cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Haierfu syrup on fibrous tissues and urine constituent in patients with arsenic poisoning

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and effects of Haierfu syrup on fibrous tissues in patients with endemic arsenic poisoning.Methods Thirty-three patients proven with endemic arsenic poisoning participated in this study.Case history was collected,urine arsenic and hydroxyproline(Hop) were measured before drug administration.Patients received two cycles of defined dose Haierfu syrup of a 30-day cycle every two weeks.Urine arsenic and hydroxyproline(Hop) were measured at the end of each cycle.Case condition was inquired after drug administration.Results Urine hydroxyproline: the decreased levels were obtained in both two cycles,the level for the second cycle was lower than that before drug administration(P0.05),the level for the second cycle was also significantly lower than that for the first cycle(P0.05).Urine arsenic: level for the second cycle was lower than that before treatment(P0.05),level for the first cycle decreased un-obviously.Patients' symptoms and signs were ameliorated to some degree.Conclusion Haierfu syrup can down-regulate the urine arsenic and hydroxyproline in patients with arsenic poisoning.
Childhood trauma and illicit drug use in adolescence: a population-based national comorbidity survey replication-adolescent supplement study

Objective Although potentially traumatic events (PTEs) are established risk factors for substance use disorders among adults, little is known about associations with drug use during adolescence, an important developmental stage for drug use prevention. We examined whether childhood PTEs were associated with illicit drug use among a representative sample of US adolescents. Method Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), which included adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (N = 9,956). Weighted logistic regression models estimated risk ratios for lifetime use of marijuana, cocaine, nonmedical prescription drugs, other drugs, and multiple drugs. Results Exposure to any PTE before age 11 years was reported by 36% of the sample and was associated with higher risk for use of marijuana (risk ratio [RR] = 1.50), cocaine (RR = 2.78), prescription drugs (RR = 1.80), other drugs (RR = 1.90), and multiple drugs (RR = 1.74). A positive monotonic relationship was observed between number of PTEs and marijuana, other drug, and multiple drug use. Interpersonal violence was associated with all drug use outcomes. Accidents and unspecified events were associated with higher risk for marijuana, cocaine, and prescription drug use. Conclusion Potentially traumatic events in childhood are associated with risk for illicit drug use among US adolescents. These findings add to the literature by illustrating a potentially modifiable health behavior that may be a target for intervention. The results also highlight that adolescents with a trauma history are a high-risk group for illicit drug use and may benefit from trauma-focused prevention efforts that specifically address traumatic memories and coping strategies for dealing with stressful life events.
Quantitative Metabolomic Analysis of Urinary Citrulline and Calcitroic Acid in Mice after Exposure to Various Types of Ionizing Radiation

With the safety of existing nuclear power plants being brought into question after the Fukushima disaster and the increased level of concern over terrorism-sponsored use of improvised nuclear devices, it is more crucial to develop well-defined radiation injury markers in easily accessible biofluids to help emergency-responders with injury assessment during patient triage. Here, we focused on utilizing ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to identify and quantitate the unique changes in the urinary excretion of two metabolite markers, calcitroic acid and citrulline, in mice induced by different forms of irradiation; X-ray irradiation at a low dose rate (LDR) of 3.0 mGy/min and a high dose rate (HDR) of 1.1 Gy/min, and internal exposure to Cesium-137 (137Cs) and Strontium-90 (90Sr). The multiple reaction monitoring analysis showed that, while exposure to 137Cs and 90Sr induced a statistically significant and persistent decrease, similar doses of X-ray beam at the HDR had the opposite effect, and the LDR had no effect on the urinary levels of these two metabolites. This suggests that the source of exposure and the dose rate strongly modulate the in vivo metabolomic injury responses, which may have utility in clinical biodosimetry assays for the assessment of exposure in an affected population. This study complements our previous investigations into the metabolomic profile of urine from mice internally exposed to 90Sr and 137Cs and to X-ray beam radiation.
Heterogeneity of group Ia synapses on homonymous alpha-motoneurons as revealed by high-frequency stimulation of Ia afferent fibers

