cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Formulation of the Equations of Dynamics

In a recent paper [1] the author introduced a new method for handling differentials and extrema in the presence of constraints, in which the constraints were represented by a projection matrix. For extrema this method can be used instead of Lagrange multipliers. Here the same idea is applied to the equations of motion in mechanics, leading to a new formulation in both Cartesian and generalized coordinates, equivalent to Lagrange’ s equations and applicable with both holonomic and nonholonomic constraints. The present formulation provides an alternative to a recent approach of Kalaba, Udwadia, and Xu [2,3], which too is based on linear algebra, and to Appell’ s classical method for the nonholonomic case
Ethnic and gender differences in lifestyle risk factors in a bi-ethnic primary care sample: prevalence and clinical implications.

Objective: To demonstrate how simple screening methods can be used to define modifiable lifestyle risk factors in primary care settings and educate clinicians regarding ethnic and gender differences in risk factor profiles. Design: Observational study Participants: 3286 patients (1613 African Americans, 1673 non-Hispanic Whites) Intervention: Lifestyle risk factor assessment using nine-question health habits questionnaire and vital signs measurement Main Outcome Measures: Rates of tobacco use, risky drinking, obesity, and inactivity Results: 29.8% of patients reported tobacco use, 68.9% exercised less than three times per week, 41.1% were obese, and 9.5% screened positive for risky drinking. Whites reported more tobacco use (34.5% vs 24.9%) and risky drinking (10.3% vs 8.8%), while African Americans were more likely to be obese (46.1% vs 36.3%) and inactive (73.2% vs 64.7%). Risky drinking declined in all groups except African American males after age 65. Conclusions: Simple questionnaires and vital signs measurements are useful in screening for modifiable lifestyle risk factors in primary care clinics. Results can be used to identify risk factor patterns in different ethnic, age, and gender groups and to prioritize prevention interventions for individual patients. Simplified methods of assessing overweight and obesity are needed.
Performance of taylor model methods for validated integration of ODEs

The performance of various Taylor model (TM)-based methods for the validated integration of ODEs is studied for some representative computational problems. For nonlinear problems, the advantage of the method lies in the ability to retain dependencies of final conditions on initial conditions to high order, leading to the ability to treat large boxes of initial conditions for extended periods of time. For linear problems, the asymptotic behavior of the error of the methods is seen to be similar to that of non-validated integrators.
Effect of autonomic blockade on power spectrum of heart rate variability during exercise

To validate power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) as an autonomic indicator during exercise, ten males performed four identical progressive cycling tests during infusions of saline, esmolol (beta 1-blocker), glycopyrrolate (muscarinic blocker), or both drugs. Power spectra were constructed from the recorded electrocardiogram by Fourier algorithm and integrated for low-frequency power (LF) and high-frequency power (HF). Four different LF bands (0.004-0.1, 0.004-0.15, 0.05-0.1, and 0.05-0.15 Hz) and two different HF bands (0.1-1.0 and 0.15-1.0 Hz) were evaluated. The parasympathetic index, HF, decreased exponentially with workload and was attenuated by glycopyrrolate and combined treatments with both HF frequency bands measured. Whereas some sympathetic indexes (LF/total power and LF/HF) did reflect expected increases in sympathetic nerve activity associated with progressive increases in work intensity, none of the measured increases responded appropriately to autonomic blockade. It is concluded that HRV is a valid technique for noninvasive measurement of parasympathetic tone during exercise, but its validity as a measure of sympathetic tone during exercise is equivocal.
Comparisons of differential warming rates and tissue temperatures in some species of desert bats

Abstract An examination of warming rates of chest muscle in relation to rectal temperature and subsequent thermal mapping of selected tissues in active bats has shown the following trends: 1. 1. During arousal, chest muscle warms slightly faster than rectal temperature in Pipistrellus hesperus , Antrozous pallidus, Myotis californicus, M. thysanodes. Eptesicus fuscus , and Tadarida brasiliensis , whereas in Plecotus townsendii chest muscle warms twice as fast as rectal. 2. 2. Bats that warmed sufficiently to initiate flight in the laboratory had interscapular temperatures that were higher than rectal, brain, or adjacent flight muscles. 3. 3. Field data, however, indicate interscapular temperatures to be lower than flight muscle temperature, especially following periods of sustained flight. 4. 4. Both laboratory and field data show that certain bats are capable of coordinated and sustained flight at tissue temperatures well below recognized homeothermic levels.
Stages of group development in an experimental ghetto program.

