cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction of ocular posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder after pediatric renal transplantation

Abstract Purpose To report diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction of intraocular posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in a pediatric renal transplant patient. Design Observational case report. Methods Retrospective review. Results An 11-year-old girl developed infectious mononucleosis 15 months after renal transplantation for focal segmental sclerosis. Papillitis and hypopyon uveitis developed 8 months later, followed by iris nodules. Diagnosis of intraocular posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder was made by polymerase chain reaction of aqueous humor for Epstein-Barr virus and confirmed by histopathology of an iris biopsy specimen. Infiltrating iris lymphocytes in the biopsy specimen were positive for Epstein-Barr DNA. Polymerase chain reaction also revealed gene rearrangement of the variable region of the heavy immunoglobulin chain, consistent with a monoclonal B-lymphocyte population. Iris nodules resolved with reduction in immunosuppressive medication. Conclusion Polymerase chain reaction for Epstein-Barr virus may be helpful in diagnosis of intraocular posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder.
The Process of Personal Change Through Reading Fictional Narratives: Implications for Psychotherapy Practice and Theory

This qualitative study provides an understanding of how and when individuals experience transformational change as a consequence of reading narratives. Six participants who attributed significant personal changes to reading were recruited and interviewed. The investigators used grounded theory method to analyze these interviews and identify processes through which change unfolded. The core category of the analysis was identification with characters' experiences created a safe venue to consider threat and experiment with new possibilities and perspectives. Empathizing with protagonists enabled readers to integrate new modes of responding to personally difficult situations. Implications for bibliotherapy and narrative therapy are discussed.
Optical methods for spatial noise removal in interferometry

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the interference of light scattered from different planes in a simple interferometer, in order to establish techniques for final output fringe contrast enhancement and spatial noise removal, which are simple to implement. The approach developed here involves modifying the spatial coherence of the illuminating wave. By controlling the correlation length of this wave, a time averaged interferogram along with another for which a (pi) phase shift has been introduced into the reference arm, provides the necessary information to retrieve the fringe pattern of interest without noise. The approach suggested allows the controlling parameters to be easily varied optically in order to deal with different spatial noise types and scales. The benefits of this method are to the case for which the long range and slowly varying surface or index profile under test, is to be accurately measured. Simulations are presented and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed coherence degradation procedures is given.
Alternative explanation of free-induction decay

The terahertz pulse train resulting from absorbed rotational line spectra is modeled as the Fourier transform of a periodically filtered terahertz pulse in the frequency domain. The model is compared with previous absorption measurements in N2O.
Removal of selenate by Fe and NiFe nanosized particles

Irrigation drainage and industrial wastewaters often contain elevated levels of toxic anions such as selenate, arsenate, and chromate. Immobilizing the contaminants via reaction with zero-valent iron has been proven to be an effective remediation method. Ultrafine metallic and bimetallic particles were prepared by borohydride reduction of aqueous salt solutions and characterized. Nanosized zero-valent NiFe and iron particles rapidly reduced and immobilized selenate from aqueous solutions. Nearly 100% selenate removal was obtained in 5 h. The data show that, at identical solids concentrations, the use of NiFe particles accomplished 42 and 56% greater removals, respectively, than the use of Fe and Ni particles individually. At low selenate concentrations, the selenium removal rate followed the first-order rate kinetics that shifted to zeroth-order at higher concentrations. The maximum selenate removal (87% in 30 min at a solids concentration of 0.5 g/L) was obtained by bimetallic particles containing 70 at....
Colorectal surgery surgical site infection reduction program: a national surgical quality improvement program--driven multidisciplinary single-institution experience.

Background Surgical site infections (SSI) are a major cause of morbidity in surgical patients and they increase health care costs considerably. Colorectal surgery is consistently associated with high SSI rates. No single intervention has demonstrated efficacy in reducing colorectal SSIs. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) is a nationally validated system that uses clinically abstracted data on surgical patients and their outcomes to assist participating institutions drive quality improvement. Study Design A multidisciplinary team was assembled to develop a colorectal SSI-reduction bundle at an academic tertiary care medical center. The ACS NSQIP data were used to identify patterns of SSIs during a 2-year period. Multiple interventions across the entire surgical episode of care were developed and implemented in January 2011. Monthly ACS NSQIP data were used to track progress. Results Our ACS NSQIP overall colorectal SSI rate for 2009 and 2010 was 9.8%. One year after implementation of the SSI reduction bundle, we demonstrated a significant decline (p Conclusions Using our ACS NSQIP colorectal SSI outcomes, a multidisciplinary team designed a colorectal SSI reduction bundle that resulted in a substantial and sustained reduction in SSIs. Our study is not able to identify which specific elements contributed to the reduction.
Simulated live models for surgical motion pictures.

