cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Broad-Band MMIC VCO Using an Active Inductor

This paper proposes a novel broad-band MMIC VCO using an active inductor. This VCO is composed of a serial resonant circuit, in which the capacitor is in series with an active inductor that has a constant negative resistance. Since the inductance value of this active inductor is inversely proportional to the square of the transconductance and can vary widely with the FETs gate bias control, a broad-band oscillation tuning range can be obtained. Furthermore, since this active inductor can generate a constant negative resistance of more than 50 Ω, the proposed VCO can oscillate against a 50-Ω output load immediately without using additional impedance transformers. We have fabricated the VCO using a GaAs MESFET process. A frequency tuning range of more than 50%, from 1.56 to 2.85 GHz, with an output power of 4.4±1.0 dBm, was obtained. With a carrier of 2.07 GHz, the phase noise at 1-MHz offset was less than −110 dBc/Hz. The chip size was less than 0.61 mm^2, and the power consumption was 80 mW. This broad-band analog design can be used at microwave frequencies in PLL applications as a compact alternative to other types of oscillator circuits.
Chemical bonding across the periodic table

Interdisciplinary barriers separating the “organic”, “inorganic” and “solid state” subdisciplines of chemistry exist because there is no conceptual apparatus which clearly delineates how the rules of bonding depend on the identity of the atoms comprising a molecule and how they change as we move from the domain to another. We present a theory which is based on a fusion of MO and VB concepts which enables one to do the following: Dissect a molecule into fragments, apportion the valence electrons in the fragment orbitals, and then make “bonds” connecting the fragments. In this way two key elements of the bonding problem become transparent: (a) The interplay between fragment excitation (investment) and “bond” making (return) in engendering net stabilization (profit) of the system. (b) The mechanism of bond-making. Nonmetals bind primarily by spin-pairing plus one-electron delocalization due to overlap while metals bind mainly by two-electron delocalization in which overlap is assisted by an overlap-independent mechamism of bonding.
Intergenerational Mobility in the Labor Market

Abstract This chapter summarizes what has been learned from recent research on intergenerational transmission of earnings status. The chapter begins by using a simple theoretical model to highlight several key concepts. Then it reviews (and discusses the connections among) three related empirical literatures: on sibling correlations in earnings, on the intergenerational elasticity of offspring’s earnings with respect to parents’ earnings or income, and on neighborhood effects. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Revisiting Deming's 14 Points in Light of Japanese Business Practices

This article describes an interpretation of Deming's 14 points from the perspective of Japanese business practices. It especially focuses on Deming's three principles: holistic thinking, cooperatio...
A model of health care provider decision making about HPV vaccination in adolescent males

Abstract Introduction In the U.S., HPV vaccination of adolescent males remains low, despite the recommendation for routine vaccination. Although research has highlighted that health care provider (HCP) recommendation is very influential in HPV vaccine uptake, research on this topic in the male population is lacking. Accordingly, we used a qualitative approach to identify HCP knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding adolescent male HPV vaccination, one year, after routine vaccination of adolescent males was recommended. Method A total of 20 U.S. pediatric HCPs participated in 20–30 min interviews about knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding male HPV vaccination. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and, analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results The providers had been in practice for 1–35 years, 75% were female, and 75% were White. Opinions on HPV vaccination were shaped by knowledge/perception of the risks and benefits of vaccination. Although all providers frequently offered HPV vaccine to male patients, the strength and content of the offer varied greatly. Vaccination opinions determined what issues were emphasized in the vaccine offer (e.g., stressing herd immunity, discussing prevention of genital warts), while adolescent age influenced if and how they pitched their vaccine offer (e.g., HPV as a STI). Most providers agreed with the ACIP recommendations, however, several expressed that providers’ preexisting opinions might remain unchanged despite the recommendations. Consistent with the literature on determinants of HPV vaccination, providers believed that their own recommendation was a major factor in a family's decision to vaccinate. Barriers to vaccination included the “newness” and sexual nature of the vaccine, lack of insurance coverage, and the vaccine not being mandated. Conclusions Providers’ opinions about, and approaches to offering, HPV vaccination to males were highly variable. Interventions designed to improve male HPV vaccination should focus on helping providers to routinely recommend the vaccine to all of their eligible patients, both males and females.
Unitary inequivalence in classical systems

Ruetsche (Interpreting quantum theories, 2011) argues that a problem of unitarily inequivalent representations arises in quantum theories with infinitely many degrees of freedom. I provide an algebraic formulation of classical field theories and show that unitarily inequivalent representations arise there as well. I argue that the classical case helps us rule out one possible response to the problem of unitarily inequivalent representations called Hilbert Space Conservatism.
Hopping versus bulk conductivity in transparent oxides: 12CaO.7Al2O3

