cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of glutathione in rat adipocyte pentose phosphate cycle activity

Abstract An assay for reduced and oxidized glutathione was adapted to isolated rat epididymal adipocytes in order to correlate pentose phosphate cycle activity and glutathione metabolism. In collagenase-digested adipocytes the [GSH/GSSG] molar ratio was in excess of 100. Cells incubated for 1 hr with low glucose concentrations (0.28–0.55 m m ) had higher GSH contents (3.2 μg/10 6 cells) than in the absence of glucose (2.3 μg/10 6 cells). The glutathione oxidant diamide caused a dose-related decrease in intracellular GSH, an increase in GSSG released into the medium, but no detectable change in the low intracellular GSSG content. The intracellular content of GSH and amount of GSSG released into the medium were therefore taken to reflect the glutathione status of the adipocytes most closely. Addition of H 2 O 2 to a concentration of 60 μ m to adipocytes caused to decline within 5 min in GSH content, which was less severe and more rapid to recover in the presence of 1.1 m m glucose, suggesting that the concomitant stimulation of glucose C-1 oxidation induced by the peroxide in the presence of glucose provided NADPH for regeneration of GSH. Further evidence for tight coupling between adipocyte [GSH/GSSG] ratios and pentose phosphate cycle activity was that (i) lowering intracellular GSH to 35–60% of control values by agents as diverse in action as t-butyl hydroperoxide, diamide, or the sulfhydryl blocker N -ethylmaleimide resulted in optimal stimulation of glucose C-1 oxidation and fractional pentose phosphate cycle activity, and (ii) incubating adipocytes directly with 2.5 m m GSSG resulted in a slight increase in glucose C-1 oxidation and when 0.5 m m NADP + was also added a synergistic effect on pentose phosphate cycle activity was found. On the other hand, electron acceptors such as methylene blue did not lower cellular GSH content, but did stimulate the pentose phosphate cycle, confirming a site of action independent of glutathione metabolism. The results show that (i) glucose metabolism by the pentose phosphate cycle contributes to regeneration of GSH and that (ii) glutathione metabolism either directly or via coupled changes in [NADPH/NADP + ] ratios may play a significant role in short-term control of the pentose phosphate cycle.
Vibrational Spectroscopy of GaN:Mg Under Pressure

The microscopic structure of Mg-H complexes in GaN has been a subject of intense theoretical and experimental investigation. In order to probe the Mg-H structure, we have studied the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the local vibrational mode (LVM) frequency. At ambient pressure, the LVM frequency is 3125 cm-1, which corresponds to a N-H stretching mode. In this study, Fourier-transform spectroscopy was performed on free-standing GaN:Mg,H samples in a diamond-anvil cell, with nitrogen as a pressure-transmitting fluid. The samples had been removed from their sapphire substrate by the laser-liftoff technique. The LVM frequency was measured, at liquid helium temperatures, for pressures ranging from 0 to 5 GPa. The pressure dependence of the frequency is nonlinear: first it decreases with pressure, then it increases. Comparison with first-principles calculations allows us to derive information about the microscopic structure of the Mg-H complex. The calculated stable configuration indeed gives rise to a frequency shift consistent with experiment. Based on the comparison between theory and experiment, we can exclude the bond-center configuration, which would result in a much larger pressure derivative than experimentally observed.
From transcriptome analysis to therapeutic anti-CD40L treatment in the SOD1 model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Steven Perrin and colleagues identified the transcriptionally upregulated co-stimulatory pathway in the SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Monoclonal anti-CD40L therapy delayed paralysis and extended survival.
Making a Meaningful Contribution to Nursing Theory

The value of being a part of a network of theoretically like-minded individuals for a small group of nurse scholars, namely Richard Cowling, Howard Butcher and William Cody, is here discussed. The like-mindedness in this case is what has been described by some as an angular view of nursing or the simultaneity paradigm. An underlying theme is that joy-sorrow often arises in living the isolation and connectedness of a career in nursing that includes a commitment to scholarship.
Early life environment and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases

Background: Early life exposures may modify risk of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC)). However, the relationship between early life exposures and natural history of IBD has not been previously examined. Methods: This single center study included patients with CD or UC recruited in a prospective IBD registry. Enrolled patients completed a detailed environmental questionnaire that assessed various early life environmental exposures. Our primary outcome was requirement for disease-related surgery in CD and UC. Logistic regression models defined independent effect of early life exposures, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Our study included 333 CD and 270 UC patients. Just over half were female with a median age at diagnosis of 25 years. One-third of the cohort had history of bowel surgery (31%) and nearly half had used at least one biologic agent (47%). Among those with CD, being breastfed was associated with reduced risk of CD-related surgery (34% vs. 55%), while childhood cigarette smoke exposure was associated with increased risk. On multivariate analysis, history of being breastfed (odds ratio (OR) 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09–0.46) and cigarette smoke exposure as a child (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.10–4.29) remained independently associated with surgery. None of the early life variables influenced disease phenotype or outcome in UC. Conclusion: A history of being breastfed was associated with a decreased risk while childhood cigarette smoke exposure was associated with an increased risk of surgery in patients with CD. Further investigation to examine biological mechanisms is warranted.
Investigation on the strength-size relationship in fibrous structures including composites

