cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Dynamic Voltage Scaling using Selective Slack Distribution in Distributed Real-Time Systems

This work is based on the observation that existing energy management techniques for mobile devices, such as dynamic voltage scaling (DVS), are non-cooperative in the sense that they reduce the energy consumption of a single device, disregarding potential consequences for other constraints (e.g., end-to- end deadlines) and/or other devices (e.g., energy consumption on neighboring devices). This paper argues that energy management in distributed real-time systems has to be end-to-end in nature, requiring a coordinated approach among communicating devices. A cooperative distributed energy management technique (Co-DVS) is proposed that: i) adapts and maintains end-to-end latencies within specified timeliness requirements (deadlines); and ii) enhances energy savings at the nodes with the highest pay-off factors that represent the relative benefits or significance of conserving energy at a node. The proposed technique employs a feedback-based approach to dynamically distribute end-to-end slack among the devices based on their pay-off factors.
Temperament and Attachment: Individuals and Relationships:

10. S.P. Tipper, Selection for action: The role of inhibitory mechanisms Current Directions in Psy chological Science, 1, 105-109 (1992); T.W. Neill, Lexical ambiguity and context: An activation suppression model, in Resolving Semantic Ambigu ity, D.S. Gorfein, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989). 11. M.E. Bouton and J.B. Nelson, Context specificity of target versus feature inhibition in a fea ture-negative discrimination, Journal of Experimen tal Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 20, 51 65 (1994). R.W. Hendersen, Fearful memories: The motivational significance of forgetting, in Affect, Conditioning, and Cognition: Essays on the Deter minants of Behavior, in F.R. Brush and J.B. Over mier, Eds. (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1985). 12. D.C Brooks and M.E. Bouton, A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates spontaneous recovery, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behav ior Processes, 19, 77-89 (1993); D.C. Brooks and M.E. Bouton, A retrieval cue for extinction attenu ates renewed performance resulting from a change of context, manuscript in preparation (1993). 13. It did not elicit responding on its own, and it failed both summation and retardation tests for con ditioned inhibition; see, e.g., R.A. Rescorla, Pavlov ian conditioned inhibition, Psychological Bulletin, 72, 77-94(1969).
Coordinated 4G connection access control and resource allocation

We investigate how connection access control and resource allocation in cellular systems can be coordinated to jointly achieve maximum total utility. We propose a decomposition in which resource allocation maximizes long-term average utility for each system state and connection access control maximizes long-term average utility over all system states. We discuss the resulting interface and gives examples of algorithms that satisfy this decomposition and interface. Performance is illustrated by numerical results.
Independent-particle models for light negative atomic ions

For the purposes of astrophysical, aeronomical, and laboratory application, a precise independent-particle model for electrons in negative atomic ions of the second and third period is discussed. The optimum-potential model (OPM) of Talman et al. (1979) is first used to generate numerical potentials for eight of these ions. Results for total energies and electron affinities are found to be very close to Hartree-Fock solutions. However, the OPM and HF electron affinities both depart significantly from experimental affinities. For this reason, two analytic potentials are developed whose inner energy levels are very close to the OPM and HF levels but whose last electron eigenvalues are adjusted precisely with the magnitudes of experimental affinities. These models are: (1) a four-parameter analytic characterization of the OPM potential and (2) a two-parameter potential model of the Green, Sellin, Zachor type. The system O(-) or e-O, which is important in upper atmospheric physics is examined in some detail.
The effectiveness of a mass screening procedure in an early intervention program

The effectiveness of a mass screening procedure was examined within the context of a preventively oriented school-based treatment program. Mass screening consisted primarily of teachers rating the frequency of all primary grade children's acting-out, moody-withdrawn, and learning problem behaviors. While teachers directly referred 6.9% (n = 48) of the primary grade population of three inner-city schools (n = 698), mass screening subsequently identified an additional 9.7% (n = 68) of this population. Furthermore, both referred and screened-in groups were rated by teachers on the Child Activity Rating Scale (CARS) as behaving much less adaptively relative to a normative group (n = 285; ps < .001). As expected, the referred children evidenced greatest overall dysfunctioning with most pronounced acting-out and learning problems according to ratings by teachers. In addition, further evidence of the validity of the CARS rating form was demonstrated by the agreement between staff predictions of CARS scores and actual ratings by teachers. The mass screening procedure employed is discussed as an effective procedure and suggestions are offered which could increase its utility.
Empirical reasoning about quality of service of component-based distributed systems

Developing distributed software systems by assembling commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software components has well-known advantages of reducing the development cost and time to market. However, the component-based software development poses some new problems and challenges due to its use of a different underlying process from traditional software development approaches. One of the major challenges is the compositional reasoning about the system Quality of Service (QoS). Compositional reasoning about system QoS is necessary in (COTS) component-based software development. It allows the static validation of the QoS of a software system based on the QoS assured by individual software components. In this paper, an empirical QoS composition reasoning approach is proposed and some preliminary results are discussed.
In vitro metabolism of cyclophosphamide in limb bud culture

