cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perturbation effects on stability of gravity receptors

Stability properties of gravity receptor transduction mechanisms were investigated by recording action potentials from the eighth nerve of cats maintained at two spatial positions both with and without an added click perturbation. The cells were demonstrated to present directional sensitivity, multivaluedness and wandering of mean rate trajectories. To the wandering were fitted appropriate stability boundaries corresponding to recent theories of finite time stability. Results supported the hypothesis that physiological stimuli result in local deformations of a flexible trampoline-like macula.
Antioxidant activity of extracts from the wood and bark of Port Orford cedar

Heartwood, sapwood, and inner and outer bark of Port Orford cedar were extracted with methanol, and the extracts evaluated for antioxidant activity. The total phenol content (TPC) of the extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Butylated hydroxytoluene was used as a positive control in the free-radical-scavenging activity tests and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dihydrate disodium salt served as a positive control in the metal-chelating activity assay. All wood extracts showed significant freeradical-scavenging activity. In the radical-scavenging assay of 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (the ABTS assay), the inner bark extracts exhibited the strongest free-radical-scavenging activity. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in the radical-scavenging assay against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate radical (DPPH) of the heartwood, sapwood, and inner and outer bark extracts were 64.77, 29.03, 10.31, 19.87 μg·ml−1, respectively. In the metal-chelating activity system, the sapwood extract demonstrated significant activity. The greatest TPC, 537.5 mg GAE/g dry extract, was detected in the inner bark. The lowest TPC of 136.9 mg GAE/g dry extract was observed in the heartwood dry extract. The results indicate that the antioxidant activities of the extracts are in accordance with the amounts of phenolics present; the inner and outer barks of Port Orford cedar are rich in phenolics and may provide good sources of antioxidants.
Health aspects of Arctic exploration – Alaska's medical history based on the research files of Dr. Robert Fortuine

Background. Robert Fortuine provided basic medical care to Alaska Native people, chronicled the Health Aspects of Arctic Exploration and through a number of influential publications, was the first to thoroughly document and analyse Alaska’s Medical History. This overview of his published work will provide the reader with a detailed overview, so that they can begin to explore Dr. Fortuine’s many published works in more detail. Objective. This review will explore Alaska’s Medical History and the Health Aspects of Arctic Exploration through the research files and the 10 most significant publications of Dr. Robert Fortuine. Design. Review of Dr. Fortuine’s major works and the master bibliography has over 3,000 references and 81 subjects. The master bibliography is a merger of 55 separate bibliographies, which provides a wealth of bibliographic information. This paper will describe his 10 most significant publications, 2 of which began as a journal issue. Results. Dr. Fortuine was a prolific writer throughout his career, publishing 134 articles and books. He wrote papers and books on Alaska’s medical history, tuberculosis and health care delivery from RussianAmerica through the Public Health Service efforts in the territory and then the State of Alaska. The master bibliography has over 3,000 references and 81 subjects. This list has a significant number of entries for tuberculosis with almost one-third of the entries including this heading. Others dwell on the history of ‘‘precontact’’ health, the history of Alaska Native health care, the history of the Alaska Department of Health, especially the tuberculosis programme, the role of the US Public Health Service and traditional medicine. He completely reviewed every Governors’ and the US Surgeon General’s reports in regard to Alaska content. This paper describes his 10 most significant publications. Conclusions. Robert Fortuine’s published works offer a wealth of information and insight into Alaska’s Medical History and the Health Aspects of Arctic Exploration. As is probably true for many historians, he began small, creating a bibliography and adapting a talk before tackling his first full-length book. Readers who sample his many works will be enriched and enlightened. Keywords: medical history; arctic bibliography; health care delivery; access to health care; Alaska (Published: 5 August 2013) This paper is part of Supplement 1, 2013, ICCH15 Proceedings . More papers from this Supplement can be found here . Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2013, 72 : 21264 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21264
A stochastic theory for rate genes in large populations with overlapping generations

Abstract In this paper there is developed a stochastic theory for rare and nonrecessive genes in large populations that may have individuals of several age groups present at one time. The analysis is based on an age-dependent branching process due to Goodman. An approximate formula for the probability of extinction of a line of mutant genes, originating in an ancestral heterozygote in age group 0, is calculated. Expressions are also given for the asymptotic rates of approach of the probabilities of extinction of lines at finite times to their limiting values. These expressions apply regardless of the age of the ancestral heterozygote or whether the line has a positive probability of surviving indefinitely. Mean frequencies at equilibrium are calculated when there is recurrent mutation to an unfavorable gene.
Age at presentation of African-American and Caucasian breast cancer patients.

