cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An authorship analysis of tourism research

This article analyzes the authorship of tourism research published in Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Travel Research, and Tourism Research during the decade of the 1980s. It reports on the academic and nonacademic contributions, the ranks and positions of the authors, and the proportion of authors from various geographic regions of the world. Institutions that produced the most research, and the repeat contributions of authors, are also investigated. The article also discusses trends over the decade that point to a maturing of the study of tourism — the most noticeable one being the overall increase in published research on tourism.
Quantitative Measurements of the Strength of Adhesion of Human Neutrophils to a Substratum in a Microfluidic Device

We describe a quantitative assay of the strength of adhesion of activated and nonactivated human neutrophils to a substratum, which is carried out in a custom-made microfluidic device. The strength of adhesion is quantified by the fraction of cells remaining adherent (ACF) after a given time of exposure to shear stress in a test microchannel. The microfluidic device is made of two layers of poly(dimethylsiloxane) with integrated membrane valves. This construction allows concurrent testing of two different populations of cells, as well as setting well-defined times of exposure of cells to stress and of their incubation prior to the exposure. The test microchannels have a tapered profile, exposing cells to nearly an order of magnitude range of shear stress. ACF is measured periodically by computer-controlled videomicroscopy scans of the device, with up to 60 000 individual cells identified within a 90 seconds scan. The high throughput of the scans allows reliable quantitative assessment of the ACF. Adhesion...
A computerized system for localizing sources of cardiac activation

A noninvasive method for locating a source of cardiac electrical activity is described. The data acquisition and its preliminary processing is done with the aid of a microcomputer, while lengthier calculations are done on a large computer. The method was tested on 18 patients, and the results indicate that it is reliable, and with further technical refinements it could be used in research and clinical settings.
Organization Planning: Whose Responsibility?

The article presents information on a study which examined the different approaches in organizational planning of corporations in the U.S. Evidence of the variety of approaches used by the 639 comp...
Smoldering combustion in horizontal dust layers

It has been shown by experimental studies and accidental occurrences in industrial facilities that a layer of organic dust can, under certain conditions, undergo sustained smoldering combustion. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the combustion, propagation, and ignition properties of horizontal layers of grain, grain dust, and wood dust. Combustion wave velocities have been measured and are presented as a function of average combustion wave depth, ignition source depth, and type of material tested. Tests have been made with and without a forced horizontal airflow over the layer surface. The effect of the airflow has been shown to be an increase in the combustion wave velocity and, under certain conditions, the possibility of transition from smoldering to flaming combustion. Minimum ignition energies as a function of power per unit area dissipated by the ignition source have been measured for three materials when ignited at a depth of 1.27 cm below the layer surface. Ignition in dust layers has been found to exhibit a statistical nature within certain ranges of power per unit area and time of dissipation, where only a fraction of the tests conducted under the same conditions were found to yield a positive ignition. A numerical solution of the conservation equations which describe a one-dimensional smoldering combustion wave has been obtained. This analysis gave good predictions of the combustion wave velocity and also yielded temperature and density profiles within the combustion wave having features which agree with experimental values. Kinetic constants of grain dust have also been estimated by using the model in conjunction with the experimental results.
Temperature regulation in a burrow-nesting tropical seabird, the Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus)

At low air temperatures (2.3–13.9°C), Wedge-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus) shivered and their oxygen consumption increased to as much as 283% of the mean value (0.77 ml O2/g·h) within the thermoneutral zone of air temperature (23–34°C). The minimal thermal conductance of the tissues and plumage was similar to the value predicted from the body mass (320.5 g). The oxygen consumption of the birds within their thermoneutral zone was lower than predictions based on body mass. At elevated air temperatures, the shearwaters panted at respiratory frequencies as high as 260 respirations/min; maximal respiratory frequencies were not invoked until the birds had become hyperthermic. During exposure to a hot environment, the oxygen consumption of the birds increased and in most instances the shearwaters were not able to lose heat equivalent to their concurrent metabolic heat production.
Phosphorylation of a C-SRC-related protein in macrophages activated in vitro with lymphokine.

