cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A community-based asthma program: Study design and methods of RVA Breathes

Abstract Disparities in pediatric asthma morbidity and healthcare utilization exist on the basis of race, ethnicity, environment, and income; interventions are needed to address these inequities. The following protocol describes an evidence-based intervention, RVA Breathes, designed to coordinate pediatric asthma care across family, home, community, and medical sectors. Community stakeholder feedback was utilized to refine the intervention specifically for the Richmond, Virginia community. The aims of this study are to assess the effect of RVA Breathes on asthma-related healthcare utilization, as well as secondary outcomes of asthma control, asthma symptoms, and quality of life. We will enroll 300 elementary school children from the Richmond City Public School system. Participants will be between the ages of 5–11, have a diagnosis of asthma, and have had an asthma exacerbation (as indicated by an asthma-related ED visit, hospitalization, unscheduled PCP visit, or use of systemic steroids) in the last two years. Participants will be randomized to one of three groups: asthma education + home environment remediation + school intervention, asthma education + home environment remediation, or a comparator condition. Data will be collected across one baseline research visit, four intervention sessions, and four follow-up research visits over the course of 18 months. A General Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) will be used to test primary aims. We expect the findings will provide support for coordination of asthma care across sectors. Further, we hope RVA Breathes will serve as a model of community-based pediatric asthma care.
ETV6 germline mutations cause HDAC3/NCOR2 mislocalization and upregulation of interferon response genes

ETV6 is an ETS family transcription factor that plays a key role in hematopoiesis and megakaryocyte development. Our group and others have identified germline mutations in ETV6 resulting in autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia and predisposition to malignancy; however, molecular mechanisms defining the role of ETV6 in megakaryocyte development have not been well established. Using a combination of molecular, biochemical, and sequencing approaches in patient-derived PBMCs, we demonstrate abnormal cytoplasmic localization of ETV6 and the HDAC3/NCOR2 repressor complex that led to overexpression of HDAC3-regulated interferon response genes. This transcriptional dysregulation was also reflected in patient-derived platelet transcripts and drove aberrant proplatelet formation in megakaryocytes. Our results suggest that aberrant transcription may predispose patients with ETV6 mutations to bone marrow inflammation, dysplasia, and megakaryocyte dysfunction.
Effect of implant formation on drug release kinetics of in situ forming implants

In situ forming implants are attractive long-acting implant dosage forms due to their: i) ability to control drug release; ii) simple manufacturing process; and iii) minimally invasive administration. In situ forming implants are typically made of a drug, solvent, and a biocompatible polymer that controls drug release. Once injected in the subcutaneous tissue, they form solid depots through solvent/non-solvent exchange and phase separation of the biodegradable polymer (such as poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA and poly (lactic acid), PLA). However, the mechanism of implant formation and the changes in their microstructure that determine drug release behavior are not fully understood. Furthermore, there is no standardized in vitro release testing method for in situ forming implants due to limitations in recreating bio-relevant and reproducible implant formation in vitro with controllable implant shape, dimensions and surface-to-volume ratio. In the present study, bio-relevant implant formation was recreated in vitro by testing five different methods to determine their effect on drug release kinetics, reproducibility, and internal microstructure formation. The leuprolide acetate formulation Eligard® was used as a model in situ-forming implant, consisting of lyophilized leuprolide acetate, and PLGA dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone. The results revealed that the in vitro implant formation method is a crucial step in the dissolution testing process that significantly impacts the release profile of in situ forming implants. An implant formation method that utilizes dissolvable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films allowed for initial drug burst release control by modulating implant dimensions (i.e. surface area) and resulted in reproducible in vitro release profiles. In addition, implant formation was shown to affect the internal microstructure of in situ forming implant and was the main factor controlling the release profile which consisted of an initial release phase followed by a release plateau (lag phase) and then a second erosion-controlled release phase.
Scheduling Algorithms for Broadcasting Media with Multiple Distortion Measures

Due to the increase in diversity of wireless devices, streaming media systems must be capable of serving multiple types of users. Scalable coding allows for adaptations without re-encoding. To account for various viewing capabilities of each user, such as different spatial resolutions, multiple distortion measures are used. In this paper, we examine the question of how to broadcast media packets with multiple distortion measures to multiple users. We cast the problem as a stochastic shortest path problem and use Dynamic Programming to find the optimal policy. We generate an offline algorithm to generate the optimal transmission policy for the general case. We then show the optimal policy can be done online via a simple threshold policy for the case of independent Bernoulli packet losses. Through experimental results, we show that our policy, which considers multiple distortion measures, achieves up to 2dB gains over conventional approaches.
When Are Ghettos Bad? Lessons from Immigrant Segregation In the United States

Abstract Recent studies provide conflicting evidence on the connection between ethnic or racial neighborhood segregation and outcomes. Some studies find that residence in an enclave is beneficial, some reach the opposite conclusion, and still others imply that any relationship is small. One hypothesis is that studies differ because the impact of segregation varies across groups, perhaps because its impact is more benign for better-educated groups. This paper presents new evidence on this hypothesis using data on first-generation immigrants in the United States. We confront the endogenous selection into residential enclaves and find that selection into enclave neighborhoods is on balance negative. Correcting for this selection produces positive mean effects of segregation, and a positive correlation between group average human capital and the impact of segregation.
The challenges in scoring hypopneas in children: is pulse wave amplitude drop the answer?

