cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of RNA editing in kinetoplastid protozoa.

THE editing of RNA in trypanosomatid mitochondria involves the insertion and occasional deletion of uridine residues within coding regions of maxicircle messenger RNA transcripts. The extent to which the transcripts of homologous genes undergo editing differs in different species. In some, entire genes are edited (pan-editing), whereas in others, editing is limited to the 5' termini of editing domains (5' editing)1,2. Here we investigate which type of editing is ancestral and which is derived, by analysing RNA editing in the different lineages, using a kinetoplastid phylogeny reconstructed from nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. We conclude that the ancestral cryptogenes were pan-edited, and we hypothesize that the 5'-edited homologues were generated by several independent events from partially edited RNAs, in which case editing may be a more primitive mechanism than previously thought.
The interactive effects of instructional set and environmental context changes on the serial position effect

Subjects were first given either conventional acquisition instructions for single-trial free recall or experimental instructions encouraging the use of the general environmental context as a source of potential facilitatory associations. Subjects were then given the recall test on the 35-item list in either the same or a different room context. Subjects receiving experimental instructions gave significantly more correct responses than did control subjects, regardless of test-room context. However, there was an interactive effect of context and the position of the words recalled, with recency items being adversely affected and primacy items facilitated by contextual changes. The overall facilitatory effect of the contextual instruction was due to a significant increase in middle items recalled by the experimental group (i.e., a reduction of the serial position effect).
Changes and Challenges: A 20/20 Vision of 2020

The Delphine Hanna lecture is a memorial to the contributions and vision of a great leader. It is a tribute time-out, a moment in time when we stop what we are doing to look back thankfully and to commemorate her life. It is also an opportune moment to consider what we have made of her legacy today and to look forward to the world that awaits future generations of professionals in our fi eld. Never before has there been such a need for clear 20/20 vision. As we look ahead to the year 2020, future scenarios for our fi eld are as diverse as our disciplinary bases. To sharpen our focus, we can draw upon scenario-planning methodologies used with some success in the business sector, where survival is premised upon accuracy.
SU-E-J-06: A Feasibility Study On Clinical Implementation of 4D-CBCT in Lung Cancer Treatment

Purpose: Four-dimensional cone-beam CT (4D-CBCT) is a novel imaging technique to setup patients with pulmonary lesions in radiation therapy. This paper is to perform a feasibility study on the implementation of 4D-CBCT as image guidance for (1) SBRT and (2) Low Modulation (Low-Mod) IMRT in lung cancer treatment. Methods: Image artifacts and observers variability are evaluated by analyzing the 4D-CT QA phantom and patient 4D image data. There are two 4D-CBCT image artifacts: (1) Spatial artifact caused by the patient irregular breathing pattern will generate blurring and anatomy gap/overlap; (2) Cone beam scattering and hardening artifact will affect the image spatial and contrast resolution. The couch shift varies between 1mm to 3mm from different observers during the 4D-CBCT registration. Breath training is highly recommended to improve the respiratory regularity during CT simulation and treatment, especially for SBRT. Elekta XVI 4.5 Symmetry protocol is adopted in the patient 4DCBCT scanning and intensity-based registration. Physician adjustments on the auto-registration are involved prior to the treatment. Physician peer review on 4D-CBCT image acquisition and registration is also recommended to reduce the inter-observer variability. The average 4D-CT in reference volume coordinates is exported to MIM Vista 5.6.2 to manually fuse to the planning CTmore » for further evaluation. Results: (1) SBRT: 4DCBCT is performed in dry-run and in each treatment fraction. Image registration and couch shift are reviewed by another physician on the 1st fraction before the treatment starts. (2) Low-Mod IMRT: 4D-CBCT is performed and peer reviewed on weekly basis. Conclusion: 4D-CBCT in SBRT dry-run can discover the ITV discrepancies caused by the low quality 4D-CT simulation. 4D-CBCT during SBRT and Low-Mod IMRT treatment provides physicians more confidence to target lung tumor and capability to evaluate inter-fractional ITV changes. More advanced 4D-CBCT scan protocol and reconstruction algorithm may be needed in the future.« less
Seismic Wave Attenuation in Carbonates

[1] The effect of pore fluids on seismic wave attenuation in carbonate rocks is important for interpreting remote sensing observations of carbonate reservoirs undergoing enhanced oil recovery. Here we measure the elastic moduli and attenuation in the laboratory for five carbonate samples with 20% to 30% porosity and permeability between 0.03 and 58.1 mdarcy. Contrary to most observations in sandstones, bulk compressibility losses dominate over shear wave losses for dry samples and samples fully saturated with either liquid butane or brine. This observation holds for four out of five samples at seismic (10–1000 Hz) and ultrasonic frequencies (0.8 MHz) and reservoir pressures. Attenuation modeled from the modulus data using Cole-Cole relations agrees in that the bulk losses are greater than the shear losses. On average, attenuation increases by 250% when brine substitutes a light hydrocarbon in these carbonate rocks. For some of our samples, attenuation is frequency-dependent, but in the typical exploration frequency range (10–100 Hz), attenuation is practically constant for the measured samples.
Consumerism And Controversy: A Conversation With Regina Herzlinger

