cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TU‐A‐L100E‐01: ACR MR Accreditation: Changes and the Expanding Role of the Medical Physicist

The American College of Radiology MRI Accreditation Program has been active since 1996. As of November 2006, almost 4400 facilities and over 5900 individual MR units had been accredited since the initiation of the program. Until recently, there have been few changes to the accreditation requirements since the program was initiated. However, the ACR recently expanded the original Whole Body MRI Accreditation Program to include 3T systems and very recently announced a CardiacMRI Accreditation Module. Additional modules, such as a Breast MRI Accreditation Module, are under development. In addition, the MRIQuality Control Manual, first printed in 2001 and revised, with minor changes, in 2004, is currently under revision. This continuing education course will review the current status and requirements of the ACR Whole Body MRI Accreditation Program, the requirements for and issues related to 3T system accreditation, and the recently released CardiacMRI Accreditation Module. In addition, this course will focus on the expanding roles of medical physicists outside of the conventional ACR MR Accreditation Program involvement. Educational Objectives: 1. Review of the current ACR Whole Body MRI Accreditation Program requirements and current program statistics. 2. Review the recent modifications of the ACR MRI Accreditation Program, including the 3T scanner requirements as well as the requirements of the new CardiacMRI Accreditation Module. 3. Review the status of other MR initiatives that have been announced by the ACR. 4. Outline the expanding role of the medical physicist in MR quality assurance and accreditation.
The aging skull: comparative roentgen study. 25 to 34 year interval.

Skull radiographs were compared in 72 adults at intervals ranging from 25 to 34 years. It was found that the paranasal sinuses became larger in 100 per cent and the cranial vault in 71 per cent of the cases; the cranial tables became thicker in 64 per cent and an enlargement of the sella turcica was detected in 45 per cent. Occasionally, an osteoporosis of the dorsum sellae was observed on the follow-up study. The findings confirmed a continuous activity of the growth hormone in the aging skull.
Mothers' Concepts of Young Children's Areas of Personal Freedom.

White suburban working- to upper-middle-class mothers (N = 40) of children ages 5 and 7 were interviewed regarding their concepts of children's areas of personal discretion, autonomy, and individuality. Mothers treated standardized moral, conventional, and prudential items as issues that mothers should control, while standardized personal items were treated as up to the child. In open-ended interviews, mothers reported setting limits around issues of safety, family conventions, and daily routines but permitted children to make decisions about food, recreational activities, clothes, and playmates. Mothers viewed mother-child conflict as occurring over these same issues and viewed children's choices as helping them to develop autonomy and competence. Mothers viewed their roles as educators and nurturers and valued the development of individuality in their children, which was thought to emerge in infancy or toddlerhood. Few age differences were observed, but gender differences were found in the ways mothers characterized boys' and girls' resistances to parental authority and in the content of mother-child disputes. Results were interpreted in terms of the emergence of the personal domain in children.
The early radiologic recognition of mitral valve disease

Summary The earliest enlargement of the heart due to mitral valve diseaseis left auricular enlargement. This can best be diagnosed fluoroscopically by examining the patient in the right anterior oblique projection after administering a barium bolus. Even a slight degree of posterior deviation of the esophagus is significant and may occur long before the cardiac outline is otherwise altered. Other methods for determining cardiac enlargement based on calculationsmade from teleroentgenograms and tables of the patients' heights and weights were found to be unreliable in detecting early left auricular enlargement. The frontal silhouette of the heart may retain a normal appearance even when the left auricle is considerably enlarged posteriorly. It is necessary to examine patients with systolic apical or transitory murmurs with these facts in mind. A diagnosis of a functional murmur should not be made if there is roentgenologic evidence of an enlarged left auricle. Neither should a heart be considered normal if the murmurs are transitory or temporarily absent in the presence of an enlarged left auricle.
The “smallest” ring of polynomial invariants of a permutation group which has no finite SAGBI bases w.r.t any admissible order

We show that the ring of polynomial invariants C[X1,X2,X3]A3 of the alternating group A3 is the smallest ring of polynomial invariants of a permutation group, which has no finite SAGBI basis w.r.t. any admissible order. “Smallest” refers to the number of variables, which is 3, and to the number of generators of the invariant ring, which is 4.
A cell-centered Lagrangian finite volume approach for computing elasto-plastic response of solids in cylindrical axisymmetric geometries

A finite volume cell-centered Lagrangian formulation is presented for solving large deformation problems in cylindrical axisymmetric geometries. Since solid materials can sustain significant shear deformation, evolution equations for stress and strain fields are solved in addition to mass, momentum and energy conservation laws. The total strain-rate realized in the material is split into an elastic and plastic response. The elastic and plastic components in turn are modeled using hypo-elastic theory. In accordance with the hypo-elastic model, a predictor-corrector algorithm is employed for evolving the deviatoric component of the stress tensor. A trial elastic deviatoric stress state is obtained by integrating a rate equation, cast in the form of an objective (Jaumann) derivative, based on Hooke's law. The dilatational response of the material is modeled using an equation of state of the Mie-Gruneisen form. The plastic deformation is accounted for via an iterative radial return algorithm constructed from the J"2 von Mises yield condition. Several benchmark example problems with non-linear strain hardening and thermal softening yield models are presented. Extensive comparisons with representative Eulerian and Lagrangian hydrocodes in addition to analytical and experimental results are made to validate the current approach.
Ferric iron potentiates cell depolarization by a circulating shock protein

