cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplicity, Truth, and Probability

Publisher Summary Scientific theories command belief or, at least, confidence in their ability to predict what will happen in remote or novel circumstances. An example of Ockham's razor in action concerns the search for empirical laws. Ockham's razor has a good excuse for failing to reliably indicate true theories, since theory choice requires inductive inference and no inductive inference method can be a truth-indicator: each finite set of data points drawn with bounded precision from a linear law is also compatible with a sufficiently flat parabola, so no possible data-driven process could reliably indicate, in the short run, whether the truth is linear or quadratic. The puzzle posed by Ockham's razor is to explain how a fixed bias toward simplicity is conducive to finding true theories. The crux of the puzzle is to specify a concept of truth-conduciveness according to which Ockham's razor is more truth-conducive than competing strategies. The extension of the Ockham efficiency theorem to random methods and expected retraction times suggests a further extension to probabilistic theories and evidence.
Ultralow Power Processor Design with 3D IC Operating at Sub/Near-Threshold Voltages

The requirement for ultra low power and energy efficient systems is becoming more and more important with increase in the use of miniaturized portable devices and unsupervised remote sensor systems. Three-dimensional integration is an emerging technology which helps in reducing footprint as well as power. In this work, we carry out a detailed study of the combined benefits of 3D ICs and low-voltage supply designs to obtain maximum energy efficiency. We implement different types of circuits in conventional 2D and TSV-based 3D designs at different supply voltages varying from nominal to subthreshold voltages. The impact of 3D integration on these different types of circuits is analyzed. Our study is based on power and energy comparison of full GDSII layouts. Our study confirms that sub/near-threshold circuits indeed offer a few orders of magnitude power versus performance trade-off with further improvement due to 3D implementation. In addition, 3D designs reduce the footprint area up to 78 % and wire length up to 33 % compared with the 2D counterpart. Our studies also show that thermal and IR-drop issues are negligible in subthreshold 3D implementation due to its extreme low power operation. Lastly, we demonstrate the low-power and high-memory bandwidth advantages of many-core 3D subthreshold circuits.
Low power encoding for coupled on-chip buses

This paper proposes a low-power encoding scheme for on-chip buses. The encoding scheme is based on the relative switching between bus lines rather than the self-switching of individual lines, as the coupling capacitor dominates the total capacitance in current DSM technologies. The proposed low-power coupling-based encoding technique, CBBI, provides a reduction in power dissipation of more than 27%. A common misconception of calculating the relative switching activity coefficients is also pointed out and corrected.
High-constancy offset generator robust to CDAC nonlinearity for SEIR-based ADC BIST

The Stimulus Error Identification and Removal method (SEIR) is a practical ADC Built-in self-test (BIST) solution for production test which greatly reduces the linearity requirement of the stimulus. Instead of requiring an extremely linear ramp signal in the standard histogram test, it requires two identical nonlinear ramp signals with a small, but constant offset between them. This paper presents a low cost approach to inject a high-constancy offset voltage to stimulus for BIST of SAR ADC. It utilizes a simple current source and switch on-resistance to generate the offset voltage. Compared to previous methods for offset generators, the method is robust to CDAC (capacitor DAC in SAR ADC) nonlinearity due to capacitor voltage-dependent coefficient. The proposed BIST scheme is validated through INL test of a 16-bit SAR ADC. Transistor level simulation results show that the constancy of the input offset voltage is less than 1 ppm and the estimation error on the maximum INL is less than 0.35 LSB.
On Fixed Convex Combinations of No-Regret Learners

No-regret algorithms for online convex optimization are potent online learning tools and have been demonstrated to be successful in a wide-ranging number of applications. Considering affine and external regret, we investigate what happens when a set of no-regret learners (voters ) merge their respective decisions in each learning iteration to a single, common one in form of a convex combination. We show that an agent (or algorithm) that executes this merged decision in each iteration of the online learning process and each time feeds back a copy of its own reward function to the voters, incurs sublinear regret itself. As a by-product, we obtain a simple method that allows us to construct new no-regret algorithms out of known ones.
Leaving It at the Office: A Guide to Psychotherapist Self-Care, by John C. Norcross and James D. Guy, Jr.

This self-care book is a delightfully down-to-earth, honest, inspirational, and aspirational guide for psychotherapists' well-being in their professional and personal lives. The authors begin by ac...
Effect of increased pressure on ventricular growth in stage 21 chick embryos

We studied the effect of increased ventricular pressure on heart growth in the stage 21 (3.5-day) chick embryo. Ventricular pressure was increased by constricting the conotruncus with a loop of 10-...
A Heart Set on Living

Quality of life is a highly subjective element on which to base health care decision making. This narrative reflection after the death of a family member uses poetry as a prompt to explore themes related to quality of life-including symptom burden, interpersonal relationships in the face of illness, and the will to live. Through penetrating inquiry and reflection, physicians and other care providers can gain insight into the underlying motivations, loyalties, and abilities that lend meaning to patients' lives and shape attitudes toward death and dying. By better recognizing and appreciating these factors, clinicians can develop patient-centered quality-of-life constructs that empower them to honor patient goals and preferences at the end of life. Physicians are encouraged to explore poetry and other artistic media to help foster the reflective capacity required to deeply understand and faithfully serve patients in this regard.
Workfare and Human Capital Investment: Evidence from India