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the age at presentation of Black-American (Caribbean-American and African-American) and Caucasian breast cancer patients. Study Design: We reviewed the records of all breast cancer patients seen at King's County Hospital Center and SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn between 1982 and 1995. The patients were stratified based on ethnicity. Age distribution, median, and mean ages are compared for Black-American and Caucasian patients. Results: The median age, mean age, and standard deviation for 1,632 African-American patients was 54, 54.17, and 13.11 years, respectively, whereas for 671 Caucasians patients it was 62, 60.35, and 13.85 years, respectively. Using the Student's t -test for equality of means there is a statistically significant difference in the mean age of presentation for the 2 ethnic groups with a p Conclusions: The younger age at presentation of Black-American breast cancer patients ought to be considered while setting screening guidelines for that group of women.
The effect of an aerobic exercise training program on quality of life in type 2 diabetes.

PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 10 weeks of moderate aerobic exercise training on quality of life (QOL) and selected physiological parameters in previously sedentary persons with diabetes.METHODSA quality-of-life survey (SF36v2 health survey) and measurement of physiological parameters were completed before and after 10 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise training 3 days a week for 20 to 45 minutes by subjects with diabetes (n=9) and control subjects (n=1 0). Nontraining subjects with diabetes (n=12) and control subjects (n=1 0) also completed the QOL survey at equivalent times.RESULTSParticipants in all groups had similar characteristics. A training effect was evident in exercisers, with an increase in lactate threshold and a decrease in percent body fat for both groups. Training did not affect body mass index or interstitial nitric oxide levels. Physical and mental component scores on the QOL survey in the training and nontraining groups did not differ significantly befo...
Approaches To Enhancing The Sensitivity Of Direct Coupled Photoacoustic Spectroscopy As Applied To Gaas

Several GaAs-piezoelectric transducer configurations have been characterized to increase the sensitivity of a direct-coupled photoacoustic spectrometer constructed to study the optical properties of GaAs. We have shown that the use of an annular-shaped transducer and the presence of a thin mirror between the GaAs and the transducer decrease spectrometer noise and allow for enhanced sensitivity through the exploitation of transducer resonances. Limitations of this technique for studying semiconductor deep levels are identified and the use of the complex modes of the transducer for studying semiconductor heterostructures is discussed.
Comment on “An experimental study of the solubility and speciation of neodymium (III) fluoride in F-bearing aqueous solutions” by A.A. Migdisov and A.E. Williams-Jones

For several years, A.A. Migdisov and A.E. WilliamsJones (hereafter MW Migdisov et al., 2006, 2008). Using a different and more interpretively challenging approach (e.g., Johansson, 1968), M&WJ recently investigated the solubility of neodymium (III) fluoride to obtain the NdF3(s) solubility product, logK sp, as well as the stability constant of the NdF-complex, logb1, at water saturation pressure and T = 150, 200, and 250 C (M & WJ, 2007). We appreciate the opportunity to append a few brief footnotes to that paper. One provides some caveats regarding M&WJ’s application of their high-temperature Nd speciation model to a hydrothermal fluid from New Mexico, USA. Two others examine the comparison with published constants cited by M&WJ, which do not constitute the best that are currently available. Notwithstanding these remarks we hold the analytical skills of M&WJ in high esteem and have great confidence in the quality of their data. 1. Our first comment concerns the use of the newly measured constants to model Nd solubility and speciation in a hypersaline hydrothermal fluid. M&WJ infer from this effort that Nd is significantly more soluble in hydrothermal fluids than suggested by existing data and that its speciation in fluoride-bearing solutions is probably dominated by chloride complexes and not by fluoride complexes as commonly believed (for references, see M & WJ, 2007). While we do not fundamentally disagree with this conclusion,
Generalised Geometric Random Variables

Summary Properties of the random variable representing the number of identical and independent Bernoulli trials necessary to obtain K consecutive successes are investigated. The results are interesting to students in a first course in probability or mathematical statistics.
Tear Your Mask, and Have it Too: A Reply to Peter Baehr

Peter Baehr highly praises Berger’s contribution to sociology, and yet sharply criticises his claim that unmasking or debunking is he signature method of sociology. Baehr hold such method of enquiry to be dangerously corrosive and in tension with the humanist intentions of Berger. I largely agree with this critique, but I have doubts that a viable alternative could be developed within the framework of the social sciences. Thus, I would suggest that Berger was right in linking unmasking/debunking with the humanist enterprise, despite the negative implications highlighted by Baehr.
Rare type of intrapulmonary drainage of one lung by the other with total anomalous pulmonary venous return

A rare form of obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage is presented. A neonate with asplenia, pulmonary atresia and complex congenital heart disease also had drainage of the left lung forming a venous confluence that proceeded in an intrapulmonary fashion through the right lung. A hypoplastic pulmonary venous channel then emerged from the right upper lobe leading to the superior vena cava. Pulmonary venous obstruction was suspected on initial plain chest X-ray examination and on angiography, which revealed the pulmonary artery to be larger than anticipated. Administration of prostaglandin E1 may allow augmentation of pulmonary blood flow and angiographic definition of this association in infants with asplenia complex.
An exploratory study of the cognitive, academic, and behavioral functioning of pediatric cardiothoracic transplant recipients.

