cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dendritic Cells in Lupus Are Not Required for Activation of T and B Cells but Promote Their Expansion, Resulting in Tissue Damage

Summary Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and control the adaptive immune response against infections. However, their contributions to the anti-self adaptive immune response in autoimmune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosus are uncertain. By constitutively deleting DCs in MRL. Fas lpr mice, we show that they have complex roles in murine lupus. The net effect of DC deletion was to ameliorate disease. DCs were crucial for the expansion and differentiation of T cells but, surprisingly, not required for their initial activation. Correspondingly, kidney interstitial infiltrates developed in the absence of DCs, but failed to progress. DC deletion concomitantly decreased inflammatory and regulatory T cell numbers. Unexpectedly, plasmablast numbers and autoantibody concentrations depended on DCs, in contrast to total serum immunoglobulin concentrations, suggesting an effect of DCs on extrafollicular humoral responses. These findings reveal that DCs operate in unanticipated ways in murine lupus and validate them as a potential therapeutic target in autoimmunity.
Is the Gramicidin A Transmembrane Channel Single-Stranded or Double-Stranded Helix? A Simple Unequivocal Determination

Thallium ion-induced carbonyl carbon chemical shifts were compared for all of the L-residue-peptide carbonyl carbons of the gramicidin A transmembrane channel. Molecular structures were deduced by using the argument that helically equivalent and equally proximal carbonyls would exhibit essentially equivalent ion-induced chemical shifts. The transmembrane channel was found to be a head-to-head dimer with the structure of a left-handed, single-stranded β-helix.
Perceived Behavioral Integrity: Relationships with Employee Attitudes, Well-Being, and Absenteeism

Relationships between the behavioral integrity of managers as perceived by employees and employee attitudes (job satisfaction and life satisfaction), well-being (stress and health), and behaviors (absenteeism) were tested using data from the 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce (n = 2,820). Using multivariate and univariate analysis, perceived behavioral integrity (PBI) was positively related to job and life satisfaction and negatively related to stress, poor health, and absenteeism. The effect size for the relationship with job satisfaction was medium-to-large while the effect sizes with respect to the other variables were small-to-medium. There was no support for the hypotheses that women would perceive lower levels of behavioral integrity and that the strength of the relationships between PBI and the outcomes variables would be stronger among women than among men.
Diagnosing Friction Points in Multicultural Team Performance: A Rationale and Measurement Approach

In modern military and civilian organizations, teams are increasingly composed of members from very different cultural backgrounds. This heterogeneity in cultural composition poses a unique set of challenges on the process of building and maintaining effective teams. This paper describes the concept of friction points in multicultural team performance, establishes their importance, and outlines an approach to measurement. Information from the proposed measurement process can be used to identify friction points in multicultural teams for the purposes of research as well as for developing various interventions in the field such as job aides (e.g., team metacognitive checklists), and generating feedback and remediation during training.
Advocacy and leadership when parental rights and child welfare collide: the role of the advanced practice nurse.

This article describes the experience of an advanced practice nurse in a challenging clinical situation. A mother with mental illness and mental retardation seeks to retain parental rights and care for her newborn with cystic fibrosis. The nurse provides leadership to the hospital team and serves as an advocate throughout legal proceedings. A systematic, nonjudgmental, and empathic approach to gathering information, working with the family, welfare, and legal representatives is described. Enacting a complex and court-mandated homecare education regimen to the disabled mother is discussed. Preparation to testify in a termination of parental rights proceeding is outlined and a summary description of the testimony provided. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Taxation and Saving – A Retrospective

Atkinson and Sandmo (1980) evaluated the taxation of saving by embedding the static optimal-tax framework within the two-period overlapping-generations model. Using this model, they collected a series of important results for optimal taxes on labour and capital income under a variety of assumptions regarding the instruments and objectives of the government, in particular the availability of national debt to spread burdens among different generations of individuals. With clear intuition and presentation, the study remains an important source for understanding the welfare implications of the taxation of saving.
Digital subtraction temporomandibular joint tomography

Receiver operating characteristics analysis was performed to demonstrate differences in diagnostic performance among conventional tomograms, digitized tomograms, and subtraction tomograms. Digital subtraction tomography was found to be the best imaging modality for detecting artificially created lesions in the two selected temporomandibular joint locations. There was a statistically significant difference in diagnostic performance between conventional tomograms and subtraction tomograms for the detection of temporomandibular joint bony lesions. There was also a statistically significant difference in diagnostic performance between digitized tomograms and subtraction tomograms in the detection of these bony lesions. There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic performance between conventional tomograms and digitized tomograms for the detection of temporomandibular joint bony lesions. The significance level was set at p = 0.05. Results of the analyses of variance showed that with digital subtraction tomograms, observer reliabilities were higher than with conventional and digitized tomograms.
Silica accelerated systemic autoimmune disease in lupus-prone New Zealand mixed mice

