cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green derived blood flow index for noninvasive measurement of muscle perfusion during exercise in COPD

Background: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with the tracer indocyanine green dye (ICG) for minimally invasive measurement of the muscle blood flow index (BFI) has been validated in healthy, but there is no evidence about its validity in COPD. Aim: To investigate whether NIRS-ICG derived BFI (requiring only venous catheterization) reflects intra-individual changes in respiratory and locomotor muscle perfusion during exercise as reliably as muscle blood flow (MBF) (requiring both arterial and venous catherterization). Methods: Vastus lateralis MBF (calculated by the Fick principle and muscle ICG curve) and BFI (calculated only by muscle ICG curve) was simultaneously measured in 10 COPD (FEV1:51±6 %pred.) by NIRS at rest and during cycling at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of WRpeak, whilst for intercostal, MBF and BFI was measured during resting hyperpnoea trials at minute ventilation levels similar to those during exercise. Results: Vastus lateralis MBF and BFI increased progressively during cycling (from 2.8±0.4 to 39.7±7.0 ml/min/100gr and from 1.0±0.2 to 12.8±1.9 nM/s, respectively). Intercostal MBF and BFI increased with increasing minute ventilation during hyperpnea (from 7.0±0.6 to 11.4±1.3 ml/min/100gr and from 2.5±0.3 to 4.5±0.7 nM/s, respectively). Correlation coefficient analyses between individual BFI and MBF values revealed strong agreement for both quadriceps (r=0.831, p Conclusion: NIRS-ICG derived BFI is less invassive, less technically demanding and valid surrogate index for assessing respiratory and locomotor muscle perfusion form rest to maximal exercise in COPD.
Urethroplasty for Female Urethral Stricture

Female urethral stricture disease has been historically treated with urethral dilation that has high recurrence rate. There is growing evidence that formal urethroplasty should be pursued early in the care of female urethral stricture disease as surgery can provide cost-effective, durable results. This chapter presents the various techniques for female urethroplasty that are presented in the recent literature.
Hemolysis and iodination of erythrocyte components by a myeloperoxidase-mediated system.

Erythrocytes are hemolyzed by myeloperoxidase, an H2O2-generating system (glucose + glucose oxidase; hypoxanthine + xanthine oxidase) and an oxidizable cofactor (chloride, iodide, thyroxine, triiodothyronine). The combined effect of chloride and either iodide or the thyroid hormones is greater than additive. Myeloperoxidase can be replaced by lactoperoxidase in the iodide-, thyroxine and triiodothyronine- dependent, but not in the chloride-dependent, systems. Hemolysis is is inhibited by the peroxidase inhibitors, azide and cyanide, and by catalase and is stimulated by superoxide dismutase when the xanthine oxidase system is employed as the source of H2O2. Hemolysis by the iodide-dependent system is associated with the iodination of erythrocyte components.
Genetic Transformation of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower)

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L, family Compositae) is a valuable oilseed crop grown in semiarid climates, primarily in India, Mexico, Asia, and North America (Knowles 1989). The principal use for safflower is as a nutritionally desirable source of edible polyunsaturated oils. Safflower oils containing high levels of linoleic acid are used in salad oils and soft margarines, while high oleic oils are used as superior cooking oils. Some cultivars have been bred for oils used in industrial applications such as for paints and varnishes, and safflower oil has been tested as a diesel fuel extender and/or substitute (Isigigur et al. 1994). In addition, the crop is grown for birdseed and the pigments from red- and orange-flowering varieties are used as natural food coloring additives. The plant is a short (< 1 m), erect, annual herb, and most cultivars have spiny stems and leaves. Flower heads contain 20 to 100 seeds and crop maturity requires about 120 to 150 days. Its closest relatives include weedy thistles (Cirsium spp.), Centaurea species, and the crops sunflower and artichoke.
Robust evaluation of expressions by distributed virtual machines

We show how expressions written in a functional programming language can be robustly evaluated on a modular asynchronous spatial computer by compiling them into a distributed virtual machine comprised of reified bytecodes undergoing diffusion and communicating via messages containing encapsulated virtual machine states. Because the semantics of the source language are purely functional, multiple instances of each reified bytecode and multiple execution threads can coexist without inconsistency in the same distributed heap.
Allocation and Ordering by Weighted Arithmetic Averaging — An Axiomatic Approach

As a result of the efforts of a generation of decision theorists, it is now widely accepted that axiomatic theory is a valuable analytical tool for evaluating proposed decision methods. The program of axiomatizing decision criteria, initiated by Arrow [1951], has produced a sophisticated and extensive literature. This program has been at once modest and ambitious, modest in its recognition that rational choice is context sensitive and in its willingness to countenance impossibility theorems, ambitious in its attempt to provide axiomatic foundations for the many varieties of group decision problems.
Religion and Gender

