cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Deriving Ocean Surface Specific Humidity and Air Temperature: An Artificial Neural Network Approach

Abstract A new methodology for deriving monthly averages of surface specific humidity (Qa) and air temperature (Ta) is described. Two main aspects characterize the new approach. First, remotely sensed parameters, total precipitable water (W), and sea surface temperature (SST) are used to derive Qa and Ta. Second, artificial neural networks (ANN) are employed to find transfer functions relating the input (W, SST) and output (Qa and Ta) parameters. Input data consist of nearly six years (January 1988–November 1993) of monthly averages of total precipitable water from Special Sensor Microwave/Imager data and sea surface temperature analysis from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Surface marine observations of Qa and Ta are used to develop and evaluate the new methodology. The performance of the algorithm is measured with surface marine observations not used in the development phase. Higher seasonally dependent discrepancies between Qa and Ta derived from the new method and in situ data are o...
The chemical and physical nature of plant surfaces in relation to the use of pesticides and to their residues

One aspect of the agricultural revolution of the twentieth century that is proving to be a mixed blessing is the widescale use of pesticides. On the beneficial side are the great many instances of increased production that have resulted. On the other side are the many misuses that have resulted in injuries and death, and the wide array of residue problems of varying degrees of seriousness. The nature of plant surfaces is important from both aspects; effectiveness of many pesticides, particulary the systemic insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides is related to their penetration and subsequent translocation; the amounts and nature of pesticide residues on or in plant parts on the other hand may be intimately related to the composition of plant cuticle. Pesticides now include a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds such that generalizations and accurate predictions with respect to their distribution and metabolic fate in plants is extremely difficult. It is apparent that many of the phenomena which are involved in the retention, absorption, accumulation and persistence of pesticides are not well understood. Not only do the physical and chemical properties of compounds and mixtures differ widely but plant surfaces are known to be highly complex and variable as well, having protuberances of many forms, wax crystals and rodlets of innumerable types, cutin layers of varying amounts and composition, including wax platelets of crystalline nature, pectic and cellulosic components.
A Feminist Framework for Nurses on Boards

Nurses' knowledge, skills, and expertise uniquely situate them to contribute to health care transformation as equal partners in organizational board governance. The Institute of Medicine, the 10,000 Nurses on Boards Coalition, and a growing number of nurse and health care scholars advocate nurse board leadership; however, nurses are rarely appointed as voting board members. When no room is made for nurses to take a seat at the table, the opportunity is lost to harness the power of nursing knowledge for health care transformation and social justice. No philosophical framework underpins the emerging focus on nurse board leadership. The purpose of this article is to add to the extant nursing literature by suggesting feminism as a philosophical framework for nurses on boards. Feminism contributes to the knowledge base of nursing as it relates to the expanding roles of nurses in health care transformation, policy, and social justice. Furthermore, a feminist philosophical framework for nurses on boards sets the foundation for new theory development and validates ongoing advancement of the nursing profession.
Abstract 5680: Bortezomib-induced quiescence of multiple myeloma cells is associated with changes in the expression of p21(CIP/KIP) and the H3K27-methyltransferase EZH2

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Bortezomib-induced quiescence of multiple myeloma cells is associated with changes in the expression of p21CIP/KIP and the H3K27-methyltransferase EZH2. Most multiple myeloma (MM) patients respond positively to the proteasome inhibitor (PI) bortezomib (Velcade). However, there are high rates of relapse after variable remission periods. It is still unclear whether these periods of remission are due to residual cells that after bortezomib treatment enter dormancy or simply due to a small residual population that slowly proliferate until patients becoming symptomatic. It is therefore important to determine whether minimal residual disease (MRD) can be rendered quiescent by bortezomib. We had shown that in MM cells, bortezomib induced ER-stress and quiescence. However, the mechanism for the induction and maintenance of this quiescent state is unclear. We hypothesized that the prolonged quiescence might involve prototypical cell cycle inhibitors and that epigenetic mechanisms sustain the growth arrest. Quantification of viable cells using immunofluorescence microscopy showed a 6-fold increase in p21 protein after a 24-hour pulse treatment with bortezomib followed by washout. p21 and p27 were also persistently induced 2-fold and 1.5-fold respectively along with the downregulation of CDK6 3 days after the drug washout. This suggests that quiescence onset is triggered by cell cycle inhibitor induction that block the G1 to S transition. This correlated with the previously reported reduction in Rb phosphorylation in bortezomib-surviving MM cells. When we tested the levels of the histone H3 methyl-transferase EZH2 and H3K27me3, these were strongly downregulated in the quiescent MM cells. EZH2 depletion was previously linked to p21-mediated senescence in melanoma. Our results suggest that changes in histone methylation and cell cycle inhibitor induction may be a mechanism regulating bortezomib-induced quiescence. Further studies will validate whether these mechanisms are active in patients by analyzing clinical samples from MM patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5680. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5680
Perceiving Object Rotations — Effects of Egocentric Perspective and Observer Orientation