The genetic backgrounds of lupus-prone murine models are a valuable resource for studying the influence of environmental exposure on autoimmune diseases in sensitive populations. Epidemiological studies have shown associations between silica exposure and several autoimmune diseases, including scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus. To determine whether silica exposure can exacerbate systemic autoimmunity in genetically predisposed animals, New Zealand mixed mice were intranasally instilled twice with saline or saline suspensions of 1 mg silica or 500 micro g TiO2, a dose equivalent in surface area, and were evaluated with respect to health and immune status. Survival in silica exposed NZM mice was decreased compared to saline and TiO2 exposed mice. Proteinuria levels were elevated in silica exposed mice. Levels of circulating immune complexes, autoantibodies to nuclear antigen (ANA), histone, and double stranded DNA were measured every two weeks by ELISA. Circulating immune complexes showed a trend towards an increased acceleration in levels in the silica exposed mice compared to saline and TiO2 exposed mice. ANA levels were significantly higher in silica exposed animals compared to saline and TiO2 exposed animals (0.237 +/- 0.03 versus 0.140 +/- 0.029 and 0.125 +/- 0.03, P < 0.05) 16 weeks postexposure. Autoantibodies to histone were also significantly elevated after 16 weeks in silica exposed animals compared to saline and TiO2 exposed animals (0.227 +/- 0.03 versus 0.073 +/- 0.015 and 0.05 +/- 0.03, P < 0.05). In contrast, serum IgG levels were decreased in silica exposed NZM mice compared to the saline controls, however, IgM levels were unaffected. Lungs of the silica-exposed mice had increased inflammatory infiltrates as well as fibrotic lesions characterized by excess collagen deposition. Therefore, although NZM mice are susceptible to SLE, silica exposure significantly exacerbated the course of disease.
Spectrometric Estimation of Total Nitrogen Concentration in Douglas-Fir Foliage

Spectral measurements of fresh and dehydrated Douglas-fir foliage, from trees cultivated under three fertilization treatments, were acquired with a laboratory spectrophotometer. The slope (first-derivative) of the fresh- and dry-leaf absorbance spectra at locations near known protein absorption features was strongly correlated with total nitrogen (TN) concentration of the foliage samples. Particularly strong correlation was observed between the first-derivative spectra in the 2150-2170 nm region and TN, reaching a local maximum in the fresh-leaf spectra of -0.84 at 2 160 nm. Stepwise regression was used to generate calibration equations relating first derivative spectra from fresh, dry/intact, and dry/ground samples to TN concentration. Standard errors of calibration were 1.52 mg g-1 (fresh), 1.33 (dry/intact), and 1.20 (dry/ground), with goodness-of-fit 0.94 and greater. Cross-validation was performed with the fresh-leaf dataset to examine the predictive capability of the regression method; standard errors of prediction ranged from 1.47 - 2.37 mg g(exp -1) across seven different validation sets, prediction goodness of fit ranged from .85-.94, and wavelength selection was fairly insensitive to the membership of the calibration set. All regressions in this study tended to select wavelengths in the 2100-2350 nm region, with the primary selection in the 2142-2172 nm region. The study provides positive evidence concerning the feasibility of assessing TN status of fresh-leaf samples by spectrometric means. We assert that the ability to extract biochemical information from fresh-leaf spectra is a necessary but insufficient condition regarding the use of remote sensing for canopy-level biochemical estimation.
Labor history resources in the Ohio historical society

(1982). Labor history resources in the Ohio historical society. Labor History: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 513-515.
The Prevalence and Practices of Academic Library Journal Clubs

Abstract Increased mention of journal clubs in the library literature and the recent creation of clubs at the authors' institutions sparked curiosity about how widespread they are in academic libraries. An online survey announced on library listservs assessed their prevalence and practices. Library journal clubs promote current awareness, analysis skills, group cohesion, and intra-library knowledge, and offer a low-cost professional development opportunity in times of budget difficulties.
Abstract 3318: Molecular targeting of brain tumor stem cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Although current therapeutic strategies for malignant gliomas are non-specifically directed against the tumor bulk, increasing evidence suggests that a single glioma contains a range of phenotypically disparate cell populations with differential capacity for tumor maintenance and initiation. Recent work in brain tumors suggests the existence of cellular sub-populations (known as cancer stem cells, or CSCs) that possess stem cell-like behaviors and a potent capacity for tumor initiation in transplantation assays relative to non-CSCs. Specifically targeting the highly tumorigenic CSCs has the potential to improve the prognosis of malignant glioma patients, but many molecularly-directed anti-CSC agents may also compromise the survival of normal neural stem cells due to molecular similarities between CSCs and normal stem cells. Here we demonstrate that malignant glioma CSCs express high levels of a particular protein relative to non-CSCs. Glioma CSC growth and tumorigenic capacity were abrogated by multiple strategies interfering with the expression and activity of this protein, including RNA interference, pharmacological inhibition, and heterologous expression of a prokaryotic enzyme that specifically consumes the enzymatic product of this critical protein. Importantly, tumor growth was inhibited by systemic treatment of xenograft-bearing mice with a well-studied small molecule inhibitor of this protein that has already demonstrated low toxicity in clinical trials for other diseases. Though the activity of this protein appears critical for the maintenance of highly tumorigenic glioma CSCs, our examination of both normal human neural progenitor cells and neural stem cells derived from genetically disrupted mice indicate no substantial role for this protein in normal neural stem cells. Our findings identify a novel glioma therapeutic target with a negligible role in normal neural stem cells, suggesting clinical utility for selective inhibitors of this CSC-specific molecular target. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3318.
Oscillations of Local Magnetization in the Non-Ideal Antiferromagnetic Chain

