cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
syn-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,11,11,12,12-Dodecachloro-9,10-dimethoxy-1,4,5,8-tetrahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanoanthracene

The title compound, C18H6Cl12O2, is a valuable precursor for the synthesis of mol­ecular tweezers. These tweezers require a tether part and two pincer units with syn orientation that can create a cavity large enough to include suitable guest compounds by noncovalent inter­action. The title compound is an ideal tether unit with syn-oriented double bonds, a π–π distance of 6.28 (1) A, and the relative ease of functionalization of the two dichloro­ethene subunits.
Reading Ability, Comprehension, and Test Validity: Effects of Three Procedures for Administering Test Items

AbstractFor many students, traditional testing procedures may result in a reflection of poor reading ability rather than of ability in the area being tested. This study examined the effects of different procedures for administering test items. Third graders of varying reading levels—below average, average, and above average—were administered items by three procedures—oral only, look-listen, and silent. Students were questioned about their preferences of procedure. For all three groups, the highest performance was associated with the look-listen procedure; the oral procedure resulted in somewhat higher performance than the silent. The results were most pronounced for average readers.
Perioperative quality-of-care measures for patients undergoing total hip or total knee replacement.

Abstract Recent years have seen the proliferation of numerous standards of quality for the process of providing health care, including total joint replacement. These attempts include the implementation of pay-for-reporting and pay-for-performance programs based on quality measures. These programs have often been implemented with few studies of the validity of the quality measures used and with limited input from the orthopedic community. Our project addresses this relative lack of evidence-based measures by developing a set of quality measures that address the perioperative care of patients undergoing total joint replacement. Our goal is to create a model for improving the quality of care and outcomes of total joint replacement in the United States by facilitating physicians in their efforts to apply the best scientific evidence to their daily practice.
A glimpse into the paradise of combinatory algebra

This expository paper examines combinatory algebra and the lambda calculus as foundations for functional languages (LISP, FP, KRC, etc.,). The basic notions are defined and numerous examples are given. Historical comments and references are provided.
A medial basal hypothalamic site of synergistic action of estrogen and progesterone on the inhibition of pituitary luteinizing hormone release.

Plasma LH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in blood withdrawn from indwelling atrial cannulas in long-term ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Subcutaneous injection of 50 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) in oil depressed the plasma LH concentration to about one-third within 2 h. In other rats, sc injection of 25 mg of progesterone (P) in oil at the time of EB injection did not alter this response. Plasma LH remained suppressed at that level until at least 8 h after injection in both groups, but fell an additional 50% within 24 h after injection only in the rats treated with both EB and P. In additional rats, P, but not the oil vehicle alone, when administered 18 h after the injection of EB, caused plasma LH to decline by about 50% within 60 min. Under these latter conditions, 5, 20 or 100 ng of LHRH was injected through the cannula at 1 h after the injection of P or oil. Progesterone did not inhibit pituitary LH release in response to LHRH as determined by comparison of plasma LH concentrations and i...
Conversion of an Operating System Oriented Towards Transaction Processing from Two to Three Modes of Logical Address Space

A computer system to control and acquire data from a set of ten neutron and x-ray scattering and diffraction experiments located at the High Flux Beam Reactor at Brookhaven National Laboratory has operated in a routine manner for over two years. The system has been constructed according to a functionally distributed architecture and thus consists of a set of functional nodes. Ten of these nodes, the private or application nodes, perform the function "execute programs to control and acquire data from experiment number x". An additional functional node, the common or shared service node, performs the function "provide a set of shared services to the application nodes". The shared service node has been successfully implemented in software with in-house code oriented towards transaction processing and in hardware with a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/40 computer. However, recent demands that this node provide an expanded set of services have required that its implementation elements be modified and extended. In particular, the node hardware has been changed to a PDP-11/45 processor and the software present at the node has been extended from operation in two modes of logical address space to three modes. A discussion of the systems analysis principles which influenced the manner in which these modifications and extensions were carried out is given. The structure of the old two-mode software is briefly reviewed in order to provide a basis for an examination of its three-mode replacement.
Gut response : Therapy with ingested immunomodulatory proteins

The recent negative results of the 2-year phase III trial of enteral myelin (Myloral), a preparation of bovine myelin given orally in multiple sclerosis (MS), warn that the efficacy of oral tolerization (ie, inducing hyporesponsiveness to a specific autoantigen) and the attractiveness of oral desensitization in animal models of MS may not translate into clinical practice. However, such failure should not deter further examination of the mouth, an immunologically interesting and patient-friendly route for immunomodulatory proteins.
al Qaeda and Global Governance: When Ideology Clashes With Political Expediency

