cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Trace-Mineralized Salt upon the Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Content of Goat's Milk

Summary Goats receiving trace-mineralized salt (containing cobalt), in comparison to those receiving only iodized salt, were observed to have a higher level of vitamin B 12 in their colostrum and milk during the first week post-partum. Trace-mineralized salt or a 50-mg. supplement of cobalt per goat per day had no influence upon the level of this vitamin in the goat's milk after this time. The addition of trace-minerals to the diet of the goat did not influence the free folic acid level of the goat's milk. The lower folic acid content of goat's milk observed in this study is believed to be more accurate than the previous data of Collins et al . (1).
Stomatitis medicamentosa accompanying actinomycin D therapy in advanced cancer.

Abstract 1. 1. Three main types of chemotherapeutic agents are used at present in the treatment of advanced cancer. These are antibiotics, antimetabolites, and alkylating agents. 2. 2. These drugs can produce undesirable side effects because of their potential toxicity. 3. 3. Of 132 patients with advanced cancer treated with actinomycin D, twenty-two (17 per cent) developed oral mucous membrane involvement which promptly healed upon withdrawal of the drug. 4. 4. The types of oral involvement are described and enumerated with respect to prevalence of anatomic site.
Treatment of hypertension in the ambulatory patient.

Abstract Blood pressure elevation of adequate severity and for a prolonged period of time will definitely produce vascular changes in the brain, the heart, and the kidneys. The more severe the hypertension, the more marked these changes will be in the kidneys. Effective reduction of blood pressure may completely arrest these vascular changes regardless of the method used for blood pressure reduction. Although the changes are arrested, renal function rarely returns to normal. Hypertension aggravates and hastens the development of arteriosclerosis. Reducing the blood pressure arrests this hastening process, but still arteriosclerosis progresses just as it does in the normotensive individual. The method of blood pressure reduction is probably not important, insofar as arresting the vascular changes associated with hypertension is concerned. The important thing is that the blood pressure be reduced effectively. This the surgeon can do, particularly when he employs concurrent medical therapy. We would concur with this approach just as long as the blood pressure is severe enough to warrant surgical therapy and the surgeon is proficient at doing sympathectomies. On the other hand, when the psychiatrist, or the general practitioner, or the internist who carries psychiatric overtones, can “talk the blood pressure down,” this is good therapy. Unfortunately, being neither psychiatrist nor surgeon, we prefer to use drugs and our results using psychotherapy (and placebo) have been poor. Any drug therapeutic program that is effective in bringing the blood pressure to a normal or relatively normal levels, is an effective therapeutic program. Generally speaking, our program has been one of polypharmacy in which we attempt to deplete body sodium with chlorothiazide. This drug is continued indefinitely as a background medication for all antihypertensive drugs. This is probably the most effective measure for blood pressure reduction. Then the sympathetic nervous system is blocked by different methods. The centrally acting drugs are used first. The most common ones are rauwolfia and hydralazine. Usually in milder cases rauwolfia is given an initial trial alone and if the patient needs additional therapy, he may receive hydralazine (Apresoline). In the moderatelysevere cases, we give a therapeutic trial of hydralazine with rauwolfia. For the more severe cases when the diastolic blood pressure is fixed above 120 to 130 mm Hg, we use ganglionic blocking agents, such as mecamylamine or pentolinium.
Quantitative Determination of Lactase

Abstract A simple and quick assay is described for the determination of the lactase activity of crude enzyme preparations. Results are available in 2 hr. from as little as 2 mg. of material. Fifteen minutes’ incubation at 37° C. is used for the enzymatic reaction on a pure lactose substrate. The lactase activity is related to the amount of glucose released by the hydrolysis, as determined by an enzymatic micro-method. The effects of substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and related factors are investigated. The assay procedure was advantageously employed in a preliminary quantitative screening of lactaseproducing organisms which could utilize whey in their growth.
SU‐GG‐T‐37: Monte Carlo Dose Comparison Assessing Material Inhomogeneity Effects in Breast Brachytherapy

Purpose: To quantify the effect of material heterogeneity on dosimetry in single‐entry breast brachytherapy devices such as the MammoSite, Contura, and SAVI in comparison to the assumed homogeneity of the TG‐43 formalism, with an emphasis on devices with a close proximity to the skin. Method and Materials: A simple phantom was constructed in the Penelope Monte Carlo code consisting of a sphere of varying size and position situated within a larger cube surrounded by air. The cube was always composed of water while the sphere could be water or air in order to compare a more realistic heterogeneous model with the homogenous model used in the TG‐43 formalism. Spacing between the sphere and the cube surface was brought as close as 7mm to test the clinical limits of the SAVI device as pertains to skin spacing. Seeds were represented as point sources with a single band or energy at 365 keV (approximating an iridium 192 source) and simulated to be either at the air‐water interface or in the center of the sphere. Results: Simulations indicated that dose to the water — in the heterogeneous case for >2mm from the air‐water interface — was different by <10% maximum and ∼3% on average, from dose calculated for the homogenous case. At <2mm from the air‐water interface, however, the difference in dose for the heterogeneous case was ∼30% of the homogenous case on average and could be as high as 230% for close (7mm) spacing. Conclusions: Although the dose differs between the air‐water and water‐water interfaces, the discrepancy was limited to 1–2mm from the interface and could be reduces in some situation. Further exploration needs to be done to assess the actual dose being given as opposed to what has been calculated for all brachytherapy devices with air‐tissue interfaces.
Nodal domain integration model of two-dimensional advection-diffusion processes