Abstract A live action technique for motion picture filming of the successive steps in a surgical procedure utilizing life-sized, realistically decorated clay models of various stages of the operation, has been developed and has appeared to be of great assistance in the clarification of points in the operative procedure which may not be readily demonstrated during the filming of the actual operation.
Improving food retailing in developing Asian countries

Abstract The adoption of horizontal and vertical integration in retail systems in the marketing of food in developing countries has long been the recommendation of researchers in this field. The author suggests that such proposals may not achieve the desired results for the poorer consumers in low-income Asian countries. An alternative approach, based upon the strengthening and improvement of traditional methods, is suggested as a more appropriate course of action in those countries.
In-Situ Surface Recombination Measurements of Oxygen Atoms on Anodized Aluminum in an Oxygen Plasma

We observed the recombination of O atoms on a plasma-conditioned, anodized aluminum surface at room temperature. A cylindrical substrate was continuously exposed to the plasma and to a differential...
High-speed sensing scheme for CMOS DRAMs

A significant improvement in sensing speed over the half-V/sub DD/ bit-line precharge sensing scheme is obtained by precharging the bit line to approximately 2/3 V/sub DD/. The 2/3-V/sub DD/ sensing scheme also results in higher-bit-line capacitance, asymmetrical bit-line swing, and higher power consumption. However, the speed advantage of 2/3-V/sub DD/ sensing may outweigh the disadvantages and can significantly improve DRAM performance. For the unboosted word-line case, symmetrical bit-line swing can be retained by limiting the bit-line downward voltage swing through a clamping circuit added to the sense amplifier, resulting in almost no loss of stored charge in a cell. The authors show that the 2/3-V/sub DD/ sensing with a limited bit-line swing has several distinct advantages over the half-V/sub DD/ sensing scheme and is particularly suitable for high-performance high density CMOS DRAMs. >
Transport of Passive Tracers in Baroclinic Wave Life Cycles

The transport of passive tracers in idealized baroclinic wave life cycles is studied using output from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM2). Two life cycles, LCn and LCs, are simulated, starting with baroclinically unstable initial conditions similar to those used by Thorncroft et al. in their study of two life cycle paradigms. The two life cycles LCn and LCs have different initial horizontal wind shear structures that result in distinctive nonlinear development. In terms of potential vorticity-potential temperature (PV-theta) diagnostics, the LCn case is characterized by thinning troughs that are advected anti-cyclonically and equatorward, while the LCs case has broadening troughs that wrap up cyclonically and poleward. Four idealized passive tracers are included in the model to be advected by the semi-Lagrangian transport scheme of the CCM2, and their evolutions are investigated throughout the life cycles. Tracer budgets are analyzed in terms of the transformed Eulerian mean constituent transport formalism in pressure coordinates and also in isentropic coordinates. Results for both LCn and LCs show transport that is downgradient with respect to the background structure of the tracer field, but with a characteristic spatial structure that maximizes in the middle to high latitudes. For the idealized tropospheric tracers in this study, this represents a net upward and poleward transport that enhances concentrations at high latitudes. These results vary little with the initial distribution of the constituent field. The time tendency of the tracer is influenced most strongly by the eddy flux term. with the largest transport occurring during the nonlinear growth stage of the life cycle. The authors also study the transport of a lower-stratospheric tracer, to examine stratosphere-troposphere exchange for baroclinic waves.
Studies on the induction of mutations in poliovirus by proflavin.

Abstract The effect of proflavin on the mutability of d virus to d + virus was studied. No mutagenic effect of proflavin was observed if the host cells were exposed to proflavin prior to the infection with d virus. In contrast, the presence of proflavin during virus growth increased the proportion of d + mutants in the virus yield 15- to 25-fold over that in control d virus grown in the absence of proflavin.
MODELING STATE-DEPENDENT INACTIVATION OF MEMBRANE CURRENTS

Inactivation of many ion channels occurs through largely voltage-independent transitions to an inactivated state from the open state or from other states in the pathway leading to opening of the channel. Because this form of inactivation is state-dependent rather than voltage-dependent, it cannot be described by the standard Hodgkin-Huxley formalism used in virtually all modeling studies of neuronal behavior. Using two examples, cumulative inactivation of the Kv3 potassium channel and inactivation of the fast sodium channel, we extend the standard formalism for modeling macroscopic membrane currents to account for state-dependent inactivation. Our results provide an accurate description of cumulative inactivation of the Kv3 channel, new insight into inactivation of the sodium channel, and a general framework for modeling macroscopic currents when state-dependent processes are involved. In a model neuron, the macroscopic Kv3 current produces a novel short-term memory effect and firing delays similar to those seen in hippocampal neurons.
Counting Heteroatoms, Rings, and π-Bonds as a Way of Recognizing and Quantifying Organic Oxidation and Reduction