The size effects due to changes in gauge length and the influence of the fragmentation phenomenon in fibrous structures are examined. First, a theoretical analysis of the differences of the size effects in single fibre and in a fibrous structure is conducted. Then comprehensive experimental work is presented on single fibres, fibre bundles, and twisted yarns which can be considered as pseudo-composites. Next a comparison is made between the theoretical predictions and the experimental data. Causes for the size effect in a fibrous structure are explored. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
Novel Analysis of Phase Noise in Oscillators

Oscillator phase noise can be viewed as an equivalent fluctuation of the oscillator's center frequency. The center frequency is dependent upon the value of the components comprising the oscillator. We propose an approach to determining phase noise which models circuit noise via time varying components, using the substitution theorem, whose values necessarily result in a time varying center frequency. This circuit-theoretic approach to phase noise analysis has not been presented elsewhere. The analysis is applied to a ring oscillator, confirming our mathematics
Transcriptome-Wide RNA Interaction Profiling Reveals Physical and Functional Targets of hnRNP L in Human T Cells

The RNA processing factor hnRNP L is required for T cell development and function. However, the spectrum of direct targets of hnRNP L activity in T cells has yet to be defined. In this study, we used cross-linking and immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (CLIP-seq) to identify the RNA binding sites of hnRNP L within the transcriptomes of human CD4+ and cultured Jurkat T cells. We find that hnRNP L binds preferentially to transcripts encoding proteins involved in RNA processing and in Wnt and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. This binding is largely conserved across both quiescent and activated T cells, in agreement with the critical role of hnRNP L throughout T cell biology. Importantly, based on the binding profile of hnRNP L, we validate numerous instances of hnRNP L-dependent alternative splicing of genes critical to T cell function. We further show that alternative exons with weak 5′ splice site sequences specifically show a strong correlation between hnRNP L binding and hnRNP L-dependent splicing regulation. Together, these data provide the first transcriptome-wide analysis of the RNA targets of hnRNP L in lymphoid cells and add to the functional understanding of hnRNP L in human biology.
Supporting feature model configuration using a demonstration-based approach

Configuration of feature models in software product-lines typically involves manipulating a model to modify the feature selections and analyzing the model to ensure that no configuration constraints are violated. In order to capture and reuse configuration knowledge from different users, model transformation and constraint languages can be used to specify and automate the constraint checking and model manipulation processes. However, this approach presents challenges to general end-users (e.g., domain experts who may not be programmers) who do not have experience using these languages. This paper presents a demonstration-based technique to support the capture and reuse of feature model configurations.
Process development and reliability evaluation for inline Package-on-Package (pop) assembly

Traditionally, most of the miniaturization for printed circuit board assemblies (PCBA) has been accomplished by stacking bare dice inside the package, reducing the pitch of the package, and/or reducing the component and pad spacing on the printed circuit board (PCB). There is a limit, however, on what can be done with regards to component pitch and spacing. Package on package stacking (PoP) offers a new alternative for further miniaturization and densification of PCBA. This paper describes the PoP process requirement, and the impact on mechanical and thermo mechanical reliability using different pad layouts and with/without underfill.
Experimental and Modeling Studies of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on AA2024-T3

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was experimentally investigated using the Koutecky-Levich approach on AA2024-T3, high-purity aluminum, and high-purity copper. The ORR on a heterogeneous AA2024-T3 electrode exhibited charge-transfer, mixed, and mass-transfer-controlled regimes that were successfully modeled in each regime by considering AA2024-T3 to behave as a regular array of Cu-rich favored cathodic sites in a benign Al matrix. The copper coverage was systematically varied and quantified in both experiments and modeling. The charge-transfer-controlled ORR reaction rate increased linearly with copper coverage, while the mass-transfer-controlled ORR rate increased as a complex function of Cu coverage and the inverse of the boundary layer thickness. Ramifications toward corrosion and its inhibition on AA2024-T3 in thick as well as thin electrolyte layers are discussed.
Engagement versus disengagement: How structural and commercially-based regulatory changes have increased government risks in federal acquisitions

