cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural correlates of top-down regulation and generation of negative affect in major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by biased information processing that leads to difficulties regulating negative affect, which includes difficulty decreasing negative affect as well as maladaptively increasing negative affect via cognitive processes. To examine the underlying neural correlates, we scanned depressed and never-depressed adults as they completed a cognitive reappraisal task which required decreasing negative affect while viewing a negative image (down-regulation) and increasing negative affect while viewing a neutral image (emotion generation). Compared to control participants, MDD participants had less recruitment of the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and supplementary motor area (SMA) during early phases of down-regulation, the latter associated with poorer negative affect regulation. Further, MDD participants exhibited greater recruitment of the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) during emotion generation, which was associated with lower negative affect. Dysregulated negative affect in MDD may be due to impairments in efficiently activating the dACC and SMA to meet regulation demands, and maladaptive generation of negative affect that characterizes individuals with MDD may be counteracted by compensatory activation in the MTG. Elucidating neural mechanisms that underlie the generation of negative affect in the absence of external stimuli is an important extension of previous work examining dysfunctional emotional processes in MDD.
The Effects of Walking Workstations on Biomechanical Performance.

Prolonged sitting has been associated with negative health effects. Walking workstations have become increasingly popular in the workplace. There is a lack of research on the biomechanical effect of walking workstations. This study analyzed whether walking while working alters normal gait patterns. A total of 9 participants completed 4 walking trials at 2.4 and 4.0 km·h-1: baseline walking condition, walking while performing a math task, a reading task, and a typing task. Biomechanical data were collected using standard motion capture procedures. The first maximum vertical ground reaction force, stride width, stride length, minimum toe clearance, peak swing hip abduction and flexion angles, peak swing and stance ankle dorsiflexion, and knee flexion angles were analyzed. Differences between conditions were evaluated using analysis of variance tests with Bonferroni correction (P ≤ .05). Stride width decreased during the reading task at both speeds. Although other parameters exhibited significant differences when multitasking, these changes were within the normal range of gait variability. It appears that for short periods, walking workstations do not negatively impact gait in healthy young adults.
Peroneal Tendon Pathology

The lateral compartment musculo-tendinous units can be a frequent source of pain and instability following trauma. Radiographic signs may be helpful in making diagnosis; however, advanced imaging modalities are often helpful.
The Father at Midlife

Fatherhood is more than a biological event or a psychological state limited to one phase of life; it is a complex developmental task that extends throughout the life cycle. The basic concept of this chapter is that midlife (ages 35–55) is a particularly formative time in the evolution of paternal identity because of unique, phase-specific interaction between issues of midlife development in the father and adolescent development in his children. It has long been apparent that middle-aged parents react strongly to their adolescent children. However, that parental response is not only a reaction to the adolescent but also the result of equally (or more) salient developmental forces within the parent that are impinged upon by the adolescent is not generally understood.
Identity and Identification: Philosophical Aspects

The article treats of the notion of identity, as it has emerged in contemporary politics and culture, most especially in what has come to be called ‘identity politics.’ It tries to put some rigor into this vague and untidy, if glamorous, notion. It distinguishes between the subjective and objective aspects of identity. Subjective identity or identification is analyzed both in terms of the role of second-order values and in terms of the ideals of coherence in our moral psychologies. Objective identity is analyzed in terms of the notion of positive liberty proposed by Isaiah Berlin, and the entire distinction between subjective and objective aspects of identity is then related to the distinction made by Bernard Williams between internal and external reasons.
Medical students and dying patients.

Even seasoned doctors can have trouble confronting the topic of death. For medical students, training and role modeling are needed to make them valuable to patients facing death.
Conceptual discovery of educational resources through learning objectives

This poster reports on current work with the NSF-funded Achievement Standards Network (ASN) to support discovery of educational resources in digital libraries using conceptual graphs of officially promulgated achievement standards statements. Conceptual graphs or knowledge maps of achievement standards reveal the macrostructure of the learning domain modeled by those standards and support higher-level understanding by teachers and students. The work builds on the conceptual framework of the AAAS knowledge maps by providing the means to flexibly define and deploy new relationship schemas to fit the disparate modeling needs of the nearly 740 learning standards documents in the ASN repository. Using an RDF-based, node-link representation of learning goals and the relationships among them, the ASN Knowledge Map Service will provide the framework to correlate educational resources to nodes in conceptual models in order to augment more conventional mechanisms of discovery and retrieval in digital libraries.
Horizontes de posibilidad: sociologías para el siglo XXI

