cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovation in research and development: tool of strategic growth

Purpose – To describe research and development (R&D) as a tool of strategic growth. The world's top performing companies share a common characteristic: their superior ability to develop and introduce new products faster and cheaper than their competitors. As a matter of fact, effective product innovation is the key to growth, even survival, for almost any business.Design/methodology/approach – The author discusses how innovation in R&D could serve as a differentiating strategic business tool. The paper is based upon the authors 15 years of experience in the area of R&D and new product development. The paper is very creative in two respects. First, it looks at strategic R&D as the differentiating strategic “weapon” companies can use to separate themselves from the competition. Second, it uses many of the manufacturing, operations management tools and methodologies and applies these to innovation in R&D. The paper discusses methods to optimize a company's R&D efforts.Findings – The executives emphasized the...
Deposition- controlled uniformity of multilayer mirrors

The widely used physical vapor deposition techniques to produce multilayer x-ray optics with uniform layer pair spacings ( 10cm x 10 cm) have all been limited by the geometry of the vapor source. Magnetron sputtering sources, geometrically a convolution of point sources in a circular or rectangular array, provide uniformly thick regions of coating only within the boundaries of the erosion track. To maximize uniformity over large regins requires target materials equally as large, proving a costly proposition. Electron beam or molecular beam sources are similarly limited by the size of the melt pooi or effusion cell diameter. For ion beam deposition, spatial divergence from typical ion sources results in coating thickness variations of 5%or more for large areas as previously described. To minimize the ultimate expense of designing a necessarily large, single deposition source to provide a small thickness variation (without the use of compensating substrate motion or elaborate shielding over the deposition sources), several small sources arranged in an appropiate array may provide a viable alternative. To this end, the use of a linear array of one-inch magnetron sources has proven effective. Material has been deposited within the limitations of 1.5% thickness variation, along the axis of a linear gun array, over 15cm in length. The feasibility of using two linear arrays of magnetron sources is investigated to prepare large area multilayer mirrors with minimal layer pair spacing variations. Such a deposition system also allows for gradually varying the layer pair spacings across the surface of an optic, in a designed manner, which proves useful for focusing applications.
Further Investigations of the Air Mass Effect on Cosmic-Ray Intensity

The existence of an effect upon cosmic-ray intensity at the boundaries separating different types of air masses is clearly established by the results of these observations, and has lately received additional confirmation from the work of Nishina, Sekido, Simamura, and Arakawa. This effect is evidently of the type postulated by Blackett to explain the seasonal variation in cosmic-ray intensity, although in this case both temperatures and pressures in the upper air contribute to the change. Work is now in progress to compare cosmic-ray intensities with the daily meteorological sounding balloon records which have recently become available.
Forecasting Gulf Stream meanders and rings

The deep open ocean exhibits energetic space-time variability phenomena that are the counterpart of atmospheric weather systems. The internal weather of the sea occurs on the scale of the internal deformation radius (depth times the ratio of buoyancy to Coriolis frequencies), with features called “mesoscale” fronts and eddies, although the dynamical analogy is with the atmospheric synoptic scale [Charney and Flierl, 1980; Robinson, 1983]. Space scales range from tens to hundreds of kilometers and time scales from days to months; features extend from surface to bottom intensified in the upper ocean main thermocline. Mesoscale effects include the intermittent energization of regions; the shifting of currents; the location of air-sea interaction events; the transport, entrapment and dispersion of such things as heat, chemicals, nutrients, larvae, and pollutants; and the alteration of sound propagation. Forecasting the internal weather of the sea is important scientifically and practically and is now feasible [Mooers et al, 1987; Robinson, 1987] due to rapid, recent advances in physical oceanography and related technologies, especially satellites and computers. We have established a forecast system for the Gulf Stream Meander and Ring (GSM&R) region, called GULFCAST, that provides predictions one week ahead in real time and on an ongoing basis.
Associations Between Prescription Copayment Levels and β-Blocker Medication Adherence in Commercially Insured Heart Failure Patients 50 Years and Older