Sociology looks upon religion as a social, cultural, and historical construction modeled by social relations of class, race, and gender. Those researching religions have shown how these relations are contradictory for believers since at times they function as spaces for control and restriction of autonomy, and at others they function as spaces for empowering women. The investment of the feminine population in religions has produced different interpretations of the divine, sacred texts, practices, and rules of conduct set by belief. The field of Sociology of Religion criticizes the sexism present in current analyses of religion as well as in works of classic authors.
Tumor lysis syndrome

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an acute, life-threatening disease among adults and children that is associated with the initiation of cytoreductive therapy in the treatment of malignancy. A pattern of metabolic derangements occurs as a result of a massive release of intracellular contents into the systemic circulation. Characteristic findings include hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and uremia, all of which can lead to cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, renal failure, and sudden death. The incidence of TLS appears to be increasing because of a rapidly growing armamentarium of highly effective biologic and targeted therapies. Risk assessment and prevention are at the forefront of management and rely on clinician awareness, prophylactic measures, and vigilant laboratory monitoring. Established TLS requires early, aggressive intervention with intravenous hydration, electrolyte management, and the use of hypouricemic agents. This review highlights the central role of diagnostic laboratory criteria for TLS, and summarizes the clinical findings, pathophysiology, and evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and management of TLS.
Inferring Directed Graphs for Networks from Corrupt Data-Streams

The structure of a complex networked system can be modeled as a graph with nodes representing the agents and the links describing a notion of dynamic coupling between them. Data-driven methods to identify such influence pathways is central to many application domains. However, such dynamically related data-streams originating at different sources are prone to corruption caused by asynchronous time-stamps, packet drops and noise. In this article, we provide a tight characterization of the connectivity structure of the agents that can be constructed based solely on measured data streams that are corrupted. A necessary and sufficient condition that delineates the effects of corruption on a set of nodes is obtained. Here, the generative system that yields the data admits nonlinear dynamic influences between agents and can involve feedback loops. Directed information based concepts are utilized in conjunction with tools from graphical models theory to arrive at the results.
A clustering rule based approach for classification problems

Today’s data storage and collection abilities have allowed the accumulation of enormous amounts of data. Data mining can be a useful tool in transforming these large amounts of raw data into useful information. Predictive modeling is a very popular area in data mining. The results of these type tasks can contain helpful information that can be used in decision making. Problems arise when the data sets that are used to build these models are not as complete (e.g. erroneous/missing values) as the data used to evaluate the model. Rule based classifiers are widely used and accepted type of predictive model. We present a method to reduce the severity of the effects of missing data on the performance of rule base classifiers using divisive data clustering. The Clustering Rule based Approach (CRA) clusters the original training data and builds a separate rule based model on the cluster wise data. The individual models are combined into a larger model and evaluated against test data. We evaluate the effects of the missing attribute information for ordered and unordered rule sets. We experimentally show that the collective model is less affected by missing attribute information when the test data has missing attribute values.
Building a Brand and Telling a Story in Perpetual Crisis: Launching a Sustainable Archives Marketing Strategy

Column description. The Marketing column features essays about a variety of creative and innovative marketing strategies used to highlight collections or promote services in all types of libraries....
Applying Big Data to Pediatric Care

1. Benson S. Hsu, MD, MBA*,†,‡ 2. Justin P. Smith, PhD* 3. Emily R. Griese, PhD*,†,‡ 1. *Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD 2. †Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 3. ‡Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD At the forefront of health-care innovation is the ability to harness the power and potential of big data, commonly described as data with 3 key components: volume, variety, and velocity. Health-care gathers one of the largest and most diverse data sets, with some health systems harboring nearly 2 decades worth of electronic medical records (EMRs). Big data, however, is more than just a large volume of data (often a terabyte or even petabyte in size); it also intentionally merges a variety of data sources. In health-care, this may comprise traditional EMR data combined with data sets such as census and geospatial data. Coupled with velocity, ie, the capacity to manage rapidly generated data (ie, through personal health monitors), big data provides a new dimension to health-care, one with the possibility to transform the way patient care is provided. This In Brief aims to explore advances in using big data, the possibilities that exist with its application, and its relevance to health-care professionals. Health-care data are messy. Considering the number of data collectors in a clinic or hospital or health-care system, from nurses to physicians to registrars to coders, and the various data captures, from physician notes to pathology reports to coding abstractions, the potential for interpretation and recorder biases are numerous, resulting in the familiar adage of “garbage in, garbage out.” Combining non–health-care data sources with traditional health-care data is further fraught with concerns given the …
Trials and therapies in secondary progressive MS, simplified.