First-principles calculations of the mayenite-based oxide, [Ca12Al14O32]2+(2e−), reveal the mechanism responsible for its high conductivity. A detailed comparison of the electronic and optical properties of this material with those of the recently discovered transparent conducting oxide, H-doped UV-activated Ca12Al14O33, allowed us to conclude that the enhanced conductivity in [Ca12Al14O32]2+(2e−) is achieved by elimination of the Coulomb blockade of the charge carriers. This results in a transition from variable range-hopping behavior with a Coulomb gap in H-doped UV-irradiated Ca12Al14O33, to bulk conductivity in [Ca12Al14O32]2+(2e−). Further, the high degree of delocalization of the conduction electrons obtained in [Ca12Al14O32]2+(2e−) indicates that it cannot be classified as an electride, as originally suggested.
Proofs of Retrievability via Hardness Amplification

Proofs of Retrievability (PoR) , introduced by Juels and Kaliski [JK07], allow the client to store a file F on an untrusted server, and later run an efficient audit protocol in which the server proves that it (still) possesses the client's data. Constructions of PoR schemes attempt to minimize the client and server storage, the communication complexity of an audit, and even the number of file-blocks accessed by the server during the audit. In this work, we identify several different variants of the problem (such as bounded-use vs. unbounded-use, knowledge-soundness vs. information-soundness), and giving nearly optimal PoR schemes for each of these variants. Our constructions either improve (and generalize) the prior PoR constructions, or give the first known PoR schemes with the required properties. In particular, we Formally prove the security of an (optimized) variant of the bounded-use scheme of Juels and Kaliski [JK07], without making any simplifying assumptions on the behavior of the adversary. Build the first unbounded-use PoR scheme where the communication complexity is linear in the security parameter and which does not rely on Random Oracles, resolving an open question of Shacham and Waters [SW08]. Build the first bounded-use scheme with information-theoretic security. The main insight of our work comes from a simple connection between PoR schemes and the notion of hardness amplification , extensively studied in complexity theory. In particular, our improvements come from first abstracting a purely information-theoretic notion of PoR codes , and then building nearly optimal PoR codes using state-of-the-art tools from coding and complexity theory.
Parental Information and Circumcision in Highly Motivated Couples with Higher Education

Neonatal circumcision is a routine procedure performed in most male neonates. The American Academy of Pediatrics emphasizes the importance of parental information in the decision-making process. If correct medical information is going to make a difference in the performance of this procedure, the population more likely to show this difference is the highly motivated one with higher education. Parents attending childbirth classes (Lamaze) were randomized into two groups: group 1 was given verbal and written information on the risks and benefits of circumcision following the guidelines of the Ad Hoc Task Force on Circumcision at about the seventh month of pregnancy; group 2 was not given any special counseling. There were 181 couples: 97 in group 1 and 84 in group 2; both populations were closely matched. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of circumcision in these two groups. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Towards illumination invariance in the legged league

To date, RoboCup games have all been played under constant, bright lighting conditions. However, in order to meet the overall goal of RoboCup, robots will need to be able to seamlessly handle changing, natural light. One method for doing so is to be able to identify colors regardless of illumination: color constancy. Color constancy is a relatively recent, but increasingly important, topic in vision research. Most approaches so far have focussed on stationary cameras. In this paper we propose a methodology for color constancy on mobile robots. We describe a technique that we have used to solve a subset of the problem, in real-time, based on color space distributions and the KL-divergence measure. We fully implement our technique and present detailed empirical results in a robot soccer scenario.
Structure and properties of ordered Li2IrO3 and Li2PtO3

Abstract The structures of Li 2 M O 3 ( M =Ir, Pt) can be derived from the well-known Li-ion battery cathode material, LiCoO 2 , through ordering of Li + and M 4+ ions in the layers that are exclusively occupied by cobalt in LiCoO 2 . The additional cation ordering lowers the symmetry from rhombohedral ( R -3 m ) to monoclinic ( C 2/ m ). Unlike Li 2 RuO 3 no evidence is found for a further distortion of the structure driven by formation of metal–metal bonds. Thermal analysis studies coupled with both ex-situ and in-situ X-ray diffraction measurements show that these compounds are stable up to temperatures approaching 1375 K in O 2 , N 2 , and air, but decompose at much lower temperatures in forming gas (5% H 2 :95% N 2 ) due to reduction of the transition metal to its elemental form. Li 2 IrO 3 undergoes a slightly more complicated decomposition in reducing atmospheres, which appears to involve loss of oxygen prior to collapse of the layered Li 2 IrO 3 structure. Electrical measurements, UV–visible reflectance spectroscopy and electronic band structure calculations show that Li 2 IrO 3 is metallic, while Li 2 PtO 3 is a semiconductor, with a band gap of 2.3 eV.
Mercer’s theorem, feature maps, and smoothing