We examine the effect of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), one of the largest workfare programs in the world, on human capital investment. Since NREGS increases labor demand, it could increase the opportunity cost of schooling, lowering human capital investment even as incomes increase. We exploit the staged rollout of the program across districts for causal identification. Using a household survey of test scores and schooling outcomes for approximately 2.5 million rural children in India, we show that each year of exposure to NREGS decreases school enrollment by 2 percentage points and math scores by 2% of a standard deviation amongst children aged 13-16. In addition, while the impacts of NREGS on human capital are similar for boys and girls, adolescent boys are primarily substituting into market work when they leave school while adolescent girls are substituting into unpaid domestic work. We find mixed results for younger children. We conclude that anti-poverty programs which raise wages could have the unintended effect of lowering human capital investment.
Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty: primary repair of a rectovaginal fistula in an adult: report of a case.

PURPOSE: A case of an adult patient with the anorectal malformation of a rectovestibular fistula successfully repaired by performing a posterior sagittal anorectoplasty is reported. This case should increase the awareness of both primary and secondary anorectal malformations in the adult patient. METHODS: Management and outcome of an adult patient who presented with a rectovaginal fistula and underwent primary operative correction of her anorectal malformation using posterior sagittal anorectoplasty is reviewed. RESULTS: Total continence was achieved in an adult patient undergoing primary repair of a rectovaginal fistula using posterior sagittal anorectoplasty. CONCLUSION: Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty can be successfully performed in the adult patient for a primary repair of anorectal malformations. This operation should be considered in patients who have undergone another prior operative procedure with less than optimum function and now desire a secondary corrective procedure.
Limitations of heterogeneous models of liquid dynamics: Very slow rate exchange in the excess wing

For several molecular glass formers, the nonlinear dielectric effects (NDE’s) are investigated for the so-called excess wing regime, i.e., for the relatively high frequencies between 102 and 107 times the peak loss frequency. It is found that significant nonlinear behavior persists across the entire frequency window of this study, and that its magnitude traces the temperature dependence of the activation energy. A time resolved measurement of the dielectric loss at fields up to 480 kV/cm across tens of thousands of periods reveals that it takes an unexpectedly long time for the steady state NDE to develop. For various materials and at different temperatures and frequencies, it is found that the average structural relaxation with time scale τα governs the equilibration of these fast modes that are associated with time constants τ which are up to 107 times shorter than τα. It is argued that true indicators of structural relaxation (such as rate exchange and aging) of these fast modes are slaved to macroscop...
Polymer models of interphase chromosomes.

Clear organizational patterns on the genome have emerged from the statistics of population studies of fixed cells. However, how these results translate into the dynamics of individual living cells remains unexplored. We use statistical mechanics models derived from polymer physics to inquire into the effects that chromosome properties and dynamics have in the temporal and spatial behavior of the genome. Overall, changes in the properties of individual chains affect the behavior of all other chains in the domain. We explore two modifications of chain behavior: single chain motion and chain-chain interactions. We show that there is not a direct relation between these effects, as increase in motion, doesn’t necessarily translate into an increase on chain interaction.
Velocity effects on pollutant diagnostics with tunable lasers for doppler-broadened lines

Abstract The effect of velocity distortions in high-speed gas flows must be allowed for in diagnostic studies using tunable lasers. We present the results of theoretical studies on the distortion of a Doppler-line profile produced by directed motion in a conical source flow. This type of flow is conviniently defined by the ratio of axial velocity at the observation station to the critical velocity and by the axial temperature. In addition, we present results for an idealized flow with constant flow velocity and temperature in the observation plane. Deviations from the Gaussian Doppler contour increase, under otherwise constant conditions, with increasing source-flow divergence angle, decreasing temperature, and increasing flow speed. Even under moderate condition (e.g. maximum semi-divergence angle of 30°, axis temperature Tl = 300 K, and axial flow speed divided by the speed of light = ql/c = 1 × 10-5), the Gaussian profile is grossly distorted because of occurrence of velocity components towards and away from the observer. Our results suggest that it will be very difficult to determine gas compositions from high-resolution spectroscopic observations (e.g. laser-absorption measurements) unless the velocity field is determined independently. Sensitivity losses in line-center and derivative spectroscopy may be estimated from our data for representative flow conditions.
Formation of >C=O bonds in the radiation-induced oxidation of protein in aqueous systems.

