cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumors of the upper urothelium.

Forty-two cases of malignant tumors of renal pelvis were reviewed: 28 were transitional cell carcinomas; and 14 were squamous cell carcinomas.The natural history and spread of the disease is discussed in detail. Transitional cell carcinomas spread primarily to the ureter (40 per cent), followed closely by the renal bed (33 per cent) and bladder (30 per cent). Squamous cell carcinomas spread primarily through the renal bed (60 per cent), followed by the draining lymph nodes (28 per cent). The spread to other regions (bones, splanchnic organs, chest ... etc.), occurred with relatively less frequency, but more in squamous than transitional cell carcinomas. Transitional cell carcinomas seem to have a longer natural history than squamous cell carcinomas. Recurrences in bladder and the remainder of the urothelium seem to be controlled for relatively long periods of time, while those in lymph nodes and renal bed seem to be rapidly fatal.The results of treatment and factors influencing them are discussed. Patient...
Gestures in optimality theory and the laryngeal phonology of Faroese

This paper presents an Optimality Theoretic analysis of aspiration in the Scandinavian language Faroese using gestural score representations from Articulatory Phonology. In Faroese, a strong parallel exists between pre- and post-aspiration such that neither realization appears to be inherently preferred. This symmetry is straightforwardly captured by alignment within gestural scores, but runs counter to the treatments of pre-aspiration in traditional linear and autosegmental theories, where such segments are inherently more complex than their post-aspirated counterparts. An OT analysis that makes use of the alignment-based distinction in gestural scores is therefore proposed for the Faroese data. The account incorporates cross-linguistic preferences for post-aspiration and the correlation observed between stress and aspiration, yet pre-aspiration surfaces in many of the Faroese environments. Laryngeal alignment preferences are also analyzed as the basis of apparent contrast neutralization and sonorant devoicing in consonant sequences, and provide the framework for a grounded analysis of the interaction seen among consonant length, vowel quality and aspiration. Based on the analytic benefits of incorporating rich representational structure into the OT framework seen here and elsewhere, the potential for such theories to contribute to the advancement of phonological theory appears to be considerable.
A Simple, Water-Flooded Camera For Underwater Photography

This paper concerns a simple, underwater camera which in use is operated flooded with water. All of its parts including lens, shutter, and photographic film are exposed to and operate in direct contact with the water in which the camera is immersed. As the paper progresses, I'll first describe the camera, then show some underwater photographs made with it, and finally discuss some problems we had at the beginning of its use and tell how we overcame the problems.© (1971) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evidence for prostaglandin production by human lymphocytes during culture with human thyroid cells in monolayer: a possible role for prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease.

Summary Normal human lymphocytes cultured with human thyroid cells secreted into the medium a substance that stimulated thyroid cell cyclic AMP generation. This stimulator was not precipitated by anti-human immunoglobulin antiserum, was dialyzable, and was extractable in chloroform at pH 3. The stimulator eluted with prostaglandin markers on Sephadex G-10 gel filtration, and migrated with pro staglandin E1 on paper chromatography in two different solvent systems. Indomethacin and dexamethasone inhibited generation of the stimulator. These data suggest that the stimulator is a prostaglandin. Because prostaglandins stimulate thyroid hormone secretion, it is possible that they play a role in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease.
Estimation of inbreeding by random walks in pedigrees

Wright and McPhee (1925) suggested a method of estimating the inbreeding coefficient of an individual based on the probability that a pair of lineages traced randomly, one through the maternal line and one through the paternal line, both contain a common ancestor. (One-half of this probability is an unbiased estimate of the inbreeding coefficient). In their procedure, maternal and paternal lines are chosen in pairs, and comparisons are made only between the lines in a pair. A more efficient procedure is to compare every maternal line with every paternal line, a procedure used by Robertson and Mason (1954). In this paper we provide estimates of the sampling variance of the inbreeding coefficient as estimated by the multiple comparison method, and we examine the relative efficiency of this method and the Wright-McPhee procedure. Formulae are also provided for ascertaining the optimal sampling method for estimating the average inbreeding coefficient of a group or herd.
Overview of dehydroepiandrosterone biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) from cholesterol involves only two enzymes, both cytochrome P450s. The conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone is mediated by cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1), which is found in the mitochondria. The cleavage of pregnenolone to DHEA requires both the 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities of CYP17, which is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. These conversions require pairs of electron transfer proteins or redox partners, which are adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase for CYP11A1 and cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5 for CYP17. In addition, the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein regulates the flux of cholesterol into the biosynthetic pathway and represents the mechanism of acute regulation. Finally, in addition to possessing CYP11A1 and CYP17, it is equally important that a steroidogenic cell not contain other enzymes that drain the flux of pregnenolone to DHEA. These characteristics are illustrated by the fetal adrenal cortex and the zona reticularis, which are dedicated to the synthesis of DHEA and DHEA-sulfate.
Aerial survey of a salt marsh: Ice rafting to the lower intertidal zone