Indicating the orientation of the axis of rotation of a rotating object is a fundamental part of an operator's ability to understand the motion of the object. Prior research has shown that this ability depends heavily on the orientation of the rotational axis with respect to the observer, the environment and the object. The present study is the first to distinguish between the involvement of egocentric and environment-centered spatial reference systems in rotation perception. Observers indicated the orientation of the axis of rotation for visually displayed motion while sitting upright or being tilted sideways or backwards. Accuracy and response time were recorded. The results showed that egocentric and environment-centered reference systems appear to play differential roles in the ability to accurately indicate the axis of rotation depending on the orientation of the observer. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
On the Development of a Robotic Hummingbird

This paper describes the design, development and flight testing of a 62-gram hummingbird-inspired flapping wing micro air vehicle with hovering capability. There were several design challenges encountered and innovative techniques were implemented to overcome them. To achieve the required large flap-stroke amplitudes necessary to generate lift for hover at moderate flap frequencies (~25Hz), a novel “5-bar” mechanical linkage system was developed which amplifies the output of a standard 4-bar crank-rocker mechanism. Utilizing aeroelastic tailoring techniques, lightweight (~0.8 grams), flexible wings were designed which produce the required lift for hover and their performance was optimized for a specific operational frequency range. Insect-based wing kinematic modulation mechanisms were developed for control and stabilization by varying two parameters: the tilt of the flapping planes relative to the vehicle, and the flapping amplitude, both of which alter the magnitude and direction of the lift vector of each wing to achieve motion or trim in a particular direction. These mechanisms are controlled via a kinematic autopilot, which senses the vehicle attitude and, using an on-board closed-loop proportionalderivative controller, transmits corrective signals to the modulation mechanism actuators which stabilize the vehicle. A systematic approach to tuning the vehicle trim and controller gain values has been implemented, leading to several stable controlled flight experiments. One such flight test lasted ~5.0 seconds in which the vehicle ascended and sustained an altitude of ~1 meter with minimal drift. The final vehicle weighs 62 grams and flaps at about 22Hz during hover.
Why the Range of a Robust Statistic under Interval Uncertainty is Often Easier to Compute

In statistical analysis, we usually use the observed sample values x1, . . . , xn to compute the values of several statistics v(x1;:::;xn) { such as sample mean, sample variance, etc. The usual formulas for these statistics implicitly assume that we know the exact values x1;:::;xn. In practice, the sample values e
How Cheap is Corporate Talk? Comparing Companies' Comments on Regulations With Their Securities Disclosures

When companies face adverse proposed rules, they may want to convince regulators that the proposed rules are unworkable and should be changed while, at the same time, reassuring investors that the rules will be manageable. These conflicting incentives may lead to inconsistent messages in regulatory comments and securities disclosures, fueling a perception that corporate submissions to regulators are "cheap talk." Despite this perception, there has been no empirical study comparing statements to these two audiences. This project performs such a study, taking the example of comments submitted on the Environmental Protection Agency's Renewable Fuel Standard. This standard provides an ideal case study because controversial annual rulemakings have created a rich dataset of company comments that can be compared to contemporaneous security disclosures from the same companies. The empirical study demonstrates that oil companies do send inconsistent messages to their two audiences — warning regulators and reassuring investors. The article suggests that regulators use this methodology to assess the sincerity of industry warnings about the cost of regulation. Private and public enforcers of security disclosure laws should also use this method to identify companies that are hiding regulatory risks. Finally, now that a company's comments can be compared with its securities disclosures, corporate counsel should align company statements to avoid securities litigation and enhance the company's credibility in each forum.
On the Fulfillment Theory of Cai Yuanpei's Aesthetic Education

As a practical activity,how aesthetic education was fulfilled in the process of education was an important question for Cai Yuanpei to advocate his aesthetic education thoughts.Therefore,Cai Yuanpei not only took an active part in the practical activities,but also generalized a project in theory to fulfill aesthetic education from three parts: object,content,and method.These parts formed an integrated fulfillment theory of aesthetic education.This comprehensive project can also enlighten us and can be used for reference in the contemporary era.
Health risk behaviors among adolescents in Changzhou in 2013