A SERIES of observations recently made indicate that formation of the >C=O bond is a principal chemical effect of the attack of hydroxyl radicals on protein in oxygenated solution. Irradiations were made in a neutron flux produced by bombardment of beryllium with 24-MeV. deuterons in the Crocker Laboratory 60-in. cyclotron. Solutions were exposed under one atmosphere of oxygen in sealed ‘Pyrex’ cells mounted in a motor-driven reel situated 15 cm. from the beryllium target. One of the cells in each exposure contained a formic acid–oxygen dosimeter1. (We employed the formic acid–oxygen dosimeter to obtain an estimate of the relative number of water molecules decomposed via (1) H2O = H + OH and (2) H2O = ½H2 + ½H2O2. Absolute yield values could then be calculated in terms of G(molecules/100 eV.), since in dilute solutions at pH values above 2.5, the sum G(1) + G(2) = G(H2O) is to a first approximation independent of the quality of the absorbed radiation1. With our standard geometry for neutron exposures, we obtained G(1) = 2.68, G(2) = 0.97 on the basis of G(H2O) = 3.652.)
Selective Coronary Arteriography in Young Men A Follow-Up of 449 Patients

The prognosis for 449 young men with normal, mildly abnormal, and obstructive arteriograms with and without internal mammary artery implants was studied. Prognosis for patients with normal arteriograms was good in regard to incidence of infarction and mortality. In 30 patients with mildly abnormal arteriograms there appeared to be a relatively higher incidence of myocardial infarction, although the total number of patients in this category was small. In 116 young men with obstructive coronary disease the 5-year survival rate was 66.8%. The 5-year mortality in patients with single vessel involvement was 8.8% and in those with multiple vessel disease mortality was 37%. The mortality was 6.8% each year among survivors in this group of patients with both single and multiple vessel disease. The prognosis was worse when there was multiple vessel involvement, when there was generalized decrease in contractility shown by the left ventriculogram, or when the electrocardiogram showed evidence of myocardial infarction. The influence of internal mammary artery implantation could not be accurately assessed because of the small number of cases and the substantial number of patients who did not have postoperative internal mammary arteriography.
A study of induced metamorphosis in the axolotl

Metamorphic changes occurred in dark and white Mexican axolotls injected with 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) or DL-thyroxine (T4), when exposed at the following ages (in days) after spawning: 3–8, 45, 62, 117, 521–541, 541-571, at 20°C. The dosage of the hormone administered as a single injection varied from 10 μg to 100 μg. Optimum conditions in group 1 proved to be 10 μg T3 injected into the perivitelline space of six-day-old embryos which were subsequently released from the jelly to fresh water nine days later at 15 days of age. After two days in fresh water tissue changes were observed in this order: gills — ventral, middle, dorsal; tailtip; skin; upper eyelid. T3-treated animals had a shorter latent period than T4 groups. There was heavy mortality in younger animals. Surviving axolotls completed metamorphosis within 25 to 35 days. Embryonic tissues, therefore, are capable of taking up the hormone and responding after the treatment is terminated, raising doubts as to the obligatory persistence of the hormone. The implications of these observations with regard to the effect of hormone at the molecular level are discussed.
Evaluation of CF4 plasma chemistry by power modulation

The dominant chemical reaction kinetics occurring in the plasma environment are studied by small periodic power modulation and analyzed using transfer functions. A CF4/Ar rf plasma at 500 mTorr was chosen to validate this experimental methodology because the kinetics of the CF, system have been well studied previously.(1) The experimental results demonstrated that the modulation technique can determine dominant reactions in the plasma. The experimental results also confirmed the importance of surface recombination reactions and provided quantitative total sticking coefficients for F, CF2 and CF: γF=0.02, γCF2=0.05, and γCF≥0.20. The results also indicated that an activated intermediate may be a precursor to the formation of both CF2 and CF from CF4. Energetic considerations and excited-.state lifetime calculations suggest that this activated intermediate may be an internally excited CF3* radical.
Nitric Oxide Depletion during Acute Hypoxia Causes Leukocyte Adherence to the Rat Mesenteric Venule

Nitric Oxide Depletion during Acute Hypoxia Causes Leukocyte Adherence to the Rat Mesenteric Venule
Deep representations for software engineering

Deep learning subsumes algorithms that automatically learn compositional representations. The ability of these models to generalize well has ushered in tremendous advances in many fields. We propose that software engineering (SE) research is a unique opportunity to use these transformative approaches. Our research examines applications of deep architectures such as recurrent neural networks and stacked restricted Boltzmann machines to SE tasks.
Proteome variation among Filifactor alocis strains

Filifactor alocis, a Gram-positive anaerobic rod, is now considered one of the marker organisms associated with periodontal disease. Although there was heterogeneity in its virulence potential, this bacterium was shown to have virulence properties that may enhance its ability to survive and persist in the periodontal pocket. To gain further insight into a possible mechanism(s) of pathogenesis, the proteome of F. alocis strains was evaluated. Proteins including several proteases, neutrophil-activating protein A and calcium-binding acid repeat protein, were identified in F. alocis. During the invasion of HeLa cells, there was increased expression of several of the genes encoding these proteins in the potentially more virulent F. alocis D-62D compared to F. alocis ATCC 35896, the type strain. A comparative protein in silico analysis of the proteome revealed more cell wall anchoring proteins in the F. alocis D-62D compared to F. alocis ATCC 35896. Their expression was enhanced by coinfection with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Taken together, the variation in the pathogenic potential of the F. alocis strains may be related to the differential expression of several putative virulence factors.
Aulonemia fulgor (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species from Mexico