Objective: To determine whether or not iron affects the depolarizing activity of a circulating shock protein that appears in plasma after hemorrhage. Design: Randomized design. Setting: University laboratory. Animals: Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300 to 400 g with femoral artery and vein cannulas placed 4 days before hemorrhage. Intervention: A 20-mL/kg hemorrhage and plasma collection. Main Outcome Measures: Depolarizing activity was measured as the increased fluorescence of an oxonol dye in the presence of Fe3+, Fe2+, or the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate and was titrated against increasing concentrations of circulating shock protein or iron. Circulating shock protein was derived from plasma and was purified in two steps: stepwise ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by denaturing ion-exchange chromatography and refolding. Results: At physiologic concentrations, Fe3+but not Fe2+potentiated the depolarizing activity of plasma after ammonium sulfate. Addition of deferoxamine abolished activity. Denaturing chromatography removed nearly all the depolarizing activity; however, Fe3+restored activity to this fraction. Fe3+increased total activity and decreased the concentration at which 50% activity was observed. Conclusion: These data indicate that physiologic concentrations of Fe3+may act to modulate the depolarizing activity of circulating shock protein that in turn mediates the intracellular accumulation of salt and water in shock. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:245-251)
Toward reliable SRAM-based device identification

Due to process variation, power-up values of embedded SRAM memory are unique for individual devices. They are used as SRAM fingerprints to identify integrated-circuits which is fundamental for security applications. The fingerprints, however, are sensitive to environmental changes. Consequently, during the identification process, errors may occur. To overcome this inherent nondeterminism, we provide a systematic approach to designing reliable SRAM-based identification system. We also discuss how to evaluate its system performance. We present a generic score-fusion-based matching recipe to identify devices with high confidence across a wide range of environmental conditions.
First-Shell Solvation of Ion Pairs: Correction of Systematic Errors in Implicit Solvent Models†

Salt bridges play an important role in protein stability, protein-protein interactions, and protein folding. The electrostatic solvation free energies of the analogues of charged amino acid side chains were calculated using both explicit solvent free energy perturbation methods and implicit solvation models such as Poisson Boltzmann and surface-generalized Born model. A systematic difference between explicit and implicit solvent results was observed, which we attribute to a specific first-shell solvation effect, which we refer to as bridging waters. We present a method for including a single explicit bridging water between the pairs that improves the implicit solvation models significantly.
Risk of advanced fibrosis with grafts from hepatitis C antibody-positive donors: a multicenter cohort study.

Over the last decade, the use of liver grafts from hepatitis C virus antibody-positive donors [HCV(+)Ds] has tripled in the United States. Although previous studies have demonstrated no association between an HCV(+)D status and graft loss, the effects of an HCV(+)D on histological outcomes are not well known. Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected recipients at 5 US centers (2002-2007) who survived more than 30 days with 1 or more posttransplant biopsy samples were included. Cox regression was used to examine the association between an HCV(+)D status and advanced fibrosis (stage 3/4 or higher). Ninety-nine of the 1206 patients (8%) received an HCV(+)D graft. Recipients of HCV(+)D grafts were older than recipients of hepatitis C virus antibody-negative donor [HCV(-)D] grafts (P = 0.03), but they were otherwise similar. HCV(+)D grafts were significantly lower in quality according to the donor risk index (P 45 years old [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.06-2.93, P = 0.03] and not with donors ≤45 years old (HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.47-1.87, P = 0.85). In conclusion, a careful consideration of the risks and benefits is needed with HCV(+)D grafts. Recipients of HCV(+)D grafts (especially from older donors) should undergo close monitoring for more rapidly progressive fibrosis. Studies are needed to determine whether early HCV therapy modifies this risk.
Characterization of the active site iron in tyrosine hydroxylase. Redox states of the iron

Tyrosine hydroxylase is an iron-containing monooxygenase that uses a tetrahydropterin to catalyze the hydroxylation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine in catecholamine biosynthesis. The role of the iron in this enzyme is not understood. Purification of recombinant rat tyrosine hydroxylase containing 0.5-0.7 iron atoms/subunit and lacking bound catecholamine has permitted studies of the redox states of the resting enzyme and the enzyme during catalysis. As isolated, the iron is in the ferric form. Dithionite or 6-methyltetrahydropterin can reduce the iron to the ferrous form. Reduction by 6-methyltetrahydropterin consumes 0.5 nmol/nmol of enzyme-bound iron, producing quinonoid 6-methyldihydropterin as the only detectable product. In the presence of oxygen, reoxidation to ferric iron occurs. During turnover the enzyme is in the ferrous form. However, a fraction is oxidized during turnover; this can be trapped by added catechol or by the dihydroxyphenylalanine formed during turnover.
Implementation and Impact of a Translational Research Training Program in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