We study Mercer’s theorem and feature maps for several positive definite kernels that are widely used in practice. The smoothing properties of these kernels will also be explored.
An End to the Drought of Quantum Spin Liquids

After decades of searching, several promising examples of a new quantum state of matter have now emerged.
Thermal stability during rotation in space: A scaling and numerical analysis

An analysis of thermal stability in a fluid during rotation is presented. The conditions resulting in thermal stability are examined and numerically verified. It is shown that at least one thermal field exists for any rotating fluid, with or without a gravitational background field, where convection does not occur. The numerical model used is fully nonlinear and 3D. Results are presented on the basis of both steady-state and fully transient models. The thermally stable condition is further investigated in the context of the average net acceleration and the inhomogeneous part of the acceleration field (gradient of acceleration). It is shown that in the thermally stable condition the flow that would result from the average net acceleration is equal and opposite to the flow that would result from the inhomogeneous part of the acceleration field. It is concluded that the thermally stable condition is actually a flow mode transition at Ad = 1.
Causation, action, and counterfactuals

The central aim of many empirical studies in the physical, behavioral, social, and biological sciences is the elucidation of cause-effect relationships among variables. It is through cause-effect relationships that we obtain a sense of a "deep understanding" of a given phenomenon, and it is through such relationships that we obtain a sense of being "in control," namely, that we are able to shape the course of events by deliberate actions or policies. It is for these two reasons, understanding and control, that causal thinking is so pervasive, popping up in everything from everyday activities to high-level decision-making: For example, every car owner wonders why an engine won't start; a cigarette smoker would like to know, given his/her specific characteristics, to what degree his/her health would be affected by refraining from further smoking; a policy maker would like to know to what degree anti-smoking advertising would reduce costs of health care; and so on. Although a plethora of data has been collected on cars and on smoking and health, the appropriate methodology for extracting answers to such questions from the data has been fiercely debated, partly because some fundamental questions of causality have not been given fully satisfactory answers.
Monitoring, Fault Diagnosis and Testing Real-time Systems using Analog and Digital Clocks

We give an overview of known methods for monitoring, fault diagnosis and testing problems for real-time systems using timed automata as the main model. We present techniques for constructing monitors/diagnosers/testers with analog or digital clocks. We list a number of open problems in the field.
Localist Movements in a Global Economy: Sustainability, Justice, and Urban Development in the United States

The internationalization of economies and other changes that accompany globalization have brought about a paradoxical reemergence of the local. A significant but largely unstudied aspect of new local-global relationships is the growth of "localist movements," efforts to reclaim economic and political sovereignty for metropolitan and other subnational regions. In Localist Movements in a Global Economy, David Hess offers an overview of localism in the United States and assesses its potential to address pressing global problems of social justice and environmental sustainability. Since the 1990s, more than 100 local business organizations have formed in the United States, and there are growing efforts to build local ownership in the retail, food, energy, transportation, and media industries. In this first social science study of localism, Hess adopts an interdisciplinary approach that combines theoretical reflection, empirical research, and policy analysis. His perspective is not that of the uncritical localist advocate; he draws on his new empirical research to assess the extent to which localist policies can address sustainability and justice issues. After a theoretical discussion of sustainability, the global corporate economy, and economic development, Hess looks at four specific forms of localism: "buy local" campaigns; urban agriculture; local ownership of electricity and transportation; and alternative and community media. Hess examines "global localism"--transnational local-to-local supply chains--and other economic policies and financial instruments that would create an alternative economic structure. Localism is not a panacea for globalization, he concludes, but a crucial ingredient in projects to build more democratic, just, and sustainable politics.
Convex point estimation using undirected Bayesian transfer hierarchies

When related learning tasks are naturally arranged in a hierarchy, an appealing approach for coping with scarcity of instances is that of transfer learning using a hierarchical Bayes framework. As fully Bayesian computations can be difficult and computationally demanding, it is often desirable to use posterior point estimates that facilitate (relatively) efficient prediction. However, the hierarchical Bayes framework does not always lend itself naturally to this maximum a-posteriori goal. In this work we propose an undirected reformulation of hierarchical Bayes that relies on priors in the form of similarity measures. We introduce the notion of "degree of transfer" weights on components of these similarity measures, and show how they can be automatically learned within a joint probabilistic framework. Importantly, our reformulation results in a convex objective for many learning problems, thus facilitating optimal posterior point estimation using standard optimization techniques. In addition, we no longer require proper priors, allowing for flexible and straightforward specification of joint distributions over transfer hierarchies. We show that our framework is effective for learning models that are part of transfer hierarchies for two real-life tasks: object shape modeling using Gaussian density estimation and document classification.
Hematoma of the rectus abdominis muscle; report of a case and analysis of 100 cases from the literature.

