cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The association between parental perception of neighborhood safety and asthma diagnosis in ethnic minority urban children.

Low-income populations, minorities, and children living in inner cities have high rates of asthma. Recent studies have emphasized the role of psychosocial stress in development of asthma. Residence in unsafe neighborhoods is one potential source of increased stress. The study objective was to examine the association between parental perception of neighborhood safety and asthma diagnosis among inner city, minority children. Cross-sectional data from a community-based study of 6–8-year-old New York City children were used. Asthma was defined as parental report of physician-diagnosed asthma and at least one asthma-related symptom. Parental perceptions of neighborhood safety were assessed with a questionnaire. Associations between perceived neighborhood safety and asthma were examined using chi-squared tests. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were then performed. Five hundred four children were included with 79% female, 26.5% non-Hispanic Black, and 73.5% Hispanic. Asthma was present in 23.8% of children. There was an inverse association between feeling safe walking in the neighborhood and asthma with 45.7% of parents of asthmatic children reporting they felt safe compared to 60.9% of parents of non-asthmatic children (p = 0.006). Fewer parents of asthmatic children than of non-asthmatic children reported that their neighborhood was safe from crime (21.7% versus 33.9%, p = 0.018). In multivariate analyses adjusting for race/ethnicity, age, gender, socioeconomic status, number of smokers in the home and breastfeeding history, parents reporting feeling unsafe walking in the neighborhood were more likely to have a child diagnosed with asthma (OR = 1.89, 95%CI 1.13–3.14). Psychosocial stressors such as living in unsafe neighborhoods may be associated with asthma diagnosis in urban ethnic minority children. Addressing the increased asthma burden in certain communities may require interventions to decrease urban stressors.
Depth of facial expression processing depends on stimulus visibility : Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of priming effects

Participants performed a priming task during which emotional faces served as prime stimuli and emotional words served as targets. Prime-target pairs were congruent or incongruent, and two levels of prime visibility were obtained by varying the duration of the masked primes. To probe a neural signature of the impact of the masked primes, lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) were recorded over motor cortex. In the high-visibility condition, responses to word targets were faster when the prime-target pairs were congruent than when they were incongruent, providing evidence of priming effects. In line with the behavioral results, the electrophysiological data showed that high-visibility face primes resulted in LRP differences between congruent and incongruent trials, suggesting that prime stimuli initiated motor preparation. Contrary to the above pattern, no evidence for reaction time or LRP differences was observed in the low-visibility condition, revealing that the depth of facial expression processing is dependent on stimulus visibility.
Identifying and helping struggling residents.

p c p t w w T m a s h t he teacher, aware of the indispensable steps n the process by which he himself has moved is mind up the ladder of learning, devises ays to help another individual engage in a imilar process; and he applies them with senitivity to the state of that other person’s mind nd with awareness of whatever special diffiulties the other must overcome in order to ake headway. —Mortimer Adler
Neighborhood influence and technological change

Abstract This paper presents an estimation scheme that allows individuals to be influenced by neighbors when making discrete choice decisions. The model developed is used to test interdependence in farmers' attitudes toward the adoption of new technologies in Indonesia. Strong neighborhood effects are found and appear to be robust to changes in specification. In addition, the results suggest that failure to control for neighbors' influence may bias estimation of parameters of interest.
Congenital Herpes Simplex Retinitis

An 1,810-g girl born at 37 weeks of gestation had true congenital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. The neonate was born with hypopigmented skin lesions, brain lesions, and old heavily pigmented retinal scars in the posterior pole. There was no active ocular disease. Viral cultures, immunoperoxidase stains, and antibody determination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were all positive for herpes simplex virus. Treatment with acyclovir healed the lesions within ten days. The clinical and laboratory findings indicated that the herpetic infection probably occurred in the second trimester.
Clinically relevant behaviors in elderly hip fracture inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the range of behaviors documented by inpatient rehabilitation staff and the association of these behaviors with functional outcome, in elderly persons undergoing rehabilitation after hip fracture. METHOD: Subjects were 137 patients, aged 60 and older, admitted to a rehabilitation hospital after a hip fracture, defined as having either a good or poor rehabilitation outcome based on change in Functional Independence Measure motor subscale scores during the course of their admission. Their charts were systematically reviewed for nursing and therapy staff documentation of behaviors. Prevalence of behaviors was compared between good and poor rehabilitation outcome group. RESULTS: Disturbances in cognition and rehabilitation participation were common and were associated with poorer rehabilitation outcome. Behaviors reflective of depression and anxiety were relatively uncommon and not associated with rehabilitation outcome. CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation staff frequently detect and document disturbances in cognition and participation that are associated with poorer rehabilitation outcome. It is recommended that staff observations be routinely added to mental health evaluations. Additionally, routine mental health screening and required staff documentation of behaviors would improve case detection rate. Language: en
High cycle fatigue damage evolution in uni-directional metal matrix composites using a micro-mechanical approach