Background The translation of basic research advances to the clinical arena has been slow and inefficient. With the goal of improving interactions and collaboration between basic science and clinical investigators, we instituted a Translational Research Training Program (TRTP) in acute lung injury to complement our basic science and clinical research training programs in pulmonary and critical care medicine. Methods We developed a TRTP in which trainees select a primary research discipline for rigorous development of skills in either basic science research or clinical research. This primary foundation is complemented by cross-training in the other discipline through a specifically designed program of study. To measure the impact of the program, we analyzed publication rates, coauthorship to reflect collaboration between research disciplines, and publication of papers with a translational focus by members of our division before and after the institution of the TRTP. Results We describe our new training program, including modifications to our preexisting program and development of new components. We found significant increases in multidisciplinary authorship and translational articles following institution of TRTP. Conclusions An explicit TRTP appears to increase collaboration between basic and clinical investigators. Our goal is to share our experiences and provide a template for other pulmonary and critical care programs interested in developing similar curricula. We speculate that this training will improve the translation of basic research findings into clinical advances, thus increasing the probability that successful treatments will be developed for patients with lung diseases.
First Report of Grape Root Rot Caused by Roesleria subterranea in Michigan

In September of 2008, declining grapevines were observed in two vineyards (Vitis interspecific hybrids 'Canada Muscat' and 'Chardonel') in Fennville, MI. Affected vines were stunted with shortened internodes and yellow leaves; others had dead cordons or were entirely dead. The grower reported that vines were losing vigor and collapsing during a period of 2 years. Renewal trunks would collapse during the second season of growth. Several symptomatic vines showed signs of root decay. On one vine, distinctive fruiting bodies (mazaedia) were apparent on the roots below the soil line and resembled those of Roesleria subterranea (Weinm.) Redhead (2,3,4). The mazaedia were 4 to 5 mm tall and 1 mm in diameter with white-to-tan stipes and powdery, gray-to-greenish hemispherical heads. Ascospores were hyaline to light grayish green, disk shaped, and 4 to 6 μm in diameter. This fungus, also known as R. hypogaea Thum & Pass., has been previously reported to cause grape root rot, vine decline, and replant problems in North America and Europe (2,3,4). The fungus was cultured from ascospores on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies grew slowly (approximately 2 mm per day at 22 to 24°C) and were green in the center. No spores were produced. DNA was extracted, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences obtained by PCR were compared with known sequences using BLASTn (1). Our isolate had 100% ITS sequence homology to an isolate from Germany, Roesleria subterranea strain IB (Accession No. EF060304.1). To test for pathogenicity, the fungus was grown in potato dextrose broth for 14 days at 22 to 24°C. An aqueous suspension (0.1 g of fungus per ml) was prepared by blending mycelia with sterile deionized water (SDW) in a food processor. Five two-node, rooted 'Chardonnay' cuttings (45 days old) were placed in the suspension. Five other cuttings were placed in SDW (control). After 3 h, plants were removed and repotted in fresh BACTO soil (Michigan Peat Company, Houston, TX) and kept in a growth chamber at 23°C with a 16/8-h light/dark cycle. After 25 days, inoculated plants were, on average, 63% smaller with 77% lower fresh-root weight and fewer fine roots than the control plants. The pathogen was recovered from surface-disinfested roots of all five inoculated plants but not from the control plants. Cultures appeared similar to the original isolate and their identity was confirmed by ITS sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. subterranea on grapes in Michigan and the Midwest. This fungus needs to be recognized as a potential cause of vine decline and replant problems in Midwestern vineyards. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. J. Mol. Biol. 215:403, 1990. (2) W. Gartel. Page 40 in: Compendium of Grape Diseases. R. C. Pearson and A. C. Goheen, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1988. (3) M. Kirchmair et al. Mycol. Res. 112:1210, 2009. (4) J. R. Liberato et al. Pest and Diseases Image Library. Online publication, 2009.
Restricted distribution of the Tad transposon in strains of Neurospora.

A simple colony blot procedure was used to screen 336 Neurospora strains for the presence of the transposable element Tad. These strains included the standard laboratory wild types, all of the available Neurospora isolates collected from the Ivory Coast, and all wild-collected Neurospora crassa isolates available from the Fungal Genetics Stock Center. Tad was found only in the strain of origin from Adiopodume, Ivory Coast, where it is present in multiple copies. Three other strains of African origin were found to have single copy sequences that are related to Tad.
Clinical trials of β-blockers in heart failure: a class review

Heart failure remains a clinically challenging illness, with increasing incidence and prevalence and a high risk of mortality. The introduction of agents that interfere with the neurohormonal response to chronic left-ventricular dysfunction has resulted in improved patient outcomes. Owing to slowed disease progression and reduced mortality, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are indicated in all patients with heart failure. New data indicate that in appropriate patients, β-blocker therapy relieves the symptoms associated with heart failure, reduces hospitalizations, and improves survival when added to standard therapy. Questions still remain regarding the ideal use of β blockers in heart failure, and ongoing trials will attempt to clarify those points.
Unusual metabolism of caffeine in the squirrel monkey.