The FDA approvals of siponimod and cladribine for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis raise questions about the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis phenotypes and their applicability to clinical trials. A simpler classification for the disease could be the answer.
Understanding Perceived Worker Insecurity in Europe, 2002–2016: Economic Freedom and Neoliberalism as Alternative Theories?:

This study engages theories of economic freedom and neoliberalism as alternative ways of understanding workers’ perceived job and labor market insecurity. The results of hierarchical ordered logit ...
Excitatory Amino Acids: Ten Years Later. Lechoslaw Turski, Darryle D. Schoepp, and Esper A. Cavalheiro, eds., Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2001, 346 pp., $100, hardcover. ISBN 158603-072-8.

This book comprises 30 reports from participants in the second meeting on excitatory amino acids (EAAs), held in Manaus, Brazil in 1998, and the somewhat puzzling subtitle “Ten Years Later” refers to the decade between this and the first meeting, also held in Manaus. During this period, many of the EAA receptor genes were cloned, and the field began to take on a more defined shape. Although this book reflects some of those advances, the study of EAAs has become one of the largest and most active areas in contemporary neuroscience; the field is now so large that a small meeting such as this one could not be expected to encompass it all. The amino acid glutamate is regarded as …
The Trauma of the Mother Tongue: A Discussion of “A Country of Two: Race and Social Class in an Immigrant Therapeutic Dyad”

The author responds to Delboy’s strong theorizing about race, class, and language (this issue). The argument is made that a psychoanalytic viewpoint can augment the intersectionality prism for unde...
Modeling of reference temperatures for calculating crop water stress indices from infrared thermography

Abstract Leaf temperature (TL) is tightly coupled with the rate of transpirational water loss from the leaf. The temperatures of wet and dry reference leaf surfaces (Twet and Tdry, respectively) are commonly used to normalize temperature measurements for current environmental conditions and then calculate a crop water stress index (CWSI). Since it is often impractical to directly measure Tdry and Twet, the goals of this work were to: i) determine a suitable artificial reference surface that makes application of the CWSI faster and easier in the field, ii) develop a model for Tdry and Twet based on the reference surface temperature that allows for calculation of standard CWSIs, iii) test the technique for a range of weather conditions and tree species, and iv) analyze the sensitivity of these two models to Tdry and Twet, and their impact on the estimation of four different CWSIs. Our results showed that both Tdry and Twet are linearly related to the thermal temperature of green paper across a wide range of environmental conditions. Although there was a significant effect of the light conditions on Tdry and Twet, the same models could be used in both the sun and shade to relate Tdry and Twet to Tref. Moreover, results indicated that a new CWSI dependent only on TL and Twet was least sensitive to errors in Twet, but most sensitive to TL.
Commonality in Abnormality: "Abnormal" Neuropsychological Scores Are Common in Baseline Testing of Youth Athletes.

OBJECTIVE Although research shows that abnormal scores are common in adults, fewer studies examine the frequency of abnormal scores within children. The present study assessed how specific tests, cognitive domains, and patient factors affect the likelihood of abnormally low scores among healthy youth athletes. METHODS Youth athletes (n = 85, Mage = 11.72, SD = 2.23) completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery (N = 23 tests) during baseline testing for a sport-related concussion clinical research program. "Abnormal" scores were defined using cutoffs at 1, 1.5, and 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the population mean. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models examined abnormal test scores as a function of age, sex, ethnicity, and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ). RESULTS Using cutoffs of 1, 1.5, and 2 SDs, the percent of healthy participants with at least one abnormal test score was 61.2, 36.5, and 22.4%, respectively, indicating a high proportion of healthy participants with abnormal scores and low specificity for tests using these cutoffs. In univariate Poisson regression analyses, FSIQ and abnormal score were negatively correlated (p < .001), wherein lower FSIQ was associated with more abnormal scores. In multivariate regression analyses, lower performance on executive function, memory, and processing speed tests was significantly associated with an increased frequency of abnormal scores. CONCLUSIONS Abnormally low scores in healthy youth occur frequently and do not necessarily represent functional deficits. Cutoffs of 2 SDs should be considered for many tests to increase specificity and reduce the risk of false positive errors that could lead to negative clinical outcomes.
How Fundamental is the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

We give several non-obvious proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra, coming from different parts of mathematics. These include the idea of homotopy, Hurwitz’s theorem, Rouche’s theorem, the op...
When Freedom Prevents Vindication: Why the Heck Rule Should Not Bar a Prisoner’s § 1983 Action in Deemer v. Beard

In 2014, in Deemer v. Beard, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that the Heck v. Humphrey rule required all plaintiffs seeking damages for unconstitutional conviction under § 1983 to demonstrate that the criminal proceeding in question terminated in their favor. This decision defies a majority of circuit courts, which have held that there exists an exception to Heck if the plaintiff does not have other federal means of redress. In its decision, the Third Circuit aligned itself with three other appellate courts that did not take a plaintiff’s lack of access to other means of federal relief into consideration. Although these circuit courts have correctly adhered to binding U.S. Supreme Court precedent, doing so places an unfair burden upon a plaintiff’s ability to challenge an unconstitutional conviction. This Comment contends that the U.S. Supreme Court should settle the Heck circuit split and allow such an exception to the Heck rule to meet the underlying principles of § 1983.
Chapter 8 – Block Ciphers

