cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of data set size on computer-aided diagnosis of breast cancer: comparing decision fusion to a linear discriminant

Data sets with relatively few observations (cases) in medical research are common, especially if the data are expensive or difficult to collect. Such small sample sizes usually do not provide enough information for computer models to learn data patterns well enough for good prediction and generalization. As a model that may be able to maintain good classification performance in the presence of limited data, we used decision fusion. In this study, we investigated the effect of sample size on the generalization ability of both linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and decision fusion. Subsets of large data sets were selected by a bootstrap sampling method, which allowed us to estimate the mean and standard deviation of the classification performance as a function of data set size. We applied the models to two breast cancer data sets and compared the models using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. For the more challenging calcification data set, decision fusion reached its maximum classification performance of AUC = 0.80±0.04 at 50 samples and pAUC = 0.34±0.05 at 100 samples. The LDA reached a lower performance and required many more cases, with a maximum of AUC = 0.68±0.04 and pAUC = 0.12±0.05 at 450 samples. For the mass data set, the two classifiers had more similar performance, with AUC = 0.92±0.02 and pAUC = 0.48±0.02 at 50 samples for decision fusion and AUC = 0.92±0.03 and pAUC = 0.55±0.04 at 500 samples for the LDA.
Acute effects of periarterial sympathectomy on the cutaneous microcirculation

The clinical effects of peripheral sympathectomy on patients with vaso-occlusive disease are often dramatic and include relief of pain, improved quality of life, and healing of ulcers. Peripheral periarterial sympathectomy is known to increase skin temperature and to maximize the nutritional component of peripheral blood flow, but the pathophysiology of vaso-occlusive disease and the physiologic mechanisms of this treatment are unknown. In this study, the acute effects of periarterial sympathectomy were directly observed in a rabbit ear model of digital microcirculation (arterioles, arteriovenous anastomoses, and venules). The effects of periarterial sympathectomy on cutaneous perfusion and total flow were also examined using laser Doppler perfusion imaging and digital temperature measurements. The central auricular artery became dilated (50-100%) immediately after sympathectomy; the arterioles, arteriovenous anastomoses, and venules dilated to 165, 156, and 223%, respectively, at 30 minutes and to 187, 174, and 204%, respectively, at 60 minutes, relative to their baseline diameters prior to sympathectomy. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging values and ear temperatures were noted to increase after sympathectomy (8.9%, 3 degrees C), although the core temperature of the rabbit did not change. Thus, acute periarterial sympathectomy can (a) effectively reduce the vascular tone of the distal microvasculature and (b) increase total microcirculatory perfusion-cutaneous and thermoregulatory-by both venular and arteriolar dilation. Periarterial sympathectomy has the clinical potential to increase nutritional blood flow, thereby ameliorating the signs and symptoms of ischemia associated with thermoregulatory abnormalities. Dilation of the arteriovenous anastomoses, with a subsequent reduction in vascular resistance, may contribute to the increased cutaneous temperature noted after sympathectomy.
African Americans on television: Twenty‐five years after Kerner

Civil rights and urban rebellions in the 1960s illuminated discrimination on television. The Kerner Commission recommended an increase in the number of African Americans among newscasters and in television fiction. We used content analysis to examine 142 African Americans in 44 prime‐time fiction series broadcast in 1993 and found lingering residues of racism and sexism. Most African Americans were in situation comedies with undeveloped characterizations; males outnumbered females and occupied more significant positions. The traditional black buffoon was absent.
Leaf of paradise?: the intricate effects of khat in Madagascar

Purpose –Khat is a bushy plant whose leaves are chewed for a mild amphetamine effect. The purpose of this paper is to investigate khat's multiple effects, broadly defined to include impacts on producers, traders, and consumers, as well as on the biophysical environment, in northern Madagascar. Design/methodology/approach – This primarily ethnographic study (conducted from 2004 to 2010), includes observation, semi-structured interviews, and orally administered questionnaires. Findings – Khat's effects include strain on the household budgets of consumers, but increased earnings to producers and traders. In addition, there is some evidence of consumers’ strained primary social relationships, yet khat chewing is also positively linked with new forms of urban multiethnic identity. Research limitations/implications – To evaluate a drug's overall effects, it is critical to understand it within wide-ranging political, economic, biological, and cultural contexts. Many studies of drugs focus on only one component. ...
A novel impact modifier system for vinyl siding and profile substrate

The use of a newly developed ABS impact modifier in coextruded vinyl siding and window profile substrate is discussed. Considerations of toughness at room and low temperature, output, reduced lubricant levels, and weatherability of the finished siding are reviewed. Actual outdoor weathering results are presented, along with long-term heat aging tests, showing the modifier to have good property retention characteristics.
Concentrations of noradrenaline at neuronal uptake sites during sympathetic nervous inhibition and activation in rabbits.

