cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating prototype theory in convolutional neural networks

Deep artificial neural networks have made remarkable progress in different tasks in the field of computer vision. However, the empirical analysis of these models and investigation of their failure cases has received attention recently. In this work, we show that deep learning models cannot generalize to atypical images that are substantially different from training images. This is in contrast to the superior generalization ability of the visual system in the human brain. We focus on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) as the state-of-the-art models in object recognition and classification; investigate this problem in more detail, and hypothesize that training CNN models suffer from unstructured loss minimization. We propose computational models to improve the generalization capacity of CNNs by considering how typical a training image looks like. By conducting an extensive set of experiments we show that involving a typicality measure can improve the classification results on a new set of images by a large margin. More importantly, this significant improvement is achieved without fine-tuning the CNN model on the target image set.
Autologous Transplant Event-Free Survival (EFS) Following Failure of CHOP-Rituximab (CHOP-R) for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Is the Same as the EFS Following Failure of CHOP Alone.

Abstract Several studies have now identified that the addition of rituximab (R) to CHOP chemotherapy has increased the complete response, EFS, and overall survival (OS) for patients with previously untreated DLBCL. However, concerns of increased resistance of DLBCL following failure of CHOP-R and the inability to salvage those patients with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation have been raised. In an attempt to address this issue, we evaluated 103 patients with high risk, relapsed, or refractory DLBCL receiving high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation at our center between 1999 and 2003. Fifty-six (54%) of the patients received CHOP as their initial induction therapy and 47 (46%) received CHOP-R. The patients ranged in age from 20–73 years (median 50). Sixty patients were male and 43 female. Sixty two of the patients were transplanted
Characteristics and Outcomes of 38 Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Evolving from Previous Well Characterized Myeloproliferative Disorder.

Abstract Antecedent hematological disorder (AHD) is a known adverse prognostic factor for patients with AML. AHD, however, encompasses a range of diverse hematological disorders. The characteristics and outcome of AML evolving from myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) without features of dysplasia remain poorly defined. Between 08/73 and 01/06, 76 patients were treated at the MD Anderson Cancer Center for AML evolving from a previous MPD. Of these, 38 were excluded from further analyses: inadequate pathological information for confident diagnosis of MPD (n=15), concomitant myelodysplastic features (n=11), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (n=4), and less than twelve months between MPD diagnosis and AML occurrence (n=8). Baseline characteristics of remaining 38 patients with well-characterized MPD: median age 51 years (range 24–70); male 61%; cytogenetics - diploid 86%, del20q 14%; splenomegaly 27%. Diagnoses by WHO classification: polycythemia vera 47%; myelofibrosis 24%; essential thrombocythemia 18%; chronic MPD unclassifiable 11%. MPD therapy: hydroxyurea in 87% (median 3 years exposure), alkylating agent in 16%, and radioactive phosphorus in 8% of patients. AML occurred a median of 111 months (range 22 – 376) after MPD diagnosis. Median age at AML diagnosis was 65 years (range 40–81); cytogenetics were poor risk (−5, −7, 11q23, or ≥3 abnormalities) in 50% and intermediate risk in others (including diploid in 28%). Median survival was 23 weeks after AML diagnosis, and was not significantly different between patients who received AML therapy and those who received supportive therapy only (p=0.33) (figure 1), or between patients with intermediate and poor risk cytogenetics (p=0.12). Twenty-four patients received standard or high-dose Ara-C based induction chemotherapy: complete response (CR) rate was 38%, but responses were short-lived with all patients relapsing within 37 weeks in the absence of stem cell transplantation. Two patients underwent non-myeloablative matched sibling stem cell transplant in first CR: one remain leukemia free at 70 weeks, and the second relapsed 22 weeks post transplant but responded to re-induction chemotherapy, and remains alive at 38 weeks. AML evolving from a previous MPD carries an adverse prognosis, with very poor results from conventional induction chemotherapy. Exploration of novel agents in this patient population as a first line therapy is warranted. Download : Download high-res image (80KB) Download : Download full-size image
Models of Solar Deployment: Decentralised Versus Centralised Generation

