cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decision support tools for climbing departure aircraft through arrival airspace

In 2013, Chevalley, et al., presented a concept of shared airspace where departures fly across arrival flows, provided gaps are available in these flows. They explored solutions for separating departures temporally from arrival traffic. Arrival controllers were responsible for deciding whether to climb departures through gaps, based on the departure aircrafts' trajectory and on the estimated flying time across the arrival flow. It was found that aircraft climb efficiency increased with more accurate departure time from the runway. Although in this earlier simulation, workload, coordination, and safety were judged by controllers as acceptable, it appeared that controllers would need improved tools to support this procedure. In the current follow-up study, decision support tools were developed to help controllers decide whether it was safe to climb aircraft through gaps in the arrival flow. In all three tool conditions, controllers could refer to a timeline to show how close in time the departures were predicted to be to the arrivals. In two of the conditions, controller could either see tie-points on videomaps, or could use a conflict probe to assess the separation of arrivals and departures dynamically. The tools were tested in a Human-In-The-Loop simulation. The efficiency and safety of 144 departures from the San Jose airport (SJC) climbing across the arrival airspace of the Oakland and San Francisco arrival flows were assessed. The simulation replicated the airspace and the manipulation of the accuracy of departure release times as reported in Chevalley et al. (2013) but used different aircraft climb profiles. Results show that again aircraft climb efficiency improved with departure time accuracy. Additional tools, such as the tie-points and the conflict probe, helped controllers make decisions to climb aircraft. In most cases, the tools helped controllers to keep aircraft vertically separated. For example, the tools helped controllers keep aircraft at safe altitudes longer when aircraft departed outside of their scheduled time. However, the tools did not prevent losses of separation. Seven losses of separation took place. Four of those were just below the required separation standards. This paper presents problems involved in predicting separation, and with controllers using anticipated separation to make decisions. New procedures and more precise tools are needed to limit the use of anticipated separation and to give options to controllers to climb aircraft safely.
Unifying pedagogical reasoning and epistemic trust.

Abstract Researchers have argued that other people provide not only great opportunities for facilitating children’s learning but also great risks. Research on pedagogical reasoning has argued children come prepared to identify and capitalize on others’ helpfulness to teach, and this pedagogical reasoning allows children to learn rapidly and robustly. In contrast, research on epistemic trust has focused on how the testimony of others is not constrained to be veridical, and therefore, children must be prepared to identify which informants to trust for information. Although these problems are clearly related, these two literatures have, thus far, existed relatively independently of each other. We present a formal analysis of learning from informants that unifies and fills gaps in each of these literatures. Our analysis explains why teaching—learning from a knowledgeable and helpful informant—supports more robust inferences. We show that our account predicts specific inferences supported in pedagogical situations better than a standard account of learning from teaching. Our analysis also suggests that epistemic trust should depend on inferences about others’ knowledge and helpfulness. We show that our knowledge and helpfulness account explains children’s behavior in epistemic trust tasks better than the standard knowledge-only account. We conclude by discussing implications for development and outline important questions raised by viewing learning from testimony as joint inference over others’ knowledge and helpfulness.
Multi-channel algorithm for segmentation of tumor blood vessels using multiplexed image data

Angiogenesis is the development of new vasculature from existing vasculature. The developmental biology and pathology of angiogenesis are major focuses of biomedical research. While many segmentation algorithms have been implemented for blood vessel analysis, they are limited by maturation dependent variation in blood vessel protein expression, expression by other cell types and discontinuous vessel staining due to tissue sectioning. We describe a method that combines image data from multiple blood vessel-expressed proteins to dynamically estimate optimal correlation metrics to drive improved vessel segmentation. A single marker approach resulted in overestimation of vessel number, whereas the multi-channel algorithm agreed closely with manual counts generated by two independent observers. Our results suggest that this new approach improves the vessel segmentation, which will be useful in the study of angiogenesis in health and disease.
LG-59MORTALITY IN CHILDREN WITH LOW-GRADE GLIOMA: A SINGLE-INSTITUTION STUDY