Abstract The chronic toxicity of caffeine observed with the squirrel monkey appears to be related to the long plasma half-life of caffeine in this species. A half-life of 11 hr was found following the administration of 5 mg/kg compared to 2.4 hr in the rhesus monkey (5 hr or less have previously been reported for the mouse, dog and man). The methylxanthines found in the tissues and urine of the squirrel monkey following caffeine administration were the same as those reported for other species. No difference in the metabolism of caffeine by a squirrel monkey showing a toxic response to 25 mg/kg/day and a monkey tolerating this dose could be determined. The squirrel monkey appears to have a unique deficit in its ability to catabolize caffeine to metabolites which can be effectively excreted.
Ecological Degradation, Global Tourism, and Inequality: Maya Interpretations of the Changing Environment in Quintana Roo, Mexico

This essay, focusing on the perspective of indigenous Mayas, documents and describes the process of ecological degradation and the rise of the tourist industry in Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Using a combination of ethnographic, secondary, and archival sources, the author challenges widespread assumptions regarding global tourism and explains how local and global forces shaped Tulum's culture and political economy. Although Mayas ambiguously interpret recent social and environmental changes, she shows that they do not critique the process of globalization in and of itself, but rather critique inequality, their loss of cultural autonomy, and their subordinate position within contemporary global cultures and economies. Scholars and planners must begin to consider Maya interpretations of their changing environment to alleviate the area's severe social and ethnic stratification.
A contribution to the chemistry and pharmacology of glycolanilide

Glycolanilide was prepared and its structure verified. Acute and chronic toxicity, blood pressure, electrocardiographic, and clinical studies of the compound are reported. It produces methemoglobin and possesses limited value as an analgesic.
WE-C-M100F-02: Simultaneous Irradiation of Prone Breast and Regional Lymph Nodes Using Helical Tomotherapy

Purpose: We investigate the capability of helical tomotherapy to simultaneously irradiate the involved breast and regional lymph‐node groups for breast‐cancer patients simulated in prone position. Method and Materials: We generated helical tomotherapy treatment plans for ten patients (five left breast, five right), each simulated with the involved breast suspended downward. Our target structures were the ipsilateral breast and the supraclavicular, axillary, and internal mammary chain nodes. Each target was to receive 45 Gy ± 5%. The region‐at‐risk (RAR) structures considered were the ipsilateral and contralateral lungs, contralateral breast, heart, spinal cord, esophagus, and thyroid. Results: The requirement for V45 ⩾ 95% was met for all target structures. The minimum point dose objective of 42.8 Gy was achieved for all lymph‐node structures, but for the ipsilateral breast the minimum dose on average was slightly less. The maximum point dose objective of 47.3 Gy was not achieved for any target structure; on average, it was 49.5 Gy. Among the RAR structures, contralateral breast V5 was kept below 2%. For left‐breast patients, the DVH goals for the heart were met; however, for right‐breast patients, although the aim was for the heart to receive zero dose, V10 was typically 0.4%. The other RAR DVH objectives that were not met were those for the ipsilateral lung V5 (the goal was 60% or less; 67% was achieved on average) and the esophagus V5 (the goal was 30% or less; the average was 41%). Conclusions: Helical tomotherapy can simultaneously cover the breast and regional lymph nodes with uniformity comparable to that achieved conventionally. The high ipsilateral‐lung V5 may be the primary limitation for clinical application, since there are reports that respiratory complications may correlate with the volume of lung irradiated to relatively low doses. All other RAR doses can be kept to clinically acceptable levels.
New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order

In 1990, right after the Berlin Wall fell, NPQ published our Spring edition, titled “The New World Disorder,” about the nationalistic chaos and up-in-theair sensibility of that fraught new historical moment. Nearly a quarter of a century later, the regime of globalization that had supplanted the Cold War world of blocs is itself coming apart at the seams. Even Henry Kissinger these days says “the world order is crumbling.” Will this New World Disorder 2.0 revert to a system of conflicting blocs, as during the Cold War, or will we be mature enough to save the interdependence of plural identities that is the foundation of a new global civilization? In this section our contributors offer their perspectives on what the future holds.
An Objective Technique for Separating Macroscale and Mesoscale Features in Meteorological Data

Abstract An objective technique for quantitative scale separation has been developed to study atmospheric circulations associated with large complexes of thunderstorms. The scheme utilizes two separate low-pass filter analyses of the same data set to extract mesoscale and macroscale signals. An objective analysis of the total meteorological field (with microscale variations suppressed) is recovered as the sum of the mesoscale and macroscale components. Case study examples demonstrate that the technique is indeed useful for studying mesoscale convective systems. It is shown that convectively forced mesoscale circulations may significantly perturb the environmental flow on scales large enough to be detected in synoptic upper air data. The case studies also suggest that the analysis routines could be utilized in operational forecasting applications.
LSP and interlanguage: Some empirical studies