Context—Limited information is available regarding the cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes of pediatric cardiothoracic transplant recipients.Objective—To examine the cognitive, behavioral, and academic functioning of a group of children who have received heart, heart/lung, or lung transplants.Design, Participants, and Setting—An exploratory cross-sectional outcomes study of surviving pediatric cardiothoracic transplant recipients at a Midwestern pediatric hospital.Main Outcome Measures—Transplant recipients completed measures of cognitive and academic functioning. Parents and teachers completed measures of behavioral functioning. Parents and transplant recipients also provided qualitative data regarding their main concerns after transplantation.Results—On measures of cognitive functioning, 46% showed significant delays (>2 SD below the normative population). Of those eligible for academic testing, 78% fell within the average range (within 1 SD of the normative population) for reading and spelling...
Outgoing selectee rates at hub airports

Abstract The selectee rate at an airport, or the fraction of originating passengers at an airport that have not been cleared by the computer-aided passenger prescreening system, may be useful in determining where to deploy certain baggage screening security devices. At hub airports, this rate alone does not capture the selectee rate of outgoing passengers, which consists of both originating passengers and transferring passengers. The impact of transferring passengers on the outgoing selectee rate is needed to optimally deploy baggage screening security devices at airports. This paper introduces a methodology for computing the outgoing selectee rates for a set of (hub and non-hub) airports and to quantify the impact of transferring selectees at airports. Different types of selectee rates are defined and relationships between selectee rates for a set of airports and within an airport are discussed. Based on these relationships, two approaches for computing the outgoing selectee rates are presented. The resulting formulations, the exact formulation and the approximate formulation, are illustrated and compared using several examples, including a real-world example with data from the official airline guide. The methodology introduced in this paper can be used to determine which individual airports pose the greatest threat from selectee passengers to the entire system of airports, hence can be used to aid in the deployment of baggage screening security devices at airports.
Regulation of endothelin-1 production by a thromboxane A2 mimetic in rat heart smooth muscle cells.

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and ET-1 have been known to play important roles in modulating vascular contraction and growth. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of TXA2 on the induction of endothelin-1 (ET-1) mRNA and protein levels in smooth muscle cells derived from rat heart. U-46619, a stable TXA2 mimetic, superinduced preproET-1 mRNA in the presence of cycloheximide in these cells. This effect could be blocked by SQ-29548, a TXA2/prostaglandin H2 receptor antagonist and by actinomycin D, an RNA synthesis inhibitor. In addition, H7, a protein kinase C inhibitor, could abolish the induction. Transient transfection experiment revealed that the elevated ET-1 mRNA level after U-46619 treatment was a result of the activation of ET-1 gene activity. The elevated ET-1 message level was accompanied by increased ET-1 release into the cultured medium. These results show that the short-lived TXA2 can induce potent and long-lived ET-1. These findings support a potential role for ET-1 in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension evoked by TXA2.
The displacement of copper by iron at the specific binding sites of ovotransferrin

We have examined the kinetics and mechanism by which iron can displace copper at the specific metal-binding sites of ovotransferrin. Fe2+ was added to Cu2+-ovotransferrin-CO3(2-) in the presence of NaHCO3 and ambient O2. The reaction has been followed by standard and stopped-flow spectrophotometry, EPR spectroscopy and analysis of chromogen-reactive Fe2+. The reaction is best described as triphasic. An initial jump in absorbance takes place in the first 2 s. In the next minute there is a further increase in absorbance and shift in the spectral maximum from 440 to 446 nm. The third phase is complex. The bulk of the spectrophotometric change, a decrease in absorbance with a shift to a maximum of 453 nm, lasts approx. 3 min. Minor spectral and EPR changes, however, take place over the next several hours. Chromogenic analysis of Fe2+ indicates that approx. 1 min is required to oxidize the Fe2+. EPR spectra reveal the formation of an Fe3+-ovotransferrin complex within the first 20 s; however, this lacks the characteristic doublet of specific Fe3+-ovotransferrin-CO3(2-). The simultaneous presence of specific Cu2+-ovotransferrin-CO3(2-) and Fe3+-ovotransferrin-CO3(2-) signals suggests a period in which the protein specifically binds both metal ions perhaps resulting from a differential reactivity of the two metal-binding sites. The addition of Cu(NO3)2 to Fe3+-ovotransferrin-CO3(2-) resulted in a complex with specific Fe3+ and non-specific Cu2+. The EPR spectrum of this complex and the final product of our displacement reaction were virtually identical. Distinct parallels in reaction of Cu2+-ovotransferrin-CO3(2-) with Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2, Fe(NO3)3 and Fe3+-nitrilotriacetic acid were observed. A reaction sequence involving the binding and oxidation of non-specific Fe2+ followed by Cu2+ displacement by Fe3+ at the specific sites and binding of non-specific Cu2+ is suggested.
A comparison of indicators of sublethal salinity stress in the salt marsh grass, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl.

