cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of MAOA mutations in humans.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analysis of monoamine oxidase (MAO) A mutations in humans. A direct correlation between an MAOA mutation and a phenotype has been provided by recent studies of a pedigree in the Netherlands. Eight males in the pedigree, who are mildly retarded and show episodic aggressive behavior, including attempted murder, attempted rape, exhibitionism, attempted suicide, and arson, were found to carry a point mutation that converts a glutamine codon into a stop codon in the eighth exon. This mutation completely disrupts MAO-A activity. The common feature shared by these males of an apparent episodic loss of impulse control suggests the involvement of physiological changes resulting from MAO-A deficiency, but could also be related to mild retardation. The correlations of sequence variations with disease phenotypes, as in the MAO-A-deficient patients, may begin to emerge by the use of methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single-strand conformational polymorphisms (SSCP). In addition, the allelic-association approach will continue to provide an efficient means for evaluating the role of MAO genes in different disease states.
Emotional Modulation of Learning and Memory

1 Basolateral Amygdala: The Brain's Focal Point for Modulation of Memory 2 Amygdala-Based Emotional Modulation of Attention 3 Amygdala Activity and Emotional Memory in Humans—Emergence of Sex Effects 4 Summary Keywords: amygdala; emotion; memory; hormones; sex; gender; consolidation; stress; PTSD; Lateralization
THE RATES AND MECHANISMS OF SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF PALLADIUM(II) DITHIOLATE COMPLEXES

Abstract The kinetics of the substitution reactions of planar palladium(II) dithiolate complexes with both monodentate and bidentate nucleophiles have been studied in aqueous solution at 25°C using the stopped-flow technique. For both monodentate and bidentate nucleophiles, most of the reactions are second-order overall, first-order in the metal complex and first-order in the nucleophile. Mechanisms are proposed for the substitution reactions. The results demonstrate that palladium(II) dithiolates have a smaller tendency to form five-coordinate adducts than do nickel(K) dithiolates. The rates of the substitution reactions are slower than might have been expected from a consideration of the corresponding reaction with nickel(II). This correlates with the instability of five-coordinated intermediates.
Aggressive children’s self-systems and the quality of their relationships with significant others

Existing theory and empirical data suggest that clinically meaningful distinctions may be made among aggressive youth during middle childhood based on their self-systems (i.e., their perceptions of their own competencies and of the extent to which they believe they are supported, valued, or esteemed by others). Most aggressive children appear to have self-systems that are more polarized and rigid (i.e., either globally positive or globally negative) when compared to nonaggressive children. Further, those who overestimate their level of competence and the actual quality of their (usually impaired) relationships with significant others appear to be at greater risk for increased behavior problems than those aggressive children who more accurately perceive their competence deficits and relationship difficulties. Tentative hypotheses are offered regarding developmental changes in the relationship between the self-system and aggression as these children mature into adolescence and adulthood. Implications for classification, assessment, and treatment matching are discussed.
Protein Kinase Cε Inhibits UVR-Induced Expression of FADD, an Adaptor Protein, Linked to both Fas- and TNFR1-Mediated Apoptosis

Protein kinase C (PKC)e overexpression in FVB/N transgenic mice sensitized skin to UVR-induced development of squamous cell carcinomas and suppressed formation of sunburn cells, which are DNA-damaged keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis. Here, we elucidated the mechanisms associated with the inhibition of UVR-induced appearance of sunburn cells in PKCe transgenic mice. We found that the inhibition of UVR-induced sunburn cell formation in PKCe transgenic mice may be the result of the inhibition of the expression of Fas, Fas ligand, and the mammalian death adaptor protein termed Fas-associated with death domain (FADD). The adaptor protein FADD is the key component of the death-inducing signaling complex of both Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1. A decreased expression of epidermal FADD was observed after a single UVR exposure. However, a complete loss of FADD expression was found after four (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and Monday) repeated UVR exposures. FADD transmits apoptotic signals from death receptors to the downstream initiator caspase-8 and connects to the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic signal transduction pathway by the cleavage of Bid, a Bcl-2 family member. PKCe-mediated loss of FADD expression inhibited UVR signals to the activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.
Measurement of a Simple Defect Mode of Vibration

Inelastic scattering of cold neutrons from Ni- Pd alloys was measured using the cold-neutron facility at the BNL graphite reactor. Measurements were taken at room temperature on polycrystalline specimens of pure Pd, pure Ni, and 2 alloys of 5 and 10 at.% Ni. The existence of welldefined modes of vibration was confirmed. (L.N.N.)
Identification of the Nuclear Localization and Export Signals of High Risk HPV16 E7 Oncoprotein