Abstract Concentrations of noradrenaline at peripheral neuronal uptake sites were examined during sustained changes in sympathetic nervous activity produced by intracisternal infusion of yohimbine or clonidine in conscious rabbits. The gradient between concentrationsof noradrenaline in plasma and at neuronal uptake sites was estimated by comparing the formation of the intraneuronal metabolite of noradrenaline, dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), from intravenously infused and endogenously released noradrenaline. At resting levels of sympathetic activity the noradrenaline concentration at neuronal uptake sites (4.2 ± 0.5 nmol/l) was 3.4-fold greater than the concentration in arterial plasma (1.3 ± 0.1 nmol/l). Noradrenaline at neuronal uptake sites increased to 9.4 ± 1.3 nmol/l after yohimbine and decreased to 2.4 ± 0.1 nmol/l after clonidine. The noradrenaline concentration gradient was not altered by intracisternal infusion of yohimbine or clonidine. Thus, a positive linear relationship ( r = 0.97) was observed between concentrations of noradrenaline at neuronal uptake sites and in plasma. The gradient was positively related to the efficiency of noradrenaline reuptake ( r = 0.81). The results show that arterial plasma concentrations of noradrenaline are considerably less than concentrations close to sites of release, but accurately reflect changes in amounts of noradrenaline at release sites during sustained changes in sympathetic activity. The gradient in noradrenaline concentrations between neuronal uptake sites and plasma is largely dependent on the efficiency of neuronal reuptake. Since the gradient is not altered by sympathetic nervous inhibition or activation, the proportion of noradrenaline removed by neuronal and extraneuronal uptake does not appear to be altered by moderate changes in transmitter release.
Effect of pentazocine on pressor responses of epinephrine and levarterenol

In rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, pentazocine potentiated the pressor response of two exogenous amines, epinephrine and levarterenol. Although the mechanism for the pentazocine-induced potentiation of the pressor amines has not been proven, it is speculated that pentazocine may increase the blood pressure response of certain amines by interacting with the sympathetic nervous system.
The effect of the phase transition on the hydration and electrical conductivity of phospholipids.

Abstract Adsorption isotherms for various saturated phosphatidylcholines have been obtained. Lipids above and below their phase transition temperature differ only in the amount of water adsorbed and not in the nature of their adsorption isotherms. Cholesterol has an effect similar to that of increasing unsaturation in the hydrocarbon chains. Decreasing the length of the hydrocarbon chains for lipids below their phase transition temperature has no effect on the isotherms. If the chain length is short enough so that the lipids are above their transition temperature, however, a large increase in water adsorption occuŕs. All of the phospholipids exhibit a rapid increase of electrical conductivity for a few water molecules adsorbed per lipid molecule. All of the phospholipids show a saturation in conductivity at greater amounts of adsorbed water; the shape of the saturation region depends on whether the lipids are above or below their phase transition temperature. The activation energy for the electrical conductivity process depends on whether the hydrated lipids are in the “liquid-like” or the crystalline state, being lower for phospholipids in the liquid-like state. If the lipids are hydrated above their phase transition temperatures, their activation energies are lower than if they are hydrated below the transition temperature. Cholesterol lowers the activation energy. The phosphatidylcholines can be characterized by different activation energies, depending both upon their physical state and the presence of unsaturation in their hydrocarbon chains.
Beyond the classical: influenza virus and the elucidation of alternative MHC class II-restricted antigen processing pathways.

CD4+ T cells (TCD4+) are activated by peptides, generally 13–17 amino acids in length, presented at the cell surface in combination with highly polymorphic MHC class II molecules. According to the classical model, these peptides are generated by endosomal digestion of internalized antigen and loaded onto MHC class II molecules in the late endosome. Historically, this “exogenous” pathway has been defined through the extensive use of purified proteins. However, the relatively recent use of clinically relevant antigens, those of influenza virus in our case, has revealed several additional pathways of peptide production, including some that are truly “endogenous”, entailing synthesis of the protein within the infected cell. Indeed, some peptides appear to be created only via endogenous processing. The cell biology that underlies these alternative pathways remains poorly understood as do their relative contributions to defence against infectious agents and cancer, and the triggering of autoimmune diseases.
Coulomb Excitation of Levels in Se 77

An investigation has been made of the gamma rays which de-excite levels of ${\mathrm{Se}}^{77}$ that have been Coulomb excited by means of variable-energy alpha particles (2.1 to 8.0 Mev). The energies (in kev), spins and parities, and $B{(E2)}_{\mathrm{ex}}'\mathrm{s}$ (in units of ${e}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{4}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}50}$) found for the levels are: 242\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2, $\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{-}$, and 18.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.6; 248\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5, $\frac{5}{2}\ensuremath{-}$, and 0.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09; 440\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4, $\frac{5}{2}\ensuremath{-}$, and 25.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7; and 515\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8, $\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{-}$, and 1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2. New evidence for the two close-lying levels at 242 and 248 kev has been provided by coincidence studies. A comparison of the $B{(E2)}_{\mathrm{ex}}'\mathrm{s}$ to the $B{(E2)}_{\mathrm{sp}}$ suggests that the 242- and 440-kev levels result from collective excitations of the ground-state configuration, and that the 248- and 515-kev levels result from changes in the ground-state configuration. Besides the ground-state transitions from these Coulomb-excited levels, gamma rays with energies of 87, 161, 203, and 283 kev were observed. Excitation curves of the 87- and 161-kev transitions indicate that they cascade from the 248-kev level. From the measurements of the gamma-ray angular distributions, values for ${(\frac{E2}{M1})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ of 0.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 and 0.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 were obtained, respectively, for the 242-kev gamma ray and for the 203-kev gamma ray, which originates at the 440-kev level.
VARIATIONS IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERCUTANEOUSLY APPLIED ANDROGENS IN THE RAT1

