cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulse burst electric fields significantly accelerate bone repair in an animal model

Recently, we reported that an inductively coupled PEMF signal (AME Spinal Stim™) used clinically for fresh spinal fusions, accelerated bone repair in a rabbit fibula osteotomy model. One recurrent discussion surrounding such PEMF bioeffects is whether or not the induced electric field is the primary stimulus, or is the magnetic component necessary. The goal of this study was, therefore, to determine if the magnetic component associated with a clinically effective, PEMF waveform is necessary to affect the rate of bone repair. This was performed by delivery of the Spinal Stim™ waveform current to the repair site either with external coils or with implanted electrodes in a rabbit model. The results showed that bone repair was accelerated by a factor of 1.5 for both coil and electrode delivered current, suggesting that the magnetic field is not necessary for these pulse signals.
Jumping through hoops: A longitudinal study of leader life cycles in the NBA

Abstract This study viewed succession, tenure, and performance among NBA teams in the context of leader life cycle theory originally developed by Hambrick and Fukutomi [Acad. Manage. Rev. 16 (1991) 719] and specified theory for the relationship among succession, tenure, and performance over time. Theory was also developed to consider the relationship between leader level and performance in succession and tenure. Results were consistent with a life cycle consisting of disruption, learning, and stagnation. Initial disruption was noted when succession occurred in-season but not present when succession occurred off-season. Coaches exhibited a stronger life cycle than owners. Leader life cycle theory offers promise for the development and integration of the succession and leadership literatures.
Precision of age norms in tests used to assess preschool children

This study investigated normative precision in 14 preschool tests representing four domains: cognitive, language, adaptive behavior, and early academic skills. The purpose was to explore the consequences of using tests with more- vs. less-precise age norms to identify disabilities in preschool children. As expected, on tests with more precise norms, standard scores associated with the same raw score shifted gradually across age groups. On the other hand, tests with less precise norms showed more dramatic standard score shifts across age groups. Examination of the degree of shift found in each test indicated that many preschool tests have norm tables that are potentially problematic for diagnosing disabilities, particularly for children near norm group cut-off ages. On high stakes tests, an optimal span is one to three months. This standard can be achieved by using interpolation and/or increasing the size of norming samples at the preschool level. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Truncal adiposity and lung function in older black women.

The increase in adiposity associated with aging is a concern in older adults, especially as it relates to the risk for ventilatory complications. Therefore, the specific aim of this study was to determine the association of various measures of abdominal adiposity with lung function in a sample of older healthy Black women. Participants (n = 27) had no history of diabetes or respiratory disease. The mean age was 67 years. Lung function was measured by spirometry using percent of predicted values for forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Body fat was measured using a three-dimensional photonic scanner and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Correlation analyses show that percent body fat in the trunk (%TF) is significantly associated with percent predicted FVC (r = −0.38; p < 0.05). No association was observed between anthropometric indices of truncal adiposity and lung function. Results of this study show that truncal fat mass measured by DXA is more strongly associated with lung function than anthropometric indices of truncal adiposity in this sample of women.
Prevalence and Association of Asteroid Hyalosis With Systemic Diseases

We performed a cross-sectional study of 12,205 patients, which identified 101 patients (0.83%) with asteroid hyalosis. These patients were examined for associated systemic and ocular conditions. Diabetes mellitus was found in 29 of the patients with asteroid hyalosis (29%), as compared to ten of 101 (10%) control subjects (P = .0007). An increased prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (61 of 101 [60%] patients with asteroid hyalosis compared with 29 of 101 [29%] control subjects; P = .0001) and atherosclerotic vascular disease (30 of 101 [30%] patients with asteroid hyalosis compared with 13 of 101 [13%] control subjects; P = .006) was also discovered in the asteroid hyalosis group. Additionally, patients with asteroid hyalosis were found to be more hyperopic than control subjects (P = .009).
Comparison of receiver operating characteristic and forced choice observer performance measurement methods

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method has been successfully used in medical imaging for 20 years. It has been so successful that many people think of it as an end in itself rather than just one of several ways to assess human observer performance of image based decision tasks. Studies of human and ideal observer decision performance are designed to estimate a measure of observer performance (e.g., efficiency, d' or da). The experimenter would like to obtain accurate and precise estimates using a relatively small number of images or decision trials because of a variety of constraints. One purpose of this paper is to introduce medical physicists to another effective psychophysical measurement technique, the forced choice method. The second purpose is to present a comparison of the forced choice and ROC methods, with particular attention to sampling statistics considerations. In brief, the rating scale ROC method is preferable when the limiting constraint is the number of images and at the same time it is not feasible to use the forced choice with more than four alternatives. The forced choice method can be superior for experiments using synthetic images, under some conditions.
A computer-assisted morphometric analysis of the organ of Corti.