A Green's function technique is used to obtain the exact form of the Friedel type oscillations of local magnetization in the spin 1/2, XY antiferromagnetic chain induced by the presence of a boundary or impurity. It is shown that, in addition to the amplitude, the functional form of the oscillations is determined by the strength of the perturbation caused by the impurity and intensity of the external magnetic field. Comparison is made with the earlier perturbation theory treatment in the free-fermion approximation. Eine auf der Green'schen Funktionentheorie basierende Methode wird benutzt, um die exakte Form der Schwingungen von Friedel-Typ der ortlichen Magnetisierung in der antiferromagnetischen XY Kette mit Spin 1/2 zu erhalten, die durch eine Storstelle oder durch eine Kristallgrenze hervorgerufen werden. Es wird gezeigt, das zusatzlich zur Amplitude die funktionelle Form der Schwingungen durch die Starke der Storung bestimmt wird, die von der Storstelle und von der Intensitat des aseren Magnetfeldes abhangt. Ein Vergleich wird mit der fruheren Beschreibung des Feldes durch Storungs-Theorie in der Naherung freier Fermionen angestellt.
Towards a relativistic description of exotic meson decays

This work analyzes hadronic decays of exotic mesons, with a focus on the lightest one, the J{sup PC}=1{sup -+} {pi}{sub 1}, in a fully relativistic formalism, and makes comparisons with nonrelativistic results. We also discuss Coulomb gauge decays of normal mesons that proceed through their hybrid components. The relativistic spin wave functions of mesons and hybrids are constructed based on unitary representations of the Lorentz group. The radial wave functions are obtained from phenomenological considerations of the mass operator. Fully relativistic results (with Wigner rotations) differ significantly from nonrelativistic ones. We also find that the decay channels {pi}{sub 1}{yields}{pi}b{sub 1},{pi}f{sub 1},KK{sub 1} are favored, in agreement with results obtained using other models.
The Wideband Slope of Interference Channels: The Large Bandwidth Case

It is well known that minimum received energy per bit Eb/N0|min in the interference channel is -1.59 dB as if there were no interference. Thus, the best way to mitigate interference is to operate the interference channel in the low-signal-to-noise-ratio ( SNR) regime. However, when the SNR is small but nonzero, Eb/N0|min alone does not characterize performance. Verdu introduced the wideband slope S0 to characterize the performance in this regime. We show that a wideband slope of S0/S0, no interference = 1/2 is achievable. This result is similar to recent results on degrees of freedom in the high-SNR regime, and we use a type of interference alignment using delays to obtain the result. We also show that in many cases, the wideband slope is upper bounded by S0/S0, no interference ≤ 1/2 for large number of users K.
Potential impact of ADHD with stimulant medication label on teacher expectations.

Objective: The present study investigated how teachers rated children’s Behavior, IQ, and Personality contingent on the presence or absence of an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) label. Method: Teachers from K-12 read a hypothetical description of either a male or female child with no label, an ADHD label, or an ADHD with stimulant treatment label. Teachers responded to 30, 7-point Likert rating scales anchored with descriptors related to Behavior, IQ, and Personality. Results: Teachers rated the child with an ADHD label and ADHD with stimulant treatment label significantly less favorably than the child with no label. Results partially supported that teachers rated the child with an ADHD label significantly less favorably than the child with an ADHD with stimulant treatment label. Conclusion: Teachers rated the children with ADHD and ADHD with stimulant treatment label less favorably than the child with no label. Implications for educators and future research are discussed.
FORAGING TRADE-OFFS ALONG A PREDATOR–PERMANENCE GRADIENT IN SUBALPINE WETLANDS

