cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fossil Flora of the Winthrop Formation (Albian–Early Cretaceous) of Washington State, USA. Part I: Bryophyta and Pteridophytina

Abstract A diverse fossil flora of middle to late Albian age occurs in the upper half of the Winthrop Formation of the Methow basin in north-central Washington State, USA. The formation represents a transition from marine to terrestrial conditions within what is inferred, on paleomagnetic and paleofloral grounds, to be an allochthonous tectonic terrane, known as the Baja BC block, which formed adjacent to western Mexico, about 3,000 km south of its present position. The fossil plants were deposited in a braided-stream setting, with the richest plant sites occurring just above incipient paleosols and within probable crevasse splays. The flora consists of approximately 145 species in the Hepaticopsida, Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida, Pteridospermopsida, Cycadopsida, Ginkgopsida, Bennettitopsida, Pinopsida, and Magnoliopsida. Its floral diversity exceeds that of any other contemporaneous paleoflora in the Rocky Mountain region. Sixty percent of the species are angiosperms, with the ferns, the cycads, and the ...
Midzonal Necrosis as a Pattern of Hepatocellular Injury After Shock

Midzonal necrosis is rarely observed in human liver, except in patients with yellow fever. In a retrospective analysis of livers from 1000 consecutively autopsied adult patients, we observed midzonal necrosis in 1.8% of the cases, and in 8% of patients with centrilobular necrosis. All of the affected patients had a history of one or more episodes of hypotension several days before death, and most patients (72%) had a history of congestive heart failure. Although the midzonal pattern of necrosis was always accompanied by centrilobular necrosis, the two patterns were not uniformly observed in the same microscopic fields. In 11 of 18 cases (61%), the midzonal pattern of necrosis appeared to be partially a consequence of centrilobular regeneration of hepatocytes. In 28% of the cases, however, the midzonal pattern of necrosis was primary and associated with selective survival of centrilobular and periportal hepatocytes. We conclude that midzonal hepatocellular necrosis may be observed after hypotension, and toxin- or drug-induced injury need not be implicated in the pathogenesis. This information may be useful in the interpretation of needle biopsy specimens of the liver.
Expression and in vitro function of beta 1-integrin laminin receptors in the developing avian ciliary ganglion [published erratum appears in J Neurosci 1996 Nov 1;16(21):7097-8]

In chick development, ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons go through a period of axon extension from approximately embryonic day (E)4 to E8, followed by a period of synaptogenesis and neuronal cell death. By examining the immunohistochemical localization of laminin, in conjunction with Dil labeling of the ciliary nerve projection, we have determined that the pathway taken by these neurons is rich in laminin expression. Therefore, laminins are good candidate molecules for mediating outgrowth of these neurons in vivo. In vitro, the ability of CG neurons to extend neurites on laminin-1 (EHS laminin, alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 1) is maximal up to E8, then declines dramatically. CG neuron outgrowth on laminin-1 requires the activity of beta 1-class integrins. We have used subunit-specific antibodies to determine which of the five beta 1- containing heterodimers known to be laminin receptors (alpha 1 beta 1, alpha 2 beta 1, alpha 6 beta 1, alpha 7 beta 1) are expressed, and which mediate neurite outgrowth. While we could not detect expression of alpha 2 or alpha 7, we have found that alpha 1, alpha 3 beta 1, and alpha 6 beta 1 are expressed on the surface of ciliary ganglion neuron cell bodies and axons, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, antibodies against alpha 3 and alpha 6, but not alpha 1, interfered with CG neurite outgrowth on laminin-1 in vitro. Taken together, these data suggest that interactions of cell surface alpha 3 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 1 integrins with laminin-1 are likely to mediate growth of CG neurons during pathfinding in vivo.
THE TAYLOR PUMP: VISCOUS-FREE SURFACE FLOW DRIVEN BY ELECTRIC SHEAR STRESS

The pump invented by G.I. Taylor consists of low conductivity liquid in an insulated tank with electrodes at each end, one of which has an extension canted over the liquid/gas interface. When a potential difference is imposed between the electrodes, an electric shear stress acts on the interface and drives a Marangoni-like flow. The steady, two-dimensional flow of an incompressible, Newtonian, ohmic liquid in the tank is analyzed by solving simultaneously the Navier-Stokes equations for velocity and pressure in the tank and the Laplace equation for electric field in the liquid and the gas. The results show that an egg-shaped vortex develops in the liquid as the relative importance of inertial to viscous forces increases, in accordance with the experiments of Melcher and Taylor (1969). The methods developed here can be readily extended to analyze drop deformation and enhancement of mass transfer in two-phase systems due to an imposed electric field.
Preexisting pancreatic acinar cells contribute to acinar cell, but not islet β cell, regeneration