Five groups of undergraduate men and women have participated in an ongoing experimental program designed to give those who may some day be in decision-making positions the experience of ghetto living. Students lived and worked in a black ghetto for a semester; groups were kept small. Typically, students entered the program with enthusiasm and idealism, departed with greater awareness of the complexities of ghetto problems, their idealism dampened. This paper describes the developmental process of the groups, and discusses implications of the program.
Military Service during the Vietnam Era: Were There Consequences for Subsequent Civilian Earnings?

Using longitudinal data gathered in the National Longitudinal Study of Young Men spanning the years from 1966 to 1981, I examine the relationship between military service and subsequent income earned in the civilian labor market. Through the use of fixed-effects estimators, I am able to generate estimates of the effects that are independent of unmeasured family-specific and person-specific factors that might bias the relationship. The use of longitudinal data also allows for the construction and comparison of earning trajectories for veterans and nonveterans. The results indicate that veterans have earning profiles that differ from those of nonveterans. In particular, after leaving military service, veterans who were drafted earn less than nonveterans, but this difference erodes over time because veterans have a steeper earning profile. Within less than ten years of discharge there is no statistically significant difference between the earnings of veterans and those of nonveterans.
Thin film nanocrystalline Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3: Synthesis, conductivity, and micro-solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract We report on single phase polycrystalline Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 thin films grown on (1 0 0) (Y2O3)0.08(ZrO2)0.92 substrates by radio frequency sputtering. Detailed studies on electrical conductivity as a function of temperature up to 500 °C are carried out for films in the 20–100 nm thickness range. Free-standing thin film micro-solid oxide fuel cells utilizing nanostructured Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 cathodes are fabricated and tested for the first time. A maximum power density of 35 mW cm−2 at 520 °C was obtained with Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3/(Y2O3)0.08(ZrO2)0.92/Pt micro-solid oxide fuel cells. These results indicate the significance of microstructure on electrical properties of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 and present the first successful thin film micro-solid oxide fuel cells integrating Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3. We anticipate these results to be of relevance in advancing micro-solid oxide fuel cells for reduced temperature operation with dense oxide cathodes.
Pulmonary aerosol actions of LY188695 (KB2413), a new potent H1-receptor antagonist.

The new potent H1 receptor antagonist, LY188695 (KB2413), was delivered to guinea pigs as a pulmonary aerosol and its ability to inhibit histamine-induced airway obstruction examined. Aerosol LY188695 was more effective than inhaled chlorpheniramine or clemastine in reducing the pulmonary gas trapping produced by histamine challenge. Lung antihistamine effects occurred within minutes of a brief, low concentration aerosol exposure and persisted for at least 1 hour. LY188695 aerosol treatment did not produce significant inhibition of methacholine-induced gas trapping. Although systemic antihistamine effects occurred 50 minutes after LY188695 inhalation, aerosol administration produced an enhanced local (i.e., lung) action compared to intravenous delivery.
A gradient centrifugation method for the determination of particle size distribution of chylomicrons and of fat droplets in artificial fat emulsions

Abstract Fat emulsions and dog lymph chylomicrons were layered in a sucrose density gradient and centrifuged at moderate speeds. The reliability of the procedure was checked by the centrifugation of polystyrene latex samples and by the repeated centrifugation of the same fat sample under different conditions. Both chemical assay for triglyceride and radiochemical assay of 131I-labeled lymph samples were used to establish particle size distributions. Two fat emulsions showed a median particle size of approx. 0.3 and 0.5 μ, respectively, whereas the median of 11 of the 12 lymph chylomicron samples investigated lay between 0.18 and 0.29 μ.
Soil carbon dynamics of transition to Pacific northwest cellulosic ethanol feedstock production.

Cellulosic ethanol commercialization promises to produce energy from agricultural biomass. Available biomass depends on plant net primary productivity (NPP) and crop type, which maintain total soil organic carbon (TOC). Effect of crop-type, residue removal, and NPP on ethanol yield and TOC levels were assessed by means of a three-pool C model derived from long-term soil incubation, acid hydrolysis, and curve fitting of a nonlinear regression model. A 2-yr field study consisting of three input regimes (Low, Medium, or High NPP), three crops [corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.), and switchgrass (SG, Panicum virgatum L., cv. Blackwell)], and two harvest levels [residue removed (R) or residue not removed (NR)] was conducted near Prosser, WA, USA. After 2 yr, ethanol yield of all crops were similar under Low NPP while ethanol yield of SG under Medium and High NPP was significantly greater than that of corn or wheat under the same NPP. Switchgrass significantly contributed to active [mean residence time (MRT) 500 yr) soil C pools. Other crops had net zero or significantly reduced C pools. During a transition to cellulosic energy production, SG will contribute to soil C maintenance across a range of potential net productivity.
In situ investigation of high-pressure melting behavior in the Fe-S system using synchrotron X-ray radiography