LG-59. MORTALITY IN CHILDREN WITH LOW-GRADE GLIOMA: A SINGLE-INSTITUTION STUDY Santhosh Upadhyaya, Yahya Ghazwani, Shengjie Wu, Alberto Broniscer, David Ellison, Amar Gajjar, and Ibrahim Qaddoumi; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA PURPOSE: Few studies address cause of death in children with low-grade glioma (LGG). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of clinical, pathologic, and radiologic data from children (,21 years old) with LGG who died, at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital between 1983 and 2015. RESULTS: For the 86 eligible patients, median age of diagnosis was 7.6 years (range, 0.1-21 years), median age of death was 14 years (range, 0.6-32 years), and median duration to death from diagnosis was 3.5 years (range, 0.2-32 years). Thalamus/midbrain was the most common tumor location (n 1⁄4 35), followed by suprasellar/hypothalamic (n 1⁄4 19) and hemispherical (n 1⁄4 13). Astrocytoma, not otherwise specified (n 1⁄4 23) was the most common histologic diagnosis, followed by pilocytic astrocytoma (n 1⁄4 22), fibrillary astrocytoma (n 1⁄4 12), and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (n 1⁄4 6). The cause of death was progression (PD) of primary tumor (n 1⁄4 40), malignant transformation (MT) to a highgrade tumor (n 1⁄4 17), sepsis (n 1⁄4 4), second cancer (n 1⁄4 3), suicide (n 1⁄4 2), accident (n 1⁄4 2), respiratory compromise (n 1⁄4 4), and miscellaneous causes (n 1⁄4 6). Cause of death was unknown in 8 patients. Among those with MT, 8/17 had received radiotherapy prior to transformation. Three patients had a diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1, 2 of whom died from a second malignancy and 1 from MT. Four patients had metastatic disease at diagnosis, and 29 developed metastasis during the clinical course. CONCLUSIONS: PD and MT contributed to 66% of the mortality in our patient cohort. Understanding the molecular basis of PD and MT is vital to plan optimal therapy for children with LGG and reduce mortality. Neuro-Oncology 18:iii78–iii96, 2016. doi:10.1093/neuonc/now075.59 #The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Petrosaltator gen. nov., a new genus replacement for the North African sengi Elephantulus rozeti (Macroscelidea; Macroscelididae).

In 2003, a molecular phylogeny was published that examined the role of the Sahara Desert as a vicariant event in the evolution of sengis (also known as elephant-shrews.) The phylogeny included a single sample from the North African sengi, Elephantulus rozeti (Duvernoy, 1833), which was found to be more closely related to the sengi genus Petrodromus Peters, 1846 than to other Elephantulus . Here we independently test the monophyly of Elephantulus using an additional specimen of E. rozeti and similar phylogenetic analyses, and discuss additional morphological and behavioral data that support the phylogeny. We propose a revised taxonomy that reflects the current paraphyly of Elephantulus and the sister relationship of E. rozeti and Petrodromus , including a new genus name for the North African sengi, Petrosaltator rozeti gen. nov., nov. comb. We additionally define two tribes within the subfamily Macroscelidinae, the Macroscelidini (including Macroscelides , Petrodromus , and Petrosaltator ), and the Elephantulini (including all other members of Elephantulus ).
Recruitment: A role for the academic library?

Initiatives pour attirer les etudiants des grandes ecoles vers la bibliotheque universitaire
Multiuser two-way ranging

Location awareness will be crucial for many future wireless network applications, such as the Internet of Things and vehicular networks. Existing localization works typically propose sequential signaling schemes where one pair of nodes communicate to range their distance at a time. This poses a significant problem for large networks where many nodes are within range of each node. In this work, a novel scheme is proposed which takes merely two frames of transmissions: In the first frame all nodes transmit their respective signatures; in the second frame all nodes basically repeat what they have received in the first frame (assuming full duplexing). By the end of the second frame, every node can estimate not only its distance to all nodes within range, but also the distances between neighboring nodes which are within range of each other. The proposed scheme is highly scalable, and is validated using simulation.
Roots of Trust

Trust in any system needs a foundation or a root of trust. Here, we discuss the roots of trust that have been proposed or deployed. Typically, the root of trust is based on the secrecy of a private key that is embedded in hardware; the corresponding public key is certified by the hardware’s manufacturer. As we discuss, some systems further rely on a piece of code that must execute in the early boot process for their root of trust.We also discuss schemes where the root of trust is established by the properties of the physical hardware itself.
Condition Help: A Patient- and Family-Initiated Rapid Response System.

Background Rapid response teams (RRTs) help in delivering safe, timely care. Typically they are activated by clinicians using specific parameters. Allowing patients and families to activate RRTs is a novel intervention. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center developed and implemented a patient- and family-initiated rapid response system called Condition Help (CH). Methods When the CH system is activated, a patient care liaison or an on-duty administrator meets bedside with the unit charge nurse to address the patient's concerns. In this study, we collected demographic data, call reasons, call designations (safety or nonsafety), and outcome information for all CH calls made during the period January 2012 through June 2015. Results Two hundred forty patients/family members made 367 CH calls during the study period. Most calls were made by patients (76.8%) rather than family members (21.8%). Of the 240 patients, 43 (18%) made multiple calls; their calls accounted for 46.3% of all calls (170/367). Inadequate pain control was the reason for the call in most cases (48.2%), followed by dissatisfaction with staff (12.5%). The majority of calls involved nonsafety issues (83.4%) rather than safety issues (11.4%). In 41.4% of cases, a change in care was made. Conclusions Patient- and family-initiated RRTs are designed to engage patients and families in providing safer care. In the CH system, safety issues are identified, but the majority of calls involve nonsafety issues. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2017;12:157-161.
Veneziano Model for π π → π S , Where S Has Arbitrary Spin and Parity