The E7 oncoprotein of high risk human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) binds and inactivates the retinoblastoma (RB) family of proteins. Our previous studies suggested that HPV16 E7 enters the nucleus via a novel Ran-dependent pathway independent of the nuclear import receptors (Angeline, M., Merle, E., and Moroianu, J. (2003). The E7 oncoprotein of high-risk human papillomavirus type 16 enters the nucleus via a nonclassical Ran-dependent pathway. Virology 317(1), 13-23.). Here, analysis of the localization of specific E7 mutants revealed that the nuclear localization of E7 is independent of its interaction with pRB or of its phosphorylation by CKII. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and 2xEGFP fusions with E7 and E7 domains in HeLa cells revealed that E7 contains a novel nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the N-terminal domain (aa 1-37). Interestingly, treatment of transfected HeLa cells with two specific nuclear export inhibitors, Leptomycin B and ratjadone, changed the localization of 2xEGFP-E7(38-98) from cytoplasmic to mostly nuclear. These data suggest the presence of a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) and a second NLS in the C-terminal domain of E7 (aa 38-98). Mutagenesis of critical amino acids in the putative NES sequence ((76)IRTLEDLLM(84)) changed the localization of 2xEGFP-E7(38-98) from cytoplasmic to mostly nuclear suggesting that this is a functional NES. The presence of both NLSs and an NES suggests that HPV16 E7 shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus which is consistent with E7 having functions in both of these cell compartments.
Large-scale hydrological change drove the late Miocene C4 plant expansion in the Himalayan foreland and Arabian Peninsula

Carbon isotope changes in paleosols from Siwalik, Pakistan, and marine sediments from the Bengal Fan indicate a major C 4 plant expansion in the Himalayan foreland during the late Miocene. However, the timing and mechanisms behind the C 4 plant expansion remain enigmatic. Here we present high-resolution (∼60 k.y.) biomarker and compound-specific isotope data spanning the past 11 m.y. from Ocean Drilling Program Site 722 in the Arabian Sea. An ∼5‰–6‰ increase in leaf wax δ 13 C values indicates a marked rise of C 4 plants from 10 to 5.5 Ma, with accelerated expansion from 7.9 to 5.5 Ma. A concurrent ∼50‰ rise in leaf wax δD values is attributed to a combined effect of changes in precipitation amount and evaporation, indicating that source regions for the plant waxes became progressively drier from 10 to 5.5 Ma. In contrast to earlier reports, our isotope records, biomarker abundances, alkenone U K′ 37 , and Globigerina bulloides abundance data do not suggest enhanced summer monsoon circulation during this time interval. Rather, our results suggest that large-scale hydrological changes drove the late Miocene expansion of C 4 plants in the Himalayan foreland and Arabian Peninsula.
Acute posttraumatic renal failure: a multicenter perspective.

UNLABELLED Acute renal failure (ARF) following trauma is rare. Historically, ARF has been associated with a high mortality rate. To investigate this entity we conducted a retrospective review of 72,757 admissions treated at nine regional trauma centers over a 5-year period. Seventy-eight patients (0.098%) developed acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Detailed demographic, clinical, and outcome data were collected. Patients with pre-existing medical conditions (group I) had a 70% increase in mortality over those without pre-existing conditions (p less than 0.004). Twenty-four patients (31%) developed ARF less than 6 days after injury (group II). The remainder (group III) developed late renal failure (mean time to first dialysis, 23 days). The predominant cause of death was multiple organ failure (82%). There were no differences in mortality because of multiple organ failure among the three groups of patients. Of the 33 survivors, six (18%) were discharged with renal insufficiency, three (9%) were discharged on dialysis, 23 (70%) were discharged home or to rehabilitation, and 27 (82%) had no significant evidence of renal insufficiency. CONCLUSION Posttraumatic renal failure requiring hemodialysis is rare (incidence, 107 per 100,000 trauma center admissions), but the mortality rate remains high (57%). Two thirds of the cases of posttraumatic renal failure develop late and are secondary to multiple organ failure; one third of the cases of posttraumatic renal failure develop early and may result from inadequate resuscitation.
Functional outcome after total parotidectomy reconstruction.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to compare and contrast the functional and cosmetic outcomes of patients who underwent total parotidectomy with and without reconstruction using an inferiorly based sternocleidomastoid muscle flap. Study Design: Retrospective review in the setting of a university medical center. Methods: Twenty-four patients underwent a total parotidectomy. Fifteen patients had reconstruction with an inferiorly based sternocleidomastoid muscle flap, and nine patients had no reconstruction. Clinical examination was performed independently by two head and neck surgeons and one aesthetician to evaluate cosmetic outcome, presence of gustatory flushing or sweating, and return of facial nerve and greater auricular nerve function. Results: With the mean follow-up of 22 months, the group having reconstruction showed a better cosmetic outcome compared with the group without reconstruction. Objective testing for Frey syndrome demonstrated gustatory sweating in 20% of the group having reconstruction group versus 22% in the group without reconstruction. There was no difference in length of operation, hospital stay, or facial nerve function. Objective testing of facial sensation revealed that only 40% in the group having reconstruction had normal sensation to light touch compared with 78% in the group without reconstruction. Conclusion: The inferiorly based sternocleidomastoid muscle flap offers improved cosmetic results in patients undergoing total parotidectomy. However, there is a decreased return of greater auricular nerve function, probably attributable to relocation of the nerve stump anteriorly. Benefit was not seen in prevention of Frey syndrome measured objectively; however, the group having reconstruction had fewer clinical symptoms of gustatory sweating or flushing.
Corporate Environmental Management and Public Policy: Bridging the Gap