A recent article in this Journal reported a method for assessing organic oxidation and reduction; however, this method had been previously reported in this Journal.
On Compton's Latitude Effect of Cosmic Radiation

By considering the influence of the earth's magnetic field on the motion of charged particles (electrons, protons, etc.) coming to the earth from all directions in space, it is shown that the experimental variation of cosmic-ray intensity with magnetic latitude, as found by Compton and his collaborators, is fully accounted for. The cosmic radiation must contain charged particles of energy between limits given in the paper. The experimental curve may be represented by a suitable mixture of rays of these energies, but it is not at all excluded that a part of the radiation may consist of photons or neutrons. For predominantly negative particles there must be in the region of rapidly varying intensity a predominant amount of rays coming from the east, and conversely for positive rays. Because of the fact that in regions near the magnetic equator there is a predominance of rays coming nearly horizontally, the absorption by the atmosphere may be increased. Finally the fact that Compton's result definitely shows that the cosmic rays contain charged particles gives some support to the theory of super-radioactive origin of these rays advanced by one of the present authors.
On the stochastic quasi-linear symmetric hyperbolic system

Abstract We establish the existence and uniqueness of a local smooth solution to the Cauchy problem for a quasi-linear symmetric hyperbolic system with random noise in R d . When the noise is multiplicative satisfying some nondegenerate conditions and the initial data are sufficiently small, we show that the solution exists globally in time in probability, i.e., the probability of global existence can be made arbitrarily close to one if the initial date are small accordingly.
The Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale: Assessing Attitudes, Skills, and Knowledge of Counselors Working With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale (SOCCS), an instrument that measures the attitudes, skills, and knowledge of counselors who work with lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Internal consistency of the SOCCS was .90, and 1-week test-retest reliability was .84. Criterion, concurrent, and divergent validity tests established the SOCCS as a psychometrically sound instrument.
Intragastric DMXB-A, an α7 nicotinic agonist, improves deficient sensory inhibition in DBA/2 mice

Abstract Background: Abnormal sensory inhibition is observed in the majority of schizophrenic patients. DBA/2 mice spontaneously exhibit a similar deficit in sensory inhibition and thus provide a model for drug development targeted to this physiologic abnormality. The impaired sensory inhibition is characterized by diminished response of the hippocampal evoked potential to the second of closely paired auditory stimuli (500-m/sec interstimulus interval). Subnormal levels of hippocampal α7 nicotinic cholinergic receptors are associated with the deficient sensory inhibition in both DBA/2 mice and people with schizophrenia. Methods: Our study examined the inhibition of the P20-N40 auditory evoked potential in DBA/2 mice after intragastric administration of DMXB-A (3–2,4-dimethoxybenzylidine anabaseine), an α7 nicotinic receptor partial agonist. After presentation of auditory stimuli, electroencephalographic responses were recorded and measured to monitor the effects of the DMXB-A, alone and in combination with selective nicotinic antagonists. Results: Gastric administration of DMXB-A (10 mg/kg) improved sensory inhibition in DBA/2 mice. This improvement was blocked by α-bungarotoxin, but not mecamylamine, indicating that DMXB-A exerts its effects through the α7 nicotinic receptor. Conclusions: Intragastrically administered DMXB-A improves deficient sensory inhibition in DBA/2 mice through stimulation of α7 nicotinic receptors. These studies agree with results from previous studies with subcutaneously administered DMXB-A.
"Physicians are not Bootleggers": The Short, Peculiar Life of the Medicinal Alcohol Movement

This essay seeks to chronicle the effort of physicians to secure the right to prescribe beer, liquor, and other alcoholic beverages to their patients for medicinal uses during the Prohibition era. A review of the medical literature and popular press from the period 1920-26 reveals that the physicians who lobbied for the right to prescribe alcohol and, ultimately, took their claim to the United States Supreme Court, were not uniformly antiprohibitionists attempting to circumvent the Eighteenth Amendment. Instead, this coalition of physician activists, led by John P. Davin and Samuel W. Lambert, included both supporters and opponents of prohibition. Their attitudes on the therapeutic value of beer and liquor also varied widely. Yet what united these men and women-and what defined their movement-was opposition to state interference with the practice of medicine and an increasing concern with the federal government's role in the regulation of their profession. The defeat of their efforts, presaging the passage of the Shep-pard-Towner Act in 1921 and the extension of veterans' health benefits in 1924, marked an important step in the development of antagonism between the medical community and the federal government during the mid-twentieth century.
Gastrin and its activities.