Abstract Background Identifying electroencephalogram (EEG) cortical arousals are crucial in scoring hypopneas and respiratory efforts related arousals (RERAs) during a polysomnogram. As children have high arousal threshold, many of the flow limited breaths or hypopneas may not be associated with visual EEG arousals, hence this may lead to potential underestimation of the degree of sleep disordered breathing. Pulse wave amplitude (PWA) is a signal obtained from finger photoplethysmography which correlates directly to finger blood flow. The drop in PWA has been shown to be a sensitive marker for subcortical/autonomic and cortical arousals. Our aim was to use the drop in PWA as a surrogate for arousals to guide scoring of respiratory events in pediatric patients. Methods Ten polysomnograms for patients between the ages of 5–15 years who had obstructive apnea-hypopnea indices between 1 and 5 events/hour were identified. Patients with syndromes were excluded. A drop in PWA signal of at least 30% that lasted for 3 s was needed to identify subcortical/autonomic arousals. Arousals were rescored based on this criteria and subsequently respiratory events were rescored. Paired t-tests were employed to compare PSG indices scored with or without PWA incorporation. Results The sample of 10 children included 2 females, and the average age was 9.8 ± 3.1 years. Overall, polysomnography revealed an average total sleep time of 464.1 ± 25 min, sleep efficiency of 92% +/−4.2, sleep latency of 19.6 ± 17.0 min, rapid eye movement (REM) latency 143 ± 66 min, N1 3.9% +/−2.0, N2 50.3% +/−12.0, N3 28.2% +/−9.1, REM 16.7% +/−4.0, and wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) 18.1 ± 7.5 min. Including arousals from PWA changes, respiratory indices significantly increased including total AHI (2.3 ± 0.7 vs 5.7 ± 2.1, p Conclusions The drop in pulse wave amplitude signal is a useful marker to guide scoring arousals that are not otherwise easily identified in pediatric polysomnography and subsequently helped in scoring respiratory events that otherwise would not be scored. Further studies are needed to delineate if such methodology would affect clinical outcome.
Masked graph modeling for molecule generation.

De novo, in-silico design of molecules is a challenging problem with applications in drug discovery and material design. We introduce a masked graph model, which learns a distribution over graphs by capturing conditional distributions over unobserved nodes (atoms) and edges (bonds) given observed ones. We train and then sample from our model by iteratively masking and replacing different parts of initialized graphs. We evaluate our approach on the QM9 and ChEMBL datasets using the GuacaMol distribution-learning benchmark. We find that validity, KL-divergence and Frechet ChemNet Distance scores are anti-correlated with novelty, and that we can trade off between these metrics more effectively than existing models. On distributional metrics, our model outperforms previously proposed graph-based approaches and is competitive with SMILES-based approaches. Finally, we show our model generates molecules with desired values of specified properties while maintaining physiochemical similarity to the training distribution.
Spillover benefits and achieving sustainability of age-friendly communities.

As the age-friendly movement grows in its second decade, urgent questions of initiative sustainability have taken hold in the academic literature and among advocates implementing age-friendly changes. The creation of authentically age-inclusive environments requires not just the continuation of the initiative, but that its principles become embedded in formal and informal organizational processes, across sectors and beyond familiar networks focused on older populations. This embedding ensures the initiative's values take root permanently in a community's institutional culture. This paper argues that sustainability of age-friendly initiatives is enhanced by "spillover" effects, in which a behavioral or policy change in one environment spurs change in another environment. Evidence for such spillover and an understanding of how and when it occurs is currently limited in the context of age-friendly environments. This paper draws on the experiences of Age-Friendly Boston, which has been working towards age-friendly goals for more than five years. Based on Boston's experience, we identify, describe, and exemplify three pathways to positive spillover across environments: 1) branding positively; 2) publicizing successes; and 3) embarking on new relationships, while strengthening existing ones, in pursuit of shared goals. We also draw conclusions about what positive spillover means for the sustainability of age-friendly environments.
The effect of mortgage securitization on asset liquidation decisions

We study the effect of securitization on servicers' asset liquidation decisions. Conditional on liquidation, we find houses financed by loans in private label securities were more likely to be liquidated via real estate owned (REO) transactions than houses financed by portfolio loans. We exploit this fundamental relationship in an instrumental variables specification to show each house liquidated via an REO instead of a short sale resulted in an additional 0.19 homeowner defaults within a 0.10-mile radius. Our findings provide new evidence of principal-agent conflicts introduced by securitization while highlighting their second-order effects on nearby default behavior and the real economy.
The Thrills and Chills of Employing Competitive Usability in a Study of Online Public Access Catalogs