Environmental policies have brought dramatic improvements in air and water quality during the past 25 years, but further expansion of command-and-control regulations is likely to have diminishing marginal returns. Corporations are taking new initiatives in managing their environmental impacts in ways that reduce their costs, increase their efficiency, lower their liabilities, and enhance their competitiveness while reducing pollution, conserving resources, and eliminating waste. In the future, significant gains in environmental quality are more likely to come from widespread adoption of pollution prevention practices than from more stringent regulation of end-of-pipe emissions. Bridging the gap between public policy and the trends in private-sector management will require fundamental changes in federal and state governments' approaches to regulation. New policies must use economic incentives to encourage clean manufacturing and the adoption of pollution prevention technologies and forge public-private par...
Neonatal Cortisol Administration Effect on Growth, the Adrenal Gland and Pituitary-Adrenal Response to Stress.

Summary1. The effect of graded multiple doses of Cortisol (0.1-2.5 mg/100 g) on adrenal weight of 2-5-day-old and 30–33-day-old rats was compared. At all but the highest dose levels greater adrenal atrophy occurred in the infants. This suggests a greater sensitivity of the steroid feedback mechanism to cortical hormones during the early postnatal period. 2. The effect upon growth and development of a single massive injection of Cortisol (1 mg) on postnatal day 2 was studied. Severe effects on growth and physical appearance were observed and a characteristic “corticoid stigmata”and “corticoid runt”are described. The secretion of ACTH in response to stress was normal in the “runted”animals and ovarian cycles were maintained. Thymus weight was not disproportionately affected although the adrenal glands were somewhat enlarged. Brain cholesterol was decreased.
Worker training: A review, critique, and extension

Abstract Why does employee training in the US lag behind that of our industrial counterparts? We provide an overview of employee training in the US and a review of American employee training literature and concepts. Our criticism of this literature is based on its limited conceptual structure that derives from an over-reliance on the distinction between “general” versus “specific” training. We find this dichotomy to be both empirically and theoretically imprecise. We also provide a brief overview of employee training in other industrialized nations. In combination, the critique of the American literature and the review of the international literature provide a framework for suggesting new approaches to training and its study in the United States. We argue that such a new approach is needed both to understand employee training in the US and to provide an empirical framework for guiding its growth and development.
Liver Stiffness Assessment by Tagged MRI of Cardiac-induced Liver Motion

Cirrhosis is an important and growing public health problem, affecting millions of Americans and many more people internationally. A pathological hallmark of the progression to cirrhosis is the development of liver fibrosis, so that monitoring the appearance and progression of liver fibrosis can be used to guide therapy. Here, we report a method to use magnetization-tagged magnetic resonance imaging to measure the cardiac-induced motion and deformation in the liver, as a means for noninvasively assessing liver stiffness, which is related to fibrosis. The initial results show statistically significant differences between healthy and cirrhotic subjects in the direct comparisons of the maximum displacement (mm), and the maximum (P1) and minimum (P2) two-dimensional strains, through the cardiac cycle (3.514 ± 0.793, 2.184 ± 0.611; 0.116 ± 0.043, 0.048 ± 0.011; -0.094 ± 0.020, -0.041 ± 0.015; healthy, cirrhosis, respectively; P < 0.005 for all). There are also significant differences in the displacement-normalized P1 and P2 strains (mm(-1) ) (0.030 ± 0.008, 0.017 ± 0.007; -0.024 ± 0.006, -0.013 ± 0.004; healthy, cirrhosis, respectively; P < 0.005 for all). Therefore, this noninvasive imaging-based method is a promising means to assess liver stiffness using clinically available imaging tools.
Precision mapping of the B1 field using the rotating-frame experiment

Abstract Because imaging techniques tend to suffer distortions from variations in nutation angle and sample concentration when used to profile the B 1 field, we have examined the use of the nutation rate ω 1 as a means of measuring B 1 . Combining the rotating-frame experiment with spin-echo imaging, we have developed a two-dimensional technique for imaging of ω 1 in one dimension. Using this technique, we have measured the profile of a 2 cm single loop coil and compared it with the fit of a computed profile; agreement was within ±1% over a range in which B 1 varied fivefold in magnitude. Measurements with perturbing elements placed near the coil indicate that the method is useful in detecting small differences in B 1 and is unaffected by small local inhomogeneities in the static field. With improved experimental protocols, extension of the method to two and three dimensions would permit accurate measurements of B 1 in inhomogeneous samples such as tissue and confirmation of computational models.
Bullied children: parent and school supports

Family interviews were conducted with 28 7–12-year-old children who had experienced various forms of bullying and relational aggression by their peers, as well as with their parent and with an older sibling. Interviews explored possible supportive strategies of older siblings, parents, and teachers. All bullied children reported negative feelings about their experiences. Boys reported more physical bullying than girls. Bullies of boys were significantly more likely to experience consequences as a result of their behaviours. About half of the parents said that they had contacted the school about the bullying. Specific suggestions are given for how schools together with parents can create a climate that decreases bullying in schools.
SSR Damping Controller Design and Optimal Placement in Rotor-Side and Grid-Side Converters of Series-Compensated DFIG-Based Wind Farm