Aulonemia fulgor shares with most species of this primarily South American genus a paniculate inflorescence, unbranched spikelets (i.e., not pseudospikelets), and weak or scandent culms that bear a single branch at the node. It is unusual in its amphipodial rhizomes and distinctive leaf anatomy in which, unlike most bamboos, the more complex epidermis is the adaxial.
Characterization of a Plant, Tyrosine-Specific Phosphatase of the Aspartyl Class†

The Arabidopsis thaliana homologue of the Eyes Absent genes (AtEYA) encodes a protein corresponding to the C-terminal conserved domain of the animal Eyes Absent proteins. We show here that AtEYA is a tyrosine-specific phosphatase that hydrolyzes its substrates in a metal-dependent reaction analogous to the phosphoserine phosphatases of the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) family. The animal Eyes Absent proteins are a novel family of dual-function enzymes: they are transcription factors as well as phosphatases. They also represent a new mechanistic class of tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that do not have the Cys-containing signature motif. In contrast, AtEYA is only a tyrosine phosphatase and has no transactivation domain. Using the reaction mechanism of other HAD family enzymes as a model, we have conducted mutational analyses on AtEYA to query the roles of conserved residues. This analysis confirms the importance of the putative nucleophile, the general acid, and the metal-binding residues. Additionally, an inhibitory profile that is diagnostic of this new class of protein tyrosine phosphatases is described. The results of these studies on AtEYA reveal that while the animal and plant Eyes Absent proteins catalyze the same dephosphorylation reaction, the details of their specificity and active site environment, as well as their biological roles, are distinct.
siRNA-Mediated Knockdown of the NR1 Subunit Gene of the NMDA Receptor Attenuates Formalin-Induced Pain Behaviors in Adult Rats

Abstract NMDA receptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) mediate some inflammatory pain behaviors. Here, we used rAAV vectors expressing an active small interfering RNA (siRNA) (vector 6) targeting the essential NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor or a mismatch siRNA (vector MM-6) sequence to determine the consequences of RNAi-mediated knockdown of NR1 expression on NMDA receptor levels and formalin-induced pain behaviors in adult rats. Three weeks after intraparenchymal administration of the vector 6 into the right lumbar SCDH, NR1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced ( P P Perspective This study reveals that a single administration of an siRNA-expressing viral vector produces significant knockdown of the NR1 gene in the SCDH of adult rats. This preclinical study demonstrates the use of RNAi to target the expression of genes mediating pain and the therapeutic potential of this approach.
Proliferation Signal Inhibitors Reduce Severity of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy after Heart Transplantation

Purpose The multicenter randomized trials of everolimus have demonstrated a significant reduction in 1st year maximal intimal thickness. It has been demonstrated from a validation study that 1st year intimal thickness >0.5 mm results in more angiographic abnormalities at 5 years after transplant. We sought to verify this finding by following our patients on everolimus at the time of heart transplant for 5 years and comparing them to age-match-sex controls. Methods and Materials Between 1994 and 2010, we evaluated 800 heart transplant patients and divided them into initial immunosuppression groups which included: Cyclosporine (CYA)/Mycophenolate (MMF), tacrolimus (TAC)/MMF and CYA/everolimus (EVR). Patients were followed for 5 years after heart transplantation for survival, freedom from cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV: any angiographic stenosis ≥30%) (including grades of CAV), freedom from non-fatal major adverse cardiac events (NF-MACE: MI, stroke, new-onset CHF, percutaneous cardiac intervention, need for defibrillator/pacemaker), and 1-year freedom from rejection. Results There was no significant difference in 5 year survival and freedom from CAV or NF-MACE among the 3 groups. However, review of CAV severity found no ISHLT grade 2-3 CAV in the CSA/EVR group compared to the CYA/MMF and TAC/MMF groups (0% vs 38% vs 31%) but numbers are small. Conclusions Patients treated with proliferation signal inhibitors at the time of heart transplantation appear to develop less severe CAV compared to patients not on proliferation signal inhibitors. A larger study is warranted to confirm these findings. Outcomes CYA/MMF (N=243) TAC/MMF (N=528) CYA/EVR (N=29) Log-Rank p-value 1-Year Freedom from Any-Treated Rejection 90% 87% 83% 0.417 5-Year Actuarial Survival 77% 83% 76% 0.106 5-Year Freedom from NF-MACE 84% 85% 83% 0.913 5-Year Freedom from CAV 83% 85% 93% 0.318 Total with CAV, n 42 79 2 CAV1, n (%) 26 (62%) 54 (69%) 2 (100%) CAV2, n (%) 8 (19%) 13 (16%) 0 (0%) CAV3, n (%) 8 (19%) 12 (15%) 0 (0%)
Organic material from scleractinian coral skeletons—I. Variation in composition between several species☆

