cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissociation of colonic apical Na/H exchange activity from bulk cytoplasmic pH.

Intracellular acidification by stimuli rather than CO2 fails to stimulate colonic apical Na/H ex-change and Na absorption. We examined whether Na absorption could be stimulated in the absence of changes in cytoplasmic pH (pHi). Distal colon of male Sprague-Dawley rats was used for pHi measurements with 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein and for flux measurements in Ussing chambers. In 21 mM HCO3-Ringer, increasing PCO2 from 20 to 70 mmHg decreased pHi from 7.51 to 7.03 and increased net Na flux (JnetNa) from 4.2 +/- 0.4 to 6.8 +/- 0.6 mu eq.cm-2.h-1. Similar increases in JnetNa occurred in the absence of mucosal CI and in the presence of phalloidin to inhibit microfilaments or penzolamide to inhibit membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase. sohydric increases in Pco2 did not alter pHi but stimulated JnetNa from 5.1 +/- 0.6 to 7.2 +/- 0.8 mu eq.cm-2.h-1. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) decreased pHi from 7.45 to 7.35 but did not stimulate JnetNa. Butyrate (25 mM) decreased pHi from 7....
Molecular Studies of Genetic Distance and Admixture

The striking variation in incidence or prevalence of common diseases in world populations immediately suggests the possibility of a biological link between ethnicity and disease. However, these populations are separated by language, geography and culture, as well as genes, and most of the common diseases of interest are known to result from the interaction of genetic susceptibility, often determined by genes at more than one genetic locus, and internal (age, gender, etc.) and external (diet, pathogen exposure, etc.) environments. The methods of genetic epidemiology are appropriate for the study of such diseases, which aggregate in families, but do not segregate in a simple mendelian manner. The quantitative assessment of genetic distance and population admixture is a tool to help elucidate the relationship between ethnicity and disease.
Alcohol mixed with Energy Drinks: Daily Context of Use

Background The link between use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) and alcohol-related harms is well established, but limited research has examined the context in which AmEDs are consumed. Identifying the social and environmental characteristics of use may illuminate whether AmEDs are used in settings that could increase the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors or experiencing harms. The present study used a two-week daily diary assessment to compare days in which AmEDs were consumed (“AmED days”) and days where other types of alcohol were used (“non-AmED days”) on where, when, and with whom drinking occurred Methods Participants were 122 (90 women) heavy drinking college students who reported mixing caffeine with alcohol at least once in the past week. Data were collected across 389 drinking days; 40 of these days involved AmED use Results Multilevel modeling findings revealed that odds of drinking AmEDs were higher on days where individuals drank at a bar or club and drank at home relative to other locations. In addition, odds of pre-gaming were higher on AmED days as compared to non-AmED days. AmED use was linked with lower odds of drinking game behavior Conclusions Overall, AmEDs appear to be consumed in potentially risky contexts. In combination with prior findings that AmED days are linked with heavier alcohol use and more harms experienced, these findings support the unique nature of AmED consumption in terms of the factors that may predict or maintain potentially hazardous drinking patterns. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Detection of Residual Stress in Silicon Carbide MEMS by μ-Raman Spectroscopy

Micro-Raman (μ-Raman) spectroscopy is used to measure residual stress in single-crystal, 6H-silicon carbide (SiC) used in micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) devices. These structures are bulk micro-machined by back etching a 250-μm-thick, single-crystal 6HSiC wafer (p-type, 7 Ω-cm, 3.5° off-axis) to form a 50-μm thick diaphragm. A Wheatstone bridge, patterned of piezoresistive elements, is formed across the membrane from a 5-μm, 6HSiC (n-type, doped 3.8 × 1018 cm-3) epilayer; the output of the bridge is proportional to the flexure of the MEMS diaphragm. For these samples, the μ-Raman spectroscopy is performed using a Renishaw InVia Raman spectrometer with an argon-ion excitation source (λ = 514.5 nm, hν = 2.41 eV) with an approximate 1-μm2 spot size through the 50X objective. By employing an incorporated piezoelectric stage with submicron positioning capabilities along with the Raman spectral acquisition, spatial scans are performed to reveal areas in the MEMS structures that contain residual stress. Shifts in the transverse optical (TO) Stokes peaks of up to 2 cm-1 along the edge of the diaphragm and through the piezoresistors indicate significant material strain induced by the MEMS fabrication process. The phonon deformation potential is measured to quantify the material stress as a function of the shift in the Raman peak position. The line center of the TO Stokes peak is shifted by applying a uniform stress to the sample and monitoring the applied stress using a strain gauge, while the μ-Raman spectrum is being measured. A spectral analysis code tracks the shift of the Raman peak position with respect to the line center of the Rayleigh peak to account for any thermal drift of the spectrometer during the time of the area scan.
Synchronization of A Novel 4-D Hyperchaotic Rikitake Dynamo System Along With Unknown Parameters Via Adaptive Integral Sliding Mode