The discipline of sociology has much to contribute to critical public awareness of changing global landscapes. Exactly what we are able to contribute —and how useful those contributions might be— will depend on how we (re)conceptualize the discipline in relation to narratives of science. While many sociologists argue for anchoring our analytical frameworks more strongly and more consistently to the physical sciences, this article counters that, at the start of the 21st century, the discipline needs to move forward with the development of social epistemologies, not turn back toward older models of science. This article begins with examples of the limitations of current research paradigms and argues for the development and use of social epistemologies that break from the Cartesian paradigm. It then highlights the value of sociological studies of language for apprehending 21st century social complexities.
Dental Impression Material: A Rare Cause of Small-Bowel Obstruction

Small-bowel obstruction due to foreign bodies is unusual in adults. Intestinal obstruction is occasionally caused by pits, bezoars, endoscopy capsules, and gastrostomy tube buttons. We report a rare case of distal small-bowel obstruction due to dental impression material. Avoidance of this potentially life-threatening complication may be achieved by increased vigilance in accounting for all impression material when dental impression trays are removed. Early detection of swallowed dental material may afford endoscopic removal from the stomach, thus preventing intestinal obstruction.
“Fights Happen . . . It’s Just What Drunks Do”: Alcohol and the Situational Normalization of College Student Fighting:

Fights are common at many U.S. residential universities and colleges and often seen as “normal” by students who witness them. This study explores the normalization of college fighting by using a si...
Personalized Vehicle Path Following Based on Robust Gain-scheduling Control in Lane-changing and Left-turning Maneuvers

Riding comfort significantly affects the acceptance of automated driving systems. Vehicle performance should align with drivers' preference to ensure the trust and usage of the automated driving functions. The challenge lies in matching individual humans' driving behaviors that vary from one driver to another. A personalized path-following control method is proposed in this paper to track the expected paths of an individual driver. The personalized path is generated via waypoints that are obtained from historical driving data of the respective driver. Then, a robust path-following controller is designed to track the personalized path. The $H_{\infty}$ performance and eigenvalue placement method are adopted to compute the feedback control gain. A gain-scheduling technique is employed to deal with the system time-varying parameters. CarSim® simulations based on a high-fidelity vehicle model are conducted to validate the proposed control method. Simulation results show the generated paths reflect drivers' preferences and can be tracked by the designed path-following controller.
What bacteria want

Bacterial signal transduction systems are responsible for sensing environmental cues and adjusting the cellular behaviour and/or metabolism in response to these cues. They also monitor the intracellular conditions and the status of the cell envelope and the cytoplasmic membrane and trigger various stress responses to counteract adverse changes. This surveillance involves several classes of sensor proteins: histidine kinases; chemoreceptors; membrane components of the sugar phosphotransferase system; adenylate, diadenylate and diguanylate cyclases and certain cAMP, c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases; extracytoplasmic function sigma factors and Ser/Thr/Tyr protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. We have compiled a detailed listing of sensor proteins that are encoded in the genomes of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and 10 widespread pathogens: Chlamydia trachomatis, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Rickettsia typhi, Streptococcus pyogenes and Treponema pallidum, and checked what, if anything, is known about their functions. This listing shows significant gaps in the understanding of which environmental and intracellular cues are perceived by these bacteria and which cellular responses are triggered by the changes in the respective parameters. A better understanding of bacterial preferences may suggest new ways to modulate the expression of virulence factors and therefore decrease the reliance on antibiotics to fight infection.
You Live in a Watershed! Informal Environmental Science Education with a State Park Exhibit

You Live in a Watershed is a state park exhibit about watersheds. We conducted a two-pronged assessment of learning and attitudes. Study 1 employed a pretest-intervention-posttest design with 30 ch...
The Healthiness of Commercial Butter in Malaysia: Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Microbial Quality

Food safety includes all health aspects of the food, especially microbiological quality. Butter, particularly commercial butter is one of the highly consumed foods in Malaysia. The research objective was to investigate the microbiological, physicochemical characteristics and structure of fatty acids of a commercial cows' butter (CCB) sold in Malaysia. Chemical, microbial quality and fatty acid compositions of 7 randomly purchased butter samples from the market were analyzed. The results show the existence of substantial variances in physicochemical parameters between butter samples. The range of pH was between 3.32 to 4.90. The moisture content of all commercial cows' butter samples except sample 5 and 6 was in international standard range. Peroxide and iodine values of all samples were in range of international standard limit. The determination of fatty acids composition by gas chromatography showed the prevalence of the saturated fatty acids dominated by palmitic acid, with a low rate of unsaturated fatty acids, dominated by oleic acid. The results also show the presence minimum of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TBC) as well as psychrotrophic bacteria, while coliforms bacteria were not detected. Moulds and yeasts were detected in all samples as minimum counts except samples 2 and 4 which were free from them. Therefore, it was found that the microbiological quality of commercial butter samples is generally good and thus health safety.
The Aromatic Amine pKa Determines the Affinity for Citrate-Coated Gold Nanoparticles: In Situ Observation via Hot Spot-Normalized Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