The Veneziano model is applied to the reaction $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}S$, where $S$ is any particle of spin $S$, isospin 0 or 1. For particles with natural parity, $P={(\ensuremath{-}1)}^{S}$, we require that our amplitude not be coupled to any odd daughters. This fixes the relative magnitudes of the helicity amplitudes and constrains the particles $S(\ensuremath{\omega},{A}_{2},\ensuremath{\cdots})$ to lie on a trajectory which is parallel to the degenerate $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $f$ trajectories. For particles with unnatural parity, $P=\ensuremath{-}{(\ensuremath{-}1)}^{S}$, we demand that the amplitude satisfy the Adler consistency condition. This gives mass restrictions on the sequence of particles $\ensuremath{\pi},{A}_{1},\ensuremath{\cdots}$.
Abstract 14619: Ultrasound-stimulated Microbubbles for Drug/gene Delivery: Microbubble-generated Shear Stress Induces Pores in Cellular Membranes

Background: Ultrasound (US)-stimulated microbubbles (MBs) are emerging as novel target-specific non-viral gene/drug delivery vectors for treatment of vascular disease, e.g. to deliver VEGF plasmid DNA to promote arteriogenesis. The nature of the MB-target cell interactions that facilitate nucleic acid delivery across cell membranes, and hence strategies to optimize the efficiency of this platform, are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to gain mechanistic insight into MB-mediated increases in cell membrane permeability. Methods: Phospholipid coated MBs were allowed to lay adjacent to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) at 37C. Propidium iodide (PI) was put into the media before US exposure to assess membrane permeability (sonoporation). Individual MB-cell pairs (n=351) were exposed to a single US pulse at 0.5, 1, or 2 MHz, with a duration of 4, 8 or 16 μs and pressures 0.1-0.8 MPa. Ultrafast microscopy recorded MB oscillations (Fig. 1a); a second camera simultaneously recorded fluorescence (PI uptake, Fig. 1b). US-induced MB radius change (excursion) was measured and used to calculate shear stress. HUVEC membranes were fluorescently labeled to visualize pore features. Results: Absolute MB excursion distance and associated shear stress were strong threshold indicators of sonoporation (PI uptake). For an 8 μs pulse, the oscillation (shear stress) threshold above which HUVECs porate was 3.9, 2.6, and 1.4 μm (7.8, 14.5, 22.7 kPa) at 0.5, 1 and 2 MHz respectively. At a given US frequency, increases in pulse duration decreased the required excursion and shear stress. Cell membrane imaging showed that MBs can induce apical and basal pores (sub-μm to μm sizes) that reseal (Fig. 1c). Conclusions: Sonoporation is related to absolute MB excursion distance and its associated shear stress and can occur with various US parameters and MB sizes. This data has implications on intelligent US-MB design for their use as payload delivery vehicles.
Improving the scalability of asymptotically optimal motion planning for humanoid dual-arm manipulators

Due to high-dimensionality, many motion planners for dual-arm systems follow a decoupled approach, which does not provide guarantees. Asymptotically optimal sampling-based planners provide guarantees but in practice face scalability challenges. This work improves the computational scalability of the latter methods in this domain. It builds on top of recent advances in multi-robot motion planning, which provide guarantees without having to explicitly construct a roadmap in the composite space of all robots. The proposed framework builds roadmaps for components of a humanoid robot's kinematic chain. Then, the tensor product of these component roadmaps is searched implicitly online in a way that asymptotic optimality is provided. Appropriate heuristics from the component roadmaps are utilized for discovering the solution in the composite space effectively. Evaluation on various dual-arm problems show that the method returns paths of increasing quality, has significantly reduced space requirements and improved convergence rate relative to the standard asymptotically optimal approaches.
Adaptive Behavior in Autism

The concept of adaptive behavior refers to the capacity of an individual to meet the demands of daily life. Deficits in adaptive behavior are particularly common in autism and represent an important focus of assessment and treatment. A sample case is presented to illustrate this process.
Race and Gender Differences in Adolescent Peer Group Approval of Leisure Activities

The leisure preferences of childhood and adolescence have generally been regarded as important to adult leisure behavior. Race has also been shown to affect adult leisure behavior and experience in...
Detection of indinavir crystals in urine: dependence on method of analysis.