The presence of a drug-metabolizing system in any in vitro bioassay for teratogenicity is necessary because many chemical agents require metabolism before their activity can be expressed, and limb bud cells lack the enzymes necessary to activate these chemicals. We have taken three approaches to add a drug-metabolizing system to limb bud culture; addition of a 9,000 × g supernatant (S9) or a purified microsomal fraction, both from mouse liver, and co-incubation of limb buds with hamster embryo cells (HEC). The liver preparations were able to convert the teratogen cyclophosphamide to five separate metabolites with alkylating activity in limb bud culture but the cytotoxicity of these preparations limited their usefulness as metabolizing systems in limb bud culture. HEC did not exert a toxic effect on limb buds and they were able to continue metabolism of cyclophosphamide for three days. Analysis of the metabolites indicated that HEC did not convert cyclophosphamide to the same products as the liver preparations. The metabolic products were capable of inducing abnormal limb development in vitro. Addition of 14C-cyclophosphamide in the presence of an HEC activating system led to uptake of radioactivity into limb buds. In the absence of HEC, little radioactivity was detected in the target tissue. These results suggest that culturing intact cells capable of drug metabolism with limb buds may be the most likely method to follow in achieving in vitro activation of chemicals.
Synthesis and Characterization of Electrochromic Polyamides with Well‐Defined Molecular Structures and Redox Properties

In this paper we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of electrochromic polyamides (alternating copolymers). The synthesis proceeds via the condensation polymerization between amine-capped oligoaniline and acyl chlorides such as isophthaloyl dichloride, terephthaloyl chloride, azelaoyl chloride, and dodecanedioyl dichloride. Both the orthogonal tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) group on the oligoaniline segment and the non-conjugated aromatic or aliphatic segment on the polymer backbone play a vital role in the formation of the final polyamides with good solubility in common organic solvents. We cast thin polyamide films from their chloroform solutions and studied their electrochemical behavior and spectroscopic properties. In contrast to the polyaniline, the copolymers bearing oligoaniline segments show four distinct oxidation states, which were fully characterized using IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The copolymer thin films also exhibit electrochromic behavior when a linear potential sweep is applied. Compared with the polyaniline, the polyamides adhere much more strongly to the indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass and show no signs of delamination after hundreds of redox cycles in a hydrochloric acid solution. We believe that these factors make these novel polyamides very attractive as electrochromic materials.
Public Policy and Patterns of Residential Segregation

LACK geographic segregation is, at least in part, a manifestation of a continuing aversion to blacks on the part of whites (Bobo, Schuman, and Steeh 1986). The measurement of segregation is problematic owing to the many facets of the concept (Stearns and Logan 1986). Nevertheless, most studies conclude that segregation, however it may be measured, has not decreased notably in metropolitan areas (for instance, Massey and Denton 1987). The persistence of residential segregation stands as an indictment of nearly forty years of civil rights policy. The federal courts and the Congress of the United States have been engaged in an ongoing formulation of policy designed to limit racial discrimination. Governmental attempts to open opportunities to blacks have produced notable successes in employment, voting, and education. In spite of repeated initiatives in the area of housing, however, few places in the metropolis can be said to be stably integrated (Massey and Mullan 1984; Berry and associates 1976). An important element of the general argument of this paper is the contention that many whites prefer not to live near residential concentrations of blacks. There is, therefore, a continuing interest on the part of whites to find residences that do not expose them to blacks. We argue that public policy has been able to redirect this interest, but not to thwart it. Civil rights policy has substantially dismantled neighborhood level, or "intra-jurisdictional," mechanisms of segregation. But federal court policy has reinforced devices which support inter-jurisdictional racial segregation. If neighborhood level segregative mechanisms are removed while municipal level segregative mechanisms are left intact, municipal borders should gradually become racial and class borders as well. A change in patterns of segregation of
Effect of Impurity Content on Cavitation in the Superplastic Zn-22 Pct Al Alloy

Micrograin superplasticity refers to the ability of some materials to exhibit neck-free strains of several hundred percent upon deformation. The two basic prerequisites for the observation of micrograin superplasticity are (a) a temperature greater than about one half of the melting point,Tm, and (b) a fine, stable, and equiaxed grain size that does not undergo significant growth during elevatedtemperature deformation. In addition to these two prerequisites, grain boundaries need to be mobile, high-angled, and able to resist tensile separation.
Patterns of central nervous system recurrence in patients with systemic human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma

BACKGROUND Central nervous system involvement is a common manifestation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The purpose of this study was to review the frequency and pattern of neurologic manifestation of lymphoma in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals with systemic NHL. METHODS Sixty-two patients with HIV-associated systemic NHL received infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide. Five patients with lymphomatous meningitis at presentation received whole brain radiation therapy plus intrathecal chemotherapy (ITC). Of the remaining 57 patients, prophylactic ITC was recommended only for those patients with lymphomatous bone marrow involvement and/or high grade histology (N = 31). RESULTS Thirteen patients (21%) had histologically documented (N = 6) or presumed (N = 7) central nervous system involvement, including 7 patients (11%) with meningeal lymphoma discovered either at presentation (N = 5) or soon after diagnosis (N = 2), and 6 patients (10%) with cerebral mass lesions at the time of disease recurrence consistent with parenchymal brain involvement. Five of six parenchymal brain recurrences occurred in the setting of progressive systemic disease. Four of 7 patients (57%) with meningeal lymphoma detected at presentation (N = 5) or within 3 months of presentation (N = 2) responded to therapy and survived > 1 year. Of the 26 patients assigned to receive no prophylactic ITC, no patient developed an isolated meningeal recurrence and 1 patient developed an isolated parenchymal brain recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study suggest that in patients with HIV-associated systemic lymphoma, meningeal lymphoma is potentially curable, parenchymal brain recurrence usually occurs in the setting of uncontrolled systemic disease, and prophylactic ITC may not be necessary for patients with intermediate grade histology and uninvolved bone marrow. Cancer 1999;86:1840–7. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Cloning, Chromosome Localization, Expression, and Characterization of an Src Homology 2 and Pleckstrin Homology Domain-containing Insulin Receptor Binding Protein hGrb10γ

hGrb10α (previously named Grb-IR) is a Src-homology 2 domain-containing protein that binds with high affinity to the tyrosine-phosphorylated insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. At least two isoforms of human Grb10, (hGrb10α and hGrb10β), which differ in the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and the N-terminal sequence, have previously been identified in insulin target tissues such as human skeletal muscle and fat cells. Here we report the cloning of the third isoform of the hGrb10 family (hGrb10γ) from human skeletal muscle and its localization to human chromosome 7. We have also determined the human chromosome localization of Grb7 to 17q21-q22 and Grb14 to chromosome 2. hGrb10γ contains an intact PH domain and an N-terminal sequence that is present in hGrb10α but absent in hGrb10β. RNase protection assays and Western blot analysis showed that hGrb10α and hGrb10γ are differentially expressed in insulin target cells including skeletal muscle, liver, and adipocyte cells. hGrb10γ is also expressed in HeLa cells and various breast cancer cell lines. The protein bound with high affinity to the insulin receptor in cells, and the interaction was dependent on the tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor. hGrb10γ also underwent insulin-stimulated membrane translocation and serine phosphorylation. hGrb10γ phosphorylation was inhibited by PD98059, a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, and wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Taken together, our data suggest that hGrb10 isoforms are potential downstream signaling components of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and that the PH domain may play an important role in the involvement of these isoforms in signal transduction pathways initiated by insulin and other growth factors.
Experimental gene delivery systems for mammalian cells-the polyoma pseudovirus system

Abstract Polyoma pseudovirions consist of fragments of mouse DNA encapsidated within polyoma virus coats. The pseudovirions are adsorbed to and enter secondary mouse embryo or human embryo cells. The nuclear fraction of such pseudovirus-infected cells can be shown to contain pseudovirions as well as uncoated naked pseudoviral DNA. Thus, polyoma pseudovirions can deliver DNA to the nuclei of such mouse or human cells. Polyoma pseudovirions may be analogous to generalized transducing phage but as yet evidence for the expression of any genetic information of the pseudovirions is lacking. Since the DNA of polyoma pseudovirions appears to consist of random fragments of mouse DNA, a research program to learn how to assemble a gene-enriched particle has been started. A pancreatic DNase-resistant and high salt-resistant particle has been formed after the incubation of polyama empty capsids and DNA. This new particle has been isolated and characterized. Such experiments are continuing in order to develop polyoma pseudovirions as a gene delivery system for mammalian cells as well as whole animals.
Biculture Legume–Cereal Cover Crops for Enhanced Biomass Yield and Carbon and Nitrogen