Abstract Treatment of proteose peptone elicited peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeN mice or the macrophage cell line B6MP102 with a T-cell lymphokine preparation induces cytotoxicity for SV3T3 tumor cells. The Triton X-100 (TX-100) insoluble fractions from activated macrophages possessed kinase activity for an endogenous 53 kDa phosphoprotein (pp53) which was markedly greater than extracts from untreated macrophages. Addition of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, Na3,VO4 to the cytotoxicity assay also enhanced tumor cell lysis and Na3VO4 treated macrophages showed increased phosphorylation of pp53. Moreover, addition of Na3VO4 to the cytoskeleton kinase assay enhanced the phosphorylation of pp53 in a dose dependent manner. Pp53 was immunoprecipitated from the in vitro phosphorylated TX-100 insoluble fraction with monoclonal antibody to pp60v-src. Anti-pp60v-src also precipitated a 53 and a 60 kDa phosphoprotein from whole cell extracts and from TX-100 cytoskeleton extracts of macrophages phosphorylated as viable intact cells. Addition of a known tyrosine kinase inhibitor, quercetin, to the macrophage cytoskeleton kinase assay inhibited phosphorylation of pp53, and the in vitro phosphorylated pp53 was resistant to 1 N NaOH hydrolysis, indicating phosphorylation of tyrosine residues. Immune complex kinase assays of anti-pp60c-src precipitated TX-100 insoluble macrophage fractions revealed strong phosphorylation for α-casein which was inhibited by quercetin. These data suggest that macrophage pp53 is a c-src-related gene product that is inducible by stimuli that activate macrophages to cytotoxicity.
Children's Responses to Anomalous Scientific Data: How Is Conceptual Change Impeded?.

Four experiments with 4th, 5th, and 6th graders addressed conceptual change in response to anomalous data about empirical regularities in science. Impedance to conceptual change in response to anomalous data could potentially occur at any of 4 cognitive processes: observation, interpretation, generalization, or retention. In the 4 experiments, conceptual change was blocked most strongly at observation. The students had difficulty making accurate observations, but they did not simply observe what they expected to observe. The students usually aligned their conceptions with their observations, evincing an implicit epistemology in which they distinguished conceptions from evidence and changed beliefs in response to evidence. Providing explanations to students promoted conceptual change, evidently because the explanations provided a schema that guided the observation process.
Quantitative PCR Analysis of Selected Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces Species

A total of 65 quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays, incorporating fluorigenic 5' nuclease (TaqMan) chemistry and directed at the nuclear ribosomal RNA operon, internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 or ITS2) was developed and tested for the detection of selected Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces species. The assays varied in specificity from species or subspecies to closely related species groups, subject to the amount of nucleotide sequence variation in the different organisms. A generic assay for all target species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces was also developed and tested. Using a previously reported DNA extraction method, estimated conidia detection limits for target species ranged from less than one to several hundred per sample for the different assays. Conidia detection limits for non-target species were at least 1,000 fold higher in nearly all instances. The assays were used to analyze ten HVAC dust samples from different sources around the US. Total quantities of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces conidia in the samples, determined by the generic assay and the summed totals from the specific assays, were in general agreement, suggesting that all of the numerically dominant species in the samples were accounted for by the specific assays. QPCR analyses of these samples after spiking them with selected target organisms indicated that the enumeration results were within approximately a one-half log range of the expected values 95% of the time. Evidence is provided that the commonly used practices of enumerating Aspergillus and Penicillium as a single group or only by genus can be misleading in understanding the indoor populations of these organisms and their potential health risks.
Motor unit estimation : reproducibility of the spike-triggered averaging technique in normal and ALS subjects.

Reproducibility of the spike-triggered averaging technique of motor unit estimation (MUE) was assessed in biceps-brachialis muscle in 10 normal subjects and 15 subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). MUE was calculated by dividing the compound muscle action potential by the mean amplitude of 15 surface motor unit potentials (S-MUPs) of low recruitment threshold. Averaged MUE values in normal subjects were higher than in ALS subjects, with few values overlapping. Differences between test and retest MUE values were not significant for either subject group. The relative differences between test-retest values were 45.3% for normal subjects and 32.6% for ALS subjects. Correlation coefficients between test and retest values were low (r = 0.07) for normal subjects when influential outlying points were removed, and higher (r = 0.65) for ALS subjects when individuals with MUE values within the normal range were removed. The higher correlation of testretest MUE values in ALS subjects compared to normal subjects may be due to a greater probability of resampling among the smaller number of motor units in ALS subjects. In summary, the reproducibility and technical aspects of the spike-triggered averaging technique are similar to those reported for other MUE techniques. © 1993 John Wiley & Soncs, Inc.
Precision of cephalometric landmark identification: Cone-beam computed tomography vs conventional cephalometric views

Introduction In this study, we compared the precision of landmark identification using displays of multi-planar cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) volumes and conventional lateral cephalograms (Ceph). Methods Twenty presurgical orthodontic patients were radiographed with conventional Ceph and CBCT techniques. Five observers plotted 24 landmarks using computer displays of multi-planer reconstruction (MPR) CBCT and Ceph views during separate sessions. Absolute differences between each observer's plot and the mean of all observers were averaged as 1 measure of variability (ODM). The absolute difference of each observer from any other observer was averaged as a second measure of variability (DEO). ANOVA and paired t tests were used to analyze variability differences. Results Radiographic modality and landmark were significant at P Conclusions The MPR displays of CBCT volume images provide generally more precise identification of traditional cephalometric landmarks. More precise location of condylion, gonion, and orbitale overcomes the problem of superimposition of these bilateral landmarks seen in Ceph. Greater variability of certain landmarks in the mediolateral direction is probably related to inadequate definition of the landmarks in the third dimension.
Some Visual Observations on the Development of a Plains Mesoscale Convective System