Abstract Candidate materials for applications in advanced aerospace applications such as gas turbine engines have been identified among the metal matrix composites (MMC's). This special attention is attributed mainly to the superior stiffness to weight ratio as compared to other conventional materials. However, MMC's still lack general applicability due to the lack of appropriate material models capable of describing the material behavior with sufficient confidence. The current research describes the development of a micro-mechanical fatigue damage model for uni-directional MMC's. Micro-mechanical principles are applied in the sense that the behavior of the composite material, specifically the damage and its evolution, are predicted based on the material behavior of the individual constituents. A homogenization procedure in the form of the Mori–Tanaka method is employed. Based on thermo-dynamical principles individual damage criteria and damage evolution models are developed for the respective constituents. The damage due to fatigue is incorporated here through a kinematic-hardening type model for damage which may not be evident in monotonic loading cases. Model and material parameters are identified and their determination is discussed. A few parametric studies show the response of the model with respect to the damage evolution for variations in the described parameters. Results of these parametric studies confirm consistency of the proposed model. A comparison for the number of cycles to failure of a few high cycle fatigue simulations with experimental results reflect good correlation.
Interrupting the gaze: on reconsidering authority in the museum

Thinking about the museum’s engagement in educational programmes is increasingly adopting a more critical perspective on the implications of a programme in authorizing and defining particular knowledge. While objects are still invoked to define history and culture and to underscore their authority, the museum’s claim to educational purposes is being questioned by the museum itself. This has resulted in changes to the ways in which student learning occurs within the museum. Using data gathered during a year‐long study of the changing role of a Canadian regional history and ethnology museum, this paper argues that the changing role of the museum prompts reconsideration of their roles not only as sites of knowledge but also as sites of knowledge‐production.
On the adsorption/oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on activated carbons at ambient temperatures.

Abstract Activated carbons of various origins (bituminous coal, wood, coconut shells, and peat) were studied as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide. Before the experiments the surface of the adsorbents was characterized by using the sorption of nitrogen, Boehm and potentiometric titrations, thermal analysis, and FTIR. The adsorbents were chosen to differ in their surface areas, pore volumes, and surface acidities. To broaden the spectrum of surface acidity, carbons were oxidized by using nitric acid and ammonium persulfate. After hydrogen sulfide adsorption the species present on the surface were analyzed using thermal analysis, ion chromatography, and elemental analysis. The H2S breakthrough capacity tests showed that the performances of different carbons differ significantly. For a good performance of carbons as hydrogen sulfide adsorbents a proper combination of surface chemistry of carbon and porosity is needed. It was demonstrated that a more acidic environment promotes the formation of sulfur oxides and sulfuric acid despite yielding small H2S removal capacities. On the other hand, a basic environment favors the formation of elemental sulfur (sulfur radicals) and yields high capacities. The presence of a sufficient amount of water preadsorbed on the carbon surface to facilitate dissociation also plays an important role in the process of H2S adsorption/oxidation. The results showed that there is a critical value in carbon surface acidity, which when exceeded results in a negligible hydrogen sulfide breakthrough capacity. This is consistent with the mechanism of H2S adsorption on unmodified carbons, where the rate-limiting step is the reaction of adsorbed hydrogen sulfide ion with dissociatively adsorbed oxygen. When the acidity is expressed as pH, its value should be higher than 5 to ensure the effective removal of hydrogen sulfide from the gas phase. Study of carbon regeneration using water washing and heat treatment showed that the adsorbents can be regenerated to about 40% of their initial capacity.
Decreased 5α-dihydrotestosterone catabolism suppresses T lymphocyte functions in males after trauma-hemorrhage

Trauma-hemorrhage produces profound immunosuppression in males but not in proestrus females. Prior castration or flutamide treatment of males following trauma-hemorrhage prevents immunosuppression,...
A functional treatment method for interphalangeal pyogenic arthritis

A treatment plan for pyogenic arthritis has been devised in which the accessory collateral ligaments are resected through radial and ulnar midaxial incisions. The surgical wound is debrided and copiously irrigated with an antibiotic solution, and intravenous antibiotics are instituted before operation and continued after operation. Physical therapy is begun within 24 hours of surgery and includes active range of motion (ROM) of all joints, dynamic splinting, and hand therapy to ensure both full flexion and extension. Forty patients were treated with this method within a 6-year period. Of five interphalangeal (IP) joints of the thumb, four regained 0° to 60° full ROM and one gained 15° to 65° limited ROM. Of the two distal IP joints, one regained full ROM and the other became fused. Among the 33 proximal IP joints, 13 regained full ROM of 110° and 13 regained limited ROM. Good functional results were obtained with this treatment plan in lieu of amputation, which previously was the most likely treatment.
A power side-channel-based digital to analog converterfor Xilinx FPGAs

A novel Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) modulates the overall power consumption of an FPGA by disabling/enabling short circuits programmed into the interconnect. The power pin of the FPGA serves as the output of the DAC. The DAC achieves high linearity and can be used to implement applications in communications, security, etc. The shortcircuit-based DAC consumes 1/3 the area of an alternative shift-register-based DAC that is presented for the sake of comparison.
Factors in Helping Educate about Energy Conservation

