cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mining partially periodic event patterns with unknown periods

Periodic behavior is common in real-world applications. However in many cases, periodicities are partial in that they are present only intermittently. The authors study such intermittent patterns, which they refer to as p-patterns. The formulation of p-patterns takes into account imprecise time information (e.g., due to unsynchronized clocks in distributed environments), noisy data (e.g., due to extraneous events), and shifts in phase and/or periods. We structure mining for p-patterns as two sub-tasks: (1) finding the periods of p-patterns and (2) mining temporal associations. For (2), a level-wise algorithm is used. For (1), we develop a novel approach based on a chi-squared test, and study its performance in the presence of noise. Further we develop two algorithms for mining p-patterns based on the order in which the aforementioned sub-tasks are performed: the period-first algorithm and the association-first algorithm. Our results show that the association-first algorithm has a higher tolerance to noise; the period-first algorithm is more computationally efficient and provides flexibility as to the specification of support levels. In addition, we apply the period-first algorithm to mining data collected from two production computer networks, a process that led to several actionable insights.
Science as Representation: Flouting the Criteria

Criteria of adequacy for scientific representation of the phenomena pertain to accuracy and truth. But that representation is selective and may require distortion even in the selected parameters; this point is intimately connected with the fact that representation is intentional, and its adequacy relative to its particular purpose. Since observation and measurement are perspectival and the appearances to be saved are perspectival measurement outcomes, the question whether this “saving” is an explanatory relation provides a new focus for the realist/antirealist debate. The Born rule and von Neumann’s “collapse” postulate in quantum mechanics provide a telling case for this question in recent physics.
Estimation of the Relative Excess Risk Due to Interaction and Associated Confidence Bounds

The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) provides a useful metric of departure from additivity of effects on a relative risk scale. In this paper, the authors show that RERI is identical to the product term in a linear odds ratio or a linear relative risk model. SAS and STATA codes are provided for fitting a linear odds ratio model that directly parameterizes RERI. In addition, this paper presents a method for obtaining likelihood-based 95% confidence bound estimates for RERI. The authors show that likelihood-based confidence intervals may differ substantially from the asymptotic confidence interval estimates advocated by previous authors. The approach presented in this paper should facilitate estimation of RERI and associated likelihood-based confidence bounds, by using standard statistical packages.
Inheritance and Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Care

Abstract This paper examines the relative influence of inheritance-related and intergenerational factors on the likelihood of adult daughters providing personal care, doing household chores, or providing income to their aging parents. The study sample (n = 399) comprises a sub-sample of the National Longitudinal Surveys, Young Women's Cohort. Findings challenge the primacy of an “ethic of care” attributed to adult children in general and adult daughters in particular in regard to filial obligation to parents when it comes to providing personal care. They also in part support “ethic of care” theories when it comes to providing financial assistance. Findings suggest that targeted legislation with specific incentives may be more effective than bully pulpit or moral exhortations to ensure sufficient care by adult children for aging baby boomers in non-institutionalized settings for as long as possible to offset the costs of more formal care in years to come.
Pharmacological characterization of threo-3-methylglutamic acid with excitatory amino acid transporters in native and recombinant systems.

The glutamate analog (±) threo-3-methylglutamate (T3MG) has recently been reported to inhibit the EAAT2 but not EAAT1 subtype of high-affinity, Na+-dependent excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT). We have examined the effects of T3MG on glutamate-elicited currents mediated by EAATs 1–4 expressed in Xenopus oocytes and on the transport of radiolabeled substrate in mammalian cell lines expressing EAATs 1–3. T3MG was found to be an inhibitor of EAAT2 and EAAT4 but a weak inhibitor of EAAT1 and EAAT3. T3MG competitively inhibited uptake of d-[3H]-aspartate into both cortical and cerebellar synaptosomes with a similar potency, consistent with its inhibitory activity on the cloned EAAT2 and EAAT4 subtypes. In addition, T3MG produced substrate-like currents in oocytes expressing EAAT4 but not EAAT2. However, T3MG was unable to elicit heteroexchange of preloaded d-[3H]-aspartate in cerebellar synaptosomes, inconsistent with the behavior of a substrate inhibitor. Finally, T3MG acts as a poor ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist in cultured hippocampal neurons: concentrations greater than 100 µm T3MG were required to elicit significant NMDA receptor-mediated currents. Thus, T3MG represents a pharmacological tool for the study of not only the predominant EAAT2 subtype but also the EAAT4 subtype highly expressed in cerebellum.
Independent-tree ad hoc multicast routing (ITAMAR)