Biculture legume-cereal cover cropping may enhance above- and belowground biomass yields and C and N contents. The increase in C and N supply to the soil has the potential to improve soil quality and crop productivity compared with monoculture cover crop species. We examined above- and belowground (0- to 120-cm soil depth) biomass yields and C and N contents of a legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye (Secale cereale L.)], and biculture of legume and nonlegume (vetch and rye) cover crops planted without tillage in the fall of 1999 to 2001 in central Georgia. After cover crop kill in the spring, cotton (Gossypium hitsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)] were planted using three tillage practices (no-till, strip till, and chisel till) with three N fertilization rates (0, 60 to 65, and 120 to 130 kg N ha '). The field experiment was arranged in a split-split plot. treatment with three replications on a Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Plinthic Kandiudults). Aboveground biomass yield of rye decreased from 6.1 to 2.3 Mg ha ' from 2000 to 2002, but yield of hairy vetch varied (2.4 to 5.2 Mg ha -1 ). In contrast, biomass yield of vetch and rye biculture (5.6 to 8.2 Mg ha -1 ) was greater than that of rye and vetch planted alone in all years. Compared with winter weeds in no cover crop treatment, C content in rye (1729 to 2670 kg ha -1 ') was greater due to higher biomass yield, but N content in vetch (76 to 165 kg ha -1 ) was greater due to higher N concentration, except in 2002. As a result, C (2260 to 3512 kg ha -1 ) and N (84 to 310 kg ha -1 ) contents in biculture were greater than those from monocultures in all years. Similarly, belowground biomass yield and C and N contents were greater in biculture than in monocultures. In 2001, aboveground biomass yield and C and N contents in coyer crops were also greater in strip till with biculture than in other treatments, except in chisel till with vetch and biculture, but belowground biomass yield and N content were greater in chisel till with biculture than in no-till, strip till, and chisel till with weeds. Cotton lint yield was lower with biculture than with rye, but sorghum grain yield and cotton and sorghum biomass (stems + leaves) yields and N uptake were greater with biculture than with rye. Because of higher biomass yield and C and N contents, biculture of hairy vetch and rye cover crops may increase N supply, summer crop yields, and N uptake compared with rye and may increase potentials to improve soil organic matter and reduce N leaching compared with vetch.
Dislocation-filtering AlInSb buffer layers for InSb quantum wells—Analysis by high-tilt bright-field and dark-field TEM

We have investigated the effect of an AlInSb interlayer on dislocation filtering, aiming at a further improvement in the performance of InSb quantum well devices that are often grown on a largely lattice-mismatched substrate, such as Si and GaAs, via an AIInSb buffer layer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses under high-tilt bright-field (HTBF) and high-tilt dark-filed (HTDF) conditions provide the capabilities of (A) analyzing the reaction between threading dislocations (TDs) and misfit dislocations (MDs) and (B) measuring local TD and MD densities around an interface which is embedded deep into an epilayer. An HTBF-TEM analysis shows that 50% of TDs are eliminated at an (0 0 1 ) Al 0.25 In 0.75 Sb/Al 0.10 In 0.90 Sb interlayer interface where the TD density was originally 8.6 x 10 9 / cm 2 . Twenty three percent of the mechanical strain at such an interface was relaxed by a MD density of 1.6 x 10 5 /cm. In this study, the detailed practical procedures of HTBF- and HTDF-TEM analyses are also discussed.
D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli: isolation by affinity chromatography and sequence comparison to other dehydrogenases.

Escherichia coli D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase has been isolated in homogeneous form by a simple procedure employing 5'-AMP-Sepharose as an affinity adsorbent. The enzyme is composed of four identical polypeptide chains each with a molecular weight of approximately 40 000. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the first 36 residues clearly establishes the relationship of this enzyme to other NAD-dependent dehydrogenases. D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (D-3-phosphoglycerate:NAD + 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.95) catalyzes the first committed step in serine biosynthesis by utilizing NAD + in the conversion of phosphogiyceric acid to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvic acid. The enzyme is present in a variety of animal tissues (1), plants (2)) and bacteria (3-5) and has been purified from several sources (6-11) and extensively characterized (6)7)12-15). D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coZi and Bacillus subtilis, unlike that from vertebrate sources such as chicken liver~ displays feedback inhibition by serine) the end-product of the biosynthetic pathway. This inhibition proceeds in an allosteric manner and the kinetic properties of serine inhibition of the bacterial enzymes have been reported (6-g) 16)17). D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase is of interest since its substrate is chemically similar to those of a group of dehydrogenases (cytoplasmic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenas% lactate dehydrogenase) and L-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme-A dehydrogenase) which are currently the subject of extensive structural investigation. The bacterial enzymes are of particular structural interest since they are the only members of this group of high regulated metabolic enzymes which display allosteric regulation. Very little structural information is presently available for D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. This communication describes a new, more rapid method for the purification of E. coli phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase) which employs 5'-AMP-Sepharose as an affinity adsorbent) and presents the first structural data concerning this enzyme.
Chronic kidney disease: Albuminuria or CKD stage as best marker of CVD in diabetes?

Cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are associated with albuminuria rather than kidney disease stage, according to a recent study. Reducing albuminuria, therefore, seems to benefit patients with diabetes but the underlying question still remains—is albuminuria a marker or mediator of CVD?
Iliac artery stenting in patients with poor distal runoff: Influence of concomitant infrainguinal arterial reconstruction.

