cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of soft palate movements in six languages

Abstract: It has frequently been observed that soft palate elevation during vowels is correlated with the height of the vowel, that is, the soft palate is higher for high vowels and lower for low vowels. In order to see how generally this correlation between vowel height and degree of nasalization is exhibited, velic movements were monitored in the speech of 14 subjects by means of a photoelectric device, the nasograph. Subjects for the experiments were speakers of American English, Swedish, French, Amoy Chinese, Hindi and Brazilian Portuguese. The results indeed reveal a tendency among the subjects to nasalize low vowels more than high ones. The velum lowers earlier during a low vowel than during a high one, and some subjects exhibit greater extent of lowering during low vowels than high ones. In addition, the degree of coarticulated nasality is language-specific: the American and Brazilian speakers exhibit the greatest amount of assimilatory nasalization on vowels, whereas the Amoy speakers show the least. During post-nasal vowels which precede oral consonants as spoken by American English speakers, there is a strong correlation between vowel height and the timing of velic closure, whereas in Hindi and Swedish speakers this correlation is much weaker.
Transesophageal Versus Transthoracic Echocardiography for Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function.

Background: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has not been compared to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for assessment of left ventricular diastolic function (LVDF). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease model of premature myocardial disease. Methods: 66 patients with SLE (mean age 36±12 years, 91% women) and 26 age-and-sex matched healthy volunteers (mean age 34±11 years, 85% women) underwent TEE immediately followed by TTE. From basal four-chamber views, mitral inflow E and A velocities, E/A ratio, E deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time, septal and lateral mitral E’ and A’ velocities, septal E’/A’ ratio, mitral E to septal and lateral E’ ratios, and pulmonary veins systolic to diastolic peak velocities ratio were measured. Measurements were averaged over 3 cardiac cycles and performed by 2 independent observers. Results: LVDF parameters were worse in patients than in controls by TEE and TTE (all p?0.03). Most LVDF parameters were similar within each group by TEE and TTE (all p?0.17). By both techniques, mitral E and A, mitral and septal E/A ratios, septal and lateral E’, septal and lateral E/E’ ratios, and average E/E’ ratio were highly correlated (r=0.64-0.96, all p?0.003); E deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time, and septal A’ velocities were moderately correlated (r=0.43-0.54, all p?0.03); and pulmonary veins systolic to diastolic ratio showed the lowest correlation (r=0.27, p=0.04). Conclusion: By TEE and TTE, LVDF parameters were worse in SLE patients than in controls; and in both groups, LVDF parameters assessed by TEE and TTE were similar and significantly correlated.
Frequency-Minimal Utility-Maximal Moving Target Defense Against DDoS in SDN-Based Systems

With the increase of DDoS attacks, resource adaptation schemes need to be effective to protect critical cloud-hosted applications. Specifically, they need to be adaptable to attack behavior, and be dynamic in terms of resource utilization. In this paper, we propose an intelligent strategy for proactive and reactive application migration by leveraging the concept of ‘moving target defense’ (MTD). The novelty of our approach lies in: (a) stochastic proactive migration frequency minimization across heterogeneous cloud resources to optimize migration management overheads, (b) market-driven migration location selection during proactive migration to optimize resource utilization, cloud service providers (CSPs) cost and user quality of experience, and (c) fast converging cost-minimizing reactive migration coupled with a ‘false reality’ pretense to reduce the future attack success probability. We evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed MTD-based defense strategy using a Software-defined Networking (SDN) enabled GENI Cloud testbed for a “Just-in-time news articles and video feeds” application. Our frequency minimization results show more than 40% reduction in DDoS attack success rate in the best cases when compared to the traditional periodic migration schemes on homogeneous cloud resources. The results also show that our market-driven migration location selection strategy decreases CSP cost and increases resource utilization by 30%.
Impact of a drug safety communication on the severity of benzonatate exposures reported to poison centers.

PURPOSE Identify if publication of the 2010 drug safety communication (DSC) regarding benzonatate was associated with a decrease in the incidence of severe benzonatate poisonings reported to United States poison centers. METHODS This retrospective database study utilized the National Poison Data System to compare the incidence of severe benzonatate poisonings before and after the publication of a drug safety communication. We utilized interrupted time series analysis to compare 2000-2010 (pre-DSC) to 2012-2019 (post-DSC). RESULTS There were 18 619 benzonatate exposures reported to US poison centers during the time period covered and 11 554 exposures were included. There was an increase in exposures throughout the time period. There was no difference in the incidence of severe outcomes in the two time periods. In the pre-DSC era, rates of severe outcomes increased by 0.4% per year followed by an immediate non-significant drop of 2.9% in incidence of severe outcomes (P = .15). Finally, the slope of severe outcomes in the post-DSC era showed an increase of 0.3% per year, which was not significantly different from the pre-DSC era (P = .78). CONCLUSION Publication of a Drug Safety Communication regarding the risks of benzonatate did not result in a decrease in the proportion of severe benzonatate poisoning reported to US poison centers. Deaths and other severe outcomes continued to occur at a similar rate after the publication.
Efecto del conflicto decisional sobre el control del asma en escolares de 10 a 14 años

