cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Collective Mind A Reassessment

The spring 2009 issue of the newsletter of the Sociology of Education Section of the American Sociological Association featured a brief (about 4,000 words) essay by sociologist Steven Brint. In ‘‘The ‘Collective Mind’ at Work: A Decade in the Life of U.S. Sociology of Education,’’ Brint offered al ucid and empirically informed appraisal of American sociology of education as reflected in its primary journal, Sociology of Education .B rint’s essay is reprinted here as it appeared in the newsletter. 1 Brint based his essay on a content analysis of all of the articles that appeared in Sociology of Education between 1999 and 2008. By carefully coding each of the 168 articles that were published during this period into a variety of categories (as explained in his article), Brint reached several conclusions about the collective mind of the sociology of education research community. American sociology of education, according to Brint, focused on ‘‘studies of educational achievement and educational attainment as conditioned by social inequality, family and student behaviors, and school organization.’’ It did so in a way that Brint characterized as not exactly ‘‘abstract empiricism,’’ but certainly only mildly interested in the development and testing of sociological theory. Finally, Brint saw the collective mind of American sociology of education as generally indifferent to ‘‘most of the rest of the world, the U.S. capitalist market economy, or state-based policy coalitions struggling over the forms and functions of schooling.’’ Since its publication, Brint’s provocative but evenhanded criticisms of sociology of education have given members of the research community much to think about and talk about. His observations on where we succeed and where we fail as a subdiscipline are frequent topics of conversation at professional meetings, and (admittedly without looking at the data) the piece has been cited an unusual number of times for a non-peer-reviewed publication. Brint’s essay was much on the minds of the current editorial team when we assumed responsibility for the journal four years ago. We have been struck over the years how many of our colleagues have read Brint’s piece and were eager to discuss it. The transition from one editorial team to the next provides an opportunity to revisit Brint’s assessment of our shared enterprise as sociologists of education. We asked the incoming editorial team of Rob Warren, Amy Binder, Eric Grodsky, and Hyunjoon Park to prepare brief responses to Brint’s essay, 2 and the current team of David Bills, Steve Morgan, and Stefanie DeLuca jointly prepared its own response. Steven Brint, graciously and on very short notice, has written a response to the responses. We thank everyone for their participation in this exchange.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast.

Tissue specimens from five patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of breast have been analyzed in conjunction with 46 well-documented cases in the literature. The necessity for histologic differentiation of this tumor from ductal carcinoma of the breast with a cribriform pattern is discussed. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast appears to occur preferentially in the area of the nipple and areola. Because of this tumor's apparent indolent course and the absence of documentation of metastases to axillary lymph node, simple mastectomy is adequate treatment.
Combining Land Use Information and Small Stream Sampling with PCR-Based Methods for Better Characterization of Diffuse Sources of Human Fecal Pollution

Diffuse sources of human fecal pollution allow for the direct discharge of waste into receiving waters with minimal or no treatment. Traditional culture-based methods are commonly used to characterize fecal pollution in ambient waters, however these methods do not discern between human and other animal sources of fecal pollution making it difficult to identify diffuse pollution sources. Human-associated quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods in combination with low-order headwatershed sampling, precipitation information, and high-resolution geographic information system land use data can be useful for identifying diffuse source of human fecal pollution in receiving waters. To test this assertion, this study monitored nine headwatersheds over a two-year period potentially impacted by faulty septic systems and leaky sanitary sewer lines. Human fecal pollution was measured using three different human-associated qPCR methods and a positive significant correlation was seen between abundance of human-associated genetic markers and septic systems following wet weather events. In contrast, a negative correlation was observed with sanitary sewer line densities suggesting septic systems are the predominant diffuse source of human fecal pollution in the study area. These results demonstrate the advantages of combining water sampling, climate information, land-use computer-based modeling, and molecular biology disciplines to better characterize diffuse sources of human fecal pollution in environmental waters.
Simulated Dilatometry and Static Deformation Prediction of Glass Transition and Mechanical Properties of Polyacetylene and Poly(para‐phenylene vinylene)

Thermophysical and mechanical properties of two conjugated polymers, poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and polyacetylene (PA), are predicted using molecular dynamics simulations and compared with results obtained from differential scanning calorimetry, nanoindentation, and dynamic mechanical analysis experiments. Glass transition temperature (Tg) is calculated from the changes in the slopes of the specific volume versus temperature and cohesive energy density versus temperature plots, obtained from constant pressure and constant temperature simulations (NPT ensemble). The effects of temperature on the torsion angle distributions and characteristic ratio are analyzed. PPV is found to have a Tg of 416 ± 8 K. PA does not exhibit a glass transition in the temperature range of 120 to 500 K. Using the static deformation method, the values of Young's modulus are calculated to be 1.81 ± 0.34 GPa for PA and 9.20 ± 0.57 GPa for PPV at 298 K. These values are in good agreement with the experimental measurements, validating the suitability of these techniques in the prediction of the polymer properties.
Investigation of human brucellosis in Haiyuan county in 2009