Abstract This paper describes a method for a computer-assisted morphometric analysis of the organ of Corti and presents normal morphometric data on the chinchilla cochlea. The computer-assisted light microscope system that we developed consists of commercially available equipment: an Olympus light microscope, Boeckler X , Y motorized stage micrometers, an IBM PC computer and a computer program written by the second author. The system was developed for the analysis of whole-mount, surface preparations of the organ of Corti. The procedure for producing suitable surface preparations for a computer-assisted analysis of hair cells was described in a previous paper (Santi, 1986). The analysis procedure requires 2 passes along the length of the basilar membrane. During the first pass, the system establishes an X , Y slide coordinate system and maps basilar membrane distance onto the coordinate system. This procedure was performed in approximately 10 min using an efficient, 3-point arc approximation method. During the second pass, the user scans along the length of the basilar membrane and measures organ of Corti structures (e.g., hair cell dimensions) or records abnormal or missing hair cells. In addition to providing distance along the length of the basilar membrane, the system could also determine which hair cell row the user was examining. Thus, recording damaged and missing hair cells consisted of merely pressing the appropriate footpedal to indicate the type and degree of hair cell damage. After assessing hair cell damage, a cytocochleogram with an accompanying table of descriptive statistics was produced. Since the X , Y coordinate system for each slide was stored on a disk along with its corresponding basilar membrane distance map, slides could be removed and later reevaluated without the loss of previously obtained data. Normal morphometric data on the chinchilla organ of Corti consisted of cell dimensions within the reticular lamina and a two-dimensional graphical reconstruction of the curvature of the basilar membrane.
A note on stamping

The stamping deformation was defined by Apanasov as the first example of a deformation of the flat conformal structure on a hyperbolic 3-orbifold distinct from bending. We show that in fact the stamping cocycle is equal to the sum of three bending cocycles. We also obtain a more general result, showing that derivatives of geodesic lengths vanish at the base representation under deformations of the flat conformal structure of a finite-volume hyperbolic 3-orbifold.
Economic Dominance, the “American Dream,” and Homicide: A Cross-National Test of Institutional Anomie Theory

This article presents a cross-national test of Messner and Rosenfeld's (1994) institutional anomie theory. Drawing on multiple data sources, including the United Nations, World Bank, World Values Survey, and Heritage Foundation, we examine relationships between economic dominance, indicators of culture, and homicide among a sample of 50 nations. Additionally, we assess the thesis of “American exceptionalism,” a unique cultural complex implicated by Messner and Rosenfeld as a cause of high rates of serious crime in the United States. Results from OLS regression models provide mixed support for the theory. While none of the theoretical predictors exhibits a statistically significant direct effect on homicide, findings suggest that homicide occurs most often in countries where free-market principles and practices drive the economy and where core cultural commitments are oriented toward achievement, individualism, fetishism of money, and universalism. However, contrary to expectations, the impact of a market-driven economy is not more pronounced in countries with weakened non-economic institutions, and results provide only limited evidence in support of the American exceptionalism thesis. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Work in progress: Abstraction as a vector: Distinguishing engineering and science

A goal of the philosophy of engineering and engineering education is to more clearly distinguish engineering and engineering education from science and science education. This paper advances the suggestion that one distinction between the activities of science and engineering is the role of abstract thinking. Engineering and science both engage in abstract thinking, but the direction of the abstraction process points in different directions for the two disciplines. The view advanced in this paper may help to clarify the difference between engineering and science in a way that is less prone to value judgments based on supposed differences between pure and applied activity. Science proceeds towards abstract theory; engineering proceeds from the abstract idea of function.
Chaotic invariants of Lagrangian particle trajectories for anomaly detection in crowded scenes

A novel method for crowd flow modeling and anomaly detection is proposed for both coherent and incoherent scenes. The novelty is revealed in three aspects. First, it is a unique utilization of particle trajectories for modeling crowded scenes, in which we propose new and efficient representative trajectories for modeling arbitrarily complicated crowd flows. Second, chaotic dynamics are introduced into the crowd context to characterize complicated crowd motions by regulating a set of chaotic invariant features, which are reliably computed and used for detecting anomalies. Third, a probabilistic framework for anomaly detection and localization is formulated. The overall work-flow begins with particle advection based on optical flow. Then particle trajectories are clustered to obtain representative trajectories for a crowd flow. Next, the chaotic dynamics of all representative trajectories are extracted and quantified using chaotic invariants known as maximal Lyapunov exponent and correlation dimension. Probabilistic model is learned from these chaotic feature set, and finally, a maximum likelihood estimation criterion is adopted to identify a query video of a scene as normal or abnormal. Furthermore, an effective anomaly localization algorithm is designed to locate the position and size of an anomaly. Experiments are conducted on known crowd data set, and results show that our method achieves higher accuracy in anomaly detection and can effectively localize anomalies.
Gliosarcoma developing from an irradiated ependymoma