We conducted a series of field and laboratory experiments to determine the direct and indirect effects of a top predator, the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum), on larvae of two species of limnephilid caddisflies (Limnephilus externus and Asynarchus nigriculus) in subalpine wetlands in central Colorado. Asynarchus larvae pre- dominate in temporary wetlands and are aggressive intraguild predators on Limnephilus larvae, which only predominate in permanent basins with salamanders. We first conducted a field experiment in mesocosms (cattle tanks) to quantify the predatory effects of different life stages of salamanders on the two caddisfly species. Two life stages of the salamanders (larvae and paedomorphs) preferentially preyed on Asynarchus relative to Limnephilus. Subsequent laboratory experiments revealed that high Asynarchus activity rates and rela- tively ineffective antipredatory behaviors led to higher salamander detection and attack rates compared to Limnephilus. In a second field experiment (full factorial for presence and absence of each of the three species), we found that salamander predation on Asynarchus had an indirect positive effect on Limnephilus: survival was higher in the presence of salamanders + Asynarchus than with just Asynarchus. In the laboratory we compared the predatory effects of salamanders with and without their mouths sewn shut and found the observed indirect positive effect on Limnephilus survival to be mainly the result of reduced numbers of Asynarchus rather than salamander-induced changes in Asynarchus behavior. We argue that indirect effects of predator-predator interactions on shared prey will be mainly density-mediated and not trait-mediated when one of the predators (in this case, Asynarchus) is under strong selection for rapid growth and therefore does not modify foraging behaviors in response to the other predator. The reciprocal dominance of Lim- nephilus and Asynarchus in habitats with and without salamanders probably reflects a trade- off between competitive superiority and vulnerability to predation. The high activity levels and aggressiveness that enable Asynarchus to complete development in temporary habitats result in strong asymmetric competition (via intraguild predation) with Limnephilus. In permanent habitats these same behaviors increase Asynarchus vulnerability to salamander predation, which indirectly benefits Limnephilus. This and previous work implicate sala- manders as keystone predators that exert a major influence on the composition of benthic and planktonic assemblages in subalpine wetlands.
Constructive interference in parallel algorithms

Parallel algorithms are developed in the setting of iterative multilevel methods. The constituent parts of the algorithms are dependent rather than independent as in conventional parallel algorithms. We develop cases and conditions wherein this dependence generates a constructive interference in the computation. The resulting parallel algorithms can then be more efficient than serial counterparts.
Analysis of Permanent Faults in Transaction Level SystemC Models

Since SoC systems are typically used for critical scenarios, it is desirable to analyze the impact of faults on them. However, fault-impact analysis is difficult due to the high integrity of SoC systems and different levels of abstraction provided by modern system design languages such as SystemC. In this paper, we present a method for modeling and analyzing permanent faults in SystemC TLM programs. The proposed method includes three steps, namely timed model extraction, fault modeling, and fault analysis. We use UPPAAL timed automata to formally model the SystemC TLM programs and monitor how the models behave in the presence of faults. A case study is also provided to better explain our proposed approach.
Effect of solar eclipse on the behavior of a captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

A captive group of chimpanzees, housed in an outdoor compound at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, was observed during the annular solar eclipse of May 30, 1984. The behavior of each animal was recorded using an instantaneous scan-sampling technique (Altmann: Behaviour 49:227–265, 1974). Beginning 2 days prior to the eclipse and continuing through the day following the eclipse, data were collected from 1100 to 1300 hours daily. At 1214 hours on the day of the eclipse, when the sky began to darken and the temperature began to decrease, solitary females and females with infants moved to the top of a climbing structure. As the eclipse progressed, additional chimpanzees began to congregate on the climbing structure and to orient their bodies in the direction of the sun and moon. At 1223 hours, during the period of maximum eclipse, the animals continued to orient their bodies toward the sun and moon and to turn their faces upward. One juvenile stood upright and gestured in the direction of the sun and moon. Sunlight began to increase at 1225 hours, and as it became brighter, the animals began to descend from the climbing structure. The behaviors exhibited by the group during the period of maximum eclipse were not observed prior to or following the eclipse nor as darkness approached at normal, daily sunset. These data indicate that a solar eclipse, a rare and uncommon environmental event, can influence and modulate the behavior of chimpanzees.
Self-forgiveness, spirituality, and psychological adjustment in women with breast cancer

We evaluated whether a self-forgiving attitude and spirituality were related to psychological adjustment among 81 women being treated for breast cancer at a medical oncology clinic in a county general hospital. Both a self-forgiving attitude and spirituality were unique predictors of less mood disturbance and better quality of life (p's < 0.001). These results are consistent with previous research that has demonstrated a positive relationship between spirituality and well-being. The findings also suggest that self-forgiveness should be explored experimentally to determine whether it can protect against the psychological effects of breast cancer-related stress. Interventions targeting these characteristics could improve the quality of life and alleviate stress, especially in women with breast cancer in public sector settings.
A super-parallel sorting algorithm based on neural networks