The in situ characterization of organic pollutant dynamics on engineered interfaces provides fundamental insights about pollutant fate, transport, and toxicity in aquatic systems. In this study, the association between aromatic amines and citrate-coated gold nanoparticles (cit-AuNPs) under different pH conditions was monitored in situ using hot spot-normalized surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (HSNSERS). HSNSERS minimizes the uncertainty of SERS measurements that arises from substrate heterogeneity, laser intensity fluctuation, and laser focusing, and its application enabled quantification of the influence of solution pH on the measured SERS signals. Our results demonstrate that the accumulation of chloroanilines on cit-AuNP surfaces is dictated by solution pH and analyte pKa. At circumneutral pH (≈5.6), only the chloroanilines with relatively high pKa values were readily detected by SERS, while those with low pKa values (<3) were undetectable. In contrast, at low pH, only the chloroanilines with low pK...
System Dynamics Modeling Can be Leveraged to Predict Critical Care Pathways and Costs for End Stage Renal Disease: US Population to 2020

**Background:** End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) accounts for 9% of Medicare spending, with the beneficiaries suffering from ESRD costing 7-9 times more than the average. This population is expected to continue to grow as a portion of Medicare beneficiaries. To provide clinicians and administrators with a greater understanding of the combined costs associated with the multiple critical care pathways for End Stage Renal Disease we have developed a model to predict ESRD populations through 2020. **Methods:** A system dynamics model was designed to project the prevalence and total costs of ESRD treatment for the United States through 2020. Incidence, transplant and mortality rates were modeled for 35 age and primary diagnosis subgroups coursing through different ESRD critical care pathways. Using a web interface that allows users to alter certain combinations of parameters, several demonstration analysis were run to predict the impact of three policy interventions on the future of ESRD care **Results:** The model was successfully calibrated against the output of United States Renal Data System’s (USRDS) prior predictions and tested by comparing the output to historical data. Our model predicts that the ESRD patient population will continue to rise, with total prevalence increasing to 829,000 by 2020. This would be a 30% increase from the reported 2010 prevalence. **Conclusions:** Findings suggest that clinical care and policy changes can be leveraged to more effectively and efficiently manage the inevitable growth of ESRD patient populations. Patients can be shifted to more effective treatments, while planning integrating systems thinking can save Medicare’s ESRD program billions over the next decade.
The Changing Nature and Organization of Work: An Integrative Review of the Literature:

Economics, demographics, technology, and other factors are changing the composition and availability of jobs. Newer forms of freelance, contingent work, also known as gigs, are gradually eroding tr...
An introduction to general relativity: spacetime and geometry

Originally published in 2003, Cambridge University Press has reissued this classic textbook, originally published by Pearson. There are, as far as I can tell, no changes between this review copy an...
Potential for metro rail energy savings and emissions reduction via eco-driving

Abstract Metro rail energy efficiency needs to be improved to compensate for growing capacity demand. Eco-driving aims to reduce energy consumption without affecting safety and passenger comfort. Estimates of energy savings from train eco-driving are typically based on theoretical speed trajectory optimization models. However, achievable energy savings from eco-driving should be assessed based on realistic trajectories. A Markov chain speed trajectory simulator calibrated to measured trajectories was used to simulate realistic inter-run variability in 1 Hz trajectories. The simulator was calibrated and applied to the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Metrorail system. Estimated energy consumption for each trajectory includes auxiliary loads and tractive effort to overcome resistive forces. Inter-run variability in estimated energy consumption implies opportunities for energy savings via eco-driving. Energy savings was quantified by comparing the lowest and average segment energy consumption. A segment is the one-way rail track between adjacent stations of each line. Simulated trajectories are similar to measured trajectories based on mean absolute error and coefficient of determination (R2) for the same operation mode sequence. Based on 100 simulations per segment, energy savings ranging from 5% to 50% among segments and from 14% to 18% at the system level can be achieved without modifying travel time. Energy savings lead to reduced electricity consumption and, therefore, reduced power generation emissions. The method demonstrated here to quantify opportunities for metro train energy conservation and emissions mitigation is broadly applicable to electric metro and commuter trains and rail segments. Implications for energy-efficient passenger rail planning and operation are discussed.
Abstract B18: Transcriptional profiling of tumor stroma using ovarian cancer PDX models with induced platinum-resistance