Multicasting is an efficient means of one to many communication and is typically implemented by creating a multicasting tree. Because of the severe battery power and transmission bandwidth limitations in ad hoc networks, multicast routing can significantly improve the performance of this type of network. However, due to the frequent and hard-to-predict topological changes of ad hoc networks, maintenance of a multicasting tree to ensure its availability could be a difficult task. We borrow from the concept of alternate path routing, which has been studied for providing QoS routing, effective congestion control, security, and route failure protection, to propose a scheme in which a set of multicasting trees is continuously maintained. A tree is used until it fails at which time it is replaced by an alternative tree in the set, so that the time between failure of a tree and resumption of multicast routing is minimal. We introduce the scheme and present a number of heuristics to compute a set of alternate trees. The heuristics are then compared in terms of transmission cost, improvement in the average time between multicast failures and the probability of usefulness. Simulations show significant gains over a wide range of network operational conditions. In particular, we show that using alternate trees has the potential of improving mean time between interruption by 100-600% in a 50 node network (for most multicast group sizes) with small increase in the tree cost and the route discovery overhead.
Apocryphal and Canonical Gospels

The problem addressed in this paper is implied in the title. The terms “apocryphal” and “canonical” reflect a traditional usage which implies deep-seated prejudices and has had far-reaching consequences. Any standard dictionary, like Merriam-Webster, will explain the term “apocryphal” as “not canonical; unauthentic; spurious.” The synonyms are listed under “fictitious,” i.e., “invented or imagined rather than true and genuine,” and the term “apocryphal” is explained here as follows: “implies a mysterious or extremely dubious source of origin.”
Spatial selective attention affects early extrastriate but not striate components of the visual evoked potential

The effects of spatial selective attention on sensory processing in visual cortical areas were investigated by means of visual evoked potential (VEP) recordings and source localization techniques. Patterned stimuli were rapidly presented in random order to the left and right visual fields while subjects maintained central fixation and attended to one visual field at a time. Attended stimuli evoked enhanced P1 (100--130 msec) and N1 (120--200 msec) components of the VEP, whereas no effects of attention were observed on the C1 (50--100 msec) or P2 (200--240 msec) components. Spatiotemporal dipole modeling of the early VEP sources was carried out in relation to MRI-defined cortical anatomy. The dipolar generator of the C1 component was found to lie in calcarine cortex, the human homologue of area V1, whereas the attention-sensitive P1 generator was localized to ventral-lateral occipital cortex, within extrastriate area 19. These results support the hypothesis that spatial attention does not affect the initial activity evoked in area V1 but rather produces an enhancement within extrastriate visual areas of sensory signals arising from stimuli at attended locations.
Unidirectional RNA polymerase I-polymerase II transcription system for the generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids.

Recently, we developed a system for the generation of influenza A virus by cotransfecting only eight plasmids from which negative-sense vRNA and positive-sense mRNA are expressed (Hoffmann et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97, 6108–6113, 2000). Here we report the establishment of a different transcription system for the expression of virus-like RNAs, allowing the intracellular synthesis of noncapped positive-sense cRNA and 5′-capped mRNA from one template. Cotransfection of eight RNA pol I–pol II tandem promoter plasmids containing the cDNA of A/WSN/33 (H1N1) resulted in the generation of infectious influenza A virus, albeit with a lower yield than the bidirectional system. Our approach of producing either vRNA and mRNA or cRNA and mRNA intracellularly from a minimum set of plasmids should be useful for the establishment or optimization of reverse genetics systems for other RNA viruses.
Lipid A-mediated tolerance and cancer therapy.

The term “tolerance” from an immunological perspective, broadly encompasses a number of phenomena, but generally refers to a diminished responsiveness to LPS and/or other microbial products. With the discovery that many of the immunological, physiological and/or pathophysiological effects of LPS can be attributed to the lipid A moiety of the LPS molecule, a number of different lipid A analogs were synthesized with the goal of developing a drug that could be used clinically to treat cancer. In many instances, the development of tolerance to the lipid A congeners confounded the utility of these analogs as cancer therapeutics. In certain circumstances, however, the development of tolerance in patients has been utilized therapeutically to protect immunosuppressed patients from sepsis. Although numerous studies have been designed to investigate the development of tolerance, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. This may be due, in part, to differences in the experimental models used, the sources and types of microbes and microbial products studied, kinetics of responses, and/or other experimental conditions. Nonetheless, a number of different signaling pathways have been identified as potentially modulating and/or triggering the development of tolerance. Though complex and incompletely understood, the capacity of tolerance to impact lipid A-based therapeutics, either positively or negatively, is inarguable, thus underscoring the necessity for further investigation toward elucidating the mechanisms contributing to the development of tolerance to lipid A and its analogs.
Autoimmune Phenomena in Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid

Twelve patients with various stages of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid were studied. Tear volumes measured by Schirmer tests and visual acuities were generally reduced in proportion to disease severity. Mannitol-positive staphylococcus was recovered from 67% (16/24) of the eyelids cultured. Immunoglobulins were bound to the basement membrane of clinically involved conjunctivae in 67% of the patients (8/12). Eighty percent (8/10) of the clinically normal conjunctivae had no immunoglobulins bound to the basement membrane or epithelium, further reinforcing the importance of tissue-fixed immunoglobulins in the pathogenesis of this condition. Four of eight patients with immunoglobulins bound to basement membrane also had C3 complement bound to basement membrane. Acute disease may be associated with the presence of complement in the conjunctiva. In addition, three of the eight patients with basement membrane staining, and three without, showed marked epithelial intercellular and intracellular staining for immunoglobulins. Indirect immunofluorescence of patients' sera showed no circulating antibodies to basement membrane, but three patients had circulating antibodies directed to the conjunctival epithelium in an intercellular or intracellular location. No significant association of ocular pemphigoid with other circulating autoantibodies. HLA aantigens, or abnormal serum immunoglobulin levels was realized.
Bayesian Fault-Tolerant Position Estimator and Integrity Risk Bound for GNSS Navigation

The advent of multiple Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations will result in a considerable increase in the number of satellites for positioning worldwide. This substantial improvement in measurement redundancy has the potential to radically advance receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) performance. However, regardless of the number of satellites, the performance of existing RAIM methods is sensitive to the assumed prior probabilities of individual fault hypotheses. In this paper, a new method is developed using Bayes’ theorem to generate upper bounds on posterior probabilities of individual fault hypotheses given current user measurements. These bounds are used in a Bayesian fault-tolerant position estimator (FTE) that minimizes integrity risk. The detection test statistic is a measurement-based integrity risk bound, which is directly compared with a pre-specified risk requirement. The associated challenge of quantifying continuity risk is resolved using a bounding approach, which is also detailed in this work. The new Bayesian FTE method is shown to be more robust to uncertainty in prior probability of fault occurrence than existing RAIM methods.
Successful percutaneous removal of retained broken coronary angioplasty guidewire

The use of a pigtail left ventriculography catheter to retrieve a coronary angioplasty guidewire that had become entrapped in a small coronary artery and broken off with the proximal end in the descending thoracic aorta is reported. A pigtail catheter was advanced to the ascending aorta and twirled, winding the wire around it, removing the wire from the small artery.
TE characterization of resistive strip gratings on a dielectric slab using a single edge-mode expansion

Closed-form expressions are derived for the TE scattering by a narrow resistive strip array in the presence of a dielectric slab. This is accomplished by introducing a single edge-mode expansion to represent the strip current density followed by a Galerkin's solution of the pertinent integral equation. The accuracy of the derived approximate expressions are examined by comparison with a moment method solution and several curves are shown, illustrating how the different array parameters affect the reflectivity and transmissivity of the array. Particular attention is given to the free-standing resistive strip array where an equivalent uniform resistive sheet is constructed for simulating the original periodic structure. The reactance of this equivalent sheet is compared with published expressions pertinent to the metallic strip array. >
Coming to Praise, Not to Bury, the New ABA Standards of Practice for Lawyers Who Represent Children in Abuse and Neglect Cases

The adoption of the Abuse & Neglect Standards as an enforceable ethics code is one that should be supported by members of the legal community. The new standards provide attorneys with a much clearer role thereby establishing what is expected of them. Thus, there will be greater clarity in separating the role of counsel for children from the role of guardian ad litem for children. Furthermore, the current ethics rule followed in most jurisdictions is ambiguous and confusing to the degree of not being enforceable. Because courts are employing legal ethics codes as the basis for deciding civil liability in legal malpractice actions, the adoption of clear and unambiguous ethical rules for attorneys to follow is crucial to ensuring children are properly represented.
Competitive industry clusters and transportation in Minnesota

Purpose – This study aims to advance the state of knowledge of the relationship between transportation and economic development by investigating how firms in competitive industry clusters use transportation networks and what role those networks play in the competitiveness of these clusters. Design/methodology/approach – The approach combines quantitative and qualitative techniques to geographically identify competitive industry clusters and to investigate the role of transportation. The US Cluster Mapping tool is used to identify competitive clusters by employment location quotients in 25 Minnesota metropolitan and micropolitan regions. A total of 12 competitive clusters were selected for further study, and in-depth interviews and site visits were conducted with businesses in each cluster to explore the competitive importance of different modes of transportation. Findings – Minnesota’s economic competitiveness is dependent on a well-functioning transportation system in all modes – truck, air, rail, and wa...
Executive function predicts the development of play skills for verbal preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders

Executive function and play skills develop in early childhood and are linked to cognitive and language ability. The present study examined these abilities longitudinally in two groups with autism spectrum disorder-a group with higher initial language (n = 30) and a group with lower initial language ability (n = 36). Among the lower language group, concurrent nonverbal cognitive ability contributed most to individual differences in executive function and play skills. For the higher language group, executive function during preschool significantly predicted play ability at age 6 over and above intelligence, but early play did not predict later executive function. These results suggested that factors related to the development of play and executive function differ for subgroups of children with different language abilities and that early executive function skills may be critical in order for verbal children with autism to develop play. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1274-1284. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vulcanization. Part I. Fate of Curing System during the Sulfur Vulcanization of Natural Rubber Accelerated by Benzothiazole Derivatives