It has been suggested that pancreatic acinar cells can serve as progenitors for pancreatic islets, a concept with substantial implications for therapeutic efforts to increase insulin-producing β cell mass in patients with diabetes. We report what we believe to be the first in vivo lineage tracing approach to determine the plasticity potential of pancreatic acinar cells. We developed an acinar cell–specific inducible Cre recombinase transgenic mouse, which, when mated with a reporter strain and pulsed with tamoxifen, resulted in permanent and specific labeling of acinar cells and their progeny. During various time periods of observation and using several models to provoke injury, we failed to observe any chase of the labeled cells into the endocrine compartment, indicating that acinar cells do not normally transdifferentiate into islet β cells in vivo in adult mice. In contrast, we observed a substantial role for replication of preexisting acinar cells in the regeneration of new acinar cells after partial pancreatectomy. These results indicate that mature acinar cells harbor a facultative acinar but not endocrine progenitor capacity.
Individualism and the Modern Corporation: Implications for Innovation and Entrepreneurship

The extent to which entrepreneurship in established firms is the result of a more individualistic versus collectivistic culture is explored. Hypotheses are tested in which it is proposed that a curvilinear relationship exists between individualism-collectivism and corporate entrepreneurship. Findings are reported from a survey completed separately by three functional area managers in each of eighty-four industrial firms. The results support the hypotheses, such that entrepreneurship is highest under conditions of balanced individualism-collectivism, and declines in highly individualistic and more collectivistic environments.
Turbulence-radiation interactions in flames: A chaotic-map based formulation

In this paper we report initial efforts in developing large-eddy simulation (LES) subgrid-scale (SGS) models capable of treating turbulence-radiation interactions in sufficient detail to permit calculation of radiation intensity fluctuations on small scales. These models are constructed with a fluctuating component consisting of a discrete dynamical system (chaotic map) and are thus completely deterministic. We present an outline of the development of this formulation and then employ experimental data to generate large-scale behavior permitting what might be viewed as part of an a priori test of the SGS model. We display spatially extensive instantaneous fluctuating temperatures produced by the model as well as time series of fluctuating intensity calculated from the radiative transfer equation at several heights in a pool fire. We conclude that such results are physically realistic (and very efficiently computed) and warrant continued investigations, but we have at this time not yet completely validated the approach due to lack of detailed laboratory data.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
JOINT AND CONDITIONAL MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION FOR THE RASCH MODEL FOR BINARY RESPONSES

The usefulness of joint and conditional maximum-likelihood is considered for the Rasch model under realistic testing conditions in which the number of examinees is very large and the number is items is relatively large. Conditions for consistency and asymptotic normality are explored, effects of model error are investigated, measures of prediction are estimated, and generalized residuals are developed.
Developing civil engineering leaders at the United States Coast Guard Academy

Current ABET criteria expects the curricular content of engineering programs to include a general education component that is consistent with their objectives. This is usually accomplished by having students take non-technical courses in humanities and social science. The benefits of having engineering students take courses in humanities and social sciences cannot be overstated as these courses strongly promote personal, political (public policy) and professional leadership development. The United States Coast Guard Academy (USCGA) has been training engineers to serve as leaders in the Coast Guard and beyond for the past 100 years. The USCGA's Civil Engineering curriculum fosters leadership development through a breadth of required core courses in the humanities, science, engineering, mathematics, professional maritime studies, organizational behavior, management, leadership and law. This combination of core courses and non-academic activities including military and physical education training has been proven successful in providing students with opportunities to develop leadership and management skills required for engineering practice. The authors discuss the leadership approach used at USCGA that could be adopted by other academic institution as they strive to develop civil engineering leaders.
A poecilostome copepod parasitic in a scleractinian coral in the moluccas

Wedanus inconstans, n. gen., n. sp., a lichomolgid copepod living in the polyps of the reef coral Goniopora tenuidens (Quelch), is described from Halmahera in the Moluccas. The genus is apparently related to Xenomolgus Humes & Stock, 1972.
A modified Cram&#233;r-Rao bound and its applications (Corresp.)

A new way of treating extraneous or nuisance parameters in applying the Cramer-Rao bound is presented. The modified method duces substantially fighter bounds in two important applications. In particular, new bounds are obtained for the variance of estimates of arrival times for the Rayleigh channel.
Rational engineering of activity and specificity in a serine protease

The discovery of the Na+-dependent allosteric regulation in serine proteases makes it possible to control catalytic activity and specificity in this class of enzymes in a way never considered before. We demonstrate that rational site-directed mutagenesis of residues controlling Na+ binding can profoundly alter the properties of a serine protease. By suppressing Na+ binding to thrombin, we shift the balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant activities of the enzyme. Those mutants, compared to wild-type, have reduced specificity toward fibrinogen, but enhanced or slightly reduced specificity toward protein C. Because this engineering strategy targets a fundamental regulatory mechanism, it is amenable of extension to other enzymes of biological and pharmacological importance.
Monochromatic imaging with a conventional source using polycapillary x-ray optics