We studied the high-pressure melting behavior of Fe-S mixtures containing 9 wt% sulfur using the synchrotron X-ray radiographic method in a large volume press. By opening two graphite windows along the X-ray path and using boron nitride capsules, we were able to observe segregation of sulfur-rich liquid and iron-rich solid upon initial melting and determine the eutectic temperature of the Fe-S system at pressures between 13 and 16 GPa. Our results are in excellent agreement with the existing data from quench experiments, and are further supported by in situ X-ray diffraction measurements. The liquidus temperatures of this composition, determined on the basis of the disappearance of the solid phase on the radiographs, are also consistent with literature values. By observing radiographic changes with time, we monitored the approach to equilibrium and obtained preliminary data on the kinetics of the melting process.
EEG and multiple-unit activity in limbic and motor systems during movement and immobility☆

Abstract Electrographic activity was recorded from chronically implanted electrodes generally in the caudate nucleus, septum, hippocampus, and midbrain and medullary levels of the brain stem reticular formation (BSRF) of rabbits in order to assess the effects of movements and immobility. Hippocampal theta rhythms were triggered during movements of any sort or during phasic increases in muscle electrical activity. Coinciding with or preceding the theta onset were phasic increases of multiple-unit activity in the BSRF. Injection of tranquilizer simultaneously reduced movements, abolished theta rhythm, and selectively depressed BSRF units. These specific electrographic correlates of muscle activity were not observed in the caudate, septum, or other telencephalic brain structures from which recordings were derived. Transient theta and increased BSRF activity also occurred during the immobility reflex (animal hypnosis) when the tonic muscle relaxation and immobility were phasically interrupted by mild sensory stimulation. The motor-associated phasic increases in BSRF multiple-unit activity were superimposed upon a tonic unit activity increase in the medullary reticular formation, not seen elsewhere, that was characteristic of the reflex.
Food quality and season affect gene expression of the mucosal lectin MeML and particle sorting in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

The blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, is able to use biochemical cues to sort food particles. Recently, a mucosal lectin (MeML) identified in pallial organs of M. edulis was suggested to play a role in the capture and sorting of food particles. The current study presents data obtained in 2010 showing that sorting efficiencies and MeML gene expression in M. edulis increased when mussels were either fed poor quality food or starved. In addition, results suggest that particle capture and degree of selection increased during the spawning period, although the quality of food delivered to mussels before the experiments seemed to have a stronger impact on particle-sorting efficiency. Overall, the impact of both endogenous (physiological status) and exogenous (food quality) factors were shown to affect the expression of MeML in mussel feeding organs, and the food sorting abilities.
Separation of a smooth circular inclusion from a matrix

Abstract The paper treats the separation of a smooth circular inclusion from a matrix, as the latter is deformed uniformly. Using finite integral transforms, the problem of finding the extent of separation and the contact pressure is reduced to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation with a weakly singular kernel. The singular part of the kernel can be removed and the equation made suitable for an effective numerical solution. Explicit results are given for general combinations of materials and several cases of loading.
Evaluation of rheological models and application to flow regime determination

Abstract Rheological models are frequently used to predict the shear stress-shear rate behavior of drilling fluids. However, none of these models can accurately predict the rheological behavior of all drilling fluids over all ranges of shear rates. In this study, the following rheological models were used to predict shear stress as a function of shear rate in several mud samples: Bingham Plastic, Power Law (2 point method and least-square method), Herschel-Bulkley and Robertson-Stiff. The first objective of this study was to identify the model that provided the best overall match of the experimentally observed rheological data. This was done by democratic ranking of the rheological models based on error analysis. The Robertson-Stiff model provided the best, and the Bingham Plastic model provided the worst overall prediction of rheological behavior. The second objective of the study was to develop a new method for determination of flow regimes in pipe flow using the Herschel-Bulkley and Robertson-Stiff models. The proposed method has been shown to predict the onset of turbulence in pipe flow more accurately than the conventional method for Bingham Plastic and Power Law models.
Antioxidant Properties of Soybean Isoflavone Extract and Tofu in Vitro and in Vivo

Isoflavones in soybean were extracted in the crude form using 80% food-grade ethanol at 80 degrees C for 6 h and followed by concentration and dehydration. The soy extract contained isoflavones primarily in the forms of glucosides. In vitro antioxidant activities of the soy extract containing 20-500 ppm isoflavones were conducted using a Rancimat method. The results showed that soy isoflavone extract had strong in vitro antioxidant activity. There was a dose-dependent response for the in vitro antioxidant activity at the lower concentrations but not at the higher concentrations. In vivo antioxidant property was determined by measuring the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in various organs of rats that were fed with diets containing partially oxidized oil and various levels of isoflavones for up to 24 weeks. Neither short-term (8 weeks) feeding nor low isoflavone content (50 ppm) induced changes in superoxide dismutase or catalase activities in rats. Only diets containing high isoflavone contents (150 and 250 ppm) showed obvious elevated enzymatic levels in various organs. In addition, a laboratory-prepared tofu containing approximately 50 ppm isoflavones had better effects than the soy extract with the 250 ppm isoflavone group, which indicated that molecules other than isoflavones may have a synergistic effect on in vivo antioxidant enzyme inductions of tofu.
Large-scale profiling of diterpenoid glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