This paper deals with subsynchronous resonance (SSR) phenomena in a capacitive series-compensated DFIG-based wind farm. Using both modal analysis and time-domain simulation, it is shown that the DFIG wind farm is potentially unstable due to the SSR mode. In order to damp the SSR, the rotor-side converter (RSC) and grid-side converter (GSC) controllers of the DFIG are utilized. The objective is to design a simple proportional SSR damping controller (SSRDC) by properly choosing an optimum input control signal (ICS) to the SSRDC block, so that the SSR mode becomes stable without decreasing or destabilizing the other system modes. Moreover, an optimum point within the RSC and GSC controllers to insert the SSRDC is identified. Three different signals are tested as potential ICSs including rotor speed, line real power, and voltage across the series capacitor, and an optimum ICS is identified using residue-based analysis and root-locus method. Moreover, two methods are discussed in order to estimate the optimum ICS, without measuring it directly. The studied power system is a $\mathbf{100\;{\rm MW}}$ DFIG-based wind farm connected to a series-compensated line whose parameters are taken from the IEEE first benchmark model (FBM) for computer simulation of the SSR. MATLAB/Simulink is used as a tool for modeling and designing the SSRDC, and power system computer aided design/electromagnetic transients including dc (PSCAD/EMTDC) is used to perform time-domain simulation for design process validation.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia in children

Sixteen children (ages 2--17) with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) were studied retrospectively. Diagnosis was based on clinical features and morphological criteria of the FAB classification. Bleeding diathesis was the predominant presenting symptom (greater than 85%), associated with laboratory findings of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Extramedullary manifestations included skin rash in six patients, gum infiltration in two, and meningeal leukemia in two. Induction therapy consisted of cytosine arabinoside and an anthracycline, with or without other agents. Prophylactic heparinization was given to 12 patients. Six patients (37.5%) failed to achieve remission and died, secondary to hemorrhage in three, and secondary to infection in the remaining three patients. The median duration of remission was 14 months, and the median survival for responders was 21 months. One meningeal leukemia preceded bone marrow relapse despite intermittent intrathecal chemotherapy for prophylaxis. Three patients remain in continuous complete remission 3 years after initial diagnosis. Although childhood APL shares many features of its adult counterpart, the high frequency of extramedullary manifestations and mortality secondary to neutropenia deserves separate attention.
Growth characteristics of rhinoviruses in human gingival cells.

Type M and H rhinoviruses have been shown to replicate in human gingival tissue culture and under selective conditions to produce CPE. Both of these viruses replicate best at approximately 33° C with TCID50/ml of 105 and 104 for rhinoviruses 2060 and 11,757, respectively. In gingival cells the type H rhinovirus (strain 11,757) has an eclipse phase from 1/2 to 6 hours and a maximum intracellular viral titer at 16 hours, whereas the type M rhinovirus (strain 2060) has an eclipse phase from 2 to 8 hours and a maximum intracellular viral titer at 24 hours. A more rapid viral replication of the type H virus was indicated by its rapid attachment to the host cell, short latent period and early virus release.
Use of fast X‐ray film for low‐fluence biological electron microscopy at 100 kV and 1000 kV

SUMMARY A user evaluation has been made by electron microscopists of an X-ray film for routine electron microscopy. The recent improvements in mammographic X-ray films, with the attempt to reduce the patient dose required to produce a high-resolution mammogram, have resulted in some useful films for medium- and high-voltage electron microscopy. They can yield essential cytological information with a reduction of the electron fluence (exposure) applied to the specimen of more than an order of magnitude compared with conventional electron-microscope films. Their use is indicated in situations where beam damage is severe.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Research in the Digital Government Realm