Monochromatic parallel beam imaging produces high subject contrast, high resolution, and low patient dose. Polycapillary collimating optics can be used to create a beam of sufficient intensity for monochromatization from a conventional source. Monochromatization is achieved by diffraction from a single crystal. Contrast, resolution, and intensity measurements were performed with both high and low angular acceptance crystals. Testing was first done at 8 keV with an intense copper rotating anode, then preliminary 17.5 keV measurements were made with a low power molybdenum source. At 8 keV, contrast enhancement was a factor of 5 relative to the polychromatic case, in good agreement with theoretical values. At 17.5 keV, monochromatic subject contrast is a factor of 2 times greater than the conventional polychromatic contrast. An additional factor of two increase in contrast is expected from the removal of scatter obtained from using the air gap which is allowable from the parallel beam. The measured angular resolution after the crystal was 0.6 mrad for a silicon crystal. The use of polycapillary collimating optics allowed monochromatic imaging measurements using a conventional rotating anode source and computed radiography plate in 300 mAs.
The Journey Starts Here: Finding Special Education Research in Subscription Databases

When providing reference services to students in multidisciplinary or emerging fields, it can be especially challenging to identify which subscription databases offer the best access to relevant materials. By using citation analysis methods to create a balanced checklist, librarians can not only identify prominent resources in the field, but can also have a better understanding of which disciplines are contributing to the field. This study examined special education, identified 39 journals from five disciplines that were highly cited across disciplines, and found that EBSCO's Academic Search Premier provided the best access to the materials.
Technique for Investigation of Sex Chromatin in Amniotic Membrane of Rat Foetuses

THE letter of Bianchi and de Bianchi1 prompts us to comment on our own experience in preparing slides for the study of sex chromatin in amniotic membrane cells from rat foetuses. They mentioned in their letter the difficulty of fixing the amniotic membrane of rat foetuses with absolute or 95 per cent alcohol, resulting in coagulation of mucopolysaccharides and shrinkage of the cells.
Offerings from an urchin.

Abstract There is a natural curiosity about how organisms give rise to offspring like themselves through a series of reproducible developmental events and how, once mature, these offspring mate and continue the process giving rise the next generation. In the mid-1800 s investigators started using gametes and embryos to explore this process. Although the observations and experimental approaches changed over time, embryologists and developmental biologists after them, sought understanding of development and inheritance through the study of gametes and embryos. It is argued here that in their quests to understand these processes embryologists made major conceptual advances that were seminal to the origins of genetics and to the origins of molecular biology. Furthermore these advances derived from the distinct perspective of those investigators with focused interest on the development of the organism. In this essay fundamental discoveries that originated with the sea urchin embryo as an experimental system are used to illustrate this position. The sea urchin has a long and uninterrupted history as a model organism that helped prepare the ground for the emergence of genetics and contributed important aspects to understanding of the central dogma of molecular biology. As molecular biology came of age new concepts and technology of the discipline were transformative for developmental biology and to this day the reciprocal inductive interactions between molecular biology and developmental biology continue to revitalize each other.
Tensile strength measurements of frangible bullets using the diametral compression test

Abstract Frangible bullets are designed to disintegrate on impact against rigid surfaces to avoid ricochet hazards in recreational shooting ranges or law enforcement training facilities. Their impact behavior against protective soft body armor is therefore quite different than conventional lead bullets, which are designed to expand on impact rather than shatter into fragments. Models to predict the impact of frangible bullets on soft body armor are currently sought to aid in the development of new performance standards for the law enforcement community against this unusual ballistic threat. Modeling success rests on the availability of constitutive data for frangible materials used in these bullets, such as tensile strength. To supply these critical data, the tensile strength of a Cu–Sn frangible bullet material is measured using the diametral compression test at quasi-static ( 1 μ m / s ) and high ( 12.5 m / s ) displacement rates. The latter tests are conducted using a Kolsky bar. Finite element modeling is used to calculate the stress in the specimen at failure. Using a maximum tensile strain criterion, the effective tensile strength was found to be 104 MPa ± 14 MPa . Tensile strength was not strongly sensitive to the displacement rate.
Comments on "Upper Extremity Limb Function Discrimination Using EMG Signal Analysis" and the Relationship Between Parallel-Fltering and Hypothesis-Testing Limb Function Classifiers

A continuity which is not readily apparent exists between certain limb function classification algorithms based on time series models of the surface EMG for use in the control of prostheses and orthoses. Superficially, the parallel-filtering system proposed by Graupe et al. [1], [2] appears to be arbitrary, inconsistent, and ad hoc in nature, and has been criticized as such [3] . Doerschuk et al. independentty developed a multichannel decision algorithm for limb function descrinination within the framework of classical detection theory using multiple-hypothesis testing [3]. This conimtihication establishes the fundamental equivalence of the two algorithms by showing that the system advocated by Graupe is in actuality a degenerate form of that proposed by Doerschuk when conditions of equal residual variance and a priori probabilities are met. A theoretical basis for Graupe's system is presented and its relationship to the multiple hypothesis test of Doerschuk is derived which unifies the contributions of both groups.
Migration patterns of clonally related granule cells and their progenitors in the developing chick cerebellum