Regina Herzlinger catalyzed a national dialogue with the publication of her book Market-Driven Health Care in 1997. Her core argument is that health care should resemble other retail markets, where unleashing consumer choice results in competition and innovations that improve value. In an often pitched debate, critics contend that health care is far too complicated for this model to work. Here Bob Galvin engages Herzlinger on these and other topics. Articulate, passionate, and sometimes controversial, Herzlinger is the Nancy R. McPherson Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, where she was the first woman in the school’s history to be tenured.
Photoemission from Si Induced by an Internal Electric Field

External photoelectric emission from silicon with a threshold of response corresponding to the band gap (1.05 ev) has been observed from a back biased $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junction which had received a cesium surface treatment. This emission current is proportional to the intensity of the incident light. The spectral distribution of this field induced photoemission has been simply related to the spectral distribution of the fundamental absorption of silicon.
Rheumatic-Like Cardiac Lesions in Mice.

A single intraperitoneal injection of a sterile extract of sonically disrupted group A streptococcal cells induced an inflammatory process in the hearts of mice. The cardiac lesions, in terms of their distribution and histological features, are similar to the cardiac lesions of rheumatic fever.
Transcription of 5S RNA genes containing insertion mutation and the assembly of preinitiation complexes

The transcription of Xenopus 5S RNA genes containing insertions in and around the intragenic control region has been analyzed in a HeLa cell-free system. A 15 bp insertion within the intragenic region greatly diminished binding of TFIIIA and concomitantly reduced binding of TFIIIB and transcription invitro. This study helps to define more precisely the promoter organization of Xenopus 5S RNA genes for the efficient interactions with transcription factors.
Role of cytochrome P450 2C9 and an allelic variant in the 4'-hydroxylation of (R)- and (S)-flurbiprofen.

Flurbiprofen is a chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of pain or inflammation. The primary routes of biotransformation for (R)- and (S)-flurbiprofen are oxidation (presumably cytochrome P450) and conjugation. To date, the specific cytochrome P450 (P450) involved in the oxidative metabolism of this compound (specifically 4'-hydroxylation) has not been elucidated. Experiments were conducted to characterize the kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) for the 4'-hydroxylation of (R)- and (S)-flurbiprofen in human liver microsomes, to determine if enantiomeric interactions occur when both enantiomers are present, and to identify the specific P450 form(s) involved in this reaction. In human liver microsomes, the Km and Vmax (mean +/- SD) for (R)-4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen formation were 3.1 +/- 0.8 microM and 305 +/- 168 pmol.min-1.mg protein)-1, respectively. In comparison, the Km and Vmax (mean +/- SD) for (S)-4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen formation were 1.9 +/- 0.4 microM and 343 +/- 196 pmol.min-1.mg protein-1, respectively. Enantiomeric interaction studies revealed a decrease in Km and Vmax for both enantiomers and an apparent loss of stereoselectivity. Racemic-warfarin, tolbutamide, alpha-naphthoflavone and erythromycin were studied as potential inhibitors of this process. The estimated Ki values for the inhibition of (R)- and (S)-4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen formation by racemic-warfarin were 2.2 and 4.7 microM. This reaction was also inhibited by tolbutamide. In contrast, erythromycin and alpha-naphthoflavone had no appreciable effect on 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen formation. cDNA-expression of individual forms was used to determine which P450 was involved in 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen formation. P450 2C9 and an allelic variant (R144C) readily catalyzed the formation of 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen. P450 1A2 was also active albeit with a turnover rate 1/140th that of P450 2C9R144C (P450s 2C8, 2E1 and 3A4 were not active toward either enantiomer). The results of these studies indicate that the enantiomers of flurbiprofen may exhibit stereoselectivity with respect to enzyme affinity but have roughly equal maximum formation velocities. Additionally, these two enantiomers may compete for the enzyme resulting in lower maximum velocities for both enantiomers. Finally, of those P450 forms examined, only P450 2C9 and an allelic variant catalyzed the 4'-hydroxylation of both (R)- and (S)-flurbiprofen.
Anger and Gender: Theory, Research, and Implications

The idea that women and men differ significantly in the experience and expression of anger continues to be a popular one in the psychological and counseling literature, even though there is little empirical support for it. In this article the author examines theoretical perspectives on female and male anger and provides a review of studies that have explored anger as a function of gender. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
How incipient colonies create territory: the textual surveys of New Spain, 1520s–1620s