The plant Stevia rebaudiana accumulates a suite of diterpenoid metabolites that are natural sweeteners finding increased use as sugar substitutes. To guide breeding of stevia plants that accumulate substances with desirable flavor in high yield, rapid and accurate methods are needed to profile these substances in plant populations. This report describes an 8-min ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for separation and quantification of seven stevia glycosides including steviolbioside; stevioside; rebaudiosides A, B, and C; rubusoside; and dulcoside as well as aglycones steviol and isosteviol. This negative mode electrospray ionization/multiple reaction monitoring method yielded low limits of detection <1 ng/mL for steviol, 6 ng/mL for isosteviol, and <15 ng/mL for all stevia glycosides. Stevioside and Reb A, B, and C were quantified in more than 1,100 extracts from stevia leaves as part of a large-scale profiling exercise. Leaf tissue levels in this population spanned about two orders of magnitude for stevioside (2–125 mg/g dry weight), Reb A (2.5–164 mg/g), Reb B (0.5–50 mg/g), and Reb C (1.5–125 mg/g), but levels of individual metabolites exhibited independent variation. The wide spread of metabolite levels highlights the utility and importance of performing targeted metabolic profiling for large plant populations.
Altered nucleosome spacing associated with Down syndrome

Micrococcal nuclease digestions of human leukocytes were analyzed using gel electrophoresis. The relative size (or average number of nucleotides) of nucleosomes was determined. The mean nucleosome size of the normal 46 chromosome karyotype is 185 +/- 2 bp. There was no significant variation in nucleosome size within the normal population due to age, sex, or race. The mean nucleosome size of the Down syndrome samples is 173 +/- 3 bp. These two groups have separate normal distribution curves which do not overlap and are significantly different at P < 0.1%.
Measuring the quality of care provided to women with pelvic organ prolapse

Objective Health care providers are increasingly being evaluated by the quality of care they provide. Our aim was to assess the feasibility of recently developed quality indicators (QIs) for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and identify possible deficits in care. Study Design A panel ranked 14 QIs based on the RAND appropriateness method assessing screening and diagnosis, pessary management, and surgery for POP. Retrospective chart abstraction was performed after identifying patients with a diagnosis of POP evaluated within a hospital-based multispecialty group using International Classification of Diseases , ninth edition, diagnosis codes. Results Of 283 patients identified, 98% of those with a new complaint of vaginal bulge had a pelvic examination. The POP was described but not staged in 6% and not documented at all in 25.1%. Among those managed with pessaries, 98% had vaginal examinations at least every 6 months. Forty-nine percent of the patients who had surgery had complete preoperative POP staging. Only 20% of women undergoing apical surgery had documentation of counseling regarding different surgical options, and of the women who underwent a hysterectomy for POP, only 48% had a concomitant vault suspension. Although 71% had documentation about the risk of postoperative stress incontinence, only 14.5% had documented counseling regarding risks of mesh. Only 37% of patients implanted with mesh for POP had documented follow-up at 1 year. An intraoperative cystoscopy was performed in 86% undergoing cystocele repair or apical surgery. Conclusion The quality of care for women with POP can be feasibly measured with QIs. Processes of care were deficient in many areas, and our findings can serve as a basis for quality improvement interventions.
17,21-Secohopanoic acids, 25-norhopanoic acids, and 28-norhopanoic acids in source rocks and crude oils

The presence of three families of hopanoic acids, 17,21-secohopanoic acids, 25-norhopanoic acids, and 28-norhopanoic acids, is discussed. Oils from West Siberia and tar balls from the Seychelles Islands were found to contain relatively high proportions of 17,21-secohopanoic acids. These acids have not been previously reported in any oils or source rocks. A heavily biodegraded West Siberian oil, was found to contain an homologous series of 25-norhopanoic acids co-occurring with the 25-norhopanes as previously reported in only a small number of oils from Campos Basin, Brazil. 28-Norhopanoic acids have been reported in various sediments and extracts of the Monterey Shale, but in this study their occurrence has been extended to oils, degraded oils, and tar balls sourced from the Monterey Shale. The primary purpose herein is to report the occurrence of these acids and possible relationships between the acids and corresponding hydrocarbons.
Nitrogen Transformations in a Wetland Receiving Lagoon Effluent: Sequential Model and Implications for Water Reuse