Abstract Several investigators have proposed mechanisms for the delayed action sulfur vulcanization of rubbers which postulate that a number of intermediate compounds containing fragments of the accelerator are formed during the vulcanization cycle. Although a number of workers have measured the change in initial accelerator and sulfur concentration in the rubber during vulcanization, none have identified and determined the intermediate compounds which appear to be formed during vulcanization. The purpose of this paper is to first confirm the existence of these intermediates and subsequently to identify and quantitatively follow their concentrations throughout the vulcanization cycle. In our initial studies we have limited our investigations to natural rubber cured with sulfur and accelerated with (i) MBT (2-mercaptobenzothiazole), (ii) (MBTS)[2,2′-dithiobisbenzothiazole)], and (iii) 2-(4-morpholinothio)benzothiazole. In order to reduce the complexity of the system, other normally used additional curing a...
Cooling the arms race in South Asia

It is still possible to maintain the nuclear status quo between India and Pakistan, and to address the underlying security concerns that have made nuclear arms attractive to both.Time is fast running out for averting a nuclear arms race in South Asia. India and Pakistan are now confronting decisions on the acquisition of nuclear weapons that will fundamentally affect their bilateral security relations and will have important regional and global consequences as well.To inform the debate on these issues, in mid-1986 the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace established a task force on nonproliferation and South Asian security, composed of American specialists in the fields of nuclear nonproliferation, South Asian studies, and arms control. The task force's final report, released in January, offers a blueprint for a nuclear stand-down in the region. Its conclusions are summarized below.
Fixed…Or Needs Fixing?

An asymptomatic 29-year-old female was referred for evaluation of a cardiac murmur. A preappointment electrocardiogram revealed right axis deviation, right bundle-branch block, and “crochetage sign” with notched R waves in the inferior leads (Figure 1A, arrows). Physical examination revealed normal jugular venous examination and a 2+ parasternal lift. Cardiac auscultation at the left upper sternal border (Figure 1B, phonocardiogram; Audio file in the Data Supplement) revealed normal S1, grade 2/6 early-peaking systolic ejection murmur, and fixed splitting of the second heart sound (A2-P2). Chest radiography (Figure 1C) showed enlarged right heart border …
Immunization of Haemophilus Influenza Type B (Hib) among People Living in Panyu County of Guangzhou City

Objective To evaluate the immune status of people living in Panyu County,Guangzhou city,and to provide scientific evidence for preventing and controlling of Hib. Method Outpatient clinics were randomly selected from one district and two villages for this study. Questionnaire type survey was conducted in the clinics to determine parents' attitudes to immunization and the immunization history of their children. Result Most of the parents had little knowledge about Hib infection. The percentage of parent showing the awareness of Hib infection was 35%.Parents living in the district are more aware of Hib immunization (65.3%) than the parents lining in the villages (38.4% ,P=0.000). The Hib immunization rate in the district (72.4%) was also higher than the children living in the villages (36.2% ,P =0.000). Effectiveness of the vaccine is the major concern of their parents. Physicians' recommendation can help the parents to increase their understanding on the benfit of Hib vaccination (94.5% in the district and 80.4% in the villages). Conclusion The Hib immunization coverage rate is relatively low in these areas. The main reason is that the parents have little knowledge of Hib infection and the benefit of Hib immunization. Education of the parents and general public may increase the awareness of Hib infection.
Combined effects of breathing resistance and hyperoxia on aerobic work tolerance

Effects of three curvilinear inspiratory resistances (R1, R2, R3) on the cardiorespiratory responses of seven well-trained men during incremental cycling tests to exhaustion were studied by comparison to the low resistance R0 (at 1 l/s, R0 = 0.2; R3 = 6.5 cmH2O-s/l). Submaximal VO2 and the gas exchange anaerobic threshold (AT) were not affected by increasing resistance. Although maximal work rates were not significantly changed, highly significant reductions were observed for VE (R0 = 166.3; R3 = 99.7 l/min BTPS), VO2 max (R0 = 4,26; R3 = 3.74 l/min), HR (R0 = 185; R3 = 176 beats/min), and endurance (R0 = 17.3; R3 = 15.5 min) suggesting that aerobic work tolerance was dependent on ventilatory capacity. In additional tests removal of R3 at exhaustion abruptly increased VE and VO2, and permitted work to continue. Ventilation and work tolerance were therefore limited by R3 before the legs fatigued. Breathing 35% O2 against R3 produced significant, although small, increases in AT, VO2 max, peak HR, and endurance while decreasing the hyperventilatory response to work above AT. Thus, aerobic work tolerance reduced with high inspiratory resistance was partly restored by moderate hyperoxia, apparently because the ventilatory limit was delayed.
Americans’ Approval of the 2010 Affordable Care Act: Self-interest and Symbolic Politics*