Abstract It is argued that LSP and interlanguage studies in SLA need each other. A series of questions which should be open to empirical investigation are then presented. Some possible interrelations of LSP and IL are discussed. Finally, some of the questions are explored in terms of the empirical studies which appear in this issue of the Journal.
4,9-diacetoxyudoteal: A linear diterpene aldehyde from the green alga Halimeda opuntia

Abstract A new linear diterpene aldehyde, 4,9-diacetoxyudoteal, was isolated from the marine green alga Halimeda opuntia , and its structure determined by spectral methods.
Transgenerational epigenetic programming of the embryonic testis transcriptome

Embryonic exposure to the endocrine disruptor vinclozolin during gonadal sex determination appears to promote an epigenetic reprogramming of the male germ line that is associated with transgenerational adult-onset disease states. Transgenerational effects on the embryonic day 16 (E16) testis demonstrated reproducible changes in the testis transcriptome for multiple generations (F1-F3). The expression of 196 genes was found to be influenced, with the majority of gene expression being decreased or silenced. Dramatic changes in the gene expression of methyltransferases during gonadal sex determination were observed in the F1 and F2 vinclozolin generation (E16) embryonic testis, but the majority returned to control-generation levels by the F3 generation. The most dramatic effects were on the germ-line-associated Dnmt3A and Dnmt3L isoforms. Observations demonstrate that an embryonic exposure to vinclozolin appears to promote an epigenetic reprogramming of the male germ line that correlates with transgenerational alterations in the testis transcriptome in subsequent generations.
“Self-Annuitization and Ruin in Retirement”, Moshe Arye Milevsky and Chris Robinson, October 2000

(2000). “Self-Annuitization and Ruin in Retirement”, Moshe Arye Milevsky and Chris Robinson, October 2000. North American Actuarial Journal: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 126-127.
Influence of dietary vitamin E, selenium and age on regional distribution of α-tocopherol in the rat brain

Concentrations of α-tocopherol (α-T) in plasma, cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain and brain stem and activity of selenium (Se)-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in plasma were measured in 1- and 15-month-old male F344 rats fed diets containing vitamin E (E, IU/kg) and Se (ppm) in the following combinations: 30 E, 0.1 Se (control diet, minimum requirements); 200E, 0.2 Se; 0.0 E, 0.2 Se; 200 E, 0.0 Se; 0.0 E, 0.0 Se for 8 or 20 weeks. α-T and GSH-Px levels in plasma were reflective of dietary treatment in young rats in which an interaction of the two nutrients was noted. A longer period of dietary vitamin E deficiency was necessary to deplete plasma α-T and depress GSP-Px activity significantly in the old rats. Among the brain regions of all ages, cerebrum and midbrain had the highest concentrations of α-T while cerebellum showed the lowest. However, cerebellum of young rats and cerebellum and brain stem of old rats had a greater α-T accumulation with doubly supplemented diets, whereas only cerebellum of young and old rats showed a marked increased of α-T with vitamin E supplementation. In old rats, vitamin E deficiency resulted in greater depletion of α-T in cerebellum and brain stem than cerebrum and midbrain regions. Se deficiency in brain stem of young and old rats significantly decreased α-T accumulation by vitamin E supplementation. Se supplementation marginally alleviates vitamin E depletion in brain. Cerebellum and brain stem of old rats fed the minimum requirements of vitamin E and Se for 20 weeks showed a significant decline in α-T. Therefore, cerebellum and brain stem appear, to have a higher turnover of α-T than cerebrum and midbrain, and older rats may require a higher level, of vitamin E in the diet to maintain steady state levels of α-T in these regions.
Rationality and democracy: A critical appreciation of Israel Scheffler's philosophy of education

L'A. presente la philosophie de l'education de I. Scheffler basee sur une analyse du discours de l'education, nourrie par un ideal de rationalite et developpee a partir d'une critique du pragmatisme de J. Dewey
Activity and utility of abscisic acid having a 3′ thioether linker arm☆

Abstract Abscisic acid (ABA) was functionalized at the 3′-position by reaction of its α-2′,3′-epoxide with 1,4-butanedithiol to afford the corresponding derivative having a six-atom linker arm containing a terminal aulphhydryl group. This derivative was coupled with epoxy activated Sepharose 6B affording a gel containing ca 1.4 mg of (+)-ABA ml−1. This gel was shown to bind specifically an anti-ABA antibody from hybridoma culture broth, and its binding capacity was determined. The (+)-ABA analogue possessing the thiol linker arm was also derivatized by reaction with a fluorescent derivatizing agent and these compounds were shown to inhibit cress seed germination.
Synthesis of a Spirovetivane Synthon1