As they focus on the challenges that those who implement digital government face, computer science researchers practice nearly the entire spectrum of their discipline, working in collaboration with scientists from other disciplines in pursuit of answers to questions about information management, policy, and technology in government. Sidebar, p. 27. An IT View of Emergency ManagementJose H. Canos, Technical University of Valencia, SpainMarcos R.S. Borges, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Gustavo Alonso, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Switzerland An emergency plan provides guidelines that government agencies can use for making management decisions promptly and efficiently when a critical emergency occurs. Sidebar, p. 28.Public Safety and Cross-Boundary Data Sharing: Lessons from the CapWin ProjectChristine B. Williams, Janis L. Gogan, and Jane Fedorowicz, Bentley CollegeThe CapWIN project represents one of the first integrated multistate transportation and public safety wireless networks in the US, enabling data interoperability for first responders wherever they are. Sidebar, p. 29.In the Real World of Digital Government: Successes and Challenges of E-RulemakingNeil Eisner, US Department of TransportationThe government currently uses electronic technology in all aspects of the e-rulemaking process, and it is working to develop additional methods that will help the public provide good data to use in making governmental decisions. Sidebar, p. 30.Research Issues in Healthcare InformaticsSylvia J. Spengler, US National Science FoundationAddressing both citizen needs and professional interests, which will be critical to gaining acceptance of a multifaceted approach to healthcare informatics, requires the kind of multifaceted approach that has been a hallmark of the NSF digital government program.
LUNG HYPOPLASIA IN FETUSES OF RATS EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE: A MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Since most mothers who smoke cigarettes may have smoked when pregnant, it is difficult to distinguish between pre- and postnatal effects of maternal smoking on their children's lungs. Using an animal model we demonstrated earlier that maternal smoking leads to a selective pattern of fetal growth retardation with predominant impact on the lungs, with significantly reduced lung weight, lung/body weight ratio and total lung DNA content. (Ped. Res. 17,4:138A, 1983). Using the same rat model we now present a morphometric analysis of the lungs of 4 experimental and 3 control term fetuses derived from a total of 6 litters. Results: Volumes of lungs fixed and inflated at 15 cm H2O pressure were less in the experimental group, 0.28 vs 0.33 ml, p<.005. The total number of saccules was reduced, 3.2 × 106 vs 5.5 × 106, p<.005, and average saccular volume was increased, 35 × 10−9 vs 21 × 10−9ml, p<.025. The internal surface area was decreased, 161 vs 198 cm2, p<.001. Total length of elastic tissue was reduced, 224 vs 354 M, p<.05, but length per unit area and per unit volume were not significantly different. We conclude that the lungs of fetuses of smoke-exposed dams are hypoplastic, have less surface available for gas exchange and have enlarged saccules. It is possible that the impaired lung growth noted in children of smokers may have started in utero.
Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer in the Gas-Phase Cluster Limit

The solvent dependence of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) in the bis(2,2‘,2‘‘-terpyridyl)iron(II) complex, [Fe(terpy)2]2+, isolated in small gas-phase clusters with one or four molecules of the polar, organic solvents acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, methanol, and pyridazine is reported. The shift in the maximum of the MLCT band, Eop, for [Fe(terpy)2·(solvent)1]2+ clusters, measured using laser photofragmentation mass spectrometry, relative to the corresponding values in bulk solution ranges from +601 cm-1 for acetone to +764 cm-1 for pyridazine. The solvent dependence of the outer-sphere reorganization energy predicted by a dielectric continuum model provides a context for comparing Eop values determined for MLCT in [Fe(terpy)2·(solvent)n]2+ clusters (n = 1, 4) with those measured in solution. A model derived from Kirkwood's equation for the mutual electrostatic interaction energy of an ion and a polar medium predicts that the solvent reorganization energy associat...
Digestive physiology: a view from molecules to ecosystem

Digestive physiology links physiology to applications valued by society, such as understanding ecology and ecological toxicology and managing and conserving species. Here I illustrate this applied ...
Gastrointestinal gram-negative bacillary colonization accompanies oropharyngeal colonization but is not adversely affected by elevation of gastric pH

Abstract Colonization of the oropharynx with gram-negative bacilli (GNB) is a frequent forerunner of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients. To investigate the patterns of colonization and possible endogenous reservoirs of infection, we used an established animal model of pharyngeal colonization and quantitated GNB in several sites in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a 75% surgical renal infarction and postoperative food deprivation. Control (normal) animals had no surgery and were fed. Normal and infarcted animals were killed at either 24 or 48 hours after surgery. Oropharyngeal cultures were obtained and the trachea, left lung, distal esophagus, stomach, and a segment of the jejunum were removed and quantitatively cultured for GNB. Postoperatively, pharyngeal GNB increased markedly compared with control values. The GNB isolated were indigenous gastrointestinal tract flora. Gram-negative bacilli were not isolated from either the trachea or the lung. In contrast, animals with GNB pharyngeal colonization had increases in the number of GNB isolated from the esophagus and stomach. There were no GNB isolated from the jejunal segments in any of the animals. The magnitude of the gastrointestinal colonization did not change when the gastric pH of the colonized animals was raised by administration of the H 2 -receptor antagonist cimetidine. Our results suggest that enteric GNB rapidly colonize the oropharynx and upper gastrointestinal tract in this model of renal infarction, and that gastric acidity plays a minor role in the pathogenesis of this process.
Evidence for initial excess 231Pa in mid-ocean ridge zircons