Gastrin has various effects in the stomach and intestines of man and other mammals, apart from stimulating the secretion of gastric acid. As this review shows, there is still much to be learnt about this polypeptide hormone.
Differential effect on fresh and cultured T cells of PHA-induced changes in free cytoplasmic calcium: relation to IL-2 receptor expression, IL-2 production, and proliferation

PHA stimulation of both freshly isolated and IL-2-dependent cultured T cells induced a rapid rise in intracytoplasmic calcium concentration. Chelation of extracellular calcium with EGTA resulted in a failure of PHA to induce a rise in intracytoplasmic calcium, resulting in the fresh T cells in an inhibition of IL-2 production, IL-2 receptor expression, and proliferation. However, cultured T cells grown in recombinant IL-2 were able to re-express IL-2 receptors and proliferate in response to PHA stimulation in the presence of EGTA. Thus the PHA-induced signal for expression of IL-2 receptors and T-cell proliferation differs in fresh and cultured T cells and required extracellular calcium in fresh but not in cultured T cells.
An efficient monte carlo method for calculating the equilibrium properties for a quantum system coupled strongly to a classical one

Abstract We calculate the equilibrium properties of a system consisting of two strongly interacting quantum and classical subsystems, by using a fast Fourier transform method to evaluate the quantum contribution and a Monte Carlo method to evaluate the contribution of the classical part. The method is applied to a model relevant to tunneling problems.
Critical Roles and Responsibilities of the Leader in a Therapy Group for Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse

ABSTRACT This article identifies critical roles associated with leadership of a therapy group for adult survivors of child sexual abuse. These include convening the group, working in the here-and-now, and professional use of self. Case examples drawn from the author's own work with groups for survivors are provided, and where available, relevant research is cited.
Engineering management in developing economies: The EMIDE strategies to meet the new challenges

Globalization is here to stay, as United Nations predicts that by 2020 four of the five largest national economies will be located in Asia. Some developing countries in South America and Eastern Europe are also expected to advance their economies rapidly in the near future. It was forecast by Goldman Sachs that the GDP of BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India and China) will surpass that of G6 (United States, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom and Italy) in year 2038. During this rapid advancement period, engineering managers in the West will play different roles than those in the East. Managers in the West will surely try to explore the high growth mid-tier market opportunities offered in the East. This paper offers a comparison between the economies of the West and East, discusses the different business models the West and East apply, and highlights the new challenges ahead. A set of new "EMIDE" strategies are then suggested for engineering managers in developing economies to meet the new challenges ahead. These strategies include: (1) Excel in internalizing conditions and acquiring unique insights related to local culture, custom and business practices (e.g., value of employees, nature of collectivist, power distance, practices of uncertainty avoidance, and femininity styles), (2) Manage local resources (e.g., assemble product with low cost labor, improve products by reverse engineering) and practice engineering management functions effectively, (3) Innovate differentiable capabilities by practicing creative thinking strategies, pursuing open innovation paradigm, assembling new knowledge bases, and applying expertise residing in regional supply chains, (4) Develop marketable product/service offerings well-suited to targeted market segments, considering the needs and affordability of local customers, and (5) Effectuate a fast response to marketplace challenges by taking advantage of acquired global market knowledge (e.g., internal globalization orientation and external globalization drivers) to achieve long- term profitability. Companies in the West will pursue the new growth markets in the East. The suggested EMIDE strategic model of "acting locally and thinking globally" assists engineering managers in the developing economies to successfully capture these new growth opportunities and expand beyond.
Instructional Technology and the Teacher Educator

The use of technology in public schools has become common in recent years. This development makes it impoytant for teacher educators, including those who prepare special education teachers, to inco...
Passive mechanical properties and related proteins change with botulinum neurotoxin A injection of normal skeletal muscle.

The effects of botulinum neurotoxin A on the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscle have not been investigated, but may have significant impact in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders including spasticity. Single fiber and fiber bundle passive mechanical testing was performed on rat muscles treated with botulinum neurotoxin A. Myosin heavy chain and titin composition of single fibers was determined by gel electrophoresis. Muscle collagen content was determined using a hydroxyproline assay. Neurotoxin-treated single fiber passive elastic modulus was reduced compared to control fibers (53.00 kPa vs. 63.43 kPa). Fiber stiffness and slack sarcomere length were also reduced compared to control fibers and myosin heavy chain composition shifted from faster to slower isoforms. Average titin molecular weight increased 1.77% after treatment. Fiber bundle passive elastic modulus increased following treatment (168.83 kPa vs. 75.14 kPa). Bundle stiffness also increased while collagen content per mass of muscle tissue increased 38%. Injection of botulinum neurotoxin A produces an effect on the passive mechanical properties of normal muscle that is opposite to the changes observed in spastic muscles.
Bi-layer encapsulation of utah array based nerual interfaces by atomic layer deposited Al 2 O 3 and parylene C