A novel neural network parallel algorithm for sorting problems is presented. The proposed algorithm using O(n/sup 2/) processors requires only two steps, and does not depend on the size of the problem, while the conventional parallel sorting algorithm using O(n) processors by F.T. Leighton (1984) needs the computation time O(log n/sup 2/). A set of simulation results substantiates the proposed algorithm. The hardware system based on the proposed parallel algorithm is also presented. >
Ionospheric Effects of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Impacts with Jupiter

Abstract We study the thermosphere and ionosphere effects of the July 1994 Comet P/Shoemaker–Levy 9 impacts with Jupiter using a one-dimensional transport model which includes detailed neutral–neutral and ion-neutral chemistry and diffusive vertical transport for a variety of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen molecular species observed at the time of the impacts. The model uses a background neutral atmosphere based on the temperature profile obtained from Galileo probe measurements and a basic ionospheric model which satisfies current observational constraints on electron and H + 3 densities. After the influx of impact-related neutral species into the ionosphere, new ion species such as S + , H 3 CS + , and NH 4 + (and in some cases H 3 O + , SO + , and HCO + ) appear along with the usual ionospheric species. Our model predicts that S + begins to control the density of the ionospheric peak some hours after impact. The H + 3 column density decreases by a factor ranging from 5 to 100, depending on the amount of water present. This is consistent with most non-auroral observations of H + 3 emission during and just after the impact period. The model predicts electron density column enhancements of up to a factor of 10 for post-impact times less than a few days as well as significant abundances of S 2 at the Galileo observational epoch, though at altitudes below ionospheric levels. Perhaps of more general interest is the compilation, presented here, of the ionospheric mechanisms involved in a comprehensive sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen chemical model which may be of considerable use in future studies of ablation or particle precipitation in any hydrogen-dominated outer-planet ionosphere.
Confocal spectroscopy allows investigation of Photofrin bleaching kinetics during photodynamic therapy

We examine the bleaching kinetics of the photosensitizer Photofrin® using spectrally-resolved fluorescence measurements in optical sections of multicell tumor spheroids during photodynamic therapy. The results suggest that Photofrin photodegrades via two simultaneous bleaching mechanisms, and their relative importance is dependent on the initial Photofrin concentration.
Spider Minor Ampullate Silk Proteins Are Constituents of Prey Wrapping Silk in the Cob Weaver Latrodectus hesperus

Spiders spin high performance fibers with diverse biological functions and mechanical properties. Molecular and biochemical studies of spider prey wrapping silks have revealed the presence of the aciniform silk fibroin AcSp1-like. In our studies we demonstrate the presence of a second distinct polypeptide present within prey wrapping silk. Combining matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry and reverse genetics, we have isolated a novel gene called MiSp1-like and demonstrate that its protein product is a constituent of prey wrap silks from the black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus. BLAST searches of the NCBInr protein database using the amino acid sequence of MiSp1-like revealed similarity to the conserved C-terminal domain of silk family members. In particular, MiSp1-like showed the highest degree of sequence similarity to the nonrepetitive C-termini of published orb-weaver minor ampullate fibroin molecules. Analysis of the internal amino acid sequence of the ...
Water adsorption constrained Frenkel–Halsey–Hill adsorption activation theory: Montmorillonite and illite

Fresh mineral aerosol has recently been found to be effective cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and contribute to the number of cloud droplets in the atmosphere due to the effect of water adsorption on CCN activation. The work described here uses experimental water adsorption measurements on Na-montmorillonite and illite clay to determine empirical adsorption parameters that can be used in a recently derived theoretical framework (Frenkel–Halsey–Hill Activation Theory, FHH-AT) that accounts for the effect of water adsorption on CCN activation. Upon fitting the Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH) adsorption model to water adsorption measurements, we find FHH adsorption parameters, AFHH and BFHH, to be 98 ± 22 and 1.79 ± 0.11 for montmorillonite and 75 ± 17 and 1.77 ± 0.11 for illite, respectively. The AFHH and BFHH values obtained from water adsorption measurements differ from values reported previously determined by applying FHH-AT to CCN activation measurements. Differences in FHH adsorption parameters were attributed to different methods used to obtain them and the hydratable nature of the clays. FHH adsorption parameters determined from water adsorption measurements were then used to calculate the critical super-saturation (sc) for CCN activation using FHH-AT. The relationship between sc and the dry particle diameter (Ddry) gave CCN activation curve exponents (xFHH) of −0.61 and −0.64 for montmorillonite and illite, respectively. The xFHH values were slightly lower than reported previously for mineral aerosol. The lower exponent suggests that the CCN activity of hydratable clays is less sensitive to changes in Ddry and the hygroscopicity parameter exhibits a broader variability with Ddry compared to more soluble aerosols. Despite the differences in AFHH, BFHH and xFHH, the FHH-AT derived CCN activities of montmorillonite and illite are quite similar to each other and in excellent agreement with experimental CCN measurements resulting from wet-generated clay aerosol. This study illustrates that FHH-AT using adsorption parameters constrained by water adsorption is a simple, valid method for predicting CCN activation of fresh clay minerals and provides parameters that can be used in atmospheric models to study the effect of mineral dust aerosol on cloud formation and climate.
Believing Necessary Propositions