Abstract An aerial photographic survey was conducted using an ultralight aircraft to assess both the extent and the directionality of ice rafted salt marsh pear in a northern New England salt marsh. To address the extent of ice rafting, a map was constructed from aerial photographs to determine the number, area and percentage of the tidal flat covered by accumulated ice rafted peat islands. Seven percent of the tidal flat or 117·4 m 2 of the salt marsh embayment was covered by 202 transported peat islands. To address the direction of ice rafting, an ice tagging experiment tested the hypothesis that salt marsh peat is transported from the high to the low intertidal. Eighty-eight percent of the recovered ice rafted peat islands were transported to lower intertidal elevations. Thus, the ice rafting process is an important physical disturbance in this north temperate salt marsh and has the potential to impact the salt marsh peat community.
Treatment of pedestrian communication accessibility in the process of urban design: Case study of Institute for orthopedic surgery "Banjica"

The pedestrian communication in exterior design of the Institute for Orthopedic Surgery "Banjica" was analyzed in terms of its physical accessibility for people who have some difficulty in mobility. Checklists were used for analysis of different elements that influence users mobility, as well as photo analysis for a clearer display of the established barriers to movement. The results showed the presence of a number of obscales which hinder the movement of certain groups of users, therefore, the spaces of pedestrian communication were evaluated as partially accessible. It can be concluded that it is necessary to provide an accessible environment, arranged with respect to human diversity, to ensure to persons with disabilities, as well as for all other citizens, equal opportunities and participation in all social trends and activities, especially the ability to freely access to all health care institutions.
Source memory retrieval is affected by aging and prefrontal lesions: Behavioral and ERP evidence

Age-related deficits in source memory have been attributed to alterations in prefrontal cortex (PFC) function, but little is known about the neural basis of such changes. The present study examined the time course of item and source memory retrieval by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) in patients with focal lesions in lateral PFC and in healthy older and young controls. Both normal aging and PFC lesions were associated with decrements in item and source memory. However, older controls showed a decrease in item hit rate with no change in false alarms, whereas patients showed the opposite pattern. Furthermore, ERPs revealed notable differences between the groups. The early positive-going old/new effect was prominent in the young but reduced in patients and older adults, who did not differ from each other. In contrast, older adults displayed a prominent left frontal negativity (600-1200 ms) not observed in the young. This left frontal effect was substantially smaller and delayed in the patients. The current results provide novel insights into the effects of aging on source memory and the role of the lateral PFC in these processes. Older controls appeared to adopt alternate memory strategies and to recruit compensatory mechanisms in left PFC to support task performance. In contrast, the lateral frontal patients were unable to use these mechanisms, thus exhibiting difficulties with strategic memory and monitoring processes.
Theory and Implementation of p-Multiple Sequential Machines

This paper considers a state assignment which permits one to obtain two different realizations of a sequential machine (sm). First, as a result of this assignment we obtain a double shift-register realization of an sm by means of p pairs of shift-registers, each pair of registers having the same number of stages a i (i = 1,...,p). Such realizations are called multiple-variable-length-shift-register-realizations (MVL-SRR's). Second, this state assignment permits us to obtain multimodule type iterative realizations made by means of p different module types, each of them being copied a i times (i = l,...,p). We call these realizations multiple-variable-length-iterative-realizations (MVL-IR's). Thus any MVL-SRR or MVL-IR is uniquely specified by γ p , = (a 1 ,...,a p ,).
Primitive ideals and orbital integrals in complex exceptional groups

In [2], two related problems were studied for complex classical groups: determination of the primitive spectrum of the enveloping algebra (as a set), and Fourier inversion of unipotent orbital integrals. The first of these was solved completely (extending work of Joseph and others in SL(n, C) and small groups). Although our techniques presumably solve the second as well, up to determination of normalizing constants, we carried out the calculations only for special unipotent classes (see [ 181). We had, of course, tried to apply the same methods to the exceptional groups, but they seem to be inadequate. Since that work was done, however, Brylinski and Kashiwara and Beilinson and Bernstein have established the Kazhdan-Lusztig conjecture, giving character formulas for irreducible highest weight modules [3, 71. Because of a conjecture of Joseph proved in [24], this determines in principle the primitive ideals with a fixed regular integral infinitesimal character: they are in one-to-one correspondence with what Kazhdan and Lusztig call left cells in the Weyl group. However, the algorithm given by Kazhdan and Lusztig to compute these cells is enormously complicated, requiring one to compute roughly 1 I%‘]* polynomials of degrees on the order of half the number of positive roots. This is very unsatisfactory. However, it
The di--butylsilylene protecting group for diols

Abstract Di- t -butyldichlorosilane reacts with diols to yield the corresponding di- t -butylsilylene derivatives. This useful protecting group is readily removed by treatment with pyridinium hydrofluoride.
The significance of object loss in individual response to accidental trauma.