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded in medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurons following intraaxonal electrical stimulation of single spindle afferent fibers in anesthetized cats. High-frequency bursts of 32 shocks were delivered to the afferent axon and the EPSPs were averaged in the motoneuron. EPSP amplitude generally changed during the burst, in some cases increasing and in other cases decreasing, depending on the connection. Interpretation of these changes was complicated by potentiation of the initial EPSPs in the burst that occurred with the repeated bursts. The extent of the potentiation varied from connection to connection. The magnitude of facilitation or depression during a burst of standard frequency (167 Hz) was determined by comparison of EPSPs at the end of the burst with the mean EPSP obtained during low-frequency stimulation (18 Hz). Large amplitude EPSPs tended to depress, whereas the small amplitude EPSPs facilitated. Facilitation was more prevalent in motoneurons with large rheobases and depression was more often observed in small rheobase motoneurons. The use of partial correlations, which was necessary because of the inverse correlation between EPSP amplitude and motoneuron rheobase, revealed that facilitation-depression behavior during repetitive stimulation is correlated primarily with EPSP amplitude rather than with motoneuron rheobase. Acute transection of the spinal cord resulted in no change in motoneuron rheobase but considerable enlargement of mean EPSP amplitude at low frequencies of stimulation. A significant increase in the amount of depression during repetitive stimulation was noted under these conditions. These results indicate considerable heterogeneity in the response of individual connections to repetitive stimulation. We suggest that this heterogeneity results from differences in transmitter release at different connections. This heterogeneity must also have functional consequences related to susceptibility for firing of different motoneurons under various physiological conditions that can include afferent discharge frequencies equivalent to those used in this study.
NeuroAIDS: Diagnosis and management

Neurologic disorders are present in 15% to 30% of AIDS patients. The physiologic isolation imposed by the brain and blood-brain barrier have limited characterization of the disorders and assessment of therapy. Only time will tell whether the multidrug antiretroviral regimens that have shown such success in controlling HIV in the systemic compartment will be equally effective in suppressing brain viremia.
Operations for Achalasia

This chapter describes the preoperative work-up, operative planning, and the technique of a laparoscopic Heller myotomy and partial fundoplication.
Images of Domestic America

In this Chapter I will explore changes in Soviet press images of domestic America2 in the Gorbachev era and attempt to explain why those changes occurred in specific periods.
Collaborative asthma self-management. Evaluation designs.

In summary, this has been a long learning process, first with a pediatric program, and now with the adult program. We hope the experience gained will spur the next generation of programs to better match the characteristics and needs of a particular group with those of a specific program, such that individual programs will have a demonstrable level of effectiveness for each specific situation. In this manner, standardization will develop and with it, reliability and predictability—the goal of every program.
Integrated Microsystems: Device and Technology Challenges

Integrated sensors have become increasingly important over the last few years in efforts to extend microelectronic-based signal processing and control into a broad range of new areas, including industrial automation, automotive systems, biomedicine, and environmental monitoring. Such devices are evolving from simple silicon transducers into sophisticated integrated microsystems containing sensors, actuators, and signal-processing electronics, all integrated on a common substrate. Highly integrated modules containing these devices together with embedded microprocessors and wireless communication links are now emerging to form ``smart'' microinstrumentation systems capable of distributed information gathering and closed-loop control. This paper discusses the device and technology options available for integrated sensors along with the challenges in integrating them with micropower electronics to form microsystems. Technology, materials, microstructures, process integration, interface circuits, CAD, and packaging are all areas where additional progress is needed, each of which offers the device designer important challenges. High-aspect-ratio dry etching, low-temperature wafer bonding, characterization of materials to 16b and beyond, precision readout and compensation techniques, better and more integrable actuation mechanisms, and chip-level encapsulation are but a few specific topics for further research. As examples of emerging microsystems, integrated microelectrode arrays are now capable of interfacing with biological neural networks at the cellular level using microstructures ≪30?m wide and containing recording electrodes, stimulating electrodes, thermal sensors, and chemical delivery channels. Three-dimensional arrays of such devices promise the ability to monitor/control most neural activity within selected volumes of tissue within the coming decade.
Optical Imaging of Large-scale Neural Codes and Voltage Dynamics in Behaving Animals

I will discuss several new optical technologies for monitoring brain activity in behaving animals, including a miniature fluorescence microscope, a multi-axis two-photon microscope, genetically encoded voltage indicators, and fiber-optic sensing methods.
Genetic Factors in Tendon Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Background:Tendon injury such as tendinopathy or rupture is common and has multiple etiologies, including both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The genetic influence on susceptibility to tendon inj...
What caused an elevated diaphragm in this woman with cough and dyspnea

A 52-year-old woman presented to her primary care physician complaining of a nonproductive cough and dyspnea on exertion. These symptoms had a subacute onset over 4 weeks before her initial visit. She denied fever, sputum production, hemoptysis, chest pain, palpitations, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. She did not have any known sick contacts.
How do social security expenditures vary by state? The surprising impact of unemployment

We examine state-level variation in the flow of benefits under the largest Social Security programme – the Old-Age (OA) programme. OA pensions remain a robust and growing component of the American social safety net. Although OA pensions are entirely administered by the federal government, state-level demographic features can imply different aggregate levels of programme expenditures across states. We describe high levels of variation in the resources flowing into states from the OA programme and we find relationships between state features that might seem only remotely related to income support for the elderly: current unemployment rates, previous income levels, poverty rates and minority populations. We find a particularly strong link between current unemployment rates, OA coverage and OA average benefits. The number of recipients and the level of average OA payments increase when unemployment increases. This is a poorly understood but important feature of the OA programme.
Thalamic atrophy in multiple sclerosis: A magnetic resonance imaging marker of neurodegeneration throughout disease.