L'importance des observations visuelles de la formation d'un systeme convectif a moyenne echelle, non detectees par observation par satellite, est discutee
Assessment of environmental suitability for growth of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in San Francisco Bay

Abstract The relationship between turbidity and light availability, and its subsequent effect on the depth distribution of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in San Francisco Bay was explored. The average daily period of irradiance-saturated photosynthesis (Hsat) required for the maintenance of whole plant carbon balance and growth, based on measured rates of photosynthesis and respiration as well as data available in the literature, were estimated to be between 3 and 5 h. Estimates of average Hsat availability in the field were determined from laboratory measurements of the phytosynthesis vs. irradiance (P vs. I) response and from field observations of light attenuation measured at five sites in San Francisco Bay. Although plants were found to be low-light adapted with regard to their P vs. I response, they were limited to depths shallower than −2 m mean lower low water (MLLW) at all sites. The −2 m depth limit corresponded fairly well to predicted Hsat requirements at two sites where turbidity was relatively low and constant, but depth limits of eelgrass were less than 1.5 m at three sites subjected to extremely turbid and variable light environments, much shallower than predicted from calculations of mean daily carbon requirements and Hsat availability. Thus, in addition to the mean light environment, periods of extreme light attenuation that last from days to weeks may be important in controlling eelgrass growth and productivity in highly turbid and dynamic estuaries such as San Francisco Bay.
Inertial confinement fusion with light-on beams

Intense beams of lithium ions offer an efficient and cost-effective source of power for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) if the beams can be adequately focused on target. In 1984, a proof-of-principle experiment on intense beam focusing with protons demonstrated the required beam-divergence at the required source current density. In 1985, the results were scaled to the total current and source radius required for ignition experiments. Scaling to the correct lithium source purity and energy on the particle beam fusion accelerator II (PBFA II) is the next step and will begin in 1986. The advances, risks and advantages of light ions for ICF are presented.
Serum transferrin receptor levels in patients undergoing evaluation of iron stores : correlation with other parameters and observed versus predicted results

Serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentrations were measured in specimens from 77 patients undergoing serum ferritin determination, and the results correlated with serum ferritin, serum iron, serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) saturation, erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH). All parameters exhibited the expected inverse correlation with sTfR; this correlation was statistically significant for all parameters except serum iron concentration. The frequency with which iron deficiency (defined as absence of stainable marrow iron) is observed in patients with particular ferritin values in this centre was determined and used to estimate the expected number of iron deficient patients in the present study. In no setting were significantly fewer sTfR levels > 3.05 micrograms/ml observed than expected. However, significantly greater than expected numbers of elevated sTfR values were observed in patients with serum ferritin > 220 micrograms/l (P = 0.002). The results suggest that the sTfR level is probably not useful as a single test for identification of iron deficiency in unselected patients.
Cognitive functioning and neuroticism in elderly psychiatric patients

Abstract Ninety-four elderly female psychiatric patients completed the short form of the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Information/Orientation and Mental Ability tests of the Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly. Counter to the hypothesis, Neuroticism was found to be positively related to Information/Orientation. Psychoticism was found to be negatively related to Information/Orientation.
German Idealism and the Concept of Punishment

Jean-Christophe Merle: German Idealism and the Concept of Punishment, translated by Joseph J. Kominkiewicz with Jean-Christophe Merle and Frances Brown. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009,...
Predicting turnover among repatriates: can organizations affect retention rates?

This study used a sample of fifty-one international human resource specialists from fifty-one US-based multinational corporations to examine organizational career development predictors of turnover among repatriates who had returned to their parent companies in the past three years. The study was based on the work of Feldman and Thomas (1992), which suggests that attention to career development issues can affect an organization's retention rates of both its domestic and its global employees. The results of this study suggested that the following variables are significant predictors of turnover among repatriates: corporate values related to the importance of an overseas assignment to the organization; whether the organization has a career development plan for repatriates; and the perceived impact of corporate turbulence on being able to place repatriates adequately upon their return. The study recommended similar research using repatriates from countries other than those working in US-based firms.
On the vorticity numbers of monotonous motions

Among the phenomena best known in the mechanics of viscous fluids are boundary layers and the absence of them. In a typical flow past a stationary boundary there is a layer next to that boundary in which vorticity and stretching are both important, while at great distances from the boundary the velocity field grows more and more nearly irrotational. The effects of boundary layers are of main importance for fluids whose viscosity or viscosities are known. In contrast, when it comes to measuring the tangential and normal tractions exerted by a fluid body on confining walls—that is, to determine the several constitutive coefficients or functions—a flow throughout vorticose is usually laid down as basic and in experiment produced to within deviations such as end effects. Flows of this kind form the basis for design of instruments to measure shear tractions and normal tractions as functions of kinematical variables such as shearings.
Categorical relationships: chi‐square