In recent years, statements by al Qaeda leaders have included references to topics often associated with global-governance proponents’ critique of the state. This article examines the organization's attitude toward symbols of global governance, giving particular attention to its view of the United Nations as the foundation for global governance, and to the manner in which al Qaeda approaches the central questions of environmental threats and human rights. The organization is seeking to insert itself into the discourse of global governance and use it in an instrumental manner; it focuses on anti-Western narrative and seeks to expose the existing order as designed by Western powers, particularly the United States, for self-serving reasons. However, the article argues, notwithstanding al Qaeda's reputation for sophistication in manipulating public opinion, the organization's references to global governance underscore the limitations its rigid ideology imposes on its messaging efforts. Even though adopting th...
Monte Carlo Simulation Studies of Heats of Adsorption in Heterogeneous Solids

We present calculations of heats of adsorption for molecular models of adsorption in heterogeneous porous solids via grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. The molecular models treat the adsorbent as a matrix of particles arranged in a predefined microstructure, and the parameters are chosen to represent the adsorption of simple molecules in silica gel. Three different adsorbent microstructures have been considered, allowing us to study the role of translational order and connectivity among the matrix particles in determining the heat of adsorption. We have calculated separately the contributions from the adsorbate−solid and adsorbate−adsorbate interactions to the heat of adsorption. A comparison with experimental data for methane in silica gel is made. During the course of the work we have revisited the derivation of expressions used to determine heats of adsorption and we present a new derivation which is free from some unnecessary assumptions used previously. In addition we test our results for therm...
The electrochemistry of a stable Zn isoporphyrin

Recently, Xie and Smith [l] described the synthesis of a stable isoporphyrin with Z&I) as the central metal species (Scheme 1). Previously, similar compounds had been formed in solution by several techniques including electro-oxidation [2], but they had not been isolated. Isoporphyrins are especially interesting from an electrochemical point of view because of their unusual redox properties with respect to those of normal porphyrins. Chemically, the macrocyclic conjugation in the isoporphyrin is interrupted at position 5 owing to the presence of a saturated mesocarbon atom [l]. This has interesting consequences which may be possible with respect to the kinetics of electron transfer if the electron is transferred to the ring rather than the central metal ion. Although much is known about the redox chemistry of porphyrins [31, the kinetics of electron transfer to or from these systems have rarely been studied. An important question is whether electron transfer involves the central metal ion or the surrounding ring [41. If electron transfer takes place on the ring, it is expected to be fast [4,5], the magnitude of the rate constant depending on the extent of electron delocalization. Other factors affecting the rate of electron transfer are the spin state of the central metal ion [6] and structural changes accompanying the reaction [7]. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of the interruption of conjugation in the isoporphyrin ring on the kinetics of electron transfer. In order to examine this question the kinetic parameters for oxidation and reduction of the zinc isoporphyrin (ZnIP) are compared with those for zinc octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP), a system known to undergo fast electron transfer [8]. Since the possible extent of delocalization involves the same area in the two molecules, this
The market-adjusted investment performance of ADR IPOs and SEOs

Abstract Initial public and seasoned equity offerings of American depositary receipts (ADRs) yield significantly positive market-adjusted returns both in early trading and over the longer run. This is in sharp contrast with the long-term performance of initial public offerings and seasoned equity offerings of common stocks in general. In addition, ADRs from emerging markets outperform those originating from developed countries, and those listed on the New York Stock Exchange generate higher after-market returns than those trading on the American Stock Exchange or the National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotation System.
Solute Trapping: Comparison of Theory with Experiment

The dependence of the nonequilibrium partition coefficient $k$ of Bi in Si upon solidification velocity $v$ has been measured with sufficient accuracy to distinguish between proposed solute-trapping mechanisms. For the range of measured velocities, 2-14 m/s, we observe a much more gradual increase in $k$ with increasing $v$ than those previously reported and no evidence for a "saturation" effect, i.e., $\frac{\mathrm{dk}}{\mathrm{dv}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ at $kl1$. The continuous-growth model of Aziz fits the data quite well; the Aziz stepwise-growth model and the two-level Baker model yield values of $\frac{\mathrm{dk}}{\mathrm{dv}}$ that are too high.
Induction and expression of long- and short-term neurosecretory potentiation in a neural cell line

In a neural cell line, the secretion of excitatory amino acids in response to a depolarizing stimulus is potentiated by the addition of serotonin. The duration of this potentiation is dependent on the strength of the stimulus. Persistent secretory potentiation induced by a strong stimulus requires the activation of both serotonin and NMDA receptors. Inhibiting the NMDA receptor during serotonin presentation prevented the induction of potentiation. The temporal characteristic of the potentiation is correlated with the elevation of cAMP levels. Serotonin exposure while inhibiting NMDA receptors results in a transient elevation of cAMP levels, whereas coactivation with NMDA and serotonin results in a persistent elevation of cAMP. Thus, it is possible to obtain potentiation of secretion in a single cell either transiently or persistently. The timing of potentiated responses in this system is of the same magnitude as that in similar systems used as models for short-term and long-term memory.
Suppression of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in mice by pertussis toxin