Objective To investigate the epidemiology of health risk behaviors among adolescents in Changzhou,and to provide scientific basis for healthy behavior intervention. Methods Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to select 17 universities and middle schools. A survey was conducted among 3 645 students by using"China Youth Health Risk Behaviors Questionnaire". Results Rates of soda drink,exercise,playing video games,smoking,drinking were higher in boys than that in girls.Rates of self-perceived overweight,unhealthy weight control behaviours were higher in girls(14. 9%,16. 4%,33. 7%) than that in boys(10. 5%,27. 9%,61. 3%). Dietary bias was the most common in high school students. Playing video games,smoking and drinking were highest reported among vocational school and university students. Conclusion Health risk behaviors differ in age and gender in Changzhou adolescents. Full consideration should be paid to students with different age,gender,and psychological characteristics,especially to those with high-risk.
Genomic Instability, DNA Alterations and Tumor Eosinophilic Expression in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The progression of normal cells to invasive tumor cells has been attributed to the acquisition of numerous mutations in the genome; genomic instability (GI) facilitates the accumulation of these mutations. To study the GI in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the genomic instability index (GII) was examined; chromosomal gains and losses were evaluated by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), which were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Histopathological eosinophilic infiltrate (Eos Infil), as an adjunct measure of tumor invasiveness, was also considered and compared to GI. Materials and methods Inter-simple sequence repeat PCR (ISSR-PCR) was utilized to determine the GII (a quantitative estimate of the relative overall genomic damage). GII was measured in 26 pairs of tumor and normal HNSCC samples. Array CGH was conducted using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones to evaluate amplifications and deletions (n=20 tumor), and confirmation of the specific changes was made by FISH analysis. Histopathological evaluation of Eos Infil for all samples was performed to calculate the eosinophilic index (EI). This was accomplished by observing Eos Infil in neoplastic tissue and at the tumor/normal tissue interface. Results GI was evident in 25 of the 26 tumors. The GIIs ranged from 0 to 5.3% with a mean of 2.8% (similar to the results reported for colorectal and thyroid carcinomas). GIIs were higher in tumors of the oral cavity (OC) than in tumors from other subsites of HNSCC (p=0.05). Chromosomal alterations were identified by array CGH on chromosomes 8, 11 and 17, but consistent amplifications were observed on (8q21.3-23.5) in 80% of the tumors. These changes were confirmed using FISH analysis. There was an association between increased GI and rising EI, but this did not achieve statistical significance (p>0.05). Conclusion HNSCC exhibits a similar degree of GI to that previously reported in colorectal and thyroid malignancies. The higher GI identified in OC tumors could be explained by a greater degree of the damage from environmental carcinogens (smoke, diet and alcohol) to the first station of the areodigestive tract. Consistent amplification at the specific loci of 8q might be attributed to mutations in various genes, such as SHAX3 (Snf7 homolog, associated with Alix 3, involved in apoptosis and endocytosis) and E2F5 (transcription factor 5 that interacts with tumor suppressor proteins). EI was not associated with age, sex, site or stage of tumor in established cases. Further work up will be necessary to explain these results.
Endophthalmitis After Intravitreal Injections

Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injections is a rare but devastating complication of this common eye procedure. Patients typically present within 5 days of their injection with decreased vision, pain, and redness. However, the absence of any one of these in the presence of other symptoms should not exclude the diagnosis of endophthalmitis. Treatment consists of obtaining a vitreous sample and administering intravitreal antibiotics. Vitrectomy may be indicated in some cases. Preventive measures include the use of a lid speculum and topical povidone-iodine during the procedure, and clinicians may consider the use of masks or having all participants refrain from speaking.
Genome-Wide Mapping of Nucleosome Positions in Yeast Using High-Resolution MNase ChIP-Seq

Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into chromatin where nucleosomes form the basic building unit. Knowing the precise positions of nucleosomes is important because they determine the accessibility of underlying regulatory DNA sequences. Here we describe a detailed method to map on a genomic scale the locations of nucleosomes with very high resolution. Micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestion followed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and facilitated library construction for deep sequencing provides a simple and accurate map of nucleosome positions.
Regional Capital Flows in British Foreign Investment

Viewing British foreign investment by continent, half of of the total flowed to the Western hemisphere. North America received 34 per cent of the total and South America, 17 per cent. North America’s share, because of the dominance of the United States and Canada, exceeded that of all other continents. (See Table 59)48
Do GIS-derived measures of fast food retailers convey perceived fast food opportunities? Implications for food environment assessment.