A 17-year-old girl was operated for a cystic mass located deep within the left parieto-occipital white matter. Histologically the tumor was an ependymoma with a vascular stroma. In spite of irradiation the tumor recurred locally twice, 1 and 2 years respectively after the original operation. The ependymoma portion of the tumor remained unchanged, but the stroma showed increased vascular hyperplasia at the time of the second operation and transformation into a fibrosarcoma in the third operative specimen. Proliferating cell markers (MIB-1) were positive only in the ependymoma cell nuclei in the first two specimens, but were also extensively present in the nuclei of the fibrosarcoma in the third specimen. In the latter, the fibrosarcoma portion greatly overwhelmed the residual ependymoma islands, but remained sharply delineated from them. This is the first observed case of a gliosarcoma originating from an ependymoma. The histological pattern of this mixed tumor clearly indicates that the source of the sarcomatous portions was the neoplastically transformed fibrovascular stroma of the original tumor, rather than "desmoplastic" alterations of the neoplastic ependymal cells themselves.
Clinical Use of Rivaroxaban: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Rationale for Dosing Regimens in Different Indications

Target-specific oral anticoagulants have become increasingly available as alternatives to traditional agents for the management of a number of thromboembolic disorders. To date, the direct Factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban is the most widely approved of the new agents. The dosing of rivaroxaban varies and adheres to specific schedules in each of the clinical settings in which it has been investigated. These regimens were devised based on the results of phase II dose-finding studies and/or pharmacokinetic modeling, and were demonstrated to be successful in randomized, phase III studies. In most cases, the pharmacodynamic profile of rivaroxaban permits once-daily dosing. A once-daily dose is indicated for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery, the long-term prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, and the long-term secondary prevention of recurrent VTE. Twice-daily dosing is required in the acute phase of treatment in patients with VTE and in the combination of rivaroxaban with standard single or dual antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention after acute coronary syndrome events. This article reviews the empirical and clinical rationale supporting the dose regimens of rivaroxaban in each clinical setting.
The unsteady development of a GTA weld pool

Abstract The governing equations for momentum, energy and electric transport are solved numerically to obtain the unsteady development of an axially symmetric gas tungsten arc weld pool. The effects of Marangoni, Lorentz and buoyancy forces are included. The finite difference method is used to solve the equations and the grid is made to adapt to the shape of the melt front and to move with the front as melting occurs. In general, convection is found to decrease the energy losses from the weld pool by evaporation. This increases the size of the weld pool. Convection has a large effect on the depth of the weld pool but only a small effect on the width. The Lorentz force causes fluid motions which increase the depth of the weld pool. The effects of the Marangoni force depend on the sign of the surface tension temperature coefficient, γT. A negative value for γT causes fluid motions which suppress the effects of the Lorentz force and result in a fairly shallow weld pool. A positive value for γT causes fluid motions which enhance the effects of the Lorentz force and result in a very deep weld pool.
New perspectives in forensic anthropology

A critical review of the conceptual and practical evolution of forensic anthropology during the last two decades serves to identify two key external factors and four tightly inter-related internal methodological advances that have significantly affected the discipline. These key developments have not only altered the current practice of forensic anthropology, but also its goals, objectives, scope, and definition. The development of DNA analysis techniques served to undermine the classic role of forensic anthropology as a field almost exclusively focused on victim identification. The introduction of the Daubert criteria in the courtroom presentation of scientific testimony accompanied the development of new human comparative samples and tools for data analysis and sharing, resulting in a vastly enhanced role for quantitative methods in human skeletal analysis. Additionally, new questions asked of forensic anthropologists, beyond identity, required sound scientific bases and expanded the scope of the field. This environment favored the incipient development of the interrelated fields of forensic taphonomy, forensic archaeology, and forensic trauma analysis, fields concerned with the reconstruction of events surrounding death. Far from representing the mere addition of new methodological techniques, these disciplines (especially, forensic taphonomy) provide forensic anthropology with a new conceptual framework, which is broader, deeper, and more solidly entrenched in the natural sciences. It is argued that this new framework represents a true paradigm shift, as it modifies not only the way in which classic forensic anthropological questions are answered, but also the goals and tasks of forensic anthropologists, and their perception of what can be considered a legitimate question or problem to be answered within the field.
The mechanics of multi-joint posture and movement control