Continues a series on topics in research methodology, statistics and data analysis techniques for the library and information sciences. Discusses the chi‐square test for relationship between two categorical variables.
Probing the 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetate/α-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase Substrate-Binding Site by Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Mechanism-Based Inactivation†

TfdA is an Fe(II)- and alpha-ketoglutarate- (alphaKG-) dependent dioxygenase that hydroxylates the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) producing a hemiacetal that spontaneously decomposes to 2,4-dichlorophenol and glyoxylate. On the basis of a recently published TfdA structural model [Elkins et al. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 5185-5192], His214, Lys71, Arg278, and the backbone amide of Ser117 are suggested to bind the 2,4-D carboxylate; Lys95 and possibly Lys71 are hypothesized to interact with the 2,4-D ether atom; and Arg274 and Thr141 are suspected to bind alphaKG. TfdA variants with substitutions at these and other positions were purified and characterized in order to explore the roles of these residues in catalysis. The K71L, K71Q, K95L, K95Q, R274Q, R274L, and R278Q variants exhibited significantly increased 2,4-D K(m), alphaKG K(m), and alphaKG K(d) values, consistent with their proposed roles in substrate binding. A protease-sensitive site was successfully eliminated in the R78Q variant, which also exhibited decreased affinity for 2,4-D. In contrast, the Y81F, Y126F, T141V, Y169F, and Y244F variants showed only modest changes in their kinetics. An observed 4-fold lower K(m) of the K95L variant compared to wild-type protein with the alternative substrate 2,4-dichlorocinnamic acid provided additional evidence for an interaction between Lys95 and the 2,4-D ether atom. Phenylpropiolic acid was identified as a mechanism-based inactivator of the enzyme [K(i) = 38.1 +/- 6.0 microM and k(inact)(max) = 2.3 +/- 0.1 min(-1)]. This acetylenic compound covalently modifies a peptide (166-AEHYALNSR-174) that is predicted to form one side of the substrate-binding pocket. The K95L variant of TfdA was not inactivated by phenylpropiolic acid, providing added support that Lys95 is present at the active site. These results support the identity of suspected substrate-binding residues derived from structural modeling studies and extend our understanding of the oxidative chemistry carried out by TfdA.
Free Energy, Entropy and Heat Capacity of the Hydrophobic Interaction as a Function of Pressure

Molecular dynamics simulations of a methane pair in water are used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the hydrophobic interaction as a function of pressure. Pressure is found to decrease the tendency to form methane aggregates. The entropic contribution to the free energy, which at atmospheric pressure greatly stabilizes aggregation, is highly pressure dependent. As the pressure increases, the entropic stabilization steadily decreases until, at 7 kbar, the entropy of the contact pair is equal to the entropy of the solvent separated pair. The heat capacity change between the contact and solvent separated pair is shown to be large and positive at 1 atm, as is characteristic of hydrophobic processes. At higher pressures, the heat capacity change is zero, indicating that two of the significant properties of the hydrophobic effect, the large entropy decrease and heat capacity increase are lost at high pressures. The free energy, volume and entropy changes are consistent with the corresponding changes...
Acculturation Disparity Analysis Model (ADAM): Experts and Apprentices

As apprentices begin the long journey that will ultimately prepare them to become the respected peers of their expert counterparts, the acculturation process can be detrimental to their success under steep learning curves and strict timelines. Many acculturation models exist, but there appears to be a gap in the underpinning foundational knowledge-base of the acculturation process, specifically between experts and their apprentices. A new and powerful theoretical framework named the Acculturation Disparity Analysis Model (ADAM) was generated from interview data and subsequently combined with two theoretical lenses. This model can serve as a mechanism to forecast acculturative outcomes between experts and apprentices and also as a restructuring tool for organizational policies to make the most of the acculturation experience. Though expanding theory, the ADAM should be recognized as a generalized model to stimulate further qualitative research in the robust and exciting field of acculturation approaches.
N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide, an active intermediate of the mammary carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylbenzenesulfonamide.

SummaryThe mechanism of mammary carcinogenesis by N-hydroxy-2-FBS, a highly potent mammary carcinogen for the female rat by ip administration, has been investigated. Previous work in vivo indicating hydrolytic cleavage of the nitrogen-sulfur bond has been confirmed with the use of sonicates of mammary gland. One of the products of the hydrolysis was N-hydroxy-2-FA identified by its conversion to 2-FA. Since carcinogenicity tests by local application showed that N-hydroxy-2-FA was not carcinogenic for the mammary gland, desulfonylation of N-hydroxy-2-FBS by mammary gland does not account for mammary carcinogenesis. N-Hydroxy-2-FBS applied directly to the mammary gland was not carcinogenic and 2-nitrosofluorene, the product of the spontaneous decomposition of N-hydroxy-2-FBS, exhibited only weak carcinogenicity upon local application. In contrast, N-hydroxy-2-FAA, a urinary metabolite of N-hydroxy-2-FBS, was highly carcinogenic by local application and very likely mediates the action of N-hydroxy-2-FBS. A m...
Resonant effect analysis at finite one-dimensional anisotropic photonic crystal band edges