Abstract The study of colonial surveying and cartography has become key to understanding the history of European colonialism because of the recognition that land surveys and maps not only represent territory but form part of the process through which territory comes into being. While many studies have therefore focused on the history of instrumental surveying and cartography in New Spain, roughly equivalent to present-day Mexico, between the seventeenth and twentieth century, the textual surveys of the sixteenth century that helped to bring the initial colonial territory into being have gone largely unstudied. Content analysis of textual land surveys included in sixteenth-century viceregal land grants for sheep and cattle ranches demonstrates variation in references to distance, direction, and borders that begins to reveal a process of negotiation among local actors and centralized state power that was contingent on environmental, economic, and demographic differences between highland and lowland landscapes.
Low Energy Alpha-Particles from Fluorine Bombarded by Protons

The low energy alpha-groups from the reaction ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{O}}^{16*}$ have been studied at various resonances between proton energies of 340 kev and 1381 kev. Four groups have been identified. For the reaction energy of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ group, preceding the pair emission, we find ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=2.061\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$ Mev and for the three other groups preceding gamma-ray emission we find ${Q}_{1}=1.977\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$, ${Q}_{2}=1.204\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$ and ${Q}_{3}=1.002\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$ Mev. Each of the $Q$-values when added to the corresponding pair-energy or gamma-ray energy found by Rasmussen, Hornyak, Lauritsen, and Lauritsen gives a value for the total reaction energy of ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ which is the same for all the groups, namely 8.113\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.030 Mev. The relative intensities of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$, and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}$ groups are found to vary from one resonance to another and the sum of their absolute yields per proton per $4\ensuremath{\pi}$-steradians at 138\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} is found to be very close to the absolute yield of the gamma-rays per proton per $4\ensuremath{\pi}$-steradians at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} at all the resonances investigated, the gamma-ray yield being measured simultaneously with the alpha-particle yields. The absolute yield of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$-group agrees in order of magnitude with the pair yield determined in this laboratory and elsewhere. The small discrepancies can probably be attributed to angular distribution factors. The excitation functions of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$- and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$-groups have been compared carefully with that of the gamma-rays over certain regions of the proton energy. Over each resonance, the excitation functions of the alpha-groups and the gamma-rays can be represented by the same curve by suitable normalizations. Our excitation curve of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$-group is found to run parallel with the excitation curve of the pairs found by Bennett et al.
Synthesis and characterization of a tetramethyl furanone functionalized diiminedioxime, a potential ligand for 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals, and its copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes

As part of our on-going effort to develop (64)Cu-based radiopharmaceuticals for PET (positron emission tomography) imaging of multidrug resistance in cancer, we prepared a tetramethylfuranone-functionalized diiminedioxime ligand, TMFPreH (TMFPreH = 4-[3-(4-Hydroxyimino-2,2,5,5-dimethyl-dihydro-furan-3-ylideneamino)-propylimino]-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-dihydro-furan-3-one oxime) and its Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes. When the copper(II) complex was prepared from Cu(ClO(4))(2) in ethanol, it was isolated as a Cu(II)-bridged dimer, but when it was prepared from Cu(OAc)(2) and heated in acetone, an unusual example of an acetone adduct of the ligand is formed by reduction of one of the imine double bonds by the solvent. The Ni(II) complex is square pyramidal with the perchlorate counterion at the apex.
Stearic acid metabolism by mammary cells.

Abstract Dispersed cells, from lactating bovine and rat mammary glands, and bovine mammary tissue slices avidly absorbed and metabolized substrate 1- 14 C-stearic acid. Absorbed stearic acid was extensively desaturated to oleic acid by ruminant cells. Freshly dispersed cells from the cow surpassed all other preparations in absorption and desaturation of stearic acid. The preponderance of radioactive substrate was esterifled into glycerides, mainly triglycerides (>70%); the remainder (15 to 20%) was incorporated into phospholipids and 1 to 2% into cholesterol esters. Measurable labeled triglycerides were secreted into the culture media from functional bovine and rat cells. In bovine and rat mammary cells, radioactive stearic and oleic acids were esterifled mostly into triglyceride molecules with C40 to C52 aggregate acyl carbons, i.e. high molecular weight triglycerides, resolved by gas chromatography. The preponderance of the radioactivity in the phospholipids was associated with phosphatidylcholine, though all classes including phosphatidic acid contained measurable radioactivity. Distribution of radioactivity between stearic and endogenous oleic acid in various lipid classes and on specific positions of glycerolipids was also examined. Relative concentration of oleic acid was greatest in phospholipids where it was on positions sn1 and sn2 of the glycerol moiety. In triglycerides labeled oleic acid was mostly on the primary positions of the glycerol moiety. These observations are discussed with respect to corresponding data from in vivo studies of milk lipid biosynthesis.
CT of Cardiac Valves

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) typically plays a supportive role in the imaging assessment of cardiac valves, with echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) more commonly utilized for valve assessment. However, improvements in CT technology over the past decade have paralleled the rise of newer non-invasive catheter-based structural interventions and have led to an increasing reliance upon CT for detailed preprocedural assessment of valvular and perivalvular anatomy. This article will discuss the current role of CT in imaging of the cardiac valves and discuss the strengths and limitations of CT and its emerging applications.
Characterization of the avian sarcoma virus protein p60src.