Purpose Geographic information systems (GISs) have been used to define fast food availability, with higher availability perhaps promoting poorer quality diets. Alternative measures involve perceptions; however, few studies have examined associations between GIS-derived and perceived measures of the food environment.
Air cavities integrated with surface mount tuning components for tunable evanescent-mode resonators

This paper presents an air-filled coaxial-cavity resonator integrated with lump tuning components for tunable resonator and tunable filter applications. The tuning components are first mounted on a PCB and then inserted inside the cavity. The air cavity allows for high unloaded quality factor which significantly exceeds the Q of the tuning components and maintains a good tuning range. This paper also discusses techniques to minimize the loss due the dielectric loss tangent of PCB. As an example, we demonstrate a tunable resonator with measured Qu of 45–684 at 2.43 GHz to 3.45 GHz. Simulated and measured results show good agreement.
Amphotericin B-Induced Encephalopathy

Three children with refractory leukemia treated by bone marrow transplantation at the Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, developed encephalopathy, leukoencephalopathy, and parkinsonism after receiving high-dose amphotericin B for pulmonary aspergillosis.
Networked Policymaking Avenues: Assessing the Role of Academics in Digital Policy

There are a growing number of examples that point toward a change in the way public policy is made in the digital age. This new context, which we refer to as networked policymaking, involves a greater variety of actors and voices, often collaborating in formal and informal networks, taking part in a public consideration and debate of policy questions via digital media. In this document, we seek to (1) describe the different avenues and modalities in which academics can influence policy, and (2) offer a framework to help researchers and other constituents assess the role of academics in policymaking. We hope that this may serve to help researchers build research agendas and policy roadmaps for engagement in specific locales and around salient policy issues.
The Posthuman Child: Educational transformation through philosophy with picturebooks

In recent years posthumanism has seen a marked increase in prominence and the field itself has irrupted into a constellation of interrelated orientations like new materialism, material feminism, so...
Tumefactive demyelination associated with developmental venous anomaly: Report of two cases

Abstract We present two cases of tumefactive demyelination (TD) occurring in close association with a developmental venous anomaly (DVA). Our purpose is to describe the association between demyelinating lesions and venous anomalies, as only one case of TD associated with a DVA has been published in the literature. Appropriate recognition of this “do not touch” lesion may avoid invasive and potentially harmful procedures such as biopsy or resection.
Partial waves in B s * B ¯ s * production in e + e − annihilation near threshold

The production of the vector meson pairs ${B}_{s}^{*}{\overline{B}}_{s}^{*}$ in the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation is generally contributed by two $P$ wave amplitudes with different total spin $S$ of the mesons, $S=0$ and $S=2$, and also by an $F$ wave amplitude. Belle has recently reported a study of the available data at the energy of the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(5S)$ peak in terms of the two $P$ wave contributions only. It is argued here that, although at this energy the $F$ wave should be quite suppressed, especially for the strange-bottom vector mesons, the particular studied angular distribution is very sensitive to a presence of even a small $F$ wave amplitude due to a significant interference with the dominant $S=2$ $P$ wave. Thus, the available data are not conclusive with regard to the partial wave structure of the production amplitude. Additional angular correlations that can be measured for a full amplitude analysis of the production process are discussed.
Fibrin-specific and effective clot lysis requires both plasminogen activators and for them to be in a sequential rather than simultaneous combination

Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been a disappointment and has now been replaced by an endovascular procedure whenever possible. Nevertheless, thrombolysis remains the only means by which circulation in a thrombosed artery can be restored rapidly. In contrast to tPA monotherapy, endogenous fibrinolysis uses both tPA and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), whose native form is a proenzyme, prouPA. This combination is remarkably effective as evidenced by the fibrin degradation product, D-dimer, which is invariably present in plasma. The two activators have complementary mechanisms of plasminogen activation and are synergistic in combination. Since tPA initiates fibrinolysis when released from the vessel wall and prouPA is in the blood, they induce fibrinolysis sequentially. It was postulated that this may be more effective and fibrin-specific. The hypothesis was tested in a model of clot lysis in plasma in which a clot was first exposed to tPA for 5 min, washed and incubated with prouPA. Lysis was compared with that of clots incubated with both activators simultaneously. The sequential combination was almost twice as effective and caused less fibrinogenolysis than the simultaneous combination (p < 0.0001) despite having significantly less tPA, as a result of the wash. A mechanism is described by which this phenomenon can be explained. The findings are believed to have significant therapeutic implications.
Effects of Ligusticum porteri (Osha) root extract on human promyelocytic leukemia cells

Background: Ligusticum porteri roots have been traditionally used in folk medicine, but the scientific basis is unclear. Objective: To investigate the cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of L. porteri root extract on human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells and H2O2-induced oxidative damaged HL-60 cells. Materials and Methods: HL-60 cells were incubated with different concentrations of root extract, and cells were harvested for viability assays on day 3 and 7. Cytokine levels (interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], interleukin-2 [IL-2], and interleukin-10 [IL-10]) and antioxidant indexes (malondialdehyde [MDA], reduced glutathione [GSH], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and catalase [CAT]) in H2O2-induced-stressed HL-60 were measured after 2 days. Results: The viability of HL-60 challenged with H2O2declined by 42% compared to unstressed cells. After 7 days of incubation with 200 or 400 μg/mL L. porteri, the viability of HL-60 cells was two-fold higher than the control. Stressed HL-60 cells treated with 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL L. porteri reduced the lipid peroxidation by 12%–13%. We noted an increase in GSH levels, SOD and CAT activities in stressed HL-60 supplemented with 400 μg/mL root extract. Treatment with 400 μg/mL L. porteri significantly (P < 0.05) increased IFN-γ and IL-2 in H2O2-challenged cells. Conclusion: Our data do not support the use of the extract as an antiproliferation and differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia. The protective function of L. porteri root extract against oxidative stress could occur through increasing GSH and higher expression of antioxidant enzymes.
Ecosystem Engineers: Beaver Ponds