ABSTRACT Competitive Web site usability, which involves examining “competitor” Web sites during a usability study, can also be used when examining the usability of online catalogs. Catalogs are frequently a major problem for our users. This article examines the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating competitive usability into a usability study of the online public access catalog at the University of North Texas Libraries. Although there are some differences to account for when using competitive usability, overall it is an effective addition to a usability study of online catalogs.
Exploring the lowest-energy structures of group IV tetra-aurides: XAu$_{4}$ (X=C, Si, Ge, Sn)

We search for the lowest-energy structure of XAu$_{4}$ (X=C, Si, Ge, Sn) clusters and calculate the photoelectron spectrum for the lowest-energy isomer of each species. The gradual destabilization of the tetrahedral geometry from C → Si → Ge → Sn, as well as the structural transition from the tetrahedral to the square planar geometry from SiAu$_{4}$ to GeAu$_{4}$, indicate that the change of electronic properties in the group IV elements also plays an important role in the structures of Group IV tetra-aurides in addition to the known H/Au analogy in these species.
Analytical electron microscopy of Li1.2Co0.4Mn0.4O2 for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract The structure of as-prepared Li1.2Co0.4Mn0.4O2 is studied using a combination of techniques that includes high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), high-angle annular dark-field imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Electron diffraction and imaging revealed Li ordering in the transition metal planes consistent with the presence of locally monoclinic (Li2MnO3-like) regions with three different topotaxial orientations with respect to a parent rhombohedral (LiCoO2-like) structure. EELS analyses revealed compositional variations too small to be compatible with perfect, or close to perfect, segregation into pure LiCoO2 and Li2MnO3 over length scales longer than the sample thickness. We propose a structural model in which Mn and Co segregate within TM planes to form LiMn6 and Co clusters, which overlap within EELS sampling volumes causing the observed Co/Mn homogeneity.
Where We Have Been and Where We Can Go From Here: Looking to the Future in Research on Media, Race, and Ethnicity

This special issue illuminates the ways in which media portrayals and practices, together, create barriers to inclusion for diverse groups and normalize existing patterns of relegation on and off the screen. Media representations of race and ethnicity have critical consequences for intergroup relationships and for marginalized group members’ self-concept. A synthesis of the research included in this volume demonstrates the significance of these questions across media outlets, their relevancy despite the rise of new technologies, and their application to social contexts outside the United States. Finally, this concluding article suggests directions for future research and offers implications for policies that can foster prosocial outcomes.
Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney Test: Definition and Example

This is a method of comparing the size of observations in two groups by ranking all the observations and comparing the average ranks of the two groups. The distribution theory is described. The test has high efficiency for the comparison of two normal distributions with the same variance, and is much better than the t test for some nonnormal distributions. Topics discussed include adjustment for tied data and the calculation of confidence limits for a difference in translation between the two distributions. Keywords: rank; ARE ; tied data; two-sample t test
Police‐citizen encounters and field citations: Do encounter characteristics influence ticketing?

Purpose – To provide an empirical analysis of what influences police use of field citations (tickets) against citizens in nontraffic and traffic encounters.Design/methodology/approach – The research was conducted using systematic social observations of police‐citizen encounters in Cincinnati, Ohio, from April 1997 to 1998. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of legal and extralegal factors on the dependant variable (receipt of a citation) versus an officer doing nothing or arresting a citizen in nontraffic and traffic encounters.Findings – Officers appear to be more likely to issue citations, as opposed to doing nothing formal or making an arrest, in traffic encounters. The extant literature's focus on citation issuance being more relevant to police behavior in traffic encounters as opposed to other routine encounters may be appropriate. When the decision rests between issuing a citation or making a full‐custody arrest in traffic encounters, white officers are more likely ...
Salman Rushdie: Reading the Postcolonial Texts in the Era of Empire

Using the first three novels of Salman Rushdie, this essay articulates a different conceptual framework for reading the postcolonial texts. It is a known fact that in most metropolitan readings of the global periphery, the text is made to stand in for an entire culture. Inundation, a technique introduced in this essay, ensures a more complex reading by inserting silenced knowledge and histories in our reading to challenge any reductive representations of the global periphery. An inundated text, I suggest, becomes a better tool in teaching the complexities of the postcolony to the metropolitan audiences, while also taking the reader beyond the politics of representation. It is hoped that this essay will invite other scholars to expand on this concept (inundation), for a new mode of reading is absolutely necessary in the politically charged world of today's empire.
Large vs. small retailers in the USA