Abstract The spirovetivane sesquiterpenes are characterized by a spiro [4,5]decane ring system. Illustrative are the essential oil component β-betiv ne (1) and the antifungal metabolite lubimin (2).2 As part of a structural problem arising from our investigations of plant anticancer constituents1 we developed a synthesis of the potential spirovetivane synthon 10. The very workable synthesis (5 → 10) of ketone 10 described below should prove useful in approaches to certain spirovetivanes with a 1,4 oxygen-carbon to spiro-carbon relationship. Initially efforts were directed at utilizing the Plattner3 malonic ester and Dieckmann cyclization4 approach (3 → 4) to ketone 7. The Singh4 route to ester 4 proved useful but selective decarboxylation to ketone 7 was unsatisfactory. The known5 rhodium on aluminum oxide catalyzed hydrogenation of ethyl p-hydroxy-benzoate followed by oxidation to ketone 7 proved to be very practical and further efforts to satisfactorily decarboxylate ester 4 were discontinued.
The “fly-shield” rotobar: A simplified impaction sampler with motion-regulated shielding

Abstract By adding hinged, pendant flaps and a cam recycling timer to the basic rotobar impaction collector, it has been possible to produce a practical, simplified pollen sampler. During operation, the flaps are centrifugally thrown away from the sampling edges, and, between periods of rotation, the flaps descend to prevent adventitious particle deposition. Calibration studies suggest that this sampler has a collection efficiency for ragweed pollen exceeding 70 per cent. In field tests of the efficiency of sampling and of the completeness of shielding, the performance of this device compared favorably with that of an intermittent rotoslide sampler. The lower construction cost and comparatively rugged components of this "fly-shield" rotobar sampler also favor its potential usefulness for the allergist.
Operational Classification of Unconformities: ABSTRACT

Differences in unconformities suggested by earlier classifications are more fancied than real. The criteria of scale, either areal or temporal, and concordance-discordance do not serve as practical bases for classification. Moreover, the aim of a nomenclature should be to answer the question which is, in the case of unconformities, "what is the evidence?", not "what is the kind?" Examples demonstrate that evidences for unconformities are: (1) truncation of allochems and stylolites; (2) occurrence of encrusting organisms; (3) cement-supported detritus; (4) cement discontinuities; (5) megascopic erosional relief and bed truncation; and (6) truncation of faults and lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic units on maps and cross sections. These evidences fall into the following operational categories: I--petrographic; II--macrographic; and IIIa--lithocartographic and IIIb--biocartographic unconformities. End_of_Article - Last_Page 527------------
N14(p,2p)C13 at 19 MeV energy distributions and angular correlations

Abstract The proton spectra from nitrogenous targets bombarded with 19 MeV protons show two groups associated with the reactions N 14 (p,p')N 14 , Q = −11.2±0.2 and Q = −12.8±0.4 MeV . The 11.2 MeV group appears prominently in the energy distribution of coincident proton pairs from the N 14 (p,2p) reaction leaving C 13 in the ground state. For inelastic ( Q = −11.2 MeV) proton scattering angles of 45° and 90°, the decay protons leading to C 13 (ground state) show strong angular correlations in the reaction plane. The continuum protons between, and presumably beneath the peaks from the 11.2 MeV group show a weaker angular correlation, with some forward peaking. The peaking is more pronounced when one counter is fixed at 45° than it is for 90°.
Porous Carbon/Tin (IV) Oxide Monoliths as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

A monolithic, three-dimensionally ordered macroporous/mesoporous carbon/tin (IV) oxide (3DOM/m C/SnO 2 ) nanocomposite was prepared and tested as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. A macro-/mesoporous glassy carbon (3DOM/m C) monolith was first synthesized from a triconstituent precursor, using a polymer colloidal crystal and a nonionic surfactant as the templates for macropores and mesopores, respectively. Tin (IV) oxide nanocrystals were then introduced into the mesopores of the carbon monolith via an infiltration-hydrolysis process while maintaining connections between macropores. The composite electrode exhibited superior reversible lithium capacity over a carbon/tin dioxide electrode without any designed mesostructure and also over similarly templated glassy carbon electrodes lacking the tin oxide component. The initial discharge capacity was 472 mAh g -1 and remained above 292 mAh g -1 for 100 cycles at 50 mA g -1 . The formation of stable solid-electrolyte interphase layers contributed to the good cycleability of 3DOM/m C/SnO 2 . The structural and morphological changes of the electrode after cycling were evaluated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by X-ray diffraction.
Aripiprazole in the treatment of delirium.