A block cipher typically operates on a plaintext which is broken into separate blocks of fixed length. The cipher maps an n bit plaintext to an n bit ciphertext, using a secret key of some fixed size; the mapping function must be invertible, so decryption is accomplished by simply applying the inverse map to the ciphertext. Most modern block ciphers are made up of a fixed number of rounds, where each round involves applying a sequence of operations to a block of plaintext that has been modified in the preceding rounds. The first such block cipher to achieve widespread use was DES, which became the government approved standard for electronic banking applications in the mid 1970s. The original key size for DES was 56 bits, but by 2000 this had become too small to give security against a simple keyspace search attack. Variants of DES with a longer key length can be employed, but the government decided to seek a completely new cipher via public competition. This led to the approval of AES as the new government standard in 2002. As a reflection of the advance in computer speeds, the minimum acceptable key length for AES was chosen to be 128 bits.
Estimation of Large-Scale Wind Field Characteristics using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Measurements

As the wind energy industry continues to push for increased power production and lower cost of energy, the focus of research has expanded from individual turbines to entire wind farms. Among a host of interesting problems to be solved when considering the wind farm as a whole, we consider the challenge of scalar field estimation, based on information already collected at the individual turbine level. We aim to estimate the large-scale, low-frequency characteristics of the wind field, such as the mean wind direction and the overall decrease in wind speed across the farm, and employ a Kalman filter that models the wind field using a polynomial function. We compare the proposed method's performance to both a simple averaging technique and filtering of individual turbine measurements. The method presented is not limited to wind turbines and is applicable in other situations where multiple remote agents are used to estimate a scalar field.
Factors affecting health-related quality of life among prostate cancer patients: A systematic review.

IntroductionProstate cancer is recognized as the leading cause of malignancy-related incidence and mortality in the male population. The treatment regimens have long-term effects detrimental to the...
Professional judgement in clinical practice (part 3): A better alternative to strong evidence-based medicine

Parts 1 and 2 in this series of three articles have shown that and how strong evidence-based medicine has neither a coherent theoretical foundation nor creditable application to clinical practice. Because of its core commitment to the discredited positivist tradition it holds both a false concept of scientific knowledge and misunderstandings concerning clinical decision-making. Strong EBM continues attempts to use flawed adjustments to recover from the unsalvageable base view. Paper three argues that a promising solution is at hand if we can manage several modes of inclusion. A modified original, moderate version of EBM continues though usually overshadowed. As definitively laid out by Sackett in the 1990s, clinical decision making is intended to be person-centered, recognizing and integrating multiple modes of evidence and knowledge that have been marginalized: professional experience, illness narratives, and individual patients' values and preferences. Complementary resources are at hand: interpretative understanding and practice, such as philosophical anthropology, hermeneutical phenomenology, complexity theory, and phronetic practices respond to the major problems and open new possibilities. Phronesis is especially important in regard to public decision making. Within part 3 an additional tone necessarily occurs. While most of papers 1, 2, and 3 are written in the classical mode of contrasting the theoretical-logical and empirical evidence offered by contending positions bearing on the decision making and judgement in clinical practice, a shift occurs when considerations move beyond what is possible for clinical practitioners to accomplish. A different, discontinuous level of power operates in the trans-personal realm of instrumental policy, insurance, and hospital management practices. In this social-economic-political-ethical realm what happens in clinical practice today increasingly becomes a matter of what is "done unto" clinical practitioners, of what hampers their professional action and thus care of individual patients and clients.
Standard operating procedure for paediatric inpatient care in a public general hospital in rural South India: a quality improvement project

Background: The paediatrician stationed in a Public General Hospital noticed a significant number of complaints from the patient party about the delay in initial assessment and the quality of care provided in the hospital. This initiated the idea to review the standard of care given in the paediatric inpatient ward. Methods: Aiming to ensure proper management of children in the paediatric inpatient ward, a team was formed to improve inpatient care and daily functioning of the ward. A standard operating procedure (SOP) was formulated referring to the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), while modifying it to suit available resources and manpower in the hospital. A series of interventions were implemented and assessed using plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles. The findings from the PDSA cycle of a previous intervention were used to implement change in the next intervention. The data was analysed to accept the change or to further modify it. Results: At the end of 3 months, improvement was noted with the increase in the bed occupancy rate by 22%, paediatric admission rate by 8%, bed turnover rate by 24%, percentage of new-borns exclusively breastfed from admission to discharge by 30%, and proportion of mothers given effective nutritional counselling by 35%. There was also decrease in the time taken for initial assessment by 50 minutes, average length of stay by 2 days and LAMA rate by 4%. Conclusions: In the span of few months, we were able to implement an SOP and bring a significant improvement in the quality of care provided.
Defining Computational Emissivity Uncertainty Over Large Temperature Scales Due to Surface Evolution