Objective To investigate the current status of human brucellosis in Haiyuan county Ningxia province.Methods The investigation and detection of brucellosis among high risk people were conducted using serological and epidemiological methods.Results Serological test was performed for 391 people,among which 8 people were positive(2.05%).The cases occurred sporadically and the disease was infected in men and women,many infectors were engaged in cattle breeding and raising and the infector's age ranged from 25 to 48 years old.Conclusion Close surveillance of the brucellosis epidemic should be performed to prevent the expansion of the epidemic.
Morphometric analysis of germinal centers in nonthymomatous patients with myasthenia gravis

A morphometric analysis of germinal centers (GCs) in the thymus of nonthymomatous patients with myasthenia gravis was performed in 26 patients, including 14 women and 12 men. The GCs were evaluated for number, diameter, perimeter, and cross-sectional area using a computerized interactive morphometric analysis. The GCs ranged from 2 to 19 per case, with an average diameter of 0.02 to 0.43 mm, a perimeter of 0.38 to 1.35 mm, and a cross-sectional area of 0.01 to 0.14 mm2. In thymic sections with fewer than five GCs, the GCs had a mean area of 0.05 mm2, a perimeter of 0.84 mm, and a diameter of 0.24 mm. In thymic sections containing five or more GCs, the GCs had a mean area of 0.04 mm2, a perimeter of 0.62 mm, and a diameter of 0.19 mm. The clinical improvement in these patients inversely correlated with the above parameters, with improvement being observed in patients whose GCs had a mean area of 0.02 mm2, a perimeter of 0.58 mm, and a diameter of 0.17 mm. No correlation was observed between the number of GCs and clinical improvement. The results of our study appear to indicate that computerized interactive morphometric analysis may represent a potentially useful method for the evaluation of the morphometric features of thymic GCs and their correlation with clinical outcome in patients with myasthenia gravis.
Delinquent/Criminal and Violent Behavior

This chapter analyzes delinquent and violent behaviors among runaway and homeless young people. Emphasis is on the prevalence of different types of delinquent and criminal behaviors and the risk factors that increase the likelihood that street youth will participate in these behaviors. Theft, robbery, drug trade, and status offenses such as alcohol-related violations are some of the criminal and delinquent activities discussed. This chapter discusses such risk factors as low socioeconomic status, age, family impairment, abuse and exposure to violence, gang involvement and negative peer influence, conduct disorder, neurocognitive problems, substance use and abuse, school difficulties, duration of homelessness, and housing instability as conditions that may increase the probability that runaway and homeless young people will participate in delinquent/criminal and violent behaviors. In this chapter, the process of social learning is discussed to illustrate the ways in which young people may learn to use violence in their home environment, which later increases their likelihood of exhibiting violent interactional styles while on the streets. While on the streets trying to survive using deviant subsistence strategies such as theft, survival sex, and robbery, young people may become desensitized to the use of violence as a survival strategy. The street youth’s persistent state of vigilance and stressful experiences increase the chances that they may resort to violence in situations that they perceive as threatening. This chapter also assesses the effects of violence on street youth. For example, female youth on the streets who become victims of violence may be especially at increased risk of having unintended pregnancies. Violent interactions often result in the inconsistent or nonuse of condoms and other contraceptive methods.
Macrophage PPARγ inhibits Gpr132 to mediate the anti-tumor effects of rosiglitazone

Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) significantly contributes to cancer progression. Human cancer is enhanced by PPARγ loss-of-function mutations, but inhibited by PPARγ agonists such as TZD diabetes drugs including rosiglitazone. However, it remains enigmatic whether and how macrophage contributes to PPARγ tumor-suppressive functions. Here we report that macrophage PPARγ deletion in mice not only exacerbates mammary tumor development but also impairs the anti-tumor effects of rosiglitazone. Mechanistically, we identify Gpr132 as a novel direct PPARγ target in macrophage whose expression is enhanced by PPARγ loss but repressed by PPARγ activation. Functionally, macrophage Gpr132 is pro-inflammatory and pro-tumor. Genetic Gpr132 deletion not only retards inflammation and cancer growth but also abrogates the anti-tumor effects of PPARγ and rosiglitazone. Pharmacological Gpr132 inhibition significantly impedes mammary tumor malignancy. These findings uncover macrophage PPARγ and Gpr132 as critical TAM modulators, new cancer therapeutic targets, and essential mediators of TZD anti-cancer effects.
A generalized plasma dispersion function for electron damping in tokamak plasmas