Abstract The intracellular distribution of the avian sarcoma virus (ASV) protein, p60 src , has been investigated in transformed chicken and hamster cells by radioimmunoprecipitation of fractionated cells and by immunofluorescent staining of fixed cells with monospecific antiserum to p60 src . The src protein was found exclusively in the cytoplasmic fraction in both a soluble and an insoluble form. Furthermore, we show that the antigenicity of p60 src was extremely heat-labile in vitro relative to Pr76, the precursor to the internal structural proteins of ASV. Antibody directed against p60 src which is present in serum from rabbits bearing tumors induced by the Schmidt-Ruppin (subgroup D) strain of ASV does not recognize p60 src from cells transformed by other ASV strains including Prague C, B77, and Bryan (RAV-50). Re-evaluation of the precipitation of p60 src from NY68-transformed cells has led to the conclusion that there is no reduction in the synthesis or antigenicity of p60 src when cells are cultured under conditions nonpermissive for transformation by this mutant virus.
Does insertion of intramuscular electromyographic electrodes alter motor behavior during locomotion

Abstract Intramuscular electromyography (EMG) is commonly used to quantify activity in the trunk musculature. However, it is unclear if the discomfort or fear of pain associated with insertion of intramuscular EMG electrodes results in altered motor behavior. This study examined whether intramuscular EMG affects locomotor speed and trunk motion, and examined the anticipated and actual pain associated with electrode insertion in healthy individuals and individuals with a history of low back pain (LBP). Before and after insertion of intramuscular electrodes into the lumbar and thoracic paraspinals, participants performed multiple repetitions of a walking turn at self-selected and controlled average speed. Low levels of anticipated and actual pain were reported in both groups. Self-selected locomotor speed was significantly increased following insertion of the electrodes. At the controlled speed, the amplitude of sagittal plane lumbo-pelvic motion decreased significantly post-insertion, but the extent of this change was the same in both groups. Lumbo-pelvic motion in the frontal and axial planes and thoraco-lumbar motion in all planes were not affected by the insertions. This study demonstrates that intramuscular EMG is an appropriate methodology to selectively quantify the activation patterns of the individual muscles in the paraspinal group, both in healthy individuals and individuals with a history of LBP.
Potassium gymnemate and the sweet and bitter taste provoked electrically

The sweetness or bitterness of taste solutions of saccharin and quinine may be blocked, while the sweetness or bitterness evoked by electrical stimulation of the tongue by cathodal polarization is unchanged. Electrical taste stimulation apparently bypasses the most peripheral process by which taste solutions elicit sweet and bitter and thus acts directly on the receptor and/or its afferent nerve terminals.
Review of p-type doped perovskite materials for SOFC and other applications

Abstract p-type perovskite-type oxides are candidates for use as components of high temperature fuel cells and as oxygen separation membranes. The particular properties that these applications require are reviewed. The characteristics that these oxides have which allow them to satisfy many of these requirements are discussed and a defect model presented. The status of the utilization of these oxides and of the areas which need to be addressed such as thermal expansion and sintering characteristics are reviewed.
Origin and elimination of photocurrent hysteresis by fullerene passivation in CH3NH3PbI3 planar heterojunction solar cells

The large photocurrent hysteresis observed in many organometal trihalide perovskite solar cells has become a major hindrance impairing the ultimate performance and stability of these devices, while its origin was unknown. Here we demonstrate the trap states on the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite materials to be the origin of photocurrent hysteresis and that the fullerene layers deposited on perovskites can effectively passivate these charge trap states and eliminate the notorious photocurrent hysteresis. Fullerenes deposited on the top of the perovskites reduce the trap density by two orders of magnitude and double the power conversion efficiency of CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3) solar cells. The elucidation of the origin of photocurrent hysteresis and its elimination by trap passivation in perovskite solar cells provides important directions for future enhancements to device efficiency.
Faces, Vases, Subjective Contours, and the McCollough Effect

A version of the face—vase pattern was constructed with the use of subjective contours. The McCollough effect was viewed on this pattern and it was found that perceptual alteration (face to vase) d...
Transport coefficients in a two-dimensional Fermi liquid

We calculate variationally the coefficients of thermal conductivity ${K}_{s}$, spin diffusion ${D}_{s}$, and transverse viscosity ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{s}$ in a two-dimensional Fermi liquid by using the Landau Fermi-liquid theory. The leading temperature dependence at small $T$ is ${K}_{s}^{{}^{\ensuremath{-}1}}\ensuremath{\propto}T\mathrm{ln}T$, ${D}_{s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}\mathrm{ln}T$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$, in contrast with the behavior of a three-dimensional Fermi liquid, ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}T$, ${D}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$. The resulting formulas are used to predict ${K}_{s}$, ${D}_{s}$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{s}$ for the liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ monolayer or partial monolayer which can form on a free surface of superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$.
Inpatriate managers: How to increase the probability of success