Abstract Pertussis toxin (PT), the major toxin produced by Bordetella pertussis , has been reported both to enhance and to suppress immune responsiveness. These findings suggested that PT contributes to the virulence of B. pertussis through mechanisms involving immune regulation. We report that PT suppressed both the primary and the secondary cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses of mouse spleen cells cultured against two different allogeneic stimulator spleen cells in vitro . This suppression was dependent on the dose of PT used. PT must be present during the initial stages (within the first 24 hr) of CTL generation. Soluble factor (s) obtained from spleen cells preexposed to PT did not suppress the CTL response. Suppression of the CTL response observed was not due to depletion of the antigen by PT. The cytotoxic activity of CTL clones could not be suppressed by PT. The Analysis of responder spleen cells, fractionated by antiimmunoglobulin panning techniques, provided evidence that L3T4 − , Lyt 2 + cells mediate the PT-induced immunosuppression. We propose that suppression of the CTL response by PT is generated through the activation of L3T4 − , Lyt 2 + suppressor T lympohcytes.
Experimental Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons between 0.7 and 2.5 μm

The near infrared (NIR) spectra and absolute band strengths of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) cations and anions ranging in size from C14H10 to C50H22, are reported. The spectra from 0.7 to 2.5 microns (14,000 to 4000/cm) are presented for the fifteen PAHs ranging in size from C40H18 to C50H22 whereas the spectra of the remaining twelve span the narrower range from 0.7 to 1.1 microns (14,000 to 9000/cm). The spectra of all the ionized PAHs we have studied to date have strong, broad absorption bands in the NIR arising from electronic transitions. This work shows that ionized PAHs have significant absorption bands at longer wavelengths than predicted by the current astronomical models which consider PAHs in their treatment of the radiation balance of the interstellar medium. Two implications are 1)-ionized interstellar PAHs should add weak, broad band structure to the NIR portion of the interstellar extinction curve and 2)- UV poor radiation fields can pump the PAH emission bands provided ionized PAHs are present.
Overlapping Clustering with Sparseness Constraints

Overlapping clustering allows a data point to be a member of multiple clusters, which is more appropriate for modeling many real data semantics. However, much of the existing work on overlapping clustering simply assume that a data point can be assigned to any number of clusters without any constraint. This assumption is not supported by many real contexts. In an attempt to reveal true data cluster structure, we propose sparsity constrained overlapping clustering by incorporating sparseness constraints into an overlapping clustering process. To solve the derived sparsity constrained overlapping clustering problems, efficient and effective algorithms are proposed. Experiments demonstrate the advantages of our overlapping clustering model.
Influence of Metal/Metal Ion Concentration on the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2−Au Composite Nanoparticles

Gold-capped TiO2 nanocomposite particles have been synthesized by reducing [AuCl4]- on the surface of preformed TiO2 colloids in acetonitrile. Such semiconductor−metal nanocomposites are considered to be beneficial toward improving the efficiency of the photocatalytic oxidation process. Whereas photogenerated electrons of TiO2 colloids readily reduce Au(III) ions in deaerated solution, the photogenerated holes are capable of oxidizing the preexisting gold layer on TiO2 particles in aerated solutions. The experimental conditions under which photocatalysis experiments are carried out dictate the net concentration of metal and metal ion species at the semiconductor/metal interface and hence the overall catalytic activity. Using photocatalytic oxidation of SCN- as a probe, we have investigated the influence of Au0 and Au(III) on interfacial hole transfer. The ratio of metal/metal ion concentration (viz., [Au0]/[Au(III)]) at the TiO2 interface was found to dictate the overall photocatalytic process in the semi...
The discovery of CP violation

This contribution, a personal recollection by the author, is part of a special issue CERN’s accelerators, experiments and international integration 1959–2009. Guest Editor: Herwig Schopper [Schopper, Herwig. 2011. Editorial. Eur. Phys. J. 36: 437].
Patchiness in the dispersion of nectar resources: Probable causes

Populations of Delphinium nelsonii have been shown to be patchy with regard to standing crop of nectar available to pollinators (Pleasants and Zimmerman 1979). Plants with relatively large amounts of nectar ("hot plants") are associated with other hot plants while plants with relatively small amounts of nectar ("cold plants") are found near other cold plants. Two possible explantations for this pattern exist: 1. Plants in close proximity to one another may have similar nectar production rates or; 2. The patterns of foraging bumblebees might create the observed nectar distribution pattern. By sampling standing crop of nectar in a D. nelsonii population during periods of both high and low bumblebee abundance evidence was gathered indicating that hot and cold spots are caused by bumblebees.
TEACHING PROFESSIONAL ETHICS TO UNDERGRADUATE COUNSELING STUDENTS

Teaching ethics to undergraduates is a topic of increasing interest among mental health professionals; knowledge of ethics is particularly important to students who seek employment in agencies after graduation. This article describes methods of presenting ethics of practice both in a separate ethics course and as part of an undergraduate counseling practicum. Sources of materials used for course readings are presented.
Population, resources, and technology: political implications of the environmental crisis.