During cerebellar development, granule neurons and their progenitors undergo complex migrations. To define these migratory paths better, we used replication-incompetent retroviruses to label dividing cells early in cerebellar development. Clonally related granule cells were widely dispersed in both rostrocaudal and mediolateral planes; clones often spanned the midline. The data suggest that granule cell progenitors originate from the ventricular zone along the entire mediolateral extent of the caudal edge of the cerebellum. After reaching the cerebellar surface, progenitors move primarily rostrally and proliferate in the superficial external granule layer. Postmitotic granule cells then migrate long distances medially and laterally in the transverse plane in the deep external granule layer, where previously they had been thought simply to extend transverse processes.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury: Biochemical alterations in peroxisomes of rat kidney

Abstract Exogenously supplied catalase, a peroxisomal enzyme, has been found to be of therapeutic value in ischemic injury. Therefore, we examined the effect of ischemic-reperfusion injury on the structure and function of kidney peroxisomes. Ischemic injury changed the density of peroxisomes from 1.21 g/cm 3 (peak I) to a lighter density of 1.14 g/cm 3 (peak II). The number of peroxisomes moving from the normal density population (peak I) to a lower density population (peak II) increased with an increase in ischemic injury. Latency experiments indicated both populations of peroxisomes to be of intact peroxisomes. Immunoblot analysis with antibodies against peroxisomal matrix and membrane proteins demonstrated that after 90 min of ischemia a significant number of matrix proteins were lost in the peak II population, suggesting that functions of these peroxisomes may be severally affected. Reperfusion following ischemic injury resulted in loss of peroxisomal matrix proteins in both peaks I and II, suggesting that peroxisomal functions may be drastically compromised. This change in peroxisomal functions is reflected by a significant decrease in peroxisomal catalase activity (35%) and β-oxidation of lignoceric acid (43%) observed following 90 min of ischemia. The decrease in catalase activity was more pronounced in reperfused kidneys even after a shorter term of ischemic injury. Reperfusion restored the normal peroxisomal β-oxidation in kidneys exposed up to 60 min of ischemia. However, 90 min of ischemia was irreversible as there was a further decrease in β-oxidation upon reperfusion. The decrease in catalase activity during ischemia alone was due to the formation of an inactive complex, whereas during reperfusion, following 90 min of ischemia, inactivation and proteolysis or decreased synthesis of catalase contributed equally toward the injury. The observed changes in the structure and function of peroxisomes as a result of ischemic-reperfusion injury and the ubiquitous distribution of peroxisomes underlines the importance of this organelle in the pathophysiology of vascular injury in general.
Mid-infrared lightcurve of Vesta

Abstract We present a thermal mid-infrared lightcurve of Asteroid 4 Vesta and use this to infer variations in thermophysical properties over the surface. Vesta was observed over three nights during the May 2007 opposition with the Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea. Mid-infrared observations are compared to a model based on the Standard Thermal Model which is draped over a Vesta shape model derived from Hubble Space Telescope observations. A visible lightcurve with similar aspect was used to estimate the albedo as Vesta rotates. Shape and albedo can explain some of the features observed in the mid-infrared lightcurve. However, variations in the thermophysical properties, such as the “beaming parameter,” over Vesta’s surface are required to completely explain the observations. In order to match the mid-infrared magnitudes observed of Vesta, a beaming parameter of ∼0.862 is required which is higher than other Main Belt Asteroids such as Ceres and Pallas (0.756), indicating a smoother and/or rockier surface on Vesta. Variations in the beaming parameter with longitude are invoked to reproduce the observed thermal variations. Surface materials with relatively high beaming values, indicating a smoother and/or rockier surface, in the eastern hemisphere of Vesta coincide with locations where impact excavations may have produced surfaces that are younger and brighter relative to the western hemisphere.
A Highly Hydrophobic Metal−Organic Framework Zn(BDC)(TED)0.5 for Adsorption and Separation of CH3OH/H2O and CO2/CH4: An Integrated Experimental and Simulation Study

The adsorption and separation of CH3OH/H2O and CO2/CH4 in Zn(BDC)(TED)0.5 (BDC = benzenedicarboxylate, TED = triethylenediamine) are investigated by integrating experiment and simulation. Zn(BDC)(TED)0.5 is a highly hydrophobic metal−organic framework (MOF) with interlacing channels. The simulated isotherms of CH3OH and H2O are in fairly good agreement with experimental results. While H2O adsorption in Zn(BDC)(TED)0.5 is vanishingly small, CH3OH shows a much stronger adsorption. The selectivity of CH3OH over H2O is approximately 20 at low pressures and the selectivity decreases with increasing pressure. From the density distributions and structural analysis, it is found that CH3OH interacts strongly with the metal oxides, particularly at low pressures. The isotherms of CO2 and CH4 from simulation match well with experimental data. As a nonpolar molecule, CO2 exhibits different favorable sites from polar CH3OH. At low pressures, CO2 is located preferentially near the BDC linkers. As pressure increases, CO2...
Vaccines based on structure-based design provide protection against infectious diseases.