Three different groups of students were surveyed (years 1995, 2002, and 2003) to determine their attitudes regarding the environment and environmental issues, and particularly energy use. Two groups (1995 and 2003) were purposely selected to be interviewed about energy issues. The survey revealed that all groups had bell-shaped spreads with the means skewed to the environmental side. Although all groups shared many similarities, those interviewees that expressed more positive environmental attitudes tended to be the ones that acted more on their knowledge. However, a notable trend was the lack of action overall, regardless of espoused beliefs. Factor analyses showed factors similar to a study from 1991, but were unique in themselves. In general, these factors showed a focus on governmental intervention to mandate regulations on energy conservation, yet a schism where business is too restricted and a belief that technology will resolve the issues. Consequences for educators are that students may feel disem...
Development of Referential Communication: Deciding That a Message Is Uninformative.

A listener in a communicative interaction must decide whether or not a speaker's message has been informative. Young children often base their assessments of ambiguous messages on the age of the speaker rather than the actual message perhaps because they lack knowledge of the communicative rule that a message must distinguish referent from nonreferents. This research investigated whether young children typically attend to the age of the speaker when they lack knowledge of other communicative rules. Two experiments compared how children evaluate three types of uninformative messages (ambiguous, incomplete, inconsistent) and whether and why the speaker's age affects the evaluation of each. First and fourth graders played a referential communication game with either a peer or an adult speaker. Results indicated that incomplete messages were the easiest to evaluate and inconsistent messages were the most difficult. The evaluation of ambiguous messages was affected by the age of the child and the age of the speaker. Although older children attended solely to the quality of the message, first graders based their evaluations of ambiguous and inconsistent messages on the age of the speaker. Adult speakers' messages were evaluated more positively than peers' because the young children thought the adults were smart and therefore more likely to be good communicators. Discussion focuses on what children need to learn to be effective communicators. A listener in a communicative interaction must decide whether or not a speaker's message has been informative. Although young children typically respond correctly to informative messages, they generally do worse than older children when responding to ambiguous messages, one type of uninformative communication (Patterson & Kister, 1981). These discrepancies in responding to different types of messages may be due to what exactly communication requires of the listener. Whitehurst and Sonnenschein (1985) have hypothesized that communication consists of substantive skills (e.g., factual or conceptual knowledge), enabling skills (e.g., information-processing, vocabulary), and procedural rules (e.g., knowing the communicative rules to follow to be an effective communicator). Each component is important, and deficits in any could hinder performance. Furthermore, the components may be interactive in their effects. According to Whitehurst and Sonnenschein, the various communicative components seem to develop at different rates, with knowledge of the several procedural rules being the last to occur. Thus, for example, not until elementary school do children realize that an informative communication must distinguish referent from nonreferents (Difference rule) or that one must monitor one's comprehension to determine if one has understood what has been said (Comprehension Monitoring rule). Because
Schoolhouse Politicians: Locality and State During the Chinese Republic

Makes a case for the central importance of understanding the growth of the elementary and secondary educational establishment as it illuminates larger questions of state building during the Chinese republic (1911-1949). Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
Evaluation of Laboratory Procedures for Aggregate Polish Test

Years of polish value testing at the Texas Department of Transportation have revealed that the test results are highly sensitive not only to aggregate textures, but also to other factors, resulting in large variabilities in test results. For the test results to be purely indicative of aggregate textures, other factors need to be tightly controlled. The primary objectives of the study were to address those factors and to improve the testing procedures to minimize variability. All possible factors were identified and pilot tests were conducted to eliminate factors with nonsignificant effects. Detailed tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of the remaining factors. Among the factors investigated that were found to be significant in this study were curvature of the coupons, the length of the slider contact path, slider rubber characteristics, aggregate particle arrangement, normal slider load, and aggregate selection technique. To minimize the variability, the following emphasis is recommended: (a) mea...
SYNERGY AMONG LYMPHOID CELLS MEDIATING THE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST RESPONSE I. SYNERGY IN GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST REACTIONS PRODUCED BY CELLS FROM NZB/BL MICE

The ability of spleen cells from young (3 month) and old (1 yr) NZB mice to induce GVH reactions in newborn C57BL/6N mice was compared quantitatively using the Simonsen spleen assay. Young NZB cells were five times more reactive than cells from older mice. The minimum number of cells producing detectable reactions was 2 x 106 for the young and 10 x 106 for the old. Young and old cells combined and injected together produced GVH reactions quantitatively similar to those obtained with inocula composed of young cells alone. Mixtures of two cell populations producing no detectable reactions when injected separately into different recipients (1 x 106 young cells and 4 x 106 old cells) produced reactions approximately equal to those obtained with 5 x 106 young cells. As few as 0.25 x 106 young cells were sufficient to effect a reaction when combined with 4.75 x 106 old unreactive cells. Viability of both cell populations was essential for GVH reactivity. This evidence of synergy in GVH reactions indicates that old NZB spleen cells can be rendered immunologically more reactive in the presence of a normally reactive population.
Endothelin-1 mediates cardiac mast cell degranulation, matrix metalloproteinase activation, and myocardial remodeling in rats

The objective of this study was to determine whether elevated circulating levels of endothelin (ET)-1 are capable of mediating left ventricular (LV) mast cell degranulation and thereby induce matri...
From Experience to Expertise: The Development of Teachers' Learning in Lesson Study.