Radio frequency wave propagation in finite temperature, magnetized plasmas exhibits a wide range of physics phenomena. The plasma response is nonlocal in space and time, and numerous modes are possible with the potential for mode conversions and transformations. In addition, diffraction effects are important due to finite wavelength and finite-size wave launchers. Multidimensional simulations are required to describe these phenomena, but even with this complexity, the fundamental plasma response is assumed to be the uniform plasma response with the assumption that the local plasma current for a Fourier mode can be described by the “Stix” conductivity. However, for plasmas with non-uniform magnetic fields, the wave vector itself is nonlocal. When resolved into components perpendicular (k⊥) and parallel (k||) to the magnetic field, locality of the parallel component can easily be violated when the wavelength is large. The impact of this inconsistency is that estimates of the wave damping can be incorrect (t...
Let’s Not Forget Acetabularia

If I asked you what was the experimental basis for the central dogma of biology (DNA makes RNA makes protein), you would be likely to mention the classical findings that the transforming principle was DNA (Avery et al.) or that phages transfer DNA to the host (Hershey & Chase). However, it is unlikely that you even have heard that the precept was earlier derived from studies with a unicellular marine alga, Acetabularia. If so, you would miss the remarkable biology that made it possible to carry out this work. Here is why: Acetabularia is such a large cell that it can be readily handled with one’s hands. It can be amputated into pieces that can be grafted together and its nucleus transplanted as easily as walking in the park.
Slowcomm: Design, development and performance evaluation of a new slow DoS attack

Abstract The Internet, a useful tool for communicating information, is now a pervasive and necessary infrastructure for modern economy. Accordingly, because of economic motivations, it became an arena for cyberwarfare and cybercrime. In this paper, we present the novel threat called SlowComm and we show how it can successfully lead a DoS on a targeted system using a small amount of attack bandwidth. Further, since the proposed attack is not bounded to a specific protocol, it can be considered a protocol independent attack, proving the ability it has to affect different Internet services.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Quaternary Pyrrolidine-2,3-diones and β-Amino Acids

A facile, diastereoselective synthesis of highly substituted pyrrolidine-2,3-diones is reported, along with the one-step conversion of these heterocycles to novel β-amino acids and further functionalized derivatives. This method involves an unusually mild, one-pot, three-component cyclization/allylation followed by a Claisen rearrangement to provide unusual pyrrolidinone products that are densely functionalized and contain an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter. The reported reaction sequence is operationally simple, exquisitely diastereoselective, and provides gram-scale access to valuable heterocyclic scaffolds and β-amino acids not readily accessible via existing approaches.
Characterizing the influence of atmospheric river orientation and intensity on precipitation distributions over North Coastal California

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long (>2000 km) and narrow (500–1000 km) corridors of enhanced vertically integrated water vapor and enhanced IWV transport (IVT) that are responsible for a majority of global poleward moisture transport and can result in extreme orographic precipitation. Observational evidence suggests that ARs within different synoptic-scale flow regimes may contain different water vapor source regions, orientations, intensities, and may result in different precipitation distributions. This study uses K-means clustering to objectively identify different orientations and intensities of ARs that make landfall over the California Russian River watershed. The ARs with different orientations and intensities occur within different synoptic-scale flow patterns in association with variability in IVT direction and quasi-geostrophic forcing for ascent and lead to different precipitation distributions over the Russian River watershed. These differences suggest that both mesoscale upslope moisture flux and synoptic-scale forcing for ascent are important factors in modulating precipitation distributions during landfalling ARs.
Layer- and subregion-specific differences in the neurophysiological properties of rat medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons

This is the first study to demonstrate that medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) neurons are heterogeneous in both a layer- and a subregion-specific manner. Specifically, L5 neurons are more depolariz...
Evaluation of recombinant Salmonella vaccines to provide cross-serovar and cross-serogroup protection.