In this paper, a new approach is proposed for synchronization of 4-D identical hyperchaotic Rikitake dynamo system, along with unknown and known parameters via adaptive integral sliding mode control. Second and the major contribution of this article is the reduction of controllers of slave system from 4 to 3 (required for the tracking of the output of master / drive system). Firstly, the error system is transformed into a special structure containing nominal part and some unknown terms. Later the unknown terms are computed adaptively, then the error system is stabilized using integral sliding mode control. The stabilizing controller for the error system is constructed which consists of the nominal control plus some compensator control. To avoid the chattering phenomenon, smooth, continuous compensator control is used instead of traditional discontinuous control. The compensator controller and the adapted law are derived in such a way that the time derivative of a Lyapunov function becomes strictly negative. Effectualness of the proposed strategy in coupling with the kinetics of the systems is confirmed by the simulation results.
Impact of pharmacometric analyses on new drug approval and labelling decisions: a review of 198 submissions between 2000 and 2008

Pharmacometric analyses have become an increasingly important component of New Drug Application (NDA) and Biological License Application (BLA) submissions to the US FDA to support drug approval, labelling and trial design decisions. Pharmacometrics is defined as a science that quantifies drug, disease and trial information to aid drug development, therapeutic decisions and/or regulatory decisions. In this report, we present the results of a survey evaluating the impact of pharmacometric analyses on regulatory decisions for 198 submissions during the period from 2000 to 2008. Pharmacometric review of NDAs included independent, quantitative analyses by FDA pharmacometricians, even when such analysis was not conducted by the sponsor, as well as evaluation of the sponsor’s report. During 2000–2008, the number of reviews with pharmacometric analyses increased dramatically and the number of reviews with an impact on approval and labelling also increased in a similar fashion. We also present the impact of pharmacometric analyses on selection of paediatric dosing regimens, approval of regimens that had not been directly studied in clinical trials and provision of evidence of effectiveness to support a single pivotal trial. Case studies are presented to better illustrate the role of pharmacometric analyses in regulatory decision making.
Building a Pipeline to Equity

The US health care system is full of broken promises. Education is supposed to be the great equalizer, yet for many students a medical education remains out of reach. Over 10 years ago the Association of American Medical Colleges looked at the economic diversity of medical students by parental
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF SOFT TISSUE INGROWTH INTO DACRON VELOUR

ABSTRACT Electron microscope and light microscope histological analysis was performed on Dacron® velour covered percutaneous devices implanted in the dorsum of canines for periods between 1 week and 9 months. The results indicated that although the capsule region around the implant was mature collagen after the 1st week of implantation, the tissue ingrowth region remained mostly immature collagen through 9 months of implantation. It appears that increasing the diameter of the fibers, which would decrease the chronic inflammatory response, and increasing the average distance between fibers should increase the amount of mature collagen between the velour fibers.
Functional Mapping of Transcription Factor Grf10 That Regulates Adenine-Responsive and Filamentation Genes in Candida albicans.

Grf10, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, regulates adenylate and one-carbon metabolism and morphogenesis in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans Here, we identified functional domains and key residues involved in transcription factor activity using one-hybrid and mutational analyses. We localized activation domains to the C-terminal half of the Grf10 protein by one-hybrid analysis and identified motifs using bioinformatic analyses; one of the characterized activation domains (AD1) responded to temperature. The LexA-Grf10 fusion protein activated the lexAop-HIS1 reporter in an adenine-dependent fashion, and this activation was independent of Bas1, showing that the adenine limitation signal is transmitted directly to Grf10. Overexpression of LexA-Grf10 led to filamentation, and this required a functioning homeodomain, consistent with Grf10 controlling the expression of key filamentation genes; filamentation induced by LexA-Grf10 overexpression was independent of adenine levels and Bas1. Alanine substitutions were made within the conserved interaction regions (IR) of LexA-Grf10 and Grf10 to investigate roles in transcription. In LexA-Grf10, the D302A mutation activated transcription constitutively, and the E305A mutation was regulated by adenine. When these mutations were introduced into the native gene locus, the D302A mutation was unable to complement the ADE phenotype and did not promote filamentation under hypha-inducing conditions; the E305A mutant behaved as the native gene with respect to the ADE phenotype and was partially defective in inducing hyphae. These results demonstrate allele-specific responses with respect to the different phenotypes, consistent with perturbations in the ability of Grf10 to interact with multiple partner proteins.IMPORTANCE Metabolic adaptation and morphogenesis are essential for Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen, to survive and infect diverse body sites in the mammalian host. C. albicans utilizes transcription factors to tightly control the transcription of metabolic genes and morphogenesis genes. Grf10, a critical homeodomain transcription factor, controls purine and one-carbon metabolism in response to adenine limitation, and Grf10 is necessary for the yeast-to-hypha morphological switching, a known virulence factor. Here, we carried out one-hybrid and mutational analyses to identify functional domains of Grf10. Our results show that Grf10 separately regulates metabolic and morphogenesis genes, and it contains a conserved protein domain for protein partner interaction, allowing Grf10 to control the transcription of multiple distinct pathways. Our findings contribute significantly to understanding the role and mechanism of transcription factors that control multiple pathogenic traits in C. albicans.
Mitochondrial DNA damage in diabetic retinopathy: role of epigenetics