Abstract Constructed wetlands could be components of low-tech systems to treat and reuse wastewater in arid region. A key function of the wetland would be to provide additional N removal. To improve design criteria, a sequential model of nitrogen transformations (organic N→ammonium; ammonium→nitrate; nitrate→nitrogen gas) was successfully calibrated and verified for a wetland in Kingman, Arizona. A sequential model has the ability to “recognize” species of nitrogen in the influent and predict species of nitrogen in the effluent. Model scenarios show that increasing nitrification rates in the summer and denitrification rates in the winter would improve nitrogen removal efficiencies. Several lines of evidence suggest that wintertime denitrification may be limited by carbon supply. Winter carbon supply could be augmented by routing a portion of the water through channels planted with dryland vegetation.
Computational Study of the Thermodynamics and Stability of Two Trp-Cage Miniprotein Sequences

The Trp-Cage is widely considered to be a model system to in the field of protein folding. The folded structure of the TC10b Trp-Cage miniprotein has been experimentally shown to be more stable than that of the most commonly investigated variant, TC5b, yet remains almost unstudied in comparison. In this study, we seek to computationally verify and understand the greater stability of the TC10b Trp-Cage miniprotein through the use of replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations. Furthermore, we seek to compare directly with experiment through the use of charged ends as opposed to the capped, neutral ends commonly used in simulations. While the difference in amino acid sequences yields a greater stability for the folded structure, the additional charges create stable charge-charge interactions for various configurations present in the unfolded state. Furthermore, the dominant charge interactions governing the folding kinetics differ from TC10b to TC5b. Due to these charge differences, we notice a longer equilibration time for TC10b as opposed to TC5b.Based on this result we speculate that the folding time of TC10b is slower than for the fast folding Tc5b sequence.
Study of signal shaping and energy response of large NaI(Tl) spectrometers for application at NAL

Signal shaping properties are demonstrated with a large NaI(Tl) crystal assembly, 20 in. thick and 30 in. in diameter. Correlated energy resolution responses are shown for total energy absorption in the crystal from 580 MeV electrons. Light collection optics by diffuse reflection most likely determined the 10% to 90% rise-time of signals of 80 nsec, connected with the transit time of trapped light, before it reaches a photocathode surface. Using a signal clipping technique, the trailing edge of pulses are shaped to have base-lines entirely restored to zero. Providing good energy resolution, signals are obtained which are shaped to have 200 nsec full-width at base. The energy resolution responses from signal pulse-height measurement are demonstrated. Further improvements to obtain shorter pulse-widths are discussed and the capability of these crystals to handle several types of background is shown.
Fast block motion estimation algorithm based on combined subsamplings on pixels and search candidates

Block motion estimation is one of the key technologies in video compression and has been widely adopted by several existing video coding international standards. Many popular block motion estimation methods, including three-step search (TSS), new three-step search (NTSS), and four-step search (4SS), have assumed that the error surface is unimodal over the search area or the motion vector is center-biased. However, these assumptions do not hold for most MPEG-1,2 video frames. As a result, the schemes with these assumptions will exhibit degraded performance as they applied to MPEG-1,2 video frames. In this paper, we propose a fast block matching motion estimation scheme based on an integration of pixel subsampling and search candidate subsampling. Comparing with the well- known TSS algorithm, the proposed scheme visits more candidates so that it can significantly avoid trapping into the local minima and therefore is more robust. Experimental results using typical MPEG-1 video frames show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better PSNR as well as higher speed-up ratios than the well-known TSS. In addition, the combined subsampling scheme has a regular structure that facilitates easy hardware implementation.
Theory and Application of Median Related Filters

Many similarities exist between the class of nonlinear filters called stack filters and neural networks. In this chapter, we describe the relationships between these areas and how the theory of stack filters may be applied to the study of neural nets. The concept of a neural network represents one of the most original ideas ever to appear in the field of computing and artificial intelligence. However, many of the tools used to study these architectures are not innovative, but are the same tools used to analyze more conventional systems. Some of these tools are the mean squared error measure, orthogonality of functions, and optimization by minimizing energy, and correlation techniques. These are the same tools that have largely failed modern Al as well as the study of nonlinear systems. We believe these classical tools of linear theory will be of limited use in the study of neural systems.
Quantum states of matter of simple bosonic systems: BECs, superfluids and quantum solids

The phase diagram of a single component Bose system in a lattice at zero temperature is obtained. We calculate the variational energies for the Mott insulating and superfluid phases. Below a certain critical density the Mott insulating phase is stable over the superfluid phase for low enough tunneling amplitude regardless of whether the number of bosons is or is not incommensurate with the lattice. The transition is discontinuous as the superfluid order parameter jumps from a finite value to zero at the Mott transition.
A comparative study of parallel algorithms for simulating continuous time Markov chains