Using the transfer matrix method to analyze a 1D anisotropic photonic crystal usually involves a 4×4 matrix, which means for any given ω and β (the Snell quantity nsinθ), four eigenvalues of K can be found. Based on the degeneracy of K , the band edge in the dispersion curves can be divided into two types. One is the regular band edge (R.B.E) which has degeneracy of the order 2 and another is the degenerate band edge (D.B.E) which has fourth order degeneracy. It was predicted that in the case of a transmission resonance in the vicinity of the D.B.E, the resonant field intensity enhancement is proportional to N 4 , where N is the total number of periods, while in the case of a regular band edge, the field intensity enhancement is proportional to N 2 . Based on this prediction, we have calculated the band edge resonant effect of a novel D.B.E photonic crystal structure with a unit cell having two misaligned in-plane anisotropic layers and one isotropic layer. By making a comparison among different anisotropic materials, we have found that the giant resonant effects in the vicinity of the D.B.E also need a large anisotropy of the materials. However, whether the anisotropy is large or small, the field intensity enhancement is approximately proportional to N 4 once the number of the periods is large enough to cause the strong enough resonance effect inside the structure. We believe this DBE resonant effect will have applications requiring slow-light and in nonlinear optics.
Entity ranking for descriptive queries

We investigate the problem of entity ranking towards descriptive queries, that aims to match entities referred in user queries to entities of a large knowledge base (KB). Entity ranking faces the primary challenge of the sparseness of entity related data, such as various ways of referring to an entity. The lack of sufficient variations of entity referring expressions in KB makes it difficult to find entities referred in user queries, especially when the queries are descriptive. We tackle this problem by enriching KB entries using web documents and query click logs. First, we propose a novel method of injecting textual information from web documents to the KB on a large scale. Since the number of web documents can be large, we propose to use keyword extraction and summarization techniques for compactly representing entity-related information. Second, we mine web search query logs to link entities to existing queries. Experiments show significant improvements after the KB enrichment, compared with two competitive baselines. We also achieve further improvements by combining the data from these two resources.
Protection of Large Steam Turbine-Generator Units on TVA System

This paper describes the relay protection applied by TVA to large steam turbine-generator units, including the main power transformer and its connections. The basic philosophy underlying relay applications is given, and the interrelations between generator protective relays and those on the station equipment and connecting transmission lines are included. The relation of protection to generator types is shown, and the performance record of the protective relay is presented for electrical faults that have occurred on the TVA system's 50 steam units, ranging in size from 125- to 700-MW capability. Practices relating to the electrical transmission system and those differing from conventional ones are emphasized. The mechanical protection afforded for the steam generator and steam turbine and their appurtenances required for unit operation is described.
Use of Heat as a Reinforcing Agent

An experiment was carried out in which rats confined in a cold environment were reinforced by a brief burst of radiant heat for raising the lid of their cage. The experiment was designed to determine whether Ss would learn to make this response, and if so, whether clipping the animal's hair would increase the effectiveness of the heat. Learning in both clipped and non-clipped groups was demonstrated by a higher response rate during training than during a non-reinforced period. The effects of clipping failed to reach significance.
Protein modification by RNA-dependent posttranslational aminoacylation in synaptoplasm.

: A soluble enzyme system that posttranslationally adds [3H]arginine to proteins in a ribosome-free preparation of guinea pig synaptoplasm is described. The reaction in synaptoplasm is inhibited by the addition of ribonuclease-A and puromycin, indicating tRNA dependence. A limited number of proteins in synaptoplasm (molecular weights of 20, 37, and 50 kilodaltons) were found to accept arginine. We suggest that RNA-dependent postranslational amino acylation is used by the mammalian neuron for protein processing at the synaptic terminal.
Terrorism in Native America: Interrogating the Past, Examining the Present, and Constructing a Liberatory Future

Drawing on Critical Race Theory, I examine the concept and practice of terrorism as it has been imposed on Native Americans by the United States government and its agents, and provide two concrete examples of terrorism. For anthropologists, this article amplifies the “voice” of the historical Other, describing terrorism from an emic perspective. For educators and educational anthropologists, I argue that we must critically examine issues of power and media portrayals of terrorism and terrorists in order to engage students in liberatory education.
Chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion and concrete cracking simulation