Wetland plant communities in coastal Louisiana are degrading, resulting in the loss of live emergent vegetation and subsequent succession to open water. Saltwater intrusion has resulted from the construction of navigation canals through the marshes; the subsequent salinity increase is one of the potential sources of sublethal stress on plants. Greenhouse experiments were conducted on Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. to compare the usefulness of several indicators for the detection of salinity stress. CO2 uptake, leaf expansion, proline concentration and live aboveground biomass displayed significant responses to the salinity levels employed as treatments (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 ppt.). CO2 exchange was the only indicator showing a significant response within 7 days of the initiation of treatments (measurements were made at 7, 14 and 42 days).
Make It Do or Do Without: Transitioning from a Tech-Heavy to a Tech-Light Institution: A Cautionary Tale

Abstract This article discusses the author's experiences in transitioning from a “tech-heavy” program in English studies to a “tech-light” program. The specific natures of “tech-heavy” and “tech-light” programs are defined and discussed. Suggestions drawn from the author's experience for teaching, doing research, and changing access and attitude at the institutional level are provided.
FreeMix Radio: The Original Mixtape Radio Show A Case Study in Mixtape “Radio” and Emancipatory Journalism

This article describes the potential political value of the hip-hop mixtape by demonstrating (a) how a consolidated radio and music industry media environment has largely made the medium of radio an agent of the suppression of mass organization and struggle; (b) how this suppression acts to maintain African America as an internal colony rather than a free citizenry; (c) how in response to this, the application of media theories and general frames of reference that center this experience is necessary; (d) that though hip-hop as a cultural expression has become part of the machinery of colonial control it still offers avenues of liberation specifically the underappreciated aspect of the mixtape as an African American underground communication and press; and (e) the potential of and challenge to mixtapes becoming a source of emancipatory journalism using the author's own Washington, D.C.—based FreeMix Radio: The Original Mixtape Radio Show as case study.
Entry into outer planet environments. II - Performance of volume reflecting hyperpure silica heat shields

The performance of hyperpure silica heat shields that backscatter incident radiation in the depths of the material, i.e., a volume reflecting heat shield, is mapped for probes entering the atmospheres of Saturn and Uranus. Three models of each atmosphere are considered; the warm, nominal, and cool models. The most recent thermophysical and optical properties of hyperpure silica are employed. Detailed incident radiative spectra and the effects of ablation on radiative and convective heating obtained from benchmark flowfield solutions are used. In-depth material response is examined and results are presented in terms of the peak rear-face temperature as a function of initial thickness for each atmosphere. Results are compared with carbon phenolic heat-shield requirements.
Surf Zone Longshore Currents and Random Waves: Field Data and Models

Abstract Analytic and numerical models for longshore currents generated by obliquely incident random waves am compared with field observations. Five days of observations were selected during which the waves were narrow banded in both frequency and direction, in keeping with model assumptions. The extensive measurements included radiation stress and wave directional spectra in 9 m depth, and a closely spaced array of current and pressure sensors on a line perpendicular to shore. The longshore current models are based on balancing the gradient of the radiation stress with the alongshore bed shear and Reynold's stresses, assuming stationary wave conditions and straight and parallel bottom contours. The spatial variation of wave height, required to determine the gradient of the radiation stress, is modeled using linear random wave theory. Given Hrms in 9 m depth, the model predicts Hrms at shoreward locations with an average error of less than 9%. Using a nonlinear bottom shear stress formulation and the meas...
Observation of an extended region of magnetic reversibility in Nb and NbSe 2

Vibrating-reed measurements of the flexural resonances of thin cantilevered samples of polycrystalline Nb foils and quasi-two-dimensional ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$ single crystals reveal extended regions of temperature T and magnetic field H for reversible flux-line (FL) motion when the long reed dimension is perpendicular to the applied field. An ``irreversibility line,'' defined by the peak temperature of the reciprocal quality factor, is found to be frequency (mode)-independent for resonant frequencies 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{2}$f5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ Hz, implying that the time scale of FL pinning is extremely T and H dependent. We conclude that observation of an extended region of magnetic reversibility is not restricted to high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ or extremely anisotropic materials, and depends upon the geometric aspects of samples with respect to the applied field direction.
Montgomery Multiplication in GF(2 ^k

We show that the multiplication operation c=a · b · r^-1 in the field GF(2^k can be implemented significantly faster in software than the standard multiplication, where r is a special fixed element of the field. This operation is the finite field analogue of the Montgomery multiplication for modular multiplication of integers. We give the bit-level and word-level algorithms for computing the product, perform a thorough performance analysis, and compare the algorithm to the standard multiplication algorithm in GF(2^k. The Montgomery multiplication can be used to obtain fast software implementations of the discrete exponentiation operation, and is particularly suitable for cryptographic applications where k is large.
Time-varying filters and filter banks: some basic principles