IT is KNOWN that estrogens are absorbed through the skin and produce systemic effects (1–5). It is fairly well established that estrogens are more effectively absorbed in the rat when applied in lipoid solvents such as benzene or alcohol than when dissolved in an oil or ointment (2–4). It has been demonstrated that in the rat or mouse non-esterified estrogens given percutaneously in alcohol are more effective than when given subcutaneously in oil (4). Contradictory conclusions have been reached concerning the percutaneous effectiveness of the androgens. Moore, Lamar and Beck (6) state that in the rat testc sterone is more effective percutaneously in ointment than subcutaneously in oil. Zondek and Sulman (7) state that testosterone is more effective in the rat subcutaneously in oil than percutaneously in alcohol. They obtained no effect with testosterone percutaneously in oil. Moore, Lamar and Beck found that testosterone in ointment is more effective percutaneously than testosterone propionate in ointment...
Caligula-Christ: Preliminary Study of a Parallel

Caligula, at the very beginning of the Albert Camus play, conceives a very ambitious project; to surpass the gods and take their place in his empire, in order to decree impossibility. Camus has, however, gone a step further in developing the god-image of his main character through the incorporation of much Christian imagery into the scenes. This aspect of the play seems not to have been noticed by Camus scholars; there is no in-depth study of the use of this imagery. However, Camus scholar Patricia Johnson and the members of the Societe des etudes camusiennes have noted the usefulness of the analysis presented here and the absence of it in previous research. This study, designated as “preliminary,” attempts to prompt further analyses of the question and offers different approaches. It proceeds by intertextual study of Caligula and the gospels (here referred to in Revised Standard Version) and brings out aspects of the emperor’s intentions that expose a combination of perversion and similarity in relation to deity. It briefly outlines the sources of this parallel and the reasons for creating it, then details the parallels that show first the reversal of the image of Jesus, then the striking consonance. It ends with interpretations of the parallels and concludes with commentaries on the use of irony
Cooperative localization using angle of arrival measurements in non-line-of-sight environments

We investigate localization of a transmitting node using angle of arrival (AoA) measurements made at a geographically dispersed network of cooperating receivers with known locations. A low-complexity sequential algorithm for updating the source location estimates under line-of-sight (LOS) environments is developed. This serves as a building block for an algorithm that suppresses outliers arising due to multipath scattering and reflection in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios. Maximal likelihood (ML) location estimation requires exhaustive testing of estimates from all possible subsets of measurements. We avoid this by utilizing a randomized algorithm that approaches the ML performance at a complexity that is only quadratic in the number of measurements. The localization error is proportional in the AoA error variance and coverage area, and can be reduced by an increase in the number of estimates with a strong LOS component.
Testicular chromatin activation in hypophysectomized rats.

Abstract Incorporation of labeled thymidine into testicular DNA of hypophysectomized rats began to increase after the administration of testosterone propionate and choriogenic gonadotrophin. While the thymidine incorporation reached maximum in 4 days, the DNA polymerase activity did not culminate until 8 days after the initiation of hormone treatment. The high molecular weight (6–8 S), presumably cytoplasmic DNA polymerase accounted almost entirely for this increase. Administration of testosterone propionate and chorionic gonadotrophin to hypophysectomized rats results in an increase of testicular RNA polymerase and chromatin templating activity. Chain elongation and initiation studies revealed that the increased templating capacity of androgen-stimulated testicular chromatin was almost entirely caused by the increase in the number of initiation sites. While the nuclear polymerase I responded relatively rapidly to hormone stimulation and reached a prominent maximum in about three days, the activity of polymerase II was more sluggish and not as prominent. The in vivo incorporation of ortho[ 32 P]phosphate into chromosomal phosphoproteins occurred early during the androgen treatment and reached a maximum in about 20 h. The protein phosphokinase activity peaked later, approx. 72 h after the first administration of hormones.
A Resource Allocation Scheme for Heterogeneous Networks Using Dynamic Programming Approach

In this paper, we propose a resource allocation scheme for interference management in heterogeneous networks. We particularly consider downlink interference from a Home eNB (HeNB) to macrocell user equipments (MUEs) in the coverage of the traditional macrocell basestation (MBS). By overhearing uplink feedback information from MUEs and Home User Equipments (HUEs) together with downlink control information (DCI) from the MBS, the HeNB formulates a dynamic programming problem with the objective of maximizing the total reward over an infinite horizon. By exploiting the feedback information as well as the DCI at the HeNB, we show that the solution of the dynamic programming problem follows a greedy policy at the HeNB, which simplifies the solution of the infinite horizon dynamic programming problem. We also examine the effect of uncertainty in the feedback information on the performance of our proposed scheme.
Studies of plastic-ablator compressibility for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion on OMEGA.