Introduction: Acquired resistance to platinum remains a major clinical problem in ovarian cancer since systemic therapies have limited efficacy in this setting. There is growing evidence that the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to such resistance, as well as the pathogenesis of the disease. The study of the TME is limited by technical challenges of separating the epithelial from the stromal component. To overcome this limitation, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) for three pairs of sensitive and induced resistant patient-derived xenograft models since the epithelial transcripts originate from human tissue and the stroma component is murine. Methods: To determine which TME genes might be contributing to chemotherapy resistance, three platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer PDX lines were treated repeatedly with carboplatin/paclitaxel until resistance occurred. Primary platinum-sensitive and induced platinum resistant tumors were characterized histologically by HE absolute log2 fold-change >1.5). The stemness marker SOX2 was significantly upregulated in the human component of the resistant tumors as confirmed by qPCR. Genes involved in stroma remodeling were upregulated in the “murine” component of the resistant tumors, and upregulation was confirmed by qPCR (normalized to a murine housekeeper gene). Gene set enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated genes in TME of resistant models were enriched for cytoskeleton related functions, while the downregulated genes were enriched for extracellular matrix-related functions. Conclusion: A bioinformatics strategy able to map human and murine reads separately may identify resistance mechanisms attributed to the two tumor subcompartments and could lead to strategies to potentially target each separately or concurrently. Citation Format: Valentina Zanfagnin, Yuanhang Liu, Pritha Chanana, Xiaonan Pritha, Beverly Long, Joe Pathoulas, Brad Evans, Jaime Davila, Chen Wang, Saravut John Weroha. Transcriptional profiling of tumor stroma using ovarian cancer PDX models with induced platinum-resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr B18.
Predatory Publishing in Ophthalmology: A Call for Awareness and Action.

Purpose To describe the phenomenon of predatory publishing, its impact on the field of ophthalmology, and specific characteristics associated with predatory journals for authors to review prior to selecting a journal for submission of scientific work. Design Descriptive editorial article. Methods Literature review of currently published literature regarding the topic. Results Predatory publishing has had a significant impact on the quality of literature in the scientific world, on funding opportunities across countries and institutions, and on individual physician and scientist careers. There are a significant number of predatory journals in ophthalmology, but fewer than in other specialties. Conclusion We must raise awareness about the existence of predatory publishing within ophthalmology, and must individually act to limit contributing to its growth by critically appraising each publisher and journal prior to submitting our scientific work.
Deep learning assistance for the histopathologic diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori

Abstract Aims Deep learning (DL), a sub-area of artificial intelligence, has demonstrated great promise at automating diagnostic tasks in pathology, yet its translation into clinical settings has been slow. Few studies have examined its impact on pathologist performance, when embedded into clinical workflows. The identification of H. pylori on HE 47 and 126 WSI were respectively used to train and optimize the DL assistant to detect H. pylori, and 130 were used in a clinical experiment in which 3 experienced GI pathologists reviewed the same test set with and without assistance. On the test set, the assistant achieved high performance, with a WSI-level area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.965 (95% CI 0.934–0.987). On H. pylori-positive cases, assisted diagnoses were faster ( β ˆ , the fixed effect size for assistance ​= ​−0.557, p ​= ​0.003) and much more accurate (OR ​= ​13.37, p ​ β ˆ for assistance ​= ​0.010, p ​= ​0.860). Conclusions DL can assist pathologists with H. pylori diagnosis, but its integration into clinical workflows requires optimization to mitigate diagnostic uncertainty as a potential consequence of assistance.
Value-based payment models involving pharmaceutical services

Abstract This chapter introduces the value-based models involving pharmaceutical services. We start by presenting a high-level perspective of the value frameworks as defined by major health technology assessment agencies and then explain the historical payment models and the current approaches toward improving health-care value, including value-based quality measurement, pharmacy quality measures, risk-sharing between pharmaceutical manufacturers and payers. A full description of quality measures and risk-sharing agreements and examples are included to show the key domains of quality measures and how to evaluate in the real world. By the end of the chapter the implications of value-based healthcare on future pharmacy practice are conveyed.
Measuring Bladder Health: Development and Cognitive Evaluation of Items for a Novel Bladder Health Instrument

Purpose:We describe the item development and cognitive evaluation process used in creating the Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Bladder Health Instrument (PLUS-BHI).Materials and Methods:...
A predictable home environment May protect child mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective Information about the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent and adult mental health is growing, yet the impacts on preschool children are only emerging. Importantly, environmental factors that augment or protect from the multidimensional and stressful influences of the pandemic on emotional development of young children are poorly understood. Methods Depressive symptoms in 169 preschool children (mean age 4.1 years) were assessed with the Preschool Feelings Checklist during a state-wide stay-at-home order in Southern California. Mothers (46% Latinx) also reported on externalizing behaviors with the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire. To assess the role of environmental factors in child mental health we examined household income, food insecurity, parental essential worker status and loss of parental job, as well as preservation of the structure of children's daily experiences with the Family Routines Inventory. Results Sixty-one percent of families' incomes were below the living wage and 50% had at least one parent who was an essential worker. Overall, preschoolers’ depressive and externalizing symptoms were elevated compared to pre-COVID norms. Practice of family routines robustly predicted better child mental health, and this protective effect persisted after covarying income, dual-parent status and food insecurity as well as maternal depression and stress. Conclusion The stress of the COVID-19 pandemic is exacting a significant toll on the mental health of preschool children. Importantly, maintaining a structured, predicable home environment by adherence to family routines appears to mitigate these adverse effects, providing empiric basis for public health recommendations.
The EMERALD (Enabling Mobilization, Empowerment, Risk Reduction, and Lasting Dignity) Study: Protocol for the Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Community-Based Combination HIV Prevention Intervention for Female Sex Workers in Baltimore, Maryland.