We study the fundamentals of time-varying filter banks (TVFB). Using a polyphase approach to TVFBs, we are able to show some unusual properties that are not exhibited by the conventional LTI filter banks. For example, we can show that for a perfect reconstruction (PR) TVFB, the losslessness of analysis bank does not always imply that of the synthesis bank, and replacing the delay z/sup -1/ in an implementation of a lossless linear time-variant (LTV) system with z/sup -L/ for integer L in general will result in a nonlossless system. Moreover, we show that interchanging the analysis and synthesis filters of a PR TVFB will usually destroy the PR property, and a PR TVFB in general will not generate a discrete-time basis for l/sub 2/. Furthermore, we show that we can characterize all TVFBs by characterizing multi-input multi-output (MIMO) LTV systems. A useful subclass of LTV systems, namely the lossless systems, is discussed in detail. All lossless LTV systems are invertible. Moreover, the inverse is a finite impulse response (FIR) if the original lossless system is an FIR. Explicit construction of the inverses is given. However, unlike in the LTI case, we show that the inverse system is not necessarily unique or invertible. In fact, the inverse of a lossless LTV system is not necessarily lossless. Depending on the invertibility of their inverses, the lossless systems are divided into two groups: (i) invertible inverse lossless (IIL) systems and (ii) noninvertible inverse lossless (NIL) systems. We show that an NIL PR TVFB will only generate a discrete-time tight frame with unity frame bound. However if the PR FB is IIL, we have an orthonormal basis for l/sub 2/.
Geophysical and Geological Evidence of Neotectonic Deformation along the Hovey Lake Fault, Lower Wabash Valley Fault System, Central United States

High-resolution seismic (shear-wave) reflection profiles were collected over a segment of the Hovey Lake fault, a known Paleozoic fault within a system of faults in the southernmost Wabash River valley of the central United States. Although the fault zone, called the Wabash Valley fault system, lies in an area of recognized prehistoric and contemporary seismicity, the seismogenic potential of this system remains poorly defined. Consequently, the objectives of this study are to assess the Hovey Lake fault, one of the more prominent fault strands in the system, for neotectonic reactivation and if present, collect sediment samples for dateable material from the disrupted horizons to provide an age constraint for the movement. The resultant stacked profiles show high-angle deformation extending above the Paleozoic bedrock and into Upper Quaternary sediment. Time-displacement calculations from the data show approximately 10.5 m of offset on the top-of-bedrock horizon and 2 m of inverted displacement along the earliest-arriving Quaternary soil reflector. Preliminary correlative coring and carbon-14 age dating of a disrupted soil horizon, located 7.7 m below ground surface, suggest fault movement at this site as late as approximately 37,000 years before present.
Synchrony and seasonality in bacterioplankton communities of two temperate rivers

The bacterioplankton community composition (measured with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S ribosomal DNA [rDNA]) of two nonintersecting temperate rivers was nearly identical and changed synchronously over 2.5 yr, suggesting that intrinsic controls on bacteria were similar in the two rivers and that seasonal changes were driven by extrinsic factors such as climate. Most potential controls on community composition also exhibited synchrony; these included bacterial production rate (leucine incorporation), water temperature, river flow rate, and a suite of chemical measurements. Temperature and river flow rate were the best predictors of temporal patterns in diversity. However, diversity patterns also correlated with bacterial production and concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen and nitrate, suggesting that diversity is directly or indirectly influenced by complex seasonal shifts in environmental conditions. Winter and summer communities were somewhat predictable over 3 yr, although these communities were not identical. Two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified clone libraries of 16S rDNA, constructed with summer samples from each river, were not significantly different and contained typical freshwater bacterioplankton of the beta-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, including members of five new freshwater bacterioplankton clusters. However, libraries also included several phylotypes related to bacteria from soil and sediment, indicating the potential importance of allochthonous organisms in river diversity.
Markets, Poverty Alleviation, and Income Distribution: An Assessment of Neoliberal Claims