Introduction: The number of asthmatic patients attending the public health system is increasing. However, the rate of adherence to treatment is very low. Adolescents have the largest percentage of abandonment to treatment, lack of control and a great decisional conflict (DC). The objective of this stu-dy was to evaluate the effect of the application of counseling on the DC in relation to asthma treatment and the level of control of their disease. Materials and Methods: Pre-experimental study that recrui-ted 32 asthmatic children from 10 to 14 years-old, from the children’s respiratory outpatients clinic of Carlos Van Buren hospital in Valparaiso, Chile. Only 15 children were willing to participate in the study and completed all of the counseling sessions. To determine the degree of DC of its pathology, the Ottawa Decision Conflict Scale was applied; and for the Asthma Control level, the Global Initiative for Asthma Scale (GINA) was used. Results: Mean children age was 12.06 ± 1.16 years-old. After the intervention, the level of Asthma Control was maintained and the mean of the DC decrease from 34.05 ± 4.59 to 18.02 ± 3.01 points (p < 0.05; paired Student’s t-test). 73.3% of the patients lowered their level of decisional conflict. Conclusion: The counseling of decision support proved to have positive effects on the population studied.
Redemptive Children and Historical Memory: Luis Mateo Díez’s La gloria de los niños (2007)

This article explores contemporary Spanish writer Luis Mateo Diez’s 2007 novel, La gloria de los ninos, focusing on the construction of a redemptive child who mends the broken world and keeps alive historical memory. The author looks beyond one single nation state in his reconstruction of children and childhood under the Franco regime. Hidden behind his approach to the reconstruction of the ‘glorious children’ under Franco emerges, on the one hand, his dissolution of any authoritative version of Franco-era children and, on the other, his broader vision and desire to examine Spain and Spanish historical memory in a global context.
Mental Retardation in African Countries: Conceptualization, Services, and Research

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the circumstances in which people with mental retardation live in Africa. The chapter describes a number of strands of research that have the potential to enhance the understanding of those circumstances. It also discusses the scope of formal services currently existing in selected African countries that cater to the health, educational, and vocational needs of persons with mental retardation and their families. Some potential growth points and pressing needs for research are identified. The vast majority of the people of the central region share a set of distinctively African physical characteristics but their societies vary greatly with respect to their indigenous languages, religion, and other cultural practices. The intervention-oriented activity is much more attractive to national governments, nongovernmental service organizations, and international funding agencies in the African region, with respect to not only mental retardation, but also more generally with respect to the human sciences than fundamental research designed to clarify the nature of phenomena.
Human Lamin B Contains a Farnesylated Cysteine Residue

We recently showed that HeLa cell lamin B is modified by a mevalonic acid derivative. Here we identified the modified amino acid, determined its mode of linkage to the mevalonic acid derivative, and established the derivative′s structure. A cysteine residue is modified because experiments with lamin B that had been biosynthetically labeled with [3H]mevalonic acid or [35S]cysteine and then extensively digested with proteases yielded 3H- or 35S-labeled products that co-chromatographed in five successive systems. A thioether linkage rather than a thioester linkage is involved because the mevalonic acid derivative could be released from the 3H-labeled products in a pentane-extractable form by treatment with Raney nickel but not with methanolic KOH. The derivative is a farnesyl moiety because the Raney nickel-released material was identified as 2,6,10-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The thioether-modified cysteine residue appears to be located near the carboxyl end of lamin B because treatment of 3H-labeled lamin B with cyanogen bromide yielded a single labeled polypeptide that mapped toward this end of the cDNA-inferred sequence of human lamin B.
Pipeline for illumination correction of images for high-throughput microscopy.

To facilitate the ready application and future development of illumination correction methods, we have made our complete test data sets as well as open-source image analysis pipelines publicly available. This software-based solution has the potential to improve outcomes for a wide-variety of image-based HTS experiments.
Controlling search for the consequences of new information during knowledge integration

ABSTRACT Adding new information to an existing knowledge base can have significant consequences. For example, new information might contradict existing knowledge or reveal a “gap”in the knowledge base. Most approaches to knowledge-base refinement either ignore these consequences or compute them exhaustively. Our approach, formalized in a task called knowledge integration, is to partially elaborate the consequences of new information. A form of domain knowledge called views controls the search to identify non-superficial consequences of new information. A prototype knowledge integration program has been implemented and demonstrated with a complex extension to a large knowledge base.
The Role of Municipal-Level Factors in Neighborhood Economic Change

ABSTRACT:Despite extensive studies on neighborhood change, the role of municipal-level factors in neighborhood economic change has been underexplored. This article reviews diverse social science literature and makes theoretical connections between city size and homogeneity of city population and municipal performance, which is accordingly associated with neighborhood economic health. Building on the insights from the literature, this study hypothesizes that neighborhoods stay economically healthier in smaller cities and more homogeneous cities. This study presents a multilevel analysis of neighborhood economic change in 35 U.S. metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2000 and finds empirical evidence to support the proposed hypothesis.
Measuring altered disposition of xenobiotics in experimental models of liver disease.