Abstract Developing multicultural management teams has gained increasing importance in many global organizations. One global staffing option — inpatriate managers — has the potential to provide a more multicultural management frame-of-reference when developing global strategies. Inpatriates have social knowledge of global operations and countries facilitating the modification of organizational strategies to local competitive/market conditions while ensuring their consistency and coordination with the existing global strategic thrust. This paper addresses the need to provide an effective mechanism for increasing the success rate of inpatriate managers thus improving the global performance of the organization. To achieve enhanced organizational performance the need for a proactive inpatriate program is critical to engender long-term commitment and loyalty of inpatriate managers.
The development of (InGa)As thermophotovoltaic cells on InP using strain-relaxed In(PAs) buffers

Abstract We have investigated thermophotovoltaic monolithic interconnected modules fabricated from In 0.68 Ga 0.32 As on InP using In(PAs) buffer layers to mitigate the lattice mismatch. The growth of these devices presented several challenges. For example, the n-type dopant Te forms a persistent surface-segregation layer on In(PAs) and (InGa)As layers, which unintentionally distributes Te into subsequently deposited layers. To solve this problem, we identified growth conditions that promote Te desorption from the InGaAs surface, thereby enabling the formation of sharp doping profiles. Another significant challenge involved In-rich surface defects, which form during In 0.68 Ga 0.32 As growth and act as shunt paths that severely reduce cell performance. To address this problem, we implemented pre-growth particle-control procedures that allow surface defect densities below 100 cm −2 to be obtained. Our progress allowed the demonstration of thermophotovoltaic cells producing 348 mV/junction open-circuit voltage with a fill factor exceeding 70%.
Vapor phase self-assembly of electrooptic thin films via triple hydrogen bonds

The donor−acceptor π-electron chromophore 5-{4-[2-(4,6-diamino-[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-vinyl]-benzylidene}-pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione (DTPT) was designed and synthesized. Triple H-bonding interactions between neighboring molecules direct self-assembled chromophore alignment in a head-to-tail orientation using a straightforward vapor phase deposition process. Angle-dependent SHG interference patterns and the quadratic dependence of the 532 nm light output intensity on the thickness of the DTPT films for glass substrates coated on both sides demonstrate high, reproducible film quality and uniformity. XRD also demonstrates long-range order in the film and yields a molecular tilt angle in good agreement with polarized SHG data, clearly showing that out-of-plane ordering of chromophore molecules has been achieved.
Kinetics of Potato Color and Texture Development during Baking, Frying, and Microwaving with the Addition of Liquid Smoke

The rate of color and texture development in par- fried French fries coated with liquid smoke and thermally processed was determined. Liquid smoke contalning 8% to 11% carbonyls was diluted to 30% and applied to 1 side of French fries at 0%, 1%, 3%, or 5% by weight. The fries were immersion fried at 190.6 °C for 4 min, microwaved (900 watts) for 4 min, or baked at 190.6 °C for 20 min. Color and texture measurements were recorded at intervals during processing. Liquid smoke increased the rate of browning in French fries. Broing followed pseudo because the carbonyls were no longer limiting the rate of color development in French fries was also affected by the thermal processing method. Frying developed color at the fastest rate, followed by microwaving and baking. Although liquid smoke increased the rate of color development in French fries. it did not affect French fry texture. Through sensory testin, it eas determined that liquid smoke can be used to improve the color of microwaveable French fries without affecting french fry flavor or texture. color, kinetics, maillard, potato, texture zero-order kinetics, with the a value, Browning index, and total change in color (ΔE) showing the best fit. When The rate of color and texture development in par-fried French fries coated with liquid smoke and thermally processed was determined. Liquid smoke containing 8% to 11% carbonyls was diluted to 30% and applied to 1 side of French fries at 0%, 1%, 3%, or 5% by weight. The fries were immersion fried at 190.6°C for 4 min, mi-crowaved (900 watts) for 4 min, or baked at 190.6°C for 20 min. Color and texture measurements were recorded at intervals during processing. Liquid smoke increased the rated the rate of browning in French fries. Browning followed pased liquid smoke was added in high concentrations the reaction rate did not increase as more liquid smoke was added because the carbonyis were no longer limiting the rate of Malilard browning. The rate of color development in French fries was also affected by the thermal processing method. Frying developed color at the fastest rate, followed by microwaving and baking. Although liquid smoke increased the rate of color development in French fries, it did not affect French fry texture. Through sensory testing, it was determined that liquid smoke can be used to improve the color of microwaveable French fries without affecting French fry flavor or texture.
Race, Gender, and Representation Index as Predictors of an Equal Opportunity Climate in Military Organizations

Recent analyses of the perceptions of equal opportunity (EO) climate in the military highlight differences among various demographic subgroups. Prior research (Dansby, 1994) indicates minority fema...
Expression of APP in Brains of Transgenic Mice Containing the Entire Human APP Gene