This paper discusses the potential models for solar deployment in Turkey with a particular focus on the pros and cons of distributed versus centralised solar electricity generation. In the first part, the paper analyses the current state of the Turkish electricity market, demand and supply patterns and the expected future development and evaluates the role photovoltaics (PV) can take within this market. The large electricity consumption growth rate of Turkey requires opening up additional resources in order to continue to facilitate economic growth. With the set condition of the current feed-in tariff and the requirements for local content production, Turkey has started exploiting its PV potential comparably slowly despite its favourable preconditions of comparably high irradiation levels. To evaluate the economic attractiveness of solar, the second part of the paper compares the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) of PV to current and expected future electricity prices and puts the Turkish situation in conjunction to other PV markets. Analysing the different key market segments from utility-scale ground-mounted solar parks to commercial and industrial rooftop applications to residential systems based on their individual role in distributed versus centralised PV power generation prepares the base for exploring how the combination of different systems allows to optimise the exploitation of Turkey’s solar potential. The question of distributed versus centralised generation requires also a look into the business models for the use of the generated solar electricity, which can be feeding into the grid to receive the benefits of the feed-in tariff, and independent power purchase agreements (PPAs), which are particularly interesting to industrial and commercial users, who have the (roof) space available but prefer concentrating on their core business to owning and operating a PV system themselves to own consumption and its requirements for balancing generation with demand, storage capabilities, or combination with other forms of electricity generation. Approach: comparing the Turkish PV market to other more development PV markets and analysing the Turkish energy system to develop a role model for solar adaption. Result of the work: solar is an attractive form of energy generation in Turkey even at low subsidy levels. It offers additional benefits to the Turkish society by reducing dependence on costly imported fossil fuels and allowing the development of a further industry segment in an industry with a long-term global growth perspective.
Disentangling boundary extension and normalization of view memory for scenes

ABSTRACTBoundary extension (BE) is a memory error for close-up views of scenes in which participants tend to remember a picture of a scene as depicting a more wide-angle view than what was actually displayed. However, some experiments have yielded data that indicate a normalized memory of the views depicted in a set of scenes, suggesting that memory for the previously studied scenes has become drawn toward the average view in the image set. In previous studies, normalization is only found when the retention interval is very long or when the stimuli no longer appear to represent a spatial expanse. In Experiment 1, we examine whether normalization can influence results for scenes depicting a partial view of space and when the memory test occurs immediately following the study block by manipulating the degree of difference between studied close-up and wide-angle scenes. In Experiment 2, normalization is induced in a set of scenes by creating conditions expected to lead to memory interference, suggesting that...
Evaluation of android smartphones for telepathology

Background: In the year 2014, Android smartphones accounted for one-third of mobile connections globally but are predicted to increase to two-thirds by 2020. In developing countries, where teleconsultations can benefit health-care providers most, the ratio is even higher. This study compared the use of two Android phones, an 8 megapixel (MP) and a 16 MP phone, for capturing microscopic images. Method: The Android phones were used to capture images and videos of a gastrointestinal biopsy teaching set of referred cases from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP). The acquired images and videos were reviewed online by two pathologists for image quality, adequacy for diagnosis, usefulness of video overviews, and confidence in diagnosis, on a 5-point Likert scale. Results: The results show higher means in a 5-point Likert scale for the 8 MP versus the 16 MP phone that were statistically significant in adequacy of images (4.0 vs. 3.75) for rendering diagnosis and for agreement with the reference diagnosis (2.33 vs. 2.07). Although the quality of images was found higher in the 16 MP phone (3.8 vs. 3.65), these were not statistically significant. Adding video images of the entire specimen was found to be useful for evaluating the slides (combined mean, 4.0). Conclusion: For telepathology and other image dependent practices in developing countries, Android phones could be a useful tool for capturing images.
Relationships among the FMRFamide-like peptides.

The nuclear family of FaRPs (comprising those peptides that are, on compelling evidence, homologous) appears to be restricted to the protostome invertebrate phyla: i.e. Mollusca, Arthropoda, Annelida and Nematoda. Neither the origin nor the range of the family has been definitively established. That is, no genuine homologs have been demonstrated yet in the flatworms (though not for lack of trying), and neither the pseudocoelomate phyla related to the nematodes, nor the coelomate relatives of the annelids have been examined. The extended family of FaRPs (including peptides with little consistent sequence similarity beyond a penultimate Arg and an amidated hydrophobic residue at the C-terminal) exists in all phyla. Such a superfamily was probably first proposed by Morris et al. (1982), whose sequencing of SCPB suggested to them a class of peptides, "... the key unit for biological activity being Phe-A-Arg-B-amide (where A and B are also hydrophobic amino acids)." The ubiquity of the convergent FaRPs could reflect a conserved family of complementary heptahelical receptors requiring the arginyl residue for binding (Price and Greenberg, 1989). But another selective advantage would be the protection provided by a penultimate Arg against certain deamidating peptidases, found so far in yeast and mammals (Jackman et al., 1990).
EVIDENCE FOR PHOTOENZYMATICALLY REPAIRABLE, LETHAL “NONDIMER” PHOTOPRODUCTS FORMED IN E. COLI CELLS BY NEAR UV LIGHT