Purpose Diabetes dysfunctions retinal mitochondria and increases base pair mismatches in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and damaged mtDNA impairs the electron transport chain system. A mismatch repair system actively repairs the uncomplimentary base pairs, but in diabetes, the enzyme responsible for cutting the base-mismatches, MutL homolog 1 (Mlh1), is also compromised, which further adds to the damage of mtDNA. In diabetes, retinal DNA methylation machinery is also altered, and the activity of DNA methyl transferases (Dnmts) is significantly increased. Since Mlh1 promoter has over 50 CpG sites, making it a good target for DNA methylation, our aim was to investigate the role of DNA methylation in mtDNA damage in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Methods Retinal microvessels from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, with or without Dnmt inhibitor 5-azacytidine (Aza, 2.5mg/kg, intraperitoneal), were analyzed for methylated cytosine (5mC) levels using immuno-capture method and Mlh1 promoter- specific primers. Base-mismatch was quantified by digesting mtDNA amplicons using mismatch specific surveyor endonuclease, followed by DNA fragmentation analysis. Similar experiments were performed in retinal microvessels prepared from human donors with documented diabetic retinopathy. Results Compared to normal mice, retinal microvessels from diabetic mice had decreased Mlh1 expression and increased Dnmt1 and 5mC levels at Mlh1 promoter. In the same mice, base-mismatches in their mtDNA were also increased. Administration of Aza ameliorated diabetes-induced decrease in Mlh1 expression, and prevented increase in Dnmt1 and DNA methylation of Mlh1 promoter. Similarly, compared to age-matched non diabetic human donors, retinal microvessels from donors with established diabetic retinopathy had decreased levels of Mlh1 and increased levels of Dnmt1 and 5mC at Mlh1 promoter. Conclusions Thus, DNA methylation of Mlh1 promoter has a major role in impaired mtDNA damage. Therapies targeted to halt DNA methylation could have potential to prevent/halt mtDNA damage, and the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Population Level Analysis of Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction: Sustained Advantage of a Laparoscopic Approach.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effects of open versus laparoscopic surgery on the development of adhesive small bowel obstruction (aSBO). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA aSBO is a significant contributor to short and long-term postoperative morbidity. Laparoscopy has demonstrated a protective effect in colorectal surgery, but these effects have not been generalized to other abdominal procedures. METHODS Population level California state data (1995-2010) was analyzed. We identified patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), cholecystectomy, partial colectomy, appendectomy, and hysterectomy. The primary outcome was aSBO. Clinical, patient, and hospital characteristics were assessed using Kaplan-Meir methodology and Cox regression analysis adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and operative approach. RESULTS We included 1,612,629 patients with a median follow-up of 6.3 years. The 5-year incidence rate of aSBO was higher after open surgery compared with laparoscopic surgery for each procedure (RYGB 2.1% vs. 1.5%, P < 0.001; cholecystectomy 2.2% vs. 0.65%, P < 0.001; partial colectomy 5.5% vs. 2.8%, P < 0.001; appendectomy 0.58% vs. 0.35%, P < 0.001; and hysterectomy 0.89% vs. 0.54%, P < 0.001). The period of greatest risk for aSBO formation was within the first 2-years. In multivariate analysis, an open approach was associated with an increased risk of aSBO for each procedure [RYGB hazard ratio (HR) 1.24, P < 0.001; cholecystectomy HR 1.89, P < 0.001; partial colectomy HR 1.49, P < 0.001; appendectomy HR 1.45, P < 0.001; and hysterectomy HR 1.16, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopy is associated with a significant and sustained reduction in the rate of aSBO. The period of greatest risk for aSBO is within the first 2 years after surgery.
Humanism and Medical Treatment: Clinicians and Patients Finding Common Ground

When formulating plans for medical treatment, the relationship between the clinician and patient is one of the most important variables that determines whether the plan will be adhered to and succeed. Elements of that relationship transcend the usual transactional nature of most professional encounters in daily life. One such element can be described by the professional attitude of the clinician as humanistic, a quality that can be distinguished from professionalism, that has received increasing attention from educational and professional leaders. Patients expect such an attitude from their providers. While it is sometimes assumed that “bedside manner” describes an innate quality, hard to describe, and that cannot be acquired, extensive literature demonstrates quite the opposite. The educational opportunities that foster a culture of medical humanism are often at odds with the healthcare environment that many learners and practitioners confront in daily practice, but intentional professional development can promote humanistic qualities in medical professionals to change the prevailing culture for the better. To do so, learners need to engage in self-reflection among a community of co-learners that is sustained over sufficient time, to create well-formed and well-intended role models that serve as a nidus for cultural change in the larger healthcare environment.
MODELING OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS WITH VIBRO-IMPACT INTERACTION AND DISCONTINUITY MAPPING

