1) hinders their isolation and direct testing of their ability to polymerise. To circumvent this difficulty we have prepared Hb SA hybrids cross-linked intratetramerically to prevent dissociation, and have found them capable of polymer and gel formation quite similar to that of Hb S.
Care and Management of the Infant of the HIV-1-Infected Mother

Mother-to-child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus continues to be a major global health problem. The pediatric HIV-1 epidemic is fuelled by HIV-1 infection in women of childbearing age with vertical transmission in utero or at the time of birth. In resource-rich countries, the birth of an infected child is a sentinel health event signaling a chain of missed opportunities and barriers to prevention. Because the fate and ultimate HIV-infection status of the baby is inextricably linked to the infection status of the mother and her general state of well-being, we provide in this review: 1) background and state-of-the-art management guidelines for optimum maternal care; 2) strategies to minimize the risk of vertical transmission of HIV; and 3) recommendations for managing infants born to HIV-infected women. These are discussed under four case scenarios that obstetric and pediatric providers frequently encounter in their practices.
Elementary Statistics with Minitab

Summary Computer packages are available which can take much of the tedium out of the computational aspects of statistics and, we hope, thereby improve comprehension of the concepts. This article describes how the software package Minitab was incorporated into two elementary statistics courses, one at Kingston Polytechnic in England, the other at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in the United States.
Discussion on “Optimal Sequential Surveillance for Finance, Public Health, and Other Areas” by Marianne Frisén

Abstract A great deal of research has been done in the last few years on various aspects of surveillance. This discussion covers some recent trends with references provided for interested readers. The use of various performance metrics is also briefly discussed.
Antibody response to type-common and type-unique epitopes of herpes simplex virus polypeptides.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and type 2 (HSV2) polypeptides with typecommon and type-unique epitopes were identified using cross-adsorbed hyperimmune rabbit sera and Western blotting techniques. Twelve HSVl and fourteen HSV2 polypeptides with type-specific epitopes were identified. Cross-adsorbed human sera reacted to a subset of the type-specific epitopes defined by rabbit sera. Human sera with both HSV1- and HSV2-specific antibodies were identified by their reaction to HSV1 -type-specific epitopes after adsorption with HSV2, and HSV2-type-specific epitopes after adsorption with HSV1. Mixing experiments demonstrated the sensitivity of this assay for detecting HSV2-type-specific anti-body in the presence of HSV1 antibody. This technique has proven useful in the study of immune response to individual HSV polypeptides during human HSV infections, while the presence of these type-unique epitopes on HSV polypeptides allows for the detection of type-specific antibodies in human sera.
Factors Influencing the Willingness to Pay for Coastal Beach Protection

Abstract This study examines coastal beach visitors ‘ willingness to pay for a beach erosion control program. A Tobit model was developed utilizing survey data obtained from recreational beach users at Maine and New Hampshire beaches. The number of years visiting a particular beach, income level, familiarity with beach protective laws, respondents’ state of residence, and the presence of sand dunes were found to be statistically significant in influencing a beach users’ willingness to pay for coastal beach protection. The implications of these findings for beach erosion control programs are discussed.
AN IMPROVED SELF-STIMULATOR FOR ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS

Abstract The use of solid state circuitry in a self-stimulator for animal experiments has resulted in an instrument with increased reliability and versatility. An improved electrode connector for use in experiments of this type has also been developed. A pilot model of the instrument has been in operation for about a year and has given very satisfactory results.
Accidental methylene chloride fatality

Abstract A case of accidental methylene chloride poisoning by inhalation is presented. The methylene chloride concentration in post-mortem blood was 29.8 mg% as determined by a headspace gas-chromatography technique. The accidental death was attributed to improper ventilation of vapors.
Conserved Currents, Their Commutators, and the Symmetry Structure of Renormalizable Theories of Electromagnetic, Weak, and Strong Interactions