The purpose of this working paper is to highlight the challenges and associated risks Federal contracting officers face while conducting business under commercially-based contracting legislation and, with concurrent reductions in the acquisition workforce, the potential risks these changes place on the taxpayer. The researcher's thorough review of published articles, along with collegiate discussions with prominent practitioners and academics indicates that the Federal Government may be exposed to increased risks due to recent commercial-practice legislation and structural changes in the acquisition work force. The past decade-long wave of acquisition work-force reductions and commercially inspired acquisition reforms has created a responsive and progressive business environment. Yet, it has done so at the cost of the Federal government becoming less "engaged" in key oversight and management functions. This disengagement may be exposing Federal contracting officers and taxpayers to greater financial, programmatic and performance risks.
Postpartum changes in maternal weight and body fat depots in lactating vs nonlactating women

Maternal weight and body fat changes were studied in 56 women from delivery to 6 mo postpartum. Six-month weight losses (p less than 0.01) in exclusively breast-feeding (BF), exclusively formula-feeding (FF), and combination breast- and formula-feeding mothers (CF) were 8.30 +/- 0.74, 8.19 +/- 0.96, and 7.22 +/- 0.74 kg respectively; however, only BF experienced a significant change between 3 and 6 mo. Suprailiac and subscapular skinfold thickness decreased over 6 mo (p less than 0.01) with the suprailiac region reflecting a significant feeding-method effect. Increases in triceps fatfold measurements at 3 mo suggest that a temporary redistribution of body fat occurs as the energy stores of pregnancy are mobilized. Lactating mothers consumed more (p less than 0.01) kilocalories (BF, 2055 +/- 435; CF, 2005 +/- 515) than did nonlactating mothers (FF, 1453 +/- 503). Age, parity, and prepregnancy weight exerted significant covariable effects. Results suggest that lactation does play a role in postpartum weight and body fat loss but that the current RDA may be too high to permit such losses.
Determining the Flexural and Shear Moduli of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation

A three-dimensional digital image correlation systemwas implemented into the flexural tests of fiber-reinforced polymer composite beams to characterize shear deformation. An optimization routine that minimized the error between the analytical and experimental data was implemented with first-order shear deformation beam theory used to compute the flexural and shear moduli using the deflection and slope of the mid-plane of the beam. A relatively coarse 814 g/m2 woven roving E-glass fabric and a rubber-toughened vinyl ester resin system were used to fabricate the 10.0mmthick laminates in a quasi-isotropic laminate configuration. Span-to-thickness ratios of 8, 12, 16, and 24-to-1 were adopted for the laminate beams at a width-to-thickness ratio of 1.5-to-1. The full-field displacement and slope-optimization fitting methods were compared with conventional discrete point methods to determine flexural and shear moduli. Slope optimization produced consistent and reasonable values for the flexural modulus at all span-to-thickness ratios but produced higher than expected values for the shear modulus at shorter spans. Deflection optimization produced more variability in the flexural and shear moduli than slope optimization and lower than expected values of shear modulus at larger span-to-thickness ratios. Tests that used higher resolution images produced slightly larger values for shear modulus. Overall, the slope-optimization method produced the least amount of variability in the results for the flexural and shear moduli.
Engaging Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students in Learning Science

How to engage culturally and linguistically diverse students in learning science is a relatively new field of study. Researchers have begun to address this question using a range of theoretical perspectives, including: (a) a cognitively based perspective, (b) a cross-cultural perspective, and (c) a sociopolitical perspective. Although proponents of these perspectives share the belief that connecting students' cultural and linguistic experiences to the practices of science is central to student engagement, the specific approaches proposed to best achieve this goal differ. The authors explain each perspective using examples from representative research programs and discuss the unique ways that each perspective addresses the challenge of providing engaging and equitable learning opportunities for culturally and linguistically diverse students in science classrooms. They offer implications for instructional strategies that teachers can use to make their classrooms more engaging and equitable science learning ...
Design and implementation of a parallel fish model for South Florida

A parallel, spatially explicit landscape fish population model (ALFISH) is presented hereby to model the impacts of different water management strategies in the South Florida region on the fresh water fish population, which in turn provides the information on the food resource available to wading birds. Adopting a static domain partitioning scheme and using message-passing, the parallel ALFISH model mimics the basic behaviors of fresh water fish based on the interaction of four components - landscape, hydrology, lower trophic biomass, and fish, over a time span up to several decades. The parallel ALFISH model delivers accurate results in simulations. Compared to the average simulation time of the sequential model, which is about 35 hours, the parallel model yields substantial speed improvement. On a symmetric multiprocessor (SMP), the execution time of the parallel ALFISH model on 13 processors is less than 4 hours - a speedup factor of near 9.
Dynamics of histone acetylation in vivo. A function for acetylation turnover