In the 1930s, American federal and state governments legislated explicitly in favor of the small retailer. But since the war it has been the indirect legislation which has had the most impact on the balance between large and small retailers — especially in such areas as trading hours, social policies such as public subsidies for suburban highway construction, and the relaxed attitude by the Federal Trade Commission towards mergers of retail multiples. Even some of the legislation that apparently imposes burdens on large‐scale retailing may ultimately be to its advantage.
GENE CONVERSION: A HITHERTO OVERLOOKED PARAMETER IN POPULATION GENETICS

Gene conversion causes deviations from the 2:2 segregation of allele pairs in meiosis. Thus, gene conversion is a potential cause for changes of allele frequencies in populations. Equations are derived for the effects of conversion in a large random-mating population. The influence of gene conversion on allele frequencies is compared with that of spontaneous mutation and meiotic drive.
δ15N and δ13C Measurements of Antarctic Peninsula Fauna: Trophic Relationships and Assimilation of Benthic Seaweeds

SYNOPSIS. Measurements of d 13 C, d 15 N, and C/N for a variety of Antarctic peninsula fauna and flora were used to quantify the importance of benthic brown algae to resident organisms and determine food web relationships among this diverse littoral fauna. d 13 C values ranged from216.8‰ for benthic algal herbivores (limpets) to 229.8‰ for the krill, Euphausia superba; the average pooled value for brown macroalgae, including their attached filamentous diatoms, was220.6‰. There was no correlation between biomass d 13 Co rd 15 N with C/N content, and consequently both d 13 C and d 15 N values were useful in evaluating trophic relationships. d 15 N values of the fauna ranged from 3.1 to 12.5‰, with lowest values recorded in suspension feeders (e.g., bryozoans) and highest values in Adelie penguins (12.5‰) collected in 1989. The comparatively lower d 15 N value for a Chinstrap penguin (6.9‰) collected in 1997 is attributed to the different dietary food sources consumed by these species as reflected in their respective d 13 C values. Significant amounts of benthic macroalgal carbon is incorporated into the tissues of invertebrates and fishes that occupy up to four trophic levels. For many benthic and epibenthic species, including various crustaceans and molluscs, assimilation of benthic algal carbon through detrital pathways ranges from 30 to 100%. Consequently, the trophic importance of benthic brown algae may well extend to many pelagic organisms that are key prey species for birds, fishes, and marine mammals. These data support the hypothesis that benthic seaweeeds, together with their associated epiphytic diatoms, provide an important carbon source that is readily incorporated into Antarctic peninsula food webs.
Cardiovascular Disease: Another Hidden Cost of War?

The armed conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have brought new realities to military medicine in the types of battlefield injuries experienced by our soldiers, transitioning from the traditional predominance of penetrating wounds to a high proportion of blast injuries leading to multisystem trauma. Another change was a clear victory—startling success to unprecedented heights in the survival of battlefield casualties resulting from a highly coordinated and rapid escalation of care from the conflict theater to definitive life-saving interventions. As these conflicts now wind down, a reasonable question turns to the long-term medical impact to the fighting force to whom we, as a nation, pledge our support in sustaining their care in gratitude for their personal sacrifices. Among injuries exacting a long-term toll, traumatic brain injury has received considerable attention, as it should. However, the impacts of traumatic brain injury tend to be identifiable and relatively immediately apparent. In contrast, more chronic health conditions arising long after the sounds of war have faded and the physical injuries healed receive less attention as they blur into the fabric of ordinary medical conditions. Yet to fully honor the sacrifice and understand the true human impact of armed conflict, a reasonable question is whether traumatic injuries sustained in combat exact a longer term medical toll. Article see p 2126 In this issue of Circulation , Stewart and colleagues,1 from a number of military medical organizations, report on the relationship between markers of injury severity and subsequent chronic cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes. Over a 9-year period, 3846 individuals sustaining critical injuries in Iraq or Afghanistan were identified and followed through administrative databases retrospectively for the incidence of 4 conditions—diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary …
Differential Role for Host Translation Factors in Host and Viral Protein Synthesis during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection

The host eIF4F translation initiation complex plays a critical role the translation of capped mRNAs. Although human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection increases the abundance and activity of the host eIF4F complex, the requirement for eIF4F components in HCMV replication and mRNA translation has not been directly tested. In this study, we found that decreasing the abundance or activity of eIF4F from the start of infection inhibits HCMV replication. However, as infection progresses, viral mRNA translation and replication becomes increasingly resistant to eIF4F inhibition. During the late stage of infection the association of representative immediate-early, early, and late mRNAs with polysomes was not affected by eIF4F disruption. In contrast, eIF4F inhibition decreased the translation of representative host eIF4F-dependent mRNAs during the late stage of infection. A global analysis of the translation efficiency of HCMV mRNAs during the late stage of infection found that eIF4F disruption had a minimal impact on the association of HCMV mRNAs with polysomes but significantly diminished the translation efficiency of eIF4F-dependent host transcripts. Together, our data show that the translation of host eIF4F-dependent mRNAs remains dependent on eIF4F activity during HCMV infection. However, during the late stage of infection the translation efficiency of viral mRNAs does not correlate with the abundance or activity of the host eIF4F complex.
Graph analytics and storage