This paper discusses the role played by conserved currents in fixing the structure of currently popular renormalizable theories of strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions. The major objective of this work is to show that these theories correspond to another kind of symmetry --which we call a Higga-type asymmetry--and to clarify the relation of this scheme to the already familiar normal and Goldstone aymmetries. In order to do this, we introduce a language which makes no reference to any specific Lagangian formalism and so avoids questions of whether or not hadrons are composite and whether or not the Goldstone bosons (massless particles of these theories) necessarily have massive partners. For pedagogical reasons, we discuss the original Weinberg model of leptons and a model coupling leptons and hadrons from the current-algebra point of view. (auth)
Direct fringe writing architecture for photorefractive polymer-based holographic displays: analysis and implementation

An optical architecture for updatable photorefractive polymer-based holographic displays via the direct fringe writing of computer-generated holograms is presented. In contrast to interference-based stereogram techniques for hologram exposure in photorefractive polymer (PRP) materials, the direct fringe writing architecture simplifies system design, reduces system footprint and cost, and offers greater affordances over the types of holographic images that can be recorded. This paper reviews motivations and goals for employing a direct fringe writing architecture for photorefractive holographic imagers, describes our implementation of direct fringe transfer, presents a phase-space analysis of the coherent imaging of fringe patterns from spatial light modulator to PRP, and presents resulting experimental holographic images on the PRP resulting from direct fringe transfer.
Getting hotter with RNA.

Results from in vitro selection studies reveal that enhanced ribozyme stability can be achieved through a small number of substitutions, which primarily improve the packing interactions in the molecular interior.
Acute lung injury using oleic acid in the laboratory rat: establishment of a working model and evidence against free radicals in the acute phase.

Abstract Objective To determine the optimal model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) using oleic acid in our laboratory and to measure the presence or absence of free radicals in this model. Design This protocol consisted of 2 phases. During the first phase, various conditions were tested, to include different doses (30 or 50 microliters) of oleic acid, different levels of support (with and without mechanical ventilation), and different injury time periods (sacrifice 4 or 8 hours after injection). During the second phase, animals were randomly assigned to experimental (injured) and control (noninjured) groups for the measurement of free radicals by nitrotyrosine Western blot and by the conversion of hydroethidine to ethidium bromide by superoxide. Setting Multidisciplinary laboratory and animal surgery suite. Participants Twenty-seven male Sprague–Dawley rats. Results During the first phase, several animal deaths occurred in the high-dose, ventilated groups, whereas there were no deaths in the nonventilated animals. On hematoxylin and eosin stain, injury was greatest in the animals that received the higher dose of oleic acid and that were sacrificed at 8 hours. In the protocol’s second phase, oxygen radical assays were negative for all experimental and control lungs. Conclusions During this study, we successfully established a working animal model of ARDS for our laboratory. Our findings to date suggest that free radicals do not contribute to oleic acid lung injury in the early stages.
Synchronization: Is a synthesis of the problems possible?

This paper exposes an idea to define a framework within which this twofold reality will be reflected, together with a method to define with precision the problems of synchronization at their proper level of abstraction. As such, it attempts to give an answer to the question of understanding what characterizes a problem of synchronization, how it is related to a programming method and what are the aspects of its implementation.
Spectroscopic observations of methane-pulverized coal flames

Abstract A premixed laminar flame burner was used to study physical and chemical effects of burning methane and pulverized coal simultaneously. Spectral emissions obtained as a function of height in the flame, for OH, CH, C2, and CO were used to calculate excited state species number densities. Premixed methane-air flames with a number of equivalence ratios and methane-air-coal dust flames with three equivalence ratios were studied and differences were noted. Spatial temperatures were measured in all flames by means of a thermocouple probe. The introduction of a pulverized coal additive (30mg/min) leads to changes in OH, Ch, C2, and CO number densities and temperature at various heights, which depend on the stoichiometry of the methane-air flame. Possible chemical and physical mechanisms responsible for these changes are discussed qualitatively. The data pose a severe test for any quantitative model which includes the fluid dynamics, gas-phase chemistry, heterogeneous processes, and radiation transport.
The Age Segregation Process: Explanation for American Cities

There is considerable variation among metropolitan areas in the extent of residential age segregation. The effects of variables derived from three possible explanations of age segregation-ecological, cultural, and political models-are assessed through path- analytic techniques. A significant amount of the variation in age segregation can be accounted for by variables indexing the tightness of local housing markets, population growth, suburbanization, and housing age. Ecological explanations of age segregation appear to be most powerful. Regional differences suggest that a cultural model is also important.