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an overview of selected modeling techniques of vibro-impactdynamics. Vibro-impact dynamics has occupied a wide spectrum of studies bydynamicists, physicists, and mathematicians. These studies may be classified intothree main categories: modeling, mapping and applications. The main techniquesused in modeling of vibro-impact systems include phenomenological modeling,Hertzian models, and non-smooth coordinate transformations developed byZhuravlev and Ivanov. One of the most critical situations impeded in vibro-impactsystems is the grazing bifurcation. Grazing bifurcation is usually studied throughdiscontinuity mapping techniques, which are useful to uncover the rich dynamics inthe process of impact interaction. Complex dynamic phenomena of vibro-impactsystems such as sub-harmonic oscillations, chaotic motion, and coexistence ofdifferent attractors for the same excitation and system parameters but under differentinitial conditions will be discussed.
DNA methylation and miRNA-1296 act in concert to mediate spatiotemporal expression of KPNA7 during bovine oocyte and early embryonic development

Epigenetic regulation of oocyte-specific maternal factors is essential for oocyte and early embryonic development. KPNA7 is an oocyte-specific maternal factor, which controls transportation of nuclear proteins important for early embryonic development. To elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the controlled expression of KPNA7, both DNA methylation associated transcriptional silencing and microRNA (miRNA)-mediated mRNA degradation of KPNA7 were examined. Comparison of DNA methylation profiles at the proximal promoter of KPNA7 gene between oocyte and 6 different somatic tissues identified 3 oocyte-specific differentially methylated CpG sites. Expression of KPNA7 mRNA was reintroduced in bovine kidney-derived CCL2 cells after treatment with the methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR). Analysis of the promoter region of KPNA7 gene in CCL2 cells treated with 5-Aza-CdR showed a lighter methylation rate in all the CpG sites. Bioinformatic analysis predicted 4 miRNA-1296 binding sites in the coding region of KPNA7 mRNA. Ectopic co-expression of miRNA-1296 and KPNA7 in HEK293 cells led to reduced expression of KPNA7 protein. Quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that miRNA-1296 is expressed in oocytes and early stage embryos, and the expression reaches a peak level in 8-cell stage embryos, coincident with the time of embryonic genome activation and the start of declining of KPNA7 expression. These results suggest that DNA methylation may account for oocyte-specific expression of KPNA7, and miRNA-1296 targeting the coding region of KPNA7 is a potential mechanism for KPNA7 transcript degradation during the maternal-to-zygotic transition.
Status Functions, Speech Acts, and the Emergence of Money

For emergence to be an explanatory factor for a specifically human social ontology requires a commitment on the part of participants to they submit belief to a status function implied or enabled by emergent phenomena such that participants could, if required, explicitly recognize the meaning of the status attribution in terms the deontic powers that it generates. In so doing, individuals recognize themselves and others as members of a community that embraces shared meaning entailed in that status function. Defined in this way, we can identify Tony Lawson's notion of emergence in terms acceptable to Searle. Emergence entails the generation of states and processes in a system owing to shared belief that, when recognized by actors, endows them with rights, duties, and obligations. In the case of Mengerian evolution of money, a status function is adopted once members within a given exchange network recognize that a particular commodity or other good has become generally accepted among network participants. This occurs by practice of exchange between members. We show how Searle has provides precedent for this interpretation of status functions through his elaboration of speech acts and declarations.
Dark matter capture by atomic nuclei

Abstract We propose a new strategy to search for a particular type of dark matter via nuclear capture. If the dark matter particle carries baryon number, as motivated by a class of theoretical explanations of the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe, it can mix with the neutron and be captured by an atomic nucleus. The resulting state de-excites by emitting a single photon or a cascade of photons with a total energy of up to several MeV. The exact value of this energy depends on the dark matter mass. We investigate the prospects for detecting dark matter capture signals in current and future neutrino and dark matter direct detection experiments.
Computable Bulk and Interfacial Electronic Structure Features as Proxies for Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers

Breakdown strength, the maximum electric field that can be applied on a dielectric polymer without destroying its insulating characteristics, sets an upper limit on the maximum energy that can be stored in this material. Despite its significance, the breakdown strength remains poorly understood and impractical to compute. This is a major challenge in the development of high-energy dielectric polymers for which a large number of candidates must be screened for identifying those with high breakdown strength. In this work, we develop a multistep strategy for accessing the breakdown strength through two proxies that can be computationally estimated in a high-throughput manner, i.e., the polymer band gap and electron injection barrier at electrode-polymer interfaces. First, these properties are experimentally proven (established) to be correlated strongly with the breakdown strength of a number of benchmark polymers. Then, we develop a simple model, which relies on the chain structure of polymers, to estimate their band gap and electron injection barrier at the level of density functional theory. After validation, this model was finally used for 990 polymers, identifying 53 candidates that have preferable proxies, and thus, potentially having high breakdown strength. Because of the past synthesizability evidence of these polymers, we hope that they may be considered to be synthesized and tested in the near future. Moreover, some empirical rules that were extracted from our computed data could be useful for polymer selection and design in general. We note that the strategy used here is generic and can be used to design materials with other attractive, but complex, properties as well.
Comparative Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Type I Restriction-Modification Loci: Variation in hsdS Gene Target Recognition Domains