The compression of planar plastic targets was studied with x-ray radiography in the range of laser intensities of $I\ensuremath{\sim}0.5$ to $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ using square (low-compression) and shaped (high-compression) pulses. Two-dimensional simulations with the radiative hydrocode DRACO show good agreement with measurements at laser intensities up to $I\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{15}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. These results provide the first experimental evidence for low-entropy, adiabatic compression of plastic shells in the laser intensity regime relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. A density reduction near the end of the drive at a high intensity of $I\ensuremath{\sim}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ has been correlated with the hard x-ray signal caused by hot electrons from two-plasmon-decay instability.
Investigation of benzene oxide in bone marrow and other tissues of F344 rats following metabolism of benzene in vitro and in vivo.

This study examines the initial activation of benzene, exploring key aspects of its metabolism by measurement of benzene oxide (BO) and BO-protein adducts in vitro and in vivo. To assess the potential influence of various factors on the production of BO, microsomes were prepared from tissues that were either targets of benzene toxicity, i.e. the bone marrow and Zymbal glands, or not targets, i.e. liver and kidneys, of control and acetone-treated F344 rats. No BO or phenol was detected in microsomal preparations of bone marrow or Zymbal glands (less than 0.007 nmol BO/mg protein and 0.7 nmol phenol/mg protein). On the other hand, BO and phenol were readily detected in preparations of liver and kidney microsomes and acetone pretreatment resulted in a 2-fold (kidney) increase or 3.7-fold (liver) increase in production of these metabolites. Initial rates of BO production in the liver isolates were 30 (control) to 50 (acetone-treated) times higher than in the corresponding kidney tissues. The estimated half-life of BO in bone marrow homogenates was 6.0 min and the second-order reaction rate constant was estimated to be 1.35 x 10(-3) l (g bone marrow)(-1) (h)(-1). These kinetic constants were used with measurements of BO-bone marrow adducts in F344 rats, receiving a single gavage dosage of 50-400 mg benzene (kg body weight)(-1) (McDonald, T.M., et al. (1994), Cancer Res. 54, 4907-4914), to predict the bone marrow dose of BO. Among the rats receiving 400 mg (kg body weight) (-1), a BO dose of 1.13 x 10(3) nM BO-h was estimated for the bone marrow, or roughly 40% of the corresponding blood dose predicted from BO-albumin adducts. Together these data suggest that, although BO is not produced at detectable levels in the bone marrow or Zymbal glands of F344 rats, BO is rapidly distributed via the bloodstream to these tissues where it may play a role in toxicity.
Determination of Tag Return from Recaptured Fish by Sequential Examination for Tags

Abstract A method for determining the percentage of recaptured tagged fish that are represented by returned tags is developed for cases in which the tags are examined sequentially, such as at the time of harvesting and then at the time of processing. Experimental evaluation of the return percentage at the last point of examination, combined with estimates of tags lost or removed and not returned, enables one to work backward through the examination stages and determine the return percentages. Variance estimates for the parameters are developed and the procedure is illustrated with data on skipjack tuna Euthynnus pelamis.
A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY-MAKING FOR END-OF-CYCLE PRODUCT MANAGEMENT

As they make decisions about collective goods, policy makers strive to apply objective standards to complex environmental issues. This challenge requires the use of analytic methods that can include the multiple dimensions of such complex problems. Life-cycle analysis is a physical model that is widely recognised for its utility in investigating and improving the environmental impacts across the supply chain. However, models such as environmental life-cycle analysis are insufficient by themselves for policy-making because they do not formally include the interdependent, dynamic, often socioeconomic choices that influence supply-chain firms, and thus affect environmental outcomes. We show that game theory can be applied to improve environmental policy-making for the end-of-cycle stages of supply chains by strategically considering environmental and economic incentives. These incentives are often dependant on previous life-cycle stages while affecting future life-cycle stages. We demonstrate these techniques with a case study of open-loop (out-of-network) pallet systems for shipping consumer goods while also discussing the remaining challenges.
Tests of Dynamic Extensions to a Family of Trip Table Refinement Methods