This article describes methods for simulating continuous time Markov chain models, using parallel architectures. The basis of our method is the technique of uniformization; within this framework there are a number of options concerning optimism and aggregation. We describe four different variations, paying particular attention to an adaptive method that optimistically assumes upper bounds on the rate at which one processor affects another in simulation time, and recovers from violations of this assumption using global checkpoints. We describe our experiences with these methods on a variety of Intel multiprocessor architectures, including the Touchstone Delta, where excellent speedups of up to 220 using 256 processors are observed.
Imitators of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia

Several microangiopathic disorders that are encountered during pregnancy provide physicians with a formidable diagnostic challenge. Severe pre-eclampsia with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome and many other obstetric and medical or surgical conditions produce similar clinical presentations and laboratory study results to pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is frequently superimposed on one of the above disorders, further confounding an already difficult differential diagnosis. Because of the remarkably similar clinical and laboratory findings of these disease processes, even the most experienced physician will face a diagnostic challenge. An effort should be made to make an accurate diagnosis, given the fact that management strategies and outcome may differ among these conditions.
Men in Female-Dominated Professions: Distinguishing Personality and Background Features

Abstract Personality and background features of men in female-dominated professions were assessed by comparing survey data on 54 men employed in atypical professions ( A ′s) with 63 men employed in sex-typical fields ( S ′s). Subjects were American born, college-educated males, under 50 years of age, employed in fields with over 75% male or female participation, and recruited in Atlanta in 1978. Subjects completed a biographical questionnaire, the Cattell 16 PF, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory under three instructional sets. In comparison with S ′s the A ′s showed lower adherence to traditional sex-role expectations on the Bem Sex Role Inventory, in the allotment of sex-typed household responsibilities, and in their greater “tender-minded” emotional sensitivity on the Cattell 16 PF. In terms of their personal histories, A ′s more frequently reported having had employed mothers, having had distant relationships with their fathers, and having been positively influenced in their career choices by women. A ′s more frequently experienced a death of a parent or sibling, or parental divorce or separation, and frequently mentioned such stresses as sensitizing them to their nurturant and emotional capabilities. There was also evidence that upward-mobility strivings may have contributed to atypical career choice, with A ′s more frequently being members of racial minorities and/or of lower socioeconomic background. As expected, in contrast to S ′s, A ′s shared personality and socialization factors indicative of lower sex-typing, thus confirming the psychological significance of the sex composition of one's occupation for men as was confirmed earlier for women.
Diesel Exhaust Exposure, Wheezing and Sneezing

The rising incidence of allergic disorders in developed countries is unexplained. Exposure to traffic related air pollutants may be an important cause of wheezing and asthma in childhood. Experimental evidence from human studies suggests that diesel exhaust particles, constituents of fine particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM(2.5)), may act to enhance IgE mediated aeroallergen sensitization and Th2 directed cytokine responses. To date, epidemiologic investigations indicate that children living in close proximity to heavily travelled roads are more likely to be atopic and wheeze. The Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS) birth cohort study was initiated to test the hypothesis that early high exposure to traffic related air pollutants is associated with early aeroallergen sensitization and allergic respiratory phenotypes. Using an exposure cohort design, more than 700 infants born to atopic parents were recruited at age 1 living either less than 400 meters (high traffic pollutant exposure) or greater than 1,500 meters (low exposure) from a major road. Children were medically evaluated and underwent skin prick testing with aeroallergen at screening, and re-evaluated sequentially at ages 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7. In this study, both proximity and land use regression (LUR) models of traffic air pollutant exposure have been assessed. Proximity to stop and go traffic with large concentrations of bus and truck traffic predicted persistent wheezing during infancy. The LUR model estimated elemental carbon attributable to traffic (ECAT) as a proxy for diesel exhaust particulate exposure. High ECAT was significantly associated with wheezing at age 1 as well as persistent wheezing at age 3. High mold exposure predicted a well defined asthma phenotype at age 7.
Paper 4: Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning

The primary objective of this paper is to describe the arrangement, operation, and features of the present-day General Motors heaters and air conditioners which have achieved a high degree of customer acceptance. The discussion will be limited to General Motors systems, and to equipment of past and present production. A brief historical review will be provided to show some of the highlights of the heating and air conditioning development, leading up to the present mixed-air heaters and the ‘Four-Seasons’ air conditioners. The basic design and advantages of automatic control systems will be described, and, finally, a look at some of the production components of a ‘Four-Seasons’ air conditioner.
Information Operators in Categorical Information Spaces