If individuals are such rational and maximizing agents, why has history demonstrated that government intervention in economics plays a consistently positive role in a developing country's economic performance? This article emphasizes the inevitable link of the political arena with progress of economic success, primarily in the developing world, thereby rejecting the neoclassical view of pure market-driven economics. The author highlights the market-oriented accomplishments of the Asian NICs (Newly Industrialized Countries) and some Latin American countries, such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and Turkey, pointing out time periods when authoritarian regimes acted as indisputable impetus for economic growth spurts in these countries. Because the poor are afflicted most heavily during transition periods, the author advocates that governments ensure the involvement of the poor not only in the market reforms but most importantly in the policy-making process. Governments must ensure proper allocation of national resources, income distribution, and commitment to poverty alleviation through direct intervention in the economy to stimulate growth and success. Under these circumstances, Haggard concludes, the poor will demonstrate a higher level of success in the emerging economies than many expect.
Use of combined intracorporal injection and a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor therapy for men with a suboptimal response to sildenafil and/or vardenafil monotherapy after radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Objective To report experience with combined therapy using intracorporal injection (ICI) of alprostadil and oral phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors for the minimally invasive treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) after radical prostatectomy (RP), as PDE-5 inhibitors are effective but a few patients may have a suboptimal response. Patients and methods In a retrospective study, 34 men (aged 46-66 years) had a nerve-sparing retropubic RP and subsequent ED. Patients were titrated on sildenafil citrate or vardenafil to maximum doses. All had a suboptimal response after a maximum of eight doses of oral therapy and were then treated with ICI therapy using 15 or 20 microg alprostadil. Erectile function was assessed with the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM). Results Of the 32 patients who continued combined therapy, 22 (68%) had an improvement in erectile function after ICI therapy, as assessed by the SHIM score. On follow-up, 36% of these patients used ICI therapy only intermittently, instead of regularly, as they felt that this was adequate enough for good results. Conclusions PDE-5 oral pharmacotherapy is the most commonly used effective therapy for ED but may not be as effective in patients who have radical surgery; the addition of testosterone patches may have side-effects or be considered a risk in patients with a history of prostate cancer. The use of ICI therapy as an adjunct or maintenance therapy to their oral medication may be another alternative in these patients.
Comparison of global waveform inversions with and without considering cross-branch modal coupling

SUMMARY In this study we present a new approach to inverting long-period seismic waveforms. The effect of lateral heterogeneity is partitioned into two. The first part represents the effect of horizontally averaged structure along the great circle between the source and receiver, and is allowed to remain in non-linear form in the formulation. The second part incorporates any further correction due to cross-branch modal coupling, which has been neglected in the more conventional path average approximation (PAVA). This term is linearized and then treated asymptotically so that the seismogram depends only upon the structure within the great-circle section determined by the source and receiver (Li & Tanimoto 1993a). We refer to this new method as the non-linear asymptotic coupling theory (NACT). The sensitivity kernels predicted by the PAVA and NACT are compared. While the sensitivity kernels are similar for surface waves and shallow-turning body waves, they are very different for body waves that sample the deep mantle. By examining the inversion algorithms for the PAVA and NACT, we demonstrate that the computation time required by the NACT tends to be of the same order of magnitude as that required by the PAVA, as the number of model parameters increases. Based upon a realistically large data set (5041 body-wave seismograms and 1531 mantle-wave seismograms), formal resolution analyses are performed using both PAVA and NACT. We find that the NACT is significantly more powerful in resolving 3-D structure in the deep mantle. We compare the models obtained for the same observed data set using the two approaches. As expected, they differ more in the lower mantle than in the upper mantle. The difference in their amplitude spectra increases with spherical harmonic degree. The model developed using the NACT predicts the observed surface geoid better than that developed using the PAVA, based upon geodynamic flow modelling.
Cleft-Palate Speech Practical Guidelines to Evaluation

Distorted anatomy in the child with cleft palate interferes with his ability to make certain sounds in speech. Physicians should be aware of the goals of palatal reconstruction and of the clinical methods of speech analysis. A glossary of spoken sounds, and discussion of technics for determining suitability for speech training, are presented here.
Promoting a Graphic Novel Collection: Sometimes Innovation Means Utilizing Someone Else's Expertise

This article describes an innovative way to promote a libraryâs graphic novel collection using the format of the genre itself. The author describes his trepidation about his lack of artistic ability, followed by the successful experience of using Comic Book Creator software to create marketing material. A description of how the software works is provided and advice is offered to others wishing to do something similar.
Factor V: an activator of factor Xa in the absence of prothrombin.

Summary. Purified factor V accelerates the rate of conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by activated factor X (factor Xa) in the presence of phospholipid and calcium. Factor V potentiates the arginine esterase activity of factor Xa more than three-fold in the presence of phospholipid and calcium but in the absence of prothrombin. The increase of factor Xa esterase activity as a function of factor-V concentration demonstrated signoidal kinetics and a linear Hill plot, suggesting cooperative binding of factor V to multiple sites on the phospholipid micellar surface. An increase in both Km and Vm of factor Xa for tosyl l-arginine methyl ester occurs in the presence of factor V, suggesting that factor V enhances the dissociation of the factor-Xa substrate complex. In addition, factor V alters the catalytic efficiency of factor Xa toward various substituted basic amino acid esters. Based on these observations, a model is suggested in which factor V interacts with factor Xa on the surface of a phospholipid micelle to alter the affinity of factor Xa for certain susceptible bonds on the prothrombin molecule.
Note on the cochromatic number of several surfaces