Understanding the metabolic pathway and excretion mechanisms governing the disposition of a compound is essential to the safe use of pharmaceutical agents. Because the liver is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics, chronic liver disease can have a significant effect on the disposition of many xenobiotics due to changes in the expression or function of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Liver disease can result in increased retention of a xenobiotic within the body, causing greater exposure of the individual to a potentially harmful compound, which may lead to toxicity. On the other hand, liver disease may also up-regulate the elimination processes of a xenobiotic, accelerating its removal from the body. With regard to a pharmaceutical agent, enhanced elimination may result in a decreased pharmacologic effect. Such alterations may necessitate dosage adjustments to achieve the desired therapeutic outcome. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 52:23.1.1-23.1.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; drug disposition; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; steatosis
The Adsorption of H2 and D2 on Fe(110). 2. Angle Resolved Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy and Kinetic Mechanism.

Abstract Results of angle resolved thermal desorption spectroscopy (ARTDS) measurements for the adsorption of D 2 and H 2 on Fe(110) are presented. A detailed model of the interaction process has been developed using these results in combination with results obtained using thermal energy atom scattering (TEAS), reported in part I of this work, ARTDS was used to measure the desorption flux as a function of surface polar angle during temperature programming following adsorption at a low temperature. Second order desorption kinetics, as observed with TEAS in part I, were confirmed. H 2 and D 2 were found to adsorb directly, dissociatively and with an activation energy for adsorption of 700 cal/mol. The sticking coefficient was observed to decrease with increasing coverage as (1− θ ) 2 for θ greater than 0.1.
Pretreatment evaluation in cervical cancer.

Abstract A series of 877 patients with invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix was evaluated to determine the value of chest films, intravenous pyelograms, barium enemas, cystoscopies, and sigmoidoscopies prior to treatment. It was found that intravenous pyelograms are the most important study for prognostic purposes and that both chest films and intravenous pyelograms are exceedingly important as base lines for follow up of treated cancer patients. Cystoscopies, sigmoidoscopies, and barium enemas are valuable primarily in patients with stage III or IV pelvic findings and use of these particular studies should be individualized to the situation of the particular patient.
Cybercrime and Cyberfraud

The Internet has changed the world. We now have access to a wealth of multidisciplinary resources and economic opportunities in cyberspace, but the Internet also makes it easier for criminals to commit crimes globally. Corporate saboteurs scheming to gain economic advantages over competitors can use Trojan horses or computer viruses to access corporate secrets and other viruses to destroy important company assets. Criminals can easily defraud consumers' remotely using fraudulent online auctions or franchise offerings. Thieves can use computers to obtain credit card numbers instead of rifling through a victim's mail. With great privilege comes great responsibility. We benefit from the opportunities in cyberspace but we must also become educated about the dangers. We have a responsibility to educate ourselves about the varieties of cybercrime and cyberfraud that are most prevalent in order to protect ourselves and participate fully in the process of creating legal safeguards against these new dangers. Keywords: computer viruses and worms; cyber crime; cyber fraud; cyber sabotage; hacking; logic bomb
SHP2 and cbl participate in α-chemokine receptor CXCR4–mediated signaling pathways

Stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha and its receptor, CXCR4, play an important role in cell migration, embryonic development, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. However, the cellular signaling pathways that mediate these processes are not fully elucidated. We and others have shown that the binding of SDF-1alpha to CXCR4 activates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase), p44/42 mitogen-associated protein kinase, and the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB, and it also enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation and association of proteins involved in the formation of focal adhesions. In this study, we examined the role of phosphatases in CXCR4-mediated signaling pathways. We observed significant inhibition of SDF-1alpha-induced migration by phosphatase inhibitors in CXCR4-transfected pre-B lymphoma L1.2 cells, Jurkat T cells, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Further studies revealed that SDF-1alpha stimulation induced robust tyrosine phosphorylation in the SH2-containing phosphatase SHP2. SHP2 associated with the CXCR4 receptor and the signaling molecules SHIP, cbl, and fyn. Overexpression of wild-type SHP2 increased SDF-1alpha-induced chemotaxis. Enhanced activation of fyn and lyn kinases and the tyrosine phosphorylation of cbl were also observed. In addition, SDF-1alpha stimulation enhanced the association of cbl with PI-3 kinase, Crk-L, and 14-3-3beta proteins. Our results suggest that CXCR4-mediated signaling is regulated by SHP2 and cbl, which collectively participate in the formation of a multimeric signaling complex.
Mitigating acute skin rashes and nausea from lithium