Abstract 1. 1. Freshly collected corals were cleaned with sodium hydroxide and the skeleton decalcified with acid. The organic material released was precipitated with ether. 2. 2. Hydrolyzates of the precipitated material were analyzed for amino acids and glucosamine. 3. 3. Although all species contained a variety of amino acids, the occurrence of glucosamine was variable suggesting that all corals have proteinaceous organic material in their skeletons, but only a few contain chitin.
The precedence effect: Revisited

In 1949 Wallach, Newman, and Rosenszweig [Am. J. Psychol. 62, 315–326 (1949)] showed that the first of two binaural transients arriving at the ears was dominant in determining midline lateralization. This result has often been quoted as a demonstration of the precedence effect when transients are presented through headphones. We attempted to replicate these experiments in order to determine if: (1) under the original conditions the pair of binaural transients were in fact at midline, (2) this precedence effect exists for stimuli lateralized off‐midline, and (3) this precedence effect could be obtained in a masking‐level difference (MLD) paradigm. The binaural pairs of 60‐μs transients were presented with I ms separation between the binaural pairs. In a variety of procedures the interaural temporal difference for the first binaural pair of transients was obtained which would yield midline lateralization as a function of the interaural temporal differences for the second binarual pair of transients. In general, these results, with some exceptions, support the conclusions of the original Wallach, Newman, and Rosenszweig study. A similar precedence effect was obtained when the fused images were off‐midline and with the MLD procedure. Although the results generally support the rule that the first binaural transient is most important in determining lateralization, some exceptions will be discussed. [Work supported by grants from the National Science Foundation.]
Constant-isomer benzenoid series and their topological characteristics

New constant-isomer series are presented. Two classes of constant-isomer series based on the topological correspondence of their member benzenoids are identified. The isomer numbers for the constant-isomer series alternate between singlet and doublet occurrence. Constant-isomer series with the same isomer number possess a pairwise one-to-one topological correspondence between their benzenoid membership. A correspondence also exists between threefold monoradical and diradical benzenoids belonging to these constant-isomer series. These topological relationships represent a new paradigm that we ascribe as an edge effect of our periodic table for benzenoids.
Interaction of radiation and free convection on a heated vertical plate - Experiment and analysis

An experimental and analytical study has been conducted in order to explore the interaction between laminar free convective and radiative transport from an isolated vertical plate with isoflux heating. The analysis focuses on buoyancy-driven free convection from this vertical plate which is coupled to radiation through the thermal boundary condition. Model predictions are compared with both experimental results and the analysis conducted by Cess (1964), in order to illustrate those areas where the perturbation technique deviated from the present solution. 11 refs.
The effects of radiation on the absorption and luminescence of fiber optic waveguides and materials

Irradiation of fiber optic waveguides with X-rays, gamma-rays, electrons, or neutrons can cause luminescence and losses in optical transmission. These effects have been measured, using pulsed and continuous radiation sources, in bulk materials and in most commercially available fiber bundles. Some important effects of dopants and impurities such as Ge, Ti, Fe, Al, and OH on radiation-resistance have also been determined. Transient absorption and luminescence were measured from 10 ns to 0.1s after irradiation (10 to 106 rads and 109 to 1013 rads/sec), and the permanent absorption was measured from 24 to 72 hours after irradiation (103 to 109 rads). These results show that synthetic vitreous silica (undoped), some doped silicas, polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene can be used in radiation environments that are encountered in space and military applications. The utility of each of these fibers depends on the particular radiation environment, the length of waveguide, the wavelength of signal light, the time any system can be “off the air”, and constraints imposed by fiber cost. The data can be used to determine the response of actual fiber systems during and after irradiation.
Comparison of in situ uranium KD values with a laboratory determined surface complexation model

Reactive solute transport simulations in groundwater require a large number of parameters to describe hydrologic and chemical reaction processes. Appropriate methods for determining chemical reaction parameters required for reactive solute transport simulations are still under investigation. This work compares U(VI) distribution coefficients (i.e. KD values) measured under field conditions with KD values calculated from a surface complexation model developed in the laboratory. Field studies were conducted in an alluvial aquifer at a former U mill tailings site near the town of Naturita, CO, USA, by suspending approximately 10 g samples of Naturita aquifer background sediments (NABS) in 17-5.1-cm diameter wells for periods of 3 to 15 months. Adsorbed U(VI) on these samples was determined by extraction with a pH 9.45 NaHCO3/Na2CO3 solution. In wells where the chemical conditions in groundwater were nearly constant, adsorbed U concentrations for samples taken after 3 months of exposure to groundwater were indistinguishable from samples taken after 15 months. Measured in situ KD values calculated from the measurements of adsorbed and dissolved U(VI) ranged from 0.50 to 10.6 mL/g and the KD values decreased with increasing groundwater alkalinity, consistent with increased formation of soluble U(VI)-carbonate complexes at higher alkalinities. The in situ KD values were compared with KD values predicted from a surface complexation model (SCM) developed under laboratory conditions in a separate study. A good agreement between the predicted and measured in situ KD values was observed. The demonstration that the laboratory derived SCM can predict U(VI) adsorption in the field provides a critical independent test of a submodel used in a reactive transport model.
Pulsed photo acoustic evaluation of intersystem crossing quantum yields in fulvic acid