ABSTRACT The completely dark-repair deficient, non-photorepairable E. Coli strain, CSR 603, is inactivated by 254-nm radiation at a 300–700 times higher rate than the non-photorepairable dark-repair proficient strain H/r 30. For 365-nm radiation the corresponding inactivation rates differ by a factor of only 5–10, indicating that at this wavelength 10–20% of lethal photoproducts in H/r 30 are not dark-repairable. Thus they must be different from cyclobutane dipyrimidines formed after 254-nm irradiation, of which only less than 1% are not dark-repairable. From the comparison of inactivation of H/r 30 ( phr −) with H/r 30-R ( phr +) cells after 365-nm exposure, it is nevertheless evident that the majority of these non-dark repairable photoproducts can be photoenzymatically repaired.
The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on cancer mortality in Mexico, 2003–2013

I assess the impact that pharmaceutical innovation had on cancer mortality in Mexico during the period 2003–2013, by investigating whether there were larger declines in the age-standardized mortality rate of cancer sites (breast, lung, colon, etc.) that were subject to more pharmaceutical innovation, controlling for changes in the age-standardized cancer incidence rate. The estimates indicate that new drugs launched during 1991–2001 reduced the age-standardized cancer mortality rate by 16%, i.e., at an average annual rate of about 1.6%. I estimate that 105,661 life-years before age 70 were gained in 2013 due to cancer drugs launched during 1991–2001, and that the cost per life-year gained was in the neighborhood of $2146. By the standards of the World Health Organization, new cancer drugs have been very cost-effective in Mexico. The contribution of cancer drug innovation to Mexican longevity growth has been valuable, but, perhaps, it could have been even larger. Only half as many new cancer drugs were launched in Mexico during 2010–2014 as were launched in the US. In addition, when new drugs are launched in Mexico, their diffusion tends to be quite slow.
Update on Jehovah’s Witness cases before the European Court of Human Rights: implications of a surprising partnership

This contribution details the large number of cases carried by Jehovah’s Witnesses to the European Court of Human Rights during its existence, and examines the many positive outcomes of those cases...
Adipocyte JAK2 Regulates Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity Independently of Body Composition, Liver Lipid Content, and Hepatic Insulin Signaling

Disruption of hepatocyte growth hormone (GH) signaling through disruption of Jak2 (JAK2L) leads to fatty liver. Previously, we demonstrated that development of fatty liver depends on adipocyte GH signaling. We sought to determine the individual roles of hepatocyte and adipocyte Jak2 on whole-body and tissue insulin sensitivity and liver metabolism. On chow, JAK2L mice had hepatic steatosis and severe whole-body and hepatic insulin resistance. However, concomitant deletion of Jak2 in hepatocytes and adipocytes (JAK2LA) completely normalized insulin sensitivity while reducing liver lipid content. On high-fat diet, JAK2L mice had hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance despite protection from diet-induced obesity. JAK2LA mice had higher liver lipid content and no protection from obesity but retained exquisite hepatic insulin sensitivity. AKT activity was selectively attenuated in JAK2L adipose tissue, whereas hepatic insulin signaling remained intact despite profound hepatic insulin resistance. Therefore, JAK2 in adipose tissue is epistatic to liver with regard to insulin sensitivity and responsiveness, despite fatty liver and obesity. However, hepatocyte autonomous JAK2 signaling regulates liver lipid deposition under conditions of excess dietary fat. This work demonstrates how various tissues integrate JAK2 signals to regulate insulin/glucose and lipid metabolism.
Participation in Recreational Athletics After Operative Fixation of Tibial Plateau Fractures: Predictors and Functional Outcomes of Those Getting Back in the Game.

Background:Tibial plateau fractures can be devastating traumatic injuries to the knee, particularly in active athletes.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to report on the return to pa...
Conceptual Analysis and Emergency Legislation

This essay will demonstrate by an analysis of the concepts of terrorism, an emergency, and the rule of law how conceptual analysis can be useful for the drafting and evaluation of emergency legislation to counter the threat of terrorism. It suggests that terrorism is best defined as “the attempt to coerce an indirect target by means of terror produced by the use or threat of violence against a direct target.” An advantage of this definition is that it excludes violent attacks such as the recent mass shootings in US schools that are a very different kind of public threat requiring a very different solution. It explains that the sort of emergency relevant to emergency legislation is an unusual situation severely threatening the public welfare that cannot be dealt with adequately by the exercise of executive powers authorized by the normally applicable law. This provides a potential justification for emergency legislation as a means to protect the well-being of the citizens. It argues that a thick conception of the rule of law requiring protection of individual rights is most appropriate for the evaluation of emergency legislation and analyzes rights as complexes of Hohfeldian positions with a core defining position plus associated positions that together confer freedom and control over the defining core upon the right-holder in face of one or more second parties. This conception of the rule of law imposes limits upon morally justifiable emergency legislation.
The Owl of Athena: History, Philosophy, and Humanism in Comparative Education.