Abstract Effective in treating and preventing particular types of mental illness, lithium has recently been reported to cut the costs of medical care and improve the quality of life of many appropriately selected patients. 1 Unfortunately, some patients who are selected as appropriate for starting lithium are greatly discomforted by some of its side effects. Prominent among the discomforting effects are resting tremors, nausea and vomiting, and excessive thirst and urination; these are rarely severe enough for the physician to recommend lithium discontinuance. On the other hand, it is common to see patients who have quit their lithium on their own complaining of annoying side effects. Among the few circumstances in which physicians recommend lithium discontinuance is when an intense skin rash appears within a few hours of administration. The life prospects for many patients who cannot or will not take lithium are gloomy: they will likely experience repeated episodes and exacerbations of their psychiatric illness and their careers and personal lives will suffer the discouragements of interruptions. Those who take neuroleptics in place of lithium experience a more subtle handicap, that of mental inertia and emotional blunting from tranquilization. As good medical practice it seems prudent to try to help patients accommodate to lithium with various pharmacological maneuvers when these side effects interfere with reliable lithium administration. In this report some cases will be reviewed in which side effects of an acute skin reaction or nausea threatened to take precedence over lithium's therapeutic effects.
Hepatic lipid alterations produced by doxapram.

Abstract A marked increase in the concentration of liver triglyceride was produced by the administration of doxapram in dosages of 5, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The derangement in hepatic triglyceride metabolism was of a reversible nature and, at the peak of liver triglyceride accumulation, other parameters of liver function were not affected. Increased plasma free fatty acid levels were observed prior to and at the peak of fatty liver development; they were associated with an inhibition of fatty acid catabolism. Adrenalectomy markedly reduced but did not abolish the increase in liver triglyceride concentration produced by doxapram, suggesting that adrenal activation is not a major causative factor in the development of a fatty liver. A marked increase in the concentration of hepatic total and esterified cholesterol and of all plasma cholesterol fractions occurred in doxapram-treated animals in the absence of an increase in plasma triglyceride concentration. This fact suggests the possibility that doxapram has an effect upon cholesterol metabolism unrelated to its effect upon other lipid parameters.
Occurrences and fate of DDT principal isomers/metabolites, DDA, and o,p'-DDD enantiomers in fish, sediment and water at a DDT-impacted Superfund site.

In the 1950s and 60s, discharges from a DDT manufacturing plant contaminated a tributary system of the Tennessee River near Huntsville, Alabama, USA. Regulatory action resulted in declaring the area a Superfund site which required remediation and extensive monitoring. Monitoring data collected from 1988, after remediation, through 2011 showed annual decreases approximating first-order decay in concentrations of total DDT and its six principal congeners (p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE) in filets from three species of fish. As of 2013, these concentrations met the regulatory requirements of 5 mg/kg or less total DDT for each fish tested. The enantiomer fractions (EF) of chiral o,p'-DDD in smallmouth buffalo and channel catfish were always below 0.5, indicating preferential decay of the (+)-enantiomer of this congener; this EF did not change significantly over 15 years. The often-neglected DDT metabolite p,p'-DDA was found at a concentration of about 20 μg/l in the ecosystem water.
Reorienting our view of particle-based adjuvants for subunit vaccines

Despite a myriad of advances in the understanding and development of vaccine formulations, safe and effective vaccines have yet to be discovered for many pathogens. An excellent example of such is the malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax. Not only does this parasite transition between both extracellular and intracellular states during infection, but it can remain dormant in the liver and have greater transmission potential with lower titers than its more notorious counterpart, Plasmodium falciparum (1). As a consequence, it is important for a candidate vaccine to elicit both cellular (Th1) and humoral (Th2) immune responses that are potent and long-lived. Although vaccine antigens have been identified for the malarial sporozoites (2), the resulting immune responses elicited are short-lived and limited in scope, which is not uncommon for subunit vaccines that do not contain all of the components of a live-attenuated vaccine (3). For this reason, the malarial subunit vaccine is a hallmark example of a formulation that will require an appropriate adjuvant capable of boosting the most relevant immune responses to be effective. In PNAS, Moon et al. (4) describe a unique, lipid-based nanoparticle adjuvant (called an interbilayer-crosslinked multilamellar vesicle, or ICMV) that could not only be a promising candidate for prophylaxis against P. vivax but may even provide clues to how protective immunity to malaria is acquired.
The determinants of earnings differentials for indigenous Americans: Human capital, location, or discrimination?