We present a novel coating method that combines atomic layer deposited Al2O3 and Parylene C for encapsulation of biomedical implantable devices, focusing on its application on Utah electrode array based neural interfaces. The alumina and Parylene C bi-layer encapsulated wired Utah electrode array showed relatively stable impedance during the 320 days of soak testing at 37°C in phosphate buffered solution. Also bi-layer coated fully integrated Utah array based wireless neural interfaces had stable power-up frequency and constant RF signal strength during the 600 days of equivalent soaking time at 37°C. Bi-layer coated Utah arrays had constant current drawing of about 3 mA during 140 days of soak testing.
Practice Patterns and Guideline Adherence in the Management of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Background. Current data are limited on compliance with guidelines for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods. A survey assessing compliance with ADHD guidelines for diagnosis and management was distributed to pediatricians in a practice research network. Comparisons were made by practitioner characteristics. Results. In all, 42/76 surveys were returned (55%). Respondents largely adhered to American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines. A lower percentage reported compliance for rescreening with a standardized tool (80%), use of electrocardiograms (78% rarely use), and the use of routine additional testing (80% rarely use). Academic practitioners were more likely to rescreen (100% vs 79%, P < .05). Private practitioners more often used newer therapeutic agents (7% vs 44%, P < .01). Older graduates were more comfortable diagnosing at a young age (93% vs 56%, P < .01) and were more comfortable using sleep agents (60% vs 15%, P < .01). Conclusion. Pediatricians largely ad...
Analysis of Kalirin-7 Knockout Mice Reveals Different Effects in Female Mice

Estradiol treatment of ovariectomized rodents is known to affect the morphology of dendritic spines and produce behavioral and cognitive effects. Kalirin-7 (Kal7), a postsynaptic density (PSD)-localized Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is important for dendritic spine formation and stability. Male Kal7 knockout [Kal7(KO)] mice exhibit a number of abnormal behavioral and biochemical phenotypes. Given that chronic 17β-estradiol (E2) replacement of ovariectomized rats enhanced Kal7 expression in the hippocampus and primary hippocampal cultures, we assessed the behavioral and biochemical effects of chronic E2 treatment of ovariectomized female wild-type and Kal7(KO) mice. Both intact and ovariectomized Kal7(KO) female mice exhibited decreased anxiety-like behavior compared with the corresponding wild type in the elevated zero maze and were unaffected by E2 treatment. Chronic E2 decreased locomotor activity in the open field and enhanced performance in a passive-avoidance fear conditioning task, which were both unaffected by genotype. Kal7(KO) female mice engaged in significantly more object exploration, both familiar and novel, than did wild-type females. E2 enhanced the acute locomotor response to cocaine, with no significant effect of genotype. Similar to Kal7(KO) males, Kal7(KO) females had decreased levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 2B in hippocampal PSD fractions with no effect of E2 treatment. The differing behavioral effects of Kal7 ablation in female and male mice may offer insight into the molecular underpinnings of these differences.
Back to the future: how human induced pluripotent stem cells will transform regenerative medicine

Based on cloning studies in mammals, all adult human cells theoretically contain DNA that is capable of creating a whole new person. Cells are maintained in their differentiated state by selectively activating some genes and silencing. The dogma until recently was that cell differentiation was largely fixed unless exposed to the environment of an activated oocyte. However, it is now possible to activate primitive pluripotent genes within adult human cells that take them back in time to a pluripotent state (termed induced pluripotent stem cells). This technology has grown at an exponential rate over the past few years, culminating in the Nobel Prize in medicine. Discussed here are recent developments in the field as they relate to regenerative medicine, with an emphasis on creating functional cells, editing their genome, autologous transplantation and how this ground-breaking field may eventually impact human aging.
Optical linewidth and dephasing in single InAs quantum dots and coupled dot-microcavity systems

We study effects of carrier-phonon interactions on the optical spectra of single semiconductor quantum dots in etched mesas and dots imbedded in semiconductor cavities. The temperature dependence of the exciton linewidths in single dots is compared with experimental results.
Boundary–mode—vortex interaction in turbulent channel flow over a non–wavy rough wall

A turbulent model was developed and studied for a high Reynolds number channel flow over a non–wavy rough wall. The non–wavy wall can be rough over a number of finite domains in the streamwise direction, and its shape function is represented in terms of exponential functions with real exponents. The streamwise length–scale of the flow is reduced significantly by an effective rough wall. Asymptotic and scaling analyses are used to determine the leading–order solutions for the wave and the boundary mode due to the non–wavy rough wall. The vortex motion is due to a source term in the system for the vortices. This source term is originated from nonlinear interactions between the wave and the boundary mode components. Due to the roughness elements, more vortices are generated, which can be both of stationary type, due to the rough wall, and of non–stationary type, due to the wave motion. It is found that the wall roughness affects the wave and the vortex motion through the boundary mode. Certain roughness elements can promote secondary flow instability, which can be enhanced by increasing the roughness amplitude, while some other types of roughness elements can prevent initiation of such flow instability.
Electrical conductivity of seawater