Many Big Data analytics essentially explore the relationship among interconnected entities, which are naturally represented as graphs. However, due to the irregular data access patterns in the graph computations, it remains a fundamental challenge to deliver highly efficient solutions for large scale graph analytics. Such inefficiency restricts the utilization of many graph algorithms in Big Data scenarios. To address the performance issues in large scale graph analytics, we develop a graph processing system called System G, which explores efficient graph data organization for parallel computing architectures. We discuss various graph data organizations and their impact on data locality during graph traversals, which results in various cache performance behavior on processor side. In addition, we analyze data parallelism from architecture's perspective and experimentally show the efficiency for System G based graph analytics. We present experimental results for commodity multicore clusters and IBM PERCS supercomputers to illustrate the performance of System G for large scale graph analytics.
A strategy for rapid production and screening of yeast artificial chromosome libraries.

We describe methods for rapid production and screening of yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) libraries. Utilizing complete restriction digests of mouse genomic DNA for ligations in agarose, a 32,000-clone library was produced and screened in seven weeks. Screening was accomplished by subdividing primary transformation plates into pools of approximately 100 clones which were transferred into a master glycerol stock. These master stocks were used to inoculate liquid cultures to produce culture “pools”, and ten pools of 100 clones were then combined to yield superpools of 1,000 clones. Both pool and superpool DNA was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and positive pools representing 100 clones were then plated on selective medium and screened by in situ hybridization. Screening by the two tiered PCR assay and by in situ hybridization was completed in 4–5 days. Utilizing this methodology we have isolated a 150 kb clone spanning the α1(I) collagen (Colla1) gene as well as 40 kb clones from the Hox-2 locus. To characterize the representation of the YAC library, the size distribution of genomic Sal I fragments was compared to that of clones picked at random from the library. The results demonstrate significant biasing of the cloned fragment distribution, resulting in a loss of representation for larger fragments.
Context effects on conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement in an appetitive conditioning preparation

Three experiments with rat subjects examined the effects of contextual stimuli on performance in appetitive conditioning. A 10-sec tone conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with a food-pellet unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioning was indexed by the observation of headjerking, a response of the rat to auditory stimuli associated with food. In Experiment 1, a context switch following initial conditioning did not affect conditioned responding to the tone; however, when the response was extinguished in the different context, a return to the original conditioning context “renewed” extinguished responding. These results were replicated in Experiments 2 and 3 after equating exposure to the two contexts (Experiment 2) and massing the conditioning and extinction trials (Experiment 3). The results of Experiment 1 also demonstrated that separate exposure to the US following extinction reinstates extinguished responding to the tone; this effect was further shown to depend at least partly on presenting the US in the context in which testing is to occur (Experiments 2 and 3). Overall, the results are consistent with previous data from aversive conditioning procedures. In either appetitive or aversive conditioning, the context may be especially important in affecting performance after extinction.
Anatomical extent of lymph node dissection: impact on men with clinically localized prostate cancer.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: This study evaluates the influence of the anatomical extent of pelvic lymph node dissection performed at radical prostatectomy on lymph node yield, staging accuracy and time to prostate specific antigen progression.Materials and Methods:: Between February 1992 and April 2003, 2 surgeons at 1 hospital performed 2,135 and 1,865 radical prostatectomies with pelvic lymph node dissection, respectively. One surgeon routinely performed an extended lymph node dissection while the second surgeon performed a limited pelvic lymphadenectomy. The number of lymph nodes extracted and the number of patients with positive lymph nodes detected were analyzed and compared. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the biochemical recurrence-free survival between the 2 groups of patients with occult nodal disease.Results:: Extended lymph node dissection removed more lymph nodes (mean 11.6 vs 8.9, p <0.0001) and detected more lymph node positive disease (3.2% vs 1.1%, p <0.0001) than the more anatomically lim...
From Calamity Mesa to Boyertown, PA: Risk, radon, and regulation in cold war America

In the boom uranium mining industry in the American Southwest during the postwar 1940s and 1950s, the first casualty was occupational safety. That lapse engendered a harsh legacy: roughly fifty percent of the miners developed lung cancer over the next ten to twenty years, an outcome to which their excessive exposure to the decay products of radon gas emitted by the uranium ore may have contributed. Several decades later, in the mid-1980s, radon returned to the realm of public health and public policy when the high levels of radon gas found in private homes in Pennsylvania and New Jersey set off an indoor radon scare and compelled the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set radon standards for residential environments. This paper employs these two radon exposure crises as a heuristic for examining the multiplicity of social, economic, political, and cultural concerns that are mobilized around a scientifically-informed regulatory decision.
Foucault and the Architecture of Surveillance: Creating Regimes of Power in Schools, Shrines, and Society