Abstract Objectives.—To determine the frequency of crystalluria in patients treated with the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor indinavir and to compare methods of detecting crystalluria. Methods.—A total of 308 freshly voided urine specimens from 168 patients treated with indinavir were evaluated by manual microscopy of sediment and microscopy with an automated workstation and by dipstick analysis. Results.—Crystals were detected in 22%, 31%, or 32% of specimens using, respectively, an automated workstation, manual microscopy, or both methods. Proteinuria or hemoglobinuria occurred significantly more often in specimens with (28%) than without (18%) crystals. Frequency of crystalluria was unrelated to specific gravity, but it increased at higher pH. Crystals were detected in 21% of specimens with pH less than 6 and 42% of specimens with pH of 6 or higher. Conclusions.—Crystalluria occurs in more than 30% of urine specimens from patients treated with indinavir, but detection rates vary substan...
Chiron: Concurrent High Throughput Communication for IoT Devices

The exponentially increasing number of heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) devices motivate us to explore more efficient and higher throughput communication, especially at the bottleneck (i.e., edge) of the IoT networks. Our work, named Chiron, opens a promising direction for Physical (PHY) layer concurrent high throughput communication to heterogeneous IoT devices (e.g., wider-band WiFi and narrower-band ZigBee). Specifically, at the PHY layer, Chiron enables concurrently transmitting (or receiving) 1 stream of WiFi data and up to 4 streams of ZigBee data to (or from) commodity WiFi and ZigBee devices as if there is no interference between these simultaneous connections. We extensively evaluate our system under different real-world settings. Results show that Chiron's concurrent WiFi and ZigBee communication can achieve similar throughput as the sole WiFi or ZigBee communication. Chiron's spectrum utilization is more than 16 times better than the traditional gateway.
A rule-based model for mapping potential exotic plant distribution

Wildland managers need a method to predict which portions of the lands under their stewardship are susceptible to invasion by exotic plants. We combined a database listing exotic plant species known to occur in major environmental types (habitat types) throughout the northern Rocky Mountains with a digital vegetation map of environmental types for a major national park in the region (Yellowstone National Park) to produce maps of areas potentially threatened by major exotic species. Such maps should be helpful to managers concerned with monitoring and controlling exotic plants.
A Game-Theoretic Approach to Bureaucratic Behavior

Bureaucracy is one of the most pervasive forms of organization for modern society. Such organizations, characterized by large size, a hierarchical structure, and few if any concrete measures of performance, exist in government, industry, universities, nonprofit organizations, and other sectors of modern society.† In the U.S. federal government there are, in fact, many “layers” of bureaucracy. Working from the inner to the outer layers, any individual office in an agency is a bureau, as are the agencies themselves and the cabinet department of which they are part. In industry the different divisions or branches of a corporation can be considered bureaus. In universities the departments can be treated as bureaus.
On the Relationship Between Instrument and Specimen in Chemical Research

Based on the design of many modern chemical instruments, information about a specimen is retrieved after the specimen undergoes agitation, manipulation and disturbance of its internal state. But can we retain the traditional ideal that instruments should reveal properties that are definable independently of all modes of detection? In this paper I argue that the capacity of chemical instruments to convert experimental phenomena to information places constraints on the way in which the specimen is characterized. During research, the specimen is defined by those properties which permit its detection. Based on modern instrumentation, this constraint necessitates a conception of the specimen as a reactive system of dynamical properties. The dream of a purely transparent detection process violates the design of chemical instruments. This mutual dependence of instrument and specimen is illustrated by empirical studies of the geometrical configuration of DNA.
Diffuse Sources of High-Energy Gamma Rays in The Milky Way

Abstract Cosmic-ray interactions with interstellar gas and low-energy photons make the Milky Way galaxy a gamma-ray source that spans the whole sky. The low instrumental background, large effective area, good angular resolution, and long mission life of the Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory provided the first opportunity for comprehensive study of this diffuse gamma-ray emission. I will discuss what has been learned from EGRET about the cosmic rays and interstellar gas in the Milky Way, including the apparent excess of GeV emission from the interstellar medium, the potential Galactic halo at GeV energies, and the implications of EGRET observations for the nature of dark matter in the Milky Way. For many gamma-ray astronomers, the emission of the Milky Way is primarily a background to be removed in the study of point sources. I will illustrate the potential for diffuse emission to confuse or contaminate the EGRET source catalogs, and conclude with the prospects for advances with the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST).
Flexible solid-state supercapacitor based on tin oxide/reduced graphene oxide/bacterial nanocellulose

We demonstrate a flexible and light-weight supercapacitor based on bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) incorporated with tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles, graphene oxide (GO) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The SnO2 and GO flakes are introduced into the fibrous nanocellulose matrix during bacteria-mediated synthesis. The flexible PEDOT:PSS/SnO2/rGO/BNC electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with a capacitance of 445 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 and outstanding cycling stability with 84.1% capacitance retention over 2500 charge/discharge cycles. The flexible solid-state supercapacitors fabricated using PEDOT:PSS/SnO2/rGO/BNC electrodes and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-H2SO4 coated BNC as a separator exhibited excellent energy storage performance. The fabrication method demonstrated here is highly scalable and opens up new opportunities for the fabrication of flexible cellulose-based energy storage devices.
Protective Variants in Alzheimer's Disease.