Abstract In 1989 American Indians or Alaska Natives had annual earnings between 19% and 39% less than non-Indians. This paper examines the determination of earnings differentials from a human capital perspective. Persons with Indian race are divided into single-ancestry and mixed-ancestry categories, as are Alaska Natives and those with non-Indian race. Indians of mixed ancestry had higher levels of, but lower returns from, human capital than Indians of single ancestry. Alaska Natives held a significant advantage over all groups. Decompositions show that most of the differentials could be attributed to differences in characteristics rather than wage structures.
POPULATION INVARIANCE AND LINEAR EQUATING FOR THE NON-EQUIVALENT GROUPS DESIGN

This study investigates the population sensitivity of the commonly used linear equating methods in the Non-Equivalent-groups with an Anchor Test (NEAT) design: the Tucker, the Levine observed-score, and the chain linear methods. For a detailed analysis of the subject, we apply three distinctive approaches to a real data set from a NEAT design: a) the RMSD index for the NEAT design of von Davier, Holland, and Thayer (2004); b) the parallel-linking system of Dorans and Holland (2000), and c) the pseudo-NEAT design approach of von Davier, Holland, and Thayer (2003). The data set is used to illustrate the derivations on male and female subpopulations. Comparisons of the results obtained using linear and equipercentile equating are also presented. For this particular data set the Levine function seems to vary less across subpopulations than the other methods; the Tucker method seems to vary the most.
Gender Discrimination as an Intergroup Issue: Comment on Capshew and Laszlo

Because women are the majority sex, it has been easy to avoid seeing gender discrimination as an example of prejudice. As men and women are in constant contact with each other, it has been possible to avoid viewing the problems of discrimination in a vein similar to those of racial discrimination. Yet if we refer to Allport's 1954 contact hypothesis, we see that he said, “Prejudice … may be reduced by equal-status contact between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals. The effect is greatly enhanced if this contact is sanctioned by institutional supports … and if it is of a sort that leads to the perception of common interests and a common humanity between members of two groups” (p. 281).
Release of an ice-active substance by Antarctic sea ice diatoms

Interstitial water from the diatom-rich ice platelet layer in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica contains a macromolecular, ice-active substance (IAS) that, at in situ concentrations, causes dense pitting on the basal surfaces of growing ice platelets. In this respect, it resembles several fish antifreezes that also cause pitting on ice surfaces, but unlike the antifreezes, it does not lower the freezing point. The IAS appeared to be released by diatoms, as extracts from the diatoms contained IAS, while seawater from a diatom-free area did not. No evidence of IAS was found in several species of temperate water diatoms. The ice-pitting activity of the IAS was destroyed by proteases and by incubation at 40° C, but not by periodate oxidation, or by incubation with galactosidase or endonuclease. Thus, activity appears to arise from a protein or protein component, and not from carbohydrate or nucleic acids. Potential roles of the IAS in the sea ice community are discussed.
Introduction to the conference on beryllium-related diseases.

This issue of Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements includes papers presented at the Conference on Beryllium-related Diseases held November 8-10, 1994, at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Beryllium is the lightest of all solid and chemically stable substances and is used in some form in the aerospace, nuclear, telecommunications, and computer industries, as well as in ceramics, dental alloys, scientific equipment, automotive parts, and tool and die making. In the United States, it is estimated that there are approximately 8000 plants with 30,000 workers who may be potentially exposed to beryllium. 8 refs.
Far-from-equilibrium film growth on alloy surfaces: Ni and Al on NiAl(110)

STM analysis reveals diverse nonequilibrium island structures formed by deposition of Ni and Al on NiAl(110) at around 300 K. Epitaxial growth in this complex alloy system is described by multisite lattice-gas modeling incorporating DFT energetics for adatoms both at adsorption sites and transition states. This approach accounts for multiple adsorption sites and diffusion paths, and accurately describes diffusion and detachment kinetics for a vast number of step-edge configurations. This is key for realistic description of island growth shapes, structure, and partial alloy ordering.
Respiratory epithelial cell culture models for evaluation of ion and drug transport

Abstract This review presents the advances in respiratory epithelial cell culture developed for biochemical, ion transport, and drug transport characterization in the conducting airway (trachea and bronchi) and the alveolar region. An overview of the culture conditions for the growth and differentiation of respiratory epithelial cells along with a summary of the recent progress in ion and drug transport is described. The physicochemical factors that strongly influence transepithelial drug permeation, as well as some of the specialized transport processes involved in active solute and macromolecular transport are discussed. The permeability characteristics of the airway and alveolar epithelial culture models have been compared to shed some light on regional differences of respiratory epithelial permeability. In addition, these results are validated against other in vitro and in vivo models as a predictive indicator of in vivo permeability.
Children's Gender Stereotypes About Math: The Role of Stereotype Stratification'