This article presents a case study of how educators in one northeastern school district participated in school-based learning through lesson study (LS). Using a sociocultural perspective on teachers’ learning, I compared the participation of educators who were new to lesson study (“LS novices”) with those who had more experience with the practice (“LS experienced practitioners”). Consistent with prior research, I discovered that LS novices focused primarily on learning the routine and on the novelty of observing instruction. LS experienced practitioners, in contrast, were comfortable with the routine and thus concentrated instead on how they elicited students’ thinking. I discuss how educators might progress from having a less developed to a more developed understanding of lesson study, and how supports such as routine participation and interactions with knowledgeable experts might help educators develop their understanding and application of lesson study over time.
Exploring the Relationship between Spirituality and HIV-Related Risk Factors among Young Black College Students

This exploratory study investigated the relationship between specific dimensions of spirituality and various HIV-related risk factors. A convenience sample of 95 young Black college students participated in the study. Primary measures assessed whether spirituality (i.e., prayer, a positive world view, and belief in the spirit world) was related to HIV self-efficacy and HIV-related risk factors (i.e., attitudes toward safer sex, peer norms endorsing safer sex, perceived susceptibility to HIV, substance use, intention to practice safer sex, and an expectation to practice safer sex). Regression findings indicated that higher levels of prayer were associated with greater HIV self-efficacy and a decreased perception of being at risk for contracting HIV. In addition, a positive world view was associated with greater peer norms endorsing safer sex. Findings indicated a direct relationship between specific components of spirituality and various HIV-related domains. Implications for social work research and practi...
Phase Equilibria in the 1375°C Isotherm of the System Sr‐Ti‐O

The phase relations in a portion of the 1375° isotherm of the system Sr-Ti-O were determined. The following ternary phases were identified: Sr2TiO4, Sr3Ti2O7, Sr4Ti3O10, SrTiO3(ss), and what is believed to be SrTi12O19. The experimental techniques used in the determination of tha phase diagram are somewhat uncommon and are discussed in depth. Diffuse reflectance spectra were obtained for several compositions of SrTiO3(ss). The broad absorption maximum shown in these spectra is attributed to Ti3+.
Smooth Muscle Cell-Specific Runx2 Deficiency Inhibits Vascular Calcification

Rationale:Vascular calcification is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. We have previously reported that the osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 is an essential and sufficient regulator of calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro. Objective:To determine the contribution of osteogenic differentiation of VSMC to the pathogenesis of vascular calcification and the function of VSMC-derived Runx2 in regulating calcification in vivo. Methods and Results:SMC-specific Runx2-deficient mice, generated by breeding SM22α-Cre mice with the Runx2 exon 8 floxed mice, exhibited normal aortic gross anatomy and expression levels of SMC-specific marker genes. Runx2 deficiency did not affect basal SMC markers, but inhibited oxidative stress-reduced expression of SMC markers. High-fat-diet-induced vascular calcification in vivo was markedly inhibited in the Runx2-deficient mice in comparison with their control littermates. Runx2 deficiency inhibit...
Cost distribution shaping: the relation between Bode integral, entropy, risk-sensitivity, and cost cumulant control

The cost function in stochastic optimal control is viewed as a random variable. Then the classical linear-quadratic-Gaussian control, entropy control, risk-sensitive control, and cost cumulant control can be viewed as the cost distribution shaping methods. We would survey the existing relations between entropy, Bode integral, and risk-sensitive cost function. Furthermore, we would relate the cost cumulants with information theoretic entropy, and Bode integral. The interpretation of cost cumulant control is given in terms of the control entropy minimization. The paper also relates information theoretic entropy with exponential-of-integral cost function using a Lagrange multiplier and calculus of variations. Finally, the logarithmic-exponential-of-integral cost function is related to the information theoretic entropy using large deviation theory.
Thermochemistry of Olefins, Carbonyl Compounds and Imines