ABSTRACT Historically, Salmonella vaccines have been either live attenuated or killed bacterin vaccines that fail to offer cross-serogroup protection, which limits risk mitigation and protection of consumers. Subunit recombinant vaccines which possess highly conserved antigens offer potential to provide cross-serogroup protection, and the ability to express immune-enhancing molecules that promote recognition by the immune system. Six Salmonella subunit vaccine candidates were developed in either attenuated S. Enteritidis (SE) or S. Typhimurium (ST) that cell-surface express antigenic epitopes of high mobility group box 1 immune-enhancing sequence (H), peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein (P), and Omp18 protein Cj0113 (C) in different pattern arrangements for evaluation against S. Heidelberg (SH) challenge in broilers. In exp. 1, chicks were orally vaccinated with SE-CPH, SE-HCP, SE-CHP, ST-CPH, ST-HCP, or ST-CHP at 1 × 107 cfu/chick, or saline on d 1 and d 14. On d 17 all birds were challenged with 6 × 106 cfu/chick SH, and ceca collected on d 23 and d 28. On d 23 only SE-CPH reduced (P
Food Security in Accra

Urban food security is a function of access to food. My research in Accra, Ghana found that food prices, stagnant incomes, the geographical location of food markets, and other budgetary constraints all contribute to household food insecurity. A comparison of data between the 2003 Women's Health Survey of Accra and the following 2008–2009 round, found some improvements in food security among respondents. However, substantial food insecurity remains in Accra. Policy recommendations include opening regulated and appropriate spaces for food markets in all neighborhoods, foster school feeding programs, and supporting local farmers in and around Accra.
Confounding effects of clonal hematopoiesis in clinical genomic profiling of solid tumors.

12004Background: Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is the somatic acquisition of genomic alterations in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, leading to clonal expansion. While a few reports showed CH-deriv...
Phototropism in land plants: Molecules and mechanism from light perception to response

Phototropism is the response a plant exhibits when it is faced with a directional blue light stimulus. Though a seemingly simple differential cell elongation response within a responding tissue that results in organ curvature, phototropism is regulated through a complex set of signal perception and transduction events that move from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. In nature phototropism is one of several plant responses that have evolved to optimize photosynthesis and growth. In the present work we will review the state of the field with respect to the molecules and mechanisms associated with phototropism in land plants. A systematic literature search was done to identify relevant advances in the field. Though we tried to focus on literature within the past decade (1998-present), we have discussed and cited older literature where appropriate because of context or its significant impact to the present field. Several previous review articles are also cited where appropriate and readers should seek those out. A total of 199 articles are cited that fulfill the criteria listed above. Though important numerous and significant advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular, biochemical, cell biological and physiologic mechanisms underlying phototropism in land plants over the past decade, there are many remaining unanswered questions. The future is indeed bright for researchers in the field and we look forward to the next decade worth of discoveries.
Microstructure simulations of Inconel 718 during selective laser melting using a phase field model

In this study, the microstructure evolution of the Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) was investigated by a phase field model. The temperature gradient and the solidification velocity were first calculated from a finite element thermal model of SLM and then used as the input of the phase field model to simulate the microstructure growth with time. The influences of the build height and laser beam scanning speed on the microstructure evolution were studied and evaluated. The results show that the columnar dendritic arm spacing values estimated from the phase field simulations are comparable to experimental and analytical results. With the increase of the build height, the dominated values of thermal gradient and cooling rate decreased first and then slightly increased at the top end of the manufacturing process. The microstructural evolution along the build height agreed well with the experimental test. In addition, with the increase of the laser beam scanning speed, the dominant temperature gradient increased to a certain value and then decreased, and the direction of the maximum temperature gradient tended to be parallel to the part build direction. Moreover, the temperature gradient affects the dendrite growth significantly, a greater temperature gradient resulting in a higher growth speed.
UNIT 15.7 Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis in the Mouse

Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in mice is an excellent model for Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). It is induced with thyroglobulin (Tg), a known thyroid autoantigen that is common to both mouse and human and for which several conserved, thyroiditogenic epitopes have been identified. This unit describes induction and evaluation of EAT using thyroid histology and in vitro proliferative response assays. An ELISA is presented to detect the level of antibody to mouse thyroglobulin (MTg). To induce EAT, either bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or supplemented complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) can be used as adjuvant. A support protocol for preparing MTg is included. The T cell proliferation assay can be used to examine the antigenicity of synthetic peptides derived from MTg or heterologous Tg. EAT can be adoptively transferred utilizing cells that have been expanded in vitro, as described. A protocol is provided for inducing tolerance using deaggregated MTg; induction of tolerance requires larger amounts of MTg but efficiently suppresses EAT development. Also included is a protocol to demonstrate the role of regulatory T cells in mediating tolerance. A protocol to delineate HLA association with HT is illustrated using HLA class II transgenic mice. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 78:15.7.1-15.7.21. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: autoimmune thyroiditis; experimental autoimmune thyroiditis; EAT; HLA class II transgenes; HLA-DR3 association; regulatory T cells in EAT
Religious Social Support Protects against Social Risks for Adolescent Substance Use.