There is a dearth in the literature on how to capture the uncertainty generated by material surface evolution in thermal modeling. This leads to inadequate or highly variable uncertainty representations for material properties, specifically emissivity when minimal information is available. Inaccurate understandings of prediction uncertainties may lead decision makers to incorrect conclusions, so best engineering practices should be developed for this domain. In order to mitigate the aforementioned issues, this study explores different strategies to better capture the thermal uncertainty response of engineered systems exposed to fire environments via defensible emissivity uncertainty characterizations that can be easily adapted to a variety of use cases. Two unique formulations (one physics-informed and one mathematically based) are presented. The formulations and methodologies presented herein are not exhaustive but more so are a starting point and give the reader a basis for how to customize their uncertainty definitions for differing fire scenarios and materials. Finally, the impact of using this approach versus other commonly used strategies and the usefulness of adding rigor to material surface evolution uncertainty is demonstrated.
Design of Food-Energy-Water-Waste Nexus Systems in New York State under COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract This article addresses food-energy-water-waste nexus (FEWWN) optimization under the COVID-19 pandemic to alleviate the public health and environmental concerns from increasing food waste generation using waste-to-energy technologies. Food waste generation has noticeably increased during the pandemic across the globe. To alleviate the associated health and environmental concerns, food waste could be converted into electricity and heat through FEWWN systems using waste-to-energy facilities, such as anaerobic digesters and combined heat and power units in wastewater treatment plants and livestock farms. In this work, a multi-period multi-objective optimization model is proposed for the design of efficient nexus systems under various impacts of the pandemic. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed modelling framework, a case study for New York State is presented. The optimized nexus systems could potentially reduce the food waste disposal amounts by 38%. A clear trade-off between the objectives is revealed by the Pareto-optimal solutions. The minimum total cost for the FEWWN system is $27.1 million; the optimal unit processing profit is $11.9 per ton processed food waste. Spatial analyses illustrate a strong correlation between facility selections and their processing capacities. Sensitivity analysis revealed that electricity price and biogas yield are the most important factors for the economic objectives.
A metropolis sampling method for drawing representative samples from large databases

In this paper, a sampling method based on the Metropolis algorithm is proposed. It is able to draw samples that have the same distribution as the underlying probability distribution. It is a simple, efficient, and powerful method suitable for all distributions. We have performed experiments to examine the qualities of the samples by comparing their statistical properties with the underlying population. The experimental results show that the samples selected by our method are bona fide representative.
Layered Beam Analysis

Governing equations for layered Timoshenko beam theory for the general case of unsymmetrically stacked laminated beams are presented. A computer program is developed to use the theory to investigate layered beam problems with any kind of end conditions and any transverse loading. Capability is also demonstrated for varying properties such as modulus of elasticity along the length of the beam. The method is applied to the study of laminated wooden beams. Variations of deflection, shear stress, and normal stress with percentage of strong wood along the outer fibers is shown. The program is not meant to be a design tool. The main purpose of the program is to furnish an analytical tool to use in correlating experimental data with theoretical results so that assumptions regarding physical properties can be altered if need be. A study of the effect of changing the properties of a wooden laminated beam is presented.
Vocabulary and pronunciation acquisition among bilinguals and monolinguals.

Bilingualism was studied with regard to vocabulary learning and pronunciation. 51 subjects (monolinguals and co-ordinate and compound bilinguals) were required to learn two lists of nine disyllabic...
On the use of magnetic transient hysteresis in paleomagnetism for granulometry

[1] Parameters derived from magnetic hysteresis experiments have been used as granulometric indicators in paleomagnetism. In practice, discriminating the superparamagnetic (SP) fraction from the coarse grain magnetites in parameter ratio plots is often inconclusive. To overcome this ambiguity, transient hysteresis (TH) has been recently proposed. We have carried out micromagnetic simulations to provide a fundamental rationale for the use of TH for granulometry. We found that magnetic TH results from the difference of magnetization configuration between ascending and descending hysteresis loops as a result of self-demagnetization. The descending branch has a tendency to keep a more uniform (e.g., flower-like) configuration, while the ascending branch prefers a less uniform (e.g., vortex-like) structure. According to our simulations, TH increases as the grain size increases and as the aspect ratio decreases. We also carried out TH measurements for well-defined synthetic and natural samples. It is notable that TH from the simulation for samples with aspect ratio q = 1.5 agrees well with the experimental observations for annealed magnetites of smaller sizes. In general, small TH is a clear indication for the absence of complex magnetized structures. Adding TH analysis to the hysteresis loop measurements requires a minor effort yet provides strong constraint on grain size.
The Free Jammie Movement: Is Making a File Available to Other Users Over a Peer-to-Peer Computer Network Sufficient to Infringe the Copyright Owner's 17 U.S.C. Section 106(3) Distribution Right?