The general theory of information (GTI) is a synthetic approach, which reveals the essence of information, organizing and encompassing all main directions in information theory. On the methodological level, it is formulated as system of principles explaining what information is and how to measure information. The goal of this paper is the further development of a mathematical stratum of the general theory of information based on category theory. Abstract categories allow us to construct flexible models for information and its flow. Now category theory is also used as unifying framework for physics, biology, topology, and logic, as well as for the whole mathematics, providing a base for analyzing physical and information systems and processes by means of categorical structures and methods. There are two types of representation of information dynamics, i.e., regularities of information processes, in categories: the categorical representation and functorial representation. Here we study the categorical representations of information dynamics, which preserve internal structures of information spaces associated with infological systems as their state/phase spaces. Various relations between information operators are introduced and studied in this paper. These relations describe intrinsic features of information, such as decomposition and complementarity of information, reflecting regularities of information processes.
Van der Waals Attraction between Spherical Particles

Abstract A new and single correction function which could be used with the London equation to account for the retardation effect on van der Waals attraction, was recently proposed. The function is simple enough to permit closed-form solutions to be obtained by the Hamaker–De Boer approach for macrobodies of a few different shapes. In this paper, closed-form solutions are presented for sphere–half space and sphere–sphere systems. The results are shown to agree well with those which employ Overbeek correction functions.
Covariation and photoinactivation of traditional and novel indicator organisms and human viruses at a sewage-impacted marine beach.

Sunlight modulates concentrations of Escherichia coli and enterococci in marine waters. However, the mechanism of photoinactivation is poorly understood. Additionally, little is known about photoinactivation of other fecal indicators and human viruses in recreational waters. We sampled nearshore waters at Avalon Beach, California hourly for 72 h for reactive oxygen species (ROS), traditional indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci, and QPCR-based detection of enterococci), F+ (DNA and RNA) and somatic coliphages, the human-specific marker in Bacteroidales (HF marker), human enterovirus, and human adenovirus. E. coli and enterococci (regardless of measurement technique) covaried with each other and the coliphages suggesting similar sources and fates. The occurrence of the HF and enterovirus markers was correlated, but their occurrence was not positively correlated with the other indicators. Lower concentrations or occurrence of all microbes, excluding the HF and enterovirus markers, were observed durin...
Use of Multimodal MRI and Novel Endovascular Therapies in a Patient Ineligible for Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Background and Purpose— Options are limited for individuals who present to the ED within 3 hours of ischemic stroke onset, but who are deemed ineligible for intravenous thrombolysis. Multimodal MRI has been shown to be of great help in identifying stroke patients with large areas of at risk “penumbral tissue”, who may gain from the use of novel endovascular therapies. We report a patient who twice benefited from this management approach, in the setting of hemorrhagic risk following successive ischemic strokes. Case Description— The patient is a 78 year old male who experienced acute ischemic stroke on 2 separate occasions 5 months apart, and for whom perceived contraindications to appropriate thrombolytic therapy administration led to the successful use of different endovascular therapies at each encounter. Furthermore, following mechanical clot retrieval during the second encounter, the high intensity signal area noted on the baseline diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in the posterior circulation territor...
Incorporation of deoxythymidine triphosphate into nuclear DNA of developing frog embryos in vitro

Abstract The rate of incorporation of labeled precursor into DNA of isolated nuclei decreased from gastrulation to the tailbud stage in developing frog embryos. The addition of saturating amounts of calf thymus DNA revealed that the activities of the enzyme(s) which incorporates deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) into DNA in vitro decreased over this period. Native DNA was a better template than denatured DNA. The addition of a purified microbial DNA polymerase to gastrula and tailbud nuclei showed that the chromatin DNA of the later stage is a poorer template for the enzyme. The activity of the enzyme(s) which accounts for dTTP incorporation into DNA in vitro was higher during the early S period of neurulae than for late S and higher for late S than early S of tailbuds when nuclei were isolated from partially synchronized cells. For both the randomly dividing and partially synchronized cells, the activity of the enzyme(s) incorporating dTTP into DNA in vitro is correlated with the level of incorporation of labeled precursor into DNA in vivo.
Nonlinear Filamentation of Lower-Hybrid Cones

The nonlinear distortion of the propagation cones of lower-hybrid waves is shown to be governed by the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation. Since such an equation admits exact solutions of the multiple-soliton form, it is predicted that filamented cones sould be formed when large-amplitude lower-hybrid waves are excited in a plasma.
Indication of slowly moving targets via change detection