Abstract This paper deals with the effect of the failure to mourn upon the problem of symptom chronicity resulting from industrial accidents that could not be accounted for on a physical basis. The clinical material presented suggests that the inability to work through important losses prior to such an accident seriously hampers the individual's recovery from such injuries, especially where the question of secondary gain is prominent. Therefore, it is recommended that history taking at the time of the accident include specific inquiry into the matter of pathologic grief and mourning and, if it is positive, that a psychiatric opinion be obtained in an effort to reduce long-term morbidity.
Relationship between glutathione reductase activity and drug-induced haemolytic anaemia.

THE maintenance of glutathione in the reduced state in red cells is achieved through the following three metabolic steps
Perceived neighborhood quality in the United States: Measuring outdoor, housing and jurisdictional influences

Abstract Theory suggests that perception of neighborhood quality is influenced by crime, blight, and other outdoor characteristics, by respondent perception of the quality of their housing, and by attributes of the local jurisdiction. It also suggests that these geographical attributes should be confounded by respondent demographic characteristics. Using 48,000 sample responses collected by the American Housing Survey in 2002, ordinary least squares, factor analysis, and hierarchical linear modeling, we connected these strands of theory and found strong associations between neighborhood quality, detrimental conditions, housing quality, socioeconomic status, and age. We also measured a small anti-big city effect, and a few weaker relationships with growing/healthy and demographic homogeneity effect. The application of complex statistical tools, in short, enabled us to obtain insight about how people build mental models of their neighborhoods.
Long-range forecasting of regional manpower requirements: The state of Illinois in 1980

This paper presents alternate detailed forecasts of occupational requirements for the state of Illinois in 1980. These manpower forecasts, developed on the basis of different national economic policies and Federal budget priorities, are compared with the 1980 Illinois employment projections estimated by the State manpower planning agency and the differences in methodology are analyzed. Sources of possible error in the official State forecasts are indicated and a potentially more accurate picture of Illinois 1980 manpower requirements is developed. It is discussed how the model utilized here could be adapted to other States and regions.
Race and intelligence: not a case of black and white

Both race and intelligence are commonly misunderstood, which is why they make such an inflammatory combination, says Robert Sternberg
Rapid immunoassays for the acrosome reaction of sea urchin sperm utilizing antibody to bindin

Two assays employing rhodamine-conjugated and peroxidase-conjugated antibindin are presented. The assays are used to detect the occurrence of the acrosome reaction in sea urchin sperm. The assays are rapid and can be performed on large numbers of samples. The scoring of the reacted and unreacted cells can be done accurately at a rate of 60 cells/min.
Correlation between self-reported adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and virologic outcome.

The Patient Medication Adherence Questionnaire Version 1.0 (PMAQ-V1.0) is a patient-reported adherence instrument to assess medication-taking behaviors and identify barriers to adherence with antiretroviral therapy. To assess the correlation between adherence and virologic outcome, the PMAQ-V1.0 was administered to 194 antiretroviral-experienced adults with HIV infection enrolled in a 16-week evaluation of protease inhibitor-containing regimens featuring a lamivudine/ zidovudine combination tablet. At baseline, plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were less than 10,000 copies/mL and CD4+-cell counts were equal to or greater than 300 x 106/L; patients had been receiving a conventional regimen of lamivudine + zidovudine (separately) plus a protease inhibitor for at least 10 weeks immediately prior to the study. Forty-eight percent of patients who reported missing at least one dose of a nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) during the study had detectable plasma HIV-1 RNA, compared with 26% of patients who reported no missed doses (P = .002). Patients who missed at least one dose of an NRTI or protease inhibitor were 2.5 times more likely to have quantifiable HIV-1 RNA than those who reported no missed doses. Patients who reported fewer barriers and more motivators to adherence had better virologic outcomes (P = .001). Several dimensions of the PMAQ-V1.0 did not function as well as hypothesized. In this study, self-reported adherence derived from the PMAQ-V1.0 predicted virologic outcomes, but further refinement of the dimensions appears warranted.
Effect of wood species on property and weathering performance of wood plastic composites

The effects of wood species on mechanical, thermal and accelerated weathering behaviors of high-density polyethylene based wood plastic composites (WPC) were investigated. The selected wood species are poplar, Douglas-fir, black locust, white oak, and ponderosa pine. Hybrid poplar and Douglas-fir based composite ranked highly in flexural properties. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that thermal stability of the WPC is species dependent. The final decomposition of hemicelluloses in the hardwoods occurred at higher temperatures compared to that of softwoods. Color and chemical changes that occurred due to accelerated weathering were monitored using colorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Weathered WPCs showed that color change and lightness increased with exposure time; degree of increase depends on wood species. WPC oxidation by weathering was assessed by carbonyl group concentration and was shown to increase with exposure. Hybrid poplar and ponderosa pine were shown to have good color stability among the wood species examined for WPC.
Thermal forming of niobium oxide switchable resistors