The beaver population of the Kabetogama Peninsula is very dense in comparison to other areas of North America. Both biotic (forage availability) and abiotic (topography, geology, hydrology) factors contribute to this dense population. Historical (1927–2003) and contemporary aerial photos were used to map beaver ponds, beaver meadows, and other features altered by beaver dam construction. The objectives of the study were to relate the extent and type of beaver works to the beaver population present. A total of 1009 pond sites were identified within the 302 km2 Kabetogama Peninsula where flooding by beaver dams had discernibly altered the vegetation. Cover types ranged from open water to wetland forests, depending on the depth and duration of flooding. The sites were not continuously occupied by beavers over time, but were frequently recolonized. On average, each 100 beaver colonies increased the proportion of the landscape covered by open water by 2.15%. In addition, 16 of 21 permanent lakes on the Kabetogama Peninsula had lake outlet beaver dams. Collapse of the Shoepack Lake outlet dam in 2001 released an estimated 2.16 million kL of water and drained approximately 2/3 of the lake’s pre-collapse area. Beaver dams built in the first several decades of peninsula recolonization (1940–1948) created the largest ponds with the greatest potential for expansion, implying that beavers are able to optimize dam location.
Problems of Taxonomy, Issues of Class, Citizenship, Consumption, and Avdot’ia Smirnova’s KoKoKo (2012)

Sundry discussions of Russian society by scholars, journalists, and politicians suffer from imprecise taxonomy, wielding labels such as middle class, civil society, and creative class in an automat...
Fulminant Cryptococcus neoformans infection with fatal pericardial tamponade in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia who was treated with ruxolitinib: Case report and review of fungal pericarditis.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a saprophytic fungal pathogen that can cause serious illness in immune-compromised hosts and it presents with a wide variety of clinical symptoms. We present a fatal case of fulminant C. neoformans infection presenting as pericardial tamponade in a 71-year-old male with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia undergoing chemotherapy with the JAK-STAT inhibitor ruxolitinib. We also review the published cases of fungal pericarditis/tamponade. In addition to illustrating an atypical presentation of C. neoformans, this case highlights the risk for opportunistic fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies, especially the ones treated with small molecule kinase inhibitors.
Pictorial cigarette pack warnings increase quitting: a comment on Kok et al.

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the world. No other behaviour kills as many people (World Health Organization, 2013). For this reason, actions that can reduce cigarette smo...
Reconnoitering relationships among value, trust, affect, and loyalty at association events

Meetings and conventions organized by associations are considered the most competitive industry segment due to the number of associations and their frequency of regular meetings and events. The suc...
Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Cause and effect

Case-control studies dealing with breast cancer and oral contraceptives (OCs) were reviewed against a background of currently accepted rules for conducting and interpreting epidemiologic research. There is a strong consensus that OCs have not increased the risk of breast cancer in women over age 45, even when they have been used for long periods. The controversy is confined to studies of cancer diagnosed in young women. Although an effect of duration of OC use has been observed in some studies, there is neither a latency period nor an effect from recent or current use. There is no obvious relationship to the type of pill and no consistent effect of the dose of estrogen. The effect, if it exists at all, is not confined to any specific subgroup; it has not been related to age at starting OCs. It has been observed in only a few studies, some of which were subsequently discounted. Others have shown no effect or have suggested a reduced risk of breast cancer with increasing duration of use. None of the studies purporting to show an effect of OCs have controlled for the potential confounding effects of duration of lactation, induced abortion, recent pregnancy or a history of diseases that are associated both with reduced use of OCs and reduced risk of breast cancer. Most have inappropriately controlled for benign breast disease. There is an urgent need for a reanalysis of existing studies to take these factors into account. The lack of consistency and the potential for bias and confounding argue strongly against concluding, at this time, that there is a causal relationship between OCs and breast cancer.
Estimating the Local Economic Impacts of University Activity Using a Bill of Goods Approach