This paper addresses the problem of using traffic counts to ascertain dynamic origin-destination (O-D) tables when dynamic traffic assignments are performed within a traffic window. A family of dynamic O-D trip table estimation methods containing two previously unexplored members (single factor and biproportional) is proposed to solve this problem. The family is tested on a traffic network for the US-45 corridor in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The tests show that dynamic traffic assignments can be made to match ground counts by a dynamic extension to a technique conceptually similar to Fratar factoring of both origins and destinations from a static O-D table. The two methods that directly solve for origin or destination factors have computational and statistical advantages over whole-table dynamic O-D trip table estimation procedures. Both methods have results that can be readily interpreted.
Constrained total-energy calculations: Ferrimagnetism and antiferromagnetism in b.c.c. manganese

Abstract A new ground state for b.c.c. Mn is found by an extension of the fixed-spin-moment procedure in total-energy band theory. The ground state for a magnetic unit cell with the CsCl structure is shown to be ferrimagnetic over a range of lattice constant slightly expanded from equilibrium. Over the same range, the antiferromagnetic state is shown to be unstable. Connections of the ferrimagnetic state to the complex structure of α-Mn are suggested.
A general class of nonlinear normalized adaptive filtering algorithms

The normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm is an important variant of the classical LMS algorithm for adaptive linear filtering. It possesses many advantages over the LMS algorithm, including having a faster convergence and providing for an automatic time-varying choice of the LMS stepsize parameter that affects the stability, steady-state mean square error (MSE), and convergence speed of the algorithm. An auxiliary fixed step-size that is often introduced in the NLMS algorithm has the advantage that its stability region (step-size range for algorithm stability) is independent of the signal statistics. In this paper, we generalize the NLMS algorithm by deriving a class of nonlinear normalized LMS-type (NLMS-type) algorithms that are applicable to a wide variety of nonlinear filter structures. We obtain a general nonlinear NLMS-type algorithm by choosing an optimal time-varying step-size that minimizes the next-step MSE at each iteration of the general nonlinear LMS-type algorithm. As in the linear case, we introduce a dimensionless auxiliary step-size whose stability range is independent of the signal statistics. The stability region could therefore be determined empirically for any given nonlinear filter type. We present computer simulations of these algorithms for two specific nonlinear filter structures: Volterra filters and the previously proposed class of Myriad filters. These simulations indicate that the NLMS-type algorithms, in general, converge faster than their LMS-type counterparts.
Stem cells in modern medicine: Reality or myth?

The affliction of acute and chronic diseases, the aging process, and trauma are all responsible for a decline in tissue and organ function that often is life limiting. While solid organ transplantation has been lifesaving for thousands of patients, its greatest limitation, a disparity between organ supply and patient needs, has continued to widen over the past decade. This escalating chasm between clinical need and organ donor supply leaves thousands of patients untreated and has spawned investigation into novel therapies aimed at restoring or improving cellular function. Over the past few decades, the increasing validation and exponential growth of stem cell biology has created considerable excitement and hope that stem cells can be used for transplantation, gene therapy, and even tissue regeneration or organogenesis. At the current time, however, the clinical application of stem cell based therapies remains limited. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of stem cell biology and examine its integration into the contemporary practice of medicine.
‘Heaven for disabled people’: nationalism and international human rights imagery

This essay explores the production, dissemination and promotion of disability imagery by an international human rights organization mobilizing national shame and shock effect as well as nation states seeking to use disabled people to make political points about their societies. The essay analyzes and critiques the idealization of ‘the developed world’ and the disavowal of ‘the developing world’, and discusses human rights films in Eastern Europe; the discourse about the US as the world leader in disability rights; and Chinese and South Korean disabled activists’ resistance against the governmental propaganda nearing their Paralympics. Resisting static and timeless generalizations about nation states is crucial to promoting a transnational communication on the human rights of disabled people and making connections among diverse, imaginative, conflicting, and ambiguous self‐representations of disabled people around the world.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Carbide Using a Novel Organometallic Precursor

Dense silicon carbide films have been prepared by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) using a volatile, heterocyclic, carbosilane precursor, MeHSiCH2SiCH2Me(CH2SiMeH2). At deposition temperatures between 700 and 800° C, polycrystalline, stoichiometric SiC films have been deposited on single crystal silicon and fused silica substrates. Optical microscopy and SEM analyses indicated formation of a transparent yellow film with a uniform, featureless surface and good adherence to the Si(lll) substrate. The results of preliminary studies of the nature of the gaseous by-products of the CVD processes and ultrahigh vacuum physisorption and decomposition of the precursor on Si(100) substrates are discussed.
Revealing the role of privilege in free markets, equality‐under‐law and sustainability

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide techniques for distinguishing and analyzing privileges. With privileges revealed and categorized, the article provides an analysis of the impact different kinds of privileges have on free markets, equality‐under‐the‐law, and environmental sustainability. From this analysis arise recommendations for public policy aimed at improving efficiency and equality‐of‐opportunity in markets while encouraging more environmentally sustainable corporate behavior.Design/methodology/approach – The article calls upon a technique from sociology (“unpacking a knapsack”) to begin this exploration of privilege. It then uses the Harris‐Twomey typology to categorize various kinds of privilege and analyze their impact on free markets, equality‐under‐the‐law, and sustainability. The article uses examples to illustrate the importance of understanding the impact of privileges in developing effective public policy.Findings – It is difficult to distinguish otherwise “invisible” priv...
The suicide mortality of working physicians and dentists