Of the thousands of lawsuits brought by the Recording Industry Association of America against individuals for sharing music files over the Internet, the case of Jammie Thomas-Rasset was the first to complete a full jury trial. The judge vacated the initial judgment against Thomas-Rasset because he found, sua sponte, that he was mistaken when he instructed the jury that making a file available over a computer network for others to download is sufficient to find infringement of the exclusive distribution right of the copyright owner under 17 U.S.C. § 106(3). This Note argues that there is no making-available right, but that making-available may be considered as circumstantial evidence of distribution.
Till Disinterest Do Us Part: Trial Marriage, Public Policy, and the Fear of Familial Decay in the United States, 1900–1930

I n 1924 n e w Y o r k S u p r e m e Court Justice Ernest Edgcomb denied eighteen-year-old lottie lazarczyk the right to have her marriage to husband Stanislaw lazarczyk annulled. lottie, the daughter of Polish immigrants, had married Stanislaw and given birth to a son before reaching the age of eighteen. alleging that Stanislaw had physically abused her, lottie sought escape from a marriage that she now viewed as a youthful mistake. Rejecting lottie’s request in the early paragraphs of his decision, Edgcomb used the remainder of his ruling to express concern over the deteriorating state of matrimony in the United States and over couples’ growing tendency to abandon unsatisfying marriages. In a key passage, he argued: “Public policy demands that the court should refuse to put its stamp of approval on trial marriages.” He therefore praised New york’s Domestic Relations law for seeking to bar young couples from “consummating a trial marriage, and then reputing their act without penalty, if perchance the experiment did not suit their passing whim or fancy.” In Edgcomb’s view, the court needed to play a stronger role in keeping marriages permanent. Two of Edgcomb’s phrases here demand further attention. The first is the term “trial marriage,” which Edgcomb used to imply that lottie and Stanislaw had exchanged vows without committing themselves to a lifelong partnership. In Edgcomb’s view, this couple represented a growing group of young and typically working-class people who married provisionally with the intent to part ways if matrimony proved unpleasant; this was a tendency he hoped to thwart. The second noteworthy phrase is “public policy,” or, more specifically, Edgcomb’s assertion that trial marriage violated public policy.
The Epidemiology of Endometriosis

Advances in understanding the epidemiology of endometriosis have lagged behind other diseases because of methodologic problems related to disease definition and control selection. Nevertheless, a better picture of the epidemiology of endometriosis has emerged over the past few decades. Prevalence estimates of the disease in clinic populations vary from about a 4% occurrence of largely asymptomatic endometriosis found in women undergoing tubal ligation to 50% of teenagers with intractable dysmenorrhea. General population incidence during the 1970s in this country has been suggested to be 1.6 per 1000 white females aged 15-49, while a more current study based upon hospital discharges finds endometriosis as a first listed diagnosis in 1.3 per 1000 discharges in women aged 15-44. There is a clinical impression that blacks have lower rates of endometriosis and Orientals have higher rates than whites. A variety of personal risk factors for endometriosis have also been described. Women with endometriosis may be taller and thinner. Menstrual factors reported to increase risk include dysmenorrhea, early menarche, and shorter cycle lengths. There is support for the idea that lifestyle exposures that might raise or lower estrogen levels could affect risk, including a decreased risk associated with smoking and exercise and an increased risk associated with caffeine or alcohol use. These risk factors appear to be compatible with the central importance of retrograde menstruation influenced by outflow obstruction that might affect its amount, immune factors that might affect its ability to be cleared, or hormonal stimuli that might affect its growth. In this model, dysmenorrhea could be either a disease symptom or a manifestation of outflow obstruction. Nulliparity could be either a consequence of disease or a cause since nulliparous women would not have the benefit of cervical dilation associated with labor and delivery. Since there is evidence that family history is a risk factor for disease, a challenge is how to integrate genetic factors into the model. The genetics of endometriosis might be advanced if we could identify an "endometriosis phenotype". We propose that this may consist of early menarche, short cycles, painful periods, subfertility, and possibly tall stature that could be explained by genetic factors that predispose to poor endowment of germ cells and canalization defects of the cervix. The value of establishing an "endometriosis phenotype" is that, as candidates for genetic markers are identified, particular genotypes can be correlated with these factors even if a formal diagnosis of endometriosis has not been made. Additional well-designed case-control and cohort studies will be necessary to test theories related to pathogenesis, establish the precise relationship between reproductive morbidity and endometriosis, identify specific genetic factors, and establish long-term risks.
Facilitation of Fe(II) antoxidation by Fe(III) complexing agents