I wish to consider two claims discussed by Mr. Donald McQueen in his paper 'Evidence for Necessary Propositions',' (a) that 'a necessary truth has no truth-conditions, since it is unconditionally true' (p. 57), and (b), that no fact can be evidence for believing an a priori proposition. According to McQueen, although (a) is true, (b) is false. The view that (b) is false derives its appeal from the fact that it is proper language both to speak of believing a necessarily true proposition and to speak of having evidence which confirms it. The following description, for example, seems in no way to violate usage: 'Complete tables of primes of 12,000,000 and more have gradually been computed by refinements of [the method of Eratosthenes' sieve], and they provide us with a tremendous mass of empirical data concerning the distribution and properties of primes. On the basis of these tables we can make highly plausible conjectures (as though number theory were an experimental science) ..... '2 The question is whether the fact that there is no impropriety about such a description can be used to go on to the claim the necessary propositions, like empirical ones, are such that nothing in principle precludes their being believed or being rendered probable. Can the natural interpretation of statements of the form 'S believes that p' and 'It is probable that p' which disregards whether p is necessary or contingent avoid paradoxical consequences, and is there an interpretation which will escape paradox where 'p' expresses an a priori proposition? Any argument for the view that a fact, either contingent or noncontingent, can be evidence for a necessary proposition highlights similarities between a priori and empirical propositions. It is of the essence of empirical propositions that they can have a probability attached to them, that they can be confirmed by fact, and that they can be either believed or disbelieved.3 I shall try to bring out the paradox of characterizing in the same way propositions which are necessarily true or necessarily false, and go on to a reinterpretation of 'Evidence E makes p probable' and 'S believes p'. The main requirement the new interpretation must meet is that it be compatible with the fact that neither expression involves a misuse of language. As is well known, histories of mathematics report 'attempts' to trisect the angle with straight edge and compass, to duplicate the cube, to find a rational number which is the value of V;4 and everyone would agree in
Evaluation of Nano Zinc (ZnO) for Surface Enhancement of ATR–FTIR Spectra of Butter and Spread

The effect of nano zinc (ZnO) particles in surface enhancement of attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR) has been studied in butter and spread. Due to the health implications associated with consumption of trans fats, the studies also included the determination of band corresponding to trans fats of butter/spread in the nano-zinc-treated samples. The FTIR spectra of nano-zinc-treated butter showed enhancement of bands related to (―C―O, ―CH2―) at wave number 1,238 cm−1 and (O―C―C) band of esters at wave number 1,100 cm−1. Shifting in wave number to 1,150 cm−1 and reduction in its peak intensity was observed with the band corresponding to 1,162 cm−1 (―C―O stretch). Reduction in peak intensity of the bands at about 2,915 and 2,850 cm−1 (C―H groups) was also observed. In the case of spread, nano zinc reduced the peak intensities of FTIR bands at 2,915 cm−1, 2,850 cm−1 (―C―H― (CH2) stretches), 1,746 cm−1 (―C═O ester), 1,465 cm−1 (―C―H (CH2, CH3)), 1,375 cm−1 (―C―H (CH3)) and 1,156 cm−1 (C―O, ―CH2). Trans fats band corresponding to ═C―H stretch (trans bonds, 966 cm−1), was observed in pure butter and spread. Trans fatty acids in butter and spread were quantified with the aid of calibration/validation standards using trielaidin and triolein and by using partial least squares regression analysis. However, the band at 966 cm−1 was hindered in Zn-treated butter and reduced in Zn-treated spread.
The health implications of changing linoleic acid intakes

Linoleic acid is the most prominent polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the Western diet. It is virtually found in every food we eat and is the predominant PUFA in land-based meats, dairy, vegetables, vegetable oils, cereals, fruits, nuts, legumes, seeds and breads. Because linoleic acid is the metabolic precursor of arachidonic acid and bioactive eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, there is concern that dietary linoleic acid could augment tissue arachidonic acid content, eicosanoid formation and subsequently enhance the risk of and/or exacerbate conditions associated with acute and chronic diseases (i.e., cancers, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, neurological disorders, etc.). The following series of papers examines the impact of modifying dietary levels of linoleic acid on health outcomes. The authors were asked to start with current intakes of linoleic acid (adults) and determine if health outcomes would change if linoleic acid intake increased or decreased. The authors addressed changes in tissue arachidonic acid content and eicosanoid formation, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and psychiatric disorders.
Determination of total boron in soils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using microwave‐assisted digestion