We used a social developmental perspective to identify how prominent social contexts influence substance use during adolescence. Longitudinal data were collected annually from 167 parent-adolescent dyads over four years. We investigated whether parent substance use was related to adolescent substance use directly and indirectly via peer substance use and whether these associations were moderated by religious social support. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated significant moderated mediation: Greater parent substance use predicted increases in adolescent substance use indirectly via increased peer substance use when adolescent religious social support was low or average, but not high. These results suggest religious social support may protect adolescents against prominent social risks for intergenerational substance use.
Can climatic variables improve phenological predictions for butterfly species

Changes in butterfly phenology due to climate changes have led to the need for models based on factors other than calendar date to predict butterfly development, allowing those monitoring their populations to increase the effectiveness of field surveys. In this study, we developed two simple climatic models, one using yearly accumulated growing degree days (GDD) and the other using yearly accumulated shortwave radiation flux densities (SRAD), to determine if these variables can predict first emergence of three butterfly species with less error than an approach based on the average ordinal date of first observation at a site. Furthermore, we investigated whether combining our two models would increase our ability to predict the timing of first emergence. We determined that GDD models were better at predicting first emergence than were ordinal date models and SRAD models for all species tested; however, the actual variation among these models was so small that any additional effort required to develop GDD models would not justify their use as a replacement for the simpler ordinal date models at this time, although as climate changes they may become more useful. We also determined that combined models did not improve the ability to predict first emergence.
Modeling emergency response operations: A theory building survey

Abstract During the response phase of an emergency, decision makers manage processes that save lives, protect infrastructure and contain evolving threats. In this paper, we undertake a comprehensive survey of the emergency response operations literature. In collating and classifying our literature sample, we employ novel methodologies adapted from unsupervised learning and network analysis to reduce sampling and expectancy biases. We find that operations research supporting emergency response has been developing in discernible clusters, with each cluster of studies focused on a particular process such as evacuation or aid distribution. Our study both serves to strengthen the theoretical foundation of emergency response operations and identifies plentiful opportunities for researchers seeking to advance the state-of-the-art in this exciting frontier of operations research.
Hospice or Hospital: The Costs of Dying of Cancer in the Oncology Care Model.

Background: End-of-life management is a difficult aspect of cancer care. With the oncology care model (OCM), we have data to assess both clinical outcomes and total cost of care (TCOC). Objective: ...
Cash Transfers and Health

Financial resources are known to affect health outcomes. Many types of social policies and programs, including social assistance and social insurance, have been implemented around the world to incr...
Multivariate relationships among nucleus and Golgi properties during fibrillar migration are robust to and unchanged by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and maturation of a fibrillar tumor microenvironment play important roles in breast cancer progression. A better understanding of how these events promote cancer cell migration and invasion could help identify new strategies to curb metastasis. The nucleus and Golgi affect migration in a microenvironment-dependent manner. Nucleus size and mechanics influence the ability of a cell to squeeze through confined tumor microenvironments. Golgi positioning determines front-rear polarity necessary for migration. While the roles of individual attributes of nucleus and Golgi in migration are being clarified, how their manifold features are inter-related and work together remains to be understood at a systems level. Here, to elucidate relationships among nucleus and Golgi properties, we quantified twelve morphological and positional properties of these organelles during fibrillar migration of human mammary epithelial cells. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the twelve-dimensional space of measured properties to three principal components that capture 75% of the variations in organelle features. Unexpectedly, nucleus and Golgi properties that co-varied in a PCA model built with data from untreated cells were largely similar to co-variations identified using data from TGFβ-treated cells. Thus, while TGFβ-mediated EMT significantly alters gene expression and motile phenotype, it did not significantly affect the relationships among nucleus size, aspect ratio and orientation with migration direction and among Golgi size and nucleus-Golgi separation distance. Indeed, in a combined PCA model incorporating data from untreated and TGFβ-treated cells, scores of individual cells occupy overlapping regions in principal component space, indicating that TGFβ-mediated EMT does not promote a unique "Golgi-nucleus phenotype" during fibrillar migration. These results suggest that migration along spatially-confined fiber-like tracks employs a conserved nucleus-Golgi arrangement that is independent of EMT state.
Economic Considerations at the Threshold of Viability

Abstract Neonatal intensive care for infants born at 22-24 weeks has become more prevalent in the past three decades, but outcomes remain highly variable between centers, in part due to different approaches in management. With this increased frequency of intervention, there has been concern for a concurrent increase in costs of care for survivors. This article reviews the direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs of care for periviable infants and their families as well as the current limitations of published data. In addition, we highlight the cost-effectiveness of neonatal intensive care and various therapies offered to extremely preterm infants while also considering the ethical dilemmas inherently tied to periviable decision-making. Strategies to improve the gaps in knowledge on the economic impact of the smallest infants are discussed.
Using a Library Impact Map to Assist Strategic Planning in Libraries