Over the last decade, over 40 loci have been associated with risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, most studies have either focused on identifying risk loci or performing unbiased screens without a focus on protective variation in AD. Here, we provide a review of known protective variants in AD and their putative mechanisms of action. Additionally, we recommend strategies for finding new protective variants. Recent Genome-Wide Association Studies have identified both common and rare protective variants associated with AD. These include variants in or near APP, APOE, PLCG2, MS4A, MAPT-KANSL1, RAB10, ABCA1, CCL11, SORL1, NOCT, SCL24A4-RIN3, CASS4, EPHA1, SPPL2A, and NFIC. There are very few protective variants with functional evidence and a derived allele with a frequency below 20%. Additional fine mapping and multi-omic studies are needed to further validate and characterize known variants as well as specialized genome-wide scans to identify novel variants.
Mechanistic understanding and strategies to design interfaces of solid electrolytes: insights gained from transmission electron microscopy

Solid electrolytes (SEs) have gained increased attention for their promise to enable higher volumetric energy density and enhanced safety required for future battery systems. SEs are not only a key constituent in all-solid-state batteries, but also important “protectors” of Li metal anodes in next-generation battery configurations, such as Li–air, Li–S, and redox flow batteries. The impedance at interfaces associated with SEs, e.g., internal grain/phase boundaries and their interfacial stability with electrodes, represents two key factors limiting the performance of SEs, yet analyzing these interfaces experimentally at the nano/atomic scale is generally challenging. A mechanistic understanding of the possible instability at interfaces and propagation of interfacial resistance will pave the way to the design of high-performance SE-based batteries. In this review, we briefly introduce the fundamentals of SEs and challenges associated with their interfaces. Next, we discuss experimental techniques that allow for atomic-to-microscale understanding of ion transport and stability in SEs and at their interfaces, specifically highlighting the applications of state-of-the-art and emerging ex situ and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning TEM (STEM). Representative examples from the current literature that exemplify recent fundamental insights gained from these S/TEM techniques are highlighted. Applicable strategies to improve ion conduction and interfaces in SE-based batteries are also discussed. This review concludes by highlighting opportunities for future research that will significantly promote the fundamental understanding of SEs, specifically further developments in S/TEM techniques that will bring new insights into the design of high-performance interfaces for future electrical energy storage.
Arbitrary Optical Waveform Generation by Nonlinear Frequency-to-Time Conversion

We propose and demonstrate a novel method of arbitrary optical temporal pattering for generation of long (330 ps)unchirped waveforms with picosecond features. The method is based on frequency-to-time conversion of an imposed spectral pattern. © 2019 The Author(s)
Designing Audio Effect Plugins in C++: For AAX, AU, and VST3 with DSP Theory

Designing Audio Effect Plugins in C++ presents everything you need to know about digital signal processing in an accessible way. Not just another theory-heavy digital signal processing book, nor another dull build-a-generic-database programming book, this book includes fully worked, downloadable code for dozens of professional audio effect plugins and practically presented algorithms. Sections include the basics of audio signal processing, the anatomy of a plugin, AAX, AU and VST3 programming guides; implementation details; and actual projects and code. More than 50 fully coded C++ audio signal-processing objects are included. Start with an intuitive and practical introduction to the digital signal processing (DSP) theory behind audio plug-ins, and quickly move on to plugin implementation, gain knowledge of algorithms on classical, virtual analog, and wave digital filters, delay, reverb, modulated effects, dynamics processing, pitch shifting, nonlinear processing, sample rate conversion and more. You will then be ready to design and implement your own unique plugins on any platform and within almost any host program. This new edition is fully updated and improved and presents a plugin core that allows readers to move freely between application programming interfaces and platforms. Readers are expected to have some knowledge of C++ and high school math.
Lower Bounds on Signatures from Symmetric Primitives

We show that every construction of one-time signature schemes from a random oracle achieves black-box security at most $2^{(1+o(1))q}$, where $q$ is the total number of oracle queries asked by the key generation, signing, and verification algorithms. That is, any such scheme can be broken with probability close to $1$ by a (computationally unbounded) adversary making $2^{(1+o(1))q}$ queries to the oracle. This is tight up to a constant factor in the number of queries, since a simple modification of Lamport's one-time signatures (Lamport '79) achieves $2^{(0.812-o(1))q}$ black-box security using $q$ queries to the oracle. Our result extends (with a loss of a constant factor in the number of queries) also to the random permutation and ideal-cipher oracles. Since the symmetric primitives (e.g. block ciphers, hash functions, and message authentication codes) can be constructed by a constant number of queries to the mentioned oracles, as corollary we get lower bounds on the efficiency of signature schemes from symmetric primitives when the construction is black-box. This can be taken as evidence of an inherent efficiency gap between signature schemes and symmetric primitives.
Nanotechnology as a Tool for Science and Scientific Literacy