Measurements of some temperature and pressure dependent relationships of the electrical conductivity of seawater at various salinities were made using four-electrode conductivity cells. At atmospheric pressure the measurements were of the effect of temperature over the range from the freezing point to about 35\deg C on 1) r_{T} (the ratio of the electrical conductivity of 35\permil seawater at temperature T to that at 15\deg C) and 2) R_{T} (the ratio of the electrical conductivity of a given seawater at temperature T to that of 35\permil seawater at the same temperature) at various salinities. The results under 1) have been combined with those of Dauphinee [1] and expressed as a fourth degree equation in temperature by Perkin and Lewis [2]. The results under 2) confirm the temperature dependence of the findings of Dauphinee [1] and of Poisson [4] for R_{T} as a function of salinity (weight dilution) at various temperatures. Measurements of the effect of pressure on the electrical conductivity of seawater were made for salinities of 2, 14, 22, and 35\permil over pressure and temperature ranges of 0 to 1000 bars above atmospheric pressure and the freezing point to 30\deg C, respectively. These results complement those of our earlier work [5] using a two-electrode conductivity cell on 31, 35, and 39\permil salinity seawaters over approximately the same pressure and temperature ranges. "Best" least squares polynomial fits in pressure and temperature to the new and to the old observed values of percentage increase in conductivity at 35\permil agree within the equivalent of 0.006\permil salinity at 1000 bars. The accuracy of the new results, which at 35\permil is probably not worse than the equivalent of 0.003\permil salinity at 1000 bars, is superior to that of the earlier ones. Perkin and Lewis [2] have fitted rational functions in P, T, R, and \sqrt{R} where R is the ratio of the electrical conductivity at P, T, and salinity S to that at 0 bars, 15\deg C and 35\permil , to the combined old and new edited data. They obtained a standard deviation of 1.3-ppm salinity for their oceanographic fit and a standard deviation of 1.3-ppm salinity for their general fit.
The model of functional deficits associated with hallucinations.

OBJECTIVES The Model of Functional Deficits associated with hallucinations is used as part of the clinical documentation in the San Jose State University Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Clinic. On the basis of this model, hallucinations are classified according to functional deficits and whether the deficits are a result of the content or intrusiveness of the hallucinations. This classification is important because it helps occupational therapists know the full extent of the dysfunction through understanding the underlying pathology. The purpose of this classification is to assist in the development of clinical treatment plans that incorporate techniques for coping with hallucinations. METHOD The sample included 39 clients seen in the clinic over a 4-year period. Student occupational therapists were responsible for documenting the classifications using the Model of Functional Deficits associated with hallucinations. The clients' charts were then reviewed retrospectively to classify the hallucinations according to the clients' functional deficits. The classification system ranged from Class 0, insufficient information, to Class VI, persistent hallucinations with profound functional deficits. With these classifications, interventions were planned with the clients in order for them to practice coping mechanisms (e.g., self-instruction, decreased stimulation, increased stimulation) to maintain function during their hallucinations. RESULTS The findings indicated that 54% of the clients continued to experience hallucinations (i.e., Class II-Class V), although all received psychotropic medication, thus necessitating continuing therapeutic intervention. CONCLUSION This model helps identify specific client experiences that can then be used to develop occupational therapy interventions.
Ion-Bombardment Level-Crossing Spectroscopy

Ion bombardment excitation used to extend excited state range for level crossing spectroscopy studies, giving Zeeman energy level diagram
Incorporating multifaceted mental health prevention services in community sectors-of-care.

This article proposes a framework for embedding prevention services into community sectors-of-care. Community sectors-of-care include both formal and grassroot organizations distributed throughout a community that provide various resources and services to at-risk children and their families. Though the child population served by these organizations is often at elevated risk for mental health problems by virtue of children’s exposure to difficult life circumstances (poverty, maltreatment, homelessness, domestic violence, etc.) these children face many barriers to accessing evidence-based prevention or treatment services. We review evidence and propose a framework for integrating prevention services into community sectors-of-care that serve high-risk children and families.
Balance maintenance of the Synthetic-Wheel Biped in the presence of impulsive disturbances

A recent addition to the biped literature is the Synthetic-Wheel Biped. This platform has arc-shaped feet and is prone to rolling on its feet when disturbed. A disturbance rejection algorithm is proposed for the Synthetic-Wheel Biped such that it can stop moving and regain its upright posture. The algorithm imposes a symmetric gait and uses impulsive control inputs to keep the states of the system bounded and reject the effect of the disturbance. It is assumed that the external disturbances are applied when the biped is in its upright posture and the disturbances are modeled by initial velocity conditions. The biped takes a few steps to recover its upright configuration. Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in rejecting the external disturbances applied on the Synthetic-Wheel Biped.
Multi-institutional analysis of computed and direct radiography: part II. Economic analysis.