An examination is made of the political and potentially conflicting implications of the current global predicament with regard to population growth finite resources and the negative environmental influence of technological development. The problem is borken down and discussed in the following manner: 1) the international implications of population dynamics resource constraints and distribution and technological developments; 2) the interdependencies and reverberating effects associated with efforts to cope with any one dimension singly; and 3) the ways by which the conduct of research in the academic community can address itself more clearly to environmental problems. A prime objective is to highlight the implications for the developed as well as the less developed world. Thus the empirical analysis centers around Japan the Peoples Republic of China the Soviet Union and the U.S.
Biomass logistics analysis for large scale biofuel production: Case study of loblolly pine and switchgrass

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the costs, energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the biomass supply chain for large scale biofuel production. Two types of energy crop were considered, switchgrass and loblolly pine, as representative of herbaceous and woody biomass. A biomass logistics model has been developed to estimate the feedstock supply system from biomass production through transportation. Biomass in the form of woodchip, bale and pellet was investigated with road, railway and waterway transportation options. Our analysis indicated that the farm or forest gate cost is lowest for loblolly pine whole tree woodchip at $39.7/dry tonne and highest for switchgrass round bale at $72.3/dry tonne. Switchgrass farm gate GHG emissions is approximately 146 kgCO2e/dry tonne, about 4 times higher than loblolly pine. The optimum biomass transportation mode and delivered form are determined by the tradeoff between fixed and variable costs for feedstock shipment.
Cultural capital and the extracurricular activities of girls and boys in the college attainment process

Abstract This paper uses data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey to assess the relationship between male and female student participation in various extra-curricular activities and those students’ subsequent probability of going on to a 4-year college or university. Our goal is to assess the specific causal role these activities play in the college attainment process. A special feature of the analysis is that it examines extra-curricular activities in relation to two different levels of college attainment: the first stage looks at enrollment in any four-year college or university; the second stage looks only at enrollment in one of the nation's so-called elite, or most selective universities. This allows us to differentiate the effects of extra-curricular participation in ways germane to cultural capital theory, where elite “gatekeeping” is presumed to play a prominent role in the admissions process. We conclude that participation in extra-curricular cultural activities has different causal effects on college-bound and elite-college bound student populations. At the general college level, hands-on training in the arts appears to improve students’ odds of going to college by bolstering their human capital but not their cultural capital. Direct exposure to the arts does not appear to improve students’ chances of going to an “elite” college, though having parents interested in the arts does. These findings generally hold for both girls and boys, with several important exceptions: Contrary to the expectation that girls should benefit most from activities that are stereotypically female, and vice-versa, we actually find the opposite in some cases. At the elite college level, for example, participation in yearbook/school newspaper appears to benefit boys but not girls, though more girls report participating in this activity than boys. Thus, it may be that elite colleges do not simply seek students with high cultural capital but those who stand out, defy expectations, or are otherwise unique among their peers. On the other hand, we find little reason to believe that students can actually be taught or trained in the types of cultural competence valued by elite college admissions offices.
An Online Mechanism to Verify Datapath Execution Using Existing Resources in Chip Multiprocessors

With scaling of process technology, transistor and interconnect reliability has emerged as a growing concern for modern microprocessors. Traditional solutions for reliable operation rely on double or triple modular redundancies. However, chip multiprocessors (CMP) provide unique opportunity for low-cost data path verification for reliable operation. A recent paper presents a fault recovery scheme based on outsourcing instructions from identified faulty cores to fault free cores capable of executing them. The communication between the cores is managed via an inter-core queue (ICQ). However, no faulty core identification mechanism was presented. In this paper, we extend this research to enable self-test of the data path execution in a multicore processor. Specifically, whenever instructions are retired locally on a core (local), they are also dispatched for execution on another nearby (remote) core for execution verification via ICQ. Results obtained from local and remote cores are compared. If a fault is detected, the instruction may be re-executed on both local and remote cores to distinguish between hard and soft faults. In this study, we present results on frequency of coverage and latency between first execution and its verification. We also report performance impact of execution verification on the remote core. Results indicate that the proposed scheme is capable of remotely verifying ~80% integer ALU instructions and >98% of other instruction types with very small impact on performance of just ~1% on the tester core and incurs less than 1% area overhead.
Perfusion of tissue during chronic heating in vivo