Strategic planning in academic libraries enables librarians to plan for the delivery of services that meet university foci and patron needs. In creating a strategic plan, it is helpful to have an overall view of the strategic plan and a view that allows planners to focus on more narrow aspects. A library impact map is designed to provide these perspectives. This article describes how a library impact map can be created and may be used in the strategic planning process.
The Inherent Power of the Judiciary

COURTS and lawyers are still under fire. The public's complaint against them is chronic; but in the last few years, the attacks have become more acute. There is an increasing outcry against the delays of the law; against the administration of the criminal law and the part attorneys have taken therein. "Ambulance chasing" and professional advertisements come in for their share of denunciation, and the claim is made that the bar has lost or is losing its prestige, because of the misconduct of certain of its members. A cursory examination of the list of articles re cently published in some of the leading magazines of the country discloses the following, all relating to our profession: "Guardians of Crime," American Maga zine ; "Law Lags Behind," Christian Century; "Clean ing the Courts," Atlantic; "Deception According to Law," Nation; "Humpty-Dumpty Rule in Law," At lantic; "Bar for Sale," Nation; "Loophold Lawyers," Saturday Evening Post; "Dollar Grabbers at the Bar," Outlook; "Lawyers on the Loose," Forum; "Can a Lawyer be a Gentleman?" Outlook. Scarcely a week passes, but some newspaper launches a broadside against the bar. Sometimes a priest or minister goes wrong, and even a physician or educator has been known to commit a crime, but the press makes no general attack upon the ministry, the teaching profession or the medical fraternity because of these specific instances. But with the bar it is different: the public deems the legal profession, as a whole, is besmirched by the misdeeds of a comparatively few conspicuous wrongdoers who are its unworthy members. Nor is this denunciation unreasonable, from the public's viewpoint. It, correctly or incorrectly, believes the bar could purge itself if it would, but it does not wish to do so. Furthermore, the infrequency of dis barment proceedings and investigations of professional malpractice is noticeable; the percentage in Indiana, for the five year period between 1929 and 1934 being 8/10 to 1,000 members of the bar; as against 10, 11 and 12 in some other states. The methods for disciplining the derelict members are cumbersome and ineffective, and the legislatures, composed largely of lawyers, do not show any great eagerness to right the situation; as was evidenced by the cool reception accorded by recent General Assemblies to reform measures submitted by the Indiana State Bar Association. These are counts in the indictment; but the law yer also has his complaint against present conditions. He sees the practice of law7, in and out of courts, going
The Graven Image, Lethe, and the Guru

In this final chapter, I will suggest a way of looking at the limbic system as it may function with regard to behavior. It must be recognized that the limbic system does not do its work independently of other “systems” of the brain. This implies that no reasonable theory of the activity of the limbic system can be developed until a more general framework for the brain’s activities has been achieved. This accomplishment is not likely in the foreseeable future.
Collective succession planning in librarianship

Purpose – This article's purpose is to encourage a vision in the profession of librarianship for succession planning. Design/methodology/approach – The article springboards from the previous column, showing the natural expansion of the discussion on vision building to include succession planning. Findings – The article finds that succession planning is a natural extension of good vision building. Practical implications – This is a practical way to practice succession planning regardless of the size or resources of the institution. Originality/value – The value of the article is in contributing a solution to the professional problem of how to provide for continuing leadership for our libraries.
A Survey of Results for Deletion Channels and Related Synchronization Channels

The binary symmetric channel, where each bit is independently received in error with probability p, and the binary erasure channel, where each bit is erased with probability p, enjoy a long and rich history. Shannon developed the fundamental results on the capacity of such channels in the 1940's [19], and in recent years, through the development and analysis of low-density parity-check codes and related families of codes, we understand how to achieve near-capacity performance for such channels extremely efficiently [2,13,17].
Analysis of the Molecular Forms of Simian Virus 40 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesized in Cycloheximide-Treated Cell Cultures

