cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a fixed capacity limit in attending multiple locations

A classic question concerns whether humans can attend multiple locations or objects at once. Although it is generally agreed that the answer to this question is “yes,” the limits on this ability are subject to extensive debate. According to one view, attentional resources can be flexibly allocated to a variable number of locations, with an inverse relationship between the number of selected locations and the quality of information processing at each location. Alternatively, these resources might be quantized in a “discrete” fashion that enables concurrent access to a small number of locations. Here, we report a series of experiments comparing these alternatives. In each experiment, we cued participants to attend a variable number of spatial locations and asked them to report the orientation of a single, briefly presented target. In all experiments, participants’ orientation report errors were well-described by a model that assumes a fixed upper limit in the number of locations that can be attended. Conversely, report errors were poorly described by a flexible-resource model that assumes no fixed limit on the number of locations that can be attended. Critically, we showed that these discrete limits were predicted by cue-evoked neural activity elicited before the onset of the target array, suggesting that performance was limited by selection processes that began prior to subsequent encoding and memory storage. Together, these findings constitute novel evidence supporting the hypothesis that human observers can attend only a small number of discrete locations at an instant.
Coping with Aids: A Longitudinal Study

The goals of this longitudinal, prospective study were to 1) examine coping strategies of HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) injecting drug users; 2) study the relationship of earlier social support to later coping in HIV+ men; and 3) examine the effects of earlier coping strategies on later psychosocial function. The authors studied 287 men given a structured questionnaire at two points in time. HIV+ subjects scored higher than HIV-subjects on measures of AIDS-related adaptive coping (social support) and AIDS-related maladaptive coping (aggression), but not on general coping. General coping was not specifically AIDS-related, but was correlated positively with adaptive coping and negatively with maladaptive coping. These results suggest that earlier general coping is related to the later avoidance of maladaptive coping, and they have specific implications for teaching preventive strategies. AIDS-related adaptive or maladaptive coping techniques may be used simultaneously, and coping behavior may ...
A Memory-Constrained Scalability Metric

A performance evaluation metric called CMP scalability is introduced This metric is useful in analyzing performance of a parallel algorithm as the number of processors grows but the memory size per processor is fixed. The CMP scalability metric is derived for the parallel Matrix Multiplication (MM). Gauss Jordan Elimination (GJE), and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). These examples show that the CMP scalability metric and the isoefficiency metric really address different aspects of scalability and could lead to very different conclusions. According to the CMP scalability analysis FFT is more scalable than GJE. Interestingly, conclusions drawn from the isoefficiency analysis are quite the opposite. The CMP scalability metric, and so also the isoefficiency metric, is a function indicating the asymptotic behavior as the number of processors becomes large. However, the CMP analysis can also help to analyze the performance of an algorithm on a given architecture with a limited number of processors. We present such an analysis of the three algorithms on a 16K processor MasPar MP-1 machine.
A low cost instrument for “thinning” self-directed schedules of reinforcement

An inexpensive, easily constructed device is described for individuals to “thin” their own schedule of reinforcement in programs of self-management. The device is inconspicuous and is easily modified to meet individual needs.
Division of labor in transhydrogenase by alternating proton translocation and hydride transfer

NADPH/NADP+ (the reduced form of NADP+/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) homeostasis is critical for countering oxidative stress in cells. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (TH), a membrane enzyme present in both bacteria and mitochondria, couples the proton motive force to the generation of NADPH. We present the 2.8 A crystal structure of the transmembrane proton channel domain of TH from Thermus thermophilus and the 6.9 A crystal structure of the entire enzyme (holo-TH). The membrane domain crystallized as a symmetric dimer, with each protomer containing a putative proton channel. The holo-TH is a highly asymmetric dimer with the NADP(H)–binding domain (dIII) in two different orientations. This unusual arrangement suggests a catalytic mechanism in which the two copies of dIII alternatively function in proton translocation and hydride transfer.
Neural networks on the basis of the sample method

This paper describes the procedure of creating a neural network on the basis of the “etalon” (sample) method. The algorithm for the calculation of the weight table for the neural network connections is adduced and doesn’t need network training. The technology of the optimum creation of the neural network layers is described. The possibility is pointed out to use such an approach for the recognition of curves and symbolic images. An algorithm for the optimal selection of samples from a tested data set is adduced.
Hydrothermal serpentinization of peridotite within the oceanic crust: Experimental investigations of mineralogy and major element chemistry