Experiments in which heated disks were implanted in the thorax for up to seven weeks provide the basis for estimating perfusion from chronic heat on lung and muscle tissue. The effect of tissue type and heating duration on perfusion were examined to determine how tissue adapts to chronic heating.
Perceptions of Respite Services as Predictors of Utilization

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence the extent to which family caregivers of Alzheimer's patients use publicly subsidized respite programs. A model linking caregivers' attitudes concerning the convenience, quality of care, and perceived usefulness of a particular respite program to levels of respite use is hypothesized and tested. One hundred fourteen caregivers throughout Michigan who were eligible for respite services under the auspices of the Michigan Model Respite Program and caring for a noninstitutionalized elder with Alzheimer's disease participated in the study. Controlling for functional limitations of the elder, health of the caregiver, use of other support services, perceptions concerning the usefulness of respite, and the convenience of respite use were found to have significant direct effects on the level of actual respite use. Perceptions of program convenience affected service use indirectly by influencing caregivers' perceptions of program usefulness.
HORMONAL PROLONGATION OF LACTATION FOR 75 DAYS AFTER LITTER WITHDRAWAL IN POSTPARTUM RATS1

Litters were removed from rats on the 4th day after parturition, and hormones were injected daily in an attempt to prolong milk secretion and retard mammary involution. Subcutaneous injections of 1 mg. prolactin, 1 I.U. oxytocin (twice daily) or 0.5 mg. hydrocortisone acetate maintained secretory activity and partially inhibited lobuloalveolar involution for 10 to 20 clays, while physiological saline, 1 mg. growth hormone, 20 μg. thyroxine, or 0.2 unit insulin were ineffective in these respects. Daily injections of prolactin with oxytocin or hydrocortisone acetate were more effective than prolactin alone, while in rats receiving all 3 hormones in combination milk could be expressed manually from the nipples for 75 days after litter removal. Injections of this triad of hormones did not prevent a gradual decline in secretion or progressive involution of lobuloalveolar tissue. This is believed to be due mainly to non-removal of secretion from the mammary gland, although it is possible that hormones other tha...
Minimal Competency Testing: an Analysis of Three Remediation Methods:

High school students who had failed the North Carolina Minimal Competency Test (MCT) were administered a battery of psychological tests prior to and following a 10-week remedial training program. Those students who were given reattribution and success-only training and a control group of students with a teacher's aide were more likely to pass the MCT than the regular feedback and control with no aide groups. Furthermore, in the former three groups of students, self-esteem scores were higher and anxiety and depression scores lower than the scores in the latter two groups of students. The use of specific remediation programs for at-risk students are discussed.
A Madness to Our Method: Congregational Studies as A Cross‐Disciplinary Approach to Contextualizing Teaching and Learning in Theological Education

Abstract. This article explores congregational studies as a valuable teaching tool for contextualizing theological education across disciplines. As a form of pedagogy, congregational studies situates learning in a particular local ministry context. In addition, such a pedagogy apprentices learners within a particular “community of practice”– namely, that of professional church leaders of various types (lay, clergy, professional educators, etc.) having the knowledge and skills that allow them to read diverse contexts of ministry and improvise appropriate and faithful strategies of action within those contexts. After describing one seminary teaching experience in which congregational studies methods formed the pedagogical framework for an interdisciplinary course on the Bible and religious education, the article puts forward a practice-based theory of adult learning to explain why congregational studies methods are particularly helpful to adult learners engaged in theological education. The article concludes by briefly addressing some problems and limitations to pedagogical processes based upon congregational studies. (The research for this article and its writing were supported by a grant from the Wabash Center for which I am deeply appreciative. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion’s Academic Teaching and the Study of Religion Section.)
Mass transfer in the absorption of nitrogen oxides in alkaline solutions

The absorption of mixtures of nitrogen oxides into aqueous solutions of NaOH in the range of partial pressures of 0.004- to 0.05-atm NO and 0.002- to 0.015-atm NO2 was investigated. Absorption experiments were conducted in a gas-liquid contactor that permitted independent variation of the gas and liquid mass transfer coefficients. The results were analyzed in terms of a model which accounted for diffusion, reaction, and formation of higher oxides and oxyacids in the gas and in the liquid phases. Absorption of both HNO2 and N2O3, formed in the bulk gas and within the gas diffusion film, were found to be significant. Using a rate coefficient of 8.8 × 10−3 mol/s · cm3 · atm3 for the formation of HNO2 in the gas phase (England and Corcoran, 1975), a value of the absorption factor, H √Dk, for N2O3 of 2.5 × 10−3 mol/s cm2 atm was determined at 25°C. This value was found to decrease with temperature and was 1.2 × 10−3 at 40°C. The use of concentrated base as an absorbent solution prevented the formation of nitric acid mist, a problem encountered in many previous studies of NOx absorption.
Animal welfare and food safety at the slaughter plant.