Public opinion data show substantial variation in attitudes toward the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Utilizing a 2013 Gallup survey of U.S. adults, we examine the effects of self-interest and symbolic politics measures on several dimensions of ACA approval. Supporting symbolic politics, we find liberal political ideology, democratic party affiliation, and positive evaluations of President Obama are consistently associated with greater approval of the ACA generally, as well as the belief that the ACA will improve the healthcare situation of the United States and one's family specifically. In contrast, self-interest variables produce less consistent results. Self-reported familiarity with the law and being uninsured due to one's employer not offering health insurance are associated with greater belief the ACA will improve the healthcare situation of one's family specifically, but not the U.S. healthcare situation generally. Together these findings suggest that political values and symbols—in particular perceptions of President Obama—may be more important in shaping attitudes toward the ACA than self-interest variables, especially in contexts assessing more generalized support for the legislation.
The Value-Added Contribution of a Core Marketing Course - A Preliminary Assessment

Preliminary attempts have been made to measure the value-added contribution of a core marketing course. An examination was compiled to match guidelines set by an independent study outline, and test questions were selected from three texts recommended by the outline and also used in teaching the course at various times. A control group and two experimental groups were used to pre-test the examination. Students showed a 21.8 percent improvement after taking the marketing course, which dropped to 14.1 percent improvement prior to graduation; both results were significant at the 0.005 level. Students appeared to retain the more practical aspects of their instruction- planning and the marketing mix, while performing less satisfactorily in some of the “softer areas" -the role of marketing in society, buyer behavior, and the marketing concept.
Collection and characterization of amniotic fluid from scheduled C-section deliveries

Amniotic fluid (AF) possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and regenerative properties that make it attractive for use in clinical applications. The goals of this study were to assess the feasibility of collecting AF from full-term pregnancies and to evaluate non-cellular and cellular properties of AF for clinical applications. Donor informed consent and medical histories were obtained from pregnant women scheduled for C-sections and infectious disease testing was performed the day of collection. AFs were evaluated for total volume, fluid chemistries, total protein, and hyaluronic acid (HA) levels. AF was also assessed with quantitative antibody arrays, cellular content and for an ability to support angiogenesis. Thirty-six pregnant women consented and passed donor screening to give birth tissue. AF was successfully collected from 17 individuals. Median AF volumes were 70 mL (range 10–815 mL; n = 17). Fluid chemistries were similar, but some differences were noted in HA levels and cytokine profiles. Cytokine arrays revealed that an average of 304 ± 20 of 400 proteins tested were present in AF with a majority of cytokines associated with host defense. AF supported angiogenesis. Epithelioid cells were the major cell type in AF with only a minor population of lymphoid cells. Cultures revealed a highly proliferative population of adherent cells capable of producing therapeutic doses of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). These findings showed that significant volumes of AF were routinely collected from full-term births. AF contained a number of bioactive proteins and only a rare population of MSCs. Variations noted in components present in different AFs, warrant further investigations to determine their relevance for specific clinical applications.
A Role for Bradykinin Signaling in Chronic Vulvar Pain

Abstract Chronic vulvar pain is alarmingly common in women of reproductive age and is often accompanied by psychological distress, sexual dysfunction, and a significant reduction in quality of life. Localized provoked vulvodynia (LPV) is associated with intense vulvar pain concentrated in the vulvar vestibule (area surrounding vaginal opening). To date, the origins of vulvodynia are poorly understood, and treatment for LPV manages pain symptoms, but does not resolve the root causes of disease. Until recently, no definitive disease mechanisms had been identified; our work indicates LPV has inflammatory origins, although additional studies are needed to understand LPV pain. Bradykinin signaling is one of the most potent inducers of inflammatory pain and is a candidate contributor to LPV. We report that bradykinin receptors are expressed at elevated levels in LPV patient versus healthy control vestibular fibroblasts, and patient vestibular fibroblasts produce elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators with bradykinin stimulation. Inhibiting expression of one or both bradykinin receptors significantly reduces proinflammatory mediator production. Finally, we determined that bradykinin activates nuclear factor (NF)κB signaling (a major inflammatory pathway), whereas inhibition of NFκB successfully ablates this response. These data suggest that therapeutic agents targeting bradykinin sensing and/or NFκB may represent new, more specific options for LPV therapy. Perspective There is an unmet need for the development of more effective vulvodynia therapies. As we explore the mechanisms by which human vulvar fibroblasts respond to proinflammatory/propain stimuli, we move closer to understanding the origins of chronic vulvar pain and identifying new therapeutic targets, knowledge that could significantly improve patient care.
A processor architecture defense against buffer overflow attacks

Buffer overflow vulnerabilities in the memory stack continue to pose serious threats to network and computer security. By exploiting these vulnerabilities, a malicious party can strategically overwrite the return address of a procedure call, obtain control of a system, and subsequently launch more virulent attacks. Software countermeasures for such intrusions entail modifications to applications, compilers, and operating systems. Despite the availability of these defenses, many systems remain vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. We present a hardware-based solution that prevents buffer overflow attacks involving procedure return address corruption. We add a secure return address stack to the processor that provides built-in, dynamic protection against return address tampering without requiring any effort by users or application programmers. Also, the performance impact is negligible for most applications. Changes are not required of application source code, so both legacy and future software can enjoy the security benefits of this solution.
Carrier-Independent Nuclear Import of the Transcription Factor PU.1.