Histone acetylation, discovered more than 40 years ago, is a reversible modification of lysines within the amino-terminal domain of core histones. Amino-terminal histone domains contribute to the compaction of genes into repressed chromatin fibers. It is thought that their acetylation causes localized relaxation of chromatin as a necessary but not sufficient condition for processes that repackage DNA such as transcription, replication, repair, recombination, and sperm formation. While increased histone acetylation enhances gene transcription and loss of acetylation represses and silences genes, the function of the rapid continuous or repetitive acetylation and deacetylation reactions with half-lives of just a few minutes remains unknown. Thirty years of in vivo measurements of acetylation turnover and rates of change in histone modification levels have been reviewed to identify common chromatin characteristics measured by distinct protocols. It has now become possible to look across a wider spectrum of organisms than ever before and identify common features. The rapid turnover rates in transcriptionally active and competent chromatin are one such feature. While ubiquitously observed, we still do not know whether turnover itself is linked to chromatin transcription beyond its contribution to rapid changes towards hyper- or hypoacetylation of nucleosomes. However, recent experiments suggest that turnover may be linked directly to steps in gene transcription, interacting with nucleosome remodeling complexes.
Regulation of craving by cognitive strategies in cigarette smokers.

Cigarette craving is an important contributor to cigarette smoking, and clinical approaches that focus on regulation of craving are effective in reducing rates of relapse. However, a laboratory model that targets the use of cognitive strategies to regulate craving is lacking. To develop such a model, twenty heavy cigarette smokers (>12/day), twenty-two tobacco “chippers” (<6/day), and twenty non-smoking controls completed this outpatient study, during which they were presented with photographs of cigarettes and foods that have been previously shown to induce craving. During each trial, participants were instructed to think of the stimulus in one of two ways: by focusing either on the short-term consequences associated with consuming the item (e.g., it will taste good) or on the long-term consequences associated with regular consumption (e.g., I may get lung cancer). Participants reported significantly reduced food cravings when focusing on the long-term consequences associated with eating. For cigarette-smoking participants, cigarette craving was significantly reduced when focusing on the long-term consequences associated with smoking. This latter finding confirms clinical data and extends it by highlighting the importance of cognition in the modulation of craving. Future studies using this laboratory model could test the efficacy of different cognitive strategies and develop targeted interventions for smoking cessation based on the regulation of craving.
Adaptive Load Diffusion for Multiway Windowed Stream Joins

In this paper, we present an adaptive load diffusion operator to enable scalable processing of multiway windowed stream joins (MWSJs) using a cluster system. The load diffusion is achieved by a set of novel semantics-pre serving tuple routing algorithms. Different from previous work, the load diffusion operator can (1) preserve the MWSJ semantics while spreading tuples to different hosts for parallel join processing; (2) achieve fine-grained load balancing among distributed hosts; and (3) perform semantics-preserving online adaptations to maintain optimal performance in dynamic stream environments. We have implemented a prototype of the distributed MWSJ framework on top of the System S distributed stream processing system. Our experiment results based on both real data streams and synthetic workloads show that the load diffusion algorithms can efficiently scale-up the performance of MWSJ processing with low overhead.
The Ecological Importance of Horseshoe Crabs in Estuarine and Coastal Communities: A Review and Speculative Summary

Beyond their commercial importance for LAL and bait, and their status as a living fossil, it is often asserted that horseshoe crabs play a vital role in the ecology of estuarine and coastal communities. How would the various ecological relationships involving horseshoe crabs be affected if these animals were no longer abundant? Attempts to understand and generalize the ecological importance of horseshoe crabs are hampered by several constraints. We know relatively little about the ecology of juvenile horseshoe crabs. Most ecological studies involving adult Limulus polyphemus have been conducted at only a few locations, while much less is known about the three Indo-Pacific species. Furthermore, we are attempting to infer the ecological importance of a group of animals whose numbers may have already declined significantly (the so-called “shifting baseline syndrome”). Horseshoe crab shells serve as substrate for a large number of epibionts, such as barnacles and slipper limpets, but the relationships between these epibionts and horseshoe crabs appear to be facultative, rather than obligatory. Horseshoe crabs are dietary generalists, and adult crabs are ecologically important bivalve predators in some locations. The most notable predator–prey relationship involving horseshoe crabs is the migratory shorebird–horseshoe crab egg interaction in Delaware Bay. After hatching, the first and second instars are eaten by surf zone fishes, hermit crabs, and other predators. Virtually nothing is known about predator–prey relationships involving older juveniles, but adult L. polyphemus are important as food for the endangered loggerhead turtle, especially in the mid-Atlantic region.
A statistics-based success rate model for DPA and CPA