Publisher Summary Animal welfare is becoming a greater and greater concern. This chapter focuses on the animal welfare and food safety at the slaughter plant. Maintaining high standards of animal welfare should be an integral part of a processing plant's overall meat quality and food safety program. In many plants, animal welfare audits are conducted by the quality assurance department that has responsibility for food safety, meat quality, and animal welfare. Many plants have also implemented their own internal animal welfare audits, usually conducted by the plant's Hazard Analysis at Critical Control Points (HACCP) food safety department as part of their overall quality program. These auditing programs have resulted in great improvements in animal welfare. Careful handling of animals before they arrive at the plant and a reduction of electric prod use will help reduce bruises and greatly improve animal welfare. For both food safety and good animal welfare, cull breeding stock should be sent to slaughter before they have deteriorated to a debilitated state.
50 Years after breaking the codes: interviews with two of the Bletchley Park scientists

The work of the scientists and WRNS at Bletchley Park (Great Britain) during World War II led not only to the breaking of the codes of the opposing military forces but also to the postwar development of computing systems. While there is little evidence of the direct evolution of general purpose computers from the machines created at BP, the experiences of the participants led to two of the first three major computer projects in Great Britain. Two of the participants in the code breaking activities and in the postwar computer development, I.J. Good and Donald Michie, came together on the fiftieth anniversary of their earlier association to reminisce about those times, the people they met, and the achievements of the BP community. The article documents portions of those discussions. >
Outage Management through AMR Systems Using an Intelligent Data Filter

Automatic meter reading (AMR) is the remote collection of consumption data from customers' utility meters over telecommunication, radio, power line, and other links. Electric utilities are exploring the usage of AMR data for outage management for distribution systems. Signals from automated meters can provide additional information in the outage detection and determination processes as well as restoration phases of outage management. Due to its low quality, however, AMR outage data cannot be fed directly into outage management systems. This paper details the development of an intelligent information filter for automated metering systems. The filter prevents false outage notifications in addition to improving the quality of outage data. The nature of wireless communication in the AMR system introduces uncertainty issues in the query process. This uncertainty has been modeled using probabilistic and fuzzy engineering techniques. The filter has also been tested using historical outage data.
Synchronous extensions to operation centric hardware description languages

The abstract transition system (ATS) is a high-level hardware description framework. ATS's operation-centric abstraction permits perspicuous descriptions of complex concurrent hardware behavior as a sequence of atomic state transitions. However non-determinism in the ATS semantics prevents it from capturing the behavior of systems whose correctness depends upon both function and exact synchronous timing. To address this shortcoming, we present two extensions to ATS-committing transitions and synchronously delayed expressions-to support the specification of synchronous behaviors and interfaces. The new synchronous extensions compose naturally with the original ATS. We describe a compilation strategy for the synchronous extensions that leverages existing ATS synthesis capabilities. We also evaluate the new extensions' ease of description and synthesis quality in several design examples.
Investigation of roadside fine particulate matter concentration surrounding major arterials in five Southern Californian cities.

The built environment surrounding arterials affects the dispersion of vehicular emissions in urban areas, modifying the potential risks to public health. In order to study the influence of urban morphometry on flow and dispersion of vehicular fine particulate matter emissions, in the summer of 2008 field measurements were performed in major arterials located in five Southern Californian cities with different building geometries. In each city, local mean wind, turbulence, virtual temperature, roadside DustTrak Fine Particles (DTFP) concentration, and traffic flow data were collected in 2-hr measurement periods during morning and evening rush hours and lighter midday traffic, over a period of 3 days. The calculated Monin–Obukhov length, L, suggests that near-neutral and slightly unstable conditions were present at both street and roof levels. The nondimensional forms of turbulent wind and temperature fluctuations show that the data at street level within the urban canopy can be represented using the Monin–O...
An Artificial Immune System for Efficient Comparison-Based Diagnosis of Multiprocessor Systems

The problem of identifying faulty processors (or units) in diagnosable systems is considered. For the purpose of diagnosis, a system composed of interconnected independent heterogeneous processors is modeled using a comparison graph, where tasks are assigned to pairs of processors and the results are compared. The agreements and disagreements among the units are the basis for identifying faulty processors. It is assumed that at most t processors can fail at the same time and that faults are permanent. In this paper, we introduce a new artificial-immune-based diagnosis approach using the comparison approach. The new approach has been implemented and evaluated using randomly generated diagnosable systems. Simulations results indicate that the immune approach is a viable addition to present diagnosis problems
Systematic Approach to the Psychopharmacologic Treatment of Resistant Depression