Abstract Cycloheximide addition at various times from 24 to 36 hr after virus infection markedly inhibits the rate of simian virus 40 (SV40) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in monkey kidney (CV-1) cultures. To determine whether superhelical (form I) SV40 DNA was synthesized in the cycloheximide-inhibited cultures, extracts were prepared by the method of Hirt from cultures labeled with 3H-thymidine (3H-dT) and were analyzed by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide (CsCl-EtBr) equilibrium centrifugation and by velocity sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients. When control or cycloheximide-treated cultures were labeled for 2 or 4 hr with 3H-dT at 36 or 37 hr after infection, 71 to 83% of the radioactivity soluble in 1 m NaCl was detected in closed-circular SV40 DNA (form I). Cycloheximide treatment did not generate an increase of higher multiple circular forms of SV40 DNA. In pulse-chase experiments with or without cycloheximide treatment, radioactivity first appeared in nicked molecular forms sedimenting faster than open-circular SV40 DNA (form II), and then was chased into superhelical form I SV40 DNA. These results suggest that in cycloheximide-treated SV40-infected cultures: (i) polynucleotide ligase concentrations are adequate, and (ii) duplication errors causing formation of circular oligomers of SV40 DNA are not enhanced.
Polya Trees and Their Use in Reliability and Survival Analysis

The nonparametric Polya tree prior generalizes traditional parametric models such as the Weibull family. Relative to other well-known priors, such as Dirichlet, gamma, and beta processes, Polya trees have seen more limited use. However, the Polya tree prior has several attractive features, including the existence of survival densities and the ability to be incorporated in different semiparametric models. Keywords: accelerated failure time; Bayesian nonparametrics; frailty; proportional hazards; proportional odds; transformation
Affording Discretion to Immigration Judges: A Comparison of Removal Proceedings in the United States and Canada

In the United States, immigration judges lack the discretion to consider defenses during the removal proceedings of legal, noncitizen residents if they have committed an aggravated felony. American citizen children face the significant risk of lifelong separation from parents, who commit relatively minor crimes, because the definition of an aggravated felony is so broad. Canadian immigration laws, akin to those in a majority of developed countries, grant judges the crucial opportunity to weigh the separation of a parent and citizen child in the removal decision. This Note argues that Congress should follow Canada’s example by passing the proposed Child Citizen Protection Act. Such an equitable approach is necessary to adhere to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Although the United States is not a party to that Convention, its duty as a signatory may still require it to promote the best interests of citizen children in its immigration courts. Further, the principles governing that Convention may be morphing into an international custom, which would place American removal proceedings directly at odds with binding international law.
The Possible Role of Radiative Acceleration in Supporting Extended Atmospheres in Be Stars

A detailed calculation of the radiative acceleration in B-type stars shows it to be a double-peaked function of effective temperature at small optical depths. The two peaks are shown to coincide approximately with peaks in the distribution of mean Hα emission strength as a function of B— V color in Be stars. These facts suggest that radiation may play an important role in the support of the Be star extended atmosphere.
Comparison of Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES®) and Laparoscopy for Elective Bilateral Ovariectomy in Standing Mares

Objective To compare surgical trauma, perioperative pain, surgical time, and complication rate in mares undergoing standing bilateral ovariectomy by natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) or laparoscopy. Study Design Experimental study. Animals Healthy mares (n = 12). Methods Ovariectomy was performed with a vessel-sealing device by transvaginal NOTES (n = 6) using a flexible endoscope and specialized instruments or by bilateral flank laparoscopy (n = 6). Preoperative and postoperative complete blood count (CBC), plasma fibrinogen concentration, serum amyloid A concentration, peritoneal nucleated cell count, and total protein concentration were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. Surgical times were compared using an unpaired t-test. Mares were monitored for 2 weeks postoperatively and necropsy was performed at 3 weeks (n = 6) or 3 months (n = 6) to assess short- and medium-term effects of each procedure. Complication rate, necropsy, and bacteriology findings were compared using a Fishers exact test. Significance was set at P < .05. Results All surgical procedures were performed successfully and all but one laparoscopy mare were bright, alert, and maintained a good appetite until euthanasia. Mean ± SD surgical time was similar between groups (NOTES: 100 ± 40 minutes; laparoscopy: 107 ± 47 minutes). There were no significant temporal differences in vital parameters, CBC, plasma fibrinogen concentration, serum amyloid A concentration, peritoneal nucleated cell count, and total protein concentration between groups. Conclusions Bilateral ovariectomy by transvaginal NOTES or laparoscopy resulted in minimal inflammation and surgical trauma.
Plasmodium gallinaceum: transmission-blocking immunity in chickens. I. Comparative immunogenicity of gametocyte- and gamete-containing preparations.