Abstract A case of hematoma of the rectus abdominis muscle is reported, and a series of 100 cases (including the case reported here) have been collected from the more recent literature and studied in detail. From the data of these cases the following summarizations are made: 1. 1. It is a rare occurrence in the colored race; only four cases out of a series of 100 have been reported as having occurred in the colored race. 2. 2. It occurs about three times more frequently in women than in men. 3. 3. Cases have been reported which ranged in age from seventeen to eightythree years, while the average age of the group was 46.8 years. 4. 4. From an etiologic point of view the cases of hematoma of the rectus muscle may be classified into four groups, (1) traumatic, (2) cases associated with pregnancy, (3) cases occurring during the course of a disease, and (4) idiopathic. 5. 5. Only seventeen cases in this series were correctly diagnosed before operation ; twenty-two cases were diagnosed as ovarian cyst, twelve cases as appendicitis, and five cases as ventral hernia. 6. 6. Fewer errors in diagnosis would be made if this condition were kept in mind and given proper consideration in the differential diagnosis. 7. 7. The most common symptom is pain, it was present in all except three cases. A palpable mass was present in seventy-eight cases, tenderness in seventy-one cases, rigidity in forty-nine cases, nausea in twenty-three cases, and vomiting in fifteen cases. 8. 8. The average white blood count in this series was 11,600, and the average temperature was 99.5°F. 9. 9. Ecchymosis is a helpful diagnostic sign when present, but it occurs too late to aid in the early diagnosis. It occurred in 21 per cent of the cases, but first appeared on the average of four days following the onset of symptoms. 10. 10. Most cases should be treated promptly, surgically, but traumatic cases in young individuals with healthy musculature of the rectus muscle and a small hematoma do very well with conservative treatment. 11. 11. Hematoma of the rectus muscle carries a mortality of 4 per cent.
Effective Kähler potentials

Abstract We compute the 1-loop effective Kahler potential in the most general renormalizable N = 1 d = 4 supersymmetric quantum field theory.
Grounding and turn-taking in multimodal multiparty conversation

This study explores the empirical basis for multimodal conversation control acts. Applying conversation analysis as an exploratory approach, we attempt to illuminate the control functions of paralinguistic behaviors in managing multiparty conversation. We contrast our multiparty analysis with an earlier dyadic analysis and, to the extent permitted by our small samples of the corpus, contrast (a) conversations where the conversants did or did not have an artifact, and (b) conversations in English among Americans with conversations in Spanish among Mexicans. Our analysis suggests that speakers tend not to use gaze shifts to cue nodding for grounding and that the presence of an artifact reduced listeners' gaze at the speaker. These observations remained relatively consistent across the two languages.
Offline hardware/software authentication for reconfigurable platforms

Many Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based systems utilize third-party intellectual property (IP) in their development. When they are deployed in non-networked environments, the question raises how this IP can be protected against non-authorized use. We describe an offline authentication scheme for IP modules. The scheme implements mutual authentication of the IP modules and the hardware platform, and enables us to provide authentication and integrity assurances to both the system developer and IP provider. Compared to the Trusted Computing Platform’s approach to hardware, software authentication, our solution is more lightweight and tightly integrates with existing FPGA security features. We are able to demonstrate an implementation of the authentication scheme that requires a symmetric cipher and a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF). In addition to the low hardware requirements, our implementation does not require any on-chip, non-volatile storage.
Online Negative Databases

The benefits of negative detection for obscuring information are explored in the context of Artificial Immune Systems (AIS). AIS based on string matching have the potential for an extra security feature in which the “normal” profile of a system is hidden from its possible hijackers. Even if the model of normal behavior falls into the wrong hands, reconstructing the set of valid or “normal” strings is an \(\mathcal{NP}\)-hard problem. The data-hiding aspects of negative detection are explored in the context of an application to negative databases. Previous work is reviewed describing possible representations and reversibility properties for privacy-enhancing negative databases. New algorithms are described, which allow on-line creation and updates of negative databases, and future challenges are discussed.
Intra- and intervariability in beam data commissioning among water phantom scanning systems