Abstract The nodal domain integration method is applied to a two-dimensional advection-diffusion process in an anisotropic inhomogeneous medium. The domain is discretised into the union of irregular triangle finite elements with vertex-located nodal points and a linear trial function is used to approximate the governing flow equation's state variable in each element. Non-linear parameters are assumed quasi-constant for small durations in time in each element. The resulting numerical model represents the Galerkin and subdomain integration weighted residual methods and the integrated finite difference method as special cases. Both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions are accommodated in a manner similar to the Galerkin finite element approach.
Case files of the medical toxicology fellowship of the California poison control system-San Francisco: calcium plus digoxin-more taboo than toxic?

The prolific author and physician Richard Gordon once cracked that “the history of medicine is largely the substitution of ignorance by fallacies” [42]. The conflation of fallacy and ignorance in the case of digitalis plus calcium may be the acceptance of Bower’s shaky case reports at the expense of Lieberman’s stronger—and arguably more useful—finding that the most important determinant of calcium toxicity is the dose and rate of infusion,whether or not digitalis glycosides are present. While some of the timidity surrounding digitalis treatment is grounded in rational evidence, much of it still seems to reflect subjective interpretation insulated from empirical reality. As Blaustein notes, the ancient toxic taboos associated with cardiac glycosides “scared off many physicians and nearly relegated digitalis to oblivion before it was perspica-ciously resurrected by [William] Withering” [12]. Like the “pseudoaxioms” [43] that epinephrine should never be injected into toes or that opioids will mask the abdominal exam findings in a surgical patient, the old digitalis-calcium “stone heart” taboo withers under a careful review of the evidence.
Solubilities of Substituted Phenols in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The binary (solute + CO2) equilibrium solubilities of six substituted phenols (2,5-dimethyl phenol, 2,3-dimethyl phenol, 2,4,6-trimethyl phenol, 2,3,5-trimethyl phenol, 4-phenyl phenol, and 4-tert-butyl phenol) were determined at a temperature of 308 K in the pressure range of 10.1 to 28.0 MPa. Solubility data were obtained using a dynamic approach with a simple and reliable apparatus. The mole fraction solubilities of substituted phenols ranged from 5.14 × 10-5 to 2.56 × 10-2. Solubilities of three ternary (two solutes + CO2) systems were investigated at a temperature of 308 K in the pressure range of 10.1 to 28.0 MPa. In the 4-phenyl phenol + 2,3,5-trimethyl phenol and 4-phenyl phenol + 2,4,6-trimethyl phenol systems, the solubility of 4-phenyl phenol was enhanced relative to its binary solubility by 22.9 % and 217 %, respectively. The 2,3,5-trimethyl phenol and 2,4,6-trimethyl phenol did not exhibit any solubility enhancements in the two ternary systems. Accurate solubilities could not be measured for ...
The role of strangeness in hypernuclear weak interactions and multiquark states

Abstract Two problems are discussed which illustrate the impact that strangeness can have on multiparticle systems. The weak decay of hypernuclei is analyzed as a measure of the weak interaction between a Λ hyperon and a nucleon. Recent data is compared to theoretical calculations. The mass scale for six-quark systems - dibaryons - which include one or two strange quarks is also discussed. Experimental searches for dibaryons with both S = −1 and S = −2 (the H particle) are described.
The making of twenty‐first‐century HR: An analysis of the convergence of HRM, HRD, and OD

Twenty-first-century HR is emerging to uniquely combine activities and processes of human resource management (HRM), human resource development (HRD), and organization development (OD)—three fields that “grew up” distinct from each other. Contributing strategically to organizations demands that HRM, HRD, and OD coordinate, partner, and think innovatively about how they relate and how what they do impacts people and organizations. An analysis of the evolutions of these fields helps to explain why the distinctions between them continue to blur and how the similarities among them provide the necessary synergy for HR to be a truly valued organizational partner. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative studies of the fibrinolytic activity of cultured vascular cells