Abstract A limiting factor in the accuracy and precision of U/Pb zircon dates is accurate correction for initial disequilibrium in the 238U and 235U decay chains. The longest-lived—and therefore most abundant—intermediate daughter product in the 235U isotopic decay chain is 231Pa (T1/2 = 32.71 ka), and the partitioning behavior of Pa in zircon is not well constrained. Here we report high-precision thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) U–Pb zircon data from two samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 735B, which show evidence for incorporation of excess 231Pa during zircon crystallization. The most precise analyses from the two samples have consistent Th-corrected 206Pb/238U dates with weighted means of 11.9325 ± 0.0039 Ma (n = 9) and 11.920 ± 0.011 Ma (n = 4), but distinctly older 207Pb/235U dates that vary from 12.330 ± 0.048 Ma to 12.140 ± 0.044 Ma and 12.03 ± 0.24 to 12.40 ± 0.27 Ma, respectively. If the excess 207Pb is due to variable initial excess 231Pa, calculated initial (231Pa)/(235U) activity ratios for the two samples range from 5.6 ± 1.0 to 9.6 ± 1.1 and 3.5 ± 5.2 to 11.4 ± 5.8. The data from the more precisely dated sample yields estimated DPazircon/DUzircon from 2.2–3.8 and 5.6–9.6, assuming (231Pa)/(235U) of the melt equal to the global average of recently erupted mid-ocean ridge basaltic glasses or secular equilibrium, respectively. High precision ID-TIMS analyses from nine additional samples from Hole 735B and nearby Hole 1105A suggest similar partitioning. The lower range of DPazircon/DUzircon is consistent with ion microprobe measurements of 231Pa in zircons from Holocene and Pleistocene rhyolitic eruptions ( Schmitt, 2007 , Schmitt, 2011 ). The data suggest that 231Pa is preferentially incorporated during zircon crystallization over a range of magmatic compositions, and excess initial 231Pa may be more common in zircons than acknowledged. The degree of initial disequilibrium in the 235U decay chain suggested by the data from this study, and other recent high precision datasets, leads to resolvable discordance in high precision dates of Cenozoic to Mesozoic zircons. Minor discordance in zircons of this age may therefore reflect initial excess 231Pa and does not require either inheritance or Pb loss.
“Religion” and Christian Conversionin African History: A New Model

This article reviews recent scholarship on African religion and argues that, while much has been accomplished, historians have inherited a problematic view of the processes that they have investigated. They have unknowingly adopted evangelical ideas, in the form of written words and concepts that they wrongly assume have maintained consistent meanings down through the decades. Because missionaries' translations have been taken in this way as accurate guides for understanding what gave rise to them, much of Africa's intellectual history appears religious. The article focuses on the example of tui-qua, a term used by Khoikhoi and translated as God, and suggests a model for understanding evangelism and conversion that does not rely on the supposed ubiquity of religion. It is argued that missionaries used Christian notions to accommodate the falsity of analogous practices, which although often unrelated in their original setting, together became a single entity (religion) as a result.
Preparation of Functionalized Organometallic Metal-Metal Bonded Dimers Used in the Synthesis of Photodegradable Polymers

This review describes the synthesis of functional dimeric metal carbonyl complexes and their subsequent polymerization to afford polymers containing metal–metal bonds in the main chain. Such polymers are photodegradable because the metal–metal bonds are cleavable by visible light. The functionalization of the dimeric complexes and their polymerization is challenging due to the reactivity of the M–M bond, and therefore many standard synthesis and polymerization methods cannot be used. Various polymerization methods are discussed including ring-opening metathesis polymerization, acyclic diene metathesis polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, traditional step polymerization, and copper-catalyzed step polymerization using click chemistry.
Metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerizations. XXIV. Stereoblock propylene polymerization catalyzed by rac-[anti-ethylidene(1-η5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(1-η5-indenyl)dimethyltitanium: A two-state propagation

Racemic-anti-[ethylidene(1-η5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) (1-η5-indenyl)dimethyltitanium (6) has been synthesized and its molecular structure determined by x-ray diffraction methods. The two TiMe(1) and TiMe(2) units have bond distances differing by 0.08 A and their proton NMR resonances are separated by over 1 ppm. Using this compound and methylaluminoxane (MAO) as the activator, at 25°C the 6/MAO catalyst produced polypropylene having crystalline domain with physical crosslinks. The polymers obtained at lower polymerization temperatures are rheologically liquids. The behaviors of this catalyst system resembles closely the previously reported rac-[anti-ethylidene(1-η5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) (1-η5-indenyl)dichlorotitanium (4)/MAO system. The structure of 6 determined here furnishes tangible support for the proposed two-state (isomeric)-switching propagation mechanism. Addition of MAO to 6 causes broadening of the Me(1) resonance in the 1H-NMR spectra, and 6 is decomposed by Ph3C+B(C6F5)-4. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An experimental statistical analysis of stress projection factors in BCC tantalum

Abstract Crystallographic slip planes in body centered cubic (BCC) metals are not fully understood. In polycrystals, there are additional confounding effects from grain interactions. This paper describes an experimental investigation into the effects of grain orientation and neighbors on elastic–plastic strain accumulation. In situ strain fields were obtained by performing digital image correlation (DIC) on images from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and from optical microscopy. These strain fields were statistically compared to the grain structure measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Spearman rank correlations were performed between effective strain and six microstructural factors including four Schmid factors associated with the 〈111〉 slip direction, grain size, and Taylor factor. Modest correlations (∼10%) were found for a polycrystal tension specimen. The influence of grain neighbors was first investigated by re-correlating the polycrystal data using clusters of similarly-oriented grains identified by low grain boundary misorientation angles. Second, the experiment was repeated on a tantalum oligocrystal, with through-thickness grains. Much larger correlation coefficients were found in this multicrystal due to the dearth of grain neighbors and subsurface microstructure. Finally, a slip trace analysis indicated (in agreement with statistical correlations) that macroscopic slip often occurs on {110}〈111〉 slip systems and sometimes by pencil glide on maximum resolved shear stress planes (MRSSP). These results suggest that Schmid factors are suitable for room temperature, quasistatic, tensile deformation in tantalum as long as grain neighbor effects are accounted for.
A conversational system for the computer analysis of nucleic acid sequences