This chapter combines findings from science education and communications to assess whether nanotechnology is an ideal topic to improve science and scientific literacy. It differentiates science from scientific literacy and discusses them with respect to technical audiences and the general public. Framing the social narrative around emerging technologies is critical for improving the scientific literacy of any audience, even when done at the expense of increasing science content knowledge. The role of technical experts in educating the general public is discussed, and the chapter concludes with practical perspectives for nanotechnology practitioners—the scientists, engineers, and educators who specialize in nanotechnology.
External Stabilization of the Charcot Foot

Charcot arthropathy is often accompanied by several associated complications. Early detection of a Charcot foot is critical. External fixation has proven effective in use of all stages of Charcot foot. When reconstructions are performed, both internal and external fixation can increase rates of success, as the external fixation is versatile and can be utilized as a compressive device or as an external cast. External fixation has been effective in protecting wound sites, graft sites, and flap sites, eliminating deforming forces and allowing for efficient healing. Space can be maintained with the use of external fixation and septic fusions can be achieved in situations that require it. The use of external fixation has proven to be an excellent choice during surgical correction of the Charcot foot with or without the presence of infection.
Abstract P392: Nocturia Frequency As A Novel Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factor

Introduction: Nocturia causes sleep disturbances and is more common as people age. Therefore, it often overlaps with cardiometabolic risk factors. However, relationships between nocturia frequency ...
Using Crime Script Analysis to Understand the Illegal Harvesting of Live Corals: Case Studies From Indonesia and Fiji:

Imported to adorn tanks of marine aquarium hobbyists, the trade in live corals poses a significant risk to species that concurrently face threats from rising global temperatures, pollution, and des...
Point Nemo | sea [sic]

Point Nemo is the name of the Oceanic pole of inaccessibility. The nearest terrestrial human life is located approximately 1,000 miles away; often, the nearest humans are located in space, approximately 250 miles away, aboard the International Space Station. The composition of this work draws inspiration from Theodore Gericault's painting, "The Raft of Medusa" (1818--19). Situated at a sublime intersect of sea and sky, this work represents a meditation on human desire --- the poetics that drive human exploration and the urgencies that underly human migration.
Description of Cohnella zeiphila sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from maize callus cultures.

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium designated as strain CBP-2801T was isolated as a contaminant from a culture containing maize callus in Peoria, Illinois, United States. The strain is unique relative to other Cohnella species due to its slow growth and reduced number of sole carbon sources. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA indicated that strain CBP-2801T is a Cohnella bacterium and showed the highest similarity to Cohnella xylanilytica (96.8%). Genome-based phylogeny and genomic comparisons based on average nucleotide identity confirmed the strain to be a novel species of Cohnella. Growth occurs at 15–45 °C (optimum 40 °C), pH 5–7 (optimum pH 6) and with 0–1% NaCl. The predominant fatty acids are anteiso-15:0 and 18:1 ω6c. Genome mining for secondary metabolites identified a putative biosynthetic cluster that encodes for a novel lasso peptide. In addition, this study contributes five new genome assemblies of type strains of Cohnella species, a genus with less than 30% of the type strains sequenced. The DNA G + C content is 58.7 mol %. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic and biochemical data strain CBP-2801T represents a novel species, for which the name Cohnella zeiphila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CBP-2801T (= DSM 111598 = ATCC TSD-230).
A comparison of moist heat, dry heat, chemical dry heat and icy hot for deep tissue heating and changes in tissue blood flow.

Background: Intermittent bouts of heavy activity at greater than normal exercise intensity can cause delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Several products are commercially available, all alleging to reduce DOMS. In the present investigation, 40 subjects (average age 27.0+/-4.4 years, average BMI 26.8) were assessed to determine the effect of 4 of these products on skin and muscle temperature and blood flow during 2 hours of application. These included ThermaCare Dry Heat Wraps, ThermaCare Moist Heat Wraps, Icy Hot Patches, and hydrocollator heat packs. Methods; Blood flow was measured (by laser doppler flow meter) over and in the quadriceps muscle and tissue temperature was measured (by thermistors and thermocouples) in these same areas. Results: The results of the study indicated that only ThermaCare Dry and Moist Heat Wraps both heated the muscle and increased muscle blood flow. The menthol and methyl salicylate compounds in Icy Hot cooled muscle. Skin blood flow increased 300% after the moist heat was applied after 45 minutes, low level continuous dry heat almost 256% but it took 105 minutes to reach this flow, hydrocollator heat wraps increased by 201% but only for only first 45 minutes and then back to baseline, a slight reduction in skin blood flow was seen with Icy Hot gel applied to the skin. Moist heat caused muscle temperature to increase by an average of 3.1 Deg C. Dry heat caused muscle temperature to increase by 2.2 Deg C, while hydrocollator packs increased temperature by 0.4 Deg C. Icy hot had no effect on muscle temperature. Conclusion: Continuous low level heat products had better penetration into muscle and increased blood flow the best compared to hydrocollator heat packs and Icy Hot patches.
Satellite Data Fusion of Multiple Observed XCO2 using Compressive Sensing and Deep Learning