Objective Thalamic volume is a candidate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based marker associated with neurodegeneration to hasten development of neuroprotective treatments. Our objective is to describe the longitudinal evolution of thalamic atrophy in MS and normal aging, and to estimate sample sizes for study design. Methods Six hundred one subjects (2,632 MRI scans) were analyzed. Five hundred twenty subjects with relapse-onset MS (clinically isolated syndrome, n = 90; relapsing-remitting MS, n = 392; secondary progressive MS, n = 38) underwent annual standardized 3T MRI scans for an average of 4.1 years, including a 1mm3 3-dimensional T1-weighted sequence (3DT1; 2,485 MRI scans). Eighty-one healthy controls (HC) were scanned longitudinally on the same scanner using the same protocol (147 MRI scans). 3DT1s were processed using FreeSurfer's longitudinal pipeline after lesion inpainting. Rates of normalized thalamic volume loss in MS and HC were compared in linear mixed effects models. Simulation-based sample size calculations were performed incorporating the rate of atrophy in HC. Results Thalamic volume declined significantly faster in MS subjects compared to HC, with an estimated decline of -0.71% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.77% to -0.64%) in MS subjects and -0.28% per year (95% CI = -0.58% to 0.02%) in HC (p for difference = 0.007). The rate of decline was consistent throughout the MS disease duration and across MS clinical subtypes. Eighty or 100 subjects per arm (α = 0.1 or 0.05, respectively) would be needed to detect the maximal effect size with 80% power in a 24-month study. Interpretation Thalamic atrophy occurs early and consistently throughout MS. Preliminary sample size calculations appear feasible, adding to its appeal as an MRI marker associated with neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol 2018;83:223-234.
On the equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture in tame CM-extensions, II

Let L/K be a finite Galois CM-extension with Galois group G. The Equivariant Tamagawa Number Conjecture (ETNC) for the pair \({(h^0({\rm Spec} (L))(0), {\mathbb Z}G)}\) naturally decomposes into p-parts, where p runs over all rational primes. If p is odd, these p-parts in turn decompose into a plus and a minus part. Let L/K be tame above p. We show that a certain ray class group of L defines an element in \({K_0({\mathbb Z}{_p}G_-, \mathbb Q_p)}\) which is determined by a corresponding Stickelberger element if and only if the minus part of the ETNC at p holds. For this we use the Lifted Root Number Conjecture for small sets of places which is equivalent to the ETNC in the number field case. For abelian G, we show that the minus part of the ETNC at p implies the Strong Brumer–Stark Conjecture at p. We prove the minus part of the ETNC at p for almost all primes p.
Theory and modeling of rotating fluids: convection, inertial waves and precession

It is always something of an event when a scientist who has made a major effort advancing a significant area of research decides to summarize his wisdom by writing a book about it. Such is the book...
A novel introduction to file I/O using KML and Google Earth

In this paper, we propose the use of simple KML files to increase student engagement when learning file I/O. We also report on our trial study where we had one group of students learn I/O functions using conventional exercises while we had another working with KML-based files that could trivially be viewed in Google Earth. Our assessment of student engagement indicated that students in the experiment group registered significantly higher in the usefulness and interest dimensions.
Food Irradiation and Microwave Heating

Food irradiation and microwave heating are entirely different processes with distinct and separate objectives. Nevertheless, it is appropriate to consider them in a single chapter since they do share some common features. Both food irradiation and microwave heating employ radiant energies that produce their effects upon being absorbed within the food. Both require special equipment to generate and focus this energy, as well as to prevent potentially harmful effects to humans. Irradiation and microwave heating represent relatively new technologies as applied to foods. Although having received intensive investigation, both must be considered to be not yet fully researched nor exploited in terms of their full potentials. Food irradiation is used primarily as a preservation method, but also has potential as a more general unit operation to produce specific changes in food materials. Microwave energy, on the other hand, has been employed especially to produce rapid and unique heating effects, one application of which can be food preservation.
Imaging of hypoxia in atherosclerotic plaques using [64Cu]ATSM