Abstract Mantle derived ultramafic rocks form a significant portion of lithosphere created at slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges. These rocks are ubiquitously serpentinized, due at least in part to interaction with seawater, at temperatures below approximately 500°C. To evaluate reaction pathways, primary mineral reaction rates, major element exchange between rock and solution, and alteration mineral formation, interaction of equigranular peridotites with seawater and seawater derived solutions has been investigated experimentally at 200°C and 300°C, 500 bars. Seawater chemistry changed greatly during the experiments. Initially, the concentrations of Mg, Ca, and SO4 decreased, as did pH. During Iherzolite experiments, however, the trend of dissolved Ca concentrations reversed with time, first decreasing, then increasing. pH also increased during the latter part of the experiments. Mg, Ca, SiO2, Fe, Cl and ΣCO2 decreased as pH increased FeII oxidation is shown to be affected by solution pH, being greatly enhanced under alkaline conditions. Resulting solution composition and reaction pathway are dependent on initial solution composition, particularly initial concentrations of Mg in solution. Consistent with changes in solution chemistry, the peridotites were significantly altered. Substantial amounts of olivine, relatively minor amounts of diopside and all the enstatite dissolved. Alteration products included serpentine + anhydrite ± magnesium hydroxide sulfate hydrate ± magnetite ± brucite ± tremolite-actinolite or truscottite. From the changes in solution chemistry and examination of the alteration products, the reaction rates (moles per unit time) of olivine to enstatite to diopside during 300°C Iherzolite-seawater experiments are estimated to be approximately 1.0/1.0/0.1. These rates correspond to constant surface area rates of 1.5:5:1 (moles per unit time per unit surface area), which are consistent with experimental data on the dissolution kinetics of these minerals and emphasize the importance of initial rock texture on reaction rates.
Ion beam modification of aromatic polymers

Abstract We studied the optical, mechanical and thermal properties of aromatic polymer films which had been irradiated with 1 MeV H + , H 2 + and He + ions. The examined aromatic polymers were polyetherether ketone (PEEK), polyetherimide (PEI), polycther sulfon (PES), polysulfon (PSF), and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS). The optical densities at 300 nm of PES greatly increased after the irradiation. The optical densities at 400 nm of all the examined polymer linearly increased with the irradiation dose. Elongations of all the polymers at room temperature were reduced after irradiation. The PEEK film which had been irradiated with 1 MeV H + was not deformed above the melting point. This demonstrates that cross-linking occurs in PEEK films by ion beam irradiation. As for the effects, depending on the mass of the irradiated ions, it was found that the ions with a high mass induced larger effects on the arematic polymers for the same absorption energy.
Acoustically mediated individual recognition by a coral reef fish (Pomacentrus partitus)

Abstract Acoustically mediated individual recognition has been demonstrated in the field by males of the bicolor damselfish Pomacentrus partitus Poey. Playbacks of non-resident sounds from a given fish's territory elicited a greater response from its nearest neighbour than playbacks of the resident's sound—in accordance with the predictions of the ‘dear-enemy’ effect. Testing also included switching the sounds of the two nearest neighbours relative to each respective male's territory. Results demonstrated that all males in the colony individually recognized the sounds of their two nearest neighbours.
Cataloguing Internet resources: the library approach

Many approaches have been taken by different groups to collect, organise, archive, disseminate and preserve electronic resources on Internet. Some projects, such as WebCrawler, Lycos, etc., purport to index or organise the electronic resources automatically. Another approach, led by the Clearinghouse for Subject‐Oriented Internet Resource Guides, involves human intelligence to identify and compile Internet resources by subjects for public access. The third category is the traditional library cataloguing approach. This paper demonstrates the benefits of the MARC formats, the importance of the integration of information resources, and the guarantee of public access as the major reasons for using the traditional cataloguing approach to organise Internet resources. Since cataloguing the Internet is a huge project, and various groups are involved in this process, the roles of each related group are discussed.
Bi-velocity hydrodynamics. Multicomponent fluids

Abstract Previous work, limited to single-component fluids, demonstrating the need for not one but two independent velocity fields in order to quantify mass, momentum and energy continuum fluid mechanics and transport processes, is here extended to include multicomponent mixtures. These multicomponent results and conclusions, which are supported molecularly by the Boltzmann equation, are also closely supported by the macroscopic contributions of the “Russian school” of generalized nonequilibrium thermodynamics (GNT), despite the fact that GNT is founded upon classical, single-velocity (“monovelocity”) fluid mechanics. Our bi-velocity theory, for both single- and multicomponent fluids, is shown to predict the existence of mechanodiffusion phenomena, the latter referring to coupling arising between diffuse momentum transport (embodied in the fluid’s viscous stress tensor) and species or energy diffusion stemming respectively from gradients in species concentration and temperature. Previously, except primarily for the work of the Russian school, mechanodiffusion phenomena were believed to be noncontinuum in nature, at least in the case of gases. Our work, as well as that of the Russian school, places mechanodiffusion phenomena on the same continuum level as thermodiffusion phenomena (the latter referring to conventional Ludwig-Soret and Dufour thermal diffusion effects). The net effect of our findings is the conclusion that the Navier–Stokes–Fourier–Fick equation set can no longer be regarded as fully descriptive of the behavior of fluid continua owing to its failure to address mechanodiffusion phenomena.
Gliotoxin‐induced changes in rat liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy

Background Hepatic non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), encompassing hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), macrophages and endothelial cells, synthesize new hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) during liver regeneration (LR), and also play an important function in matrix production at the end of regeneration. Aims The aim of this study was to determine whether ablating NPCs either during hepatocyte proliferation or during matrix resynthesis will have any effect on LR. Methods Rats were injected with either gliotoxin (which induces NPC apoptosis) or vehicle control at various stages during partial hepatectomy (PH). NPCs and hepatocytes were also treated in vitro with gliotoxin. Results Proliferating cells were abundant in control livers 24 h after PH, while in gliotoxin-treated rats, mitosis was absent, apoptotic NPCs were apparent and HGF was decreased. In vitro studies demonstrated a > 50% decrease in cell viability in NPC cultures, while hepatocyte viability and proliferation were unaffected. Chronic elimination of NPCs over a period of 5 days after PH led to increased desmin-positive HSCs and fewer alpha smooth muscle actin-expressing HSCs. Finally, there was continued proliferation of hepatocytes and decreased collagen I and TGF-β when HSCs, the matrix-producing NPCs, were ablated during later stages of LR. Conclusions Ablation of NPCs at early time points after PH interferes with liver regeneration, while their ablation at late stages causes impairment in the termination of LR, demonstrating a time-dependent regulatory role of NPCs in the regenerative process.
Child Care Policy Research

This paper reviews current policy issues in child care in the United States. Recent statistics on the demand for and supply of child care in the United States from national surveys show that, even though there may be selective shortages, overall there is an adequate supply of child care for preschoolers. Today, the most important issues are not supply per se but the quality and cost of care, and freedom of choice. The paper describes the market for child care from the point of view of the somewhat conflicting interests of parents, providers, children, and government. It focuses on the trade-off between quality and cost, the effects of child care on children, the role of the government, and the effects of federal intervention. Finally, the nature of policy research is discussed with reference to the papers in this journal issue.
Target Size, Location, Sampling Point and Instructional Set: More Effects on Touch Panel Operation:

Accuracy of input using touch panel devices is affected by a number of variables which include device type, target size, and target location. It was also hypothesized that instructional set should influence performance. A screening experiment using a central-composite design (CCD) was conducted to further examine the effects of target position and size upon accuracy of the touch input. Results suggest that error for right-handed users is least near the resting position of the hand (lower right corner of display) and that shortest response times could also be obtained there. Variations in size were more likely to affect error in the y axis and quadratic effects were present. It was also found that although instructions requiring higher precision of input from the operator did not substantially affect bias error, they did produce a reduction in variable error. It is recommended that for applications having established key input areas, positions along the lower and right-hand borders of the control/display u...
A simulation-based investigation of errors in accounting-based surrogates for internal rate of return

Accounting-based measures of a firm's ex post performance represent accessible, albeit imperfect, surrogates for its internal rate of return (IRR). Using a cross-sectional data set obtained via computer simulation, this study calculated the error with which the accounting rate of return (ARR) and conditional estimate of internal rate of return (CIRR) estimate IRR. The study compared the error with which both surrogates measure IRR, as well as the ability of growth in unit demand (gD), inventory cost flow assumption (INV) and depreciation method (DEP) to explain the measurement error in both surrogates.
Effects of Substrate Type and Other Factors on the Growth, Survival, and Cannibalism of Juvenile Homarus Americanus in Mass Rearing Systems1

Mass rearing experiments were conducted as part of our effort to develop effective techniques for commercial culture of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the post-larval stage to adult market size. A preliminary study on effects of food dose level in mass rearing systems is described. An experiment was conducted to determine effects of substrate or shelter type on growth, survival, and cannibalism in juveniles. Fourth-stage larvae were stocked at densities of 210–317/m2 in mass rearing tanks with four different substrate types. After 6 months, the mean density of survivors and the mean carapace length for lobsters held in each substrate were: PVC tubes, 22/m2, 14.4 mm; rock, 24/m2, 13.9 mm; oyster shell, 30/m2, 15.0 mm; sand, 6/m2, 17.3 mm. Mortalities in in these tanks were attributed primarily to cannibalism. Based on the survivorship data, oyster shell appears to be the best culture substrate of those considered for reducing cannibalism and assuring high carrying capacity. Growth rates and aggression, as measured by claw loss, were found to be similar in all substrates tested.
High-Resolution and Low-Voltage FE-SEM Imaging and Microanalysis in Materials Characterization

Abstract Nanometer-resolution imaging in field-emission SEM (FE-SEM) instruments is now widely used in materials characterization. The use of a high-brightness field-emission gun and a high-resolution lens system makes it possible to acquire nanometer-resolution surface images at low voltages (
Ome sweet ome: what can the genome tell us about the connectome?