Vaccines elicit immune responses, provide protection against microorganisms and are considered as one of the most successful medical interventions against infectious diseases. Vaccines can be produced using attenuated virus or bacteria, recombinant proteins, bacterial polysaccharides, carbohydrates or plasmid DNA. Conventional vaccines rely on the induction of immune responses against antigenic proteins to be effective. The genetic diversity of microorganisms, coupled with the high degree of sequence variability in antigenic proteins, presents a challenge to developing broadly effective conventional vaccines. The observation that whole protein antigens are not necessarily essential for inducing immunity has led to the emergence of a new branch of vaccine design termed ‘structural vaccinology’. Structure-based vaccines are designed on the rationale that protective epitopes should be sufficient to induce immune responses and provide protection against pathogens. Recent studies demonstrated that designing st...
An evaluation of the environmental costs and benefits of conservation tillage

Abstract Every production practice, including conservation tillage, has positive or negative environmental consequences that may involve air, land, water, and/or the health and ecological status of wildlife. The negative impacts associated with agricultural production, and the use of conventional tillage systems in particular, include soil erosion, energy use, leaching and runoff of agricultural chemicals, and carbon emissions. Several of these impacts are quantified. The conclusions suggest that the use of conservation tillage does result in less of an adverse impact on the environment from agricultural production than does conventional tillage, because of reduced surface water runoff and wind erosion. Wildlife habitat will be enhanced to some extent with the adoption of conservation tillage. The benefits to be gained from carbon sequestration will depend on the soil remaining undisturbed. Expansion of conservation tillage on highly erodible land will unquestionably result in an increase in social benefits, but the expected gains will be modest.
Risk factors for nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive-care unit.

Abstract The clinical records a years cohort of 280 newborn infants consecutively hospitalized for 48h or more in our neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) were reviewed. Information on the infants' conditions during the first 12h of life, and on the procedures used in the NICU, were collected. Statistical significance was tested by univariate analysis with the χ 2 test and by multivariate logistic regression analysis with the software program SPSS (Version 10). Over the one-year period reviewed, 90 hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) were contracted; 55 (19.6%) of infants had at least one infection during their stay. The overall in-hospital mortality was 7.1%, and mortality was higher in infants in whom at least one infection developed than in non-infected infants (12.7 vs. 5.8% P =0.13). Very low birthweight infants (VLBW
Nutrition Knowledge of Persons With HIV/AIDS who Use A Food Assistance Program

Abstract The research process utilized a questionnaire developed by the researcher that tested the subject's knowledge specific to nutrition and HIV/AIDS. For a one-month period, adult clients who "shopped" at the food pantry were asked to complete the questionnaire. All 326 research subjects had a diagnosis of HIV AIDS and a total monthly income of less than $825.00. Age ranged from 18 to 74 years, with a mean age of 39.5 ± 8.5 years. Of the 326 subjects, 73.3% were males, 22.4% were females, and 4.3% did not indicate gender. Subjects were 47.2% Black, 31.3% Caucasian, 13.2% Hispanic. 2.8% other, and 5.5% did not identify race. Living alone was reported by 145 (44.5%) of subjects while 91 (27.9%) reported living with one other person. Most subjects, 67.5%, reported no children in the household. An 11-item test of nutrition information specific to HIV/AIDS was used to assess knowledge. Knowledge scores ranged from 0 to 11 with a mean score of 8.6±2.1 or 78% correct Seventy-eight percent of subjects received a correct score of 73% or more. The majority of subjects, 267 (81.9%) reported being taught the importance of a high calorie, high protein diet. The information source was reported as doctor by 28.2%, food pantry RD/imern by 19.0%. self by 23.9%, and other 10.1%. Of those reporting food pantry RD/intern, 80.6% rated the nutrition inlbrmation they received as very helpful. In contrast, 62.0% of those who reported doctor rated the information as very helpful. And, 53.8% of those who reported self rated the information as very helpful. A majority of subjects. 246 (75.5%), reported that a doctor had suggested taking a multi-vitamin daily. Of those. 214 (65.6% of subjects) reported taking a multi-vitamin every day. Results of this study demonstrated a range of nutrition knowledge specific to HIV/AIDS in clients using a food assistance program. Dietitians/interns were reported as a source of this information that was rated as very helpful.
Lateral Placental Growth Occurs by Trophoblast Cell Invasion of Decidual Veins