Abstract Background High prescription copayments may create barriers to care, resulting in medication nonadherence. Although many studies have examined these associations in commercially insured patients with chronic disease, few have examined β-blocker effects in heart failure patients. Objective Associations between β-blocker prescription copayment levels and medication nonadherence were examined within commercially insured beneficiaries with a diagnosis of heart failure. Methods Heart failure patients were identified as those with at least 1 inpatient claim or 2 outpatient claims with an associated International Classification of Diagnosis, 9th Edition (ICD-9) code of 428.x, in addition to those with at least 2 β-blocker claims. Copayment levels were defined in using $5.00 (USD) interval categories, and adherence was defined using the medication possession ratio (MPR). Ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects (FE), and random effect (RE) models were used to estimate associations between copayment level and MPR. Logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of nonadherence (MPR Results The highest β-blocker copayment level ($26+) had an average MPR that was 0.07 (95% CI, –0.11 to –0.03), 0.08 (95% CI, –0.12 to –0.04), and 0.09 (95% CI, –0.17 to –0.02) units lower than β-blocker copayment level ($0 to $1) in the OLS, RE, and FE models, respectively. Copayment levels $21–$25 and $26+ were significantly associated with an increased risk of medication nonadherence (OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.1–2.4; and OR=2.5; 95%, CI 1.6–4, respectively). Conclusions Commercially insured heart failure patients aged ≥50 years who are prescribed higher costing β-blockers may have up to an average 9% decrease in annual β-blocker medication supply as well as an increased risk of nonadherence (MPR
Effect of two different creatine supplementation products on muscular strength and power

To compare different types of creatine supplements on indices of strength and endurance, 48 males (22.3 ± 0.6 y) participated in a 21d study. Subjects consumed creatine in a powder (CRp), in a solid form of gelled candy (CRs) or a carbohydrate placebo was taken in a solid, gelled candy (PLBs) or in powder form (PLBp). All supplements and placebo were fed in a double blind regime at a dose of 20 g/day for 5 days followed by lOg/day for 16 days. Pre‐testing on day 1 included body composition (hydrostatic weighing) and 5, 10‐s sprints on a Monark cycle ergometer. Subjects pedaled against an opposing force of 0.834 N per kg body mass (0.085 kp • kg−1) with a 40‐s rest between each sprint (SPR). On day 2, subjects performed a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) lift on a leg press and 5 sets of 30 maximal voluntary contractions (total = extension + flexion) on a Kin Com Isokinetic Dynamometer at 180°/s with a 45‐s rest between each bout. Statistical analysis showed that CRp and CRs group supplementation resulted in a s...
Comparisons of compact and classical finite difference solutions of stiff problems on nonuniform grids

Abstract In this paper we address the applicability of fourth-order and second-order finite difference schemes to problems which admit solutions with sharp gradients over thin layers. An optimum finite difference scheme is sought based on a thorough study of the convergence and accuracy properties of (1) classical second-order and fourth-order; (2) compact fourth-order; and (3) mixed second/fourth-order finite difference schemes. The four mixed-order finite difference schemes considered result from approximating the first and second derivatives within the nonuniform grid regions by the use of either compact or classical fourth-order and second-order finite difference schemes. The regions where severe gradients are anticipated are collocated with grid points that are distributed according to geometric progressions. Two representative boundary layer problems in fluid dynamics are chosen for this study, one governed by the Burgers equation and the other by the Reynolds equation. The convergence properties of the finite difference schemes are limited by the appearance of numerical oscillations at the grid interfaces between the uniform and nonuniform subdomains. The abrupt variation in the convergence rates corresponds to the transition from oscillatory solutions to oscillation-free solutions. It is shown that the oscillations are efficiently eliminated by the use of appropriate progression ratios in the nonuniform subdomains. For constant progression ratios, the results show that all of the considered finite difference methods, both lower-order classical schemes and higher-order compact schemes, exhibit qualitatively the same rates of convergence with respect to the uniform grid spacing. However, the compact scheme achieves vastly superior accuracies, but requires higher nonuniform grid ratios, and hence more grid points to resolve the oscillations. As the numerically generated oscillations at the interface are mitigated and eliminated on an appropriate nonuniform computational grid, the compact method is shown to be superior to classical second-order and fourth-order mixed methods in accuracy and computational efficiency for problems with boundary or interior layers.
Third-order boundary value problems with sign-changing solutions

Abstract We consider the third-order nonlinear differential equation u ‴ ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) , u ′ ( t ) , u ″ ( t ) ) , a.e. t ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , satisfying u ( 0 ) = u ′ ( 0 ) = u ″ ( 1 ) = 0 and u ( 0 ) = u ′ ( 1 ) = u ″ ( 1 ) = 0 , where f : [ 0 , 1 ] × R 3 → R is L p -Caratheodory, 1 ≤ p ∞ . We obtain the existence of at least one positive solution using the Leray–Schauder Continuation Principle for each set of boundary conditions by separately considering the cases p > 1 and p = 1 .
Role‐related library use by local union officials