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a respiratory commensal pathogen that causes a range of infections, particularly in young children and the elderly. Pneumococci undergo spontaneous phase variation in colony opacity phenotype, in which DNA rearrangements within the Type I restriction-modification (R-M) system specificity gene hsdS can potentially generate up to six different hsdS alleles with differential DNA methylation activity, resulting in changes in gene expression. To gain a broader perspective of this system, we performed bioinformatic analyses of Type I R-M loci from 18 published pneumococcal genomes, and one R-M locus sequenced for this study, to compare genetic content, organization, and homology. All 19 loci encoded the genes hsdR, hsdM, hsdS, and at least one hsdS pseudogene, but differed in gene order, gene orientation, and hsdS target recognition domain (TRD) content. We determined the coding sequences of 87 hsdS TRDs and excluded seven from further analysis due to the presence of premature stop codons. Comparative analyses revealed that the TRD 1.1, 1.2, and 2.1 protein sequences had single amino acid substitutions, and TRD 2.2 and 2.3 each had seven differences. The results of this study indicate that variability exists among the gene content and arrangements within Type I R-M loci may provide an additional level of divergence between pneumococcal strains, such that phase variation-mediated control of virulence factors may vary significantly between individual strains. These findings are consistent with presently available transcript profile data.
Live-cell imaging of glucose-induced metabolic coupling of β and α cell metabolism in health and type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by β and α cell dysfunction. We used phasor-FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy) to monitor oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in living islet cells before and after glucose stimulation. In healthy cells, glucose enhanced oxidative phosphorylation in β cells and suppressed oxidative phosphorylation in α cells. In Type 2 diabetes, glucose increased glycolysis in β cells, and only partially suppressed oxidative phosphorylation in α cells. FLIM uncovers key perturbations in glucose induced metabolism in living islet cells and provides a sensitive tool for drug discovery in diabetes. Using phasor-FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy), Wang et al. reveal differential usages of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in living islet cells following glucose stimulation. This study suggests the applicability of FLIM as a drug discovery tool as it reports perturbations in glucose metabolism in living islet cells.
Clovis Technology is not Unique to Clovis

We previously showed that stone-tool technological attributes thought to be unique to the Clovis period were present in a radiocarbon and OSL dated middle Holocene-age stratum at Goodson Shelter, O...
WS5.3. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential Monitoring

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) are obtained by stimulating the vestibulocochlear nerve. As the stimulation volley ascends in the brainstem, BAEP waveforms can be obtained from various neurologic structures. BAEPs are frequently used during surgery to monitor the integrity of the distal auditory pathways. It is useful when the integrity of the cochlea, vestibulocochlear nerve, or brainstem auditory structures is at risk. In this presentation, the basics of the anatomy of the auditory pathways will be discussed. This will be followed by a discussion of the methodology and technical challenges of obtaining BAEPs in the operating room. The types of changes in BAEP waveforms that may occur in the operating room will be described. Finally, a summary of the clinical applications of BAEP monitoring will be reviewed.
AI, Ethics, and Design: Revisiting the Trolley Problem

This chapter critiques the use of the trolley problem—a well-known ethics thought experiment that highlights the limitations of utilitarian ethics—and its frequent application in discussions of autonomous vehicle safety. It introduces other approaches that include “moral crumple zones” (Elish and Hwang), “wicked problems” (Rittel and Webber), and gradations of system control (Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens), and considers the ethical issues of Department of Defense funding in tech companies. It suggests that approaches from design might help to better engender the dynamics at play in computational technologies and frame their ethical implications.
Wideband, Low-Profile, Dual-Polarized Machined-Metal Array on a Triangular Lattice

This paper presents a dual-polarized Frequency-scaled Ultra-wide Spectrum Element (FUSE) array on a triangular lattice, precision-machined from an Aluminum block as a self-supporting structure, similar to all-metal Vivaldi arrays reported by the authors in past work. Whereas dual-polarized FUSE arrays normally consist of offset radiator pairs conforming to the ubiquitous square-lattice egg-crate configuration and capacitively coupled at the ends to achieve ultra-wideband operational frequency ranges, this work is novel in that it uses conventional manufacturing to directly machine the dual-polarized FUSE array on a triangular lattice instead. Triangular lattices for dual-polarized wideband arrays are uncommon in the literature and have the benefit of 15.5% reduction in element counts over a square lattice aperture of the same footprint and upper frequency of operation, making this a useful development for applications requiring minimum element counts, i.e., reduced cost/weight. In this paper, embedded element performance predictions for the dual-polarized triangular-lattice FUSE array are presented and validated with measurements of a hardware prototype. Results show similar overall grating-lobe-free performance to a square lattice FUSE array of the same footprint and operational frequencies reported in earlier work. The asymmetries of the triangular lattice result in relative performance degradation vs. square lattice FUSE arrays as a trade-off to the benefit of reduced element counts for apertures of similar size.
Clinician's experiences with involuntary commitment for substance use disorder: A qualitative study of moral distress.