Abstract During human pregnancy, growth of the placenta is proportionally greater than the growth of the decidual surface, suggesting that trophoblast cells invade the decidua at the placenta’s margin. We hypothesized that a method of lateral placental growth was trophoblast cell invasion of decidual veins. This was investigated in two in situ pregnancies and in tissues from 100 women undergoing elective termination at 8–12 weeks of gestation. Decidua was compared to normal secretory endometrium. Histological sections were stained by immunohistochemistry to identify trophoblast cell and vascular antigens, as well as vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), integrin subunits β 1 and β 4 , and oncofetal fibronectin. Dilated veins were observed in all decidua but not in the secretory endometrium. Decidual and myometrial veins contained villi, trophoblast cell islands and syncytial elements. Decidual endothelial cells expressed vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM). Villous trophoblast cells were integrin subunits β 4 positive and β 1 negative. Trophoblast cell islands in the placenta and within decidual veins were integrin subunits β 1 positive and β 4 negative. Trophoblast cell islands and villi attached to veins, and mononuclear cells, invaded decidual stroma. Oncofetal fibronectin was present at sites of trophoblast invasion. These findings suggest that a method of lateral placental growth is trophoblast cell invasion of veins.
Heart Rate Dynamics in Monoamine Oxidase-A and -B Deficient Mice

Heart rate (HR) dynamics were investigated in mice deficient in monoamine oxidase A and B, whose phenotype includes elevated tissue levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and phenylethylamine. In their home cages, spectral analysis of R-R intervals revealed more pronounced fluctuations at all frequencies in the mutants compared with wild-type controls, with a particular enhancement at 1–4 Hz. No significant genotypic differences in HR variability (HRV) or entropies calculated from Poincare plots of the R-R intervals were noted. During exposure to the stress of a novel environment, HR increased and HRV decreased in both genotypes. However, mutants, unlike controls, demonstrated a rapid return to baseline HR during the 10-min exposure. Such modulation may result from an enhanced vagal tone, as suggested by the observation that mutants responded to cholinergic blockade with a decrease in HRV and a prolonged tachycardia greater than controls. Monoamine oxidase-deficient mice may represent a useful experimental model for studying compensatory mechanisms responsible for changes in HR dynamics in chronic states of high sympathetic tone.
Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence identifies specific conformational changes at the actomyosin interface upon actin binding and ADP release.

The helix−loop−helix (A-site) and myopathy loop (R-site) are located on opposite sides of the cleft that separates the proposed actin-binding interface of myosin. To investigate the structural features of the A- and R-sites, we engineered two mutants of the smooth muscle myosin motor domain with the essential light chain (MDE), containing a single tryptophan located either in the A-site (W546-MDE) or in the R-site (V413W MDE). W546- and V413W-MDE display actin-activated ATPase and actin-binding properties similar to those of wild-type MDE. The steady-state fluorescence properties of W546-MDE [emission peak (λmax) = 344, quantum yield = 0.20, and acrylamide bimolecular quenching constant (kq) = 6.4 M-1·ns-1] and V413W-MDE [λmax = 338, quantum yield = 0.27, and kq = 3.6 M-1·ns-1] demonstrate that Trp-546 and Trp-413 are nearly fully exposed to solvent, in agreement with the crystallographic data on these residues. In the presence of actin, Trp-546 shifts to a more buried environment in both the ADP-bound an...
Marta past Messi: (re)definitions of gender and masculinity, patriarchal structures and female agency in international soccer

This essay analyses Marta’s embodied subjectivity and performativity of both gender and athleticism within a sport traditionally controlled by men, and shows how perceptions continue to be shaped and controlled by patriarchal structures promulgated by an anti-feminist media. Via comparisons of both Marta and Lionel Messi’s body schemas, performances of sexuality and relevant statistics, this article blurs the lines of segregation between male and female soccer, and opens the discussion as to whether a player of the calibre of Marta could/should play alongside men. Finally, this essay explores Marta’s contestation of compulsory sexuality and her (re)definition of gender in the space she has created via her agency and superior performativity on the soccer field.
Novel approaches to efficient flooding search in peer-to-peer networks

Efficient search algorithms are crucial to the success of unstructured and hybrid peer-to-peer networks. Performance requirements on search algorithms include low search traffic, low search latency, and determinism in returning the searched items. However, existing search algorithms fail to meet these goals. We propose, analyze, and evaluate two novel flooding search algorithms. The first algorithm conducts on-the-fly estimation of the popularity of the searched item, and uses such knowledge to guide a peer's search process. It requires the minimum search cost and very low latency, and albeit its non-determinism, often returns the desired number of results. The second algorithm, Hurricane flooding, exponentially expands the search horizon of the source of a search in a spiral pattern. Hurricane flooding is deterministic, requires search cost arbitrarily close to a lower bound, and returns the results in logarithmic time. We analyze and optimize our proposed algorithms, and evaluate them using various network models, including a real Gnutella network topology.
Platelet paroxetine binding and fluoxetine pharmacotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder: Preliminary observations on a possible predictor of clinical treatment response

Recent open clinical trials have found the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine to be beneficial in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. We have reported previously that the binding of a newer SSRI, paroxetine, to blood platelets is decreased in PTSD patients compared to normal control subjects. In the current study, pretreatment platelet paroxetine binding data were analyzed for ten Vietnam combat veterans who were treated clinically with fluoxetine for PTSD, diagnosed on the basis of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Specific binding of 3H-paroxetine is reported in terms of the dissociation constant (Kd) and the maximum density of binding sites (Bmax). Based on our previous findings we hypothesized that decreased platelet 3H-paroxetine binding would be associated with positive therapeutic response to subsequent treatment with fluoxetine. Global clinical improvement ratings, conducted blind to the biochemical data, were used to separate patients into five maximal responders and five partial responders. The results indicated that maximal responders had lower pretreatment Kd values (p = .016) and a trend toward lower pretreatment Bmax values (p = .075) than the partial responders. These preliminary findings may warrant further study of platelet SSRI binding as a possible predictor of SSRI treatment response in PTSD patients.
Materials specific electronic correlation effects and spectral weight ‘hot spots’ in intermetallic actinides