Abstract Objective Inadequate infrainguinal runoff is considered an important risk factor for iliac stent failure. However, the influence of concomitant infrainguinal arterial reconstruction (CIAR) on iliac stent patency is unknown. This study evaluated the influence of CIAR on outcome of iliac angioplasty and stenting (IAS) in patients with poor distal runoff. Methods Over 5 years (1996 to 2001), 68 IAS procedures (78 stents) were performed in 62 patients with poor distal runoff (angiographic runoff score ≥5). The SVS/AAVS reporting standards were followed to define outcome variables and risk factors. Data were analyzed with both univariate analysis (Kaplan-Meier method [K-M]) and regression analysis (Cox proportional hazards model). Results Indications for iliac artery stenting were disabling claudication (59%) and limb salvage (41%). Of the 68 procedures, IAS with CIAR was performed in 31 patients (46%), and IAS alone was performed in 37 patients (54%). Patients undergoing IAS with CIAR were older ( P = .03) and had more extensive and multifocal iliac artery occlusive disease, with more TASC (TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus) type C lesions ( P = .03), compared with patients undergoing IAS alone. No other significant differences in risk factors were noted. Runoff scores between patients undergoing IAS with CIAR and those undergoing IAS alone were not significantly different (median runoff scores, 6 [range, 5-8] and 7 [range, 5-9], respectively; P = .77). Primary stent patency rate at 1, 3, and 5 years was 87%, 54%, and 42%, respectively, for patients undergoing IAS with CIAR, and was 76%, 66%, and 55%, respectively, for patients undergoing IAS. Univariate analysis revealed that primary stent patency rate was not significantly different between the 2 groups (K-M, log-rank test, P = .81). Primary graft patency rate for CIAR was 81%, 52%, and 46% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Performing CIAR did not affect primary iliac stent patency (relative risk, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-2.47; P = .81). Overall, there was a trend toward improved limb salvage in patients undergoing IAS with CIAR, compared with those undergoing IAS alone (K-M, log rank test, P = .07). Conclusion In patients undergoing IAS with poor distal runoff, CIAR does not improve iliac artery stent patency. Infrainguinal bypass procedures should therefore be reserved for patients who do not demonstrate clinical improvement and possibly for those with limb-threatening ischemia.
β-Blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: comparison of effects on aortic growth in pediatric patients with Marfan syndrome.

Objectives Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) have been shown to decrease aortic growth velocity (AGV) in Marfan syndrome (MFS). We sought to compare the effect of β-blockers and ACEI on AGV in MFS. Study design We retrospectively reviewed all data from all patients with MFS seen at Arkansas Children's Hospital between January 1, 1976 and January 1, 2013. Generalized least squares were used to evaluate AGV over time as a function of age, medication group, and the interaction between the 2. A mixed model was used to compare AGV between medication groups as a function of age, medication group (none, β-blocker, ACEI), and the interaction between the 2. Results A total of 67 patients with confirmed MFS were identified (34/67, 51% female). Mean age at first encounter was 13 ± 10 years, with mean follow-up of 7.6 ± 5.8 years. There were 839 patient encounters with a median of 10 (range 2-42) encounters per patient. AGV was nearly normal in the β-blocker group, and was less than either the ACEI or untreated groups. The AGV was higher than normal in ACEI and untreated groups ( P Conclusions β-blocker therapy results in near-normalization of AGV in MFS. ACEI did not decrease AGV in a clinically significant manner.
FIELD AND CULTURE STUDIES OF A POPULATION OF ENDARACHNE BINGHAMIAE (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1

Abundances of the erect, blade phase of Endarachne binghamiae J. Ag. (Scytosiphonales, Phaeophyta) varied seasonally at a southern California rocky intertidal site. Blade cover and density were much greater in the fall through early spring; blades were mostly absent from quadrats during the summer. Blade abundances were negatively correlated with both seasonal variations in seawater temperature and photoperiod. Laboratory culture studies failed to provide evidence for sexual reproduction. The life history appears to be of the “direct” type with plurangia-produced zooids germinating into crustose disks. Most disks developed erect blade clusters under spring/fall (17° C) and winter (13° C) temperatures over the range of natural photoperiods employed (14:10, 12:12, 10:14 h LD). In contrast, cultures held under the summer temperature (21° C) produced almost entirely crustose growths regardless of photoperiod. Similar results were obtained for cultures grown at 100 and 200 μE · m−2· s−1. E. binghamiae blades were fertile throughout the year and produced viable zooids indicating that reproductive seasonality did not influence the seasonal pattern of blade abundance. Culture and field studies suggest that the initiation of new erect blade clusters from crustose disks is confined to the cooler months of the year (winter and spring). The summer reduction or absence of E. binghamiae blades appears to be due to increased mortality rates and temperature constraints on the development of new erect bladed thalli. Hypothetical causes of mortality are desiccation stress, sand burial, increased grazing activity and a genetically-based short life span.
Role of kinase C in the insulin-like effects of human growth hormone in rat adipocytes.