Abstract Time resolved photoacoustic spectroscopy in conjunction with magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy has been applied to determine energies and quantum yields for the formation of triplet states in aqueous solutions of a fulvic acid ranging in pH from 2.0 to 9.5. The triplet energy is estimated as 1.7 × 102 kJ mol−1 from MCD spectra. The intersystem crossing quantum yields are 0.82 to 0.35 for the pH range 2.0 to 9.5. With triplet yields known, the overall photophysics of the fulvic acid can be described.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE YOUNG STEM, NODE, AND LEAF OF BONNETIACEAE, INCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ON A FOLIAR ENDODERMIS

A comprehensive study of the nodal and leaf anatomy of Bonnetiaceae was completed in order to provide evidence for evaluation in relation to systematics. Nodal anatomy is trilacunar, three-trace or unilacunar, one-trace. Basic leaf anatomical features of the family include: complete or incomplete medullated vascular cylinder in petiole; paracytic mature stomata with encircling ridges; large mucilaginous cells in the adaxial surface of mesophyll; periclinal divisions in upper surface layers; and discrete patches of phloem within the vascular bundles. Especially noteworthy is the presence in some genera of foliar vascular bundles enveloped by a sheath composed of two concentric regions, i.e., an inner region consisting of multiple layers of fibers and an outer specialized endodermis composed of thin-walled cells with Casparian strips. Leaves are variable with respect to lamina and cuticle thickness, relative amount and number of palisade and spongy layers, venation of lamina, and the presence or absence of sclereids and crystals in the mesophyll. A major feature in the evolution of Bonnetiaceae is development of a highly divergent, essentially parallel, leaf venation that is superficially similar to that of some monocotyledons and apparently unique among dicotyledons. Foliar anatomy provides important characters for the recognition of subgroups within Bonnetiaceae and is consistent with the segregation of Bonnetiaceae from Theaceae.
Understanding the implications of the data from recent high-energy-density Kelvin-Helmholtz shear layer experiments

The first successful high energy density Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) shear layer experiments (O.A. Hurricane, et al., Phys. Plasmas, 16, 056305, 2009; E.C. Harding, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 103, 045005, 2009) demonstrated the ability to design and field a target that produces an array of large diagnosable KH vortices in a controlled fashion. Data from these experiments vividly showed the complete evolution of large distinct eddies, from formation to apparent turbulent break-up. Unexpectedly, low-density bubbles/cavities comparable to the vortex size (~ 300 – 400 μm) appeared to grow up in the free-stream flow above the unstable material interface. In this paper, the basic principles of the experiment will be discussed, the data reviewed, and the progress on understanding the origin of the above bubble structures through theory and simulation will be reported on. (IFSA 1.10.096)
Thermoregulation on the air–water interface—II: Foot conductance, activity metabolism and a two-dimensional heat transfer model

Abstract We used a quasi-adiabatic calorimeter and respirometry apparatus to measure heat loss from the feet of 3- to 4-d-old mallard ducklings ( Anas platyrhynchos ). We found that, at cool ( T e , rather than water temperature. We combined these results with those of an earlier study to develop a heat transfer model for swimming ducklings. This model includes separate thermal conductances to air (0.027 W/°C-animal), to water through the down (0.035[1+2.05×10 −7 T e 4 ]) W/°C-animal, and to water through the feet (2.01×10 −8 T e 4 W/°C-animal). The overall conductance by all three routes is only 21% greater when swimming compared to standing in air at the same operative temperature. Interestingly, ducklings can maintain body temperature >39 °C while swimming in 5 °C water, but not when restrained in a calorimeter with 5 °C water. Peak oxygen consumption is greater when swimming, and apparently exercise metabolism substitutes almost completely for thermoregulatory heat production.
Protein footprinting in a complex milieu: identifying the interaction surfaces of the chemotaxis adaptor protein CheW.

Abstract Characterizing protein–protein interactions in a biologically relevant context is important for understanding the mechanisms of signal transduction. Most signal transduction systems are membrane associated and consist of large multiprotein complexes that undergo rapid reorganization—circumstances that present challenges to traditional structure determination methods. To study protein–protein interactions in a biologically relevant complex milieu, we employed a protein footprinting strategy based on isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) reagents. ICAT reagents are valuable tools for proteomics. Here, we show their utility in an alternative application—they are ideal for protein footprinting in complex backgrounds because the affinity tag moiety allows for enrichment of alkylated species prior to analysis. We employed a water-soluble ICAT reagent to monitor cysteine accessibility and thereby to identify residues involved in two different protein–protein interactions in the Escherichia coli chemotaxis signaling system. The chemotaxis system is an archetypal transmembrane signaling pathway in which a complex protein superstructure underlies sophisticated sensory performance. The formation of this superstructure depends on the adaptor protein CheW, which mediates a functionally important bridging interaction between transmembrane receptors and histidine kinase. ICAT footprinting was used to map the surfaces of CheW that interact with the large multidomain histidine kinase CheA, as well as with the transmembrane chemoreceptor Tsr in native E. coli membranes. By leveraging the affinity tag, we successfully identified CheW surfaces responsible for CheA–Tsr interaction. The proximity of the CheA and Tsr binding sites on CheW suggests the formation of a composite CheW–Tsr surface for the recruitment of the signaling kinase to the chemoreceptor complex.
Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase prevents growth of prostate tumors in mice