Side-channel attacks (SCAs) exploit leakage from the physical implementation of cryptographic algorithms to recover the otherwise secret information. In the last decade, popular SCAs like differential power analysis (DPA) and correlation power analysis (CPA) have been invented and demonstrated to be realistic threats to many critical embedded systems. However, there is still no sound and provable theoretical model that illustrates precisely what the success of these attacks depends on and how. Based on the maximum likelihood estimation theory, this paper proposes a general statistical model for side-channel attack analysis that takes characteristics of both the physical implementation and cryptographic algorithm into consideration. The model establishes analytical relations between the success rate of attacks and the cryptographic system. For power analysis attacks, the side-channel characteristic of the physical implementation is modeled as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is the ratio between the single-bit unit power consumption and the standard deviation of power distribution. The side-channel property of the cryptographic algorithm is extracted by a novel algorithmic confusion analysis. Experimental results of DPA and CPA on both DES and AES verify this model with high accuracy and demonstrate effectiveness of the algorithmic confusion analysis and SNR extraction. We expect the model to be extendable to other SCAs, like timing attacks, and would provide valuable tools for evaluating cryptographic system’s resistance to those SCAs.
Policy Change, Policy Feedback, and Interest Mobilization: The Politics of Nuclear Waste Management

Many of the leading theories of the policy process are aimed at providing insights into the factors that make policy change more (or less) likely. In general, policy change is seen as a result of shifting dynamics within policy subsystems. However, building on theories of policy feedback and interest mobilization, this article examines whether policy change, apart from being an effect of subsystem dynamics, can be a cause of shifting dynamics as latent actors are motivated to participate in the subsystem as a result of policy change. Two hypotheses regarding post-policy change mobilization are developed and tested using data on participation in congressional hearings concerning the management of nuclear waste. The findings suggest that policy change can activate latent policy actors, specifically those actors that view themselves as “losing” as a result of the policy change. These results point to the need for scholars to examine the potential impacts of post-policy change dynamics on policy development.
Regularized adaptation: theory, algorithms and applications

Many statistical learning techniques assume that training and testing samples are generated from the same underlying distribution. Often, however, an "unadapted classifier" is trained on samples drawn from a training distribution that is different from the target (or test-time) distribution. Moreover, in many applications, while there may be essentially an unlimited amount of labeled "training data," only a small amount of labeled "adaptation data" drawn from the target distribution is available. The problem of adaptive learning (or adaptation) then, is to learn a new classifier utilizing the unadapted classifier and the limited adaptation data, in an attempt to obtain as good classification performance on the target distribution as possible. The goal of this dissertation is to investigate theory, algorithms and applications of adaptive learning. Specifically, we propose a Bayesian "fidelity prior" for classifier adaptation, which leads to simple yet principled adaptation strategies for both generative and discriminative models. In the PAC-Bayesian framework, this prior relates the generalization error bound to the KL-divergence between training and target distributions. Furthermore, based on the fidelity prior, we develop "regularized adaptation" algorithms in particular for support vector machines and multi-layer perceptrons. We evaluate these algorithms on a vowel classification corpus for speaker adaptation, and on an object recognition corpus for lighting condition adaptation. Experiments show that regularized adaptation yielded superior performance compared with other adaptation strategies. The theoretical and algorithmic work on adaptive learning was originally motivated by the development of the "Vocal Joystick" (VJ), a voice based computer interface for individuals with motor impairments. The final part of this dissertation describes the VJ engine architecture, with focus on the signal processing and pattern recognition modules. We discuss the application of regularized adaptation algorithms to a vowel classifier and a discrete sound recognizer in the VJ, which greatly helped enhance the engine performance. In addition, we present other machine learning techniques developed for the VJ, including a novel pitch tracking algorithm and an online adaptive filter algorithm.
Extractive Institutions and Gains From Trade: Evidence from Colonial Africa

A common explanation for African current underdevelopment is the extractive character of institutions established during the colonial period. Yet, since colonial extraction is hard to quantify, its precise mecha- nisms and magnitude are still unclear. In this paper, I tackle these issues by focusing on colonial trade in French Africa. By using new data on export prices, I show that the colonizers used trade monopsonies and coercive labor institutions to reduce prices to African agricultural producers way below world market prices. As a consequence, during the colonial period, extractive institutions cut African gains from trade by at least one-half. JEL Classification: N17; O43 Keywords: Africa, Development, Institutions, Colonization, Trade, Labor Markets
Heparin precipitability of the macroglobulin in a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.

The macroglobulin isolated from a patient with macroglobulinemia was shown to be specifically precipitable by heparin. Maximal precipitation occurred at relatively low (by weight) concentrations of heparin and persisted over a broad range of heparin concentration. The possible clinical significance of the finding has been briefly discussed.
An integrated remote monitoring system for impact responses of aerospace structures

A Structural Health Monitoring system to detect and identify accidental impact on the surface of any aerospace structure is developed and presented in this paper. Specifically, during an event of impact, a Non Destructive Damage Assessment & Location Estimation is incorporated to estimate the coordinates of the impact from an array of sensor information. A wireless communication system is also proposed here for transmitting the sensor information to any remote site for monitoring purpose. The proposed communication system is integrated on a prototype surface and tested for an in-lab environment. It is shown to be capable of transmitting location, time and magnitude information to a remote location in real-time.
The Genus Culicoides in Alaska (Diptera, Heleidae)