Abstract Immunization of chickens by intravenous inoculation of preparations derived from blood infected with Plasmodium galinaceum led to reduced infectivity to mosquitoes ( Aedes aegypti ) during subsequently induced blood infection but had little effect on the course of asexual parasitemia. Immunization with preparations containing intracellular gametocytes was much less effective than immunization with preparations in which the extracellular gametes had been released during gametogenesis (emergence and exflagellation) prior to inoculation. By far the most effective material were preparations of partially purified gametes of both sexes. Three weekly inoculations of this material resulted in 99.99% suppression of infectivity to mosquitoes during subsequently induced blood infection. Preparations of purified gamete material from which gametes of one or another sex were absent were considerably less effective as transmission-blocking immunogens than the mixed gamete preparation. It is possible that the two sexes of gamete act synergistically to induce transmission-blocking immunity.
Attracting Foreign Investment Through Privatization: The Zambian Experience

ABSTRACT Privatization serves as a potential source of foreign direct investment in Africa. During the Chiluba era (1991–2001), Zambia conducted one of Africa's most sweeping privatization programs. Accordingly, direct investment swelled with the sale of state enterprises. This paper explores foreign and domestic ownership patterns following investor purchases of Zambian state-owned assets. Previous foreign owners of mining and manufacturing companies represent the principal sources of foreign capital received through privatization-the only real exceptions being expansions by South African firms. A difference of means test conducted on all known privatization cases reveals that foreign investors (outside South Africa) are more export-oriented than domestic investors and also buy higher-priced assets. South African investors, heavily concentrated in retail activities, are more likelyto have been involved in competitive acquisitions. Despite increased foreign investment during the 1990s, however, the econom...
Controlling the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM-based wireless-LAN systems

The high peak-to-average power ratio of multicarrier signals is one of the greatest difficulties in the implementation of OFDM for wireless LANs. We investigate how we can deal with this problem without major modifications in existing standards. We analyse several methods previously found in the literature, but also propose a new approach consisting of applying different phase shifts to the subcarriers, based on a packetwise minimisation of the clipping distortion.
Note on the Validity of Methods Used in Nuclear Calculations

A study has been made of several of the methods used to approximate the solutions of nuclear problems, especially the Schr\"odinger perturbation scheme and the linear variation method. The advantages of individual particle coordinates and relative coordinates are considered, the latter being more accurate. The methods are evaluated chiefly by application to the deuteron, where the possibility of an exact solution permits a check on the rapidity of convergence of the methods employed. The second Schr\"odinger approximation has been summed for this case, and the convergence is found to be rapid. However, the degree of approximation obtained is poorer than that readily obtainable from the linear variation scheme, using the same functions. This has been verified also for ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. For ${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$ the Schr\"odinger scheme is found to be improved by decreasing the scale parameter (increasing the width) of the exponential functions from 0.60 to 0.45. For the linear variation method, this is not the case, at least if the functions are limited to those of double and quadruple excitation.
Properties of the methanol soluble factor required by the mink.

SummaryThe methanol extract factor required by the mink has been found to be soluble in 90% phenol and insoluble in acetone, n-butanol and 3/4 saturated ammonium sulfate.Fish solubles contain this factor, but dried distillers solubles, dried whey, pork spleen, and hog intestinal mucosa were found to be inactive.The relationship between the methanol extract factor and vitamin B12 is discussed.The original observation that the mink requires a methanol insoluble factor as well as a soluble factor has been confirmed by the data presented.We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to Merck and Co., Rahway, N. J., for the crystalline vitamins; to Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, N. Y., for the pteroylglutamic acid.
Study of mechanical deformation in bulk metallic glass through instrumented indentation

Instrumented sharp indentation experiments at the nano- and micro-length scales were carried out in an attempt to quantify the deformation characteristics of Vitreloy 1  bulk metallic glass. The experiments were accompanied by detailed three-dimensional finite element simulations of instrumented indentation to formulate an overall constitutive response. By matching the experimentally observed continuous indentation results with the finite element predictions, a general Mohr-Coulomb type constitutive description was extracted to capture the dependence of multiaxial deformation on both shear stresses and normal stresses. This constitutive response is able to provide accurate predictions of the evolution of shear bands seen in uniaxial compression tests. Constrained deformation of the material around the indenter results in incomplete circular patterns of shear bands whose location, shape and size are also captured well by the numerical simulations. The analysis is also able to predict the extent of material pile-up observed around the indenter. The surface deformation features are also consistent with mechanisms such as localized shear flow, serrated yielding and adiabatic heating, which are observed during macroscopic mechanical tests.  2001 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Significance of the supplementary motor area in partial seizures and in cerebral localization.

Epileptogenic lesions affecting the supplementary motor area usually create partial seizures of the postural type, and these seizures may be associated with sensory, inhibitory, or autonomic phenomena; vocalization or speech interference; and a variety of ictal sensory experiences. Contributions leading to the present understanding of the supplementary motor area in humans and the history, findings, and care of a patient who was treated successfully by means of surgical excision of this area in her dominant hemisphere are the bases of this presentation.