A questionnaire was distributed to local union officials in Illinois in order to determine the officials' use of various types of libraries, their satisfaction with their experience in using the libraries, the problems they encountered in library use, and their opinion of various ways in which libraries might be made more useful to them. They were also asked whether they had had training in how to find information. Respondents to the survey used more than one type of library, and their union role had an impact on which type they were likely to use. They used different types of libraries to find different types of information. In general they were satisfied with their library experience, but they found library collections inadequate for their needs. Respondents who had had training in how to find information appeared to use libraries more but differed little in the frequency or types of problems encountered from those who had no training. When asked their opinion on various suggestions for improving library service to local union officials, they preferred measures that gave greater emphasis to increasing labor materials in library collections. The findings of this study, combined with those of our earlier study (Chaplan & Hertenstein, 2002), suggest that an information seeking model developed by Wilkinson (2001) may be useful in explaining union officials' information seeking behavior.
The effect of expectation and available processing time on recognition of sequences of naturalistic scenes

In four experiments, we examined the effect of the amount of available processing time and subjects’ expectations about available processing time on recognition memory performance. Results indicated that both expectation and actual available processing time are important in determining memory performance.
Evaluation of the Use of Ea (Activation Energy) as a Quantitative Indicator of Physical Stability of Indomethacin Solvates: Methanolate and Tertiary Butyl Alcohol Solvate

The purpose of this research is to study the use of Ea as a measure of the energy barrier to the solid-state desolvation of two indomethacin solvates: tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) solvate and methanolate. The desolvation of these solvates was studied over a range of temperatures (60−120 °C) by isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. Intimately mixing 15% α and γ seeds with the two solvates was carried out in order to assess the effect of seeding/nucleation on desolvation. The results suggest that solid-state desolvation predominantly proceeded by a nucleation-limited mechanism as described by the Avrami−Erofeev kinetics equation. On the basis of the equation, an “isokinetic” range was identified between 60−80 °C for the methanolate and 60−90 °C for the TBA solvate, and the dominant mechanism of desolvation remained unchanged. The Arrhenius activation energies (Ea) were 27.9 and 16.6 kcal/mol for the methanol and TBA solvates, respectively. In the “isokinetic” range, Ea values of 36.9 and 15.5 kcal/mol, respect...
Development of the optic nerve of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana).

Abstract The development of the optic nerve of a marsupial, the North American opossum, was examined in 24 animals from postnatal days 5 to 78 (P5–P78); gestation is 13 days. The estimated number of axons increased from 24,000 at P5, to 267,000 at P27, approximately 2.7 times the mean number in the adult. Following P27, axon numbers decreased rapidly to 140,000 at P40, then decreased more slowly, attaining adult values between P50 and P59. Thus, the opossum is similar to placental mammals examined in evidencing an overproduction and later attenuation to adult values in the number of axons in the optic nerve during development. Monocular enucleation of 3 animals at P17, 10 days before peak axon counts, resulted in a mean population increase of 24,000 (range 19,000–30,000) above the normal adult mean. Additionally, a 4th animal monocularly enucleated on P7.3 days prior to the arrival of migrating fibers to central target sites, had a similar value of 26,500 supernumerary axons. Our findings in the opposum, when coupled with previous reports in other mammals, suggest that binocular interactions during development account only for optic nerve axon loss approximately equal in magnitude to the ipsilateral projection from one eye.
Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Metoprolol ± Nitroglycerin in Patients With Biopsy-Proven Lymphocytic Myocarditis

We evaluated acute hemodynamic effects of metoprolol +/- nitroglycerin in 11 patients with left ventricular dysfunction and biopsy-proven lymphocytic myocarditis. Acute administration of metoprolol improved ejection phase indexes, probably through the prolongation of diastole; the addition of a vasodilator further enhanced these effects by improving arterial elastance.
Balloon Atmospheric Mosaic Measurements (BAMM) IIA Phenomenology And Band Selection

A series of line by line source and background infrared simulation calculations have been carried out in the 4.3 m spectral region in order to identify candidate spectral bands for study using balloon and ultimately spaceborne sensors. Source signatures are presented in terms of apparent radiant intensity produced by a volume of hot CO2 located at altitudes ranging from 0 to 20 km as observed from altitudes of 30, 44 and 100 km. Backgrounds, including terrain, clouds and atmospheric emission have been calculated and are presented both spectrally and as inband radiant intensity. A cursory discussion of non-LTE atmospheric emissions occurring above 60 km is presented and the feasibility of looking up from a balloon borne platform to observe these emissions is addressed. A comparison of source and background signatures is given together with a discussion of the band selection process.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ab Initio Study of the Electronic Spectrum of Formamide with Explicit Solvent

Of the many roles that solvent plays, its influence on molecular electronic structure is perhaps one of the more challenging phenomena to study. In this study, the effect of solvation on the electronic spectrum of formamide is investigated. Ab initio complete-active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) methods are used to compute the ground- and excited-state energies of formamide complexed with one, two, and three water molecules. In addition, a semicontinuum approach is employed, in which formamide−(H2O)n (n = 1, 3) complexes are studied within a continuum solvent model. The presence of the explicit water molecules destabilizes the Rydberg states of formamide by approximately 0.5 eV. In the case of the πnbπ* transition, a red shift from 7.41 eV (gas phase) to 7.16 eV is observed, and its oscillator strength increases by ∼10%. The nπ* transition undergoes a blue shift which is dependent on the O- - -H formamide−water hydrogen bond distanc...
Craze initiation in glassy polymers – Revisited