The dependence of muscle force on muscle length gives rise to a "spring-like" behavior which has been shown to play a role in the execution of single-joint posture and movement. This paper extends this concept and considers the influence of the apparent mechanical behavior of the neural, muscular and skeletal system on the control and coordination of multiple degree of freedom posture and movement. A rigorous definition of "spring-like" behavior is presented. From it a numerically quantifiable, experimental test of spring-like behavior is formulated. It is shown that if the steady-state force-displacement behavior of a limb is not spring-like, this can only be due to the action of inter-muscular feedback, and can not be due to intrinsic muscle properties. The directional character of the spring-like behavior of a multiple degree of freedom system is described. The unique way in which synergistic coactivation of polyarticular muscles may modulate the directional properties of the spring-like behavior of a multiple degree of freedom system is explained. Dynamic aspects of postural behavior are also considered. The concept of mechanical impedance is presented as a rigorous dynamic generalisation of the postural stiffness of the limb. The inertial behavior of the system is characterised by its mobility. As with the stiffness or impedance, in the multiple degree of freedom case it has a directional property. The way in which the apparent kinematic redundancy of the musculo-skeletal system may be used to modify its dynamic behavior is explained. Whereas the inertial behavior of a single limb segment is not modifiable, it is shown that the apparent inertial behavior of a multiple degree of freedom system may be modulated by repositioning the joints. A unified description of the posture and movement of a multi-joint system is presented by defining a "virtual trajectory" of equilibrium positions for the limb which may be specified by the neuro-muscular system. The way in which this approach may lead to a simplification of some the apparent computational difficulties associated with the control of multi-joint motion is discussed.
Effect of an oral contraceptive agent on blood pressure response to renin.

This study attempted to determine why an occasional patient develops hypertension that appears to be related to the use of oral contraceptives. Changes in the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system have been blamed. Renin an enzyme from the kidney acts on renin substrate a plasma protein to release angiotensin a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulator of aldosterone secretion. The concentration of renin substrate has been shown to be increased by estrogen. In this study 20 Holtzman albino female rats were treated with norethynodrel with mestranol (Enovid R) given in their diet at .1 mg/kg/day. 20 other rats received 1 mg/kg/day. There were 20 controls. After 3 weeks of therapy cannula were placed in the femoral arteries and jugular veins. Angiotensin .12 .25 and .50 mg/kg was administered iv and blood pressure response recorded in 10 animals from each group. Blood pressure response to renin was determined on the remaining animals. (Amounts of renin giving a response approximately equal to the 3 dosages of angiotensin were used.) Rats given 1 mg/kg/day of Enovid had a significant decrease in blood pressure (p less than .01) to the .5 mcg angiotensin. The .1 mg of Enovid had no effect on blood pressure. All doses of renin produced an increase in blood pre ssure response in rats treated with 1 mg/kg/day of Enovid (p less than .01). Those treated with .1 mg/kg/day had slightly decreased blood pressure response. Angiotensin responsiveness was shown to be decreased when renin was increased. Data indicate that renin-substrate is rate-limiting in vivo in blood pressure response to exogenous renin. However renin levels may not give a true guide to angiotensin production. As angiotensin responsiveness can be reduced by oral contraceptive agents determination of angiotensin levels and responsiveness is necessary before the role of changes in the renin-angiotensin system in the genesis of oral contraceptive hypertension can be evaluated.
Do negative emotional factors have independent associations with excess adiposity

Abstract Objective Taken in isolation, depression, anxiety, and hostility/anger have been shown to predict obesity. It is unknown whether these negative emotional factors are associated with adiposity, independently of each other. The objective of this review was to determine whether negative emotional factors have independent associations with adiposity. Methods We searched for observational studies examining adiposity and two or more negative emotional factors. Studies which examined a negative emotional factor using analyses which controlled for other emotional factor(s) were selected for the review. Results Three prospective and 11 cross-sectional studies met our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of these investigations, 64% indicated that depression had positive associations with adiposity, independent of anxiety or hostility, and 56% indicated that anxiety had independent associations with adiposity. Only 33% of studies found independent associations for hostility and adiposity; however, far fewer studies were available. Conclusion Depression and anxiety have independent associations with excess adiposity when controlling for other emotional factors. Additional studies are needed to determine whether hostility/anger is independently associated with excess adiposity. These results have implications for the design of effective obesity prevention programs.
Application of relational chemical process safety databases for lowering mean failure rates

This paper proposes a linkage among accident, failure rate, and reactivity databases for process safety applications. The objective of the relationships among these databases is to bring all relevant information on both equipment and chemicals into one relational database. Such a database will make possible a better understanding by plant personnel about the reliability of plant equipment and the potential danger of process chemicals. Consequently, accidents should be reduced. This research shows that relationships can be established among the three databases, and the examples presented demonstrate how it is done. Improving equipment reliability, calls for an approach of meeting the mean of failure rate data rather than the “industry best practice.” Modifications of current accident databases are proposed to develop effective relational databases that can help improve the safety performance of industry.
Use of Accelerated Testing Methods with Survey Data: How Water Quality Affects Appliance Life