Providing climate data records to infer seasonal and interannual variations from multiple heterogeneous sources is a challenging data fusion. We combine the Compressive Sensing (CS) and Deep Learning (DL) into a single framework for fusing data from multiple sensors to improve spatial and temporal resolution for long term analysis. CS is used as an initial guess to combine data from multiple sources. DL models, using Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (LSTM/RNN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), refine and further improve the data fusion from CS algorithm's output. The proposed framework has been tested the using daily global observations from two satellites the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) and the JAXA Greenhouse gases from Orbiting Satellites (GOSAT). Our framework achieves lower errors and high correlation compared with the original data. The quality of fused data is evaluated by comparing again AmeriFlux ground station's datasets. Long term trends using fused data over the United States indicate an increase of 8 parts per million (ppm) annually in XCO2 over four years with Root Mean Square Errors of 0.39 ppm and correlation of 0.98 compared with original data. Interannual variability of the seasonal cycle shows an increase in years 2015 - 2017, but a sharp decrease in 2018.
Hydroclimatic trends during 1950–2018 over global land

Global hydroclimatic changes from 1950 to 2018 are analyzed using updated data of land precipitation, streamflow, and an improved form of the Palmer Drought Severity Index. The historical changes are then compared with climate model-simulated response to external forcing to determine how much of the recent change is forced response. It is found that precipitation has increased from 1950 to 2018 over mid-high latitude Eurasia, most North America, Southeast South America, and Northwest Australia, while it has decreased over most Africa, eastern Australia, the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, and parts of East Asia, central South America, and the Pacific coasts of Canada. Streamflow records largely confirm these precipitation changes. The wetting trend over Northwest Australia and Southeast South America is most pronounced in austral summer while the drying over Africa and wetting trend over mid-high latitude Eurasia are seen in all seasons. Coupled with the drying caused by rising surface temperatures, these precipitation changes have greatly increased the risk of drought over Africa, southern Europe, East Asia, eastern Australia, Northwest Canada, and southern Brazil. Global land precipitation and continental freshwater discharge show large interannual and inter-decadal variations, with negative anomalies during El Nino and following major volcanic eruptions in 1963, 1982, and 1991; whereas their decadal variations are correlated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) with IPO’s warm phase associated with low land precipitation and continental discharge. The IPO and Atlantic multidecadal variability also dominate multidecadal variations in land aridity, accounting for 90 % of the multidecadal variance. CMIP5 multi-model ensemble mean shows decreased precipitation and runoff and increased risk of drought during 1950–2018 over Southwest North America, Central America, northern and central South America (including the Amazon), southern and West Africa, the Mediterranean region, and Southeast Asia; while the northern mid-high latitudes, Southeast South America, and Northwest Australia see increased precipitation and runoff. The consistent spatial patterns between the observed changes and the model-simulated response suggest that many of the observed drying and wetting trends since 1950 may have resulted at least partly from historical external forcing. However, the drying over Southeast Asia and wetting over Northwest Australia are absent in the 21st century projections.
Training at asymptote stabilizes motor memories by reducing intracortical excitation.

Abstract Learning similar motor skills in close succession is limited by interference, a phenomenon that takes place early after acquisition when motor memories are unstable. Interference can be bidirectional, as the first memory can be disrupted by the second (retrograde interference), or the second memory can be disrupted by the first (anterograde interference). The heightened plastic state of primary motor cortex after learning is thought to underlie interference, as unstable motor memories compete for neural resources. While time-dependent consolidation processes reduce interference, the passage of time (~6 h) required for memory stabilization limits our capacity to learn multiple motor skills at once. Here, we demonstrate in humans that prolonged training at asymptote of an initial motor skill reduces both retrograde and anterograde interference when a second motor skill is acquired in close succession. Neurophysiological assessments via transcranial magnetic stimulation reflect this online stabilization process. Specifically, excitatory neurotransmission in primary motor cortex increased after short training and decreased after prolonged training at performance asymptote. Of note, this reduction in intracortical excitation after prolonged training was proportional to better skill retention the following day. Importantly, these neurophysiological effects were not observed after motor practice without learning or after a temporal delay. Together, these findings indicate that prolonged training at asymptote improves the capacity to learn multiple motor skills in close succession, and that downregulation of excitatory neurotransmission in primary motor cortex may be a marker of online motor memory stabilization.
Wright, W. David 1906–1997

W. David Wright was a British physicist and color scientist who made very important contributions to colorimetry and visual science. In fact, he is generally regarded as one of the fathers of colorimetry as it is practiced today. David Wright was born on July 6, 1906, in England and died on June 4, 1997, in England.
A review of artificial neural networks in the constitutive modeling of composite materials