Background: Cisgender female sex workers (FSWs) experience high rates of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including chlamydia and gonorrhea. Community empowerment–based responses to the risk environment of FSWs have been associated with significant reductions in HIV and STI risk and associated risk behaviors; however, evaluations of US-based interventions targeting FSWs are limited. Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the design, implementation, and planned evaluation strategy of an ongoing comprehensive community-level intervention in Baltimore City, Maryland, which aims to improve HIV and STI risk and cumulative incidence among FSWs. The two intervention components are the SPARC (Sex Workers Promoting Action, Risk Reduction, and Community Mobilization) drop-in center and the accompanying comprehensive mobile outreach program. The mission of SPARC is to provide low-barrier harm reduction services to FSWs, with a special focus on women who sell sex and use drugs. Services are provided through a harm reduction framework and include reproductive health and sexual health care; medication-assisted treatment; legal aid; counseling; showers, lockers, and laundry; and the distribution of harm reduction tools, including naloxone and sterile drug use supplies (eg, cookers, cotton, syringes, and pipes). Methods: The SPARC intervention is being evaluated through the EMERALD (Enabling Mobilization, Empowerment, Risk Reduction, and Lasting Dignity) study, which consists of a prospective 2-group comparative nonrandomized trial (n=385), a cross-sectional survey (n=100), and in-depth interviews assessing SPARC implementation (n=45). Participants enrolled in the nonrandomized trial completed a survey and HIV and STI testing at 4 intervals (baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months). Participants recruited from predefined areas closest to SPARC comprised the intervention group, and participants from all other areas of Baltimore were included in the control group. Results: We hypothesize that addressing structural drivers and more immediate medical needs, in combination with peer outreach, will improve the HIV and STI risk environment, leading to community empowerment, and reduce the HIV and STI cumulative incidence and behavioral risks of FSWs. Data collection is ongoing. A baseline description of the cohort is presented. Conclusions: In the United States, structural interventions aimed at reducing HIV and STIs among FSWs are scarce; to our knowledge, this is the first intervention of its kind in the United States. The results of the EMERALD study can be used to inform the development of future interventions targeting FSWs and other at-risk populations. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04413591; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04413591.
Pressure drop in a prototypical 3D magnetohydrodynamic flow across contraction of a fusion blanket manifold

Predicting 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pressure losses associated with liquid metal flows in complex geometry ducts is required to design breeding blankets for fusion reactors. Of such components,...
Lagos Redemption: Dread, Crowd, and Charisma

Lagos has been described as the city of a million contradictions, ambiguities and charismas. Descriptions of Lagos range from narratives of “urban apocalypse”, “anarchic urban catastrophe”, and “urban dysfunction” to celebrations of informality, creativity, and resilience. Lagos’s crowd is one of the most intriguing elements of these narratives. According to the UN, by 2015, Lagos will have a population of 25 million, which would make it the third-largest city in the world. The last few decades of increased rural-urban migration amassed millions of people in Lagos, bringing to it what Ruth Marshall called “urban paranoia about 'evil doers' and strangers who are out to cheat, deceive, rob and kill […] creating an Hobbesian sense of ‘all against all’.” Lagos’s crowd is looked on with fear and fascination, becoming the locus and focus of power of competing actors aiming at controlling, regulating and exploiting its movements and desires. These actors include Pentecostal and Charismatic churches. This paper looks at the Pentecostal appropriation of Lagos urban features and analyzes the socio-religious and political meaning of Pentecostal and Charismatic massive religious events. It critically discusses the religious and social practices of mediation performed by Charismatic leaders and the crowds in their search of social redemption and salvation. By focusing on the Mountain of Fire and Miracles monthly program “Power Must Change Hands”, the paper analyzes especially how the crowd becomes a source of power for charismatic leaders, churches, and Lagosians.
Data refinement for synchronous system specification and construction

Design derivation, a correct-by-construction system design method, specifies behavior with abstract datatypes. Refining these abstract datatypes is necessary for architectural decomposition. A new transformation primitive enables data refinement by generalizing term level injective homomorphisms to system equivalence.
Basic Ideas of General Relativity