In spite of the continued interest in the yield, flow and fracture behavior of glassy homopolymers and the important role that crazing plays in their ultimate mechanical response, the basic understanding of the molecular level processes that govern craze initiation still remains murky. Here we revisit some early experiments of Argon and Hannoosh of the 1970s on craze initiation in homo polystyrene under combinations of both deviatoric shear stress and mean normal stress and also take note of more recent computer simulations of ultimate plastic flow and cavitation response of model glassy polymers. We then formulate a new craze initiation model and compare its predictions with the earlier experiments to find much better agreement over a wider range of applicability that sheds new light on this hitherto inadequately understood phenomenon.
Transient Right Bundle Branch Block Causing R Wave Attenuation Postdefibrillation

Transient and significant decrease in R wave amplitude, associated with transient right bundle branch block, was noted to occur after defibrillation in a defibrillator patient. The mechanism is probably stunning of the right bundle branch, causing right intraventricular conduction delay and decrease in signal amplitude reaching the endocardial sensing dipoles.
Factors controlling degradation of pesticides in soil

Rates of pesticide degradation in soil exhibit a high degree of variability, the sources of which are usually unclear. Combining data from incubations performed using a range of soil properties and environmental conditions has resulted in greater understanding of factors controlling such degradation. The herbicides clomazone, flumetsulam, atrazine, and cloransulam-methyl, as well as the former insecticide naphthalene offer examples of degradation kinetics controlled by coupling competing processes which may in turn be regulated separately by environmental conditions and soil properties. The processes of degradation and volatilization appear to compete for clomazone in solution; sorbed clomazone is degraded only after the solution phase is depleted. Similarly, volatilization of naphthalene is enhanced when degradation has been inhibited by high nutrient levels. Degradation of the herbicide flumetsulam has been shown to be regulated by sorption, even though the compound has a relatively low affinity for the soil. The fate pathway for cloransulam-methyl shifts from mineralization to formation of metabolities, bound residues and physically occluded material as temperature increases. Atrazine degradation in soil may be controlled in part by the presence of inorganic nitrogen, as the herbicide appears to be used as a nitrogen source by micro-organisms. New insight gained from measurement of multiple fate processes is demonstrated by these examples.
Effects of ATP-sensitive K+-channel activators on transmitter release parameters at the frog neuromuscular junction

The frog neuromuscular junction was used to study KATP channel action and its relation to transmitter release. Diazoxide (10 microM) and cromakalim (300 microM) decreased the amplitude of the end-plate potential (EPP) without significantly affecting the miniature end plate potential (MEPP) amplitude. Thus, there was a significant decrease in the quantal content of EPP after administration of the KATP channel activators. These agents did not alter MEPP frequency or resting membrane potential (RMP). The diazoxide-induced decrease in EPP amplitude was antagonized by the KATP blocker glibenclamide (10 microM) suggesting KATP channel involvement. Glibenclamide (10 microM) by itself caused a significant decrease in the RMP without significantly affecting the parameters of transmitter release. The diazoxide-induced decrease in EPP amplitude was not readily reversible with washing, however, when glibenclamide was added after diazoxide, the effect was easier to reverse. The results indicate that the activators exert their effect predominantly at the presynaptic region.
Josephus, Antiquities 10.180–82, Jeremiah, and Nebuchadnezzar

Scholars have long pointed to Josephus, Ant. 10.180–182 as evidence that Nebuchadnezzar campaigned in the Levant in his twenty-third year (582 B.C.E.), but have not determined the viability of this passage as a historical source. Extant Greek sources do not provide the details visible in Josephus’ text and it is thus unlikely that they were his source. The details of the campaign are, however, available from Jeremiah or by inference from it. As such, the study argues that Ant. 10.180–182 is not an independent historical source of information for a campaign of Nebuchadnezzar in 582 B.C.E.
Origin of the magnetic fields in the giant planets

The paper discusses origin of the magnetic fields in the giant planets. Recent data on the generation of these fields provide conclusions on giant planets; the Jovian magnetic field can be of primordial origin or generated by a thermally driven dynamo, and the expected Saturnian field can be accounted for thermally or by a precessionally driven dynamo. The presence of a 0.1 gauss field on Uranus presents a problem because the so far unobserved thermal flux and convection may be too low, and if such a dynamo were to operate then the field should show seasonal variations. A conductive shell on Neptune similar to that on Uranus appears to be much thinner, but it is likely that Neptune has a magnetic field which is too weak to lead to observable electromagnetic variations.
Membrane mass transport modeling with the periodic boundary condition