AbstractApproximately 30% to 40% of depressed patients do not respond to an initial trial of antidepressant medication. Most studies indicate that the majority of nonre-sponders have received inadequate pharmacologic treatment. Possible reasons for inadequate treatment are explored. The authors provide criteria for the definition of true treatment-resistant depression and outline a systematic approach to treating such depressed patients.
Excavating social circles via user interests

The rapid evolution of modern social networks motivates the design of networks based on users’ interests. Using popular social media such as Facebook and Twitter, we show that this new perspective can bring more meaningful information about the networks. In this paper, we model user-interest-based networks by deducing intent from social media activities such as comments and tweets of millions of users in Facebook and Twitter, respectively. These interactive contents derive networks that are dynamic in nature as the user interests can evolve due to temporal and spatial activities occurring around the user. To excavate social circles, we develop an approach that iteratively removes the influence of the communities identified in the previous steps by widely used Clauset, Newman, and Moore (CNM) community detection algorithm. Experimental results show that our approach can detect communities at a much finer scale compared to the CNM algorithm. Our user-interest-based model and community extraction methodology together can be used to identify target communities in the context of business requirements.
Effect of leaflet-to-chordae contact interaction on computational mitral valve evaluation.

Background Computational simulation using numerical analysis methods can help to assess the complex biomechanical and functional characteristics of the mitral valve (MV) apparatus. It is important to correctly determine physical contact interaction between the MV apparatus components during computational MV evaluation. We hypothesize that leaflet-to-chordae contact interaction plays an important role in computational MV evaluation, specifically in quantitating the degree of leaflet coaptation directly related to the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR). In this study, we have performed dynamic finite element simulations of MV function with and without leaflet-to-chordae contact interaction, and determined the effect of leaflet-to-chordae contact interaction on the computational MV evaluation.
Oxidation of Methanol on 2nd and 3rd Row Group VIII Transition Metals (Pt, Ir, Os, Pd, Rh, and Ru): Application to Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Using first principles quantum mechanics [nonlocal density functional theory (B3LYP)], we calculated the 13 most likely intermediate species for methanol oxidation on clusters of all 2nd and 3rd row Group VIII transition metals for all three likely binding sites (top, bridge, and cap). This comprehensive set of binding energies and structures allows a detailed analysis of possible reaction mechanisms and how they change for different metals. This illustrates the role in which modern quantum chemical methods can be used to provide data for combinatorial strategies for discovering and designing new catalysts. We find that methanol dehydrogenation is most facile on Pt, with the hydrogens preferentially stripped off the carbon end. However, water dehydrogenation is most facile on Ru. These results support the bifunctional mechanism for methanol oxidation on Pt−Ru alloys in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). We find that pure Os is capable of performing both functionalities without cocatalyst. We suggest that...
Carbon dioxide adsorption and methanation on ruthenium

The adsorption and methanation of carbon dioxide on a ruthenium-silica catalyst were studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature-programmed reaction (TPR). Carbon dioxide adsorption was found to be activated; CO2 adsorption increased significantly as the temperature increased from 298 to 435 K. During adsorption, some of the CO2 dissociated to carbon monoxide and oxygen; upon hydrogen exposure at room temperature, the oxygen reacted to water. Methanation of adsorbed CO and of adsorbed CO2, using TPR in flowing hydrogen, yielded a CH4 peak with a peak temperature of 459 K for both adsorbates, indicating that both reactions follow the same mechanism after adsorption. This peak temperature did not change with initial surface coverage of CO, indicating that methanation is first order in CO coverage. The desorption and reaction spectra for RuSiO2 were similar to those previously obtained for NiSiO2, but both CO2 formation and CH4 formation proceeded faster on Ru. Also, the details of CO desorption and the changes in CO2 and CO desorptions with initial coverage were different on the two metals.
Effect of isolated left atrial enlargement on mitral annular size and valve competence

Abstract Left atrial size affects mitral annular size independent of LV dimensions, and isolated left atrial largement may cause mitral regurgitation in the presence of normal LV size and function and intrinsically normal mitral leaflets.
Outcomes of in vitro fertilization with preimplantation genetic diagnosis: an analysis of the United States Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance Data, 2011-2012.