BACKGROUND: Some studies have shown that physicians and dentists have elevated risks of suicide, while other studies have not. AIMS: Using all deaths and corresponding census data in 26 US states, we examine the suicide risk for working physicians and dentists. METHODS: Death and census data for working people were obtained from 1984 through 1992. Directly age-standardized suicide rate ratios (SRRs) were calculated for white male and white female physicians and white male dentists. RESULTS: For white female physicians, the suicide rate was elevated compared to the working US population (SRR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.52-3.77). For white male physicians and dentists, the overall suicide rates were reduced (SRR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.53-1.20 and 0.68, 95% CI = 0.52-0.89, respectively). For older white male physicians and dentists, however, observed suicide rates were elevated. CONCLUSIONS: White female physicians have an elevated suicide rate. Only older white male physicians and dentists have elevated suicide rates, which partially explains the varied conclusions in the literature. Language: en
Assessing the potential for urban trees to facilitate forest tree migration in the eastern United States.

Latitudinal shifts in tree species distributions are a potential impact of climate change on forest ecosystems. It has been hypothesized that some tree species may become extirpated as climate change effects may exceed their migration ability. The goal of this study was to compare tree species compositions in northern urban areas to tree compositions in forestland areas in the eastern U.S. as an indicator of the potential for urban trees to facilitate future forest tree species migration. Results indicated that a number of tree species native to eastern U.S. forests of southern latitudes are currently present in northern urban forests. The biomass density (Mg/ha) of urban tree species is typically less than half of forestland densities with the majority of urban tree species found in nearby (<100 km) forestland. Urban tree propagation is often facilitated by humans, whereas the necessary pollinators and agents of tree seed dispersal in forestlands may be lacking regardless of climate change. It is suggested that urban areas may serve divergent, dual roles as both a native tree seed source and refuge for a limited number of forestland tree species, but also a facilitator of non-native tree invasion.
When anger leads to aggression: induction of relative left frontal cortical activity with transcranial direct current stimulation increases the anger–aggression relationship

The relationship between anger and aggression is imperfect. Based on work on the neuroscience of anger, we predicted that anger associated with greater relative left frontal cortical activation would be more likely to result in aggression. To test this hypothesis, we combined transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the frontal cortex with interpersonal provocation. Participants received insulting feedback after 15 min of tDCS and were able to aggress by administering noise blasts to the insulting participant. Individuals who received tDCS to increase relative left frontal cortical activity behaved more aggressively when they were angry. No relation between anger and aggression was observed in the increase relative right frontal cortical activity or sham condition. These results concur with the motivational direction model of frontal asymmetry, in which left frontal activity is associated with anger. We propose that anger with approach motivational tendencies is more likely to result in aggression.
EUD but not QED.

It has become common practice in radiotherapy treatment planning to equate and confuse the terms “conformal treatment planning” or “inverse treatment planning” with “optimized treatment planning.” Indeed, the term “optimized treatment planning” implies that the treatment planning team of dosimetrists, physicists, and radiation oncologists actually knows a priori what the optimal treatment plan for a particular patient really is, and that the computer can derive such a plan if given a set of design specifications. The paper by Wu et al. questions this notion, and in particular, points out that virtually all inverse treatment planning systems erroneously imply that treatment plans are optimized by dint of the fact that a certain arbitrary score or objective function defined by the treatment planner has been minimized. These score functions are usually defined by dose– volume constraints for the planning target volume and surrounding normal tissues plus penalty values for not meeting these constraints. Less frequently, the score function is based on a radiobiologic model that relates the radiation dose to tissue response. Although conceptually more appealing (the patient is, after all, a biologic system and not a dosimeter), such biologic scoring functions are invariably based on extremely incomplete and often questionable clinical or laboratory data. Thus, for dosimetric-based inverse planning, the claim that a treatment plan is optimized rests on the assumptions that the treatment planning team knows:
The impact of the hormonal milieu and stress-associated hypothalamic dopaminergic activation on the rapid compensatory adrenal growth in cycling female rats.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the impact of emotional and surgical stress applied in two hormonally different estrous-cycle phases as well as the hypothalamic dopaminergic involvement on the rapid compensatory adrenal growth (CAG) and the individual adrenal growth (IAG) in rats. DESIGN: After surgery for left and sham adrenalectomy (Adx) carried out on either diestrus-2 (DE-2) or proestrus (PE), CAG and IAG were evaluated in PE or estrus (E), respectively. Hypothalamic dopaminergic activity was also assessed by measuring dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in DE-2, PE and E in controls and in PE and E in sham and left adrenalectomized rats. All groups experienced similar chronic emotional stress assessed by the emotional reactivity score recorded during vaginal screening. RESULTS: In controls, DOPAC levels in DE-2 were higher than in PE and E. In PE, following surgery in DE-2, DOPAC levels and DOPAC/DA ratio were increased compared to PE controls; CAG was not significant, while negative correlations of IAG and CAG with DOPAC/DA ratio were observed. In E, CAG and IAG were significant, while dopaminergic activity was not increased compared to E controls. CONCLUSIONS: The significant CAG and IAG following left Adx in PE but not in DE-2 suggest a pronounced positive impact of the hormonal milieu on this process. The profound attenuation of CAG and IAG in PE suggests a negative effect of stress-associated dopaminergic activation.
Challenge of balancing alcohol intake.