Accurate beam data acquisition during commissioning is essential for modeling the treatment planning system and dose calculation in radiotherapy. Although currently several commercial scanning systems are available, there is no report that compared the differences among the systems because most institutions do not acquire several scanning systems due to the high cost, storage space, and infrequent usage. In this report, we demonstrate the intra- and intervariability of beam profiles measured with four commercial scanning systems. During a recent educational and training workshop, four different vendors of beam scanning water phantoms were invited to demonstrate the operation and data collection of their systems. Systems were set up utilizing vendor-recommended protocols and were operated with a senior physicist, who was assigned as an instructor along with vendor. During the training sessions, each group was asked to measure beam parameters, and the intravariability in percent depth dose (PDD). At the end of the day, the profile of one linear accelerator was measured with each system to evaluate intervariability. Relatively very small (SD < 0.12%) intervariability in PDD was observed among four systems at a region deeper than peak (1.5 cm). All systems showed almost identical profiles. At the area within 80% of radiation field, the average, and maximum differences were within ± 0.35% and 0.80%, respectively, compared to arbitrarily chosen IBA system as reference. In the penumbrae region, the distance to agreement (DTA) of the region where dose difference exceed ± 1% was less than 1 mm. Repeated PDD measurement showed small intravariability with SD < 0.5%, although large SD was observed in the buildup region. All four water phantom scanning systems demonstrated adequate accuracy for beam data collection (i.e., within 1% of dose difference or 1 mm of DTA among each other). It is concluded that every system is capable of acquiring accurate beam. Thus the selection of a water scanning system should be based on institutional comfort, personal preference of software and hardware, and financial consideration.
Proving Unsatisfiability of CNFs Locally

We introduce a new method for checking satisfiability of conjunctive normal forms (CNFs). The method is based on the fact that if no clause of a CNF contains a satisfying assignment in its 1-neighborhood, then this CNF is unsatisfiable. (The 1-neighborhood of a clause is the set of all assignments satisfying only one literal of this clause.) The idea of 1-neighborhood exploration allows one to prove unsatisfiability without generating an empty clause. The reason for avoiding the generation of an empty clause is that we believe that no deterministic algorithm can efficiently reach a global goal (deducing an empty clause) using an inherently local operation (resolution). At the same time, when using 1-neighborhood exploration, a global goal is replaced with a set of local subgoals, which makes it possible to optimize steps of the proof. We introduce two proof systems formalizing 1-neighborhood exploration. An interesting open question is whether there exists a class of CNFs for which the introduced systems have proofs that are exponentially shorter than the ones that can be obtained by general resolution.
Breakdown of the slowly varying envelope approximation in the self-focusing of ultrashort pulses

Summary form only given. The authors theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE), which includes the effects of self-steepening and space-time focusing, gives an accurate description of the pulse-splitting dynamics in the self focusing of femtosecond laser pulses.
Spintronic Spin Accumulation and Thermodynamics

The spin degree of freedom can play an essential role in determining the electrical transport properties of spin-polarized electron systems in metals or semiconductors. In this article, I address the dependence of spin-subsystem chemical potentials on accumulated spin-densities. I discuss both approaches which can be used to measure this fundamental thermodynamic quantity and the microscopic physics which determines its value in several different systems.
Quantum Phase Transitions and Collective Modes in d-Wave Superconductors

Fluctuations near second-order quantum phase transitions in d-wave superconductors can cause strong damping of fermionic excitations, as observed in photoemission experiments. The damping of the gapless nodal quasiparticles can arise naturally in the quantum-critical region of a transition with an additional spin-singlet, zero momentum order parameter; we argue that the transition to a \( d_{x^2 - y^2 } \) + id xy pairing state is the most likely possibility in this category. On the other hand, the gapped antinodal quasiparticles can be strongly damped by the coupling to antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations arising from the proximity to a Neel-ordered state. We review some aspects of the low-energy field theories for both transitions and the corresponding quantum-critical behavior.
Development of High-Performance Uranium-Metal Fuels for Savannah River Reactors

The development of high-performance uranium-metal fuel elements for Savannah River reactors required a major metallurgical effort to achieve satisfactory irradiation behavior. Fuel-element design c...
Elasticities for U.S. Wheat Food Use by Class

We conceptualize wheat for food use as an input into flour production and derive demand functions to quantify price responsiveness and economic substitutability across wheat classes. Cost, price, and substitution elasticities are estimated for hard red winter, hard red spring, soft red wheat, soft white winter, and durum wheat. In general, hard red winter and spring wheat varieties are much more responsive to their own price than are soft wheat varieties and durum wheat. Morishima elasticities indicate that hard red winter and hard red spring wheat are economic substitutes for milling purposes.
Neckties in the tropics: a model of international trade and cultural diversity

Some cultural goods are consumed socially and are characterized by the same consumption network externalities as languages. Also, producers of new cultural goods in any one country draw on the stock of ideas generated by previous cultural production in all countries. For such goods, costless trade and communication tend to lead to the dominance of one cultural style, increasing utility in the short run but reducing quality and welfare in the long run. Increasing protection while keeping communication costs low may stimulate production of cultural goods that are 'compatible' with the dominant style,
Applications of an elementary resolution of singularities algorithm to exponential sums and congruences modulo p n