Some neuroscientists argue that detailed maps of synaptic connectivity – wiring diagrams – will be needed if we are to understand how the brain underlies behavior and how brain malfunctions underlie behavioral disorders. Such large-scale circuit reconstruction, which has been called connectomics, may soon be possible, owing to numerous advances in technologies for image acquisition and processing. Yet, the community is divided on the feasibility and value of the enterprise. Remarkably similar objections were voiced when the Human Genome Project, now widely viewed as a success, was first proposed. We revisit that controversy to ask if it holds any lessons for proposals to map the connectome.
Interaction of Isoniazid with Magnesium Oxide and Lactose

Interactions of isoniazid with magnesium oxide and with lactose were investigated in the solid state. In the isoniazidmagnesium oxide system, chemisorption as well as physical adsorption of isoniazid molecules onto the magnesium oxide surface was confirmed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopic data. An absorption maximum due to chemisorbed isoniazid molecules was found to occur at 325 mμ, whereas physical adsorption was detected at 268 mμ. The mechanism of surface chemisorption is different from that of the formation of the isoniazid-metal-ion complex in solution. The browning reaction of the isoniazid-lactose system in solid state was also studied using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The rates of browning at 95, 100, 105, and 110° were followed by measuring the reflectance at 450 mμ. From the data obtained, the approximate time needed for browning to be perceptible has been predicted. TLC separations of the reaction products confirmed the presence of isonicotinoyl hydrazones of lactose and hydroxymethylfurfural.
Quantitative Measurements of Grain Boundary Sliding in an Ultrafine-Grained Al Alloy by Atomic Force Microscopy

In the current study, quantitative measurements for grain boundary sliding (GBS) in ultrafine-grained (UFG) 5083 Al by atomic force microscopy (AFM) were performed. An ion beam polishing and etching technique was used to reveal grain boundaries in the alloy for AFM characterization. A comparison between the average grain sizes measured from AFM images and those estimated from transmission electron microscopy micrographs and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) maps showed excellent agreement. The vertical offset of GBS was measured by comparing predeformation and postdeformation AFM images. By analyzing these measurements, the contribution of GBS to the total tensile strain in 5083 Al was estimated as 25 pct at a strain rate of 10−4 seconds−1 and a temperature of 473 K (200 °C). It was demonstrated that the relatively low value of the contribution of GBS to the total strain is most likely the result of testing UFG 5083 Al under experimental conditions that favor the dominance of region I (low-stress region) of the sigmoidal behavior characterizing high-strain-rate superplasticity, which was reported previously for the alloy.
Factors affecting innovation in pediatric surgery: hospital type and appendectomies.

Abstract Background There are little data on whether patient or hospital characteristics affect utilization of innovative surgical techniques in children, especially with respect to laparoscopic appendectomy (LA), whose benefit over existing treatment remains unproven. This study examines the patterns of LA using a national database, focusing on variations in care between children's and general hospitals. Methods Using data from the 2000 Healthcare Costs and Utilization Project Kid's Inpatient Database for patients aged 5 to 20 years with a discharge diagnosis of appendectomy, we analyzed the relationship between LA and patient demographic and hospital characteristic variables. Results The Healthcare Costs and Utilization Project Kid's Inpatient Database included 50,825 pediatric appendectomies (26% LA) representing 97,205 cases in the nation. Children's hospitals and children's units were significantly more likely to provide LA (36% and 28%, respectively) than general hospitals (25%). Higher LA rates were also associated with greater patient age, female sex, nonperforated appendicitis, private insurance, and white patient race. The children's hospital effect compared to general hospitals (adjusted odds ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.88-2.38) and all other relationships remained significant in the multivariate model. Conclusion Utilization of LA is significantly higher in children's hospitals. Children's hospitals appear more likely to adopt innovative surgical procedures, such as LA, even when clear benefit over standard treatment has not yet emerged.
Post Prostatectomy Incontinence

Post prostatectomy incontinence is a bothersome complication of radical prostatectomy. While most men recover from initial post prostatectomy incontinence, some do not. It is important to understand the natural history of post prostatectomy incontinence as well as different measures to correct the incontinence. This manuscript will review current understanding of post prostatectomy incontinence with an emphasis on the evaluation and current management of post prostatectomy incontinence.
Binary decision diagrams and beyond: enabling technologies for formal verification

Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (OBDDs) have found widespread use in CAD applications such as formal verification, logic synthesis, and test generation. OBDDs represent Boolean functions in a form that is both canonical and compact for many practical cases. They can be generated and manipulated by efficient graph algorithms. Researchers have found that many tasks can be expressed as series of operations on Boolean functions, making them candidates for OBDD-based methods. The success of OBDDs has inspired efforts to improve their efficiency and to expand their range of applicability. Techniques have been discovered to make the representation more compact and to represent other classes of functions. This has led to improved performance on existing OBDD applications, as well as enabled new classes of problems to be solved. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art in graph-based function representations. We focus on several recent advances of particular importance for formal verification and other CAD applications.
Antinociceptive action of Light Emitting Diode in an experimental model with hyperalgesia by capsaicin