Abstract A two-dimensional simulation of membrane permeation and separation in laminar cross-flow configuration has been developed for cases with the periodic boundary condition (PBC) applied at the upstream (inlet) and downstream (outlet) faces of a repeating flow domain. The periodic boundary condition was applied through decoupled contributions of both solvent and solute fluxes. The upstream boundary conditions were scaled from the downstream boundary conditions after accounting for solute and solvent losses via permeation. The simulation incorporates fluid flow, solute convection–diffusion and separation, variable viscosity and density, as well as the effect of osmotic pressure on the permeation rate. The methodology developed here represents a novel theoretical advance. The commercial CFD software FLUENT ® was used for this project. The utility of the PBC approach is that it enables significant reductions in computational requirements. Only a small portion of a larger domain need be treated to quantitatively infer information about a substantially larger system. For example, it could be applied to the repeating volume between crossing filaments in spacer filled channels of spiral wound or plate and frame modules, or to a section of a long closed channel such as in plate and frame modules or in tubular membranes. The plausibility of the model was demonstrated in two dimensions for the case of solute separation in the ultrafiltration regime under laminar flow in a channel. First, the velocity and solute concentration profiles were simulated for a 1 m long module. These results were then replicated, using 20 cm sections, and the periodic boundary condition methodology, applied at various positions along the channel length.
Hemodynamic effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate in isoflurane-xylazine-anesthetized dogs

Alterations in parasympathetic tone are partially responsible for xylazine's hemodynamic effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the hemodynamic changes caused by the administration of intravenous (IV) atropine or glycopyrrolate after IV xylazine in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Six healthy beagles (8.2 to 10.7 kg) were used in two trials separated by 7 days. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen with controlled ventilation. Once constant end-tidal isoflurane (1.8%) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (35 to 45 mm Hg) values were reached, baseline data were recorded and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) was given. In trial 1 atropine (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) was given 5 minutes after xylazine, and in trial 2 glycopyrrolate (0.025, mg/kg, i.v.), was given 5 minutes after xylazine. Hemodynamic variables were recorded 3 minutes after xylazine and 3 minutes after anticholinergic administration. In trial 2, bilateral vagotomies were performed 10 minutes after glycopyrrolate, and hemodynamic variables were recorded 3 minutes later. Heart rate, cardiac index, and stroke index decreased; arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance increased after xylazine. Heart rate, cardiac index, and rate pressure product increased after anticholinergic administration. Significant differences between atropine and glycopyrrolate were not observed in any of the hemodynamic parameters. Similarly, significant differences between glycopyrrolate and bilateral vagotomy were not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Generation of substructure identification rules using feature-combinations from tandem mass spectra.

Software to interpret tandem mass spectra, entitled Method for Analyzing Patterns in Spectra (MAPS), has been developed to provide substructure information for an automated compound identification system, This software consists of several program modules which manipulate databases of tandem mass spectra and substructure information, generate substructure identification rules, and apply these rules to the tandem mass spectra of unknown compounds to identify components of their structure. The MAPS rule generation program has been modified to generate rules based on specific combinations of spectral features that occur concertedly. False positives are drastically reduced by searching for “feature-combinations” that have 100% uniqueness with respect to a reference database of compounds. Recall is increased by the determination of multiple feature-combinations indicative of the presence of a given substructure. Strategies were developed in the algorithm for the discovery of feature-combinations that avoid the computation “explosion” that occurs when working with a large number of spectral features. The rules developed have the form: “IF feature-eombination a (FC a) or FC b,..., or FC x, THEN substructure SSn is present.”
Hydrogen bonding Part 38. IR and thermodynamic study of phosphorylcholine chloride calcium salt tetrahydrate and monohydrate

Abstract Vapor pressure vs. H2O content studies demonstrate that phosphorylcholine chloride calcium salt forms two hydrates, a monohydrate and a tetrahydrate, in the range 0–4 mol H20 mol−1 of salt; there is no dihydrate or trihydrate. Equilibrium vapor pressure measurements show that ΔH0 of dissociation per mol H20 lost is greater for the tetrahydrate (16.08 kcal mol−1) than for the monohydrate (12.49 kcal mo−1); the lower stability of the tetrahydrate arises from entropy effects. The IR spectrum of the tetrahydrate is that of a framework clathrate hydrate and suggests that the -P03 group may act as a very weak hydrogen-bond acceptor. In the monohydrate the -P03 group is not involved in hydrogen bonding. Neither hydrate contains POH bonds.
The role of training in providing opportunities for environmental and natural resource dispute resolution