Abstract This paper develops an integrated computational methodology for chloride-induced degradation assessment of reinforced concrete structures by considering all three phases of the deterioration process. The chloride penetration process is simulated using a finite element-based method by following an analogous transient thermal analysis. A reinforcement corrosion and rust expansion model based on Faraday’s law is developed, and the rust expansion is characterized by an equivalent time-varying radial displacement boundary condition. Two established corrosion rate models – the constant model and the dynamic model – are included in the rust expansion model. Finite element analysis with a smeared cracking approach is implemented to simulate the rust expansion and the associated concrete cracking process. Simulation results are presented for a reinforced concrete slab exposed to a constant chloride environment.
Mechanism of 3-0-methylglucose uptake by Hymenolepis diminuta

The mechanism by which Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) absorbs 3-0-methylglucose (30MG) in vitro was analyzed. Influxes of 0.1 and 0.01 mM-3H-30MG during incubations ranging from 5 s to 60 min were not affected significantly when 10 mM-unlabeled 30MG was present as an inhibitor. After 60 min in 0.1 mM-3H-30MG, the concentration of labeled substrate within tapeworms (0.04 mumol ml-1 worm water = 0.04 mM) was less than that of the bathing medium. Tapeworms incubated for 1 h with either 5 mM-glucose or 5 mM-beta-methylglucose (beta MG) gained 15-20% more water than did tapeworms in saline alone, but addition of 5 mM-30MG to the saline had no significant effect on weight change. When the 3H-30MG concentration was varied from 0.01 to 10 mM, influxes were a linear function of substrate concentrations. These analyses show that H. diminuta absorbs 30MG by simple diffusion alone. Thus, use of this monosaccharide to estimate the internal concentration of actively transported sugars (e.g. glucose or beta MG) in H. diminuta is invalid.
Preventing Lost Syllabi

I have students tape a brief syllabus in their textbooks. Students react favorably to this strategy and rarely lose their syllabi anymore.
King's General Systems Model: Application to Curriculum Development

King's general systems model provides a useful way to organize and implement a curriculum in nursing. The model clarifies the relationship of individuals and families to communities by using concepts that define personal, interpersonal, and social systems. A model has been developed that uses concepts, axioms, skills, and values as the central components of the curriculum.
Dissolution of carbon dioxide bubbles and microfluidic multiphase flows

We experimentally study the dissolution of carbon dioxide bubbles into common liquids (water, ethanol, and methanol) using microfluidic devices. Elongated bubbles are individually produced using a hydrodynamic focusing section into a compact microchannel. The initial bubble size is determined based on the fluid volumetric flow rates of injection and the channel geometry. By contrast, the bubble dissolution rate is found to depend on the inlet gas pressure and the fluid pair composition. For short periods of time after the fluids initial contact, the bubble length decreases linearly with time. We show that the initial rate of bubble shrinkage is proportional to the ratio of the diffusion coefficient and the Henry's law constant associated with each fluid pair. Our study shows the possibility to rapidly impregnate liquids with CO(2) over short distances using microfluidic technology.
Stemming the Tide of Disreputable Science: Implications for Nursing

Numerous cases of fraud and misconduct in scientific endeavors have been brought to the attention of the public in recent years. Although nursing has not yet been scathed by abuses, the possibility exists that similar incidents can occur. The author reviews the factors that potentiate unethical practices and details a proactive approach for nursing to take to stem the tide of disreputable science.
Physical volcanology of a voluminous rhyolite lava flow: The Badlands lava, Owyhee Plateau, southwestern Idaho

Abstract This paper describes an extraordinarily well preserved example of a large, high-SiO 2 rhyolite unit that by its exposed physical features can be demonstrated to be an effusive lava flow, not a rheomorphic ignimbrite. The Badlands lava flow of southwestern Idaho shows a multi-lobate form, with flow lobes that advanced along several azimuths from a long fissure vent. The lava flowed around one of its tephra ridges and a bedrock topographic high, creating a kipuka in the middle of the flow; the other tephra ridge was shoved aside by the lava. The lava itself is everywhere flow foliated, with foliation horizontal at the base, steepening toward the top, and convex in the direction of flow advance. The foliation parallels the margins of the flow lobes and reveals the position and orientation of the vent. Many samples of the lava flow's dense upper vitrophyre show one or more fragmental textures that formed by the settling of pumiceous and glassy debris into open fractures and the debris' subsequent welding into a rock that in many respects resembles welded tuff. By this process, the lava flow mimics an ignimbrite at the scale of an outcrop or thin section. Identical textures in other units have been cited as indicative of ash-flow emplacement mechanisms. The Badlands eruption tapped a stratified magma chamber, in which a large volume of phenocryst-rich (30 vol.%) magma underlay a small volume of magma more evolved and nearly aphyric. The lava flow shows mingling relations between the two magmas, with minor volumes of the aphyric magma occurring as early, small lava lobes and as individual layers in the dominant phenocryst-rich lava. Effusion of the 15 km 3 of rhyolite lava may have continued for as short as 6 or as long as 16 years, with effusion rates comparable to those observed at the Mount St. Helens dome. The Badlands lava had a pre-eruptive volatile content of about 2.75 wt.% H 2 O or less, and erupted at approximately 830 °C, much lower than the temperatures of many similar voluminous lavas. A low viscosity due to a high magmatic temperature is not a prerequisite for formation of an extensive lava flow; the low magmatic water content (which likely prevented a large explosive eruption) and large available magma volume were probably the most important factors allowing the Badlands to erupt as a lava flow.
Efficient Routing in Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Networks