OBJECTIVE: To assess the antinociceptive effect of a light emitting diode (LED) in the acute phase of pain induced by capsaicin. METHOD: Twelve Wistar rats were used, divided into a control and an experimental group. The pain process was induced in both groups by applying 50 microliters of a 2% capsaicin solution in the plantar region of the right hind limb. In the experimental group, a single application of LED 627nm (70mw, 7 Joules/cm2 dose) was also applied. Nociception was assessed 30 minutes and 24 hours after LED application using a digital analgesymeter (Von Frey). RESULTS: Twenty four hours after irradiation, an increase in the nociceptive threshold was observed in the LED group in comparison to the 30 min level, as well as in the inter-group comparison. CONCLUSIONS: The use of LED can be considered as a non-invasive analgesic method as it increases of the nociceptive threshold 24 hours after pain is induced.
Emoting with their feet: Bohemian attraction to creative milieu

Creative class theory posits that creative people are attracted to places most conducive to creative activity. The association of the share of employment in the arts with various indicators of economic dynamism provides plausible support for this conjecture. We explicitly test this conjecture by modeling the 1990 share of employment in the arts at the county level, and then use the residual from this regression to explain differences in various measures of economic dynamism between 1990 and 2000. Our results support the hypothesis that an unobserved creative milieu that attracts artists increases local economic dynamism.
Modeling Volatile Organic Compound Sorption in Activated Carbon. II: Multicomponent Equilibrium

A new approach is presented for modeling multicomponent volatile organic compound (VOC) sorption equilibrium in ultra- and supernanoporous activated carbons. The model uses “Dubinin.Astakhov thermal equation of equilibrium adsorption” (DA-TEEA) for single-component adsorption thermodynamics and “ideal/real adsorbed solution theories” (IAST/RAST) for the multicomponent mixing rules. Use of the Henry’s Law adsorption isotherm resolves the singularity of DA-TEEA at zero-coverage conditions. The introduced method predicts multicomponent adsorption equilibria of VOCs based on equilibrium data of only one similar component. Single and binary adsorption equilibria of acetone and benzene vapors in Kynol ACFC-5092-20 activated-carbon-fiber-cloth adsorbents are predicted with the presented models and compared with modeled and measured characterization data available in the literature. The Wilson model for nonideal binary solution mixtures is used to predict the activity coefficients needed in DA-TEEA/RAST. Modeled results are compared against measured characterization data. The selected Henry’s Law upper-bound pressure (HUBP) is found to be an important factor controlling the accuracy of the multicomponent equilibrium models. An optimum HUBP can generate highly accurate results from both DA-TEEA/IAST and DA-TEEA/RAST. The accuracy realized by applying this method to acetone.benzene mixtures is sufficient for engineering design and development purposes.
Pathways of Rb+ Influx and Their Relation to Intracellular [Na+] in the Perfused Rat Heart : A 87Rb and 23Na NMR Study

Abstract The aims of this study were to characterize the routes of influx of the K + congener, Rb + , into cardiac cells in the perfused rat heart and to evaluate their links to the intracellular Na + concentration ([Na + ] i ) using 87 Rb and 23 Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The rate constant for Rb + equilibration in the extracellular space was 8.5 times higher than that for the intracellular space. The sensitivity of the rate of Rb + accumulation in the intracellular space of the perfused rat heart to the inhibitors of the K + and Na + transport systems has been analyzed. The Rb + influx rates were measured in both beating and arrested hearts: both procaine (5 mmol/L) and lidocaine (1 mmol/L) halved the Rb + influx rate. In procaine-arrested hearts, the Na + ,K + -ATPase inhibitor ouabain (0.6 mmol/L) decreased Rb + influx by 76±24% relative to that observed in untreated but arrested hearts. Rb + uptake was insensitive to the K + channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (1 mmol/L). The inhibitor of Na + /K + /2 Cl − cotransport bumetanide (30 μmol/L) decreased Rb + uptake only slightly (by 9±8%). Rb + uptake was dependent on [Na + ] i : it increased by 58±34% when [Na + ] i was increased with the Na + ionophore monensin (1 μmol/L) and decreased by 48±9% when [Na + ] i was decreased by the Na + channel blockers procaine and lidocaine. Dimethylamiloride (15 to 20 μmol/L), an inhibitor of the Na + /H + exchanger, slightly reduced [Na + ] i and Rb + entry into the cardiomyocytes (by 15±5%). 31 P NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the energetic state and intracellular pH (pH i ) in a parallel series of hearts. Treatment of the hearts with lidocaine, 4-aminopyridine, dimethylamiloride, or bumetanide for 15 to 20 minutes at the same concentrations as used for the Rb + and Na + experiments did not markedly affect the levels of the phosphate metabolites or pH i . These data show that under normal physiological conditions, Rb + influx occurs mainly through Na + ,K + -ATPase; the contribution of the Na + /K + /2 Cl − cotransporter and K + channels to Rb + influx is small. The correlation between Rb + influx and [Na + ] i during infusion of drugs that affect [Na + ] i indicates that, in rat hearts at 37°C, Rb + influx can serve as a measure of Na + influx. We estimate that, at normothermia, at least 50% of the Na + entry into beating cardiac cells is provided by the Na + channels, with only minor contributions ( + /K + /2 Cl − cotransporter and the Na + /H + exchanger.
The psychological consequences to adolescents of exposure to gang violence in the community: an integrated review of the literature.