Women underperform on standardized math tests compared to men. However, girls perform as well if not better than boys in math. In this paper, it is proposed that this discrepancy may be explained in part by a process of stereotype stratification, in which targets of a negative in-group stereotype view themselves as a member of a subgroup to which the stereotype does not apply. Two experiments with elementary-school children provide support for this theory. In Study 1, girls placed advanced math pictures with males more often than basic math pictures. In addition, girls rated men as liking and as being better at math than women, but viewed boys and girls as being equal on these variables. In Study 2, girls were more likely to draw a man when told a story about an adult mathematician, but were more likely to draw a girl when told of a child mathematician. The social and educational implications of these findings are discussed.
The Effects of Reality Therapy Classroom Meetings on Self‐Concept and Locus of Control among Learning Disabled Children

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Reality Therapy‐based classroom meetings on the self‐concept and perception of locus of control orientation of learning disabled children. Sixty (60) learning disabled (LD) children from four classrooms were randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions. Experimental group teachers were trained by a certified Reality Therapist in the concepts of Reality Therapy and how to conduct the classroom meetings. Meetings were held twice weekly for 11 consecutive weeks, each session lasting approximately 30‐45 minutes. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) yielded no significant differences on the pre‐test self‐concept and locus of control measures. MANOVA on post‐test measures revealed significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Post Hoc univariate F and discriminant analysis indicated several measures of self‐concept to be valid discriminators. The locus of control measure, on the other hand, did not prove ...
Privacy Policies Considerations in Socio-Technical Systems

The idea of a socio-technical system (STS) is an intellectual tool to help recognize patterns in the way technology is used and produced. Identification of these patterns will help in analyzing the ethical issues associated with the technology-and-its-social-system [1]. By way of example, consider a relatively simple technology: a set of twenty laptops connected by a local area network. The social and ethical issues associated with these networked devices will change dramatically depending upon the socio-technical system in which they are embedded. Few technologies have ever had the capability of gathering information (with or without the user’s knowledge) as effectively as the World Wide Web. Internet has the greatest potential of targeting precise marketing demographics. Internet is also capable of disseminating information widely and quickly. This paper will study the role of privacy policies in web based socio-technical systems. This paper will research the role played by privacy policies in web user adaptation in the context of web based sociotechnical systems.
Stem cells that know their place

Human neural stem cells could be used to treat many diseases, but a major problem with this approach is that these cells give rise to few neurons in the brain. Now a new priming method increases production of neurons after implantation, including the elusive cholinergic neurons.
Left ventricular stroke volume quantification by contrast echocardiography - comparison of linear and flow-based methods to cardiac magnetic resonance.

Background Echocardiography (echo)-quantified LV stroke volume (SV) is widely used to assess systolic performance after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study compared 2 common echo approaches – predicated on flow (Doppler) and linear chamber dimensions (Teichholz) – to volumetric SV and global infarct parameters quantified by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Methods Multimodality imaging was performed as part of a post-AMI registry. For echo, SV was measured by Doppler and Teichholz methods. Cine-CMR was used for volumetric SV and LVEF quantification, and delayed-enhancement (DE) CMR for infarct size. Results Overall, 142 patients underwent same day echo and CMR. On echo, mean SV by Teichholz (78 ± 17 mL) was slightly higher than Doppler (75 ± 16 mL; Δ = 3 ± 13 mL; P = 0.02). Compared to SV on CMR (78 ± 18 mL), mean difference by Teichholz (Δ = −0.2 ± 14; P = 0.89) was slightly smaller than Doppler (Δ = −3 ± 14; P = 0.02), but limits of agreement were similar between CMR and echo methods (Teichholz: −28, 27 mL, Doppler: −31, 24 mL). For Teichholz, differences with CMR SV were greatest among patients with anteroseptal or lateral wall hypokinesis (P < 0.05). For Doppler, differences were associated with aortic valve abnormalities or root dilation (P = 0.01). SV by both echo methods decreased stepwise in relation to global LV injury as assessed by CMR-quantified LVEF and infarct size (P < 0.01). Conclusions Teichholz and Doppler calculated SV yield similar magnitude of agreement with CMR. Teichholz differences with CMR increase with septal or lateral wall contractile dysfunction, whereas Doppler yields increased offsets in patients with aortic remodeling.
Self-Assembled Nanotubes that Reversibly Bind Acetic Acid Guests

A large bis-urea macrocycle was synthesized and assembled into columnar nanotubes containing a sizable cavity. This purely organic nanotube is held together primarily by hydrogen bonding and yet shows remarkable thermal stability up to 180 °C in the presence and absence of acetic acid guest. This enables the nanotube to be used as reusable organic zeolite.
STABILITY OF THE RELATIVISTIC MAXWELLIAN IN A COLLISIONAL PLASMA

The relativistic Landau-Maxwell system is the most fundamental and complete model for describing the dynamics of a dilute collisional plasma in which particles interact through Coulombic collisions and through their self-consistent electromagnetic field. We construct the first global in time classical solutions. Our solutions are constructed in a periodic box and near the relativistic Maxwellian, the Juttner solution.
Gas phase photoacoustic spectroscopy in the long-wave IR using quartz tuning forks and amplitude modulated quantum cascade lasers