Using the classical analysis resolution of singularities algorithm of [G4], we generalize the theorems of [G3] on Rn sublevel set volumes and oscillatory integrals with real phase function to functions over an arbitrary local field of characteristic zero. The p-adic cases of our results provide new estimates for exponential sums as well as new bounds on how often a function f(x), such as a polynomial with integer coefficients, is divisible by various powers of a prime p when x is an integer. Unlike many papers on such exponential sums and p-adic oscillatory integrals, we do not require the Newton polyhedron of the phase to be nondegenerate, but rather as in [G3] we have conditions on the maximum order of the zeroes of certain polynomials corresponding to the compact faces of this Newton polyhedron.
Structural Change in Agriculture in the United States

Agriculture in the United States is experiencing a period of structural readjustment that ranks with the most profound changes that have occurred since the formation of the union. As one of the most ancient forms of economic activity, it might be expected that agricultural tradition, inertia, and unwillingness to change might be the root causes of the current drastic restructuring.
An Adaptive Observer for On-Line Tool Wear Estimation in Turning - Part I: Theory

On-line sensing of tool wear has been a long-standing goal of the manufacturing engineering community. In the absence of any reliable on-line tool wear sensors, a new model-based approach for tool wear estimation has been proposed. This approach is an adaptive observer, based on force measurement, which us both parameter and state estimation techniques. The adaptive observer is based upon a dynamic state model of tool wear in turning. This paper (Part I) presents the model, and explains its use as the basis for the adaptive observer design. This model uses flank wear and crater wear as state variables, feed as the input, and the cutting force as the output. The suitability of the model as the basis for adaptive observation is also verified. The implementation of the adaptive observer requires the design of a state observer and a parameter estimator. To obtain the model parameters for tuning the adaptive observer procedures for linearisation of the nonlinear model are specified. The implementation of the adaptive observer in turning and experimental results are presented in a companion paper (Part II).
Malthus to Romer: On the Colonial Origins of the Industrial Revolution

We propose a unified theory to explain the diverse paths of economic and institutional development of colonized and colonizers following the great discoveries at the end of the XV century. In our theory, the institutional and economic divergence between Spain and England observed during the age of colonization obeys to the same forces put forward by Engerman and Sokoloff (1997) to explain the divergence between Latin America and North America: factor endowments at the moment of the conquest.
A thermodynamic analysis of a solar-powered jet refrigeration system

The article describes and analyzes a method of using solar energy to drive a jet refrigeration system. A new technique is presented in the form of a performance nomogram combining the energy and momentum equations to determine the performance characteristics. A numerical example, using water as the working fluid, is given to illustrate the nomogram procedure. The resulting coefficient of performance was found comparable with other refrigeration systems such as the solar-absorption system or the solar-Rankine turbocompressor system.
Review of Solid-Propellant Ignition Studies

AN extensive review of the literature on solid-propell ant ignition was made to establish the state-of-the-art. Various ignition theories, experimental measurements, and ignition criteria were critically examined. The review was summarized in easy-to-read tabular form to facilitate comparison between various studies. The effects of important parameters on ignition processes were also discussed. Major technological gaps were identified and areas for future studies recommended. Contents The study of the ignition processes of solid propellants is important for many combustion and propulsion applications. An extensive review of research work performed in this area was conducted 14 years ago by Price et al. * Because many ignition studies have been conducted in the interim, a detailed survey of literature subsequent to the review paper of Price et al.1 is presented by the authors in Ref. 2. This synoptic of Ref. 2 (in which over 100 publications are cited) brings together the developments to date and the difficulties encountered under a unified view in order to establish the stateof-the-art in solid-propellant ignition. In general, ignition of a solid propellant is a complex phenomenon which involves many physicochemical processes, as depicted in Fig. 1. The ignition consists of the following sequence of events: 1) energy transfer to the propellant by an external stimulus which can be thermal, chemical, or mechanical; 2) heating and subsequent decomposition of the solid phase; 3) diffusion of vaporized gases into the surrounding atmosphere; and 4) subsurface, heterogeneous, and/or gas-phase reactions. When the net heat evolved from chemical reactions overcomes heat losses, sustained ignition is achieved. It is generally understood that ignition is incomplete if steady-state combustion does not follow the ignition event after the removal of external energy stimulus. The time period from the start of external stimulus to the instant of sustained ignition is called ignition delay^. Generally, it is controlled by three characteristic time intervals, viz., inert heating time, mixing (diffusion plus convection) time, and reaction time. Ignition delay, however, is not simply the algebraic sum of these three characteristic time intervals since there is no clear demarcation between the mixing process and the chemical reactions; these processes may have some overlapping periods. Ignition delay is one of the most important parameters in the study of ignition. However, it is very difficult to identify precisely the instant of sustained ignition.
Development of the Cascade Inertial-Confinement-Fusion Reactor