Abstract The rate of oxidation of Fe(II) by atmospheric oxygen at pH 7.0 is significantly enhanced by low molecular weight Fe(III)-complexing agents in the order EDTA ≈ nitrilotriacetate > citrate > phosphate > oxalate. This simple effect of Fe(III) binding probably accounts for the “ferroxidase” activity exhibited by transferrin and ferritin.
Regaining the initiative for public service media / Small among giants: television broadcasting in smaller countries

Even though the mass communication field has been affected by the growth of online media – and many scholars have been in the thrall of the trend – it is helpful to be reminded that the old media h...
Orexin: a gatekeeper of addiction

The neurotransmitter orexin regulates motivated behaviors such as arousal and feeding—and is now implicated in behaviors associated with addiction in rats. The release of orexin onto dopamine cells enables cocaine to induce the neuronal changes that lead to addiction-like behavior.
Co-registration of x-ray and MR fields of view in a hybrid XMR system.

Purpose To validate one possible function of a real-time x-ray/MR (XMR) interface in a hybrid XMR system using x-ray images as “scouts” to prescribe the MR slices. Materials and Methods The registration process consists of two steps: 1) calibration, in which the system's geometric parameters are found from fiducial-based registration; and 2) application, in which the x-ray image of a target structure and the estimated geometric parameters are used to prescribe an MR slice to observe the target structure. Errors from the noise in the location of the fiducial markers, and MR gradient nonlinearity were studied. Computer simulations were used to provide guidelines for fiducial marker placement and tolerable error estimation. A least-squares-based correction method was developed to reduce errors from gradient nonlinearity. Results In simulations with both sources of errors and the correction for gradient nonlinearity, the use of 16 fiducial markers yielded a mean error of about 0.4 mm over a 7200 cm3 volume. Phantom scans showed that the prescribed target slice hit most of the target line, and that the length visualized was improved with the least-squares correction. Conclusion The use of 16 fiducial markers to co-register XMR FOVs can offer satisfactory accuracy in both simulations and experiments. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:291–301. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Femoral Cannulation is Safe for Type A Dissection Repair

Abstract Background Recently, surgeons have embraced axillary artery cannulation for type A aortic dissection repair out of concern for malperfusion phenomena with traditional femoral artery cannulation. My colleagues and I sought to determine whether these concerns are justified. Methods Records of 86 consecutive patients (51 men and 35 women; age, 30 to 86 years; mean, 62 years) undergoing surgical repair for acute type A dissection were reviewed. Cannulation site, specific operative repair, and complications related to cannulation were noted. Results Seventy-nine cannulations were performed in the femoral artery (47 left, 23 right, and 9 unspecified), 3 in the axillary artery (1 left and 2 right), and 4 in the ascending aorta or arch. Deep hypothermic arrest was used in 64 operations. Seven involved re-sternotomy. Seventy patients had supracoronary grafts (2 with valve replacement and 10 with valve resuspension), and 16 underwent aortic root replacement. Fourteen patients were in shock from cardiac tamponade. Eighty patients survived the operation, and 71 were hospital survivors. Malperfusion on initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass was noted in 3 patients. In 1, the original cannulation site was the ascending aorta, and the cannula was moved to the femoral artery for correction. In 2, the original cannulation site was the femoral artery, and the cannula was moved to the ascending aorta. Malperfusion on clamping of the aorta or on resumption of aortic flow was noted in no patient. Postoperative ischemia of any vascular bed was noted locally only in 3 (cannulated) lower extremities. Conclusions Straight femoral cannulation for all phases of type A dissection repair is appropriate and yields excellent clinical results. The anticipated malperfusion events are actually rare (2 of 79 with femoral artery cannulation, or 2.5%).
On the construction of a new solvable model and validity of many-body approximation methods

Abstract This work deals both with the construction of a new analytically solvable model and with the quantitative test of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) method. First, we construct a new analytically solvable model, which serves as a testing ground for the various many-body approximation methods. The construction is based on two vector operators that are the generators of a Lie algebra. The model consists of a one-dimensional system of two distinguishable sets of fermions interacting via a schematic two-body force. The model has a simple analytic energy spectrum. Second, we use this model to test the validity of the TDHF approximation. Exact eigenvalues are compared with the corresponding solutions of the TDHF method. The TDHF approximation is shown to be reasonably accurate in the description of the system's eigenstates.
Factors affecting measurement of undenatured whey protein nitrogen in dried whey by a modified Harland-Ashworth test