1 Introduction: Scope and Definitions 2 Acyclic Olefins 3 Cyclic Olefins with a CHCH Group 4 Exo- vs Endo-Cyclic Double Bonds 5 Bredt's Rule, Bridgehead Olefins and Cyclic Species with a A >CCH Olefinic Linkage 6 Cyclic Olefins Containing a Tetrasubstituted Double Bond 7 Olefins with Aromatic Substituents 8 Acyclic Aldehydes and Ketones 9 Alicyclic Ketones 10 Carbonyl Compounds with Aryl Substituents 11 Polycarbonyl Compounds 12 Imines Keywords: olefin, carbonyl compounds and imine thermochemistry; acyclic olefins; alkene data assessment; cyclic olefins with a–CHCH–group; Trans-Cycloalkenes; exo- vs endo-cyclic double bonds; isomeric methylcycloalkenes and methylenecycloalkanes; isomeric ethylcycloalkenes, ethylidenecycloalkanes and vinylcycloalkanes
Diurnal Shifts in Nutritive Value of Alfalfa Harvested as Hay and Evaluated by Animal Intake and Digestion

Forages accumulate nonstructural carbohydrates during the day, with animals showing preference and improved daily responses from afternoon compared with morning cut hays. This study evaluated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay harvested at 0700, 1000, 1300, 1600, and 1900 h to determine how nutritive value changes during the day and to assess the impact of these changes on animal preference using cattle (Bos taurus L.), sheep (Ovis aries L.), and goat (Capra hircus L.) responses. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were altered by time of cut (cubic contrast, P < 0.01) ranging from 85 g kg −1 at 0700 h to 83 g kg −1 at 1000 h, then increasing to 97 g kg −1 by 1600 h with little change at 1900 h (96 g kg −1 ). Fiber fractions also varied diurnally, with a quadratic decrease from 418 g kg −1 at 0700 h to
Evolutionary considerations in the framing of social norms

In this article, we aim to illustrate evolutionary explanations for the emergence of framing effects, discussed in detail in Cristina Bicchieri’s The Grammar of Society. We show how framing effects might evolve which coalesce two economically distinct interactions into a single one, leading to apparently irrational behavior in each individual interaction. Here we consider the now well-known example of the ultimatum game, and show how this ‘irrational’ behavior might result from a single norm which governs behavior in multiple games. We also show how framing effects might result in radically different play in strategically identical situations. We consider the Hawk-Dove game (the game of chicken) and also the Nash bargaining game. Here arbitrary tags or signals might result in one party doing better than another.
A case of 3q29 microdeletion syndrome involving oral cleft inherited from a nonaffected mosaic parent: molecular analysis and ethical implications.

Objective: The objective of this study was to use array comparative genomic hybridization to detect causal microdeletions in samples of subjects with cleft lip and palate. Subjects: We analyzed DNA samples from a male patient and his parents seen during surgical screening for an Operation Smile medical mission in the Philippines. Method: We used Affymetrix® Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 followed by sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction using SYBR Green I dye. Results: We report the second case of 3q29 microdeletion syndrome including cleft lip with or without cleft palate and the first case of this microdeletion syndrome inherited from a phenotypically normal mosaic parent. Conclusions: Our findings confirm the usefulness of a comparative genomic hybridization to detect causal microdeletions and indicate that parental somatic mosaicism should be considered in healthy parents for genetic counseling of the families. We discuss important ethical implications of sharing health impact results...
Infinite horizon risk-sensitive control of nonlinear discrete time systems

We consider the infinite horizon risk-sensitive control problem for a discrete time stochastic system defined in terms of a sequence of multidimensional i.i.d. Gaussian random variables with mean zero and variance. A cost functional is to be minimized over an appropriate set of control policies. A method of analysis is given.
PNA-based microRNA inhibitors elicit anti-inflammatory effects in microglia cells

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) inhibitors of miR-221-3p (CU-PNA-221) and miR-466l-3p (CU-PNA-466) demonstrated changes in inflammatory responses. Suppression of inflammatory signalling was unexpected and further investigation led to the identification of calmodulin as a novel target of miRNA-466l-3p. These studies demonstrate that exogenous agents may suppress neuroinflammation mediated by microglial cells.
Fabrication and characterization of c-si solar cells integrated with ordered metallic nanostructure arrays

In this study we present the fabrication process and characterization techniques to integrate metallic nanostructures on the surface of crystalline Si (c-Si) solar cells. These structures are designed to enhance light trapping at particular wavelengths [2]. Tuning the wavelength to maximize the efficiency can be achieved by changing the sizes and shapes of these structures. A special design of these structures atop c-Si solar cell is expected to affect the absorption near the band gap. These structures have been fabricated by electron beam lithography on c-Si substrates. The processing integration and preliminary characterization results of metallic nanostructures on c-Si solar cells are reported.
More than 400 million years of evolution and some plants still can't make it on their own: plant stress tolerance via fungal symbiosis

All plants in natural ecosystems are thought to be symbiotic with mycorrhizal and/or endophytic fungi. Collectively, these fungi express different symbiotic lifestyles ranging from parasitism to mutualism. Analysis of Colletotrichum species indicates that individual isolates can express either parasitic or mutualistic lifestyles depending on the host genotype colonized. The endophyte colonization pattern and lifestyle expression indicate that plants can be discerned as either disease, non-disease, or non-hosts. Fitness benefits conferred by fungi expressing mutualistic lifestyles include biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, growth enhancement, and increased reproductive success. Analysis of plant-endophyte associations in high stress habitats revealed that at least some fungal endophytes confer habitat-specific stress tolerance to host plants. Without the habitat-adapted fungal endophytes, the plants are unable to survive in their native habitats. Moreover, the endophytes have a broad host range encompassing both monocots and eudicots, and confer habitat-specific stress tolerance to both plant groups.
Photo-dependent population dynamics of Stentor coeruleus and its consumption of Colpidium striatum