“Time present and time past, are both perhaps present in time future, and time future contained in time past.” (T. S. Eliot)“Educating the mind (nous) without educating the soul (psyche) is no educ...
Clinical Cough I: The Urge-To-Cough: A Respiratory Sensation

Cough is generated by a brainstem neural network. Chemical and mechanical stimulation of the airway can elicit a reflex cough and can elicit a cognitive sensation, the urge-to-cough. The sensation of an urge-to-cough is a respiratory-related sensation. The role of the respiratory sensation of an urge-to-cough is to engage behavioral modulation of cough motor action. Respiratory sensations are elicited by a combination of modalities: central neural, chemical, and mechanical. Stimulation of respiratory afferents or changes in respiratory pattern resulting in a cognitive awareness of breathing are mediated by central neural processes that are the cognitive neural basis for respiratory sensations, including the urge-to-cough. It is proposed that the urge-to-cough is a component of the cough motivation-to-action system. The urge-to-cough is induced by stimuli that motivate subjects to protect their airway by coughing. Cough receptor stimulation is gated into suprapontine brain systems. In the proposed cough motivation system, the cough stimulus would produce an urge-to-cough which then matches with the cognitive desire for a response to the urge. If a cough is produced by the motor action system, the descending cognitive drive modulates the brainstem cough neural network. Receptors within the respiratory system provide sensory feedback indicating if the cough occurred, the motor pattern, and the magnitude. The limbic system uses that information to determine if the coughing behavior satisfied the urge. Cough is stopped if the urge-to-cough is satisfied; if the urge has not been satisfied then the urge-to-cough will continue to motivate the central nervous system. The central component within this cough motivation system is the intrinsic brain mechanism which can be activated to start the cycle for motivating a cough, the urge-to-cough. Eliciting a cognitive urge-to-cough is dependent on the integration of respiratory afferent activity, respiratory motor drive, affective state, attention, experience, and learning.
An Evidence-Based Approach to the Management of Pancreatic Cancer

n 2001, a number of prominent pancreas cancer specialists from the medical community met with industry and pancreatic cancer advocacy partners to make comprehensive formal recommendations for the National Cancer Institute’s pancreatic cancer research agenda. They published an executive summary identifying barriers to progress and highlighted research priorities that could lead to real progress for this cancer. As we approach the end of 2004, much has changed, yet much has remained the same for the management of pancreatic cancer. We now have an understanding of how normal duct epithelium progresses to infiltrating cancer at the molecular level. We finally have available reliable mouse models of early pancreatic ductal lesions3 that will provide unprecedented potential to identify early pancreatic lesions and allow testing of new drugs for prevention and treatment. The technology for pancreatic tumor animal xenografting exists that will allow more efficient testing of new drugs and identifying mechanisms of drug resistance.
Differential neurosensory responses of adult Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, to glycoalkaloids.

Neurons from chemosensory hairs on the galeae of adult Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say), were investigated for responses to glycoalkaloids of the family Solanaceae. While solanine and tomatine elicited irregular firing by multiple neurons and bursting activity at 1 mM concentration in most sensory hairs, stimulation with leptine I resulted in consistently high-frequency, slowly adapting responses with a dose-dependent effect between 0.03 and 0.3 mM concentrations. Responses to a mixture of solanine and leptine I suggested possible modification of the leptine I response by other glycoalkaloids, resulting in reduced neural activity relative to leptine I alone. These results establish a method for specifically evaluating leptine I and other glycoalkaloids for effects on feeding behavior of CPB and provide a sensory component for incorporating deterrent chemistry into biorational control methods for the CPB.
Survival signaling in retinal pigment epithelial cells in response to oxidative stress: significance in retinal degenerations.

Photoreceptor survival depends on the integrity of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The pathophysiology of several retinal degenerations involves oxidative stress-mediated injury and RPE cell death; in some instances it has been shown that this event is mediated by A2E and its epoxides. Photoreceptor outer segments display the highest DHA content of any cell type. RPE cells are active in DHA uptake, conservation, and delivery. Delivery of DHA to photoreceptor inner segments is mediated by the interphotoreceptor matrix. DHA is necessary for photoreceptor function and at the same time is a target of oxidative stress-mediated lipid peroxidation. It has not been clear whether specific mediators generated from DHA contribute to its biological properties. Using ARPE-19 cells, we demonstrated the synthesis of 10,17S-docosatriene [neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1)]. This synthesis was enhanced by the calcium ionophore A-23187, by IL-1β, or by supplying DHA. Added NPD1 (50nM) potently counteracted H2O2/tumor necrosis factor-α oxidative stress-triggered apoptotic DNA damage in RPE. NPD1 also up-regulated the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and decreased pro-apoptotic Bax and Bad expression. Moreover, NPD1 (50nM) inhibited oxidative stress-induced caspase-3 activation. NPD1 also inhibited IL-1β-stimulated expression of COX-2. Furthermore, A2E-triggered oxidative stress induction of RPE cell apoptosis was also attenuated by NPD1. Overall, NPD1 protected RPE cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, we have demonstrated an additional function of the RPE: its capacity to synthesize NPD1. This new survival signaling is potentially of interest in the understanding of the pathophysiology of retinal degenerations and in exploration of new therapeutic modalities.
Energy Consumption Model for Additive-Subtractive Manufacturing Processes with Case Study