Michel Foucault's critical studies concerning regimes of power are of special interest when applied to architecture. In particular, he warned of the hazards of building surveillance into architectural structures for the purpose of monitoring people and took as his historical exemplar English philosopher Jeremy Bentham's “Panopticon,” a structure originally used to assist in rehabilitating prisoners. He felt this kind of regulatory control resulted in maintaining power of one group over another. This article discusses what Foucault called the general ordering of the visible and the invisible by examining architecture as he viewed it—as an operation of power, control, and domination. More to the point, it places this belief in the context of power constructions in both sacred and school architecture and how this, in turn, creates a carceral society. This article also puts forward some of Foucault's thinking on architecture and connects this to his ideas of perceptual visibles and invisibles. The suggestion ...
Importance of staphylococci that produce nanogram quantities of enterotoxin

Many staphylococcal strains produce enterotoxin, the toxin that is the cause of staphylococcal food poisoning. If a strain is enterotoxigenic it is possible for it to be involved in food poisoning. The gel diffusion methods were the first methods developed for detection of the enterotoxins and were thought adequate to detect their production. However, they were not adequate to detect enterotoxin in foods involved in food poisoning. When researchers began using the sensitive methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA), to check strains for enterotoxin production, some strains produced nanogram quantities of enterotoxin. When it was reported that several coagulase-negative species produced less than 10 ng/ml of enterotoxin, it was imperative to determine whether these strains produced enough enterotoxin in foods to cause food poisoning. At the present time research is under way to determine whether these strains produce enough enterotoxin in foods to cause food poisoning.
Alcoholism and Sex Abuse in the Family: Incest and Marital Rape

Summary This article focusses on two human problems frequently present among the alcoholic population that are often missed and/or avoided in the treatment process. Evidence is provided suggesting that incest and marital rape occur far more often among the alcoholic population than the nonalcohlic. Assessment and treatment guidelines are then offered for consideration.
The Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Renal Transplant

This report deals with the clinical application of monoclonal antibody techniques to fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the renal transplant. The technique was deemed to be quite helpful in corroborating cell type analysis made by classical cytochemistry (Giemsa staining), and determination of the nature of the lymphoid subset at play in rejection. The role of activation marker analysis and class 2 alloantigen analysis in particular for rejection was also discussed.
Imaginary parts of coupled electron and phonon propagators.

Quasiparticle and phonon damping rates due to the electron-phonon and Coulomb interactions are obtained directly from the self-energy formalism of strong-coupling theory. This accounts for all processes involving phonon or quasiparticle decay into a single particle-hole pair, or quasiparticle decay by emission or absorption of a single real phonon. The two quasiparticle decay modes are treated on a common footing, without ad hoc separation, by accounting fully for the dynamics of the phonon propagator and the Coulomb vertex---the latter by expansion of the four-point Coulomb vertex function. The results are shown to be expressible in terms of only the physical (i.e., fully renormalized) energies and coupling constants, and are written in terms of spectral functions such as ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$F(\ensuremath{\omega}) and its generalizations. Expansion of these in powers of a phonon linewidth parameter distinguishes (in lowest orders) between quasiparticle decay modes involving real and virtual phonons. However, the simplest prescription for calculating decay rates involves an effective scattering amplitude in which this distinction is not made.
Intracellular RNA complementary to the RNA genome of the Moloney-murine sarcoma virus complex

Abstract Intracellular RNA complementary to genomic RNA of the Moloney-murine sarcoma virus complex was detected in virus-producing rat cells. Hybrids formed between this novel type of RNA and its homologous viral genomic RNA were very stable exhibiting a T m of 88°. Further characterization of the virus-specific complementary RNA revealed that it represented a minimal 74% of the viral RNA genome. Cross-hybridization data of hybrids formed between this viral complementary RNA and normal rat liver RNA or genomic RNA of several other mammalian retroviruses demonstrated its virus specificity and sequence relatedness. An examination of total cellular RNA from virus-producing cells for the number of intracellular virus-specific RNA copies disclosed 14 copies of viral complementary RNA per cell and 1272 copies of viral genomic RNA per cell.
Differences in immunological and biological activity of serum luteinizing hormone during the bovine estrous cycle