Abstract PU.1 is a transcription factor of the Ets family with important functions in hematopoietic cell differentiation. Using GFP-PU.1 fusions, we show that the Ets DNA-binding domain of PU.1 is necessary and sufficient for its nuclear localization. Fluorescence and ultrastructural nuclear import assays showed that PU.1 nuclear import requires energy but not soluble carriers. PU.1 interacted with the FG repeats of nucleoporins Nup62 and Nup153. The binding of PU.1 to Nup153, but not to Nup62, dramatically increased in the presence of RanGMPPNP, indicating the formation of a PU.1/RanGTP/Nup153 complex. The Ets domain accounted for the bulk of the interaction of PU.1 with Nup153 and RanGMPPNP. Since Nup62 is located close to the midplane of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) while Nup153 is at its nuclear side, these findings suggest a model whereby RanGTP propels PU.1 towards the nuclear side of the NPC by increasing its affinity for Nup153. This notion was confirmed by ultrastructural studies using gold-labeled PU.1 in permeabilized cells.
A Cervical Schwannoma Masquerading as a Thyroid Nodule.

Background: We present a case of a cervical schwannoma, likely originating from the pharyngeal plexus of the vagal nerve. The lesion masqueraded as a thyroid nodule and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assisted in preoperative diagnosis. We review the radiographic characteristics of nerve sheath tumors on MRI as well as the diagnostic cytologic stains which can enhance the possibility of a correct preoperative diagnosis. Case: We describe a 60-year-old female with dysphagia and a neck mass consistent with a nodular goiter. The patient's history, diagnostic images, cytology, pathology, and surgical management are presented and analyzed. The preoperative diagnosis of a cervical schwannoma was suspected by the use of MRI which led to additional specialized cytologic stains. Conclusion: Pharyngeal wall schwannomas are important to consider in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules when fine needle aspiration cytology indicates cells of neural origin. Imaging by MRI can assist in identifying lesions of neural origin masquerading as thyroid nodules.
Modern Science, Nature, and the Phenomenology of Data Collection

Artistic practices of data collection frequently reconfigure the ways in which we imagine ecosystems to operate. The interventions the author discusses here explore atmospheric conditions through visualization and sonification of data collected about phenomena indirectly experienced by the viewer. Each of the projects examined in this paper specifically address the unbalancing effects on the land and atmosphere of the byproducts of human technologies. Additionally, these artworks demonstrate how human subjectivity cannot simply encapsulate experience of the world as if from an outside perspective, but must be incorporated into the greater environmental systems of which it is a part.
Directed Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Fallopian Tube Epithelium.

The fallopian tube epithelium (FTE) has been recognized as a site of origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC). However, the absence of relevant in vitro human models that can recapitulate tissue-specific architecture has hindered our understanding of FTE transformation and initiation of HGSC. Here, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were used to establish a novel 3-dimensional (3D) human FTE organoid in vitro model containing the relevant cell types of the human fallopian tube as well as a luminal architecture that closely reflects the organization of fallopian tissues in vivo. Modulation of Wnt and BMP signaling directed iPSC differentiation into Mullerian cells and subsequent use of pro-Mullerian growth factors promoted FTE precursors. The expression and localization of Mullerian markers verified correct cellular differentiation. An innovative 3D growth platform, which enabled the FTE organoid to self-organize into a convoluted luminal structure, permitted matured differentiation to a FTE lineage. This powerful human-derived FTE organoid model can be used to study the earliest stages of HGSC development and to identify novel and specific biomarkers of early fallopian tube epithelial cell transformation.
Pain, Functional Disability, and Depressed Affect