There has been a growing trend in industry towards the development of integrated manufacturing centers that combine several manufacturing processes, such as the mill-turn center. As additive manufacturing becomes a more widely adopted technology, combining additive with subtractive manufacturing in one machine is a logical evolution to provide the benefits of final parts made from raw materials with the dimensional tolerance and surface finish expected in many applications. An energy consumption model was created that accounted for the energy consumption during primary metal production, deposition, and machining phases of wire-based and powder-based additive-subtractive manufacturing processes. This model was applied to a case study where the energy consumption to produce sub-sized, sheet type, and plate type (size) tensile bars was calculated. It was found that the wire-based process consumed less energy during deposition, whereas powder-based was less energy consumptive during primary metal production and machining. The findings suggest that given the present understanding of the respective technologies’ capabilities, the desired final net shape will dictate the preferred manufacturing process with respect to energy consumption considerations.
Between exclusion and compulsory service: The treatment of the Jewish “Mischlinge” as an example for social inequality creation in the Hitler-Jugend:

The National Socialist regime was, generally speaking, not interested in an outright levelling of social differentiation patterns, as they were present within the German society around 1933. On the...
Abstract # 2044 Glucocorticoids mediate stress-induced upregulation of the alarmin HMGB1 and downregulation of the inhibitory receptor CD200R1 in hippocampus and amygdala: A mechanism of neuroinflammatory priming

Glucocorticoids (GCs) have universally been considered anti-inflammatory. However, mounting evidence now demonstrates that GCs can exert paradoxical effects on innate immune function. In the context of stress exposure, GCs have been found to mediate stress-induced priming of neuroinflammatory responses to subsequent immune challenges. Recent evidence from our laboratory suggests that the alarmin HMGB1 as well as the microglial inhibitory receptor CD200R1 play a causal role in stress-induced neuroinflammatory priming. Here, we explored whether GCs mediate the effects of stress on HMGB1 and CD200R1. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected (SC) with vehicle or the GC receptor antagonist RU486 (50 mg/kg). 24 h after injection, rats were exposed to inescapable tailshock (IS) or served as home cage controls (HCCs). Stress exposure increased HMGB1 levels, while decreasing CD200R1 levels in hippocampus and amygdala. Treatment with RU486 blocked these effects of stress on HMGB1 and CD200R1. To examine whether GCs are sufficient to induce these changes in HMGB1 and CD200R1 expression, rats were injected (SC) with vehicle or corticosterone (2.5 mg/kg), which recapitulates the pattern of the GC response to stress exposure. 2 h after injection, corticosterone treatment decreased CD200R1 expression and increased HMGB1 levels. The present results suggest that GCs mediate the effects of stress on HMGB1 and CD200R1, which provides insight into the mechanisms by which stress-induced GCs prime neuroinflammatory processes to subsequent immune challenges.
Partnerschaft und Krebs: Erleben Krebspatienten und deren Partner in ihrer Beziehung durch die Erkrankung Veränderungen – kann ein sekundärer bzw. tertiärer Krankheitsgewinn festgestellt werden?

This work is to study the changes in the partnership during cancer and identify a possible secondary or tertiary disease profit. Thirty-two patients and their partners (n = 64) participated. 84% of patients experience a change in the partner relationship in a positive direction. The increased support through their partner let the patient's situation improve in terms of secondary gain of illness. 69% of patients reported that their partners take on more tasks. 37% of patients with malignant diseases, especially those with hematologic systemic diseases, are trying to protect their partners from additional burdens. 76% of all patients experience more support from the social network. 88% of patients experience the disease to change their view on the meaning of life. Since the majority of patients indicate a positive change in the partner relationship and an increased acquisition of tasks by the partners, our investigation, could confirm the theory of secondary gain, but not the tertiary disease earnings.
"My second life, so far away from my first": Cultural Capital and the Postcolonial Outsider in The Enigma of Arrival

Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s Distinction, this paper argues that V.S. Naipaul's The Enigma of Arrival recodes British cultural capital as a degenerative form of insiderness that is revitalized by the postcolonial outsider’s mobility. The novel’s nuanced relationship to class both reflects and complicates Bourdieu’s assessment of cultural experience. The narrator’s ascent turns on a double movement: exposing and minimizing the follies of his younger, "raw" self through an older narrator who has already transcended the constraints of postcolonial outsiderness. This double movement, moreover, pressures the neatness of Bourdieu’s framework by demonstrating the geographical and social dislocations that both limit and enable the postcolonial subject. In other words, surviving the debilitating effects of colonialism during his childhood in Trinidad gives Naipaul’s narrator the imaginative capacity to assess the decline of the colonial center.
What’s in a Name: Defining Reference/Introducing Ourselves