Introduction: Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor mediated tyrosine kinase, is a principal effector regulating adhesion-mediated signals. FAK becomes activated upon integrin-mediated cell attachment and initiates multiple downstream signaling cascades that regulate motility, proliferation, and anchorage-independent growth. Inhibition of adhesion signals blocks these cellular functions and results in cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis. Several studies have shown increased FAK activity in many types of human cancers with the more aggressive tumors expressing larger quantities of activated FAK than less aggressive tumors. In some cells, the carboxy-terminal domain of FAK (called FRNK) is expressed as a separate gene product, and acts as a negative regulator of FAK activity. We hypothesized that unregulated activated FAK facilitates uninhibited tumor growth and that inhibition of these aberrant adhesion signals in prostate cancer cells could prevent tumor implantation and growth in an in vivo mouse model.
Classical error pairs and the Bayesian prior

We have attempted to show the way in which Bayesian and classical approaches are both similar and divergent. The vehicle for discussion, primarily, involved considerations of cost consequences, planning horizons and numbers of alternatives. In turn, these variables were related to the statistical problem continuum, with classical and Bayesian approaches at opposite ends of the scale. By relating problem variables to this continuum, the question of which approach is most appropriate in a particular situation can be more readily resolved.
Joint Analysis of Absorption, Magnetic Circular Dichroism, and Resonance Raman Spectra of CH3I Excited in the A Band

The broad structureless A band of CH3I has long been assigned to three overlapping transitions, although their relative strengths have been a subject of controversy. A new component analysis is mad...
Improved MINACE infrared detection filters

Detection is one of the most formidable problems in automatic target recognition, since it involves locating multiple classes of targets of interest with distortions present in cluttered scenes. Fast and efficient algorithms are needed for detection, since in detection we need to analyze every local region of large image scenes. Minimum noise and correlation energy (MINACE) filters are attractive distortion-invariant filters (DIFs); we consider MINACE filter use in detection, since they provide sharp correlation peak values for targets and overcome the effect of aspect view distortions in the input data. Most prior work on DIFs considered classification, not detection. MINACE filters seem to require fewer filters than do other DIFs, and they recognize objects with aspect views different by 15° from those present in the training set. They are also shift-invariant and require only a few filters to handle detection of multiple target classes. We test our improved MINACE filters to detect 8 classes of objects in an infrared (IR) database with a ±90° range of aspect views. Initial test results are excellent with only 3 filters needed and very low false alarm rates.
Trends in Antibiotic Use in Massachusetts Children, 2000–2009

OBJECTIVE: Antibiotic use rates have declined dramatically since the 1990s. We aimed to determine if, when, and at what level the decline in antibiotic-dispensing rates ended and which diagnoses contributed to the trends. METHODS: Antibiotic dispensings and diagnoses were obtained from 2 health insurers for 3- to <72-month-olds in 16 Massachusetts communities from 2000 to 2009. Population-based antibiotic-dispensing rates per person-year (p-y) were determined according to year (September–August) for 3 age groups. Fit statistics were used to identify the most likely year for a change in trend. Rates for the first and last years were compared according to antibiotic category and associated diagnosis. RESULTS: From 2000–2001 to 2008–2009, the antibiotic-dispensing rate for 3- to <24-month-olds decreased 24% (2.3–1.8 antibiotic dispensings per p-y); for 24- to <48-month-olds, it decreased 18% (1.6–1.3 antibiotic dispensings per p-y); and for 48- to <72-month-olds, it decreased 20% (1.4–1.1 antibiotic dispensings per p-y). For 3- to <48-month-olds, rates declined until 2004–2005 and remained stable thereafter; the downward trend for 48- to <72-month-olds ended earlier in 2001–2002. Among 3- to <24-month-olds, first-line penicillin use declined 26%. For otitis media, the dispensing rate decreased 14% and the diagnosis rate declined 9%, whereas the treatment fraction was stable at 63%. CONCLUSIONS: The downward trend in antibiotic dispensings to young children in these communities ended by 2004–2005. This trend was driven by a declining otitis media diagnosis rate. Continued monitoring of population-based dispensing rates will support efforts to avoid returning to previous levels of antibiotic overuse. * Abbreviations: AOM — : acute otitis media NAMCS — : National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey OM — : otitis media PCV7 — : heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine p-y — : person-year
Determination of ondansetron and its hydroxy metabolites in human serum using solid‐phase extraction and liquid chromatography/positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Ondansetron and its hydroxylated metabolites were determined in human serum using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography/positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Pyrimethamine was used as the internal standard. The analytes were eluted from the SPE cartridge using 2 X 1 ml of methanol containing 0.5% triethylamine, evaporated under vacuum and the residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase. The liquid chromatographic separation was achieved on a silica column using a mobile phase of aqueous 20 mM ammonium acetate (pH 4.7)-acetonitrile (85 : 15, v/v) at a flow-rate of 0.4 ml min -1 . The method was linear over the range 1-500 ng ml -1 for ondansetron and each of the metabolites in human serum. The intra-day accuracy was better than 9.1% and the precision was 90%.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Reproducible Research