Abstract Background Petitions for involuntary commitment of people living with a substance use disorder (SUD) have almost doubled since 2011 in Massachusetts through the policy Section 35. However, the efficacy of this controversial policy remains unclear, and clinicians differ on whether it ought to be used. This study examines how clinicians decide whether to use Section 35 and their experiences of moral distress, the negative feeling that occurs when a clinician is required to pursue a treatment option against their moral judgement due to institutional constraints, associated with its use. Methods Qualitative semi-structured interviews with clinicians in Massachusetts were conducted between December 2019 and February 2020 and continued until thematic saturation. Thematic and narrative analysis was conducted with recorded and transcribed interviews. Results Among 21 clinicians, most (77%) experienced some or high moral distress when utilizing Section 35 for involuntary commitment, with clinicians working in emergency departments experiencing less distress than those working in SUD clinics. Clinicians with low moral distress referenced successful patient anecdotes and held an abstinence-based view of SUD, while clinicians with high moral distress were concerned by systemic treatment failures and understood SUD through a nuanced and harm reduction-oriented view. Clinicians across professional settings were concerned by the involvement of law enforcement and criminal justice settings in the Section 35 process. Clinicians employed a variety of strategies to cope with moral distress, including team-based decision-making and viewing the petition as a last resort. Barriers to utilizing Section 35 included restrictive court hours and lack of post-section aftercare services. Conclusion Widespread distress associated with use of involuntary commitment and inconsistent approaches to its use highlight the need for better care coordination and guidance on best practices for utilization of this policy.
Evaluating A Patient-Centered Medical Home From the Patient's Perspective

ABSTRACT Background: The medical home is an organizational approach for improving care, improving patient experience, and reducing costs. The purpose of this qualitative project was to obtain input from patients that could be used to improve their experiences in the medical home for ongoing disease management and health improvement and to obtain their recommendations for the most effective methods to involve patients in shaping system policies, procedures, and practices consistent with patient- and family-centered care principles. Methods: We conducted cognitive interviews to complete patient experience surveys, structured focus groups, and exit surveys. A sample of 32 adults participated in cognitive interviews (n=15) and structured focus groups (n=17) using the nominal group technique (NGT). Exit surveys collected demographic information and input from patients about opportunities for their involvement in shaping medical homes. Results: Cognitive interviews, NGT sessions, and exit surveys revealed patie...
Growing into Export Markets: The Impact of Exporting on Firm‐level Investment in Indonesia

This paper documents the impact of exporting on capital accumulation across heterogeneous manufacturing firms in Indonesia. The findings show that entering export markets significantly increases investment behavior during the year of initial entry and for as much as three years after entry. The results imply that the investment rate among new exporters is 37% higher than non-exporters in the year of entry and 14–26% higher in the three years after entry. Using detailed data on firm ownership, the paper further show that foreign-owned affiliates invest at systematically higher rates upon entry into export markets. The estimates indicate that domestically owned exporters are potentially credit constrained and suggest that improving credit market access may increase the investment rate among domestic exporters by as much as 40% in the year of entry.
Divorce and Belief in Internal versus External Control of One's Life: Data from a National Probability Sample.

A major tradition in recent studies of divorce has proposed that the divorce experience often leads to enhanced personal development, including a greater sense of personal control over one's life. The present study examined a correlate of this divorce-as-development position, namely, that divorced persons when compared with married persons should have a stronger belief in personal control over life events. Using locus of control personality scores from a national probability sample of white adults, with education and income controlled, this study found that divorced persons were on the average significantly more internal than married persons. Similar comparisons between the divorced and other marital status groups were interpreted as supporting the divorce-as-development position. It was observed, however, that the' present cross-sectional data cannot unravel the issue of causal direction, i.e., are internals more likely to become divorced or is greater internality a byproduct of the divorce experience?
Curves in the high road

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to trace a history of American codes of business ethics as they evolved from religious bases to legalistic bases to an international emphasis.Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes the evolution of business codes of ethics over the twentieth century in relation to the development of social issues.Findings – It is found that ethical codes are influenced by the prevailing ideology of the time regarding the social responsibility of business. The earlier part of the twentieth century emphasized religious values governing the treatment of customers and competitors and the responsibility of businesses for the well‐being of their employees by directing their private as well as business conduct. The latter part of the twentieth century stressed legal compliance as government regulation sought to control business behaviors that were harmful to society and to the environment. Entering into the twenty‐first century, we are seeing an increase in international emphases...
Phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, and lipid A are inhibitors of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D. Specific inhibition of a phospholipase by product analogues?