Abstract The fibrinolytic components in cultured endothelial cells (ECs) were examined and compared to those in non-endothelial vascular cells (NEVCs) and in normal and virally-transformed fibroblasts. All vascular cells exhibited plasminogen activator (PA) activity. This activity was low in ECs isolated from rabbit aorta and vena cava but high in NEVCs isolated from these same tissues, indicating that the fibrinolytic potential of the vasculature is not restricted to the endothelium. Low PA activity was also characteristic of ECs obtained from human umbilical cord vein. In contrast, both ECs and NEVCs isolated from bovine aorta and vena cava had high PA activity and were even more active in this respect than chick embryo fibroblast transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. Treatment of all cells with 5 × 10−8 M phorbol myristate acetate, a tumor promoting agent, resulted in a variable but significant stimulation of PA activity. The low PA activity associated with some of the EC cultures correlated with the presence of a cellular inhibitor of fibrinolysis. Inhibitor activity was high in rabbit and human ECs and low in rabbit NEVCs and in chick embryo fibroblasts. No inhibitor activity could be detected in cultures of confluent bovine aortic ECs although there was significant inhibitor activity associated with sparsely populated cultures. The specific activity of PA in ECs also fluctuated with cell density, increasing approximately 20-fold as sparsely plated cells grew to confluency. These observations emphasize 1) that tissue associated fibrinolytic activity represents a balance between the activities of PAs and cellular inhibitors, 2) that the relation between PA and inhibitor may change with the growth state of the cells, and 3) that these activities vary with species of origin and thus are not necessarily indicative of any specific cell type.
A crossed molecular beam investigation of the reaction Cl+propane → HCl+C3H7 using VUV synchrotron radiation as a product probe

Abstract We have used the crossed molecular beam technique to study the hydrogen atom abstraction from propane by atomic chlorine over a wide range of collision energies. The experiments were carried out using a recently constructed crossed molecular beam apparatus that utilizes tunable VUV synchrotron radiation for product photoionization. We have measured laboratory TOF spectra and angular distributions for E coll =8.0, 11.5, and 31.6 kcal/mol. Center-of-mass flux maps were generated from the measured laboratory distributions. The results demonstrate two distinct reaction mechanisms that depend on the impact parameter of the reactive collision. Large impact parameter collisions proceed via a stripping mechanism resulting in forward scattered products with very little momentum change in going from reactant to product. The stripping reactions are most likely dominated by abstraction of secondary hydrogen atoms. Smaller impact parameter collisions lead to direct reactions with an impulsive recoil and are consistent with a preference for a collinear transition state geometry, C–H–Cl. The larger energy along the line of centers in smaller impact parameter collisions most likely makes the effect of a larger barrier to abstraction of primary hydrogen atoms negligible leaving the ratio of primary to secondary hydrogen abstraction to be dictated by simple statistics.
Revisiting the Affect Regulation Model of Binge Eating: A Meta-Analysis of Studies using Ecological Momentary Assessment

The affect regulation model of binge eating, which posits that patients binge eat to reduce negative affect (NA), has received support from cross-sectional and laboratory-based studies. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves momentary ratings and repeated assessments over time and is ideally suited to identify temporal antecedents and consequences of binge eating. This meta-analytic review includes EMA studies of affect and binge eating. Electronic database and manual searches produced 36 EMA studies with N = 968 participants (89% Caucasian women). Meta-analyses examined changes in affect before and after binge eating using within-subjects standardized mean gain effect sizes (ESs). Results supported greater NA preceding binge eating relative to average affect (ES = 0.63) and affect before regular eating (ES = 0.68). However, NA increased further following binge episodes (ES = 0.50). Preliminary findings suggested that NA decreased following purging in bulimia nervosa (ES = -0.46). Moderators included diagnosis (with significantly greater elevations of NA prior to bingeing in binge eating disorder compared to bulimia nervosa) and binge definition (with significantly smaller elevations of NA before binge vs. regular eating episodes for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders definition compared to lay definitions of binge eating). Overall, results fail to support the affect regulation model of binge eating and challenge reductions in NA as a maintenance factor for binge eating. However, limitations of this literature include unidimensional analyses of NA and inadequate examination of affect during binge eating, as binge eating may regulate only specific facets of affect or may reduce NA only during the episode.
Model for pulverized coal-fired reactors

An axisymmetric, elliptic model has been developed for analysis of confined, turbulent, coal-laden diffusion flames. The scheme is Eulerian for gases and Lagrangian for particles. The approach emphasizes the turbulent fluid mechanics of the mixing-limited gas phase reaction processes. The two-equation (k−∈) turbulence model is used for closure. Particle drag and turbulent particle diffusion are also modeled. Gaseous combustion is modeled with a probability density function for the mixture fraction. Fluctuations in mixing of inlet streams and coal off-gas are considered. Coal pyrolysis and oxidation reaction processes are assumed to be slow with respect to the turbulent time scale. Particle and gas radiation are incorporated by a flux method. Predictions emphasize the importance of turbulent particle dispersion.
HR 4049: temporal variations in the structure of the circumstellar material