Abstract Machine learning models are increasingly used in many engineering fields thanks to the widespread digital data, growing computing power, and advanced algorithms. The most popular machine learning model in recent years is artificial neural networks (ANN). Although many ANN models are used in the constitutive modeling of composite materials, there are still some unsolved issues that hinder the acceptance of ANN models in the practical design and analysis of composite materials and structures. Moreover, the emerging machine learning techniques are posing new opportunities and challenges in the data-based design paradigm. This paper aims to give a state-of-the-art literature review of ANN models in the constitutive modeling of composite materials, focusing on discovering unknown constitutive laws and accelerating multiscale modeling. This review focuses on the general frameworks, benefits, and challenges and opportunities of ANN models to the constitutive modeling of composite materials. Moreover, potential applications of ANN-based constitutive models in composite materials and structures are also discussed. This review is intended to initiate discussion of future research scope and new directions to enable efficient, robust, and accurate data-driven design and analysis of composite materials and structures.
Let Freedom Ring: Making Grutter Matter in School Desegregation Cases

When the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari in 2006 to hear challenges to two voluntary desegregation plans in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, civil rights activists watched with a mix of anticipation and trepidation. Some hoped that the litigation would offer a way to expand race-conscious policies in elementary and secondary education. Others feared that the cases would serve as the occasion to overrule Grutter v. Bollinger, a 2003 decision that upheld the constitutionality of affirmative action in admissions at the University of Michigan’s law school. To reach this result, Grutter relied on a diversity rationale rooted in the First Amendment and a tradition of academic freedom.The question presented for review in Parents Involved was whether Grutter could be used to uphold voluntary plans that relied on race-conscious student assignments to achieve desegregation. Despite every indication that the voluntary desegregation cases would be a referendum on Grutter, none of the Justices addressed the diversity rationale in real depth. So, a case that began as a referendum on the Michigan case generally failed to address its implications outside of higher education. To a significant degree, the Justices treated diversity and desegregation as a distinction without a difference. Conflating these rationales imposed significant costs in the voluntary desegregation cases.Here, I explore how the two rationales came to be conflated and why they are in fact quite distinct. I show how the opinions in Parents Involved might have looked different had the Justices carefully distinguished between diversity and desegregation. Building on Amy Gutmann’s work on Democratic Education, I argue that the Court should have attended to norms of both non-repression and non-discrimination in evaluating the propriety of the voluntary plans. If it had done so, diversity would not have wrongly operated as a constraint on racial balancing and instead would have established constraints on racial imbalance.
Discounting in Multicausal Attribution: The Principle of Minimal Causation

Abstract : A series of three experiments investigated the effect of information about one possible cause of an event on inferences regarding another possible cause. Experiment 1 showed that the presence of a second possible cause had no effect on the perceived probability that the first possible cause influenced the event. However, if the second cause is cited as having definitely influenced the event, then the probability that the first possible cause influenced the event is reduced. Experiment 2 showed that the presence of a second possible cause does reduce the judged probability that a given cause was present at the time of an event. The final experiment revealed that the tendency (found in Experiment 1) to discount the involvement of the first cause given the involvement of a second cause diminishes when subjects were more highly motivated and confronted with their own discounting. These results are inconsistent with Kelley's account of discounting and provide some support for a proposed explanatory heuristic, the principle of minimal causation. Users of this principle analyze a situation until they have identified a minimal set of sufficient causes; other possible causes are ignored or dismissed.
Viral-induced enzymes and the problem of viral oncogenesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on viral-induced enzymes and viral oncogenesis. Tumor-producing viruses differ greatly in morphology, architecture, nucleic acid content, and nucleotide composition. The most obvious function of viral genes is that of specifying the amino acid sequence of capsid proteins. The viral induced enzymes discussed in the chapter include the viral-induced enzymes of deoxyribonucleic acid metabolism; viral-induced enzymes that hydrolyze or modify dcoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids; and viral-induced ribonucleic acid synthetase. Several biochemical aspects of viral oncogenesis are also illustrated in the chapter with the help of polyoma virus and papovavirus. The replication cycles of SV40 and polyoma virus are slow as compared to most other animal viruses. Even during productive infection, the syntheses of cellular nucleic acids and proteins are not inhibited until late in the infectious cycle. In contact-inhibited cells productively infected with papoviruses, virus DNA is made, but in addition, there is an induction of cellular DNA synthesis. Papovavirus infection is abortive in some tissue culture lines. Infectious virus, virus DNA's, and capsid proteins are not made during abortive infections. A highly appealing hypothesis which might explain some instances of abortive infection is that codons in the viral DNA's make “sense” in cells where there is a productive infection but are “nonsense” in nonpermissive hosts. The hypothesis focuses attention on the translation mechanisms in protcin synthesis and the possibility that there are specific adaptor RNA patterns in the various cell lines. Furthermore, the adaptor RNA dictionary of cells infected with oncogenic viruses might be modified in a manner analogous to that observed after herpes simplex virus infection. Modifications occurring after either abortive or productive infections could indirectly affect cellular as well as viral protein syntheses.