The predatory protozoan Stentor coeruleus Ehrenberg, 1830 is known to show photosensitivity and photodisper- sion, avoiding regions of high light intensity as an antipredation strategy. This physiological and behavioral response to light likely has demographic consequences. We manipulated light intensity to determine population responses of S. coeru- leus and the resulting effects on its prey Colpidium striatum Stokes, 1886. We show that S. coeruleus maintained the high- est population density under ambient light levels and low densities under both high and no light treatments. The results from the no light treatment were surprising because little work has been done on possible important behavioral and physio- logical processes cued by light. These results add power to the use of S. coeruleus as a model predator system to test eco- logical dynamics and processes associated with predation. Resume ´ : Le protozoaire predateur Stentor coeruleus Ehrenberg, 1830 est connu pour sa photosensibiliteet sa photodisper- sion; il evite les regions de forte intensitelumineuse par strategie anti-predatrice. Cette reaction physiologique et compor- tementale ala lumiere a vraisemblablement des consequences demographiques. Nous avons manipulel'intensitelumineuse pour determiner les reactions demographiques chez S. coeruleus et les effets qui en decoulent chez sa proie Colpidium striatum Stokes, 1886. Nous montrons que S. coeruleus maintient une densitemaximale de population aux niveaux am- biants de lumiere et des densites faibles dans des conditions de lumiere elevee et d'absence de lumiere. Les resultats obte- nus en l'absence de lumiere sont surprenants, car il y a eu peu de travail sur les processus comportementaux et physiologiques importants possibles qui dependent des signaux lumineux. Ces resultats confirment la valeur de l'utilisation de S. coeruleus comme systeme modele de predateur dans le but de verifier des dynamiques ecologiques et des processus associesala predation. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Reactive Adsorption of NO2 at Ambient Conditions on Iron‐Containing Polymer‐Based Porous Carbons

Adsorption of NO(2) and retention of NO (the product of NO(2) reduction by carbon) on iron-containing materials prepared from polystyrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid iron salt were studied. The surface of the materials was characterized using nitrogen adsorption, XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed the positive effects of the pore volume and well-dispersed iron species (Fe(2)O(3), FeSO(4), and FeS) on the performance of carbons as NO(2) adsorbents at room temperature. The retention of NO(2) on the carbon surface takes place either through its reduction to NO by carbon and/or by Fe(2)O(3), FeSO(4), and FeS, or through its reaction with Fe(2)O(3) and/or Fe(OH)(3), leading to the formation of Fe(NO(3))(3). The retention of NO is enhanced on carbons containing iron in the form of α-FeOOH, α-Fe(2)O(3), or γ-FeOOH. The best performance was found on the carbon with α-Fe(2)O(3). Dispersion and the particle size of iron compounds on the carbon surface affect both the adsorption/reduction process of NO(2) and the retention process of NO.
Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp: A review with a focus on dapsone therapy

Background Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp (EPDS) is an inflammatory disorder of unknown origin characterized by pustules, erosions, and crusting in areas of alopecia that tend to be atrophic, actinically damaged, or both. The most common treatments reported include antibiotics and topical anti-inflammatories, which can be ineffective. In the search for effective treatment for EPDS, we share our experience with topical dapsone 5% gel. Observations We present 4 patients with EPDS, all with classic clinical presentations and histologic findings of EPDS, who had failed a variety of treatments including oral, intralesional, or topical steroids, tacrolimus, and antibiotics. All patients demonstrated rapid improvement or resolution with topical dapsone 5% gel. Limitations Our experience and success with topical dapsone for EPDS is observational and not the result of a randomized controlled trial. Conclusion Our observations demonstrate topical dapsone 5% gel to be a novel, safe, and efficacious therapeutic alternative for mild to moderate EPDS.
Best Constants of Harmonic Approximation on Certain Classes of Differentiable Functions

A relatively long-standing problem concerning the best constants of approximation by entire functions of exponential type on the class WrHω is solved. The central tool is a limit relation between the best constants of approximation by trigonometric polynomials and entire functions of exponential type on WrHω and its periodic analogue. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 41A44, 42A10.
A General Matrix Model Of Support Department Cost Allocation Methods

This paper demonstrates that the direct and step methods for making support department allocations are really special cases of the more general reciprocal method, and that the different allocations can be estimated using the same basic model. Simple modification of the matrix of resource consumption between support departments is all that is required to use a matrix algebra approach for all three methods. Potential benefits accruing to users and practitioners from the use of these models and areas of possible future research are discussed in the paper.
A Behavior Change Perspective on Self-Regulated Learning with Teachable Agents