A controlled thermal process has been developed for the production of niobium oxide switchable resistors (NOSR), that are suitable for a medium speed, random access, read-write memory application. In particular, the voltage necessary to form the NOSR from the as-fabricated state to the bistable switchable resistor state has been reduced to approximately 2V at 1 mA. The thermal process increases the oxygen vacancy level in the niobium oxide, thereby lowering the bulk resistivity. The applied voltage now primarily appears across the niobium oxide-counterelectrode barrier, and as a consequence a lower external voltage is necessary to produce the same field in this vicinity. The presence of Sb or Bi on the oxide during the heat treatment lowers the subsequent current necessary for forming.
Free sigma subunit of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase binds to DNA.

The affinity of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase σ and δ subunits to DNA was examined by a non-denaturing polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis method which made it possible to resolve DNA-bound and free subunits. The results revealed that σ subunit, but not δ subunit had a relatively high affinity for double stranded DNA. The σ subunit was bound maximally to super-coiled pGR1-3 plasmid DNA at a mass ratio of σ/DNA of 0.7. With B. subtilis double stranded linear DNA one σ subunit was bound per approximately 1,000 base pairs. The σ-DNA complex was sufficiently stable for isolation by a molecular gel filtration column. The σ subunit had much higher affinity for super-coiled than for linear pGR1-3 DNA or for linear double stranded or denatured DNA from B. subtilis, E. coli, and calf thymus. These results indicate that the free B. subtilis σ subunit, in contrast to the E. coli σ subunit, can bind by itself to DNA.
Transverse lepton polarization in polarized W decays.

Calculations of the transverse polarization of leptons in the decay {ital W}{r_arrow}{ital l}{nu} with polarized {ital W}`s are presented. Planned accelerators will produce enough {ital W}`s for observation of the standard model contributions to this polarization. One loop corrections to the polarizations are given; these are too small to be seen at presently available {ital W} sources. The exchange of Majorons will contribute to these polarizations; these may provide limits on the couplings of these particles to leptons.
Promoting Women's Urologic Self-Care: Five Single-Case Replications

With increasing demands for greater cost-effectiveness and the recognition of the importance of health self-care behaviors, social work interventions need to be developed that reach more individuals and reach medical treatment arenas where, previously, traditional medical care was the only option. This article describes an example of intervention research (codeveloped by a social worker) designed to improve urologic self-care for women presenting to a urology clinic with frequency-urgency syndrome. Five women kept daily diary data on their urinary frequency and then received a pamphlet of behavioral recommendations developedfrom the Health Belief Model, Self-Efficacy Theory, the Theory of Reasoned Action and other compliance-enhancement strategies. Three women showed improvement in their frequency of urination, one showed improvement in her unpleasant urges, and one showed no change in either self-care behaviors or clinical outcome. Implications for future research are discussed.
Heat shock protein 27 gene: chromosomal and molecular location and relationship to Williams syndrome.

Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is one of a number of actin-binding proteins that regulate actin polymerization. Three related HSP27 sequences had previously been mapped to chromosomes 3, 9, and X. We have used fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) to correct and refine the map position of the transcribed HSP27 gene (locus HSPB1) to chromosome 7q11.23. This band also contains the site of the deletion associated with Williams syndrome (WS). To define the relationship between HSP27 and the WS deletion, we used two-color FISH on previously G-banded and photographed metaphase chromosomes from WS cell-lines and peripheral blood. Six WS patients with longer deletions that extend telomeric to the classical WS deletion region were analyzed for deletion length using HSP27, cosmids generated from P193O22 (cos11) and B350L10 (cos64 and 82), B350L10, B161A02, and B363M4. The BAC 363M4 was selected from the Washington University database and contains HSP27. Our results indicated that HSP27 was deleted in three patients and that HSP27 is telomeric to cos11, cos64, cos82, and B350L10. B363M4 was demonstrated to overlap the telomeric end of B161A02 and HSP27 may be contained partially within the telomeric end of B161A02. The possible role of HSP27 in the cognitive features of WS is discussed.
Glenn Smiley Was a Fool:The Use of the Comic as a Strategy of Nonviolence