Previous work has suggested that the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) purified from bovine serum is inhibited by phosphatidic acid (PA). In this study we report on the specificity and mechanism of this phenomenon using [3H]myristate-labeled variant surface glycoprotein dispersed in Nonidet P-40 as substrate. Inhibition of GPI-PLD by PAs (IC50 approximately 1 microM) was relatively independent of the length or degree of unsaturation of the fatty acyl chains. It was also observed that lysophosphatidic acid and several natural and synthetic lipid A preparations were inhibitory in the same concentration range. The inhibitory potency of PA, lysophosphatidic acid, and lipid A was dependent on the detergent concentration in the assay but in all cases this was in a large (i.e. > 100-fold) molar excess over the inhibitor. The inhibitory lipids did not affect substrate availability nor did they reduce hydrolysis of variant surface glycoprotein by a bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Studies with a wide range of other lipids, detergents, and phosphate esters indicated that inhibition was specific for lipids containing a phosphomonoester group. The data suggest that inhibition is due to a direct interaction between PA (or lipid A) and the GPI-PLD rather than an indirect effect on the substrate particle.
Measuring Atomic Hydrogen Masses Using the 21-cm Line

Emission in the 21-cm line of neutral hydrogen is very simple to use to estimate masses and column densities of the neutral atomic gas phase in the Milky Way and other galaxies. The only serious uncertainty is in the optical depth (self-absorption) correction to apply. Absorption surveys of the galaxy suggest that this effect is not very serious, but data at very low latitudes is sparse, and the abundance of very high optical depth regions is not well known. In other galaxies statistics of 21-cm line flux vs. inclination show that it is only for inclinations less than about 10° to the line of sight that self-absorption becomes severe. For high inclinations a simple correction factor is sufficient for converting observed 21-cm line flux to H Ι mass.
Recharting the Caribbean: Land, Law, and Citizenship in the British Virgin Islands.

Recharting the Caribbean: Land, Law, and Citizenship in the British Virgin Islands. Bill Maurer. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997).
The new age electronic patient record system

Health care management costs rise yearly, especially in the areas of personnel and the expenses of generating and maintaining the patients' records. A substantial informational burden is incurred with each patient visit to a health professional, and patients' needs are often lost in the shuffle of medical records, insurance information, and red tape. However during the last few years significant progress has been made in the development of clinically useful medical decision support system to assist the health care provider. Earlier efforts to implement computer-based patient records mainly used keyboard entry, but with the latest technology, voice activated clinical reporting systems could be a central component of such a computer-based system in the future. Several groups are in the process of developing portable data management device. This will allow the clinicians to have on-line readily transferable patient records, decision making support and searching of remote databases to better analyze complex health care delivery problems. When the medical transcriptions are forwarded to an off-site location, this unique device will reduce the time and the cost of re-recording and transmission. This device will help the user to maintain and update the data remotely and instantly. It will also provide immediate information updates and database manipulations for all aspects of medical data management, provide portable multiple and simultaneous access to complete database information. These will significantly reduce paperwork and personnel costs.
Cervantes, lector de Jenofonte, y las "Obras de Xenophonte" traducidas por Diego Gracián

La fortuna de la obra de Jenofonte de Atenas en el Renacimiento estuvo estrechamente ligada a la ensenanza del griego, como fue el caso de la de Luciano de Samosata. Admirado el primero en la antiguedad por su estilo elegante y por la variedad de los generos historiograficos que practico, se convirtio, ya desde el siglo xv, en autor muy leido por quienes iban descubriendo la literatura griega clasica, la alejandrina y la que siguio escribiendose en las zonas grecoparlantes del imperio romano. Las satiras de Luciano se hicieron muy conocidas, en gran medida, gracias a las ediciones bilingues en griego y latin preparadas por Erasmo, que circularon ampliamente desde comienzos del siglo xvi. Otras les fueron sucediendo, sin duda, y junto a ellas, un alto numero de traducciones a las lenguas europeas. Ello explica, en gran parte, el entusiasmo con el que los humanistas recrearon el genero de la satira menipea en los siglos xvi y xvii, de Erasmo a Justo Lipsio y Quevedo, tanto en neolatin como en las lenguas vernaculas. Mas adelante, cuando la eclosion de satiras en prosa y en verso, construidas en imitacion de fuentes latinas y griegas, de Horacio a Luciano, permitio que la mayoria de los lectores educados de Europa se familiarizaran con las dos variedades de la satura, se hizo posible llegar a una temprana definicion del genero. Fue Isaac Casaubon quien la presento en su tratado impreso en Paris en 1605, que sigue aun vigente hasta el presente. El caso de la obra del autor de la Cyropaedia fue semejante. Hoy sabemos sobre Jenofonte que fue un conservador en politica y un simpatizante de Esparta, por lo cual se marcho de Atenas hacia el ano 403 a.C. y se unio a las fuerzas reclutadas por Ciro el Joven para obtener el trono de Persia. A la muerte de este, Jenofonte, elegido general, condujo “la retirada de los diez mil” hasta el mar Negro, a traves de Kurdistan y Armenia, marcha forzada que luego relato en su Anabasis. Segun lo que nos transmitio en sus escritos, aunque no existen pruebas al respecto, Jenofonte fue discipulo de Socrates. En todo caso lo conmemoro en la Apologia, despues de la muerte del filosofo
High resolution infrared spectroscopy on the Mark III free-electron laser