A major component of amyloid deposits found in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome is the beta/A4 peptide, which is derived from the Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor (APP). Recent evidence indicates that increases in APP expression and/or beta/A4 peptide accumulation may underlie the amyloidosis characteristic of these diseases. In the present study, transgenic mice carrying the entire human APP gene were studied for expression of human APP. Significant expression of human APP protein was observed in these animals, and this expression paralleled the expression of endogenous APP. These results, which represent a first demonstration of significant human APP expression in transgenic animals, support the use of such animals to study human APP expression and processing in vivo and possibly as models for the amyloidosis associated with Alzheimer disease.
Dynamic voltage stress effects on nMOS varactor

The degradations in the nMOS device due to high-frequency (900 MHz) dynamic stress are shown experimentally. The stress-induced shifts in DC and larger-signal C-V characteristics are presented. Although the high-frequency stress-induced degradations are much smaller than DC stress, the effects on C-V curves and quality factor cannot be neglected. An nMOS LC oscillator, wherein the varactor is operated under the same dynamic bias conditions as in the stress experiment, has been evaluated through Cadence Spectre simulation. The performance of the LC oscillator degrades significantly due to the dynamic stress.
Venture planning and analysis: An integrated approach to investment evaluation and product pricing

Abstract The venture planning and analysis (VPA) system is a quantitative analysis useful for developing pricing policy, projecting financial results, and comparing various investment opportunities. It is an integrated approach to product (investment) evaluation utilizing both marketing and cost information to determine an optimum pricing strategy. A venture plan is developed which covers several years of the anticipated life of the product (venture). The pricing strategy is determined by identifying the relationship between price, volume, and variable cost which yields the greatest positive cash flow. Revenue, variable expense, fixed expense, and engineering expense are input by fiscal year. The VPA system computes interest expense/income and cash flows. Ratios of the venture's quality-marginal investment quality factor and investment quality factor-are displayed, as are matrices which indicate the sensitivity of the venture to changes in the input data. Computer generated plots also help illustrate the cash flow and optimum level of production for each fiscal year of the analysis.
Characterization of protonated phospholipids as fragile ions in quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry

Some ions exhibit "ion fragility" in quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry (QIT-MS) during mass analysis with resonance ejection. In many cases, different ions generated from the same compound exhibit different degrees of ion fragility, with some ions (e.g., the [M+H](+) ion) stable and other ions (e.g., the [M+Na](+) ion) fragile. The ion fragility for quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometry (MS) for protonated and sodiated ions of three phospholipids, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, PC (16:0/16:0), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophoethanolamine, PE (16:0/16:0), and N-palmitoyl-D-erythro-sphingosylphosphorylcholine, SM (d18:1/16:0), was determined using three previously developed experiments: 1) the peak width using a slow scan speed, 2) the width of the isolation window for efficient isolation, and 3) the energy required for collision-induced dissociation. In addition, ion fragility studies were designed and performed to explore a correlation between ion fragility in QIT mass analysis and ion fragility during transport between the ion source and the ion trap. These experiments were: 1) evaluating the amount of thermal-induced dissociation as a function of heated capillary temperature, and 2) determining the extent of fragmentation occurring with increasing tube lens voltage. All phospholipid species studied exhibited greater ion fragility as protonated species in ion trap mass analysis than as sodiated species. In addition, the protonated species of both SM (d18:0/16:0) and PC (16:0/16:0) exhibited greater tendencies to fragment at higher heated capillary temperatures and high tube lens voltages, whereas the PE (16:0/16:0) ions did not appear to exhibit fragility during ion transport.
High temperature rate constants for H/D + methyl formate and methyl acetate

Abstract The reactions of D/H with methyl formate (MF) and methyl acetate (MA) have been studied with both shock-tube experiments and ab initio transition state theoretical calculations. D-atom profiles were measured behind reflected shock waves using D-atom atomic resonance absorption spectrometry (ARAS) over the temperature range 1050–1270 K, at pressures ≅0.5 atm. The title reactions have been theoretically studied at the CCSD(T)/cc-pv∞z//MP2/aug-cc-pvtz and CCSD(T)/cc-pv∞z//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory. Theoretical calculations suggest the dominance of the abstraction processes in comparison to addition processes in the 300–2000 K T-range. Over the T-range of the present experiments, the theoretically predicted isotope effects, kD/kH, are near unity. D-atom depletion in the present experiments is sensitive only to the reactions, (A) D + CH 3 OC(O)H → products (B) D + CH 3 OC(O)CH 3 → products Simulations of the measured D-atom profiles allow for determinations of total rate constants for the processes (A) , (B) . In combination with results obtained from recent H-ARAS experiments from our laboratory on MF decomposition, total experimental rate constants kA can be described by the Arrhenius equation, k A = ( 4.47 ± 1.54 ) × 10 - 10 exp ( - 5843 ± 416 K / T ) cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 ( 1050 – 1270 K ) For H/D + MF, total experimental rate constants, kA, and branching ratios agree well with theoretical predictions. For D/H + MA, total rate constants predicted by theory are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The theoretical predictions are preferred for use, with kB represented by the modified Arrhenius equation, k B = 3.078 × 10 - 19 T 2.78 exp ( - 3261 K / T ) cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 ( 500 – 2000 K ) To our knowledge, the present experiments are the first direct measurements for the title reactions and the rate constants from this combined experimental/theoretical effort are recommended for use in combustion modeling.
The oscillatory waves of the primate electroretinogram.