In the early 1990s, my colleagues and I became interested in teasing apart the association between pain, functional disability, and symptoms of depression. Although previous research had demonstrated an association between chronic pain and depression (e.g., Lindsay & Wyckoff, 1981; Moss, Lawton, & Glicksman, 1991; Parmelee, Katz, & Lawton, 1991; Von Knorring, Perris, Eisemann, Eriksson, & Perris, 1983; Waddell, 1987), these efforts had produced conflicting results; that is, even though the relation between pain and depression had been clearly established, the association typically was not a large one, and the direction of causality was open to question. For instance, is the intuitive approach correct, that is, that pain causes people to be depressed (e.g., Moss et al., 1991; Romano & Turner, 1985; Roy, Thomas, & Matas, 1984)? Or as some studies seemed to indicate (e.g., Crum, Cooper-Patrick, & Ford, 1994; Lefebvre, 1981; Leventhal, Hansell, Diefenbach, Leventhal, & Glass, 1996; Mathew, Weinman, & Mirabi, 1981), do depressed people simply report experiencing more symptoms, including pain, than nondepressed people? Or, are other factors responsible for both increased levels of experienced pain and more depressed affect? Our interest in this issue was sparked by a paper published in 1991 by Parmelee et al. on the association between pain and depression in a sample of institutionalized elderly persons. Their results appeared to support the hypothesis that depressed individuals are more likely than nondepressed individuals to report experiencing pain; that is, pain was linearly related to level of depression. Institutionalized elderly adults classified as possible major depressives reported more pain than did those classified as minor depressives, and the latter group reported more pain than did those classified as nondepressed. Moreover, this effect was especially strong when physicians had diagnosed an illness that could justify pain.
Measurement of anisotropic mechanical properties in porcine brain white matter ex vivo using magnetic resonance elastography

The mechanical properties of brain tissue, particularly those of white matter (WM), need to be characterized accurately for use in finite element (FE) models of brain biomechanics and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a powerful tool for non-invasive estimation of the mechanical properties of soft tissues. While several studies involving direct mechanical tests of brain tissue have shown mechanical anisotropy, most MRE studies of brain tissue assume an isotropic model. In this study, an incompressible transversely isotropic (TI) material model parameterized by minimum shear modulus (μ2), shear anisotropy parameter (ϕ), and tensile anisotropy parameter (ζ) is applied to analyze MRE measurements of ex vivo porcine white matter (WM) brain tissue. To characterize shear anisotropy, "slow" (pure transverse) shear waves were propagated at 100, 200 and 300Hz through sections of ex vivo brain tissue including both WM and gray matter (GM). Shear waves were found to propagate with elliptical fronts, consistent with TI material behavior. Shear wave fields were also analyzed within regions of interest (ROI) to find local shear wavelengths parallel and perpendicular to fiber orientation. FE simulations of a TI material with a range of plausible shear modulus (μ2) and shear anisotropy parameters (ϕ) were run and the results were analyzed in the same fashion as the experimental case. Parameters of the FE simulations which most closely matched each experiment were taken to represent the mechanical properties of that particular sample. Using this approach, WM in the ex vivo porcine brain was found to be mildly anisotropic in shear with estimates of minimum shear modulus (actuation frequencies listed in parenthesis): μ2= 1.04 ± 0.12 kPa (at 100Hz), μ2= 1.94 ± 0.29 kPa (at 200Hz), and μ2= 2.88 ± 0.34 kPa (at 300Hz) and corresponding shear anisotropy factors of ϕ= 0.27 ± 0.09 (at 100Hz), ϕ= 0.29 ± 0.14 (at 200Hz) and ϕ= 0.34 ± 0.13 (at 300Hz). Future MRE studies will focus on tensile anisotropy, which will require both slow and fast shear waves for accurate estimation.
Chemical control over membrane-initiated steroid signaling with a DNA nanocapsule

Membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS) is a recently discovered aspect of steroidal control over cell function that has proved highly challenging to study due to its rapidity and ultrasensitivity to the steroid trigger [Chow RWY, Handelsman DJ, Ng MKC (2010) Endocrinology 151:2411-2422]. Fundamental aspects underlying MISS, such as receptor binding, kinetics of ion-channel opening, and production of downstream effector molecules remain obscure because a pristine molecular technology that could trigger the release of signaling steroids was not available. We have recently described a prototype DNA nanocapsule which can be programmed to release small molecules upon photoirradiation [Veetil AT, et al. (2017) Nat Nanotechnol 12:1183-1189]. Here we show that this DNA-based molecular technology can now be programmed to chemically trigger MISS, significantly expanding its applicability to systems that are refractory to photoirradiation.
Recycled polyethylene terephthalate as a new FFF feedstock material

Abstract Reclaimed materials such as waste plastics can be utilized in additive manufacturing to improve the self-reliance of warfighters on forward operating bases by cutting costs and decreasing the demand for the frequent resupplying of parts by the supply chain. In addition, the use of waste materials in additive manufacturing in the private sector would reduce cost and increase sustainability, providing a high-value output for used plastics. Experimentation is conducted to process polyethylene terephthalate bottles and packaging into filament that can then be used for additive manufacturing methods like fused filament fabrication, without the use of additives or modification to the polymer. The chemistry of different polyethylene terephthalate recycled feedstocks was evaluated and found to be identical, and thus mixed feedstock processing is a suitable approach. Rheological data showed drying of the recycled polyethylene terephthalate led to an increase in the polymer’s viscosity. Thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated for filament with different processing conditions, as well as printed and molded specimens. Crystallinity ranged from 12.2 for the water cooled filament, compared to 24.9% for the filament without any active cooling. Tensile results show that the elongation to failure was similar to an injection molded part (3.5%) and tensile strength of 35.1 ± 8 MPa was comparable to commercial polycarbonate-ABS filament, demonstrating the robustness of the material. In addition, three point bending tests showed a similar load at failure for a select long-lead military part printed from the recycled filament compared to parts printed from commercial filament. Thus filament from recycled polyethylene terephthalate has the capability for replacing commercial filament in printing a diverse range of plastic parts.
Setup of the Variational Problem