During the past 10 to 15 years, considerable attention has been devoted to the potential, as well as appropriateness, of collaboration and negotiation in resolving environmental and natural resource disputes (Amy 1987; Bacow and Wheeler 1984; Bingham 1986; Carpenter and Kennedy 1988; Cormick 1980; Susskind and Weinstein 1981). Alternative dispute resolution processes seem to make sense both conceptually and empirically as illustrated by their actual application to environmental and natural resource disputes. The management and allocation of common resources are inherently political undertakings, tasks often ill-suited to rational administrative decision-making processes. They are judgmental in nature, involving trade-offs between different groups in our society and between different resource uses. Moreover, these decisions are clouded by risk and uncertainty and frequently contain ethical or moral concerns about our responsibilities to future generations and to nonhuman species. Even at a theoretical level, decisions of such complexity and inherent controversy seem certain to fail if rational, scientifically based decision making alone is applied to them. The idea that some environmental and natural resource disputes are amenable to resolution has proven itself (Bingham 1986). Disputes along the entire spectrum from wilderness or endangered species preservation, to industrial facility construction and operation, to local community housing or commercial developments, have been successfully resolved when the parties were encouraged to put down their weapons, set aside their positions, and collaborate in an effort
CORRELATIONAL VS EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH STRATEGIES IN PSYCHOLOGY

The issue of manipulation versus selection as a research strategy still seems to generate confusion. Present usage and past analyses of the issue are discussed. It is pointed out that the two appro...
Heterozygote deficiencies in parasite populations: an evaluation of interrelated hypotheses in the raccoon tick, Ixodes texanus

Population genetics is increasingly being used to study the biology of parasites at the scales of both the host (infrapopulation, IP) and host population (component population, CP). In this study we tested three mechanistic hypotheses that could explain deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) expectations due to heterozygote deficits (HDs) at the CP scale in raccoon ticks (Ixodes texanus; n=718) collected from raccoons (Procyon lotor; n=91) and genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci. These hypotheses were presence of technical issues (for example, null alleles), hierarchical structure (for example, host demography) and cryptic structure (for example, kin structure). Although statistical support for null alleles existed, their presence would also be expected to lead to an underestimation in levels of relatedness, and thus kin structure. However, we found the opposite pattern: significant HD at the IP scale being more likely in CPs with significant vs non-significant levels of kin structure. Our analyses revealed that pooling of kin groups could lead to highly variable levels of FIS among loci, a pattern usually suggestive of null alleles. We used Monte–Carlo (MC) simulations to show that the existence of subdivided breeding groups and high variance in individual reproductive success could adequately explain deviations from HWE in I. texanus. Thus, our results indicate that biological factors can lead to patterns that have usually been interpreted as technical issues (for example, null alleles), and that it is important to take such factors into consideration because loci deviating from HWE likely reflect the effects of real biological processes.
Purification of lipoxygenase from Chlorella: Production of 9- and 13-hydroperoxide derivatives of linoleic acid

Oxygenation of linoleic acid by the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX) that is present in the microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa is known to produce the corresponding 9-and 13-hydroperoxide derivatives of linoleic acid (9- and 13-HPOD, respectively). Previous work with this microalga indicated that partially purified LOX, present in the 30–45 and 45–80% saturated (NH4)2SO4 precipitate fractions, produced both HPOD isomers but in different ratios. It was not clear, however, if the observed activity in the two isolates represented the presence of one or more isozymes. In the present work, LOX isolated from the intracellular fraction of Chlorella by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation (35–80% saturated) was purified by ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography to apparent homogeneity. Analysis of the purified protein by SDS-PAGE and subsequent native size exclusion chromatography demonstrated that LOX in Chlorilla is a single monomeric protein with a molecular mass of approximately 47 kDa. The purified LOX produced both the 9-HPOD and 13-HPOD isomers from linoleic acid in equal amounts, and the isomer ratio was not altered over the pH range of 6 to 9. Optimal activity of LOX was at pH 7.5.
A hybrid system for handprinted word recognition

The authors describe an alternative approach to handprinted word recognition using a hybrid of procedural and connectionist techniques. They utilize two connectionist components, which are to concurrently make recognition and segmentation hypotheses, and to perform refined recognition of segmented characters. Both networks are governed by a procedural controller which incorporates systematic domain knowledge and procedural algorithms to guide recognition. A recognition method is presented whereby an image is processed over time by a spatiotemporal connectionist network. The scheme offers several attractive features including shift-invariance and retention of local spatial relationships along the dimensions being temporalized, a reduction in the number of free parameters, and the ability to process arbitrarily long images. Recognition results on a set of real-world isolated zip code digits are comparable to the best reported to date with a 96.0% recognition rate. A pilot implementation of the complete system, and results on overlapping and touching pairs of zip code digits are reported. >
Massive Sensor Array Fault Tolerance: Tolerance Mechanism and Fault Injection for Validation