One of the most revolutionary features of general relativity is the essential use it makes of curved space (actually, of curved spacetime). Though everyone knows intuitively what a curved surface is, or rather, what it looks like, people are often puzzled how this idea can be generalized to three or even higher dimensions. This is mainly because they cannot visualize a four-space in which the three-space can look bent. So let us first of all try to understand what the curvature of a surface means intrinsically, i.e., without reference to the embedding space. Intrinsic properties of a surface are those that depend only on the measure relations in the surface; they are those that could be determined by an intelligent race of two-dimensional beings, entirely confined to the surface in their mobility and in their capacity to see and to measure. Intrinsically, for example, a flat sheet of paper and one bent almost into a cylinder or almost into a cone, are equivalent (see Figure 7.1). (If we closed up the cylinder or the cone, these surfaces would still be “locally” equivalent but not “globally.”) In the same way a helicoid (spiral staircase) is equivalent to an almost closed catenoid (a surface generated by rotating the shape of a freely hanging chain) ; and so on. One can visualize intrinsic properties as those that are preserved when a surface is bent without stretching or tearing.
Three Studies of Parameters of Consumer Products: Pillow Softness, Cup Handle Size and Clothing Stripes

Three experimental studies of consumer products were conducted. A U-shaped relationship between pillow (dis)comfort and softness was found. Thermal discomfort and fatigue were found to be related to the width and the area of the coffee cup handle openings, respectively. While judgments of people's height and weight were affected by vertical and horizontal clothing stripes, judgmental accuracy was so high as to negate any practical benefits.
SELECTIVE SOMATIC ELIMINATION OF NICOTIANA GLUTINOSA CHROMOSOMES IN THE F1 HYBRIDS OF N. SUAVEOLENS AND N. GLUTINOSA

The F1 hybrids of Nicotiana suaveolens (subgenus Petunioides, 2n = 32) and N. glutinosa (subgenus Tabacum, 2n = 24), were examined during their development, from seedlings to mature plants. It was observed that in the hybrids, there was a progressive change of dominant N. glutinosa morphological characteristics towards those of N. suaveolens, in leaf shape, stem, flower color and branching pattern. A study of mitotic chromosomes in the root-tips and in very young anthers of the mature plants indicated a significantly high average frequency of aberrant mitotic anaphases (bridges and fragments, 12% and 11% respectively). As a consequence of this phenomenon, variability in the number and size of chromosomes was observed in the PMC's and in mitotic metaphases (29-24 chromosomes). In order to establish whether the N. glutinosa chromosomes were preferentially lost, a karyological study of the parents and their F1 hybrids was carried out and it was established that the F1 hybrids were losing N. glutinosa chromosomes preferentially. A mechanism was suggested for the loss of these chromosomes by means of a chromatid type of breakage-fusion-bridge cycle (b-f-b cycle) and initiation of the b-f-b cycle in the hybrid due to an interaction of the regulatory mechanism of DNA replication in the haploid genomes of the parental species. However, loss of these chromosomes owing to interaction of certain genes from the two parental species cannot be ruled out.
Architecture of viral genome-delivery molecular machines

From the abyss of the ocean to the human gut, bacterial viruses (or bacteriophages) have colonized all ecosystems of the planet earth and evolved in sync with their bacterial hosts. Over 95% of bacteriophages have a tail that varies greatly in length and complexity. The tail complex interrupts the icosahedral capsid symmetry and provides both an entry for viral genome-packaging during replication and an exit for genome-ejection during infection. Here, we review recent progress in deciphering the structure, assembly and conformational dynamics of viral genome-delivery tail machines. We focus on the bacteriophages P22 and T7, two well-studied members of the Podoviridae family that use short, non-contractile tails to infect Gram-negative bacteria. The structure of specialized tail fibers and their putative role in host anchoring, cell-surface penetration and genome-ejection is discussed.
Premature rupture of membranes, placenta increta, and hysterectomy in a pregnancy following endometrial ablation

Endometrial ablation has become a popular method of managing menorrhagia. Pregnancy after endometrial ablation has a high rate of complications. We present the case of a parous woman with a history of endometrial ablation with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Despite the absence of established sonographic markers for abnormal placentation, placenta accreta was noted at the time of cesarean delivery. In women with history of endometrial ablation, the endometrium is not normal and may allow for more aggressive placental invasion or adherence. Consequently, the sonographic indices described for evaluating placenta accreta may not be present. We believe that placentation in women with prior endometrial ablations should be considered extremely high risk for placenta accreta or increta and managed accordingly when preparing for delivery.
Analysis of thermally activated leakage current in a low-threshold-current quantum-cascade laser emitting at 3.9 μm