During recent years considerable interest has developed in the problem of controlling biting flies in Alaska (Travis, 1949). As a necessary adjunct to control studies, several surveys have been made to determine what species are represented, and during the last three years many data have been accumulated on the habits of the Alaskan species. This taxonomic report on Culicoides brings up to date our knowledge of the six known species of the genus in Alaska and makes available names which may be used in reports on biology and control. One of the six species treated here is described as new.
Superluminal Pulse Propagation on a Silicon Chip

We demonstrate superluminal pulse propagation on a silicon chip using an all optical analog to electromagnetically induced absorption created by the coherent interaction between two micro-resonators. We show effective group indices tunable between −1158 and −312.
Social network structure and government provision crowding-out on voluntary contributions

Abstract We propose a general equilibrium model of voluntary contributions in which people have an individual-specific level for social approval. This heterogeneous setting has evolved from the different degree of social interaction of individuals in the exogenously given network. By extending the techniques developed by Ghiglino and Goyal (2010), we show that, given a network, individuals who face higher standards of social norms contribute more to the public good and are simultaneously less sensitive to government provision crowding-out in relative value. When comparing different networks, we show that government provision is more effective in networks with higher average connectivity because of a lesser crowding-out effect.
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation: Bilingual Lexical and Attentional Processing

This chapter examines the use of Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) as a research method for studying reading and attention in bilinguals. Theoretical background and methodological considerations are provided for the most common ways in which RSVP is used: lexical processing, repetition blindness (RB), the attentional blink (AB), and executive control. The authors also describe and discuss relevant studies that have used bilingual participants, whether exclusively or in comparison to monolinguals. To date, there has been relatively little use of RSVP in bilingual research. However, this chapter provides rationale for its use as a well-controlled experimental method that is especially well-suited for use with bilinguals (whose reading speeds tend to vary a great deal). Suggestions for future research are also provided.
The Beginnings of Sensationalism

Middle-class families in London and New York in 1830, with their comforting editions of the Times and the Morning Courier at hand, had little reason to contemplate the enormous changes that lay ahead. London had emerged from centuries of political and commercial activity in a dominant position, though provincial metropolises, including Manchester and Birmingham, were beginning to rival it as a result of considerable industrial changes under way in Britain. It continued, however, to be the largest city in the world, with a population of almost two million people. Its eight daily newspapers (four of them evening papers with small circulations), led by the Times and the Morning Chronicle, were the only ones of this type published in Britain; elsewhere, newspapers appeared weekly or, occasionally, two or three times a week. London was at the center of the nation’s publishing trade, which featured book distribution, as well as influential weekly magazines like the radical Examiner and the literary Athenaeum. Virtually all news, domestic and international, was filtered through its communications pipeline. It was the chief entrepot of print, although the majority of its publications were relatively high-priced and beyond the reach of ordinary people.
Interaction of some fungal entomopathogens of rice pests with phyllophytic microorganisms of four rice genotypes cultivated in coastal Odisha, India

Interactions of six entomopathogenic fungi viz. Cordyceps ( 2 strains), Beauveria ( 1 strain) and Metarhizium (3 strains) spp. of rice leaf folder (LF, Cnaphalocrocismedinalis ) with thephyllophytic (phyllospheric and phylloplanic) bacteria (n=35) and fungi (n=4) isolated at pre-flowering stages of fourcultivated rice ( Oryzasativa L.) var. Lalat, Swarna, Swarna-Sub1 and Naveenwere assessed to reveal possibility of intergroup inhibition in the field. Dynamics of the phyllophytic microbes revealed that the phyllospheric bacterial population (3.59 to 4.10 log CFU/cm 2 ) was more than those of the phylloplane (1.56 to 1.75 log CFU/cm 2 ) of different plants. The phyllophytes of the four rice genotypes decreased in the order of Swarna-Sub1 > Swarna > Lalat > Naveen. The fungal pathogens of LF viz. C. brongniartii (TF6 and TF6-1A), B.bassiana (TF6-1B) and M. anisopliae (TF19, TF19- 3A and TF19-3B) were not inhibited by any of the phyllophytic organisms which proved that they can be applied on the canopy of the rice plants to control the pests. ECOPRINT 22: 75-84, 2015
Influences of load carriage and physical activity history on tibia bone strain.