We demonstrate the performance of a novel long-wave infrared photoacoustic laser absorbance spectrometer for gas-phase species using an amplitude modulated (AM) quantum cascade (QC) laser and a quartz tuning fork microphone. Photoacoustic signal was generated by focusing the output of a Fabry-Perot QC laser operating at 8.41 μm between the legs of a quartz tuning fork which served as a transducer for the transient acoustic pressure wave. The QC laser was modulated at the resonant frequency of the tuning fork (32.8 kHz). This sensor was calibrated using the infrared absorber Freon-134a by performing a simultaneous absorption measurement using a 35 cm absorption cell. The NEAS of this instrument was determined to be (see equation in manuscript), and the fundamental sensitivity of this technique is limited by the noise floor of the tuning fork itself.
Abstract 5262: Disruption of alternative and classical NF-kappaB signaling patterns: Connections to branching morphogenesis and mammary tumorigenesis

NF-kappaB transcription factors including p65 (RelA), RelB, p105/p50, and p100/p52 play roles in mammary development and tumorigenesis. While most studies have focused on classical NF-kappaB signaling (p65/p50), alternative NF-kappaB signaling is elevated in human primary breast tumors and in human breast cancer cell lines. In addition, we have reported that overexpression of p100 within the mouse mammary epithelium during pregnancy and lactation led to ductal thickening and hyperplastic foci. To determine the contribution of alternative NF-kappaB signaling to mammary development and tumorigenesis, we have developed murine transgenic models that enable us to inducibly express activators or inhibitors of classical or alternative NF-kappaB signaling in the mammary epithelium by adding doxycycline to the drinking water of mice. Modulation of both the classical and alternative pathways will enable us to determine the roles that each arm plays independently or synergistically. Using immunoflourescent staining we have identified distinct patterns of expression of the alternative and classical pathways in mammary epithelium, a previously undescribed phenomenon. Classical p65 signaling was found within the luminal cell population and p100/p52 signaling was observed almost exclusively within the basal cell layer. Upon induction of constitutively activated IKK2 or a dominant negative IKBalpha, two regulators of the classical NF-κB pathway, alterations in branching morphogenesis were observed within the developing virgin gland. These branching phenotypes were associated with a break down in the previously observed classical/alternative signaling pattern, as luminal cells were now expressing low levels of p100/p52. Furthermore, this patterning is disrupted during the development of polyoma middle T oncogene induced tumors in which we also observe alternative signaling no longer confined to the basal layer. Ongoing experiments with our newest transgenic model are designed to determine the effects of inducing alternative signaling, through overexpression of p52, within the mammary epithelium. Our models may reveal novel roles for the alternative NF-kappaB pathway in maintaining the basal/luminal structure of mammary epithelial ducts and connect aberrant p100/p52 signaling to tumor progression, potentially identifying a novel therapeutic target. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5262. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5262
Association of adrenocorticotropic hormone activity with small secretory granules from rat anterior pituitary glands.

Secretory granules were isolated from homogenates of rat anterior pituitary glands by differential centrifugation, nitration of the supernatant on Millipore filters and separation of the particulates by centrifuging the filtrate on a discontinuous density gradient. The granules from the basophils were recovered from the gradient in the form of a pellet and were shown to have maximum diameters of 140 and 200 m/u. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and the gonadotropins were associated, respectively, with these 2 populations of granules. Results with respect to adrenocorticotropic hormone now indicate that it is also associated with secretory granules in this pellet. (Endocrinology 78: 406, 1966) npHERE HAS been much controversy and M. speculation as to the pituitary cell type which produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Acidophils, basophils and Received August 23, 1965. This work was supported by Research Grant G9895 from the National Science Foundation. 1 Present address: Enzyme Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. chromophobes have been supported at one time or another for this role. The current status of this problem is indicated by the work of Farquhar (1), Siperstein (2, 3) and Herlant (4). On the basis of electron microscope studies of rat pituitary glands, Farquhar (1) suggested that angular cells, designated as follicular cells, which surround a colloid-containing cavity are the likely sites of ACTH syn-
Human microvascular dysfunction and apoptotic injury induced by AL amyloidosis light chain proteins

Light chain amyloidosis (AL) involves overproduction of amyloidogenic light chain proteins (LC) leading to heart failure, yet the mechanisms underlying tissue toxicity remain unknown. We hypothesiz...
Understanding the Fundamentals of Perfluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbon Emulsions Relevant to In Vivo Oxygen Delivery

The unique behavior of perfluorocarbons (PFCs), including their high oxygen dissolving capacity, hydrophobic and lipophobic character, and extreme inertness, derive directly, in a predictable manner, from the electronic structure and spatial requirements of the fluorine atom. Their low water solubility is key to the prolonged in vivo persistence of the now commercially available injectable microbubbles that serve as contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound imaging. Oxygent, a stable, small-sized emulsion of a slightly lipophilic, rapidly excreted PFC, perfluorooctyl bromide (perflubron), has been engineered. Significant oxygen delivery has been established in animal models and through Phase II and III human clinical trials. However, an inappropriate testing protocol and the lack of funding led to temporary suspension of the trials.
Neptunium(V) hydrolysis and carbonate complexation: Experimental and predicted neptunyl solubility in concentrated NaCl using the Pitzer approach