Abstract A method is described in which total soil boron (B) was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES). The method is based on microwave‐assisted digestion of soil samples with nitric acid (HNO3), hydrofluoric acid (HF) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Excess HF was eliminated by adding silicon (IV) oxide (SiO2). The B 208.959 nm line was chosen as the analytical line to avoid the spectral interferences of iron (Fe). A detection limit of 0.0045 mg L‐1 was obtained with the selected analytical line under the optimized operating conditions. Four National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials (three soils and one river sediment) and four different type of practical soils were analyzed to test the reliability of the method. The total B concentration in selected samples ranged from 19 to 76 mg kg‐1. The excellent recoveries of the spike (98.5–101%) indicate that the proposed procedure is effective and feasible for the determination of t...
Spectroscopic study of inhibition of calcium oxalate calculi growth by Larrea tridentata

Urolithiasis, the category of diseases associated with the formation of kidney stones, has many causes. However, only a few have been documented as aggravating calculi depositions and aggregations. This amply justifies continued work in developing effective and efficient inhibition and treatment techniques. The recent resurgence in reviews on plant antiurolithiatic activity has given credence to the application of modern spectroscopic analysis, and has led us to this study. Results obtained from Raman and infrared (IR) absorption analysis of inhibited calculi growth resulting from laboratory synthesis of calcium oxalate crystals accompanied by the natural infusion of Larrea tridentata are reported. A visible decrease in calcium oxalate crystal growth with increasing amounts of L. tridentata herbal infusion was observed in photomicrographs, as well as a color change from white-transparent for pure crystals to light orange-brown for crystals with inhibitor. Both Raman and IR absorption spectra reveal a monohydrate structure for the crystals grown alone, which transform to a dihydrate morphology with the addition of the L. tridentata inhibitor. Furthermore, the resulting data support the possibilities of the influences, in this complex process, of the nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and its derivative compounds from L. tridentata and the bonding of the magnesium of the inhibitor with the oxalate ion on the surface of the calculi crystals. This assumption corroborates well with the micrographs obtained under higher magnification, which show that the separated small crystallites consist of a darker brownish core, which we attribute to the dominance of growth inhibition by NDGA, surrounded by light transparent thin shells, which possibly correspond to passivation of the crystals by magnesium oxalate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact technique for weighting function calculation in 3D cone-beam reconstruction

The exact weighting function in 3D image reconstruction from 2D projections with cone beam geometry is obtained as the volume of intersection of a pyramidal ray with a cubic voxel. This intersection yields a convex polyhedron whose faces are formed by either the side of the pyramid or the voxel face. For each face of a voxel, we maintain a vertex link map. When one of the four pyramidal ray planes clips the voxel, we obtain a new face and a set of new vertices, while updating existing faces and their vertex link maps. Progressively clipping the voxel by the necessary ray planes yields the intersection polyhedron, whose faces and vertices are provided by the face list and its associated vertex link maps. To generate the weight, the volume of the polyhedron is calculated by dividing the polyhedron into tetrahedrons, whose volumes are summed. The exact calculated weights were used to reconstruct 3D vascular images from simulated data using a ROI (region of interest) limited ART (algebraic reconstruction technique). Comparing the results to those obtained from length approximation indicates that more accurate reconstruction could be achieved from the weights calculated with the new method.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Proposed Disaster Literacy Model

Although numerous government, nonprofit, and relief organizations have endeavored to educate and prepare the American public for disasters, adults with physical, mental, and educational disabilities remain among the most vulnerable and least prepared subgroups of the population. The lack of alignment between the literacy demands of existing disaster preparedness and recovery materials and the literacy skills of many vulnerable subgroups limits their ability to understand and effectively use potentially life-saving information. We review the literature on literacy and vulnerable populations, propose a new model for disaster literacy, and describe opportunities for incorporating best practices into planning and preparedness activities. Disaster literacy is defined here as an individual's ability to read, understand, and use information to make informed decisions and follow instructions in the context of mitigating, preparing, responding, and recovering from a disaster. Recommendations are made for developing and evaluating disaster communication materials for vulnerable populations. To meet and improve the disaster literacy of vulnerable populations we suggest pilot-testing and evaluation be routinely used to inform selection of media type, message, and point of contact.
Circulatory and vestibular implications of central angiotensin mechanisms in physiological adaptation to weightlessness

The discovery of an iso-renin angiotensin (AII) system within the central nervous system (CNS) led investigators to theorize a physiological and/or pathological role for the central actions of AII. Activation of central AII receptors in specific brain regions elicits antidiuretic, dipsogenic and pressor responses subsequently producing net body fluid retention. Removal of hydrostatic forces during weightlessness causes a massive translocation of body fluids to the thoraco-abdominal region; physiological adaptation to such a change is manifested as adipsia and net body fluid loss. It is suggested that these events may result from a decrease in the CNS-mediated effects of AII due to suppression of circulating AII levels. Depressed AII activity in the area postrema (AP) may also be responsible for the atypical nausea characteristic of space sickness.
Planning HRD Interventions; What, Why, and How