Cascade, originally conceived as a football-shaped, steel-walled reactor containing a Li/sub 2/O granule blanket, is now envisaged as a double-cone-shaped reactor containing a two-layered (three-zone) flowing blanket of BeO and LiAlO/sub 2/ granules. Average blanket exit temperature is 1670/sup 0/K and gross plant efficiency (net thermal conversion efficiency) using a Brayton cycle is 55%. The reactor has a low-activation SiC-tiled wall. It rotates at 50 rpm, and the granules are transported to the top of the heat exchanger using their peripheral speed; no conveyors or lifts are required. The granules return to the reactor by gravity. After considerable analysis and experimentation, we continue to regard Cascade as a promising reactor concept with the advantages of safety, efficiency, and low activation.
Generators and relations for Schur algebras

We obtain a presentation of Schur algebras (and q-Schur algebras) by generators and relations, one which is compatible with the usual presentation of the enveloping algebra (quantized enveloping algebra) corresponding to the Lie algebra gln of n× n matrices. We also find several new bases of Schur algebras.
Reasoning in the OWL 2 full ontology language using first-order automated theorem proving

OWL 2 has been standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as a family of ontology languages for the Semantic Web. The most expressive of these languages is OWL 2 Full, but to date no reasoner has been implemented for this language. Consistency and entailment checking are known to be undecidable for OWL 2 Full. We have translated a large fragment of the OWL 2 Full semantics into firstorder logic, and used automated theorem proving systems to do reasoning based on this theory. The results are promising, and indicate that this approach can be applied in practice for effective OWL reasoning, beyond the capabilities of current Semantic Web reasoners.
Depression: Links With Ischemic Heart Disease and Erectile Dysfunction

This article examines the relationships among depression, ischemic heart disease, and erectile dysfunction. Depression is an independent risk factor for the development of ischemic heart disease, and depression in the post-myocardial infarction patient is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Ischemic heart disease and erectile dysfunction are also frequently comorbid and share many common risk factors including age, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking. Depression and erectile dysfunction often occur together; however, the causal relation may be difficult to determine because erectile dysfunction may be a symptom of depression, social distress accompanying erectile dysfunction may precipitate depressive symptoms, or both conditions may result from a common factor such as vascular disease.
Introduction to Computable General Equilibrium Models

1. Introduction to computable general equilibrium models 2. Elements of a computable general equilibrium model 3. The CGE model database: a social accounting matrix 4. Final demand in a CGE model 5. Supply in a CGE model 6. Factors of production in a CGE model 7. Trade in a CGE model 8. Taxes in a CGE model 9. Conclusion: frontiers in CGE modeling Modeling exercises Appendix. Social accounting matrix for the United States, 2004 $US billions Practice and review answer key Model exercise answer key.
Formulation and solution of the open resonator problem

The present work undertakes a rigorous formulation and solution of the open resonator problem. The rigor contrasts with conventional methods. The method clarifies, corrects, and extends accepted results.
Lengths of geodesics between two points on a Riemannian manifold

Let x and y be two (not necessarily distinct) points on a closed Riemannian manifold Mn. According to a well-known theorem by J.-P. Serre, there exist infinitely many geodesics between x and y. It is obvious that the length of a shortest of these geodesics cannot exceed the diameter of the manifold. But what can be said about the lengths of the other geodesics? We conjecture that for every k there are k distinct geodesics of length ≤ k diam(Mn). This conjecture is evidently true for round spheres and is not difficult to prove for all closed Riemannian manifolds with non-trivial torsionfree fundamental groups. In this paper we announce two further results in the direction of this conjecture. Our first result is that there always exists a second geodesic between x and y of length not exceeding 2n diam(Mn). Our second result is that if n = 2 and M2 is diffeomorphic to S2, then for every k every pair of points of M2 can be connected by k distinct geodesics of length less than or equal to (4k2 − 2k − 1)diam(M2).
Generalizing the Paley-Wiener perturbation theory for Banach spaces

We extend the Paley-Wiener pertubation theory to linear operators mapping a subspace of one Banach space into another Banach space.
Analyzing the Welfare Impacts of Full-line Forcing Contracts

Theoretical investigations have examined both anti-competitive and efficiency-inducing rationales for vertical bundling, making empirical evidence important to understanding its welfare implications. We use an extensive dataset on full-line forcing contracts between movie distributors and video retailers to empirically measure the impact of vertical bundling on welfare. We identify and measure three primary effects of full-line forcing contracts: market coverage, leverage and efficiency. We find that bundling increases market coverage and efficiency, but has little impact on one distributor's gaining leverage over another. As a result, we estimate that full-line forcing contracts increased consumer and producer surplus in this application.
On the morphologies, gas fractions, and star formation rates of small galaxies