Let M3be a C∞, compact manifold without boundary and let a be a contact form on M, i.e., a differentiable one-form such that α ^ dα is α volume form. § is the contact vector field of a.
China, 1895-1912 State-Sponsored Reforms and China's Late-Qing Revolution: Selected Essays from Zhongguo Jindai Shi - Modern Chinese History, ... 1840-1919

Designed for classroom use, this book develops a framework for the comparative analysis of political ideologies and examines the most prominent political ideologies of modern time. This revised edition has been enlarged to include feminism and environmentalism.
Adaptive Control of Degenerate Mode Groups in a Highly Multimode Fiber

Using adaptive optics, we selectively excite individual degenerate mode groups within a highly multimode fiber. A deformable mirror is employed to modulate the fiber input wavefront based on a feedback signal provided by a fiber Bragg grating written within the multimode fiber. Selective excitations of low-, intermediate-, and high-order degenerate mode groups are experimentally achieved.
Declining Rates of Referral for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Without Constipation at a Tertiary Care Center.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Several treatments have been developed, including rifaximin for the treatment of IBS without constipation (non-IBS-C), but no studies have evaluated the effect of these therapies on patient referral rates to tertiary care gastroenterology clinics. To assess referral patterns for IBS patients at a tertiary motility clinic over a 10-year period. Data from consecutive patients referred to the clinic during 2006–2016 were analyzed. Trends in the proportion of referrals and prior rifaximin use in IBS-C versus non-IBS-C groups were compared. A total of 814 adult patients were referred to a single physician panel for IBS-related symptoms. Of these, 776 were included in the study [528 females (68%), average age 45.7 ± 15.9 years), comprising 431 IBS-C (55.5%) and 345 non-IBS-C (44.5%) patients. The proportion of non-IBS-C referrals declined significantly from 53.0% in 2006 to 27.3% in 2016 (Chi-square, p < 0.0001, Cochran–Armitage trend test p = 0.0001), and the proportion of IBS-C referrals increased significantly from 46.9% in 2006 to 72.7% in 2016 (Chi-square, p < 0.0001, Cochran–Armitage trend test p = 0.0004). Non-IBS-C referrals with prior rifaximin use significantly increased from 22.7% in 2006 to 66.7% in 2016 (Cochran–Armitage trend test, p = 0.008). The results indicate a significantly declining tertiary care referral rate for non-IBS-C over the past decade. While not directly linked, there has been an increase in rifaximin use in the same population during the same time interval.
“T” Is for Transparent

The relationship of multiply-disadvantaged patients with their health professionals is often characterized by a lack of transparency on both sides. In order to allow the kind of communication that builds trust, increases patient adherence, lowers healthcare costs, and improves the care experience and the health of the patient, increasing transparency is important. Transparency in doctor-patient relationships generally has taken a big step forward with the wide implementation of “OpenNotes,” software that allows patients to read their doctors’ notes about their care. For multiply-disadvantaged patients, i.e., patients for whom trust and adherence have tended to be more difficult, open notes has been particularly effective and appreciated. When notes are available to patients, researchers in the field suggest that doctors should adjust their language a bit to make the notes more engaging. These same adjustments can be used to allow clinical conversations between team members about patients to occur in the presence of the patient, enabling much more meaningful patient participation in their care. The practice of speaking about the patient in the patient’s presence can allow a much more effective transfer of positive relationship with the patient from one team member to other members of the team.
A primal formulation for imposing periodic boundary conditions on conforming and nonconforming meshes

Abstract A variational multiscale Discontinuous Galerkin (VMDG) method is developed for microscale modeling of domains containing conforming and non-conforming meshes. Essentially, the product of the applied volume-average strain (or macro-strain) and the domain diameter acts as an imposed displacement jump within the VMDG terms. Hence, the method is suitable for modeling deformation of both block and truly (self) periodic representative volume elements (RVEs). The primal displacement field and macro-strain are the only unknowns because the method eliminates the Lagrange multiplier (LM) enforcement of the kinematic constraint. Rigorous derivation of the method provides a framework to accommodate either the macro-stress or macro-strain as the driver of the microscale boundary value problem. The method is developed first for finite deformations and then specialized to small deformation kinematics. Algorithmic modifications to the method are also studied for their effects on tangent symmetry and convergence rate. The results from numerical studies for isotropic and anisotropic materials show that the proposed method is robust, accurate, stable and variationally consistent for modeling complicated conforming and nonconforming RVEs.