The cochromatic number of a graph G, denoted by z(G), is the minimum number of subsets into which the vertex set of G can be partitioned so that each subset induces an empty or a complete subgraph of G. In an earlier work, the author considered the problem of determining z(S), the maximum cochromatic number among all graphs that embed in a surface S. The value of z(S) was found for the sphere, the Klein bottle, and for the nonorientable surface of genus 4. In this note, some recent results of Albertson and Hutchinson are used to determine the cochromatic numbers of the projective plane and the nonorientable surface of genus 3. These results lend further evidence to support the conjecture that z(S) is equal to the maximum n for which the graph Gn = K1 U K2 U … U Kn embeds in S.
Self-aligned BJTs for VLSI using a new diffusion technique for shallow base formation

Summary form only given. A method of using selectively deposited and selectively removed 'polycrystalline' Si/sub x/Ge/sub 1-x/ as a diffusion source for the fabrication of narrow-base self-aligned BJTs (bipolar junction transistors) is described. The transistors showed excellent quality emitter-base and base-collector junction characteristics. In addition, this process was found to be completely compatible with current double polysilicon self aligned technology. >
Strategies for obtaining long constant-pressure test times in shock tubes

Several techniques have been developed for obtaining long, constant-pressure test times in reflected shock wave experiments in a shock tube, including the use of driver inserts, driver gas tailoring, helium gas diaphragm interfaces, driver extensions, and staged driver gas filling. These techniques are detailed here, including discussion on the most recent strategy, staged driver gas filling. Experiments indicate that this staged filling strategy increases available test time by roughly 20 % relative to single-stage filling of tailored driver gas mixtures, while simultaneously reducing the helium required per shock by up to 85 %. This filling scheme involves firstly mixing a tailored helium–nitrogen mixture in the driver section as in conventional driver filling and, secondly, backfilling a low-speed-of-sound gas such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide from a port close to the end cap of the driver section. Using this staged driver gas filling, in addition to the other techniques listed above, post-reflected shock test times of up to 0.102 s (102 ms) at 524 K and 1.6 atm have been obtained. Spectroscopically based temperature measurements in non-reactive mixtures have confirmed that temperature and pressure conditions remain constant throughout the length of these long test duration trials. Finally, these strategies have been used to measure low-temperature n-heptane ignition delay times.
Beat the machine: challenging workers to find the unknown unknowns

We present techniques for gathering data that expose errors of automatic predictive models. In certain common settings, traditional methods for evaluating predictive models tend to miss rare-but-important errors--most importantly, rare cases for which the model is confident of its prediction (but wrong). In this paper we present a system that, in a game-like setting, asks humans to identify cases that will cause the predictive-model-based system to fail. Such techniques are valuable in discovering problematic cases that do not reveal themselves during the normal operation of the system, and may include cases that are rare but catastrophic. We describe the design of the system, including design iterations that did not quite work. In particular, the system incentivizes humans to provide examples that are difficult for the model to handle, by providing a reward proportional to the magnitude of the predictive model's error. The humans are asked to "Beat the Machine" and find cases where the automatic model ("the Machine") is wrong. Experiments show that the humans using Beat the Machine identify more errors than traditional techniques for discovering errors in from predictive models, and indeed, they identify many more errors where the machine is confident it is correct. Further, the cases the humans identify seem to be not simply outliers, but coherent areas missed completely by the model. Beat the machine identifies the "unknown unknowns".
DNMT3A mutations exert a dominant adverse effect in De novo acute myeloid leukemia with concurrent FLT3 and NPM1 mutations

S188 of AML, MDS, and MDS/MPN with t(v;5q33-34) remain poorly characterized. Methods: We queried our files for all myeloid neoplasms associated with t(v;5q33-34). Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms and cases with peripheral eosinophilia fulfilling criteria of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with abnormalities of PDGFRB were excluded. The clinicopathologic features of the study group were reviewed. Results: The study group (n1⁄417) included 12 men and 5 women with a median age of 64 years (range, 19 to 86 years). At presentation, 12 patients had AML, 4 had MDS, and 1 had MDS/MPN. In addition to t(v;5q3334) among patients with AML, 3 (25%) had neither myelodysplasia nor other MDS-related cytogenetics, 2 (17%) had myelodysplasia only, 5 (83%) had other MDS-related cytogenetic changes only, and 2 (17%) had myelodysplasia and other MDS-related cytogenetic changes. Among patients with MDS, 3/4 had only t(v;5q33-34) and 1 patient had a diploid karyotype and acquired t(v;5q33-34) at the time of transformation to AML. The patient with MDS/MPN had atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia and only t(v;5q33-34). Three patients with AML had a prior history of MPN (essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and MPN not otherwise specified), and 1 patient had chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. The latter case was the only patient with a history of prior cytotoxic therapy. A median follow up of 25 months (range, 1-108) was available on 14 patients. At last follow up, 10/14 patients were dead (all with AML) and 4 patients were alive (3 with MDS; 1 with MDS/MPN). Conclusions: AML with t(v;5q33-34) is associated with poor outcome but is not always associated with myelodysplasia or MDS-related cytogenetic features. Although a larger dataset is needed, in this study group patients with MDS or MDS/MPN and with t(v;5q33-34) seem to have a favorable outcome.
De Novo Assembly and Characterization of Four Anthozoan (Phylum Cnidaria) Transcriptomes