Objective Delirium is a common condition frequently seen in consultation-liaison psychiatry. It is especially common among medically compromised patients, and is an indicator of the severity of the medical illness. In addition, it is associated with a higher morbidity, mortality, and longer hospitalization. Traditionally, haloperidol has been used to treat agitation as it may occur in delirium. However, atypical antipsychotics are being increasingly used to treat delirium. Method In this article, we will describe two cases of delirium successfully treated with aripiprazole. Results Both patients had significant improvement in their delirium as measured by the delirium rating scale. Conclusion Aripiprazole appears to be effective in reducing the symptoms of delirium.
Connecting Science and Mathematics Instruction: Pedagogical Context Knowledge for Teachers

Although the reform literature in mathematics and science is replete with calls for the integration of math and science, there remain precious few empirical studies examining the prerequisite skills, beliefs, knowledge bases, and experiences necessary for teachers to implement integrated instruction. The initial intent of this study was to examine the content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (with respect to the integration of mathematics and science) that prospective secondary mathematics and science teachers bring to their respective preparation programs. This study then explored a collaborative model intended to create meaningful educational opportunities within the context of teacher preparation programs to foster preservice teachers' desire and ability to pursue connected teaching in the classroom. Presented in the article are findings related to the initial beliefs and experiences prospective teachers bring to the preparation process, the results of their collaborative work together in the creation of interdisciplinary units connecting mathematics and science topics, and their ongoing efforts to work together once engaged in schools for their student teaching internships. Moreover, this article proposes subtle shifts in both the conceptualization of, and language used to describe, the integration of mathematics and science. Building on sociocultural theories, this article proposes the use o/connections and pedagogical context knowledge as levers to promote integrated mathematics and science instruction.
Reward and motivation in pain and pain relief

Pain is fundamentally unpleasant, a feature that protects the organism by promoting motivation and learning. Relief of aversive states, including pain, is rewarding. The aversiveness of pain, as well as the reward from relief of pain, is encoded by brain reward/motivational mesocorticolimbic circuitry. In this Review, we describe current knowledge of the impact of acute and chronic pain on reward/motivation circuits gained from preclinical models and from human neuroimaging. We highlight emerging clinical evidence suggesting that anatomical and functional changes in these circuits contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain. We propose that assessing activity in these conserved circuits can offer new outcome measures for preclinical evaluation of analgesic efficacy to improve translation and speed drug discovery. We further suggest that targeting reward/motivation circuits may provide a path for normalizing the consequences of chronic pain to the brain, surpassing symptomatic management to promote recovery from chronic pain.
Police Services to Battered Women Bad or Not So Bad

This article summarizes the experiences of 146 battered women recruited on a voluntary basis from southeastern Wisconsin. The sample differs from any previous study of wife beating in that all subj...
Insertion of EUVL into high-volume manufacturing

EUV Lithography has become the leading and perhaps only, candidate for extension of semiconductor lithography into the sub-50nm realm. This paper reviews the requirements for high volume, semiconductor lithography and examines the capability of EUVL to meet those challenges. The current state of EUVL technology is reviewed and the remaining challenges for insertion of EUVL into manufacturing are discussed.
Board Committee Membership: Effects of Sex-Based Bias

This study examined whether female directors lack the necessary experience-based characteristics for board committee membership, or whether there is a systematic sex-based bias against them. We tes...
Pass-Through Estimates and the Choice of an Exchange Rate Index

We examine exchange rate passthrough into US import prices for 29 manufacturing industries using eight exchange rate indexes. These indexes vary by the number of currencies included; whether the weight on each currency is based on total trade with the United States or solely imports; and, whether the weights vary by industry. Our results indicate that passthrough is generally incomplete but varies across industries. Moreover, passthrough is sensitive to the exchange rate index. Using bootstrapped J-tests we show that major currency indexes perform better than their broad currency counterparts. When using a major currency index, industry-specific exchange rate indexes are preferred to aggregate indexes.
Children Playing Society

This chapter introduces potent evidence for the proposition espoused in this work, namely, that the spontaneous imaginary constructions of young children have a societal framework. Study 1 examines social pretend play as a typical imaginary activity of young children all over the world. It is what they often and spontaneously do when they get together on their own. Note some of the general characteristics of this activity. First, it is a public social interaction that can be seen and heard. Second, it takes place among peers of roughly equal status; this symmetrical peer relation is something different from the dependent relation prevailing at home and encourages a new form of spontaneity. Third, from the observer’s viewpoint, two layers of reality-in-the-making can readily be monitored: the social interactions in themselves (which are obviously “real”) versus the coconstructed product of these interactions, the content of the play itself, which the adult culture considers “pretend.” The pretend-real distinction will be discussed at great length in this and the following chapter.
Nizatidine, N-[2-[[[2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-4-thiazolyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-N′-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine

Abstract C 12 H 21 N 5 S 2 O 2 , M r = 331.46, triclinic, P1, a = 7.3645(5), b = 8.8785(9), c = 25.678(4) A, α = 89.35(1)°, β = 82.49(1)°, γ = 87.46(1)°, V = 1662.9(5) A 3 , Z = 4, D x = 1.324 g cm −3 , λ (Cu Kα ) = 1.54184 A, μ = 29.57 cm −1 , F (000) = 704.0, T = 293 K, final R = 0.057 for 4830 observed reflections. Nizatidine, Axid®, is a selective H 2 -receptor antagonist used in the treatment of duodenal ulcers. The pharmaceutical nizatidine crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The two molecules have similar conformations, with the exception of the dimethylamino group. The bisalkylamino-2-nitroethene moiety differs from the structurally related hydrogen oxalate salt form of ranitidine in that the nitro group of nizatidine is the cis geometrical isomer with respect to the ethylamino group.
The flat world and education: how America’s commitment to equity will determine our future

by Linda Darling-Hammond, New York, NY, Teacher’s College Press, 2010, 394 pp., £20.91 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-8077-4962-3 In The flat world and education: how America’s commitment to equity will d...
Multi-slice helical CT: Scan and reconstruction