PROBLEM: Gang violence affects many adolescents in the United States, and there has been an increase in violent crimes against adolescents in recent years. METHOD: A literature review examined studies related to gang violence. FINDINGS: Little research has focused on adolescents' exposure to gang violence and its effects on adolescents' mental health. Adolescents develop internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors after exposure to violence; but other factors influence adolescents' exposure and reaction to violence. CONCLUSION: With the increase in gang violence over the years, more research is needed on gang violence and its effects on adolescents and their mental health. Language: en
Human NKT cells promote monocyte differentiation into suppressive myeloid antigen-presenting cells

NKT cells have been shown to promote peripheral tolerance in a number of model systems, yet the processes by which they exert their regulatory effects remain poorly understood. Here, we show that soluble factors secreted by human NKT cells instruct human peripheral blood monocytes to differentiate into myeloid APCs that have suppressive properties. NKT-instructed monocytes acquired a cell surface phenotype resembling myeloid DCs. However, whereas control DCs that were generated by culturing monocytes with recombinant GM-CSF and IL-4 had a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by the production of IL-12 with little IL-10, NKT-instructed APCs showed the opposite cytokine production profile of high IL-10 with little or no IL-12. The control DCs efficiently stimulated peripheral blood T cell IFN-γ secretion and proliferation, whereas NKT-instructed APCs silenced these T cell responses. Exposure to NKT cell factors had a dominant effect on the functional properties of the DCs, since DCs differentiated by recombinant GM-CSF and IL-4 in the presence of NKT cell factors inhibited T cell responses. To confirm their noninflammatory effects, NKT-instructed APCs were tested in an in vivo assay that depends on the activation of antigen-specific human T cells. Control DCs promoted substantial tissue inflammation; however, despite a marked neutrophilic infiltrate, there was little edema in the presence of NKT-instructed APCs, suggesting the inflammatory cascade was held in check. These results point to a novel pathway initiated by NKT cells that can contribute to the regulation of human antigen-specific Th1 responses.
A knowledge-based design environment for graphical network editors

A graphical editor design environment that incorporates and applies knowledge about application domains has been developed. The goal is to move a design environment closer toward its application. As an example of this generation of design support systems, a design environment for graphical editors in the domain of object-oriented inheritance networks is presented. In addition to the general knowledge about graphs, the system knows about inheritance mechanisms in object-oriented systems, and it knows about the nodes being classes and the links representing the superclass relation. This knowledge is used to provide guidance, critiques, and constraints. >
A Survey of the Effects of Loop Diuretics on the Zonulae Occludentes of the Perilymph-Endolymph Barrier by Freeze Fracture

The acute (30 min) effects of the loop diuretics piretanide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide, furosemide, and azosemide, and the chronic (8 days) effects of furosemide and bumetanide on the zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) of the perilymph-endolymph barrier in the stria vascularis and in Reissner's membrane of the basal coch-lear turns were studied by freeze-fracture. Quantitative analysis of their effects indicated that the structural integrity of the barrier was modified by either an increase or a decrease in the number, depth, and density of the strands of the tight junctions of the strial marginal cells. Only azosemide appeared to modify the tight junctions between the epithelial cells of Reissner's membrane, but it had little effect on the strial junctions. The tight junctions between the basal cells of the stria appeared to be the least affected by the various loop diuretics, although piretanide appeared to increase randomly the intercellular spaces lying between the strands.
The cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial: implications for antiarrhythmic drug development.

The results of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) have had an immediate and profound impact on contemporary cardiology. The CAST promises to exert considerable influence on antiarrhythmic drug development, the future design of clinical trials of antiarrhythmic therapy, and physicians' attitudes toward prescribing antiarrhythmic drugs
Comments on "The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.".

This commentary describes the impact of Carl Rogers’ classic article on the field of psychotherapy in general and on control-mastery theory and research in particular. The relevance of Rogers’ model in the current psychotherapy literature and debates is addressed as are some of the limitations of the model.
Protective Factors Associated with Preadolescent Violence: Preliminary Work on a Cultural Model

This study explores the influences of communal values, empathy, violence avoidance self-efficacy beliefs, and classmate’s fighting on violent behaviors among urban African American preadolescent boys and girls. As part of a larger intervention study, 644 low-income 5th grade students from 12 schools completed a baseline assessment that included the target constructs. Boys reported more violent behaviors, and lower levels of empathy and violence avoidance self-efficacy beliefs than girls. Path analyses revealed that, after controlling for the positive contributions of classmate’s fighting, violence avoidance self-efficacy beliefs were a negative predictor of violent behavior. Communal values had a direct negative relationship with violence for boys, but not girls. Both communal values and empathy were associated with less violent behavior through positive relationships with violence avoidance self-efficacy beliefs. For girls, classmate fighting had an indirect positive association with violent behavior through its negative relationship with violence avoidance self-efficacy beliefs. Findings are discussed in terms of implications of basic and applied research on violence among African American youth.
Lowermost mantle anisotropy and deformation along the boundary of the African LLSVP