Objective To assess the characteristics of IVF cycles for which preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was used and to evaluate indications for PGD and treatment outcomes associated with this procedure as compared with cycles without PGD with the data from the U.S. National ART Surveillance System. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting None. Patient(s) Fresh autologous cycles that involved transfer of at least one embryo at blastocyst when available. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) PGD indications and age-specific reproductive outcomes. Result(s) There were a total of 97,069 non-PGD cycles and 9,833 PGD cycles: 55.6% were performed for aneuploidy screening (PGD Aneuploidy), 29.1% for other reasons (PGD Other), and 15.3% for genetic testing (PGD Genetic). In comparison to non-PGD cycles, PGD Aneuploidy cycles showed a decreased odds of miscarriage among women 35–37 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.62; 95% CI, 0.45–0.87) and women >37 years (aOR 0.55; 95% CI, 0.43–0.70); and an increased odds of clinical pregnancy (aOR 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05–1.34), live-birth delivery (aOR 1.43; 95% CI, 1.26–1.62), and multiple-birth delivery (aOR 1.98; 95% CI, 1.52–2.57) among women >37 years. Conclusion(s) Aneuploidy screening was the most common indication for PGD. Use of PGD was not observed to be associated with an increased odds of clinical pregnancy or live birth for women 35 years, but an increased odds of a live-birth and a multiple live-birth delivery among women >37 years.
An Evaluation of the Accessibility of E-resources from Theological Library Websites

This study examines the accessibility of e-resources from the websites of theological libraries to discover if theological libraries are providing digital access to e-journals, recommended religious Internet resources, and digital libraries. Qualitative content analysis was used to evaluate the placement and terminology of e-resources on twenty-five theological library websites of faith-based institutions with primarily graduate/professional students. Findings revealed slightly more than half of these websites make e-resources available and are easily accessible through a quick navigational pathway. Terminology used was found to be diverse and varied. These findings suggest that theological library websites are attempting to meet the digital needs of their students. Further study is recommended to understand the impact, if any, these findings may have on the digital needs of theological students.
With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility: Proposed Principles of Digital Due Process for ICT Companies

Global Information and Communications Technology companies control an enormous amount of expression on the Internet. More than any individual country, these companies are responsible for making decisions with regard to a vast amount of Internet expression. They have become the de facto sovereigns of cyberspace, with the power to balance freedom of expression against public and private interests, as they make determinations about whether and when to accede to requests to censor speech. Yet, these decision-makers have inadequate guidelines for carrying out these awesome responsibilities that have a dramatic impact on the global contours of freedom of speech. In this chapter, Professor Nunziato argues that ICT companies should adopt and implement a set of procedural guidelines embodying principles of “digital due process” that protect due process rights essential to democratic societies, while respecting the autonomy of each democratic society to determine the contours of substantive free speech rights for its citizens. Professor Nunziato argues that ICT companies should implement a set of five due process principles that are implicit in the free speech and due process jurisprudence of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the United States Constitution.
BEASTS AND BARBARIANS IN CAESAR'S BELLUM GALLICUM 6.21–8*

Caesar's description of the Germans' social organization and mores in the sixth book of his Bellum Gallicum (BG 6.21–8) has long been the subject of multiple scholarly controversies. Its focus on various seemingly random ethnographical details – above all the description of the Hercynian forest and its fantastical beasts – has so surprised readers that the very authenticity of the passage has been questioned. It has been convincingly argued that interpolation is not likely. However, the internal excursus describing the Hercynian forest, and the final section concerning its fauna in particular, remains a subject of intrigue, as a result of the extraordinary, semi-mythical nature of its contents. It is the latter portion of the excursus, concerning the beasts of the Hercynian forest, and the place and role of their portrayal within the ethnography as a whole, that I wish to elucidate in the present article. While it undeniably possesses great entertainment value, its presence cannot be justified merely on such grounds.
There He Goes Again: The Alternating Political Style of Bill Clinton

Some political leadership styles are of a piece. Jimmy Carter's is a case in point. Both in the comments he privately jotted on the margins of memos from his aides and in his public discourse, Carter exhibited a common concern for detail and insistence on the correctness of his own positions. Other styles are layered, as in that of Dwight Eisenhower, whose apoliltical public demeanor concealed an analytically detached political sophisticate who obtained results by indirection (Greenstein 1982). The political style of President Bill Clinton is neither unitary nor layered. It alternates. The tempest over whether Clinton was involved in a dalliance with a White House intern is a reminder of his tendency to oscillate between an uninhibited, anything-goes approach to leadership and a more measured operating mode in which he sets attainable goals and proceeds skillfully in his efforts to realize them. The pattern is recurrent. After his election as governor of Arkansas in 1978, Clinton instituted a substantial increase in automobile licensing fees, peopled his administration with bearded political activists, and otherwise failed to conform to the political mores of his state. As a result, he was voted out of office two years later. He then spent the next two years stumping the state and promising to remedy his ways. He was returned to office, serving from 1983 to 1993 and establishing a reputation as a pragmatic and effective state executive (Maraniss 1995).