My PhD study currently focuses on the design of efficient routing protocols for multi-radio multi-hop wireless network. Routing in multi-hop wireless mesh networks has been a hot research area in recent years, with the objective to achieve as high throughput as possible over the network. The main methodology adopted by most of the existing work is selecting paths based on interference-aware or load-balancing routing metrics to reduce network-wide channel contentions. It has been revealed that the capacity of a single-radio multi-hop wireless network can not scale up with the network size, due to the co-channel interference [1]–[3]. The multi-radio multi-channel connection has been widely considered as an efficient approach to increase the wireless network capacity [4]. Design of efficient routing schemes for multi-radio
Effects of stomatal conductance and surface wetness on ozone deposition in field-grown grape

Surface deposition is an important sink that removes ozone from polluted air basins, and leads to crop damage and ecosystem decline. Physiological and physical processes controlling deposition to vegetated surfaces are incompletely understood. We investigate the relationship between ozone flux to trellised grape, F, and canopy stomatal conductance to ozone, gc, under dew-wetted and dry conditions. Empirically measured stomatal conductance was scaled to gc using empirical measurements of leaf area index, L, single leaf stomatal response to photon flux density, I, and bulk canopy radiation extinction coefficient, K. Leaf wetness was determined with surrogate leaves covered with electrical impedance grids. Deposition velocity, Vd, and surface conductance, gsurf, were positively and highly significantly related to gc. Surface wetness substantially increased Vd and gsurf. Under all conditions, gc < gsurf, suggesting a significant non-stomatal (residual) pathway for ozone deposition, gr. This residual term, gr, was increased under wet conditions by a constant amount over the full range of gc. Expected errors of ± 20% in the single leaf model, in L, or in K, did not influence these conclusions. We conclude that Vd and gsurf were dominated by c, which may be used effectively to predict ozone deposition to physiologically active vegetated surfaces. Dew formation enhanced ozone deposition to the hypostomatous leaves of this grape canopy by a non-stomatal pathway.
Videoconferencing As A Tool For Recruiting And Interviewing

The purpose of this pilot study is to explore opportunities for CSX, a Fortune 250 transportation company, to reduce costs associated with recruiting and interviewing potential job candidates. Videoconferencing technology has been identified as a potential method of reducing these expenses. It was discovered that recruiters at CSX were spending a great deal of time and money by traveling to universities to recruit students to work for the organization. Additionally, large sums of money were spent to bring potential job candidates to the headquarters for multiple interviews, which is located in Jacksonville, FL. This pilot study was intended to enrich the limited body of recent research as it relates to the integration of videoconferencing as a tool for interviewing. This paper was also intended to gain further insight as to how CSX could benefit through the integration of videoconferencing technology into the human resource selection process in an effort to save time and money.
RIC8 Is a Guanine-Nucleotide Exchange Factor for Gα Subunits That Regulates Growth and Development in Neurospora crassa

Heterotrimeric (αβγ) G proteins are crucial components of eukaryotic signal transduction pathways. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Gα subunits. Recently, facilitated GDP/GTP exchange by non-GPCR GEFs, such as RIC8, has emerged as an important mechanism for Gα regulation in animals. RIC8 is present in animals and filamentous fungi, such as the model eukaryote Neurospora crassa, but is absent from the genomes of baker’s yeast and plants. In Neurospora, deletion of ric8 leads to profound defects in growth and asexual and sexual development, similar to those observed for a mutant lacking the Gα genes gna-1 and gna-3. In addition, constitutively activated alleles of gna-1 and gna-3 rescue many defects of Δric8 mutants. Similar to reports in Drosophila, Neurospora Δric8 strains have greatly reduced levels of G-protein subunits. Effects on cAMP signaling are suggested by low levels of adenylyl cyclase protein in Δric8 mutants and suppression of Δric8 by a mutation in the protein kinase A regulatory subunit. RIC8 acts as a GEF for GNA-1 and GNA-3 in vitro, with the strongest effect on GNA-3. Our results support a role for RIC8 in regulating GNA-1 and GNA-3 in Neurospora.
P5H-2 Novel SAW Network Model Parameter Extraction Technique