tweenalcoholandmortalityinanobservationalstudyofnearly86,000 women without major disease at the study’s outset. In that study, alcohol intake had a U-shaped association with mortality. The risk of dying as a result of any cause was decreased for women who were moderate drinkers, compared with nondrinkers; the RR for alcohol consumption of 5.0 to 14.9 g/d (0.5 to 1.5 drinks per day) was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.99), and was similar for 15.0 to 29.9 g/d (1.5 to 2 drinksperday),withanRRof0.89(95%CI,0.77to1.02),whereasthe risk of dying as a result of any cause was slightly increased for those drinking 30 g/d (2 drinks per day), with an RR of 1.19 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.38). Analyzing the data for specific causes of death revealed that,comparedwithnondrinkers,theriskofdyingfrombreastcancer increased over the alcohol-intake ranges of 5.0 to 14.9 g/d (RR, 0.96; CI,0.71to1.32),15.0to29.9g/d(RR,1.37;CI,0.96to1.96),and30 g/d(RR,1.67;CI,1.10to2.53).However,theriskofdyingasaresultof cardiovascular disease was decreased over the entire range: the RRs were0.73(95%CI,0.56to0.95),0.66(95%CI,0.47to0.93),and0.74 (95% CI, 0.51 to 1.08) for the same categories, respectively. 18 In this study of initially healthy women, the U-shaped relationship between total mortality and alcohol intake in this range represents the balance betweentwocompetingforces:moderatealcoholintakeincreasingthe risk of dying as a result of breast cancer, while decreasing the risk of dyingasaresultofcardiovasculardisease.Optimaloverallsurvivalwas observedwiththeintakeof5.0to14.9g/d,or0.5to1.5drinksperday. With early detection and modern treatments, prognoses for US women with early-stage breast cancer are excellent. Overall, 89% will live more than 5 years after their breast cancer diagnosis, including
Cloning and functional expression of an (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase cDNA from peel tissue of apple fruit

Increased production of terpenes and many other aroma-related volatiles occurs with the onset of ripening in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit. The gaseous plant hormone ethylene plays a key role in the induction of volatile synthesis, but the mechanism is not yet understood. Using a degenerate primer based on a short conserved sequence shared by several sesquiterpene synthases, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction with RNA isolated from peel tissue of ‘Law Rome’ apples yielded an approx. 800-bp gene fragment. This was used to screen a cDNA library generated from the peel tissue mRNA. A full-length terpene synthase (TS) cDNA 1,931 nucleotides long was isolated. The 1,728-bp open reading frame encodes a protein 576 amino acids long with a molecular mass of 66 kDa. Sequence analysis of the apple TS showed it to be most similar to several monoterpene synthases. Oddly, the TS includes an RR(X8)W motif near the N-terminus that is common among monoterpene synthases but it lacks the plastid transit peptide sequence typically associated with genes of that group. Expression of the apple TS gene in Escherichia coli gave myc-epitope-tagged and untagged proteins estimated at approx. 68 and approx. 66 kDa, respectively. In assays of sesquiterpene synthase activity, with farnesyl diphosphate as substrate, the untagged bacterially expressed TS gene product synthesized (E,E)-α-farnesene almost exclusively. In monoterpene synthase assays, with geranyl diphosphate as substrate, the untagged apple TS produced only (E)-β-ocimene, albeit at much reduced levels. Addition of a C-terminal myc tag appeared to completely prevent production of soluble protein under all of the expression conditions tested. This is the first report of an (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase gene (AFS1; GenBank accession number AY182241) from a flowering plant. RNA gel blots showed that AFS1 transcript increased about 4-fold in peel tissue of apple fruit during the first 4 weeks of storage at 0.5°C. In contrast, when fruit were treated at harvest with 1-methylcyclopropene, a blocker of ethylene action, AFS1 mRNA declined sharply over the initial 4 weeks of cold storage, and fell to nearly undetectable levels by 8 weeks.
Hexaferrite slant and slot MIMO antenna element for mobile devices