The leakage current in two quantum-cascade (QCL) structures is measured and analyzed. The structures illustrate a new design feature, exploiting the interface roughness scattering at the well/barrier interfaces to intentionally shorten the lifetime of the lower laser state while increasing that of the upper laser state. By using low barriers where the upper laser state has its maximum probability and high barriers where the lower laser state has its maximal probability in strain-compensated designs for short wavelength emission, the lifetime of the upper laser state can be increased, while decreasing the lifetime of the lower laser state. First realizations of this design result in J th = 1.7 kA/cm 2 at 300 K, slope efficiency η = 1.4 W/A, T 0 = 175 K, and T 1 = 550 K for lasers emitting at 3.9 μm. A further analysis allows the extraction of the leakage current into higher minibands from the temperature dependence of the threshold current density and to reconstruct the energies of the higher-lying states from this current. The modeling includes the thermal population of LO phonons that drive the leakage.
ALGAE AS WATER QUALITY INDICATORS FOR A DYSTROPHIC POND

The physico-chemical, bacteriological, and algal composition of R.U.Bi.S. Pond were studied since March 1999. The pond, located in Cape May County, NJ, is a dystrophic body of water, with high sediment:water ratio and organic matter content creating anoxic conditions during fall and early winter. Water quality indicators based on periphytic algae and water quality indices that are specific to R.U.Bi.S. Pond are being developed. Such indicators could be used for similar bodies of water and for the restorability of this dystrophic ecosystem integrity. Two sampling sites were studied. Samples were collected weekly, using a periphytometer, for seasonal analysis of succession. Samples for water chemistry, bacteriology, and periphytic algae were collected bi-monthly. The predominant algal species found during summer ‘99 were Phormidium, Oscillatoria, Chlorella, and Eunotia. During fall ‘99, the predominant species were Oscillatoria and Phormidium. In winter, the community was dominated by Chlorella and Chlamydomonas. Species present year-round were Nitzschia, Oedogonium, Eunotia, and Navicula. Data analysis indicated variations among the two sampling sites, with total cell counts and species diversity higher at the northern site. Algal cell counts, chlorphyll a concentrations, species diversity, and D.O. levels were greatest during summer. Biomass, hardness, HPCs and total organic carbon peaked during the fall. Nutrients, pH, and coliforms remained constant during the study period. The predominant algae found were pollution-tolerant genera, categorizing the pond as highly dystrophic. Species diversity indices indicated that water quality decreased during the fall/winter months, with the southern site being more environmentally stressed than the northern site.
Shirking in the Contemporary Congress: A Reappraisal

This paper replicates the findings that appeared in the article “Severing the Electoral Connection: Shirking in the Contemporary Congress,” published in the American Journal of Political Science (44:316–325), in which Lawrence Rothenberg and Mitchell Sanders incorporated a new research design and, contrary to all previous studies, found evidence of ideological shirking in the U.S. House of Representatives. We investigate the robustness of their results by reestimating their model with Congress-specific fixed effects and find that their results no longer hold.
Mono(dinitrogen) and carbon monoxide adducts of bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium sandwiches.

The silyl-substituted titanocene complex, (η5-C5Me4SiMe2Ph)2Ti, coordinates dinitrogen upon cooling to −35 °C to yield an unprecedented example of a mono(dinitrogen) complex of a substituted bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium compound, (η5-C5Me4SiMe2Ph)2Ti(N2). Analogous monocarbonyl derivatives, (η5-C5Me4R)2Ti(CO) (R = SiMe3, SiMe2Ph, CHMe2), have been prepared by mixing the dicarbonyl compounds with the corresponding sandwiches. Both (η5-C5Me4SiMe2Ph)2Ti(N2) and (η5-C5Me4SiMe2Ph)2Ti(CO) have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, and mixed N2−CO titanocene complexes have also been observed by in situ IR spectroscopy.
Differential effects of glucose on modulation of emotional and nonemotional spatial memory tasks.

Research examining the memory-enhancing effects of glucose in humans has been limited to mnemonic tasks lacking affective components, even though glucose may be a mechanism for emotioninduced memory enhancement. This limitation does not permit analysis of interactions between the enhancing properties of emotional stimuli and glucose. Participants were administered either glucose or saccharin 15 min prior to completing a neutral or emotional spatial memory task. Performance under three glycemic conditions (100 mg/kg or 50 g glucose, or placebo) for the two sets of emotional stimuli revealed a significant interaction. Both 100-mg/kg and 50-g doses of glucose resulted in impaired performance for emotional stimuli. For neutral stimuli, a 100-mg/kg dose enhanced memory, whereas a 50-g dose showed no effect. Results indicate that the enhancing effects of emotional stimuli may be attenuated by the consumption of glucose and suggest that recent food consumption should be considered in paradigms examining memory.
Tonic immobility in Anolis carolinensis: Effects of time and conditions of captivity