We use a series of N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations and analytic arguments to show that the presence of an effective temperature floor in the interstellar medium at T F ∼ 10 4 K naturally explains the tendency for low-mass galaxies to be more spheroidal, more gas rich, and less efficient in converting baryons into stars than larger galaxies. The trend arises because gas pressure support becomes important compared to angular momentum support in small dark matter haloes. We suggest that dwarf galaxies with rotational velocities ∼ 40 km s -1 do not originate as thin discs, but rather are born as thick, puffy systems. If accreted on to larger haloes, tenuous dwarfs of this kind will be more susceptible to gas loss or tidal transformation than scaled-down versions of larger spirals. For a constant temperature floor, pressure support becomes less important in large haloes, and this produces a tendency for massive isolated galaxies to have thinner discs and more efficient star formation than their less-massive counterparts, as observed.
An upper bound on the extremal version of Hajnal's triangle-free game

A game starts with the empty graph on n vertices, and two players alternate adding edges to the graph. Only moves which do not create a triangle are valid. The game ends when a maximal triangle-free graph is reached. The goal of one player is to end the game as soon as possible, while the other player is trying to prolong the game. With optimal play, the length of the game (number of edges played) is called the K 3 game saturation number.In this paper we prove an upper bound for this number.
Resource-bounded measure

A general theory of resource-bounded measurability and measure is developed. Starting from any feasible probability measure /spl nu/ on the Canter space C (the set of all decision problems) and any suitable complexity class C/spl sube/C, the theory identifies the subsets of C that are /spl nu/-measurable in C and assigns measures to these sets, thereby endowing C with internal measure-theoretic structure. Classes C to which the theory applies include various exponential time and space complexity classes, the class of all decidable languages, and the Canter space C itself, on which the resource-bounded theory is shown to agree with the classical theory. The sets that are /spl nu/-measurable in C are shown to form an algebra relative to which /spl nu/-measure is well-behaved (monotone, additive, etc.). This algebra is also shown to be complete (subsets of measure 0 sets are measurable) and closed under sufficiently uniform infinitary unions and intersections, and /spl nu/-measure in C is shown to have the appropriate additivity and monotone convergence properties with respect to such infinitary operations. A generalization of the classical Kolmogorov zero-one law is proven, showing that when /spl nu/ is any feasible coin-toss (i.e., product) probability measure on C, every set that is /spl nu/-measurable in C and (like most complexity classes) invariant under finite alterations must have /spl nu/-measure 0 or /spl nu/-measure 1 in C. The theory presented here is based on resource-bounded martingale splitting operators, which are type-2 functionals, each of which maps N/spl times/D/sub /spl nu// into D/sub /spl nu///spl times/D/sub /spl nu//, where D/sub /spl nu// is the set of all /spl nu/-martingales. This type-2 aspect of the theory appears to be essential for general /spl nu/-measure in complexity classes C, but the sets of /spl nu/-measure 0 or 1 in C are shown to be characterized by the success conditions for martingales (type-1 functions) that have been used in resource-bounded measure to date.
Various modes of wear and their controlling factors

Modes and mechanisms of wear covering adhesive, abrasive and corrosive wear, surface fatigue and fretting corrosion
The Health Consequences of Adverse Labor Market Events: Evidence from Panel Data

This study investigates the associations between self-assessed adverse labor market events (experiencing problems with coworkers, employment changes, financial strain) and health. Longitudinal data are obtained from the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Our findings suggest problems with coworkers, employment changes, and financial strain are associated, respectively, with a 3.1 percent (3.3 percent), 0.9 percent (0.2 percent), and 4.5 percent (5.1 percent) reduction in mental health among men (women). Associations are smaller in magnitude and less significant for physical health.
The Sky is High and the Emperor is Far Way: The Enforcement of Intellectual Property Law in China

IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT SINCE THE 1970S CHINA HAS PASSED DOMESTIC REGULATIONS AND HAS SIGNED SEVERAL INTERNATIONAL TREATIES IN CONNECTION WITH INTELLECTAL PROPERTY, THAT COUNTRY HAS NOT BEEN ABLE TO PROVIDE EFFECTIVE PROTECTION TO SAID KIND OF PRPOPERTY. IN THIS WAY, THE AUTHOR EXPLAINS THE CAUSES OF THIS SITUATION AND THE POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES. AFTER EXPLAINING THAT THE PROBLEM HAS ITS ORIGINS IN THE LACK OF EFFICIENCY OF CHINESE AUTHORITIES, MORE THAN IN CULTURAL FACTORS, THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE LIMITATIONS OF JUDICIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES RELATED TO THIS MATTER. MOREOVER, SHE EXPLAINS HOW IT IS THAT SUCH AUTHORITIES ALLOW THE VIOLATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE CHINESE ECONOMY. FINALLY, SHE ARGUES