We present ultraviolet (UV) and optical spectropolarimetry of the post-asymptotic giant branch star HR 4049 (= HD 89353). The polarization is time-variable in both magnitude and position angle. The variations in the polarization are tied to the orbital period and the circumstellar reddening and, in the optical, appear to arise from Rayleigh scattering in a thin disc. However, the ultraviolet (λ≲ 3000 A) polarization shows the signature of scattering from material in a bipolar distribution. The near-UV (≈ 2000–3000 A) polarization has approximately the same position angle as the optical polarization and hence also arises from scattering in a disc. However, the component perpendicular to the disc is of unknown origin. We discuss possible sources for this component.
Expression of PDGFR-β and Kit in canine anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma using tissue immunohistochemistry

Canine anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma (ASAGAC) is an uncommon but highly invasive and metastatic malignancy. Toceranib phosphate (Palladia) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that targets several members of the split kinase RTK family. These membrane receptors are important for cell cycling, apoptosis and angiogenesis, all of which can contribute to carcinogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate archived, paraffin-embedded canine ASAGAC and normal canine anal sacs for immunohistochemical detection of Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β). Two of 77 neoplasms (2.6%) expressed Kit. Fifteen of the neoplasms (19.5%) were positive for PDGFR-β expression. None of the normal canine anal sac epithelium expressed Kit or PDGFR-β. Because of these results, further investigation should be considered to determine the role of RTKs in the clinical course and treatment of canine ASAGAC.
Thermal imaging of brain tumors in a rat glioma model

We have explored the capability of thermal imaging for the detection of brain tumors in a rat glioma mode. Fourteen Wistar rats were injected stereotactically with 100,000 C6 glioma cells. Approximately one and two weeks post implantation, the rats underwent bilateral craniotomy and the exposed brain surface was imaged with a short wave thermal camera. Thermal images were obtained at both low (approximately 28.7 degree(s)C) and high (approximately 38 degree(s)C) core temperatures. Temperature gradients between the tumor site and the contralateral normal brain were calculated. Overall, the tumors appeared cooler than normal brain, for both high and low core temperatures. Average temperature difference between tumor and normal brain were maximal in more advanced tumors (two weeks) and at higher core temperatures. At one week (N equals 6), the average temperature gradient between tumor and normal sites was 0.1 degree(s)C and 0.2 degree(s)C at low and high core temperatures respectively (P(greater than)0.05). At two weeks (N equals 8), the average temperature gradient was 0.3 degree(s)C and 0.7 degree(s)C at low and high core temperatures respectively (P<0.05). We conclude that thermal imaging can detect temperature differences between tumor and normal brain tissue in this model, particularly in more advanced tumors. Thermal imaging may provide a novel means to identify brain tumors intraoperatively.
Measurement of Engelmann Spruce Beetle Populations

The Engelmann spruce beetle, Dendroctonus engelnanni Hopk., is a primary enemy of Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry. Its life history and behavior have been intensively studied. The reasons for the rise and fall of outbreaks, however, are not specifically known. In the study of these fluctuations the measurement of the insect populations in the trees must be accurate and useful. The problem then is one of sampling, and this can be extremely complicated. The first requirement in sampling the bark beetle population is to obtain a reliable estimate of the number of beetles. Secondly, this must be done with as simple a procedure as can be developed. Since these facts were recognized at the start of the project, the methods developed are accurate and applicable to field use. At the start, 2 assumptions were made. First, it was believed unnecessary to measure or estimate the beetle population in a tree or area. Instead, the population at one location on a tree was estimated. Second, the fluctuations found at this location were assumed to be similar to the fluctuations elsewhere in the tree. Certainly there are other systems of sampling applicable to this situation. However, the method developed here is practical and does give the information required on the trends in infestations.
Applications of Pharmacoepidemiology in Psychiatry

(1994). Applications of Pharmacoepidemiology in Psychiatry. Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 117-118.
Characterization of an adhesion antigen of Streptococcus sanguis G9B.

An antigen possessing the attributes of an adhesion has been identified in Streptococcus sanguis G9B. Cell surface components were extracted from G9B and a spontaneously occurring nonadherent mutant of G9B, strain Adh-, with a 2 mM barbital buffer, pH 8.6. The extract of G9B but not of Adh- absorbed more than 80% of the adhesion-inhibitory activity of anti-G9B immunoglobulin G (IgG). Immunoblots revealed 80- and 52-kilodalton (kDa) antigens present in the G9B extract but not in the Adh- extract. Absorption of anti-G9B IgG with Adh- and G9B barbital extracts showed a correlation between the loss of the 80- and 52-kDa antibodies and the loss of adhesion-inhibitory activity. An antibody prepared against the 80-kDa antigen excised from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels recognized the 80- and 52-kDa antigens and another antigen of 62 kDa but did not inhibit adhesion. However, an antibody from an electroblot containing the native protein from which the 80-kDa and related antigens were derived (the 80-kDa antigen complex) inhibited adhesion to the same extent as anti-G9B IgG. Periodate oxidation of the G9B barbital extract modified the 80-kDa antigen complex and resulted in the loss of 40% of its absorbing activity. The barbital extract also contained an endogenous enzyme responsible for producing the 62- and 52-kDa antigens from the 80-kDa protein and which, under optimal conditions, degraded the antigen completely, resulting in the loss of antibody-absorbing activity. The 80-kDa antigen complex has a molecular mass of more than 200 kDa in native polyacrylamide gels and a pI of 4.1 to 4.8. These observations suggest that the adhesion antigen in S. sanguis G9B is a large glycoprotein from which an 80-kDa antigen complex is derived. Images
Macromolecular X-Ray Solution Scattering with Third Generation Synchrotron Sources