Abstract The solid-liquid equilibrium of Np (V) has been studied in NaCl at 25°C and 0.01 atm CO2. The equilibrium solids were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, and the Np (V) solution species were characterized using NIR absorption spectroscopy. The solid phases NaNPO2CO3 · nH2O at [CO3] 10−3 M were found as solubility-limiting solid equilibrium phases. Pure Np (V) carbonato complexes were formed in solution; hydroxo, bicarbonato, or mixed hydroxocarbonato Np (V) complexes were determined not to be significant. The comparison of Np (V) solubility data in NaCl and NaClO4 solutions indicated a stabilization of Np (V) in solution due to the interaction with chloride ions. Absorption spectra of NpO2+ and NpO2CO3 in 5 M NaCl were shifted slightly towards higher wavelengths, also suggesting an interaction with chloride ions. The Pitzer approach was applied to parameterize experimental data and to predict Np (V) solubility in brine solutions. The activity of water changes with electrolyte concentration; thus incorporation of the reported molecules of hydration water in NaNPO2CO3 · nH2O (n = 3.5) to determine the chemical potential of this solid improved the agreement between predicted solubility and experimental data. NaNPO2CO3 · nH2O and NaAmO2CO3 · nH2O showed the same solubility in 3 and 5 M NaCl.
Injury among detoxification patients: alcohol users' greater risk.

Background: Little information exists about serious injury in alcohol or drug abusers who seek detoxification. This study examined injury prevalence, and the impact of alcohol use on injury, among alcohol- and drug-dependent persons. Method: We enrolled patients at a detoxification unit into a prospective cohort study and performed follow-up interviews to determine the prevalence of injury. Baseline and follow-up (6, 12, 18, and 24 month) data were examined separately by using multivariate logistic regression to determine factors associated with self-reported episodes of serious injury. The main independent variable was self-reported first and second substances of choice at admission: alcohol only, drug only, or both. Results: Overall, 24% of the 470 subjects reported at least one instance of serious injury over the 6-month period before detoxification. Similarly, approximately 20% of subjects had serious injury during each 6-month follow-up period. Injury in the past 6 months was highest among the 63% of subjects who reported alcohol as a drug of choice (28–29% vs. 16% for drug only), even after we controlled for potential confounders. Analysis of 2-year follow-up data revealed a similar association, after we controlled for baseline injury and alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Injury is a serious problem for a substantial proportion of patients who undergo detoxification, particularly those with alcohol dependence. This marked risk for serious injury persisted for 24 months after detoxification. Patients at detoxification, particularly those with alcohol problems, represent a high-risk population for injury that may benefit from interventions to reduce these preventable complications.
Optical trapping of nanoshells near resonance

We examine the enhancement of optical trapping forces due to plasmon resonances of nanoshells. Nanoshells are nanoscale particles with a dielectric core and metallic coating that exhibit tunable plasmon resonances. Theory predicts that the optical trapping force may be three to fifty times larger for trapping-laser wavelengths near resonance than for wavelengths far from resonance [1]. The resonance absorption of nanoshells can be tuned by adjusting the ratio of the radius of the dielectric core, r 1 , to the total radius, r 2 [2]. Using back focal plane detection, we measure the trap stiffness of optical tweezers, from lasers at 973 nm and 1064 nm, for single trapped nanoshells with several different r 1 /r 2 ratios. Enhanced trapping strengths are not found through these measurements done with single wavelength optical traps. A tunable-wavelength laser trap will enable more conclusive results.
Jet shape and fragmentation function measurements with CMS

Abstract We present measurements of the jet fragmentation functions and transverse momentum profiles (shapes) in PbPb collisions at s NN = 2.76 TeV per nucleon-pair center-of-mass energy with the CMS detector. Jets are reconstructed by the anti- k T sequential clustering algorithm with a resolution parameter of 0.3, using particle-flow objects that combine tracking and calorimetric information. In this proceedings the jet properties of inclusive jets with transverse momentum p T > 100 GeV / c in PbPb collisions are measured for reconstructed charged particles with p T > 1 GeV / c in a cone of radius Δ ϕ 2 + Δ η 2 = 0.3 around the jet axis. A data sample of PbPb collisions collected in 2011 at a center-of-mass energy of s NN = 2.76 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 150 μb−1 is used. The results for PbPb collisions as a function of collision centrality are compared to reference distributions based on the full 2013 pp statistics collected at the same collision energy. Centrality-dependent modifications of the fragmentation functions and shapes are revealed.