Economic impact analyses for universities often produce impacts so large that they are viewed with suspicion. Using data collected from universities on actual expenditures as well as the local share of these expenditures to calibrate and regionalize custom economic impact multipliers will produce better results. We compare these economic impacts to those obtained using an “off-the-shelf” multiplier for universities from BEA’s Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS II). We find that results are sensitive to initial assumptions about the study region and the scope of university economic activity. Finally, we use these results and our knowledge of the model to provide recommendations to improve the usefulness and reliability of multiplier-based estimates of the economic impact of universities.
Effect of Aspect Ratio of Cylindrical Pulse shapers on Force Equilibrium in Hopkinson Pressure Bar Experiments

A detailed experimental study was conducted in designing cylindrical pulse shapers for testing various types of materials using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test setup. Copper-182 alloy and annealed C11000 was used as pulse shaper materials and six different types of pulse shapers for each case with their thickness to diameter (t/d) ratios ranging from 0.23 to 0.51 were used. Six types of materials namely Aluminum 6061-T6, Acrylic (Plexiglas), Ultra High Temperature Glass-Mica Ceramic (Macor), Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), polyurethane and polyurethane syntactic foam were considered for testing. Inertial effects of pulse shapers play an important role in determining stress equilibrium in the specimen. The effect of t/d ratio of the pulse shaper on the force equilibrium condition at the specimen ends for above materials at a strainrate regime of 1000-2000/s was discussed and better pulse shapers for above materials were recommended
LDC Food Exports and Food Safety Standards in High-Income Countries

Food safety standards may pose a barrier to expanded food exports from less developed countries (LDCs) (Thilmany and Barrett 1997, Henson et al. 2000). The importance of such barriers may be growing as traditional trade barriers in the agricultural sector are reduced, as new hazards are identified and regulated in high-income countries, and as LDCs seek more open and export-oriented growth for their agricultural sectors. These trends converge to make food safety standards an important potential barrier to trade.
Simple Models for Coalescence of Fluid Droplets

A variety of models involving the coalescence of D dimensional hyper-spherical droplets in or on d dimensional substrates have been explored using computer simulations. In all cases, the simulation results can be understood in terms of simple scaling and/or statistical models. Consequently, exact but nonrigorous values for the exponents that describe the scaling behavior have been obtained as a function of D and d. These exponents are found to be universal (insensitive to model details) so that the results described here may be relevant to real systems that are not described in full detail by the models.
Measurement-Based Care

Children with mental health and substance use disorders treated in routine care experience worse outcomes than patients enrolled in clinical trials that have demonstrated the effectiveness of evidence-based treatments. This wide gap between routine outcomes and optimal outcomes spans across a wide range of patient populations and clinical treatment settings. One of the contributors to poor outcomes in routine care is that providers do not regularly use symptom rating scales in behavioral health to determine quantitatively whether their patients are improving. Almost all randomized controlled trials with frequent and timely feedback of diagnostic-specific, patient-reported symptom severity to the provider during the clinical encounter found that outcomes were significantly improved compared to usual care across a wide variety of mental health and behavioral disorders. All pediatric and behavioral healthcare providers treating children with mental health and substance use disorders should implement a system whereby patients’ routinely complete measurement-based care (MBC) validated symptom rating scales that are reviewed by clinicians during encounters. MBC will help pediatric providers determine whether treatment is working or if there is a need to facilitate treatment augmentation, consultations, or referrals for higher-intensity services when patients are not improving.
A new simple method for separation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate from other nucleotides and its use in the assay of adenyl cyclase.

Abstract A rapid, simple, one-step procedure is described for the separation of cyclic AMP from ATP, ADP, AMP, and P 1 based on selective adsorption of all nucleotides except cyclic AMP on hydrous aluminum oxide. This separation procedure has been incorporated into the assay for adenyl cyclase using ATP-α- 32 P as substrate. The new method was employed to study the stimulation of rat adrenal adenyl cyclase by ACTH and fluoride. The purity of the cyclic AMP isolated from hydrous alumina columns was established by chromatography on Dowex 50 H + and Dowex 1 Cl − ion-exchange resins thin-layer chromatography on silica gel in two solvents, paper electrophoresis, BaZn precipitation, and crystallization to constant specific radioactivity.
Using census and survey data to measure undocumented immigration and emigration for the United States.