Abstract We present a conversational system for the computer analysis of nucleic acid and protein sequences based on the well-known Queen and Korn program (1). The system can be used by persons with only minimal knowledge of computers.
The prospective association between sleep deprivation and depression among adolescents.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine the prospective, reciprocal association between sleep deprivation and depression among adolescents. DESIGN: A community-based two-wave cohort study. SETTING: A metropolitan area with a population of over 4 million. PARTICIPANTS: 4,175 youths 11-17 at baseline, and 3,134 of these followed up a year later. MEASUREMENTS: Depression is measured using both symptoms of depression and DSM-IV major depression. Sleep deprivation is defined as ≤ 6 h of sleep per night. RESULTS: Sleep deprivation at baseline predicted both measures of depression at follow-up, controlling for depression at baseline. Examining the reciprocal association, major depression at baseline, but not symptoms predicted sleep deprivation at follow-up. CONCLUSION: These results are the first to document reciprocal effects for major depression and sleep deprivation among adolescents using prospective data. The data suggest reduced quantity of sleep increases risk for major depression, which in turn increases risk for decreased sleep. CITATION: Roberts RE; Duong HT. The prospective association between sleep deprivation and depression among adolescents. SLEEP 2014;37(2):239-244. Language: en
Preparation of deuterium-labeled methyl glycosides of N-acetylneuraminic acid.

Preparation des composes du titre a partir d'oxyde de deuterium, d'acide N-acetyl O-methyl neuraminique en presence de Nickel de Raney et par action d'ultrasons
Another Kell‐Related Antibody, Anti‐K19

. A new high-frequency antigen related to the Kell system was defined by the serum of a patient, Mrs. Sub. The antigen was lacking from her cells and those of one of her three siblings. All random cells tested were incompatible with her serum as were bloods of other various ‘null’ phenotypes, but Ko bloods were compatible suggesting that the antibody, subsequently called anti-K19, was related to the Kell blood group system.
Cover Crop Production for Several Planting and Harvest Dates in Eastern Nebraska

Species used for cover corps vary greatly in their growth response to water availability, soil temperature, length of growing period, day length, and related environmental factors. Few reports compare growth of different species at different times during the growing season. This 4-yr yield experiment at Lincoln, NE, compared growth of some 20 species as affected by planting date and length of the growth period. All species were planted as early as possible each spring, with a second seeding in early summer (25 June-17 July). Additional seedings were made at other times in most years. All plots were periodically sampled for dry matter production until maturity or frost. At most samplings, growth of soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] was equal to or greater than (sometimes double) that of the next species. In most situations, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) also performed well. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) or Austrian winter pea [P sativum L. subsp. sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir.] and fava-bean (Vicia faba L.) grew very rapidly for the first 60 to 90 d after planting. Lespedeza [Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino] grew relatively well when seeded in early summer, as did tinga pea (Lathyrus tingitanus L.) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata]. Rye (Secale cereale L.) was usually intermediate, and small-seeded legumes generally exhibited relatively slow growth the first 60 d. Results suggest that certain large-seeded, cool-season legumes would produce best for early spring seeding before row crops or summer fallow, whereas some warm-season species would be better suited for summer seeding after small grain harvest. Soybean and hairy vetch were well suited for almost all situations in this environment
Scalable video coding using 3-D subband velocity coding and multirate quantization

The authors have developed a class of scalable video compression algorithms capable of producing one compressed full-resolution video bit stream with various subsets corresponding to different resolutions/rates of the same video sequence. The strategy is to use velocity-based 3-D subband coding to decompose the video into different spatiotemporal resolutions, and to multirate quantize each subband in order to achieve a large number of bit rates with fine granularity. This scheme results in a minimum rate of 55 kbit/s and maximum rate of 3.024 Mbit/s for the 'Football' sequence with 33 intermediate rates. The MSE (mean square error) of the proposed system is 11-17% higher than that of MPEG1 (Motion Picture Expert Group 1) for the three bit rates tested. >
Plasma PCSK9 preferentially reduces liver LDL receptors in mice