Salinity (mineral content), which is present naturally in residential water, affects the service lives of water-using appliances. We surveyed, by mail, 681 households in the Arkansas River basin in southeastern Colorado, where tap water salinity varies from 100 to 3,500 mg/L. The survey collected information on ages of appliances in service and on ages atfailure. We developed a generalized method of accelerated testing and used it with the survey data to estimate the effect of salinity on service lives. The method allowed us to use information on in-service appliances. Ignoring in-service appliances, as was done in similar previously published studies, can lead to biased service life estimates. The results of the present application can (a) help householders decide whether to buy corrosion resistant appliances, tolerate higher maintenance costs, or seek alternative-supplies and (b) help public water agencies assess alternative water quality management policies.
Four-Dimensional Imaging: Computer Visualization of 3D Movements in Living Specimens

The study of many biological processes requires the analysis of three-dimensional (3D) structures that change over time. Optical sectioning techniques can provide 3D data from living specimens; however, when 3D data are collected over a period of time, the quantity of image information produced leads to difficulties in interpretation. A computer-based system is described that permits the analysis and archiving of 3D image data taken over time. The system allows a user to roam through the full range of time points and focal planes in the data set. The user can animate images as an aid to visualization and can append multicolored labels and text notes to identified structures during data analysis. The system provides a valuable tool for the study of embryogenesis and cytoplasmic movements within cells and has considerable potential as an educational tool.
Life-Cycle Approaches for Assessing Green Chemistry Technologies

To meet the goals of sustainability and to enable industrial ecology, green chemistry and engineering needs to be studied from a life-cycle perspective. When designed correctly, green chemistry and engineering can affect multiple stages of the life cycle of a product or process. Successful implementations of green chemistry and engineering research are improving the environmental impacts of chemical products and processes in every stage of the life cycle while also offering economic incentives. Analysis of new and existing green chemistry and engineering technologies with quantitative and qualitative metrics can identify and quantify these benefits. The examples presented illustrate the principles of life-cycle assessment as applied to green chemistry and engineering.
Quality control in microbiology.

(1965). The Lab: Quality Control in Microbiology. Hospital Topics: Vol. 43, No. 10, pp. 77-80.
Decay of 24 min 146Pr

Abstract The radiations associated with the β-decay of 24 min 146 Pr have been studied with Ge(Li), Si(Li), NaI(Tl) and trans -stilbene detectors. Gamma-gamma and gamma-beta coincidence experiments were performed, and gamma-gamma directional correlations were measured for the 1.525–0.454 MeV cascade. The observation of a 3.6 MeV β-group in coincidence with the 0.454 MeV photopeak establishes the total β-disintegration energy of 146 Pr as 4.1±0.1 MeV. The β-ray spectrum is complex with an end-point energy of 4.1±0.2 MeV. The intensity of the 0.454 MeV γ-transition per β-disintegration was found to be 0.49, and the intensities of some 40 other γ-rays were determined. Most of these γ-transitions have been placed in the 146 Nd level scheme which includes excited states with energies has high as 3.819 MeV. The present data appear to be consistent with an assignment of either 1 − or 2 − for the ground state of 146 Pr.
Poloidal Axisymmetric Resonances: a separable case

The longitude independent wave equation for the poloidal or isotropic magnetohydrodynamic resonances of a plasma magnetized by a dipole field is solved under the assumption of an Alfven velocity increasing linearly with radial distance and retaining the latitude dependence of the magnetic field. Such a radial dependence is the only case in which the equation is separable in spherical coordinates and the solution possesses several advantages: the radial functions are particularly simple, the eigenfrequencies are derivable from an algebraic equation, and the contribution of the magnetic field's polar angle dependence can be clearly obserued.
Deletion of the MTO2 gene related to tRNA modification causes a failure in mitochondrial RNA metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We report here the characterization of the yeast mto2 null mutants carrying wild-type mitochondrial DNA or 15S rRNA C1049G allele. The amounts of mitochondrial tRNALys, tRNAGlu, tRNAGln, tRNALeu, tRNAGly and tRNAMet were markedly decreased but those of tRNAArg and tRNAHis were not affected in mto2 strains. The mto2 strains exhibited significant reduction in the aminoacylation of tRNALys, tRNALeu but almost no effect in those of tRNAHis. Interestingly, the strain carrying the C1049G allele exhibited an impairment of aminoacylation of those tRNAs. Furthermore, the steady-state levels of mitochondrial mRNA CYTB, COX1, COX2, COX3, and ATP6 were markedly decreased in mto2 strains. These data strongly indicate that unmodified tRNA caused by the deletion of MTO2 caused the instability of mitochondrial tRNAs and mRNAs and impairment of aminoacylation of tRNAs.
Process flow simulation in a Teaching Company Scheme