We have developed the capability to phase lock the picosecond infrared optical pulses from the Mark III free-electron laser, and have implemented an apparatus to compress these pulses down to several hundred femtoseconds. Spectroscopy with sub-megahertz resolution is possible by filtering the individual longitudinal modes, and Doppler-free and coherent nonlinear spectroscopies can be performed using the unfiltered train of ultrashort pulses. >
The intrinsic spin Hall effect

Summary form only given, as follows: a recent theory predicts that dissipationless spin currents can be induced purely by an electric field in conventional semiconductors. The dissipationless spin current is derived from a novel topological structure in momentum space, is independent of the sample disorder and leads to the intrinsic spin Hall effect. In hole doped semiconductors, with or without inversion symmetry breaking, there are no vertex corrections due to impurities scattering, and there are no extrinsic contributions to the spin Hall effect in the clean limit. The author analyzes a recent experiment on the spin Hall effect, and shows that it is consistent with the intrinsic nature of the effect. The author also shows that the spin Hall effect can be quantized in semiconductors with appropriate strain gradients, but in the absence of any external magnetic fields or the associated time reversal symmetry breaking.
‘The Whole Family Suffered, So the Whole Family Needs to Recover’: Thematic Analysis of Substance-Abusing Mothers’ Family Therapy Sessions

Substance abusing mothers and their children are more likely to experience a range of social, behavioral, and psychological difficulties. Despite the significant challenges faced by these families, little is known about their experiences in treatment. The current study analyzed 12 sessions of family therapy using thematic analysis to identify common themes that arose during substance abusing mothers and their children's discussion during family therapy. Mothers' ages ranged from 28 to 35 years and the children's ages ranged from 12 to 14 years. Four therapy sessions from three families were coded for a total of 12 therapy sessions. An ecological framework was used to classify themes, in which themes related to each level of the families' ecological systems were identified. Thematic analysis of the therapy sessions indicated that mothers and their children primarily discussed topics related to their relational and emotional needs. The findings indicated that substance use disordered mothers and their children have unique treatment needs that should be addressed when the mother seeks treatment. More research is needed to further clarify and confirm the observations in this study. In particular, future research should include a larger sample and quantitative methodology.
A simple decision model of counterproliferation

We develop a simple decision model of counterproliferation involving a status quo ''incumbent'' and a nuclear ''entrant''. The problem is examined as a one-stage interaction in two phases: nuclear development and deployment. We examine the conditions that will influence the decision to move pre-emptively against a proliferator's nuclear program. Particular attention is given to the role of uncertainty in determining the expected costs of action at different points in the entrant's weapon's development and deployment cycle. The model permits us to determine the optimal time to act given varying levels of information concerning entrant behavior. In conclusion, we examine the tradeoffs between the expected costs of action and the costs of intelligence.
Influence of Injectable Immunoglobulin on Serum Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Dairy Calves

The influence of a purified Ig preparation on morbidity, mortality, and performance of purchased calves was evaluated. Calves (n = 187) were 3 to 8 d of age and were infused i.v. (blocks 1 and 2) or S.C. (blocks 3 and 4) with a purified Ig preparation derived from bovine blood that was obtained from an abattoir (n = 88) or were infused with 0.9% NaCl saline (n = 99). The Ig solution was purified by column chromatography and (NH,Q 2SO4 precipitation (blocks 1 and 2) or by column chromatography only (blocks 3 and 4). Calves were infused with 504 g of Ig solution containing a mean of 47 g of IgG. Serum IgG concentrations at 24 h postinfusion increased 2.9 g/L when calves in blocks 1 and 2 were infused with Ig, but concentrations declined when calves in blocks 3 and 4 were infused with Ig or when calves were infused with NaCl saline. Total protein in serum increased with infusion of Ig in blocks 1 and 2 also. Serum urea N increased when calves in blocks 3 and 4 were infused with Ig. Mean BW at 28 d after arrival, BW gain, DMI, mortality, and scour scores were unaffected by treatment. Infusion of Ig increased the concentration of serum IgG but was dependent on the method of processing. Increased serum Ig did not markedly influence incidence or severity of disease in young dairy calves.