Abstract Background Military recruits are often afflicted with stress fractures. The military's strenuous training programs involving load carriage may contribute to the high incidence of tibia stress fractures in the army. The purpose of this study was to assess the influences of incremented load carriage and history of physical activity on tibia bone strain and strain rate during walking. Methods Twenty recreational basketball players and 20 recreational runners performed 4 walking tasks while carrying 0 kg, 15 kg, 25 kg, and 35 kg loads, respectively. Tibia bone strain and strain rate were obtained through subject-specific multibody dynamic simulations and finite element analyses. Mixed model repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted. Results The mean ± SE of the runners' bone strain (μs) during load carriages (0 kg, 15 kg, 25 kg, and 35 kg) were 658.11 ± 1.61, 804.41 ± 1.96, 924.49 ± 2.23, and 1011.15 ± 2.71, respectively, in compression and 458.33 ± 1.45, 562.11 ± 1.81, 669.82 ± 2.05, and 733.40 ± 2.52, respectively, in tension. For the basketball players, the incremented load carriages resulted in compressive strain of 634.30 ± 1.56, 746.87 ± 1.90, 842.18 ± 2.16, and 958.24 ± 2.63, respectively, and tensile strain of 440.04 ± 1.41, 518.86 ± 1.75, 597.63 ± 1.99, and 700.15 ± 2.47, respectively. A dose–response relationship exists between incremented load carriage and bone strain and strain rate. A history of regular basketball activity could result in reduced bone strain and reduced strain rate. Conclusion Load carriage is a risk factor for tibia stress fracture during basic training. Preventative exercise programs, such as basketball, that involved multidirectional mechanical loading to the tibia bones can be implemented for military recruits before basic training commences.
On the Battlefield: The Black Church, Public Health, and the Fight against HIV among African American Gay and Bisexual Men

HIV affects African American gay and bisexual men (AAGBM) more disproportionately than any other group in the USA. The Black Church, which has been a historic mainstay for African American empowerment and well-being, has the potential to be a public health partner for HIV prevention with AAGBM. Public health partnerships with the Black Church can strengthen HIV prevention efforts with AAGBM by [1] adapting church-based prevention strategies developed for other African American subgroups [2], providing prevention and referral services [3], considering how scripture supports prevention efforts, and [4] emphasizing the tenets of liberation theology. Public health should consider how thoughtful engagement, research, and interventions can support these approaches. Developing partnerships with the Black Church and African American clergy can promote effective HIV prevention efforts for AAGBM.
Post Hospital Discharge Care for Complex Chronic Conditions: the Unique Challenges Facing Stroke Patients in their Homes

Stroke is a complex medical condition which can be overwhelming for patients, caregivers, and providers to manage in the outpatient setting. In this article, we review issues that providers may encounter in the management of chronic stroke such as stroke preventative medications, risk factor modification, medication adherence, dysphagia management, fall prevention, cognitive impairment, and rehabilitation. There is emerging evidence that stroke management should be comprehensive and therefore include post-stroke depression, diet, and physical activity for secondary prevention. Telemedicine is being used more and more frequently to help rehab patients in their own homes. Additionally, transitional care programs are being utilized to help standardize and address post-stroke chronic care in an effort to reduce mortality and prevent hospital readmissions. Management of chronic stroke can be complicated but is feasible when taking a systematic approach to manage medications, risk factors, and therapies.
Abundance and Scarcity: Greek Economic Thought

This chapter surveys the opinions of the great Greek philosophers on the subject of scarcity and abundance. A diversity of views existed on the subject, with such views influencing the intellectual discourse of several schools of thought, from medieval Christianity to modernity. The Greek philosophers surveyed include Hesiod, Plato, and Aristotle.
Veteran Experiences Related to Participation in Shared Medical Appointments

AbstractShared medical appointments (SMAs) are an innovative way for multidisciplinary teams to work together to meet veteran needs and encourage adherence to healthy lifestyle recommendations. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of veterans who participated in SMAs. Method: Focus groups were utilized to obtain information about SMA experiences. This method encouraged veterans to expand on and clarify the meaning of their experiences. Audio recordings were transcribed and analyzed by the researchers using N'Vivo software and an exploratory process to obtain consensus about themes. Results: The following themes emerged as a result of the focus group analysis: “empowerment, peer support, awareness, positive provider characteristics, teamwork, benefits, and convenience.” Conclusions: Veterans reported improvement in their overall health and well-being, improved self-management skills, and satisfaction with the SMA format. Veterans reported feeling empowered to improve their he...
Tests for Outlying Observations

A Fortran program is presented which provides several procedures to test for outlying observations in data samples. Certain of the tests presented are for single extreme observations while others m...
On micromechanical modeling of orthotropic solids with parallel cracks