This article outlines a project that forms part of a Teaching Company Scheme involving the simulation of manufacturing systems. Particular emphasis has been given to the process of developing a simulation model capable of evaluating the operational characteristics of a material handling system operated within a Just-in-Time (JIT) environment. The main objective is to identify operational problems specific to the material handling system which may become apparent due to changes in operational methods under JIT. The complex nature of operations and large amounts of initial data created a set of techniques which can be used in further simulation studies. The Teaching Company programme is between Unisys Ltd., Livingston, and Napier Polytechnic, Edinburgh. This article does not attempt to describe current operating conditions.
Information Technology research challenges for healthcare: from discovery to delivery

This whitepaper is a reprint from the Computing Community Consortium (http://www.cra.org/ccc/), first printed on May 25, 2010. This paper is an outgrowth of the workshop, "Discovery and Innovation in Health IT," sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Library of Medicine, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Computing Community Consortium, and the American Medical Informatics Association. The workshop was held at the Parc 55 Hotel in San Francisco on October 29 and 30, 2009.
Screw dislocations in a three-phase anisotropic medium

Abstract The displacement and stress fields of a screw dislocation in a three-phase anisotropic medium with orthotropic symmetry are analyzed. Exact expressions are given in series form. In the limiting case where the two outer phases are rigid, the series expressions converge to simple functions which are identical (apart from the elastic constants) to those for an isotropic medium. This equivalence relation facilitates the analysis of dislocation pileups. The inhomogeneity effect on pileups is examined.
No inconsistencies in sensitivity analysis

We thank Joel Cohen, Jim Cushing and Roger A. Horn for helpful comments. Space limitations do not permit it, but if they did, the following would be co-authors to this letter: Solange Brault, Jean-Dominique Lebreton, Michael Neubert, Richard Sibly, Takenori Takada and Shripad Tuljapurkar.
"C.P.I."---A Crash Position Indicator for Aircraft

A novel, light, simple and inexpensive position indicator for crashed aircraft has been developed and subjected to severe tests. A special pulsed transmitter with trickle-charged batteries and an internal antenna is potted in shock-absorbing foam transparent to radio waves and placed inside a special aerofoil. This device, held on the tail of the aircraft, is released automatically upon detection of any abnormal structural disturbance. Then it tumbles away from the aircraft in time to clear the danger zone, slows down to a safe landing and transmits a distress signal from any position and under wide environmental conditions.
Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling, Knight Shift, and Spin-Lattice Relaxation Time in Beryllium Metal

The nuclear quadrupole coupling and Knight shift of ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$ have been measured in high-purity beryllium metal at room temperature and at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in magnetic-field strengths up to 25 kOe. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constant is found to have the value $\frac{{e}^{2}\mathrm{qQ}}{h}=61.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.8$ kHz, independent of temperature. By contrast, the best estimate of the lattice contribution to the quadrupole coupling is found to be 68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 kHz, which implies that the conduction-electron contribution opposes that of the lattice. The Knight shift is found to have the values ${K}_{\mathrm{Be}}=\ensuremath{-}0.0025\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}(6)$ at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and ${K}_{\mathrm{Be}}=\ensuremath{-}0.0035\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}(6)$ at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K (in percent); the uncertainty given is the standard deviation of the measurements. Measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation time at two temperatures indicate that ${T}_{1}T=1.66\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ sec \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with an uncertainty of 10%. These experimental observations can be interpreted in terms of direct-contact and core-polarization contributions, from a predominantly $p$-like band, which partially cancel to yield the small Knight shift.
The impact of HLA frequency differences in races on the access to optimally HLA-matched cadaver renal transplants. The Medical Advisory Committee.