1671 Objectives Hypoxia is important in many disease states including cancer, stroke and cardiovascular disease. Hypoxia has been demonstrated in the macrophage-rich center of advanced human atheroma, and may have implications in plaque stability. The goal of this study was to evaluate the presence of hypoxia in a mouse model of atherosclerosis (apoE knock-out animals), using the hypoxia PET imaging agent [64Cu]ATSM. Methods ApoE deficient mice fed a Western-type diet develop spontaneous atherosclerotic lesions. [64Cu]ATSM was prepared as per literature methods and administered to Western-diet fed ApoE and control mice via tail vein injection. Dynamic PET scans were acquired from the time of injection to 30 minutes post injection. Using simultaneously acquired CT images for anatomical reference, regions of interest were drawn around the heart, aortic arch and great vessels, and also normal muscle as a reference area. Time Activity Curves (TACS) were generated by plotting percent injected dose per gram as a function of time. Results Preliminary results show a 3 fold increased uptake and retention in the hearts and vessels of the ApoE mice versus control animals. The optimal imaging time point was determined to be 10-15 minutes post injection of the radiopharmaceutical. Conclusions These results suggest that the [64Cu]ATSM may be used to monitor the development of hypoxia in atherosclerosis.
Racial disparities in Medicaid home and community-based service utilization and expenditures among persons with multiple sclerosis

Medicaid home and community-based services (HCBS) provide services such as personal care, nursing, and home-delivered meals to aging adults and individuals with disabilities. HCBS are available to people across racial and ethnic groups, yet racial disparities in Medicaid HCBS utilization and expenditures have been understudied. Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) may be particularly impacted by HCBS, as nearly one-third requires assistance at home. The present study examined whether disparities exist in Medicaid HCBS utilization and expenditures among HCBS users with MS. We used secondary data to conduct a retrospective cohort analyses including 7550 HCBS recipients with MS. Demographic data was obtained from the Medicaid Analytic eXtract Personal Summary file, Medicaid HCBS service utilization and expenditures were obtained from the Other Therapy file, and comorbidities from the Medicare Chronic Condition Warehouse. Univariate and bivariate statistics were used to describe the sample and provide comparisons of characteristic by race. Logistic regression predicted the likelihood of using HCBS type and gamma regression was used to predict Medicaid HCBS expenditures. Black HCBS users were younger, more likely to be female, and were more impaired than Whites. Multivariate analyses showed that Blacks were less likely to receive case management, equipment, technology and modification services, and nursing services compared to Whites. Additionally, Black men had the lowest Medicaid HCBS expenditures, while White men had the highest. Findings shed light on disparities among HCBS users with MS. As Blacks are already disproportionately affected by MS, these results reveal target areas for future research. Future work should examine the factors that contribute to these disparities, as well as determine the extent to which these inequities impact outcomes such as hospitalizations and nursing home admissions.
The Economic Consequences of Financial Audit Regulation in the Charitable Sector

I investigate how financial audit regulation in the charitable sector affects donor behavior. I propose that audit mandates alleviate the moral-hazard concerns of small and dispersed donors dealing at arm’s length. My empirical strategy relies on variation in size-based exemption thresholds across states and differences in size driven by the nature of charities’ activities. Consistent with audit mandates reducing donors’ reliance on charity reputation, I find that donations are less concentrated on the largest, most well-known charities. I show this reallocation of resources allows the charitable sector to serve more diverse geographic areas and social needs. In terms of the effect on willingness to give, I document that audit mandates are associated with a higher proportion of taxpayers who donate. However, I only observe a sizable impact on total contributions in dollars for charities that conduct activities that are particularly opaque to outside donors. Collectively, these results suggest audit regulation reduces information frictions and thereby affects resource allocation in the market for charitable giving. Nevertheless, I cannot conclude that this reallocation of donations justifies the costs imposed on charities.
Crystal structures of Moorella thermoacetica cyanuric acid hydrolase reveal conformational flexibility and asymmetry important for catalysis.

An ancient enzyme family responsible for the catabolism of the prebiotic chemical cyanuric acid (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol) was recently discovered and is undergoing proliferation in the modern world due to industrial synthesis and dissemination of 1,3,5-triazine compounds. Cyanuric acid has a highly stabilized ring system such that bacteria require a unique enzyme with a novel fold and subtle active site construction to open the ring. Each cyanuric acid hydrolase monomer consists of three isostructural domains that coordinate and activate the three-fold symmetric substrate cyanuric acid for ring opening. We have now solved a series of X-ray structures of an engineered, thermostable cyanuric acid ring-opening enzyme at 1.51 ~ 2.25 A resolution, including various complexes with the substrate, a tight-binding inhibitor, or an analog of the reaction intermediate. These structures reveal asymmetric interactions between the enzyme and bound ligands, a metal ion binding coupled to conformational changes and substrate binding important for enzyme stability, and distinct roles of the isostructural domains of the enzyme. The multiple conformations of the enzyme observed across a series of structures and corroborating biochemical data suggest importance of the structural dynamics in facilitating the substrate entry and the ring-opening reaction, catalyzed by a conserved Ser-Lys dyad.
Abstract 1492: Evaluation of combinatorial chemotherapeutics nano-carriers at different dosage regimens in breast cancer model: Tumor immune signaling, inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth

The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of individual & combinatorial delivery of Docetaxel (DTX) and Everolimus (EVR) in polymeric micelles at frequent dosing regimen below their maximum tolerated dose on angiogenesis, efficacy & immune signaling in breast cancer animal model. Based on previous in-vivowork in our lab, the maximum tolerated dose (MTDs) for EVR, DTX & combinatorial micelles is 50, 25 and 20 mg/kg respectively. To achieve our goal, two studies have been conducted. First, in-vivo assessment of anti-angiogenic effects of individual & dual DTX-EVR micelles in murine model at 10%, 30%, and 50% MTD, & MTD dose. Second, in-vivo efficacy evaluation of individual & dual DTX EVR micelles at 10%, 30%, 50% MTD, and MTD dose in orthotropic breast cancer murine model. Relative blood vessel invasion & increase in tumor growth will be evaluated for each dosing treatment. We observed that dual DTX EVR polymeric micelles showed significant inhibition of angiogenesis & tumor growth compared to individual agent. The effect of frequent lower dosing schedule is also currently being investigated for its effect immune signaling. Citation Format: Adel Al Fatease, Vidhi Shah, Kalei Lopez, Brianna Cote, Deepa Rao, Adam Alani. Evaluation of combinatorial chemotherapeutics nano-carriers at different dosage regimens in breast cancer model: Tumor immune signaling, inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1492.
Fever and Abdominal Pain

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening condition MAS is usually diagnosed in febrile intensive care unit patients MAS can mimic septic shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), or multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) Timely diagnosis and early treatment are crucial to improve survival Serum ferritin is usually highly elevated and will assist in recognizing secondary HLH/MAS in critically ill febrile patients Bone marrow hemophagocytosis, although common, is not an essential feature for diagnosis, and its absence should not delay the start of an appropriate treatment IL-1 inhibition with anakinra has been reported to be safe and efficacious in non-malignancy related forms of secondary HLH and MAS
U.S. college students’ lay beliefs about hope: A mixed-methods study

Although the theory of hope proposed by Charles R. Snyder is the dominant perspective in hope psychology, scholars have questioned whether it adequately represent laypeople’s understanding of hope....
Fractional Conformable Self Adjoint Operator Analytic Inequalities

We present here conformable fractional self adjoint operator comparison, Poincare, Sobolev, Ostrowski and Opial type inequalities. At first we give right and left conformable fractional representation formulae in the self adjoint operator sense. Operator inequalities are based in the self adjoint operator order over a Hilbert space. See also [3].
Market Orientalism: Cultural Economy and the Arab Gulf States: BENJAMIN SMITH, (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2015), 360 pages; $29.95 paperback.

Departing from the mainstream trends of examining the political economy, oil, rentierism, immigration, and labor policies in the Gulf states, in Market Orientalism: Cultural Economy and the Arab Gu...
Reliability, uncertainty and the management of error: New perspectives in the COVID‐19 era

This essay argues for the importance of error as an organizing concept in the management of hazardous technical systems to high levels of reliability and safety The concept of “error” has been essential to the development of high reliability organizations (HROs) As practiced in HROs, error management has also been an important strategy for the management of uncertainty “Uncertainty” has been conceived by some analysts as a condition that can convey little or no reliable information about its own boundary conditions or its specific threat to the operation of complex systems The argument here is that uncertainty is differentiated and specified in HROs and provides important information in relation to error Uncertainty does not, in the special context of HROs, end the possibility and practice of reliable management In fact, error in HROs can be a starting point for the further analysis of ways in which uncertainty itself can be managed reliably But the argument offered here does not mean that uncertainty does not challenge reliability in other settings The COVID‐19 pandemic is offered as an example of how uncertainties may invalidate even the application of "reliability" as a performance standard in certain domains of management and policy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Armed in ARMY: A Case Study of How BTS Fans Successfully Collaborated to #MatchAMillion for Black Lives Matter

Music fans strategically support their artists. Their collective efforts can extend to social causes as well: In 2020 for example, ARMY—the fandom of the music group BTS—successfully organized the #MatchAMillion campaign to raise over one million USD to support Black Lives Matter. To better understand factors of fandoms’ collaborative success for arguably unrelated social goals, we conducted a survey focusing on ARMYs’ perceptions of their fandom and their social effort. Most ARMYs viewed the fandom as a community, loosely structured with pillar accounts. They reported trust in each other as well as high team composition, which mediated the relationship between their neutral psychological safety and high efficacy. Respondents attributed their success in #MatchAMillion to shared values, good teamwork, and established infrastructure. Our findings elucidate contextual factors that contribute to ARMY’s collaborative success and highlight themes that may be applied to studying other fandoms and their collaborative efforts.
Detection of an enzyme isomechanism by means of the kinetics of covalent inhibition.