One factor driving the resurgence in the popularity of macromolecular small-angle solution scattering has been the availability of new small-angle scattering instruments on third generation synchrotron sources. The high intensity, low background and the high sensitivity detectors available at these facilities has allowed the collection of better signal to noise scattering patterns, over wider ranges of scattering vector, and in less time. The result is more stringent data for modeling efforts using ever more sophisticated codes. In addition, the high fluxes and small beams delivered by these beamlines are ideal for macromolecular folding studies using stopped flow and various continuous flow micro-fluidic mixers. For folding studies, the primary advantage of SAXS over competing solution techniques, most of which are sensitive to local structural changes (such as florescence), is that it provides information on global shape changes. Here I will review a number of these applications that have been done at the BioCAT facility at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Labs as well as future prospects for wider application of these techniques.
Plant Toxicity, Adaptive Herbivory, and Plant Community Dynamics

We model effects of interspecific plant competition, herbivory, and a plant’s toxic defenses against herbivores on vegetation dynamics. The model predicts that, when a generalist herbivore feeds in the absence of plant toxins, adaptive foraging generally increases the probability of coexistence of plant species populations, because the herbivore switches more of its effort to whichever plant species is more common and accessible. In contrast, toxin-determined selective herbivory can drive plant succession toward dominance by the more toxic species, as previously documented in boreal forests and prairies. When the toxin concentrations in different plant species are similar, but species have different toxins with nonadditive effects, herbivores tend to diversify foraging efforts to avoid high intakes of any one toxin. This diversification leads the herbivore to focus more feeding on the less common plant species. Thus, uncommon plants may experience depensatory mortality from herbivory, reducing local species diversity. The depensatory effect of herbivory may inhibit the invasion of other plant species that are more palatable or have different toxins. These predictions were tested and confirmed in the Alaskan boreal forest.
Synthesis of 2,4′-disubstituted biphenyls via regioselective electrophilic and nucleophilic addition to the (η5-cyclo- hexadienylidene)2[Cr(CO)3]2 dianion

Abstract (η 5 -Cyclohexadienylidene) 2 [Cr(CO) 3 ] 2 dianion ( 2 ) reacts regioselectively with primary alkyl bromides to produce an intermediate [μ-6-alkyl-6-(η 6 -phenyl)(1-5-η 5 )-cyclohexadienyl]bis- (tricarbonylchromium) anion ( 3 ). Treatment of intermediates 3 with cyano-stabilized anions, followed by oxidation with I 2 , resulted in the formation of 2,4 ′-dlsubstitoted biphenyl compounds in good yield. If the initially added alkyl group contains an activated methylene unit, treatment of 5 with LDA leads ultimately to ring annulatinn products.
SHERPA: a responsive multi-mission space tug

The shuttle expendable rocket for payload augmentation (SHERPA) is a rocket-powered orbital transfer system for small satellites. It is currently being developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory Space Vehicles Directorate (AFRL/VS) to support the need of the Department of Defense (DoD) space test program (STP) to deploy satellite payloads to higher orbits. SHERPA, a space tug, mass of 56 kilograms and is capable of boosting a 125-kg satellite payload from an orbit of 350 kilometers to 700 kilometers. The STP utilizes a variety of systems to fly its payloads. Although the current plan for the SHERPA flight demonstration is to use the canister for all payload ejections (CAPE), opportunities exist to also launch as a secondary payload aboard an expendable launch vehicle (ELV). The SHERPA team, consisting of AFRL/VS and several small business innovative research (SBIR) contractors, is designing the core technologies for this effort to be as modular as possible to allow use of these individual technologies in other applications. The planned demonstration SHERPA fly as a secondary payload and deploy after the space shuttle has completed its primary mission. After SHERPA and its satellite payload have separated from the Shuttle, it loiters on orbit until it is adequately separated from the shuttle and international space station (ISS). The SHERPA orient the payload stack and fire its propulsion system to enter a Hohmann transfer orbit. This boost requires a total change in velocity of 240 meters per second (m/s) and includes a one-degree plane change for collision avoidance. After the stack has coasted to the final mission orbit apogee, the propulsion system fires again, inserting the satellite payload into its final mission orbit. SHERPA will then separate itself from the satellite payload and fire a collision/clearance avoidance maneuver (C/CAM), ensuring it is clear of the satellite and guaranteeing the pressurized propulsion tanks are emptied as much as possible before re-entry. After this final maneuver, SHERPA is in its lowest possible orbit and ready for rapid re-entry.
Shielding of substations against direct lightning strokes by shield wires