Many nonmodel species exemplify important biological questions but lack the sequence resources required to study the genes and genomic regions underlying traits of interest. Reef-building corals are famously sensitive to rising seawater temperatures, motivating ongoing research into their stress responses and long-term prospects in a changing climate. A comprehensive understanding of these processes will require extending beyond the sequenced coral genome (Acropora digitifera) to encompass diverse coral species and related anthozoans. Toward that end, we have assembled and annotated reference transcriptomes to develop catalogs of gene sequences for three scleractinian corals (Fungia scutaria, Montastraea cavernosa, Seriatopora hystrix) and a temperate anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima). High-throughput sequencing of cDNA libraries produced ∼20–30 million reads per sample, and de novo assembly of these reads produced ∼75,000–110,000 transcripts from each sample with size distributions (mean ∼1.4 kb, N50 ∼2 kb), comparable to the distribution of gene models from the coral genome (mean ∼1.7 kb, N50 ∼2.2 kb). Each assembly includes matches for more than half the gene models from A. digitifera (54–67%) and many reasonably complete transcripts (∼5300–6700) spanning nearly the entire gene (ortholog hit ratios ≥0.75). The catalogs of gene sequences developed in this study made it possible to identify hundreds to thousands of orthologs across diverse scleractinian species and related taxa. We used these sequences for phylogenetic inference, recovering known relationships and demonstrating superior performance over phylogenetic trees constructed using single mitochondrial loci. The resources developed in this study provide gene sequences and genetic markers for several anthozoan species. To enhance the utility of these resources for the research community, we developed searchable databases enabling researchers to rapidly recover sequences for genes of interest. Our analysis of de novo assembly quality highlights metrics that we expect will be useful for evaluating the relative quality of other de novo transcriptome assemblies. The identification of orthologous sequences and phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrates the feasibility of these methods for clarifying the substantial uncertainties in the existing scleractinian phylogeny.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS. Surveillance data from 2012 indicate an estimated 1.2 million people aged 13 years and older were living with HIV infection in the United States, and 12.8% do not know their status. There are approximately 50,000 new HIV infections annually. With no available cure for HIV, primary prevention to reduce incident cases of HIV is essential. Strategies to prevent HIV transmission include reducing sexual risk behavior and needle sharing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has multiple resources available for primary and secondary prevention to reduce disease transmission and severity.
A New Species of Toritrombicula (Acarina: Trombiculidae) from the Pacific Golden Plover in the Hawaiian Islands

Toritrombicula oahuensis , n. sp. is described from larvae off the Pacific Golden Plover, Pluvialis dominica fulva , taken on Oahu, Hawaii.
Place Attachment: Capturing Causes of Individual Pro-Environmental Behaviors in the Workplace

Scholars from an array of disciplines have sought to explain why individuals engage in pro-environmental behaviors in various settings. In the field of environmental psychology, place attachment ha...
Structural Acoustics Applications of the BEM and the FEM

In this paper we discuss how the boundary element method (BEM) may be used by itself or in conjunction with the finite element method (FEM) for the solution of problems in structural acoustics. Problems in this category include: the scattering of sound from an elastic solid or shell submerged in a heavy fluid such as sea water, and the sound field generated within a vehicle passenger compartment or aircraft cabin due to vibration of the surrounding structure. In the latter case, the modes of the structure and the acoustic fluid may be coupled even if the fluid is air. Two approaches to structural acoustics modeling are considered. In one approach, the BEM is used to model both the elastic and the acoustic parts of the problem. In the second approach, the FEM is used to model the structure, while the BEM is used to model the fluid.
Quasi-adiabatic vacuum-based column housing for very high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract A prototype vacuum-based (10 −6 Torr) column housing was built to thermally isolate the chromatographic column from the external air environment. The heat transfer mechanism is solely controlled by surface radiation, which was minimized by wrapping the column with low-emissivity aluminum tape. The adiabaticity of the column housing was quantitatively assessed from the measurement of the operational pressure and fluid temperature at the outlet of a 2.1 mm × 100 mm column (sub-2 μm particles). The pressure drop along the column was raised up to 1 kbar. The enthalpy balance of the eluent (water, acetonitrile, and one water/acetonitrile mixture, 70/30, v/v) showed that less than 1% of the viscous heat generated by friction of the fluid against the packed bed was lost to the external air environment. Such a vacuum-based column oven minimizes the amplitude of the radial temperature gradients across the column diameter and maximizes its resolving power.