Changes in the tonic immobility (TI) response in Anolis carolinensis were investigated as a function of duration and condition of captivity in five experiments. Although anoles ultimately show significant decreases in durations of immobility with repeated elicitations of the response, there was an increase in both the mean and variance of immobility durations of subjects tested on the third day of captivity. It was demonstrated that this third-day captivity effect depended neither on previous testing nor on crowding. If subjects were captured, released, and then recaptured, however, the third-day effect was not seen. The 3-day captivity effect was also eliminated if subjects were housed in terraria provided with foliage. These findings are discussed in terms of the concept that captivity in unnatural environments exerts cumulative stress on organisms over the initial days of confinement that can be ameliorated by the use of more naturalistic conditions of housing.
Multifactor analysis of variance based on the aligned rank transform technique

The aligned rank transform procedure provides a powerful and robust alternative to the least squares technique. In this article the aligned rank transform procedure for the factorial designs is formulated and the aligned rank transform analogues of some well-known multiple comparison procedures are developed. Further, the asymptotic validity of these procedures is proved. In addition, it is pointed out that this procedure can easily be implemented on any statistical package that can produce the least squares test and has the rank function.
On formulas for Dedekind sums and the number of lattice points in tetrahedra

Abstract This paper explores a simple yet powerful relationship between the problem of counting lattice points and the computation of Dedekind sums. We begin by constructing and proving a sharp upper estimate for the number of lattice points in tetrahedra with some irrational coordinates for the vertices. Besides providing a sharper estimate, this upper bound (Theorem 1.1) becomes an equality (i.e. gives the exact number of lattice points) in a tetrahedron where the lengths of the edges divide each other. This equality condition can then be applied to the explicit computation of the classical Dedekind sums, a topic that is the central focus in the second half of our paper. In this half of the paper, we come up with a number of interesting results related to Dedekind sums, based on our upper estimate (Theorem 1.1). Among these findings, Theorem 1.9 and Theorem 1.10 deserve special attention, for they successfully generalize two of Apostol's formulas in [T.M. Apostol, Modular Functions and Dirichlet Series in Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1997], and also directly imply the famous Reciprocity Law of Dedekind sums.
A gene cluster encoded by panicum mosaic virus is associated with virus movement.

A subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) of about 1500 nucleotides has been detected in millet plants and protoplasts infected with panicum mosaic virus (PMV). This sgRNA expressed p8, p6.6, p15, and the 26-kDa capsid protein (CP) genes during in vitro translation assays, as determined by using mutants inactivated for expression of each open reading frame. Abolishing expression of p8 and p6.6, the two 5'-proximal genes on the sgRNA, did not affect the replication of PMV in millet protoplasts, but obstructed spread in plants. As predicted for a typical cell-to-cell movement protein, p8 localized to the cell wall fraction of PMV-infected millet plants. The introduction of premature stop codons downstream of the PMV p15 start codon (p15*) abolished infectivity in planta, but did not impair replication in protoplasts. However, a delayed systemic infection in millet plants was supported by the p15aug(-) start codon mutant, which may reflect very low levels of expression from a suboptimal start codon context and/or leaky scanning to a second inframe AUG codon to express the C-terminal portion of the 15-kDa protein. PMV CP mutants had little effect on sgRNA accumulation, but were correlated with a reduction of the gRNA and the decreased expression of the 8-kDa protein in protoplasts as well as abolishment of cell-to-cell spread in plants. These results imply that the successful establishment of a PMV systemic infection in millet host plants appears to be dependent on the concerted expression of the p8, p6.6, p15, and CP genes.
Real-time implementation of a self-recovery EMG pattern recognition interface for artificial arms

EMG pattern classification has been widely studied for decoding user intent for intuitive prosthesis control. However, EMG signals can be easily contaminated by noise and disturbances, which may degrade the classification performance. This study aims to design a real-time self-recovery EMG pattern classification interface to provide reliable user intent recognition for multifunctional prosthetic arm control. A novel self-recovery module consisting of multiple sensor fault detectors and a fast LDA classifier retraining strategy has been developed to immediately recover the classification performance from signal disturbances. The self-recovery EMG pattern recognition (PR) system has been implemented on an embedded system as a working prototype. Experimental evaluation has been performed on an able-bodied subject in real-time to classify three arm movements while signal disturbances were manually introduced. The results of this study may propel the clinical use of EMG PR for multifunctional prosthetic arm control.
The effect of acclimatization to cold on the action of drugs in the rat

Abstract 1. 1. Both pentylenetetrazol and sodium amobarbital are less toxic to rats exposed to cold temperatures for 24 hours than they are to rats kept at room temperature. 2. 2. The convulsive dose 50 of pentylenetetrazol and the hypnotic dose 50 of sodium amobarbital in rats exposed to cold temperatures for 5–6 weeks did not differ significantly from those determined at room temperature. 3. 3. Both pentylenetetrazol and sodium amobarbital are more toxic to clipped acclimatized rats than to unclipped acclimatized animals. 4. 4. These investigations indicate that the convulsive dose 50 of pentylenetetrazol and the hypnotic dose 50 of sodium amobarbital parallel the acclimatization of the rat to its environment.