Abstract A study of light evoked oscillatory intraretinal and optic tract (OT) potentials was carried out in monkeys. Intraretinal depth and electrode marking studies suggest that the oscillatory waves of the ERG are generated in the inner ptexiform layer. The amplitude of the intraretinal ERG oscillatory waves varied linearly with log stimulus intensity and inversely with log intensity of an adapting light. The wavelets of the OT could be dissociated from those of the intraretinal ERG by intracarotid injections of barbiturate and differential effects of adapting lights. Tetrodotoxin blocked ganglion cell discharge without altering the intraretinal ERG wavelets. Deep Metofane anesthesia blocked the retinal wavelets without altering antidromic ganglion cell activity (P-wave). Spontaneous oscillations, prominent in the OT, were never observed in the retina. Evidence is presented to suggest that the OT oscillations result from massed activity of the larger fibers of the OT whose cells of origin are widely dispersed in the retinal periphery. The retinal wavelets were reduced in amplitude by repetitive stimulation of OT and chronic dennervation of the retina. These findings are discussed in terms of the membranes most likely involved in wavelet generation.
Role of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the control of IGF actions

Abstract The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins have been shown to modify IGF actions. IGFBP-5 binds to extracellular matrix (ECM) and its ability to potentiate IGF activity is dependent upon the amount that is ECM associated. To determine the specific regions of IGFBP-5 that are required for ECM association, site directed mutagenesis has been used to prepare several forms of IGFBP-5. Mutants that have had the amino acids between positions 201 and 218 altered have been useful. Mutation of the lysine 211 resulted in no change in the affinity of IGFBP-5 for ECM or heparin Sepharose; however, it resulted in a major reduction in affinity for IGF-I following heparin binding. Other mutations which disrupted heparin binding also resulted in loss of this affinity shift. Most disruptive were mutations of amino acids 211, 214, 217 and 218 and 202, 206 and 207. Mutation of residues 201 plus 292 had some effect, but substitution for 207, 211, 217 and 218 had no effect. When binding to intact ECM was analyzed, similar results were obtained. This suggests that amino acids 202, 206 and 214 are definitely involved in heparin and ECM binding. When binding to proteoglycans such as tenascin and heparin sulfate proteoglycan was analyzed, similar results were obtained. IGFBP-5 also binds to other proteins in ECM, including type IV collagen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-I. Specific antisera for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 can coprecipitate IGFBP-5. IGFBPs are degraded by specific proteases. Three proteases that degrade IGFBP-2, -4 and -5 have been characterized. They are serine proteases that cleave these proteins at basic residues. Although several well characterized serine proteases cleave IGFBP-4 or -5, the proteases in cell conditioned media appear to be distinct.
Design and simulation of an asymmetric variable reluctance stepping millimotor

A pancake-shaped step motor, which has a geometry with an axial dimension that is much smaller than the radius, was designed and built using a combination of conventional and LIGA-based fabrication methods. Preliminary open loop dynamic testing indicated that the motor rotated normally as designed, but some abnormal phenomena were also observed at certain input frequencies. A simple model was developed to simulate the dynamic behavior of the rotor. The simulation results match the trend of abnormal behavior observed in the test. They indicate that a reliable open-loop operation is feasible for a wide range of operating frequencies.
A fuzzy approach to the vessel dispatching problem

The paper discusses the process of loading, transport and unloading of gravel by inland water transport. A model for the dispatcher's decision support is developed. The decision-making process concerning the number of barges left at or taken from ports is modelled by fuzzy logic. By comparing the results obtained through the model with those resulting from the dispatcher's decision, it has been found that the model is highly compatible with reality.
Control elements in the neighboring ATPase gene influence spatiotemporal expression of the human Agouti-related protein

The agouti-related protein (AgRP) is an orexigenic peptide that plays a significant role in the regulation of energy balance. It is expressed in the hypothalamus, the adrenal glands, and the testis, but sequences determining its spatial and temporal expression have not been identified. Using an elaborate in vitro screening approach, we show here that two adjacent enhancers inside the first intron of the neighboring (1.4 kb downstream) ATPase gene (ATP6V0D1) modulate the human AgRP promoter with profound spatiotemporal variation despite their diminutive sizes (221 and 231 nt). In transgenic mice, the proximal enhancer displayed specificity for the testis, tail, and ears, and the distal one for the testis, front feet, bone, heart, muscle, brain, spinal cord, and tongue, while dietary fat and overnight fasting had differential effects on enhancer activities. AgRP in the testis was localized to pachytene spermatocytes and in the tongue to epithelial cells. Comparative sequence analysis showed that the AgRP-ATP6V0D1 intergenic region is two times longer in humans than in mice and that the two enhancers are conserved in the rhesus monkey genome but not in the mouse genome. These data show that spatiotemporal expression of the human AgRP gene is influenced by diversified primate-specific intronic sequences in its neighboring ATP6V0D1 gene.
Energy Nutrient Status of Adolescent Athletes Participating in Accelerated Training