Shear wave splitting of SK(K)S phases is often used to examine upper mantle anisotropy. In specific cases, however, splitting of these phases may reflect anisotropy in the lowermost mantle. Here we present SKS and SKKS splitting measurements for 233 event-station pairs at 34 seismic stations that sample D″ beneath Africa. Of these, 36 pairs show significantly different splitting between the two phases, which likely reflects a contribution from lowermost mantle anisotropy. The vast majority of discrepant pairs sample the boundary of the African large low shear velocity province (LLSVP), which dominates the lower mantle structure beneath this region. In general, we observe little or no splitting of phases that have passed through the LLSVP itself and significant splitting for phases that have sampled the boundary of the LLSVP. We infer that the D″ region just outside the LLSVP boundary is strongly deformed, while its interior remains undeformed (or weakly deformed).
The holy grail: a biomarker for acute rejection in liver transplantation

DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.0 * Corresponding author. Division of Transpla Street, Jackson, MS 39216. Tel.: þ1 601 518 3 E-mail address: cdanderson@umc.edu (C 0022-4804/$ e see front matter a 2013 Elsev http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2012.08.058 The National Institutes of Health defines a biomarker as a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathologic processes, and pharmacologic responses to intervention [1]. Numerous biomarkers are employed in current medical management, such as blood glucose in diabetes, creatinine levels for renal failure, and troponin levels with acute myocardial infarction. To be clinically useful, a biomarker must have ease of testing, relatively low cost, and widely available assay techniques with good reproducibility, adequate sensitivity, and high specificity. In addition, the ideal biomarker can be obtained with minimal invasiveness. Traditionally, candidate biomarkers were generally studied through hypothesis-driven approaches by selecting targets based on their postulated pathophysiologic role. More recently, advances in genomic and proteomic technologies have allowed analysis of a large number of candidate biomarkers in a relatively short amount of time. These techniques of discovery are also relatively free of investigator bias. These new high-throughput analytical tools provide the means to identify new biomarkers in all areas of medicine
Decision-making deficits among maltreated children.

Although maltreated children involved with child welfare services are known to exhibit elevated levels of health-risking behaviors, little is known about their decision-making processes leading to such tendencies. Research findings suggest that maltreated children exhibit developmental delays in neurocognitive and emotional regulation systems that could adversely impact their abilities to make decisions under conditions of risk. Whereas prior researchers have examined risky decision making as a global construct, maltreated children's decision making was examined in two contexts in the present study: potential gains and potential losses. Comparing maltreated children (n = 25) and a nonmaltreated community group (n = 112), it was found that the maltreated children showed decision-making impairments for both domains: This impairment was especially prominent in the loss domain. The maltreated children took excessive risks and were insensitive to changes in expected value. Follow-up analyses revealed that these differences were primarily associated with insensitivity to changes in outcome magnitude for the risky option. Finally, response latency analyses indicated that the maltreated children were slower to make choices, reinforcing underlying differences in decision processes between groups. These results have implications for basic and translational science. Language: en
3-nitro-tyrosine as an internal quencher of autofluorescence enhances the compatibility of fluorescence based screening of OBOC combinatorial libraries.

In the one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) combinatorial method, compounds are constructed on bead resin via split-mix library synthesis such that multiple copies of the same compound are displayed on each bead. These libraries are rapidly screened with enzyme-linked colorimetric, fluorescent, radiometric, or whole-cell binding assays. While fluorescence-based probes are powerful tools in OBOC screening, their utility is greatly limited by the intrinsic fluorescence of many commonly used solid supports, (e.g., TentaGel), residual coupling reagents, and library compounds. To overcome this problem, we topologically partitioned TentaGel resin with a thin Fmoc-protected outer layer and an unprotected inner core. The inner core was derivatized with 3-nitro-tyrosine, followed by random peptide library construction. Spectral scans from a confocal microscope showed a dramatic decrease in the autofluorescence of blank beads and OBOC peptide libraries across a broad range of the optical spectrum. The quenching capacity of 3-nitro-tyrosine was also visualized in fluorescent micrographs. Using biotin/streptavidin as a model ligand/receptor system, we demonstrated a marked increase in visibility of three commercially available fluorescent probes binding to quenched beads, and increased feasibility of using a robust and efficient fluorescence-based, bead sorting platform known as COPAS™. These data show that using 3-nitro-tyrosine as an internal quencher greatly enhances the compatibility of fluorescence-based applications and OBOC combinatorial screening.
Influence of Back Electrostatic Field on the Collection Efficiency of an Electrostatic Lunar Dust Collector