The multi-slice CT scanner refers to a special CT system equipped with a multiple-row detector array to simultaneously collect data at different slice locations. The multi-slice CT scanner has the capability of rapidly scanning large longitudinal (z) volume with high z-axis resolution. It also presents new challenges and new characteristics. In this paper, we study the scan and reconstruction principles of the multi-slice helical CT in general and the 4-slice helical CT in particular. The multi-slice helical computed tomography consists of the following three key components: the preferred helical pitches for efficient z sampling in data collection and better artifact control; the new helical interpolation algorithms to correct for fast simultaneous patient translation; and the z-filtering reconstruction for providing multiple tradeoffs of the slice thickness, image noise and artifacts to suit for different application requirements. The concept of the preferred helical pitch is discussed with a newly proposed z sampling analysis. New helical reconstruction algorithms and z-filtering reconstruction are developed for multi-slice CT in general. Furthermore, the theoretical models of slice profile and image noise are established for multi-slice helical CT. For 4-slice helical CT in particular, preferred helical pitches are discussed. Special reconstruction algorithms are developed. Slice profiles, image noises, and artifacts of 4-slice helical CT are studied and compared with single slice helical CT. The results show that the slice profile, image artifacts, and noise exhibit performance peaks or valleys at certain helical pitches in the multi-slice CT, whereas in the single-slice CT the image noise remains unchanged and the slice profile and image artifacts steadily deteriorate with helical pitch. The study indicates that the 4-slice helical CT can provide equivalent image quality at 2 to 3 times the volume coverage speed of the single slice helical CT.
FIGHT, FLEE OR ACQUIESCE? RESPONSES TO URBAN DISCONTENT*

This article examines the dynamics of two conflicting trends in contemporary urban communities in the United States: flight from the central city, and the politicization of efforts to revitalize and strengthen urban neighborhoods. Data from a 1976 survey of residents of the City of Atlanta, Georgia are used to identify residents' discontent with city government and its performance and to construct indicators of the likelihood that discontented residents will respond to their dissatisfaction by attempting to influence city government (fight), by moving out of the city (flight), or by neither moving nor attempting to bring about change (acquiesce). The conditions under which different responses to discontent are likely to be selected are explored. Findings are discussed in terms of the constraints on, and potential for, public policies which would discourage flight and increase political participation.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon coupling agents for mica–polypropylene composites

The incorporation of small amounts of a chlorinated hydrocarbon wax into polypropylene (PP) when making mica–PP composites is shown to produce a layer of degraded chlorinated hydrocarbon at the interface between the polymer and the reinforcement. Mica is shown to accelerate the thermal degradation of the chlorinated hydrocarbon, and the chlorinated hydrocarbon, or its degradation products, are shown to react with hydrocarbon analogues of the polymer. As well as modify the chemical nature of the interface, the layer of degraded chlorinated hydrocarbon is shown to modify the morphology of the interface by inhibiting the ability of the mica to nucleate the crystallization of PP from the melt.
Eye Care Professionals’ Perspectives on Eye Donation and an Eye Donation Registry for Research: A Single-Institution, Cross-Sectional Study

AbstractPurpose: A centralized eye donation registry for research could help to bridge the gap between patients interested in donating their eyes to science and scientists who conduct research on human eye tissue. Previous research has demonstrated patient and family support for such a registry. In this study, we assessed the views that eye care professionals have toward an eye donation registry for research.Materials and methods: Surveys were distributed to all 46 clinical faculty members of the Duke University Eye Center. In addition to collecting demographic information, the surveys assessed clinicians’ experience with discussing eye donation with patients, described the proposed eye donation registry for research and asked how the registry would affect the clinicians’ practice.Results: A total of 21 eye care professionals returned the survey. Thirty-three percent reported discussing eye donation with patients, and 43% reported that a patient has asked about donating their eyes for research on their di...
Factors Affecting Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitudes Regarding North Carolina Coastal Reserve Management

During the period May 25–October 28, 2007, we collected data in face-to-face interviews on four sites in the North Carolina Research Reserve system. We subsequently conducted analyses on the effects of education, income, length of visitation, and frequency of visitation on visitor knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes regarding management. Visitors to the sites were well-educated, listed incomes above the state median, and were racially homogeneous. At the overall level, the majority (63%) knew who owned the sites, but only 43% correctly identified the managing agency. The majority also believed that overall conditions at the sites were stable, although those that had been visiting longer perceived conditions as deteriorating. Education was positively correlated with knowledge of ownership and management, and with support for additional rules and enforcement. Neither income, nor frequency of visitation showed any correlation with any of the dependent variables at the overall level. Some site-specific find...