Producing lasting changes to metacognition, or the more encompassing construct of self-regulated learning (SRL), has strong parallels to producing behavior change. In the former case, the goal is to develop new “habits of mind,” and in the latter, the goal is to develop new “habits of behavior.” The techniques and theories of behavior change can inform the design of instruction intended to support the development and transfer of SRL. For example, we describe a set of studies in which teaching adolescents behavior change techniques improves their motivational control for both diet and homework goals. Behavior change theories often emphasize the stages of behavior change. We abstract from the various theories to present a four-stage model of behavior change. We then use the model to critique our own work on Teachable Agents. Teachable Agents are a software program where students learn by teaching a computerized pupil. We discuss the successes of the Teachable Agents in achieving SRL goals and improving learning for each stage of the model, but we also describe how Teachable Agents has missed possible opportunities to improve SRL outcomes based on the behavior change literature.
The Career Path, Education, and Activities of Academic Law Library Directors Revisited Twenty-Five Years Later

This comprehensive Study of the education, experiences and activities of sitting academic law library directors in 2012; compares current findings with the authors previously published 1986 Study: A Comprehensive Study of the Career Path and Education of Current Academic Law Library Directors, 80 Law Library Journal 217 (1988).
Naguib Mahfouz: A Profile

When Naguib Mahfouz (Najib Mahfuz; Cairo, 1911-, B.A. in Philosophy, Cairo University, 1934) was declared the 1988 Nobel Laureate for Literature, few in the West beyond his audience of Middle-East specialists had heard of him or read his works. As Mahfouz himself observed in his Nobel speech, "the moment my name was mentioned in connection with the prize silence fell, and many wondered who I was." His main publisher in the United States, Donald Herdeck (Three Continents Press, Washington, D.C.) summed up his experience in marketing Mahfouz, by declaring: "Mahfouz, who is a writer of the caliber of Thomas Mann, has been resolutely ignored in America," and by suggesting "Western snobbery and perhaps even racism" as factors operating not only against Mahfouz but also against many other Third World writers Herdeck has been publishing in the U.S.
The Method of Cleavage in the Sporangia of Certain Fungi

The division of the multinucleated sporangia into spores and the delimitation of the sporangium from the sporangiophore by a dome-shaped cross partition present many features of special cytological interest. Erroneous views on both processes are still current in the literature and as to the formation of the columella certain textbooks, both old and recent, are still entirely out of harmony with the facts. The literature dealing with the common molds, Mucor and Rhizopus, constitutes some of the earliest contributions to mycological research. Corda ( I ), the " father of microscopic mycology," gave us the first description and illustration of the method of the columella and spore formation in Ascophora mucedo, now known as Rhizopus nigricans. He writes: "Nun rundet sich die kolbige Verdickung allmalig, und gleichzeitig erfiillt die gelbe Masse ihren Hohlenraum vollig . . . aus dem unteren Theile mit dem Stiele verbunden beginnt allmalig die polsterartige Erhebung der Columella, und gleichzeitig beginnt die obere Masse undeutliche und noch isolirte Zellen zu bilden welche sich vermehren und endlich in enger Verbindung die ganze Sporangie erfullen." His figure 78 (5-9) depicts the columella as at first slightly arched and gradually pushing up into the sporangium, while the spores are represented, at their very inception, as polyhedral masses. These figures of Corda are doubtless responsible for the persistent, erroneous accounts of the columella formation still to be found in certain textbooks, though Corda's statements were soon contradicted by Fresenius. Fresenius (20), also studying Rhizopus nigricans, states he was unable to observe the phenomena described and figured by Corda. He writes: "Was iiber Bau und Entwickelung der Sporen bei Corda gesagt und abgebildet ist scheint mir v6llig aus der Luft gegriffen zu sein." Further, also as early as 1872, Brefeld (7), 143
IRRIGATION AND TRINEXAPAC-ETHYL EFFECTS ON SEED YIELD IN FIRST- AND SECOND-YEAR RED CLOVER STANDS

Methods Two plantings (2011 and 2012) of red clover seed crops were established in the fall at Hyslop Crop Science Research Farm near Corvallis, and each has been followed over a two-year period to examine the effects of irrigation and PGRs. PGR treatment subplots (11 feet x 50 feet) were randomly allocated within irrigated and non-irrigated main plots in a split-plot arrangement of treatments in a randomized block experimental design. Trials were replicated in four blocks. The TE PGR treatments were made on the subplots at two application timings and at five rates of TE. Control plots were not treated (Table 1).
Isolating Curvature Effects in Computing Wall-Bounded Turbulent Flows