Abstract Although immunological luteinizing hormone (LH) profiles have been extensively characterized in several species, an awareness has developed that these immunological LH measurements may not adequately describe the biological activity or stimulation of the target tissue. The objective of this study was to compare serum LH at different stages of the bovine estrous cycle as measured by both bioassay and radioimmunoassay. Blood samples were collected from 5 cows at 10 min intervals for 10 hr on days 3, 10 and 19 of the estrous cycle; for 24 hr at estrus on day 0 (natural preovulatory LH surge, NS); and for 8 hr following administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (induced LH surge) on day 10 of that cycle. Immunological activity of LH was determined by a previously validated radioimmunoassay. A sensitive and specific in vitro mouse Leydig cell bioassay in which testosterone production was an index of added LH was used to assess biological activity of LH. The same preparation (NIAMDD-bLH4) served as the standard for each assay system. Patterns of biological active LH closely followed those of immunological LH, although biological LH values tended to be lower. Although the pulse frequency (pulses/hr) of immunological LH was lower (P .48 ± .07; x ± SE ) than day 3 or 19 (.88 ± .09 and .88 ± .15, respectively), no changes in biological LH pulse frequency were noted (P>.05). The mean biological to immunological (B:I) ratios were greater (P .05). These observations demonstrate that biological LH exhibits a pattern similar to, but not identical to, immunological LH. Furthermore, as evidenced by changing B:I ratios, the pituitary releases LH which is not of the same biological activity at all stages of the estrous cycle. These data suggest that both quality and quantity of LH released may be important in regulating LH action at the target tissue.
Challenges and Solutions for Difficult Implantations of CRT Devices: The Role of New Technology and Techniques

Introduction: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can markedly improve heart failure treatment in selected patients, but left ventricular (LV) lead implantation can be difficult or optimal lead position not obtainable. Methods: This review examines newer techniques and technologies to optimize implant success. Goals of implant include placement of the LV lead in a coronary vein near the midlateral left ventricle with good lead stability, adequate thresholds, and no phrenic nerve stimulation. We will examine methods to access difficult and tortuous veins, test multiple veins for the best pacing site, and avoid complications. Newer technologies that will be discussed include magnetic wire navigation using Stereotaxis™, endoscopic, and CT-guided approaches, and nontraditional methods such as pericardial puncture for epicardial LV lead placement. Conclusion: The methods discussed here may help to make CRT implant safer, faster, and more successful.
Colonial Social Accounting

Abstract * A review article on Deane, Phyllis, Colonial Social Accounting. Cambridge, England: The National Institute of Economic and Social Research, Economic and Social Studies XI, 1953. Pp. xv, 360. $10.00.
Context-dependent coding in single neurons

The linear-nonlinear cascade model (LN model) has proven very useful in representing a neural system's encoding properties, but has proven less successful in reproducing the firing patterns of individual neurons whose behavior is strongly dependent on prior firing history. While the cell's behavior can still usefully be considered as feature detection acting on a fluctuating input, some of the coding capacity of the cell is taken up by the increased firing rate due to a constant "driving" direct current (DC) stimulus. Furthermore, both the DC input and the post-spike refractory period generate regular firing, reducing the spike-timing entropy available for encoding time-varying fluctuations. In this paper, we address these issues, focusing on the example of motoneurons in which an afterhyperpolarization (AHP) current plays a dominant role regularizing firing behavior. We explore the accuracy and generalizability of several alternative models for single neurons under changes in DC and variance of the stimulus input. We use a motoneuron simulation to compare coding models in neurons with and without the AHP current. Finally, we quantify the tradeoff between instantaneously encoding information about fluctuations and about the DC.
Noninvasive Transcutaneous Low Frequency Ultrasound Enhances Thrombolysis in Peripheral and Coronary Arteries

Previous studies have shown that external ultrasound with low frequencies and high intensities can enhance thrombolytic drug-induced clot dissolution during in vitro experiments. In this series of studies, we evaluated the efficacy of peripheral and coronary thrombolysis in vivo in animals by using noninvasive transcutaneous ultrasound combined with thrombolytic drugs (streptokinase and tPA) and/or microbubbles agents (dodecafluoropentane [DDFP] and perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin [PESDA]). Thrombotic occlusions were induced in 74 rabbit iliofemoral arteries and 24 canine left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries in this in vivo study. By using the combination of transcutaneous ultrasound and streptokinase, the angiographic patency rate in rabbit iliofemoral arteries was higher (56%-100%) than with ultrasound (6%; P < or = 0.0036) and streptokinase alone (6%; P < or = 0.0012). Also, with transcutaneous ultrasound and microbubbles, the angiographic patency rates were 76%-100% as compared with ultrasound alone (0%, P < or = 0.0003) or microbubbles alone (9%, P < or = 0.0001). In the canine study of acute myocardial infarction, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade flow at 90 minutes in the tPA alone group was 0.92 +/- 1.4 as compared with 2.42 +/- 1.9 in the tPA plus transthoracic ultrasound group (P = 0.006). There was much improved reperfusion with tPA plus ultrasound as compared with tPA alone. In vivo animal studies demonstrate that noninvasive transcutaneous ultrasound can greatly enhance the effect of clot dissolution with thrombolytic drugs and/or microbubbles, and has the potential for clinical application as an adjunctive method to improve arterial thrombolysis.
Remembrance of things past the distribution of earnings across occupations and the kappa criterion