Reference is the word we use for the actions that librarians engage in to answer questions from the public. The art and practice of reference involves many actions that likely can only be understan...
Attempts to inhibit the development of large intestinal cancer by VPS extract of the Coriolus versicolor mushroom

1199 The aims of these investigations were to reveal the preventive and therapeutic activity of VPS which is extracted from the fruit body of the Coriolus versicolor mushroom. VPS is 35% polysaccharide, with 92% of that composed of the glucose polymer considered to be the active constituent. The experiment consisted of: group 1, 1,2-dimethylhyrazine diHCl (1,2-DMH) was administered as ten weekly subcutaneous injections at 20 μg/g starting at 9 weeks of age; group 2 received 2% VPS in diet starting at 7 weeks of age, followed by 1,2-DMH as described in group 1; group 3 was treated with 1,2-DMH as described in group 1, followed by 2% VPS in diet starting at 21 weeks of age. Each group consisted of 30 female Swiss mice which were kept for life. To date, 26 mice have died in each group. Of these, the number of animals with large intestinal tumors and the total number of these tumors were: group 1, 26 and 280; group 2, 25 and 294; group 3, 24 and 360. The average number of tumors per animal was: group 1, 10.8; group 2, 11.3; and group 3, 13.8. Our findings, thus, demonstrate no inhibition of carcinogenesis by VPS. The average survival time of animals in group 1 is 284 days (range 121-399); in group 2, 277 days (range 145-395); and in group 3, 273 days (range 104-416). The neoplasms occurred mainly in the colon, rectum, and a few in the cecum. The lesions were diagnosed as polypoid adenomas and adenocarcinomas. In view of our failure to inhibit carcinogenesis and because of the extensive use of VPS as a nutritional supplement by cancer patients in the USA and elsewhere, caution is recommended. Supported by NIH grant 5 RO1 AT001739.
Atomistic calculations of the surface energy as a function of composition and temperature in γ U–Zr to inform fuel performance modeling

Abstract Uranium-zirconium alloy fuels are candidates for advanced sodium cooled fast reactors due to their high uranium density, high thermal conductivity, inherent safety and ability to incorporate minor actinides into the fuel. Unlike traditional ceramic UO2 fuel, U–Zr alloys swell rapidly and substantially, but the actual mechanistic process of swelling, including the rate of swelling, is not well understood. Fuel performance models are being developed to describe the swelling process, but these models currently lack the requisite underlying physics and fundamental property data to be truly predictive. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are utilized to investigate a number of bulk thermophysical properties in γU-Zr, the void surface energy as a function of temperature and composition, and the void free energy. Finally, the effect of surface energy on fuel swelling behavior is demonstrated via finite element based fuel performance simulations, emphasizing the importance of the inclusion of accurate fundamental material properties.
Computerized classification of neurologic injury based on the International Standards for Classification of Spinal Cord Injury

AbstractBackground/Objective: To develop and test a computer program to accurately score International Standards for Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISCSCI) examinations.Methods: A computer program was written following the algorithm published in the ISCSCI 2003 manual. Two methods were used to test the computer program's accuracy. First, 94 hand-scored examinations representing 25 different patients were entered into the program. Differences between hand-scored examinations and computer-scored examinations were evaluated for accuracy. Second, all case examples from the ISCSCI manual were entered into the computer program to verify its accuracy.Results: Of the 94 hand-scored examinations, the computer detected all incorrectly scored examinations. Furthermore, the computer scoring agreed with every examination's scores that were correctly calculated by hand. Of the hand-scored examinations, 10% of sensory total scores and 4% of motor scores were incorrect. For sensory level and motor level, there wer...
Metformin and cancer immunity.

The immune system plays an essential and central role in tumor cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Over the past decade, cancer therapy has rapidly evolved from traditional approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, to revolutionary new treatment options with immunotherapy. This new era of cancer treatment options has now been clinically tested and applied to many forms of human malignancies, often with quite dramatic results. As we develop more effective combinations of cancer treatment, several agents have been recently investigated, putatively identified as anticancer agents, or immunostimulatory molecules. One such agent is metformin, originally developed as a fairly standard first-line therapy for patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Given the underlying mechanisms of action, researchers began to examine the alternative functions and possible utility of metformin, finding that the cancer risk in patients with T2DM was reduced. It appears that metformin, at least in part, has an antitumor effect through activation of the 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Moreover, numerous studies have demonstrated that metformin interferes with key immunopathological mechanisms that are involved in the pathological processes or associated with malignant progression. Such insights may shed light on further analyzing whether metformin enhances the effectiveness of the immunotherapy and overcomes the immunotherapy resistance in the patients. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature examining the impact of metformin upon the host immune system and cancer immunity.
Alcohol, Binge Drinking, and Cancer Risk: Accelerating Public Health Messaging Through Countermarketing