Many metallic actinide systems host partially filled 5f electrons in the low-energy spectrum. Consequently, they exhibit diverse quantum mechanical phenomena such as magnetism, superconductivity, a mysterious hidden-order phase, or heavy-fermion behavior. Here we present results of a unified theoretical method based on the self-consistent GW formalism for the electronic many-body self-energy. We calculate the dynamic electronic correlation spectra starting from materials specific first-principles electronic band-structure. In particular, we present results for four isostructural intermetallic actinides PuCoIn5, PuCoGa5, PuRhGa5, and UCoGa5. A common underlying property of these materials is a strong spin–orbit coupling split band structure that enables substantial spin fluctuations. In a feedback effect on the electronic structure they create electronic ‘hot spots’, where the single-particle spectral weight is maximum, resulting in a universal peak-dip-hump feature. These results are in good agreement with experiments, suggesting that actinides are adequately described by the intermediate Coulomb interaction regime, where both itinerant (peak) and localized (hump) features coexist.
Prostate specific antigen density in patients with histologically proven prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Prostate specific antigen (PSA) does not appear to have the specificity to distinguish between benign prostate hyperplasia and cancer when the PSA is low. PSA density is thought by many to improve the specificity for cancer; however, this theory remains controversial. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed 220 carcinomas in radical prostatectomy specimens and examined the relationship of PSA and PSA density to prostate volume, Gleason sum, and pathologic stage. RESULTS Prostate specific antigen and PSA density parallel each other and do not appear to correlate statistically with displaced volume of the prostate, Gleason sum, or pathologic stage. However, PSA density in the PSA 4.1-10 ng/ml group may have conferred unique information secondary to increased variation in prostate volume. Furthermore, PSA density was associated more than PSA with carcinoma in the PSA < or = 4.0 ng/ml group. A PSA density cutoff of greater than 0.05 ng/ml/ml was accurate in the diagnosis of 94.9% of the patients with cancer. Finally, carcinomas with a Gleason sum of greater than 6 in patients with a PSA density of greater than 0.3 ng/ml/ml had a high probability of being extra-capsular at the time of surgery. CONCLUSIONS Although PSA and PSA density appear to mirror each other in many ways, PSA density confers unique information and may be used as an adjunct to PSA and digital rectal examination in the detection and staging of prostate cancer. If prostate needle biopsy is performed, PSA density and Gleason sum may help identify patients who are at high risk for surgical failure.
Scale-up of particulate hold-up in rotary drums

Abstract This paper presents a group of dimensionless parameters which are useful in scaling-up the material hold-up in cylindrical drums of different geometry. These parameters include feed rate, drum rotational speed and discharge opening diameter. It also presents a semi-empirical model which can be used to predict the material hold-up in rotating drums for a wide range of operating and design variables. The values of hold-up predicted with this model are slightly lower than the corresponding experimental values, possibly due to end effects.
Cerebellar Hemorrhage after Spinal Surgery: Report of Two Cases and Literature Review

Objective and importance Cerebellar hemorrhage remote from the site of surgery may complicate neurosurgical procedures. We describe our experience with two cases of cerebellar hemorrhage after spinal surgery and review the three cases previously reported in the literature to determine whether these cases provide insight regarding the pathogenesis of remote cerebellar hemorrhage. Clinical presentation One of our patients developed cerebellar hemorrhage in the vermis and right hemisphere after transpedicular removal of a partially intradural T9-T10 herniated disc with the patient in the prone position. The other patient developed cerebellar hemorrhage in the vermis and bilateral hemispheres after L3-S1 decompression and instrumentation with the patient in the prone position, during which the dura was inadvertently opened. Intervention The first patient was treated conservatively and had mild residual dysarthria and gait ataxia 2 months after surgery. The second patient underwent exploration and revision of the lumbar wound with primary dural repair. The cerebellar hemorrhage was treated conservatively, and the patient had mild dysarthria and ataxia 1 month after surgery. Conclusion Cerebellar hemorrhage must be considered in patients with unexplained neurological deterioration after spinal surgery. Dural opening with loss of cerebrospinal fluid has occurred in every reported case of cerebellar hemorrhage complicating a spinal procedure, supporting the hypothesis that loss of cerebrospinal fluid is central to the pathogenesis of this condition. Because remote cerebellar hemorrhage can occur after procedures with the patient in the supine, sitting, and prone positions, patient positioning seems unlikely to play a causative role in its occurrence.
Behavior of stable isotopes of dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon and nitrate in groundwater at a former wood treatment facility containing hydrocarbon contamination