A new analysis for shielding outdoor substations against direct lightning strokes by shield wires is proposed. The basic assumption of this proposed method is that any lightning stroke which penetrates the shields will cause damage. The second assumption is that a certain level of risk of failure must be accepted, such as one or two failures per 100 years. The proposed method, using the electrogeometric model, was applied to design shield wires for two outdoor substations: 161-kV/69-kV station, and 500-kV/161-kV station. The results of the proposed method were also compared with the shielding data of two other substations. >
Creep and Creep Rupture of an Advanced Silicon Nitride Ceramic

Creep and creep rupture behavior of an advanced silicon nitride ceramic were systematically characterized in the temperature range 1,150 to 1,300 C using uniaxial tensile creep tests. Absence of tertiary creep and the order-of-magnitude breaks in both creep rate and rupture lifetime at certain threshold combinations of stress and temperature were tow characteristic features of the creep behavior observed. Thermal annealing was found to have enhanced both subsequent creep resistance and creep rupture life. The stress exponent (n) and the activation energy (Q) defined in the Norton relation were found to be 12.6 and 1645 kJ/mol for the material investigated. Both values appear to fall in the general range of those reported for other but similar types of Si[sub 3]N[sub 4] ceramic materials. The stress exponent, m, equivalent to the slope of the Larson-Miller equation was found to be in the range 13 to 14.4, and that defined as p in the Monkman-Grant relation to be 0.91, based on the available experimental data. The values of m, n, and p obtained above approximately support the interrelationship of the three exponents given by p = m/n.
Efficient algorithms for the reconciliation problem with gene duplication, horizontal transfer and loss

Motivation: Gene family evolution is driven by evolutionary events such as speciation, gene duplication, horizontal gene transfer and gene loss, and inferring these events in the evolutionary history of a given gene family is a fundamental problem in comparative and evolutionary genomics with numerous important applications. Solving this problem requires the use of a reconciliation framework, where the input consists of a gene family phylogeny and the corresponding species phylogeny, and the goal is to reconcile the two by postulating speciation, gene duplication, horizontal gene transfer and gene loss events. This reconciliation problem is referred to as duplication-transfer-loss (DTL) reconciliation and has been extensively studied in the literature. Yet, even the fastest existing algorithms for DTL reconciliation are too slow for reconciling large gene families and for use in more sophisticated applications such as gene tree or species tree reconstruction. Results: We present two new algorithms for the DTL reconciliation problem that are dramatically faster than existing algorithms, both asymptotically and in practice. We also extend the standard DTL reconciliation model by considering distance-dependent transfer costs, which allow for more accurate reconciliation and give an efficient algorithm for DTL reconciliation under this extended model. We implemented our new algorithms and demonstrated up to 100 000-fold speed-up over existing methods, using both simulated and biological datasets. This dramatic improvement makes it possible to use DTL reconciliation for performing rigorous evolutionary analyses of large gene families and enables its use in advanced reconciliation-based gene and species tree reconstruction methods. Availability: Our programs can be freely downloaded from http://compbio.mit.edu/ranger-dtl/. Contact:[email protected]; [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Search result re-ranking based on gap between search queries and social tags

Both search engine click-through log and social annotation have been utilized as user feedback for search result re-ranking. However, to our best knowledge, no previous study has explored the correlation between these two factors for the task of search result ranking. In this paper, we show that the gap between search queries and social tags of the same Web page can well reflect its user preference score. Motivated by this observation, we propose a novel algorithm, called Query-Tag-Gap (QTG), to re-rank search results for better user satisfaction. Intuitively, on one hand, the search users' intentions are generally described by their queries before they read the search results. On the other hand, the Web annotators semantically tag Web pages after they read the content of the pages. The difference between users' recognition of the same page before and after they read it is a good reflection of user satisfaction. In this extended abstract, we formally define the query set and tag set of the same page as users' pre- and post- knowledge respectively. We empirically show the strong correlation between user satisfaction and user's knowledge gap before and after reading the page. Based on this gap, experiments have shown outstanding performance of our proposed QTG algorithm in search result re-ranking.
Impact of configuration and fluorination on the solubility of octyl ester benzoate dimers in CO2

Abstract Data are reported on the phase behavior of hydrocarbon and semifluoroinated octyl ester benzoate dimers in CO 2 to temperatures of 100 °C and pressures of 1 600 bar. The experimental data at 75 °C demonstrate that the non-fluorinated head-to-head (H–H) dimer dissolves in CO 2 at ∼400 bar lower pressures than the non-fluorinated tail-to-tail (T–T) dimer. Even though partially fluorinating the octyl tails of the H–H and T–T dimers renders them soluble in CO 2 at pressures near 200 bar, it still takes ∼40 bar more pressure to dissolve the fluorinated T–T dimer as compared to the H–H dimer. The difference in pressures needed to dissolve these dimers is attributed to steric constraints on the coplanarity of the benzene rings imposed by the H–H regiochemistry that do not exist with T–T dimers. Semi-empirical quantum mechanics calculations suggest that the H–H dimer has a twisted, non-coplanar conformation due to the steric effect of the octyl ester groups while the T–T dimer has a less twisted conformation. Steric hindrance in the H–H dimer reduces considerably resonance or conjugation between the π electrons of the aromatic groups which also reduces the dipole moments of the H–H dimers compared to those of the T–T dimers.
Condition-dependent spider web architecture in the western black widow, Latrodectus hesperus