A hexaferrite slant and slot multiple-input multiple-output antenna with miniature antenna elements was simulated, fabricated, and characterized for antenna performance. Measured return loss and isolation were −33.9/−26.6 dB (for antenna 1/antenna 2) and −18.6 dB at 2.45 GHz, respectively. Measured bandwidth was 454/502 MHz at VSWR < 3. Correlation coefficient between antenna elements calculated from experimental S-parameters was less than 0.00085 between 2.4 and 2.5 GHz. Radiation efficiency of the antennas was measured to be 82% at 2.45 GHz. The antennas have two lobes, omnidirectional, and flower patterns for potential mobile device applications. Simulated and measured antenna performance was found to be in good agreement with each other. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:551–554, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27370
Time course of extracellular dopamine and behavioral sensitization to cocaine. I. Dopamine axon terminals

Repeated administration of cocaine to rodents produces a progressive augmentation in motor activity known as behavioral sensitization. By using microdialysis in the ventral striatum, some studies have found that the development of behavioral sensitization is associated with a similar augmentation in dopamine release, while others have not. It was postulated that differences in doses and withdrawal periods may account for the discrepancies between studies. Rats were behaviorally sensitized to daily peripheral injections using two cocaine treatment regimens (15 mg/kg, i.p. x 5 d or 30 mg/kg, i.p. x 5 d). Using in vivo microdialysis in the ventral striatum, the effect of acute cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) on extracellular dopamine content and motor behavior was examined at various times after discontinuing daily treatments. Twenty-four hours after discontinuing the low dose of daily cocaine, the increase in motor activity and extracellular dopamine elicited by an acute cocaine challenge was significantly elevated. In contrast, following the higher daily treatment regimen there was a significant augmentation in motor activity, but the increase in extracellular dopamine produced by cocaine was significantly reduced. When rats were challenged 10-14 d after discontinuing either dosage regimen of daily cocaine, the increase in both motor activity and extracellular dopamine was augmented. In general, the increase in extracellular dopamine by an acute cocaine challenge increased over time when rats were challenged between 1 and 22 d after discontinuing daily cocaine. Basal concentrations of extracellular dopamine were determined by measuring the in vivo flux of dopamine across the dialysis membrane, and there was no significant difference at 24 hr or 2 weeks following the last daily injection of saline or cocaine. It is concluded that behavioral sensitization to cocaine is generally associated with an augmentation in extracellular dopamine in the ventral striatum, but that high doses of daily cocaine produce apparent tolerance to the augmentation in extracellular dopamine during the early withdrawal period.
The variability of naturally occurring magnetic field levels: 10 Hz to 8 kHz

The variability of naturally occurring magnetic fields in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 8 kHz over a period of one year was studied. Contour plots for the Hx , Hy , and Hz components and for frequencies of 10, 100, 1000, 2000, and 8000 Hz were produced. Average, minimum, maximum, and the standard deviations of these fields were also calculated for 12 distinctive time intervals. In the 1– to 8–kHz frequency range, the noise levels are typically higher at night. In the 10- to 100-Hz frequency range, the noise levels are typically higher during the day. During mid- to late-summer, there is frequent thunderstorm activity, known in the southwest United States as the monsoon season. The magnetic field levels are often very high during this time period. These variability ranges can be used to estimate the lowest levels of noise that may be encountered during field surveys, which iswhat the authors are looking for when running controlled-source electrical method surveys. These variability ranges can also be u...
Effects of Reproductive Burden on Endurance Performance in Side-Blotched Lizards (Uta Stansburiana)

Abstract Reproduction can impose “costs” associated with the burden of carrying developing embryos or eggs. Numerous studies using squamate reptiles have documented a reduction in locomotor performance related to reproduction. Recently several experimental studies have attempted to determine whether the reduction in locomotor performance is physical or physiological. However, no consensus has been reached, and there is evidence that effects are species specific. In addition, no previous studies have documented whether the reduction in performance is consistent from year to year. For this study, we measured the endurance performance on a motorized treadmill of Side-Blotched Lizards (Uta stansburiana) during their natural breeding season over two years. Our goals for this study were to determine (1) to what degree reproductive state reduces endurance, (2) whether females recover endurance capacity quickly (evidence of physical burden only), and (3) whether the change in performance associated with reproduct...
A New Genus—Forcipata—and Nine New Species of Typhlocybine Leafhoppers Closely Allied to Dikraneura (Cicadellidae: Homoptera)

For several years certain Dikraneura leafhoppers have been commonly collected from grass habitats. These leafhoppers are characterized by having the male plates contiguous at the base and the inner margins convexly rounded outwardly so that the middle portion of the plates are widely separated but they curve together at the apex and are differently shaped from the triangular plates of Dikraneura. This character has been considered as a specific one and all specimens of this type have been placed under the name Dikraneura fieberi Loew. Recent study of this material has revealed the fact that this character is generic and several species are undescribed in the material collected in the United States. Furthermore, examination of materials forwarded for study by W. E. China from the British Museum demonstrates that neither similis nor fieberi , the latter of which Dr. Eger has considered as synonymous with similis , occur in North America, if we may judge from material examined in many collections from all parts of the United States and Canada.