A number of public health groups, including the American Public Health Association (APHA), have recently called for warning labels on alcoholic beverages to inform the public of the increased risk of cancer 1,2 The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies alcohol as a group I carcinogen, in the same league as tobacco, human papilloma virus, and hepatitis 3 Epidemiologists have reported a link between cancer and alcohol consumption for decades (e g , Flamant et al 4;Williams and Horm5), with consistent associations with cancers of the (1) oral cavity and pharynx, (2) esophagus, (3) larynx, (4) liver, (5) breast, and (6) colorectum (ranked by strength of association) In addition to the strategies put forth in the APHA and ASCO statements, we believe that the strategic use of countermarketing, a marketing strategy successfully used to change risk perceptions and behavior toward smoking, may hold the key to helping create awareness of alcohol as a carcinogen 9 COUNTERMARKETING Although the use of warning labels is one component of many product-based public health campaigns, it is likely to have only a limited impact without structural changes, as we have seen with cigarette smoking 10 The recent APHA policy statement on reducing populationlevel health effects from alcohol outlines some of these structural approaches 11 For reducing population-level effects of alcohol on different cancers, given the long latency between exposure and cancer diagnoses as well as the recognition that alcohol habits start in adolescence and early adulthood, structural changes that can augment the use of warning labels and other public health measures specifically to younger adults is needed [ ]even with the full support of the health care community and government policies-such as warning labels, tobacco taxation, a ban on TV and radio advertising, and antismoking public service announcements-youth smoking in the United States (12th graders) was reduced by only 0 07% from 1980 to 2000 14 By contrast, the next 19 years show a striking difference, with a decline of 18 9% 14 There are numerous contributing factors at play that can, in part, explain this decline;however, the most notable from a marketing perspective was the implementation of a countermarketing strategy [ ]recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention demonstrated that most adults are not asked specifically about binge drinking by their health care professional even if they are asked about alcohol use 20 Even more sobering, of those who reported to their health care provider that they did engage in bingelevel drinking, less than half of the admitted binge-drinking individuals (41 7%) were provided with information about the harms of heavy drinking, and only a fifth (20 1 %) were specifically told by their health care provider to reduce their level of drinking
Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Digital Filters

In Chap. 3 we introduced the FIR filter. The most important properties that make the FIR attractive (+) or unattractive (−) for selective applications include: FIR linear-phase performance is easily achieved. Multiband filters are possible. The Kaiser window method allows iterative-free design. FIRs have a simple structure for decimators and interpolators (see Chap. 5). Nonrecursive filters are always stable and have no limit cycles. It is easy to get high-speed, pipelined designs. FIRs typically have low coefficient and arithmetic roundoff error budgets, and well-defined quantization noise. Recursive FIR filters may be unstable because of imperfect pole/zero annihilation. The sophisticated Parks-McClellan algorithms must be available for minimax filter design. High filter length requires high implementation effort.
EMOCOV: Machine learning for emotion detection, analysis and visualization using COVID-19 tweets

Abstract The adversarial impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has created a health crisis globally all over the world. This unprecedented crisis forced people to lockdown and changed almost every aspect of the regular activities of the people. Thus, the pandemic is also impacting everyone physically, mentally, and economically, and it, therefore, is paramount to analyze and understand emotional responses during the crisis affecting mental health. Negative emotional responses at fine-grained labels like anger and fear during the crisis might also lead to irreversible socio-economic damages. In this work, we develop a neural network model and train it using manually labeled data to detect various emotions at fine-grained labels in the Covid-19 tweets automatically. We present a manually labeled tweets dataset on COVID-19 emotional responses along with regular tweets data. We created a custom Q&A roBERTa model to extract phrases from the tweets that are primarily responsible for the corresponding emotions. None of the existing datasets and work currently provide the selected words or phrases denoting the reason for the corresponding emotions. Our classification model outperforms other systems and achieves a Jaccard score of 0.6475 with an accuracy of 0.8951. The custom RoBERTa Q&A model outperforms other models by achieving a Jaccard score of 0.7865. Further, we present a historical emotion analysis using COVID-19 tweets over the USA including each state level analysis.
Field study of the effects of zeranol, implanted at the time of breeding, on weight gain and pregnancy rate of beef heifers

Zeranol implants (Ralgro) were given to yearling heifers at the time of breeding to determine the effects of implanting on weight gain and pregnancy rate. Sixty 14 ½ month-old crossbred heifers were randomly divided into an implanted group which received 36 mg zeronol one day before exposure to bulls and a control group which was not implanted. Four yearling Angus bulls were used to service the heifers for a 60-day breeding period. Two bulls were assigned to each of two pastures containing 15 implanted and 15 control heifers. All heifers were weighed and slaughtered 120 days later and reproductive tracts were examined. Average weight of heifers (± SD) at time of implanting and at slaughter was 259 ± 28.8 kg and 378 ± 47.8 kg and 251 ± 26.8 kg and 371 ± 41.3 kg for the implanted and control heifers, respectively. Average weight gain was 119 kg for the implanted heifers and 12 kg for the controls.Fifteen heifers in the implanted group and 15 heifers in the control group were pregnant. Implanting heifers with zeranol prior to the breeding season did not increase weight gain and pregnancy rate was the same for each group.
Help-Seeking Among Women of Haitian Descent in the Dominican Bateyes.