We examined the donor/recipient HLA match of 448 consecutive cadaver renal transplants to determine if donor race had an impact on the quality of HLA match that was achieved. Eighty (17.9%) kidneys from black donors and 368 (82.1%) from nonblack donors (87.8% caucasians) were distributed to the blood type compatible and crossmatch negative recipients on the basis of a local variance of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) point system. There were 278 (62%) nonblack and 170 (38%) black recipients, numbers close to those of nonblacks and blacks on the waiting list (59% and 41%, respectively). Kidneys from nonblack donors represented 86% (240/278) of transplants for nonblack and 75% (128/170) of transplants for black recipients. The best matches, i.e., zero-A,B,DR, zero-A,B, zero-B,DR, and 1-A,B,DR mismatches, for nonblack recipients were solely derived from the nonblack donors, and the few well-matched kidneys from black donors were distributed to black recipients. Black recipients with zero mismatches were few (3, 2%) compared with nonblacks (21, 8%). Kidneys received by black recipients were more likely to be poorly matched (5-6 mismatches) if coming from nonblack donors (57/128, 44%) than black donors (11/42, 26%), P = 0.035. It was also observed from HLA frequency comparisons that well-matched kidneys from nonblack donors were rarely distributed to black patients with HLA phenotypes unique to or more common in blacks who represented a sizeable portion of blacks on the waiting list. We conclude that better donor/recipient HLA matches are achieved when both donors and recipients are of the same race. Thus a larger number of black donors are needed to improve the quality of HLA matching for potential black kidney transplant recipients.
Student types as reflection of class habitus: An application of Bourdieu’s scholastic fallacy

Have college students become careerists rather than intellectuals? Are working-class students to blame for grade inflation, grade-grubbing, and the downscaling of the university’s noble mission of ...
A performance visualization paradigm for data parallel computing

Observing the activities of a complex parallel computer system is no small feat, and relating these observations to program behavior is even harder. This paper presents a general measurement approach that is applicable to a large class of scalable programs and machines, specifically data parallel programs executing on distributed memory computer systems. The combined instrumentation and visualization paradigm, called VISTA (which stands for Visualization and Instrumentation of Scalable mulTicomputer Applications), is based on the author's experiences of programming and monitoring applications running on an nCUBE 2 computer and a MasPar MP-1 computer. The key is that performance data are treated similarly to any distributed data in the context of the data parallel programming model. Because of the data-parallel mapping of the program onto the machine, one can view the performance as it relates to each processor, processor cluster or processor ensemble and as it relates to the data structures of the program. The author illustrates the utility of VISTA by way of an example. >
Aerodynamic Behavior of Compliant Membranes as Related to Bat Flight

We present computations of membrane airfoil behavior subject to aerodynamic loading and compare them with in vivo measurements of membrane wings of bats during flight. The computational method assumes an inviscid potential flow (with net circulation determined by a Kutta condition), is computed using XFOIL and iteratively coupled with a finite element model describing the membrane behavior. We find that a simple model assuming uniform loading is largely confirmed, particularly for very compliant membranes in which the pressure loading is focused at the center of the airfoil. Stiffer wings transition to the more traditional pressure distribution predicted by thin airfoil theory for rigid wings. Comparisons with sail theories are also made, illustrating the effect of compliance. Additionally, the in vivo measurements of membrane deformation during bat flight are acquired from detailed kinematics recorded from Cynopterus brachyotis, flying in a wind tunnel. We demonstrate that the expansion of the wing area during the downstroke of the flight cycle exhibits area increases of up to 100% during the downstroke. In addition, comparisons with the computational theory show good qualitative agreement.
Blind Equalization Based on a Class of Genetic Algorithms for Wireless Communication

In this paper, a class of genetic algorithms (GA) is implemented as solutions to optimize the problem of blind equalization in wireless communication. Cost functions in blind equalization algorithms are described as fitness functions in GA; and because of the Characteristics of GA, the algorithm can search for the globe optimal equalizer weight vector. Another advantage is that researchers do not need to know the mathematic describe model. All those algorithms choose different fitness functions and based on GA belong to a same class. Both analyze and simulation result express the convergence and performance in this method are approximate to the equalization result with training sequence; and are much better than common linear blind equalization. Especially this method can be used in the non-linear equalization environment.
A survey of policies at children's hospitals regarding immunity of healthcare workers: are physicians protected?

Objective To determine policies at children's hospitals regarding immunizations, annual tuberculosis (TB) screening, and blood or body fluid exposure follow-up, particularly as they apply to physicians. Design and participants A three-page survey was sent to infection control practitioners (ICPs) in April 1994 at hospitals affiliated with the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions. One follow-up mailing was sent to nonresponding ICPs. Results Responses were received from 62 (67%) of 93 ICPs. Thirty-five (66%) of 53 children's hospitals had an immunity policy that applied to medical students, 42 (79%) of 53 to resident physicians, 32 (52%) of 62 to hospital-based physicians, and 18 (29%) of 62 to private or community physicians (who admit patients to one hospital). Physicians were required to show evidence of an annual TB screen at 36 hospitals (58%). Immunity policies or TB screening were provided for the following physician groups: medical students, 13 (21%); resident physicians, 43 (69%); hospital-based physicians, 50 (81%); and private or community physicians, 23 (37%). Infection control practitioners reported that the following diseases had been identified within the past 5 years at their hospitals: measles, 82%; mumps, 40%; rubella, 31%; TB, 94%; hepatitis B, 94%; pertussis, 90%; varicella, 98%; and influenza, 94%. Physicians in these institutions were reported to have contracted the following diseases from patient exposure: measles, hepatitis B, TB, pertussis, varicella, and influenza. Conclusion Children's hospitals vary widely in their policies regarding healthcare-worker immunity, and, in many cases, physicians may not be protected from nosocomial transmission of community infections.
Time Course of Hepatic Injury and Recovery Following Coadministration of Carbon Tetrachloride and Trichloroethylene in Fischer-344 Rats*