Animals use behavioural plasticity to cope with conflicting selective pressures. We investigated how prey availability affects the spinning of cobwebs, whose architecture influences both prey capture and defence. Fed western black widows spun cobwebs containing more silk than did fasted spiders. However, fed spiders invested relatively less silk in the sheets and sticky gumfooted threads of webs and relatively more silk in supporting threads than did fasted spiders. The material properties of silk spun by fed and fasted spiders were relatively similar, but silk threads spun by fed spiders were twice as thick as those of fasted spiders, increasing web strength by 225%. Finally, spiders fed late in the experiment did not reproduce, even though they received the same amount of food as spiders fed earlier, 43% of which reproduced. The reallocation of silk in cobwebs away from sheets and sticky gumfooted threads, which function in prey capture, to supporting threads, which surround spiders with defensive clouds of silk, is consistent with reduced foraging effort and increased predation risk avoidance by fed spiders. Furthermore, this behavioural shift occurs as spiders are reproducing, when spiders can most afford the costs of reduced prey capture and would most benefit from enhanced protection. Our results contrast with those of previous studies on orb-weaving spiders, which found reductions in the sizes of webs as spiders caught more food. Thus, the architectures of spider webs reflect many selective pressures, the effects of which may vary with physiological state.
Designing jobs to do good: Dimensions and psychological consequences of prosocial job characteristics.

Although employees are increasingly interested in jobs that enable them to do good, we know relatively little about how jobs are structured to provide these opportunities. To fill this gap, I report three studies that examine the dimensions and psychological consequences of two prosocial job characteristics that enable employees to make a positive difference in the lives of other people. In Study 1, confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated strong psychometric properties of self-report measures of job opportunities for impact on and contact with beneficiaries. In Study 2 I examine the mechanisms through which prosocial job characteristics are linked to a stronger motivation to do good among public service and telephone solicitation employees. In Study 3, multitrait-multimethod matrices using observer ratings of job descriptions supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the prosocial job characteristics. I discuss implications for theory and research in positive psychology and positive organiza...
Dynamic phosphoregulation of the cortical actin cytoskeleton and endocytic machinery revealed by real-time chemical genetic analysis.

We used chemical genetics to control the activity of budding yeast Prk1p, which is a protein kinase that is related to mammalian GAK and AAK1, and which targets several actin regulatory proteins implicated in endocytosis. In vivo Prk1p inhibition blocked pheromone receptor endocytosis, and caused cortical actin patches to rapidly aggregate into large clumps that contained Abp1p, Sla2p, Pan1p, Sla1p, and Ent1p. Clump formation depended on Arp2p, suggesting that this phenotype might result from unregulated Arp2/3-stimulated actin assembly. Electron microscopy/immunoelectron microscopy analysis and tracking of the endocytic membrane marker FM4-64 revealed vesicles of likely endocytic origin within the actin clumps. Upon inhibitor washout, the actin clumps rapidly disassembled, and properly polarized actin patches reappeared. Our results suggest that actin clumps result from blockage at a normally transient step during which actin assembly is stimulated by endocytic proteins. Thus, we revealed tight phosphoregulation of an intrinsically dynamic, actin patch–related process, and propose that Prk1p negatively regulates the actin assembly–stimulating activity of endocytic proteins.
IMPACT OF SUPPLEMENTAL LYSINE OR TRYPTOPHAN ON PREGNANCY COURSE AND OUTCOME IN RATS

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of supplemental lysine and tryptophan on pregnancy course and outcome in rats. From day 0 until day 20 of pregnancy, rats received one of the following diets ad libitum: lysine at 50% (L-50), 100% (L-100) or 500% (L-500) excess over controls (C); or tryptophan at 500% (T-500), 1,000% (T-1,000) or 2,500% (T-2,500) excess. One group of rats received a control diet ad libitum and each treatment group had a matched pair-fed group receiving a control diet. No congenital malformations were observed in any of the fetuses. Groups L-50, L-100, T-500 and T-1,000 showed no significant differences in maternal weight gain or fetal condition compared to the controls. L-500 had a comparatively lower maternal weight gain and fetuses of significantly smaller weight and length than any other group, although their food consumption was above “C” level. T-2,500 had a significantly lower maternal weight gain than all groups, although its pair-fed control consumed less diet and did not have a significantly decreased maternal weight gain. T-2,500 had the lowest total fetal weight of any group. In summary, variable levels of lysine or tryptophan supplementation did not cause recognizable fetal malformations. However, diets highly supplemented with lysine or tryptophan may affect pregnancy through a decrease in maternal weight gain and fetal size.
Old Wine in New Skins: The Sensitivity of Established Findings to New Methods:

Findings from an evaluation of a model system for delivering mental health services to youth were reassessed to determine the robustness of key findings to the use of methodologies unavailable to t...
Updating annotations with the distributed annotation system and the automated sequence annotation pipeline

Summary: The integration between BioDAS ProServer and Automated Sequence Annotation Pipeline (ASAP) provides an interface for querying diverse annotation sources, chaining and linking results, and standardizing the output using the Distributed Annotation System (DAS) protocol. This interface allows pipeline plans in ASAP to be integrated into any system using HTTP and also allows the information returned by ASAP to be included in the DAS registry for use in any DAS-aware system. Three example implementations have been developed: the first accesses TRANSFAC information to automatically create gene sets for the Coordinated Gene Activity in Pattern Sets (CoGAPS) algorithm; the second integrates annotations from multiple array platforms and provides unified annotations in an R environment; and the third wraps the UniProt database for integration with the SPICE DAS client. Availability: Source code for ASAP 2.7 and the DAS 1.6 interface is available under the GNU public license. Proserver 2.20 is free software available from SourceForge. Scripts for installation and configuration on Linux are provided at our website: http://www.rits.onc.jhmi.edu/dbb/custom/A6/ Contact: Speier@mii.ucla.edu or mfo@jhu.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A computer simulation analysis of the accuracy of partial genome sequencing and restriction fragment analysis in the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships.

Abstract Partial genome sequencing (PGS) and restriction fragment analysis (RFA) are used frequently in molecular epidemiologic investigations. The relative accuracy of PGS and RFA in phylogenetic reconstruction has not been assessed. In this study, 32 model phylogenetic trees with 16 extant lineages were generated, for which DNA sequences were simulated under varying conditions of genome length, nucleotide substitution rate, and between-site substitution rate variation. Genotyping using PGS and RFA was simulated. The effect of tree structure (stemminess, imbalance, lineage variation) on the accuracy of phylogenetic reconstruction (topological and branch length similarity) was evaluated. Overall, PGS was more accurate than RFA. The accuracy of PGS increased with increasing sequence length. The accuracy of RFA increased with the number of restriction enzymes used. In fragment size comparison, the Dice and Nei–Li algorithms differed little, with both more accurate than the Fragment Size Distribution algorithm. For RFA, higher tree stemminess and longer genome length were associated with higher topological accuracy, whereas lower tree stemminess and lower substitution rates were associated with higher branch length accuracy. For PGS, lower tree imbalance was associated with higher topological accuracy, whereas lower tree stemminess, higher substitution rate, and lower between-site substitution rate variation were associated with higher branch length accuracy. RFA had higher topological accuracy than PGS only for the shortest sequence length (200 bps) at a low substitution rate, high tree stemminess, and long genome length. PGS had equal or higher accuracy in branch length reconstruction than RFA under all conditions investigated. Thus, partial genome sequencing is recommended over restriction fragment analysis for conditions within the parameter space examined.
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE FIFTH LIMB (SECOND MAXILLA) OF MYODOCOPID OSTRACODA

Abstract The anatomy of the fifth limb of Isocypridina quatuorsetae Kornicker, 1975, is described and illustrated in detail, and it is concluded that the appendage is biramous. The interpretation of the morphology of the fifth limb of I. quatuorsetae is then extrapolated to the fifth limbs of selected members of the families Rutidermatidae, Sarsiellidae, and Cylindroleberididae, which are described and illustrated, and it is concluded that they are also biramous. Members of the Philomedidae have fifth limbs similar to those of the Rutidermatidae and are also biramous.
Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates cardiac myosin heavy chain and actin synthesis in the awake rat

To determine the effect of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on cardiac contractile protein synthesis in vivo, we measuredl-[ring-2,6-3H]phenylalanine incorporation into myosin heavy chain and a...
Strength Enhancement in Miscible Blends of Butyl Rubber and Polyisobutylene

The thermodynamic miscibility of polyisobutylene (PIB) with butyl rubber (IIR), a copolymer of isobutene and a few mole % isoprene, was established through observation of spontaneous interdiffusion of the polymers. Networks were prepared from their blend, in which only the IIR component was cross-linked (PIB cannot be cross-linked by sulfur vulcanization or any other method). The blends were significantly stronger (almost 3-fold higher tensile strength) and tougher than neat IIR networks, when compared at equal modulus. This improvement was greater for blends having higher molecular weight PIB. The results show that miscible blends with components having large disparities in their degree of cross-linking (infinite in the present case) circumvent the trade-off between stiffness and strength found for conventional elastomers. The operative mechanism is alleviation of local overstresses by configurational rearrangement of unattached, but entangled, chains. This mechanism is common to other approaches that im...