Abstract Turnover of substrates by many enzymes involves free enzyme forms that differ from the stable form of the enzyme in the absence of substrate. These enzyme species, known as isoforms, have, in general, different physical and chemical properties than the native enzymes. They usually occur only in small concentrations under steady state turnover conditions and thus are difficult to detect. We show in this paper that in one particular case of an enzyme (a class C β-lactamase) with specific substrates (cephalosporins) the presence of an enzyme isoform (E′) can be detected by means of its different reactivity than the native enzyme (E) with a class of covalent inhibitors (phosphonate monoesters). Generation of E′ from E arises either directly from substrate turnover or by way of a branched path from an acyl-enzyme intermediate. The relatively slow spontaneous restoration of E from E′ is accelerated by certain small molecules in solution, for example cyclic amines such as imidazole and salts such as sodium chloride. Solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effects and the effect of methanol on cephalosporin turnover showed that for both E and E′, kcat is limited by deacylation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate rather than by enzyme isomerization.
An ultra-fast frequency shift mechanism for high data-rate sub-THz wireless communications in CMOS

Various approaches are being considered to address the demand for high-throughput (Gb/s) point-to-point wireless communication systems in 5G infrastructure and sub-THz transceivers. Two fully integrated CMOS wireless transmitters with frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation were prototyped in a standard 55 nm SiGe process. Benefiting from the coupled oscillator loop system, the single channel data rate up to 10 Gb/s wireless link (limited by measurement equipment) was demonstrated. The proposed coupled oscillator loop system enables instantaneous frequency shift in an ideal situation, which resolves overshoots/undershoots and long frequency settling issues in the conventional varactor-based LC voltage controlled oscillator. The measured single channel data rate is around 5× higher than the previously published CMOS/BiCMOS FSK transmitter.
Functional Outcome and Complications in Management of Proximal Humerus Fractures Operated with Proximal Humerus Locking Plate.

Introduction Controversies exist in treatment of proximal humerus fractures as treatment options vary greatly from conservative management, closed pinning, stacked intramedullary nails, plating and hemi-arthroplasty. The purpose of this study is to study the fracture patterns of each case and document the functional outcome and complications post-operative in the management of proximal humerus fractures operated with proximal humerus plate. Material and methods Thirty five patients with closed proximal humerus fractures, above 18 years old, admitted in our tertiary care hospital during the study period were enrolled. Patients underwent open reduction internal fixation with proximal humerus locking plate under general anaesthesia. Post-operative patients were assessed using Constant and DASH scores. Complications were recorded. Results In our study the absolute Constant score of the study population increases at three months and six months and was found to be significant. Mean Constant score for 4-part fractures was 45.6 which were inferior as compared to 2-part and 3-part fractures (43.1 and 44.6, respectively). The mean Constant score at six months was 51.80 +/- 6.71. All three types of proximal humerus fractures showed significant improvement in the mean DASH score over our study period of six months and was found to be significant. Mean DASH score at six months was 27.97+/-12.84. Out of the 35 cases in the study two had complications. One had implant failure (Neer's type 3, 60-year-old female) and one had varus collapse (Neer's type 3, 45-year-old male). Conclusion Due to angular stability and effective maintenance of the intraoperative fracture reduction during follow-up period, early post-operative mobilisation is possible which helps the patient to attain better shoulder range of motion and return to activity faster.
Development of and Preliminary Evidence for a Psychological Service Barriers Measure Among College Sexual Assault Survivors

Sexual assault is a widespread problem on college campuses, and survivors rarely use campus supports. However, there is no established measure of service barriers for this population. This study de...
An Analytic Extension of the Shock-Expansion Method