Abstract A detailed comparison of the accuracy of several popular micromechanical schemes utilized for prediction of the effective elastic properties of materials with parallel cracks is presented. In particular, the non-interaction, Mori–Tanaka, differential and self-consistent schemes are compared against the direct finite element simulations. The latter are performed on the periodic representative volume elements containing 30 strongly oblate spheroids representing the penny-shaped cracks. This work extends the existent results to a more general class of matrix materials – orthotropic materials, which requires the ability to calculate the Eshelby tensor for an ellipsoid in non-isotropic matrix. In addition to the implementation of the integration procedure used for the Eshelby tensor calculation, this work also presents a variation of the Random Sequential Adsorption algorithm modified for periodic structures. Analysis of the results indicates that in the case of parallel nearly flat cracks (strongly oblate spheroids) the overall out-of-plane moduli are best predicted by the differential scheme. On the other hand, Mori–Tanaka scheme should be used for estimation of the in-plane moduli. It also appears that as the cracks are inflated from strongly oblate spheroids to slightly deformed spheres, the best choice of the micromechanical scheme for the out-of-plane properties gradually shifts towards Mori–Tanaka.
UTILIZING A PERMANENT-MAGNET ALTERNATOR WITH THE FULL CONVERTER IN WIND TURBINE INCREASES THE EFFICIENCY OF SUPPLYING AN ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER TO THE ELECTRICAL NETWORK

The alternator depends entirely on the conversion of kinetic energy into electrical energy by the presence of a magnetic factor. Wind energy is defined as the process of converting wind energy into another form of energy that is easy to use. In this paper, a permanent-magnet-alternator (PMA) with full-converter (FC) was used in the wind turbine (WT) generator instead of the excitation coil of the magnetic field. This method was used to save lost energy in the induction coil. A complete wind turbine model with a (FC) was connected to a generator with a fixed magnetic field and an electric grid was fed. This simulation system was completed by PSIM simulation program. In this work, the IP control system was used to operate the simulation system. In this study, a greater stable amount of real and reactive power was obtained from the wind turbine.
Histochemical Mapping of the Limbic System

One of the fundamental principles characterizing all histological procedures is selectivity. Although the ultimate goal in staining of the central nervous system is to provide a description of all the interconnections of the brain, each particular method gains its power from the property of selectively staining only certain aspects of the central nervous system. In some cases, such as the original Golgi method, the stain impregnates the entire cell and its processes, but, for reasons that are not understood, the method affects only about 5% of the total population of cells. If this were not the case, the stain would not have been useful to Golgi because of the limitations in producing thin slices of tissue—thick sections in which all the cells are stained would be nearly opaque, obscuring any cellular detail.
GRANULE CELLS | Properties of Dentate Granule Cells and their Relevance to Seizures

Encoding into declarative memory of the distinct temporal and spatial relationships comprising events depends on the activity of dentate granule cells. This component of memory formation is referred to as pattern separation. The same cellular and synaptic properties that subserve pattern separation also allow dentate granule cells to resist the propagation of seizures. Many changes in the innervation and receptor expression of these cells occur during epileptogenesis. In addition, hyperexcitable ectopic granule cells are generated and integrate into the dentate gyrus circuitry. The net effect of these changes may be to maintain a low baseline level of excitability while promoting synchronized discharge in response to certain types of afferent excitation. Outstanding issues with regard to the role of dentate granule cells in epileptogenicity include the possibility of additional alterations in intrinsic and synaptic properties of these cells, as well as the impact of these cellular and circuit changes on cognitive ability and the requirements for seizure propagation through the dentate gyrus. Issues specific to ectopic granule cells include the mechanisms that enable them to retain the hyperexcitable phenotype of immature granule cells and that contribute to their spontaneous bursting.
Negative effects of oral monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone in malignant melanoma in man.

ConclusionDaily oral doses of 0.3 to 27 g of monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone, for total doses of 2.9 to 1490 g in 21 to 214 days, had no effect upon the growth of malignant melanoma in 8 patients. Ingestion of mono-benzyl ether of hydroquinone produced no toxic effects other than transient nausea and vomiting when the daily dose exceeded 10 g.
Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by the development of antibodies directed against antigens on autologous erythrocytes. It is a rare disorder with an incidence of 1–3 cases in 100,000 persons per year. Antibodies may be IgG, IgM, or on rare occasions IgA. The thermal amplitude of the antibody determines whether or not the antibody binds at cold (4–22 °C) versus warm (37 °C) temperature. The focus of this paper will be on warm mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemias (AIHA) most often characterized by IgG autoantibodies.
GPU-accelerated Lagrangian heuristic for multidimensional assignment problems with decomposable costs

Abstract In this paper, we describe a GPU-accelerated parallel algorithm for the axial Multidimensional Assignment Problem with Decomposable Costs (MDADC), which is one of the most fundamental formulations for data association. MDADC is known to be NP-hard and is large-dimensioned in most realistic cases; hence, heuristic solutions with qualified optimality gaps is the best one can hope for, given the state-of-knowledge. The main contribution of this paper is an efficient parallelization of the Lagrangian subgradient search algorithm specifically targeted towards the Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) based on the NVIDIA Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). A GPU-accelerated Linear Assignment Problem (LAP) solver is leveraged in concert with the Lagrangian scheme for further speed-up. We also implemented a multi-GPU variant of this algorithm which maintains a good speedup profile, when tested on problems with 31 billion variables, on up to 128 GPUs.