People of Haitian descent in the Dominican Republic are at high risk of violence, including interpersonal violence, and experience multiple levels of structural oppression. However, limited researc...
Teaching Machine Learning for the Physical Sciences: A summary of lessons learned and challenges

This paper summarizes some challenges encountered and best practices established in several years of teaching Machine Learning for the Physical Sciences at the undergraduate and graduate level. I discuss motivations for teaching ML to physicists, desirable properties of pedagogical materials, such as accessibility, relevance, and likeness to real-world research problems, and give examples of components of teaching units.
An object-oriented model management framework for decision support systems

An object-oriented model management (OOMM) framework is developed to accommodate models represented in algebraic modeling languages (AMLs) and in different modeling paradigms. To incorporate the diverse models uniformly in the modelbase of the framework, systems approach-based generic model concepts are introduced at a conceptual level. As an underlying system platform, an object-oriented database management system is employed to realize the structural and operational functionalities of the framework, producing a database model for the generic model concepts. In such a capacity, the framework not only facilitates the construction of a modelbase for the AML models but also integrates the modelbase with the rest of decision support system components, namely, the database, solver library, and user dialog. To users, the OOMM framework facilitates convenient storage and systematic management of complex models, and assists users in their model manipulation and decision making processes in the presence of corporate databases, diverse analytical models, and problem-solving algorithms. A prototype system of the framework is developed in a commercial OODB called ObjectStore.
Crafting selves: the lives of two Mayan women.

Abstract An examination of the lives of two Highland Maya craftswomen of Chiapas, Mexico, illustrates how they have responded to opportunities created by tourism — new markets as well as possibilities for encountering outsiders. In their relationships with tourists, both women have followed similar paths in transforming the traditional patron-client role to conform with a modern form of expressive friendship. On the other hand, the differing constraints of their crafts — ceramics and weaving — in conjunction with the nature of their ties to their communities have led them to construct images of themselves that diverge substantially with regard to cultural identification.
The Effect of Accident Conditions on the Molten Core Material Relocation into the Lower Head of a PWR Vessel with Application to TMI-2

The damage progression of the reactor core and the slumping mechanism of molten material to the lower head of the reactor vessel were examined through simulation of severe accident scenarios that lead to large-scale core damage. The calculations were carried out on a Three Mile Island Unit 2 configuration using the computer code SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.2.Different accident scenarios were simulated. The high-pressure injection and makeup flow rates were changed. The extreme case with no water being added during the accident was examined. Reflood by restart of coolant pump 2B was also studied. Finally, the size of the power-operated relief valve opening was also changed. The effects of these accident scenarios on the accident progression and the core damage process were studied.It is concluded that, according to code MOD3.2, the molten material slumped to the lower head of the reactor vessel when the junction of the top and side crusts failed after the molten pool had reached the periphery of the core. When the effective stress caused by pressure imbalance inside and outside of the crust became larger than the ultimate strength of the crust, the crust failed mechanically.
Effect of Moving Surface on NACA 63218 Aerodynamic Performance

The main subject of this work is the numerical study control of flow separation on a NACA 63218 airfoil by using moving surface. Different numerical cases are considered: the first one is the numerical simulation of non-modified airfoil NACA 63218 according at different angle of attack and the second one a set of moving cylinder is placed on leading edge of the airfoil. The rotational velocity of the cylinder is varied to establish the effect of momentum injection on modified airfoil aerodynamic performances. The turbulence is modeled by two equations k-epsilon model.
The effects of discrimination and constraints negotiation on leisure behavior of American Muslims in the post-September 11 America.

This study was intended to give an account of the treatment that American Muslims have been subjected to over a one year period following the events of September 11, 2001, to establish how discrimi...
Two-Photon Excitation of Fluorescent Voltage-Sensitive Dyes: Monitoring Membrane Potential in the Infrared

Functional imaging microscopy based on voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) has proven effective for revealing spatio-temporal patterns of activity in vivo and in vitro. Microscopy based on two-photon excitation of fluorescent VSDs offers the possibility of recording sub-millisecond membrane potential changes on micron length scales in cells that lie upwards of one millimeter below the brain’s surface. Here we describe progress in monitoring membrane voltage using two-photon excitation (TPE) of VSD fluorescence, and detail an application of this emerging technology in which action potentials were recorded in single trials from individual mammalian nerve terminals in situ. Prospects for, and limitations of this method are reviewed.