As today's machines become increasingly complex in order to handle intricate tasks, the number of sensors must increase for intelligent operations. Given the large number of sensors, detecting, isolating, and then tolerating faulty sensors is especially important. In this paper, we propose fault tolerance architecture suitable for a massive sensor array often found in highly advanced systems such as autonomous robots. One example is the sensitive skin, a type of massive sensor array. The objective of the sensitive skin is autonomous guidance of machines in unknown environments, requiring elongated operations in a remote site. The entirety of such a system needs to be able to work remotely without human attendance for an extended period of time. To that end, we propose a fault-tolerant architecture whereby component and analytical redundancies are integrated cohesively for effective failure tolerance of a massive array type sensor or sensor system. In addition, we discuss the evaluation results of the proposed tolerance scheme by means of fault injection and validation analysis as a measure of system reliability and performance.
Dominicans, Franciscans, and the art of political rivalry: two drawings and a fresco by Giovanni Battista della Rovere

The old rivalry between Dominicans and Franciscans took on a new dimension in late sixteenth-century Milan as the two largest mendicant orders sought to proclaim their relevance in the years following the Council of Trent. Two drawings by Giovanni Battista della Rovere in the Fogg Museum underscore the ways in which these groups used visual images to clarify their roles within the Catholic community and steer public opinion in their favour. The Franciscans responded to the growing popularity of Dominican rosary confraternities by resurrecting the story of St Francis receiving the Porziuncola Indulgence from the Virgin, which made her gift of the rosary to Dominic seem almost trivial by comparison. The Dominicans, meanwhile, sought to reinforce the authenticity of the rosary legend, which came under attack in the late sixteenth century, by commissioning images that placed Dominic's use of the rosary in historical context, such as the scene of Dominic preaching with the rosary before the Fourth Lateran Council, depicted in one of the drawings at the Fogg. In these commissions the artist reveals a sensitivity to changing religious attitudes, as well as an ability to work with patrons to forge new iconographies responsive to Counter-Reformation concerns.
Animal models of cartilage repair

Cartilage repair in terms of replacement, or regeneration of damaged or diseased articular cartilage with functional tissue, is the 'holy grail' of joint surgery. A wide spectrum of strategies for cartilage repair currently exists and several of these techniques have been reported to be associated with successful clinical outcomes for appropriately selected indications. However, based on respective advantages, disadvantages, and limitations, no single strategy, or even combination of strategies, provides surgeons with viable options for attaining successful long-term outcomes in the majority of patients. As such, development of novel techniques and optimisation of current techniques need to be, and are, the focus of a great deal of research from the basic science level to clinical trials. Translational research that bridges scientific discoveries to clinical application involves the use of animal models in order to assess safety and efficacy for regulatory approval for human use. This review article provides an overview of animal models for cartilage repair. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;4:89-94.
Between the Local and the Global: History of Science in the European Periphery Meets Post‐Colonial Studies

The aim of this paper is to discuss two historiographical issues pertaining to the history of science in the European periphery. The first issue concerns the wide use of the centre-periphery dichotomy in historical accounts discussing the diffusion and institutionalization of science across the world. The second issue concerns the use of appropriation (instead of transfer, or adaptation) as a means to overcome the diffusionist model in history of science. Recent work at the intersection of history of science with post-colonial studies will provide the framework for reassessing these matters. As it will be shown, theoretical discussions about the history of science in post-colonial context can help historians overcome the centre-periphery dichotomy and turn European periphery into a privileged standpoint for showing the actual diversity of ‘European science.’ At the same time, the experience of post-colonial studies can also help sharpen the historiographical tool of appropriation. The assumption that will be made is that by focusing on appropriation rather than on discovery and innovation (the favourite categories of much of mainstream historiography), or on transfer and adaptation (the favourite categories of the diffusionist model), historians of science can not only set aside the artificial distinctions of the diffusionist model, but also bring forward the re-inventions, the conceptual shifts and the cultural adjustments, which are responsible for the emergence of science as a global phenomenon in the periphery. Especially concerning European periphery, the use of appropriation may bring forward the particular historical circumstances under which certain knowledge patterns gained universal epistemic authority as constitutive elements of an imagined European intellectual identity.
Visually built task models for robot teams in unstructured environments

In field environments it is not usually possible to provide robotic systems with valid geometric models of the task and environment. The robot or robot teams will need to create these models by performing appropriate sensor actions. Here, an algorithm based on iterative sensor planning and sensor redundancy is proposed to enable them to efficiently build 3D models of the environment and task. The method assumes stationary robotic vehicles with cameras carried by articulated mounts. The algorithm uses the measured scene information to find new camera mount poses based on information content. Issues addressed include model-based multiple sensor data fusion, and uncertainty and vehicle suspension motion compensation. Simulations show the effectiveness of this algorithm.
Students’ Motivation for Standardized Math Exams