Simultaneous administration of trichloroethylene (TCE), at an oral dose of 0.5 mVkg, resulted in a marked potentiation of liver injury caused by an oral dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl,, 0.05 mVkg). Hepatic glutathione levels were depressed at 24 hr only in the rats given TCE and CCl,. Using serum enzyme (ALT and SDH) as indicators of hepatotoxicity, potentiation of CCl,-injury was most apparent at 24 hr. Upon histological examination of H&E stained liver sections, the differences between livers obtained from TCE and CC1,-treated rats versus CC1,-treated rats were most apparent at later time points (48 and 72 hr). At 48 hr after CCl,, livers showed a distinctive and uniform pattern of injury with regeneration features predominating over necrosis. At this time, livers from TCE and CC1,-treated rats were characterized by extensive zone 3 coagulative necrosis. Inflammatory infiltrations were less prominent. At 72 hr, morphological features of livers from TCE and CCl, rats were similar to those from ralSgven CCl, alone at 48 hr. From the results obtained, it appears that the regenerative activity of the liver may be delayed in rats simultaneously administered TCE and CCI, as compared to rats administered only CCI,.
Noetherianity of some degree two twisted commutative algebras

The resolutions of determinantal ideals exhibit a remarkable stability property: for fixed rank but growing dimension, the terms of the resolution stabilize (in an appropriate sense). One may wonder if other sequences of ideals or modules over coordinate rings of matrices exhibit similar behavior. We show that this is indeed the case. In fact, our main theorem is more fundamental in nature: It states that certain large algebraic structures (which are examples of twisted commutative algebras) are noetherian. These are important new examples of large noetherian algebraic structures, and ones that are in some ways quite different from previous examples.
ATTITUDINAL CONSEQUENCES OF OLDER ADULT VOLUNTEERS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SETTING

Results of the Children's Attitudes Toward the Elderly Test (CATE) with an older adult volunteer project in the public school setting indicate that interaction alone between elders and children may not change attitudes. Inherent age biases in attitude tests and implications for planning a volunteer program in an effort to change attitudes are shown to be important predictors of the outcome of such programs.
The globus toolkit for grid computing

This tutorial is a practical introduction to programming for high-performance distributed computing systems, or "computational grids," and the capabilities of the Globus grid toolkit. Emerging high-performance networks promise to enable a wide range of emerging application concepts such as remote computing, distributed supercomputing, tele-immersion, smart instruments, and data mining. However, the development and use of such applications is in practice very difficult and time consuming, because of the need to deal with complex and highly heterogeneous systems. The Globus grid programming toolkit is designed to help application developers and tool builders overcome these obstacles to the construction of "grid-enabled" scientific and engineering applications. It does this by providing a set of standard services for authentication, resource location, resource allocation, configuration, communication, file access, fault detection, and executable management. These services can be incorporated into applications and/or programming tools in a "mix-and-match" fashion to provide access to needed capabilities. The tutorial covers three topics. First, we review basic principles of Grid computing and requirements for Grid architecture, describing the key protocols and services required. Then, we introduce the capabilities of the Globus toolkit. Finally, we show how Globus services can be applied in specific applications, examining in particular Data Grid, remote instrumentation, and distributed computing examples. For more information on Globus, see http://www.globus.org. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID ’01) 0-7695-1010-8/01 $10.00 © 2001 IEEE
Electron-Spin Resonance and other Spectroscopies used in Characterizing Sol-Gel Processing

The molecular structure of sol-gel processed silica can be studied using electron-spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Spectra reveal changes in structure from sol to gel and from gel to glass. Gels prepared under various conditions contain intrinsic and extrinsic defects. Other spectroscopies that have been used to investigate gels are nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman, and visible.
Determining Highway Toll: Revenue Maximization Approach

Constructions and operations of toll roads under private and public partnerships (PPP) have been quite successful as the partnerships have added more roadways and provided faster travel time for those who are willing to pay for additional fee. So far, toll rates have been determined on the basis of marginal social cost pricing concept, recovering construction and maintenance costs within a reasonable duration, or political determination. Under the PPP, the private partners would like to achieve maximum revenue on their toll roads. This paper presents a flexible and real-time toll rate determination method that is focused on revenue maximization approach via a case study.