Radar systems have long been recognized as an effective tool for detecting moving targets--a problem commonly referred to as moving target indication (MTI). Recent advances, including Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP), allow for even more precise determination of a target's location relative to the radar. Still, most of these methods approach MTI from the point of view of parameter estimation, and this sort of an approach can become problematic when the target speed is low and its associated Doppler frequency is near zero. In such cases the target signature is masked by the stationary, background clutter. Another potential drawback to STAP techniques arises from the fact that they require a relatively large number of receive channels, adding additional complexity to the radar system hardware. In this paper we present a moving-target-indication (MTI) technique that is based on a change detection paradigm. That is, rather than estimating the Doppler frequency associated with a target's motion, we propose to detect subtle differences between simultaneously collected, complex SAR images. We use simulated data to illustrate the feasibility of the approach under several different operating scenarios.
Process-Response Models Based on Heavy-Mineral Content of the San Isabel Granite, Colorado

Three-dimensional variability of the San Isabel Granite is studied by trend-surface analysis based on 61 samples. Specific gravity of crushed rock samples and weight percentages of total heavy minerals, magnetic heavy minerals, and nonmagnetic heavy minerals appear to show that in the center of the granite there are significant vertical and small lateral changes, whereas toward the margins the opposite is true. Although the deviation patterns of these variables arc very similar, the geologic factors responsible for the deviations have not yet been identified. These data have been used to present a case history and as a basis for testing the correctness of three possible conceptual process-response models. Such methods are useful in development of a framework for making significant quantitative objective decisions about petrogenesis.
College grades and adult achievement: A research synthesis

The present study used meta-analytic methodology to synthesize research on the relationship between college grades and adult achievement. The data for the meta-analysis came from 108 studies correlating grade average in college to various criteria of adult achievement or success. The average correlation between grade average and a composite success criterion was .18, a small effect. Correlations between grade average and eight other criteria of adult achievement were also small, ranging from .09 to .20. Correlational effects were larger in military settings and for studies conducted prior to 1950. The results of this meta-analysis may be somewhat discouraging to those who place a great deal of importance on the predictive value of grades.
Conserving energy and momentum in nonlinear dynamics: A simple implicit time integration scheme

We focus on a simple implicit time integration scheme for the transient response solution of structures when large deformations and long time durations are considered. Our aim is to have a practical method of implicit time integration for analyses in which the widely used Newmark time integration procedure is not conserving energy and momentum, and is unstable. The method of time integration discussed in this paper is performing well and is a good candidate for practical analyses.
Practical Gröbner basis computation

We report on our experiences exploring state of the art Grobner basis computation. We investigate signature based algorithms in detail. We also introduce new practical data structures and computational techniques for use in both signature based Grobner basis algorithms and more traditional variations of the classic Buchberger algorithm. Our conclusions are based on experiments using our new freely available open source standalone C++ library.
The organization and temporal properties of appetitive behavior in rats

In the presence and absence of an externalinterfood clock stimulus (a sequence of flashing lights), rats showed a multimodal behavior pattern during successive quarters of interfood intervals (IFI) ranging from 12 to 192 sec. Responses near the feeder peaked before and just after food presentations, whereas locomotion remote from the feeder peaked toward the middle of the IFI. The temporal patterns of nosing in the feeder and remote locomotion were scalar (the time at which a response peaked in the IFI was proportional to the IFI length), whereas the patterns of postfood feeder-directed behavior, rearing, and pawgrooming were time bound (peaking at a fixed time after food, regardless of IFI length). Responses varied in their control by the external clock stimulus. During the last half of the IFI, rats nosed in the feeder more with an external clock, but only at intermediate IFIs. During the first quarter of the IFI, rats pawgroomed more with an external clock, but only at the longest IFI. The general sequence of responses during the interfood clock was consistent with the view that food delivery engages an organized sequence of search states that are expressed through a variety of responses.
Multiple wavelength laser suture lysis without slit lamp biomicroscopy in human cadaver eyes

Trabeculectomy with early postoperative slit lamp laser suture lysis is a controlled means of maximizing bleb filtration and reducing intraocular pressure. However, this procedure is not possible in children and even some adults. Thus, an effective alternative method for postoperative laser suture lysis was investigated. Dissection of 15 scleral flaps was performed on two human cadaver eyes. Each flap was closed with two 10-0 nylon sutures and the conjunctiva repositioned to cover the sutures. Laser suture lysis was performed using an optical fiber probe for the Argon/Dye laser and a Hoskins laser lens. Five different wavelengths were studied: red (630 nm), orange (595 nm), yellow (577 nm), blue-green (488 - 514 nm), and green (514 nm). Each individual wavelength was studied using six scleral flap sutures, and a single laser application was applied to each suture. Suture lysis was attainable with each wavelength, however the argon green lysed 100 percent of the sutures. Histologic analysis demonstrated no conjunctival injury with any of the above wavelengths. These findings suggest that multiple wavelengths are effective in laser suture lysis without a slit lamp biomicroscope.