Abstract The Harland-Ashworth test for measuring undenatured whey protein N in NDM was modified to measure undenatured whey protein N in dried whey. Dried whey was reconstituted in phosphate buffer (pH 6.7) then saturated with NaCl and incubated for 30min at 37°C. Samples were cooled to room temperature and filtered before total absorbance was measured at 280nm. Absorbance measurements were taken at 280nm to prevent difficulties caused by turbidimetric measurements in Harland-Ashworth filtrates. Nonprotein absorbance was measured on TCA deproteinized filtrates and subtracted from total absorbance values to find absorbance of undenatured whey protein. The modified assay produced reproducible estimates of undenatured whey protein in NDM as well as in dried whey. The correlation between absorbance of undenatured whey protein N and the corresponding Kjeldahl results were not influenced by season, heat treatment of samples, solids concentrations, residual milk-clotting enzymes, or pH of whey during heating.
Estimates of CO2 from wood fuel based on forest harvest data

Wood continues to be a major fuel source for vast numbers of the world's people. Even in the highly industrialized countries, use of wood and wood wastes as fuel produces a small (in comparison to fossil fuels) but non-negligible amount of CO2. Although information on the worldwide harvest and use of wood is not as complete or as reliable as fossil fuel data, this paper uses what is available and develops annual estimates of CO2 emissions for the period 1968–1983. Woods are separated into two types, coniferous and non-coniferous, and average content and carbon amounts are estimated for each type. Wood utilization is divided into several categories, e.g., fuelwood, lumber, poles, and use of wood wastes as fuels in the lumber and paper industries is included. Results are given for major world regions. In recent years the worldwide CO2 emissions from wood used as fuels is estimated to be about one-tenth as much as CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. This does not include fires in the forests, either associated with forest clearing or those from natural causes.
Concrete and formal operational thought processes in young adulthood and old age.

A study was conducted to examine the role of concrete and formal operations in a young and old population. In addition, the present study explored the relation between operational thought and Cattell's concept of fluid and crystallized intelligence, as well as the role of differential living arrangements in maintaining operational thought. Eighty females from three age groups (18-20 years, 60-70 years and 70-80 years of age) were tested on a series of Piagetian tasks and indices of fluid and crystallized intelligence. The findings supported the notion that age-related performance differences occur in the area of formal operational thought prior to the time they occur in concrete operational thought. Except for the young sample, the operational tasks were found to be unrelated to fluid intelligence at the age levels represented in this study. Living independently as opposed to living in an old age home did not appear to be a significant factor in maintaining operational thought. Discussion focused on the necessity of identifying those factors which influence the developmental course of formal operational thought across the life span. Language: en
Dynamic US study in the evaluation of infants with vertical or oblique talus deformities

Congenital vertical talus (CVT) is a rare foot deformity that is sometimes difficult to differentiate from oblique talus (OT) by physical examination and foot radiography. The purpose of this study was to summarize our experience with US in evaluation of CVT and OT deformities. We identified all children (2005–2011) younger than 6 months who underwent dynamic focused US of the foot at our tertiary-care facility to evaluate clinically equivocal cases of CVT. Diagnostic criteria for CVT were persistent talonavicular dislocation on forced plantar flexion of the foot. OT was diagnosed based on reduction of the talonavicular dislocation on forced plantar flexion. Medical and imaging charts were reviewed for diagnosis on US and plain radiographs (when available) and for underlying neuromuscular disorders, treatment and outcome on follow-up. Ten patients (eight boys and two girls, mean age 33 days) were evaluated by US for CVT. Radiographs of the foot were obtained in only two children and were non-diagnostic. Thirteen feet were evaluated by US. Diagnosis of CVT was confirmed by surgery in seven children, three of whom had bilateral CVT. Diagnosis of OT in three children was supported by response to casting treatment. Dynamic US can reliably distinguish between CVT and OT deformities.
Extrapolating from sequence--the 2009 H1N1 'swine' influenza virus.

The recent incidence and spread in humans of the 'swine flu' influenza A virus has raised global concerns regarding its virulence and pandemic potential. The main cause of the so-called swine flu has been identified as human infection by influenza A viruses of a new H1N1 (hemagglutinin 1, neuraminidase 1) subtype, or '2009 H1N1 strain'.
Optimization of Behavior: Introduction and Overview

A glance through natural and social sci? ence journals of the last decade makes it obvious that optimization theory is being applied to a variety of problems. The idea that nature pursues economy, from the time of the Greeks to the present, has been a fascinating study. Just as ideas of optimal design reinvigorated anatomy, a great impact is being felt in our disciplines as the orientation shifts from descriptive studies toward evolutionary questions. MacArthur and Pianka (1966) first proposed the idea of optimal choice as a useful approach to foraging behavior. Subsequent studies have produced a large volume of work in this area. More recently, the bioeconomic approach has been applied to questions of allocation of time to play, time a male should invest with a female, space utilization, life-history strategies, levels of aggression, group dynamics, etc. Researchers in psychology have begun to explore the relation of factors inside the black box