The articles in this special issue provide independent solutions for practical reproducible research systems. The use of Matlab-based tools such as the famous Wavelab and Sparselab packages in promoting reproducible research in computational harmonic analysis has been presented. In particular, the authors point to the success of the reproducible research discipline in increasing the reliability of computational research and reflect on the effort necessary for implementing this discipline in a research group and overcoming possible objections to it. An article also describes a Python interface to the well-known Clawpack package for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations that appear in wave propagation problems. The author argues strongly in favor of reproducible computations and shows an example using a simplified Python interface to Fortran code. An article also represents the field of bioinformatics, which has been a stronghold of reproducible research. It describes the cacher package, which is built on top of the R computing environment. Cacher enables a modular approach to reproducible computations by storing results of intermediate computations in a database. The special issue ends with an article on the legal aspects of reproducible research, including copyright and licensing issues.
Effect of the Electric Field Generated by the Helix Dipole on Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Dichromophoric α-Helical Peptides

In this work, we have investigated the effect of the position of probe chromophores relative to the direction of the electric field generated by the helix on the rate of intramolecular electron transfer reactions. Helical oligopeptides 1 and 2 with pendant electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) chromophores differ only by the positional reversal of the donor-acceptor (DA) pair along the dipolar helix. Hence we anticipate that the alignment of the electric field in 1 against the direction of photoinduced electron transfer should induce a faster rate of electron transfer in 1 than in 2. Our observations suggest that the orientation of a donor-acceptor pair with respect to the molecular electric field generated by the helix dipole of a peptide affects the electron transfer rates in the expected manner. 21 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Asymptotic Fields in Steady Crack Growth with Linear Strain-Hardening,

Abstract The asymptotic stress and velocity fields of a crack propagating steadily and quasi-statically into an elastic-plastic material are presented. The material is characterized by J 2 -flow theory with linear strain- hardening. The possibility of reloading on the crack flanks is taken into account. The cases of anti-plane strain (mode III), plane strain (modes I and II), and plane stress (modes I and II) are considered. Numerical results are given for the strength of the singularity and for the distribution of the stress and velocity fields in the plastic loading, elastic unloading and plastic reloading regions, as functions of the strain-hardening parameter. An attempt is made to make a connection with the perfectly-plastic solutions in the limit of vanishing strain-hardening.
Plumatella nitens, a new species of freshwater bryozoan from North America (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata), previously misidentified

Plumatella nitens is a newly recognized species of phylactolaemate bryozoan in North America. It has previously been combined with either P. repens or P. fungosa, from which it differs primarily by the floatoblast. In P. nitens the ventral floatoblast annulus is uniformly narrow with no significant widening at the poles. The dorsal floatoblast fenestra is conspicuously larger than in either P. repens or P. fungosa. Reticulated ridges on the dorsal fenestra are weak along the margins, becoming unusually prominent in the center. The sessoblast is densely covered with uneven papillae. Spotty sampling so far shows a distribution only in the northern half of North America, including Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ontario, and the northern regions of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.
Why alcoholism is a disease.

“Hiyaaa, Irrrv”. It was John calling out to me as he entered the rear of the lecture room in Tolman Hall. I was about to start my talk on the orienting reflex to some 100 faculty and graduate students from the Psychology Department at UC Berkeley. Invited by Leo Postman, Director of the Center on Human Learning at Berkeley to give the address on my current research (Maltzman & Raskin, 1968). I looked forward to the intellectual challenge and the opportunity to visit with John. I hadn’t seen him for 10–12 years, since the last time I visited Berkeley, for a Western Psychological Association Convention. My most vivid memory of that occasion was of him driving me and two or three other old classmates from graduate school down the main drag of Berkeley at 2:00 AM in his battered old Plymouth after a night of convivial drinking and reminiscing about the bad good old days at the University of Iowa. John’s car was noticeably drifting in and out of the traffic lane. We passed a patrol car at the curb behind a car it apparently had stopped with its flashing lights. Flashing lights appeared again a few minutes later — in our rear view mirror. We were pulled over. We were asked to step out of the car and John was asked to walk a straight line, the crack running down the sidewalk. He did fine until after about 15 paces when the police officer asked him to turn around and come back. Attempting to reverse his direction he stumbled. John was asked for his driver’s license. On seeing it, the police officer said something to the effect, “Professor…. I had you for my psychology class… Would you please go to the luncheonette down the street and have a cup of coffee before you start driving again.”