Summary Insulin and to a smaller extent, human growth hormone (hGH), both stimulate lipogenesis in isolated rat adipocytes preincubated 4 hours in the absence of hormone. The non-additivity of maximal doses suggested that hGH may share a subset of the metabolic pathways stimulated by insulin. We explored whether kinase C may be involved in the common lipogenic effect of both hormones. The stimulation of lipogenesis by phorbol ester 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (an activator of kinase C) was not additive to the stimulation by either insulin or hGH. Downregulation of kinase C resulted in a marked decrease of the maximal insulin effect (44 ± 9%) and even more of the hGH effect (64 ± 14%). These data suggest that kinase C either mediates part of, or modulates, the effect of insulin and hGH on lipogenesis.
Malaria in Pregnancy: Update on Emergency Management

Abstract Background Pregnancy complicates the diagnosis, treatment, and clinical course of malaria. This clinical problem may be encountered in emergency department patients due to international travel. Case Report A primigravida woman at 20 weeks gestation presented to the Emergency Department with episodic fever, chills, headache, and nausea after travel to India and Asia. She had not taken malaria prophylaxis. After hospitalization, she developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and required intensive care management. Although she ultimately recovered from severe infection with Plasmodium vivax, she was not able to sustain her pregnancy and suffered a miscarriage. Conclusion This case illustrates the serious nature of malaria in the pregnant patient. For this high-risk group, there is an increased incidence of severe anemia, as well as acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary edema. A guideline is presented for the initial choice of anti-malarial drug treatment for the pregnant patient.
The Baseball Hall of Fame Is Not the Kiss of Death

E. Abel and M. Kruger (2005) reported that the median life expectancy of Major League Baseball players after election to the Baseball Hall of Fame is 5 years shorter than that of players of the same age who are not elected to the Hall of Fame. This conclusion is surprising because there is no compelling explanation for such a dramatic reduction in life expectancy. However, the data used in that study are incorrect. A robust test applied to correct data shows that there is no statistically persuasive difference in the life expectancy of players elected to the Hall of Fame and their peers.
Risk prediction tools in surgical oncology

Healthcare has increasingly focused on patient engagement and shared decision-making. Decision aids can promote engagement and shared decision making by providing patients and their providers with care options and outcomes. This article discusses decision aids for surgical oncology patients. Topics include: short-term risk prediction following surgery, long-term risk prediction of survival and recurrence, the combination of short- and long-term risk prediction to help guide treatment choice, and decision aid usability, transparency, and accessibility. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:500–508. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Genetic Factors in Cancer Development and their Implications for Cancer Prevention and Detection

Experimental data from laboratory animals indicate that the same extent of DNA damage or the same mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in different hosts result in widely differing cancer development because of numerous polymorphic tumor susceptibility genes. Similarly, recent epidemiological data indicate that susceptibility to common, "sporadic" cancers in humans is influenced considerably by multiple polymorphic host genes with relatively weak effects. This indicates that in addition to hereditary familial cancer syndromes, the sporadic cancer is also under strong genetic control. The multiplicity of genes involved, variation in exposure to environmental carcinogens, and small sizes of cancer families prevent efficient searches for the responsible genes in humans. Therefore, an alternative strategy based on the definition of susceptibility genes in experimental animals and the subsequent study of their human homologues has been successfully employed by several groups. This strategy also helped reveal several important features of cancer susceptibility, including mutual interactions of cancer susceptibility genes, their functional heterogeneity, and the existence of stage-specific control of cancer development. This latter phenomenon is especially important, because the susceptibility to early stages of cancer development may be quite different from that of late stages of cancer development. This needs to be taken into account when introducing preventive testing of biomarkers of early preneoplastic lesions or early cancers, because their predictive value is greatly influenced by the genetically determined individual tendency to proceed toward a more advanced form of neoplasia. Therefore, genetic testing of persons in danger of being exposed to carcinogenic factors should be an important part of the personnel selection.
Human Mobility in Roman Italy, II: The Slave Population

How did the relentless spread of Roman power change people's lives? From military mobilization, urbanization, slavery, and the nexus between taxation and trade to linguistic and religious change and shifting identities, the most pervasive consequences of empire all had one thing in common: population movements on an unprecedented scale. Yet despite its pivotal role in social and cultural change, the nature of Roman mobility has never been investigated in a systematic fashion. In this study, I develop a comprehensive quantitative model of population transfers within, to, and from Italy, from the late fourth century B.C. to the first century A.D. Owing to the diverse and complex character of these movements, I develop my argument in two steps. The present paper deals with the demographic context, scale, and distribution of the migration of free persons. I argue that the total population of Italy in the early imperial period was of the order of five to six million rather than fourteen to twenty million (Section II); that state-sponsored re-settlement programmes dramatically increased overall levels of mobility on three occasions (during the Italian wars in the late fourth and early third centuries B.C., in the aftermath of the Second Punic War in the early second century B.C., and in the period of constitutional transition from the 80s to the 10s B.C.) (Section III); and that in the last two centuries B.C., colonization programmes and urban growth in Italy required the permanent relocation of approximately two to two-and-a-half million adults (Section IV).
Nonclinical Toxicology Studies with Zidovudine: Reproductive Toxicity Studies in Rats and Rabbits