Traditionally, parameters for surface acoustic wave (SAW) scalar models have been determined either experimentally or by fitting dispersion expressions describing the models to numerically computed grating dispersion curves. Experimental parameter extraction is costly and labor intensive. The latter technique offers significant time and cost savings but normally yields frequency independent parameters, which may compromise modeling accuracy for large bandwidth devices. Thus, there is a need to accurately determine frequency- dependent parameters for SAW scalar models. This paper presents a new procedure for extracting frequency- dependent SAW scalar model parameters for finite thickness electrodes and arbitrary substrate orientations, including natural single phase unidirectional transducer (NSPUDT) directions. Equivalent network model (NM) parameters have been extracted for platinum (Pt) electrodes on STX and ST25 orientations of quartz, Euler angles (0deg,132.75deg,0deg) and (0deg,132.75deg,25deg), respectively. Two-port SAW resonators with Pt electrodes were fabricated on STX and ST25 quartz to verify the extracted model parameters, and the frequency of peak | S211 is predicted to within 412ppm of measured values. This new extraction technique has proven both accurate and robust; NM IDT admittance consistently agrees with FEM/BEM calculated and experimentally measured device responses, and extracted parameters are not significantly dependent on the length of the grating structures analyzed.
Evaluation of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm by computed tomography.

Abstract The CT findings in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage include visualization of the aneurysm (10% of the cases), subarachnoid, intraventricular, or intracerebral hemorrhage (87% of cases scanned within five days), “ischemic” lucency secondary to spasm (10%), and hydrocephalus (54%). In the acute stages of subarachnoid hemorrhage CT is helpful to confirm the diagnosis, to localize the source of bleeding, and to evaluate secondary changes, such as hematomas, hydrocephalus, etc. CT may be useful in following patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage by evaluating recurrent bleeds, changes in “ischemic” areas, and progression of hydrocephalus.
Differential Effects of Racial Socialization Messages for African American Adolescents: Personal Versus Institutional Racial Discrimination

Racial socialization is one factor known to attenuate the negative consequences of racial discrimination on adolescents’ anger and depressive symptoms. However, little is known about whether racial socialization messages addressing cultural and racial pride and messages preparing youth for racial discrimination and racial barriers function differently depending upon whether adolescents perceive personal versus institutional racial discrimination. Thus, the present study examined whether racial socialization messages emphasizing racial pride and racial barriers protected against anger and depressive symptoms for African American adolescents’ experience of personal and institutional racial discrimination. Participants were a community sample of 106 urban African American adolescents (57 % girls; mean age = 15.41) residing in a large metropolitan area. Regression analyses revealed that personal racial discrimination was positively associated with anger for youth reporting low cultural pride reinforcement, and positively associated with depressive symptoms for youth reporting low cultural alertness to discrimination; there were no associations between personal racial discrimination and anger or depressive symptoms for youth reporting high racial socialization messages. Neither cultural pride nor racial barrier racial socialization message protected against institutional racial discrimination. Findings suggest that the protective effects of racial socialization messages vary based on the type of racial discrimination adolescents experience.
Brokers and Salespersons

This article comments on a recent California appellate decision holding that the designated officer of a real estate corporate broker is not liable for failure to supervise employees.
Length and circumference measurements in one-joint and multijoint muscles in rabbits after immobilization.

In this article, we compared changes in the length and circumference of the soleus and the plantaris muscles in rabbits. The rabbits were assigned to a nonimmobilized external control group (n = 4), an experimental shortened-position group (n = 10), or an experimental lengthened-position group (n = 9). One hind limb of each animal in the experimental groups was immobilized in a cast for four weeks to put the muscles in either a shortened or lengthened position. The contralateral limb served as an internal control for the animals in the experimental groups. After the immobilization period, the limbs were fixed in situ , the muscles were dissected, and length and circumference measurements were taken. In both experimental conditions, the immobilized soleus muscles were shorter than their contralateral counterparts ( p < .05); the length of the plantaris muscles did not change. The immobilized muscles had decreased circumference values regardless of the immobilization angle. When compared with the control condition, the shortened soleus muscles had a greater decrease in circumference than did the plantaris muscles. More connective tissue was observed in the muscle bellies of the soleus after immobilization than in the plantaris. Similar significant changes ( p < .05) were found in the nonimmobilized limbs of the animals in the experimental groups. Specifically, the soleus muscles demonstrated length and circumference changes, whereas the plantaris muscles showed changes only in circumference. These findings suggest that when a weight-bearing limb is immobilized, adaptations in gross muscle length and circumference are to be expected in the involved and uninvolved limbs. An assessment of similar adaptations in humans should be a part of the evaluation during recovery.
The evidence for brain injury in whiplash injuries.

The evidence that brain damage can occur in injuries that produce whiplash is reviewed. The clinical phenomena for the two injuries are the same. Pure whiplash injury implies no, or minimal head contact, but many patients also have head contact against a head rest or the steering wheel or windshield. The relative severity of the neck injury and the head injury distinguishes whiplash from mild closed head injury. If there is brain injury is some patients with whiplash, it, by definition, falls at the mildest end of the concussion spectrum. The relationship between these two injuries is examined.