Abstract Adolescents have increased energy and protein requirements. Exercise training augments such requirements. The purpose of the present study was to determine if adolescent athletes participating in an accelerated speed and strength training program are consuming sufficient energy nutrients. Six athletic males and 6 athletic females (mean age 16yr.and 15yr,respectively) completed a 7-day diet record (DR) midway through the program (week 3). DR's were analyzed using the Nutr-ionist IV software program. Results indicate that both males and females consumed significantly less total kcal/kg/d than recommended (males 26kcal/kg, females 28kcal/kg, p 0.05). Mean carbohydrate (CHO)iritake was low for males, both as %kcal and kcal/kg (49%kcal, 3g/kg). On average males consumed 31%kcal from fat/d. Females consumed 61% kcal from CHO but actual intake reflected only 4g/kg. Fat intake was 25% kcal. Male's mean protein intake was 84g/d (0.87g/kg/d), lower than the intake recommended for athletes, but higher than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Females consumed approximately 56g protein/d (1.3 times the RDA) which averaged to 1.0g/kg/d. 1005 of subjects were willing to make dietary changes that would support growth, sports performance and potential for gains in lean body mass. These findings suggest that athletes who are participating in acceleration programs may be limiting their growth, health and sports performance due to inadequate energy intake.
Developing X-Ray Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Applications in Fluidized Beds

Fluidized beds utilize a gas stream to fluidize solid particles and are used in the process industries because they provide a low pressure drop, uniform temperature distribution, and high heat transfer rates. Knowledge of fluidized bed hydrodynamics is necessary in the design and scale up of such devices. However, fluidized bed hydrodynamics are difficult to visualize and quantify because the systems are opaque and intrusive probes do not provide satisfactory measurements. This paper describes the development of X-ray particle tracking velocimetry (XPTV) to study fluidized bed hydrodynamics. XPTV utilizes X-rays to track specially designed tracer particles in a fluidized bed to noninvasively determine particle velocities. Stereoscopic X-ray imaging is used to locate the 3D position of the tracer particle as a function of time within a fluidized bed, from which particle velocity can be determined. An example of particle tracking will be shown and the automation of this process will be described.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Preservation of Mollusca in Copano Bay, Texas. The long-term record

Abstract The stratigraphic, taphonomic and biologic records from two cores in Copano Bay, Texas were analyzed to determine (1) whether variations in shell content with depth were caused by variations in carbonate preservation, carbonate production or sedimentation rate and (2) the extent to which characteristics of fossil assemblages, such as species composition, numerical abundance, biomass, and trophic and habitat structure, identified similar or different trends. Below the top few cm of the sedimentary column, variations in carbonate content with depth could be attributed to variations in carbonate production. Most biological attributes varied similarly with depth and, hence, time on both long (⪖100 yr) and short (∼10 yr) temporal scales. These variations could not be explained by any taphonomic process, sediment reworking and burial, or sedimentation rate. Despite a vigorous taphonomic milieu, to obtain the shell content of Copano Bay sediments requires the preservation of nearly all carbonate produced. Preservation of a large fraction of the shell carbonate added requires the preservation of most of the relatively large-shelled biota (large species and adults) which retain important evidence of changes in the community's history in this area. The results reemphasize the importance of large individuals and biomass in paleontologic reconstruction and suggest that changes in community productivity, which in paleontologic usage, must be carbonate productivity, are preserved in the fossil record.
A method for the structural analysis of triglycerides and lecithins

The structural analysis of lecithins and triglycerides is described. The procedure is carried out on 2–5 mg of sample by a combination of reductive ozonolysis and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The ozonides as well as the aldehyde “cores” derived from reduction of the ozonides are separated by TLC and analyzed quantitatively by densitometry. The constituent saturated fatty acids of the separated aldehyde “cores” are methylated and analyzed by gasliquid chromatography (GLC). The scope of the method is demonstrated by the analysis of several synthetic and natural triglycerides and several lecithins isolated from natural sources.
Token test scores of three matched patient groups: left brain-damaged with aphasia; right brain-damaged without aphasia; non-brain-damaged.

Summary The Token Test was administered to English speaking left braind-amaged aphasic, right brain-damaged nonaphasic and non-brain-damaged control patients who were matched across groups for age and educational level. In general, all patients had increasing difficulty as the parts progressed. The results are consistent with the findings of previous investigators in that the left brain-damaged aphasic patients made the greatest number of errors on all parts of the test, and no relationship was demonstrated between age and Token Test scores. An unexpected finding was that Parts IV and V differentiated the right brain-damaged nonaphasics from the control patients.