Glenn Smiley is known for his involvement in the civil rights movement, when he taught strategies of nonviolence to Martin Luther King, Jr. and other leaders of the movement. This article focuses on an earlier period in his life, when he spent time in prison for choosing not to participate in World War II. Smiley believed that prison is only secondary to war in dehumanization and violence. In this article I examine Smiley's use of humor to subvert the established authority structures of the prison system. The comic strategy in which Smiley engaged took four definable forms: education, integration, confrontation, and judgment. These comic strategies played a key role in the development and practice of nonviolent strategies he later used to effect a systematic change among activists in the civil rights movement. Support for the findings in this article comes from the author's personal interviews with Smiley, from an earlier interview of him done in the 1960s on behalf of the Washington Documentation Project, and from Smiley's unpublished memoirs, some of which were written during the time he was in prison and the rest later, in the 1970s. I have also drawn from the relevant theories of scholars such as Henri Bergson, Sigmund Freud, and M. M. Bakhtin to establish the force of the comic in authoritative contexts that tend to breed acts of violence.
Relation of chronic and episodic stressors to psychological distress, reactivity, and health problems

This study tested the hypothesis that exposure to chronic stressors, which reflect persistent, negative life situations, would have greater physiological, psychological, and physical health costs than exposure to episodic or intermediate-length stressors, which reflect relatively transient, negative life situations. We also tested whether cardiovascular reactivity, conceptualized as a marker of underlying pathophysiological states, would mediate the relation between chronic stress and psychological distress and illness. Participants were 75 male and 75 female college students. Compared with students experiencing few chronic life stressors, students experiencing many chronic life stressors had exaggerated cardiovascular responses to acute challenges, delayed recovery to resting levels of cardiovascular functioning after the acute challenges, elevated psychological distress levels, and they reported more illnesses. None of the outcomes was associated with the number of episodic or intermediate-length life stressors students experienced. Cardiovascular reactivitv did not mediate the stress—distress or stress—illness associations. The results suggest that ongoing stressors that are static are more detrimental to health and well-being than are episodic or change-related stressors.
Corpus studies in word prediction

Word prediction can be used to enhance the communication rate of people with disabilities who use Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices. We use statistical methods in a word prediction system, which are trained on a corpus, and then measure the efficacy of the resulting system by calculating the theoretical keystroke savings on some held out data. Ideally training and testing should be done on a large corpus of AAC text covering a variety of topics, but no such corpus exists. We discuss training and testing on a wide variety of corpora meant to approximate text from AAC users. We show that training on a combination of in-domain data with out-of-domain data is often more beneficial than either data set alone and that advanced language modeling such as topic modeling is portable even when applied to very different text.
Importance of particle size in aerosol therapy.

SummaryComparison of effects of 2 aerosols of the same sympathomimetic drug was made. Administration in the usual therapeutic amount of 1 aerosol produced by standard, commercially available, nebulizer caused tachycardia and blood pressure elevation in 4 normal subjects. The other aerosol from a D-30 generator which previously had been shown to relieve bronchoconstriction (5), when breathed in the same manner, failed to have systemic effects. Lack of undesirable side effects from the latter was presumably due to submicroscopic particles emanating from the D-30 generator. They produced a larger surface area to dose ratio and were able to reach areas in the lung where they are locally most effective even though total dose from generator was 30 times less than from the standard nebulizer for a given number of breaths.
Role of student engagement in the resilience of african american adolescents from low‐income rural communities

The study sought to determine whether behavioral and psychological engagement in middle school served a protective or promotive role, thereby contributing to the resilience of African American youth from low-income rural communities. Teacher reports of adjustment (i.e., aggression, academic competence, popularity) in the sixth grade were gathered. Data on behavioral and psychological engagement across the seventh and eighth grade were collected from student self-reports. In the ninth grade, achievement data were obtained from school grades and peer assessments measured aggression. To identify profiles across multiple behavioral measures that increase risk, early adjustment configurations were derived from sixth grade teacher reports. Regression analyses indicated that youth with Troubled, Tough, and Disengaged profiles were at risk for difficulties in subsequent achievement and/or aggression. In addition, behavioral and psychological engagement had a main effect relation with achievement and/or aggression, indicating that engagement served a promotive role. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The management of aggression care plans: implementation and efficacy in a forensic learning disability service

This article describes the design and implementation of the management of aggression care plans (MOACAP) in a secure service for people with learning disability and severe challenging behaviour. The MOACAP is a five‐part document, which has sections for descriptions of challenging behaviour, escalation patterns of the behaviour, non‐physical interventions, physical interventions and post‐incident briefing.Preliminary evaluations suggest that use of MOACAP leads to a reduction in aggressive incidents in the service. The approach should also be relevant to other forensic, mental health and challenging behaviour services and brain injury units. The MOACAP may also be relevant to services that will be affected by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the National Institute for Mental Health in England (NIMHE) guidelines on the short‐term management of disturbed (violent) behaviour.
Computer-assisted ECG interpretation for confirmation of premature atrial complexes