Abstract This paper examines the size distribution of earnings in several occupations with specific reference to functional form. We utilize the kappa criterion from classical statistics to distinguish between various candidates of hypothetical statistical distributions that have been used as approximations to actual empirical earnings graduations. The usual assumption in empirical work is that earnings are lognormally distributed; our findings indicate this functional form canusually be rejected a priori.
Effect of a selective COX‐2 inhibitor in the development of central sensitization in the oral surgery model

Nociceptive input from surgical insult and postoperative inflammation contribute to the development of central sensitization, yet their relative contributions have not been evaluated. COX-1 and -2 catalyze prostaglandin synthesis, with COX-1 being primarily responsible for PGE2 production over the first 1–2 hours with COX-2 regulation at later time points. This study evaluated the effect of COX-2 mediated prostanoid production to nociceptive input contributing to the development of central sensitization in the oral surgery model with either 50 mg rofecoxib or placebo administered preoperatively and lidocaine or long-acting bupivicaine used for local anesthesia. Microdialysis was used to collect submucosal perfusate from the surgical site for four hours postoperatively and pain report recorded concurrently. Both rofecoxib and bupivicaine suppressed pain in the immediate postoperative period independently and additively. PGE2 levels were significantly suppressed by rofecoxib as compared to placebo across the last two hours of the postoperative period (p < 0.05). TXB2 levels did not differ significantly between groups during the postoperative period. The local anesthetic did not have any effect on PGE2 or TXB2 levels. The suppression of PGE2 during the later time points suggests that inhibition of cytokine mediated postoperative inflammation limits the development of sensitization following surgery. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P4–P4; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.014
Reaction kinetics probed by dynamic light scattering

Abstract The method of quasi-elastic light scattering as applied to the problem of chemical kinetics is reviewed. A theoretical discussion pertaining to the dissipation modes of the fluctuations of chemically reacting species in a simple bimolecular reaction 2A ⇆ A2 is presented. Both the normal mode relaxation times and their corresponding intensities have been calculated. A discussion of the optical wave-mixing technique necessary for high resolution scattering spectroscopy in terms of time correlation analysis and/or spectral distribution is also given. The use of more conventional optical interferometer is suggested for study of rate phenomena faster than 10−6 sec.
US North Slope gas and Asian LNG markets

Abstract Prospects for export of liquified natural gas (LNG) from Alaska's North Slope are assessed. Projected market conditions to 2010 show that new LNG capacity beyond announced expansions will be needed to meet regional demand and that supplies will probably come from outside the region. The estimated delivered costs of likely suppliers show that Alaska North Slope gas will not be competitive. The alternative North Slope gas development strategies of transport and sale to the lower 48 states and use on the North Slope for either enhanced oil recovery or conversion to liquids are examined. The alternative options require delaying development until US gas prices increase, exhaustion of certain North Slope oil fields, or advances occur in gas to liquid fuels conversion technology.
The preparation and x-ray crystal structure of the first homobimetallic μ(η2-O,O′:η1-C) carbon dioxide complex: (dppp)(CO)2ReO2CRe(CO)3(dppp)

Abstract The molecular structure of the title compound involves a carboxylate group acting as a bidentate ligand to one rhenium atom, while acting as a monodentate ligand to the other rhenium atom. It was prepared in a one-step reaction by treating a THF solution of fac-(dppp)(CO)3ReCO2H with solid KOH.
The Removable R-Appliance as a Practice Device to Facilitate Correct Production of /r/

The remediation of /r/articulation errors in school-age children often poses a challenge for speech-language pathologists. This study was designed to investigate whether an appliance placed in the ...
Conditions of the Colour Change of Prodigiosin

THERE have been several reports that prodigiosin, the pigment produced by Serratia marcescens, is red in acid solution with an absorption maximum at 535–540 mμ but is yellow–orange in alkaline solution with an absorption maximum at 470 mμ. (refs. 1 and 2). This colour change in strong acid or alkaline solution is recognized by anyone working with the pigment. The observation that the colour of a colony on an agar plate changes from orange to red when the pH, changing with growth, becomes more alkaline rather than more acid, and the report3 that eluates of single pink chromatographic bands show, on redevelopment, separation into both pink and orange bands, suggest that pH is not the only factor involved in the colour change of prodigiosin from red to orarge.
Substrate Inhomogeneity and the Growth Morphology of Thin Films

We give a theoretical argument which indicates that the combined effect of substrate inhomogeneity and grain boundaries can be very important in determining the growth morphology of thin metal films on non-wetting substrates. An elongated metal island on a smooth non-wetting substrate, with a single grain boundary at its center, is shown to be in a state of unstable equilibrium. Any substrate inhomogeneity is then able to pin the island in a metastable state. An estimate of the depinning temperature is also given.