There is a large body of literature on the instructional design process but little information about the planning practices of Human Resource Development (HRD) practitioners, those who may be devising training or organization development interventions. This article describes qualitative research conducted on the planning processes of five experienced HRD practitioners. Results indicate that subjects had similar mental models of the planning process, portraying the general framework as: a) discerning the desired outcomes, b) understanding the current situation, and c) designing a process to meet the needs. They characterized the planning process as holistic and iterative, involving the use of scenarios, and paradoxical in nature. This paper will identify how the subjects' values, beliefs, and principles of practice influenced their planning. It will also describe techniques used by the subjects to enhance their planning, which involved activating internal resources (prior experience), seeking external resources (reading, talking to others), and tapping into their subconscious for insights or answers. Implications for education, practice, and further research on the planning practices of HRD practitioners will be proposed.
Viscous slipstream flow downstream of a centerline Mach reflection

Viscous slipstream flow downstream of triple shock wave intersection in supersonic diffuser air flow, using Pitot and static pressure probe measurements
Properties of two Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolates obtained from the microbial pesticide Gypchek

Abstract Two Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolates, 5–6 and A2-1, differing in the phenotypic characteristic of the number of viral occlusions in infected cells, were obtained from a production lot of the microbial pesticide Gypchek and several of their replication properties were investigated and compared. Budded virus titer produced in cell culture, polyhedral inclusion body production in cell culture and in vivo, the number of virions present within occlusion body cross sections, and potency determinations suggest that isolate 5–6 is a few polyhedra plaque variant and that A2-1 is a many polyhedra wild-type isolate.
A Human Factors Simulation Tool for Stereoscopic Displays

The increasing complexity of advanced display systems places increased importance on simulation tools. Display simulation tools allow the development of displays with the desired balance of image quality and end cost while reducing the time and cost otherwise associated with iterative testing of physical prototypes. In addition, simulation offers the advantage of permitting demonstration of display systems to targeted users and decision makers early in the display design cycle, allowing for more feedback in the design process. A new display simulation tool is described in this paper with the capability of simulating advanced electronic stereoscopic displays. To illustrate the use of this tool, an evaluation of a simulated stereoscopic head-mounted display is reported. Surgeons viewed stereoscopic laparoscopic imagery and rated the acceptability of display gray scale, resolution, and field of view. Clear preferences were seen for levels of each of these parameters. Simulations such as the one described in ...
In situ observation of protein phosphorylation by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy

Although the biological significance of protein phosphorylation in cellular signaling is widely appreciated, methods to directly detect these post-translational modifications in situ are lacking. Here we introduce the application of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy for observing de novo protein phosphorylation in vitro and in Xenopus laevis egg extracts and whole live oocyte cells. We found that the stepwise modification of adjacent casein kinase 2 (CK2) substrate sites within the viral SV40 large T antigen regulatory region proceeded in a defined order and through intermediate substrate release. This kinase mechanism contrasts with a more intuitive mode of CK2 action in which the kinase would remain substrate bound to perform both modification reactions without intermediate substrate release. For cellular signaling pathways, the transient availability of partially modified CK2 substrates could exert important switch-like regulatory functions.
Large deviations for the maxima of some random fields

Abstract : Several statistical problems which involve the distribution of the maximum of Gaussian random fields are described. Specific examples are the pinned Brownian sheet and a Brownian bridge with 'reflection', which arises in certain change point problems. In these concrete cases the method of Pickands (1969, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.) is adapted to give large deviation probabilities for the maximum, both for continuous and for discrete indexing sets. A different method is used to give a second order correction for the reflected Brownian bridge and hence for reflected Brownian motion. The numerical accuracy of the approximations is studied via simulation.
On the assumption of vanishing temperature fluctuations at the wall for heat transfer modeling

Boundary conditions for fluctuating wall temperature are required for near-wall heat transfer modeling. However, their correct specifications for arbitrary thermal boundary conditions are not clear. The conventional approach is to assume zero fluctuating wall temperature or zero gradient for the temperature variance at the wall. These are idealized specifications and the latter condition could lead to an ill posed problem for fully-developed pipe and channel flows. In this paper, the validity and extent of the zero fluctuating wall temperature condition for heat transfer calculations is examined. The approach taken is to assume a Taylor expansion in the wall normal coordinate for the fluctuating temperature that is general enough to account for both zero and non-zero value at the wall. Turbulent conductivity is calculated from the temperature variance and its dissipation rate. Heat transfer calculations assuming both zero and non-zero fluctuating wall temperature reveal that the zero fluctuating wall temperature assumption is in general valid. The effects of non-zero fluctuating wall temperature are limited only to a very small region near the wall.