PURPOSE: To compare economic aspects of equipment configurations, productivity levels, and patient waiting times in the performance of computed radiography (CR) and direct radiography (DR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study received internal review board exemption status, without the need for informed patient consent. Data from four study sites were used to calculate the CR-DR crossover point (defined as the point at which the cost-effectiveness of DR equals that of CR) and CR-DR annual cost differentials. Analyzed variables included equipment and operating costs, examination volumes, and productivity. A program was developed to simulate patient arrival times, number of patient examinations, and patient waiting times on the basis of average annualized parameters for each of the four clinics. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess utilization rates and determine cost optimization. Utilization rates were compared with the number of excess long-stay CR patients (ie, patients who spent more than 30 minu...
Methylmercury production below the mixed layer in the North Pacific Ocean

We document a systematic decline in 202 Hg, 1 199 Hg and 1 201 Hg values with the depth at which fish feed. We show that these mercury isotope trends can be explained only if monomethylmercury is produced below the surface mixed layer, including in the underlying oxygen minimum zone, that is, between 50 and more than 400 m depth. Specifically, we estimate that about 20‐40% of the monomethylmercury detected below the surface mixed layer originates from the surface and enters deeper waters either attached to sinking particles, or in zooplankton and micronekton that migrate to depth. We suggest that the remaining monomethylmercury found at depth is produced below the surface mixed layer by methylating microbes that live on sinking particles. We suggest that microbial production of monomethylmercury below the surface mixed later contributes significantly to anthropogenic mercury uptake into marine food webs.
Does the “C3 effect” offset the Δ2 effect, as regards the solution flexibility of aldoses?

The solution flexibility of carbohydrates influences a variety of molecular recognition and regulatory processes. For aldoses and other monosaccharides, this flexibility is dictated by the orientations of the various hydroxyl (OH) groups present, which influences conformer and anomer ratios, interactions among these OH groups, and interactions between them and the surrounding solvent. Depending on the number and position of axial OH groups, a variety of structures can coexist in solutions at equilibrium. In 1950, as part of his pioneering studies on the shape of pyranoside rings, Reeves described the Δ2 effect, the greater destabilization of the pyranose ring conformation when the OH group on carbon 2 (C2) is in the axial position. It was later proposed by Angyal that the Δ2 effect could be cancelled by the presence of an axial OH on C3, termed here the “C3 effect.” Employing size-exclusion chromatography, an entropically-controlled separation technique, we have investigated whether or not the C3 and Δ2 effects indeed do compensate for one another with respect to their influence on the solution flexibility of select aldohexoses and aldopentoses. As will be seen, while qualitatively and semiquantitatively this mutual cancellation of effects does occur in aldohexoses, it does not appear to do so in aldopentoses. An explanation for the latter appears to lie in the variety of anomers and conformers present in equilibrium solutions of those aldopentoses studied and in the relative entropic contribution of individual conformers or anomers to the total solution flexibility. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 703–711, 2014.
New Insights Into miR-17–92 Cluster Regulation and Angiogenesis

Several noncoding microRNA (miR)-based regulatory mechanisms for endothelial cell (EC) biology have been identified over the last years. Initial studies of the miR biogenesis enzymes Drosha and Dicer evidenced a crucial need for a balanced miR expression to sustain EC integrity and angiogenic properties.1–3 For instance, the EC-enriched miR-126 was identified as a crucial player in vascular biology based on elegant gene deletion (mouse) and endogenous inhibition (zebrafish) approaches.4,5 Further detailed studies also highlighted the concept of using oligonucleotide-based anti-miR therapies to improve EC function, for example, in settings of ischemic disease.6,7 Because a single miR can target multiple downstream targets at the molecular level, bioinformatics target predicition databases8 offer a useful tool to characterize downstream signaling for selected miRs. Strategies to define regulatory elements for miRs are more difficult. Only a minority of scientific reports have taken effort to investigate either transcriptional activators or repressors for miR genes. For instance, the oncogenic miR-17–92 cluster was shown to be under the control of the transcription factor Myc in tumor angiogenesis,9 thereby offering an interesting entry point for therapeutic purposes in disease setting. Article, see p 38 In this issue of Circulation Research , Chamorro-Jorganes et al10 provide novel insight into the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–dependent transcriptional activation of the angiogenic miR-17–92 cluster. Both in vitro and in vivo state-of-the-art genetic approaches were used to delineate the transcriptional regulation of one of the key angiogenic miR clusters. Pharmacological VEGF supplementation in freshly isolated primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed a strong response at the transcription level for the primary miR-17–92 cluster transcript and in parallel all miR-17–92 cluster members (miR-17, miR-17*, miR-18, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-20, and miR-92a). Such VEGF-dependent transcriptional control was also detectable in mouse primary …
Re-Classification of Drosophila melanogaster Trichoid and Intermediate Sensilla Using Fluorescence-Guided Single Sensillum Recording

Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons are found within specialized sensory hairs on antenna and maxillary palps. The linking of odorant-induced responses to olfactory neuron activities is often accomplished via Single Sensillum Recordings (SSR), in which an electrode inserted into a single sensory hair records the neuronal activities of all the neurons housed in that sensillum. The identification of the recorded sensillum requires matching the neuronal responses with known odor-response profiles. To record from specific sensilla, or to systematically screen all sensillar types, requires repetitive and semi-random SSR experiments. Here, we validate an approach in which the GAL4/UAS binary expression system is used for targeting specific sensilla for recordings. We take advantage of available OrX-Gal4 lines, in combination with recently generated strong membrane targeted GFP reporters, to guide electrophysiological recordings to GFP-labeled sensilla. We validate a full set of reagents that can be used to rapidly screen the odor-response profiles of all basiconic, intermediate, and trichoid sensilla. Fluorescence-guided SSR further revealed that two antennal trichoid sensilla types should be re-classified as intermediate sensilla. This approach provides a simple and practical addition to a proven method for investigating olfactory neurons, and can be extended by the addition of UAS-geneX effectors for gain-of-function or loss-of-function studies.
Stabilization of a chain of exponential integrators using a strict Lyapunov function

We solve a stabilization problem for a chain of exponential integrators, using a new Matrosov type construction that provides a global strict Lyapunov function with one auxiliary function. In the suitably transformed variables, the right sides of both equations of the system saturate on the upper end at one, so the system is not completely controllable. The strictness of our Lyapunov function is key to proving input-to-state stability under additive uncertainty on the control, using a redesigned feedback control.
FOLATES AND MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA: A REVIEW.

In recent years, a great deal of new information on the identity and distribution of the naturally occurring folates, on the adult daily requirement for folic acid, and on folate-vitamin B12 interrelationships has been published. The compound, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, has been found rfo be present in significant amounts in human serum, red cells, and liver, and to be involved in the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine, a reaction which appears to require vitamin B12. In vitamin B12,-deficiency states, such as pernicious anemia, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate cannot be demethylated to yield rtetrahydrofolate, and as a consequence a secondary defiCiency of tetrahydrofolate develops. These and other recent studies concerning folates and the megaloblastic anemias are re1Jiewed.
"The Dictograph Hears All": An Example of Surveillance Technology in the Progressive Era

During the first decade of the twentieth century, Kelley M. Turner of New York invented a telephone apparatus of very high sound sensitivity, which he called the "Dictograph." (It should not be confused with the Dictaphone, a device used to record dictation.) Although his original idea was for a communications system with a great variety of applications, the Dictograph ultimately became one of the earliest electric eavesdropping devices, used by both police and private investigators. As such, the Dictograph played a part in some notable criminal prosecutions and was used in antiunion activity. It continued to be used in this way until it was rendered obsolescent by other technologies. The emergence of the preferred applications of the Dictograph illuminates aspects of the sociology of technology, such as the concept of "acoustic space." It also raised issues related to the ethics and law of clandes tine listening. Listening in on the private conversations of others is probably as old as human speech itself. It is hardly surprising that when modern communica tions equipment first came into widespread use, a technology of snooping also developed. By the turn of the twentieth century, government officials, police, rival newspapermen, market speculators, and even horse players?in short, anyone who wanted access to private information?might secretly tap into communications carried on telegraph or telephone lines. The next step was to eavesdrop on face-to-face conversations by using hidden micro phones. One such listening device, called the "Dictograph," patented during the first decade of the twentieth century by Kelley M. Turner of New York, was a telephone apparatus of very high sensitivity.1 Although its original conception was as an office communications system, the Dictograph ulti mately became one of the earliest electric eavesdropping devices. Whether Turner himself or some other person originated this use remains unclear, but the practice of "dictographing" private conversations largely supplant ed the original vision of the inventor. In 1905 Turner staged the first public demonstration of his invention, which he then called a "Multigraph"; two years later, he began to manufac !In spite of the similarity of the names, the Dictograph and the Dictophone lack any close connection. Turner's Dictograph most closely resembles the telephone and was used for real time communication, while the Dictophone most closely resembles the phonograph and was used to record dictation for transcription.