The problem is considered of calculating approximately the inviscid rotational flow field and pressure distribution about a smooth two-dimensional airfoil with sharp leading and trailing edges in a uniform supersonic or hypersonic stream. The assumption of a perfect gas is made, and the basic flow pattern for the analysis is taken to be given by the simple isentropic shockexpansion method with straight characteristics. An elementary characteristics treatment is discussed to show when the simple shock-expansion method should be satisfactory for computing the surface pressure distribution, and under what circumstances it may be expected to break down. By utilizing characteristic variables the isentropic shock-expansion method is then formulated analytically, and an analytic result is obtained for the shock shape corresponding to this zero-order approximation. In the special case where hypersonic similitude is applicable, tha t is, for slender bodies and high Mach numbers, the shock-shape expression for large distances is found to reduce to the result previously given by Mahony, which for weak shocks and slender bodies in turn reduces to the simple-wave result first given by Friedrichs. Employing the analytic form of the isentropic shock-expansion method as a zero-order approximation, an analytically consistent perturbation method is developed by expanding the dependent flow variables in the exact partial differential equations in powers of the reflection coefficient for simple waves interacting with an oblique shock. The scheme by its nature helps to define those regions in which shock expansion can be used, in addition to taking into account in a perturbation sense the factors neglected in simple shock-expansion theory, namely, the curvature and reflection of the Mach waves and the correct boundary conditions at the shock wave. Analytic solutions are obtained for the first-order corrections, including the surface pressure distribution. The necessary numerical computation of the integrals involved is considerably simpler than a direct application of the method of characteristics. To illustrate the method and its accuracy, the zero-order shock shape and first-order pressure distribution are calculated for a family of parabolic arc airfoils at an infinite free-stream Mach number. These results are compared with rotational characteristic solutions where available, and the present method is found to be in excellent agreement.
Preparation of vanadia-containing aerogels by rapid supercritical extraction for applications in catalysis

We have developed a variety of vanadia-containing aerogels using a rapid supercritical extraction method that employs a contained mold held within a hydraulic hot press. Sol–gels were prepared with silica, silica–titania, titania and alumina backbones using a variety of precursor chemicals: tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, vanadyl acetylacetonate, titanium (IV) butoxide and titanium (IV) isopropoxide. Total fabrication time (including processing) was ca. 9 h for sol–gels prepared without solvent exchange. When sol–gel aging and solvent exchange steps are employed, the overall fabrication time was on the order of several days. The aerogels were characterized by physical appearance (color), bulk density, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda pore distribution, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All of the resulting aerogels have average bulk densities below 0.12 g/cm3 and surface areas ranging from 500 to 770 m2/g, with the exception of the vanadia–titania materials, which have surface areas of 140 m2/g. Variation in speciation and complexation of vanadia in the resulting aerogels is evidenced by significant differences in color observed for various precursor recipes and processing conditions. Preliminary catalytic testing under conditions that mimic automotive exhaust gas indicates that the aerogels are catalytically active for the oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide and the reduction of nitrogen oxides.
Towards reusable components with aspects: an empirical study on modularity and obliviousness

The potential of aspect-oriented programming to represent cross-cutting concerns as reusable components has yet to be fully realized. Indeed, authors have detailed significant challenges in creating reusable aspect component libraries. Proposed solutions include restricting the power of aspects upfront, inferring concern interaction, and shaping base code to conform to abstract design rules. Another proposed strategy is to reduce obliviousness in return for increased modularity by extending AspectJ with explicit join points (EJPs). This paper presents the results of an empirical case study that aides in the understanding of the tradeoffs between obliviousness and modularity. We present a refactoring of the exception handling concern for three real-life Java applications to use EJPs instead of oblivious aspects. The empirical differences between this version and an equivalent oblivious version are analyzed. Finally, we present guiding principles on how to strike a favorable balance between obliviousness and modularity.
Human carbonic anhydrases. XI. The complete primary structure of carbonic anhydrase B.

Abstract Sequence studies of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B show that it contains 256 residues. A series of relatively small peptides soluble in aqueous solutions obtained by chymotryptic and tryptic digestion of the enzyme, large peptides containing only COOH-terminal lysine or arginine as well as those resulting from more limited cleavage of the enzyme, and cyanogen bromide cleavage products served as the materials for deriving the primary structure.
Observations on the occurrence of clostridium welchii in the vagina of pregnant women

c L. WELCHII, also commonly known as Bacillus aerogenes capsulatus and the gas bacillus, is a rather short, nonmotile, gram-positive rod, growing under fairly strict anaerobic conditions. It forms capsules in the animal body and under certain conditions readily sporulates. A so-called stormy fermentation of milk, with formation of clot, acid, and gas, is characteristic. Classification into four types, A, B, C, and D, is recognized, but only Type A is met with in the human body. Hemotoxin and myotoxin are produced, thus accounting for certain characteristic clinical observations. The response to sulfanilamide of clinical infections by this organism has been described.‘-” The gas bacillus is found in soil, water, milk, dust, sewage, and the intestinal canal of man and animals. Its occurrence normally in the human vagina has aroused much debate and discussion.
Consuming Environments: Options and Choices for 21st Century Citizens