Protecting sensitive surfaces from dust deposition in the limiting condition of the lunar atmosphere is imperative for space exploration. In this study, how back electrostatic field due to charge build-up on collection plates may affect the performance of an electrostatic lunar dust collector (ELDC) was investigated. The relationships between ELDC dimensions, collection efficiency and electrical properties of lunar dust particles were derived to develop a model, appropriate for any size of the ELDC. A Lagrangian-based discrete element method (DEM) was applied to track particle trajectories, and sensitivity analyses were conducted for the concentration of the incoming particles, the number of pre-collected particles and the applied voltages. The results revealed that the collection efficiency reduced over time due to the back electrostatic field of the collected particles, which ultimately led to a suspended regime, rather than just collected and penetrated fractions considered in conventional models. The generated back electrostatic field and the cloud of suspended particles were strong enough to disrupt the performances of both the ELDC and the protected device. The maximum time ELDC can run without significant loss in collection efficiency was estimated to be 10 terrestrial days for the studied ELDC size and applied voltage. Because the electrical power was negligible compared to the provided power by the solar panels, increasing the applied voltage was found to be the best option to counteract back electrostatic growth.
Increased Insulin Translation from an Insulin Splice-Variant Overexpressed in Diabetes, Obesity, and Insulin Resistance

Type 2 diabetes occurs when pancreatic β-cells become unable to compensate for the underlying insulin resistance. Insulin secretion requires β-cell insulin stores to be replenished by insulin biosynthesis, which is mainly regulated at the translational level. Such translational regulation often involves the 5′-untranslated region. Recently, we identified a human insulin splice-variant (SPV) altering only the 5′-untranslated region and conferring increased translation efficiency. We now describe a mouse SPV (mSPV) that is found in the cytoplasm and exhibits increased translation efficiency resulting in more normal (prepro)insulin protein per RNA. The RNA stability of mSPV is not increased, but the predicted secondary RNA structure is altered, which may facilitate translation. To determine the role of mSPV in insulin resistance and diabetes, mSPV expression was measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in islets from three diabetic and/or insulin-resistant, obese and nonobese, mouse models (BTBRob/ob, C57BL...
Molecular and genetic pathways in gliomas: the future of personalized therapeutics

SUMMARY: In the last few decades, we have seen significant advances in brain imaging, which have resulted in more detailed anatomic and functional localization of gliomas in relation to the eloquent cortex, as well as improvements in microsurgical techniques and enhanced delivery of adjuvant stereotactic radiation. While these advancements have led to a relatively modest improvement in clinical outcomes for patients with malignant gliomas, much more work remains to be done. As with other types of cancer, we are now rapidly moving past the era of histopathology dictating treatment for brain tumors and into the realm of molecular diagnostics and associated targeted therapies, specifically based on the genomic architecture of individual gliomas. In this review, we discuss the current era of molecular glioma characterization and how these profiles will allow for individualized, patient-specific targeted treatments.
Multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of brain purines in major depression.

OBJECTIVE: Studies of depressed adults have shown abnormalities in cerebral energy metabolism, as noted by low brain levels of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP), which primarily represents adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This study was undertaken to determine whether proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) measures of the low-field purine resonance, which arises primarily from adenosine phosphates, can be used to assess abnormalities in cerebral purine metabolism in depressed adults. METHOD: Data from 1H MRS and phosphorus-31 (31P) MRS were acquired for depressed and nondepressed comparison subjects. Intensities of the purine resonance, by 1H MRS (7.5–8.5 ppm), and of NTP, by 31P MRS, were determined. RESULTS: Purine resonance intensities did not differ on average between depressed patients and comparison subjects. However, purine levels were approximately 30% lower in female depressed subjects who subsequently responded to fluoxetine treatment than in those who did not respond. Beta-NTP was lower by 21...
8‐Phenylmenthyl Acrylate

[72526-00-2] C19H26O2 (MW 286.45) InChI = 1S/C19H26O2/c1-5-18(20)21-17-13-14(2)11-12-16(17)19(3,4)15-9-7-6-8-10-15/h5-10,14,16-17H,1,11-13H2,2-4H3/t14-,16-,17-/m1/s1 InChIKey = SLLRRKYFOQPBGQ-DJIMGWMZSA-N (reagent used in asymmetric synthesis for cycloadditions and conjugate additions) Alternate Name: (1R,2S,5R)-2-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-5-methylcyclohexyl acrylate. Solubility: sol CH2Cl2, toluene, most organic solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H and 13C NMR.1 [α]D +16.21° (c 1.68, CH2Cl2).2 Preparative Method: prepared by the reaction of (−)-8-Phenylmenthol, acryloyl chloride, Triethylamine, and 4-Dimethylaminopyridine in CH2Cl2 at 0 °C. Following an aqueous workup, the compound is purified by chromatography on silica gel.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: acrylates are prone to polymerization and are best stored below room temperature under N2.