Abstract Current programs for computerized ECG analysis are not interactive. We developed custom software for computer-assisted ECG interpretation that functioned interactively with an observer directing the computerized process. The software was first used for recognition of PACs superimposed on ST-T waveforms. The interactive process included 6 steps. 1) The computer displayed the 12-lead ECG and the user selected the most frequent QRS-T waveforms for averaging. 2) The computer generated and displayed the averaged QRS-T waveform. 3) The user selected waveforms suspected to have PACs superimposed on the ST-T segments. 4) The computer generated and displayed the difference waveform by subtracting the average waveform from the suspect waveforms. 5) The user recognized and p-waves in the difference waveform and marked the onset and offset by positioning the cursor and clicking. 6) The computer then measured p-wave amplitudes, durations, and areas and displayed the recognized p-wave. The program was developed using digital data from 2 ECGs and tested on 39 ECGs with suspected PACs and 26 control ECGs. Results: The software and user interaction recognized 79 PACs in the suspect group. Control ECGs were analyzed using 3 complexes with the same leads and onsets as the test group. Of the 79 PACs found in the suspect group, mean values included an area under the curve of 4.0 [plusmn] 3.2 [mu ]V-s for the test group versus 0.4 [plusmn] 0.4 [mu ]V-s for the control (P [lt ] 0.001) and peak-to-trough voltage amplitudes of 104 [plusmn] 66 [mu ]V versus 15 [plusmn] 7 [mu ]V for the control (P [lt ] 0.001). The average time of onset of the premature complexes was 282 [plusmn] 120 msec, and their duration was 100 [plusmn] 28 msec. Conclusion: Custom software combined the superior human pattern recognition with the digital signal processing of the computer. This enhanced recognition of ectopic atrial activity.
Asteroid sizes and albedos

The radiometric method of determining asteroid diameters is described, and a synthesis of radiometric and polarimetric measurements of the diameters and geometric albedos of a total of 187 asteroids is presented. An analysis is offered of the size distributions of different albedo classes down to 80-km diameter for the entire main asteroid belt (2.0-3.5 AU). The distribution of albedos is found to be strongly bimodal, with mean albedos for the C and S group of 0.035 and 0.15, respectively. The C asteroids outnumber the S asteroids at all sizes and all values of semimajor axis, with the proportion of C asteroids increasing from a little over half inside 2.5 AU to more than 95% beyond 3.0 AU. Other aspects of the distribution of C, S, and M asteroids are discussed, and the total mass of main-belt asteroids larger than 70 km is estimated.
Speech Perception Tests: Talkers and Listeners

Children must be able to hear the speech of others, as well as their own, to develop spoken language. For young children with hearing impairments, there is a mismatch between the type of talker most commonly used in clinical speech tests and the type(s) of talker(s) most commonly heard in everyday situations. Although young children are exposed primarily to adult females' and children’s speech (including their own), many clinical tests consist of speech materials recorded by adult males. Since speech acoustics vary significantly with gender and age of the talker, the results of clinical speech tests may be a poor estimate of a hearing impaired children’s actual speech understanding in everyday situations. These issues may have clinical implications for the evaluation and fitting of hearing aids, and programming of cochlear implants.
Micromechanics of Creep‐Crack Growth in a Glass‐Ceramic

The near-tip strain and opening behavior of creep cracks in a glass-ceramic were studied at temperatures for which grain-boundary sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism. Using the stereoimaging displacement measurement technique, near-tip creep strain and crack-opening displacement (COD) increments were obtained as functions of distance from the crack tip and time of creep. Both the time and radial dependence of the strain and COD were observed to be consistent with the Riedel and Rice (RR) field when the time of creep and crack extension were small. Increasing creep time and crack extension led to the formation of a localized shear zone located directly ahead of the crack tip. Further crack extension tended to follow this shear zone within which creep damage accumulated. Neither the rate of COD nor the strain-rate distribution within this shear zone could be described by the RR field or the Hui and Riedel (HR) field for growing cracks. Steady-state, stable crack growth exhibiting both Mode I and II components was observed in the glass-ceramic despite a creep exponent of ≅2. Varying the test temperature and applied stress intensity influenced both the development of the crack-tip shear zone and the crack growth process. These observations are discussed on the basis of the interrelationships between the near-tip field, creep damage accumulation, and grain-boundary sliding.
Narrativizing Nursing Students’ Experiences With Medical Errors During Clinicals

The ways providers story their mistake experiences help to explain how providers understand medical errors and how they communicate about those errors. Communication scholars have slowly begun to explore the communicative nature of medical error experiences, with communication research becoming more abundant over the past few years. Missing from this discussion is how students in health professions, in this case nursing students, tell medical errors narratives and how the stories help them determine how to respond to mistakes. In this article, we explore how nursing students narrativize their medical errors experiences during clinicals. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 68 nursing students. The interviews were transcribed and resulted in a total of 1,261 single-spaced pages of data. We found that nursing students told three different narratives: (a) the "save the day" narrative, (b) the "silence" narrative, and (c) the "not always right" narrative. Finally, we discuss the implications of these narratives and their impact on nursing education.
Application of time reversal signal processing to microwave NDE