The estimation of emigration and undocumented immigration rates for the United States is discussed. "A residual methodology compares census or survey data on the resident foreign-born population with an independently derived estimate of the legally resident foreign-born population. The difference is the estimated undocumented population which may be compared for alternative dates to derive measures of change. In 1988 this difference was 1.9 million similar to the 1980 estimate of 2.1 million....Measurement of emigration...has recently relied on resident reports of immediate relatives who have emigrated. Controlling for multiple reporting of the same emigrants the direct estimate of the emigrant population from the United States is about 1.2 million. Allowing for undercoverage of the emigrant population due to nonresident relatives there could be 2.0 million or more emigrants." (EXCERPT)
Initial management of humeral shaft fractures with functional splints versus coaptation splints

Humerus shaft fractures are commonly acutely immobilized with coaptation splints (CS), which can be difficult to apply and poorly tolerated by the patient. Functional splints (FS), which work on the same principle as functional braces, are an alternative to CS. The purpose of this study was to directly compare CS and FS in terms of application and fracture reduction. A retrospective review identified humeral shaft fractures managed nonoperatively with initial immobilization in a FS (n = 19) versus a CS (n = 15). In addition, 13 residents completed a blinded survey on splint application. The FS and CS groups did not differ in initial fracture angulation and translation on anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs. Post-splint application, there was no clinically relevant difference in fracture angulation/translation between groups, and this persisted at the subsequent follow-up visit. All residents reported that the FS was easier to apply and took less time. This study results demonstrated the FS results in similar reductions in humeral shaft fractures as CS. A survey of residents found that the FS was easier to apply, took less time, and was better tolerated by patients. Subsequently, we prefer the FS over the CS for the acute management of humeral shaft fractures.
A General Language-Based Framework for Specifying and Verifying Notions of Opacity.

Opacity is an information flow property that captures the notion of plausible deniability in dynamic systems, that is whether an intruder can deduce that "secret" behavior has occurred. In this paper we provide a general framework of opacity to unify the many existing notions of opacity that exist for discrete event systems. We use this framework to discuss language-based and state-based notions of opacity over automata. We present several methods for language-based opacity verification, and a general approach to transform state-based notions into language-based ones. We demonstrate this approach for current-state and initial-state opacity, unifying existing results. We then investigate the notions of K-step opacity. We provide a language-based view of K-step opacity encompassing two existing notions and two new ones. We then analyze the corresponding language-based verification methods both formally and with numerical examples. In each case, the proposed methods offer significant reductions in runtime and space complexity.
Contextualizing Cannabis Implicit Associations: Consideration of Peers and Personality:

Objective:Implicit cannabis associations (ICAs) inconsistently predict cannabis use (CU), and little is known about their formation. Personality, behavioral approach and inhibition, were tested as ...
Filters and the First Amendment

Internet content filters -- promising a technological solution to the uniquely social problem of widespread availability of adults-only content on the Internet -- appear to shift the debate over control of "cyberporn" from the legislative to the technical. Yet a growing number of commentators are expressing serious reservations about the free speech implications of filters. In this Article, I note that the ever-changing relationship between technology, network economics, and legal doctrine in the new economic and ideological marketplace of Cyberspace will fundamentally impact any constitutional analysis. I argue that the existing literature's analytic reliance on expansive concepts of state action is ill-founded: both vulnerable to technological and legislative manipulation and finding little doctrinal support. Instead, I outline an approach based on First Amendment theories of association, arguing that this "associative" approach -- supported by current precedent -- is the most promising among several alternatives for providing an adaptive and powerful constitutional framework for evaluating indirect government regulation of the Internet.
Travel Trouble: Typhoid Fever—A Case Presentation and Review

Endogenously contracted typhoid fever has decreased dramatically in the industrialized world. A practicing physician may not see a case in a lifetime, but health professionals should not allow typhoid to recede from their consciousness. Typhoid is still endemic in much of the developing world, and as travel increases, illnesses can and do skip around the world in a day. College students are at particular risk because they often travel on a low budget for extended periods, mix freely with local populations in endemic regions, and are not aware of the risks of such travel. College health professionals need to be able to recognize typhoid fever, should it present, and give advice to patients on primary prevention. The author includes a case presentation that is not completely classical for typhoid fever, as well as a state-of-the-art review, including description, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Special attention is given to the question of who should be immunized and which vaccines are effective.
Initializing multilayer perceptrons with interconnected neurons

Multilayer perceptrons with interconnected neurons (MLPWINs) are known to be universal approximators of dynamic systems. A common way to initialize MLPWIN for identifying a plant in the parallel formulation is simply to set the initial dynamic state of the MLPWIN equal to zero in both its training and operation. This causes the MLPWIN to have a poor transient performance. The paper proposes two methods of initializing an MLPWIN to improve or eliminate such poor transient performance: an initial dynamic state of the plant is converted into that of the MLPWIN by a look-up table, if only a finite number of initial dynamic states of the plant are of interest, or by a feedforward network, otherwise.
Geographic distribution of insufficient sleep across the United States: a county-level hotspot analysis

Introduction Insufficient sleep is associated with cardiometabolic risk and neurocognitive impairment. Determinants of insufficient sleep include many social and environmental factors. Assessment of geographic hot/coldspots may uncover novel risk groups and/or targets for public health intervention. The aim of this study was to discern geographic patterns in the first data set to include county-level sleep data.
Long Journey Home: Oral Histories of Contemporary Delaware Indians