The flow over the zero-pressure-gradient So-Mellor convex curved wall is simulated using the Navier-Stokes equations. An inviscid effective outer wall shape, undocumented in the experiment, is obtained by using an adjoint optimization method with the desired pressure distribution on the inner wall as the cost function. Using this wall shape with a Navier-Stokes method, the abilities of various turbulence models to simulate the effects of curvature without the complicating factor of streamwise pressure gradient can be evaluated. The one-equation Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model overpredicts eddy viscosity, and its boundary layer profiles are too full. A curvature-corrected version of this model improves results, which are sensitive to the choice of a particular constant. An explicit algebraic stress model does a reasonable job predicting this flow field. However, results can be slightly improved by modifying the assumption on anisotropy equilibrium in the model's derivation. The resulting curvature-corrected explicit algebraic stress model possesses no heuristic functions or additional constants. It lowers slightly the computed skin friction coefficient and the turbulent stress levels for this case (in better agreement with experiment), but the effect on computed velocity profiles is very small.
Afterword: The Case of Daniel Joseph Fiori

The case discussed in this Essay is presently making its way through the Pennsylvania courts. It involves Daniel Joseph Fiori, a man who has been unconscious since the mid-1970s. At stake are decisions concerning life-sustaining procedures. As the case has unfolded, Mr. Fiori's other, his caregivers, judges, and public officials have been struggling over the relative merits of different views, and over whose view shall finally prevail. Both the procedural and substantive aspects of this case offer a disturbing, personal, and very tangible illustration of several of the issues examined in this symposium.
Ionic strength dependence of cytochrome c structure and Trp-59 H/D exchange from ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy

Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra are reported for cytochrome c (cyt c) in FeII and FeIII oxidation states at low (0.005 M) and high (0.9-1.5 M) ionic strength. With 200-nm excitation the amide band intensities are shown to remain constant, establishing that redox state and ionic strength have no influence on the alpha-helical content. The tyrosine 830/850-cm-1 doublet, however, shows a loss in 830-cm-1 intensity at I = 0.005 M for the FeIII protein, suggesting a weakening or a loss of H-bonding from an internal tyrosine, probably Tyr-48, which is H-bonded to a heme propionate group in cyt c crystals. Excitation profiles of tryptophan peak at approximately 229 nm for both FeII and FeIII forms of cyt c, but at approximately 218 nm for aqueous tryptophan. The approximately 2200-cm-1 red shift of the resonant electronic transition is attributed to the Trp-59 residue being buried and H-bonded. Consistent with this Trp environment, the H-bond-sensitive 877-cm-1 Trp band is strong and sharp, and the 1357/1341-cm-1 doublet has a large intensity ratio, approximately 1.5, for both FeII and FeIII cyt c. The 877-cm-1-band frequency shifts to 860 cm-1 when the Trp indole proton is replaced by a deuteron. This band was used to show that Trp H/D exchange in D2O is much faster for FeIII than FeII cyt c. The half-time for exchange at room temperature is estimated to be approximately 30 and approximately 5 h, respectively, for FeII and FeIII when examined at I = 0.005.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The World Bank and Apolitical Development

Much of the World Bank’s influence depends on its success in representing itself, its activities and the ‘development’ it promotes as ‘apolitical.’ World Bank officials have long been aware of the importance of the apolitical image: President Eugene Black wrote in 1962 that ‘[w]e ask a lot of questions and attach a lot of conditions to our loans…. [W]e would never get away with this if we did not … render the language of economics morally antiseptic….’ (in Swedberg, 1986, p. 388).
Zero-Shot Recognition via Structured Prediction

We develop a novel method for zero shot learning (ZSL) based on test-time adaptation of similarity functions learned using training data. Existing methods exclusively employ source-domain side information for recognizing unseen classes during test time. We show that for batch-mode applications, accuracy can be significantly improved by adapting these predictors to the observed test-time target-domain ensemble. We develop a novel structured prediction method for maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation, where parameters account for test-time domain shift from what is predicted primarily using source domain information. We propose a Gaussian parameterization for the MAP problem and derive an efficient structure prediction algorithm. Empirically we test our method on four popular benchmark image datasets for ZSL, and show significant improvement over the state-of-the-art, on average, by 11.50 % and 30.12 % in terms of accuracy for recognition and mean average precision (mAP) for retrieval, respectively.
Effect of Other Toxigenic Mold Species on Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus in Sterile Broth Shake Culture.

The effect of Aspergillus ochraceus , A. versicolor , Penicillium citrinum , P. cyclopium and P. urticae on production of aflatoxin by A. flavus when grown together with A. flavus in rotary shake culture was investigated. The two aspergilli had no apparent effect on aflatoxin production, whereas all three Penicillium species substantially lowered aflatoxin production. The toxins that these penicillia produced when growing in pure culture were not found when the penicillia were grown with A. flavus . However, these toxins had no effect on aflatoxin production added to the growth media, nor did the three molds metabolize aflatoxin. When A. flavus was grown in both filter- and autoclave-sterilized filtrates of these three species, no aflatoxins were produced, although A. flavus grew well. These results suggest that although A. ochraceus and A. versicolor have no apparent effect on aflatoxin production, P. citrinum , P. cyclopium and P. urticae produce heat-stable, nonfilterable metabolite(s) which inhibit(s) aflatoxin production by actively growing A. flavus .