Abstract The speciation and mobility of a variety of chemical species in groundwater are strongly influenced by redox and pH conditions. Dissolved O2 (DO) and dissolved inorganic C (DIC) concentrations are significant controls of these conditions, respectively. It is not always clear what the major processes are that influence changes in the concentration of DO and DIC across a groundwater flowpath. The combined use of the stable isotope compositions of DO (δ18O–DO) and DIC (δ13C–DIC) has the potential to help investigators discriminate between sources and sinks of DO and DIC in groundwater systems. A total of 31 monitoring wells were sampled to investigate changes in DO, DIC, δ18O–DO and δ13C–DIC in shallow groundwater at the Montana Pole and Treating Plant (MPTP), Butte, Montana, USA. The MPTP site contains significant quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater from historical operations as a wood treatment-preservative facility. Dissolved O2 concentrations decreased downgradient across the site (340–6.6 μmol L−1) while DIC concentration increased (3.6–12.8 mmol L−1). A general enrichment in δ18O–DO (16.8–31.6‰) and depletion in δ13C–DIC (−12.7‰ to −18.7‰) along the flowpath is consistent with aerobic microbial respiration. However, the correlation between δ18O–DO and δ13C–DIC was poor which may be caused in part by the remediation treatments being used to mitigate soil and groundwater contamination. The presence of an extensive suboxic zone near the center of the field area suggests that some DIC of unknown isotopic composition could have been added to the groundwater by anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons. This idea is consistent with a limited amount of NO 3 - isotope data which suggest that denitrification is occurring at the MPTP site.
The Effects of ADHD Medication Changes on a Child Who Stutters

Abstract This case report describes a 10-year-old boy who presented with comorbid stuttering, ADHD, and Tourette Syndrome. The focus of this case study is the child’s favorable reaction to the non-...
‘What’ and ‘where’ in the human visual system: Two hierarchies of visual modules

In this paper we focus on the modularity of visual functions in the human visual cortex, that is, the specific problems that the visual system must solve in order to achieve recognition of objects and visual space. The computational theory of early visual functions is briefly reviewed and is then used as a basis for suggesting computational constraints on the higher-level visual computations. The remainder of the paper presents neurological evidence for the existence of two visual systems in man, one specialized for spatial vision and the other for object vision. We show further clinical evidence for the computational hypothesis that these two systems consist of several visual modules, some of which can be isolated on the basis of specific visual deficits which occur after lesions to selected areas in the visually responsive brain. We will provide examples of visual modules which solve information processing tasks that are mediated by specific anatomic areas. We will show that the clinical data from behavioral studies of monkeys (Ungerleider and Mishkin 1984) supports the distinction between two visual systems in monkeys, the ‘what’ system, involved in object vision, and the ‘where’ system, involved in spatial vision.
Monitoring of hemodynamic changes induced in the healthy breast through inspired gas stimuli with MR-guided diffuse optical imaging

Purpose: The modulation of tissuehemodynamics has important clinical value in medicine for both tumor diagnosis and therapy. As an oncological tool, increasing tissue oxygenation via modulation of inspired gas has been proposed as a method to improve cancer therapy and determine radiation sensitivity. As a radiological tool, inducing changes in tissue total hemoglobin may provide a means to detect and characterize malignant tumors by providing information about tissue vascular function. The ability to change and measuretissue hemoglobin and oxygenation concentrations in the healthy breast during administration of three different types of modulated gas stimuli (oxygen/carbogen, air/carbogen, and air/oxygen) was investigated. Methods: Subjects breathed combinations of gases which were modulated in time. MR-guided diffuse optical tomography measured total hemoglobin and oxygen saturation in the breast every 30 s during the 16 min breathing stimulus. Metrics of maximum correlation and phase lag were calculated by cross correlating the measuredhemodynamics with the stimulus. These results were compared to an air/air control to determine the hemodynamic changes compared to the baseline physiology. Results: This study demonstrated that a gas stimulus consisting of alternating oxygen/carbogen induced the largest and most robust hemodynamic response in healthy breast parenchyma relative to the changes that occurred during the breathing of room air. This stimulus caused increases in total hemoglobin and oxygen saturation during the carbogen phase of gas inhalation, and decreases during the oxygen phase. These findings are consistent with the theory that oxygen acts as a vasoconstrictor, while carbogen acts as a vasodilator. However, difficulties in inducing a consistent change in tissue hemoglobin and oxygenation were observed because of variability in intersubject physiology, especially during the air/oxygen or air/carbogen modulated breathing protocols. Conclusions: MR-guided diffuse optical imaging is a unique tool that can measuretissuehemodynamics in the breast during modulated breathing. This technique may have utility in determining the therapeutic potential of pretreatment tissue oxygenation or in investigating vascular function. Future gas modulation studies in the breast should use a combination of oxygen and carbogen as the functional stimulus. Additionally, control measures of subject physiology during air breathing are critical for robust measurements.