This paper presents a feasibility study of imaging defects in dielectric materials using principles of time reversal with microwaves. The principle is demonstrated using a two-dimensional finite difference time domain model for simulating the propagation of forward and time reversed wave fields. The scattered electric field is recorded on a linear array of receivers; time reversed and propagated backwards using the model to highlight the scatterer/defect. Simulations results validating the approach are presented. Initial results demonstrate the ability of the technique to image defects.
Familial tumoral calcinosis: a valuable vehicle for discovery

While electrolytes such as sodium and potassium exist in different anatomic and functional aqueous compartments, calcium and phosphate lead double lives in soluble and solid phases. There are substantial external and internal fluxes of calcium and phosphate to maintain a metabolically active apatite-based endoskeleton. Once absorbed from the intestine, one has to maintain calcium and phosphate in solution during its lifetime in the body outside the skeleton. The normal turnover and maintenance of external balance mandate excretion of a finite amount of calcium and phosphate in a small volume of urine dictated by water conservation. Numerous mechanisms are functional to ensure that calcium and phosphate crystalizes in bone and nowhere else, as the consequences of extra-osseous calcification are undoubtedly dire [1].
Brief report: gum chewing affects standardized math scores in adolescents.

Abstract Gum chewing has been shown to improve cognitive performance in adults; however, gum chewing has not been evaluated in children. This study examined the effects of gum chewing on standardized test scores and class grades of eighth grade math students. Math classes were randomized to a gum chewing (GC) condition that provided students with gum during class and testing, or a control condition with no gum (NGC). Participants included 108 students. The math sections of the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) and the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III), and math class grades were used to assess academic performance. Students in the gum chewing condition improved standardized test scores and maintained higher grades in math class compared to those in the no-gum chewing condition. These results are encouraging as gum chewing may be a cost-effective and easily implemented method to increase student performance. Trial Registration: NCT00792116.
Study of the incidence and characteristics of blood donor "reactors".

Analysis of “reactor” and control groups of blood bank donors reveals from a statistical standpoint younger donors, particularly female, with a previous history of fainting are more prone to reaction. The “reactor” group had a tendency toward a higher pulse rate and pulse pressure and a lower diastolic pressure before bleeding. Race, blood type and body temperature did not influence the incidence of reactions. It was three times more likely for a one-time “reactor” to have a subsequent reaction than for a control donor. This distinct tendency toward multiple “reactors” makes it very probable that there exists a “reactor-prone” type. The fundamental cause of the reaction as well as the defect in the “reaction-prone” donor are unknown. Closer study of “multiple reactors” would seem to be a profitable approach to the donor reaction problem.
Linking larval nutrition to adult reproductive traits in the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis

Throughout an organism's lifetime, resources are strategically allocated to many different functions, including reproduction. Reproduction can be costly for both sexes; females produce nutrient-rich eggs, whereas males of many species produce large and complex ejaculates. In capital breeding insects, nutrients are mainly acquired during the larval period, yet allocation decisions impact the reproductive fitness of adults. The present study examines the effect of larval dietary nitrogen on both male and female reproductive traits in the European corn borer moth Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, whose adults do not feed and whose males transfer a large, nitrogen-rich spermatophore. One day post-eclosion, O. nubilalis adults reared on one of three different diets (3.0%, 1.6%, or 1.1% nitrogen) are mated and two experiments are undertaken: one to measure nitrogen and carbon content of male ejaculates, and the other to determine female fecundity and fertility. Although male larval diet does not alter the percentage nitrogen content of adult somatic tissue, males reared on the higher nitrogen diet (3.0%) produce spermatophores with increased nitrogen relative to somatic nitrogen. Furthermore, females raised on the 3.0% nitrogen diet receive spermatophores with lower carbon : nitrogen ratios and thus more nitrogen. Overall, females lay more eggs as their larval dietary nitrogen increases, although they lay fewer eggs when their mates are raised on the higher (3.0%) nitrogen diet. This suggests that O. nubilalis females may use male-derived nitrogen not to supplement egg production, but rather for somatic maintenance. Overall, the present study furthers our understanding of how larval diet can affect adult fitness in Lepidoptera.
Pharmacoeconomics and quality of life: The missing link:

Pharmacoeconomics and quality of life were major themes that resonated throughout the Fourth International Symposium on Oncology Pharmacy Practice. The following report, supplemented by information from the ISOPP IV Symposium, defines pharmacoeconomics research and describes the methods used to perform pharma coeconomic analyses and quality of life studies. Results of original pharmacoeconomic studies per formed in cancer patients are critiqued.
Hormone Therapy for the Management of Menopause Symptoms