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protein that regulates the expression of LDL receptor (LDLR) protein. Gain-of-function mutations in PCSK9 cause hypercholesterolemia, and loss-of-function mutations result in lower plasma LDL-cholesterol. Here, we investigate the kinetics and metabolism of circulating PCSK9 relative to tissue levels of LDLRs. The administration of recombinant human PCSK9 (32 μg) to mice by a single injection reduced hepatic LDLRs by ∼90% within 60 min, and the receptor levels returned to normal within 6 h. The half-life of the PCSK9 was estimated to be ∼5 min. Continuous infusion of PCSK9 (32 μg/h) into wild-type mice caused a ∼90% reduction in hepatic LDLRs within 2 h and no associated change in the level of LDLR in the adrenals. Parallel studies were performed using a catalytically inactive form of PCSK9, PCSK9(S386A), and similar results were obtained. Infusion of PCSK9(D374Y), a gain-of-function mutation, resulted in accelerated clearance of the mutant PCSK9 and a greater reduction in hepatic LDLRs. Combined, these data suggest that exogenously administrated PCSK9 in plasma preferentially reduces LDLR protein levels in liver at concentrations found in human plasma and that PCSK9's action on the LDLR is not dependent on catalytic activity in vivo.
Early Paleoindian Land Use, Mobility, and Lithic Exploitation Patterns: An Updated Distribution of Fluted Points in Indiana

This article documents 583 fluted projectile points from seventy-two Indiana counties. While fluted points occur in virtually all microtopographic settings, the highest frequency were recovered from riparian settings or overlooks of those areas. The largest concentrations of these artifacts are located on the terraces of major streams. More than half of the fluted points documented were found in the unglaciated portion of the state along the Ohio River and in the bedrock source areas of high-quality lithic material. Most of the fluted points are manufactured from high-quality lithic materials that occur as abundant, large, unflawed masses that outcrop within a 250 km radius of the artifact's findspot. Ten percent of the fluted points documented were manufactured from exotic lithic materials (> 250 km between the fluted point findspot and lithic raw material source area). A number of typological-geographical patterns are also evident: (1) Clovis points occur throughout Indiana; (2) Cumberland points are mo...
Variance estimation and sequential stopping in steady-state simulations using linear regression

We propose a method for estimating the variance parameter of a discrete, stationary stochastic process that involves combining variance estimators at different run lengths using linear regression. We show that the estimator thus obtained is first-order unbiased and consistent under two distinct asymptotic regimes. In the first regime, the number of constituent estimators used in the regression is fixed and the numbers of observations corresponding to the component estimators grow in a proportional manner. In the second regime, the number of constituent estimators grows while the numbers of observations corresponding to each estimator remain fixed. We also show that for m-dependent stochastic processes, one can use regression to obtain asymptotically normally distributed variance estimators in the second regime. Analytical and numerical examples indicate that the new regression-based estimators give good mean-squared-error performance in steady-state simulations. The regression methodology presented in this article can also be applied to estimate the bias of variance estimators. As an example application, we present a new sequential-stopping rule that uses the estimate for bias to determine appropriate run lengths. Monte Carlo experiments indicate that this “bias-controlling” sequential-stopping method has the potential to work well in practice.
High-density excitonic state in two-dimensional multiple quantum wells.

A sharp photoluminescence spectral feature has been observed in ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As-GaAs multiple-quantum-well structures under high-intensity, resonant excitation at the ground-state exciton energy. This feature, which appears below the exciton ground state, emerges from a cold dense system of excitons, but prior to the breakup of excitons into an electron-hole plasma. A collective excitonic state is speculated.
Utilization of potatoes for life support systems. II. The effects of temperature under 24-h and 12-h photoperiods.

The growth and tuberization of Norland potatoes were studied under five different temperatures and two photoperiods. Treatment levels included 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 C with either a 24-h (continuous light) or a 12-h photoperiod at 400 μmol m-2 s-1 PPF. Plants were grown in 6-liter containers and harvested at 56-days-age. Stem length increased with increasing temperature under both photoperiods. The highest tuber yield occurred at 16 C under the 24-h photoperiod (755 g/plant) and at 20 C under the 12-h photoperiod (460 g/plant). Little or no tuber formation occurred at 28 C under either photoperiod or at 24 C under continuous light. As with tuber yield, the highest total plant dry weights also occurred at 16 C under the 24-h photoperiod and at 20 C under the 12-h photoperiod. Harvest index (tuber dry weight to total dry weight ratio) decreased with increasing temperatures and with continuous light. Results indicate that good growth and tuberization can occur under continuous light, and that increasing the photoperiod from 12 to 24 h effectively decreased the optimal temperature for tuber formation from near 20 C to 16 C. Alternatively, the results imply that at cooler temperatures, the potato becomes less obligate for dark period stimulation of tuberization.
Supporting Fathers During Stressful Times in the Nursery: An Evidence-Based Review

Abstract This article reviews research on sex differences in communication with a focus on communicating with fathers and mothers in the nursery during times of stress. Summaries of meta-analytic research are presented. This review indicates that similarities between the sexes clearly outweigh differences in men's and women's responses to and provision of supportive communication. Both men and women report that messages with a high level of person-centeredness are most sensitive and supportive. Examples of these messages include engaging in empathic understanding, helping the troubled person verbalize feelings, providing justifications for the intensity of feelings, and contextualizing the reasonableness of the person's feelings. Suggestions are also provided for communicating with mothers and fathers in the stressful environment of the neonatal intensive care unit.