The recent No Child Left Behind legislation has defined a vital role for large-scale assessment in determining whether students are learning. Given this increased role of standardized testing as a means of accountability, the purpose of this article is to consider how individual differences in motivational and psychological processes may contribute to performance on high-stakes math assessments. The authors consider individual differences in processes that prior research has found to be important to achievement: achievement goals, value, self-concept, self-efficacy, test anxiety, and cognitive processes. The authors present excerpts from interviews with eighth-grade test takers to illustrate these different achievement-related motivational beliefs, affect, and cognitive processing. Implications for future research studying the situational pressures involved in high-stakes assessments are discussed.
Improved system operation by optimal adjustment of reactive generation in electric power networks

The paper presents a fast converging method for the optimal allocation of capacitors/inductors in a power system, which will minimize its energy losses and improve its voltage profile. The problem is decomposed into investment and operation subproblems and is solved by linear programming based on the Benders decomposition method. The revised simplex method is proposed for the solution of the investment subproblem, and the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method is used to solve the operation subproblem. This procedure has been generalized to represent multiple load levels and contingencies. Potentials of the proposed model and its solution methods have been demonstrated by its application to a typical power system.
Magnetostatic wave propagation in YIG double layers

Calculations are presented for the magnetostatic surface wave propagation characteristics in single-crystal yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) double layers with arbitrary direction of magnetization. The induced uniaxial magnetic anisotropy field is assumed to be different in the two layers; hence, the magnetization in one layer is aligned at an angle with respect to the magnetization direction in the other layer. The magnetostatic field interactions between layers depend on the angle between the two magnetization directions and on the separation between the two YIG layers. The wave propagation directions and time delays in each layer can be strongly affected by the use of an applied magnetic field and the magnetostatic coupling between the two layers, as well as by the uniaxial anisotropy energy in each layer. >
Thermomechanical analysis in electronic packaging with unified constitutive model for materials and joints

A unified constitutive modeling approach based on the disturbed state concept (DSC) provides improved characterization of thermomechanical response of joining (solders), ceramics and printed wire board (PWB) materials in electronic packaging. Various versions in the DSC approach are calibrated and validated with respect to laboratory test data, and are implemented in a nonlinear finite element (FE) procedure. The hierarchical nature of this procedure permits the user to choose a constitutive model, simple (elastic) to sophisticated (elastovisco-plastic with disturbance), depending upon the material and need. The FE is used to analyze thermomechanical behavior of two typical problems: (1) leadless ceramic chip carrier (LCCC) package; (2) solder ball connect (SBC) package. The FE results under cyclic thermal loading are compared with experimental data for the two packages, and with a previous FE analysis for the SBC package. In conjunction with the idea of critical disturbance at which thermal fatigue failure can occur, the analyzes allow identification of cycles to failure, N/sub f/, and evaluation of reliability of the package. In the case of the SBC package, the analysis permits an evaluation of ball spacing on the thermomechanical behavior. The DSC approach can provide an integrated and improved procedure compared to available models for elastic, plastic, creep strains, and microcracking leading to degradation of strength and fatigue failure for a wide range of problems in electronic packaging under thermomechanical loading.
Mass Matrix Ansatz and Flavor Nonconservation in Models with Multiple Higgs Doublets

Motivated by the existence of three fermion generations, we consider models with three Higgs doublets (for each hypercharge). It is shown that, if the basic Yukawa coupling matrices are of the Fritzsch form or some generalizations thereof (two such examples are presented), then the neutral flavor-changing couplings have a hierarchical structure given by ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ \ensuremath{\surd}${m}_{i}$${m}_{j}$ , where ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ is a combination of mixing angles and the ${m}_{i}$'s are the relevant fermion masses. These couplings give a lower bound of the order of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{ds}}$ times 1 TeV on the mass of the exchanged scalar from the neutral-kaon mass difference. If the Higgs-boson mass is not significantly greater than this limit, one expects DD\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} mixing comparable to the present experimental bound.
Evaluation of a Glass Frit Nebulizer for Use in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

A glass frit nebulizer has been designed and constructed specifically for use in flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Its performance has been compared with that of conventional nebulizers using normal flame conditions. The performance level depends strongly on the pore size of the glass frit used. A fine frit is capable of operation at efficiencies close to 100% for low solution introduction rates. The noise level of the absorption signal when the fine glass frit was used was considerably less than that measured for the conventional nebulizer. The use of glass frits with larger pore sizes does not produce efficiency or noise data quite as good as those measured for the fine frit, but does offer extended operating ranges.