Many women will undergo menopause without incident, but others will experience bothersome effects resulting from declining estrogen levels. Vasomotor symptoms, which manifest as intense feelings of warmth, flushing, and perspiration, are the most common symptoms for which women seek treatment. Hormone therapy is indicated for the relief of vasomotor symptoms related to menopause. We review current Food Drug Administration-approved options for hormone therapy and discuss implications for practice and patient education.
Diabetes predicts long-term disability in an elderly urban cohort: the Northern Manhattan Study

Abstract Purpose There are limited data on vascular predictors of long-term disability in Hispanics. We hypothesized that (1) functional status declines over time and (2) vascular risk factors predict functional decline. Methods The Northern Manhattan Study contains a population-based study of 3298 stroke-free individuals aged 40 years or older, followed for median 11 years. The Barthel Index (BI) was assessed annually. Generalized estimating equations and Cox models were adjusted for demographic, medical, and social risk factors. Stroke and myocardial infarction occurring during follow-up were censored in sensitivity analysis. Secondarily, motor and nonmotor domains of the BI were analyzed. Results Mean age (standard deviation) of the cohort (n = 3298) was 69.2 (10) years, 37% were male, 52% Hispanic, 22% diabetic, and 74% hypertensive. There was a mean annual decline of 1.02 BI points (P Conclusion In this large, population-based, multiethnic study with long-term follow-up, we found a 1% mean decline in function per year that did not change when vascular events were censored. Diabetes predicted functional decline in the absence of clinical vascular events.
Relation between multiplication rate and temperature in Tetrahymena pyriformis, strains HS and GL

SUMMARY. The multiplication rate of Tetrahymena pyriformis HS in proteose peptone medium was measured at 12 temperatures between 18.4°C. and 36.6°C. At the temperature optimum, 32.5°C., the generation time is 2.25 hours. The upper lethal temperature lies between 36.6°C. and 38.0°C. Similarly, a study of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL revealed a temperature optimum for multiplication of 29°C. with a generation time of 3.70 hours. The upper lethal temperature falls between 34.6°C. and 35.4°C. At all temperatures employed the HS strain of organisms multiplies more rapidly than strain GL. Under identical conditions, the two strains have distinctly different growth optima, upper lethal temperatures and growth rates. As measured by multiplication rate the readjustment to a sudden change in temperature (from 18.4°C. to 27.7°C.) is completed very rapidly, with an effective lag time of about 1 hour. Such a shift in temperature gives rise to a small degree of division synchrony during the first and second population doublings which follow. Subsequently, all traces of division synchrony are lost.
Distributed Symmetric Function Computation in Noisy Wireless Sensor Networks

In this correspondence, we consider a wireless sensor network consisting of n sensors, and each sensor has a measurement, which is an integer value belonging to the set {().....m-1}, so that it can be represented by [log2 m] bits. The network has a special node called the fusion center whose goal is to compute a symmetric function of these measurements. The problem studied is to minimize the total transmission energy used by the network when computing this function, subject to the constraint that this computation be correct with high probability. We assume the wireless channels are binary symmetric channels with a probability of error p, and that each sensor uses ralpha units of energy to transmit each bit, where r is the transmission range of the sensor.
Biologic and immunohistochemical analysis of macrophage interleukin- 1 alpha, - 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor production during the peritoneal exudative response.

The present study examined changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by murine peritoneal macrophages during the chronic exudative response to Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA). Macrophages were isolated by peritoneal lavage and adherence at intervals over a 32 day period following i.p. injection of CFA. Optimal culture conditions for IL-1 and TNF production were predetermined, and it was found that IL-1 production was profoundly impaired at densities of above 150 cells/mm2, whereas TNF synthesis was more resistant to density effects. Using optimal conditions, we observed a sequential appearance of monokines. On day 0 there was minimal IL-1 production and no detectable TNF production. By days 4-7, IL-1 production reached maximum levels with a steady decline to baseline by day 32. TNF production steadily increased after day 2, reached maximal levels by days 16-20, and then partly declined by day 32. These findings were supported by kinetic analyses at specified days. When related to exudative events, it appeared that maximal IL-1 was associated with the recruitment stage of the reaction, whereas TNF production was associated with the established exudate. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TNF production could be related to the proportion of macrophages with cytoplasmic TNF expression. In contrast, IL-1 alpha and -1 beta expression was comparable among populations with 85-100% of cells showing cytoplasmic expression 6 hr after LPS stimulus. Whereas cytoplasmic IL-1 alpha persisted for the 18 hr study period, IL-1 beta disappeared from many adjuvant recruited cells. Our findings suggest that monokine production is orchestrated during macrophage recruitment and activation at sites of chronic inflammation.