Our world’s $75 trillion economy, with approximately seven billion humans in over 190 independent countries, makes truly unprecedented demands of the earth’s resources. We grow, extract, produce, and trade vastly more than ever––and we emit more wastes into the global environment than ever before. Yet it is not only the dramatic and growing ecological costs of our species’ massive use of resources that concerns many activists, scholars, states, and firms around the world. As we make enormous and growing demands on the earth’s resources, we also make growing demands on each other and our political and social institutions. 1 Crucially, “we” humans consume resources very unequally. The wealthiest one to two billion drive global consumption. To put it bluntly, the earth cannot sustain the material throughput of seven to nine billion people in the coming decades if all people consume as many resources as the wealthiest billion do now. If we are to build a more equitable, more environmentally and socially sustainable 21st century, we must address the connections between ecological degradation, human security, and consumption more directly than we have to date. In other words, if the green economy refers mainly to developing and deploying a few “cleaner” technologies and shopping for more eco-friendly products, the many developmental and environmental goals set by the international community for the next decades will not be met. We need reasonably effective and efficient states, international institutions and markets––both willing and capable to achieve the goals we set for them––that engender sustainability rather than undermine and subvert it. We will also need to be citizens and leaders rather than simply consumers and employees.
Approximations and Randomization to Boost CSP Techniques

In recent years we have seen an increasing interest in combining constraint satisfaction prob- lem (CSP) formulations and linear programming (LP) based techniques for solving hard computational problems. While considerable progress has been made in the integration of these techniques for solving problems that exhibit a mixture of linear and combinatorial constraints, it has been surprisingly difficult to successfully integrate LP-based and CSP-based methods in a purely combinatorial setting. Our approach draws on recent results on approximation algorithms based on LP relaxations and randomized rounding techniques, with theoretical guarantees, as well on results that provide evidence that the runtime distribu- tions of combinatorial search methods are often heavy-tailed. We propose a complete randomized backtrack search method for combinatorial problems that tightly couples CSP propagation techniques with random- ized LP-based approximations. We present experimental results that show that our hybrid CSP/LP back- track search method outperforms the pure CSP and pure LP strategies on instances of a hard combinatorial problem.
Complications of halogen-assisted chemical vapor deposition of diamond

Abstract The technique of halogen assisted chemical vapor deposition of diamond has been partially verified. The production of genuine diamond was clearly identified by Raman spectroscopy with some modification of deposition parameters. However, analysis of the deposited films using other characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Auger spectroscopy revealed a substantial presence of metal fluorides in the deposits. This complication is mainly due to the highly reactive fluorine and hydrogen fluoride reacting with the Monel reactor and the substrate materials at elevated temperatures.
A comparison of the precision of three experimental designs employing a concomitant variable.

Three techniques are commonly employed to capitalize on a concomitant variate and improve the precision of treatment comparisons: (1) stratification of the experimental samples and use of a factorial design, (2) analysis of covariance, and (3) analysis of variance of difference scores. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of these alternatives in improving experimental precision, to identify the most precise design and the conditions under which its advantage holds, and to derive, in the case of the factorial approach, recommendations as to the optimal numbers of levels.
Cell trafficking through the choroid plexus

The choroid plexus is a multifunctional organ that sits at the interface between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It serves as a gateway for immune cell trafficking into the CSF and is in an excellent position to provide continuous immune surveillance by CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells and to regulate immune cell trafficking in response to disease and trauma. However, little is known about the mechanisms that control trafficking through this structure. Three cell types within the choroid plexus, in particular, may play prominent roles in controlling the development of immune responses within the nervous system: the epithelial cells, which form the blood-CSF barrier, and resident macrophages and dendritic cells in the stromal matrix. Adhesion molecule and chemokine expression by the epithelial cells allows substantial control over the selection of cells that transmigrate. Macrophages and dendritic cells can present antigen within the choroid plexus and/or transmigrate into the cerebral ventricles to serve a variety of possible immune functions. Studies to better understand the diverse functions of these cells are likely to reveal new insights that foster the development of novel pharmacological and macrophage-based interventions for the control of CNS immune responses.
Adoptive Transfer of Delayed Hypersensitivity and Protective Immunity to Eimeria tenella with Chicken-Derived Transfer Factor

Abstract Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) and protective immunity were transferred to nonimmune 4- and 10-week-old broiler chickens with transfer factor (TF) prepared from splenic leukocytes of chickens immunized with CocciVac® D. Only chickens injected with the immune TF showed DH by wattle reaction to oocyst antigen and protective immunity to Eimeria tenella challenge infection. Chickens given a single injection of TF 5 days before challenge infection exhibited a significant (P