Abstract Zidovudine (ZDV) was evaluated for adverse effects on reproduction and fetal development in animal test species. Standard preclinical tests for reproduction and fertility, developmental toxicity, and postnatal toxicity were conducted in CD (Sprague–Dawley) rats and a developmental toxicity study was conducted in New Zealand white rabbits. In an additional study, reproductive outcome was characterized in female rats given ZDV before, during, or after mating and drug levels in the plasma and milk of lactating rats were determined. Finally, drug exposure data including observed peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) were evaluated for pregnant rats and rabbits. In a reproduction/fertility study in CD rats, toxicity to the early rat embryo, manifested as an increase in early resorptions and a decrease in litter size, was noted following dosage of the parental animals with 75 or 225 mg ZDV/kg bid. A dose of 25 mg/kg bid was a no-effect level in rats. At the time of mating, male rats had been dosed for 85 days, and females had been dosed for 26 days. To further evaluate the effects of ZDV on reproduction, dosing of male rats was continued to 149 days when they were mated a second time to virgin, untreated females. All reproductive parameters were normal in the untreated females from this second mating, indicating that the embryotoxic effect of the drug was not likely mediated by a genotoxic or other effect in the male. A separate study in female CD rats given 225 mg/kg bid for various periods pre- or postconception suggests that the toxic effect of ZDV is primarily to the early rodent embryo. Early embryo death did not occur in rats or rabbits in standard developmental (teratology) studies; however, pregnant New Zealand white rabbits given 250 mg/kg bid during gestation Days 6–18 showed reduced weight gain, anemia, and an increase in late fetal deaths. No other evidence of developmental toxicity was noted in either species, and ZDV was not teratogenic in rats or rabbits given up to 250 mg/kg bid during the period of major organogenesis. At this dose,Cmaxvalues in rats and rabbits were approximately 234 and 150 times higher, respectively, than the mean steady-state serum concentration in adults following chronic oral administration of 250 mg every 4 hr. In both the reproduction/fertility study and a peri- and postnatal study in rats, liveborn offspring showed no adverse effects on survival, growth, or developmental measurements.
Temperature coefficients for the oxidative metabolic responses to electrical stimulation in cerebral cortex.

: Temperature coefficients of both cat and toad brain have been calculated for the active metabolic state induced by electrical stimulation. Values are higher than most of the values previously reported for “rest” metabolism, whether calculated from Arrhenius plots or from linear graphs. Relative rates of oxidative metabolism were obtained by measuring the time course of the transient changes in NADH fluorescence and cytochrome aa3 absorption by reflectance techniques directly from the surface of the exposed cat cerebral cortex in vivo and from the isolated intact toad brain mounted in a cuvet. These findings demonstrate that such optical methods accurately record metabolic processes.
The surface evolution and kinetic roughening during homoepitaxy of GaAs (001)

Scanning tunneling microscopy studies have been performed on GaAs homoepitaxial films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Images show that in the earliest stages of deposition the morphology oscillates between one with two-dimensional islands and flat terraces. After the initial transient regime, the system evolves to a dynamical steady state. This state is characterized by a constant step density and as such the growth mode can be termed step flow. Comparison with reflection high-energy electron-diffrac- tion (RHEED) shows that there is a direct correspondence between the surface step density and the RHEED specular intensity. Thick films (up to 1450 monolayers) display a slowly-increasing surface roughness. Analysis of the scaling properties and comparison with theories of film growth will be made.
Oceanic Isopycnal Slope Spectra. Part II: Turbulence

Abstract Isopycnal slope spectra were computed from thermistor data obtained using a microstructure platform towed through turbulence generated by internal tidal motions near the Hawaiian Ridge. The spectra were compared with turbulence dissipation rates e that are estimated using shear probes. The turbulence subrange of isopycnal slope spectra extends to surprisingly large horizontal wavelengths (>100 m). A four-order-of-magnitude range in turbulence dissipation rates at this site reveals that isopycnal slope spectra ∝ e2/3k1/3x. The turbulence spectral subrange (kx > 0.4 cpm) responds to the dissipation rate as predicted by the Batchelor model spectrum, both in amplitude and towed vertical coherence. Scales between 100 and 1000 m are modeled by a linear combination of internal waves and turbulence while at larger scales internal waves dominate. The broad bandwidth of the turbulence subrange means that a fit of spectral amplitude to the Batchelor model yields reasonable estimates of e, even when applied ...
Extracting transport parameters in GaAs nanopillars grown by selective-area epitaxy.