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2008 Pages: 432 Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN: 978-0-253-34968-2 (hard cover). Prices: $34.95 USD(hard cover).
Power-Efficient Cache Coherence

Snoopy coherence implementations employ various forms of speculation to reduce cache miss latency and improve performance. We study the effects of reduced speculation on both performance and power consumption in a scalable snooping design. We find that significant potential exists for reducing energy consumption by using serial snooping for load misses. We report only a minor 6.25% increase for average cache miss latency for a set of commercial workloads, while finding substantial reductions in snoop-related activity. We also compare this implementation against a conventional directory protocol implementation and find that while a directory protocol effectively reduces power consumption due to message traffic, its overall energy consumption is unlikely to be lower than the serial snooping protocol due to lower performance (longer average load latency) and increased memory and directory references.
Evading censorship with browser-based proxies

While Internet access to certain sites is blocked in some parts of the world, these restrictions are often circumvented using proxies outside the censored region. Often these proxies are blocked as soon as they are discovered. In this paper we propose a browser-based proxy creation system that generates a large number of short-lived proxies. Clients using the system seamlessly hop from one proxy to the next as these browser-based proxies appear and disappear. We discuss a number of technical challenges that had to be overcome for this system to work and report on its performance and security. We show that browser-based short-lived proxies provide adequate bandwidth for video delivery and argue that blocking them can be challenging.
The inhibitory path from the lateral geniculate body to the optic cortex in the cat

Abstract Two successive stimuli were applied to the optic radiation, both by means of the same electrodes and the response was recorded in the optic cortex. For interstimulus intervals of 0.4 to approximately 300 msec, the response to the second stimulus was inhibited, even if the first stimulus was very weak. Inhibition was maximal for an interval of about 1 msec. Application of strychnine sulfate to the cortical surface eliminated this inhibition, so that a first stimulus no longer affected the amplitude of the second response. It is concluded that optic radiation fibers have monosynaptic, excitatory contacts with pyramidal cells in layer 3 or 4, and inhibitory contacts, via interneurons, with the same group of cells.
Periodic boundary conditions for QM/MM calculations: Ewald summation for extended Gaussian basis sets.

An implementation of Ewald summation for use in mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations is presented, which builds upon previous work by others that was limited to semi-empirical electronic structure for the QM region. Unlike previous work, our implementation describes the wave function's periodic images using “ChElPG” atomic charges, which are determined by fitting to the QM electrostatic potential evaluated on a real-space grid. This implementation is stable even for large Gaussian basis sets with diffuse exponents, and is thus appropriate when the QM region is described by a correlated wave function. Derivatives of the ChElPG charges with respect to the QM density matrix are a potentially serious bottleneck in this approach, so we introduce a ChElPG algorithm based on atom-centered Lebedev grids. The ChElPG charges thus obtained exhibit good rotational invariance even for sparse grids, enabling significant cost savings. Detailed analysis of the optimal choice of user-selected Ewald parameters, as well as timing breakdowns, is presented.
The Temporality of Modernist Life Writing in the Era of Transsexualism: Virginia Woolf’s Orlando and Einar Wegener’s Man Into Woman

In this essay, I argue that Woolf’s fantastic novel, Orlando (1928), is more true to the experience of transsexualism than is the allegedly authentic account provided in Man into Woman: An Authentic Record of a Change of Sex (1933), the biography-memoir of Danish artist Einar Wegener, who, as Lili Elbe, can lay claim to the title of the first transsexual. Orlando reconfigures notions not just of gender but of time, history, and the very nature of life-writing itself, producing a new model of life writing that I call a transgenre .
Object attachment, thumbsucking, and the passage to sleep.

Abstract Cross-cultural studies suggest that children who sleep in the same room as their parents and who are breast-fed are less likely to use an attachment object. The present study examined childrearing practices that emphasize physical proximity of parent and child and use of an attachment object and thumbsucking at bedtime with 126 healthy U.S. infants. Four child-rearing practices were focused on: presence or absence of a caregiver when the child actually fell asleep; mode of feeding; location of the child's bed or sleeping place; whether or not the child slept with the parents during the night. Children who had an adult present as they fell asleep were less likely to use an attachment object or suck their thumbs. In contrast to cross-cultural research, the results of the present study suggest that where a child sleeps during the night or how the child is fed is not as important an influence on the bedtime use of an attachment object or thumbsucking as whether an adult is present as the child actually falls asleep.
5-20 micron observations of Uranus and Neptune

Emission features at 8 and 12 microns indicate a strong temperature inversion in the upper atmosphere of Neptune. The presence of only a weak inversion on Uranus is confirmed.