We investigate the transport properties in p-type GaAs nanopillars (NPs) grown on GaAs(111) B substrates using selective-area epitaxy by studying single-NP field-effect transistors. Experimental results indicate that normalized resistance and field-effect mobility are highly sensitive to NP dimensions. Both in situ and ex situ chemical surface passivation techniques are found to significantly improve conductivity and mobility, especially for the smaller diameter NPs. A semi-empirical model based on diameter dependent mobility is used to extract actual doping levels and surface state density by fitting normalized resistance as a function of NP diameter. Surface state densities before and after passivation are found to be 5 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1 and 7 × 1010 cm−2 eV−1, respectively.
Project RavenCare in Alaska: initial implementation

Project RavenCare is an initiative designed to provide sustained routine clinical telemedicine/teleradiology support for a village clinic in Hoonah, Alaska and Mt. Edgecumbe Hospital in Sitka. The village clinic is linked to the regional hospital and this hospital is in turn linked to Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC) through the NASA-ACTS (Advanced Communication Technology Satellite). Project RavenCare is a joint project between the Department of Radiology at GUMC and the Southeast Alaska Regional Health Corporation (SEARHC) in Sitka. Regional physicians in Hoonah lack support in providing relatively routine care in areas such as radiology and pathology. This project will address the existing communication problem between the village health clinics and the hospital as well as the lack of subspecialty support for hospital-based physicians in Sitka.
HIS & HERS, magic magnesium and the ballet of protein synthesis

The peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome is literally the mother of all protein enzymes, yet it was only recently that the content of its active site was found to be RNA and not protein. This review focuses on how this RNA enzyme orients its substrates and promotes the chemical reaction that is center stage in protein synthesis.
Restless legs with antiepileptic durg therapy

The restless legs syndrome is generally benign but is occasionally associated with anemia, metabolic disorder, or polyneuropathy. Leg restlessness with disruptive nocturnal myoclonus has been described as a sleep disorder. We report two patients with complex partial and secondarily generalized seizures, who developed restless legs while taking methsuximide and phenytoin. They had no evidence of metabolic disturbance or neuromuscular disease, although one patient had fragmented sleep and disruptive myoclonus on polysomnography, and leg restlessness subsided with change of antiepileptic drugs. These symptoms could reflect transient alteration in peripheral nerve function not evident by examination or electrophysiologic studies, sleep disturbance by antiepileptic drugs or the effects of temporal lobe seizure foci on perception of the physiologic state of nerves and muscles.
Condensed history Monte Carlo methods for photon transport problems

We study methods for accelerating Monte Carlo simulations that retain most of the accuracy of conventional Monte Carlo algorithms. These methods - called Condensed History (CH) methods - have been very successfully used to model the transport of ionizing radiation in turbid systems. Our primary objective is to determine whether or not such methods might apply equally well to the transport of photons in biological tissue. In an attempt to unify the derivations, we invoke results obtained first by Lewis, Goudsmit and Saunderson and later improved by Larsen and Tolar. We outline how two of the most promising of the CH models - one based on satisfying certain similarity relations and the second making use of a scattering phase function that permits only discrete directional changes - can be developed using these approaches. The main idea is to exploit the connection between the space-angle moments of the radiance and the angular moments of the scattering phase function. We compare the results obtained when the two CH models studied are used to simulate an idealized tissue transport problem. The numerical results support our findings based on the theoretical derivations and suggest that CH models should play a useful role in modeling light-tissue interactions.
Specific Surface of Hardened Portland Cement Paste as Determined by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering

Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to determine the specific surfaces of hardened portland cement pastes subjected to various treatments. Reasonably mature pastes yielded values of the order of 700 m2/g of ignited paste when examined in the original saturated condition.Driving to an intermediate relative humidity, P-drying, and D-drying reduce the surface areas to values of the order of 200 to 300 m2/g, but vacuum resaturation results in recovery of all the lost surface. Oven drying produces an additional loss in surface area, and in this case recovery on resaturation is not quite complete. The effect of w/c ratio appears to be minor, and pastes of hydrated C3S yield essentially the same surface areas as corresponding portland cement pastes. /AUTHOR/
Evaluations of Fission Chain Yields for 239Pu from Fission-Spectrum Neutrons

Because of the importance of accurate data for fission chain yields (FCYs) for many applications, we present a rigorous “clean sheet” evaluation of all available data to provide an accurate set of ...
Length-Dependent Nanotransport and Charge Hopping Bottlenecks in Long Thiophene-Containing π-Conjugated Molecular Wires

Self-assembled conjugated molecular wires containing thiophene up to 6 nm in length were grown layer-by-layer using click chemistry. Reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to follow the stepwise growth. The electronic structure of the conjugated wires was studied with cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis spectroscopy as well as computationally with density functional theory (DFT). The current–voltage curves (±1 V) of the conjugated molecular wires were measured with conducting probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) in which the molecular wire film bound to a gold substrate was contacted with a conductive AFM probe. By systematically measuring the low bias junction resistance as a function of length for molecules 1–4 nm long, we extracted the structure dependent tunneling attenuation factor (β) of 3.4 nm–1 and a contact resistance of 220 kΩ. The crossover from tunneling to hopping transport was observed at a molecular length of 4–5 nm with an activ...